cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dangerous to themselves and others: the Victorian debate over the prevention of wrongful confinement.

Wilkie Collins's Victorian novel The Woman in White contains a scene in which the hero unknowingly aids the woman of the title, Anne Catherick, to escape from an asylum. When he learns that she was an escaped patient, he reflects on his action: “what had I done? Assisted the victim of the most horrible of all false imprisonments to escape; or cast loose on the wide world of London an unfortunate creature, whose actions it was my duty, and every man's duty, mercifully to control?” The question was one which, less directly, confronted Victorian society as a whole. The nineteenth century saw the rapid expansion of an asylum system designed “mercifully to control” the insane, a development of which many Englishmen felt proud. Yet this pride was often accompanied by an endemic, nagging fear that persons were being improperly confined in asylums. Occasionally, the exposure of some apparently egregious case of wrongful confinement raised these fears to epidemic proportions and produced what the Victorians called “lunacy panics.” These outbursts of public rage symptomized the tensions within a society determined to ban the mad from its midst, yet uncertain of the boundaries of madness, skeptical of the abilities of those it had chosen to draw those boundaries, and undecided as to the actual purposes of confinement. Indeed, the Victorians never clearly established what they meant by “wrongful” confinement. At times they seemed to mean the confinement of the sane; at other times they seemed to include those who were insane but not manifestly dangerous.
Information Needs and Models for Land Use Planning

Public concern about the use of land resources has increased in recent years. One explanation stems from accelerating changes occurring in population patterns and life styles.' Simultaneously, tight world food supplies combined with environmental pressures2 and possible changes in future technological progress3 have led to an increased realization that land resources are relatively scarce and require improved management. Land use is closely linked to such important issues as food supply, energy resources, environmental quality, and rural and urban development. This paper presents information needs and models for U.S. land use planning. The following steps are followed. First, U.S. land use planning is briefly reviewed in retrospect. Second, present land use information needs are discussed. Third, the concept of land use viewed as a process is introduced. Fourth, models for land use planning, based on methodologies utilized in recent land use research undertaken in Iowa and which seem to have applications in other states, are presented. Selected research findings obtained from application of these models are presented. Finally, utilization of land use information and further land use research needs are discussed.
Quantum Wave Packet Dynamics with Trajectories

The de Broglie--Bohm causual (hydrodynamic) formulation of quantum mechanics is computationally implemented in the Lagrangian (moving with the fluid) viewpoint. The quantum potential and force are accurately evaluated with a moving weighted least squares algorithm. The quantum trajectory method is then applied to barrier tunneling on smooth potential surfaces. Analysis of the tunneling mechanism leads to a novel and accurate approximation: shortly after the wave packet is launched, completely neglect all quantum terms in the dynamical equations for motion along the tunneling coordinate.
Effect of Statins on Skeletal Muscle Function

Background—Many clinicians believe that statins cause muscle pain, but this has not been observed in clinical trials, and the effect of statins on muscle performance has not been carefully studied. Methods and Results—The Effect of Statins on Skeletal Muscle Function and Performance (STOMP) study assessed symptoms and measured creatine kinase, exercise capacity, and muscle strength before and after atorvastatin 80 mg or placebo was administered for 6 months to 420 healthy, statin-naive subjects. No individual creatine kinase value exceeded 10 times normal, but average creatine kinase increased 20.8±141.1 U/L (P<0.0001) with atorvastatin. There were no significant changes in several measures of muscle strength or exercise capacity with atorvastatin, but more atorvastatin than placebo subjects developed myalgia (19 versus 10; P=0.05). Myalgic subjects on atorvastatin or placebo had decreased muscle strength in 5 of 14 and 4 of 14 variables, respectively (P=0.69). Conclusions—These results indicate that high...
Flax seed oil and flax seed meal reduce the formation of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in azoxymethane-induced colon cancer in Fisher 344 male rats

Abstract Flax seed oil and flax seed meal are good sources of omega-3 fatty acids. The objective of this study was to explicate the effects of feeding flax seed oil and flax seed meal on AOM-induced aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in Fisher 344 male rats. Following an acclimatization period, rats were divided into six groups and fed AIN 93G diet Control (C), C + 7 and 14% soybean oil (SBO), C + 7 and 14% flax seed oil (FSO) and C + 10 and 20% flax seed meal (FSM). All rats received 16 mg/kg body weight of AOM at 7 and 8 weeks of age. The rats were euthanized with CO 2 at 17 weeks of age. FSM and FSO reduced the incidence of ACF which are putative precursor lesions in the development of colon cancer in the distal colon by 88% and 77%, in the proximal colon by 86% and 87% with a total reduction of 87.5% and 84%, respectively. Glutathione- S -transferase (GST) activities were significantly ( P
NUCLEOPHILIC BEHAVIOR OF DBU IN A CONJUGATE ADDITION REACTION

Abstract Reaction of DBU with a diarylpyrone results in 1,4 addition of the DBU and subsequent fragmentation of the DBU moiety into an aminopropyl caprolactam. Incorporation of the fragmented DBU into the diarylpyridone is postulated to occur by an addition/elimination pathway.
Characteristics of solar particle events at Mars relative to Earth

Abstract While not specifically designed to detect solar energetic particle radiation, the Electron Reflectometer onboard Mars Global Surveyor (MGS/ER) collected such data from January 1999 through October 2006. Energetic protons (⩾25 MeV) and other ions penetrated the MGS/ER shielding and registered counts within the instrument’s electronics. During solar particle events (SPE’s), prolonged enhancements in the particle background were observed at Mars with time intensity profiles similar to Earth based SPE observations. Throughout the lifespan of MGS/ER, 85 distinct SPE’s were observed. Basic characteristics of Mars based SPE observations and the frequency of SPE occurrences at Mars are compared to corresponding Earth based observations. Approximately 22% of SPE’s that occurred during MGS/ER operation were observed at Earth but not Mars. Similarly, 19% of SPE’s were observed at Mars but not Earth. Time intensity profiles at Earth and Mars match predictions provided in the literature, based on the physical location of the detector with respect to the motion of the interplanetary shock wave. Note: The work described herein was largely conducted as part of a doctoral dissertation produced by the author .
RhoA Interaction with Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor and Transient Receptor Potential Channel-1 Regulates Ca2+ Entry ROLE IN SIGNALING INCREASED ENDOTHELIAL PERMEABILITY

We tested the hypothesis that RhoA, a monomeric GTP-binding protein, induces association of inositol trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) with transient receptor potential channel (TRPC1), and thereby activates store depletion-induced Ca2+ entry in endothelial cells. We showed that RhoA upon activation with thrombin associated with both IP3R and TRPC1. Thrombin also induced translocation of a complex consisting of Rho, IP3R, and TRPC1 to the plasma membrane. IP3R and TRPC1 translocation and association required Rho activation because the response was not seen in C3 transferase (C3)-treated cells. Rho function inhibition using Rho dominant-negative mutant or C3 dampened Ca2+ entry regardless of whether Ca2+ stores were emptied by thrombin, thapsigargin, or inositol trisphosphate. Rho-induced association of IP3R with TRPC1 was dependent on actin filament polymerization because latrunculin (which inhibits actin polymerization) prevented both the association and Ca2+ entry. We also showed that thrombin produced a sustained Rho-dependent increase in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration [Ca2+] i in endothelial cells overexpressing TRPC1. We further showed that Rho-activated Ca2+ entry via TRPC1 is important in the mechanism of the thrombin-induced increase in endothelial permeability. In summary, Rho activation signals interaction of IP3R with TRPC1 at the plasma membrane of endothelial cells, and triggers Ca2+ entry following store depletion and the resultant increase in endothelial permeability.
The Effects of Sex, Age, and Computer Experience on Computer Attitudes.

AbstractStudent attitudes toward computers are important to success in computer-related programs. This study of 354 high school and college students examines the effects of age, sex, and computer experience on the attitudes (computer anxiety, confidence, and liking) measured by the Computer Attitude Scale. Computer experience was found to be significantly related to more positive attitudes on all three subscales. Some significant age effects were also found, but no clear trend with age was demonstrated. Sex was not found to be significantly related to computer attitudes on any of the three subscales. Interaction effects were also examined.
Nutrition and Heart Failure: Impact of Drug Therapies and Management Strategies

Nutrition impairment commonly occurs in patients with heart failure and affects disease progression. Vitamin and mineral deficiencies are associated with early mortality, particularly in patients classified as cachectic. Guideline-based therapies approved for heart failure, such as loop diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers, aldosterone antagonists, and beta-adrenergic blockers, can lead to electrolyte abnormalities and predispose to some vitamin and micronutrient deficits. Clinical trial evidence in support of supplementary vitamin and mineral therapies for heart failure patients is limited with the exception of documented calcium and possibly vitamin D, thiamine, and coenzyme Q10 deficiencies. This area is gaining significant attention, and research is ongoing. The clinician can help minimize morbidity from nutrition impairment through appropriate monitoring and correction of baseline and medication-induced electrolyte imbalances, in addition to vitamin and mineral supplementation when appropriate.
Undernutrition and cerebellar development

Abstract Undernutrition has previously been shown to affect the cerebellum to a greater extent than the remainder of the brain. This study showed that the vermis is the primary area of the cerebellum affected. In contrast to the deficits in the cerebellar hemispheres, the reductions in the vermis wet weight, DNA, and protein content in brains of infant rats were persistent in rehabilitated adult animals. In 20-day-old malnourished rats, microscopic studies of the vermis showed increased density of Purkinje cells and internal granule cells and a disproportionately greater reduction in the size of the molecular layer compared to the internal granule cell layer. In rehabilitated adult rats, the increased density of Purkinje cells remained, but the size of the molecular layer compared to the internal granule cell layer was not different.
Memory and perceptual deficits during electrical stimulation in the left and right thalamus and parietal subcortex.

Mechanisms for perception and memory were probed by electrical stimulation via chronic electrodes in the human thalamus. Stimulation within the left pulvinar nucleus induced transient dysphasia and a retrograde loss in recent memory for verbal memoranda. In contrast, comparable stimulation of the right pulvinar failed to disrupt verbal behavior and, instead, disabled the mechanism for discrimination and recognition of complex visual patterns. The findings suggest that an asymmetry in the functional organization of linguistic and nonverbal processes appears to exist at the level of the lateral thalamus. The hypothesis is advanced that the pulvinar scans incoming sensory traces and searches long-term memory registers for appropriate cues and labels.
25th anniversary article: Bulk heterojunction solar cells: understanding the mechanism of operation.

The status of understanding of the operation of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells is reviewed. Because the carrier photoexcitation recombination lengths are typically 10 nm in these disordered materials, the length scale for self-assembly must be of order 10–20 nm. Experiments have verified the existence of the BHJ nanostructure, but the morphology remains complex and a limiting factor. Three steps are required for generation of electrical power: i) absorption of photons from the sun; ii) photoinduced charge separation and the generation of mobile carriers; iii) collection of electrons and holes at opposite electrodes. The ultrafast charge transfer process arises from fundamental quantum uncertainty; mobile carriers are directly generated (electrons in the acceptor domains and holes in the donor domains) by the ultrafast charge transfer (≈70%) with ≈30% generated by exciton diffusion to a charge separating heterojunction. Sweep-out of the mobile carriers by the internal field prior to recombination is essential for high performance. Bimolecular recombination dominates in materials where the donor and acceptor phases are pure. Impurities degrade performance by introducing Shockly–Read–Hall decay. The review concludes with a summary of the problems to be solved to achieve the predicted power conversion efficiencies of >20% for a single cell.
Osteoporosis and calcification of the aorta

Summary In an age-stratified random sample of 200 Rochester, Minnesota women, the prevalence of aortic calcification rose with aging, as did the prevalence of vertebral fractures, while bone mass fell. The statistically significant positive association of aortic calcification with vertebral fractures and the negative associations with bone mass at six skeletal sites were mainly accounted for by age. After age-adjustment, the only association remaining was a negative one between calcified aortic plaques and bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine ( P P
Total body irradiation as preparation for bone marrow transplantation in treatment of acute leukemia and aplastic anemia

In an attempt to improve survival while minimizing toxicity, many bone marrow transplant centers are now studying the use of cytoreduction regimens with an increased amount of radiation in single-dose or fractionated-exposure schedules for patients with leukemia and aplastic anemia. In order to review the current results, the literature prior to September, 1982 was surveyed and data were tabulated for each transplant center regarding the number of patients receiving transplants, diagnoses, cytoreducation regimen, clinical status, revission duration, relapse rate, causes of death and incidence of interstitial pneumonia. The incidence and severity of cataracts, growth failure, hypothyroidism and second malignant neoplasms were noted, and the data obtained from the literature search were updated and expanded by telephone questionnaire when possible. Marked variation in the technique of transplantation was found among the participating institutions, making it difficult to determine the contribution of the various TBI doses, dose rates and fractionation schedules to the efficacy and toxicity of the combined regimen. In order to define the risk-benefit ratio of the various TBI regimens more clearly, prospective controlled, randomized studies will be required.
Synchrotron X ray sources in the Earth sciences

The importance of X rays in the Earth sciences can be traced back to 1915, when the Braggs first used this energetic form of electromagnetic radiation to determine the atomic level structures of minerals. This basic structural information is now an essential part of our knowledge about the Earth and its dynamic processes. During the past 20 years, major advances in experimental and theoretical methods, X ray instrumentation, X ray sources, and computer automation have resulted in significant gains in our ability to study the structure, bonding, and composition of Earth materials.
Optical absorption and photoluminescence of glow-discharge amorphous Si:F films.

Optical absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectra of fluorinated and hydrogenated glow-discharge amorphous silicon films were measured in the photon-energy range 0.7\ensuremath{\le}h\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\le}3.0 eV. The optical absorption spectra of the fluorinated samples are red shifted by about 0.3 eV, and their band-tail PL peak is red shifted by about 0.4 eV relative to the spectra of hydrogenated samples deposited under similar plasma conditions. Annealing of the a-Si:F samples increases their spin density and brings up the PL defect peak at 0.6--0.7 eV, without any significant shift of either the optical-absorption edge or the band-tail PL peak. The similarities and differences in the roles of fluorine and hydrogen in the amorphous silicon matrix are discussed.
Position error bound calculation for GNSS using measurement residuals

In safety-of-life applications of satellite navigation, the protection level (PL) equation translates what is known about the pseudo-range errors into a reliable limit on the positioning error. The current PL equations for satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS) rely on Gaussian statistics. This approach is very practical: the calculations are simple and the receiver computation load is small. However, when the true distributions are far from Gaussian, such a characterization forces an inflation of the PLs that degrades performance. This happens in particular with errors with heavy tail distributions or for which there is not enough data to evaluate the distribution density up to small quantiles. We present a way of computing the optimal protection level when the pseudo-range errors are characterized by a mixture of Gaussian modes. First, we show that this error characterization adds a new flexibility and helps account for heavy tails without losing the benefit of tight core distributions. Then, we state the positioning problem using a Bayesian approach. Finally, we apply this method to PL calculations for the wide area augmentation system (WAAS) using real data from WAAS receivers. The results are very promising: vertical PLs are reduced by 50% without degrading integrity.
Optical and IR applications in astronomy and astrophysics

Abstract The set comprising silicon charge-coupled devices, low band-gap infrared arrays and bolometer arrays provide astronomers with position-sensitive photon detectors from the X-ray to the sub-mm. In recent years the most significant advances have occurred in the near-infrared part of the spectrum because not only have the detector formats caught up with those of charge-coupled device (CCDs) but also because the advent of adaptive optics (AO) has meant that the very largest telescopes can achieve their diffraction limit in the near-infrared. Thus infrared cameras, spectrometers and hybrid instruments that measure spatial and spectral information simultaneously are now commanding the greatest attention on telescopes from 6.5 to 10 m in effective aperture. Scientific applications of these new infrared instruments span everything from the search for nearby solar systems to the orbital motions of stars about the massive black hole at the center of the Milky Way, and studies of the first galaxies to form in the high redshift Universe. Background, principles and applications of infrared array detectors to astronomy and astrophysics will be discussed with particular emphasis on work at the W.M. Keck 10-m telescope on Mauna Kea, Hawaii.
Idiopathic collapsing focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in pediatric patients.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcome of our patients with idiopathic collapsing focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) as compared to those with non-collapsing FSGS. The study included a total of 39 patients with idiopathic FSGS. Of these, 11 had collapsing FSGS and the remaining 28 were collectively grouped as non-collapsing FSGS. The mean ages, gender ratio (M:F), and percentage of African-American patients in collapsing versus non-collapsing FSGS groups were 12.7 ± 3.1 and 8.9 ± 5.1 years, 1.2:1 and 4.6:1, and 90.9 and 53.6%, respectively. After a mean followup period of 31.5 ± 22.3 months, 8 patients (73%) with collapsing FSGS had chronic renal impairment as compared to 8 (29%) patients with non-collapsing FSGS group after a mean follow-up period of 18.7 ± 12.9 months. However, the cumulated renal survival at 30 months did not reveal a significant difference. In comparison to non-collapsing FSGS, collapsing FSGS in our study was equally common in females as in males and occurred predominantly in African Americans. The outcome of our patients with collapsing FSGS at 30 months was better than in previous reports.
Employee Commitment and Firefighters: It’s My Job

The events of September 11, 2001, have led us to rethink the importance of public service and public–sector employees’ commitment. In previous research, we argued that employee commitment is a construct comprising three dimensions: commitment to the boss, to the work group, and to the organization. However, this characterization cannot explain the behavior of public employees on September 11. For this article, we argue that employee commitment is a construct that comprises four dimensions: With the help of identity theory, there is reason to include commitment to a job as part of the commitment construct. Based on an analysis of an existing data set, we find that firefighters identified themselves as committed to their job, which they viewed as an honorable profession that performs a valuable service to the community.
A Demonstration of Principal Component Analysis for EPR Spectroscopy: Identifying Pure Component Spectra from Complex Spectra

The application of principal component analysis (PCA) with self-modeling (SM) is extended to electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Our approach develops a novel constraint in the SM procedure. This constraint relies on the mirror symmetry around the EPR peak position, a condition that is well satisfied by most paramagnetic compounds at the usual EPR measurement frequencies (9−10 GHz, the X-band). Examples considered are two- and three-component systems consisting of aqueous solutions of paramagnetic ions that exhibit distinct but overlapping spectra: Cu2+ (single peak), Mn2+ (sextet), and VO2+ (octet). The results show that the PCA technique is capable of reproducing the correct number of components and reconstructing spectra in good agreement with control measurements. Other spectroscopy areas to which the symmetric peak constraint should be applicable include NMR, NQR, and ICR.
Effect of sprint interval training on circulatory function during exercise in sedentary, overweight/obese women.

Very high-intensity, low-volume, sprint interval training (SIT) increases muscle oxidative capacity and may increase maximal oxygen uptake ( $$ {\dot{V}\text{O}}_{{ 2 {\text{max}}}} $$ ), but whether circulatory function is improved, and whether SIT is feasible in overweight/obese women is unknown. To examine the effects of SIT on $$ {\dot{V}\text{O}}_{{ 2 {\text{max}}}} $$ and circulatory function in sedentary, overweight/obese women. Twenty-eight women with BMI > 25 were randomly assigned to SIT or control (CON) groups. One week before pre-testing, subjects were familarized to $$ {\dot{V}\text{O}}_{{ 2 {\text{max}}}} $$ testing and the workload that elicited 50% $$ {\dot{V}\text{O}}_{{ 2 {\text{max}}}} $$ was calculated. Pre- and post-intervention, circulatory function was measured at 50% of the pre-intervention $$ {\dot{V}\text{O}}_{{ 2 {\text{max}}}} $$ , and a GXT was performed to determine $$ {\dot{V}\text{O}}_{{ 2 {\text{max}}}} $$ . During the intervention, SIT training was given for 3 days/week for 4 weeks. Training consisted of 4–7, 30-s sprints on a stationary cycle (5% body mass as resistance) with 4 min active recovery between sprints. CON maintained baseline physical activity. Post-intervention, heart rate (HR) was significantly lower and stroke volume (SV) significantly higher in SIT (−8.1 and 11.4%, respectively; P < 0.05) during cycling at 50% $$ {\dot{V}\text{O}}_{{ 2 {\text{max}}}} $$ ; changes in CON were not significant (3 and −4%, respectively). Changes in cardiac output ( $$ {\dot{\text{Q}}} $$ ) and arteriovenous oxygen content difference [(a − v)O2 diff] were not significantly different for SIT or CON. The increase in $$ {\dot{V}\text{O}}_{{ 2 {\text{max}}}} $$ by SIT was significantly greater than by CON (12 vs. −1%). Changes by SIT and CON in HRmax (−1 vs. −1%) were not significantly different. Four weeks of SIT improve circulatory function during submaximal exercise and increases $$ {\dot{V}\text{O}}_{{ 2 {\text{max}}}} $$ in sedentary, overweight/obese women.
Second harmonic generation imaging microscopy studies of osteogenesis imperfecta

We have used quantitative second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging microscopy to investigate the collagen matrix organization in the oim mouse model for human osteogenesis imperfecta (OI). OI is a heritable disease in which the type I collagen fibrils are either abnormally organized or small, resulting in a clinical presentation of recurrent bone fractures and other pathologies related to collagen-comprised tissues. Exploiting the exquisite sensitivity of SHG to supramolecular assembly, we investigated whether this approach can be utilized to differentiate normal and oim tissues. By comparing SHG intensity, fibrillar morphology, polarization anisotropy, and signal directionality, we show that statistically different results are obtained for the wild type (WT) and disease states in bone, tendon, and skin. All these optical signatures are consistent with the collagen matrix in the oim tissues being more disordered, and these results are further consistent with the known weaker mechanical properties of the oim mouse. While the current work shows the ability of SHG to differentiate normal and diseased states in a mouse model, we suggest that our results provide a framework for using SHG as a clinical diagnostic tool for human OI. We further suggest that the SHG metrics described could be applied to other connective tissue disorders that are characterized by abnormal collagen assembly.
Analysis of Soft-Switching Isolated Time-Sharing Multiple-Input Converters for DC Distribution Systems

This paper explores the feasibility of active clamping techniques in isolated time-sharing (TS) multiple-input converters (MICs). Additional losses caused by energy transfer from the leakage inductance in the isolating coupled-inductor into the input switches are addressed with a common active clamping leg for all input legs. An active clamping technique is applied to isolated TS-MIC to minimize the additional switching losses and voltage stresses on input legs. This paper also conducts an operational analysis of an isolated time-sharing dual-input single-ended primary-inductor converter (I-TS-DI-SEPIC) with the discussed active clamping technique. Zero-voltage switching can be achieved on the first-turned-on input leg and the active clamping leg with a proper driving strategy and well-chosen circuit parameter settings. Discussions on the effect of the active clamping technique to an MIC and the components stresses of the I-TS-DI-SEPIC with the active clamping technique have also been made to assist in the design of TS-MICs. Prototypes of the I-TS-DI-SEPIC with the active clamping technique have been built to demonstrate the performance in the application of split-phase dc distribution systems. Converter efficiency and voltage stresses are experimentally verified, showing that the active clamping technique achieves noticeable efficiency gains and component stress reduction.
Layered "Recognition Cone" Networks That Preprocess, Classify, and Describe

This note gives a brief overview of six types of pattern recognition programs that: 1) preprocess, then characterize; 2) preprocess and characterize together; 3) preprocess and characterize into a "recognition cone;" 4) describe as well as name; 5) compose interrelated descriptions; and 6) converse.
Studies on growth hormone secretion: III. Inhibition of prostaglandin, theophylline and cyclic AMP stimulated growth hormone release by valinomycin in vitro

Abstract Rat anterior pituitary glands were incubated in medium 199 or KRB and the secretion of growth hormone was measured by immunoassay. Prostaglandin E 1 , dibutyryl cyclic AMP, theophylline and K + stimulated growth hormone release. Valinomycin inhibited hormone responses to all these stimuli without depressing intracellular cyclic AMP levels. Stimulation of growth hormone secretion by dibutyryl cyclic AMP and theophylline was associated with increased oxidation of glucose-1-C 14 to C 14 O 2 which was also inhibited by valinomycin. It is suggested that the locus of the inhibition is distal to the generation of cyclic AMP and might be analogous to the inhibitory effect of dinitrophenol.
A NOTE ON DIRAC CENTRAL FIELD WAVE FUNCTIONS

A systematic treatment is developed for the discussion of the solution of the Dirac wave equation for a central field for the purposes of theories involving the finite size of the nucleus.
Intratrachael (IT) Delivery of a Nanocrystal Gentamicin / Perflurochemical(G/PFC) Suspension in Normal (N) and Injured (I) Lungs † 1431

Gram negative pneumonia can lead to acute lung injury and perfusion abnormalities. We hypothesize that a nanocrystal suspension of G/PFC delivered IT to N and I lungs will be more homogeneously distributed at lower maximum(max) serum G levels then IV G. To test this hypothesis 22 lambs with N and acid I lungs were studied for 4 hours using 2 different drug delivery methods: N IT (n=5) and IV (n=5); I IT (n=6) and IV (n=6). Lambs were instrumented and gas ventilated. Lungs were injured with HCl acid in saline followed by liquid assisted ventilation (LAV) with perflubron (bolus FRC=20 ml/kg). G 5 mg/kg was delivered: IT (G/PFC; 20 ml/kg) and IV (aqueous injection with IT 20ml/kg PFC alone). Throughout the study serum G levels, arterial blood gases (mmHg), compliance (CDyn ml/cmH2O/kg) and mean blood pressure (MAP mmHg) were measured. Time-averaged and max serum G levels are reported. Lung G levels were measured at 4 hours and averaged across lobes. All data are expressed as means±SEM; p<0.05*. Physiologic values for the N & I lungs were: pH 7.42±0.01 & 7.39±0.01, pCO2 37±1.1 & 36±1.0, pO2 337±12 & 149±10, CDyn 0.99±0.08& 0.74±0.04, MAP 76±1.4 & 66±2.1, respectively. Distribution was more homogenous in the IT group then in the IV group.These data show that G lung levels in the N lung were higher in the IT group when compared to IV and similar in the I group.These findings were in spite of max serum levels in the IV groups 24x and 10x the level in the IT N and I groups, respectively. The results of this study demonstrate that in N and I lungs, homogeneous G lung levels can be more effectively achieved at lower serum levels when delivered IT in a G/PFC nanocrystal suspension as compared to IV administration. Table
Unusual Superconducting State of Underdoped Cuprates

There is increasing experimental evidence that the superconducting energy gap ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{0}$ in the underdoped cuprates is independent of doping concentration $x$ while the superfluid density is linear in $x$. We show that under these conditions thermal excitation of the quasiparticles is very effective in destroying the superconducting state, so that ${T}_{c}$ is proportional to $x{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{0}$ and part of the gap structure remains in the normal state. We then estimate ${H}_{c2}$ and predict it to be proportional to ${x}^{2}$. We also discuss to what extent the assumptions that go into the quasiparticle description can be derived in the U(1) and SU(2) formulations of the $t\ensuremath{-}J$ model.
Optical Properties of Heavily Doped Silicon between 1.5 and 4.1 eV

The optical constants of heavily doped silicon are determined between 1.5 and 4.1 eV with use of polarization modulation ellipsometry. For photon energies less than 3.4 eV it is found that there is a substantial increase in the optical absorption coefficient for As-doped silicon, but a much smaller increase for B-doped or P-doped silicon. It is believed that this is due to $d$-electron admixture into the conduction band when the dopant is As.
The therapeutic potential of centrally acting dopamine agonists

Much interest has been stimulated by epidemiological evidence which suggests that abortion, foetal abnormality, haemo- poietic disorders and neuropathy occur- ring in operating theatre staff might be due to chronic exposure to waste anaes- thetic gases. The interaction of nitrous oxide and vitamin B~2 can explain each of these disorders. In contrast, there is no theoretical or experimental basis for believing that they could be caused by exposure to trace concentrations of halothane or other currently used volatile anaesthetic agents. The lowest level at which nitrous oxide has been shown to cause signifi- cant inhibition of methionine synthase is 1 000 p.p.m. 9 which is also the lowest concentration at which foetotoxicity has been observed in rodents. 450 p.p.m, is the highest concentration demonstrated to be without effect on hepatic meth- ionine synthase activity in rats dur- ing prolonged exposure 9. Comparable measurements cannot easily be made in man but the data from rats suggest that the maximum safe concentration lies between 450 p.p.m, and 1 000 p.p.m. and allowance for a two-fold safety mar- gin would then suggest that prolonged exposure to 200 p.p.m, should be safe. Levels in excess of 200 p.p.m, com- monly occur in unscavenged operating theatres and the interaction of nitrous oxide and vitamin Bl2 pro~4des an unanswerable case for scavenging waste gases in any area in which aaaesthetics are administered. Levels of 25 p.p.m. can certainly be attained with the use of a cuffed tracheal tube and an efficient scavenging system.
Correlation of surface- and interfacial-tension data for two ternary systems: Benzene-water-ethanol and n-hexane-water-ethanol

Interfacial tensions measured by Ross and Patterson are consistent with the theory of interfacial tensions near critical points proposed by Fleming, Vinatieri, and Glinsmann. Fits to the experimental data were obtained with tension scale factors of 45 and 56 mn/m for the 2 ternary systems studied by Ross and Patterson, values consistent with scale factors for other nonsurfactant systems. Systems containing surfactants exhibit scale factors of approximate 10 mn/m. The tension data of Ross and Patterson allow checks of the generalized Antonoff's rule as proposed by widom. For certain compositions the experimental data violate the rule by more than the stated uncertainty, suggesting an undetected error in the tension measurement. Another uncertainty is the possibility of an isopycnic in the benzene-water-ethanol system, beyond which the densities of the aqueous and organic phases may be reversed, leading to uncertainty in the identification of the surface tensions. 14 references.
On Throughput Guarantee of Aloha-Like Multi-Hop Wireless Networks

Providing Quality of Service (QoS) is one of significant issues for multimedia traffic. One approach to achieve the requested QoS is to characterize the traffic flows and guarantee their committed throughput. In a typical multi-hop wireless ad hoc network, determining the feasibility for a given set of flow characteristics is challenging due to the multi-user interference problem. To that end, this paper presents the following contributions. First, we describe a simple Aloha-like Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol that enables each flow to maintain its requested bandwidth, and thus is suitable for multimedia traffic. Second, we propose a bandwidth feasibility algorithm based on the Variable Elimination (VE) technique. The bandwidth feasibility algorithm determines whether or not a given network can support a set of flows of certain bit rates. Simulations indicate that our solution can precisely control the bit rates over all hosts while providing the throughput guarantees.
Hydrothermal synthesis of LiMn2O4 onto carbon fiber paper current collector for binder free lithium-ion battery positive electrodes

Abstract Concerns over the safety and high cost of lithium ion batteries, especially those containing cobalt-based active materials, limit their use to applications where energy density requirements cannot be met by any other materials. Manganese-spinel based positive electrode materials represent a promising candidate for lithium ion batteries because of their lower cost, lower toxicity, and greater resistance to thermal runaway than cobalt-based active materials. Although LiMn 2 O 4 has a well-known issue of capacity fading, investigations into nanostructured composites composed of surface modified spinel phases have demonstrated outstanding performance, suggesting that LiMn 2 O 4 has potential to be a viable positive electrode for safe, inexpensive, high power, and long lifetime lithium-ion batteries. Here we report a low-temperature hydrothermal process for growth of conformal coatings of highly crystalline LiMn 2 O 4 directly onto a carbon fiber current collector, completely eliminating the process steps and materials associated with the conventional tape casting approach (binders, solvents, and metal foils). The prepared electrodes tested at a rate of 1 C showed an initial discharge capacity of 125 mAh g −1 and an average energy efficiency of 92.4% over 100 cycles.
Using DNA Barcodes to Confirm the Presence of a New Invasive Cockroach Pest in New York City

Recently, specimens of a Periplaneta sp. were discovered in New York, NY, that did not match the typical morphology of Periplaneta americana L., the ubiquitous American cockroach. Here, we used DNA barcoding and morphological identification to confirm that this newly invasive pest species was indeed Periplaneta japonica Karny, 1908. We discuss this recent invasion in light of known life history traits of this species, with specific predictions for its impact in the urban northeastern United States.
History of Interlisp

I was first introduced to Lisp in 1962 as a first year graduate student at M.I.T. in a class taught by James Slagle. Having programmed in Fortran and assembly, I was impressed with Lisp's elegance. In particular, Lisp enabled expressing recursion in a manner that was so simple that many first time observers would ask the question, "Where does the program do the work?" (Answer - between the parentheses!) Lisp also provided the ability to manipulate programs, since Lisp programs were themselves data (S-expressions) the same as other list structures used to represent program data. This made Lisp an ideal language for writing programs that themselves constructed programs or proved things about programs. Since I was at M.I.T. to study Artificial Intelligence, program writing programs was something that interested me greatly.
Editorial Comment: Symposium: 2014 Musculoskeletal Infection Society.

T he annual meeting of the Musculoskeletal Infection Society serves as a forum for presentation of novel research work, education, and promotion of fruitful discussion and collaboration among participants. The manuscripts included in this symposium, which were presented at the 2014 meeting, underwent formal, rigorous peer review and present interesting and important findings spanning the topics of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of musculoskeletal infections. Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is often challenging to diagnose with the currently available methods. The use of synovial fluid biomarkers, such as alpha-defensin, is an exciting new development that has shown promise in the diagnosis of PJI and provides consistent results regardless of the microorganisms present. This is important since microorganisms of low virulence may not produce an inflammatory response. On the other hand, a periprosthetic fracture may create such a response, thereby confounding the diagnostic attempt to determine if a PJI is also present. Administration of antibiotics is another confounding variable that reduces the laboratory values indicative of PJI and hinders diagnosis of this complication. These and other limitations of current diagnostic methods should always be kept in mind by the treating physicians [2]. Further research on developing new methods and improving the use of current ones is needed to refine the diagnostic process, but we are proud to present some important findings on these key issues in these proceedings. Treatment of musculoskeletal infections often includes the local administration of antimicrobials using various delivery vehicles, such as bone
The oceanic drift in Polynesian linguistics

Abstract This paper considers what role the discovery and linguistic differentiation of regional languages played in the representational construction of Polynesia, the study of the region’s languages over time, the languages themselves, and the political and social lives of islanders. Focusing on French Polynesia, it questions whether there has been a sentimental attachment to the issue of human origins that has become entangled in the local politics of regional personhood. It draws particular attention to the use of language to make claims about islander persons and the way that language studies have become entangled in islanders’ enduring traditions of human origins, island settlement and evaluations of the significance thereof.
FEMINISM AND DIFFERENCE IN URBAN GEOGRAPHY

(1997). FEMINISM AND DIFFERENCE IN URBAN GEOGRAPHY. Urban Geography: Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 166-179.
Theory of ferromagnetic hysteresis: evaluation of stress from hysteresis curves

A recent extension of the theory of ferromagnetic hysteresis to include the effects of a constant applied stress uses an effective field H/sub sigma / that depends on the stress and the rate of change of magnetostriction with magnetization. The extended theory is used here to derive a particularly simple expression for the variation with stress of the anhysteretic differential susceptibility at M=O, H=O. The theoretical prediction is compared with experimental results and shows excellent agreement. This expression forms the basis for a novel technique of evaluating stress in ferromagnetic steels. >
An algorithm for the generalized eigenproblem

Abstract A new method is presented that determines the eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors for the most general form of the eigenproblem. An example illustrating the technique is included. The appendix contains a listing of the Fortran program developed for use on a Data General Eclipse/S200 computing system.
The chaning composition of income transfer programmes: a public choice analysis

This paper investigates the role of the interaction between the aid to families with dependent children (AFDC) and Food Stamp programmes as an explanation for the decline in real income transfers experienced in the United States in the 1970s. A public choice model is developed that focuses on the negative income tax features of the Food Stamp programme and its impact on the marginal cost of income redistribution. The hypothesis developed from the theoretical model is investigated with a panel data set. The econometric results suggests that the introduction of the Food Stamp Programme did lead to a decline in real AFDC transfers but that combined transfers (AFDC plus Food Stamps) rose after the introduction of the Food Stamp programme. It is further found that a ‘flypaper’ effect is present which explains the strong stimulative effect from the Food Stamp grant on the level of income redistribution.
Amyloid imaging in mild cognitive impairment subtypes

Objective We utilized the amyloid imaging ligand Pittsburgh Compound B (PiB) to determine the presence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology in different mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subtypes and to relate increased PiB binding to other markers of early AD and longitudinal outcome. Methods Twenty-six patients with MCI (13 single-domain amnestic-MCI [a-MCI], 6 multidomain a-MCI, and 7 nonamnestic MCI) underwent PiB imaging. Twenty-three had clinical follow-up (21.2 ± 16.0 [standard deviation] months) subsequent to their PiB scan. Results Using cutoffs established from a control cohort, we found that 14 (54%) patients had increased levels of PiB retention and were considered “amyloid-positive.” All subtypes were associated with a significant proportion of amyloid-positive patients (6/13 single-domain a-MCI, 5/6 multidomain a-MCI, 3/7 nonamnestic MCI). There were no obvious differences in the distribution of PiB retention in the nonamnestic MCI group. Predictors of conversion to clinical AD in a-MCI, including poorer episodic memory, and medial temporal atrophy, were found in the amyloid-positive relative to amyloid-negative a-MCI patients. Longitudinal follow-up demonstrated 5 of 13 amyloid-positive patients, but 0 of 10 amyloid-negative patients, converted to clinical AD. Further, 3 of 10 amyloid-negative patients “reverted to normal.” Interpretation These data support the notion that amyloid-positive patients are likely to have early AD, and that the use of amyloid imaging may have an important role in determining which patients are likely to benefit from disease-specific therapies. In addition, our data are consistent with longitudinal studies that suggest a significant percentage of all MCI subtypes will develop AD. Ann Neurol 2009;65:557–568
Factorial and Discriminant Validity of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale.

The factorial and discriminant validity of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale was examined for a sample of 116 parents who were participating in family support programs designed to prevent child abuse and neglect. Participants' self-reports of depressive symptoms as measured by the CES-D were analyzed in relation to their self-esteem (measured with the Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale) and state and trait anxiety (measured with Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory). Factorial validity was adequate, and results indicated a moderate correlation between the CES-D and self-esteem and state anxiety. However, a high correlation was obtained between the CES-D and trait anxiety, which suggests that the CES-D measures in large part the related conceptual psychological domain of predisposition for anxiousness.