cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early life events and peptic ulcer susceptibility: An experimental model

In the rat premature separation from the mother increases the probability that gastric erosions will occur when the animal is subjected to physical restraint later in life. This increased susceptibility to erosion formation is induced by the early loss of maternal milk and is expressed as a disturbance of body temperature regulation at the time of restraint. One of the gastric consequences of the thermoregulatory disturbance appears to be an increase in acid secretion during restraint. The increased susceptibility to restraint-induced erosion formation in prematurely separated rats may reflect a disruption of the normal developmental organization of functionally related systems.
Direct frequency measurement of the I(2)-stabilized He-Ne 473-THz (633-nm) laser.

The absolute frequency of the 473-THz He–Ne laser (633 nm), stabilized on the g or i hyperfine component of the 127I2 11–5 R(127) transition, was measured by comparing its frequency with a known frequency synthesized by summing the radiation from three lasers in a He–Ne plasma. The three lasers were (1) the 88-THz CH4-stabilized He–Ne laser (3.39 μm), (2) a 125-THz color-center laser (2.39 μm) with its frequency referenced to the RII(26) 13C18O2 laser, and (3) the 260-THz He–Ne laser (1.15 μm) referenced to an I2-stabilized dye laser at 520 THz (576nm). The measured frequencies are 473 612 340.492 and 473 612 214.789 MHz for the g and i hyperfine components, respectively, with a total uncertainty of 1.6 parts in 1010. The frequency of the i component adjusted to the operating conditions recommended by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures is 473 612 214.830 ± 0.074 MHz.
How old is that child? Validating the accuracy of age assignments in observational surveys of vehicle restraint use

Objectives: Many large scale observational studies of child restraint usage require observers to estimate the ages of the vehicle occupants. The accuracy of age assignments were assessed and possible methods to improve observational accuracy in research and field studies of child restraint use were identified. Methods: The validation study was performed at fast food restaurants in a metropolitan area. Three, two person teams observed 449 occupants of vehicles with at least one child passenger. The drivers were then interviewed to obtain the actual ages of the vehicle occupants. The primary outcome measure was the per cent of age assignments that were correct by age category (infant, toddler, school age, teen, adult). The observers had previously conducted a statewide child restraint observation study and were trained in estimating age categories. Results: A total of 391 (87%) of the 449 occupants were assigned to their correct age categories. Incorrect assignments were more common among infants (22% incorrect), but few infants (nine) were observed. The most frequent error was classifying adults (19 years and older) as teenagers (13–18 years). Conclusion: Trained, experienced observers approached 90% accuracy in their assignment of children to specific age categories. Additional study is required to determine whether these results are applicable to different age categories and observers. It is recommended that the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, state and local agencies, and other sponsors of observational surveys consider observer competence as an important variable. The validity of age assignments can be assessed by randomly interviewing a sample of drivers. More accurate age estimates will improve decisions regarding prevention programs, funding, and policies.
Factor IX Padua: them that have, give

In this issue of Blood, Finn et al have taken a factor IX variant with increased specific activity associated with thrombophilia and used it to improve gene therapy of hemophilia B in dogs, and Cantore et al have shown similar results in mice.
Knowing with Images: Medium and Message*

Problems concerning scientists’ uses of representations have received quite a bit of attention recently. The focus has been on how such representations get their contents and on just what those contents are. Less attention has been paid to what makes certain kinds of scientific representations different from one another and thus well suited to this or that epistemic end. This article considers the latter question with particular focus on the distinction between images and graphs on the one hand and descriptions and related representations on the other.
Nicotinic α5 subunit deletion locally reduces high‐affinity agonist activation without altering nicotinic receptor numbers

Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit α5 mRNA is widely expressed in the CNS. An α5 gene polymorphism has been implicated in behavioral differences between mouse strains, and α5-null mutation induces profound changes in mouse acute responses to nicotine. In this study, we have examined the distribution and prevalence of α5* nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in mouse brain, and quantified the effects of α5-null mutation on pre-synaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor function (measured using synaptosomal 86Rb+ efflux) and overall [125I]epibatidine binding site expression. α5* nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expression was found in nine of fifteen regions examined, although < 20% of the total nicotinic acetylcholine receptor population in any region contained α5. Deletion of the α5 subunit gene resulted in localized loss of function (thalamus, striatum), which was itself confined to the DHβE-sensitive receptor population. No changes in receptor expression were seen. Consequently, functional changes must occur as a result of altered function per unit of receptor. The selective depletion of high agonist activation affinity sites results in overall nicotinic function being reduced, and increases the overall agonist activation affinity. Together, these results describe the receptor-level changes underlying altered behavioral responses to nicotine in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α5 subunit-null mutants.
On signed digraphs with all cycles negative

It is known that signed graphs with all cycles negative are those in which each block is a negative cycle or a single line. We now study the more difficult problem for signed digraphs. In particular we investigate the structure of those digraphs whose arcs can be signed (positive or negative) so that every (directed) cycle is negative. Such digraphs are important because they are associated with qualitatively nonsingular matrices. We identify certain families of such digraphs and characterize those symmetric digraphs which can be signed so that every cycle is negative.
Quality of Care and Quality of Dying in Nursing Homes: Two Measurement Models

Abstract Background: There is consistent evidence of significant variation in the quality of end-of-life care among nursing homes, with many facilities ill-prepared to provide optimal physical and psychological care that is culturally sensitive and respectful of the needs and preferences of residents and their family members. There is continued evidence that what is impeding efforts to improve care is that most measurement tools are hampered by a lack of distinction between quality of care and quality of dying as well as a lack of complete psychometric evaluation. Further, health services researchers cite the need to include “system-level” factors, variables that reflect leadership, culture, or informal practices, all of which influence end-of-life care and can be used to differentiate one setting from another. The purpose of this article is to report advancement in conceptualizing quality end-of-life care in nursing homes and to offer a refined approach to measurement. Methods: Two latent constructs are ...
Coal-derived asphaltenes. Relationship between chemical character and process history

Abstract The chemical character of asphaltenes isolated from coal-derived liquids and the relative ease of their catalytic and noncatalytic conversion to oil has been found to depend upon their processing history. To facilitate chemical characterization, a simple analytical method was developed for separation of the asphaltenes into three subfractions according to their relative strength of absorption on silica gel. Using this separation technique, differences in the relative content of polar molecules were found among asphaltenes of various processing histories. In general, the relative content of polar compounds in the asphaltenes decreases with increasing conversion to oil. The relative rate of conversion also declines after the asphaltene content reaches a low level. The asphaltenes remaining after long hydrotreatment are more aromatic, contain fewer polar functional groups and are of somewhat smaller molecular size than those obtained after short hydrotreatment. The initial rates of asphaltene conversion were considerably enhanced by a commercial CoMo hydrodesulfurization catalyst. The catalyst increased the conversion of the nonpolar subfraction to a greater extent than the polar subfraction.
“The Vulgar Spirit of Blogging”: On Language, Culture, and Power in Persian Weblogestan

This article is an ethnographic study of Persian-language weblogs (blogs), focusing on a divisive argument among Iranian bloggers that came to be known as the "vulgarity debate." Sparked by a controversial blogger who ridiculed assertions that Islam was compatible with human rights, the debate revolved around the claim that blogging had a "vulgar spirit" that made it easy for everything from standards of writing to principles of logical reasoning to be undermined. My study focuses primarily on the linguistic side of the controversy: I analyze blogging as an emergent speech genre and identify the structural features and social interactions that make this genre seem "vulgar." I also examine the controversy as a confrontation between bloggers with unequal access to cultural capital and a struggle over "intellectualist" hegemony. In the conclusion, I use the construct of "deep play" to weave together multiple layers of structure, explanation, and meaning in the debate.
Quality evaluation of health answers in Yahoo! Answers: A comparison between experts and users

This work-in-progress study investigates perceptions regarding the quality of online health answers that people share in social contexts. The current study differs from previous research by focusing on the topic of health and comparing the evaluations of users against experts. Three groups of evaluators—questioners, health reference librarians, and nurses—are invited to assess the quality of health answers posted in Yahoo! Answers. Forty evaluators from each group review a total of 400 health answers, rating them 1 to 5 according to 10 evaluation criteria. Preliminary results from the quality ratings of 10 answers evaluated by librarians and questioners indicate that librarians rated the quality of answers lower on most of the evaluation criteria than questioners. Further results and analysis will be provided at the poster presentation at the 2011 ASIST conference. This research will help librarians and nurses better understand how lay people such as their patrons and patients evaluate online health information in social contexts, leading to the offering of better health information services to these audiences.
Lab-on-chip silicon nitride microring sensor at visiblewavelength using glycoprotein receptors

A full biosensor system based on referenced and spectrally multiplexed arrays of silicon nitride microrings with glycoprotein receptors is demonstrated. Underlying system design guidelines and fundamental noise limits of the device are discussed.
New approaches for in-system debug of behaviorally-synthesized FPGA circuits

This paper present new approaches for in-system, trace-based debug of High-Level Synthesis-generated hardware. These approaches include the use of Event Observability Ports (EOP) that provide observability of source-level events in the final hardware. We also propose the use of small, independent trace buffers called Event Observability Buffers (EOB) for tracing events through EOPs. EOBs include a data storage enable signal that allows cycle-by-cycle storage decisions to be made on an EOB-by-EOB basis. This approach causes the timing relationships of events captured in different trace buffers to be lost. Two methods are presented for recovering these relationships. Finally, we present a case study that demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of an EOB trace strategy.
A systems approach to the modeling of racing wheelchair propulsion.

This paper presents a systems model for racing wheelchair propulsion . Recently, an interest has developed in computer and mathematical models of racing wheelchair pro- pulsion with the goal of improving performance and efficiency. The model in this paper is first presented in block diagram form and later described in greater detail . Equations are presented that describe the motion of a racing wheelchair on the road/track and an inertial roller system, as well as kinematic equations describing the stroke biomechanics. Because the model is used to describe a human/machine system, it is nonlinear . Some thoughts on methods of developing a model of the physiology of racing wheelchair propulsion are also presented.
Specific reaction of local anesthetics with phosphodiester groups

Local anesthetics are shown to react with phosphodiester groups occurring in phospholipids, phosphoproteins, ribonucleic acid or synthetic phosphodiesters. The reactions are characterized by a H+ release from the phosphate groups and precipitation of the phosphodiesters from aqueous solution. These interactions are abolished by enzymatic or chemical hydrolysis of the phosphate groups. In two cases crystalline molecular complexes of local anesthetics and a phosphodiester have been prepared. Local anesthetics do not react with phosphomonoesters or pyrophosphates, whreas calcium reacts with all types of phosphate groups. The anesthetic action of this class of drugs may be due to (1) a binding to phosphodiester groups in cell membranes thereby inhibiting the functioning of the latter as cation-exchange sites or (2) displacement of calcium from a site at which it normally participates in the generation of the action potential.
Impaired macrophage leishmanicidal activity at cutaneous temperature

Temperature is one of the primary influences upon the pathogenesis of cutaneous leishmaniasis. In this study, we measured the temperature of murine leishmanial lesions and determined the ability of lymphokine (LK) activated macrophages to kill Leishmania major at these temperatures. The temperature of leishmanial lesions in BALB/c and C3H/HeN mice ranged from 27 degrees C to 32 degrees C. We found that LK activated resident or inflammatory macrophages exhibited significantly less leishmanicidal activity in vitro at temperatures closer to those measured in vivo. The decrease in microbicidal activity was not due to the enhanced growth of the parasites at lower temperatures, since impaired killing was also observed against non-replicating radiation attenuated amastigotes. Finally, the tumoricidal activity of macrophages was found to be significantly depressed at temperatures below 37 degrees C, indicating a generalized impairment of macrophage function at these temperatures. These findings suggest that impaired macrophage microbicidal activity at cutaneous temperatures may contribute to parasite survival, and imply that healing of leishmanial lesions, as well as other cutaneous infections, may require an exceptionally potent local LK response.
Assessing anxiety with the Child Behavior Checklist and the Teacher Report Form.

Abstract We evaluated the utility of Anxiety scales for the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and the Teacher Report Form (TRF). The scales (CBCL-A; TRF-A) were examined using mothers and teachers of anxiety-disordered (AD; 157 mothers, 70 teachers) and non-anxiety-disordered (NAD; 100 mothers, 17 teachers) children. Separate samples of parents and teachers of AD (mothers = 145, fathers = 120, teachers = 137) and NAD (mothers = 35, fathers = 29, teachers = 27) children cross-validated the original findings. CBCL-A and TRF-A scores significantly discriminated AD children from NAD children and correlated significantly with other measures of child anxiety. The CBCL-A and TRF-A were sensitive to treatment changes. Relative to the CBCL/TRF Anxious/Depressed syndromes and Internalizing dimensions, the CBCL-A and TRF-A improved prediction of anxiety status. Relative to Achenbach, Demenci, and Rescorla's [Achenbach, T. M., Demenci, L., & Rescorla, L. A. (2003). DSM-oriented and empirically based approaches to constructing scales from the same item pools. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32 , 328–340] CBCL Anxiety subscale, the CBCL-A predicted comparably. Findings are discussed in terms of the CBCL-A and TRF-A as clinical tools.
Validity of Physical Activity Intensity Predictions by ActiGraph, Actical, and RT3 Accelerometers

Objective: Accelerometers are promising tools for characterizing physical activity (PA) patterns in free-living persons. To date, validation of energy expenditure (EE) predictions from accelerometers has been restricted to short laboratory or simulated free-living protocols. This study seeks to determine the capabilities of eight previously published regression equations for three commercially available accelerometers to predict summary measures of daily EE.
Solute transport modeling in heterogeneous soils: Conjunctive application of physically based and system approaches

Abstract One of the most acute environmental problems is groundwater contamination caused by residuals of agricultural pesticides in soils. Mathematical models that predict the contamination potential of chemical inputs on the soil surface or in the upper soil zone are increasingly used as an important management tool. Mathematical models can be formulated by following physically based and system approaches. In this study, models based on these approaches were developed to simulate chloride transport in field soils. Given a common data base, concentration profiles calculated by these models showed a rather close similarity and agreement with measured profiles. The conjunctive use of these modeling approaches indicates that the dispersion coefficient in the physically based convection-dispersion model is not a constant; instead, it changes with the longitudinal travel distance. As a result, when these models are used to predict solute transport into deeper soil, the physically based model with a constant dispersion coefficient tends to underestimate solute spreading. This is not a problem of a linear system model whose impulse response function excludes an explicit dispersion term.
Navel Orangeworm (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Development in Sunburned Walnuts

Navel orangeworms, Amyelois transitella (Walker), completed development in sunburned walnuts late in the growing season, but moths did not emerge until after harvest. Sunburned walnuts were not attractive to ovipositing moths until considerable hull damage occurred. Only sunburned walnuts with undamaged kernels were suitable for larval development. Navel orangeworm infestation levels up to 38% were recorded in sunburned walnut samples from the San Joaquin Valley, CA. Nut hull tissue damaged by sunburn was not selected over undamaged hull tissue for moth oviposition. Mean kernel temperatures of sunburned walnuts were higher than both undamaged walnuts and ambient air temperature. Premature hullsplit occurred in sunburned walnuts of both early and later maturity varieties. These data suggest that, although sunburned walnuts contribute to the seasonal buildup of navel orangeworms, the late development of navel orangeworms in these nuts reduces the incidence of infestation in hullsplit, new crop nuts.
The Expanding Spectrum of Health Risks: Public Health or Harm?

Drawing on hydration as an illustrative case in point, this review discusses evidence-based perspectives on the continually expanding spectrum of promulgated health risks, including potential benefits and harms to public health. Future directions for inquiry and practice also are addressed.
Genetic dissection of the consensus sequence for the class 2 and class 3 flagellar promoters.

Abstract Computational searches for DNA binding sites often utilize consensus sequences. These search models make assumptions that the frequency of a base pair in an alignment relates to the base pair's importance in binding and presume that base pairs contribute independently to the overall interaction with the DNA-binding protein. These two assumptions have generally been found to be accurate for DNA binding sites. However, these assumptions are often not satisfied for promoters, which are involved in additional steps in transcription initiation after RNA polymerase has bound to the DNA. To test these assumptions for the flagellar regulatory hierarchy, class 2 and class 3 flagellar promoters were randomly mutagenized in Salmonella. Important positions were then saturated for mutagenesis and compared to scores calculated from the consensus sequence. Double mutants were constructed to determine how mutations combined for each promoter type. Mutations in the binding site for FlhD4C2, the activator of class 2 promoters, better satisfied the assumptions for the binding model than did mutations in the class 3 promoter, which is recognized by the σ28 transcription factor. These in vivo results indicate that the activator sites within flagellar promoters can be modeled using simple assumptions, but that the DNA sequences recognized by the flagellar sigma factor require more complex models.
Certain Results on K-Contact and (k, μ)-Contact Manifolds

Inspired by a result of Boyer and Galicki, we prove that a complete K-contact gradient soliton is compact Einstein and Sasakian. For the non-gradient case we show that the soliton vector field is a Jacobi vector field along the geodesics of the Reeb vector field. Next we show that among all complete and simply connected K-contact manifolds only the unit sphere admits a non-Killing holomorphically planar conformal vector field (HPCV). Finally we show that, if a (k, μ)-contact manifold admits a non-zero HPCV, then it is either Sasakian or locally isometric to E3 or En+1 × Sn (4).
Disordered Thought, Disordered Language: A corpus-based description of the speech of individuals undergoing treatment for schizophrenia

i Dedication ii Acknowledgements iii List of Tables vii List of Figures viii Glossary ix Chapter One: Introduction 1 1.1 Background 2 1.2 Types of Schizophrenia and the Patients in this Study 3 1.3 The Need for a Study of the Language of Schizophrenia 4 Chapter Two: Literature Review 7 2.1 Overall Themes in Schizophrenic Language Research 7 2.2 Specific Speech Disorders 10 2.3 Speech of Individuals with Depression 19 2.4 The Need for Large-Scale Studies 20 2.5 Summary and Research Questions 22 Chapter Three: Methodology 24 3.1 Corpora Construction 24 3.2 Coding of Features 28 3.3 Reliability of Feature Identification 32 3.4 Comparison of Corpora 33 vi 3.5 Conclusion 34 Chapter Four: Results 35 4.1 Overall Results 35 4.2 Results by Specific Speech Disorder 36 4.3 Summary 56 Chapter Five: Discussion 57 5.1 Research Question One 57 5.2 Research Question Two 62 5.3 Clinical Implications 64 5.4 Limitations and Future Research 68 5.5 Conclusion 70 References 71
New radiotherapy technologies

Conventional radiation therapy has had limited success in curing inoperable lung cancer due to poor local control. There is evidence to suggest that higher doses of radiation will improve local control. In order to safely deliver higher doses of thoracic radiation, advanced treatment techniques are required. Different biologic indices have been utilized to determine whether dose escalation can be safely accomplished, and the results have been reported from many institutions. Tumor motion control aids in treatment since it allows radiation oncologists to more accurately target tumors and therefore to spare more normal tissue from the radiation field. The imaging information from 18-FDG-PET scans also improves target delineation. Advanced treatment delivery techniques, such as three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy, intensity modulated radiation therapy, and stereotactic radiosurgery are also being used to safely escalate the radiation dose. This article explores the current literature on these issues and other advanced radiation therapy techniques.
A Review of Anomaly Detection in Automated Surveillance

As surveillance becomes ubiquitous, the amount of data to be processed grows along with the demand for manpower to interpret the data. A key goal of surveillance is to detect behaviors that can be considered anomalous. As a result, an extensive body of research in automated surveillance has been developed, often with the goal of automatic detection of anomalies. Research into anomaly detection in automated surveillance covers a wide range of domains, employing a vast array of techniques. This review presents an overview of recent research approaches on the topic of anomaly detection in automated surveillance. The reviewed studies are analyzed across five aspects: surveillance target, anomaly definitions and assumptions, types of sensors used and the feature extraction processes, learning methods, and modeling algorithms.
Evolution of Numeracy and the National Numeracy Network

The National Numeracy Network grew from heightened awareness of the complex and sophisticated nature of quantitative literacy and the resulting need for interdisciplinary attention to education for quantitative literacy in schools and colleges. This complexity and sophistication applies especially to the US where it is fueled by an agile economy and the needs of a democratic society. This paper describes the environment surrounding the National Numeracy Network’s establishment, some of its activities, and some complementary and synergistic actions by other professional societies. The paper concludes with a sample of quantitative literacy programs in colleges and universities
Evolutionary pattern search algorithms for unconstrained and linearly constrained optimization

We describe a convergence theory for evolutionary pattern search algorithms (EPSA) on a broad class of unconstrained and linearly constrained problems. EPSA adaptively modify the step size of the mutation operator in response to the success of previous optimization steps. The design of EPSA is inspired by recent analyzes of pattern search methods. Our analysis significantly extends the previous convergence theory for EPSA. Our analysis applies to a broader class of EPSA and it applies to problems that are nonsmooth, have unbounded objective functions, and are linearly constrained. Further, we describe a modest change to the algorithmic framework of EPSA for which a nonprobabilistic convergence theory applies. These analyses are also noteworthy because they are considerably simpler than previous analyses of EPSA.
Dorsal horn administration of muscimol abolishes the muscle pressor reflex.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of blocking synaptic transmission in the dorsal horn on the cardiovascular responses produced by activation of muscle afferent neurons. Synapti...
Laser scattering measurements for gas densities in a swirling flow combustor

Presentation de resultats de mesures effectuees par diffusion Rayleigh et Raman dans la zone primaire d'une chambre de combustion en premelange d'un ecoulement tourbillonnaire de methane
Linear Systems: Consistency and Compatibility

In many instances, the solution to a problem encountered in statistics (or in some other discipline) can be reduced to a problem of solving a system of linear equations. For example, the problem of obtaining the least squares estimates of the parameters in a linear statistical model can be reduced to the problem of solving a system of linear equations called the normal equations or (if the parameters are subject to linear constraints) a system of linear equations sometimes called the constrained normal equations (e.g., Searle 1971).
An upper bound on the expectation of simplicial functions of multivariate random variables

We introduce an upper bound on the expectation of a special class of sublinear functions of multivariate random variables defined over the entire Euclidean space without an independence assumption. The bound can be evaluated easily requiring only the solution of systems of linear equations thus permitting implementations in high-dimensional space. Only knowledge on the underlying distribution means and second moments is necessary. We discuss pertinent techniques on dominating general sublinear functions by using simpler sublinear and polyhedral functions and second order quadratic functions.
Strike Induced Chemosensory Searching in Cobras: (Naja naja kaouthia, N. mossambica pallida)

and Summary Predatory behavior was studied in 11 juvenile red spitting cobras (Naja mossambica pallida) and in subadult monocled cobras (N. n. kaouthia). Both taxa usually struck and released mice (Mus musculus) that were greater than 15 g, whereas neonatal mice were usually held following the strike. Large mice lived for 300–600 s after envenomation and were able to wander away from the site of attack. Snakes located the carcasses through searching behaviors which seemed to utilize chemical and visual cues arising from prey. Both taxa exhibited larger increases in rate of tongue flicking after striking (and releasing) mice than after seeing, smelling, and/or detecting thermal cues arising from mice. Strike-induced chemosensory searching (SICS) in these elapids was similar to behaviors previously described in many viperid species which have specialized on rodent prey. Although adult cobras may abandon the strike-release-trail strategy in favor of holding rodent prey after the strike, the behavior of the present juveniles and subadults was consistent with speculation that SICS is analogous in the Viperidae and the Elapidae. Zusammenfassung Das Jagdverhalten junger roter Speikobras (Naja mossambica pallida) und jungerwachsener Brillenkobras (N. m. kaouthia) wurde untersucht. Mause (Mus musculus), die schwerer als 15 g waren, wurden von beiden Arten gebissen und wieder freigelassen; neugeborene Mause dagegen wurden nach dem Bis festgehalten. Grose Mause lebten noch 300–600 s nach dem Giftstich und waren fahig, sich vom Ort des Angriffs zu entfernen. Die Schlangen schienen die Kadaver zu finden, indem sie bei der Suche chemische und visuelle Reize der Beute nutzten. Beide Arten zeigten grosere Steigerungen in der Zungelrate nach dem Beisen (und Freilassen) von Mausen, verglichen mit dem Zungeln, das dem Sehen, Riechen und/oder Entdecken thermischer Reize von Mausen folgte. Das bisabhangige chemosensorische Suchverhalten (SICS, strike-induced chemosensory searching) dieser Elapiden ist dem fruher beschriebenen Verhalten vieler Vipernarten ahnlich, die auf Nagetierbeute spezialisiert sind. Obwohl erwachsene Kobras ihre Nagetierbeute nach dem Bis haufiger festhalten als freilassen und suchen, stutzt das Verhalten der hier beschriebenen jungen und jungerwachsenen Schlangen die Vermutung, das SICS ein analoges Verhalten der Viperidae und der Elapidae ist.
Heritability of milk yield at different environmental levels

Milk production records from 5740 first lactation Holstein-Friesian daughter-dam pairs were studied to determine if heritability was related to herd production level. Heritability from daughter-dam regression was essentially constant at 10 environmental levels based on either the dam's or daughter's herdmate deviation from season average yield. The heritability estimate over all levels of yield was 0·43 (with standard error 0·03) which is higher than most estimates. Estimates of heritability from paternal half-sib correlations for four environmental levels and based on data from 2568 daughters of A.I. sires generally increased as the herd production level increased. The highest half-sib estimate was 0·42 and the lowest 0·17. Daughter-dam estimates from the same data were essentially constant over the four herd levels.Total variation increased as herd level increased, in agreement with previous reports.Heritability was found not to differ between seasons of calving.
Distribution of EphB receptors and ephrin-B1 in the developing vertebrate spinal cord.

Contact-dependent interactions between EphB receptors and ephrin-B ligands mediate a variety of cell–cell communication events in the developing and mature central nervous system (CNS). These predominantly repulsive interactions occur at the interface between what are considered to be mutually exclusive EphB and ephrin-B expression domains. We previously used receptor and ligand affinity probes to show that ephrin-B ligands are expressed in the floor plate and within a dorsal region of the embryonic mouse spinal cord, while EphB receptors are present on decussated segments of commissural axons that navigate between these ephrin-B domains. Here we present the generation and characterization of two new monoclonal antibodies, mAb EfB1-3, which recognizes EphB1, EphB2, and EphB3, and mAb efrnB1, which is specific for ephrin-B1. We use these reagents and polyclonal antibodies specific for EphB1, EphB2, EphB3, or ephrin-B1 to describe the spatiotemporal expression patterns of EphB receptors and ephrin-B1 in the vertebrate spinal cord. Consistent with affinity probe binding, we show that EphB1, EphB2, and EphB3 are each preferentially expressed on decussated segments of commissural axons in vivo and in vitro, and that ephrin-B1 is expressed in a dorsal domain of the spinal cord that includes the roof plate. In contrast to affinity probe binding profiles, we show here that EphB1, EphB2, and EphB3 are present on the ventral commissure, and that EphB1 and EphB3 are expressed on axons that compose the dorsal funiculus. In addition, we unexpectedly find that mesenchymal cells, which surround the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion, express ephrin-B1. J. Comp. Neurol. 497:734–750, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Molecular-dynamics simulations of glass formation and crystallization in binary liquid metals: Cu-Ag and Cu-Ni

We used molecular dynamics ~MD! to obtain an atomistic description of the melting, glass formation, and crystallization processes in metal alloys. These studies use the quantum Sutton-Chen many-body potentials for Cu, Ni, and Ag to examine the Cu4Ag6 and CuNi alloys. Using cooling rates in the range of 2 310 12 to 4 310 14 K/s, we find that CuNi and pure Cu always form a face-centered-cubic ~fcc! crystal while Cu4Ag6 always forms a glass ~with Tg decreasing as the quench rate increases!. The crystal formers have radius ratios of 1.025 ~CuNi! and 1.00 ~Cu! while the glass former ~CuAg! has a ratio of 1.13, confirming the role of size mismatch in biasing toward glass formation. @S0163-1829~99!05205-4#
Tissue vibration pulsatility for arterial bleeding detection using Doppler ultrasound

Trauma is the number one cause of death among Americans between 1 and 44 years old, and exsanguination due to internal bleeding resulting from arterial injuries is a major factor in trauma deaths. We have evaluated the feasibility of using tissue vibration pulsatility in arterial bleeding detection. Eight femoral arteries from four juvenile pigs were punctured transcutaneously with a 6 or 9-French catheter. Also, 11 silicone vessels wrapped with turkey breast were placed in a pulsatile flow phantom and penetrated with an 18-gauge needle. The tissue vibration pulsatility was derived as a ratio of the maximum spectral energy from 200 to 2500 Hz of tissue vibration in systole over a baseline value in diastole. Then, the tissue vibration pulsatility index (TVPI) was defined as the maximum tissue vibration pulsatility value for each experimental condition. Both in vitro and in vivo results showed that the TVPI from injured vessels is significantly higher (p<0.005) than that of intact vessels. In addition, we constructed the 2D map of tissue vibration pulsatility during in vitro studies and found that it could be used for spatial localization of the puncture site. Our preliminary results indicate that the tissue vibration pulsatility may be useful for detecting arterial bleeding and localizing the bleeding site.
Simulation and visualization of knee joint contact using deformable model

We introduce a new method for simulating and visualizing femur-menisci contact in human knee joint using computer generated 3D models. Knee joint contact analysis is important for understanding or solving clinical problems. Traditional knee biomechanical analysis is mostly conducted on a cadaver or based on mathematical descriptions. The lack of 3D graphical visualization makes it difficult to understand the analysis and integrate it into virtual medical simulation systems. Our method addresses this problem by using patient specific knee models and motion data to obtain the contact area information. Our method employs a new physics-based algorithm for menisci deformation and can calculate and visualize knee-menisci contact areas during gait cycles.
Modeling and Simulating System Exploitations through Exploitation Graphs for Security Engineering

In this paper, we define a process to model and simulate attack scenarios in networked environments. Known system vulnerability data, system configuration data, and vulnerability scanner results are associated to create exploitation graphs (e-graphs) which are used to represent attack scenarios. Experiments carried out in a cluster computing environment showed the usefulness of proposed techniques in providing in-depth attack scenario analyses for security engineering. Critical vulnerabilities can be identified by employing graph algorithms. Several factors were used to measure the difficulty in executing an attack. A cost/benefit analysis was used for more accurate quantitative analysis of attack scenarios. We have also shown how the attack scenario analyses better help deployment of security products and design of network topologies.
Dynamic influences on smoking relapse process.

Abstract This article describes a program of research applying Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) methods to study relapse to cigarette smoking, with a particular focus on the role of negative affect (NA) and self-efficacy (SE). Day-to-day changes in mood and stress did not predict lapse risk, but more proximal changes in affect were associated with lapses: Many lapses were marked by intense NA and by NA increases in the preceding hours. Individual differences in baseline SE predicted lapse risk, but daily SE was relatively stable during abstinence and did not influence lapse risk. However, lapses resulted in immediate drops in SE, and day-to-day changes in postlapse SE predicted progression to relapse, even after accounting for concurrent smoking. SE showed momentary drops associated with NA, but only among smokers with low baseline SE. Individual differences in baseline SE were only expressed situationally under conditions of NA. The findings highlight the importance of dynamic changes in background conditions and in immediate states as important influences on lapses and relapse and also suggest the importance of considering person by situation interactions.
Evidence-Based Practice in the United States: Challenges, Progress, and Future Directions

Scientific literature demonstrates that advances in evidence-based nursing have improved systems of care and women's health outcomes. Experts agree that nurses worldwide can play a key role in building such evidence and working with interdisciplinary health care teams and systems to accelerate its implementation.
Serum Enzyme Changes in Lambs with Experimentally-induced Acute Muscular Dystrophy

Acute muscular dystrophy was induced in 4 lambs by feeding them a diet of skimmed milk to which 5% cod liver oil was added. During the experiments serum samples were assayed for aspartate transaminase (Asp. T), alanine transaminase (Al. T), glutamate dehydrogenase (GD) and lactate dehydrogenase (LD) activity. Serum LD isoenzyme patterns were determined by staining for enzymatic activity after electrophorctic separation of serum proteins in agar gel. In all the lambs there were marked increases in activity of all the serum enzymes and the LD isoenzymes. At autopsy the LD activities of tissues from the experimental animals were not significantly different from the controls. The tissue LD isoenzyme patterns of the experimental animals and the controls were very similar. During the experiments electrocardiographic abnormalities indicative of myocardial damage developed in 3 of the lambs. Symptoms of muscular dystrophy developed after 2–3 weeks in the same 3 lambs, but the 4th, which died suddenly after only 10 days, showed no symptoms. The 3 surviving lambs were killed after being on the experimental diet for approximately 4 weeks. Microscopical examination of postmortem tissues revealed acute degenerative lesions in skeletal muscles and in the myocardia of all 4 lambs. The increases in serum Asp. T, Al. T and LD holocnzymes and in LD isoenzymes were related to the extent and severity of the skeletal muscle degeneration. It is postulated that periods of hepatic damage occurred and causd the transient increases in serum GD, while the serum increases in the other enzymes were largely due to leakage of enzymes from the degenerating skeletal muscles.
Trends in the therapy of acute poisonings.

Attention has been focused on many new and old techniques for preventing and treating poisonings arising from the ingestion of substances against which no specific antidotes are established. Aside from symptomatic and general supportive care, the nonspecific measures of value in clinical toxicology are of two types: those employed to minimize absorption by terminating the toxic exposure and those designed to promote the excretion of poisons already absorbed. In the first category, the induction of emesis, gastric lavage, the ingestion of adsorbents, and the administration of cathartics are recognized. In the second category are techniques for accelerating renal and biliary excretion, as well as extracorporeal hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, gastric dialysis, and related procedures. Considerably more information is desirable about each of these measures, how and when it should he used, and what advantages and disadvantages can be anticipated in its adoption. On the basis of recent studies, specific topics of promise for future investigation are suggested. Developments in these areas will probably prove to be more important than new systemic antidotes in terms of improving patient care in clinical toxicology.
Robust and Reproducible Quantification of SERS Enhancement Factors Using a Combination of Time-Resolved Raman Spectroscopy and Solvent Internal Reference Method

Recent research has demonstrated that the nanoparticle (NP) surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrate modifies an analyte’s Raman signal through two competitive mechanisms, SERS enhancement and NP inner filter effect, instead of SERS enhancement alone as commonly believed. Using a combination of time-resolved Raman spectroscopy and a solvent internal reference method, reported herein is a quantitative determination of the SERS enhancement factors (EFs) of mercaptobenzimidazole (MBI), a model organothiol, adsorbed onto gold and silver nanoparticles (AuNPs and AgNPs). The peak MBI SERS EF depends only on the type and size of NPs, but not analyte and NP concentrations, or the type (KF, KCl, KBr, and K2SO4) and concentrations of the electrolytic aggregation agents. The experimental SERS EFs of MBI on both AuNPs and AgNPs can be fully explained by the electromagnetic mechanism alone. This result, combined with our recent findings that a series of structurally diverse organothiols have similar SERS E...
Survey of commutation failures in DC transmission systems

The mechanism of commutation failure in DC transmission system is analyzed and the MIIF(Multi-Infeed Interaction Factor) of MIDC(Multi-Infeed Direct Current) transmission system,relevant to commutation failure,is introduced. The system parameters and electric parameters,closely relevant to the extinction angle in the operation of invert system,are analyzed and the main influencing factors of commutation failure in DC transmission system are summarized. The main methods of commutation failure judgment are introduced and three criteria are given for detecting if commutation failure is synchronously occur in different inverter stations of MIDC transmission system:coupling impedance,MIIF and effective short circuit ratio. The suppression measures and system recovery strategies after commutation failure are summarized.
Long-term weathering and continued oxidation of oil residues from the Deepwater Horizon spill

To investigate the long-term weathering of oil from the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) incident, oil-soaked sand patties were collected from Gulf of Mexico beaches from Florida to Alabama over a three-year period from 2012 to 2014. Analysis of oil residues by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID), thin-layer chromatography with flame ionization detection (TLC-FID), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) indicated uniformity in their chemical composition. Some variability within and between samples was observed, arising from differences in exposure to light and water, which increase the amount of weathering. Oxygenated hydrocarbons (OxHC) produced by weathering processes dominate the majority of oil residues. These OxHC have continued recalcitrance in the environment, and increase in relative abundance over time. Analyses of the bulk characteristics of oil residues via TLC-FID and FT-IR should be continued as these techniques provide important insight into the weathering state of oil residues.
Epidemiology of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lip in the United States: A Population-Based Cohort Analysis

Importance Squamous cell carcinoma of the lip (lip SCC) composes more than 25% of all oral cancers. Most of the demographic and prognostic indicators for lip SCC are only available through retrospective case series. Objective To examine the incidence, treatment, overall survival, and disease-specific survival (DSS) of patients with lip SCC. Design, Setting, and Participants Population-based cohort analysis using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database identified patients with lip SCC between January 1, 1973, and December 31, 2012. Main Outcomes and Measures Overall survival and DSS. Results A total of 15 832 cases of lip SCC were identified. The cohort was composed of 12 945 men (81.8%) and 2887 women (18.2%). The mean age at diagnosis was 66.1 years. White patients accounted for 98.4% of the cases. Most of the tumors presented in the lower lip (77.8% external and 10.2% mucosal), whereas the external upper lip, mucosal upper lip, and the oral commissure represented 8%, 1%, and 1.2% of all cases, respectively. Of the patients, 91.2% underwent surgical therapy, 7.7% received radiation therapy, and 4.7% received both. Overall survival at 2 years, 5 years, and 10 years was 85.5%, 69.9%, and 50.2%, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that age, primary site, T stage, and N stage were determinants of overall survival and DSS. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that SCC of the upper and lower lip had similar overall survival (163.6 months vs 163.8 months) and DSS (418.6 months vs 423.6 months). In contrast, SCC of the oral commissure had significantly lower overall survival (128.5 months) and DSS (286.7 months). Conclusions and Relevance Our study demonstrates that lip SCC predominantly affects white men in their mid-60s. The determinants of survival for lip SCC include age at diagnosis, primary site, T stage, and N stage. Squamous cell carcinoma of the upper lip and lower lip had similar survival, whereas SCC of the oral commissure was associated with decreased survival.