cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advancing scientific computation by improving scientific code development: symbolic execution and semantic analysis

This paper presents an implementation of a technique for automated, rigorous scientific program comprehension and error detection. The procedure analyzes fundamental semantic concepts during a symbolic execution of a user's code. Since program execution is symbolic, the analysis is general and can replace many test cases. The prototype of this procedure is demonstrated on two test cases including a 5k line of code (LOC) program. Although this technique promises a powerful tool, several challenges remain.
Outside Directors and Corporate Board Decisions: A Natural Experiment

During the 1990s, the global economy appears to have suffered an outbreak of "outside director mania" - at least 18 countries have witnessed publication of guidelines that stipulate floors for the representation of outside directors on corporate boards. The apparent (largely untested) premise underlying this movement is that boards with significant outside directors will make different (and perhaps better) decisions than boards dominated by inside directors. As the first-mover in this movement, the U.K. provides a laboratory for a "natural experiment" to examine this presumption empirically. We investigate one key board task - the appointment of the CEO - to determine whether boards are more likely to appoint an outside CEO after they have increased the representation of outside directors to comply with the exogenously imposed standards. We find that the (coerced) increase in outside directors does alter the CEO selection decision. Additionally, announcement period stock returns indicate that the decisions are not only different, they also appear to be better.
Nutrition and national development

Abstract The three major strands of the nutrition planning literature — the socio-economic consequences of malnutrition, its determinants and characteristics, and the solutions offered to the problem — are examined by the authors and found wanting. There are serious limitations both in analysis of the problems and proposals for action in most work on nutrition policies because macro-level social, institutional, economic and political factors are neglected.
Golfers' experience with multiple imagery interventions and putting performance

GOLFERS' EXPERIENCE WITH MULTIPLE IMAGERY INTERVENTIONS AND PUTTING PERFORMANCE by SeongKwan Cho The main purpose of this study was to examine participant experiences with imagery use and to investigate both the actual and perceived effectiveness of multiple imagery interventions on golf putting performance. A secondary purpose was to examine the relationship between imagery use and music. The participants were four male college students who were skilled golfers. They first used an imagery guide without music for five consecutive days of intervention sessions and then switched to an imagery guide with music for another five consecutive days. Quantitative data were recorded during putting tests and analyzed using a repeated measures one-way ANOVA. All participants also participated in two semi-structured interviews. The interview data were inductively analyzed to identify themes in the participants' experiences with the interventions. All results are discussed in terms of their relevance to sport psychology applications for performance enhancement. Recommendations for future research are also discussed.
Overview of IBM system/390 parallel sysplex-a commercial parallel processing system

Scalability has never been more a part of System/390 than with Parallel Sysplex. The Parallel Sysplex environment permits a mainframe or Parallel Enterprise Server to grow from a single system to a configuration of 32 systems (initially), and appear as a single image to the end user and applications. The IBM S/390 Parallel Sysplex provides capacity for today's largest commercial workloads by enabling a workload to be spread transparently across a collection of S/390 systems with shared access to data. By way of its parallel architecture and MVS operating system support, the S/390 Parallel Sysplex offers near-linear scalability and continuous availability for customers' mission-critical applications. S/390 Parallel Sysplex optimizes responsiveness and reliability by distributing workloads across all of the processors in the Sysplex. Should one or more processors fail, the workload is redistributed across the remaining processors. Because all of the processors have access to all of the data, the Parallel Sysplex provides a computing environment with near-continuous availability.
Bactericidal activity of aerobic and anaerobic polymorphonuclear neutrophils.

Abstract Human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) were made anaerobic by nitrogen washout (oxygen saturation <1%, Eh < −42 mV at pH 7.0), and the ability of the cells to kill bacteria was assayed and compared to the bactericidal activity of aerobic PMN. Anaerobic PMN were able to kill Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus, viridans streptococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, Bacteroides fragilis, Clostridium perfringens, and Peptococcus magnus normally. Organisms that were not killed normally by anaerobic PMN included Staphylococcus aureus (strains Wood 46 and 502a), Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, and Salmonella typhimurium. These findings suggest that mechanisms other than those dependent on hydrogen peroxide may be important in the killing of some bacteria.
Automating Music Similarity Analysis in 'Sound-Alike' Copyright Infringement Cases

In August of 2013, Pharrell Williams, Robin Thicke, and Clifford Harris, Jr. sought declaratory judgment against the Marvin Gaye estate amongst allegations of copyright infringement. The Thicke case represents one of many copyright infringement cases where the allegedly infringing song “sounds like” an original song. In “sound-alike” cases between 2010 and 2013, 81 percent of words in judicial opinions compared similarity of lyrics and thematic elements, generic conventions, and basic vocals, whereas only 18 percent described instrumentation and other musicological traits. In order to drive effective musical evaluation, judicial efficiency, objectivity, and reliability of expert results, the United States Copyright Office should offer a musicological expert witness accreditation exam and toolset to improve consistent outcomes through probative similarity analyses.
Rupture mechanics on the Hayward Fault

The Hayward fault is a right-lateral, strikeslip fracture in the crust to the east of San Francisco Bay. Its earthquake history shows activity for the last 130 years; in 1836 and 1868, large damaging earthquakes were accompanied by surface rupture along the fault. At Berkeley, an intensive special study of the mechanics of the fault is possible. A mining adit exposes the gouge clay of the shear zone. Differential displacement of a culvert across the fault, measured continuously since 1965, shows a slippage rate of 2.5 mm per year over all with a definite pattern of seasonal fluctuations. The monitoring of small local earthquakes shows an average of 3 to 5 per year (2<M<3) within 10 km of Berkeley; focal depths are quite shallow with a few as great as 10 km.
Nuclear overhauser enhancement evidence for inverse temperature dependence of hydrophobic side chain proximity in the polytetrapeptide of tropoelastin

Abstract Previous studies on aqueous solutions of HCO-(Val-Pro-Gly-Gly)40-Val-OMe indicated an increase in secondary structure on increasing the temperature implying a concomitant intramolecular hydrophobic association. Nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE) studies are reported which explicitly demonstrate an increase in association of γ CH 3 of Val and δ CH 2 of Pro protons on increasing temperature. The analogue where Ala replaces Val does not show this inverse temperature transition. These results provide direct demonstration of the “hydrophobic effect” responsible for inverse temperature transitions in aqueous systems.
Impact of asthma self-management education on the health behaviour of young adults: A pilot study of the Dartmouth College “Breathe Free” program

This paper examines the relationship between asthma self-management education, medical management of asthma, psychosocial aspects of chronic illness, and behavior modification strategies (including self observation, decision-making and asthma-attack response) among college-age students with a clinical history of asthma problems. The results of a pilot study indicate that after students participated in the innovative "Breathe Free" workshop at Dartmouth College, use of the college health service for acute asthma care decreased. These students also demonstrated increased knowledge about asthma and increased satisfaction with activity level and perceived asthma control. Chart reviews completed four years after the workshop indicate improved compliance with asthma treatment recommendations, as well as increased use of early intervention strategies.
Static and serial assessments of coronary arterial remodeling are discordant: an intravascular ultrasound analysis from the Reversal of Atherosclerosis with Aggressive Lipid Lowering (REVERSAL) trial.

Background Arterial remodeling is a major determinant of the clinical manifestations of coronary artery disease. Assessment of arterial remodeling with intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) used to rely on comparing the external elastic membrane (EEM) areas of lesion and reference sites at a single time point (static assessment). Recently, performance of serial IVUS provided the opportunity for direct assessment of remodeling. Our aim was to study the concordance of the static and serial methods. Methods We identified 210 focal coronary lesions on the baseline IVUS interrogations of the REVERSAL trial. A follow-up IVUS was performed at 18 months. Static assessment was performed by calculating the remodeling index (RI) (lesion EEM area / reference EEM area) and serial assessment by comparing the changes in atheroma and EEM areas at follow-up. Results Using the serial method, there was a 1.24 mm 2 increase in EEM area for every 1 mm 2 increase in atheroma area at the lesion site, which was indicative of expansive (overcompensatory) remodeling. By using the static method, the RI was paradoxically lower at follow-up (1.062 ± 0.15 at baseline vs 1.027 ± 0.14 at follow-up, P Conclusions Static and serial assessments of arterial remodeling are discordant. This is due to concomitant remodeling of the reference sites used in the static assessment. Intravascular ultrasound performed at a single point in time does not reflect the dynamic remodeling response.
PPARγ is not required for the inhibitory actions of PGJ2 on cytokine signaling in pancreatic β-cells

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ agonists, such as 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (PGJ2) and troglitazone, have been shown to elicit anti-inflammatory effects in pancreatic β-ce...
Hemodynamic determinations in the assessment of distal coronary artery disease.

Abstract Both the animal experiments and the theoretical calculations were used to assess the effect of a partial obstruction of a coronary artery. These studies were undertaken in the hope of finding hemodynamic parameters measurable at operation which could indicate the severity of diffuse distal coronary artery disease. Measured parameters included mean coronary artery flow, systolic flow, diastolic flow, peak-to-peak flow amplitude and maximum reactive hyperemic flow. The amplitude of the flow, the diastolic/ systolic flow ratio and the maximum reactive hyperemic flow were all found to be more sensitive indicators of the degree of vessel obstruction than the mean flow. Theoretical calculations based on Poiseuille's Law give close agreement with the experimental findings. It is hoped that measurement of these sensitive parameters at operation will be of prognostic value in determining the patency rate of aorto-coronary bypass grafts.
Shell-Restricted Swelling and Core Compression in Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Core−Shell Microgels

We report on an investigation of the structural relationship between the core and shell components in stimuli-sensitive core/shell microgels. Photon correlation spectroscopy measurements indicate that the presence of the shell alters the extent of core swelling. Core particles composed of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) (pNIPAm-co-AAc) undergo volume changes as a function of temperature and pH, where deprotonation of the acidic sites results in a volume increase (particle swelling). The addition of a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAm) shell restricts the core from swelling to its native volume both above and below the pKa of acrylic acid. Furthermore, the pH responsive core undergoes only small temperature-induced volume changes above the characteristic lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of pNIPAm (31 °C) at pH values where the acid groups are fully deprotonated. The addition of a pNIPAm shell results in compression of the core and induces a large volume change at the pNIPAm LCST. Th...
Progressives and the Supreme Court: A Case for Judicial Reform in the 1920s

(1980). Progressives and the Supreme Court: A Case for Judicial Reform in the 1920s. The Historian: Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 419-436.
Wavelength and size dependence in single particle laser aerosol mass spectra

The impact of particle size and desorption/ionization laser wavelength on ion signal in single particle laser mass spectrometry was investigated. Individual particles of α-cyano hydroxy-cinnamic acid, dihydroxy benzoic acid, and nitroguanadine were sized, tracked, and desorbed/ionized by 266 or 355 nm laser light, and the resulting mass spectra were analyzed. Sodium ion signal and total ion signal were determined. Sodium ion is a measure of desorption efficiency, while total ion signal is sensitive to both desorption and ionization. The sodium ion signal was found to be independent of wavelength, above a minimum laser energy which varied by compound. The total ion signal was found to be higher for 266 nm desorption/ionization laser mass spectra in most cases. The sodium ion and total ion signals were found to be linear with particle size, regardless of laser energy or wavelength. Both sodium ion and total ion signals were also found to vary roughly linearly with laser energy, showing a much weaker dependance on laser energy than predicted by MALDI results. These results suggest that the absorbance spectrum of the compound does not predict desorption and ionization efficiency, above some minimum laser energy.
Understanding haemolytic anaemia

Abstract Understanding haemolytic anaemia means understanding the pathophysiology of accelerated red blood cell (RBC) lysis. Clinicians need to be aware of the different types of haemolysis, intravascular and extravascular, and the causes, both inherited and acquired. Appreciation of these facts will ensure that appropriate first-line investigations are performed in jaundiced anaemic children when they first present. Specialist advice should then be obtained to ensure the best management of these children. Acute and often self-limiting forms of haemolysis can be the most dramatic and these are the forms most likely to present to the general paediatrician.
Outcome ratings for psychotherapy by graduate students and professional therapists.

This report describes outcome for 404 psychotherapy cases seen over 10 years and rated by either Ph.D. students or professional therapists. There was no M difference in professional therapists' and students' ratings of patients' improvement.
Dipolar Complexes in Calcium Fluoride Doped with Erbium

The rotation of ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{F}_{i}^{}{}_{}{}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ dipoles in Ca${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ was studied by the ionic thermocurrent (ITC) technique. Relaxation peaks at 138 K ($E=0.380$ eV, ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{0}=2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}$ sec) and 54 K ($E=0.167$ eV, ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{0}=3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}15}$ sec) were observed, and it is proposed that these are produced by the reorientation of the tetragonal complex (nearest-neighbor interstitial fluorine) and the trigonal complex (next-nearest-neighbor interstitial fluorine), respectively. Twidell recently reported inducing movement of the interstitial fluorine with uv light and his results are compared with the effects on the ITC spectrum caused by uv and by electron irradiation at low temperature.
An NLS Is Sufficient to Engage Facilitated Translocation by the Nuclear Pore Complex and Subsequent Intranuclear Binding

We investigated the nuclear transport of a fusion protein consisting of a nuclear localization signal linked to beta-galactosidase, normally a cytoplasmic protein. We microinjected the radiolabeled fusion protein into the cytoplasm of living Xenopus oocytes or supplied it directly to the surface of the oil-isolated oocyte nucleus and measured its transport into the nucleus. Our data confirm that a nuclear localization signal is sufficient to entrain a protein's facilitated transport through the nuclear pore complex and its subsequent nuclear accumulation. Moreover, nuclear envelope micropuncture experiments determine that the fusion protein's accumulation results from its intranuclear binding, demonstrating that no specific region of a transported protein--other than the nuclear localization signal itself--is required for facilitated transport and intranuclear binding. Finally, we present evidence that the intranuclear binding of a transported protein requires not only its nuclear localization signal, but also its prior facilitated transport through the nuclear pore complex.
Capstones and practica in environmental studies and sciences programs: rationale and lessons learned

Environmental Science and Studies (ESS) programs grapple with the need to address several important, and sometimes competing, goals in curricula, such as understanding coupled human–natural systems, interdisciplinary approaches, problem solving, science literacy, informed citizenship, and career preparation. Hands-on projects that allow students to apply their academic learning to the real world in the form of capstone projects and practica offer the potential to meet many of these goals. In June 2010, a session was convened at the Association for Environmental Studies and Sciences (AESS) annual conference at Lewis and Clark College in Portland, Oregon, to discuss the benefits of these projects for student learning and to share practical experience of facilitating these types of projects and associated courses on different campuses across the country. This special issue of JESS features eight case studies of ESS capstone course projects at various institutions, from small liberal arts colleges to large research institutions. These examples serve as templates for instructors hoping to start similar programs at other institutions or to adapt new projects in existing capstone courses. This paper synthesizes the collective lessons learned from these case studies. We found that that while these case studies help instructors achieve some similar learning goals, several important differences exist, suggesting that curricula and the demands faced by instructors in the emerging field of ESS are still quite varied.
Decreased conformational stability of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca-ATPase in aged skeletal muscle.

Abstract Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membranes purified from young adult (4–6 months) and aged (26–28 months) Fischer 344 male rat skeletal muscle were compared with respect to the functional and structural properties of the Ca-ATPase and its associated lipids. While we find no age-related alterations in (1) expression levels of Ca-ATPase protein, and (2) calcium transport and ATPase activities, the Ca-ATPase isolated from aged muscle exhibits more rapid inactivation during mild (37°C) heat treatment relative to that from young muscle. Saturation-transfer EPR measurements of maleimide spin-labeled Ca-ATPase and parallel measurements of fatty acyl chain dynamics demonstrate that, accompanying heat inactivation, the Ca-ATPase from aged skeletal muscle more readily undergoes self-association to form inactive oligomeric species without initial age-related differences in association state of the protein. Neither age nor heat inactivation results in differences in acyl chain dynamics of the bilayer including those lipids at the lipid-protein interface. Initial rates of tryptic digestion associated with the Ca-ATPase in SR isolated from aged muscle are 16( ± 2)% higher relative to that from young muscle, indicating more solvent exposure of a portion of the cytoplasmic domain. During heat inactivation these structural differences are amplified as a result of immediate and rapid further unfolding of the Ca-ATPase isolated from aged muscle relative to the delayed unfolding of the Ca-ATPase isolated from young muscle. Thus age-related alterations in the solvent exposure of cytoplasmic peptides of the Ca-ATPase are likely to be critical to the loss of conformational and functional stability.
TGFβ-induced PI 3 kinase-dependent Mnk-1 activation is necessary for Ser-209 phosphorylation of eIF4E and mesangial cell hypertrophy

Transforming growth factorβ (TGFβ)-induced canonical signal transduction is involved in glomerular mesangial cell hypertrophy; however, the role played by the noncanonical TGFβ signaling remains largely unexplored. TGFβ time-dependently stimulated eIF4E phosphorylation at Ser-209 concomitant with enhanced phosphorylation of Erk1/2 (extracellular signal regulated kinase1/2) and MEK (mitogen-activated and extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase) in mesangial cells. Inhibition of Erk1/2 by MEK inhibitor or by expression of dominant negative Erk2 blocked eIF4E phosphorylation, resulting in attenuation of TGFβ-induced protein synthesis and mesangial cell hypertrophy. Expression of constitutively active (CA) MEK was sufficient to induce protein synthesis and hypertrophy similar to those induced by TGFβ. Pharmacological or dominant negative inhibition of phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3 kinase decreased MEK/Erk1/2 phosphorylation leading to suppression of eIF4E phosphorylation. Inducible phosphorylation of eIF4E at Ser-209 is mediated by Mnk-1 (mitogen-activated protein kinase signal-integrating kinase-1). Both PI 3 kinase and Erk1/2 promoted phosphorylation of Mnk-1 in response to TGFβ. Dominant negative Mnk-1 significantly inhibited TGFβ-stimulated protein synthesis and hypertrophy. Interestingly, inhibition of mTORC1 activity, which blocks dissociation of eIF4E-4EBP-1 complex, decreased TGFβ-stimulated phosphorylation of eIF4E without any effect on Mnk-1 phosphorylation. Furthermore, mutant eIF4E S209D, which mimics phosphorylated eIF4E, promoted protein synthesis and hypertrophy similar to TGFβ. These results were confirmed using phosphorylation deficient mutant of eIF4E. Together our results highlight a significant role of dissociation of 4EBP-1-eIF4E complex for Mnk-1-mediated phosphorylation of eIF4E. Moreover, we conclude that TGFβ-induced noncanonical signaling circuit involving PI 3 kinase-dependent Mnk-1-mediated phosphorylation of eIF4E at Ser-209 is required to facilitate mesangial cell hypertrophy.
GARP-face: Balancing privacy protection and utility preservation in face de-identification.

Face de-identification, the process of preventing a person’ identity from being connected with personal information, is an important privacy protection tool in multimedia data processing. With the advance of face detection algorithms, a natural solution is to blur or block facial regions in visual data so as to obscure identity information. Such solutions however often destroy privacy-insensitive information and hence limit the data utility, e.g., gender and age information. In this paper we address the de-identification problem by proposing a simple yet effective framework, named GARP-Face, that balances utility preservation in face deidentification. In particular, we use modern facial analysis technologies to determine the Gender, Age, and Race attributes of facial images, and Preserving these attributes by seeking corresponding representatives constructed through a gallery dataset. We evaluate the proposed approach using the MORPH dataset in comparison with several stateof-the-art face de-identification solutions. The results show that our method outperforms previous solutions in preserving data utility while achieving similar degree of privacy protection.
Hardware Security and its Adversaries

Cryptographic reasoning has embraced the idea of "provable security", however, as soon as crypto protocols and primitives are implemented in SW/HW, security and trust become relative to the attacker who may also attempt to embed Trojans, malicious firmware, and exploit implementation vulnerabilities and side channels. Cryptographic reasoning has the implicit assumption of idealized trust in HW. A closer look at HW security shows a more fine-grained understanding of adversarial capabilities with a more realistic understanding of what is meant by trust in HW; a closer look also reveals HW security's own implicit security assumptions.
Iron oxide nanoparticle-based magnetic resonance method to monitor release kinetics from polymeric particles with high resolution.

A new method to precisely monitor rapid release kinetics from polymeric particles using super paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, specifically by measuring spin–spin relaxation time (T2), is reported. Previously, we have published the formulation of logic gate particles from an acid-sensitive poly-β-aminoester ketal-2 polymer. Here, a series of poly-β-aminoester ketal-2 polymers with varying hydrophobicities were synthesized and used to formulate particles. We attempted to measure fluorescence of released Nile red to determine whether the structural adjustments could finely tune the release kinetics in the range of minutes to hours; however, this standard technique did not differentiate each release rate of our series. Thus, a new method based on encapsulation of iron oxide nanoparticles was developed, which enabled us to resolve the release kinetics of our particles. Moreover, the kinetics matched the relative hydrophobicity order determined by octanol–water partition coefficients. To the best of our ...
Decline in physician referrals to health department clinics for immunizations: The role of vaccine financing

Abstract Background: Physicians frequently refer children to health department clinics (HDCs) for immunizations because of high out-of-pocket costs to parents and poor reimbursement for providers. Referrals for immunizations can lead to scattered care. In 1994, two vaccine financing reforms began in New York State that reduced patient costs and improved provider reimbursement: the Vaccines for Children Program (VFC, mostly for those on Medicaid and uninsured) and a law requiring indemnity insurers to cover childhood immunizations and preventive services. Objective: To measure reported changes in physician referrals to HDCs for immunizations before and after the vaccine financing reforms. Design: In 1993, a self-administered survey measured immunization referral practices of primary care physicians. In 1997, we resurveyed respondents of the 1993 survey to evaluate changes in referrals. Setting/ Participants: Three hundred twenty-eight eligible New York State primary care physicians (65% pediatricians and 35% family physicians) who responded to the 1997 follow-up immunization survey (response rate of 82%). Results: The proportion of physicians reporting that they referred some or all children out for immunizations decreased from 51% in 1993 to 18% in 1997 ( p p p Conclusions: Vaccine financing reforms decreased the proportion of physicians who referred children to HDCs for immunizations, and may have reduced scattering of pediatric care.
Bayesian multiple testing for two-sample multivariate endpoints.

Dans les essais cliniques ou l'on s'interesse a plusieurs variables, il arrive souvent que des tests simultanes portent sur des resultats correles entre eux et concernent des hypotheses elles-meme correlees entre elles. Cet article, dans un cadre bayesien, propose d'utiliser, comme loi de probabilite a priori des effets traitement, une distribution multivariee ou la combinaison des parametres permet simultanement d'affecter une probabilite strictement positive a l'absence d'effet traitement pour chacune des hypotheses et de modeliser differents types de correlations: la correlation entre les effets traitements standardises, c'est-a-dire rapportes aux ecarts-types des variables concernees; la correlation entre les variables dichotomiques de presence ou d'absence de l'effet traitement ; la correlation, enfin. entre les statistiques de test (conditionnellement aux effets reels). Nous developpons ensuite. dans le cas de l'etude multivariee de deux echantillons une methode de comparaisons multiples qui nous permet de calculer. pour des variables prealablement specifiees, les probabilites a posteriori d'une absence d'effet traitement. Sont aussi discutees, dans le contexte d'un exemple clinique reel, les demarches relatives au choix de la probabilite a priori, ainsi que les problemes de robustesse.
Mössbauer resonance of Fe57 in oxidic spinels containing Cu and Fe

Abstract The Mossbauer spectra of Fe 57 in tetragonal and cubic CuFe 2 O 4 , CU 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 , and Cu 0.3 Cd 0.3 Fe 2 O 4 have been investigated between 4.2–1000°K and in applied external magnetic fields. The spectra consist of a superposition of two apparent six-line patterns which are attributed predominantly to iron at the B sites (pattern I) and A sites (pattern II) of the crystal structure on the basis of their relative isomer shifts, hyperfine fields, quadrupole interactions, and thermal shifts. However, the intensity ratio of the Lorentzian fits of the two patterns does not correspond to the ratio of the Fe site occupancy factors as determined by diffraction methods. It is found that the patterns, especially I, are of a complex structure and exhibit anomalous line shapes due to various distributions of the neighboring cations and local Jahn-Teller type distortions of crystallographically equivalent sites. Both of these give rise to fluctuations in the A − B type super exchange interactions (resulting in varying hyperfine fields) and, to a lesser extent, to fluctuations in the quadrupole perturbation of the fields at the iron sites. The observed slight differences in the magnitude of the H eff ( B ) and the differential linewidths of II are interpreted in terms of a spin transfer from the A site cationic 3 d spin moments to the 4 S orbital of the B site Fe 3+ . By use of applied magnetic fields the separation of the patterns is increased so that the Lorentzian fits yield approximately correct intensity ratios. In cubic CuFe 2 O 4 and in the spinels containing Zn and Cd, the site distortions are such that patterns I and II cannot be resolved in the zero applied field spectra whereas this is possible if external fields are employed.
Boir Ahmad mockery: a research note

Although contemporary Persian folk poetry does not receive much scientific attention presently, this is not necessarily a sign that it is of little importance among renown arts in Iran. In fact, folk poetry seems to be quite alive and thriving in tents and behind mud walls-still alive, one probably has to caution, in spite of the rapidly changing channels of creativity in Iran. The ephemeral folk songs and poems can, indeed, be found everywhere, in cities as well as in camps and villages. However, it is in the countryside where they often take on special significance as the only truly "popular" art, the only means for many people to be, as we say, artistically expressive.
III-Nitride crystal growth from nitride-salt solution

Abstract Single crystals of hexagonal boron nitride were grown by the nitride-salt solution temperature-gradient growth technique. Seeded growth was performed at 0.2 MPa nitrogen pressure between 760 and 900 °C. Growth of BN crystals was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron diffraction to be graphite-type boron nitride. The growth mechanism is under investigation, however, the crystals embedded in the solvent matrix were found to be separated from the seed by a boundary layer which seems to be a result of a solvent–seed interaction. This growth technique can be applied to AlN and to GaN with the application of pressure.
Influence of Prontosil-soluble on Beta Hemolytic Streptococci Growing in Tissue Culture Media.

ConclusionBeta hemolytic streptococci growing in tissue-culture media containing Prontosil-soluble, 1:1000, produce hemolysin. The amount available for erythrocytic destruction is moderately reduced as compared with controls. This effect is not secondary to bacteriostasis.
Esdragole, the main compound in the volatile oil of Tagetes filifolia (compositae)

Abstract The volatile oil of Tagetes filifolia Lag. contains more than 95% of a compound, which by TLC and i.r. spectral comparison and by conversion to anethole, has been identified as esdragole.
Triggering Federal Court Intervention in State Prison Reform

What “triggers” federal court intervention in prison reform litigation? The authors present a causal model of federal judicial intervention in the prison reform litigation of 48 states (all except Alaska and Hawaii). From analysis of variables posited by numerous qualitative case studies to be critical, the causal model indicates that federal court intervention in state prison systems can be correlated to various factors, including political ideology, socioeconomic factors, and the “problem environment” of state prison conditions. The authors offer the analysis in the hope that it will stimulate additional discussion of the jurisprudence and behavior of federal judicial intervention in prison reform litigation.
Invasive grasses, climate change, and exposure to storm‐wave overtopping in coastal dune ecosystems

The world's coastal habitats are critical to human well-being, but are also highly sensitive to human habitat alterations and climate change. In particular, global climate is increasing sea levels and potentially altering storm intensities, which may result in increased risk of flooding in coastal areas. In the Pacific Northwest (USA), coastal dunes that protect the coast from flooding are largely the product of a grass introduced from Europe over a century ago (Ammophila arenaria). An introduced congener (A. breviligulata) is displacing A. arenaria and reducing dune height. Here we quantify the relative exposure to storm-wave induced dune overtopping posed by the A. breviligulata invasion in the face of projected multi-decadal changes in sea level and storm intensity. In our models, altered storm intensity was the largest driver of overtopping extent, however the invasion by A. breviligulata tripled the number of areas vulnerable to overtopping and posed a fourfold larger exposure than sea-level rise over multi-decadal time scales. Our work demonstrates the importance of a transdisciplinary approach that draws on insights from ecology, geomorphology, and civil engineering to assess the vulnerability of ecosystem services in light of global change.
CHILD HEALTH PROBLEMS AND PROGRAMMES IN TWO UNDERDEVELOPED AREAS OE THE USA

Summary There are areas in the USA where the health problems of children are similar to those of children in some developing countries. Traditional US health programmes have contributed to an improvement in the health status of many of these children but there remains much more to be done.
TM-01IDENTIFICATION OF GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATASE ALPHA AS A KEY METABOLIC REGULATOR FOR GLIOBLASTOMA CELL INVASION

Glioblastoma (GBM) remains the most aggressive primary brain cancer in adults. Similar to other cancers, GBM cells undergo metabolic reprogramming to promote proliferation and survival. Glycolytic inhibition is widely used to target such reprogramming. However, the stability of glycolytic inhibition in GBM remains unclear. In this study, we found that the expression of glucose-6-phosphatase-α (G6PC) was elevated in GBM when compared to normal brain ) (p < 0.001). Human-derived brain tumor initiating cells (BTICs) utilize this enzyme to counteract glycolytic inhibition induced by 2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) and sustain malignant progression. Down-regulation of G6PC renders the majority of these cells unable to survive glycolytic inhibition, and promotes glycogen accumulation through the activation of glycogen synthase (GYS1) and inhibition of glycogen phosphorylase (PYGL). Moreover, BTICs that survive G6PC knockdown are less aggressive (reduced migration, invasion, proliferation, and increased astrocytic differentiation) (p < 0.001). Interestingly, after performing immunohistochemistry staining for G6PC in brain sections derived from animals implanted with G6PC knockdown cells for a survival study, we found a complete rescue of its expression in the tumor cells of these animals. These results explain the absence of survival differences observed between G6PC knockdown and wild type mice. Furthermore, these findings also suggest a very important role for G6PC in cell survival, since only the cells that carried G6PC where able to survive and invade in our animal model. Collectively, our findings establish G6PC as a key enzyme with pro-malignant functional consequences that has not been previously reported in GBM and identify it as a potential therapeutic target.
Untersuchungen über das schicksal , die verteilung im organismus des peroral oder parenteral verabreichten vitamin B12

Zusammenfassung 1. 1. In Fortsetzung von Untersuchungen mit radioaktivem Vitamin B12 (60Co) wurde festgestellt, das auch bei langfristiger Versuchsanordnung uber 14 Tage lang mit taglichen Gaben physiologischer Vitamin B12-Mengen (0.05 Gamma) subcutan oder peroral, im Nierengewebe eine auffallend starke Anhaufung dieses Vitamins stattfindet. 2. 2. Die erhobenen Befunde zeigen, das die protrahierte Zufuhr geringer Mengen Vitamin B12 die physiologische ist und den einmalig verabreichten Riesendosen (1000 Gamma Vitamin B12) vorzuziehen ist. 3. 3. Daraus wird geschlossen, das die Niere das in den Primarharn ausgeschiedene Vitamin B12 ruckzuresorbieren vermag. 4. 4. Die Vitamin B12-Aufnahme der Leber hat sich im Vergleich mit dem Vitamin B12-Retentionsvermogen der Nieren als viel geringer erwiesen. 5. 5. Auch das Nervengewebe (Gehirn) und das Myocard wiesen ein starkes Aufnahmevermogen von Vitamin B12 auf, wogegen dieses Phanomen sich autoradiographisch in der Skelettmuskulatur hochstens andeutungsweise nachweisen lies. 6. 6. Diese experimentellen Befunde erhellen die bedeutende Aufgabe, welche dieses Vitamin im Stoffwechsel des Nervengewebes und des Myocards zu erfullen hat und stehen im Einklang mit den klinischen Beobachtungen bei Vitamin B12-Mangelzustanden (funiculare Myelose, sowie Myocardose, nach Wuharmann 11).
Stable isotopes as indicators for seasonally dominant nitrogen cycling processes in a subarctic lake

Nitrogen stable isotopes (δ15N) of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN = NH4+ and NO3–), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), and particulate organic nitrogen (PON) were measured in Smith Lake, Alaska to assess their usefulness as proxies for the biological nitrogen cycling processes, nutrient concentration, and lake productivity. Large seasonal variations in δ15NH4+, δ15NO3– and δ15NPON occurred in response to different processes of nitrogen transformation that dominated a specific time period of the annual production cycle. In spring, 15N depletion in all three pools was closely related to the occurrences of a N2-fixing cyanobacterial bloom (Anabaena flos-aquae). In summer, δ15NPON increased as phytoplankton community shifted to use NH4+ and decreased as a brief N2-fixing bloom (Aphanizomenon flos-aquae) occurred in August. In early and mid-winter, microbial nitrogen processes were dominated by nitrification that resulted in the largest isotope fractionation between NO3– and NH4+ in the annual cycle. This was followed by denitrification that led to the highest 15N enrichment in NO3–. A peak of NH4+ assimilation by phytoplankton along with the elevated δ15NPON and Chl a concentration occurred just before the ice break due to increased light penetration. The δ15NDON displayed little temporal and spatial variations. This suggests that the DON pool was not altered by biological transformations of nitrogen as the results of its large size and possibly refractory nature. There was a positive correlation between Chl a concentration and δ15NPON, and a negative correlation between NH4+ and δ15NPON, suggesting that δ15NPON is a useful proxy for nitrogen productivity and ammonium concentration. (© 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The K1 Capsular Polysaccharide of Escherichia coli

Epidemiologic, immunologic, and genetic evidence indicate that the K1 capsular polysaccharide confers invasiveness to Escherichia coli. The capsule, an alpha-2----8-linked homopolymer of sialic acid (NeuNAc), provides the bacterium with a physical antiphagocytic barrier. Structural similarities between K1 and human tissue components suggest that immune tolerance may also be a factor in pathogenesis of K1 disease. The molecular and genetic events involved in the synthesis and export of the K1 polysaccharide were examined. The cloned K1 genes encode at least 12 proteins involved in capsule biosynthesis. These genes appear to be coordinately regulated and functionally clustered. One cluster is associated with the synthesis and activation of NeuNAc and includes the gene encoding CMP-NeuNAc synthetase. This enzyme catalyzes the activation of NeuNAc to CMP-NeuNAc. A second region, encoding five proteins, is associated with translocation of polysaccharide to the bacterial surface. The K1 polysaccharide is a poor immunogen in humans, and an understanding of the key reactions involved in K1 synthesis may help in providing an alternative to anticapsular immunity.
Repetitively Pulsed Hypersonic Flow Apparatus for Diagnostic Development

Cp = heat capacity at constant pressure Cv = heat capacity at constant volume C12 = experimentally determined calibration constant De = exit diameter of nozzle Ds = diameter of subsonic section of nozzle Dt = throat diameter of nozzle k = Boltzmann constant M = Mach number m = mass Pi = impact pressure P0 = stagnation pressure P02 = pitot pressure Sf = fluorescence signal intensity Trot = rotational temperature Tw = wall temperature T0 = stagnation temperature = ratio of heat capacities, Cp=Cv E21 = energy difference between rotational states
Preface for volume 61

This volume features library and Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, history in the lead article and, in five other articles, profiles three special collections in the Rutgers University Libraries: a historical dictionary collection; an almost complete inventory of the British feminist publisher Virago Press; and materials documenting the history of temperance and alcohol.
Decay of solutions of ordinary differential equations

Abstract We investigate the rate of decay of eigenfunctions of Schrodinger equations using a perturbation method which consists of making a perturbation B of the operator L of the form B [ y ]= L [ y ]−( g −1 Lg )[ y ], where g is an appropriately chosen function. In our theory we allow B to be either relatively compact or satisfy a certain boundedness condition. We give some examples which apply the results of our main theorems coupled with recent work on the relative boundedness and compactness of differential operators.
Application of minimum crest factor multisinusoidal signals for "plant-friendly" identification of nonlinear process systems

Abstract Guidelines for specifying the design parameters of minimum crest factor multisine signals generated per the approach of Guillaume et al. are presented. These guidelines are evaluated in the identification and control of nonlinear process systems. The minimum crest factor multisine signals offer some distinct advantages over both Schroeder phased multisine signals and multi-level Pseudo-Random Sequences (multi-level PRS) with respect to “plant-friendliness” considerations. These signals can be used to reduce the effects of nonlinearity in obtaining an Empirical Transfer Function Estimate (ETFE). As an example, the ETFE of a Rapid Thermal Processing (RTP) reactor simulation is presented. The effectiveness of the minimum crest factor multisine signals is also discussed and illustrated in the identification and control of a simulated continuous stirred tank reactor using “Model-on-Demand” estimation and Model Predictive Control. Since the performance of the “Model-on-Demand” estimator is highly dependent upon the quality of the identification data, the CSTR case study provides a compelling example of the usefulness of the proposed design procedure.
Sequence complexity of polyadenylated ribonucleic acid from soybean suspension culture cells.

The sequence complexity of total poly(A)RNA from a hibher plant system, soybean cultured cells, was determined. Labeled cDNA synthesized from the poly(A) RNA hybridized exclusively with the unique sequence component of total soybean DNA. Analysis of the hybridization reaction between cDNA and the poly(A) RNA template revealed three abundance classes in the poly(A) RNA. These classes represent 18, 44, and 38% of the poly(A) RNA and contain information for approximately 60, 1900, and 30,000 different 1400-nucleotide RNA molecules. From these results, the total sequence complexity of poly(A) RNA was estimated to be 4.5 x 10/sup 7/ nucleotides. Saturation hybridization of labeled unique DNA with RNA showed that the total cell RNA represents 12.4% of the unique DNA sequence complexity, or 6.4 x 10/sup 7/ nucleotides, while poly(A) RNA represents 8.7% of the unique DNA sequence complexity, or 3.3 x 10/sup 7/ nucleotides. Thus, it is estimated that 50 to 70% of total RNA sequence complexity is contained in poly(A) RNA in these cells.
Pharmacodynamic profile of commonly utilised parenteral therapies against meticillin-susceptible and meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus collected from US hospitals

Staphylococcus aureus is a well-recognised pathogen with an evolving phenotypic profile often limiting conventional β-lactam use. In vitro potency and pharmacodynamic profile of commonly utilised agents against 1238 meticillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and 1259 meticillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) from clinical specimens at 42 hospitals were assessed. Non-duplicate, non-urine isolates were tested by broth microdilution against cefazolin, ceftaroline, ceftriaxone, daptomycin, linezolid, nafcillin, tigecycline and vancomycin. Monte Carlo simulations were conducted using pharmacokinetic profiles from patients or volunteers to generate the probability of target attainment and determine the cumulative fraction of response (CFR), a modelling-based prediction tool of achieving pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic endpoints, for commonly used regimens. Of isolates tested, 62 MSSA (5.0%) were ceftriaxone-non-susceptible and 4 (0.3%) and 2 (0.2%) MRSA were ceftaroline- and daptomycin-non-susceptible, respectively. Against MSSA, cefazolin 1000 mg q8h and nafcillin 2000 mg q4h produced CFRs ≥90%. For ceftriaxone, only 2000 mg q12h produced a CFR ≥90%. Against MSSA and MRSA, ceftaroline, daptomycin, linezolid and tigecycline provided CFRs ≥90%. Vancomycin produced similar CFRs against MSSA and MRSA. Vancomycin 1000 mg and 15 mg/kg q8h produced CFRs of 91% and 93%, respectively, whilst q12h doses were <90%. Against respiratory and blood isolates or ICU isolates, only vancomycin q8h produced desired CFRs, where the MIC90 was 2 μg/mL. These data suggest cefazolin and nafcillin produce high CFRs against MSSA, whilst ceftriaxone at common doses may no longer be suitable. Vancomycin q8h is needed to optimise CFRs. Ceftaroline, daptomycin, tigecycline and linezolid produced sufficiently high CFRs against MSSA and MRSA utilising approved regimens.