cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application of Molecular Markers in Breeding for Nitrogen Use Efficiency

Summary Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is defined as dry matter yield produced per unit of N supplied and available in the soil. NUE is approximately 33% for cereal production worldwide. Increased cereal NUE must accompany increased yield needed to feed the growing world population. Consequently, continued efforts are needed to include plant selection under low N input which is not often considered a priority by plant breeders. Molecular markers have accelerated plant breeding in a number of areas including biotic (disease and insect) resistance and abiotic (drought, low nitrogen fertilization and frost) tolerance. Marker-based technology has already provided scientists with a powerful approach for identifying and mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) and would lead to the development of a better understanding of genetic phenomena. Two main NUE studies have been discussed. The first study identified QTL for NUE in maize involved the grain yield and secondary morphological traits of interest, such as plant ...
Accuracy of Hydrodynamic Modeling of Flood Detention Reservoirs

Hydrodynamic modeling of flood detention reservoirs is an effective tool to evaluate reservoir performance, to plan modifications, and to design new reservoirs. The one-dimensional (1D) Saint Venant equations (SVE) are suitable to simulate the standing waves and other degenerations that occur in the reservoirs. The accuracy of these simulations depends on the Courant numbers used in the simulations. Consequently, the use of an appropriate time step for a specific grid size is crucial for the accuracy of the solution. A series of numerical experiments were performed and compared to observed data to develop time step criteria for solving the 1D SVE using the Abbott-Ionescu scheme. The time step was normalized by the wave celerity to make it problem dependent. The new time step criteria were evaluated on a different reservoir and proved to be adequate for selecting a time step for reservoir modeling. The criteria could readily be integrated in existing models to be used in an adaptive time stepping scheme.
From Free to Fee

AbstractMany new teacher professional development programs in museums are begun with external funding from government or private foundations. At some point the museum must develop a plan for sustainability when the original grant support is no longer available. Some programs are able to find long term support but many end due to lack of funding, regardless of successful educational outcomes. The authors discuss a program that has successfully transitioned from a model that was grant supported to one that is primarily based on fee for services. Key to the discussion is how the transition was managed, how the program's perceived values have changed, and the challenges that have occurred to maintain the program's integrity and relevance as the educational landscape changed.
Canonical Duality Theory and Solutions to Constrained Nonconvex Quadratic Programming

This paper presents a perfect duality theory and a complete set of solutions to nonconvex quadratic programming problems subjected to inequality constraints. By use of the canonical dual transformation developed recently, a canonical dual problem is formulated, which is perfectly dual to the primal problem in the sense that they have the same set of KKT points. It is proved that the KKT points depend on the index of the Hessian matrix of the total cost function. The global and local extrema of the nonconvex quadratic function can be identified by the triality theory [11]. Results show that if the global extrema of the nonconvex quadratic function are located on the boundary of the primal feasible space, the dual solutions should be interior points of the dual feasible set, which can be solved by deterministic methods. Certain nonconvex quadratic programming problems in {\open {R}}^{n} can be converted into a dual problem with only one variable. It turns out that a complete set of solutions for quadratic programming over a sphere is obtained as a by-product. Several examples are illustrated.
Superfluidity in a Ring

The persistent flow of a superfluid in a ring is discussed in terms analogous to those previously used for superconductors. The existence of a phase memory around the ring is shown to be responsible for energy minima with a periodic dependence on the total momentum which is directly related to the quantization of circulation. The general features are illustrated by means of the ideal Bose gas and the model of quasiparticles as examples.
Neuro-mechanical control using differential stochastic operators

In order to understand how populations of neurons control movement, several phenomena beyond the realm of classical control theory must be addressed. These include the effect of variability in control due to stochastic firing, the effect of large partially unlabeled cooperative controllers, the effect of bandlimited control due to finite neural resources, and the effect of variation in the number of available neurons. I propose to use differential stochastic operators to model the time-varying effect of multiple stochastic controllers. Integration of these operators yields the time evolution of the probability density of the state. The main result is that since these operators are linear, the combined dynamic effect of populations of neurons can be described by linear combinations of the operators for individual neurons. This permits prediction of the effect of changes in the firing pattern of neurons, and control can be achieved by changing the firing rates of different neurons in a population. The mathematical formulation permits prediction of uncertainty and variability in control, and it also permits prediction of the effect of increase (growth) or decrease (injury) in the number of neurons on the accuracy and stability of control. The theory provides a strong mathematical link between the behavior of individual neurons and populations of neurons, and the dynamic behavior of neuro-mechanical systems.
There is No Magic Circle

Games are created through the act of gameplay, which is contingent on player acts. However, to understand gameplay, we must also investigate contexts, justifications, and limitations. Cheating can ...
Repeated episodes of difficulty with arousal following general anesthesia in a patient with ulnar neuropathy

Delayed emergence following general anesthesia may be due to serious life-threatening disorders and deserves prompt evaluation. Rarely, delayed emergence has been attributed to a psychiatric or psychological cause. This report describes an otherwise healthy and mentally sound 52-year-old woman who experienced repeated dissociative episodes following general anesthesia for minor surgical procedures. These episodes lasted for 5 h and resulted in admission to the intensive care unit. The current literature is reviewed to identify commonalities among previously reported cases and to discuss different psychiatric and psychological mechanisms that can play a role in the development of this disorder.
Dimerized π-Complexes in Self-Assembled Monolayers Containing Viologens: An Origin of Unusual Wave Shapes in the Voltammetry of Monolayers.

A direct comparison of the self-assembly on Au and Ag of thiol and disulfide derivatives of viologens bearing long n-alkyl chains was made in order to ascertain the relative efficiency of monolayer formation for each type of functionality. The structures of the two derivatives that were studied can be written as CH3V2+(CH2)12SH and [CH3V2+(CH2)12S]2 for the thiol and disulfide, respectively, where V2+ represents the viologen (i.e. N,N‘-dialkyl-4,4‘-bipyridinium) redox group. In contrast to the behavior of n-alkane thiols and di-n-alkyl disulfides, which adsorb to give very nearly the same surface coverage and interfacial properties, these two viologen derivatives exhibit different saturation surface coverages of 1.8 × 10-10 mol cm-2 for the disulfide and 4.5 × 10-10 mol cm-2 for the thiol, as determined from the charge for exhaustive reduction and reoxidation of the viologen redox groups. In addition, monolayers of the thiol derivative that had very high surface coverages exhibited very sharply peaked cyc...
Applications for high-speed infrared imaging

The phrase high-speed imaging is generally associated with short exposure times, fast frame rates or both. Supersonic projectiles, for example, are often impossible to see with the unaided eye, and require strobe photography to stop their apparent motion. It is often necessary to image high-speed objects in the infrared region of the spectrum, either to detect them or to measure their surface temperature. Conventional infrared cameras have time constants similar to the human eye, so they too, are often at a loss when it comes to photographing fast-moving hot targets. Other types of targets or scenes such as explosions change very rapidly with time. Visualizing those changes requires an extremely high frame rate combined with short exposure times in order to slow down a dynamic event so that it can be studied and quantified. Recent advances in infrared sensor technology and computing power have pushed the envelope of what is possible to achieve with commercial IR camera systems.
Enhanced understanding of ectoparasite-host trophic linkages on coral reefs through stable isotope analysis.

Parasitism, although the most common type of ecological interaction, is usually ignored in food web models and studies of trophic connectivity. Stable isotope analysis is widely used in assessing the flow of energy in ecological communities and thus is a potentially valuable tool in understanding the cryptic trophic relationships mediated by parasites. In an effort to assess the utility of stable isotope analysis in understanding the role of parasites in complex coral-reef trophic systems, we performed stable isotope analysis on three common Caribbean reef fish hosts and two kinds of ectoparasitic isopods: temporarily parasitic gnathiids (Gnathia marleyi) and permanently parasitic cymothoids (Anilocra). To further track the transfer of fish-derived carbon (energy) from parasites to parasite consumers, gnathiids from host fish were also fed to captive Pederson shrimp (Ancylomenes pedersoni) for at least 1 month. Parasitic isopods had δ13C and δ15N values similar to their host, comparable with results from the small number of other host–parasite studies that have employed stable isotopes. Adult gnathiids were enriched in 15N and depleted in 13C relative to juvenile gnathiids, providing insights into the potential isotopic fractionation associated with blood-meal assimilation and subsequent metamorphosis. Gnathiid-fed Pedersen shrimp also had δ13C values consistent with their food source and enriched in 15N as predicted due to trophic fractionation. These results further indicate that stable isotopes can be an effective tool in deciphering cryptic feeding relationships involving parasites and their consumers, and the role of parasites and cleaners in carbon transfer in coral-reef ecosystems specifically.
Stories that Promote Understanding of Children with Special Needs: A Look at Autism Spectrum Disorders, Tourette Syndrome, Down Syndrome, and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

This article takes on the issue of understanding children with special needs by providing an annotated bibliography of stories about children with special needs. Four areas are addressed: autism spectrum disorders, Down syndrome, Tourette syndrome, and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Each area is described with its typical characteristics. Then a list of books telling stories (as opposed to pure informational texts) helps both children and adults to understand and relate to children with these special needs.
What Is the Institutional Financial Impact of an MD-PhD Program Without Extramural Funding?

Background: Training in the form of MD-PhD programs is an important part of the academic mission of medical schools, yet the costs incurred in providing these programs may be considerable. This research explores the financial impacts on a university of supporting an MD-PhD program. Summary: We estimate the net financial impact of an MD-PhD program under a variety of assumptions about the financial gain that the school obtains through MD-PhD students' contributions to externally funded research. Under certain assumptions, the net financial impact of the MD-PhD program is positive, and under the most unfavorable assumptions the cost per student year is less than $30, 000. Conclusions: The apparent costs of an MD-PhD program are ameliorated or even turned into gains when one considers the resources generated by MD-PhD students. Thus, such programs can serve as a means of increasing external awards and improving the overall quality in graduate schools.
The Relationship of Level of Positive Mental Health With Current Mental Disorders in Predicting Suicidal Behavior and Academic Impairment in College Students

Abstract Objective: To investigate whether level of positive mental health complements mental illness in predicting students at risk for suicidal behavior and impaired academic performance. Participants: A sample of 5,689 college students participated in the 2007 Healthy Minds Study and completed an Internet survey that included the Mental Health Continuum–Short Form and the Patient Health Questionnaire screening scales for depression and anxiety disorders, questions about suicide ideation, plans, and attempts, and academic impairment. Results: Just under half (49.3%) of students were flourishing and did not screen positive for a mental disorder. Among students who did, and those who did not, screen for a mental disorder, suicidal behavior and impaired academic performance were lowest in those with flourishing, higher among those with moderate, and highest in those with languishing mental health. Conclusions: Positive mental health complements mental disorder screening in mental health surveillance and pr...
Molecular Beam Measurement of the Magnetic Susceptibility Anisotropies and Molecular Quadrupole Moment in H2CO

The molecular Zeeman effect in formaldehyde was studied using a molecular beam maser spectrometer in fields to 17 kG. The molecular resonance linewidth was 5 kHz. ΔM = 0 and ΔM = ± 1 transitions were observed for the 110 → 111 rotational transition. The measured susceptibility anisotropies (in units of 10−6 erg/G2·mole) are 2χaa − χbb − χcc = 25.4 ± 0.2 and 2χbb − χaa − χcc = − 4.1 ± 0.15. The molecular quadrupole moment obtained from this data (in units of 10−26 esu·cm2) are Qaa = − 0.06 ± 0.16, Qbb = 0.33 ± 0.12, and Qcc = − 0.27 ± 0.20. The Stark effect produced by the motion of the molecules in the magnetic field (ῡ × B) was clearly observed.
Picornavirus receptors and picornavirus multiplication in human-mouse hybrid cell lines.

Abstract A series of human-mouse hybrid lines containing eight human biarmed chromosomes was found to be susceptible to infection by all the human picornaviruses tested (eight enteroviruses and two rhinoviruses). Receptors for all of these viruses were present in the hybrid cells and nearly all the receptors were determined exclusively by human genes. The Coxsackie B group was an exception, for there are functioning receptor genes for these viruses in the mouse genome; however, they depended on human genes for multiplication in the hybrids, since they could not multiply in the mouse parental cells. The hybrid lines supported multiplication of all the picornaviruses tested, and nearly all the cells of an infected culture were killed, but virus resistant sublines could be grown from the few survivors. Two types of resistance were encountered. The subline made resistant to poliovirus had lost the polio receptor, presumably through loss of the human chromosome bearing that gene, and remained susceptible to all of the other viruses. The sublines made resistant to one of the other picorna-viruses retained appreciable receptor activity for that virus and were resistant to all the picornaviruses including poliovirus; resistance was therefore not achieved by loss of a receptor gene but by another mechanism which was not virus-specific. The resistant sublines of both types were not markedly different from the sensitive line from which they were derived in their number of human or mouse chromosomes.
Automatic extension of an ATN knowledge base

A computer program is described that acquires much of its knowledge from conversations among operators on Morse code radio networks. The system consists of a learning component and a language understander. The learning component extends a ‘core’ augmented transition network (ATN) knowledge base by generalizing from sentences taken from scripts of actual conversations. The extensions enable the understanding component to process a large number of sentences that are syntactically and semantically similar to the examples.
Government-university-industry partnerships in technology development: a case study

Abstract State programs in high technology development have expanded rapidly since 1979, when only five states had such programs. Today almost all states have technology development programs. Many of these involve partnerships between the state government, industry and universities. The newness of these programs makes the evaluation of their success problematic. However, analysis of the formation and management of technology development programs is useful to practitioners charged with the implementation of university-industry advanced technology programs. One of the largest programs is the Thomas Edison Program created by the Ohio Legislature in 1983. The program has three components, a Seed Capital Fund, Advanced Technology Centers, and Incubator Program. This paper examines the Edison program through analysis of the Edison Animal Biotechnology Center, one of the seven state Advanced Technology Centers.
Pathophysiology and treatment of clinically resistant cytomegalovirus retinitis.

Purpose: To determine the incidence, pathophysiology, clinical outcome, and survival in patients with clinically resistant retinitis. Methods: Cytomegalovirus (CIVIV) retinitis was prospectively studied in 100 patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). In 11 of these patients, clinically resistant retinitis developed, defined as new activity or progression, despite at least 8 consecutive weeks of induction doses of either foscarnet or ganciclovir. Fundus photography, pharmacokinetics, CIVIV cultures and sensitivities, and survival analyses were studied. The therapeutic interventions attempted after clinically resistant retinitis was identified included continuing a high dose (induction level) of the same antiviral drug, changing the antiviral drug, and combining antiviral therapy with foscarnet and ganciclovir. Results: Clinically resistant retinitis occurred in 11 (11 %) of 100 patients with CIVIV retinitis and appeared to be a manifestation of acquired CIVIV antiviral drug resistance. Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics in these patients were normal. The use of combination therapy with foscarnet and ganciclovir was effective in halting the progression of retinitis in three (75%) of four patients (6 of 7 eyes able to be evaluated) receiving combination therapy. Conclusion: Clinically resistant retinitis is a manifestation of infection by CIVIV that has acquired drug resistance. In these patients, combination antiviral drug treatment should be considered. It is likely that clinically resistant retinitis will become more frequent as patients with CIVIV retinitis and AIDS survive longer.
RSV-encoded NS2 promotes epithelial cell shedding and distal airway obstruction

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is the major cause of bronchiolitis in young children. The factors that contribute to the increased propensity of RSV-induced distal airway disease compared with other commonly encountered respiratory viruses remain unclear. Here, we identified the RSV-encoded nonstructural 2 (NS2) protein as a viral genetic determinant for initiating RSV-induced distal airway obstruction. Infection of human cartilaginous airway epithelium (HAE) and a hamster model of disease with recombinant respiratory viruses revealed that NS2 promotes shedding of infected epithelial cells, resulting in two consequences of virus infection. First, epithelial cell shedding accelerated the reduction of virus titers, presumably by clearing virus-infected cells from airway mucosa. Second, epithelial cells shedding into the narrow-diameter bronchiolar airway lumens resulted in rapid accumulation of detached, pleomorphic epithelial cells, leading to acute distal airway obstruction. Together, these data indicate that RSV infection of the airway epithelium, via the action of NS2, promotes epithelial cell shedding, which not only accelerates viral clearance but also contributes to acute obstruction of the distal airways. Our results identify RSV NS2 as a contributing factor for the enhanced propensity of RSV to cause severe airway disease in young children and suggest NS2 as a potential therapeutic target for reducing the severity of distal airway disease.
Oxidative detection of coulometrically reduced organo-nitro pesticides in reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography

Abstract A high-performance liquid chromatographic system is presented for determination of organonitro pesticides, metabolites and industrial chemicals having a variety of chemical structures. The compounds are chromatographed on a C8 column with an acetonitrile-aqueous ammonium monochloroacetate gradient. The chromatographic responses of the compounds are monitored indirectly by oxidative detection of the coulometrically reduced organonitro functionality by means of a porous-graphite detector. Three nitrophenols (2,4-dinitrophenol,4,6-dinitro-o-cresol and dinoseb), a dinitrophenyl aliphatic ester (binapacryl) and a nitroaniline (dicloran) were detected at low nanogram levels (3–10 ng for 50% recorder full-scale deflection). This technique overcomes the problems of high background currents and oxygen interference, observed in the direct reductive detection of organonitro compounds.
Crop residues—I. How much can be safely harvested?

It is suggested that more crop residues can be harvested than currently thought possible wihout causing soil erosion problems. Leaving crop residues in the field is only one of several agronomic and engineering practices available for controlling soil erosion. It is estimated that up to two-thirds of crop residues in New York State can be harvested without causing soil erosion provided sound agronomic and engineering practices are implemented. It is suggested that when large-scale residues harvesting is implemented it is used as a vehicle for ensuring that soil erosion control is carried out by farmers. The resulting scenario, though highly speculative, may overcome the difficulty associated with present residue and soil erosion management.
Distributions of coral reef macroalgae in a back reef habitat in Moorea, French Polynesia

On tropical reefs where macroalgae are subjected to continuous herbivore pressure, spatial refuges typically are identified as large-scale, landscape interfaces that limit foraging behavior. However, algal distributions and community assemblages may also rely on the availability of smaller scale spatial refuges within the reef. The results of this study demonstrate that the patterns of macroalgal distribution across the back reef of Moorea, French Polynesia, are maintained by herbivores interacting with the small-scale structural complexities of the coral reef landscape. Although the majority of space available for colonization is composed of exposed surfaces, macroalgae rarely are found in the open. Instead, macroalgal occurrence is highest in the protected narrow crevices and hole microhabitats provided by massive Porites spp. coral heads. These distributions are determined initially by post-settlement mortality of young algal recruits in exposed habitats. Rates of consumption for two of the most common macroalgal species found in refuges across the back reef, Halimeda minima and Amansia rhodantha, indicate that algal recruits in exposed habitats are limited by herbivory. While algal abundance and community structure are highly dependent upon herbivore grazing, the availability of small-scale spatial refuges ultimately shapes the distinct community patterns and distributional boundaries of coral reef macroalgae in the back reefs of Moorea.
Observation of magnetic effects between rare earths in GdCl3

Abstract Kramers degenerate states of Er 3+ in GdCl 3 exhibit spontaneous Zeeman splittings below the Curie temperature without an external field. The effective fields acting on the states indicate that magnetic dipole-dipole effects alone cannot explain the splittings.
Differential tropism in roots and shoots infected by Citrus tristeza virus

Virus tropism is a result of interactions between virus, host and vector species, and determines the fate of an infection. In this study, we examined the infection process of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) in susceptible and resistant species, and found that the tropism of CTV is not simply phloem limited, but tissue specific. In resistant species, virus infection was not prevented, but mostly restricted to the roots. This phenomenon was also observed after partial replacement of genes of one CTV strain from another, despite both parental strains being capable of systemic infection. Finally, the roots remained susceptible in the absence of viral gene products needed for systemic infection of shoots. Our results suggest that all phloem cells within a plant are not equally susceptible and that changes in host or virus may produce a novel tropism: restriction by the host to a location where further virus spread is prevented.
MHD Power Generation Prospects for Commercial and Space Applications

In this work the author discusses the budget for magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) research, and gives reason for the budget reduction in 1986 by the DOE. Also included are the foreign countries in which research is being undertaken and a summary of their work on MHD. The author also discusses programs investigating pulsed MHD systems.
In vitro production of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in chronic renal failure, CAPD and HD.

In vitro production of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in chronic renal failure, CAPD and HD. Dialysis-related symptoms are believed to be mediated, at least in part, by monocyte/macrophage-derived pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Measuring the production of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-Ra), a naturally occurring inhibitor of IL-1, opens avenues to study the balance between these two cytokines in patients. We studied the cell content and production of IL-1β and IL-Ra by unstimulated and endotoxin- or IgG-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in undialyzed patients with chronic renal failure (CRF), patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and patients on chronic hemodialysis with reuse cuprophan membranes (HD), and compared them to healthy controls. IL-1β and IL-Ra were measured by specific radioimmunoassay. IL-1β was undetectable in freshly harvested PBMC from healthy controls, CRF, CAPD or HD. In contrast, the content of IL-Ra in HD patients (2828 ± 466 pg/ml) was significantly higher than that in healthy controls (643 ± 53 pg/ml, P
Two-handed grasping with two-fingered hands

Force-closure two-handed grasps of rigid objects in the two-dimensional space is studied. The hands considered are either flat-surface palms or grippers with two angular-motion fingers. Presented is a condition which establishes the existence of force-closure grasps without knowledge of the shape of the grasped object and of the exact contact locations on the palms or fingers. Further, an algorithm is developed, which determines force-closure grasps based on the position and orientation of the two hands. >
HSC mobilization: new incites and insights.

In this issue of Blood, Ramirez and colleagues unveil a new small molecule antagonist of VCAM-1/VLA-4 signaling, BIO5192, that rapidly mobilizes HSPCs. Also in this issue, Christopher and colleagues show that suppression of CXCL12 (SDF-1) production by osteoblasts is essential for cytokine-mediated mobilization of HSPCs.
In vivo molecular imaging of adenoviral versus lentiviral gene therapy in two bone formation models

Regional gene therapy techniques are promising methods to enhance bone formation in large bone defects that would be difficult to treat with allograft or autograft bone stock. In this study, we compared in vivo temporal expression patterns of adenoviral- and lentiviral-mediated gene therapy in two bone formation models. Primary rat bone marrow cells (RBMC) were transduced with lentiviral or adenoviral vectors containing luciferase (Luc) or BMP-2 cDNA, or cotransduced with vectors containing Luc and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2). In vitro protein production was determined with luciferase assay or ELISA (for BMP-2 production) weekly for 12 weeks. Two bone formation models were used -- a hind limb muscle pouch or radial defect -- in SCID mice. A cooled charged-coupled device (CCD) camera was used to image in vivo luciferase expression weekly for 12 weeks. In vitro, adenoviral expression of BMP-2 and luciferase was detected by ELISA or luciferase assay, respectively, for 4 weeks. Lentiviral expression of BMP-2 and luciferase was sustained in culture for 3 months. Using the CCD camera, we found that adenoviral vectors expressed luciferase expression for up to 21 days, but lentiviral vectors expressed target gene expression for 3 months in vivo in both bone formation models. There was no detectable difference in the amount of bone formed between the adenoviral and lentiviral groups. Lentiviral-mediated delivery of BMP-2 can induce long term in vitro and in vivo gene expression, which may be beneficial when developing tissue engineering strategies to heal large bone defects or defects with a compromised biologic environment.
The role of tool composition and tool geometry in controlling the surface finish in machining wood

Abstract An examination of several brazed cemented carbide tool inserts that were used in service for cutting cured (dry) pine is described. A laboratory test is also described where the relative resistance to chipping of the brazed tool inserts was measured. It is shown that tool wear occurs through a continuous increase in the tool cutting edge radius that produces a deterioration in the appearance of the machined surface. It is also shown that an increase in either the binder volume fraction or the tool wedge angle produces an increase in the energy absorbed on impact. It is suggested that if progressive wear determines the useful life of a cemented carbide cutting tool then a low volume fraction of binder is required whereas if tool edge chipping determines the useful life of a cutting tool then a large volume fraction of binder and a large tool wedge angle are required.
The computed tomographic appearance of colloid cysts.

Abstract Three cases of colloid cysts are described, each having a different density. The relative frequency of occurrence of lowdensity colloid cysts is discussed. The correlation between the CT appearance and the composition of the cyst contents is discussed.
Parameterization of Vertical Mixing in Numerical Models of Tropical Oceans

Abstract Measurements indicate that mixing processes are intense in the surface layers of the ocean but weak below the thermocline, except for the region below the core of the Equatorial Undercurrent where vertical temperature gradients are small and the shear is large. Parameterization of these mixing processes by means of coefficients of eddy mixing that are Richardson-number dependent, leads to realistic simulations of the response of the equatorial oceans to different windstress patterns. In the case of eastward winds results agree well with measurements in the Indian Ocean. In the case of westward winds it is of paramount importance that the nonzero heat flux into the ocean be taken into account. This beat flux stabilizes the upper layers and reduces the intensity of the mixing, especially in the cast. With an appropriate surface boundary condition, the results are relatively insensitive to values assigned to constants in the parameterization formula.
The use of transcutaneous thermal convection analysis to assess shunt function in the pediatric population.

Background The diagnosis of shunt malfunction is largely made by subjective clinical history and assessment in association with neurodiagnostic imaging. Objective : To evaluate the use of a transcutaneous thermal convection device for the diagnosis of shunt malfunction. Methods We present the results of a trial of a commercially available device under an Institutional Review Board-approved protocol. All patients had neurodiagnostic studies that defined their shunt function at the time of transcutaneous thermal convection measurement. Thirty-seven shunts were studied in 35 patients. To be included, patients had to be between 0 to 18 years of age, had to be due within a 3-month period for routine follow-up evaluations, and had to have neurodiagnostic imaging (computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging) as part of this visit and a shunt series. All patients were seen in routine follow-up, and none had clinical symptoms of shunt malfunction. Results Three patients had fractured shunts. The remaining 32 patients had functioning shunts as determined by clinical criteria, computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging scans, and, when appropriate, a shunt series. In these remaining patients, flow was initially confirmed in only 40%. After some filtering of the data, this was increased to 51%. Although these results are disappointing, they outline the current issues with the technique and the state of its utility and point to the need for further refinement. Conclusion Our current research suggests that cerebrospinal fluid flow as detected by thermoconvection analysis is not a reliable indicator of shunt function in the pediatric population.
Tetracene Monolayer and Multilayer Thin Films on Ag(111) : Substrate-Adsorbate Charge-Transfer Bonding and Inter-Adsorbate Interaction

Temperature programmed desorption (TPD) is used for examining surface binding, intermolecular interaction, and morphology of mono- and multilayer films of tetracene on Ag(111). TPD of monolayer tetracene revealed strong inter-adsorbate repulsion caused by interaction among interface dipoles resulted from charge-transfer bonding. A modified Albano model, in which a point interface dipole is assigned to each of the aromatic rings of tetracene, is proposed to account for the interfacial dipole interaction at short range. It is found that desorption energy at the zero-coverage limit is 142 ± 7 kJ/mol. The interface dipole is determined as 8.2 ± 2.1 D, which corresponds to a partial charge transfer of 0.4 e per tetracene molecule to the Ag substrate. At full monolayer coverage, the strong inter-adsorbate repulsion reduces the desorption energy to 105 ± 14 kJ/mol. Annealing at elevated temperature (350−400 K) but below desorption temperature, on minute time scale followed by cooling, appears to produce a more s...
Granger Causality for Time-Series Anomaly Detection

Recent developments in industrial systems provide us with a large amount of time series data from sensors, logs, system settings and physical measurements, etc. These data are extremely valuable for providing insights about the complex systems and could be used to detect anomalies at early stages. However, the special characteristics of these time series data, such as high dimensions and complex dependencies between variables, as well as its massive volume, pose great challenges to existing anomaly detection algorithms. In this paper, we propose Granger graphical models as an effective and scalable approach for anomaly detection whose results can be readily interpreted. Specifically, Granger graphical models are a family of graphical models that exploit the temporal dependencies between variables by applying L1-regularized learning to Granger causality. Our goal is to efficiently compute a robust "correlation anomaly" score for each variable via Granger graphical models that can provide insights on the possible reasons of anomalies. We evaluate the effectiveness of our proposed algorithms on both synthetic and application datasets. The results show the proposed algorithm achieves significantly better performance than other baseline algorithms and is scalable for large-scale applications.
Short posterior ciliary artery anatomy in normal and acutely glaucomatous dogs

Objective To quantify the total number and luminal areas of the short posterior ciliary arteries (SPCA) surrounding the canine optic nerve at the level of the sclera/lamina cribrosa in normal dogs and compare this data to dogs with a history of acute (≤7 days) glaucoma. Procedures Twelve normal globes were obtained through Harlan Laboratories, the UW-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine necropsy service and via enucleation submissions to the Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin (COPLOW). Ten globes with a history of acute glaucoma were obtained from submissions to the COPLOW. Optic nerves were cross-sectioned in 20 micron steps, and five distinct levels were identified: the retinal nerve fiber layer; the retinal pigmented epithelium and neural canal opening; the choroid/pre-lamina; the sclera/lamina cribrosa; and the retro-lamina. At the level of the sclera/lamina cribrosa, SPCA profiles were counted and the luminal area was measured using Cell Sens software. Normal and glaucomatous globes were compared using ANOVA. Results Statistically significant smaller luminal areas and fewer numbers of arteries were recorded between normal and glaucomatous globes. Conclusions The glaucomatous eyes in this study have SPCA with decreased lumina, suggestive of a vascular pathology present at the early stages of clinical glaucoma. Smaller lumina may be a contributing factor to the ischemia, necrosis, and the eventual full-thickness retinal atrophy often seen in glaucomatous dogs.
Clinical and socio-demographic predictors of postoperative vital exhaustion in patients after cardiac surgery.

Abstract Background Vital exhaustion, a psychological state characterized by extreme fatigue, is an independent predictor of future cardiac events. However, the attributes of vital exhaustion following coronary artery bypass (CABG) surgery are poorly understood. Objective The study objective was to assess correlates of vital exhaustion following CABG surgery. Methods In a descriptive, exploratory study, 42 patients who had CABG surgery were evaluated for exhaustion 4–8 weeks post-hospital discharge. Demographic and clinical data were obtained from self-report and medical chart review. Results Of the total sample (mean age 67.9 ± 12.5, 90% male, 70% Caucasian, 3.12 ± 1.3 grafts), approximately 41% reported exhaustion. When compared to their exhausted post-CABG counterpart, non-exhausted post-CABG patients had a significantly higher frequency of preoperative insulin use. Exhausted patients were significantly more likely to have higher left ventricular ejection fraction ([LVEF], OR: 1.07, p = 0.04), and elevated hemoglobin (OR: 2.98, p = 0.03) and eosinophils (OR: 1.02, p = 0.02) than those who were not exhausted. Conclusion Clinicians should evaluate all patients for exhaustion post-CABG surgery; patients with elevated LVEF, hemoglobin, and eosinophil levels warrant increased scrutiny.
Early childhood educators’ use of natural outdoor settings as learning environments: an exploratory study of beliefs, practices, and barriers

In efforts to encourage use of natural outdoor settings as learning environments within early childhood education, survey research was conducted with 46 early childhood educators from northern Minnesota (United States) to explore their beliefs and practices regarding natural outdoor settings, as well investigate predictors of and barriers to the educational use of these settings. Of the beliefs measured, only two were significantly related to frequency of use of natural outdoor settings: belief regarding difficulty in using natural outdoor settings and belief regarding their relationship to nature. The strongest predictor of use was belief regarding difficulty in using natural outdoor settings, accounting for 67.7% of the variance in the regression model. Results indicate primary barriers to be lack of walking access to natural outdoor settings, lack of time, winter weather, and safety concerns. These findings suggest efforts to increase early childhood educators’ use of natural outdoor settings should no...
Environmental hazard evaluation of amalgam scrap.

Abstract Amalgam scrap was subjected to two different Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) extraction procedures to determine if is presents an environmental hazard. The results indicate that concentrations of mercury and silver in the extracts do not exceed the EPA's maximum allowable concentrations. It was concluded that amalgam scrap is not a hazardous solid waste. Proper handling of amalgam scrap disposal by recycling is, however, highly recommended.
SU-E-J-171: Evaluation of Cervical Spine and Mandible Reproducibility of the CDR Mayo Mold and Civco Type-S Head and Neck Immobilization Systems

Purpose: To evaluate the cervical spine (c‐spine) and mandible reproducibility of the CDR Mayo Mold and Civco Type‐S head and neck immobilization system using Mosaiq Setup Intelligence Curve Image RegistrationMethods: Patients were immobilized with either the Mayo Mold or Civco Type‐S head and neck immobilization systems. Using curve image registration tools in Mosaiq, the c‐spine and mandible were outlined. For each lateral image, two separate image registrations were performed using an initial kV image as reference ‐ 1) c‐spine only 2) mandible only. To evaluate the relative difference between the c‐spine and mandible position, the mandible image registration results were subtracted from the c‐spine image registration results. To evaluate whether the initial difference between the planning CT and the first kV setup image is larger than subsequent daily imaging variations, the difference in the image registration of the DRR was compared to the variation in subsequent image registrations. The degree of neck flexion was determined by observing the amount of mismatch between the upper and lower cervical spine after the pitch correction. Results: During the first weeks of treatment, there was minimal difference in the image registration results for both the c‐spine and mandible individually, and in the relative difference between them. For neck flexion, the Mayo Mold system demonstrated 82.6% minimal difference and 3.8% significant difference between the alignment of upper and lower c spine, vs. 84% and 5.2% for the S frame. For some patients, there is a greater difference between the DRR and the initial kV image registration than the variation in registrations for subsequent daily imaging.Conclusions: Preliminary results indicate minimal difference in the c‐spine and mandible reproducibility between the two immobilization systems during the first weeks of treatment. Further analysis of whether this minimal difference remains consistent throughout the entire course and treatment and with greater number of patients is needed.
Evidence-Based Practice: Beyond Empirically Supported Treatments

Must the clinician choose between a practice that is strictly objective and data based and one that is purely subjective and experience based? Optimally, practitioners need to follow a model of evidence-based psychotherapy practice, such as the disciplined inquiry or local clinical scientist model, that encompasses a theoretical formulation, empirically supported treatments (ESTs), empirically supported therapy relationships, clinicians’ accumulated practical experience, and their clinical judgment about the case at hand. Some shortcomings of ESTs are reviewed, and a form of evidence for psychotherapy practice is presented that entails the accumulation of systematic case studies published online. Practitioners can contribute to such a database and be guided in their practice by those cases most relevant to their clients’ problems.
Dark matter: The evidence

Eighty per cent of the total matter in the cosmos is invisible to conventional telescopes. But if we can't see it, how can we be so sure it's there?
Normalization of Action Potential Properties in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Derived Cardiocytes by Electronic Expression of IK1

Cardiac myocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-CMs) are a useful and renewable human myocyte model. Despite their promise, these cells have unexplored limitations when applied to action potential (AP) analysis. APs occur spontaneously and are associated with variability due to a small/missing inwardly rectifying potassium channel (IK1). We used whole cell voltage clamp with dynamic clamp to express IK1, which significantly improved the physiological behavior of the AP and electrical profile of hiPSC-CMs.hiPSC-CMs have a negligible peak IK1 at −120 mV (−0.81 ± 0.4 pA/pF) which results in depolarized resting membrane potentials (RMP) (−60.0 ± 1.7 mV, n=17). “Electronic transfection” of IK1 into hiPSC-CMs results in reestablishing a physiological RMP (−84.0 ± 0.2 mV), increases the maximal upstroke velocity (from 82.1 ± 2.4 to 161.6 ± 11.5 mV/ms), reduces AP duration, and increases the rate of repolarization (from 0.35 ± 0.03 to 1.1 ± 0.1 mV/ms, n=17). Despite a detectable transient outward potassium current in hiPSC-CMs, “spike and dome” morphology is generally absent in spontaneously active cells; addition of electronic IK1 restored this morphology in 12 out of 17 ventricular cells. It also restored the relationship between maximum upstroke velocity and sodium current density. The stabilized membrane potential allowed systematic measurement of dynamic parameters. The rate dependence of the AP duration was measured in at different pacing rates from 4000 to 500 ms in 12 electronic IK1 expressing hiPSC-CMs and showed a classical monotonic restitution curve, with AP increasing with increased cycle length. By removing sodium channel inactivation, electronic expression of IK1 improves hiPSC-CMs utility in assess mechanisms involving sodium channels and phase 1 repolarization such as LQT3 and Brugada Syndrome.
Stability of cyclopentadienyl aryloxide complexes of calcium and barium

The synthesis of mono(cyclopentadienyl)aryloxide complexes of calcium and barium has been investigated. The reaction of ICa(ODipp)(thf) 4 (Odipp = [2,6-iPr-OC 6 H 3 O] ― ) with K[C 5 Me 5 ], (Cp 3Si ) 2 Ca (Cp 3Si = C 5 (SiMe 3 ) 3 H 2 ) with K[ODipp], and IBa(BHT)(thf) 3 (BHT = [2,6-tBu-4-Me-C 6 H 2 O] ― ) with K[C 5 Me 5 ] inTHF produces Cp * Ca(Odipp)(thf) 3 , (Cp 3Si )Ca(Odipp)(thf) 2 , and Cp * Ba(BHT)(thf), respectively. The crystal structures of the two monomeric calcium complexes are reported. All three compounds are stable against Schlenk rearrangement in THF and aromatic solvents. DFT calculations suggest that the presence of THF has less of an effect on the thermodynamics of Schlenk rearrangements of the aryloxide systems than it does on comparable Cp'Cal compounds.
Design, synthesis, and evaluation of aza inhibitors of chorismate mutase

A series of aza inhibitors (4-9) of chorismate mutase (E.C. 5.4.99.5) was designed, prepared, and evaluated against the enzyme by monitoring the direct inhibition of the chorismate, 1, to prephenate, 2, conversion. None of these aza inhibitors displayed tighter binding to the enzyme than the native substrate chorismate or greater inhibitory action than the previously reported ether analogue, 3. Furthermore, no time-dependent loss of enzyme activity was observed in the presence of the two potentially reactive aza inhibitors (7 and 9). These results in conjunction with inhibition data from a broader series of chorismate mutase inhibitors allowed a novel proposal for the mechanistic role of chorismate mutase to be developed. This proposed mechanism was computationally verified and correlated with crystallographic studies of various chorismate mutases.