cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the Series 1000 Camera System

The National Ignition Facility requires a compact network addressable scientific grade CCD camera for use in diagnostics ranging from streak cameras to gated x-ray imaging cameras. Due to the limited space inside the diagnostic, an analog and digital input/output option in the camera controller permits control of both the camera and the diagnostic by a single Ethernet link. The system consists of a Spectral Instruments Series 1000 camera, a PC104+ controller, and power supply. The 4k by 4k CCD camera has a dynamic range of 70 dB with less than 14 electron read noise at a 1MHz readout rate. The PC104+ controller includes 16 analog inputs, 4 analog outputs and 16 digital input/output lines for interfacing to diagnostic instrumentation. A description of the system and performance characterization is reported.
Creating Handouts That Facilitate Learning

SUMMARYThe academic movements of active learning and abilities-based education have caused many instructors to evaluate their activities in the classroom. One activity that receives inadequate attention is the creation and use of handouts for the purpose of facilitating learning. The psychological processes of encoding and elaboration are helpful in understanding how information is stored and recalled from memory and how the processes of note-taking and review can facilitate storage and recall. Once the overall purpose of the learning experience is determined and the structure selected, layout guidelines can be used to maximize the appeal of the handout. This review of these issues creates a concise guide that is useful in constructing handouts that will maximize the instructor's opportunity to facilitate students' acquisition of information presented.
Building prototypes of damaged systems from analysis simulations

Our rapid prototype of damaged systems project seeks to provide a technology for allowing engineers to build demonstration prototypes of damaged products from analysis post-processing data. Most commercial finite element programs do not have a capability to construct deformed geometry at the conclusion of an analysis simulation. It is therefore not presently possible to build prototypes of predicted states of a product as the result of being subjected to simulated adverse environments. Our approach is to reverse engineer a description of a deformed finite element mesh into a stereolithography format for prototyping using a Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) machine. This stereolithography file can be generated from deformed surface node information as well as from a reconstructed surface defined by inspection data. We are developing software to allow users to represent a part or assembly in a deformed condition. The damaged part can then be manufactured using the SLS process for visualization and assessment purposes. The resulting representation can also be used to create simulated X-rays of a damaged or deformed configuration for comparison with experimental test results or field data. This allows engineers to benchmark their analysis methods and provide increased understanding of analysis results through enhanced visualization. The process of reverse engineering `in-use` or damaged products allows for a more refined inspection and comparison of imperfect parts. It addresses the issue of whether or not a part will still work when subjected to certain environments or scenarios. Answers to this question can be found using our model reconstruction technique that represents an `as- built` engineering model configuration. An additional feature of this reverse engineering process is product benchmarking and closer engineer/manufacturer interactions.
Effects of social isolation and the time of day on testosterone levels in plasma of C57BL/6By and BALB/cBy mice.

Abstract Adult male C57BL/6By and BALB/cBy mice were housed either in large groups (20 per cage) or individually, and levels of plasma testosterone were measured in samples taken in the morning (9 to 10 a.m.) and in the evening (9 to 10 P.M.). No significant strain differences were found in testosterone levels, but the mean testis weight was significantly higher in the BALB/cBy strain. Two-way analysis of variances of pooled plasma testosterone data showed that social isolation of males results in a significant increase in A.M. (but not p.m.) testosterone concentrations and increased testis weight in both strains. Our results suggest that differential housing of a social species can affect testicular function. Since testicular function can also be influenced by the time of day, the question is raised whether the expression of circadian variation in plasma testosterone level is dependent on population density. (Steroids 55:79–82, 1990)
Multi-frequency Superconducting Cavity Stabilized Oscillators (SCSO) for Quantum-Gas Measurements and Gravitational Physics

We report on the development of a superconducting cavity stabilized oscillator (SCSO) for use as a high-stability frequency source and for precision measurements. The SCSO system in its optimized condition has a potential frequency stability of parts in 10 17 to 10 18 over short measurement times (up to 10 3 s). It can also operate in two resonant modes, which provides useful diagnostics of sources of frequency instability. This paper describes the progress of applying our SCSO to precise measurements of the equation of state of 4 He gas near T λ and the concepts of using SCSO in conjunction with other ground and space clocks to perform tests of gravitational and relativistic physics.
The effects of artificial aging on the microstructure and fracture toughness of Al-Cu-Li alloy 2195

Aluminum-lithium alloys have shown promise for aerospace applications, and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has selected the aluminum-lithium Alloy 2195 for the main structural alloy of the super light weight tank (SLWT) for the space shuttle. This alloy has significantly higher strength than conventional2xxx alloys (such as 2219) at both ambient and cryogenic temperatures. If properly processed and heat treated, this alloy can display higher fracture toughness at cryogenic temperature than at ambient temperature. However, the properties of production materials have shown greater variation than those of other established alloys, as is the case with any new alloy that is being transitioned to a demanding application. Recently, some commercial 2195 plates for the SLWT program were rejected, mostly due to low CFT or FTR at ambient and cryogenic temperatures. Investigation of the microstructure property relationships of Al-Cu-Li based alloys indicates that the poor fracture toughness properties can be attributed to excessive T1 precipitation at subgrain boundaries. Lowering the aging temperature is one way to avoid excessive T1 precipitation at subgrain boundaries. However, this approach results in a significant drop in yield strength. In addition, low-temperature aging is associated with sluggish aging kinetics, which are not desirable for industrial mass production. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to develop an aging process that can improve fracture toughness without sacrificing yield and tensile strength. A multistep heating-rate controlled (MSRC) aging treatment has been developed that can improve the cryogenic fracture toughness of aluminum-lithium Alloy 2195. At the same levels of yield strength (YS), this treatment results in considerably higher fracture toughness than that found in Alloy 2195, which has received conventional (isothermal) aging. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the new treatment greatly reduces the size and density of subgrain-boundary T1 precipitates. In addition, it promotes T1 and θ" nucleation, resulting in a fine and dense distribution of precipitate particles in the matrix. The MSRC aging treatment consists of (a) aging at 127‡C (260‡F) for 5 h, (b) heating continuously from 127‡C (260‡F) to 135‡C (275‡F) at a rate of 0.556‡C/h (1‡F/h), (c) holding at 135‡C (275‡F) for 5 h, (d) heating continuously from 135 to 143‡C (275 to 290‡F) at a rate of 0.556‡C/h (1‡F/h), and (e) holding at 143‡C (290‡F) for 25 h to obtain a near peak-aged condition.
Infrared Light Excites Cells via Transient Changes in Membrane Electrical Capacitance

Control of excitable cells using optical technologies such as optogenetics has enabled important advances in neuroscience and the development of clinical applications. Most existing methods of optical control require the use of genetic or chemical sensitizers that enable light to alter the ionic conductance of cell membranes. By contrast, infrared (IR) light of wavelengths > 1.5μm has been shown in vivo to excite neural and muscle tissue without any pre-treatment. Unfortunately, the mechanism of IR stimulation is unknown. Here, we describe how IR light excites cells by transiently altering their membrane electrical capacitance. Our data from voltage clamped Xenopus laevis oocytes, mammalian cells and artificial lipid bilayers shows that IR energy absorbed by water produces a rapid local increase in temperature at the cell membrane, transiently increasing its electrical capacitance, and generating depolarizing currents. Correspondingly, under current clamp conditions, IR pulses produce rapid changes in membrane potential. This unexpected mechanism is fully reversible and requires only the most basic properties of cell membranes. Changes in capacitance were verified by direct measurement in mammalian cells and artificial bilayers, and are consistent with a classical theoretical description of cell membranes as coupled double-layer capacitors. In shedding light on the mechanism of IR stimulation, our findings point to this technology's unique generality as a means to control excitable cells, and raise questions about other thermal phenomena that may meaningfully affect membrane electrostatics. Supported by the NIH: GM030376 and DC011481-01A1.
GaAs High-Speed Digital IC Technology: An Overview

Gallium arsenide integrated circuit technology has advanced to the stage where small-scale integration (SSI) and medium-scale integration (MSI) circuits are available for implementation in high-speed digital systems. The recent availability of GaAs wafer foundries for fabrication of custom designs, along with commercially available GaAs components, allows system designers for the first time to take advantage of the inherent high speed and low power capabilities of the technology. Large-scale integration (LSI) complexity circuits are already being fabricated in the United States and abroad, and higher levels of integration are expected. This will result in improved levels of performance for large digital systems. The advantages of higher levels of integration are clearly evident, although there appears to be an optimum level of integration for each GaAs logic family beyond which system speed actually degrades. In conjunction with the development of GaAs technology, an industry-standard GaAs production process is also evolving. This generic process is available (with minor variations) from most of the GaAs wafer foundries and IC manufacturers. Here the authors review digital GaAs IC device and circuit technology and analyze the performance of GaAs circuits fabricated by this production process. They also analyze the effect of the GaAs IC integration levelmore » on computer system speed.« less
A review of LC-MS techniques and high-throughput approaches used to investigate drug metabolism by cytochrome P450s

One of the major challenges facing the pharmaceutical industry today is finding new ways to increase productivity, decrease costs whilst still ultimately developing new therapies that enhance human health. To help address these challenges the utilisation of analytical technologies and high-throughput automated platforms has been employed; in order to perform more experiments in a shorter time frame with increased data quality. One of the main in vitro techniques to assess new chemical entities in a discovery setting has been the use of recombinant liver enzymes, microsomes and hepatocytes. These techniques can help predict in vivo metabolism, clearance and potential drug-drug interactions of these new compounds by cytochrome P450s (the major drug metabolising enzymes). This in vitro methodology has been totally transformed in recent times by the use of automated liquid handling and HPLC tandem mass spectrometry detection techniques (LC-MS/MS). This review aims looking at recent advances in the methodology used to investigate drug metabolism by cytochrome P450s; including an up to date summary of high-throughput platforms including the use of automation and LC-MS/MS to facilitate greater throughput, chromatographic resolution and data quality.
Do African Americans have lower energy expenditure than Caucasians

OBJECTIVE: To review current studies that examine differences in energy expenditure between African Americans and Caucasians as possible modulators of attained differences in overweight status. DESIGN: Literature review of recent clinical and laboratory studies. METHODS: Studies chosen for review were those that examined directly resting metabolic rate (RMR), using indirect calorimetry, and total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) and physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE), using doubly labeled water. RESULTS: Ten of 15 studies reviewed reported a lower RMR in African Americans than in Caucasians. The differences in RMR between African Americans and Caucasians ranged from 81 to 274 kcal/day and could not be explained by differences in age, fat-free mass (FFM) or methodological concerns. Two of six studies of energy expenditure using doubly labeled water suggest that Black adults have a tendency for lower TDEE that can be accounted for primarily by a lower PAEE. CONCLUSIONS: If future studies indicate conclusively that African Americans do have lower RMR, TDEE and PAEE than Caucasians, then the disproportionally higher risk of obesity and associated metabolic disorders in Black adults may be preventable—especially in Black women. If these race differences are indeed a result of both physiological and behavioral factors, then interventions designed to reduce caloric intake and/or increase energy expenditure through lifestyle activity or structured exercise programs become especially important for African Americans and should be encouraged
The unanswered question: when to initiate antiretroviral therapy in children with HIV infection.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The question of when to initiate antiretroviral treatment for children is perhaps the most critical unanswered question in pediatric HIV therapeutics. With large numbers of children throughout the world acquiring HIV infection and with improved global access to HIV treatment it is particularly timely to consider the optimal time to initiate antiretroviral therapy in infants, children and adolescents. RECENT FINDINGS: Early treatment can result in suppression of HIV viremia, immune preservation and prevention of disease progression. This must be balanced by the challenges of maintaining adherence to multidrug regimens, the risks of selecting drug-resistant virus, and long and short-term toxicities of medications. SUMMARY: This review provides a framework within which to consider when to initiate children on antiretroviral treatment. A child's age and developmental status, where they live, and the goals and expectations for treatment provide a context for balancing the risks of disease progression with the risks of drug-related toxicities and viral resistance.
Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationships of mazindol analogues at the dopamine transporter.

A three-dimensional quantitative structure−activity relationship (3D-QSAR) study was performed on a series of mazindol analogues using the comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) method with their corresponding binding affinities for the displacement of [3H]WIN 35 428 from rat caudate putamen tissue. The cross-validated CoMFA models were derived from a training set of 50 compounds, and the predictive ability of the resulting CoMFA models was evaluated against a test set of 21 compounds. A set of alignment rules was derived to superimpose these compounds onto a template structure, mazindol (1). These CoMFA models yielded significant cross-validated r2cv values. Inclusion of additional descriptors did not improve the significance of the CoMFA models; thus, steric and electrostatic fields are the relevant descriptors for these compounds. The best QSAR model was selected on the basis of the predictive ability of the activity on the external test set of compounds. The analysis of coefficient contour maps ...
The NIST Primary Radon-222 Measurement System.

Within the United States, the national standard for radon measurements is embodied in a primary radon measurement system that has been maintained for over 50 years to accurately measure radon (222Rn) against international and national radium (226Ra) standards. In turn, all of the radon measurements made at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the radon transfer calibration standards and calibration services provided by NIST are directly related to this national radon standard. This primary radon measurement system consists of pulse ionization chambers and ancillary gas handling and gas purification equipment. The system is currently undergoing a significant upgrading and expansion which will replace the extant outdated system.
Normative data for elderly African Americans for the Stroop Color and Word Test

The Stroop Color and Word Test is a measure of executive function that is commonly used in neuropsychological evaluations, but for which there are currently no normative date for elderly African American individuals. The present investigation examined the influence of demographic characteristics on this measure in a community-dwelling sample of 236 elderly African American adults (60-84 years of age). Age, education, gender, and the education by gender interaction were found to affect performance on the Stroop Color and Word Test tasks. Based on these results, normative tables for Stroop Color and Word Test scores, stratified by age and with score adjustments for education and gender, are provided.
Generation of high-fidelity programmable ultrafast optical waveforms.

We report advances in the generation of ultrafast optical waveforms with programmable time-dependent amplitude and temporal phase profiles. Two liquid-crystal spatial light modulators are employed in a novel arrangement to permit the generation of programmable ultrashort waveforms with exceptional versatility and fidelity. We also demonstrate ultrafast waveform generation in which the time-dependent polarization profile is controlled.
Integrating both Wikis and XML with case bases to facilitate case base development and maintenance

Case-based reasoning (CBR), as a promising technology for problem solving and decision support, has drawn considerable attention during the last 20years. As CBR systems become more frequently deployed in real-world situations and as large-scale case-bases become more commonly used in practice, the development and maintenance of the case-base becomes critical to CBR practitioners. In reality, adding cases to a case-base and updating cases in a case-base can be troublesome and time-consuming processes. It has become increasingly important for CBR practitioners to be able to implement an efficient way to develop and maintain the case base. However, techniques for case-base development and maintenance (such as adding cases and updating cases) have not received enough attention and are often neglected by CBR researchers. This paper discusses Wikis and XML (specifically, the Office Open XML format) and proposes an integrated approach to facilitate case-base development and maintenance in adding cases and in updating cases.
Extrapolation of difference methods in option valuation

In the present investigation, the fully implicit and Crank-Nicolson difference schemes for solving option prices are analyzed. It is proved that the error expansions for the difference methods have the correct form for applying Richardson extrapolation to increase the order of accuracy of the approximations. The difference methods are applied to European, American, and down-and-out knock-out call options. Computational results indicate that Richardson extrapolation significantly decreases the amount of computational work (by as much as a factor of 16) in estimation of option prices.
Differences in Presentation and Management of Pediatric Facial Lacerations by Type of Health Insurance.

INTRODUCTION: Limited data are available regarding differences in presentation and management of pediatric emergency department (PED) patients based on insurance status. The objective of the study was to assess the difference in management of pediatric facial lacerations based on medical insurance status. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study with universal sampling of patients with facial lacerations who were treated in an urban PED (45K visits/year) over a one-year period. Demographic features and injury characteristics for patients with commercial (private) insurance and those with Medicaid or Medicare (public) insurance were compared. RESULTS: Of 1235 children included in the study, 667 (54%) had private insurance and 485 (39%) had public insurance. The two groups did not differ in age or gender, arrival by ambulance, location of injury occurrence, mechanism of injury, part of face involved, length or depth of laceration, use of local anesthetic, or method of repair but differed in acuity assigned at triage. Patients with public insurance were found less likely to have subspecialty consultation in bivariable (OR=0.41, 95% CI [0.24-0.68]) and multivariable logistic regression analyses (OR=0.45, 95% CI [0.25-0.78]). Patients with public insurance received procedural sedation significantly less often than those with private insurance (OR=0.48, 95% CI [0.29-0.76]). This difference was not substantiated in multivariable models (OR=0.74, 95% CI [0.40-1.31]). CONCLUSION: Patients with public insurance received less subspecialty consultation compared to privately insured patients despite a similarity in the presentation and characteristics of their facial lacerations. The reasons for these disparities require further investigation. Language: en
Performance Analysis of Cooperative Random Access with Long PN Spreading Codes

A novel cooperative spread spectrum random access (CSSRA) protocol has been recently proposed. It is shown that thanks to user cooperation the novel protocol can capture part of the available diversity and achieve a marked increase in maximum stable throughput over its non-cooperative counterpart. In this paper, we study the finite-user behavior of a one-packet-buffering CSSRA system with Poisson packet arrivals and derive pertinent performance metrics including throughput, packet loss rate and average packet delay. With the proposed analysis framework, we compare the performance of CSSRA with that of non-cooperative SSRA for a Rayleigh fading channel to illustrate the advantage of user cooperation in terms of throughput as well as delay
Putting The Public's Money Where Its Mouth Is

This paper reports the results of a 2009 national survey that quantifies Americans’ willingness to pay to expand health insurance coverage. We asked respondents whether they would support a Medicaid expansion, a subsidy for low-income people, or a subsidy for the chronically ill, if they had to pay more income taxes to cover the program’s costs. Based on respondents’ reported income, we told them approximately how much, in dollar terms, their tax increases would be. Our results reflect a tension in public opinion recognized by previous investigators: a desire for reform but limited willingness to pay for it.
Studied Trust: Building New Forms of Cooperation in a Volatile Economy

The understandings of individuality and sociability characteristic of modern liberal and sociological social theory are fatalistic about the potential for the creation of trust in economic relations. These understandings are reconsidered in light of the recent evolution of state-level industrial policy in the United States, focusing on the experience of the state of Pennsylvania where the state's efforts have shown early success in breaking down barriers of mistrust that block economic adjustment in the state's traditional manufacturing industries. Arguing that the sort of cooperation-in-the-making that characterizes the Pennsylvania case is ill-captured by mainstream theory, the paper proffers a notion of studied or vigilant trust based on the core conclusions of 20th century analytic philosophy as a way of squaring theory and stylized facts. Government-instigated discussion among key economic actors has the potential to spur reformulations of collective identities and common histories, resulting in the ...
Analysis of end effects in SAW IDTs using the finite difference method

For high-performance SAW filter design the variation of charge distribution along the IDT fingers needs to be evaluated accurately. In this work, the finite difference method was used to study the effects of transverse (along the length of the fingers) and longitudinal (along the propagation direction) variation in charge distribution on the acoustic admittance of the IDT. A comparison was made between a full three-dimensional analysis of SAW IDTs, which includes the effects of bus bars, and the 2-D approximation to the same IDT. >
The Role of Health Literacy and Written Medicine Information in Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drug Risk Awareness

Background:Despite widespread use of prescription nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), patients are commonly unaware of their risks. Pharmacies regularly distribute written medicine information (WMI) describing the risks and benefits of NSAID therapy at the time of dispensing.Objective:To clarify the relationship among common sociodemographic factors, education, health literacy, reading of WMI routinefy distributed at pharmacies, and NSAID risk awareness.Methods:Generalized linear latent and mixed models (GLLAMM) ordered logistic regression and confirmatory path analysis were used to evaluate multivariable relationships in a cross-sectional dataset of 382 patients in the second phase of the Alabama NSAID Patient Safety Study.Results:The majority of the analytical sample was female (72.0%) with 38.7% African American, 38.1% age 65 years or older, and 43.3% reporting at least some college education. Health literacy was positively associated with reading of WMI (p = 0.001) and NSAID risk awareness (...
When is a Sale Not a Sale? The Riddle of Athenian Terminology for Real Security Revisited

In Athens during the late Classical and Hellenistic periods, it was customary for a man who was borrowing a large sum of money to pledge some property as security for the repayment of his loan. To show that this property was legally encumbered, a flat slab of stone, called a horos, was set up, and an inscription, indicating the nature of the lien on the property, was inscribed on the horos. These horoi served to warn third parties that the man who pledged the property as security was not free to sell it or otherwise alienate it until the loan was repaid. The terminology which is used on these horoi to indicate that the property has been pledged as security varies. On a relatively small number of horoi, only seven, the property is described as ‘lying under (an obligation)’ (ὑποκeιμένου, -ης, -ων) for a debt, the amount of which may or may not be specified. The texts found on a far greater number of horoi, some 128 in all, use a different type of expression. On these horoi, the property is said to have been ‘sold on condition of release’ (πeπραμένου, -ης, -ων, ἐπὶ λύσeι). The terminology used on the horoi to describe this kind of lien presents a striking contrast with that employed by the Attic orators: in their speeches we find the verbs ὑποκeῖσθαι and ὑποτιθέναι when it is a question of pledging security for a loan, but never πέπρασθαι with the addition of the prepositional phrase ἐπὶ λύσeι.
Toward properties of twice-universality in denoising

We propose a new sequence of universal denoisers motivated by the goal of extending the notion of twice-universality from universal data compression theory to the sliding window denoising setting. Given a sequence length n and a denoiser, we define the twice-universality penalty of the denoiser as the worst case excess expected denoising loss relative to sliding window denoisers with window length k above and beyond the worst case excess loss of DUDE with parameter k. Given a sequence of window parameters k n , increasing in n sufficiently fast, we use loss estimators to construct a sequence of denoisers that achieves a much smaller twice-universality penalty for k n than the sequence of DUDEs with parameter k n .
Networks, Fields and Organizations: Micro-Dynamics, Scale and Cohesive Embeddings

Social action is situated in fields that are simultaneously composed of interpersonal ties and relations among organizations, which are both usefully characterized as social networks. We introduce a novel approach to distinguishing different network macro-structures in terms of cohesive subsets and their overlaps. We develop a vocabulary that relates different forms of network cohesion to field properties as opposed to organizational constraints on ties and structures. We illustrate differences in probabilistic attachment processes in network evolution that link on the one hand to organizational constraints versus field properties and to cohesive network topologies on the other. This allows us to identify a set of important new micro-macro linkages between local behavior in networks and global network properties. The analytic strategy thus puts in place a methodology for Predictive Social Cohesion theory to be developed and tested in the context of informal and formal organizations and organizational fields. We also show how organizations and fields combine at different scales of cohesive depth and cohesive breadth. Operational measures and results are illustrated for three organizational examples, and analysis of these cases suggests that different structures of cohesive subsets and overlaps may be predictive in organizational contexts and similarly for the larger fields in which they are embedded. Useful predictions may also be based on feedback from level of cohesion in the larger field back to organizations, conditioned on the level of multiconnectivity to the field.
Cross-layer design for energy-efficient secure multicast communications in ad hoc networks

This paper considers the problem of secure multicast in an energy-constrained wireless environment. We present an analytical formulation of the energy expenditure associated with the communication overhead of key management and highlight its dependence on the network topology and the key distribution method. We show that the optimal solution of this formulation does not scale with multicast group size and propose a suboptimal, cross-layer, low-complexity algorithm for energy efficient key distribution. We present simulation studies that show the energy savings achieved by our scheme and compare its performance when different routing algorithms are employed.
Improved CMCase production by Spicellum roseum

CMCase enzyme production by Spicellum roseum NRRL 13104 was increased from 2.1 to 3.4 mg reducing sugar (RS) h−1· ml−1 broth in four experimental stages: (1) selection of important types of ingredients, (2) confirmation of their importance, (3) comparison of sources of the ingredient and (4) partial evaluation of concentrations.
The Making of Japanese Manchuria, 1904–1932 . By Yoshihisa Tak Matsusaka. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, distributed by Harvard University Press, 2001. Pp. 522.

Aside from a few articles and chapters in books, there has been no comprehensive history of Japan's informal empire in the three northeast provinces of China (called Manchuria) between 1904 and 1932. That void no longer exists. Y. T. Matsusaka's brilliant account explains how Japan's expansionist aims meant that its leaders and elites could never consider withdrawing from Manchuria.
Measurements of sea spikes in microwave backscatter at moderate incidence

Quantitative measurements of the relationship between the friction velocity and sea spikes in the mean normalized radar cross section (MNRCS) are presented. The intensity threshold for the definition of sea spike contribution to the MNRCS is used to count large sea spikes associated with a positive mean Doppler frequency. The proposed method is applied to Ku-band measurements made with a dual-polarized Doppler scatterometer at a moderate incidence angle from a fixed platform in the North Sea. The variation of the sea spike contribution to the MNRCS with friction velocity was found to be consistent with Phillips' (1988) prediction of a cubic dependence.
Swelling Behavior of Commercial Ferritic Alloys, EM-12 and HT-9, as Assessed by Heavy Ion Bombardment

Ferritic alloys have some promise for duct and cladding applications for liquid metal fast breeder reactors (LMFBR) because of their favorable neutron absorption cross sections. Two alloys of the 10 to 12 percent chromiumclass, EM-12 and HT-9, have been selected for study in the National Alloy Development Program. Bombardment with 2.8 MeV 5 6 Fe + ions and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations were used to determine the temperature dependence of swelling at 150 displacements per atom (dpa) and the swelling rate at the peak swelling temperature up to 250 dpa. Both alloys were found to be more swelling resistant than Type 316 stainless steel, with EM-12 having a swelling rate of 0.011 percent/dpa at the peak swelling temperature of 550°C (1022°F) while HT-9 had a swelling rate of 0.017 percent/dpa at the peak swelling temperature of 500°C (932°F). An unusual feature of swelling in these materials was the formation of very large voids on precipitates along the grain boundaries.
Spin Transport and Magneto-Resistance in Organic Semiconductors

Calculated results for spin injection, transport, and magneto-resistance (MR) in organic semiconductors sandwiched between two ferromagnetic contacts are presented. The carrier transport is modeled by spin dependent device equations in drift-diffusion approximation. In agreement with earlier results, spin injection from ferromagnetic contacts into organic semiconductors can be greatly enhanced if (spin-selective) tunneling is the limiting process for carrier injection. Modeling the tunnel processes with linear contact resistances yields spin currents and MR that tend to increase with increasing bias. We also explore the possibility of bias dependent contact resistances and show that this effect may limit MR to low bias.
Grammatical Distinctions in the Left Frontal Cortex

Selective deficits in producing verbs relative to nouns in speech are well documented in neuropsychology and have been associated with left hemisphere frontal cortical lesions resulting from stroke and other neurological disorders. The basis for these impairments is unresolved: Do they arise because of differences in the way grammatical categories of words are organized in the brain, or because of differences in the neural representation of actions and objects? We used repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to suppress the excitability of a portion of left prefrontal cortex and to assess its role in producing nouns and verbs. In one experiment subjects generated real words; in a second, they produced pseudowords as nouns or verbs. In both experiments, response latencies increased for verbs but were unaffected for nouns following rTMS. These results demonstrate that grammatical categories have a neuroanatomical basis and that the left prefrontal cortex is selectively engaged in processing verbs as grammatical objects.
Using Alternative Contexts in Concept Hierarchies to Inspire Creativity

In this paper we examine issues involving measures of creativity for data generalization using hierarchies. In particular we consider consensus and specificity measures for the partitions that result using crisp concept hierarchies. We note that fuzzy hierarchies do not produce partitions of data in general so some approaches to considering “partitionness’ is described.
Aqueous-, pore-water-, and sediment-phase cadmium: Toxicity relationships for a meiobenthic copepod

Comparative effects of aqueous-, pore-water-, and sediment-phase cadmium on mortality of an infaunal laboratory-cultured copepod, Amphiascus tenuiremis, were determined using acute 96-h bioassays. Experimental design included five cadmium concentrations, three replicates per concentration, and 50 adult copepods per replicate for each of the exposures. Exposures included cadmium solubilized in seawater only (aqueous), whole sediment (i.e., pore water and sediment), and pore water only. In addition, two whole-sediment bioassays were compared in which pore-water cadmium concentrations were altered experimentally but sediment concentrations remained the same. Results of these experiments showed that for Amphiascus tenuiremis, cadmium is most toxic in the aqueous phase, less toxic in the pore-water phase, and least toxic in the sediment-bound phase. The lowered toxicity of cadmium in the pore water was most likely due to complexation of cadmium with DOC, because concentrations of DOC were six times higher in the pore-water phase than in the aqueous phase. In whole sediments, pore-water-phase cadmium was the primary source of acute toxicity, as sediment-associated cadmium contributed negligible effects.
Different location or different map? Investigating charter school teachers' professional identities

Abstract This paper explores how novice charter school teachers' professional identities were shaped by their histories, views of teachers and teaching, preparation, and teaching experiences. Participants tended to view teaching in traditional public schools as lacking cache and rigor. Constructing a professional identity as highly skilled, dedicated, and deserving of stature, participants sought institutions they felt were aligned with this identity—charter schools. While participants' initially perceived their charters as structured and coherent, over time they struggled to hold multiple identities (e.g., parent and teacher) and later questioned the sustainability, intensity, and efficacy of their and their colleagues' efforts.
Our Uncommon Heritage: Globalization: trade, aid, and the dispersal of species

Globalization and biodiversity Globalization is widely understood to mean the closer integration of the world’s economies. But globalization also means the closer integration of the world’s ecosystems, and this has important implications for the world’s biodiversity, and the ecosystem services it supports. Globalization in the economic sense is reflected in the growth of international trade and travel. This has increased the rate at which species have dispersed across the world’s ecosystems, with consequences for their functioning and the supply of ecosystem services. The opening of new markets or trade routes has resulted in the introduction of new species either as the object of trade or as the unintended consequence of trade. The growth in the volume of trade along existing routes has increased the frequency with which new introductions are repeated, and hence the probability that introduced species will establish and spread (Cassey et al . 2004; Semmens et al . 2004). Indeed, the more open economies are, the more likely they are to be both sources and sinks for the dispersal of species (Dalmazzone 2000; Vila and Pujadas 2001), and the volume and direction of trade turn out to be good empirical predictors of the dispersal of harmful species (Levine et al . 2003; Costello et al . 2007). The effects of trade-related species dispersal are both positive and negative. Trade in high-yielding crop varieties and the diffusion of biotechnologies, for example, have had strongly positive effects on productivity, output, employment, and health. They have also positively affected our capacity to maintain food supplies over a range of environmental conditions. At the same time, the trade-related dispersal of invasive pests and pathogens has had strongly negative effects on the same things. While particular attention has been paid to the harm done by emergent zoonotic diseases in humans (Hubalek 2003; Jones et al . 2008), these are merely the most publicized examples of a widespread and long-standing process of pest and pathogen redistribution (Williamson 1996, 1999; Daszak, Cunningham and Hyatt 2000; McNeely 2001; Daszak et al . 2007).
Adsorption patterns of caffeic acid on titania: affinity, charge transfer and sunscreen applications

ABSTRACTSeveral photo-induced processes contribute to titania-catalysed photodegradation of organic UV-absorbing compound, caffeic acid (CA), utilised as skin photoprotector in sunscreens containing titania. Optical transitions, channels of photoexcitations, and charge transfer state formation in anatase TiO2 nanowire sensitised by CA are computed and analysed. Trends of charge transfer state formation are explored through modelling of non-adiabatic dynamics using reduced density matrix approach combined with density functional theory with Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof functional, in the basis of plane waves, using Vienna Ab initio Simulation Package software. The electronic structure of the explored model shows signatures of quantum confinement of TiO2 nanowire. A change of excitation energy provides control of either one of the possible channels for photoexcitations: (1) local excitation at either nanowire or CA-adsorbate or (2) photo-induced electron transfer from CA-adsorbate to titania. The conclusions obta...
Development of respiratory function in the American locustSchistocerca americana

We hypothesized that oxygen delivery becomes more difficult for insects and tracheate arthropods as they progress throughout an intermolt period. During this time, body mass can more than double, yet the major tracheae and spiracles cannot be increased in size until molting. Also, tissue growth could compress air sacs used for convective gas exchange. To test these possibilities, we investigated the effect of within-instar growth on respiratory parameters, including CO2 emission rate, ventilation frequency, tidal volume and critical oxygen partial pressure ( P O) for first-, third- and fifth-instar juveniles and adults of the American locust Schistocerca americana . We found that late-stage grasshoppers tended to have 40% higher total CO2 emission rates but 15% lower mass-specific CO2 emission rates and 35% higher ventilation frequencies than early-stage animals. Maximal tracheal system conductance decreased by 20-33% at the end of an instar, possibly due to compression of air sacs. In addition, animals nearing the end of an instar had higher critical P O values for abdominal pumping, and late-stage adults had 50% lower tidal volumes, suggesting that increases in tissue mass throughout an instar may hinder the ability of animals to breathe deeply. Late-stage adults had lower critical P O values for CO2 emission, although this pattern was not found in any juvenile instars, indicating that late-stage juveniles compensate for decreased conductance by increasing ventilation frequency or the use of diffusive gas exchange. Our data suggest that late-stage arthropods are more vulnerable to hypoxia and may have reduced aerobic capacities and lower tissue P O s than early-stage arthropods.
Visual debugging

We developed an approach that uses our innate visual pattern recognition skills as part of the debugging process. Inspired by Huang's (1996) use of color to visualize energy distributions while untangling knots, we represented the particles graphically and color-coded them by energy value. Thus far, we've applied this approach to three domains: particle systems, cluster hardware configurations, and physics codes using finite element models. This debugging paradigm differs from software or program visualization in that we don't visualize software elements such as procedures, message passing between processors, or graph-based representations of data structures. In most application domains developers that use algorithm visualization tools must make decisions about what kind of visualization would best represent their code, and they must, in effect, code this visualization in addition to their application. For many developers, the time investment is too great compared to their perceived benefit, so they return to a traditional debugging approach. We believe that restricting the application domain increases the ease of use of visual debuggers. However, we go one step further by creating a, visual tool tailored to a particular application domain that can use either captured data or simulation outputs and requires no coding effort on the part of the user.
MORPHOLOGICAL ADAPTATION TO HOST PLANTS IN UROLEUCON (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)

The morphology of host-specific Old World Uroleucon (Homoptera: Aphididae) species is related to features of their host plant species (Asteraceae and Campanulaceae) by canonical correlation analysis. Aphid species on pubescent host species have longer rostra and shorter hind tarsi, adaptations for feeding and walking on hirsute surfaces. Also, aphid species on taller hosts are larger. The positive relationship between rostrum length and host trichome density is further supported by simple regression analyses on two species complexes. Regression parameters differ between groups, suggesting different responses to different trichome types. This morphological adaptation involves characters used extensively by taxonomists and could result in convergence obscuring phylogenetic relationships of herbivore taxa and, particularly, the relation of herbivore phylogeny to host phylogeny.
Set-Transitive Permutation Groups

The concept of an s-ply transitive (1 ≤ s ≤ n) permutation group on n symbols is of considerable importance in the classical theory of finite permutation groups, which was in the height of its development in the period around the turn of the century. The obvious generalization to a permutation group which is s set-transitive (i.e., a group which, for each pair of s-element unordered subsets S, T of the given n symbols, contains a permutation which carries S into T) seems to have received little attention.
Space-Group Selection Rules: "Rocksalt" O h 5 − Fm 3 m

Complete tables of reduction coefficients for ordinary products, and symmetrized squares and cubes of representations in "rocksalt" structure ${{O}_{h}}^{5}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{Fm}3m$ are presented. These have all been obtained by using the full-group method. These coefficients are useful for obtaining selection rules and lattice invariants and covariants for this structure. An illustrative example demonstrates the ease and convenience, as well as the completeness, of carrying out full-group calculations.
Morphology of the Abdominal Nervous System of the Adult Tobacco Hornworm, Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)

This paper describes the abdominal nervous system of the adult tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (L.). In both males and females the ganglia of abdominal segments 1 and 2 are fused with the pterothoracic ganglion and their lateral branches extend from the fused ventral interganglionic connective near the boundary of the thorax and abdomen to innervate their respective muscles. Ganglia 3–5 are typical abdominal ganglia and although the sixth abdominal ganglion is fused with the terminal ganglion, the innervations of segments 3–6 are essentially identical. In both sexes segments 7–10 are specialized for reproduction and this fact is reflected in their innervation. The innervation of hornworm abdomen is compared with that of representatives of Dictyoptera, Orthoptera, Neuroptera, and Lepidoptera.