cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Injuries to the cranial cruciate ligament and associated structures: summary of clinical, radiographic, arthroscopic and pathological findings from 10 horses.

Summary The clinical, radiographic, arthroscopic and pathological findings of 10 horses with injury to the cranial cruciate ligament are presented. The most consistent clinical signs included moderate to severe distension of the femoropatellar joint and a Grade III to a Grade V out of V lameness. Craniocaudal instability could be elicited in five horses under general anaesthesia and in one conscious horse. Radiographic evaluation of the stifles revealed that avulsion fracture of the medial intercondylar eminence was the most common finding in six out of 10 horses. Arthroscopic examination of the affected femorotibial joints were performed in five horses. This confirmed the presumptive diagnosis of cranial cruciate ligament injury or rupture. Post mortem examinations were performed on two horses which documented partial tears of the cranial cruciate ligament.
Of audience, expertise and authority: The evolving creationism debate

The persistence of “scientific creationism” is a curiosity in an age where the epistemic authority of Darwinian evolution is virtually a commonplace. Rather than conceptualizing creationism as strictly a technical discourse or appealing to psychological explanations, this essay explores a rhetorical account for creation‐ism's appeal. It argues that creationism endures not only in spite of the response of the scientific community, but also, in part, because of it. An analysis of the creationism controversy between 1975 and 1990 indicates that the scientific response to creationism misconstrues both the scientific pretensions of creationism and the relative insularity of scientific decision making on questions of public policy. The response ultimately proves unresponsive to the public appeal of creationism which is grounded in an empiricist folk epistemology. This study has implications for our theoretical understandings of the relationships between technical and public discourses and the related relationsh...
An Investment Analysis of Meat Goat Enterprises for Small-Scale Producers

Potential goat producers in the Southeastern United States lack information about investment requirements and production and marketing costs. This study attempts to determine the most profitable meat goat production enterprises by estimating the costs and returns of three selected production systems; A comparison of net present values and payback periods, and financial feasibility analysis were the methods used. Despite the difference in the level of net income generated, a cash surplus, attributed to land, family labor, and management for the three alternative investment systems occurred at the end of the third year. Thus, goat enterprises may provide economic opportunities for farm families who have limited finances and resources.
Customer discrimination against black major league baseball pitchers reconsidered

The proposition that customer prejudices reduce attendance at major league baseball games with black starting pitchers is re-examined. In contrast to earlier studies, no such effect is found.
Lung infection due to opportunistic fungus, Phialemonium obovatum, in a bone marrow transplant recipient: an emerging infection with fungemia and Crohn disease–like involvement of the gastrointestinal tract

We report the first case of Phialemonium obovatum fungemia with subsequent caseating granulomatas in the lung and Crohn disease-like involvement of the gastrointestinal tract in a bone marrow transplant recipient. This phaeoid fungus has been rarely described as an opportunistic infection in immunosuppressed patients. The patient was diagnosed with chronic myelogenous leukemia and underwent subsequent peripheral bone marrow transplant. After 6 months, he developed graft-versus-host disease of the skin and liver with fever and severe diarrhea. Fecal bacterial cultures and cytomegalovirus serologies were negative. Computed tomographic scan showed a peripheral pulmonary mass. A lung wedge biopsy of the lesion showed septate branching hyphae (4-5 microm in diameter) with terminal globular structures (10 microm in diameter). The hyphae were similar in width to that of an Aspergillus species but had a more moniliform appearance. Blood cultures grew a pure culture of P. obovatum. He was treated with amphotericin B and itraconazole for 6 months without remission of the diarrhea. Biopsies of the stomach, colon, and rectum showed granulomatous inflammation with marked crypt distortion simulating Crohn disease. In retrospect, the fungus was found to be resistant to both of the aforementioned drugs and susceptible to voriconazole and posaconazole. The gastrointestinal findings raise the possibility of further dissemination of a partially treated Phialemonium infection.
Balanced gains and their significance for L^{2} model reduction

The singular values do not give enough information for model reduction in the L2sense. Other invariants are introduced which help describe the contribution of each state to the L2magnitude of the impulse response. This leads to another suboptimal balanced truncation criterion.
The effects of blowing on delta wing vortices during dynamic pitching at high angles of attack

An experimental investigation was conducted in a water tunnel to identify the effects of apex blowing on two delta-wing models undergoing constant pitch-rate motion. One wing was of 60-degree sweep and the other was of 76-degree sweep. Flow visualization methods were utilized to determine vortex burst locations for a wide range of pitch-up (nose up) and plunge (nose down) rates, apex jet strengths, and blowing directions. Results indicate that blowing along the 60-degree wing vortex core or along the 76-degree wing centerline results in a notable improvement in vortex behavior under both static and dynamic conditions. The results are most dramatic during dynamic plunging (nose down) conditions, where blowing resulted in the reformation of vortices with significant length.
Nucleotide-mediated relaxation in guinea-pig aorta: selective inhibition by MRS2179

The vasodilatory effects of nucleotides in the guinea-pig thoracic aorta were examined to determine the relationship between molecular expression and function of P2Y receptors. In aortic rings precontracted with norepinephrine, vasodilatory responses to purine nucleotides exhibited a rank-order of potency of 2-methylthio-ATP>ADP>ATP. Responses to UTP, but not UDP suggested a functional role for P2Y4 but not P2Y6 receptors. Aortic endothelial cells express at least four P2Y receptors; P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4 and P2Y6. In primary culture, these cells exhibit desensitizing transient calcium responses characteristic of P2Y1, P2Y2 and P2Y4, but not P2Y6 receptors. UDP had no effect on endothelial cell calcium. The pyrimidinergic receptor agonist UTP is capable of eliciting robust vasodilation in aortic rings and causing calcium responses in cultured guineapig aortic endothelial cells. These responses are equivalent to the maximum responses observed to ATP and ADP. Measurement of intracellular calcium release in response to ATP and 2-methylthio-ATP were similar, however only the 2-methylthio-ATP response was sensitive to the P2Y1 antagonist N(6)-methyl-2'-deoxyadenosine-3',5'-bisphosphate (MRS2179). In aortic rings, vasodilatory responses to 2-methylthio-ATP, ATP and ADP were all blocked by pre-incubation of tissues with MRS2179. MRS2179 pretreatment had no effect of the ability of UTP to cause relaxation of norepinephrine responses in aortic rings or the ability of UTP to cause calcium release in aortic endothelial cells. We demonstrate robust effects of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides in guineapig aorta and provide functional and biochemical evidence that MRS2179 is a selective P2Y1 antagonist.
Peroxidase backfills suggest the mammalian olfactory epithelium contains a second morphologically distinct class of bipolar sensory neuron the microvillar cell

The olfactory epithelium of man, rat and some other mammals consists of 4 cell types: ciliated olfactory receptors, microvillar cells, supporting (sustentacular) cells, and basal cells. Of these, the microvillar cell is least well understood: its function is unknown. In this study, a hypothesis is put forth: that the microvillar cells in the mammalian olfactory epithelium comprise a morphologically distinct class of sensory receptor. The hypothesis is tested by injecting the cytochemical tracer macromolecule horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the olfactory bulb of the rat, and observing its pattern of uptake in the olfactory epithelium by light and electron microscopy. In these experiments, ciliated olfactory receptors and microvillar cells backfilled with HRP: supporting and basal cells did not. The data, which support the hypothesis, indicate the microvillar cells, along with the ciliated olfactory receptors, send axons to the olfactory bulb. Consequently, it is concluded that the microvillar cell is a sensory bipolar neuron, with the cell body in the olfactory epithelium, that sends a dendrite to the site of stimulus reception at the free surface of the olfactory epithelium, and an axon to the olfactory bulb in the brain. The similarity of microvillar cells in the olfactory epithelium to 'brush cells' found throughout the respiratory tract is discussed in detail.
Substance use is a risk factor for neurocognitive deficits and neuropsychiatric distress in acute and early HIV infection

The acute and early stages of HIV infection (AEH) are characterized by substantial viral replication, immune activation, and alterations in brain metabolism. However, little is known about the prevalence and predictors of neurocognitive deficits and neuropsychiatric disturbances during this period. The present study examined the impact of demographic, HIV disease, and substance use factors on HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment and self-reported neuropsychiatric distress among 46 antiretroviral-naive adults with median duration of infection of 75 days relative to a sample of 21 HIV seronegative (HIV-) adults with comparable demographics and risk factors. Participants were administered a brief neurocognitive battery that was adjusted for demographics and assessed executive functions, memory, psychomotor speed, and verbal fluency, as well as the Profile of Mood States, a self-report measure of neuropsychiatric distress. Odds ratios revealed that AEH participants were nearly four times more likely than their seronegative counterparts to experience neurocognitive impairment, particularly in the areas of learning and information processing speed. Similarly, AEH was associated with a nearly fivefold increase in the odds of neuropsychiatric distress, most notably in anxiety and depression. Within the AEH sample, HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment was associated with problematic methamphetamine use and higher plasma HIV RNA levels, whereas neuropsychiatric distress was solely associated with high-risk alcohol use. Extending prior neuroimaging findings, the results from this study indicate that HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment and neuropsychiatric distress are highly prevalent during AEH and are associated with high-risk substance use.
China: a nation ruled by engineers

China's leaders almost all boast an advanced technical education. That shows in the way they govern, says Richard P. Suttmeier
Transient Responses of a Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Model to Gradual Changes of Atmospheric CO2. Part I. Annual Mean Response

Abstract This study investigates the response of a climate model to a gradual increase or decrease of atmospheric carbon dioxide. The model is a general circulation model of the coupled atmosphere-ocean-land surface system with global geography and seasonal variation of insulation. To offset the bias of the coupled model toward settling into an unrealistic state, the fluxes of heat and water at the ocean-atmosphere interface are adjusted by amounts that vary with season and geography but do not change from one year to the next. Starting from a quasi-equilibrium climate, three numerical time integrations of the coupled model are performed with gradually increasing, constant, and gradually decreasing concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. It is noted that the simulated response of sea surface temperature is very slow over the northern North Atlantic and the Circumpolar Ocean of the Southern Hemisphere where vertical mixing of water penetrates very deeply. However, in most of the Northern Hemisphere an...
Culture of Entomophthora muscae in vivo and its infectivity for six species of muscoid flies

A method for the continuous culture of Entomophthora muscae (Entomophthoraceae) in adult house flies (Musca domestica) is described. Using this method we have maintained the host-pathogen system in the laboratory for more than one year. The ability of this isolate to cause fatal infections in virtually all of the house flies at risk has remained constant. The face fly (Musca autumnalis), the onion fly (Hylemya antiqua), and the seed-corn fly (H. platura) are susceptible to this isolate. The stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans), the black blow fly (Phormia regina), and the false stable fly (Muscina stabulans) are not.
Who Should Adopt Robotic Surgery, and When?

New technologies abound in the surgical specialties, cardiothoracic surgery in particular. One of the more highly visible and controversial new technologies is robotic surgery — some claim that it is a useful adjunct to surgery, others that it is mostly a marketing tool. Assuming that it has a high utility value, however, when should it be adopted in practice, and by whom? The following case serves to focus discussion of opposing points of view.
Paratubal cysts, obesity, and hyperandrogenism ☆

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to determine if an association exists between adolescents with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) or hyperandrogenism (HA), obesity, and paratubal cysts (PTCs). Design An institutional review board–approved retrospective chart review was performed between the years of 1998 and 2008 at a single children's hospital. Inclusion criteria were met if pathology reports demonstrated diagnosis of PTC. Age of menarche, body mass index, surgical procedure, and findings were correlated with the presence of HA. Results The incidence of PTCs was 7.3% among 1524 females presenting with adnexal masses. One hundred three patients had a confirmed pathology diagnosis of PTC and underwent surgery for suspected torsion or persistent adnexal mass on imaging studies. Forty-five percent of surgical cases had ovarian or adnexal torsion. Mean age of PTC diagnosis for the entire cohort was 13.7 ± 2.82 years. Mean age of menarche was 11.7 ± 1.34 years among pubertal females. Four patients were premenarchal at the time of PTC diagnosis. Forty percent of pubertal females had a diagnosis of PCOS. Pubertal adolescents with features of HA had a higher body mass index (31.3 vs 26.2 kg/m 2 , P = .003) and had a trend toward larger cysts (7.6 vs 6 cm, P = .235). Overall, a significant association existed between obesity and PTC ( P = .007), although no definite association could be made about HA or PCOS. Conclusion This study demonstrated an association between PTCs and obesity. In addition, HA appears to be associated with a trend toward large PTCs, although results were not significant.
Field Reversion of Organotin Resistance in the Twospotted Spider Mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) Following Relaxation of Selection Pressure

Cyhexatin efficacy was improved when organotin selection pressure to a resistant population of Tetranychus urticae Koch from southern Oregon pear was reduced by substitution of an acaricide to which the mites were not cross-resistant. Abamectin (avermectin Bl) was applied in 1984 and 1985 to a block in an orchard shown to have cyhexatin resistant mites in 1983. In 1986 and 1987, the block treated with abamectin (reversion block) and a block that had received cyhexatin in 1984 and 1985 (standard treatment block) were divided into subplots and treated with cyhexatin. Better efficacy was achieved with cyhexatin in 1986 and 1987 in the block treated with abamectin than the block treated with cyhexatin. These results suggest an operational mechanism by which organotin resistance in T. urticae can be managed.
Making a difference in social use of computers

The SIGCAS Making a Difference Award is given annually to an individual nationally recognized for work related to the interaction of computers and society. The recipient is a leader in promoting awareness of ethical and social issues in computing. The recipients of this award, and the award itself, encourage responsible action by computer professionals.
Effect of a High Level of Dietary Ascorbic Acid on Egg Quality

Abstract Dietary supplementation of ascorbic acid to laying hens has produced variable and inconsistent results on hen performance and egg quality (Thornton and Moreng, 1958, 1959; Harms and Waldroup, 1961; Pepper et al., 1961; Hunt and Aitken, 1962; Sullivan and Kingan, 1962). Most of these studies involved heat stressed birds and the levels of ascorbic acid fed varied from about 22 to 55 mg. per kg. of feed. Improvement in interior egg quality as measured by Haugh units was reported in only one study (Thornton and Moreng, 1958) but this result was not repeatable during the subsequent year (Thornton and Moreng, 1959). The experiment reported here was a preliminary investigation concerned with the influence of a very high level of dietary ascorbic acid upon layer performance and egg quality of unstressed birds. Seventy-two Colorado Agriculture Experiment Station randombred strain of S. C. White Leghorn pullets 25 weeks of age were randomly…
The prevention of benzene-induced genotoxicity in mice by indomethacin.

Abstract Benzene is a myelotoxin which affects hemopoietic progenitor cells leading to bone-marrow depression as well as a genotoxin which causes chromosomal abnormalities including micronucleus formation. We have demonstrated previously that benzene administered to DBA/2 or C57B1/6 mice causes bone-marrow depression and increased prostaglandin E2 levels in bone marrow; both of these effects can be prevented by the coadministration of indomethacin, a selective inhibitor of prostaglandin synthase. We report, herein, that benzene (400–600 mg/kg body weight), under conditions where it depresses bone-marrow cellularity, also induces an increase in the frequency of micronucleus formation in polychromatic erythrocytes of C57B1/6 mice which is also prevented by the coadministration of indomethacin at levels that do not inhibit cytochrome P450 or myeloperoxidase. In Swiss Webster wild-type mice doses of benzene from 400 to 1000 mg/kg were without effect on marrow cellularity, but did induce the formation of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes which could be prevented by indomethacin. In contrast, DBA/2 mice, a strain highly sensitive to benzene, exhibited significant bone-marrow depression at a dose of benzene of 100 mg/kg body weight. Even at this low dose, benzene is too toxic toward developing erythrocytes to allow the evaluation of micronucleus formation. The frequency of induction of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes by benzene thus depends on the strain of mouse used. Furthermore, micronucleus formation appears to be an early and very sensitive indicator of benzene toxicity. A possible role for prostaglandin H synthase in the geno- and myelo-toxicity of benzene is discussed.
Bandgap and Molecular Level Control of the Low-Bandgap Polymers Based on 3,6-Dithiophen-2-yl-2,5-dihydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione toward Highly Efficient Polymer Solar Cells

A series of low-bandgap polymers based on a soluble chromophore of 3,6-dithiophen-2-yl-2,5-dihydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione (DPP) unit were synthesized by introducing of different electron-rich building blocks copolymerized with DPP unit. Four new DPP-based polymers, PDPP-DTS, PDPP-F, PDPP-BDT, and PDPP-BDP, were characterized by GPC, TGA, NMR, UV−vis absorption, and electrochemical cyclic voltammetry. The results indicate that their bandgaps as well as their molecular energy levels are readily tuned by copolymerizing with different conjugated electron-donating units. In order to investigate their photovoltaic properties, polymer solar cell (PSC) devices based on PDPP-DTS, PDPP-F, PDPP-BDT, and PDPP-BDP were fabricated with a structure of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/polymers:PC70BM(1:2,w/w)/Ca/Al under the illumination of AM 1.5G, 100 mW/cm2. The power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of the four DPP-based PSC devices were measured and shown in this paper. The best performance of the PSC device was obtained by using...
Investigation of Plant Water Relations with Divided Root Systems of Soybean

Soybean (Glycine max) was grown with root systems divided between adjacent cartons containing nutrient solution or soil. By adding polyethylene glycol (Carbowax 6000) to reduce solute potential or withholding water to reduce soil matric potential until water absorption from that side stopped, the root xylem water potential could be ascertained. Carbowax appeared to increase root resistance. An imbalance technique is described with which soil moisture contents of adjacent containers were followed individually. The patterns of water absorption obtained following repeated additions of water or addition of CaCl(2) solutions to one side indicated soil hydraulic conductivity became limiting at a soil water potential of -2 bars. A high concentration of CaCl(2) added to one side greatly reduced transpiration and produced severe plant injury. With part of the root system developing in nutrient solution, growth of roots into and water absorption from soil were slow; however, reduction of solute potential in the solution side greatly increased water absorption from the soil side.
Cell-specific function of cis-acting elements in the regulation of human alcohol dehydrogenase 5 gene expression and effect of the 5'-nontranslated region.

The human alcohol dehydrogenase 5 gene (ADH5) differs from all other human alcohol dehydrogenase genes in its ubiquitous expression, although there are tissue-specific differences in the level of expression. To understand the expression of ADH5, we characterized the structure and function of its 5′ region by DNase I footprinting and transient transfection assays. The region from base pair (bp) −34 to +61, flanking the major transcription start site, had strong promoter activity in three different cell lines: HeLa, H4IIE-C3, and CV-1, and could explain the ubiquitous expression. Two Sp1 sites within that region are footprinted by nuclear extracts from all tissues and cells tested. There are sites further upstream that show cell- and tissue-specific differences in both their patterns of occupancy and their effects on promoter activity. The region between bp −34 and −64 strongly increases promoter activity in H4IIE-C3 cells, weakly activates in CV-1 cells, but has no effect in HeLa cells. The region between bp −127 and −163 is a positive element in both HeLa cells and CV-1 cells, but is a negative regulatory element in H4IIE-C3 cells. These differences in part explain the levels of expression of ADH5 in various tissues. Two regions (bp −64 to −127 and bp −163 to −365) contain negative regulatory elements that reduce promoter activity in all three cells. The 5′-nontranslated region of ADH5 contains two upstream ATGs. Insertion of 12 bp within the putative coding region of these upstream ATGs led to a 1.6-2.3-fold increase in activity. This suggests that the 5′-nontranslated region has regulatory significance.
Surrogate End Points in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Assessing the Response to Therapy

Recent discoveries in the disease pathophysiology of pulmonary arterial hypertension have been translated into effective therapies tested in clinical trials. The studies have focused on surrogate and intermediate end points, thought to reflect quantity and quality of life, respectively. The authors present the necessary requirements for establishing the reliability and validity of such end points before they may be used dependably. The authors also review the available data, strengths, and weaknesses of potential end points in pulmonary arterial hypertension.
Editorial: SPIE's 40th Anniversary

This PDF file contains the editorial “Editorial: SPIE's 40th Anniversary” for OE Vol. 34 Issue 09
Depression and body composition among older adults

Objectives: Recent investigations have reported an association between depression and geriatric syndromes associated with low body mass, including frailty and osteoporosis. The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between depression and body composition among older adults. Methods: Data were from a case-cohort study (n = 98) of adults aged 60 and older nested within the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Study. Lifetime depression syndrome was assessed using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS). Body composition (total and central lean and fat mass) was assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). The association between depression and body composition was evaluated using linear regression with bootstrap standard errors. Results: Overall, there was no association between depression and total fat or total lean body mass. Among women, depression was associated with reduced central fat (B = −3.6 kg, p < 0.06) and lean (B = −3.3 kg, p < 0.04) mass adjusting for age, rac...
The Consumer Impact of Alternative Allocation Plans: The Case of Gasoline

This paper assesses the potential impact of rationing, “lifeline,” rationing with resale and tax-rebate approaches to extra-market allocation from the consumer's perspective. Basic microeconomic tools are used to demonstrate that the rationing with resale and tax-rebate plans have similar effects and that all consumers would prefer those policies to lifeline allocation. Conventional rationing is shown to benefit households consuming intermediate quantities of an allocated good while rationing with resale and tax-rebate programs provide large and small users with higher levels of satisfaction. These propositions are empirically confirmed for the case of gasoline. Quantitative results suggest that simple rationing and lifeline plans calculated to reduce aggregate gasoline consumption by 10 percent would have severe impact on high income consumers. Alternative policies would broaden the burden of conservation and cause income redistribution toward low income consumers.
Detection of corticosteroid type I binding sites in heart.

Abstract Both high affinity (type I) and low affinity (type II) corticosteroid binding sites are detected in cytosolic extracts of atrial and ventricular tissue when [3H]aldosterone is used as the ligand. In the presence of RU-28362, which blocks binding of [3H]hormone to the low affinity type II sites, [3H]aldosterone binds to a single class of high affinity sites. The apparent Kd for binding of the hormone to the type I sites was 1.0 nM in atrial cytosol and 0.75 nM in ventricular cytosol. The concentration of type I sites in atrial (12 fmol/mg protein) and ventricular cytosols (11 fmol/mg protein) is comparable to reported values in renal (17–31 fmol/mg protein) cytosol. Activation of the type I hormone-receptor complexes to the DNA-binding form was examined using chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex anion-exchange resin. The unactivated hormone-receptor complex elutes at a concentration of 400 mM KC1. Following heat treatment (25° C, 30 min) the [3H]aldosterone-receptor complex is transformed to a low salt eluting (200 mM KC1), DNA-binding form. Activation is blocked by inclusion of 10 mM sodium molybdate during heat treatment.
Subject Eligibility Criteria Can Substantially Influence the Results of Alcohol-Treatment Outcome Research

Objective: Most alcohol-treatment studies exclude some patients from participation based on particular criteria (e.g., comorbid illegal drug abuse, homelessness). The current study evaluated whether such eligibility criteria can change the outcome results a study obtains. Method: Five widely used treatment research eligibility criteria—(1) psychiatric problems, (2) medical problems, (3) social-residential instability, (4) low motivation/noncompliance, and (5) drug problems—were applied to two samples of real-world alcohol patients whose outcomes were known. Comparing outcomes of the samples with and without the application of eligibility criteria produced estimates of bias in outcome results, as well as an assessment of change in statistical power. Results: Medical and psychiatric eligibility criteria produced a moderate bias in outcome estimates (e.g., a 10% or less change in outcome results). In contrast, social-residential instability, low motivation/noncompliance, and drug use produced a large (e.g., ...
Teaching social skills to isolated children

The effects of a social skill training program on socially isolated children are reported. The training program was derived from the results of a previous study of the specific social skills that discriminated popular from unpopular children. Training effects in the present investigation were assessed on sociometric position, and on the quality, frequency, and distribution of social interaction to peers. Time-series analyses were performed on the frequency and distribution of peer interaction. Two isolated children received social skill training with an adult coach, and two isolated children spent an equivalent amount of time with an adult. Results indicated that socially isolated children in the treatment group changed significantly in sociometric position on a follow-up assessment 9 weeks after the end of the intervention, did not change in the total frequency of peer social interaction, but did redistribute their interaction to peers. The two isolated children who did not receive the treatment program did not change significantly on the total frequency of peer interaction, and tended to withdraw from peers rather than redistribute their interaction. The insensitivity of total peer interaction frequency as a measure of outcome was discussed.
Professional Women's Attitudes toward the Dual Role of Women

This study examined the structure of professional women's attitudes toward the dual roles encompassed in motherhood and occupational career. A dual-role scale of 19 items was constructed and with o...
An examination of proposed causes of auditory exostoses

Auditory exostoses are a discrete trait, the presence of which may be a product of environmental factors. Water exposure is believed to be associated with the trait's appearance, which has allowed anthropologists to hypothesise about past population subsistence strategies. However, some scholars still contend that water exposure is not necessarily the precipitating factor for its development. This study examined 744 Nubians for exostoses from the following time periods: Kerma, Meroitic, X-group, Christian and a current sample. A total of six male individuals exhibited the characteristic. There is little evidence in the Nubian archaeological record to suggest that marine resources were exploited in a manner that required prolonged water exposure. Moreover, the Nubian groups with auditory exostoses were primarily agriculturists and/or pastoralists. Wind chill and temperature have also been put forth as potential contributors to the development of auditory exostoses, but like other hypotheses, water is also needed in order for wind chill and temperature to incite exostoses. Even though water may have contributed to the development of exostoses for many populations, it is not suitable to cite it as a precipitating factor for the development of auditory exostoses in Nubians. Based on this evidence, other non-water factors may be important in the trait's development. Caution must be used when interpreting exostoses as indicators of a particular water-related activity and trait frequencies must be carefully considered, as low frequencies are not necessarily evidence of water-exposure. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical Differences Among Women with and Without Self-Reported Perimenstrual Asthma

Background Studies suggest that 30% to 40% of asthmatic women report significant perimenstrual (late luteal phase) exacerbations of asthma are primarily retrospective, rely on subjective findings and do not demonstrate a consistent association between asthma and the menstrual cycle. Objective In this exploratory analysis, women with and without self-reported perimenstrual exacerbations of asthma (PMA) were examined prospectively to determine the association between asthma and the menstrual cycle and to characterize associated clinical factors. Methods Thirty-two adult asthmatic women with regular menstrual periods recorded daily asthma symptoms, medication use, and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) over six consecutive menstrual cycles, and underwent spirometry and methacholine bronchoprovocation during the luteal and follicular phases of 2 cycles. Results Nine of 32 subjects (28.2%) reported PMA. Daily means of rescue medication use and AM peak flow computed for each perimenstrual day demonstrated significant non-parallelism of group profiles; subjects with PMA had increasing inhaled short acting beta 2 -agonist use an decreasing AM peak flow rates during the perimenstrual interval. Luteal-follicular phase differences in FEV 1 or methacholine bronchoprovocation between the groups were not detected. Subjects with PMA were older ( P = .007), had longer duration of asthma ( P = .039), and increased baseline asthma severity ( P = .076) compared with subjects wihtout PMA. Conclusion The findings of this study suggest that women with self-reported perimenstrual asthma demonstrate perimenstrual differences in rescue bronchodilator use and AM peak flow and appear to constitute a distinct subset of women with asthma who are older, have longer duration of asthma, and increased severity of asthma compared with women without self-reported perimenstrual asthma. These factors identify women who require close monitoring of their asthma during their menstrual cycles.
Age effects of irrelevant stimulus changes on a discrimination by children.

Sanzmary.-The ability to maintain a learned size discrimination in the face of alterations in size-irrelevant stimulus attributes was studied in 128 white middle-class children of normal intelligence ranging in age from 2 to 7 yr. Increase in chronological age resulted in increased competence in retaining a learned size discrimination in the face of alterations in aspects other than size. Marked instability of response was found at the 2- and 3-yr.-old level. A rapid change in the stability of learning was exhibited after 4 yr. Thereafter the children in successive age groups showed a continual improvement in the ability to sustain the learned response. Although fragmentary data suggest that there are age-related changes in the relative effectiveness with which children may use particular dimensions of stimuli in making discriminations (3, 14, 17), we contin~ie to be in need of more systematic information about age-related changes in the selective tttilization of sensory information. Our information about such age-related phenomena in preschool children is remarkably sparse. The present sntdy explores this problem by examining the effects of stimulus alteration on the stability of a simple learned size discrimination in young children and in particular examines the child's ability to maintain his responsiveness to a selected aspect of a visually presented stimulus in the face of changes in irrelevant attrib~~tes of the stimulus that have been introduced. One contemporary approach to perceptual and cognitive growth, characterized by the use of information theory models (6, 10, 11, 18) has reinstated the concern of earlier research with the identification of discriminanda in learning (13). In a methodological sense, the use of such models redirects attention to the effective features of sensory input in much the same manner that the "method of equivalent stimuli" (7) did two decades ago. Both approaches generate research designs in which the systematic analyses of the relations of altered stimulus properties to behavior permit us to define relevant dimensions of effective stimulation. From these kinds of studies we have derived a body of evidence which indicates that all feanires of a presented stim~~lus pattern are not equally associated with learned or unlearned response organizations and that selective responsiveness to features of a presented stimulus is not uniform across species (1, 2, 13, 15), age groups (3, 8), or individuals (16). Our understanding of the nature of effective stimulation in different species and in different human age groups has thus been heightened, and the view that the behavioral environment
Phenolic materials via ring‐opening polymerization: Synthesis and characterization of bisphenol‐A based benzoxazines and their polymers

SYNOPSIS Compounds with bifunctional benzoxazine groups in their molecular structures form crosslinked structures characteristic of phenolic materials through a ring-opening reaction mechanism. This family of compounds offers greater flexibility than conventional novolac or resole resins in terms of molecular design. It is also superior to conventional phenolic resin in process control since it releases no by-product during curing reactions. The materials thus obtained exhibit excellent mechanical integrity with glass transition temperatures over 200°C. The synthesis, composition, and structural analysis of precursors based on bisphenol-A are discussed herein. 0 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Change Points with Linear Trend Followed by Abrupt Change for the Exponential Distribution

We discuss testing procedures to detect if a random sequence of exponentially distributed random variables has been subjected to a linear trend change followed by an abrupt change. We propose three statistics and explore their distribution theories. As an illustration, we applied these tests to Stanford heart transplant data and airport inter arrival data.
Neurotrophin and Neurotrophin Receptors in Human Fetal Kidney

Vertebrate kidney development involves a series of complex interactions between the ureteric bud and undifferentiated mesenchyme resulting in the production of the nephron unit. These interactions are thought to be dependent on a variety of locally derived soluble factors, including peptide growth factors and their receptors. We have extensively analyzed the neurotrophins (NT) and their receptors during human kidney development. The neurotrophin receptors p75 and trk were both present within cells of early glomerular/tubular structures but absent from uninduced mesenchyme. Later in organogenesis, the NTs NT-3 and BDNF colocalized with their respective receptors in differentiated tubules. These findings suggested that the NT:receptor complex was not involved in the early inductive events of renal development but was responsible for postinductive tubulogenesis and epithelial integrity. In situ hybridization confirmed selective localization for the expression of trk B and trk C receptors and Western blot identified a full-length (kinase-active) trk receptor during human kidney development.
The application of a multirod collimator in fast neutron therapy

The application of a novel multirod collimator in fast neutron therapy to produce irregularly shaped fields with partial transmission and fully blocked areas is discussed. The transmission through the tungsten rods is measured in free space in broad beam geometry. A model based on scatter analysis is applied in calculating the thickness of the rods required to produce partially blocked areas. The effect of a full beam block is also measured. Measurements have been made in a water phantom to confirm the computational model. The good agreement between the measured and calculated values demonstrates that the scatter model can be safely applied to fast neutron beam dose computations.
3-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea-insensitive oxygen production in a cell-free preparation from Phormidium luridum that shows redox potential dependent coupling to one-electron oxidants

Abstract A cell-free preparation has been isolated from Phormidium luridum that evolves oxygen when coupled to one-electron oxidants, that is insensitive to 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, and that yields oxygen at a rate dependent on redox potential. In this preparation the Hill oxidant couples closer to the oxygen-producing apparatus than in any other cell-free system. Light saturation curve data for the cell-free preparation shows a stabilization, by the Hill oxidant, of intermediates in oxygen synthesis. In whole cells coupled to CO 2 or to K 3 Fe(CN) 6 no such stabilization occurs and a 2nd order light intensity dependence of the oxygen-production rate is observed.
Hospitalization of emotionally disturbed children: who gets hospitalized and why

Children admitted to a psychiatric hospital were compared to emotionally disturbed children receiving services in special classes within the public schools. There were few differences found between the groups. The presence of a “critical event” leading to the need for hospitalization was explored. Implications for practice are discussed.
Empirical values of higher-order matrix elements in five hindered-allowed β-decays: 22Na, 182Ta, 56Mn, 58Co, 32P

Abstract The available experimental data on the spectrum shape, β-γ directional correlation, β-γ (circularly polarized) correlation, and γ-ray longitudinal polarization for the hindered-allowed β-decays of 22 Na, 182 Ta, 56 Mn, 58 Co and 32 P have been utilized to deduce three higher-order matrix elements. Exact, electron radial functions which take into account finite nuclear size and de Broglie wavelength effects have been used in the present analysis. The values of matrix element ratios M ( iγ 5 r )/ M ( σ ), M (( σ · r ) r )/ M ( σ ) and − C v M ( α × r )/ C A M ( σ ) have been obtained.
Substrate-induced conformational change of human erythrocyte glucose transporter: inactivation by alkylating reagents.

Abstract The glucose transport carrier in human erythrocyte membranes, when transporting glucose, undergoes a conformation change. In an attempt to delineate the extent of this substrate-induced conformational change, transport inactivation by 7-chloro-4-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole, N-ethylmaleimide, iodoacetamide, and 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid was examined in the presence and in the absence of d -glucose. All these alkylating agents inactivated the carrier. With each of these reagents, with the exception of trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid, d -glucose modified the rate of inactivation as well as the activation enthalpy ( ΔH ∗ ) of the inactivation. The inactivation by trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid was not affected by the sugar. Based on these findings, it is suggested that the substrate-induced conformational change mostly occurs within the transmembrane hydrophobic domain while the hydrophilic extramembrane domains are largely outside of this change.
Suppression of Exogenous Gene Expression by Spermidine/Spermine N1-Acetyltransferase 1 (SSAT1) Cotransfection

Spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase 1 (SSAT1), which catalyzes the N1-acetylation of spermidine and spermine to form acetyl derivatives, is a rate-limiting enzyme in polyamine catabolism. We now report a novel activity of transiently transfected SSAT1 in suppressing the exogenous expression of other proteins, i.e. green fluorescent protein (GFP) or GFP-eIF5A. Spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase 2 (SSAT2) or inactive SSAT1 mutant enzymes (R101A or R101K) were without effect. The loss of exogenous gene expression is not due to accelerated protein degradation, because various inhibitors of proteases, lysosome, or autophagy did not mitigate the effects. This SSAT1 effect cannot be attributed to the depletion of overall cellular polyamines or accumulation of N1-acetylspermidine (N1-AcSpd) because of the following: (i) addition of putrescine, spermidine, spermine, or N1-AcSpd did not restore the expression of GFP or GFP-eIF5A; (ii) depletion of cellular polyamines with α-difluoromethylornithine, an inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, did not inhibit exogenous gene expression; and (iii) N1,N11-bis(ethyl)norspermine caused a drastic depletion of cellular polyamines through induction of endogenous SSAT1 but did not block exogenous gene expression. SSAT1 transient transfection did not affect stable expression of GFP, and stably expressed SSAT1 did not affect exogenous expression of GFP, suggesting that only transiently (episomally) expressed SSAT1 blocks exogenous (episomal) expression of other proteins. SSAT1 may regulate exogenous gene expression by blocking steps involved in transcription/translation from an episomal vector by targeting non-polyamine substrate(s) critical for this pathway.
Topographic and electronic studies of wedge-shape surface defects on AlGaAs/GaAs films grown on Ge substrates

Topographic changes and surface contact potential variations near defects on the surface of AlGaAs/GaAs double heterojunction structures grown on Ge substrates are studied using scanning force microscope and electrostatic force microscope. Comparison with transmission electron microscopy results indicates that these surface defects are directly related to stacking faults originated from the GaAs/Ge interface. The surface contact potential inhomogeneities near these defects are consistent with variations in Si dopant concentration.
Production planning models for a central factory with multiple satellite factories

The production planning problem of minimizing total cost, which consists of transportation cost, processing cost, raw material holding cost, and finished product inventory holding cost in a network of factories involving a central factory and multiple satellite factories is investigated in this paper. Based on two different raw material purchase plans, two non-linear mathematical programming models are formulated. In the first model, the material ordering policy at any given factory is based on the aggregation of each raw material type demanded over all items to be manufacured in the factory during a given production period. In the second model, lot consolidation for ordering is not done. The raw materials for each item produced by a factory are ordered separately. These two models integrate the raw material supply factory selection problem, order size determination, order processing sequence, and material handling functions to define a cost-effective production plan. The results from the model define a p...
CHINESE AND WESTERN INTERPRETATIONS OF JENb (HUMANITY)1

The concept of jen (humanity, love, humaneness; pronounced ren) is a central concept of Confucian thought and has gone through a long evolution of more than 2000 years. The story of that evolution has been told elsewhere. The purpose here is to see how the Chinese have understood the concept and how the West has interpreted it. We shall discuss the Chinese understanding under seven headings.
Sugar composition of apple juices

Fifty-one samples from 12 geographic growing regions of Turkey and 3 varieties common for production of apple juice concentrate were processed to apple juice and analysed for their sugar composition. Enzymatic analyses was used to determine soluble sugars of apple juice. Glucose, fructose, sucrose, total sugar concentrations (g/l) and total soluble solids (%) of apple juices were ranged, respectively, as follows: 9.30–32.2, 66.10–96.00, 8.5–55.10, 110.90–164.40, 11.80–18.60. Cultivar significantly influenced the content of all the sugar analysed. Significant differences in fructose and sucrose concentrations have also been found between some growing areas.