cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interfacial Reaction Between a Sputter Deposited MoSi2 Film and its Oxidation Product on Al2O3 at 1300°C in Air

The chemical compatibility between MoSi2 and Al2O3 at 1300°C was examined using sputter deposited MoSi2 films, 0.7 µm thick, on sapphire and on polycrystalline alumina. The oxidation behavior of the sputter deposited films was found to be identical to that of bulk MoSi2. The oxidation products of the MoSi2 are Si oxides and lower silicides of Mo. MoO3 is formed and sublimes at the free surface. Oxidation is found to occur at the SiO2/MoSi2 interface. Just beneath this interface, silicides of Mo and two oxidation states of Si were identified. No reaction between MoSi2 and alumina was found. In the case of a sapphire substrate, after Mo was completely eliminated from the interface, silica reacted with the substrate and eventually phase separated into high- and low-silica phases. Nucleation, growth and coalescence of high-silica precipitates were observed.
SACER, SACROSANCTUS, and LEGES SACRATAE

This paper offers a challenge to the conventional view of the lex sacrata which the Romans believed to have accompanied the establishment of the plebeian tribunate. According to most scholars, the lex sacrata was not technically a lex (law), but was rather an oath sworn by the plebs, enjoining them to protect the persons of the tribunes and to punish with death anyone who should harm the holders of this office. Originally it was only this oath that gave the tribunes their power, which developed into a true office of the Roman state only gradually. This interpretation serves as one of the major props in the widely-held interpretation of the early Roman Republic as being characterized by a “struggle of the orders” in which the plebeians formed a revolutionary “state within the state,” separate and distinct from the legitimate state, which was controlled by the patricians. By reexamining the sources for the traditional interpretation of the lex sacrata , this paper shows that all of the evidence suggests that the lex sacrata which guaranteed the inviolability of the plebeian tribunes was, in fact, a law of the Roman community, and that there is little if any support for the “oath” interpretation. With this understanding, a major prop in the communis opinio about the early Republic is undermined. Finally, the paper offers an alternative hypothesis for the role of leges sacratae in the development of the Republic.
Brief report use of nonexclusionary timeout for the elimination of a stereotyped behavior

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of a non-exclusionary timeout procedure in reducing a high-frequency stereotyped behavior in a 28-year-old profoundly mentally retarded and autistic male. The experimental design consisted of baseline (A), treatment (B), and 1- and 6-month follow-up studies. After 2 weeks of treatment, the target behavior was reduced to a virtually zero rate of occurence and the low rate of response was maintained throughout follow-up. Findings suggest that nonexclusionary timeout may prove to be a cost-effective intervention for reducing or eliminating disruptive stereotyped behaviors. The need for further research is indicated.
Computational Insight into the Covalent Organic–Inorganic Interface

From chemical functionalization of an inorganic substrate to protection/passivation of a nanocluster/nanoparticle surface, the organic–inorganic interface is key to chemistry of many materials. Herein computational insights into the structure, bonding, and energetics of several representative covalent organic–inorganic interfaces are reviewed mainly from the authors’ work and based on density functional theory. We start with the zero-curvature substrates including graphene, metal surfaces, and MoS2 and discuss their covalent functionalization by the attachment of the aryl group via the diazonium chemistry. We then move on to large-curvature, ligand-protected gold nanoclusters where we focus on the ligand–gold interface. The theoretical studies have produced both general trends that help understand the experimental results and specific predictions that have been confirmed or are yet to be verified. Opportunities abound in coupling theory and experiment to understand the roles of the covalent organic–inorga...
Toward a Critical Race Perspective of Transfer: An Exploration of a Transfer Receptive Culture

ABSTRACTIn this study we highlight the five elements of a transfer receptive culture and its connection to the Summer Transfer Enrichment Program (STEP) administered by the Community College Outreach Center (CCOC) at Best Coast University (all pseudonyms). A quantitative and qualitative study was conducted focusing on five years of STEP, consisting of 87 participants (70% female, 30% male), with 90% identifying as students of color (the majority Latinx1). Fifty-six students completed a survey and 22 participated in focus group interviews. Through Critical Race Theory we found that this program embodies four out of the five transfer receptive culture elements. Students felt reassured by the longevity and presence of CCOC and that STEP addressed fears and misconceptions about transferring. In addition, students felt financially and academically supported along with being validated through coursework and workshops that were similar to their life experiences.
How to unleash mitochondrial apoptotic blockades to kill cancers

Apoptosis, especially the intrinsic mitochondrial cell death pathway, is regulated by the BCL-2 family of proteins. Defects in apoptotic machinery are one of the main mechanisms that cells employ to evade cell death and become cancerous. Targeting the apoptotic defects, either by direct inhibition of BCL-2 family proteins or through modulation of regulatory pathways, can restore cell sensitivity to cell death. This review will focus on the aspects of BCL-2 family proteins, their interactions with kinase pathways, and how novel targeted agents can help overcome the apoptotic blockades. Furthermore, functional assays, such as BH3 profiling, may help in predicting responses to chemotherapies and aid in the selection of combination therapies by determining the mitochondrial threshold for initiating cell death.
Visually Handicapped Travelers in the Rapid Rail Transit Environment.

Visually impaired people often rely on mass transportation to maximize the benefits derivable from independent community living. Yet many of these individuals regularly encounter great difficulty w...
Ultra-Wideband Millimeter-Wave Dielectric Characteristics of Freshly Excised Normal and Malignant Human Skin Tissues

Millimeter waves have recently gained attention for the evaluation of skin lesions and the detection of skin tumors. Such evaluations heavily rely on the dielectric contrasts existing between normal and malignant skin tissues at millimeter-wave frequencies. However, current studies on the dielectric properties of normal and diseased skin tissues at these frequencies are limited and inconsistent. In this study, a comprehensive dielectric spectroscopy study is conducted for the first time to characterize the ultra-wideband dielectric properties of freshly excised normal and malignant skin tissues obtained from skin cancer patients having undergone Mohs micrographic surgeries at Hackensack University Medical Center. Measurements are conducted using a precision slim-form open-ended coaxial probe in conjunction with a millimeter-wave vector network analyzer over the frequency range of 0.5–50 GHz. A one-pole Cole–Cole model is fitted to the complex permittivity dataset of each sample. Statistically considerable contrasts are observed between the dielectric properties of malignant and normal skin tissues over the ultra-wideband millimeter-wave frequency range considered.
Cyber-Infrastructure for Data-Intensive Geospatial Computing

With the recent advent of heterogeneous High-performance Computing (HPC) to handle EO “Big Data” workloads, there is a need for a unified Cyber-infrastructure (CI) platform that can bridge the best of many HPC worlds. In this chapter, we discuss such a CI platform being developed at Geographic Information Science and Technology (GIST) group using novel and innovative techniques, and emerging technologies that are scalable to large-scale supercomputers. The CI platform utilizes a wide variety of computing such as GPGPU, distributed, real-time and cluster computing, which are being brought together architecturally to enable data-driven analysis, scientific understanding of earth system models, and research collaboration. This development addresses the need for close integration of EO and other geospatial information in the face of growing volumes of the data, and facilitates spatio-temporal analysis of disparate and dynamic data streams. Horizontal scalability and linear throughput are supported in the heart of the platform itself. It is being used to support very broad application areas, ranging from high-resolution settlement mapping, national bioenergy infrastructure to urban information and mobility systems. The platform provides spatio-temporal decision support capabilities in planning, policy and operational missions for US federal agencies. Also, the platform is designed to be functionally and technologically sustainable for continued support of the US energy and environment mission for the coming decades.
Angiogenic biomarkers in triage and risk for preeclampsia with severe features.

Abstract There is an urgent need for biomarkers that can help stratify women with suspected preeclampsia (PE) for the subsequent appearance of PE with severe features (sPE), to improve risk assessment and direct monitoring related to complications of sPE. Elevated levels of circulating anti-angiogenic factors like soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1) and decreased free levels of pro-angiogenic factors such as placental growth factor (PlGF) are associated with adverse outcomes related to preeclampsia (PE). Here, we report in a single-center prospective study (N = 402) that plasma levels of these circulating angiogenic markers predict sPE within two weeks among women presenting with suspected PE in the preterm period ( 38 at the triage visit had a positive predictive value (PPV) of 47% and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 98% for the presence of sPE within 2 weeks. Among patients presenting 85, had a PPV of 59% in all patients and 74% among patients presenting 38 and >85 respectively. Clinical trials are needed to evaluate whether risk stratification with angiogenic biomarkers in patients with suspected PE will lead to improved maternal and fetal outcomes among women at risk for severe disease.
Coniugate Effects of Atmospherically Scattered Auroral Electrons

Calculations and experiments have shown that some fraction of an electron stream incident on a gas is scattered in the backward direction. Applied to the aurora we find that about 15 to 20 percent of the electron flux returns up the field lines. These electrons are transferred to the conjugate region via the lines of force, if these are continuous between hemispheres. Losses are negligible, but a small drift in longitude may be expected. The energy spectrum of the electrons becomes softer; however, a close correspondence in occurrence of aurora must prevail. Absence of aurora would be a clear indication that the phenomenon is not associated with closed magnetic shells. A minor effect on the spectral character of the electrons scattered into the conjugate area is found, which could be associated with a difference in the model atmosphere and ionosphere.
Carrying Guns and Involvement in Crime

Firearm assaults are an important source of injury among young people in the United States. In 1997, persons aged 13 to 19 comprised 9.75% of the population, but they accounted for 14% of the nation’s 10,369 firearm homicide victims (U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation, 1997). National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) estimates for 1992–1993 show that those aged 15 to19 accounted for 22% of the 57,500 hospital emergency department visits for assaultive gunshot wounds, although they account for only 7.2% of the population (Zawitz, 1996).
Investigation of age-adjusted D-dimer using an uncommon assay.

Abstract Background Use of an age-adjusted D-dimer for the evaluation of acute pulmonary embolus (PE) has been prospectively validated in the literature and has become a practice recommendation from major medical societies. Most research on this subject involves the most common D-dimer assays reporting in Fibrinogen Equivalent Units (FEU) with a non-age-adjusted manufacturer-recommended cutoff of 500 ng/ml FEU. Limited research to date has evaluated age-adjustment in assays that report in D-Dimer Units (D-DU), which use a manufacturer-recommended cutoff of 230 ng/ml D-DU. Despite scant evidence, an age-adjusted formula using D-DU has been recently endorsed by the American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP). This formula seems arbitrary in its derivation and unnecessarily deviates from existing thresholds, thus prompting the creation of our novel-age adjustment formula. The goal of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the test characteristics of our novel age-adjusted D-dimer formula using the D-DU assay in comparison to existing traditional and age-adjusted D-dimer thresholds for the evaluation of acute PE in the ED. Methods This was a retrospective chart review at an academic quaternary health system with three EDs and 195,000 combined annual ED visits. Only patients with D-dimer testing and CT PE protocol (CTPE) imaging were included. Admission and discharge diagnosis codes were used to identify acute PE. Outcome measures were sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value (NPV) and positive predictive value (PPV) of an unadjusted traditional threshold (230) compared with both novel and ACEP-endorsed age adjusted thresholds, (Age × 5) − 20 and Age × 5 if >50, respectively. Estimates with their exact 95% threshold were performed. Results 4846 adult patients were evaluated from January 2012 to July 2017. Group characteristics include a mean age of 52 and a frequency of acute PE diagnosis by CTPE of 8.25%. Traditional D-dimer cutoff demonstrated a sensitivity of 99.8% (95% CI 98.6–100), specificity of 16.7% (95% CI 15.6–17.8) and NPV of 99.9% (95% CI 99.3–100). Our novel age-adjusted D-dimer thresholds had a sensitivity of 97.0% (95% CI 94.8–98.4), specificity of 27.9% (95% CI 26.6–29.2) and NPV of 99.0% (95% CI 98.3–99.5) with the ACEP-endorsed formula demonstrating similar test characteristics. Conclusion Use of an age-adjusted D-dimer on appropriately selected patients being evaluated for acute PE in the ED with a D-DU assay increases specificity while maintaining a high sensitivity and NPV. Both our novel formula and the ACEP-endorsed age-adjusted formula performed well, with our novel formula showing a trend towards improved testing characteristics.
On Kéba M’Baye and the Right to Development at 30

With Keba M’Baye’s ideas as its starting point, this chapter’s central concern is an exploration of the right to development thirty years after the emergence of the Declaration on the Right to Development (DRD) in 1986. The chapter discusses core elements of the DRD and highlights developments in recent decades that augur well for its objectives. Further and with a focus on principal institutional agents of development, it highlights some tensions that have marked their adoption of the language of rights in their development discourses. In addition, the chapter discusses the implications of rise of acts of terrorism and responses to them by states on the right to development.
Ethics, Bounded Rationality, and IP Sharing in IT Outsourcing

Our dynamic model of information technology (IT) outsourcing integrates incomplete contracts, moral hazard, and adverse selection under both perfect and, more realistically, bounded rationality. In...
Well-posedness and Critical Index Set of the Cauchy Problem for the Coupled KdV-KdV Systems on $\mathbb{T}$

Studied in this paper is the well-posedness of the Cauchy problem for the coupled KdV-KdV systems \[ u_t+a_1u_{xxx} = c_{11}uu_x+c_{12}vv_x+d_{11}u_{x}v+d_{12}uv_{x}, \quad u(x,0)= u_0(x) \] \[ v_t+a_2v_{xxx}= c_{21}uu_x+c_{22}vv_x +d_{21}u_{x}v+d_{22}uv_{x}, \quad v(x,0)=v_0(x)\] posed on the torus $\mathbb{T}$ in the spaces \[ {\cal H}^s_1:=H^s_0 (\mathbb{T})\times H^s_0 (\mathbb{T}), \quad {\cal H}^s_2:=H^s_0 (\mathbb{T})\times H^s(\mathbb{T}), \quad {\cal H}^s_3:=H^s (\mathbb{T})\times H^s_0 (\mathbb{T}), \quad {\cal H}^s_4:=H^s (\mathbb{T})\times H^s (\mathbb{T}).\] For $k=1,2,3,4$, it is shown that for given $a_1$, $a_2$, $(c_{ij})$ and $(d_{ij})$, there exists a unique $s^*_k \in (-\infty, +\infty]$, called the critical index, such that the system is analytically well-posed in $\cal{H}^s_k$ for $s>s^*_k$ while the bilinear estimate, the key for the proof of the analytical well-posedness, fails if $s<s^{*}_k$. Viewing the critical index $s^*_k$ as a function of the coefficients $a_1$, $a_2$, $(c_{ij})$ and $(d_{ij})$, its range $\cal{C}_k$ is called the critical index set for the analytical well-posedness of the system in the space $\cal{H}^s_k$. Invoking some classical results of Diophantine approximation in number theory, we are able to identify that \[ \mbox{$ {\cal C}_1= \left \{ -\frac12, \infty \right\} \bigcup \left \{ \alpha: \frac12\leq \alpha\leq 1 \right \}$ } \quad\text{and}\quad \mbox{${\cal C}_q= \left \{ -\frac12, -\frac14, \infty \right\} \bigcup \left \{ \alpha: \frac12\leq \alpha\leq 1 \right \}$ for $q=2,3,4$.}\] This is in sharp contrast to the $R$ case in which the critical index set ${\cal C}$ for the analytical well-posedness of in the space $H^s (R)\times H^s (R)$ consists of exactly four numbers: $ {\cal C}=\left \{ -\frac{13}{12}, -\frac34, 0, \frac34 \right \}.$
Medical Causes of Psychosis: Lessons for Individuals with Attenuated Psychosis Syndromes

This chapter addresses the possible medical causes of the prodromal or clinical high-risk (CHR) state, which includes the attenuated psychosis syndromes (APS). When evaluating new-onset psychotic or CHR/APS symptoms, it is of the utmost importance to rule out any known medical illness or substance abuse that could represent the clear etiology of the symptoms. These conditions may be referred to as the secondary CHR states and are causally related to a known condition, as opposed to primary or idiopathic psychosis, which is representative of an underlying psychiatric disorder. It is important to keep these medical conditions on the differential diagnosis, as prognosis and treatment will vary greatly from idiopathic psychotic disorders. In this chapter, we outline the clinical features of different medical diagnoses that can present with CHR/APS symptoms. We cover a large breadth of causes, including substance intoxication and withdrawal, prescribed medications, seizure disorder, intracranial lesions, congenital/genetic disorders, traumatic brain injury, autoimmune diseases, endocrine abnormalities, nutritional deficiencies, sleep disorders, and infectious causes. Finally, we then discuss approach to diagnosis, with an emphasis on how to clinically differentiate these medical conditions from a primary CHR illness, through close attention to characteristics of clinical presentation, patient and family history, physical exam, and labs/imaging studies.
Trends in Drain Utilization in Bariatric Surgery: an Analysis of the MBSAQIP Database 2015–2017

Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) are the two most common bariatric operations. With the implementation of enhanced recovery protocols, the use of drains should decrease. The Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Accreditation and Quality Improvement Program database was queried for the years 2015–2017. Our inclusion criteria included all patients undergoing a primary LRYGB, SG, and revisions. We examined demographics, operative characteristics, the use of drains, and postoperative complications. Continuous variables were summarized using means and standard deviations (SD). Categorical variables were summarized using frequencies and proportions. Student’s T test (Wilcoxon sum rank test in the case of skewed data) and chi-squared analysis were used to assess the baseline differences in drain utilization. From 2015 to 2017, there were 388,239 bariatric cases performed without drains and 100,221 performed with drains. Twenty-nine percent of LRYGB patients had a drain placed but only 16.7% of SG patients. The percentage of LRYGB that had a drain dropped from 33.1 to 24.6% during the study period and that of SG dropped from 20.3 to 13.6%. Patients that had drains placed were more likely to have a provocative test at the time of surgery (prevalence ratio (PR) 2.24) and to have a postoperative swallow study (PR 1.93). Drains are still commonly used in bariatric patients. Over the study period, there was a decrease in the use of drains in both bypass and sleeve patients. Patients with a drain were more likely to have had a provocative test and a swallow study and have a higher rate of complications and mortality.
Incidence Rate of Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease Among Privately Insured Adults with Neurodevelopmental Disabilities.

Purpose Due to complex medical profiles, adults with neurodevelopmental disabilities (NDDs) may have a heightened risk for early development of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and accelerated CKD progression to advanced stages and kidney failure. The purpose of this study was to estimate the incidence rate of advanced CKD for adults with NDDs and compare the incidence rate to adults without NDDs. Patients and methods Data were used from the Optum Clinformatics® Data Mart to conduct this retrospective cohort study. The calendar year 2013 was used to identify eligible participants: individuals ≥18 years of age and without advanced CKD. Participants were followed from 01/01/2014 to advanced CKD, loss to follow-up, death, or end of the study period (12/31/2017), whichever came first. Diagnostic, procedure, and diagnosis-related group codes identified NDDs (intellectual disabilities, cerebral palsy, autism spectrum disorders), incident cases of advanced CKD (CKD stages 4+), diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and hypertension present in the year 2013. Crude incidence rates (IR) of advanced CKD and IR ratios (IRR), comparing adults with vs without NDDs (with 95% CI) were estimated. Then, Cox regression estimated the hazard ratio (HR and 95% CI) for advanced CKD, comparing adults with NDDs to adults without NDDs while adjusting for covariates. Results Adults with NDDs (n=33,561) had greater crude IR of advanced CKD (IRR=1.32; 95% CI=1.24-1.42) compared to adults without NDDs (n=6.5M). The elevated rate of advanced CKD among adults with NDDs increased after adjusting for demographics (HR=2.19; 95% CI=2.04-2.34) and remained elevated with further adjustment for hypertension and diabetes (HR=2.01; 95% CI=1.87-2.15) plus cardiovascular disease (HR=1.84; 95% CI=1.72-1.97). Stratified analyses showed that the risk of advanced CKD was greater for all NDD subgroups. Conclusion Study findings suggest that adults with NDDs have a greater risk of advanced CKD than do adults without NDDs, and that difference is not explained by covariates used in our analysis.
Repositioning Cultural Competency with Clinical Doctoral Students: Unpacking Intersectionality, Standpoint Theory, and Multiple Minority Stress/Resilience

Traditionally, different types of clinical cultural competency trainings have centered on racialized and gendered mental health statistics. Psychologists’ historical focus has been on typecasting c...
Opioids, Race, and Drug Enforcement: Exploring Local Relationships Between Neighborhood Context and Black–White Opioid-Related Possession Arrests:

Opioid abuse has redefined drug problems in communities and shifted police activities to redress substance use. Changing neighborhood context around opioid issues may affect arrests and racial disp...
Correction to: Should Animalists Be “Transplanimalists”?

In the original publication, the second sentence of foot note 11 and final sentence of foot note 46 have been published incorrectly. The corrected foot notes are given in this correction.
The power divide: Mobile communication in Los Angeles’ Skid Row:

This study explores mobile phone use among people experiencing homelessness in downtown Los Angeles. It explores usage patterns and connectivity challenges, and how these affect access to social se...
Intimate partner violence, firearms, and sleep disturbances: the influence of coercive control and partner firearm ownership

Abstract Objectives To investigate the role of diverse forms of intimate partner violence (IPV) and firearms in the context of IPV in sleep disturbances. Design A cross-sectional survey of domestic violence victims. Setting Six domestic violence shelters (both urban and rural) in the state of Texas. Participants Two hundred fifteen women recruited from domestic violence shelters. Methods Seven items pertaining to sleep disturbances during the past 30 days were employed as dependent variables (in addition to a composite index). Measures of non-gun IPV (i.e., coercive control, physical abuse, and sexual abuse) as well as three forms of gun IPV (implicit threats, explicit threats, and gun-related abuse) were constructed. A dichotomous item assessing partner gun ownership was also employed. Ordinary least squares and Logistic regression models adjusting for covariates were estimated. Results Independent of other forms of abuse, coercive control was associated with the sleep disturbances index and five of the seven individual sleep items. Ancillary analyses revealed that this association was party explained by post-traumatic stress disorder symptomatology. Moreover, while gun IPV and sleep disturbances were unrelated, partner gun ownership was associated with five of the seven sleep disturbance items. Conclusions Coercive control appears to be central to the sleep health of IPV victims, and partner gun ownership may represent an additional risk factor for sleep disturbances beyond experiences of abuse. The consequences of abuse and firearms in the context of intimate partner abuse may extend beyond physical injury to other health outcomes including sleep disturbances.
Positive Caregiving Styles Attenuating Effects of Cumulative Trauma Among Youth Who Commit Sexual Crimes

Among youth who commit sexual crimes, childhood trauma experiences have been linked to a host of outcomes including trauma symptom expression. Furthermore, research has begun assessing differential...
Range Expansion and Dispersal of the Asian Chestnut Gall Wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) in the Mid-Atlantic States

The Asian chestnut gall wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu is an invasive species of global concern that was inadvertently introduced into North America where it induces gall formation on chestnut species including Castanea mollissima Blume, C. crenata Siebold & Zucc., and C. sativa Mill. as well as on the American chestnut, C. dentata (Marshall) Borkh. The gall former was introduced into the United States in the 1970's and since its initial introduction into Georgia, it has been reported to have spread to 13 other states. It has previously been documented as far to the northeast as Connecticut and Massachusetts and as far to the northwest as Michigan. Prior to this study it had been reported in 13 counties within the state of Pennsylvania. The introduction and spread of D. kuriphilus is of particular concern given the intensive efforts to restore American chestnuts into the North American landscape. The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of the distribution and spread of the Asian chestnut gall wasp in Eastern Pennsylvania and neighboring states. During the course of this study, specimens of Castanea spp. (Fagaceae) were assessed/monitored for the presence of galls caused by D. kuriphilus at over 100 sites in four states. Herein, galls caused by the Asian chestnut gall wasp are documented, for the first time, on Castanea spp. at several sites in the U.S. states of New Jersey, New York, and Delaware, new state records. Additionally, we report an expansion of the range of the Asian chestnut gall wasp to encompass twenty additional counties within Eastern Pennsylvania. Dispersal of the gall wasps in this study appears to have been influenced by topographical features and wind direction. For further confirmation of identity, we reared D. kuriphilus from galls collected at several sites. These findings establish the range expansion of this gall-forming invasive pest species in the United States to now encompass all of the Mid-Atlantic States.
Approaching full-range selectivity control in CO2 hydrogenation to methanol and carbon monoxide with catalyst composition regulation

CO2 hydrogenation into valuable chemical products has attracted intensive research interest in recent years, with product selectivity control remaining an important topic that requires fine tuning of the catalytic structure and mechanistic understanding. Herein we report our study of anionic phosphorus-regulated indium oxide In2O3 (P-In2O3) nanocatalyst materials for CO2 hydrogenation and achieve nearly full-range selectivity control between methanol and CO products by means of tuning the P content. In situ DRIFTS experiments and XPS characterization reveal the importance of P anion regulation in controlling the CO2 hydrogenation pathways, with an increase in the P content resulting in a decrease in the reducibility of In2O3 that alters CO2 adsorption configuration by blocking and weakening oxygen vacancy (OV) sites for methanol generation and in the meantime creates new sites predominantly active for CO generation. This study demonstrates excellent control of the product selectivity property by regulating the catalyst composition with P anions and provides mechanistic discussions, which offers a new, effective strategy in CO2 hydrogenation catalyst research.
Benchmarking Monolithic 3D Integration for Compute-in-Memory Accelerators: Overcoming ADC Bottlenecks and Maintaining Scalability to 7nm or Beyond

This paper presents 3D NeuroSim, a benchmark framework of monolithic 3D (M3D) integrated compute-in-memory (CIM) accelerators. To address the challenges of analog-to-digital converter (ADC) overhead and scaling limitations caused by high write voltage in emerging nonvolatile memory (eNVM), we propose partitioning the circuit modules in hybrid technology nodes across two stacked tiers with massive inter-tier vias. This framework features versatile back-end-of-line (BEOL)-compatible transistors, including laser-recrystallized silicon transistor and oxide transistor, and analyzes the thermal profile for M3D integration. Finally, we benchmark the CIM accelerators for VGG-8 on CIFAR-10 and reveal the substantial benefits in energy efficiency of a hybrid M3D architecture (45nm eNVM array+7nm ADC and logic).
Hering, Karl Ewald Konstantin 1834–1918

Karl Ewald Konstantin Hering was born on August 5, 1834, in Alt-Gersdorf in Saxony, son of a Lutheran pastor and his wife. He studied medicine at the University of Leipzig, obtaining an MD degree in 1860. For the next five years, he practiced medicine in Leipzig and pursued personal interests in vision on the side, publishing five Beitrage zur Physiologie (Contributions to physiology) between 1861 and 1864 (Hering in Beitrage zur Physiologie. Leipzig, Engelmann [1]). He was married in 1863, and he and his wife had a son, Heinrich Ewald. In 1865, he was appointed professor of physiology at the Josephinum Academy in Vienna. In 1870, he became the successor of J. E. Purkinje as professor of physiology at the University of Prague where he remained for 25 years, studying among other things the electrical actions of nerves and muscles, as well as the perception of light and color vision. In 1895, he was invited to join the University of Leipzig where he remained until his retirement in 1915.
Cryptonomial: A Framework for Private Time-Series Polynomial Calculations.

In modern times, data collected from multi-user distributed applications must be analyzed on a massive scale to support critical business objectives. While analytics often requires the use of personal data, it may compromise user privacy expectations if this analysis is conducted over plaintext data. Private Stream Aggregation (PSA) allows for the aggregation of time-series data, while still providing strong privacy guarantees, and is significantly more efficient over a network than related techniques (e.g. homomorphic encryption, secure multiparty computation, etc.) due to its asynchronous and efficient protocols. However, PSA protocols face limitations and can only compute basic functions, such as sum, average, etc.. We present Cryptonomial, a framework for converting any PSA scheme amenable to a complex canonical embedding into a secure computation protocol that can compute any function over time-series data that can be written as a multivariate polynomial, by combining PSA and a Trusted Execution Environment. This design allows us to compute the parallelizable sections of our protocol outside the TEE using advanced hardware, that can take better advantage of parallelism. We show that Cryptonomial inherits the security requirements of PSA, and supports fully malicious security. We simulate our scheme, and show that our techniques enable performance that is orders of magnitude faster than similar work supporting polynomial calculations.
Predicting performance on the Mini-Mental State Examination. Use of age- and education-specific equations.

Inclusion of a mental status examination in research and clinical screening instruments lengthens the protocol, thereby adding to the difficulty of using instruments addressing all relevant issues under study without taxing participants. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the possibility of substituting a subset of items from the widely used Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) for the entire examination in order to reduce the time needed to screen for cognitive status. Study data came from a health study of 783 community-dwelling, white females, 65 years of age and over, selected randomly from a 20-census-tract area of northeast Baltimore. Results indicate that seven MMSE items can be used to reliably predict total MMSE scores. Because of an age × education interaction in the prediction of total MMSE scores, four age × education-specific predictive equations were developed. These four equations are most useful for predicting continuous MMSE scores rather than for categorizing individuals according to imparied versus unimparied status. A short form of the MMSE and four age × education-specific scoring equations are presented and their potential utility discussed.
The Role of Headquarters in Firm-specific Investment and Intra-firm Trade

An important difference between intra-firm and inter-firm transactions is that the former takes place under the governance of a "headquarters," which often remains aloof from the transaction yet retains ultimate authority over it. We show that when trading parties' relationship-specific investments directly affect the other's profit, the presence of such headquarters is necessary to achieve the (ex ante) efficient level of investment. Further, because internal trade is not always optimal, we show how a poorly informed headquarters can implement (ex post) optimal type of trade. We present a simple mechanism that enables the headquarters to extract the managers' information through deliberate creation of disagreement over trade. The model is consistent with the real world headquarters' using divisional disputes in choosing between internal and external trades, as witnessed by Eccles.
Drugs and the brain, the MOOC (221.2)

How does a MOOC differ in value and impact from previous "distance-learning" technologies? (1) A major additional possibility is the online community that springs up around the course. "Drugs and t...
Uncivil Rhetorics: Magisterial Wit and Female Noise in Ben Jonson's The Magnetic Lady

This essay reveals the ways a representative handful of early modern rhetoric manuals disseminate a formative, civilizing ideology that render them a crucial resource, as well as a point of contention, for other cultural expressions of verbal eloquence in the service of the commonwealth. As a case study that expressly tackles the civilizing agenda of rhetoric, Ben Jonson's The Magnetic Lady depicts a hero-orator who ostensibly enables civic harmony; and yet the play problematizes his “magisterial wit” by introducing doubt about both the use of rhetoric to guide society and the kind of society emerging from such efforts. Furthermore, by interrogating early modern rhetorical treatises’ depictions of the civilizing orator alongside Jonson's dramatic representation, I explore the ways a gendered and classed subject, whose polymorphous speech I ultimately theorize as “female noise”, parodies and thus exposes the corruption underlying rhetoric's civilizing agenda. The reconciliation gestures of the play are the...
Regulatable Gene Expression Systems for Gene Therapy Applications: Progress and Future Challenges

Gene therapy aims to revert diseased phenotypes by the use of both viral and nonviral gene delivery systems. Substantial progress has been made in making gene transfer vehicles more efficient, less toxic, and nonimmunogenic and in allowing long-term transgene expression. One of the key issues in successfully implementing gene therapies in the clinical setting is to be able to regulate gene expression very tightly and consistently as and when it is needed. The regulation ought to be achievable using a compound that should be nontoxic, be able to penetrate into the desired target tissue or organ, and have a half-life of a few hours (as opposed to minutes or days) so that when withdrawn or added (depending on the regulatable system used) gene expression can be turned "on" or "off" quickly and effectively. Also, the genetic switches employed should ideally be nonimmunogenic in the host. The ability to switch transgenes on and off would be of paramount importance not only when the therapy is no longer needed, but also in the case of the development of adverse side effects to the therapy. Many regulatable systems are currently under development and some, i.e., the tetracycline-dependent transcriptional switch, have been used successfully for in vivo preclinical applications. Despite this, there are no examples of switches that have been employed in a human clinical trial. In this review, we aim to highlight the main regulatable systems currently under development, the gene transfer systems employed for their expression, and also the preclinical models in which they have been used successfully. We also discuss the substantial challenges that still remain before these regulatable switches can be employed in the clinical setting.
The Egg Trade — Making Sense of the Market for Human Oocytes

In the United States, a woman may receive $20,000 for an egg used for reproduction but nothing for the same egg used for stem-cell research. Debora Spar argues that what we need is a fresh debate on egg donation and a new set of policies. Debora Spar and Emily Galpern debate the appropriateness of financial compensation for women who donate oocytes for in vitro fetrilization and stem-cell research. Spar is a professor of business administration at Harvard Business School, and Galpern is a project director on reproductive health and human rights at the Center for Genetics and Society, Oakland, California.
Analysis of time-dose factors in clinically positive neck nodes treated with irradiation alone in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.

Abstract This is a retrospective analysis of time-dose factors in 139 patients with 238 evaluable clinically positive lymph nodes treated with external beam radiation therapy alone to the primary lesion and neck for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck at the University of Florida from October 1964 through April 1980. Lymph node control by lymph node size was 8 8 (100%) for 51 62 (82%) for 1.0 cm, 68 82 (83%) for 1.5–2.0 cm, 24 40 (60%) for 2.5–3.0 cm, 24 38 (63%) for 3.5–6.0 cm, and 0 8 (0%) for ≧7.0 cm. Lymph node control was also influenced by dose, overall treatment time, and fractionation schedule; these factors were interrelated and appeared to increase in importance as the size of the lymph node increased.
Investigation of strain birefringence and wavefront distortion in 001 plates of KD 2 PO 4

Investigation of strain birefringence and wavefront distortion in 001 plates of KD2PO4J.J. De Yoreo and B.W. WoodsLawrence Livermore National LaboratoryLivermore, CA 94550ABSTRACTWhen 001 plates of KD2P04 (KD*P) are used in Pockels cells, strain induced refractive indexvariations result in beam depolarization and transmitted wavefront distortion. Thedepolarization is determined by the induced birefnngence while the wavefront distortion iscontrolled by the average index shift. Here we show that the birefringence is determined bythe shear stress in the xy-plane of the crystal while the average index shift depends only onthe normal stresses. Furthermore, for depolarization losses of 0.1 to 1 .0% and wavefrontdistortion of 0.1 to 1 .0k, the critical range of stress is 1 05 to 1 06 Pa. We also presentmeasured depolarization loss and wavefront distortion profiles for 5, 1 6 and 27cm, 95%deuterated, KD*P crystals. Using the analysis described above we show that the maximuminternal stresses in these crystals are within the critical range, but that the area averagedstresses are substantially lower. We find that crystals from different locations along the lengthof a boule have similar strain birefringence and wavefront distortion profiles indicating thatthe growth conditions which generate the internal strain persist throughout much of thegrowth history of the boule. Finally, we discuss potential sources of strain in KD*P.1. INTRODUCTIONA major upgrade of the Nova laser system at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory (LLNL) is beingproposed for construction in the late-i 990's. The current design for this upgradeincorporates a plasma-electrode Pockels cell with an aperture of approximately 1 000 cm2 inan optical switch and utilizes KDP or KD*P for the electro-optic medium. The baseline designrequires the Pockels cell medium itself to be over 99% efficient. This stringent requirementprecludes the use of KDP as the Pockels cell medium because absorption losses alonewould greatly exceed this specification. In contrast, KD*P, with an absorption coefficient ofonly 5 x 1 cm1 is a good candidate for the Pockels cell medium1 . The maindisadvantage of using KD*P is that "as grown" crystals exhibit a high level of strain2 whichgenerates index variations and birefringence in the crystals through the stress-optic effect.The index variations lead to transmitted wavefront distortion and the birefringence results indepolarization of the beam. Both of these effects result in degradation of systemperformance. When the beam leaves the Pockels cell it passes through a polarizer and isrelayed to a set of frequency converting crystals. Beam depolarization generates directlosses in transmitted energy at the polarizer while wavefront distortion steers the beam awayfrom the phase matching direction and reduces conversion efficiency. To meet the NovaUpgrade performance goals, the overall depolarization losses and transmitted wavefront
Synthesis and characterization of alkyl bonded phases from a silica hydride via hydrosilation with free radical initiation

Abstract A new approach for the hydrosilation of silica hydride surfaces by free radical addition is evaluated. The method is successful using either AIBN or tert.-butyl peroxide as the free radical initiator. A variety of organic moieties such as 1-octene, 1-triacontene, 2-methyl-3-butenitrile, 7-octene-1,2-diol, 3-butene-1-ol and propiolic acid are bonded by using at least one of the free radical species. If the organic group is small then some polymerization is observed. If a large ratio of free radical to organic compound is used then the degree of polymerization increases for the shorter chain alkyl bonded materials. A few chromatographic tests on two of the bonded phases, C30 and 7-octene-1,2-diol, give results comparable to those obtained on identical materials made by metal complex catalysis and by conventional organosilanization.
MODIFICATION OF DIRECTIONAL WAVE NUMBER SPECTRA BY SURFACE CURRENTS

Abstract The modification of directional wave number spectra by currents that vary across the direction of flow is examined. Nonlinear wave interactions and capillary effects are neglected and a simple wave blocking model is employed to calculate energy dissipation by wave breaking. The study is motivated by SAR imagery of appropriate phenomena — for example, ship wakes and current boundaries. Our results show that the modification of the ambient spectrum by the current is quite sensitive to the form of the spectrum, the wind direction and the magnitude of the current. In consequence, we can reproduce any qualitative SAR image (quantitative images for the type of current considered are not available) by a judicious selection of conditions. The significant finding of this study, then, is that detailed ground truth measurements for future SAR experiments are necessary to permit pertinent comparisons between theory and experiment.
Ionization Energies of Acridine, Phenazine, and Diazaphenanthrenes

Ab initio electron propagator calculations on the lowest vertical ionization energies of acridine, phenazine, and five diazaphenanthrene isomers have been performed with the partial third order and...
Diffusion-perfusion MRI characterization of post-recanalization hyperperfusion in humans.

Background: Animal and human studies have demonstrated that postischemic hyperperfusion may occur both early and late timepoints following acute cerebral ischemia. Objective: To use diffusion-perfusion MRI to characterize hyperperfusion in humans following intra-arterial thrombolysis. Methods: MRI were performed before treatment, several hours following vessel recanalization, and at day 7 in patients successfully recanalized with intra-arterial thrombolytics. Results: Hyperperfusion was visualized in 5 of 12 patients within several hours after recanalization (mean volume, 18 mL; range, 7 to 40 mL), and in 6 of 11 patients at day 7 (mean volume, 28 mL; range, 4 to 45 mL). Within the core region of hyperperfusion, mean cerebral blood flow was 2.1 times greater than in the contralateral homologous region at the early time point, and 3.1 times greater at day 7. Seventy-nine percent of voxels with hyperperfusion at day 7 demonstrated infarction at day 7, whereas only 36% of voxels (within the initial hypoperfusion region) not showing hyperperfusion at day 7 demonstrated infarction at day 7. Mean pretreatment apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and perfusion values were more impaired in voxels that subsequently developed hyperperfusion compared with other at-risk voxels (all p values Conclusions: Postischemic hyperperfusion, visualized with perfusion MRI in humans following recanalization by intra-arterial thrombolytic therapy, occurred in about 40% of patients within hours and in about 50% of patients at day 7. Hyperperfusion developed mainly in regions that went on to infarction. Compared with other abnormal regions, tissues that developed postischemic hyperperfusion had greater bioenergetic compromise in pretreatment apparent diffusion coefficient values and greater impairment in pretreatment blood flow measures.
A SYNTHETIC CYCLITOL GLYCOSIDE.

THE synthesis of cyclitol glycosides is of interest because of the natural occurrence of these substances as such (galactinol) and as structural moieties of several antibiotics and phospholipids1,2. In this laboratory, attempts have been made to couple activated forms of glucose with protected derivatives3 of myo-inosamine-2 and, more recently, (+)-pinitol. The former efforts were unsuccessful; but the latter provided a glucoside (V) of pinitol in fair yield.