cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Second-order statistics of integrated intensities and detected photons, the exact analysis I. Theory

We express the exact probability density distribution function as the product of a gamma distribution and a series of associated Laguerre polynomials, with the expansion coefficients determined by moments of the integrated intensity. Orthogonal polynomials with respect to the exact probability distribution function are then expanded in similar fashion. These polynomials are then used to construct an expansion of the joint probability distribution function in the second-order photoelectron statistics. Since the polynomials are identical with the corresponding Laguerre polynomials when the exact probability distribution function is the gamma distribution, the new polynomials are generalized versions of the associated Laguerre polynomials. The joint photoelectron statistics may be studied with these new polynomials.
Infrared reflectance spectra of Hyperion, Titania, and Triton

Medium-resolution infrared (1-2.5 microns; Delta-lambda/lambda = 0.05) photometry of Triton, Titania, and Hyperion and medium-resolution (1.5-2.4 microns; Delta-lambda/lambda not greater than 0.01) spectroscopy of Triton are presented. Hyperion and Titania have spectra roughly similar to the laboratory spectrum of water frost, while the spectrum of Triton is inconsistent with the spectra of frosts likely to be major surface constituents.
Bayesian probabilistic population projections for all countries

Projections of countries’ future populations, broken down by age and sex, are widely used for planning and research. They are mostly done deterministically, but there is a widespread need for probabilistic projections. We propose a Bayesian method for probabilistic population projections for all countries. The total fertility rate and female and male life expectancies at birth are projected probabilistically using Bayesian hierarchical models estimated via Markov chain Monte Carlo using United Nations population data for all countries. These are then converted to age-specific rates and combined with a cohort component projection model. This yields probabilistic projections of any population quantity of interest. The method is illustrated for five countries of different demographic stages, continents and sizes. The method is validated by an out of sample experiment in which data from 1950–1990 are used for estimation, and applied to predict 1990–2010. The method appears reasonably accurate and well calibrated for this period. The results suggest that the current United Nations high and low variants greatly underestimate uncertainty about the number of oldest old from about 2050 and that they underestimate uncertainty for high fertility countries and overstate uncertainty for countries that have completed the demographic transition and whose fertility has started to recover towards replacement level, mostly in Europe. The results also indicate that the potential support ratio (persons aged 20–64 per person aged 65+) will almost certainly decline dramatically in most countries over the coming decades.
Optimal engine torque management for reducing driveline clunk using time-dependent metamodels

Driveline clunk negatively affects the perceived vehicle quality and must be minimised. This is usually achieved using engine torque management which must be balanced against throttle response. In practice, the engine torque rate of rise is calibrated manually. This paper describes a methodology for calibrating the engine torque to minimise the clunk disturbance, while still meeting throttle response constraints. Using a set of engine torque profiles and the corresponding turbine speed responses, a time-dependent metamodel is created using principal component analysis and kriging. The metamodel predicts the turbine speed response due to any engine torque profile and is used in a subsequent optimisation to minimise a clunk disturbance measure while still meeting the throttle response target. The optimal engine torque profile and corresponding turbine speed were successfully validated experimentally. We reduced the clunk disturbance by 33% while improving the throttle response by 11%.
The effect of specimen size on the results of plane-strain fracture-toughness tests☆

Abstract The effects of specimen geometry, notably thickness and crack length, on the values of planestrain fracture toughness, K Ic , of five aluminum alloys have been determined. Notch-bend specimens of 2024-T851, 6061-T651, 7075-T7351 and 7079-T651 and compact tension specimens of 2219-T851 were tested; for some alloys, face-grooved specimens were also included. Constant values of K Q (candidate values of K Ic ) are generally obtained for specimen thicknesses and crack lengths greater than 2.5 ( K Ic σ YS ) 2 , while for thinner specimens values above or below the true K Ic value may be obtained, dependent upon other dimensions of the specimen. For the face-grooved specimens, problems were encountered with achieving satisfactory fatigue cracks and the influence of side-grooving on K Q values appeared to vary from alloy to alloy; overall, no advantage in measuring K Ic was indicated for face grooving.
Characterization of a rapidly responding animal model for fluoride-stimulated bone formation.

Sodium fluoride (NaF) is the single most effective agent for increasing bone volume in the osteoporotic skeleton. However, the mechanism of fluoride-stimulated bone formation is not known, and investigation has been hampered by the lack of a suitable animal model. Young chicks show a rapid skeletal response to NaF that resembles the human skeletal response. This occurs at serum fluoride concentrations comparable to those obtained in humans. Fourteen-day-old chicks treated with NaF (4.2 mM NaF in the drinking water) for 2 weeks showed increases in bone-forming surface in the tibial metaphysis (130% of untreated controls, P < 0.002), with no change in the number of osteoblasts per length of forming surface (104% of control). The NaF dose dependence of the change in bone-forming surface was biphasic, being optimal at 23 μM fluoride. Linear correlations were observed between dietary NaF and serum fluoride (r = 0.996, P < 0.001), and serum fluoride and bone fluoride concentrations (r = 0.98, P < 0.001). Correlations were also observed between the amount of alkaline phosphatase activity in the tibia and the serum fluoride concentration (r = 0.88, P < 0.03), the serum fluoride concentration and the tibial ash weight (r = 0.93, P < 0.01), and the bone fluoride concentration and tibial ash weight (r = 0.95, P < 0.01). Preliminary studies of the time dependence of the skeletal fluoride response in young chicks revealed no difference between 2 weeks and 4 weeks of treatment (bone-forming surface increased to 124% and 139% of controls in separate studies, P < 0.01 for each). The rapidly growing chick skeleton differs in some respects from the remodeling human skeleton with osteoporosis. Nevertheless, chicks, like humans, respond to NaF treatment with an increase in bone-forming surface, suggesting that the young chick may be a useful model to study the mechanisms of fluoride-stimulated bone formation in vivo.
British official publications—2. Publication and distribution

An examination of the means by which British official publications are published and made available for distribution becomes to a great extent a study of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. And, in fact, official publishing and H.M.S.O. often tend to blur into a kind of synonymous term for the uninitiated, who may then suppose that H.M.S.O. is indeed the publisher for all British official papers. It is important, therefore, to state clearly that while H.M.S.O. is understood to be the primary official publisher, there is a further area of government publishing being done within the Government Departments. In some instances, notably the Patent Office and the Ordnance Survey, Departments may issue more titles than H.M.S.O. in any given year. And, in the case of retrospective publishing, one must look to the commercial book-publishing world as well for a complete picture of official publishing.
Market reaction to large bank merger announcements in oligopolies

This paper evaluates the individual and rival stock price reactions to large bank merger announcements and subsequent regulatory rejection in an oligopoly. The results show that the announcements produce significant positive abnormal returns for the merger candidates. Regulatory obstacles and denial of the proposed mergers produce significant negative returns. Analysis of the rivals’ reactions doesn’t produce consistent significant results. This suggests that the market reactions for the merging banks results are driven by expected increases in efficiencies. The rivals’ reaction is explained by the fact that the market would remain contestable after the mergers since the offered products are homogeneous.(JEL G14, G34)
An Application Oriented Gas Turbine Laboratory Experience

The gas turbine industry is experiencing growth in many sectors. An important part of teaching a gas turbine course is exposing students to the practical applications of the gas turbine. This laboratory proposes an opportunity for students to view an operating gas turbine engine in an aircraft propulsion application and to model the engine performance. A Pratt and Whitney PT6A-20 turboprop was run at a local airfield and engine parameters typical of cockpit instrumentation were taken. The students, in teams of two, then modeled the system using the software PARA and PERF in an attempt to match the manufacturer’s specifications. This laboratory required students to research the parameters necessary to model this engine that were not part of the data set provided by the manufacturer. The research and modeling encompassed areas such as technology level, efficiencies, fuel consumption, and performance. The end result was a two-page report containing the students’ calculations comparing the actual performance of the engine with the manufacturer’s specifications. Supporting graphs and figures were included as appendices. The same type laboratory could be adapted for co-generation gas turbines. Over 121 colleges and universities have co-generation facilities on campus and that presents a unique opportunity for the students to observe the operation of a land-based gas turbine used for power generation. A 5 MW TB5000 manufactured by Ruston (Alstom) Gas Engines is available on the Baylor University campus and is highlighted as an example. Potential problems encountered with using the Baylor University gas turbine are discussed which include lack of appropriate engine instrumentation.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Ulnar Subluxation Following Repair of a Fractured Radius in a Foal

Compression plating of a transverse mid-diaphyseal radial fracture in a 4-month-old Arabian filly resulted in subluxation of the ulna. Two screws transfixed the radius to the ulna and resulted in synostoses. This was followed by uncoordinated growth of the radius and ulna, and subluxation of the ulna. Progressive remodeling of the ulna subsequently reestablished articular congruity between the humerus and ulna.
Quantification of SIMS data for multicomponent glasses

Fracture and commercial float glass surfaces have been analyzed in a Cameca IMS-3f spectrometer using 18 O - bombardment. Sample charging was controlled through the use of different combinations of a gold grid and thin gold coating. Depth profiles have been quantified with relative sensitivity factors (RSFs) that were determined form fracture surfaces of float glasses of known composition. The sodium and potassium RSFs have been found to be more sensitive to the method of charge compensation than the RSFs of the other elements in the glass
Discussion of “River meanders and vorticity theorem”

In Leopold's paper conservation of circulation in a fluid circuit is assumed in the flow of water around regular windings of rivers and creeks. Before discussing the general results of the paper, I would like to mention the following specific points.
Elementary and Middle Schools Technical Assistance Center: An Approach to Support the Effective Implementation of Scientifically Based Practices in Special Education:

The Elementary and Middle Schools Technical Assistance Center (EMSTAC) tested an insider-outsider approach to assist local school districts in effectively identifying and implementing scientifically based practices. Methods used to measure EMSTAC's effectiveness in supporting successful practice adoption are presented. The overarching finding is that EMSTAC-assisted districts learned to work through a systematic process for changing and improving their instructional programs over time. Further, although differences in EMSTAC financial support for districts were substantial, only nonfinancial factors, such as district leadership, were found to significantly influence the change process. Also discussed are the implications and limitations of these findings for improving instructional practices in special education.
Designing a visualization framework for multidimensional data

Interest in visualization has grown in recent years, producing rapid advances in the diversity of research and in the scope of proposed techniques. Much of the initial focus in computer-based visualization concentrated on display algorithms, often for specific domains. For example, volume, flow, and terrain visualization techniques have generated significant insights into fundamental graphics and visualization theory, aiding the application experts who use these techniques to advance their own research. More recent work has extended visualization to abstract data sets like network intrusion detection, recommender systems, and database query results. This article describes our initial end-to-end system that starts with data management and continues through assisted visualization design, display, navigation, and user interaction. The purposes of this discussion are to (i) promote a more comprehensive visualization framework; (ii) describe how to apply expertise from human psychophysics, databases, rational logic, and artificial intelligence to visualization; and (iii) illustrate the benefits of a more complete framework using examples from our own experiences.
Suppression of beam break-up in a standing-wave free-electron laser two-beam accelerator

Various schemes are examined in this study on the suppression of beam break-up (BBU) in a standing wave free electron laser two-beam accelerator (SWFEL/TBA). Two schemes are found to be not only able to effectively suppress the BBU but at the same time have minimum effect on the microwave generation process inside the SWFEL cavities. One is making the cavity-iris junction sufficiently gradual and the other is stagger-tuning the cavities.
Estimates of Site‐Dependent Response Spectra for Design (Methodology and Justification)

Abstract Recent borehole‐geotechnical data and strong‐motion measurements constitute a new empirical basis to account for local geological conditions in earthquake‐resistant design and site‐dependent, building‐code provisions. They provide new unambiguous definitions of site classes and rigorous empirical estimates of site‐dependent amplification factors in terms of mean shear‐wave velocity. A simple four‐step methodology for estimating site‐dependent response spectra is specified herein. Alternative techniques and commentary are presented for each step to facilitate application of the methodology for different purposes. Justification for the methodology is provided in terms of definitions for the new site classes and derivations of simple empirical equations for amplification as a function of mean shear‐wave velocity and input ground‐motion level. These new results provide a rigorous framework for improving estimates of site‐dependent response spectra for design, site‐dependent building‐code provisions, ...
Insecticidal activity and mode of action of 2,4-diaminopyrimidines

Three 2,4-diaminopyrimidines were tested against several insect species. They were active against lepidopteran pests with LC 50 values <3 mg liter -1 for most species tested. They were also active against two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, (LC 50 10-40 mg liter -1 ). Folinate, but not hypoxanthine or thymidine was found to be an effective rescue agent, requiring a concentration of 100 mg liter -1 diet to rescue half of the intoxicated larvae. The results confirm dihydrofolate reductase to be the site of action for these insecticides and are consistent with the mode of action of folinate rescue in mammals.
Complement and dysbiosis in periodontal disease

Abstract Signaling crosstalk between complement and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) normally serves to coordinate host immunity. However, the periodontal bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis expresses C5 convertase-like enzymatic activity and adeptly exploits complement–TLR crosstalk to subvert host defenses and escape elimination. Intriguingly, this defective immune surveillance leads to the remodeling of the periodontal microbiota to a dysbiotic state that causes inflammatory periodontitis. Understanding the mechanisms by which P. gingivalis modulates complement function to cause dysbiosis offers new targets for complement therapeutics.
Effect of inconsistent distinctiveness of artificial semantic features on retrieval speed

A purported universal of language is the generalization of distinctive features, for example, in phonology and semantics, within a language or an individual. This could be due to a tendency either to use or to ignore a feature depending on whether or not it has previously been distinctive. This mechanism is shown to operate in retrieval of well-learned artificial concept names. Several simple models of performance cannot account for this effect. The apparent inefficiency of possible mechanisms which could account for this result suggests that it may reflect a special predisposition.
Classification with minimum expected error over an uncertainty class of Gaussian distributions

In biomedicine, it is typical to find studies discriminating between types of pathology or stages of disease based on as few as 30 sample points and tens of thousands of genes. Unfortunately, out-of-the-box classification and error estimation rules come with no small-sample performance guarantees, which has greatly contributed to the crisis in biomarker reproducibility. Recent work addresses this by supplementing the data with expert biological knowledge via a prior distribution over an uncertainty class of feature-label distributions, and uses the resulting probabilistic framework to define minimum mean-square-error (MMSE) estimators for the misclassification rate of any fixed classifier, as well as the sample-conditioned MSE itself for arbitrary error estimators. Here, we use the same framework to also define minimum expected error (MEE) classifiers, completing a Bayesian optimized theory of classification. We also present examples on real genomic data resulting in classifiers that greatly outperform popular rules.
Hydroperoxidase activity of lipoxygenase: hydrogen peroxide-dependent oxidation of xenobiotics.

Summary Since H 2 O 2 is one of the major biologically available peroxides, its ability to support hydroperoxidase activity of highly purified soybean lipoxygenase was examined by monitoring co-oxidation of selected xenobiotics. All of the eight chemicals tested were found to be oxidized in the presence of H 2 O 2 . Tetramethylbenzidine oxidation was completely inhibited by the classical lipoxygenase inhibitor nordihydroguaiaretic acid. The reaction was enzymatic in nature and exhibited a acidic pH optimum. The data clearly indicate, for the first time, that H 2 O 2 can efficiently replace fatty acid hydroperoxide in a xenobiotic oxidation reaction medicated by the hydro-peroxidase activity of lipoxygenase.
Motor cortical prediction of EMG: evidence that a kinetic brain-machine interface may be robust across altered movement dynamics

During typical movements, signals related to both the kinematics and kinetics of movement are mutually correlated, and each is correlated to some extent with the discharge of neurons in the primary motor cortex (M1). However, it is well known, if not always appreciated, that causality cannot be inferred from correlations. Although these mutual correlations persist, their nature changes with changing postural or dynamical conditions. Under changing conditions, only signals directly controlled by M1 can be expected to maintain a stable relationship with its discharge. If one were to rely on noncausal correlations for a brain-machine interface, its generalization across conditions would likely suffer. We examined this effect, using multielectrode recordings in M1 as input to linear decoders of both end point kinematics (position and velocity) and proximal limb myoelectric signals (EMG) during reaching. We tested these decoders across tasks that altered either the posture of the limb or the end point forces encountered during movement. Within any given task, the accuracy of the kinematic predictions tended to be somewhat better than the EMG predictions. However, when we used the decoders developed under one task condition to predict the signals recorded under different postural or dynamical conditions, only the EMG decoders consistently generalized well. Our results support the view that M1 discharge is more closely related to kinetic variables like EMG than it is to limb kinematics. These results suggest that brain-machine interface applications using M1 to control kinetic variables may prove to be more successful than the more standard kinematic approach.
Ankle ligament injury risk factors: a prospective study of college athletes

Over two million individuals suffer ankle ligament trauma each year in the United States, more than half of these injuries are severe ligament sprains; however, very little is known about the factors that predispose individuals to these injuries. The purpose of this study was to determine the risk factors associated with ankle injury. We performed a prospective study of 118 Division I collegiate athletes who participated in soccer, lacrosse, or field hockey. Prior to the start of the athletic season, potential ankle injury risk factors were measured, subjects were monitored during the athletic season, and injuries documented. The number of ankle injuries per 1000 person-days of exposure to sports was 1.6 for the men and 2.2 for the women. There were 13 injuries among the 68 women (19%) and seven injuries among the 50 men (13%), but these proportions were not significantly different. Women who played soccer had a higher incidence of ankle injury than those who played field hockey or lacrosse. Among men, there was no relationship between type of sport and incidence of injury. Factors associated with ankle ligament injury differ for men relative to women. Women with increased tibial varum and calcaneal eversion range of motion are at greater risk of suffering ankle ligament trauma, while men with increased talar tilt are at greater risk. Generalized joint laxity, strength, postural stability, and muscle reaction time were unrelated to injury.
The prognostic significance of troponin I and troponin T.

OBJECTIVES: To determine and compare the prognostic abilities of early, single-sample measurements of cardiac troponin I (cTn-I), cardiac troponin T (cTn-T), and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) among ED patients with possible myocardial ischemia. METHODS: Prospective collection of clinical and serologic data using an identity-unlinked technique from patients with possible myocardial ischemia at 2 urban EDs. Outcome data concerning the occurrence of adverse events (AEs) during the 14 days after enrollment were used to calculate and compare the relative risks (RRs) and predictive values (with 95% confidence intervals) of the 3 markers for predicting AEs. RESULTS: Among the 401 study patients, 105 AEs occurred in 67 patients. cTn-I, cTn-T, and CK-MB were all significantly predictive of AEs, with RRs of 3.87 (2.39, 6.26), 3.03 (1.92, 4.79), and 6.45 (4.74, 8.77), respectively. For prediction of AEs, sensitivity for each of the 3 markers was low (cTn-I = 15.38, cTn-T = 24.62, CK-MB = 15.38), while specificity was high (cTn-I = 97.62, cTn-T = 93.15, CK-MB = 99.70). No significant difference in predictive ability was found between cTn-I and cTn-T. However, a positive CK-MB result was a stronger predictor of AEs than either cTn-I (p = 0.01) or cTn-T (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: No significant difference in predictive abilities was found between cTn-I and cTn-T. However, routine testing for both CK-MB and either of the troponins may optimize early identification of high-risk patients so they may be targeted for a higher level of care and consideration of more aggressive therapies.
Fluorescence studies with potato carboxypeptidase inhibitor.

Abstract Potato carboxypeptidase inhibitor (CPI) is a 39-residue globular protein whose X-ray structure is known. The protein's two tryptophan residues (W22 and W28) appear to be on the surface in the crystal structure. The fluorescence spectrum of CPI has a maximum at 344 nm. Acrylamide solute quenching yields an upward curving Stern-Volmer plot with K sv ≈ 9 M −1 . KI quenching yields a linear plot with K sv ≈ 5.5 M −1 . These studies indicate that emission occurs from a solvent exposed residue(s). Fluorescence lifetime measurements were fitted to a biexponential decay law with t 1 = 0.9 ns , f 1 = 0.22 and t 2 = 3.9 ns . Anisotropy decay data were described by a single rotational correlation time of 1.2 ns. This value is somewhat small for the global rotation of a protein of this size. The low temperature phosphorescence of CPI shows a biexponential decay, with a rapidly decaying 0.5–1.0 second component. The triplet state of at least one of the two tryptophan residues must be perturbed by interaction with nearby disulfide bonds.
The effect of ammonium ions upon isolated reactions of the glycolytic scheme.

Abstract In the glycolytic system derived from rat brain acetone powder, ammonium ion has been found to stimulate three different reactions: (a) the transphosphorylase reaction from phosphoenolpyruvate, (b) the phosphohexokinase reaction, and (c) the hexokinase reaction. The transphosphorylases are affected differently depending upon whether adenosine diphosphate or adenylic acid is the phosphate acceptor; in the case of the latter, the dependency upon NH 4 + is particularly marked. A highly active myokinase is present in these extracts and its activity influences the transphosphorylase reaction to a considerable extent. The phosphohexokinase reaction is stimulated to a greater extent by NH 4 + than is the hexokinase reaction. In contrast to these reactions which require the participation of the adenylic system, triose phosphate oxidase activity is uninfluenced by the presence of NH 4 + .
Oxime formation between α-keto acids and l-canaline

Abstract Canaline reacts rapidly with glyoxylate, but more slowly with other α-keto acids, to form stable oximes. Oxidation of l -canaline with l -amino acid oxidase yields the cyclic, internal oxime, isoxazoline-3-carboxylate. l -Canaline-α-keto acid oximes are also substrates of l -amino acid oxidase, yielding isoxazoline-3-carboxylate, α-keto acid, and ammonia.
Cross moments of extreme observations from a multivariate lognormal distribution

This paper considers order statistics Z and W from a trivariate lognormal vector (X1,X2,Y), where Z = min(X1,X2,) and W = max(X1,X2). The cross moments between Z (or W) and Y are characterized and compared to the cross moments between Xi and Y. The results are directly useful in evaluating and comparing the hedging effectiveness of futures markets.
Advance Organizers and Study Questions

AbstractThree experiments were conducted to determine how the careful reading of advance organizers affected the answers that students constructed for study questions. In the first experiment, those middle-school students who read and paraphrased an advance organizer prior to study correctly answered significantly more lower order study questions than did students not encountering the organizer. In Experiments 2 and 3, middle-school and college students, respectively, were used. In both experiments, students who read and paraphrased the advance organizer constructed significantly better answers for higher order study questions than did those students who had no access to the organizers.
Influence of cadmium concentration and length of exposure on metabolic rate and gill Na+/K+ ATPase activity of golden shiners (Notemigonus crysoleucas)

Although metabolic rate is considered to be useful as a general indicator of the biological effects of exposure to metals, it is seldom measured in conjunction with specific physiological, biochemical or cellular parameters. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the influence of cadmium (Cd) exposure on metabolic rate and gill Na(+)/K(+) ATPase activity in golden shiners (Notemigonus crysoleucas). Shiners were exposed to six levels of Cd (ranging from control to the maximum sublethal concentration) for 24- and 96-h periods. After 24-h, metabolic rate and Na(+)/K(+) ATPase activity of individual fish were strongly correlated. Shiners exposed to the four highest Cd concentrations (500, 800, 1100, and 1400 μg L(-1)) for 24-h exhibited a shock response that was characterized by mean values for metabolic rate and Na(+)/K(+) ATPase activity that were significantly lower compared to the control. Although results for 96-h exposures reflect a repair/recovery phase, there was no significant correlation between metabolic rate and Na(+)/K(+) ATPase activity. Metabolic rate of shiners was significantly elevated (65-100%) at all concentrations compared to the control after 96-h, whereas Na(+)/K(+) ATPase activity did not differ from the control. Elevated metabolic rate after 96-h likely reflects the influence of a variety of energetically demanding processes associated with repair and recovery.
Anatomy of two mechanisms of breaking physical dormancy by experimental treatments in seeds of two North American Rhus species (Anacardiaceae)

Anatomy of the endocarp was studied in relation to the physical dormancy-breaking mechanisms in experimentally treated Rhus aromatica var. aromatica and R. glabra germination units, which include seed plus endocarp (hereafter seeds). The endocarp has three distinct layers, with brachysclereids on the outside, osteosclereids in the middle, and macrosclereids on the inside. Brachysclereids in the carpellary micropyle region (i.e., region immediately adjacent to the integumentary micropyle) are shorter than those in other parts of the endocarp, and the macrosclereids in this region are not elongated. Thus, a weak point is formed in the endocarp. Concentrated sulfuric acid broke seed dormancy in R. aromatica by eroding the brachysclereids and osteosclereids in the carpellary micropyle region, whereas boiling water broke dormancy in seeds of R. glabra by inducing a blister adjacent to the carpellary micropyle.
The segregation of metals during the ocean dumping of sludge

Abstract The differences in the geochemical metal partitioning between the fast and slower settling flocs, formed after the dumping of sludges into the sea, were investigated in the laboratory in a simulation experiment. The fast settling flocs represented the greater mass of the flocs formed, and carried most of the metals in the oxidizable phase (organic matter and sulfides). These flocs reach the bottom near the dumping site, and their metals are in a form which may be available to the marine organisms of the area. The slower settling microflocs contain most of their metals in the reducible phase (mostly iron hydrous oxides), and they are transported greater distances from the dumping site by the prevailing currents.
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Formal potential of the NAD+/NAD· couple and NAD· dimerization rate

Abstract The rate constant, k d , for the dimerization of the free radical (NAD · ), produced on the initial one-electron reduction of NAD + , was measured by double potential-step chronoamperometry, fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (cathodic-anodic peak current ratio) and slow-scan cyclic voltammetry (peak potential shift) for a medium in which neither NAD + nor its reduction products are adsorbed at the solution/electrode interface. All three methods give concordant values of k d (approx. 3·10 7 M −1 ·s −1 ), which are in reasonable accord with the values determined by pulse radiolysis but are considerably greater than values previously determined electrochemically. For the NAD + /NAD · couple, the heterogeneous rate constant ( k s,h ) exceeds 1 cm·s −1 at 25°C and the formal potential ( E 0 c ) vs. sce is − 1.155 V at 25°C and − 1.149 V at 1°C at pH 9.1, with an uncertainty of about ±0.005 V.
Directing gaze in narrative art

Narrative art tells a story, either as a moment in an ongoing story or as a sequence of events unfolding over time. In many works of art separate panels within the same frame are used to depict the sequence of events. Often, there is no clear delineation between these panels, or any indication of the optimal viewing order. To improve visual literacy we propose using Subtle Gaze Direction (SGD) to direct the viewers gaze across an image in a manner which reveals the story. SGD uses small image space modulations in the luminance channel to guide a viewer's gaze about an image without disrupting their normal visual experience. Using a simple ordering task we compared performance using no modulation and using subtle modulation with the correct order of narrative episodes as intended by the artist. Results from experiments show improved performance when SGD is employed. This experiment establishes the potential of the method as an aid to visual navigation in images where the viewing order is unclear.
One-sided cluster sets of boundary values of analytic functions

We study the one-sided cluster sets of the boundary values of bounded analytic functions and show that even though they can be disjoint, they cannot be contained in the unbounded component of the complement of the other. Using results in this direction, we are able to prove that for distributional boundary values of analytic functions, the existence of one-sided distributional values in the sense of Campos Ferreira implies their equality and the existence of the distributional value.
Placental expression of the nonclassical MHC class I molecule Mamu-AG at implantation in the rhesus monkey

During human implantation trophoblasts mediate attachment of the embryo to the uterine epithelium and invade and reorganize vessels of the maternal endometrium to initiate blood flow to the intervillous space. Expression of the nonclassical MHC class I molecule HLA-G by invading trophoblasts may play a central role in their protection from recognition by the maternal immune system; however, the ontogeny of trophoblast HLA-G expression during the earliest stages of implantation is difficult to evaluate in human pregnancy. We previously identified a novel nonclassical MHC class I molecule, Mamu-AG, which is expressed in the rhesus monkey placenta and shares many unique characteristics of HLA-G. Immunocytochemical analysis with a Mamu-AG-specific mAb and locus-specific in situ hybridization of rhesus implantation sites 7–12 days after embryo attachment (days 14–19 of pregnancy) demonstrated that Mamu-AG molecules are expressed predominantly in cytotrophoblasts invading the maternal vessels and endometrium, whereas syncytiotrophoblasts covering trophoblastic lacunae or newly formed chorionic villi remained largely Mamu-AG-negative. By day 36 of pregnancy, Mamu-AG glycoprotein also was expressed in villous syncytiotrophoblasts, and accumulation of Mamu-AG glycoprotein was noted at the border between maternal decidua and fetal trophoblasts. The ontogeny of a nonclassical MHC class I molecule at the implantation site supports the hypothesis that its expression is important for the establishment of maternal-fetal immune tolerance.
Still building the memex

What would it take for a true personal knowledge base to generate the benefits envisioned by Vannevar Bush?
Insulating DNA directs ubiquitous transcription of the Drosophila melanogaster alpha 1-tubulin gene.

Abstract We identify DNA regions that are necessary for the ubiquitous expression of the Drosophila melanogaster alpha 1-tubulin (alpha 1t) gene. In vitro transcription showed that two upstream regions, tubulin element 1 (TE1 [29 bp]) and tubulin element 2 (TE2 [68 bp]), and a downstream region activate transcription. Germ line transformation demonstrated that these three regions are sufficient to direct the alpha 1t core promoter to begin transcribing at the stage of cellular blastoderm formation and to continue thereafter at high levels in all tissues and developmental stages. Remarkably, mutation of any one of these regions results in high sensitivity to chromosomal position effects, producing different but reproducible tissue-specific patterns of expression in each transformed line. None of these regions behaves as an enhancer in a conventional germ line transformation test. These observations show that these three regions, two of which bind the GAGA transcription factor, act ubiquitously to insulate from position effects and to activate transcription. The results also provide vectors for ubiquitous expression of gene products and for examining silencer activities.
Theory of the Hall Effect in Aromatic Hydrocarbon Crystals

The Hall effect is studied for a triangular model of a molecular crystal, with the quadratic electron–phonon interaction previously applied to triplet exciton diffusion coefficients and carrier drift mobilities. General expressions are derived for the Hall mobilities in three different limits of perturbation theory, corresponding to slow‐electron hopping, slow‐phonon hopping, and slow‐phonon coherent transport. The results are generalized to anisotropic lattices and it is shown that the Hall mobility may be anomalous in sign in each of these limits, depending on the signs of the intermolecular exchange intergrals. The results of model calculations are compared with experimental Hall mobilities for anthracene. Of the conflicting sets of experimental data, one is chosen to analyze the contributions of various lattice triangles to the observed Hall mobilities. The analysis yields results similar to those of the previous analysis of drift mobilities and shows the necessity of considering more than one transpo...
EFFECT OF PROLONGED PRETREATMENT WITH DESOXYCORTICOSTERONE ON THE LIVER OF HEPATECTOMIZED RATS

Liver regeneration in partially hepatectomized rats is significantly influenced by adrenalectomy with or without treatment with adrenalcortical hormones. Adrenalectomy impairs the capacity of the liver to regenerate, but this capacity is restored to it by treatment with adrenalcortical extracts (Berman et al., 1947, Friedgood et al., 1950, Uyldert, 1950). Desoxycorticosterone acetate (DCA) was found to promote liver regeneration in adrenalectomized and intact rats (Berman et al., 1947, Friedgood et al., 1950, Fanfani and Marconi, 1951, Uyldert, 1950), while cortisone inhibited multiplication of liver cells following partial hepatectomy (Einhorn et al., 1954). The rate of early regeneration immediately after hepatectomy was found to be greatest in rats treated with adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) (Roberts, 1951). This relationship between the adrenal glands and regenerative capacity of the liver is interesting in view of the fact that adrenal glands enhance carcinogenesis of the liver of rats fed para-...
Acceptability ratings of normal, esophageal, and artificial larynx speech.

To provide information about the ultimate acceptability of various types of alaryngeal speech, 37 listeners rated nine speakers with normal phonation in relation to two groups of superior alaryngea...
Role of endoscopic ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in the preoperative staging of pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have both been assessed individually as staging modalities for pancreatic cancer. The aim of our study was to assess whether tumor staging by both EUS and MRI in the same cohort of patients could predict resectability and unresectability in patients with pancreatic cancer. METHODS: A review of 63 patients evaluated preoperatively with both EUS and MRI for pancreatic adenocarcinoma between January 1995 and December 1998 was done. Patients were staged as resectable or unresectable by predefined criteria. Preoperative staging by both modalities was compared to surgical outcome and the sensitivity and predictive values of each modality for determining resectability and unresectability was determined. RESULTS: EUS did not allow for complete T- and N-staging in 10 patients; therefore, for EUS, the final analysis was done on 63 of 73 patients (86%). EUS correctly staged 22 of 36 patients with resectable tumors. The sensitivity of EUS for resectability was 61%, with a positive predictive value of 69%. All 73 patients had complete MRI examinations; therefore, the final analysis was done on all 73 patients. MRI correctly staged 30 of 41 patients with resectable tumors. The sensitivity of MRI for predicting resectability was 73% with a positive predictive value of 77%. MRI and EUS both predicted resectability in 18 patients, of whom 16 (89%) were found to be resectable on surgical exploration. MRI and EUS both predicted unresectability in 17 (27%) patients, of whom 4 (24%) were found to be resectable on surgical exploration. When both MRI and EUS agreed on resectability, the positive predictive value for resectability was 89%. When both MRI and EUS agreed on unresectability, the positive predictive value for unresectability was 76%. CONCLUSIONS: Neither MRI nor EUS alone were highly sensitive or predictive of resectability. However, when both tests agreed on resectability, nearly all patients were found to be resectable on surgical exploration.
Intrinsic and Doped Zinc Oxide Nanowires for Transparent Electrode Fabrication via Low-Temperature Solution Synthesis

Undoped and doped zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires were synthesized by decomposing metal salts in trioctylamine at 300C. By adding metal salts during the formation of the wires, effective incorporation of Ga and Al up to 5% was achieved, as measured by energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy. No secondary phase was detected by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. The nanowires were single-crystalline with a wurtzite lattice structure. Films made with doped wires show a complex dependence of the sheet resistance on processing conditions and dopant concentration. Thermal annealing treatment reduced the sheet resistance to values of 10 3 X/square.
PREDICTING HEDONIC RATINGS OF RAW CARROT TEXTURE BY SENSORY ANALYSIS

A trained panel was used to evaluate degrees of flexibility, hardness, chewiness, and juiciness, while an untrained panel indicated hedonic values for texture on a rating scale. A multiple regression analysis showed that 83% of the variation in the hedonic ratings could be accounted for by sensory scores on flexibility, hardness, and chewiness.
Impact of t(11;14)(q13;q32) on the outcome of autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation in multiple myeloma.

Abstract The t(11;14)(q13;q32) translocation is seen in 15%-20% patients with multiple myeloma (MM). It generally is not associated with worse outcomes. We studied the impact of t(11;14)(q13;q32) on outcome in patients with MM who received high-dose chemotherapy followed by autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (auto-HCT). Eligible patients underwent high-dose chemotherapy followed by auto-HCT at the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center between February 2000 and August 2010, and had conventional cytogenetic (CC) or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) results available before auto-HCT (n = 993). The cohort was divided into 3 groups of patients: (1) normal (diploid by CC and negative by FISH; n = 869); (2) t(11;14)(q13;q32) by CC or FISH (n = 27); and (3) high-risk (HR) abnormalities by CC or FISH (n = 97). Of the 27 patients with t(11;14)(q13;q32), 18 had isolated t(11;14)(q13;q32) and 9 had concurrent HR abnormalities. The primary objective was to compare outcomes in patients with t(11;14)(q13;q32) and patients with diploid or HR markers detected by CC or FISH studies. The median duration of follow-up in surviving patients was 37 months. The 3-year progression-free survival (PFS) was 47% for the normal group, 27% for the t(11;14)(q13;q32) group, and 13% for the HR group (P 3.5, and relapsed disease at the time of auto-HCT were associated with shorter OS. In conclusion, patients with t(11;14)(q13;q32) had worse outcomes than patients with normal CC or FISH studies, but better outcomes than patients with HR markers detected by CC or FISH studies.
A portable field data logger-penetrometer interface

Abstract A Bush Recording Soil Penetrometer was interfaced to a portable field data logger (The Polycorder Electronic Notebook), Model 516C-634, manufactured by Omnidata International. Penetrometer data were automatically read and transferred, under microprocessor control, to the portable data logger via an interface cable and appropriate software. The electronic interface linking the two instruments and the interface software is discussed. Use of the system reduced the required field data collection time by approximately 50% and minimized the chance for human error in the data collection process. The system also allows for efficient and accurate transfer of recorded field data to a separate desk-top microcomputer for subsequent analysis.
800 X 800 Charge-Coupled Device Image Sensor

The design and performance of an 800 X 800 pixel charge-coupled device (CCD) imager are described. This device is fabricated utilizing a three-phase, three-level polysilicon gate process. The chip is thinned to 8 um and is employed in the rear illumination mode. Detailed measurements of the device performance, including dark current as a function of temperature, linearity, and noise, are presented. The device is coated with an ultraviolet (UV) downconverting phosphor which allows imaging with the same device over an extremely wide optical bandwidth.
Efficacy of a Decompression Treatment Model in the Clinical Management of Violent Juvenile Offenders

Criminal recidivism was assessed for 10 highly disruptive and aggressive, incarcerated juvenile offenders who received decompression treatment, for 10 matched controls who received mental health treatment services, and for 10 assessment-only controls. Treated participants were matched with controls on a number of demographic, behavioral, and personality variables. Decompression treatment was developed to improve the institutional adjustment of mentally disordered adult offenders and is adapted here for juvenile offenders. Participants in the decompression treatment and usual treatment groups were both significantly less likely to recidivate in the approximately 2-year follow-up period than were assessment-only subjects who received mental health assessment only and received the usual juvenile corrections rehabilitation services (10%, 20%, and 70% recidivism, respectively). The results suggest that decompression treatment may be successfully applied to the most unmanageable and disruptive institutionalized...
Radiation recall supraglottitis in a child.

The recrudescence and modification of radiation effects precipitated by the use of chemotherapeutic agents has been reported extensively in the literature. The recall of quiescent radiation effects such as dermatitis, enteritis, esophagitis, pneumonitis, and mucositis has been most commonly associated with dactinomycin (actinomytin D) and doxorubicin (Adriamycin, Adria Laboratories, Columbus, OH) therapy, although other chemotherapeutic agents have been implicated. Radiation recall supraglottitis has been reported previously in a 4i’-year-old adult with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma. We report the first case of radiation recall supraglottitis involving dactinomytin therapy in a child.