cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metal-containing resists for EUV lithography (Conference Presentation)

Metal-Containing Resists for EUV Lithography Robert L. Brainard State University of New York Polytechnic Institute - CNSE, 257 Fuller Rd. Albany, NY 12203 Since 2009, the photoresist community has shown a great deal of interest in EUV photoresists containing metallic elements. This interest was initiated by two events: (1) Publication of the pioneering work of OSU1 and Cornell;2 (2) The realization that increasing the EUV optical density of resists will improve stochastics.3 Since these two events, photoresist chemists all over the world have begun investigating the possibility of creating photoresists containing metals that strongly absorb EUV photons. Figure 1 shows the periodic table that is color-coded to indicate the relative EUV optical density of the elements.4 This table also shows all of the elements for which EUV resists have been published. This keynote presentation will attempt to review the most successful EUV resist platforms containing metals. In particular, the work of Inpria,5 Cornell, SUNY Poly6 and ARCNL7 will be described and discussed. The presentation will also describe some of the critical issues facing the industry as it evaluates the merits and challenges of using resists containing metals.
The Effect of Variable-Frequency Ultrasonic Melting Treatment Technology on Microstructure and Properties of AZ80 Magnesium Alloy

The traditional fixed-frequency ultrasonic technology (FUT) and the variable-frequency ultrasonic technology (VUT) were used in direct-chill (DC) casting of an AZ80 magnesium alloy with the diameter of ∅255mm. The microstructure evolution, mechanical properties and macro-segment of Al element were investigated. The results show that both FUT and VUT can refine the α-Mg grain while the VUT has better efficiency which can reduce the grain size from 679-1454 μm (DC) to 150-241 μm. The homogeneity of grain size was also improved. These two technologies can also change the morphology and distribution of Mg17Al12 phase and tiny and refined morphology of Mg17Al12 phase and a homogeneous distribution can be obtained after VUT treatment. The YS and UTS were increased following the microstructure evolution, displaying the YS of 88.9-95.1 MPa and UTS of 164.3-173.1 MPa after VUT treatment. The segregation rate of Al element were improved with VUT treatment.
The problem of mooted models for analyses of microbiome causality

Lynch, Parke, and O’Malley highlight the need for better evaluative criteria for causal explanations in microbiome research. They propose new interventionist criteria, show that paradigmatic examples of microbiome explanations are flawed using those criteria, and suggest numerous ways microbiome explanations can be improved. While we endorse their primary criticisms and suggestions for improvements in microbiome research, we make several observations regarding the use of mooted causal models in microbiome research that have significant implications for their overall argument. In sum, we contend that their critique is too modest and that even flawed causal inferences like those they criticize can be valuable for generating better causal models and evaluating explanatory outcomes in individual cases.
Quantifying HIV-1-Mediated Gut CD4+ T Cell Death in the Lamina Propria Aggregate Culture (LPAC) Model

Gut CD4 T cells are major targets of HIV-1 and are massively depleted early during infection. To better understand the mechanisms governing HIV-1-mediated CD4 T cell death, we developed the physiologically-relevant Lamina Propria Aggregate Culture (LPAC) model. The LPAC model is ideal for studying CD4 T cell death induced by clinically-relevant Transmitted/Founder (TF) HIV-1 strains and is also suitable for studying how enteric microbes and soluble factors (e.g., Type I Interferons) impact LP CD4 T cell death and function. Here, we detail the protocol to establish LP CD4 T cell infection using a process of spinoculation, the subsequent evaluation of infection levels using multicolor flow cytometry and the determination of overall LP CD4 T cell death using absolute LP CD4 T cell counts. We also describe the preparation of virus stocks of Transmitted/Founder (TF) HIV-1 infectious molecular clones that were successfully used in the LPAC model.
Dissociation Energy of the HCN⋯HF Dimer

Abstract Three different experimental dissociation energies ( D 0 ) have been reported for the simple HCN ⋯ HF hydrogen bonded dimer, but none agree to within their error bars ( 4.42 ± 0.26 , 4.96 ± 0.05 , and 5.63 ± 0.03 kcal mol−1). To help resolve this disagreement, the geometry, dipole moment, fundamental vibrational frequencies, and D 0 of the HCN ⋯ HF complex are computed with the CCSD(T) and MP2 methods and quintuple- ζ quality basis sets, including anharmonic corrections from second-order vibrational perturbation theory. Our best estimate of D 0 = 5.56 kcal mol−1 lies within 0.07 kcal mol−1 of the largest experimental values, suggesting that neither of the older and smaller values based on equilibrium transition intensity measurements are reliable.
New Design Strategy Toward NIR I Xanthene-Based Dyes

An effective design strategy with an efficient synthetic route to xanthene-based far-red to near-infrared dyes is reported. The dyes were prepared by the Suzuki cross-coupling of the electron-poor fluorescein ditriflate with the electron-rich boronic acid/ester-functionalized pyrrole (2C/3C) and indole (2D/3D) moieties. Upon treatment with trifluoroacetic acid, the closed nonfluorescent forms of the dyes (2C and 2D) ring-opened to their fluorescent forms (3C and 3D). The absorption maxima were 665 and 704 nm, while the emission maxima were 717 and 719 nm for 3C and 3D, respectively. The closed forms of the dyes were soluble in chloroform and acetonitrile. To test the efficacy of the dyes as probes, a turn-off fluoride ion probe was prepared from 3C, which consisted of a silyl ester receptor. The probe responded strongly to low concentrations of fluoride, carbonate, and acetate ions, weakly to phosphate ions, but not to the other halogens. Moreover, the probe can detect the minimum concentration of F- in water.
Exploring the caregiver's experience in an innovative homebound hematopoietic stem cell transplantation program.

Objective Home care for hematopoietic stem cell transplants (HSCTs), an alternative to traditional inpatient or outpatient recovery programs, is safe and feasible but may place greater demand on full-time caregivers. The goal of this study was to characterize the experiences of caregivers in a newly piloted homebound HSCT program as a means of identifying unmet needs and ensuring adequate support. Method A qualitative approach was utilized. Participants created self-recorded video diaries guided by open-ended prompts at designated time points throughout recovery and participated in a single follow-up interview within four weeks post-discharge. Diaries and interviews were transcribed, analyzed, and coded to identify recurrent ideas and themes. Results Data were collected from 12 caregivers of homebound HSCT patients. Thematic content analysis yielded four themes: facilitators (external support, sense of normalcy, and patient wellness), challenges (difficulties with transplant care instructions, managing the patient's physical and emotional health, and caregiver psychological distress), roles in recovery (caregiving responsibilities), and analysis of homebound experience (positive outcomes and suggestions for improvement). Significance of results Caregivers perceived the homebound program as offering high-quality medical care in a setting that provided a sense of normalcy, privacy, and greater level of oversight. Unmet needs included lacking preparedness in completing nursing responsibilities and handling caregiver and patient distress. While the homebound program was preferred to routine hospital care, psychotherapeutic support and programming to improve caregiver preparedness in a homebound HSCT recovery program is indicated.
The Perioperative Symptom Severity of Higher Patient Health Questionnaire-9 Scores Between Genders in Single-Level Lumbar Fusion

ABSTRACT Background: Preoperative depression is associated with increased perioperative pain, worse physical function, reduced quality of life, and inferior outcomes. Few studies have evaluated depressive symptoms between genders for individuals undergoing minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS TLIF). The purpose of this investigation was to assess the severity of Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) scores among patients with depressive symptoms before and after single-level MIS TLIF. Methods: A prospective surgical registry was retrospectively reviewed for spine surgeries between March 2016 and December 2018. We included patients with at least mild depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 scores ≥ 5) who underwent primary, single-level MIS TLIF and compared genders using χ2 tests and t tests. Genders were stratified by depressive symptom severity: mild (5–9), moderate (10–14), and moderately severe (≥15) and then analyzed at preoperative and postoperative intervals: 6 weeks, 12 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year. Finally, PHQ-9 scores were validated with a Pearson correlation test against the 12-item Short Form (SF-12) Mental Composite Score (MCS) and the Veterans RAND (VR-12) MCS. Results: Of 75 subjects, 44.0% were women and the mean age was 49.9 years. The preoperative distribution among PHQ-9 subgroups was 38.7%, 26.6%, and 34.7% for mild, moderate, and moderately severe depressive symptoms, respectively. Among PHQ-9 stratifications both genders demonstrated intermittent statistically significant improvements in PHQ-9 scores. The moderately severe PHQ-9 subgroup had improvement at all postoperative time points. The PHQ-9 scores demonstrated a strong correlation with the SF-12 MCS and VR-12 MCS at all postoperative evaluations. Conclusion: At baseline and by the final 1-year follow-up there were no statistically significant PHQ-9 score differences between genders within any depressive symptom stratifications. Whereas some contend that men and women have substantial mental health differences, this study is aligned with growing evidence that demonstrates similar depressive symptoms between genders. Level of Evidence: 3. Clinical Relevance: Men and women may be at an equivalent risk for perioperative depressive symptoms.
Building an end-to-end BAD application

Traditional big data infrastructures are passive in nature, passively answering user requests to process and return data. In many applications however, users not only need to analyze data, but also to subscribe to and actively receive data of interest, based on their subscriptions. Their interest may include the incoming data's content as well as its relationships to other data. Moreover, data delivered to subscribers may need to be enriched with additional relevant and actionable information. To address this Big Active Data (BAD) challenge we have advocated the need for building scalable BAD systems that continuously and reliably capture big data while enabling timely and automatic delivery of relevant and possibly enriched information to a large pool of subscribers. In this demo we showcase how to build an end-to-end active application using a BAD system and a standard email broker for data delivery. This includes enabling users to register their interests with the bad system, ingesting and monitoring data, and producing customized results and delivering them to the appropriate subscribers. Through this example we demonstrate that even complex active data applications can be created easily and scale to many users, considerably limiting the effort of application developers, if a BAD approach is taken.
A fully Lagrangian, non-parametric bias model for dark-matter halos

We present a non-parametric Lagrangian biasing model and fit the ratio of the halo and mass densities at field level using the mass-weighted halo field in the AbacusSummit simulations at $z=0.5$. Unlike the bias expansion method widely used in interpreting the observed large-scale structure traced by galaxies, we find a non-negative halo-to-mass ratio that increases monotonically with the linear overdensity $\delta_1$ in the initial Lagrangian space. The bias expansion, however, does not guarantee non-negativity of the halo counts and may lead to rising halo number counts at negative overdensities. The shape of the halo-to-mass ratio is unlikely to be described by a polynomial function of $\delta_1$ and other quantities, and shows a plateau at high $\delta_1$. Especially for massive halos with $6\times10^{12}\ h^{-1}\ M_\odot$, the halo-to-mass ratio starts soaring up at $\delta_1>0$, substantially different from the predictions of the bias expansion. We show that for $M>3\times10^{11}\ h^{-1}\ M_\odot$ halos, a non-parametric halo-to-mass ratio as a function of $\delta_1$ and its local derivative $\nabla^2\delta_1$ can recover the halo power spectra to sub-percent level accuracy for wavenumbers $k=0.01-0.1\ h\ {\rm Mpc}^{-1}$ given a proper smoothing scale to filter the initial density field, even though we do not fit the power spectrum directly. However, there is mild dependence of the recovery of the halo power spectrum on the smoothing scale and other input parameters. At $k 6\times10^{12}\ h^{-1}\ M_\odot$ halos, our non-parametric model leads to a few percent overestimation of the halo power spectrum, indicating the need for larger or multiple smoothing scales. The halo-to-mass ratios obtained qualitatively agree with intuitions from extended Press-Schechter theory. We compare our framework to the bias expansion and discuss possible extensions.
Coherent Diffraction Imaging of Strain on the Nanoscale

Coherent diffraction imaging (CDI) in the Bragg geometry has gained a niche in recent years for its ability to image strain in a crystalline lattice on the nanoscale. This development is based on the realization that coherently scattered x-rays, in the vicinity of a Bragg peak of the crystalline sample, have exquisite sensitivity to distortions of the crystal lattice. The method is dependent on the use of beams of highly brilliant x-rays available at the third–generation synchrotrons and the new x-ray–free electron lasers. There are several instruments at these facilities capable of such measurements. Argonne National Laboratory in the United States hosts such an instrument at the Advanced Photon Source. Computational algorithms are used to retrieve the phases lost in the measurement of the coherently scattered x-rays and, subsequently, produce the images of the sample. These algorithms are a subject of intense development and in many cases are carefully tuned to a specific application. Phase retrieval for Bragg CDI data will be described in some detail, but similar principles are implemented in all forms of CDI. Keywords: Coherent diffraction imaging; strain imaging; x-ray microscopy
Bacterial-induced hepoxilin A3 secretion as a pro-inflammatory mediator.

Bacterial infections at epithelial surfaces, such as those that line the gut and the lung, stimulate the migration of neutrophils through the co-ordinated actions of chemoattractants secreted from pathogen-stimulated epithelial cells. One such factor involved in attracting polymorphonuclear leukocytes across the epithelium and into the lumen has until recently remained elusive. In 2004, we identified the eicosanoid, hepoxilin A3, to be selectively secreted from the apical surface of human intestinal or lung epithelial cells stimulated with Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium or Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively. In this role, the function of hepoxilin A3 is to guide neutrophils, via the establishment of a gradient, across the epithelial tight junction complex. Interestingly, interruption of the synthetic pathway of hepoxilin A3 blocks the apical release of hepoxilin A3in vitro and the transmigration of neutrophils induced by S. typhimurium both in in vitro and in vivo models of inflammation. Such results have led to the discovery of a completely novel pathway that is not only critical for responses to bacterial pathogens but also has broad implications for inflammatory responses affecting mucosal surfaces in general. Thus, the objective of this review was to highlight the recent findings that implicate hepoxilin A3 as a key regulator of mucosal inflammation.
Action of Alkali on Bovine and Ovine Submaxillary Mucins

Treatment of solutions of bovine and ovine submaxillary mucins with alkaline sodium borohydride at 45° for 10 hours converted essentially all of the carbohydrate chains to dialyzable materials. However, 17 to 25% of the hexosamine was not reduced to the hexosaminitol and probably was present as a glycopeptide. The Hestrin hydroxylamine method for the determination of esters was applied to bovine, ovine, and porcine submaxillary mucins and to ovalbumin and serum α-glycoprotein. The only materials having ester content were preparations of bovine submaxillary mucin. The characteristics of the acyl function corresponded solely to that of the O-acetyl groups of the constituent sialic acids. After treatment of the bovine mucin with hydroxylamine, the constituent sialic acid could be almost completely removed by neuraminidase.
The new trends in adaptive educational hypermedia systems

This paper aims to give a general review of existing literature on adaptive educational hypermedia systems and to reveal technological trends and approaches within these studies. Fifty-six studies conducted between 2002 and 2012 were examined, to identify prominent themes and approaches. According to the content analysis, the new technological trends and approaches were grouped into seven categories: standardization, semantic web, modular frameworks, data mining, machine learning techniques, social web, and device adaptation. Furthermore, four challenges are suggested as explanation why adaptive systems are still not used on a large scale: inter-operability, open corpus knowledge, usage across a variety of delivery devices, and the design of meta-adaptive systems.
Identification of bladder and colon afferents in the nodose ganglia of male rats

The sensory neurons innervating the urinary bladder and distal colon project to similar regions of the central nervous system and often are affected simultaneously by various diseases and disorders, including spinal cord injury. Anatomical and physiological commonalities between the two organs involve the participation of shared spinally derived pathways, allowing mechanisms of communication between the bladder and colon. Prior electrophysiological data from our laboratory suggest that the bladder also may receive sensory innervation from a nonspinal source through the vagus nerve, which innervates the distal colon as well. The present study therefore aimed to determine whether anatomical evidence exists for vagal innervation of the male rat urinary bladder and to assess whether those vagal afferents also innervate the colon. Additionally, the relative contribution to bladder and colon sensory innervation of spinal and vagal sources was determined. By using lipophilic tracers, neurons that innervated the bladder and colon in both the nodose ganglia (NG) and L6/S1 and L1/L2 dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were quantified. Some single vagal and spinal neurons provided dual innervation to both organs. The proportions of NG afferents labeled from the bladder did not differ from spinal afferents labeled from the bladder when considering the collective population of total neurons from either group. Our results demonstrate evidence for vagal innervation of the bladder and colon and suggest that dichotomizing vagal afferents may provide a neural mechanism for cross-talk between the organs.
Effect of chloroquine on the form and function of hepatocyte lysosomes. Morphologic modifications and physiologic alterations related to the biliary excretion of lipids and proteins.

In these experiments, we tested the hypothesis that chloroquine, a lysosomotropic agent which modifies protein and lipid metabolism by hepatocyte lysosomes, would alter the biliary excretion of lipids and lysosomal enzymes. We treated male rats for 5 days with intraperitoneal chloroquine (50 mg/kg body wt, n=9) or saline (n = 8) and collected bile for 6 h via bile fistulas; rats were then killed and livers homogenized for biochemical analyses or processed for electron microscopy. Chloroquine markedly increased the biliary excretion of three lysosomal enzymes (mean ± SEM) expresed as milliunits of activity per gram liver; N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase (24.4 ± 2.7 vs. 12.5 ± 1.4, p
Unsupervised grammar inference using the minimum description length principle

Context Free Grammars (CFGs) are widely used in programming language descriptions, natural language processing, compilers, and other areas of software engineering where there is a need for describing the syntactic structures of programs. Grammar inference (GI) is the induction of CFGs from sample programs and is a challenging problem. We describe an unsupervised GI approach which uses simplicity as the criterion for directing the inference process and beam search for moving from a complex to a simpler grammar. We use several operators to modify a grammar and use the Minimum Description Length (MDL) Principle to favor simple and compact grammars. The effectiveness of this approach is shown by a case study of a domain specific language. The experimental results show that an accurate grammar can be inferred in a reasonable amount of time.
Collège Européen d’Orthodontie: Commission d’Affiliation et de Titularisation

Resume Date de naissance : 29 novembre 1994 ; sexe : feminin. A. Documents avant traitement 9 ans et 6 mois ; 5/2006. Diagnostic Classe d’angle : Cl. II – DDM ; Dents absentes avant traitement : aucune. Plan de traitement Avulsions de 14-24-35-45 ; Appareils ou moyens : multibague bimaxillaire. B. Documents de fin de traitement 3/2008 ; 11 ans et 4 mois. Duree de traitement actif 22 mois. Contention Maxillaire : gouttiere thermoformee ; mandibulaire : fil colle de 33 a 43. C. Documents apres contention 2/2014 ; 14 ans et 10 mois ; Duree de contention : 3 ans et 10 mois.
Determinants of quality of care and treatment initiation in Medicare disabled patients with chronic hepatitis C

Background: Aligning with a national priority to bridge health disparities in disadvantaged populations, we explored contextual determinants of pretreatment quality of care and treatment receipt of Medicare disabled patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Methods: We used Medicare claims (2006–2009) linked to the Area Health Resource Files. Ordinal partial proportional odds and weighted modified Poisson regressions were used to model the determinants of quality care receipt and interferon-based treatment, respectively. Results: We identified 1936 Medicare disabled HCV patients, of whom 10.4% were treated with peg-interferon. Despite the high comorbidity burden among HCV disabled patients, greater engagement in care correlated with greater likelihood of quality care and treatment receipt. Conclusion: Our study highlights the need for process and linkage to care in Medicare disabled HCV patients, but future research relevant to novel interferon-free agents is needed to assess patterns of quality of...
The Exposure Advantage: Early Exposure to a Multilingual Environment Promotes Effective Communication

Early language exposure is essential to developing a formal language system, but may not be sufficient for communicating effectively. To understand a speaker's intention, one must take the speaker's perspective. Multilingual exposure may promote effective communication by enhancing perspective taking. We tested children on a task that required perspective taking to interpret a speaker's intended meaning. Monolingual children failed to interpret the speaker's meaning dramatically more often than both bilingual children and children who were exposed to a multilingual environment but were not bilingual themselves. Children who were merely exposed to a second language performed as well as bilingual children, despite having lower executive-function scores. Thus, the communicative advantages demonstrated by the bilinguals may be social in origin, and not due to enhanced executive control. For millennia, multilingual exposure has been the norm. Our study shows that such an environment may facilitate the development of perspective-taking tools that are critical for effective communication.
Mechanomyographic and electromyographic responses to repeated concentric muscle actions of the quadriceps femoris

In comparison to isometric muscle action models, little is known about the electromyographic (EMG) and mechanomyographic (MMG) amplitude and mean power frequency (MPF) responses to fatiguing dynamic muscle actions. Simultaneous examination of the EMG and MMG amplitude and MPF may provide additional insight with regard to the motor control strategies utilized by the superficial muscles of the quadriceps femoris during a concentric fatiguing task. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the EMG and MMG amplitude and MPF responses of the vastus lateralis (VL), rectus femoris (RF), and vastus medialis (VM) during repeated, concentric muscle actions of the dominant leg. Seventeen adults (21.8+/-1.7 yr) performed 50 consecutive, maximal concentric muscle actions of the dominant leg extensors on a Biodex System 3 Dynamometer at velocities of 60 degrees s(-1) and 300 degrees s(-1). Bipolar surface electrode arrangements were placed over the mid portion of the VL, RF, and VM muscles with a MMG contact sensor placed adjacent to the superior EMG electrode on each muscle. Torque, MMG and EMG amplitude and MPF values were calculated for each of the 50 repetitions. All values were normalized to the value recorded during the first repetition and then averaged across all subjects. The cubic decreases in torque at 60 degrees s(-1) (R2 = 0.972) and 300 degrees s(-1) (R2 = 0.931) was associated with a decline in torque of 59+/-24% and 53+/-11%, respectively. The muscle and velocity specific responses for the MMG amplitude and MPF demonstrated that each of the superficial muscles of the quadriceps femoris uniquely contributed to the control of force output across the 50 repetitions. These results suggested that the MMG responses for the VL, RF, VM during a fatiguing task may be influenced by a number of factors such as fiber type differences, alterations in activation strategy including motor unit recruitment and firing rate and possibly muscle wisdom.
Building hybrid access control by configuring RBAC and MAC features

Abstract Context Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) and Mandatory Access Control (MAC) are widely used access control models. They are often used together in domains where both data integrity and information flow are concerned. However, there is little work on techniques for building hybrid access control of RBAC and MAC. Objective In this work, we present a systematic approach for developing a hybrid access control model using feature modeling with the aim of reducing development complexity and error-proneness. Method In the approach, RBAC and MAC are defined in terms of features based on partial inheritance. Features are then configured for specific access control requirements of an application. Configured features are composed homogeneously and heterogeneously to produce a hybrid access model for the application. The resulting hybrid model is then instantiated in the context of the application to produce an initial design model supporting both RBAC and MAC. We evaluate the approach using a hospital system and present its tool support. Results RBAC and MAC features that are specifically configured for the application are systematically incorporated into a design model. The heterogeneous features of RBAC and MAC are not only present in the resulting model, but also semantically composed for seamless integration of RBAC and MAC. Discharging the proof obligations of composition rules to the resulting model proves its correctness. The successful development of the prototype demonstrates its practicality. Conclusion Features in the access control domain are relatively small in size and are suitable to be defined as design building blocks. The formal definition of partial inheritance and composition methods in the presented approach enables precisely specifying access control features and feature configuration, which paves the way for systematic development of a hybrid access control model in an early development phase.
Dynamic ligand design and combinatorial optimization: designing inhibitors to endothiapepsin.

The dynamic ligand design (DLD) algorithm, an automated method for the creation of novel ligands, links up small functional groups that have been placed in energetically favorable positions in the binding site of a target molecule. The positions and orientations of the small functional groups can be determined using the multi-copy simultaneous search approach (MCSS) or experimental data. In this work the original DLD methodology is extended by using a modified version of the pseudo-potential energy function. A novel simulated annealing protocol is presented for optimizing the pseudo-potential energy of ligands in the binding site; the protocol is expected to be applicable to other optimization problems. The utility of the method is illustrated by designing an inhibitor for endothiapepsin. The binding affinity of the inhibitor is assessed using a thermodynamic cycle that decomposes the binding free energy into a sum of translational, rotational, configurational, hydrophobic, and electrostatic contributions. The calculations suggest that the designed molecule will bind endothiapepsin with high affinity.
Diversionary Comments under Blog Posts

There has been a recent swell of interest in the analysis of blog comments. However, much of the work focuses on detecting comment spam in the blogsphere. An important issue that has been neglected so far is the identification of diversionary comments. Diversionary comments are defined as comments that divert the topic from the original post. A possible purpose is to distract readers from the original topic and draw attention to a new topic. We categorize diversionary comments into five types based on our observations and propose an effective framework to identify and flag them. To the best of our knowledge, the problem of detecting diversionary comments has not been studied so far. We solve the problem in two different ways: (i) rank all comments in descending order of being diversionary and (ii) consider it as a classification problem. Our evaluation on 4,179 comments under 40 different blog posts from Digg and Reddit shows that the proposed method achieves the high mean average precision of 91.9p when the problem is considered as a ranking problem and 84.9p of F-measure as a classification problem. Sensitivity analysis indicates that the effectiveness of the method is stable under different parameter settings.
Metastasis–An alternative hypothesis

The currently accepted models of metastasis are inconsistent with many clinical observations of the natural history of cancer and its response to therapy. Specifically, the authors suggest that it is time for a "paradigm shift." It is time to reject the "local, regional, systemic hypothesis" of cancer and replace it with a hypothesis more consistent with the clinical facts, specifically, that cancer exists in many different forms (i.e. localized disease arising from locally acting carcinogens, which can spread locally and should be treated locally, and cancer that arises as localized disease but evolves to more malignant invasive disease [the current model of metastasis]). The other forms of cancer are systemic disease, which is induced by systemic carcinogens, and cancer arising in multiple cells and multiple sites, giving rise to a picture described as metastatic cancer. The importance of this paradigm shift is that more attention would be focused on identifying systemically acting carcinogens as they relate to etiology and to molecular abnormalities in the neoplastic cells that might be targeted clinically. Recent advances in cancer treatment have demonstrated that molecules that target cancer cell molecular abnormalities (rather than tissue of origin, lymph node, or metastasis) such as bcr-abl or mutations in a cellular receptor such as c-kit or epidermal growth factor possess curative potential. In addition, more attention should be devoted to distinguishing between local tumors and systemic disease, using sophisticated molecular biologic techniques. Perhaps most important, there is a need to devise therapeutic strategies that would treat cancer as a systemic illness and hopefully have a substantial impact on overall cancer mortality.
On vowel height and consonantal voicing effects: data from Italian.

This paper reports an acoustic study of CV sequences in Italian (where C is /b, d, g, p, t, k/ and V is one of the seven Italian vowels in stressed position). It explores the effects of vowel height, consonantal voicing, and place of articulation on a number of acoustic attributes of vowels (duration, f(0), F(1)), and on the duration of the preceding stop closure, VOT and RVOT (defined as the interval from C release to the acoustic vowel onset). The aim is to provide, for Italian, a comprehensive account of all the various interactions between consonantal voicing, vowel height and consonant place on the above acoustic attributes in order to propose an explanation for such effects, and to compare the present results and interpretations with previous explanations and with previous data on Italian and other languages.
Database schema models of integrated biomedical information in relational database system

The creation of an integrated biomedical information database requires diverse and flexible schemas. Although relational database systems seem to be an obvious choice for storage, traditional designs of relational schemas cannot support integrated biomedical information in the most effective ways. Therefore, new models for managing diverse and flexible schemas in relational databases are required for such systems. This paper proposes several schema models for integrated biomedical information using relational tables, and presents an experimental evaluation of their efficiency.
It's Not "Just" Validation: The Effect of Organizational Justice on Contributions to a Knowledge Repository

The value of an electronic knowledge repository depends on the degree to which it offers high quality knowledge to its users. Consequently, firms that use such repositories often implement validation procedures to monitor and ensure the quality of submitted content. However, if perceived as unreasonable or unfair, validation can have the unintended effect of discouraging employee contributions. Drawing on literature in knowledge sharing and organizational justice, we develop hypotheses about how various dimensions of perceived justice of validation procedures influence employees' perceptions of knowledge quality within the repository and their knowledge contributions to it. Analysis of survey data collected at a large North American technical support company reveals that both quality perceptions and contribution behaviors are positively influenced by perceived procedural justice of validation, but not by perceived informational or interpersonal justice. We conclude by discussing implications of these results for knowledge management research and practice.
American Indian Diabetes Prevention Center: Challenges of a Health Equity Quest

American Indians are classified by the federal government as a "health disparities population" with significant excess morbidity and mortality caused by diabetes and its many complications. The National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities of the National Institutes of Health has created a national program titled "Centers of Excellence" whose primary goal is the elimination of health disparities. This article describes the American Indian Diabetes Prevention Center at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, College of Public Health, in terms of its intellectual foundations rooted in a biocultural analytic model and operationalized by an interdisciplinary functioning staff. Challenges are described in terms of the monumental task of impacting health disparity conditions and in the exigencies of research collaborations with American Indian Nations located in rural areas remote to the University's health sciences urban-based hub.
On-chip Optical Isolators Based on a Ring Resonator with Bismuth-iron-garnet Overcladding

This paper discusses on-chip optical isolators with bismuth-iron-garnet (BIG) overcladding on a ring resonator for photonic integrated circuit applications. Characterization of BIG prepared by RF magnetron sputtering and pulsed laser deposition methods are also discussed.
Ecosystem Feedbacks to Climate Change in California: Development, Testing, and Analysis Using a Coupled Regional Atmosphere and Land Surface Model (WRF3–CLM3.5)

AbstractA regional atmosphere model [Weather Research and Forecasting model version 3 (WRF3)] and a land surface model [Community Land Model, version 3.5 (CLM3.5)] were coupled to study the interactions between the atmosphere and possible future California land-cover changes. The impact was evaluated on California’s climate of changes in natural vegetation under climate change and of intentional afforestation. The ability of WRF3 to simulate California’s climate was assessed by comparing simulations by WRF3–CLM3.5 and WRF3–Noah to observations from 1982 to 1991.Using WRF3–CLM3.5, the authors performed six 13-yr experiments using historical and future large-scale climate boundary conditions from the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Climate Model version 2.1 (GFDL CM2.1). The land-cover scenarios included historical and future natural vegetation from the Mapped Atmosphere-Plant-Soil System-Century 1 (MC1) dynamic vegetation model, in addition to a future 8-million-ha California afforestation scenario.N...
Sexual networks and HIV risk of people with severe mental illness in institutional and community-based care.

This study examines the sexual networks and HIV risk of clients with severe mental illness in treatment in institutional and community care settings. Data were gathered through structured interviews with 401 clients at three community mental health centers and two state psychiatric hospitals. Results indicate that community clients are more likely than hospital patients to be currently sexually active and to engage in high-risk sexual behavior whereas hospitalized patients tend to have more transient sexual relationships with partners who also have a mental illness. These findings suggest that mental health treatment settings may be shaping the HIV epidemic among psychiatric patients because of the impact they have on the structure of clients’ sexual networks.
Klebsiella planticola sp. nov.: A new species of enterobacteriaceae found primarily in nonclinical environments

The nameKlebsiella planticola sp. nov. is proposed for a group of organisms isolated primarily from botanical and daquatic environments. Both numerical and molecular taxonomy techniques show that the species belongs within the genusKlebsiella and that it is distinct from other described species of the genus. The new species has 3 biogroups.K. planticolla is phenotypically identical toK. pneumoniae in classical biochemical tests, but it is distinguishable fromK. pneumoniae based on its ability to grow at 10°C and its inability to produce gas from lactose at 44.5°C. Additional reactions that can be used in combination with the temperature criteria includel-sorbose fermentation and ability to utilize hydroxy-l-proline as a sole carbon source. Strain V-236 (ATCC 33531; CDC 4245-72) is the type strain of the new species.
Gender and patterns of sexual risk taking in college students

The role that gender plays in influencing the prevalence and patterns of sexual risk taking was examined in 245 college students from two samples (about 60% of whom were White, 20% Asian, 10% Black, and 6% Hispanic). The sexual experiences of these students were analyzed for potential risk associated with type of partners or sexual practices. Consistent with previous findings, males engaged in more risk taking behaviors relevant to partner choice (e.g., more partners and more casual knowledge of partners) and sexual practices (e.g., lower levels of contraceptive use) than females. Gender differences in patterns of risk taking were also found: For females, potentially risky behavior in the partner domain was negatively related to risky behavior in the sexual practice domain, whereas for males, the domains were positively related. The results suggested that males engaged in greater risk taking across many domains, while females compensate for risk in one domain by lower risk in another.
Applications of Technology in Neuropsychological Assessment

Most neuropsychological assessments include at least one measure that is administered, scored, or interpreted by computers or other technologies. Despite supportive findings for these technology-based assessments, there is resistance in the field of neuropsychology to adopt additional measures that incorporate technology components. This literature review addresses the research findings of technology-based neuropsychological assessments, including computer- and virtual reality-based measures of cognitive and functional abilities. We evaluate the strengths and limitations of each approach, and examine the utility of technology-based assessments to obtain supplemental cognitive and behavioral information that may be otherwise undetected by traditional paper-and-pencil measures. We argue that the potential of technology use in neuropsychological assessment has not yet been realized, and continued adoption of new technologies could result in more comprehensive assessment of cognitive dysfunction and in turn, ...
INDIAN PASTORALISTS OF THE GUAJIRA PENINSULA1

(1960). INDIAN PASTORALISTS OF THE GUAJIRA PENINSULA1. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 50, No. 4, pp. 408-418.
On The Design Of Scattering Polarimeters At The Focus Of An X-Ray Telescope

A polarimeter utilizing the polarization dependence of x-ray scattering from the low Z metal Lithium will be flown on the SPECTRUM-X-Gamma missionl. The instrument will reside at the focus of one of the SODART x-ray telescopes. An important design consideration is the spurious polarization signature which occurs when unpolarized incident flux is focused a relatively small distance away from the precise axis of symmetry. In this paper we present the results of analytical and Monte-Carlo studies of this effect.
Testing for ellipsoidal symmetry: A comparison study

The focus of this paper is the methodology for testing ellipsoidal symmetry, which was recently proposed by Koltchinskii and Sakhanenko [Koltchinskii, V., Sakhanenko, L. 2000. Testing for ellipsoidal symmetry of a multivariate distribution. In: Gine, E., Mason, D., Wellner, J. (Eds.), High Dimensional Probability II. In: Progress in Probability, Birkhauser, Boston, pp. 493-510]. It is a class of omnibus bootstrap tests that are affine invariant and consistent against any fixed alternative. First, we study their behavior under a sequence of local alternatives. Secondly, a finite sample comparison study of this new class of tests with other popular methods given by Beran, Manzotti et al., and Huffer et al. is carried out. We find that the new tests outperform other methods in preserving the level and have superior power for the most of the chosen alternatives. We also suggest a tool for identifying periods of financial instability and crises when these tests are applied to the distribution of the return rates of stock market indices. These tests can be used in place of tests for normality of asset return distributions since ellipsoidally symmetric distributions are the natural extensions of multivariate normal distributions, so that the capital asset pricing model holds.
Observations of Satellite-Related Ionization Effects between 1958 and 1960

Three independent sets of observations over a two-year period (1958-1960) involving the satellites 57021 and 58042 are described which show a marked correlation between satellite passes and ionospheric-ionization effects. The effects tend to peak at the time of near approach of the satellite or somewhat before with most of the effects occurring in the interval of 20 minutes before to 10 minutes after the satellite's passage. Other observations of some short-range effects are described which indicate a dependence of the effects on the satellite's heading as a function of the local time and on its position with respect to the observing location.
Design of a Dual-Band, Electrically Small, Parasitic Array Antenna

A new design of an electrically small parasitic array antenna to obtain dual bands is suggested. The antenna comprises a driver and two directors, where all elements are bent in rectangular shapes to reduce the antenna size. Two resonances nearby each other are achieved by twisting vertical segments into helical shapes, starting from the ground of both directors. The overall volume of the antenna is 18.0 mm (0.099λ)×21.0 mm (0.116λ) ×21.4 mm ( 0.118λ), and the electrical size, kr, is 0.8. The maximum realized gains in the director direction are greater than 8.4 dBi at both resonant frequencies.
Drugs, violence, and federal funding: a research odyssey

Two decades of research activity focusing on drugs/violence relationships are described. Initial interest in this area was kindled by field experiences. Literature review revealed a dearth of concepts and data. A tripartite conceptual framework was formulated to define drug-related violence. A series of empirical studies were undertaken to verify and elaborate the conceptual framework. Findings from these studies debunked prevailing mythology about drugs/violence relationships. Findings also demonstrated the usefulness of a public health perspective and the critical importance of collecting qualitative data in order to achieve a deeper understanding of these phenomena.
Hyperactivity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): impairing deficit or compensatory behavior?

Excess gross motor activity (hyperactivity) is con- sidered a core diagnostic feature of childhood ADHD that impedes learning. This view has been challenged, however, by recent models that conceptualize excess motor activity as a compensatorymechanism thatfacilitatesneurocognitivefunc- tioning in children with ADHD. The current study investigat- ed competing model predictions regarding activity level' sr e- lationwithworkingmemory(WM)performanceandattention in boys aged 8-12 years (M=9.64, SD=1.26) with ADHD (n=29) and typically developing children (TD; n=23). Children's phonological WM and attentive behavior were ob- jectively assessed during four counterbalanced WM tasks ad- ministered across four separate sessions. These data were then sequenced hierarchically based on behavioral observations of each child's gross motor activity during each task. Analysis of the relations among intra-individual changes in observed ac- tivity level, attention, and performance revealed that higher rates of activity level predicted significantly better, but not normalized WM performance for children with ADHD. Conversely, higher rates of activity level predicted somewhat lower WM performance for TD children. Variations in movement did not predict changes in attention for either group. At the individual level, children with ADHD and TD children weremorelikelytobeclassifiedasreliablyImproved and Deteriorated, respectively, when comparing their WM performance at their highest versus lowest observed activity level. These findings appear most consistent with models as- cribing a functional role to hyperactivity in ADHD, with im- plications for selecting behavioral treatment targets to avoid overcorrectinggross motor activityduringacademictasks that rely on phonological WM.