cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Methuselah's medicine: pharmaceutical innovation and mortality in the United States, 1960-2000

Although there is a good deal of speculation surrounding the role of pharmaceutical innovation in late 20th century mortality improvements in the United States, there is little empirical evidence on the topic and there remains a good deal of doubt regarding whether pharmaceuticals matter at all for mortality. Using a reliable indicator of pharmaceutical innovation-yearly approvals of new molecular entities (NMEs) by the Food and Drug Administration, along with information on priority status and disease-category indication-this study examines the relationship between pharmaceutical innovation and life expectancy between 1960 and 2000. The study demonstrates a significant relationship between pharmaceutical innovation and life expectancy at birth, which is robust to controls for gross domestic product, as well as controls for various forms of medical spending. The relationship with life expectancy is robust, in part, because pharmaceutical innovation has a stronger relationship with early-life mortality (between 20 and 50) than with later-life mortality (65 and over), even though older persons consume more pharmaceuticals and many recently approved drugs target conditions more common in later life. There is, to be sure, another side to the results. There is some evidence, for example, that the relationship between pharmaceutical innovation and mortality has declined over time, suggesting a change in the kind of innovations now entering the market. Nevertheless, there is more to contemporary pharmaceutical innovation than the development of mere "halfway" technologies. The overall relationship between innovation and mortality is sufficiently strong to warrant further consideration as a key determinant of trends in mortality.
Processes that Determine the Quasi-Biennial and Lower-Frequency Variability of the South Asian Monsoon

The spatial and temporal structures of atmospheric circulation and SST associated with the Indian monsoon rainfall variability on quasi-biennial (2-3 year) and lower-frequency (3-7 year) time scales were investigated, using the domain-averaged Indian rainfall, the NCAR/NCEP reanalysis and Reynolds SST data. We took both time-filtering and composite analysis approaches. The results indicate that physical processes that determine the monsoon rainfall variation on the 2-3 year and 3-7 year time scales are different. The quasi-biennial variability of the monsoon is primarily determined by local processes in the Indian Ocean. Both local SST and moisture flux convergence anomalies are highly correlated with the monsoon at a lagged time of 3-6 months. It is argued that a positive SST anomaly in the Indian Ocean increases local moisture due to enhanced surface evaporation. The accumulation of these moistures leads to a strong monsoon through anomalous moisture advection by summer mean flows. The lower-frequency variability of the monsoon is primarily attributed to remote forcing mechanisms. Three possible processes may contribute to the monsoon variability on the 3-7 year time scale. The first is through the change of large-scale, east-west circulation induced by the eastern Pacific SST anomaly. The second is attributed to the effect of the SST anomaly in the Northwestern Pacific through enhanced (or suppressed) convective activity along the monsoon trough. The third is attributed to the tropical-midlatitude teleconnection-a strong north-south, land-ocean thermal contrast occurs six months prior to a wet monsoon, and it persists from the preceding winter to summer and is responsible for the monsoon intensity change.
Inhibition by catechol and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate of pancreatic carcinogenesis after initiation with N-nitrosobis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine in Syrian hamsters

The effects of dietary administration of catechol (CC), paramethylcatechol (PMC) and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) were compared with that of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) in Syrian hamsters initiated with N-nitrosobis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine (BHP). Development of pancreatic atypical hyperplasias and adenocarcinomas in terms of combined multiplicity was significantly reduced by CC and DEHP. A similar slight but non-significant tendency was observed for BHA, while PMC was without effect. No statistically significant reduction of liver or gall bladder lesions was observed. The results thus suggest that both antioxidant and peroxisome proliferator categories of agents can inhibit pancreatic carcinogenesis in hamsters.
Microcomposition of Human Urinary Calculi Using Advanced Imaging Techniques

Purpose: Common methods of commercial urolithiasis analysis, such as light microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, provide limited or no information on the molecular composition of stones, which is vital when studying early stone pathogenesis. We used synchrotron radiation based microfocused x-ray fluorescence, x-ray absorption and x-ray diffraction advanced imaging techniques to identify and map the elemental composition, including trace elements, of urinary calculi on a μm (0.0001 cm) scale.Materials and Methods: Human stone samples were obtained during serial percutaneous nephrolithotomy and ureteroscopy procedures. A portion of each sample was sent for commercial stone analysis and a portion was retained for synchrotron radiation based advanced imaging analysis.Results: Synchrotron radiation based methods of stone analysis correctly identified stone composition and provided additional molecular detail on elemental components and spatial distribution in uroliths. Resolution was on the o...
Cognitive tasks during walking affect cerebral blood flow signal features in middle cerebral arteries and their correlation to gait characteristics

Gait is a complex process involving both cognitive and sensory ability and is strongly impacted by the environment. In this paper, we propose to study of the impact of a cognitive task during gait on the cerebral blood flow velocity, the blood flow signal features and the correlation of gait and blood flow features through a dual task methodology. Both cerebral blood flow velocity and gait characteristics of eleven participants with no history of brain or gait conditions were recorded using transcranial Doppler on mid-cerebral artery while on a treadmill. The cognitive task was induced by a backward counting starting from 10,000 with decrement of 7. Central blood flow velocity raw and envelope features were extracted in both time, frequency and time-scale domain; information-theoretic metrics were also extracted and statistical significances were inspected. A similar feature extraction was performed on the stride interval signal. Statistical differences between the cognitive and baseline trials, between the left and right mid-cerebral arteries signals and the impact of the antropometric variables where studied using linear mixed models. No statistical differences were found between the left and right mid-cerebral arteries flows or the baseline and cognitive state gait features, while statistical differences for specific features were measured between cognitive and baseline states. These statistical differences found between the baseline and cognitive states show that cognitive process has an impact on the cerebral activity during walking. The state was found to have an impact on the correlation between the gait and blood flow features.
Trust and the online conversation: the case of online reviews

Online reviews constitute one form of interpersonal influence that is relevant to the marketplace. They are a venue through which online conversations occur. Evidence suggests that the effectiveness of communication is heavily influenced by the level of trust between parties. However, relatively little is known about how trust impacts the online conversation. This research explores the online conversation by applying the ADTRUST scale to the online review environment. The results indicate that those who place trust in online reviews are more likely to be influenced by them. Those who are likely to be influenced by online reviews, in turn, are more likely to contribute a review. This suggests that a certain amount of reciprocation may be occurring in the online conversation. Trust does not have a direct effect on contributing online reviews. Instead, its effect is indirect, which is mediated by susceptibility to be influenced by online reviews.
Right Brain: The blind spot

“He's not moving his left arm.” No mother wants to hear that about her newborn in the delivery room. I was a fourth-year medical student; my husband was a surgical resident. We couldn't contain the windstorm of scary diagnoses that came over us as we heard those words. Did he have a congenital syndrome? A stroke? Over the next few days, the pediatricians reassured us it was “just a brachial plexus palsy” and we had nothing to be concerned about. The comment that put my motherly fears to rest: “I've never seen a case that didn't recover.” My delivery was complicated by shoulder dystocia and my son, Andy, was born with a brachial plexus birth palsy, giving him a flaccid left arm that had the characteristic “waiter's tip,” with some movement in his fingers, but none in his arm. My heart ached every time I swaddled him and felt no resistance from his left arm. “Is there anything special we should do for him?” we asked before we left the hospital. The answer was always a reassuring, “No—we treat these children normally because they all end up getting better.” Four different pediatricians, no special exercises, no extra precautions, no additional visits. We were so relieved. Andy was a normal baby. Over the next few weeks, my husband and I watched our son's arm, but we were not overly concerned, trusting what we'd been told. Sure, …
Effect of Nitrogen Implantation on the Oxidation Behavior of AISI 316 Stainless Steel

Abstract The oxidation behavior of nitrogen-implanted AISI 316 stainless steel (SS) was investigated to study the mechanism for improved wear and friction resistance of steels after ion implantation. Nitrogen implantation increased the oxide thickness of AISI 316 SS, at both 200 and 500 C, because of the formation of chromium-containing nitrides. Nitrogen implantation promoted the formation of spinel oxide at 200 C. This oxide is known as a wear-resistant oxide and is believed to be related to the improved wear resistance.
Neural correlates of word production stages delineated by parametric modulation of psycholinguistic variables.

Word production is a complex multi-stage process linking conceptual representations, lexical entries, phonological forms and articulation. Previous studies have revealed a network of predominantly left-lateralized brain regions supporting this process, but many details regarding the precise functions of different nodes in this network remain unclear. In order to better delineate the functions of regions involved in word production, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to identify brain areas where blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) responses to overt picture naming were modulated by three psycholinguistic variables: concept familiarity, word frequency, and word length, and one behavioral variable: reaction time. Each of these variables has been suggested by prior studies to be associated with different aspects of word production. Processing of less familiar concepts was associated with greater BOLD responses in bilateral occipito-temporal regions, reflecting visual processing and conceptual preparation. Lower frequency words produced greater BOLD signal in left inferior temporal cortex and the left temporo-parietal junction, suggesting involvement of these regions in lexical selection and retrieval and encoding of phonological codes. Word length was positively correlated with signal intensity in Heschl's gyrus bilaterally, extending into the mid superior temporal gyrus (STG) and sulcus (STS) in the left hemisphere. The left mid STS site was also modulated by reaction time, suggesting a role in the storage of lexical phonological codes.
Simultaneous imaging of different focal planes in fluorescence microscopy for the study of cellular dynamics in three dimensions

The imaging of cellular dynamics in three dimensions using a standard microscope is severely limited due to the fact that only one focal plane can be imaged at a given point in time. Here we present a modification of the classical microscope design with which two or more focal planes can be imaged simultaneously. This is achieved by a modification of the emission pathway of a standard microscope. The efficacy of the design is shown by imaging bead samples and an FcRn-green fluorescent protein expressing tubule that leaves a sorting endosome and subsequently exocytoses at the plasma membrane.
Multidimensional pump-probe spectroscopy with entangled twin-photon states

We show that entangled photons may be used in coherent multidimensional nonlinear spectroscopy to provide information on matter by scanning photon wave function parameters (entanglement time and delay of twin photons), rather than frequencies and time delays, as is commonly done with classical pulses. Signals are expressed and interpreted intuitively in terms of products of matter and field correlation functions using a diagrammatic close time path loop formalism which reveals the entangled quantum pathways of the fields and matter. The pump-probe signal measured when the pump and the probe are in a twin entangled state shows two-photon resonant contributions which scale linearly rather than quadratically with the incident beam intensity and reveal frequencies of off-resonant transitions. Two-dimensional spectrograms obtained by double Fourier transform of the signal with respect to the entanglement time and delay of the twins could provide detailed information on correlations among states and dynamical processes with high temporal resolution. The analogy with multidimensional time-domain optical techniques which use sequences of short classical pulses and pulse shaping algorithms is pointed out.
Stratigraphic controls on a salt-withdrawal intraslope minibasin, north-central Green Canyon, Gulf of Mexico: Implications for misinterpreting sea level change

Three-dimensional seismic data from the Fuji basin, a salt-controlled intraslope minibasin in north-central Green Canyon, Gulf of Mexico, reveal complex interactions between gravity- and suspension-driven sedimentation. Seismic volumes for late Pleistocene (470 ka) to Holocene fill within the Fuji basin consist of approximately 45% mass transport complexes (MTCs), 5% channelized sandy turbidites, and 50% hemipelagites and muddy turbidites. At least ten MTCs within the Fuji basin flowed radially toward its depocenter, either from basin flanks (i.e., intrabasinal) or as a result of larger-scale salt motion (i.e., extrabasinal). Sediment transport directions are inferred on the basis of elongate basal incisions and smaller-scale scours, head scarps, fold orientation within the complexes, and stratigraphic thinning trends at downdip margins. An amalgamated set of three channelized sandy turbidite complexes less than 350 m (1148 ft) thick and 3 km (1.8 mi) across represents the main sand delivery pathway into the Fuji basin. These deposits are thought to be due to shelf bypass, and possibly, to proximity to the Pleistocene shoreline. Hemipelagites and muddy turbidites are homogeneous, and their thickness is relatively consistent at basin scale. This facies represents background sedimentation.A process-driven model has been developed involving halokinetic autocyclicity as the primary control on sedimentation in the Fuji basin. Passive salt motion accounts better for both the directions of sediment transport and the frequency of late Pleistocene–Holocene MTCs than currently popular eustatic and steady-state bathymetric models. The conclusion is significant in casting doubt on the generally assumed importance of eustasy in controlling off-shelf lowstand sedimentation and in implying marked variations in stratigraphic details at length scales of less than 10 km (6.2 mi).
No Ordinary Academics: Economics and Political Science at the University of Saskatchewan, 1910???1960. By Shirley Spafford. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000. Pp. ix, 272. $45.00.

Who among us journeymen academics, injected with truth serum, would not spill out an elephantine burden of resentments? Who among us, with sufficient lubrication, would not discourse eloquently on the idiocy of referees and editors, on contributions overlooked, colleagues overcompensated, grants rejected, and insights neglected? When the burden becomes too great, I suggest that you turn to this most unpromising of books, and read the story of Mabel Florence Timlin. Mabel Timlin, age 26 in 1917 and without a college degree, was a â€œgood average teacherâ€ in the elementary school in Bounty, Saskatchewan. This same Mabel Timlin finally completed her Ph.D. in economics at the University of Washington in Seattle at age 50, after 24 years of hand-to-mouth existence at the fringes of the economics department at the University of Saskatchewan. In the depression years her compensation was so meager that she, a women in her middle years, lived in one room in a house shared with students. But her thesis was a path-breaking exposition and development of the New Keynesian economics that she developed from mimeographed notes of a seminar by Keynes in London in 1934, passed to her by a colleague. Her authority on this new economics became so respected that in 1945 she gave seminars at Harvard and Columbia expositing Keynesian economics to such luminaries as Wassily Leontieff.
Involvement of Egr-1/RelA Synergy in Distinguishing T Cell Activation from Tumor Necrosis Factor-α–induced NF-κB1 Transcription

NF-κB is an important transcription factor required for T cell proliferation and other immunological functions. The NF-κB1 gene encodes a 105-kD protein that is the precursor of the p50 component of NF-κB. Previously, we and others have demonstrated that NF-κB regulates the NF-κB1 gene. In this manuscript we have investigated the molecular mechanisms by which T cell lines stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and phytohemagglutin (PHA) display significantly higher levels of NF-κB1 encoding transcripts than cells stimulated with tumor necrosis factor-α, despite the fact that both stimuli activate NF-κB. Characterization of the NF-κB1 promoter identified an Egr-1 site which was found to be essential for both the PMA/ PHA-mediated induction as well as the synergistic activation observed after the expression of the RelA subunit of NF-κB and Egr-1. Furthermore, Egr-1 induction was required for endogenous NF-κB1 gene expression, since PMA/PHA-stimulated T cell lines expressing antisense Egr-1 RNA were inhibited in their ability to upregulate NF-κB1 transcription. Our studies indicate that transcriptional synergy mediated by activation of both Egr-1 and NF-κB may have important ramifications in T cell development by upregulating NF-κB1 gene expression.
Kienböck's disease in a patient with Crohn's enteritis treated with corticosteroids.

In a patient with Crohn's enteritis treated with oral corticosteroids simultaneous Kienbock's disease and femoral head osteonecrosis developed 2 years after the administration of corticosteroids. The patient had no history of trauma or any other risk factor known to be associated with Kienbock's disease. This case suggests that corticosteroid administration may be an additional factor in the multifactorial causes of Kienbock's disease.
Asymptotic boundary conditions for finite element analysis of three-dimensional transmission line discontinuities

The finite element method is used to analyze open three-dimensional transmission line structures in the quasi-TEM regime. Starting from the general solution of the Laplace equation in spherical coordinates, a set of asymptotic boundary conditions are derived for three-dimensional quasi-static problems for a spherical outer boundary. The second-order boundary condition is generalized to a box-shaped outer boundary and implemented in the finite element method to solve the potential problem of a rectangular microstrip patch. Numerical results show that the asymptotic boundary conditions yield more accurate results than those obtainable with a perfectly conducting shield placed at the same location. >
A Low pH-Inducible, PhoPQ-Dependent Acid Tolerance Response Protects Salmonella typhimurium against Inorganic Acid Stress

The acid tolerance response enables Salmonella typhimurium to survive exposures to potentially lethal acidic environments. The acid stress imposed in a typical assay for acid tolerance (log-phase cells in minimal glucose medium) was shown to comprise both inorganic (i.e., low pH) and organic acid components. A gene previously determined to affect acid tolerance, atbR, was identified as pgi, the gene encoding phosphoglucoisomerase. Mutations in pgi were shown to increase acid tolerance by preventing the synthesis of organic acids. Protocols designed to separate the stresses of inorganic from organic acids revealed that the regulators ς38 (RpoS), Fur, and Ada have major effects on tolerance to organic acid stress but only minor effects on inorganic acid stress. In contrast, the two-component regulatory system PhoP (identified as acid shock protein ASP29) and PhoQ proved to be important for tolerance to organic acid stress but had little effect against organic acid stress. PhoP mutants also failed to induce four ASPs, confirming a role for this regulator in acid tolerance. Acid shock induction of PhoP appears to occur at the transcriptional level and requires the PhoPQ system. Furthermore, induction by acid occurs even in the presence of high concentrations of magnesium, the ion known to be sensed by PhoQ. These results suggest that PhoQ can sense both Mg2+ and pH. Since phoP mutants are avirulent, the low pH activation of this system has important implications concerning the pathogenesis of S. typhimurium. The involvement of four regulators, two of which are implicated in virulence, underscores the complexity of the acid tolerance stress response and further suggests that features of acid tolerance and virulence are interwoven.
Influence of Chemoreceptor Stimuli on Genioglossal Response to Negative Pressure in Humans

Genioglossal muscle (GG) activity is modulated by both chemoreceptive and mechanoreceptive reflexes that help stabilize airway patency. We assessed the effects of blood gas changes, within the range encountered during mild obstructive apnea‐arousal cycles, on GG activity and the GG reflex to upper airway negative pressure. Eighteen healthy adults were studied while awake under 5 conditions: ( 1 ) baseline (P ET CO2 5 40 mm Hg, Sa O 2 5 99%); ( 2 ) hypercapnia (P ET CO2 5 45 mm Hg); ( 3 ) hypocapnia (P ET CO2 5 35 mm Hg, induced via hyperventilation with an iron lung ventilator); ( 4 ) hypoxia (Sa O 2 5 87%); and ( 5 ) hypercapnia plus hypoxia (P ET CO2 5 45 mm Hg, Sa O 2 5 87%). Measurements included airflow, choanal and epiglottic pressures (Pchoa and Pepi), upper airway resistance, phasic and tonic GG EMG, and the GG reflex to negative pressure (Pchoa 5 2 12.5 cm H 2 O). Ventilation increased from a baseline of 10.7 up to 22.7 L ? min 2 1 under conditions of altered blood gases. Peak inspiratory phasic GG EMG increased from 6.5 to 11.1% of maximal contraction but there were no significant changes in either tonic GG EMG (range, 4.3 to 5.8% of maximum) or magnitude of the GG reflex (range, 4.1 to 5.5% of maximum). Among conditions there was a high correlation between upper airway pressures and peak phasic GG EMG (Pchoa, r 5 0.97, p , 0.01; Pepi, r 5 0.87; p 5 0.06). We conclude that in this range of blood gases: ( 1 ) the GG reflex to negative pressure is unchanged; ( 2 ) slow airway pressure changes throughout inspiration, generated either actively or passively, influence GG EMG activity; and ( 3 ) mechanoreceptive control of GG EMG can fully explain all changes in GG activity, suggesting that chemoreceptive inputs to GG are minimal, or are not simply summated with mechanoreceptor inputs . Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA) is a common and debilitating disorder characterized by sleep-induced upper airway collapse. A combination of an anatomically small airway and loss of upper airway dilator muscle activity during sleep are likely the principal causes of OSA (1). The genioglossus muscle (GG) is phasically active with the breathing cycle, with initiation of activity immediately before inspiratory airflow, peak activity in early to midinspiration, and lowest (“tonic”) activity during expiration (2). This spontaneous phasic GG activity emanates from the brainstem respiratory pattern generator and serves to dilate or stabilize the upper airway in preparation for and throughout airway negative pressure changes generated by the respiratory pump muscles (1). This spontaneous phasic GG activity is modulated by reflex mechanoreceptive influences. For example, reflex GG activation has been demonstrated in awake humans during imposed upper airway negative pressure
The signature of the stratospheric Brewer‒Dobson circulation in tropospheric clouds

[1] The signature of the stratospheric Brewer‒Dobson circulation (BDC) in tropospheric cloudiness is investigated in CloudSat and CALIPSO data from June 2006 through April 2011. During the Northern Hemisphere winter, periods of enhanced stratospheric wave driving are associated with increased cloud incidence in the tropical tropopause transition layer (TTL) juxtaposed against decreased cloud incidence in the Arctic troposphere. The results are consistent with the physical linkages between (1) the BDC and near‒tropopause temperature and (2) near‒tropopause temperature and upper tropospheric cloud incidence. The key finding of the work is that changes in the stratospheric circulation not only influence cloud amounts in the troposphere but also that they do so in a coupled manner that links climate variability in the Arctic and upper tropical troposphere. The results provide a pathway through which stratospheric processes influence tropospheric climate that is in addition to stratosphere/troposphere dynamical coupling.
Prediction of switching/rotation of the magnetization direction with applied voltage in a controllable interlayer exchange coupled system

We propose a ferromagnetic/spacer/insulator/ferromagnetic system whose magnetization direction can be controlled by an applied bias voltage. An analytic expression for controllable exchange coupling in this system is shown within a simple free-electron-like, one-dimensional approximation. According to the approach, the magnetic configurations of two magnetic layers oscillate from antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic with applied bias voltage. This implies that we can switch/rotate the magnetization direction without an external magnetic field. Possible applications of such a system are discussed.
Erratum to: Introduction to African Americans: Benefits and Challenges of Working at Predominantly White Institutions: Strategies for Thriving

This article serves as an introduction to a set of articles by several authors on the difficulties and challenges of being African American at predominately White academic institutions. The guest editors note that African Americans play critical roles in mentoring African American students and junior African American faculty. Yet, challenges exist from sometimes a few hostile White students and administrators, who question the competencies and scholarship of African American faculty. The guest editors introduce the authors and provide a summary of their articles.
Sediment properties influencing upwelling spectral reflectance signatures: The “biofilm gel effect”

Microbial communities often produce copious films of extracellular polymeric secretions (EPS) that may interact with sediments to influence spectral reflectance signatures of shallow marine sediments. We examined EPS associated with microbial mats to determine their potential effects on sediment reflectance properties. Distinct changes in spectral reflectance signatures of carbonate sediments from the Bahamas were observed among several sediment sites, which were specifically chosen for their presence of microbial mats and adjacent nonmat sediments. The presence of mats greatly reduced sediment reflectance signatures by ;10%‐20%, compared with adjacent nonmat areas having similar sediment characteristics. Decreases in reflectance near 444 and 678 nm could be attributed primarily to absorbance by photopigments. However, additional nonspecific decreases in reflectance occurred across a wide spectral range (400‐750 nm). Experimental manipulations determined that nonspecific reflectance decreases were due to EPS that are produced by biofilm-associated microorganisms of the mats. Microbial EPS, isolated from natural mat sediments exhibited small but nonspecific absorbances across a broad spectral range. When EPS was in relatively high concentrations, as in microbial mats, there was a ‘‘biofilm gel effect’’ on sediment reflectance properties. The effect was twofold. First, it increased the relative spacing of sediment grains, a process that permitted light to penetrate deeper into sediments. Second, it resulted in a more efficient capture of photons because of the change in refractive index of EPS gel itself relative to seawater. The relatively translucent EPS of biofilms, therefore, influenced the magnitude of reflectance across a broad spectral range in marine sediments.
New Aspects Concerning Inelastic Instability of Steel Structures

Recent developments in field of column and plate buckling; column-buckling problem has been solved for entire elastic and inelastic range; linear buckling theory is considered unable to predict static strength of plate girders.
The Fall and Rise of Tuberculosis: How Institutional Change Affected Health Outcomes in Shanghai, 1927–2013

This paper examines the decline of tuberculosis and the faltering of TB in China. Specifically, I examine how institutional change—the construction and dismantling of the work-unit system—has affected TB control. The work-unit system was an employment system under which the vast majority of the population, in both urban and rural areas, had guaranteed employment and a host of benefits, including health insurance and access to the public health and health care systems. This system was created in the 1950s, which coincided with the decline of TB mortality and morbidity. The 1990s dismantling of the work-unit system has coincided with resurgent TB. This comparative historical sociological work examines TB control in Shanghai at three critical junctures: before the work-unit system was constructed, while it was in place, and since it has been dismantled. I examine both Shanghai’s urban districts and rural counties, based on data gathered from archival sources and in-depth interviews during 17 months of field research. I argue that the work-unit system provided an effective basic-level infrastructure for the provision of public health and health care services that reached the entire population. This infrastructure was critical to the success of TB control efforts during the work-unit era, and its dismantling has been a key cause of the faltering of TB control in recent years.
A reliability assessment of the psychotherapy supervisory inventory

The authors investigated the reliability of the Psychotherapy Supervisory Inventory scales, which rate behaviors of supervisors on the basis of observation of supervision sessions. The scales assess focus on the therapist and the patient, intellectual and experimental orientation, number of clarifying and interpretive comments, intensity of confrontation, depth of exploration, verbal activity level of the supervisor, dominance of the supervisor and the therapist, comfort and tension levels, and empathy of the supervisor. Intraclass correlation coefficients were significant for all scales, indicating that trained observers can agree in distinguishing supervisory behaviors. These scales can be used in further research and for feedback to supervisors.
Bayesian Probability Forecast of a 2007-2008 Economic Recession in the U.S.

This paper presents a Bayesian methodology for estimating probability of a downturn in the economy and applies it to the 2007-2008 state of the U.S. economy with the focus on investigating the occurrence of a recession. In the methodological development, information theory (Kullback and Shannon) is used to assess the change in the amount of information when the economy evolves in moving from one state to another. For the application purposes, the latest information (March 2008) of the Conference Board's Composite Leading Economic Indicators (CLI) and Composite Leading Economic Indicators Diffusion Index (CLID) are used in estimating Bayesian probability of a downturn in U.S. The analysis shows that the models developed have been very accurate in predicting all the past recessions since 1959 correctly with only one false alarm in mid-1960s. When CLID is used as prior information for CLI as evidence, it helped the Bayesian probability of a downturn to be more decisive in its signaling, but at a cost of more false alarms. Overall, the models using only CLI have the best performance in terms of accuracy and false alarm. The best models have signaled for a downturn in the U.S. Economy as early as the Fall 2007.
Hurricane Climatic Fluctuations. Part I: Patterns and Cycles

Abstract Hurricane records for 1899 through 1978 are used to determine the numbers of hurricanes during the period August through October of each year that were present in the Atlantic. The Atlantic basin is subdivided into four geographic regions: the Central Atlantic, East Coast, Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean. An empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis is made of the time series of hurricane occurrence in each region to derive the dominant uncorrelated modes of interannual variability of seasonal hurricane incidence. The first EOF mode, accounting for 68% of the variance, represents the overall activity of the hurricane season. The second mode, accounting for 16% of the variance, represents the shift of hurricane incidence between the Gulf plus Caribbean, and the East Coast regions. A coherency spectrum between the time variations of the first and second modes indicates a significant coherence at periods of about 2.5 and 4.5 years. The coherence at 2.5 years corresponds to the quasi-biennial oscilla...
AGNS in clusters of galaxies and the bootes void

Recent evidence suggests that about 30% of high power sources may be triggered by galaxy mergers (Heckman et al., 1986). However, for sources below the break in the radio luminosity function, galaxy radio emission has a variety of causes. The abundance of gas within a galaxy and the evolutionary state of a galaxy can apparently determine if a weak radio source will “turn-on”. This is often seen to be true from rich cluster sources to the Bootes void emission-line objects. External stimulation is not always required. However, there is a prominent subset of galaxies where interaction with companions has helped to generate a radio source. Such interaction appears to greatly enhance the probability that a galaxy will become active. Finally, the global environment seems to have little effect on generating radio galaxies. Weak sources are found to exist within rich clusters and cosmic voids. The exceptions are dominant galaxies that lie at the centers of clusters. These galaxies are 5 times more likely to be radio sources than typical ellipticals. The cooling flows in some clusters may help to stimulate the production of radio sources, but also suppress extended structure.
Division of Household and Childcare Labor and Relationship Conflict Among Low-Income New Parents

We examine the relationships among the division of housework and childcare labor, perceptions of its fairness for two types of family labor (housework and childcare), and parents' relationship conflict across the transition to parenthood. Perceived fairness is examined as a mediator of the relationships between change in the division of housework and childcare and relationship conflict. Working-class, dual-earner couples (n = 108) in the U.S Northeast were interviewed at five time points from the third trimester of pregnancy and across the first year of parenthood. Research questions addressed whether change in the division of housework and childcare across the transition to parenthood predicted mothers' and fathers' relationship conflict, with attention to the mediating role of perceived fairness of these chores. Findings for housework indicated that perceived fairness was related to relationship conflict for mothers and fathers, such that when spouses perceived the change in the division of household tasks to be unfair to either partner, they reported more conflict, However, fairness did not significantly mediate relations between changes in division of household tasks and later relationship conflict. For childcare, fairness mediated relations between mothers' violated expectations concerning the division of childcare and later conflict such that mothers reported less conflict when they perceived the division of childcare as less unfair to themselves; there was no relationship for fathers. Findings highlight the importance of considering both childcare and household tasks independently in our models and suggest that the division of housework and childcare holds different implications for mothers' and fathers' assessments of relationship conflict.
Tailoring the substrate specificity of yeast phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase toward a phenylalanine analog using multiple-site-specific incorporation.

A yeast phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase variant with T415G mutation (yPheRS (T415G)) was rationally designed to recognize various phenylalanine (Phe) analogs allowing site-specific incorporation into ...
Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Humeral Capitellum: The Significance of Lesion Location.

Background:There is a paucity of information regarding the effect of lesion location on surgical outcomes in the treatment of osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the humeral capitellum.Purpose:To su...
Hereditary Renal Cell Carcinoma in the Eker Rat: A Rodent Familial Cancer Syndrome

AbstractA rodent model of hereditary cancer in which a single gene mutation predisposes rats to bilateral multicentric renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is described. This rat hereditary cancer syndrome shares certain similarities with von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHLD). In addition to the early development of renal epithelial tumors with morphologic similarity to human RCC, rats which bear the RCC gene are predisposed to the development of secondary primary cancers later in life. Splenic vascular proliferative lesions, including hemangiosarcoma, were seen in 23% of 14-month-old rats of both sexes that had renal tumors. At fourteen months of age, 62% of female rats with renal cell tumors had sarcomas of the lower reproductive tract of probable smooth muscle origin. Non-carrier siblings of affected animals did not have renal, reproductive, or splenic neoplasia. The finding of a specific constellation of familial neoplasms, including multicentric bilateral renal cell carcinoma, in this autosomal dominant disorder of...
Human African Trypanosomiasis Encephalitis in the United States: Serial Magnetic Resonance Imaging

It is important to recognize the signs and symptoms of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) in order to facilitate early diagnosis and treatment. A 36-year-old man developed encephalitis caused by HAT. This encephalitis can appear many years after well-tolerated systemic infection. The neurologic manifestations developed 7 years after he had emigrated from Cameroon to the United States. We demonstrate the magnetic resonance imaging before, during, and after his treatment with intravenous eflornithine. Clinical signs and symptoms of HAT can be nonspecific and precede abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging. Human African trypanosomiasis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients who have lived in sub-Saharan Africa and have a clinical presentation of subacute encephalitis.
Abstract 136: Suppression of the uPA/uPAR system causes the overexpression of miR124 and suppresses stemness in glioma stem cells

The invasiveness and destructiveness of malignant neoplasms in the central nervous system are of great clinical importance. Higher-grade tumors, such as glioblastomas, are associated with poor prognosis, and patients’ average survival is only 8 to 12 months after chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. This poor prognosis reflects the resistance of tumor cells to radiation and cytotoxic agents as well as the difficulty in achieving total tumor resection. Highly infiltrative gliomas are known to overexpress both uPA and uPAR. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are essential post-transcriptional regulators known to determine cell identity and fate and are also known to be involved not only in development and differentiation but also in glioma progression. Acquisition of EMT has also recently been linked to stem cell phenotypes which is mediated by microRNAs. However, the molecular mechanism underlying EMT regulation still remains elusive. In the present study, we used glioma initiating cells (GICs), which show stem cell-like character, and determined whether their stemness can be suppressed by targeting the uPA/uPAR system. We raised glioma GICs from U87MG and 4910 glioma xenograft cells and observed that GICs expressed 2- to 3-fold increased levels of uPA and uPAR when compared to non-GIC. Further, the simultaneous downregulation of both uPA and uPAR suppressed GIC from establishing intracranial tumors in nude mice. Further, to understand whether this suppression of GIC involved microRNAs, we profiled miR expression in U87 cells and observed that miR124 and miR200a were significantly overexpressed. Using miRanda analysis, we determined that miR124 targets the regulation of Lhx-2 and Lhx-2 is over expressed (3- to 4-fold) in GIC when compared to non-GIC. To determine whether this suppression of Lhx-2 by downregulation of uPA and uPAR is mediated via miR124, we overexpressed miR124 in U87MG and 4910 glioma xenograft GICs and observed that miR124-overexpressed cells failed to establish intracranial tumors in nude mice. Our results demonstrate that the uPA/uPAR system may be involved in GIC maintenance via suppression of miR124. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 136. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-136
Comparison of the Gene Polymorphism between Sorghum-rice GLR and Its Receptor 9311

The variant line Sorghum-rice GLR with big panicle and high spikelet density was acquired through introduction of the total DNA of BTx623,a sorghum variety,into 9311,a parent of super hybrid rice,by the spike-stalk injection method. 225 pairs of In Del markers were used to scan the polymorphism of the original variant plant SRV2 and its self-pollinated line of the 3rdfilial generation( D3) GLR to their donor BTx623 and receptor 9311. There existed 20. 4% and 10. 7% of site polymorphism between SRV2 and 9311 and between GLR and 9311,respectively. Besides,the DNA fragments homogenous to the donor sorghum which do not exist in the receptor rice 9311 were found in the original variant plant SRV2 and the variant line GLR,indicating the successful introgression of the DNA fragments from the donor sorghum to the receptor rice. Furthermore,the polymorphism of five genes related to panicle traits was analyzed between the variant line GLR and the receptor 9311. It was found that there existed 35 SNPs and six In Dels in three genes( DEP 3,D1 and Gnla 3) of them,including nine SNPs and two In Dels located in coding DNA sequence.
Effect of time-dependent 3-D electron density gradients on high angle of incidence HF radiowave propagation

One of the challenges for the utilization of HF radiowaves in practical applications is to understand how the signals propagate in time- and range-dependent multipath environments. For typical quiescent ionospheric conditions it is often reasonably straightforward to interpret received HF signals. For disturbed ionospheric conditions, however, such as in the presence of large tilts, irregularities, and medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs), data interpretation and utilization often becomes challenging. This paper presents a theoretical HF propagation modeling study that exploits the capabilities of a first principles, mesoscale resolution ionosphere code, SAMI3 (Sami3 is Another Model of the Ionosphere) and a new implementation of the 3-D ray trace equations, MoJo-15 (Modernized Jones Code) in order to examine the relationship between various HF propagation observables and MSTID characteristics. This paper demonstrates the implications of MSTIDS on high angle of incidence HF propagation during typical low-latitude, postsunset ionospheric conditions and examines the spatiotemporal evolution of multiple propagation paths that may connect a given source and receiver.
The Relationship Between Body Image, Female Genital Self-Image, and Sexual Function Among First-Time Mothers

The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine the extent to which perceived changes in weight, body satisfaction, body-image self-consciousness, and genital self-image could be used to predict sexual function scores. A total of 168 primiparous women completed the cross-sectional, web-based survey. Significant correlations were found between body satisfaction, body-image self-consciousness, and female genital self-image and sexual function. Multivariate regression analysis suggests body image and genital self-image combined account for 14.1% of the variance in overall sexual function. Women should have opportunities to discuss body changes throughout pregnancy.
A Fully Isolated Delta-Sigma ADC for Shunt Based Current Sensing

This paper presents the world’s first reported chip-level 5 kVrms isolated delta-sigma ADC architecture which realizes isolation in both the power and signal domains. The compact IC package contains an integrated isolated power converter which includes an on-chip transformer, oscillator and rectifier, three delta–sigma analog-to-digital converters, a voltage reference, a temperature transducer, on-chip data transformers, and a controller/communication chip. Because it includes all of the isolation units within the same package, no PCB level isolation components are needed. This solution displaces the need for isolation using opto-couplers or costly, bulky and frequency dependent current transformers, and enables lower cost shunt resistor based current sensing applications such as domestic and industrial energy monitoring. It also enables new portable current sensing applications where high voltage isolation is required. The system-in-package (SIP) draws 12.5 mA from a 3.3 V supply and achieves 74.4 dBFS SNDR and 80.8 dBFS SFDR in a bandwidth of 3.3 kHz. It achieves an insulation voltage rating of 400 Vrms continuous and 5 kVrms over a 1 minute duration.