cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detection of Rapidly Varying H2 Emissions in Jupiter's Aurora from the Galileo Orbiter

Abstract H 2 band emissions in Jupiter's northern auroral region at 1240 A were highly variable on time scales of a few seconds in Galileo ultraviolet spectrometer (UVS) recorded data from November 5, 1996 (7:25:29 to 7:34:30 spacecraft event time (SCET)) during orbit Callisto-3 (C3). Emission at 1611 A varied in phase with 1240 A emission, but was much weaker. The 1240 and 1611 A variability are evidence that the precipitating particles have a highly variable flux. The estimated 1611 A/1240 A photon flux ratio of 1.82±0.07 (after background subtraction) is consistent with auroral penetration of a slant column depth in CH 4 of (3.5±0.2)×10 16 cm −2 . UVS observed both the main auroral arc and the polar cap region on the day side. The slit-averaged brightness at 1240 and 1611 A increased by almost a factor of 2 on two occasions with durations (full-width at half-maximum) of order 100 s. A similar observation of the south polar aurora near the dawn terminator during Galileo orbit Ganymede-8 on May 6, 1997 (13:16:32 to 13:32:42 SCET) found both the 1240 and 1611 A emissions to be more steady and gradually increasing. The variable 1240 and 1611 A emissions seen on orbit C3 may be similar to variable polar cap “flares” reported in recent Hubble Space Telescope (HST) ultraviolet images of Jupiter from the new Space Telescope imaging spectrograph.
Securities Lending and the Untold Story in the Collapse of AIG

American International Group, Inc. (AIG), a large insurance company, received a massive bailout during the financial crisis in response to difficulties centered on the company’s multifaceted exposure to residential mortgage-backed securities. The company is back on its feet, albeit in more streamlined form and with a new overseer — the Federal Reserve. This paper focuses on a piece of the AIG story that is rarely told — the role of the company’s securities-lending program in imperiling the company and some of its insurance subsidiaries. The paper argues that regulatory responses to AIG have been inapt. AIG did not need another regulator, but better risk management. The markets would have conveyed that message clearly had regulators not intervened to ensure AIG’s survival. This paper adds the missing piece to the AIG story in an effort to challenge the notion that more regulatory oversight for companies like AIG will prevent future crises.
Does the Internet Displace Health Professionals

Scholars have paid close attention to the effects of the rapidly changing health information environment. The issue of how Internet use for health information affects the frequency of contact with health professionals, however, has not been examined. Directly addressing this issue, a two wave panel dataset is used with a U.S. national representative sample gathered in 2005 and 2006. Overall, the results show that Internet use at Wave 1 positively predicts health professional contact at Wave 2, controlling for Wave 1 health professional contact and other potential confounders. The implications that these findings can have for future research in this area are discussed.
Exports and growth: A flawed framework

A strategy of export promotion has evolved into the new conventional wisdom. The alleged superiority of this strategy draws on an extensive list of empirical studies, an important strand of which consists of tests in cross‐country format that use bivariate correlations and/or production function‐type regressions to demonstrate a strong positive relationship between exports and GDP growth. By showing that these same tests support the ‘promotion’ of all major components of GDP, this note argues that these tests have no bearing at all on the export‐promotion/import‐substitution controversy.
ECOS: leveraging software-defined networks to support mobile application offloading

Offloading has emerged as a promising idea to allow resource-constrained mobile devices to access intensive applications, without performance or energy costs, by leveraging external computing resources. This could be particularly useful in enterprise contexts where running line-of-business applications on mobile devices can enhance enterprise operations. However, we must address three practical roadblocks to make offloading amenable to adoption by enterprises: (i) ensuring privacy and trustworthiness of offload, (ii) decoupling offloading systems from their reliance on the availability of dedicated resources and (iii) accommodating offload at scale. We present the design and implementation of ECOS, an enterprise-centric offloading framework that leverages Software-Defined Networking to augment prior offloading proposals and address these limitations. ECOS functions as an application running at an enterprise-wide controller to allocate resources to mobile applications based on privacy and performance requirements, to ensure fairness, and to enforce security constraints. Experiments using a prototype based on Android and OpenFlow establish the effectiveness of our approach.
Simian immunodeficiency virus envelope compartmentalizes in brain regions independent of neuropathology.

Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) gp160s obtained from the brain are often genetically distinct from those isolated from other organs, suggesting the presence of brain-specific selective pressures or founder effects that result in the compartmentalization of viral quasispecies. Whereas HIV has also been found to compartmentalize within different regions of the brain, the extent of brain-regional compartmentalization of SIV in rhesus macaques has not been characterized. Furthermore, much is still unknown about whether phenotypic differences exist in envelopes from different brain regions. To address these questions, env DNA sequences were amplified from four SIVmac239-infected macaques and subjected to phylogenetic and phenetic analysis. The authors demonstrated that sequences from different areas of the brain form distinct clades, and that the long-term progressing macaques demonstrated a greater degree of regional compartmentalization compared to the rapidly progressing macaques. In addition, regional compartmentalization occurred regardless of the presence of giant-cell encephalitis. Nucleotide substitution rates at synonymous and nonsynonymous sites (ds:dn rates) indicated that positive selection varied among envelopes from different brain regions. In one macaque, envelopes from some but not all brain regions acquired changes in a conserved CD4-binding motif GGGDPE at amino acids 382 to 387. Furthermore, gp160s with the mutation G383E were able to mediate cell-to-cell fusion in a CD4-independent manner and were more susceptible to fusion inhibition by pooled plasma from infected macaques. Reversion of this mutation by site-directed mutagenesis resulted in reduction of CD4-independence and resistance to fusion inhibition in cell fusion assays. These studies demonstrate that SIV evolution within the brain results in a heterogeneous viral population with different phenotypes among different regions.
Greening the Supply Chain: When Is Customer Pressure Effective?

Suppliers face increasing pressure from their customers to improve their environmental performance. When firms downstream in the supply chain seek to achieve such improvements themselves, they frequently request that their suppliers adopt greener practices. This paper investigates the rationale for suppliers to comply with or resist the mandate of their customers to adopt the international environmental management standard ISO 14001 in the North American automotive industry. We argue that the effectiveness of such a mandate will vary according to the characteristics of the relationship between suppliers and customers. We contrast and test hypotheses based on both transaction cost and information theories to suggest that suppliers, whether in a dependent or distant relationship with their customers, have incentives to comply with the requests of their customers but through different mechanisms. Our study analyzed the characteristics of 3,152 automotive suppliers located in the United States, Canada, and Mexico over the 2000–2003 period. Findings indicate that suppliers with highly specialized assets, as well as younger suppliers, suppliers headquartered in Japan, and those reporting to the Toxic Release Inventory, are more likely to respond to their customers' pressures to adopt the certified management standard ISO 14001.
Linear least-squares method for unbiased estimation of T1 from SPGR signals.

The longitudinal relaxation time, T1, can be estimated from two or more spoiled gradient recalled echo images (SPGR) acquired with different flip angles and/or repetition times (TRs). The function relating signal intensity to flip angle and TR is nonlinear; however, a linear form proposed 30 years ago is currently widely used. Here we show that this linear method provides T1 estimates that have similar precision but lower accuracy than those obtained with a nonlinear method. We also show that T1 estimated by the linear method is biased due to improper accounting for noise in the fitting. This bias can be significant for clinical SPGR images; for example, T1 estimated in brain tissue (800 ms < T1 < 1600 ms) can be overestimated by 10% to 20%. We propose a weighting scheme that correctly accounts for the noise contribution in the fitting procedure. Monte Carlo simulations of SPGR experiments are used to evaluate the accuracy of the estimated T1 from the widely-used linear, the proposed weighted-uncertainty linear, and the nonlinear methods. We show that the linear method with weighted uncertainties reduces the bias of the linear method, providing T1 estimates comparable in precision and accuracy to those of the nonlinear method while reducing computation time significantly. Magn Reson Med 60:496 –501, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
What’s the Harm in Asking About Suicidal Ideation?

Both researchers and oversight committees share concerns about patient safety in the study-related assessment of suicidality. However, concern about assessing suicidal thoughts can be a barrier to the development of empirical evidence that informs research on how to safely conduct these assessments. A question has been raised if asking about suicidal thoughts can result in iatrogenic increases of such thoughts, especially among at-risk samples. The current study repeatedly tested suicidal ideation at 6-month intervals for up to 2-years. Suicidal ideation was measured with the Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire Junior, and administered to adolescents who had previously received inpatient psychiatric care. Change in suicidal ideation was tested using several analytic techniques, each of which pointed to a significant decline in suicidal ideation in the context of repeated assessment. This and previous study outcomes suggest that asking an at-risk population about suicidal ideation is not associated with subsequent increases in suicidal ideation.
PTEN and the PI3-Kinase Pathway in Cancer

PI3-kinase and PTEN are major positive and negative regulators, respectively, of the PI3-kinase pathway, which regulates growth, survival, and proliferation. These key signaling components are two of the most frequently mutated proteins in human cancers, resulting in unregulated activation of PI3K signaling and providing irrefutable genetic evidence of the central role of this pathway in tumorigenesis. PTEN regulates PI3K signaling by dephosphorylating the lipid signaling intermediate PIP3, but PTEN may have additional phosphatase-independent activities, as well as other functions in the nucleus. In this review, we highlight current work showing cancer-relevant complexities in the regulation of PTEN and PI3K activity, potential novel functions for PTEN, and feedback regulation within the pathway. The significance and complexity of PI3K signaling make it an important but challenging therapeutic target for cancer.
Butterfly: Protecting Output Privacy in Stream Mining

Privacy preservation in data mining demands protecting both input and output privacy. The former refers to sanitizing the raw data itself before performing mining. The latter refers to preventing the mining output (model/pattern) from malicious pattern-based inference attacks. The preservation of input privacy does not necessarily lead to that of output privacy. This work studies the problem of protecting output privacy in the context of frequent pattern mining over data streams. After exposing the privacy breaches existing in current stream mining systems, we propose Butterfly, a light-weighted countermeasure that can effectively eliminate these breaches without explicitly detecting them, meanwhile minimizing the loss of the output accuracy. We further optimize the basic scheme by taking account of two types of semantic constraints, aiming at maximally preserving utility-related semantics while maintaining the hard privacy and accuracy guarantee. We conduct extensive experiments over real- life datasets to show the effectiveness and efficiency of our approach.
The Connections Between Latino Ethnic Identity and Adult Experiences

This study considers the influence of adult experiences on the development of Latino ethnic identity. Using purposeful and snowball sampling, adult participants responded to open-ended questions ab...
Complete neurological recovery following delayed initiation of hypothermia in a victim of warm water near-drowning

Summary Induced hypothermia has been demonstrated to improve outcome following cardiac arrest and is now widely endorsed. However, the optimal method of cooling and the identification of patients most likely to benefit from this therapy remains to be determined. We report a patient in whom there was a long delay in return of spontaneous circulation (at least 45min) and the initiation of induced hypothermia (12h) who made an almost complete neurological recovery following cardiac arrest from warm-water near-drowning.
Using Mixed Methods to Measure the Perception of Community Capacity in an Academic–Community Partnership for a Walking Intervention

H.U.B. City Steps is a 5-year community-based participatory research walking intervention designed to help lower blood pressure in a majority African American population in southern Mississippi via community collaboration and capacity building, increased walking, culturally tailored health education sessions, and motivational interviewing. Building community capacity for physical activity is a key component of this intervention. Qualitative and quantitative methods have been used to assess how project stakeholders perceive the community capacity-building efforts of the project. This article illustrates the baseline results of this mixed methods approach from the perspective of three groups of stakeholders: project researchers and staff, community advisory board, and intervention walking coaches. Eight constructs were examined, including leadership, resources, external networking, visibility and recognition, personnel sustainability, ability and commitment to organize, communication with community members, and relationships with influential others. Quantitative results indicated significant differences among stakeholder groups for project leadership and personnel sustainability. Qualitative perspectives provided an opportunity to examine possible reasons for these differences. Overall findings provide direction related to improving intervention outcomes and sustainability.
CHANGES IN ABSCISSION‐ACCELERATING SUBSTANCES WITH DEVELOPMENT OF COTTON FRUIT

Summary Cotton bolls of known ages from 2 to 50 days after anthesis were extracted with acetone. The chromatographed extracts were examined for abscission activity on the cotton explant test and gibberellin activity on the dwarf maize test. The abscission-accelerating substances (ABA and gibberellins) were very high in young fruit, showing a peak at about 6 days, then declined to nil at 20 days. An unidentified abscission accelerator showed a marked peak at 15 days. Abscisic acid, GA3, another gibberellin which acts biologically like GA5 and GA9, and an abscission-retarding substance were all extracted from 5-day-old bolls.
SEARCH FOR KL→π0μ±e∓

The KTeV experiment (Kaons at the TeVatron) at Fermilab studies CP violating and other rare kaon decays, including the search for the lepton-flavor violating mode KL→π0μ±e∓. KTeV has obtained a new, preliminary branching ratio limit of BR(KL→π0μ±e∓)<4.40×10-10.
New and little known species of Quedius from West Palaearctic (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae)

Three new species from the Caucasus are described: Quedius (Raphirus) nonseriatus sp. nov., Q. (R.) henrii sp. nov. and Q. (R.) humosus sp. nov. New data on distribution and bionomics are recorded for a rare species, Q. (Microsaurus) bernhaueri Rambousek (southern Macedonia and northern Greece), as well as for little-known Q. (M.) walteri Korge (north-eastern Turkey), Q. (R.) boluensis Korge (northern Turkey) and Q. (R.) semirufus (northern Iran and Azerbaijan). For Q. bernhaueri the type material is examined and the lectotype is designated.
Electrodiagnostic tests in polyneuropathy and radiculopathy

A 66-year-old man with a history of mild diabetes (2 years), coronary artery disease, and gout presented to the neuromuscular clinic with tingling and weakness in his legs. He first noted tingling in his feet 2 to 3 years ago, which slowly progressed to involve his whole foot with numbness that spread up to his knees. Over the same time, he noted trouble with his balance and described that he was “standing on a cushion.” He had low back pain over several years but beginning 1 year ago, he started to hunch over all the time as the result of increasing back pain. He was only able to walk 180 to 270 m before back and leg pain became limiting. Standing did not relieve the pain but sitting did. If he walked for a few minutes, he felt like he ran a marathon with extreme muscle fatigue. He also experienced occasional warm numbness down both legs (left worse than right and sometimes radiating down the back of his legs and other times into his groin). A neurologic examination revealed strength (R/L) 4+/4 dorsiflexion, 5/4+ plantar flexion, otherwise 5/5 throughout. Vibration sensation was (R/L) 0/2 seconds at the toes, and pinprick sensation was decreased to the ankles bilaterally. Reflexes were 2+ throughout with the exception of absent ankle jerks. He was unable to toe or heel walk (worse on the left). Given the diagnostic uncertainty of the localization of nerve injury, electrodiagnostic testing was performed. These tests revealed normal sural sensory responses (Table 1), asymmetric tibial and peroneal motor amplitudes (worse on the left) (Table 2), and active denervation with chronic reinnervation in right L5/S1 innervated muscles including lumbosacral paraspinal muscles.
Effects of CT dose and nodule characteristics on lung-nodule detectability in a cohort of 90 national lung screening trial patients

Lung cancer screening CT is already performed at low dose. There are many techniques to reduce the dose even further, but it is not clear how such techniques will affect nodule detectability. In this work, we used an in-house CAD algorithm to evaluate detectability. 90348 patients and their raw CT data files were drawn from the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) database. All scans were acquired at ~2 mGy CTDIvol with fixed tube current, 1 mm slice thickness, and B50 reconstruction kernel on a Sensation 64 scanner (Siemens Healthcare). We used the raw CT data to simulate two additional reduced-dose scans for each patient corresponding to 1 mGy (50%) and 0.5 mGy (25%). Radiologists’ findings on the NLST reader forms indicated 65 nodules in the cohort, which we subdivided based on LungRADS criteria. For larger category 4 nodules, median sensitivities were 100% at all three dose levels, and mean sensitivity decreased with dose. For smaller nodules meeting the category 2 or 3 criteria, the dose dependence was less obvious. Overall, mean patient-level sensitivity varied from 38.5% at 100% dose to 40.4% at 50% dose, a difference of only 1.9%. However, the false-positive rate quadrupled from 1 per case at 100% dose to 4 per case at 25% dose. Dose reduction affected lung-nodule detectability differently depending on the LungRADS category, and the false-positive rate was very sensitive at sub-screening dose levels. Thus, care should be taken to adapt CAD for the very challenging noise characteristics of screening.
The Use of 75Se in Feeding Studies with the Corn Leaf Aphid (Heniiptera (Homoptera) Aphididae)

The gamma-emitting isotope 75Se was used to estimate the ingestion of test solutions by corn leaf aphids (CLA), Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), feeding through Parafilm® membranes. Selenium at tracer levels (0.29 ppm) did not affect the rate of feeding of CLA nymphs, but an adverse effect on feeding rates was observed with test solutions containing 5.8 ppm Se as Na2SeO3. The use of a gamma-emitting isotope rather than the more common beta-emitters has resulted in considerable savings of time and reagents in screening-type assays. Data obtained from aphids fed on extracts of Tripsicum floridanum Porter ex Vasey suggest that a feeding deterrent rather than a toxin may be responsible for the failure of this plant species to support CLA colonies.
Antimicrobial Resistance of Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolated from Foods in Mexico

When trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was given to US travelers in Mexico to prevent diarrheal illness, high-level resistance to the drug emerged [2], although in previous studies such resistance had not been observed among enteric flora following administration of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as prophylaxis against urinary tract infection [3]. Since food has been shown to be an important vehicle of transmission of travelers' diarrhea, food samples were examined for the presence of drug-resistant bacteria to explain the acquisition of high-level resistance among enteric flora of individuals taking antibiotics as prophylaxis against traveler's diarrhea. Of 34 strains of ETEC isolated from US students in Guadalajara, Mexico, who had acute gastroenteritis, one was resistant to trimethoprim and one was resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Eight of the ETEC strains tested demonstrated multiple drug resistance. Twenty-two of 149 isolates from food produced enterotoxin. Only one isolate, which was nontoxigenic, was resistant to trimethoprim, and no coliforms were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; however, 16 isolates demonstrated multiple drug resistance. Of 235 gram-negative organisms recovered from frozen food samples grown on antibiotic-containing media and tested for enterotoxin production, no isolates were enterotoxigenic. Thirty-four isolates were resistant to trimethoprim, 15 were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and 33 demonstrated multiple resistance. Multiple drug resistance was demonstrated among gram-negative organisms isolated from patients' stools and foods in Mexico.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Origin of Mathematical Induction

(1917). The Origin of Mathematical Induction. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 24, No. 5, pp. 199-207.
Effects of shock wave passing on turbine blade heat transfer in a transonic cascade

The progression of shock waves through a transonic turbine cascade and their effects on blade surface heat transfer are reported. Shadowgraph flow visualization was used to track the progression of moving shock waves through a linear turbine cascade and measurements of surface heat flux were made using Heat Flux Microsensors. Simultaneous surface static pressure measurements were made using Kulite pressure transducers. A shock tube and shock shaper configuration was used to produce a roughly planar, moving shock wave which was introduced into the cascade along the leading edge of the blades. The resulting heat flux and pressure traces were correlated to the progression of the shock wave through the cascade. The heat transfer increase resulting from shock passing averaged over 200 (is (typical blade passing period) was found to be a maximum of 60% on the-suetien surface near the leading edge.
Glucocorticoid-Regulated Kinase: Linking Azotemia and Muscle Wasting in CKD

A reduction in the protein content of muscle, observably reflected as loss of muscle mass, is a frequent accompaniment of aging and inflammatory and catabolic diseases, including progressive CKD.[1][1],[2][2] In patients with CKD, aside from the risk of progression to ESRD, all-cause mortality is an
Self-Sorting and Coassembly of Fluorinated, Hydrogenated, and Hybrid Janus Dendrimers into Dendrimersomes

The modular synthesis of a library containing seven self-assembling amphiphilic Janus dendrimers is reported. Three of these molecules contain environmentally friendly chiral-racemic fluorinated dendrons in their hydrophobic part (RF), one contains achiral hydrogenated dendrons (RH), while one denoted hybrid Janus dendrimer, contains a combination of chiral-racemic fluorinated and achiral hydrogenated dendrons (RHF) in its hydrophobic part. Two Janus dendrimers contain either chiral-racemic fluorinated dendrons and a green fluorescent dye conjugated to its hydrophilic part (RF-NBD) or achiral hydrogenated and a red fluorescent dye in its hydrophilic part (RH-RhB). These RF, RH, and RHF Janus dendrimers self-assembled into unilamellar or onion-like soft vesicular dendrimersomes (DSs), with similar thicknesses to biological membranes by simple injection from ethanol solution into water or buffer. Since RF and RH dendrons are not miscible, RF-NBD and RH-RhB were employed to investigate by fluorescence micros...
Achievable diversity-vs-multiplexing tradeoffs in half-duplex cooperative channels

In this paper, we propose novel cooperative transmission protocols for delay limited coherent fading channels consisting of N (half-duplex and single-antenna) partners and one cell site. In our work, we differentiate between the cooperative relay, broadcast, and multiple-access channels. The proposed protocols are evaluated using the Zheng-Tse diversity-multiplexing tradeoff. For the relay channel, we investigate two classes of cooperation schemes; namely, amplify and forward (AF) and decode and forward (DF). For the first class, we propose a new AF protocol and show it to outperform the space-time coded protocol of Laneman and Wornell without requiring decoding/encoding at the relays. For the class of DF protocols, we develop a dynamic decode and forward (DDF) protocol that achieves the optimal tradeoff for multiplexing gains 0 /spl les/ r /spl les/ 1/N. Furthermore, with a single relay, the DDF protocol is shown to dominate the class of AF protocols for all multiplexing gains. The superiority of the DDF protocol is shown to be more significant in the cooperative broadcast channel. The situation is reversed in the cooperative multiple-access channel where we propose a new AF protocol that achieves the optimal tradeoff for all multiplexing gains. A distinguishing feature of the proposed protocols in the three scenarios is that they do not rely on orthogonal subspaces, allowing for a more efficient use of resources.
Effect of a brief cognitive behavioural intervention on criminal thinking and prison misconduct in male inmates: Variable‐oriented and person‐oriented analyses

Background There is some consensus on the value of cognitive-behaviourally informed interventions in the criminal justice system, but uncertainty about which components are of critical value. Aims To test the hypothesis that change in prisoners - criminal thinking and institutional misconduct - will both follow completion of a brief cognitive behavioural intervention. Methods A one-group pre-test–post-test quasi-experimental design was used to assess change on the General Criminal Thinking (GCT) scale of the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles among 219 male prisoners completing a 10-week cognitive behavioural intervention, referred to as ‘Lifestyle Issues’. Institutional misconduct was measured for 1 year prior to completion of the course and 2 years subsequently. Using variable-oriented analysis, post-test GCT scores were compared with change in prison conduct, controlling for the pre-test thinking scores. Calculations were repeated by using person-oriented analysis. Results Prisoners who displayed a drop in GCT scores between pre-test and post-test levels were significantly more likely to show a reduction in prison misconduct, whereas prison misconduct was likely to escalate among those who displayed a rise in criminal thinking scores from pre-test to post-test. Conclusions These findings must still be regarded as preliminary, but taken together with other work and with cognitive behavioural theory, they suggest that development of more prosocial thinking and abilities may have an early beneficial effect on institutional behaviour. Their measurement may offer a practical way in which men could be assessed for readiness to return to the community. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protect, Serve, and Deport: The Rise of Policing as Immigration Enforcement

Protect, Serve, and Deport exposes the on-the-ground workings of local immigration enforcement in Nashville, Tennessee. Between 2007 and 2012, Nashville's local jail participated in an immigration enforcement program called 287(g), which turned jail employees into immigration officers who identified over ten thousand removable immigrants for deportation. The vast majority of those identified for removal were not serious criminals but Latino residents arrested by local police for minor violations. Protect, Serve, and Deport explains how local politics, state laws, institutional policies, and police practices work together to deliver immigrants into an expanding federal deportation system, conveying powerful messages about race, citizenship, and belonging. "Amada Armenta artfully weaves participants' justifications for their actions with her own scholarly analysis, finding that bureaucratic priorities, relevant laws, and local norms all help officers distance themselves from the frequently grave consequences of their work." DORIS MARIE PROVINE, Professor Emerita, School of Justice and Social Inquiry, Arizona State University "This work evocatively shows how local police and jail employees have been drawn unwittingly into arresting and deporting hundreds of thousands of law-abiding immigrants and how this activity erodes trust in the police and fractures families and communities. This is painful but essential reading." CHARLES R. EPP, coauthor of Pulled Over: How Police Stops Define Race and Citizenship "At a time when enforcement is expanding, this book is increasingly salient for understanding how enforcement is actually performed. It is essential, critical, urgent reading today." CECILIA MENJIVAR, author of Enduring Violence: Ladina Women's Lives in Guatemala AMADA ARMENTA is Assistant Professor of Sociology at the University of Pennsylvania.
Concise Review: Kidney Generation with Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide health care problem, resulting in increased cardiovascular mortality and often leading to end-stage kidney disease, where patients require kidney replacement therapies such as hemodialysis or kidney transplantation. Loss of functional nephrons contributes to the progression of CKD, which can be attenuated but not reversed due to inability to generate new nephrons in human adult kidneys. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), by virtue of their unlimited self-renewal and ability to differentiate into cells of all three embryonic germ layers, are attractive sources for kidney regenerative therapies. Recent advances in stem cell biology have identified key signals necessary to maintain stemness of human nephron progenitor cells (NPCs) in vitro, and led to establishment of protocols to generate NPCs and nephron epithelial cells from human fetal kidneys and hPSCs. Effective production of large amounts of human NPCs and kidney organoids will facilitate elucidation of developmental and pathobiological pathways, kidney disease modeling and drug screening as well as kidney regenerative therapies. We summarize the recent studies to induce NPCs and kidney cells from hPSCs, studies of NPC expansion from mouse and human embryonic kidneys, and discuss possible approaches in vivo to regenerate kidneys with cell therapies and the development of bioengineered kidneys. Stem Cells 2017;35:2209-2217.
Investigating the utility of the P1 Artificial Chromosome shuttle vector pJCPAC-Mam2 for gene therapy studies

The goal of gene therapy is to deliver as many copies of a functional gene to a patient that lacks this protein. There have been some recent successes in rescuing some types of blindness and red blood cell disorders. Current lentivirus-based vectors can only accommodate around 10 kilobases of foreign DNA. Also, integration of the vector is random, so transcription of a given gene can vary several-fold depending on the chromosomal architecture where insertion occurs. We constructed a P1 Artificial Chromosome (PAC) shuttle vector that has a greater than 150 kilobase insert size limit and remains as an episome in human cells. We previously demonstrated that a PAC clone containing the p53 gene was transcribed and translated when transiently introduced into p53 homozygous null Saos-2 human osteosarcoma cells. Furthermore, the apoptotic pathway was triggered in some of the cells. A Saos-2 cell line that overexpresses the bcl-2 cDNA was generated using G418 selection so that the effects of different lipofection reagents on copy number and transcription and translation levels of p53 could be studied. EndoFectin Max resulted in a several-fold higher transfection efficiency than Lipofectamine 3000. Seven stable cell lines were generated from each transfection procedure using puromycin and G418 selection. Unfortunately, only 7 of 13 cell lines contained measurable levels of p53 cDNA when total RNA was subjected to reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). A PAC clone containing the green fluorescent gene from Pontellina plumata that is expressed from the strong cytomegalovirus promoter is being constructed to investigate whether Lipofectamine 3000 or EndoFectin Max maximizes transfection efficiency, plasmid copy number, and transcription and translation levels in the continuous cell lines HEK293, KG1 and Saos-2.
Correction to: Anal canal squamous cell cancer: are surgical alternatives to chemoradiation just as effective?

One of the author’s middle name of this article was incorrectly published as “Emmanouil E. Pappou.” This is now presented correctly in this article as “Emmanouil P. Pappou.”
Does filler database size influence identification accuracy

Police departments increasingly use large photo databases to select lineup fillers using facial recognition software, but this technological shift's implications have been largely unexplored in eyewitness research. Database use, particularly if coupled with facial matching software, could enable lineup constructors to increase filler-suspect similarity and thus enhance eyewitness accuracy (Fitzgerald, Oriet, Price, & Charman, 2013). However, with a large pool of potential fillers, such technologies might theoretically produce lineup fillers too similar to the suspect (Fitzgerald, Oriet, & Price, 2015; Luus & Wells, 1991; Wells, Rydell, & Seelau, 1993). This research proposes a new factor-filler database size-as a lineup feature affecting eyewitness accuracy. In a facial recognition experiment, we select lineup fillers in a legally realistic manner using facial matching software applied to filler databases of 5,000, 25,000, and 125,000 photos, and find that larger databases are associated with a higher objective similarity rating between suspects and fillers and lower overall identification accuracy. In target present lineups, witnesses viewing lineups created from the larger databases were less likely to make correct identifications and more likely to select known innocent fillers. When the target was absent, database size was associated with a lower rate of correct rejections and a higher rate of filler identifications. Higher algorithmic similarity ratings were also associated with decreases in eyewitness identification accuracy. The results suggest that using facial matching software to select fillers from large photograph databases may reduce identification accuracy, and provides support for filler database size as a meaningful system variable. (PsycINFO Database Record
FPGA-oriented moving target defense against security threats from malicious FPGA tools

The imbalance relationship between FPGA hardware/software providers and FPGA users challenges the assurance of secure design on FPGAs. Existing efforts on FPGA security primarily focus on reverse engineering the downloaded FPGA configuration, retrieving the authentication code or crypto key stored on the embedded memory in FPGAs, and countermeasures for the security threats above. In this work, we investigate new security threats from malicious FPGA tools, and identify stealthy attacks that could occur during FPGA deployment. To address those attacks, we exploit the principles of moving target defense (MTD) and propose a FPGA-oriented MTD (FOMTD) method. Our method is composed of three defense lines, which are formed by an improved user constraint file, random selection of design replicas, and runtime submodule assembling, respectively. The FPGA emulation results show that the proposed FOMTD method reduces the hardware Trojan hit rate by 60% over the baseline, at the cost of 10.76% more power consumption.
Cultural Aspects of Criminal Responsibility

The author is Associate Professor of Sociology and Director of the Community Service Division at the City College of New York. He has initiated there a demonstration of functional higher education, utilizing college-community relations to bridge for students the gap between classroom and life situations. Among projects of criminological interest in the program of the Division are group work with street clubs and gangs, group dynamics research into the behavior interactions of classroom teachers and problem children, and a vocational guidance and testing service for maladjusted youths.-EDITOR.
The Role of Vaginal Colonization with Enterobacteriaceae in Recurrent Urinary Infections

Quantitative cultures of the vaginal introitus for Enterobacteriaceae, S. faecalis and P. aeruginosa were compared in 20 premenopausal normal women (200 cultures) to 198 consecutive cultures from 9 premenopausal women in between episodes of bacteriuria. Introital colonization in patients susceptible to urinary infections was significantly higher for E. coli (p equals 0.001), S. faecalis (p equals 0.001) and for the presence of any gram-negative pathogens (p equals less than 0.001). In addition, introital colonization with these bacteria occurred in larger numbers and persisted through consecutive cultures for longer periods in women with recurrent infections.
Compressive Neuropathies of the Radial Nerve

Compressive neuropathies of the radial nerve are less common than those of the median and ulnar nerves. The annual incidence of all radial nerve entrapments combined is approximately 0.003 % [1]. Compressive neuropathies of the median and ulnar nerves occur 100 times and 10 times more frequently, respectively [2, 3]. Nevertheless, radial nerve entrapment does occur and can produce significant patient morbidity. Most commonly this occurs in the form of radial tunnel syndrome (RTS), posterior interosseus nerve (PIN) entrapment or Wartenberg’s syndrome. RTS and PIN entrapment are both compressive neuropathies of the PIN, while Wartenberg’s syndrome results from compression of the superficial sensory branch of the radial nerve (SBRN). Although these are the most common clinical entities, radial nerve entrapment can occur at nearly any point along its course, such as at the level of the latissimus tendon, triangular interval, intermuscular septum and triceps [4–6]. These less common possibilities will not be reviewed here but should be remembered in clinical practice.
Seeking a Theory of Rights

I have always believed that ethics is, or at least ought to be, practical, that ethical theory ought to be useful to the individual in making rational choices and acting morally. Still, I received my philosophical education in the United States and in a period when metaethics of the most abstract sort was all the fashion. This probably explains why only after publishing one book on the meaning of ethical sentences and another on the justification of ethical statements, did I turn my philosophical investigations to problems more relevant to moral decisions and political debates.
Keeping House with a Stranger

Conflicted responses among the James family to issues of sexual orientation and gender identity.
Greater Trochanteric-Ischial Impingement

Posterior hip and buttock pain related to extra-spinal compression of the sciatic nerve has been previously described in multiple clinical conditions. A recent cadaveric study has demonstrated a potential new site for extra-spinal compression of the sciatic nerve between the posterior aspect of the greater trochanter and the lateral ischium. Pathologic contact of the greater trochanter and ischium can occur as the hip moves from flexion to extension with abduction and external rotation. Certain functional positions and structural abnormalities of the hip may predispose to impingement between the greater trochanter and ischium. To date, there is no clinical data regarding the diagnosis or treatment of this entity. Potential diagnostic and treatment options may be inferred from data regarding other sites of extra-spinal sciatic nerve compression. Future studies are indicated to determine the prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment of greater trochanteric-ischial impingement.
Aberrant arc between the common hepatic artery and a replaced right hepatic artery resulting in misperfusion in a patient with a hepatic arterial infusion pump

Hepatic arterial infusion pumps are increasingly utilized as an option for liver directed therapy in the treatment of metastatic colorectal carcinoma. After skeletonization of the hepatic artery through the ligation of extra-hepatic branches, these pumps are implanted surgically with their tip placed in the common hepatic artery. Subsequently, a nuclear medicine pump study is performed to ensure homogeneous perfusion of the liver and detect any extrahepatic perfusion. We report a peripheral arc between the superior mesenteric artery and celiac axis, which caused misperfusion on the SPECT nuclear medicine scan.
Prevalence and Sources of Errors in Positive Airway Pressure Therapy Provisioning

Study Objectives:The prevalence and mechanism of medication errors have been well characterized in the literature. However, no prior studies have investigated the frequency and characteristics of e...
Improving pediatric endocrinology trainees' knowledge about insulin pumps and continuous glucose monitors with online spaced education: Technology Knowledge Optimization in T1D (TeKnO T1D).

OBJECTIVE We explored the impact of TeKnO T1D, an online, case-based, spaced education curriculum about insulin pump and continuous glucose monitor (CGM) use in pediatric type 1 diabetes management. METHODS Pediatric endocrinology fellows (n = 64) were randomized to receive an educational curriculum focused on either insulin pumps or CGMs. Fellows received interactive questions twice weekly via email or mobile app. Median time to completion was 76.5 days. The primary outcome was change in knowledge as measured by performance on multiple-choice questions (MCQ) from the pre-test to the post-test. RESULTS Forty-eight of 64 (75%) learners completed the curriculum and assessments. The pump group improved from 35.0 ± 15% on the pre-test MCQs to 61.1 ± 17% on the post-test, a 12.2 absolute percentage point greater improvement on pump-specific items than the CGM group (P = .03). The CGM group improved from 30.3 ± 15% on the pre-test MCQs to 61.4 ± 21% on the post-test, a 28.7 absolute percentage point greater improvement on CGM-specific items than the pump group (P < .001). Both groups were more likely to report an appropriate level of understanding of their respective technologies after completing the corresponding curriculum. In thematic analysis of qualitative data, fellows indicated that knowledge gains led to improved patient care. There was universal agreement about enjoyment and effectiveness of the curricula. CONCLUSIONS TeKnO T1D proved to be an engaging, effective way to improve endocrinology fellows' knowledge and confidence about insulin pumps and CGM use in the management of pediatric type 1 diabetes.
CAST: A multi-scale convolutional neural network based automated hippocampal subfield segmentation toolbox.

Abstract In this study, we developed a multi-scale C onvolutional neural network based A utomated hippocampal subfield S egmentation T oolbox (CAST) for automated segmentation of hippocampal subfields. Although training CAST required approximately three days on a single workstation with a high-quality GPU card, CAST can segment a new subject in less than 1 ​min even with GPU acceleration disabled, thus this method is more time efficient than current automated methods and manual segmentation. This toolbox is highly flexible with either a single modality or multiple modalities and can be easily set up to be trained with a researcher’s unique data. A 3D multi-scale deep convolutional neural network is the key algorithm used in the toolbox. The main merit of multi-scale images is the capability to capture more global structural information from down-sampled images without dramatically increasing memory and computational burden. The original images capture more local information to refine the boundary between subfields. Residual learning is applied to alleviate the vanishing gradient problem and improve the performance with a deeper network. We applied CAST with the same settings on two datasets, one 7T dataset (the UMC dataset) with only the T2 image and one 3T dataset (the MNI dataset) with both T1 and T2 images available. The segmentation accuracy of both CAST and the state-of-the-art automated method ASHS, in terms of the dice similarity coefficient (DSC), were comparable. CAST significantly improved the reliability of segmenting small subfields, such as CA2, CA3, and the entorhinal cortex (ERC), in terms of the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Both ASHS and manual segmentation process some subfields (e.g. CA2 and ERC) with high DSC values but low ICC values, consequently increasing the difficulty of judging segmentation quality. CAST produces very consistent DSC and ICC values, with a maximal discrepancy of 0.01 (DSC-ICC) across all subfields. The pre-trained model, source code, and settings for the CAST toolbox are publicly available.
Test and Evaluation of Autonomous Surface Vehicles: A Case Study

The rigorous test and evaluation of autonomous systems is often a challenging process. Specifically, the transformation of qualitative assessments often used in the development phase to unbiased quantitative assessment can be difficult. Additionally, few standardized metrics exist for the test and evaluation of autonomous systems, as applications/approaches vary so widely that specialized metrics must be developed in the majority of cases. This paper presents a case study for this process, describing a multi-year, iterative test and evaluation effort undertaken by the authors in support of the development of an autonomous surface vehicle system. The case study details the development of quantitative performance metrics (including the rationale behind each one), revisions/additions that were made to the metrics between testing and evaluation events, impacts the metrics had on the autonomy development process observed through successive tests, and lessons learned throughout the process.