cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prototype Automatic Target Screener.

Applications of image processing to FLIR systems include image enhancement, to improve the imagery displayed to the observer and automatic target cueing, to reduce the operator's search time. The Prototype Automatic Target Screener performs automatic real time detection, recognition and cueing of tactical targets. It also incorporates DC restoration to correct for artifacts introduced by the common module FLIR; and adaptive contrast enhancement to optimally use the display dynamic range and eliminate the need for continual operator adjustments. The PATS system is designed to interface to standard 525-line and 875-line TV formats and perform real-time processing. Decisions on target classification and location are updated every 1/10 second and displayed by means of symbology overlays on the operator's display. Three levels of classification provide optimum performance at low computational cost. The first level rejects clutter. Potential targets are further classified into one of six categories at the second level. These decisions are continually correlated over several frames and the combined decisions are displayed as cues. The PATS architecture features charge-coupled devices to perform many of the high speed functions required for image segmentation and first level feature extraction. It incorporates a bit-slice micro-programmable digital processor and frame memory for speed and flexibility in second level feature extraction and classification.© (1979) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
An analytical model of pneumatic tyres for vehicle dynamic simulations. Part 3: Validation against experimental data

This is the third paper in a three–part study presenting an analytical approach for determining tyre dynamic properties. In this study analytical formulations are derived for the tyre dynamic properties as functions of the slip ratio, slip angle, camber angle and other tyre dynamic parameters. These formulae can be used for the general vehicle simulations in braking/traction and steering manoeuvres with a varying camber angle on regular or irregular terrains. In this part the formulations that were derived in Parts 1 and 2 are validated against experimental results. First the tyre dynamic properties due to pure slips are validated. Then the tyre dynamic properties due to comprehensive slips during braking and traction are considered. In general the tyre dynamic properties are shown to have non–linear characteristics as functions of the slip ratio, slip angle, camber angle and other driving conditions.
Neon PRS experiments on Hawk

Summary form only given. Neon gas-puff PRS experiments have been performed on the Hawk generator with and without a plasma opening switch. The POS driven load current rises to 500-600 kA in 75-100 ns and then remains essentially constant over several hundreds of ns. This wave form is ideal for evaluation of K-shell X-ray scaling with mass because mass scans can be performed for a given initial radius without substantially changing the implosion kinetic energy. Diagnostics include transmission line and load current monitors, a voltage monitor upstream of the opening switch, filtered vacuum X-ray diodes, a diamond photo-conducting detector, and a time integrated pinhole camera. It is planned to field a crystal spectrometer.
Osmotic Regulation Is Required for Cancer Cell Survival under Solid Stress

For a solid tumor to grow, it must be able to support the compressive stress that is generated as it presses against the surrounding tissue. Although the literature suggests a role for the cytoskeleton in counteracting these stresses, there has been no systematic evaluation of which filaments are responsible or to what degree. Here, using a three-dimensional spheroid model, we show that cytoskeletal filaments do not actively support compressive loads in breast, ovarian, and prostate cancer. However, modulation of tonicity can induce alterations in spheroid size. We find that under compression, tumor cells actively efflux sodium to decrease their intracellular tonicity, and that this is reversible by blockade of sodium channel NHE1. Moreover, although polymerized actin does not actively support the compressive load, it is required for sodium efflux. Compression-induced cell death is increased by both sodium blockade and actin depolymerization, whereas increased actin polymerization offers protective effects and increases sodium efflux. Taken together, these results demonstrate that cancer cells modulate their tonicity to survive under compressive solid stress.
Archaeologies of the Contemporary Past

Archaeologies of the Contemporary Past. Victor Buchli and Gavin Lucas. eds. New York: Routledge, 2001. 208 pp.
Solar PV Integration Challenges

Solar photovoltaic distributed generation (PV-DG) systems are one of the fastest-growing types of renewable energy sources being integrated worldwide onto distribution systems. Many North American utilities, governed by state or provincial incentives and/or mandated by green-generation portfolio requirements, are facing installations of large PV plants with capacities in the order of several megavoltamperes (MVAs) that are owned either by the utility or by private power producers.
Some interrelated aspects of proline and hydroxyproline metabolism.

PROLINE is known to be the sole source of hydroxyproline residues in collagen1 and is converted to hydroxyproline only after its incorporation into a polypeptide2,3. If proline labelled with carbon-14 is employed as a specific precursor of hydroxyproline residues of collagen, the isotope concentration in urinary excretion products derived from such residues should reflect the rate of collagen catabolism. Pyrrole -2-carboxylic acid, an important product of hydroxyproline catabolism4, as well as ‘free’ hydroxyproline and ‘bound’ hydroxyproline, was studied in these experiments. The present communication deals with the metabolic interrelationships between these urinary excretion products. For purposes of comparison the metabolic behaviour of proline and hydroxyproline residues of skin collagen is also considered.
Energetics of metamorphic crystallization

Abstract Metamorphic crystallization necessitates nucleation of new grains. Associated with this process is an energy barrier which requires an input of energy sufficient to make the net change of free energy with nucleus growth decrease so that the process of grain crystallization will proceed. Temperature increase and elastic strain are widely accepted as capable of including metamorphic crystallization. Evaluation of these suggests that an energy input on the order of 0.x cal gm−1 is commonly enough to overcome the energy barrier and induce metamorphic crystallization. Both processes are necessarily timebound to the time of energy input. Conservative quantitative evaluations of the increase in interfacial free energy by grain size reduction, and of the energy increase resulting from increased dislocation density of grains, show that energetically, these may be equally capable of inducing metamorphic crystallization. These processes can store energy in the system; later release of that energy by metamorphic crystallization may occur under stress and temperature conditions much different from those that accompanied the input of the energy. Furthermore, the formation of a new set of grains will necessarily eliminate the evidence of the precursor state, whether fine granulation or a condition of high dislocation density in the grains of the system. Experiments have demonstrated the existence and properties of tiny short-lived hot spots on the surfaces of sliding solids. From this we infer the likelihood of such high spot temperatures being realized at grain boundaries during penetrative deformation. The energy concentrated at these spots may help to overcome the energy barrier to nucleation and grain growth and may stimulate formation of stable grains and the progressive elimination of metastable grains during deformation. This is a syntectonic process, but recognizing that syntectonic metamorphic crystallization is most characteristic of regionally dynamothermally metamorphosed terranes, the importance of grain boundary hot spots in providing energy for metamorphic crystallization may be very great.
“EPISTEMOLOGY” AS A SEMANTIC POLLUTANT

Some family therapists, following Bateson, use “epistemology” in a peculiar, non-traditional way. Nothing is gained, and much appears to be lost, by this practice. Its main effect is to promote the idea that systemic and psychological modes of explanation are incompatible. In fact, a kind of cognitive psychology is implicit in what family therapists say about reframing. By appropriating the territory of psychology and calling it epistemology instead, family therapists merely pollute the semantic environment,1 muddying the very things that theoretical terms are supposed to clear up.
Effects of PGE1 in murine models of SLE: Changes in circulating immune complexes

Abstract The effects of pharmacologic quantities of prostaglandin E (PGE1) on concentrations of circulating immune complexes (CIC) were studied in two murine models of SLE, female NZB W and MRL 1 mice. Complexes were sequentially measured using a modified Raji cell procedure. As previously reported, treatment started at 2 months of age led to a striking increase in survival and decrease in complex deposition in the renal glomeruli. In control NZB W mice, there was a progressive increase in CIC between 6 and 10 months of age. Treated animals showed a slower rate of increase and had significantly less CIC at both 8 (60% reduction) and 10 months (47% reduction). In MRL 1 mice, the disease followed a more aggressive course, and the later stages were associated with very high CIC levels. PGE1 therapy in these mice significantly decreased concentrations at both the 4- and 5-month periods. The reduction in CIC appeared to contribute to the prolongation of life in treated mice of both species.
Influence of bedrock inclination on elastic settlements of flexible shallow strip foundations

Abstract Theoretical solutions are available for calculating settlements of shallow foundations over soil underlain by a horizontal incompressible layer. In practice, however, the incompressible layer such as bedrock or a firm soil layer is often inclined with a dip and a strike. The influence of the bedrock inclination on settlements of shallow foundations is not well understood. In this study, a finite difference method, incorporated in the Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua 2D software, is employed to investigate this influence in terms of two key variables: the depth–width ratio (the depth of the compressible soil to the bedrock/the width of the foundation) and the bedrock inclination (assuming the dip perpendicular to the direction of the strip foundation). Based on the numerical results, the influence is addressed in the form of settlement influence factors and differential settlement influence factors, respectively. Design charts are developed for engineers to easily incorporate the influence of the bedrock inclination into the calculation of settlements of flexible shallow strip foundations. A design example is presented at the end of this paper to illustrate the use of the design charts.
Void formation, void growth and tensile fracture in Ti-6AI-4V

The influence of microstructure on void formation, void growth and tensile fracture was investigated for the Ti-6A1-4V alloy, aged to yield strengths of approximately 110 ksi (758 MN/m2), 130 ksi (896 MN/m2) and 140 ksi (965 MN/m2). Void nucleation occurs at α-aged martensite interfaces for both equiaxed (E) and Widmanstatten plus grain boundary (W + GB)α structures as well as within α particles. Void growth appeared to depend on martensite plate lengths for a given aging treatment for Ea structures, whereas it depended on prior β grain size and grain boundary α thickness for W + GBα structures. Two separate critical crack size-fracture stress (corrected for necking) relationships were found for E and W + GBα structures. The fracture energy for both structures was lower than the corresponding fracture energy previously observed for the Ti-5.25Al-5.5V-0.9Fe-0.5Cu(Ti-5-5) alloy,2 and the lower ductilities of aged Ti-6A1-4V were ascribed to this lower fracture energy.
The Role of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis in Dermatology

Systematic reviews of the medical literature are key tools in comprehensively summarizing data and helping clinicians and policy makers to make informed, evidence-based decisions regarding patient care and health policy.
Missing Step in Man, Monkey and Guinea Pig required for the Biosynthesis of L-Ascorbic Acid

MAN, other primates and guinea pig are the only mammals that are known to be unable to synthesize L-ascorbic acid; thus they require vitamin C in their diet to prevent scurvy. The rat, a typical species that is independent of a dietary source of the vitamin, synthesizes L-ascorbic acid from D-glucose as follows1–6: D-glucose → D-glucuronolactone → L-gulonolactone → L-ascorbic acid. Recent studies4–6 show that guinea pigs are unable to convert L-gulonolactone to L-ascorbic acid, a step which is catalysed in rats by enzymes present in liver. This communication reports that man and monkey also cannot convert L-gulonolactone to L-ascorbic acid.
Puberty and Perimenopause: Reproductive Transitions and their Implications for Women's Health

This scoping review synthesizes existing research on two major transitions in females' lives: puberty and perimenopause. These two periods of vast physiological change demarcate the beginning and the end of the reproductive life cycle and are associated with major neuroendocrine reorganization across two key systems, the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Despite growing evidence suggesting that the timing and experience of puberty and perimenopause are related to various physical and mental health outcomes (e.g., mood disorders, metabolism, cardiovascular health, autoimmune conditions, and cancer), these two processes are rarely examined together. In this paper, we bridge these disparate literatures to highlight similarities, isolate inconsistencies, and identify important areas for future research in women's health.
A quantitative measurement of sweat production after local injection of adrenalin.

Intracutaneous injections of 10 -1 mg and 10 -3 mg of adrenalin in 0.1 ml normal saline gave equal maximal responses in 54 measurements carried out on 34 subjects. The shapes of the curves are compared to those obtained in similar experiments with local injections of acetylcholine. The sweat responses to adrenalin were characterized by a quick increase to the maximum, short duration and low productivity.
New approach to spectrum and emitter simulation: For the evaluation of radar and electronic warfare systems

Radar and electronic warfare (EW) systems operate in an increasingly cluttered electro-magnetic (EM) environment. Evaluating system hardware with a variety of spectral and emitter scenarios helps characterize system performance in the presence of multiple emitters of interest and potential interferers that can be either non-intentional or intentional. DAC technology has evolved to the point where wide instantaneous bandwidths and high resolution is available with the current generation of arbitrary waveform generators (AWG). The true power of an AWG is in its ability to generate virtually any waveform downloaded into its memory making it easy to create radar and communications emitters scattered across a synthetic test range that simulates thousands of cubic miles of airspace. This paper will propose new approaches to spectrum and emitter simulation using high precision AWGs and investigate their use in applications which in the past have required a much more complicated, costly and multi-instrument solution. It will explore unique methods for baseband waveform creation, extending scenario length through the efficient use of memory, and upconversion of wideband composite signals to RF and microwave frequencies.
Contribution of conditioned opioid analgesia to the shock-induced associative US-preexposure deficit

The modulatory effect of conditioned opioid analgesia on learning in the US-preexposure paradigm was examined in three experiments using water-deprived rats. In Experiment 1, it was found that tailflick latencies increased immediately after the rats were exposed to a context in which footshock had previously been administered. Prolonged nonreinforced exposure to the context attenuated this analgesia. Experiment 2 tested the possibility that the effectiveness of CS-US pairings in an excitatory context might be reduced by a conditioned analgesic response that lessens the perceived intensity of the US. Administration of the opiate antagonist naloxone prior to CS-US pairings in the excitatory context reduced the US-preexposure deficit—that is, the retarded response to the CS—but did not eliminate it, suggesting that part of the observed deficit resulted from conditioned activation of the endogenous opioid system. In Experiment 3, it was found that exposure to the excitatory context immediately prior to a CS-US pairing in an associatively neutral context resulted in a conditioned response deficit, indicating that the analgesia elicited by the excitatory context was sufficient to reduce US effectiveness. In combination with other recent reports, these results suggest that the associative deficit resulting from preexposure to a shock US may, in certain instances, represent the sum of several different associative processes.
Relation between thermolectric properties and phase equilibria in the ZnO–In2O3 binary system

Abstract The electrical conductivities, Seebeck coefficients and thermal conductivities across the ZnO–In 2 O 3 binary system are reported and related to the phase compositions and microstructures present at 1150 and 1250 °C. The ZnO–In 2 O 3 binary system is of particular interest as it contains a variety of different types of phases, superlattice (modular) phases, solid solutions, two-phase regions and crystallographic features. Throughout much of the phase diagram, the thermal conductivities are less than 2 W m −1 K −1 , being limited by both solid solution disorder and thermal resistance due to the presence of InO/ZnO interfaces. Across the phase diagram, irrespective of the actual phases, the materials behave at high temperatures (800 °C) as free-electron conductors with the Seebeck coefficient and electron conductivity satisfying the Jonker’s relationship. In the two-phase regions of the phase diagram, the values of the power factor and figure of merit ( ZT ) are consistent with a simple law of mixtures, weighted according to the volume fractions of the two phases. Although the largest values of electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient occur over a range of composition centered at 40 m/o InO 1.5 , the maximum ZT and power factors are observed at k = 4 (33 m/o InO 1.5 ). In contrast to the other modular phases at 1250 °C and below, this phase is hexagonal rather than rhombohedral.
Neonatal morbidity occurs despite pulmonary maturity prior to 39 weeks gestation

To compare outcomes among late-preterm or early-term neonates according to fetal lung maturity (FLM) status. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 234 eligible singletons delivered after FLM testing before 39 weeks gestation at our center over a 2-year time period. A primary composite neonatal outcome included death and major morbidities. The overall rate of primary composite morbidity was 25/46 (52.2%) and 61/188 (32.4%) in the immature/transitional and mature groups, respectively. After adjustment for confounders including gestational age, the composite outcome was not significantly different; adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=1.4 (confidence interval (CI)=0.7–3.0). The rate of respiratory distress syndrome was significantly higher in the immature/transitional group; odds ratio=3.4 (CI=1.1–10.3) as expected. FLM status did not correlate with the spectrum of neonatal morbidities in late-preterm and early-term births. Neonatal complications remained common in both groups.
Stability and atomization characteristics of electrohydrodynamic jets in the cone-jet and multi-jet modes

Abstract The stability and atomization characteristics of electrohydrodynamic (EHD) jets have been investigated experimentally. EHD jets were formed by forcing propylene glycol at a steady flow rate through a charged capillary tube. The capillary tube had an outer diameter of 890 μ m , the electric potential applied to the tube ranged from 0 to 20 kV, the liquid flow rate ranged from 100 to 500 μ l min −1 , and the gap between the tube and ground ranged from 2.5 to 5.0 cm. Observations of the fluid discharge from the capillary were made with a CCD system with a microscopic lens attachment and a synchronized strobe lamp. In general, a single jet emanating from a conical meniscus (cone-jet) was observed to be stable at applied voltages on the order of 5–10 kV. The stable configuration at higher applied voltages was a ring of smaller jets emanating from the periphery of the capillary (multi-jet). Some hysteresis was observed in the stability of each configuration. The resulting droplets in the cone-jet configuration tend to be roughly 10 times smaller than the capillary, while the droplets that break off in the multi-jet mode are roughly 30 times smaller than the capillary. The implications of the stable multi-jet mode are that for a given flow rate, smaller droplets can be produced in the multi-jet mode than in the cone-jet mode.
Reoptimization procedures for networks with side constraints

Abstract Many large scale planning models require solutions to a series of side constrained network problems. More often than not, these side constrained problems are closely-related in that there have been minor changes in the objective function, constraints and/or bounds. Solving these problems from scratch every time may be prohibitively expensive. Instead, reoptimization procedures can be used which modify an existing basic feasible solution to reflect changes occurred in the problem parameters. This article develops and presents such procedures in a manner appropriate for implementation with a primal partitioning algorithm. A primal partitioning code containing our reoptimization procedures is applied to a set of test problems. The test results indicate that the procedures can be effective in reducing the overall computation time for side constrained network problems.
Effects of nitrogen, dicyandiamide, and tillage on cotton nitrogen concentration and yield.

(...) Field studies were conducted at the E.V. Smith Research Center in Macon County, AL on a Norfolk soil (fine, loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Paleudult) to determine the effects of DCD on cotton N concentration and yield of conventional and strip-till cotton. Nitrogen treatments included four preplant N rates (0, 67, 100, and 134 kg ha −1 ) with and without DCD (10% of N rate). (...)
Update on human systemic lupus erythematosus genetics.

Purpose of reviewSusceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has a genetic component. In recent years, nine complete genome scans using family collections that differ greatly in ethnic compositions and geographic locations have identified several strong, confirmed SLE susceptibility loci. E
The pediatric residency program of the future. III. Modifying pediatric residency training programs.

The numerous shifts in health care provision, enumerated in the previous two articles of this series, necessitate change not only in the practicing physician but also in the approach to training tomorrow's pediatricians. Many directors of pediatric residency programs, recognizing the need for increased emphasis on outpatient care, are establishing two-track training systems, with one track emphasizing primary care in the ambulatory setting, while the other emphasizes the standard program, giving relative emphasis to inpatient experiences. Primary care training programs generally include 19 months of ambulatory care and 17 months of inpatient rotations, whereas most standard residency programs have the reverse. THE PRIMARY CARE OPTION Primary care training programs vary among institutions that offer this training alternative. At the University of Colorado, Denver, for example, the emphasis is on training in a group practice clinic, behavioral development of children, and preventive and community medicine. In addition, residents spend a substantial
DSP-based variable speed motor drive with power factor correction and current harmonics compensation

The DSP-based variable speed motor drive consists of an active rectifier and inverter, which generates low current harmonics and low reactive current for efficient power conversion. The active rectifier converts the AC voltage into a regulated DC voltage, and draws input sinusoidal current at near unity power factor. In addition, the output inverter generates a variable frequency PWM synthesised voltage waveform to drive a permanent magnet brushless DC motor at near unity power factor for maximum efficiency. The high efficiency motor drive requires a small passive EMI filter and lower power rating requirements for the electronics switching devices. Therefore, the new DSP-based motor drive can be packaged into a smaller and lighter unit.
Is the binocular rivalry mechanism tritanopic

Abstract Binocular rivalry for a series of colored targets was measured in three trichromats and two red-green dichromats by cumulating those times when only one target or the other was perceived (exclusive visibility time). Targets were black and colored 3 c/deg square-wave gratings, 1° in diameter. For trichromats, exclusive visibility time increased as a function of color difference between the targets, but for dichromats there was no effect of color on binocular rivalry. Taken together, these data indicate that the binocular rivalry mechanism is tritanopic: it is responsive to color signals only from the medium- and long-wave-sensitive cones.
Superiority of Oral Ketamine as an Analgesic and Sedative for Wound Care Procedures in the Pediatric Patient with Burns

The management of pain and anxiety in pediatric patients with burns includes the challenge of striking a balance between inadequate versus excessive medication. Ketamine provides effective sedative, analgesic, and amnestic properties for children and has been used intravenously with good results. With its recent availability as an elixir, we speculated that ketamine given orally may provide effective analgesia and sedation during wound care procedures with a wide safety margin. To test this hypothesis, 19 pediatric patients with burns undergoing a wound care procedure were randomized to receive either ketamine oral suspension or 300 mg acetaminophen with codeine phosphate and diphenhydramine, our prior standard for analgesia and sedation. Intensity of pain was determined with use of a color slide algometer and demonstrated more than 400% reduction in pain with the use of ketamine (p < 0.05). The Ramsey scale was used to quantitate sedation and demonstrated that ketamine improved sedation by 360% (p < 0.05). These results substantiate improved analgesia and sedation with oral ketamine as compared to a commonly used narcotic and sedative in facilitating wound care procedures in pediatric patients with burns. These findings suggest that expanded use of ketamine oral suspension may be .
Moderate sodium restriction. Do the benefits justify the hazards

Moderate sodium restriction (70 to 100 mEq/day) leads to a fall in blood pressure for only a minority (approximately 25%) of patients with mild hypertension. At the same time, it may also be hazardous by 1) increasing blood pressure in some patients (perhaps 15%); 2) disturbing sleep; 3) reducing intake of other valuable nutrients; and 4) decreasing host resistance to such stressful events as diarrhea, hyperthermia, and bleeding. In view of the limited positive effect demonstrated in short term studies, the absence of proven reduction in cardiovascular disease occurrence, as well as both documented and theoretical hazards, a blanket recommendation that all hypertensives restrict sodium intake is unwarranted. Moderate sodium restriction is, like other strategies, one therapeutic modality that may be applied, with caution, in individual cases.
Multiparticle scattering theory and the method of coupled reaction channels

Abstract The two-Hilbert-space formulation of multiparticle scattering theory is used to investigate the validity and limitations of the conventional form of the coupled reaction channels (CRC) method. Also a new set of coupled dynamical equations is rigorously derived which includes the conventional CRC equations as a special case.
Hopelessness and stress: Evidence for an interactive model of depression

This investigation used both a path analysis and a hierarchical multiple regression to examine whether hopelessness is a mediator or a moderator of stress-related depressive symptoms. A total of 154 college students completed measures of hopelessness, negative life stress, and depression. Results of the path analysis indicated significant direct effects for both hopelessness and stress such that increases in these variables were associated with increases in depression scores. The indirect effect of stress (through hopelessness) on depression scores was not significant. Results of the hierarchical multiple regression indicated a significant interaction between stress and hopelessness such that hopelessness was more strongly related to depression scores under high levels of stress. Thus, the results of this study provide preliminary evidence that hopelessness moderates, but does not mediate, the relation between stress and depressive symptoms.
Time-dependence of the electron-impact-induced unimolecular decay process C3H8+ → C3H7+ + H

Abstract A time-of-flight mass spectrometer has been modified to study directly the time dependence of metastable decay processes by introducing a variable time delay between the ionization and extraction pulses and by providing a set of retarding plates and grids in the flight tube to select a single parent ion species for study and to resolve the peak into parent ion, daughter ion and daughter neutral components. The experimentally determined time dependence of the unimolecular decay process C3H8+ → C3H7+ + H is compared with previously published predictions of the quasiequilibrium theory of mass spectra.
Usage and abusage

200% of Nothing: An Eye-Opening Tour Through the Twists and Turns of Math Abuse and Innumeracy. By A. K. Dewdney. Wiley: 1993. Pp. 192. $19.95, £12.95.
Genetic code development by stop codon takeover.

A novel theoretical consideration of the origin and evolution of the genetic code is presented. Code development is viewed from the perspective of simultaneously evolving codons, anticodons and amino acids. Early code structure was determined primarily by thermodynamic stability considerations, requiring simplicity in primordial codes. More advanced coding stages could arise as biological systems became more complex and precise in their replication. To be consistent with these ideas, a model is described in which codons become permanently associated with amino acids only when a codon-anticodon pairing is strong enough to permit rapid translation. Hence all codons are essentially chain-termination or “stop” codons until tRNA adaptors evolve having the ability to bind tightly to them. This view, which draws support from several lines of evidence, differs from the prevalent thinking on code evolution which holds that codons specifying newer amino acids were derived from codons encoding older amino acids.
Effect of fibre from bran cereal on gastroenteropancreatic hormone responses of normal adults.

The effect of dietary fibre on gastroenteropancreatic hormone release was studied in 12 healthy adults. The following results were obtained after high fibre as compared with a low fibre meal: plasma glucose was lower at 60 minutes (p<0.02); plasma glucagon was elevated at 30 and 60 minutes (p<0.01, <0.001 respectively); no changes were observed in V.I.P. or gastrin levels. These data suggest a possible hormonally mediated effect of fibre on colonic motility.
Storage Changes in the Free Amino Acids of Foam‐Mat Dried Tomato Powder

SUMMARY —Changes in the free amino acid fraction of foam-mat dried tomato powder during storage were studied using gas-liquid chromatography. An increase of individual amino acids was found to be independent of storage temperature and possibly caused by proteolytic reaction. A simultaneous decrease in certain amino acids was accelerated at higher storage temperatures. This loss of amino acids may be involved in non-enzymatic browning reactions.
Eddy Current Power Dissipation at Sharp Corners: Rectangular Conductor Examples

ABSTRACT The conformal mapping solution to the rectangular slot aperture having depth is briefly reviewed. The inverse of the internal impedance per unit length is calculated by means of the usual method of using the perfectly conducting current or magnetic field distribution and the surface impedance. The connection between the local edge magnetic field strength and the global slot magnetic flux per unit length is determined. The conformal mapping solution and internal impedance per unit length (determined by the usual method) for the single rectangular conductor are briefly reviewed. The connection between the local edge magnetic field strength and the global conductor current is determined. The results obtained in this paper are of direct interest, but are also used in future papers to obtain the internal impedance per unit length, including local impedance corrections for right angle corners of arbitrary ratios of internal-to-external magnetic permeabilities.
Response to Rubin and Carroll and Van Den Eede et al.

Dr Nemeroff consults to, serves on the Speakers’ Bureau and/or Board of Directors, has been a grant recipient, and/or owns equity in one or more of the following: Abbott Laboratories, Acadia Pharmaceuticals, AFSP, APIRE, AstraZeneca, BMC-JR LLC, Bristol-Myers-Squibb, CeNeRx, Corcept, Cypress Biosciences, Cyberonics, Eli Lilly, Entrepreneur's Fund, Forest Laboratories, George West Mental Health Foundation, GlaxoSmithKline, i3 DLN, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Lundbeck, NARSAD, NIMH, NFMH, NovaDel Pharma, Otsuka, Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, Quintiles, Reevax, UCB Pharma, Wyeth-Ayerst. Dr. Neigh has been a grant recipient from NINDS.
Anaesthesia for Cranio-Maxillary-Facial Surgery

Major facial reconstruction is a relatively new branch of surgery. Before the 1960s there were only sporadic case reports. 1 It was not until Paul Tessier 2 described his technique of transcranial correction that a systematic approach to craniofacial surgery was developed. This approach was made possible by advances in anaesthesia and intensive care. From the anaesthetic point of view the challenges are marry. The anaesthetist must maintain homeostasis in a patient undergoing a prolonged surgical assault which frequently includes a neurosurgical component. Airway management is often of concern. The facial abnormalities may cause obstructive symptoms pre-operatively and make intubation difficult. During surgery the airway must be secured in a way that does not interfere with surgical access and cannot be lost during manipulations of the facial skeleton. Significant blood loss frequently accompanies this surgery. Monitoring and replacing this loss is particularly difficult in the paediatric population. The anaesthetic technique employed should allow rapid reversal yet maintain adequate post-operative analgesia. This allows early neurological assessment and minimises the additional problem of sedation in the management of the airway and ventilation. There have been significant advances in anaesthesia and surgery over the last 10 years. In anaesthesia this has taken the form of improved monitoring, particularly capnography and pulse oximetry. The age of the patients being operated upon is decreas-
TRACHEAL DIAMETERS AND DYNAMICS IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN MEASURED BY CINE-CT

Nine children were evaluated for tracheal obstruction by having their intra- and extra-thoracic tracheal diameters measured using Cine-CT. The patients ranged in age from one month to four years, and had clinical signs and symptoms of respiratory distress with stridor. They entered a protocol in which there was full clinical evaluation, and in some, measurement of esophageal pressures and tidal breathing flowvolume loops. The patients were scanned without sedation using a Cine-CT scanner (Imatron, Inc., CA) which provided eight level image acquisition in 240 msec without moving the patients. Using the scanner in the “Cine” mode, 13 to 20 slices obtained over 1 to 2 respiratory cycles were obtained at several levels of both the intra-and extra-thoracic trachea to detail dynamic changes in airway caliber. Images were obtained at relatively low dose and were reconstructed in 14 seconds. Cross-sectional areas of the trachea were obtained by planimetry, and saggital and coronal tracheal diameters directly measured. The clinical and laboratory data correlated well with the imaging measurements, and were compared with Age-related normal Cine-Ct tracheal diameters, and published post-mortem airway caliber data. We conclude that Cine-CT is a rapid method for tomographic evaluation of tracheal dynamics that can be employed for children without sedation.
A Virtual Prognostic Tool for Nuclear Power Electronics Reliability

This research highlights new developments in a high fidelity virtual environment that allows prediction of total life time, overall reliability and maintainability for circuit cards and their components, through a new simulation methodology. This work demonstrates the application of statistical models to circuit cards, and the ability to predict system and sub-system performance based on component data. Quantitative accelerated life tests are designed to quantify the life of circuit cards under different thermal stresses. This research allows the user to identify the components that contribute the most to downtime and to determine the effect of design alternatives on system performance in a cost-effective manner. Most significantly, this work has proven the feasibility of a novel platform for physics-based reliability analysis.
Stress in the daily lives of cocaine and heroin users: relationship to mood, craving, relapse triggers, and cocaine use

Rationale Quantitative real-time data on the stress experienced by drug misusers in their daily lives may provide additional insight into stress’s role in drug use.
Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the interaction of specifically labeled (90%-13C) oxytocin and arginine vasopressin with neurophysins.

Abstract Oxytocin and arginine vasopressin have been synthesized, via solid phase techniques, enriched to 90% 13 C in the 2-carbon of their C-terminal glycinamide residues. In the presence of an approximately equimolar amount of bovine neurophysin II, the 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance signal due to the enriched carbon in oxytocin shows a broadening which is highly dependent on both the temperature and the concentration of the neurophysin-oxytocin complex. The linewidth varies from 3 hz, observed at a protein concentration of 11mg/ml and a temperature of 37°, to 120 hz for a protein concentration of 65 mg/ml at 6°C. Similar results were obtained with arginine vasopressin. The results indicate that under conditions of low protein concentration and high temperature, the glycinamide residues of oxytocin and arginine vasopressin bound to neurophysin possess significant internal motion, while lowering the temperature and/or raising the protein-hormone concentration reduces this internal motion, probably concommitant with association of the protein-hormone complex into higher molecular weight aggregates.
The use of agarose-bound pepsin for the preparation of F(ab')2 fragments of IgG

Abstract Porcine pepsin and pepsinogen were both coupled to the N -hydroxysuccinimide ester derived from agarose at pH 6.5. Pepsinogen was allowed to autoactivate at pH 4.5. Both immobilized enzymes have been found to have equivalent activity in the digestion of hemoglobin at pH 1.8 and in the digestion of rabbit IgG at pH 4.5. Both preparations are useful and stable reagents for the routine production of F(ab′) 2 fragments from rabbit IgG. The insoluble enzyme may be recovered from the reaction mixture by simple filtration and re-used indefinitely. It has been stored at 4°C for over a year with no apparent loss of activity in its intended application. IgG digestion may be followed by measuring the appearance of peptides soluble in 40% saturated ammonium sulfate, which precipitates the IgG. The product obtained from the use of the insoluble enzyme contains no interfering exogenous foreign protein and may be used for many purposes without further purification.
Optimal Terminal Defense Tactics When Several Sequential Engagements are Possible

In this paper we treat a situation in which a terminal defense wishes to minimize the expected fraction of a target destroyed. Attacking reentry vehicles RVs arrive simultaneously, and therefore the defense knows the attack size. Several sequential engagements of the RVs by defensive interceptors are possible, and the defense has the capability to shoot-look-shoot between these engagements. Using techniques of stochastic dominance and stochastic dynamic programming, we determine optimal defensive tactics as functions of the numbers of RVs, interceptors, and engagements remaining; the various single-shot kill probabilities are parameters. We examine extensions of the basic model that determine both the expected number of interceptors remaining after the attack and the minimum number of interceptors needed to provide a desired level of protection of the target.
Participative decision making: A model, literature critique, and prescriptions for research

Abstract The paper develops a model of organizational participative decision making (PDM) which emphasizes equilibrium and social change. Using attitudes as a mediating variable, the analysis explores organizational homeostatic reactions to an experimental PDM program. Various mechanisms are described by which PDM may contribute to motive satisfaction of managers and subordinates and to organizational goal attainment. Using this approach, the effects of several mediating variables on PDM are entertained. The PDM literature is summarized briefly and criticized in depth. Research in nonorganizational settings is not relevant, for the central issues in organizational PDM are ignored. Although less at fault, observational studies of organizations offer insufficient support for the PDM hypothesis. Experimental studies in organizations could provide the best support, but the data are mixed (yet suggestive). It is suggested that future research focus on mediating factors in PDM.
Community Physicians' Cooperation with a Program of In‐Home Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment

OBJECTIVES: To study the cooperation of primary care physicians with a community-based prevention and health promotion program for older persons, to study physician factors related to cooperation, and to determine any relationship between physician cooperation and patient adherence to program recommendations and patient satisfaction with health care. DESIGN AND SETTING: A survey administered in subjects' homes and physicians' offices in Santa Monica, California. PARTICIPANTS: Patients (n = 81) were intervention group subjects in a 3-year, randomized, controlled trial of in-home comprehensive geriatric assessment paired with prevention and health promotion. Physicians (n = 50) were selected if they had been contacted at least once by a study nurse practitioner about one of these patients. MEASUREMENTS: Physician cooperation was rated by study nurse practitioners. Physicians were interviewed to identify factors associated with cooperation. Patients' satisfaction with health care and adherence were measured prospectively throughout the 3-year program. MAIN RESULTS: Physicians exhibiting better cooperation had fewer years in practice (P = .03) and were more likely to discuss the program with their patients (P = .005), see benefit for their patients from the program (P = .02), and rate program information as useful (P = .002). Higher physician cooperation did not predict higher patient satisfaction (P = .23) but did predict higher patient adherence to program recommendations (P = .02). CONCLUSIONS: Physicians rated as cooperative were more likely to have a positive appraisal of the program, and their patients had higher adherence to program recommendations. These findings suggest that strategies for increasing primary care physician cooperation might improve effectiveness of similar community-based prevention and health promotion programs.
Effects of raloxifene on insulin sensitivity, β-cell function, and hepatic insulin extraction in normal postmenopausal women

Objective To investigate the effect of raloxifene on insulin sensitivity, β-cell function, hepatic insulin clearance, and glucose tolerance in postmenopausal women. Design Prospective study. Setting University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas. Patient(s) Twenty normal postmenopausal women. Intervention(s) An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed on all study participants before and after treatment with 60 mg of raloxifene daily for 3 months. Blood samples were obtained at baseline and 1, 2, and 3 hours after 75-g oral glucose administration for measurement of glucose, insulin, proinsulin, and c-peptide levels. Insulin tolerance test (ITT) and euglycemic clamp studies were also performed before and after treatment. Main Outcome Measure(s) Glucose and insulin area under curve (AUC) were calculated. The c-peptide to insulin ratio was determined to assess hepatic clearance of insulin. The homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) was used to calculate the index of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and β-cell function (HOMA-%β). Insulin sensitivity was assessed by insulin tolerance test and glucose infusion rate (GIR) during euglycemic clamp studies. Result(s) There was no change in fasting or AUC glucose levels. Fasting insulin levels were not statistically significantly different, but the insulin levels at 2 hours and insulin AUC were higher after treatment compared with before treatment. Proinsulin, c-peptide levels, and HOMA-%β did not change. The c-peptide to insulin molar ratio was statistically significantly decreased after treatment. There was no change in insulin sensitivity. Conclusion(s) These results indicate that raloxifene has no adverse effect on insulin sensitivity or glucose tolerance, and it does not affect β-cell function. After glucose load, raloxifene decreases hepatic insulin extraction and thus conserves insulin, which may be beneficial to patients with decreased β-cell reserve or those predisposed to type 2 diabetes.