cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metabolism of N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine and N-nitrosodiallylamine by isolated rat hepatocytes.

Abstract Isolated rat hepatocytes were incubated with approximately equimolar amounts of N -nitrosodi- n -propylamine (NDPA) and N -nitrosodiallylamine (NDAA) in order to compare their metabolism. The principal metabolite of NDPA was N -nitroso-(2-hydroxypropyl)propylamine, which was present as a glucuronide. N -Nitroso-(3-hydroxypropyl)propylamine and N -nitrosopropyl-(carboxyethyl)amine were minor metabolites; no N -nitrosomethylpropylamine (NMPA) was detected. A single N -nitroso metabolite of NDAA was found and identified as N -nitroso-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)allylamine. These data indicate that the allyl group of N -nitrosodiallylamine is readily oxidized by hepatocytes in vitro. It appears unlikely that N -nitrosomethylpropylamine is an intermediate in N -nitrosodi- n -propylamine metabolism.
Wireless remotely readable microaccelerometer

The integration of MEMS, SAW devices and required microelectronics is presented in this paper. This unique combination of technologies results in a novel sensor that can be remotely sensed by a microwave system with the advantage of no power requirements or very low power requirements. Such a device is readily compatible with existing antenna technologies as the SAW device operates at 1 GHz. The microaccelerometer presented is simple in construction and easy to manufacture with existing silicon micromachining technology. Depending on the application certain design parameters can be modified to achieve the desired sensitivity. Similar modifications in the microelectronics can also be envisioned. A fabrication method to produce such a device is also presented. The relatively small size of the sensor makes it an ideal conformal sensor. The accelerometer finds application as air bag deployment sensors, vibration sensors for noise control, deflection and strain sensors, inertial and dimensional positioning systems, ABS/traction control, smart suspension, active roll stabilization and four wheel steering.
The effect of geometric scale on impact induced fragmentation, and its application to the design of dual plate armor

Abstract An analysis is presented which predicts that, for a fixed impact velocity, impact induced fragmentation becomes more severe as geometric scale increases. Test data is presented which supports this prediction, and which allows calculation of material dependent coefficients. The analysis was based on a minimization with respect to radius, for an expanding body, of a total energy density term (expansion kinetic energy per unit volume plus surface energy per unit volume). The test configuration was a steel sphere impacting an aluminum plate, with fragmentation recorded by a stack of spaced witness panels. The tests were run at full and half scale. Correlation between testing and analysis was achieved for the number of fragments perforating the front witness panel when a term analogous to a threshold energy was introduced. While the fragment count showed a dependence on geometric scale, the relative depth of penetration (number of witness panels perforated) did not. This suggested that the targets were fragmented, but that the projectile remained in one piece. A reduction in penetration depth with increasing impact velocity was seen, and was attributed to increased projectile deformation. For cases where the projectile would fragment (for example, if a harder target material were used), the effect of geometric scale on the performance of dual plate armor is predicted by analysis. The prediction is that, for impact velocities where projectile breakup at the outer plate of dual plate armor is a factor, the armor required to stop a large scale projectile can be lighter, on a relative basis, than the armor required to stop a small scale projectile.
Additivity and superadditivity in Lp-spaces

A simple proof is given that if X is a normed vector lattice, 1 ≼ p ≼ ∞, and the norm in X is p-additive, then the norm is p-superadditive if p < ∞. If p = ∞, then X satisfies Kakutani's classical M-space condition. The proof uses duality but is otherwise elementary.
The risk of multiple sclerosis in Denmark.

By means of age specific incidence and death rates for MS, plus age specific death rates all causes, the risk of multiple sclerosis in Denmark has been calculated with a modified life-table method. the cumulative lifetime risk of MS from birth is estimated at 201 per 100,000 (180 in males and 223 in females) - or one chance in 500. the cumulative risk remains about the same from birth until age 25 when it begins to decline toward 0 which is reached at age 60. Period cumulative risks from various ages and for periods ranging from 5 to 30 years were also calculated. Thus, at age 20, the risk of MS within 10 years is 74 per 100,000 and within twenty years, 142, for both sexes combined. With the likely equivalence of the duration of the illness throughout the world, and with little major variation expected for most regions for death rates, all causes, within the ages of concern, we may then estimate the risk of MS for parts of the world considered as high frequency MS (like Denmark), medium frequency (like Italy), or low frequency (like Japan). By applying to these regions the factors of 1.0, 0.3, and 0.04 respectively, as reflecting the ratios of their likely prevalence rates, the cumulative lifetime and period risks may be approximated from the Danish data. Thus in 20 years, a group of 100,000 Japanese migrating to Denmark at age 10 would be expected to contain 4 MS if they retained the low risk of their homeland, as opposed to 92 MS if they acquired the high risk of Denmark.
Papillary adenoma of the nipple (florid papillomatosis, adenoma, adenomatosis). A clinicopathologic study.

Papillary adenoma (florid papillomatosis, adenoma, adenomatosis) of the nipple is an uncommon lesion which can be mistaken clinically for Paget's disease and pathologically be misinterpreted as an adenocarcinoma. Sixty-five cases of this tumor have been reviewed and the clinical and pathologic features discussed. In 51 patients, the lesion was symptomatic, with the most frequent complaints being a nipple discharge and an ulcerated nipple surface. The most common findings, on physical examination, were an eroded, ulcerated, or crusted nipple and a palpable nodule. Paget's disease and intraductal papilloma were the most common clinical diagnoses. Pathologic diagnosis was made either by incisional or excisional biopsy. Treatment consisted either of local excision of the tumor or partial or total resection of the nipple. Only one patient had a local recurrence, probably because of an inadequate initial resection. One patient developed carcinoma of the same breast 17 years later, and 2 had carcinoma of the opposite breast. Papillary adenoma of the nipple appears to be a benign lesion without precancerous significance which can be treated successfully by limited local resection.
Bonding of Ethylene to Diatomic Nickel according to a Self-Consistent-Field, Xα, Scattered-Wave Model

The electronic structure of a model "surface complex" consisting of a Ni diatom and an ethylene molecule has been calculated using the self-consistent-field, $X\ensuremath{\alpha}$, scattered-wave method. Comparison of calculated $\ensuremath{\pi}$-orbital bonding shifts with recent photoemission spectra for chemisorption of ethylene on nickel favors a $\ensuremath{\pi}$-bonded complex over a di-$\ensuremath{\sigma}$-adsorbed complex. Charge distributions of various molecular orbitals indicate that the C-C double bond is weakened more for the latter molecular arrangement, suggesting such a complex as a likely intermediate in heterogeneous reactions.
Isolation of the DNA sequence coding indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthetase and phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase of Schizophyllum commune.

A Schizophyllum gene library was made in plasmid pRK9, Plasmids from this library were tested for their ability to complement several auxotrophic mutations of Escherichia coli. The goal was to isolate a Schizophyllum auxotrophic gene that could be used to transform a corresponding Schizophyllum auxotrophic mutant to prototrophy. Complementation was observed only for E. coli trpC indole 3-glycerol phosphate synthetase (IGPS) and phosphoribosyl-anthranilate isomerase (PRAI) mutations. Plasmids with a Schizophyllum sequence coding for both IGPS and PRAI activities were recovered from E. coli transformants. Expression of the Schizophyllum gene (TRP1) in E. coli is probably dependent on the Serratia marcescens promoter of plasmid pRK9. The DNA sequence containing the Schizophyllum TRP1 gene was not obviously rearranged in cloning.
Decline and Recovery of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field during the Protracted Solar Minimum

The interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) is determined by the amount of solar magnetic flux that passes through the top of the solar corona into the heliosphere, and by the dynamical evolution of that flux. Recently, it has been argued that the total flux of the IMF evolves over the solar cycle due to a combination of flux that extends well outside of 1?AU and is associated with the solar wind, and additionally, transient flux associated with coronal mass ejections (CMEs). In addition to the CME eruption rate, there are three fundamental processes involving conversion of magnetic flux (from transient to wind-associated), disconnection, and interchange reconnection that control the levels of each form of magnetic flux in the interplanetary medium. This is distinct from some earlier models in which the wind-associated component remains steady across the solar cycle. We apply the model of Schwadron et?al. that quantifies the sources, interchange, and losses of magnetic flux to 50?yr of interplanetary data as represented by the Omni2 data set using the sunspot number as a proxy for the CME eruption rate. We do justify the use of that proxy substitution. We find very good agreement between the predicted and observed interplanetary magnetic flux. In the absence of sufficient CME eruptions, the IMF falls on the timescale of ~6?yr. A key result is that rising toroidal flux resulting from CME eruption predates the increase in wind-associated IMF.
Intrinsic cathodoluminescence emission from willemite single crystals

Abstract Intrinsic cathodoluminescence emission from oriented willemite (Zn2SiO4) single crystals was studied using a modified electron microprobe. Natural willemite crystals, free of manganese and iron impurities, were used. The emission was found to be strongly polarized for the crystals oriented such that the c-axis was in the surface of the polished section. The electric vector of emission was along the c-axis and the degree of polarization was 0.75. Crystals with orientation such that the c-axis was perpendicular to the surface of the section and along the axis of the light microscope did not show any polarization. This intrinsic emission could not be explained by considering transitions within the Si4+ ion, thus the entire (SiO4)4- tetrahedral complex had to be considered. Molecular orbital theory and symmetry arguments were used to explain anisotropy of emission from (SiO4)4- complex. These arguments led to the conclusion that the symmetry of the (SiO4)4- tetrahedra is reduced to Cs in willemite. Selection rules, for various possible lower symmetries of (SiO4)4- type of molecular orbital complexes, were also calculated as an aid for interpretation of polarized luminescence from such molecules in solids.
A 73.9–83.5GHz synthesizer with −111dBc/Hz phase noise at 10MHz offset in a 130nm SiGe BiCMOS technology

A 73.9-83.5 GHz synthesizer is implemented in a 130nm SiGe BiCMOS technology. The measured phase noise at 10KHz and 10MHz offset of the 82.4GHz carrier are -88.5dBc/Hz and -111dBc/Hz respectively. Reference spurs are -67 dBc. The synthesizer integrates voltage regulators and power management for SoC applications; it consumes 0.51 W from 1.5 V and 2.7 V supplies, and occupies 0.85 mm × 2.9 mm.
Optical response of high-Tc YBaCuO and BaKBiO thin films by terahertz spectroscopy

ABSTRACT We investigate the superfluid and quasiparticle response for high temperature superconductor films of YBa2Cu3O7 and Ba06K04BiO3 under optical radiation. This is done through direct measurement of the complex conductivity of the illuminated superconductors using a coherent terahertz- bandwidth spectroscopy technique. The nature of the detected signals is discussed in the context of bolometric and nonbolometric response.1, INTRODUCTION Since the discovery of high-Ta superconductors, the study of the photoresponse of superconducting thin films has been of considerable interest. The possibility that a nonbolometricresponse may be observed, as well as an interest in identifying the physical origin of the opticalresponse and potential fast, broadband optical detectors16, have driven the study of the interaction ofoptical radiation with thin superconducting films. The scheme most commonly used to investigate thesephenomena is the generation and measurement of transient voltage pulses in a superconducting bridgeby pulse laser radiation. However, the interpretation of these measurements is not straightforward andmuch controversy exits about the nature of the response mechanism. While some reports attribute fastsignals to a rapid bolometric response4, most other researchers have attributed short duration response
Aluminum, calcium, and iron in the spinal cord of patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis using laser microprobe mass spectroscopy: a preliminary study

We measured aluminum (Al), calcium (Ca), and iron (Fe) levels in neuronal cytoplasm and nucleus, capillaries, and neuropil in samples of ventral cervical spinal cord from 5 patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and 5 age-matched controls using laser microprobe mass spectrometry (LMMS). The concentration of Al was not altered in any area in the ALS samples. In contrast, Fe and Ca were increased 1.5-2-fold in the nucleus and cytoplasm of ALS neurons but not in capillaries and neuropil. These findings do not support the hypothesis that Al is enriched in spinal cord of sporadic ALS as has been reported for Guamanian ALS/Parkinson's dementia. The elevations of Fe in spinal neurons are consistent with reports of increased Fe in bulk samples of ALS spinal cord. The presence of increased Fe within spinal neurons may be significant in the pathogenesis of motor neuron degeneration by catalyzing the generation of reactive oxygen species within specific cells.
The uniquely embeddable planar graphs

Whitney [7] proved in 1932 that for any two embeddings of a planar 3-connected graph, their combinatorial duals are isomorphic. In this manner, the term ''uniquely embeddable planar graph'' was introduced. It is a well-known fact that combinatorial and geometrical duals are equivalent concepts. In this paper, the concept of unique embeddability is introduced in terms of special types of isomorphisms between any two embeddings of a planar graph. From this, the class U of all graphs which are uniquely embeddable in the plane according to this definition, is determined, and the planar 3-connected graphs are a proper subset of U. It turns out that the graphs in U have a unique geometrical dual (i.e., for any two embeddings of such a graph, their geometrical duals are isomorphic). Furthermore, the theorems and their proofs do not involve any type of duals.
The Catalytic Properties of Murine Carbonic Anhydrase VII

Carbonic anhydrase VII (CA VII) appears to be the most highly conserved of the active mammalian carbonic anhydrases. We have characterized the catalytic activity and inhibition properties of a recombinant murine CA VII. CA VII has steady-state constants similar to two of the most active isozymes of carbonic anhydrase, CA II and IV; also, it is very strongly inhibited by the sulfonamides ethoxzolamide and acetazolamide, yielding the lowest Ki values measured by the exchange of 18O between CO2 and water for any of the mammalian isozymes of carbonic anhydrase. The catalytic measurements of the hydration of CO2 and the dehydration of HCO3- were made by stopped-flow spectrophotometry and the exchange of 18O using mass spectrometry. Unlike the other isozymes of this class of CA, for which Kcat/K(m) is described by the single ionization of zinc-bound water, CA VII exhibits a pH profile for Kcat/K(m) for CO2 hydration described by two ionizations at pKa 6.2 and 7.5, with a maximum approaching 8 x 10(7) M-1 s-1. The pH dependence of kcat/K(m) for the hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenyl acetate could also be described by these two ionizations, yielding a maximum of 71 M-1 s-1 at pH > 9. Using a novel method that compares rates of 18O exchange and dehydration of HCO3-, we assigned values for the apparent pKa at 6.2 to the zinc-bound water and the pKa of 7.5 to His 64. The magnitude of Kcat, its pH profile, 18O-exchange data for both wild-type and a H64A mutant, and inhibition by CuSO4 and acrolein suggest that the histidine at position 64 is functioning as a proton-transfer group and is responsible for one of the observed ionizations. A truncation mutant of CA VII, in which 23 residues from the amino-terminal end were deleted, has its rate constant for intramolecular proton transfer decreased by an order of magnitude with no change in Kcat/K(m). This suggests a role for the amino-terminal end in enhancing proton transfer in catalysis by carbonic anhydrase.
Free vibration and stability of a spinning disk-spindle system

This work examines the free vibration and stability of a spinning, elastic disk-spindle system. The extended operator formulation is exploited to discretize the system using Galerkin's method (Parker, 1999). The coupled vibration modes of the system consist of disk modes, in which the disk dominates the system deformation, and spindle modes, in which the spindle dominates the system deformation. Both the natural frequencies and vibration modes are strongly affected by disk flexibility. If the membrane stresses associated with disk rotation are neglected then the system exhibits flutter instabilities, but these instabilities are not present when membrane stresses are modeled. Natural frequency veering between disk and spindle frequencies is prominent at low speeds and substantially affects the spectrum and stability. No veering is observed at high speeds where rotational stress stiffening diminishes disk-spindle coupling and causes the natural frequencies to converge to those of a rotating spindle carrying a rigid disk. Changes to the vibration modes are examined in terms of a strain energy ratio measuring the contribution of the disk strain energy to the total modal strain energy.
Spectral mesh deformation

In this paper, we present a novel spectral method for mesh deformation based on manifold harmonics transform. The eigenfunctions of the Laplace–Beltrami operator give orthogonal bases for parameterizing the space of functions defined on the surfaces. The geometry and motion of the original irregular meshes can be compactly encoded using the low-frequency spectrum of the manifold harmonics. Using the spectral method, the size of the linear deformation system can be significantly reduced to achieve interactive computational speed for manipulating large triangle meshes. Our experimental results demonstrate that only a small spectrum is needed to achieve undistinguishable deformations for large triangle meshes. The spectral mesh deformation approach shows great performance improvement on computational speed over its spatial counterparts.
Creative and analytic thinkers differ in their use of attentional resources

Creativity involves linking ideas previously seen as unrelated. The creative thinker must attend to elements that are relevant to the current problem while recording seemingly irrelevant information that may lead to insight. Thus, creative thinkers should use peripherally presented cues effectively. Good analytic thinking should be characterized by sustained directed attention because solutions to analytic problems require focus on the problem elements. We predicted that creative thinkers would take advantage of incidentally presented cues, whereas analytic thinkers would not. We used a remote associates test (RAT) to measure creativity and deductive reasoning problems to measure analytic ability. To measure sensitivity to peripheral cues, we adapted a task from Mendelsohn and Griswold (1966). Multiple regression analyses demonstrated that RAT scores predicted ability to use peripheral cues, whereas scores on the deductive task did not.
Mortality in elderly patients with hyperostotic disease of the cervical spine after fracture: an age- and sex-matched study

Abstract Background context Several reports indicate that patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) have increased mortality after cervical spine fractures. However, outcomes of the fractured hyperostotic cervical spine are incompletely described, and there are limited data regarding the covariable effects of patient age and medical comorbidities on mortality. Purpose To determine mortality associated with cervical fractures in patients with hyperostotic disease. Study design Retrospective case-control study. Patient sample Forty-three patients identified through a registry as having fractures of the cervical spine in the setting of hyperostotic disease. These patients were matched to 43 controls who did not carry the diagnosis of hyperostotic disease. Outcome measures Mortality at 3 months and 1, 2, and 3 years after fracture. Methods An institutional database was used to identify all cervical fractures sustained by patients aged 65 years and older from 1991 to 2006. Demographic information, date of injury, associated injuries, treatment type, presence of AS or DISH, and comorbidities were abstracted from medical records and radiographs. Mortality was ascertained using the National Death Index. Patients with AS or DISH were matched to controls who did not carry the diagnosis of hyperostotic disease. Risks of mortality were calculated at 3 months, 1 year, 2 years, and 3 years. Kaplan–Meier methods, logistic regression analysis, the two independent sample t test, and the Fisher exact test were used to compare mortalities between the two groups. Statistical significance was determined as p values Results Forty-three patients were identified as having fractures in the setting of hyperostotic disease of the cervical spine. Twenty-seven individuals had DISH, and 16 had AS. The average age of both the study group and controls was 80 years, with an age range of 68 to 94. There was no significantly increased risk of mortality between the overall study group and control group at 3 months (p=.20), 1 (p=.22), 2 (p=.15), or 3 years (p=.50) after injury. Compared with controls, subgroup analysis of patients with AS showed a statistically increased risk of mortality at 3 months (p Conclusions The effect of fracture on mortality appears to be greatest in those with AS. Patients with DISH did not demonstrate an increased risk of mortality compared with age- and sex-matched controls. Future studies of patients with hyperostotic disease should analyze patients with DISH and AS separately instead of as a single homogenous group. Level of evidence Level IV.
Vector quantization for multiple classes

Abstract Vector quantization algorithms have long been used to find a finite set of exemplars which represent a data set to within an a priori error tolerance. Such a representation is essential in codebook-based data compression and transmission. The present study considers the situation where the data to be encoded consists of subclasses. The codebook must provide information compression within the several subclasses, however, minimization of interclass errors is of equal importance. We present modifications to a basic vector quanitization algorithm which adapts it to the multiclass vector quantizing setting. We then explore the behavior of the modified algorithm on selected benchmark applications. We show, in particular, that overlapping subclasses can be accommodated by the algorithm.
Gas chromatographic behavior of methanesulfonates and p-toluenesulfonates of sterols

Abstract The functional group of sterol sulfonates is eliminated under the conditions usually used for steroid separations, and the products depend upon the structure of the original compound. For example, 2-cholestene is formed from cholestanyl methanesulfonate and p-toluenesulfonate. The products from cholesteryl methanesulfonate are 3,5-cholestadiene, 3,5-cyclo-6-cholestene and an unidentified cholestadiene (probably 2,4- or 2,5-cholestadiene); the i-steroid reaction presumably occurs in the gas phase in this instance. Derivatives from primary alcohols and rom phenols (estrone) were found to be stable under ordinary gas chromatographic conditions.
The dependence of irradiation creep in austenitic alloys on displacement rate and helium to dpa ratio

Abstract Before the parametric dependencies of irradiation creep can be confidently determined, analysis of creep data requires that the various creep and non-creep strains be separated, as well as separating the transient, steady-state, and swelling-driven components of creep. When such separation is attained, it appears that the steady-state creep compliance, B 0 , is not a function of displacement rate, as has been previously assumed. It also appears that the formation and growth of helium bubbles under high helium generation conditions can lead to a significant enhancement of the irradiation creep coefficient. This is a transient influence that disappears as void swelling begins to dominate the total strain, but this transient can increase the apparent creep compliance by 100–200% at relatively low (⩽20) dpa levels.
Modelling the interaction between the atmosphere and curing concrete bridge decks with the SLABS model

The interaction between atmospheric and construction conditions and the exothermic, temperaturedependent hydration reactions of the concrete’s binding components may produce adverse conditions in curing concrete, thereby reducing the quality of that concrete. Accurate model forecasts of concrete temperatures and moisture would help engineers determine an optimal time to pour, an optimal mix design, and/or optimal curing practices. Existing models of curing concrete bridge decks and road surface prediction models lack realistic boundary conditions. The concrete models contain unnecessarily detailed hydration heat generation mechanisms for a simplified field forecast model. In this paper, a new energy balance model (SLABS), which can be easily adapted to predict road surface conditions, is described and applied to predict the temperatures and moisture of curing concrete bridge decks made with New York State Department of Transportation’s Class HP concrete. Highest concrete temperatures occurred at high air temperatures, humidities and initial concrete temperatures and at low cloud cover fractions and wind speeds. Peak concrete temperatures can exceed 60 °C. To minimise concrete temperatures and temperature gradient magnitudes, concrete should be placed during the late afternoon or early evening. As a field forecast model for which the meteorological inputs are taken from NGM MOS forecasts, the outputs of SLABS include the peak concrete temperature (to within 2 °C of the observed in one application), peak temperature gradient, evaporation rate at the time of placement and several warning messages indicating adverse field conditions.
The design of a next-generation process language

Process languages remain a vital area of software process research. Among the important issue for process languages are semantic richness, ease of use, appropriate abstractions, process composability, visualization, and support for multiple paradigms. The need to balance semantic richness with ease of use is particularly critical.
Diffusion tensor imaging of normal and injured developing human brain - a technical review

The application of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to the evaluation of developing brain remains an area of active investigation. This review focuses on the changes in DTI parameters which accompany both brain maturation and injury. The two primary pieces of information available from DTI studies-water apparent diffusion coefficient and diffusion anisotropy measures-change dramatically during development, reflecting underlying changes in tissue water content and cytoarchitecture. DTI parameters also change in response to brain injury. In this context, not only does DTI offer the possibility of detecting injury earlier than conventional imaging methods, but also appears more sensitive to disruption of white matter than any other imaging method. DTI offers unique insight into brain injury and maturation, and does so in a fashion that can be readily applied in a clinical setting.
An antitoxidant formulation that induces differentiation of neuroblastoma in culture

Neuroblastoma, the most common of all cancers found in children, may arise from a block of differentiation and a resultant continuation of the proliferative state. Neuroblastoma often spontaneously revert by undergoing partial differentiation and ultimate degeneration. A useful therapeutic approach for clinical neuroblastoma may encompass strategies to force neuroblastoma to differentiate. In ongoing studies on neuronal health, we have developed an anti-oxidant synergy formulation (“ASF”), comprised of α-tocopherol (vitamin E), sodium pyruvate and phosphatidyl choline, which lessens neurotoxicity and promotes axonal elaboration in cultured neurons. We demonstrate herein that ASF prevents proliferation and promotes differentiation of neuroblastoma in culture, even in the presence of serum, which normally induces rapid neuroblastoma proliferation in culture. These data leave open the possibility that ASF, with proper administration, may foster differentiation, and therefore ultimate degeneration, of neuroblastoma in situ, and may therefore represent a novel approach towards suppression of clinical neuroblastoma.
From Symptom Recognition to Services: How South Asian Muslim Immigrant Families Navigate Autism.

This study examined the experiences of three South Asian Muslim immigrant families who have a young child with autism. It describes the early period of their child’s disability as the families encountered four critical issues in their lives: a complex disability, the culturally diverse conceptualizations of the disability, family‐professional dynamics in cross‐cultural encounters and the search for appropriate services. Analyses were based on interviews with parents, supplemented by 17 months of participant‐observation in homes and community. Parents narrated their experiences beginning with symptom recognition through help seeking, diagnosis and subsequent service provision. Results suggest that for these families the challenging process of diagnosing and ameliorating autism is complicated by their unique positioning within and between diverse meaning systems. Challenges include American health and education professionals’ misunderstandings of their family organization and linguistic practices, and diffi...
Propagation and radiation of sound from flanged circular ducts with circumferentially varying wall admittances, I: Semi-infinite ducts

Abstract The propagation of acoustic waves in an infinite circular duct with a circumferentially varying wall admittance is theoretically considered. An exact solution is obtained and used to investigate the characteristics of wave dispersion, mode shapes and admittance. The scattering from a flanged termination of the circular duct is then analyzed with use of a rigorous solution in oblate spheroidal co-ordinates. The effects of the asymmetry of the duct wall admittance on the amplitude reflection coefficients, radiated power transmission losses and the far field radiation directivity patterns are examined.
Lymphocyte depletion in peripheral blood of acutely gamma-irradiated rats.

SummaryGroups of albino rats were exposed to 200, 800, 2000 and 5000 R of 60Co gamma-radiation. Peripheral blood samples were taken from the tail at 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 hours after irradiation. Calculation of the lymphocyte count per unit blood volume was made for each sample. Control rats were also mock-irradiated and sampled in the same manner. The time response of the lymphocyte count indicated that within the first hour, there was a drastic prompt drop. From one to eight hours after irradiation, the counts declined continuously, and from eight to twenty-four hours less rapidly. The depletion rates for the one to eight hour period were calculated and found to be statistically different for all groups, except between 2000 and 5000 R.
Simple covalent potential models of tetrahedral SiO2: applications to α-quartz and coesite at pressure

We present a covalent potential model of tetrahedrally coordinated SiO2. The interactions include covalent effects in the form of a Si-O bond-stretching potential, O-Si-O and Si-O-Si angle-bending potentials, and oxygen-oxygen repulsion. Calculated equations of state of α-quartz and coesite agree well with experiment (calculated densities within 1 percent of experiment up to 6 GPa). The calculated α-quartz-coesite transition pressure agrees with the experimental value of ≈2 GPa. Furthermore, the compression mechanisms predicted by the model (i.e. pressure induced changes in Si-O bond lengths and O-Si-O and Si-O-Si angles) are accurate.
Atlas of global wave energy from 10 years of reanalysis and hindcast data

Abstract Development of ocean wave energy requires general knowledge of the wave climate as well as reliable estimates of the available power. A WAVEWATCH III hindcast study with surface winds from the Final Global Tropospheric Analysis (FNL) provides 10 years of spectral wave data for a thorough examination of the wave resource around the world. The fully assimilated FNL data provides accurate wind input for more reliable predictions of the wave conditions than the operational forecasts. The computed wave parameters show good correlation with Jason-1 altimetry and buoy measurements. The monthly median plots describe the seasonal variation of the global wave climate and the percentile plots indicate the persistence and severity of the wave conditions. Separate estimates of the power from the wind waves and primary swell provide a precise description of the resource in support of design and planning of wave energy converters.
Design of a Variable Geometry Turbine control strategy for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell and Gas Turbine hybrid systems

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) and Gas Turbine (GT) hybrid systems have been widely studied in recent years as a promising alternative power sources for various applications. The fundamental concept of this system is combining a GT with the SOFC system to recuperate the energy left in the SOFC exhaust, thereby improving the overall system efficiency. However, because of the coupling dynamics between SOFC and GT, the system is susceptible to shutdown in the case of an abrupt load change. This work investigates the use of the Variable Geometry Turbine (VGT) to address this shutdown problem and improve the transient system performance. A model of a 60-kW class SOFC/GT hybrid system is developed for the study. Based on the insights learned from the open-loop analysis, a feedback design is proposed for VGT control, analysis of transient dynamics for the closed-loop is performed, and simulation results demonstrating the performance are presented.
Optimizing Oxygen Delivery in the Critically Ill: The Utility of Lactate and Central Venous Oxygen Saturation (ScvO2) as a Roadmap of Resuscitation in Shock

, Abstract—Background: Resuscitation of any critically ill patient is aimed at restoration ofoxygen delivery to maintain aerobic metabolism. Thus, ‘‘endpoints’’ of resuscitation have been sought after as a measure of evaluating the adequacy of resuscitation. This review article describes the most commonly used endpoints, central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2) and lactate, and provides a clinically useful paradigm for utilizing these endpoints during resuscitation of critically ill patients in the emergency department (ED). Objective: This review article will summarize the pathophysiology of cellular shock, describe the available research regarding lactate and ScvO2, and provide an approach to utilizing these endpoints during resuscitation in the ED. Discussion: ScvO2 and lactate each have been shown to be useful for the assessment of shock, yet each has inherent limitations. When used together, ScvO2 and lactate provide the emergency physician with a glimpse of the underlying pathophysiologic state, allowing targeted therapy to restore oxygen delivery. Conclusion: ScvO2 and lactate are useful endpoints of resuscitation, and when used together, provide a metabolic framework for guiding targeted therapy for critically ill patients in the ED with shock. 2014 Elsevier Inc.
An electrographic study of the hippocampus and neocortex in unrestrained rats following septal lesions

Abstract 1. 1. Electrograms were recorded from several neocortical areas and from the dorsal hippocampus in 52 unanesthetized, unrestrained rats during various stages of wakefulness and sleep before and after lesions were produced in the septal region. 2. 2. The phase of activated sleep was clearly distinguishable from normal wakefulness and sleep by the animals' behaviour and by the EEG patterns. Regular 6–8/sec waves were recorded in the hippocampus and from electrodes placed on visual cortex and frontal or parietal cortex in the awake, alert animal. During activated sleep episodes, these waves were enhanced in amplitude and regularity. Asynchronous low voltage fast activity recorded from other neocortical areas during activated sleep was easily recornized by the presence of periodic trains of low voltage regular spindle activity. 3. 3. Large septal lesions abolished 6–8/sec rhythms in neocortex and hippocampus during periods of wakefulness and activated sleep. In addition, the hippocampal EEG was often severely attenuated in amplitude. However, the EEG alerting reaction was easily elicited post-operatively from neocortex and hippocampus. Except for loss of 6–8/sec waves, the neocortical EEG patterns recorded during activated sleep post-operatively were distinguishable from those recorded before septal lesions. The hippocampal electrograms recorded during activated sleep, though severely altered post-operatively, were clearly different than those electrograms recorded during normal wakefulness and sleep. 4. 4. It is concluded that although ascending fibers of the “limbic midbrain circuit” which course through the septum contribute significantly to hippocampal and neocortical afferent systems, they do not play a major role in the control of wakefulness and sleep in the rat.
DNA-RNA hybridization studies of gene activity during the development of the gastropod, Acmaea scutum.

Abstract DNA-RNA molecular hybridization experiments were performed to compare sequences of RNA that are present in the unfertilized egg, gastrula, trochophore, early veliger, mid-veliger, and adult with that population that is being synthesized by the midveliger. The conditions of annealing were designed to examine the more common RNA sequences that are complementary to the highly reiterated sequences of the genome. It was found that the RNA of the unfertilized egg competes extensively with RNA sequences that are being synthesized by this relatively late larval stage. These RNA sequences are present at a lower concentration in RNA preparations extracted from unfertilized eggs as compared to later stages. Autoradiographs of 3H-uridine labeled veligers indicate that the pulse-labeled RNA used in these experiments represents that synthesized by a wide variety of larval tissues. These results are discussed with respect to differences in RNA metabolism and determination between regulative and mosaic embryos.
Uniform approximation of discrete-space multidimensional myopic maps

Our main result is a theorem that gives, in a certain setting, a necessary and sufficient condition under which discrete-space multidimensional shift-invariant input-output maps with vector-valued inputs drawn from a certain large set can be uniformly approximated arbitrarily well using a structure consisting of a linear preprocessing stage followed by a memoryless nonlinear network. Noncausal as well as causal maps are considered. Approximations for noncausal maps for which inputs and outputs are functions of more than one variable are of current interest in connection with, for example, image processing.
Oxygen treatment attenuates systemic inflammation via cholinergic pathways.

* Corresponding author. Departments of Res Tel.: 1 269 226 6896; fax: 1 616 226 6735. E-mail address: toledo@kcms.msu.edu (L 0022-4804/$ e see front matter a 2013 Elsev doi:10.1016/j.jss.2012.01.034 Despite the many advances in critical care medicine, sepsis continues to be a major health problem, with a high morbidity and mortality [1]. Sepsis is best characterized as a systemic inflammatory response with ongoing multiple organ failures. The inciting pathogens, signs, and symptoms vary significantly between patients. Yet one of the central themes in the pathophysiology of sepsis is the understanding that the host immune system is responsible for much of the toxic clinical nature of this disease [2]. Therefore, it is clinically relevant and important to determine protective mechanisms to modulate this injury and improve treatment outcomes. To determine the underlying mechanisms in systemic inflammatory response syndrome, sepsis, and shock, many transitional animal models have been developed. In particular, the injection of zymosan in rats results in acute functional and chronic structural changes in the liver, intestine, lungs, and kidneys, leading to multiple organ failure [3,4]. Using this model, a few studies have investigated the protective anti-inflammatory role of oxygen treatment in
The agent in a northern landscape

Most of the paper is devoted to examining and discussing a conceptual scheme devised by Jakob Mel⊘e for the description of human action. The main focus is on that part of the scheme which Mel⊘e has developed in detail in his ‘Akt⊘ren og hans verden’, and which is a scheme for describing single practical operations by a single agent. These operations have the form ’x operates on y’. I identify as central in this scheme the four concepts of the operation's tautologous object, the operation's tautologous subject, the agent and the agent's tautologous body. The common thematic concern of Mel⊘e's work and this paper is the question of the extent to which the agent's landscape (in a fairly broad sense of the term) is a determinant of the identity of his action.
POPULATION PHARMACOKINETICS OF PHENOBARBITAL IN NEWBORNS DETERMINED BY NONMEM ANALYSIS

Routine clinical pharmacokinetic (PK) data from 59 newborns, gestational ages 24-42 weeks (mean ± SD = 31±4.1) and birthweights 600-3620 gm (mean ± SD = 1520±700) who received anticonvulsant doses of phenobarbital (PB) were evaluated using NONMEM analysis. Fifty of these infants were less than 1800 gm and were treated for one week to prevent cerebral hemorrhage. Infants initially received 20 mg/kg of PB IV followed by maintenance doses of 2.5 mg/kg every 12 hours. Serum PB was measured 2 hours after loading and on days 3 and 6. Mean serum PB concentration post-loading was 19.8 ± 3.7 (SD) μg/ml. The mean apparent volume of distribution (AVd) was 0.96±0.024 (SEM) L/kg with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 16%. Mean clearance was 0.08 ± 0.003 (SEM) ml/min/kg, with a CV of 19%. Calculated mean serum half-life was 140 hrs. Within this population, neither gestational age nor birthweight had an effect on PK parameters. Asphyxia (5 min Apgar score < 5), on the other hand, had an effect on AVd, with a 13.7% increase noted in asphyxiated versus non-asphyxiated infants, p < 0.05. We conclude: (1) NONMEM is an accurate and easily implemented method of population PK analysis in newborns, (2) inter-individual variability in AVd and clearance of PB is minimal in the first week of life, and (3) alterations in PK parameters of phenobarbital are seen in asphyxia, where increases in AVd may result in lower than expected serum concentrations.
Optimal Hermite Collocation Applied to a One-Dimensional Convection-Diffusion Equation Using an Adaptive Hybrid Optimization Algorithm

Purpose – The Hermite collocation method of discretization can be used to determine highly accurate solutions to the steady‐state one‐dimensional convection‐diffusion equation (which can be used to model the transport of contaminants dissolved in groundwater). This accuracy is dependent upon sufficient refinement of the finite‐element mesh as well as applying upstream or downstream weighting to the convective term through the determination of collocation locations which meet specified constraints. Owing to an increase in computational intensity of the application of the method of collocation associated with increases in the mesh refinement, minimal mesh refinement is sought. Very often this optimization problem is the one where the feasible region is not connected and as such requires a specialized optimization search technique. This paper aims to focus on this method.Design/methodology/approach – An original hybrid method that utilizes a specialized adaptive genetic algorithm followed by a hill‐climbing ...
The Burning of Yellowstone-- Another Perspective

The article “Yellowstone rising again from ashes of devastating fires” by Richard Stone (Research News, 5 June, p. [1527][1]) describes the struggle to rationalize the official burning of the forests of Yellowstone in 1988. Independent observers who know the status of the park today say that the rosy picture of renewal presented by the National Park Service and by ecologists quoted in this article is not accurate. The photograph shown of young trees sprouting among the blackened tree stumps does not typify 90% of the previously forested areas decimated by the all-consuming fires. ![Figure][2] Yellowstone forest, after the fire Ecologists who defend the controversial “let forest fires burn” policy that could well destroy the rest of our national parks if it is applied inappropriately do not fully take into account the vast cemetery of burned, rotting, and bug-infested tree stumps that is all that remains of 320,000 hectares of once-beautiful Yellowstone forests, the millions of small animals that were incinerated, and the thousands of tons of topsoil that have washed into stream beds because the stabilizing vegetation was destroyed. The ecologists quoted imply that those who latter struggled to stop the Yellowstone fires in 1988 were misguided, ecologically ignorant souls (this includes most of the general public, leaders of Congress, and the president of the United States at the time). The “miraculous” forest renewal that is described also occurs after controlled burns during off-peak fire season; these burns clean up the forest and make it fire tolerant. Controlled burns at the proper time generally do not incinerate the entire forest and all living things. The cruel irony is that the Park Service has spent more money in the last 10 years to rationalize what it did to Yellowstone than would have been required to carry out a program of controlled burns that could have saved the Yellowstone forest that was destroyed. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.280.5369.1527 [2]: pending:yes