cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of Occupational Injuries on Nonworkers' Compensation Medical Costs of Patient-Care Workers.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to estimate the extent to which work-related injuries contribute to medical expenditures paid for by group health insurance. METHODS Administrative data on OSHA recordable injuries spanning 2010 to 2013 were obtained for female patient care workers (n = 2495). Expenditures were aggregated group health insurance claims for 3 and 6-month periods before/after injury. Group health insurance plan type, age group, and job category were control variables. RESULTS Being injured is associated with the odds of having expenditures at both 3 months, odds ratio (OR) 2.17 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.61 to 2.92], and 6 months, 2.95 (95% CI 1.96 to 4.45). Injury was associated with $275 of additional expenditures (95% CI $38 to $549) over 3 months and $587 of additional expenditures (95% CI $167 to $1140) over 6 months. CONCLUSIONS Injury was associated with increased odds of positive expenditures and increased expenditures paid for by group health insurance.
Providing liquidity in an illiquid market: Dealer behavior in US corporate bonds

Abstract We examine market making behavior of dealers for 55,988 corporate bonds, many of which trade infrequently. Dealers have a substantially higher propensity to offset trades within the same day rather than committing capital for longer periods for riskier and less actively traded bonds. Dealers’ holding periods do not decline with a bond's prior trading activity and in fact are lowest for some of the least active bonds. As a result, cross-sectional estimates of roundtrip trading costs do not increase as prior trading activity declines. Our results suggest that dealers endogenously adjust their behavior to mitigate inventory risk from trading in illiquid and higher risk securities, balancing search and inventory costs in equilibrium such that observed spreads can appear invariant to expected liquidity.
On The Control of Mechanical Manipulators

Abstract The dynamic performance of computer-controlled manipulators is directly linked to the formulation of the dynamic model of manipulators and its corresponding control law. Several approaches are available in formulating the dynamic models of mechanical manipulators and most notably of these are the Lagrange-Euler and the Newton-Euler formulations. This paper describes an efficient position plus derivative control in joint space for a PUMA robot arm whose dynamic equations of motion are formulated by the Newton-Euler method. The controller compensates the inertia loading, the nonlinear coupling reaction forces between joints and the gravity loading effects. Using a PDP 11-/45 computer the controller equation can be computed in 3 ms which is sufficient for real-time control. Computer simulation of the performance of the control law is included for discussion.
A Note on Belief, Question Embedding and Neg-Raising

The epistemic verb to believe does not embed polar questions, unlike the verb to know. After reviewing this phenomenon, I propose an explanation which connects the neg-raising behavior of belief with its embedding patterns (following [14]). I use dynamic epistemic logic to model the presuppositions and the effects associated with belief assertions.
Reversible 1,2-Addition of Water To Form a Nucleophilic Mn(I) Hydroxide Complex: A Thermodynamic and Reactivity Study

(iPrPNHP)Mn(CO)2(OH) (2; iPrPNHP = HN{CH2CH2(PiPr2)}2) was formed from the reversible 1,2-addition of water to (iPrPNP)Mn(CO)2 (1; iPrPNP = the deprotonated, amide form of the ligand, –N{CH2CH2(PiPr2)}2). This reversible reaction was probed via variable-temperature NMR experiments, and the energetics of the 1,2-addition/elimination was found to be slightly exothermic (−0.8 kcal/mol). The corresponding manganese hydroxide was found to react with aldehydes, yielding the corresponding manganese carboxylate complexes (iPrPNHP)Mn(CO)2(CO2R), where R = H, methyl, phenyl. While no reaction between 1 and neat benzaldehyde was observed, in the presence of water, conversion to the corresponding manganese-bound benzoate with formation of H2 was observed. The catalytic oxidation of benzaldehyde by water without additives was unsuccessful due to strong product inhibition, with the manganese benzoate formed under a variety of reaction conditions. Upon addition of base, a catalytic cycle for the conversion of aldehyde t...
Abstract 19207: The Third Time’s a Charm: Factor Analysis, Psychometric Testing, and Update of the Atlanta Heart Failure Knowledge Test

Background and Objective: Since first published in 2009, the Atlanta Heart Failure Knowledge Test (AHFKT) has been demonstrated to be a reliable and valid instrument, used in multiple studies and translated into more than 15 languages. Given advances in heart failure (HF) self-care, we proposed to reevaluate the psychometric properties of the AHFKTv2 in a larger sample and update the instrument. Methods: The 30 questions of the AHFKT (at 5th grade reading level) are focused on 5 knowledge domains essential for HF self-care: pathophysiology, nutrition, behavior, medicine, and symptoms. Demographic, clinical, and baseline AHFKTv2 data from 4 intervention studies in persons with HF were combined for this analysis (N=284). Characteristics of the sample and by group were analyzed using descriptive statistics; validity testing with t tests and Pearson r correlations, Mann-Whitney two-group tests, and Spearman’s rho; and tetrachoric correlations computed as the basis for reliability calculations and factor analysis. Results: Participants were 22 to 84 years of age, 66% African American, 63% male, and 94% NYHA class II-III. Participants had a mean AHFKT score of 80.6% (±11%). Hypotheses that higher education level would be associated with higher knowledge (t=-2.7, p Conclusion: Comprehensive psychometric evaluation of the AHFKTv2 revealed confirmation of internal consistency reliability and validity, and provided direction for production of the AHFKTv3 available for use in research and clinical practice.
Targeted and Non‐Targeted Analysis

This chapter discusses analyte screening methods based on targeted and nontargeted approaches using three of the most well-known analytical techniques: optical methods, chromatography, and infrared spectroscopy. The sections of the chapter are defined by each of the screening methods. Our main objective is to describe the systematic analysis of compounds in complex matrices and present some general advantages and challenges of the different techniques. The fundamentals of each screening method are presented in the general introduction, and as the chapter advances, deeper concepts and new technology are presented. This chapter is based on current literature on the topic combined with the teaching experience of decades, interacting with students and industry professionals. Real examples are presented to show some of the solutions to resolve screening methods problems. Finally, multivariate statistical techniques are also introduced to aid in the use of the new generation of analytical instruments producing large data matrices, and approaches to extract relevant information from the acquired data limiting the effects of high correlation and nondefined matrices are discussed. Keywords: chemometrics; chromatography; infrared spectroscopy; optical methods; target compounds; targeted and nontargeted approaches
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Safety in Elderly Adults.

Background The 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) and the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) were both recommended to adults aged ≥65 years. The study examines adults ≥65 years for risk of adverse events (AEs) requiring medical attention following vaccination with PCV13 as compared with vaccination with PPSV23, a long-standing vaccine with a satisfactory safety profile. Methods The cohort study included 6 Vaccine Safety Datalink sites. The exposed person-time included follow-up time of the first PCV13 received by subjects age ≥65 years from January 1 to August 15, 2015. The comparator person-time included follow-up time after the first PPSV23 received by subjects of the same age during Janaury 1 to August 15 of each year of 2011-2015. The prespecified AEs included cardiovascular events, Bell's palsy, Guillain-Barre syndrome, syncope, erythema multiforme, thrombocytopenia, cellulitis and infection, allergic reaction, and anaphylaxis. Inverse probability of treatment weighting-adjusted Poisson regression models was used to estimate the relative risk (RR) of each AE. Results A total of 313 136 doses of PCV13 and 232 591 doses of PPSV23 were included. The adjusted RRs comparing the incidence of AEs following PCV13 vs PPSV23 were all <1, except for anaphylaxis, which was insignificant with an RR of 1.32 (95% confidence interval, 0.30-5.79). Only 1 patient who received PCV13 and 4 other vaccines concomitantly was confirmed by medical chart review as having experienced anaphylaxis after vaccination. Conclusions These data do not support an increased rate of adverse events following PCV13 administration in elders compared with PPSV23 and should provide reassurance regarding continued use of PCV13.
What’s New About Sporting Femininities? Female Athletes and the Sport-Media Industrial Complex

In this chapter, I raise critical questions regarding what is “new” in representations of sportswomen in American mainstream sport news media. To do so, I examine the contemporary cultural moment wherein feminism has been “taken into account” and disavowed (McRobbie, The Aftermath of Feminism: Gender, Culture, and Social Change. London: Sage, 2008), in order to situate and contextualise representations of female athletes in the sport-media industrial complex in the USA. This chapter maps the continuities and divergences in representations of female athletes and media coverage of women’s sport, explores its intersections with postfeminism and offers critical insights as to how the sport-media complex shapes our understandings of sporting femininities.
In vitro properties and pathogenesis of A59/MHV4 chimeric mouse hepatitis viruses.

Early in infection, the mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) envelope glycoprotein spike (S) binds a cell surface receptor glycoprotein and is postulated to undergo a conformational change to reveal a hydrophobic domain, promoting the fusion of the viral envelope and the cell membrane. The actual steps of MHV entry and their effects on pathogenesis are largely unknown. By binding truncated S1 peptides to receptor glycoproteins blotted on membranes, the putative receptor binding domain (RBD) was mapped to the N-terminal 330 amino acids of S (Kubo et al., 1994). In this study, we have generated two groups of chimeric recombinant viruses in an isogenic background in order to study the role of the RBD in pathogenesis.
Race and Place: Determinants of Poverty in the Texas Borderland and the Lower Mississippi Delta

In the United States, poverty is place based. Nonmetro areas have substantially higher poverty rates than metro areas. Poverty is also regionally based: the two poorest regions in the United States are the Mississippi Delta and the Texas Borderland. Most counties in these two regions have poverty rates twice as high as the U.S. national average; many of those counties have been persistently poor (i.e., they have had poverty rates exceeding 20% for the past three decades); and over one half of the highest poverty counties are located in the Delta and the Borderland. Two key characteristics set the two regions apart: first, blacks make up the social minority in the Delta, whereas the social minority (which is often the demographic majority) in the Borderland are Latinos. And second, poverty in the Delta has existed in the context of substantial population losses, while poverty in the Borderland exists despite substantial population growth. Using multivariate statistics, we develop and test a model to analyze four sets of factors found previously to affect poverty: economic structure, demographic structure, human capital, and metro-nonmetro residence. We show that the correlates of poverty differ by ethnicity and race. Positive net migration which tends to be a proxy for economic development has not been a pathway out of poverty for Latinos. The employment rate of blacks and Latinos has a strong depressing effect on their rate of poverty, whereas no such effect exists for whites. Family structure matters far less for Latinos compared to blacks and whites; for the latter two population groups, single female-headed households have substantially increased poverty. In sum, the chapter demonstrates the importance of targeting poverty-intervention programs to specific demographic groups.
Hydrologic simulation of nitrate losses with tile drainage water

A theoretical analysis of the movement of nitrates in an un­ saturated soil with zero-order denitrification is presented. The transport equation and boundary conditions are established to repre­ sent a field situation (i.e., application of N to the surface of a soil that already has nitrogen present in its profile). An analytical solution is derived. For given values of the diffusivity, pore solute velocity, and the rate coefficients for denitrification, the relative concentration profiles are shown at different times. Comparison with published data is made; the theoretical relationship fits the data reasonably well.
Chemical Conversion of Human Fetal Astrocytes into Neurons through Modulation of Multiple Signaling Pathways

Summary We have previously developed a cocktail of nine small molecules to convert human fetal astrocytes into neurons, but a nine-molecule recipe is difficult for clinical applications. Here, we identify a chemical formula with only three to four small molecules for astrocyte-to-neuron conversion. We demonstrate that modulation of three to four signaling pathways among Notch, glycogen synthase kinase 3, transforming growth factor β, and bone morphogenetic protein pathways is sufficient to change an astrocyte into a neuron. The chemically converted human neurons can survive >7 months in culture, fire repetitive action potentials, and display robust synaptic burst activities. Interestingly, cortical astrocyte-converted neurons are mostly glutamatergic, while midbrain astrocyte-converted neurons can yield some GABAergic neurons in addition to glutamatergic neurons. When administered in vivo through intracranial or intraperitoneal injection, the four-drug combination can significantly increase adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Together, human fetal astrocytes can be chemically converted into functional neurons using three to four small molecules, bringing us one step forward for developing future drug therapy.
A Mass Multivariate Edge-wise Approach for Combining Multiple Connectomes to Improve the Detection of Group Differences

Functional connectivity derived from functional magnetic resonance imaging data has been extensively used to characterize individual and group differences. While these connectomes have traditionally been constructed using resting-state data, recent work has highlighted the importance of combining multiple task connectomes, particularly for identifying individual differences. Yet, these methods have not yet been extended to investigate differences at the group level. Here, we propose a mass multivariate edge-wise approach to improve the detection of group differences by combining connectomes from multiple sources. For each edge, the magnitude of connection strength from each of multiple connectomes are included in statistical hypothesis testing. We evaluate the proposed approach by estimating sex differences in two large, publicly available datasets: the Human Connectome Project and Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort. Results indicate the proposed mass multivariate edge-wise analysis offers improved detection of group differences compared to univariate analysis, and support the utility of combining multiple connectomes to improve detection of group differences.
The NET Effect of Neutrophils during Helminth Infection.

Recent studies show that neutrophils mediate both tissue damage and host protection in response to multicellular parasites. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Bouchery et al. demonstrate the importance of neutrophil extracellular traps in helminth damage after primary infections.
5 – MEASURING ECONOMIC ACTIVITY

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the measuring economic activities. It is important to be able to measure rational economic activity. Economists need this data to test and refute their theories. Government policymakers need it to guide wise policy decisions. Business firms need this information to make smart production and marketing plans. The chapter highlights three measures of economic activity. Gross national product measures market production in current dollars. The gross national product (GNP) can be viewed as income, production, or value-added. The GNP has several flaws, however, and must be used with care. Neither GNP nor real gross national product (RGNP) should be interpreted as a measure of economic welfare or well-being. These statistics measure production and income, but they cannot tell whether people are better or worse off. Per capita RGNP puts RGNP on a human scale. Income and value-added are the same (both equal GNP) but income and value-added taxes (VATs) are different. In any case, the VAT is certainly an economic controversy.
Psychology’s Prejudice Against the Military

Military psychologists have been at the forefront of innovation in clinical practice, training, and research within the clinical field since the early 1900s. Yet since the 9–11 attacks, military psychologists have been attacked and vilified as the leaders in the abuses at the detention facilities at both Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, and Abu Ghraib, Iraq, without evidence to support these attacks. To date, no military psychologists have been sanctioned by the American Psychological Association for unethical conduct at any time post 9–11. Moreover, in spite of a lack of evidence documenting that military psychologists have committed ethical violations at these facilities, the American Psychological Association’s governing body in 2015 (the Council of Representatives) voted to ban military psychologists from serving at the Joint Task Force in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Why? What motivated the leaders of the American Psychological Association to pursue such antimilitary legislation if there was no evidence to support a decision to ban military psychologists for serving in any country or location? This chapter will examine the history of prejudice, bias, and disdain against the military by civilian psychologists. The authors will trace historical roots of this bias and provide the reader with case examples of the prejudice against military psychologists.
The Relationship Among Secondary Trauma, Self-Efficacy, and Correctional Nurses.

Many of the nurses working in corrections suffer from secondary trauma as a result of taking care of a population that has had a high percentage of traumas in their lives. There is limited research...
Bringing student health and Well-Being onto a health system EHR: the benefits of integration in the COVID-19 era.

To detail the implementation, benefits and challenges of onboarding campus-based health services onto a health system’s electronic health record. UC San Diego Student Health and Well-Being offers m...
Improving Ag Thick Film Contacts and Al Back Surface Field Quality of PERC Silicon Solar Cells by High Speed Rapid Thermal Processing

Rapid thermal processing (RTP) is a key technology in the screen-printed silver (Ag) and Aluminum (Al) metallization to form excellent contacts to silicon (Si) solar cell. The unique firing profiles of RTPs solve different tasks during contact co-firing, especially the ramp up and ramp down rates are very critical in achieving the precise contacts independent of the source of metallic pastes. The ramp up/down rates are controlled by the belt speed of the furnace which also determines the dwell time of the contact at elevated temperatures, which ranges from 750-800 °C. Although high belt speeds and hence high ramp up/downs, for contact co-firing are beneficial, due to the difficulties involved in reaching the peak firing temperature at high belt speeds, the commercial infrared (IR) belt furnaces are operated at belt speeds of between 180-200 inches per minute (ipm). Therefore, this paper reports on the development of high belt speeds for screen printed passivated emitter rear contacts (PERC) Si solar cell with no additional equipment. By achieving desired peak temperatures at high belt speeds (up to 375 ipm), the open circuit voltage (Voc) can be increased by ~5 mV along with 1-2 % increase in fill factor (FF) without adding any cost to production line.
Immunoreactivity for bcl-2 protein in cutaneous lymphomas and lymphoid hyperplasias.

The B-cell leukemia/lymphoma gene (bcl-2) produces a unique protein product (BCLP) that is believed to protect lymphoid cells from apoptosis. The bcl-2 gene is frequently' rearranged in nodal follicular lymphomas as well as in diffuse lymphoproliferations, but has generally been regarded as most useful in the recognition of the former of these lesions. However, little is known regarding BCLP expression in cutaneous lymphoid infiltrates. Using an immunohistochemical technique and a monoclonal antibody (clone no. 124) the authors examined 67 examples of cutaneous lymphoid infiltrates ― 31 cases of malignant lymphoma of the skin (MLS) and 36 examples of cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasias (CIH) ― to determine if patterns of BCLP reactivity could distinguish CLH from MLS or primary from secondary involvement of the skin by malignant lymphoma. Fifty-eight per cent of MLS cases were BCL- positive, as were 33% of CLH. Three of four eases of follicular cutaneous lymphoma showed BCLP-positivity in neoplastic follicles, whereas similar structures in cases of CLH with a follicular pattern were BCLP-negative. Sixty per cent of primary MLSs and 57% of secondary lymphomas were reactive for BCLP. These data suggest that immunostains for BCLP are of little help in the separation of benign from malignant cutaneous lymphoid infiltrates, and that they are likewise incapable of separating primary from secondary MLS. BCLP immunostains may have a limited adjuvant diagnostic role in distinguishing reactive from neoplastic follicular lymphoid lesions of the skin
Cardiosphere-derived cells, with and without a biological scaffold, stimulate myogenesis and recovery of muscle function in mice with volumetric muscle loss

Extremity trauma to military personnel and civilians commonly results in volumetric muscle loss (VML), leaving patients suffering chronic physical disability. Biomaterial-based technologies such as extracellular matrices (ECMs) are currently in clinical testing for soft tissue repair, but, in preclinical models of VML, the efficacy of ECMs is equivocal. In a murine model of VML, we investigated the effects of ECM and/or cardiosphere-derived cell (CDC) therapy; the latter improves skeletal myogenesis and muscle function in mdx mice, so we reasoned that CDCs may exert disease-modifying bioactivity in VML. While ECM alone improves functional recovery, CDCs have no additive or synergistic benefits with ECM transplantation following VML injury. However, CDCs alone are sufficient to promote muscle recovery, leading to sustained increases in muscle function throughout the study period. Notably, CDCs stimulate satellite cell accumulation in the muscle defect area and hasten myogenic progression (as evidenced by qPCR gene expression profiling), leading to global increases in myofiber numbers and anterior muscle compartment volume. Together, these data implicate CDCs as a viable therapeutic candidate to regenerate skeletal muscle injured by VML.
Human Value and Human Dignity

Having introduced the major ethical theories, we now turn to a discussion of human value. Why should pharmacists and pharmacy students care about this historical debate? The reason is simple: the pharmacy profession is relational. Recent surveys have consistently shown that students enter the pharmacy profession for two main reasons: they love the sciences, and they want to work with people (Hanna et al. 2016; Willis et al. 2006; Keshishian 2010; Capstick et al. 2007). To a substantial degree, people are at the heart of the profession; relating to others and helping them with their healthcare needs is a primary motivator. In this chapter, we will discuss the importance of clear and accurate thinking about the value of people. We will present two possible ways of defining such value, as well as two competing definitions of human dignity. This approach will help the reader better understand how the framing of such ideas affects historical ethical controversies, especially at the beginning of life.
Assessment of Physical Activity in Adults using Wrist Accelerometers.

The health benefits of physical activity have been widely recognized, yet traditional measures of physical activity including questionnaires and category-based assessments of volume and intensity provide only broad estimates of daily activities. Accelerometers have advanced epidemiologic research on physical activity by providing objective and continuous measurement of physical activity in free-living conditions. Wrist-worn accelerometers have become especially popular due to low participant burden. However, the validity and reliability of wrist-worn devices for adults have yet to be summarized. Moreover, accelerometer data provide rich information on how physical activity is accumulated throughout the day, but only a small portion of these rich data have been utilized by researchers. Lastly, new methodological developments that aim to overcome some of the limitations of accelerometers are emerging. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of accelerometry research, with a special focus on wrist-worn accelerometers. We describe briefly how accelerometers work, summarize the validity and reliability of wrist-worn accelerometers, discuss the benefits of accelerometers including measuring light-intensity physical activity, and discuss pattern metrics of daily physical activity recently introduced in the literature. A summary of large-scale cohort studies and randomized trials that implemented wrist-worn accelerometry is provided. We conclude the review by discussing new developments and future directions of research using accelerometers, with a focus on wrist-worn accelerometers.
Differential effects of ghrelin antagonists on alcohol drinking and reinforcement in mouse and rat models of alcohol dependence

An effort has been mounted to understand the mechanisms of alcohol dependence in a way that may allow for greater efficacy in treatment. It has long been suggested that drugs of abuse seize fundamental reward pathways and disrupt homeostasis to produce compulsive drug seeking behaviors. Ghrelin, an endogenous hormone that affects hunger state and release of growth hormone, has been shown to increase alcohol intake following administration, while antagonists decrease intake. Using rodent models of dependence, the current study examined the effects of two ghrelin receptor antagonists, [DLys3]-GHRP-6 (DLys) and JMV2959, on dependence-induced alcohol self-administration. In two experiments adult male C57BL/6J mice and Wistar rats were made dependent via intermittent ethanol vapor exposure. In another experiment, adult male C57BL/6J mice were made dependent using the intragastric alcohol consumption (IGAC) procedure. Ghrelin receptor antagonists were given prior to voluntary ethanol drinking. Ghrelin antagonists reduced ethanol intake, preference, and operant self-administration of ethanol and sucrose across these models, but did not decrease food consumption in mice. In experiments 1 and 2, voluntary drinking was reduced by ghrelin receptor antagonists, however this reduction did not persist across days. Despite the transient effects of ghrelin antagonists, the drugs had renewed effectiveness following a break in administration as seen in experiment 1. The results show the ghrelin system as a potential target for studies of alcohol abuse. Further research is needed to determine the central mechanisms of these drugs and their influence on addiction in order to design effective pharmacotherapies.
Chapter 7 Osmotic Effects in Membrane Fusion during Exocytosis

Publisher Summary This chapter assesses the chemiosmotic hypothesis of secretion in the light of the properties exhibited by isolated secretory granules and by intact and permeabilized secretory cells. The molecular events associated with membrane fusion are far from understood, as are most aspects of the exocytotic process. One hypothesis proposed to explain the membrane fusion event in exocytosis is the chemiosmotic hypothesis of secretion. The original chemiosmotic hypothesis explains the coupling of mitochondrial electron transport to ATP synthesis. The chemiosmotic hypothesis of secretion was formulated following the discovery of the chemiosmotic properties of isolated chromaffin granules. However, subsequent results obtained with intact and permeabilized cells revealed large differences between the predicted and observed secretory properties of these cells. Although the chemiosmotic hypothesis as originally proposed is no longer valid, several alternative hypotheses have been advanced according to which the osmotic swelling of secretory vesicles constitutes the force that drives the fission step in exocytosis.
Nobody's Fools: The Rational Audience as First Amendment Ideal

Assumptions about audiences shape the outcomes of First Amendment cases. Yet the Supreme Court rarely specifies what its assumptions about audiences are, much less attempts to justify them. Drawing on literary theory, this Article identifies and defends two critical assumptions that emerge from First Amendment cases involving so-called "core" speech. The first is that audiences are capable of rationally assessing the truth, quality, and credibility of core speech. The second is that more speech is generally preferable to less. These assumptions, which I refer to collectively as the rational audience model, lie at the heart of the "marketplace of ideas" metaphor, which has long been a target of criticism amongst First Amendment scholars. Now, however, cognitive psychology and behavioral economics provide empirical evidence that the assumptions of the rational audience model are demonstrably false in some commonplace settings. This Article nonetheless contends that behavioral economics has not yet made the case for jettisoning the rational audience model in the realm of core speech. As the Supreme Court has recognized, a legal test that looks at the "actual effects" of speech would be cumbersome and expensive to apply, and would therefore chill speech. But there are even more compelling reasons to adhere to a test focused on the "reasonable interpretation" of core speech. Because speech and expression are closely linked to individual autonomy, government constriction of core speech-particularly political speech-undermines the foundation of a self-governing democracy. Moreover, the rational audience model prevents public discourse from being reduced to the level of the least educated or least sophisticated audience member. The model calls on citizens to raise their cognitive capacities to meet the demands of public discourse, and it serves as a check on the government's increasingly powerful ability to drown out other speakers in that discourse. This Article concludes that the rational audience model represents a flawed but worthy ideal.
Dispute Resolution as Institutionalization in International Trade and Infromation Technology

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by The Fordham Law School Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion inFordham Law Review by an authorized administrator of The Fordham Law School Institutional Repository. For more information, please contacttmelnick@law.fordham.edu.
A study of slow stable crack growth by the J-resistance curve method

Abstract In this paper, the J- resistance curves of two mild steels were measured using modified J and side-grooved TPB specimens. The maximum resistance to crack growth was determined by means of the concept of the J- resistance curve. Thus the critical value of J is determined, which can be used in evaluating the fracture toughness of ductile materials.
The etiologic and pathologic factors in a series of 1,741 fibromyomas of the uterus

Abstract 1. 1. The incidence of fibromyomas in Negro women residing in the neighborhood of Augusta, Georgia, is three and one-third times that of white women. 2. 2. Sixty per cent of white women had tumors smaller than 5 cm. in diameter. Sixty-six per cent of the Negro women had tumors larger than 5 cm. in diameter. 3. 3. Chronic salpingitis was found in one-sixth of the white and more than one-half of the Negro patients with fibromyoma. On the other hand, 40 per cent of all operations for chronic salpingitis revealed complicating fibromyomas. 4. 4. Necrosis in general was about twice as frequent in the tumors of the Negro women as in those of the white women. 5. 5. Fibromyomas were found to be relatively free from malignant complications, but sarcomas were more frequent in the Negro, while carcinomas were more common in the white women. 6. 6. Complicating ovarian changes revealed follicular and corpus luteum cysts to be relatively frequent, cystadenoma to be present in 2 per cent of all fibromyomas, and dermoid cysts in 1 per cent of the white and in 2 per cent of the Negro patients.
Supermedia transport for teleoperations over overlay networks

In real-time Internet based teleoperation systems, the operator controls the robot and receives feedback through the Internet. Supermedia refers to robotic control commands, video, audio, haptic feedback, and other sensory information in the control system. Traditional transport services may not be able to meet the timely transmission requirements and dynamic priority changes of supermedia streams. Supermedia TRansport for teleoperations over Overlay Networks (STRON) uses multiple disjoint paths and forward error correction encodings to reduce end-to-end latency for supermedia streams. Network routes and encoding redundancy may be adjusted dynamically to meet the supermedia QoS requirements. NS2 simulations and evaluations using available bandwidth traces from globally distributed computing nodes show that STRON can significantly reduce latency compared with available transport services.
DNA adducts in humans as dosimeters of exposure to environmental, occupational, or dietary genotoxins.

The quantitation of adducts of genotoxins with DNA is probably one of the best indicators of genetic damage due to exposure to toxins or carcinogens. It is generally believed that such adducts can lead to mutations, which in turn can trigger the initiation of the carcinogenic process. DNA adducts have been quantitated in white blood cells and in various tissues of smokers, persons in certain high-exposure occupations, and persons consuming foods contaminated with certain carcinogens. The feasibility of this approach for biochemical epidemiologic studies has been demonstrated using methods such as 32P-postlabeling, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and synchronous fluorescence spectrophotometry. Relatively large interindividual differences in DNA adducts have been observed in both exposed and nonexposed persons. As a result, there are only a few studies in which clear quantitative and qualitative differences between these two groups have been observed. In addition, it appears that in some studies the 32P-...
Perturbative dynamics on the fuzzy S 2 and RP 2

Abstract By considering scalar theories on the fuzzy sphere as matrix models, we construct a renormalization scheme and calculate the one-loop effective action. Because of UV–IR mixing, the two- and the four-point correlators at low energy are not slowly varying functions of external momenta. Interestingly, we also find that field theories on fuzzy R P 2 avoid UV–IR mixing and hence are much more like conventional field theories. We calculate the one-loop β -function for the O ( N ) theory on fuzzy R P 2 at large N and show there exists a nontrivial fixed point that is accessible in perturbation theory.
Thermally irreversible photoresponsive polymers: Synthesis and preliminary characterization of copolymers containing side-chain trans-cinnamamide chromophores

A novel photoresponsive polymer containing organic chromophores which possess thermal stability as well as substantial and reversible responsiveness upon external photostimulus has been developed. trans-2{4-[2-(Dimethylcarbamoyl)vinyl]phenoxy}ethyl methacrylate (1) was synthesized and copolymerized by free-radical methods with methyl methacrylate giving a copolymer poly[(methyl methacrylate)-co-1] (poly(MMA-co-1)) (2) with cinnamamide moiety chromophores randomly attached as side groups. Photoisomerization and ultraviolet absorbance were used to examine the photostationary states and solubility changes upon photoirradiation. Poly[(methyl methacrylate)-co-1] (90,7 : 9,3 mol%) with 9,3 mol-% cinnamamide content has better solubility in a polar solvent such as acetonitrile (theta temperature ΘPMMA = 30°C) than in a nonpolar solvent such as carbon tetrachloride (ΘPMMA = 27°C). Photoisomerization of the trans-cinnamamide to cis-cinnamamide units significantly shifts the cloud point of poly[(methyl methacrylate)-co-1] (90,7 :9,3 mol-%) in carbon tetrachloride; this cloud point shift is reversible by photoisomerization back to the trans state. However, in a hydrogen-bonding solvent such as tert-butyl alcohol, while photoirradiation of poly[(methyl methacrylate)-co-1] (90,7 :9,3 mol%) yields a significant shift in cloud point, this is not reversible by photoirradiation as hydrogen-bond formation between the tertiary amide and the hydroxylic solvent reduces the isomerization efficiency. Fatigue of the photoreversibility of the copolymer, which is not present in dilute solutions of the cinnamamide chromophore, is noted.
Left Ventricular-Right Atrial Shunt Due to Bacterial Endocarditis*

Two patients are reported who developed perforation of the ventricular septum resulting in a left ventricular-right atrial shunt, as a complication of bacterial endocarditis. One of these patients presented with catastrophic cardiac deterioration, shock and biventricular failure, while in the other the defect was small and of little hemodynamic significance. With regard to differential diagnosis, note is made of the pansystolic murmur, the prominent venous pressure elevation and the absence of radiographic findings of marked pulmonary edema.
A study of the rates of sulfur production in acid thiosulfate solutions using S-35

Abstract Initial rates of formation of colloidal sulfur in solutions containing HCl and Na2S2O3 were measured using S-35 labeled thiosulfate. Measurements were made at an ionic strength of 0.035 and, because of the method used to form the labeled thiosulfate, the reaction systems contained 0.002 to 0.02% dioxane. Sulfur production occurs as a third-order process with the equation, d(S)/dt = k(H+) (S2O3=)12. The third-order rate constant is κ = (1.64 ± .13) × 10 11 exp[(—15,930 ± 160)/RT] −2 mole −2 sec −2 . The results indicate a bimolecular reaction between HS2O3− and S2O3= as the dominant rate limiting step. Initial reaction rates based upon the appearance of turbidity of colloidal sulfur did not agree with the rates based upon sulfur formation. The temperature coefficient for the “precondensation” rate was also much smaller and corresponded to an apparent activation energy of 11.0 kcal/mole.
Quantum interference in timed Dicke basis and its effect on bipartite entanglement

We analyze the effect of the position-dependent excitation phase on the properties of entanglement between two qubits formed in atomic systems. We show that the excitation phase induces a vacuum-mediated quantum interference in the system that affects the dynamical behavior of entanglement between the qubits. It is also found that the quantum interference leads to a coherent population transfer between the symmetric and antisymmetric states that can considerably modify the dynamics of two-qubit entanglement and can even prevent finite-time disentanglement (sudden death) under certain conditions.
General views on 3-D image reconstruction and computerized transverse axial tomography

General views on the physical aspects, mathematical image reconstruction methods and algorithms, and associated detection electronics are given. Transmission techniques are emphasized; however, the technique can be applied to emission studies, for instance in positron camera.
Central Control of Body Weight and Appetite

Context: Energy balance is critical for survival and health, and control of food intake is an integral part of this process. This report reviews hormonal signals that influence food intake and their clinical applications. Evidence Acquisition: A relatively novel insight is that satiation signals that control meal size and adiposity signals that signify the amount of body fat are distinct and interact in the hypothalamus and elsewhere to control energy homeostasis. This review focuses upon recent literature addressing the integration of satiation and adiposity signals and therapeutic implications for treatment of obesity. Evidence Synthesis: During meals, signals such as cholecystokinin arise primarily from the GI tract to cause satiation and meal termination; signals secreted in proportion to body fat such as insulin and leptin interact with satiation signals and provide effective regulation by dictating meal size to amounts that are appropriate for body fatness, or stored energy. Although satiation and adiposity signals are myriad and redundant and reduce food intake, there are few known orexigenic signals; thus, initiation of meals is not subject to the degree of homeostatic regulation that cessation of eating is. There are now drugs available that act through receptors for satiation factors and which cause weight loss, demonstrating that this system is amenable to manipulation for therapeutic goals. Conclusions: Although progress on effective medical therapies for obesity has been relatively slow in coming, advances in understanding the central regulation of food intake may ultimately be turned into useful treatment options.
Relationship of lymphotoxin secretion and DNA synthesis in the human mixed lymphocyte reaction in vitro

One-way mixed lymphocyte cultures employing human adenoid or peripheral blood lymphocytes activate lymphotoxin (LT)-secreting cells. Kinetic analysis of lymphocytes stimulated in mixed culture demonstrates that LT is secreted before the onset of DNA synthesis, but that maximum levels of LT secretion are reached simultaneously with maximum levels of DNA synthesis. Although the response of peripheral leukocytes is qualitatively similar to the response of adenoid-derived lymphocytes, unexplained high nonspecific background levels of toxic material(s) obscure early events in the former response. While cytochalasin B reversibly inhibits LT secretion, mitomycin C treated cultures are still capable of LT secretion. The results suggest that a population of cells exists, which does not require DNA synthesis to develop into effector cells. The requirement for DNA synthesis for the maximal development of effector cells may reside in a separate helper cell population as postulated by the two cell model of the mixed lymphocyte reaction.
Mammalian cell cultures on micropatterned surfaces of weak-acid, polyelectrolyte hyperbranched thin films on gold

A four-step soft lithographic process based on microcontact printing of organic monolayers, hyperbranched polymer grafting, and subsequent polymer functionalization results in polymer/n-alkanethiol patterns that direct the growth and migration of mammalian cells. The functional units on these surfaces are three-dimensional cell “corrals” that have walls 52 ± 2 nm in height and lateral dimensions on the order of 60 μm. The corrals have hydrophobic, methyl-terminated n-alkanethiol bottoms, which promote cell adhesion, and walls consisting of hydrophilic poly(acrylic acid)/poly(ethylene glycol) layered nanocomposites that inhibit cell growth. Cell viability studies indicate that cells remain viable on the patterned surfaces for up to 21 days, and fluorescence microscopy studies of stained cells demonstrate that cell growth and spreading does not occur outside of the corral boundaries. This simple, chemically flexible micropatterning method provides spatial control over growth of IC-21 murine peritoneal macro...
Passive and active tagging of reinforced composites for in-process and in-field nondestructive evaluation

Conventional non-destructive evaluation (NDE) methods are not very effective in monitoring the material conditions of advanced composite and adhesive joints. A technology that has been proposed to enhance the inspectability of advanced composites is the particle tagging technique. Two theoretical models were recently proposed to characterize the dynamic behavior of ferromagnetic and magnetostrictive tagging particles. These theoretical models concerning the development of an active tagging technique with embedded ferromagnetic and magnetostrictive particles and magnetic excitation are now experimentally verified. The experimental results of the active particle tagging shows a variation in the dynamic response of the specimens when defects and/or damage are present. The sensory signature from a tagged polymer is extracted as a result of the interaction between the embedded particles and their host matrix. A study of various types of composites and tagging particles for passive and active tagging was performed. Experimental validation of concepts for tagging of structural materials for on-site inspection prior to installation have also been explored. The on-site particle tagging inspection has been verified on laboratory specimens obtained from industry and was shown to be very efficient.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
An anion exchange resin from soybean hulls

Agricultural by-products are generally poor adsorbents of anions in solution. Therefore, modification of the by-product could enhance its anion exchange capabilities. The objective of this study was to increase the anion exchange properties of the agricultural by-product, soybean hulls, by chemical modification. Soybean hulls were quaternized with the quaternizing agent, N-(3-chloro-2- hydroxypropyl) trimethylammonium chloride, in the presence of a strongly alkaline environment. This modification increased the amount of positive charge on the hulls as evidenced by increased nitrogen content and increased uptake of anions compared with the unmodified hulls. A method to optimize the anion exchange properties of the hulls was developed. Ion exchange properties of the hulls toward anions of environmental significance, namely arsenate (As), chromate (Cr), dichromate (Cr2), phosphate (P) and selenate (Se) were determined. The modified hulls were also compared with commercial cellulose-based and synthetic anion exchange resins in their ability to removethese anions fromsolution. The experimental and commercial resins were also compared for their ability to remove a mixture of arsenate, chromate, dichromate and selenate from laboratory prepared solutions to levels below the maximum contaminant levels for these anions in drinking water as specified by the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Our results demonstrate that the soy hull resin is more efficient in anion removal than the commercial cellulose-based resin but not as effective as the commercial synthetic resin. Published in 2004 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.