cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neuromuscular Activity in the Swimming Sea Anemone, Stomphia Coccinea (Müller)

1. The spontaneous activity and also the response mechanisms to externally applied electric shocks have been studied in the swimming sea anemone Stomphia coccinea obtained from Puget Sound, Washington. 2. Slow rhythmical activity with a repetition interval of the order of 30 min. is evident in kymograph records of whole-animal movements and also in rings of body wall isolated from the oral or basal regions. 3. By suitably placing the stimulating electrodes different parts of the musculature can be brought into contraction. Those studied were principally the parietobasilar muscles and also the longitudinal retractors, the circular muscles of the column and the isolated oral sphincter. 4. The magnitude of the response of the parieto-basilar muscles to constant-strength stimuli was very variable. Responses occur to single shocks and these increase in magnitude with increasing strength of stimulus. 5. The parietal muscles give delayed, slow contractions in response to trains of about ten stimuli at one per sec. 6. The isolated sphincter muscle shows two kinds of contraction, a quick one which occurs to single shocks and a slow one which occurs following a brief train of fairly widely separated shocks. 7. The ordinary circular muscles respond with a slow contraction to a few widely spaced shocks. They do not give quick contractions. 8. Although in many cases animals responded to eight quick shocks by giving swimming reactions this number was not found to be a precise requirement, and it varied for the same animal at different times in an unpredictable manner as well as varying from one animal to another. On one occasion a swimming response occurred after a single shock and on another after twenty-eight shocks. 9. It was found that the state of ‘facilitation’ (occurring in the response to electric shocks) of the muscles used in swimming varied a great deal but did not show any marked long-term change following a single shock or the elicitation of a swimming response.
High-Power, Low-Noise 1.5-μm Slab-Coupled Optical Waveguide (SCOW) Emitters: Physics, Devices, and Applications

We review the development of a new class of high-power, edge-emitting, semiconductor optical gain medium based on the slab-coupled optical waveguide (SCOW) concept. We restrict the scope to InP-based devices incorporating either InGaAsP or InGaAlAs quantum-well active regions and operating in the 1.5-μm-wavelength region. Key properties of the SCOW gain medium include large transverse optical mode dimensions (>;5 × 5 μm), ultralow optical confinement factor (Γ ~ 0.25-1%), and small internal loss coefficient (αi ~ 0.5 cm-1). These properties have enabled the realization of 1) packaged Watt-class semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) having low-noise figure (4-5 dB), 2) monolithic passively mode-locked lasers generating 0.25-W average output power, 3) external-cavity fiber-ring actively mode-locked lasers exhibiting residual timing jitter of <;10 fs (1Hz to Nyquist), and 4) single-frequency external-cavity lasers producing 0.37-W output power with Gaussian (Lorentzian) linewidth of 35 kHz (1.75 kHz) and relative intensity noise (RIN) <; -160 dB/Hz from 200 kHz to 10 GHz. We provide an overview the SCOW design principles, describe simulation results that quantify the performance limitations due to confinement factor, linear optical loss mechanisms, and nonlinear two-photon absorption (TPA) loss, and review the SCOW devices that have been demonstrated and applications that these devices are expected to enable.
Intraventricular schwannoma in a 15-year-old adolescent: a case report

Introduction Schwannomas are benign tumors that originate from the myelin-forming Schwann cells of peripheral nerves or at the Obersteiner–Redlich zone of the vestibular division of the eighth cranial nerve. Intraventricular schwannomas are rare, particularly among children.
Reading Drama in the Classroom: A Crafts Approach

To say that classroom activities should be relevant and meaningful to the adolescent learner is merely to echo countless writers on current educational practice. Those who implement successful new methods and techniques in the high school will agree that mentally and physically vigorous activities are certainly more apt to command and hold young people's attention than are dull, routine assignments lacking variety or imagination and involving little physical activity. Creative activity is especially important in teaching average and disadvantaged students, for whom purely intellectual approaches are empty. Dwight L. Burton reports that drama is still the stepchild of the literature class, although more is read in today's English classes than heretofore (Burton, 1970, p. 131). Teachers dabble only slightly in this genre, in spite of the fact that drama is literature in its most active and appealing state. A play happens! Happen is the key word to reading and teaching drama. It is also the key word to creative activity. But how many students ever read a play as the active event that it is? When a class is reading a play aloud, the individual character parts are assigned to various students, allowing the listeners to hear a different voice for each character. This describes the usual classroom practice, its purpose being to aid the listener's imagination in arriving somewhere near the microcosm the playwright envisioned. This technique is not enough. Again, a play happens! A play must lift off the printed page. The characters move and interact with each other. Concepts of space and time are communicated. Problems concerning humans and society are pre-
Bubble growth rates during nucleate boiling at high Jakob numbers

Abstract Bubble growth rates were investigated experimentally to determine further, the effect of high Jakob number conditions. Comparison of the experimental data with existing theory for Jakob numbers from 955 to 1112 show clearly that the discrepancies reported in earlier work [1] were primarily due to neglect of the effect of liquid inertia.
Climate variability and the sensitivity of downstream temperature to treated wastewater discharge: a simulation analysis

Anthropogenic influences and climate variability and change pose a challenge to conserving cold-water resources and associated biota in the US Rocky Mountain region. State and federal regulators set temperature standards for point-source wastewater dischargers to maintain healthy stream conditions. Regulators use recent receiving water data and temperature standards to calculate permitted effluent temperature and discharge. Thus, changes in receiving waters, especially stream temperature or discharge, may have a significant effect on permit levels for a wastewater treatment facility. Therefore, understanding the effects of climate variation on stream discharge and temperature is important in assessing potential changes to future wastewater effluent permits. In this study, we analyzed the challenge of keeping downstream temperatures below established maxima in the face of climate-induced variations in stream discharge and temperature.
Jurassic to Holocene tectonics, magmatism, and metallogeny of northwestern Mexico

The present metallic distribution in northwestern Mexico is the culmination of superposed magmatism, tectonism, erosion, and burial over more than 150 m.y. Detailed palinspastic reconstructions of preextensional configurations—the first study of its kind for this region—clarify the interplay among these features on the present distribution and character of mineralized geologic systems. This new synthesis goes beyond previous metallogenic investigations of northwestern Mexico by separating events into specific timing and structural relationships, and by restoring the geology to its preextensional configuration. Metallogenic factors such as enrichment, preservation, and erosion play major roles in the present distributions and for the first time are related to the overall metallogenic framework of northwestern Mexico. The analysis concludes that modern metallogenic patterns are the result of the complex superposition and subsequent redistribution of geologic systems in a way that is related directly to the regional history, rather than simply metallic belts or interpreted angle of a subducting slab. Three main extensional events in the Oligocene‐Holocene have been restored, and the palinspastic distributions have been analyzed. Reconstructions reveal the following: (1) Mineralization events, igneous centers, and sedimentary sequences are continuous across the Gulf of California and other areas with large amounts of extension. (2) Middle Tertiary gold-silver mineralization in Baja California may be the western part of the Sierra Madre Oc*Present address: BHP Billiton., Avenida America Vespucio Sur 100, 8th floor, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile; e-mail: John-Mark.G.Staude@ BHPBilliton.com. cidental metallogenic province, thus expanding the previously recognized extent of this province’s mineralization. (3) Late Cretaceous‐early Tertiary porphyry copper deposits and intrusive centers form a narrower belt than previously noted and are traceable for over 400 km, with parts of the belt buried beneath the younger Sierra Madre Occidental volcanic fields. (4) Interpreted alignments of older geologic features, including lineaments of ore deposits, are displaced in the reconstructions. (5) Sedimentary-rock‐hosted gold deposits and low-angle-detachment gold systems are closely related and occur around core complexes. By using structurally restored time slices, it becomes clear that older deposit types tend to be those formed at greater depths and more proximal to intrusions, whereas younger deposits formed at shallower depths are less eroded and are more commonly volcanic-rock hosted. These characteristics express themselves in the regional distribution of deposit types. Second, mineralization of widely differing ages is spatially superposed, commonly associated with coeval magmatic and tectonic events. The structural and magmatic events together with paleodistribution of ore deposits define a new framework to interpret the metallogenic history of northwestern Mexico.
Tumor necrosis after the intra-tumor injection of chemical agents and colloidal radioisotopes.

Mehrere klinisch wirksame, geschwulsthemmende Stoffe verursachten relativ rasch Nekrosen der Mausesarkoma-180-Tumoren, wenn sie, entsprechend der klinischen Anwendung von radioaktiven Kolloiden, direkt in den Tumor injiziert wurden. Sowohl unlosliche, wie losliche Verbindungen ergaben Nekrose. In den Tumor injiziertes 6-Merkaptopurin, Diathylstilbostrol und β-Naphtyl-Stickstoff-Lost verminderten alle bei Ratten das Wachstum des Jensen-Sarkoms.
Activation analysis of mono- and oligonucleotides.

Abstract Mono- and oligonucleotides from enzymic digests of RNA and DNA were separated on filter paper and their quantities determined after neutron activation of 31P to 32P. This procedure required about 1 40 of the material needed for the same analyses by UV spectrophotometry.
IMMUNIZATION OF SALMONIDS AGAINST YERSINIA RUCKERI: SIGNIFICANCE OF HUMORAL IMMUNITY AND CROSS PROTECTION BETWEEN SEROTYPES

Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were immunized with bacterins containing either Serotype 1 or 2 isolates of Yersinia ruckeri to determine the relative degree of cross-protection afforded when the fish were challenged with the homologous or heterologous serotype. While fish immunized with pH-lysed bacterins produced highly specific agglutinins that did not cross-react with antigens derived from a heterologous serotype of Y. ruckeri all fish were protected against experimental challenge, regardless of which serotype was used for bacterin production and experimental challenge. Other experiments indicated that brook trout injected intraperitoneally with highly specific antibodies could not be passively immunized against experimental challenge.
The operation of graded band gap base transistors at high currents

Abstract The flow of minority carriers in the base region of a Graded Band Gap Base (GBGB) transistor has been analyzed to determine the effect of injected current level upon the transit time of the carriers. The analysis includes the effects of both a uniform and a non-uniform impurity distribution in the base region. Unlike the conventional drift transistor, the effects of the aiding field in the base region of the GBGB transistor due to band gap grading are not eliminated at high injection levels. Calculations are also included for the emitter and collector charging times.
Molecular Pathology of Sarcoma

The rapid growth of tissue-based molecular pathology has changed the practice of the surgical pathologist signing out soft tissue tumors. This information is presented in a practical and succinct manner focusing on clinically validated findings that have diagnostic or therapeutic relevance. The approach is morphologically based and focuses on differential diagnoses and clinical scenarios. Molecular techniques can be an invaluable ancillary tool.
Deinstitutionalization, social rejection, and the self-esteem of former mental patients.

Modified labeling theorists have long argued that the stigma of mental illness has important consequences for the lives ofpeople with mental illness. We propose that social rejection is an enduring force in the lives ofpeople with mental illness and that these experiences are central to understanding the poor selfconcepts described by many former psychiatric patients. We explore changes in a cohort of recently deinstitutionalized mental patients' (N = 88) self-esteem and experiences with social rejection using data from a three wave panel survey conducted while institutionalized and over a two-year periodfollowing the patients' discharge from a long-term state hospital. Our results indicate that social rejection is a persistent source of social stress for the discharged patients. Moreover, these experiences increase feelings of self-deprecation that, in turn, weaken their sense of mastery. Where the patients' received their follow-up care-whether in a community setting or in another state hospital-had little impact on their self-relatedfeelings or on their experiences of social rejection. Our results provide further support for modified labeling theory and underscore the need to consider the dynamic relationship between stigmatizing experiences and self-related changes.
Organic crystal engineering with piperazine-2,5-diones. 2. Crystal packing of weakly dipolar piperazinediones derived from 2-amino-4-bromo-7-methoxyindan-2-carboxylic acid

Abstract Piperazine-2,5-diones with the potential to manifest three chemically distinct and linearly independent intermolecular interactions were synthesized from the enantiomers of 2-amino-4-bromo-7-methoxyindan-2-carboxylic acid. Samples of enantiomerically pure, racemic, and meso piperazinediones were characterized in the solid state by X-ray crystallography. “Ladder-like” intermolecular amide-to-amide hydrogen bonding interactions were observed in each case, establishing tape structures parallel to one crystallographic axis. The observed tape morphologies and crystal packing closely resemble that previously observed for a topographically similar tetramethoxy-piperazinedione. The results obtained demonstrate that the weak dipoles associated with the p-bromoanisole moiety play no role in determining order in the crystalline state.
Estimating Black Hole Masses in Active Galaxies Using the Hα Emission Line

It has been established that virial masses for black holes in low-redshift active galaxies can be estimated from measurements of the optical continuum strength and the width of the broad Hβ line. Under various circumstances, however, both of these quantities can be challenging to measure or can be subject to large systematic uncertainties. To mitigate these difficulties, we present a new method for estimating black hole masses. From analysis of a new sample of broad-line active galactic nuclei, we find that Hα luminosity scales almost linearly with optical continuum luminosity and that a strong correlation exists between Hα and Hβ line widths. These two empirical correlations allow us to translate the standard virial mass system to a new one based solely on observations of the broad Hα emission line.
MR demonstration of anomalous muscles about the volar aspect of the wrist and forearm

Magnetic resonance (MR) examination of 42 normal wrists was performed for evaluation of anomalous musculature. A total of 23 muscle variations were found. An accessory abductor digiti minimi was found in 10 wrists (24%), an absent palmaris longus was found in seven wrists (16%), a muscular palmaris longus tendon was found in three wrists (7%), a muscular flexor digitorum superficialis was found in two wrists (5%), and an aberrant lumbrical muscle originating from within the carpal tunnel was found in one wrist (2.4%). Such muscle variations can be distinguished by MR from other mass lesions at the wrist and a knowledge of their frequency, appearance, and location can be of help in this regard.
Multi-Channel Blind System Identification for Noninvasive Cardiovascular Monitoring

A novel method for diagnostic monitoring of the cardiovascular system is presented, which combines peripheral measurements obtained continuously and non-invasively with a multi-channel blind system identification technique.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Skeletal muscle ATP kinetics during exercise in patients with systolic heart failure

Background Creatine kinase (CK) reaction is the primary energy reserve reaction in skeletal muscle (SM), providing additional ATP during exercise. Although exercise intolerance is a major limitation in systolic heart failure (SHF), the rate of ATP delivery by CK (CK flux) has not been studied during exercise in healthy subjects (HS) or SHF patients. We hypothesized that SM high-energy phosphates and CK flux are reduced at rest and during low intensity plantar flexion exercise (PFE) in mild-moderate SHF patients. Methods 14 non-ischemic SHF patients (EF<40) and 11 HS underwent 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy with saturation transfer (MRST) measures of gastrocnemius creatine phosphate-to-ATP (PCr/ATP) and CK pseudo-first-order rate constant, k, at rest and during PFE in a Philips 3T MRI/ MRS system. Single-leg PFE involved lifting 0.9 kg/sec on a custom built non-magnetic device for 8.5 minutes. [ATP] (umol/g) was taken as 5.2umol/g for both groups and [PCr](umol/g) was calculated as (PCr/ATP)*(5.2umol/g) and CK flux (umol/g/s) as ([PCr]*k). Comparisons were made with paired and non-paired t-testing using XLSTAT package.
Clinical conundrum of solitary rectal ulcer.

A retrospective study of 80 patients with biopsy-proven solitary rectal ulcer (SRU) was conducted to review its clinical spectrum. The median follow-up was 25 months. The female-to-male ratio was 1.4∶1.0, and the mean age was 48.7 years (range, 14–76 years). Principal symptoms were bowel disturbances (74 percent) and rectal bleeding (56 percent). Twenty-one patients (26 percent) were asymptomatic and required no treatment. A previous “wrong” diagnosis was made in 25 percent. Rectal prolapse was identified in 28 percent (full-thickness, 15 percent; mucosal, 13 percent). The macroscopic appearance of the lesion seen in SRU varied widely and included polypoid lesions in 44 percent (the predominant finding in the asymptomatic group), ulcerated lesions in 29 percent (always symptomatic), and edematous, nonulcerated, hyperemic mucosa in 27 percent. Anorectal manometry provided little helpful information in the patients in whom it was performed. Management by bulk laxatives and bowel retraining led to symptomatic improvement in 19 percent of cases. In 29 percent of cases, symptoms persisted despite endoscopic healing of the lesion. Intractability of symptoms led to surgery in only 27 (34 percent) patients. Depending on the presence or absence of rectal prolapse, rectopexy or a conservative local procedure (such as local excision), respectively, appeared to be the optimal surgical treatment. The polypoid variety tended to respond to therapy more favorably than non-polypoid varieties. Thus, the macroscopic appearance of SRU has a significant bearing on the clinical course, and most cases do not require surgery.
A genetic basis of oviposition preference in the large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus

Oviposition site preferences were examined in descendents of milkweed bugs collected in six geographic areas and in their F1 and F2 hybrids. Within an area, samples were stastically homogeneous in oviposition preference across three trials. All samples from within the continental USA formed a statistically homogeneous group and, as a group, were different in oviposition preference from the Puerto Rican collection. F1 and F2 hybrids with no Puerto Rican ancestry were not significantly different from each other in oviposition preference. Hybrids with Puerto Rican ancestry exhibited a “dominance” deviation in favor of the Puerto Rican oviposition site preference in the F1 generation, but lost that deviation in the F2 generation. This loss was interpreted as evidence that oviposition preference in Oncopeltus fasciatus was polygenically controlled. Probable selection pressures affecting oviposition preferences in O. fasciatus and the advantages of polygenic control of this trait were discussed. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Genetische Basis der Eiablagepraferenz bei Oncopeltus fasciatus Bei Oncopeltus fasciatus von 6 verschiedenen Herkunften und deren F1 und F2 Hybriden wurde die bevorzugte Eiablagestelle untersucht. In drei Versuchsreihen erwiesen sich dabei alle an einer Lokalitat gesammelten Proben als statistisch homogen. Ferner bildeten alle in Nordamerika gesammelten Proben eine statistisch homogene Gruppe, die sich von der puertoricanischen Herkunft unterschied. F1 and F2 Hybriden nicht puertoricanischer Herkunft unterschieden sich nicht wesentlich voneinander. Hybriden zwischen puertoricanischen und nordame-rikanischen Herkunften zeigten in F1 eine dominante Neigung in Richtung der puertoricanischen Eiablagepraferenz; diese Neigung verlor sich in F2. Aufgrund dieses Verlusts wurde geschlossen, dass die Eiablagepraferenz polygenisch bestimmt ist.
Benzocaine as a Fish Anesthetic: Efficacy and Safety for Spawning‐Phase Salmon

Abstract The anesthetic benzocaine was tested for efficacy and safety for spawning-phase chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) at federal fish hatcheries. Tests were conducted in the existing hatchery water supplies (soft water; temperatures, 10–13 °C. Crystalline benzocaine was dissolved in ethanol (1 g/30 mL), and aliquots of that stock solution were added to the water in test tanks. Benzocaine concentrations of 25–30 mg/L anesthetized most fish in less than 3.5 min, and most fish recovered in less than 10 min after 15 min of exposure. Safety margins were narrow; both species tolerated 30 mg/L for about 20 min, but 25 min of exposure caused deaths. For 15 min exposures, concentrations of 35 mg/L for chinook salmon and 40 mg/L for Atlantic salmon were lethal.
Control of discrete event processes with forced events

This paper formulates a model for a class of discrete event systems and uses the model to determine necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a controller to achieve a prescribed behavior. Our model is an extension of that in Ramadge and Wonham [1] to include the notion of forced events. To prove our main result on the existence of controllers for this class of systems we extend the definition of a controllable language [1].
Three-Dimensional Characterization of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament's Femoral Footprint.

There is increasing use of three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) for researching anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions and tunnel placement. However, there is limited 3D CT data on the ACL footprint. The purpose of this study is to define the native ACL femoral footprint using 3D surface reconstructions of computed tomography (CT) imaging of cadaveric knees. The femoral insertion of the ACL was meticulously dissected and marked with drill holes in seven cadaveric knees. CT scans were performed on each specimen, and 3D computer models were created. Distance from the condyle edges to the margins of the footprint were referenced to the total condylar size. This was performed both parallel and perpendicular to the femoral axis as well as the intercondylar notch. The mean condylar depth ( c / C ) ratios along the axis of the femur were 0.45 ± 0.06 for the anterior border, 0.44 ± 0.08 for the posterior border, 0.26 ± 0.07 for the proximal border, and 0.63 ± 0.08 for the distal border. The mean notch ( n / N ) ratios for the four margins were 0.37 ± 0.04 for the anterior border, 0.67 ± 0.08 for the posterior border, 0.49 ± 0.07 for the proximal margin, and 0.50 ± 0.06 for the distal border. The mean c / C ratios parallel the intercondylar notch measured 0.23 ± 0.03 for the anterior border, 0.27 ± 0.04 for the posterior border, 0.37 ± 0.04 for the proximal border, and 0.12 ± 0.02 for the distal border. The mean n / N ratios perpendicular to the intercondylar notch measured 0.11 ± 0.06 for the anterior border, 0.52 ± 0.09 the posterior border, 0.29 ± 0.06 for the proximal border, and 0.30 ± 0.06 for the distal border. This study provides reference measures of the femoral footprint of the ACL using 3D CT. It will assist future studies that use advanced imaging to evaluate accuracy of ACL reconstruction.
Protein structure of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: evidence for a cell-associated precursor of the virion glycopeptides.

Abstract Immunoprecipitates of cells infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) contain a 74,000- to 75,000-dalton glycopeptide (GP-C) which is not found in the virion. The relationship between GP-C and the virus structural glycopeptides GP-1 and GP-2 was studied by two-dimensional peptide mapping and pulse-chase labeling. GP-C contained the peptides of both GP-1 and GP-2 indicating that it is a proteolytic cleavage precursor of the structural glycopeptides. Radiolabeled glucosamine or methionine incorporated into GP-C during a 1-hr pulse period was demonstrated in GP-1 and GP-2 after a chase interval of 6 hr. GP-1 and GP-2 are apparently the only major products of the cleavage of GP-C, as mixtures of the digests of GP-1 and GP-2 essentially reproduce the map of GP-C. Carbohydrate label incorporation into the viral glycopeptides was studied, and GP-C was found to be relatively rich in mannose and glucosamine but poor in fucose and galactose. In constrast, GP-1 contained glucosamine, fucose, and galactose, while GP-2 contained glucosamine and fucose. By surface iodination and immunoprecipitation, only GP-1 was found on the surfaces of infected cells.
CONVECTIVE INSTABILITY OF A MODEL CHROMOSPHERE.

The convective stability of a simple model chromosphere is investigated. The model chromosphere consists of protons, electrons, and hydrogen atoms in the ground state; ionization is collisional and recombination is radiative. The analysis indicates stability when the kinetic temperature (T) is less than 17 500K (assuming T increases with height). However, for T > 17 500K, the model chromosphere is overstable in the absence of magnetic fields provided the temperature inversion is sufficiently steep. For smaller values of the temperature gradient, field-free regions are stable if the density is small and monotonically unstable if it is large. In the presence of a magnetic field, the model chromosphere is monotonically unstable for T > 17 500K, regardless of the temperature gradient.
Pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Purification by affinity chromatography and physicochemical properties

Abstract Pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa was purified 150-fold by affinity chromatography on immobilized 2′-AMP. The binding of the enzyme is pH dependent. Elution was achieved with 2′-AMP, NADP + , or NADPH but not with 5′-AMP, NAD + , or NADH. The enzyme preparations appeared to be homogeneous in gel chromatography and ultracentrifugation, but only if these procedures were carried out in the presence of 2′-AMP or NADP + . With 2′-AMP a sedimentation coefficient of 34 S, a molecular weight of 1.6–1.7 million, and a Stokes' radius of 11.7 nm were determined. In the presence of NADP + the sedimentation coefficient was 42 S and the molecular weight was 6.4 million. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate revealed one kind of subunit with a molecular weight of 54,000. This was consistent with results from amino acid analyses and paper chromatography of peptides. Eight molar urea inactivated the enzyme but did not dissociate it into subunits. Full activity was restored after dialysis against urea-free buffer by mercaptoethanol and flavin-adenine dinucleotide.
The Orphan G Protein-coupled Receptors GPR41 and GPR43 Are Activated by Propionate and Other Short Chain Carboxylic Acids

GPR41 and GPR43 are related members of a homologous family of orphan G protein-coupled receptors that are tandemly encoded at a single chromosomal locus in both humans and mice. We identified the acetate anion as an agonist of human GPR43 during routine ligand bank screening in yeast. This activity was confirmed after transient transfection of GPR43 into mammalian cells using Ca2+ mobilization and [35S]guanosine 5′-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) binding assays and by coexpression with GIRK G protein-regulated potassium channels in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Other short chain carboxylic acid anions such as formate, propionate, butyrate, and pentanoate also had agonist activity. GPR41 is related to GPR43 (52% similarity; 43% identity) and was activated by similar ligands but with differing specificity for carbon chain length, with pentanoate being the most potent agonist. A third family member,GPR42, is most likely a recent gene duplication ofGPR41 and may be a pseudogene. GPR41 was expressed primarily in adipose tissue, whereas the highest levels of GPR43 were found in immune cells. The identity of the cognate physiological ligands for these receptors is not clear, although propionate is known to occur in vivo at high concentrations under certain pathophysiological conditions.
Rapid diagnosis of herpes simplex infection: Amplication for electron-microscopy by short-term in vitro replication

Summary Herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis was suspected in a three-year-old child on clinical grounds and on a computer tomography scan and an electroencephalogram. A brain biopsy was performed, and tissue was examined for confirmation. The use of immunoflorescence microscopy (IFM) and electron microscopy (EM) for the direct examination of a brain biopsy from a patient with presumptive herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis yielded negative results. Nevertheless, Herpes virions were demonstrable by EM in tissue cultures inoculated with suspensions of this brain material prior to the appearance of specific light microscopic cytopathology. An embedding technique was devised whereby inoculated monolayers could be rapidly processed for EM and ultrathin sections examined two hours after cell harvest.
Substituted gamma-lactones. XIV. Nitration of 2-phenyl- and 2-methyl-4-benzylidene-5-(4H)-oxazolones

The nitration of 2-phenyl-4-alkoxybenzylidene-5-(4H)-oxazolones to yield the corresponding mononitrobenzylidene derivatives is described. During nitration of the analogue 2-methyl-derivatives hydrolysis occurs simultaneously to give α-acetylaminocinnamic acids.
Extreme Value Distribution and Peak Factor of Crosswind Response of Flexible Structures with Nonlinear Aeroelastic Effect

AbstractThe crosswind response at the vicinity of vortex lock-in wind speed becomes an increasing concern in structural design of super tall buildings and other dynamically sensitive structures. Because of nonlinear aeroelastic effect of vortex shedding, the extreme value distribution and peak factor of crosswind response are distinctly different from traditional wind-induced stochastic buffeting response. This study establishes an effective approach for predicting extreme value distribution and peak factor of crosswind response of flexible structures on the basis of an improved understanding of the underlying mechanism. It is pointed out that the improved extreme theory of Gaussian processes with consideration of narrow-band feature cannot interpret the extreme crosswind response. This study, at the first time, reveals that the unique characteristics of extreme value distribution of crosswind response is primarily attributed to its hardening non-Gaussian distribution. An extensive analysis of simulated c...
Collective Estimation of Ocean Nonlinear Internal Waves Using Robotic Underwater Drifters

This paper considers a group of drogues whose objective is to estimate the physical parameters that determine the dynamics of ocean nonlinear internal waves. Internal waves are important in oceanography because, as they travel, they are capable of displacing small animals, such as plankton, larva, and fish. These waves are described by models that employ trigonometric functions parameterized by a set of constants such as amplitude, wavenumber, and temporal frequency. While underwater, individual drogues do not have access to absolute position information and only rely on inter-drogue measurements. Building on this data and the study of the drogue dynamics under the flow induced by the internal wave, we design two strategies, referred to as the Vanishing Derivative Method and the Passing Wave Method, that are able to determine the wavenumber and the speed ratio. Either of these strategies can be employed in the Parameter Determination Strategy to determine all the remaining wave parameters. We analyze the correctness of the proposed strategies and discuss their robustness against different sources of error. Simulations illustrate the algorithm performance under noisy measurements as well as the effect of different initial drogue configurations.
Ability of linear length of positive margin in radical prostatectomy specimens to predict biochemical recurrence.

Objectives To determine whether the linear length of a positive margin (LLPM) in radical prostatectomy specimens is associated with the risk of biochemical recurrence (BCR). Methods A total of 294 patients with a positive margin in the radical prostatectomy specimen were assessed for the association between the LLPM and BCR (defined as a serum prostate-specific antigen level of ≥0.2 ng/mL) using a Cox proportional hazards regression model. The concordance index on multivariate analysis was calculated without the LLPM, with LLPM as a continuous variable, and with the LLPM as a binary variable (≤1 mm vs >1 mm). Results The mean LLPM was 3.90 mm (median 2.0, range 0.1-30.5). The LLPM was an independent prognostic factor for BCR ( P Conclusions The LLPM in the radical prostatectomy specimen was an independent predictive factor for BCR in patients with a positive margin. This association was stronger for Stage pT2 tumors with a positive margin. Reporting the actual LLPM could improve the predictive accuracy of BCR in patients whose radical prostatectomies had positive margins. We advocate reporting LLPM in radical prostatectomy, particularly for pT2 tumors.
Social Constraints, Agency, Inter-Organizational Tie Formation and Knowledge Diffusion

Social capital is currently one of social structure‘s most prominent and debated manifestations. However, we have a limited understanding of how social ties as the basis of social capital form in the first place. From one perspective social capital is viewed as: "investment in social relations with expected returns in the marketplace" (Lin 2001, p. 19). A second perspective on social capital formation stresses contextual and environmental features beyond the control of individuals that may yield benefits. Both perspectives are based on premises implicating various motives and structural constraints pertaining to relationship formation including: exchange, power, and dependency; legitimacy seeking or preferential attachment based on status or prestige; homogeneity or homophily and related selection processes; propinquity; or cultural or institutional forces. These categories of mechanisms do not, however, specify a model of how social relationships as social capital are formed in the first place. If social capital results from "investment strategies," it is important to determine what these strategies are. If social capital originates from structural factors beyond individual control it is important to clarify what mechanisms lead to tie formation within social structures. The objective of this research is to specify mechanisms of social tie formation and reinforcement by peering inside the black-box of foci (Feld 1981) in which social ties are formed. We do so by focusing on the structural contexts within which individual (micro-level) corporate actors form social relationships for knowledge acquisition that results in macro-level knowledge sharing. A mixed-method analytical approach is employed to this end. Findings illustrate how the subtleties of social structure define the parameters within which social relationships are (strategically) formed.
A FURTHER NOTE ON THE FLEET DESIGN PROBLEM

ABSTRACT In a recent paper, Jones and Zydiak [2] discuss the steady state fleet design problem, which has no natural initial distribution of vehicles. For this problem, they develop a new optimality criterion of minimizing annual equivalent cost per vehicle because the traditional optimally criterion of minimizing annual equivalent cost can lead to paradoxical results, as shown by example, when applied to the fleet design problem. In a subsequent note, Hartman [1] argues that this paradox is actually a result of a replacement convention that ignores opportunity costs. In this response, we demonstrate that paradoxical replacement behavior can occur with the traditional criterion even when opportunity costs are accounted for in the replacement analysis. We further conclude that the problems considered respectively by Jones and Zydiak [2] and Hartman [1] are fundamentally different in nature.
Dietary supplementation with cholesterol and docosahexaenoic acid affects concentrations of amino acids in tissues of young pigs

Cholesterol and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are important nutrients for neural development of infants. However, little is known about the effect of cholesterol or DHA on concentrations of amino acids (AA) in neonatal tissues. This study was conducted with the piglet (an established model for studying human infant nutrition) to test the hypothesis that dietary supplementation with the lipids may modulate AA availability in tissues. Sixteen newborn pigs were nursed by sows for 24 h and then assigned to one of four treatment groups, representing supplementation with 0.0% (control), 0.2% cholesterol, 0.2% DHA, or cholesterol plus DHA to the basal milk-formula. All piglets were euthanized at 49 days of age. In brain, cholesterol supplementation reduced (P < 0.05) concentrations of glutamate, serine, glutamine, threonine, β-alanine, alanine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, and γ-aminobutyrate but increased (P < 0.05) concentrations of glycine and lysine, whereas DHA supplementation similarly affected (P < 0.05) concentrations of the same AA (except for isoleucine and lysine) and taurine. In addition, concentrations of most AA in liver, muscle and plasma were substantially altered by dietary supplementation of cholesterol and DHA in a tissue-dependent manner. Further, DHA reduced concentrations of carnosine in skeletal muscle, as well as ammonia in both plasma and brain. The results reveal that cholesterol and DHA can regulate AA metabolism and availability in various tissues of piglets. These novel findings have important implications for designing the next generation of infant formula to optimize neonatal growth and development.
Ferromagnetism and Borromean binding in three-fermion clusters.

A three-particle spin-12 fermion problem with on-site repulsion and nearest-neighbor attraction is solved on the two-dimensional square lattice by discretizing a Schrodinger equation in momentum space. Energies of bound complexes (trions) and their binding conditions are obtained. For total spin S=1/2, a wide region of trion instability toward decaying into a stable singlet pair plus a free fermion is identified. The instability is attributed to the formation of a wave function node upon addition of the third fermion. In the S=3/2 sector, trions are found to form in the absence of bound pairs indicating Borromean binding. In the strong coupling limit the system transitions from an S=1/2 ground state to a ferromagnetic S=3/2 ground state in agreement with the Nagaoka theorem for a four-site plaquette.
Noncardiac uptake of technetium-99m MIBI

A 74-YEAR-OLD spanish-speaking Peruvian woman underwent total thyroidectomy with bilateral median neck dissection in 1977 for follicular thyroid carcinoma. This was followed by Iodine-131 (1311) ablation for remnant thyroid tissue. In 1987, a 131I whole-body scan and a computed tomography scan of the chest confirmed lung metastasis as well as functioning tissue within the thyroid bed. The patient was given 175 mCi of 131I for therapy. In June 1988, she received an additional 200 mCi of 131I. In February 1989, the patient underwent a 131I whole-body scan, which was normal. The patient was seen in the University of California Davis, Medical Center Endocrinology Clinic on September 11, 1991, with a normal physical examination. No palpable thyroid tissue or lymphadenopathy was appreciated. The thyroglobulin level on October 11, 1991, was 33 IU (normal < 60). The patient was then scheduled for a 2311 whole-body scan. In the interim, the patient developed chest pain and new onset of congestive heart failure. A Persantine (DuPont, Manati, Puerto Rico) Cardiolite (DuPont, Billerica, MA) stress test with single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) was performed on October 5, 1991, to evaluate myocardial perfusion. The patient was injected with 40 mg of intravenous Persantine over 4 minutes, followed by an injection of 29.8 mCi of technetium-99m-MIBI, which on the anterior planar image demonstrated an abnormal focus of uptake in the midchest region (Fig 1). Technetium-99mhexakis-2-methoxy isobutyl isonitrile ([99m-TC] MIBI) a lipophilic complex, is a myocardial perfusion imaging agent. 1 After the oral administration of 4.92 mCi of 131I on October 29, 1991, the patient underwent 1311 whole-body anterior and posterior passes 72
Theory and laboratory experiments of elastic wave scattering by dry planar fractures

Remote sensing of fractures with elastic waves is important in fields ranging from seismology to nondestructive testing. In many geophysical applications, fractures control the flow of fluids such as water, hydrocarbons or magma. While previous analytic descriptions of scattering mostly deal with very large or very small fractures (compared to the dominant wavelength), we present an analytic solution for the scattering of elastic waves from a fracture of arbitrary size. Based on the linear slip model for a dry fracture, we derive the scattering amplitude in the frequency domain under the Born approximation for all combinations of incident and scattered wave modes. Our analytic results match laser-based ultrasonic laboratory measurements of a single fracture in clear plastic, allowing us to quantify the compliance of a fracture. Copyright © 2011 by the American Geophysical Union.
Multiple fixed doses of “Seroquel” (quetiapine) in patients with acute exacerbation of schizophrenia: A comparison with haloperidol and placebo

Five fixed doses of the atypical antipsychotic "Seroquel" (quetiapine) were evaluated to delineate a dose-response relationship, as measured by changes from baseline in Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Clinical Global Impression (CGI), and Modified Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) summary scores, and to compare efficacy and tolerability opposite placebo and haloperidol. Three hundred sixty-one patients from 26 North American centers entered this double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with acute exacerbation of chronic schizophrenia (DSM-III-R). Patients who completed a single-blind, placebo washout phase were randomized to double-blind treatment with quetiapine (75, 150, 300, 600, or 750 mg daily), haloperidol (12 mg daily), or placebo and evaluated weekly for 6 weeks. At end point, significant differences (p < 0.05, analysis of covariance) in adjusted mean changes from baseline were identified between the four highest doses of quetiapine and placebo for BPRS total, BPRS positive-symptom cluster, and CGI Severity of Illness item scores and between quetiapine 300 mg and placebo for SANS summary score. Differences between quetiapine and haloperidol were not significant. Dose-response modeling showed significant linear and quadratic functions of quetiapine dose for all primary efficacy variables. Notably, no significant safety concerns were identified as dose increased. Quetiapine was no different from placebo across the dose range studied regarding incidence of extrapyramidal symptoms or change in prolactin concentrations. Quetiapine is well tolerated and clinically effective in the treatment of schizophrenia. It is both superior to placebo and comparable to haloperidol in reducing positive symptoms at doses ranging from 150 to 750 mg/day and in reducing negative symptoms at a dose of 300 mg/day.
Paleomagnetism of a paleocene pluton on jamaica

Abstract A Paleocene granodiorite pluton on Jamaica has been subject to extensive weathering caused by the tropical marine environment of the island. The natural remanence of 29 samples obtained from relatively fresh rock in two localities was found to consist of two components with overlapping coercivity ranges. Alternating field treatment proved ineffective for removing the secondary component without destroying the primary one. Thermal demagnetization of samples from the two localities was more effective and yielded paleomagnetic poles at 14.7°N, 11.6°W and 58.9°N, 15.9°E respectively. These pole positions are different from those available from contemporaneous North American rocks and from poles derived from Jamaican Cretaceous and Upper Miocene rocks. Mineralogical studies showed that the granodiorite has undergone an extensive maghemitization superposed on earlier class 2 deuteric oxidation and related to the weathering process. Some of the titanomaghemite has, however, been converted to titanohematite. Hence although the secondary remanence carried by the former was removable by thermal treatment at 500°C, its part carried by the latter could not be removed without simultaneously destroying the primary remanence carried by the residual titanomagnetite. The observed paleopole positions do not, therefore, represent the true Paleocene geomagnetic field, but suggest that the direction of magnetization of the pluton has been approximately equatorial and was probably acquired in a reversed geomagnetic field. This could be interpreted as having been caused by the behavior of the geomagnetic field during a polarity transition, but a more favorable interpretation appears to be a large anticlockwise tectonic rotation of the islands since the Paleocene.