cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The need and techniques to obliterate control languages

Control language functions have greatly increased in recent times. Much of the increase is due to the fact that as new facilities were developed in operating systems no corresponding specifications were added to common programming languages. Programming languages did have statements that interfaced with input/output systems; these were also used to address problems of file and database management, as well as transfer of data between successive program segments.Unfortunately the control languages that took on the control and data flow specifications developed in an ad hoc fashion with little concern for intersystem consistency. Their syntax is frequently infantile and many specifications are set by local default conditions. The result is that control languages present one of the major stumbling blocks in programming and severelyhinder transferability of programs.
Properties of Wheat Mitochondria. Study of Substrates, Cofactors and Inhibitors

Isolated mitochondria of wheat shoots oxidize α- ketoglutarate, DL-malate succinate and NADH with good relative respiration control and ADP: O ratio. They have high affinity for α-ketoglutarate and NADH as substrates and utilize malate and succinate with a respiration ratio of about one-half of α-ketoglutarate. The average ADP : O ratios approach the expected theoretical values, i.e., 3.6 ± 0.2 for α-ketoglutarate, 1.8 ± 0.2 for succinate, and 2.8 ± 0.2 for malate. The ADP: O ratio with NADH is 1.8 ± 0.2. The maximum coupling of oxidation and phosphorylation is obtained at concentrations of 10 mM, 2 mM, 10 mM and 8 mM for α-ketoglutarate, NADH, malate and succinate, respectively. — Wheat mitochondria have little or no dependence on added cofactors. Mitochondria prepared by our procedure apparently retain sufficient amounts of endogenous cofactors required for NAD-linked systems. FAD+ is found to improve succinate oxidation. Cytochrome c does not have any significant effect on respiratory parameters of wheat mitochondria. — Wheat mitochondria are some -what resistant to DNP at 1.7 × 10-5M. Malonate seems to improve coupling of α-ketoglutarate oxidation. Other Krebs cycle intermediates have been tested on three major substrates of TCA cycle, i.e., α-ketoglutarate, malate and succinate.
Desired Elements and Timing of Cancer Survivorship Care: One Approach May Not Fit All

This study suggests that cancer survivorship care planning is heterogeneous and may not need to be comprehensive, but rather tailored to individual survivors' needs.
Physiographic gradients determine nutrient concentrations more than land use in a Gulf Slope (USA) river system

Riverine ecosystems are linked to their watersheds, and both land use and physiographic environmen- tal conditions influence nutrient dynamics and water quality. We assessed aquatic nutrients and their relation- ship with land use and physiographic conditions at multiple spatial scales in the Brazos River watershed (Texas, USA) to examine the interactions between land use and physiography and their combined influences on river- ine nutrient dynamics. Patterns in physiography and land use were highly correlated, but physiographic gra- dients explained ∼2× more of the variability in riverine nutrient concentrations than land use (25 and 12%, re- spectively). The response of nutrient concentrations to spatial patterns of land use and physiography depended on the specific nutrient and scale of analysis. However, elevated dissolved nutrient concentrations typically were associated with areas of higher rainfall, greater stream density, and more intensive human alteration of the catchment. In contrast, particulate nutrients were more responsive to catchment area and seasonality. Seasonality and reach-scale % rangeland had the strongest independent effects on concentrations of particulate nutrients, whereas the specific ecoregion type and catchment-scale % urban use had the strongest independent effects on dissolved nutrients. Our study highlights the importance of incorporating physiographic environmental gradients when studying the interactions between a river and its watershed, especially in large, complex watersheds or those that cross steep environmental gradients.
Temporal changes in microscale colonization of the phylloplane by Aureobasidium pullulans.

Colonization of apple leaves by the yeastlike fungus Aureobasidium pullulans was followed quantitatively and spatially at a microscale level throughout two growing seasons. Ten field leaves were sampled on 11 dates in 2003 and 15 dates in 2004. Using an A. pullulans-specific fluorescence in situ hybridization probe and epifluorescence microscopy, we enumerated total cells, swollen-cells and chlamydospores (SCC), and blastospores/mm2 on leaf features, including the midvein, other (smaller) veins, and the interveinal regions. By 7 July 2003 and 7 June 2004, the total numbers of A. pullulans cells/mm2 were significantly higher (P < 0.05) on the midvein and other veins than in the interveinal regions. This pattern remained consistent thereafter. The primary colonizing morphotype in all regions at all dates was the SCC form, although blastospores always occurred in low numbers. Occupancy was quantified based on the percentage of microscope fields of a particular leaf feature containing ≥1 A. pullulans cell. In general, as seasons progressed, the percent occupancy of features increased and, for most midvein and veinal features, approximated 100% at the end of both growing seasons. Except for early collections, when A. pullulans cell numbers were low, the percent occupancy of interveinal regions was lower than that of the midvein or other veinal regions. A. pullulans was distributed primarily as single cells throughout the seasons in interveinal regions. On the midvein and other veins, colonies of ≥4 cells developed over time, and more cells occurred in colonies than as singletons by August. Our results demonstrate that A. pullulans primarily colonizes veins, where populations appear to increase by growth in situ. This pattern is established early in the growing season and persists.
Natural Products from Environmental DNA Hosted in Ralstonia metallidurans

Metagenomic studies designed to access new small molecules from the heterologous expression of environmental DNA have focused on the use of two model systems, Escherichia coli and Streptomyces spp., as heterologous hosts. Accessing the biosynthetic potential of DNA extracted from the bacteria present in environmental samples will require the development of a more diverse collection of model bacterial hosts that can be used for screening environmental DNA libraries. In this study the bacterium Ralstonia metallidurans was explored as a heterologous host. Here we report the isolation and characterization of both novel and known metabolites from pigmented and antibacterially active clones found in R. metallidurans based environmental DNA libraries. The clones found in this study do not confer the production of clone specific metabolites to E. coli, validating R. metallidurans as an orthogonal expression host that can be used to expand the number of metabolites found in future metagenomic discovery efforts.
Simulated effect of reaction force redirection on the upper extremity mechanical demand imposed during manual wheelchair propulsion

Abstract Background Manual wheelchair propulsion is associated with overuse injuries of the shoulder. Reaction force redirection relative to upper extremity segments was hypothesized as a means to redistribute mechanical load imposed on the upper extremity without decrements in wheelchair propulsion performance. Methods Two individuals performed wheelchair propulsion under simulated inclined (graded) conditions using self-selected control strategies. Upper extremity kinematics and reaction forces applied to the wheel were quantified and used as input into an experiment-based multi-link inverse dynamics model that incorporates participant-specific experimental results. Reaction force direction was systematically modified to determine the mechanical demand imposed on the upper extremity (elbow and shoulder net joint moments and net joint forces) during wheelchair propulsion. Results were presented as solution spaces to examine the upper extremity load distribution characteristics within and between participants across a range of reaction force directions. Findings Redirection of the reaction force relative to the upper extremity segments provides multiple solutions for redistributing mechanical demand across the elbow and shoulder without decrements in manual wheelchair propulsion performance. The distribution of load across RF directions was participant specific and was found to vary with time during the push phase. Interpretation Solution spaces provide a mechanical basis for individualized interventions that aim to maintain function and redistribute load away from structures at risk for injury (e.g. reduce demand imposed on shoulder flexors (reduce shoulder net joint moment) or reduce potential for impingement (reduce shoulder net joint force).
Application of Graph and Model Integrative Technology in Power Communication Network Management

The graph and model integrative technology is used in the power network management. In this paper, we presented a mechanism of designing the power network management architecture with the graph theory involved. In our scheme, we describe the device topology by characteristics of node connection and port features. Then the automatic construction of the topology is focused and the system integrality is also examined. Besides, several functions are developed such as the graph editor, model storage, visualization and data analysis in power network management. The graph-based technology is applied to analyze the communication network topology. And experiment results show that it can exactly improve level of power equipment visualization.
Pharmacodynamics of antiinfective therapy: taking what we know to the patient's bedside.

Applied pharmacokinetics has long been a lifeline of clinical pharmacy services. National surveys during the past decade documented clinical pharmacy services and demonstrated that a substantial rate of growth occurred in clinical pharmacokinetic consultations and management of drug therapy protocols. Pharmacodynamic principles of antiinfective agents are rapidly becoming a new paradigm of clinical pharmacy services. beta-Lactams, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones represent the three classes of antiinfective agents that have made the most progress toward the clinical applications of pharmacodynamics. Pharmacodynamic parameters are being used to select and compare agents within an antiinfective class (e.g., fluoroquinolones), make modifications in the dosage (e.g., extended-interval dosing of aminoglycosides) and/or mode of administration (e.g., continuous infusion of beta-lactams), develop in vivo breakpoint determinations, and assess the development of bacterial resistance. In addition, pharmacodynamic parameters have influenced the clinical drug development of new (e.g., linezolid) and older (amoxicillin-clavulanate, fluoroquinolones) antiinfective agents. Further investigations are needed to explore the clinician's use of validated prediction methods and patient-specific pharmacodynamic parameters at the bedside. By linking pharmacokinetic services with pharmacodynamic principles, the opportunity for continued progress toward our assessment and decisions for successful clinical outcomes is possible with old and new antiinfective agents.
The Sexual Couple: a psychoanalytic exploration

Even an originally revolutionary movement like psychoanalysis can become conservative and can take refuge, at last, in reactionary acquiescence. Many revolutionary minds, fighters of yesterday, are tired and now rest their cause on dogmas and preconceived ideas. The progress of science does not tolerate such refuge. The shape of psychoanalysis around the year 2000 of our era will be very different from the concept of the New York Psychoanalytical Society of 1945. No prophetic gift is needed to predict that it will be much more occupied with the total human personality than with the sexual components. The picture of psychoanalysis in the year 2000 will, I am sure, be nearer to that which neo-psychoanalysis sketches then to that of libido theory. It will be recognized then that the crude sex-drive cannot have the power attributed to it by Freud and that early mixtures of sexual and non-sexual urges are clearly to be observed in those very phenomena which impress us as "purely" sexual." (Reik, 1945).
Histoplasmosis presenting with ulcers on the soft palate.

A 66-year-old male presented with oral pain during eating and a 30 lb weight loss over 2 months. He resided in California but grew up near New Orleans and the Mississippi River. He last visited New Orleans 9 months before the onset of symptoms. A workup and history were negative for immunodeficiency. Exam revealed tenderness over the gingiva, base of the tongue and ulcers on the soft palate (Fig. 1). Chest x-ray was unremarkable. Biopsy of the tongue base demonstrated non-caseating granulomas. Stainings of the tissue showed encapsulated intracellular organisms, including budding yeast forms, within histiocytes (Fig. 2) consistent with histoplasmosis. Based on the time course of his weight loss and fatigue, the patient was presumptively diagnosed with chronic disseminated histoplasmosis. He was successfully treated with liposomal amphotericin B, followed by itraconazole. Figure 1. Ulcers on the soft palate. Figure 2. Encapsulated intracellular organisms within histiocytes. Common risk factors for disseminated histoplasmosis include AIDS, primary immunodeficiency disorders, extremes of age and those taking immunosuppressive medications (glucocorticoids, TNF-alpha inhibitors, antirejection medications). However a smaller subset of patients without known risk factors are susceptible. In patients without known immunodeficiency presenting with oral ulcers, a diagnosis of histoplasmosis should be entertained.
Combinatorial device fabrication and optimization of multilayer organic LEDs

In order to get a detailed understanding of organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs), optimize their performance and provide reliable data for device modeling, we have developed an ultra-high vacuum (UHV) evaporation system for combinatorial studies. Our system allows the simultaneous fabrication of 10 x 10 individual devices on one substrate enabling a systematic variation of material combinations and electrodes as well as device parameters such as layer thickness, layer sequence, dye dopant concentrations. Here, we present an overview of the capabilities of combinatorial methods for electrical and electro-optical device optimization. We show results on multilayer OLEDs ranging from the conventional copper-phthalocyanine (CuPc)/N,N'-di(naphtalene-1-yl)-N,N'-diphenyl-benzidine (NPB)/ and tris-(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum (Alq) trilayer device to double-doped, red-emitting OLEDs with efficiencies up to 1.5 cd/A at 20 mA/cm2 measured through a semitransparent metal electrode and CIE color coordinates of x=0.65, y=0.34.
Exploring physicians' attitudes about and behavior in communicating with patients.

A survey suggests that there is broad consensus among physicians about the importance of honesty with patients, but there is variation in physicians' behavior in disclosing certain information to patients.
A computational architecture to model human emotions

A computational architecture to model human emotions is described and developed. In previous work on brain modeling there has been significant effort to model the brain's analytical and learning capabilities. However, modeling feelings has not been pursued vigorously. The modeling of human emotions and emotional states is key to our ability to create next generation human like agents. The proposed computer architecture is based on Markov modeling theory. This rich mathematical theory provides us with the ability to model emotional states and how they change. We apply this theory and show how a computational engine can be built to model human emotions. A simple emulation of the proposed architecture is implemented in software and some initial results are presented which show the power of this architecture to develop future generation emotion engines.
Optical parametric oscillator frequency tuning and control

The frequency-tuning and -control properties of monolithic doubly resonant optical parametric oscillators are analyzed for stable single-mode pump radiation. Single-axial-mode operation is observed on the idler and the signal for both pulsed and continuous pumping. Projections are made for tuning-parameter tolerances that are required for maintenance of stable single-frequency oscillation. Continuous frequency tuning is possible through the simultaneous adjustment of two or three parameters; thus the synthesis of specific frequencies within the broad tuning range of the doubly resonant optical parametric oscillator is permitted.
Role of pre-operative lymphangiogram and lympangioscintigraphy in the surgical management of spontaneous chylothorax

We have read with interest the report from Christodoulou and co-workers [1] regarding the video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) treatment of spontaneous (non-traumatic) recurrent chylotorax. As a matter of fact, due to the respiratory, nutritional and immunological implications, surgery is indicated whereas any conservative treatment failed in controlling this clinical condition. On the basis of their experience on a series of six treated patients, the Authors do conclude that recurrent or persistent non-traumatic chylothorax may be successfully treated by video-assisted right supradiaphragmatic thoracic duct ligation. We strongly agree with the Authors on their conclusion since we have observed similar evidences in our own experience (adopting the same surgical approach) on 12 cases (10 right sided, 2 left sided) observed and treated in our Institution in the period between January 2001 and December 2005 (in the same period, two cases were treated by an open thoracotomic approach because they were previously submitted elsewhere to video-assisted thoracic duct ligation). Before surgery, all patients had a pleural drainage for almost 2 weeks with a persisting leak >300 ml/ day. Four patients developed chylothorax as a result of thoracic irradiation and four cancer (three lymphoma, one breast cancer). In particular, we report a mean operating time of 92 14 min with no mortality or major perioperative complications. A single chest drain was left in place after operation connected with a very mild continuous aspiration for the first 24 h. The drain was removed 5 1 days after the operation (mean). Patient controlled anaesthesia (PCA) and physiotherapy were adopted in all cases. A<100 ml/day leak persisted post-operatively in one patient and was conservatively treated (chest drain, parenteral nutrition—no oral intake) up to the complete
Histological, histochemical and other aspects of caries initiation

The etiology of caries has been the sub­ ject of concern, speculation and investi­ gation for over 2,000 years. Present con­ cepts of caries etiology had their origin, for the most part, in the nineteenth cen­ tury. By 1881 two distinct schools of thought as to the mechanism of caries initiation had developed. Their differ­ ences of opinion are reflected in the ex­ tremes of position taken by a number of investigators to this day. The two schools of thought were based on the chemical and the parasitic ap­ proaches. The most vigorous supporters of the chemical theory were Robertson (1835),1 Tomes (1859),2 and Magitot (1867) ,3 The proponents of the chemical theory suggested that caries was due to the solvent action of acids generated by the fermentation of food “in the several parts of the teeth best adapted for their reception.”1 The parasitic theory was championed by Weil (1880)4 and Under­ wood and Milles (1881).5 Weil stated:
HABITAT FRAGMENTATION IN A SEAGRASS LANDSCAPE: PATCH SIZE AND COMPLEXITY CONTROL BLUE CRAB SURVIVAL

Habitat fragmentation is increasingly common on land and in the sea, leading to small, isolated habitat patches in which ecological processes may differ substantially from those in larger, continuous habitats. Seagrass is a productive but fragmented subtidal habitat that serves as a refuge from predation for many animals because its structural complexity limits the detection and capture of resident prey. The singular influence of seagrass habitat fragmentation (e.g., patch size) on faunal survival is largely unknown and has been difficult to quantify because seagrass habitat complexity (e.g., shoot density) and patch size are often confounded and vary seasonally. In early summer 1998 we quantified the effect of seagrass habitat fragmentation on juvenile blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) survival in the absence of covarying complexity by exposing tethered crabs to predators in density-controlled, artificial eelgrass (Zostera marina) plots embedded within natural seagrass patches of four broad size classes ( 30 000 M2). We repeated this experiment in late summer 1998 with three different shoot densities, after predictable environmental events (defoliation and bioturbation) had increased seagrass habitat frag- mentation and decreased shoot density. In early summer; crab survival was inversely cor- related with seagrass patch area; survival of juvenile blue crabs increased as patch size decreased, in contrast to patterns typically observed in terrestrial and marine systems. This pattern appears to have been due to low abundance of adult blue crabs, the chief predator of juvenile conspecifics, in small patches. In late summer; blue crab survival was greater than in early summer, and survival increased with artificial seagrass shoot density but did not vary with patch size. The breakdown of the relationship between crab survival and patch size in late summer may have resulted from influx of cownose rays, which fragmented large, continuous patches of seagrass into smaller patches in midsummer, potentially equal- izing fragmentation across the seagrass meadow. These results show that (1) fragmented seagrass landscapes hold significant refuge value for juvenile blue crabs, (2) fragmentation and crab survival vary temporally, and (3) crab survival increases with habitat complexity (shoot density) regardless of patch size. The findings indicate that habitat patch size and complexity jointly drive organismal survival, and that their influence differs temporally in this dynamic landscape. Thus, ecological processes are sensitive to landscape structure, and studies of habitat structure should incorporate multiple scales of space and time, as well as potentially confounding structural variables.
Two-photon luminescence imaging of cancerous tissue using gold nanorods as bright contrast agents

We demonstrate the use of gold nanorods as molecularly targeted contrast agents for two-photon luminescence (TPL) imaging of cancerous cells 150 µm deep inside a tissue phantom. We synthesized gold nanorods of 50 nm x 15 nm size with a longitudinal surface plasmon resonance of 760 nm. Gold nanorods were conjugated to antibodies against epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and labeled to A431 human epithelial skin cancer cells in a collagen matrix tissue phantom. Using a 1.4 NA oil immersion objective lens, we found that excitation power needed for similar emission intensity in TPL imaging of labeled cells was up to 64 times less than that needed for two-photon autofluorescence (TPAF) imaging of unlabeled cells, which would correspond to a more than 4,000 times increase in emission intensity under equal excitation energy. However, the aberrations due to refractive index mismatch of the immersion oil and the sample limit imaging depth to 75 µm. Using a 0.95 NA water immersion objective lens, we observe robust two-photon emission signal from gold nanorods in the tissue phantoms from at depths of up to 150 µm. Furthermore, the increase in excitation energy required to maintain a constant emission signal intensity as imaging depth was increased was the same in both labeled and unlabeled phantom, suggesting that at the concentrations used, the addition of gold nanorods did not appreciably increase the bulk scattering coefficient of the sample. The remarkable TPL brightness of gold nanorods in comparison to TPAF signal makes them an attractive contrast agent for early detection of cutaneous melanoma.
Aerosolized essential oils and individual natural product compounds as brown treesnake repellents

Chemical irritants useful as repellents for brown treesnakes (Boiga irregularis) were identified. Exposure to various compounds produced a range of intensities for locomotory behavior in snakes. Essential oils comprised of 10 g liter−1 solutions of cedarwood, cinnamon, sage, juniper berry, lavender and rosemary each were potent snake irritants. Brown treesnakes exposed to a 2-s burst of aerosol of these oils exhibited prolonged, violent undirected locomotory behavior. In contrast, exposure to a 10 g liter−1 concentration of ginger oil aerosol caused snakes to locomote, but in a deliberate, directed manner. We also tested specific compounds, all derivative of food and flavor ingredients. 10 g liter−1 solutions delivered as aerosols of m-anisaldehyde, trans-anethole, cineole, cinnamaldehyde, citral, ethyl phenylacetate, eugenol, geranyl acetate or methyl salicylate all acted as potent irritants for brown treesnakes. The individual ingredients were classified using cluster analysis into groups that promoted different levels of response by snakes. This study is the first to systematically investigate the irritant potential of natural products for snakes. These data will be useful in the development of practical pest management tools for snakes. Published in 2002 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of vagal feedback from the lung in hypoxic-induced tachycardia in humans.

We assessed the cardiovascular responses to systemic normocapnic hypoxia in five normal subjects, five double lung transplant patients with lung denervation and intact hearts, and five patients wit...
Exfoliation syndrome: assembling the puzzle pieces

Purpose To summarize various topics and the cutting edge approaches to refine XFS pathogenesis that were discussed at the 21st annual Glaucoma Foundation Think Tank meeting in New York City, Sept. 19–20, 2014. Methods The highlights of three categories of talks on cutting edge research in the field were summarized. Results Exfoliation syndrome (XFS) is a systemic disorder with a substantial ocular burden, including high rates of cataract, cataract surgery complications, glaucoma and retinal vein occlusion. New information about XFS is akin to puzzle pieces that do not quite join together to reveal a clear picture regarding how exfoliation material (XFM) forms. Conclusion Meeting participants concluded that it is unclear how the mild homocysteinemia seen in XFS might contribute to the disarrayed extracellular aggregates characteristic of this syndrome. Lysyl oxidase-like 1 (LOXL1) variants are unequivocally genetic risk factors for XFS but exactly how these variants contribute to the assembly of exfoliation material (XFM) remains unclear. Variants in a new genomic region, CACNA1A associated with XFS, may alter calcium concentrations at the cell surface and facilitate XFM formation but much more work is needed before we can place this new finding in proper context. It is hoped that various animal model and ex vivo systems will emerge that will allow for proper assembly of the puzzle pieces into a coherent picture of XFS pathogenesis. A clear understanding of XFS pathogenesis may lead to ‘upstream solutions’ to reduce the ocular morbidity produced by XFS.
Targeted Therapies in Thyroid Cancer

Of all thyroid cancers diagnosed yearly worldwide >90 % are considered differentiated thyroid carcinomas (DTC), i.e. papillary or follicular cancers. The majority of patients with these cancers are rendered cured with an operation, radioactive iodine (RAI) ablation, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) suppression. Therapeutic goals in DTC are first to reduce cancer-specific mortality, second to diminish tumour recurrence, and third to minimize treatment-related morbidity. The mainstay of treatment has been adequate operative resection, typically in the form of a total thyroidectomy with clearance of suspicious or biopsy-positive adenopathy in the lateral and/or central neck compartments. Beyond surgical treatment, RAI and TSH suppression are used as adjuvant therapy for residual or recurrent cancer. Although the patient prognosis is typically good, 5–10 % of patients with an initial diagnosis of thyroid cancer will have tumours that dedifferentiate, resulting in widespread metastatic disease and/or the inability to capture iodine [1]. Most of these patients will succumb to their cancer [1]. For patients with progressive metastatic DTC that is neither surgically resectable nor treated effectively with RAI, treatment options have historically been limited. Cytotoxic chemotherapy with agents, such as doxorubicin, etoposide, taxanes and platinum compounds, has been used to treat patients with aggressive or progressive non-RAI-avid cancer, but such chemotherapy is associated with marginal clinical response rates and toxic side-effects [2].
Do Taxes Affect Corporate Decisions? A Review

This chapter reviews tax research related to whether corporate and personal taxes affect domestic and multinational capital structure, debt maturity, payout policy, compensation policy, risk management, earnings management, leasing, pensions, R&D partnerships, tax shelters, transfer pricing, repatriation of foreign profits, and organizational form. For each topic, theory related to how taxes can affect corporate decision making and firm value is reviewed, followed by a summary of the related empirical evidence and a discussion of unresolved issues. Tax research generally supports the hypothesis that high-tax rate firms make policy choices in response to tax incentives. Many issues remain unresolved, however, including understanding whether tax effects are of first-order importance, why firms do not pursue tax benefits more aggressively, and measuring the effect of investor-level taxes on corporate actions.
Signal representation

A form widely used to represent signal waveforms and samde functions of random processes is given such that one integral component is the Hilbert transform of the random process. The author derives a form representing the random process so that the sidebands above and below ωc have been separated in order that the low-frequency coefficients may be written in terms of Hilbert transform pairs.
Cholesterol Transport Between Cells and Body Fluids: Role of Plasma Lipoproteins and the Plasma Cholesterol Esterification System

The manner in which cells retain their sterol content is reviewed. Although most of what is known at the molecular level has been defived from studies in continuous cell culture, the findings appear to be broadly applicable to conditions in vivo. The main impetus to this research has come from the potential direct relevance of cell sterol balance to lipid disorders.
Judging technology, judging intent: the doubling of need in design

Confronted by the challenges posed by the development of massive, open, online courses, design in information science research takes on a unique ontological character. Not simply a progression from human needs toward technological fulfillment, it comes to be understood as the eventful moment of the interplay of ethical decision and the material possibilities of technology. Conceptualized as such, design work presents an image of information science as progressive, deeply historical, and imminently concerned with the question of how to live. Starting from a consideration of the social-technical gap, the hermeneutic interplay of the distinct epistemological stances of ethics and technology is discussed, and an ontological understanding of design as centered on the logics of event and hospitality is introduced.
LINEAR PROGRAMMING METHODS

This chapter discusses the problems related to linear programming (LP) methods. LP problems form a class of problems that occur with great frequency in a wide variety of different problem settings. As these problems also frequently have great economic significance, it is comforting to know that most LP problems at least in principle can be solved in a straightforward manner on a digital computer using readily available algorithms. Substantial practical problems arise when such solutions are attempted. These relate both to problems in organizing the large amounts of data usually affiliated with LP problems and to problems relating to the potentially excessive computer resources required to solve large LP problems. A typical commercial use of LP is found in the meatpacking industry where it is used every week to determine the optimum hot dog recipe given the current beef and chicken availability and prices. This is a rather small problem—a few hundred rows at the most—that is routinely solved by any commercially available algorithm. Most commercial LP packages, which are frequently referred to as mathematical programming systems, have extensive data handling and/or matrix generation facilities. In fact, many commercial LP packages may be thought of as extensive database management systems with an accidental simplex algorithm thrown in.
“On certain martingales of Benoit Mandelbrot” Guest contribution (Kahane & Peyrière 1976)

Following his critical analysis of the random model of turbulence due to A, M. Yaglom, M 1974f{N14} and M1974c{N15} introduced his own model, which he calls “canonical.” It proceeds from a brick, that is subsequently divided into b, b 2, …, b n , … similar bricks; each brick of the n-th stage is divided into b equal bricks in the (n + l)-th stage. Also given is a sequence of random variables W p , which are independent, identically distributed, positive, have mean 1 and are indexed by the bricks P under consideration. Starting from the Lebesgue measure μ0 on the initial brick, one constructs the sequence of measures μ n by successive stages. Thus, μ n has a constant density on each brick P of the n-th stage, and the density of μ n on P is the product of W p and the density μ n−1 on P. The sequence of measures μ n is a vector martingale, and it converges towards a random measure μ. M 1974c gives results and raises problems concerning the measure μ: non-degeneracy, the moments of ∥μ∥, the Borel sets supporting μ and their Hausdorff dimension. Some of the conjectures of Mandelbrot have been solved by Kahane 1974 or by Peyriere 1974. Here we present these results in a refined form. Theorems 1, 2 and 3 below are due to J.-P. Kahane, Theorem 4 is due to J. Peyriere.
Organic scintillators with pulse shape discrimination for detection of radiation (Conference Presentation)

The detection of neutrons in the presence of gamma-ray fields has important applications in the fields of nuclear physics, homeland security, and medical imaging. Organic scintillators provide several attractive qualities as neutron detection materials including low cost, fast response times, ease of scaling, and the ability to implement pulse shape discrimination (PSD) to discriminate between neutrons and gamma-rays. This talk will focus on amorphous organic scintillators both in plastic form and small-molecule organic glass form. The first section of this talk will describe recent advances and improvements in the performance of PSD-capable plastic scintillators. The primary advances described in regard to modification of the polymer matrix, evaluation of new scintillating dyes, improved fabrication conditions, and implementation of additives which impart superior performance and mechanical properties to PSD-capable plastics as compared to commercially-available plastics and performance comparable to PSD-capable liquids. The second section of this talk will focus on a class of small-molecule organic scintillators based on modified indoles and oligophenylenes which form amorphous glasses as PSD-capable neutron scintillation materials. Though indoles and oligophenylenes have been known for many decades, their PSD properties have not been investigated and their scintillation properties only scantily investigated. Well-developed synthetic methodologies have permitted the synthesis of a library of structural analogs of these compounds as well as the investigation of their scintillation properties. The emission wavelengths of many indoles are in the sensitive region of common photomultiplier tubes, making them appropriate to be used as scintillators in either pure or doped form. This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. This work has been supported by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Nonproliferation Research and Development (NA-22) and by the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA).
A semi-interpenetrating network of polyacrylamide and recombinant basement membrane allows pluripotent cell culture in a soft, ligand-rich microenvironment.

The physical properties of the extracellular matrix play an essential role in guiding stem cell differentiation and tissue morphogenesis both in vivo and in vitro. Existing work to investigate the role of matrix mechanics in directing stem cell proliferation, self-renewal, and differentiation has been limited by the poor attachment and survival of human pluripotent cells cultured on soft matrices (Young's modulus E ≲ 1000 Pa). To address this limitation we developed a protocol for generating semi-interpenetrating networks of polyacrylamide and recombinant basement membrane. Using these materials, we found that human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) remained proliferative and pluripotent even when grown in small colonies and on surfaces ranging in stiffness from 150 to 12000 Pa, spanning the range of tissue stiffnesses likely to be encountered in the embryo. Considerable recent attention has focused on the role of the transcriptional coactivator and Hippo effector YAP in regulating differentiation and cell proliferation both in the early embryo and in vitro. We found that while YAP localized to the nucleus on substrates of E ≳ 1000 Pa, its localization was heterogeneous on substrates of moduli ≲ 450 Pa, with predominantly nuclear localization at the colony periphery and mixed cytoplasmic and nuclear localization for cells in the colony interior, a pattern reminiscent of YAP subcellular localization in the inner cell mass (ICM) of the early embryo. In addition, hESC colony dynamics were highly responsive to substrate stiffness, with cells assembling into monolayers, multilayer structures, and transient, hollow rosettes in response to decreasing substrate stiffnesses in the range of 12000 to 150 Pa. We suggest that soft, ligand-rich substrates such as are described here provide a promising means of recapitulating aspects of early mammalian development that are otherwise inaccessible, and more broadly may be useful in the derivation of complex tissues from pluripotent cells in an in vitro setting.
Edaphic and Geographic Origins of Varietal Differentiation In Eriogonum calcareum

Abstract The narrowly endemic vascular plant species Eriogonum calcareum (S. Stokes) Grady & Reveal (Polygonaceae) is restricted to barren outcrops composed of Miocene to Pleistocene silicic volcanic ashes scattered throughout southwestern Idaho and southeastern Oregon. We hypothesize that varieties calcareum and sceptrum are morphologically, geographically, and ecologically differentiated. To test this hypothesis, we measured morphologic and edaphic parameters among 27 populations of E. calcareum across the range of the species. Eriogonum calcareum var. calcareum ranges from eastern Malheur County, Oregon, to southwestern Washington and Payette counties, Idaho, has sessile involucres with hairs sparsely to moderately covering the tube, shorter scape lengths, and narrower leaves. Eriogonum calcareum var. sceptrum (Reveal) Reveal & Mansfield ranges from Canyon County, Idaho, southeast through Owyhee, Twin Falls, and Elmore counties, has pedunculate involucres that are glabrous to partially floccose at the ...
Intertrial interval duration affects error monitoring

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of varying intertrial interval (ITI) durations on neural signals of error monitoring, given the importance of the ITI as a time window for engaging in self-evaluation and cognitive control. In a between-subjects design, 35 participants were assigned to one of three ITI durations (short: 768 ms; medium: 1,280 ms; long: 1,792 ms) in a standard Stroop task while EEG was recorded. Participants in the short-ITI group demonstrated lower performance accuracy, a reduced error-related negativity (even when correcting for frequency of errors), lower error-related alpha suppression during the ITI, and increased post-error slowing. Results indicate that fast-paced trial timing can be disruptive to self-monitoring, perhaps due to capacity limitations or bottlenecks in processing.
Comprehensive process model of clinical information interaction in primary care: results of a "best-fit" framework synthesis.

Objective To describe a new, comprehensive process model of clinical information interaction in primary care (Clinical Information Interaction Model, or CIIM) based on a systematic synthesis of published research. Materials and methods We used the "best fit" framework synthesis approach. Searches were performed in PubMed, Embase, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), PsycINFO, Library and Information Science Abstracts, Library, Information Science and Technology Abstracts, and Engineering Village. Two authors reviewed articles according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data abstraction and content analysis of 443 published papers were used to create a model in which every element was supported by empirical research. Results The CIIM documents how primary care clinicians interact with information as they make point-of-care clinical decisions. The model highlights 3 major process components: (1) context, (2) activity (usual and contingent), and (3) influence. Usual activities include information processing, source-user interaction, information evaluation, selection of information, information use, clinical reasoning, and clinical decisions. Clinician characteristics, patient behaviors, and other professionals influence the process. Discussion The CIIM depicts the complete process of information interaction, enabling a grasp of relationships previously difficult to discern. The CIIM suggests potentially helpful functionality for clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) to support primary care, including a greater focus on information processing and use. The CIIM also documents the role of influence in clinical information interaction; influencers may affect the success of CDSS implementations. Conclusion The CIIM offers a new framework for achieving CDSS workflow integration and new directions for CDSS design that can support the work of diverse primary care clinicians.
De-adoption and exnovation in the use of carotid revascularization: retrospective cohort study

Objective To determine physician characteristics associated with exnovation (scaling back on use) and de-adoption (abandoning use) of carotid revascularization.Design Retrospective longitudinal cohort study.Setting Medicare claims linked to the Doximity database provider registry, 2006-13.Participants 9158 physicians who performed carotid revascularization on Medicare patients between 2006 and 2013.Main outcome measures The primary outcomes were the number of carotid revascularization procedures for each physician per year at the end of the sample period, and the percentage change in the volume of carotid revascularization procedures.Results At baseline (2006-07), 9158 physicians performed carotid revascularization. By 2012-13 the use of revascularization in this cohort had declined by 37.7%, with two thirds attributable to scaling back (exnovation) rather than dropping the procedure entirely (de-adoption). Compared with physicians with fewer than 12 years of experience, those with more than 25 years of experience decreased use by an additional 23.0% (95% confidence interval -36.7% to -9.2%). The lowest rates of decline occurred in physicians specializing in vascular or thoracic surgery, for whom the procedures accounted for a large share of revenue. Physicians with high proportions of patients aged more than 80 years or with asymptomatic carotid stenosis were less likely to reduce their use of carotid revascularization.Conclusion Surgeons with more experience and the lowest share in carotid revascularization practice reduced their use of the procedure the most. These practice factors should be considered in quality improvement efforts when the evidence base evolves away from a specific treatment.
Comparison of recidivism rates for a teenage trauma prevention program after the addition of high-fidelity patient simulation

Objectives: We evaluated the benefits of adding high-fidelity simulation to a teenage trauma prevention program to decrease recidivism rates and encourage teens to discuss actionable steps toward s...
Abstract 18727: Incidence and Clinical Predictors of Late Atrioventricular Conduction Recovery Among Patients Requiring Pacemaker for Complete Heart Block After Cardiac Surgery

Background: The incidence and clinical predictors of atrioventricular (AV) conduction recovery among patients requiring pacemaker (PM) for complete heart block (CHB) after cardiac surgery are unknown. Methods: Consecutive patients receiving PM for new CHB following cardiac surgery at a high-volume US center from 2000-2014 were evaluated, excluding biventricular PM and PM implanted after the index surgical hospitalization. The primary outcome was AV nodal conduction recovery, defined as a reduction in ventricular pacing to 1 month post-implant. Multi-variable analysis was performed via logistic regression. Results: 326 patients (66 ± 14 years, 57% male) were retained over 4.2 ± 4.1 years follow-up. Late AV conduction recovery occurred in 11.4% of patients (n = 37). The median ventricular pacing requirement for patients with recovery decreased from 96% at implant to 6% at 1 month and 0% at 6 months. Recovery was less common for patients with prolonged pre-operative conduction, including PR (181 ± 34 msec recovery vs. 198 ± 57 msec none, ρ=0.03) and QRS (103 ± 22 msec recovery vs. 118 ± 28 msec none, ρ 200 msec and QRS>120 msec demonstrated recovery (n = 45, 14%). In multi-variable analysis, only female gender (HR 0.38, ρ=0.01), tricuspid valve surgery (HR 0.30, ρ=0.03), and transient intact post-operative AV conduction (HR 0.33, ρ=0.03) were independently associated with recovery. There were otherwise no differences by surgery subtype nor timing from surgery to PM implant (Table 1). Conclusions: Late AV conduction recovery is uncommon among patients requiring PM for CHB following cardiac surgery, particularly with prolonged pre-operative AV conduction. Only female gender, tricuspid valve surgery, and transient intact post-operative AV conduction were independently associated with recovery.
After Cloture: Vote Switching, Credit Claiming, and Position Taking in the United States Senate

Vote switching in the United States Senate is not an uncommon occurrence. Nearly one in 10 cloture-final passage vote pairs involves senators switching their vote. We find that this inconsistency i...
QT prolongation and sudden cardiac death risk in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Introduction: Risk assessment for sudden cardiac death (SCD) in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) remains complex. The goal of this study was to assess electrocardiogram (ECG)-derived risk factors ...