cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preferences for Genetic Testing to Identify Hereditary Colorectal Cancer: Perspectives of High-Risk Patients, Community Members, and Clinicians

The aim of this study was to establish key characteristics that patients, consumers, and health professionals value regarding genetic testing (GT) and personalized medicine using the example of GT for hereditary Lynch syndrome. We conducted a series of focus groups with individuals recruited from a clinic that follows those at high risk for hereditary cancer, individuals recruited from the community, physicians, and genetic counselors. Participants were presented with clinical scenarios about Lynch syndrome testing and asked to identify characteristics that they perceived as important in making decisions about GT. Forty-two participants (19 community members, 8 high-risk and cancer patients, 3 genetic counselors, and 8 physicians) participated. Among community members and patients, the most frequently discussed considerations were the personal impact of GT and family impact, respectively. Among physicians, the most frequently discussed topic was the characteristics of genomic services (e.g., test invasiveness); among genetic counselors, the most frequently discussed topic was evidence and recommendations. A variety of test characteristics were important in decision making about GT. High-risk patients, community members, and health care providers had different priorities. Health care professionals should be aware of differences between their own considerations about GT and those that are important to patients.
An exceptionally reactive phosphotriester

Abstract The 1,8-naphthyl phosphotriester ( 2 ) is 1–2 orders of magnitude more reactive than the “standard” model phosphotriester ( 1 ) in phosphorolytic reactions with commonly employed nucleophilic phosphorolytic “decontamination” reagents.
Impaired responsiveness of renal mechanosensory nerves in heart failure: role of endogenous angiotensin.

Increasing renal pelvic pressure results in PGE2-mediated release of substance P. Substance P increases afferent renal nerve activity (ARNA), which leads to a reflex increase in urinary sodium excr...
Toward a Two-Party System or Two Party Systems? Patterns of Competition in Japan’s Single-Member Districts, 1996-2005

This article examines whether electoral reform in Japan replacing a single non-transferable vote (SNTV) system with a parallel mixed system has led to two-party competition in single-member districts (SMDs) in House of Representative elections from 1996 to 2005. While nationwide figures suggest declining numbers of effective candidates and losers, distinguishing SMDs by levels of urbanization reveals that this trend is largely limited to urban areas. Instead of converging toward a two-party system as many proponents of electoral reforms had anticipated, elections under the SMD portion of the new system have witnessed the emergence and continuation of two distinct patterns of competition: urban constituencies featuring contests between two major parties, and rural constituencies dominated by the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP). The persistence of the latter pattern diminishes the prospect of power alternation.
Fermi system with planes and charge reservoir: Anisotropic in-plane resistivity

We explore the normal state in-plane resistivity of a model Fermi system with two planes and a charge reservoir. When the Fermi energy lies near the top of one of the resulting sub-bands, the system can be described by two types of quasiparticle excitations with different energy spectra and relaxation times. We show that for certain stoichiometry, ρab is linear in temperature with positive or negative intercepts. A relation between the slopes and intercepts of resistivities in the a and b directions in untwinned crystals is derived. The results are in good agreement with experimental data on YBCO.
Lateralizing epidural catheter placement as evidenced by electrical stimulation.

Background Epidural steroids are more effective if administered in the anterolateral epidural space. It follows that the ability to administer local anesthetics in the ipsilateral anterolateral epidural space should likewise improve their efficacy for postoperative epidural analgesia.
The Sociology of Adolescence and Youth in the 1990s: A Critical Commentary

The 1990s saw considerable advances in the state of research on adolescence and youth. This article provides a critical commentary on a subset of this research focusing on the causes and consequences of the lengthened period in which the transition to adulthood occurs. It provides a brief history of adolescence research identifying a select set of topics themes and research problems that will guide research on adolescence and youth over the next decade. These research foci which include peer group relations biological influences on adolescence employment experiences increased autonomy and racial and gender differences are described as representing either continuities or advances in adolescence research. The strengths and shortcomings of this research are detailed. The paper concludes by suggesting promising areas for future research and by providing guidelines for undertaking such research. (authors)
DIESTRUS AND CORPUS LUTEUM FORMATION IN PERSISTENT ESTROUS RATS BY LUTEINIZING HORMONE AND ANTIGONADOTROPIC SERUM1

THE SPONTANEOUS OCCURRENCE of prolonged estrus in the rat was reported in 1921 by Evans and Long (1). Since that time reports of naturally occurring ‘persistent estrus’ have been made by Bryan, et al. (2), Wolfe, et al. (3),and Everett (4). Experimentally produced ‘constant estrus’ has been reported by DuShane, et al. (5),Selye and Collip (6),Pfeiffer (7),and Hill (8,9). Everett (10)hasshown that persistent estrous rats can be made cyclic by the administration of appropriate amounts of progesterone. Eight rats were treated with antigonadotropic serum and 7 rats received LH. The animals were obtained from our colony, which originated from the Sprague-Dawley stock. The vaginal changes were followed by daily smears; laparotomies were performed at appropriate intervals and the ovaries removed for histological study when such a procedure was thought advisable. Since the manipulation of the ovary at the time of laparotomy frequently resulted in adhesions, only one ovary was examined at a given laparotomy.
Using Job Involvement and Organizational Commitment Interactively to Predict Turnover

Recently Blau and Boal (1987) have proposed a conceptual model describing how an interaction of job involvement and organizational commitment can be usefulfor predicting employee turnover and absenteeism. This study partially tested their conceptual model. The study sample consisted of 129field office employees from an insurance company. The results showed that an interaction ofjob involvement and organizational commitment accounted for significant turnover variance beyond three relevant demographic variables (sex, marital status, tenure), job withdrawal cognitions, and the job involvement and organizational commitment main effects. Results and limitations of the study are discussed, including implications for managers.
Aspects of the relation between Cyanophora paradoxa (Korschikoff) and its endosymbiotic cyanelles Cyanocyta korschikoffiana (Hall & Claus) II. The photosynthetic pigments

All the photosynthetically active pigments in Cyanophora paradoxa are located within the endosymbiotic cyanelles Cyanocyta korschikoffiana. These pigments include $\beta $-carotene, chlorophyll a, zeaxanthin and the two bilichromoproteins allo- and c-phycocyanin. The dimer of allo- phycocyanin has a molecular mass of 28 $\times $ 10$^{3}$, and is composed of two subunits of 12.6 $\times $ 10$^{3}$ each. The dimer of c-phycocyanin has a molecular mass of 31 $\times $ 10$^{3}$, and is composed of two subunits of 13.2 $\times $ 10$^{3}$ and 14.5 $\times $ 10$^{3}$ respectively.
Preparation and properties of ZnGeAs2

Abstract Crystal growth and properties of ZnGeAs 2 are reported. Bridgman grown single crystals up to 10 mm 3 have been obtained. Equilibrium vapor pressure, electrical, and photoluminescence measurements are reported.
Direct Stiffness Analysis of Lateral Buckling

Abstract We demonstrate a picosecond pump/probe absorption instrument for measuring absolute concentrations in a rapidly fluctuating flame environment at atmospheric pressure. The instrument is based on a regeneratively mode-locked Ti:Sapphire laser. Atomic potassium is seeded into an atmospheric, premixed CH4/air flame. A detection limit for atomic potassium of 1.1 x 1011 cm-3 is obtained for an integration time of 1 second without the need for calibration. We predict a detection limit for CH of 1.0 x 1013 cm -3 if simple modifications are made to the pump/probe instrument, including a reduction in laser spectral bandwidth by a factor of 50.The spatial resolution for our measurements is 0.137cm. We have also demonstrated the temporal resolution that the picosecond pump/probe instrument offers. Here, 50-Hz fluctuations were induced in an otherwise laminar flame, and the resulting fluctuations in the potassium concentration were resolved on power spectral density (psd) plots. A detection limit or 1.5 x 101...
Improvement in defect classification efficiency by grouping disposition for reticle inspection

As the lithography design rule of IC manufacturing continues to migrate toward more advanced technology nodes, the mask error enhancement factor (MEEF) increases and necessitates the use of aggressive OPC features. These aggressive OPC features pose challenges to reticle inspection due to high false detection, which is time-consuming for defect classification and impacts the throughput of mask manufacturing. Moreover, higher MEEF leads to stricter mask defect capture criteria so that new generation reticle inspection tool is equipped with better detection capability. Hence, mask process induced defects, which were once undetectable, are now detected and results in the increase of total defect count. Therefore, how to review and characterize reticle defects efficiently is becoming more significant. A new defect review system called ReviewSmart has been developed based on the concept of defect grouping disposition. The review system intelligently bins repeating or similar defects into defect groups and thus allows operators to review massive defects more efficiently. Compared to the conventional defect review method, ReviewSmart not only reduces defect classification time and human judgment error, but also eliminates desensitization that is formerly inevitable. In this study, we attempt to explore the most efficient use of ReviewSmart by evaluating various defect binning conditions. The optimal binning conditions are obtained and have been verified for fidelity qualification through inspection reports (IRs) of production masks. The experiment results help to achieve the best defect classification efficiency when using ReviewSmart in the mask manufacturing and development.
Beneficial effects of the alpha-adrenergic antagonist nicergoline during acute myocardial ischemia and reperfusion in the dog☆

Abstract Recent experimental and clinical data have stimulated interest in the use of α-adrenergic antagonists in acute myocardial infarction. We evaluated nicergoline, a new relatively selective α 1 -antagonist which uniquely lowers heart rate. Open-chest dogs, randomized to control (n = 25) or intravenously treated group (n = 20; 0.5 mg/kg bolus, then 0.10 to 0.15 mg/kg/min), underwent coronary artery occlusion (CAO) followed after 25 minutes by coronary artery reperfusion (CAR). Nicergoline decreased heart rate by 47 ± 5 bpm and mean aortic pressure by 39 ± 4 mm Hg. Following CAO , nicergoline reduced total coronary collateral resistance (radiolabeled microspheres; 698 ± 75 vs 2167 ± 530 mm Hg/ml/min/gm, p p 2 tension in the ischemic zone (mass spectrometry, p p p Following CAR , nicergoline did not significantly reduce the incidence of VF but did lower rate (154 ± 8 vs 212 ± 10 bpm, p p
Structural studies and relaxation behaviour of (Mo0.6Ru0.4)100-xBx metallic glasses

Abstract X-ray diffraction and relaxation studies indicate that boron atoms play an important role in the structure and stability of (Mo 0.6 Ru 0.4 ) 100-x B x glasses. Glasses with higher B contents are found to be more stable with respect to crystallization. The relaxation kinetics and subsequent crystallization behaviour indicate a chemical segregation upon annealing.
Structure and/or Culture: Explaining Racial Differences in Work Values

Limited research has been exclusively conducted to explain the racial differences in work values, though the subject is theoretically and substantively significant in the workplace. This study reex...
Indole Compounds Synthesized by Diplodia natalensis.

2. JAMES, W. 0. 1953. Glycolysis. In: Plant Respiration, Oxford University Press, London. Pp. 118-140. 3. KAPLAN, N. 0. & M. M. CIorTI. 1956. Chemistry & properties of the 3-acetylpyridine analogue of diphosphopyridine nucleotide. J. Biol. Chem. 221: 823-832. 4. KAPLAN, N. 0., M. M. CIOrTI, & F. B. STOLZENBACH. 1956. Reaction of pyridine nucleotide analogues with dehydrogenases. J. Biol. Chem. 221: 833-844. 5. KAPLAN, N. 0. & M. M. CIOTTI. 1957. Enzymatic determination of ethanol. Methods in Enzymology, S. P. Colowick & N. 0. Kaplan, eds. Academic Press Inc., New York. Vol. III: 253-254. 6. NANCE, J. P. 1949. A comparison of carbohydrate loss & carbon dioxide production during fermentation by barley roots. Am. J. Botany 36: 274-276. 7. PHILLIPS, J. W. 1947. Studies on fermentation in rice & barley. Am. J. Botany 34: 62-72. 8. RUSSELL, M. B. 1952. Soil aeration & plant growth. In: Soil Physical Conditions & Plant Growth, B. T. Shaw, ed. Academic Press. Pp. 253-301. 9. SIFTON, H. B. 1945. Air-space tissue in plants. Botan. Rev. 11: 108-143. 10. SIFTON, H. B. 1957. Air-space tissue in plants. II. Botan. Rev. 23: 303-312. 11. STILES, W. & K. W. DENT. 1947. Researches on plant respiration. VI. The respiration in air & in nitrogen of thin slices of storage tissues. Ann. Botany (NS) 11: 1-34. 12. VISHNIAC, W. 1957. Enzymatic aspects of photosynthesis. Advances in Enzymol. 19: 1-8. 13. YAMASAKI, T. 1952. Studies on the "excess moisture injury" of upland crops in overmoist soil from the view point of soil chemistry & plant physiology. Bull. Natl. Inst. Agric. Sci. (Japan) Ser. B, No. 1.
Mineralogical variation in lagoonal carbonates from North sound, grand Cayman Island (British West Indies)

Abstract Significant differences in proportions of carbonate minerals were found to exist between environments and size fractions in unconsolidated surface sediments from North Sound, Grand Cayman Island. A consistent carbonate mineral imbalance occurs between the sand-sized and silt/clay-sized fractions. High-Mg calcite is high and aragonite is low in in the fine as compared in the coarse fraction. The magnitude of difference in mineralogical content between size fractions is the same in all four major environmental subdivisions of the sound. The most probable explanation is differential particle size reduction of skeletal grains. This process is biased toward the least resistant grains, most of which are composed of high-Mg calcite. General covariance of mineralogical characteristics between fine- and coarse-sized fractions suggests that the origin of the fines is strongly related to in situ degradation of coarse material.
Spinal Implant With Adjustable and Nonlinear Stiffness

The human spine is a complex mechanism composed of both passive and active components. The nonlinear stiffness of the passive components provides mechanical stability to the system. There is a need for spinal implants that have nonlinear stiffness to provide this stabilization if the spine loses stiffness through injury, degeneration, or surgery. There is also a need for spinal implants to be customizable for individual needs. This paper proposes contact-aided inserts to be used with the FlexSuRe™ spinal implant to create a nonlinear stiffness. Moreover, different inserts can be used to create different behaviors. To show this effect an elliptical contact surface is considered and the inserts are varied by changing the semi-major axis of the elliptical section. An analytical model is introduced for insert design, and the model is verified by comparing the models force-deflection profiles to a finite element model and tests of physical prototypes. The models and experiments demonstrate that it is feasible to create a spinal implant that has a nonlinear stiffness, and that different inserts can be used with the base implant to customize the behavior for individual needs. The analytical model developed is a tool available for implant design.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Biosynthesis of lung surfactant during fetal and early postnatal development

Abstract Recent data suggest that biosynthesis of lung surfactant in the fetus is under multiple hormonal control. These findings have important clinical applications since insufficient surfactant at birth is believed to be the cause of the Respiratory Distress Syndrome in newborn infants.
Maintaining supporting structures with a removable partial prosthesis.

Summary 1. A high percentage of the population is in the partially edentulous category, and these people have extensive loss of supporting structures. 2. Stabilization of the entire arch and control of tooth position under function helps supporting structures. 3. Arch stabilization with a removable prosthesis can provide these positive elements: (a) Anteroposterior tooth position control by restoration of mesial and distal contact areas; (b) twisting or torque control (rests and ridged parts of the casting prevent a torquing effect during function); (c) buccolingual position control (a removable prosthesis provides cross-arch stabilization so necessary in many partially edentulous situation); (d) health and protection of tooth-tissue junction (areas of pathology are often at the gingival attachment; complete metal coverage of these tissues reduces potential periodontal involvement); and (e) periodontal ligament considerations. (Uniting all remaining teeth in a controlled direction of force will reduce damage to the ligament.) 4. Treatment efforts for partially edentulous patients must be directed toward reuniting and stabilizing the entire arch. Stabilization provides position control, which results in preservation of supporting structures.
Mercury and Mars: The role of ionospheric conductivity in the acceleration of magnetospheric particles

Although Mercury and Mars appear to have magnetospheres of comparable size, Mercury's magnetosphere accelerates charged particles, whereas Mars' magnetosphere apparently does not. We propose that this difference results from the fact that rapid steady-state convection, and the associated particle acceleration, cannot occur in a Martian magnetosphere because of its connection to a highly conducting ionosphere. Mercury, which has no conducting ionosphere and probably an insufficiently conducting surface, can exhibit rapid solar-wind-induced convection and hence particle acceleration in its magnetospheric tail.
Effects of anticonvulsants and methotrexate on calcium disposition.

Administration of phenytoin for 5 days significantly reduces oral absorption and bone uptake of radiolabelled calcium in mice. Acute treatment with phenytoin had no effect on calcium disposition. Pretreatment (1–5 days) with phenobarbital also had no effect of calcium disposition. Methotrexate pretreatment for 5 days increased the bone uptake of radiolabelled calcium presumably by decreasing calcium renal clearance. It is concluded that phenytoin induced reduction in calcium metabolism is unrelated to a state of functional folate deficiency.
The cardinality of the set of all fuzzy numbers

The concept of fuzzy numbers is a generalization of the concept of real numbers. Intuitively, there are more fuzzy numbers than real numbers, that is, the cardinality of the set consisting of all fuzzy numbers should not be smaller than the cardinality of the set of all real numbers. In this work, based on a newly established Decomposition Theorem IV for fuzzy sets, a one-to-one mapping from the set of all fuzzy numbers into interval (0, 1] can be established. This means that the cardinality of the set of all fuzzy numbers is the same as the cardinality of interval (0, 1]. The discussion in this paper is significant to ranking and ordering fuzzy numbers.
ABOVE AVERAGE INTELLIGENCE IN UNTREATED PHENYLKETONURIA.

respiratory rate 72. Classic findings of marked dehydration were present. Peripheral veins were collapsed. She was pale and cyanotic: All reflexes were diminished; pupils were small and reacted poorly to light. Oxygen was given while unsuccessful attempts were made to cannulate saphenous and basilic veins. It was apparent that the infant was about to die. A 1~ inch long, 20 gauge needle was inserted into the heart through the fourth left interspace about 2 cm. lateral to the sternal border; dark red blood was aspirated. With the utilization of a plastic extension tube and a threeway stopcock and syringe, 150 c.c. of dilute electrolyte solution were pumped in rapidly. An additional 100 c.c. were allowed to drip in. About 25 minutes were taken for the total infusion, during which the needle was held firmly in place on the chest wall. Following this, the pressure in the heart was 30 cm. of water suggesting that the tip of the needle was in the right ventricle. The pulse rate decreased. Color, peripheral circulation, and muscle tone improved. The intracardiac needle was removed and a vein in the right wrist cannulated with relative ease. Thirty minutes later the infant was active and crying. Electrocardiograms and chest x-rays were unremarkable. Twelve hours later there was some twitching of the right arm without change in sensorium; otherwise the infant was free of central nervous system disturbances and made an uneventful recovery. She has been examined at regular intervals in the following 17 months and has remained normal in every respect.
Antimicrobial drug delivery in food animals and microbial food safety concerns: an overview of in vitro and in vivo factors potentially affecting the animal gut microflora

This review provides an overview of considerations particular to the delivery of antimicrobial agents to food animals. Antimicrobial drugs are used in food animals for a variety of purposes. These drugs may have therapeutic effects against disease agents, or may cause changes in the structure and/or function of systems within the target animal. Routes of administration, quantity, duration, and potency of an antimicrobial drug are all important factors affecting their action(s) and success. Not only might targeted pathogens be affected, but also bacteria residing in (or on) the treated food animals, especially in the intestines (gastrointestinal tract microflora). Resistance to antimicrobial agents can occur through a number of mechanisms. The extent to which resistance develops is greatly affected by the amount of drug [or its metabolite(s)] a bacterium is exposed to, the duration of exposure, and the interaction between an individual antimicrobial agent and a particular bacterium. The impact of antimicrobial agents on the emergence of resistance in vitro and in vivo may not readily correlate.
Time course of adaptation to elevated salt by Saccharomyces rouxii

Abstract Cells from a 24-h preculture of Saccharomyces rouxii grew without lag on a medium containing yeast extract, neopeptone, and glucose. Additions of 0.3 M KCl or 0.6 M pentaerythritol, which increased the osmolality of the medium 10-fold, still allowed immediate growth, whereas addition of 0.3 M NaCl resulted in a lag of 23 h (after which the growth rate was normal). The time course of growth in this elevated-sodium medium of 0.3 M was studied under defined conditions for inoculum history as well as experimental culture. S. rouxii cells with single exposure to elevated-sodium medium for 23 h exhibited a shorter lag (12 h) on fresh elevated-sodium medium; even with an intervening washing step. Elevated-sodium medium that had received the standard inoculum became conditioned during the lag so that it then supported growth of new, untrained cells with only 2 h lag; even with an intervening filter- or heat-sterilization treatment. The lag period on elevated-sodium medium could also be decreased by (1) using younger cells for inoculum, (2) increasing the amount of the inoculum, or (3) adding extra glucose to the medium. The results indicate that a diffusible, heat-stable factor is synthesized by cells during adaptation to elevated sodium, and that a threshold concentration of the factor is a prerequisite for the normal growth that eventually ensues. A change in retentivity for the factor with cellular age may explain the different growth kinetics with younger or older inocula.
Acoustic backscattering from uniform Arctic Sea ice

The purpose of this study was to determine the acoustic backscattering produced from the bottom of flat, first-year sea ice. Most under-ice reverberation measurements have been made at low frequencies, using explosive sources. Our measurements were made with 60- kHz pulses, and should be of special importance to the higher frequency sonar systems. The experiment site was a first-year ice floe with a large flat area of uniform thickness, about 90 cm. The bottom was considered characteristic of first-year ice. Under-ice reverberation measurements were made at four locations beneath this flat area, using 60-kHz, 4- ms pulses from a directional transducer. Analysis of the measurements shows that the scattering strength varied from -40 dB at a grazing angle of 10\deg to -30 dB at a grazing angle of 45\deg with a standard deviation of about 5 dB. There was an appreciable spread in the measurements at the four locations; however, the dependence on grazing angle appears to be similar to that of the open sea surface with a light wind.
Emotion Word Processing: Effects of Word Type and Valence in Spanish–English Bilinguals

Previous studies comparing emotion and emotion-laden word processing have used various cognitive tasks, including an Affective Simon Task (Altarriba and Basnight-Brown in Int J Billing 15(3):310-328, 2011), lexical decision task (LDT; Kazanas and Altarriba in Am J Psychol, in press), and rapid serial visual processing (Knickerbocker and Altarriba in Vis Cogn 21(5):599-627, 2013). Each of these studies has found significant differences in emotion and emotion-laden word processing. The current study investigated this word type distinction using a bilingual sample, to assess emotion and emotion-laden word processing in a bilingual's two languages. Sixty Spanish-English bilinguals performed a masked LDT with positive and negative emotion and emotion-laden word pairs, in either Spanish or English. Overall, the four-way interaction of relatedness, word type, valence, and language was significant. Response times (RTs) to emotion words were significantly faster than RTs to emotion-laden words, but only in English. These results indicate that the emotion/emotion-laden word type distinction may be the most robust in a person's dominant language.
Spatial and seasonal dietary patterns of the desert horned lizard (Phrynosoma platyrhinos): harvester ant specialist or generalist ant feeder?

A suite of factors including prey availability and prey defenses influence prey selection by consumers and ultimately define an animal’s feeding strategy (e.g., generalist or specialist). Here we examined the relationship between availability and selection of ants by the desert horned lizard (Phrynosoma platyrhinos Girard, 1852) to test the hypothesis that P. platyrhinos are specialist predators on harvester ants, and to investigate which factors influence the prey preference of lizards. Variation in ant availability and lizard diets was assessed using 83 plots established along a Great Basin shrub–steppe bajada in northwestern Utah, USA. Across the study site, 14 of 20 ant species were represented in the lizard diet. However, 70% of that diet consisted of just two species. In contrast to previous studies, P. platyrhinos did not show a disproportionate preference for harvester ants. Instead, larger ants of any species (including harvester ants) were preferentially selected over medium-sized and smaller an...
Classification of depression.

Abstract Recently, there has been increased recognition of the importance of classification in the study of depression. Despite the popularity of the RDC and Feighner criteria to define groups for research, there have been few systematic evaluations and comparisons between these nosologies and DSM-III. These three classifications of depression were evaluated according to a series of criteria considered important for classifications in order to provide diagnosticians with a checklist for choosing between them. The research literature was reviewed to determine whether each classification satisfied these criteria. Overall, DSM-III fared best, largely because of structural improvements over earlier nosologies. A major problem with all three was within group heterogeneity and lack of cross-cultural generalizability. Situations in which each classification may be preferable are discussed.
Ontogeny of water sorption-desorption in the perinatal rat

In mammals, birth marks a transition to a cold and gaseous environment that requires rapid physiologic adaptations limiting heat and water loss. In this study, the perinatal Sprague-Dawley rat was utilized as a model to study the behavior of water binding to the external body surface following birth. Water sorption and desorption were quantified by measurement of skin surface capacitance following water loading using a dry ring electrode system. The results indicate that the external body surface of the newborn rat is highly hydrophobic. This hydrophobicity is manifested by the rapid desorption of water (amniotic fluid) following birth as well as marked limitation of water sorption after birth. Post-natally, this hydrophobic effect is gradually lost over the first 3 d of life. Somatic growth retardation results in retention of this surface property, whereas extraction of the skin surface with acetone abolishes it. Morphologic and functional (water binding) studies performed after stripping the stratum corneum with acrylic adhesive strongly suggest a physiologic role for the periderm in determining this postnatal hydrophobic effect. These data are interpreted as evidence for a novel thermoregulatory mechanism in the rat during adaptation to post-natal life.
New Women and Modern Girls: consuming foreign goods in colonial Seoul

Purpose – During the 1920s and 1930s in the colonial city of Seoul, a group of women called the New Women and the Modern Girls expressed their modern identities by wearing different clothing, hairstyles and make-up; visiting cafes; viewing Western movies; and consuming other foreign merchandise. While these women were admired by many women as being pioneers of modernity, they were severely criticized by others under the pretext that they indulged their vanity without considering the economy of their families and their colonized nation. These criticisms continue in twenty-first century Korea. Based on the striking similarity between the two eras, an understanding of the consumption and the criticisms of the Modern Girls could provide a historical context for understanding women's experiences in the consumer culture of twenty-first century Korea. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – As secondary sources, literature published in both English and Korean was included. Primary d...
Anxiety and attentional focusing: trait, state and hemispheric influences

Abstract Two studies employed a global/local perceptual task to examine individual differences and mechanisms involved in attentional focusing. Subjects searched for letter targets appearing at either the local or global level within a composite stimulus. Positive and negative motivational states were created by presenting the task within alternating games where points were likely to be gained or lost. Both studies found an interaction between trait anxiety and motivational state, with high trait anxious subjects showing attentional focusing (i.e. relatively fast processing of local targets) during the negative games. This anxiety-related focusing was not accompanied by delays in responding to global targets. In addition, experiment 1 found that the anxiety-related focusing during the negative games was relatively constant, without adjusting to the incentive value of each trial. Experiment 2 found the focusing effect to be limited to targets presented to the right visual field, which is consistent with models relating the left hemisphere to anxiety and local processing. In general, these findings suggest that trait anxiety leads to enhanced left hemisphere activation during negative motivational states, which in turn focuses attention by facilitating local perceptual information.
Fractal-based image compression: a fast algorithm using wavelet transform

Deterministic fractals have been successfully applied to gray-level image compression. In this approach, an image is represented by a set of affine transforms, each of which maps one subimage to another subimage. The affine transforms are found by exhaustive searching over all the collection of subimages and is very time-consuming. The objectives of this paper are to demonstrate the applicability of wavelet transform (WT) in the searching process and to show a time saving in using WT as compared to exhaustive searching. The wavelet transform provides a multiscale description of an image based on local `detail signals' at each resolution scale. We propose a fast algorithm that takes the advantage of the structural information of the subimages by searching through the wavelet coefficient space instead of the gray-level space. The wavelet transform is computed only once, and can be done very rapidly by using short FIR filters. We have experimentally shown here that the approach is applicable, and there is a time saving of 77% over the exhaustive searching method.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Hutcheson on Practical Reason

Mesurant la reception de F. Hutcheson par Hume a travers la formulation de la critique de la these empirique et naturaliste de la raison pratique dans le troisieme livre du «Traite de la nature humaine», l'A. etudie la tension inherente a la position meme de Hutcheson concernant le sens moral et la mecanique naturelle des perceptions morales, par l'intermediaire d'une confrontation avec le rationalisme de G. Burnet et la theorie de la motiviation par le desir chez Hume
Introduction to Paper by Steven C. Horii, M.D., et al, “Environmental Designs for Reading from Imaging Workstations: Ergonomic and Architectural Features”

I FIRST BEGAN TO THINK about the ergonomic problems that would plague radiologists and others who would be reading studies on workstations when the glare on our picture archiving and communications system (PACS) workstation monitors required that we turn all the overhead lights off (this was at Georgetown University Hospital during the U.S. Army sponsored DIN-PACS trial). I am the son of an architect, so it seemed obvious to me that just putting a workstation in place of a film alternator without changing other aspects of the environment (particularly the lighting) would be problematic. I consulted with my father about this, and we developed some redesigns of the reading room at Georgetown where several of our PACS workstations were installed. When I decided to write up our thoughts about this, I discovered that researchers working on the Dutch PACS project had also developed some design ideas for reading rooms (see the references in the article) but little else had been published on the subject. The standard books on designing radiology departments were written long before soft-copy workstations existed. Now, thanks to continued emphasis by Eliot Siegel, Bruce Reiner, Osman Ratib, and Bill Rostenberg (as the major proponents of whom I am aware), the subject of appropriate reading room design for PACS has become much more widely known, and the beneficial effects of designing appropriately are much better appreciated. I am honored that Dr. Dwyer would include my paper among the “classic papers” and hope that by making the original of this paper more readily available, yet more architects and radiologists will understand the value of good reading room design.
A low-power reconfigurable CMOS power amplifier for wireless sensor network applications

In this paper, a detailed methodology for designing a low-power high-efficiency power amplifier (PA) is presented. The trade-off between high efficiency and low output power is highlighted. An example is described to validate the proposed design method. Simulated peak efficiency up to 50.3% has been achieved with all components on-chip. Furthermore, a tunable power amplifier with efficiency enhanced at output power back-off region is proposed for more efficient operation.
Complement-Dependent Modulation of Antitumor Immunity following Radiation Therapy

Complement is traditionally thought of as a proinflammatory effector mechanism of antitumor immunity. However, complement is also important for effective clearance of apoptotic cells, which can be an anti-inflammatory and tolerogenic process. We show that localized fractionated radiation therapy (RT) of subcutaneous murine lymphoma results in tumor cell apoptosis and local complement activation. Cotreatment of mice with tumor-targeted complement inhibition markedly improved therapeutic outcome of RT, an effect linked to early increases in apoptotic cell numbers and increased inflammation. Improved outcome was dependent on an early neutrophil influx and was characterized by increased numbers of mature dendritic cells and the subsequent modulation of T cell immunity. Appropriate complement inhibition may be a promising strategy to enhance a mainstay of treatment for cancer.
Abstract SY34-01: Biomarkers for predicting response to PI3K inhibitors

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) is a central enzyme in a signaling pathway that mediates cellular responses to growth factors. The pathway is highly conserved from worms and flies to humans and genetic analysis of the pathway has revealed a conserved role in regulating glucose metabolism, cell growth and organism longevity. Based on deletion of genes encoding the catalytic or regulatory subunits of PI 3-kinase in the mouse, PI 3-kinase mediates insulin-dependent regulation of glucose metabolism, and defects in activation of this pathway result in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. In contrast, mutational events that lead to hyperactivation of PI 3-kinase result in cancers. Activating mutations in PIK3CA, encoding the p110alpha catalytic subunit of PI 3-kinase or inactivating mutations in PTEN, a phosphoinositide 3-phosphatases that reverses the effects of PI 3-kinase, are among the most common events in solid tumors. We, and others have generated mouse models in which a mutated form of the PIK3CA gene is expressed in a tissue-specific and reversibly inducible manner. These mice develop cancers that are dependent on continuous expression of the mutant PIK3CA gene. The PIK3CA driven tumors are FDG-PET positive and turning off PI 3-kinase with drugs results in an acute decline in FDG-PET signal that precedes tumor shrinkage. These results suggest that the ability of PI 3-kinase to stimulate high rates of glucose uptake and metabolism may be critical for the survival of PIK3CA mutant tumors. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr SY34-01. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-SY34-01
Break-even conditions for a one-dimensional two-component torus

In the two-component torus concepts at present under consideration,high-energy neutral beams are injected tangentially into relatively small tokamak devices. The resulting fast ions are localized near the centre of the plasma discharge. Here we consider the effect of radial variations of density and temperature (of both the fast ion and target plasma components) on the overall power balance and break-even condition. For the radial profiles analysed, the minimum values of NeτE and Te required for break-even in a pure wet-wood burner decrease significantly for peaked fast-ion distributions. The implications of the reduced NeτE requirements on machine size are examined for the transport scaling predicted in the trapped-ion regime.
What you don't know can hurt you: First-time offenders and sentence severity

Traditionally, sentencing research demonstrates a positive relationship between prior record and sentence severity. The current research, however, demonstrates that under certain circumstances offenders with a prior record, but no prior incarcerations, are sentenced less severely than similarly situated first-time offenders. The analysis demonstrates that first-time and experienced offenders commit the same types of offenses. However, first-time offenders are more likely to be convicted of more serious charges and subsequently sentenced to longer prison terms than experienced offenders. It is suggested that repeat offenders, having familiarity with the courtroom workgroup and its nuances, are better able to manipulate the system to their advantage.
Some common periodicities in radio transmission‐phenomena

It has been recognized for several years that radio transmission under conditions such as largely Involve the Kennelly-Heaviside layer is distinctly (and often highly) correlated with solar activity and terrestrial magnetism. As the active areas on the Sun (which may or may not be accompanied by sunspots) are successively presented earthward, the solar rotation-period of 27.5 days is often definitely impressed upon radio transmission. More recently Stetson has presented certain evidence of a lunar effect upon radio reception, in the form of a correlation between the Moon's altitude above or below the horizon and the night field from WBBM.
Public Policy and Intergovernmental Relations: Measuring Perceived Change(s) in National Influence-The Effects of the Federalism Decade

Federal grants-in-aid have been a major instrument for the exercise of national influence on the states. This research investigates empirically the degree of perceived national influence (PNI) exerted through the grant process during the 1970s and 1980s. Respondents were state administrators heading agencies that received federal grants. Surveys at four points in time across the two decades produced a unidimensional measure of PNI. PNI levels were notably higher in the 1970s than in the 1980s. Two competing explanations were offered to account for the decline: (a) intergovernmental institutional policy changes promoted by the Ronald Reagan administration from 1981 through 1988, and (b) symbolic and rhetorical advocacy of an altered (reduced) national role in relation to the states. Both factors appear to have contributed to sharp decline in PNI between the mid-1970s and the mid-1980s.
β-Secretase Activity Increases with Aging in Human, Monkey, and Mouse Brain

Amyloid β protein (Aβ) accumulates in the brains of aging humans, amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic mouse lines, and rhesus monkeys. We tested the hypothesis that aging was associated with increased activity of the β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme (β-secretase, BACE) in brain. We evaluated BACE activity, BACE protein, and formic acid-extractable Aβ levels in cohorts of young (4 months old) and old (14 to 18 months old) nontransgenic mice (n = 16) and Tg2576 APP transgenic mice (n = 17), young (4.4 to 12.7 years old) and old (20.9 to 30.4 years old) rhesus monkeys (n = 17), and a wide age range (18 to 92 years old) of nondemented human brains (n = 25). Aging was associated with increased brain Aβ levels in each cohort. Furthermore BACE activity increased significantly with age in mouse, monkey, and human brains, independent of brain region. BACE protein levels, however, were unchanged with age. BACE activity correlated with formic acid-extractable Aβ levels in transgenic mouse, nontransgenic mouse, and human cortex, but not in monkey brain. These data suggest that an age-related increase of BACE activity contributes to the increased production and accumulation of brain Aβ, and potentially predisposes to Alzheimer's disease in humans.
Role of Active Site Tyrosine in Glutathione S-Transferase: Insights from a Theoretical Study on Model Systems

Ab initio molecular orbital theory was used to examine the role of active site tyrosine in glutathione S-transferases by using appropriate model systems. The location of the key mechanistic proton of the enzyme−glutathione binary complex, O- - -H- - -S, was predicted to be near the phenolic oxygen, which is in agreement with experiments. However, the position of the proton can be manipulated by changing the acidity of the tyrosine, which can be accomplished by either introducing a substituent group to the tyrosine phenol ring or changing the protein environment. Thus, our study seems to have resolved previous confusion as to where the proton is located. The hydrogen bonding between tyrosine and thiolate of glutathione is very strong. On the basis of our present study, we propose that, in the Y6F (Tyr → Phe) mutant, a water molecule replaces the function of the hydroxyl group of the active site tyrosine of the wild-type enzyme. Several lines of evidence in support of the above hypothesis are discussed. The...
Measuring geologic time on Mars

Recent images from Mars show compelling evidence of near-surface flowing water, aeolian activity, slope processes, and ice cap evolution that underscores the dynamic geologic history of the planet. Establishing an accurate chronology for Martian planetary features is critical for addressing fundamental questions about the evolution of the planet's surface and atmosphere and the differentiation of its interior. For example, how long was standing water on the surface? If life did evolve on Mars, did it occur before or after the evolution of life on Earth?
Development of the university of pennsylvania smell identification test: A standardized microencapsulated test of olfactory function

The development of the first standardized "scratch 'n sniff" olfactory test is described. Over 1600 subjects participated in five experiments. In Experiment 1, 50 microencapsulated odorants were rated as to their intensity, pleasantness, irritation, coolness, and familiarity, and two procedures for releasing them were compared. In Experiment 2, the results of the first experiment and other data were used in the development of the test, which was administered to a large number of subjects. Using multiple regression analysis, scores on this test were shown to be significantly related to the subjects' gender, ethnic background, and smoking behavior. Average test scores decreased as a function of age, with the greatest decline occurring between the sixth and tenth decades of life. These age-related changes were not correlated with scores on the Wechsler Memory Scale. Women performed better than men within all age categories. In Experiment 3, the test was shown to differentiate between subjects with known olfactory disorders (e.g., Kallmann's syndrome; Korsakoff's syndrome) and normal controls, and to reliably detect persons instructed to feign total anosmia. In Experiment 4, the test-retest reliability was established (6-month interval; r = 0.918, p less than 0.001), and in Experiment 5 the test was shown to correlate thresholds with odor detection (r = -0.794, p less than 0.001). This self-administratered test now makes it possible to rapidly and accurately assess general olfactory function in the laboratory, clinic, or through the mail without complex equipment or space-consuming stores of chemicals.