cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Making sense of instruction on fractions when a student lacks necessary fractional schemes: The case of Tim

Abstract This paper critically examines the discrepancies among the pre-requisite fractional concepts assumed by a curricular unit on operations with fractions, the teacher's assumptions about those concepts and a particular student's understanding of fractions. The paper focuses on the case of one student (Tim) in the teacher's 6th grade class who was interviewed by one of the authors once a week during the teaching of the unit. The teaching materials and the teacher's instruction were based on the assumption that students understood the concept of a unit fraction as being one of several equal parts of a given whole. The teacher neither emphasized the need for equal parts nor the part-to-whole relation. The teacher's reasonable assumptions about her students’ understanding of fractions were severely challenged by the cognitive constructs that Tim exhibited during his first two interviews. When she viewed tapes of the class instruction and the interviews with Tim she realized Tim lacked essential constructs to make sense of her instruction. She subsequently made adjustments in her instruction, making effective use of more appropriate representations based on tasks from the unit that we modified and used with Tim in our interviews. These adjustments helped Tim to construct partitioning operations and an appropriate unit fractional scheme. This study illustrates the importance of coming to understand a student's mathematical activity in terms of possible conceptual schemes and modifying instructional strategies to build on those schemes. The coordinated design of the research study facilitated these instructional modifications.
Pliocene summer sea surface temperature reconstruction using silicoflagellates from Southern Ocean ODP Site 1165

[1] In the modern marine environment the silicoflagellate genus Dictyocha is rare, or absent, south of the Antarctic polar front (APF); the genus Distephanus, in contrast, is dominant. In sediments recovered from ODP Site 1165, 1600 km south of the front, however, three intervals where Dictyocha is abundant are interpreted to represent Pliocene warm events. Comparison of our data with Ciesielski and Weaver's [1974] modern core top silicoflagellate relationship with sea surface temperature (SST) indicates that at Site 1165 mean annual SST was approximately 5°C at 3.7 Ma (event I), and approximately 4°C at 4.3–4.4 Ma (event II) and 4.55–4.8 Ma (event III). Event I represents a 5.5°C warming, and events II and III represents a 4.5°C warming relative to modern mean annual SST. Dictyocha is absent from other Site 1165 Pliocene intervals, which suggests that cooler SST (<2°C) prevailed. The warm events detected at Site 1165 may represent times when North Atlantic Deep Water production and ocean heat transport into the Southern Ocean exerted maximum influence.
English Advice Manuals Online at Rutgers: A Partnership in a New Course Using Digital Books and Web Technology

The authors’ experiences in launching a new course at Rutgers University are described. The new honors course resulted from a collaboration between the History Department and Rutgers University Libraries (RUL), in which academic instruction, a unique source of digital books, and Web/Internet technology were brought together to provide a new learning experience for undergraduates. Students used the Early English Books Online (EEBO) collection at RUL and were challenged to learn as much as possible in a single semester about some facet of early English advice manuals. The course objectives, technology platform, and student experiences are discussed.
Pulse Asymptotics of Three-Dimensional Baroclinic Waves

The asymptotic development at large time of waves arising from localized disturbances in a baroclinic flow is examined. Vertical structures unlike those associated with the more commonly examined temporal normal modes are found both for the pulse confined to a channel as previously examined, and for the unconfined pulse on an infinite beta-plane. These structures and their implied transports are compared to observations in the regions of storm tracks. It is also found that the meridional extent of the asymptotic solution becomes large compared to observed cyclone wavetrains, emphasizing the importance of flow inhomogeneity and sphericity effects in determining the latitudinal structure of eddies.
Achieve better performance with PEAK on XSEDE resources

As the leading distributed cyberinfrastructure for open scientific research in the United States, XSEDE supports several supercomputers across the country, as well as computational tools that are critical to the success of those researchers. In most cases, users are looking for a systematic way of selecting and configuring the available systems software and libraries for their applications so as to obtain optimal application performance. However, few scientific application developers have the time for an exhaustive search of all the possible configurations to determine the best one, and performing such a search empirically can consume a significant proportion of their allocation hours. We present here a framework, called the Performance Environment Autoconfiguration frameworK (PEAK), to help developers and users of scientific applications to select the optimal configuration for their application on a given platform and to update that configuration when changes in the underlying hardware and systems software occur. The choices to be made include the compiler with its settings of compiling options, the numerical libraries and settings of library parameters, and settings of other environment variables to take advantage of the NUMA systems. The framework has helped us choose the optimal configuration to get a significant speedup for some scientific applications executed on XSEDE platforms such as Kraken and Nautilus.
Introduction of audio gating to further reduce organ motion in breathing synchronized radiotherapy.

With breathing synchronized radiotherapy (BSRT), a voltage signal derived from an organ displacement detector is usually displayed on the vertical axis whereas the elapsed time is shown on the horizontal axis. The voltage gate window is set on the breathing voltage signal. Whenever the breathing signal falls between the two gate levels, a gate pulse is produced to enable the treatment machine. In this paper a new gating mechanism, audio (or time-sequence) gating, is introduced and is integrated into the existing voltage gating system. The audio gating takes advantage of the repetitive nature of the breathing signal when repetitive audio instruction is given to the patient. The audio gating is aimed at removing the regions of sharp rises and falls in the breathing signal that cannot be removed by the voltage gating. When the breathing signal falls between voltage gate levels as well as between audio-gate levels, the voltage- and audio-gated radiotherapy (ART) system will generate an AND gate pulse. When this gate pulse is received by a linear accelerator, the linear accelerator becomes “enabled” for beam delivery and will deliver the beam when all other interlocks are removed. This paper describes a new gating mechanism and a method of recording beam-on signal, both of which are, configured into a laptop computer. The paper also presents evidence of some clinical advantages achieved with the ART system.
SRAM Redundancy - Silicon Area versus Number of Repairs Trade-off

In 65nm and smaller technologies, Vmin fails account for a substantial portion of the total fails seen in memories. Redundancy has traditionally been used to fix random point defects which can be modeled with Critical Area Analysis. As technologies migrate from 90 nm to 65nm, cost optimization requires consideration of Vmin yield fallout as well as random defects when selecting a SRAM memory redundancy scheme. Since added redundancy requires additional silicon area, redundancy schemes need to be balanced against the cost required to enable memory repairs.
Karl Rawer's life and the history of IRI

This laudation is given in honor of the 90th birthday of Prof. Karl Rawer that coincides with the 35th anniversary of the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI). The ionosphere was discovered during Karl Rawer's life, and he has dedicated his life to the exploration of this part of Earth's environment. The horrible events of world wars I and II shaped his early life, but they also launched his career as one of the eminent geophysical scientists of the twentieth century. The paper looks back at Karl's life and the 35 years of research and development in the framework of the IRI project. K. Rawer initiated this international modeling effort and was the first chairman of the IRI Working Group. IRI is a joint project of the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) and the International Union of Radio science (URSI) that has the goal to establish an international standard model of the ionospheric densities temperatures, and drifts. © 2004 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Long-term effect of mexiletine on left ventricular function and relation to suppression of ventricular arrhythmia

The effects of oral mexiletine on left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) and ventricular arrhythmias--and a possible relation between these effects--were evaluated during 3 months of therapy in 29 patients with chronic ventricular premature complexes (VPCs) and a moderately reduced to normal LVEF by 24-hour Holter monitoring and by radionuclide ventriculography at rest and during maximum tolerable exercise testing. After an average titration period of 13 days, a mean daily mexiletine dose of 739 mg was maintained throughout the treatment. At the end of titration and after 3 months of treatment, patients with a baseline LVEF less than or equal to 40% (group 2) responded with a median reduction of the hourly VPC rate by 90 and 81%, respectively, compared with 79 and 72% in those with a baseline LVEF greater than 40% (group 1). Couplets and runs of ventricular tachycardia were almost completely suppressed in nearly all patients. A single patient had a proarrhythmic increase in VPCs during treatment. Compared with baseline, there were no significant changes in resting or exercise LVEF after 1 or 3 months of treatment in either of the 2 groups of patients. No correlation was found between treatment-induced changes in arrhythmia frequency and in resting EF. No symptoms of congestive heart failure developed. The study confirms that long-term use of mexiletine is efficacious and relatively free of cardiac depressant effects even in patients with diminished LV function.
Depression in patients with Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a disabling neurodegenerative condition commonly complicated by the existence of comorbid depression. The prevalence rates of depression in this patient group have been reported to be as high as 40%. Currently, depression in PD is undertreated; there have been few controlled clinical trials of antidepressants in this patient group. Patients with PD are usually elderly and often administered a range of medication, therefore the choice of antidepressant must be undertaken with care. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) have been studied in patients with PD and comorbid depression; however, the risk of anticholinergic side-effects means that their use is largely avoided. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have comparable efficacy to the TCAs and a better tolerability profile in patients with depression; they are rapidly being considered as first-line therapy for PD patients with depression. Clinical studies in this patient group are warranted. This article reviews the characteristics of comorbid depression in patients with PD and discusses the treatment options available.
Evaluating the health-related quality of life of esophageal cancer patients

The current norm of esophageal treatment includes any combination of surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. The effectiveness of medical intervention has been predominantly assessed by morbidity, mortality and disease-free survival in the past. As patients' life expectancies lengthened from advances in treatment modalities, recent movements have shifted to acknowledge patients' health-related quality of life as an important outcome measure. The general trend for the use of multimodal treatments of esophageal cancer indicates an initial degradation of many aspects of HRQoL; however, without postoperative recovery delay related to neoadjuvant treatment. Several recent studies aimed to define aspects of HRQoL as prognostic indicators of esophageal cancer patients that may influence survival. It is imperative for practicing physicians to discuss these concepts with patients as they may cope with treatment complications more favorably if they are informed.
Electronically scanned composite right/left handed microstrip leaky-wave antenna

A novel electronically scanned periodic microstrip leaky-wave (LW) antenna based on the concept of composite right/left-handed (CRLH) metamaterials is presented. This antenna includes varactors modulating the capacitive loading of the unit cell and therefore the propagation constant of the structure, which results in voltage scanning of the radiated beam. An accurate circuit model is proposed. The antenna is demonstrated experimentally to exhibit continuous scanning in the dominant mode from backward to forward angles. The scanning range is from -10/spl deg/ at 35 V to +7.5/spl deg/ at 0 V, and broadside occurs at 9 V, at the fixed frequency of 3.23 GHz.
Effective elastic properties of polycrystals based on phase-field description

a b s t r a c t A combination of microelasticity, phase-field description of grain structures, and first-principles calcu- lations is proposed to predict the effective elastic properties of polycrystals. As an example, using the single crystal elastic constants from first-principles calculations and a polycrystalline microstructure from a phase-field simulation as inputs, the effective elastic moduli of polycrystalline magnesium are obtained as a function of temperature and compared with available experimental measurements. The texture effect on the effective elastic moduli is also examined. The proposed integrated model will make it possible to model not only the temporal evolution of microstructures but also the temporal evolution of properties using the phase-field method.
Kinetics of the Desorption of Ammonia from Water by Diffused Aeration

Abstract Ammonia desorption by diffused aeration was investigated in a lab-scale, batch aeration column, and the theoretical basis for the operation was developed. A formula was derived for the calculation of the fraction of ammonia present in the solution in undissociated form (susceptible for desorption) for any given temperature and pH. The experimental work shows that desorption is equilibrium controlled, which is at variance with some of the results reported in the literature. Lower limits of the ammonia mass transfer coefficient for bubbles rising through the water column were estimated. The impact of the surface effect on the rate of desorption was taken into account in the calculations.
Direct measurements of heats of adsorption on platinum catalysts: I. H2 on Pt dispersed on SiO2, Al2O3, SiO2Al2O3, and TiO2

Integral, isothermal heats of adsorption of CO on Pt dispersed on SiO2, η-Al2O3, SiO2-Al2O3, and TiO2 have been measured using a uniquely modified differential scanning calorimeter integrated into a gas handling system. The Pt catalysts which had “normal” adsorption behavior exhibited a range of ΔH(ad) values at 300 K between 21 and 32 kcal/mole, with the more poorly dispersed PtSiO2 catalysts having the highest values and the very highly dispersed PtTiO2, following a low-temperature reduction at 473 K, having the lowest values. A consistent trend occurred under “normal” adsorption conditions, independent of support, that indicated the presence of a crystallite size effect, with weaker COPt bonding occurring on small crystallites. Only the PtTiO2 samples after a high-temperature reduction, which showed the decreased chemisorption capacity associated with the strong metal-support interaction state, exhibited a pronounced support effect which reduced heats of adsorption at 300 K after repeated high-temperature reduction cycling to values as low as 10 kcal/mole. All ΔH(ad) values were lower at 215 K, and the range between 15 and 20 kcal/mole on the “normal” catalysts indicated the filling of lower-energy states. The logarithm of the CH4 turnover frequency correlated almost linearly with the CO heat of adsorption over a 1000-fold variation in activity; however, this enhancement in specific activity cannot be easily explained by considering only a decrease in CO ΔH(ad), values.
Hormone-replacement therapy use, but not race, impacts the resting and exercise-induced GH response in postmenopausal women.

Objective: This study examined the effect of hormone-replacement therapy (HRT) use on the incremental GH response to aerobic exercise in postmenopausal women and established whether racial differences in the GH response were seen at rest and in response to exercise. Methods: 13 white (n= 6, HRT;n= 7, no HRT) and seven black women (no HRT) were studied on two occasions, a control day and an exercise day (30 min at 70% VO2max on a cycle ergometer). Blood was sampled every 10 min for a 4-h period and analyzed for GH using an ultrasensitive chemiluminescent assay. Results: The mean 4-h GH concentration was higher on both study days in the HRT women than the non-HRT users. The integrated GH concentrations were greater in the HRT women both at rest and in response to exercise (rest, 352 ± 53 min μg l−1; exercise, 711 ± 57 min μg l−1;P< 0.01) than in the non-HRT women (rest, 157 ± 87 min μg l−1; exercise, 248 ± 94 min μg l−1). The incremental GH response was greater in the HRT users than in the non-HRT women (358 ± 130 versus 90.8 ± 94 min μg l−1, respectively;P< 0.05). GH-production rate during the 4-h period was greater in the HRT women than in the non-HRT women (P< 0.01), due to an increase in the GH mass secreted/pulse (P< 0.05), with no change in GH pulse number or GH half-life. No racial differences in the mean 4-h GH concentrations or integrated GH concentrations were found at rest or in response to exercise. Conclusion: HRT use resulted in a greater incremental exercise response compared with non-HRT users, due to changes in the secretory pulse characteristics in the HRT users. This study also demonstrated that no racial differences exist at rest and in response to exercise in the morning hours.
Relationship among Selected Tests of Explosive Leg Strength and Power

(1968). Relationship among Selected Tests of Explosive Leg Strength and Power. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 785-787.
Patching the Pipeline: Reducing Educational Disparities in the Sciences Through Minority Training Programs.

For more than 40 years, there has been a concerted national effort to promote diversity among the scientific research community. Yet given the persistent national-level disparity in educational achievements of students from various ethnic and racial groups, the efficacy of these programs has come into question. The current study reports results from a longitudinal study of students supported by a national National Institutes of Health–funded minority training program, and a propensity score matched control. Growth curve analyses using Hierarchical Linear Modeling show that students supported by Research Initiative for Science Excellence were more likely to persist in their intentions to pursue a scientific research career. In addition, growth curve analyses indicate that undergraduate research experience, but not having a mentor, predicted student persistence in science.
Surface‐active monolayers, bubbles, and jet drops

High-speed motion picture films (about 3000 frames per second) of bubbles of 0.7 and 1.3 mm diameter bursting at a seawater surface covered with an oleic acid monolayer show that the formation and behavior of the jet drops are profoundly influenced by the monolayer. It is doubtful, however, that monolayers on the surface of natural bodies of water exert as high a surface pressure as does an oleic acid monolayer. Natural monolayers probably affect film drop production more than that of the small jet drops that are important in atmospheric processes. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1990.t01-1-00005.x
Forecasting Web Application Software Aging Damage Based on User Behavior

Software aging threatens to the reliability of the software and computer system seriously, and has become the main bottleneck restricting the development of software reliability. As most of user behavior has certain regularity, so it can be forecast. This paper proposed a prediction method based on the Frequent-User-Access-Patterns-Tree-With-Time-And-Aging (FUAP-Tree). And this method compressed the user behavior into a FUAP-Tree to store the Web log, and then predicted the user behavior using pattern matching by traversing the sub-trees of the FUAP-Tree. The load of the Web application software could be obtained when user behavior is known. So we could predict the Web application software aging. The conclusion we got by the experiment of comparing with another method is that this method got a more effective and accurate result.
BEHAVIOR AND RECRUITMENT SUCCESS IN FISH LARVAE: REPEATABILITY AND COVARIATION OF SURVIVAL SKILLS

Survival of larvae of highly fecund fishes is often considered to be random, although some investigators have hypothesized that survivors are exceptional individuals. If behavior is important to survival, individuals that perform both well and repeatably will be favored. We conducted experiments on red drum larvae (Sciaenops ocellatus, mean length = 7.7 mm) to assess individual variability in skills related to foraging and predator evasion. We measured routine swimming speed and, for responses to two startle stimuli, response score, latency, distance, duration, and speed. We tested 100 larvae five times each. A large proportion of larvae exhibited repeatable performance for 10 of the performance variables. However, repeatability (or performance level) in one skill was not correlated with repeatability (or level) in an independent skill, except for a positive correlation between acoustic and visual response scores. This result suggested that the level of attentiveness to predators varies among individuals....
Subgroups within a team: The role of cognitive and affective integration

We examine the effects of subjectively experienced (as opposed to objectively prescribed) subgroups in a team. We propose two mechanisms that might explain the consequences of subgroup perceptions in teams: Affective integration (the degree to which teammates think they have quality interpersonal relationships) and cognitive integration (CI) (the degree to which teammates have learned to understand others interpretive frameworks). We test our theory using 64 MBA project teams. Cognitive integration moderated the effect of subgroup formation on team effectiveness, while affective integration mediated the decrement that subgroup formation had on team satisfaction. Our model is general for any team that has subgroups (regardless of their reason for forming), and so provides prescriptions as to how to maximize the benefits of subgroups while minimizing their liabilities. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Airborne spread of Pneumocystis jirovecii

In this issue of the journal, Choukri et al [1] state that their study provides the first quantitative data on the spread of Pneumocystis jirovecii in exhaled air from infected patients. There are additional data in prior studies using air samples collected in rooms of patients diagnosed as having P. jirovecii showing that not only could the organisms be detected but also their types correlated with types demonstrated in patient samples [2]. The air samples were compared with samples from areas close to the rooms studied and other control areas. We believe that airborne transmission was demonstrated with the samples and methods used. Because airborne transmission for animals has been well established, the next step was to show that transmission occurred in humans as well. It is important that these addi-
Militant Democracy and Fundamental Rights, II*

Fascism a World Movement. Fascism is no longer an isolated incident in the individual history of a few countries. It has developed into a universal movement which in its seemingly irresistible surge is comparable to the rising of European liberalism against absolutism after the French Revolution. In one form or another, it covers today more areas and peoples in Europe and elsewhere than are still faithful to constitutional government. Fascism's pattern of political organization presents a variety of shades. One-party-controlled dictatorships rule outright in Italy, Germany, Turkey, and, if Franco wins, also Spain. The so-called “authoritarian” states may be classified as belonging to the one-party or multiple-party type. To the one-party authoritarian group, without genuine representative institutions, adhere at present Austria, Bulgaria, Greece, and Portugal; while Hungary, Rumania, Yugoslavia, Latvia, and Lithuania may be classed together as authoritarian states of the multiple-party type, with a semblance of parliamentary institutions.
Pearls & Oy-sters: Cough headache secondary to Chiari malformation type I

Cough headache is a rare condition, but its presence should prompt thorough evaluation for intracranial pathology, given a high prevalence of secondary causes of headache in this population.
Attitude Importance as a Moderator of the Relationship Between Implicit and Explicit Attitude Measures

The authors examined attitude importance as a moderator of the relationship between the Implicit Association Test (IAT) and explicit attitude measures. In Study 1 (N = 194), as ratings of attitude importance regarding the 2000 presidential election increased, the strength of the relationship between a Bush-Gore IAT and explicit attitude measures also increased. Study 2 provided a conceptual replication of these results using attitudes toward Coke and Pepsi (N = 112). In addition, across both studies, explicit attitude measures were better predictors of deliberative behaviors than IAT scores. In Study 3 (N = 77), the authors examined the role of elaboration as a mechanism by which attitude importance may moderate IAT-explicit attitude correlations. As predicted, increased elaboration resulted in stronger IAT-explicit attitude correlations. Other possible mechanisms by which attitude importance may moderate the IAT-explicit attitude relationship also are discussed.
A computational quasi-reversiblility method for Cauchy problems for Laplace's equation

This work concerns the use of the method of quasi-reversibility for solving Cauchy problems for Laplace’s equation. The paper begins with a derivation of an error estimate for this method using Car...
Cleavable Linkers for Porous Silicon‐Based Mass Spectrometry

Desorption/ionization on silicon mass spectrometry (DIOSMS) uses porous silicon (pSi) to generate gas-phase ions of small (< 3000 Da) molecules without a matrix by using standard MALDI (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization) instrumentation. The unique laser desorption/ionization surface properties of DIOSMS allow for the simultaneous detection of a broad range of small molecules as their molecular ions, and the chemical properties of DIOSMS facilitate the attachment of a variety of organic fragments through surface Si H and Si OH groups. We aim to combine these advantages with the proven ability of covalent immobilization to facilitate combinatorial chemistry and the extraction of molecular information from complex mixtures. Previous reports in this vein include the use of self-assembled monolayers of functionalized alkanethiols to purify mixtures (usually of proteins) by specific molecular interactions or properties such as hydrophobicity or charge complementarity prior to MALDI analysis. DIOS has been similarly employed to detect small molecules bound to pSi-immobilized proteins. We report herein that Diels–Alder adducts undergo retro-[4+2] fragmentation in DIOSMS analysis, thus providing a convenient way to covalently attach and detach probe structures for chip-based mass analysis. The most useful covalent linkers for our purposes should be stable under organic synthetic conditions, yet cleavable during desorption/ionization. While photocleavable groups are commonly used in solid-phase organic synthesis, most (but not all) of these systems require a workup step after irradiation to complete the cleavage, and are therefore poorly suited to detachment in the MALDI laser pulse. The retroDiels–Alder (rDA) reaction was one of the first dissociation pathways to be investigated in mass spectrometry, and has since been characterized with a variety of ionization methods. Some studies showed that the fragmentation is highly stereospecific for cis-annelated systems, which suggests a concerted mechanism. We have found that Diels–Alder adducts undergo [4+2] cycloreversion readily upon desorption/ionization by the laser pulse in DIOS analyses. Thus, the maleimide–furan adduct 1 bearing a 3-quinoline carboxamide moiety showed only a single intense peak in the DIOSMS spectrum, which corresponds to the protonated diene [3·H] (Scheme 1). The
Anti-PD-L1 antibody biodistribution, imaging and dosimetry in a pre-clinical breast cancer model: prospects for combination immune checkpoint inhibition and radiopharmaceutical therapy

282 Objectives The Programmed cell Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) is part of an immune checkpoint system that is co-opted by tumor cells to suppress immune recognition of cancer. PD-L1 is expressed on tumor cells, tumor associated macrophages and other cells in the tumor microenvironment that can inhibit CD8+ T-cell effector function. Anti-PD-L1 antibodies (Ab) have been developed, and are currently in clinical trial against a variety of cancers. The aims of this study were to investigate the uptake of PD-L1 in tumors and normal tissues to evaluate the potential combination use of this Ab with radiopharmaceutical therapy, and to demonstrate the feasibility of PD-L1 imaging to identify tumors that are amenable to anti-PD-L1 therapy. Methods 6-week old healthy and tumor bearing female neu-N mice were injected i.v. with 10 µCi 111In labeled anti-PD-L1 Ab. The mice were sacrificed at 1, 24, 72 and 240 h p.i, normal tissues and tumors were collected and measured with a gamma counter. Tumor bearing mice were injected i.v. with 200 µCi 111In labeled anti-PD-L1 Ab, and SPECT imaged 1, 24 and 72 h p.i. Results The anti-PD-L1 Ab showed clearance from blood and other normal tissues except for spleen, which showed an increase and peaked at 72 h p.i. The tumor reached an uptake of about 6 %ID/g at 72 h p.i. No cross-reactivity with kidneys was observed and the kidney showed lower uptake than the tumors at 24 h p.i. After 240 h p.i. only the spleen and liver had higher uptake of anti-PD-L1 Ab than the tumors. Transient uptake in marrow regions was observed that was consistent with the blood kinetics. This suggests that there is no specific uptake in the marrow. Conclusions The anti-PD-L1 Ab showed a higher uptake in the tumors than the kidneys and marrow, with the highest uptake in the spleen. The results show a potential of use of anti-PD-L1 labeled Ab, taking into account the effect from the Ab itself as well as the attached radionuclide. Research Support Sangeeta Ray is supported by NCI K25 CA148901
Sapphire Fiber Optical Hydrogen Sensors for High-Temperature Environments

This letter presents a high-temperature fiber optical hydrogen sensor with operational temperatures up to 800 °C. The sensor is based on a single-crystal sapphire fiber coated with Pd nanoparticles incorporated TiO2 nanostructured thin film. The template-based sol-gel chemistry was applied to synthesize the nanostructured porous thin films. The sensitivity and response time of the sensor was evaluated for hydrogen concentrations varying from 0.02% to 4%. The effects of temperature on the hydrogen gas sensing properties were investigated from 600 °C to 800 °C.
Reducing Sprinkler Irrigation Volumes for Strawberry Transplant Establishment in Florida

ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. Fragaria ·ananassa, water management, best management practices, crop protectants, sun scalding, kaolin clay SUMMARY. Two field studies were conducted to determine whether foliar kaolin clay applications would reduce water volumes during the establishment of bare-root strawberry (Fragaria ·ananassa) transplants. Transplant establishment treatments resulted from combinations of duration of sprinkler irrigation and foliar application of kaolin clay were: a) 4 days of sprinkler irrigation, b) 4 days of sprinkler irrigation plus kaolin clay on day 5, c) 6 days of sprinkler irrigation, d) 6 days of sprinkler irrigation plus kaolin clay on day 7, e) 8 days of sprinkler irrigation, f) 8 days of sprinkler irrigation plus kaolin clay on day 9, and g) 10 days of sprinkler irrigation(control). Oneday ofsprinkler irrigation wasdefinedastheapplicationof 8 hours per day of irrigation to ensure plant establishment, using 6000 gal/acre perhourofwater.Kaolin claytreatments wereappliedusingarateof 25lb/acreand on the early morning of the following day after sprinkler irrigation was suspended. Treatments influenced the number of established plants and diameter at 4 and 8 weeks after transplanting (WAT), leaf greenness at 8 WAT, and early and total fruit weight. There were no differences in the number of established plants among treatments that received 10 days of sprinkler irrigation (control), 8 days of sprinkler irrigation followed by kaolin clay on day 9, and 6 days of sprinkler irrigation followed by kaolin clay on day 7, ranged between 97% and 98% plant survival. The highest strawberry early and total fruit weights (3.6 and 15.7 tons/acre, respectively) occurred in plots transplanted with either 6 days of sprinkler irrigation plus kaolin clay on day 7, 8 days of sprinkler irrigation plus kaolin clay on day 9, or 10 days of sprinkler irrigation. These data indicated that the addition to kaolin clay after 6 or 8 days of sprinkler irrigation improved strawberry establishment, growth, and yields to the samelevels as the control treatment, while saving atleast 20%of the water volume needed for establishment.
The Civil Theology: Myths of Destiny

The underlying theme of most American myth-making during the nineteenth century was an impatient preoccupation with American destiny that produced a gradually increasing concern with the projected civil theology cosmos almost to the exclusion of the public philosophy. As the above quotation indicates, by 1826 many Americans were looking forward eagerly to the divinely ordained glorious destiny of their country . The pledge of the earliest settlers that America should be as a City upon a Hill had been fulfilled magnificently, or so Americans felt. But this was no longer enough. The men of the nineteenth century could see farther into the future, and most of them saw glories and achievements beyond the visions of the seventeenth century.
Proton Conductivity of Nafion/Ex-Situ Sulfonic Acid-Modified Stöber Silica Nanocomposite Membranes As a Function of Temperature, Silica Particles Size and Surface Modification.

The introduction of sulfonic acid modified silica in Nafion nanocomposite membranes is a good method of improving the Nafion performance at high temperature and low relative humidity. Sulfonic acid-modified silica is bifunctional, with silica phase expected to offer an improvement in membranes hydration while sulfonic groups enhance proton conductivity. However, as discussed in this paper, this may not always be the case. Proton conductivity enhancement of Nafion nanocomposite membranes is very dependent on silica particle size, sometimes depending on experimental conditions, and by surface modification. In this study, Sulfonated Preconcentrated Nafion Stober Silica composites (SPNSS) were prepared by modification of Stober silica particles with mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane, dispersing the particles into a preconcentrated solution of Nafion, then casting the membranes. The mercapto groups were oxidized to sulfonic acids by heating the membranes in 10 wt % hydrogen peroxide for 1 h. At 80 °C and 100% relative humidity, a 20%–30% enhancement of proton conductivity was only observed when sulfonic acid modified particle less than 50 nm in diameter were used. At 120 °C, and 100% humidity, proton conductivity increased by 22%–42% with sulfonated particles with small particles showing the greatest enhancement. At 120 °C and 50% humidity, the sulfonated particles are less efficient at keeping the membranes hydrated, and the composites underperform Nafion and silica-Nafion nanocomposite membranes.
Cool-Season Cover Crops Relay Intercropped with Cantaloupe: Influence on a Generalist Predator, Geocoris punctipes (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae)

Cool-season cover crops were used in efforts to enhance densities of entomophagous insects on relay-intercropped spring plantings of cantaloupe ( Cucumis melo L. var. reticulatus Seringe). Eight cover-cropping regimes, including a weedy fallow control, were tested in a replicated trial. Cover crop significantly affected densities of the predominant predator, a bigeyed bug, Geocoris punctipes (Say), amid cover crops, on or near cantaloupe plants, and on or near sentinel egg masses of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) pinned to cantaloupe leaves. No significant difference was found for proportions of egg masses occupied or damaged by predators. For all indices of predator abundance and efficiency, absolute responses were highest for the plots of subterranean clover ( Trifolium subterraneum L., ‘Mt. Barker’). Numbers of G. punctipes per sentinel egg mass were significantly greater for the subterranean clover regime than for rye, crimson clover, and a polyculture of six cover crops, but were not significantly greater than for ‘Vantage’ vetch or the weedy fallow control plots. Rye showed particularly low densities of G. punctipes . Cover crops had no apparent effect on densities of aphids or whiteflies (Homoptera: Aphididae, Aleyrodidae) on cantaloupe leaves.
How do glaciers respond to climate? Perspectives from the simplest models

We study the approximations underlying the macroscopic theory of glacier response to climate, and illustrate some basic properties of glacier response using two simple examples, a block on an inclined plane and a block with a more realistic terminal region. The properties include nonlinearity and the usefulness of linear approximations, sensitivity to bed slope, timescale, stability, characteristic elevations of the equilibrium line at which the properties of the response change, the limit of fast response in a changing climate, the minimum sustainable size, increased sensitivity to climate change as a glacier retreats, and finally the similarity in the responses of simple glaciers with the same product of length and square of bed slope.
The writer as the people's therapist: Der Nister's last decade, 1939–49

ABSTRACTWorld War II and the Holocaust caused profound changes in the style and themes of Der Nister's writing. He reevaluated his symbolist legacy and emerged as one of the most powerful and tragic voices in Soviet Yiddish literature. His transformation from a respected but marginal literary figure into a self-styled national leader became complete with his adventurous journey to the Jewish Autonomous Region of Birobidzhan in the Soviet Far East, which he envisioned as a site of new Jewish revival. His illusions were crushed by his arrest in 1949.
Abduction in Proving

This chapter is framed both within the Kantean notions of sensible and intellectual intuitions and within the Peircean notion of collateral knowledge and classification of inferential reasoning into abductive, inductive, and deductive. An overview of the Peircean notion of abduction is followed by a sub-classification of abductions according to Thagard and Eco.
Shakespeare and the Troy Legend

“Ingenium par imperio”: the “Swan of Auon” and triumph of Britain At least since the appearance of the First Folio , when Ben Jonson paid tribute to Shakespeare as the “Soule of the Age” and a poet “not of an age, but for all time,” it has seemed incumbent upon critics to champion Shakespeare for his ability either to represent history or to rise above it. Jonson, however, would be dismayed that his paradox about Shakespeare's art has come to underscore stubborn inconsistencies between Romantic transcendence and historical embeddedness, and disturbed at the notion that transcendent poetic skills detach the artist from history and politics. For a poet of Jonson's literary and social ambition, Shakespeare would most fully be the “Soule of the Age” when defying limitation in his own artistry and in England's political, geographical, and cultural borders. When Shakespeare bests the great dramatists of Greece and Rome, not to mention Elizabethan England, his credit wondrously affects England as an emergent nation. At the thematic and numerical center of his poem, Jonson dramatically shifts his address from Shakespeare to England itself. He moves – abruptly or seamlessly, depending on how prepared one is for conflations of art and politics – from Shakespeare's excellence in the theater to a political scene in which Britain personified triumphs over European rivals for cultural prestige: Leaue thee alone, for the comparison Of all, that insolent Greece, or haughtie Rome Sent forth, or since did from their ashes come. Triumph, my Britaine, thou hast one to showe, To whom all Scenes of Europe homage owe. He was not of an age, but for all time!
Climate and landscape reconstruction of the Arroyo Chijuillita Member of the Nacimiento Formation, San Juan Basin, New Mexico: Providing environmental context to early Paleocene mammal evolution

Abstract The sedimentologic, stratigraphic, and paleopedologic attributes of a laterally continuous outcrop exposure of the basal portion of the lower Paleocene Arroyo Chijuillita Member of the Nacimiento Formation located in the Bisti/De-Na-Zin Wilderness Area was examined to provide paleoenvironmental context for the Puercan North American Land Mammal Age (NALMA) terrestrial ecosystems of the San Juan Basin, New Mexico. The studied outcrop spans the middle and late Puercan (Pu2-Pu3) NALMA, and thus is an ideal location to assess the potential causes of faunal turnover between Pu2 and Pu3. The stratal succession consists of fluvial channel and laterally continuous sandstone and associated fine-grained floodplain deposits, including paleosols that document variability in drainage and maturity. Quantitative and qualitative reconstructions of paleoclimate from paleosols, supplemented by analyses of fossil floras, indicate no change in climate through the studied interval. Further, there is no evidence that regional tectonics relate to changes in depositional environments. Given the lack of evidence for climate change or regional tectonics, and the characteristics of the fluvial facies and the paleosols across the study locality, we interpret the spatial and temporal variability in paleopedologic and sedimentologic characteristics to be the result of autocyclic channel avulsion and migration. Additionally, the stable climatic conditions and lack of tectonic influence between the Pu2 and Pu3 biozones suggest that mammalian turnover is unlikely to have been caused by extrinsic environmental changes (i.e. climate or tectonics) and is instead probably the result of rapid evolution following the K-Pg boundary and/or competition from the migration of new mammalian species into the basin.
Autoethnography as a Never-Ending Story: A Review of Guyana Diaries: Women’s Lives across Difference

The proliferation of autoethnographies offers scholars and writers multiple opportunities to consider the various methods of authorial positioning in qualitative research inquiry. In this article, I review Guyana Diaries: Women's Lives across Difference, by Kimberly D. Nettles, while reflecting my own choices as an autoethnographic author. Autoethnographic writing is presented as a 'never-ending story,' which may have lasting, transformative effects on those who produce it
Biceps and Triceps Ruptures in Athletes

Although rare, biceps and triceps tendon ruptures constitute significant injuries that can lead to profound disability if left untreated, especially in the athletic population. Biceps rupture is more common than triceps rupture, with both resulting from a forceful eccentric load. Surgical repair is the treatment method of choice for tendinous ruptures in athletes. Nonoperative management is rarely indicated in this population and is typically reserved for individuals with partial ruptures that quickly regain strength and function. Surgical anatomy, evaluation, diagnosis, and surgical management of these injuries are covered in this article.
The dynamics of charged dust in magnetized molecular clouds

We study the dynamics of large, charged dust grains in turbulent giant molecular clouds (GMCs). Massive dust grains behave as aerodynamic particles in primarily neutral dense gas, and thus are able to produce dramatic small-scale fluctuations in the dust-to-gas ratio. Hopkins & Lee directly simulated the dynamics of neutral dust grains in supersonic magnetohydrodynamic turbulence, typical of GMCs, and showed that the dust-to-gas fluctuations can exceed factor ∼1000 on small scales, with important implications for star formation, stellar abundances and dust behaviour and growth. However, even in primarily neutral gas in GMCs, dust grains are negatively charged and Lorentz forces are non-negligible. Therefore, we extend our previous study by including the effects of Lorentz forces on charged grains (in addition to drag). For small-charged grains (sizes ≪ 0.1 μm), Lorentz forces suppress dust-to-gas ratio fluctuations, while for large grains (sizes ≳ 1 μm), Lorentz forces have essentially no effect, trends that are well explained with a simple theory of dust magnetization. In some special intermediate cases, Lorentz forces can enhance dust–gas segregation. Regardless, for the physically expected scaling of dust charge with grain size, we find the most important effects depend on grain size (via the drag equation) with Lorentz forces/charge as a second-order correction. We show that the dynamics we consider are determined by three dimensionless numbers in the limit of weak background magnetic fields: the turbulent Mach number, a dust drag parameter (proportional to grain size) and a dust Lorentz parameter (proportional to grain charge); these allow us to generalize our simulations to a wide range of conditions.
Over-Molded Inductor (OMI)—Feasibility Demonstration in a DC–DC Converter

A significant fraction of the volume of a dc–dc power module is often occupied by the filter inductor and by the molding compound padding the unused space. This letter presents a method to fabricate an inductor in which the core is realized by molding a magnetic mixture over the circuit board. Permeability above 20 was achieved using a curing temperature not exceeding 250 °C, and no applied pressure. A power converter with input of 12 V, output of 1.2 V at 5 A, and switching frequency of 500 kHz was constructed to check the operation with a 1.1-μH over-molded inductor. The over-molded magnetic material did not adversely interfere with converter operation, e.g., switching noise was low. The maximum temperature of 48.3 °C and full-load efficiency of 82% are similar to those of the same circuit using a discrete inductor.