cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relativistic configuration-interaction calculation of the polarizabilities of heliumlike ions

Polarizabilities of ions of the helium isoelectronic sequence with nuclear charges in the range 2\ensuremath{\le}Z\ensuremath{\le}30 are evaluated starting from the relativistic no-pair Hamiltonian and including both the Coulomb and Breit interactions. The ground state and perturbed wave functions are expanded in two-electron basis functions constructed from B splines. For each ion, the ground-state wave function is determined by a configuration interaction calculation; the perturbed wave function is then found by solving an inhomogeneous algebraic equation. Nonrelativistic calculations are carried out in parallel with the relativistic calculations, permitting relativistic corrections to be isolated. The present nonrelativistic calculations are found to be in good agreement with other precise calculations. For the experimentally interesting case of heliumlike lithium, we obtain the value \ensuremath{\Delta}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}_{\mathrm{Rel}}$=-(4.50\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}5}$ a.u. for the relativistic correction to the ground-state polarizability. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Action research: towards the next generation

Abstract Over the past two decades action research has once again grown in acceptance and visibility. Yet along with this has come great diversity in interpretations of the term, some involving minor contextual modifications, other signalling contradictory aims. Historical and recent developments both within and outside of the academy are analyzed for their tensions and dilemmas. Areas for further exploration are addressed, especially in professional development, pedagogical and curriculum reform, as well as articulation to wider efforts for social change. Developments in action research, it is argued, must consider issues emergent from a wide range of areas such as women's studies, community development, and management, if their potentials are to be realized.
The Construction and Implementation of an Alternative Measure of Police Cynicism

Research on police cynicism is beset by two limitations. First, research aimed at identifying latent dimensions within the Niederhoffer 20-item scale has resulted in a surfeit of subscales that app...
Psychopharmacology and Aggression. I: A Meta-Analysis of Stimulant Effects on Overt/Covert Aggression–Related Behaviors in ADHD

ABSTRACT Objective To determine by meta-analysis the effect size for stimulants on overt and covert aggression-related behaviors in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), separately from stimulant effects on the core symptoms of ADHD. Method A review of the literature from 1970 to 2001 revealed 28 studies meeting inclusion/exclusion criteria for meta-analysis. These studies yielded 28 independent effects of overt aggression and 7 independent effects of covert aggression. Results The overall weighted mean effect size was 0.84 for overt and 0.69 for covert aggression related behaviors in ADHD. Comorbid conduct disorder is associated with diminishing stimulant effect size for overt aggression. Conclusion Stimulant effects for aggression-related behaviors in ADHD have effect sizes similar to those for the core symptoms of ADHD.
The 8 May 2009 Superderecho: Analysis of a Real-Time Explicit Convective Forecast

AbstractHerein, an analysis of a 3-km explicit convective simulation of an unusually intense bow echo and associated mesoscale vortex that were responsible for producing an extensive swath of high winds across Kansas, southern Missouri, and southern Illinois on 8 May 2009 is presented. The simulation was able to reproduce many of the key attributes of the observed system, including an intense [~100 kt (51.4 m s−1) at 850 hPa], 10-km-deep, 100-km-wide warm-core mesovortex and associated surface mesolow associated with a tropical storm–like reflectivity eye. A detailed analysis suggests that the simulated convection develops north of a weak east–west lower-tropospheric baroclinic zone, at the nose of an intensifying low-level jet. The system organizes into a north–south-oriented bow echo as it moves eastward along the preexisting baroclinic zone in an environment of large convective available potential energy (CAPE) and strong tropospheric vertical wind shear. Once the system moves east of the low-level jet...
Automation of the Image Analysis for Thermographic Inspection

Several data processing procedures for the pulse thermal inspection require preliminary determination of an unflawed region. Typically, an initial analysis of the thermal images is performed by an operator to determine the locations of unflawed and the defective areas. In the present work an algorithm is developed for automatically determining a reference point corresponding to an unflawed region. Results are obtained for defects which are arbitrarily located in the inspection region. A comparison is presented of the distributions of derived values with right and wrong localization of the reference point. Different algorithms of automatic determination of the reference point are compared.
Administration of recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor to neonates with septicemia: A meta-analysis.

A meta-analysis was used to determine whether administering recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rG-CSF) to neonates with bacterial septicemia reduces mortality. Five studies were identified, involving 73 rG-CSF recipients and 82 control subjects. Mortality was lower among the rG-CSF recipients (odds ratio, 0.17; CI, 0.03-0.70; P <.05). However, when the non-randomized studies were excluded, the P value was.13. For the subgroups “<2000 g” or “neutropenia,” the P value was <.02. Thus the routine use of rG-CSF cannot be recommended for all neonates with sepsis. (J Pediatr 2001;138:917-20)
Generalized molecular field calculations of critical properties

Abstract It is shown that a generalized molecular field, such as that recently proposed by Frankel, can not be used consistently to calculate both the spontaneous magnetization and the specific heat near T c . The arguments are model-independent, and so reflect also on the applicability of the generalized molecular field which follows from work of Callen and Shtrikman.
Rural-to-Urban migration and child survival in Senegal

Analysis of the 1986 Senegal Demographic and Health Survey reveals that mothers may be able to improve their children’s survival chances by migrating from the countryside to the city. Children of urban migrants, however, continue to experience a much higher risk of mortality before the age of 5 than children of urban nonmigrants, even after the mother has lived in the city for several years. This migrant mortality disadvantage persists when controlling for numerous socioeconomic and fertility-related factors typically associated with child mortality in developing countries, which also serve as indicators of migrant selection and adaptation.
Cross-Generational Effects of Climate Change on Expression of a Sexually Selected Trait

Sexually selected traits and early breeding are often correlated with quality in birds: individuals that breed earlier in the season have more elaborate traits and raise more surviving offspring [1, 2]. As global climate warms, breeding date for many temperate birds is advancing [3, 4], but we lack corresponding information on climate-induced variation in sexual selection. Here, we investigated influences of climate on a sexually selected plumage trait in a Himalayan warbler (Phylloscopus humei). We found that when spring is warm, birds breed early. Subsequent to an early-breeding year, adults express relatively large sexually selected traits and rear offspring that also develop large traits. The positive effects of early breeding, plus the across-year correlation between parent and offspring cohorts, predict that warmer climates should lead to increases in trait size. However, trait size has not increased over the past 25 years, even though mean breeding date has advanced. We show that whereas warm springs have positive effects on trait size, warm summers have negative effects due to increased feather wear. Apparent stasis in the size of a sexually selected trait thus masks large, conflicting influences of climate change. Continued climate warming has the potential to affect the honesty of sexual signals, as trait expression and condition become increasingly disassociated.
ESCA OF TETRAAZA MACROCYCLIC COMPLEXES OF SILVER(II)

Abstract ESCA results for four tetraaza macrocyclic ligands and their silver(II) complexes have been measured. The Ag 3d binding energies of these complexes fall in the narrow range of 374.3–375.3 eV (3d3/2) and 368.2–375.3 eV (3d3/2) and 368.2–369.3 eV (3d5/2) which are in agreement with the Eb values published previously for silver(II) complexes containing nitrogen donor ligands. Ring substitution with methyl groups has no pronounced influence on the Ag 3d, binding energies while ring size variation does cause a small shift in the binding energies. Ring strain energy is invoked as the probable reason for the observed effect.
Mitral regurgitation in transcatheter aortic valve replacement: the complexity of multivalvular disease.

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has emerged as an alternative treatment for patients with symptomatic aortic stenosis (AS) who are at an unacceptably high risk for conventional surgical aortic valve replacement (AVR).1,2 Approximately 60 000 patients worldwide have undergone TAVR in the 11 years since it was introduced.3 Although good procedural success and favorable clinical outcomes have been reported,4,5 issues remain regarding the best patient selection for the procedure. Risk calculators commonly used to estimate the risk of valvular surgery, such as the logistic EuroSCORE and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons model, are not considered accurate in patients undergoing TAVR because they do not account for all clinical characteristics that may significantly affect procedural and postprocedural mortality. The current selection criteria are based on those used in randomized trials, and, in conjunction with the clinical evaluation, echocardiography is a mainstay in the assessment of candidates for this procedure. Beyond the clinical and anatomic exclusion criteria, severe pulmonary hypertension with right ventricular dysfunction, very severe left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction (ejection fraction <20%), and severe mitral regurgitation (MR) are among the echocardiographic exclusions.6 Moreover, each of the commercially available prosthesis manufacturers presents its own recommendations for the procedure, with the CoreValve being more restrictive with respect to concomitant valvular disease. Article see p 2145 Nevertheless, the criteria for patient selection are still open to debate and are not considered binding. As a consequence, patients found in TAVR registries often have characteristics that go beyond the recommended criteria, and this procedure is being considered in a wider array of patients with off-label indications. TAVR in patients with significant MR is one example, and several large series have reported up to 48% of patients with moderate or severe MR.7,8 Nevertheless, until recently, the …
Knee Arthritis: The Role of Arthroscopic Debridement

The indications for arthroscopic debridement of the arthritic knee include mechanical internal derangement such as loose bodies, meniscal flap tears, chondral flap tears, and osteophytic impingement. This article reviews three associated conditions that respond positively to arthroscopic intervention. Arthroscopic microfracture has shown benefit, but prolonged partial weight bearing and repetitive motion exercises are essential for improved results. Arthroscopic lateral patella facet resection for severe, isolated patellofemoral arthrosis provides an intraosseous decompression and consistent symptomatic relief. A study of arthroscopic resection of the third intercondylar of Parsons demonstrated return to full knee extension, which should diminish deterioration of the arthritic knee.
Row Number, Seed Spacing, and Fertilizer Rate Effects on Melon Production

ABSTRACT To investigate the effects of plant population and row configuration on production of vining crops, watermelon was seeded at within-row (WIR) spacings of 0.6, 1.2, and 1.8 m, and muskmelon was seeded at WIR spacings of 0.30, 0.46, and 0.61 m in one or two rows per 2-m beds. Yield per plant increased as seed spacing increased and row number decreased, but yield per hectare was not affected by seed spacing. Planting in two-row configuration did not affect muskmelon fruit size and increased marketable yields 52–64% over planting in one-row configuration. Mean watermelon size decreased with 0.6 m seed spacings and two-row configuration. Supplemental N did not affect fruit weight and number per plant or per hectare.
Cardiac Toxicity of Local Anesthetics in the Intact Isolated Heart Model: A Review

An editorial in 1979 by George Albright about sudden cardiac arrest after regional anesthesia spawned an era of intense research focusing on what local anesthetics do to the heart and how they do it. The ultimate goal of the research was to bring to the clinician long-acting local anesthetics that are less cardiotoxic than ones available before 1979, bupivacaine and etidocaine, in particular. In this article, I will review results of studies of local anesthetic cardiotoxicity using the intact mammalian heart in vitro published after the Albright editorial through 2001.
Mass Spectra of Organo-Metallic Compounds: X. Some Mononuclear Olefinic Derivatives of Metal Carbonyls

The mass spectra of the following olefin derivatives of metal carbonyls have been investigated: (a) Arene-tungsten tricarbonyl complexes of toluene, p-xylene, and mesitylene; (b) The cyclo-heptatriene-metal tricarbonyl complexes C7H8M(CO)3 (M = Cr and W); (c) The 1,3,5-cyclo-octatriene complex C8H10W(CO)3; (d) The cyclooctatetraene–metal tricarbonyl complexes C8H8M(CO)3 (M=Cr or Fe); (e) The 1,5-cyclooctadiene–metal tetracarbonyl complexes C8H12M(CO)4 (M = Mo or W); (f) The tungsten tetracarbonyl complexes of bicyclo[2,2,1] heptadiene and dicyclopentadiene; (g) The 1,3-cyclohexadiene complexes (C6H8)2M(CO)2 (M = Mo or W); (h) The cycloheptadienol complex (C7H9OH)Fe(CO)3; (i) The methyl vinyl ketone complexes (CH3COCH = CH2)3M (M = Mo or W); (j) A product of composition C12H16Fe(CO)2 obtained from allene dimer and Fe3(CO)12. The following fragmentation processes of particular interest were observed: (a) The facile dehydrogenation of ions containing the π-bonded 1,3,5-cyclooctatriene, 1,5-cyclooctadiene, and 1,3-cyclohexadiene ligands with two adjacent CH2 groups; (b) Elimination of neutral C5H6 fragments from tungsten carbonyl ions containing π-bonded bicyclo[2,2,1] heptadiene or dicyclopentadiene ligands; (c) Facile dehydration of iron carbonyl ions with π-bonded cycloheptadienol.
Intercontinental transport of air pollution

There is an increasing interest on the intercontinental transport of air pollution among the three main emission regions at northern mid-latitudes: North America, Europe, and East Asia. Air pollutants with sufficient long lifetime can be transported from one continent to another. Observations from ground sites, aircraft and satellites have demonstrated this intercontinental-scale transport of air pollutants in the free troposphere. Numerical models have been applied to understand the pathways of the transport and the impact of intercontinental pollution transport. This paper reviews current observational evidence and modeling studies of intercontinental transport of ozone and its precursors, and the resulting impacts on air quality.
Quasars and galaxy formation. I - The z greater than 4 objects

The physical properties of the known quasars with z greater than 4 are examined with particular reference to theories of cosmic structure formation. A 'standard' massive accreting black hole model for quasars is used to calculate the masses, radiative efficiencies, and accretion rates of the observed objects. The masses, densities, cosmological overdensities, and sizes of the accretion fuel reservoirs associated with the quasar black holes are considered, and several indirect arguments are used to connect these quantities to the masses and overdensities of the quasar host objects. Finally, constraints on the epoch of formation of the host objects are discussed. The general conclusion is that the observed quasars with z greater than 4 suggest that the cosmic structure formation was already well advanced at z = 5, when the universe was a small fraction of its present age.
The surface structures of vapor-grown ice and naphthalene crystals studied by low-energy electron diffraction

Abstract The surfaces of ice and naphthalene crystals have been studied by low-energy electron diffraction (LEED). The crystals were grown by vapor phase epitaxy on a clean Pt(111) substrate, and the surface orientations are the ab (001) plane of naphthalene and a hexagonal sheet of ice [fcc (111) or hep (0001)]. The surface structures of both molecular crystals are unreconstructed. Ordered surfaces could be obtained only in a finite temperature range (125–155 K for ice and 105–200K for naphthalene) and were markedly dependent on substrate cleanliness and order. Electron beam damage and charging of the molecular surfaces were observed, but did not prevent characterization of the surface structures of sufficiently thin (less than 10 3 A) crystalline films.
Finite element analysis as a tool for crossflow membrane filter simulation

Finite element analysis (FEA) is a very powerful tool in analyzing many engineering problems. In this study, FEA was used to simulate the development of concentration polarization in ultrafiltration of protein solutions. A miniature crossflow membrane filter was developed to verify the FEA models. Polysulfone membrane disks (47 mm) were used in this study. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) solutions of different concentrations were pumped across the membrane flow channel. The crossflow velocity of the feed solution was carefully controlled at the laminar region. With the flow velocities within the flow channel estimated by a perturbation solution, the protein concentration on the membrane surface and the mass transfer coefficient were accurately predicted by FEA. This simulation method may provide a useful tool in engineering analysis and design of a membrane filtration process.
Size and temperature effects on the fracture mechanisms of silicon nanowires: Molecular dynamics simulations

Abstract We present molecular dynamics simulations of [1 1 0]-oriented Si nanowires (NWs) under a constant strain rate in tension until failure, using the modified embedded-atom-method (MEAM) potential. The fracture behavior of the NWs depends on both temperature and NW diameter. For NWs of diameter larger than 4 nm, cleavage fracture on the transverse (1 1 0) plane are predominantly observed at temperatures below 1000 K. At higher temperatures, the same NWs shear extensively on inclined {1 1 1} planes prior to fracture, analogous to the brittle-to-ductile transition (BDT) in bulk Si. Surprisingly, NWs with diameter less than 4 nm fail by shear regardless of temperature. Detailed analysis reveals that cleavage fracture is initiated by the nucleation of a crack, while shear failure is initiated by the nucleation of a dislocation, both from the surface. While dislocation mobility is believed to be the controlling factor of BDT in bulk Si, our analysis showed that the change of failure mechanism in Si NWs with decreasing diameters is nucleation controlled. Our results are compared with a recent in situ tensile experiment of Si NWs showing ductile failure at room temperature.
How does eutrophication affect the role of grazers in harmful algal bloom dynamics

Abstract Population dynamics of harmful algal bloom species are regulated both from the “bottom-up” by factors that affect their growth rate and from the “top-down” by factors that affect their loss rates. While it might seem apparent that eutrophication would have the greatest impact on factors affecting growth rates of phytoplankton (nutrient supply, light availability) the roles of top-down controls, including grazers and pathogens, cannot be ignored in studies of harmful bloom dynamics. Lags between the growth of phytoplankton and zooplankton populations, or disruption of zooplankton populations by adverse environmental conditions may be important factors in the initiation of plankton blooms under eutrophic conditions. Grazers that avoid feeding on harmful species and actively graze on competing species may also play important roles in bloom initiation. Grazers that are not affected by phytoplankton toxins and have growth rates comparable to phytoplankton (e.g. protozoan grazers) may have the potential to control the initiation of blooms. If the inhibition of grazers varies with cell density for blooms of toxic phytoplankton, eutrophication may increase the chances of blooms reaching threshold densities for grazer inhibition. In addition, secondary effects of eutrophication, including hypoxia and change in pH may adversely affect grazer populations, and further release HAB species from top-down control. The Texas brown tide ( Aureoumbra lagunensis ) blooms provide evidence for the role of grazer disruption in bloom initiation and the importance of high densities of brown tide cells in continued suppression of grazers.
Prolonged time course for vibratory suppression of stretch reflex in the decerebrate cat.

We studied the effects of longitudinal tendon vibration on the stretch reflex of the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles in 11 decerebrate cats. Vibration was applied at amplitudes (40–80 μm) and frequencies (120–250 Hz) sufficient to provide a strong tonic vibration reflex. In keeping with previous reports, we found that during an established tonic vibration reflex, the force and emg response to superimposed ramp and hold stretch are largely suppressed. This suppression is most obvious during the dynamic phase of stretch where it gives rise to a complex force response resembling that of active areflexic muscle.
Spatially distributed stocks, deterministic evolution, and ecological balance

This paper lays down a conceptual foundation for a model of a turbulent human population's perception of and behavior in a broader environment. Violent changes in the levels of utility extracted from the environment, and abrupt shifts in the relative value that the human population places on various components of this environment and the ecology it contains, are analyzed. In presenting this foundation, two different modeling traditions are integrated: the static, behavioral utility theory, and the deterministic-descriptive Dendrinos-Sonis universal map of relative spatial population dynamics. A basic question is raised in this dynamic framework concerning the use of utility maximation.
Early events and some later developments in microwave spectroscopy

Abstract The early history of microwave spectroscopy is reviewed. New directions in the field are indicated. These include: further extensions of coherent submillimeter wave spectroscopy, microwave spectroscopy of molecules in interstellar space, microwave-infrared laser double resonance, spectroscopy of ionized molecules and transient molecular radicals, studies of hydrogen-bonded molecular complexes and atom-molecule complexes, observations of “forbidden” rotational transitions in symmetric-top and spherical-top molecules, and new developments in high-temperature spectroscopy.
CMOS Junctionless Field-Effect Transistors Manufacturing Cost Evaluation

Junctionless field-effect transistors (JL-FETs) contain no doping gradients, so they are thought to be simpler to process and less costly to manufacture than fin field-effect transistors (FinFETs). To check this assertion, process flows for CMOS JL-FETs on 300 mm SOI and bulk silicon substrates with 22 nm gate length are developed, and the manufacturing costs are calculated using a cost-of-ownership based approach. It has been determined that for a given substrate, the cost of the given JL-FET process flows is comparable with FinFET processing with less than 2% cost difference, while JL-FET processing on SOI costs are greater than 10% on bulk silicon. The largest component of process cost is due to photolithography.
Emerging molecular phenotypes of asthma

Although asthma has long been considered a heterogeneous disease, attempts to define subgroups of asthma have been limited. In recent years, both clinical and statistical approaches have been utilized to better merge clinical characteristics, biology, and genetics. These combined characteristics have been used to define phenotypes of asthma, the observable characteristics of a patient determined by the interaction of genes and environment. Identification of consistent clinical phenotypes has now been reported across studies. Now the addition of various 'omics and identification of specific molecular pathways have moved the concept of clinical phenotypes toward the concept of molecular phenotypes. The importance of these molecular phenotypes is being confirmed through the integration of molecularly targeted biological therapies. Thus the global term asthma is poised to become obsolete, being replaced by terms that more specifically identify the pathology associated with the disease.
Political Conditions and the Electoral Effects of Redistricting

Redistricting can have considerable electoral consequences because it undermines the incumbency advantage. Numerous voters are drawn into districts with a different incumbent seeking reelection. Wi...
Representations of positive polynomials on noncompact semialgebraic sets via KKT ideals

Abstract This paper studies the representation of a positive polynomial f ( x ) on a noncompact semialgebraic set S = { x ∈ R n : g 1 ( x ) ≥ 0 , … , g s ( x ) ≥ 0 } modulo its KKT (Karush–Kuhn–Tucker) ideal. Under the assumption that the minimum value of f ( x ) on S is attained at some KKT point, we show that f ( x ) can be represented as sum of squares (SOS) of polynomials modulo the KKT ideal if f ( x ) > 0 on S ; furthermore, when the KKT ideal is radical, we argue that f ( x ) can be represented as a sum of squares (SOS) of polynomials modulo the KKT ideal if f ( x ) ≥ 0 on S . This is a generalization of results in [J. Nie, J. Demmel, B. Sturmfels, Minimizing polynomials via sum of squares over the gradient ideal, Mathematical Programming (in press)], which discusses the SOS representations of nonnegative polynomials over gradient ideals.
Proactive mitigation of impact of wormholes and sinkholes on routing security in energy-efficient wireless sensor networks

Sensor networks are deployed in a variety of environments for unattended operation. In a hostile terrain, sensor nodes are vulnerable to node capture and cryptographic material compromise. Compromised nodes can be used for launching wormhole and sinkhole attacks in order to prevent sensitive data from reaching intended destinations. Our objective in this paper is mitigating the impact of undetected compromised nodes on routing. To this end, we develop metrics for quantifying risk of paths in a network. We then introduce a novel routing approach: Secure-Path Routing (SPR) that uses expected path risk as a parameter in routing. Quantified path risk values are used in routing to reduce traffic flow over nodes that have high expected vulnerability. Selecting low risk routes may lead to the choice of energy-expensive routes. Thus, we develop algorithms for balancing risk with other path selection parameters, including energy consumption. We conduct simulation experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of our approach and study the tradeoff between security and energy. Simulation shows that SPR can be quite effective at increasing traffic flow over legitimate routes and that the impact of SPR on network lifetime is negligible.
Copper-doped GaAs filters for the 8- to 13-μm atmospheric window

ABSTRACT High temperature diffusion of Cu into GaAs was used to prepare infrared filters for the 8  13 µ m atmospheric transmission window. Copper was evaporated to thickness ~ 100 nm on both sides of double-side polished 1.7 mm thick GaAs samples, then sealed in evacuated quartz ampoules back filled with 250 torr of helium. The ampoules were heated at temperatures between 600 C and 1200 C for periods of 15 min to 16 hours, and then quenched in water. Infrared spectra were collected using a Fourier spectrometer at 1.7 K  20 K sample temperature, 500 to 3500 cm -1 spectral range, and 1 cm -1 resolution. The well known Cu:GaAs sharp-line absorption spectrum was observed near 1200 cm -1 together with a strong photo-ionization band at higher wave numbers. The latter provides zero transmission for wavelengths shorter than 8 µ m. The sharp cut-off shifts to longer wavelengths as diffusion times and temperature increase. This process allows for the simple preparation of infrared long pass filters. The concentration profile was modeled to better understand the relation between Cu concentration and spectrum. Keywords: GaAs, Copper, infrared, filter
An overview of developing tribal emergency management in the USA

As sovereign governments, American Indian and Alaska Native tribes are responsible for providing prevention, protection, response, and recovery for their members within the evolving Emergency Management (EM) environment in the USA. The current structure for the emergency response system in the USA does not fully embrace tribal sovereignty to allow tribes to maintain their government to government relationship with the federal government. This paper discusses unique issues affecting tribes in the USA and presents a general framework for use in developing tribal EM programmes in this environment.
South Mrican Civil-Military Relations in Transition: Issues and Influences

One of the crucial elements of democratization efforts currently under way in South Africa is the establishment of a democratic pattern of civil-military relations. The important issues in this tra...
The RNA code: Nature’s Rosetta Stone

Marshall Nirenberg and Heinrich Matthaei initiated their biochemical approach to elucidating the genetic code in 1959, 6 years following the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA (1). At the time, geneticists were using T4 bacteriophage mutagenesis/reversion of plaque morphology toward the same goal by inferring that three mutations were needed to specify an amino acid (2). The genetic code challenge was to link the nucleic acid sequence composed of four bases to translation of 20 amino acids. Nirenberg presented his breakthrough announcement twice at the 1961 International Congress of Biochemistry (ICB) in Moscow: the first presentation to a small audience and the second, at the urging and support of Francis Crick, to the entire congress.
Performance of Chilled-Water Cooling Coils

A model capable of predicting the performance of wavy-fin-tube chilled-water cooling coils has been developed. It includes formulas for calculating the heat transfer coefficients and pressure drops on the air and water sides of the coil, as well as a procedure for calculating the condensation rate on the air side. The model was tested by comparing its predicted heat transfer rates and pressure drops with experimental data from the literature. The heat transfer rates were predicted to within 5% of the experimental value for seven corrugated-fin coils representing a wide range of geometries. Air-side pressure drop predictions were less accurate. The model was able to predict the air-side pressure drop within 25% for three of four coils whose geometrical parameters were within the range of applicability of the model. A parametric study of the effects of various water- and air-side geometric factors revealed that the choice of coil circuiting can affect the heat transfer performance by as much as 90%. Water-s...
On God and Mann: A View of Divine Simplicity

One of the most difficult and perplexing tenets of classical theism is the doctrine of divine simplicity. Broadly put, this is generally understood to be the thesis that God is altogether without any proper parts, composition, or metaphysical complexity whatsoever. For a good deal more than a millennium, veritable armies of philosophical theologians – Jewish, Christian and Islamic – proclaimed the truth and importance of divine simplicity. Yet in our own time, the doctrine has enjoyed no such support. Among many otherwise orthodox theists, those who do not just disregard it completely explicitly deny it. However, in a couple of recent articles, William E. Mann has attempted to expound the idea of divine simplicity anew and to defend it against a number of criticisms. He even has gone so far as to hint at reaffirming its importance, suggesting that the doctrine may have a significant amount of explanatory power and other theoretical virtue as part of an overall account of the nature of God, by either entailing or in other ways providing for much else that traditional theists have wanted to say about God. In this paper, I want to take a close look at Mann's formulation of the doctrine and at a general supporting theory he adumbrates in his attempt to render more plausible, or at least more defensible, various of its elements and implications. As Mann has made what is arguably the best attempt to defend the doctrine in recent years, I think that such an examination is important and will repay our efforts.
Sexual behavior of unmarried university students in 1968 and 1972.

Abstract Recent research suggests the premarital sexual behavior of university students increased between the late 1960s and early 1970s. The conclusions of those studies are typically tempered by sampling problems. This article reports data from random samples of unmarried students at the same university in 1968 and 1972. Both men and women were more likely to report coital experience in 1972 than in 1968, with no difference between men and women in 1972. There were no statistically significant differences in number of sexual partners or coital events between 1968 and 1972.
Gene expression in sheep carotid arteries: major changes with maturational development

With development from immature fetus to near-term fetus, newborn, and adult, the cerebral vasculature undergoes a number of fundamental changes. Although the near-term fetus is prepared for a transition from an intra- to extra-uterine existence, this is not necessarily the case with the premature fetus, which is more susceptible to cerebrovascular dysregulation. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the profound developmental and age-related differences in cerebral blood flow are associated with significant underlying changes in gene expression. With the use of oligonucleotide microarray and pathway analysis, we elucidated significant changes in the transcriptome with development in sheep carotid arteries. As compared with adult, we demonstrate a U-shaped relationship of gene expression in major cerebrovascular network/pathways during early life, e.g., the level of gene expression in the premature fetus and newborn is considerably greater than that of the near-term fetus. Specifically, cell proliferation, growth, and assembly pathway genes were upregulated during early life. In turn, as compared with adult, mitogen-activated protein kinase–extracellular regulated kinase, actin cytoskeleton, and integrin-signaling pathways were downregulated during early life. In cranial vascular smooth muscle, highly significant changes occur in important cellular and signaling pathways with maturational development.
Multiple endocrine adenomatosis type IIb. Diagnosis and treatment.

A 29-year-old man with a marfanoid habitus, peculiar mucosal neuromas of the lips and tongue, high arched palate, hyperplastic corneal nerves, and hypertension was found at operation to have medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, parathyroid hyperplasia, and pheochromocytoma. These symptoms and findings are characteristic of multiple endocrine adenomatosis (MEA IIb) syndromes. ( JAMA 234:710-714, 1975)
Membrane barriers and Mehler-peroxidase reaction limit the ascorbate available for violaxanthin de-epoxidase activity in intact chloroplasts

The presence of an acidic lumen and the xanthophylls, zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin, are minimal requirements for induction of non-radiative dissipation of energy in the pigment bed of Photosystem II. We recently reported that ascorbate, which is required for formation for these xanthophylls, also can mediate the needed lumen acidity through the Mehler-peroxidase reaction [Neubauer and Yamamoto (1992) Plant Physiol 99: 1354–1361]. It is demonstrated that in non-CO2-fixing intact chloroplasts and thylakoids of Lactuca sativa, L. c.v. Romaine, the ascorbate available to support de-epoxidase activity is influenced by membrane barriers and the ascorbate-consuming Mehler-peroxidase reaction. In intact chloroplasts, this results in biphasic kinetic behavior for light-induced de-epoxidation. The initial relatively high activity is due to ascorbate preloaded into the thylakoid before light-induction and the terminal low activity due to limiting ascorbate from the effects of chloroplast membranes barriers and a light-dependent process. A five-fold difference between the initial and final activities was observed for light-induced de-epoxidation in chloroplasts pre-incubated with 120 mM ascorbate for 40 min. The light-dependent activity is ascribed to the competitive use of ascorbic acid by ascorbate peroxidase in the Mehler-peroxidase reaction. Thus, stimulating ascorbic peroxidase with H2O2 transiently inhibited de-epoxidase activity and concomitantly increased photochemical quenching. Also, the effects inhibiting ascorbate peroxidase with KCN, and the KM values for ascorbate peroxidase and violaxanthin de-epoxidase of 0.36 and 3.1 mM, respectively, support this conclusion. These results indicate that regulation of xanthophyll-dependent non-radiative energy dissipation in the pigment bed of Photosystem II is modulated not only by lumen acidification but also by ascorbate availability.
R-wave amplitude responses to rapid atrial pacing: A marker for myocardial ischemia☆

Atrial pacing-induced changes in the sum of R-wave amplitude were measured in leads V5, X, Y, and Z at rates of 100 bpm (phase I), 150 bpm (phase II), and immediately after pacing (phase III) in 33 patients undergoing cardiac catheterization for evaluation of chest pain. Seventeen (51%) patients showed evidence of ischemia during atrial pacing (typical anginal pain and/or at least a 1 mm ST-segment depression) and 16 (49%) showed no evidence of ischemia. Mean R-wave amplitude changes from baseline in the ischemic patients were: phase I: -8% (p = not significant), phase II: +3% (p = not significant), and phase III: +13% (p less than 0.01); and in nonischemic patients: phase I: -11% (p less than 0.02), phase II: -18% (p less than 0.01), and phase III: +2% (p = not significant). These two distinct patterns of R-wave amplitude changes were highly sensitive (85%), specific (92%), and predictive (92%) for identifying patients with myocardial ischemia but did not correlate (p = not significant) with either the angiographically determined extent of coronary artery obstructive disease (CAD), resting left ventricular function, or the dynamic, atrial pacing-induced changes in left ventricular dimensions determined by M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiography. Thus, R-wave amplitude changes induced by atrial pacing can be used to identify patients with myocardial ischemia independent of coronary anatomy or resting left ventricular function.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
ULTRAFILTRATION OF SIMIAN VIRUSES.

SummaryMillipore filters of 100, 50 and 10 mp pore sizes were found to be satisfactory for estimating the size of simian viruses, and classifying them into 3 size categories of large, medium and small. SV5 was of large size; SV1, SV11, SV12, SV13, SV17, SV23, SV25, SV27 SV30, SV31, SV32 SV33, and SV36 were in the medium size range; SV16, SV18, War;, SV29, SV35 and SV40 belong to the small virus group. Simplicity of the filter set would permit its use in a routine virus laboratory.
Leu-8/TQ1 is the human equivalent of the Mel-14 lymph node homing receptor

THE human pan-leukocyte antigen Leu-8 has attracted wide interest because its presence or absence identifies suppressor-inducer and helper-inducer CD4+ T-lymphocyte subsets respectively. We report here that Leu-8 is the human homologue of the mouse Mel-14 homing receptor, a molecule that promotes the initial adhesion of blood-borne lymphocytes to the specialized post-capillary endothelium of peripheral lymph nodes. We also show that Leu-8 can adopt both conventional and phospholipid anchored forms, a finding that may have relevance in the context of antigen shedding following activation or homing. The assignment of lymphocytes to different functional classes based on lymph node homing potential may represent a more general association between lymphocyte function and tissue distribution.
The CRF1 receptor mediates the excitatory actions of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) in the developing rat brain: in vivo evidence using a novel, selective, non-peptide CRF receptor antagonist

Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) is the key coordinator of the neuroendocrine and behavioral responses to stress. In the central nervous system, CRF excites select neuronal populations, and infusion of CRF into the cerebral ventricles of infant rats produces severe age-dependent limbic seizures. These seizures, like other CRF effects, result from activation of specific receptors. Both of the characterized members of the CRF receptor family (CRF1 and CRF2), are found in the amygdala, site of origin of CRF-induced seizures, and may therefore mediate these seizures. To determine which receptor is responsible for the excitatory effects of CRF on limbic neurons, a selective, non-peptide CRF1 antagonist was tested for its ability to abolish the seizures, in comparison to non-selective inhibitory analogues of CRF. Pretreatment with the selective CRF1 blocker (NBI 27914) increased the latency and decreased the duration of CRF-induced seizures in a dose-dependent manner. The higher doses of NBI 27914 blocked the behavioral seizures and prevented epileptic discharges in concurrent electroencephalograms recorded from the amygdala. The selective CRF1 blocker was poorly effective when given systemically, consistent with limited blood-brain barrier penetration. Urocortin, a novel peptide activating both types of CRF receptors in vitro, but with preferential affinity for CRF2 receptors in vivo, produced seizures with a lower potency than CRF. These limbic seizures, indistinguishable from those induced by CRF, were abolished by pretreatment with NBI 27914, consistent with their dependence on CRF1 activation. In summary, CRF induces limbic seizures in the immature rat, which are abolished by selective blocking of the CRF1 receptor. CRF1-messenger RNA levels are maximal in sites of seizure origin and propagation during the age when CRF is most potent as a convulsant. Taken together, these facts strongly support the role of the developmentally regulated CRF1 receptor in mediating the convulsant effects of CRF in the developing brain.
Applying a user-centered metric to identify active blogs

Current methods of determining whether a blog is active or abandoned tend to rely on simple rules, such as identifying whether it has been posted to within the last 7 or 30 days. Individual bloggers vary widely in their posting activity levels, however, and so using such fixed cutoffs can result in both misses (calling active blogs "abandoned") and false positives (calling abandoned blogs "active"). We suggest using an alternative metric that varies the cutoff date according to the properties of each individual blog, and show how its results relate to those of the standard 30-day active metric. From our initial analysis, we believe that such a metric offers a more accurate representation of the intuitive notion of blog activity.
On‐line serials control system in a large biomedical library: 1) Description of the system

An on-line serials control system with particular emphasis on storage and maintenance concepts is described. The system, operational since January, 1971, has evolved from a former batch card system and remains completely compatible with it. The system allows real-time display and updating of all elements of the file. Consequently all check-in, bindery, and claims operations, as well as new entries and data field changes are accomplished on a real-time basis. All programs are in PL/1. Required equipment is an IBM time-shared facility with 100 K memory available for the applications programs, and IBM 2260 display units. This article is the first of three. The second is concerned with an analysis of inverted file retrieval features and the third compares the operation of the on-line with the batch system, comparable manual operations, and discusses costs.
Dirt Softens Soap: Anomalous Elasticity of Disordered Smectics

We show that a smectic in a disordered medium (e.g., aerogel) exhibits anomalous elasticity, with the compression modulus B(k) vanishing and the bend modulus K(k) diverging as k --> 0. In addition, the effective disorder develops long ranged correlations. These divergences are much stronger than those driven by thermal fluctuations in pure smectics, and are controlled by a zero temperature glassy fixed point, which we study in an $\epsilon=5-d$ expansion. We discuss the experimental implications of these theoretical predictions.
Random Mutagenesis Screen for Dominant Behavioral Mutations in Mice

Abstract Large-scale mutagenesis and screening for altered phenotypes have been used effectively in many (lower) model organisms to identify mutations in genes that control biological processes. In the mouse, the cost of maintaining the large breeding colonies necessary to screen for recessive mutations makes it important to consider alternate approaches such as region-specific saturation mutagenesis or screening for mutations with a dominant mode of inheritance. In this article, a pilot screen for (semi)dominant visible and behavioral mutations in the mouse induced by a potent chemical mutagen, N -ethyl- N -nitrosourea (ENU), is described. An efficient protocol for ENU mutagenesis and strain-specific differences in the effect of mutagen on the sterility period and long-term survival are reported. In addition to a description of the screen for abnormal circadian wheel running activity that was used previously, the suitability of a high-throughput screen of mutagenized progeny in the Porsolt swim test, used to test the efficacy of antidepressant agents, and in the prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response, used to detect anomalies in sensorimotor gating, is tested. By demonstrating strain specific differences and prescreening 100 G 1 progeny of mutagenized males, the feasibility of using these behavioral assays for a large-scale screen is illustrated. In this review, details of a mutagenesis screen for behavioral abnormalities are described and issues important in the initial characterization of novel ENU-induced mutations are considered.