cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cross-scale modeling of surface temperature and tree seedling establishment in mountain landscapes

Estimating surface temperature from above-ground field measurements is important for understanding the complex landscape patterns of plant seedling survival and establishment, processes which occur at heights of only several centimeters. Currently, future climate models predict temperature at 2 m above ground, leaving ground-surface microclimate not well characterized. Using a network of field temperature sensors and climate models, a ground-surface temperature method was used to estimate microclimate variability of minimum and maximum temperature. Temperature lapse rates were derived from field temperature sensors and distributed across the landscape capturing differences in solar radiation and cold air drainages modeled at a 30-m spatial resolution. The surface temperature estimation method used for this analysis successfully estimated minimum surface temperatures on north-facing, south-facing, valley, and ridgeline topographic settings, and when compared to measured temperatures yielded an R2 of 0.88, 0.80, 0.88, and 0.80, respectively. Maximum surface temperatures generally had slightly more spatial variability than minimum surface temperatures, resulting in R2 values of 0.86, 0.77, 0.72, and 0.79 for north-facing, south-facing, valley, and ridgeline topographic settings. Quasi-Poisson regressions predicting recruitment of Quercus kelloggii (black oak) seedlings from temperature variables were significantly improved using these estimates of surface temperature compared to air temperature modeled at 2 m. Predicting minimum and maximum ground-surface temperatures using a downscaled climate model coupled with temperature lapse rates estimated from field measurements provides a method for modeling temperature effects on plant recruitment. Such methods could be applied to improve projections of species’ range shifts under climate change. Areas of complex topography can provide intricate microclimates that may allow species to redistribute locally as climate changes.
Electricity reform in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Abstract Bosnia and Herzegovina suffered greatly during an intense war that resulted in human catastrophe, economic collapse, and the destruction of the electricity sector. The Dayton Agreement that brought a close to fighting helped to win peace, but it created a government system that is inefficient, is largely duplicated along ethnic lines and has a largely ineffective central state. This pattern of duplication carries over to the electricity sector and creates incentives that hinder its development. In this context, sectoral reform has proved difficult, with almost all effort devoted to the sector since 1996 channeled towards restoration to pre-war operational conditions and overcoming opposition to reform. Nevertheless, Bosnia and Herzegovina's efforts at reforming the electricity sector are underway and substantial progress has been made. Lingering questions about the success of reforms essentially reduce to questions about the future of Bosnia and Herzegovina itself and the ability of the central state to consolidate power while preserving the rights and interests of all ethnic groups.
Language Lateralization in a Bimanual Language

Unlike spoken languages, sign languages of the deaf make use of two primary articulators, the right and left hands, to produce signs. This situation has no obvious parallel in spoken languages, in which speech articulation is carried out by symmetrical unitary midline vocal structures. This arrangement affords a unique opportunity to examine the robustness of linguistic systems that underlie language production in the face of contrasting articulatory demands and to chart the differential effects of handedness for highly skilled movements. Positron emission tomography (PET) technique was used to examine brain activation in 16 deaf users of American Sign Language (ASL) while subjects generated verb signs independently with their right dominant and left nondominant hands (compared to the repetition of noun signs). Nearly identical patterns of left inferior frontal and right cerebellum activity were observed. This pattern of activation during signing is consistent with patterns that have been reported for spoken languages including evidence for specializations of inferior frontal regions related to lexical-semantic processing, search and retrieval, and phonological encoding. These results indicate that lexical-semantic processing in production relies upon left-hemisphere regions regardless of the modality in which a language is realized, and that this left-hemisphere activation is stable, even in the face of conflicting articulatory demands. In addition, these data provide evidence for the role of the right posterolateral cerebellum in linguistic-cognitive processing and evidence of a left ventral fusiform contribution to sign language processing.
A micromachined airflow sensor based on RF evanescent-mode cavity resonator

This paper presents an RF airflow sensor based on an evanescent-mode cavity resonator. The frequency loading is achieved by a capacitive post in the center of a cylinder cavity. As a sensing mechanism, an elastic membrane with a sensing beam is utilized to generate a strain on the top of the cavity. The airflow deflects the sensing beam, changing the parasitic capacitance of the cavity and hence, the resonant frequency of the resonator. The cavity resonator is fabricated by micro-molding of thermal-plastic polymers enabling a low cost batch fabrication. The coplanar waveguide (CPW) feeding structure is formed simultaneously during the molding process by using a metal transfer technique. The resonant frequency of the resonator as a function of the sensing beam deflection angle is demonstrated, and a wind tunnel test is performed to demonstrate an equivalent sensitivity of 0.36GHz/(m/s) for the air flow velocity measurement.
Real Moment Map and Hyperkähler Geometry Techniques: The Cotangent Bundle to the 2-Sphere and SL(2, ℂ)-Adjoint Orbits

Going back to Kirwan and others, there is an established theory that uses moment map techniques to study actions by complex reductive groups on Kahler manifolds. Work of P. Heinzner, G. Schwarz, and H. Stotzel has extended this theory to actions by real reductive groups. In this paper, we apply these techniques to actions of the real group SU(1,1) ⊂ SL(2, ℂ) on a certain complex manifold of dimension two. More precisely, because of the SU(2)-invariant hyperkahler structure on this manifold, we are able to study a family of actions which includes and “interpolates” two well-known actions of SL(2, ℂ): the adjoint action on the orbit of a semisimple element of &#x1d530;&#x1d529;(2, ℂ), and the action of SL(2, ℂ) on the cotangent bundle of the flag variety of SL(2, ℂ).
Modeling the Control of an Elevated Tool Temperature and the Affects on Axial Force During Friction Stir Welding

A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model is used to simulate the control of the temperature of a friction stir welding (FSW) tool during the joining process. The CFD software package FLUENT was used to create the numerical model. The simulation was executed in a small cluster computing environment to improve the runtimes of the model. Within the model the FSW tool was elevated and maintained at a temperature higher than temperatures experienced during the FSW process. This paper examines the axial force associated with the FSW process when the tool is maintained at an elevated temperature. The FSW tool temperature in the model was optimized to reduce the axial force experienced by the tool during joining. Using the CFD model along with the DAKOTA software package from Sandia National Labs an optimal elevated tool temperature was found that reduced the axial load experienced by the FSW tool by 25%.
Crown-Rump Length (CRL) and Fetal Heart Rate (FHR) in Early Pregnancy for Infertile Couples Correlate Well with Pregnancy Success at Delivery

Methods and Materials: We identified 39 women with clear gestational age based on the administration of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and early 1 trimester ultrasound between 6 and 9 gestational weeks with a fetal heart rate (FHR) between 100 and 170 who went on to term delivery of a singleton pregnancy. All ultrasounds were performed by two certified sonographers. Linear regression was used to determine the correlation between CRL and FHR.
Case Report of SIADH Associated With Escitalopram Use

The authors report a case of syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) associated with the use of escitalopram in an elderly female patient. A 97-year-old white female was admitted to the hospital for a suspected vertebral fracture and hyponatremia. Her serum sodium concentration was 113 mEq/L (113 mmol/L) at admission. She was started on escitalopram 5 mg daily 1 week prior to admission for anxiety. During admission, her laboratory tests revealed serum hyponatremia and hypo-osmolality and urine hyperosmolality and hypernatremia. Her escitalopram was stopped, and she was diagnosed with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone. She was treated with hypertonic (3%) saline. She was discharged 1 week later with a serum sodium concentration of 121 mEq/L (121 mmol/L). There have been hundreds of case reports of SIADH associated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), including 5 cases associating escitalopram with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone. The median time t...
Lessons learned from seven years of pair programming at North Carolina State University

A recent survey conducted on the SIGCSE mailing list indicated that up to 80% of CS1, CS2, and data structures instructors allow students to collaborate. The use of collaboration increases as students advance through the computer science curriculum. Some computer science educators use pair programming as the model for their student collaboration, sometimes with mixed results. At North Carolina State University, over a thousand students have pair programmed in CS1, undergraduate software engineering, and graduate level courses over the last seven years. This paper provides a summary of the lessons we have learned through experience and through extensive research over this period.
Correctional Practices in Japan

(1990). Correctional Practices in Japan. Journal of Offender Counseling Services Rehabilitation: Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 5-23.
Neurologic hazards of diving.

Abstract : Diving is hazardous. Both the water and the increased pressure present hazards to the nervous system. Some of the neurologic manifestations of decompression sickness-air embolism, inert gas narcosis, and oxygen toxicity--have been described. A few of the marine life hazards have been mentioned that are toxic to the nervous system. Careful diving technic combined with knowledge of the potential sources of danger should permit safe diving without embarrassment to the nervous system. Carelessness in diving is fraught with danger.
Single-brand retailers: Building brand loyalty in the off-line environment

This article examines retail branding in the single-brand retail environment. Single-brand retailers sell only private label brands, which are generally the name of the store. The foundation of this research is based on prior calls in the literature to examine private label and retail branding. This article examines the role of self- and social-identification and affiliation with a brand community and the effect of brand community on loyalty. The results indicate that self-identification positively impacts social-identification, which positively impacts brand community, which is found to have a positive impact on brand loyalty.
Phenotypic differentiation of "smart" versus "naive" bacteriophages of Bacillus subtilis.

The temperate bacteriophages of Bacillus subtilis differ dramatically in their response to the induction of the SOS system during the development of competence and following DNA damage. While all temperate bacteriophages are induced following DNA damage, the "naive" bacteriophages (i.e., phi105 and SPO2) are also induced during the development of competence. On the other hand, "smart" bacteriophages (i.e., phi3T and SPbeta) are not induced during the development of competence, and furthermore, once competence has developed, these prophages can no longer be induced by DNA damage.
The Structure of the Glycopeptide of Human γG Myeloma Proteins

Abstract Glycopeptides were isolated from seven γG myeloma proteins and the γG-immunoglobulins of one normal individual. The composition of each glycopeptide was determined and the structure of the oligosaccharide portion of the molecule established as follows. Sequential enzymatic degradation of the oligosaccharide chains with purified glycosidases established the sequences of the sugars. Serial periodate oxidation and methylation of both intact and partially degraded glycopeptides followed by identification of the methylated sugars by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry established the linkages between sugars. The carbohydrate composition of the glycopeptides was found to be (in residues per mole of glycopeptide): sialic acid, 0 to 2; fucose, 0.6 to 1.2; galactose, 0.3 to 2.3; N-acetylglucosamine, 3.9 to 6.0; and mannose, 3. The variability in the number of sialic acid, fucose, and galactose residues was shown to be caused by microheterogeneity of the oligosaccharides while the variability in the number of N-acetylglucosamine residues reflects differences in the sequence of the sugars in the "core" of the molecules. Two of the seven myeloma proteins had an additional oligosaccharide chain. All the glycopeptides are branched oligosaccharides containing two nonreducing termini with the sequence Gal (β1,6)/→ GlcNAc (β1,2)/→ Man. When sialic acid is present, it is linked α2,6 to the galactose residue. Both branches are connected to another mannose residue in the core, which also contains either 2 or 3 N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residues. The sequence of sugars in the core varied from one glycopeptide to another, being either Man→GlcNAc→ GlcNAc→Asn, Man→[GlcNAc→]GlcNAc→Asn, or Man→ GlcNAc→[GlcNAc→]GlcNAc→Asn. Di-N-acetylchitobiose was isolated from the core of one glycopeptide with a core structure of Man→GlcNAc→GlcNAc→Asn. These studies establish that homogeneous γG-immunoglobulins of man may have different sequences of sugars in their oligosaccharide chains. The data also show that microheterogeneity of oligosaccharides exists in homogeneous glycoproteins secreted by a single clone of cells.
Targeted aiming movements are compromised in nonaffected limb of persons with stroke.

Background. Research has shown that movement impairments following stroke are typically associated with the limb contralateral to the side of the stroke. Prior studies identified ipsilateral motor declines across a variety of tasks. Objective .T wo experiments were conducted to better understand the ipsilateral contributions to organization and execution of proximal upper extremity multisegment aiming movements in persons with right-hemispheric stroke. Methods. Participants performed reciprocal aiming (Experiment 1) and 2-segment aiming movements (Experiment 2) on a digitizing tablet. In both experiments, target size and/or target orientation were manipulated to examine the influence of accuracy constraints on the planning and organization of movements. Results. Kinematic measures, submovement analysis, and harmonicity measures were included in this study. Declines in organization and execution of multisegment movements were found to contribute to performance decrements and slowing in stroke patients. Furthermore, stroke patients were unable to efficiently plan multisegment movements as one functional unit, resulting in discrete movements. Conclusions. Results suggest the importance of considering ipsilateral contributions to the control and organization of targeted aiming movements as well as implications for rehabilitation and recovery.
Hepatic angiosarcoma in a child: Successful therapy with surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy

We report a 3-year and 11-month-old Caucasian female, who initially presented with an un-resectable hepatic angiosarcoma. After three courses of chemotherapy with adriamycin/cis-platin, the tumor decreased in size considerably, allowing complete surgical resection. She also received postoperative chemotherapy with alternating cycles of ifosfamide/etoposide, cisplatinum/adriamycin, and vincristine/actinomycin D/cyclophosphamide for 18 months. She remains disease-free for greater than 44 months from the initial diagnosis. Our experience suggests that total excision of the tumor, together with an aggressive chemotherapy regimen, can improve the disease-free survival for children with this highly malignant vascular tumor of the liver.
Monitoring developmental outcome of very low birth weight infants.

Fernandes et al.1 relatam a prevalencia e os fatores de risco para atraso no neurodesenvolvimento em criancas de muito baixo peso ao nascer. Para identificar tais atrasos, utilizaram a terceira edicao das escalas Bayley de desenvolvimento infantil (BSID-III). Seu estudo fornece novas informacoes sobre o assunto, visto que a maioria dos estudos previos sobre o neurodesenvolvimento de criancas de muito baixo peso ao nascer baseou-se na primeira ou na segunda edicao das BSID (BSID-I e BSID-II). Essas versoes anteriores das BSID avaliavam o funcionamento cognitivo, referido como indice de desenvolvimento mental (MDI) ou escala mental; a funcao motora, referida como indice de desenvolvimento psicomotor (PDI) ou escala motora; e o comportamento do lactente durante o teste (Escala de Classificacao do Comportamento). Embora o MDI das BSID-II nao seja um teste de inteligencia, escores inferiores a 70 sao considerados preditores moderados de um QI inferior a 70, especialmente em criancas com deficiencia neurossensorial2. A terceira edicao das BSID, que foi utilizada por Fernandes et al., avalia as habilidades cognitivas, linguisticas, motoras, socioemocionais e de comportamento adaptativo. Desta forma, as BSID-III podem fornecer um quadro mais completo das habilidades da crianca.
A GAUSSIAN EXPONENTIAL APPROXIMATION TO SOME COMPOUND POISSON DISTRIBUTIONS

A three parameter Gaussian exponential approximation to some compound Poisson distributions is considered. It is constructed by specifying the reciprocal of the mean excess function as a linear affine function below some threshold and a positive constant above this threshold. As an analytical approximation to compound Poisson distributions, it is only feasible either for a limited range of the Poisson parameter or for higher coefficients of variation. A semiparametric determination of the unknown threshold parameter is proposed. The analysis of a real-life example from pension fund mathematics displays an improved quality of fit of the new model when compared with other simple good alternative approximations based on the zero gamma, translated gamma and zero translated gamma.
Independent Motion Target Cueing For Moving Sensor Systems

Target cueing is commonly performed using only spatial properties of images. However, image degradations and complexities, such as low resolution, low contrast, cluttered background, and noise, can result in insufficient spatial information to achieve meaningful cueing. Fortunately, in many situations, primarily when targets are moving with respect to background, temporal cueing can be performed instead of (or in addition to) spatial cueing. In general, the imaging sensor can be moving, which induces apparent scene background motion, greatly complicating the detection of target motion. We will discuss a technique that detects independent motion of objects, even in the presence of induced background motion, and can subsequently cue targets successfully in the absence of adequate spatial information. We start by calculating the optical flow field that describes image motion between successive frames in an image sequence. Issues concerning the rapid calculation of optical flow and implementation on high speed pipe-lined architecture will be discussed. The optical flow field is used to register the backgrounds in the two scenes but does not affect independent motion of small regions within the images. The registered images are compared and moving objects are distinguished by spatial differences between the registered images. The final stage of the cueing process applies both intensity and size discrimination to the result of the registered image comparison. We have successfully demonstrated our independent motion cueing algorithm on real, cluttered images and will present some of our results.
Essential information for mentoring students interested in residency training

Abstract Background Residency training programs have become increasingly competitive. It is difficult to mentor residency applicants without knowing factors used to select a resident. Objective To identify factors used by residency directors in selecting a pharmacy resident. Methods A survey was disseminated electronically to 1047 residency program directors in May 2012 that assessed factors in the residency application process. The survey included questions regarding grades, letters of recommendation, letters of intent, pharmacy pathways, and the interview. Two electronic reminders were sent to nonresponders approximately one week apart from the initial request. Results One hundred sixty-nine survey instruments were returned for a response rate of 16.1% with 70.4% of respondents being in the Postgraduate Year 1 (PGY1) Pharmacy residency programs. The interview was ranked as the most important factor in the residency process (67%). Letters of recommendation (9%) and letters of intent (4%) were the second and third factors. Eighty-four percent of respondents identified clinical preceptors as the preferred writer for letters of recommendation. Most institutions (59.8%) use a grade point average (GPA) cut off, with 79% preferring a GPA of greater than 3.0 on a 4.0 scale. Finally, pass–fail grades were viewed unfavorably compared to those on a grading scale (53.7%). Conclusion Numerous factors are considered by pharmacy residency directors when selecting an applicant. Any faculty who provides mentoring needs to be aware of these factors to assist applicants in the process of securing a residency position. Assistance with the interview process and instruction on writing letters of recommendation and intent are desirable.
Interaction between the RNA-dependent ATPase and poly(A) polymerase subunits of the TRAMP complex is mediated by short peptides and important for snoRNA processing

The RNA exosome is one of the main 3′ to 5′ exoribonucleases in eukaryotic cells. Although it is responsible for degradation or processing of a wide variety of substrate RNAs, it is very specific and distinguishes between substrate and non-substrate RNAs as well as between substrates that need to be 3′ processed and those that need to be completely degraded. This specificity does not appear to be determined by the exosome itself but rather by about a dozen other proteins. Four of these exosome cofactors have enzymatic activity, namely, the nuclear RNA-dependent ATPase Mtr4, its cytoplasmic paralog Ski2 and the nuclear non-canonical poly(A) polymerases, Trf4 and Trf5. Mtr4 and either Trf4 or Trf5 assemble into a TRAMP complex. However, how these enzymes assemble into a TRAMP complex and the functional consequences of TRAMP complex assembly remain unknown. Here, we identify an important interaction site between Mtr4 and Trf5, and show that disrupting the Mtr4/Trf interaction disrupts specific TRAMP and exosome functions, including snoRNA processing.
Comparison of energy-restricted very low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets on weight loss and body composition in overweight men and women

Objective: To compare the effects of isocaloric, energy-restricted very low-carbohydrate ketogenic (VLCK) and low-fat (LF) diets on weight loss, body composition, trunk fat mass, and resting energy expenditure (REE) in overweight/obese men and women. Design: Randomized, balanced, two diet period clinical intervention study. Subjects were prescribed two energy-restricted (-500 kcal/day) diets: a VLCK diet with a goal to decrease carbohydrate levels below 10% of energy and induce ketosis and a LF diet with a goal similar to national recommendations (%carbohydrate:fat:protein = ~60:25:15%).
Laccase Inhibition by Arsenite/Arsenate: Determination of Inhibition Mechanism and Preliminary Application to a Self-Powered Biosensor.

The reversible inhibition of laccase by arsenite (As3+) and arsenate (As5+) is reported for the first time. Oxygen-reducing laccase bioelectrodes were found to be inhibited by both arsenic species for direct electron-transfer bioelectrodes (using anthracene functionalities for enzymatic orientation) and for mediated electron-transfer bioelectrodes [using 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) as an electron mediator]. Both arsenic species were determined to behave via a mixed inhibition model (behaving closely to that of uncompetitive inhibitors) when evaluated spectrophotometrically using ABTS as the electron donor. Finally, laccase bioelectrodes were employed within an enzymatic fuel cell, yielding a self-powered biosensor for arsenite and arsenate. This conceptual self-powered arsenic biosensor demonstrated limits of detection (LODs) of 13 μM for arsenite and 132 μM for arsenate. Further, this device possessed sensitivities of 0.91 ± 0.07 mV/mM for arsenite and 0.98 ± 0.02 mV/mM ...
Implementation of an Online Screening and Check-In Process to Optimize Patient Workflow Before Outpatient MRI Studies

BACKGROUND/SUMMARY OF THE PROBLEM The long examination times in MRI create the need to reduce access time and implement an efficientmodel to reduce patient turnaround time to a minimum [1]. A commonly encountered cause of delay is the screening process, an essential and indispensable step to ensure patient safety and delivery of high-quality care [2,3]. Traditionally, the MRI screening process is completed with a paper questionnaire, which is then scanned into the electronic medical record (EMR) or uploaded to the PACS for documentation purposes. The MRI screening process is commonly completed after patient arrival for an MRI appointment. If a patient reports a positive pertinent history during MRI screening (eg, placement of a medical device or presence of foreign bodies), further investigation is required, for example, obtaining specific information about the make and model of an implanted device before “clearing” the patient [2-6]. This process has several challenges. First,many patients are unaware of the specifics of their implanted device or may not be aware of the need or may simply forget to bring device-specific documentation to their MRI
Membranous ruptures in Meniere's disease: Existence, location, and incidence

Whether or not attacks of Meniere's disease are related to ruptures in the membranous labyrinth is still a point of contention. To help clarify this point, we used light microscopy to study the membranous labyrinth in 14 temporal bones with hydrops from patients with Meniere's disease, four bones with hydrops from patients without Meniere's disease, and 11 normal bones. Findings suggest that ruptures are specific to bones with hydrops from patients with Meniere's disease and that they occur more frequently in Reissner's membrane than in the vestibular membranes.
Robotic Navigation Through Gesture Based Control (Abstract Only)

Robotic Navigation Through Gesture Based Control (RNTGBC) assists people who may not be able to operate a smart device using their fingers. These individuals might face limitations due to physical disabilities or may be in a job where their fingers are not free to operate the smart device. For this project, a motion sensor was used in combination with a robot. The sensor was used to capture gestures and operate the robot. The tools used are the Leap (a device that reads 3D gesture motion), the Sphero (a remote controlled rolling ball), and a laptop. RNTGBC uses the Leap device to control the Sphero with hand gestures. This technology is important because navigation through gestures can be adapted towards larger contexts, such as helping someone in a wheelchair move around or assisting someone who does not have their hands available when performing a job task.
Cadaveric Analysis of the Distal Tibiofibular Syndesmosis

Background:Unstable ankle fractures with syndesmotic injuries commonly occur and can result in significant morbidity. Although the need for an anatomic reduction is clear, there is still debate surrounding the optimal operative treatment. Recent literature shows an increasing interest in anatomic ligament repair or reconstruction in the acute and chronic syndesmosis injury. Despite this trend, there is insufficient literature detailing anatomy of the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis. In the literature that does exist, there is controversy regarding the ligamentous anatomy of the syndesmosis. None of the current literature describes an anatomic constant that may be used as an intraoperative reference for anatomic ligament reconstructions.Methods:Ten sets of tibia and fibula free of all soft tissue were used to analyze osseous structures. Another 10 nonpaired, fresh-frozen specimens were used to study the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis. These were measured using a 3-dimensional tracking system. Measurement ...
An Empirical Comparison of the Predictive Validity of Self-Explicated, Huber-Hybrid, Traditional Conjoint, and Hybrid Conjoint Models:

The authors compare the predictive validity of different types of self-explicated, Huber-hybrid, traditional conjoint, and hybrid conjoint models. The results indicate that traditional and hybrid c...
The Buy-and-Hold Market Timer

From the perspective of a primarily long-term buy-and-hold investor, this study examines whether occasionally exiting the market when it appears overvalued can be justified. Accounting for continuous price movement, when the S&P 500 earnings yield minus 10-year t-bond yield is relatively low compared to its preceding 10-year average, the probability of a market decline increases significantly. Using this information to exit the market while waiting for a decline of up to 24% results in a slight increase in expected return along with a lower risk profile from being temporarily out of the market. However, given that the probability of decline magnitude greater than 10% is well below 50%, and considering the opportunity cost if the market doesn't fall, it is recommended that investors who temporarily exit the market limit decline barriers and keep the wait duration of any expected market loss to less than 300 trading days.
Ultrasound-guided central venous access: which probe is preferred for viewing the subclavian vein using a supraclavicular approach?

Abstract Background Point-of-care ultrasound guidance using a linear probe is well established as a tool to increase safety when performing a supradiaphragmatic cannulation of the internal jugular central vein. However, little data exist on which probe is best for performing a supradiaphragmatic cannulation of the subclavian vein. Methods This was a prospective, observational study at a single-site emergency department, where 5 different physician sonologists evaluate individual practice preference for visualization of the subclavian vein using a supraclavicular approach with 2 different linear probes and 1 endocavitary probe. Results Of 155 patients enrolled, there was no clear preference any of the probes ( P = .03). After pooling linear probe preference, there was a preference for either linear probe over the alternative endocavitary probe (76.8% vs 23.1%, P Conclusion We observed a preference for a linear probe over an endocavitary probe. Further investigation is necessary to determine which probe is optimal for this application.
Holocene ice recession at Polygon Spur, Reedy Glacier, Antarctica

The Holocene history of outlet glaciers affords information on the behavior and mechanisms controlling the extent of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. Here, we present both new radiocarbon and recalcul...
Transplacental ampicillin: inhibitory concentrations in neonatal serum.

Concentrations of ampicillin were measured in maternal serum at delivery, in cord serum, and in neonatal serum sampled at 1, 4, and 8 hours after ampicillin had been administered prophylactically to 22 mothers who were undergoing cesarean section. The concentrations of ampicillin in maternal serum at delivery ranged from 4.6 to 60 μ g per milliliter and were inversely related to the time between administration of the drug and delivery. Concentrations in cord serum ranged from 4.4 to 23 μ g/ml and were lower than those in corresponding maternal samples in all but two cases. The ratios of cord/maternal concentrations of ampicillin ranged from 0.16 to 1 .3 and were directly related to the time which had elapsed between administration of ampicillin and delivery. The mean concentration of ampicillin in cord and neonatal serum declined exponentially in the 8 hours after infusion; it exceeded the minimal inhibitory concentration against Escherichia coli for 4 hours and against Listeria monocytogenes and group B streptococcus for at least 8 hours.
The History of Development of Pharmacologic and NonPharmacologic Treatment of Pediatric Epilepsy

Epilepsy is a common childhood neurological disorder in the United States. Current strategies for treatment of epilepsy in this population include trials with different antiepileptic drugs, vagal nerve stimulator, and ketogenic diet. Development of both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments in children should take into account their specific pharmacokinetic requirements as well as other ethical and practical challenges that exist for this population. As a result, in many instances detailed information on historical developments of these treatments in children is incomplete or lacking.
The 88-hour family: effects of the 80-hour work week on marriage and childbirth in a surgical residency.

The restriction of the resident physician work week to 80 hours has had dramatic affects on resident education and life-style. While effects on mood, psychological distress, and burn-out have been studied, the resultant changes in tangible quality of life have received little attention. birth rate was considered a measurable, relevant outcome. The resident marital and parental status by duty month was collected from a single orthopaedic surgical residency program for the four academic years preceding and following the implementation of the 80-hour work week. the number of births to residents during these periods were also tallied. The relative prevalence of positive marital status changed very little between residents in the two time durations from 66 to 71 percent, but parental status increased from 27 to 43 percent. The number of births per married resident duty year also increased from 0.23 pre-restrictions to 0.32 post-restrictions. While the individual decisions involved in generating these observed changes are complex and difficult to entirely decipher, it is thought that an increased perception of life-control within the work-hour restrictions may have prompted the dramatic changes in birth rate among resident families.
CYSTATIN C IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE RISK OF ADVERSE OUTCOMES INDEPENDENT OF ESTABLISHED AND NOVEL CARDIORENAL MARKERS: AN ANALYSIS FROM THE SOLID-TIMI 52 TRIAL

Background: Cystatin C (Cys-C) is a marker of renal function that has shown prognostic value across different patient populations. The incremental value of Cys-C beyond established cardiac and renal biomarkers remains incompletely explored. Methods: SOLID-TIMI 52 randomized patients <30 days post
Phanerozoic magmatic tempos of North China

Abstract Detrital zircons from northeast China record cyclic magmatism along the northern and eastern margins of the North China block during late Paleozoic time and Mesozoic time, respectively. The late Paleozoic zircons record three magmatic flare-ups with a period of ∼60 m.y. that occurred within a magmatic arc constructed along the Paleoasian (northern) margin of North China, and are accompanied by negative e Hf ( t ) excursions representing shortening and increased crustal melting over the duration of each flare-up. The intervening magmatic lulls are accompanied by rapid positive e Hf ( t ) excursions signifying influxes of juvenile magma into the arc, probably during extension and foundering of underlying melt residua. The lack of similar isotopic patterns in zircons derived from contemporaneous intrusions into older continental settings inboard of the arc indicate that this process was restricted to the arc itself. Mesozoic magmatism in North China occurred along the Paleo-Pacific margin following closure of the Paleoasian Ocean, and exhibits a ∼50 m.y. periodicity that is out-of-phase with that of the Paleozoic arc. Although the tectonic setting of North China during Mesozoic time is complex and still controversial, it is possible that this younger periodicity is governed by similar processes as those that dominated the Paleozoic arc. This is a testable hypothesis that warrants further attention. Crustal shortening was widespread in North China during Mesozoic time, and documented lithosphere removal events in eastern North China occurred during the Mesozoic magmatic lulls. Lithospheric thickening/foundering cyclicity, well-documented in Cordilleran arc systems, may be a common process in continental arcs through space and time.
The Religious Ethics of Labor

While unionization rates have steadily declined in the United States, there has been a renewal of grassroots labor organizing—in many cases connected in some way with religious communities. Attending to such organizing efforts holds the potential to deepen religious-ethical reflection on questions of labor, and these religious-ethical reflections hold the potential to enrich on-the-ground organizing efforts. These opportunities have largely been overlooked. On the one hand, while scholars have recently explored connections between religious ideas and economic ideas, they have often neglected questions of labor. On the other hand, labor studies scholars have often ignored the role of religion, although this is beginning to change. In this introduction we limn the resources available for religious-ethical reflection on questions of labor and we propose a direction that the field could take, bringing together engagement with religious traditions and attunement to grassroots organizing.
Recent developments in infrared detectors and focal plane arrays

Infrared radiation is detected and converted to electrical signals by either thermal detectors or photon detectors. Development of focal plane arrays based on these processes continues with progress achieved in increased uniformity for photon detectors and increased sensitivity for thermal detectors. The current state of development for several materials for infrared focal plane arrays is discussed and recent developments reviewed. Applications and requirements for infrared focal plane arrays are described.
Not Seeing Eye to Eye on Frontline Work: Manager‐Employee Disagreement and Its Effects on Employees

The author uses nationally representative data on matched pairs of public school principals and teachers to test whether principal–teacher disagreement about the severity of school problems is associated with teacher turn­over. More specifically, the author tests a managerial efficacy hypothesis that proposes that employees will be less likely to leave their jobs when their managers perceive problems to be severe, holding employees’ perceptions of the same problems constant. The author also tests a managerial buffering hypothesis that proposes that employees’ perceptions of problem severity will be more weakly related to their turnover probability when managers perceive problems to be severe. Little evidence is found for either hypothesis, raising questions about public school principals’ ability to translate problem recognition into problem remediation. More generally, the findings suggest a reexamination of the generic claim that “management matters,” which implies that public managers have the power to do things that can help employees perform their jobs well.
Chemistry and Safety of Plant Polyphenols

Phenolic compounds are widely distributed in plant kingdom and are considered to be secondary metabolites. They do not seem to be essential for plant life, at least at the cellular level. Plants provide nearly all the phenols found in higher animals, since the latter can not synthesize compounds with benzenoid rings from aliphatic precursors. The present discussion is mainly confined to polymeric phenols commonly found in cereals and legumes.
Cigarette smoke exposure worsens acute lung injury in antibiotic-treated bacterial pneumonia in mice

Evidence is accumulating that exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) increases the risk of developing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia, which in turn is the leading cause of ARDS. Chronic smokers have increased rates of pneumococcal colonization and develop more severe pneumococcal pneumonia than nonsmokers; yet mechanistic connections between CS exposure, bacterial pneumonia, and ARDS pathogenesis remain relatively unexplored. We exposed mice to 3 wk of moderate whole body CS or air, followed by intranasal inoculation with an invasive serotype of S. pneumoniae. CS exposure alone caused no detectable lung injury or bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) inflammation. During pneumococcal infection, CS-exposed mice had greater survival than air-exposed mice, in association with reduced systemic spread of bacteria from the lungs. However, when mice were treated with antibiotics after infection to improve clinical relevance, the survival benefit was lost, and CS-exposed mice had more pulmonary edema, increased numbers of BAL monocytes, and elevated monocyte and lymphocyte chemokines. CS-exposed antibiotic-treated mice also had higher serum surfactant protein D and angiopoietin-2, consistent with more severe lung epithelial and endothelial injury. The results indicate that acute CS exposure enhances the recruitment of immune cells to the lung during bacterial pneumonia, an effect that may provide microbiological benefit but simultaneously exposes the mice to more severe inflammatory lung injury. The inclusion of antibiotic treatment in preclinical studies of acute lung injury in bacterial pneumonia may enhance clinical relevance, particularly for future studies of current or emerging tobacco products.
Ift25 is not a cystic kidney disease gene but is required for early steps of kidney development.

Abstract Eukaryotic cilia are assembled by intraflagellar transport (IFT) where large protein complexes called IFT particles move ciliary components from the cell body to the cilium. Defects in most IFT particle proteins disrupt ciliary assembly and cause mid gestational lethality in the mouse. IFT25 and IFT27 are unusual components of IFT-B in that they are not required for ciliary assembly and mutant mice survive to term. The mutants die shortly after birth with numerous organ defects including duplex kidneys. Completely duplex kidneys result from defects in ureteric bud formation at the earliest steps of metanephric kidney development. Ureteric bud initiation is a highly regulated process involving reciprocal signaling between the ureteric epithelium and the overlying metanephric mesenchyme with regulation by the peri-Wolffian duct stroma. The finding of duplex kidney in Ift25 and Ift27 mutants suggests functions for these genes in regulation of ureteric bud initiation. Typically the deletion of IFT genes in the kidney causes rapid cyst growth in the early postnatal period. In contrast, the loss of Ift25 results in smaller kidneys, which show only mild tubule dilations that become apparent in adulthood. The smaller kidneys appear to result from reduced branching in the developing metanephric kidney. This work indicates that IFT25 and IFT27 are important players in the early development of the kidney and suggest that duplex kidney is part of the ciliopathy spectrum.
Effectiveness, safety, and Economic Comparison of Two Inhaled Epoprostentol Products (Flolan and Veletri) in Cardiothoracic Surgery Patients.

Background: No previous studies exist examining two inhaled epoprosternol formulations (Flolan compared with Veletri) in a homogenous cardiothoracic surgery patient population. Objective: To compar...
Characteristic Function Approach to Density Matrix Calculations

In this paper the system of ordinary differential equations which determines the density matrix elements is converted to a system of algebraic equations with the aid of a Laplace transform. Reorganization of the resulting equations makes it possible to deal with an inversion problem. The relation between the characteristic function and the solutions of these algebraic equations is demonstrated.
Introduction to Structural Equation Modeling

In this chapter, we introduce structural equation modeling, or the analysis of Linear Structural Relations (LISREL).
Epistemically Useful Falsehoods

In “Useful False Beliefs,” Peter Klein argues that the justification required for knowledge can contain a false belief essentially. When this happens, the agent arrives at her conclusion via a chain of inference that includes a false belief. He illustrates his argument with cases that depend on apparent memory, testimony, recorded empirical evidence, and observation-based calculation. If the agent’s inferential path is close enough to a route that contains only truths, Klein maintains, her conclusion is justified. Still, he intimates, reliance on a falsehood is an epistemic defect, even if not a fatal one. All things considered, it is preferable to take the epistemic high road and rely only on truths. I will argue, however, that sometimes inferring via a falsehood is an epistemic strength. Reliance on a falsehood enables the agent to marshal epistemic resources by excluding from her reasoning irrelevant complications that would blind her to the relation between her evidence and her conclusion.
“She’s Puttin’ Pressure on Me to Do Somethin’”: The Impact of Personal Relationships on Intermittency in the Criminal Career

Limited attention has been paid to studying intermittency (i.e., gaps in offending) in the criminal career. Data obtained through in-depth interviews with a sample of 16 formerly incarcerated men, ...
The Sentence Is Most Important: Styles of Engagement in William T. Vollmann’s Fictions

William T. Vollmann frequently asserts that his ideal reader will appreciate the functionality and beauty of his sentences. This article begins by taking such claims seriously, and draws on both literary and rhetorical stylistics to explore some of the many ways that his texts answer to his intention to find “the right sentence for the right job.” In particular, this article argues that Vollmann’s stylistic decisions are most notable when they most directly satisfy his effort to produce texts that foster empathetic knowledge, serve truth, resist abusive power, and encourage charitable action. Extended close analyses of passages from an early and from a mid-career text ( The Rainbow Stories and Europe Central ) illustrate Vollmann’s consistency across two decades of his career regarding choices in the areas of figuration (including schemes and tropes of comparison, repetition, balance, naming, and amplification), grammar, deixis, allusion, and other compositional strategies. Particular attention is paid to passages that display the stylistic mechanisms underlying Vollmann’s negotiation of his texts’ moral qualities, including both the moral content of the worlds represented in the texts, and the moral responsibility the texts bear with regard to their audience. The results of my analyses demonstrate that Vollmann typically prioritizes openness, critique, and dialogue not only in terms of incident and character, but also on the scale of the phrase, clause, and sentence. Ultimately, this article shows how Vollmann’s sentences serve his declared intentions and allow readers to recognize compatibilities between Vollmann’s works and the characteristic features of post-postmodernist writing in general.