cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Realisable rational function approximations for the equivalent circuit modelling of broadband antennas

The vector fitting (VF) algorithm is applied to the equivalent circuit modelling of an antenna over a broad frequency band. To ensure that the resulting circuit model is realisable, the passivity constraint must be imposed during the modelling process. Three methods are investigated to ensure the passivity, each based on VF: (i) the use of quadratic programming proposed earlier by Gustavsen and Semlyen, (ii) a technique based on constraining a second-order rational function and (iii) a search method using a particle swarm optimisation with constraints. These techniques are evaluated through three sample antennas: a commercial broadband horn, an ultra-wideband planar monopole with a notch-band and an active integrated microstrip antenna. The results are compared in terms of the modelling error against the model order and the computation time required.
Involvement of peroxide and superoxide in the oxidation of hemoglobin by nitrite

Summary Hydrogen peroxide exhibits significant catalytic activity for the nitrite ion oxidation of hemoglobin to methemoglobin under aerobic conditions. Peroxide is not a direct oxidant of hemoglobin, but is required for the autocatlytic transformation that is the dominant process in the nitrite oxidation. Catalase and superoxide dismutase inhibit the onset of the autocatalytic stage of hemoglobin oxidation. The composite results suggest a mechanism for hemoglobin oxidation that is initiated by the formation of monomeric nitrogen dioxide and propagated by the transfer of superoxide from oxyhemoglobin to nitrogen dioxide, oxidation of the resulting peroxynitrate ion by peroxide, and superoxide oxidation of nitrite ion to nitrogen dioxide and peroxide.
The tensile deformation and fracture behavior of a magnesium alloy

In this paper, is presented and discussed the quasi-static fracture behavior of a rapid solidification processed magnesium alloy. Test specimens of the magnesium alloy were deformed under quasi-static loading. The resultant tensile properties and fracture behavior are presented and discussed in light of the competing and synergistic influences of nature of loading, intrinsic microstructural effects, matrix deformation characteristics, and macroscopic fracture.
Finite element analysis of an elastic beam structure subjected to a moving distributed mass train

This paper investigates the finite element analysis of an elastic beam structure subjected to a moving distributed load. The equations of motion are derived for a moving distributed mass train, of some mass per unit length, which is assumed to always remain in contact with the beam support structure. The finite element formulation is verified for several classes of moving load problems (i.e. a point force, a point mass, and a continuous load). Results for the proposed formulation are shown to be in excellent agreement with those available from the literature for specialised cases (i.e. a simply supported beam subjected to a moving point force, moving point mass, and moving continuous force train traveling at a constant velocity). A parametric evaluation of elastic beams subjected to a moving distributed mass train is performed. The effects of velocity, mass and train length on the beam's dynamic response are evaluated with respect to the beam stiffness and mass. Impact factors at the beam center are shown to increase with the velocity and mass of the moving mass train. The impact factors are also more sensitive to velocity than the mass distribution.
The pattern of MyoD and contractile protein localization in primary epaxial myotome reflects the dynamic progression of nascent myoblast differentiation

The localization of contractile and regulatory proteins in early stages of epaxial primary myotome development was analyzed by immunofluorescence microscopy. Contractile proteins that appear in an ordered sequence in the rostro-caudal axis of somite development were found to reiterate that sequence in the dorso-medial-to-ventro-lateral axis of primary epaxial myotome development. Pair-wise localization of MyoD-titin, desmin-titin, and desmin-myosin defined three zones extending from the dermomyotome dorso-medial lip (DML) into the primary myotome layer. Zones M1 and M2, which were positive for MyoD + titin and MyoD + titin + desmin, respectively, were restricted to the dorso-medial-most extremity of the myotome layer and did not expand during the course of myotome development. Zone M3 was positive for MyoD, desmin, titin, myosin, and cardiac troponin T and was the only zone that expanded during primary myotome development. Myotome fibers in zone M3 were unit-length, spanning the full rostro-caudal axis of the myotome while fibers in zones M1 and M2 were shorter than unit length. Anti-myoD immunofluorescence, when detected in cells lacking contractile-protein-positive cytoplasm, was restricted to the DML and nascent myotome cells immediately subjacent to the DML. These results demonstrate a dynamic spatio-temporal sequence in the differentiation program of nascent myotome cells as they emerge from the DML; zones M1 and M2 reflect standing waves of sequential contractile protein activation during the maturation of nascent myotomal myoblasts, while the expanding zone M3 reflects the accumulation of mature myotome fibers expressing a full cohort contractile proteins.
Frequency selective surfaces filters to enhance performance of Ka band applications

We present circular-loop and fan-shaped periodic geome- tries for narrow and broad passband Ka band filters using frequency selective surfaces (FSS), respectively. Two narrowband designs are obtained having less than 0.5-dB attenuation with nearly 220-dB out- of-band rejection. A three-layer broadband (30%) FSS is also presented with high transmission and excellent flat bandpass response that covers almost the entire Ka band. Experimental results are also discussed to validate both the single-layer and three-layer designs. V C 2014 Wiley
Elastic behavior near the metal-insulator transition of VO 2

We report on temperature-dependent sound velocity measurements of surface acoustic waves performed on small ${\mathrm{VO}}_{2}$ single crystals by means of ultrasonic microscopy. The elastic behavior of this compound has been studied ultrasonically through its metal-insulator transition. The investigations reveal a strong elastic anisotropy in the metallic phase which is reminiscent of the insulator ${\mathrm{TiO}}_{2}.$ Surprisingly, the anisotropy disappears almost completely, when the insulating phase is developed. The accompanying changes in lattice entropy are large and suggest that there is less reason to favor electron-electron correlations as a driving force of the metal-insulator transition in ${\mathrm{VO}}_{2}.$
The effect of elastin damage on the mechanics of the aortic valve

Porcine bioprosthetic heart valves degenerate and fail mechanically through a mechanism that is currently not well understood. It has been suggested that damage to the elastin component of prosthetic valve cusps could be responsible for changes in the mechanical function of the valve that would predispose it to increased damage and ultimate failure. To determine whether damage to elastin can produce the structural and mechanical changes that could initiate the process of bioprosthetic valve degeneration, we developed an elastase treatment protocol that fragments elastin and negates its mechanical contribution to the valve tissue. Valve cusps were mechanically tested before and after digestion to measure the mechanical changes resulting from elastin damage. Elastin damage produced a decrease in radial and circumferential extensibility (from 43 to 18% strain radially and 12 to 7% strain circumferentially), with a slight increase in stiffness (1.3-2.6kN/m for radial and 10.6-11.9kN/m for circumferential directions). Digestions with trypsin, which does not cleave elastin, confirmed that the changes in mechanics of the circumferential samples were likely due to the nonspecific removal of proteoglycans by elastase, while the changes in the radial samples were indeed due to elastin damage. Removing the mechanical contribution of elastin alters the mechanical behavior of the aortic valve cusp, primarily in the radial direction. This finding implies that damage to elastin will distend the cusps, reduce their extensibility, and increase their stiffness. Damage to elastin may therefore contribute to the degeneration and failure of prosthetic valves.
In vivo biodistribution of an androgen receptor avid PET imaging agent 7-α-fluoro-17 α-methyl-5-α-dihydrotestosterone ([18F]FMDHT) in rats pretreated with cetrorelix, a GnRH antagonist

Purpose For this study, we have assessed the in vivo distribution and androgen receptor (AR) seeking properties of an F-18-labeled androgen [18F]FMDHT in rats castrated with a GnRH antagonist.
Overview and summary: School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006.

Background: The School Health Policies and Programs Study (SHPPS) 2006 is the largest, most comprehensive assessment of school health programs in the United States ever conducted. Methods: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention conducts SHPPS every 6 years. In 2006, computer-assisted telephone interviews or self-administered mail questionnaires were completed by state education agency personnel in all 50 states plus the District of Columbia and among a nationally representative sample of districts (n = 538). Computer-assisted personal interviews were conducted with personnel in a nationally representative sample of elementary, middle, and high schools (n = 1103) and with a nationally representative sample of teachers of classes covering required health instruction in elementary schools and required health education courses in middle and high schools (n = 912) and teachers of required physical education classes and courses (n = 1194). Results: SHPPS 2006 describes key school health policies and programs across all 8 school health program components: health education, physical education and activity, health services, mental health and social services, nutrition services, healthy and safe school environment, faculty and staff health promotion, and family and community involvement. SHPPS 2006 also provides data to monitor 6 Healthy People 2010 objectives. Conclusions: SHPPS 2006 is a new and important resource for school and public health practitioners, scientists, advocates, policymakers, and all those who care about the health and safety of youth and their ability to succeed academically and socially.
Modeling forest mortality caused by drought stress: implications for climate change

Climate change is expected to affect forest landscape dynamics in many ways, but it is possible that the most important direct impact of climate change will be drought stress. We combined data from weather stations and forest inventory plots (FIA) across the upper Great Lakes region (USA) to study the relationship between measures of drought stress and mortality for four drought sensitivity species groups using a weight-of-evidence approach. For all groups, the model that predicted mortality as a function of mean drought length had the greatest plausibility. Model tests confirmed that the models for all groups except the most drought tolerant had predictive value. We assumed that no relationship exists between drought and mortality for the drought-tolerant group. We used these empirical models to develop a drought extension for the forest landscape disturbance and succession model LANDIS-II, and applied the model in Oconto county, Wisconsin (USA) to assess the influence of drought on forest dynamics relative to other factors such as stand-replacing disturbance and site characteristics. The simulations showed that drought stress does affect species composition and total biomass, but effects on age classes, spatial pattern, and productivity were insignificant. We conclude that (for the upper Midwest) (1) a drought-induced tree mortality signal can be detected using FIA data, (2) tree species respond primarily to the length of drought events rather than their severity, (3) the differences in drought tolerance of tree species can be quantified, (4) future increases in drought can potentially change forest composition, and (5) drought is a potentially important factor to include in forest dynamics simulations because it affects forest composition and carbon storage.
Nonlinear dynamic foundation and frame structure response observed in geotechnical centrifuge experiments

Abstract Soil–foundation–structure interaction (SFSI) and structure–soil–structure interaction (SSSI) influence the seismic response of a structure. Yet, consideration of nonlinear SFSI and SSSI in design practice is lacking. In this paper data from two centrifuge tests are examined. During each test, inelastic models of (1) a low-rise frame with shallowly embedded footings and (2) a mid-rise frame with a large basement are subjected to earthquake motions. In the first test, the structures are separated. In the second test, the structures are placed next to each other. Results show that the presence of the deep basement affects the moment–rotation behavior of the adjacent shallow footings, stiffening the response in the direction of loading towards the basement. This can be attributed to the additional restraint provided by the basement. Although the presence of the basement stiffens the response, it also limits the permanent displacements of the footing, which in turn limits physical damage to the superstructure. These results suggest that in addition to considering nonlinear SFSI effects, SSSI should be considered in the design of closely clustered structures.
Can Different Thyroid Tumor Types Be Distinguished by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based K-ras Mutation Detection?

Background: Thyroid tumors have mutations of the ras oncogenes, although the prognostic and diagnostic significance of this remains unclear. Usually, thyroid follicular adenoma, follicular carcinoma, and papillary carcinoma are easy to differentiate histologically. Occasionally, follicular carcinoma may be difficult to separate from the follicular variant of papillary carcinoma, and a molecular test to help differentiate the two would be critical, as their behavior and clinical management differ. In earlier reports, K- ras mutations have been suggested as such a marker. Methods and Results: To study genetic differences between thyroid tumors, the authors examined 79 cases (58 papillary carcinomas, 12 follicular carcinomas, and 9 adenomas) for the presence of a K- ras mutation in codon 12 by polymerase chain reaction and restriction endonuclease digestion. Only six papillary carcinomas (12%) showed a K- ras mutation; no mutations were detectable in the other thyroid tumors. Conclusion: K- ras mutation analysis does not help differentiate thyroid tumor types.
The challenge of creating thoughtful research agendas

This article is an affirmative rejoinder to a recent editorial calling for revitalizing psychiatric research and education. It reviews the shortcomings of our present knowledge- and research-base using the state of child psychiatry as an exemplar. It concludes that we, as a specialty, must be cautious in setting a course for a research agenda in the new millenium and posits that the most informative research and intervention will occur by using multiple measures and sources of information. As understanding of patients and their problems in development and in context grows, intervention research that will be useful, timely, and cost-effective must include cross-discipline teams of researchers and practitioners who will speak to these complexities.
Adiabatic shear banding in elastic-viscoplastic nonpolar and dipolar materials

Abstract Simple shearing deformations of a block made of an elastic-viscoplastic material are studied. The material of the block is pressumed to exhibit strain hardening, strain-rate hardening and thermal softening. The effect of modeling the material of the block as a dipolar material in which the strain gradient is also taken as an independent variable has been investigated. The uniform fields of temperature and shear stress in the block are pertubed by superimposing a temperature bump at the center of the block, and the resulting initial-boundary-value problem is solved by the Galerkin-Gear method. It is found that for simple materials as the shear stress within the region of localization begins to collapse, an unloading shear wave emanates outwards from the edges of the shear band. For dipolar materials, the localization of the deformation is considerably delayed as compared to that for nonpolar materials, the shear stress does not collapse suddenly by decreases gradually, there is no unloading wave traveling outwards from the edges of the band, and the region of localized deformation is wider as compared to that for nonpolar materials.
Politics and Political Parties: A Critique of Recent Literature

Books on politics generally deal with only very limited phases of political life. One writer does a history of the Democratic Party; a second treats of corrupt practices; while a third describes party organization, political bosses, campaign methods, the suffrage, or perhaps primary elections.1 Few recent writers have succeeded in synthesizing the numerous phases of political activity into a survey of the democratic process as a whole. For this reason there are but few good textbooks in the field of parties and politics.2 If the value of a book be measured by the extent to which it contributes by means of significant information or speculative inquiry toward a new or broader understanding of the struggle for political power in democratic and totalitarian systems, a great many of the recent monographs on parties and politics fall short of excellence. Theories with respect to the origin of parties such as those advanced by Lord Macaulay, James Madison, Edmund Burke, Arthur N. Holcombe, and others, may be found in many textbooks.3 Yet no one of these theories bears the remotest relation to party life in the South, where for 40
HTTPI: An HTTP with Integrity

The World Wide Web famously supports two transport protocols: HTTP and HTTPS. These two protocols are at the opposite ends of three dimensions: security guarantees, cost of use, and compatibility with middle boxes (e.g. cache proxies) in the Internet. At one end, HTTP provides no security guarantees, but it is inexpensive to use, and is compatible with middle boxes in the Internet. At the other end, HTTPS provides three security guarantees, but it is expensive to use and is not compatible with middle boxes. Although the three security guarantees provided by HTTPS, namely server authentication, message integrity, and message confidentiality, are important in general, many web servers (e.g. email servers) do not need the message confidentiality guarantee. In this paper, we present a new transport protocol for the Web, named HTTPI. This protocol provides both server authentication and message integrity, but not message confidentiality. Like HTTP, HTTPI is inexpensive to use and is compatible with middle boxes, and like HTTPS, it defends against many cyber attacks (e.g. Pharming attacks) that HTTP cannot defend against. We developed a preliminary implementation of HTTPI and showed through experimentation that the throughput of HTTPI is within 1.2% from that of HTTP and is 37% better than that of HTTPS.
A SPINOR FORMULATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY IN GENERAL RELATIVITY

The spinor formulation of the Maxwell-Lorentz theory that was developed earlier bySachs andSchwebel (2–3) is extended to a generally covariant formalism. The underlying group for electrodynamics is thereby generalized from the proper inhomogeneous Lorentz groupLp to a special topological groupT. It follows from the physical assumptions of this theory that the groupT must belocally compact, connected, and satisfy thesecond axiom of countability. The invariants and conservation laws of the generalized theory are derived and a correspondence respondence of some of them with those of the conventional theory is demonstrated. The remaining invariants and conservation laws have no counterpart within the usual formalism. Extra terms that appear are due to the spin-affine connection field and the invariants which do not conserve reflection symmetry in space and time. Within this generalized formalism, the uniqueness of earlier derived results of a generalized Lorentz covariant theory of electromagnetism (13) is demonstrated. The Lagrangian density for the present formulation is derived and the role that is played by a fundamental length, which is inherent in the theory, is discussed.
Using Indices of Group Agreement in Multilevel Construct Validation

This article illustrates the role of group-agreement indices in the process of multilevel construct validation. A two-step process is outlined that includes multitrait-multimethod confirmatory fact...
770: Toll-like receptor gene family expression on maternal neutrophils is down-regulated in normal and preeclamptic pregnancies

are provided in table. There was no significant effect of acetaminophen on either fetal breathing or body movements when the data was expressed as number of activity episodes, total activity time, percent of activity time, or activity rate. In addition, there was no effect of acetaminophen when fetal breathing and body movements were combined into a single composite activity score. There were no differences in the proportion of fetuses demonstrating breathing or movement sufficient to achieve a normal biophysical profile score for that parameter, nor was their a difference in time required to achieve a normal score. CONCLUSION: Acetaminophen does not impact fetal breathing or body movements in humans when given at normally prescribed doses. Thus, assessment of fetal well-being using biophysical parameters should not be effected by maternal acetaminophen use.
Capital Structure Decisions in Real Estate Investment

This study examines the financing decisions of real estate investors and the choice of capital structure when acquiring income-producing properties. Drawing from the literature in finance and real estate, we develop a capital structure model for real estate investment and derive six hypotheses regarding the relationship of the overall loan-to-value ratio chosen by an investor to selected characteristics of the investment. The hypotheses are then tested using financing data from a sample of apartment and commercial transactions over a fifteen-year period in a specific real estate market. The empirical findings strongly support the importance of depreciation deductions, financial distress costs, capital constraints, tax rates, and interest rates as determinants of the capital structure of real estate investors.
Are yeast chitin synthases regulated at the transcriptional or the posttranslational level

The three chitin synthases of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Chs1, Chs2, and Chs3, participate in septum and cell wall formation of vegetative cells and in wall morphogenesis of conjugating cells and spores. Because of the differences in the nature and in the time of execution of their functions, the synthases must be specifically and individually regulated. The nature of that regulation has been investigated by measuring changes in the levels of the three synthases and of the messages of the three corresponding genes, CHS1, CHS2, and CAL1/CSD2/DIT101/KTI2 (referred to below as CAL1/CSD2), during the budding and sexual cycles. By transferring cells carrying CHS2 under the control of a GAL1 promoter from galactose-containing medium to glucose-containing medium, transcription of CHS2 was shut off. This resulted in a rapid disappearance of Chs2, whereas the mRNA decayed much more slowly. Furthermore, Chs2 levels experienced pronounced oscillations during the budding cycle and were decreased in the sexual cycle, indicating that this enzyme is largely regulated by a process of synthesis and degradation. For CHS1 and CAL1/CSD2, however, a stop in transcription was followed by a slow decrease in the level of zymogen (Chs1) or an increase in the level of activity (Chs3), despite a rapid drop in message level in both cases. In synchronized cultures, Chs1 levels were constant during the cell cycle. Thus, for Chs1 and Chs3, posttranslational regulation, probably by activation of latent forms, appears to be predominant. Since Chs2, like Chs1, is found in the cell in the zymogenic form, a posttranslational activation step appears to be necessary for this synthase also.
Systemic Lack of Canonical Histamine Receptor Signaling Results in Increased Resistance to Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Histamine (HA) is a key regulator of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), the autoimmune model of multiple sclerosis. HA exerts its effects through four known G-protein-coupled receptors: H1, H2, H3, and H4 (histamine receptors; H(1-4)R). Using HR-deficient mice, our laboratory has demonstrated that H1R, H2R, H3R, and H4R play important roles in EAE pathogenesis, by regulating encephalitogenic T cell responses, cytokine production by APCs, blood-brain barrier permeability, and T regulatory cell activity, respectively. Histidine decarboxylase-deficient mice (HDCKO), which lack systemic HA, exhibit more severe EAE and increased Th1 effector cytokine production by splenocytes in response to myelin oligodendrocyte gp35-55. In an inverse approach, we tested the effect of depleting systemic canonical HA signaling on susceptibility to EAE by generating mice lacking all four known G-protein-coupled-HRs (H(1-4)RKO mice). In this article, we report that in contrast to HDCKO mice, H(1-4)RKO mice develop less severe EAE compared with wild-type animals. Furthermore, splenocytes from immunized H(1-4)RKO mice, compared with wild-type mice, produce a lower amount of Th1/Th17 effector cytokines. The opposing results seen between HDCKO and H1-4RKO mice suggest that HA may signal independently of H1-4R and support the existence of an alternative HAergic pathway in regulating EAE resistance. Understanding and exploiting this pathway has the potential to lead to new disease-modifying therapies in multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune and allergic diseases.
Manual of Emergency Airway Management

. By Ron M. Walls, Robert C. Luten, Michael F. Murphy, and Robert E. Schneider. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000; 256 pp; $42.95 (softcover).
A population balance approach to direct‐contact secondary refrigerant freezing

A population balance approach is used in developing an analysis of homogeneous freezing in a brine-ice slurry by direct-contact heat transfer to a dispersed secondary refrigerant. Exponential and beta distributions are assumed for the ice crystals and refrigerant droplets, respectively. The effects of freezer pressure (refrigerant temperature), inlet refrigerant drop size, and refrigerant and brine flow rates on well-mixed freezer characteristics are presented.
REDUCTION OF HIGHER ALCOHOLS BY FERMENTATION WITH A LEUCINE‐AUXOTROPHIC MUTANT OF WINE YEAST

Several auxotrophic mutants requiring branched chain amino acids (valine, leucine, or isoleucine) were isolated in a strain of Montrachet wine yeast. They were tested for their ability to produce lowered amounts of higher alcohols (‘fusel oil’: isobutyl, active amyl, and isoamyl alcohols) in grape juice fermentations. One strain which required leucine was especially good in this respect. This mutation is recessive and is the result of a deficiency for the enzyme α-isopropylamate dehydratase. In trial fermentations with this mutant, the resulting wines contained up to 20% less total fusel oil and 50% less isoamyl alcohol compared to the parent Montrachet strain. An experienced taste panel did not discern any gross degradation of taste quality in wine made with the mutant strain compared to that made with the parent strain. The mutant strain could be of commercial importance in preparation of distilling material for alcoholic beverages since the reduced fusel oil content would not require any special distillation procedures which are normally used to avoid the unpleasant flavour associated with concentrated higher alcohols. Reduction of the isoamyl alcohol content is particularly significant since this fusel oil component is usually present in the highest amount.
The Impact of Low Health Literacy in an Older HIV Patient

Health literacy is an essential factor for health care providers to consider as older adults are attempting to manage complex health care regimes associated with HIV/AIDS. Health providers often fail to recognize low levels of health literacy among older adults. This case study illustrates how low health care literacy decreased the level of HIV knowledge, altered decision making skills, and decreased quality of life for an older adult with a diagnosis of HIV
Assessing and reducing the cardiac risk of noncardiac surgery.

Accurate estimation of a patient’s risk for postoperative cardiac events (eg, myocardial infarction, unstable angina, ventricular tachycardia, pulmonary edema, and death) after noncardiac surgery can guide allocation of clinical resources, use of preventive therapies, and priorities for future research. This review addresses selected issues in clinical risk assessment, approaches to using diagnostic tests, choices among preventive interventions, and postoperative monitoring. Although we have not used a formal systematic review protocol, we emphasize evidence published after the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) 1 and American College of Physicians (ACP) 2 guidelines, outline the limitations of the evidence, and suggest clinical approaches. A summary of our review of the evidence is presented in Table 1, and suggested approaches using these data are presented in Table 2 and Figures 1 and 2.
On the optimal design of structured feedback gains for interconnected systems

We consider the design of optimal static feedback gains for interconnected systems subject to architectural constraints on the distributed controller. These constraints are in the form of sparsity requirements for the feedback matrix, which means that each controller has access to information from only a limited number of subsystems. We derive necessary conditions for the optimality of structured static feedback gains in the form of coupled matrix equations. In general these equations have multiple solutions, each of which is a stationary point of the objective function. For stable open-loop systems, we show that in the limit of expensive control, the optimal controller can be found analytically using perturbation techniques. We use this feedback gain to initialize homotopy-based gradient and Newton iterations that find an optimal solution to the original (non-expensive) control problem. For unstable open-loop systems, the centralized truncated gain is used as an initial estimate for the iterative schemes aimed at finding the optimal structured feedback gain. We consider both spatially invariant and spatially varying problems and illustrate our developments with several examples.
The Rate of Proprietorship among Metropolitan Areas: The Impact of the Local Economic Environment and Capital Resources

Legal rules and the economic environment play an important role in the decision to become an entrepreneur. Many studies examine the effect of such institutions at the national or state level. The metropolitan area may be a more appropriate geography to examine, since entrepreneurs often serve a more localized market and there is wide variation in both the environment for and incidence of proprietorship among metropolitan areas. We find that proprietorship increases with home equity, intangible wealth, unemployment, relative earnings of proprietors, and population. It decreases with higher state income tax rates and minimum wages.
Präparation und Nahttechnik

Von alien Gesehicklichkeiten in der Kunst der Chirurgie ist die Freilegung, Ablosung und Praparation anatomischer Strukturen und Sehiehten sieher die bedeutungsvollste. Mit Erfahrung und sorgfaltig ausgefuhrt, sind Blutverlust und Gewebstraumatisierung unter diesen Bedingungen gering. Die Eleganz und Zugigkeit, mit welcher Praparation und Dissektion erfolgen, unterscheiden Meister und Anfanger.
Explaining consumer acceptance of handheld Internet devices

Abstract The emerging mobile commerce (m-commerce) technology promises exciting possibilities for marketplace exchanges, but expected benefits to consumers as well as businesses await an understanding of consumer acceptance of this technology. Borrowing the technology acceptance model (TAM) from the work environment, we apply it to the consumer context (c-TAM) and extend it by incorporating both utilitarian and hedonic aspects of technology use. In workplace settings, perceived usefulness has been the predominant driver of technology adoption. Our empirical results show that while perceived usefulness (a utilitarian aspect) contributes to consumer adoption of Internet devices, what contributes even more is their “fun” attribute (a hedonic aspect). Moreover, some consumers are more visually oriented than others and are likely to adopt these devices even more than those who are less visually oriented. Marketing implications of these findings are described.
Effect of pressure on phase behavior in polymer blends of poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide) and poly(styrene‐co‐p‐fluorostyrene) copolymers

Effet de la pression sur la miscibilite de ces melanges etudie par ATD haute pression qui permet l'etude directe de la transition vitreuse des melanges a pression elevee
Subject-Specific Muscle Synergies in Human Balance Control Are Consistent Across Different Biomechanical Contexts

The musculoskeletal redundancy of the body provides multiple solutions for performing motor tasks. We have proposed that the nervous system solves this unconstrained problem through the recruitment of motor modules or functional muscle synergies that map motor intention to action. Consistent with this hypothesis, we showed that trial-by-trial variations in muscle activation for multidirectional balance control in humans were constrained by a small set of muscle synergies. However, apparent muscle synergy structures could arise from characteristic patterns of sensory input resulting from perturbations or from low-dimensional optimal motor solutions. Here we studied electromyographic (EMG) responses for balance control across a range of biomechanical contexts, which alter not only the sensory inflow generated by postural perturbations, but also the muscle activation patterns used to restore balance. Support-surface translations in 12 directions were delivered to subjects standing in six different postural configurations: one-leg, narrow, wide, very wide, crouched, and normal stance. Muscle synergies were extracted from each condition using nonnegative matrix factorization. In addition, muscle synergies from the normal stance condition were used to reconstruct muscle activation patterns across all stance conditions. A consistent set of muscle synergies were recruited by each subject across conditions. When balance demands were extremely different from the normal stance (e.g., one-legged or crouched stance), task-specific muscle synergies were recruited in addition to the preexisting ones, rather generating de novo muscle synergies. Taken together, our results suggest that muscle synergies represent consistent motor modules that map intention to action, regardless of the biomechanical context of the task.
Eye Movements as Reflections of Comprehension Processes in Reading

In this article, we discuss the use of eye movement data to assess moment-to-moment comprehension processes. We first review some basic characteristics of eye movements during reading and then present two studies in which eye movements are monitored to confirm that eye movements are sensitive to (a) global text passage difficulty and (b) inconsistencies in text. We demonstrate that processing times increased (and especially that the number of fixations increased) when text is difficult. When there is an inconsistency, readers fixated longer on the region where the inconsistency occurred. In both studies, the probability of making a regressive eye movement increased as well. Finally, we discuss the use of eye movement recording as a research tool to further study moment-to-moment comprehension processes and the possibility of using this tool in more applied school settings.
Gene number determination and genetic polymorphism of the gamma delta T cell co-receptor WC1 genes

WC1 co-receptors belong to the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) superfamily and are encoded by a multi-gene family. Expression of particular WC1 genes defines functional subpopulations of WC1+ γδ T cells. We have previously identified partial or complete genomic sequences for thirteen different WC1 genes through annotation of the bovine genome Btau_3.1 build. We also identified two WC1 cDNA sequences from other cattle that did not correspond to sequences in the Btau_3.1 build. Their absence in the Btau_3.1 build may have reflected gaps in the genome assembly or polymorphisms among animals. Since the response of γδ T cells to bacterial challenge is determined by WC1 gene expression, it was critical to understand whether individual cattle or breeds differ in the number of WC1 genes or display polymorphisms. Real-time quantitative PCR using DNA from the animal whose genome was sequenced (“Dominette”) and sixteen other animals representing ten breeds of cattle, showed that the number of genes coding for WC1 co-receptors is thirteen. The complete coding sequences of those thirteen WC1 genes is presented, including the correction of an error in the WC1-2 gene due to mis-assembly in the Btau_3.1 build. All other cDNA sequences were found to agree with the previous annotation of complete or partial WC1 genes. PCR amplification and sequencing of the most variable N-terminal SRCR domain (domain 1 which has the SRCR “a” pattern) of each of the thirteen WC1 genes showed that the sequences are highly conserved among individuals and breeds. Of 160 sequences of domain 1 from three breeds of cattle, no additional sequences beyond the thirteen described WC1 genes were found. Analysis of the complete WC1 cDNA sequences indicated that the thirteen WC1 genes code for three distinct WC1 molecular forms. The bovine WC1 multi-gene family is composed of thirteen genes coding for three structural forms whose sequences are highly conserved among individual cattle and breeds. The sequence diversity necessary for WC1 genes to function as a multi-genic pattern recognition receptor array is encoded in the genome, rather than generated by recombinatorial diversity or hypermutation.
Nonlinear Evolution of Surface Wave Spectra on a Beach

The shoaling evolution of wave spectra on a beach with straight and parallel depth contours is investigated with a stochastic Boussinesq model. Existing deterministic Boussinesq models cast in the form of coupled evolution equations for the amplitudes and phases of discrete Fourier modes describe accurately the shoaling process for arbitrary incident wave conditions, but are numerically cumbersome for predicting the evolution of continuous spectra of natural wind-generated waves. The stochastic formulation used here, based on the closure hypothesis that phase coupling between quartets of wave components is weak, predicts the shoaling evolution of the continuous frequency spectrum and bispectrum of the wave field. The general characteristics of the stochastic model and the dependence of wave shoaling on nonlinearity, initial spectral shape, and bottom profile are illustrated with numerical simulations. Predictions of stochastic and deterministic Boussinesq models are compared with data from a natural barred ocean beach. Both models accurately reproduce the observed nonlinear wave transformation for a range of conditions.
Tracking the clinical psychiatric literature : what is out there?

This paper reviews the various resources available to psychiatrists for keeping abreast of the current literature and research in the field and reports the results of a survey that assesses psychiatrists' current practices in tracking the literature. The respondents' knowledge of available resources, their usual searching practices, and their satisfaction with the resource network are presented. The authors draw conclusions about the most efficient means of tracking the literature for various purposes and offer suggestions about improving resources.
An empirical assessment of which inland floods can be managed.

Abstract Riverine flooding is a significant global issue. Although it is well documented that the influence of landscape structure on floods decreases as flood size increases, studies that define a threshold flood-return period, above which landscape features such as topography, land cover and impoundments can curtail floods, are lacking. Further, the relative influences of natural versus built features on floods is poorly understood. Assumptions about the types of floods that can be managed have considerable implications for the cost-effectiveness of decisions to invest in transforming land cover (e.g., reforestation) and in constructing structures (e.g., storm-water ponds) to control floods. This study defines parameters of floods for which changes in landscape structure can have an impact. We compare nine flood-return periods across 31 watersheds with widely varying topography and land cover in the southeastern United States, using long-term hydrologic records (≥20 years). We also assess the effects of built flow-regulating features (best management practices and artificial water bodies) on selected flood metrics across urban watersheds. We show that landscape features affect magnitude and duration of only those floods with return periods ≤10 years, which suggests that larger floods cannot be managed effectively by manipulating landscape structure. Overall, urban watersheds exhibited larger (270 m 3 /s) but quicker (0.41 days) floods than non-urban watersheds (50 m 3 /s and 1.5 days). However, urban watersheds with more flow-regulating features had lower flood magnitudes (154 m 3 /s), but similar flood durations (0.55 days), compared to urban watersheds with fewer flow-regulating features (360 m 3 /s and 0.23 days). Our analysis provides insight into the magnitude, duration and count of floods that can be curtailed by landscape structure and its management. Our findings are relevant to other areas with similar climate, topography, and land use, and can help ensure that investments in flood management are made wisely after considering the limitations of landscape features to regulate floods.
Growth-regulation of the cellular levels and expression of the mRNA molecules coding for ornithine decarboxylase and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase.

Elevated cellular polyamine levels are required for stimulation of proliferation of normal populations of resting cells (reviewed in Pegg and McCann, 1982; Marton and Morris, 1987). The association between polyamine levels and cell growth has been noted by many workers since the pioneering observations in regenerating liver of Dykstra and Herbst (1965) and Raina and coworkers (1966). Polyamine levels in regenerating liver were shown early to be regulated by the levels of two key enzymes, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SDC) (Russell and Snyder, 1968; Janne and Raina, 1968; Russell and Lombardini, 1971; Hannonen et al., 1972); these original observations have since been confirmed in a variety of tissue and cell types (reviewed in Pegg and McCann, 1982; Tabor and Tabor, 1984; Pegg, 1986; White and Morris, 1988). In cases where it has been examined, elevation of ODC and SDC levels is primarily a consequence of increased rates of synthesis of the two proteins (Seyfried et al., 1982; Pegg, 1986). In this paper, we discuss the relative contributions of mRNA level and efficiency of mRNA translation to the regulation of the rates of ODC and SDC synthesis. As well, we consider the mechanisms involved in these two modes of regulation and their relationship to pathways of transmembrane mitogenic signal transduction.
Common ways Americans are incorporating fruits and vegetables into their diet: intake patterns by meal, source and form, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2010.

Objective We explored how Americans aged ≥2 years who consumed the recommended amount of fruits and vegetables on a given day incorporated fruits and vegetables into their diet compared with those who did not consume recommended amounts. Design We used 1 d of dietary recall data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007–2010 to examine cross-sectional differences in mean intakes of fruits and vegetables in cup-equivalents by meal, source and form between the two groups. Setting USA. Subjects NHANES 2007–2010 participants aged ≥2 years (n 17 571) with 1 d of reliable 24 h recall data. Results On a given day, the proportions of fruits and vegetables consumed at different meals were similar between those who consumed recommended amounts and those who did not. Among adults, 59–64 % of their intake of fruits was consumed at breakfast or as a snack and almost 90 % came from retail outlets regardless of whether they consumed the recommended amount or not. Adults who consumed the recommended amount of fruits ate more fruits in raw form and with no additions than those who did not. Among children and adults, 52–57 % of vegetables were consumed at dinner by both groups. Retail outlets were the main source of vegetables consumed (60–68 %). Conclusions Our findings indicate that habits of when, where and how consumers eat fruits and vegetables might not need to change but increasing the amount consumed would help those not currently meeting the recommendation.
The Rise of the Behavioral Perspective in Selected General Management Textbooks: An Empirical Investigation through Content Analysis

Content analysis of 28 general management textbooks published between 1910 and 1974 is used to trace the increase of the behavioral perspective within the discipline of management. Strong positive ...
Bargaining power and negotiation strategy: examining the Greek bailouts, 2010–2015

ABSTRACTUnder what conditions do governments choose hard or soft bargaining strategies in intergovernmental negotiations? Applying a bargaining power model in two-level games, I explore the factors that explain Greek strategy in bailout negotiations during the period 2010–2015. Governments with fewer power resources, worse best alternative to negotiated agreement and fewer domestic constraints are more likely to follow a soft bargaining strategy. But the choice of strategy is as much the result of structural features of bargaining power as it is of ideology and the perception of success (or failure) in iterative bargaining rounds. The findings have implications for bargaining power models and European Union bailout negotiations.
Retraitement et recyclage des combustibles irradiés

L'aval du cycle du combustible nucleaire est un domaine qui, aujourd'hui encore, releve du passionnel. A cote de ces passions, Electricite de France poursuit, dans des conditions qu'elle veut acceptable par le politique et le public, une strategie pragmatique et paisible. Cette strategie vise a concilier, dans le respect des legitimes preoccupations en matiere d'environnement, l'economie du systeme et les arbitrages court terme et long terme. Elle ne conduit a aucune irreversibilite, ce qui permet, en laissant l'ensemble des voies ouvertes, d'envisager l'avenir sereinement.La presente contribution vise a presenter ce que fait aujourd'hui Electricite de France et dans quelle strategie a plus long terme elle s'inscrit.