cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mutagenic activities of hydroperoxythymine derivatives, products of radiation and oxidation reactions.

By using a bacterial test system, it has been shown that hydroperoxy derivatives of thymine and thymidine produced by ionizing radiation, near-UV radiation, and certain oxidation reactions are highly mutagenic. Considering that hydroperoxy derivatives of biomolecules have been implicated widely as likely candidates causing mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, and aging, it would be advantageous to screen these compounds when they can be isolated in pure state in order to assess their potential hazards to human health. The findings from these assays would provide information to further our understanding of the mechanism of their mutagenic action.
Vortex wheels in superfluid helium

Abstract It is suggested that the continuous reversal of apparent circulation around a vibrating wire in liquid He II is due to the motion of a vortex-line array called a “vortex wheel”.
Systems programming on-line

Abstract Use of the usually present oscilloscope display device on a real-time computer enhances the ability to write and debug programs. A text editor (CLIB) allows a programmer to manipulate massive source-statement character streams easily (or, indeed, any character stream) in preparation for assembly or compilation. A second related, but independent dynamic debug system (MACT) provides the programmer with the ability to “watch his program happen”. In both systems the oscilloscope provides very rapid displays of text and/or status information and places the programmer on-line to the program he is developing.
IEEE VisWeek Workshop on Visual Analytics in Health Care 2010

Around the world, tremendous sums of money and time are being spent modernizing the health care ecosystem to improve outcomes and reduce cost. One of the critical hypotheses behind many of these efforts is that the collection of electronic data, such as longitudinal electronic health records (EHRs), will enable tools that provide actionable insights about a patient's condition required to make more intelligent medical decisions. This data-driven vision promises to improve care in facilities ranging from emergency rooms to general practitioner offices.
Experimental intervertebral disc degeneration. morphologic and proteoglycan changes over time

An animal model of intervertebral disc degeneration produced by surgical ventral disc herniation in the rabbit is described. Histologic studies showed proliferation of cells on the inner third of the annular wound, with metaplasia into fibrocartilage in the first 2 weeks following injury. Progressive fibrocartilaginous change occurred, reproducing the morphologic changes of disc degeneration over the first 6 weeks involving nearly the entire disc. Proteoglycans (total and newly synthesized) were studied qualitatively and quantitatively for periods of 1 to 200 days after herniation. There were two periods of time during the early course of degeneration when the ability of the proteoglycans to aggregate by interaction with hyaluronic acid was recovered, but this decreases progressively after 6-7 weeks. There was an immediate loss of water content from the injured disc which was restored only transiently during the first 2 days after herniation. Thereafter the water content progressively decreased. The uronic acid content of the disc changed in parallel with the changes in water content. The hyaluronic acid content decreased rapidly after herniation. However, the size of the proteoglycan monomers did not change with degeneration. The biochemical and morphologic changes are correlated, and an early repair mechanism is postulated to exist after injury.
The near time-optimal motion control of robotic manipulators

Abstract The development of strategies for near time-optimal motion control of robotic manipulators is discussed. A PUMA 560 three degree-of-freedom industrial robot is used for computer simulation of algorithm. A quintic polynomial describes the trajectory of the robot end-effector traversing a specified path in Cartesian space. It is shown that a significant increase in speed and accuracy of the manipulator can be achieved with the use of the proposed algorithm.
Transcriptional deregulation of mutated BCL6 alleles by loss of negative autoregulation in diffuse large B cell lymphoma

The BCL6 proto-oncogene encodes a POZ/zinc finger transcriptional repressor expressed in germinal center (GC) B cells and required for GC formation. In ~35% of diffuse large B cell lymphomas (DLBCL) and 5–14% of follicular lymphomas (FL), the BCL6 locus is altered by chromosomal translocations that deregulate its expression by a mechanism known as promoter substitution. In addition, the BCL6 5′ noncoding sequences are targeted by multiple somatic mutations that cluster within ~1.5 kb from the transcription initiation site and are found in 30–40% of normal GC B cells (frequency: 0.14 × 10 –2 /bp) as well as in a fraction of all GC-derived B cell lymphomas. 1,2 The structural features, distribution, and specificity for GC B cells strongly suggest that BCL6 mutations are introduced by the same mechanism that targets immunoglobulin V genes in the GC. Nonetheless, the biological role of these mutations in normal and malignant B cell development remains unclear. The present study was aimed at investigating the effect of BCL6 mutations on gene transcriptional regulation. To this end, the BCL6 5′ noncoding region (~5 kb) from 24 tumor cases [6 DLBCL, 5 Burkitt lymphoma (BL), 4 FL, and 5 chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), corresponding to 35 mutated alleles] or sorted GC B cells (N = 20 mutated alleles) was linked to the luciferase gene, and the activity of the corresponding constructs was evaluated in transient transfection/reporter gene assays in two BCL6 permissive lymphoma lines (Ly1 and MUTUI-BL59). We found that, while mutant alleles derived from normal GC cells, or from BL, FL, and CLL cases, displayed comparable activity to that of a wild-type construct, four (33%) of the 12 DLBCL-associated alleles were significantly overexpressed (4–18-fold) in both transfected lines. Among multiple mutations scattered throughout the BCL6 5′ noncoding sequences of these four alleles, single nucleotide substitutions, all located within the first noncoding exon of the gene, were found to be responsible for the observed overexpression. These mutations affect two adjacent BCL6 binding sites and were found to prevent BCL6 from binding to its own promoter, both in vitro in electrophoretic mobility shift
Bacterial and Fungal Endophthalmitis After Penetrating Keratoplasty

We analyzed 1,010 consecutive penetrating keratoplasties to determine the incidence of postoperative endophthalmitis, the frequency of positive donor rim cultures, and whether a correlation between these two factors exists. There were three cases of bacterial endophthalmitis, all caused by streptococci, and one case of Candida albicans endophthalmitis. In all cases except one case of streptococcal endophthalmitis, the same organism was cultured from the donor rim. We cultured 138 organisms from 128 of 932 donor rims (14%). A remarkable percentage of gram-positive organisms were resistant to gentamicin, the only antibiotic contained in corneal storage media. On the basis of our data and previously published data, we believe that donor material is frequently the source of microorganisms in endophthalmitis after penetrating keratoplasty.
610 MATERNAL DIETARY HISTORY AS INDEX OF FETAL VITAMIN D STATUS

We have reported that the serum concentration of vit D2 contributes significantly to total vit D status of pregnant women at term and that fetomaternal vit D status at term is intimately related. Therefore, to determine the accuracy of predicting fetal vit D status from a history of maternal vit D intake, we elected to determine the correlation between maternal dietary vit D intake and fetomaternal 25OH vit D2/D3 status at term. Pregnancy diet histories were obtained within 48 hrs following uncomplicated full term deliveries from 17 women(16 black, 1 white). Daily vit D intake was determined with a computer data base using the recalled consumption of vit D containing foods and drugs. Plasma from mother-infant diads collected at delivery had 25OH vit D2/D3 extracted, chromatographed and quantitated using competitive protein binding assays. These values were then correlated with maternal vit D intake. All mother-infant diads were vit D sufficient. The correlation between the mother's recalled total D intake and either maternal or fetal 25OHD2/D3 and total 25 OHD at term was not significant with r values <.3, p=NS. This striking absence of correlation demonstrates that accepted dietary history gathering techniques are unacceptable methods of assessing maternal vit D status at term and cannot be used to anticipate fetal vit D status at delivery.
Successful intrauterine management of severe feto-fetal transfusion in a monochorionic triplet pregnancy using bipolar umbilical cord coagulation.

Triplet-to-triplet transfusion is a rare clinical complication of monochorionic pregnancies. We present such a case in a monochorionic triamniotic triplet gestation. After a single fetal demise an ongoing twin-to-twin transfusion continued in the surviving triplets. The donor triplet had ultrasound evidence of secondary structural brain damage. The pregnancy was successfully managed with bipolar umbilical cord coagulation of the donor triplet and spontaneous vaginal delivery of the recipient triplet. The case highlights the clinical spectrum and diagnostic and management options that present themselves in these high-risk pregnancies.
An ATP-independent U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle/precursor mRNA complex requires both splice sites and the polypyrimidine tract.

Abstract A complex is formed upon incubation of a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) with HeLA cell nuclear extract in the absence of added ATP (-ATP complex). Pre-mRNAs with mutations in the 5' splice site, the 3' splice site, or the polypyrimidine tract did not form this complex. Once formed, the -ATP complex was stable to competition by excess pre-mRNA. The complex was shown to contain the U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle (snRNP) and was distinct from the previously described U2 snRNP/pre-mRNA complex, the prespliceosome. These complexes have different electrophoretic mobilities, ATP requirements, and sensitivities to mutations of the 5' splice site. Although U1 snRNP was not found in the -ATP complex, a requirement for the U1 snRNP was suggested by immunodepletion experiments. The possible implications for the study of spliceosome formation are discussed.
LONGITUDINAL EVALUATION OF NONINTELLECTUAL CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH A SPECIAL TWO-YEAR HUMANITIES PROGRAM

Measures of dogmatism, ethnocentrism, and authoritarianism were administered to freshmen invitees to a special Humanities Program and again 2 yr. later. Mean changes on the three scales were reported for two groups: (a) Ss who accepted the invitation and completed the sequence and (b) Ss who declined the invitation and completed the college general education requirements in the conventional “collection of courses” fashion. Both groups changed significantly toward decreased dogmatism, ethnocentrism, and dogmatism but Group (a) had the largest net change from an initially lower level on each of the scales.
Vesicular hydrogen silsesquioxane-mediated synthesis of nanocrystalline silicon dispersed in a mesoporous silica/suboxide matrix, with potential for electrochemical applications

Room temperature hydrolysis of triethoxysilane (TES) in the presence of pluronic P-123 (PEO20–PPO70–PEO20) triblock copolymer under acidic conditions resulted in the formation of soft nanoscale vesicles with thin (<10 nm) hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSiO1.5)n gel walls. FTIR and 29Si MAS NMR showed that pyrolysis of this material at 1000 °C in H2/Ar atmosphere led to decomposition of the hydrogen silsesquioxane with the resulting formation of a silicon suboxide surrounding Si nanocrystals, all embedded in a SiO2 matrix. SEM, TEM, BET and SAXS measurements showed that this vesicular Si@SiOx–SiO2 composite material had a high surface area and interconnected mesoporous structure. Nanocrystalline silicon was confirmed by XRD after the high temperature pyrolysis. An optimum in Li-ion battery half-cell performance was observed after the pyrolysis at 1000 °C, apparently attributable to the mesoporous structure and silicon nanocrystals. The effect of the polymer binders sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and polyacrylic acid (PAA) on the cyclic performance was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Results suggest that the formation of the solid electrolyte interface layer is slower in the case of PAA, resulting in lower resistance to lithium diffusion at the interface.
Multilevel plane wave time domain-enhanced MOT solver for analyzing electromagnetic scattering from objects residing in lossy media

Marching-on-in-time (MOT) based time domain integral equation (TDIE) methods provide an appealing avenue for analyzing transient electromagnetic scattering from objects that reside in lossy media, were it not for their computational cost. Recent developments, however, permit the acceleration of these methods. One scheme is a lossy medium scalar plane wave time domain (PWTD) kernel that permits the fast evaluation of far-field interactions (Jiang, P.L. et al., IEEE Antennas and Propag. Soc. Int. Symp., 2003). This scheme evaluates transient scalar fields radiated by bandlimited sources residing in lossy media by expanding them in plane waves via a three-stage, fast multipole inspired scheme comprising aggregation, translation, and disaggregation steps. The paper outlines the formulation and implementation of a hybrid multilevel PWTD accelerated MOT solver for the efficient analysis of transient electromagnetic scattering from perfect electrically conducting (PEC) objects residing in lossy media. The proposed solver uses a vector extension of the original scalar PWTD scheme. A numerical example is presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed hybrid scheme.
Investigation of selenium metabolites in Se-enriched kale, Brassica oleracea A, via HPLC-ICPMS and nanoESI-ITMS

Kale (Brassica oleracea A.) can accumulate high concentrations of Se, as well as lutein and β-carotene, which have important human health benefits and possess strong antioxidant properties. In the present study, kale plants were cultivated in soil supplemented with sodium selenite or sodium selenate. The plants accumulated over 20 times higher concentration of selenium in the selenate-enriched soil compared with selenite-enriched soil. Selenium accumulation did not suppress the plant's uptake of the essential metals, Fe, Cu and Zn. Speciation of selenium in the plant was performed via size-exclusion chromatography and ion-pairing reversed phase chromatography using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) and nano-electrospray ion trap mass spectrometry (nanoESI-ITMS) for detection. In ion-pairing reversed phase chromatography, 0.02% HFBA was found to facilitate separating the selenium metabolites without hampering ESI-ITMS ionization. MS2/MS3 spectra were successfully obtained for identification of Se-methylselenocysteine (MeSeCys). MeSeCys was the prominent selenium metabolite formed in kale, which has been suggested as a chemopreventive food supplement. The Se species in leaf are significantly different from those in stem. The leaf shows higher content of high molecular weight selenium than the stem, while the stem produced higher amounts of MeSeCys than the leaf, indicating the metabolism to MeSeCys competes with the production of high molecular weight selenium forms. The plant leaf, when supplemented with Se(IV), contained the highest amount of high molecular weight selenium (49%) as well as the lowest amount of MeSeCys (4%).
Compressible effect algebras

Abstract We define a special type of additive map J on an effect algebra E called a compression. We call J (1) the focus of J and if p is the focus of a compression then p is called a projection. The set of projections in E is denoted by P(E) . A compression J is direct if J ( a ) ≤ a for all a e E . We show that direct compressions are equivalent to projections onto components of cartesian products. An effect algebra E is said to be compressible if every compression on E is uniquely determined by its focus and every compression on E has a supplement. We define and characterize the commutant C(p) of a projection p and show that a compression with focus p is direct if and only if C(p) = E . We show that P(E) is an orthomodular poset. It is proved that the cartesian product of effect algebras is compressible if and only if each component is compressible. We then consider compressible sequential effect algebras, Luders maps and conditional probabilities.
Isolated fetal choroid plexus cysts: role of ultrasonography in establishment of the risk of trisomy 18

Abstract Objective: The significance of isolated choroid plexus cysts found by ultrasonographic scan during the second trimester as a marker for trisomy 18 is still debated. We analyzed our data and reviewed the series published in the English-language literature to calculate the likelihood ratio of trisomy 18 in the presence of isolated choroid plexus cysts; that is, the factor by which the individual risk of trisomy 18 is increased in the presence of isolated choroid plexus cysts. Study Design: Likelihood ratios were calculated as ratio of the sensitivity to the false-positive rate. Sensitivity was defined as the rate of isolated choroid plexus cysts detected at midgestation among fetuses with trisomy 18. False-positive rate was defined as the rate of choroid plexus cysts detected at midgestation in the population without trisomy 18. The sensitivities of all published series reporting rates of choroid plexus cysts at the time of the first ultrasonographic examination between 14 and 24 weeks' gestation in populations with trisomy 18 and in low-risk populations were included in the analysis. To these we added all cases of trisomy 18 diagnosed at our institution during the period January 1, 1988, through June 30, 1998, in which prenatal ultrasonographic examination was performed between 14 and 24 weeks' gestation. Results: The prevalence of second-trimester ultrasonographic detection of isolated choroid plexus cysts among fetuses with trisomy 18 was 6.7% (13/194), whereas that in the population without trisomy 18 was 0.9% (752/79,583). The likelihood ratio associated with isolated choroid plexus cysts was therefore 7.09 (95% confidence interval, 3.97-12.18). Conclusion: The presence of isolated second-trimester choroid plexus cysts increases the base risk of trisomy 18 by a factor of 7.09. This likelihood ratio can be multiplied by the risk calculated according to maternal age to obtain the individual risk of trisomy 18 and thus permit more accurate counseling of the patient. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182:972-7.)
On the identity of the high spin heme components of cytochrome c oxidase.

In oxidized, resting cytochrome c oxidase (EC 1.9.3.1) and under most conditions of partial reduction ⩽ 50% of the heme components are detected by EPR spectroscopy. When the enzyme is fully reduced in the presence of equimolar quantities of cytochrome c, anaerobic reoxidation by an excess of a chemical oxidant (ferricyanide, porphyrexide) produces intense high and low spin heme signals simultaneously. The time range in which maximal high spin signals are observed is 0.1–2 s after mixing. Under these conditions 35–50% of the total heme a is accounted for by the low spin heme signal and 35–40% by the high spin signals, with the rhombic component accounting for 30–35% of the total heme. It is concluded that under these conditions, the major portion of both heme components must be EPR detectable. Thus, if the generally accepted assignment of the low spin signal to cytochrome a is adopted, it follows that in the experiments described, cytochrome a3 is represented in the rhombic high spin signal. The quantities of heme represented in the axial high spin signal are too small for a definitive assignment; these signals could originate from either heme. When after formation of high spin signals as described, O2 is admitted, the rhombic signal is eliminated within 4 ms. In the presence of the strongest rhombic high spin signals, the absorption band at 655 nm is only ⩽ 25% developed. The implications of these findings are discussed in the context of present hypotheses concerning the state and interactions of cytochrome c oxidase components during oxidation-reduction.
Motor and cognitive deficits in mice bred to have low or high blood pressure

Deviations from normal blood pressure can lead to a number of physiological and behavioral complications. We tested the hypothesis that hyper- or hypotension is associated with significant differences in motor activity and coordination, anxiety levels, and spatial learning and memory in male and female mice. Compared to normotensive control mice, hypertensive mice were hyperactive and their performance was significantly worse on the rotarod (males only), cued learning (males only), spatial learning/re-learning, and spatial memory. Hypotensive mice of both genders swam more slowly and performed even worse than hypertensive mice on the rotarod, cued learning, spatial learning/re-learning, and spatial memory tasks. Across all phenotypes, females were generally more active than males in the open field and exhibited more anxiety-like behaviors in the elevated zero maze. Alterations in hemodynamics and/or neurovascular unit function may account for the observed behavioral changes in the hypo- and hypertensive mice.
Crossing the Threshold: Men's Incomes, Attitudes Toward the Provider Role, and Marriage Timing

The later marriages of recent cohorts have been attributed, in part, to men's declining real wages and women's preferences for high-earning mates. This study was designed to investigate the influence of men's gender role attitudes and income on their entrance into marriage. Data come from the longitudinal High School and Beyond survey. The results show that if men anticipated being the primary economic provider in their marriages, their incomes predicted their likelihood of marriage. Income had little effect on marriage for men who expected to share the provider role. The findings indicate that the relationship between men's income and marriage is influenced by their gender role attitudes.
The Effect of Gender and Race on the Political Participation of People With Disabilities in the 1994 Mid-Term Election

Research on voter turnout has uncovered important differences in the voting patterns of subgroups of the American polity. Here, we report an analysis of the 1994 Current Population Survey-Voter Supplement, indicating that once demographic factors such as income and educational attainment are controlled for, men with disabilities are less likely to register than are women with disabilities and nondisabled persons, while women with disabilities are less likely to actually vote. Both men and women with disabilities, however, are more likely to vote than are nondisabled individuals. After socioeconomic factors are controlled for, African-American women have the highest probability of registering and voting, and Caucasian men and women with disabilities have the lowest registration and voting rates. For all groups, the likelihood of registering and voting increases with educational attainment, but the differences between the probabilities are greater at lower levels of educational attainment.
The Performance of Perplexity: A Sufi Approach to the Paradoxes of Monotheism

The author examines the Naaz Khiaalvi poem "You are a puzzle-lock" ("Tum ek Ghrakh dhanda ho") in the context of a Qawwālī performance by Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan. As a love poem, it contains complaints and supplications where the poet reflects on the paradoxical and perlexing nature of divine.The poet uses the "puzzle-lock" to express amazement ; however when a Qawwālī singer performs the poem, its flatness is reframed into an emotional and provocatice dialogue. The poem moves us to understand how the divine is present, how the creator can be generous yet acts as a destroyer, is close to creation but inaccessible - the list of paradoxes is further complicated when it is sung and used in a musical setting. The author raises the way the poet and audience are present in the marginal space of God's presence, where, simultaneously, the two are searching for the same object. When "Tum ek Ghrakh dhanda ho" is performed by a powerful voice, the author illustrates how it brings a sense of self-criticism to the believer and amazingly affirms their faith.
[Comment on “Anonymous reviews: Self‐serving, counterproductive, and unacceptable”] from R.E. Criss and A.M. Hofmeister

We share many of the experiences and most of the sentiments relayed by Myrl Beck in his 1 July contribution to the Eos Forum, as well as those of a similar nature expressed by Alexander McBirney in his March 2003 commentary in GSA Today. We are in fact delighted that senior scientists are speaking up about the unsatisfactory nature of anonymous reviews. However, we believe they understate the problems, partly because the situation is worsening with time. Moreover, the brunt of such problems is disproportionately felt not by emeritus professors but by young scientists, women, and minorities, and this is the crux of the issue. This year, we have, like Beck, received rejections based on comments by two anonymous reviewers and an anonymous associate editor. We have also received rejections from anonymous associate editors based on a single constructive review requesting minor revision, along with an anonymous hostile “review” that could have been written about any manuscript on any topic by any author. More common than these are rejections from identified associate editors based on one or two anonymous reviews, which more often than not err on most of the points made, and in two cases dispute work that resulted in Nobel Prizes. We have examples this year of each type where the senior authors are recent Ph.D.s, whose vulnerabilities underscore the reprehensible nature of this “process.”
Multiscale Path Optimization for the Reduced Environmental Impact of Air Transportation

Recent research has stressed the importance of understanding the impact of air transportation on the environment. The environmental impact of aviation comes from many different sources, which occur on different spatial and temporal scales. The objective of this work is to develop a path-planning strategy that generates an optimal trajectory in a multiscale environment such that fuel consumption and persistent contrail formation are minimized. A receding-horizon controller is constructed to adapt to diverse and evolving obstacles while maintaining tractability in an onboard operation. The multiscale control strategy is shown to perform better than a controller designed with respect to a single scale.
Variable electronic load for testing PV performance

The objective of this research is to present a novel electronic device that will be used in the investigation process for data logging and plotting the l-V and P-V curves for each PV technology used. The novelty of this device lies in the fact that it is integrated within the test bed keeping in mind the limitations in size, area available and cost. Cost reduction for such devices could be one step in tackling the worldwide engineering challenge in making solar power an economic solution.
Saturation effects in homogeneous and heterogeneous crystal nucleation

Abstract It is known that saturation effects can occur in heterogeneous nucleation due to depletion of nucleation sites. However, in the present work additional mechanisms which could be responsible for saturation effects in both homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation are investigated. It is demonstrated that for homogeneous nucleation, saturation effects are possible due to the reduction in volume available for nucleation as a result of crystal growth. Also, for heterogeneous nucleation an additional mechanism causing saturation is the encapsulation (ingestion) of heterogeneous nucleation sites during crystal growth. Equations are derived to describe the saturation effects in both cases, and numerical calculations are presented to compare the importance of the two means by which saturation effects can occur in heterogeneous nucleation.
Loss of Alternative Non-Drug Reinforcement Induces Relapse of Cocaine-Seeking in Rats: Role of Dopamine D1 Receptors

Loss of Alternative Non-Drug Reinforcement Induces Relapse of Cocaine-Seeking in Rats: Role of Dopamine D 1 Receptors
Brain catecholamines during development of DOCA-salt hypertension in rats

Summary The activity of the adrenaline-forming enzyme, phenylethanolamine-N-methyl-transferase (PNMT) and the levels of the catecholamines dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline were determined during the development of the DOCA-salt hypertension in selective areas of the rat brain stem and hypothalamus. Increases in PNMT activity were restricted to the A 1 area and locus coeruleus after 2 weeks of DOCA-salt treatment and were extended to the A 2 area after 9 weeks of treatment. Adrenaline concentrations were higher in these areas only after 9 weeks of treatment. Noradrenaline levels did not change, except in the nucleus tractus commissuralis. Dopamine levels were unchanged at all times and in all structures studied. These results implicate brain stem adrenaline neurons in the central response which occurs during the DOCA-salt experimental hypertension.
Maize Cultivation in Coastal New York: The Archaeological, Agronomical, and Documentary Evidence

The traditional model for New York's coastal Algonquians assumes the development of sedentary life based on successful cultivation of maize beginning sometime in the Woodland period. Analyses of the archaeological, agronomical, and documentary evidence for maize, however, strongly suggests that productivity of this important cultigen was poor, limited, and of late most probably post-contact beginnings. It is therefore proposed that year-round village life first developed as a response to historic economic activities, such as wampum manufacture and European trade, rather than on a reliance on maize.
Optimization of a Periodic Biological Process for Nitrogen Removal from Wastewater

Abstract The Bio-Denipho® process, a “phased isolation ditch” technology, varies both aeration pattern and flow path in a continuous flow multi-reactor system to force oscillation of organic and nutrient concentrations in process reactors. Using a six-phase cycle, desired biochemical transformations (e.g. nitrification, denitrification), are accomplished at different times in the same reactor. We used an industry-standard biokinetic model (IAWPRC) to develop and test three control strategies of increasing sophistication: (a) fixed phase lengths, (b) use of constant set points to switch between phases thus resulting in variable phase lengths, and (c) use of switching set points which are a function of on-line measurements (criteria functions). These strategies were optimized for nominal diurnal operating conditions, with the objective of minimizing effluent soluble nitrogen, subject to an upper bound on the oxygen transfer coefficient. In addition, performance of the strategies was simulated against 1-, 2-, and 5-day sustained peak loads. Under nominal diurnal conditions, the performance obtained with each strategy was comparable. Under peak loading conditions, both of the switching set point strategies gave substantially better performance than the fixed phase length strategy. Criteria functions were marginally better than constant switch points.
Model of the Height Variation of the Turbulence Kinetic Energy Budget in the Unstable Planetary Boundary Layer

Abstract A model is proposed for the variation with height of the terms in the turbulence kinetic energy budget throughout an unstably stratified barotrople planetary boundary layer. The model is based upon aircraft measurements throughout the boundary layer that are presented here and previous results from surface layer measurements. The model assumes that at the limit of neutral stability, the transport term in the budget equation is at a minimum. When the height above the ground is greater than about ten times the absolute value of the Obukhov length, the shear-generation term is negligible, while the rate of dissipation of turbulence energy becomes almost constant, and the transport term increases almost linearly with height to balance the almost linear decrease of the buoyancy-generation term. Measurements of the ratio of the vertical flux of the horizontal part of the turbulence kinetic energy to the vertical part show good agreement with a model based upon surface layer observations and a laborator...
Investigating Perceived Institutional Review Board Quality and Function Using the IRB Researcher Assessment Tool

THE INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD-RESEARCHER ASSESSMENT TOOL (IRB-RAT) was designed to assess the relative importance of various factors to the effective functioning of IRBs. We employed the IRB-RAT to gain insight into the ways in which our IRB is perceived to be deficient by those who routinely interact with our Office of Research Integrity and Protections. Respondents ranked qualities thought to be characteristic of an "ideal" IRB and then compared our IRB to that internal standard. We observed that the rate of study participation varied by role. The composite relative ranking of the 45 items that comprise the IRB-RAT differed significantly from the rank order reported by Keith-Spiegel et al. Our data furthermore suggest that role influences scoring of the IRB-RAT (e.g., investigators awarded our IRB significantly higher scores in several areas than did research coordinators). Additional research is warranted to determine if the observed role-dependent differences in the perceived quality of our IRB simply reflect the local research culture or if they are indicative of a more fundamental and generalizable difference in outlook between investigators and research coordinators.
Abstract 1577: Contributions of KIT and ABL to the therapeutic responses of GIST and CML cells to imatinib mesylate

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Most GISTs are caused by activating mutations of the KIT receptor tyrosine kinase and can effectively be treated with the small molecule kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate (IM). IM is a potent inhibitor of KIT as well as ABL, a kinase that is constitutively activated through a chromosomal translocation (BCR-ABL) in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Since both KIT and ABL are expressed in GIST as well as CML cells, the present study was designed to determine the individual contributions of KIT and ABL inhibition, respectively, to the therapeutic responses in both malignancies. As expected, siRNA-mediated knock-down of KIT in the human GIST cell line GIST882 led to a significant increase of apoptosis and reduced cellular proliferation as measured by TUNEL and luminescence-based assays. Depletion of ABL1 in human K562 CML cells led to similar results. Immunoblotting for PARP cleavage as well as p27(Kip1) and cyclin A corroborated these findings. Reduction of ABL1 protein levels in GIST cells, however, was only associated with a minimal increase of apoptosis. Nevertheless, it resulted in a significantly reduced cellular proliferation when compared to controls and had approximately 50% of the anti-proliferative effect detected after knock-down of KIT in GIST cells. Combined knock-down of ABL1 and KIT in GIST did not show an additive effect. In contrast, siRNA-mediated knock-down of KIT in K562 cells did not have any significant effects on either cell survival or proliferative activity. Combined depletion of ABL1 and KIT in CML cells had a similar effect as knock-down of ABL1 alone. Immunoblotting analysis confirmed respective siRNA knockdowns, inhibition of downstream pathways and cellular proliferation as well as induction of apoptosis. In conclusion, ABL inhibition is unlikely to contribute to the induction of apoptosis after IM-treatment of GIST cells, however, it may cooperate with KIT inhibition to inhibit GIST cell proliferation. In contrast, inhibition of KIT does not seem to play a role in the therapeutic effect of IM in CML cells. Our results have implications for future strategies to improve the therapeutic effectiveness of targeted therapies in GISTs. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1577.
The effect of environment on cystine disruption by ultraviolet light.

When cystine is irradiated at pH 1 by 254-nm u.v. the following yields are observed: 4 cystines 5.2 cysteines + 2.8NH3. Thus, SH production accounts for only 0.65 of the cystine destruction; further C-S breakage to give alanine or serine is not efficient. The yields for cystine and glutathione destruction are essentially the same at pH 1. However the presence of the glutamic and glycine residues stabilize the cystine in glutathione so that NH3 is not lost until the peptide bonds are hydrolyzed. Increasing the pH from 1 to 8.6 increases the yield of cystine destruction in glutathione by 50 per cent. The yield of cystine destruction is greater in both compounds when O2 is present during irradiation (e. g. the cysteic acid yield in glutathione is increased by 50 times). The overall production of SH varies by a factor of 2 in the four proteins-insulin, RNase, trypsin and lysozyme. The present data further support the earlier observation that radiation damage is quite non-random in RNase: at least two and perhaps three of the four constituent cystines must be disrupted before activity is lost: i.e. the most radiosensitive cystines are not critical for enzymic activity. Similarly, in both trypsin and lysozyme the integrity of the most radiosensitive cystines also does not appear to be critical for the retention of enzymic potential. In insulin, however, all three cystines appear to be crucial for activity and to have approximately equal radiosensitivities. These differences in sensitivity of cystines in different proteins must depend specifically upon energy transfer and/or chemical interactions between the chromophoric groups. If yields are calculated on the basis of those quanta absorbed only in the cystines, values about 5 to 8 times greater than those in the model compounds cystine and oxixized glutathione are obtained. The yields of cystine destruction are much higher in those protiens which contain trypotophan.
Effects of subsurface Na, H and C on CH3 adsorption on Ni(111)

Abstract Ab initio valence orbital configuration interaction calculations are used to study the energy effect of Na, H and C atom subsurface species on CH 3 chemisorption at a hollow 3-fold site on Ni(111). The lattice is modeled as an embedded three layer cluster of 41 atoms. Ni 3d orbitals are explicitly included on seven nickel atoms on the surface. The calculated chemisorption energies of pyramidal CH 3 on Ni(111) are 38 for the clean surface and 50, 47, and 17 kcal/mol for the Na, H, and C implants, respectively. The energies required to distort tetrahedral CH 3 into a planar structure are 22 kcal/mol on clean Ni(111), 30 kcal/mol with the Na implant, 24 kcal/mol with the H implant, and 12 kcal/mol with the C implant, respectively. Thus, Na below the surface may stabilize a carbon overlayer to a tetrahedral diamond structure. CH 3 -surface distances, C-H stretching and surface-CH 3 vibrational frequencies are also reported.
A NONLINEAR OSCILLATOR MODEL FOR VORTEX SHEDDING FROM CYLINDERS AND CONES IN UNIFORM AND SHEAR FLOWS

Abstract An elastically coupled Van der Pol oscillator is introduced as a model for vortex shedding from uniform cylinders in shear flows. It is found that the elastically coupled oscillator is incapable of modeling vortex shedding in this situation. The oscillator fails to produce the cellular vortex-shedding pattern observed experimentally. The basic effect of the elastic coupling between the fluid layers is to modify, unacceptably, the vortex-shedding frequency. A diffusively coupled Van der Pol oscillator, that has been previously used successfully to model vortex shedding from uniform cylinders in linearly sheared flows, is then extended to model vortex shedding from tapered cylinders and cones in uniform and sheared flows. We find that the diffusively coupled oscillator replicates the cellular nature of vortex shedding that was observed experimentally. The number and axial extent of the frequency cells from the model are in excellent agreement with experimental results. The model further displays the experimentally observed low-frequency modulation of the near wake at low Reynolds numbers.
Inhibitors of sterol synthesis. Metabolism of [2,4-3H]5α-cholest-8(14)-en-3β-ol-15-one after oral administration to a nonhuman primate

5 alpha-Cholest-8(14)-en-3 beta-ol-15-one is a potent inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis which has significant hypocholesterolemic activity upon oral administration to rodents and nonhuman primates. In the present study the metabolism of the 15-ketosterol has been investigated after the oral administration of a mixture of [2,4-3H]5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-3 beta-ol-15-one and [4-14C]cholesterol to 8 baboons. Blood samples were obtained at 4, 8, 12, 16, and 24 h after administration of the labeled sterols. Clear differences in the time courses of the levels of 3H and 14C in plasma were observed. 3H in plasma showed maximum values at 4 to 8 h, whereas maximum values for the levels of 14C were observed much later. 3H in plasma was shown to be primarily in the form of its metabolites, i.e. esters of the 15-ketosterol, cholesterol, and cholesteryl esters. The levels of the 15-ketosterol and of each of these metabolites showed different changes with time. The labeled cholesterol (and the cholesterol moiety of the cholesteryl esters), formed from the [2,4-3H]-15-ketosterol, was characterized by chromatography and by purification by way of its dibromide derivative. At 24 h after the administration of the labeled sterols, the distribution of 3H in plasma lipoprotein fractions paralleled that of 14C, with most of the 3H and 14C in high density lipoprotiens (HDL) and low density lipoproteins (LDL). Almost all of the 3H in HDL and in LDL was found as cholesterol, cholesteryl esters and esters of the 15-ketosterol. The distribution of 3H in HDL and in LDL of the free 15-ketosterol, esters of the 15-ketosterol, cholesterol, and cholesteryl esters was similar to that of plasma, thereby indicating no unusual concentration of any of the 3H labeled components in HDL or LDL.
J. S. Mill's revisionist utilitarianism

Etude de l'interpretation de la theorie ethique utilitariste de J. Bentham developpee par J. S. Mill dans le sens d'une theorie des valeurs fondee sur l'idee de developpement humain correlative a l'idee de bonheur comme summum bonum. Distinguant la doctrine utilitariste du benthamisme, l'A. montre que Mill modife l'hedonisme de Bentham en privilegiant la reconnaissance de plaisirs superieurs lies au developpement de l'individu et au progres social, dans le cadre d'une ethique du developpement qui reste compatible avec l'utilitarisme
Accelerated Onset and Increased Incidence of Ventricular Arrhythmias Induced by Ischemia in Cx43-Deficient Mice

Background—Myocardial ischemia causes profound changes in both active membrane currents and passive electrical properties. Because these complex changes develop and progress concomitantly, it has not been possible to elucidate the relative contributions of any one component to arrhythmogenesis induced by acute ischemia. Cx43+/− mice express 50% of the normal level of connexin43 (Cx43), the major ventricular electrical coupling protein, but are otherwise identical to wild-type (Cx43+/+) mice. Comparison of arrhythmogenesis in Cx43+/− and +/+ mice can provide insights into the role of changes in electrical coupling as an independent variable in the complex setting of acute ischemia. Methods and Results—Acute ischemia was induced in isolated perfused mouse hearts by occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Spontaneous ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VT) occurred in more than twice as many Cx43+/− hearts than Cx43+/+ hearts. VT was induced in nearly 3 times as many Cx43+/− hearts. Multiple run...
Oral budesonide in the treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis.

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to evaluate the safety and estimate the efficacy of oral budesonide in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). METHODS: Twenty-one patients with PSC were treated with 9 mg daily of oral budesonide for 1 yr. RESULTS: Significant, but marginally important, improvement in serum alkaline phosphatase (1235 ± 190 vs 951 ± 206 U/L, p = 0.003) and AST levels (119 ± 14 vs 103 ± 19 U/L, p = 0.02) was noted at the end of the treatment period. Serum bilirubin levels increased significantly in the 18 patients who completed 1 yr of treatment (1.1 ± 0.1 vs 1.4 ± 0.3, p = 0.01) and no significant changes in liver tests were noted 3 months after budesonide was discontinued. The Mayo risk score did not change significantly, and although a significant improvement in the degree of portal inflammation was noted at the end of the treatment period, the degree of fibrosis and stage of disease were not significantly affected. There was a marked loss of bone mass of the femoral neck (0.851 ± 0.02 vs 0.826 ± 0.02 g/cm2, p = 0.002) and lumbar spine (1.042 ± 0.02 vs 1.029 ± 0.02 g/cm2, p = 0.09) at 1 yr of treatment with budesonide. Two patients required evaluation for liver transplantation during treatment, and two patients developed cosmetic side effects. CONCLUSIONS: Oral budesonide appears to be of minimal, if any, benefit and it is associated with a significant worsening of osteoporosis in patients with PSC.
Identification and Antibiotic Resistance of Staphylococci and Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Restructured and Conventional Steaks

The identification and antibiotic resistance of staphylococci and Enterobacrerinceae isolated from restructured and conventional steaks were determined. Five Sraphylococcus species, and seven species and three CDC Enteric Groups from the Family Enterobacteriaceae were identified. Sixty-seven percent of the 160 staphylococci were sensitive to the 13 antimicrobial agents tested. Antibiotic resistance was greater for staphylococci from restructured (46%) than from conventional (16%) steaks. Thirty-eight percent of the restructured and 15% of the conventional steak isolates were resistant to tetracycline. Sixty-three percent of the 97 Enterobacteriaccae were resistant to cephalothin, 10% were resistant to streptomycin and 11% were resistant to tetracycline. Less than 10% had multiple resistance.
Software perfective maintenance: including retrainable software in software reuse

Abstract It is well-known that software reuse has been a major topic under software perfective maintenance. In this paper we extend the major subtopic of reuse under the topic of software perfective maintenance in order to introduce to software perfective maintenance the new concept of software retrainability as a specialized subtopic under software reusability. The paper presents basic concepts of this new idea and relates it to other ongoing work in such areas as software reuse, active databases, ADTs, and present CASE tools. An extension of one such CASE tool is outlined. Potential use in certain domains where these extensions should prove useful is mentioned, and we briefly discuss two such domains in the paper. A specific example is partially developed.