cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A basic model for proactive event-driven computing

During the movie "Source Code" there is a shift in the plot; from (initially) reacting to a train explosion that already occurred and trying to eliminate further explosions, to (later) changing the reality to avoid the original train explosion. Whereas changing the history after events have happened is still within the science fiction domain, changing the reality to avoid events that have not happened yet is, in many cases, feasible, and may yield significant benefits. We use the term proactive behavior to designate the change of what will be reality in the future. In particular, we focus on proactive event-driven computing: the use of event-driven systems to predict future events and react to them before they occur. In this paper we start our investigation of this large area by constructing a model and end-to-end implementation of a restricted subset of basic proactive applications that is trying to eliminate a single forecasted event, selecting between a finite and relatively small set of feasible actions, known at design time, based on quantified cost functions over time. After laying out the model, we describe the extensions required of the conceptual architecture of event processing to support such applications: supporting proactive agents as part of the model, supporting the derivation of forecasted events, and supporting various aspects of uncertainty; next, we show a decision algorithm that selects among the alternatives. We demonstrate the approach by implementing an example of a basic proactive application in the area of condition based maintenance, and showing experimental results.
Graphic update of automated logic diagrams

The Automated Logic Diagram, or ALD, is a well defined document prepared by engineers to specify the design of a machine. 1 The document is coded for computer input by highly trained transcription personnel. Changes or corrections are batched for a master file update computer run. Because of the number of queues involved, a day or more is normally required to complete this process.A project was undertaken to investigate the utility of a graphic display device as a direct interface between the designer and the computerized data base. The purpose was to drastically reduce the turnaround time of updating ALD's.In this paper, the format and contents of the ALD are first defined. This will aid the reader in understanding the document which this project was designed to display and update at the graphic console.
Optimal Shape Design of Mail-Slot Nacelle on N3-X Hybrid Wing-Body Configuration

System studies show that a N3-X hybrid wing-body aircraft with a turboelectric distributed propulsion system using a mail-slot inlet/nozzle nacelle can meet the environmental and performance goals for N+3 generation transports (three generations beyond the current air transport technology level) set by NASA's Subsonic Fixed Wing Project. In this study, a Navier-Stokes flow simulation of N3-X on hybrid unstructured meshes was conducted, including the mail-slot propulsor. The geometry of the mail-slot propulsor was generated by a CAD (Computer-Aided Design)-free shape parameterization. A novel body force model generation approach was suggested for a more realistic and efficient simulation of the flow turning, pressure rise and loss effects of the fan blades and the inlet-fan interactions. Flow simulation results of the N3-X demonstrates the validity of the present approach. An optimal Shape design of the mail-slot nacelle surface was conducted to reduce strength of shock waves and flow separations on the cowl surface.
PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT OF RAT PRIMARY AFFERENT FIBERS. II: CENTRAL PROJECTIONS

These studies were designed to determine the pattern of initial afferent fiber ingrowth into the prenatal spinal gray matter and the establishment of the topographic organization of the presynaptic neuropil in the dorsal horn. A total of 113 lumbar dorsal root ganglia were labeled with carbocyanine fluorescent dye DiI or DiA in 67 rat embryos and neonatal pups aged embryonic day 13 to postnatal day O (E13–PO). The initial fiber penetration of the lumbar spinal gray began at E15 and was restricted to the segments of entry. Subsequent growth of fibers into gray matter of adjacent segments began approximately one day later, and this delay was continued, about one day for each successive segment. A second wave of ingrowth of putative small-diameter afferents into the substantia gelatinosa began at E19 and also displayed the same rostrocaudal delay. Fiber ingrowth was specific and occupied the somatotopic area appropriate for the adult, from the earliest stages (E 18) in which dorsal horn laminae could be adequately defined. The somatotopic organization of the presynaptic neuropil in laminae III and IV did not change significantly throughout embryonic development as the amount of overlap between adjacent and non-adjacent ganglion projections remained constant throughout embryonic development. In addition, it was found that fibers innervating the proximal and distal hindlimb entered the spinal gray simultaneously at E 15 before the innervation of the distal toes was established. The results of these studies indicate that the somatotopic organization of the presynaptic neuropil is established very early in development and requires little refinement to match that seen in the adult. The simultaneous penetration of the fibers originating from the proximal and distal areas of the limb before innervation is complete suggests that this ingrowth may be independent of the establishment of specific peripheral connections.
Perspectives on clinical trial data transparency and disclosure

The increased demand for transparency and disclosure of data from clinical trials sponsored by pharmaceutical companies poses considerable challenges and opportunities from a statistical perspective. A central issue is the need to protect patient privacy and adhere to Good Clinical and Statistical Practices, while ensuring access to patient-level data from clinical trials to the wider research community. This paper offers options to navigate this dilemma and balance competing priorities, with emphasis on the role of good clinical and statistical practices as proven safeguards for scientific integrity, the importance of adopting best practices for reporting of data from secondary analyses, and the need for optimal collaboration among stakeholders to facilitate data sharing.
Hepatic Artery Aneurysm Erosion into the Stomach: An Unusual Cause of Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Background: Hepatic artery aneurysms are the second most common visceral aneurysms. The natural history of hepatic artery aneurysms typically results in enlargement, rupture, and life-threatening hemorrhage. Atherosclerosis, traditionally, has been the most common cause of hepatic artery aneurysm. Objective: A case of a hepatic artery aneurysm invading the stomach is presented to draw attention to the clinical presentation of this potentially catastrophic entity. Case Report: A 74-year-old man presented to the Emergency Department (ED) with hematemesis. He was hemodynamically stable with a hemoglobin of 10.5. Abdominal CT imaging revealed a hepatic artery aneurysm that eroded into the stomach. The erosion was successfully repaired operatively and the aneurysm was embolized. Conclusion: The most common symptom is epigastric pain. The clinical and radiological findings of a hepatic artery aneurysm eroding into the stomach with subsequent upper and lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage, as highlighted in the case reported, have received little prior attention in the medical literature.
Three-dimensional force systems from activated orthodontic appliances

Abstract A thorough understanding of the mechanical force systems generated by orthodontic wire activations is important for producing efficient tooth movement directed toward achieving predetermined treatment goals. The two-dimensional force systems produced by short segments of wire inserted into orthodontic brackets have been well-documented previously. Most orthodontic appliances, however, act in three planes of space. Once a full arch wire leaves the relatively straight posterior region and curves around the canine to the incisors, two-dimensional analyses can no longer fully explain the force systems produced. Simple v-bend activations in wires inserted into two coplanar brackets cause the wire to act in bending at both sites. When the brackets are oriented in different planes, such as on a molar and incisor for example, rectangular wires will act in both bending and torsion, altering the force systems produced. Any two-dimensional analysis will inherently ignore forces and moments produced in the out-of-plane dimension. Static equilibrium, the condition under which all interpretations of orthodontic appliance activations are analyzed, must be met in all three dimensions. Awareness of the force systems produced by orthodontic appliances in all three planes of space increases the ability to predict and control both desired and unwanted tooth movements during orthodontic treatment.
Abundance and Population Dynamics of Adult Sphenophorus inaequalis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Florida

Abundance and population dynamics of adult Sphenophorus inaequalis were monitored at 4 bermudagrass golf courses in Florida. Sphenophorus inaequalis was present at 3 of the courses, but was the dominant billbug species at one public golf course in Gainesville, FL. Peak activity occurred from Jun to Aug in both 2006 and 2007 in Gainesville. Sphenophorus inaequalis appears to be univoltine and populations are localized within Florida. La abundancia y dinamica de la poblacion de adultos de Sphenophorus inaequalis fueron monitoreadas en 4 campos de golf del pasto Bermuda en la Florida. Sphenophorus inaequalis estuvo presente en 3 de los campos, pero fue la especie picudo dominante unicamente en un campo de golf publico en Gainesville, Florida. La actividad maxima sucedio a partir de junio a septiembre en 2006 y 2007 en Gainesville. El Sphenophorus inaequalis parece ser univoltino y sus poblaciones se localizan dentro de la Florida. View this article in BioOne
An extension of Fisher's discriminant analysis for stochastic processes

In this paper we present a general notion of Fisher's linear discriminant analysis that extends the classical multivariate concept to situations that allow for function-valued random elements. The development uses a bijective mapping that connects a second order process to the reproducing kernel Hilbert space generated by its within class covariance kernel. This approach provides a seamless transition between Fisher's original development and infinite dimensional settings that lends itself well to computation via smoothing and regularization. Simulation results and real data examples are provided to illustrate the methodology.
Is there a quasi-biennial oscillation in tropical deep convection?

We investigate the possibility that the stratospheric Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) modulates deep convection in the tropics. Interannual variations of outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) in the tropics during 1975–87 are compared with stratospheric zonal winds at Singapore (a measure of the QBO), and with the Tahiti-Darwin sea level pressure difference (the Southern Oscillation Index, or SOI). A monthly time series of anomalous OLR was constructed for regions of consistently low OLR, thus targeting areas of chronic deep convection. This “chronic cold” index and the SOI correlate at −0.6 for zero lag. The “chronic cold” index correlates with 30 hPa Singapore winds at +0.3 and with 50 hPa-70 hPa wind differences at +0.4, both near zero lag. These results are not inconsistent with the hypothesis that deep convection may be enhanced in chronically cold areas when QBO westward shear exists in the lower stratosphere, and diminished during eastward shear.
Inactivation of a host resistance mechanism as an explanation for heat activation of TMV-infected bean leaves.

Abstract In response to heat treatment, both U1 and U2 infected Pinto bean primary leaves produced more and also larger lesions, the size of which was a function of heat dose ( Yarwood, 1958 ; Rappaport and Wu, 1963 ). The kinetics of lesion size enlargement resembles that of protein denaturation or killing of plant tissues by heat. Using a fluorescence microscope and aniline blue staining, the deposition of callose material on cell walls was studied in relation to the development of necrotic local lesions. Those lesions which ceased to enlarge were surrounded by cell walls which showed intense callose fluorescence. There seemed to be a positive correlation between the ultimate size of viral lesions and the rate of callose deposition on the walls of adjacent nonnecrotic cells. Postinoculation heat treatment delayed the hypersensitive necrotic death of infected cells and decreased the rate and amount of callose deposition. It is inferred that the combination of these two effects of heat results in larger lesions. The increase in number of lesions is interpreted as the result of an increase in size of many micro-lesions not visible to the naked eye without heat treatment. In this view, the virus-replicating system and the movement of established virus are more resistant to heat inactivation than the host hypersensitive reaction. An important concomitant of the hypersensitive reaction, as the evidence presented indicates, is the deposition of callose on the walls of uninfected cells surrounding the necrotic cells. The callose deposition is believed to be a factor in sealing off the infected cells, thus preventing the spread of virus.
Recent work on the dynamic oceanography of the North Atlantic

The Gulf Stream is a fascinating subject for research, not only because it is such a long and powerful current, but also because it is so difficult to study. It almost seems at times as if the current, knowing that an attempt is being made to discover its secrets, resists man's efforts just enough to keep him baffled. After two summer's work we have, for one reason or another, been unable to get even one hydrographic section that is entirely satisfactory. Twice the conditions have been obviously abnormal and our sections have crossed warm water flooding in over the continental shelf. Twice stormy weather has forced us to abandon a section before we had quite crossed the current. Finally several times we struck bands of water running so swiftly that it was impossible to tell at what depths our temperatures had really come from.
Geographical environments for entrepreneurship

Research on entrepreneurship has only partially dealt with the influence of geographical environments on the new firms' formation and growth. This paper reviews what we know and what we do not yet know about the ways in which the new firms' formation is not equally likely everywhere, why some places are entrepreneurial and why others places are not so entrepreneurial. Finally, it addresses the ways in which local environments can be improved.
Superelastic and inelastic He 2+ +He state-selective electron capture

Experimental studies have been made of superelastic and inelastic collision processes involved in the state-selective single-electron capture reaction [sup 3]He[sup 2+]+He(1 [sup 1][ital S])[r arrow][sup 3]He[sup +]([ital n])+He[sup +]([ital n][prime]), where [ital n] and [ital n][prime] are the final principal quantum-number states of the collision products. Total cross sections have been measured at projectile energies of 15, 30, and 45 keV/u, by examining the energy loss-gain of the fast [sup 3]He[sup +] product ions, for the superelastic [ital n]=[ital n][prime]=1 channel, and for the sum of the inelastic [ital n]=2, [ital n][prime]=1 and [ital n]=1, [ital n][prime]=2 states. Measurements are also presented for Ne and Ar targets.
Energy efficient link layer security solution for wireless LANs

For the last couple of years people have become too reliant on Wireless LAN (WLAN) for information exchange. As wireless technology has no inherent physical protection, WLANs introduce new serious security threats to the personal information of individuals and organizations. Unfortunately, much of the growth has not been accompanied with an appropriate level of security for most corporate networks. The broadcast nature of wireless networks promote casual eavesdropping of data traffic with possible security threats including unauthorized use of networks, and denial of service attacks etc. Therefore, as in any environment where data is transmitted over untreated media, in order to protect the data, certain safeguards must be in place and effectively managed. To this end, this paper introduces a wireless link layer security protocol for WLANs that provides the users of IEEE 802.11 WLAN a security level close to the security level of wired networks. The proposed security protocol consists of three components: WLAN clients (STAs), WLAN Access Points (APs), and Authentication and Accounting Server (AAS). Before an STA can access the network, the user who uses the STA must be authenticated to the AP. AP must be authenticated to the STA as well, so that there is no rogue AP in the network. Finally, the communication between STAs and APs, as well as between APs and AAS are protected and defended from any kind of interception, modification and fabrication. We performed extensive simulations to evaluate the security and energy consumption performance of the proposed security protocol. The cryptographic primitives are selected based on their security and power consumption to make proposed protocol scalable and a manageable solution for low power wireless clients, such as PDAs.
The scientist-practitioner in context

A commentary on the Special Issue papers on the Scientist-Practitioner Model is presented. Based on the authors’ recollections, a senior scholar uses a contextual approach to describe the historical and social sources of the evolution of the S-P model. It is recommended that the S-P perspective not be restricted to a philosophy of training nor a particular kind of scientific methodology, but include a historical and social understanding of the unfolding instantiations of the model.
Elastic Scattering of Alpha Particles by Intermediate-Mass Nuclei

Angular distributions of 42-MeV $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles, elastically scattered from $^{40,42,44,48}\mathrm{Ca}$, $^{46,48,50}\mathrm{Ti}$, $^{52}\mathrm{Cr}$, $^{54,56}\mathrm{Fe}$, $^{58,60,62}\mathrm{Ni}$ have been measured in the forward region with an absolute accuracy of \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}; in particular, the locations of the minima near 35\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} (c.m. system) have been determined to within \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. The theoretical analysis has been done in three ways, using (a) the Fraunhofer model, (b) a direct parametrization of the scattering amplitude in terms of three parameters, and (c) a standard four-parameter optical model. Strong-absorption radii have been deduced from the critical angular momenta extracted from the scattering amplitudes. In addition, attempts have been made to determine, for the optical-model analysis, other sorts of strong-absorption radii that are more characteristic of the scattering than the usual midpoint radius of the potential. Our analyses indicate that the rate of increase of almost all such strong-absorption radii is smaller within the Ca and Ti isotopes than within the Fe and Ni isotopes, the radius of $^{48}\mathrm{Ca}$ being anomalously small for all types of analysis.
Parametric Studies on the Measurements of Damping Quantities

Abstract Damping is a property of a structure or specimen which describes how rapidly a mode of vibration decays once it is excited. The energy dissipation due to damping mechanism in the system or specimen is a complex phenomenon which depends on many parameters. There is usually significant variation in the measured damping quantity. The parametric studes were performed to investigate the effect of sensitive parameters on the measured damping quantities; air and water, temperature, frequency and boundary conditions. The type of excitation used was random noise. A flat plate configuration was used to minimize extraneous energy losses (i.e. joints) associated with built-up structure. The wide range of excitation frequencies is considered to understand the frequency-dependent damping characteristics in both air and water media. As a results of investigation, the sensitivities of damping quantities were tabulated and discussed.
Polarization Dependence of Palladium Deposition on Ferroelectric Lithium Niobate (0001) Surfaces

WeinvestigatetheeffectofferroelectricpolarizationdirectiononthegeometricpropertiesofPddeposited on the positive and negative surfaces of LiNbO3 (0001). We predict preferred geometries and diffusion properties of small Pd clusters using density functional theory, and use these calculations as the basis for kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of Pd deposition on a larger scale. Our results show that on the positive surface, Pd atoms favor a clustered configuration, while on the negative surface, Pd atoms are adsorbed in a more dispersed pattern due to suppression of diffusion and agglomeration. This suggests that the effect of LiNbO3 polarizationdirection on the catalyticactivity of Pd[J. Phys. Chem.88, 1148 (1984)] is due, at least in part, to differences in adsorption geometry. Further investigations using these methods can aid the search for catalysts whose activities switch reversibly with the polarization of their ferroelectric substrates.
Mask contribution to intra-field wafer overlay

Shrinking wafer overlay budgets raise the importance of careful characterization and control of the contributing components, a trend accelerated by multi-patterning immersion lithography [1]. Traditionally, the mask contribution to wafer overlay has been estimated from measurement of a relatively small number of standard targets. There are a number of studies on test masks and standard targets of the impact of mask registration on wafer overlay [2],[3]. In this paper, we show the value of a more comprehensive characterization of mask registration on a product mask, across a wide range of spatial frequencies and patterns. The mask measurements will be used to obtain an accurate model to predict mask contribution to wafer overlay and correct for it.
If at first you don’t succeed … try again?

Abstract The histories of patients prescribed 6-mercaptopurine over a 2-yr time were examined. Those patients who had initially failed azathioprine therapy before initiating 6-mercaptopurine were included in the study. Clinical data were collected from medical records as well as from patient interviews. The authors identified 19 patients who had been prescribed 6-mercaptopurine after failing azathioprine therapy. Ten patients had Crohn’s disease and nine had ulcerative colitis. The reasons for discontinuing azathioprine fell into three groups: side effects necessitating discontinuation, leukopenia, and lack of efficacy. The 13 patients who stopped because of a side effect had abdominal pain and vomiting (eight patients), rash (two), and headache (three). Two patients stopped because of leukopenia, and another four from perceived lack of efficacy. Eleven of the 19 were subsequently able to tolerate 6-mercaptopurine. Seven of the 13 patients (54%) who stopped azathioprine for side effects were able to tolerate the 6-mercaptopurine. The amount of follow-up while on 6-mercaptopurine ranged from 126 to 780 days, with a median of 291. Four patients discontinued azathioprine because of a lack of efficacy; two of these patients subsequently responded to 6-mercaptopurine therapy. All patients initiated 6-mercaptopurine between 1 and 547 days after stopping azathioprine. There was no obvious relationship between the length of time between stopping azathioprine and starting 6-mercaptopurine, which suggests that a washout period between use of these two drugs is unnecessary.
Characteristics and production of thermostable α-amylase

Thermostable α-amylases have application in a variety of industrial processes and enzymes from a substantial number of thermophilic bacteria and fungi have been screened and characterized to varying degrees. The characteristics of these enzymes are summarized in this review. The genetics of α-amylase production inBacillus subtilis is reviewed and classical and recombinant DNA approaches to increasing α-amylase production are discussed.
Hearing deafness: Subjectness, articulateness and communicability

I am deaf, not culturally Deaf. I am not a member of the signing, cultural Deaf American community; I lip-read and speak and do not sign. My access to language or the ability to use speech, strictly defined, defines me and my status as an actor with social abilities within the hearing world. Without it, I would remain a largely isolated, noncommunicable entity deemed unsuitable for social life. In fact, the ability to communicate, along definite scripts, defines all of us, not only me. Communication, primarily defined as speech, has been the basis of all social life from ancient times. Aristotle still resonates among us today, and everyday, when he says that humans are animals with language, that the ability to communicate through language as speech (logos) distinguishes humans from animals.1 ‘A will to speech’ (Brueggemann 1999) metaphysic has dominated and driven how society awards and withholds the subject status to individuals; moreover, as I argue, this will to speech manifests itself not simply in the spoken word, but rather in the articulately spoken word. One must use clear and distinct speech in order to be heard and listened to.2 Articulateness, the paradigmatic embodiment of the rhetorical will to speech, displaces and supersedes one’s subjectness when introduced to the bodies of the deaf, or to the bodies of others with ‘communication disorders,’ because of how articulateness defines subjectivity.
An efficient polyenergetic SART (pSART) reconstruction algorithm for quantitative myocardial CT perfusion

Purpose: In quantitative myocardial CT perfusion imaging, beam hardening effect due to dense bone and high concentration iodinated contrast agent can result in visible artifacts and inaccurate CT numbers. In this paper, an efficient polyenergetic Simultaneous Algebraic Reconstruction Technique (pSART) was presented to eliminate the beam hardening artifacts and to improve the CT quantitative imaging ability. Methods: Our algorithm made threea priori assumptions: (1) the human body is composed of several base materials (e.g., fat, breast, soft tissue, bone, and iodine); (2) images can be coarsely segmented to two types of regions, i.e., nonbone regions and noniodine regions; and (3) each voxel can be decomposed into a mixture of two most suitable base materials according to its attenuation value and its corresponding region type information. Based on the above assumptions, energy-independent accumulated effective lengths of all base materials can be fast computed in the forward ray-tracing process and be used repeatedly to obtain accurate polyenergetic projections, with which a SART-based equation can correctly update each voxel in the backward projecting process to iteratively reconstruct artifact-free images. This approach effectively reduces the influence of polyenergetic x-ray sources and it further enables monoenergetic images to be reconstructed at any arbitrarily preselected target energies. A series of simulation tests were performed on a size-variable cylindrical phantom and a realistic anthropomorphic thorax phantom. In addition, a phantom experiment was also performed on a clinical CT scanner to further quantitatively validate the proposed algorithm. Results: The simulations with the cylindrical phantom and the anthropomorphic thorax phantom showed that the proposed algorithm completely eliminated beam hardening artifacts and enabled quantitative imaging across different materials, phantom sizes, and spectra, as the absolute relative errors were reduced from [−7.5%, 12.1%] for SART to [−0.1%, 0.1%] for pSART. When using low kVp spectra and high reference energies, pSART also showed improved reconstruction efficiency in terms of convergence speed compared to the conventional SART algorithm. The phantom experiment on a clinical CT scanner indicated that the quantitative advantage of pSART is realizable in experimental CT acquisition, as the absolute relative errors across material inserts were less than 0.4%. Conclusions: By incorporatinga priori information (material attenuation coefficients, x-ray source spectrum, and region type information) into the reconstruction process, the proposed pSART algorithm could effectively eliminate beam hardening artifacts, reconstruct the accurate attenuation coefficients for precise quantitative imaging, and accelerate the reconstruction process.
Weak coupling BCS-like superconductivity in the pnictide oxide Ba 1 − x Na x Ti 2 Sb 2 O ( x = 0 and 0.15)

We report the results of low-temperature heat capacity measurements of the pnictide oxide superconductor BaTi${}_{2}$Sb${}_{2}$O doped with sodium. The temperature- and field-dependent heat capacity data are well described by a single-gap BCS theory. The estimated values for the normal-state Sommerfeld constant, the heat capacity jump at ${T}_{c}$, and the electron-phonon coupling constant are in favor of a conventional weak coupling superconductivity mediated by electron-phonon interaction. The results are discussed with regard to and compared with recent first-principles calculations.
Assessment of neural net and polynomial-based techniques for aerodynamic applications

Neural network and polynomial-based techniques are applied to. process aerodynamic data obtained fi-om computational simulations for flows around a generic threedimensional wing/blade and a twodimensional airfoil. The main purpose of this study is to offer insight into developing appropriate techniques for supporting engineering design and op-on by considering small data sets (between 9 to 25 simulations) and a larger data set (up to 765 simulations). Relative performances of radial-basis and back-propagation networks, and polynomial-based iechaiw are Compared. For moderate data sizes, both the neural network and the polynomial-based techniques yi$d comparable prfomances ths? improve as the data size increases. For large data sets, a two-layer radialbasis network is effective for data analysis provided thatappropriatecan be developed to guide the s&&ion of model para&ters.
Dental management of the pediatric post radiation therapy—rhabdomyosarcoma patient: Case reports and review of literature

Summary This article describes the dental management in two patients aged 8 and 5 with rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) post-radiation therapy. The report discusses some of the common problems faced such as osteoradionecrosis, xerostomia, mucositis, candidiasis, trismus, loss of taste, soft tissue necrosis, and scar tissue formation and the need for the oral healthcare provider to understand these sequelae in order to best treat patients.
Determination of the thickness and optical properties of a Langmuir film from the domain morphology by Brewster angle microscopy

A method employing Brewster angle microscopy was developed to measure the relative thickness of monolayers and multilayers at the air−water interface. Results proved that multilayers in ultrathin films of 8CB (4‘-n-alkyl[1,1‘-biphenyl]-4-carbonitrile; nCB, n = 8) are built up from one or two stacked bilayers on top of a monolayer at the air−water interface covered by a continuous bilayer. In addition, the fan texture of the mixed splay-bend disclination defects, which are formed in 10CB monolayers on reverse collapse of a continuous trilayer, was used to obtain estimates for the components of the anisotropic dielectric constant of the monomolecular film. This estimate was made by comparing experimental images with computationally generated model images based on an assumed director distribution around the defect. The results support the validity of the folding mechanism of multilayer generation and reverse collapse as opposed to the condensation mechanism. Finally, comparison of the experimental and theore...
Antinuclear antibodies during psoralens plus ultraviolet A (PUVA) therapy--are they worthwhile?

From 1979 to 1985, 497 patients with psoriasis were started on psoralens plus ultraviolet A (PUVA) therapy at Northwestern University. Two hundred sixty-nine of these received therapy for greater than 3 months and had at least two antinuclear antibody (ANA) determinations. We have found that the difference between the number of significantly positive ANAs pre-PUVA therapy (4 of 269) compared to post-PUVA therapy (16 of 269) was not statistically significant. Furthermore, of the patients who did develop a significantly positive ANA, not one was found to have any symptoms, signs, or laboratory evidence of systemic lupus erythematosus. We therefore suggest obtaining ANAs prior to initiating PUVA therapy and obtaining follow-up ANAs only if the initial ANA is significantly positive. Patients with pre-PUVA-positive ANAs can be started on PUVA therapy if there is no evidence of lupus erythematosus.
Pier scour in clear water for sediment mixtures

The current pier scour design in the USA is mainly based on the CSU equation, yet a recent incisive evaluation indicates a need to change it because substantial advances were made in the last two decades for understanding the pier scour processes. The objective of this research is then to propose a simplified scour mechanism and a physically-based scour depth equation for practical design purposes. A critical review on selected previous studies is first made to form the basis of this research. A simplified scour mechanism is next proposed in terms of the pressure gradient through flow–structure, flow–sediment and sediment–structure interactions. A hypothesis on the equilibrium scour depth equation is then proposed based on the understanding of the scour mechanism and tested by flume data. Finally, the proposed scour depth equation provides a criterion and a rule of thumb for scour design and evaluation.
Bowel preparation for colonoscopy: relevant for the gut’s microbiota?

Potential contributions of the host-associated gut microbiota to human physiology continue to receive extensive research interest. While various lines of evidence support a role of the microbiota in maintaining human health, perturbations in normal microbiota composition have been correlated with various dietary changes and disease states,1 particularly diarrhoea.2 We have long known that close interactions between microbiota and the host’s immune system occur in the distal small intestine and that microbes are highly metabolically active in the proximal large intestine. Recent global efforts have accumulated a wealth of data on the diversity of human gut-associated microbiota. These studies confirmed that even in healthy individuals a large degree of intraindividual as well as interindividual variation in microbiota composition and although to a lesser degree, microbial activities occur. However, what represents ‘normal’ gut microbiota is still not fully understood, which is largely due to the observed variation within and among individuals. While recent work based on phylogenetic analysis of both the small subunit (16S) of ribosomal RNA as well as metagenomic datasets suggests the existence of …
Using History to Teach Contemporary Psychology

Gaining a perspective on the evolution of psychological concepts can show students the power of theory and societal perspective in shaping scientific ideas across time. In this article, the author ...
Transduction of a Functional Domain of the AT1 Receptor in Neurons by HIV-Tat PTD

Despite advances in transgenic and gene transfer technologies, in vivo structure-function studies of the angiotensin II type I receptor (AT1R) have revealed limited information on the diverse actions of angiotensin II. Our objective in the present study was to determine if protein transduction technology with the use of the HIV-Tat protein transduction domain could fill this gap. Recombinant HIV-Tat protein transduction domain fused to EGFP and to the third intracellular loop of the AT1R was expressed. Incubation of hypothalamus and brainstem neurons with this peptide indicated an efficient transport of the protein to most of the cells. This transduction was accompanied by an increase in neuronal firing rate, an effect similar to that observed with angiotensin II stimulation of the neuronal AT1R. The characteristics of the chronotropic effects of recombinant third intracellular loop and its synthetic counterpart were similar and comparable to the effects of angiotensin II on these neurons. In addition, in the presence of the protein kinase C inhibitor calphostin C, the peptide failed to increase firing rate. These observations demonstrated that transduction of neurons with the third intracellular loop of the AT1R produces chronotropic effects similar to those induced by angiotensin II. The data suggests that protein transduction technology could be useful for in vivo AT1R domain transduction.
An Analysis of State Physical Education Policies

The purpose of this study was to analyze state school-based physical education (SBPE) policies’ text and the resulting legal implications. A textualist approach to the legal method of Statutory Interpretation framed the data analysis. Findings revealed the difficulty of determining with clarity a majority of PE statutes and it is probable that based on current wording, courts could not play a role in interpreting these statutes, thus leaving interpretation to educational authorities. Significant variability of how authorities interpret statutes increases the challenge of consistent interpretation or adherence to the NASPE Guidelines for Quality Physical Education and whether meaningful policy study can be conducted to determine if SBPE makes an impact.
Dietary fat and breast cancer: where are we?

A role for dietary fat in breast cancer development has been hypothesized for more than 30 years and has prompted vigorous debate in the past decade (1-3). Epidemiological evidence in support of the hypothesis is twofold: 1) International correlation studies indicate a positive correlation between national fat consumption and national breast cancer incidence and mortality rates, and 2) breast cancer rates increase among ethnic groups who migrate from low-risk countries to high-risk countries (4). Yet several cohort and case-control studies have not found an association between high fat intake and breast cancer incidence (5-7). There have been many attempts to reconcile the positive correlations from international studies with the lack of positive findings from case-control and cohort studies. Some researchers maintain that it is too difficult to detect an association in homogeneous populations in the face of large measurement error in reported dietary intake. This possibility provided the initial impetus for the Women's Health Trial, a randomized clinical trial proposed in 1983 by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) that was tested for feasibility in 1985, initiated in 1986, discontinued in 1988, and then resurrected in 1991 as part of the Women's Health Initiative. Its objective is to evaluate the fundamental question of whether change to a low-fat diet can reduce the incidence of breast cancer among adult women. Other investigators hypothesize that, if nutritional factors play any role in breast cancer risk, then the only relevant factors are those occurring early in a woman's life (e.g., before the age of 20). The article by London et al. in this issue of the Journal (8) presents data that can be interpreted as consistent with this view. The authors report that the fatty acid composition in adipose tissue of women with breast cancer is no different from that of women who do not have the disease. The problem with that interpretation of the study evidence is the uncertain relationship between dietary fat intake and fatty acids in adipose tissue. As noted by the authors, adipose tissue does not reflect total fat intake; it only shows the relative intake of certain types of fat. Moreover, adipose tissue does not reflect relative intake for all types of fat equally well. For example, it is a poor indicator of saturated and monounsaturated fat intake. In fact, adipose
Behavioral transitions with the evolution of cooperative nest founding by harvester ant queens

Research on the evolution of cooperative groups tends to explore the costs and benefits of cooperation, with less focus on the proximate behavioral changes necessary for the transition from solitary to cooperative living. However, understanding what proximate changes must occur, as well as those pre-conditions already in place, is critical to understand- ing the origins and evolution of sociality. The California harvester ant Pogonomyrmex californicus demonstrates population-level variation in colony founding over a close geographic range. In adjacent populations, queens either found nests as single individuals (haplometrosis) or form cooperative groups of nonrelatives (pleometrosis). We com- pared aggregation, aggression, and tolerance of queens from one pleometrotic and two haplometrotic populations during nest initiation, to determine which behaviors show an evolu- tionary shift and which are present at the transition to pleometrosis. Surprisingly, within-nest aggregative behavior was equally present among all populations. In nesting boxes with multiple available brood-rearing sites, both queen types readily formed and clustered around a single common brood pile, suggesting that innate attraction to brood (offspring) facilitates the transition to social aggregation. In contrast, queens from the three populations differed in their probabili- ties of attraction on the ground to nest sites occupied by other queens and in levels of aggression. Our results suggest that
Symposium on market microstructure: Focus on Nasdaq

Abstract This special issue of the Journal of Financial Economics includes six articles that analyze the market microstructure of Nasdaq in various ways. The question of the costs of trading on Nasdaq has become contentious in both the academic and legal/regulatory arenas since the Christie and Schultz (1994) article first noted that many actively traded Nasdaq stocks were almost never quoted on odd eights. The articles in this symposium bring new and interesting insights to this debate.
Responses to music: Emotional signaling, and learning

In the target article, Juslin & Vastfjall (J&V) contend that neural mechanisms not unique to music are critical to its capability to convey emotion. The work reviewed here provides a broader context for this proposal. Human abilities to signal emotion through sound could have been essential to human evolution, and may have contributed vital foundations for music. Future learning experiments are needed to further clarify engagement underlying musical and broader emotional signaling.
Satisfaction and performance: Causal relationships and moderating effects☆

Abstract Three hypotheses concerning the relationship between satisfaction and performance were evaluated in terms of “static” and “dynamic” research designs. Measures of satisfaction and performance were collected at 3-week intervals for 86 graduate students assigned to 22 task groups. Cross-lag correlations indicated support for the Porter-Lawler (satisfaction follows performance) as opposed to the human relations model (performance follows satisfaction). In addition, self-esteem was found to moderate the relationship between performance and satisfaction. Implications for organizational theory and practice were noted.
Autonomy of lower-level perception from global processing in autism: evidence from brain activation and functional connectivity.

Previous behavioral studies have shown that individuals with autism are less hindered by interference from global processing during the performance of lower-level perceptual tasks, such as finding embedded figures. The primary goal of this study was to examine the brain manifestation of such atypicality in high-functioning autism using fMRI. Fifteen participants with high-functioning autism and fifteen ageand IQ-matched typical controls were asked to perform a lower-level perceptual line-counting task in the presence of a distracting depiction of a 3-D object, in which participants counted whether there were more red or more green contours (In a contrasting 3-D task, participants judged whether the same 3-D stimulus objects (but without color in any contours) depicted a possible or impossible 3-D object). We hypothesized that individuals with autism would be less likely than controls to process the global 3-D information (and would hence show fewer neural signs of such interfering 3-D processing) during the lower-level linecounting task. The fMRI results revealed that in the line-counting task, the autism group did not show the increased medial frontal activity (relative to the possibility task), or the increased functional connectivity between the medial frontal region and posterior visual–spatial regions, demonstrated by the control group. Both findings are indices of lesser effort and difficulty in the line-counting task for the autism group than for the control group, attributed to less interference from the 3-D processing in the autism group. In addition, in the line-counting task, the control group showed a positive correlation between a measure of spatial ability (Vandenberg scores) and activation in the medial frontal region, suggesting that more spatially able control participants did more suppression of the irrelevant 3-D background information in order to focus on the line-counting task. The findings collectively indicate that the global 3-D structure of the figure had a smaller effect, if any, on local processing in the group with autism compared to the control group. The results from this study provide the first direct neural evidence of
Signal-Specific Activation and Regulation of Human Neutrophil Fcγ Receptors

FcgammaRs with the ITIM domain have been shown to regulate the inflammatory signal delivered by the ITAM-containing FcgammaRs. In this study, we demonstrate that the function of human neutrophil FcgammaR type IIA (CD32A) is regulated in a distinct manner by different cell activation signals at the ligand-binding stage. Activation of neutrophils with fMLP up-regulated the ligand-binding function of CD32A, whereas PMA-mediated activation completely abolished ligand binding without altering CD32A expression. Furthermore, PMA treatment also abolished CD16B-dependent ligand binding irrespective of the level of expression. The effect of PMA was cell type specific, because the ligand-binding function of CD32A expressed on cultured cells such as K562 and CHO-CD32A transfectants was not affected by PMA. Interestingly, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate, another phorbol ester, and IL-8 up-regulated CD32A-dependent ligand-binding function. These results demonstrate that regulation of CD32A-dependent ligand binding in human neutrophils is not only cell type specific but also activation signal specific. Moreover, these results suggest the possibility that signals delivered to neutrophils by various inflammatory stimuli can exert opposing effects on the function of human FcgammaRs, representing a novel inside-out regulatory mechanism of FcgammaR ligand binding.
Germs: Prevent the Spread of Infectious Diseases

Germs cannot be avoided. They live everywhere. Most germs do not harm people. The 2009 H1N1 influenza virus brought the concept of germs as infectious agents to the public’s attention, which generated fear of germs in some people. Home health nurses can reduce clients’ fear of germs by educating them about the differences between bacteria and viruses, two of the more common types of germs or infectious agents, and can teach them how to reduce their risk of getting diseases caused by these germs.