cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unlocking Textual Content from Historical Maps - Potentials and Applications, Trends, and Outlooks

Digital map processing has been an interest in the image processing and pattern recognition community since the early 80s. With the exponential growth of available map scans in the archives and on the internet, a variety of disciplines in the natural and social sciences grow interests in using historical maps as a primary source of geographical and political information in their studies. Today, many organizations such as the United States Geological Survey, David Rumsey Map Collection, OldMapsOnline.org, and National Library of Scotland, store numerous historical maps in either paper or scanned format. Only a small portion of these historical maps is georeferenced, and even fewer of them have machine-readable content or comprehensive metadata. The lack of a searchable textual content including the spatial and temporal information prevents researchers from efficiently finding relevant maps for their research and using the map content in their studies. These challenges present a tremendous collaboration opportunity for the image processing and pattern recognition community to build advance map processing technologies for transforming the natural and social science studies that use historical maps. This paper presents the potentials of using historical maps in scientific research, describes the current trends and challenges in extracting and recognizing text content from historical maps, and discusses the future outlook.
Growth and Flowering Response of Container Grown Passion Flower Cultivars to Fertilizer and Paclobutrazo

Abstract The effects of fertilizer and paclobutrazol applications on growth and flowering in four container grown passion flower cultivars (Passiflora ‘Amethyst’, Passiflora ‘Blue Bouquet’, Passflora ‘Fledermouse’, and Passflora ‘Lady Margaret’) were evaluated. A four month production system was used that included propagating cuttings in late winter, followed by greenhouse liner production in early spring, and finally by two months of outdoor container production. Shoot growth was increased by increasing fertilizer rates and the response was highly cultivar dependent. Fertilizer rates resulting in the highest levels of growth for each cultivar were generally higher than those required for most container grown nursery crops, ranging between 3.2 and 5.3 g/liter (0.44 and 0.73 oz/gal) of Osmocote 14N–6.0P–11.6K (14–14–14). Paclobutrazol reduced overall plant size without increasing the number of nodes or flowers. Cultivars were chosen based on cold tolerance and vigor and cultivar appeared to be the most sig...
Investigation on temporal evolution of the grain refinement in copper under high strain rate loading via in-situ synchrotron measurement and predictive modeling

Abstract Synchrotron X-rays are integrated with a modified Kolsky tension bar to conduct in situ characterization of the grain refinement mechanism operating during the dynamic deformation of metals. Copper with an initial average grain size of 36 μm is refined to 6.3 μm when loaded at a constant high strain rate of 1200 s−1. Synchrotron measurements revealed the temporal evolution of the grain refinement mechanism in terms of the initiation and rate of refinement throughout the loading test. A multiscale finite element based recrystallization model has been developed to predict the grain size evolution occurring during the dynamic deformation process. The model accurately predicts the initiation and temporal evolution of the refinement phenomenon with a predicted final average grain size of 2.4 μm.
Lateral diffusion of macromolecules in monolayers at the air/water interface

We report a lateral diffusion study of a surface active protein, bacterial lipase from pseudomonas fluorescens, and a vinyl polymer, poly(t-butyl methacrylate) on the air/water interface by the technique of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. For the validation of our technique and the calibration of the instrument, we relied on a phospholipid system that Peters and Beck used earlier, and found that our results were in accord with theirs within 20% in absolute magnitude. For both the phospholipid and lipase, we analyzed the lateral diffusion data in terms of the free area model of Sackmann and Trauble. We conclude that the results of lipase could be interpreted by invoking a conformational change induced by lateral compression in the monolayer state, and those of the polymer by postulating the quenching of the diffusion process in the dilute region when its surface concentration enters into the semidilute region.
Suburban revalorization: Residential infill and rehabilitation in Baltimore County’s older suburbs:

This paper is a critical examination of redevelopment in the older suburbs of Baltimore County, Maryland between 2000 and 2014. Using exploratory spatial analysis techniques and qualitative methods...
Ovarian estradiol supports sexual behavior but not energy homeostasis in female marmoset monkeys

In adult female rodents, ovarian estradiol (E2) regulates body weight, adiposity, energy balance, physical activity, glucose-insulin homeodynamics, and lipid metabolism, while protecting against diet-induced obesity. The same E2 actions are presumed to occur in primates, but confirmatory studies have been lacking. We investigated the consequences of ovariectomy (OVX) and E2 replacement in female marmoset monkeys on major metabolic and morphometric endpoints. Sexual behavior and uterine diameters were assessed as positive controls for E2 treatment efficacy. Metabolic parameters were measured 1 mo prior to OVX, and 3 and 6 mo thereafter. During OVX, animals received empty or E2-containing silastic s.c. implants. To test the interaction between E2 and diet, both treatment groups were assigned to either a higher fat diet (HFD) or a low-fat diet (LFD). As anticipated, OVX animals exhibited diminished frequency (p = 0.04) of sexually receptive behavior and increased rejection behavior (p = 0.04) toward their male partners compared with E2-treated OVX females. OVX also decreased (p = 0.01) uterine diameter. There were no treatment effects on total caloric intake. There were no significant effects of OVX, E2 treatment, or diet on body weight, body composition, energy expenditure, physical activity, fasting glucose, or glucose tolerance. Regardless of E2 treatment, serum triglycerides were higher (p = 0.05) in HFD than LFD females. Postmortem qPCR analysis of hypothalamic tissues revealed higher mRNA expression (p < 0.001) for PGR in E2-treated monkeys versus OVX controls regardless of diet, but no differences between groups in other selected metabolic genes. In contrast, regardless of E2 treatment, there was a decreased mRNA expression of PGC1α (PPARGC1A), HTR1A, and HTR5A in HFD compared with LFD females. Our findings, overall, document a greatly diminished role for ovarian E2 in the metabolic physiology of a female primate, and encourage consideration that primates, including humans, evolved metabolic control systems regulated by extra-ovarian E2 or are generally less subject to E2 regulation.
Combining environmental values with perceptions of infrastructure development ─ The Management Options Matrix

Abstract Population growth and competing recreational, environmental, and economic pressures increasingly threaten urban-proximate protected areas throughout the world. In the Wasatch Mountains of Northern Utah, proposed ski resort development on and near protected areas has elicited strong resistance from environmental groups and human-powered backcountry recreationists, such as backcountry skiers, for over thirty years. Recent collaborative planning processes (i.e., Mountain Accord) have been unable to reconcile the interests of backcountry recreationists and the local ski industry. This study examined the environmental values and perceptions of one stakeholder group, backcountry skiers, toward infrastructure development in order to test a new research and management tool, the Management Options Matrix. Results indicate relationships between backcountry skiers’ environmental values and development perceptions that can help inform future collaborative planning processes in the Wasatch. These findings have implications for managers in Northern Utah, as well as public land managers working in other park and protected area contexts that experience high visitation and conflict over limited resources. Management implications ● Managers seek tools that help categorize specific constituent group’s values and perceptions, as well as interpret how they may inform management solutions. ● The paper presents five different groups of management options addressed to the specific environmental values of the target group and development themes present in the study population. ● This approach allowed the organization of protected area users’ comments into defensible categories that provide managers with population-specific information to craft durable, collaborative solutions.
Globalization, Competition and Entrepreneurial Activity: Theory and Evidence from U.S. Households

We theoretically and empirically analyze whether the rise in globalization and trade integration of product markets have contributed to the observed decline in US entrepreneurship. Using a unique panel dataset of US households and a difference-in-differences identification strategy, our study is unique in theoretically predicting and empirically documenting asymmetric inter-industry shifts in entrepreneurial activity across different sectors in response to increased competition from lower-cost imports. Greater import competition reduces entry in exposed industries by individuals with low occupational skills (those in routine task-intensive service occupations or exhibiting high occupational mobility), but it increases entry by highly educated individuals in high-skill non-exposed industries. The results are robust to secular trends, labor market specialization, local collateral and credit shocks, and long-run bank distress.
Piezoelectric Stack Actuator for Measurement of Interfacial Shear Strength at High Strain Rates

Limited methods exist for the characterization of interfacial properties in fiber reinforced composites under dynamic loading conditions since conventional techniques are designed for the measurement of a composite’s bulk properties rather than that of the fiber-matrix interface. Here, a novel experimental method is reported for the measurement of interfacial strength across various loading rates using a single fiber. The experimental apparatus uses a single fiber pullout approach along with a piezoelectric stack actuator to enable a single fixture to generate a wide range of controlled loading rates. The voltage-strain relationship is measured and the applied strain rate is controlled using resistors with varying magnitudes within a properly designed discharge circuit. The piezoelectric actuator is protected against backflow current surges using a silicon controlled rectifier, and against parasitic inductance through a toggle switch. It is shown that the proposed method accommodates single fiber specimens while providing similar performance to a Split-Hopkinson bar by reaching strain rates of up to 104 s−1, however with greater flexibility of loading rate. Single aramid fibers are tested at various strain rates and show expected interfacial shear strength independent of the embedded fiber length. The results indicate the potential of the proposed experimental method as a simple and fast technique to measure the fiber matrix interfacial properties through direct pullout at high strain rates.
An introduction to loadable modules for the Linux kernel

Because its source code is freely available, the Linux operating system provides a wealth of practical examples for operating systems courses. Further, one can tinker with Linux to demonstrate concepts and try new software and hardware design ideas. This tutorial will focus on a particularly convenient Linux feature for such studies, the loadable kernel module.Hardware device drivers are most commonly implemented as loadable modules. The number of hardware devices supported by Linux has mushroomed since its early days; so it is no suprise that the major contributor to the dramatic growth in the size of the Linux source tree comes from loadable modules. These provide great flexibility. The major benefits are: • if a machine does not need a particular capability, the kernel need not include the related module -thereby keeping the kernel trim • modules can be added and removed from the kernel manually (no system recompile or even reboot) - an efficient convenience for a developer • alternatively, it is straightforward to load modules dynamically (no system reboot) to a running system, when they are needed; and to remove them after a chosen period of inactivity - again keeping the kernel trim • modules can provide a functional hierarchy where one module depends on another - the kernel enforces these dependenciesThe tutorial will introduce the loadable module's programming interface for 2.4 series of the Linux kernel. The vehicle will be a specific example, emphasizing module entry points used: • when the module is added to a running kernel • accessed by a user program • removed from the running kernelA module such as a device driver may need to probe/query the system for hardware resources (e.g. port addresses and interrupt request lines). This is discussed along how a module can reserve such resources for its own use - and subsequently release those resources. The distinction between programming in kernel space and programming in user space will be discussed. Transfer of information between user space and kernel space is of particular interest.The specific module example will then be exploited to demonstrate: • how a module can be manually added to and removed from a running system • alternatively, how a module can be dynamically added to a running system on demand, and subsequently removed on a selected period of inactivity • how a user program can access the driver (using the virtual file system in this case)The example will then be extended to describe dependent modules, where one module may use code in another. This will include a discussion of kernel enforcement of such intermodular dependence.
Effect of auriculopalpebral nerve block on equine intraocular pressure measured by rebound tonometry (TonoVet

Objective To assess rebound tonometry intraocular pressure (IOP) in unsedated horses without and with auriculopalpebral (AP) nerve blocks. Animals studied Twenty-two client- and twenty university-owned horses (84 total eyes) with unremarkable ophthalmic examinations were evaluated. Procedure One eye of each horse was chosen randomly, an AP block performed for that eye, and IOP measured in both eyes with a TonoVet® . The process was repeated for the contralateral eye 72 hours later under the same conditions as the initial measurements. Horses were unsedated for nerve blocks and tonometry. Linear mixed-effects models were used for comparisons with statistical significance threshold of 0.05. Results Overall, blocked eyes had an 0.8 mm Hg lower average IOP than unblocked eyes (P = .039). IOP for client-owned horses was on average 3.2 mm Hg lower than in UGA-owned horses (P = .025) and was more impacted by AP block (1.4 mm Hg lower average in client-owned blocked versus unblocked eyes (P = .006)). Block effectiveness was ranked on a subjective scale ("good", "poor", no block/control), and IOP was on average lower in eyes with a good block (P = .008). Conclusion Although there were statistically significant differences in IOP between blocked and unblocked eyes, between client- and UGA-owned horses, and between eyes with good and poor AP blocks, these differences were not clinically significant. Thus, AP blocks remain a useful tool for evaluating equine ophthalmic health with minimal impact on IOP assessment.
Best Practices in Resident Research- A National Survey of High Functioning Internal Medicine Residency Programs in Resident Research in USA

Abstract Purpose Meaningful participation in research for both faculty and residents is generally viewed to be an essential component of residency training. To better understand best practices in residency research, the authors conducted a survey among Internal Medicine (IM) Residency Programs with experience in research. Methods Phone interviews were conducted with a convenience sample of Residency Program Directors (PDs). Survey responses were analyzed across the following domains: size and makeup of the residency and research programs, resources for research, role of the PD/research director (RD), profile of trainees doing research, curriculum description, scope of research, role of mentors, career choices and determinants of success. Results Fifteen programs were included in the study. Across these programs, approximately two-thirds of residents were involved in research during their training . Eighty percent of the programs required an application for residents to engage in research. Ninety-two percent of the programs had a RD but only 58% had a formal research curriculum. Clinical research projects were the most common types of research. On average, two-thirds of residents involved in research submitted abstracts to regional and/or national meetings. The factor most frequently associated with resident research success was an effective faculty research mentor. Conclusions Research success during residency is multifactorial. The authors propose that having a robust structure for research that is led by a residency RD, and the presence of effective mentors and strong administrative support are critical for success.
Stage I-II diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with rituximab and chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy.

We set to identify prognostic factors in a retrospective cohort of consecutive patients with stage I-II diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with rituximab-chemotherapy with or without radiotherap...
The Milli Muslim League: The Domestic Politics of Pakistan's Lashkar-E-Taiba

Little has been written about the political party of the LeT, the Milli Muslim League, and what has been written has been misleading. Some authors have suggested that the MML reflects Pakistan’s sincere desire to defang its nastiest militant group by shunting its stalwarts and cadres into a useful political role, whereby it can counter the army’s civilian enemies within Pakistan. Below, I argue that Pakistan’s move is much more profound than a quest to find an alternative to demilitarizing the LeT/JuD or even manipulating electoral outcomes. I contend that the formation of the MML is part of a more serious effort to use the pro-state organization against the myriad militant groups tearing the state apart, while also investing in another political alternative to the current political parties that will pay dividends over the longer time horizon. Based upon available information about the MML, its ties to the JuD and its mentorship by Pakistan’s security organizations, I reject the claim that the MML’s formation signals a new effort on the part of the Pakistani state to redirect JuD’s external militarism towards a new domesticated political role, and thus serves as a state-directed “de-radicalization” or “demobilization” effort to mainstream Islamist militants. I argue, instead, that the MML will be a complement to JuD’s efforts to stabilize Pakistan internally and enhance LeT’s external activities in the service of the deep state.
Artificial Intelligence in Materials Science

Artificial intelligence (AI) is changing the way we discover new materials. The emergence of AI brings a new dawn to the development of material science. It enables material researchers to harness the power of machine learning and artificial intelligence to develop a system that autonomously discovers new materials. AI is also helping materials scientists and engineers to revolutionize the way of understanding and discovering materials used in applications ranging from aerospace engineering to soft robotic prosthetics. This paper provides an introduction to the uses of AI in materials science.
Enhancing the brain's emotion regulation capacity with a randomised trial of a 5-week heart rate variability biofeedback intervention

Heart rate variability is a robust biomarker of emotional well-being, consistent with the shared brain networks regulating emotion regulation and heart rate. While high heart rate oscillatory activity clearly indicates healthy regulatory brain systems, can increasing this oscillatory activity also enhance brain function? To test this possibility, we randomly assigned 106 young adult participants to one of two 5-week interventions involving daily biofeedback that either increased heart rate oscillations (Osc+ condition) or had little effect on heart rate oscillations (Osc- condition) and examined effects on brain activity during rest and during regulating emotion. In this healthy cohort, the two conditions did not differentially affect anxiety, depression or mood. However, the Osc+ intervention increased low-frequency heart rate variability and increased brain oscillatory dynamics and functional connectivity in emotion-related resting-state networks. It also increased down-regulation of activity in somatosensory brain regions during an emotion regulation task. The Osc- intervention did not have these effects. These findings indicate that heart rate oscillatory activity not only reflects the current state of regulatory brain systems but also changes how the brain operates beyond the moments of high oscillatory activity.
Introduction to International Peacekeeping and Post-Conflict Democratic Reform

This chapter examines the history and evolution of modern peacekeeping and the influence that 9/11 terrorist attacks have had on the new comprehensive version of international peacekeeping missions. This chapter continues with discussions on police reform as a component of peacekeeping; the increasing emphasis on issues pertaining to policing and criminal justice reform and development; the growth in police peacekeeper involvement in nation and democracy building; the problems and challenges of civilian police in peacekeeping; and the changing role of the police in peacekeeping missions. The final sections of this chapter discuss the issues of police reform, the background to and purpose of this research, the methodology adopted, and ultimately an overview of the structure of this book.
Simple analytic model for peristaltic flow and mixing

Small-amplitude peristaltic flows occur in many biological systems, and may occur in the inner ear. We present a simple analytic model for such flows, validated using simulations and measurements from a laboratory model of the inner ear. We demonstrate that Lagrangian transport dynamics can be reproduced accurately with our simple analytic model.
Recyclable and efficient ocean biomass-derived hydrogel photothermal evaporator for thermally-localized solar desalination

Abstract Interfacial evaporation is gaining popularity as a facile and effective method for harvesting solar energy and yielding freshwater from sewage and seawater. However, challenges exist for achieving a balance among a plethora of performance metrics, e.g., low cost, high evaporation efficiency, off-grid deployment, and negligible environmental impact. In this study, a hydrogel evaporator is prepared by combining agar, naturally abundant ocean biomass, with titanium nitride nanoparticles. Due to the excellent photothermal conversion effect of titanium nitride nanoparticles, the evaporator shows a solar absorptance of 0.98. This evaporator has vertically aligned water channels and is fabricated by an ice template-induced self-assembly method, enabling the formation of a biomimetic wood structure. The rapid water transport and salt drainage within its aligned channels, effective water activation in hydrogel molecular meshes, and efficient heat localization allow this hydrogel evaporator to achieve an evaporation rate of 5.15 kg m−2 h−1 under the irradiance of one sun (1 kW m−2). The indirect water supply method using cotton wipe as the water transportation channels and polystyrene foam as the thermal barrier efficiently localize heat within the top small evaporation region, which ensures such a high evaporation rate. Moreover, this hydrogel evaporator is easy to be recycled without performance reduction to achieve an extended lifespan with the advantage of facile thermal recyclability after long-term utilization. The freeze-thawing fabrication of this hydrogel evaporator is feasible for scalable deployment. This work offers new possibilities for high-quality freshwater yields with cost-effective raw materials and deployable solar desalination systems for industrial implementations.
RKIP sensitizes human prostate and breast cancer cells to drug-induced apoptosis

4128 Cancer cells are more susceptible to chemotherapeutic agent-induced apoptosis than their normal counterparts. Although it has been demonstrated that the increased sensitivity results from de-regulation of oncoproteins during cancer development little is known about the signaling pathways leading to changes in the apoptotic threshold in cancer cells. Here we show that low Raf-1 Kinase Inhibitory Protein (RKIP) expression levels in tumorigenic human prostate and breast cancer cells are rapidly induced upon chemotherapeutic drug treatment, sensitizing these cells to apoptosis. We show that the maximal RKIP expression correlates with the onset of apoptosis, as measured by the activation of pro-caspase-8 and cleavage of PARP. In human prostate and breast cancer cells resistant to DNA damaging agents, treatment with the various drugs (i.e., gimatecan, taxol, cisplatin and etoposide) does not up-regulate RKIP expression. However, transient ectopic expression of RKIP resensitizes the resistant cells to undergo apoptosis. This sensitization can be reversed by up-regulation of Raf, via expression of activated Raf (BXB), and NF-kB, via overexpression of the p65 subunit, survival pathways. Down-regulation of endogenous RKIP by expression of antisense and small interfering (si) RNA confers resistance on sensitive cancer cells to anticancer drug-induced apoptosis as measured by the cleavage of PARP and the number of viable cells. The clinical relevance of RKIP expression in prostate and breast cancer was evaluated by comparing RKIP protein expression in clinical samples of normal prostate and breast to prostate and breast cancer tissue. Our results demonstrate that RKIP staining intensity is decreased in primary prostate and breast tumors when compared to normal prostate and breast tissue. Collectively our studies suggest that RKIP may represent a novel effector of signal transduction pathways leading to apoptosis and prognostic marker of the pathogenesis of human cancer cells and tumors after treatment with clinically relevant chemotherapeutic drugs. Supported by the TJ Martell Foundation and Rhode Island Hospital.
The Diffusion Equation

We begin with a model for diffusion: the isotropic one-dimensional random walk.1–4 It is so simple that the basic physical processes cannot elude us. It also has a continuum limit, the diffusion equation, whose solutions are our main concern here and some of whose properties we then examine. Conversely, this model forms the basis for numerical methods of solution. We then discuss the diffusion equation’s form in higher dimensions and other physical instances where that equation offers a realistic description. This chapter ends with a brief account of the origin of conservation principles and constitutive relations that pervade transport phenomena.
THE RATIONALE BEHIND INTERFIRM TENDER OFFERS Information or Synergy

This paper investigates the rationale behind interlirm tender offers by examining the returns realized by the stockholders of lirms that were the targets of unsuccessful tender offers and lirms that have made unsuccessful offers. Our results suggest that the permanent positive revaluation of the unsuccessful target shares [documented by Dodd and Ruback (1977) and Bradley (1980)] is due primarily to the emergence of and/or the anticipation of another bid that would ultimately result in the transfer of control of the target resources. We also find that the rejection of a tender offer has differential effects on the share prices of the unsuccessful bidding firms depending upon whether the tender offer process results in a change in the control of target resources. On the basis of these results we conclude that acquisitions via tender offers are attempts by bidding firms to exploit potential synergies, not simply superior information regarding the ‘true’ value of the target resources.
Biosynthesis of Prelycopersene Pyrophosphate and Lycopersene by Squalene Synthetase

Abstract The conversion of [4,8,12,16-14C]geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate to prelycopersene pyrophosphate and lycopersene by purified bakers' yeast squalene synthetase is reported. The identification of the products of this reaction has been achieved through co-chromatography with authentic samples on thin layer plates and gas-liquid chromatography with authentic samples of either the original compound or a derivative. Further proof of the identities of these compounds has been obtained from their mass fragmentation patterns. Lycopersene is formed from [4,8,12,16-14C]geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate in the presence of the yeast enzyme, NADPH, and Mg2+. NADH is less than 10% as effective as NADPH in this reaction. The formation of prelycopersene pyrophosphate from [4,8, 12,16-14C]geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate by squalene synthetase is markedly increased in the absence of NADPH and the presence of Mg2+ or Mn2+. The product of this reaction is optically active, and it gives a normal optical dextrorotatory dispersion curve. The mass spectrum of this compound shows an intense peak at m/e 544+ which is due to the loss of the pyrophosphate moiety (178 mass units) in the mass spectrometer. The chemical reduction of the product, prelycopersene pyrophosphate, formed by squalene synthetase by lithium aluminum hydride yields an alcohol. A fragmentation pattern characteristic of a primary alcohol with a molecular ion at m/e 562+, which corresponds to a molecular formula of C40H65OH was obtained on mass spectral analysis. Further proof of this structure was obtained from the mass spectrum of the trimethylsilyl ether derivative. A molecular ion peak was obtained at m/e 634+. The presence and the position of a cyclopropane ring in prelycopersene pyrophosphate was established by the mass spectrum of its catalytically reduced alcohol. Two major losses, due to cleavage of the side chains of the cyclopropane ring, were observed from the molecular ion M+, 576+. The conversion of prelycopersene pyrophosphate to lycopersene occurs in the presence of NADPH and appears to be analogous to the conversion of presqualene pyrophosphate to squalene. A mechanism for the conversion of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate to lycopersene is proposed. This mechanism is based upon the results obtained by Beytia et al. (Beytia, E. D., Qureshi, A. A., and Porter, J. W. (1973) J. Biol Chem. 248, in press) on the mechanism of synthesis of squalene from farnesyl pyrophosphate by yeast squalene synthetase.
Application of neuromuscular blockade and intraoperative 3D imaging in the reduction of basilar invagination: Technical note

Object The treatment of basilar invagination in the pediatric age group is dependent on the possibility of preoperative reduction. Reducible lesions obviate a ventral decompression and require a dorsal-only approach for stabilization with or without a suboccipital decompression. Methods The authors describe a technique of intraoperative reduction of basilar invagination with the use of general anesthesia and neuromuscular blockade in the presence of crown halo traction. Using the O-arm device, a 3D CT scan is generated in the sagittal plane to demonstrate the reduction intraoperatively. This technique was successful in 6 pediatric patients with basilar invagination. Results The average age of the patients was 10.8 years, and they were followed for a mean period of 8.5 months. The patients had mild basilar invagination or partial reduction in extension on preoperative MR imaging. Intraoperative reduction was demonstrated in all patients by using the reported technique with intraoperative CT. All patients u...
Forensic Psychologists, Roles and Activities of

Forensic psychology is an increasingly popular area of practice within psychology. It has been defined as “the application of psychological research, theory, practice, and traditional and specialized methodology (e.g., interviewing, psychological testing, forensic assessment and forensically relevant instruments) to provide information relevant to a legal question” (Goldstein, 2003, p. 4). The American Psychological Association designated forensic psychology as an area of specialization in 2001 (Goldstein, 2003), and it is the subject of a rapidly growing number of books, journals, and professional conferences (Otto & Heilbrun, 2002).
Electrical Characterization of a Joined Electroceramic, La0.85Sr0.15MnO3

Pieces of saw-cut La0.85Sr0.15MnO3 were joined at 1150° and 1250°C under a compressive stress. The strains to form the joints were ∼0.1. Joints formed by plastic deformation were examined using scanning electron microscopy, and they were indistinguishable from the bulk. The room-temperature direct-current resistivity of the joined pieces was identical to that measured in the bulk material. This indicated that a sound, electrically conducting joint could be formed using plastic deformation (grain-boundary sliding) with little surface preparation.
Bilinear Formulation Applied to the Response and Stability of Helicopter Rotor Blade

A time finite element method based on Hamilton's law of varying action is applied to the analysis of helicopter blade dynamics. The bilinear formulation of Hamilton's law of varying action is used to discretize the temporal dependence of the equations of motion. Variable-order shape and test functions based on Legendre polynomials are used. Two approaches for the numerical implementation of the bilinear formulation are used. One approach obtains the response of a general dynamic system using marching in time. The other approach is based on the assumption that the solution is identical at the beginning and end of one period. Therefore, this approach is suitable for periodic systems. The bilinear formulation in imposed periodicity mode is used to compute the response of a rigid blade with flap and lag degrees of freedom in forward flight. The bilinear formulation in marching mode is applied to find the Floquet transition matrix necessary to test the stability of blade motion.
Abstract 5579: Medication exposures and subsequent development of Ewing sarcoma: a review of FDA adverse event reports

Proceedings: AACR 106th Annual Meeting 2015; April 18-22, 2015; Philadelphia, PA BACKGROUND: Ewing sarcoma family of tumors (ESFT) are rare but deadly cancers of unknown etiology. Few risk factors have been identified. This study was undertaken to ascertain any possible association between exposure to therapeutic drugs and ESFT. METHODS: A query of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) was conducted from January 1, 1998 through December 31, 2013 for all case reports of ESFT. Report narratives were individually reviewed for patient characteristics, underlying conditions, and drug exposures. RESULTS: Over the past 16 years, 134 ESFT reports were identified, including 25 cases of ESFT following therapeutic drug use. Reported drugs and biologics associated with these cases included immunosuppressive agents and hormones. Many cases were confounded by concomitant medications and other therapies. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides a closer look at medication use and underlying disorders in patients who later developed ESFT. While we found no clear causative association between ESFT and prior use of a single product or drug class, many associated drugs were used to treat immune-related disease, and growth or hormonal disturbances. Further studies are needed to better understand possible immune or neuroendocrine abnormalities that may predispose to the later development of ESFT. View this table: Table: Summary of FAERS reports of medication use prior to Ewing Sarcoma Family of Tumor (ESFT) diagnosis, 1997-2013 Underlying conditions 12 Immune-related: 3 Crohns disease, 3 multiple sclerosis, 1 renal transplant, 1 rheumatoid arthritis, 1 nephrotic syndrome, 1 ankylosing spondylitis, 1 psoriasis vulgaris, 1 chronic hepatitis B 5 Endocrine: 2 Growth disorders, 1 menopause, 1 osteoporosis, 1 birth control (patient morbidly obese but no underlying condition reported) 3 Neurologic: 1 each of narcolepsy, seizure disorder, fibromyalgia with sciatica/neuropathic pain 3 Psychiatric: 1 each of unspecified depression, psychoses, ADHD 2 Other: 1 each of familial hypercholesterolemia, acne Citation Format: Judith U. Cope, Gregory H. Reaman, Joseph M. Tonning. Medication exposures and subsequent development of Ewing sarcoma: a review of FDA adverse event reports. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 5579. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-5579
On the combination of equalization and coding in saturation recording

The authors establish the importance of considering equalization loss and coding gain together in evaluating the performance of a particular code in a saturation-recording storage channel. They illustrate methods by which it is possible, under this measure of performance, to increase the effective density using well-designed equalizers and codes in combination. It is concluded that, while coding gain of existing codes can be used to increase areal density at fixed or reduced linear density, new codes designed specifically for families of partial-response polynomials at increasing clock rates or density are required for significant further linear density increase. >
Strangeness Enhancement and Thermalization in pp, d A and AA Collisions at RHIC

Preliminary strangeness enhancement factors measured in pp, d–Au and Au–Au collisions at RHIC will be discussed and compared to model predictions. The impact of elementary collision effects, such as Cronin enhancement and jet production, on collective parameters measured in Au–Au collisions, e.g. radial expansion and distributions, will be discussed.
Signal Discrimination Between Fluorescent Proteins in Live Cells by Long-wavelength Optical Modulation

Fluorescent proteins (FPs) have revolutionized molecular and cellular biology; yet, discrimination over cellular autofluorescence, spectral deconvolution, or detection at low concentrations remain challenging problems in many biological applications. By optically depopulating a photoinduced dark state with orange secondary laser co-excitation, the higher-energy green AcGFP fluorescence is dynamically increased. Modulating this secondary laser then modulates the higher-energy, collected fluorescence; enabling its selective detection by removing heterogeneous background from other FPs. Order-of-magnitude reduction in obscuring fluorophore background emission has been achieved in both fixed and live cells. This longwavelength modulation expands the dimensionality to discriminate FP emitters based on dark state lifetimes and enables signal of interest to be recovered by removing heterogeneous background emitter signals. Thus, AcGFP is not only useful for extracting weak signals from systems plagued by high background, but it is a springboard for further FP optimization and utilization for improving sensitivity and selectivity in biological fluorescence imaging.
Incorporation of sequenced peptides on nanotubes for Pt coating: smart control of nucleation and morphology via activation of metal binding sites on amino acids

A new method to fabricate morphology-controlled Pt nanotubes has been demonstrated by using sequenced peptide-functionalized nanotubes as templates. The sequenced peptide, His-Pro-Gly-Ala-His, was immobilized on template nanotubes, and the biomolecular recognition efficiently anchored Pt ions to nucleate Pt nanocrystals on the nanotubes. The morphology of the Pt coating on the nanotubes was controlled by switching Pt nucleation sites among the amino acids as a function of pH. While monodisperse Pt nanocrystals of average diameter 12 nm were grown on the nanotube surfaces in pH 8 solutions. This method that mimics biomineralization in nature can be used to produce nanotubes with controlled electrical properties from semiconducting to metallic in a simple and economical procedure, and this type of tunability may enable the resulting nanotubes to be applicable as smart building blocks in nanometer-scaled electronic devices and chemical sensors.
Mechanisms of rapid morphogenetic movements in the metamorphosis of the bryozoan Bugula neritina (Cheilostomata, Cellularioidea): II. The role of dynamic assemblages of microfilaments in the pallial epithelium

The rapid morphogenetic movements that internalize the transitory larval epithelium and reorient the presumptive adult epidermis during the metamorphosis of the cellularioid cheilostome bryozoan, Bugula neritina, have been examined by light and electron microscopy and analyzed by experimentation with cytochalasin B (CB) and MgC12 . The pallial epithelium is gradually drawn out over the aboral hemisphere as the larval ciliated epithelium (the corona and the pyriform organ) involutes. At the end of coronal involution the oral margin of the pallial epithelium constricts and the aboral hemisphere is pulled down against the everted sac. Ultrastructural and experimental evidence indicates that an equatorial contractile ring composed of a temporal alignment of CB-sensitive 5.5 nm microfilaments is responsible for the constriction of the oral margin of the pallial epithelium. This morphogenetic movement, in conjunction with the compression of the aboral hemisphere, juxtaposes the pallial epithelium with the oral epithelium of the everted sac. The pallial epithelium adheres to the neck and wall regions of the everted sac and begins a progressive contraction at its aboral margin, pulling the wall epithelium up over the aboral hemisphere. Ultrastructural examination reveals that the pallial cells contain apical bands of microfilaments and associated vesicles at this stage of metamorphosis. The position and time of appearance of the microfilaments in the pallial epithelium support the hypothesis that they generate the force for wall elevation. Histological and experimental data indicate that the compression of the aboral hemisphere at the umbrella stage and the final retraction of the apical disc are muscle-mediated morphogenetic movements. The constriction of the umbrellar margin and the elevation of the wall epithelium, on the other hand, appear to be caused by two distinct populations of microfilaments that assemble in different regions of the pallial epithelium at specific times during metamorphosis.
Pump Replication In Stimulated Raman Scattering Using A Crossed-Beam Geometry

A theory of side beam replication in a crossing-beam geometry is reported. It is shown that side beam replication is not expected to occur when the Fresnel number of the aberrations (FNA) is large, while it is expected to occur when FNA is small, in accord with experiments. An analytic threshold is derived for the value of FNA at which side beam replication no longer occurs, and this threshold agrees well with the experiments. We propose a method for eliminating side beam replication at low values of FNA.
Varieties of anger and the inverse link between education and inflammation: toward an integrative framework.

OBJECTIVE To examine multiple aspects of anger experience and expression (frequency, outward expression, suppression, and control) as moderators of the association of social inequality, as measured by educational status, with inflammation and coagulation markers. METHODS After survey assessments via telephone and mail, Midlife in the United States respondents (N = 1054) participated in an overnight clinic visit, where they completed anger questionnaires and provided a fasting blood sample to measure interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), and fibrinogen. RESULTS Educational status was linked to higher anger control among men (B = 0.14, p = .001). Significant inverse correlations emerged between education and IL-6, CRP, and fibrinogen (r values ≥ -0.09, p values <.004) and between anger control and IL-6 and CRP (r values = -0.07, p values < .03). Controlling for demographic and health status covariates, anger-in predicted lower fibrinogen (p = .03). Interactions between education and anger measures were significant for education and trait anger as related to fibrinogen (p = .02) and education and anger-out as related to IL-6 (p = .05) and fibrinogen (p = .05). As predicted, the inverse relationships between education and IL-6 and fibrinogen were stronger among individuals reporting high anger. Anger control also moderated the association of education with IL-6 in women (p = .026), such that the link between education and IL-6 was attenuated among women with high anger control. CONCLUSIONS Varieties of anger moderated educational gradients in inflammation: The inverse relationships between education and inflammation markers were strongest among individuals with high anger and were attenuated among those with high anger control.
Middle‐Aged Female Rats Lack the Dynamic Changes in GAD67 mRNA Levels Observed in Young Females on the Day of a Luteinising Hormone Surge

The hypothalamic decapeptide gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH), modulates gonadotrophin synthesis and secretion and is essential for the preovulatory luteinising hormone (LH) surge. As females age, there is a gradual attenuation and eventual loss of the preovulatory LH surge and oestrous cyclicity. Data from previous studies have demonstrated evidence of compromised GnRH neuronal function at this time. The present study begins to explore the hypothesis that the age-related attenuation of the LH surge and decline in GnRH neuronal function are due, in part, to increased inhibitory influences on GnRH neurones. In situ hybridisation (ISH) was used to assess relative levels of mRNA for one isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the rate-limiting enzyme for GABA synthesis. Ovariectomised young and middle-aged rats were injected with oestradiol benzoate and progesterone in a regimen for LH surge induction. Animals were killed at time points prior to, during the ascending phase, and during the peak and early descending phase of the LH surge. Dynamic changes in GAD 67 mRNA levels were observed in young but not middle-aged females in two regions known to be important for LH surge induction, the rostral proeptic area in the region of the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) and in the ventral periventricular preoptic area. Furthermore, GAD 67 mRNA levels were elevated in middle-aged relative to young females in the region of the OVLT at the time of LH surge induction and in the ventral periventricular preoptic area prior to surge induction. Age-related differences were not observed in other brain regions analysed. These data suggest that GABA synthesis may be elevated in middle-aged relative to young females in specific brain regions at critical times in conjunction with the LH surge, and that the lack of dynamic changes in GABA levels in these regions may contribute to the attenuated LH surge observed in middle-aged females.