cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A restricted HSV-TK/GCV gene increases disease-free and overall survival in a minimal residual disease rat breast cancer model

Introduction.ukaryotic nitiation actor (eIF4E) overexpression is associated with malignant cells but not normal tissue. Its elevation results in worse outcome in human breast cancer. To exploit the characteristic overexpression of eIF4E in malignant cells, a complex 5′UTR was spliced upstream of the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene in an adenovirus vector (Ad-HSV-UTK). Cytoreductive surgery (CS) plus Adriamycin (ADR), in combination with Ad-HSV-UTK and ganciclovir (GCV), was administered in a syngeneic rat adenocarcinoma model. We hypothesize that malignant cells infected with Ad-HSV-UTK after CS when treated with GCV results in improved disease-free (DFS) and overall survival (OS). Methods. 106 MatBIII cells were injected into flanks of Fischer 344 rats to grow to 1 cm3. The rats were divided into three groups (N = 5 rats/group) after CS: CS, CS plus ADR (CS/ADR), and CS/ADR + Ad-HSV-UTK/GCV. ADR was administered at a single dose (1 mg/kg) perioperatively. GCV was administered (80 mg/kg) every other day for 14 days. Western blot analysis was performed to quantify eIF4E and UTK levels in normal and tumor tissues. % infectivity was quantified by fluorescent microscopy. Endpoints measured were time to tumor recurrence and death. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kaplan--Meier methods, Log rank test, and ANOVA. Results. Overexpression of eIF4E in Mat BIII cells was 6.5-fold over normal. UTK expression was only demonstrated in Mat BIII cells. At multiplicity of infection of 104, infectivity was 99%. The DFS and OS were highest in the CS/ADR + Ad-HSV-UTK/GCV group (P < 0.001) [Graph 1 & 2]. Conclusions. The complex 5′UTR placed upstream of HSV results in UTK elevation in malignant cells, exploiting eIF4E overexpression in malignant cells but not in normal rat tissue. This resulted in significant improved DFS and OS in this minimal residual breast cancer rat model. Figure options Download full-size image Download as PowerPoint slide
Two-dimensional fast evanescent wave algorithm

A new fast evanescent wave algorithm (FEWA) is introduced in the two-dimensional (2-D) case. It expands the Green's function into propagating waves and directional evanescent waves. Applying the evanescent wave correction technique, a procedure similar to the traditional MLFMA can be expedited. No buffer region is necessary anymore, and fewer translators are needed. Numerical examples are given to show the features of this method. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 31: 460–465, 2001.
Exploiting an Inherent Neighboring Group Effect of α-Amino Acids To Synthesize Extremely Hindered Dipeptides

The creation of highly hindered peptides that contain combinations of non-natural N-alkyl amino acids and N-alkyl-α,α-disubstituted amino acids presents a formidable challenge. Hindered, non-natural amino acids are of interest because they import resistance to proteolysis and unusual conformational properties to peptides that contain them. Toward a solution to this problem, we describe a new approach to creating extremely hindered dipeptides that is operationally simple and uses mild conditions and commercially available amino acids. The approach reduces the need for protecting groups and yields urethane-protected dipeptide acids that can be used as building blocks in the synthesis of larger peptides. We propose that the reaction proceeds through a previously unexploited intramolecular O,N-acyl transfer pathway.
Multi-insertion Reactions of Isocyanides with Zirconium Amido Silyl Complexes

The reactions of (Me2N)3ZrSi(SiMe3)3 (1), (Me2N)3ZrSiPh2But(THF)0.5 (2), and (Me2N)2[(Me3Si)2N]ZrSi(SiMe3)3 (3) with 2,6-dimethylphenyl isocyanide (ArNC) or tert-butyl isocyanide (ButNC) have been ...
Magnetic structures of Er single crystal in 0-20 kOe field

Abstract A neutron diffraction study of erbium metal in magnetic fields H = 0-20kOe has revealed the first and third harmonic moments λc0 and the third harmonic moment ‖c0 in the highest temperature phase; in the intermediate phase, the higher odd-harmonics of up to 21st, appreciable changes on the moments and the wave numbers as H‖c0 exceeding critical fields, and characterization of three sub-phases; field effects ‖ a0 or b0, influencing only the lowest temperature phase.
Steganalysis of spread spectrum data hiding exploiting cover memory

In this paper we study steganalysis, the detection of hidden data. Specifically we focus on detecting data hidden in grayscale images with spread spectrum hiding. To accomplish this we use a statistical model of images and estimate the detectability of a few basic spread spectrum methods. To verify the results of these findings, we create a tool to discriminate between natural "cover" images and "stego" images (containing hidden data) taken from a diverse database. Existing steganalysis schemes that exploit the spatial memory found in natural images are particularly effective. Motivated by this, we include inter-pixel dependencies in our model of image pixel probabilities and use an appropriate statistical measure for the security of a steganography system subject to optimal hypothesis testing. Using this analysis as a guide, we design a tool for detecting hiding on various spread spectrum methods. Depending on the method and power of the hidden message, we correctly detect the presences of hidden data in about 95% of images.
Predictive quantization of dechirped spotlight-mode SAR raw data in transform domain

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems collect large volumes of data that must be transmitted to a ground station for storage and processing. However, given the limited bandwidth of the downlink channel it is imperative that SAR data be compressed before transmission. While it is commonly believed that raw SAR data is uncorrelated, it is shown in [1] that the inverse Fourier transform of spotlight-mode SAR exhibits non-negligible correlation that can be exploited in a predictive quantization scheme. In this paper, we propose two predictive quantization algorithms—transform-domain block predictive quantization (TD-BPQ), and transform-domain block predictive vector quantization (TD-BPVQ)—to encode dechirp-on-receive spotlight-mode SAR raw data. Experimental results indicate that, on average, TD-BPQ and TD-BPVQ outperform the well known block adaptive quantization (BAQ) by 5 and 6 dB, respectively.
Load-Independent Spin Power Losses of a Spur Gear Pair: Model Formulation

A physics-based fluid mechanics model is proposed to predict spin power losses of gear pairs due to oil churning and windage. While the model is intended to simulate oil churning losses in dip-lubricated conditions, certain components of it apply to air windage losses as well. The total spin power loss is defined as the sum of (i) power losses associated with the interactions of individual gears with the fluid, and (ii) power losses due to pumping of the oil at the gear mesh. The power losses in the first group are modeled through individual formulations for drag forces induced by the fluid on a rotating gear body along its periphery and faces, as well as for eddies formed in the cavities between adjacent teeth. Gear mesh pumping losses will be predicted analytically as the power loss due to squeezing of the lubricant, as a consequence of volume contraction of the mesh space between mating gears as they rotate. The model is applied to a unity-ratio spur gear pair to quantify the individual contributions of each power loss component to the total spin power loss. The influence of operating conditions, gear geometry parameters, and lubricant properties on spin power loss are also quantified at the end. A companion paper (Seetharaman et al., 2009, "Oil Churning Power Losses of a Gear Pair: Experiments and Model Validation," ASME J. Tribol., 131, p. 022202) provides comparisons to experiments for validation of the proposed model.
Effect of mutagen on cultured Schistosoma mansoni.

Although lightly homogenized three-week-old Schistosoma mansoni incubated in Mistuhashi and Maramorosch insect tissue culture medium or the medium of Weller and Wheeldon produced adherent cell layers, continued growth of these cells did not occur. Non-adherent cells obtained by trypsinization also failed to produce long term cell cultures even after the addition of a range of growth factors. The possibility of producing tumour-like schistosome cells by the use of the mutagen ethyl methane sulphonate was therefore examined. Four-hour exposure of three-week-old schistosomes caused in some worms (a) large fluid filled ‘ballooning’, which also occurred in adult males, (b) enlargement of the gut, (c) increase in numbers of large round cells within the worms and (d) tissus outgrowths. It is suggested that these effects of mutagen offer new approaches to obtaining permanent schistosome cell cultures.
Metallic sandwiches with open porosity facings and closed porosity cores for SOFC interconnects

Abstract Iron- and nickel-based sandwich structures with open porosity facings and closed-porosity cores were created by melt infiltration and powder metallurgy, respectively, for application as interconnects in high-temperature fuel cells. For E-Brite (Fe–Cr–Mo) sandwiches, open porosity faces were created by evaporation of NaCl particles mixed with the metallic powders, while closed porosity in the core resulted from partial sintering of the pure metallic powders. Sandwiches from J5 (Ni–Mo–Cr–Ti–Mn–Al–Y) were produced by infiltrating the liquid alloy into a sandwich scaffold of permanent Al 2 O 3 hollow spheres in the core and leachable NaAlO 2 particles in the facings. Mechanical properties of both sandwich types were measured in three-point bending and indicated similar modes of failure by face yielding. Stiffness measurements closely match model values for E-Brite sandwiches but are below expected values for J5 sandwiches. In the case of sandwich yield load, calculated values for E-Brite slightly underestimated experimental values, while J5 experimental performance was significantly overestimated.
Electrically Tunable Chip-Scale Semiconductor Microdisk Phase Modulators

We have demonstrated a 12-micron radius InP optical microdisk resonator functioning as a phase modulator in an external Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The device's small V? characteristic make it attractive as a low power chip scale modulator.
Driving biochemical discovery with quantitative proteomics

Proteomic analysis of biological samples plays an increasing role in modern research. Although the application of proteomics technologies varies across many disciplines, proteomics largely is a tool for discovery that then leads to novel hypotheses. In recent years, new methods and technologies have been developed and applied in many areas of proteomics, and there is a strong push towards using proteomics in a quantitative manner. Indeed, mass spectrometry-based, quantitative proteomics approaches have been applied to great success in a variety of biochemical studies. In particular, the use of quantitative proteomics provides new insights into protein complexes and post-translational modifications and leads to the generation of novel insights into these important biochemical systems.
Systems of second order equations with nonnegative characteristic form

The object of this paper is to study systems of second order equations with nonnegative characteristic form. The systemsconsidered will have the form and a bounded domain. Such equatiom are said to be of nonnegative characteristic form if for a , and . The primary results are existence and uniqueness theorems for weak solutions to boundary value problems for systems such a s (1.1).
Experimental reactivation of latent canine herpesvirus-1 and induction of recurrent ocular disease in adult dogs.

Latent canine herpesvirus-1 (CHV-1) infection is common in domestic dogs, but recrudescent CHV-1 diseases are poorly characterized. To determine if administration of an immunosuppressive dosage of prednisolone to adult dogs latently infected with CHV-1 results in recurrent ocular disease, adult beagles with and without experimentally induced CHV-1 latent infection were divided into groups: group 1 latently infected and administered prednisolone, group 2 latently infected and administered placebo, and group 3 not latently infected and administered prednisolone. Prednisolone (3.0 mg/kg/day) was administered to dogs in groups 1 and 3 for seven consecutive days beginning on study day 1. Samples for CHV-1 polymerase chain reaction and serum neutralization (SN) assays were collected, and physical, ophthalmologic, and in vivo ocular confocal microscopic examinations were performed at intervals for 42 days. Bilateral ocular disease (i.e., conjunctivitis or keratitis) was detected in 83% of group 1 dogs between study days 3 and 18. In vivo confocal microscopic abnormalities included conjunctival leukocyte infiltration and corneal leukocyte infiltration, abnormal epithelial cell morphology, and Langerhans cell infiltration. Ocular viral shedding was detected in 50% of group 1 dogs on study days 10 and 13. Fourfold elevations in CHV-1 SN titers were detected in 100% of group 1 dogs by study day 14. Dogs in control groups did not develop clinical ocular disease (P < 0.05), CHV-1 titer elevations (P < 0.005), or viral shedding. Administration of an immunosuppressive dosage of systemic prednisolone to adult dogs latently infected with CHV-1 may result in viral reactivation and ocular disease recrudescence.
Acquired isochromosome 12p, somatic TP53 and PTEN mutations, and a germline ATM variant in an adolescent male with concurrent acute megakaryoblastic leukemia and mediastinal germ cell tumor

Previous reports have described an association between hematologic malignancies (HMs) and extragonadal germ cell tumor (GCT). Most patients have been adolescent males with mediastinal nonseminomatous GCT. Although a variety of HMs have been reported, there is a striking predilection toward acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL). Shared cytogenetic anomalies—particularly isochromosome 12p [i(12p)]—have suggested common clonal origins to the tumors. We report the case of a 17-year-old boy presenting with AMKL and a synchronous mediastinal GCT, with the characteristic i(12p) in both neoplasms. The common clonal origin of the AMKL and GCT was further confirmed with massively parallel sequencing, which identified somatic TP53 and PTEN mutations, as well as a rare germline ATM variant. Although these represent commonly mutated genes in cancer, this combination of mutations is not typically associated with either GCT or AMKL, suggesting that these tumors may represent unique biologic entities when they co-occur.
Harmonic phase MR tagging for direct quantification of lagrangian strain in rat hearts after myocardial infarction

The utility of harmonic phase (HARP) analysis was recently demonstrated in humans and large animals as a technique for rapid and automatic analysis of tagged magnetic resonance images. In the current study, the applicability and accuracy of HARP analysis for automatic strain quantification in small animals were investigated. A validation study was performed on seven postinfarct rats and seven age-matched controls. A method for direct computation of 2D Lagrangian strain fields from spatial derivatives of HARP images was also developed in this paper. The results of HARP analysis were evaluated by comparison with those of homogeneous strain analysis employing finite element method and manual tag tracking. Both methods were validated with simulated digital images. Compared to conventional homogeneous strain analysis, HARP analysis yielded similar results in the assessment of regional strain patterns in both control and infarct rats. Both methods detected a reduction in maximal stretch and shortening in infarct rats. Our results suggest that HARP analysis can also be applied to quantify alterations in regional myocardial wall motion in small animals.
Effect of octreotide on postmenopausal hot flushes

We have previously documented that octreotide therapy suppresses sweating and palpitations in patients with the postural tachycardia syndrome. We now report that octreotide also suppresses these and related symptoms in patients with postmenopausal hot flushes.
Detection of object abandonment using temporal logic

This paper describes a novel framework for a smart threat detection system that uses computer vision to capture, exploit and interpret the temporal flow of events related to the abandonment of an object. Our approach uses contextual information along with an analysis of the causal progression of events to decide whether or not an alarm should be raised. When an unattended object is detected, the system traces it back in time to determine and record who its most likely owner(s) may be. Through subsequent frames, the system searches the scene for the owner and issues an alert if no match is found for the owner over a given period of time. Our algorithm has been successfully tested on two benchmark datasets (PETS 2006 Benchmark Data, 2006; i-LIDS Dataset for AVSS, 2007), and yielded results that are substantially more accurate than similar systems developed by other academic and industrial research groups.
Role of matrix elements in the theoretical determination of generalized susceptibilities in metals

The role of matrix elements in the calculation of the generalized susceptibilities $\ensuremath{\chi}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{q}})$ of metals is discussed using the results of an augmented-plane-wave energy-band calculation for the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of Sc metal. The inclusion of the oscillator strength matrix elements is found to significantly alter the structure obtained for $\ensuremath{\chi}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{q}})$ in the constant-matrix-element approximation. The effect of local-field corrections on the phonon anomaly in Sc and the observed magnetic ordering of dilute rare-earth Sc alloys are described; in the latter case, a crude estimate of this effect is found to restore a (broad) peak in $\ensuremath{\chi}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{q}})$ at $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{q}}\ensuremath{\approx}[0,0,0.5(\frac{\ensuremath{\pi}}{c})]$, in good agreement with experiment.
Chemical evolution on the giant planets and Titan

We summarize the current status of atmospheric chemistry in the atmospheres of the outer solar system with special emphasis on the question of HCN formation on Jupiter, differences between polar and equatorial compositions on Jupiter, the coloration of the Great Red Spot, and the unique environment of Titan.
The Uncritical Acceptance of Risk Assessment in Forensic Practice

Forensic psychologists are frequently asked to conduction evaluations of risk assessment. While risk assessment has considerable merit, recent applications to forensic psychology raise concerns about whether these evaluations are thorough and balanced. Forensic adult risk-assessment models stress risk factors, and deemphasize or disregard entirely the other side of the equation: protective factors. Mediating and moderating effects must also be considered. Moreover, base-rate estimates may produce erroneous results if applied imprudently to forensic samples without regard to their unstable prevalence rates or the far-reaching effects of settings, referral questions, and evaluation procedures. Psychologists are offered a preliminary list of relevant issues for evaluating the merits of risk assessment in their forensic practices.
Subnormal concentrations in the feminine profile of circulating growth hormone enhance expression of female-specific CYP2C12.

When newborn female rats were treated with monosodium glutamate, 4 mg/g body weight, on days 1 and 3 of life, circulating growth hormone concentrations were permanently reduced 75-85% in adulthood, whereas the feminine secretory profile characterized by frequent growth hormone pulses, separated by short-lived, measurable troughs, persisted. Associated with this reduction in growth hormone secretion was a mild obesity and a slight depression in peripubertal body weight. In contrast, expression of growth hormone-dependent, female-specific CYP2C12 was increased by almost 100% when measured at both its protein and mRNA levels. In agreement, this supraphysiological expression of CYP2C12 was reflected at a pharmacologic level by a simultaneous elevation in in vitro and in vivo hexobarbital metabolism. When growth hormone secretion was pulsatile (i.e. masculine) or was eliminated from the circulation (i.e. hypophysectomy), hepatic CYP2C12 protein and mRNA were undetectable. The present findings suggest that the normal levels of plasma growth hormone found in female rats are not necessarily optimum for the expression of female-specific CYP2C12.
Improving Efficiency and Value in Health Care: Introduction

The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) is pleased to sponsor the first theme issue for Health Services Research (HSR), a new feature whereby excellent and ground-breaking health services research will be gathered around an important “theme” and published in a dedicated issue of the journal. The first theme chosen to introduce this feature is “Improving Efficiency and Value in Health Care,” a topic that presents puzzles for researchers and policy makers alike. In this issue, HSR aims to present some of the best research in this area in time to contribute to the national debate and the collective interest about health care that attends election years.
Induction of estradiol 2-hydroxylase activity in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells by pesticides and carcinogens

Abstract The induction of 17 β -estradiol (E2) 2-hydroxylase activity was investigated in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells using 2-[ 3 H]E2 as the substrate in a radiometric assay. Treatment of MCF-7 cells with 10 μ M indole-3-carbinol (I3C) for 48 h caused a 3.5-fold induction of E2 2-hydroxylase activity, whereas, I3C at concentrations as high as 100 μ M did not induce CYP1A1 mRNA levels or immunoreactive protein. Thus, the induction of E2 2-hydroxylase activity using the radiometric assay was not dependent on induction of CYP1A1. E2 2-hydroxylase activity was also increased by I3C within 2 h after treatment suggesting in situ interactions with the cellular cytochrome P450 system. The time-dependent effects of various chlorinated pesticides, antiestrogens and mammary carcinogens on E2 2-hydroxylase activity were also investigated. p,p′ -DDE, atrazine and the mammary carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) significantly decreased E2 2-hydroxylase activity after 2 h; whereas, only the latter two compounds decreased activity after 48 h. Both 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD) and the mammary carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) induced E2 2-hydroxylase in MCF-7 cells after incubation for 48 h and this was also paralleled by induction of CYP1A1 protein. The antiestrogens ICI 164 384 and ICI 182 780 decreased E2 2-hydroxylase activity in MCF-7 cells after incubation for 48 h, whereas tamoxifen and 4-hydroxytamoxifen were inactive. The results indicate that chemical-induced modulation of E2 2-hydroxylase activity in MCF-7 cells is complex and does not predict their activity as mammary carcinogens.
Quasi-elastic light scattering by calf thymus DNA and lamdaDNA.

The quasi-elastic light-scattering (homodyne) time-correlation functions of calf thymus and λDNA are shown to contain contributions from at least two relaxation processes. A method of asymptotic analysis is described and used to obtain an estimate of the longest relaxation time as well as the “average” relaxation time and the mean-squared dispersion in this average. Most theories of scattering from macromolecules in the limit of inifinite dilution predict that the longest relaxation time is due to translational self-diffusion. The data obtained, however, indicate that the longest time is not simply related to the translational self-diffusion coefficient of unaggregated macromolecules. It is also shown that the longest relaxation time of λDNA decreases in the later stages of the denaturation transition region. Some possible mechanisms for the origin of this long time are discussed, including a model of restricted motion of a molecule by its neighbors.
In vivo versus in vitro oviductal glycoprotein (OGP) association with the zona pellucida (ZP) in the hamster and baboon.

The goal of this study was to determine if differences exist between in vivo vs. in vitro OGP association with the ZP and to quantitate those differences. Ovarian oocytes were harvested 12.5 or 27 hr post-hCG from hyperstimulated hamsters or baboons, respectively. Hamster and baboon ovarian oocytes were incubated in vitro in media +/- homologous OGP (100 or 200 microg/100 microl) or in some studies with 100 microl oviductal fluid for 3, 6, or 24 hr at 37 degrees C. Some of the baboon ovarian oocytes were transferred immediately after harvesting to the ampulla of both oviducts using a tom cat catheter and retrieved after a 3 hr in situ incubation. Hamster oviductal oocytes were collected 3, 6, and 24 hr following ovulation. After incubation or oocyte retrieval from the oviduct, cumulus cells were removed, oocytes were washed extensively and binding of OGP to the ZP was examined by immunofluorescence. Fluorescence intensity was quantified using densitometric scanning of photographic negatives with the background of each negative as an internal control. In all studies, OGP association with the ZP was significantly greater in vivo than in vitro (P < 0.05). In vitro OGP association with the ZP did not significantly increase with incubation time or OGP concentration; however, a small nonsignificant increase in OGP association with the ZP in the oviduct was detected over time. Differences did not appear to be due to depletion of OGP from the in vitro incubation media, since Western blot analysis of the media showed that OGP was still present. Although OGP concentration in vivo is unknown, Western blots showed similar intensity comparing 100 microg of OGP media and oviductal fluid. Immunolocalization of OGP using laser confocal microscopy showed regional differences in OGP binding. The outer half of the zona pellucida had significantly more OGP bound than the inner half on oviductal oocytes. No regional differences were detected for in vitro incubated oocytes. In conclusion, OGP association with the ZP is greater in vivo vs. in vitro, suggesting that one must be cautious in designing and evaluating in vitro studies of OGP function.
Prevalence of low albumin, suboptimal energy, and muscle stores in asian dialysis patients.

Abstract Objective: Investigate the prevalence of low serum albumin levels ( Design: Cross-sectional study in which serum albumin and anthropometric measurements were averaged over 6 months, and compared between patients of Asian ethnicity and patients of non-Asian ethnicity. Setting: Eight outpatient dialysis facilities. Subjects: Ninety-seven Asian and 513 non-Asian patients treated with hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. Results: Height, weight, and body mass index were significantly lower in Asians compared with non-Asians ( P P P = .057) and women (3.34 g/dL; P = .040). The proportion of patients with serum albumin P P Conclusion: Mean serum albumin was significantly lower in Asian patients on dialysis than in non-Asians. Muscle stores were depleted in Asian men and women compared with non-Asians, and fat stores were depleted in Asian men. Based on this study, Asian dialysis patients would seem to be at higher nutritional risk than non-Asians, particularly Asian men. Further research is needed to assess factors that affect serum albumin and mortality in Asian dialysis patients, and standards need to be developed to further assess anthropometric measurements in this population.
Evidence for universality of the potts model on the two-dimensional penrose lattice

Abstract A microcanonical simulation of the four-state ferromagnetic Potts model on the two-dimensional Penrose lattice indicates that the phase transition is second order and is in the same universality class as the periodic system. The five-state ferromagnetic Potts model on the two-dimensional Penrose lattice is found to be first order, as in the periodic system.
Surface segregation of gold for Au/Pd(1 1 1) alloys measured by low-energy electron diffraction and low-energy ion scattering

Abstract The surface composition of a Au/Pd(1 1 1) alloy formed by depositing five monolayers of gold onto clean Pd(1 1 1) at 300 K in ultrahigh vacuum and heating to various temperatures is measured from an analysis of the low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) intensity versus energy curves and by low-energy ion scattering (LEIS). The LEIS and LEED data yield values of the outer-layer gold coverage that are in good agreement and LEED shows that the second-layer gold concentration is intermediate between that of the surface and bulk. Plotting the gold coverage versus the bulk gold mole fraction estimated using Auger spectroscopy, clearly indicates that gold preferentially segregates to the surface and can be modeled by a simple Langmuir–McClean equation. A fit to the experimental data yields a value of the equilibrium constant for segregation of 3.2 ± 0.4, in good agreement with the value of 5.4 ± 0.2 obtained for Au/Pd(1 1 1) alloys grown on Mo(1 1 0) substrates.
Cultural persistence and change in the rural south

Robert J. Hall and Carol B. Stack, editors. Holding on to the Land and the Lord: Kinship, Ritual, Land Tenure, and Social Policy in the Rural South. SAS proceedings, No. 15. Athens, Georgia: The University of Georgia Press, 1982. viii + 164 pp. Bibliographies, index. Cloth, $12.00; paper, $5.95. F. Carlene Bryant. We're All Kin: A Cultural Study of a Mountain Neighborhood. Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press, 1981. xvi + 146 pp. Figures, bibliography, index. Cloth, $11.50.
Specific Heat of Europium and Ytterbium Metals between 3 and 25°K

The specific heats of europium and ytterbium metals have been measured, using a germanium resistance thermometer, between 3 and 25\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. For europium a sharp peak was found at 16.1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, indicating that a co-operative transformation takes place in the sample at this temperature. The entropy under the peak is so large that the anomaly must be caused by the bulk specimen and not by impurities. The origin of this transition, which has not been observed before, is not clear, but various possibilities are discussed on the basis of available experimental information. According to our earlier measurements, the electronic specific heat of europium is ${C}_{E}=5.8T$ mJ/mole \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K ($T$ in \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K); the lattice and magnetic contributions, ${C}_{L}$ and ${C}_{M}$, respectively, could not be separated. It is clear, however, that ${C}_{M}$ is large, particularly at low temperatures. For ytterbium, which is nonmagnetic, there are only two terms in ${C}_{p}$, namely ${C}_{L}$ and ${C}_{E}$. Our earlier measurements below 4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K gave ${C}_{E}=2.90T$ mJ/mole \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, and by employing this result ${C}_{L}$ was calculated. The Debye temperature $\ensuremath{\Theta}$ decreases from an initial value of 118\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K below 3\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to a minimum of 109\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K at 14\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and then rises again slowly. The $\ensuremath{\Theta}$-versus-$T$ curve is rather similar to that observed for many other metals.
The 27-fold way and other ways: symmetries of mesons-baryon resonances

Meson-baryon resonances are discussed within the framework of unitary symmetry based upon the Gell-Mann-Ne’eman baryon octet (the eightfold way). It is argued that the low-lyingJ=3/2+ isobars ({ie337-1}, Y*0, Y*1, Y*2, etc.) realize a twenty-seven-dimensional representation of SU(3). Purely group-theoretic considerations directly following from unitary symmetry are compared with dynamical considerations suggested by the coupling constant combinations required by unitary symmetry andR-symmetry. Higher resonances are briefly discussed.
Sol-flame synthesis of hybrid metal oxide nanowires

Abstract Hybrid metal oxide nanowires (NWs), with small characteristic diameter and large aspect ratio, can have unique and yet tunable chemical, optical and electrical properties by independently controlling the chemical compositions and morphologies of the individual components. Such hybrid NWs are promising building blocks in many applications, such as catalysis, sensors, batteries, solar cells and photoelectrochemical devices. However, these applications are hindered by the lack of scalable and economic methods for the synthesis of hybrid NWs. Here, we report a simple, scalable and new sol-flame method to synthesize various hybrid metal oxide NWs, including nanoparticle-shell decorated NWs (NP-shell@NW), NP-chain decorated NW (NP-chain@NW) and doped NWs. The sol-flame process first coats existing NWs with NPs or dopants precursors prepared by the sol–gel process, and then dissociates/oxidizes these precursors in flame. The sol-flame method uniquely combines the merits of the flame process (e.g., high temperature and fast heating rate) with low temperature sol–gel method (e.g., broad material choices and excellent chemical composition control). For both the NP-shell@NW and NP-chain@NW cases, the high temperature flame, compared to furnace, provides much faster heating rate and shorter duration for annealing, which evaporates and burns the precursor solvent rapidly, causing NPs to quickly nucleate around NWs without significant agglomeration. Hence, higher loading density of NPs with smaller sizes is decorated to the NWs, and the formed hybrid NP@NW exhibits significantly higher catalytic activity than that of the furnace-annealed sample. Similarly when using the sol-flame method to dope NWs, the high temperature flame enables rapid dopant diffusion and short annealing duration that maintains the morphology of the original materials and protects the delicate NW substrates from damage. We believe that the new sol-flame method can be applied to synthesize various 1-D hybrid metal oxide nanostructures, thereby impacting diverse application fields.
Identification of a misfolded region in superoxide dismutase 1 that is exposed in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Mutations and aberrant post-translational modifications within Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) cause this otherwise protective enzyme to misfold, leading to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The C4F6 antibody selectively binds misfolded SOD1 in spinal cord tissues from postmortem human ALS cases, as well as from an ALS-SOD1 mouse model, suggesting that the C4F6 epitope reports on a pathogenic conformation that is common to misfolded SOD1 variants. To date, the residues and structural elements that comprise this epitope have not been elucidated. Using a chemical cross-linking and mass spectrometry approach, we identified the C4F6 epitope within several ALS-linked SOD1 variants, as well as an oxidized form of WT SOD1, supporting the notion that a similar misfolded conformation is shared among pathological SOD1 proteins. Exposure of the C4F6 epitope was modulated by the SOD1 electrostatic (loop VII) and zinc binding (loop IV) loops and correlated with SOD1-induced toxicity in a primary microglia activation assay. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed Asp92 and Asp96 as key residues within the C4F6 epitope required for the SOD1-C4F6 binding interaction. We propose that stabilizing the functional loops within SOD1 and/or obscuring the C4F6 epitope are viable therapeutic strategies for treating SOD1-mediated ALS.
The 2nd International Workshop on Economics-Driven Software Engineering Research (workshop session)

The need for research in this area is indicated by the serious shortfalls in our understanding of how best to design software for value creation. There are at least two basic dimensions to this shortfall. First, the core competency of software engineers is making technical software product and process design decisions. However, today there is a disconnect between the technical criteria taught to software engineers and the strategic value creation objectives of the organizations for which software is designed.This disconnect is reflected in the culture and the literature of software design. For example, of sixteen books on software architecture and object-oriented design surveyed, the word cost appeared in the index of only two. Part of the problem is that the links between technical concepts and value creation are not understood well, even in theory. We have an inadequate understanding of and a lack models for the connections between technical decision criteria and value. For example, we lack models for how information hiding modularity adds value to a system, and how much. Today this lack of understanding is intolerable. Software design and use decisions are coupled with fundamental business, public service, and other decisions in almost field. It is becoming critical to develop a better understanding of how software design decisions relate to value creation.The second dimension of the problem is that existing knowledge in software economics is inadequate. To simplify, most present knowledge focuses on cost and risk reduction in traditional government or large industry projects; but today organizations are often driven more by competition and time-to-market as by direct cost. New life-cycle models and software technologies are also being used that tend to invalidate the empirical bases of older models.The EDSER workshops seek to raise the visibility of the economic dimension of software design and use and to foster the emergence and evaluation of economics-oriented concepts, models and tools to improve software production. The EDSER-2 Workshop was made possible in part by the National Science Foundation under grant CCR-9804078.
Synthesis of arylboronic acids via the reaction of borane with arylmagnesium halides

Abstract The reaction of borane complexes with arylmagnesium halides produces the corresponding arylborohydrides in high yield. The arylborohydrides are readily hydrolyzed to the arylboronic acids. The syntheses are conveniently carried out in one pot. The reaction mechanism was clarified via a boron-11 NMR study.
ApoE2 Exaggerates PTSD-Related Behavioral, Cognitive, and Neuroendocrine Alterations

Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is an essential component of lipoprotein particles in both the brain and periphery, and exists in three isoforms in the human population: E2, E3, and E4. ApoE has numerous, well-established roles in neurobiology. Most notably, E4 is associated with earlier onset and increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Although possession of E2 is protective in the context of AD, E2 appears to confer an increased incidence and severity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the biological processes underlying this link remain unclear. In this study, we began to elucidate these associations by examining the effects of apoE on PTSD severity in combat veterans, and on PTSD-like behavior in mice with human apoE. In a group of 92 veterans with PTSD, we observed significantly higher Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale and PTSD Checklist scores in E2+ individuals, as well as alterations in salivary cortisol levels. Furthermore, we measured behavioral and biological outcomes in mice expressing human apoE after a single stressful event as well as following a period of chronic variable stress, a model of combat-related trauma. Mice with E2 showed impairments in fear extinction, and behavioral, cognitive, and neuroendocrine alterations following trauma. To the best of our knowledge, these data constitute the first translational demonstration of PTSD severity in men and PTSD-like symptoms in mice with E2, and point to apoE as a novel biomarker of susceptibility, and potential therapeutic target, for PTSD.
Case studies of child care training volunteers found to be at risk for abuse

Potential child abusers were identified in a comprehensive screening and training program for caregivers seeking child care employment. The complex dynamics which were evident in these women who were at high risk as abusers are presented as guidelines to be used in assessing and interviewing child care candidates.
Commerce as the Structure and Symbol of Neighborhood Life: Reshaping the Meaning of Community in Venice, California:

Abbot Kinney Boulevard is a central commercial artery that serves as the structure and symbol of neighborhood life in Venice, a coastal community in Los Angeles. In recent years, the street has become an upscale commercial scene made up of independently owned, small-scale shops and restaurants. New residents and merchants work to preserve this new “anticorporate” commercial culture as an authentic version of community life, labeling its distinct identity as “Brand Venice.” Commerce generates community vitality, but this article raises the question, whose definition of community? The construction of a neighborhood brand has consequences. Building on over 3 years of ethnographic and historical research, this article shows how local actors set Abbot Kinney Boulevard on a course of economic transformation by reshaping the meaning of community in such a way that now excludes long-time, lower-income residents who define the new neighborhood identity as an inauthentic version of Venice community life.
Epilepsy surgery in MRI-negative epilepsies.

Purpose of reviewThis study discusses the challenges of MRI-negative epilepsy surgery, and the strategies in using advanced MRI and functional imaging tests and their associated postsurgical outcome.Recent findingsSeveral methods for processing MRI postacquisition data have identified either previou
A finite element analysis of the mechanical and thermal strength of avian eggs

The hot water washing of eggs has been implicated as one source of breakage. A method for estimating shell stresses during and after washing is outlined in this paper. The problem is posed mathematically as a coupled thermo-elastic problem which relates the development of internal pressure to the shrinkage of the shell and the expansion of the inner contents due to heating. Any internal pressure developed in turn stresses the eggshell. In this study we employ a finite element method to determine the effects of various parameters, including: egg size and shape, shell thickness and permeability, wash water temperature and duration of exposure. Results from this study agree closely with previous analytical results for the case of a round egg. More realistic eggshell geometries are considered in this study; the magnitude of stresses are predicted to be larger than those developed in the spherical shell model. The location of maximum stress varied with egg shape; substantial tensile stresses developed after 60 s washing. Internal pressure, and hence shell stresses, diminished rapidly upon removal of the wash water temperature at the shell surface. Incorporation of a static 10N load at the pole in conjunction with thermally-induced stresses greatly increased shell stresses, illustrating that hot water washing, combined with mechanical loads, creates a situation in which more eggs are likely to fail. A cool-down period of 30 s-60 s is predicted to diminish thermal stresses by 60–70%.
Synthesis of (sulfonyl)methylphosphonate analogs of prenyl diphosphates

Abstract Syntheses of several (sulfonyl)methylphosphonate analogs of geranyl, neryl, and farnesyl diphosphates are described. Key steps include utilization of an (E)-selective Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons olefination which couples an aldehyde to the sulfone phosphonate moiety, and a selective reduction of the resulting dienyl sulfone phosphonate substrates.
Beclomethasone dipropionate in long-term treatment of asthma in children

Beclomethasone dipropionate was found to be effective in reducing symptoms of asthma in children. There was no measurable influence on pulmonary function. An 18-month follow-up did not show untoward side effects on adrenal function, growth, serum electrolytes, and hepatic and renal functions with a dose of 100 μg three times daily. The treatment predisposes to the colonization with Candida albicans in the oropharynx.
Raman scattering from superlattices of diluted magnetic semiconductors

Collective and localized excitations in superlattices of the Mn-based II-VI diluted magnetic semiconductors ${\mathrm{Cd}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Mn}}_{\mathrm{x}}$Te/${\mathrm{Cd}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{y}}$${\mathrm{Mn}}_{\mathrm{y}}$Te and ZnSe/${\mathrm{Zn}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Mn}}_{\mathrm{x}}$Se have been investigated with use of Raman scattering. The new periodicity introduced by the superlattice causes zone folding of the acoustic phonons allowing modes with large q vectors, normally inactive in light scattering, to become Raman active; their frequencies can be understood in terms of the elastic constants of the two constituents. In the optical-phonon region, the Raman spectra of the superlattices with superlattice axis along [001] show optical phonons ``confined'' to the well or the barrier layer when the corresponding dispersion curves do not overlap, whereas ``propagating'' optical phonons are observed when they do. In [111] ${\mathrm{Cd}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Mn}}_{\mathrm{x}}$Te/${\mathrm{Cd}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{y}}$${\mathrm{Mn}}_{\mathrm{y}}$Te superlattices, interface optical phonons are selectively favored in Raman scattering by the intermediate states associated with excitons localized at the heterointerfaces.In ZnSe/${\mathrm{Zn}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Mn}}_{\mathrm{x}}$Se superlattices, the strain arising from lattice mismatch gives rise to shifts in the optical-phonon frequencies. The large magnetic field shifts in the photoluminescence associated with the electronic transitions in the well demonstrate the existence of large exchange interaction between the band electrons and ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{2+}$, as in bulk crystals. This effect can be exploited in the magnetically tuned resonance enhancement of the Raman spectrum of optical phonons. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as in the bulk, Raman electron paramagnetic resonance of ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{2+}$ is observed. The absence of a magnon feature is indicative of the absence of magnetic ordering in superlattices. In the [111] ${\mathrm{Cd}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Mn}}_{\mathrm{x}}$Te/${\mathrm{Cd}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{y}}$${\mathrm{Mn}}_{\mathrm{y}}$Te superlattice, a new Raman line is observed which can be interpreted as a transition in the isolated ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{2+}$ pairs; its position yields a value of the nearest-neighbor exchange interaction \ensuremath{\Vert}${J}_{\mathrm{NN}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Vert}}=(6.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2}$ K)${k}_{B}$.
Characterization of soft magnetic nano-material deposited with M3D technology

Direct Write Technologies are being utilized in antennas, engineered structures, sensors, and tissue engineering. One form of Direct Write Technology is Maskless Mesoscale Material Deposition (M3D). The M3D process is a process that uses aerosol formation, transport and deposition. Inks for the M3D process utilize nano-particles in suspension for deposition. Soft magnetic material was formulated as an ink suspension, deposited and characterized. This paper will report on the results obtained after depositing the soft magnetic material. The results of the permeability are calculated from magnetic structures created with the deposition. These results are compared to conventional methods of soft magnetic material formation and construction.