cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Passive Remote Sensing of Dense Nontenuous Media

The thermal microwave emission of media with dense distribution of particles is studied. A general relation, that holds for media with nonuniform as well as uniform temperature distribution, is first derived between active and passive remote sensing. The brightness temperature of passive sensing is proportional to the integration of the product of the temperature distribution and the divergence of the Poynting's vector of active sensing. The governing radiative transfer equations for passive remote sensing of dense media are then derived by reference to the corresponding radiative wave equations for active sensing. The radiative wave equations are based on quasicrystalline approximation with coherent potential for the first moment of the field and a modified ladder approximation for the second moment of the field. The numerical results for classical radiative transfer theory and the dense media transfer theory are compared. The theory is also used to compare with brightness temperature measurements over a...
Diversity of bacterial communities in Adirondack lakes : do species assemblages reflect lake water chemistry?

Bacterial diversity was examined in six lakes located in the Adirondack Mountains of upstate New York. This region receives significant anthropogenic atmospheric inputs of strong mineral acids resulting in decreases in pH and acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) in many of the lakes. Statistical methods including correlation and cluster analysis were used to determine if there were significant associations between phylotypes and water chemistry variables. Direct effects of acidification, pH and ANC, were not significantly correlated with any of the broadest level taxonomic classifications (equivalent to class or order), but may be correlated with subgroups within these classifications. Indirect influences of acidification were suggested by significant correlations of phylotypes with aluminum chemistry. There were positive correlations between the relative abundance of the γ subdivision of the Proteobacteria and total aluminum (r 2= 0.70, p= 0.04), monomeric aluminum (r 2= 0.78, p= 0.02) and non-labile aluminum (r 2= 0.92, p= 0.002). The ACK1 clade of the β-Proteobacteria (Adirondack clade 1) was correlated with monomeric aluminum (r 2- 0.71, p=0.03) and non-labile aluminum (r 2= 0.73, p= 0.03). Significant negative correlations were found between the relative abundance of the Cytophaga-Flexibacter-Bacteroides phylum and total aluminum (r 2= 0.74, p= 0.03), and the High G+C subdivision of the Gram Positive phylum with total aluminum (r 2= 0.70, p= 0.04). Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations may also influence bacteria through amelioration of aluminum toxicity and as a carbon source. There were significant positive correlations between DOC and the relative abundance of the γ (r 2= 0.66, p= 0.05) and β (r 2= 0.78, p=0.02) subdivisions and the ACK1 clade r 2= 0.84, p= 0.01). Additional significant correlations were also noted between specific phylotypes and certain macro- and micro-nutrients. The results of this study indicate that water chemistry can have a direct influence on bacterial lake assemblages and that in acid stressed lakes aluminum chemistry and DOC concentrations may play a particularly important role.
B Cell Receptor (BCR) Cross-Talk: CD40 Engagement Creates an Alternate Pathway for BCR Signaling That Activates IκB Kinase/IκBα/NF-κB without the Need for PI3K and Phospholipase Cγ

BCR signaling is propagated by a series of intermediaries and eventuates in NF-kappaB activation, among other outcomes. Interruption of several mediators that constitute the signalosome, such as PI3K and phospholipase Cgamma2, completely blocks BCR signaling for NF-kappaB. We show here that this accepted, conventional paradigm is, in fact, limited to naive B cells. CD40L treatment reprograms normal B cells such that a novel, alternate pathway for BCR signaling is created. Through this alternate pathway BCR triggering induces nuclear NF-kappaB without the need for PI3K or for phospholipase Cgamma2. Induction of NF-kappaB via the alternate pathway is accompanied by IkappaB kinase beta (IKKbeta) phosphorylation, IkappaBalpha phosphorylation, and IkappaBalpha degradation, and inhibition of IKKbeta blocked IkappaBalpha degradation. Several key events in the conventional pathway, including early protein tyrosine phosphorylation, were unimpeded by generation of the alternate pathway which appears to operate in parallel, rather than in competition, with classical BCR signaling. These results demonstrate cross-talk between CD40 and BCR, such that the requirements for BCR signaling are altered by prior B cell exposure to CD40L. The alternate BCR signaling pathway bypasses multiple signalosome elements and terminates in IKKbeta activation.
On mixture distributions in pattern recognition

Abstract This paper is concerned with the analysis of a class of problems involving mixture variates (functions of several random variables). The explicit inclusion of a mixture as a separate category in pattern recognition problems is studied and plausible forms for the mixing densities in such problems are derived.
The 2010 International Capture the Flag Competition

The iCTF is a security competition—a one-day, live hacking event that happens each December. It has evolved over the years from a dozen or so universities to nearly 70, with approximately 900 people playing at one time. This year differed slightly from previous years—IEEE Security & Privacy and Adobe offered cash prizes, and the competition featured different designs than in the past. Brian Pak is an undergrad student at Carnegie Mellon University and leader of the Plaid Parliament of Pwning, the team that won the 2010 International Capture the Flag Competition organized by Giovanni Vigna every year. Here, Giovanni Vigna talks with Brian about the competition.
A Systematic Review of Teamwork Training Interventions in Medical Student and Resident Education

Background Teamwork is important for improving care across transitions between providers and for increasing patient safety.
Modelling the relationships between process quality errors and overall service process performance

Describes research which continues the quest to model performance using structural equation models. The objective is to provide meaningful and substantively interpretable predictions of process performance using structural equation modelling. Develops structural equation models which clearly define the performance relationships for a backroom bank card remittance process using criteria such as process quality errors, employee turnover rates, labour productivity, on‐time delivery, and unit cost. Also defines the idea of a process quality equilibrium point (error rate) using structural equation modelling, and investigates how to use these structural equation models to help set internal and external standards of performance.
Shape engineering to promote head-tail interactions of electro-optic chromophores

Alignment of dipolar chromophores lies at the heart of organic electro-optic materials research. Among all the factors (e.g., external electric field, temperature, conductivity, etc.) affecting alignment efficiency or order parameter, interchromophore electrostatic interaction has been the focus of attention in the last decade. The strength of dipole interaction is highly dependent not only on dipole moment but also on chromophore shape and chromophore number density. Antiparallel interaction is dominant in the solid state of conventional EO chromophores (long and flat) and prevents electro-optic coefficient (r33) from scaling with chromophore concentration. Despite the great amount of research along various approaches to enhancing alignment, order parameters of organic EO materials are still low (0.13- 0.2 v.s. 1 for a perfect alignment). Antiparallel interaction can be selectively attenuated by attaching bulky groups to the middle part of chromophore. However, it is synthetically challenging to provide sufficient steric protection without causing severe reduction of chromophore concentration. In this paper, we will present the first realization of atomeconomic steric protection of chromophore against H-aggregation in all directions and show evidences for the dominance of head-tail interaction over antiparallel interaction of a highly dipolar chromophore. With the novel shape, the EO coefficients of guest-host films of the chromophore do not show attenuation with increasing concentration up to 100 wt%. The dominance of head-tail interaction also enabled fabrication of optical quality thick films from the neat chromophore and allows poling induced alignment to retain at temperatures above the poling temperature – a phenomenon never observed for other chromophores.
Reactivity and in situ X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy of Rb-promoted Mo2C/MgO Catalysts for Higher Alcohol Synthesis

The influences of MgO support and Rb{sub 2}CO{sub 3} promoter on the activity and selectivity of Mo{sub 2}C-based catalysts for higher alcohol synthesis from syngas were explored. The reaction was performed in a fixed-bed reactor system operating at 573 K, 30 bar, gas flow rate of 24,000 cm{sup 3} g{sub Mo}{sup -1} h{sup -1}, and H{sub 2}:CO ratio of 1:1. When promoted by Rb{sub 2}CO{sub 3}, the selectivity of alcohols over 5 wt.% Mo{sub 2}C/MgO can reach 61 C% on a CO{sub 2}-free basis, with C1-C4 hydrocarbons being the main side products. Production of higher alcohols was enhanced at high promoter loading and low conversion. Characterization by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) indicated that passivated Mo{sub 2}C/MgO was more oxidized than bulk Mo{sub 2}C, but exposure to reaction conditions for 4 h partially reduced the passivated sample. Electron microscopy and XAS confirmed that Mo{sub 2}C was highly dispersed on MgO. The Rb K edge structure suggested that the Rb{sub 2}CO{sub 3} promoter was structurally modified in the reaction.
Stabilization of cyclic subspace regression

Abstract Developments that produced a stable numerical algorithm for cyclic subspace regression (CSR) are described. This simple algorithm produces solutions for principal component regression, partial least squares, least squares, and other related intermediate regression methodologies by exactly the same procedure. The development begins with a theoretical CSR algorithm that should produce accurate results. However, when used in numerical form, it does not produce accurate results because numbers are generated which are too small for most computational tools to accurately represent. Several strategies to deal with this numerical instability are described. Results obtained using each approach are reported as applied to two data sets. The development ends with presentation of the stable algorithm as well as MATLAB code for the algorithm.
Engineered gene clusters for the production of the antimicrobial peptide microcin J25

Microcin J25 (MccJ25) is an antimicrobial peptide produced by isolates of Escherichia coli with activity against closely related species. Production and export of mature MccJ25 in E. coli requires four genes that are organized on a plasmid-borne cluster in natural producer strains. In these strains, MccJ25 production does not commence until the cells reach stationary phase, and, according to previous literature, the highest titers of MccJ25 are obtained from cells grown in nutrient-poor medium. We sought to design an engineered MccJ25 gene cluster that alleviated the growth phase and media limitations of the natural cluster. In contrast to previous reports, we observe here that production of MccJ25 from its natural cluster is efficient in rich media, such as Luria-Bertani (LB). The engineered gene cluster functions in several E. coli strains and produces titers of MccJ25 that are moderately increased (1.5- to 2-fold) relative to the natural cluster. RT-PCR experiments and translational GFP fusion experiments confirm that the engineered cluster produces MccJ25 throughout exponential phase. Furthermore, we provide evidence that control of the natural MccJ25 gene cluster is at the transcriptional level. The observations herein provide design parameters for large-scale production of MccJ25 for biotechnological applications.
Mosquito control based on larvicides in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: choice of the control agent

A comparison between chemical and biological larvicides in routine operations against mosquitoes in Rio Grande do Sul State was carried out in this study. In laboratory bioassays against Culex quinquefasciatus, biological formulations Vectobac 12 AS and Teknar 3000 (Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis) as well as ABG 6262 (B. sphaericus 2362), both in liquid and powder form, were highly effective. Locally produced B. thuringiensis israelensis, formulations also yielded good results. Among chemical larvicides, pyrethroid compounds Pirisa and K-Othrine yielded better results than the organophosphates Lebaycid and Abate. These last formulations yielded responses ten weaker than predicted in other studies. Under field conditions, a dose of 1250 mg/m2 for biological formulations was considered adequate for routine application because at this level it is possible to overcome physical influences on results. Only B. sphaericus preparations caused important disruption of mosquito colonization in active breeding sites. Up to 39 weeks were tabulated without complete colonization in natural conditions and one month in artificially colonized tanks. This study suggests that biological alternatives should be considered in mosquito control programs. They may be a solution to such problems as resistance to larvicides, elimination of natural enemies, and short-lasting effects of applications.
Measurements of collection efficiency of single, charged droplets suspended in a stream of submicron particles with an electrodynamic balance

Abstract An experimental system based on an electrodynamic balance has been developed and tested for measurements of collection efficiencies of single, stationary charged droplets in a stream of oppositely charged submicron droplets. A light scattering technique based on optical resonances has been used to obtain collector droplet size and size changes due to the deposition of droplets with high precision. The technique involves the application of Lorenz-Mie theory to high resolution experimental elastic scattering data obtained with a continuously tunable ring dye laser. The effects of collector size in the range 9–37 μm, aerosol particle size in the range 0.038–0.15 μm, collector charge varying from 3.2 × 10−14 to 3.3 × 10−13 C, and stream velocity ranging from 5.0 × 10−3 to 6 × 10−2 ms−1, on the collection efficiency have been studied. Results have been compared with a theoretical model for the collection efficiency in the presence of electrostatic forces. Experimental values of collection efficiency are found to be in good agreement with those predicted by the theory.
Increasing Physical Activity for Health One Cultural Critique at a Time

The 2008 Guidelines for Physical Activity for Americans and the National Physical Activity Plan are recently available tools for use by practitioners and scholars in developing and evaluating programs and interventions to increase physical activity across all populations. With the lowest rates of health-benefiting physical activity according to national statistics, targeted communities are often low-income and ethnic minority populations experiencing a chronic disease burden. The aims of this paper are to raise issues about the need for greater sociocultural critique of evidence-basis and other scientific parameters, to comment on the need for the inclusion of sociocultural analysis in physical activity assessment and intervention, and to raise some issues related to the need for kinesiology to deepen its relationship to the physical activity public health sector.
Computer Power And Human Reason: From Judgement To Calculation

From the Publisher: Computer Power and Human Reason is a distinguished computer scientist's elucidation of the impact of scientific rationality on man's self-image.
Production of laser active F(2)(+) color centers in LiF by neutron-induced fission.

Production of F/sup +//sub 2/ color centers in LiF by neutron-induced fission has been accomplished. Laser active F/sup +//sub 2/ centers in LiF doped with 2.5 x 10/sup 3/ ppm LiOH has been produced from the reaction Li/sup 6/(n, ..cap alpha..)T. (AIP)
U.S. Army Corrosion Office's storage and quality requirements for military MEMS program

As the Army transforms into a more lethal, lighter and agile force, the technologies that support these systems must decrease in size while increasing in intelligence. Micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) are one such technology that the Army and DOD will rely on heavily to accomplish these objectives. Conditions for utilization of MEMS by the military are unique. Operational and storage environments for the military are significantly different than those found in the commercial sector. Issues unique to the military include; high G-forces during gun launch, extreme temperature and humidity ranges, extended periods of inactivity (20 years plus) and interaction with explosives and propellants. The military operational environments in which MEMS will be stored or required to function are extreme and far surpass any commercial operating conditions. Security and encryption are a must for all MEMS communication, tracking, or data reporting devices employed by the military. Current and future military applications of MEMS devices include safety and arming devices, fuzing devices, various guidance systems, sensors/detectors, inertial measurement units, tracking devices, radio frequency devices, wireless Radio Frequency Identifications (RFIDs) and network systems, GPS's, radar systems, mobile base systems and information technology. MEMS embedded into these weapons systems will provide the military with new levels of speed, awareness, lethality, and information dissemination. The system capabilities enhanced by MEMS will translate directly into tactical and strategic military advantages.
Clinical and arthrographic evaluation of the location of temporomandibular joint pain

Two hundred five patients were prospectively examined for temporomandibular joint pain. Arthrograms were performed on 222 joints (188 unilateral and 17 bilateral). Pain in the ear occurred more frequently in arthrographically normal patients and in nonreducing meniscus patients compared with reducing meniscus patients. The location of pain in front of the ear, in the temples, or in the neck or the degree of pain intensity did not correlate to specific meniscal abnormalities. No correlation between the distribution and the character of headaches was observed. Pain characterization alone does not clinically separate meniscal abnormalities.
Experimental Investigation of Compact Evaporators for Ultralow Temperature Refrigeration of Microprocessors

Microprocessor performance can be significantly improved by lowering the junction temperature, especially down to the deep subambient levels. This provides the strong motivation for the current study, which focuses on the design and thermohydraulic performance evaluation of high heat flux evaporators suitable for interfacing the microprocessor chip with a cascaded R134a/R508b vapor compression refrigeration system at -80°C. Four compact evaporator designs are examined-a base line slit-flow structure with no microfeatures, straight microchannels, an in line pin fin array, and an alternating pin fin array-all fitting the same size envelope. Pressure drop and heat transfer measurements are reported and discussed to explain the performance of the various evaporator geometries for heat fluxes ranging between 20 W/cm 2 and 100 W/cm 2 .
Ecotypic Variation in Deschampsia Caespitosa (L.) Beauv. from Colorado

Plants of tufted hairgrass (Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv.), collected from 12 locations in Colorado, were grown in a common garden at Fort Collins and studied for ecotypic differentiation. Phenological response was related especially to elevation and somewhat to latitude. Plants from 11,000 ft were approximately 1 month earlier in anthesis than those from 9,000 ft, while those from the lower elevations had similar leaf lengths but longer culms than those from 11,000 ft. Great differences in phenologic timing were observed for hairgrass in the native habitats of the Fall Mountain area, but the transplants showed essentially no differences in the common garden. Ecotypic differentiation and ecophenic plastisticity are therefore demonstrated to be important attributes in the hairgrass populations of Colorado. See full-text article at JSTOR
Differential modulation of nerve growth factor receptor (p75) and cholinergic gene expression in purified p75-expressing and non-expressing basal forebrain neurons by BMP9.

Abstract The synthesis of acetylcholine and its release from basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCN) that innervate the cerebral cortex and hippocampus are considered essential processes for normal learning, memory and attention. We have developed a purification and cell culture method of BFCN in order to examine the regulation of their cholinergic phenotype. Cells isolated from the septal region of late embryonic mice were purified by fluorescence-activated cell sorting based on their expression of the nerve growth factor receptor (p75), a surface marker for mature BFCN. Consistent with previous reports, p75-postive (p75+) cells were enriched in choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and the high-affinity choline transporter (ChT), as measured by reverse transcriptase PCR. In culture, these cells maintained their gene expression of p75, ChAT and ChT, while p75-negative (p75−) cells had a low expression of these genes. Incubation of the cells with BMP9 not only increased p75 and ChAT gene expression in p75− cells, but also augmented the expression of these genes in p75+ cells. Conversely, BMP9 decreased ChT gene expression in p75+ cells and had no such effect in p75− cells. Immunostaining confirmed that p75 protein expression was modulated by BMP9 in a similar way as p75 mRNA, and also revealed that only a subset of p75− cells respond to BMP9 in this manner. These data suggest that mature BFCN in culture may express their cholinergic phenotype in the absence of exogenous trophic input, but that BMP9 can further modulate this phenotype. Moreover, BMP9 induces the cholinergic phenotype in a set of basal forebrain non-cholinergic neurons or precursor cells.
A 13 T-1.8 K NbTi laboratory test coil

The design and performance characteristics of a NbTi laboratory magnet and associated cryogenic system are discussed. The magnet is a hybrid-solenoid design consisting of an 11-T 10-cm bore NbTi coil and a 2-T 4-cm bore NbTi-NbTiTa insert. The two coils are installed in a pressurized He II bath, which maintains the temperature between 1.7 K and the liquification point temperature of 2.7 K at an applied pressure of 1 bar. The bath temperature is regulated by control of the vapor pressure above a low-pressure heat exchanger immersed in the He II region. As configured, the cryogenic system provides unattended temperature stability to within 2 mK. Under test, the magnet system performed well, achieving 13 T on the first charge. >
Effects of short-term administration of glucocorticoids on bone metabolism in healthy elderly men.

Objective: To determine the effects of short-term glucocorticoid administration in healthy elderly men on bone GLA protein (BGP) levels, as well as levels of calcium, phosphorus, immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (PTH), and alkaline phosphatase. Design: Subjects served as own control before and after prednisone treatment. Setting: Male subjects were recruited by telephone from the Duke University Aging Center Volunteer Registry and the Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center Gerofit Program (a supervised exercise program). Participants: Healthy males age greater than 60 years with no history of diabetes mellitus, glucose intolerance, or prior glucocorticoid use. Subjects could not be taking diuretic agents and could not have osteoporosis. The seven subjects mean age + std dev was 68.6 + 5.3 years. Interventions: Prednisone 40 mg orally for 5 days. Fasting serum was obtained at baseline, on days 7 through 11, 13, 15, and 17. Assays of BGP, calcium, phosphorus, PTH, and alkaline phosphatase were performed. Main Outcome Measures: Changes in serum BGP levels was the primary outcome measure. Changes in serum calcium, phosphorus, PTH, and alkaline phosphatase levels were secondary outcome measures. Results: Treatment caused reduction in BGP levels within 24 hours of first dose of prednisone, with levels dropping an average of 78% during the 5 days of treatment (P = 0.004). Within 24 hours of stopping treatment, BGP was no different from baseline. Other variables did not change with treatment. Conclusion: Glucocorticoid treatment suppresses BGP production in healthy elderly men in the same fashion as it does in younger healthy men.
Recommendations for psychologists in Stage III pediatric obesity program

ABSTRACTThe Children’s Hospital Association formed a national interprofessional workgroup to develop recommendations for the assessment and treatment of pediatric obesity. A subcommittee of psychologists created practice recommendations defining the role of psychologists in Stage III interprofessional pediatric obesity treatment teams. The committee carefully defined key issues for a psychological diagnostic interview assessment and treatment strategies within a Stage III obesity treatment center. Psychologist’s assessment and treatment within the interprofessional specialty care setting addresses the psychosocial needs of the youth and provides the additional support for behavioral change to achieve the overall treatment team goals.
ANTAGONISM BY DIBUTYRYL ADENOSINE CYCLIC 3',5'-MONOPHOSPHATE AND TESTOSTERONE OF CELL ROUNDING REACTIONS

In an attempt to understand further the mechanism of the morphological and functional "reverse transformation" of CHO-K1 cells induced by dibutyryl adenosine cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) and testosterone, the kinetics of variation in the susceptibility of cells to rounding after the addition or deletion of dibutyryl cAMP and testosterone have been investigated. Changes in susceptibility to cell rounding upon removal of divalent cations or pulse exposure to concanavalin A were complete within 0.5–1 h after addition or deletion of drug. In comparison, the gross conversion of CHO-K1 cells from epithelial- to fibroblast-like morphology after drug treatment or the converse change after drug removal required 8 or 4 h, respectively. The effects on cell rounding are not caused by an effect of dibutyryl cAMP upon cell growth rate. Inhibitor experiments indicate that the changes investigated do not require continued RNA or protein synthesis and are not prevented by agents which depolymerize microtubules.
Influence & incorporation: John Forbes Nash and the Nash Equilibrium

We describe the growth of the game theory literature that deals with the concept of the "Nash Equilibrium" (NE) from 1950 through 2009. We report the citation history of Nash's key publications and visualize major persistent research themes as citing/cited networks. We also chart Nash's "obliteration rate" through annual counts of NE articles that cite Nash's work or simply invoke the concept in the bibliographic record.
Ornithine decarboxylase activity and DNA synthesis in Morris hepatomas 51123-C and 7800

Abstract The activities of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and thymidine kinase (TK) and the rates of DNA synthesis were determined in hepatomas and livers of rats bearing Morris hepatoma 5123-C or 7800 and entrained to a schedule of 12 hours of light followed by 12 hours of darkness, with food (60% protein) available only during the first 2 hours of the dark period. ODC activity in hepatoma 5123-C displayed a diurnal oscillation, increasing 2-fold during the feeding period and then rapidly decaying to 20% of the peak level. The livers of rats bearing hepatoma 5123-C exhibited a similar oscillation of ODC activity, with peak values lower than in the hepatomas but higher than in the livers of control (non-tumor bearing) animals. TK activity and the rate of DNA synthesis in hepatoma 5123-C were low during most of the dark period but increased rapidly towards the end of the dark period. DNA synthesis reached a plateau at the dark-light interface and then rapidly declined, but TK activity remained high during the light period. Similar studies on hepatoma 7800 established that ODC activity in this hepatoma did not oscillate but remained at low levels throughout the day. Similarly, host livers of rats bearing hepatoma 7800 did not exhibit the diurnal oscillation of ODC activity characteristic of liver from control rats, but showed a slow increase in activity followed by a plateau and a slow decline to base-line levels. DNA synthesis in hepatoma 7800 was constant throughout the day, whereas TK activity may have increased during the dark period. In the livers of control rats and animals bearing hepatoma 5123-C or 7800, TK activity and rate of DNA synthesis were at low levels at all times studied and appeared not to oscillate.
Optimal Geostationary Orbit Transfers Using Onboard Chemical-Electric Propulsion

A comprehensive analysis of maximum-payload transfers to geostationary Earth orbit using combined chemical and electric propulsion is presented. The mission sequence begins with injection into an elliptical orbit with an arbitrary apogee altitude, an apogee burn using the onboard chemical stage to raise perigee and/or reduce inclination, and a low-thrust transfer to geostationary orbit. Anewoptimizationmethod is developed for this transfer problem, and this approach greatly reduces the design space and eliminates numerical integration of the system dynamics and the associated convergence issues. The new technique includes realistic effects such as Earth eclipses and solar-cell degradation due to passage through the radiation belts. Maximum-payload transfers are obtained for six launch options fromNASAKennedy Space Center and the Sea Launch option. All optimal transfers fromNASA Kennedy Space Center use essentially the same starting orbit for the electric stage when transfer time is fixed. The payloadmass benefit fromusing electric propulsion divided by transfer time (the so-called net transportation rate) is determined to range from 4:4 kg=day for the smallest launch vehicle (Atlas 501) to 10:5 kg=day for the largest launch vehicle (Atlas 551) considered in this study. A method for approximating payload mass, beginning-of-life array power, and transportation rate is developed, and its prediction error is shown to be less than 5% for all cases.
Heterogeneous nucleation of thermal storage material LiNO3·3H2O from stable lattice-matched nucleation catalysts

Abstract Promoting heterogeneous nucleation in liquid to solid phase transformations decreases undercooling (ΔT) and can dramatically alter the microstructure of a material. However, the design of material-specific nucleation catalysts remains non-trivial, especially for phases with complex structures. Here, we investigate heterogeneous nucleation in the technologically important thermal energy storage material LiNO3·3H2O (LNH), and demonstrate a close correlation of ΔT with lattice mismatch between planes of closely packed coordination polyhedra in a number of potential nucleation catalysts. This result supports extending the planar matching model for nucleation catalyst design to more complex structures by focusing on lattice matching of planes containing closely packed coordination polyhedra. In particular, Cu3(OH)5(NO3)·2(H2O) (CHNH) has a lattice mismatch of δa = −0.03, δc = −0.01 for the orientation (0 1 0)LNH||(1 0 0)CHNH and [1 0 0]LNH||[0 1 0]CHNH, and decreases ΔT by up to 66% over previously known catalyst phases. CHNH has a layered structure which delaminates along (1 0 0)CHNH, maximizing the number of potential nucleation sites for LNH along this lattice-matched plane and potentially contributing to the nucleation catalyst activity of this phase. Mixtures of LNH/CHNH are quite stable despite large numbers of cycles (N > 900 cycles), and aging at elevated temperature for extended periods of time (t > 250 days).
Methods of centers and methods of feasible directions for the solution of optimal control problems

This paper shows that extensions of the Frank-Wolfe, Zoutendijk, and Pironneau-Polak algorithms for nonlinear programming problems, can also be used to solve various optimal control problems.
Mathematics for Elementary Teaching: A Small-Group Laboratory Approach.

(1977). Mathematics for Elementary Teaching: A Small-Group Laboratory Approach. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 84, No. 5, pp. 377-382.
The ultrastructure of the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus of the Sprague-Dawley rat

Previous studies from this laboratory have indicated that increased numbers of GABAergic neurons, as well as total neurons, occur in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (IC) of genetically epilepsy-prone rats (GEPRs) as compared to non-seizuring Sprague-Dawley rats. Since electron microscopic studies of the IC have not been reported for rats, we wanted to determine the ultrastructure of neurons and their processes in this brain region to serve as a basis for future studies on neuronal circuitry in the GEPRs. Both disc-shaped and stellate types were found for each of three size categories: large, medium and small. Thus, six types of neuron were distinguished by differences in somatic size, shape, organelles and dendritic orientation. Large neurons (longest diameter greater than 25 micron), which are the least frequent cell type, contained vast perikaryal cytoplasm, eccentrically located nuclei and abundant granular endoplasmic reticulum (GER) adjacent to the nucleus as well as clustered in the cytoplasm; many axosomatic, symmetric synapses were present. Medium-sized neuronal somata (15-25 micron in diameter) had smooth as well as infolded nuclear membranes and clusters of GER in their cytoplasm but no GER adjacent to the nucleus; synapses were sparse along the surface of their somata. Small neurons (10-15 micron in diameter), which are the most frequent cell type, had scant perikaryal cytoplasm, usually infolded nuclei, frequently two nucleoli, and few or no stacked cisternae of GER in the perikaryal cytoplasm; only infrequent axosomatic synapses were found. Based on previous retrograde and immunocytochemical studies, most large disc-shaped and stellate cells project to the medial geniculate body and are probably excitatory, but some large stellate neurons have been shown to be GABAergic and it is doubtful that such neurons participate in this projection. A dense plexus of terminals that form symmetric synapses covers the soma and proximal dendrites of large neurons, and may provide a strong GABAergic inhibition of this type of projection neuron. Small and medium-sized disc-shaped cells also project to the thalamus but they lack this dense axosomatic plexus. The stellate cells from these same two size categories probably do not project to the thalamus and may be GABAergic local circuit neurons. Other ultrastructural features of IC neurons that were analysed include dendrites, dendritic spines, axon hillocks, initial segments and terminals, as well as the laminae of myelinated axons. Dendrites were either beaded or smooth and few spines were observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Relationships, learning, and development: A student perspective

In data derived from student interviews, students describe how they see teacher-student relationships function for them in their experience of school, their personal development, and their academic success. These relationships are central to students' ability to feel connected at school and to their emerging identities. Students describe how certain teachers are able to reach out to them personally, enabling them to access curriculum and build a positive personal mentoring connection to an adult. Students also explain how being able to rely on relationships with their teachers helps them cope with the many emotional challenges they face as adolescents.
Pentobarbital-activated Cl(-) channels in cultured adult and embryonic human DRG neurons.

Abstract Developmental differences in pentobarbital-activated Cl− currents were studied in adult and embryonic human dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. Pentobarbital-induced Cl− conductance was significantly greater in adult DRGs (28.4 pS) than in embryonic cells (19.1 pS). Fluctuation analysis of the spectral density plots of Cl− channel activation by pentobarbital showed age differences in the length and number of open time constants (adult cells, τ1, τ2, τ3 were 224, 8.4, 1.5 ms, respectively; embryonic cells τ1 and τ 2 were 165 and 26.3 ms, respectively). The different kinetic properties of human adult and embryonic DRG Cl− channels opened by pentobarbital may reflect the presence of different subunits in the two populations of neurons.
A fluidization mechanism for subsidence of bedded tuffs in diatremes and related volcanic vents

Bedded tuffs in diatremes and related volcanic vents have been reported from a wide range of localities. Most of the stratified pyroclastic material is interpreted as subaerial in origin, although local, thin deposits are clearly subaqueous and apparently were laid down in crater lakes. Bedded tuff fillings of pipes commonly attain thicknesses of 300–500 m, and some estimates in excess of 1200 m appear to be reliable. Most explanations for the presence of bedded tuffs at considerable depths in pipes involve a cauldron or caldera-like subsidence mechanism that relies heavily upon withdrawal of magma from lower pipe regions. Compaction and marginal slumping of ejecta may be important factors in subsidence, but are probably significant as a « mechanism » only near the surface. Based on experimental studies, a fluidization mechanism of subsidence is proposed as a viable explanation for the development of at least some bedded pipe fillings, particularly those that occur at greatest depths. Bedded materials may subside in a quiescent bed fluidized state when upward gas flow is less than free fall velocity of pyroclastic particles. A similar volume of material is simultaneously carried upward by higher velocity gases through the central portion of the vent and erupted at the surface to contribute more air-fall ash to developing surface beds.
Intrauterine Isoimmunization caused by Maternal IgA crossing the Placenta

THE IgG of the neonatal human infant is almost entirely derived by selective transplacental passage of maternal IgG, but IgA and IgM are considered incapable of transplacental passage. In spite of immunological immaturity, the human foetus has been shown to produce antibodies, predominantly IgM, in response to various bacterial and viral antigens1,2. The very low level of IgM detectable at birth is of foetal origin1. IgA is synthesized by the foetus in exceedingly limited amounts, for only very low concentrations of IgA in cord serum have been detected by highly sensitive techniques. Nonetheless, small amounts must be synthesized by the foetus because immunization of pregnant women to IgA is not infrequent. We have observed that about 15 per cent of the mothers of recently delivered babies have antibody to IgA (anti-IgA) detectable in their sera (unpublished observations). Similarly, Cassidy et al. have also observed anti-IgA in sera of women who have never received parenteral injection of IgA in the form of blood or blood products3. Such antibodies may be directed against the allotypic antigens of IgA.
Contaminated and unusual food combinations: what do people with Prader-Willi syndrome choose?

Although hyperphagia is a salient feature of Prader-Willi syndrome, researchers have yet to move beyond food preference and taste studies to examine more troublesome food-seeking behaviors in this population (e.g., eating food from the trash, eating inappropriate or unpalatable food combinations). Visually based tasks were used to examine willingness to eat contaminated food and various odd food combinations in 50 adolescents and adults with Prader-Willi syndrome, 42 IQ-matched participants with mental retardation, and 50 control participants without mental retardation. Although participants with Prader-Willi syndrome showed understandings similar to those of control participants about the purpose and fate of food, they endorsed eating contaminated food as well as highly unusual edible and inedible food combinations. Findings suggest novel adjuncts to traditional dietary approaches in the Prader-Willi syndrome population. Implications are also discussed for future research on food ideation in this population.
Some Ãn-Extensions Obtained from Generalized Laguerre Polynomials

Abstract For an integer n ≥ 14, we prove: (1) The Galois group of the polynomial ƒ( x ) = ∑ n j = 0 (( n − j + 1)/ j !) x j is A n if n ≡ 1 (mod 4), and S n otherwise. (2) The splitting field of ƒ( x ) can be embedded in a field with absolute Galois group isomorphic to A n , the double cover of A n , if and only if n ≡ 1 (mod 8).
The effect of nerve growth factor on limb regeneration in Ambystoma.

Young Ambystoma larvae were subjected to forelimb amputation followed by a series of injections of either nerve growth factor (NGF) or saline solution. The animals receiving the NGF injections showed an increase in the length of the regenerate and an acceleration of digit formation at times up to two weeks after amputation. The maximum per cent increase in length occurred at about nine days post-amputation. By two weeks after amputation, however, the difference between NGF-treated and control animals had diminished considerably. The nerve growth factor, by increasing the extent of sensory innervation to the stump apparently accelerated blastema formation and early stages of regeneration. The fact that the regenerative rate can be altered by changing the nerve supply implies that there is not an absolute neural threshold for regeneration. Striking differences were noted in the normal regenerative rate of A. opacum as compared with A. maculatum.
Abstract 5453: The effect of ovarian hormones on the induction of mammary tumors induced by the environmental pollutant 6-nitrochrysene

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Exposure to ovarian hormones is the most widely recognized risk factors for breast cancer. However, hormones alone do not fully address the majority of the risk for this disease. Increasing data have linked environmental factors such as radiation, chemical pollutants and diet to the incidence of breast cancer. Humans are often exposed to a combination of multiple risk factors. Thus, the potential of the interaction between the environment and hormones is critical to assess the risk of breast cancer. The goal of the present study is to examine the role of ovarian hormones on the induction of mammary tumors by 6-nitrochrysene (6-NC), a representative environmental pollutant. We have previously demonstrated that 6-NC is one of the most potent mammary carcinogen in the rat. Thus, 6-NC (25 µmol in 500 µL trioctanoin) was administered orally to both female intact and ovariectomized (ovax) Sprague-Dawley rats at age of 30 days once a week for 8 weeks. Tumors in the intact animals was first detected at week 4 (incidence 8%) and tumor incidence reached 50% at week 18 after the last administration of 6-NC. On the contrary, in the group of ovax rats tumors were first observed at week 8 (4% incidence) and the incidence remained the same at week 22 after the last dose of 6-NC administration. Further evidence to support this hormone dependence is also observed in a separate group of ovax rats which received both 6-NC at the same dose described above and estradiol (E2) pellet implantation (twice, 5 mg/90 days); mammary tumor incidence was comparable to that observed in intact animals treated with 6-NC. No tumors were found in vehicle (trioctanoin) treated intact and ovax control groups. In this study, we showed for the first time that ovarian hormones are essential in the development of mammary tumors induced by this environmental pollutant; the molecular mechanisms are being explored. Support: NCI RO1 35519. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5453. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5453
HREELS studies of formamide on Pt(111): hydrogen bonding interactions between adsorbates

Abstract The adsorption properties of formamide, HCONH 2 , on Pt(111) have been studied using high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS). At low dosages, dissociative adsorption of formamide at 170 K results in the formation of coadsorbed NH 3 and CO. The onset of molecular adsorption occurs just prior to formation of a monolayer. At saturation monolayer coverages, hydrogen-bonding interactions between the chemisorbed molecules result in red-shifting of the ν(NH 2 ) vibrational frequency from the gas phase value of 3570 to 3307 cm −1 . The linewidths of the ν s (NH 2 ) and ν a (NH 2 ) modes are broadened into a singular peak due to enhanced coupling with NH 2 modes of lower frequency. In the case of HCOND 2 , the ν s (ND 2 ) and ν a (ND 2 ) peaks are distinctly resolved. Upon heating multilayer coverages of formamide, the hydrogen-bonding interactions lead to autocatalytic desorption of formamide at 223 K.
CT scanning in meningitis

Twelve paediatric cases of acute meningitis were reviewed retrospectively. Findings on CT scan were compared with the clinical course and resulting neurological sequelae. Complications detected by CT scanning include subdural effusion, empyema, hydrocephalus, cerebral atrophy, oedema and infarction. The CT scan results adequately correlated with neurological signs in most cases. Infarction was a reliable indicator of neurological sequelae. Cerebral atrophy alone, however, did not correlate well with the clinical sequelae.
Mouse A6–positive hepatic oval cells also express several hematopoietic stem cell markers

Abstract Hepatic oval cells (HOC) are thought to be a type of facultative stem cell that arises as a result of certain forms of hepatic injury. A new and more efficient model has been established to activate the oval cell compartment in mice by incorporating 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydro-collidine (DDC) in a standard chow at a concentration of 0.1%. At the present time, very few markers exist for the mouse oval cells. One accepted marker is A6, an uncharacterized epitope recognized by mouse hepatic oval cells and it is accepted to be an oval cell marker. Sca-1 is a cell surface marker used to identify hematopoietic stem cells in conjunction with Thy-1+, CD34+, and lineage-specific markers. Both the CD34 and Sca-1 antigens are not normally expressed in adult liver, but are expressed in fetal liver, presumably on the hematopoietic cells. We report herein that mouse oval cells express high levels of Sca-1 and CD34, as well as CD45 surface proteins. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the cells expressing Sca-1/CD34/CD45 were indeed oval cells because they co-expressed the oval cell–specific marker A6 (94.57% ± 0.033%), as well as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) (75.92% ± 0.071%). By using Sca-1 antibody in conjunction with magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS), followed with a flow cytometric cell sorting (FACS) method for CD34 and CD45, we have developed a rapid oval cell isolation protocol with high yields of greater than 90%. In conclusion, we have an efficient murine model for the production and isolation of large numbers of highly purified oval cells. Our system works with most strains of mouse, which will facilitate both in vivo and in vitro studies of mouse hepatic oval cells. (H EPATOLOGY 2003;37:632-640.)
Some cancellation theorems with applications to nilpotent groups

If C is a group which satisfies the maximal condition for normal subgroups, then C may be cancelled from a group A in direct products if and only if the infinite cyclic group can be cancelled from A. Finitely generated torsion free nilpotent groups of class 2 satisfy a Remak Krull Schmidt condition.