cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Body Image and Self-Esteem among Adolescents Undergoing an Intervention Targeting Dietary and Physical Activity Behaviors

Abstract Purpose To determine the effect of a one-year intervention targeting physical activity, sedentary, and diet behaviors among adolescents on self-reported body image and self-esteem. Health promotion interventions can lead to awareness of health risk and subsequent adoption of beneficial changes in behavior. However, it is possible that interventions targeting behaviors associated with childhood obesity may also increase the likelihood of unhealthy eating and physical activity obsessions and behaviors. Methods Body image and self-esteem were assessed for adolescents participating in the PACE+ study, a randomized controlled trial of a 1-year behavioral intervention targeting physical activity, sedentary, and dietary behaviors. The Body Dissatisfaction subscale of the Eating Disorder Inventory and Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale were used to assess body image and self-esteem, respectively, and measurements were performed at baseline, and at 6 and 12 months. Demographic characteristics and weight status of participants were also ascertained. Analysis of responses was performed via both between-group and within-group repeated measure analyses. Results There were 657 adolescents who completed all measurements. Body image differences were found for age, gender, and weight status at baseline, whereas self-esteem differences were demonstrated for gender, ethnicity, and weight status. There were no intervention effects on body image or self-esteem for either girls or boys. Self-esteem and body satisfaction did not worsen as a result of participating in the PACE+ intervention for either boys or girls whether or not they lost or maintained their weight or gained weight. Girls assigned to the PACE intervention who experienced weight reduction or weight maintenance at either 6 or 12 months reported improvements in body image satisfaction ( p = .02) over time compared with subjects who had experienced weight gain during the 12-month study period. Conclusions Adverse effects on body satisfaction and self-esteem were not observed among adolescents undergoing this behavioral intervention. These results suggest that a behavioral intervention directed at improving physical activity and diet habits may be safely undertaken by adolescents, including those who are overweight and at risk for overweight, without adverse psychological consequences. Inclusion of specific elements in the intervention that directly addressed body image and self-esteem issues may have reduced the risk for negative psychological effects.
Enhanced carotid-cardiac baroreflex response and elimination of orthostatic hypotension 24 hours after acute exercise in paraplegics.

To test the hypothesis that an acute bout of maximal exercise can ameliorate orthostatic hypotension consequent to prolonged wheelchair confinement, we evaluated heart rate (HR), systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure responses during 15 minutes of 70 degrees head-up tilt (HUT) in 10 paraplegic subjects 24 hours after arm crank exercise designed to elicit maximal effort, and during a control (no exercise) conditions. Additionally, the carotid baroreceptor stimulus-cardiac response relationship was determined by measurement of R-R interval during external application of graded pressures to the carotid sinuses. One week separated the treatment conditions. The maximum slope of the carotid-cardiac baroreflex response was increased (p = 0.049) by exercise (6.2 +/- 1.7 msec/mmHg) compared to control (3.3 +/- 0.6). During control HUT, HR increased from 61 +/- 1 to 90 +/- 7 bpm (p = 0.001) while SBP decreased from 118 +/- 5 to 106 +/- 9 mmHg (p = 0.025). During HUT 24 hours after exercise, HR increased from 60 +/- 2 to 90 +/- 4 bpm (p = 0.001), but the reduction in SBP was essentially eliminated (116 +/- 5 to 113 +/- 5 mmHg).
Bi-phasic CD34+ cell mobilization of a syngeneic donor during prolonged G-CSF delivery

Background G-CSF administration over 10 days and neutrophil cytapheresis have been reported in the literature, but the kinetics of CD34+ cells in this situation is unclear.Case A 42-year-old female underwent syngeneic transplantation for metastatic breast cancer. The recipient was in critical condition peri-transplant, therefore the donor received G-CSF for 13 days, during which eight cytaphereses for both PBPC and neutrophils were performed. Two peaks in CD34+ cells were noted; the first on Day 5 and the second on Days 10-13 of G-CSF administration; a total of 11.6 &#50 106/kg CD34+ cells and 38.11 &#50 108/kg neutrophils were infused. The recipient's ANC exceeded 0.1 &#50 109/L on Day +3.Discussion To our knowledge, this is the longest reported cytapheresis of CD34+ cells from a normal donor. The bi-phasic pattern in the cytapheresis product is also of interest. It is an unusual pattern that suggests a profound and complicated alteration in the marrow progenitor cell pool. If substantiated, this finding...
Digging deeper or piling it higher? Implicit measurement in organizational behavior and human resource management

Abstract Organizational researchers can dig deeper into peoples' thoughts, attitudes, and self-concepts to understand how automatic processes may impact judgment and social behavior in organizations. Measures of these automatic processes, including the Implicit Association Test (e.g., IAT; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998), Semantic Priming (e.g., SP; Wittenbrink, Judd, & Park, 1997), Affect Misattribution Procedure (e.g., AMP; Payne, Cheng, Govorun, & Stewart, 2005), Word Completion Tasks (e.g., WCT; Johnson & Saboe, 2011), among many others, deserve greater attention as alternatives or supplements to traditional self-report measures of variables important in organizations (e.g., job satisfaction, personality and trait measurement, diversity attitudes). In this paper, we first provide a primer on implicit social cognition and its relationship to automatic and controlled cognitive processes, discussing major types of implicit measures, how these might operate, criticisms of this approach, and how these implicit constructs may give rise to behavior in organizations. Second, we discuss models of automatic processes and explore their validity and how these may predict behavior. Third, we offer advice for selecting, constructing, and improving implicit measurements when used in organizational research to enhance human resources and organizational functioning.
Molecular binding: Under water's influence

Hydration is known to affect molecular recognition processes, such as between protein and ligand. Now, theoretical simulations have provided thermodynamic insight into cavity–ligand binding, and revealed how it is predominantly driven by the behaviour of the few surrounding water molecules.
The race is not to the swift: Long-term data reveal pervasive declines in California's low-elevation butterfly fauna

Understanding the ecology of extinction is one of the primary challenges facing ecologists in the 21st century. Much of our current understanding of extinction, particularly for invertebrates, comes from studies with large geographic coverage but less temporal resolution, such as comparisons between historical collection records and contemporary surveys for geographic regions or political entities. We present a complementary approach involving a data set that is geographically restricted but temporally intensive: we focus on three sites in the Central Valley of California, and utilize 35 years of biweekly (every two weeks) surveys at our most long-sampled site. Previous analyses of these data revealed declines in richness over recent decades. Here, we take a more detailed approach to investigate the mode of decline for this fauna. We ask if all species are in decline, or only a subset. We also investigate traits commonly found to be predictors of extinction risk in other studies, such as body size, diet breadth, habitat association, and geographic range. We find that population declines are ubiquitous: the majority of species at our three focal sites (but not at a nearby site at higher elevation) are characterized by reductions in the fraction of days that they are observed per year. These declines are not readily predicted by ecological traits, with the possible exception of ruderal/non-ruderal status. Ruderal species, in slightly less precipitous decline than non-ruderal taxa, are more dispersive and more likely to be associated with disturbed habitats and exotic hosts. We conclude that population declines and extirpation, particularly in regions severely and recently impacted by anthropogenic alteration, might not be as predictable as has been suggested by other studies on the ecology of extinction.
Time history of trace elements in sediments from Standley Lake, Colorado

Abstract Eighteen trace elements were analyzed in sections from a 50 cm long sediment core from Standley Lake, Colorado. The core was dated by the use of bomb-produced 137Cs. Ten of the elements measured (Ag, Cd, Cu, Ga, Hg, Pb, Se, Sn, Tl, and Zn) appear to be enriched in this sediment; seven (Al, As, Be, Co, Cr, Ni, and V) are probably of local geological origin; and Te was not detected. Several of the constituents increase with depth in the sediment, and the concentrations of some compare to levels in lake sediments near highly industrialized centers. Based upon comparisons with other work, fluxes, enrichment factors, benzo(a)pyrene concentrations, and other evidence we conclude that the primary source of the “excess” elemental concentrations is local stream pollution.
Development and validation of a decigram-scale method for the separation of limonin from limonin glucoside by C-18 flash chromatography.

A preparative method for decigram-scale polishing of limonin glucoside (1) with regard to removing traces of limonin (2), the main bitter principle in Citrus, is reported. During the method development and up-scaling stages, sample purity, sample size, solvent amounts, and drying conditions were varied. The resulting polishing method consists of a simple step gradient that utilises food grade solvents, ethanol and water at 15% EtOH and 50% EtOH steps. Using a 75 300 mm C-18 column, this method is capable of processing 20 g of material per run in less than 3 h. Recovery of the purified limonin glucoside following evaporation of the solvent was 93.5% (±2.8, n = 6) and the limonin concentrations in the resulting materials were found to be reduced 10- to 15-fold. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Seismic behavior of liquid-filled shells

Abstract The seismic response of shell structures containing a fluid is generally evaluated with the aid of the added-mass concept. This paper presents a study of the seismic response of elastic tanks based on an alternative approach which includes both acoustic and sloshing interaction of the fluid and structure. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the influence of the tank-wall flexibility on the fluid dynamic pressure and the sloshing wave height. The post-earthquake sloshing behavior is also examined.
Further Analysis of the Discriminate Validity of the Parenting Scale

The psychometric properties of the Parenting Scale (PS), a measure employed to identify use of dysfunctional strategies for managing child misbehavior, were examined. Parents of 75 children ages 2 to 12 (45 in the clinic-referred and 30 in the community sample group) completed the PS and a measure of child misbehavior. Mean scores were significantly higher for parents in the clinic-referred group on the PS Total, Laxness, and Overreactivity scales. However, there were no between-group differences in the number of parents who scored at or above a cutoff score designed to identify “clinical significance” on any PS scale. Reported parenting strategies were associated with reported child misbehavior regardless of group status; associations were not stronger depending on referral status. Results support the ability of the PS to discriminate between referred and community sample families. However, the PS scales were not precise in identifying clinically significant variations in parenting practices.
Benzonatate overdose associated with seizures and arrhythmias

AbstractBackground: Benzonatate is an antitussive with a unique chemical structure. It can contain as many as 8 structural analogs. Therefore, laboratory analysis of benzonatate is difficult. We report 2 cases of benzonatate poisoning with seizures and cardiac arrest and an analytical method to identify and quantify benzonatate in human plasma. Case Reports: Case 1: A 12-month-old male presented to the emergency department of a rural hospital following ingestion of an unknown amount of benzonatate. Upon arrival, the child was seizing and in full cardiac arrest. Resuscitative measures were unsuccessful and the child died shortly after arriving at the emergency department. Case 2: A 39-year-old male ingested 36 benzonatate capsules in a suicide attempt. Enroute to the health care facility, the patient experienced a seizure, had a cardiac arrest, and was cardioverted. Upon arrival at the emergency department, the patient was acidotic with a pH of 6.8. Gastric lavage was performed followed by the administrati...
Trade Liberalization And Women’s Integration Into National Labor Markets: A Cross-Country Analysis

This paper examines the effects of trade liberalization and the risks associated with participation in the global trading system on women’s integration into national labor markets. Using data from 1970 to 1995, I identify two global determinants of the female share of national labor markets: trade openness and transnational corporate penetration. Several local predictors of women’s labor force participation are also identified. While a cross-sectional analysis indicates that women have been pulled into national labor markets as a result of neo-liberal economic reforms, more dynamic models show that these same forces can also lead to a preference for male, rather than female labor. Moreover, the analyses specify that the effects of trade openness and trade risk on female labor force participation are determined by position in the world-system and region. These results illustrate that arguments about the relationship between globalization and the feminization of the labor force, are too simplistic and neglect to account for the diverse consequences of global economic expansion on gender relations.
The Developmental Nature of Meta-Cognition and the Relationship between Knowledge and Control over Time.

This study explored the development of meta-cognitive knowledge and control, the relationship between the two constructs, the types of strategy knowledge Chinese students consider valuable and comparisons with US children's knowledge of strategies at the third-grade level. One hundred and twenty students were randomly sampled from third-, fifth- and seventh-grade classes in China. Control was operationalised as comprehension monitoring and measured with CLOZE and Error Detection tasks, while awareness comprised declarative knowledge of strategies and was measured using an interview and a questionnaire. The findings indicated that knowledge of strategies and meta-cognitive control develop over time, but knowledge develops at a faster rate in comparison. The evaluation of the relationships between the constructs suggested that the measurement format affected the students' accessibility of the declarative knowledge. The Chinese students demonstrated similarities in their knowledge of useful strategies, with previewing and activating background knowledge as the most valued strategies.
A computer package for the multivariate nonparametric rank test in completely randomized experimental designs

Abstract When research data are measured on at least an ordinal scale and the assumptions required in the theory underlying parametric statistical methods are in question, nonparametric procedures based on the ranks provide a sound approach to statistical analysis. Biomedical investigations, especially clinical trials, typically involve multivariate response and therefore multivariate statistical methods are called for in the interpretation of results. We discuss applications of the nonparametric multivariate rank test for completely randomized designs. Large sample theory can be used to support these statistical methods for assessing group differences in location. In small samples, randomization tests provide a basis for inferences. The execution of the procedure is facilitated by a computer program developed by the authors.
OSTEOPONTIN ACTIVATION OF C-SRC IN HUMAN MELANOMA CELLS REQUIRES THE CYTOPLASMIC DOMAIN OF THE INTEGRIN ALPHA V-SUBUNIT

In human melanoma cells, expression of the alpha v beta 3 integrin is correlated with the metastatic potential. The expression of osteopontin (OPN or OP), a protein ligand for the integrin alpha v beta 3, also correlates with metastatic potential of some tumors. Analysis of signal transduction, stimulated by OPN/alpha v beta 3 in human melanoma cells (M21), revealed activation of pp60c-src associated with the integrin. pp60c-src stimulation by OPN was dose dependent, and it was inhibited in vitro by a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, herbimycin-A. To determine the need for the cytoplasmic domain of the alpha v-subunit, in the association of pp60c-src with alpha v beta 3, a cell line expressing truncated alpha v was studied. M21-L cells lacked alpha v expression but stably transfected with complementary DNAs encoding alpha v full length protein alpha v 1018 or alpha v 995 (lacking 23 carboxyl-terminal amino acids), and a fibroblast cell line (FG) expressing alpha v beta 5 but not alpha v beta 3, were used. Western analysis and immune complex kinase assays of anti- alpha v immunoprecipitates demonstrated that M21-L/alpha v995 cells did not exhibit pp60c-src association with alpha v, whereas the alpha v1018 complementary DNA transfected cells and FG cells had pp60c-src associated with the alpha v integrins. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed pp60c-src, alpha v beta 3 integrin, and actin distribution along the plasma membrane of M21 cells. 35S-labeling of cells and analysis of complexes immunoprecipitated by a monoclonal antibody against alpha v beta 3 demonstrated association of actin with the immune complexes. We conclude that OPN stimulates pp60c-src kinase activity associated with the alpha v beta 3 integrin and that the association requires the cytoplasmic tail of the alpha v chain.
Classical many-body model for atomic collisions incorporating the Heisenberg and Pauli principles

A novel, classical many-body model, previously introduced for nuclear collisions, has been extended to atomic and molecular structure, with the goal of providing a framework for atomic collisions. In addition to the usual kinetic and Coulomb potential terms, a momentum-dependent two-body potential acts between electron pairs of identical spin in order to approximate the Pauli constraint ${r}_{\mathrm{ij}}{p}_{\mathrm{ij}}\ensuremath{\ge}\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\xi}p$, where $\ensuremath{\xi}$ is a dimensionless parameter here set equal to 2.767. A similar potential is introduced to simulate the Heisenberg constraint, ${r}_{\mathrm{iN}}{p}_{\mathrm{iN}}=h$, where $N$ refers to each nucleus. Because of these constraints, the atomic and molecular ground-state configurations are stable. The hydrogen ground state is given exactly. Calculations in ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, He, Li, Ne, and Ar reproduce total ground-state energies to better than 15%; this is considerably better than the Thomas-Fermi model, in which the errors are approximately 28% for neon and 23% for argon. The resulting electrostatic potential is in general intermediate between Thomas-Fermi and Hartree-Fock calculations. ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ molecules are overbound; in contrast, the Thomas-Fermi model does not bind neutral molecules.
Role of catalase in the oxidation of mercury vapor

Abstract In human red blood cells the slow rate of production of hydrogen peroxide limits the rate of oxidation of mercury vapor. When H 2 O 2 was added to blood samples, the rate of mercury uptake increased six times, but the inhibitory effect of KCN was less pronounced than in samples without H 2 O 2 , possibly because H 2 O 2 tends to destroy cyanide. Only in the absence of exogenous H 2 O 2 did the inhibition of oxidation of mercury vapor by different concentrations of KCN parallel the inhibition of catalase. Addition of peroxide to liver homogenates was without effect. When 20% (w/v) liver homogenates were exposed to mercury vapor at 37°, neither acatalasemia in mice nor pretreatment of rats with 2 g/kg of aminotriazole produced an appreciable decrease in the uptake of mercury during the 90-min incubation period. However, it was clear that catalase was responsible for the oxidation of mercury from the correlation ( r 2 = 0.85) between catalase activity and mercury uptake when 0.4 mg liver in 2 ml of incubation medium was exposed to mercury vapor. With higher concentrations of homogenates the availability of mercury limited the oxidation process. Experiments with horseradish peroxidase, beef liver catalase and inorganic catalysts of H 2 O 2 decomposition indicate that the elemental mercury atom serves as an electron donor for complex I of catalase which is formed from the first reaction of catalase with H 2 O 2 . Other possible pathways of oxidation such as oxidation of elemental mercury by nascent oxygen released from H 2 O 2 do not appear to be important.
The mixing-MIR set with divisible capacities

We study the set $$S = \{(x, y) \in \Re_{+} \times Z^{n} : x + B_{j} y_{j} \geq b_{j}, j = 1, \ldots, n\}$$, where $$B_{j}, b_{j} \in \Re_{+} - \{0\}$$, j = 1, ..., n, and B 1 | ... | B n . The set S generalizes the mixed-integer rounding (MIR) set of Nemhauser and Wolsey and the mixing-MIR set of Gunluk and Pochet. In addition, it arises as a substructure in general mixed-integer programming (MIP), such as in lot-sizing. Despite its importance, a number of basic questions about S remain unanswered, including the tractability of optimization over S and how to efficiently find a most violated cutting plane valid for P = conv (S). We address these questions by analyzing the extreme points and extreme rays of P. We give all extreme points and extreme rays of P. In the worst case, the number of extreme points grows exponentially with n. However, we show that, in some interesting cases, it is bounded by a polynomial of n. In such cases, it is possible to derive strong cutting planes for P efficiently. Finally, we use our results on the extreme points of P to give a polynomial-time algorithm for solving optimization over S.
Retention in thin ferroelectric films

Rentention of polarization in ferroelectric films is defined asiR = [l-ΔPr/Pr(0)], where ΔPr is the decrease of remanent polarization due to depoling and Pr(0) is the remanent polarization at time zero. Results for measurements of retention as a function of time for films of composition Pb.92Bi.o7La.01(Fe.405Nb.325Z.27)03 are presented. When ferroelectric elements are poled with 10-V, 10-ms pulses, depoling disturb pulses of 0.5 V up to a total of 109pulses do not affect the retention. Retention is found to be a function of the heat treatment of the films and the electrodes. It decreases as temperature increases and decreases as the amount of charge initially switched becomes smaller. Also, definite improvement in retention is observed when a high series resistance is placed in the circuit.
Capacity of underwater acoustic OFDM cellular networks

We analyze the capacity of underwater acoustic cellular networks that utilize Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) modulation. The capacity analysis is presented based on a model of the average path loss and frequency-dependent absorption, both of which are distance-dependent. We show that capacity-achieving systems utilize multiple architectural layers, each of which uses a different subband with its own frequency reuse number. We solve the problems of data rate maximization per mobile user, and the transmit power minimization under an average target data rate constraint per cell, for both the single- and multiple-layer architectural solutions. We discuss the practical issues in the implementation of such capacity-achieving underwater acoustic OFDM cellular systems.
Serum PCBs, p,p'-DDE and HCB predict thyroid hormone levels in men.

Abstract Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and some organochlorine pesticides, which continue to be measurable in a high proportion of blood samples from the general population, have been found to alter thyroid hormone levels in animals and humans. However, studies of these relationships in adult men are limited and results across studies have been inconsistent. In the present study, we measured serum levels of 57 PCB congeners, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene ( p , p ′ -DDE, a stable metabolite of DDT), and hexachlorobenzene (HCB), as well as free T 4 , total T 3 , and TSH, in 341 adult men recruited from an infertility clinic from 2000 to 2003. In multivariate linear regression, there were positive associations between p , p ′ -DDE and both free T 4 and total T 3 , and an inverse association between p , p ′ -DDE and TSH. Conversely, for PCBs there was only a suggestive inverse association between PCB 153 and total T 3 when potential confounding variables were considered. However, when results were additionally adjusted for p , p ′ -DDE, inverse associations with T 3 were significant for PCB 138, PCB 153, sum of PCBs and three different PCB groupings, and HCB, while the positive associations between p , p ′ -DDE and T 3 also remained. In conclusion, serum concentrations of PCBs, p , p ′ -DDE, and HCB were associated with circulating thyroid hormone levels in adult men. Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CYP, cytochrome P450; DDT, 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane; HCB, hexachlorobenzene; MDL, method detection limit; NHANES, national health and nutrition examination survey: p , p ′ -DDE, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene; PCB, polychlorinated biphenyl; T 3 , triiodothyronine; T 4 , thryoxine; TSH, thyroid stimulating hormone (thyrotrophin); US, United States.
Predicting the Risk of Perioperative Mortality in Patients Undergoing Pancreaticoduodenectomy: A Novel Scoring System

Objective To develop and validate a risk score to predict the 30- and 90-day mortality after a pancreaticoduodenectomy or total pancreatectomy on the basis of preoperative risk factors in a high-volume program. Design Data from a prospectively maintained institutional database were collected. In a random subset of 70% of patients (training cohort), multivariate logistic regression was used to develop a simple integer score, which was then validated in the remaining 30% of patients (validation cohort). Discrimination and calibration of the score were evaluated using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve and Hosmer-Lemeshow test, respectively. Setting Tertiary referral center. Patients The study comprised 1976 patients in a prospectively maintained institutional database who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy or total pancreatectomy between 1998 and 2009. Main Outcome Measures The 30- and 90-day mortality. Results In the training cohort, age, male sex, preoperative serum albumin level, tumor size, total pancreatectomy, and a high Charlson index predicted 90-day mortality (area under the curve, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.71-0.85), whereas all these factors except Charlson index also predicted 30-day mortality (0.79; 0.68-0.89). On validation, the predicted and observed risks were not significantly different for 30-day (1.4% vs 1.0%; P = .62) and 90-day (3.8% vs 3.4%; P = .87) mortality. Both scores maintained good discrimination (for 30-day mortality, area under the curve, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.54-0.95; and for 90-day mortality, 0.73; 0.62-0.84). Conclusions The risk scores accurately predicted 30- and 90-day mortality after pancreatectomy. They may help identify and counsel high-risk patients, support and calculate net benefits of therapeutic decisions, and control for selection bias in observational studies as propensity scores.
Age of drinking onset, alcohol use disorders, frequent heavy drinking, and unintentionally injuring oneself and others after drinking.

OBJECTIVE: To explore whether early age of drinking onset is prospectively associated with respondents unintentionally injuring themselves and others when respondents were under the influence of alcohol, controlling for current alcohol dependence/abuse, frequency of consuming 5 drinks per occasion, and other demographic characteristics. METHODS: From 2001 to 2002, in-person interviews were conducted with a national multistage probability sample of 43,093 adults aged 18 years older. From 2004 to 2005, of 39,959 eligible respondents, 34,653 were reinterviewed. The cumulative 2-survey response rate was 70.2%. Respondents were asked the age at which they first started drinking (not counting tastes or sips), diagnostic questions for alcohol dependence and abuse, questions about behaviors that increase risk of injury, and whether respondents, when under the influence of alcohol, injured themselves or someone else as a driver in a motor vehicle crash or in some other way. RESULTS: Logistic regression analyses revealed that the younger respondents were when they started drinking, the greater the likelihood that, between the 2 surveys, they experienced alcohol dependence/abuse, drank 5 drinks per occasion at least weekly drove under the influence of alcohol, and placed themselves in situation after drinking where they could be hurt. After controlling for those injury risk and sociodemographic characteristics, respondents who began drinking at earlier ages remained more likely between the 2 surveys to have, under the influence of alcohol, unintentionally injured themselves and someone else. More than one third of those injuries occurred when respondents 25 years of age were under the influence, although only 7% of respondents were 25 years of age. Persons other than respondents experienced 20% of those unintentional injuries, more than one third of them in traffic. CONCLUSION: Delaying drinking onset may help reduce unintentional alcohol-related injuries that drinkers may inflict on themselves and others. Language: en
Phase-space picture of resonance creation and avoided crossings

Complex coordinate scaling (CCS) is used to calculate resonance eigenvalues and eigenstates for a system consisting of an inverted Gaussian potential and a monochromatic driving field. Floquet eigenvalues and Husimi distributions of resonance eigenfunctions are calculated using two different versions of CCS. The number of resonance states in this system increases as the strength of the driving field is increased, indicating that this system might have increased stability against ionization when the field strength is very high. We find that the newly created resonance states are scarred on unstable periodic orbits of the classical motion. The behavior of these periodic orbits as the field strength is increased may explain why there are more resonance states at high field strengths than at low field strengths. Close examination of an avoided crossing between resonance states shows that the two states exchange their structure, as in bound systems. This phenomenon might lead to interesting effects at certain field strengths.
Advanced Treatment for Basal Cell Carcinomas

Basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) are very common epithelial cancers that depend on the Hedgehog pathway for tumor growth. Traditional therapies such as surgical excision are effective for most patients with sporadic BCC; however, better treatment options are needed for cosmetically sensitive or advanced and metastatic BCC. The first approved Hedgehog antagonist targeting the membrane receptor Smoothened, vismodegib, shows remarkable effectiveness on both syndromic and nonsyndromic BCCs. However, drug-resistant tumors frequently develop, illustrating the need for the development of next-generation Hedgehog antagonists targeting pathway components downstream from Smoothened. In this article, we will summarize available BCC treatment options and discuss the development of next-generation antagonists.
Industrial gentrification in West Chelsea, New York: Who survived and who did not? Empirical evidence from discrete-time survival analysis

This study contributes to the growing body of literature on the multifaceted consequences of homeownership for households and their communities, which has seldom focused on neighbourhood satisfaction, an important predictor of neighbourhood quality. Existing studies on the relationship between homeownership and neighbourhood satisfaction have not considered whether homeownership varies in its consequences depending on local context or racial background. Homeownership may render residents more responsive to neighbourhood conditions, to their benefit and to their detriment, depending on local context. Patterns may further vary across racial groups, given vast interracial inequalities in the attainment of desirable neighbourhood outcomes and homeownership. Employing a sample of 1897 respondents from the 2001 Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey (LAFANS), as well as data from the 2000 Census, this study uncovers a complex set of interrelationships among homeownership, neighbourhood characteristics and race. Homeownership makes residents more sensitive to the desirability of local characteristics, proving beneficial in advantaged communities and disadvantageous in distressed communities. These conclusions are broadly applicable to blacks, Latinos and whites, though homeownership is more salient among blacks and Latinos in determining their response to neighbourhood conditions. Given differential access to desirable neighbourhoods and asset accumulation across racial groups, findings raise new and important questions regarding the meaning of homeownership for minority households and their communities.
A sheaf-theoretic view of loop spaces.

The context of enriched sheaf theory introduced in the author's thesis provides a convenient viewpoint for models of the stable homotopy category as well as categories of finite loop spaces. Also, the languages of algebraic geometry and algebraic topology have been interacting quite heavily in recent years, primarily due to the work of Voevodsky and that of Hopkins. Thus, the language of Grothendieck topologies is becoming a necessary tool for the algebraic topologist. The current article is intended to give a somewhat relaxed introduction to this language of sheaves in a topological context, using familiar examples such as n-fold loop spaces and pointed G-spaces. This language also includes the diagram categories of spectra from (19) as well as spectra in the sense of (17), which will be discussed in some detail.
Preference of Interactive Electronic Versus Traditional Learning Resources by University of Michigan Medical Students during the First Year Histology Component

Histology or microanatomy is an integral component of most first year medical curricula. As histology is heavily based on the review and analysis of images, modern educational resources are increasingly used for teaching this subject. These novel didactic approaches often supplement more traditional offerings of the material, such as lectures and laboratory sessions. After completion of their M1 histology component, University of Michigan medical students participated in a voluntary survey about their study habits and their use of various histology learning resources and how this usage changed over time. The data presented in this analysis demonstrate a strong preference of these students for studying histology with electronic rather than traditional learning resources. In particular, students’ use of scheduled didactic opportunities decreased over the progression of the course. Students also exhibited a strong inclination to study histology individually rather than in study groups. These reported insights in students’ preferences suggest a need to develop and update educational tools for teaching this very visual subject.
Spleen cells of whole body X-irradiated W/Fu rats enhance tumor growth in vivo and non-specific cytotoxicity in vitro.

Abstract This study was designed to investigate the influence of spleen cells of normal Wistar/Furth (W/Fu) rats obtained after whole body X-irradiation (WBI) upon mammary carcinoma growth in vivo , and cell mediated cytotoxicity against several target cells in vitro . The ME/H mammary carcinoma employed here originally arose spontaneously in a W/Fu rat, metastasizing to the retroperitoneal lymph node and lungs. It was found that surviving non-adherent spleen cells taken two days after 500R WBI cause enhanced tumor growth and metastases development in a Winn assay compared with nonadherent spleen cells from unirradiated controls. These cells were also enriched in granulocytes compared with controls. While the level of nonspecific cell mediated cytotoxicity was variable, it increased significantly following WBI of the spleen cell donor. Our results indicate that there are apparently two opposing effects shown by non-adherent spleen cells surviving WBI of normal W/Fu rats: enhancement of in vivo tumor growth, and enhancement of in vitro cell mediated cytotoxicity. A possible mechanism to explain these contrasting results is suggested.
Development of a formative and summative assessment system for AuD education.

Purpose This article provides an overview of a comprehensive assessment system that documents that students have obtained the skills and knowledge necessary to obtain a Doctor of Audiology (AuD) de...
Urinary Elimination of 11-Nor-9-carboxy- 9-tetrahydrocannnabinol in Cannabis Users During Continuously Monitored Abstinence

The time course of 11-nor-9-carboxy-Delta9-tetrahydrocannnabinol (THCCOOH) elimination in urine was characterized in 60 cannabis users during 24 h monitored abstinence on a closed research unit for up to 30 days. Six thousand, one hundred fifty-eight individual urine specimens were screened by immunoassay with values > or = 50 ng/mL classified as positive. Urine specimens were confirmed for THCCOOH by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry following base hydrolysis and liquid-liquid or solid-phase extraction. In 60%, the maximum creatinine normalized concentration occurred in the first urine specimen; in 40%, peaks occurred as long as 2.9 days after admission. Data were divided into three groups, 0-50, 51-150, and > 150 ng/mg, based on the creatinine corrected initial THCCOOH concentration. There were statistically significant correlations between groups and number of days until first negative and last positive urine specimens; mean number of days were 0.6 and 4.3, 3.2 and 9.7, and 4.7 and 15.4 days, respectively, for the three groups. These data provide guidelines for interpreting urine cannabinoid test results and suggest appropriate detection windows for differentiating new cannabis use from residual drug excretion.
A review of concurrent ambient water column and sediment toxicity testing in the Chesapeake Bay watershed: 1990–1994

The objectives of this study were to identify toxic ambient areas in the Chesapeake Bay watershed by using a battery of water column and sediment toxicity tests. Twenty-five ambient stations in nine river/harbors were tested during 1990 through 1994. Seasonal and annual comparisons were conducted at selected stations. Inorganic and organic contaminants were evaluated in ambient water and sediment concurrently with water column and sediment tests to assess possible causes of toxicity, although absolute causality cannot be established. Multivariate statistical analysis was used to develop a TOX-INDEX at each station for both water column and sediment toxicity data. Water column tests from the 5-year testing period showed that 43% of the time, some degree of toxicity was reported. The most toxic sites based on water column results were located in urbanized areas such as the Elizabeth River, Baltimore Harbor, and the Middle River. Water quality criteria for copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc were exceeded at one or more of these sites. Some degree of sediment toxicity was reported from 70% of the tests conducted during the 5-year period. The Elizabeth River and Baltimore Harbor stations were reported as the most toxic areas based on sediment results. Sediment toxicity guidelines (Long and Morgan effects range median [ER-M] values) were exceeded for one or more of the following metals at these two locations: arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc. At the Elizabeth River stations 9 of 16 semivolatile organics and 2 of 7 pesticides measured exceeded the ER-M values. Various semivolatile organics exceeded the ER-M values at a number of Baltimore Harbor sites; pyrene and dibenzo (a,h) anthracene were particularly high at one of the stations (Northwest Harbor).
Tiotropium bromide triple combination therapy improves lung function and decreases asthma exacerbations

Commentary on: Kerstjens HA, Engel M, Dahl R, et al. Tiotropium in asthma poorly controlled with standard combination therapy. N Engl J Med 2012;367:1198–207.[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] Three recent well-designed clinical trials demonstrated that tiotropium bromide, when added to an inhaled corticosteroid (ICS), provides asthma control which is non-inferior to adding a long-acting β-agonist (LABA).1–⇓3 The third of these trials also suggested that adding tiotropium to an ICS–LABA combination also provides additional benefit, as measured by an improvement in lung function (FEV1).3 Whether adding tiotropium to patients inadequately controlled on combination ICS–LABA therapy would provide additional benefit by improving long-term asthma control and decreasing severe asthma exacerbations was the subject of … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNew%2BEngland%2BJournal%2Bof%2BMedicine%26rft.stitle%253DNEJM%26rft.issn%253D0028-4793%26rft.aulast%253DKerstjens%26rft.auinit1%253DH.%2BA.%26rft.volume%253D367%26rft.issue%253D13%26rft.spage%253D1198%26rft.epage%253D1207%26rft.atitle%253DTiotropium%2Bin%2Basthma%2Bpoorly%2Bcontrolled%2Bwith%2Bstandard%2Bcombination%2Btherapy.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1056%252FNEJMoa1208606%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F22938706%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1056/NEJMoa1208606&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=22938706&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmed%2F18%2F5%2F179.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000309161100006&link_type=ISI
Cantilever dynamics in atomic force microscopy

Dynamic atomic force microscopy, in essence, consists of a vibrating microcantilever with a nanoscale tip that interacts with a sample surface via short- and long-range intermolecular forces. Microcantilevers possess several distinct eigenmodes and the tip-sample interaction forces are highly nonlinear. As a consequence, cantilevers vibrate in interesting, often unanticipated ways; some are detrimental to imaging stability, while others can be exploited to enhance performance. Understanding these phenomena can offer deep insight into the physics of dynamic atomic force microscopy and provide exciting possibilities for achieving improved material contrast with gentle imaging forces in the next generation of instruments. Here we summarize recent research developments on cantilever dynamics in the atomic force microscope.
Telomerase activation, cellular immortalization and cancer

The maintenance of specialized nucleoprotein structures termed telomeres is essential for chromosome stability. Without new synthesis of telomeres at chromosome ends the chromosomes shorten with progressive cell division, eventually triggering either replicative senescence or apoptosis when telomere length becomes critically short. The regulation of telomerase activity in human cells plays a significant role in the development of cancer. Telomerase is tightly repressed in the vast majority of normal human somatic cells but becomes activated during cellular immortalization and in cancers. While the mechanisms for telomerase activation in cancers have not been fully defined, they include telomerase catalytic subunit gene (hTERT) amplification and trans-activation of the hTERT promoter by the myc oncogene product. Ectopic expression of hTERT is sufficient to restore telomerase activity in cells that lack the enzyme and can immortalize many cell types. Understanding telomerase biology will eventually lead to several clinically relevant telomerase-based therapies. These applications include inhibiting or targeting telomerase as a novel antineoplastic strategy and using cells immortalized by telomerase for therapeutic applications.
A five‐phase treatment of post‐traumatic stress disorder in families

The purpose of this paper is to present a rationale for and application of family therapy to traumatized clients and the families of these clients. After noting the frequency of trauma-inducing, highly stressful events, the paper briefly reviews the relevant traumatic stress literature. Next the paper includes a description of a theoretical orientation which draws from both the literatures of traumatic stress and family therapy. The bulk of the paper explicates a five-phase treatment approach to treating traumatized families. These phases are: (1) Building Commitment to the Therapeutic Objectives, (2) Framing the Problem, (3) Reframing the Problem, (4) Developing a Healing Theory, and (5) Closure and Preparedness. The concepts of victim blaming, roundtable testimonials, and healing theory are introduced and discussed here. The latter part of the paper presents several challenges for researchers and clinicians who are interested in traumatized families.
Measurement of Femoral Vein Diameter by Ultrasound to Estimate Central Venous Pressure

Rationale: Central venous pressure (CVP) can be estimated by ultrasound of the inferior vena cava (IVC), but imaging the IVC is sometimes challenging. The femoral vein is easily imaged by ultrasound and might therefore provide an alternate target for estimating CVP.Objectives: To assess femoral vein diameter (FVD) measured by ultrasound imaging for estimating CVP.Methods: We prospectively measured CVP and FVD in 97 patients. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to assess the ability of FVD to predict specific CVP values: less than 10 mm Hg, less than 8 mm Hg (low CVP), and greater than 12 mm Hg (high CVP). Interobserver variability of FVD measurement was assessed in 20 patients.Measurements and Main Results: There was moderate correlation between FVD and CVP (r = 0.66, P < 0.001). FVD less than or equal to 0.8 cm was the best predictor of CVP < 10 mm Hg, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.894 and a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.82 to 0.97. FVD less than or equal to 0.7 cm performed ...
Method of quick detection of antigen-antibody precipitin reaction.

A quick qualitative technique was developed for detection of the soluble antigen (Ag) and antibody (Ab) complex formed as the result of union between Ag and Ab from solution. A drop 05 each sample is placed on a microscope slide coated with silver; the nonmetalized side of the slide is resting on the microscope stage. The other slide is positioned very gently in place to form a wedge, and an interferometric fringe is formed by using a low-power helium-neon gas laser (6328 A) as monochromatic light source. If Ag and Ab are specific, the precipate complex and its growth can be observed within five minutes. The short time requirement is an advantage over other immunodiffusion methods.
Dow Chemical Polyolefins and Elastomers R&D: Sustaining High Performance

This case is about the highest-performing R&D department in the chemical industry. It illustrates how a 650-person group was transformed from a low-performing department in a poor-performing business about to be sold off into the highest-performing technical group in Dow Chemical. It is a superb example of sophisticated change management. The case sets up the question, What next? How can Dow Chemical maintain the high performance of this critical group given the possible retirement/promotion of the leaders who made this transformation happen?