cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RELATION OF FINAL INTERNAL TEMPERATURE TO Clostridium perfringens DESTRUCTION IN BEEF LOAVES COOKED IN A CROCKERY POT OR CONVENTIONAL OVEN

Destruction of Clostridium perfringens S-45 was compared in inoculated beef loaves cooked to 49°, 57°, 66°, or 74°C in an electric crockery pot (CP) or in an oven at 163°C (MO). In loaves cooked to 74°C, aerobic plate counts were lower and total cooking losses were higher in the CP than in the MO. Destruction of C. perfringens was similar for CP and MO methods. Vegetative cell counts were similar in raw meat and in all loaves cooked to 49°C. Cell counts were reduced by 1.4 log10 at 57°C and 2.2 log10 at 66° and 74°C. Spore counts in raw loaves and in loaves cooked to 49° and to 57°C were similar but decreased by 0.5 log10 and 1.2 log10 in loaves cooked to 66° and 74°C, respectively. In beef loaves cooked to a recommended temperature of 74°C (7 hr in the CP on low and 11/2 hr in the MO), too few C. perfringens S-45 survived to constitute a food poisoning hazard if the meat were eaten immediately.
Southeast Atlantic marine and terrestrial response to middle Pliocene climate change

Abstract Analysis of planktic foraminifers and pollen from Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 532 located on the continental margin of southwest Africa provides information on the link between Pliocene paleoceanographic conditions and paleoenvironments of southwest Africa. Increased upwelling at Site 532 correlates with southward migration of onshore vegetation regions. Both terrestrial and marine changes can be explained by changes in the southern hemisphere surface temperature gradient which affected the paleo-position of subtropical high pressure cells and productivity of water masses during the Pliocene. When the subtropical high pressure cells were further south, Southern Ocean waters were warmer, contained less sea ice, Southern Ocean diatom productivity was high, and nutrient depleted water upwelled off southwest Africa. When the subtropical high pressure cells were in a configuration similar to the present, Southern Ocean waters were cooler and contained more sea ice, the aerial extent of Southern Ocean diatom productivity was limited, and nutrient rich waters upwelled off southwest Africa as the Benguela upwelling system migrated closer to the position of Site 532.
Surgical Management for Recurrent Pharyngoesophageal (Zenker's) Diverticulum

Recurrent pharyngoesophageal diverticulum is uncommon after a one-stage diverticulectomy. Among 888 operations at the Mayo Clinic, recurrence has been noted after only 32 (3.6%). The present report outlines our management during a 19-year period of 44 patients operated on previously, including management of various late complications seen in 13 patients after diverticulopexy and diverticulectomy performed at other institutions. The study then focuses on the results in 31 patients in whom reoperation for symptomatic recurrent diverticulum was performed at the Mayo Clinic during the same period. Although reoperation posed a technical challenge, there was only 1 operative death (3.2%). Surviving patients experienced highly satisfactory late results, with only two recurrences. Early surgical morbidity was considerably higher than for primary operations, but this did not interfere with most patients having excellent to good late results.
Mode of action of non-histone proteins in the stimulation of transcription from DNA.

Abstract The non-histone chromosomal proteins of Ehrlich ascites tumor chromatin contain an active fraction which stimulates specific transcription from DNA in vitro . This non-histone protein fraction functions by binding selectively to the unique sequences in DNA and activating the initiation of transcription of these DNA sequences.
Phenomenology and Physics

The purpose of the present paper is twofold: in the first place, it is intended to acquaint the student of physics with the essential ideas professed and vigorously defended by one of the foremost schools of modern philosophic thought, phenomenology; in the second place, it is to state a reaction to phenomenological doctrine which may perhaps be regarded as typical of the working physicist with an interest in methodology.
Pattern reversal retinal potentials in ocular hypertensives at high and low risk of developing glaucoma

The human pattern-reversal retinal potential (PRRP) is a bioelectrical response which reflects neural activity generated in the proximal retina. Visual diseases which affect the retinal ganglion cells and the optic nerve often produce significant reductions in the amplitude of the PRRP. PRRP amplitude reductions are frequently observed in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. This investigation was designed to determine whether patients with ocular hypertension who are at risk of developing glaucoma also exhibit PRRP amplitude reductions. The results indicate that PRRP amplitude reductions do occur in some ocular hyptertensives, but many other ocular hypertensives do not exhibit PRRP abnormalities.
Aircraft gauge differences between the US and Europe and their operational implications

Abstract In this paper, we perform a segment-level analysis of the structural differences in average gauge in the US and Europe and assess their impact on traffic and delay at major US airports. The results show that, while average gauge is consistently greater in Europe, the magnitude of the difference is larger for low density and longer segments. The 30% greater traffic at major US airports as compared to those in Europe is to the result of the structural difference in the average gauge. Flight delay at major US airports would decrease by an average of 5–6 min if the gauge relationship were governed by the European gauge relationship.
Obliterative Aortic Disease in Children in the Tropics

Seven cases of obliterative disease of the aorta have been described, all occurring in Thai children. This disease is believed to be a variant of Takayasu's disease and the clinical manifestations, etiology, and treatment have been discussed.
Comparison of epidemiologic methods for active surveillance of vaccine safety.

Objective We performed a simulation study to compare four study designs [(matched-cohort, vaccinated-only (risk-interval) cohort, case–control, and self-controlled case-series (SCCS)] in the context of vaccine safety active surveillance. Methods For each combination of various incidence levels (3, 30, 300 per 105 person-years) and relative risks (RR 1.5–18), 100 case sets were infused into the cohort, matching 105 vaccinated to 105 unvaccinated on age and gender. The matched-cohort was converted into weekly accumulated data intervals with the other three study design samples drawn from each. Analyses were with appropriate regression models. The signal detection time was the first week where the log likelihood ratio (LLR) exceeded the upper boundary from the MaxSPRT sequential analysis method. Empirical type I (false positive) and type II (power) error rates and risk estimate bias were also calculated. Results The matched-cohort design exhibited the shortest detection time, lowest false positive rate and highest empirical power followed by the risk-interval cohort, SCCS, and case–control. In most monitoring weeks, the risk estimate bias was smallest for the cohort, followed by the risk-interval, SCCS and case–control designs. Conclusions The cohort study design performed the best in the sequential analysis of active surveillance for vaccine safety. The risk-interval cohort and SCCS designs offer reasonable and efficient alternatives, especially if selection bias is a concern. Future research should address seasonality or age effects.
Botulinum toxin for sixth nerve palsies in children with brain tumors.

Abstract Purpose: Sixth nerve palsies in children with brain tumors have a low rate of spontaneous recovery. Botulinum toxin has been used to treat sixth nerve palsies. In this study, we review outcomes for children with brain tumors and sixth nerve palsies, some of whom were treated with botulinum toxin. Methods: To determine whether botulinum toxin effected the outcome of children with sixth nerve palsies and brain tumors, a retrospective review of charts was conducted for patients identified as having brain tumors and sixth nerve palsies after evaluation at the St Jude Children's Research Hospital Eye Clinic between 1992 and 1999. Of 48 charts identified, 19 met our inclusion criteria, having a record of brain tumor associated with sixth nerve palsy and 2 or more eye clinic visits at least 6 months apart. Children were considered recovered if they had an esotropia of less than 10 PD in primary gaze at the last follow-up visit and did not require surgical correction. Results: Of the 19 children included in the study, 10 were managed conservatively (no botulinum toxin or surgery for at least 6 months after diagnosis). Nine children received one or more botulinum toxin injections. Two (20%) of the 10 children in the conservatively managed group recovered without surgical intervention. Two (22%) of the 9 children in the botulinum toxin treatment group recovered without surgical intervention. Conclusions: Treatment with botulinum toxin did not improve the rate of recovery in our series of children with brain tumors and sixth nerve palsies. (J AAPOS 2001;5:21-5)
Mapping of the Optical Field of a Focused Cylindrical Vector Beam by Trapped Rayleigh Particles

We propose a non-invasive method of mapping the optical field of a tightly focused laser beam by imaging transiently trapped nanoparticles. Optical field intensities are calculated from known trapping energy of the probe particles.
5-HT activates vagal afferent cell bodies in vivo: Role of 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 receptors

Occipital artery (OA) injections of 5-HT elicit pronounced reductions in heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) in urethane-anesthetized rats by activation of vagal afferent cell bodies in the ipsilateral nodose ganglion. In contrast, internal carotid artery (ICA) and i.v. injections elicit similar cardiovascular responses by activation of peripheral vagal afferent terminals. The aim of this study was to examine the roles of 5-HT3 and 5-HT2 receptors in the 5-HT-induced activation of vagal afferent cell bodies and peripheral afferent terminals in urethane-anesthetized rats. OA, ICA and i.v. injections of 5-HT elicited dose-dependent reductions in heart rate and MAP that were virtually abolished after i.v. administration of the 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, MDL 7222 or ICS 205-930. The responses elicited by the OA injections of 5-HT were markedly diminished after i.v. injection of the 5-HT2 receptor antagonists, xylamidine or ketanserin, whereas the responses elicited by i.v. or ICA injections of 5-HT were not affected. The present findings suggest that (1) 5-HT3 and 5-HT2 receptor antagonists gain ready access to nodose ganglion cells upon i.v. administration, and (2) functional 5-HT3 and 5-HT2 receptors exist on the cell bodies of vagal afferent neurons mediating the cardiovascular responses elicited by OA injections of 5-HT. These findings also support a wealth of evidence that 5-HT3 receptors exist on the peripheral terminals of vagal afferents, and although they do not discount the possibility that 5-HT2 receptors exist on peripheral vagal afferent terminals, it appears that activation of these receptors does not have pronounced effects on 5-HT3 receptor activity on terminals that mediate the hemodynamic responses to 5-HT.
Changes in lipid and fatty acid composition of eggs during development of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua

Abstract The dry weight of Spodoptera exigua eggs decreased by 15·9 μg/egg or 64% of initial weight during embryogenesis and development of pharate first instar larvae. Lipid depletion accounts for 36% of this total dry weight loss and this occurs at an essentially constant rate throughout development. This marks S. exigua as an exception since most insects utilize lipids more rapidly during later developmental stages. Lipid depletion is due primarily to triglyceride catabolism, although phospholipids also decrease significantly. Fatty acid composition remains stable during development. In triglycerides, 18:1 is most common followed by 16:0 and 18:2; in the phospholipids, the order of abundance is 18:1, 18:2, and 16:0. Egg fatty acids differ from dietary fatty acids: 16:1 comprises 7% of triglyceride fatty acids although it is not present in the larval media; 18:1 predominates in the egg whereas 18:2 is most abundant in the diet.
Relationship Between Tissue Ingrowth and Mesh Contraction

Contraction is a well-documented phenomenon occurring within two months of mesh implantation. Its etiology is unknown, but it is suggested to occur as a result of inadequate tissue ingrowth into the mesh and has been associated with hernia recurrence. In continuation of our previous studies, we compared tissue ingrowth characteristics of large patches of polyester (PE) and heavyweight polypropylene (PP) and their effect on mesh contraction. The materials used were eight PE and eight PP meshes measuring 10 x 10 cm2. After random assignment to the implantation sites, the meshes were fixed to the abdominal wall fascia of swine using interrupted polypropylene sutures. A necropsy was performed three months after surgery for evaluation of mesh contraction/shrinkage. Using a tensiometer, tissue ingrowth was assessed by measuring the force necessary to detach the mesh from the fascia. Histologic analysis included inflammatory and fibroblastic reactions, scored on a 0-4 point scale. One swine developed a severe wound infection that involved two PP meshes and was therefore excluded from the study. The mean area covered by the PE meshes (87 +/- 7 cm2) was significantly larger than the area covered by the PP meshes (67 +/- 14 cm2) (p = 0.006). Tissue ingrowth force of the PE meshes (194 +/- 37 N) had a trend toward being higher than that of the PP meshes (159 +/- 43 N), although it did not reach statistical significance. There was no difference in histologic inflammatory and fibroblastic reactions between mesh types. There was a significant correlation between tissue ingrowth force and mesh size (p = 0.03, 95% CI: 0.05-0.84). Our results confirm those from previous studies in that mesh materials undergo significant contraction after suture fixation to the fascia. PE resulted in less contraction than polypropylene. A strong integration of the mesh into the tissue helps prevent this phenomenon, which is evidenced by a significant correlation between tissue ingrowth force and mesh size.
Correlates of Family Health History Discussions Between College Students and Physicians: Does Family Cancer History Make a Difference?

Effective communication between young adults and their healthcare providers can contribute to early detection of risk for developing cancer and establishment of lifelong habits for engagement in healthcare and health promotion behaviors. Our objectives were to examine factors influencing family health history discussions between college students and physicians and factors associated with perceptions about who is responsible for initiating such discussions. Data from an internet-based study of 632 college students were analyzed. Approximately 60% of college student participants reported they had discussed their family health history with a physician. The perception that physicians are responsible for initiating family health history discussions was associated with being non-White and less than completely knowledgeable about cancer. Having a discussion with a physician was associated with being female, having a regular physician, perceiving genetics as a risk for developing cancer, and having a family member diagnosed with cancer. Understanding variation among college students' perceptions about their role in initiating health-history-related discussions and characteristics of those who have or have not discussed family health issues with physicians can inform healthcare practice to foster optimal healthcare interactions in early adulthood.
Jonathan Osborne (1794-1864) MD FRCPI: a crypto-neurologist.

SummaryJonathan Osborne was born in Dublin and educated in Trinity College Dublin, where he became Professor of Materia Medica. As physician to Sir Patrick Dun's and Mercer Hospitals he reported extensively on those patients who came under his care. In his native city he is remembered for the instruments he devised, for his studies on dropsies (particularly albuminuric nephritis), and for his therapeutic approach to epilepsy and neuralgia. It is his thorough analysis of a patient with conduction aphasia in 1833, however, which has stood the test of time.
Ghost-face cystic degeneration pattern of the odontoid process

The odontoid process articulates with the atlas anteriorly in a diarthrodial synovial joint and is constrained posteriorly by the transverse atlantal ligament. With aging, the odontoid process commonly undergoes trabecular bone loss [1,2] and subchondral cyst formation [3]. Computed tomography imaging is being used increasingly to image the cervical spine in the setting of trauma [4]. In elderly patients, axial computed tomographic cuts through the apical region of the odontoid process often reveal cystic degenerative change in the odontoid in a predictable ghost-face pattern (Figure). Subchondral cysts are theorized to form in response to pressure and biochemical changes associated with cartilaginous degeneration [5]. The ghost-face pattern likely occurs secondary to pressure from the anterior ring of the atlas anteriorly and transverse atlantal ligament posteriorly.
Serotonin and serotonin antagonism in cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular disease

Serotonin, or 5-hydroxytryptamine, is a naturally-occurring vasoactive substance found primarily in the brain, enterochromaffin tissue, and blood platelets. It has diffuse cardiophysiologic effects. The multiple effects of serotonin on blood vessels can be explained by the existence of 2 serotonergic receptor subtypes (the S1 receptor mediates vasodilation, and the S2 receptor vasoconstriction). Serotonin via the S2 receptor also augments the actions of several other vasoconstricting substances. Serotonin may be responsible for causing, or at least perpetuating, some forms of systemic hypertension through peripheral and central nervous system (CNS) actions. Ketanserin is a highly selective S2-serotonergic antagonist with additional alpha-adrenergic blocking activity, which has been proposed as a therapy for various cardiovascular diseases including hypertension. It has been shown to be more effective than placebo in treating hypertension and comparable in effectiveness to other antihypertensive drugs. Its major side effects relate to the CNS, and prolongation of the electrocardiogram QT interval has been described. Caution must be used when using ketanserin in patients receiving potassium- and magnesium-losing agents, because of the risk of torsades de pointes. Ketanserin has potential utility in the treatment of eclampsia, peripheral vascular disease, carcinoid syndrome, and "shock lung." The drug is not yet approved for clinical use in the United States.
Changes in structure and color characteristics of irradiated chicken breasts as a function of dosage and storage time.

Structural change and color characteristics of chicken breasts as a function of irradiation dose and subsequent storage process were investigated byvisible spectroscopyand HunterLab measurement. Ratios of R 1=A485 nm/A560 nm and R2=A635 nm/A560 nm, which are related to absorbances of the visible bands at 485 nm (metmyoglobin), 560 nm (oxymyoglobin), and 635 nm (sulfmyoglobin), suggested that relative amount of oxymyoglobin either increases as a result of irradiation, or decreases with the storage process. The plot of R1 and R2 versus storage time showed that the increments of both R1 and R2 are dose-dependent and that the relative amount of oxymyoglobin species in irradiated meats begins to decompose 7–12 days later than raw meats. In addition, R1 and R2 values were correlated with color index E* of chicken breasts. Published byElsevier Science Ltd.
Lottery Expenditures in Canada: Regional Analysis of Probability of Purchase, Amount of Purchase, and Incidence

This article has two purposes: First, to examine the effect of household characteristics on lottery expenditures in six regions of Canada using a double hurdle model to distinguish between the decision to play and the decision of how much to spend. Second, to estimate the incidence of lottery expenditures. Using the 1996 Canadian Family Expenditure Survey, the results portray the profile of households that have the probability of becoming participants in lottery play as well as the profile of households that spend more on lottery purchases. Lottery expenditures are found to be regressive in all regions.
Gaze and mouse coordination in everyday work

Gaze tracking technology is increasingly common in desktop, laptop and mobile scenarios. Most previous research on eye gaze patterns during human-computer interaction has been confined to controlled laboratory studies. In this paper we present an in situ study of gaze and mouse coordination as participants went about their normal activities. We analyze the coordination between gaze and mouse, showing that gaze often leads the mouse, but not as much as previously reported, and in ways that depend on the type of target. Characterizing the relationship between the eyes and mouse in realistic multi-task settings highlights some new challenges we face in designing robust gaze-enhanced interaction techniques.
An avian bioassay for environmental estrogens: The growth response of zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) chick oviduct to oral estrogens

The rat uterotrophic assay is a recommended tier 1 screening assay for environmental estrogens, but no comparable assay exists for altricial birds. We orally dosed zebra finch chicks daily during their linear growth phase (days 5-11) with estradiol benzoate (EB), genistein, methoxychlor, or octylphenol, all dissolved or suspended in canola oil, or canola oil alone, as a vehicle control. On day 12, oviducts were removed, weighed and examined histologically. All doses of EB (0.1-1,000 nmol/g body wt), genistein at 100 nmol/g. and methoxychlor and octylphenol at 1,000 nmol/g, markedly increased oviduct weight, with the highest dose of EB inducing a 60-fold increase over controls. Oviducts were differentiated in a dose-depedent manner to the point of having tubular glands and a pseudostratified, ciliated epithelium at the higher doses of EB. Our earlier results show that EB at 100 and 1,000 nmol/g impairs reproductive performance of zebra finches. Thus, the zebra finch oviduct bioassay measures estrogenicity over a wide dose range and, for EB exposure, can predict impairment in adult reproductive performance. The responsiveness of chick oviducts to estrogen stimulation may serve as a useful marker of estrogen exposure in wild populations of songbirds.
A methodology for generation and collection of multiprocessor traces

The authors describe a trace collection system that provides complete, accurate, and long traces. A methodology for generating multiprocessor traces from uniprocessor traces is presented, and the implementation of a multiprocesser simulator is discussed. Some programs that contain multiple processes with synchronization information have been run on a uniprocessor system to collect traces utilizing a hardware trace collection system. These traces are used to simulate a multiprocessor system. >
The Role of Amylin and Glucagon in the Dampening of Glycemic Excursions in Children With Type 1 Diabetes

Postprandial hyperglycemia and preprandial hypoglycemia contribute to poor glycemic control in type 1 diabetes. We hypothesized that postprandial glycemic excursions could be normalized in type 1 diabetes by suppressing glucagon with pramlintide acetate in the immediate postprandial period and supplementing glucagon in the late postprandial period. A total of 11 control subjects were compared with 8 type 1 diabetic subjects on insulin pump therapy, using the usual insulin bolus-to-carbohydrate ratio during a standard liquid meal. Type 1 diabetic subjects were then randomized to two open-labeled studies. On one occasion, type 1 diabetic subjects received a 60% increase in the insulin bolus-to-carbohydrate ratio with minidose glucagon rescue injections, and on the other occasion type 1 diabetic subjects received 30-45 microg pramlintide with their usual insulin bolus-to-carbohydrate ratio. Glucose, glucagon, amylin (pramlintide), and insulin concentrations were measured for 420 min. The plasma glucose area under the curve (AUC) for 0-420 min was lower in control versus type 1 diabetic subjects (316 +/- 5 vs. 929 +/- 18 mg x h(-1) x dl(-1), P < 0.0001). Pramlintide, but not an increase in insulin, reduced immediate postprandial hyperglycemia (AUC(0-180 min) 470 +/- 43 vs. 434 +/- 48 mg x h(-1) x dl(-1), P < 0.01). Pramlintide administration suppressed glucagon (P < 0.02), and glucagon injections prevented late hypoglycemia with increased insulin. In summary, in type 1 diabetes, glucagon modulation with pramlintide as an adjunct to insulin therapy may prove beneficial in controlling postmeal glycemic swings.
Oral tolerance: is it all retinoic acid?

Oral tolerance has been argued to depend on “special” presentation of antigen in the gut. New studies support this idea by showing that the catalysis of vitamin A into retinoic acid (RA) in gut-associated dendritic cells (DCs) enhances the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β–dependent conversion of naive T cells into regulatory T (T reg) cells and also directs T reg cell homing to the gut. These results reveal new tolerance mechanisms that will aid the use of T reg cells in the clinic.
Chronic recruitment of primary afferent neurons by microstimulation in the feline dorsal root ganglia

Objective. This study describes results of primary afferent neural microstimulation experiments using microelectrode arrays implanted chronically in the lumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of four cats. The goal was to test the stability and selectivity of these microelectrode arrays as a potential interface for restoration of somatosensory feedback after damage to the nervous system such as amputation. Approach. A five-contact nerve-cuff electrode implanted on the sciatic nerve was used to record the antidromic compound action potential response to DRG microstimulation (2?15??A biphasic pulses, 200??s cathodal pulse width), and the threshold for eliciting a response was tracked over time. Recorded responses were segregated based on conduction velocity to determine thresholds for recruiting Group I and Group II/A? primary afferent fibers. Main results. Thresholds were initially low (5.1 ? 2.3??A for Group I and 6.3 ? 2.0??A for Group II/A?) and increased over time. Additionally the number of electrodes with thresholds less than or equal to 15??A decreased over time. Approximately 12% of tested electrodes continued to elicit responses at 15??A up to 26 weeks after implantation. Higher stimulation intensities (up to 30??A) were tested in one cat at 23 weeks post-implantation yielding responses on over 20 additional electrodes. Within the first six weeks after implantation, approximately equal numbers of electrodes elicited only Group I or Group II/A? responses at threshold, but the relative proportion of Group II/A? responses decreased over time. Significance. These results suggest that it is possible to activate Group I or Group II/A? primary afferent fibers in isolation with penetrating microelectrode arrays implanted in the DRG, and that those responses can be elicited up to 26 weeks after implantation, although it may be difficult to achieve a consistent response day-to-day with currently available electrode technology. The DRG are compelling targets for sensory neuroprostheses with potential to achieve recruitment of a range of sensory fiber types over multiple months after implantation.
Identifying differences in physician communication styles with a log-linear transition component model

We consider the task of grouping doctors with respect to communication patterns exhibited in outpatient visits. We propose a novel approach toward this end in which we model speech act transitions in conversations via a log-linear model incorporating physician specific components. We train this model over transcripts of outpatient visits annotated with speech act codes and then cluster physicians in (a transformation of) this parameter space. We find significant correlations between the induced groupings and patient survey response data comprising ratings of physician communication. Furthermore, the novel sequential component model we leverage to induce this clustering allows us to explore differences across these groups. This work demonstrates how statistical AI might be used to better understand (and ultimately improve) physician communication.
Toxic Effects of Sorafenib in Patients With Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma Compared With Other Cancers.

Importance Sorafenib is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for metastatic, radioactive iodine–refractory differentiated thyroid cancer. However, adverse effects common to the tyrosine kinase inhibitor class occur at a noticeably higher rate with sorafenib use in thyroid cancer patients. The mechanism for this increase in toxic effects is unknown. Objective To provide an overview of the adverse effect profile of sorafenib in differentiated thyroid cancer and summarizes the literature regarding the frequency and etiology of selected adverse effects, with particular emphasis on the hand-foot skin reaction. Evidence Review A PubMed database search for relevant literature on this topic published within the last 15 years was conducted. Publications dealing with sorafenib and any of its common adverse effects were considered; this included randomized trials, observational studies, case reports or case series, and pertinent review articles. Given the lack of widespread literature on the topic, articles were generally not excluded from consideration unless there were serious flaws in study design. Findings The DECISION trial of sorafenib in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer demonstrated significantly higher rates of common adverse effects, most notably hand-foot skin reaction, diarrhea, and hypertension, compared with sorafenib experience in renal or hepatocellular cancer. Other phase 2 and 3 trials have also consistently shown these differences. This review details the putative mechanisms behind the increase in toxic effects, but further work is needed to fully explain the toxic effects differential seen when using the same drug in different cancers. Conclusions and Relevance There is a distinct increase in the rate of occurrence of adverse effects of sorafenib when used in differentiated thyroid cancer compared with renal and hepatocellular cancer. While many theoretical explanations have been proposed, the exact mechanism for this differential in toxic effects remains unclear.
Fuel to the Fire: Natural Disasters and the Duration of Civil Conflict

ABSTRACTDo natural disasters prolong civil conflict? Or are disasters more likely to encourage peace as hostilities diminish when confronting shared hardship or as shifts in the balance of power between insurgents and the state hasten cessation? To address these questions, this study performs an event history analysis of disasters’ impact on the duration of 224 armed intrastate conflicts occurring in 86 states between 1946 and 2005. I contend that natural disasters increase conflict duration by decreasing the state’s capacity to suppress insurgency, while reinforcing insurgent groups’ ability to evade capture and avoid defeat. First, disasters’ economic impact coupled with state financial outlays for disaster relief and reconstruction, reduce resources available for counterinsurgency and nation building in conflict zones. Second, the military’s role in administering humanitarian assistance can reduce the availability of troops and military hardware for counterinsurgency, prompt temporary ceasefires with i...
Video-Based Action Detection Using Multiple Wearable Cameras

This paper is focused on developing a new approach for video-based action detection where a set of temporally synchronized videos are taken by multiple wearable cameras from different and varying views and our goal is to accurately localize the starting and ending time of each instance of the actions of interest in such videos. Compared with traditional approaches based on fixed-camera videos, this new approach incorporates the visual attention of the camera wearers and allows for the action detection in a larger area, although it brings in new challenges such as unconstrained motion of cameras. In this approach, we leverage the multi-view information and the temporal synchronization of the input videos for more reliable action detection. Specifically, we detect and track the focal character in each video and conduct action recognition only for the focal character in each temporal sliding window. To more accurately localize the starting and ending time of actions, we develop a strategy that may merge temporally adjacent sliding windows when detecting durative actions, and non-maximally suppress temporally adjacent sliding windows when detecting momentary actions. Finally we propose a voting scheme to integrate the detection results from multiple videos for more accurate action detection. For the experiments, we collect a new dataset of multiple wearable-camera videos that reflect the complex scenarios in practice.
Large Deformation Bending of Thin Composite Tape Spring Laminates

The bending stiffness of a thin carbon and glass fiber composite tape spring for deployable space structures was measured and compared to analytical predictions. Testing consisted of subjecting the laminate to bending in a large deformation four point bending test fixture. Bending stiffnesses in the D11 and D22 directions as well as failure curvatures were measured. Coupons failed in a fiber tensile mode at a bending strain of 2.2%. Modified micromechanics and classical lamination theory analysis were used to predict laminate stiffness properties. Test results were 10% less than predicted values.
Cytotoxic Lissoclimide-Type Diterpenes from the Molluscs Pleurobranchus albiguttatus and Pleurobranchus forskalii†

Three new chlorinated diterpenes, 6-8, along with five known ones, 1-5, were isolated from the molluscs Pleurobranchus albiguttatus and P. forskalii collected in the Philippines. These diterpenes are presumably metabolites of a Lissoclinum species of ascidian on which the molluscs have fed. The structures of the new compounds were determined by interpretation of their spectral data. Compounds 1 and 2 were found to be potent cytotoxins in the National Cancer Institute's screening panel of 60 tumor cell lines and showed some selectivity for melanomas. Two other samples exhibited solid tumor selectivity in a soft agar disk diffusion assay.
“Meaningfulness” in tachistoscopic thresholds, serial learning, and association measurement

“Meaningfulness” was induced by pairing nonsense syllables with pictures of common objects, and its effect was studied in three situations. Tachistoscopic thresholds were found to be identical for such syllables and for syllables previously exposed without pictures (frequency syllables). When serial learning was measured in lists composed of the two kinds of syllables, again no difference was found. In a third comparison, no difference was found in the mean numbers of associations for the meaning syllables and for syllables not seen before. Results are discussed in the light of studies by Riley & Phillips (1959) and by Taylor (1958).
Autoradiographic Studies of Cell Proliferation in the Periosteum of Intact and Fractured Femora of Mice Utilizing DNA Labeling with H3-Thymidine.

SummaryAn autoradiographic study of cell proliferation in intact and fractured femoral periosteum of mice using H3-thymidine showed that osteogenic cells are a relatively quiescent cell population awaiting a signal for proliferation and transformation as in fracture repair. Osteogenic cells constitute a self-sustaining cell population, which becomes diminished in size with increasing age. Osteoblasts are in part self-reproducing and in part are produced by transformation of pre-osteoblasts.The authors wish to thank Miss M. Pavelec for her technical assistance and Mr. Robert F. Smith for the photomicrography.
Intravenous Contrast-Enhanced CT of the Postoperative Lumbar Spine: Improved Identification of Recurrent Disk Herniation, Scar, Arachnoiditis, and Diskitis

Unsuccessful relief of symptoms after back surgery is usually attributable to hypertrophic extradural scar or recurrent herniated disk. Their clinical and myelographic differentiation is difficult, yet important because reoperation is not always beneficial for scar removal. This article examines the usefulness of intravenous contrast-enhanced computed tomography for this problem. Forty-five postsurgical patients were studied; eight had subsequent surgery. In the four with hypertrophic scars, intravenous contrast enhancement of the scar allowed its recognition in each case; in the four with recurrent disk herniation, nonenhancement of the extruded disk allowed its recognition in three. In the other 37 patients who were not reoperated, 33 were believed to have scar on the basis of contrast enhancement. Continuous contrast infusion during scanning, absolute avoidance of patient movement, and careful consideration of other structures in the spinal canal are important in interpretation. The method seems promising for more accurate evaluation of failed back surgery, including the recognition of diskitis.
Development of a Mach-6 Quiet-Flow Ludwieg Tube for Transition Research

Conventional hypersonic test facilities suffer from high levels of free-stream noise, due in part to acoustic radiation from the boundary layers on the nozzle walls. This noise not only moves transition forward, it also can affect parametric trends, and may interfere with natural low-noise receptivity and instability processes. A high-Reynolds number Mach-6 quiet-flow Ludwieg tube is being developed at Purdue, to enable affordable low-noise hypersonic transition research. The design and fabrication of this facility is reviewed. The facility will use instrumentation developed in the low-Reynolds number Mach-4 quiet-flow Ludwieg tube; this instrumentation is also reviewed.
Analysis and calculation for correction of instantaneous vacuum thrust in simulated altitude test of SRM

The problems for the correction calculation of the instantaneous vacuum thrust by using measured instantaneous thrust data in simulated altitude test of solid rocket motor are analyzedBased test on test phenomena of a solid rocket motor (SRM1), the factors resulting in thrust offset are discussed and the formulae are given to calculate the effects of the factors on the thrusts quantitatively
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS ON TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN WULINGYUAN SCENIC SPOT

Based on the Butler resort's life cycle theory,this paper depends on historic statistics to analyze dynamic evolution tendency of major destinations' life cycle in Wulingyuan scenic spot.The empirical research proves that Baofenghu and Huanglongdong have been in developing stage and the mature stage is their ideal evolution in the future.Then Huangshizhai and Wulingyuan core destination have been in mature stage.They should control tourist's number and adjust tourism products structure to avoid fading.At last it discusses several problems to control tourism environmental capacity.
Colobine monkeys : their ecology, behaviour, and evolution

Preface 1. What are the colobines? John Oates and Glyn Davies 2. Evolutionary history of the colobines in a paleoenvironmental perspective Eric Delson 3. The diversity of living colobines John Oates, Glyn Davies and Eric Delson 4. The natural history of African colobines John Oates 5. The natural history of Asian colobines Elizabeth Bennett and Glyn Davies 6. Functional morphology of colobine teeth Peter Lucas and Mark Teaford 7. Functional morphology of the gastro-intestinal tract David Chivers 8. Digestive physiology Robin Kay and Glyn Davies 9. Colobine food preferences and plant chemistry Peter Waterman and Karen Kool 10. Colobine populations Glyn Davies 11. Colobine monkey society Paul Newton and Robin Dunbar 12. Conclusions: past, present and future John Oates and Glyn Davies References Index.
Regulation and Multiplicity of Peptide Transporters in Model Systems

The ability for organisms to engage in carrier-mediated transport of small peptides (2–5 amino acids) is ubiquitous. Peptide transporters with obvious structural similarities have been documented in bacteria, fungi, plants and animals. Peptide transport is important in terms of sources for amino acids, carbon and nitrogen, whether they are being scavenged from the environment by free-living microorganisms or absorbed from body fluids by metazoans. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae provides a powerful model eukaryotic system for the study of peptide transport. Transport of di- and tripeptides is mediated by the PTR (Peptide TRansport) system in S. cerevisiae. PTR orthologs in mammalian systems have also been documented as a means for peptidomimetic drug absorption. A separate, unrelated transporter, OPT1 (OligoPeptide Transport), which appears to be unique to fungi and plants, carries tetra- and pentapeptides and may be used to deliver anti-fungal or herbicidal compounds.
A Solution of the Bloch-Maxwell’s Equations without the Use of the “Factorization Assumption”

The dynamics of the interaction of an electromagnetic field with an ensemble of two-level resonant atoms is usually described by the coupled Maxwell-Schrodinger equations. When the electric field is written as a carrier wave with slowly varying phase and slowly varying amplitude, and if the medium through which this wave propagates is inhomogeneously broadened, then the Maxwell-Schrodinger equations for the steady state can be written as a set of five nonlinear coupled integro-differential equations in which the unknown functions are the three components of the Bloch vector and the envelope and phase of the field. A variety of solutions for this system have been found [1], but all satisfy the so-called “factorization assumption”, according to which the dependence of the absorption component of the Bloch vector on the detuning frequency is factored out from its time dependence. In this note we investigate the possibility of solving the above mentioned system of equations without the benefit of the factorization assumption.
Seed production timing influences seedling fitness in the tropical live oak Quercus oleoides of Costa Rican dry forests

PREMISE OF THE STUDY Reproductive phenology is important for tree species that occur in seasonally dry environments, particularly for those with desiccation-sensitive, nondormant seeds. In this study, we compared germination, growth, and survival of seeds of the evergreen tropical live oak Quercus oleoides produced at different times during the wet season at two sites that differ in rainfall along an elevation gradient. Our goal was to determine the effects of reproductive timing on germination and juvenile fitness for this widespread species in seasonally dry forests of northwestern Costa Rica. METHODS We collected seeds early and late in a single wet season from two populations with contrasting rainfall and reciprocally planted them into common gardens. Two watering treatments (ambient and supplemental watering) were established at the drier low-elevation garden. Seeds were exposed to ambient rainfall at the wetter high-elevation garden. We conducted selection analyses using aster models to examine variation in selection on seed size and timing of germination. KEY RESULTS Trees of Q. oleoides had higher fitness when seeds were produced, dispersed and germinated late in the wet season. Postgermination, water limitation during the dry season reduced seedling fitness by decreasing survival but not growth. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to studies in temperate climates where earlier germination is typically favored, we show that selection on days to germination is temporally and spatially heterogeneous. Selection was found to favor either rapid or delayed germination depending on seed cohort and habitat.
Introducing Students to Perceptual Mapping Using Multidimensional Scaling: An Experiential Approach

The purpose of this experiential exercise is to introduce students to some of the benefits and limitations of perceptual mapping using multidimensional scaling procedures. Specifically, the exercis...
Transposase-Mediated Excision, Conjugative Transfer, and Diversity of ICE 6013 Elements in Staphylococcus aureus

ICE6013 represents one of two families of integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) identified in the pan-genome of the human and animal pathogen Staphylococcus aureus Here we investigated the excision and conjugation functions of ICE6013 and further characterized the diversity of this element. ICE6013 excision was not significantly affected by growth, temperature, pH, or UV exposure and did not depend on recA The IS30-like DDE transposase (Tpase; encoded by orf1 and orf2) of ICE6013 must be uninterrupted for excision to occur, whereas disrupting three of the other open reading frames (ORFs) on the element significantly affects the level of excision. We demonstrate that ICE6013 conjugatively transfers to different S. aureus backgrounds at frequencies approaching that of the conjugative plasmid pGO1. We found that excision is required for conjugation, that not all S. aureus backgrounds are successful recipients, and that transconjugants acquire the ability to transfer ICE6013 Sequencing of chromosomal integration sites in serially passaged transconjugants revealed a significant integration site preference for a 15-bp AT-rich palindromic consensus sequence, which surrounds the 3-bp target site that is duplicated upon integration. A sequence analysis of ICE6013 from different host strains of S. aureus and from eight other species of staphylococci identified seven divergent subfamilies of ICE6013 that include sequences previously classified as a transposon, a plasmid, and various ICEs. In summary, these results indicate that the IS30-like Tpase functions as the ICE6013 recombinase and that ICE6013 represents a diverse family of mobile genetic elements that mediate conjugation in staphylococci.IMPORTANCE Integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) encode the abilities to integrate into and excise from bacterial chromosomes and plasmids and mediate conjugation between bacteria. As agents of horizontal gene transfer, ICEs may affect bacterial evolution. ICE6013 represents one of two known families of ICEs in the pathogen Staphylococcus aureus, but its core functions of excision and conjugation are not well studied. Here, we show that ICE6013 depends on its IS30-like DDE transposase for excision, which is unique among ICEs, and we demonstrate the conjugative transfer and integration site preference of ICE6013 A sequence analysis revealed that ICE6013 has diverged into seven subfamilies that are dispersed among staphylococci.
Increasing sharing in children with autism spectrum disorder using automated discriminative stimuli

Abstract Appropriate sharing of a high-preference item is a common problem among children with autism spectrum disorder (Baron-Cohen et al., 1985). The purpose of the current study was to evaluate whether a multiple schedule of reinforcement could be used to promote appropriate turn-taking behavior. Participants included one dyad of siblings and one dyad of non-related peers who were identified as having poorly developed sharing skills. The first dyad included a 6-year-old diagnosed with autism and his typically developing sister. The other dyad included a 4-year-old and 5-year-old, both diagnosed with autism. During sessions, an auditory and visual stimulus in the form of a PowerPoint® presentation played in the background to signal each participant’s turn with a mutually preferred item. Following baseline, we used a progressive prompt delay to teach the participants to attend and appropriately respond to the stimuli presented in the PowerPoint® presentation. Findings suggest that an auditory and visual stimulus can be used to increase appropriate sharing.