cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FUNCTIONAL COMMUNICATION TRAINING TO REDUCE CHALLENGING BEHAVIOR: MAINTENANCE AND APPLICATION IN NEW SETTINGS

We evaluated the initial effectiveness, maintenance, and transferability of the results of functional communication training as an intervention for the challenging behaviors exhibited by 3 students. Assessment indicated that escape from academic demands was involved in the maintenance of the challenging behaviors. Social attention was also implicated as controlling the behavior of 1 student. The intervention involved teaching alternative assistance-seeking and attention-getting phrases to the students in an effort to replace challenging behavior with these verbal equivalents. Multiple baseline data collected across the 3 students indicated that not only did the intervention substantially reduce challenging behavior but also that these results transferred across new tasks, environments, and teachers, and were generally maintained from 18 to 24 months following the introduction of functional communication training. These results are discussed in light of recent efforts to develop effective interventions for severe challenging behavior and to understand the processes underlying transfer and maintenance of intervention effects.
Functional regionalization of the pectoral fin of the benthic longhorn sculpin during station holding and swimming

Studies of the kinematics of the pectoral fins in fishes have focused on fins as devices for propulsion or maneuvering. Studying pectoral fin function in benthic fishes is an opportunity to understand how the fins are used in a broader range of fin-based behaviors, especially those involving substrate contact. Morphological specializations of the pectoral fins, hypothesized adaptations for substrate contact, have been described for several benthic fish groups. These specializations include, but are not limited to, reduced webbing between ventral rays as well as thickening and shortening of these rays compared with the dorsal rays. Our focal species, the benthic longhorn sculpin, Myoxocephalus octodecimspinosus, possesses these morphological specializations, which divide the fin loosely into dorsal and ventral regions. Our goal was to investigate the functional consequences of these specializations, if any. First, we used high-speed video to examine the motion of the pectoral fins during swimming and station holding on the bottom, the first such study for a benthic fish. We found that longhorn sculpin do not oscillate their pectoral fins during swimming. Rather, the pectoral fins are held in a steady laterally extended posture. Oscillations of the body, median fins and caudal fin are used for propulsion. The shape of the fin also changes dramatically as the fish moves from station holding to swimming. Second, we measured the curvature of the individual fin rays that support and control the shape and movement of the pectoral fins. We did this to examine whether morphological specialization of the fin rays influences fin ray curvature. Individual fin rays in different fin regions show consistently different patterns of bending regardless of behavior. We propose that the pectoral fin is divided into functional as well as morphological regions. The fin rays in each functional region have distinct roles during swimming and substrate contact.
Effects of a fat-containing meal on sex hormones in men

The effect of a fat-containing meal on plasma sex steroid concentrations was investigated in normal men. After an overnight fast on two separate occasions, subjects ingested a liquid meal containing either a nonnutritive sweetener (control), or isocaloric meals of mixed calorie sources with either high-fat content or mixed carbohydrate and protein with minimal fat. The order of the meals was alternated. Blood samples were collected at 15-minute intervals and pooled each hour. Sampling began at 7:00 AM and the test meal was ingested at 8:00 AM. Sex steroids, including estrone, estradiol, testosterone, and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) capacity, free testosterone concentration, and luteinizing hormone (LH) were determined by either specific radioimmunoassay or dialysis. The fat-containing meal, but not the nonnutritive or mixed carbohydrate and protein meal, resulted in a significant (P less than .01) reduction in total and free testosterone. Estrogens and luteinizing hormone were unaffected by either meal. This is the first documentation, to our knowledge, of the acute effect of a fat-containing meal on sex steroid concentrations in blood. Our observations suggest that a fat-containing meal reduces testosterone concentrations without affecting luteinizing hormone. This might indicate that fatty acids modulate testosterone production by the testes.
Bibliometric Analysis of Articles Published from 1980 to 2009 in Physical Therapy, Journal of the American Physical Therapy Association

Background Recent evidence demonstrates growth in both the quality and quantity of evidence in physical therapy. Much of this work has focused on randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews. Objective The purpose of this study was to conduct a comprehensive bibliometric assessment of Physical Therapy (PTJ) over the past 30 years to examine trends for all types of studies. Design This was a bibliometric analysis. Methods All manuscripts published in PTJ from 1980 to 2009 were reviewed. Research reports, topical reviews (including perspectives and nonsystematic reviews), and case reports were included. Articles were coded based on type, participant characteristics, physical therapy focus, research design, purpose of article, clinical condition, and intervention. Coding was performed by 2 independent reviewers, and author, institution, and citation information was obtained using bibliometric software. Results Of the 4,385 publications identified, 2,519 were included in this analysis. Of these, 67.1% were research reports, 23.0% were topical reviews, and 9.9% were case reports. Percentage increases over the past 30 years were observed for research reports, inclusion of “symptomatic” participants (defined as humans with a current symptomatic condition), systematic reviews, qualitative studies, prospective studies, and articles focused on prognosis, diagnosis, or metric topics. Percentage decreases were observed for topical reviews, inclusion of only “asymptomatic” participants (defined as humans without a current symptomatic condition), education articles, nonsystematic reviews, and articles focused on anatomy/physiology. Limitations Quality assessment of articles was not performed. Conclusions These trends provide an indirect indication of the evolution of the physical therapy profession through the publication record in PTJ. Collectively, the data indicated an increased emphasis on publishing articles consistent with evidence-based practice and clinically based research. Bibliometric analyses indicated the most frequent citations were metric studies and references in PTJ were from journals from a variety of disciplines.
Hume’s Ethics: Ancient or Modern?

At Treatise 581ff., Hume seems to ground moral distinctions in the rational deliberations of the observer, thereby making sentiment expendable. Is Hume then an example of an early modern ethicist, for whom moral distinctions are derived from reason alone? I argue that Hume's use of strategies from ancient ethics can help explain how reason remains subordinate to sentiment. For if to take up the point of view of the judicious spectator we must have the right constellation of sentiments and passions (the right character, as the ancients might say), then moral distinctions are only derivatively based on reason.
Invariant identification of material mixtures in airborne spectrometer data

We present an algorithm for identifying linear mixtures of a specified set of materials in 0.4–2.5 µm airborne imaging spectrometer data. The algorithm is invariant to the illumination and atmospheric conditions and the relative amounts of the specified materials within a pixel. Only the spectral reflectance functions for the specified materials are required by the algorithm. Invariance over illumination and atmospheric conditions is achieved by incorporating a physical model for scene variability in the constrained optimization formulation. The algorithm also computes estimates of the amounts of the specified materials in identified mixtures. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm by using real and synthetic Hyperspectral Digital Imaging Collection Experiment imagery acquired over a range of conditions and altitudes.
High-power (60-watt) potassium-titanyl-phosphate laser vaporization prostatectomy in living canines and in human and canine cadavers

Abstract Objectives We studied the safety and efficacy of 60-W potassium-titanyl-phosphate (KTP) laser prostatectomy in living dogs and compared the efficacy with that in fresh human and dog cadavers. Methods Ten dogs underwent 60-W KTP laser prostatectomy and were sacrificed 3 hours (n = 5) or 7 weeks (n = 5) after operation. Two thawed fresh-frozen human cadaver prostates and two thawed fresh-frozen canine prostates were also vaporized with the 60-W KTP laser. All prostates were weighed, measured, serially sectioned, and whole mounted for histologic analysis. Results In dogs, the in vivo procedure was hemostatic, and no irrigant absorption was detected. Prostatic defects with a mean diameter of 3.0 and 2.5 cm at 3 hours and 7 weeks postoperatively, respectively, were produced. With experience, resection time was reduced to 14 minutes. Of the 5 dogs that were studied for 7 weeks, 4 voided immediately after removal of the urethral catheter on the morning after operation, and 1 dog required recatheterization but voided with a strong stream when the urethral catheter was removed 4 days later. All 5 dogs were continent and had normal erectile function postoperatively. Defects of 2.0 and 2.5 cm were produced in the two human cadaver prostates (weight, 29.5 and 55 g) with resection times of 26 and 54 minutes, respectively. Human and canine cadaver prostates required similar energies for tissue vaporization (15.2 and 13.7 kJ/cm3 cavity created, respectively, P > 0.6), whereas living canine prostates required only 7.0 kJ/cm5 cavity created (P Conclusions The 60-W KTP laser allows technically easy, safe, rapid, and hemostatic removal of canine prostatic tissue in vivo. Furthermore, there is no difference in the efficacy of KTP laser vaporization between human and canine cadaver prostates. These findings suggest that KTP laser vaporization may be as effective in living human prostates as it is in living dogs, and thus it may be a useful technique in the surgical treatment of human benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Active RNA Polymerase I of Trypanosoma brucei Harbors a Novel Subunit Essential for Transcription

A unique characteristic of the protistan parasite Trypanosoma brucei is a multifunctional RNA polymerase I which, in addition to synthesizing rRNA as in other eukaryotes, transcribes gene units encoding the major cell surface antigens variant surface glycoprotein and procyclin. Thus far, purification of this enzyme has revealed nine orthologues of known subunits but no active enzyme. Here, we have epitope tagged the specific subunit RPB6z and tandem affinity purified RNA polymerase I from crude extract. The purified enzyme was active in both a nonspecific and a promoter-dependent transcription assay and exhibited enriched protein bands with apparent sizes of 31, 29, and 27 kDa. p31 and its trypanosomatid orthologues were identified, but their amino acid sequences have no similarity to proteins of other eukaryotes, nor do they contain a conserved sequence motif. Nevertheless, p31 cosedimented with purified RNA polymerase I, and RNA interferance-mediated silencing of p31 was lethal, affecting the abundance of rRNA. Moreover, extract of p31-silenced cells exhibited a specific defect in transcription of class I templates, which was remedied by the addition of purified RNA polymerase I, and an anti-p31 serum completely blocked RNA polymerase I-mediated transcription. We therefore dubbed this novel functional component of T. brucei RNA polymerase I TbRPA31.
Optimization of random diffraction gratings in thin-film solar cells using genetic algorithms

Optical coupling and light trapping in thin-film solar cells are studied numerically using rigorous solutions of Maxwell's equations. The solar cell investigated consists of a ZnO/a-Si/ZnO/Ag structure, though results may be generalized to any thin-film solar cell technology. Varying diffraction gratings were studied, including periodic rectangular gratings, a four-level rectangular grating, and an arbitrary grating resembling a randomly textured surface. A genetic algorithm was used to optimize multi-level rectangular and arbitrary gratings. Solar cells with optimized multi-level rectangular gratings exhibit a 23% improvement over planar cells and 3.8% improvement over the optimal cell with periodic gratings. Solar cells with optimized arbitrarily shaped gratings exhibit a 29% improvement over planar cells and 9.0% improvement over the optimal cell with periodic gratings. The enhanced solar cell efficiencies for multi-level rectangular and arbitrary gratings are attributed to improved optical coupling and light trapping across the solar spectrum.
Satisfaction of referring providers with neuropsychological services within a veterans administration medical center

With the implementation of healthcare reform, it is essential for neuropsychologists to establish themselves as important members of healthcare teams and to work efficiently and effectively. The purpose of this study was to survey the satisfaction of referring providers with neuropsychological services, including turn-around time of reports and their essential elements, within a hospital system that uses electronic medical records. Findings revealed that referral sources are generally satisfied with neuropsychological services and find them valuable. They especially appreciate the neuropsychological report and detailed testing of cognitive and functional abilities and prefer the report within 2 weeks of the patient’s appointment. Most find all sections of the report completely essential with the exception of test scores, and most are comfortable with recommendations made by neuropsychologists. With few exceptions, there were no differences among types of referring providers (i.e., physicians, psychologists, and social workers). Future surveys may wish to examine how neuropsychological services affect patient outcomes.
Towards a quality of service model for replicated data access

This paper introduces the notion of a quality of service model for read and write access to a replicated database or file system. The goal is to provide clients with a choice of service guarantees and to separate the specification of a client's needs from the mechanisms implemented to meet those needs. An analogy is drawn with the quality of service models being explored for communications protocols. >
Characterizing Psychophysical Measures of Discrimination Thresholds and the Effects of Concentration on Discrimination Learning in the Moth Manduca sexta

What is the spatial and temporal nature of odor representations within primary olfactory networks at the threshold of an animal’s ability to discriminate? Although this question is of central importance to olfactory neuroscience, it can only be answered in model systems where neural representations can be measured and discrimination thresholds between odors can be characterized. Here, we establish these thresholds for a panel of odors using a Pavlovian paradigm in the moth Manduca sexta. Moths were differentially conditioned to respond to one odor (CS+) but not another (CS) using undiluted odorants to minimize salience-dependent learning effects. At 24 and 48 h postconditioning, moths were tested for the presence of a conditioned response (CR) with a blank, then the CS+ and CS (pseudorandomly) across a 5-log step series of increasing concentration. Results identified discrimination thresholds and established that differential CRs to the CS+ and CS increased with stimulus concentration. Next, 3 separate groups of moths were differentially conditioned at either one-log step below, at, or one log step above the identified discrimination threshold. At 24 and 48 h postconditioning, moths were tested sequentially with a blank, the concentration used for conditioning, and then undiluted odor. Conditioning at one log step below the discrimination threshold established a CR, indicating both stimulus detection and learning, but was insufficient to establish evidence of discrimination. Moths conditioned at the discrimination threshold were able to discriminate but only when stimulated with undiluted odors, indicating learning, but discrimination measures were hampered. When conditioned above the discrimination threshold, moths had no difficulty in discriminating. These results establish methods for psychophysical characterization of discrimination and indicate that differential conditioning at lowered concentrations biases threshold measures.
Rhinovirus-Associated Hospitalizations in Young Children

BACKGROUND Rhinoviruses frequently cause the common cold but have not been considered important causes of acute respiratory hospitalizations in children. METHODS A population-based surveillance study was performed among children <5 years of age who were hospitalized with respiratory symptoms or fever and who resided within counties encompassing Nashville, Tennessee, or Rochester, New York, from October 2000 through September 2001. Data collected included questionnaires, nasal and throat swabs for viral culture and polymerase chain reaction testing, and chart review. Rates of rhinovirus-associated hospitalizations were calculated. RESULTS Of 592 children enrolled, 156 (26%) were rhinovirus positive, representing 4.8 (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.3-5.2) rhinovirus-associated hospitalizations/1000 children. Age-specific rates per 1000 children were 17.6 (95% CI, 14.9-20.6) for 0-5-month-olds, 6.0 (95% CI, 5.0-7.0) for 6-23-month-olds, and 2.0 (95% CI, 1.6, 2.4) for 24-59-month-olds (P<.01). Children with a history of wheezing/asthma had significantly more rhinovirus-associated hospitalizations than those without a history (25.3/1000 children [95% CI, 21.6-29.5/1000 children] vs. 3.1/1000 children [95% CI, 2.7-3.5/1000 children]). CONCLUSIONS Rhinoviruses were associated with nearly 5 hospitalizations/1000 children <5 years of age and were highest in children with a history of wheezing/asthma.
Exploring the Methods of Science Using Nightcrawler Decomposition

This exercise utilizes nightcrawler decomposition to guide students through the methods of science, including forming hypotheses, conducting an experiment, statistically analyzing data, and writing a lab report in the style of a scientific journal article. Additionally, students gain experience with dissection, anatomical terminology, and the biological process of animal decomposition. Students interested in forensic science will enjoy exploring the topic of decomposition. The materials for this experiment are inexpensive and easy to obtain, and several extension activities make this a versatile activity that can be used at many different educational levels.
Changes in neural and lens competence in Xenopus ectoderm: evidence for an autonomous developmental timer

The ability of a tissue to respond to induction, termed its competence, is often critical in determining both the timing of inductive interactions and the extent of induced tissue. We have examined the lens-forming competence of Xenopus embryonic ectoderm by transplanting it into the presumptive lens region of open neural plate stage embryos. We find that early gastrula ectoderm has little lens-forming competence, but instead forms neural tissue, despite its location outside the neural plate; we believe that the transplants are being neuralized by a signal originating in the host neural plate. This neural competence is not localized to a particular region within the ectoderm since both dorsal and ventral portions of early gastrula ectoderm show the same response. As ectoderm is taken from gastrulae of increasing age, its neural competence is gradually lost, while lens competence appears and then rapidly disappears during later gastrula stages. To determine whether these developmental changes in competence result from tissue interactions during gastrulation, or are due to autonomous changes within the ectoderm itself, ectoderm was removed from early gastrulae and cultured for various periods of time before transplantation. The loss of neural competence, and the gain and loss of lens competence, all occur in ectoderm cultured in vitro with approximately the same time course as seen in ectoderm in vitro. Thus, at least from the beginning of gastrulation onwards, changes in competence occur autonomously within ectoderm. We propose that there is a developmental timing mechanism in embryonic ectoderm that specifies a sequence of competences solely on the basis of the age of the ectoderm.
Trade-offs between survival and breast preservation for three initial treatments of ductal carcinoma-in-situ of the breast.

PURPOSETo assess the trade-offs between survival and breast preservation of currently accepted approaches for ductal carcinoma-in-situ (DCIS) of the breast.PATIENTS AND METHODSDecision analysis was performed using the Markov model of hypothetical cohorts of 55-year-old white women with nonpalpable mammographic abnormalities found to be DCIS. Strategies were breast-conserving surgery (BCS), BCS with 50-Gy radiation (RT) or initial mastectomy. Recurrence rates were derived from the published literature. Main outcomes were overall, breast cancer-free, and event-free survival plus years of both breasts preserved.RESULTSUsing the conditions defined in this model, the actuarial survival rates at 10 and 20 years were 91.7% and 74.1% for the initial mastectomy strategy, 91.0% and 72.1% for BCS plus RT, and 89.6% and 68.2% for BCS alone. At 20 years, the initial mastectomy strategy also had a greater breast cancer-free survival rate of 74.5%, compared with 63.3% for BCS plus RT, or 46.8% for BCS alone. However, BC...
Repellent Crimes and Rational Deliberation: Emotion and the Death Penalty,

It is often assumed that the anger, outrage and other strong emotions provoked by repellent crimes interfere with rational deliberation. There is some truth to the notion that heinous murders and other shocking crimes place an enormous strain on the criminal justice system, and may exert a destructive influence on institutional process. Nevertheless, the argument that strong emotion interferes with rational deliberation begs the question: what is rational deliberation? This article argues for an understanding of rational deliberation that recognizes its pervasive emotional content. It suggests that the legal system operates on certain misconceptions about emotion that are themselves harmful to institutional process. The most pervasive misconception is that the very attempt to address emotion is destabilizing to the rule of law. Though the legal system rarely incorporates scientific or social-scientific knowledge of emotional dynamics, it nevertheless operates on its own assumptions about how emotions work. It tends to take three approaches to emotion: requiring it to be "set aside" (e.g. the anti-sympathy instruction); permitting it to be "introduced," (e.g. the victim impact statement) and ignoring it (e.g. the refusal to clarify the meaning of life without parole despite evidence that juries misunderstand the term and that clarifying it will affect their sentencing decisions). I will argue that the legal approach to emotion and rationality is based on three primary misconceptions about the nature of emotion: 1) that emotions are tangible objects with an identity independent of the person they are in, or the institutional context in which they occur; 2) that emotions are private and internal feelings, rather than processes that take shape in a social world; and 3) that emotions are bursts of uncontrollable passion that short-circuit rational deliberation. Using the example of capital punishment, the article illustrates that these misconceptions have serious consequences for the structure and functioning of the capital system.
Spatially fractionated radiotherapy (GRID) using helical tomotherapy

Spatially fractionated radiotherapy (GRID) was designed to treat large tumors while sparing skin, and it is usually delivered with a linear accelerator using a commercially available block or multileaf collimator (LINAC-GRID). For deep-seated (skin to tumor distance (> 8 cm)) tumors, it is always a challenge to achieve adequate tumor dose coverage. A novel method to perform GRID treatment using helical tomotherapy (HT-GRID) was developed at our institution. Our approach allows treating patients by generating a patient-specific virtual GRID block (software-generated) and using IMRT technique to optimize the treatment plan. Here, we report our initial clinical experience using HT-GRID, and dosimetric comparison results between HT-GRID and LINAC-GRID. This study evaluates 10 previously treated patients who had deep-seated bulky tumors with complex geometries. Five of these patients were treated with HT-GRID and replanned with LINAC-GRID for comparison. Similarly, five other patients were treated with LINAC-GRID and replanned with HT-GRID for comparison. The prescription was set such that the maximum dose to the GTV is 20 Gy in a single fraction. Dosimetric parameters compared included: mean GTV dose (DGTV mean), GTV dose inhomogeneity (valley-to-peak dose ratio (VPR)), normal tissue doses (DNmean), and other organs-at-risk (OARs) doses. In addition, equivalent uniform doses (EUD) for both GTV and normal tissue were evaluated. In summary, HT-GRID technique is patient-specific, and allows adjustment of the GRID pattern to match different tumor sizes and shapes when they are deep-seated and cannot be adequately treated with LINAC-GRID. HT-GRID delivers a higher DGTV mean, EUD, and VPR compared to LINAC-GRID. HT-GRID delivers a higher DNmean and lower EUD for normal tissue compared to LINAC-GRID. HT-GRID plans also have more options for tumors with complex anatomical relationships between the GTV and the avoidance OARs (abutment or close proximity).
The periodic table and the model of emerging truth

The periodic table may be seen as the most successful example of inquiry in the history of science, both in terms of practical application and theoretic understanding. As such, it serves as a model for truth as it emerges from inquiry. This paper offers a sketch of a central moment in the history of chemistry that illustrates an intuitive metamathematical construction, a model of emerging truth (MET). The MET, reflecting the structure the surrounds the periodic table, attempts to capture the salient epistemological elements that warrant truth claims based on sets of models that are progressive in light of both empirical and theoretical advance seen over time.
Intertaxonomic variability in patterns of bone density and the differential representation of bovid, cervid, and equid elements in the archaeological record

Intertaxonomic differences in skeletal element representation in archaeological faunas may reflect preferences in the procurement, processing, transport, and/or consumption of these species by prehistoric foragers. However, the possibility that they also may result from preservational bias must be addressed before behavioral attributes of human hunters may be inferred. For example, at many archaeological sites, the remains of equids exhibit a different pattern of skeletal element representation than these of bovids and cervids. To evaluate the significance of such differences, this study examines intertaxonomic variability in patterns of bone density, the attribute most commonly cmployed as a proxy measure of resistance to destructive processes. Density data derived for a bovid (Connachaetes taurinus), a cervid (Rangifer tarandus), and two species of equid (Equus burchelli and E. przewalskii) exhibited very similar patterns, suggesting that values for one species may be used to interpret the survival patterns for other species of generally similar morphology. The differences in skeletal element representation between bovid, cervid, and equid species observed in archaeological faunas do not correspond with bone density and thus likely indicate selective treatment by human or other biotic agents.
Results Analysis on Physical Examination among High School Graduates in Laiwu during 2003-2010

[Objective] To investigate and analyze the health status and unqualified causes of high school graduates,provide the evidence for improvement of students' health education.[Methods]The physical examination results of 78 273 high school graduates in Laiwu city from 2003 to 2010 were analyzed statistically.[Results]In high school graduates,the complete qualified rate of physical examination was 4.40%,and 95.46% would be prohibited to enroll some especial disciplines.The main prohibited causes were poor eyesight and abnormal color vision.The unqualified causes included 75(0.096%) cases of pulmonary tuberculosis,27(0.034%) cases of Hepatitis B and 6 (0.008%) cases of congenital heart disease.[Conclusion]The physique situation of high school graduates should be improved,and the incidence of poor eyesight was high.It is necessary to carry out the special health improvement countermeasures.
Screening for osteoporosis.

1975 ture had levels below 15 ng per milliliter, and that among all postmenopausal women in the metaanalysis, up to 86 percent had levels below 20 ng per milliliter. 2 However, there was significant heterogeneity in the populations studied with regard to the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency. I agree that to consider a patient as having vitamin D deficiency, the cutoff should be higher than 15 ng per milliliter, although whether it should be 20, 25, or 30 ng per milliliter is still being debated. 3 Clifford J. Rosen, M.D.
The Chemical Invasion of the Oceans by Man

The alteration of the chemical composition of the oceans by man is proceeding at an ever increasing rate due to rises in population and in industrialization over the world. In some instances the activities of society are increasing the levels of substances in sea water; in others, materials foreign to the oceanic realm are being introduced.
Morrison and Nationalisation

We have seen that Morrison’s claims to the party leadership were thwarted both in 1935 and in 1945. Nevertheless his work for the party was such as to give him a strong claim to be given a place in the Government second only to that of the Prime Minister. He was not obviously suited to be either Chancellor of the Exchequer or Foreign Secretary, and Attlee was wise in making him Lord President of the Council — a post the importance of which had developed rapidly during the war. The Lord President’s Committee in 1940–45 had been the most important of the Cabinet Committees, responsible for controlling the allocation of manpower between the Services and industry. The Civil Service head of the Lord President’s Office was Max Nicholson, who before the war had been the secretary of PEP (Political and Economic Planning, an unofficial body set up by some of those who believed in planning rather more than the National Government did, and which has now been absorbed into the Policy Studies Institute).1 Morrison was also to be Leader of the House of Commons, and in that capacity he took charge of the legislative programme — a very substantial commitment in the new, reforming Government. In addition, he retained close links with the extra-parliamentary party, being an elected member of the National Executive (on the constituency side), and Chairman of its Policy Committee.
Inflammatory and oxidative stress markers associated with decreased cervical length in pregnancy.

Problem We assess whether inflammatory and oxidative stress markers early in pregnancy are associated with decreasing cervical length in the second trimester. Method of study This is a secondary analysis of a nested case–control study of preterm birth conducted at a tertiary care center from 2006 to 2008. Plasma inflammatory markers included the following: interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and C-reactive protein (CRP); and urine oxidative stress markers included the following: 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and 8-isoprostane, measured at two study visits (median 10 and 18 weeks of gestation). The primary outcome was cervical length<10th percentile measured between 16 and 24 weeks of gestation. Logistic regression models were used, adjusting for body mass index, age, race, parity, tobacco use, education, and gestational age at cervical length measurement. Results Among 384 observed women, the 10th percentile cervical length was 3.0 cm. IL-10 levels were significantly higher among women with a cervical length<10th percentile compared to women with a longer cervix (mean IL-10: 95.5 vs 25.8 pg/mL, P<.01). Similarly, IL-6 levels were significantly higher among women with a cervical length<10th percentile (mean IL-6: 25.2 vs 4.3 pg/mL, P<.01). After controlling for potential confounders, an increase in IL-10 was significantly associated with a cervical length<10th percentile at both 10 and 18 weeks (adjusted odd ratio [AOR]: 1.74; 95% CI: 1.18–2.58; P=.005). At 18 weeks, only IL-6 was also significantly associated with a cervical length<10th percentile (AOR: 1.54; 95% CI: 1.11–2.13; P=.009). Other inflammatory biomarkers, including CRP, IL-1β, TNF-α, and oxidative stress biomarkers, 8-OHdG and 8-isoprostane, were not associated with cervical length. Conclusion There was a significant association between the cytokines IL-6 and IL-10 early in pregnancy and decreased cervical length, suggesting an imbalance of immune regulation could impact cervical length.
A women's thesaurus in Turkey : Addressing the challenge

In April 1994, as part of a Project on the Promotion of Education and Employment of Working People in Turkey, a Women's Documentation Center was established for the collection of material relating to women's studies, particularly in Turkey. This article explores issues related to the preparation of the bilingual thesaurus.
Bigger is Not Always Better: Anesthetic Management of a Very Large Atrial Mass

Atrial myxomas are the most common primary intracardiac tumors. Only rarely do they arise from the right atrium with a variable clinical presentation. We report on the anesthetic management of an extremely large myxoma arising in the right atrium which had significant extension into both the inferior vena cava (IVC) and superior vena cava (SVC). This case poses unique challenges to both surgeons and anesthesiologists because of the potential for cardiovascular collapse with induction, bleeding, emboli, and significant postoperative complications. With careful preoperative optimization including fluid resuscitation and vigilant monitoring, this patient was able to have a safe anesthetic for her surgical removal of this complex mass.
Performing international outreach: PhUn Week in an Australian primary school.

Physiology Understanding (PhUn) Week is an annual science outreach program sponsored by the American Physiological Society in which K–12 students learn about physiology through meeting a physiologi...
WHO WAS "O GRANDE ROMANO"? GENEALOGICAL PURITY, THE INDIAN "PAST" AND WHITENESS IN BRAZIL´S NORTHEAST BACKLANDS (1750 - 1900). (Artigo Dividido em Duas Partes

Atraves de evidencias extraidas de documentos cartoriais de Teixeira, Paraiba, bem como registros orais de historia familiar, este artigo tenta clarificar a obscuridade em torno da origem do "Grande Romano", a figura principal da "Escola Teixeira", de natureza politica, que floresceu no Nordeste entre meados do seculo XIX e os dez primeiros anos do seculo XX. Examina como os conceitos de raca e qualidade por nascimento definiam a branquitude entre membros da elite pecuarista do Nordeste.
A survey of various numerical techniques to solve operator equations in electromagnetics

L’objet de cet article est de decrire plusieurs methodes souvent utilisees pour resoudre des problemes numeriques en electromagnetisme. Jusqu’ a present, la methode matricielle a ete couramment employee. Un des objectifs principaux de cette presentation est d’introduire une nouvelle classe de methodes iteratives qui, par rapport aux methodes matricielles classiques, presentent l’avantage de pouvoir specifier a l’avance le degre de precision avec lequel le probleme sera resolu. De plus, les solutions de ces methodes iteratives (et en particulier la methode du gradient conjugue) convergent vers la solution de l’equation en un nombre fini d’iterations, quelle que soit la valeur initiale.
Women’s HIV Knowledge and Condom Use Across Diverse Relationship Types in the Dominican Republic and Haiti

The Dominican Republic and Haiti are home to more than three-quarters of all people living with HIV in the Caribbean. Despite important strides made in HIV prevention in both of these countries, women remain at risk for infection. There is a need to better understand social and behavioral factors associated with vulnerability to HIV, particularly within the contexts of the intimate relationships in which women engage. This study uses population-based survey data to describe characteristics of women in different relationship types, and to examine associations of these characteristics with HIV knowledge and condom use at last sex across relationship type. Results of logistic regression show both similarities and key differences in patterns of association of age, socioeconomic status, and family planning behavior with the two outcomes across relationship type, with several distinctions between the DR and Haiti. Findings provide insight into the importance of relationship type for sexual behavior in two Caribbean countries. Different HIV prevention strategies or messages may be needed for women based on the type of sexual relationship in which they are involved.
Medical Humanities Teaching in North American Allopathic and Osteopathic Medical Schools

Although the AAMC requires annual reporting of medical humanities teaching, most literature is based on single-school case reports and studies using information reported on schools’ websites. This study sought to discover what medical humanities is offered in North American allopathic and osteopathic undergraduate medical schools. An 18-question, semi-structured survey was distributed to all 146 (as of June 2016) member schools of the American Association of Medical Colleges and the American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine. The survey sought information on required and elective humanities content, hours of humanities instruction, types of disciplines, participation rates, and humanities administrative structure. The survey was completed by 134 schools (145 AAMC; 31 AACOM). 70.8% of schools offered required and 80.6% offered electives in humanities. Global health and writing were the most common disciplines. Schools required 43.9 mean (MD 45.4; DO 37.1) and 30 (MD 29; DO 37.5) median hours in humanities. In the first two years, most humanities are integrated into other course work; most electives are offered as stand-alone classes. 50.0% of schools report only 0-25% of students participating in humanities electives. Presence of a certificate, concentration or arts journal increased likelihood of humanities content but decreased mean hours. Schools with a medical humanities MA had a higher number of required humanities hours. Medical humanities content in undergraduate curriculum is lower than is indicated in the AAMC annual report. Schools with a formal structure have a greater humanities presence in the curriculum and are taken by more students.
Botox Injection Techniques: Crow’s Feet

Crow’s feet injection is one of the simplest and most satisfying applications of Botox. The radiating dermal crow’s feet lines result from the concentric constriction of the underlying orbital and preseptal orbicularis oculi muscle. Orbicularis oculi injections of Botox diminshes both active and static crow’s feet rhytids, may prophylactically delay the onset and progression of such wrinkles, and improves fi nal outcome following ablative periocular resurfacing (Figure 106.1). Since the thin periocular skin is prone to visible bruising, injection should be in the subdermal plane while avoiding actual intramuscular injection. The loose periocular subdermal plane in the area of crow’s feet rhytids should visibly balloon up when the injection is delivered at the proper depth. Following injection, the patient may apply pressure for 1–2 minutes over the injection sites to minimize bruising.
Two Humanitarianisms in Ambrose Bierce's 'An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge'

The oft-anthologized short story “An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge” by Union Army veteran Ambrose Bierce — long a staple of high school curricula and the subject of music videos, television, and film — is not typically thought of as a study in the dilemmas of humanitarian law. But it is. It depicts an execution for violation of the laws of war. Even better, the text embodies a central tension in the laws of war, one that emerged in Bierce’s time and persists today. On the one hand stands a sentimental humanitarianism that aims to minimize the human suffering of war; Henri Dunant’s book, A Memory of Solferino popularized this stance and helped establish the International Committee of the Red Cross in 1863. On the other hand, a righteous humanitarianism chafes at the constraints that sentimental humanitarianism places on the pursuit of justice. Romantic nationalists like the Prussian-American political thinker Francis Lieber, whose code of rules for the Union Army was published a year after Dunant’s book, embrace the righteous justice of particular causes. Bierce’s “Owl Creek” straddles the two planks of the modern laws of war, conveying the power of both views.
ISSUES IN THE STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT IMPLEMENTATION OF FEDERAL ENERGY PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR NEW BUILDINGS

This paper identifies and discusses likely institutional–legal, organizational and political–impacts of state and local implementation of federal energy performance standards for new buildings. Likely state and local compliance responses to four alternative federal strategies for implementing the standards are identified, and the likely institutional impacts of these compliance responses are discussed.
Invited talk: human-agent teamwork in cyber defense

Despite the significant attention being given to the critical problems of cyber security, the ability to keep up with the increasing volume and sophistication of network attacks is seriously lagging. Throwing more computing horsepower at fundamentally-limited visualization and analytic approaches will not get us anywhere. Instead, we need to seriously rethink the way cyber security tools and approaches have been conceived, developed, and deployed. IHMC is taking advantage of the combined strengths of humans and software agents to create new capabilities for Network Operations Centers (NOCs). These capabilities are being implemented in a new cyber defense framework called Sol. Our objective is to enable distributed sensemaking, rapid detection of threats, and effective protection of critical resources. Specifically, we use agents, policies, and visualization to enact coactive emergence as a sensemaking strategy for taskwork and teamwork, and we implement capabilities for organic resilience and semantically-rich policy governance as a means of assuring effective and adaptive human-agent team response. IHMC has applied its long years of experience with software agents to the design of a new agent framework called Luna. Luna agents function both as interactive assistants to analysts and as continuously-running background aids to data processing and knowledge discovery. Luna agents achieve much of their power through built-in teamwork capabilities that, in conjunction with IHMC's KAoS policy services framework, allow them to be proactive, collaborative, observable, and directable. In order to support dynamic scalability and other features of the Sol framework, the Luna platform supports the policy-governed option of allowing the state of agents (vs. code of agents) to migrate between operating environments and hosts. We believe that the approach to cyber defense embodied in Sol is equally relevant to applications of distributed sensemaking for other kinds of complex high-tempo tasks such as real-time disease control or disaster management.
IgG+ platelets in the marmoset: their induction, maintenance, and survival

Immunization of marmosets with platelets from another species of marmoset leads to antibody formation to the donor platelets, deposition of IgG on the host's platelets, and thrombocytopenia. This disease closely resembles posttransfusion purpura of man, which may develop after one or two transfusions of whole blood. The mode of immunization in the marmoset was found to be important: intravenous (i.v.) inoculations were without effect, while intramuscular (i.m.) immunizations led to the disease. Intramuscular inoculations were characterized by formation of 7S antibodies, as measured by indirect immunofluorescent (IF) and complement-dependent platelet cytotoxicity (PC) tests; in contrast, i.v. immunizations, while leading to 7S antibodies by the IF test, yielded only 19S antibodies reactive in the PC assay. The titers were also consistently higher with i.m. immunizations. Antibody was not limited to the donor platelets, but auto- or host-type reactivity was also present; this antibody was in very low titer and could be found only when the animal was thrombocytopenic. A primary finding was the ability to maintain increased deposition of IgG on the host's platelets in the absence of thrombocytopenia by biweekly or monthly inoculations of the donor platelet antigen. The amount of IgG found on platelets of normal and immunized marmosetsmore » was comparable to that reported for normal humans and patients with cinical immune thrombocytopenia. Finally, platelet survival studies in animals with IgG+ platelets and normal platelet counts indicated a rapid turnover, suggesting operation of a compensatory mechanism to maintain platelet levels.« less