cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mutation screening of CHD5 in melanoma-prone families linked to 1p36 revealed no deleterious coding or splice site changes

A subset of cutaneous malignant melanoma and dysplastic nevi (CMM/DN) families is linked to 1p36. To date, no CMM/DN susceptibility gene has been identified at this locus. Data from mouse studies identified chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 5 (CHD5) as a tumor suppressor affecting cellular proliferation and apoptosis via the CDKN2A/p53 pathway. Based on these findings, we felt it was important to screen CHD5 as a familial CMM/DN susceptibility gene. Eight unrelated CMM/DN families showing prior evidence of linkage to the 1p36 locus were identified for CHD5 mutation screening. One CMM/DN affected and one unaffected individual from each family were selected for sequencing of the CHD5 coding exons and their respective intron-exon boundaries. CHD5 variants that were identified solely among affecteds in the screening panel were further assessed by sequencing additional affected and unaffected members of these families to determine if the variant co-segregated with the CMM/DN phenotype. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the CHD5 intronic and coding regions were identified among affecteds in the screening panel. None of these variants completely co-segregated with CMM/DN affection status among these eight families. There is no evidence to support CHD5 as a major melanoma susceptibility gene among the eight CMM/DN families screened.
Non-statistical energy partitioning in the gas phase reactions of polyatomic molecules

The internal energy distributions in the HF products from the reactions of F atoms with H2CO and HFCO have been determined via arrested-relaxation infrared chemiluminescence experiments. The results show that the HF vib-rotational levels are strongly excited and suggest that the HCO and FCO radical products are created with excitation in the ν1 (asymmetric stretch) and ν2 (bend) modes respectively.
Design automation and the programmable logic array macro

The Programmable Logic Array (PLA) macro is a physical structure which simplifies LSI chip design while yielding high density and good performance. In addition, the inherent order and regularity of this structure provide opportunities to speed design through automated logic documentation, design verification by computer simulation, and computer-automated physical design. In this paper a chip design methodology is described which is based on the use of PLA structures (or macros) within a chip. Logic functions in array form are specified in a compact notation that is automatically converted either to array personalization patterns or to conventional logic blocks for input to existing checking and testing software. Simulation of any logic array is performed by a single program subroutine operating on these patterns. In addition, the simple, regular nature of the logic array lends itself to automatic generation of the layout geometries necessary to actually build the array on a silicon chip. Programs developed for these purposes and the PLA macro design procedures are described in the context of an engineering design system.
Public Expenditure in Malaysia: Who Benefits and Why

The distributive effects of public expenditures in Malaysia were investigated, focusing on public spending for education, medical care, public utilities, and agriculture. Two sets of data were developed: information on the costs of government ooutputs in each of several major programs and a sample survey of use of these services by household. Political power is concentrated among the Malays who desire to equalize incomes with the Chinese. The combined federal outlays are highest in rural areas, the home of the Malays, and lowest in wealthy Selangor. In contrast to the distribution of education, medical care, agricultural assistance, and pensions, the distribution of public utilities is more conventional. Most of those who can afford the utilities are urban dwellers, usually Chinese. Production costs are far lower for the urban areas. Nevertheless, the discrepancy between town and country is considerably smaller in Malaysia than in other countries. Federal expenditure for agriculture was high, amounting to nearly 3 percent of the GNP. Five appendices provide data on the public accounts, the sample survey, education, estimating unit costs of medical services, and transfer payments.
Optical A/D conversion based on acousto-optic theta modulation

As an extension of an existing electron beam deflector, an optical analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion scheme is presented. As a fast theta modulator, a wide-band acousto-optic (A-O) deflector that performs a voltage to optical beam deflection angle mapping is used. Using a GaP A-O deflector, a proof-of-principle 6-bit A/D converter is experimentally demonstrated.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION: 1978

With roots in social psychology, human relations, and organizational theory and behavior, the discipline of organizational communication has emerged in the last 25 years with its own content, methodology, and applications. Although one of the first major literature reviews of this field was produced about 15 years after much of the early foundation research had been completed (Guetzkow, 1965), the next major reviews were published in half the time (Porter & Roberts, 1972; Redding, 1972). As further evidence of the sheer quantity of research being completed in this new discipline, four additional reviews and syntheses were published during the next four years (Pietri et al., 1974; Goldhaber, 1975; Bernstein, 1976; Richetto, 1977). In fact, as Richetto closed his 1976 overview of the field, he predicted that there would “likely be continued attempts at integrating and synthesizing findings” (p. 336). Little did he realize that within two years, three additional reviews would appear (Dennis, Goldhaber, Yates, 1978; Farace, Taylor, Stewart, 1978; Monge, Edwards, Kirste, 1978). The present synthesis and review, with its emphasis on findings and implications, combines the results of recent North American and European research with those of the first 16 studies completed by the International Communication Association (1CA) Communication Audit. We have divided the review into three major sections: a historical overview of the major findings from both North America and Europe; major findings from the ICA Communication Audit; and implications of all major findings for future research.
Nasal lavage VEGF and TNF‐α levels during a natural cold predict asthma exacerbations

SummaryBackground Asthma exacerbations contribute to significant morbidity, mortality and healthcare utilization. Furthermore, viral infections are associated with asthma exacerbations by mechanisms that are not fully understood. Objective The aim of this analysis was to determine whether cytokine patterns in patients with colds could identify risks for subsequent asthma exacerbations. Methods We analysed cytokine levels in nasal lavage fluid (NLF) in 59 subjects (46 with asthma) with acute upper respiratory symptoms and after symptomatic resolution. Analyte choice was based on potential relevance to asthma exacerbations: antiviral (IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ, IFN-λ1, IP-10, TRAIL), cell recruiting (G-CSF, IL-1β, IL-8, MCP-1, MCP-3, TNF-α), polarizing (CXCL13, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17, TSLP), and injury remodelling (fibronectin, IL-33, MMP-9, VEGF). Results The overall cytokine response induced during viral infections was not different between asthmatic and non-asthmatic individuals for a wide array of cytokines. However, mean levels of VEGF, TNF-α and IL-1β were 1.7-, 5.1- and 4.7-fold higher in samples from asthma subjects who exacerbated in the first 3 weeks of the cold compared with those who did not exacerbate (P = 0.006, 0.01, 0.048, respectively). Using receiver operating characteristic curve-defined thresholds, high VEGF and TNF-α levels predicted a shorter time-to-exacerbation after NLF sampling (25% exacerbation rate: 3 vs. 45 days, and 3 vs. 26 days; P = 0.03, 0.04, respectively). Conclusion and Clinical Relevance Although they produce similar cytokine responses to viral infection as non-asthmatics, asthmatics with higher levels of VEGF and TNF-α in NLF obtained during acute cold phases predicted subsequent asthma exacerbations in this cohort of patients with mild-to-moderate disease. In the future, stratifying the risk of an asthma exacerbation by cytokine profile may aid the targeting of personalized treatment and intervention strategies.
Generation and analysis of transcriptomic resources for a model system on the rise: the sea anemone Aiptasia pallida and its dinoflagellate endosymbiont

Background The most diverse marine ecosystems, coral reefs, depend upon a functional symbiosis between cnidarian hosts and unicellular dinoflagellate algae. The molecular mechanisms underlying the establishment, maintenance, and breakdown of the symbiotic partnership are, however, not well understood. Efforts to dissect these questions have been slow, as corals are notoriously difficult to work with. In order to expedite this field of research, we generated and analyzed a collection of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from the sea anemone Aiptasia pallida and its dinoflagellate symbiont (Symbiodinium sp.), a system that is gaining popularity as a model to study cellular, molecular, and genomic questions related to cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbioses.
Testing to predict outcome after transurethral resection of the prostate.

ABSTRACTPurpose: We assessed the ability of routine clinical tests to predict outcome following transurethral resection of the prostate.Materials and Methods: A total of 556 men randomized into a trial of surgery versus watchful waiting was evaluated preoperatively with symptom interview, quality of life assessment, uroflowmetry, urinalysis, standard chemistry panel, post-void residual urine determination and cystoscopy. The ability to predict avoidance of postoperative complications, and improvement in quality of life and genitourinary symptoms was assessed in the 249 men randomized to undergo transurethral resection of the prostate.Results: Patients with the highest symptom scores were most likely to have symptom improvement and those most bothered by the symptoms were most likely to have improvement in quality of life. No objective tests measuring physiological parameters made clinically significant contributions toward predicting these outcomes. Lower obstructive symptom scores and larger perioperativ...
Habit formation in a monetary growth model

Abstract This paper introduces the hypothesis of habit formation in consumption in the Sidrauski [Am. Econ. Rev. Papers Proc., 57 (1967) 534] model. A number of results are derived: (1) as in the Sidrauski model money is superneutral and the Friedman rule still provides the optimal quantity of money; (2) the demand for money in this model is greater than in the Sidrauski model; (3) the money demand reflects the habit persistence related to past consumption and the rate of time preference, and it is more sensitive to changes in inflation and nominal interest rates than the Sidrauski model.
Evaluation of the Performance of the Sysmex XT-2000i Hematology Analyzer With Whole Bloods Stored at Room Temperature.

For the most accurate and reproducible hematological results, whole blood specimens should be analyzed as soon as possible after collection.3 With multi-center studies, samples may be drawn off-site and then transported at ambient temperatures to another laboratory.5,11 Transportation times may vary depending on distance and location of the laboratories. Automated hematological analysis of specimens, particularly analysis of the differential count if delayed beyond 4 hours, has in the past yielded doubtful, and often invalid, results. Older technologies most commonly rely upon cell size or cell size together with scatter properties to differentiate white blood cell populations. Because the size and scatter properties of white cells change as a blood sample ages, automated analysis of the differential becomes more unreliable with time. New technologies for the performance of automated differentials have reduced many of the problems associated with automated differential counts dependent on scatter properties only.6,7,9 The properties of red blood cells (RBC) also change with time in stored samples, most notably cell size and the red cell indices related to size. The manufacturer recommends each laboratory establish its own standards of acceptability for results on samples held beyond the optimal time for analysis.12 This study examines the complete blood count (CBC) and differential (Diff) parameters as measured by the Sysmex XT-2000i to determine what changes occur and the validity of the results obtained with aged samples over time. The results will be used to determine what hematological parameters can be reported as clinically valid results if a sample cannot be analyzed in a timely manner. The stability over time of the manual Diff was also evaluated with a small group of samples. The purpose of the limited, additional study is to demonstrate what use, if any, the preparation of a …
The Inter-temporal Character of International and Comparative Law Regarding the Rights of the Indigenous Populations of the World

This report explores ways and means in a selection of comparative legal systems to ensure adequate protection of the rights of indigenous peoples within the territorial confines of national jurisdictions. In most contemporary legal systems, attention has been drawn to the problems of how best to protect and safeguard the various fundamental rights of indigenous peoples of different tribes and denominations, co-existing in a single or multiple legal system.l To ensure their survival and continued co-existence, not only their rights, but also their cultures, traditions, ways of life and civilizations, must be preserved intact as distinct but unique social, cultural, political and economic grouping within the same national community.2 Unwittingly or otherwise, the evolution of national legal awareness of the need for a contemporary society to provide reliable political, economic, cultural and social security safety nets for its indigenous people has contributed in no small measures to the grow-
Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Depression, Current Episodes, and Prevention of Relapse

Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) teaches the patient to recognize a deteriorating mood with the goal of avoiding self-perpetuating patterns of ruminative, negative thoughts and thus depressive disorders. MBCT was initially conceived as an intervention to prevent relapse of major depression, but it has since been studied in patients with current episodes of depression. MBCT has been shown to nearly halve the risk of relapse in persons currently well with a history of at least 3 prior episodes of depression and is comparable to the use of an antidepressant in preventing recurrence. Although theoretical drawbacks exist to using MBCT in a currently depressed patient, randomized controlled data suggest it may be as effective in currently depressed patients as those in remission and similar in efficacy to cognitive-behavioral therapy.
The tomato genome fleshed out

Sequencing of the tomato genome reveals key events in the evolution of fruit size, texture, flavor and nutritional quality.
ilvIH operon expression in Escherichia coli requires Lrp binding to two distinct regions of DNA

The leucine-responsive regulatory protein Lrp regulates the expression of a number of operons in Escherichia coli, including the ilvIH operon. Earlier in vitro experiments showed purified Lrp binding to two regions of DNA proximal to the ilvIH promoter, an upstream region (-260 to -190) and a downstream region (-150 to -40). The effect of mutations in these regions on ilvIH promoter expression in vivo led to the proposal that activation of transcription required Lrp binding to downstream sites 3, 4, 5, and 6. Binding of Lrp to upstream sites 1 and 2 seemed to enhance promoter expression but was not absolutely required (Q. Wang and J. M. Calvo, J. Mol. Biol. 229:306-318, 1993). Here we present data that require a reevaluation of the above conclusion. Constructs having either a deletion of DNA or a 100-bp substitution of DNA upstream of position -160 showed no ilvIH promoter activity in vivo. These results unambiguously establish that DNA at or upstream of position -160 is required for ilvIH promoter expression. Together with previous results, we conclude that Lrp bound at downstream sites is necessary but not sufficient for promoter activation. In addition, insertion of 4, 6, 8, or 10 bp between the upstream and downstream regions also resulted in a very strong reduction of in vivo promoter expression, even though the binding of Lrp in vitro was not greatly affected by these mutations. Closer inspection showed that the affinity of Lrp for the upstream region of all of these constructs was about the same but that Lrp bound to the downstream region of the wild-type construct with a higher degree of cooperativity than in the case of the others. These mutations may have reduced promoter activity in vivo by eliminating a binding site for some transcription factor other than Lrp. Alternatively, the small-addition mutations may have affected the geometry of these complexes, preventing either an interaction between Lrps bound at upstream and downstream sites (which might be necessary for promoter expression) or preventing the positioning of Lrp bound at upstream sites for productive interaction with the promoter.
Developing marketing strategies for a travel destination in the USA using the nominal group technique

This paper demonstrates the application of nominal grouping as a cost-effective qualitative alternative for developing marketing strategies. The nominal group technique was used to generate strategic directions for the Blue Ridge Parkway Association, a popular travel destination in the USA. Using a nominal group composed of industry experts, a SWOT analysis produced a list of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats associated with the Blue Ridge Parkway. Next, potential market segments were identified and prioritised. Five marketing strategies emerged to reach the specified market segments. The study illustrates that the nominal group technique offers a cost and time-efficient qualitative alternative in making strategic decisions.
926 THE IMPORTANCE OF ULTRASOUND IN THE PRENATAL DETECTION OF CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS

Congenital malformations are responsible for 15% of the neonatal deaths (Warkany & Fraser in Nelson's Textbook of Peds., 1975) The prenatal detection of some congenital anomalies may give the opportunity for an elective delivery with a forewarned medical and surgical approach to treatment. With the use of improved equipment for real time and gray scale ultrasound, it is possible to accurately evaluate details in the structure of fetal organs, e.g., the heart chambers, walls & valves; the kidney's collecting systems, ureters & bladder, etc. We report here a case of complex congenital heart disease with associated diaphragmatic hernia in which ultrasound was diagnostic during the 3rd trimester of pregnancy. The earliest possible treatment of infants with these disorders may be lifesaving. We diagnosed two cases of urinary tract obstruction and a case of urachal cyst. The early treatment of obstructive uropathy may save the infants from infection & renal failure. Hydrocephalus has been detected before viability (Freeman, et. al., Obstet & Gynecol, 1977) leading to a therapeutic abortion. The detection of this condition in the 3rd trimester & subsequent decompression of the fetal head may prevent an unnecessary Cesarean section. Since ultrasound is a noninvasive and an apparently safe technique, it should be considered as one of the primary tools for screening patients at high risk of congenital malformations.
How do functional maps in primary visual cortex vary with eccentricity

It is important to understand whether functional maps of primary visual cortex (V1) are organized differently at the representation of different eccentricities. By using optical imaging of intrinsic signals, we compared the maps of orientation and spatial frequency (SF) preference between central (0-3 degrees ) and paracentral (4-8 degrees ) V1 in the prosimian bush baby (Otolemur garnetti). No differences related to eccentricity were found for orientation selectivity or magnitude between central and paracentral V1. We found, however, that cardinal orientations were overrepresented in central but not in paracentral V1 and that isoorientation domain size tended to be smaller in the central representation. We demonstrated that spatial frequency was represented continuously across V1, and that the map of SF preference exhibited eccentricity-dependent variations, with more territory devoted to higher SFs in central than in paracentral V1. Although there were no spatial relationships between orientation domains and cytochrome oxidase (CO) blobs or interblobs, CO blobs tended to prefer lower SFs than interblobs. Taken together with previous research, our data indicate that functional domains in V1 show eccentricity-related differences in organization and also support the idea that different maps (with or without specific geometrical relationships) are organized for adequate coverage of each feature in visual space.
An analytical performance model of robotic storage libraries

Abstract Large scale scientific projects generate and use huge amounts of data. For example, the NASA EOSDIS project is expected to archive one petabyte per year of raw satellite data. This data is made automatically available for processing into higher level data products and for dissemination to the scientific community. Such large volumes of data can only be stored in robotic storage libraries (RSLs) for near-line access. A characteristic of RSLs is the use of a robot arm that transfers media between a storage rack and the read/write drives, thus multiplying the capacity of the system. The performance of the RSLs can be a critical limiting factor of the performance of the archive system. However, the many interacting components of a RSL make a performance analysis difficult. In addition, different RSL components can have widely varying performance characteristics. This paper describes our work to develop analytical performance models of a RSL. The advantage of an analytical model over simulation is the fast solution times, making feasible a variety of performance studies. We present some sample studies, including a study of clustering, of device selection, of device sizing, and of distributing a workload between two RSLs. Finally, we show how the RSL model can be incorporated into a queuing network model. The models described in this paper, developed for the NASA EOSIDS project, are implemented in C with a well-defined interface. The source code and accompanying documentation are available through WWW at: www.cis.ufl. edu/∼ted/.
HPLC METHODS FOR ASPIRIN-CAFFEINE-BUTALBITAL AND ACETAMINOPHEN-CAFFEINE-BUTALBITAL MIXTURES IN TABLET DOSAGE FORMS USING NON-POROUS OCTADECYLSILANE COLUMNS

High performance liquid chromatography procedures using non-porous ODS columns were developed for the assay of aspirin-caffeine-butalbital (mixture 1) and acetaminophen-caffeine-butalbital (mixture 2). The separation and quantitation of Mixture 1 were achieved on a 3.0 μm non-porous silica ODS column at ambient temperature using a mobile phase of 98:2 v/v 50 mM phosphate buffer pH 3.0-acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min with detection at 220 nm. The method showed linearity for aspirin-caffeine-butalbital in the 325–6500, 40–800, and 50–1000 ng/mL ranges, respectively. Intra- and inter-day RSD values were 0.19–1.72% and 1.30–1.49% for aspirin, 0.08–1.17% and 0.06–1.09% for caffeine, and 0.09–1.55% and 0.07–2.10% for butalbital, respectively. Accuracy of intra and inter-day were in the 0.70–1.27% and 0.20–1.13% for aspirin, 0.05–0.06% and 0.004–0.09% for caffeine, and 0.02–0.09 and 0.02–0.05% for butalbital, respectively. The limits of detection for aspirin, caffeine, and butalbital were 5, 5, and 10 ...
Regional determinants of arterial endothelial phenotype dominate the impact of gender or short-term exposure to a high-fat diet

Regional arterial hemodynamics correlates with distinct endothelial phenotypes that may be modified by risk factors to influence focal and regional susceptibility to atherosclerosis. We compared endothelial transcript profiles from hemodynamically distinct arterial regions in 15 mature pigs: males and females fed a normal diet, and males fed a high-fat diet (15% lard, 1.5% cholesterol) for two weeks. Hierarchical clustering analysis showed preferential grouping of arrays by region over risk factor. A set of differentially expressed genes was identified which clearly distinguished regions of disturbed flow from undisturbed flow; however, few differences were observed within the same region based on gender or diet. Consistent with previous results in the absence of risk factors, the balance in gene expression was not inherently pathological at this early time-point. The results implicate regional hemodynamics as a predominant epigenetic determinant of endothelial phenotypic heterogeneity underlying atherosusceptibility in vivo.
Prevention of surgical site infections

In the current era of pay-for-performance standards, the incidence of surgical site infections is increasingly becoming an institutional marker of quality assurance. Surgical site infections lead to increased morbidity and mortality in the surgical population and contribute to an already rising healthcare cost. As a result, the surgical community goes to great lengths to prevent this costly and occasionally lethal complication. Many practices are evidence based, however, many are not. In this article, the most commonly used preventive strategies in practice today and the evidence behind each are reviewed. In addition, an overview of the epidemiology, pathophysiology and microbiology of surgical site infections will be provided.
The role of dispersed barriers in the pulsed irradiation creep of magnetic fusion reactor materials

The effects of irradiation pulsing on the climb-glide creep, and the role of the glide barrier height are investigated. Only tokamak-type pulsing is considered. We develop a new formulation for the creep strain increment per pulse for large barriers, for which more than one pulse is needed for glide to occur. This formulation is applied to typical tokamak-type conditions, including the UWMAK-I and INTOR designs. It is concluded that no significant enhancement over steady irradiation occurs for 7” <bum-time. However, in long bum-time Tokamaks with T,, son-time and off-time, it is found that the pulsed creep enhancement can be significant. For example, for a duty factor of 0.9 the enhancement is about 3 for small barriers using a dose-equivalent average damage rate when comparing pulsed and steady irradiation. The maximum enhancements are diminished to about 2 when equal instantaneous damage rates are used.
Double-diffusive convection in an inclined fluid layer

The nonlinear double-diffusive convection in a Boussinesq fluid with stable constant vertical solute gradient, and bound by two differentially heated rigid inclined parallel plates is considered. The analysis was carried out by a Galerkin method for the cases when the angle of inclination was 0°, −45° and +45° (positive angle denotes heating from below, and negative angle denotes heating from above). The counter-rotating cells predicted by the linear theory merge into single cells with the same sense of rotation within a very short period of time even under slightly supercritical conditions. This is consistent with the experimental observations. Furthermore, as observed in the experiments, the evolution of instability is more rapid when heating is from above than when heating is from below. Our results for a salt-heat system are in excellent agreement with those based on the limiting case of Lewis number → 0 and Schmidt number → ∞.
Imaging pyrometry of oxides

A technique for imaging pyrometry of oxides will be presented which is capable of remotely determining the temperatures of an oxide surface with useful accuracy. The technique relies on the near-blackbody emittance properties of most oxides in the two-phonon spectral region. Most oxides in the longwave IR region are very highly emitting with an emittance that is almost temperature independent and Lambertian. We present a generalized calibration procedure for longwave cameras that allows spatially resolved surface temperature to be obtained from radiance measurements. Experimental results from a sapphire disk will be presented as a demonstration of the technique.
Recipes for the Future: Traces of Past Utopias in The Futurist Cookbook

This essay suggests an interpretation of F. T. Marinetti and Fillia's La cucina futurista (The Futurist Cookbook) as a fundamentally utopian text that re-proposes and carries into the twentieth century some aspects of the nineteenth-century utopian tradition. In particular, it intends to further investigate the possibility that the alimentary discourse in La cucina shares some similarities with, and was influenced by the “gastrosophic” theory on the social role of meals and gastronomy, originally conceived by Charles Fourier (1772–1837), one of the founding figures of the French utopian tradition. While strengthening the connection between futurism and French utopian thought and reasserting the centrality of food aesthetics in the avant-garde, this analysis provides another perspective on futurism's contradictory relation to tradition, exemplified in this additional re-appropriation and, to quote Cinzia Sartini Blum, “recycling of the past.”
The Effects of Visualizing Activity History on Attitudes and Behaviors in a Peer Production Context

In a variety of peer production settings, from Wikipedia to open source software development to crowdsourcing, individuals may encounter, edit, or review the work of unknown others. Typically this is done without much context to the person's past behavior or performance. To understand how exposure to an unknown individual's activity history influences attitudes and behaviors, we conducted an online experiment on Mechanical Turk varying the content, quality, and presentation of information about another Turker's work history. Surprisingly, negative work history did not lead to negative outcomes, but in contrast, a positive work history led to positive initial impressions that persisted in the face of contrary information. This work provides insight into the impact of activity history design factors on psychological and behavioral outcomes that can be of use in other related settings.
Ultrasound Produced by a Conventional Therapeutic Ultrasound Unit Accelerates Fracture Repair

Background and Purpose. A recent novel application of ultrasound therapy is the treatment of bone fractures. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect on fracture repair of ultrasound produced by a conventional therapeutic ultrasound unit as used by physical therapists. Subjects and Methods. Bilateral midshaft femur fractures were created in 30 adult male Long-Evans rats. Ultrasound therapy was commenced on the first day after fracture and introduced 5 days a week for 20 minutes a day. Each animal was treated unilaterally with active ultrasound and contralaterally with inactive ultrasound. Active ultrasound involved a 2-millisecond burst of 1.0-MHz sine waves repeating at 100 Hz. The spatially averaged, temporally averaged intensity was set at 0.1 W/cm2. Animals were killed at 25 and 40 days after fracture induction, and the fractures were assessed for bone mass and strength. Results. There were no differences between fractures treated with active ultrasound and fractures treated with inactive ultrasound at 25 days. However, at 40 days, active ultrasound-treated fractures had 16.9% greater bone mineral content at the fracture site than inactive ultrasound-treated fractures. This change resulted in a 25.8% increase in bone size, as opposed to an increase in bone density, and contributed to active ultrasound-treated fractures having 81.3% greater mechanical strength than inactive ultrasound-treated fractures. Discussion and Conclusion. These data indicate that ultrasound produced by a conventional therapeutic ultrasound unit as traditionally used by physical therapists may be used to facilitate fracture repair. However, careful interpretation of this controlled laboratory study is warranted until its findings are confirmed by clinical trials. [Warden SJ, Fuchs RK, Kessler CK, et al. Ultrasound produced by a conventional therapeutic ultrasound unit accelerates fracture repair. Phys Ther . 2006;86:1118–1127.]
Design and Implementation of Anatomic Pathology Database System

This paper describes the design and implementation of the University of Florida’s Anatomic Pathology Database System. The first phase of the system consists of the patient record parser and DB generator. The second phase includes application development to facilitate the clinical and research needs of pathologists. The parser separates the patient record into meaningful blocks of information. The final application will provide web based service to pathologist using the DB tagged with XML and the knowledge maintained by SNOMED Semantic Network Knowledge Base (SSN-KB). We describe the conceptual architecture of the SSN-KB which is structured for fast and efficient information searching and information extraction.
The genetic landscape of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), the most common lymphoid malignancy in the western world, is an aggressive disease that remains incurable in approximately 30% of patients. Over the past decade, the rapid expansion of sequencing technologies allowing the genome-wide assessment of genomic and transcriptional changes has revolutionized our understanding of the genetic basis of DLBCL by providing a comprehensive and unbiased view of the genes/pathways that are disrupted by genetic alterations in this disease, and may contribute to tumor initiation and expansion. These studies uncovered the existence of several previously unappreciated alterations in key cellular pathways that may also influence treatment outcome. Indeed, a number of newly identified genetic lesions are currently being explored as markers for improved diagnosis and risk stratification, or are entering clinical trials as promising therapeutic targets. This review focuses on recent advances in the genomic characterization of DLBCL and discusses how information gained from these efforts has provided new insights into its biology, uncovering potential targets of prognostic and therapeutic relevance.
Structures of Power Electrification in Colonial India

Mirroring the cross-national variation in how electricity became enmeshed in polities and societies around the world in the twentieth century, within British India, too, the emerging electric systems differed by fuel source, ownership, and usage. This heterogeneity was a product of decentralized authority over electricity to provincial governments and the ambiguous freedoms of indirect colonial rule. Rather than being governed according to any discrete logic of colonial governance, electric systems became terrains in which a variety of views about the proper role of the state in industrial transformation as well as the suitable means to promote economic development were elaborated. In turn the emergent electrical systems shaped both politics and governance in the late colonial period and left a strong imprint on politics after independence. If railroads and canals—the quintessential infrastructural technologies of the colonial state—revealed a uniform sense of the state as a particular kind of engine of “development,” the far more messy political economy of electrification displayed a mixed understanding of both governance and the state’s role in the economy.
Psychosocial Issues in Older Adults’ Adjustment to Vision Loss: Findings From Qualitative Interviews and Focus Groups

Although more therapists are responding to the increasing need for visual rehabilitation services for older adults, little is reported in the literature about the emotional experience of vision loss, especially in the words of persons with low vision themselves. This paper reports findings from a qualitative inquiry involving focus groups and in-depth interviews with 15 older adults using or considering using low vision assistive devices (Copolillo & Teitelman, 2005). Although the study's original intent was to focus primarily on decisions about LVAD use, psychological and social implications of vision loss emerged spontaneously as a dominant area of concern for participants. From an analysis of 154 codes derived from transcripted data, three themes related to psychosocial experience were generated: (a) Emotional Challenges, (b) Negative Emotional Outcomes, and (c) Indicators of Emotional Adaptation. In this article, individual components of the themes are described using illustrative quotes, and potential practice implications for therapists are presented.
Development of approach and inhibition in the first year: parallel findings from motor behavior, temperament ratings and directional cardiac response

A group of 139 infants was observed at 6 and 12 months. Approach and inhibition were measured via latencies to touch lowand high-intensity objects, directional cardiac response to low- and high-intensity sounds and maternal ratings of positive and fearful emotionality. Inhibition showed considerable increases in all three domains from 6 to 12 months. Also reflecting increases in inhibitory processes, correlations between individual infants’ responses to low- and high-intensity sounds were significantly smaller at 12 than at 6 months. Limited cross-domain validity was obtained linking large cardiac decelerations, low latencies to reach for toys and high ratings of positive emotionality. These findings are consistent with previous reports documenting relatively greater gains in inhibition than approach during the second half of the first year. Modest cross-domain consistency indicates separate mechanisms may moderate approach and inhibition in the three different realms.
Constitutional Tragedy in Dying: Responses to Some Common Arguments Against the Constitutional Right to Die

The author first explains that he will argue for the constitutional right to die, including the right of terminally ill persons to physician-assisted suicide. It would be a constitutional tragedy otherwise because it would entail that the Constitutional sanctions a horrible form of tyranny and that the Constitution allows citizens to author their own tragic endings. In the final part of the essay, the author responds to some common arguments against the constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide. While there may be some merits to the opposition arguments, none provides a good constitutional argument against recognizing a right to die. In addition, procedural safeguards can be employed to address any other substantive problem. CONSTITUTIONAL TRAGEDY IN DYING: RESPONSES TO SOME COMMON ARGUMENTS AGAINST THE CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT TO DIE
Hygroscopicity and composition of California CCN during summer 2010

[1] We present an overview and analysis of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) sampled in California by a NOAA WP-3D aircraft during the 2010 CalNex project. Four distinct geographical regions are characterized, including the Los Angeles basin, the San Joaquin and Sacramento Valleys, and the eastern Pacific Ocean west of southern California. Median size distributions in the Central Valley were unimodal (Dg ∼ 25 nm) with a larger fraction of organic species and smaller fraction of nitrate species in the Sacramento Valley aerosol than in the San Joaquin Valley aerosol. Size distributions in the Los Angeles basin and marine outflow were bimodal (geometric mean diameter, Dg ∼ 30, 90–100 nm) with similar organic fractions and some replacement of nitrate with sulfate in the marine outflow. Both fine particle and CCN concentrations were found to decrease rapidly above the planetary boundary layer (∼2 km altitude), with CCN concentrations in the boundary layer ranging from ∼102–104 cm−3 STP, while fine particle concentrations (0.004–1 μm diameters) ranged from ∼103–105 cm−3STP. The CCN-active number fraction varied between 0–100% in the Los Angeles Basin and Marine Outflow, but was substantially lower (0–40%) in the San Joaquin and Sacramento Valleys. Values of the hygroscopicity parameter,κ, inferred from the CCN measurements varied from 0.1–0.25, with the highest values in the marine outflow and the lowest values in the Sacramento Valley. The κvalues agreed well with the predictions based on size-resolved aerosol composition, but were overpredicted by almost twofold when size-averaged composition was used. CCN closure was assessed for simplified compositional and mixing state assumptions, and it was found that assuming the aerosol to be internally mixed overpredicted CCN concentrations by 30–75% for all air mass types except within the Sacramento Valley, where good closure (overprediction < 10%) was achieved by assuming insoluble organics. Assuming an externally-mixed aerosol fraction or incorporating size-resolved composition data improved closure in the other three regions, consistent with the bimodal nature of the aerosol size distribution.
A Model of Uncertainty Quantification in the Estimation of Noise-Contaminated Transmissibility Measurements for System Identification

System identification via techniques applied in the frequency domain is a very common activity across many applications in engineering. Among many forms of frequency domain system identification, transmissibility estimation has been regarded as one of the most practical tools for its clear physical interpretation, its compatibility with output-only data, and its sensitivity to structural parameters. Due to operational variability, estimation errors, and extraneous noise, the computation of transmissibility may contain significant uncertainty, and this will affect the system identification quality. In this paper, a probability density function for transmissibility estimates is derived analytically via a Chi-square bivariate approach, and validated with Monte Carlo simulation.
Random telegraph signals originating from unrelaxed neutral oxygen vacancy centres in SiO2

Unrelaxed neutral oxygen deficiency centres (ODCs) (V0 ODC II) in SiO2 have been identified as the cause of random telegraph signals (RTSs) in highly scaled n-type metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors. Variable temperature RTS measurements were performed to extract trap capture cross-sections, capture activation energy, relaxation energy associated with the gate oxide defects, and the trap energy in the SiO2 bandgap to determine the trap species and type. The results indicate that the electron is captured by a neutral ODC that is transformed into a negatively charged vacancy (V−). This is the first time V0 ODC II centre is confirmed to be the source of electron switching through RTS measurements defining four different trap characteristics.
A Mother's Right to Breastfeed: Removing the Obstacles

If breastfeeding is acknowledged to be the optimal way of feeding and caring for young infants and is critically important for infant development, including mental development, while also providing benefits to the mother, then the right of mothers to breastfeed their infants deserves to be accepted as a human right. This point is reinforced by existing human rights conventions, new scientific evidence on the advantages of breastfeeding, current ethical acceptance of women's rights, and the evolving human rights thinking. Any obstacles to breastfeeding, then, are infringements on human rights. Major negative influences on breastfeeding include the medicalization of infant feeding, manufacturers' promotion and marketing of breastmilk substitutes, societal failure to assist mothers to breastfeed, and lack of community support for breastfeeding. Although national legislation and actions provide a basis for protecting rights, ultimate success hinges on the actions of committed people and communities.
Fall 2015 Mid-Atlantic Regional Archives Conference

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to report on the Fall 2015 MARAC Conference. Design/methodology/approach – This paper focuses on the use of technology in archives, libraries and museums, as presented in various sessions at the Fall 2015 MARAC Conference. Findings – Archives, libraries and museums are harnessing technology to archive Twitter feeds, digitize obsolete media, provide better online access to collections, automate workflows for patron-driven requests, conduct forensic recovery of born-digital objects and manage long-term access and preservation of diverse digital collections. Originality/value – The paper condenses the authors’ notes from various sessions.
Spanish not spoken here: Accounting for the racialization of the Spanish language in the experiences of Mexican migrants in the United States:

For Spanish-speaking Latinos in the United States, the Spanish language is a component of identity that is often viewed as fundamental to their human experience. This deep connection between langua...
The Confessing Church and the Second World War

Ina letter to French Protestants in December 1939, Karl Barth wrote that the church should witness uncompromisingly to Chris tians in Germany: "Your cause is not just! . . . Have no more to do with this Hitler! Hands off this war! It is his war alone! Change your course while there is yet time!"1 The Confessing Church, to which Barth was referring, had resisted National Socialism, but chiefly those policies which had circumscribed the institutional freedom of the church. One result of that resistance was that the Confessing Church in 1939 was still proclaiming the biblical gospel rather than a Germanic religion, but Confessing Christians, like nearly all other Christians in Germany, had only occasionally and without much spirit, condemned the violence and immorality of National Socialism. When Germany invaded Poland in 1939, nearly all Con fessing pastors affirmed their loyalty to the government, although they did not endorse the aims of the National Socialist state. No one in the Confessing Church publicly protested the violence and immorality of an unjust war. It was a course which would not be significantly altered until the last eighteen months of the war. When Adolf Hitler became chancellor of Germany in 1933, nearly all of those pastors who would become members of the Confessing Church anticipated cooperation rather than confronta tion with National Socialism. They supported Hitler's authoritar ian government, his opposition to communism, and the goals which he set forth for the national regeneration of Germany. By the end of that year, however, from 25 to 30 percent of all Protestant clergy men, deeply disturbed by the regime's ecclesiastical policies, had
Aqueous Mg2+ and Ca2+ Ligand Exchange Mechanisms Identified with 2DIR Spectroscopy

Biological systems must discriminate between calcium and magnesium for these ions to perform their distinct biological functions, but the mechanism for distinguishing aqueous ions has yet to be determined. Ionic recognition depends upon the rate and mechanism by which ligands enter and leave the first solvation shell surrounding these cations. We present a time-resolved vibrational spectroscopy study of these ligand exchange dynamics in aqueous solution. The sensitivity of the CN-stretch frequency of NCS– to ion pair formation has been utilized to investigate the mechanism and dynamics of ligand exchange into and out of the first solvation shell of aqueous magnesium and calcium ions with multidimensional vibrational (2DIR) spectroscopy. We have determined that anion exchange follows a dissociative mechanism for Mg2+ and an associative mechanism for Ca2+.