cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of lidar post-spacing and DEM resolution to mean slope estimation

This paper examines the effect of scale (exhibited by spatial sampling) in modeling mean slope from lidar data using two representations of scale: lidar posting density (i.e. post‐spacing) and DEM resolution (i.e. cell size). The study areas selected include six small (i.e. approximately 3 km2) urban drainage basins in Richland County, SC, USA, which share similar hydrologic characteristics. This research spatially sampled an airborne lidar dataset collected in 2000 at a 2 m nominal posting density to simulate lidar posting density at various post‐spacings, from 2 m through 10 m. DEMs were created from the lidar observations at a corresponding cell size using spatial interpolation. Finally, using these DEMs, a sensitivity analysis between modeled terrain slope and lidar post‐spacing was conducted. Results of the sensitivity analyses showed that the deviation between mean slope and modeled mean slope decreases with finer posting density and DEM resolution. The relationship of mean slope with varying cell s...
Using machine learning to support pedagogy in the arts

Teaching artistic skills to children presents a unique challenge: High-level creative and social elements of an artistic discipline are often the most engaging and the most likely to sustain student enthusiasm, but these skills rely on low-level sensorimotor capabilities, and in some cases rote knowledge, which are often tedious to develop. We hypothesize that computer-based learning can play a critical role in connecting "bottom-up" (sensorimotor-first) learning in the arts to "top-down" (creativity-first) learning, by employing machine learning and artificial intelligence techniques that can play the role of the sensorimotor expert. This approach allows learners to experience components of higher-level creativity and social interaction even before developing the prerequisite sensorimotor skills or academic knowledge.
A randomized clinical trial of continuous-flow nitrous oxide and midazolam for sedation of young children during laceration repair

Abstract Study Objective: To compare the efficacy and complication profile of oral midazolam therapy and continuous-flow 50% nitrous oxide in alleviating anxiety during laceration repair in children 2 to 6 years old. Methods: We conducted a prospective, randomized clinical trial using 4 study groups who required laceration repair: (1) children who received standard care alone, which included comforting and topical anesthesia augmented with injected lidocaine if needed; (2) children who received standard care and oral midazolam; (3) children who received standard care and nitrous oxide; and (4) children who received standard care, oral midazolam, and nitrous oxide. Videotapes were blindly scored using the Observational Scale of Behavioral Distress-Revised (OSBD-R) to assess distress during baseline, wound cleaning, lidocaine injecting, suturing, and recovery. Adverse effects were noted during suturing and by parent questionnaires completed 24 hours after suturing and at suture removal. OSBD-R data were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance. Adverse effect data were analyzed using categorical models. Results: Two hundred four subjects were enrolled (midazolam plus nitrous oxide 52, midazolam 51, nitrous oxide 51, standard care 50; mean patient age was 4.1 years; 66% were boys). Mean OSBD-R scores were lower for groups that received nitrous oxide during wound cleaning by 2.2 points (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1 to 3.2), lidocaine injecting by 2.5 points (95% CI 1.4 to 3.5), and suturing by 2.9 (95% CI 1.8 to 3.9). Adverse effects occurred more frequently, and recovery times were longer for groups that received midazolam. Conclusion: For facial suturing in 2- to 6-year-old children, regimens including continuous-flow nitrous oxide were more effective in reducing distress, and had fewer adverse effects and shorter recovery times than midazolam. [Luhmann JD, Kennedy RM, Porter FL, Miller JP, Jaffe DM. A randomized clinical trial of continuous-flow nitrous oxide and midazolam for sedation of young children during laceration repair. Ann Emerg Med. January 2001;37:20-27.]
Practical Implications of Recent Research in Reading

“… It was really a very nice appetizing bit of pischa they'd laid out on the tray—two or three lomticks of like hot roast beef with mashed kartoffel and vedge, then there was also ice-cream and a nice hot chasha of chai. And there was even a cancer to smoke and a matchbox with one match in it.”
Concerning tryptophan and protein-bilayer interactions.

The perspectives on membrane protein insertion and protein–bilayer interactions ( J. Gen. Physiol . 129:[351–377][1]) made important points concerning amino acid residue hydrophobicity, interfacial propensity, and membrane partitioning ([MacCallum et al., 2007][2]; [von Heijne, 2007][3]; [White
Highly effective local control and palliation of mantle cell lymphoma with involved-field radiation therapy (IFRT).

Purpose: Although radiosensitivity of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) has been demonstrated in vitro , radiotherapy is rarely employed in treatment of MCL. We studied clinical responses of MCL patients treated with involved-field radiation therapy (IFRT) predominantly for local control and/or palliation. Methods and Materials: A total of 21 consecutive patients (38 sites) treated with IFRT for MCL were retrospectively analyzed. Median age was 68. Seventeen patients had Stage IV/relapsed disease, 1 had Stage II, and 3 had Stage I disease. Most patients received prior chemotherapy, with an average of two combinations per patient. Mean number of sites treated per patient was two. Mean total dose was 30 Gy. Results: Mean follow-up was 13 months. Overall local response rate was 100%. Complete response was obtained in 64% of the sites and partial response in 36%. Average time to response was 20 days. Twenty-eight sites had a response before radiation therapy was complete. Of 16 sites associated with pre-IFRT pain or discomfort, 15 exhibited post-IFRT relief. Thirteen sites (34%) exhibited local progression, with a median time to progression of 10 months, and an average response duration of 9 months. Five patients experienced Grade II radiation–related toxicity. No Grade III toxicity was reported. Twelve-month overall survival for patients receiving IFRT was 55%. Conclusions: Radiotherapy provided effective and lasting local responses in MCL patients and was associated with minimal toxicity. Radiation doses required for most lesions were relatively low and responses were noticed early in the course of treatment. Radiation therapy should be considered early in the course of relapsing, refractory, or localized MCL.
TRANSNATIONAL RELATIONS AND INTERSTATE CONFLICTS: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS

Canadian-American relations have tended to bore statesmen and scholars who long to be where the action is. According to one scholar, “study of Canadian-American relations tells one almost nothing about the big problems facing the world,” while in a classic essay Arnold Wolfers used the unguarded border as an example of “indifference to power.” If we view world politics with “realist” assumptions that unified states are the only actors, force is the major source of power, and solving the military security dilemma is their overwhelming objective, then Canadian-American relations are indeed dull.
Polynomial-Time Feasibility Condition for Multiclass Aircraft Sequencing on a Single-Runway Airport

In this paper, we consider the airport-landing problem of scheduling different types of aircraft on a single runway. Since the minimum allowable landing separation time between two consecutive aircraft depends on the relative weight of both aircraft, this is a state-dependent scheduling problem, which, in the general case, is NP-hard. We attempt to modify the aircraft landing sequence from the traditionally used “first-come-first-served” (FCFS) order to be able to land more aircraft in a given period of time. Given a set of planes, the goal is to find a sequence such that no plane can land before it is actually available for landing, the minimum safety separation between two consecutive planes is always satisfied, and the total landing time (makespan) is minimized. Based on the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) partition of aircraft into weight categories, our algorithm provides a polynomial-time feasibility condition for scheduling a set of planes in a given time interval. It ensures that the Aircraft Scheduling Problem (ASP) presented earlier is not NP-complete and allows us to develop possible practical real-time air traffic control (ATC) execution policies.
Combined treatment with radioestradiol-lucanthone in mouse C3HBA mammary adenocarcinoma and with estradiol-lucanthone in an estrogen bioassay

Abstract C3H female mice bearing transplantable estrogen-nondependent adenocarcinomas were treated subcutaneously with either estradiol, tritiated ( 3 H)estradiol, lucanthone, 3 H-estradiol followed by lucanthone, or lucanthone followed by 3 H-estradiol. Tumor growth and host survival were ascertained. As single agents, lucanthone or 3 H-estradiol had slight tutor-inhibiting effects with small tumors. Combined treatment with radioestrogen followed by htcatlthone 4 hrs later blocked early tumor growth for several days and permanently reduced the growth rate thereafter; it also lengthened survival by some 67%. On the other hand, combined treatment with lucanthone followed 1 hr later by 3 H-estradiol did not have the same effect. The increase in adrenal gland weight that occurs as this tumor grows was significantly reduced by treatment with lucanthone, and more so by 3 HE2…..+Lu; both of these treatmelnts also depressed the lymphatic system. It is suggested that the antitumor effects observed may be mediated-systemically via the adrenal. None of the treatments were effective against advanced tumors. Lucantbone was also administered subcutaneously to w female Swiss mice in conjunction with estradiol. Evidence showed that lucanthone interferes with the immature mouse uterine weight response to estrogen, especially what given 1 hr before the hormone. Although an estrogen dose-response relationship was demonstrated for all groups, the hormone and the DNA intercalating agent interfered with each other in a way that suggests possiblle steric or competitive inhibition. Thus lucanthone modulates two estrogen effects, namely, the effect of estrogen out an estrogen-response tissue (uterine weight, especially when given prior to the hormone), and the effect of radioestrogen on an estrogen-nondependent antonomous tumor (when given after the hormone). A novel antitumor strategy, here called radiocytochemotherapy , is described, and possible applications to human tumors are discussed.
Football versus football: Effect of topic on /r/ realization in American and English sports fans

Can the topic of a conversation, when heavily associated with a particular dialect region, influence how a speaker realizes a linguistic variable? We interviewed fans of English Premier League soccer at a pub in Columbus, Ohio. Nine speakers of British English and eleven speakers of American English were interviewed about their favorite American football and English soccer teams. We present evidence that the soccer fans in this speech community produce variants more consistent with Standard American English when talking about American football than English soccer. Specifically, speakers were overall more /r/-ful (F3 values were lower in rhotic environments) when talking about their favorite American football team. Numeric trends in the data also suggest that exposure to both American and British English, being a fan of both sports, and task may mediate these effects.
A UAS capability description framework: Reactive, adaptive, and cognitive capabilities in robotics

This paper offers a framework that helps in characterizing, analyzing, and developing Unmanned Autonomous Systems (UAS) capabilities including autonomy, adaptability, and machine cognition. We propose a technical reference model that brings these levels of capabilities together into a three-dimensional graphical model. Based on this technical reference model, we offer a system-theoretic analysis framework that includes three views into systems capabilities - reactive, adaptive and cognitive. For illustration purposes, this framework is applied to the analysis of capabilities of autonomous systems derived from four fundamental schools of thought in robotics - deliberative, reactive, hybrid and probabilistic. This exercise helps in understanding where the state of the art currently is in terms of UAS capabilities, what capabilities modern UAS lack, and what capabilities could be expected in the near future. The approach presented in this work provides a useful foundation for capability development and capability testing in UAS.
Accelerated Life Test and Field Test Performance Results for an Integral Heat Pump Water Heater

A residential heat pump water heater (HPWH) of integral-type design (heat pump unit mounted directly to tank with no water circulation pump) has undergone both durability and field performance testing. Results of two rounds of durability testing and evaluation of as-installed field efficiency vs ambient conditions at HPWH location are summarized in this paper. Ten of the HPWHs were run through an initial durability test designed to represent seven to ten years of normal compressor cycling to meet hot water needs of a residence. The first generation control system proved to be the least reliable component of the units with a 40% failure rate for its temperature input sensors and one complete system failure. After modification of the controls a second durability test was run with five units. There were essentially no operational failures during the second test. In parallel with the durability tests, HPWH units were installed in occupied residences at 18 US locations and field performance data were collected for 1–2 years. Results for two units with differing degrees of exposure to seasonal ambient air temperature and supply water temperature variations are presented and interpreted in this paper. For the first unit, installed in a conditioned space with well water supply, such seasonal temperature variations were small. The average field-measured coefficient of performance (COP) over a 75-week test period for this unit was 2.44 ±5% and weekly averages ranged from 9% below to 10% above the overall average. For the second unit, installed in an unconditioned space with city water supply, the seasonal temperature variations were substantial. Its average COP was 1.81 ±5% over a 104-week test period and weekly averages ranged from 38% below to 28% above that value.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Tree-chromatic number

Let us say a graph G has "tree-chromatic number" at most k if it admits a tree-decomposition ( T , ( X t : t ? V ( T ) ) ) such that G X t has chromatic number at most k for each t ? V ( T ) . This seems to be a new concept, and this paper is a collection of observations on the topic. In particular we show that there are graphs with tree-chromatic number two and with arbitrarily large chromatic number; and for all ? ? 4 , every graph with no triangle and with no induced cycle of length more than ? has tree-chromatic number at most ? - 2 .
Bivariate functional data clustering: grouping streams based on a varying coefficient model of the stream water and air temperature relationship

A novel clustering method for bivariate functional data is proposed to group streams based on their water–air temperature relationship. A distance measure is developed for bivariate curves by using a time-varying coefficient model and a weighting scheme. This distance is also adjusted by spatial correlation of streams via the variogram. Therefore, the proposed distance not only measures the difference among the streams with respect to their water–air temperature relationship but also accounts for spatial correlation among the streams. The proposed clustering method is applied to 62 streams in Southeast US that have paired air–water temperature measured over a ten-month period. The results show that streams in the same cluster reflect common characteristics such as solar radiation, percent forest and elevation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel Genetic Loci Control Calcium Absorption and Femur Bone Mass as Well as Their Response to Low Calcium Intake in Male BXD Recombinant Inbred Mice.

Low dietary calcium (Ca) intake during growth limits peak bone mass but physiological adaptation can prevent this adverse effect. To assess the genetic control on the physiologic response to dietary Ca restriction (RCR), we conducted a study in 51 BXD lines fed either 0.5% (basal) or 0.25% (low) Ca diets from ages 4 to 12 weeks (n = 8/line/diet). Ca absorption (CaAbs), femur bone mineral density (BMD), and bone mineral content (BMC) were examined. ANCOVA with body size as covariate was used to detect significant line and diet main effects, and line-by-diet interactions. Body size-corrected residuals were used for linkage mapping and to estimate heritability (h(2) ). Loci controlling the phenotypes were identified using composite interval mapping on each diet and for the RCR. h(2) of basal phenotypes (0.37-0.43) and their RCR (0.32-0.38) was moderate. For each phenotype, we identified multiple quantitative trait loci (QTL) on each diet and for the RCR. Several loci affected multiple traits: Chr 1 (88.3-90.6 cM, CaAbs, BMC), Chr 4 (45.8-49.2 cM, CaAbs, BMD, BMC), Chr 8 (28.6-31.6 cM, CaAbs, BMD, RCR), and Chr 15 (13.6-24 cM, BMD, BMC; 32.3-36 cM, CaAbs RCR, BMD). This suggests that gene clusters may regulate interdependent bone-related phenotypes. Using in silico expression QTL (eQTL) mapping and bioinformatic tools, we identified novel candidates for the regulation of bone under Ca stress (Ext1, Deptor), and for the first time, we report genes modulating Ca absorption (Inadl, Sc4mol, Sh3rf1, and Dennd3), and both Ca and bone metabolism (Tceanc2, Tll1, and Aadat). Our data reveal gene-by-diet interactions and the existence of novel relationships between bone and Ca metabolism during growth. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Recent Insights into the Mechanisms of Vascular Injury

Vascular injury and inflammation are the most important features of a heterogeneous group of disorders commonly referred to as the systemic necrotizing vasculitides.1 Previous studies have established two pathogenetic mechanisms for vasculitis2,3: deposition of circulating immune complexes with subsequent complement activation and inflammation; and interactions between circulating antibodies with blood vessel wall antigens in situ, such as occurs in Goodpasture’s syndrome, in which autoantibodies interact with glomerular and pulmonary capillary basement membranes. These mechanisms, however, cannot account for many forms of inflammatory vasculitis and several additional or alternative pathways have recently been explored. In this chapter we will review three settings of vascular injury which may shed light on the pathogenesis of vasculitis. First, we will examine the role of cytokine-induced activation4 of endothelial cells in causing endothelial and vascular injury and the possible role of these effects in one form of vasculitis—Kawasaki’s disease; second, we will describe the details of vascular injury occurring during transplantation reactions, and how these may be relevant to other forms of vasculitis; and third, we will review recent work associating the presence of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies with certain forms of vasculitis, such as Wegener’s granulomatosis.
Increased concentration of tracee affects estimates of muscle protein synthesis

Muscle protein synthesis was measured by infusion ofl-[2H5]phenylalanine in two groups of anesthetized dogs, before and during infusion of insulin with euaminoacidemia, and with differing concentra...
A weak Galerkin generalized multiscale finite element method

In this paper, we propose a general framework for weak Galerkin generalized multiscale (WG-GMS) finite element method for the elliptic problems with rapidly oscillating or high contrast coefficients. This general WG-GMS method features in high order accuracy on general meshes and can work with multiscale basis derived by different numerical schemes. A special case is studied under this WG-GMS framework in which the multiscale basis functions are obtained by solving local problem with the weak Galerkin finite element method. Convergence analysis and numerical experiments are obtained for the special case.
Some Macroscopic Effects Resulting From the Fumigation of Plodia Larvae with Carbon Disulphide in Relation to Revival Potentialities

Grown larvae of the Indian-meal moth ( Plodia interpunctella Hbn.) revived from one to two weeks after fumigation with carbon disulphide at the rate of 2 pounds per 1000 cubic feet, in the latter part of October at Fresno, Calif. During the period of inactivity between fumigation and revival, the potential revivals may be detected with considerable accuracy by their retention of a nearly normal color and a fair degree of turgidity, and by their not being severely shriveled. Among such individuals, however, one can not determine which or what percentage, will later become fully resuscitated. Congestion of the intestinal tract is a common condition of reviving larvae and is operative in causing the subsequent death of a portion of them. Five larvae, revived from the 6-hour exposure, developed to the adult condition.
Some Thoughts about Limits

This brings us to the purpose of this note, which is twofold. A first objective is to simplify the formulation and proof of theorems on limits. A second is to give precise definitions to, and so legitimize, certain modes of expression that are avoided by algebraists but embraced by analysts. There is a sense in which theorems on limits are much easier than many of the standard homework problems in elementary calculus. For example, I would defend the view that it's easier to prove the theorem about the limit of a sum than to integrate (sec x)5. Yet many people have the opposite perception, as suggested by the anecdote above. Why is this? Although various answers can be given, certainly a good deal of the trouble is caused by a piling up of logical terms: For any E there exists a 8 such that for all x of a certain kind something happens.... Quantifiers are the quicksand in which the path ends. Here we give a formulation in which quantifiers are kept separate, so that not too many of them pile up in one place. The approach has been classroom tested at UCLA, and the improvement in student performance is wholly out of proportion to the modest mathematical content of the innovation. The latter consists solely in the formulation and use of Theorem 1 (which follows). Turning to the second objective, there seems to be a consensus that certain modes of expression common in analysis should be kept below stairs, in the scullery, and not admitted to polite company. As an extreme case, I recall reading somewhere that we musn't say a function is "increasing" because, after all, it's one and the same function all the time, so can't increase (or decrease or change in any other way). Still less, then, can one use phrases like "for x near a" or "for large x." The view taken here is that such phrases have an honorable tradition in analysis, and express concepts of great importance, and should be used. If you want to say that l/x is bounded near x = 1, or is less than 0.001 for large x, go ahead and say it. All that's missing is a precise definition. And not even that will be missing if you read far enough.
Model-Based Fault Diagnosis for NiMH Battery

The objective of this paper is to present a fault diagnosis methodology for hybrid electric vehicle battery systems. The faults that have been considered include: temperature sensor fault, current sensor fault, and voltage sensor. Many of these faults, if left undetected, will result in decreased battery performance and could eventually lead to pack failure.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Zinc-Induced Precipitation of Milk Fat Globule Membranes: A Simple Method for the Preparation of Fat-Free Whey Protein Isolate

A simple method to isolate milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) from cheese whey has been developed. The method was based on the premise that divalent cations should be able to form insoluble complexes with MFGM under certain solution conditions; this ability, however, is dependent on their coordination chemistry. Incubation of cheese whey with 0−50 mm CaCl2 or MgCl2 at 30 °C did not cause precipitation of MFGM, whereas incubation with Zn(Ac)2 under similar conditions induced selective precipitation of MFGM in a concentration-dependent manner at pH 5.2, with complete precipitation occurring above 20 mm Zn(Ac)2. The whey proteins remained soluble in the supernatant under these conditions. The ability or inability of a cation to induce precipitation of MFGM is related to the ionic radius as well as its coordination geometry. Calcium and magnesium ions have a strong tendency to form hexa-coordinated (n = 6) complexes in a regular octahedral geometry, whereas zinc prefers to form a tetra-coordinated complex in a ...
Codling Moth Egg Distribution on Unmanaged Apple Trees

During the summer of 1975, the distribution of colding moth (Laspeyresia pomonella (L.)) eggs, infested apples, and branch structures were recorded for sample branches from an abandoned orchard near Pullman, Washington. Distribution of eggs within trees was analyzed at 3 levels: (1) among spurs, (2) within particular spur classes, and (3) on leaves. Among spurs, the distribution of eggs deviated from randomness in relation to all spurs, fruit-bearing spurs alone, and individual apples. Within particular spur classes, distribution of eggs fit negative binomial but not Poisson distributions, indicating nonrandomness. Occurrence of eggs on individual leaves also deviated from a Poisson distribution. Avg numbers of eggs per spur were positively related, and avg numbers of eggs per apple were negatively related to the numbers of apples per spur. Fifty-seven % of all eggs were found on upper leaf surfaces, 35% on lower leaf surfaces, and 8% on apples, but these percentages were not constant over the summer. Eggs were aggregated around apples; 51% were within 7.5 cm, and 91% were within 20 cm. The scattered distribution of codling moth eggs is advantageous since it reduces predator pressures and limits multiple attacks on individual fruits. These advantages probably outweigh the observed disadvantage of high mortality during larval searching.
Coexisting andalusite, kyanite, and sillimanite: Sequential formation of three Al2SiO5 polymorphs during progressive metamorphism near the triple point, Sivrihisar, Turkey

Regionally metamorphosed, muscovite-bearing quartzites from Sivrihisar, Turkey, contain coexisting andalusite, kyanite, and sillimanite. Kyanite is the most abundant polymorph and defines a lineation along with prismatic sillimanite, andalusite, staurolite, and elongate quartz. Andalusite is the most Fe-rich of the polymorphs (0.9–1.6 wt% Fe 2 O 3 , compared with 0.6–0.9 wt% for kyanite and sillimanite), and was ductilely deformed. Staurolite has partially pseudomorphed kyanite, and occurs intergrown with sillimanite. Garnet occurs in some metaquartzites and interlayered mica schists. Mica schists lack Al 2 SiO 5 polymorphs. Porphyroblasts in mica schists are chloritoid, chloritoid + staurolite ± garnet, or staurolite ± garnet with inclusions of chloritoid and staurolite. Textural relations and relative deformation features among the three polymorphs suggest the crystallization sequence andalusite → kyanite → sillimanite, with growth of staurolite primarily in the sillimanite stability field. Results of garnet-biotite thermometry and estimates of peak P - T conditions from petrogenetic grids are ~540–560 °C. Maximum pressure is not known, but there is no evidence for the high-pressure – low-temperature conditions that affected similar rocks to the northwest in the Sivrihisar massif. The stable coexistence of staurolite + sillimanite at peak metamorphic conditions suggests a maximum pressure of 5.5 kbar. The three polymorphs grew sequentially along a clockwise P - T path that looped around the Al 2 SiO 5 triple point during incipient subduction of a continental margin sequence (burial: andalusite → kyanite), followed by collision (heating and/or decompression: kyanite → sillimanite).
Analysis of the epidemiological characteristics of viral hepatitis in Kunshan from 2004 to 2013

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of viral in recent 10 years in Kunshan, and provide scientific evidence for perfecting the strategies and measures for the treatment and prevention on viral. Methods The information of the epidemics of viral from computer disease reporting system in Kunshan during years 2004-2013 were analysed. SPSS17.0 software was selected. Results 4 159 cases of viral in 10 years were reported. The average incidence of the disease was 26.67 per 100 000. The incidence and proportion of Class A and B infectious diseases showed the first rise after falling trend. Hepatitis B was the main type which was 68.74% of the total. The ratio increased year by year. In recent years various types of hepatitis incidence rates had increased in varying degrees except hepatitis A. The incidence of hepatitis C was higher in spring and summer(χ2=8.74,P 0.05)and the incidence of hepatitis E was higher in winter and spring(χ2=34.99,P0.01). Other types of hepatitis had not obvious seasonal characteristic. The average incidence was higher in urban townships(P0.01). The male incidence was higher female(P0.01). Young adults aged 25~44 was higher incidence in case but the highest incidence was in the elderly aged over 50. Occupational workers and peasants were the main profession.Conclusion Currently the incidence of viral hepatitis appeared the upward trend. We should strengthen related hepatitis vaccination among children and the general population. The disease surveillance would be strengthened. And increase health education to people especially the urban migrants.
Positron diagnostics of the Galaxy

The nuclei of many external galaxies, including quasars, are known to be the sites of some of the most violent processes in the Universe. This violent activity is believed to be caused by massive black holes which very efficiently convert huge amounts of gravitational energy into observable radiation.
Host Preferences of the Sand Fly Lutzomyia longipalpis at an Endemic Focus of American Visceral Leishmaniasis in Colombia

Abstract Blood meals from 579 Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera:Psychodidae), collected in an endemic focus of American visceral leishmaniasis in Colombia, were identified by precipitin test. Sand fly collections were made during a 16-month period from the inside walls of two houses, a pigpen, and rock crevices in a small community (El Callejon) within the endemic area. Feeding patterns of the sand flies varied with locality and date of collection. Overall, bovine feedings predominated, but feedings were also recorded on pigs, equines, humans, dogs, opossums, birds, and reptiles. Calculation of the forage ratios for each host species indicated that cows and pigs were the preferred hosts of Lu. longipalpis in El Callejon. Results of this study suggest that Lu. longipalpis is an opportunistic feeder and is not highly anthropophilic nor strongly attracted to dogs.
Secondary Tumors: Clinical Manifestations and Pathology

Secondary tumors of the pancreas are uncommon. The reported incidence varies widely within different series. Autopsy series describe pancreatic involvement in 3%–15% of patients with generalized malignancies, secondary tumors being nearly four times as common as primary pancreatic malignancies (WILLIS 1975; CUBILLA and FITZGERALD 1984). This most likely reflects the fact that pancreatic metastases from other organs are usually part of widespread preterminal metastatic disease.
Short-wavelength coherent light source using the SLAC linac

A collaboration of accelerator scientists from SLAC, UCLA, LLNL and LBL have been studying the use of the SLAC linac to drive short wavelength, single pass FELs.1 FELs are now operated at wavelengths from the centimeter region down to 240 nm. Shorter wavelengths pose increasing difficulties due to the lack of mirrors to form the optical cavity conventionally used in these FEL oscillators.
Radiocarbon Variation in Charcoal/Wood and Soil Fractions from a Loessic Setting in Central Alaska

The Healy’s Lucky Strike site in central Alaska has an exceptional Holocene loess-paleosol sequence that has afforded us the ability to look at variation in 14C dating of soil organic matter (SOM) fractions in a high-latitude loess setting. Our work has focused on comparing the radiocarbon ages of charcoal and wood to base-soluble humic acids (HA) and base-insoluble soil residue (SR) fractions from bulk soil samples. Charcoal/wood ages were younger than HA ages reflecting the later stages of vegetation development at the surface of the soils prior to being covered by loess accumulation; the HA ages generally reflect the overall timing of soil formation and mean residence time of SOM. Soil residue ages are older than charcoal/wood and HA ages. SOM ages at this location become increasingly older than charcoal/wood ages with depth, reaching 750 to 8070 yr in difference and associated with weakly developed soils at the lowest depths. We suggest the drastic SOM age differences at this site result from the differential incorporation of small particles of coal throughout the sedimentary matrices introduced older contaminants to SR fractions.
Co-benefits and Co-costs of Climate Action Plans for Low-Carbon Cities

City-level climate action plans are often designed to address specific issues such as to cut GHG emissions from traffic congestion. The benefits from such plans would include the direct effects of reducing contributions by cities to global atmospheric GHG concentrations. Additional benefits may be present in the form of energy savings, reduced air pollution, improved public health, and many more. The presence of such co-benefits (and of co-costs) may affect the rank-ordering of particular actions when they are compared against each other. This chapter provides a structured approach to the assessment of co-benefits and co-costs, and their implications for selection among climate actions. Using network analysis we assess existing urban climate action plans from around the world, focusing on the notion of co-benefits and co-costs. We find notable similarities and differences in the way co-benefits and co-costs guide urban climate plans, and we offer guidance for the social discourse on prioritization of strategies.
'Entirely Christian and entirely African': Catholic African students in France in the era of independence

This article examines the activism of militant Catholic African students in France in the 1950s. Largely left out of the historiography of the period, they developed a unique perspective on Africa's future, informed by their dual (and often fraught) identity as Africans and Catholics. They undertook a strident campaign to convince French Catholics and the Church hierarchy of the necessity of decolonization, trying to change the Church from the inside.
Abstract 15: Change in Physical Activity and Sitting Time After Myocardial Infarction and Mortality Among Postmenopausal Women in the Women’s Health Initiative-Observational Study

Introduction: The natural history of myocardial infarction in women is different than in men. Evidence related to change in physical activity (PA) or sitting time (ST) after first myocardial infarc...
Deep Affix Features Improve Neural Named Entity Recognizers

We propose a practical model for named entity recognition (NER) that combines word and character-level information with a specific learned representation of the prefixes and suffixes of the word. We apply this approach to multilingual and multi-domain NER and show that it achieves state of the art results on the CoNLL 2002 Spanish and Dutch and CoNLL 2003 German NER datasets, consistently achieving 1.5-2.3 percent over the state of the art without relying on any dictionary features. Additionally, we show improvement on SemEval 2013 task 9.1 DrugNER, achieving state of the art results on the MedLine dataset and the second best results overall (-1.3% from state of the art). We also establish a new benchmark on the I2B2 2010 Clinical NER dataset with 84.70 F-score.
A Self-Adjoint Angular Flux Equation

The traditional second-order self-adjoint forms of the transport equation are the even- and odd-parity equations. A useful alternative to these equations exists in the form of a second-order self-a...
Excavating the History of Archaeology in Malawi

Although Malawi was one of the first countries in southern and eastern Africa to train indigenous archaeologists, research in archaeology and museum work remains underdeveloped. While foreign professionals have always been welcome to conduct research in the country, only very few opt to come. This paucity of researchers has resulted in a low output of archaeological publications on Malawi, and has caused improvements in the country’s museum servicesto be slow. All this has also denied Malawians the opportunity to study and appreciate their cultural heritage. This paper discusses this unfortunate situation and its contributing factors. Archaeological research in Malawi got off to a poor start during the colonial period, and a rigid government civil service structure during the post-colonial period advanced the careers of administrative staff at the expense of professional staff.
Markedness and Distribution in Phonology and Syntax

The notion of markedness has been used, in a variety of distinct but possibly related senses, for the description and analysis of phenomena involving both the syntactic and phonological structures of human languages. It has frequently been assumed that there is a single and relatively clear sense of markedness that is equally relevant to phonology and syntax alike, and this assumption, in fact, constitutes a crucial precondition for a number of general linguistic hypotheses that have recently been proposed--for example, Eckman (1977) and Comrie (1984). The basic notion of markedness, however, and a number of the most fundamental concepts associated with it--concepts such as “neutralization”, “mark”, “opposition”, “privative”, and “bilateral”--were first developed and exemplified, by Trubetzkoy (1939[1969]) and others, on the basis of phonological data alone. It thus remains to be determined whether this notion is indeed applicable in the domain of syntax or not. This paper will seek to address this question and to clarify thereby the general notion of markedness itself and its significance in the development of linguistic hypotheses.
88 – Disorders in Male Sexual Differentiation: Molecular Genetics, Gender Identity, and Cognition

Male sexual differentiation is a complex process of events involving genetic and hormonal factors, with androgens playing a major role. The formation of testes in 46,XY individuals establishes the male gonadal sex. Hormones produced by the testes, especially testosterone and anti-Mullerian hormone, play essential roles in male sexual differentiation; conversely, defects in the production and action of these hormones result in disorders of male sexual differentiation. In this chapter, the genetic and hormonal factors controlling male sexual differentiation are reviewed. By discussing subjects with defects in androgen production and action, particularly those with 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-3 deficiency, 5α-reductase-2 deficiency, and androgen insensitivity syndrome, the roles of androgens in male sexual differentiation, gender identity, and cognitive function are emphasized. The issue of the complex interaction of nature versus nurture is addressed.
Educating Milwaukee: How One City's History of Segregation and Struggle Shaped Its Schools

Review of: Educating Milwaukee: How One City’s History of Segregation and Struggle Shaped Its Schools, by James K. Nelsen
Adolescent and young adult (AYA) oncology patients: Disparities in access to specialized cancer centers.

e18020Background: AYAs with cancer have had less improvement in survival compared to their younger counterparts. This may be partly due to differential access to specialized cancer centers (SCC), a...
Risk of Nephrotoxicity Associated With Nonrenally Adjusted Intravenous Polymyxin B Compared to Traditional Dosing.

Background:Polymyxin B’s package insert recommends renal adjustment. Contemporary studies suggest it does not require renal adjustment.Objective:To determine whether time to acute kidney injury (AK...
A computational study on the stereoselective reduction of cyclic ketones by LiAl(OR)3H in THF

Abstract As part of the development of the ketone reduction step for the drug substance manufacturing process of VX-222, the mechanism for stereoselective reduction of model compound 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone by LiAlH(OMe)3 with explicit THF mono- and bissolvation was studied computationally with three DFT functionals (B3LYP, B3LYP-D3 and M06-2X). The calculations provide a detailed and quantitative description of the stepwise mechanism for this polarized reaction: C H bond formation followed by Al O bond formation.
Antecedents and Consequences of Occupational Ideologies

Perhaps the most pervasive change in contemporary organizations is the increasing heterogeneity of employed occupational groups and yet little is known about managing such groups. In this study, we...
Evaluation of Endoscopic Strip Craniectomy and Orthotic Therapy for Bilateral Coronal Craniosynostosis.

BACKGROUND Bilateral coronal craniosynostosis is the premature fusion of both coronal sutures. Traditionally, this condition is treated by frontal-orbital advancement (FOA). Endoscopic strip craniectomy with cranial orthotic therapy, which has gained popularity in treating single suture craniosynostosis, has recently been adapted for the treatment of bicoronal synostosis. There have been few studies documenting the outcomes of this treatment. The objective of this study is to compare the morphological outcomes of endoscopic strip craniectomy and FOA in patients with bicoronal synostosis. METHODS A retrospective case series was done on 24 patients with bilateral coronal synostosis treated with endoscopic strip craniectomy or FOA at 2 institutions. Patients with preoperative and 1-year postoperative computed tomography scans were included. Multiple measures of cranial shape and size were assessed: cephalic index, turricephaly index, basofrontal angle, circumference Z-score, and cranial vault volume Z-score. RESULTS The 2 groups were similar statistically in terms of morphology at preoperative scan. There were no statistical differences between the FOA group and endoscopic group at postoperative scan in any of the morphologic outcomes measured. Cranial vault volume Z-scores increased postoperatively in both the endoscopic (P < 0.001) and FOA (P = 0.034) groups. CONCLUSIONS One year after repair there were no significant morphological difference between patients with bicoronal synostosis treated with the endoscopic approach and those treated by FOA.
Hydrodynamic Cavitation-Assisted Processing of Vegetable Beverages: Review and the Case of Beer-Brewing

Abstract Controlled hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) technologies are arising as new standards in a growing number of industrial applications, often synergically with conventional processes. Water remediation, extraction of bioproducts, waste, and biomass processing, creation of ultra-stable nanoemulsions, represent few of the fields benefitting from HC technologies. In the field of production and processing of beverages and other liquid foods, sometimes HC-based technologies can completely replace conventional ones with distinct advantages. For example, HC processes alone can achieve food-grade sterilization, pasteurization, and homogenization. In the case of beer-brewing, HC processes make long-established production stages such as grain milling and wort boiling unnecessary at all, by means of stand-alone, highly scalable mashing, and hopping devices. Dramatic reduction of saccharification temperature, acceleration and increase of starch extraction efficiency, significant energy saving, and increased beer’s shelf life, are among the most important advantages, while retaining safety, reliability, scalability, virtually universal application to any brewing recipe, and beer quality. This chapter reviews the most significant applications of HC processes to food liquids, and, in particular, vegetable beverages, as well as provides an insight into the beer-brewing field, where the new technology was successfully introduced, and could radically change the production processes of suppliers to a huge market.
Sleep loss, executive function, and decision-making

Abstract Sleep loss is common in today’s society, and while most individuals have experienced sleep loss, few recognize the negative consequences sleep loss has on cognitive functioning. There is a general consensus that sleep loss results in decreased attention, vigilance, and alertness. While some believe that impaired vigilant attention is the underlying cause of performance decrement across all domains, new evidence suggests that this may not actually be the case. In fact, sleep loss does not appear to affect cognitive processes in a global manner. Rather, insufficient sleep differentially impacts various components of cognitive functioning. In this chapter, we will discuss how sleep loss impacts a variety of cognitive domains, including vigilant attention, working memory, inhibitory control, cognitive control, problem solving, risk-taking, judgment, and decision-making. In doing so, we will also discuss the common tasks used to test these specific domains and the neural mechanisms thought to mediate task-specific performance.
Designing Equitable Algorithms for the Web

Machine learning algorithms increasingly affect both our online and offline experiences. Researchers and policymakers, however, have rightfully raised concerns that these systems might inadvertently exacerbate societal biases. We provide an introduction to fair machine learning, beginning with a general overview of algorithmic fairness, and then discussing these issues specifically in the context of the Web. To measure and mitigate potential bias from machine learning systems, there has recently been an explosion of competing mathematical definitions of what it means for an algorithm to be fair. Unfortunately, as we show, many of the most prominent definitions of fairness suffer from subtle shortcomings that can lead to serious adverse consequences when used as an objective. To illustrate these complications, we draw on a variety of classical and modern ideas from statistics, economics, and legal theory. We further discuss the equity of machine learning algorithms in the specific context of the Web, focusing on search engines and e-commerce websites. We expose the different sources for bias on the Web and how they impact fairness. They include not only data bias, but also biases that are produced by data sampling, the algorithms per-se, user interaction and feedback loops that result from user personalization and content creation. All these lead to a vicious cycle that affects everybody. The content of this tutorial is mainly based in the work of the authors [1,2,3,4].
Problems and Recommendations

Elucidation of the biological effects of microwave exposure requires a careful review and critical analysis of the literature. This requires differentiating established effects and mechanisms from speculative and unsubstantiated reports. Most of the experimental data support the concept that the effects of microwave exposure are primarily, if not wholly, a response to hyperthermia or altered thermal gradients in the body. There are, nevertheless, large areas of confusion, uncertainty, and actual misinformation.