cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing cellulose microfibrillar structure changes due to cellulase action

Abstract There is a need to understand how cellulose structural properties impact productive cellulase–cellulose interactions toward solving the mechanisms of the heterogeneous reaction. We coupled biochemical studies of cellulose hydrolysis by a purified Trichoderma reesei Cel7A (TrCel7A) cellobiohydrolase with atomic force microscopy (AFM) to study the impact of the cellulolytic activity on the fibrillar structure of cellulose. Bacterial cellulose (BC) fibrils were hydrolyzed by TrCel7A then immobilized by hydrophobic interactions on glass for AFM imaging. Commonly used methods to culture and isolate cellulose fibrils resulted in significant oxidation of the reducing-ends but minimal oxidation along the fibrils. We observed extensive fibrillation of BC fibrils to ∼3 nm microfibrils during the course of hydrolysis by TrCel7A, leaving thinned un-fibrillated recalcitrant fibrils at >80% hydrolysis extents. Additionally, this remaining fraction appeared to be segmented along the fibril length.
The changing nature of endometrial cancer

Abstract Over three decades there was a progressive decrease in the number of cervical squamous cell cancers detected and an increase in the number of precancerous changes. Over this period of time there was a progressive increase in the number of glandular neoplasms detected in the uterus. Endometrial cancer accounted for most of the increase. One type of endometrial cancer, the adenosquamous cancer, was detected more commonly in the last decade. The emergence of this neoplasm is of some importance because of the short duration of symptoms and the poor response to ionizing radiation.
Genetic differentiation of seamount and basin populations of the deep-sea amphipod Eurythenes gryllus

Abstract The nearly ubiquitous deep-sea amphipod, Eurythenes gryllus (Lichtenstein), occurs throughout the central North Pacific basin, and has recently been collected from the crests of three bathyal seamounts. Questions of the dispersal capabilities of the species are interesting in the light of this broad geographic and ecological distribution. We use population genetic techniques to describe the genetic structure and estimate migration rates of E. gryllus from allozymic frequencies in basin and seamount samples. Four basin samples were collected along a 4000 km transect from off the coast of California into the central North Pacific basin; two additional samples were collected at the base and on the crest of Horizon Guyot, a bathyal seamount 1300 km west of Hawaii. Allozymic variability at 15 enzyme loci was assayed by starchgel electrophoresis, and allozymic frequency differences were evaluated statistically. Except for two comparisons (both involving the station with smallest sample size), the basin transect samples were not significantly genetically heterogeneous (mean FST = 0.052 ± 0.18 and mean Nm = 5.0 ± 1.6), suggesting that individuals have excellent dispersal capabilities and/or that selection pressures do not differ over these large distances in the deep sea. In contrast, the sample from the crest of Horizon Guyot was genetically distinct from all basin transect samples (mean FST = 0.120 ± 0.03, P
A bibliometric search of citation classics in anesthesiology

Background Articles cited counts are catalogued and help identify landmark papers. This study provides a citation classics of anesthesiology literature using the framework of subspecialties to provide a review of well-developed areas of research in anesthesiology.
Non-destructive characterization of dual epilayer silicon structures

Abstract Dual epilayer structures consisting of p− p+ on p− silicon substrates were characterized using non-destructive Fourier transform infrared reflectance spectroscopy and sheet resistance measurements. The thickness of each layer, as well as the dopant concentration of the layers were determined. Results were compared to data obtained by spreading resistance profiling.
A Comprehensive Multi-Media Program to Prevent Smoking among Black Students

Much research has been done in developing and implementing smoking prevention programs; however, few studies have focused on urban Black populations. In November of 1989, a comprehensive prevention program was implemented to decrease the incidence of new smokers within the adolescent population in a Black community. The program combined a school-based curriculum with a comprehensive media intervention. All components of the program were financed by business leaders from the targeted community. There were two experimental conditions: one group participated in a school-based intervention and were prompted to participate in a multi-media intervention and the other group had access to the multi-media intervention; however, they were not prompted to participate. A key finding was that the rate of smoking decreased for all children involved in the intervention. The authors present a model that can be employed to prevent other high-risk behaviors within the Black population.
Hegemonic Discourses and Their Critics in China’s Authoritarian Deliberation: A Study of Price Public Hearing Meetings

I study the content and dynamics of Price Public Hearing Meeting (PPHM) in China by analyzing 711 talking points delivered by 140 participants in six deliberative meetings on price adjustments. By examining the “modes of action” and the content of these speeches, this study demonstrates that the participants at these six PPHM’s collectively employed a set of discursive strategies to show deference to the state’s authority and, simultaneously, to expand the discursive space at the PPHM’s beyond the parameters set by the state’s hegemonic discourses. Discussion of government responsibilities and criticism of the state-sanctioned price hikes took place in this new space. The Confucian political value of “people’s livelihood” (minsheng) was widely drawn upon by grassroots representatives to stress the government’s role as the guardian of people’s welfare.
Evaluating a Police Report

An evaluation system was developed for a police department using the MAUT-Baysian (Multiple Attribute Utility-Baysian Statistics) system of strategy evaluation. This system requires the elected officials, police department, and community to jointly establish the goals for the police department. These goals are then rank ordered from most important to least important. A weighting system is then established using the least important goal as the unit of measure to ensure goal consistency. Both objective and subjective measures were developed to help assess the success of the Department meeting these goals. Measurements included comparisons between the Department and other similar departments on areas of concern, survey results of citizen and police attitudes, and observational information. After completing the data collection for the evaluation it is placed on a matrix to aid the decision maker get a complete overview of the Department. The array allows the manager to see quickly how the Department is doing ...
Leaf orientation and the response of the xanthophyll cycle to incident light

Leaves from two species, Euonymus kiautschovicus and Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, with a variety of different orientations and exposures, were examined in the field with regard to the xanthophyll cycle (the interconversion of three carotenoids in the chloroplast thylakoid membranes). East-, south-, and west-facing leaves of E. kiautschovicus were sampled throughout the day and all exhibited a pronounced and progressive conversion of violaxanthin to zeaxanthin, followed by a reconversion of zeaxanthin to violaxanthin later in the day. Maximal levels of zeaxanthin and minimal levels of violaxanthin were observed at the time when each leaf (orientation) received the maximum incident light, which was in the morning in east-facing, midday in southfacing, and in the afternoon in west-facing leaves. A very slight degree of hysteresis in the removal of zeaxanthin compared to its formation with regard to incident light was observed. Leaves with a broader range of orientations were sampled from A. uva-ursi prior to sunrise and at midday. All of the examined pigments (carotenoids and chlorophylls) increased somewhat per unit leaf area with increasing total daily photon receipt. The sum of the carotenoids involved in the xanthophyll cycle, violaxanthin + antheraxanthin + zeaxanthin, increased more strongly with increasing growth light than any other pigment. In addition, the amounts of zeaxanthin present at midday also increased markedly with increasing total daily photon receipt. The percentage of the xanthophyll cycle that was converted to zeaxanthin (and antheraxanthin) at peak irradiance was very large (approximately 80%) in the leaves of both E. kiautschovicus and A. uva-ursi. The daily changes in the components of the xanthophyll cycle that paralleled the daily changes in incident light in the leaves of E. kiautschovicus, and the increasing levels of the xanthophyll cycle components with total daily photon receipt in the leaves of A. uva-ursi, are both consistent with the involvement of zeaxanthin (i.e. the xanthophyll cycle) in the photoprotection of the photosynthetic apparatus against damage due to excessive light.
Characterization of shale oils. 2. Analysis of the flash pyrolysis products of oil shale in the Green River Formation

Abstract The results of experiments to rapidly pyrolyze oil shale from the Green River Formation using a xenon flash lamp reactor are presented. A variety of analytical tools were used to determine the composition of the liquid products and to compare the rapid pyrolysis products with those from conventional retorting processes. The tools included infrared, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, high performance liquid chromatography and field ionization mass spectroscopy. The reaction mechanisms of rapid pyrolysis were found to be different from those of slow-heating rate processes. Thermal fragmentations were non-selective, resulting in a broad range of high molecular weight components that contained more heteroaromatic functionality than in the products of conventional retorting. Other reactions that were found to differ in slow versus rapid pyrolysis were dehydrogenation of hydroaromatic compounds and formation of condensed and noncondensed aromatic compounds. As the input energy to oil shale is increased, even though the oil shale was heated to high temperatures, the liquid products still contained significant amounts of alkanes and olefins. Based on these results, the high conversion of kerogen by rapid pyrolysis produces a low quality fuel which would require upgrading before utilization.
John Nash, Game Theory, and the Schizophrenic Brain

This article focuses on John Nash, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1994, and subject of the Award winning 2001 film A Beautiful Mind, who was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia in 1958 at the age of 29. After presenting an account of the emergence, course, and eventual remission of his illness, the article argues for the relevance of his contribution to game theory, known as the Nash equilibrium, for which he received the Nobel Prize, to research studies of the schizophrenic brain and how it deviates from the normal brain. The case is made that the Nash equilibrium is descriptive of the normal brain, whereas the game theory formulated by John van Neumann, which Nash’s theory challenges, is descriptive of the schizophrenic brain. The fact that Nash and his colleagues in mathematics did not make the association between his contributions to mathematics and his mental breakdown and that his later recovery exemplified the validity of this contribution are noted and discussed. Religious themes in his delusional system, including his view of himself as a secret messianic figure and the biblical Esau, are interpreted in light of these competing game theories and the dysfunctions of the schizophrenic brain. His recognition that his return to normalcy came at the price of his sense of being in relation to the cosmos is also noted.
Processing of AA3004 alloy can stock for optimum strength and formability

By making effective use of precipitation hardening of AA3004 alloys, a superstrengthening effect was achieved in the manufacturing of AA3004 can stock materials through modified processing, which combines a regular work hardening process with a further precipitation hardening process. The annealing operation in the conventional processing was replaced by a high-temperature solution treatment to regain a high supersaturation of solutes in solid solution. The combined operations of cold rolling and low-temperature aging were able to yield varied combinations of high mechanical strength and ductility. In this work, the effects of processing sequences on the mechanical property improvement and the texture control of the final gage sheets were studied. The mechanical properties of the materials were evaluated based on the tensile results. Texture analyses were performed by means of orientation distribution function (ODF) descriptions. Earing tests were carried out in order to determine the mechanical anisotropy of the final sheets.
Examination of a Practical Aerobraking Guidance Algorithm

A practical real time guidance algorithm has been developed for aerobraking vehicles that minimizes the post-aeropass Delta V requirements for orbit insertion while nearly minimizing the maximum heating rate and the maximum structural loads. The algorithm is general in the sense that a minimum of assumptions is made, thus greatly reducing the number of parameters that must be determined prior to a given mission. An interesting feature is that in-plane guidance performance is tuned by adjusting one mission-dependent parameter, the bank margin; similarly, the out-of-plane guidance performance is tuned by adjusting a plane controller time constant. Other features of the algorithm are simplicity, efficiency, and ease of use. The algorithm is designed for, but not restricted to, a trimmed vehicle with bank angle modulation as the method of trajectory control. Performance of this guidance algorithm during flight in Earth's atmosphere is examined by its use in an aerobraking testbed program. The performance inquiry extends to a wide range of entry speeds covering a number of potential mission applications. Favorable results have been obtained with a minimum of development effort, and directions for improvement of performance are indicated.
Controlled Release of Modified Insulin Glargine from Novel Biodegradable Injectable Gels

The objective of this study was to investigate the duration of biological effects of modified insulin glargine released from a novel biodegradable injectable gel in type II diabetic Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. Modified insulin glargine was purified from the marketed formulation by process of dialysis followed by freeze-drying, and the purity was confirmed by the single peak, corresponding to insulin glargine in the HPLC chromatogram. To determine and to compare the biological activity of purified insulin glargine with marketed formulation, it was suspended in isotonic saline solutions and administered subcutaneously to ZDF rats at a dose of 10 IU/kg of insulin and the blood glucose levels were measured. The blood glucose levels of ZDF rats after a subcutaneous injection of a suspension of purified insulin glargine decreased below 200 mg/dL within 2 h and remained at this level up to 6 h, then steadily raised above 400 mg/dL in 12 h. Insulin glargine particles were loaded into a novel biodegradable injectable gel formulation prepared from a blend of polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) and biocompatible plasticizers. Approximately 0.1 mL of insulin glargine-loaded gel prepared with PLGA was administered subcutaneously to the ZDF rats, and blood glucose levels were measured. The PLGA gel formulations prepared with insulin glargine particles had duration of action of 10 days following a single subcutaneous injection. The addition of zinc sulfate to the formulations prepared with purified insulin glargine particles further slowed down the drop in blood glucose concentrations.
Inhalation toxicology of ammonium persulfate, an oxidant aerosol, in rats

Rats were exposed to either 1 to 20 mg/m3 of a respirable aerosol (0.8 to 1.3 μm mass median aerodynamic diameter) of ammonium persulfate for 7 days, 23.5 hr per day, or to filtered air. Rats inhaling 4 to 20 mg/m3 of ammonium persulfate lost body weight and had significantly increased lung wet weight, total lung protein, and total lung DNA levels, indicative of inflammation and/or edema. Tracheal mucus glycoprotein secretion rates tended to be higher in the exposed rats. A no observed-effect level was obtained at an aerosol concentration of 1 mg/mm3. In a single experiment, exposure of rats to gaseous hydrogen peroxide at a level equal to about 5 mg/m3 of ammonium persulfate in oxidizing equivalents in the presence of respirable ammonium sulfate particles did not elicit changes in any of the parameters evaluated. We conclude that the persulfate moiety, which probably occurs in small amounts in polluted air as an intermediate in the oxidation of sulfur dioxide (SO2) to sulfate, is a pneumotoxin.
Study on Flotation Mechanism of Separation of Potassium Feldspar from Quartz with Anion and Cation Mixed Collector

Potassium feldspar and quartz are all silicate minerals with frame structure,and have the similar crystal structure and physicochemical properties. Therefore, flotation has become the main method to separate potassium feldspar from quartz. The separation of potassium feldspar from quartz with anion and cation mixed collector was studied in the paper. The sodium oleate and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate were respectively used as collector agents in potassium feldspar and quartz single mineral flotation tests. The analysis of the variation of the surface properties of potash feldspar and quartz after using the collectors was conducted with infrared spectra and electrokinetic potential, followed by the mechanism of separation of potassium feldspar from quartz with anion and cation mixed collector.
Nitrogen fixation by pea and lentil green manures in a semi-arid agroecoregion: effect of planting and termination timing

Crop-fallow systems dominate many semi-arid agricultural regions despite fallow’s negative effects on soil and water quality. Annual legumes grown as a fallow-replacement crop, and terminated prior to maturity, can reduce these negative effects without substantially decreasing plant available water for the subsequent crop. Interest in growing legume green manures (LGMs) in synthetically-fertilized systems is increasing in the northern Great Plains of North America, partly due to the N-fixing capabilities of legumes; however, little is known about the effects of planting and termination time on N fixation amounts in the region. A 2-year field study was initiated in southwest Montana to determine the effects of planting time (spring or summer) and termination time (e.g. flower or pod) on the amount of N fixed by field pea (Pisum sativum cv. Arvika) and lentil (Lens culinaris cv. Richlea). Two methods, 15N natural abundance and N difference, were used to quantify N fixation, with wheat or in-crop weeds as reference plants. In 2009, N fixed by spring-planted lentil was higher by pod than flower (P = 0.03). Termination time did not affect the amount of N fixed by spring-planted pea, despite more biomass by pod than flower. In 2010, both spring-planted crops fixed more N by pod than flower (P < 0.01) and more N was fixed by spring-planted than summer-planted crops (P < 0.01). These results should prove useful to growers interested in selecting management practices that optimize N fixation of LGMs.
Traumatic prolapse of the buccal fat pad (traumatic pseudolipoma): a case report and literature review.

of costal cartilages. Another problem in case of maxillectomy is the restoration of the maxillary alveolar arch. While the palate can be restored satisfactorily with soft tissue only, the cartilage and rib are inadequate as graft material when osseous-integrated implants are programmed, so this technique is unable to restore masticatory function. In our case, we performed a partial maxillectomy from the left canine area. The palate and maxillary alveolar arch defect was restored with soft tissue. One case report is too small to be significant, but this technique should be highly considered because it offers improvement and innovation in the immediate reconstructive surgery after head and neck cancer resection.
The kinetics of extracellular potassium changes during hypoxia and anoxia in the cat cerebral cortex

Extracellular potassium activity, [K+]0, was continuously measured using potassium specific microelectrodes in the cerebral cortex of cats before and after hypoxic or anoxic insults. Two patterns of [K+]0 increase were seen. A slow, linear rise occurred during hypoxia and hypothermia and was correlated with changes in mean blood pressure (B/P). A fast, complex, exponential rise resembling spreading depression occurred during anoxia and was unassociated with B/P changes. The fall of [K+]0 after reversal of the insult was described by a single exponential function with rate constants from 0.009 to 0.0194 sec-1. It is suggested that the linear rise is primarily a result of sodium pump inhibition and that the exponential rise is due to a superimposed sudden increase in cell membrane permeability perhaps secondary to transmitter release. The kinetics of the fall of [K+[0 is consistent with the normalization of the sodium and potassium gradients across the cell membranes secondary to Na+-K+ATPase activity.
Negotiating accountability during student teaching: the influence of an inquiry-based student teaching seminar

Drawing on the work of Russian literary critic, Mikhail Bakhtin, this article explores how an inquiry-based social studies student teaching seminar helped three preservice teachers negotiate the pressures of standards-based reforms during student teaching. The author first examines how initial perceptions of standardization and high-stakes testing corroded images of powerful teaching and created an ex post facto relationship with teaching social studies. The author then explores how an inquiry-based seminar mitigated these initial impressions by (1) suspending the authority of accountability; (2) creating contact through collaborative inquiry; and (3) refracting practice.
Effect of Water Sorption on Performance of Pultruded E-Glass/Vinylester Composites

The degradation response of pultruded E-glass vinylester composites immersed in deionized water at 23, 40, 60, and 80°C is characterized through mechanical testing (tension and short-beam-shear), moisture uptake, and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). Tests are conducted after periods of immersion and subsequently after a period of drying out to assess regain of performance due to reduction in sorbed moisture content. It is seen that, although the initial effect of immersion is just matrix plasticization, increased periods of immersion and/or use of elevated temperatures results in hydrolysis, interfacial debonding, microcracking, and even degradation of the fiber itself. Not only do these mechanisms of irreversible degradation result in significant drops in performance, but further, these decreases are increasingly irreversible. Both inductively coupled plasma and Fourier transform infrared studies indicate leaching of composite constituents.
Field test implementation to evaluate a flash LIDAR as a primary sensor for safe lunar landing

From May 2 through May 7 of 2008, the Autonomous Landing and Hazard Avoidance Technology (ALHAT) Exploration Technology Development Program carried out a helicopter field test to assess the use of a flash LIDAR as a primary sensor during lunar landing. The field test data has been used to evaluate the performance of the LIDAR system and of algorithms for LIDAR Hazard Detection and Avoidance, Hazard Relative Navigation, and Passive Optical Terrain Relative Navigation. Reported here is a comprehensive description of the field test hardware, ground infrastructure and trajectory reconstruction methodologies1,2.
The Use and Perceived Utility of Peer Mediated Support Systems for School Psychologists: A Commentary on “Introduction to Developing Peer-Mediated Support Systems for Helping Professionals: Are We Ready to Practice What We Preach,” an article by Joseph E. Zins, and on “Consultation with Professional Peers: A National Survey of the Practices of School Psychologists,” an article by Joseph E. Zins and John J. Murphy

This commentary discusses two seminal articles highlighting Joseph Zins' perspective about the potential utility and advantages of peer-mediated support groups (PSGs) to foster ongoing professional development, support, and career enhancement for school psychologists. Specifically, it discusses past, present and future applications of PSGs for school psychologists and encourages trainers of school psychologists to consider PSGs as a supportive approach to ongoing professional development.
Calibration of the Gamma-RAy Polarimeter Experiment (GRAPE) at a polarized hard X-ray beam

Abstract The Gamma-RAy Polarimeter Experiment (GRAPE) is a concept for an astronomical hard X-ray Compton polarimeter operating in the 50–500 keV energy band. The instrument has been optimized for wide-field polarization measurements of transient outbursts from energetic astrophysical objects such as gamma-ray bursts and solar flares. The GRAPE instrument is composed of identical modules, each of which consists of an array of scintillator elements read out by a multi-anode photomultiplier tube (MAPMT). Incident photons Compton scatter in plastic scintillator elements and are subsequently absorbed in inorganic scintillator elements; a net polarization signal is revealed by a characteristic asymmetry in the azimuthal scattering angles. We have constructed a prototype GRAPE module containing a single CsI(Na) calorimeter element, at the center of the MAPMT, surrounded by 60 plastic elements. The prototype has been combined with custom readout electronics and software to create a complete “engineering model” of the GRAPE instrument. This engineering model has been calibrated using a nearly 100% polarized hard X-ray beam at the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory. We find modulation factors of 0.46±0.06 and 0.48±0.03 at 69.5 and 129.5 keV, respectively, in good agreement with Monte Carlo simulations. In this paper we present details of the beam test, data analysis, and simulations, and discuss the implications of our results for the further development of the GRAPE concept.
THE EFFECT OF TESTOSTERONE PROPIONATE ON NITROGEN, ELECTROLYTE, WATER AND ENERGY METABOLISM IN EUNUCHOIDISM1

In a preceding study of the effects of long-continued treatment of eunuchoids with testosterone propionate (1), a surprising and consistent increase in body weight was observed, amounting from 1.5 to 2.0 kg. in 10 days and to 4.5 to 8.5 kg. in 28 to 64 days. This increase in weight was, in all 4 patients, accompanied by fulness of the face, in 1 by pitting edema of the ankles, and in 1 by puffing of the hands, indicating a gain in body water. In 2, however, an unmistakable increase in food intake was reported by the patients, and although, in 3, reduction of the dose of testosterone propionate or its discontinuance led to a rapid loss of at least part of the weight gained, in 1 only (H. K.), an insignificant loss appeared, as if tissue had been materially augmented by the course of treatment. Studies in 1 patient (N. T.), through such a period of weight gain showed a slight rise in the B.M.R. indicating that depression of the resting oxygen consumption was not of importance. Moricard and Bize (2) in boys,...
Salicylic Acid Activates Sigma Factor B by rsbU-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms

Salicylic acid (SAL) may impact Staphylococcus aureus virulence by activating the sigB operon (rsbU-V-W-sigB), thus leading to reductions in alpha-toxin production and decreased fibronectin binding (L. I. Kupferwasser et al., J. Clin. Investig. 112:222-233, 2003). As these prior studies were performed in strain RN6390 (an rsbU mutant) and its rsbU-repaired variant, SH1000, the current investigation was designed to determine if the SAL effect occurs via rsbU- and/or rsbV-dependent pathways in an rsbU-intact S. aureus strain (FDA486). We thus quantified the transcription from two sigB-dependent promoters (asp23 and sarA P3) in FDA486 in response to SAL exposure in vitro, using isogenic single-knockout constructs of rsbU, rsbV, or rsbW and a green fluorescent protein reporter system. SAL induced sarA P3 and asp23 promoter activities in a dose-dependent manner in the parental strain. In contrast, sigB activation by SAL was progressively more mitigated in the rsbU and rsbV mutants. As predicted, SAL caused significant reductions in both alpha-toxin production and fibrinogen and fibronectin binding in the parental strain. The extent of these reductions, compared with the parent, was reduced in the rsb mutants (rsbV > rsbU), especially at low SAL concentrations. Since generation of the free SigB protein usually requires a sequential rsbU-V-W-sigB activation cascade, the present phenotypic and genotypic data suggest key roles for both rsbU and rsbV in SAL-mediated activation of sigB in strains with a fully intact sigB operon.
Ethnic differences in geoscience attitudes of college students

While a gender balance remains elusive in the geosciences [de Wet et al., 2002], the underrepresentation of ethnic minorities in these fields is at least as great a concern. A number of cultural and social factors have been proposed to explain the poor ethnic minority representation in the geosciences, including limited exposure to nature, deficient academic preparation, inadequate financial resources to pursue higher education, ignorance of career opportunities in the geosciences, insufficient family support, and misconceptions of the field.
Theoretical and practical considerations for virtual learning environments in technical communication: An annotated bibliography

Many technical communication educators are exploring the potential of new and emerging Information technology, specifically the World Wide Web, for delivery of their courses. This bibliography intends to help technical communicators explore the potential of virtual learning environments for their courses and to provide a point of entry into this burgeoning but rather unstructured field of inquiry. More specifically, the bibliography intends to provide a structured overview of approaches to conceptualizing, designing, developing, and evaluating virtual learning environments.
Evaluating the spatial distribution of water balance in a small watershed, Pennsylvania.

A conceptual water-balance model was modified from a point application to be distributed for evaluating the spatial distribution of watershed water balance based on daily precipitation, temperature and other hydrological parameters. The model was calibrated by comparing simulated daily variation in soil moisture with field observed data and results of another model that simulates the vertical soil moisture flow by numerically solving Richards' equation. The impacts of soil and land use on the hydrological components of the water balance, such as evapotranspiration, soil moisture deficit, runoff and subsurface drainage, were evaluated with the calibrated model in this study. Given the same meteorological conditions and land use, the soil moisture deficit, evapotranspiration and surface runoff increase, and subsurface drainage decreases, as the available water capacity of soil increases. Among various land uses, alfalfa produced high soil moisture deficit and evapotranspiration and lower surface runoff and subsurface drainage, whereas soybeans produced an opposite trend. The simulated distribution of various hydrological components shows the combined effect of soil and land use. Simulated hydrological components compare well with observed data. The study demonstrated that the distributed water balance approach is efficient and has advantages over the use of single average value of hydrological variables and the application at a single point in the traditional practice. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chronic bile diversion does not alter canine interdigestive myoelectric activity.

Previous studies have suggested that the cyclic entry of bile into the duodenum during fasting regulates interdigestive patterns of motility by releasing the putative regulatory hormone motilin. Our aim was to determine if cyclic secretion of bile into the duodenum regulates interdigestive myoelectric activity and plasma motilin concentrations. Six dogs were prepared with gastric and intestinal serosal electrodes. Myoelectric activity was measured during fasting and after a meal before and after reoperative translocation of the entrance of the bile duct to the mid-jejunum. The characteristics of the migrating myoelectric complex (MMC) and conversion to a postprandial pattern were similar before and after bile duct translocation. The period (112±5 vs 109±10 min;X±SEM), migration velocity of phase III through the duodenum (8.9±1.2 vs 6.8±0.5 cm/min), and duration of individual phases of the MMC in the stomach, duodenum, and jejunum were not altered significantly (eachP>0.05) by chronic diversion of bile from the duodenum. Plasma motilin concentrations were similar before and after bile duct translocation (P>0.05), continued to cycle temporally with the MMC, and peak concentrations occurred during phase III and were greater than during phase I and II (P<0.01). We conclude that the presence of bile in the lumen of the duodenum does not regulate interdigestive myoelectric patterns of the canine upper gut or the cyclic release of motilin.
Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography of Five Ruminant Feedstuffs at Various Stages of Growth

Abstract An investigation was conducted into how the products generated by pyrolysis of ground (20 mesh) feeds relate to measures of CP, fiber, lignin, and in vitro digestibility. Samples of alfalfa (n=15), vegetative corn (n=10), tall fescue (n=16), orchardgrass (n=15), and vegetative wheat (n=11), collected from the field weekly or biweekly during the growing season, were pyrolyzed. Gas chromatography was performed on the products using a packed column containing 30% DC-550 on Chromosorb W-AW. Thirty discernable products (identified by retention times) were found. However, all products were not produced by all feeds. Statistical analysis showed that 9 of the 30 products were sufficient to correctly discriminate the five feeds, despite the various maturities. Regression analysis of pyrolysis products was generally best for CP and poorest for lignin content. Considerable variation, however, was found among the different feeds. Relationships generally were poorest for orchardgrass and best for the corn, fescue, and wheat samples. Near infrared analysis of intact feeds was, in general, unsatisfactory in determining percentages of pyrolysis products produced from the feeds. In conclusion, pyrolysis appears to have potential in the study and determination of the composition of feedstuffs.
Cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of growing pig cranial sutures

Bone growth at the cranial sutures relies on proliferation of osteogenic progenitor cells and/or differentiation of osteoblasts. The current study was undertaken to assess these events in relation to suture growth and fusion. A total of 21 pigs, divided into three age groups (0.5-1.5 months, 3-4 months and 5-7 months), were used for immunohistochemical evaluation of cell proliferation (BrdU) and osteogenic differentiation (Cbfa1/Runx2) in the interfrontal and interparietal sutures. Proliferation and osteogenic differentiation were both more prominent near the bone fronts than in the central zone. With age, both proliferation and osteogenic differentiation diminished. Proliferation ceased on the endocranial (dura mater) side by the age of 3-4 months. Proliferation on the pericranial side was accompanied by active bone formation and initiation of suture fusion from this side. In conclusion, (1) decreased suture bone growth with age reflects decreased cell proliferation and probably also osteogenic differentiation, and (2) suture fusion occurs from the pericranial side where activity remains relatively high.
Cloning and expression of Candida guilliermondii xylose reductase gene (xyl1) in Pichia pastoris

A xylose reductase gene (xyl1) of Candida guilliermondii ATCC 20118 was cloned and characterized. The open reading frame of xyl1 contained 954 nucleotides encoding a protein of 317 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 36 kDa. The derived amino acid sequence of C. guilliermondii xylose reductase was 70.4% homologous to that of Pichia stipitis. The gene was placed under the control of an alcohol oxidase promoter (AOX1) and integrated into the genome of a methylotrophic yeast, Pichia pastoris. Methanol induced the expression of the 36-kDa xylose reductase in both intracellular and secreted expression systems. The expressed enzyme preferentially utilized NADPH as a cofactor and was functional both in vitro and in vivo. The different cofactor specificity between P. pastoris and C. guilliermondii xylose reductases might be due to the difference in the numbers of histidine residues and their locations between the two proteins. The recombinant was able to ferment xylose, and the maximum xylitol accumulation (7.8 g/l) was observed when the organism was grown under aerobic conditions.
A microscopic analysis of the 25,26Mg(6Li, 6H)25, 26 Al reactions☆

Abstract Angular distributions for the 25,26 Mg( 6 Li, 6 He) 25,26 Al reactions at 34 MeV are presented. A microscopic DWBA analysis using a Yukawa interaction averaged over a projectile clustermodel wave function, which includes knock-on exchange corrections, gives reasonable agreement with the data.
A mechanical lure that is highly maneuverable

In studies with active, unrestrained animals, the conventional fixed-track method for moving solid lures limits the extent of stimulus control. The mechanism described in this paper moves small solid objects through any pathway on a plane surface. Given such flexibility, it is possible to vary or hold constant distance, direction, and movement pattern in exposures to solid lures.
A tape file merge pattern generator

A routine is presented which specifies the sequence of merge cycles to effect the merging of sorted tape files. The routine is designed to minimize elapsed computer time by varying the power of the merge cycles, so as to use all the available tape drives, with its characteristic of assigning one drive to a single-eel file and two drives to each multiple-reel file.
Electron-transfer flavoprotein from anaerobic Ascaris suum mitochondria and its role in NADH-dependent 2-methyl branched-chain enoyl-CoA reduction.

Electron-transfer flavoprotein was purified to apparent homogeneity from mitochondria of the parasitic nematode, Ascaris suum. The native molecular weight of the enzyme was 70000, as estimated by gel filtration, and it migrated as two bandswith apparent subunit molecular weights of 37000 and 31500 during sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme exhibited an absorption coefficient for the bound FAD of 13.5 mM−1·cm−1 at 436 nm and a protein/flavin (270 nm/436 nm) ratio of 5.6. While the ascarid enzyme is similar to its mammalian counterpart, physiologically it functions in the reverse direction, shuttling reducing power from the electron-transport chain to a soluble 2-methyl branched-chain enoyl CoA reductase. Indeed, when A. suum submitochondrial particles were incubated with NADH, 2- methylcrotonyl-CoA and purified A. suum 2-methyl branched- chainenoyl-CoA reductase, 2-methyIbutyryl-CoA formation was proportional to the amount of electron-transfer flavoprotein added.
Changes in abundance of native and introduced parasites (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), and of the target and non-target plant bug species (Hemiptera: Miridae), during two classical biological control programs in alfalfa.

Abstract High numbers of tarnished plant bugs [Lygus lineolaris (Palisot)], were once common in alfalfa, as was a low level of parasitism (9%) by the native Peristenus pallipes (Curtis). After the bivoltine European parasite Peristenus digoneutis Loan became well established, average parasitism of the first and second generations increased to 64%, and tarnished plant bug numbers dropped by 65%. This reduced host density eventually caused a decline in total parasitism by both parasite species to 22%. A few P. digoneutis also attacked the alfalfa plant bug, Adelphocoris lineolatus (Goeze), but did not reduce this pest or increase its parasitism rate. At another location, where P. digoneutis is not established, parasitism of first generation alfalfa plant bugs, an adventive (accidently introduced) pest, was increased to 21% by the introduced univoltine parasite, Peristenus conradi Marsh, and a slight reduction in the pest may have resulted. P. digoneutis did not parasitize the meadow plant bug, Leptopterna dolabrata (L.), an adventive pest of forage grasses, so did not affect this mirid or its parasite. Neither introduced parasite eliminated the native parasites of the tarnished or alfalfa plant bugs. The narrow host ranges of the braconid parasites of mirid nymphs are contrasted with the broad host range of the native tachinid parasite [Phasia robertsoni (Towns.)] of adult mirids. The major changes in mirid abundance and their mortality by parasites that slowly occurred during this 19-year study demonstrate the need for long-term field research, to adequately document and understand these complex interactions.
Interplay of surface effects in a thin nematic liquid crystal layer

Manifestations of the competition of surface effects in a thin nematic liquid crystal (LC) layer are considered. It is shown that the LC director field lines remain straight irrespective of the preferred anchoring angles at the LC boundary surfaces. The angle between the director field lines and the plane of the LC layer depends on these preferred anchoring angles and on the Rapini-Papoular energy ratio at the boundary surfaces. There are two possible director orientations differing by 90°. Switching between these states can be induced by chemical factors or by external fields. In contrast to the well-known Freedericksz transition, the work required for such switching is partly performed by the competing surfaces. Hence, the LC layer switching only requires overcoming the difference between the Rapini-Papoular energies, which can be rendered small by properly selecting LC-substrate pairs.
Neuropsychiatric Complications of AIDS: A Literature Review

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has become a major public health problem with over 12,000 cases and 6,000 deaths reported to date. Although there has been an explosion of knowledge in the virology, immunology and pathology of AIDS, relatively little has been written on the neuropsychiatric aspects. This report reviews the existing literature on the neuropsychiatric complications of AIDS. As many as 40 percent of patients with AIDS have neurologic complications at some point in their illness. These complications include either focal deficits attributable to opportunistic organisms infecting the CNS or diffuse encephalopathy caused by viral infection or lymphoma infiltration. Psychiatric complications include major depression, adjustment disorder with depressed mood, and organic brain syndrome with affective, delusional or demented features. Inpatient and consulting psychiatrists must be alert to these complications of AIDS so as to make accurate diagnoses and deliver appropriate therapy. Further...
The system Ge-Se-Te and the preparation and properties of the new non-stoichiometric compound GeSe0.75Te0.25

A study of the system GeSexTe1−x revealed a new compound GeSe0·75Te0·25(75-25), formed by a peritectoid reaction and stable only below 400°. It exists as a single phase region between GeSe0·65Te0·36 and GeSe0·85Te0·15. Single crystals of 75-25 were prepared using an iodine transport process. X-ray studies showed that 75-25 exists in at least two hexagonal polytypes: a = 3·82 A, c = 15·62 A; and a = 3·82 A, c = 46·87 A. Preliminary studies of electrical and optical properties yielded the following results: p = 1 × 1020cm−3,π = 1·5 × 10−4 Ω-cm, μp = 325 cm2V-sec, electric susceptibility mass m∗m = 0·09, and Eg < 1·0 eV (all at 300°K). The materia appears to be a degenerate p-type semiconductor, having 0·2 at.% of vacancies in the cation sublattice. No analogous ternary compounds were found.
Nuclear Potential and Symmetry Energy

A quadratic dependence on momentum is assumed for the two-nucleon interaction energy in the independentparticle model, and is used in a study of the nuclear binding energy and symmetry energy. The corresponding optical potentials for elastic nucleon scattering are discussed. The semiempirical interaction used is compared with the two-body potentials commonly used in shellmodel calculations. These are found to be inadequate. (auth)
Do teleost fishes possess a homolog of mammalian isocortex

pallium. They termed this division the pars posterior (Dp), and it has been recognized in most subsequent studies ( fig. 1 ). Subsequently, Braford [1995] suggested that Dc is not a primary pallial division but simply the deeper, larger cells of several of the primary pallial divisions. The conclusion of Braford [1995] has been supported by several subsequent studies [Northcutt, 2006, 2008, 2011; Braford, 2009, Nieuwenhuys, 2010]. Although these large, migrated pallial cells have been described in a number of ways, the simplest definition is probably that of Nieuwenhuys [1963]: even if they do not form a primary pallial division, they nevertheless comprise the most migrated zone of the overlying pallial divisions with which they are associated and from which they are presumed to have originated during development ( fig. 1 ). There is considerable information on the connections of Dm, Dl, and Dp and the behavioral deficits following their ablation [Murakami et al., 1983; Portavella et al., 2002; Rodriguez et al., 2002; Folgueira et al., 2004; Yamamoto and Ito, 2005; Northcutt, 2006], and there is an emerging consensus that Dm is homologous to the pallial amygdala, Dl is homologous to the medial pallium, and Dp is homologous to the lateral pallium in terrestrial vertebrates [Northcutt, 2008; Braford, 2009; Mueller et al., 2011]. No such consensus exists for Dd and its associated migrated large cell population Over half of the world’s living vertebrates are ray-finned fishes, which are generally divided into two sister groups: the chondrosteans and the neopterygians. The chondrosteans are essentially living relicts and they consist of two genera of polypteriform fishes (bichirs and reedfishes) and six genera of acipenseroid fishes (paddlefishes and sturgeons). The neopterygian fishes consist of gars, bowfins, and teleosts, the last being one of the world’s most successful radiations, with approximately 30,000 living species. Telencephalic organization in rayfinned fishes forms a morphocline of increasing complexity, from polypteriforms, where the roof (pallium) of the telencephalon consists of a periventricularly located layer of neurons, to teleosts, where the pallium can be divided into a complex series of migrated cell groups ( fig. 1 ). For a number of years, all studies of the telencephalon in teleosts have used a nomenclature modified from Nieuwenhuys [1962a, b, 1963], who termed the pallium the area dorsalis (D) and the subpallium the area ventralis (V). He further divided the area dorsalis into medial (Dm), dorsal (Dd), lateral (Dl), and central (Dc) parts. Northcutt and Braford [1980] reexamined the pallium in ray-finned fishes and corroborated the nomenclature of Nieuwenhuys [1962a, b, 1963] but described a fifth pallial division which receives the bulk of the secondary olfactory projections to the Published online: September 26, 2011