cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Point Defect Engineering Applied to Shallow Junction ULSI Processing

We describe how a simple qualitative understanding of the interfacial reactions occurring during typical ULSI processes for junction formation, dopant activation, and contact silicidation can be used to eliminate end-of-range interstitial dislocation loops and beneficially impact the diffusion of dopants. Following a brief discussion of the well-documented effects of oxidation and nitridation on extended defects and dopant diffusion, conditions for elimination of implantation-induced defects are specified. Cross-section and plan-view TEM along with angle lapping and chemical etching of implanted and diffused junctions are presented to illustrate the application of point defect engineering to process technology.
Vibration Study of the Piezo-Driven Pipettes Immersed in Viscous Liquids

Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) is regarded as one of the most useful assisted reproductive technology (ART). During ICSI, a single spermatozoon is mechanically injected into cytoplasm of an oocyte using a glass needle, called a micro-injection pipette. The micro-injection pipette is usually controlled by a micromanipulator for the precise movement. In the case of rodent ICSI the Piezo-driven pipette is needed. However, one undesirable aspect of the Piezo-driven pipette is that the technicians have to use mercury in the micro-injection pipette in order to achieve consistent results. It is commonly held that the large density of mercury strongly affects the pipette vibration. In this work, we analyze the effect of mercury on the vibration characteristics of the Piezo-driven pipette. The pipette is modeled as a cantilever beam immersed in a viscous liquid. The forces on the pipette by the surrounding liquid include both inertial force and viscous force. The steady state response of the pipette is obtained by the finite element method together with the numerical integration method. We investigate the pipette dynamic responses when different fluids are used as the plug inside the pipette and as the fluid surrounding the pipette. Based on the analysis, we conclude that the effect mercury has on the vibration is not the main reason that it facilitates the ICSI.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Application of Cr~(3+) gel to the improvement of the fluid entry profile of injection wells in weak alkali ASP flooding

By analyzing scaling mechanism and the property of profile control agent,this paper presents technique for Cr3+ polymer gel of improving fluid entry profile of injection well in weak alkali ASP flooding.The optional formula,property evaluation and compatibility condition with weak alkali ASP flooding of polymer gel are studied and tested in Beisanxi P56 pilot of Daqing oilfield.The results of pilot test shows the polymer gel has double function of scavenge and blanking off high permeability zone.The fluid entry in high permeability layer is decreased from 100% to 54.9%.
Reassessing the Scale of Social Action at Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico

ABSTRACTUnderstanding the social system that developed in and around Chaco Canyon, New Mexico between A.D. 850 and 1150 is essential not only for reconstructions of that period, but also for explanations of subsequent social changes in the northern American Southwest. The size of the residential population of Chaco Canyon has long been recognized as a critical variable in any reconstruction of the Chaco phenomenon. In this study, I propose a method of estimating population levels in Chacoan great houses based on the identification of residential suites. Using this method, the residential use of Pueblo Bonito, the central and largest Chacoan great house, is shown to have been neither as intensive, nor perhaps even as continuous, as most researchers have presumed. Pueblo Bonito probably never contained more than 12 households, or about 70 people, yet at its peak it contained over 200 nonresidential rooms. It appears that the massive architecture of Pueblo Bonito does not reflect the scale of residential act...
Listening for Values

Giving Voice To Values (GVV) is an innovative approach to values-driven leadership development and ethical practice that is being introduced around the world in business practice, business education and beyond. As GVV expands, one of its core concepts — the efficacy of “rehearsal” for values-driven action and voice — is also being used to build the muscle and predilection for skillful “listening” to values issues. This essay describes this experience in several organizations.
A Perspective on Robustness

A plan comprises a set of decisions, rather than a single decision; to avoid suboptimization, it is necessary to optimize the complete set. A plan involves the management of uncertainty; usual approaches include sensitivity analysis and contingency planning. It is characteristic of planning, however, that commitment to some of the component decisions need not be made until later. This potential flexibility is the focus of those who advocate the use of robustness as a criterion.
Executing on Integration: The Key to Success in Mergers and Acquisitions

Health care mergers and acquisitions require a clearly stated vision and exquisite planning of integration activities to provide the best possible conditions for a successful transaction. During the due diligence process, key steps can be taken to create a shared vision and a plan to inspire confidence and build enthusiasm for all stakeholders. Integration planning should include a defined structure, roles and responsibilities, as well as a method for evaluation.
Tracking Solvent Distribution in Block Polymer Thin Films during Solvent Vapor Annealing with in Situ Neutron Scattering

Herein, we employed in situ small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and neutron reflectivity (NR) to elucidate the importance of polymer–solvent interactions on morphology development during solvent vapor annealing (SVA) of block polymer (BP) thin films. Judicious choice of nanostructure orientation (parallel to the substrate) permitted measurement of the preferential segregation of solvent (d6-benzene) into our cylinder-forming poly(styrene-b-isoprene-b-styrene) (SIS) films. A distinguishing feature of this work is the simultaneous tracking of nanostructure evolution and solvent segregation, enabled through the combination of SANS (in-plane features), NR (out-of-plane features), and solvent deuteration, which directly related polymer–solvent interactions to morphology reorganization. We found that at higher d6-benzene partial pressures (p/psat) the number of cylinder layers (domains) increased or decreased to accommodate overall film thickness changes upon swelling/deswelling, while the SIS domain spacing ...
Data Flow Diagramming Skills Acquisition: Impact of Cooperative versus Individual Learning

Information systems (IS) process modeling using the technique of Data Flow Diagramming (viz., Systems Analysis) can be defined as a complex task for IS designers. This study draws from the domains of educational psychology and organizational behavior in examining the training of novices in conceptual process modeling. Specifically, an experiment was conducted to determine what effects cooperative, team based participation has on self-efficacy and learning outcomes in dataflow diagramming (DFD) tasks. Results showed novice learners of DFDs performed better when working in cooperative teams rather than learning alone. For those learning in cooperative teams, neither team conflict nor team cohesion had any effect on DFD skill acquisition.
Interpreting and Reporting Results

Publisher Summary This chapter presents guidelines to help researchers avoid some common sources of confusion about statistical procedures, achieve a more thorough and accurate understanding of their data, and communicate research results more effectively. It discusses the general process of data analysis as well as specific procedures. This chapter has six major sections. This includes graphical displays and exploratory data analysis, contrast analysis, interpreting significance levels, interpreting effect sizes, the assumptions that underlie statistical procedures, and general advice about the process of working with data. It presents many ideas that may be useful to researchers for understanding their data. Graphical displays and exploratory data analysis are useful for representing the full pattern in a data set, for checking assumptions, and for identifying outliers and data entry errors. Moreover, researchers should emphasize the estimation of effect sizes and report them accompanied by confidence intervals or counternulls, and try to interpret effects in terms of their practical importance.
Acoustic properties of anistropic substrates

Nano-and micro-structures for telecommunications and sensing applications will, in the near and farther future, continue to become increasingly more intricate. They will operate at higher frequencies, and will incorporate various processing and actuation modalities in novel and very compact architectures. One of these modalities is anisotropic acoustics. Today, the great majority of acoustic devices are not part of an integrated structure, and operate using a single type of motion; current thin-film resonators (TFRs) and stacked-crystal filters (SCFs) are examples. To facilitate the realization of more sophisticated integrated structures, in this paper are given the relevant bulk acoustic wave parameters and values for a variety of anisotropic materials considered most likely to play important parts as multi-mode substrates and/or as active layers. The materials fall into the cubic (e.g., Si, Ge, C(d), and GaAs), hexagonal (e.g., the new single-crystal ferroelectrics), and trigonal (e.g., sapphire, lithium niobate, lithium tantalate, langasite and its isomorphs) crystal classes.
Salvage Therapy with Lomustine for Temozolomide Refractory Recurrent Anaplastic Astrocytoma: A Retrospective Study (P3.126)

Background: There is no standard therapy for recurrent anaplastic astrocytoma (AA). Objective: Assess response and toxicity of lomustine (CCNU) in recurrent AA following prior surgery, radiotherapy and TMZ in a retrospective case series. Methods: 35 adults (18 males; 17 females: median age 42.5 years) with TMZ refractory recurrent AA were treated with lomustine. 7 patients were treated at 1st recurrence and 28 patients were treated at 2nd recurrence. Prior salvage therapy included re-resection in 19, TMZ in 20 and radiotherapy in 7. A cycle of lomustine was defined as 100mg/m2 on day 1 only administered once every 6-8. Success of treatment was defined as progression free survival at 6 months of 40[percnt] or better. Results: Grade 3 or 4 toxicities included anemia (14 patients), constipation (1), fatigue (4), lymphopenia (5), nausea/vomiting (2), neutropenia (8) and thrombocytopenia (10). No grade 5 toxicities were seen. The median number of cycles of therapy was 3 (range 1-6). Best radiographic response was progressive disease in 14 (40[percnt]), stable disease in 19 (54[percnt]) and partial response in 2 (5.7[percnt]). Median progression free survival (PFS) was 4.5 months (range 1.5-12 months), 6-month PFS was 40[percnt] and 12 month PFS was 11.4[percnt]. Median survival after onset of CCNU was 9.5 months (range 2.5-15 months). Median overall survival was 2.7 years (range 1.7-4.3). Conclusions: In this small retrospective series of patients with recurrent AA refractory to TMZ, lomustine appears to have modest single agent with manageable toxicity. Confirmation in a larger series of similar patients is required. Disclosure: Dr. Chamberlain has received personal compensation for activities with Genentech, Inc. as a speaker.
Lipid droplet biology and evolution illuminated by the characterization of a novel perilipin in teleost fish

Perilipin (PLIN) proteins constitute an ancient family important in lipid droplet (LD) formation and triglyceride metabolism. We identified an additional PLIN clade (plin6) that is unique to teleosts and can be traced to the two whole genome duplications that occurred early in vertebrate evolution. Plin6 is highly expressed in skin xanthophores, which mediate red/yellow pigmentation and trafficking, but not in tissues associated with lipid metabolism. Biochemical and immunochemical analyses demonstrate that zebrafish Plin6 protein targets the surface of pigment-containing carotenoid droplets (CD). Protein kinase A (PKA) activation, which mediates CD dispersion in xanthophores, phosphorylates Plin6 on conserved residues. Knockout of plin6 in zebrafish severely impairs the ability of CD to concentrate carotenoids and prevents tight clustering of CD within carotenoid bodies. Ultrastructural and functional analyses indicate that LD and CD are homologous structures, and that Plin6 was functionalized early in vertebrate evolution for concentrating and trafficking pigment.
Head drop after botox: Electrodiagnostic evaluation of iatrogenic botulinum toxicity.

Abstract Background Botulinum is a potent neurotoxin with increasing indications for neurologic disorders. While clinical benefit manifests primarily due to local actions at the neuromuscular junction, regional and systemic effects do occur. Rarely, systemic symptoms including weakness, dysarthria, dysphagia and other side effects occur as a result of iatrogenic botulinum neurotoxicity. Case A 72 year-old female with right leg dystonia developed head drop, bulbar and systemic weakness following right lower extremity botulinum toxin injection. Routine nerve conduction studies were normal. Repetitive stimulation of the spinal accessory nerve showed decrement; electromyography (EMG) demonstrated slightly small units with subtle signs of denervation, and single fiber EMG revealed increased jitter with blocking, all of which are consistent with systemic botulism. Conclusion This case highlights and reviews the important electrodiagnostic features of iatrogenic systemic botulinum neurotoxicity.
Immigration and Violence in Rural versus Urban Counties, 1990–2010

ABSTRACTExtending disorganization and immigrant revitalization perspectives beyond the contexts dominating prior research, this study examines whether and how immigration may be uniquely linked to crime in rural versus urban communities over the 1990–2010 period. Drawing on the Uniform Crime Reports offenses known database and the United States Census, we find that increases in immigration are negatively associated with violence. However, this relationship varies considerably across urban and rural locales. Our analysis reveals that immigration has no effect on crime in the most rural communities, but buffers against it in the most urban ones. Additional regional variation in these urban and rural differences is also revealed.
Is Cancer Information Exchanged on Social Media Scientifically Accurate

Cancer patients and their caregivers are increasingly using social media as a platform to share cancer experiences, connect with support, and exchange cancer-related information. Yet, little is known about the nature and scientific accuracy of cancer-related information exchanged on social media. We conducted a content analysis of 12 months of data from 18 publically available Facebook Pages hosted by parents of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (N = 15,852 posts) and extracted all exchanges of medically-oriented cancer information. We systematically coded for themes in the nature of cancer-related information exchanged on personal Facebook Pages and two oncology experts independently evaluated the scientific accuracy of each post. Of the 15,852 total posts, 171 posts contained medically-oriented cancer information. The most frequent type of cancer information exchanged was information related to treatment protocols and health services use (35%) followed by information related to side effects and late effects (26%), medication (16%), medical caregiving strategies (13%), alternative and complementary therapies (8%), and other (2%). Overall, 67% of all cancer information exchanged was deemed medically/scientifically accurate, 19% was not medically/scientifically accurate, and 14% described unproven treatment modalities. These findings highlight the potential utility of social media as a cancer-related resource, but also indicate that providers should focus on recommending reliable, evidence-based sources to patients and caregivers.
Hypovitaminosis D and Progression of CKD

The primary role for vitamin D is in calcium homeostasis and in doing so; it affects mineral metabolism and bone health more broadly. It has also long been recognized that vitamin D may have many more pleitropic effects in many organ systems, via both endocrine and paracrine effects. There is a body of experimental data that suggests that vitamin D may have salutary effects on the rate of decline in kidney function through suppression of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and antiproliferative effects, and protective effect on podocytes. Cohort studies and clinical trials show that treatment with active vitamin D (calcitriol or paracalcitol) has a modest antiproteinuric effect (metaanalysis suggesting 16% reduction in proteinuria). Whether this antiproteinuric effect translates into slowing the rate of decline in glomerular filtration rate or need for dialysis at this time remains unknown; summary evidence from posthoc studies of clinical trials to date have shown no effect of treatment with vitamin D on rate of loss of kidney function. At least two large ongoing population-based clinical trials may partially answer this important clinical question. As there is large racial difference in prevalence of hypovitaminosis D, it is reasonable to posit that the more rapid loss of kidney function in racial/ethnic minorities may at least be in part from vitamin D deficiency; this hypothesis, however, remains untested. Up until then, it is best for nephrologists to use their clinical judgment in selecting patients for treatment with active vitamin D for retarding progression of kidney disease.
Trends in Beverage Consumption Among Children and Adults, 2003-2014.

Objective This study aimed to provide the most recent national estimates for beverage consumption among children and adults in the United States. Methods Dietary data were collected from 18,600 children aged 2 to 19 years and from 27,652 adults aged ≥ 20 years in the 2003 to 2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Total beverage and sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption was measured by 24-hour dietary recall. Results From 2003 to 2014, per capita consumption of all beverages declined significantly among children (473.8-312.6 calories; P < 0.001) and adults (425.0-341.1 calories; P < 0.001). In the 2013-2014 survey, 60.7% of children and 50.0% of adults drank SSBs on a given day, which is significantly lower than 2003-2004, when 79.7% of children and 61.5% of adults reported drinking SSBs. From 2003 to 2014, per capita consumption of SSBs declined from 224.6 calories to 132.5 calories (P < 0.001) for children and from 190.4 calories to 137.6 calories (P < 0.001) for adults. The absolute levels for the percentage of SSB drinkers and per capita consumption of SSBs were highest among black, Mexican American, and non-Mexican Hispanic children, adolescents, and young adults for all years of the study. Conclusions Overall, beverage and SSB consumption declined for children and adults from 2003 to 2014. The levels of consumption are highest among black, Mexican American, and non-Mexican Hispanic participants.
Photon Diffusion, Correlation and Localization

Because the transport of sound, light, radio and microwave radiation through the turbulent atmosphere are essential for communication, the propagation of classical waves in random media has long been of interest. This interest has intensified in the last decade with the realization of the fruitfulness of the analogy between classical and quantum waves in disordered systems.1 Particularly important have been the predictions and observations of coherent backscattering,2,3 short4–9 and long-range10–20 intensity correlation, photon localization,21–27 and the photonic bandgap.28 These effects are most clearly exhibited in strongly scattering samples containing a high density of high index scatterers with size comparable to the wavelength X. Here we consider the quantitative analysis of a wide variety of phenomena in these complex samples. Such studies of classical wave propagation promise to stimulate a deeper understanding of propagation and localization. On the one hand, the absence of interaction between quanta of classical fields, such as occur for electrons, simplifies the description of transport. On the other hand, the availability of tunable single frequency sources, short pulses and subwavelength spatial resolution as well as the ability to assemble collections of randomly positioned and movable scatterers make possible the statistical characterization of propagation in an ensemble of random samples.
CNS Opiate Systems and Eating Disorders

Anorexia nervosa resembles drug dependence because of the apparent pattern of starvation abuse. The self-starvation behavior of anorexic subjects is compulsive, self-gratifying, and persistent, despite life-threatening consequences. Opioid systems are activated by food deprivation and may induce the euphoria of self-starvation. Opioids act upon μ-receptors, resulting in a hedonic response, which can be powerfully reinforcing. Opiate blockade using naltrexone was shown to be effective in some anorexic and bulimic subjects. Research utilizing more powerful opioid blockers might show promise in the treatment of this resistant and potentially lethal disorder.
Regularized Perturbation Determinants and KdV Conservation Laws for Irregular Initial Profiles

In the context of the Korteweg-de Vries equation we put forward some new conservation laws which hold for real initial profiles with low regularity. Some applications to spectral theory of the one-dimensional Schrodinger operator with singular potentials are also considered.
Using Twitter network to detect market segments in the airline industry

Abstract The use of social media is increasingly considered a state-of-the-art practice for marketing campaigns. Researchers have investigated various social networks and media platforms to capture the behavior and characteristics of customers. This paper analyzes the official Twitter account of an airline company, Air New Zealand, to explore its market segments. To detect the communities of customers, we develop a network clustering method, which reveals the community classes of the network, along with a text mining analysis on each community detected by the cluster analysis. The results of the network analysis demonstrate that the social network of customers in the airline industry follows Pareto's principle that is similar to scale free networks. The findings of network clustering indicate Air New Zealand is essentially followed by New Zealand citizens. The local accounts are categorized into four communities: (1) lambda New Zealand citizens, (2) management, marketing, and digital media companies, (3) tourism and dining sectors, and (4) New Zealand sport players; while the global accounts fall into two communities: (1) worldwide celebrities and (2) the travel and aviation industry. The community detection method developed in this research is beneficial for marketing and customer strategy purposes as it enables airline companies to detect the categories of passengers interested into the brand. It also allows them to identify the potential sources for advertising by seeking out exceptionally connected customers who have high degrees of centrality.
The effect of graduating with honors on earnings

Abstract We provide the first estimate of the effect of graduating with honors on the earnings of recent college graduates. To help distinguish between the causal effect of honors and unobservables correlated with obtaining honors, we use a regression discontinuity design that exploits the fact that Latin honors such as cum laude are determined based on strict GPA cutoffs. We test for and find no evidence of students manipulating their GPA in order to obtain honors. Honors provides an earnings benefits for the first two years following graduation but this benefit disappears by the third year after graduation. This provides among the first pieces of evidence that firms respond to signals at the higher education level.
An Early Rise

Summer came. As I was not teaching during the school year, its arrival was not noticeable to me. But summer came anyway. My daughter and her husband and three kids came to visit Grandpa Karl, as I am now known, for a week in June at my adequately large house. My son brought his two kids over. The five grandchildren were now 15, 13, 12, 10, 10, and I was struck with a realization that my role as the mysterious loved grandfather would not last forever. But this summer, fun and fellowship were had by the whole gang of us, in Boulder and in the nearby mountains. And then the rest of the gang departed and I was again alone in the house.
Great Equalizer or Great Selector? Reconsidering Education as a Moderator of Intergenerational Transmissions.

A long-standing consensus among sociologists holds that educational attainment has an equalizing effect that increases mobility by moderating other avenues of intergenerational status transmission....
Perceptions of Physical Activity and the Use of Activity Monitors to Increase Activity Levels in Patients Undergoing Total Knee Replacement.

Objective Although most total knee replacement (TKR) recipients report less pain and improved function after TKR, many remain sedentary. We aimed to understand TKR recipients' motivations for undergoing TKR, perceptions of and goals related to physical activity, and the role, if any, that activity monitors might play in their recovery. Methods We conducted a qualitative study, individually interviewing 27 participants who had recently undergone or were about to undergo TKR. We conducted a thematic analysis to better understand participants' views of the benefits and barriers to physical activity after TKR. Results We identified nine themes and one subtheme that identify patients' initial motivations for undergoing TKR and may help TKR recipients achieve increased activity levels and a perceived successful recovery. Some key messages that emerged from our work include the following: exercise is necessary for physical and mental health, pain and functional limitation interfere with daily life, tracking steps motivates individuals to increase activity levels, and different incentives (for engaging in physical exercise and using an activity monitor) are effective for different individuals. Conclusion Participants recognized the health benefits of physical activity, and many believed activity monitor use would help them become more active after surgery. Both external and internal factors played a role in motivating individuals to become more active and wear activity monitors.
The false security of blind dates: chrononymization's lack of impact on data privacy of laboratory data.

Background: The reuse of clinical data for research purposes requires methods for the protection of personal privacy. One general approach is the removal of personal identifiers from the data. A frequent part of this anonymization process is the removal of times and dates, which we refer to as “chrononymization.” While this step can make the association with identified data (such as public information or a small sample of patient information) more difficult, it comes at a cost to the usefulness of the data for research. Objectives: We sought to determine whether removal of dates from common laboratory test panels offers any advantage in protecting such data from re-identification. Methods: We obtained a set of results for 5.9 million laboratory panels from the National Institutes of Health’s (NIH) Biomedical Translational Research Information System (BTRIS), selected a random set of 20,000 panels from the larger source sets, and then identified all matches between the sets. Results: We found that while removal of dates could hinder the re-identification of a single test result, such removal had almost no effect when entire panels were used. Conclusions: Our results suggest that reliance on chrononymization provides a false sense of security for the protection of laboratory test results. As a result of this study, the NIH has chosen to rely on policy solutions, such as strong data use agreements, rather than removal of dates when reusing clinical data for research purposes.
Decorrelation of multichannel EEG based on Hjorth filter and graph theory

This paper addresses the spatial domain decorrelation problem in the compression of multichannel Electroencephalograms (EEGs). Multichannel EEGs recorded from a large array of electrodes have correlations among channels, which should be removed in order to gain a higher compression ratio. In this paper, we present a novel decorrelation method by applying the Hjorth filter and graph theory. An algorithm is derived which successively predicts the EEG value in a particular channel based on its neighboring channels. The decorrelated EEGs are more suitable for further compression in the temporal domain. Our results show that, by applying our method, the compression ratio is considerably improved over the traditional methods.
Serological Comparison of the Three Morphological Phases of Coccidioides immitis by the Agar Gel Diffusion Method

Abstract Hyperimmune sera against spherules and against arthrospores of Coccidioides immitis were prepared by inoculation of rabbits. The antibody content of these sera was studied by the agar gel diffusion method. It was observed that antispherule pooled sera formed multiple precipitin bands with extracts of spherules and of arthrospores. The antiarthrospore pooled serum, however, failed to precipitate with the spherule extract, and formed a single band in the presence of an arthrospore solution. When the spherule and the arthrospore extracts were tested with a variety of different antisera, it was observed that the spherule preparation formed bands only in combination with anti-purified spherule pooled serum, whereas the arthrospore extract precipitated with anti-purified spherule, antiarthrospore, and anti-Histoplasma capsulatum pooled sera. It was also observed that a spherule culture supernatant solution formed five precipitin bands in combination with anti-spherule pooled sera, formed one band with pooled antiserum from rabbits with coccidioidomycosis, and did not precipitate in the presence of antiarthrospore pooled serum. Coccidioidin, however, formed two bands in the presence of any of these antisera. It was therefore concluded that extracts from the spherule phase of C. immitis differed from solutions obtained from the arthrospore and mycelial phases.
Model compilation for real-time planning and diagnosis with feedback

This paper describes MEXEC, an implemented micro executive that compiles a device model that can have feedback into a structure for subsequent evaluation. This system computes both the most likely current device mode from n sets of sensor measurements and the n-1 step reconfiguration plan that is most likely to result in reaching a target mode - if such a plan exists. A user tunes the system by increasing n to improve system capability at the cost of real-time performance.
The 48, XXYY syndrome

A nineteen year old Caucasian man with the 48, XXYY syndrome is described. The syndrome is discussed, and it is pointed out that this chromosome constitution should be classed as a separate entity since there are physical, dermatoglyphic and mental differences from Klinefelter's 47, XXY syndrome.
In Situ Polymerization of Poly(methyl methacrylate)/Clay Nanocomposites in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Poly(methyl methacrylate)/clay nanocomposites have been prepared using a pseudo-dispersion polymerization of MMA monomer in the presence of fluorinated surfactant-modified clay (10F-clay) in superc...
Upper Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis: An Underrecognized Manifestation of a Hypercoagulable State

Although lower extremity deep venous thrombosis (LEDVT) has been associated with a hypercoagulable state, there are scant data available for patients presenting with upper extremity deep venous thrombosis (UEDVT). Therefore, we conducted a prospective study to determine whether such an association exists for UEDVT. Fifty-two patients who presented with UEDVT at our institution from August 1996 to June 1997 underwent a hematological profile consisting of activated protein C (APC) resistance, antithrombin III (ATIII) level and activity, factor V mutation (arginine 506 to glycine), protein C level and activity, protein S level and activity, factors II and × activity, lupus anticoagulant, and cardiolipin antibody. This represented 68% (52/76) of the total number of patients in whom the diagnosis of UEDVT was made by duplex ultrasonography during this time period. The ages ranged from 9 to 97 (mean 63 ± 23 years). There were 22 males and 30 females. Twenty-five patients (48%) had a central venous line in place, 4 patients (8%) had a pacemaker, 14 patients (27%) had a history of neoplasm, and 7 patients (13%) had concomitant LEDVT. The results of our study showed that a hypercoagulable state may be an underappreciated contributing factor in the development of UEDVT. Contrary to prior belief that three sets of tests are needed to confirm the presence of a hypercoagulable state, these data also suggest that only two tests may be needed.
Possible Role of Nitric Oxide in Catecholamine Secretion by Chromaffin Cells in the Presence and Absence of Cultured Endothelial Cells

Abstract: We studied the effect of cultured endothelial cells on the secretion of catecholamines by cultured bovine chromaffin cells. Chromaffin cell catecholamine secretion was stimulated by either boluses of potassium (K+) or the nicotinic agonist 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium (DMPP). Endothelial cells inhibited the catecholamine release and stimulatory effects of K+ and DMPP. This inhibition increased with time, and in 25 min the initial stimulated secretory response (100%) to 30 mM K+ or 25 μM DMPP dropped to 45 ± 3% and 53.5 ± 2.3%, respectively. This endothelial cell-induced inhibition was blocked by the nitric oxide synthase inhibitors N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) and N-monoethyl-l-arginine (l-NMMA), and by the guanylate cyclase inhibitor methylene blue, indicating that the l-arginine/nitric oxide/ cyclic GMP pathway is involved in this endothelial cell-chromaffin cell interaction. In the absence of endothelial cells, incubation of chromaffin cells with l-NAME, l-NMMA, or methylene blue also augmented the secretagogue-induced catecholamine secretion, indicating that nitric oxide from chromaffin cells could be implicated in an autoinhibitory process of catecholamine release. These results provide indirect evidence for the presence of nitric oxide synthase in bovine adrenomedullary chromaffin cells. Our results show that there is an autoinhibitory mechanism of catecholamine release in chromaffin cells and that an additional level of inhibition is observed when cultured vascular endothelial cells are present. These two inhibitory processes may have different origins, but they appear to converge into a common pathway, the l-arginine/nitric oxide synthase/guanylate cyclase pathway.
Presynaptic kainate receptors in the monkey striatum

Although kainate has long been known as a powerful axon-sparing neurotoxin, the localization and functions of kainate receptors in the CNS are largely unknown. In the present study we examined the distribution of kainate receptor subunits in the monkey striatum using kainate receptor subunits GluR6/7 and kainate receptor subunit KA2 subunit antibodies at the electron microscope level. We found that kainate receptor subunits GluR6/7 immunoreactivity is expressed not only in neuronal perikarya and dendritic processes, but also in a large population of terminals which form axospinous and axodendritic asymmetric synapses. The ultrastructural features of these terminals resembled those of glutamatergic corticostriatal boutons. In contrast, very few kainate receptor subunit KA2-containing terminals were encountered. Although the functions of these presynaptic kainate receptors remain to be established, the present data suggest the possibility that they are located to modulate the release of glutamate from cortical afferents in the monkey striatum, and that an abnormal regulation of these presynaptic receptors might be involved in the death of striatal neurons in Huntington's disease. Accordingly, recent findings demonstrated that the variance in the age of onset of Huntington's disease could be attributed to the genotype variation of kainate receptor subunit GluR6 in humans.
Tentative kinetic model for dolomite precipitation rate and its application to dolomite distribution

The ‘dolomite problem’ has a long history and remains one of the most intensely studied and debated topics in geology. Major amounts of dolomite are not directly forming today from seawater. This observation has led many investigators to develop geochemical/hydrologic models for dolomite formation in diagenetic environments. A fundamental limitation of the current models for the growth of sedimentary dolomite is the dearth of kinetic information for this phase, in contrast to that available for calcite and aragonite. We present a simple kinetic model describing dolomite growth as a function of supersaturation using data from published high temperature synthesis experiments and our own experimental results. This model is similar in form to empirical models used to describe precipitation and dissolution rates of other carbonate minerals. Despite the considerable uncertainties and assumptions implicit in this approach, the model satisfies a basic expectation of classical precipitation theory, i.e., that the distance from equilibrium is a basic driving force for reaction rate. The calculated reaction order is high (~ 3), and the combined effect of high order and large activation energy produces a very strong dependence of the rate on temperature and the degree of supersaturation of aqueous solutions with respect to this phase. Using the calculated parameters, we applied the model to well-documented case studies of sabkha dolomite at Abu Dhabi (Persian Gulf), and organogenic dolomite from the Gulf of California. Growth rates calculated from the model agree with independent estimates of the age of these dolomites to well within an order of magnitude. A comparison of precipitation rates in seawater also shows the rate of dolomite precipitation to converge strongly with that of calcite with increasing temperature. If correct, this result implies that dolomite may respond to relatively modest warming of surface environments by substantial increases in accumulation rate, and suggests that the distribution of sedimentary dolomite in the rock record may be to some extent a temperature signal.
Utility of microarrays in the management of breast cancer patients

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy afflicting women in the United States. Recent developments in molecular and cellular biology research have brought us closer to understanding the genetic basis of breast cancer. Yet, these new technologies have not been incorporated into the clinical use. Advancements in microarray technology hold promise of further increasing our understanding of the complexity and heterogeneity of this disease and providing new avenues for the prognostication and prediction of breast cancer outcomes. Some recent applications of microarray genomic technologies in studying breast cancer will be the focus of this review.
Workshop Report: Putting a Maturing Technology to Work

A cybernetic system model helped focus discussions of peripherals, development tools, debugging, and multiprocessing–all in relation to microprocessor applications.
Reforming the Upper Levels of the Bureaucracy A Longitudinal Study of the Senior Executive Service

The Senior Executive Service (SES) was considered the cornerstone of the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 by its framers. A longitudinal investigation of the SES, among employees in grade levels 13 and above in five federal agencies, reveals that after the first two years virtually none of the major objectives of the architects of the SES are perceived as having been met. The theoretical underpinnings of the SES are reviewed and provide a basis for the investigation, which indicates that a number of factors appear to be producing an increasingly stronger negative affect toward the program over time. The likely causes of this negative affect are discussed and an approach is offered for reversing the trend.
Prevalence of Use of Beta Blockers and of Calcium Channel Blockers in Older Patients with Prior Myocardial Infarction at the Time of Admission to a Nursing Home

OBJECTIVE To investigate the prevalence of beta blocker use and calcium channel blocker use in older patients with prior myocardial infarction at the time of admission to a nursing home. DESIGN In a prospective study of 500 consecutive patients aged 60 years or older admitted to a nursing home, 202 (40%) had electrocardiographic evidence of Q-wave myocardial infarction at the time of admission. The prevalence of beta blocker use and of calcium channel blocker use was investigated in these 202 patients with previous myocardial infarction. The prevalence of beta blocker use and of calcium channel blocker use was also investigated in patients with myocardial infarction and abnormal left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction. SETTING A large long-term health care facility. PATIENTS The patients included 344 women and 156 men, mean age 81 ± 8 years (range 60 to 100). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Of 500 patients, 202 (40%) had Q-wave myocardial infarction at the time of admission to the nursing home. Seventeen (8%) of these 202 patients with myocardial infarction were receiving beta blockers and 74 (37%) were receiving calcium channel blockers at the time of admission. Of 171 patients with myocardial infarction who had technically adequate measurements of LV ejection fraction, 59 (35%) had an abnormal LV ejection fraction (<50%). Of the 59 patients with previous myocardial infarction and abnormal LV ejection fraction, four (7%) were receiving beta blockers and 19 (32%) were receiving calcium channel blockers at the time of admission. CONCLUSIONS Beta blockers are underutilized, and calcium channel blockers are overutilized in the treatment of older patients with a history of myocardial infarction at the time of admission to a nursing home.
Radioimmunological evidence for the presence of cyclic-AMP in Hordeum seeds

Abstract Cyclic-AMP was found in extracts of barley half-seeds incubated in H 2 O or GA 3 for 0·5 or 1·5 hr. This nucleotide varied from 0·2 to 2 nmol/g seed. The cyclic-AMP was virtually eliminated when the extracts were incubated with cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase.
Regulation of interdomain electron transfer in the NOS output state for NO production.

There is still much that is unknown about how nitric oxide (NO) biosynthesis by NO synthase (NOS) isoform is tightly regulated at the molecular level. This is remarkable because deviated NO production in vivo has been implicated in an increasing number of diseases that currently lack effective treatments, including stroke and cancer. Given the significant public health burden of these diseases, the NOS enzyme family is a key target for development of new pharmaceuticals. Three NOS isoforms, inducible, endothelial and neuronal NOS (iNOS, eNOS and nNOS, respectively), achieve their key biological functions via stringent regulations of interdomain electron transfer (IET) processes. Unlike iNOS, eNOS and nNOS isoforms are controlled by calmodulin (CaM) binding through facilitating catalytically significant IET processes. The CaM-modulated NOS output state is an IET-competent complex between the flavin mononucleotide (FMN) domain and the catalytic heme domain. The output state facilitates the catalytically essential FMN–heme IET, and thereby enables NO production by NOS. Due to lack of reliable techniques for specifically determining the inter-domain FMN–heme interactions and their direct effects on the catalytic heme center, the molecular mechanism that underlies the output state formation remains elusive. The recent developments in our understanding of mechanisms of the NOS output state formation that are driven by a combination of molecular biology, laser flash photolysis, and spectroscopic techniques are the subject of this perspective.
THE FEMINIST CRITIQUE AND A DECADE OF PUBLISHED RESEARCH IN SOCIOLOGY JOURNALS

In the mid to early 1970s feminist writers raised four major criticisms about sociological research on women and expressed concern about the related issue of the discipline's treatment of women soc...
Solution Structure of HIV-1 Protease Flaps Probed by Comparison of Molecular Dynamics Simulation Ensembles and EPR Experiments

The introduction of multidrug treatment regimens has dramatically prolonged the progression and survival of AIDS patients. However, the success of the long-term treatment has been hindered by strains of HIV that are increasingly resistant to inhibitors of targets such as HIV protease (HIV PR). Therefore, the need for a thorough understanding of the structure and dynamics of HIV PR and how these are altered in resistant mutants is crucial for the design of more effective treatments. Crystal structures of unbound HIV PR show significant heterogeneity and often have extensive crystal packing interactions. Recent site-directed spin labeling (SDSL) and double electron−electron resonance (DEER) spectroscopy studies characterized flap conformations in HIV-1 protease in an inhibited and uninhibited form and distinguished the extent of flap opening in an unbound form. However, the correlation between EPR-measured interspin distances and structural/dynamic features of the flaps has not been established. In this rep...
Muon capture in /sup 6/Li in the ditriton channel by the use of the elementary particle model

The muon-capture rate for the reaction ..mu../sup -/ + /sup 6/Li ..-->.. /sup 3/H + /sup 3/H + ..nu../sub ..mu../ is calculated by the use of the elementary-particle model. The form factors describing the axial current matrix element are determined by pion-capture data for the reaction ..pi../sup -/ + /sup 6/Li ..-->.. /sup 3/H + /sup 3/H via the partially conserved axial vector current hypothesis and results based on the impulse approximation. The form factors describing the vector current matrix element are obtained from the reactions ..gamma.. + /sup 6/Li ..-->.. /sup 3/H + /sup 3/He and /sup 3/H + /sup 3/He ..-->.. ..gamma.. + /sup 6/Li via the conserved vector current hypothesis. Two results are presented for which the assumptions vary, GAMMA = 104.9 sec/sup -1/ and GAMMA = 160.5 sec/sup -1/.
The challenge of cross‐cultural evaluation: Some views from the field

Do cultural differences affect evaluation in significant ways? Persons experienced in evaluating development programs identify problems and possible solutions in cross-cultural evaluations.
Ultrasonographic Diagnosis of Massive Periretinal Proliferation in Eyes with Opaque Media (Triangular Retinal Detachment)

A triangular pattern of retinal detachment, as seen by B-scan ultrasonography in eyes with opaque media has been correlated with advanced massive periretinal proliferation (MPP). The ultrasonographic triangular configuration was created by a proliferative membrane that united detached retina anteriorly. Thirteen eyes with opaque media and a triangular retinal detachment by ultrasound had severe MPP at vitrectomy or enucleation. Twelve eyes with clear media with advanced MPP were also studies by B-scan ultrasonography and a triangular detachment could be demonstrated in each case. The finding of a triangular retinal detachment by B-scan ultrasonography in eyes with opaque media is diagnostic of advanced MPP. Eyes with this type of retinal detachment have a poor surgical prognosis even with modern vitrectomy techniques.