cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In between worlds: place, experience, and research in Indigenous geography

In this introduction to the special issue, we explore how the experience of on-the-ground research in Indigenous geography transforms Native and non-Native practitioners by challenging, reworking, and ultimately expanding their existential, social, and conceptual understandings of place. Following a brief overview of contemporary work in the area of Indigenous geography, the essay unpacks this process of place-based metamorphosis with specific reference to the contributions that appear in the volume. As part of this discussion, we identify the epistemological, methodological, and ethical implications of candid and critical reflection on the relationship between place and experience in Indigenous approaches to geographic research.
Collisions between hydrogen atoms and helium ions

By the use of a new theory developed for collisions between atomic hydrogen and arbitrary ions or atoms, the cross section for the direct excitation process He(+)(1s) + H(1s) yields He(+)(2s) + H(Sigma) in which the H atom is left in any discrete or continuum final state is calculated. The results are compared with other theories and with recent measurements for He-3(+) energies between 22 and 346 keV. The theory predicts a maximum near 84 keV, in excellent agreement with the data. Above 200 keV all theories yield cross sections which do not decrease rapidly enough with increasing energy when compared with the data.
Earthquakes triggered by silent slip events on Kīlauea volcano, Hawaii

Slow-slip events, or 'silent earthquakes', have recently been discovered in a number of subduction zones including the Nankai trough in Japan, Cascadia, and Guerrero in Mexico, but the depths of these events have been difficult to determine from surface deformation measurements. Although it is assumed that these silent earthquakes are located along the plate megathrust, this has not been proved. Slow slip in some subduction zones is associated with non-volcanic tremor, but tremor is difficult to locate and may be distributed over a broad depth range. Except for some events on the San Andreas fault, slow-slip events have not yet been associated with high-frequency earthquakes, which are easily located. Here we report on swarms of high-frequency earthquakes that accompany otherwise silent slips on Kīlauea volcano, Hawaii. For the most energetic event, in January 2005, the slow slip began before the increase in seismicity. The temporal evolution of earthquakes is well explained by increased stressing caused by slow slip, implying that the earthquakes are triggered. The earthquakes, located at depths of 7-8 km, constrain the slow slip to be at comparable depths, because they must fall in zones of positive Coulomb stress change. Triggered earthquakes accompanying slow-slip events elsewhere might go undetected if background seismicity rates are low. Detection of such events would help constrain the depth of slow slip, and could lead to a method for quantifying the increased hazard during slow-slip events, because triggered events have the potential to grow into destructive earthquakes.
Observations of the micro-structure of a radar bright band and associated shower

Observations on a micro-structure scale were obtained of a radar bright band. The most important interpretations of the observations indicate: (1) Snow pellet aggregation occurs above and in the upper band levels, (2) Thermodynamically, the band is identified by an isothermal layer and a thin unstable layer (2.30°C/100 meters) near the band base. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1964.tb00187.x
Efficient photovoltaic devices for InP semiconductor/liqud junctions

AN alternative to conventional solid-state photovoltaic devices is the semiconductor/liquid junction. Liquid-junction cells not only offer the possibility of integrating energy conversion and storage functions1, but also may exhibit electrical properties that are fundamentally different from those in solid-state systems2. We have investigated the photovoltaic behaviour of n-InP/metal and n-InP/liquid junctions. We have found that the electrical properties of these semiconductor/liquid junctions are superior to those of n-InP/metal (Schottky barrier) systems, and that the current-voltage characteristics are a strong function of the electrochemical potential of the liquid phase. Liquid contacts thus provide a possibility for the construction of more efficient photovoltaic devices than those available at present from Schottky barriers.
Neutron-irradiated crystalline quartz

Neutron irradiation of crystalline SiO/sub 2/ creates two-level-state (TLS) excitations similar to those found in vitreous SiO/sub 2/. Using evidence obtained from x-ray and mass-density measurements, we conclude that the TLS excitations in damaged crystals need not reside in regions of material made amorphous.
Ex-vivo expansion of red blood cells: how real for transfusion in humans?

Blood transfusion is indispensable for modern medicine. In developed countries, the blood supply is adequate and safe but blood for alloimmunized patients is often unavailable. Concerns are increasing that donations may become inadequate in the future as the population ages prompting a search for alternative transfusion products. Improvements in culture conditions and proof-of-principle studies in animal models have suggested that ex-vivo expanded red cells may represent such a product. Compared to other cell therapies transfusion poses the unique challenge of requiring great cell doses (2.5 × 1012 cells vs 107 cells). Although production of such cell numbers is theoretically possible, current technologies generate red cells in numbers sufficient only for safety studies. It is conceived that by the time these studies will be completed, technical barriers to mass cell production will have been eliminated making transfusion with ex-vivo generated red cells a reality.
Behavioral and receptor binding analysis of the α2-adrenergic agonist, 5-bromo-6 [2-imidazoline-2-YL amino] quinoxaline (UK-14304): evidence for cognitive enhancement at an α2-adrenoceptor subtype

The ability of the alpha 2-agonists clonidine, B-HT920 (6-allyl-2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrohydro-4H-thiazolo-[4,5-d]-azepine) and guanfacine to improve memory in aged monkeys has been related to their affinity to bind at a proposed rauwolscine-insensitive (Ri) subtype of alpha 2-adrenergic receptor, while their hypotensive and sedating effects have been related to affinity at a rauwolscine-sensitive site (Rs) (Arnsten et al., 1988). The present study examined the alpha 2-agonist UK-14304 (5-bromo-6 [2-imidazoline-2-yl amino] quinoxaline) for its binding characteristics in tissue from the brain of the rat and for its behavioral effects in aged monkeys. The drug UK-14304 was found to have slightly higher affinity for the Ri than the Rs site (Ki values of 138 and 245 nM, respectively), but was not as selective as the alpha 2-agonist guanfacine (Ki values of 23 and 340 nM, respectively). Consistent with this binding profile, very small doses of UK-14304 (0.00017-0.17 micrograms/kg) produced a reliable but modest improvement in memory in the aged monkeys (average improvement of 16.7% +/- 2.6% following an optimal dose). No hypotensive or sedating side effects were observed at these small doses. However, hypotension and sedation emerged rapidly when the dose was raised above 1.7 micrograms/kg and at the largest doses tested (50.0-100.0 micrograms/kg), hypotension was severe (systolic pressure below 70 mm Hg) and the animals were too sedated to complete cognitive testing. The separation between doses that improved memory and those that produced hypotension and sedation was not as great for UK-14304 as it was for guanfacine, consistent with the greater selectivity of guanfacine for the Ri site. These results offer a fourth example whereby the ability of an alpha 2-agonist to improve cognitive function, without side effects, could be related to the relative affinities for the Ri and Rs sites.
An improved synthesis of haloaceteamidine-based inactivators of protein arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4).

Protein arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) is an enzyme that hydrolyzes peptidyl arginine residues to form citrulline and ammonia. This enzyme has been implicated in several disease states, for example, rheumatoid arthritis, and therefore represents a unique target for the development of a novel therapeutic. A solution-phase synthesis of Cl-amidine, the most potent PAD4 inactivator described to date, has been developed. This synthesis proceeds in 80% yield over four steps at a significantly (12-fold) lower cost.
DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES ON SAVING LIVES

In “Weighing Lives”, John Broome defends a very weak consequentialist account of the value of saving lives. This paper challenges the commitments of this kind of account and describes some reasons for saving lives that would appeal to a non-consequentialist.
Genetic variability and population structure of Poecilia latipinna

THE pattern of genetic variability among natural populations is commonly attributed to the influence of environmental heterogeneity on natural selection1,2. However, I report here that in Poecilia latipinna (Pisces: Poeciliidae), a small ovoviviparous fish, genetic variability is more closely related to local population structure, in particular, the adult sex ratio.
Influence of glucose on somatostatin synthesis and secretion in isolated cerebral cortical cells.

: Somatostatin-producing cerebral cortical cell cultures were grown in either high- (33 mM) or low-glucose (5 mM) medium and then exposed to short repetitive changes of high- or low-glucose Krebs-Ringer's bicarbonate buffer. Equivalent amounts of somatostatin were released in the high-to-high, the low-to-low, and the low-to-high paradigms. The high-to-low experiment produced a rapid rise in somatostatin release, followed by a decline. Cultures exposed to 2-deoxyglucose after high-glucose medium also released much greater amounts of immunoreactive somatostatin. Separate sets of cultures were grown in high- or low-glucose medium for up to 19 days. Cultures grown in high-glucose medium generally contained more somatostatin intracellularly than did those maintained in low glucose, although somatostatin in the medium was only different at day 19. These results identify extracellular glucose as an important determinant of cortical somatostatin production.
Arctic Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus Parryii) Hippocampal Neurons Tolerate Prolonged Oxygen—Glucose Deprivation and Maintain Baseline ERK1/2 and JNK Activation Despite Drastic ATP Loss

Oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) initiates a cascade of intracellular responses that culminates in cell death in sensitive species. Neurons from Arctic ground squirrels (AGS), a hibernating species, tolerate OGD in vitro and global ischemia in vivo independent of temperature or torpor. Regulation of energy stores and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways can regulate neuronal survival. We used acute hippocampal slices to investigate the role of ATP stores and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) MAPKs in promoting survival. Acute hippocampal slices from AGS tolerated 30 mins of OGD and showed a small but significant increase in cell death with 2 h OGD at 37 degrees C. This tolerance is independent of hibernation state or season. Neurons from AGS survive OGD despite rapid ATP depletion by 3 mins in interbout euthermic AGS and 10 mins in hibernating AGS. Oxygen-glucose deprivation does not induce JNK activation in AGS and baseline ERK1/2 and JNK activation is maintained even after drastic depletion of ATP. Surprisingly, inhibition of ERK1/2 or JNK during OGD had no effect on survival, whereas inhibition of JNK increased cell death during normoxia. Thus, protective mechanisms promoting tolerance to OGD by AGS are downstream from ATP loss and are independent of hibernation state or season. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism (2008) 28, 1307-1319; doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2008.20; published online 9 April 2008.
Synthesis of dimethoxybenz[g]isoquinolines

Stobbe condensation of 2,3-dimethoxybenzaldehyde with diethyl succinate, followed by reduction and cyclization, gave 3-carbethoxy-5,6-dimethoxy-l-tetralone (7a). Subsequent reduction, aromatization and side chain conversion yielded the key intermediate 7,8-dimethoxy-2-naphthalenecarboxaldehyde (8c). 6,7-Dimethoxybenz[g]isoquinoline (1) was prepared from 8c via condensation with nitromethane, reduction, formylation, cyclization, and aromatization reactions; the isomeric 8,9-dimethoxybenz[g]isoquinoline (2) was obtained by the condensation of 8c with the diethyl acetal of aminoacetaldehyde (12) followed by reduction, tosylation, cyclization and aromatization. The methiodides of both compounds were also prepared.
Calculation of the anisotropy of equilibrium surface composition in metallic solid solutions using the embedded atom method

Abstract A new model is developed to account for the anisotropy of the equilibrium surface composition of dilute alloys. The anisotropy is assumed to result from the existence of a distribution of different surface sites, each of which may possess a unique enthalpy of segregation. The model relies on the hypothesis that any given surface, with an orientation parallel to a plane having Miller indices (hkl), may be synthesized from atoms distributed among terrace, step, and kink sites. The types and densities of surface sites in a given (hkl) surface are evaluated by means of an existing microfacet notation An enthalpy of segregation for each type of site is then computed by the embedded atom method. Finally, a scheme is developed to evaluate an effective enthalpy of segregation for a surface composed of specified fractions of terrace, step, and kink sites. Model calculations of the effective enthalpy of segregation for a dilute nickel-gold alloy are presented in two limits, either in the regular solution approximation or with the inclusion of an empirical entropy of segregation. The results obtained are compared with those of other approaches which have been used to evaluate the anisotropy of surface composition.
Treatment of standard risk medulloblastoma with craniospinal irradiation, carboplatin, and vincristine.

Background Improved outcome for children with medulloblastoma requires new treatment protocols which incorporate chemotherapeutic agents that are capable of eradicating minimal residual disease in the primary posterior fossa site and in the leptomeninges and whose toxicities are tolerable. Procedure We treated 25 children with nondisseminated medulloblastoma with complete or near complete surgical resection of the posterior fossa tumor, 3,600 cGy craniospinal irradiation (CSRT) and 5,400 cGy posterior fossa irradiation followed by adjuvant chemotherapy with carboplatin and vincristine. Results The estimated 3-year progression-free survival (PFS) was 0.73 (S.E. ± 0.09) compared with a 3-year PFS of 0.69 in historical controls treated with surgical resection and CSRT but without chemotherapy. Six relapses occurred outside the posterior fossa and one relapse occurred both in the posterior fossa and in the lateral ventricle. The major acute toxicities were myelosuppression, anorexia and neuropathy. Conclusions Our experience with this adjuvant chemotherapy regimen with carboplatin and vincristine, as used by us, does not encourage its adoption in future clinical trials. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 29:563–567, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF CASEIN KINASE-1, A PHOSPHATE-DIRECTED PROTEIN KINASE

The structure of a truncated variant of casein kinase-1 from Schizosaccharomyces pombe, has been determined in complex with MgATP at 2.0 A resolution. The model resembles the 'closed', ATP-bound conformations of the cyclin-dependent kinase 2 and the cAMP-dependent protein kinase, with clear differences in the structure of surface loops that impart unique features to casein kinase-1. The structure is of unphosphorylated, active conformation of casein kinase-1 and the peptide-binding site is fully accessible to substrate.
A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of a Proposed National Falls Prevention Program

Falls are a major health concern for elderly people and cause substantial health care costs. The authors used meta-analytic findings on the effectiveness of fall prevention interventions to determine cost-effectiveness of a proposed Medicare fall prevention program for people who experience a recent fall. Using published clinical trial data, the authors constructed a population-based economic model and estimated that, in the base case, the program could prevent a half million people from falling again within a year. From the model, under most circumstances the cost-effectiveness ratio is less than $1500 per person prevented from experiencing a recurrent fall. Paying for a fall prevention program to increase the use of evidence-based interventions would be a cost-effective use of Medicare dollars.
Local stratification control of marine productivity in the subtropical North Pacific

[1] Strengthened stratification of the upper ocean due to global warming is generally expected to inhibit marine primary productivity in the subtropics, based on the supposition that increased water column stability will decrease vertical mixing and consequently the entrainment of deep nutrients into the euphotic zone. A recent analysis of observational data from the subtropical North Atlantic, however, demonstrates that productivity in this region is not correlated with stratification on interannual time scales over the modern observational record, but is instead impacted by other dynamics that affect vertical mixing and nutrient supply. Herein, we examine data from the Hawaiian Ocean Time series program’s Station ALOHA (A Long‐Term Oligotrophic Habitat Assessment) in the subtropical North Pacific. We find that stratification and productivity are not strongly correlated at this location over the observational record. In contrast to the North Atlantic, the weakness of correlation observed at ALOHA may reflect the strongly stratified ecosystem of the eastern subtropical North Pacific and a lack of sufficiently strong interannual forcing in this region. Although basin‐wide climate processes (namely El Nino–Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadel Oscillation) have previously been suggested to impact local stratification and vertical nutrient supply at ALOHA, we find no evidence of a strong or consistent linkage. Comparing local ecosystem variability to the recently identified North Pacific Gyre Oscillation, however, we observe a correlation with local subsurface productivity and salinity. The correlations have similar structure in both space (i.e., depth) and time and are possibly linked to dynamics associated with the formation and advection of water masses in the central gyre.
Casitas B-Lineage Lymphoma b Inhibits Antigen Recognition and Slows Cell Cycle Progression at Late Times during CD4+ T Cell Clonal Expansion

Optimal clonal expansion of CD4+ T cells during the primary response to Ag requires prolonged TCR recognition of peptide Ag/MHC complexes. In this study, we investigated the capacity of Casitas B-lineage lymphoma b (Cbl-b) to counter-regulate late TCR signals necessary for continued cell division in vivo. During the first 24 h of a primary response to Ag, Cblb−/− 5C.C7 CD4+ T cells demonstrated no alteration in CD69, CD25, and CD71 up-regulation or cell growth as compared with wild-type cells. Nevertheless, beyond 24 h, both the expression of CD71 and the rate of cell division were increased in the genetic absence of Cbl-b, leading to an augmented clonal expansion. This deregulation of late T cell proliferation in the absence of Cbl-b resulted in part from an inability of Cblb−/− T cells to desensitize Akt, PLCγ-1, and ERK phosphorylation events downstream of the TCR/CD3 complex, in addition to their failure to undergo a growth arrest in the absence of Ag. These observations now suggest a novel role for Cbl-b in triggering the exit from cell cycle at the end of a CD4+ T cell clonal expansion.
Laser initiation and radiofrequency sustainment of seeded high pressure plasmas

Summary form only given. Laser initiation of a low ionization seed (2-6 mTorr) gas in high pressure(>10 Torr) gases is examined. An excimer laser operating at 193 nm is used to initiate a high density, low ionization energy (6.1 eV) organic seed gas plasma of 10/sup 13///cm/sup 3/ and a low electron temperatures of 100 Torr) to determine optimum gas mix and RF power requirements for producing high density plasmas in high pressure conditions. We utilize mm wave interferometry, optical spectroscopy and antenna loading impedance measurements and analyses to determine the ionization and recombination processes occurring in the high pressure discharges. The influence of the laser/RF timing and power levels, gas mixes as well as density and spectroscopic data are used to determine the ionic constituents and plasma decay processes for the high pressure plasma discharges.
Growth and Fatty Acid Composition of Bollworms, Heliothis zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), as Affected by Dietary Fats

Analyses of Heliothis zea (Boddie) reared on a diet essentially free of lipids indicated that the larvae synthesized palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, and oleic acids from nonfat sources. Fourteen-, 16-, and 18-carbon fatty acids were tolerated when added to a wheat germ diet in concentrations of 0.3–1.0% and were subsequently increased in the body fat of larvae. Fatty acids not synthesized by the insect, particularly linoleic and linolenic, were incorporated from the diet into the body fat to a greater extent than those that are synthesized. When larvae contained a high level of a polyunsaturated fatty acid, the amount of palmitoleic acid was decreased. There were generally lower proportionate amounts of stearic, linoleic, and linolenic acids and higher proportionate amounts of palmitic and oleic acids in larvae of progressively large size.
Whose Future Is It? Ethical Family Decision Making About Daughters’ Treatment in the Oncofertility Context

In cases of fertility-threatening cancer treatments, the choice whether or not to undergo fertility preservation treatment before cancer treatment begins represents a high-stakes, time-sensitive, emotionally charged, nested decision [1]. The choice is life altering and, although presumably a discrete decision, the fertility preservation decision serves as an outcome of a very recent challenging decision to pursue fertility-threatening cancer treatments. Patients and their family members will experience the dual impact of these linked treatment-related decisions for years to come. For many patients, family members play significant roles in treatment-related decision making. However, if the patient has not reached the age of legal majority, family members play additional roles in the decision-making processes.
Simple formulas for the input impedance, bandwidth, and radiation efficiency of a rectangular patch

Simple approximate formulas for the input impedance, bandwidth, and radiation efficiency of a resonant rectangular microstrip patch are derived. Although approximate, these formulas are derived from asymptotic approximations of a rigorous Sommerfeld solution. The formulas thus provide physical insight into the effects of the substrate parameters on the patch properties, in addition to providing approximate design formulas. The formulas become increasingly accurate for thinner substrates. Results are shown for a nonmagnetic substrate with f=3.0 GHz, b=0.25 cm (b/ lambda /sub 0/=0.025), and W/L=1.5. >
Solving large knapsack problems with a genetic algorithm

This paper develops a new approach to finding solutions to the subset sum problem. The subset sum problem is an important NP-complete problem in computer science which has applications in operations research, cryptography, and bin packing. A genetic algorithm is developed which easily solves this problem. The genetic algorithm begins with a randomly generated population of solutions and breeds a new population using the best elements of the previous population. Each generation of solutions produces better solutions to the subset-sum problem than the previous generation. It is shown that this approach will efficiently produce solutions to large (10,000 elements or more) subset sum problems. Various parameters of the algorithm are varied in order to improve its performance.
Generic Solvent Sites in a Crystal

A numerical procedure is described and tested for the determination of solvent sites in a crystal hydrate from computer simulation results. The method does not require the computation of density distributions.
ORIGINAL RESEARCH—WOMEN'S SEXUAL HEALTH: The Impact of Body Awareness on Sexual Arousal in Women with Sexual Dysfunction

Introduction. The impact of self-awareness during sexual activity has been widely discussed. However, research has been largely focused on the effects of performance anxiety in male erectile functioning. It has been suggested that physical appearance concerns may have a similar influence on sexual function in women as does men’s self-awareness about erectile function. However, the role that physical appearance or awareness of one’s body may play in female sexual response has received little empiric attention. Aim. To examine the effects of body awareness and self-report levels of body esteem on sexual response in 21 sexually dysfunctional women. Methods. Body awareness was induced in one of two counterbalanced sessions. A full-length mirror was placed in front of participants throughout the experimental session, and participants were instructed to use the mirror to place 10 electrodes on each side of their bodies to prepare for a possible electrocardiogram. This methodology was used to ensure that women looked at themselves in the mirror and became more aware of their bodies during the experimental session. Main Outcome Measures. Self-reported mental arousal, perceptions of physical arousal, physiological sexual arousal, affect, anxiety, and cognitive distraction responses to erotica. Results. Results showed that subjective mental sexual arousal and perceptions of physical sexual arousal increased in response to erotica in the Body Awareness condition compared to in the No Body Awareness condition. These results were not accounted for by level of body esteem. There were no changes in physiological sexual arousal, affect, anxiety, or level of cognitive distraction across the two conditions. Conclusions. Findings suggest that awareness of one’s body is related to increased subjective sexual response in conditions where cognitive distraction does not occur. It is particularly noteworthy that the current sample was made up of sexually dysfunctional women, all of whom had relatively low body image. Seal BN, and Meston CM. The impact of body awareness on sexual arousal in women with sexual dysfunction. J Sex Med 2007;4:990–1000.
A Bayesian discriminating features method for face detection

This paper presents a novel Bayesian discriminating features (BDF) method for multiple frontal face detection. The BDF method, which is trained on images from only one database, yet works on test images from diverse sources, displays robust generalization performance. The novelty of this paper comes from the integration of the discriminating feature analysis of the input image, the statistical modeling of face and nonface classes, and the Bayes classifier for multiple frontal face detection. First, feature analysis derives a discriminating feature vector by combining the input image, its 1D Harr wavelet representation, and its amplitude projections. While the Harr wavelets produce an effective representation for object detection, the amplitude projections capture the vertical symmetric distributions and the horizontal characteristics of human face images. Second, statistical modeling estimates the conditional probability density functions, or PDFs, of the face and nonface classes, respectively. While the face class is usually modeled as a multivariate normal distribution, the nonface class is much more difficult to model due to the fact that it includes "the rest of the world." The estimation of such a broad category is, in practice, intractable. However, one can still derive a subset of the nonfaces that lie closest to the face class, and then model this particular subset as a multivariate normal distribution.
Robust Super-Resolution Volume Reconstruction From Slice Acquisitions: Application to Fetal Brain MRI

Fast magnetic resonance imaging slice acquisition techniques such as single shot fast spin echo are routinely used in the presence of uncontrollable motion. These techniques are widely used for fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and MRI of moving subjects and organs. Although high-quality slices are frequently acquired by these techniques, inter-slice motion leads to severe motion artifacts that are apparent in out-of-plane views. Slice sequential acquisitions do not enable 3-D volume representation. In this study, we have developed a novel technique based on a slice acquisition model, which enables the reconstruction of a volumetric image from multiple-scan slice acquisitions. The super-resolution volume reconstruction is formulated as an inverse problem of finding the underlying structure generating the acquired slices. We have developed a robust M-estimation solution which minimizes a robust error norm function between the model-generated slices and the acquired slices. The accuracy and robustness of this novel technique has been quantitatively assessed through simulations with digital brain phantom images as well as high-resolution newborn images. We also report here successful application of our new technique for the reconstruction of volumetric fetal brain MRI from clinically acquired data.
Behavioral Evidence for a Contact Sex Pheromone Component of the Emerald Ash Borer, Agrilus Planipennis Fairmaire

The cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of emerald ash borers, Agrilus planipennis, were examined to determine if there are differences in these compounds between the sexes. We also assessed feral male EAB in the field for behavioral changes based on the application of a female-specific compound to dead, solvent-washed beetles. Males in the field spent significantly more time attempting copulation with dead, pinned female beetles coated with a three-beetle-equivalent dose of 3-methyltricosane than with solvent-washed beetles or those coated in 3-methyltricosane at lower concentrations. Males in the field spent the most time investigating pinned dead, unwashed female beetles. In the laboratory, sexually mature males were presented with one of several mixtures applied in hexane to filter paper disks or to the elytra of dead female beetles first washed in solvent. Male EAB also spent more time investigating dead beetles treated with solution applications that contained 3-methyltricosane than dead beetles and filter paper disks treated with male body wash or a straight-chain hydrocarbon not found on the cuticle of EAB.
Transnational legal sites and democracy-building Reconfiguring political geographies

Until recently the term ‘cosmopolitanism’ was a forgotten concept in the intellectual history of the 18th and 19th centuries. The last two decades have seen a remarkable revival of interest in cosmopolitanism across a wide variety of fields. This article contends that legal developments since the 1948 Declaration of Human Rights and the rise of an ‘international human rights regime’ are at the forefront of a new cosmopolitanism. Yet there is a great deal of skepticism toward such claims on the part of those who maintain that democracy and human rights are best furthered by the nation-state framework. Still others confuse legal cosmopolitanism with the spread of a uniform system of rights across different national jurisdictions.In several writings in the past, I developed the concept of ‘democratic iterations’ to argue against such skepticism as well as misunderstandings of legal cosmopolitanism. In this article, I show how democratic iterations unfold across transnational legal sites, which encompass vari...
"Stand Your Ground" Laws and the Demand for Legal Fire Arms

Since 2005, 23 states have passed Stand Your Ground (SYG) laws: allowing a person to use deadly force in self-defense, even in situations where one can safely flee from an assailant. This study investigates whether SYG laws increased the demand for firearms by using data on background checks for firearms purchases as a proxy for the demand for legal firearms. Results from three alternative difference in differences estimates provide evidence that the passage of SYG laws generally led to an increase in the demand for legal firearms.
Geometric node routing algorithms for low-Earth orbit global satellite communications systems

Novel algorithms for determining optimal routes through a packet-switched, LEO satellite communications system having inter-linked satellites are presented. These algorithms have their foundations in the field of differential geometry and a version of these algorithms has been implemented in the Iridium system. The implementation resulted in a multiple of an order of magnitude performance enhancement as well as a bound on the computational complexity (thus facilitating scalability).
Proactive reputation-based defense for MANETs using radial basis function neural networks

We have developed a proactive reputation-based defense system for Mobile ad hoc Networks (MANETs). In our work we assume the existence of nodal attributes which have the potential to affect the reputation score of a node at anytime. A radial basis function neural network (RBF-NN) is trained to learn the underlying mapping between the states of the various nodal attributes and the reputation score for the node at future times. Thus, the RBF-NN can be used to predict the reputation score of a particular node ahead of time, given only the current state of the node's attributes. Such a predictive system can result in lowering the reputation score of a node that is about to start malicious activity in advance of the actual attack. The RBF-NN predictors developed in this research to implement the proactive defense system resulted in an overall performance of 98.7% correct prediction with a 10-step predictor, and for comparison purposes, 98.1% with a 15-step predictor.
Optimal diagnosis procedures for k-out-of-n structures

Diagnosis strategies are investigated for repairable VLSI and WSI structures based on integrated diagnosis and repair. Knowledge of the repair strategy, the probability of each unit being good, and the expected test time of each unit is used by the diagnosis algorithm to select units for testing. The general problem is described, followed by an examination of a specific case. For k-out-of-n structures, a complete proof is given for the optimal diagnosis procedure of Y. Ben-Dov (1981). A compact representation of the optimal diagnosis procedure is described, which requires O(n/sup 2/) space and can be generated in O(n/sup 2/) time. Simulation results are provided to show the improvement in diagnosis time over online repair and offline repair. >
Nonlinear Feedback Control of Parabolic Partial Differential Equation Systems with Time-dependent Spatial Domains

.. partial differential equations PDEs with time-dependent spatial domains, whose dynamics can be partitioned into slow and fast ones. Initially, a nonlinear model reduction scheme, similar to the one introduced in Christofides and Daoutidis, J. . Math. Anal. Appl. 216 1997 , 398]420, which is based on combinations of Galerkin’s method with the concept of approximate inertial manifold is employed . for the derivation of low-order ordinary differential equation ODE systems that yield solutions which are close, up to a desired accuracy, to the ones of the PDE system, for almost all times. Then, these ODE systems are used as the basis for the explicit construction of nonlinear time-varying output feedback controllers via geometric control methods. The controllers guarantee stability and enforce the output of the closed-loop parabolic PDE system to follow, up to a desired accuracy, a prespecified response for almost all times, provided that the separation of the slow and fast dynamics is sufficiently large. Differences in the nature of the model reduction and control problems between parabolic PDE systems with fixed and moving spatial domains are identified and discussed. The proposed control method is used to stabilize an unstable steady state of a diffusion-reaction process whose spatial domain changes with time. It is shown to lead to a significant reduction on the order of the stabilizing nonlinear output feedback controller and outperform a nonlinear controller synthesis method that does not account for the variation of the spatial domain. Q 1999 Academic Press
In situ evolution of trivalent chromium process passive film on Al in a corrosive aqueous environment.

In situ neutron reflectivity (NR) is used to observe the structure and evolution of a Trivalent Chromium Process (TCP) passive film on Al in a NaCl-D(2)O solution. Using a split liquid reflectivity cell we mimicked the corrosion process on the anodic sites in alloy AA 2024-T3 in a pitting scenario. The split cell separates the anodic and cathodic reactions, allowing NR observation of the corroding anodic surface under potential control. We observed the evolution of the TCP film on the Al anode and compared the degradation of the Al with and without TCP protection. When held at 100 mV above the open-circuit potential (OCP), unprotected aluminum dissolves at a rate of 120 A/h. By contrast, TCP-coated Al is stable up to the pitting potential (200 mV above OCP). In the passive state D(2)O molecules penetrate the bulk TCP film by partially replacing the hydrate water. In spite of exchange of hydration water, the TCP film is stable and the underlying aluminum is fully protected. The passive character of the TCP film is due to a dense layer at the metal-TCP interface and/or to suppression of ion transport in the bulk film. As the pitting potential is approached the film swells and NaCl-D(2)O solution penetrates the TCP film. At this point, 50 vol % of the TCP film is occupied by bulk NaCl-D(2)O solution. Failure occurs by aluminum dissolution under the swollen TCP film as the imbibed solution contacts the Al metal. Further increase in potential leads to complete stripping of the TCP film.
Taxonomy and Nomenclature of the Beet Leafhopper, Circulifer tenellus (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)

Since 1962, numerous literature references to the beet leafhopper, a widely distributed and agriculturally important species, have appeared under 2 scientific names, Circulifer tenellus (Baker) and Neoaliturus tenellus (Baker). The reasons for this nomenclatural inconsistency and problems of the identity of Old World populations of the leafhopper thought to be responsible for transmission of curly top of sugarbeets in the Near East are reviewed. The bases for considering Circulifer and Neoaliturus as separate genera are summarized, and reasons given for retaining the scientific name C. tenellus for the beet leafhopper.
Peripherally inserted central venous catheter-associated bloodstream infections in hospitalized adult patients.

Background. Limited data on the risk of peripherally inserted central venous catheter–associated bloodstream infections (PICC BSIs) in hospitalized patients are available. In 2007, dedicated intravenous therapy nurses were no longer available to place difficult peripheral intravenous catheters or provide PICC care Barnes-Jewish Hospital.Objectives. To determine the hospital-wide incidence of PICC BSIs and to assess the effect of discontinuing intravenous therapy service on PICC use and PICC BSI rates.Setting. A 1,252-bed tertiary care teaching hospital.Methods. A 31-month retrospective cohort study was performed. PICC BSIs were defined using National Healthcare Safety Network criteria.Results. In total, 163 PICC BSIs were identified (3.13 BSIs per 1,000 catheter-days). PICC use was higher in intensive care units (ICUs) than non-ICU areas (PICC utilization ratio, 0.109 vs 0.059 catheter-days per patient-day for ICU vs non-ICU; rate ratio [RR], 1.84 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.78–1.91]). PICC BSI rates...
Experimental Research on the Capability of Contactors for Low-voltage Shunt Capacitors

By the temperature-rise tests and closing-opening tests of nine different type contactors for low-voltage shunt capacitors,this paper analyzes the result of the tests and researches the factors affecting the capability of contactor,and passes some opinions on improving its reliability.
Local injection of bleomycin A 5 in children with hemangiomas. Analysis of 210 cases

210 children with hemangiomas were treated by local injection of Bleomycin A5. Bleomycin A5 was effective in all patients with strawberry and mixed hemangiomas, 91.2% of patients with cavernous hemangiomas, 44.4% of patients with port-wine stain. There was no response in pampiniform hemangioma. The therapeutic mechanism, indications and complications of the new method for treatment of hemangioma are discussed.
Preventing, detecting and managing adverse reactions of antihypertensive agents in the ambulant patient with essential hypertension

The adverse reactions of antihypertensive agents are reviewed, including their clinical implications and suggested methods of preventing, detecting and managing them. The drugs discussed are: (1) diuretics--thiazides, furosemide, ethacrynic acid and spironolactone; (2) sympatholytics--reserpine, methyldopa, guanethidine, propranolol and clonidine; (3) vasodilators--hydralazine, prazosin and minoxidil. It is suggested that cooperative multi-disciplinary efforts should be undertaken to counteract the factors which contribute to improper use of antihypertensive agents.
Type 1 Moral Cognition

This chapter begins with a description of the inadequate state of current theories about Type 1 cognitions. It moves to develop a theory of Type 1 cognition by drawing upon the psychological and philosophical work of William James. Using his distinctions between fringe and focal consciousness and between experience and conceptualization, an aesthetic model of Type 1 cognition is developed, which subsumes notions of rationality, aesthetics, and ethics under one process. This model is then applied to specifically moral cognitions to develop an aesthetic model of moral cognition that portrays moral deliberation as a struggle regarding proper aesthetic sensibilities of rightness and wrongness.
Attention and Signal Detection: A Practical Guide

Attention plays many roles in perception and behavior, one of the most important being the enhancement of responses to subtle stimuli that might otherwise go unnoticed. The computational mechanisms that underlie attention’s role in stimulus detectability can be understood through the lens of signal detection theory (SDT). Attention can improve detectability by modifying signal and noise characteristics, optimizing decision criteria, and pooling across multiple detectors. SDT provides an integrated account of the effects of stimulus prevalence, and the effect of rewards and punishments. By computing detectability across the visual field, one can construct salience maps that take into account stimulus strength, likelihood, and value.
Nanobiomaterials and 3D bioprinting for osteochondral regeneration

Tissue engineering (TE) has made stark advancements through a greater understanding of the effects of various biomaterials on cell behavior and mediated tissue formation. Human tissue can be readily classified as a nanocomposite owing to the presence of nanoscale organic and/or inorganic constituents found within the extracellular matrix. Research has begun and continues to leverage this understanding in an effort to fabricate more biomimetic nanobiomaterials, which share similar composition and morphology to native tissue components. In addition, novel three-dimension (3D) scaffold manufacturing techniques are being developed to extend the use of these novel materials toward the development of clinically relevant scaffolds exhibiting not only similar composition, but spatial distribution of tissue-specific extracellular components. Interfacial and complex tissue regeneration applications including those related to osteochondral (bone-cartilage interface) regeneration stand to benefit greatly from these advancements. Through the course of this chapter we will explore the most recent developments in nanobiomaterials for osteochondral tissue as well as introduce and discuss 3D bioprinting platforms and techniques for the fabrication of biomimetic scaffolds.
RF/analog/mixed-signal IC for wireless communications: challenges and opportunities

Wireless communications have been impacting our daily life in many ways. RF/analog/mixed-signal integrated circuits (IC) are key enabling components for wireless communications and their advancements continue to push the growth of the related semiconductor market. This talk reviews the critical circuit and technology requirements for RF/analog/mixed-signal ICs and highlights the challenges and opportunities ahead.
Depolarizing field in ultrathin electrocalorics

Ferroelectric thin films are considered to be among the top candidates for room-temperature electrocaloric materials as they exhibit excellent electric properties and allow application of record high electric fields. At the same time, downsizing of ferroelectric electrocalorics brings about an unwanted but unavoidable depolarizing field that could critically alter or even destroy the films' electrocaloric properties. We use an atomistic first-principles-based computational approach that does not rely on the use of Maxwell relations (i) to reveal the critical role of the depolarizing field on the electrocaloric properties of ferroelectric ultrathin films, (ii) to demonstrate the contribution of nanodomains to the electrocaloric effect in such films, and (iii) to revisit the potential limitations of the indirect approach to study electrocaloric effect in nanoscale ferroelectrics.
Thermal drift and dynamic response of micro flow sensors for smart vp shunts

This paper describes the development of a highly sensitive microfluidics flow sensor using MTJ magnetic sensors to detect motion of slow-moving fluids. A motivating application for the proposed device is the development of an implantable flow sensor, capable of monitoring the amount of cerebral spinal fluid drained from the ventricles of the brain. Micro-fabricated ferromagnetic flaps are used to detect motion of the surrounding fluid. The deflection of the flaps is detected by an ultra-sensitive MTJ magnetic field sensor placed outside of the lumen of the catheter. Previous studies have presented a working device with a resolution of up to 1.4 mL/hr. This paper presents the improvements made to the device in terms of sensitivity, thermal noise rejection, and dynamic response. Upon investigation of possible noise sources, a thermally induced sensor drift was found to be the most significant factor affecting the sensors response. A static temperature compensation reduced this drift to less than 120 mL per 12-hr period. Further improvements to the design of the ferromagnetic transducers resulted in a 4.5-fold increase in sensitivity over the previous designs. Results from dynamic testing of the sensor revealed a time constant of 0.4 seconds, which was found adequate for the envisioned application.Copyright © 2016 by ASME