cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Classifying Social Norms

In this book chapter, I develop a typology of social problems at which social norms management and research might be directed. Much of the recent legal literature on law and social norms speaks of social norms generically and fail to distinguish among types of social problems. Yet a focus on different categories of social problems helps clarify important questions. How and when, for example, do social norms emerge to solve a social problem? What role can and should governments play in developing social norms as a regulatory tool? How should courts treat independently developed social norms? I suggest that the answers to these questions vary depending on at least two important characteristics: group size and the strength of economic or other interest among group members in resolving a social problem. I identify four types of social problems relevant to the development and management of social norms: "large-number, large-payoff" social problems, of which smoking and seat belt use are examples; "large-number small-payoff" collective action problems, which often involve the management of commons resources and include carpooling, recycling and blood donation; "small-group, large-payoff" problems, including Robert Ellickson's famous cattle ranchers; and a subset of small-group, large payoff problems involving commons resources, most thoroughly studied by Elinor Ostrom. Within some of these categories - small-number, large-payoff problems, for example - norms may arise internally to help resolve group problems and government may play little role in either facilitating or enforcing those norms. For other categories - large-number, large-payoff problems in particular - governments may seek to shape new norms to overcome bad behavior (or even bad norms) (drunk driving and smoking illustrate the point). The classifications, then, focus analysis on questions that may be of special import to one category of problem yet of little importance to another. By cataloguing and organizing social problems and the role social norms may play in resolving them the book chapter is meant to sharpen analysis, discussion, and debate about each particular group of problems.
Particle physicists measure matter-antimatter flip

A subatomic particle called the strange neutral B-meson has been found to spontaneously flip into its own antiparticle and back again three trillion times per second, explains Joseph Kroll
Modeling of the lightning return stroke

Introduction and classification of models Any lightning model is a mathematical construct designed to reproduce certain aspects of the physical processes involved in the lightning discharge. No modeling is complete until model predictions are compared with experimental data; that is, model testing, often called validation, is a necessary component of any modeling. An overview of various models of the lightning return stroke is given below. Four classes of lightning return stroke models are usually defined. Most published models can be assigned to one, or sometimes two, of these four classes. The classes are primarily distinguished by the type of governing equations: (1) The first class of models is the gas dynamic or “physical” models, which are primarily concerned with the radial evolution of a short segment of the lightning channel and its associated shock wave. These models typically involve the solution of three gas dynamic equations representing the conservation of mass, of momentum, and of energy, coupled to two equations of state. Principal model outputs include temperature, pressure, and mass density as a function of the radial coordinate and time. (2) The second class of models is the electromagnetic models. These models involve a numerical solution of Maxwell's equations to find the current distribution along the channel from which the remote electric and magnetic fields can be computed. (3) The third class of models is the distributed-circuit models that can be viewed as an approximation to the electromagnetic models and that represent the lightning discharge as a transient process on a vertical transmission line characterized by resistance (R), inductance (L), and capacitance (C), all per unit length. The governing equations are the telegrapher's equations. The distributed-circuit models (also called R-L-C transmission line models) are used to determine the channel current versus time and height and can therefore be used for the computation of remote electric and magnetic fields. (4) The fourth class of models is the engineering models in which a spatial and temporal distribution of the channel current (or the channel line charge density) is specified based on such observed lightning return-stroke characteristics as current at the channel base, the speed of the upward-propagating front, and the channel luminosity profile.
The Chronically Mentally Ill

In working with the chronically mentally ill, empirical investigations and clinical treatments share many similarities. Both require a commitment to interacting with relatively impaired patients whose gains can typically be measured best after months or years of intervention, rather than days or weeks. Both involve working with patients who frequently have limited resources, lead impoverished lives, and require as much aid in the “nuts and bolts” of living as they do symptom relief. Finally, at least at our present level of knowledge, both researchers and clinicians who are working with the chronically mentally ill must be prepared to be confronted with the limits of their efforts. Whether they work in academic research settings or in public mental health clinics, psychiatrists and other mental health professionals must anticipate that, regardless of the intervention, the majority of chronically mentally ill patients are unable to return to their highest level of premorbid functioning (Stephens, 1978) and that some minority of patients appear to achieve very limited benefits from either psychopharmacologic and/or psychosocial treatments (Davis, Schaffer, Killian, Kinard, & Chan, 1980).
A National Analysis of Noncredit Community College Education: Enrollment, Funding, Accountability, and Contextual Issues

ABSTRACTNoncredit community college enrollment accounts for approximately 40% of all enrollment in the two-year sector, or five million students (American Association of Community Colleges, 2016). Yet, this population is seldom discussed in the higher education literature due to inconsistent definitions, funding, and data reporting at the state level. Many of the structural elements (e.g., funding, enrollment) have not been documented recently or completely. This study used data from the 2015 Survey of Access and Finance Issues, administered annually to the National Council of State Directors of Community Colleges. The authors calculated noncredit enrollment by function and frequencies on funding mechanisms, funding by function, noncredit data reporting, and the measures captured at the state level. The study also employed polychoric and polyserial correlations examining the relationships among structural, contextual, and perspective-based items. This was done to capture the national landscape on this imp...
The BCL11B Tumor Suppressor Is Mutated In Human T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Abstract 4177 The BCL11B transcription factor, previously identified as a central player in normal α/β T-cell development, has recently been found to play critical roles in the maintenance of T-cell identity, with biallelic Bcl11b inactivation in T-cell precursors severely impairing their continued development into the T-cell lineage. Previous work has demonstrated that Bcl11b haploinsufficiency accelerates the onset of thymic lymphomas in p53-mutant mice, as well as T-lymphoid blast crisis in a mouse model of chronic myeloid leukemia induced by BCR-ABL. Furthermore, we have recently identified recurrent monoallelic Bcl11b deletions in 91% of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias (T-ALL) arising in Atm- deficient mice, further supporting a role for Bcl11b haploinsufficiency in T-cell leukemogenesis. In order to determine whether BCL11B inactivation plays a role in the molecular pathogenesis of human T-ALL, we analyzed BCL11B status in primary T-ALL patient samples by array CGH and sequencing analysis. Monoallelic BCL11B deletions were identified in 6% of cases (n = 3 of 47) analyzed by array CGH, including one microdeletion within the BCL11B locus, one small deletion involving BCL11B and 6 additional genes, and one large 26 Mbp deletion of the distal arm of chromosome 14. BCL11B sequencing revealed heterozygous missense mutations in an additional 9% (n = 4 of 43) of primary T-ALL patient samples and in 19% (n = 3 of 16) of T-ALL cell lines. Structural homology modeling revealed that many of the mutations identified, including 3 of the 4 in the primary patient samples, disrupted key amino acids within BCL11B zinc finger domains that are involved in DNA recognition or structural stabilization required for zinc finger domain-mediated transcriptional activity. Analysis of TCR γ rearrangement status and gene expression data revealed that most cases with BCL11B inactivation were characterized by biallelic TCR γ rearrangements together with an early thymocyte precursor (ETP) gene expression signature, indicating developmental arrest at a prethymocyte stage of T-cell development, which we and others have shown confers an increased risk of treatment failure (Coustan-Smith et al. Lancet Oncol 2009; Gutierrez et al. J Clin Oncol 2010). Given that BCL11B expression during normal T-cell development increases markedly at the prethymocyte stage, our findings suggest that BCL11B inactivation may be directly responsible for developmental arrest at a prethymocyte stage during thymocyte transformation. Our findings provide compelling evidence that BCL11B is a tumor suppressor in a subset of human T-ALLs with a high risk of treatment failure. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Executive Summary of Building on Best Practices: Transforming Legal Education in a Changing World

This Executive Summary is designed to acquaint the reader with the main ideas found in Building on Best Practices: Transforming Legal Education in a Changing World. It provides a concise summary of every section of the book, which is not a second edition, but a follow up to Best Practices in Legal Education: A Vision and a Road Map. The book addresses the law school missions, a balanced curriculum, and pathways, integration, and sequencing the curriculum. It provides a comprehensive analysis of experiential education and all its forms, including law clinics, externships, and alternative clinical models. The book provides a broader view of what legal education must do to train lawyers of the future, and identifies ten essential areas of legal education, together with guidance on what and how to teach them. Finally, the book identifies how to create an institutional culture of assessment in law schools, and how to transform legal education in today's world.
The Delaware Trap: An Empirical Study of Incorporation Decisions

One of the most enduring debates in corporate law centers on why Delaware has become the dominant state in the market for corporate charters. Traditionally, two perspectives dominated the debate, the “race to the top” perspective that sees competition among states as driving legal rules toward efficiency and the “race to the bottom” perspective that sees competition among states as driving legal rules toward the interests of corporate managers. The two dominant perspectives have struggled to explain why approximately half of companies incorporate in Delaware, while the other half incorporate in their home states. Whether the choices are attributable to the quality of state law or to characteristics of the companies themselves or both has given rise to a large, but inconclusive empirical literature.This Article uses a large dataset of corporate financings to shed new light on this mystery and uncovers strong evidence that some of the strongest factors in incorporation choice are factors unrelated to either the quality of state law or the characteristics of individual companies. Instead, the data strongly suggest that demographic markers of sophistication, such as choice of law firm and headquarters location, predict the jurisdictional choice about as well as state law or the business attributes of companies. Companies with more demographic markers of sophistication tend to choose Delaware incorporation, and companies with fewer demographic markers of sophistication tend to choose home-state incorporation. The finding persists even when other attributes of the company are controlled for, such as its industry classification, the amount of money raised, or whether the company is public or private. Indeed, the sophistication factors arguably predict Delaware incorporation as well or better than any factors documented in the vast literature on state competition for corporate charters.The findings have important implications for the state “race-to-the-top” debate in corporate law. At a minimum the results in this Article make it clear that the choice of legal representation is an important missing variable in models of incorporation decisions. The fact that the choice of law firms drives the jurisdictional choice has far broader implications. If law firms drive the jurisdictional choice they may steer companies toward states that serve the law firms’ own interests without regard to the quality of legal rules or the needs of the client. When the state chosen is Delaware, as it often is, there are few alternative jurisdictions that shareholders and managers can agree on. As a result, companies inadvertently fall into a “governance trap” from which reincorporation out of state is nearly impossible. This interpretation would suggest that Delaware’s carefully calibrated positioning in the charter market has largely eliminated meaningful competition among the states for the quality of corporate law.
Obligations in the Contract of Sale: Islamic Law and Common Law Perspective

In this paper, I will explore a specific aspect of the contract of sale, namely the obligations that sale places on the parties involved. The paper will compare the treatment of these obligations in both Islamic law and common law, bringing to light the points of similarity and difference. Exploring the obligations of parties provides specific insight into the acceptable and moreover expected norms of behavior when parties own a duty to one another. The exploring of two different legal systems in this paper will help to expose the instances in which a contractual obligation may be circumscribed by Islamic law though permitted in the common law. By comparing the various obligations in these two systems, a picture begins to form, which reveals the strong ethical dimension of the sale obligations in Islamic law as compared to emphasis on the autonomy of the parties present in the common law.
Developing object-oriented simulation models with the OOSimL language: tutorial presentation

This tutorial provides a short introduction to object oriented simulation modeling and implementing object oriented simulation models using the OOSimL. The main emphasis of the presentation is on early introduction to simulation because simulation is considered an important area in the computing curricula. The tutorial presents an overview of object-oriented modeling principles and then an introduction to object-oriented modeling and simulation using the process interaction approach with the new language, OOSimL. Eclipse is the preferred integrated development environment used in developing simulation models with OOSimL. The simulation language was designed and developed for teaching OO simulation early in undergraduate programs in computing. The OOSimL compiler generates Java code and C++ code. The language supports and promotes standard object-oriented (and software engineering) concepts and principles. This simulation language was designed and developed for teaching OO simulation to students of computing (Computer Science, Software Engineering, and related disciplines).
Scale-up of Λ 3 : Massive gravity with a higher strong interaction scale

Pure massive gravity is strongly coupled at a certain low scale, known as ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}_{3}$. I show that the theory can be embedded into another one, with new light degrees of freedom, to increase the strong scale to a significantly larger value. Certain universal aspects of the proposed mechanism are discussed, notably that the coupling of the longitudinal mode to a stress tensor is suppressed, thus making the linear theory consistent with the fifth-force exclusion. An example of the embedding theory studied in detail is five-dimensional anti-de Sitter massive gravity, with a large cosmological constant. In this example, the four-dimensional (4D) strong scale can be increased by 19 orders of magnitude. Holographic duality then suggests that the strong scale of the 4D massive gravity can be increased by coupling it to a 4D nonlocal conformal field theory, endowed with a UV cutoff; however, the five-dimensional classical gravity picture appears to be more tractable.
What Counts for Academic Promotion

Academic promotion is usually based on an applicant’s achievements in the areas of scholarship/research, education, and service, but schools differ significantly in the definitions and scope of each of these domains. Since the 1990s, many schools have used expanded definitions of scholarship based on the Boyer model. In addition to the classical scholarship of research (“discovery”), this approach recognizes scholarly work in education and in the integration and application of knowledge. The Glassick criteria have helped define scholarship in these nontraditional areas, but significant challenges persist in its documentation and assessment. Portfolios are increasingly used to document achievements, especially in education. The criteria for promotion are specific to each academic track, and the expectations in each domain should correlate with the focus of the track. Tenure track criteria usually cover all three domains (scholarship/research, education, and service), whereas other tracks may have requirements for achievements in one or more principal area(s) with limited or no activity in others.
Exploring the potential contributions of mindfulness and compassion-based practices for enhancing the teaching of undergraduate ethics courses in philosophy

Abstract There are numerous ethical theories from which faculty may choose to teach in undergraduate philosophical ethics courses. Whether learning such theories results in ethical behavior change remains an open question. If one of the goals of teaching ethics is to support ethical behavior, then alternative approaches are merited. Within the past decades, there has been a growing emphasis on mindfulness and compassion-based practices in particular, as applied to psychotherapy in the field of psychology. Such findings have bearing on ways in which compassion-based practices might be fruitful in the philosophical ethics classroom. This article will identify issues with the dominant approach to teaching philosophical ethics, focusing on the need for a bridge between theory and action. It will also explore the potential benefits of utilizing mindfulness in the classroom, with a focus on compassion-based practices such as loving-kindness, to contribute to meeting this need to enhance the teaching of undergraduate philosophical ethics.
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis YouTube Videos: Content Evaluation

Background: Antiretroviral (ARV) medicines reduce the risk of transmitting the HIV virus and are recommended as daily pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in combination with safer sex practices for HIV-negative individuals at a high risk for infection, but are underused in HIV prevention. Previous literature suggests that YouTube is extensively used to share health information. While pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a novel and promising approach to HIV prevention, there is limited understanding of YouTube videos as a source of information on PrEP. Objective: The objective of this study was to describe the sources, characteristics, and content of the most widely viewed PrEP YouTube videos published up to October 1, 2016. Methods: The keywords “pre-exposure prophylaxis” and “Truvada” were used to find 217 videos with a view count >100. Videos were coded for source, view count, length, number of comments, and selected aspects of content. Videos were also assessed for the most likely target audience. Results: The total cumulative number of views was >2.3 million, however, a single Centers for Disease Control and Prevention video accounted for >1.2 million of the total cumulative views. A great majority (181/217, 83.4%) of the videos promoted the use of PrEP, whereas 60.8% (132/217) identified the specific target audience. In contrast, only 35.9% (78/217) of the videos mentioned how to obtain PrEP, whereas less than one third addressed the costs, side effects, and safety aspects relating to PrEP. Medical and academic institutions were the sources of the largest number of videos (66/217, 30.4%), followed by consumers (63/217, 29.0%), community-based organizations (CBO; 48/217, 22.1%), and media (40/217, 18.4%). Videos uploaded by the media sources were more likely to discuss the cost of PrEP (P<.001), whereas the use of PrEP was less likely to be promoted in videos uploaded by individual consumers (P=.002) and more likely to be promoted in videos originated by CBOs (P=.009). The most common target audience for the videos was gay and bisexual men. Conclusions: YouTube videos can be used to share reliable PrEP information with individuals. Further research is needed to identify the best practices for using this medium to promote and increase PrEP uptake.
Endogenous translocation patterns of current photosynthate in post-transplant Quercus rubra seedlings

Variability between individuals can cause error in plant physiology studies when measurements or treatments occur on a chronological basis. Thus, plant growth indices such as the Quercus morphologi...
Fundamentals of Acceptable Behavior in the Operating Room (Etiquette)

This chapter aims to be an introduction into the fundamentals of behavior and communication in the OR, often referred to as “OR etiquette.” We review the evidence behind the increased understanding of the importance of behavior and communication in the OR, including a discussion on the importance of the “safety culture.” Next, we describe the key team members that are encountered in the OR to provide a basic framework for new medical students and residents. Also included is a discussion on communication, skills of leadership and followership, methods of giving and receiving feedback, and available programs for improving team communication and culture. Finally, we provide a few pointers for how OR etiquette can enhance the experience for all. While nothing can substitute the value of spending time in the OR learning these skills firsthand, understanding these basic tenets is an important first step for medical students and residents beginning their surgical training.
Teaching austerity to working-class students: Toward a new ‘common sense’:

To understand the contradictory power of austerity politics and, indeed, to teach about this contradictory power, the ideas of Antonio Gramsci provide an important guide. Austerity politics has a ‘...
Diagnosing the Russian Far East

This paper tests rival explanations of the root causes of the Far East's economic crisis of the 1990s. One explanation predicts a long-run decline in the region's population from the Soviet level, while the other implies the preservation of that level. Changes in population will parallel changes in employment, which will in turn be determined by the labor demand of the local economy. The region's future specialization is deduced by applying the findings of economic geography to the realities of the Far East. International data on the relative size of various sectors are used to evaluate future labor demand.
Further Studies on the Protein Binding Inhibitor of Antimicrobials in Uremic Sera

Serum protein binding of sulfamethoxazole, dicloxaclllin, penicillin 6, cephalothin and nitrofurantoin was decreased in pooled and individual sera from uremic patients. Treatment of uremic sera with activated charcoal at pH 3 corrected the binding defect for all drugs except penicillin. The effect of charcoal treatment can be explained by removal of an inhibitor that accumulates in uremia and occupies the binding site of certain drugs, changes the configuration of the albumin molecule or both. Free fatty acids (FFA) were not the cause of the binding defect.
Thoughts and Notes on Cognition

I am deeply Indebted to Humberto Maturana, Gotthard Gunther,(1) and Ross Ashby for their untiring efforts to enlighten me in matters of life, logic, and large systems, and to Lebbeus Woods for supplying me with drawings that illustrate my points better than I could do with words alone. However, should there remain any errors in exposition or presentation, it is I who am to blame and not these friends who have so generously contributed their time.
Four Waves of Financial Crises in 40 Years: The Story of a Dysfunctional International Monetary Arrangement

In the last 35 years, there have been four waves of financial crises, all of which have shared certain key features. Each has involved substantial declines in asset prices, often real estate. And all four have seen the failure of financial institutions in three or four or even more countries at the same time. Many banks have failed and have had to be rescued by their governments. In the absence of government financial assistance, the depositors in these banks would have lost much of their money.
Open Confinement Systems and the D-3He Reaction

In this paper, the special synergisms between open-ended magnetic confinement systems and the D-{sup 3}He fuel cycle are discussed, both in general terms and through examples. Properties of open systems that make them especially suited for this fuel cycle include their ability to stably confine high-beta plasmas, their compatibility with electrostatic direct converters, and their linear geometry, which can greatly simplify the practical attainment of high magnetic fields. The example systems given include a linear collider and thermal barrier tandem mirror systems for both terrestrial and space travel applications. It is concluded that satisfying the demanding physics requirements posed by the D-{sup 3}He fuel cycle may be more readily possible through the use of open-ended magnetic systems than it will be through the use of closed systems of the tokamak genre.
Development of Epoxy-Polyester Composite with Improved Thermophysical Properties for Restoration of Details of Sea and River Transport

The results of the experimental investigations of the optimization of the content of the polyester resin in the epoxy binder are shown in the work. It was determined that composite with concentration of the polyester (q = 10 mas.fr.) was characterized by the maximal values of the thermophysical properties. The Martens thermal resistance temperature, the linear shrinkage, the thermal coefficient of linear expansion, and the glass transition temperature of the epoxy-polyester matrix were investigated. It was found that introducing the polyester resin into the epoxy oligomer in quantity of q = 10 mas.fr. leads to improving the Martens thermal resistance of the material to the T = 352 K and decreasing the linear shrinkage to the Δl = 0.06%. The nonlinear dependence of the TCLE on the temperature was confirmed, and the tendency of changes in their values, depending on the content of polyester resin, was defined. The dilatometric curves were analyzed, and the glass transition temperature of developed epoxy-polyester matrix was determined at the level Tс = 318 K.
Single-Event Characterization of 16 nm FinFET Xilinx UltraScale+ Devices with Heavy Ion and Neutron Irradiation

This study examines the single-event response of Xilinx 16nm FinFET UltraScale+ FPGA and MPSoC device families. Heavy-ion single-event latch-up, single-event upsets in configuration SRAM, BlockRAM™ memories, and flip-flops, and neutron-induced single-event latch-up results are provided.
Properties and Extensions of Alternating Path Relevance - I

When proving theorems from large sets of logical assertions, it can be helpful to restrict the search for a proof to those assertions that are relevant, that is, closely related to the theorem in some sense. For example, in the Watson system, a large knowledge base must rapidly be searched for relevant facts. It is possible to define formal concepts of relevance for propositional and first-order logic. Various concepts of relevance have been defined for this, and some have yielded good results on large problems. We consider here in particular a concept based on alternating paths.We present efficient graph-based methods for computing alternating path relevance and give some results indicating its effectiveness. We also propose an alternating path based extension of this relevance method to DPLL with an improved time bound, and give other extensions to alternating path relevance intended to improve its performance.
Design and Diversity?: Speculations on What Could Go Wrong

This pictorial engages with the concept of 'diversity' as it has been taken up in the current technology industry by companies such as Google, Facebook, and Twitter. Drawing on methods of design fiction, we use a visual parody of a fictional social media corporation to explore possible consequences of diversity efforts-both within industrial workplace settings and the platforms they produce. By outwardly foregrounding diversity through explicitly absurd presentations, our investigation uses humor and farce to draw attention to how such efforts further entrench the very forms of institutional racism, ableism, and sexism they are meant to disrupt; for example, by creating additional work for the people they are designed to include. We offer these visual explorations not to promote or discourage diversity efforts, but to help design researchers imagine what such efforts become when labor and unintended consequences go unaccounted.
Causes of Death and Hospitalization in Long-term Lung Cancer Survivors: A Population-based Appraisal.

Abstract Introduction Lung cancer survivorship is emerging as an important topic owing to improved survival, but information about health issues among survivors of lung cancer is still lacking. This study used a population dataset to assess causes of death (COD) and hospitalization among long-term (5-year) survivors of lung cancer. Materials and Methods Using linked data from the California Cancer Registry and Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development, all patients with lung cancer diagnosed from 2000 to 2012 were identified. COD and principal admission diagnoses were categorized for all survivors beginning 5 years after diagnosis. Annual proportional distribution of diagnoses and COD were calculated over time. Results Among 102,768 patients with lung cancer, 12,048 (11.7%) survived at least 5 years after diagnosis. Lung cancer was the most common reason for admission in the first 5 years after diagnosis. In the sixth year after diagnosis, 3662 (41.8%) of 8755 long-term survivors had at least 1 hospitalization, which declined to 804 (10.4%) of 7718 in year 10. Among long-term survivors, pulmonary disease (18.3%) became the most common reason for admission, followed by cardiovascular and gastrointestinal disease. However, 48.7% of 4728 deaths occurring among long-term survivors were still owing to lung cancer. The next most common COD were cardiovascular disease, pulmonary disease, and secondary neoplasm. Conclusions Hospitalizations among long-term survivors of lung cancer are common and occur most often owing to cardiovascular, pulmonary, and gastrointestinal diseases. Lung cancer remains the dominant COD even after 5-year survival. Active control of chronic cardiopulmonary disease and cancer surveillance should be priorities when providing patient-centered, comprehensive survivorship care.
PIEs: Pose Invariant Embeddings

The role of pose invariance in image recognition and retrieval is studied. A taxonomic classification of embeddings, according to their level of invariance, is introduced and used to clarify connections between existing embeddings, identify missing approaches, and propose invariant generalizations. This leads to a new family of pose invariant embeddings (PIEs), derived from existing approaches by a combination of two models, which follow from the interpretation of CNNs as estimators of class posterior probabilities: a view-to-object model and an object-to-class model. The new pose-invariant models are shown to have interesting properties, both theoretically and through experiments, where they outperform existing multiview approaches. Most notably, they achieve good performance for both 1) classification and retrieval, and 2) single and multiview inference. These are important properties for the design of real vision systems, where universal embeddings are preferable to task specific ones, and multiple images are usually not available at inference time. Finally, a new multiview dataset of real objects, imaged in the wild against complex backgrounds, is introduced. We believe that this is a much needed complement to the synthetic datasets in wide use and will contribute to the advancement of multiview recognition and retrieval.
A point-of-care assay for alpha-1-acid glycoprotein as a diagnostic tool for rapid, mobile-based determination of inflammation

Background Inflammation is a key component of immune response to infections and pathogenesis of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Inflammatory biomarkers, including alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), are considered prognostic tools for predicting risk, monitoring response to therapy, and adjusting nutritional biomarkers for accurate interpretation. Serum is considered a primary source of biomarkers; urine and saliva are increasingly being explored and utilized as rapidly accessible, noninvasive biofluids requiring minimal sample processing and posing fewer biohazard risks. Methods A lateral flow immunoassay was developed for an established mobile-based platform to quantify AGP in human serum, urine, and saliva. Assay performance was assessed with purified AGP in buffer, diluted human serum samples (n = 16) banked from a trial in people living with HIV, and saliva and urine (n = 15 each) from healthy participants. Reference methods were conventional clinical chemistry analyzer or commercial ELISA. Bootstrap analysis was used to train and validate sample calibration. Findings The correlation between the assay and reference method for serum was 0.97 (P < 0.001). Mean (95% CI) best fit line slope was 1.0 (0.88, 1.15) and intercept was -0.003 (-0.08, 0.09). The correlation for urine was 0.93, and for saliva was 0.97 (both P < 0.001). The median CV for the LFIA for AGP in buffer was 13.2% and for all samples was 28.7%. Interpretation The performance of the assay indicated potential use as a rapid, low sample volume input, and easy method to quantify AGP that can be licensed and adopted by commercial manufacturers for regulatory approvals and production. This has future applications for determining inflammatory status either alone or in conjunction with other inflammatory proteins such as C-reactive protein for prognostic, monitoring, or nutritional status applications, including large-scale country level surveys conducted by the DHS and those recommended by the WHO.
Dystopia as an Organizational Metaphor

The purpose of this study involved the development of a new metaphor to describe organizational societies with dysfunctional behavior: dystopias. This study incorporated Presthus’s (The organizational society: An analysis and a theory. New York: Alfred Knopf, 2012) definition of organizational societies to compare utopias with dystopias. Based on the findings, two themes emerged from the secondary data: (a) a consistent emphasis on the mentioning of precarious employment in order to influence workers to maximize their output and (b) a dehumanization of service members through devaluing of their emotional and mental labors. The study included the truth-oriented theory and social identity model proposed by Barentsen (Emerging leadership in the Pauline mission. Eugene, OR: Pickwick, 2011). In order to incorporate Scriptural wisdom into the paper, this study involved a reference to Deuterocanonical writings found in the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox canons. The book of Ecclesiasticus contained the exegeted verses. The pericope pertained to the concept of a house or institution organized by one’s continuous desire for gain at the expense of others’ welfare. When the social and infrastructural foundation of an organization has roots in the pursuit of excessive gain, the effects of that foundation often lead to eventual destruction of the organization as wrongdoings escalate, thus resulting in dysfunctional work environments and decreased quality in organizational performance.
Role of ferroelectric polarization during growth of highly strained ferroelectric materials.

In ferroelectric thin films and superlattices, the polarization is intricately linked to crystal structure. Here we show that it can also play an important role in the growth process, influencing growth rates, relaxation mechanisms, electrical properties and domain structures. This is studied by focusing on the properties of BaTiO3 thin films grown on very thin layers of PbTiO3 using x-ray diffraction, piezoforce microscopy, electrical characterization and rapid in-situ x-ray diffraction reciprocal space maps during the growth using synchrotron radiation. Using a simple model we show that the changes in growth are driven by the energy cost for the top material to sustain the polarization imposed upon it by the underlying layer, and these effects may be expected to occur in other multilayer systems where polarization is present during growth. This motivates the concept of polarization engineering as a complementary approach to strain engineering. Ferroelectric (FE) materials are used in a wide range of applications, which often requires sizable FE polarization. Here, the authors report a growth procedure to enhance the FE polarization by exploiting the polarization of a FE substrate during growth to obtain higher strains and polarizations in the final material.
Clean and Contain: Initial Development of a Measure of Infection Prevention Behaviors During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Background The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) offer behavioral guidance to prevent the spread of infectious diseases like COVID-19. Cleaning (e.g., cleaning surfaces, washing and sanitizing hands) and containing (e.g., covering coughs, keeping distance from others, especially sick people) behaviors are recommended. Purpose To develop the Clean and Contain Measure, a brief measure of compliance with CDC recommendations for prevention of infectious disease, and validate the measure in individuals experiencing the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods Participants were recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk and social media. Results In Study 1 (N = 97), exploratory factor analysis revealed two scales: (a) five items assessing cleaning behaviors and (b) four items assessing containing behaviors. Simple structure was obtained and alpha coefficients for both scales were >.83. In Studies 2 (N = 204) and 3 (N = 527), confirmatory factor analysis verified the identical factor structure found in Study 1. All loadings were statistically significant at p .84 for Studies 2 and 3. Conclusions Our measure is a reliable and valid indicator of compliance with cleaning and containing health behaviors that help to prevent the spread of diseases like COVID-19. Future research should replicate construct validity in more diverse samples and continue to refine items, examine construct validity, including predictive and discriminant validity, and improve the measure for future use. With continued use and refinement, this measure could allow health officials and researchers to accurately assess compliance with important infection prevention behavior guidelines.
Walking exercise alters protein digestion, amino acid absorption, and whole body protein kinetics in older adults with and without COPD.

Gut function is disturbed in older adults with COPD. As exercise is the cornerstone of pulmonary rehabilitation in COPD, knowledge of the response of the gut to aerobic exercise is of importance.
Replacing a Palatable High-Fat Diet with a Low-Fat Alternative Heightens κ-Opioid Receptor Control over Nucleus Accumbens Dopamine

Diet-induced obesity reduces dopaminergic neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), and stressful weight loss interventions could promote cravings for palatable foods high in fat and sugar that stimulate dopamine. Activation of κ-opioid receptors (KORs) reduces synaptic dopamine, but contribution of KORs to lower dopamine tone after dietary changes is unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the function of KORs in C57BL/6 mice that consumed a 60% high-fat diet (HFD) for six weeks followed by replacement of HFD with a control 10% fat diet for one day or one week. HFD replacement induced voluntary caloric restriction and weight loss. However, fast-scan cyclic voltammetry revealed no differences in baseline dopamine parameters, whereas sex effects were revealed during KOR stimulation. NAc core dopamine release was reduced by KOR agonism after one day of HFD replacement in females but after one week of HFD replacement in males. Further, elevated plus-maze testing revealed no diet effects during HFD replacement on overt anxiety. These results suggest that KORs reduce NAc dopamine tone and increase food-related anxiety during dietary weight loss interventions that could subsequently promote palatable food cravings and inhibit weight loss.
Differential relationships between brain structure and dual task walking in young and older adults

Almost 25% of all older adults experience difficulty walking. Mobility difficulties for older adults are more pronounced when performing a simultaneous cognitive task while walking (i.e., dual task walking). Although it is known that aging results in widespread brain atrophy, few studies have integrated across more than one neuroimaging modality to comprehensively examine the structural neural correlates that may underly dual task walking in older age. We collected spatiotemporal gait data during single and dual task walking for 37 young (18-34 years) and 23 older adults (66-86 years). We also collected T1-weighted and diffusion-weighted MRI scans to determine how brain structure differs in older age and relates to dual task walking. We addressed two aims: 1) to characterize age differences in brain structure across a range of metrics including volumetric, surface, and white matter microstructure; and 2) to test for age group differences in the relationship between brain structure and the dual task cost (DTcost) of gait speed and variability. Key findings included widespread brain atrophy for the older adults, with the most pronounced age differences in brain regions related to sensorimotor processing. We also found multiple associations between regional brain atrophy and greater DTcost of gait speed and variability for the older adults. The older adults showed a relationship of both thinner temporal cortex and shallower sulcal depth in the frontal, sensorimotor, and parietal cortices with greater DTcost of gait. Additionally, the older adults showed a relationship of ventricular volume and superior longitudinal fasciculus free-water corrected axial and radial diffusivity with greater DTcost of gait. These relationships were not present for the young adults. Stepwise multiple regression found sulcal depth in the left precentral gyrus, axial diffusivity in the superior longitudinal fasciculus, and sex to best predict DTcost of gait speed, and cortical thickness in the superior temporal gyrus to best predict DTcost of gait variability for older adults. These results contribute to scientific understanding of how individual variations in brain structure are associated with mobility function in aging. This has implications for uncovering mechanisms of brain aging and for identifying target regions for mobility interventions for aging populations.
The African American Entrepreneur: Then and Now

African American entrepreneurship has been an integral part of the American economy since the 1600s. On the eve of the Civil War, the collective wealth of free blacks was approximately $50 million. In 2006, African Americans earned a whopping $744 billion, a figure that exceeds the gross domestic product of all but 15 nations of the 192 independent countries in the world. As W. Sherman Rogers so ably demonstrates, African Americans have achieved these economic gains under difficult circumstances. Slavery, segregation, and legally limited access to property, education, and other opportunities have taken a heavy toll, even to this day. Besides providing a penetrating glimpse into the world of black entrepreneurship both past and present, this book urges African Americans to gain financial independence as entrepreneurs. Business ownership, Rogers argues, will bring security, wealth that can be passed to successive generations, and educated offspring with much greater earning power. The African American Entreprenuer: Then and Now explores the lower economic status of black Americans in light of America's legacy of slavery, segregation, and rampant discrimination. Its main purpose is to shine a light on the legal, historical, sociological and political factors that together help to explain the economic condition of black people in America from their arrival in America to the present. In the process, the book spotlights the many amazing breakthroughs made by black entrepreneurs even before the Civil War and Emancipation. Profiles of business people from the Post-civil War period through today include Booker T. Washington, pioneer banker and insurer A.G. Gaston, hair care entrepreneur Madame C.J. Walker, Ebony publisher John H. Johnson, Black Entertainment Television founder Robert L. Johnson, publisher Earl Graves, music producer Damon Dash, rapper Sean Combs, former basketball stars Dave Bing and Magic Johnson, food entrepreneur Michelle Hoskins, broadcast personality Cathy Hughes, former Beatrice Foods head Reginald Lewis, Oprah Winfrey, and many more. As Rogers points out, reading about remarkable African American entrepreneurs can inspire readers to adopt an entrepreneurial mindset. To further that goal and help readers take the plunge, he outlines many of the skills, tools and information necessary for business success-success that can help chart a new path to prosperity for all African Americans.
Electron Transfer in Reaction Centers with Various Quinones Functioning as Q A

The native ubiquinone-10 that is tightly bound at the Q A site of the reaction center of the photosynthetic bacteria Rps. Sphaeroides can be removed and function can be reconstituted with a variety of other quinones. This is a very good system for studying the respective roles of protein and redox component in determining the rates and free energy of electron transfer between the tightly bound redox sites that are imbedded in the protein. Tp,e kinetics of quinone involved internal electron transfers are found to be dependent on what quinone is acting as Q A .