cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enumeration of viruses and prokaryotes in deep-sea sediments and cold seeps of the Gulf of Mexico

Abstract Little is known about the distribution and abundance of viruses in deep-sea cold-seep environments. Like hydrothermal vents, seeps support communities of macrofauna that are sustained by chemosynthetic bacteria. Sediments close to these communities are hypothesized to be more microbiologically active and therefore to host higher numbers of viruses than non-seep areas. Push cores were taken at five types of Gulf of Mexico habitats at water depths below 1000 m using a remotely operated vehicle (ROV). The habitats included non-seep reference sediment, brine seeps, a microbial mat, an urchin field, and a pogonophoran worm community. Samples were processed immediately for enumeration of viruses and prokaryotes without the addition of a preservative. Prokaryote counts were an order of magnitude lower in sediments directly in contact with macrofauna (urchins, pogonophorans) compared to all other samples (107 vs. 108 cells g−1 dry weight) and were highest in areas of elevated salinity (brine seeps). Viral-Like Particle (VLP) counts were lowest in the reference sediments and pogonophoran cores (108 VLP g−1 dry wt), higher in brine seeps (109 VLP g−1 dry wt), and highest in the microbial mats (1010 VLP g−1 dry wt). Virus-prokaryote ratios (VPR) ranged from 30 in the microbial mats and >60 in the urchin field. VLP counts and VPR were all significantly greater than those reported from sediments in the deep Mediterranean Sea and in most cases were higher than recent data from a cold-seep site near Japan. The high VPR suggest that greater microbial activity in or near cold-seep environments results in greater viral production and therefore higher numbers of viruses.
Diagnosis of macrosomia in the postdates population: combining sonographic estimates of fetal weight with glucose challenge testing.

Objective: To evaluate the test characteristics of sonographic estimation of fetal weight in the detection of macrosomia in nondiabetic postdates patients as a function of maternal glucose value measured after glucose challenge testing performed at 24-28 weeks of gestation.Methods: At or beyond 41 weeks' gestation, 656 nondiabetic patients had sonographic estimation of fetal weight. Receiver-operator characteristic curve analysis was used to define the glucose value at which an optimal number of macrosomic fetuses could be identified. The test characteristics of sonography in the prediction of macrosomia in the two populations defined by that cut-off value were evaluated.Results: A glucose level of 120 mg/dL (6.6 mM) was identified as the optimal cutoff for prediction of birth weight ≥4,000 g. In the group with a glucose level ≥120 mg/dL, sonographic estimation of fetal weight in the detection of macrosomia offered a sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of 63%, 91%, 71%, a...
Meaningful family relationships: Neurocognitive buffers of adolescent risk taking

Discordant development of brain regions responsible for cognitive control and reward processing may render adolescents susceptible to risk taking. Identifying ways to reduce this neural imbalance during adolescence can have important implications for risk taking and associated health outcomes. Accordingly, we sought to examine how a key family relationship-family obligation-can reduce this vulnerability. Forty-eight adolescents underwent an fMRI scan during which they completed a risk-taking and cognitive control task. Results suggest that adolescents with greater family obligation values show decreased activation in the ventral striatum when receiving monetary rewards and increased dorsolateral PFC activation during behavioral inhibition. Reduced ventral striatum activation correlated with less real-life risk-taking behavior and enhanced dorsolateral PFC activation correlated with better decision-making skills. Thus, family obligation may decrease reward sensitivity and enhance cognitive control, thereby reducing risk-taking behaviors.
Frequencies of hprt mutant lymphocytes in smokers, non-smokers, and former smokers

Previous work with the autoradiographic mutant lymphocyte assay has provided information about the time-course of development of hprt mutations and the persistence of detectable mutant cells in human subjects following therapeutic exposures to genotoxic agents. These early studies also revealed elevations in frequencies of mutant cells in pretreatment blood samples from patients who were current tobacco smokers, but no information was available on former smokers. In the present study, blood samples were obtained from 21 healthy former tobacco smokers who had quit smoking at least 1 year before sampling, 42 subjects who had never smoked, and 23 tobacco smokers. Plasma from all samples was tested for cotinine, a metabolite of nicotine. Current smokers were categorized as heavy smokers (≥10 cigarettes per day, cotinine ≥90 ng/ml plasma) and light smokers (<10/day, cotinine < 90 ng/ml). Lymphocytes from the blood samples were isolated, cryopreserved, and later thawed and assayed with the autoradiographic hprt assay. The 21 former tobacco smokers had a mean variant (mutant) frequency (Vf ± standard error) of 1.97 (±0.13) per million evaluatable cells. The Vf of 42 subjects who had never smoked was 1.74 (±0.13) × 10-6, not significantly different from the former smokers. The smokers had Vfs of 8.09 (±0.78) × 10-6 for 18 heavy smokers and 5.22 (±1.02) × 10-6 for five light smokers. The two categories of smokers had frequencies of mutant cells significantly different from each other, and each was significantly higher than non-smokers and former smokers (P < 0.05). Vfs were significantly correlated with both cotinine concentrations and the number of cigarettes smoked per day, P < 0.001. This study demonstrates the sensitivity of the autoradiographic hprt assay for detecting mutagenic effects related to chronic low-level exposures to genotoxins, and indicates that this assay is more likely to detect the effects of recent rather than past exposures. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 30:131–138, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Peptidergic innervation of the cremaster nucleus. I. A sexually dimorphic population of substance P-containing intraspinal neurons exists in the substance P pathway to the rat cremaster nucleus.

Abstract The cremaster nucleus (CN) lies in the lumbar spinal cord and is sexually dimorphic: the male CN contains three times as many motoneurons as the female. The substance P (SP) innervation of the CN is also sexually dimorphic with males receiving a very prominent innervation which is greatly diminished in females. These investigations examined SP-containing neurons located in the ventral half of lamina IV and the lateral aspects of laminae V, VII, and IX, in lumbar spinal levels 1,2. SP-containing intraspinal neurons in these laminae are at least three times as numerous in males than females. This provides the first demonstration of a sexually dimorphic population of spinal neurons which is not motor or preganglionic in nature. These SP-containing interneurons are found within, or adjacent to, the SP-containing fibers which constitute the massive SP pathway to the male CN. Processes of these SP-containing neurons were observed to contribute to the formation of the SP pathway to the male CN. The immunohistochemically demonstrable presence of these lumbar 1,2, laminae IV–IX, SP-containing neurons validates former studies which suggested their existence (Gibson et al., Brain Research, 301 (1984) 243–251; Uda et al., Neurosci. Lett., 57 (1985) 185–190).
Projections from auditory cortex contact ascending pathways that originate in the superior olive and inferior colliculus

The superior olivary complex (SOC) and inferior colliculus (IC) are targets of cortical projections as well as sources of major ascending auditory pathways. This study examines whether the cortical projections contact cells in the SOC or IC that project to higher levels. First, we placed an anterograde tracer into the auditory cortex to label cortico-olivary axons and a retrograde tracer into the IC to label olivocollicular cells in guinea pigs. Cortical axons contacted many labeled cells in the ipsilateral SOC and fewer labeled cells in the contralateral SOC. Contacted cells projected to the ipsilateral or contralateral IC. In a second experiment, we labeled corticocollicular axons with an anterograde tracer and injected retrograde tracers into the medial geniculate (MG) to label colliculogeniculate cells. In the IC ipsilateral to the cortical injection, many cortical axons contacted colliculogeniculate cells in the dorsal cortex and external cortex of the IC. The contacted cells projected to the ipsilateral MG or, less often, to the contralateral MG. The results indicate that cortical projections are likely to contact cells in the SOC and IC that project to higher centers. This suggests that auditory cortex can modulate the ascending auditory pathways at multiple levels of the brainstem.
From Inherent Value to Incentive Value: When and Why Pointless Effort Enhances Consumer Preference

Companies typically use clear fonts and bright pictures in their ads, Web sites, and product-package designs; place their products on easy-to-reach shelves; and emphasize ease-of-usage to make their products appear desirable to consumers. However, we suggest that customers focused on “incentive” value (getting the best product) may instead see products associated with noninstrumental (pointless) effort as more desirable. We suggest that because effort is usually required to get the best outcomes, people looking for the best outcomes also mistakenly presume effort must imply the best possible outcome. Across five studies, we show that highlighting incentive value—for instance, by message framing or by measuring chronic focus or by manipulating situational focus on incentive value—enhances preference toward outcomes associated with noninstrumental effort. We discuss the importance of our findings for understanding everyday consumption decisions and argue for a widespread tendency among individuals wanting the best to infer value from noninstrumental effort.
The successful correction of atrioseptal defects combined with transposition of the superior vena cava and aberrant pulmonary veins, utilizing the pump oxygenator.

Abstract 1. 1. A case is reported of two atrioseptal defects, associated with transposition of the superior vena cava into the left atrium, and anomalous return of the right upper and middle lobe veins. 2. 2. Complete correction was accomplished, utilizing the pump oxygenator. 3. 3. The superior vena cava was redirected into the right atrium, and the aberrant pulmonary veins into the left atrium. An apical segmental resection completed the operative procedure.
An EEG alpha-detection, feedback stimulation, and data analysis system

A two-channel general-purpose EEG alpha-detection system is described, along with the associated computer hardware and software. A specific application for the study of the human orienting response using alpha-contingent visual stimulation is presented. Limitations are discussed.
Fostering Reasoning About Complex Systems: Using the Aquarium to Teach Systems Thinking

Middle school learners find it difficult to understand ecosystems. Here we describe an intervention that pairs structure, behavior, and function (SBF) conceptual reasoning with computer-based learning tools that focus on an aquarium as a complex biological system. Based on results from 138 middle school students, we suggest that the use of SBF ontology combined with guided questions and simulations can enable students to consider multiple aspects of system dynamics. Potential benefits of using this framework in ecological education include providing learners with a language to articulate ideas and increased ability to transfer ideas from one context to another.
Propagation of terahertz pulses in random media

We describe measurements of single-cycle terahertz pulse propagation in a random medium. The unique capabilities of terahertz time-domain spectroscopy permit the characterization of a multiply scattered field with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution. With these results, we can develop a framework for understanding the statistics of broadband laser speckle. Also, the ability to extract information on the phase of the field opens up new possibilities for characterizing multiply scattered waves. We illustrate this with a simple example, which involves computing a time-windowed temporal correlation between fields measured at different spatial locations. This enables the identification of individual scattering events, and could lead to a new method for imaging in random media.
Hemodynamic Effects of Smoking in Congestive Heart Failure

This study was designed to investigate the hemodynamic effects of smoking in patients with congestive heart failure. Hemodynamic measurements were made in seven patients with heart failure before, during, and after smoking two unfiltered cigarettes (approximately 2.4 mg of nicotine). Smoking significantly (p less than .05) increased heart rate and decreased stroke volume. Cardiac output remained unchanged. Significant increases were noted in systemic systolic and diastolic blood pressures concomitant with significant increases in total systemic vascular resistance and systemic arteriolar resistance. Pulmonary arterial pressure and total pulmonary vascular resistance increased as well. Mean right atrial pressure and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure rose modestly during smoking. Finally, the double product, an index of myocardial oxygen consumption, increased considerably during the smoking and postsmoking periods. Smoking elicits significant hemodynamic effects in patients with congestive heart failure, many unfavorable and potentially detrimental.
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel selective factor Xa inhibitors with a tetrahydroisoquinoline ring

A series of novel 2,7-disubstituted tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives were designed and synthesized. Among these derivatives, compounds 1 and 2 exhibited potent inhibitory activity against factor Xa (FXa) and good selectivity with respect to other serine proteases (thrombin, plasmin, and trypsin). In addition, compound 2 exhibited potent anti-FXa activity after intravenous and oral administration to cynomolgus monkeys, showed a dose-dependent antithrombotic effect at 0.1, 0.3, and 1 mg kg-1 h-1 in a rat model of venous thrombosis, and significantly reduced the size of brain infarction in a middle cerebral artery occlusion model at a dose of 0.1 mg kg-1 h-1. These results suggest that compound 2 (JTV-803) is likely to be useful as both a venous and arterial antithrombotic agent.
ω-3 carboxylic acids for hypertriglyceridemia.

Introduction: ω-3 carboxylic acids (ω3 CA), also called ω3 free fatty acids (ω3 FFA), with the trade name Epanova™ is a new formulation of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) approved for the treatment of severe hypertriglyceridemia. The FFA form of EPA and DHA is associated with higher bioavailability than other forms of ω3 fatty acids, potentially resulting in efficacy at lower doses and less dependence on meal relationship.Areas covered: The efficacy and safety of ω3 CA from clinical trials as well as PK and PD data will be reviewed. The mechanism of action of ω3 fatty acids in the lowering of triglycerides (TG) will be discussed and comparison is made with ω3 ethyl ester compounds.Expert opinion: ω3 CA are a unique form of ω3 fatty acids that appear safe and effective in lowering serum TG and offer the possibility of better patient compliance due to lower-dose efficacy and the ability to take with or without food. ω3 CA lowered TG by 26 and 31% for the 2 and 4 g/day doses, respect...
Study of radio channel for biomedical sensors in spacesuits

Current space suits use conventional wired links to acquire biomedical sensor data. Replacing these with wireless links would provide a number of operational benefits, but the radio path loss environment must be understood first. In this paper, we study the radio channel of body area networks for space suit applications. Our main findings are that the transmission mechanism follows a coaxial cable model and is approximately 8.5dB/30cm loss at 400 MHz.
Solution structure and backbone dynamics of the human DNA ligase IIIalpha BRCT domain

BRCT (BRCA1 carboxyl terminus) domains are found in a number of DNA repair enzymes and cell cycle regulators and are believed to mediate important protein-protein interactions. The DNA ligase IIIalpha BRCT domain partners with the distal BRCT domain of the DNA repair protein XRCC1 (X1BRCTb) in the DNA base excision repair (BER) pathway. To elucidate the mechanisms by which these two domains can interact, we have determined the solution structure of human ligase IIIalpha BRCT (L3[86], residues 837-922). The structure of L3[86] consists of a beta2beta1beta3beta4 parallel sheet with a two-alpha-helix bundle packed against one face of the sheet. This fold is conserved in several proteins having a wide range of activities, including X1BRCTb [Zhang, X. D., et al. (1998) EMBO J. 17, 6404-6411]. L3[86] exists as a dimer in solution, but an insufficient number of NOE restraints precluded the determination of the homodimer structure. However, 13C isotope-filtered and hydrogen-deuterium exchange experiments indicate that the N-terminus, alpha1, the alpha1-beta2 loop, and the three residues following alpha2 are involved in forming the dimer interface, as similarly observed in the structure of X1BRCTb. NOE and dynamic data indicate that several residues (837-844) in the N-terminal region appear to interconvert between helix and random coil conformations. Further studies of other BRCT domains and of their complexes are needed to address how these proteins interact with one another, and to shed light on how mutations can lead to disruption of function and ultimately disease.
Ramp Injector Scale Effects on Supersonic Combustion

The combustion field downstream of a 10 deg compression ramp injector has been studied experimentally using wall static pressure measurement, OH planar laser-induced fluorescence, and 2 kHz intensified video filtered at 320 nm for OH emission. Nominal test section entrance conditions were Mach 2, 131 kPa static pressure, and 756 K stagnation temperature. The experiment was equipped with a variable-length inlet duct that facilitated varying the boundary-layer development length for nearly constant injector shock structure conditions. By varying the boundary-layer thickness from 40% of the ramp height to 150% of the ramp height, changes in the combustion flowfield downstream of the injector could be diagnosed. It was found that flame shape changed, the persistence of the vortex cores was reduced, and combustion efficiency rose as the incident boundary layer grew. Unsteadiness within the flameholding region also varied greatly over the range of conditions studied, and largest unsteadiness was observed at int...
Analysis and visualization of complex psychophysiological data: Coordinated use of multiple applications on a microcomputer

Personal computers have become ubiquitous for data analysis and visualization. Complex analyses and visualizations of large data sets prove challenging for microcomputer environments and highlight a tradeoff between customized programming to enhance specificity and processing speed and the use of commercially available software packages. We frame this choice in terms of a continuum that exists from low-level programming languages to higher-level languages, and beyond this to object-oriented programming environments and other advanced software products; we argue that there is no sharp conceptual distinction between programming and not programming. In this light, we discuss the pros and cons of using several commercial software packages in concert on a single platform to facilitate complex research tasks and discuss the implications of this choice for innovative research.
Heterogeneity of sodium-dependent excitatory amino acid uptake mechanisms in rat brain.

The pharmacologic and kinetic characteristics of sodium-dependent uptake of [3H] L-glutamate, [3H] D-aspartate, and [3H] L-aspartate into crude synaptosomal preparations of rat corpus striatum and ecrebellum have been examined in vitro. In cerebellum the apparent Kt s and Vmax for the three excitatory amino acids were identical whereas in striatal synaptosomes, the Vmax for [3H] L-glutamate was 30% greater (P≤.001) than for [3H] D-aspartate and 50% greater (P ≤.001) than for [3H] L-aspartate. L-Amino adipic acid inhibited the uptake of the three amino acids in both regions of brain but was 15- to 20-fold more potent in cerebellum than in striatum. In contrast, dihydrokainic acid inhibited transport processes in the corpus straitum but was without activity in cerebellar preparations. The neurotoxin kainic acid blocked only a portion (60%) of [3H] L-glutamate and [3H] D-aspartate uptake in cerebellum while completeley inhibiting amino acid trasport in corpus striatum. Three days post kainic acid lesion, [3H] D-aspartate uptake was attenuated more than [3H] L-glutamate uptake in the corpus straitum; destruction of corticostriatal afferents reduced [3H] L-glutamate to a greater extent than [3H] D-aspartate. Various lesions of the cerebellum affected excitatory amino acid transport processes to a similar extent. These results suggest that excitatory amino acid transport systems are pharmacologically distinct in different brain regions and may be heterogeneous within a single region.
Fabrication of functionally graded TiC/Ti composites by Laser Engineered Net Shaping

Abstract Crack-free functionally graded TiC/Ti composite materials were fabricated by laser engineered net shaping (LENS), with compositions changing from pure Ti to approximately 95 vol% TiC. By delivering the constituent materials from different powder feeders and through process control, the LENS process can be used for the fabrication of functionally graded materials.
Comparative Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Flow and Pressure Fields Inside Deep and Shallow Pockets for a Hydrostatic Bearing

This article presents the experimental and numerical study of the development of flow patterns and pressure profiles inside a rectangular pocket of a hydrostatic journal bearing where its depth is the main varying parameter. Other parameters are the pocket's aspect ratio, restrictor inlet conditions, and shaft velocity. The flow visualization procedure used a full-flow field tracking method, a Lagrangian method used to follow microsphere particles injected in the flow stream and, through them, visually reconstruct the flow pattern in the pocket. A high-intensity pulsed YAG laser combined with an optical train of lenses was used to create a thin sheet of light that illuminates the particles contained in its plane. A long-distance microscope (LDM) coupled with a video camera digitally recorded the particles’ positions, thus creating instantaneous representative images of the flow structure. The experimental results presented herein are accompanied by a numerical simulation that uses CFD-ACE+, a commercial s...
The May 2004 Enlargement of the European Union: View from Two Years Out

A prominent American geographer and observer of political currents shaping modern Europe provides an introduction and background for three following papers on the nature and impacts of European Union's 2004 enlargement in different macroregions along the EU's eastern frontier. He outlines three major dimensions (economic, social-political, and institutional) that may be used to evaluate claims supporting and opposing enlargement, surveying the evidence to date for each. Concluding sections highlight the importance of scale in assessing the impacts of enlargement, the persistence of state nationalism as a curb to EU "deepening," and changes in the nature of the EU itself over time. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: F02, F20, F40, O19. 2 figures, 20 references.
Existential approaches to action research

Abstract The existential approach to action research is derived from research that suggests that teachers' actions, intentions, and beliefs are manifestations of their ways of being teachers. A teacher's ‘way of being’ in an educational situation is defined and informed by what was and is for the teacher, and his or her intentions for what could be. It is essentially the way that that person is a teacher – where ‘teacher’ is one of the many ways that that person is and can be. The existential approach to action research extends the way of being perspective by examining three aspects of personhood – situation, existence precedes essence and freedom – and combines them with critical reflection and action. The result is that existential action research happens when people work together to research their own ways of being a teacher to increase their capacity to choose freely, and to act responsibly for themselves and those they care for
Impacts of vehicles on natural terrain at seven sites in the San Francisco Bay area

The impacts of off-road vehicles on vegetation and soil were investigated at seven representative sites in the San Francisco Bay area. Plant cover of grass and chaparral (with shrubs to 4 m tall) have been stripped by the two- and four-wheel vehicles in use. Impacts on loamy soils include increased surface strength (as much as 275 bars), increased bulk density (averaging 18%) to depths of 90 cm or more, reduction of soil moisture by an average 43% to 30 cm depths, greatly reduced infiltration, extension of the diurnal temperature range by as much as 12°C, and reduction of organic carbon by an average 33% in exposed soils. Very sandy soils respond similarly to vehicular use except that moisture is increased and surface strength of beach sand is decreased. These physical and chemical impacts reduce the land's capability of restoring its vegetative cover, which in turn adversely affects animal populations. Both the loss of plant cover and the physical changes caused by vehicles promote erosion. Measured soil and substrate losses from vehicular use zones range from 7 to 1180 kg/m2. The estimated erosion rate of the Chabot Park site exceeds the rate of erosion considered a serious problem by a factor 30, it exceeds United States Soil Conservation Service tolerance values by a factor of 46, and it exceeds average San Francisco Bay area erosion rates by a factor of 17. The resulting soil losses are effectively permanent. Neither the increased sediment yield nor the increased runoff is accomodated on the sites of use, and both are causing adverse effects to neighboring properties.
Thermal modeling of various thermal barrier coatings in a high heat flux rocket engine

A thermal model was developed to predict the thermal response of coated and uncoated tubes tested in a H2/O2 rocket engine. Temperatures were predicted for traditional APS ZrO2-Y2O3 thermal barrier coatings, as well as APS and LPPS ZrO2-Y2O3/NiCrAlY cermet coatings. Good agreement was observed between predicted and measured metal temperatures at locations near the tube surface or at the inner tube wall. The thermal model was also used to quantitatively examine the effect of various coating system parameters on the temperatures in the substrate and coating. Accordingly, the effect of the presence a metallic bond coat and the effect of radiation from the surface of the ceramic layer were examined. In addition, the effect of a variation in the values of the thermal conductivity of the ceramic layer was also investigated. It was shown that a variation in the thermal conductivity of the ceramic layer, on the order of that reported in the literature for plasma sprayed ZrO2-Y2O3 coatings, can result in temperature differences in the substrate greater than 100 C, a much greater effect than that due to the presence of a bond coat or radiation from the ceramic layer. The thermal model was also used to predict the thermal response of a coated rod in order to quantify the difference in the metal temperatures between the two substrate geometries in order to explain the previously-observed increased life of coatings on rods over that on tubes. It was shown that for the short duration testing in the rocket engine, the temperature in a tube could exceed that in a rod by more than 100 C. Lastly, a two-dimensional model was developed to evaluate the effect of tangential heat transfer around the tube and its impact on reducing the stagnation point temperature. It was also shown that tangential heat transfer does not significantly reduce the stagnation point temperature, thus allowing application of a simpler, one-dimensional model for comparing measured and predicted stagnation point temperatures.
Mudflat: The Aesthetics of a Marine Biologist’s Engagement with Her Work

This article offers two edited/shaped pieces of conversation between a retired marine biologist and her daughter. The first conversation takes place on a Florida mudflat, the second in a North Carolina kitchen. These conversations suggest the biologist’s “intimacy with the environment of the mudflat,” a lifetime of discovery and surprise in relation to that environment, and the role of aesthetic response in her motivation for scientific work. They affirm Eisner and Powell’s (2002) assertion in “Art in Science?” that the work of science has a deep relation with aesthetic response.
Sex differences in sexual needs and desires

Female and male responses on attitudes toward foreplay prior to sexual intercourse, sexual intercourse, and afterplay following sexual intercourse, were compared. Foreplay was defined as the sexual activity that occurs before sexual intercourse, whereas afterplay was defined as the interaction such as hugging, holding, talking, and so forth that occurs after sexual intercourse. The subjects were 39 men and 49 women students enrolled in various courses at the University of Kansas. The mean age of the men was 22.1 years, while the women averaged 21.0 years. A voluntary questionnaire was given to the students, and they were asked to fill it out at home and return it during the next class meeting. The results indicated that there were significant sex differences in sexual needs and desires. When given a choice between foreplay, intercourse, and afterplay, women indicated that foreplay was the most important part of a sexual encounter, while men felt intercourse was the most important aspect. Women also indicated that they wanted to spend more time in foreplay, as well as more time in afterplay, than did men. It is concluded from this study that women are more likely than men to report enjoying both foreplay and afterplay more than intercourse, while men are more likely to report enjoying intercourse.
Disability as a New Frontier for Feminist Intersectionality Research

Disability is the new gender. I make this claim with trepidation and a sense of irony. Certainly, disability studies today is like women's studies was in the 1970s and 1980s, when feminist scholars had to convince colleagues in “mainstream” political science that gender was something worth attending to, that it was a serious enterprise, and that it should be part of the mainstream. The fields of history and English have been somewhat more welcoming of disability as a valid topic of study, just as these fields preceded political science in realizing that gender was an important category of study. But political science has been slow to catch on.
An Approach to Dealing with Importance Weights of Customer Needs and Customer Dissatisfaction in Quality Function Deployment Optimization

This paper explains about the necessity of Quality Function Deployment (QFD) optimization model due to the absence of the formal methodology in QFD for allocating the available product development resource to determine the best possible product specifications. The proposed optimization model also deals with the improper handling of customer need’s importance weight and customer’s satisfaction and dissatisfaction feeling in the QFD process.QFD assumes that the customer need’s importance value is equivalent with the satisfaction level perceived by the customer when the need is met. However, most of the time, a fulfillment of an extremely important customer need does not lead to any improvement in customer satisfaction.QFD also considers that customer satisfaction level will increase automatically as the customer dissatisfaction sources are eliminated. This is not always true, since the sources of customer satisfaction and dissatisfaction are not always the same. Thus, fulfilling a certain customer need to improve customer satisfaction does not automatically reduce the customer dissatisfaction, and vice versa. In order to explain the effect of the customer needs fulfillment on customer satisfaction and/or dissatisfaction, Kano’s model is used. A pencil design example is also presented in the paper. Using Kano’s model in QFD optimization helps to distribute the available product development resource in an effective way to increase the customer satisfaction and to reduce the customer dissatisfaction.
Mode-media interactions in an FEL

Abstract It is well known that the e-beam gain and refractive properties in an FEL alters the optical mode behavior from that of a bare resonator. We report here on 3-D simulations with FELEX [1] and experiments on the 10.6 μm wavelength Los Alamos FEL [2] performed to assess the importance of this effect for a range of e-beam parameters. Two sets of measurements are made for a near concentric cavity with optical axis displaced from the electron beam axis. The first is a static measurement made during cavity mode saturation of the optical beam centroid referred to reach resonator mirror. The optical detector scheme for this part of the experiment uses a 256 element integrating pyroelectric array. The second is a dynamic measurement made during cavity mode decay of the motion of the optical centroid and waist referred to each resonator mirror. The optical detection scheme for this part of the experiment consists of a three-part split mirror detector viewing two different optical paths. These measurements quantify the gain and refractive properties of the electron beam when compared to FELEX simulations. Implications for FEL alignment schemes and future high-power FELs will be discussed.
Inaccurate Reporting of Mineral Composition by Commercial Stone Analysis Laboratories: Implications for Infection and Metabolic Stones

Purpose: We determined the accuracy of stone composition analysis at commercial laboratories.Materials and Methods: A total of 25 human renal stones with infrared spectroscopy determined composition were fragmented into aliquots and studied with micro computerized tomography to ensure fragment similarity. Representative fragments of each stone were submitted to 5 commercial stone laboratories for blinded analysis.Results: All laboratories agreed on the composition of 6 pure stones. Only 2 of 4 stones (50%) known to contain struvite were identified as struvite at all laboratories. Struvite was reported as a component by some laboratories for 4 stones previously determined not to contain struvite. Overall there was disagreement regarding struvite in 6 stones (24%). For 9 calcium oxalate stones all laboratories reported some mixture of calcium oxalate but the quantity of subtypes differed significantly among laboratories. In 6 apatite containing stones apatite was missed by the laboratories in 20% of samples...
Disability aesthetics and the body beautiful: Signposts in the history of art

Abstract The discovery of fragmentary classical sculpture in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries reorients the making of art toward broken bodies, changing the nature of sculpture as an aesthetic form. But this category shift in the ideal of beauty also makes an opening for the emergence of disability aesthetics: the recognition that the disabled body becomes a valuable resource for the creation and appreciation of new art forms. The idea of disability aesthetics may be traced via disability signposts in which ancient works reminiscent of disability and modern works devoted to disability cross historically to create a powerful line of descent for the emergence of disability as an aesthetic value in itself.
A scoring system for certification and interlaboratory comparison of QC test of SPECT

A scoring system was designed for certification and QC test on basis of NEMA standards and clinical requirements on SPECT. According to the functions of SPECT the scoring system was presented three parts: planar, whole body scan and tomography. The marks in the scoring system were given In accordance with normalized parameters of QC tests. We used a scatter phantom and some simulated methods to change system performance to its rationality.
EXPERIMENTS ON THE CULTIVATION OF SO CALLED TRACHOMA BODIES

1. An organism was isolated and studied in pure cultures from cases of conjunctivitis accompanied by the so called trachoma body inclusions, as well as from a case of old trachoma without inclusions. 2. This organism was not found in the cultures made from other forms of conjunctivitis in which the inclusions were absent. 3. The organism presents the morphological features characteristic of so called trachoma bodies. It undergoes an early transformation, during which the forms known as initial bodies appear, and a later change, during which forms resembling elementary granules arise, while certain intermediate forms between these occur simultaneously. 4. No definite cell inclusions could be produced in monkeys by inoculating pure cultures of the organism. 5. The cultivation of this organism from a case of trachoma without the cell inclusions, together with the previously ascertained fact that the inclusions can be produced in suitable animals by inoculating such material directly from a human case, suggests the possibility of the organism being still present in such cases of trachoma, although not in the form of cell inclusions. 6. The facts presented justify the statement that by a suitable method an organism resembling the various important stages of the trachoma bodies and totally distinct from the gonococcus has been obtained in a living condition, capable of indefinite cultivation from cases of human trachoma and inclusion conjunctivitis. Whether the organism and trachoma bodies are identical cannot be positively stated at present. But the way is now opened to determine this point, as well as the specificity of the trachoma bodies.
Institutional Bereavement Care for Fictive Kin: Staff Grief in CCRCs.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore approaches used by administrators to respond to grief and bereavement among staff after the death of a resident. Methods Continuing care retirement community (CCRC) facilities (n = 10) were randomly selected from a larger study of 31 facilities. Open-ended interviews were conducted using a structured interview protocol. Qualitative methods, specifically thematic analysis, were used to analyze the interview data. Findings Emergent themes suggest that LTC facilities have freedom in how to provide support for staff members, family members, and other residents after the death of a loved one. However, results show variations in methods for notifying staff of a resident's death, inclusion of direct care staff in caring for the deceased, providing memorial services, and offering grief/bereavement support. When speaking of the loss of a resident and ways to provide grief/bereavement support, only 3 of the 10 administrators discussed the importance of extending such services to the staff. Implications Causes of staff burnout in the CCRC workplace is an unresolved issue. Research has shown that inadequate grief and bereavement support for staff contributes to factors associated with staff burnout and retention. Although administrators hold formal services after a resident has died, there are differences among facilities. It may be that organizations could improve bereavement services for staff.
Ethionine as a depressant of synthesis of and source of label for DNA in chick embryos.

Four milligrams of ethionine containing 14C-ethyl ethionine was injected into the chick yolk sac on day 4. The resulting embryos were reduced in size but without gross malformation. Studies of growth and of disposition of label showed that ethionine reduced the DNA increment and increased the specific activity of DNA during the first 24 h. During days 5-12 the DNA content continued to fall behind that of controls while its specific activity of label from ethionine progressively increased. Elution of TCA supernates from Sephadex columns indicated that ethionine was available to the embryos during this time. Since the specific activity of the label in the protein and RNA fractions remained at relatively constant levels, label reached these fractions throughout the experimental period. The increasing specific activity of DNA indicated labeling at a rate exceeding the rate of net accumulation, and thus there was selective labeling of DNA from ethionine.
GENDER COMPARISONS IN RESPONSIVENESS TO OTHERS’EVALUATIONS IN ACHIEVEMENT SETTINGS

An experiment tested three possible explanations for gender differences in responsiveness to others' evaluations in achievement settings. Results replicated previous studies and showed that women and men perceived the valence of evaluative messages similarly. Further, women's privately made self-evaluations reflected the valence of others' evaluations to a greater extent than men's. Finally, women saw others' evaluations as more accurate assessments of their performance than did men and said they were more influenced by those evaluations than did men. The best explanation for the gender difference in responsiveness to others' evaluations, therefore, seems to lie in women's and men's differing construals of the informational value of those evaluations. The authors propose that different experiences girls and boys have with evaluative feedback may lead to gender differences in beliefs about the informational value of others' evaluations of our competence.
Basis of Robustness and Resilience in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus: Individual Neurons Form Nodes in Circuits that Cycle Daily

How the cellular elements of the SCN are synchronized to each other is not well understood. We explore circadian oscillations manifest at the level of the cell, the tissue, and the whole animal to better understand intra-SCN synchrony and master clock function of the nucleus. At each level of analysis, responses to variations in operating environment (robustness), and following damage to components of the system (resilience), provide insight into the mechanisms whereby the SCN orchestrates circadian timing. Tissue level rhythmicity reveals circuits associated with an orderly spatiotemporal daily pattern of activity that is not predictable from their cellular elements. Specifically, in stable state, some SCN regions express low amplitude or undetectable rhythms in clock gene expression while others produce high amplitude oscillations. Within the SCN, clock gene expression follows a spatially ordered, repeated pattern of activation and inactivation. This pattern of activation is plastic and subserves responses to changes in external and internal conditions. Just as daily rhythms at the cellular level depend on sequential expression and interaction of clock genes, so too do rhythms at the SCN tissue level depend on sequential activation of local nodes. We hypothesize that individual neurons are organized into nodes that are themselves sequentially activated across the volume of the SCN in a cycle that repeats on a daily basis. We further propose that robustness is expressed in the ability of the SCN to sustain rhythmicity over a wide range of internal and external conditions, and that this reflects plasticity of the underlying nodes and circuits. Resilience is expressed in the ability of SCN cells to oscillate and to sustain activity-related rhythms at the behavioral level. Importantly, other aspects of pacemaker function remain to be examined.
Analyzing The Impact Of The 2012 Ford Focus Target Hunt: Can Student Managed Projects Accomplish Both Academic And Corporate Objectives?

Student-managed business projects offer students the opportunity to garner valuable real world experience while businesses can fulfill corporate responsibilities utilizing relatively inexpensive manpower. This paper describes an event marketing/social media marketing project completed in conjunction with Jackson-Dawson Communications, representing the Ford Motor Company, and a Midwestern University chapter of the American Marketing Association. Through the successful implementation of the AIDA-IMC promotion model, a committed AMA Chapter, and a number of very cooperative business partnerships, a host of corporate and academic objectives were accomplished while participants gained valuable insight into event marketing principles.
Prospects for a Low-Mass Higgs Boson

The SU(2){sub L} x U(1){sub Y} gauge theory of the electroweak interactions has enjoyed tremendous success over the past four decades, accurately predicting, or at least accommodating, all high-energy collider data. The gauge group must be broken somehow to U(1){sub EM}, because the unbroken theory predicts massless gauge bosons and massless fermions. The Standard Model incorporates a minimal Higgs sector with a single complex doublet field, to break the symmetry spontaneously, but it is not the only possibility. SUSY Higgses, general two-Higgs-doublet models, and other ideas may prove to model nature better than the minimal model. Many of these models, and even the SM, prefer a light Higgs boson, with a mass between the LEP limit of 114.4 GeV and 200 GeV. The Constrained MSSM favors masses under 120 GeV. A survey of the experimental work so far at LEP and the Tevatron, with estimations of the sensitivity of the upcoming LHC experiments is provided.
Generating representative Web workloads for network and server performance evaluation

One role for workload generation is as a means for understanding how servers and networks respond to variation in load. This enables management and capacity planning based on current and projected usage. This paper applies a number of observations of Web server usage to create a realistic Web workload generation tool which mimics a set of real users accessing a server. The tool, called Surge (Scalable URL Reference Generator) generates references matching empirical measurements of 1) server file size distribution; 2) request size distribution; 3) relative file popularity; 4) embedded file references; 5) temporal locality of reference; and 6) idle periods of individual users. This paper reviews the essential elements required in the generation of a representative Web workload. It also addresses the technical challenges to satisfying this large set of simultaneous constraints on the properties of the reference stream, the solutions we adopted, and their associated accuracy. Finally, we present evidence that Surge exercises servers in a manner significantly different from other Web server benchmarks.
Einführung - Sicherheitspolitik als Methode

„Alle kunstlerische und alle wissenschaftliche Tatigkeit (techne kai methodos), ebenso wie alles praktische Verhalten (praxis) und jeder Entschluss (prohairesis) hat nach allgemeiner Annahme zum Ziele irgendein zu erlangendes Gut (agathon)“, schrieb Aristoteles am Anfang seiner Nikomachischen Ethik (Absatz I 1, in der Ubersetzung nach Gigon 1967). Theorie zahlte Aristoteles also klassischerweise nicht zu den Tatigkeiten, mit denen man nach einem praktischen Gut streben kann, sondern verstand sie als „interessenloses Wissenwollen, wie sich die Dinge an sich verhalten“ (Bien 1980: 124). Methode ist demgegenuber der praktische Weg zur Ursachensuche und zur Erkenntnisbildung, der Weg des wissenschaftlichen Vorgehens, das Forschungsverfahren. In der sicherheitspolitischen Forschung sind solche systematisierten Wege besonders wichtig, weil unsere eigenen Weltbilder und politischen Auffassungen hier besonders stark zu Buche schlagen und jenen bias, d.h. jene intellektuelle und wertgeladene Voreingenommenheit bedingen, die uns Sozialwissenschaftler so oft an einer rationalen Analyse der Welt hindert. Wir alle haben unsere impliziten Alltagstheorien, warum es Krieg gibt, ob Sicherheitspolitik eher militarische Streitlosung oder Friedenspolitik sein soll, wie man uberhaupt mit Konflikten umgeht usw.