cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Biosynthesis of Toxoflavin, an Azapteridine Antibiotic Produced by Pseudomonas cocovenenans

Methods are described for the study of the biosynthesis of the azapteridine antibiotic, toxoflavin, in cultures of Pseudomonas cocovenenans. The formation of this compound has been obtained not only under conditions of growth of the organism in a chemically complex medium, but also with washed cell suspensions under chemically defined culture conditions. Isotopic tracer experiments have shown that (a) the pyrimido moiety of the antibiotic originates in the corresponding portion of the ring structure of a purine derivative at an oxidation level no higher than xanthine; (b) the two N-methyl substituents may be derived from methionine methyl groups; and (c) carbon atom 8 of the imidazole moiety of the purine precursor is expelled during biosynthesis, with the subsequent insertion of the aminomethyl group of glycine to complete the as-triazine ring portion of toxoflavin. Stimulation of toxoflavin synthesis under chemically defined conditions has been achieved by the inclusion of purine derivatives, methionine, and biochemical sources of glycine in the medium. The results are discussed in terms of their relationship to the general problem of the biological transformation of purines to pteridines.
Enigmatic Moisture Effects on Al2O3 Scale and TBC Adhesion

Alumina scale adhesion to high temperature alloys is known to be affected primarily by sulfur segregation and reactive element additions. However, adherent scales can become partially compromised by excessive strain energy and cyclic cracking. With time, exposure of such scales to moisture can lead to spontaneous interfacial decohesion, occurring while the samples are maintained at ambient conditions. Examples of this Moisture-Induced Delayed Spallation (MIDS) are presented for NiCrAl and single crystal superalloys, becoming more severe with sulfur level and cyclic exposure conditions. Similarly, delayed failure or Desk Top Spallation (DTS) results are reviewed for thermal barrier coatings (TBCs), culminating in the water drop failure test. Both phenomena are discussed in terms of moisture effects on bulk alumina and bulk aluminides. A mechanism is proposed based on hydrogen embrittlement and is supported by a cathodic hydrogen charging experiment. Hydroxylation of aluminum from the alloy interface appears to be the relevant basic reaction.
Kinetics of "P"-site-mediated inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and the requirements for substrate.

The kinetics of "P"-site-mediated inhibition of adenylyl cyclase was studied with the detergent-solubilized enzyme from rat brain. Mn2(+)-activated adenylyl cyclase exhibited typical noncompetitive inhibition by 2'-d3'-AMP or 2',5'-dideoxyadenosine (2',5'-ddAdo). However, enzyme that was preactivated with guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTP gamma S) or proteolytically with ninhibin (+ GTP gamma S) exhibited apparently uncompetitive inhibition with either 2'-d3'-AMP or 2',5'-ddAdo and with either MgATP or MgApp(NH)p (adenosine 5'-(beta gamma-imino)triphosphate) as substrate. Inhibition increased with increasing substrate concentration, consistent with distinct domains for catalysis and the P-site and the formation of a 2'-d3'-AMP.C.MgATP complex. This conclusion was supported by the kinetics of product inhibition. For both cAMP and inorganic pyrophosphate (MgPPi) inhibition was mixed, suggesting that product release is likely random sequential. Although MgPPi enhanced inhibition in the presence of P-site agonist, it did not affect the dissociation constant for P-site agonist. The uncompetitive character of P-site-mediated inhibition and the independence of inhibition by MgPPi and P-site agonist imply that the P-site binding domain is distinct from the substrate binding domain. Given the structural requirements for catalysis and for P-site-mediated inhibition, these domains would be expected to be homologous. Sensitivity to P-site-mediated inhibition was also dependent on the structure of ATP, with the following IC50 values for 2'-d3'-AMP: ATP approximately 2'-dATP (approximately 1 microM); adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (approximately 5 microM); App(NH)p (approximately 30 microM); adenosine 5'-(beta gamma-methylene)triphosphate (approximately 300 microM). The differing effectiveness of the ATP analogs to support P-site inhibition was not due to their binding at the P-site. This effect of substrate was also observed with the platelet enzyme and was independent of the means by which the enzyme was activated, whether by Mn2+ or proteolytically by ninhibin/GTP gamma S, suggesting it is a general characteristic of P-site-mediated inhibition. The data suggest a structure for activated adenylyl cyclase such that one nucleotide binding domain, selective for ATP vis-a-vis other ATP analogs, allosterically modulates a proximate P-site domain.
Automated Software Vulnerability Analysis

Despite decades of research, software continues to have vulnerabilities. Successful exploitations of these vulnerabilities by attackers cost millions of dollars to businesses and individuals. Unfortunately, most effective defensive measures, such as patching and intrusion prevention systems, require an intimate knowledge of the vulnerabilities. Many systems for detecting attacks have been proposed. However, the analysis of the exploited vulnerabilities is left to security experts and programmers. Both the human effortinvolved and the slow analysis process are unfavorable for timely defensive measure to be deployed. The problem is exacerbated by zero-day attacks.
Those good Gertrudes: a social history of women teachers in America. By Geraldine Clifford

The profession of teaching has long held a peculiar cultural place in American society. Unlike in other countries around the world, teaching was never perceived as the domain of the highly educated...
10-Formyl-dihydrofolic Acid Is Bioactive in Human Leukemia Cells

The bioactivity of 10-formyl-7,8-dihydrofolic acid and 10-formyl-folic acid was determined in human leukemia (CCRF-CEM) cells grown in a folate-depleted medium containing methotrexate. Excess 10-formyl-7,8-dihydrofolic acid, (but not 10-formyl folic acid) supported the growth of these cells, but it was less potent than5-formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid (a control). 10-formyl-7, 8-dihydrofolic acid (not 10-formyl folic acid) was active as substrate for aminoimidazole carboxamide ribotide transformylase and dihydrofolate reductase. This is the first experimental evidence that 10-formyl-7,8-dihydrofolic acid is a bioactive folate in mammalian cells. These experiments and several other lines of evidence in the literature suggest that 10-formyl-folic acid must be metabolized to bioactive folate by enteric bacteria before it can be utilized by the vertebrate host.
Intraductal pegylated liposomal doxirubicin may achieve long term protection in HER2/NEU transgenic mice by restricting mammary gland outgrowth

This work is based on the hypothesis that intraductal injection can treat existing lesions and prevent future breast cancers originating in the epithelial cells lining the breast ducts. We have previously demonstrated our ability to access the entire mammary gland through the teat in mouse and rat mammary tumor models. Further, we showed that several other common chemotherapeutic drugs such as 5 fluorouracil, carboplatin, and methotrexate were effective, but not to the same extent as PLD. Thus, intraductal injection of PLD has potential in the prevention and neo-adjuvant therapy of breast cancer. Recently, we observed that in addition to rendering the mammary glands tumor free for more than 3 months after all of the control animals had developed multiple tumors, mammary glands of PLD treated mice were stunted in their growth. Instead of the florid growth with multiple branches and side branches studded with terminal end buds, akin to a "spring tree" seen in normal glands the PLD treated mammary gland presented the aspect of an "autumn tree". In the transgenic mice, the epithelial cells in the entire mammary gland express the MMTV-Her2/neu transgene and at even higher levels during pregnancy. This raised the concern that stimulation of proliferation of these cells, for example, by pregnancy, may result in a higher incidence of spontaneous mammary tumors in the PLD treated mice. What then is the response of this treated mammary gland to a new pregnancy? To test this concept, we induced pregnancy in PLD treated mice. Her2/neu mice treated with intraductal PLD, like their untreated controls, had normal deliveries, with pups of normal weight and number in the litter. However, unlike control mice, their pups survived for less than one week. Long term follow-up showed that pregnancy did not increase the incidence of tumors in PLD treated mice. Their mammary glands showed a very poor proliferative response to the pregnancy hormones and remained stunted in their growth. It is likely that PLD not only affected the eradication of preneoplasias but also resulted in a depletion of normal mammary gland stem cells This concept is being tested by determining the difference in stem cell content between untreated and PLD treated glands by transplantation of serial dilutions of epithelial cells from sham and PLD treated glands into cleared mouse fat pads, examination of markers of stem cells, such as ALDHA, etc. If proven to be the case, these findings raise the possibility that long term protection may be achieved by intraductal injection of PLD to women at high risk of developing breast cancer.
Binding, hydration, and decarboxylation of the reaction intermediate glutaconyl-coenzyme A by human glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase.

Glutaconyl-coenzyme A (CoA) is the presumed enzyme-bound intermediate in the oxidative decarboxylation of glutaryl-CoA that is catalyzed by glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase. We demonstrated glutaconyl-CoA bound to glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase after anaerobic reduction of the dehydrogenase with glutaryl-CoA. Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase also has intrinsic enoyl-CoA hydratase activity, a property of other members of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family. The enzyme rapidly hydrates glutaconyl-CoA at pH 7.6 with a kcat of 2.7 s-1. The kcat in the overall oxidation−decarboxylation reaction at pH 7.6 is about 9 s-1. The binding of glutaconyl-CoA was quantitatively assessed from the Km in the hydratase reaction, 3 μM, and the Ki, 1.0 μM, as a competitive inhibitor of the dehydrogenase. These values compare with Km and Ki of 4.0 and 12.9 μM, respectively, for crotonyl-CoA. Glu370 is the general base catalyst in the dehydrogenase that abstracts an α-proton of the substrate to initiate the catalytic pathway. The mutant dehydrog...
Phase transitions in ilvaite, a mixed-valence iron silicate I. A 57Fe Mössbauer study of magnetic order and spin frustration

Ilvaite, Ca(Fe2+,Fe3+)Fe2+Si2O8(OH) shows two magnetic phase transitions, which have been studied by Mossbauer spectroscopy within the temperature range 120–4 K. The continued charge localization between Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions in octahedral A-sites causes the Fe2+-Fe3+ interaction to be ferromagnetic, although the overall magnetic order is antiferromagnetic. The thermal evolution of the hyperfine fields at the Fe2+ (A) and Fe3+ (A) sites indicates Bhf: 328 and 523 kOe respectively at 0 K and TN1= 116K. The corresponding values for Fe2+ (B) site are: Bhf 186 kOe and TN2=36K. An additional hyperfine field exists at the Fe2+(B) site within the temperature range 116–36K due to short-range order induced by the spin ordering in A sites. The considerable difference between the two magnetic transition temperatures is due to spin frustration, because the Fe2+ (B) site occurs on a corner common between two triangles with respect to two sets of Fe2+ (A) and Fe3+ (A) sites with opposite spin directions.
Crisis management in Belgium: the case of Coca‐Cola

Belgium was still reeling from fears over mad cow disease and from the news that the carcinogen, dioxin, had been introduced inadvertently into animal feed, when yet another health crisis rocked it. This new crisis was precipitated by consumer complaints about an irregular taste and smell in bottled soft drinks and by reports that more than 100 consumers had become ill after noticing an odour on the outside of canned soft drinks. As a result, The Coca‐Cola Company, under instructions from the Belgian Health Ministry, withdrew its trade‐marked products from the Belgian market. The effects of this crisis were felt not only within Europe, but also in countries as far away as Japan and India. Subsequently, the company identified specific production and distribution problems which could have contributed to the health crisis. Pursuant to the Ministry’s order, the company took immediate steps to remedy those problems, and the Ministry’s ban was lifted. In addition, an aggressive marketing campaign was launched in an effort to regain consumer trust, confidence, and market share. Nevertheless, this incident resulted in substantial financial costs to The Coca‐Cola Company and in considerable damage to its global image and reputation.
Cellular Antioxidant Activity (CAA) Assay for Assessing Antioxidants, Foods, and Dietary Supplements

A cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) assay for quantifying the antioxidant activity of phytochemicals, food extracts, and dietary supplements has been developed. Dichlorofluorescin is a probe that is trapped within cells and is easily oxidized to fluorescent dichlorofluorescein (DCF). The method measures the ability of compounds to prevent the formation of DCF by 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (ABAP)-generated peroxyl radicals in human hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells. The decrease in cellular fluorescence when compared to the control cells indicates the antioxidant capacity of the compounds. The antioxidant activities of selected phytochemicals and fruit extracts were evaluated using the CAA assay, and the results were expressed in micromoles of quercetin equivalents per 100 µmol of phytochemical or micromoles of quercetin equivalents per 100 g of fresh fruit. Quercetin had the highest CAA value, followed by kaempferol, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), myricetin, and luteolin among the pure co...
An enhanced convection-wind-evaporation feedback in a superparameterization GCM (SP-GCM) depiction of the Asian summer monsoon

[1] Both the Colorado State University (CSU) and Goddard superparameterization GCM (SP-GCM) simulate a superactive Asian summer monsoon with unrealistically enhanced levels of precipitation. The underlying physical mechanism for this monsoon bias in the CSU SP-GCM is shown to involve an enhanced convection-wind-evaporation feedback. The feedback process is studied using two experiments with different fixed specifications of surface evaporation. A regional analysis of an area that exhibits excessive precipitation offers a glimpse of the transient nature of the feedback. Finally, we discuss the broader relevance of the feedback study to climate modeling.
The value of outsourcing: A field study

Abstract This article examines the effects of information systems outsourcing on the business processes of organizations. Rather than simply comparing outsourcing and not outsourcing, the study also addresses a third and increasingly common strategy, that of using software purchased “off-the-shelf.” An extensive survey was distributed to business process managers over a cross-section of financial services processes and companies. Results show that outsourcing information systems can create lower overall process costs and may lead to superior overall process performance compared to processes that used software purchased off-the-shelf. Further, information systems built in house lead to superior overall process performance compared to processes that used software purchased off-the-shelf. These results should assist business managers in gauging the possible effects of outsourcing information systems (or not) on their core processes.
Effects of Estrogen on Tight Junctional Resistance in Cultured Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

To study the effects of estrogen on transendothelial paracellular permeability in women. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) obtained from women were grown on filters. The paracellular permeability characteristics were determined in terms of changes in the prmeability to the polar acid pyranine (Ppyr) and as changes in the transendothelial electrical resistance (RTE). Tight junctional resistance characteristics were assayed by lowering luminal NaCl and measuring the dilution potential, and were expressed as the ratio of monion mobility uCl/uNa (cation selectivity). Low extracellular calcium and hyperosmolarity increased Ppyr and decreased RTE. The former but not the latter condition abolished the endothelium-specific cation selectivity. Treatment with 10 nM of estradiol-17β had no effect on RTE, but it increased the cation selectivity. The effect of estradiol required 1-6 hours’ incubation with the hormone; it was dose dependent and saturable, with a median effective concentration of estradiol of 1 nM. Diethylstilbestrol, but not estriol, could mimic the effect of estradiol, and the estrogen rectpro antagonist ICI-182,780 blocked it. Cultured HUVEC cells from patent tight junctions. Estrogens increase the cation selectivity across HUVEC cultures. The effect of estrogen may be mediated by an estrogen receptor. These effects may be important for vasculoprotection in cases of sudden changes in ions levels across the capillary wall, such as ischemia or reperfusion.
Component Candidacy of Second Side Reflow with Lead-Free Solder

For double-sided assemblies, the solder joints on the topside of the board are inverted and reflowed again. During the second reflow, the components are held in place by the surface tension, which may prevent the components from falling off under the gravitational force. A method is needed to determine a component’s candidacy for bottom-side attachment based on the component weight and total pad area. In this paper, a theoretical model was introduced to determine the critical value for component fall-off during the second reflow. Design of Experiments (DOE) and ANOVA analysis for lead-free solder boards were performed to examine the main process factors which have different effects on the component fall-off for different components, and comparison was made between lead-free and SnPb solders. Optical inspection and cross-sectioning were carried out for further investigation. The test results indicated no significant difference of Cg=Pa value between SnPb and lead-free solders. [doi:10.2320/matertrans.47.1577]
Effects of low-molecular-weight fractions (LMWF) from milk, egg yolk, and seminal plasma on freezability of bovine spermatozoa.

The effects of the dialyzable fractions from bovine seminal plasma, egg yolk, and milk and of two buffer systems (TEST and sodium citrate) on post-thaw sperm motility were studied. Each basic salt solution was used in the experimental design. These solutions were used as extender systems in combination with egg yolk and glycerol. After collection, semen samples were extended (1:20), cooled to 5 °C in 1.5 hr, and frozen in 0.5-cc French straws after 3 hr of equilibration. Post-thaw samples were assayed for percentage of motile cells immediately after thawing and after 4 hr of incubation at room temperature (22 °C). Egg yolk (25%) provided the same protection as did the combination of colloidal material present in the skim milk-yolk extenders. The use of TEST as a buffer provided significantly higher (P < 0.01) sperm post-thaw motility than milk salts or Na citrate. Sperm survival in extenders containing high concentrations of seminal plasma and/or egg yolk salts was significantly lower (P < 0.01). Spermatozoa frozen in the presence of 6% glycerol resulted in sperm motility significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of spermatozoa frozen with 3% glycerol. However, no difference was observed between these two concentrations when TEST solution was used.
Chronic arthropathy in long-term hemodialysis

Abstract Acute arthritis and periarthritis are known to develop in patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis; however, the long-term consequences of hemodialysis on joint structure and function have not been thoroughly evaluated In a cohort of patients. All patients (11) undergoing hemodialysis for 10 or more years were evaluated for symptoms, joint function, and radiographic abnormalities. Eight patients had joint symptoms, excluding those from a septic or traumatic process. Only four patients had acute episodes of arthritis. Nine patients had abnormalities on physical examination, including decreased range of motion, joint effusion, crepitance, or deformity. Nine patients had abnormal findings on radiography, including narrowing, erosions, and calcification. Those with more severe disease were younger and had been receiving dialysis treatments longer. It is concluded that prolonged hemodialysis is associated with a progressive deterioration of joint structure and function with or without acute episodes of synovitis.
Behaviors of three BCC metal over a wide range of strain rates and temperatures: experiments and modeling

Abstract The elastic–plastic behaviors of three body-centered cubic metals, tantalum, tantalum alloy with 2.5% tungsten, and AerMet 100 steel, are presented over a wide range of strains (15%), strain rates (10−6–104 s−1) and temperatures (77–600°F). Johnson-Cook and Zerilli-Armstrong models were found inadequate to describe the observations. A new viscoplastic model is proposed based on these experimental results. The proposed constitutive model gives good correlations with these experimental results and strain-rate jump experiments. In the next paper (Liang, R., Khan A.S., 2000. Behaviors of three BCC metals during non-proportional multi-axial loadings and predictions using a recently proposed model. International Journal of Plasticity, in press), multi-axial loading results on these materials and comparison with the proposed model will be presented.
Fear of a black Spider-Man: racebending and the colour-line in superhero (re)casting

This paper tackles the way in which fans legitimise ‘whiteness’ in the pantheon of American fictional heroes. Using the 2010 internet meme calling for an African-American actor be cast as the next Spider-Man, and the replacement of Peter Parker with a character of Hispanic and African-American descent, I examine online arguments made by fans that Peter Parker and Spider-Man have been and therefore should remain white. Specifically, I am interested in the way in which fans legitimise the ‘casting’ choices of characters through the use of canon – the officially recognised history of a fictional universe – and dominant characterisations of Spider-Man as a hero.
Developing a Meta-Model for Serious Games in Higher Education

This short paper presents a preliminary meta-model for educational games. A meta-model facilitates the development of high-quality, engaging, educational games because it explicitly ties knowledge requirements, transferable skills and course outcomes to game production. Our meta-model is designed to be transferable across curricula, as it modularizes domain specific bodies of knowledge (BOK), a learning taxonomy (e.g., Bloom's), and skill based challenges. The model situates learning opportunities in a plotline wherein the student-player advances by succeeding against non-player adversaries. Knowledge-based challenges framed by a learning taxonomy develop the transferable skills required by international accreditation standards and provide feedback to both the player and the faculty member. Situating assessment challenges in an immersive game environment makes them more engaging and imaginative than typical on-line tests or assignments. Here, we present our meta-model tailored for educational game development in software engineering education.
Biochemical and Quality Changes Occurring During Freezing of Poultry Meat

SUMMARY— Comparative studies on muscle from fresh (unfrozen) and freshly frozen chickens showed that freezing caused small, but detectable changes in eating quality and that changes in muscle proteins during freezing depended on freezing rate. Slow freezing caused a larger loss of drip on thawing, a larger loss of nitrogenous constituents and nucleic acid derivatives to the drip, and a larger loss of water-holding capacity of meat, than fast freezing. In addition, slow freezing, as compared to fast freezing, increased proteolysis and caused a greater decrease in the adenosine-triphosphatase activity of myofibrillar proteins. Taste panel comparisons of fresh and frozen chicken meat showed that freezing caused a significant change in the odor of uncooked breast and leg meat and a decrease in tenderness of cooked breast meat. The results suggest that rapid freezing preserves the integrity of muscle proteins to a greater extent than slow freezing.
ENERGY EXPENDITURE AND BODY COMPOSITION IN PRADER-WILLI SYNDROME

The assessment of energy expenditure (EE) in humans in a normal environment has recently become possible through measurement of the differential excretion of doubly labeled heavy water (2H218O) following oral ingestion. After 2H218O distribution, CO2 production and EE may be calculated from differential 2H and 18O enrichment in urine samples at 1 and 7 days. Further, isotope dilution at 4 hours may be used to calculate total body water and fat-free mass (FFM). We studied 10 individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) (8-24 years) and 5 normal obese children (NO) (7-16 years). None had other chemical abnormalities, and both groups were similarly obese (PWS 157±9.7%, NO 152±11.7% ideal body weight). PWS were 47.9±2.3% fat comp. to NO 45.6±1.9% (N.S.). However, % fat linearly correlated with body mass index (kg/m2) only in PWS (r=0.93). Two normal-weight PWS had 40% and 37% body fat. EE in PWS was 2103±203 kcal vs. 3478±407 kcal, NO (p<.005). EE/kg FFM, 71.6±3.4 PWS vs. 76.3±6.4, NO, or EE/kg body weight, 37.6±2.6 PWS vs. 42.0±4.5, NO, was not significantly different, but the measured EE/calculated basal metabolic rate was less in the PWS, 1.34±.08 vs. 1.65±.12, NO, (p<.05). PWS have increased body fat even when of normal weight. EE in PWS normalized for FFM or weight is not significantly lower than in NO. These studies clarify the nature of obesity in PWS using a non-invasive technique with potential application to other disorders of EE and intake.
Measurement of the Fast Neutron Energy Spectrum of an $^{241}{\rm Am\!-\!Be}$ Source Using a Neutron Scatter Camera

We have measured the neutron energy spectrum of an 241Am-Be(α,n) source between 1.5 MeV and 9 MeV using a neutron scatter camera. The apparatus consists of two segmented planes each with 16 liquid scintillator cells (Eljen EJ-309), for a total of 32 elements; the neutron energy spectrum is measured using double elastic scatter events. After unfolding resolution effects using a maximum likelihood technique, the measurement is compared to reference Am-Be spectra. Further, we discuss the ability of the neutron scatter camera to distinguish between an Am-Be source and a spontaneous fission source.
Characterization of closterovirus-like particles associated with grapevine leafroll disease

A purification procedure (Zeeet al. 1987) for closterovirus-like particles associated with grapevine leafroll disease was improved after various sources of plant tissues, extraction buffers, pH values, and centrifugation techniques had been examined. An antiserum against the CA-4 isolate was produced and used in ELISA. The virus-like particles of the NY-1 isolate measured in crude plant preparations were about 1,800 to 1,900 nm long. The molecular weight of coat protein of the NY-1and NY-2 isolates were ca. 43 × 103 daltons in SDS-PAGE analysis; and bands having this molecular weight reacted in Western blotting tests with specific polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. A large dsRNA molecule (ca. 10 × 106 Mr) along, with lower molecular weight species were isolated from leafroll diseased grapevines, but not from healthy grapevines. Seven leafroll isolates were tested for their serological relatedness in a protein A-gold labelling immunosorbent electron microscopy, assay. Results indicated that serologically distinct serotypes existed, and mixed infection of grapevines with different scrotypes was common. A grouping of isolates into serotype I, II, III, IV is proposed. ZusammenfassungCharakterisierung von closterovirusahnlichen Partikeln, die mit der grapevine leafroll-Rrankheit assoziiert sind Nachdem Pflanzengewebe unterschiedlicher Herkunfte, verschiedene Extraktionspuffer, pH-Werte und Zentrifugationsmethoden untersucht worden waren, konnte die nach ZEE et al. (1987) Purifikationsmethode fur closterovirusahnliche Partikeln, die mit der grapevine leafroll-Krankheit assoziien sind, verbessert werden. Ein gegen das CA-4-lsolat produziertes Antiserum wurde in ELISA angewandt. In Rohpflanzenextrakten hatten die virusahnlichen Partikeln des NY-1-Isolates eine Lange zwischen 1800 und 1900 nm. Das Molekulargewicht des Hullenproteins der NY-1- und NY-2-Isolaten betrugen ca. 43 × 103 daltons nach SDS-PAGE Analyse; die Bander mit diesem Molekulargewicht reagierten in Western blotting Tests mit spezifischen poly- und monoklonalen Antikorpern. Ein grosos dsRNS-Molekul (ca. 10 × 106 Mr) und andere Spezics mit niedrigeren Molekulargewichten wurder aus leafroll erkrankien Rebpflanzen isoliert, aber nicht aus gesunden Pfianzen. Siebien leafroll-Isolate wurden auf ihre serologische Verwandtschatt in einem Protein A Gold-Labelling lmmunosorbent elektronenmikroskopischen Assay uberpruft. Die Ergcbnisse deuteten darauf hin, das es serologisch unterschiedliche Serotypen gibt, und das Mischinfektionen von Rebpflanzen mit unterschiedlichen Serotypen haufig vorkommen. Eine Gruppierung der Isolate in den Serotypen I, II, III und IV wird vorgeschlagen.
The impact of marketing signals on strategic decision‐making ability and profitability

Examines the power of market signalling through a market simulation. Finds that use of marketing signals by firms within an industry is positively related to the profitability of the industry and the profits of the individual firms within the industry. The marginal contribution by the addition of another signaller to the industry is significant. However, there is a negative incentive for a firm to be the only signaller within an industry. This “lone man out” phenomenon puts a firm at a competitive disadvantage to the other firms within its industry. A “temporal pattern recognition deficiency” also seems to exist which inhibits managers from finding patterns of behaviour over time.
ISSUES IN THE UTILIZATION AND EVALUATION OF SOCIAL WORK TREATMENT.

[Five issues regarding utilization and evaluation of social work treatment are con sidered with the goal of understanding their impact on development of sound treatment technologies : (1) Outcome vs. Process Orientation, (2) Demonstrated Effect vs. Need Fulfillment, (3) Cost Effectiveness vs. Individual Commitment, (4) Individual Constructs vs. Social Context, and (5) Practice Art vs. Science. It is assumed that contributions to the resolution of these issues require specification of desired out comes expected to result from specific professional activities.
Treatment of Poxvirus Infections in Rabbits with 9-β-d-Arabinofuranosyladenine

The antiviral efficacy of 9-β-d-arabinofuranosyladenine (ara-A) was evaluated in localized lesions produced by the intradermal inoculation of rabbits with vaccinia virus (VV) and rabbit Shope fibroma virus (SFV). Ara-A administered intraperitoneally suppressed or significantly reduced the cutaneous pustular lesions produced by VV as well as the benign skin tumors caused by the SFV. With a daily dose of 300 mg/kg given for 5 days starting at the time of infection, or with 600 mg/kg daily starting 3 days after inoculation, we were able to suppress completely the formation of tumors induced by the SFV. The appearance of pustular lesions induced by VV was completely suppressed by a dose of 600 mg of ara-A per kg given for 3 days when the treatment was initiated at the time of infection, but a significant reduction in the number of pustular lesions was obtained with a single dose of 600 mg/kg, or with five doses of 300 mg/kg starting 24 h after inoculation. No toxic effect of ara-A was noted in the treated rabbits.
Viability and in vitro properties of AS-1 red cells after gamma irradiation

BACKGROUND: Irradiation has been shown to adversely affect both in vivo 24-hour recovery (recovery [%]) and in vitro properties of stored red cells (RBCs). There is uncertainty as to how these changes are related to the day of irradiation and the length of storage after irradiation. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Four protocols used day of irradiation and storage time after irradiation as the independent variables. At the conclusion of the storage period, viability was measured with radiolabeled RBCs as the recovery and the long-term survival time for RBCs that were circulating beyond 24 hours. In addition, in vitro values including RBC ATP, hemolysis level, and supernatant potassium were measured. Each subject donated 2 units of whole blood (CPD) and received autologous irradiated and untreated control RBCs (AS-1) on two separate occasions. RESULTS: Reduced recovery in irradiated units was noted when compared to that in control units, and the reduction was most apparent with long periods of storage after irradiation, irrespective of the day of irradiation. With irradiation on Day 1 of storage and a total storage period of 28 days, mean ± SD recovery (single label) was 84.2 ± 5.1 percent for control RBCs and 78.6 ± 5.9 percent for irradiated RBCs (n=16; p<0.01). With irradiation on Day 14 and storage through Day 42, the recoveries were 76.3 ± 7.0 percent for control RBCs and 69.5 ± 8.6 percent for irradiated RBCs (n = 16; p<0.01). Less reduction in recovery was observed with shortening of the posrtrradiation storage time. When the total storage period was reduced to 28 days after Day 14 irradiation, the recoveries were not significantly different. With an additional 2-day storage period after irradiation on Day 26, the recoveries were also comparable. Long-term survival times for control and irradiated RBCs were not significantly different in any of the four protocols. RBC ATP levels and hemolysis were minimally, but significantly influenced by irradiation. Supernatant potassium levels, however, were substantially increased after irradiation in each of the four protocols. CONCLUSION: Irradiation has only a small effect on the properties of RBCs treated and stored according to the utilized protocols. Longer storage times after irradiation resulted in progressively reduced recovery while long-term survival remained unaffected.
The effects of impurity oxides on YBa2Cu3O7−x microstructure development

Abstract Diffusion-couple experiments in conjunction with scanning electron (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis were used to determine the effect of various oxides on the microstructural development of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− x ceramic superconductors. The interaction of a number of impurity oxides including SiO 2 , Bi 2 O 3 , Pr 6 O 11 , TiO 2 , SnO 2 , In 2 O 3 and Sb 2 O 3 resulted in exaggerated grain growth and domain formation in bulk specimens through a liquid-phase wetting mechanism. Reaction sequencing was determined by thermal analysis (DTA) and real-time dynamic X-ray diffraction. The ability and extent of domain formation for samples coupled with SiO 2 , Bi 2 O 3 , Pr 6 O 11 and TiO 2 was determined to be a function of oxygen partial pressure during sintering as well as of the sintering temperature in the range 940°C–980°C. The use of Bi 2 O 3 coupled to pre-oriented samples (i.e. hot forged) resulted in extensive domain growth at 980°C. The presence of SiO 2 in conjunction with hot forging resulted in a lower magnetization response, due to the presence of larger 211 particles and or extensive cracking during sintering.
How can Manufacturing Human Factors Help save a Company: Intervention at High and Low Levels

Now that manufacturing has become a respectable topic in industry, an obvious question is how human factors/ergonomics can contribute to the improvement of manufacturing. The traditional route for ergonomics intervention has been a Project route, with a set of objectives agreed between the human factors engineer and people within the company. Projects, however, do not ask the question of whether human factors intervention is likely to have an impact on the company's strategic objectives, for example, remaining in the manufacturing of a particular product.Case studies in a variety of industries are used to contrast the project approach with a more strategic approach. It is concluded that the project may represent sub-optimization in that a successful outcome of the project may have no impact upon company survival without a careful examination of the strategic plans of the company.
Can the pharmaceutical industry embrace comparative effectiveness research? A view from inside.

In my view, success for pharmaceutical companies is already linked to the evaluation by providers, patients and payers of the value of their medicines including comparative effectiveness research (...
Spectral regions contributing to melanoma: a personal view.

Although human cutaneous melanoma is a complicated disease, the principal etiologic agent for its incidence in fair skin individuals is exposure to sunlight. In order to understand the epidemiology of melanoma – temporal effects, latitude effects, sunscreen effects, albino susceptibility, and differences from nonmelanoma skin cancer – one must approach the problem by obtaining clues indicating which wavelengths in sunlight are effective in inducing melanomas. One way is to use an animal model. At present, the only suitable model is a backcross hybrid of small tropical fish of the genus Xiphophorus, bred to have only one tumor suppressor gene. Single UV exposures to 7-d-old fish induce melanomas readily observable by 4 mo. The initial slopes of dose–response curves for exposures at 302, 313, 365, 405, 436, and 547 nm yield sensitivity as a function of wavelength. This action spectrum does not look like the spectrum for light absorption by DNA (mostly in the UVB), but has appreciable sensitivities in the UVA and visible regions, and looks like a direct effect of light on DNA plus a large indirect effect on DNA by absorption of light by the intracellular melanin. Because the UVB is only a fraction of solar irradiance, one may calculate that 90% of melanoma induction in humans arises from UVA and visible, assuming the human spectrum is similar to the fish spectrum. The implications of this calculation are that (i) depletion of stratospheric ozone will not affect melanoma incidence, (ii) an increase in sun exposure time as a result of using UVB sunscreens could increase the risk of melanoma, and (iii) the use of high UVA sun tanning devices could increase the risk of melanoma.
Error correcting codes for next generation spacecraft telecommand

With the advent of modern coding techniques, considerable improvement is possible over the BCH codes specified in the current Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) telecommand standard. Two broad classes of applications are identified, one for low-data-rate transfer of simple commands and protocol information, and the other for transfer of files and complex command sequences. New error correcting codes are proposed for each, and their interactions with the surrounding protocol layers are discussed. Feasibility of each is also demonstrated with prototype implementations of the coding systems.
Emotional intelligence as the basis of leadership emergence in self-managing teams ☆

Abstract We present and test a theory on leader emergence in self-managing teams that highlights the emotional and cognitive skills underlying selection as an informal team leader. Existing theory and research reveals that informal leaders are selected because they display constructive task and team management behavior. We contribute to existing theory in two ways. First, by proposing that specific cognitive processes and skills precede the appropriate enactment of those behaviors by facilitating an accurate analysis of the task situation. Second, by proposing that empathy, an aspect of emotional intelligence, precedes and enables those cognitive processes and skills by providing an accurate understanding of team and member emotions and needs. We test our theory in a longitudinal study of 382 team members comprising 48 self-managing teams. Our theory is partially supported and implications are discussed.
Angular Dependence of the Dipole-Dipole Interaction in a Nearly One-Dimensional Sample of Rydberg Atoms

Atoms in an ultracold highly excited sample are strongly coupled through the dipole-dipole interaction. In an effort to understand and manipulate the complicated interactions in this system we are investigating their dependence on the relative orientation of the dipoles. By focusing a 480 nm beam from a tunable dye laser into a magneto-optical trap, we produce a nearly one-dimensional sample of Rydberg atoms. The trap lies at the center of four conducting rods with which we can vary the magnitude and direction of the electric field at the trap, thus controlling the orientation of the dipoles with respect to the sample axis. We have measured the strength of the interaction for a variety of relative orientations.
Three-dimensional molecular illustrations II: Isoelectrostatic energy contour spheres of influence applied to narcotic molecules.

Abstract A computer-generated method using quantum mechanics was applied to the calculation and subsequent plotting of nonperspective three-dimensional illustrations of molecules in UQCUO. The purpose was to generate isoelectrostatic energy contour spheres for larger molecules and current. drugs. The molecules chosen, morphine, meperidine, and alphaprodine, possess similar pharmacological properties. Minor configurational manipulation of the meperidine and alphaprodine molecules was made to approximate the spatial configuration of the rigid morphine molecule so that direct comparisons were possible. Common areas of reactivity, potential energy minima, net atomic charges, spatial regions, and near neighbor influences are considered.
Anticoagulation practice in cardiac electrophysiology

● ● 1. What is the most common indication for anticoaglation in electrophysiology? Answer: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common rrhythmia affecting more than two million individuals in he United States annually. It is an important independent isk factor for stroke. Anticoagulation with warfarin is comon practice in patients with paroxysmal, persistent, and ermanent AF to help minimize stroke risk. Numerous linical trials have consistently demonstrated the superiority f adjusted-dose warfarin compared with aspirin or placebo n reducing stroke risk in the AF patient population. atients with lone AF (without structural heart disease) do ot necessarily require anticoagulation. Additional indications for anticoagulation in the electrohysiology (EP) patient population include the following:
Quantitative variability in regional wall motion during serial left ventricular cineangiography: guidelines for assessing changes in segmental function with intervention studies.

Abstract To assess the random variation in left ventricular (LV) volume and regional wall motion that occurs with quantitative analysis of LV cineangiography, 15 patients underwent 2 serial biplane LV cineangiograms in the 30 ° right anterior oblique and 60 ° left anterior oblique projections. Cineangiograms were separated by a waiting period of at least 15 minutes. Regional wall motion was quantitated with an area ejection fraction (EF) technique that divides the left ventricle into 8 areas. There were no significant changes in heart rate, mean arterial pressure or LV pressure or volume between the first and second angiograms. However, global EF increased from 0.57 ± 0.11 to 0.58 ± 0.10 (p = 0.055). Random variability in area EF was greatest in the septal and low posterolateral regions and least in the inferior and inferobasal regions of the left ventricle. Using linear regression analysis to obtain 95% confidence intervals, we determined the amount of absolute increase in area EF that must occur to be considered significant for each LV region. This amount varies from area to area and is as little as ±0.06 in the inferior region (area 4) and as high as ±0.16 in the septum (area 8). These data provide guidelines for the determination of the influence of interventions on regional wall motion in individual patients with cardiac disease, and indicate that statistically significant changes in regional wall motion are clinically important.
Increased fluoroquinolone resistance with time in Escherichia coli from >17,000 patients at a large county hospital as a function of culture site, age, sex, and location

Background Escherichia coli infections are common and often treated with fluoroquinolones. Fluoroquinolone resistance is of worldwide importance and is monitored by national and international surveillance networks. In this study, we analyzed the effects of time, culture site, and patient age, sex, and location on fluoroquinolone resistance in E. coli clinical isolates.
Application and interview features used to assess applicant qualifications for residency training.

PurposeTo determine what factors residency program directors (RPDs) consider and what methods they use to assess applicants.MethodsRespondents ranked the importance of 27 applicant features within ...
Stability of periodic travelling waves in trickle beds

Abstract In trickle bed reactors, a gas and a liquid flow together through the interstices of a random array of solid packing. A pulsing flow pattern is obtained at high gas and liquid fluxes. A macroscopic volume averaged model can be used to mathematically represent the hydrodynamics of two-phase flow in packed beds. In one dimension, the onset and characteristics of pulsing flow can be modelled as periodic travelling waves. In this paper, the stability of the one-dimensional travelling waves is computed in the context of one-dimensional and two-dimensional perturbations of the full model. The 1-D waves are imposed as solutions of a pseudo spectral discretization of the 2-D equations. Floquet theory is applied to analyze the linear stability of these time-periodic solutions. The results show marked differences between the stability of fully developed waves and the corresponding uniform flow solutions when subjected to the same perturbations. The analysis also shows that two-dimensional flow patterns are likely to evolve from the early stages of pulse growth, and not from breakup of fully-developed 1-D waves.
Biochemical mechanisms conferring cross-resistance to fumigant toxicities of essential oils in a chlorpyrifos-methyl resistant strain of Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. (Coleoptera: Silvanidae)

Abstract The fumigant toxicities of lavender and ylang-ylang essential oils were tested against a chlorpyrifos-methyl resistant strain (QVOS102) and an insecticide-susceptible reference strain (VOS48) of the saw-toothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. (Coleoptera: Silvanidae). The resistant strain showed 1.3- and 1.6-fold higher tolerance against lavender and ylang-ylang fumigation toxicity, respectively, relative to the susceptible strain. LT50 values calculated as the time to attain 50% mortality of tested insects during fumigation were determined at two different concentrations. At 15 μl/l of air, QVOS102 had 2.9- and 1.4-fold higher LT50 values for lavender and ylang-ylang fumigation toxicity, respectively, than VOS48. At 200 μl/l air, QVOS102 had 6.4- and 2.9-fold higher LT50 values for lavender and ylang-ylang fumigation toxicity, respectively, than VOS48. Piperonyl butoxide, a potential inhibitor of cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase, increased fumigant toxicities of the two essential oils against QVOS102. The enhanced tolerance for the essential oil may have resulted from the enhancement of detoxifying enzymes associated with insecticide resistance.