cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vowel Harmony Redux: Correct Sounds, English Loan Words, and the Sociocultural Life of a Phonological Structure in Korean

This paper examines an ideology of standard pronunciation and spelling of English loan words in South Korea through the lens of Korean vowel harmony. I focus specifically on the alternation between an older Japanese-style ‘a’[a] and a newer Korean-style ‘ŏ’[ɔ] for the mapping of mid-vowels from English to Korean. The opposition between ‘a’ and ‘ŏ’ also figures into the dichotomy of vowel classes between ‘yang’ or ‘light’ vowels and ‘yin’ or ‘dark’ vowels in Korean vowel harmony. This opposition is pervasive in Korean's rich stock of denotationally iconic words (e.g. onomatopoeia), where ablaut between vowel classes produces semantic and pragmatic contrasts. I suggest that this latter structure of phonological opposition has an influence on speakers’ perceptions of vowel difference and associated values in English loan words, despite an overarching ideology of standard pronunciation that is based on assumptions about phonetic fidelity. 이 논문은 영어 차용어의 표준 발음 및 철자법 속 이데올로기를 모음조화를 통해 재조명 하는것이 목적이다. 특히, 영어 중모음이 ‘ㅏ’[a]나 ‘ㅓ’[ɔ]로 전사(mapping)되는 점에 초점을 둔다. 그러나 최근 한국에서는 ‘ㅓ’가 원어 영어 발음과 더 음성학적으로 가깝다고 여겨지며 정음(正音)으로 인식되어지고 있다. 이제 ‘ㅏ’는 구식말투나 사투리, 아니면 교양없는 언행을 연상시키는 음(音)으로 여겨지고 있다. 그러나, ‘ㅏ’/‘ㅓ’의 대립은 한국어 모음조화 속의 양성모음과 음성모음의 구분; 즉, 일종의 모음종류의 이분법으로 보아야 한다. 또한, 모음조화는 의성어와 의태어에서 중요한 역할을 한다고 할 수 있다. 그러므로, 모음조화가 표준발음의 이데올로기 속에서 영어 차용어의 모음구분에 영향을 미치는 것이다. [Korean]
Effects of the Brown Tide Alga on Growth, Feeding Physiology and Locomotory Behavior of Scallop Larvae (Argopecten Irradians)

Dense blooms of a picoplanktonic alga occurred during the summer months of 1985 in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island (Sieburth et al., 1988) and in 1985 and 1986 in coastal embayments along the eastern and southern shores of Long Island, New York (Cosper et al., 1987). Commonly known as the brown tide, the blooms appeared to cause massive mortalities, tissue weight loss and recruitment failures of suspension feeding organisms including the blue mussel Mytilus edulis L. in Narragansett Bay (Tracey et al., 1988) and the bay scallop Argopecten irradians irradians Lamarck in many Long Island embayments (Bricelj et al., 1987a; Cosper et al., 1987). Mechanisms potentially responsible for the deleterious effects on suspension feeders included depression of feeding activity and assimilation efficiency due to the high particulate load (> 106 cells ml−1, Cosper et al. (1987) inefficient retention of the small brown tide cells, poor nutritional value and production of toxic intra- or extracellular compounds.
Re-evaluation of Effects of Meal Feeding on Lipogenic Activation by Glucose in Rats

Based upon analyses of epididymal fat pads, gorging rats have been reported to synthesize fatty acids from glucose carbon 200 times faster than nibbling rats. This contrasts with our earlier study in mice in which no such adaptation was found in gorgers. Three methods were used to re-evaluate lipogenesis from glucose carbon in fasted-refed nibbling and gorging rats. Two methods in which [U-14C]glucose was injected intraperitoneally before or after different test-meals confirmed an apparent 100- to 200-fold increase in lipogenesis (14C incorporation into fatty acids) in epididymal fat pads of gorgers; however, incorporation of 14C into total fatty acids in the whole body of gorgers was only five times greater than in nibblers. Quantitative tracer techniques (intravenous and oral [U-14C]-glucose) were used to evaluate glucose carbon flux (22-hour fasted) and lipogenic activation following the ingestion of a labeled glucose test-meal. Glucose carbon conversion to total fatty acids (whole rat) increased from 2.7 (24-hour fasted) to 11 microng C/minute/200 g body weight, a fourfold activation, within 15 minutes after feeding the test-meal to nibbling rats. The corresponding increase in gorging rats was from 3.7 to 53 micrgong C/minute/200 g body weight, a 14-fold activation. These data indicate a species difference exists between rats and mice during adaptation to a gorging food-intake pattern.
Customizing student learning during Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences

Abstract Background/introduction While there is information on the incorporation of remediation into classroom curricula, there has been little discussion in the literature about the application of specific remediation techniques within experiential learning in pharmacy programs. Rationale and objectives The purpose of developing remediation processes and an early warning system for students on Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences (APPEs) is to help identify and monitor students who are struggling in a particular area, as well as provide additional support and training when needed that will prevent students from getting to the maximum number of rotation retakes. Methods There are three areas of monitoring that preceptors can recommend: professionalism, time management, and communication. Also, preceptors can indicate if the student needs additional help in therapeutic knowledge or drug information skills. These areas are targeted because they are the most common ones identified by preceptors in student evaluations during previous years. Once a student is officially referred for monitoring, the student enters into a performance improvement plan created by the Director of Experiential Education. Significant findings During the 2013–2014 academic year, the on-time graduation using the developed remediation plan was seven of eight students (88%) and the overall graduation success rate was eight of eight students (100%). Since May 2014, there have been a total of four students referred for monitoring and additional help by the Experiential Education Office (EEO) and student learning center. During the first quarter of the academic year, there were no failures of APPEs.
Self-organizing sensors by deterministic annealing

Proposes a new method of robot self-organization for a class of robotic tasks which cannot be carried out by a single robot but must be carried out by a group of robots. The authors make use of a deterministic 'reverse' annealing clustering method based on a maximum-minimum entropy solution. They show that this reverse annealing method, which results in a better way of escaping local minima than other fuzzy clustering methods, is well suited to applications in distributed robotics since it provides a natural way of following the self-organizing evolution of a system of robots. In particular, two opposite classes of self-organizing behavior are studied: the self-organization 'from few groups to many units' and the self-organization 'from many units to a few groups'. >
Untangling the Ecology, Taxonomy, and Evolution of Chaetogaster limnaei (Oligochaeta: Naididae) Species Complex.

Abstract: Within Oligochaeta, Chaetogaster limnaei is unusual in exhibiting a parasitic relationship with freshwater pulmonate snails. Taxonomic confusion has been caused by differences in what have been considered 2 subspecies of this worm: Chaetogaster limnaei limnaei is an ectosymbiont and is present inside the mantle cavity of the snail, whereas Chaetogaster limnaei vaghini is parasitic and lives in the kidney of the snail. This study explored the distribution of these annelids in central New York and used mitochondrial DNA sequence data from the COI locus to examine the relationship, evolution, and species status of the ectosymbiotic and parasitic forms of C. limnaei. Snails (Physa gyrina) were collected from 6 streams and lakes in central New York, with additional specimens collected from a lake in Massachusetts for comparison. One hundred and forty snails were examined, and at least 1 form of Chaetogaster was present in 88 specimens, a prevalence of 62.9%. COI sequence data from New York and Massa...
Abstract for a paper in the field of multi-chip modules to be presented by Marion Weigand and Neville Eilbeck

Production of multichip modules using liquid polyimide dielectric coatings can be realised using two processing chemistries. The older non-photosensitive techniques involve the use of a photo sensitive layer to define the polyimide coating. Etching is accomplished at the develop stage in the process, piior to strip ping the photoresist. Today an increasing number of companies are using photodefinsable polyinides. These reduce dramatically the number of steps required to pattern the polyiside. The lithography required for both approaches is quite different and this leads to quite process specific techniques being re quired to optimise process throughput and yield. In this paper data will be presented showing the ability of the two processes to print defects at exposure and development. The ability to define the Critical Dimension will be explored and process latitude as a function of exposure and development will be discussed. The effect of these two parameters on mask specification will also be shown with a view to defining cost effective processes and materials. Results will be presented based on the use of the two most common substrate materials, ceramic and silicon., The stability of these two substrates will be linked to the physical properties of both types of polyinides, to provide an overall picture of today's processing technologies.
A comparison of results from two microcomputer nutrient analysis software packages and a mainframe system

Abstract We assessed the validity of two popular microcomputer nutrient databases relative to a university-based mainframe system by comparing findings from the analysis of 50 7-day diet records which were coded into each format by a single individual. There were significant differences in mean values for 9 of the 23 dietary components evaluated. Varying proportions of individuals would have been classified into different nutritional risk categories with each system. The total number and magnitude of noted discrepancies was greatest for the smallest database; however, these differences were within the range of variance noted by others in comparisons between two large systems. Thus, while data generated by computerized nutrient databases must be interpreted cautiously, we concluded that the microcomputer packages tested offer as valid a measure of intake as the large system. Further compilation of findings from comparative studies of nutrient databases, in conjunction with information on system features, will enable users to make informed judgments regarding the suitability of each system for their own particular purpose.
Picosecond cars as a probe of the multiphoton photofragmentation of benzene

Abstract Picosecond laser pulses have been used to photofragment benzene and to detect the C 2 fragment by a CARS probe technique. The C 2 fragment, generated by a UV multiphoton excitation process, is found to appear extremely rapidly, i.e., within the laser excitation pulse width,
System response compensation for high-resolution ultrasound elastography

This paper examines a phenomenon suspected of limiting the spatial resolution of ultrasound elastography, and pursues a technical development to reduce the error introduced by this phenomenon. Elastography determines tissue strain by mapping post-motion image data onto pre-motion image data. An error arises in this mapping due to the fact that spatial warping of image data implies a warping of both the tissue and the measurement system response. An approach to data processing is studied to compensate for this system response related error. Underlying principals are first examined in one dimension, followed by presentation of at three dimensional implementation, suitable for application to volumetric ultrasound data.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Thermodynamic Properties of Liquid 3He-4He Mixtures Between 0.15 K and 1.8 K

Thermodynamic property relations for liquid 3He-4He mixtures at saturated pressure based on experimental measurements of the specific heat are determined. The relations are valid over the entire concentration range and for temperatures from 0.15 K to 1.8 K. Thermodynamic properties are first determined in the two-phase region, and then extended to the single-phase He-II and He-I regions. The results are in good agreement with some other 3He-4He mixture property data, though the scarcity of experimental data in large parts of the region of interest precludes a more thorough comparison. We derive some thermodynamic quantities that may be useful to the analysis of heat exchangers and throttles with superfluid 3He-4He flows. We also discuss how these properties can be extended to higher pressures.
Attraction and Repulsion in Conformal Gravity

We use numerical integration to solve the field equations of conformal gravity, assuming a metric that is static and spherically symmetric. Our solution is an extension of that found by Mannheim and Kazanas; it indicates, as expected, that gravitation in this model should be attractive on small scales and repulsive on large ones.
Improved photochronic flow visualization technique

Abstract A photochromic flow visualization technique has been modified so as to allow the study of liquid-liquid interfaces. The technique utilizes two immiscible radiochromic dye solutions that remain colorless in the absence of ultraviolet radiation. The solutions turn dark blue when irradiated with ultraviolet light. A nitrogen pulse laser has been used to create distinct traces through the interface of a forming or ascending drop. Three distinct modes of operation are available for the study of drop interfaces. Activated traces can be formed one after another through the same location in the test column. Alternatively, the column can be raised or lowered relative to the laser, resulting in the formation of activated traces at preset intervals above or below previously formed traces. This technique provides a new tool for studying experimentally the behavior of liquid-liquid interfaces during drop formation and release. With the utilization of high-speed movies taken of traces activated through a growing drop, the shear stress on both sides of the liquid-liquid interface was calculated. It was found that a liquid-liquid interface can behave in a totally rigid manner, as predicted by some theoreticians.
Economic Assessment of the Utilization of Fuel Cells in Electric Utility Systems

This paper evaluates the long range economic benefits of first generation and advanced fuel cells in the future generation capacity plans of a representative electric utility system. The economic benefits of fuel cells' unique characteristics are separately quantified and the relationships between market penetration, fuel price, and capital cost are analyzed. Reliability, production cost, and optimum generation mix methods commonly used for generation planning in utilities were used for this study.
Virtual Prototyping of Universal Control Architecture Systems by means of Processor in the Loop Technology

This paper presents the use of virtual prototyping and processor in the loop (PIL) technology for the design and synthesis of digital control systems for power electronics applications. Specifically, the proposed method simulates the converter power stage using Virtual Test Bed (VTB) and controls it using the actual converter digital controller?a hybrid DSP/FPGA control system?interfaced through the PCI bus of the host computer. The paper presents the VTB PIL model developed as interface, the PIL simulation strategy, and experimental PIL simulations results with a three-phase power converter modeled in VTB. From these results the great flexibility attained by the proposed design methodology is ascertained.
Diffuse Optical Measurements of Cerebral Blood Flow and Oxygenation in Patients after Traumatic Brain Injury or Subarachnoid Hemhorrage

In order to explore its feasibility as a bedside monitor, a hybrid diffuse optical device was used to measure cerebral blood flow and oxygenation in patients with traumatic brain injury or subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Statins and the primary prevention of cardiovascular events.

Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death in both men and women in the United States. Treating elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol has been shown to be very effective in reducing the rate of coronary heart disease (CHD) in primary prevention trials; however, the data are not as robust for treating individuals categorized at either lower risk for CHD or with below-average LDL cholesterol levels. The next frontier for investigation will include strategies to determine who in these lower risk categories should be treated with statins. The growing epidemics of obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome also loom as major problems that need to be incorporated into any strategy that focuses on the prevention of cardiovascular disease. In individuals with multiple cardiovascular risk factors, combination therapies tailored to address each individual’s risk profile need to be considered to best decrease the likelihood of their first coronary event.
The Development and Evaluation of an Emission Factor for a Toluene Parts-Washing Process

Field studies were performed to develop and evaluate emission factors for a parts-washing operation using toluene. Ventilation, process, and air concentration data were collected first for the development of an emission factor, then later for evaluation studies. Air concentrations and ventilation rates were used in mass balance models to determine emission rates. The average emission rate was 5.4 grams toluene per minute. The modeled emission rates compared favorably with estimates of toluene use. Emission and process rates were used to develop emission factors. The emission factor for parts washing was 1.6 mg toluene per square centimeter of part washed (r2=0.41, p <0.05). To evaluate this emission factor, process data and ventilation measurements were collected 6 months later to predict air concentrations. Predicted concentrations near the source ranged from 0 to 320 mg/m3, and for the rest of the plant from 0 to 2.8 mg/m3. Concentration measurements were taken but were not available until after the pre...
Topology aware coloring of gene regulatory networks

We consider the problem of finding a subnetwork in a given biological network (i.e., target network) that is the most similar to a given small query network. We aim to find the optimal solution (i.e., the subnetwork with the largest alignment score) with a provable confidence bound. There is no known polynomial time solution to this problem in the literature. Alon et al. has developed a state of the art coloring method that reduces the cost of this problem. This method randomly colors the target network prior to alignment for many iterations until a user supplied confidence is reached. Here we develop a novel coloring method, named k-hop coloring (k is a positive integer), that achieves a provable confidence value in a small number of iterations without sacrificing the optimality. Our method considers the color assignments already made in the neighborhood of each target network node while assigning a color to a node. This way, it preemptively avoids many color assignments that are guaranteed to fail to produce the optimal alignment. We demonstrate both theoretically and experimentally that our coloring method outperforms that of Alon et al. which is also used by a number network alignment methods including QPath and QNet by a factor of three without reducing the confidence in the optimality of the result.
Meat-related mutagen exposure, xenobiotic metabolizing gene polymorphisms and the risk of advanced colorectal adenoma and cancer

Meat mutagens, including heterocyclic amines (HCAs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and N-nitroso compounds (NOCs), may be involved in colorectal carcinogenesis depending on their activation or detoxification by phase I and II xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes (XME). Using unconditional logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), we examined the intake of five meat mutagens and >300 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 18 XME genes in relation to advanced colorectal adenoma (1205 cases and 1387 controls) and colorectal cancer (370 cases and 401 controls) within the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. Dietary intake of meat mutagens was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire with a detailed meat-cooking module. An interaction was observed between 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx) intake and the NAT1 polymorphism rs6586714 in the adenoma study (P interaction = 0.001). Among individuals carrying a GG genotype, high MeIQx intake was associated with a 43% increased risk of adenoma (95% CI 1.11–1.85, P trend = 0.07), whereas the reverse was observed among carriers of the A variant (OR = 0.50, 95% CI 0.30–0.84, P trend = 0.01). In addition, we observed some suggestive (P < 0.05) modifying effects for SNPs in other XME genes (UGT1A, CYP2E1, EPHX1, AHR and GSTM3), but these were not significant after adjustment for multiple testing. This large and comprehensive study of XME genes, meat mutagens and the risk of colorectal tumours found that a NAT1 polymorphism modified the association between MeIQx intake and colorectal adenoma risk.
Additional Influences on Response Certitude and Feedback Requests

Abstract This study was designed to build on the previous work of R. W. Kulhavy and associates by investigating additional influences on the relationship between feedback and response certitude during the learning process. The results of the study showed that in addition to response certitude and correctness (as predicted by Kulhavy & Stock, 1989), other factors, including the goal subjects were attempting to attain and their commitment to that goal, also influenced the frequency in which they requested feedback. In addition, requesting feedback as a strategy to learn the material and the subjects′ confidence in reaching their goal influenced performance on the test over the information in a learning task.
Measurement of 248-nm, subpicosecond pulse durations by two-photon fluorescence of xenon excimers.

A technique for measuring the duration of single ultrashort pulses at KrF* wavelengths has been developed that employs fluorescence from xenon excimers excited by two-photon absorption of atom pairs. Pulses of ~350-fsec duration have been measured at 248 nm.
The Key Informant Technique: A Nonethnographic Application

formants were selected for a particular phase of the research (that of identifying the poorest and wealthiest communities of the county) with the hope that from detailed presentation of a specific case, some general principles of use can be drawn. In this article we shall define what we mean by the technique, and then analyze its use in gathering data. This will be followed by a section on the kinds of data we hoped to discover through the use of the technique. Our research design will then be outlined and the reasons for deviating from the original design will be explored. Finally, the manner in which the operation was carried out will be described. The procedures for the analysis of the data as well as the results are not pertinent to this paper and are therefore omitted from it, but they can be found elsewhere (Tremblay 1955). THE KEY INFORMANT TECHNIQUE 1. Definition of terms. As used here, the term "key informant" has a more delimited definition than is usual. In traditional anthropological field research, key informants are used primarily as a source of information on a variety of topics, such as kinship and family organization, economic system, political structure, and religious beliefs and practices. In brief, they are interviewed intensively over an extensive period of time for the purpose of providing a relatively complete ethnographical description of the social and cultural patterns of their group. In that particular fashion, a few informants are interviewed3 with the aim of securing the total patterning of a culture. The technique is preeminently suited to the gathering of the kinds of qualitative and descriptive data that are difficult or time-consuming to unearth through structured datagathering techniques such as questionnaire surveys.
Children¿s decision making: the effects of training, reinforcement, and memory aids

Abstract Previous research on children’s decision making [Cogn. Dev. 6 (1991a) 77] has found that, unlike older children and adults, young children are frequently unable to eliminate an alternative as soon as it is clear that it is unsuitable. More precisely, young children have difficulty ignoring irrelevant information and attending to relevant information when examining alternatives. The present study explored whether children’s tendency to ignore relevant information is due to the saliency of that information, the child’s lack of motivation, or memory limitations of the child. To test these hypotheses, 197 second and fifth graders were divided into four groups: a training group designed to overcome saliency concerns, a reinforcement group designed to overcome motivation problems, a marking group designed to overcome memory limitations, and a control group. Children in the training and reinforcement groups examined less irrelevant information than did children in the control group; however, marking unsuitable alternatives did not improve children’s performance. This left the role of memory unclear. Additionally, verbal skill level was related to the number of irrelevant items examined for all children, but accounted for a minimal amount of variance.
Use of Antisera to Heat‐Stable Antigens of Adrenals for Species Identification in Thoroughly Cooked Beef Sausages

Rabbit antisera to heat-stable antigens of equine, porcine, ovine and avian (turkey and chicken) kidney/adrenals were used in agar-gel diffusion experiments to detect the presence of flesh from these species in thoroughly cooked beef sausages adulterated at the 10,5 and 1% levels. Mammalian adrenal antigens were detected in beef sausages at the 5% level; avian kidney/adrenal antigens were detected at the 10% level of adulteration. Species cross reactivity was observed between bovine and ovine adrenals antigens and between turkey and chicken kidney/adrenal antigens. This method can be used to determine species of origin of thoroughly cooked beef sausages.
Nomographs for vapor synthesis of ceramic powders

Abstract A dimensionless analysis is presented for production of ceramic powders by gas-phase reaction and coagulation over the entire particle size spectrum. A discrete-sectional coagulation model (based on conservation of the square of the aerosol volume) is used to simulate powder formation and growth by this process. For production of titania particles, this model is used to create nomographs for the total particle concentration, the geometric mean diameters and the standard deviation of the particle size distribution as functions of dimensionless residence time, X, and dimensionless time for chemical reaction, θ. These nomographs readily relate process variables to product powder characteristics, thus facilitating the optimal design and operation of powder manufacturing units. Practical applications of the nomographs are presented for particle production in furnace and flame reactors.
The effects of para-chloromercuribenzoic acid and different oxidative and sulfhydryl agents on a novel, non-AT1, non-AT2 angiotensin binding site identified as neurolysin

Abstract A novel, non-AT1, non-AT2 brain binding site for angiotensin peptides that is unmasked by p-chloromercuribenzoate (PCMB) has been identified as a membrane associated variant of neurolysin. The ability of different organic and inorganic oxidative and sulfhydryl reactive agents to unmask or inhibit 125I-Sar1Ile8 angiotensin II (SI-Ang II) binding to this site was presently examined. In tissue membranes from homogenates of rat brain and testis incubated in assay buffer containing losartan (10 μM) and PD123319 (10 μM) plus 100 μM PCMB, 5 of the 39 compounds tested inhibited 125I-SI Ang II binding in brain and testis. Mersalyl acid, mercuric chloride (HgCl2) and silver nitrate (AgNO3) most potently inhibited 125I-SI Ang II binding with IC50s ~ 1–20 μM. This HgCl2 inhibition was independent of any interaction of HgCl2 with angiotensin II (Ang II) based on the lack of effect of HgCl2 on the dipsogenic effects of intracerebroventricularly administered Ang II and 125I-SI Ang II binding to AT1 receptors in the liver. Among sulfhydryl reagents, cysteamine and reduced glutathione (GSH), but not oxidized glutathione (GSSG) up to 1 mM, inhibited PCMB-unmasked 125I-SI Ang II binding in brain and testis. Thimerosal and 4-hydroxymercuribenzoate moderately inhibited PCMB-unmasked 125I-SI Ang II binding in brain and testis at 100 μM; however, they also unmasked non-AT1, non-AT2 binding independent of PCMB. 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid did not promote 125 I-SI Ang II binding to this binding site indicating that only specific organomercurial compounds can unmask the binding site. The common denominator for all of these interacting substances is the ability to bind to protein cysteine sulfur. Comparison of cysteines between neurolysin and the closely related enzyme thimet oligopeptidase revealed an unconserved cysteine (cys650, based on the full length variant) in the proposed ligand binding channel (Brown et al., 2001) [45] near the active site of neurolysin. It is proposed that the mercuric ion in PCMB and closely related organomercurial compounds binds to cys650, while the acidic anion forms an ionic bond with a nearby arginine or lysine along the channel to effect a conformational change in neurolysin that promotes Ang II binding.
Molecular Mechanisms of Deafness Mutations Disrupting Tip-Link Function in Hair-Cell Mechanotransduction

Hair-cell tip links are fine filaments that directly convey mechanical force to inner ear mechanotransduction channels. These filaments are made of protocadherin-15 (PCDH15) and cadherin-23 (CDH23), two deafness-related proteins that feature long extracellular domains interacting tip-to-tip in a calcium dependent manner. Here we combine X-ray crystallography, molecular dynamics simulations, and binding experiments to explore the molecular mechanisms by which deafness mutations disrupt tip-link function in hair-cell mechanotransduction. We find that these mutations disrupt tip links through impaired interaction between PCDH15 and CDH23 (PCDH15-R113G and PCDH15-I108N), impaired calcium binding (CDH23-D1010G), subtle weakening of structural stability (CDH23-S47P), or impaired folding (PCDH15-D157G). Interestingly, the biochemical effects of each of these deafness mutations correlate with the severity of the reported inner-ear phenotype. Our results shed light on the molecular mechanisms of hair-cell sensory transduction and may help develop tailored treatments for cadherin-mediated deafness.
Security Authentication for Smart Substation Communication Based on IEC 62351

An important feature of smart substation system is the communication of the various smart devices IED (Intelligent Electronic Digital), the network security issues become increasingly prominent with networked and standardized of the communication protocols, especially when IEC 61850 becoming development direction. In this paper, considered data and security communications standard of the power system IEC 62351’s safety authentication requirements, as well as limited storage and computing power of IED, a protocol used between IED safety authentication-Secure Remote Password SRP protocol is proposed . The research result help improve data security transmission and authentication of smart substation. It is provide with reference value to the implementation of IEC 62351 in smart substation.
Stability of static configurations with applications to the theory of capillarity

In Fig. 1 two linearly elastic strings So and S t of unstretched lengths l o and f t respectively are represented, one end of each being joined at P, the other end of So being tethered at Po andthe remaining end of St at P r The distances d(PoP ) = m o and d(PPt)=~ t exceed fo and t 1 respectively. Suppose P is fixed somewhere on the straight line segment PoPt in such a way that there can be no interaction between the strings and let the string tensions be T O and 7"1 respectively. Then the configurations of the two strings are in equilibrium and stabler; they will remain so upon freeing P, however, if and only if T O = T t. In Fig. 2 a horizontal tube with a closed stopcock in it is filled with liquid 1, which extends past the ends of the tube to form two equal spherical segments
Determining patch perimeters in raster image processing and geographic information systems

Abstract Some authors have determined patch perimeters in raster image processing and geographic information systems by summing the number of pixels immediately surrounding the patches. We demonstrate that this method is inaccurate. When applied to satellite sensor imagery, errors ranged from overestimation of perimeter length by 34-5 per cent to underestimation by 41·7 per cent. Therefore. we developed a new method that is both accurate and relatively simple. This method determines perimeters using a standard 3 by 3 pixel moving window. The method can be used with most raster systems and has applications in landscape ecology for calculating such variables as the fractal dimension and ecotone dimensions
Supercritical–subcritical crossover in solidification

We present formulas for the amplitude of the deflection of an unstable interface during the solidification of a pure substance. We then forecast the conditions for the appearance of either a supercritical or a subcritical pitchfork in terms of the input variables, emphasizing the importance of the depths of the two phases.
A strong contrast homogenization formulation for multi-phase anisotropic materials

Abstract Homogenization relations, linking a material's properties at the mesoscale to those at the macroscale, are fundamental tools for design and analysis of microstructure. Recent advances in this field have successfully applied spectral techniques to Kroner-type perturbation expansions for polycrystalline and composite materials to provide efficient inverse relations for materials design. These expansions have been termed ‘weak-contrast’ expansions due to the conditionally convergent integrals, and the reliance upon only small perturbations from the reference property. In 1955, Brown suggested a different expansion for electrical conductivity that resulted in absolutely convergent integrals. Torquato subsequently applied the method to elasticity, with good results even for high-contrast materials; thus it is commonly referred to as a ‘strong contrast’ expansion. The methodology has been applied to elasticity for two phases of isotropic material, generally assuming macroscopic isotropy (with noted exceptions), thus resulting in a rather elegant form of the solution. More recently, a multi-phase form of the solution was developed for conductivity. This paper builds upon this result to apply the method to elasticity of polycrystalline materials with both local and global anisotropy. New spectral formulations are subsequently developed for both the weak and strong contrast solutions. These form the basis for efficient microstructure analysis using these frameworks, and subsequently for inverse design applications. The process is taken through to demonstration of a property closure, which acts as the basis for materials design; the closure delineates the envelope of all physically realizable property combinations for the chosen properties, based on the particular homogenization relation being used.
Lobbying costs and trade policy

Abstract We study how endogenous lobbying costs influence trade policies. Although in practice lobbying expenditures far exceed campaign contributions, the literature on the political economy of trade policy has focused on the latter. In this paper we develop a model in which informational lobbying costs play a role in determining the structure of protection. In the model, special interest groups can choose to send a signal to the policymaker regarding some information they possess, and the policymaker observes the signal before setting the trade policies. We find that lobbying expenditures directly affect the equilibrium policies. In order to test the predictions of the model we collected data on lobbying expenditures from the Center for Responsible Politics as well as data on trade and industry characteristic variables for the United States from other sources. We perform a structural estimation of the equilibrium trade policies and find support for our model. The empirical evidence indicates that lobbying expenditures play an important role in explaining the variation of protection across sectors. Moreover, the model leads to considerably lower and more reasonable estimates of the weight that the government places on social welfare relative to political contributions.
Design of Multiproduct Batch Plants under Demand Uncertainty with Staged Capacity Expansions

This paper addresses the staged capacity expansion of multiproduct batch plants operating in single product campaign (SPC) mode and in the presence of product demand uncertainty. This extends previous work by the authors on the design problem. Staged capacity expansions are modeled as additions of extra units of equal size at each stage at the end of each time period. The normality assumption is employed for the uncertain product demands. The problem formulation involves an inner stage which identifies the optimum production levels and an outer stage which establishes the design/capacity expansion decisions by maximizing the net present value (NPV) of the plant. This two-stage stochastic optimization problem for capacity expansion is equivalently recast as a deterministic mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problem. Finally, the proposed formulation and solution strategy are illustrated with an example problem.
Task information, cognitive information, or functional validity information: Which components of cognitive feedback affect performance?☆

Abstract A recent review by Balzer, Doherty, and O'Connor (1989) decomposed cognitive feedback (CFB) into three conceptually distinct components: information about the task system (task information, TI), information about the subject's cognitive system (cognitive information, CI), and information about the relationship of the task system to the cognitive system (functional validity information, FVI). Their review suggested that the TI component of CFB appeared to be the component responsible for improvements in performance on multiple cue probability learning (MCPL) tasks. A laboratory experiment was designed to test whether different combinations of CFB components lead to different levels of performance. Undergraduates (N = 133) were randomly assigned to one of five CFB conditions (TI only, CI only, TI + CI, TI + CI + FVI, or no feedback (NF)). Subjects completed a MCPL task, predicting number of wins for major league baseball teams. Subjects returned a week later, received the CFB appropriate for their experimental condition, and repeated the judgment task. Traditional measures of performance on MCPL tasks (e.g., ra) were collected, along with measures of the accuracy of predictions and self-report measures of the understandability and helpfulness of feedback. Results indicated that subjects who received TI (i.e., TI, TI + CI, or TI + CI + FVI feedback conditions) showed significantly better performance than subjects who received no feedback as indicated by validity and accuracy measures of performance. In no instance did the CI condition show better performance the the NF condition, nor did the TI + CI or TI + CI + FVI conditions show better performance then the TI condition. No differences were found in subjects' self-reported reactions to CFB. Overall, TI was found to be the CFB component that improved the validity and accuracy of judgement performance.
Principles of management in child abuse cases

Because diagnosis of child abuse has been a difficult step, procedures for a team-diagnosis approach are suggested. Sources of information about the family, planning for the future protection of the child, coordination of various professional services to the family, and the role of the professional person as an “external superego” for the parents are discussed.
Recourse to Force: State Action against Threats and Armed Attacks

Part I. The United Nations' capacity for adapting to radical changes of circumstance Part II. Use of force by the United Nations Part III. The original parameters of self-defence Part IV. Self-defence against state-sponsored terrorists and infiltrators Part V. Self-defence against ideological subversion Part VI. Self-defence against attacks on citizens abroad Part VII. Anticipatory self-defence Part VIII. Countermeasures and self-help Part IX. The 'purely humanitarian' intervention Part X. What, eat the cabin boy? Uses of force that are illegal but justifiable Index.
Overview of Radiative Transfer in Cellular Porous Materials

Highly porous cellular materials capable of absorbing, emitting and scattering radiation are finding use at low and high temperatures in a range of traditional and modern technologies. The motivation for use of cellular materials is attributed to the high volumetric heat transfer rate (i.e., large surface area to volume ratio, high volumetric heat transfer coefficient), and large mixing rate due to the tortuosity of open cell foams. A brief overview of simulating heat transfer in cellular materials is presented and most important modeling parameters are identified, but the focus of the discussion is on heat transfer in cellular materials in the presence of radiation environment. Several examples involving radiation, conduction and radiation as well as convection and radiation for different technological applications are discussed, and the models are assessed by comparing the predictions with experimental data.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Cap-sharing technique to reduce on chip capacitance in semi-digital phase lock loops

With an ever increasing demand of low cost IC's, of chips with smaller area and lower power consumption, a new semi-digital PLL architecture was proposed earlier [1]. This paper focuses on modifying this PLL architecture, to reduce the overall on chip capacitance further by discussing a technique of capacitance sharing among the N-semi digital storage cells. PLL using the proposed technique consumes less power and have smaller chip area than their digital counter part.
Spatial reuse and fairness of mobile ad-hoc networks with channel-aware CSMA protocols

We investigate the benefits of channel-aware (opportunistic) scheduling of transmissions in ad-hoc networks. The key challenge in optimizing the performance of such systems is finding a good compromise among three interdependent quantities, the density and channel quality of the scheduled transmitters, and the resulting interference at receivers. We propose two new channel-aware slotted CSMA protocols: opportunistic CSMA (O-CSMA) and quantile-based CSMA (QT-CSMA) and develop stochastic geometric models allowing us to quantify their performance in terms of spatial reuse and spatial fairness. When properly optimized these protocols offer substantial improvements in terms of both of these metrics relative to CSMA — particularly when the density of nodes is moderate to high. Moreover, we show that a simple version of QT-CSMA can achieve robust performance gains without requiring careful parameter optimization. The paper supports the case that the benefits associated with channel-aware scheduling in ad hoc networks, as in centralized base station scenarios, might far outweigh the associated overhead, and this can be done robustly using a QT-CSMA like protocol.
The Response Regulator SprE (RssB) Is Required for Maintaining Poly(A) Polymerase I-Degradosome Association during Stationary Phase

Poly(A) polymerase I (PAP I) is the enzyme responsible for the addition of poly(A) tails onto RNA molecules in Escherichia coli. Polyadenylation is believed to facilitate the destruction of such RNAs by the mRNA degradosome. Recently, it was discovered that the stationary-phase regulatory protein SprE (RssB) has a second function in the control of polyadenylation that is distinct from its known function in the regulated proteolysis of RpoS. In the work presented herein, we used a targeted proteomic approach to further investigate SprE's involvement in the polyadenylation pathway. Specifically, we used cryogenic cell lysis, immunopurifications on magnetic beads, and mass spectrometry to identify interacting partners of PAP I-green fluorescent protein. We provide the first in vivo evidence that PAP I interacts with the mRNA degradosome during both exponential and stationary phases and find that the degradosome can contain up to 10 different proteins under certain conditions. Moreover, we demonstrate that the majority of these PAP I interactions are formed via protein-protein interactions and that SprE plays an important role in the maintenance of the PAP I-degradosome association during stationary phase.
Bayesian ROC curve estimation under verification bias.

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve has been widely used in medical science for its ability to measure the accuracy of diagnostic tests under the gold standard. However, in a complicated medical practice, a gold standard test can be invasive, expensive, and its result may not always be available for all the subjects under study. Thus, a gold standard test is implemented only when it is necessary and possible. This leads to the so-called ‘verification bias’, meaning that subjects with verified disease status (also called label) are not selected in a completely random fashion. In this paper, we propose a new Bayesian approach for estimating an ROC curve based on continuous data following the popular semiparametric binormal model in the presence of verification bias. By using a rank-based likelihood, and following Gibbs sampling techniques, we compute the posterior distribution of the binormal parameters intercept and slope, as well as the area under the curve by imputing the missing labels within Markov Chain Monte-Carlo iterations. Consistency of the resulting posterior under mild conditions is also established. We compare the new method with other comparable methods and conclude that our estimator performs well in terms of accuracy. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tracing and quantifying magmatic carbon discharge in cold groundwaters: lessons learned from Mammoth Mountain, USA

Abstract A major campaign to quantify the magmatic carbon discharge in cold groundwaters around Mammoth Mountain volcano in eastern California was carried out from 1996 to 1999. The total water flow from all sampled cold springs was ≥1.8×10 7 m 3 /yr draining an area that receives an estimated 2.5×10 7 m 3 /yr of recharge, suggesting that sample coverage of the groundwater system was essentially complete. Some of the waters contain magmatic helium with 3 He/ 4 He ratios as high as 4.5 times the atmospheric ratio, and a magmatic component in the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) can be identified in virtually every feature sampled. Many waters have a 14 C of 0–5 pmC, a δ 13 C near −5‰, and contain high concentrations (20–50 mmol/l) of CO 2(aq) ; but are otherwise dilute (specific conductance=100–300 μS/cm) with low pH values between 5 and 6. Such waters have previously escaped notice at Mammoth Mountain, and possibly at many other volcanoes, because CO 2 is rapidly lost to the air as the water flows away from the springs, leaving neutral pH waters containing only 1–3 mmol/l HCO 3 − . The total discharge of magmatic carbon in the cold groundwater system at Mammoth Mountain is ∼20 000 t/yr (as CO 2 ), ranging seasonally from about 30 to 90 t/day. Several types of evidence show that this high discharge of magmatic DIC arose in part because of shallow dike intrusion in 1989, but also demonstrate that a long-term discharge possibly half this magnitude (∼10 000 t/yr) predated that intrusion. To sustain a 10 000 t/yr DIC discharge would require a magma intrusion rate of 0.057 km 3 per century, assuming complete degassing of magma with 0.65 wt% CO 2 and a density of 2.7 t/m 3 . The geochemical data also identify a small (