cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional MR imaging using a visually guided saccade paradigm for comparing activation patterns in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease and in cognitively able elderly volunteers.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Alzheimer9s disease is associated with progressive visuo-spatial dysfunction. This study used functional MR (fMR) imaging with an eye movement paradigm to investigate differences in visuospatial cognition between patients with probable Alzheimer9s disease (pAD) and cognitively able elderly volunteers. METHODS: Using established, although imperfect, clinical criteria, patients with pAD (n = 18) and cognitively able elderly volunteers (n = 10) were selected for study. All patients underwent echo-planar fMR imaging at 1.5 T. The visually guided saccade paradigm consisted of alternating periods (30 s) of central fixation and visually guided saccades to a target appearing randomly along the horizontal meridian. Activation maps were derived using a voxel-wise t test, comparing the signal intensities between the two steady-state conditions. The activation patterns were characterized by Talairach coordinates, activation volumes, and laterality ratios (LRs). RESULTS: Statistically significant differences existed between the activation patterns of the patients with pAD and those of the volunteers. In contrast to the control group, a left-dominant parietal activation pattern and enhanced prefrontal cortical activation were observed in most patients with pAD. CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of the imperfect clinical standard of reference, the reduction in right parietal activation producing the left-dominant LR for the intraparietal sulcus may reflect the progressive dysfunction in spatial attention associated with Alzheimer9s disease, considering the known parietal lobe involvement in this function and the disease. The high specificity of a positive intraparietal sulcal LR measured by fMR imaging may have a role in detecting and monitoring Alzheimer9s disease.
The Logic of Disorder: A Dynamic View of Cognitive Aesthetics

In observing various patterns of organization I have come to a similar conclusion as that of seminal theorist and psychologist Rudolf Arnheim; that there is a negentropic drive towards order as exemplified by the presence of phenomena such as societies, governments and grammars. In contrast to this, due to the fact that we are embodied beings, there is also an entropic drive (germinating from human phenomenology) towards chaos. We see this demonstrated by the existence of emotion, free will, weather patterns and so on. These conflicting drives follow along an order/disorder axis. As these drives follow along this continuum in opposite directions, a tension, or force dynamic relationship, is created between the entropic and the negentropic. I assert that it is this tension that results in aesthetic appeal or dynamism and that this effect, which is not specific to any one modality, is a discrete character of the cognitive underpinnings of the aesthetic experience.
International Environmental Law and the Global South - Introduction

The unprecedented degradation of the planet’s vital ecosystems is among the most pressing issues confronting the international community. Despite the proliferation of legal instruments to combat environmental problems, conflicts between rich and poor nations (the North-South divide) have compromised the effectiveness of international environmental law, leading to deadlocks in environmental treaty negotiations and non-compliance with existing agreements. International Environmental Law and the Global South examines both the historical origins of the North-South divide in European colonialism as well as its contemporary manifestations in a range of issues, including food justice, energy justice, indigenous rights, trade, investment, extractive industries, human rights, land grabs, hazardous waste, and climate change. Born out of the recognition that global inequality and profligate consumerism present threats to a sustainable planet, this books makes a unique contribution to international environmental law by emphasizing the priorities and concerns of the global South.
Serotonin and morphogenesis. I. Sites of serotonin uptake and -binding protein immunoreactivity in the midgestation mouse embryo.

The possible involvement of the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) in morphogenesis of the craniofacial region in the mouse embryo has been investigated using the method of whole-embryo culture. Day-12 embryos were incubated for 3–4 h in the presence of 5-HT or its precursors L-tryptophan (L-TRP) or 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), followed by fixation, sectioning and staining with a specific antiserum to 5-HT. Sites of 5-HT immunoreactivity were found in a variety of locations in tissues of the head and neck, which are either epithelia derived from the non-neural ectoderm or are non-neuronal midline brain structures. These sites include the surface epithelia of the head, face, nasal prominences, branchial arches, oral cavity and associated parts of the nasal epithelium, the epithelium covering the eye, parts of the otic vesicle, the epiphysis and roof of the diencephalon. With the exception of the oral cavity, sites of immunoreactivity for serotonin-binding protein were identified in the mesenchyme adjacent to these sites. This mesenchyme consists of ectodermally derived neural crest cells, which are known to receive inductive influences from the epithelia with which they interact during their migration through the craniofacial region. The presence of 5-HT uptake sites in epithelia and adjacent sites of SBP in the underlying mesenchyme raises the possibility that 5-HT might be involved in those epithelial-mesenchymal interactions known to be important for the development of structures in the craniofacial region.
Hot Jet Re-ignition of Hydrocarbons and Hydrogen in Air: Effect of Jet Chemical Activity

A jet of hot reactive gas can reliably ignite premixed gases in combustion engines. The presence of chemically active species in the hot jet may influence the time delay and ignitability limits for ignition of a combustible mixture. Rapid ignition and combustion may also involve complex interactions of pressure waves with flames in the transient jet, especially in a wave-rotor constant-volume combustor for gas turbine performance enhancement. In the present work, detailed numerical simulations are carried out to understand the relative role of chemical kinetics and turbulent mixing in a transient hot jet on ignition in a constant-volume combustor. A transient hot jet is modeled in two ways: as a relatively inert hot jet and as a radical-rich chemically active hot jet for slightly rich ethylene-air mixture. Combustion is modeled in the main constantvolume chamber for methane, hydrogen and blended methane-hydrogen mixtures. A hybrid eddy-break-up combustion model is applied, with detailed or reduced reaction mechanisms and the two-equation k-ω model. For stoichiometric methane mixture in the main chamber, the predicted ignition of the blended fuel mixture was surprisingly not any faster than that of pure methane. The ignition delay time of the more chemically active jet is slightly shorter than a jet of similar composition with only stable species. These observations generally point to a complex interaction of physical and chemical process in hot-jet ignition in a confined volume with shock dynamics and jet mixing processes playing a role that may be as important as chemical kinetics.
Poor vision and the elderly—a domiciliary study

Thirty-four patients living in Norfolk, aged 65 years and over, with visual acuities between 6/60 and counting fingers were interviewed at home to ascertain the degree of their disability and their use of low vision aids. Visual acuity in this range was not associated with patients' mobility or their dependence on others. A threshold of useful vision could not be identified within this range. Use of low vision aids, although disappointing, was more frequent by those who had attended a low vision clinic.
Prevalence of Hantavirus in Four Species of Neotoma from Arizona and Utah

Sin Nombre virus (SNV), a hantavirus, can cause severe respiratory illness and death in humans. The primary carrier is the deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus , but other species of rodents may be infected with the virus. We screened four species of woodrats ( Neotoma ) for hantavirus using both enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests. Woodrats were collected from a variety of habitats in Arizona and Utah. Only Neotoma lepida tested serologically positive in an ELISA assay for hantavirus and also contained SNV RNA. Moreover, across three distinct populations of N. lepida , individuals that tested serum positive were restricted to one population near Jericho, Utah. The prevalence of hantavirus in this population was 27% (4 of 15).
The moderating role of cultural orientation in explaining temporal orientation of self-referencing

ABSTRACTA psychological process called self-referencing justifies the use of ‘you’ statements in advertisements; the more an individual relates an ad to him/herself, the greater the likelihood of recall and favorable evaluation. Self-referencing can be differentiated based on the temporal dimension of the self being activated while processing advertisements: when people remember themselves in the past they engage in retrospective self-referencing whereas they engage in anticipatory self-referencing when imagining themselves in the future. The current study examined the moderating role of consumers’ cultural background (i.e. long-term vs. short-term orientation) on the effects of temporal orientation of self-referencing. A corollary of this premise is that the match between cultural time orientation and the type of self-referencing activated by an ad will increase the extent of viewers’ self-referencing as well as advertising effectiveness. Further, this study confirmed a mediating role of self-referencing...
A compartmental model of 3-methylhistidine metabolism in humans

Urinary 3-methylhistidine (3MH) excretion has been proposed as a noninvasive in vivo marker of muscle protein breakdown, but such analysis requires quantitative collection of urine and yields few details about the metabolism of 3MH. In this study, we propose that data from a single bolus dose of tracer and serial blood samples over 72 h can be described by a kinetic model that defines 3MH metabolism in humans. Plasma concentration of the tracer was described by a linear time-invariant three-compartment model. The model defines masses and fluxes of 3MH within the subjects and, in particular, the intracellular de novo production of 3MH. The de novo production of 3MH as calculated by the model was not different from that calculated via the traditional collection of urinary 3MH (3.09 vs 2.57 mumol.kg-1.day-1, respectively; P > 0.30). These data indicate that 3MH production can be measured by a compartmental model that can be used to measure muscle proteolysis without quantitative urine collections.
Research on relation between network structure of macro-cell and indoor coverage in UMTS system

The influence of radio transmission at 2GHz into buildings was quite obvious,the result were analyzed by for network structure of macro-cell in UMTS system.The relation of restriction between the three factors,including building penetration loss,coverage credibility and the link margin also were discussed based on the principle of equilibrium cov-erage in the indoor and the outdoor.How to take the expectation of building penetration loss and its’ value were recom-mended were also presented in detail to obtain the much more optimum network structure of macro-cell.With the ap-proach of equilibrium coverage,the waste of base station and the difficulty of controlling will be avoided to the utmost.On the other hand,the insufficiency of base station will also be prevented,and the network performance will be ade-quately exerted.
The Relationship between Traffic Transportation Industry and Economic Development in Shandong Province

How to deal with the relationship of them and make transport industry is harmonious with economy is the common topic of decision-makers and researchers. In this paper,the author uses the methods of correlation analysis,principle factor analysis,and regression analysis to explain the relationship between transport industry and economic growth in Shandong Province. Finally,the author calculates the coefficient of economic elasticity of transportation variables to find a way to develop Shandong's economy from transportation aspects.
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Co-Ordinates Carbohydrate Metabolism and Cell Cycle in S. cerevisiae.

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) control cell division in eukaryotes by phosphorylating proteins involved in division. But successful proliferation requires co-ordination between division and cellular growth in mass. Previous proteomic studies suggested that metabolic proteins, as well as cell division proteins, could potentially be substrates of cyclin-dependent kinases. Here we focus on two metabolic enzymes of the yeast S. cerevisiae, neutral trehalase (Nth1) and glycogen phosphorylase (Gph1), and show that their activities are likely directly controlled by CDK activity, thus allowing co-ordinate regulation of carbohydrate metabolism with cell division processes. In this case, co-ordinate regulation may optimize the decision to undertake a final cell division as nutrients are being exhausted. Co-regulation of cell division processes and metabolic processes by CDK activity may be a general phenomenon important for co-ordinating the cell cycle with growth.
On the relationship between number of votes and sentiment in crowdsourcing ideas and comments for innovation

Recently, PWC facilitated an innovation crowdsourcing effort entitled "Canada's Digital Compass" aimed at generating creative directions for Canada to pursue in its future. As part of this effort, over 70 ideas were submitted and over five hundred votes on those ideas were generated. This paper analyzes data developed as part of that effort, investigating a number of relationships between different variables elicited from the analysis and the number of votes for those ideas. The analysis confirms some previous results, provides a structure for interpreting those results and generates some new results. In particular, this paper generates sentiment measures for both the innovation ideas and for the comments. Using a decision tree approach we find that the number of comments and the extent to which the sentiment in those comments is positive are statistically significantly related to the number of votes. In addition, using regression analysis, this paper finds that the number of votes is statistically significantly related to the interaction between sentiment measures for ideas and comments. Finally, a rationale for these results, based on game theory is proposed and investigated. Statistically significant relationship between number of comments & number of votesTransparency theory based on the game theoretic notion of "tit-for-tat"Information about the idea is related to the number of votes.Comment sentiment is related to number of votes.Interaction between idea and comment sentiment is related to number of votes.
Burnside Orders, Burnside Algebras and Partition Lattices

The permutation representation theory of groups has been extended, through quasigroups, to one-sided left (or right) quasigroups. The current paper establishes a link with the theory of ordered sets, introducing the concept of a Burnside order that generalizes the poset of conjugacy classes of subgroups of a finite group. Use of the Burnside order leads to a simplification in the proof of key properties of the Burnside algebra of a left quasigroup. The Burnside order for a projection left quasigroup structure on a finite set is defined by the lattice of set partitions of that set, and it is shown that the general direct and restricted tensor product operations for permutation representations of the projection left quasigroup structure both coincide with the operation of intersection on partitions. In particular, the mark matrix of the Burnside algebra of a projection left quasigroup, a permutation-theoretic concept, emerges as dual to the zeta function of a partition lattice, an order-theoretic concept.
Dentin-composite bond strength measurement using the Brazilian disk test.

Abstract Objectives This study presents a variant of the Brazilian disk test (BDT) for assessing the bond strength between composite resins and dentin. Methods Dentin-composite disks (ϕ 5 mm × 2 mm) were prepared using either Z100 or Z250 (3M ESPE) in combination with one of three adhesives, Adper Easy Bond (EB), Adper Scotchbond Multi-Purpose (MP) and Adper Single Bond (SB), and tested under diametral compression. Acoustic emission (AE) and digital image correlation (DIC) were used to monitor debonding of the composite from the dentin ring. A finite element (FE) model was created to calculate the bond strengths using the failure loads. Fracture modes were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results Most specimens fractured along the dentin-resin composite interface. DIC and AE confirmed interfacial debonding immediately before fracture of the dentin ring. Results showed that the mean bond strength with EB (14.9 ± 1.9 MPa) was significantly higher than with MP (13.2 ± 2.4 MPa) or SB (12.9 ± 3.0 MPa) (p 0.05). Z100 (14.5 ± 2.3 MPa) showed higher bond strength than Z250 (12.7 ± 2.5 MPa) (p Conclusions The BDT variant showed to be a suitable alternative for measuring the bond strength between dentin and composite, with zero premature failure, reduced variability in the measurements, and consistent failure at the dentin-composite interface. Clinical significance The new test could help to predict the clinical performance of adhesive systems more effectively and consistently by reducing the coefficient of variation in the measured bond strength.
Oxidation and Heat Transfer Studies in Graphite Channels: I. The Effect of Air Flow Rate on the C-O2 and CO-O2 Reactions

When air is passed through a hot graphite channel, the heat produced by the chemical reactions is due to both the C-O/sub 2/ and CO-O/sub 2/ reactions. The data show that the largest and most rapid temperature rises are due to the CO- O/sub 2/ gas phase reaction. Serious instability (where the heat generated by the reactions is greater than the heat removed by the air stream) does not occur below 650 deg C and is confined to flow rates where the Reynolds numbers lie between 2000 and 8000. Although the experiments were designed to provide information for operation of the BNL Reactor, the results were found to be general in nature. (auth)
Differential associations of threat and deprivation with emotion regulation and cognitive control in adolescence

Research on childhood adversity has traditionally focused on single types of adversity, which is limited because of high co-occurrence, or on the total number of adverse experiences, which assumes that diverse experiences influence development similarly. Identifying dimensions of environmental experience that are common to multiple types of adversity may be a more effective strategy. We examined the unique associations of two such dimensions (threat and cognitive deprivation) with automatic emotion regulation and cognitive control using a multivariate approach that simultaneously examined both dimensions of adversity. Data were drawn from a community sample of adolescents (N = 287) with variability in exposure to violence, an indicator of threat, and poverty, which is associated with cognitive deprivation. Adolescents completed tasks measuring automatic emotion regulation and cognitive control in neutral and emotional contexts. Violence was associated with automatic emotion regulation deficits, but not cognitive control; poverty was associated with poor cognitive control, but not automatic emotion regulation. Both violence and poverty predicted poor inhibition in an emotional context. Utilizing an approach focused on either single types of adversity or cumulative risk obscured specificity in the associations of violence and poverty with emotional and cognitive outcomes. These findings suggest that different dimensions of childhood adversity have distinct influences on development and highlight the utility of a differentiated multivariate approach.
The quick-release method for estimating the moment of inertia of the shank and foot

The accurate determination of body segment parameters is a problem of crucial importance to biomechanics research. Within the limitations of a rigid-body anthropometric model, the calculation of forces and torques from movement data can be only as valid as the data concerning the mass, length, and inertial parameters used in the calculations. It is essential, therefore, that systematic investigations be made of any techniques that enable body segment parameters to be estimated in the same living subjects used in experiments from which movement data were collected.
Integration of parallel mechanosensory and visual pathways resolved through sensory conflict

The acquisition of information from parallel sensory pathways is a hallmark of coordinated movement in animals. Insect flight, for example, relies on both mechanosensory and visual pathways. Our challenge is to disentangle the relative contribution of each modality to the control of behavior. Toward this end, we show an experimental and analytical framework leveraging sensory conflict, a means for independently exciting and modeling separate sensory pathways within a multisensory behavior. As a model, we examine the hovering flower-feeding behavior in the hawkmoth Manduca sexta In the laboratory, moths feed from a robotically actuated two-part artificial flower that allows independent presentation of visual and mechanosensory cues. Freely flying moths track lateral flower motion stimuli in an assay spanning both coupled motion, in which visual and mechanosensory cues follow the same motion trajectory, and sensory conflict, in which the two sensory modalities encode different motion stimuli. Applying a frequency-domain system identification analysis, we find that the tracking behavior is, in fact, multisensory and arises from a linear summation of visual and mechanosensory pathways. The response dynamics are highly preserved across individuals, providing a model for predicting the response to novel multimodal stimuli. Surprisingly, we find that each pathway in and of itself is sufficient for driving tracking behavior. When multiple sensory pathways elicit strong behavioral responses, this parallel architecture furnishes robustness via redundancy.
Actinocrinitidae from the Lower Mississippian Fort Payne Formation of Kentucky, Tennessee, and Alabama (Crinoidea, Viséan)

The Actinocrinitidae were among the most abundant crinoids worldwide during the Lower Mississippian. Recent systematic revisions of the family allow a revised genus- and species-level understanding of these crinoids globally and a more precise means by which to understand the temporal and facies distribution of genera and species in this important Mississippian family. Two genera with a total of five species of Actinocrinitidae (and five additional forms left in open nomenclature) are recognized from the Fort Payne Formation, including Actinocrinites jugosus (Hall, 1859), Actinocrinites spp. indeterminate, Thinocrinus gibsoni (Miller and Gurley, 1893), Thinocrinus lowei (Hall, 1858), Thinocrinus probolos (Ausich and Kammer, 1991), Thinocrinus akanthos new species, Thinocrinus sp. aff. T. gibsoni, Thinocrinus spp. indeterminate, and two taxa recognized as only Actinocrinitidae genus and species indeterminate. Actinocrinites tripus Ehlers and Kesling, 1963 is recognized as a junior synonym of Thinocrinus gibsoni. Thinocrinus, rather than Actinocrinites as previously thought, is the dominant Fort Payne Formation actinocrinitid. Fort Payne Formation carbonate buildup facies (wackestone buildups and crinoidal packstone buildups) each have characteristic species of Thinocrinus. Actinocrinites is relatively rare in the Fort Payne Formation, but occurs preferentially in crinoidal packstone buildups.
Public-Private Partnerships for Reducing Seismic Risk Losses

The importance of public-private partnerships for disaster management has been stimulated by losses from catastrophes in the United States and other parts of the world. Hurricane Andrew which created damage to Miami and Dade/County, Florida in September 1992 and California’s Northridge earthquake together cost the insurance industry (US$28 billion) and the government an additional US$17.6 billion. The Kocaeli earthquake in Turkey in August 1999, which caused over 17,000 confirmed fatalities with massive disruptions to the economy of Western Turkey, has led to a recognition by the Turkish government, industry, and the public of the urgent need to develop and enforce better building standards (Wilczynski and Kalavakonda 2000).
Relationship Between Marital Transitions, Health Behaviors, and Health Indicators of Postmenopausal Women: Results from the Women's Health Initiative

Abstract Background: Historically, marital status has been associated with lower mortality and transitions into marriage were generally accompanied by improved health status. Conversely, divorce has been associated with increased mortality, possibly mediated by changes in health behaviors. Methods: This study uses data from a prospective cohort of 79,094 postmenopausal women participating in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study (WHI-OS) to examine the relationship between marital transition and health indicators (blood pressure, waist circumference, body mass index [BMI]) as well as health behaviors (diet pattern, alcohol use, physical activity, and smoking) in a sample of relatively healthy and employed women. Linear and logistic regression modeling were used to test associations, controlling for confounding factors. Results: Women's transitions into marriage/marriage-like relationship after menopause were associated with greater increase in BMI (β = 0.22; confidence interval (95% CI), 0.11–...
Commentary to Chapter 4

That prolife and prochoice labels are much too simplistic to accommodate the subtleties of a carefully reasoned argument on abortion is abundantly clear in Theodora Ooms’s approach to the issue. Her focus on the family, with its critique of individualistic elements on both sides of the debate, represents a sane and realistic alternative to the extreme positions. Moreover, her proposal of the family as mediator between individual and social values may be viewed as both radical and conservative in its implications. It is conservative of the root value of the family itself, by which individuals throughout time have sought to develop their unique identities; it is radical in that it challenges that variety of individualism which our culture recommends.
Post-operative Findings/Recurrent Disease

Breast cancer treatment has evolved since William Halsted, MD, an American surgeon, introduced the radical mastectomy in 1882 (Halsted, Ann Surg 20:497, 1894). The modified radical mastectomy gained popularity in the 1970s (www.cancer.org/cancer/cancerbasics/thehistoryofcancer/the-history-of-cancer-cancer-treatment-surgery. Accessed 11/23/2015) and in 1985. Fisher et al. established lumpectomy, or breast conservation therapy (BCT), and radiation as treatment for early stage breast cancers (Fisher et al., N Engl J Med 312(11):665–673, 1985). The National Institutes of Health soon endorsed and thus popularized this less invasive treatment (Consensus statement: treatment of early-stage breast cancer. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Panel. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 1992;11:1–5. Review). Today, while BCT and radiation remain the standard of care for stage I and II cancers, mastectomy and reconstruction procedures have been updated and rising ipsilateral and contralateral prophylactic mastectomy rates have been documented (Jones et al., Ann Surg Oncol 16(10):2691–2696, 2009; Tuttle et al., J Clin Oncol 25(33):5203–5209, 2007; McGuire et al., Ann Surg Oncol 16(10):2682–2690, 2009; Dragun et al., Am J Clin Oncol 36(4):375–380, 2013).
Evidence for antiferromagnetic exchange coupling in the tetranuclear high potential iron-sulfur protein of Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa

Abstract EPR spectra of oxidized R. gelatinosa HiPIP demonstrate two kinds of temperature dependent changes which can be analyzed in terms of an excited state at 142 ± 10cm−1 and a second excited state at 490 ± 100cm−1. These states represent further verification of antiferromagnetic exchange among the 4 irons in this tetranuclear cluster, with a value for the coupling constant of J = −44cm−1. Aside from resonance Raman spectroscopic results, this is the first report of a ladder of excited states predicted for exchange coupled ions.
The relationship between ocular trauma and substance abuse in emergency department patients

Abstract Introduction Eye injury is the second most common cause of visual impairment and a leading cause of monocular blindness in the United States. There are approximately 6 million ED visits related to drug use annually, including misuse or abuse of pharmaceuticals and illicit drug use. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between ocular trauma and substance abuse among emergency department patients and to assess that relationship with demographic factors, including age and gender. Methods This study was a retrospective, observational study conducted at Miami Valley Hospital, an urban hospital ED, in Dayton, Ohio. Eligible participants included consecutive ocular trauma patients identified by the Trauma Registry from January 2014 through January 2016. Data were collected from the ED medical record including demographic information, mechanism of injury, visual acuity, slit lamp exam findings, ED procedures, inpatient procedures, toxicology results, ED diagnosis, ED disposition, and eye exam. Results Among 229 patients, the mean age was 44 (range 14–93). 73% of patients were male. Most patients were White (74%), followed by African American (21%), Hispanic (2%), and other (3%). Most patients arrived by ambulance (62%), followed by helicopter (30%), and walk-ins (18%). Most patients were admitted to the hospital (79%). Mechanisms of injury included motor vehicle accidents (31%) and cases of assault (28%). Most ocular trauma involved the external eye (44%), the anterior chamber (28%), the orbit (25%) and the globe (22%). The incidence of substance abuse in this patient population was high. Of the patients tested for alcohol (N = 143), 49% tested positive. Among 98 patients who received a urine toxicologic screen, 63% tested positive for at least one illicit substance, including opiates (39%), cocaine (12%), benzodiazepines (25%), and/or THC (27%). There was no significant association between substance abuse and ED disposition. Conclusion Mechanisms of eye injury included primarily motor vehicle accidents and assault. Most ocular trauma involved the external eye, the anterior chamber, the orbit, and the globe. The incidence of alcohol and illicit substance abuse is high among ED patients with ocular trauma.
Jab1/CSN5 mediates protein degradation of the Rad9/Rad1/Hus1 complex

1101 Instability of the genome in cells is an important contributor to heritable and somatic genetic changes that drive tumorigenic processes. To ensure the stability of their genomes, cells activate checkpoint signaling pathways in response to DNA damage and replication stress. The Rad1-Rad9-Hus1 (9-1-1) complex serves a dual role as a DNA-damage sensor in checkpoint signaling and as a mediator and platform for DNA repair. However, the intercellular mechanisms that regulate 9-1-1 complex level in mammalian cells are poorly understood. Jab1/CSN5, the fifth component of the COP9 signalosome complex, plays a central role in the degradation of multiple proteins in mammalian cells and is emerging as an important regulator in cancer development. Here we tested the hypothesis that Jab1/CSN5, regulates of the degradation of the 9-1-1 complex via the 26S proteosome pathway. We demonstrated that overexpression of Jab1/CSN5 enhanced chromosomal aberration and gene mutation rate in cells. We also provide evidence that Jab1 physically associates with the 9-1-1 complex. This association is mediated through direct interaction between Jab1 and Rad1. Jab1/CSN5 causes the translocation of the 9-1-1 complex from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, mediating rapid degradation of the 9-1-1 complex via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. The interaction of Jab1 with 9-1-1 complex is enhanced by UV exposure and hydroxyurea treatment, and the degradation of 9-1-1 complex by Jab1/CSN5 is increased significant under these replication stresses. These results indicate that Jab1/CSN5 is an important regulator for 9-1-1 complex stability control in cells, and may provide a novel mechanism underlying Jab1/CSN5-associated tumorigenesis.
Eating Habits in Combating Disease: Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods at the Crossroads of Immune Health and Inflammatory Responses

Abstract Malnutrition and hunger are closely related to poor immune status, and lead to susceptibility to infectious diseases and eventually to physical or mental disability, or even death. Rapid changes in our modern diet coupled with sedentary lifestyles among certain populations have resulted in chronic noncommunicable diseases such as obesity and heart disease, which arise from an activated inflammatory-immune state. It is becoming increasingly clear that nutritional intake plays a major role in maintaining an optimal inflammation and immunomodulatory phenotype that is essential in overall health and well-being. This chapter brings into focus our main message: the immune response that occurs via inflammation, while critical to vertebrate health, may, in exaggerated or exuberant forms, prove to be harmful. Here we discuss the regulation of the immune-inflammation response via nutrition. This intersection between nutrition and immunomodulation provides an important therapeutic platform whereby improvements in terms of diet may be able to meet the challenge of diseases associated with both undernutrition and overconsumption.
Case 28 Glyphosate Toxicity

Glyphosate is an herbicide used by both amateurs and professionals. It is commonly co-formulated with a surfactant. Ingestions of glyphosate can result in significant gastrointestinal hemorrhage due to its corrosive injury. Metabolic acidosis and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, along with renal and hepatic impairment, can occur. This case describes a male who ingested a concentrated glyphosate product.
Impact of perioperative hyperglycemia in patients undergoing microvascular reconstruction.

Background The effects of perioperative hyperglycemia on complications and outcomes in microvascular reconstruction have not been reported in the literature. Methods A retrospective cohort of 203 patients undergoing microvascular reconstruction was generated. Perioperative glucose levels and clinical factors were tested for associations with complications using simple and multivariate analyses. Results Hyperglycemia (blood glucose ≥ 180 mg/dL) occurred in 91 patients (44.8%) perioperatively, and was associated with increased rates of surgical complications, medical complications, surgical site infections, fistulas, and wound dehiscence. On univariate analysis, a more strict definition of hyperglycemia (blood glucose ≥ 165 mg/dL) was significantly associated with greater rates of venous thrombosis, although this lost statistical significance on multivariate analysis. Conclusion Perioperative hyperglycemia occurs commonly in patients undergoing microvascular reconstruction and is associated with higher rates of complications, independent of a preexisting diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Further research is needed to define the ideal glycemic target in this population.
High resolution vessel wall MRI and vasculopathy related to herpes zoster ophthalmicus.

Abstract Varicella zoster virus is a common viral infection with over 50% of patients over the age of 80 years infected with the virus. Following reactivation, some patients succumb to complications of VZV reactivation with neurologic and optic pathway pathology such as VZV vasculopathy resulting in transient ischemic attacks, strokes, aneurysms, as well as optic neuritis. We show that high resolution vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging can aid in the diagnosis of this condition with circumferential wall thickening and enhancement of the infected vessels. Prompt diagnosis is critical as this is a treatable condition that could result in substantial morbidity or mortality if not recognized early.
Ethics Across the Curriculum at Utah Valley University

Utah Valley University (UVU) is one of the pioneer universities in designing and implementing an Ethics Across the Curriculum program (EAC). It began in 1986 as a general education core humanities course in Ethics and Values. Soon it was supported by funding from the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH). The program received funding again in 1992 from the U.S. Department of Education’s FIPSE, which deemed the program highly innovative. The program strengthened the overall curriculum at UVU as well as EAC efforts elsewhere. FIPSE project officers found the EAC project to be one of the most influential programs it funded. In 2001, the program received the Theodore M. Hesburgh Award for Leadership in Higher Education. The ease in replicating and disseminating the program to other institutions led FIPSE to award two additional grants to continue development and dissemination of the program over the next eight years. This article will detail the history of the program’s implementation, design and theoretical underpinnings.
Self-Locating Beliefs

Beauty is put to sleep and woken up either once or twice, depending on the flip of a coin; after each waking, she will fall asleep and forget having woken. Upon waking, what should be her credence that the coin came up heads? Some say 1/2; others say 1/3. I propose that evidence supports a theory for you when your having that qualitative evidence would be more likely if the theory were true than if it were false. This view supports the “1/3” answer to the Sleeping Beauty problem. It also has applications to other arguments concerning self-locating beliefs: the Doomsday Argument fails, and the Fine Tuning Argument supports the Multiverse theory, if and only if it would be metaphysically possible for you to exist in a different universe.
The Price of Ottoman Failure

This essay, written for a symposium on secularity in the contemporary Middle East, explores the dangers secularization may pose for non-Muslims, especially Christians. It looks to a historical example, the 19th Century Ottoman reform movement known as the Tanzimat. The Tanzimat aimed to modernize the empire and revise its law to reflect secular European models. One major reform gave legal equality for the first time to non-Muslims. Equality contradicted classical Islamic law and contributed to a violent backlash against Christians that set the stage for genocide in the 20th Century. Of course, the story of the Tanzimat's failure is complex. Factors other than religious law were also involved, and one cannot draw a direct analogy to events that occurred 150 years ago in a different society. Nonetheless, the story of the Tanzimat and its failure suggests that secularization in the Middle East is a delicate matter that poses risks for Christian communities.
Alcoholism and Sociopathy

The relationship between alcoholism or alcohol abuse and sociopathy is more difficult to unravel than most other psychiatric diagnoses. The degree of overlap between the two conditions is remarkable, for many persons diagnosed as sociopaths engage in excessive drinking and many alcohol abusers also exhibit antisocial behavior patterns. The associations between alcohol consumption and aggressive behavior,1–5 criminal activity, 6–9 violent death,10,11 and the family incidence of sociopathy12–14 have been studied widely. Yet, conceptual and diagnostic confusion about the conditions persists.
Pathogenicity of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus is Potentially Mediated by Wild-Type Leader RNA which Inhibits Initiation of Transcription

The highly pathogenic vesicular stomatitis virus shuts off synthesis of RNA, DNA, and protein in infected host cells. Genetic studies with temperature-sensitive mutants and defective-interfering viruses indicate that viral transcription is essential for inhibiting cellular nucleic acid synthesis. Inactivation of viral genome functions by UV-irradiation implicated the 47-nucleotide wild-type leader RNA as the potential inhibitor of cellular RNA and DNA synthesis, but not protein synthesis. Purified preparations of wild-type leader RNA in low concentrations markedly inhibited in vitro initiation of transcription of adenovirus-2 late promoter and virus-associated genes as well as SV40 DNA in a Manley—Sharp reconstituted system containing eukaryotic polymerases and co-factors. The leader RNA of non-pathogenic DI virus or viral mRNA at high concentrations had only slight effects on in vitro transcription, as did other exogenous synthetic and natural RNAs. The wild-type leader RNA contains TAATA-like and consensus-like sequences, which could potentially inhibit the functions of RNA polymerase II and III, whereas similar sequences are absent in the nonpathogenic DI leader.
Using 3D printed physical models to monitor knowledge integration in biochemistry

Noncovalent interactions determine the three-dimensional structure of macromolecules and the binding interactions between molecules. Students struggle to understand noncovalent interactions and how they relate to structure–function relationships. Additionally, students’ difficulties translating from two-dimensional representations to three-dimensional representations add another layer of complexity found in macromolecules. Therefore, we developed instructional resources that use 3D physical models to target student understanding of noncovalent interactions of small molecules and macromolecules. To this effect, we monitored indicators of knowledge integration as evidenced in student-generated drawings. Analysis of the drawings revealed that students were able to incorporate relevant conceptual features into their drawings from different sources as well as present their understanding from different perspectives.
Inducing fibrogenesis and new interfibrillary bonds in post-laser in situ keratomileusis keratectasia.

Flap creation weakens the cornea and is a risk factor for keratectasia after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). We describe a new technique to halt the progression of keratectasia by mechanically reintegrating the flap into the residual stroma. Deep stromal vertical puncturing is performed in the 4.0 to 9.0 mm paracentral corneal zone at a depth of 350 to 420 μm. The puncturing is applied in circumferential rows using a 25-gauge needle or a diamond blade, with denser puncturing at the level of the cone. In 5 eyes with worsening post-LASIK keratectasia, improved uncorrected and corrected visual acuities, corneal flattening, and a hyperopic shift were observed. There was no progression of keratectasia on serial topographies. New collagen fibrogenesis was documented by optical coherence tomography. The technique seems to be promising to halt the progression of post-LASIK keratectasia. More clinical data and longer follow-up are needed for validation.
Cardiorespiratory morbidity and mortality of opioid overdose during admission to safety-net hospitals.

Abstract Study objective Safety-net hospitals disproportionately care for high-risk patients. Prior work has shown safety-net hospitals to have inferior postoperative outcomes with higher cost and worse patient ratings. We aim to examine the association of hospital safety-net burden with morbidity and mortality in patients with opioid overdose hospital admission. Design Retrospective cross-sectional analysis using the National Inpatient Sample registry from 2010 to 2014. Setting Multi-institutional. Patients We included 547, 399 patients admitted to a United States hospital with an International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision, code of opioid overdose. To study the association of hospital safety-net burden on mortality and morbidity, we calculated hospital safety-net burden defined as the percent of Medicaid or uninsured among all admitted patients. Hospitals were categorized into one of three categories: low burden hospitals, medium burden hospitals, and high burden hospitals (i.e., safety-net hospitals). We performed a mixed effects multivariable logistic regression analysis to assess the association of hospital safety-net burden with short-term inpatient outcomes. Intervention None. Measurements The primary outcomes were inpatient mortality and morbidity. Main results Compared to MBHs and LBHs, HBHs had a greater proportion of minority patients (i.e., Black, Hispanic, and Native American) and patients with median household income in the lowest quartile (p 0.05). Conclusions Safety-net hospital disproportionately care for vulnerable populations, however the odds of poor outcomes were no different in opioid overdose. Safety-net hospitals should have equal access to the funding and resources that allows them to deliver the same standard of care as their counterparts.
Silhouette-Based 3D Shape Reconstruction of a Small Body from a Spacecraft

In this paper, we present a novel Shape from Silhouette (SfS) algorithm to estimate the physical and dynamical properties of a small body-such as an asteroid or comet-from periodic images taken from a distant approaching spacecraft. Standard mapping techniques such as Stereo-Photo-Clinometry (SPC) and Stereo-Photo-Grammetry (SPG) are designed for close-proximity observations in which the body is 1000s of pixels in area, and there are enough surface features on the object. In contrast, our algorithms are suited for distant observations (i.e. during first approach) in which the body is only 10s-100s of pixels in area and does not present any useful visual features. First, using the Fast-Fourier-Transform of the light curve of the small body, we estimate its rotation rate. Then, using our novel silhouette-based 3D shape reconstruction technique, we estimate the shape and size of the small body and its pole of rotation. In this paper, we assume that the small body is performing pure rotation (no tumbling) about its principal axis, that the Sun is directly behind the spacecraft, and that the distance from the spacecraft to the small body is known. These algorithms have been tested using both simulated data from Comet 67P, Asteroids Eros and Itokawa; and real data from the Rosetta mission.
Abstract 257: Determining the Potential Role of cTnT Isoform Switching in the Development of Early Childhood Tropomyosin-linked DCM

An oft noted component of sarcomeric DCM is the observation that patients within families carrying the same primary mutation exhibit significant phenotypic variability. This lack of a distinct link...