cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Generalization of exotic quark searches

General limits on exotic heavy quarks $T$, $B$, and $X$ with masses above 300 GeV are presented for arbitrary branching fractions of $T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{W}^{+}b$, $T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}Zt$, $T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}Ht$, $B\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{W}^{\ensuremath{-}}t$, $B\ensuremath{\rightarrow}Zb$, $B\ensuremath{\rightarrow}Hb$, and $X\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{W}^{+}t$. The results are based on a CMS search in final states with three isolated leptons ($e$ or $\ensuremath{\mu}$) or two isolated leptons with the same electric charge. Exotic heavy quark pair production through the strong interaction is considered. In the context of vectorlike quark models, $T$ quarks with a mass ${m}_{T}l480\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$ and ${m}_{T}l550\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$ are excluded for weak isospin singlets and doublets, respectively, and $B$ quarks with a mass ${m}_{B}l480\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$ are excluded for singlets, all at a 95% confidence level. Mass limits at the 95% confidence level for $T$ and $B$ singlets, $(T,B)$ doublets, and $(X,T)$ doublets are presented as a function of the corresponding heavy quark masses. For equal mass ${m}_{T}={m}_{B}$ and ${m}_{X}={m}_{T}$, vectorlike quarks are excluded at the 95% confidence level with masses below 550 GeV for $T$ and $B$ singlets, 640 GeV for a $(T,B)$ doublet, and 640 GeV for a $(X,T)$ doublet.
A VSA-Based Strategy for Placing Conservation Buffers in Agricultural Watersheds

Conservation buffers have the potential to reduce agricultural nonpoint source pollution and improve terrestrial wildlife habitat, landscape biodiversity, flood control, recreation, and aesthetics. Conservation buffers, streamside areas and riparian wetlands are being used or have been proposed to control agricultural nonpoint source pollution. This paper proposes an innovative strategy for placing conservation buffers based on the variable source area (VSA) hydrology. VSAs are small, variable but predictable portion of a watershed that regularly contributes to runoff generation. The VSA-based strategy involves the following three steps: first, identifying VSAs in landscapes based on natural characteristics such as hydrology, land use/cover, topography and soils; second, targeting areas within VSAs for conservation buffers; third, refining the size and location of conservation buffers based on other factors such as weather, environmental objectives, available funding and other best management practices. Building conservation buffers in VSAs allows agricultural runoff to more uniformly enter buffers and stay there longer, which increases the buffer’s capacity to remove sediments and nutrients. A field-scale example is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the within-VSA conservation buffer scenario relative to a typical edge-of-field buffer scenario. The results enhance the understanding of hydrological processes and interactions between agricultural lands and conservation buffers in agricultural landscapes, and provide practical guidance for land resource managers and conservationists who use conservation buffers to improve water quality and amenity values of agricultural landscape.
Coenzyme Q10 levels are low and associated with increased mortality in post-cardiac arrest patients

Aim Survival after cardiac arrest (CA) is limited by the profound neurologic insult from ischemia–reperfusion injury. Therapeutic options are limited. Previous data suggest a benefit of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) in post-arrest patients. We hypothesized that plasma CoQ10 levels would be low after CA and associated with poorer outcomes.
Unusual Bands in the Infrared Spectra of Some Chars

Abstract When organic materials are charred at low or medium temperatures (up to about 450–500°C), their infrared (IR) spectra show a plethora of bands below about 2000 cm−1, and there are additional bands in the OH and CH stretching regions, above about 2600 cm−1. The in-between region, from about 2600 to 200 cm−1, is quite “empty” (except for an occasional atmospheric CO2 band caused by instrument imbalance). The reason for this emptiness is, simply, that there are very few species that have fundamentals in that region, as is well known from group frequency tables; and those that do absorb, such as metal hydrides, are quite unlikely to exist in organic precursors. Some overtones or combinations may appear, but these are usually very weak. We have, however, observed some bands in the empty region on several occasions.
The Case for Early Intervention in Diagnosing Specific Reading Disability.

Abstract In the present article, we argue against the use of psychometric assessment as the primary or sole vehicle for diagnosing specific reading disability. We suggest instead that the diagnostic enterprise should be initiated with early and labor intensive remedial intervention, and that the child’s ability to profit from such intervention should be the most important piece of information in making the diagnosis, notwithstanding the confirmatory value of psychometric assessment in given cases. We support our arguments with selected findings from an intervention study we have recently completed demonstrating that most children who perform poorly in reading can be readily brought to at least an average level of performance if their reading difficulties are addressed at the beginning stage of reading development.
Nonautonomous transposable elements in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Defective (nonautonomous) copies of transposable elements are relatively common in the genomes of eukaryotes but less common in the genomes of prokaryotes. With regard to transposable elements that exist exclusively in the form of DNA (nonretroviral transposable elements), nonautonomous elements may play a role in the regulation of transposition. In prokaryotes, plasmid-mediated horizontal transmission probably imposes a selection against nonautonomous elements, since nonautonomous elements are incapable of mobilizing themselves. The lower relative frequency of nonautonomous elements in prokaryotes may also retlect the coupling of transcription and translation, which may bias toward the cis activation of transposition. The cis bias we suggest need not be absolute in order to militate against the long-term maintenance of prokaryotic elements unable to transpose on their own. Furthermore, any cis bias in transposition would also decrease the opportunity for trans repression of transposition by nonautonomous elements.
Relationship between the pattern of hepatic iron deposition and histological severity in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Previous studies examining the relationship between hepatic iron deposition and histological severity in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have been inconclusive. The goal of this study was to examine the relationship between hepatic iron deposition and liver histology in 849 patients enrolled in the Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Clinical Research Network. Hepatic iron stains were performed in a central lab and scored for grade, cellular and parenchymal localization by a central pathology committee; the relationship between grade and pattern of iron deposition to clinical, laboratory and histological variables was examined using univariate and multivariate analyses. Stainable hepatic iron was present in 293 of 849 patients (34.5%) in one of three histological patterns: hepatocellular (HC) (63/849, {7.4%}), reticuloendothelial system cells (RES) (91/ 849, {10.7%}), or a mixed RES/HC pattern (139/849 {16.4%}). Patients with the RES iron staining pattern were more likely to have advanced fibrosis compared to those with HC iron (p=0.01). Patients with RES iron were also more likely to have advanced histologic features including: fibrosis (p=0.049), portal inflammation (p=0.002), hepatocellular ballooning (p=0.006) and definite NASH (p=0.007) compared to patients with HC or mixed iron patterns. Presence of RES iron (OR, 1.60, 95% CI, 1.10–2.33, p=0.015) was independently associated with advanced hepatic fibrosis on multiple regression analysis after adjustment for age, gender, diabetes status and BMI. Conclusion: The presence and pattern of hepatic iron deposition is associated with distinct histologic features among patients with NAFLD and may have implications for pathophysiology and therapy.
Collective Rationality and Collective Reasoning

1. The reason to contribute 2. Cooperative structures 3. States and governments 4. Democracy 5. Collective reasoning 6. Overcoming malfunction 7. Reasoning to agreement 8. The rationality of collective reasoning.
Iowa satisfaction with anesthesia scale

To the Editor: I was gratified to learn that Dr. Kim and colleagues found the Iowa Satisfaction with Anesthesia Scale [1] useful for comparing patient satisfaction between dexmedetomidine and propofol/alfentanil groups during cataract surgery [2]. Fung and colleagues found reliability and validity for cataract surgery patients among English speaking patients [3]. A recent multicenter center showed reliability and validity when used by telephone with English-speaking patients [4]. In English, there is a clear distinction between the somatic "I felt pain" and emotive "I hurt." Is this true in Korean? If respondents could not understand the meaning of "I hurt," then the internal consistency of the 11 items would be lower than the Cronbach alpha of 0.84 (95% confidence interval, 0.79-0.87) from the multicenter study [4]. If "I hurt" and "I felt pain" were not distinguishable, responses would be the same for nearly all patients, unlike the 39% giving different scores from the multicenter study [4].
A NEW CLASS OF RIGID COXETER GROUPS

A Coxeter group is said to be rigid if any two systems for that group yield isomorphic Coxeter diagrams. A Coxeter group is said to be strongly rigid if moreover the generating sets of any two systems are conjugate. We determine a new class of Coxeter groups which are rigid, and introduce the notion of reflection independence, a generalization of strong rigidity.
Saint-Venant's Principle in Linear Piezoelectricity

Toupin's version of Saint-Venant's principle in linear elasticity is generalized to the case of linear piezoelectricity. That is, it is shown that, for a straight prismatic bar made of a linear piezoelectric material and loaded by a self-equilibrated system at one end only, the internal energy stored in the portion of the bar which is beyond a distance s from the loaded end decreases exponentially with the distance s.
Family Stress and Cultural Adaptation: Home Economics Needs of Lao Hmong Refugees.

This longitudinal study of a random sample of Lao Hmong refugees in Nebraska examined the change in need that occurred between 1980 and 1985 for the fol lowing home economics areas: housing, employment, family relations, family finance, nutrition, clothing, and social environment. A questionnaire translated into the Hmong language was used. Change was interpreted using McCubbin's stress theory and Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. In 1985, Hmong reported fewer needs or problems with housing, employment, nutrition, clothing, and family conflict. However, increased problems were found with family finance, home- sickness, and concern for family members left behind in Laos. Possible reasons for these changes are discussed.
Self-Forgiveness and Mortality in Late Life

The purpose of this study is to see if older people who are able to forgive themselves have a lower mortality risk than older adults who are not able to forgive themselves. In addition, it is hypothesized that the relationship between self-forgiveness and mortality will be contingent upon the level of an older individual’s education. More specifically, it is predicted that the potentially beneficial effects of self-forgiveness will be more evident among older people with more years of schooling. Data from a nationwide survey of older people provide support for this view. Self-forgiveness does not provide a mortality benefit for less educated elders. But as the level of educational attainment rises, self-forgiveness is associated with a progressively smaller mortality risk.
Use of a Microtiter Plate Screening Method for Obtaining Leuconostoc mesenteroides Mutants Constitutive for Glucansucrase

A new method using microtiter plates for screening mutants for the production of glucansucrases of Leuconostoc mesenteroides was developped. The method significantly increased the efficiency of the screening process for enzyme production of mutants. Several high-producing constitutive mutants for glucansucrase were selected from L. mesenteroides B-512FMC, B-742CB, B-1299CB, and B-1355C. Enzyme production of the mutants were stable for at least 6 months with culture transfer every two weeks and as lyophilized cultures. The method has wide-ranging capabilities beyond the screening for glucansucrase-producing mutants and it could be used for the screening of many kinds of enzymes or compounds produced by microbial mutants.
Fine mapping of GS2, a dominant gene for big grain rice

Abstract Grain shape as a major determinant of rice yield and quality is widely believed to be controlled by quantitative trait loci (QTL). We have identified a novel gene “ GS2 ” to largely regulate grain length and width in rice. The GS2 allele in the big-grain rice line ‘CDL’ functioned in a dominant manner. In the present study, we employed a chromosome walking strategy in the residual heterozygous lines from recombinant inbred population between cultivar “R1126” and CDL, and located the GS2 gene in an interval of ~ 33.2 kb flanked by marker GL2-35-1 and GL2-12 in the long arm of rice chromosome 2. According to genome annotations, three putative gene loci, LOC_Os02g47280, LOC_Os02g47290 and LOC_Os02g47300, exist in this candidate region. In addition, allelic analysis with previously reported genes demonstrated that GS2 was novel for regulating rice grain shape. These results will help promote the cloning and functional characterization of the GS2 gene and further develop linked markers to be used in marker-assisted breeding.
Further evidence that the Golgi tendon organ monitors the activity of a discrete set of motor units within a muscle

The model of tendon organ activation proposed by Houk and Henneman (1967) has been tested by considering two of its implicit predictions: (1) that only a select group of motor units within a muscle can provide an adequate stimulus to a given tendon organ; and (2) that due to the presence of motor units that can “unload” a given tendon organ, its response to whole muscle contraction can be less vigorous than that to contraction of just the excitatory motor units alone. Tendon organ afferents from the soleus muscle of the cat were functionally isolated from dorsal root filaments. The L7 and S1 ventral roots were split into 25 to 50 “natural” subdivisions, each of which was stimulated at 50 to 100 Hz for 1.5 s. The subdivided filaments were segregated into two groups; those which when stimulated elicited discharge from the Ib afferent (“excitatory” filaments) and those which did not (“non-excitatory” filaments). In ten of eleven experiments, it was found that when all the excitatory filaments were separated out, concurrent stimulation of all the non-excitatory filaments failed to excite the tendon organ, even when these filaments generated over 90% of the muscle's peak tetanic tension. The response of a tendon organ to stimulation of just its excitatory filaments often exceeded its response to whole muscle stimulation. However, several exceptions to this finding were observed, indicating that some tendon organs are affected by “off-line” forces. In general, the present results lend strong support to the Houk and Henneman model.
Gold nanorod separation and characterization by asymmetric-flow field flow fractionation with UV–Vis detection

The application of asymmetric-flow field flow fractionation (A4F) for low aspect ratio gold nanorod (GNR) fractionation and characterization was comprehensively investigated. We report on two novel aspects of this application. The first addresses the analytical challenge involved in the fractionation of positively charged nanoparticles by A4F, due to the interaction that exists between the negatively charged native membrane and the analyte. We show that the mobile phase composition is a critical parameter for controlling fractionation and mitigating the membrane-analyte interaction. A mixture of ammonium nitrate and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide at different molar ratios enables separation of GNRs with high recovery. The second aspect is the demonstration of shape-based separation of GNRs in A4F normal mode elution (i.e., Brownian mode). We show that the elution of GNRs is due both to aspect ratio and a steric-entropic contribution for GNRs with the same diameter. This latter effect can be explained by their orientation vector inside the A4F channel. Our experimental results demonstrate the relevance of the theory described by Beckett and Giddings for non-spherical fractionation (Beckett and Giddings, J Colloid and Interface Sci 186(1):53–59, 1997). However, it is shown that this theory has its limit in the case of complex GNR mixtures, and that shape (i.e., aspect ratio) is the principal material parameter controlling elution of GNRs in A4F; the apparent translational diffusion coefficient of GNRs increases with aspect ratio. Finally, the performance of the methodology developed in this work is evaluated by the fractionation and characterization of individual components from a mixture of GNR aspect ratios.
8 Cortisol Values do not Correlate with Blood Pressure in Preterm Neonates.

Purpose: Despite scant evidence describing the role of cortisol in blood pressure (BP) regulation in the neonatal population, hydrocortisone is frequently used to treat preterm infants with hypotension resistant to volume and pressor agents. Circulating cortisol exists in 2 forms: protein bound (90%) and the biologically active free form (10%). No prospective studies have examined the relationship between total cortisol and free cortisol in the preterm neonate during the first postnatal week, or the relationship between cortisol values and BP in this group of infants. The primary purpose of this study, therefore, is to characterize total and free cortisol levels over the first week of life and examine their relationship to BP values in the preterm neonate. Methods: All infants with an estimated gestational age (EGA) ≤32 weeks were eligible for enrollment. After obtaining parental consent, blood samples were obtained 4 times during the first postnatal week (e.g. 24-36hr, 48-72hr, DOL 5 and DOL 7). Data including BP, respiratory status and fluid balance were also obtained at these times. Total and free cortisol was measured using HPLC mass spectrometry and radioimmunoassay. Results: 35 infants of EGA 30-32 weeks were enrolled between May 2005 and January 2006. Total cortisol values ranged from 1-35μg/dl (7.6 ± 8.5[s.d]) at 24-36hr and trended down to 1-14μg/dl (4.0 ± 3.5) by DOL 7. Free cortisol values ranged from 0.02-25μg/dl (2.2 ± 5.6) at 24-36hr and also showed a downward trend by DOL 7 to 0.02-0.86μg/dl (0.17 ± 0.2). The ratio of free to total cortisol varied from 2-74% (11.8% ± 17%) at 24-36hr to 1-10% (3.9% ± 1.9%). Although there was a significant linear increase in BP over the first week (mean BP at 24-36hr, 41 ± 6.2 vs. DOL 7, 49 ± 7.6 p <. 001), there was no correlation between BP and total cortisol or free cortisol at 24-36hr, 48-72hr or DOL 7 (r = -0.05, -0.04 and -0.1 (total cortisol); -0.01, 0.06, and -0.02 (free cortisol) respectively). A moderate correlation (r = 0.45) between BP and total and free cortisol was noted on DOL 5. Conclusions: Total cortisol, free cortisol and the percentage of free cortisol trend downward in preterm neonates with an EGA of 30-32 weeks during the first week of life, though a larger sample size will be required to detect if this trend is significant. There is no correlation between total or free cortisol with BP during this time period, making the utility of a random cortisol value to guide treatment for hypotension questionable. Whether this is also true for infants of younger gestational ages is unknown; however, we are in the process of evaluating a concurrent cohort of infants with EGA 24-29 weeks to further examine this question.
Comprehensive Flood Plain Studies Using Spatial Data Management Techniques.

Abstract : A pilot study undertaken to develop and test analytical methodologies for application in comprehensive flood plain information studies is described. The methodology permits and encourages comprehensive, systematic, practical assessments of present and alternative future basin-wide development patterns as reflected by alternative land use patterns and physical works in terms of flood hazard, economic damage potential and selected environmental consequences. The analysis methodologies are centered about integrated use of computerized spatial, gridded geographic and resource data files. A family of special purpose utility computer programs access the data file and extract appropriate variables and interpret and format the data into specific analytical parameters that are subsequently formatted for input to traditional modeling computer programs. An example application to Trail Creek in Clarke County, Georgia, is described. (Author)
Stroke centers and quality of stroke care: how are we doing?

There can be no doubt that we are getting better at treating stroke patients. According to the 2011 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics Update, from 1997 to 2007 the annual stroke death rate decreased 34.3% and the actual number of stroke deaths declined 18.8%.1 Stroke center implementation may have contributed to these improvements. Ten years ago, the Brain Attack Coalition introduced recommendations for the establishment of primary stroke centers (PSCs)2 and the Joint Commission (JC) subsequently began certifying PSCs in 2003. In 2007, the Stroke Unit Trialists' Collaboration reported that patients with strokes treated in a stroke unit had better outcomes than those who did not.3 A recent study of state-designated stroke-certified hospitals in New York also found a lower 30-day mortality and readmission rate compared with noncertified hospitals.4 To date, data specifically regarding outcomes in JC-certified hospitals have been lacking. In this issue of Neurology ®, Lichtman et al.5 compare the 30-day risk-standardized mortality and readmission rates in JC-certified hospitals in 2006 with …
Maxillary and Mandibular Dentoalveolar Heights of French-Canadians 10 to 15 Years of Age

Abstract Objective: To establish reference data for anterior and posterior dentoalveolar heights of growing French-Canadians with untreated normal occlusions and malocclusions. Materials and Methods: The mixed longitudinal sample includes 227 French-Canadians, 119 male and 108 female, with cephalograms taken annually between 10–15 years of age. Maxillary and mandibular dentoalveolar heights were measured as the perpendicular distances of the incisor tips and first molar mesial cusp tips to the palatal (ANS-PNS) and mandibular (Go-Me) planes. Results: Male dentoalveolar heights were significantly (P < .05) greater than female heights at all ages. Dentoalveolar heights at 15 years of age were significantly larger (P < .05) than at 10 years of age, with differences ranging from 2.1–4.2 mm in male subjects and from 2.1–3.8 mm in female subjects. The greatest difference in dentoalveolar heights between the 10- and 15-year-old age groups was for the maxillary first molar; the maxillary central incisor height sh...
State and motion of hydrogen in crystalline silicon.

The open-shell version of the modified intermediate neglect-of-differential-overlap molecular-orbital method has been used to obtain the equilibrium positions of H, ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$, and ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ in a 32-atom cyclic silicon cluster. Two shells of silicon neighbors around the defect have been allowed to relax and reconstruct while the potential surface for the hydrogen was mapped. The absolute minimum has been found for both H and ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ at the bond-centered interstitial (BC) site. The H (or ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$) breaks the lattice bond only if lattice relaxation is allowed. The energy of the H atom relative to the lattice is 0.1 eV lower at this point than its energy in a ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ molecule located on the tetrahedral interstitial (${T}_{d}$) site. An additional local minimum for the atomic hydrogen has been found at a distance of 0.42 A\r{} from the ${T}_{d}$ site in the 〈111〉 direction toward the next silicon atom, the antibonding (AB) site. This site is 0.92 eV higher in energy than the BC site. Saddle-point calculations show that the activation energy for diffusion of H is about 0.8 eV from the BC site, and about 0.4 eV for diffusion between AB sites. No gap levels arise with the H atom on the BC site. A donor level emerges above the valence-band edge when the H atom moves from one BC site to another. This can be ionized in a p-type material. The ionized system exhibits the same diffusion path for hydrogen.
k-anonymous secret handshakes with reusable credentials

The problem of privacy-preserving authentication has been extensively investigated in a set of diverse system settings. However, a full-fledged such mechanism called secret handshake, whereby two users (e.g., CIA agents) authenticate each other in a way that no one reveals its own membership (or credential) unless the peer's legitimacy was already ensured of, remains to be elusive because simultaneity of authentication must be guaranteed even in the presence of an active adversary that may act as a handshake initiator or responder. The state-of-the-art secret handshake scheme is very efficient, but imposes on the users the following restriction: either they have to use one-time credentials, or they have to suffer from the privacy degradation that all the sessions involving a same user (or credential are trivially linkable. In this paper, we present the first secret handshake schemes that achieve unlinkability while allowing the users to reuse their credentials (i.e., unlinkability is not achieved by means of one-time credentials). Specifically, we introduce the concept of $k$-anonymous secret handshakes where $k$ is an adjustable parameter indicating the desired anonymity assurance. We present a detailed construction based on public key cryptosystems, and sketch another based on symmetric key cryptosystems. Both schemes are efficient, and can even be seamlessly integrated into a standard public key infrastructure (PKI). Moreover, and their security analysis does not resort to any random oracle.
Binocular contrast summation—I. Detection and discrimination

Binocular summation was evaluated for contrast detection and discrimination. Monocular and binocular forced-choice psychometric functions were measured for the detection of 0.5-c/deg sine-wave gratings presented alone (simple detection), or superimposed on identical background gratings (discrimination). The dependence of detectability d' on signal contrast C could be described by: d' = (C/C')n. C' is threshold contrast, and n is an index of the steepness of the psychometric function. n was near 2 for simple detection, near 1 for discrimination, and was approximately the same for monocular and binocular viewing. Monocular thresholds were about 1.5 times binocular thresholds for detection, but the ratio dropped for suprathreshold discrimination. These results reveal a dependence of binocular summation on background contrast. For simple detection, binocular detectabilities were at least twice monocular detectabilities . For contrast discrimination, the amount of binocular summation decreased. For a 25%-contrast background, there was little or no binocular summation. It is concluded that binocular contrast summation decreases as background contrast rises.
Specific entities affecting the craniocervical region: Down’s syndrome

The ligamentous laxities and bony abnormalities associated with Down’s syndrome, os odontoideum, achondroplasia, osteogenesis imperfecta, and basilar invagination have been discussed with the imaging of the craniocervical junction. These are significant and require suspicion when dealing with children with the previously mentioned entities. Previous adverse surgical results in managing these patients reflect the lack of understanding of the underlying pathology and the appropriate surgical treatment.
Nucleation is Second Order: An Apparent Kinetically Effective Nucleus of Two for Ir(0)n Nanoparticle Formation from [(1,5-COD)IrI·P2W15Nb3O62]8– Plus Hydrogen

Nucleation initiates phase changes across nature. A fundamentally important, presently unanswered question is if nucleation begins as classical nucleation theory (CNT) postulates, with n equivalents of monomer A forming a “critical nucleus”, An, in a thermodynamic (equilibrium) process. Alternatively, is a smaller nucleus formed at a kinetically limited rate? Herein, nucleation kinetics are studied starting with the nanoparticle catalyst precursor, [A] = [(Bu4N)5Na3(1,5-COD)IrI·P2W15Nb3O62], forming soluble/dispersible, B = Ir(0)∼300 nanoparticles stabilized by the P2W15Nb3O629– polyoxoanion. The resulting sigmoidal kinetic curves are analyzed using the 1997 Finke–Watzky (hereafter FW) two-step mechanism of (i) slow continuous nucleation (A → B, rate constant k1obs), then (ii) fast autocatalytic surface growth (A + B → 2B, rate constant k2obs). Relatively precise homogeneous nucleation rate constants, k1obs, examined as a function of the amount of precatalyst, A, reveal that k1obs has an added dependence ...
On planetary nebula nuclei of the spectral type 'continuous'

A detailed reexamination of existing and new International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) low-and high-resolution spectra, plus a search of recent literature, shows that for most of the central stars of planetary nebulae the spectral classification previously called 'continuous-type' does not really exist. The stellar continua show primarily photospheric absorption features of N V, O V, C IV, H, He II, Fe VII, Fe VI, and Fe V, and/or P Cygni profiles.
Warm Season Mesoscale Superensemble Precipitation Forecasts in the Southeastern United States

Abstract With current computational limitations, the accuracy of high-resolution precipitation forecasts has limited temporal and spatial resolutions. However, with the recent development of the superensemble technique, the potential to improve precipitation forecasts at the regional resolution exists. The purpose of this study is to apply the superensemble technique to regional precipitation forecasts to generate more accurate forecasts pinpointing exact locations and intensities of strong precipitation systems. This study will determine the skill of a regional superensemble forecast out to 60 h by examining its equitable threat score and its false alarm ratio. The regional superensemble consists of 12–60-h daily quantitative precipitation forecasts from six models. Five are independent operational models, and one comes from the physically initialized Florida State University regional spectral model. The superensemble forecasts are verified during the summer 2003 season over the southeastern United State...
Construction of explicit and implicit symmetric tvd schemes and their applications

A one-parameter family of explicit and implicit total variation diminishing (TVD) schemes is developed which permits incorporation of an expanded group of slope and flux limiters. The numerical technique is intended for use in calculations which include a time-differencing scheme and an optional Lax-Wendroff scheme. Methods of extending the TVD models to nonlinear scalar equations and systems of hyperbolic conservation equations are described. Sample results are presented from calculations of shocked flows around NACA 0012 and NACA 0018 airfoils.
The recreation benefits of beach renourishment

Abstract This paper presents a methodology for directly estimating recreational benefits associated with beach renourishment. The methodology is employed to estimate benefits for the renourishment of the northern New Jersey beaches. It is shown that estimated benefits are more sensitive to the estimated increase in visitation associated with beach renourishment than to the estimated increase in willingness-to-pay. More emphasis needs to be placed on visitation estimates in a cost-benefit analysis of beach renourishment than has been done previously. Additionally, for the first time, estimates of the existence value of beach renourishment are provided.
Experimental argon laser photocoagulation. I. Effects on retinal nerve fiber layer.

• Eight rhesus monkeys were photocoagulated with varying intensities of argon laser energy to determine the effects on the retinal nerve fiber layer. Photocoagulation of arterioles and venules always resulted in largely irreversible and permanent perivascular axonal destruction. Photocoagulation of areas free of major vessels showed variable responses to identical dosages, ranging from minimal destruction of the outer part of the retina to full-thickness destruction involving the nerve fiber layer. Variations in retinal thickness, vascularity, pigment epithelial pigmentation, and focus of the laser beam are responsible for differences in severity of each burn. Even when major vessels are avoided, it is impossible to predict accurately the degree of damage. However, our studies suggest that much of the initial damage is extracellular, sparing nerve fiber layer axons. Therefore, some acute damage might be reversible following resorption of the edema.
Rare-earth arsenides

Abstract X-ray powder diffraction techniques have been used to examine the binary systems formed between arsenic and the elements Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Ho, Er, and Yb, in the temperature range 500 °–900 °C. All the binary systems have a phase at the equiatomic composition which crystallises in the NaCl-type structure. In six of the systems studied (Y, Sm, Gd, Tb, Ho, Er/As) this is the only intermediate phase observed. The next most frequently occuring structure type is the NdAs2 type which is found for the diarsenides of La, Ce, Pr, and Nd. Single crystal measurements indicated that the symmetry is monoclinic, space group solP21 c . • LaAs2 (below 750 °C) a = 4.212 A , b = 6.935 A , c = 10.647 A , β = 106.60 ° • CeAs2 a = 4.165 A , b = 6.871 A , c = 10.561 A , β = 106.72 ° • PrAs2 a = 4.139 A , b = 6.844 A , c = 10.509 A , β = 106.69 ° • NdAs2 a = 4.109 A , b = 6.819 A , c = 10.449 A , β = 106.68 ° The LaAs2-type structure is formed above 750 °C only by LaAs2. Single crystal measurements indicated that the symmetry is monoclinic, space group solB2 b , a = 12.891 A , b = 9.140 A , c = 14.450 A , γ = 135.16 °. Three phases were found crystallising in the anti-Th3P4 structure, Ce4As3, Pr4As3 and Yb4As3 with a = 9.053, 8.994 and 8.791 A, respectively. A rhombohedral distortion (space group R3) of the Th3P4 structure was also observed in some samples of Yb4As3, a = 8.784 A , α = 90.80 °. The only phase obtained with the stoichiometry 5:3 was Yb5As3. It has the Mn5Si3 structure, a = 8.480 A , c = 6.671 A , solc a = 0.787 . A small range of composition extends in the direction of metal deficiency.
Cooperative Pricing Under Forecasting Sharing in the Manufacturer-E-Retailer Supply Chain

With the rapid development of the Internet, many retailers and individuals nowadays use this technology to engage in direct e-retailing sales. In this article, we investigate the value of demand-forecast information sharing in a manufacturer-e-retailer supply chain. The value of market information depends not only on its accuracy, but also on the e-retailerâ€™s market power and the productâ€™s Web compatibility. We develop a theoretical approach to examine the value of information sharing for the manufacturer and the e-retailer first, and then we further check to see how information sharing is moderated by the e-retailerâ€™s market share and the productâ€™s e-market-base demand. Our results suggest that under some conditions, both the manufacturer and the e-retailer can be better off from information sharing. Especially when the e-retailerâ€™s market share is larger and the productâ€™s e-market-base demand is higher, information sharing is more valuable for the supply chain players. Using our analysis findings, we indicate marketing strategies that the manufacturer and the e-retailer may want to adopt.
Cerebral vasospasm after transsphenoidal resection of pituitary macroadenomas: report of 3 cases and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND Delayed ischemic events due to vasospasm are a well-known complication of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Severe vasospasm in other neurosurgical settings is not as well recognized. Delay in diagnosis and treatment of vasospasm in such settings may be associated with significant neurological morbidity. OBJECTIVE To present three cases of symptomatic delayed cerebral vasospasm after transsphenoidal resection of pituitary macroadenomas. METHODS Transsphenoidal resection in all cases was complicated by peritumoral hemorrhage with extension into the subarachnoid space. Two of the 3 patients required re-operation to evacuate the hematoma in the tumor bed because of progressive worsening neurological deficits. RESULTS All 3 patients developed vasospasm of the intracranial vessels, starting as early as postoperative day 5 and appearing as late as postoperative day 10. Comparisons to the non-vascular pre-operative magnetic resonance imaging studies confirmed the "de-novo" nature of the vasospasm based on the caliber of the flow voids. CONCLUSION Transsphenoidal surgery complicated by peritumoral hemorrhage is associated with a significant risk of neurological morbidity because of delayed cerebral vasospasm. Early recognition and management according to guidelines used for postaneurysmal SAH may help to improve outcomes in these patients.
Generating metadata for cyberlearning resources through information retrieval and meta-search

The goal of this study was to propose novel cyberlearning resource-based scientific referential metadata for an assortment of publications and scientific topics, in order to enhance the learning experiences of students and scholars in a cyberinfrastructure-enabled learning environment. By using information retrieval and meta-search approaches, different types of referential metadata, such as related Wikipedia pages, data sets, source code, video lectures, presentation slides, and (online) tutorials for scientific publications and scientific topics will be automatically retrieved, associated, and ranked. In order to test our method of automatic cyberlearning referential metadata generation, we designed a user experiment to validate the quality of the metadata for each scientific keyword and publication and resource-ranking algorithm. Evaluation results show that the cyberlearning referential metadata retrieved via meta-search and statistical relevance ranking can help students better understand the essence of scientific keywords and publications.
Canonical government and the specifier parameter: An ECP account of weak crossover

Current analyses of weak crossover (WCO) focus on properties of the antecedent-variable binding relation (bijection) or of the variables themselves (homogeneity), or on the structural relation between the trace and pronoun involved (c-command). All of these theories fail in a significant case, that in which both bound positions are canonically governed. Here, there is frequently no WCO effect. This paper pursues a government-theoretic account, analyzing the presence or absence of the WCO effect in terms of an ECP which incorporates canonical government. The grammar in focus is that of Palauan, whose basic order is VOS. A principled distinction among SVO, VOS, and other grammars is provided by a specifier parameter, which sets the specifier position in relation to that of other constituents of the phrase and determines how specifiers are governed. The distribution of WCO effects follows from the interaction of the specifier parameter and canonical government.
Whole-abdominal radiotherapy for patients with minimal residual epithelial ovarian cancer

Abstract Sixteen patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer who were treated with cytoreductive surgery followed by multiagent chemotherapy were found to have residual tumor masses less than 2 cm in greatest diameter at reexploration and were treated with whole-abdominal radiation (19–31 Gy). Thirteen patients also received pelvic boosts to a total pelvic dose of 41–53.7 Gy. Radiotherapy was completed in all but 2 patients after treatment delays in 7 patients. Early treatment complications included myelosuppression in 11 patients, diarrhea in 3, and a self-limited small bowel obstruction in one. Delayed complications were severe and included 9 patients with radiation enterocolitis, 8 of whom required intestinal resection or diversion. One additional patient with radiation cystitis required instillation of formalin to control bleeding. Two patients are without evidence of disease 28 and 30 months following radiotherapy, while the remaining 14 patients have recurred after a median progression-free interval of 9 months (range 1–30 months). All patients who recurred failed within the treatment field and died of cancer after a median interval of 19 months following radiotherapy and 9 months after documentation of progression. These data suggest that few patients with persistent ovarian cancer following surgery and chemotherapy will be salvaged with radiotherapy.
Finite-element methods for steady solidification problems

Four Galerkin finite-element methods are tested for solving the free-boundary problem that describes steady solidification. The formulations differ in the solution method used to account for the unknown shape of the melt/solid interface, in the interphase condition (either balance of heat flux or equilibrium of temperature) distinguished for locating the interface, and in the technique used for solving the systems of algebraic equations that result from the finite-element approximations. Methods that use the melting point isotherm to locate the melt/solid interface are found more accurate and efficient than formulations based on the interfacial energy balance. Solution by a Galerkin-Newton algorithm of the free-boundary problem transformed to a fixed domain is most efficient when the field problem in each phase is made nonlinear by including radiation from the melt and solid to the surroundings.
Lingua Francas for design: sacred places and pattern languages

A central challenge in interaction design has to do with its diversity. Designers, engineers, managers, marketers, researchers and users all have important contributions to make to the design process. But at the same time they lack shared concepts, experiences and perspectives. How is the process of design-which requires communication, negotiation and compromise-to effectively proceed in the absence of a common ground? I argue that an important role for the interaction designer is to help stakeholders in the design process to construct alingua franca.To explore this issue, which has received remarkably little attention in HCI, I turn to work in urban design and architecture. I begin by discussing a case study in community design, reported by Hester [10], that demonstrates the power of alingua francafor a particular design project. I then describe the concept of pattern languages and discuss how they might be adapted to the needs of interaction design in general, and used, in particular, as meta-languages for generatinglingua francasfor particular design projects.
Two Dimensional Photonic Filter with a Circular Resonant Cavity

A new type of the two dimensional photonic filter which includes two in-line waveguides and a circular ring resonant cavity is presented in this paper. By using Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method, we calculated and demonstrated the broadband frequency response of the filter and analyzed the impact of changing the dielectric constant of the inner rods on the transmission characteristics of the filter. Compared with the transmission characteristics of a micro-cavity,our numerical results show that such a filter can transmit multiple narrowband signals simultaneously. The number of the passbands of the filter increases with the rings of inner dielectric rods in the cavity. The center wavelength of the passbands can be tuned by adjusting the dielectric constant of the whole rods and inner rods without changing the size of the cavity..
Survival Is Not the Only Valuable End Point in Melanoma Screening

The impact and benefit of screening and early detection of melanoma in the general population is controversial. Discrepancies exist in recommendations across different organizations worldwide. In the US, a broad range of screening and surveillance strategies can be identified. The 2009 US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) report stated that due to the limited evidence linking skin cancer screening to improved health outcomes, screening in the general primary care population could not be recommended (Wolff et al, 2009). This statement was predicated on the lack of evidence from randomized controlled studies addressing the survival benefit of screening for skin cancer based on whole body examination. Herein we will review the current data on alternative, non-survival outcomes and benefits, including: reduction of melanoma thickness at the time of diagnosis, reduced morbidity, enhanced primary and secondary prevention education, increased cost-effectiveness, and improved targeting of the highest-risk populations followed by methods to improve the effectiveness of screening. However, melanoma screening also comes with a price, which is not limited to financial implications. Some of the limitations challenging the effectiveness of screening efforts include potential “over diagnosis”, the difficulty of early identification of rapidly developing melanomas, and the challenge of reaching out to certain high-risk groups, such as older males.
Potential merger‐forcing entry reduces maximum spacing between firms in spatial competition

In the literature, the range of market sizes (spacings between firms) consistent with free-entry equilibrium, in various models of spatial competition, extends from the zero-profit market size, up to the market size for which ‘sophisticated entry’ halfway between two existing firms, by an entrant that correctly foresees post-entry prices, is marginally deterred. I argue that the upper limit might be the (significantly smaller) market size for which ‘merger-forcing entry’ by an entrant right next to an existing firm, causing severe price competition and inducing a horizontal merger between the entrant and the existing firm, is marginally deterred.
The source of trimuon events in neutrino scattering

Abstract A comprehensive study indicates that equally likely sources for trimuon events neutrino scattering are (a) charged heavy lepton production (with decay to three muons) and (b) simultaneous production of a neutral lepton (with decay to two muons) and a heavy quark (with decay to one muon). The sequential decay of a heavy quark to two muons is less likely. An intriguing model yielding simultaneous M0 and b quark production is proposed.