cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PPAR-γ agonists inhibit production of monocyte inflammatory cytokines

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) is a member of the nuclear receptor family of transcription factors, a large and diverse group of proteins that mediate ligand-dependent transcriptional activation and repression. Expression of PPAR-gamma is an early and pivotal event in the differentiation of adipocytes. Several agents that promote differentiation of fibroblast lines into adipocytes have been shown to be PPAR-gamma agonists, including several prostanoids, of which 15-deoxy-delta-prostaglandin J2 is the most potent, as well as members of a new class of oral antidiabetic agents, the thiazolidinediones, and a variety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Here we show that PPAR-gamma agonists suppress monocyte elaboration of inflammatory cytokines at agonist concentrations similar to those found to be effective for the promotion of adipogenesis. Inhibition of cytokine production may help to explain the incremental therapeutic benefit of NSAIDs observed in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis at plasma drug concentrations substantially higher than are required to inhibit prostaglandin G/H synthase (cyclooxygenase).
The effects of contextual changes and degree of component mastery on transfer of training.

Publisher Summary There are data indicating that learned information is not necessarily used on even immediately subsequent problems. The probability that the information will be transferred seems to depend upon the similarity of the task formats. A number of variables that may be used to define similarity are suggested; including the stimuli employed, the methods of presentation of the stimuli, and the types of response rules required. In addition, two (not mutually exclusive) general conceptualizations of the mechanisms involved in transfer are presented; one based on the role of contextual cues and the other based on an interactive relation between the strengths of different components involved in the task and performance on that task. The chapter focuses on a number of experiments designed to elaborate in more detail the processes involved. They also represent an attempt to generalize the results to a broader class of both task and subject variables.
Cellular Responses of Mice to Diffusion Chambers I. Reactions to Intraperitoneal Diffusion Chambers Containing Listeria monocytogenes and to Bacteria-Free Chambers.

Abstract Diffusion chambers made with membranes having a pore size of 0.22 μm were implanted in the peritoneal cavities of mice. Chambers that contained no cells induced splenic lymphoreticular hyperplasia and a proliferation of fibroblasts around the chambers. When the chambers contained the bacterium, Listeria monocytogenes, there was strong and continuous chemotaxis of phagocytic cells to the membrane surface. The tendency to incite fibrosis around the chambers containing bacteria produced a tissue reaction resembling a chronic abscess or granuloma. The important difference from a natural lesion was the prevention of direct parasite-host cell interactions. In studies on the pathogenesis of long persisting host-parasite relationships, one might successfully use diffusion chambers to investigate the role of humoral antimicrobial substances as well as the effects of chronic inflammation, with its local concentration of metabolic products and constituents of phagocytic cells. On the other hand, the presence of diffusion chambers in the tissues is an abnormal situation and changes arising from their presence may complicate the interpretations of some experiments.
Infrared line widths at planetary atmospheric temperatures

Recent theoretical models and measurements of the variation of collision-broadened line width with temperature in the infrared are discussed for temperatures relevant to planetary atmospheres. The present review is restricted to lines broadened by H2, N2, O2, CO2, and He, the lines formed in the atmospheres of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The design for a low-temperature absorption cell consisting of a nickel-coated copper tube is described. The lack of an adequate theoretical model for variation of the collision-broadened line width with temperature in terms of the molecular constants of the colliding partners is pointed out.
Dissociation of dissolved pectins: Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy

F.t.i.r. spectra of neutralized pectic substances having a degree of methyl esterification ranging from 0 to 70 dissolved in pure D2O solvent and in D2O containing 0.05m NaCl were measured. Solvent-subtracted F.t.i.r. spectra were obtained before and after activation of pectin dissociation by briefly heating to 110°. Based on literature assignments, this band was attributed to the antisymmetric stretching vibration of ionized carboxylate groups, and the increase in area was attributed to dissociation of pectin counter-ions simultaneous with the dissociation of pectin aggregates.
Contribution of multiple scattering to light transmittance by a collimated beam

A method to study the multiple scattering contribution in a scattering and/or absorbing enclosure traversed by a narrow radiation beam is presented. Based on the isotropic scattering assumption, we derive a set of simplified radiative transfer equations, which are solved numerically using a finite-element method. Results from an example calculation are given in terms of transmittance emerging at the top of the cylindrical model assumed. It is shown that Bouguer's law is valid for low single scattering albedo values (<0.4), but the validity limit shifts toward small optical depths as the albedo value increases. For high albedo values and thick optical depths, the multiple scattering effect dominates the emerging transmittance.
Selective detection of rapid motions in spectrin by NMR

Abstract Human erythrocyte spectrin molecules exhibit relatively sharp (30–50 Hz) proton NMR signals in the aliphatic region. A standard solvent presaturation pulse sequence that also partially suppresses the broad envelope from protons with rigid structures in spectrin and selectively enhances the sharp resonances has been used to characterize the behavior of these resonances. The overall resonance pattern strongly resembles that of the denatured spectrin. The observed spectra are also quite similar to the line-broadened spectrum from a mixture of amino acids that corresponds to the composition of the spectrin molecule. These data indicate the existence of regions exhibiting rapid internal motions within the intact spectrin molecule, and suggest that the amino acid composition of the residues giving rise to the sharp resonances is quite similar to that of the full spectrin molecule.
Using ISO 90003 for software “design and development” in large virtual teams

Purpose – ISO 90003 provides guidelines for applying ISO 9001 to software development processes. The purpose of this paper is to present how the software development process in large, virtual teams (LVTs) can be managed, so that they are in compliance with ISO 9001.Design/methodology/approach – The firm's actions are described in a case example format that illustrates how fit between theory and practice is achieved; and forms a precursor to the derivation of appropriate research arguments.Findings – The steps presented show the application of ISO 90003 guidelines to software development planning activities in LVTs, to meet the requirements of ISO 9000 certification.Research limitations/implications – The scope of this paper is limited to the application of Section 7.3 (Design and development) of ISO 90003:2004 to the software development process. The paper presents the discussion in a “generalized” fashion so that the steps described can be implemented by any software development company.Practical implica...
The functioning of the Drosophila CPEB protein Orb is regulated by phosphorylation and requires casein kinase 2 activity.

The Orb CPEB protein regulates translation of localized mRNAs in Drosophila ovaries. While there are multiple hypo- and hyperphosphorylated Orb isoforms in wild type ovaries, most are missing in orbF303, which has an amino acid substitution in a buried region of the second RRM domain. Using a proteomics approach we identified a candidate Orb kinase, Casein Kinase 2 (CK2). In addition to being associated with Orb in vivo, we show that ck2 is required for orb functioning in gurken signaling and in the autoregulation of orb mRNA localization and translation. Supporting a role for ck2 in Orb phosphorylation, we find that the phosphorylation pattern is altered when ck2 activity is partially compromised. Finally, we show that the Orb hypophosphorylated isoforms are in slowly sedimenting complexes that contain the translational repressor Bruno, while the hyperphosphorylated isoforms assemble into large complexes that co-sediment with polysomes and contain the Wisp poly(A) polymerase.
Forward link power control for cellular CDMA networks

The impact of power control on the forward link of cellular CDMA networks is examined and quantified. Results show that, depending on the threshold criteria, Rayleigh fading, and spatial traffic distributions under consideration, power control can increase the capacity in a cell by more than three times.
Synthesis and reactivity of azapalladacyclobutanes.

N-Sulfonyl aziridines undergo oxidative addition to palladium(0) complexes generated in situ from mixtures of Pd2(dba)3 and 1,10-phenanthroline. The resulting azapalladacyclobutane complexes undergo intramolecular carbopalladation in the presence of copper(I) iodide to afford azapalladabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes. A deuterium-labeling experiment indicates that the oxidative addition proceeds via SN2-type attack of palladium(0) on the less-hindered carbon of the aziridine ring and that alkene insertion occurs in a syn fashion. The azapalladabicyclo[3.2.1]octane complexes undergo oxidative palladium−carbon bond functionalization in the presence of copper(II) bromide.
Behavioral avoidance of predation in an intertidal hermit crab

Abstract Several factors potentially influencing predation rates on the hermit crab Pagurus longicarpus (Say)_ were investigated near northeastern Gulf of Mexico salt marshes. Relative predation rates for hermit crabs in different shell types were measured at four tidal levels at four sites using tethering techniques. Predation differed between sites, but not between tidal levels at most sites. Shell species, shell size, and shell damage also had no influence on predation rates. Limited trammel netting indicated that several species of hermit crab predators were common across the intertidal zone. In the laboratory, hermit crabs that were allowed to bury fell prey to striped burrfish Chilomycterus schoepfii (Walbaum) significantly less frequently than hermit crabs that could not. P. longicarpus may depend more on behavioral adaptations such as burying, rather than qualities of the shell shelter, to evade the array of predators in this habitat.
Mimicry of snail host antigens by miracidia and primary sporocysts of Schistosoma mansoni

Polyvalent antisera generated in rabbits to soluble haemolymph components from Schistosoma mansoni-susceptible (PR albino 'M line') and S. mansoni-resistant (10-R2) stocks of the snail Biomphalaria glabrata were employed as membrane probes to determine if antigens related to snail haemolymph were produced by the early larval stages of S. mansoni (PR-1 strain). Using immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopical methods we have demonstrated that antibodies to susceptible (anti-Suscept) and resistant (anti-Resist) snail haemolymph (Hg-depleted fraction) crossreact with miracidial epidermal and ciliary membranes as well as the surface membranes of intercellular ridges. Primary sporocysts, both transformed in vitro and maintained in culture for various time intervals in the absence of snail-derived factors, retain haemolymph-like antigens on their surface tegument although at reduced levels in comparison to miracidial stages. Furthermore prolonged cultivation of sporocysts (48 h) has little effect on the density of crossreacting tegumental antigens suggesting that as sporocysts mature these antigenic components are continually being expressed at the surface membrane. Since miracidia and sporocysts were derived in media devoid of snail host materials, shared antigens on larval surfaces are believed to be of parasite origin and constitute true molecular mimicry as defined by Damian (1979). The occurrence of crossreacting antibodies in both anti-Suscept and anti-Resist antisera further suggests that mimicked haemolymph-like antigens include at least some which are common to both snail stocks.
Introduction to Session 3

Industrial processes typically involve several steps that include pretreatment of raw materials, transformations to form products, and recovery and purification of final product(s). For an approved, economically viable process, it is also essential to include recovery of by-products, recycling of unused raw materials and catalysts, as well as treatment of any waste streams that may be generated. It is a sign of bioprocessing coming-of-age that many research groups have been investigating complex systems involving several of the abovementioned steps. It is also recognized that integrating several steps together may be beneficial to overall conversions and to process-economics. The articles in this session deal with such "integrated systems" for production of industrial chemicals. One article, by Scott et al., reports on utilization of presorted wastepaper as a feedstock for ethanol production. It considers schemes and reactors for initial saccharification, recovery of fermentable sugars, recycling of enzymes, conversion to ethanol, and waste treatment. Two articles deal with simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF); simulations results using mathematical models and experimental observations have been reported. In the first article, Philippidis et al. have explored a continuous, stirred bioreactor for production of ethanol from lignocellulosics. In the second article, South et al. report on different reactor configurations for SSF and for direct microbial conversion of cellulosics to ethanol. Two articles deal with separation of products. The article by de la Rosa et al. reports on ammonia fiber explosion (AFEX) process for utilization of herbaceous crops for recovery of proteins and fermentable sugars by enzymatic saccharification. Kim et al. discuss selection criteria for extractive recovery of products from fermentation broths and provide case studies. Greenbaum et al., deals with the use of photosensitizing ions in photolytic conversions of lignoceUulosics into oxygen and hydrocarbons.
Literacy and Science: Each in the Service of the Other

We use conceptual and empirical lenses to examine synergies between inquiry science and literacy teaching and learning of K-12 (kindergarten through high school) curriculum. We address two questions: (i) how can reading and writing be used as tools to support inquiry-based science, and (ii) how do reading and writing benefit when embedded in an inquiry-based science setting? After elaborating the theoretical and empirical support for integrated approaches, we discuss how to support their implementation in today's complicated curricular landscape.
High-Speed Spectrographic Photometry of the Stardust Sample Return Capsule Around Peak Deceleration

The descent of the Stardust Sample Return Capsule on 15 January 2006 was observed with an intensified highframe-rate slitless spectrograph, which was operated in staring mode. Spectra were recorded at 300 frames per second from 09:57:47 to 09:57:57 UTC (Coordinated Universal Time), around the time of peak deceleration of the capsule. At this time, the spectra contained continuum emission from the hot surface and appeared to be featureless otherwise, with the exception of the telluric absorption caused by molecular oxygen in the atmosphere between the capsule and the observer. By averaging all spectra together, however, it was possible to bring outweak emission lines of oxygen and potassium over the time frame 09:57:51–54 UTC and sodium emission during 09:57:48–51 UTC. The spectral sequence was analyzed for signs of variation in the total emission from a possible wobbling of the capsule at periods higher than the spin rate. No such variationwas observed above the detection threshold of 5 amplitude in the line of sight.
Transient Absorption Studies of the Primary Charge Separation in Photosystem II

Femtosecond transient absorption studies of the primary charge separation in photosystem II (PSII) are presented. A careful study of the dependence of the observed signal on laser intensity demonstrates that the multiple excitation of reaction centers produces additional fast components not observed at low excitation energy. In the regime where the observed signals are linear with excitation energy, a 20 ± 2 ps rise of the pheophytin anion absorption, bleach of the pheophytin Qx absorption, and appearance of the chlorophyll cation absorption are observed. Three different protocols, involving varying exposure of the PSII complex to the detergent Triton X−100, are used to prepare D1-D2-Cyt b559 complexes from spinach. The kinetic signals are independent of the method of sample preparation.
Feasibility of Pulse Oximetry Screening for Critical Congenital Heart Disease at 2643-Foot Elevation

To evaluate the feasibility of implementing a pulse oximetry screening protocol at a city of mild elevation with a specific focus on the false-positive screening rate. Pulse oximetry screening was performed according to the proposed guidelines endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics at a center in Tucson, AZ, at an elevation of 2,643 ft (806 m). During a 10-month period in 2012, 1069 full-term asymptomatic newborns were screened ≥ 24 h after birth. The mean preductal oxygen saturation was 98.5 ± 1.3 % (range 92-100 %), and the mean postductal oxygen saturation was 98.6 ± 1.3 % (range 94-100 %). Of 1,069 patients screened, 7 were excluded secondary to protocol violations, and 1 screened positive. An echocardiogram was performed on the newborn with the positive screen, and it was normal with the exception of right-to-left shunting across a patent foramen ovale. The false-positive rate was 1/1,062 or 0.094 %. The pulse oximetry screening guidelines recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics are feasible at an elevation of 2,643 ft (806 m) with a low false-positive rate. Adjustments to the protocol are not required for centers at elevations ≤ 2,643 ft. Future studies at greater elevations are warranted.
Two short proofs of the bounded case of S.B. Rao's degree sequence conjecture

S.B. Rao conjectured that graphic sequences are well-quasi-ordered under an inclusion based on induced subgraphs. This conjecture has now been proved by Chudnovsky and Seymour. One part of the proof proves the result for the bounded case, a result proved independently by Altomare. We give two short proofs of the bounded case of S.B. Rao's conjecture. Both proofs use the fact that if the number of entries in an integer sequence (with even sum) is much larger than its highest term, then it is necessarily graphic.
Do children really mean what they say? The forensic implications of preschoolers' linguistic referencing

Abstract This study compared younger ( M = 53 months) and older ( M = 90 months) children's use of linguistic referential devices to make a positive identification. Children were shown a 4-minute video that concluded with a wrongful act. They were interviewed 24 hours later and asked to identify the perpetrator of the wrongful act with open-ended and directive questions. Younger children were significantly more likely to fail to provide any pertinent information ( p p
Severe systemic lupus erythematosus with nephritis in a boy with deficiency of the fourth component of complement

A young boy with severe systemic lupus erythematosus was found to be totally deficient in the fourth component of complement. Family studies were consistent with an autosomal recessive mode of transmission and with linkage of the gene(s) determining C4 deficiency to the major histocompatibility complex; no disease states were associated with heterozygosity. This patient has had severe multisystem disease and immune complex glomer-ulonephritis; presumably the alternative pathway of complement was utilized in the pathogenesis of his nephritis.
Application of nitrogen gas-adsorption technique for characterization of pore structure of mudrocks

Subcritical N2 gas-adsorption techniques are used more frequently now for characterizing the pore structure of mudrocks. This article discusses some application challenges associated with mudrocks: sample preparation, choice of inversion techniques of the raw isotherm data, representation of pore-size distribution (PSD) data, and reproducibility of measurement data. Gas-adsorption analysis on hand-ground < 40-mesh powder samples is recommended over using intact rock samples because of the slow diffusion process. Crushing the sample to <40-mesh powder has no significant effect on any of the measured pore-structure attributes. The dV/d(logD) representation is recommended for graphical PSD results because log-scale pore-size abscissa are used most commonly for geologic materials. Pore-size distribution inversion using the Barett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) method should be preferred over the density-functional-theory (DFT) method because it yields more consistent and less noisy inverted data. The Harkins-Jura thick...
Quantitative analysis of synchrotron radiation photoemission core level data

Abstract A procedure for quantitative analysis of photoemission core level energy distribution curves is presented which includes the determination of the Fermi level, the background function, and phonon broadening, as well as properties unique to evolving metal/semiconductor interfaces. The fitting algorithm based on a non-linear least squares routine is discussed in detail. Core level data are represented by computer-generated Lorentzian (or Doniach-Sunjic) lineshapes convoluted with Gaussians. An approximation to the convolution representation using summations of a Lorentzian (or Doniach-Sunjic) with a Gaussian is presented and its limitations are discussed. Constraints on the fitting parameters are discussed in light of the physical descriptions of clean surfaces, interfaces, and the photoemission process. The Si2 p and As3 d (in GaAs) core levels are considered as prototype shallow core levels. This quantitative analysis has been used successfully on a wide range of group IV, III-V and II-VI semiconductors as well as a number of metals.
Current Production by Bacterial Communities in Microbial Fuel Cells Enriched from Wastewater Sludge with Different Electron Donors

Electricity production by bacterial communities enriched from wastewater sludge with lactate, succinate, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (NAG), acetate, formate, and uridine were monitored in dual-chamber microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Stable electricity production was observed after 300 h for communities enriched from lactate, acetate, and formate, while communities enriched with succinate, NAG, and uridine stabilized only after 700 h. The average peak current densities and maximum power densities generated from bacterial consortia were significantly higher than those generated from pure cultures of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. Microbial assemblages were analyzed by DGGE, and planktonic and anode-attached bacterial communities varied as a function of electron donors: Firmicutes, β-Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes dominated the planktonic bacterial communities while anode-attached communities consisted mainly of δ-Proteobacteria, β-Proteobacteria, and Firmicutes. Similar bacterial populations were enriched in MFCs fed with lactate, NAG, and uridine and with succinate, acetate, and formate. Cross-feeding experiments with different fuels indicated that enriched microbial consortia were able to utilize a variety of fuel sources and displayed considerable stability, efficiency, and robustness of power generation in comparison to pure cultures. In addition, characterizations of cultivated Shewanella strains suggested that DGGE analysis likely missed active members of exoelectrogenic populations.
Crack nucleation due to dislocation pile-ups at I-, U- and amorphized triple lines

Abstract A mechanism of intergranular wedge crack nucleation in polycrystalline materials is the piling up of extrinsic grain boundary dislocations around triple lines. In this paper, an approximate theoretical analysis is carried out to compare nucleation at the I-, U- and amorphized triple lines due to edge dislocations having Burgers vectors tangential to the grain boundary planes. The analysis is based on an energy approach of fracture mechanics. Numerical results for aluminium show that: (l) the overall pile-up equilibrium configurations of the dislocations are insignificantly affected by the type of triple line, (2) two types of cracks, sub-microscopic (G 0.05 μm) and microscopic (10–20 μm), are predicted, depending on the strength of the disclination defects at the triple line, and (3) the pile-up populations and the Burgers vectors of the dislocations can significantly influence the nucleation characteristics.
Comparison of the effect of thyrotropin and long-acting thyroid stimulator on glucose oxidation and endocytosis in canine thyroid slices.

LATS has a slower onset of action in vivo than does TSH. In the present study, the stimulators were added in vitro to canine thyroid slices, and the time-course of stimulation of glucose- l-14C oxidation and of endocytosis was studied. Dose-response curves for stimulation of glucose oxidation by the 2 stimulators were approximately parallel. When equipotent doses were compared, 1.0 Kriss U/ml of LATS stimulated glucose oxidation with a latency of 9 or 10 min, while 0.2 mU/ml of TSH had a latency of 12.7 or 15 min, in 2 series of experiments. Latency was inversely related to dose and magnitude of response, down to a minimum latency of about 6 min. When stimulation of endocytosis was studied, equipotent doses of TSH and LATS (0.9 mU/ml and 1.0 Kriss U/ml, respectively) shared a latency of 10 min. LATS was always a stronger stimulus to endocytosis, relative to TSH, than to glucose oxidation. LATS, like TSH, stimulated glucose-l-14C oxidation markedly, while stimulating oxidation of glucose-6-14C only slightl...
Geographic Patterns of Soil Water-Holding Capacity in the Contiguous United States

The geographic patterns of soil water-holding capacity are important for studying the response of vegetation and water supply to climate change. This study was conducted to evaluate which dataset to use for national-scale water balance modeling. Spatial databases of soil properties for the contiguous USA were derived from the USDA national soil database (NATSGO) and the United Nations soil map of the world. The NATSGO data generally resulted in finer textures, greater rock fragment content, and more shallow soils. The organic matter content in the surface was similar, but the NATSGO database did not contain sufficient information to estimate organic matter content of the lower soil. The Rawls model was used to estimate soil water-holding capacity of the 0- to 50-cm depth from particle-size distribution, organic matter content, rock fragment content, and soil depth data. The Saxton model was used to estimate the water-holding capacity of the 50- to 150-cm depth interval, because it didn't require organic matter data. The water-holding capacity in the surface layer based on the NATSGO data was larger than that based on the soil map of the world despite greater rock fragment contents and shallower soil depths. There were few similarities in the water-holding capacities of the 50- to 150-cm depth layer because of large differences in rock fragment content and soil depth. The NATSGO dataset is recommended because the map unit composition was based on a statistical framework with a large sample size and it better characterizes rock fragment content and soil depth.
8-quinolinol-5-sulphonic acid as both indicator and masking agent-I: the zinc-ferrocyanide titration.

Abstract A method has been suggested by which μg amounts of Zn(II) in 10−5-10−6M solution can be titrated with K4Fe(CN)6 in the presence of heavy metal cations, by using 8-quinolinol-5-sulphonic acid at pH 4 as a combined indicator and masking agent. Cd(II) interferes.
Theory of workhardening 1934-1984

The evolution of the theory of workhardening through the past fifty years has laid a secure basis, but much research still lies ahead. A guiding principle in the prevailing, so-called meshlength theory is that glide dislocations arrange into stress-screened, low-energy structures, the most common being the cell structure, and that the flow stress is the stress needed to generate new glide dislocations. Further, it makes extensive use of the “principle of similitude”. Remnant stresses due to dislocations with just one Burgers vector orientation are very often relieved by additional dislocations with other Burgers vectors which form not in response to the applied stress but to those remnant stresses. Such dislocations are commonly misnamed “forest” dislocations. The theory closely reproduces stages II and III of the typical workhardening curve. Stage I results in single glide from sources which initially are isolated from each other so that pile-ups form, which then may interact among neighboring pile-ups of opposite sign, so as to generate mats of dipoles parallel to the active glide plane. Stage II behavior is expected as long as similitude is obeyed so that the average free dislocation path shrinks inversely proportional with the root of the dislocation density. Stage III, finally, results when the free dislocation path is constant. At low temperatures, thermal activation can make the critical difference for the release of hair-trigger poised loops. This is the cause of creep effects whose magnitude is limited to less than the elastic strain. Computer calculations indicate the presence of longer-range (i.e., cell diameter scale) stresses whose sign changes with the cell’s sense of rotation. This suggests that rectangled dislocation cells with a common rotation axis, arranged into a three-dimensional checkerboard pattern in which the sense of rotation alternates from cell to cell, should minimize stored energy. Such cell patterns are increasingly reported in the literature. The fact that the average cell diameter tends to be inversely proportional to the applied stress is also readily explained through those stresses. In retrospect, Taylor’s theory of workhardening may be recognized as a variant of the meshlength theory of stage III, in that it is based on a stress-screened network obeying the principle of similitude while the free dislocation path, given by the spacing between the mosaic block walls, remains constant.
Retention Factors of Tipped Hourly Employees in the Casual Dining Restaurant Segment: Exploratory Research in Central Florida

ABSTRACT Hourly employee retention has been a major area of concern for casual dining restaurant operators. The current exploratory research employed a self-administered questionnaire asking 96 tipped casual dining restaurant hourly employees from 12 different restaurants in the Central Florida region of the United States to rate the importance of 21 employment characteristics of their job and their actual experience with these employment characteristics. The findings revealed that the most important employment characteristics were: flexible working hours, consistent working hours, and nice people to work with. These findings differed from a similar previous study done in 2004 with quick service restaurant employees who rated nice people to work with, humane approach to employees, and hourly wages as the most important employment characteristics. The current study showed statistically significant differences between the level of importance and actual experience attached to 18 of the 21 employment characte...
Major evolutionary events in the origin and diversification of the fern genus Polystichum (Dryopteridaceae).

Recent advances in molecular systematics of the ferns make it possible to address long-standing questions about classification of the major fern genera, such as the worldwide genus Polystichum (Dryopteridaceae), comprising at least 200 species. In this study we examined rbcL sequences and morphological characters from 55 fern taxa: 34 were from Polystichum and 21 were from other genera in the Dryopteridaceae. We found that Phanerophlebia, possibly including Polystichopsis, is the sister group to Polystichum sensu lato (s.l.), including Cyrtomium. Polystichum as commonly recognized is paraphyletic. Our results lead us to suggest recognizing the clade of earliest diverging Polystichum species as a distinct genus (Cyrtomidictyum) and to continue to recognize Cyrtomium as a separate genus, leaving a monophyletic Polystichum sensu stricto (s.s.). We resolved a tropical American clade and an African clade within Polystichum s.s. However, the resemblance between the once-pinnate, bulb-bearing calciphilic species found in Asia and the West Indies appears to be the result of convergent evolution. Optimizing our morphological character transformations onto the combined phylogeny suggests that the common ancestor of Polystichum s.l. and Phanerophlebia had evolved the common features of the alliance, including ciliate petiole-base scales, once-pinnate fronds, ultimate segments with scarious tips, peltate indusia, and microscales.
Anthraquinones and other constituents of two Senna species

Abstract Roots of Senna lindheimeriana furnished a number of 9, 10-anthraquinones including 1-hydroxy-3-methyl-2,6,7,8-tetramethoxy-9,10-anthraquinone, new as a natural product, a rare neolignan, four flavonoids and several common plant constituents. Leaves of S. corymbosa gave several known 9,10-anthraquinones including 5,7′-biphyscion as well as common plant constituents.
Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor-Based Stem Cell Mobilization in Patients with Sickle Cell Disease

Abstract Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) has been reported to exacerbate vaso-occlusive crises in sickle cell disease. It has been recommended to avoid its use for stem cell mobilization in this population, yet autologous transplant is the standard of care and at times a life-saving treatment for patients with various hematologic malignancies such as relapsed aggressive lymphoma or multiple myeloma. We report 5 cases of patients with sickle cell disease and related hemoglobinopathies who underwent granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)-mobilization of peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC). Three of them developed manageable vaso-occlusive pain symptoms requiring parenteral narcotics alone. The 2 others had no complications. These cases demonstrate that stem cell mobilization using G-CSF, although complicated and not without risk, is feasible in patients with sickle cell syndromes.
Clonally dominant cardiomyocytes direct heart morphogenesis

As vertebrate embryos develop to adulthood, their organs undergo marked changes in size and tissue architecture. The heart acquires muscle mass and matures structurally to fulfil increasing circulatory needs, a process that is incompletely understood. Here we used multicolour clonal analysis to define the contributions of individual cardiomyocytes as the zebrafish heart undergoes morphogenesis from a primitive embryonic structure into its complex adult form. We find that the single-cardiomyocyte-thick wall of the juvenile ventricle forms by lateral expansion of several dozen cardiomyocytes into muscle patches of variable sizes and shapes. As juvenile zebrafish mature into adults, this structure becomes fully enveloped by a new lineage of cortical muscle. Adult cortical muscle originates from a small number of cardiomyocytes—an average of approximately eight per animal—that display clonal dominance reminiscent of stem cell populations. Cortical cardiomyocytes initially emerge from internal myofibres that in rare events breach the juvenile ventricular wall, and then expand over the surface. Our results illuminate the dynamic proliferative behaviours that generate adult cardiac structure, revealing clonal dominance as a key mechanism that shapes a vertebrate organ. Using a conditional multicolour tracing approach, the contributions of individual cardiomyocytes to zebrafish heart morphogenesis are defined, revealing clonal dominance as a key mechanism. Using a conditional multicolour tracing approach, Vikas Gupta and Kenneth Poss have defined the contributions of individual cardiomyocytes to the zebrafish heart as it undergoes morphogenesis from a primitive embryonic structure to its complex adult form. They report that the early developing heart is constructed from numerous cell clones that form a primordial layer. Myocytes in the trabeculated layer arise by delamination from the primordial layer, and then a cortical layer emerges as juveniles mature to adults. Only a small number of cardiomyocytes create adult cortical muscle, displaying clonal dominance that is reminiscent of stem-cell populations.
Myotonic dystrophy: from linkage with secretor status to mutation detection.

Sutherland GR. Myotonic dystrophy: from linkage with secretor status to mutation detection. Clin Genet 1993: 43: 273–275. © Munksgaard, 1993
An algorithm for a minimum norm solution of a system of linear inequalities

A common problem encountered in the studies of the least squares problems is that of finding the minimum E 2 norm solution of a system of linear equations. In this paper, we consider an algorithm for computing the vector of minimum norm solution of a given system of linear inequalities. We replace the E 2 norm by $\ell^p\comma \, 1\lt p \lt\infty$ . Duality theorems and characterizations of the solution are given. The feasibility of the method is proved and some numerical experimentations are included.
VALIDATION IN LANGUAGE TESTING. Alister Cumming and Richard Berwick (Eds.). Philadelphia: Multilingual Matters, 1996. Pp. 258. $29.95 paper.

This collection of papers is offered to “serve as a foundation point to illuminate the range of considerations and approaches” in language test construct validation research (p. 12), and it succeeds admirably. The studies represent a useful sample of validation research questions and methods. Research methods are carefully described and motivated, and many chapters have appendices containing original research materials. Discussion and interpretation of the results seem abridged in a few studies, but collectively the chapters present a clear and useful picture of the complexity of construct validation research.
Infection: prostate biopsy-infection and prior fluoroquinolone exposure.

Prostate cancer screening has led to an increase in transrectal-ultrasonography (TRUS)-guided prostate biopsies. However, clinicians are becoming increasingly concerned that fluoroquinolone-resistant organisms are the cause of infectious complications in patients who have undergone this procedure. Two separate studies have shown that patients treated with fluoroquinolone prior to transrectal biopsy are at an increased risk of infectious complications.
Alteration of lipid metabolism in cells infected with human cytomegalovirus

The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) envelope contains 12 virus-encoded glycoproteins and glycoprotein complexes but the lipid composition of the envelope has not been clearly defined. Given the specificity of the interactions between integral membrane proteins and lipids, it is likely that the lipid content of the virion envelope is regulated during infection. In an effort to determine the effects of HCMV infection on lipid metabolism, we have used PCR array technology to investigate how infection affects the expression of genes involved in lipoprotein signaling and cholesterol homeostasis pathways. Our results indicate that HCMV infection leads to down-regulation of the ABCA1 transporter. Decreased levels of ABCA1 appear to be the result of enhanced calpain-mediated cleavage in virus-infected cells. In addition, our data also show that HCMV infection inhibits the development of the foam cell phenotype in conditionally permissive THP-1 derived macrophages.
EXOSAT results on V426 Ophiuchi - Indications of a DQ Herculis system

EXOSAT LE and ME data reveal a sinusoidal l hr modulation during the 6 hr binary orbit of the cataclysmic variable V426 Oph. The amplitude and shape of this modulation, the X-ray fluxes and spectrum, as well as the time scales involved argue for a DQ Her interpretation. In this case, the white dwarf in V426 Oph has the longest rotation period among the known DQ Her systems with orbital periods greater than 3 hr.
A rigorous statistical analysis of errors incurred in the study of intermolecular fast-exchange equilibria by NMR spectroscopy

Abstract A detailed analysis of the algorithms used in the analysis of NMR fast-exchange equilibria is made. It is shown that, in a system of step-wise equilibria of the type A + B ⇌ AB, AB + B ⇌ AB 2 , …, AB n −1 + B ⇌ AB n , the most efficient way to solve the resulting system of equations is to solve for [B], the amount of uncomplexed B. It is then shown that in analyzing the equilibria, the equilibrium constants must be obtained via nonlinear regression for the greatest reliability. The problem is novel in that the other important parameters, the bound shifts, are obtained by simultaneous linear regression . A detailed analysis of the standard deviations of the various parameters is then made with particular emphasis being placed upon the type of data obtained with lanthanide shift reagents.
Partial Characterization of a Collagenolytic Enzyme Fraction From the Hepatopancreas of the Freshwater Prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii

Textural changes of freshwater prawn during ice-chilled/refrigerated storage are believed in part to be due to an autolytic process. A collagenolytic enzyme fraction, isolated from the hepatopancreas of the freshwater prawn, was most active at 37°C and pH 6.5-7.5 and was also active at 0°C. The addition of this enzyme fraction to prawn tissue increased the hydrolysis of prawn collagen at 0°C for 96 hr indicating that this enzyme fraction might be responsible for the textural change in prawn during ice-chilled storage.
Talbot effect beyond the paraxial limit at optical frequencies.

This paper reports the experimental and theoretical investigation of the Talbot effect beyond the paraxial limit at optical frequencies. Au hole array films with periodicitya0comparable to the wavelength of coherent illumination λ were used to study the non-paraxial Talbot effect. Significant differences from the paraxial (classical) Talbot effect were observed. Depending on the ratio of a0/λ, the interference pattern in the direction perpendicular to the hole array was not necessarily periodic, and the self-image distances deviated from the paraxial Talbot distances. Defects within the hole array film or above the film were healed in the self-images as the light propagated from the surface.
Evidence for bias in estimates of local genetic structure due to sampling scheme

Traditional population genetic analyses typically seek to characterize the genetic substructure caused by the nonrandom distribution of individuals. However, the genetic structuring of adult populations often does not remain constant over time, and may vary relative to season or life-history stages. Estimates of genetic structure may be biased if samples are collected at a single point in time, and will reflect the social organization of the species at the time the samples were collected. The complex population structures exhibited by many migratory species, where temporal shifts in social organization correspond to a large-scale shift in geographic distribution, serve as examples of the importance that time of sampling can have on estimates of genetic structure. However, it is often fine-scale genetic structure that is crucial for defining practical units for conservation and management and it is at this scale that distributional shifts of organisms relative to the timing of sampling may have a profound yet unrecognized impact on our ability to interpret genetic data. In this study, we used the wild turkey to investigate the effects of sampling regime on estimates of genetic structure at local scales. Using mitochondrial sequence data, nuclear microsatellite data and allozyme data, we found significant genetic structuring among localized winter flocks of wild turkeys. Conversely, we found no evidence for genetic structure among sampling locations during the spring, when wild turkeys exist in mixed assemblages of genetically differentiated winter flocks. If the lack of detectable genetic structure among individuals is due to an admixture of social units as in the case of wild turkeys during the spring, then the FIS value rather than the FST value may be the more informative statistic in regard to the levels of genetic structure among population subunits.
Safe coordination control policy for multiple input constrained nonholonomic vehicles

In this paper we propose a decentralized control policy for coordinating a group of nonholonomic autonomous vehicles (non necessarily homogeneous) with input constraints moving in ℝ2, aiming to satisfy individual (trajectory tracking) and common objectives (guaranteed vehicles safety). The proposed policy models the discrete operation modes of each participating vehicle as a hybrid automaton, while obtaining control inputs for each discrete mode from a particular model predictive control formulation or from a preselected constant control input. The proposed control policy results in partial fulfillment of the trajectory tracking problem and safety guarantees for all involved vehicles while preserving the overall system stability. The policy incorporates elements of model predictive control and hybrid system stability theory, more specifically stability results related to multiple Lyapunov functions.
The role of stratification in the deoxygenation of Mobile Bay and adjacent shelf bottom waters

Oxygen depletion in the shallow bottom waters of Mobile Bay, Alabama, and in adjacent nearshore and continental shelf waters, is shown to be directly related to the intensity of water column stratification. Low winds speeds are coincidental with the onset of water column stratification and the occurrence of hypoxic events. Hourly, daily, and seasonal changes in the relationship between percent oxygen saturation or oxygen concentration in the bottom waters and surface-bottom density differences indicate that the oxidized materials are recently formed, and not relic or overwintering carbon sources. The influence of density structure (water column stratification) in other oxygen-depleted coastal water masses is compared to Mobile Bay.
Mental health stigma update: A review of consequences

Mental illness remains a pervasive social issue that aff ects the well-being of millions of individuals globally. Despite the overall prevalence of mental illness, increasing numbers of individuals...
Interactive effects of type A personality and psychological and physical stressors on human cardiovascular functions.

The first part of this study examined the relationship(s) between Type A behavior scores and heart rate, blood pressure and impedance derived cardiovascular measures in response to discrete stressors during a standardized psychophysiological assessment. Expts. 2A and 2B considered cardiovascular responses to dynamic exercise stress alone and in combination with psychological and cold pressor tests. Gender and stroke volume changes during the psychological stress correlated 0.45 (P < 0.02) with Type A score. Subscale scores of Job Involvement correlated 0.78 (P < 0.02) with stroke volume, total systemic resistance and heart rate during the psychological stressor, and systolic blood pressure during the cold pressor task. The combined effects of psychological stress and dynamic exercise on systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly greater than the individual effects of these stressors. The use of impedance cardiography in measuring cardiovascular variables that correlate with Type A behavior, during psychophysiological assessments, may further elucidate our understanding of Type A behavior in addition to providing information about how stress interacts with aerobic exercise.