cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developmental consequences of association with a photosynthetic substrate for encapsulated embryos of an intertidal gastropod

Aggregation of embryos in clutches that lack internal circulation can increase the risk of hypoxia by limiting gas exchange. As a result, limits on oxygen solubility and diffusion in water can constrain the size and embryo concentration of aquatic egg clutches. Hypoxia in egg masses can slow embryo development, increase mortality, and reduce size at hatching. The risk of hypoxia for embryos, however, can be reduced by association with photosynthetic organisms. We examined whether embryo development in egg ribbons of the cephalaspidean mollusk Haminoea vesicula is significantly influenced by oviposition on eelgrass (Zostera marina). Association with the photosynthetic substrate had marked effects on development relative to association with non-photosynthetic substrates, and the direction of these effects was mediated by light conditions. Under intermediate and high light levels, association with eelgrass accelerated embryo development, while under dim light, the presence of the macrophyte increased development rate and reduced hatchling shell size. Benefits of association with eelgrass at higher light levels likely result from oxygen production by eelgrass photosynthesis, while we attribute costs under low light to oxygen depletion by eelgrass respiration. Association with Z. marina also limited microphyte growth in egg ribbons of H. vesicula. In the field, measurements of light attenuation within an eelgrass bed showed that conditions under which benefits accrue to embryos are ecologically relevant and correspond to spatial patterns of oviposition on eelgrass in the field. The choice of a photosynthetic oviposition substrate under appropriate light conditions can improve embryo fitness by accelerating embryo development without compromising hatchling size and by reducing the potential for excessive and harmful fouling by microphytes.
Measurement of the surface tensions of Fe-saturated iron silicate and Fe-saturated calcium ferrite melts by Padday’s cone technique

Padday’s cone technique allows determination of the surface tension of a liquid from measurement of the maximum excess force exerted on a cone during its immersion in, or withdrawal from, the liquid and knowledge of the density of the liquid. As the technique does not require rupture of the meniscus, an equilibrium measurement is obtained. The surface tensions of Fe-saturated iron silicate melts and Fe-saturated calcium ferrites, measured at 1410 °C using iron cones, are in good agreement with values in the literature obtained using the hollow cylinder technique. The maximum excess forces exerted on Pt-Rh cones immersed in liquid iron oxides at 1460 °C in the composition range from saturation with iron toXFe2O3 = 0.205 have been measured. The surface tensions of these melts cannot be determined unambiguously from the experimental measurements because of an uncertainty in the densities of the melts. However, it is shown that the literature values for the surface tension of liquid iron oxide are incorrect because of an error in the experimental procedures used.
A Procedure For Testing Optical Communication Transmission Systems

A reliable test procedure for an optical communication transmission system has been developed and demonstrated over 6GHz range. The frequency response of an optical test system is measured for a short fiber (~5 meters) with a periodically deformed axis, inducing selective spectral loss on the propagating fundamental mode. The results of this measurements are compared with 10km transmission system and found in agreement with the test measurements.
Energy: the Swiss energy mountain

An energy supply and demand scheme proposed by researchers at the Swiss Federal Institute for Reactor Research is described. An underground nuclear energy park using high-temperature gas cooled reactors and liquid metal-cooled or gas-cooled fast breeder reactors is proposed. The proposed site is in the Giuv-Syenite ridge located in the Eastern Aare-Gorrhard granite formation. The excavated (425 million tons) granite will provide an estimated 34,000 tons of uranium and thorium, enough to provide nuclear fuel for twelve centuries of operation at the stabilized energy-consumption level for the year 2050.
Overall Outcomes of Patients with Left Ventricular Assist Devices (LVADs) in Acute Rehabilitation Facility: How Safe Are These Patients at Rehabilitation Facilities?

Purpose Patients (pts) with LVADs are challenging with issues relating to transition of care and reducing hospital length of stay. However, in severely debilitated patients this can involve transitioning to long term care facilities, subacute and acute rehabilitation facilities. Currently, there are few centers that accept patients with LVADs which indirectly affect hospital length of stay (LOS). We report the outcomes including: LOS at acute rehab facility, adverse event rate, incidence and reason for rehospitalization in a small cohort of patients discharged to acute rehabilitation facility (rehab). Methods and Materials A retrospective review of patients who were discharged to rehab from January of 2009 till October of 2012. A total of 162 LVADs were performed with 42 admissions to rehab. Results The average LOS at rehab was around 14 days without any significant difference between patients with Heart Mate (HM) II and heart ware devices. There were 12 patients transferred back to our hospital with no deaths at rehab. 30 admissions were discharged home. Patients with heart ware devices had fewer rehospitalizations compared to patients with HM II devices. Reasons for rehospitilization included GI bleeding (8 pts), Arryhthmia (1 pts) and Sepsis (3 pts). [ figure 1 ] Conclusions Patients with LVADS can be safely transitioned to an acute rehab facility with the majority of patients successfully discharged home. There were no deaths, device failures, or strokes during the rehab stay. The average LOS at rehab was 14 days. There were 12 patients readmitted to our hospital and the most common reason being anemia due to gastrointestinal bleed.
A review of: “PRINCIPLES OF SYSTEMS: TEXT AND WORKBOOK (Second preliminary edition)” by Jay W. Forrester. Wright-Allen Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1968.

(1975). A review of: “PRINCIPLES OF SYSTEMS: TEXT AND WORKBOOK (Second preliminary edition)” by Jay W. Forrester. Wright-Allen Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1968. International Journal of General Systems: Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 121-122.
Opening Yourself Up The Role of External and Internal Transparency in Terrorism Attacks

Information transparency is frequently heralded as a positive regime feature. However, does information transparency produce negative side effects such as increased terrorist activity? We theorize that freer transmission of information creates opportunities for radical dissidents to employ political violence to draw attention to their agendas. We build a theoretical argument connecting external (international) transparency to increases in transnational terrorism, and internal (domestic) transparency to increases in domestic terrorism. We find empirical support for our theory by analyzing the effects of measures of transparency on counts of terrorist attacks in as many as 144 countries for time periods as long as 1970 to 2006.
Specific Cellular Proteins Associate with Angiotensin-converting Enzyme and Regulate Its Intracellular Transport and Cleavage-Secretion

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is an extensively glycosylated type I ectoprotein anchored in the plasma membrane by a hydrophobic transmembrane domain. In tissue culture as well as in vivo, the extracellular domain of ACE is released into the culture medium by a regulated proteolytic cleavage. To identify the cellular proteins that regulate ACE processing and cleavage-secretion, ACE-bound proteins were purified by affinity chromatography and characterized by microsequencing and Western blotting. One protein was identified as ribophorin and another as immunoglobulin-binding protein (BiP), a chaperone. Metabolic labeling and immunoprecipitation of ACE confirmed its interaction with BiP. Overexpression of BiP inhibited ACE secretion, an effect accentuated by the expression of an enzymatically inactive mutant BiP. This inhibition was caused by the retention of ACE precursors by BiP in the endoplasmic reticulum, as revealed by immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence experiments. However, treatment with a phorbol ester, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, enhanced ACE secretion even from cells overexpressing BiP. Western blot analysis of ACE-associated proteins with antibodies to protein kinase C (PKC) revealed the presence of its specific isozymes. Treatment with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate caused marked reduction in ACE association of selective PKC species. Thus, our studies have identified PKC and BiP as two proteins that directly interact with ACE and modulate its cell-surface expression and cleavage-secretion.
The population ecology of novel plant–herbivore interactions

Many native herbivores are known to attack exotic plants, and we can expect these interactions to occur with increasing frequency in coming years as invasive plants become naturalized and new invaders arrive in native communities. In some cases, evolutionary biologists and ecologists have learned a great deal from insects adapting to novel hosts. However, there is more to be learned and we suggest that the ecological study of exotic host colonization by native insects has been impeded by a lack of focus in the questions being asked, and also from overlap with other areas of plant–insect ecology, including the study of specialization. In the present paper, a conceptual model is described for the colonization of a novel host-plant, which focuses on the relationship between occupancy and availability. Occupancy is the fraction of patches of novel hosts that are utilized by an herbivore, and availability is the abundance or presence of a novel host on the landscape. Considering the slope of that relationship (between occupancy and availability), hypotheses are suggested that involve dispersal and, most important, population growth rate of an insect herbivore associated with an exotic host. A focus on the occupancy–availability relationship highlights the strengths and weaknesses of common experimental approaches, such as preference–performance experiments. Suggestions for future work are offered that include integration with evolutionary theory and exploration of more complex demographic and ecological scenarios.
A five-year followup study of deficit and nondeficit schizophrenia

Previous studies have suggested that deficit schizophrenia is a stable subtype of schizophrenia, and that patients with the deficit schizophrenia have different course of illness from other people with schizophrenia. We tested the ability of the deficit/nondeficit categorization to predict clinical features at five years' followup in a group of chronically ill outpatients. Outpatients categorized into deficit (N = 46) and nondeficit (N = 174) schizophrenia were assessed at an average of five years after the categorization was made. Raters making the followup assessments were blind to the initial categorization. At followup, the deficit patients had poorer quality of life, poorer social and occupational function, and more severe negative symptoms. Despite these differences, deficit patients were less distressed (as measured by depressive mood, anxiety, and guilt), and they did not have more severe hallucinations, delusions, thought disorder. These differences could not be attributed to demographic differences. The group differences in quality of life and level of psychosocial function remained significant after accounting for the severity of baseline negative symptoms. These findings confirm that patients with the deficit schizophrenia have a set of relatively stable clinical features that are associated with poor outcome.
Tables of Effect Size for Z Score Tests of Differences between Proportions and between Correlation Coefficients

Tables are given for the rapid estimation of h, the effect size index for the difference between independent proportions, and of q, the effect size index for the difference between independent correlation coefficients. The tables are accurate to three decimal places and may be used conveniently in conjunction with tables and charts of power and sample size. Formulas for power and sample size estimation are also presented.
Assembly of the Sos1–Grb2–Gab1 ternary signaling complex is under allosteric control

Allostery has evolved as a form of local communication between interacting protein partners allowing them to quickly sense changes in their immediate vicinity in response to external cues. Herein, using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) in conjunction with circular dichroism (CD) and macromolecular modeling (MM), we show that the binding of Grb2 adaptor—a key signaling molecule involved in the activation of Ras GTPase—to its downstream partners Sos1 guanine nucleotide exchange factor and Gab1 docker is under tight allosteric regulation. Specifically, our findings reveal that the binding of one molecule of Sos1 to the nSH3 domain allosterically induces a conformational change within Grb2 such that the loading of a second molecule of Sos1 onto the cSH3 domain is blocked and, in so doing, allows Gab1 access to the cSH3 domain in an exclusively non-competitive manner to generate the Sos1–Grb2–Gab1 ternary signaling complex.
Requirement for Tec Kinases Rlk and Itk in T Cell Receptor Signaling and Immunity

T cell receptor (TCR) signaling requires activation of Zap-70 and Src family tyrosine kinases, but requirements for other tyrosine kinases are less clear. Combined deletion in mice of two Tec kinases, Rlk and Itk, caused marked defects in TCR responses including proliferation, cytokine production, and apoptosis in vitro and adaptive immune responses to Toxoplasma gondii in vivo. Molecular events immediately downstream from the TCR were intact in rlk-/-itk-/- cells, but intermediate events including inositol trisphosphate production, calcium mobilization, and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation were impaired, establishing Tec kinases as critical regulators of TCR signaling required for phospholipase C-gamma activation.
Research Directions on the Role and Impact of ICT in Microfinance

Information and communication technology (ICT) is an important driver in the microfinance industry. Microfinance providers, both non-profit microfinance institutions (MFIs) and for-profit banks, provide financial services to the poor, and are critical for economic development in developing nations. As the industry matures, MFIs face a competitive environment, forcing them to balance the goals of outreach and sustainability. ICT may be the instigator of this new environment and the potential solution to MFI survivability. We propose research directions on the role and impact of ICT in the microfinance industry, using a microfinance technology and stakeholder ecosystem framework. This research is at the intersection of inquiry on ICT for development and the digital divide, the impact of microfinance, and the use of ICT in the financial services industry. We discuss the role and impact of ICT at the customer, the microfinance institution, donor, and industry levels.
Optimal Arrays of Pin Fins and Plate Fins in Laminar Forced Convection

We report the optimal geometry of an array of fins that minimizes the thermal resistance between the substrate and the flow forced through the fins. The flow regime is laminar. Two fin types are considered: round pin fins, and staggered parallel-plate fins. The optimization of each array proceeds in two steps: The optimal fin thickness is selected in the first step, and the optimal thickness of the fluid channel is selected in the second. The pin-fin array is modeled as a Darcy-flow porous medium. The flow past each plate fin is in the boundary layer regime. The optimal design of each array is described in terms of dimensionless groups
Structural, microstructural, optical and dielectric properties of Ba0.75Sr0 25TiO3 thin films deposited by sol-gel

Abstract The effects of annealing on the structure, microstructure, stoichiometry, optical and dielectric properties of Ba0.75Sr0.25TiO3 thin films have been studied. The films are grown on Pt(111)/TiO2/SiO2/Si(100) and auartz substrates by sol-gel. X-Ray diffraction measurements showed that the films annealed at temperatures of 500-675°C for 2h are polycrystalline. A significant change in the interfacial composition for thin films annealed at 825°C is observed. A relatively sharp tail of the transmission spectra for films annealed at temperature in the range 500-675°C indicates a narrow distribution of grain size for these films. Annealing films caused the dielectric constant to become more like the bulk.
Genome wide association study for drought, aflatoxin resistance, and important agronomic traits of maize hybrids in the sub-tropics.

The primary maize (Zea mays L.) production areas are in temperate regions throughout the world and this is where most maize breeding is focused. Important but lower yielding maize growing regions such as the sub-tropics experience unique challenges, the greatest of which are drought stress and aflatoxin contamination. Here we used a diversity panel consisting of 346 maize inbred lines originating in temperate, sub-tropical and tropical areas testcrossed to stiff-stalk line Tx714 to investigate these traits. Testcross hybrids were evaluated under irrigated and non-irrigated trials for yield, plant height, ear height, days to anthesis, days to silking and other agronomic traits. Irrigated trials were also inoculated with Aspergillus flavus and evaluated for aflatoxin content. Diverse maize testcrosses out-yielded commercial checks in most trials, which indicated the potential for genetic diversity to improve sub-tropical breeding programs. To identify genomic regions associated with yield, aflatoxin resistance and other important agronomic traits, a genome wide association analysis was performed. Using 60,000 SNPs, this study found 10 quantitative trait variants for grain yield, plant and ear height, and flowering time after stringent multiple test corrections, and after fitting different models. Three of these variants explained 5–10% of the variation in grain yield under both water conditions. Multiple identified SNPs co-localized with previously reported QTL, which narrows the possible location of causal polymorphisms. Novel significant SNPs were also identified. This study demonstrated the potential to use genome wide association studies to identify major variants of quantitative and complex traits such as yield under drought that are still segregating between elite inbred lines.
Treatment of Carotid Cavernous Fistulas

The treatment of a carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) depends on the severity of the clinical symptoms, its angiographic characteristics, and the risk it presents for intracranial hemorrhage. In most instances, endovascular treatment is preferred. High-flow direct CCFs usually are traumatic or are caused by rupture of a cavernous aneurysm into the sinus, but a small percentage can be spontaneous. They usually present with sudden development of a clinical triad: exophthalmos, bruit, and conjunctival chemosis. All direct CCFs should receive treatment, because they carry a high probability of intracranial hemorrhage or neurologic deterioration. Low-flow indirect or dural CCFs, either incidental or with minimal symptoms, are not associated with significant risk of intracranial hemorrhage. The accepted practice is to treat ocular symptoms conservatively with medical management or manual carotid compression. If the patient cannot tolerate the symptoms, or if signs of ocular morbidity occur, endovascular treatment is offered. The first treatment option should be endovascular embolization with a combination of detachable balloons, coils, stents, or liquid embolic agents. The procedure can be performed from either an arterial or venous approach. Use of these materials and techniques can yield a high cure rate with minimal complications. If the patient is not amenable to embolization or if the embolization fails, then surgery (surgical ligation of the internal carotid artery or packing of the cavernous sinus) should be offered. Stereotactic radiosurgery may be an elective treatment for low-flow CCFs, but it has no role in the treatment of high-flow CCFs.
High-performance InAs quantum-dot infrared photodetectors grown on InP substrate operating at room temperature and high operating temperature focal plane array

ABSTRACT We report a room temperature operating InAs quantum-dot infrared photodetector grown on InP substrate. The self-assembled InAs quantum dots and the device structure were grown by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor depositon. The detectivity was 2.8 u 10 11 cmHz 1/2 /W at 120 K and a bias of -5 V with a peak detection wavelength around 4.1 µm and a quantum efficiency of 35 %. Due to the low dark current and high responsivity, a clear photoresponse has been observed at room temperature, which gives a detectivity of 6.7 u 10 7 cmHz 1/2 /W. A 320 u 256 middle wavelength infrared focal plane array operating at temperatures up to 200 K was also fabricated based on this kind of a device. The focal plane array had 34 mA/W resp onsivity, 1.1 % conversion efficiency, and noise equivalent temperature difference of 344 mK at 120 K operating temperature. Keywords : quantum dot, infrared, photodetector, InP, focal plane array, MOCVD 1. INTRODUCTION Self-assembled semiconductor quantum dots (QDs)
Double Exponential Families and Their Use in Generalized Linear Regression

Abstract In one-parameter exponential families such as the binomial and Poisson, the variance is a function of the mean. Double exponential families allow the introduction of a second parameter that controls variance independently of the mean. Double families are used as constituent distributions in generalized linear regressions, in which both means and variances are allowed to depend on observed covariates. The theory is applied to two examples—a logistic regression and a large two-way contingency table. In such cases the binomial model of variance is often untrustworthy. For example, because genuine random sampling was infeasible, the subjects may have been obtained in clumps so that the statistician should really be using smaller sample sizes. Clumped sampling is just one of many possible causes of overdispersion, a habitual source of concern to users of binomial and Poisson models. This article concerns a class of regression families that allow the statistician to model overdispersion while carrying ...
An intervention to improve depression care in older adults with COPD

Objective To describe an intervention for older persons with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) to improve adherence to psychiatric, medical, and rehabilitation recommendations. The intervention supplements antidepressant therapy for depression with an individualized care manager who targets psychological barriers that interfere with treatment participation. Method Description of intervention development, training, and barriers to care, and illustration with case example. Results Depression and its associated lack of motivation, helplessness, and lack of energy can obstruct active participation in rehabilitation exercises recommended for COPD. Additionally, depressed older adults perceive the benefits of depression treatment; however they also fear side effects, addiction to antidepressants and have concerns about stigma. The intervention elucidates individual attitudes and beliefs that may become barriers. The care manager works with the older adult to address the barriers and improve treatment participation. Conclusion Augmentation of traditional pharmacotherapy for depression with a care manager can improve adherence to both depression and COPD treatment. This improved adherence may lessen the physical, psychological, and functional costs of both diseases. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Anthropology of Tribal and Peasant Pastoral Societies: The Dialectics of Social Cohesion and Fragmentation

The Anthropology of Tribal and Peasant Pastoral Societies: The Dialectics of Social Cohesion and Fragmentation. UGO FABIETTI and PHILIP CARL SALZMAN, eds. Pavia, Italy: Ibis, 1996. 472 pp., figures, notes, bibliography, contributors.
Combined effects of caffeine and malnutrition during pregnancy on suckling behavior in newborn rats

Six groups of pregnant dams were fed a 20%, 12%, and 6% protein diet with and without caffeine (2 mg/100 g b.wt.), starting on day 7 of gestation. At day 18 of gestation, randomly selected dams of each group were used to record prenatal fetal behavior. The remaining dams were continuously fed their respective diets until the birth of their pups. Upon delivery, newborn pups from the dams fed a 20%, 12%, or 6% protein diet with caffeine were placed with foster dams that the dietary regimen during gestation was a 20%, 12%, or 6% protein diet, respectively. Dams fed a noncaffeine diet, along with their newborns, were fed their respective diets until day 15. Suckling behavior tests for newborns were conducted on days 2, 8, and 15. On day 15, both nondeprived and deprived newborn rats were studied. Caffeine in combination with a malnourished diet has different effects on general activity in prenatal stages compared to postnatal stages. Our findings support the view that prenatal exposure to caffeine may produce greater effects because: a) caffeine and its metabolites pass freely into the embryo and attain a concentration slightly lower than in the maternal plasma; and b) caffeine may be poorly metabolized during pregnancy, causing an accumulation in the fetal tissues. Prenatal caffeine at the dosage we have used in combination with malnutrition may produce lasting metabolic alterations in the nervous system related to the emergence of suckling behavior and general motor activity.
Coming apart: The state of White America, 1960–2010

Coming apart: The state of White America, 1960–2010, by Charles Murray, New York, NY, Crown Forum, 2012, 407 pp., $27.00 (hardback), ISBN 978-0-307-45342-6 The growth of economic inequality in the ...
A counterexample to a claim concerning the convolution of multimodal distributions

P. Ghosh (1981) has claimed that the convolution of two symmetric multimodal distributions is symmetric and unimodal. A simple counterexample to this claim is constructed by considering the convolution f∗f, where f is an appropriate mixture of two normal densities.
Economic motivation for photovoltaic concentrator technology

Abstract The primary obstacle to the widespread use of photovoltaics for commercial electrical power production is the cost of solar cells. This obstacle can be attacked by looking for means of lowering solar cell prices or by increasing the power produced per cell by using optical concentrators. Development of concentrating photovaltaic collectors has been under way for about 5 years. In this paper a summary of photovoltaic concentrator technology is presented, including a description of photovoltaic concentrators and their major components, the economics of photovoltaic concentrators and the status of their technology in terms of current hardware designs and performance.
Zooplankton in the Eastern Tropical North Pacific: Boundary Effects of Oxygen Minimum Zone Expansion

Abstract Oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) may be expanding in their worldwide spatial and vertical extent as a result of global climate change. Here, we highlight structural and functional features of pelagic OMZ zooplankton communities, especially the little known mesopelagic lower oxycline zooplankton assemblage in the eastern tropical north Pacific (ETNP). Day and night vertically-stratified zooplankton samples were collected with a MOCNESS plankton net system to depths of 1000 m during two cruises in 2007 and 2008 as part of the Eastern Tropical Pacific Project. Size-fractionated biomass and selected species distributions were analyzed. A spatial comparison between two stations, Tehuantepec Bowl (TB) and Costa Rica Dome (CRD), with different OMZ thicknesses especially in 2008, was used as a proxy for future potential climate change to show how variability in oxycline depth at the upper and lower OMZ boundaries may have broad consequences for biological distributions and ecosystem function. The same zooplankton biomass features were present at both locations but responded differently to changes in OMZ thickness and boundary depths. The impact of habitat compression was quantified by the change in proportion of zooplankton biomass in the upper water column. The thermocline was the location of peak zooplankton biomass regardless of OMZ extent. At the lower oxycline, a unique zooplankton assemblage and secondary biomass peak (sharp order of magnitude jump from OMZ core biomass levels) occurred that was strongly associated with a specific oxygen concentration of 2 μM. In 2008, the lower oxycline biomass peak deepened by over 200 m at TB with its expanded OMZ compared to CRD, despite a temperature difference of ∼2 °C, while remaining at the same oxygen level. In contrast, another secondary biomass peak corresponding to the daytime depth of diel vertical migration, and occurring within the upper oxycline or OMZ core, was present at the same depth and temperature at both locations, despite different oxygen concentrations. A dense monospecific layer of the copepod Eucalanus inermis was sometimes present just above the distinctive more persistent lower oxycline assemblage. While the general ontogenetic migration of this species was previously known, its precise positioning relative to oxygen concentration and the lower oxycline community is a new finding. The vertical re-positioning of biomass layers at the thermocline and lower OMZ boundaries, and the increased depth range of low oxygen water that diel vertical migrators and sinking particles must transit in an expanded OMZ, could have widespread effects on species distributions, the biological pump, and benthic–pelagic coupling.
Stereospecific syntheses of all four stereoisomers of 4-fluoroglutamic acid

Abstract (+)- L -threo-4-Fluoroglutamic acid [(+)-(2S, 4S)-fluoroglutamic acid] has been synthesizedstarting with the natural (−)-4-trans-hydroxy- L -proline. Its acetylation at nitrogen followedby esterification with diazomethane afforded methyl 1-acetyl-trans-4-hydroxy- L -prolinatewhich was converted to methyl 1-acetyl-cis-4-fluoro- L -prolinate by means of diethylaminosulfurtrifluoride (DAST) or 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluorotriethylamine. The mixture wasoxidized by ruthenium tetroxide to methyl 1-acetyl-cis-4-fluoro- L -pyrrolidin-5-one-2-carboxylate,whose acid hydrolysis yielded the title compound. A similar sequence of reactionsconverted cis-4-hydroxy- D -proline to (−)- D -erythro-4-fluoroglutamic acid [(−)(2R, 4S)-fluoroglutamic acid]. (−)- D -threo-4-Fluoroglutamic acid [(−)-(2R, 4R)-floroglutamicacid] was prepared analogously from trans-4-hydroxy- D -proline, obtained from its diastereomerby inversion of configuration at carbon 4 of the pyrrolidine ring using thediethyl azodicarboxylate-triphenylphosphine procedure. cis-4-Hydroxy- L -proline, necessaryfor the synthesis of (+)- L -erythro-4-fluoroglutamic acid [(+)-(2S, 4R)-fluoroglutamicacid], was prepared from trans-4-hydroxy- L -proline by benzyloxycarbonylation at thenitrogen, oxidation of the 1-benzyloxycarbonyl-trans-4-hydroxy- L -proline to 1-benzyloxy-carbonyl-4-oxo- L -proline, its reduction to 1-benzyloxycarbonyl-cis-4-hydroxy- L -proline anddeprotection of the latter at the nitrogen. (−)-cis-4-Fluoro- L -proline and (+)-trans-4-fluoro- D -proline were isolated after the hydrolysis of incompletely oxidized methyl 1-acetyl-cis-4-fluoro- L -prolinate and methyl 1-acetyl-trans-4-fluoro- D -prolinate, respectively.
The Landau gauge gluon propagator in lattice QCD

Abstract A Monte Carlo calculation of the gluon propagator in the Landau gauge in SU(3) lattice gauge theory is described. The results of calculations at β = 5.6 (200 43 × 8 lattices), β = 5.8 (400 43 × 10 lattices and 100 63 × 12 lattices), and β = 6.0 (100 43 × 8 lattices) indicate that the gluon propagator resembles a massive particle propagator in which the mass grows with separation. At the largest distances accessible with these lattices, the mass is about 600 MeV.
‘Kiss My Foot,’ Said the King: Firearms, Diplomacy, and the Battle for Raichur, 1520

INTRODUCTION Frontiers may be understood as spatial counterparts to revolutions: the one denotes a perceived break in continuous territory, the other a perceived rupture in time. In recent decades, historians have written of a worldwide military, or ‘gunpowder’ revolution that took place in the centuries following the fourteenth. Such a notion has in turn prompted several lines of enquiry. Some have tried to locate the moment in time when this revolution occurred in particular regions. Others have sought to identify and compare the various effects that the advent, spread and use of gunpowder had in different socio-political environments across the planet. The present essay explores a little-studied event in South Asian history, the Battle for Raichur (1520), with a view to evaluating that battle's relevance both to the idea of the frontier and to that of the military revolution. The city of Raichur occupies the heart of an exceptionally fertile tract in India's Deccan plateau—the so-called ‘Raichur Doab’—which lies between the Tungabhadra and Krishna rivers (see Figure 1, Map). For several centuries before 1520, the Bahmani sultans to the north of the Doab and the kings of Vijayanagara to the south repeatedly fought over access to the Doab's economic resources. Control of the fortified city of Raichur figured in all of these struggles. The battle in question was also a prelude to the more famous Battle of Talikota (1565), a conflict that permanently reconfigured the geopolitics of the Deccan plateau.
Some Structural and Thermodynamic Studies of Clathrate Hydrates

X-ray and neutron diffraction studies show argon and krypton to preferentially form clathrate hydrates of structure II, rather than structure I as previously assumed; methane and hydrogen sulphide do form structure I. Re-examination of solid-solution thermodynamic theory shows that structure II is basically the more stable; structure I is generally formed only when the guest molecule is in the size range that favours occupancy of the 14-hedral over the 12-hedral cages. For molecules too large to enter the 12-hedra the relative stability of structure II is greatest at 0°C, in agreement with the observed sequence of change of stability of cyclopropane hydrate: I to II at -16° and II to I at 1.5°. Carbon dioxide hydrate is observed to decompose on prolonged standing at 105K in accord with the low-temperature instability predicted by Miller.
Analysis of high capacity power electronic technologies for integration of green energy management

The rate of growth in US electrical demand necessitates the development of new generation resources and the expansion of electrical infrastructure. With respect to this growing demand and the current trends of energy policy development, policy makers, corporations, and private investors continue to push the development and integration of green and renewable generation, including nuclear, wind, and solar power. The integration of novel and existing generation sources within the US electric grid presents new requirements and challenges for large scale resource management and interconnection. The sheer magnitude of new generation being added to the grid, as well as the diversity of generation sources, will drive expansion and investment within the transmission & distribution (T&D) infrastructure sector and in enabling technology developments. In this paper, descriptions and solutions are presented for many of the foreseeable scenarios that will emerge from the T&D perspective regarding integrated generation management (IGM). By analyzing several primary classes of transmission technology - conventional AC transmission, high voltage DC transmission (HVDC), and FACTS compensation techniques as applied to both AC and DC transmission - this work presents future applications, advantages, and development requirements for power electronics and control technologies in a diversified generation environment and with respect to power system dynamic performance.
Clinical aspects of congenital anomalies of the trachea and bronchi.

Congenital malformations of the trachea, bronchi and lungs may produce bronchopulmonary problems of unusual and challenging clinical interest. In the first hours, days or weeks of life, severe, acute respiratory emergencies occur as the result of congenital deformities. Some are correctable if promptly recognized, others are incompatible with life, while probably the majority are symptomless, appearing as incidental findings on routine medical, surgical or post-mortem examination. A resume of this problem is presented because of the increasing frequency with which it is being encountered and to emphasize the newer diagnostic and therapeutic aspects, both bronchoscopic and surgical, of the many corrective procedures. Classification A simplified, practical classification of lower respiratory tract malformations serves as a basis for this discussion.1 It has been developed for clinical purposes and omits anomalies of monsters and malformations incompatible with life. The modified classification is as follows: I. Anomalies of the Trachea
Unaccelerated-Returning-Twin Paradox in Flat Space-Time

The twin paradox in a flat space-time which is spatially closed on itself is considered. In such a universe, twin $B$ can move with constant velocity away from twin $A$ and yet return younger than $A$. This paradox cannot be resolved in the usual way since neither twin is accelerated or locally subject to other than flat Minkowski geometry. Thus there are no obvious kinematic, dynamic, or geometric distinctions between the two and yet one experimentally verifies that moving clocks are slowed while the other does not. A global analysis leads to the conclusion that the description of the topology of this universe has imposed a preferred state of rest so that the principle of special relativity, although locally valid, is not globally applicable.
The Ultrastructure of Livers of Rats Fed DDT and Dieldrin

Adult male rats were fed different dosage levels of DDT, dieldrin, or combination of the two. After eight weeks, hexobarbital sleeping time was determined in some of these rats. Livers of the other rats were examined with the light microscope and electron microscope. Hexobarbital sleeping time was significantly reduced in all treated rats compared to that of controls, but no difference was found between the various treated groups. Liver weights of all treated groups were significantly higher than those of the controls, and livers of rats fed the combination of DDT and dieldrin weighed significantly more than those rats given DDT or dieldrin alone. Morphological changes, including an increase in smooth endoplasmic reticulum and atypical mitochondria, were observed in all treated groups and were more pronounced in rats given both DDT and dieldrin.
Residual image coding for stereo image compression

The main. focus of research in stereo image coding has been disparity estimation (DE), a technique used to reduce coding rate by taking advantage of the redundancy in a stereo image pair. Significantly less effort has been put into the coding of the residual image. In this paper we propose a new method for the coding of residual images that takes into account the properties of residual images. Particular attention is paid to the effects of occlusion and the correlation properties of residual images that result from block-based disparity estimation. The embedded, progressive nature of our coder allows one to stop decoding at any time. We demonstrate that it is possible to achieve good results with a computationally simple method.
Pediatric ingestion of lamotrigine.

A 3-year-old female presented to the emergency department after ingesting forty-six 25-mg tablets of lamotrigine that resulted in sedation, rash, and transient elevation of liver function tests. Her initial physical examination was significant for marked somnolence and a lacy reticular blanching rash. Laboratory studies were all within normal limits except for mildly elevated liver function tests. Initial plasma lamotrigine level was found to be elevated above adult therapeutic levels (25.3 μg/mL). Treatment consisted of gastric lavage followed by activated charcoal. The patient was subsequently observed in the pediatric intensive care unit where symptoms and laboratory abnormalities promptly resolved, and she was discharged 24 hours later without further complication. This case report describes the largest single ingestion of lamotrigine ever reported in a pediatric patient. The patient exhibited significant somnolence, rash, and liver function test abnormalities with only a slight elevation of serum level of lamotrigine above adult therapeutic levels. More research is required to investigate the toxic profile of lamotrigine in pediatric patients.
Analysis of transmission line structures using a dynamic analysis through WIPL-D

In packaging systems it is necessary to compute radiation from printed circuits. Analysis of radiation from printed circuits is quite difficult because the codes that are generally used for far fast efficient calculation of transients on these systems due to different loads are often not capable of analyzing radiation. On the other hand, dynamic solutions that calculate radiation from printed circuits often require large computational resources as it needs to calculate the electric fields from structures that are very closely spaced and thus require significant computational accuracy. What we show is that using entire domain basis one can provide accurate dynamic solutions for transmission like structures. Because in this expansion one uses an entire domain basis, the charge along the structure is continuous and therefore provides accurate values of the near fields. Typically in using an entire domain basis one can reduce the size of the matrix on large structures typically by a factor of ten. Hence large packaging problems can be solved using modest computational resources quite efficiently. Numerical results are presented to illustrate these principles.
Low self-worth and anger as components of the depressive experience in young adolescents

The present study sought to examine two issues related to the phenomenological experience of depression in a normative sample of young, middle-school adolescents. The first hypothesis was that self-reported depressed affect would be highly related to low global self-worth. The second hypothesis was that depression is experienced as a blend of sadness and anger, where anger can be directed toward either the self or others. The findings revealed a strong correlation (r = .81) between global self-worth and affect (along a continuum of cheerful to depressed). With regard to the second issue, depression is clearly experienced by adolescents as a blend of affects. Eighty percent reported that depression represents a mix of sadness and anger. In addition, the vast majority reported that the anger is directed toward others, either as the only target or in conjunction with anger toward the self. Findings also revealed that the primary causes of depression involve actions of others against the self, thereby making the anger component realistic. Discussion focused on the role of self-deprecatory ideation in depression and on the issue of the comorbidity of internalizing and externalizing symptoms manifest in depression.
Insert Heating and Ignition in Inert-Gas Hollow Cathodes

An extensive 2-D computational model of the fundamental ionization and transport processes that occur inside electric propulsion hollow cathodes has been developed over the last few years. The computed charged-particle fluxes from the plasma to the internal cathode surfaces have been used as input to a rudimentary hollow-cathode thermal model also developed recently. It is shown that, in hollow cathodes with a very small diameter orifice, the plasma density peaks inside the orifice and that the cathode is heated primarily by the orifice plate which is, in turn, heated by the plasma inside the orifice and along the orifice plate. As the orifice diameter increases the peak plasma density moves upstream of the orifice with ions and electrons contributing to the heating of both the orifice plate and the insert. In hollow cathodes with a very large diameter orifice the plasma extends along much of the insert, the plasma density peaks well within the insert region, and the cathode is heated primarily by ion bombardment of the insert. By solving a 2-D axisymmetric boundary value problem, it is also shown that when a voltage is applied between the ends of a long cylindrical channel the potential in the absence of the plasma falls almost by one order of magnitude with each radius downstream of the entrance. The implication is that cathodes with orifices of large length-to-radius ratio will be harder to ignite.
Determining the optimal radial network topology within the line flow constraints

This paper describes a linear programming based method by which the radial electric power distribution networks can be optimally reconfigured. The optimization problem is formulated as a linear network flow problem where the resulting network is required to remain radial. The radiality constraint is enforced implicitly by modifying the well known simplex method in order to avoid the creation of topologies that contain any loops during the simplex iterations. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the proposed method.
Special considerations on the management of Latino patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

AbstractBackground:Latinos are the largest minority population in the United States, and are characterized by higher rates of obesity and diabetes compared to Whites. The prevalence of diagnosed diabetes in Latinos is two-fold higher than in Caucasians, and Latinos suffer from higher rates of diabetic complications and mortality. As the diabetes epidemic continues to expand and exert greater socioeconomic strain on national healthcare systems, the success of global and national healthcare initiatives for diabetes prevention and improvement of care will depend upon strategies targeted specifically toward this population. Essential to such strategies is an understanding of success factors unique to the Latino population for diabetes prevention and achievement of optimal treatment outcomes.Methods:A PubMed search was conducted for literature describing type 2 diabetes and its complications in Latinos. Specifically, we sought data describing epidemiology, disparities, management considerations, and success fa...
ProcSimity: an experimental tool for processor allocation and scheduling in highly parallel systems

ProcSimity is a software tool that supports research in processor allocation and scheduling for highly parallel systems. ProcSimity's multicomputer simulator supports experimentation with selected allocation and scheduling algorithms on architectures with a range of network topologies and for several current routing and flow control mechanisms. Message-passing can be simulated in detail at the flit level or at a higher level of modeling. Our tool supports both stochastic job streams as well as communication patterns from actual parallel applications, including several of the NAS parallel benchmarks. ProcSimity's visualisation and performance analysis tool allows the user to view a dynamic animation of the selected algorithms as well as a variety of system and job level performance metrics. ProcSimity has been successfully used in experiments investigating the feasibility of non-contiguous processor allocation in meshes and k-ary n-cubes. >