cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biosynthesis of glucohydrolase I, a glycoenzyme from Aspergillus niger☆

Abstract Enzymes which contain carbohydrate units as integral structural components are appropriately designated as glycoenzymes. Two aspects of the biosynthesis of glucohydrolase I, a glycoenzyme from Aspergillus niger have been investigated. First, the glyco-portion of the glucohydrolase is synthesized via nucleotide diphosphate hexose pathways and the synthesis does not seem to be under direct genetic control. Second, data on the properties of glucohydrolase isolated from inside and outside the cell establish that the carbohydrate moieties become attached to the enzyme inside the cell rather than during transport of the enzyme through the cell membrane and wall.
Active Response to Computer Intrusions

Victims of hacker attacks are increasingly adopting an "active defense" against Internet-based attacks. Instead of adopting purely defensive measures, many victims are opting for active countermeasures that are no less aggressive than the attacks themselves. For example, victims of denial of service (DoS) attacks sometimes respond by redirecting incoming packets back to their sources instead of by dropping the packets at the router; such a measure is intended to induce the cessation of the attack by overloading the network from which it is staged. This essay examines some of the technical, ethical, and legal issues associated with active intrusion response.
Perceived causes of obesity, emotions, and attitudes about Discrimination Policy.

Abstract Rationale Although obesity represents a potential public health crisis, our understanding of public perceptions of obesity, emotional responses to the obese, and related policy preferences is limited. Objective We employed Weiner's attribution theory of controllability (Weiner, 1988, 2011) to examine perceived causes of obesity, emotional responses, and related policy implications. If the perceived cause is controllable (eating and lifestyle habits), we expected less sympathy and greater anger toward obese people and support for prejudicial hiring policies based on weight. If the cause is perceived as uncontrollable (genetic), sympathy is anticipated as well as opposition to such hiring policies. Method We conducted multivariate analyses with data from two nationally representative surveys of U.S. adults. Conclusion Our findings supported the hypotheses, showing that sympathy and lack of anger toward obese people are strongly determined by a genetic attribution for obesity. Moreover, sympathy and the genetic attribution are significant predictors of opposition to hiring policies that discriminate against obese people. Finally, in a second study, chief among several causal attributions for obesity—lack of will power, lack of exercise, marketing of foods, and genetics—we discovered biological attribution functions as the key predictor of perceptions that obese people are frequent targets of discrimination. We suggest governments and the food industry should be more attuned to the underlying beliefs of the public about the causes of obesity when formulating programs and policies to address the issue.
Benefits of Redundant Visual In-Vehicle Information in Pedestrian–Vehicle Conflict Scenarios:

The paper provides information relevant to the development of driver and pedestrian safety systems by examining drivers’ responses to infrastructure-based safety messages (DII) with a redundant in-vehicle display component. A driving simulator was used to create a conflict situation which required an immediate driver response to avoid a collision. At the start of the event, a pedestrian was occluded by a truck at an intersection. Partway through the event, the pedestrian dashed into the road and into the driver’s path. When redundant visual in-vehicle alerting messages were provided, drivers released the throttle more quickly, engaged the brake more quickly, and had longer minimum time to collision relative to the baseline condition which lacked visual alerts. This was an improvement over the DII-only condition, where drivers did not brake more quickly relative to baseline and had only marginally longer minimum time to collision compared with the baseline condition. The findings suggest that redundant in-...
The ‘little’ problem of Le Petit Prince in translation: Diminutives translated from French to Dutch and Polish

The article’s main objective is the analysis of the Dutch and Polish translation of Antoine de Saint-Exupery’s novella Le Petit Prince ( The Little Prince ). After the opening remarks, the theoretical framework (i.e. the formation, classification, and functions of diminutives in French, Dutch, and Polish) is presented, followed by a quantitative analysis of diminutives in the original texts and the two translations. The Little Prince in this French original contains relatively few diminutives, especially given the fact that de Saint-Exupery’s novella was originally classified as children’s literature, therefore answering the question whether the Dutch and Polish translations contain equally few diminutives as the French original is the main purpose of the analysis. Another issue addressed in the study is how the Polish and Dutch translators of the novel solved the problem of rendering diminutives in translation.
Life of a vegetarian college student: Health, lifestyle, and environmental perceptions

Objective: To examine health behavior and environmental perception differences among vegetarian and nonvegetarian students. Participants: First-year university students (n = 1078) from eight United...
Subacute Thyroiditis from COVID-19 Infection: A Case Report and Review of Literature

Introduction: The novel severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus has led to the ongoing Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease pandemic There are increasing reports of extrapulmonary clinical features of COVID-19, either as initial presentations or sequelae of disease We report a patient diagnosed with subacute thyroiditis precipitated by COVID-19 infection, as well as review the literature of similar cases Case Presentation: A 41-year-old female with no significant personal or family history of endocrinologic disorders presented with clinical features of thyroiditis that began after COVID-19 infection Clinical, laboratory, and radiologic findings were indicative of subacute thyroiditis Workup for potential triggers other than SARS-CoV-2 was negative Discussion/Conclusion: We compared the clinical and diagnostic findings of our patient with other well-documented cases of subacute thyroiditis presumed to be triggered by SARS-CoV-2 viral infection We also reviewed the literature related to the potential mechanisms leading to thyroiditis Clinicians must be aware of the possibility of thyroid dysfunction after COVID-19 infection Early recognition and timely anti-inflammatory therapy help in successful management © 2020
A Power Control Problem for a Dual Communication-Radar System Facing a Jamming Threat

A dual purpose communication and radar system is considered, operating in the presence of a jammer. The system transmits communication signals and uses their reflections off targets to support target tracking. A game theoretic framework is used to design the system, i.e., determine power allocations, so that the performance of both communication and radar components is optimized. Two metrics are considered and compared for system design: (a) a weighted combination of signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) of the communication and radar components, reflecting the performance of both components; and (b) a weighted combination of the inverse SINRs of the corresponding components, reflecting the latency in the performance of the components. The comparison suggests that the latency metric enables a design that requires less a priori information on fading gains, and further, as the decision rule can be derived in closed form, the design is easier implementable in practice. The interaction between the system and the jammer is modeled by non-zero sum games. A Bayesian extension of the games allows us to investigate the impact that incomplete information about the underlying network parameters has upon the strategies that should be employed.
Knowledge, values and skills essential for effective community development practice: A Delphi study

The field of community development has grown substantially over the past few decades. This is characterized by an increased demand for professionals who can engage in community development efforts ...
The Method of Steepest Descent

In Chapter 2, a basic matrix inverse property was used to solve for the optimal mean square error (MSE) weights w N * , producing the solution $$w_N^* = R_{NNPN}^{ - 1}$$ (2.3.6) .
CRISPR Interference Efficiently Silences Latent and Lytic Viral Genes in Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus-Infected Cells.

Uncovering viral gene functions requires the modulation of gene expression through overexpression or loss-of-function. CRISPR interference (CRISPRi), a modification of the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology, allows specific and efficient transcriptional silencing without genetic ablation. CRISPRi has been used to silence eukaryotic and prokaryotic genes at the single-gene and genome-wide levels. Here, we report the use of CRISPRi to silence latent and lytic viral genes, with an efficiency of ~80–90%, in epithelial and B-cells carrying multiple copies of the Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) genome. Our results validate CRISPRi for the analysis of KSHV viral elements, providing a functional genomics tool for studying virus–host interactions.
On the Journey Toward Health Equity: Data, Culture Change, and the First Step

Leaders at Intermountain Healthcare are emphasizing data collection and analysis as an essential means to help discover inequities, shape solutions, and measure the success or failure of those efforts.
The RX Project: An Overview

Every year as computers become more powerful and less expensive, increasing amounts of data are recorded using them. Computerized databases are ubiquitous in the worlds of business, government, and the military as well as in many scientific fields, for example, in medicine, economics, and sociology.
Attributions and Appraisal

Perceptual appraisal and attributions toward one’s self or toward others for causality appear to differ as a function of the relative activation of the two brains. This was expressed early on with the balance or valence theories where relative activation of the right cerebral hemisphere was found to correspond with negative affective appraisal of sadness, anger, fear, or disgust. In contrast, relative activation of the left cerebral hemisphere was found to correspond with either a somewhat bland, neutral appraisal of events, ranging to happy or interesting attributions toward others and toward the self. The preponderance of evidence suggests that these cognitive, emotional, and social derivations are lateralized to the brain making them and to the specializations of that cerebral hemisphere.
Ancient coins, find spots, and import restrictions: A critique of arguments made in the Ancient Coin Collectors Guild’s “test case”

The Ancient Coin Collectors Guild (ACCG) has launched multiple legal challenges aimed at undermining import restrictions on ancient coins into the United States in bilateral agreements with foreign countries. One key component of the ACCG’s argument is that the State Department has inappropriately restricted certain types of coins according to where they were made rather than where they are found, as mandated by the 1983 Convention on Cultural Property Implementation Act. Although the ACCG has thus far been unsuccessful, it has not been pointed out that existing import restrictions on coins, in fact, have been written to include coins that tended to circulate locally and that are found primarily within the borders of the country with which the bilateral agreement is made. The ACCG’s argument is thus on shaky ground. As the ACCG continues to press ahead with new litigation, it is worth drawing attention to realities and probabilities of ancient coin circulation as they pertain to protected coins.
Resource-Based Communication Placement Analysis

Communication placement analysis is an important step in the compilation of data-parallel programs. However, to simplify the placement analysis, previous techniques ignored most machine-dependent resource constraints. This paper demonstrates the necessity of incorporating resource constraints in ensuring the correctness of the communication placement. It presents a new placement analysis technique that minimizes frequency of communication, eliminates redundant communication, and maximizes communication latency hiding while taking limited resources into account. The paper illustrates resource-based placement analysis in the context of placement of distributed-memory communication primitives and limited buffer size resource constraint. In addition, it shows the use of stripmining transformation in improving the efficacy of resource-based communication placement.
Fossils, G-Men, Money, and Museums

Tyrannosaurus Sue The Extraordinary Saga of the Largest, Most Fought Over T. rex Ever Found. By Steve Fiffer . Freeman, New York, 2000. 248 pp. $24.95. ISBN 0-7167-4017-6. Fiffer offers a lively account of the 20th-century bone war that culminated with a record-breaking auction for a fossil. The competing factions included commercial fossil hunters, an ambitious prosecutor, armed law enforcement officers, a Native American tribe, academics, major museums, and corporate giants.
Neck Pain and Dyspnea: Lessons from a Patient with Zoster

To the Editor: Slow conducting unmyelinated, afferent fibers can mediate in addition to pain many physiological responses from a sustained increase in breathing [1,2] or blood pressure [3] via skeletal muscle afferents [4] to a rapid shallow breathing pattern triggered by pulmonary C fibers [5]. Stimulation of the same type of afferent fibers located in the diaphragm [6,7] has been proposed as a cause of shortness of breath [8] during an increased work of breathing, diaphragmatic “ischemia” or fatigue [7,9,10]. The resulting sensory information travels through the phrenic nerves to the cervical dorsal roots reaching the lateral spino-thalamic tract and ultimately the limbic cortex [11]. This is analogous to how unmyelinated fibers in the skin and viscera mediate the transmission of painful information [12]. There is very little clinical information available to estimate the relevance of this mechanism owing to the coexistence of many factors contributing to dyspnea in a given patient. The purpose of this letter is twofold: 1) present a previously under-recognized cause of dyspnea associated with neck pain secondary to herpes zoster of the right C3-C5 dermatomes and 2) describe the method we used to address the putative role of unmyelinated diaphragmatic afferent fibers in the genesis of dyspnea and the link between the shortness of breath and the herpetic pain experienced by this patient. We present the case of a previously healthy 61-year-old woman, with no prior medical history. Of note, she previously engaged in daily exercise with no complaints. During her initial visit, she complained of severe dyspnea at rest and on exertion in association with the onset of a typical blistering painful rash of herpes zoster affecting the right C3-C5 sensory dermatomes beginning 2 weeks previously (the right lateral and posterior regions of the neck down to the scapula). Her …
Linking Organization-Public Relationship Attitudes and Satisfaction Outcomes

Abstract The management of organization-public relationships traditionally has been the province of public relations within many corporate structures. The practice of public relations, however, long has struggled to gain respectability within many corporate and academic structures, in part because empirical links between public relations activities and organizational outcomes have been established. Although many would agree that the organization-public relationship influences key public member evaluations of satisfaction with the organization, more often than not, that linkage has been inferred rather than demonstrated. The current investigation was an attempt to examine the role that respondent relationship attitudes play in evaluations of satisfaction with a bank, creating a link between relationship attitudes and organizational outcomes. The results suggest that those key public members who identify themselves as being in relationship with the bank likewise have higher satisfaction evaluations. The rel...
Clinical pelvimetry in teaching centers.

Abstract 1. 1. Response to a questionnaire on pelvic measurement was received from 192 obstetrical teaching centers. 2. 2. External pelvic measurements are done in 74 per cent of the teaching centers. 3. 3. Quite extensive manual pelvic measurements are done in 89 per cent of the teaching centers, while very little stress is placed on them in 11 per cent of the centers. 4. 4. Roentgen measurements are done on all primiparas in 8 per cent of the teaching centers. In the remaining 92 per cent of the centers roentgen measurements are done in 75 down to 5 per cent of all primiparas. 5. 5. Roentgen measurements are taken in the last six weeks of pregnancy in 94.2 per cent of the teaching centers and in early pregnancy in 5.8 per cent of the teaching centers. 6. 6. The trends is toward using illustrated sheets in pelvic examinations as an aid to teaching. 7. 7. An illustrated pelvic examination record has been prepared to combine the essential features of records used by several teaching centers. 8. 8. The characteristic of each entry of the pelvic examination is graded in one of three categories. Category 1 is a normal pelvis. Category 2 is a pelvis with moderate limitation in size. The pelvis of category 3 has undesirable features in size or type. 9. 9. The results of the twelve entries are coded, the sum of the entries in each category being listed. As the shift in the entries is toward the right the incidence of pelvic contraction and dystocia increases. 10. 10. We recommend that illustrated pelvic examination sheets be used and that external measurements be continued. Each teaching center will need to modify such records to its own requirements.
Nuclear matrix and steroid hormone action.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the different aspects of nuclear matrix and steroid hormone action. The nuclear matrix has been shown to have a role in DNA organization, replication, transcription, and the processing of messenger RNA (mRNA) and possibly intranuclear signaling for the regulation of gene transcription. The nuclear matrix has been implicated in the actions of steroid hormones on gene expression. The eucaryotic nucleus can be thought of as a highly ordered, compartmentalized organelle. Classical ultrastructural studies have demonstrated that the cell nucleus is an elaborate structure composed of regions of chromatin, which includes the DNA bound with a variety of proteins and attached to a nonchromatin infrastructure of nucleoprotein fibrillary network, which includes the nuclear matrix. The major component of isolated matrices is a multitude of different proteins with an enrichment of the higher molecular weight nonhistone proteins in the nucleus and a depletion of low-molecular-weight proteins, especially the histones. Chromosome structure and nuclear matrix interaction appear to be important in steroid hormone-mediated transcriptional control. A convergence of biochemical and genetic studies has identified several ATP-dependent multiprotein complexes that may help transcriptional activators overcome chromatin-mediated repression.
Microstrip patch antennas—basic properties and some recent advances

Abstract For high-speed moving vehicles, it is desirable for the antenna to be “low profile”. One of the early low profile antennas is the slot antenna, the theory of which was developed by Professor Henry G. Booker in a classic paper published in 1946. During the last decade and a half, a relatively new class of radiators known as microstrip patch antennas has received much attention. In addition to being low profile and conformable to a shaped surface, these antennas offer the potential advantages of light weight, low cost, ruggedness, and compatibility with integrated circuit technology. The main disadvantages are narrow bandwidth and the problems associated with copper loss and spurious radiation when the elements form an array. This paper begins with a description of the basic features of microstrip patch antennas, followed by a presentation of some of the research aimed at improving the frequency response and gain, particularly those to which the author and his collaborators have made contributions.
Fundamental role of creation and activation in radiation-induced defect production in high-purity amorphous SiO2.

A model for the radiation-induced production of defects in amorphous insulators is proposed. It is shown that an irreversible creation of defects from network sites follows power law kinetics, and a reversible activation of precursor sites follows Kohlrausch kinetics. Electron spin resonance was used to measure the concentration of x-ray induced ${E}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ centers in high-purity amorphous Si${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ over an extremely wide dose range with high precision. The agreement between theoretical and experimental defect densities, over more than 4 orders of magnitude in dose, is unprecedented.
Predicting mothers' reports of children's mental health three years after Hurricane Katrina

This study explored pathways through which hurricane-related stressors affected the psychological functioning of elementary school aged children who survived Hurricane Katrina. Participants included 184 mothers from the New Orleans area who completed assessments one year pre-disaster (Time 1), and one and three years post-disaster (Time 2 and Time 3, respectively). Mothers rated their children's behavior problems at Time 3 only (n = 251 children; 53.0% male; Mean age: 10.19 years, SD = 1.68 years). A path analytic model indicated that hurricane-related stressors were associated with increased maternal psychological distress and school mobility in the first post-disaster year, which were associated with higher child internalizing and externalizing symptoms three years post-disaster. Mediation analysis indicated that hurricane-related stressors were associated with child symptoms indirectly, through their impact on maternal psychological distress. Findings underscore the importance of interventions that boost maternal and child mental health and support children through post-disaster school transitions.
Definition, classification, and pathophysiology of acute coronary ischemic syndromes.

This article reviews the definition of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and describes the pathophysiology of the various components of ACS. In order for the emergency medicine physician to effectively diagnose and manage the patient who presents to the emergency department with chest pain, he or she must think of ACS as a disease continuum. Where the patient lies on the continuum is based on the severity of the findings and symptoms. The physician should understand that based on the underlying pathophysiology and prognosis, appropriate treatment varies.
Beyond the Charter Schoolhouse Door: Teacher-Perceived Autonomy

This article presents a study that explores the relationship between charter schools and teacher autonomy. The theoretical framework is based on the charter school concept, whereby three policy levers—choice, deregulation, and accountability—lead to various goals for the charter school. One of the first and foremost of these is the enhancement of professional autonomy and opportunities for teachers. The assumption is that teachers who select the schools they want to work at will be more willing to invest their time and energy and be more dedicated to the school. Although charter school legislation has provided significant autonomy for professionals in exchange for accountability, the school-based initiatives that have been under way suggest that the autonomy is not always present.
Rod-cone Dystrophy Associated with a Rod System Electroretinogram Obtained Under Photopic Conditions

A 14-year-old girl with a history of night blindness and poor visual acuity was examined. Cystic-appearing lesions were apparent in the fovea, and pigmentary changes were observed in the midperipheral retina. Electroretinograms (ERGs) recorded from the dark- and light-adapted eye were similar in waveform, implicit time, and approximate amplitude. Results of examination of the spectral characteristics of the light-adapted ERG demonstrated that the recordings represented activity of the rod system, despite the presence of a background field, which eliminates the response of the rod system in normal subjects.
Impact of Gas Diffusion Layer Properties on Liquid Water Breakthrough Pressure in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell

Liquid water transport through gas diffusion layers (GDLs) with different thicknesses and different amounts of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is studied by taking an ex-situ approach. Droplet static contact angles on GDLs were also measured. Using a constant flow syringe pump, liquid water was introduced to the surface of GDL sample and the breakthrough pressure at which liquid water passes through the GDL and forms droplet on the other side of the GDL was measured by a differential pressure transducer. Liquid water can pass through the pores when its pressure exceeds the capillary pressure. It was observed that the breakthrough pressure increases with GDL thickness. Also, applying some amount of PTFE to an untreated GDL was observed to significantly increase the breakthrough pressure while more amount of PTFE within the GDL had negligible effect on liquid water breakthrough pressure. Using measured breakthrough pressures and contact angles, maximum pore diameter of GDLs were calculated based on the GDL’s single layer model.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
SFRP1 promoter methylation and expression in human trabecular meshwork cells

Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness worldwide. In primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) patients, impaired trabecular meshwork (TM) function results in elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), which is the primary risk factor of developing optic neuropathy. Our previous studies showed that Wnt signaling pathway components are expressed in the human TM (HTM), and the Wnt inhibitor, secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP1) is elevated in the glaucomatous TM (GTM). Elevated SFRP1 increased IOP in mice eyes and in perfusion cultured anterior segments of the human eye. However, the cause of elevated SFRP1 in the GTM remains unknown. Promoter methylation plays a key role in regulating SFRP1 expression in certain cancer cells. In light of this, we studied whether promoter methylation is also involved in SFRP1 differential expression in the TM. Two normal TM (NTM) and two GTM cell strains were cultured for an additional 7 days after they were confluent. RNA and genomic DNA (gDNA) were isolated simultaneously to compare SFRP1 expression levels by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and to determine SFRP1 promoter methylation status by bisulfite conversion and methylation-sensitive high resolution melting analysis (MS-HRM). To study whether DNA methylation inhibitors affect SFRP1 expression in TM cells, the four TM cell strains were treated with or without 2 μM 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (AZA-dC) for 4 days. RNA was isolated to compare SFRP1 expression by qPCR. In addition, a human cancer cell line, NCI-H460, was used as a positive control. We found that the two GTM cell strains had significantly higher expression levels of SFRP1 than the two NTM cell strains. However, the SFRP1 promoter of all four TM cell strains was unmethylated. In addition, AZA-dC treatment did not affect SFRP1 expression in any of the TM cell strains (n = 3, p > 0.05). In contrast, the hypermethylated SFRP1 promoter of NCI-H460 cells was partially demethylated by the same treatment. AZA-dC treatment also elevated SFRP1 expression by approximately two fold in NCI-H460 cells (n = 3, p < 0.01). Our data suggest that the differential expression of SFRP1 in HTM cells is not due to differential promoter methylation.
Alcohol Advertising Exposure and Adolescent Alcohol Use: A Comparison of Exposure Measures

Previous studies have noted an association between exposure to alcohol advertising and adolescent alcohol use. However, exposure to alcohol advertising has been measured in various ways by many researchers. This study examined several different measures of exposure to alcohol advertising, including general television exposure, exposure to televised sports, perceived frequency of alcohol advertising exposure, advertisement recognition, receptivity to alcohol marketing, recall of brand names, and liking of alcohol advertisements. Logistic regression analyses were used to assess the association of each measure with alcohol use or intentions. In a sample of 591 adolescents in California, several advertising exposure measures were associated significantly with alcohol use: a scale of advertisement liking, a scale of media receptivity, and number of alcohol brands recalled. These associations were significant after controlling for the possible confounding effects of the other advertising exposure measures. Resu...
Anion Photoelectron Spectroscopy and First-Principles Study of PbxIny Clusters†

The stability and electronic properties of anionic and neutral PbxIny clusters containing up to 5 Pb and up to 7 In atoms have been investigated using negative ion photodetachment spectroscopy along with first-principles electronic structure studies within a gradient corrected density functional approach. Through studies of the detachment energies, gaps in the electronic spectrum, variations in binding energy, and nature of the electronic states, two families of stable species are identified. PbIn3−, Pb2In2, and Pb3In2 exhibit enhanced stability compared to their neighbors and the stability is linked to the aromatic character identified in their molecular orbitals. On the other hand, PbIn5− and Pb2In4 exhibit enhanced stability associated with filled electronic shells within a confined nearly free electron gas.
Effect on coronary atherosclerosis of decrease in plasma cholesterol concentrations in normocholesterolaemic patients

Abstract Summary Lipid-lowering therapy ameliorates coronary atherosclerosis in patients with raised concentrations of low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. We have investigated whether a similar benefit can be obtained in normocholesterolaemic patients. We studied 79 normocholesterolaemic patients with coronary heart disease (70 male, 9 female), mean age 58 years, all non-smokers, with mean total cholesterol concentration 5 5 mmol/L. All patients received diet therapy and were randomly assigned placebo (39) or active treatment (40) with pravastatin, nicotinic acid, cholestyramine, and gemfibrozil stepwise as needed to reach the specified goal (total cholesterol ≤4·1 mmol/L, ratio of LDL/high-density-lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol ≤2·0). Coronary angiograms at baseline and after 2·5 years of treatment were analysed by computer-assisted quantitative techniques. There was no significant difference in coronary atherosclerosis during follow-up between the active treatment and placebo groups; the mean minimum diameter narrowed significantly but to the same extent in both groups (change baseline to 2·5 years 0·14 [SD 0·42] and 0·15 [0·41] mm, respectively, both p Thus, intensive pharmacological treatment of normocholesterolaemic patients has significant effects on plasma lipid concentrations but no angiographically measurable benefit on the coronary arteries.
Evidence for a net-like organization of lipopolysaccharide particles in the Escherichia coli outer membrane.

Cell wall LPS of Escherichia coli are organized as particles which are visible in the electron microscope, after treatment of the wall with alkali. We now describe alkali treated walls of three E. coli strains with differences in susceptibility to the T4 phage infection. Strain CR63, a usual host for the T4 phage, shows the LPS particles on the murein layer. These particles are absent in alkali treated cell walls of the strain W. Walls of this strain are broken during T4 infection and phages can be seen bearing pieces of membrane attached to their long as well as their short tail fibers. Strain ASI9 which is hypersensitive to the lysis from without caused by T4 shows murein layers with no LPS particles on their surface, and networks of LPS particles with bacterial shape. This suggested that LPS are organized in a network of particles which may serve as the skeleton of the cell wall.
“You throw like a girl:” The effect of stereotype threat on women's athletic performance and gender stereotypes

Abstract Objectives “Stereotype threat” occurs when people perform worse at a task due to the pressure of a negative stereotype of their group's performance. We examined whether female athletes may underperform at an athletic task if prompted to think about gender stereotypes of athleticism. We also explored whether gender stereotypes regarding general athletic ability would be affected by a standard stereotype threat induction. Design We used a 2 (participant gender) × 2 (stereotype threat manipulation) factorial design with task performance and gender stereotypes of athleticism as dependent measures. Method Female and male tennis and basketball college student athletes performed two athletic tasks relevant to their sport: a difficult concentration task and an easier speed task. Participants were told beforehand that (1) there was a gender difference on the tasks (to induce stereotype threat) or (2) there was no gender difference (to remove any preexisting stereotype threat). Results On the difficult task, women performed worse than men only when stereotype threat was induced. Performance on the easier speed task was unaffected by the stereotype information. Interestingly, women's beliefs regarding women's and men's general athleticism were also affected by the manipulation. Conclusions We concluded that one minor comment regarding a very specific athletic task may sometimes impair task performance and alter gender stereotypes of athleticism among women. Some implications for preventing negative stereotype threat effects are discussed.
Quinazolines. VIII. Synthesis of 1,3‐diaminobenzo[f]quinazolines

Twenty-one 1,3-diaminobenzo[f]quinazolines (2, R = H, alkyl, halogen, methoxy) were synthesized as planar tricyclic analogs of the antimalarial agent pyrimethamine (1). The synthetic methods included i) condensation of 1-cyano-2-naphthylamines with cyanamide in the presence of pyridine hydrochloride, ii) cyclization of N1,N5-bis(2-naphthyl)biguanide hydrochlorides in diphenyl ether at 250°, iii) reaction of 2-naphthylamine hydrochlorides with excess sodium dicyanamide in boiling 1-octanol, and iv) selenium dioxide dehydrogenation of 1,3-diamino-5,6-dihydrobenzo[f]quinazolines. A number of new 2-naphthols and 2-naphthylamines were synthesized as intermediates. Substituent effects on the ultraviolet absorption spectra of 1,3-diamino-benzo[f]quinazolines were investigated and found to be additive. These compounds are of interest as inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase and as potential antimalarial and antitumor agents.
A NEW DYNAMICS OF NN SCATTERING

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a new dynamics of NN scattering. The meson theory of nuclear forces provides a good qualitative and often quantitative, description of NN scattering but nevertheless suffers from some major defects. Thus, by adjusting certain πN and ππ amplitudes, it is possible to construct a 2π exchange potential which, together with OBE terms corresponding to π, p, and ω exchange, can produce a reasonably good fit to the phase shifts. However, after 25 years of effort, the form of the (crucial) 2π contribution is still somewhat ambiguous, and it is not possible with any certainty to predict the effect of still higher order diagrams. A great variety of direct experiments suggest that hadrons are in fact composite in addition to the indirect evidence of unitary symmetry. Both EM and weak probes have given considerable support to the Gell–Mann–Zweig quark model. The relevance to nuclear physics has been noted by Neudatchin and coworkers, who observe that the concept of composite nucleons provides a simple explanation of the repulsive core seen empirically in NN (and other dihadron) scattering.
The MFMU Cesarean Registry: Factors affecting the success of trial of labor after previous cesarean delivery

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine which factors influence the likelihood of successful trial of labor (TOL) after 1 previous cesarean delivery (CD). Study design We performed a multicenter 4-year prospective observational study (1999-2002) of all women with previous CD undergoing TOL. Women with term singleton pregnancies with 1 previous low transverse CD or unknown incision were included for analysis. Results Fourteen thousand five hundred twenty-nine women underwent TOL, with 10,690 (73.6%) achieving successful VBAC. Women with previous vaginal birth had an 86.6% success rate compared with 60.9% in women without such a history (odds ratio [OR] 4.2; 95% CI 3.8-4.5; P P P Conclusion Previous vaginal delivery including previous VBAC is the greatest predictor for successful TOL. Previous indication as dystocia, need for labor induction, or a maternal BMI ≥30 significantly lowers success rates.
Prolonged exposure to isoflurane ameliorates infarction severity in the rat pup model of neonatal hypoxia-ischemia.

The neonatal hypoxia-ischemia rat model referred to as the Rice–Vannucci model is extensively used to study perinatal hypoxia-ischemia and child brain injury. One of the major weaknesses of this model is its inconsistency of brain infarction among animals. We hypothesize that the inconsistency of infarction is caused by prolonged operation time and therefore isoflurane exposure. Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia was induced in postnatal days 7 and 10 rat pups by unilateral right common carotid ligation followed by 2.5 h of hypoxia (8% oxygen). The incision-to-ligation (ITL) was defined as the amount of time from initial incision (4 min after 2% isoflurane exposure) to completion of carotid ligation (at which point isoflurane exposure was also terminated). In the first part of the study, the ITL of each group was designated to be 5, 13, and 21 min. In the second part of the study, the ITL is designated to 4 min; however, continued isoflurane was used to make 5, 13, and 21 min isoflurane exposure for each group. Percentages of brain infarction were assessed at 48 h following surgery. Motor deficits were accessed by Rotarod test. Marked brain infarction was observed in the 5-min ITL group and a decrease of brain infarction observed in the 13- and 21-min groups (P < 0.05). In the second part of the study, marked brain infarction was observed in the 5-min isoflurane exposure group, and a decrease of brain infarction was observed in each of the 13- and 21-min isoflurane exposure groups (P < 0.05). Similar tendencies were observed in Rotarod tests than 5-min ITL and 5-min isoflurane groups showed more marked deficits (P < 0.05). This study demonstrated that brain infarction inconsistency of the neonatal hypoxia-ischemia rat pup model is related to the operation time. The observed time-dependent decrease of brain infarction is correlated to the isoflurane exposure time. Shorter operation and isoflurane exposure improves this model consistency of brain infarction and motor deficits.
TWO‐DIMENSIONAL, REAL‐TIME ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN THE DOG Technique and Anatomic Validation

Two-dimensional, real-time echocardiography (2DE), studied extensively in humans, has only recently been utilized in veterinary medicine. To develop standardized transducer locations and examination technique and to validate cardiac anatomy as imaged from these locations, 2DE was performed in 12 normal, anesthetized dogs. Anatomic structures were identified by shape, position and motion, selective microbubble-laden saline injections, and percutaneous pin insertion followed by necropsy dissection. Consistent echotomographic images were obtained from right intercostal and left intercostal transducer locations. From the right, long-axis and short-axis views of the heart were obtained. From the left, several long-axis views were possible. One or more views of all four cardiac chambers, atrioventricular and semilunar valves, and the proximal portions of the great vessels were obtained by systematic examination from both sides of the thorax. It was concluded that complete anatomic evaluation of the canine heart by 2DE was possible using a standardized, systematic examination technique.
The formation of cytoplasmic channels between tapetal cells inZea mays

In this report we show that large cytoplasmic channels form between the tapetal cells ofZea mays (maize) during the period of tapetal cell differentiation. Tapetal cells are connected by plasmodesmata through their cellulosic cell walls prior to the first meiotic division of the meiocytes. As the tapetal cellulose wall is degraded at the onset of meiosis, both plasmodesmata and cytoplasmic channels measuring 50–200 nm are detectable between tapetal cells. By the time the meiotic tetrad is formed, the cytoplasmic channels are well-established and vary in size from 100–400 nm. The channels, with an average diameter of 200–300 nm, persist after the microspores are released from the callose wall and throughout the period of exine development in microsporogenesis. The channels could potentially allow for free exchange of cytoplasm and organelles. As the tapetal cells begin to pull apart and become vacuolate prior to microspore mitosis, the connecting channels are no longer detectable.
Cloning of the dihydroxyacid dehydratase-encoding gene (ILV3) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Abstract The biosynthesis of branched-chain amino acids (aa) involves three shared pathways through which pyruvate or α-ketobutyrate are converted into α-keto acids, precursors of valine, leucine or isoleucine. In eukaryotes, few of these common enzymes have been purified to homogeneity, and the whole complement of biosynthetic genes has not been cloned from a single species. In yeasts, most of these genes (ILV genes) have been cloned and sequenced, with the exception of that coding for dihydroxyacid dehydratase (DAD, EC 4.2.1.9), the third enzyme in the common pathways. We have isolated Saccharomyces cerevisiae genomic sequences by hybridization to an oligodeoxyribonucleotide (oligo) probe designed from a highly conserved domain among bacterial DAD-encoding genes. The cloned sequences have been located to S. cerevisiae chromosome X, mapped within 0.4 centiMorgans (cM) of the ilv3 locus, and found to complement the ilv3 mutations of various yeast strains. Nucleotide (nt) and aa sequence analyses of the longest open reading frame (ORF) located within the cloned sequences identified them as the ILV3 gene, which codes for the yeast DAD. With our cloning of ILV3, yeast becomes the only eukaryotic system from which all ILV genes have been cloned, thus allowing direct molecular analyses of their regulation.
Successful implementation of an active learning laboratory in computer science

There is ample evidence of positive impact of active learning on student learning, attitudes, critical thinking, and retention. The traditional lecture-style classrooms are not suitable for group interaction or activities. Having an appropriate classroom with proper technology to support active learning is essential. In order to foster easier group interaction and collaborative learning, the authors have designed and constructed a new active-learning classroom inspired by the SCALE-UP classroom design. The classroom is specifically designed for group activities. Students sit around a collaborative station (each station can have up to five members). Each station is equipped with a large display monitor attached to a computer. The classroom walls are used as whiteboards for group activities. The authors have developed various timed group activities specifically for this course to enhance student learning. In this presentation, we will discuss how the use of proper technology, an active learning classroom, along with proper pedagogical approach can enhance learning, foster group activities, promote peer learning, and improve retention in gateway science courses.
A velocity divergence constraint for large-eddy simulation of low-Mach flows

The velocity divergence (rate of fluid volumetric expansion) is a flow field quantity of fundamental importance in low-Mach flows. It directly affects the local mass density and therefore the local temperature through the equation of state. In this paper, starting from the conservative form of the sensible enthalpy transport equation, we derive a discrete divergence constraint for use in large-eddy simulation (LES) of low-Mach flows. The result accounts for numerical transport of mass and energy, which is difficult to eliminate in relatively coarse, engineering LES calculations when total variation diminishing (TVD) scalar transport schemes are employed. Without the correction terms derived here, unresolved (numerical) mixing of gas species with different heat capacities or molecular weights may lead to erroneous mixture temperatures and ultimately to an imbalance in the energy budget. The new formulation is implemented in a publicly available LES code called the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). Accuracy of the flow solver for transport is demonstrated using the method of manufactured solutions. The conservation properties of the present scheme are demonstrated on two simple energy budget test cases, one involving a small fire in a compartment with natural ventilation and another involving mixing of two gases with different thermal properties.
Is periodontal disease the primary cause of tooth extraction in adults

Preventing caries and reducing out-of-pocket costs for dental services are two strategies proposed by the authors to lower the rate of tooth extractions. Efforts also must be made to change public values about the importance of restoring rather than extracting carious teeth.
THE UNMAKING OF AN ANTHROPOLOGIST: WALLACE RETURNS FROM THE FIELD, 1862 - 70

This essay follows Alfred Russel Wallace back from the field in 1862, tracing how his views on human evolution developed after his field experiences in the East Indies and how he articulated them within the social structure of British science during the 1860s. It analyses his involvement in the metropolitan scientific institutions dedicated to the study of man, the Ethnological Society of London and its breakaway counterpart, the Anthropological Society of London, which offered differing visions for a science of man and its intersection with political commitments. Using evidence from his participation in society meetings, the reception of his own anthropological papers, and the responses to the views he expressed in his field travel narrative, The Malay Archipelago , I show that although Wallace9s involvement was initially enthusiastic, over time his views came into conflict with both groups. His involvement in established human science institutions declined, and Wallace turned towards other social locations for cultivating his knowledge of and engagement with questions involving the study of humanity.