cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Esquisse d’une histoire de la traduction en Afrique

Cet article a pour but de dresser l’esquisse d’une histoire de la traduction en Afrique subsaharienne qui couvre les periodes-cle de son histoire ainsi que les principales regions du continent. De l’epoque precoloniale a l’epoque neocoloniale actuelle, la traduction et l’interpretation ont toujours aide a faciliter la communication entre divers groupes, que ce soit pour faire le lien entre les souverains et leurs sujets, entre les colonisateurs et les colonises ou encore, aujourd’hui, entre les communautes linguistiques d’une Afrique hautement multilingue et multiculturelle. La traduction a touche tous les secteurs d’activite en Afrique au cours des siecles, tant sur le plan politique qu’administratif, culturel et religieux. Dans ce contexte, la traduction s’est faite entre diverses combinaisons de langues : arabe, langues africaines et langues europeennes. On peut compter aussi des formes traditionnelles de traduction intersemiotique. Tracer une histoire de la traduction en Afrique c’est presenter l’histoire riche et complexe de ce continent, de tous les echanges et contacts qui ont forge son identite et defini son destin.
Large‐scale topography of Io: Implications for internal structure and heat transfer

Recent stereographic methods have been applied to Voyager 1 images in order to determine the shape and large-scale topography of Io. The best triaxial figure of semiaxes of 1830.0, 1818.7, and 1815.3 kilometers is consistent with a differentiated satellite in hydrostatic equilibrium. It is suggested that many of the broad topographic swells and basins noted may be due to isostatic responses to thermal changes in the lithosphere-asthenosphere system. Results support the picture of increasing heat flow converting the basal lithosphere into a lower-density asthenosphere, resulting in isostatic uplift. It is shown that lithospheric thicknesses ranging from 5-100 km may results in elevation variations of up to 1 km.
BASIC PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF REILLEXTM-HPQ ANION EXCHANGE RESIN AND ITS SORPTION BEHAVIOR OF HALIDES IN AQUEOUS NITRIC ACID SOLUTION

ABSTRACT The Reillex™-HPQ anion exchange resin has a good potential toward the pretreatment of liquid nuclear wastes. In this work, a short procedure was devised to convert 99.997% of the resin from its chloride form to the nitrate form as a foundation of all quantitative measurements. It is determined that the resin can be dried to a constant mass at 60°C in 28 hours and the electrostatic effect during weighings can hence be eliminated. The weight ratio between resins dried at 110°C and 60°C is 0.927±0.005 (one standard deviation). The resin has an apparent pKa of 3.36±0.05. The sorption capacity from primarily the weakly basic ionogenic sites (RNH+) is 1.08±0.04 meq/g for resins dried at 60°C. In highly basic solutions, the resin became unstable and started to release a substantial amount of methanol. In nitric acid solutions, the selectivity sequence of halide ions versus nitrate and pertechnetate ions is: TcO4 − > I− > NO3 − > Br− > Cl− > F−. The HPQ resin showed no sorption of fluoride ions. Although...
Listeria infection in women

Abstract Listeria monocytogenes is an intracellular ubiquitous organism that affects patients with decreased cell mediated immunity. Listeria causes the most severe disease in patients who have HIV infection, cancer, diabetes mellitus, renal failure, alcoholism and who are pregnant. Listeria monocytogenes is a short, gram-positive rod that can occur singly or in short chains. The organism grows well at refrigerator temperatures (5–10 C) and is a known food-borne pathogen. Listeria monocytogenes has been known as a veterinary disease that causes a basilar meningitis (circling disease) in herd animals. The bacterium has been found in 5–15% of normal stool samples. Listeria has also been recovered from a variety of foods including soft cheeses, raw milk, and processed meats. There are close to 2,000 cases of listeriosis which account for approximately 425 deaths each year. The infection usually occurs after ingestion of infected food products. The incubation period is between two and six weeks. Iron supplementation has been found to promote disease and gastric acid has shown protective effects. The clinical manifestations include sepsis, meningitis, rhomboencephalitis, brain abscess, endocarditis, acute gastrointestinal illness and a variety of focal infections. There are also many unique complications of pregnancy including preterm labor, chorioamnionitis, spontaneous abortion, and stillbirth. Listeria crosses the placenta and causes early and late onset disease in the neonate, with the most severe manifestation being granulomatosis infantiseptica . Listeria does not cause habitual abortion in humans. Infection is diagnosed by culture from sterile body fluids such as blood, cerebrospinal fluid and amniotic fluid. The treatment of choice is ampicillin. The patient also should be treated with gentamicin if she has meningitis, endocarditis, or is severly immunocompromised. Early treatment decreases mortality and residual morbidity so it is imperative that each clinician maintain a high index of suspicion for this unusual infection.
The Relation of Secondary Traumatization to Therapists' Perceptions of the Working Alliance with Clients Who Commit Sexual Abuse.

The authors assessed burnout, compassion fatigue, secondary trauma symptoms, and compassion satisfaction in relation to experienced therapists' perceptions of the working alliance. Participants, 106 specialists in the treatment of clients who commit sexual abuse, completed the Working Alliance Inventory-Short Form (T. J. Tracey & A. M. Kokotovic, 1989) in relation to 1 of their male clients; the Professional Quality of Life Scale―Revised (B. H. Stamm, 2005), which assesses 3 components of work-related adjustment; and the Impact of Events Scale (D. S. Weiss & C. R. Marmar, 1995), a measure of secondary trauma. Results of the hierarchical regression analyses showed that perceived alliances were strongest for therapists who had been working relatively longer in this specific field. When the 4 work-related experiences were added to the demographic characteristics, compassion satisfaction was the only unique predictor of alliance ratings. Descriptive analyses showed low mean scores on secondary trauma symptoms and compassion fatigue and generally high levels of compassion satisfaction.
Policy Influence and Policy Responsiveness in State Pollution Control

This article develops an integrated theory of state policy influence and responsiveness, then operationalizes this theory to account for variations in the strength and scope of state water pollution control and hazardous waste management programs. The analysis finds that economic, ideological, interest group, and political system characteristics act in concert to affect state policymaking, and that the influences behind policymaking vary systematically and predictably across policy areas within environmental protection.
High-pressure plastic flow in silicon: A first-principles theoretical study

Microindentation experiments have recently shown that silicon can exhibit plastic flow when subjected to high pressure. Assuming that under these conditions the relevant reference structure is the β-Sn high-pressure phase of silicon, we apply the magic-strain concept to explore the space of configurations that could describe the observed behavior. We use first-principles total-energy calculations (including full relaxation of the atomic basis for every structure) to evaluate the relevance of strained configurations. Using this approach, we were able to identify a low-energy path that corresponds to planar flow of the atoms. The atomic configurations along this path provide insight into possible microscopic motions under high pressure that may be relevant to plastic flow in silicon.
Autofluorescence as a novel approach to diagnosing macular holes.

Abstract Purpose To report the capability of autofluorescence as a novel approach to diagnosing macular holes. Design Observational case report. Methods In an institutional study, autofluorescence photos and optical coherence tomography scans of two patients who had surgery for macular holes were reviewed. Results Macular hole cases had a strong subfoveal autofluorescence signal, which disappeared after surgical closure of the macular hole. Conclusions Autofluorescence is a novel approach to demonstrating a macular hole. This technique can also be used to confirm postoperative outcome after macular hole repair. A lack of autofluorescence corresponds to macular hole closure.
Synthesis and characterization of nanoporous Pt-Ni alloys

Two nanoporous Pt–Ni alloys were synthesized by dealloying ternary amorphous Si–Pt–Ni precursors. Both foams have nearly the same composition, ligament diameter size, and density. However, their ligament patterns are different, depending on the microstructure of precursors. The difference in morphology is shown to have a profound effect on mechanical properties. The structure with well-aligned long nanoligaments exhibited over 50% higher hardness and stiffness than the structure with short random-oriented nanoligaments. These nanoporous Pt–Ni structures are thermally stable at 300 °C.
Anonymity in Computer-Mediated Communication: More Contrarian Ideas with Less Influence

Anonymity is thought to be an important means for ensuring a free exchange of ideas by encouraging the expression of minority viewpoints. However, we suggest that anonymity’s reduction in awareness of others potentially affects the expression and interpretation of comments that are made during a discussion. In particular, anonymity will increase the likelihood that comments will be made that are contrary to the majority opinion while at the same time decreasing the effect that those contrary arguments have on other group member’s opinions. This paper reports experimental results showing that anonymity led to more overall participation in discussions of ethical scenarios. However, equality of member participation did not differ between anonymous and member-identified groups, and anonymous groups had significantly higher awareness-related comments. This leads to the conclusion that additional participation in anonymous groups accommodates reduced awareness rather than reflecting the increased participation of normally reticent group members. In addition, anonymity led to more arguments in support of questionable behavior, suggesting that the freeing effects of anonymity apply to the social desirability of arguments. Finally, there was less change in opinion under conditions of anonymity than when comments were identified, suggesting that anonymous arguments have less influence on opinions than identified comments.
The Lifeline Activity With a “Solution-Focused Twist”

Over the years, Impact Therapy creator Dr. Ed Jacobs has encouraged therapists to consider moving away from traditional forms of therapy that only use talk/listen techniques (Jacobs, 1992). Further...
The superconducting phase boundary of bimetallic superlattices

The problem of calculating the phase boundary of a bimetallic superlattice is solved by extending the theory of DeGennes and Wertharmer. We find that the solution reduces to solving for the ground state energy of a Cooper pair in a periodic potential, a system of quantum wells. We find dimensional crossover in the parallel upper critical field. We also obtain a critical temperature which is above that of the Cooper limit result, for thin layers.
Immunohistochemical study of the expression of human chorionic gonadotropin-β in oral squamous cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a glycoprotein hormone comprised of two dissimilar subunits (α and β) and normally is synthesized by trophoblastic tissue. Although hCG expression has been identified in a variety of neoplastic tissues, to the authors' knowledge no investigation has centered on tumors of oral origin. METHODS. Oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) were studied in comparison with oral fibromas for the presence of hCGβ using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex immunohistochemical technique. RESULTS, hCGβ immunoreactivity was identified in 29 of 45 OSCC (64%). The positively staining cells in each tumor specimen were few (range, 0.5-5%) and were scattered throughout the tumor. When tumors were classified according to grade, it was found that hCGβ staining was positive in 5 of 15 well differentiated OSCC (33%), in 12 of 15 moderately differentiated OSCC (80%), and in 12 of 15 moderately to poorly differentiated OSCC (80%). hCGβ immunoreactivity could not be demonstrated in any of the oral fibromas. CONCLUSIONS. The presence of hCGβ positive tumor cells appears potentially to reflect a malignant behavior of OSCC. Cancer 1999;85:757-62. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
Long-term spatial and temporal trends in frost indices in Kansas, USA

Frost indices such as number of frost days (nFDs), number of frost-free days (nFFDs), last spring freeze (LSF), first fall freeze (FFF), and growing-season length (GSL) were calculated using daily minimum air temperature (Tmin) from 23 centennial weather stations across Kansas during four time periods (through 1919, 1920-1949, 1950-1979, and 1980-2009). A frost day is defined as a day with Tmin<0 °C. The long- and short-term trends in frost indices were analyzed at monthly, seasonal, and annual timescales. Probability of occurrence of the indices was analyzed at 5 %, 25 %, 50 %, 75 %, and 95 %. Results indicated a general increase in Tmin from 1900 through 2009 causing a decrease in nFDs. LSF and FFF occurred earlier and later than normal in the year, respectively, thereby resulting in an increase in GSL. In general, northwest Kansas recorded the greatest nFD and lowest Tmin, whereas southeast Kansas had the lowest nFD and highest Tmin; however, the magnitude of the trends in these indices varied with location, time period, and time scales. Based on the long-term records in most stations, LSF occurred earlier by 0.1- 1.9 days/decade, FFF occurred later by 0.2-0.9 day/decade, and GSL was longer by 0.1-
BIST test pattern generators for two-pattern testing-theory and design algorithms

Testing for delay and CMOS stuck-open faults requires two-pattern tests, and typically a large number of two pattern tests are needed. Built-in self-test (BIST) schemes are attractive for comprehensive testing of such faults. BIST test pattern generators (TPGs) for two-pattern testing, should be designed to ensure high transition coverage. In this paper, necessary and sufficient conditions to ensure complete/maximal transition coverage for linear feedback shift register (LFSR) and cellular automata (CA) have been derived. The theory developed here identifies all LFSR/CA TPGs that maximize transition coverage under any given TPG size constraint. It is shown that LFSRs with primitive feedback polynomials with large number of terms are better for two-pattern testing. Also, CA are shown to be better TPGs than LFSRs for two pattern testing, independent of their feedback rules. Based on the necessary sufficient conditions, efficient algorithms to design optimal TPGs for two-pattern testing have been developed. Experiments on benchmark circuits indicate that TPGs designed using the procedures outlined in this paper obtain high robust path delay fault coverage in short test lengths.
Denitrification Rates in an Island Bay in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean

Experimental data show that 15 N-labeled nitrate can be converted to molecular nitrogen in sea water containing little or no oxygen. The process is presumed to be biochemical. No evidence of the reaction was found in the water of the Peru current, which is low in oxygen but high in nitrite.
The Pursuit of Efficiency and Its Unintended Consequences: Contract Withdrawals in the Environmental Quality Incentives Program

This article analyzes why the USDA's Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) experiences contract withdrawals. Among approved contracts, 17% withdrew one or more conservation practices. After presenting a model of producers' behavior, a logit model is used to examine the withdrawal phenomenon. Withdrawals are linked to producers having an incentive to include low cost-share payments and practices in the conservation plan that increase the probability of approval, but may not be profitable. These results are discussed in light of the changes to EQIP that have been introduced by the 2002 Farm Act. Over the last 15 years, economic instruments have gained much ground relative to command-and-control mechanisms for the promotion of environmental policies. This shift is based on the view that incentive-based tools, directed towards voluntary means of reducing negative environmental externalities, are flexible and economically more efficient. Such was the reasoning behind the establishment by the 1996 Farm Act of the Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP), a voluntary conservation program providing assistance to farmers facing threats to their natural resource base. EQIP's main efficiency-enhancing features were (i) a bidding mechanism where farm operators competed for funds based on their "bids" (proposals) for the provision of environmental services, and (ii) the targeting of funds to specific resource concerns, such as soil erosion, nutrient management, water resource management, and wildlife habitat conservation, aimed at achieving the greatest possible environmental benefits per dollar of program expenditure. These are innovative features relative to previous programs,
On the Persistence Length of Denatured Proteins

Simulations of the denatured state for selected proteins and homopolypeptides are carried out to obtain their persistence lengths. Two types of persistence lengths are computed; directional (λd) and torsional (λt). Because of the complexity of the persistence autocorrelations, an empirical multiple persistence length model is fitted to the directional and torsional autocorrelations. Directional autocorrelations for proteins show that there are at least four backbone contour regions for which local λd values can be defined. These ranges are, on average, bounded by the contour distances of (2, 4), (4, 9), (9,14), (14, higher), in units of residues. For atoms in the (2, 4) range, the directional correlation decays with λd values anywhere from 1.0 to 1.2 (residues). Significant variations of λd are observed in the other regions, with values ranging from 3 to 31. These values depend on the protein length and chain end effects, as shown by the homopolypeptide simulations. Torsional persistence autocorrelations also show multiple λt regions, but decay much faster than the directional ones and undergo larger fluctuations not captured by the multiple-exponential model. The proteins λd are compared to their experimental values obtained by different experimental methods. λd values determined by FRET, SAXS, and NMR methods generally agree with the single exponential fit λd obtained from the simulations (1.8 on average) if some modifications to the theories used to determine λd in the various experiments are made. On the other hand, FRET experiments yield various λd values depending on the applied force, which are comparable with some of the local λd values obtained from the simulations.
Quartz solubility in the two-phase and critical region of the NaCl–KCl–H2O system: Implications for submarine hydrothermal vent systems at 9°50′N East Pacific Rise

Abstract Experiments were performed to investigate quartz solubility in Cl-bearing aqueous solutions at temperature (365–430 °C) and pressure conditions (219–381 bars) near and within the two-phase region of the NaCl–KCl–H2O system. Dissolved SiO2 concentrations increased with pressure along a given isotherm, although the magnitude of this decreased with increasing proximity to the two-phase boundary. Upon intersection of the two-phase boundary, however, significant concentrations of dissolved SiO2 characterized vapor-rich fluids at both subcritical and supercritical conditions. For these fluids, dissolved silica concentrations ranged from 2.81 to 14.6 mmolal, increasing with dissolved chloride concentration. The experimental data permit regression of a density-based relationship, taking account of non-ideal activity–concentration effects, which can be used to better constrain temperatures and pressures from dissolved SiO2 and chloride in high temperature vent fluids at mid-ocean ridges. Accordingly, pressure and temperature conditions in subseafloor hydrothermal reaction zones at 9°50′N East Pacific Rise (EPR) were estimated applying data from this experimental study to interval (1991–2002) and new field data (2004). Results indicate reaction zone at conditions ranging from 420 to 430 °C at 600 to 1500 m below seafloor. Thus, conditions predicted for 9°50′N East Pacific Rise (EPR) vent fluids suggest that supercritical phase separation might be more common than previously thought.
Patient misidentification in Papanicolaou tests: a systems-based approach to reducing errors.

Abstract Context.—Patient safety is of prime concern in every laboratory. Double labeling of glass slides is performed in many cytology laboratories where handwritten patient information on the frosted portion of the glass is overlaid with paper labels (sometimes containing bar codes). The cytotechnologists match this information by turning slides over. We use SurePath liquid-based cytology for Papanicolaou tests in our laboratory and noticed patient misidentification because of slide labeling errors, a problem that has not been addressed in the literature. Objective.—To reduce slide labeling errors without increasing costs, using a systems-based approach. Design.—All errors from mislabeled slides during November 2006 were documented, and an informal root-cause analysis was performed. Slides were labeled on opposite ends and monitored for errors. Results.—Labeling on different ends of the glass slide reduced our error rate from 0.59% to 0%, made visual matching easy, and did not alter costs. Conclusions.—...
Orthogonal polynomial expansions for effective interactions in the modified Lipkin model

Abstract The effective interaction in a one-dimensional model is calculated in terms of an orthogonal polynomial (OP) expansion derived from spectral distribution considerations. Configuration densities are assumed to be gaussian. The results are compared with those of a Brillouin-Wigner (BW) perturbation expansion for the same model. While for a strong perturbation the BW series diverges, the OP expansion is shown to converge smoothly.
A Dynamic Model of State Budget Outcomes under Divided Partisan Government

This article analyzes the politics of fiscal adjustment in a bicameral system when parties prefer different scales of taxes and public spending. Data from 33 non-southern American states for the years 1952-1995 show that Democrats nearly everywhere target a larger share of state incomes for the public budget than Republicans, though exact party positions vary from state to state. Republicans react more strongly to budget surpluses by reducing revenues than do Democrats. Unified governments adjust faster than divided ones. A party having unified control can shift fiscal scale one-quarter to one-third of the way toward its ideal share of income within two years. When each party controls a different branch of government, the legislative party shifts fiscal scale in its desired direction; but when each party controls one legislative chamber, there is a smaller shift in the direction preferred by the governor's party.
On the Flow Near the Trailing Edge of a Flat Plate

It is shown that the boundary layer approximation to the flow of a viscous fluid past a flat plate of length l, generally valid near the plate when the Reynolds number Re is large, fails within a distance O(lRe$^{-\frac{3}{4}}$) of the trailing edge. The appropriate governing equations in this neighbourhood are the full Navier-Stokes equations. On the basis of Imai (1966) these equations are linearized with respect to a uniform shear and are then completely solved by means of a Wiener-Hopf integral equation. The solution so obtained joins smoothly on to that of the boundary layer for a flat plate upstream of the trailing edge and for a wake down-stream of the trailing edge. The contribution to the drag coefficient is found to be O(Re$^{-\frac{3}{4}}$) and the multiplicative constant is explicitly worked out for the linearized equations.
The optical design of the spin manipulation system for the SLAC linear collider

The optical design of the beam transport lines between the SLAC (Stanford Linear Accelerator Center) linac and the electron damping ring and the design of part of the linac lattice itself will be modified to accommodate three superconducting solenoids for the purpose of manipulating the polarization of the electron beam. In order to allow arbitrary orientation of the polarization vector, this design will be capable of compensating the fields of two independent solenoids for arbitrary strengths ranging to 7.0 T-m. The method of dealing with the coupling of the betatron functions and the method of handling both the electron and the positron beams in the common region are discussed. If these beams have equal transverse emittance the transverse coupling will not affect the observed spot sizes. >
The effect of chronic cardiac denervation on infarct size following acute coronary occlusion.

Abstract The effect of acute coronary ligation on infarct size was studied in (1) ten acute control dogs, which were non-denervated, (2) in six acutely denervated dogs in which the heart was denervated immediately prior to coronary ligation and in which intra-cardiac reflexes were pharmacologically blocked, (3) in seven chronically denervated dogs in which intrapericardial nerves were cut 2 weeks prior to ligation, and (4) in four dogs which were sham-operated 2 weeks prior to ligation. Infarct size was determined using a nitro blue tetrazolium stain for dehydrogenase activity. Infarct sizes in acute controls, acutely denervated, chronically denervated, and sham-operated hearts were 20.1, 15.0, 3.8, and 21.0 percent of left ventricular weight, respectively. Infarct sizes in acutely and chronically denervated hearts were significantly less than in acute controls (P
On the Use of Correlations to Determine the Motions and Properties of Mesoscale Magnetic Features in the Solar Photosphere

The use of correlations to determine both intrinsic properties and collective motions of patterns is investigated, and the results are applied to the study of the magnetic features in the solar photosphere. Simulations with artificial data are used as a bridge between theory and practical correlation calculations. It is shown that the correlation amplitude as a function of lag can be used to determine not only pattern displacement, but also feature sizes and lifetimes. It is found that reliable results are obtained only when a normalized correlation function is employed, and then only when the signal-to-noise level is greater than ~1.5. For weak correlations, we show that this ratio must be enhanced by averaging the correlation amplitudes, but when applied to the photospheric magnetic field patterns, this gives a result different from that obtained by averaging the individual correlation results. We find this to be the root of the differences between the magnetic rotation rates that have been reported and resolve this long-standing puzzle. The correlations indicate the ubiquitous presence of differentially rotating magnetic features of two types: small-scale features that have lifetimes of ~1 day, and "mesoscale" features with lifetimes of many solar rotations. The latter are estimated to have diameters on the order of 100 Mm, and their motions relative to the ambient plasma are consistent with a random walk with diffusion constant Dm = 530 ± 100 km2 s-1. Our value for Dm agrees with that required in the model of Sheeley, Nash, & Wang, but these features are too large to have their random walks propelled by the supergranular convection. Furthermore, analysis of their relative contributions to the background field implies they decay at a rate consistent with a smaller diffusion constant Ds 250 km2 s-1. This agrees with the value determined in high-resolution studies, which suggests that the mesoscale features are aggregates of small-scale features undergoing random walks as well, like those observed in these studies.
A comparative study of Web services-based event notification specifications

Web services-based event notification is an emerging technology that combines the asynchronous communication feature of event notification mechanisms and the interoperability feature of Web services technologies. Web services-based event notification systems are important components for service-oriented grid computing. WS-eventing and WS-notification are two major competing specifications for these systems. This paper is a comparative study of these specifications. The focuses of this research are on identifying the similarities and differences between these two specifications and identifying their evolutionary path from previous specifications. We found that competing Web services specifications take ideas and concepts from each other during the development progress, which is good for the maturity of the Web services-based event notification technology. We also identified several major changes from previous event notification systems to Web services-based event notification systems. In the end, we presented our WS-messenger project that supports both WS-eventing and WS-notification specifications and provides mediation between them.
Differential Reinforcing Effects of Cocaine and GBR-12909: Biochemical Evidence for Divergent Neuroadaptive Changes in the Mesolimbic Dopaminergic System

The dopamine (DA) transporter is thought to be the primary mediator of reinforcing effects of cocaine. In the present study, an intravenous drug self-administration procedure, in vitro autoradiography, and HPLC methods were used to investigate possible differences in reinforcing and neuroadaptive responses to cocaine versus GBR-12909, a selective inhibitor of the DA transporter with a postulated therapeutic use in cocaine abuse. Drug-naive rats readily acquired and subsequently maintained cocaine self-administration behavior during 2 hr daily sessions over a prolonged period. In contrast, although GBR-12909 was initially self-administered, both cocaine-naive and cocaine-trained rats failed to maintain self-administration behavior for GBR-12909 over prolonged periods of time. After self-administration responding decreased with GBR-12909, rats showed a delay of 6.6 ± 1.3 sessions in reacquiring consistent cocaine self-administration. Moreover, when GBR-12909 was again substituted for cocaine, they failed to self-administer GBR-12909, even during the initial days of testing. In contrast, after extinction of self-administration responding by water substitution, rats readily self-administered both cocaine and GBR-12909. Cocaine self-administration upregulated DA transporters, whereas water-substituted cocaine withdrawal upregulated both DA transporters and D1 receptors. Unlike cocaine, GBR-12909 self-administration by itself altered neither DA transporters nor D1 or D2 receptors. Nevertheless, substitution of GBR-12909 for cocaine reversed the cocaine-induced upregulation of DA transporters and reduced DA and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid levels in the mesolimbic system. These data suggest that cocaine and GBR-12909 differentially affect dopaminergic systems and also cause different reinforcing and neuroadaptive effects. GBR-12909-like compounds may be useful pharmacotherapeutic agents for cocaine addiction. Upregulation of DA transporters and D1 receptors might play important roles in the neuroadaptive cascade that leads to cocaine addiction and withdrawal.
Beyond Management and the Worker: The Institutional Function of Management

Management's role in negotiating the organization's relationships with the environment has been neglected in theory and research. Strategies for managing interorganizational interdependence include: merger, joint ventures, cooptation, movement of personnel among organizations, regulation, and political activity. Institutional management activities can be explained using variables measuring dimensions of the organization's context.
Choline Biosynthesis in Germfree Rats

Liver choline biosynthesis was studied in germfree rats receiving a choline-deficient diet. Weanling conventional open-animal-room and ex-gennfree con ventionalized rats fed the choline-deficient diet for 2 weeks had elevated liver fat and decreased specific activities of liver choline following injection of 2 ,tiCi14CH3-labeled methionine into the portal vein. On the other hand, in germfree rats fed the choline- deficient diet there was no significant increase in liver fat nor was there a decrease in the rate of liver choline biosynthesis as measured by labeled methyl transfer. In these respects germfree rats fed a choline-deficient diet appeared to be the same as control rats fed a diet with adequate choline. These findings are consistent with a previous observation of a lessened nephropathy in germfree rats fed a choline-deficient diet, and also are similar to results obtained with conventional rats in which coprophagy had been prevented.
Food concern and its associations with obesity and diabetes among lower-income New Yorkers.

Objective To examine food concern (FC) and its associations with obesity and diabetes in a racially diverse, urban population. Design Cross-sectional population-based survey. Setting Five boroughs of New York City. Subjects Lower-income adults (n 5981) in the 2004 New York City Community Health Survey. Results The overall prevalence of obesity was 24 % and was higher among FC than non-FC white men and women, black women, US- and foreign-born whites and foreign-born blacks. In multivariable analysis, FC was marginally associated with obesity (OR = 1·18, 95 % CI 0·98, 1·42) among all lower-income New Yorkers, after controlling for socio-economic factors. The association of FC and obesity varied by race/ethnicity, with FC being positively associated with obesity only among white New Yorkers. FC whites had 80 % higher odds of obesity than whites without FC (OR = 1·80; 95 % CI 1·21, 2·68), with a model-adjusted obesity prevalence of 20 % among non-FC whites v. 31 % among FC whites. FC was not associated with diabetes after controlling for obesity and socio-economic factors. Conclusions The prevalence of obesity was significantly higher among FC whites and certain subgroups of blacks. FC was positively associated with obesity risk among lower-income white New Yorkers. Programmes designed to alleviate FC and poverty should promote the purchase and consumption of nutritious, lower-energy foods to help address the burden of obesity in lower-income urban populations.
Hippocampal Malrotation Is Associated With Prolonged Febrile Seizures: Results of the FEBSTAT Study.

OBJECTIVE. Hippocampal malrotation is characterized by incomplete hippocampal inversion with a rounded shape and blurred internal architecture. There is still debate about whether hippocampal malrotation has pathologic significance. We present findings from the Consequences of Prolonged Febrile Seizures in Childhood (FEBSTAT) study on the frequency of and risk factors for hippocampal malrotation. SUBJECTS AND METHODS. FEBSTAT is a prospective multicenter study investigating the consequences of febrile status epilepticus in childhood. MRI studies of 226 patients with febrile status epilepticus were analyzed visually by two board-certified neuroradiologists blinded to clinical details and were compared with MRI studies of 96 subjects with first simple febrile seizure. Quantitative analysis of hippocampal volume was performed by two independent observers. RESULTS. Hippocampal malrotation was present in 20 of 226 (8.8%) patients with febrile status epilepticus compared with two of 96 (2.1%) control subjects (...
Truncal Hair Removal

Excess or unwanted hair is a common problem affecting both genders. Over time, this problem has been dealt with in various ways, including plucking, threading, shaving, waxing, and electrolysis. Although effective for short-term control of hair growth, most of these methods are associated with significant pain and prolonged treatment times, making them fairly impractical for larger areas such as the human trunk.
A Bitter Pill for Brand Names

In its 2008 ruling in Conte v. Wyeth Inc., the California Court of Appeal broke new ground by finding that the manufacturer of a brand-name prescription drug could be held liable for negligence that caused harm to people taking other manufacturers’ generic versions of the drug. So far, most other courts have rejected this theory of liability. But the U.S. Supreme Court’s decisions in Wyeth v. Levine and PLIVA Inc. v. Mensing may make it more likely that courts will begin to embrace the Conte theory. The Wyeth and PLIVA decisions mean that federal law preempts claims against generic drug makers for failing to give adequate warnings, but permits such claims to be brought against brand-name drug manufacturers. Courts may turn to the Conte liability theory as a way to permit some recovery for injuries that were caused by the negligence of the brand-name manufacturer as well as the generic producer.
Immature Stages of Argynnis mormonia artonis (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) Compared to Argynnis mormonia erinna and Argynnis mormonia washingtonia in the Pacific Northwest, with Evidence for High Elevation-Mediated Melanism

ABSTRACT. Argynnis mormonia artonis from Steens Mountain (2207 m) in southeast Oregon was reared and the immature stages illustrated and compared to those of two other mormonia subspecies resident in the Pacific Northwest, A. m. erinna and A. m. washingtonia. Gravid females oviposited readily in captivity on desiccating Common Dog Violet (Viola riviniana) and Western Bistort (Polygonum bistortoides) leaves and twigs. Larvae were reared on V. riviniana and after overwintering developed from first instar to pupa in 51–59 days at 24–27 °C. Eggs, pupae and early instars (first-early fourth) of A. m. artonis are similar to those of A. m. erinna and A. m. washingtonia, but the fifth and sixth instars differ by being concolorously black instead of gray, brown or black with white markings. Late instars of A. m. erinna from a high elevation site (Mt Howard, northeast Oregon, 2445 m) were similarly dark colored. These and other observations indicate that larval populations of A. mormonia and perhaps other Argynnis ...
Game Design for Older Adults: Lessons from a Life Course Perspective

Play is a lifelong construct that is individually defined and is influenced by multiple variables that affect how play is interpreted and experienced in old age. This study highlights the significance of using a life course perspective to explore how play is shaped and reflected through digital gameplay and preferences as a game player ages. Using grounded theory methodology, 51 participants age 43-77 were interviewed individually. The resulting transcripts were coded to identify emergent themes. The findings demonstrate 1 how play changes throughout the lifespan, 2 how play preferences established in childhood influence digital gameplay for aging adults, and 3 how aging adult gamers aspire to continue gaming as they grow older. Collectively, these themes provide insight into the aspects that need to be taken into account when designing games for aging gamer populations.
Revised Neo Personality Inventory Profiles of Machiavellian and Non-Machiavellian People

This study investigated the construct validity of the Mach-IV by testing the differences between the Revised NEO Personality Inventory profiles of Machiavellian- (n = 93) and non-Machiavellian-scoring (n = 92) groups. The two inventories were administered to 94 male and 91 female undergraduates. Results based on multivariate as well as univariate analyses of variance indicated that the Revised NEO Personality Inventory profiles of the Machiavellian and non-Machiavellian groups were significantly different, supporting the construct validity of Mach-IV.
Probing carbon nanotube-surfactant interactions with two-dimensional DOSY NMR.

Two-dimensional diffusion ordered spectroscopy (2D DOSY) NMR was used to probe the micellar structure of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and sodium cholate (SC) in aqueous solutions with and without semiconducting and metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). The solutions contain SDS and SC at weight ratios of 1:4 and 3:2, the ratios commonly used to isolate semiconducting and metallic SWCNTs through density gradient ultracentrifugation (DGU). These results show that the coverage of surfactant on the semiconducting and metallic SWCNTs is nearly identical in the 1:4 surfactant mixture, and a lower degree of bundling is responsible for the greater buoyancy of semiconducting SWCNTs. In the 3:2 surfactant mixture, the metallic SWCNTs are only encapsulated in SC while the semiconducting SWCNTs remain encapsulated in a poorly packed two-surfactant micelle, leading to a large buoyant density difference between the electronic species. This work provides insight into future directions to increase the purity ...
An optimization approach to resolve activity scheduling conflicts in ADAPTS activity-based model

Activity conflict resolution as the core of scheduling process in activity-based modeling is a challenging step because the activity diary databases mostly report the outcome of the scheduling decisions and often fail to capture key factors influencing the resolution process itself. Consequently, most activity-based frameworks ignore modeling this process by using either predefined set of activity patterns or priority-based assumptions to schedule daily activities and prevent conflict occasions. ADAPTS is one of the few activity-based models that attempts to simulate the process of activity scheduling and resolve the conflicts as they occur. This paper advances the current rule-based conflict resolution model of ADAPTS by implementing an advanced and flexible non-linear optimization model. A set of linear optimization sub-models is then proposed that together perform the same task as the non-linear model, however they are much easier to implement and maintain, while fast to run and flexible to extend. The proposed approach defines an objective function, which aims to minimize the extent of changes in timing and duration of conflicting activities, while fitting them in the schedule. Comparing performance of the proposed model with TASHA scheduler and former resolution module of ADAPTS using CHASE scheduling process data reveals significant improvement in fitting the newly planned activities in the schedules with the minimal modifications in the timing and duration of activities.
Conversion of Amazon rainforest to agriculture alters community traits of methane-cycling organisms

Land use change is one of the greatest environmental impacts worldwide, especially to tropical forests. The Amazon rainforest has been subject to particularly high rates of land use change, primarily to cattle pasture. A commonly observed response to cattle pasture establishment in the Amazon is the conversion of soil from a methane sink in rainforest, to a methane source in pasture. However, it is not known how the microorganisms that mediate methane flux are altered by land use change. Here, we use the deepest metagenomic sequencing of Amazonian soil to date to investigate differences in methane-cycling microorganisms and their traits across rainforest and cattle pasture soils. We found that methane-cycling microorganisms responded to land use change, with the strongest responses exhibited by methane-consuming, rather than methane-producing, microorganisms. These responses included a reduction in the relative abundance of methanotrophs and a significant decrease in the abundance of genes encoding particulate methane monooxygenase. We also observed compositional changes to methanotroph and methanogen communities as well as changes to methanotroph life history strategies. Our observations suggest that methane-cycling microorganisms are vulnerable to land use change, and this vulnerability may underlie the response of methane flux to land use change in Amazon soils.
The Issue of Racial Profiling in Traffic Stop Citations

This study addresses racial profiling when the traffic stop outcome is a citation. This study uses focal concerns theory as a theoretical explanation for police officer decision-making while using ...
Secure and efficient outsourcing of large-scale nonlinear programming

Cloud computing is attracting increasing attention since it enables clients with limited computing resources to perform and complete large-scale computations. However, it also comes up with some security and privacy concerns and challenges, such as the input and output privacy of the client, and cheating behaviors of the cloud. Motivated by these issues and focused on engineering optimization tasks, we study secure outsourcing of large-scale nonlinear programming, which has not been investigated before. Specifically, a secure and efficient transformation scheme is employed to protect both input and output privacy of the client, and corresponding detailed proofs and analysis are also provided. We apply the reduced gradient method to solve the encrypted nonlinear programming problem in the cloud side. We conduct experiments to measure performance of the designed outsourcing protocol, and the results show the practicability of the proposed mechanism.
The Use of Quaternary Phosphonium Compounds as Antibacterial Corrosion Inhibitors for Low-Alloy Steel

Triphenyl-based quaternary phosphonium compounds were evaluated as corrosion inhibitors with biocidal properties for controlling microbiologically influenced corrosion. Several compounds displayed ...
N-3 (Omega-3) Fatty Acids: Effects on Brain Dopamine Systems and Potential Role in the Etiology and Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Disorders.

Background & objective A number of neuropsychiatric disorders, including Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and, to some extent, depression, involve dysregulation of the brain dopamine systems. The etiology of these diseases is multifactorial, involving genetic and environmental factors. Evidence suggests that inadequate levels of n-3 (omega- 3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the brain may represent a risk factor for these disorders. These fatty acids, which are derived from the diet, are a major component of neuronal membranes and are of particular importance in brain development and function. Low levels of n-3 PUFAs in the brain affect the brain dopamine systems and, when combined with appropriate genetic and other factors, increase the risk of developing these disorders and/or the severity of the disease. This article reviews the neurobiology of n-3 PUFAs and their effects on dopaminergic function. Conclusion Clinical studies supporting their role in the etiologies of diseases involving the brain dopamine systems and the potential of n-3 PUFAs in the treatment of these disorders are discussed.
What does dopamine mean

Dopamine is a critical modulator of both learning and motivation. This presents a problem: how can target cells know whether increased dopamine is a signal to learn or to move? It is often presumed that motivation involves slow (‘tonic’) dopamine changes, while fast (‘phasic’) dopamine fluctuations convey reward prediction errors for learning. Yet recent studies have shown that dopamine conveys motivational value and promotes movement even on subsecond timescales. Here I describe an alternative account of how dopamine regulates ongoing behavior. Dopamine release related to motivation is rapidly and locally sculpted by receptors on dopamine terminals, independently from dopamine cell firing. Target neurons abruptly switch between learning and performance modes, with striatal cholinergic interneurons providing one candidate switch mechanism. The behavioral impact of dopamine varies by subregion, but in each case dopamine provides a dynamic estimate of whether it is worth expending a limited internal resource, such as energy, attention, or time.