cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Who is this "We"? Levels of collective identity and self representations.

Cross-cultural perspectives have brought renewed interest in the social aspects of the self and the extent to which individuals define themselves in terms of their relationships to others and to social groups. This article provides a conceptual review of research and theory of the social self, arguing that the personal, relational, and collective levels of self-definition represent distinct forms of selfrepresentation with different origins, sources of self-worth, and social motivations. A set of 3 experiments illustrates haw priming of the interpersonal or collective "we" can alter spontaneous judgments of similarity and self-descriptions. Until recently, social psychological theories of the self focused on the individuated self-concept—the person's sense of unique identity differentiated from others. Cross-cultural perspectives, however, have brought a renewed interest in the social aspects of the self and the extent to which individuals define themselves in terms of their relationships to others and to social groups (Markus & Kitayama, 1991; Triandis, Bontempo, Villareal, Asai, & Lucca, 1988). Central to this new perspective is the idea that connectedness and belonging are not merely affiliations or alliances between the self and others but entail fundamental differences in the way the self is construed (Brewer, 1991; Markus & Kitayama, 1991; Singelis, 1994; Trafimow, Triandis, & Goto, 1991; Triandis, 1989; Turner, Oakes, Haslam, & McGarty, 1994). Some of these theories of the social self focus on cross-cultural differences in whether the self is typically construed as individuated or interpersonal. However, all recognize that these different self-construals may also coexist within the same individual, available to be activated at different times or in different contexts. Furthermore, in several theories, achieving an extended sense of self has the status of a fundamental human motivation (Baumeister & Leary, 1995; Brewer, 1991). In other words, individuals seek to define themselves in terms of their immersion in relationships with others and with larger collectives and derive much of their self-evaluation from such social identities (Breckler & Greenwald, 1986; Greenwald & Breckler, 1985). The motivational properties of collective identities are systematically documented in Baumeister and Leary's (1995) comprehensive review of the evidence in support of a fundamental "need to belong" as an innate feature of human nature. All of the theories mentioned above draw some kind of distinction between the individuated or personal self (those aspects of the self-concept that differentiate the self from all others) and a relational or social self (those aspects of the self-concept that
Some Effects of a Synthetic Detergent on Estuarine Fishes

Abstract Acute toxicity of an alkyl benzene sulfonate (ABS) surfactant detergent to five species of juvenile estuarine fishes was determined at 20‰ salinity and 20° C. Concentrations of detergent that will kill 50 per cent of the test organisms in 96 hours ranged from 7.0 parts per million (ppm) for silversides, Menidia menidia, to 22.5 ppm for mummichogs, Fundulus heteroclitus. Intermediate in susceptibility were mullet, Mugil cephalus (10.1 ppm), winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus (8.2 ppm), and eels, Anguilla rostrata (7.5 ppm). After 12 weeks in solution, the synthetic detergent (syndet) retained most of its toxicity. The stock syndet contained 30.3 per cent ABS at week zero as determined by the methylene blue method. Salinity of the medium affects toxicity of the syndet. Eels which were exposed to 10 ppm syndet for 96 hours and mummichogs exposed to 20 ppm syndet for 120 hours were relatively unaffected at salinities below 15‰ but died at salinities approaching ocean strength. Prolonged e...
Plasma B6 vitamer and 4-pyridoxic acid concentrations of men fed controlled diets

Abstract A rapid and sensitive procedure is described for the analysis of all the B 6 vitamers and 4-pyridoxic acid in human plasma utilizing reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and fluorometric detection. Pyridoxal phosphate values obtained by radiometric and chromatographic, ultraviolet and fluorometric, assays were highly correlated as were pyridoxine phosphate values determined using both detectors. Plasma B 6 vitamer and 4-pyridoxic acid concentrations of 22 men fed diets containing 0.75–0.98 mg of vitamin B 6 daily for eight weeks were in the range of reported values; pyridoxal phosphate was their predominant plasma B 6 vitamer. This methodology should be useful in the assessment of vitamin B 6 requirements.
Selection and Implementation of a Simulated Electronic Medical Record (EMR) in a Nursing Skills Lab

SUNY Plattsburgh has a baccalaureate nursing program that has been active in integrating technology in nursing education for many years. Recently, the faculty implemented human simulation (Laerdal's SimMan) in the Nursing Skills Lab (NSL) to provide some uniform clinical experiences (high frequency or high risk scenarios) not always available in hospital clinicals. Now the challenge has been to include a method for students to practice electronic documentation of nursing actions outside of their clinical experiences. To meet this need, several software products were examined. In 2008, when this project began, there were few products from which to choose. Several large electronic medical record (EMR) products were examined, but due to privacy mandates, they did not lend themselves to use in simulation. One EMR company (Cerner) does have a simulation product, but it is expensive. The faculty wanted to introduce a documentation system easily adaptable to scenarios consistent with the classroom content and th...
Micro-Potentiometric pH Determinations of the Gut of Periplaneta americana Fed Three Different Diets

Potentiometric determinations of the crop, 3 regions of midgut, and the hindgut of adult American cockroaches, Periplaneta americana (L.), showed no significant differences (P>0.05) related to a diet of banana, meat, or a mixture of the two. Nevertheless, the diet-dependent pH range of the crop varied from 4.82 to 6.76, with averages of 5.75 and 6.46 on banana and meat, respectively. There was a very stable slightly acid condition (∼pH 6.5) in the rest of the tract which was uninfluenced by diet. A slight but consistent decreasing gradient of acidity was noted from crop to rectum.
The p73 Tumor Suppressor Is Targeted by Pirh2 RING Finger E3 Ubiquitin Ligase for the Proteasome-dependent Degradation

The p73 gene, a homologue of the p53 tumor suppressor, is expressed as TA and ΔN isoforms. TAp73 has similar activity as p53 and functions as a tumor suppressor whereas ΔNp73 has both pro- and anti-survival functions. While p73 is rarely mutated in spontaneous tumors, the expression status of p73 is linked to the sensitivity of tumor cells to chemotherapy and prognosis for many types of human cancer. Thus, uncovering its regulators in tumors is of great interest. Here, we found that Pirh2, a RING finger E3 ubiquitin ligase, promotes the proteasome-dependent degradation of p73. Specifically, we showed that knockdown of Pirh2 up-regulates, whereas ectopic expression of Pirh2 down-regulates, expression of endogenous and exogenous p73. In addition, Pirh2 physically associates with and promotes TAp73 polyubiquitination both in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, we found that p73 can be degraded by both 20 S and 26 S proteasomes. Finally, we showed that Pirh2 knockdown leads to growth suppression in a TAp73-dependent manner. Taken together, our findings indicate that Pirh2 promotes the proteasomal turnover of TAp73, and thus targeting Pirh2 to restore TAp73-mediated growth suppression in p53-deficient tumors may be developed as a novel anti-cancer strategy.
ENCODE Tiling Array Analysis Identifies Differentially Expressed Annotated and Novel 5′ Capped RNAs in Hepatitis C Infected Liver

Microarray studies of chronic hepatitis C infection have provided valuable information regarding the host response to viral infection. However, recent studies of the human transcriptome indicate pervasive transcription in previously unannotated regions of the genome and that many RNA transcripts have short or lack 3′ poly(A) ends. We hypothesized that using ENCODE tiling arrays (1% of the genome) in combination with affinity purifying Pol II RNAs by their unique 5′ m7GpppN cap would identify previously undescribed annotated and unannotated genes that are differentially expressed in liver during hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Both 5′-capped and poly(A)+ populations of RNA were analyzed using ENCODE tiling arrays. Sixty-four annotated genes were significantly increased in HCV cirrhotic as compared to control liver; twenty-seven (42%) of these genes were identified only by analyzing 5′ capped RNA. Thirty-one annotated genes were significantly decreased; sixteen (50%) of these were identified only by analyzing 5′ capped RNA. Bioinformatic analysis showed that capped RNA produced more consistent results, provided a more extensive expression profile of intronic regions and identified upregulated Pol II transcriptionally active regions in unannotated areas of the genome in HCV cirrhotic liver. Two of these regions were verified by PCR and RACE analysis. qPCR analysis of liver biopsy specimens demonstrated that these unannotated transcripts, as well as IRF1, TRIM22 and MET, were also upregulated in hepatitis C with mild inflammation and no fibrosis. The analysis of 5′ capped RNA in combination with ENCODE tiling arrays provides additional gene expression information and identifies novel upregulated Pol II transcripts not previously described in HCV infected liver. This approach, particularly when combined with new RNA sequencing technologies, should also be useful in further defining Pol II transcripts differentially regulated in specific disease states and in studying RNAs regulated by changes in pre-mRNA splicing or 3′ polyadenylation status.
Iron status at 9 months of infants with low iron stores at birth.

Abstract Objective: To determine the 9-month follow-up iron status of infants born with abnormally low serum ferritin concentrations. Study design: Ten infants of >34 weeks' gestation with cord serum ferritin concentrations 80 μg/L had follow-up serum ferritin concentrations measured at 9 ± 1 month of age. The mean follow-up ferritins, incidences of iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia, and growth rates from 0 to 12 months were compared between the two groups. Results: At follow-up, the low birth ferritin group had a lower mean ferritin than the control group (30 ± 17 vs 57 ± 33 μg/L; P =.03), but no infant in either group had iron deficiency (serum ferritin r = −0.52; P =.05). Both groups were predominantly breast-fed without iron supplementation before 6 months. Conclusions: Infants born with serum ferritin concentrations
Use of Psychotropic Drugs in the Substance Abuse Setting

Psychotropic drugs are increasingly being used in the substance abuse setting for two reasons. Cited research shows that more chemically dependent clients are also being diagnosed with a mental illness, and thus require psychotropic medications. The second reason is that psychotropic drugs are being tried as part of substance abuse treatment. Use of these medications engender several issues for substance abuse treatment staff.
The Place of Photographs in the Collections, Displays, and Other Work of General Pitt-Rivers

General Pitt-Rivers’s photographic collections have received little attention before now. The surviving evidence relating to his acquisition of photographs is reviewed and, in particular, a collecting trip to Scandinavia in 1879 described. It is argued that Pitt-Rivers collected photographs primarily in order to complement the displays in the exhibition of his collection at South Kensington Museum from 1878 to 1884.
Immunocytochemical localization of GABA in neurons projecting to the ventrolateral nucleus of the solitary tract.

To determine the origin of gamma-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) input to the ventrolateral solitary tract nucleus (vlnTS), we used a double-labeling procedure for retrogradely transported horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and the immunocytochemical localization of GABA. Following HRP injections into the vlnTS, double-labeled neurons were found within the Botzinger Complex. We conclude that these double-labeled cells are the inhibitory Botzinger neurons and that GABA is a likely transmitter in this respiratory nucleus.
Regulation of Mcl-1 expression in rheumatoid arthritis synovial macrophages

Objective Resistance to apoptosis may be an important mechanism contributing to the persistence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study was undertaken to characterize the expression, regulation, and function of the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family member Mcl-1 in macrophages isolated from the joints of patients with RA. Methods Mononuclear cells were isolated from the synovial fluid (SF) of patients with RA. Mcl-1 expression was documented by intracellular staining of CD14+ cells using flow cytometry, and by real-time polymerase chain reaction or immunoblot analysis of isolated macrophages. The expression of Mcl-1 was suppressed with small interfering RNA (siRNA) or chemical inhibitors of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase)/Akt-1 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT-3) pathways. Apoptosis was defined by the loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential and by DNA fragmentation. Results The expression of Mcl-1 was increased in CD14+ macrophages from the SF of patients with RA compared with normal in vitro–differentiated macrophages. Inhibition of the PI 3-kinase/Akt-1 or STAT-3 pathways significantly reduced the percentage of CD14+ cells within the SF and resulted in the reduction of Mcl-1 and the induction of apoptosis of synovial macrophages. Transfection of RA synovial macrophages with Mcl-1 siRNA resulted in apoptotic cell death. Conclusion Mcl-1 is critical for the survival of macrophages in the joints of patients with RA, and is therefore a potential therapeutic target in this disease.
Biobased resin as a toughening agent for biocomposites

Biocomposites can be designed and engineered from plant bio-fibres and a blend of unsaturated polyester resin and derivatized vegetable oil to replace existing glass fibre-polyester composites for use in housing applications. Natural fibre composites (biocomposites) would provide environmental gains, reduced energy consumption, lighter weight, insulation and sound absorption properties, thus providing many beneficial additions to the American Advanced Housing program. Biocomposites were made using a non-woven fibre mat (90% Hemp fibre with 10% thermoplastic polyester binder) as reinforcement, and unsaturated polyester (UPE) resin as well as blends of UPE and functionalized vegetable oils as the polymer matrix. All composites were made with 30% volume fraction of fibre, which was optimized earlier. The structure–property relationships of this system as well as the thermo-mechanical properties of these composites were measured. The notched Izod impact strength of biocomposites from biobased resin blends of UPE and functionalized vegetable oil and industrial hemp fibre mat are enhanced by 90% as compared to that of the pure UPE-industrial hemp fibre mat composites. The initial tests also show an improvement in the tensile properties of the composite as a result of the incorporation of the derivatized vegetable oil. The morphological changes of the matrix and composites have been analyzed using electron microscopy.
The effects of salt depletion on blood and tissue ion concentrations in the freshwater mussel,Ligumia subrostrata (Say)

The extracellular and intracellular fluid volumes of pondwater acclimatedLigumia subrostrata are equal (3.9 ml/g dry tissue). Total blood solute is 47 mOsm and is composed primarily of Na (19.1 mM), Cl (10.6 mM), HCO3 (12.7 mM), Ca (4.3 mM), and K (0.5 mM). Major intracellular solutes are K (14.0 mM), Na (7.0 mM) and Cl (2.4 mM).L. subrostrata continuously exposed to deionized water at 20°C exhibit a maximum decrease of 23% in extracellular fluid total solute within 30 days. The maximum [Na] and [Cl] losses are 40% and 76% respectively, while [Ca] and [HCO3] increase by 44% and 37% respectively. No apparent change in extracellular [K] occurs. Intracellular [Na] decreases 53% and [Cl] decreases 79%, but [K] declines only 15%. Intracellular fluid volume, extracellular fluid volume, and total body water decrease 17%, 31%, and 22% respectively. Inulin clearance is 0.41 ml/g dry tissue·h for pondwater acclimated mussels and declines to 0.24 ml/g dry tissue·h during salt depletion. When salt depleted mussels are returned to solutions containing Na or Cl, they experience a net uptake of salt. The accumulated ions are about equally distributed in the extra- and intracellular compartments.
Through-the-Wall Polarimetric Imaging

Through-the-Wall Imaging is emerging as an affordable sensor technology supporting a variety of applications, such as surveillance and reconnaissance, emergency rescue, and firefighting. Motivated by the desire to understand the underlying phenomenology and performance bounds associated with imaging targets behind walls, several through-the-wall imaging experiments were conducted at the Center for Advanced Communications (CAC), Villanova University. These experiments aimed at supporting resolution, polarization, and localization of indoor targets and objects behind walls, and provided valuable dual-polarized synthetic aperture data measurements of indoor scenes of different complexity and population. In this paper, we present full-polarization imaging results, for a setting of calibrated reflectors behind a typical exterior grade wall. These imaging results provide polarimetric scene characterization and are shown to be in good agreement with the ground truth.
Abstract B83: Phase I trial of panobinostat and fractionated stereotactic radiation therapy for recurrent glioma.

Introduction: Panobinostat, a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, has shown radiosensitivity effect. This is an interim report of the phase I study to evaluate the safety and tolerability of panobinostat combined with fractionated stereotactic radiation therapy (FSRT) for patients with recurrent glioma. Methods: This is a phase I trial with 3+3 design. Patients with recurrent gliomas (WHO grade II-IV) were eligible for this trial. FSRT was 30-35 Gy delivered in 10 daily fractions. Panobionostat was administrated by mouth, once daily, every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday with radiation treatment. Panobionostat was escalated from 10 to 30 mg. Results: Fifteen patients were enrolled in the trial. Four patients were excluded from the analysis. One patient had tumor progression prior to initiation of treatment, and didn't receive panobinostat. Three patients didn't finish protocol treatment due to increase in QTc exceeding the protocol limit due to panobinostat toxicity. There was no treatment related grade 3 or higher toxicities in the 10 mg and 20 mg dose levels. Four patients were enrolled in the final dose level, 30 mg. One developed grade 3 leukopenia, and grade 4 low ANC (absolute neutrophil count). The hematological toxicities were possibly related to the treatment. Two more patients are required to compete the final dose level and determine the maximum tolerated dose of panobionostat when combined with FSRT in patients with recurrent glioma. Median follow up for living patient is six months. Median progression free survival, and overall survival have not been reached. Conclusions: Panobinostat administrated with FSRT is well tolerated to the dose of 20 mg. The tolerability of 30 mg dose level is still under evaluation. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):B83. Citation Format: Wenyin Shi, Yaacov R. Lawrence, Maria Werner-Wasik, David Andrews, Voichita Bar Ad, James Evans, Yaron Moshel, Christopher Farrell, Kevin Judy, Jon Glass, Lyndon Kim, Adam P. Dicker. Phase I trial of panobinostat and fractionated stereotactic radiation therapy for recurrent glioma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2013 Oct 19-23; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):Abstract nr B83.
Cometabolic degradation of TCE vapors in a foamed emulsion bioreactor

Effective cometabolic biodegradation of trichloroethylene (TCE) vapors in a novel gas-phase bioreactor called the foamed emulsion bioreactor (FEBR) was demonstrated. Toluene vapors were used as the primary growth substrate for Burkholderia cepacia G4 which cometabolically biodegraded TCE. Batch operation of the reactor with respect to the liquid feed showed a drastic decrease of TCE and toluene removal over time, consistent with a loss of metabolic activity caused by the exposure to TCE metabolites. Sustained TCE removal could be achieved when continuous feeding of mineral medium was implemented, which supported cell growth and compensated for the deactivation of cells. The FEBR exhibited its highest TCE removal efficiencies (82−96%) and elimination capacities (up to 28 gTCE m-3 h-1) when TCE and toluene vapors were fed sequentially to circumvent the competitive inhibition by toluene. The TCE elimination capacity was 2−1000 times higher than reported in other gas-phase biotreatment reports. During the exp...
Thermal-Fatigue Resistance: Material, Geometric, and Temperature Field Considerations

Data from four kinds of thermal-fatigue tests and from three materials are presented as a basis for a discussion of the influence of material, geometry, and the temperature field on the temperature range versus life relationship for thermal fatigue. A method is given whereby the results of the tests of internally constrained specimens can be compared with results from tests of externally constrained specimens. By appropriate design of a circular disk specimen either the radial or the tangential stress can be selected as the cyclic principal stress. Thermal-fatigue data from three materials are used to show that the plastic-strain range versus life relationship is not a sufficient criterion of merit when rating materials for thermal-fatigue resistance.Copyright © 1965 by ASME
Return-path Ellipsometry and a Novel Normal-incidence Null Ellipsometer (NINE)

The condition for light extinction after a round trip through an optical system is put in a convenient and general form. This provides the basis for a unified analysis of return-path null ellipsometers (RPNE) that operate at a fixed or variable angle of incidence, with isotropic or anisotropic surfaces. A novel normal-incidence null ellipsometer (NINE) is described which is suited for perpendicular-incidence ellipsometry (PIE) of anisotropic surfaces with diagonal reflection matrices.
Small bowel obstruction after pediatric liver transplantation: the unusual is the usual.

Background Intestinal obstruction is a rare but serious complication after liver transplantation. Adhesions are the most common cause of obstruction in the nontransplantation setting; however, after pediatric liver transplantation unusual causes must be considered. Study Design A prospectively maintained institutional database was analyzed for all reoperations for intestinal obstruction on pediatric liver allograft recipients from 1990 to 2009. Results During the study period, 181 pediatric patients underwent liver transplantation at the study center. The most common indication for transplantation was biliary atresia. Seven patients required reoperation for intestinal obstruction. All 7 patients had abdominal operations before transplantation and 5 of 7 received reduced-size grafts. No patients had adhesive small bowel obstruction. The cause was right-sided diaphragmatic hernia in 4 and post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) in 3. Diaphragmatic hernia was demonstrated by chest radiograph in 3 of 4 patients. The fourth was taken to surgery with a presumptive diagnosis of intestinal obstruction and a diaphragmatic hernia was found at exploration. In patients with PTLD causing obstruction, 2 presented with an obstructing mass and the third presented with intussusception. Mean time to reoperation was 29 months after liver transplantation. Patients with diaphragmatic hernia presented earlier post-transplantation than those with PTLD (4.2 ± 2.4 months versus 59.3 ± 54.6 months, respectively; p=0.0003, Fisher's exact test). Six patients are alive at a median follow-up of 5.8 years. One patient succumbed to recurrent B-cell lymphoma. Conclusions Intestinal obstruction after pediatric liver transplantation is commonly related to what would conventionally be considered unusual causes. A high index of suspicion must be maintained and early operative therapy considered as obstruction because causes such as diaphragmatic hernia and PTLD are unlikely to resolve with conservative measures.
RegeXeX: an interactive system providing regular expression exercises

This paper presents RegeXeX (Regular expression exercises), an interactive system for teaching students to write regular expressions. The system poses problems (prose descriptions of languages), students enter solutions (regular expressions defining these languages), and the system provides feedback. What is novel in this system is the type of feedback: students are not merely told that a submitted regular expression is wrong, they are given examples of strings that the expression either matches and shouldn't or does not match and should, and asked to try again. Additionally, student responses need only be equivalent to the solution, not identical. Results of classroom experience with this system are also reported, and demonstrate its effectiveness in teaching students to write regular expressions with little or no instructor interaction.RegeXeX is a freely available, portable system, written in C++ and using the Qt library for its GUI. It is distributed with several exercise sets, but is designed so instructors can easily write their own. The system logs student work and offers facilities for submitting log-files to instructors as well, allowing for automatic grading, or in-depth analysis of student performance and evolution of responses throughout the exercise set.
An analysis of a resource efficient checkpoint architecture

Large instruction window processors achieve high performance by exposing large amounts of instruction level parallelism. However, accessing large hardware structures typically required to buffer and process such instruction window sizes significantly degrade the cycle time. This paper proposes a novel checkpoint processing and recovery (CPR) microarchitecture, and shows how to implement a large instruction window processor without requiring large structures thus permitting a high clock frequency.We focus on four critical aspects of a microarchitecture: (1) scheduling instructions, (2) recovering from branch mispredicts, (3) buffering a large number of stores and forwarding data from stores to any dependent load, and (4) reclaiming physical registers. While scheduling window size is important, we show the performance of large instruction windows to be more sensitive to the other three design issues. Our CPR proposal incorporates novel microarchitectural schemes for addressing these design issues---a selective checkpoint mechanism for recovering from mispredicts, a hierarchical store queue organization for fast store-load forwarding, and an effective algorithm for aggressive physical register reclamation. Our proposals allow a processor to realize performance gains due to instruction windows of thousands of instructions without requiring large cycle-critical hardware structures.
National Trends in Ambulatory Surgery for Upper Extremity Fractures: A 10-Year Analysis of the US National Survey of Ambulatory Surgery

Background Upper extremity fractures are increasing in frequency and have profound socioeconomic implications. The purpose of this study was to assess trends in ambulatory upper extremity fracture fixation in the USA from 1996 to 2006 using data from the National Survey of Ambulatory Surgery (NSAS).
E‐collaboration: new productivity tool for the twenty‐first century and beyond

Purpose – The purpose of this article is twofold. The first is to be able to understand the technical capabilities of e‐collaboration systems from their inception to the present time and their possible future capabilities. The study examines the capabilities of 11 such systems. The article's second purpose is to be able to understand the reasons for the popularity and widespread utilization of e‐collaboration technologies by a large number of organizations.Design/methodology/approach – The authors conducted literature review and also examined the technical manuals and technical features of 11 leading collaboration platforms. These collaboration tools were also used hands‐on. Selected users of these systems were also interviewed in order to find out their opinions regarding the usability and functionality of these systems.Findings – After careful review of the literature and analyzing the technical capabilities of 11 e‐collaboration systems the finding of this study was the understanding of and the reasons...
Identification and genetic characterization of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa leuB gene encoding 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase.

The Pseudomonas aeruginosa leuB gene, encoding 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase, was identified upstream of asd, encoding aspartate-β-semialdehyde dehydrogenase. Genetic analysis indicated that leuB is identical to the previously mapped gene defined by the leu-10 allele. The chromosomal leuB locus was inactivated by gene replacement. The insertions had no adverse effect on expression of the downstream asd gene but resulted in leucine auxotrophy. The leuB gene encodes a protein containing 360 amino acids (with a molecular weight of 39153), which was expressed in Escherichia coli as a M, 42000 protein. The results suggested that, in contrast to the situation in other bacteria (E. coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Bacillus subtilis) the P. aeruginosa leuB gene is physically separated from the genes encoding the other enzymes of the isopropylmalate pathway.
Isolation, Enrichment, and Maintenance of Medulloblastoma Stem Cells

Brain tumors have been suggested to possess a small population of stem cells that are the root cause of tumorigenesis. Neurosphere assays have been generally adopted to study the nature of neural stem cells, including those derived from normal and tumorous tissues. However, appreciable amounts of differentiation and cell death are common in cultured neurospheres likely due to sub-optimal condition such as accessibility of all cells within sphere aggregates to culture medium. Medulloblastoma, the most common pediatric CNS tumor, is characterized by its rapid progression and tendency to spread along the entire brain-spinal axis with dismal clinical outcome. Medulloblastoma is a neuroepithelial tumor of the cerebellum, accounting for 20% and 40% of intracranial and posterior fossa tumor in childhood, respectively. It is now well established that Shh signaling stimulates proliferation of cerebellar granule neuron precursors (CGNPs) during cerebellar development. Numerous studies using mouse models, in which the Shh pathway is constitutively activated, have linked Shh signaling with medulloblastoma. A recent report has shown that a subset of medulloblastoma cells derived from Patched1(LacZ/+) mice are cancer stem cells, which are capable of initiating and propagating tumors. Here we describe an efficient method to isolate, enrich and maintain tumor stem cells derived from several mouse models of medulloblastoma, with constitutively activated Shh pathway due to a mutation in Smoothened (hereon referred as SmoM2), a GPCR that is critical for Shh pathway activation. In every isolated medulloblastoma tissue, we were able to establish numerous highly proliferative colonies. These cells robustly expressed several neural stem cell markers such as Nestin and Sox2, can undergo serial passages (greater than 20) and were clonogenic. While these cultured tumor stem cells were relatively small, often bipolar with high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio when cultured under conditions favoring stem cell growth, they dramatically altered their morphology, extended multiple cellular processes, flattened and withdrew from the cell cycle upon switching to a cell culture medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. More importantly, these tumor stem cells differentiated into Tuj1+ or NeuN+ neurons, GFAP+ astrocytes and CNPase+ oligodendrocytes, thus highlighting their multi-potency. Furthermore, these cells were capable of propagating secondary medulloblastomas when orthotopically transplanted into host mice.
Adiabatic calorimetry for evaluation of thermally induced reactions in liquid propellants

Abstract The gun propellants that are aqueous mixtures of the nitrate salts of hydroxylamine (HAN) and triethanolamine (TEAN) are homogeneous, ionic liquids and are susceptible to damage by a variety of contaminants. Reaction initiation that results from the absorption of thermal energy is a method for determination of propellant stability. An adiabatic calorimetry based, diagnostic system utilizes a commercially available accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC) that has been modified to make it suitable for use with liquid gun propellants. The effects of contaminants and impurities on reaction onset temperature which is related to safe storage temperature are readily determined using the ARC. In addition to propellant safety studies, the ARC data also provide insight into propellant efficacy, since ignition and combustion are observed. Reaction onset temperatures, as determined with the ARC, are independent of the quantity of material being stored, thereby eliminating the extrapolation from small laboratory samples that is a common uncertainty in many stability evaluation test methods. The presence of nitric acid, a common propellant contaminant, affects both storage stability and propellant efficacy in the gun. The data indicate that storage stability is adversely affected to a much greater extent than efficacy.
Automatic stratification of information

Much of the development of science has been concerned with the organization of knowledge into strata. Within such a structure new developments are recorded and, as a result, may change the structural organization. Humans have found such stratified organizations useful for retrieving facts and for applying deductions to create what is a contemporary concept of civilization. In the field of information storage and retrieval we find similarly a need for structuring the information in strata. That is, the use of content addressed memories by themselves is not sufficient to solve the retrieval problem, and additional stratification of the descriptor language is necessary.
Validity of the Student Risk Screening Scale Evidence of Predictive Validity in a Diverse, Suburban Elementary Setting

In this study the authors examined the psychometric properties of the Student Risk Screening Scale (SRSS), including predictive validity in terms of student outcomes in behavioral and academic domains. The school, a diverse, suburban school in Southern California, administered the SRSS at three time points as part of regular school practices during one academic year to (a) monitor the overall level of risk evident in the building and (b) identify students at risk for antisocial behavior who might benefit from secondary (Tier 2) supports. Results suggest strong internal consistency (.85–.87) and test–retest stability (.69–.79). Results of predictive validity analyses suggest that initial ratings of risk as measured by the SRSS were predictive of teacher ratings of students’ self-control skills and overall proficiency in language arts, with a statistically significant, inverse relationship. Students with higher levels of risk at the onset of the academic year were likely to end the year with lower levels of...
The loss of antinociceptive efficacy of spinal morphine in rats with nerve ligation injury is prevented by reducing spinal afferent drive

Abstract Nerve ligation injury in rats may represent a useful model of some clinical neuropathic pains. Activation of N-methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptors may maintain central sensitivity and contribute to neuropathic pain. Here, nerve injury was produced by unilateral ligation of the L5 and L6 spinal roots of the sciatic nerve of rats. Catheters were inserted for intrathecal (i.th.) or local delivery of drugs at the site of nerve ligation. Acute nociception was measured by the 55°C water tail flick test in sham-operated and nerve-injured rats, and allodynia was determined by measuring response to von Frey filaments. In sham-operated rats, morphine (30 μg, i.th.) produced a 60±14.4% MPE (maximal possible effect). MK-801 pretreatment did not alter tail-flick latency or morphine antinociception in sham-operated rats. In nerve-injured rats, morphine (30 μg, i.th.) produced a significantly lower antinociceptive effect than in controls (34±6.3% MPE). While MK-801 alone did not alter tail-flick latency in nerve-injured rats, it significantly enhanced the antinociceptive effect of morphine to 84±16.0% MPE. Bupivacaine (0.2 ml, 0.75% w/v) at the site of injury also significantly increased the efficacy of morphine (100±0% MPE) without affecting tail flick latency alone. Bupivacaine administered at the site of injury also produced a significant antiallodynic effect of 94±7.4% MPE. The reduction in antinociceptive efficacy of i.th. morphine in nerve injured rats may due, in part, to an ongoing spontaneous activity initiated by ectopic foci at the site of injury, and possible NMDA receptor-mediated activation of spinal neurons.
Development of an efficient route to hyperbranched poly(arylene ether sulfone)s

A two-step route to an AB2 monomer that underwent polymerization via nucleophilic aromatic substitution to afford hyperbranched poly(arylene ether sulfone)s (HB PAES) was developed. The synthesis of 3,5-difluoro-4′-hydroxydiphenyl sulfone (4) was accomplished by the reaction of 3,5-difluorophenylmagnesium bromide with 4-methoxyphenylsulfonyl chloride, followed by deprotection of the phenol group with HBr in acetic acid. The polymerization of 4 in the presence of 3,4,5-trifluorophenylsulfonyl benzene or tris(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)phosphine oxide as a core molecule afforded HB PAES with number-average molecular weights ranging from 3400 to 8400 Da and polydispersity index values ranging from 1.5 to 4.8. The presence of cyclic oligomeric species, formed by an intramolecular cyclization process, was a contributing factor to the relatively low molecular weights. The degree of branching (DB) of the HB PAES samples was estimated by a comparison of the 19F NMR spectra of the polymer samples with those of a series of model compounds, and DB values ranging from 0.51 to 0.70 were determined. The glass-transition temperatures for the HB PAES samples were in the range of 205–222 °C, as determined by differential scanning calorimetry. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43:3178–3187, 2005
State and Concentration in Korea's First Republic, 1948–60

Rapid growth among a few large firms distinguished the early years of cotton manufacture in South Korea. A review of expansion and concentration in the industry, and case studies of the T'aech'ang and Kyungbang firms, provide evidence of extensive structural support managed by the state, and also of favoured access to such support for the larger cotton mills. In contrast to earlier studies critical of the state role, I argue that the agencies and protectionist legislation of the state under Syngman Rhee played a productive, indeed decisive, role in promoting concentration and productivity among the early mills.
Multilevel numerical solutions of convection-dominated diffusion problems by spline wavelets

In this article, we utilize spline wavelets to establish an adaptive multilevel numerical scheme for time-dependent convection-dominated diffusion problems within the frameworks of Galerkin formulation and Eulerian-Lagrangian localized adjoint methods (ELLAM). In particular, we shall use linear Chui-Quak semi-orthogonal wavelets, which have explicit expressions and compact supports. Therefore, both the diffusion term and boundary conditions in the convection-diffusion problems can be readily handled. Strategies for efficiently implementing the scheme are discussed and numerical results are interpreted from the viewpoint of nonlinear approximation. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2006
What are the Characteristics of Systems that Make Them Amenable to Web Services

Web services are currently enjoying a lot of media attention. There are a plethora of articles in the trade press covering all aspects of Web services. Many of these articles espouse the virtues of Web services to the point that it becomes difficult to separate marketing hype from business reality. At the same time, academics and practitioners with extensive experience in the underlying technologies that constitute Web services (e.g., middleware, remote method invocation, data modeling, interchange formats, and networks) realize that Web services may be new—but not all that new. The fundamental capabilities offered by Web services have been around in one guise or another for many years. In some ways, just the buzz words have changed; the essential features remain the same. Nevertheless, Web services do seem to offer the promise of novel and truly useful forms of enterprise computing. The key question is when to use Web services, and when to use another type of software solution. This is particularly true when using Web services to modernize legacy systems. This panel will focus on which types of systems are most amenable to modernization though the judicious use of Web services. Some of the issues that will be discussed include:  What are the salient features that existing systems should exhibit to make using Web services a better choice than, say, CORBA, or some other middleware technology?
A Methodology for Robust Design of Impingement Cooled HSCT Combustion Liners

Presented at the 35th Annual Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV, January 6-9, 1997.
Hiding in plain sight: a closer look at posterior cortical atrophy

Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) is a neurodegenerative syndrome dominated by deterioration of higher visual function (particularly visuospatial and visuoperceptual abilities). It is most commonly due to Alzheimer's disease pathology, but may also be caused by dementia with Lewy bodies, corticobasal degeneration or Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Patients often present to optometrists, ophthalmologists and/or neurologists with non-specific visual complaints, and unless clinicians seek the specific symptoms and signs of PCA (beyond that of the 'standard' neurological examination), this infrequent disorder is easily missed, delaying its diagnosis and treatment. We review the clinical features of PCA, focusing on its visual manifestations, to help neurologists recognise this important syndrome.
Shear stress increases endothelial cell-membrane fluidity

Cell-membrane fluidity modulates protein function and mobility. Blood flow-associated shear stress induces changes in endothelial cell functions, many of which may be initiated by alterations in the plasma membrane. In this study, we quantify the effects of shear stress on endothelial cell-membrane lipid-fluidity measured by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP). A confocal microscope was used for FRAP-measurements on DiI-stained bovine aortic endothelial cells in a parallel-plate flow chamber under static conditions, after a step-shear stress of 10 dynes/cm/sup 2/ which was maintained for 15 minutes, and after the removal of shear stress. The DiI-diffusion coefficient (D) increased immediately and significantly from a pre-step value of 4.3/spl plusmn/0.48/spl times/10/sup -9/ to 8.7/spl plusmn/1.8 /spl times/10/sup -9/ cm/sup 2//sec within 2 min after the initiation of shear stress and remained elevated thereafter. D returned to control values within 1 minute after cessation of shear stress. The novel measurements of shear-induced increases in membrane-fluidity provide important insight into the mechanisms of shear-induced protein modulation and mobilization.
Coronal Magnetic Field Measurements

A long-standing solar problem has been to measure the coronal magnetic field. We believe it determines the coronal structure and dynamics from the upper chromosphere out into the heliospheric environment. It is only recently that Zeeman splitting observations of infrared coronal emission lines have been successfully used to deduce the coronal magnetic flux density. Here we extend this technique and report first results from a novel coronal magnetometer that uses an off-axis reflecting coronagraph and optical fiber-bundle imaging spectropolarimeter. We determine the line-of-sight magnetic flux density and transverse field orientation in a two-dimensional map with a sensitivity of about 1 G with 20'' spatial resolution after 70 minutes of integration. These full-Stokes spectropolarimetric measurements of the forbidden Fe XIII 1075 nm coronal emission line reveal the line-of-sight coronal magnetic field 100'' above an active region to have a flux density of about 4 G.
Mycophenolate Not Azathioprine Is Associated with Increased Risk for Skin Cancer after Heart Transplant

Purpose Skin cancer is the most common malignancy after heart transplant (Htx). It is common belief that azathioprine (AZA) may be more carcinogenic, thus patients have been switched to other antiproliferative drugs. It has not been well established which immunosuppression (IMS) regimen contributes most to the development of this malignancy. Methods and Materials Between 1994 and 2007, we reviewed 930 Htx patients and found 92 (10%) Htx patients who developed various forms of skin cancer. These patients were divided into specific skin cancers including basal cell, squamous cell, melanoma, others. Furthermore, patients were subdivided into those that received cyclosporine (CSA)/AZA, CSA/mycophenolate (MMF), and tacrolimus (TAC)/MMF IMS. 10 year actuarial outcomes were recorded. Results In the 92 patients with skin cancer, squamous cell cancer was the largest group (70%). Most patients responded to local excision; however, 3% required chemotherapy. The average time to onset of skin cancer was 7.4 ± 3.9 years and the average age of patients developing skin cancer was 67.2 ± 9.4 years. CSA/AZA treated patients had the least incidence of skin cancer and least amount of squamous cell cancer. Conclusions Contrary to popular belief, CSA/AZA appears to have the least association with the development of skin cancer compared to CSA/MMF and TAC/MMF. Previous change in IMS away from AZA for skin cancer may merit a paradigm change. Outcome CSA/AZA (N=20) CSAMMF (N=32) TAC/MMF (N=40) Incidence of Skin Cancer, n (%) 20/294 (7%) 32/278 (12%) † 40/358 (11.2%) ‡ Sqaumous Cell, n (%) 9/13 (69%) 17/22 (77%) 7/12 (58%) Mean Time to Skin Cancer, Years ± SD 9.1±4.6 7.8±4.1 6.2±2.5* †p=0.050 CSA/MMF vs CSA/AZA; ‡p=0.055 TAC/MMF vs CSA/AZA; *p
A Mixed Methods Study of Some of the Factors Associated with Successful School Strategies for Native Hawaiian Students in the State of Hawai'i.

A concurrent mixed methods design, giving equal priority to both quantitative and qualitative methods, was used to investigate some of the factors that influence academic achievement of Native Hawa...
An expanded record of Early Cambrian carbon cycling from the Anti-Atlas Margin, Morocco

We present a δ13C record from the Anti-Atlas mountains of Morocco and place it in the context of a detailed regional tectonostratigraphy. We place the litho- and chemostratigraphic record in a temp...