cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Semi‐Analytical Solution Based on a Numerical Solution of the Solute Transport of a Conservative and Nonreactive Tracer

In the evaluation of potential risk from ingestion of groundwater near an impacted site, numerical simulation of fate and transport processes of chemicals of concern is often required. If there is potential concern about multiple chemicals, numerical simulation of each chemical separately is often needed. In this paper, a semi-analytical solution is presented based on a numerical solution of the transport of a conservative and nonreactive tracer. When multiple chemicals undergoing sorption and first-order degradation need to be modeled, we can avoid performing individual numerical simulations for each chemical by applying the semi-analytical solution. Numerical test runs were conducted to verify the semi-analytical solution; simulation results reveal that the concentrations derived from the semi-analytical solution are identical to those derived from the individual numerical fate and transport model simulations. The semi-analytical solution requires steady-state flow conditions, no continuing contaminant source, and similar initial source concentration distributions.
Gastrointestinal Manifestations of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2

Objective To determine the clinical features, natural history, and role of surgery for gastrointestinal manifestations of the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2) syndromes. Background Data The MEN 2 syndromes are characterized by medullary thyroid carcinoma and other endocrinopathies. In addition, some patients with MEN 2A develop Hirschsprung's disease (HD), and all patients with MEN 2B have intestinal neuromas and megacolon that can cause significant gastrointestinal problems. Methods From 83 families with MEN 2A, eight patients with HD were identified (MEN 2A-HD). These and all patients with MEN 2B followed at the authors' institution (n = 53) were sent questionnaires to describe the onset and type of gastrointestinal symptoms and treatment they had before the diagnosis of MEN 2. Records of all patients responding were reviewed, including radiographic imaging, histology, surgical records, and genetic testing. Results Thirty-six of the 61 patients (59%) responded (MEN 2A = 8, MEN 2B = 28) to the questionnaires. All patients with MEN 2A-HD were operated on for HD 2 to 63 years before being diagnosed with MEN 2. All patients responding were underweight as infants and had symptoms of abdominal pain, distention, and constipation. Eighty-eight percent had hematochezia, 63% had emesis, and 33% had intermittent diarrhea before surgery. All patients with MEN 2A-HD had rectal biopsies with a diverting colostomy as the initial surgical procedure. This was followed by a colostomy takedown and pullthrough procedure at a later interval. Ninety-three percent of patients with MEN 2B had gastrointestinal symptoms 1 to 24 years before the diagnosis of MEN 2. Symptoms included flatulence (86%), abdominal distention or being underweight as a child (64%), abdominal pain (54%), constipation or diarrhea (43%), difficulty swallowing (39%), and vomiting (14%). Seventy-one percent of patients with MEN-2B with gastrointestinal symptoms had radiographic imaging, 32% were admitted to the hospital, and 29% underwent surgery. Conclusions Patients with MEN 2A-HD had a typical HD presentation and always required surgery. Patients with MEN 2B have significant gastrointestinal symptoms, but less than a third had surgical intervention. Understanding the clinical course and differences in these patients will improve clinical management.
A Study of the Reading and Reading Interests of Gifted Children

* Accepted for publication by Leta S. Hollingworth of the Editorial Board and received in the Editorial Office, October 14, 1931.
Effect of connector design on the fracture resistance of all-ceramic fixed partial dentures.

Abstract Statement of Problem. Fracture of all-ceramic fixed partial dentures (FPDs) tends to occur in the connector area. Purpose. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that the radii of curvature at the connector affects the fracture resistance of 3-unit FPDs. Material and Methods. With the use of a standardized silicone mold, 40 three-unit FPD wax patterns were fabricated with the same dimensions and divided into 4 groups of 10 specimens per group. Each pattern was modified at the connector areas of the occlusal embrasure (OE) and the gingival embrasure (GE); 2 wax carvers with radii of curvature at their tips of 0.90 mm and 0.25 mm were used. The dimensions of the connectors were standardized with an electronic caliper to 4 ± 0.12 mm in height and 5 ± 0.13 mm in width. Connector designs were as follows: Design I: OE and GE 0.90 mm; Design II: OE 0.90 mm and GE 0.25 mm; Design III: OE 0.25 mm and GE 0.90 mm; and Design IV (control): OE and GE 0.25 mm. An experimental hot-pressed core ceramic was used to make the FPD frameworks, which were consequently cemented on epoxy dies with dual-polymerizing composite (Variolink II) and loaded to fracture in a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. The failure load data were analyzed with analysis of variance (ANOVA; P =.05) and Duncan's test (α=.01). Results. The mean failure loads and standard deviations were as follows: 943 ± 151 N for Design I; 746 ± 106 N for Design II; 944 ± 144 N for Design III; and 673 ± 55 N for Design IV. ANOVA revealed a significant difference ( P ≤.0001) between the mean failure loads of different connector designs. The mean loads to failure for Designs I and III were significantly higher than those for Designs II and IV (Duncan's test). Conclusion. Within the limitations of this study and for the experimental ceramic tested, as the radius at the gingival embrasure increased from 0.25 to 0.90 mm, the mean failure load increased by 140%. The radius of curvature at the occlusal embrasure had only a minor effect on the fracture susceptibility of 3-unit FPDs. (J Prosthet Dent 2002;87:536-42.)
Corrigendum to “Stirring up trouble: Multi-scale mixing measures for steady scalar sources” [Physica D 231 (2007) 143–164]

0167-2789/$ – see front matter© 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.physd.2011.07.017 any stirring flow. That is, for monochromatic sources there are no ‘unmixing’ velocity fieldswhich raise variance rather than lower it. The problem with the solution (3) (and its monochromatic limit (4)) is that it is not always a maximum for (1). To see this, let θ = θ∗ + δθ . We have ⟨θ2⟩ = ⟨θ2 ∗ ⟩ + F , F := 2⟨θ∗δθ⟩ + ⟨(δθ)2⟩, (5)
DELAYED EFFECTS OF FLOOD CONTROL ON A FLOOD-DEPENDENT RIPARIAN FOREST

The downstream effects of dams on riparian forests are strongly mediated by the character and magnitude of adjustment of the fluvial-geomorphic system. To examine the effects of flow regulation on sand-bed streams in eastern Colorado, we studied the riparian forest on three river segments, the dam-regulated South Fork Republican River downstream of Bonny Dam, the unregulated South Fork Republican River upstream of Bonny Dam, and the unregulated Arikaree River. Although Bonny Dam significantly reduced peak and mean discharge downstream since 1951, there was little difference in forest structure between the regulated and unregulated segments. On all river segments, the riparian forest was dominated by the native pioneer tree, Populus deltoides, which became estab- lished during a period of channel narrowing beginning after the 1935 flood of record and ending by 1965. The nonnative Elaeagnus angustifolia was present on all river segments, with recruitment ongoing. The lack of contrast in forest structure between regulated and unregulated reaches resulted primarily from the fact that no large floods occurred on any of the study segments since dam construction. Most of the riparian forest in the study area was located on the broad narrowing terrace, which was rarely inundated on the unregulated segments, resulting in little contrast with the regulated segment. A minor dam effect oc- curred on the small modern floodplain, which was actively disturbed on the unregulated segments, but not on the regulated segments. Although Bonny Dam had the potential to significantly influence downstream riparian ecosystems, this influence had not been ex- pressed, and may never be if a large flood does not occur within the lifetime of the dam. Minor dam effects to riparian systems can be expected downstream of large dams in some settings, including the present example in which there was insufficient time for the dam effects to by fully expressed.
Actions of bradykinin on electrical and synaptic behavior of neurones in the myenteric plexus of guinea‐pig small intestine

Electrophysiologic methods were used to study actions of bradykinin (BK) in neurones of the myenteric plexus of guinea-pig small intestine in vitro. Exposure to BK depolarized the membrane potential and elevated excitability in AH- and S-type neurones. Neuronal input resistance associated with the depolarizing responses was either decreased or unchanged in S-type and increased in AH-type neurones. The selective B2 BK receptor antagonist HOE-140, but not the selective B1 receptor antagonist des-arg10-HOE-140, suppressed the BK-evoked responses. RT-PCR confirmed the expression of B2 receptor mRNA, but not B1 receptor mRNA. Binding of fluorescently- labeled HOE-140 (HOE741) was localized to ganglion cells in whole-mount preparations. BK B2 receptors were coexpressed with immunoreactivity for calbindin or nitric oxide synthase. Exposure to BK suppressed the amplitude of both fast and slow excitatory postsynaptic potentials. Depolarizing responses evoked by application of serotonin or substance P and nicotinic responses to acetylcholine were not reduced by BK. This suggested that BK action on neurotransmission was presynaptic suppression of neurotransmitter release. Presence of HOE-140 in the bathing solution suppressed or abolished the presynaptic inhibitory action of BK. The cyclooxygenase inhibitor, piroxicam, suppressed both the direct excitatory action of BK and its presynaptic inhibitory action. Application of prostaglandin E2, D2, F2α or I2 mimicked the BK-evoked responses. The results suggest that BK acts at B2 BK receptors on myenteric neurones to stimulate the formation of prostaglandins. Once formed and released, the prostaglandins act to elevate the excitability of ganglion cells in the myenteric plexus and to suppress the synaptic release of neurotransmitters. British Journal of Pharmacology (2003) 138, 1221–1232. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705180
Uterine papillary serous carcinoma (UPSC) treated with cisplatin, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide (PAC)

Uterine papillary serous carcinoma (UPSC) is an aggressive malignancy that accounts for a disproportionate number of intraabdominal failures among endometrial carcinoma patients. The histologic appearance and tendency toward intraabdominal spread resemble those of papillary serous adenocarcinoma of the ovary. Because approximately 70% of untreated ovarian carcinoma patients respond to platinum-based chemotherapy, it has been suggested that UPSC patients might respond to similar treatment regimens. Twenty patients with UPSC were treated with cisplatin, doxorubicin (Adriamycin), cyclophosphamide (PAC) chemotherapy between January 1982 and December 1989. They included 9 patients with advanced primary disease, 5 with recurrence, and 6 who received PAC as adjuvant therapy. Patients received a mean of five cycles of PAC. Only 2 of 11 patients with measurable disease greater than 2 cm achieved complete clinical responses of 12 and 31 months duration; there were no partial responses. Actuarial 5-year survival for all patients was 23%. The mean progression-free interval was 9 months. Patients with clinical stages I or II disease had a higher survival rate than those with stage III or IV disease (P = 0.003). Survival did not correlate with depth of myometrial invasion (P = 0.81) or size of residual tumor following initial surgery (P = 0.16). Estrogen or progesterone receptors were detected in 10 of 11 tumors tested. Seven of 9 patients tested had elevated serum levels of CA-125 (greater than 35 U/ml). Correlation between CA-125 value and clinical course was demonstrated in 3 of 5 patients who had serial measurements. Of all patients, 3 are currently alive; 1 has documented disease. Moderate to severe toxicity was seen in 14 patients (70%). There was one possible treatment-related death from cardiomyopathy. UPSC, despite its histologic and clinical similarities to ovarian carcinoma, was relatively resistant to PAC chemotherapy in this mixed group of patients.
Response to Treatment of Hyperuricemia in Essential Hypertension

Epidemiologic evidence linking serum uric acid and incident hypertension is rapidly proliferating, and animal models of hyperuricemia have helped elucidate possible mechanisms for this relationship.1 Furthermore, secondary analyses of clinical trial data suggest that the relationship between hypertension treatment and clinical outcomes is related to serum uric acid …
Some relationships between total scattered power and the scattered field in the shadow zone

Equations are derived which relate the far-zone scattered field, as measured in the shadow zone of an electromagnetic scatterer, to the total energy scattered and absorbed by the scatterer. In the case of a perfectly conducting scatterer, the energy stored in the fields about the scatterer is also related to the far-zone scattered field in the shadow zone.
Effect of Magnetic Fringe Field and Interference on Beam Matching in a Medium Energy Beam Transport Line of the Spallation Neutron Source Linac

Abstract A Medium Energy Beam Transport (MEBT) line is employed in the Spallation Neutron Source linear accelerator (linac) to match the beam from a radio frequency quadrupole to a drift tube linac and to perform other functions. The MEBT lattice consists of 14 electromagnetic quadrupoles and other devices. The quads have very small aspect ratios (steel length over aperture diameter), and they are densely packed in the lattice. Significant fringe fields and magnetic interference cause difficulties in beam matching. We have performed 3D modeling of the magnets, expanded simulation data to 3D multipoles, computed their linear optical properties, and compared their performance with that predicted by simple hard-edge models. This paper reports our findings and a proposed general solution to the problem.
Nuclear Politics in America: A History and Theory of Government Regulation

The promise and peril of nuclear power have been a preoccupation of the modern age. Though the nuclear industry has witnessed periods of expansion and retrenchment, there are now more than one hundred nuclear reactors providing America with almost a quarter of its electrical power. Robert Duffy now examines the politics of nuclear power over the last fifty years, relating broad trends in American politics to changes in the regulation of the nuclear industry to show how federal policies in this area have been made, implemented, and altered. He weaves a discussion of institutional change in all three branches of government into a study of agenda-setting, regulatory reform, and "subgovernment" politics, demonstrating how these forces combined to create policy change in this important area of public policy. Duffy's work traces nuclear politics from the creation of a powerful subgovernment through the public lobby reforms of the late 1960s and early 1970s and the deregulatory backlash of the Reagan years. He demonstrates that while policies did change in the 1970s, they did not change as much as other accounts have suggested, and that the industry continued to receive considerable federal support. The book is particularly significant for extending the discussion of nuclear policy through the Bush and Clinton years, including the controversy over waste disposal, new licensing procedures enacted in the 1992 Amendments to the Atomic Energy Act, and the effects of deregulation of electric utilities. By providing both a description of the transformation of this policy community and an analysis of how regulatory change occurs, Nuclear Politics in America offers a new and important view of policymaking in America.
The effect of gain variation in micro-channel plates on gamma-ray energy resolution.

A Monte Carlo simulation of micro-channel plate (MCP) with particular interest in its effect on energy resolution performance is presented. Important physical processes occurring in MCP channels are described and modeled, including secondary electron (SE) yield, SE emission, and primary electron reflection. The effects causing channel saturation are also introduced. A two dimensional Monte Carlo simulation is implemented under the assumption of unsaturated channel. Simulation results about basic MCP performances and especially gain and energy resolution performances are presented and analyzed. It’s found that energy resolution as an intrinsic property of MCP cannot be improved simply by adjusting system parameters; however it can be improved by increasing input signal or number of photoelectrons (PEs) in the context of image intensifier. An initial experiment with BazookaSPECT detector and CsI(Tl) scintillator is performed to validate and correlate with the simulation results and good agreement is achieved.
Magnetoconductance of independently tunable tunnel-coupled double quantum wires

The authors report on their recent experimental studies of vertically-coupled quantum point contacts subject to in-plane magnetic fields. Using a novel flip-chip technique, mutually aligned split gates on both sides of a sub micron thick double quantum well heterostructure define a closely-coupled pair of ballistic one-dimensional (1D) constrictions. They observe quantized conductance steps due to each quantum well and demonstrate independent control of each ID constriction width. In addition, a novel magnetoconductance feature at {approximately}6 T is observed when a magnetic field is applied perpendicular to both the current and growth directions. This conductance dip is observed only when 1D subbands are populated in both the top and bottom constrictions. This data is consistent with a counting model whereby the number of subbands crossing the Fermi level changes with field due to the formation of an anticrossing in each pair of 1D subbands.
Palaeomagnetic Studies of Miocene Ignimbrites from Nevada

Summary A detailed palaeomagnetic study of a single ignimbrite shows marked variations in intensity, susceptibility, Koenigsberger ratio Q, and direction of magnetization. The behaviour of the intensity and Q can in part be explained as a change in grain size. A second profile through part of the same flow agrees well in its scalar properties, but the directions are very different. Six to fourteen samples have been collected from each of six additional ignimbrites in the same sequence. Their magnetic stability has been established by a.c. demagnetization and by lateral consistency over a distance of 60 km. Of all flows four are normally magnetized while the remainder have reversed polarity. The palaeomagnetic poles of two of these ignimbrites lie at 33°N and 49°N, the others lie within 20° of the rotational pole. Six of these ignimbrites have K-Ar ages between 29.7 and 17.8 My.
Changes in cardiac muscle myosin light-chain phosphorylation associated with varying inotropic states☆

Abstract Alterations in the phosphorylation of the 20,000-dalton cardiac muscle myosin light chain (LC 2 ) have been associated with varying inotropic states of the myocardium exposed to catacholamines. It is not known if LC 2 phosphorylation is altered when contractile function is enhanced or depressed as a result of varying the steady-state calcium activation in the isolated perfused myocardium. In this investigation the level of LC 2 phosphorylation was measured in control (C) cardiac muscle, perfused with a medium containing 2.5 m m calcium; in mechanically depressed heart, perfused with 0.5 m m calcium (L-Ca); and in the myocardium with above normal contractile function, perfused with 4.5 m m calcium (H-Ca). The length-tension relationship was determined for all hearts perfused under control conditions and for those perfused with L-Ca and H-Ca. Subsequently, the myocardium was rapidly frozen, myosin LC 2 isolated, and the phosphate content determined. Mechanical function of the myocardium was directly related to calcium activation (Peak tension C = 30.25 ± 3.27 mm Hg, L-Ca = 21.52 ± 3.92 mm Hg, H-Ca = 46.61 ± 11.79 mm Hg). The phosphorylation of LC 2 varied inversely with the calcium concentration of the perfusing solution (slope = −0.134 (mole P i /mole LC, m m Ca −1 , intercept = 1.909; SEE 0.231; P 2 varied inversely with changes in peak tension (slope = −103 Δ% (mole P i /mole LC) −1 , intercept = 158, SEE = 0.156; P The precise mechanism through which light-chain phosphorylation is associated with the actin-myosin interaction remains to be elucidated. This study provides additional evidence of an association between contractile performance and myosin light-chain phosphorylation in cardiac muscle. It is apparent that the amount of free calcium present is important in this relationship.
Burke's theory of consubstantiality and whitehead's concept of concrescence

A comparative analysis of the theories of Kenneth Burke and Alfred North Whitehead provides a different perspective of persuasion. The areas of comparison are: (1) the composition of the rhetorical situation and the function of the rhetor; (2) the modules: “identification” and “transmutation” and (3) the paradigms: “consubstantiality” and “concrescence.” Other perceptions of the rhetorical situation, the axiological latitude and functions of the rhetor, and the interrelations between the rhetor and the audience might, thereby, be gained.
The Onset of Puberty in the Female Rat: Changes in Plasma Prolactin, Gonadotropins, Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone (LHRH), and Hypothalamic LHRH Content

In order to study the sequence of hormonal changes that accompany the onset of puberty in the female rat, immature animals were sacrificed by decapitation between days 32 and 38, and plasma titers of gonadotropins, prolactin, and LHRH, and the hypothalamic content of LHRH were determined by specific radioimmunoassays (RIA). Animals were decapitated at 10:00 and 16:00 h throughout the pubertal period, the uterine weight was recorded, and the ovaries were inspected for signs of ovulation. Animals with the vagina closed were grouped according to the condition of the uterus as anestrus (A), early proestrus (EP) and late proestrus (LP), the uterus being unstimulated, dilated with some fluid, or ballooned, respectively. Vaginal opening was usually associated with ovulation and in most cases occurred at the end of the late proestrous phase. Animals were studied up to 3 days after vaginal opening and were grouped according to vaginal cytology. Uterine weight, taken as an index of estrogen secretion, was low durin...
Sport’s growth in Barcelona and Catalonia from the 1890s to 1920: a case study

This essay looks at the early growth of sport in Barcelona from the 1890s through 1920 including gymnastics, cycling, water sports, excursionism and more with the exception of football. The first part discusses the development of the groups that patronized these sports in reasonable detail to give a clear idea of the non-football societies that developed and what some of their connections to the larger social world of the city were. The second section turns to the growth of stores and companies that served the new activity, the role sport played for the middle and upper classes and the close connections between these groups, sport and the region’s famous artistic community during the period.
Failure of 2- and 10-meter radio waves to induce genetic damage in Drosophila melanogaster.

Abstract Adult Drosophila males were exposed to nonthermal radio waves for 12 hours on the antenna of a 20 W transmitter at the frequency of 146.34 MHz (λ = 2.05 m) and also to 29.00 MHz (λ = 10.03 m) produced by a 300 W transmitter. The loss of the X or Y chromosomes, nondisjunction, and the induction of sex-linked lethals were determined. There was no significant difference after exposure to radio waves generated from transmitters used by radio amateurs.
Team situation awareness for process control safety and performance

This paper defines situation awareness (SA) and discusses its importance to operator-machine system safety and functioning in the context of process control activities. Specifically, identified are relationships of human detection of critical process cues converying the status of automated control systems and operator interpretation of the meaning and relevance of such information to the potential for negative incidents in chemical processing. Beyond individual operator SA in interacting with control systems, intra- and inter- work team SA are discussed for supporting individual attainment of process control responsibilities. Factors critical to team SA are discussed. “Road blocks” to team SA are also analytically examined. Lastly, methods for assessing individual and team SA are reviewed and vehicles for relating outcomes of these methods to changes in process control operator and team behavior to improve human-machine system safety and performance are relayed.
Review of non-surgical treatment options for Peyronie's Disease

Non-surgical treatment of Peyronie's disease (PD) has come a long way since it was first described in 1743. A myriad of treatment options are currently available, including oral, intralesional and external energy therapies. The purpose of this article is to review the contemporary literature on non-surgical therapies for PD, and where possible, focus on randomized, placebo-controlled trials, as well as review the latest guidelines for the management of PD from the International Committee on Sexual Medicine, which conveyed its findings in July 2009. At this time, it appears that a combination of oral agents and/or intralesional injection with traction therapy may provide a synergy between the chemical effects of the drugs and the mechanical effects of traction. Until a reliable treatment emerges, it does appear that some of the non-surgical treatments discussed can be used to stabilize the scarring process and may result in some reduction of deformity with improved sexual function.
Jaw Tags and Sexual Dimorphism in Mature Rainbow Trout

(1959). Jaw Tags and Sexual Dimorphism in Mature Rainbow Trout. The Progressive Fish-Culturist: Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 134-134.
What Motivates the Sexual Double Standard? More Support for Male Versus Female Control Theory

The present research uniquely compared male control theory (MCT) versus female control theory (FCT) to illuminate motives for the sexual double standard (SDS), whereby men gain status from engaging in casual sex or having many sexual partners, but women are stigmatized for it. Consistent with MCT, men were more likely than women to endorse the SDS and to give sexual advice in ways that reinforce it—gender differences that were mediated by hostile sexism (HS) and endorsing the SDS, respectively. The data did not support FCT’s argument that women are motivated by sexual economics to restrict female sexuality (Baumeister & Twenge, 2002). Both genders discouraged women from having casual sex to protect women from social stigma and rape myths that justify violence against sexual women. In concert, the findings support MCT more than FCT and suggest that sexism, stigma, and rape myths are primary obstacles to sexual equality.
Marine Stock Enhancement: Sound Management or Techno-arrogance?

(1998). Marine Stock Enhancement: Sound Management or Techno-arrogance? Fisheries: Vol. 23, No. 9, pp. 18-23.
JNK1 controls mast cell degranulation and IL-1β production in inflammatory arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease marked by bone and cartilage destruction. Current biologic therapies are beneficial in only a portion of patients; hence small molecules targeting key pathogenic signaling cascades represent alternative therapeutic strategies. Here we show that c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) 1, but not JNK2, is critical for joint swelling and destruction in a serum transfer model of arthritis. The proinflammatory function of JNK1 requires bone marrow-derived cells, particularly mast cells. Without JNK1, mast cells fail to degranulate efficiently and release less IL-1β after stimulation via Fcγ receptors (FcγRs). Pharmacologic JNK inhibition effectively prevents arthritis onset and abrogates joint swelling in established disease. Hence, JNK1 controls mast cell degranulation and FcγR-triggered IL-1β production, in addition to regulating cytokine and matrix metalloproteinase biosynthesis, and is an attractive therapeutic target in inflammatory arthritis.
Random Mating and Selection in Families Against Homozygotes for HLA in South Amerindians

We have examined HLA-A and HLA-B in a large sample of families of South Amerindians for non-random mating and for Mendelian segregation in their progeny. The proportion of couples sampled for mating averaged over 50% of the total matings with progeny for 10 of the 11 tribes with 10 or more known matings. In nearly all cases, HLA-sharing proportions were very close to those expected from random mating, suggesting strong negative-assortative mating for MHC is not present in these South Amerindians. In progeny from these matings and others in 23 tribes, there was a large deficiency of homozygotes (excess of heterozygotes) compared with Mendelian expectations. In particular, there was a deficiency in all types of matings except when the female was a homozygote and the male shared one allele with her; the reciprocal mating showed no such deficiency. This non-reciprocity suggests the importance of some type of maternal-fetal interaction. A model to describe these results showed very surprising properties for two alleles: no change in allelic frequency like neutrality, an excess of heterozygotes like heterozygote advantage, and a minimum fitness at intermediate allelic frequency like heterozygote disadvantage. For three or more alleles, the model has the qualities of a traditional balancing selection model.
Effects of Hydroperiod and Iron on Typha latifolia Grown in a Phosphorus-Enhanced Medium

Abstract This study was designed to mimic a phosphorus-(P)-enhanced environment and focused on the effects of hydroperiod and dissolved iron (Fe) concentrations on Typha latifolia. The physiological responses and nutrient uptake capabilities of plants were quantified. The research was conducted in a greenhouse utilizing a factorial design with three soil-moisture treatments (permanently flooded, periodically flooded, drained) and three Fe levels (0 mg Fe L − 1, control; 1 mg Fe L − 1; 10 mg Fe L − 1). All treatments also received P at 0.2 mg l − 1. Plant gas exchange, growth, biomass, and tissue Fe and P concentrations were measured. Permanent flooding enhanced height growth, shoot weight, and root weight, and led to high Fe concentrations in the roots. Plants receiving the 10 mg Fe L −1 treatment had taller shoot heights compared with those receiving the control and 1 mg Fe L −1 treatments. It appeared that a concentration of 10 mg Fe L − 1 did not significantly affect T. latifolia under moderately reduc...
Sociodemographic and geographic characteristics associated with patient visits to osteopathic physicians for primary care

Health care reform promises to dramatically increase the number of Americans covered by health insurance. Osteopathic physicians (DOs) are recognized for primary care, including a "hands-on" style with an emphasis on patient-centered care. Thus, DOs may be well positioned to deliver primary care in this emerging health care environment. We used data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (2002-2006) to study sociodemographic and geographic characteristics associated with patient visits to DOs for primary care. Descriptive analyses were initially performed to derive national population estimates (NPEs) for overall patient visits, primary care patient visits, and patient visits according to specialty status. Osteopathic and allopathic physician (MD) patient visits were compared using cross-tabulations and multiple logistic regression to compute odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for DO patient visits. The latter analyses were also conducted separately for each geographic characteristic to assess the potential for effect modification based on these factors. Overall, 134,369 ambulatory medical care visits were surveyed, representing 4.6 billion (NPE) ± 220 million (SE) patient visits when patient visit weights were applied. Osteopathic physicians provided 336 million ± 30 million (7%) of these patient visits. Osteopathic physicians provided 217 million ± 21 million (10%) patient visits for primary care services; including 180 million ± 17 million (12%) primary care visits for adults (21 years of age or older) and 37 million ± 5 million (5%) primary care visits for minors. Osteopathic physicians were more likely than MDs to provide primary care visits in family and general medicine (OR, 6.03; 95% CI, 4.67-7.78), but were less likely to provide visits in internal medicine (OR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.24-0.58) or pediatrics (OR, 0.21; 95% CI, 0.11-0.40). Overall, patients in the pediatric and geriatric ages, Blacks, Hispanics, and persons in the South and West were less likely to utilize DOs, although there was some evidence of effect modification according to United States Census region. Health care reform provides unprecedented opportunities for DOs to reach historically underserved populations and to overcome the "pediatric primary-care paradox."
Multimodal Liver-Directed Management of Neuroendocrine Hepatic Metastases

A preponderance of patients with neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) will experience hepatic metastases during the course of their disease. Many diagnoses of NETs are made only after the neoplasms have spread from their primary gastroenteropancreatic sites to the liver. This paper reviews current evidence-based treatments for neuroendocrine hepatic metastases, encompassing surgery, hepatic artery embolization (HAE) and chemoembolization (HACE), radioembolization, hepatic artery infusion (HAI), thermal ablation (radiofrequency, microwave, and cryoablation), alcohol ablation, and liver transplantation as therapeutic modalities. Consideration of a multidisciplinary approach to liver-directed therapy is strongly encouraged to limit morbidity and mortality in this patient population.
Likelihood ratio gradient estimation for stochastic systems

Consider a computer system having a CPU that feeds jobs to two input/output (I/O) devices having different speeds. Let t be the fraction of jobs routed to the first I/O device, so that 1 - t is the fraction routed to the second. Suppose that a = a(t) is the steady-sate amount of time that a job spends in the system. Given that t is a decision variable, a designer might wish to minimize a(t) over t. Since a(·) is typically difficult to evaluate analytically, Monte Carlo optimization is an attractive methodology. By analogy with deterministic mathematical programming, efficient Monte Carlo gradient estimation is an important ingredient of simulation-based optimization algorithms. As a consequence, gradient estimation has recently attracted considerable attention in the simulation community. It is our goal, in this article, to describe one efficient method for estimating gradients in the Monte Carlo setting, namely the likelihood ratio method (also known as the efficient score method). This technique has been previously described (in less general settings than those developed in this article) in [6, 16, 18, 21]. An alternative gradient estimation procedure is infinitesimal perturbation analysis; see [11, 12] for an introduction. While it is typically more difficult to apply to a given application than the likelihood ratio technique of interest here, it often turns out to be statistically more accurate.In this article, we first describe two important problems which motivate our study of efficient gradient estimation algorithms. Next, we will present the likelihood ratio gradient estimator in a general setting in which the essential idea is most transparent. The section that follows then specializes the estimator to discrete-time stochastic processes. We derive likelihood-ratio-gradient estimators for both time-homogeneous and non-time homogeneous discrete-time Markov chains. Later, we discuss likelihood ratio gradient estimation in continuous time. As examples of our analysis, we present the gradient estimators for time-homogeneous continuous-time Markov chains; non-time homogeneous continuous-time Markov chains; semi-Markov processes; and generalized semi-Markov processes. (The analysis throughout these sections assumes the performance measure that defines a(t) corresponds to a terminating simulation.) Finally, we conclude the article with a brief discussion of the basic issues that arise in extending the likelihood ratio gradient estimator to steady-state performance measures.
Alpha blocking: absence in visuobehavioral deprivation

Subjects with congenital deficits that allowed only diffuse light perception through one eye were examined for blocking of the alpha rhythm. With only the deprived eye open the electroencephalogram is dominated by alpha rhythm that is not blocked by photic stimulation, even though the stimuli evoke a response from occipital cortex.
A complementary-energy based criterion for the stability analysis of geometrically exact framed structures

Stability analysis is a crucial aspect of structural design, particularly for beam type structures. This paper addresses the development of a complementary-energy based (dual) stability criterion for the quasi-static analysis of three-dimensional framed structures modeled using the so-called geometrically exact (Reissner-Simo) beam theory. The criterion is derived from the well known primal stability criterion based on the condition of minimum total potential energy. This is accomplished by resorting to the Lagrangian multiplier method together with the Legendre transformation. Several numerical benchmark problems are analyzed. The analyses are carried out using two dual finite element models and their corresponding stability criteria, namely, the traditional two-node displacement/rotation-based model with the primal stability criterion, and a recently introduced equilibrium-based model with the proposed dual stability criterion.
Arthur C. Guyton, MD

The sudden loss of Dr Arthur C. Guyton in an automobile accident on April 3, 2003 and the loss of his devoted and remarkable wife, Ruth Weigle Guyton, one week later as a result of injuries from the accident stunned and saddened all who were privileged to know them. Arthur Guyton was a giant in the fields of physiology and medicine, a leader among leaders, a master teacher, and an inspiring role model for people throughout the world. Arthur Clifton Guyton was born in Oxford, Mississippi, to Dr William (Billy) S. Guyton, an eye, ear, nose, and throat specialist and dean of the University of Mississippi Medical School, and Kate Smallwood Guyton, a math and physics teacher who had been a missionary in China before their marriage. During his formative years, he enjoyed watching his father work at the Guyton Clinic, playing chess and swapping stories with William Faulkner, and building sailboats (one of which he later sold to Faulkner) and countless mechanical and electrical devices, which he continued to do throughout his life. Arthur Guyton’s brilliance shone early. He graduated top in his class at the University of Mississippi, distinguished himself at Harvard Medical School, and began his postgraduate surgical training at Massachusetts General Hospital. His medical training was interrupted twice—once to serve in the Navy during World War II and again in 1946 when he was stricken with poliomyelitis during his final year of residency training. Suffering paralysis in his right leg, left arm, and both shoulders, he spent nine months in Warm Springs, Georgia, recuperating and applying his inventive mind to building the first motorized wheelchair controlled by a “joy stick,” motorized hoists for lifting patients, special leg braces, and other devices to aid the handicapped. For those inventions he received a Presidential Citation. He returned to …
Further results concerning ridge regression

Two new ridge estimators are described and compared, using Monte Carlo techniques, with other commonly used ridge estimators under different situations, many never before examined. Three main findings result. First, the two new estimators are shown superior (in MSE performance) under a variety of conditions to other ridge estimators. Second, the superiority of ridge over OLS estimation is shown to be a non-linear function of the dispersion of the s's. Third, when patterned rather than equal correlations are considered, ridge estimatorsvis a visthemselves are ordered as before, howevervis a visOLS, the results systematically depend on the correlational pattern.
Limbic responsiveness to procaine in cocaine-addicted subjects.

Objective: The limbic system plays a critical role in motivation, emotional expression, and memory. The authors investigated whether a state of permanent limbic neuronal hyperexcitability, or sensitization, is present in cocaine addicts as a consequence of repeated cocaine use. Method: Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was used to compare the central nervous system response to the limbic stimulus procaine in 10 cocaine-dependent male patients and 10 healthy comparison male subjects. Results: The cocaine-addicted subjects demonstrated bilateral activation of the orbitofrontal cortex after the procaine challenge, whereas the comparison subjects showed activation of the anterior cingulate, bilateral insular, and right amygdalar regions. After receiving placebo, the cocaine-addicted subjects showed markedly lower rCBF in the bilateral orbitofrontal cortex than the comparison subjects. Conclusions: The pattern of hypoperfusion in the placebo state followed by heightened activation with procaine in the cocaine-addicted subjects is similar to the pattern of interictal hypoperfusion and ictal hyperperfusion that has been observed in subjects with epilepsy. The findings for the cocaine-addicted subjects may thus represent evidence of localized (orbitofrontal) sensitization.
Derivation of a GIS-based watershed-scale conceptual model for the St. Jones River Delaware from habitat-scale conceptual models

Conceptual modeling is a useful tool for identifying pathways between drivers, stressors, Valued Ecosystem Components (VECs), and services that are central to understanding how an ecosystem operates. The St. Jones River watershed, DE is a complex ecosystem, and because management decisions must include ecological, social, political, and economic considerations, a conceptual model is a good tool for accommodating the full range of inputs. In 2002, a Four-Component, Level 1 conceptual model was formed for the key habitats of the St. Jones River watershed, but since the habitat level of resolution is too fine for some important watershed-scale issues we developed a functional watershed-scale model using the existing narrowed habitat-scale models. The narrowed habitat-scale conceptual models and associated matrices developed by Reiter et al. (2006) were combined with data from the 2002 land use/land cover (LULC) GIS-based maps of Kent County in Delaware to assemble a diagrammatic and numerical watershed-scale conceptual model incorporating the calculated weight of each habitat within the watershed. The numerical component of the assembled watershed model was subsequently subjected to the same Monte Carlo narrowing methodology used for the habitat versions to refine the diagrammatic component of the watershed-scale model. The narrowed numerical representation of the model was used to generate forecasts for changes in the parameters "Agriculture" and "Forest", showing that land use changes in these habitats propagated through the results of the model by the weighting factor. Also, the narrowed watershed-scale conceptual model identified some key parameters upon which to focus research attention and management decisions at the watershed scale. The forecast and simulation results seemed to indicate that the watershed-scale conceptual model does lead to different conclusions than the habitat-scale conceptual models for some issues at the larger watershed scale.
Trichomonas vaginalis infection activates cells through toll-like receptor 4.

Abstract While Trichomonas vaginalis infection can cause inflammation and influx of leukocytes into the female genital tract, the molecular pathways important in inducing these effects are not known. This study determined if infection with T. vaginalis activates cells through toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Genital tract secretions from infected women stimulated TNF-α production by cells with functional TLR4 (350 pg/ml) but significantly less by cells that are unresponsive to TLR4 ligands (44 pg/ml, P = 0.001). Secretions collected after clearance of infection also induced significantly lower responses by cells with functional TLR4 (136 pg/ml, P = 0.008). TNF-α responses were not reduced by Polymyxin B and did not correlate with β 2 -defensin levels, indicating that stimulation of cells was not through lipopolysaccharide or β 2 -defensin. These studies show that T. vaginalis infection results in the appearance in the genital tract of substance(s) that stimulate cells through TLR4, suggesting a mechanism for the inflammation caused by this infection.
Fiber Optic Sensors for In Situ Real-Time Monitoring PEM Fuel Cell Operation

Fiber optic sensors for monitoring moisture, temperature and trace hydrogen peroxide have been developed in DIAL/MSU. The moisture sensor responds to moisture changes from RH = 4% to RH < 95% in the tested range. The temperature sensor can sense temperature from room temperature 22 °C to 90 °C in the tested range. The hydrogen peroxide sensor can detect/monitor hydrogen peroxide in an aqueous solution down to 10 ppb. Techniques have been developed for deploying the fiber optic sensors to the gas channels and the Nafion membrane of a PEM fuel, cell. These sensors will be tested for in situ, real-time monitoring of the operation of a PEM fuel cell with a fuel cell test system developed by CAVS/MSU. The principle of the sensors and test results of the sensors will be presented.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Obesity: overnutrition or disease of metabolism?

Analysis of the results of studies of the energy exchange in obesity, in regard to their evidence for or against a passive dependence of the excessive energy stores on the balance between the inflow and the outflow of energy, indicates that these stores have a significant degree of independence of the energy balance. This ppears to necessitate an explanation of obesity on the basis of some intrinsic metabolic defect. The decline in energy expenditure which occurs when the obese go on low calorie diets appears to have the same significance as it has when people of normal weight are subjected to undernutrition. A treatment of obesity, alternate to that of caloric restriction, takes into account the metabolic defect in obesity, aims at a primary decrease in the excessive energy stores, and allows for weight reduction without any decline in the energy expenditure and without any enforcement of caloric restriction.