cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of stress experienced by family members of patients treated in hospital at home with that of those receiving traditional acute hospital care.

OBJECTIVES: To compare differences in the stress experienced by family members of patients cared for in a physician-led substitutive Hospital at Home (HaH) and those receiving traditional acute hospital care. DESIGN: Survey questionnaire completed as a component of a prospective, nonrandomized clinical trial of a substitutive HaH care model. SETTING: Three Medicare managed care health systems and a Veterans Affairs Medical Center. PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred fourteen community-dwelling elderly patients who required acute hospital admission for community-acquired pneumonia, exacerbation of chronic heart failure, exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or cellulitis. INTERVENTION: Treatment in a substitutive HaH model. MEASUREMENTS: Fifteen-question survey questionnaire asking family members whether they experienced a potentially stressful situation and, if so, whether stress was associated with the situation while the patient received care. RESULTS: The mean and median number of experiences, of a possible 15, that caused stress for family members of HaH patients was significantly lower than for family members of acute care hospital patients (mean ± standard deviation 1.7 ± 1.8 vs 4.3 ± 3.1, P<.001; median 1 vs 4, P<.001). HaH care was associated with lower odds of developing mean levels of family member stress (adjusted odds ratio=0.12, 95% confidence interval=0.05–0.30). CONCLUSION: HaH is associated with lower levels of family member stress than traditional acute hospital care and does not appear to shift the burden of care from hospital staff to family members.
Brief Group Psychotherapy for Women after Divorce

Divorce is a period of personal turbulence for women experiencing the separation process. A model for a brief, focused group psychotherapy experience for women, led by women therapists, is suggeste...
Fabrication and Application of Nanofibrous Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering

Nanofibers fabricated by electrospinning are morphological mimics of fibrous components of the native extracellular matrix, making nanofibrous scaffolds ideal for three-dimensional cell culture and tissue engineering applications. Although electrospinning is not a conventional technique in cell biology, the experimental setup may be constructed in a relatively straightforward manner, and the procedure can be carried out by individuals with limited engineering experience. Here, we detail a protocol for electrospinning of nanofibers and provide relevant specific details concerning the optimization of fiber formation (Basic Protocol 1). The protocol also includes conditions required for preparing biodegradable polymer solutions for the fabrication of nonwoven and aligned nanofibrous scaffolds suitable for various cell/tissue applications. In addition, information on effective cell loading into nanofibrous scaffolds and cellular constructs grown in a bioreactor is provided (Basic Protocol 2). Instructions for building the electrospinning apparatus are also included (see the Support Protocol).
No evidence that associations of incident, sporadic colorectal adenoma with its major modifiable risk factors differ by chromosome 8q24 region rs6983267 genotype.

A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs6983267, in the chromosome 8q24 region, has been associated with higher risk for colorectal neoplasms, but its relation to carcinogenic mechanisms is unclear. To investigate whether associations of colorectal adenoma with its major modifiable risk factors differ according to rs6983267 genotype, we performed a pooled analysis of the White participants (n = 401 cases, 518 controls) from three colonoscopy-based, case–control studies of incident, sporadic colorectal adenoma conducted between 1991 and 2002. There was a statistically significant direct association of rs6983267 with colorectal adenoma that was consistent with those in previous reports. We found no clear indications that rs6983267 impacts the association of colorectal adenomas with the following risk factors: physical activity, body mass index (BMI), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use, tobacco or alcohol use, hormone replacement therapy among women, blood 25-OH-vitamin D3 levels, oxidative balance, or total energy, calcium, red meat, vegetable and fruit, and folate intakes. These findings, together with previously reported null results on 8q24–environment interactions for colorectal cancer, suggest that associations of colorectal adenoma with its major modifiable risk factors may not differ according to chromosome 8q24 region rs6983267 genotype. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Using Intelligent Feedback to Improve Sourcing and Integration in Students' Essays

Learning and reasoning from multiple documents requires students to employ the skills of sourcing (i.e., attending to and citing sources) and information integration (i.e., making connections among content from different sources). Sourcer's Apprentice Intelligent Feedback mechanism (SAIF) is a tool for providing students with automatic and immediate feedback on their use of these skills during the writing process. SAIF uses Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA), a string-matching technique and a pattern-matching algorithm to identify problems in students' essays. These problems include plagiarism, uncited quotation, lack of citations, and limited content integration. SAIF provides feedback and constructs examples to demonstrate explicit citations to help students improve their essays. In addition to describing SAIF, we also present the results of two experiments. In the first experiment, SAIF was found to detect source identification and integration problems in student essays at a comparable level to human raters. The second experiment tested the effectiveness of SAIF in helping students write better essays. Students given SAIF feedback included more explicit citations in their essays than students given sourcing-reminder instructions or a simple prompt to revise.
Review of ovarian cancer at the University of Texas Systems Cancer Center, M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute

The records of 2,115 patients with ovarian cancer who were treated at the M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute in Houston, Texas, during the 30 year period from 1944 to 1973 were reviewed. Ninety percent of the patients had an epithelial cancer of the ovary. The important prognostic factors include stage and grade of tumor and the presence or absence of ascites. Probably the most important prognostic factor, however, was the size of the largest tumor mass that remained after initial surgery. The patient's age and socioeconomic level were also influencing factors in the survival rate in this series of patients. Most of the patients had advanced disease when first examined and received some type of adjunctive postoperative treatment. The survival of patients who received postoperative irradiation, when compared by stage and size of the largest residual tumor mass, was improved over those who received chemotherapy.
Scanned probe imaging of nanoscale magnetism at cryogenic temperatures with a single-spin quantum sensor.

High-spatial-resolution magnetic imaging has driven important developments in fields ranging from materials science to biology. However, to uncover finer details approaching the nanoscale with greater sensitivity requires the development of a radically new sensor technology. The nitrogen–vacancy (NV) defect in diamond has emerged as a promising candidate for such a sensor on the basis of its atomic size and quantum-limited sensing capabilities. It has remained an outstanding challenge to implement the NV centre as a nanoscale scanning magnetic probe at cryogenic temperatures, however, where many solid-state systems exhibit non-trivial magnetic order. Here, we present NV magnetic imaging down to 6 K with 3 μT Hz–1/2 field sensitivity, and use the technique to image vortices in the iron pnictide superconductor BaFe2(As0.7P0.3)2 with critical temperature Tc = 30 K. The expansion of NV-based magnetic imaging to cryogenic temperatures will enable future studies of previously inaccessible nanoscale magnetism in condensed-matter systems. Nanoscale magnetic imaging based on single defects in diamond is extended to cryogenic temperatures and is used to study vortices in the iron pnictide superconductor BaFe2(As0.7P0.3)2.
DIABETES AND THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

Gastrointestinal motility disorders are common in patients with diabetes. The entire gastrointestinal tract may be involved from the esophagus to the anal sphincter. Before instituting therapy, people with diabetes first require a careful diagnostic evaluation. Treatment includes tight glucose control and the use of antiemetics and prokinetic agents.
Intake-excretion studies of fat and nitrogen in 7 patients with hepatolenticular degeneration (Wilson's disease).

Intake-excretion studies of fat and nitrogen were performed in 7 patients with Wilson's disease. Standard technics were used. Fecal fat excretion was slightly to moderately increased in 2 patients who had Wilson's disease with clinically overt cirrhosis (average daily fecal fat excretion up to 16.5 gm. and 9.5 gm., respectively). Fecal fat values reverted to normal in these 2 patients as clinical improvement occurred. Fecal nitrogen excretion was normal for all 7 patients with Wilson's disease. The pathogenetic basis for steatorrhea in Wilson's disease has not been established.
Specific Heat Capacity at Constant Volume for {xNH3 + (1 − x)H2O} at Temperatures from 300 to 520 K and Pressures to 20 MPa

Specific heat capacities at constant volume (cV) of {xNH3 + (1 − x)H2O} (x ≈ 0.7, 0.8, 0.9) mixtures were measured with an adiabatic calorimeter. Temperatures ranged from 300 K to 520 K, and pressures ranged from 3 MPa to 20 MPa. Measurements were conducted on single-phase liquid and compressed gaseous samples. The mixtures were gravimetrically prepared from high-purity substances and verified by chemical analysis. Density was reported for initial and final end points during each calorimetric experiment. The principal sources of uncertainty are the temperature rise measurement and the change-of-volume work adjustment. The expanded relative uncertainty (with a coverage factor k = 2 and thus a 2-standard-deviation estimate) for cV is estimated to be 1% for liquid phase and 4% for gaseous results, and for density it is 0.2%.
MODULATION OF CCAAT/ENHANCER-BINDING PROTEIN-ALPHA GENE EXPRESSION BY METABOLIC SIGNALS IN RODENT ADIPOCYTES

The transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-α (C/EBPα) is a positive modulator of transcription for several adipocyte-specific genes that play a role in energy metabolism. However, there is little information available regarding the regulation of its expression by metabolic signals. Exposure to insulin for 5–24 h attenuated C/EBPα expression when 3T3-L1 adipocytes were incubated in 24 mm glucose, but not in 5.7 mm glucose. Nuclear run-on transcription assays indicated a transcriptional repression of C/EBPα gene, but not that of C/EBPβ. Glucosamine, a product of the hexosamine pathway, in the presence of low glucose mimicked high glucose’s ability to reduce C/EBPα messenger RNA expression in insulin-treated cells. Similar results were obtained with xylitol, an activator of the pentose phosphate pathway. There was no correlation between the accumulation of hexosamine pathway metabolites (e.g. UDP-N-acetylhexosamines) and/or changes in intracellular protein glycosylation with the ability of high ...
Geo-tagged mobile photo sharing in collaborative emergency management

Establishing and maintaining communication between decision makers, professional responders and general public is vital in many emergency planning and rescue situations. In this paper we present our research on using first-hand information collected by mobile users to increase the flexibility and richness in collaborative emergency management. We propose our design to support direct positioning, quick assessment, and rich communication by leveraging mobile uploaded geo-tagged photos as shared media.
Checkpoints: It takes more than time to heal some wounds

The S-phase DNA damage checkpoint seems to provide a twist on the checkpoint theme. Instead of delaying replication and allowing repair as a consequence, it may activate repair and delay replication as a consequence.
Listening Environment and the Bottom Line: How a Positive Environment Can Improve Financial Outcomes

Amidst the onslaught of communication at work, employees’ voices can be neglected in favor of the bottom line. This research initiates an exploration of the relationship between employee perceptions of the listening environment at work and organizational financial performance indicators. In this exploratory pilot study, we collected data from N = 65 employees of a single firm with multiple geographically and financially independent units. Using simple regression analysis, researchers compared data between units to determine if employee perceptions of positive qualities of the listening climate are related to improvement in sales and net income. Results suggest a potentially positive relationship between employees’ perceptions of a positive listening environment and these organizational performance indicators, suggesting that listening is an important step in building the communication climate of a productive company.
Liberation theology in Latin America: An introduction to library acquisitions

Abstract This article points to the need for librarians to appreciate the evolution of liberation theology in Latin America as a prerequisite for collection building. Background is provided on the emergence and nature of liberation theology; on the environment in which it developed; on its relationship with Marxist social analysis, dependency theory, and a reinterpretation of the prophetic tradition of Christian faith; and on the importance of the local level and of “Basic Christian Communities.” Reference is made to particular theologians and their work, and the publication patterns for works on liberation theology are analyzed. The importance of Spanish and Portuguese materials and of the output of local organizations is indicated. An introductory bibliography of primary, and secondary sources in English is appended.
Zero-energy modes, charge conjugation, and fermion number

States with a half-integer fermion number occur when a fermionic field coupled to a soliton possesses a zero mode. This paper spells out the circumstances under which one can retain an integer fermion number as also a charge-conjugation-invariant ground state. It is necessary to make the representation reducible but it is kept irreducible by introducing an additional operator.
Electrodynamical Properties of Empty Space in General Relativity

The general-relativistic formulation of the unipolar induction problem (massive, magnetized, rotating conductor) shows that the external vacuum solution attributes a virtual charge density and a virtual toroidal current to the surrounding empty space. The explanation thereof illuminates a new aspect of the rotational dragging of the inertial frame. If direct consequences of these phenomena could be detected in pulsars or in other astrophysical structures where relativistic gravitation is important, new important verifications of general relativity would be achieved. The main thrust of these considerations lies, however, in their applicability to any rotating metric with a superposed magnetic field.
Response of Various Metals to Large Torsional Strains Over a Large Range of Strain Rates—Part 1: Ductile Metals

This paper presents torsional test results for six metals subjected to large shear strains and high strain rates. Included are 2024-T351 aluminum, 7039 aluminum, low alloy steel, S-7 tool steel, tungsten alloy and DU-.75Ti (Depleted Uranium). The specimens are strained to fracture at strain rates from quasi-static to over 100 s−1 . All of the materials exhibit strain hardening and strain rate hardening. At the higher strain rates some of the materials develop shear instabilities and localizations. Constitutive relationships are derived from the test data and finite element computations of the tests are performed.
Comprehensive design considerations in die-package-board transceiver channel co-simulation

This paper addresses various challenges and considerations associated with high-speed serial link designs. As data rates increase, the importance of assessing overall channel performance grows. Silicon-package-board co-design that considers both frequency and time domain budgets is essential for robust implementation capable of accommodating anticipated channel degradation and achieving time-to-market goals. This paper focuses on a design methodology that can translate package/board transceiver channel loss, cross talk and power supply noise into system jitter degradation, which is a significant factor in the design of almost all communications links such as PCI Express, Ethernet, XAUI, Interlaken, etc. The paper will outline the analysis, modeling, simulation and characterization employed in the electrical design.
Reply to Comment on “Favourable structures for higher fullerenes”

Abstract We have recomputed the isomer count for 60-atom fullerenes. We find 1812 isomers rather than 1790 as reported earlier.
Nicotine alters catecholamines and electrocortical activity in perfused mouse brain

Nicotine differentially altered electrocortical (ECoG) activity and brain catecholamine metabolism in mice (C3H and C57BL) known to differ in behavioral response to nicotine. Nicotine appeared to produce a concentration dependent desynchronization to ECoG activity in isolated perfused mouse brain (IPMB) from C3H mice. Homovanillic acid (HVA) production was unchanged in C3H perfused brains while an apparent reduction in 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenethyleneglycol (MPHG) was observed. Brain content of norepinephrine and dopamine remained relatively constant in the various regions tested. In IPMB from C57BL mice, nicotine elicited an enhancement of ECoG amplitude which was accompanied by decreased HVA production rates. A downward trend in MHPG production was also observed. These effects were associated with increased levels of norepinephrine and dopamine in various brain regions.
Inference from Accelerated Life Tests When Observations Are Obtained from Censored Samples

Suppose that f(t; θ) is the density function of the time to failure random variable of a device under an environment defined by a vector of generalized stresses S. It is desired to predict θ u , the value of θ at some low values of .the stress, say S u . The elements of θ are re-parameterized as a function of S, such that θ j = f i (S; a j ), where f j are known functions and the ai are unknown. Life tests are conducted at k different accelerated values of S, S i (i = 1, 2, … k), and estimates of the elements of θ, θ ji , are obtained from item censored samples. These estimates are then used to obtain point and interval estimates of a i , using either the method of least squares, or the method of maximum likelihood. Having obtained the estimates of a i , an inference about θ u , can be made. Some problems in obtaining the least squares estimates of a i are pointed out in this paper. To illustrate this, an unrealistic but simple case is treated and discussed in this paper. It is assumed that f(t; θ) = λ ex...
Meeting the diverse needs of clients in the community: Effective use of the referral process

Nurses face a significant challenge in meeting the diverse needs of clients who are moving more and more quickly from one care setting to another. To address this challenge, organizations need to develop a well-established referral system to assist in the process of linking clients to community resources, and practitioners need to have an understanding of the basic principles and clinical and theoretical aspects of the referral process.
Understanding the influence of literacy on consumer memory: The role of pictorial elements

Abstract This research examines the relationship between literacy and consumer memory. The effects of a variety of stimuli at exposure (i.e., brand names, brand signatures, and products in usage) on memory (i.e., recognition, stem-completion tasks) were examined for a range of literacy. In a series of experiments, we find that the use of pictorial representations of brands (i.e., brand signatures) results in superior brand memory for individuals with lower literacy levels when compared to those at higher literacy levels. This effect is shown to occur not due to pictorial elements per se, but due to pictorial elements with a 1-to-1 correspondence with reality, i.e., which match the form in which they were originally encoded in memory. Moreover, this effect does not persist with stimulus-rich pictures of brands in usage, pointing to boundary conditions with the use of pictorial information.
The Climatology of Cyclones and Anticyclones over North America and Surrounding Ocean Environs for January and July, 1950–77

Abstract The climatology. of cyclones and anticyclones is studied using a 2° latitude/longitude grid spanning North America and surrounding ocean environs for January and July 1950–77. In addition to determining total area statistics, areas distributions of cyclone/anticyclone events, genesis, decay and relative variability are analyzed, and preferred propagation tracks are determined. Further, the temporal variability of cyclone and anticyclone occurrences is examined. In general, cyclones and anticyclones are more numerous, more intense, and displaced farther south in January than in July. Cyclogenesis occurs most frequently along the cast coast of the United States and in the lee of the Rocky Mountains, while anticyclones tend to originate in northern Canada and in the Great Plains region of the United States in January and in southwestern Canada in July. Cyclones generally propagate to the east and northeast from genetic regions, while anticyclones propagate to the east and southeast after forming. Th...
Design of a knee and leg muscle exerciser for paraplegics using a shape memory alloy rotary joint actuator

This paper presents a design of an active knee and leg muscle exerciser using a shape memory alloy (SMA) rotary joint actuator. This active exerciser is designed for a paraplegic to exercise his or her knee and leg muscles. The exerciser is composed of a lower extremity orthosis or a knee brace, an SMA rotary joint actuator, and an electronic control unit. The lower extremity orthosis and knee brace are commercially available. The analysis model of the SMA rotary joint actuator is introduced and the design formulas are derived. A quasi-static analysis of the SMA rotary joint actuator is assumed in this design. The actuating component of the SMA rotary joint actuator is a bundle of lengthy SMA wires which are wrapped on several wrapping pulleys. A constant force spring is incorporated in this actuator to provide the SMA wires with a bias force to maintain a recoverable initial position of the actuator. A prototype of the active knee and leg muscle exerciser is designed, and an electronic control unit in the prototype provides users with a means of adjusting forward rotation speed and cycle time of the exerciser.
Modular verification of concurrent programs

Verifying concurrent systems can be difficult because of the complex interactions possible between system components. In this paper, we propose a technique to simplify the task: modular composition of sequential proofs. We model a parallel program as a set of modules that interact by procedure calls. The properties of each module are proved using a sequential-program verification technique. If the modules satisfy a set of constraints presented in this paper, we may compose the modules into a system and the properties of the modules into properties of the system. The constraints ensure that the specifications are robust for each module where they are defined or used, in the sense that they are unaffected by current actions of other modules. A specification can be guaranteed robust for module m by restricting it to local variables of m, or by using monotonic predicates, which once true remain true forever. Our technique can be used to prove safety and liveness properties of parallel programs---the liveness properties are specified using temporal logic.
"Rahmenschau": Scenes of Observation in E.T.A. Hoffmann's Des Vetters Eckfenster

If “observation” can, at least since the seventeenth century, be understood as an experimental practice of perception that produces a specific form of methodically instructed attention, then this suggests certain affinities to literary framing methods as well. From an epistemological point of view it is notable that frames, in as far as they detail something particular and allow for its observation, both “show” this particular thing and through this showing present the “instances” of such showing at the same time. Within the mode of framing, representation observes itself in the process of representing. This essay investigates such a self-observation of representation with regard to E.T.A. Hoffmann’s late narrative, Des Vetters Eckfenster (1822) . This narrative brings to light—through a confrontation with rationalist framing, physiognomic hermeneutics, and modern panorama—a discontinuous constellation of orders of visuality, and it investigates their conditions. The embedded interplay of optical perception, language and writing produces a media-interference that does two things: it stages as belated construction the realism of the modern panorama, grounded in the natural sciences, and at the same time it stages seeing as writing (or grammatology).
LIPID ASSOCIATED SIALIC-ACID IN PLASMA (LASA-P), PLASMA DM/70K, TUMOR EPIDERMAL GROWTH-FACTOR AND TUMOR DNA INDEX IN WOMEN WITH OVARIAN-CANCER

We studied two plasma biomarkers in 67 patients with ovarian cancer who had surgery between 1990 and 1992. Lipid associated sialic acid in plasma (LASA-P) was assayed by biochemical extraction and partition. DM/70K was detected with the monoclonal antibody NB12123. We found a highly significant correlation between these two markers (p < 0.0001). Neither marker was associated with age or tumor stage or grade. We also studied two tumor markers, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and DNA Index (DI). EGFR and DI were also not related to age of patient, tumor stage, or tumor grade, nor were they related to LASA-P or DM/70K. However, EGFR and DI were positively correlated with each other (p = 0.04), suggesting that tumor EGFR may be associated with poor survival.
A novel assessment of behaviors associated with body dissatisfaction and disordered eating

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to compare response rates to questions assessing behaviors associated with body dissatisfaction and disordered eating on a standard self-report questionnaire that was nominally anonymous to an unmatched count questionnaire that allowed for true response anonymity. Five hundred sixty-seven undergraduate students were asked about disordered eating and body image-related behaviors using one of two response formats; either a conventional true–false questionnaire or an unmatched count questionnaire that did not require participants to directly respond to any sensitive questions. Both men and women had significantly different rates of endorsement between the two methods of assessment on the majority of the questions, suggesting that degree of anonymity and format of response may affect endorsements of these potentially sensitive topics. These results contribute to the existing literature highlighting the necessity of understanding self-report bias in determining accurate rates of sensitive behaviors.
Tube-trailer consolidation strategy for reducing hydrogen refueling station costs

Abstract The rollout of hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) requires the initial deployment of an adequate network of hydrogen refueling stations (HRSs). Such deployment has proven to be challenging because of the high initial capital investment, the risk associated with such an investment, and the underutilization of HRSs in early FCEV markets. Because the compression system at an HRS represents about half of the station's initial capital cost, novel concepts that would reduce the cost of compression are needed. Argonne National Laboratory with support from the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Fuel Cell Technologies Office (FCTO) has evaluated the potential for delivering hydrogen in high-pressure tube-trailers as a way of reducing HRS compression and capital costs. This paper describes a consolidation strategy for a high-pressure (250-bar) tube-trailer capable of reducing the compression cost at an HRS by about 60% and the station's initial capital investment by about 40%. The consolidation of tube-trailers at pressures higher than 250 bar (e.g., 500 bar) can offer even greater HRS cost-reduction benefits. For a typical hourly fueling-demand profile and for a given compression capacity, consolidating hydrogen within the pressure vessels of a tube-trailer can triple the station's capacity for fueling FCEVs. The high-pressure tube-trailer consolidation concept could play a major role in enabling the early, widespread deployment of HRSs because it lowers the required HRS capital investment and distributes the investment risk among the market segments of hydrogen production, delivery, and refueling.
Semiempirical Models of Solar Magnetic Structures

This paper presents semiempirical models of various solar magnetic structures, extending from the photosphere to the chromosphere. The models have been derived from non-LTE inversions of high-resolution spectropolarimetric observations of four Ca II and Fe I lines. The observed targets are dark and bright components of a sunspot umbra; dark and bright components of a sunspot penumbra; a canopy between two sunspots; a facula; and a network element. These models may be employed, e.g., to compute realistic synthetic Stokes spectra of photospheric and chromospheric lines.
Granular avalanches across irregular three-dimensional terrain: 1. Theory and computation

[1] To establish a theoretical basis for predicting and interpreting the behavior of rapid mass movements on Earth's surface, we develop and test a new computational model for gravity-driven motion of granular avalanches across irregular, three-dimensional (3-D) terrain. The principles embodied in the model are simple and few: continuum mass and momentum conservation and intergranular stress generation governed by Coulomb friction. However, significant challenges result from the necessity of satisfying these principles when deforming avalanches interact with steep and highly variable 3-D terrain. We address these challenges in four ways. (1) We formulate depth-averaged governing equations that are referenced to a rectangular Cartesian coordinate system (with z vertical) and that account explicitly for the effect of nonzero vertical accelerations on depth-averaged mass and momentum fluxes and stress states. (2) We compute fluxes of mass and momentum across vertical cell boundaries using a high-resolution finite volume method and Roe-type Riemann solver. Our algorithm incorporates flux difference splitting, an entropy correction for the flux, and eigenvector decomposition to embed the effects of driving and resisting forces in Riemann solutions. (3) We use a finite element method and avalanche displacements predicted by Riemann solutions to compute Coulomb stresses conjugate to the displacements in 3-D stress space. (4) We test the model output against analytical solutions, a sand cone conceptual experiment, and (in a companion paper) data from detailed laboratory experiments. Model results illustrate a complex interplay of basal traction and internal stress, and they successfully predict not only the gross behavior but also many details of avalanche motion from initiation to deposition.
Electronic ceramics in high-temperature environments

Simple thermodynamic means are described for understanding and predicting the influence of temperature changes, in various environments, on electronic properties of ceramics. Thermal gradients, thermal cycling, and vacuum annealing are discussed, as well as the variations of ctivities and solubilities with temperature. 7 refs.
Economic costs of electrical system instability and power outages caused by snakes on the Island of Guam

The Brown Tree Snake, Boiga irregularis, is an introduced species on Guam where it causes frequent electrical power outages. The snake's high abundance, its propensity for climbing, and use of disturbed habitats all contribute to interruption of Guam's electrical service and the activities that depend on electrical power. Snakes have caused more than 1600 power outages in the 20-yr period of 1978-1997 and most recently nearly 200 outages per year. Single outages spanning the entire island and lasting 8 or more hours are estimated to cost in excess of $3,000,000 in lost productivity, but the costs of outages that involve only parts of the island or those of shorter durations are more difficult to quantify. Costs to the island's economy have exceeded $4.5 M per year over a 7-yr period without considering repair costs, damage to electrical equipment, and lost revenues. Snakes pose the greatest problem on high voltage transmission lines, on transformers, and inside electrical substations. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
Genetic Differences Among Sibling Species of the Subgenus Dimockatax (Acari: Unionicolidae: Unionicola): Heterogeneity in Dna Sequence Data Supports Morphological Differentiation

Abstract Water mites of the subgenus Dimockatax (Unionicolidae: Unionicola) are common inhabitants of anodontine bivalve molluses. Morphological differences among the five species that comprise the subgenus are minor and based primarily on subtle differences in one or two characters. The newly described species Unionicola ernstingi (Edwards et al., 2008) is distinguished from its sibling species U. tumida (Wolcott, 1898) by the number of clawlets on the tarsus of the pedipalps. These mites have been reported from the same locality, although they inhabit distinct species of host mussels. Unionicola ernstingi occurs with Anodontoides radiatus (Conrad, 1834), and U. tumida is found in association with Strophitus subvexus (Conrad, 1834). Taxonomic delineations among Unionicola mussel-mites parasitizing different species of hosts have, however, been challenged by the suggestion that morphological differences between mites may be influenced by the host species in which they metamorphosed. To test the validity o...
Additional Sodium Chloride Equivalents and Freezing Point Depressions for Various Medicinal Solutions

The NaCl equivalents, freezing point depressions of their aqueous solutions, and isotonic concentrations were determined for 78 different medicinal substances by using the cryoscopic method. The data are presented in a table to supplement those data for 332 different substances published previously.
Eight highly polymorphic microsatellite loci for the Australian gecko Heteronotia binoei

Eight highly polymorphic dinucleotide microsatellite loci were developed for the Bynoe's gecko, Heteronotia binoei. Across the species as a whole, expected heterozygosities for the loci range from 0.59 to 0.92, with observed numbers of alleles ranging from 13 to 27. All eight loci successfully amplify in each of the three most widespread sexual chromosome races of Heteronotia binoei, and with the exception of one locus in one race all are polymorphic. All eight loci also amplify in hybrid parthenogenetic Bynoe's geckos, in several other sexual chromosome races, and in related Heteronotia species.
Strategies for Maintaining Appropriate Behavior in Inclusive Physical Education Settings.

The typical physical education class period consists of a number of instructional activities linked together by brief transitory phases, or transitions (e.g., lining up, identifying teams, handing ...
Using group‐based latent class transition models to analyze chronic disability data from the National Long‐Term Care Survey 1984–2004

Latent class transition models track how individuals move among latent classes through time, traditionally assuming a complete set of observations for each individual. In this paper, we develop group-based latent class transition models that allow for staggered entry and exit, common in surveys with rolling enrollment designs. Such models are conceptually similar to, but structurally distinct from, pattern mixture models of the missing data literature. We employ group-based latent class transition modeling to conduct an in-depth data analysis of recent trends in chronic disability among the U.S. elderly population. Using activities of daily living data from the National Long-Term Care Survey (NLTCS), 1982-2004, we estimate model parameters using the expectation-maximization algorithm, implemented in SAS PROC IML. Our findings indicate that declines in chronic disability prevalence, observed in the 1980s and 1990s, did not continue in the early 2000s as previous NLTCS cross-sectional analyses have indicated.
Monogeusia for fructose, glucose, sucrose, and maltose

We investigated the ability of subjects to discriminate sugars with a whole-mouth forced-choice paradigm, in which a standard solution was compared with a test solution of varied concentration. Discrimination probabilities were U-shaped functions of test concentration: for 6 subjects and pairwise combinations of fructose, glucose, and sucrose, discriminability always declined to chance over a narrow range of test concentrations. At concentrations < or = 100 mM, maltose was indiscriminable from fructose but discriminable at higher concentrations for 4 subjects. By analogy with the monochromacy of night vision, whereby any two lights are indiscriminable when their relative intensities are suitably adjusted, we call the gustatory indiscriminability of these sugars monogeusia. The simplest account of monogeusia is that all information about the indiscriminable sugars is represented by a single neural signal that varies only in magnitude. The discriminability of maltose from the other sugars at higher concentrations is consistent with the hypothesis that maltose also activates a second gustatory code.
A natural species concept for prokaryotes

Direct molecular analyses of natural microbial populations reveal patterns that should compel microbiologists to adopt a more natural species concept that has been known to biologists for decades. The species debate can be exploited to address a larger issue - microbiologists need, in general, to take a more natural view of the organisms they study.
Photonic systems formed by proximity field nanopatterning

High resolution, conformable phase masks provide a means to fabricate, in an experimentally simple manner, classes of three dimensional (3D) nanostructures that are technologically important but difficult to generate in other ways. This proposed approach can answer the greatest challenge of photonic system; a simple and reliable fabrication method of periodic and aperiodic structure. Those unique advantages of proximity field nanopatterning originated from direct conformal contact and a further application to multi-photon process, and a representative waveguiding structure are investigated. The patterning capability in a broad range of wavelengths (from UV to near-IR) and unusual structures place this method as a key technique for photonic system.
A Naturally Processed Mitochondrial Self-Peptide in Complex with Thymic Mhc Molecules Functions as a Selecting Ligand for a Viral-Specific T Cell Receptor

Peptide fragments of self-proteins bound to major histocompatibility complex molecules within the thymus are important for positively selecting T cell receptor (TCR)-bearing CD4+CD8+ double positive (DP) thymocytes for further maturation. The relationship between naturally processed thymic self-peptides and TCR-specific cognate peptides is unknown. Here we employ HPLC purification of peptides released from H-2Kb molecules of the C57BL/6 thymus in conjunction with mass spectrometry (MS) and functional profiling to identify a naturally processed Kb-bound peptide positively selecting the N15 TCR specific for the vesicular stomatitis virus octapeptide (VSV8) bound to Kb. The selecting peptide was identified in 1 of 80 HPLC fractions and shown by tandem MS (MS/MS) sequencing to correspond to residues 68–75 of the MLRQ subunit of the widely expressed mitochondrial NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase (NUbO68–75). Of note, the peptide differs at six of its eight residues from the cognate peptide VSV8 and functions as a weak agonist for mature CD8 single positive (SP) N15 T cells, with activity 10,000-fold less than VSV8. In N15 transgenic (tg) recombinase activating gene 2−/− transporter associated with antigen processing 1−/− fetal thymic organ culture, NUbO68–75 induces phenotypic and functional differentiation of N15 TCR bearing CD8 SP thymocytes. Failure of NUbO68–75 to support differentiation of a second Kb-restricted TCR indicates that its inductive effects are not general.
Small Thermoelectric Energy Source Using Various Fuels

Over the past decade society's dependence on wireless electronics has grown substantially. Because these electronics are wireless they must carry their own power source, which in most cases is the electrochemical battery. Batteries can be problematic as a power source due to their limited lifespan. This raises significant issues for emergency and military applications, in which the function of the electronic device is crucial. In order to avoid these problems the amount of research being devoted to the development of small power sources has been growing rapidly. Here we propose the development of a small power source that can be used for the generation of electrical energy over a small duration of time. The energy source will used thermoelectric modules to convert thermal gradients to electrical energy. Several methods of generating the thermal gradient will be studied including a small butane flame equivalent to a pocket lighter, the rapid oxidation of magnesium that is commonly used in military MRE rations and lastly the slow oxidation of iron typically found in disposable pocket warmers. The efficiency and power output of each source will be identified and used to show the duration at which a mobile phone could be used.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Package-to-Board Attach Reliability — Methodology and Case Study on OMPAC Package

Over molded pad array carrier (OMPAC), also called plastic Ball Grid Array (pBGA) package family offers increased I/O density at the board level; further, package size and thickness are reduced in comparison to other competing package types leading to many product applications. The OMPAC package is investigated for solder pad interconnect reliability. Elastic and inelastic finite element method (FEM) simulations are employed with experimental temperature cycling data. Linear elastic analyses are performed for various package parameters that influence the stress distribution in the solder pad interconnect for temperature loading. The package parameters considered are (a) ratio of thickness of die to substrate (tdie /tsub. ), (b) ratio of width of die to substrate (wdie /wsub. ), and (c) ratio of height to diameter of the solder pad interconnect ((h/d)pad ). The results are evaluated based on the maximum Tresca (maximum shear stress) failure criterion. The key parameter is (h/d)pad ratio. As this ratio increases, the maximum Tresca failure criterion decreases. The performance of the solder pads are evaluated based on the maximum total permanent strain (plastic + creep) range per temperature cycle. FEM simulation was performed up to eight consecutive temperature cycles. The permanent strain (plastic + creep) range were calculated for each temperature cycle and observed that after a few temperature cycles the strain ranges stabilize. The maximum stabilized total permanent strain range is in the inner solder pad and is equal to 0.005. This maximum total strain range in the solder pad per temperature cycle loading can be used to estimate the life time of the solder pads. The FEM simulation results are correlated with the experimental data. Both the simulation and the experimental results are indicate that the outer pads are not as critical as the inner or the middle pads. The experimental results indicate that there is slightly larger probability for the middle pads to fail before the inner pads. However, the simulation data indicate that the inner pads are more critical than the middle pads. We believe that this small discrepancy in simulation result is due to the actual temperature variation on the package not being included in the present analysis.
Seismic properties of layer 2A at 11 Ma: Results of a vertical seismic profile at Ocean Drilling Program Site 1243

[1] A variety of seismic experiments indicate that seismic velocities in the uppermost oceanic crust (layer 2A) increase very rapidly with age, nearly doubling in 10 my or less, but only one measurement was made in situ, by an oblique seismic experiment in DSDP/ODP Hole 504B. A VSP acquired in 11 Ma crust at ODP Site 1243 yields a velocity of 4.21 ± 0.08 km s -1 , which is consistent with previous observations. The absence of a vertical velocity gradient at Site 1243 is consistent with the hypothesis that layer 2A is modified by a process of progressive sealing of cracks from the bottom up. Application of an asperity deformation model suggests that the area of contact across cracks in layer 2A increases by a factor of ∼100 between 1 and 10 my.
Continuous Inhalation of Nitric Oxide From Birth Decreases Airway Resistance and Bronchiolar Smooth Muscle in Chronically Ventilated Preterm Lambs • 1613

Continuous Inhalation of Nitric Oxide From Birth Decreases Airway Resistance and Bronchiolar Smooth Muscle in Chronically Ventilated Preterm Lambs • 1613
Serum Protein Effects on Polarization Behavior of 316L Stainless Steel

Abstract This investigation examined the effects of serum proteins addition on the anodic and cathodic polarization behavior of implant alloy 316L stainless steel in saline. Cyclic anodic potentiodynamic polarization was used to determine the four critical parameters associated with passive film breakdown and repassivation: corrosion potential, pitting potential, repassivation potential, and reverse scan hysteresis. Cathodic potentiodynamic polarization was used to study the effects of serum proteins on the Tafel slope and limiting current density of the reduction reaction. Three different conditions of solution purging were investigated. Results were compared with in vivo (hamster) tests. The corrosion potential was significantly affected by aeration conditions in saline as well as in 10% serum. The pitting potential was shifted marginally in the positive direction by serum proteins. While proteins did not affect the cathodic reduction mechanism, their adsorption decreased the reduction kinetics.
Slow crack growth in glass in combined mode I and mode II loading

Slow crack growth in soda-lime glass under combined mode I and mode II loading was investigated in precracked disk specimens in which pure mode I, pure mode II, and various combinations of mode I and mode II were achieved by loading in diametral compression at selected angles with respect to symmetric radial cracks. It is shown that slow crack growth under these conditions can be described by a simple exponential relationship with elastic strain energy release rate as the effective crack-driving force parameter. It is possible to interpret this equation in terms of theoretical models that treat subcritical crack growth as a thermally activated bond-rupture process with an activation energy dependent on the environment, and the elastic energy release rate as the crack-driving force parameter.