cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flow cytometry as a prognostic predictor in gastric linitis plastica.

Gastric linitis plastica (GLP) is a diffusely infiltrating carcinoma of the stomach that is usually diagnosed in an advanced stage and associated with poor prognosis. Recent studies to evaluate ploidy of these tumors are not conclusive. We undertook a retrospective study of 43 surgically treated patients with GLP (27 males, 16 females, mean age 65 years) to see if ploidy could be used to predict outcome. Flow cytometric DNA analysis was performed on paraffin-embedded tissue using the modified Hedley technique. Mean follow-up interval was 11 months (1–72 months) with 18 (42%) alive at end of study. The remaining 25 (58%) died with a mean survival of 7 months. Lymph node status was positive in 31 (70%) and negative in 12 (30%) of patients. Twenty-nine (67%) of tumors were diploid; 14 (33%) were aneuploid. Statistical analysis revealed overall surcvival correlated significantly (P = 0.04) only with lymph node status. Diploid tumors had 18 (60%) positive and 11 (40%) negative lymph nodes, whereas aneuploid tumors had 13 (93%) positive and 1 (7%) negative nodes. DNA content correlated significantly (P = 0.05) with lymph node status, but not with overall survival. Tumors with positive lymph nodes were 18 (51%) diploid and 13 (42%) aneuploid; tumors with negative nodes were 11 (92%) diploid and 1 (8%) aneuploid. Conclusions: The majority of GLP tumors manifest diploid characteristics, and the presence or absence of lymph node metastasis is a major determinant in overall survival. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Establishment and maintenance of HIV latency: model systems and opportunities for intervention

HAART has succeeded in reducing morbidity and mortality rates in patients infected with HIV. However, a small amount of replication-competent HIV can persist during HAART, allowing the virus to re-emerge if therapy is ceased. One significant source of this persistent virus is a pool of long-lived, latently infected CD4+ T cells. This article outlines what is known about how this reservoir is established and maintained, and describes the model systems that have provided insights into the molecular mechanisms governing HIV latency. The therapeutic approaches for eliminating latent cells that have been attempted are also discussed, including how improvements in understanding of these persistent HIV reservoirs are being used to develop enhanced methods for their depletion.
Reevaluation of use of retardation chromatography to demonstrate selective monosaccharide "binding" by erythrocyte membranes.

Retardation chromatography has been reported to show stereoselective binding of the preferred sugar-transport substrate,d-glucose, by human red cell “ghosts” or by certain protein extracts of such membranes. However, no detectable differential elution of glucose (as compared with the poorly transported analogue,l-sorbose) was observed with columns of diethylaminoethanol-cellulose impregnated with ghost proteins prepared by either of the recommended procedures (using Triton X-100, or NaI followed by extensive dialysis). Celite columns bearing intact ghosts did show marked initial relative delay in glucose emergence, but this persisted only partially through the elution peak, to be followed by a nearly equivalent and much more protracted retardation of the sorbose. Moreover, this differentiation required that the columns be handled sufficiently gently as to leave intact whole-cell membranes or fairly gross vesicles; freeze-thaw treatment or abrasive stirring abolished both the early glucose retardation and the subsequent sorbose retention. Although conflicting seriously with the simple selective-binding interpretation, these phenomena accord with the suggestion that the sugarcomplexing entities on the columns continue to operate as “carriers” mediating sugar access into membrane-enclosed compartments. Effects of experimental manipulation of elution rates and of applied sugar levels lend further support to this interpretation. The capacity of the vesicular spaces so vastly exceeds that of the binding itself that resolution of the latter cannot be achieved through this approach.
Reducing Speaker Model Search Space in Speaker Identification

For large population speaker identification (SID) systems, likelihood computations between an unknown speaker's test feature set and speaker models can be very time-consuming and detrimental to applications where fast SID is required. In this paper, we propose a method whereby speaker models are clustered during the training stage. Then during the testing stage, only those clusters which are likely to contain high-likelihood speaker models are searched. The proposed method reduces the speaker model space which directly results in faster SID. Although there maybe a slight loss in identification accuracy depending on the number of clusters searched, this loss can be controlled by trading off speed and accuracy.
Life events and panic disorder/agoraphobia: A comparison at two time periods

Abstract Semisiructured interviews of 187 patients with a DSM-III diagnosis of panic disorder or agoraphobia with panic attacks were conducted an average of 12 years after onset of the disorder. Interviews solicited life events, that occurred in the year before onset and in the year preceding index evaluation. The number and type of life events were found to be similar at onset and at the later evaluation. However, the results showed that a tendency for increased reporting of life events before onset in a subgroup of patients was counterbalanced by a tendency for decreased reporting in another subgroup. Attention to individual differences rather than group means may be more important in future prospective studies.
Context-Aware Community: Integrating Contexts with Contacts for Proximity-Based Mobile Social Networking

Sensor-equipped mobile devices have allowed users to participate in various social networking services while they are on the go. We focus on proximity-based mobile social networking environments where users share information obtained from different places via their mobile devices when they are in proximity. Since people are more likely to share information if they can benefit from the sharing or if they think the information is of interest to others, there might exist community structures where users who share information more often are grouped together. Communities in proximity-based mobile social networks represent social groups where connections are built when people are in proximity. We consider information influence (i.e., specify who shares information with whom) as the connection, and the space and time related to the shared information as the social contexts. To model the potential information influences, we construct an influence graph by integrating the social contexts into the contacts of mobile users. Further, we propose a twophase strategy to detect and track context-aware communities based on the influence graph and show how the context-aware community structure improves the performance of two types of mobile social applications.
State assistance to cities in highway building

The state has recently begun to recognize the problem caused by the construction of highways into and through cities and accordingly to take over such streets or sharestate-collected motor vehicle taxes.
Physician-Assisted Suicide: Where to Draw the Line?

In brief compass, I will touch on three of the central ethical and public policy issues that divide those who are opposed to physician-assisted dying from those who are supportive of this practice. These are: (1) the moral distinction (if any) between actively hastening death and passively allowing to die; (2) how to interpret the Hippocratic tradition in medicine with respect to physician-assisted death; and (3) whether physician-assisted suicide can be effectively regulated. I shall summarize the arguments pro and con with respect to each issue, and also indicate my own position.
Value of Symptom-Triggered Diagnostic Evaluation for Ovarian Cancer

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the potential harms and ovarian cancer outcomes associated with symptom-triggered diagnostic evaluation of all women with symptoms of ovarian cancer.METHODS:Five thousand twelve women older than age 40 years were prospectively enrolled in a cohort study of proactive symptom-tri
Soft-decision decoding of convolutional codes with square-law detectors

In this study, the authors investigate the performance of soft-decision decoding of convolutional codes in receivers that employ square-law detection. Traditionally, soft-decision decoding has been considered only in coherent or differentially-coherent receivers. Over the past few years, the emergence of ultra-wideband (UWB) communication has brought energy detectors to prominence. In this study, the authors derive low-complexity approximations for the log-likelihood ratio (LLR) with a class of square-law detectors in UWB radios. The authors then show that performance improvements, similar to those achievable in coherent detectors, can be obtained even with energy detectors when soft-decisions are employed in a maximum-likelihood decoding algorithm. The authors also investigate the complexity and accuracy of the proposed approximations when the LLR is computed using fixed point arithmetic. An expression for the bit error probability with soft-decision decoding is derived. Several simulation results, including the error rate performance of hard- and soft-decision decoding schemes with the exact and approximate LLR values, are presented.
Analysis of three-dimensional textile preforms for multidirectional reinforcement of composites

A mathematical model has been developed to describe the structural geometry of three-dimensional textile preforms made by the two-step braiding process. These structures consist of parallel yarns, interconnected with braiding yarns, that lie in complex spatial orientations. The model predicts structural features such as fibre orientation, fibre volume fraction, and interyarn voids from the key process variables of braiding pattern, advance rate, and yarn geometry. The limiting geometry was computed by establishing the point at which yarns jam against each other. Using this factor makes it possible to identify the complete range of allowable geometric arrangements for this type of preform. Experiments of several bare and impregnated samples confirmed the theoretical predictions and demonstrated that very high fibre loadings (above 75% fibre volume fraction) could be achieved. The modelling technique used a “unit cell” approach, which can be applied to many other types of preform for advanced composites.
On generalized Hadamard matrices of minimum rank

Generalized Hadamard matrices of order q^n^-^1 (q-a prime power, n>=2) over GF(q) are related to symmetric nets in affine 2-(q^n,q^n^-^1,(q^n^-^1-1)/(q-1)) designs invariant under an elementary abelian group of order q acting semi-regularly on points and blocks. The rank of any such matrix over GF(q) is greater than or equal to n-1. It is proved that a matrix of minimum q-rank is unique up to a monomial equivalence, and the related symmetric net is a classical net in the n-dimensional affine geometry AG(n,q).
An improved GA for QoS multicast routing algorithm

With the rapid development of the network technology and the advent of various multimedia applications, multicasting technology is widely applied. The paper mainly focuses on the algorithm to construct multicast routing tree with QoS requirements. An improved genetic algorithm is presented, in which the GA structure is modified in order not to trap in local optimization, the tree structure coding scheme is adopted to simplify the coding and decoding process, the multi-point crossover can improve the performance of the crossover operation, the mutation operation for the strong-developing individuals can achieve the fast convergence and avoid local optimization. The simulation results show that this algorithm is efficient and effective.
Older Asian Indians Resettled in America: Narratives about Households, Culture and Generation

Immigration in late life can be a complex experience. Older adults who have spent a considerable part of their life in one cultural milieu face several challenges in adapting to a new societal framework. Demographically speaking, the numbers of immigrants of Asian Indian origin continue to rise phenomenally in the United States. In this project, the experience of Asian Indian elderly immigrants to the United States was recorded through home visits and personal interviews. Parents of adult immigrants often choose to immigrate late in life primarily for purposes of family reunification. Providing assistance with raising grandchildren was also an important consideration. This article explores various aspects that surfaced from the analysis of interviews; these include personal investment in adult children, language/cultural barriers, use of formal services, acculturative experience, aging in India, intergenerational relationships, and expectations for the future. The findings highlight the need for gerontological research that is culturally attuned to the needs of these elders so service delivery may be optimally provided.
Repair of an unusual type of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection

A 9-day-old, 4.5-kg female infant was diagnosed with total anomalous pulmonary venous connections by echocardiography. The unusual nature of the pulmonary veins and their connections led to cardiac catheterization and angiography. Angiography demonstrated the leftsided veins connected, via a retropulmonary artery vertical vein, to the left inominate vein whereas the rightsided pulmonary veins connected to the right superior vena cava. We repaired this lesion uneventfully by creating a neo-common pulmonary vein and anastomosing this confluence to the left atrium.
A Theory of Optimum Currency Areas: Revisited

Starting with Friedman and Mundell the academic literature has conducted a high level debate concerning the design of cross-country monetary arrangements. That debate has become very complex and the data requirements necessary for appropriate application of the principles developed are far beyond the means of the very nations for which the principles might be valuable. In this paper we return to the simplicity of the early arguments and formalize them in a way that may be helpful for currency area decisions where little is known about economic structure.
History and current status of a physiologically based system of photometry and colorimetry

The CIE chromaticity diagram, which has been in common use for more than 60 years, disguises essential relations among cone excitations that become transparent in a system developed with D. I. A. MacLeod and initially proposed by the author to the CIE in 1979. This proposal led to the formation of a CIE committee to consider an ideal version of the system, to be employed either as a supplement to, or an alternative for, the 1931 “standard observer.” After 15 years, the task remains unfinished. The history of debate within the original committee and that of its successor (which is still active today) is briefly reviewed. Among cone fundamentals that might be chosen, a set derived and published by Stockman, MacLeod, and Johnson [ J. Opt. Soc. Am. A10, 2491 ( 1993)] is favored here, and some of the advantages for displaying visual data in a system based on these fundamentals are illustrated. (The paper is based on the 1995 OSA Frederick Ives Medal address.)
Experimental evaluation of a simple model for quantitative analysis in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Abstract A simple model is described for calculating the relative intensities of photoelectron peaks for the different elements in a homogeneous solid sample. U
Potential Scattering on R3 ⊗ S1

Abstract In this paper we consider non-relativistic quantum mechanics on a space with an additional internal compact dimension, i.e., R3 ⊗ S1 instead of R3. More specifically we study potential scattering for this case and the analyticity properties of the forward scattering amplitude, Tnn(K), where K2 is the total energy and the integer n denotes the internal excitation of the incoming particle. The surprising result is that the analyticity properties which are true in R3 do not hold in R3 ⊗ S1. For example, Tnn(K) is not analytic in K for Im K>0, for n such that (|n|/R)>μ, where R is the radius of S1, and μ−1 is the exponential range of the potential, V(r, φ) = O(e−μr) for large r. We show by explicit counterexample that Tnn(K) for n ≠ 0, can have singularities on the physical energy sheet. We also discuss the motivation for our work and briefly the lesson it teaches us.
Social engagement and user immersion in a socially based virtual world

We assess social engagement and spatial exploration in a virtual environment.We examine predictors of user reported immersion in a virtual environment.Social engagement is positively associated with user reported immersion.Spatial exploration is negatively associated with user reported immersion.Highly controllable virtual environments should include a social component. Research into online social virtual worlds demonstrates their utility as a methodological tool for studying social behaviors and traits. Less is known about what aspects of the virtual world lead users to experience a sense of immersion (i.e., a psychological state characterized by perceiving oneself to be enveloped by a virtual environment; Witmer & Singer, 1998). The current study extends previous research by assessing the importance of social engagement with other avatars as a key component of immersion in virtual worlds. Participants navigated a virtual "hotel" in Second Life, an online social virtual world. We assessed participants' social engagement with other avatars and the amount participants explored the virtual space e.g., spatial exploration. Positive associations between social engagement and immersion, and negative associations between spatial exploration and immersion, suggest that the users' social experience outweighed the users' spatial experience in creating a sense of immersion in this virtual world. This was despite the fact that the social experience was ultimately less realistic than the visual one. This finding, along with previous literature, suggests that the social nature of virtual worlds is a key component of user's sense of immersion in the virtual environment.
Laser-induced thermomigration of Te precipitates in CdZnTe crystals

Abstract The thermomigration of tellurium precipitates in a cadmium zinc telluride (CdZnTe) crystal was observed using an infrared (IR) CO 2 laser beam. Te precipitates present in CdZnTe have been shown to thermally migrate along a temperature gradient. Selective energy deposition from an IR laser beam in Te precipitates was investigated as a potentially advantageous approach to speed the annealing of Te precipitates in CdZnTe. Initial results indicate Te precipitates do thermally migrate under IR laser heating.
Solar flare track densities in interplanetary dust particles The determination of an asteroidal versus cometary source of the zodiacal dust cloud

The possibility is explored whether an IDP (interplanetary dust particle) is cometary or asteroidal from measurements of the solar flare track density within its constituent mineral grains. Dust particles that are larger than 1 micron, when injected into the Solar System from comets and asteroids, will spiral into the sun due to the Poynting-Robertson effect. During the process of spiraling in, such dust particles accumulate solar flare tracks. The accumulated track density for a given dust grain is a function of the duration of its space exposure and its distance from the sun. Using a computer model, it was determined that the expected track density distributions from grains produced by comets are very different from those produced by asteroids. Individual asteroids produce populations of particles that arrive at 1 AU with scaled track density distributions containing 'spikes,' while comets supply particles with a flatter and wider distribution of track densities.
Identification of endothelial cell-surface proteins as targets for diagnosis and treatment of disease.

Identification of endothelial cell–surface proteins as targets for diagnosis and treatment of disease
Barrett's esophagus in three children after antileukemia chemotherapy

Barrett's esophagus, a columnar metaplasia of the lower esophagus that is usually associated with gastroesophageal reflux (GER), was found in three children on long-term antileukemia chemotherapy. Two of the children had been on a standard acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) maintenance protocol with 2 to 3 years of methotrexate and 6-mercaptopurine administration. The third child received daunorubicin, cytosine arabinoside, and 6-thioguanine for treatment of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). None of the patients had clinical or pathologic evidence of GER disease. We propose that the Barrett's esophagus in these patients did not result from the usual peptic esophagitis, but rather from chemotherapy-induced esophageal mucosal injury.
Assumptions about man and society and historical constructs in futures research

Abstract Two dangers associated with the practice of futures studies involve the character of assumptions researchers make about human behaviour, and the historical constructs they accept as a base line for their work. Attention is focused on these dangers in the belief that only with their analysis will the state of the art be improved, and the work of the futures researcher rendered less susceptible to misdirection and error.
Reperfusion therapy in acute myocardial infarction.

Coronary arterial occlusion due to thrombosis is the cause of most cases of myocardial infarction accompanied by ST-segment elevation. Rapid restoration of blood flow to jeopardized myocardium limi...
Efficient electron emitter utilizing boron-doped diamond tips with sp2 content

Abstract A practical technique to enhance the electron emission of diamond tips by incorporation of boron dopant and sp 2 content is reported. The effects of boron doping on electron field emission from an array of micro-patterned polycrystalline pyramidal diamond microtips with varying sp 2 content have been systematically studied. The field emission characteristics of undoped and boron-doped diamond tips are significantly improved by increasing sp 2 content of diamond tips. By increasing sp 2 content, the turn-on electric field can be reduced more than 50% for both undoped and boron-doped diamond tips. Likewise, the turn-on electric field of the diamond tips with higher sp 2 content decreases substantially with boron doping. A new field emission mechanism, that is, an increase in the field enhancement factor due to hole accumulation via the formation of cascaded sp 2 -diamond-sp 2 embedded microstructures in diamond tips, is a possible explanation for the enhanced effects of boron doping and sp 2 content on the diamond field emission characteristics.
A Theoretical Examination of the Solvent Dependence of the Metal-to-Ligand Charge-Transfer Band in Amino Ruthenium Complexes

An examination is made of the electronic spectroscopy of the title complexes modeled in several solvents with ab initio and semiempirical quantum chemical techniques, generating structures by using a mixed quantum/classical (QM/MM) model. We obtain near-quantitative predictions of the spectra of these complexes, but the calculations indicate that considerable electron transfer is involved between the more polar solvents, as water, and the complex, and that accounting for this transfer is important in the prediction of the location of metal-to-ligand charge-transfer bands.
Spin waves and long-range order in the diluted heisenberg ferromagnet at zero temperature

The variational treatment of spin waves in the randomly diluted Heisenberg ferromagnet at zero temperature is studied. It is argued that a convenient variational principle for the excitation spectrum of an alloy is difficult to formulate rigorously. However, at extremely long wavelengths a simple variational calculatation probably has approximate validity providing localized excitations in isolated clusters of magnetic sites are excluded. Within the approximation which ignores this exclusion we obtain a second-order variational bound for the spin-wave energy which, unlike that found by Murray, is positive at all concentrations. Similar results for concentrations above the critical percolation concentration ${x}_{p}$ are obtained when the localized excitations are excluded in which case the restricted configuration averages can only be evaluated approximately. We point out that the critical concentration ${x}_{c}$ for the occurance of long-range order depends only on the properties of the infinite cluster. Thus the thermal stability of spin waves depends on the dimensionality of the infinite cluster. An argument is given to show that the infinite cluster is not one dimensional. The range of concentrations for which the infinite cluster is two dimensional is either nonexistent or small. We conclude, then, that ${x}_{c}$ is close, if not exactly equal, to ${x}_{p}$. The condition for a discontinuity in ${T}_{C}(x)$ for $x\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{x}_{c}$ is discussed in terms of a simple periodic model for dilution.
Luteotrophic Properties of Some Pituitary Hormones in Nonpregnant or Pregnant Hypophysectomized Ewes

Hypophysectomy of cyclic or pregnant sheep causes immediate and complete degeneration of the corpus luteum (CL), thus indicating that sheep CL need a hypophysial luteotrophic substance for formation and maintenance. Previous attempts to maintain CL in hypophysectomized ewes with intact uteri have failed when various hormones were injected. The present study presents data which show that crude pituitary gland extracts containing both FSH and LH, as well as other hypophysial hormones, are luteotrophic in hypophysectomized nonpregnant or pregnant sheep. Crude LH alone is also luteotrophic, while purified LH is only partially luteotrophic in that it does not allow complete degeneration of CL, and can maintain pregnancy for only a limited time. In contrast, FSH, prolactin, or estrogen alone show no luteotrophic properties in hypophysectomized animals. The reason crude LH maintained CL in these experiments lies in the fact that it was infused constantly. It is estimated that much less than 1 μg of LH/hr actuall...
New Testament Scholarship: Fifty Years in Retrospect

vey I have tried only superficially, and I have not attempted to include periodicals outside America. Undoubtedly Festschriften like Zeitschriften would supply a chronological record of the changing interests and patterns. Some of these changes of fashion are easy to recall. The beginning of this century marked the heyday of source criticism and also of the religionsgeschichtliche Schule. Soon after arose in Germany--too late to be noted by Schweitzer in 1906--exponents of the Christ-myth theory with some colleagues in England, in Holland and America and more recently in France. In America, but not els where, flourished the popular Biblical emphasis known as the Social Gospel. Formcriticism began in Germany about the end of the First World War; demythologizing about the end of the Second. The Chicago school's emphasis on "environmental factors" was an independent parallel to form-criticism. Biblical theology is perhaps the latest or most conspicuous fashion today in England, Scotland and America. In some ways it is akin in purpose to demythologizing. This brief review is easy to make and grees, I trust, with the course of developme t that others would recognize in this discipline. At places it coincides with the sequence in Old Testament studies, often influenced by them and therefore a little later in date. It is easy to recognize the facors which led to these emerging interests. They are partly the result of or reaction against the patterns which preceded them. They are also reflective of interests outside th merely Biblical field, whether literary or philosophical, ecclesiastical or secular. It might be supposed that changes in patterns were due to new objective materials. That has been only slightly the case. For lexical studies the secular papyri were still new at the beginning of our review. Deissmann's Bible Studies was published in Eng* HENRY J. CADBURY served as Hollis Professor at Harvard Divinity School from 1934 to 1954. He was Chairman of the American Friends Service Committee from 1944 to 1960. He is currently Chairman of the Board of Directors of Bryn Mawr College. He now teaches at Pendle Hill and Haverford College.
International Ultraviolet Explorer observations of the white dwarf nucleus of the very old, diffuse planetary nebula, IW-2

UV low-dispersion spectra of the central star of the faint planetary nebula, IW-2, were obtained with the IUE. The apparent large diameter of the very diffuse nebula, about half that of the moon, as seen on the Palomar Sky Survey plates by Ishida and Weinberger (1987), indicates this object to be potentially quite evolved, and nearby. The IUE spectra clearly reveal a hot stellar continuum extending over the entire wavelength range of the short-wavelength prime camera (1200-2000 A). This object with V = 17.7 +/- 0.4 is definitely one of the faintest stars ever successfully observed with the IUE. Comparisons of the IUE observed fluxes with those from white dwarf model atmospheres suggest extinction near E(B - V) = 0.45 for a white dwarf of T(eff) roughly 100,000 K. Constraints from estimates of the nebular emission measure and observed visual magnitude also argue for a white dwarf of T(eff) roughly 100,000 K at a distance of 300 to 350 pc. The nucleus of IW-2 is one of the most evolved stars to be identified with a planetary nebula.
Heat transfer in liquid metals by natural convection

The natural convection of fluids having very low Prandtl numbers down to Pr=0.00125 in enclosures with partial or full heating from below will be studied numerically
Viscosity Measurements in the Presence of Wall Slip in Capillary, Couette, And Parallel-Disk Geometries

Measurements of viscosities for slurries, cements, gels, foams, and emulsions are often confounded by the presence of slip at solid boundaries. Slip arises from thin regions of low-viscosity fluid at the boundary that result in large velocity gradients near the solid surface. Unless the measurements are corrected for slip, the calculated viscosities will be smaller than the true fluid viscosities. The authors review available techniques for determining wall slip velocities and viscosities in standard geometries. The earlier techniques of Mooney for capillaries and Couette geometries are presented. In addition, new analyses are presented for Couette and parallel-disk geometries. The new Couette analysis requires only two measurements rather than the three required in Mooney's analysis. Examples showing the application of these techniques are given for the capillary, Couette, and parallel-plate geometries. Experimental techniques to eliminate wall slip by use of rough surfaces are described.
Age and cohort effects: The American senior tourism market

Abstract This study employed time-series data along with the theory of generations, life cycle theory, and continuity theory to analyze the psychological characteristics and travel behavior of American senior leisure tourists. Three generations were compared—the Silent Generation, the Lucky Few, and the Baby Boomers—using empirical data collected in 1986, 1996, and 2006. Whereas the findings support the applicability of life cycle theory and continuity theory to the senior travel market, they also indicate that the theory of generations might be limited in explicating this market, since to some extent age effects were more effective than cohort effects in explaining group differences. This study further suggests that although marketing programs geared toward the senior market need to be updated, they do not need to be radically changed over time. Marketers should also expect the average age of the senior travel market to rise, since traditionally defined “young seniors” of 55 to about 60 years should no longer be considered seniors, and they might not be interested in senior programs.
Impact of equity models and statistical measures on interpretations of educational reform

We present three models of equity and show how these, along with the statistical measures used to evaluate results, impact interpretation of equity in education reform. Equity can be defined and interpreted in many ways. Most equity education reform research strives to achieve equity by closing achievement gaps between groups. An example is given by the study by Lorenzo et al. that shows that interactive engagement methods lead to increased gender equity. In this paper, we reexamine the results of Lorenzo et al. through three models of equity. We find that interpretation of the results strongly depends on the model of equity chosen. Further, we argue that researchers must explicitly state their model of equity as well as use effect size measurements to promote clarity in education reform.
Quantitation of Estrogen Receptor mRNA and Its Alternatively Spliced mRNAs in Breast Tumor Cells and Tissues

Abstract Estrogen receptor (ER) mRNA exists as wild-type (full-length) and alternatively spliced variants in cell lines, normal tissues, and tumors. Most of the alternatively spliced variants discovered so far are missing one or more complete exons. RNase protection and RNA–PCR assays used previously to determine the relative concentration of a particular ER spliced-variant mRNA to wild-type mRNA have produced equivocal results because the probes/primers targeted only small regions within the nucleotide sequence. Variant ER mRNAs missing an exon outside the probe/primer region will react as if they were wild-type and any alternatively spliced variants containing a deletion at the probe/primer annealing site(s) will not be detected. A highly sensitive, competitive RNA–PCR assay has been developed that is quantitative with respect to the relative composition of wild-type ER and its alternatively spliced-mRNA forms, and semiquantitative with respect to their concentrations in cells and tissues. Separation and quantitation of the products are rapidly and accurately achieved by, respectively, capillary electrophoresis and laser-induced fluorescence. Wild-type ER mRNA concentration can be measured independently of all the reported exon deletion forms in a single PCR assay. Specific exon deletion forms can be measured by ER cDNA amplification with overlapping primer sets. Results obtained with RNAs isolated from two MCF-7 cell lines, a T-47D cell line, and five breast tumor tissues are presented.
Photonic topological insulators and robust edge states in bi-anisotropic metamaterials

We design a bi-anisotropic metamaterial with topologically nontrivial photonic phase analogous to that found in topological insulators. The most intriguing manifestation of this phase is the presence of edge states insensitive to structural imperfections and disorder.
Unique responses of respiration, growth, and non-structural carbohydrate storage in sink tissue of conifer seedlings to an elevation gradient at timberline

Abstract The role of carbon balance, and particularly carbon sinks, to forest boundaries and climate responses is a major question in forest ecophysiology. At timberline, low-temperature limitations on carbon-sink processes of stem and especially root tissue have been implicated in hypotheses of the upper range limits to tree distributions. Studies on carbon sinks in root and stem tissue of trees at timberline typically report variation in only one carbon sink, such as either growth, respiration, or non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs). However, these carbon sinks may differ in their response to elevation. We asked how three carbon-sink processes in root and stem tissue (i.e. all tissue below the crown of needles) change in conifer seedlings growing from the lower (2450 m) to the upper (3000 m) edges of the timberline ecotone throughout their first growth season. We repeatedly measured respiration (mg −1 and individual −1 ), growth (relative growth rates [RGR] and biomass), and NSCs in root and stem tissue of Abies lasiocarpa and Pseudotsuga menziesii . RGR of root and stem tissue were less at the upper compared to lower elevation, but only for the first few weeks of the growing season. Total biomass of root and stem tissue was generally less at the upper site, apparently due to low early season RGR, but ultimately did not significantly differ between sites by the end of the growing season. Unlike growth, respiration rates (mg −1 ) did not differ between elevations during any period of the growing season. Nevertheless, total respiration of CO 2 from root and stem tissue (individual −1 ) was 22% less at the upper site, which was attributable to less biomass. NSCs of root and stem tissue, specifically starch, were overall greater at the upper site, particularly for A. lasiocarpa at the end of the season, which did not parallel spatiotemporal trends in growth or respiration. The differences in seasonal trends and the effects of elevation on carbon sinks indicate a degree of independence or uncoupling of growth, respiration, and NSCs of root and stem tissue, which is not commonly appreciated in hypotheses about physiological limitations for trees at timberline.
Vector-valued entire functions satisfying a differential equation

We consider vector-valued functions, with components which are entire functions, for growth problems. All such functions, when they satisfy a class of differential equations, are of bounded index and exponential type, and their components are also of bounded index.
Language concordance as a determinant of patient compliance and emergency room use in patients with asthma.

To test the hypothesis that the ability of physicians to speak the same language as asthmatic patients promotes patient compliance and the use of scheduled office appointments in preference to emergency services, the charts of 96 Spanish-speaking patients with asthma were reviewed. Of these patients
Novel Synthesis of Some 1, 2-Benzisothiazoline Derivatives: Cyclization of ortho-Sulfamoylcinnamates by the Michael Reaction

A new synthetic route for the preparation of the alkyl esters of 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-acetic acid 1,1-dioxide (III) is described in this paper. In attempts to prepare the alkyl esters of ortho-sulfamoylcinnamic acid (II) by the procedure of Leov and Kormendy, the authors observed that the compounds obtained were not the expected cinnamic acid derivatives (II), but the derivatives of 1,2-benzisothiazoline (III). The 1,2-benzisothiazoline derivatives (III) are believed to have formed as a result of an intramolecular rearrangement of the cinnamates (II) by a mechanism similar to the Michael reaction. Proof of the chemical structures is provided by UV, IR, NMR, and X-ray crystallographic studies. Six compounds were synthesized and tested for antielectroshock activity in addition to a general pharmacological screening. One compound showed a slight antielectroshock activity in mice, but in general, the compounds did not possess any significant pharmacological activity.
Sustainable corporate entrepreneurship

Corporate entrepreneurship has, for a number of decades, been viewed as one approach for generating growth through new product, process, market, or strategy innovation. More recently, and largely in response to rising costs and stakeholder concerns, managers have begun to pay increasing attention to issues of sustainability and corporate social responsibility. This paper demonstrates how sustainability can be embedded into a corporate entrepreneurship framework. In addition, managers who embrace sustainability principles are providing a stimulus for corporate entrepreneurship that may result in the discovery or creation, assessment, and exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities, an enhanced reputation, and, ultimately, a competitive advantage.
The Changing Face of HIV Infection.

1the AIDS epidemic has swept the world. In the US, during the intervening 27 years, the demographics of the disease have changed dramatically. What was once a disease of Caucasian MSM has evolved into a disease that increasingly affects women and disproportionately affects people of color. 2 This brief review will examine the demographics of the HIV epidemic as it now exists in the US. Tracking the Epidemic The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has assumed a pivotal role in tracking the spread of the AIDS epidemic. During the early years of the epidemic, the CDC tracked only AIDS cases, defined as: T-cell count less than 200 or development of AIDS-defining opportunistic infections. Given the poor response to HIV therapy in those early years, this method enabled the CDC to estimate with greater accuracy the numbers of people who were infected with HIV because the disease often progressed in a predictable pattern. Beginning in the mid-1990s, however, the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was ushered in with the advent of the protease inhibitors. For the first time, it became possible to control effectively viral replication and forestall the progression of HIV-infested patients to fulminate AIDS. 3
Optimal Control of Class of Non-linear Plants Using Artificial Immune Systems: Application of the Clonal Selection Algorithm

The function of natural immune system is to protect the living organisms against invaders/pathogens. Artificial Immune System (AIS) is a computational intelligence paradigm inspired by the natural immune system. Diverse engineering problems have been solved in the recent past using AIS. Clonal selection is one of the few algorithms that belong to the family of AIS techniques. Clonal selection algorithm is the computational implementation of the clonal selection principle. The process of affinity maturation of the immune system is explicitly incorporated in this algorithm. This paper presents the application of AIS for the optimal control of a class of non-linear plants which are affine in control. The clonal selection algorithm is adapted for optimal control. A new mutation operator that operates on real values and one that aids in fast convergence is developed in this paper. AIS is used to obtain constant coefficient Kalman gain matrices. The validation and evaluation of the results thus obtained are carried out by comparing with standard and the widely used State Dependent Algebraic Riccati Equation (SDARE) method for the non-linear plants. In case of non-linear systems with hard state constraints, the SDARE formulation requires the use of mathematically involved expressions to incorporate these state constraints. However, the modified clonal selection algorithm developed in this paper has been used with hardly any changes to incorporate the hard state constraints and obtain the Kalman gain matrix.
Convergence conditions for a type of algorithm schema

This paper is devoted to the study of convergence conditions for the monotone and autonomous iterative algorithm schema. Two convergence conditions are presented, and it is shown that (i) they are not comparable and (ii) they contain the known convergence conditions for the schema. The presentation of the results is facilitated by the introduction of the concept of extended characteristic set of an iterative procedure.
Parallel Sliding Load Support in the Mixed Friction Regime. Part 2—Evaluation of the Mechanisms

Capacite de charge de deux plaques paralleles glissant l'une sur l'autre en regime de frottement mixte. Etude des mecanismes mis en jeu
Chemical annotation of small and peptide-like molecules at the Protein Data Bank.

Over the past decade, the number of polymers and their complexes with small molecules in the Protein Data Bank archive (PDB) has continued to increase significantly. To support scientific advancements and ensure the best quality and completeness of the data files over the next 10 years and beyond, the Worldwide PDB partnership that manages the PDB archive is developing a new deposition and annotation system. This system focuses on efficient data capture across all supported experimental methods. The new deposition and annotation system is composed of four major modules that together support all of the processing requirements for a PDB entry. In this article, we describe one such module called the Chemical Component Annotation Tool. This tool uses information from both the Chemical Component Dictionary and Biologically Interesting molecule Reference Dictionary to aid in annotation. Benchmark studies have shown that the Chemical Component Annotation Tool provides significant improvements in processing efficiency and data quality. Database URL: http://wwpdb.org
Poly(methacrylic acid) enhances emission of dye stain extracted from bacterial spores: Fluorimetric quantitation in aqueous samples

Abstract A new fluorometric procedure is demonstrated for fast detection of dormant bacterial endospores in suspension. The method is based on quantitative uptake of the cationic dye stain malachite green (MG) by permeabilized spores. Specifically bound stain is extracted from the spores into poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) acidic solution. The steady-state fluorescence enhancement of MG in buffered PMAA-citrate is then employed for determination of dye uptake by spores at the nanogram scale. The assay tolerates the presence of anions, surfactants and other potentially masking species, that may be present in environmental samples. The analytical procedure is simple and allows sensitive ( 5 ml −1 ) identification of bacterial spores in aqueous samples within 1–2 h, in presence of possible masking factors, such as salts (buffers), surfactants and neutral particles.
Stress-induced changes in carbon sources for isoprene production in Populus deltoides

Isoprene is emitted from leaves of numerous plant species and has important implications for plant metabolism and atmospheric chemistry. The ability to use stored carbon (alternative carbon sources), as opposed to recently assimilated photosynthate, for isoprene production may be important as plants routinely experience photosynthetic depression in response to environmental stress. A CO 2 -labelling study was performed and stable isotopes of carbon were used to examine the role of alternative carbon sources in isoprene production in Populus deltoides during conditions of water stress and high leaf temperature. Isotopic fractionation during isoprene production was higher in heat- and water-stressed leaves (-8.5 and -9.3‰, respectively) than in unstressed controls (-2.5 to -3.2‰). In unstressed plants, 84-88% of the carbon in isoprene was derived from recently assimilated photosynthate. A significant shift in the isoprene carbon composition from photosynthate to alternative carbon sources was observed only under severe photosynthetic limitation (stomatal conductance <0.05 mol m -2 s -1 ). The contribution of photosynthate to isoprene production decreased to 77 and 61% in heat-and water-stressed leaves, respectively. Across water- and heat-stress experiments, allocation of photosynthate was negatively correlated to the ratio of isoprene emission to photosynthesis. In water-stressed plants, the use of alternative carbon was also related to stomatal conductance. It has been proposed that isoprene emission may be regulated by substrate availability. Thus, understanding carbon partitioning to isoprene production from multiple sources is essential for building predictive models of isoprene emission.