cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Hidden Antigenic Site Localized to the Constant Region of Light Chains of Immunoglobulins

An antigenic site, which was not immunochemically demonstrable in the intact κ light polypeptide chain, was exposed by enzymatic cleavage of the κ chain into its variant half and constant half. This antigenic site located in the constant region the κ chain was detected immunochemically by several antiserums that had specificity for this site. Treatment of an intact κ chain with a dissociating agent resulted in the exposure of the hidden antigenic site, which was as readily detected in the unfolded polypeptide chain as in the isolated constant half.
Villains, Victims and Heroes: Melodrama, Media, and September 11

In the United States, the September 11 crisis unfolded through a narrative trajectory of injury, pathos, and moral retribution. The U.S.’s initial response to the terrorist attack was a nationwide empathic victimization, a collectively experienced pain in response to unjustified suffering perpetrated by an evil villain. Political leaders declared that the country was attacked because of its virtue; the ideals that define America, those of freedom and democracy, were precisely what the “evil-doers” aimed to destroy through their violence. It seemed that retaliatory action toward the attackers would properly defend our victimized ideals and heal our shared pain. Since the attack, debates throughout the country have disputed why America was victimized, why its ideals may have threatened terrorists, and whether its retaliatory tactics were successful. Instead of following these questions, I want to pursue another line of inquiry: Did contemporary Americans experience the crisis of 9/11 through the melodramatic narrative of victimization and retribution? How might American ideals and designations of moral virtue attach to this narrative? Can melodramatic discourse produce a certain type of American national identity through empathy with the dual role of victim and hero? In this article, I aim to explore how the media coverage of the September 11 attacks produced a specific American collective identity through a melodramatic
Locally optimal subalignments using nonlinear similarity functions.

Nonlinear similarity functions are often better than linear functions at distinguishing interesting subalignments from those due to chance. Nonlinear similarity functions useful for comparing biological sequences are developed. Several new algorithms are presented for finding locally optimal subalignments of two sequences. Unlike previous algorithms, they may use any reasonable similarity function as a selection criterion. Among these algorithms are VV-1, which finds all and only the locally optimal subalignments of two sequences, and CC-1, which finds all and only the weakly locally optimal subalignments of two sequences. The VV-1 algorithm is slow and interesting only for theoretical reasons. In contrast, the CC-1 algorithm has average time complexityO(MN) when used to find only very good subalignments.
Exact collision detection for a virtual manufacturing simulator

Collision detection is a critical aspect of Virtual Reality (VR)-based simulation of manufacturing processes. Despite the significant progress that has been made in developing efficient, exact collision detection algorithms for convex objects, limited and slow progress has been reported in developing collision detection algorithms for general, nonconvex objects. To narrow this gap we introduce the concept of virtual objects which extends the applicability of exact collision detection algorithms to nonconvex objects. The outcome of our methodology is the fast creation of convex objects for a class of frequently encountered nonconvex manufacturing objects that can be used in any existing collision detection approach. The collision detection technique described in this paper is best suited for interactive simulation and animation applications where a high accuracy of object contact modeling is required. Examples include virtual assembly; mobile robot simulation; robotic painting; robotic welding; and coordinate measuring processes.
Trunk Muscle Loading in Non-Sagittally Symmetric Postures as a Result of Sudden Unexpected Loading Conditions:

The present study investigated the effect of warning time and magnitude of an external loading on the trunk muscular response to sudden loading conditions while in a non-sagittally symmetric postur...
The proximity of others: A critique of crowding research and integration with the Social Sciences

Dissatisfaction with density as a concept and as an operational definition appears to have resulted in neglect of the close presence of others as a defining initial condition for crowding. The problems with density are analyzed and an alternative conceptualization, the prox imity of others, is suggested. The proximity model based on the summed closeness to each other person present provides a per spective that (a) replaces density, (b) provides a basis for predicting some unexplained relationships in crowding, (c) emphasizes the similarity of crowding to other psychological and social science issues, and (d) suggests several neglected issues in crowding research.
Expression of human polyspecific renal organic cation transport activity in Xenopus laevis oocytes.

Polyspecific organic cation transporters in the basolateral and brush border membrane of the kidney play a role in the elimination of many clinically important drugs and endogenous compounds. In this study we report the functional expression of organic cation transport activity in Xenopus laevis oocytes injected with poly(A)+RNA (mRNA) isolated from human kidney. Uptake of [14C]tetraethylammonium (TEA) was measured in mRNA-injected or water-injected oocytes, 4 days after injection. In oocytes injected with 50 ng of mRNA isolated from human renal cortex, the uptake of [14C]TEA was significantly increased in comparison with water-injected oocytes (7.2 ± 0.6 and 3.5 ± 0.3 pmol/ oocyte/h, respectively). Injection of 20 ng of an enriched size-fraction (fraction C) of mRNA (mean size of 2.3 kb) resulted in further enhancement of [14C]TEA uptake: [14C]TEA uptake was enhanced six-to seven-fold in oocytes injected with fraction C (23.7 ± 3.7 pmol/oocyte/ h) in comparison with water-injected oocytes. The uptake of TEA in mRNA-injected oocytes was significantly inhibited by 5 mM of unlabeled TEA, cimetidine, and N1-methylnicotinamide. These data suggest that polyspecific organic cation transport activity can be successfully expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes injected with mRNA isolated from human kidney.
Sub-Doppler Optoacoustic Spectroscopy

Sub-Doppler resolution at 10 μm in SF6 has been achieved using the optoacoustic effect. A single-frequency cw CO2 laser was used and audio frequency intermodulation was measured using lock-in detection. The 10P16 line was used to resolve a portion of the SF6 ν3 Q-branch.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Estimation of quantities determined as implicit functions of unknown parameters

Consider a family of distribution functions \({\{F(x, \theta),\,\theta \in \Theta\}}\) . Suppose that there exists an estimator of the unknown parameter vector θ based on given data set. Then it is readily to obtain an estimator of any quantity given as an explicit function g(θ). Particularly, it is the case when the maximum likelihood estimator of θ is available. However, often some quantities of interest can not be expressed as an explicit function, rather it is determined as an implicit function of θ. The present article studies this problem. Sufficient conditions are given for deriving estimators of these quantities. The results are then applied to estimate change point of failure rate function, and change point of mean residual life function.
Anderson localization in one-dimensional randomly disordered optical systems that are periodic on average.

We compute the frequency dependence of the localization length in a one-dimensional randomly disordered optical system, which on average is periodic, by studying the dependence of the transmissivity on the length of a finite random sample. Specifically, we consider a layered system of dielectric slabs with electromagnetic waves propagating perpendicular to the interfaces and compute the localization length for frequencies of these waves in and around the neighborhood of the band gaps in the photonic band structure of the average periodic system. The localization length is found to be very small in the gaps and much larger in the bands. We also compute the dependence of the localization length in the presence of dissipation (complex dielectric constant) and obtain a simple relationship, for frequencies of the electromagnetic waves in the allowed bands, between the localization length in the nondissipative system, the decay length in the nonrandom periodic system with dissipative terms, and the localization length in the presence of dissipation. For frequencies in the gaps the localization length appears to be insensitive to the presence of dissipation.
Cross-over trial of fetal heart rate response to halogen light and vibroacoustic stimulation.

Objective. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of halogen light and vibroacoustic stimulation on fetal heart rate (FHR) responsiveness and on nonstress test (NST) results.Methods. Sixty consecutively-chosen patients between 33 and 39 weeks of gestation underwent an NST on at least three weekly occasions. Each received halogen light (Vector Compact Sport Spot, Ft Lauderdale, FL, USA), vibroacoustic (SolaTone Artificial Larynx, Temecula, CA, USA), and no stimulation in a randomized order. The transabdominal light or vibroacoustic stimulation lasted for 10 seconds. If no initial FHR acceleration occurred, then the stimulus was repeated 10 minutes later up to a maximum of three times. The investigators who interpreted the FHR patterns were blinded as to the type of stimulus used.Results. Reactive results were present in 171 tests (vibroacoustic: 98.3%; light: 96.6%; none: 93.3%). Compared with no stimulation, the mean difference in time from the onset of recorded ‘stimulation’ to the first FHR...
Analysis of $\pi$ -Phase-Shifted Fiber Bragg Gratings for Ultrasonic Detection

Using numerical simulations, we investigated the responses of the π -phase-shifted fiber Bragg gratings (πFBGs) impinged by pressure ultrasonic waves. The effect of the grating length, grating refractive index modification depth, and ultrasonic frequency on the wavelength sensitivity and intensity sensitivity of the πFBG ultrasonic sensor for ultrasonic waves of different wavelengths was analyzed. The directivity of a πFBG sensor was also studied. Our analysis revealed several unique πFBG response characteristics and will be useful in the design and optimization of fiber-optic ultrasonic sensors that use a πFBG as the sensing element.
The distorted-waves theory of direct nuclear reactions with spin-orbit effects

Abstract A general and flexible formulation is given of the distorted-waves theory of direct nuclear reactions which takes account of the effects of including spin-orbit coupling in the distortion, and which does not make the zero-range approximation. The evaluation of the transition amplitude is shown to involve two distinct steps, one the construction of a form factor which characterizes the particular reaction mode and the particular nuclei, and the other the treatment of the dynamics of the distorted waves, which is similar for all reactions. Expressions are given for various differential cross-sections and polarizations. As examples, procedures for treating inelastic scattering and stripping and knock-on reactions are described. The symmetry properties of the reaction amplitudes are also discussed.
Magnetotelluric soundings over the northeast Pacific may reveal spatial dependence of depth and conductance of the asthenosphere

Abstract A seafloor electrical conductivity profile resulting from a more thorough analysis of magnetotelluric data from station S.F. Revisited than previously presented is compared to an earlier profile at Farewell to Aggy, station III. Both stations are located over the same interfracture zone segment of the Pacific plate, the first roughly 700 km off the coast of California (position 31°18′N, 128°20′W, water depth 4.5 km, plate age 30 m.y. estimated from nearby magnetic reversal number 12), the second approximately 800 km to the NNE of the mainland of Hawaii (position 26°32′N, 151°20′W, depth 5.3 km, age 72 m.y. estimated from adjacent magnetic reversal 30–31). The seafloor impedances at S.F. Revisited are only mildly polarized and their interpretation in terms of an isotropic, horizontally layered structure suggests the occurrence at about 85 km depth of a highly conducting layer with a conductance exceeding by roughly 4 × 10 3 S, an otherwise monotonically increasing conductivity trend. The implied dependence of conductivity with depth is therefore similar to that found earlier for station III, however with the following differences: the high-conductivity layer at station III occurs at a greater depth (140 km), it appears to have a slightly reduced excess conductance over the background, 3.5 × 10 3 S although this evidence should be used with caution, and the lithospheric conductivity at station III, surprisingly seems to be somewhat higher, an effect possibly related to the proximity of the Hawaiian chain and to its generic processes.
Impedance-based stability analysis of VSC-based HVDC systems

This work investigates the stability and control of offshore wind farms with high-voltage dc (HVDC) connection to onshore power grids. An impedance-based stability criterion is applied to determine the stability of the offshore ac collection bus and to develop control requirements for the wind inverters as well as the HVDC rectifier built based on voltage-source converters (VSC). Positive- and negative-sequence output impedance of the wind inverters and input impedance of the VSC HVDC rectifier are modeled by the harmonic linearization method. These models are then used to understand the effects of different converters and their control design on the ac bus voltage stability. A resonance is presented as an example to highlight possible instability problems of the offshore ac bus and the ability of the impedance models to predict such instability. Based on the analysis, several control methods to enhance ac bus voltage stability are presented and compared.
Attention, recognition, and the effects of stimulus context in 6-month-old infants

Abstract Four experiments were conducted using stimuli that included a central stimulus cue and a background context pattern. At issue was how attention, encoding, and recognition are affected when these stimulus components are manipulated within habituation, familiarization, and recognition procedures. Results indicate that infants attend to and encode both stimulus components (cue, context pattern), and that these components are encoded interactively. That is, infants encode cue information in relation to the context (setting) in which it is experienced. Results also indicate that recognition is context dependent under some experimental conditions, with successful recognition exhibited only when encoding and retrieval contexts are identical. Nevertheless, factors that influence the deployment of attention to context patterns also determine whether cue recognition is cintext dependent or not. Results were discussed in terms of the importance of attentional processes in infants' monitoring of the visual world and in terms of theoretical issues related to attentional deployment in infants.
Variant location of the musculocutaneous nerve during axillary nerve block

We present the case of a 56-year-old man who underwent axillary nerve block for a wrist arthroscopy procedure, with real-time ultrasound and peripheral nerve stimulator guidance. The ulnar nerve and radial nerve were located medial and posterior to the brachial artery, respectively. A large complex structure was noted in the position typically occupied by the median nerve. Contact of this structure with the stimulating needle produced strong biceps contraction, and slight adjustment of the needle resulted in forearm pronation. After injection of 10 mL of local anesthetic near this structure, it appeared to consist of two separate components on ultrasound. We believe that these components represented the median and musculocutaneous nerves lying together, lateral to the artery. Radial, median, ulnar, and musculocutaneous nerve block ensued, and wrist arthroscopy was carried out uneventfully. Knowledge of this anatomical variation may improve anesthesiologists' ability to provide effective axillary block.
Risk assessment dosimetry model for inhaled particulate matter: I. Human subjects.

Abstract Pollutant particulate matter (PM) is a serious global problem, presenting a threat to the health and well being of human subjects. Inhalation exposures tests with surrogate animals can be performed to estimate the threat. However, it is difficult to extrapolate the findings of animal tests to human conditions. In this two-part series, interspecies dosimetry models especially designed for implementation with risk assessment protocols are presented. In Part I, the mathematical integrity of the source model per se was tested with data from human subjects, and theoretical predictions agreed well with experimental measurements. In Part II, for surrogate (rat) simulations, appropriate algorithms for morphologies and ventilatory parameters were used as subroutines in the validated model. We conducted a comprehensive series of computer simulations describing the behavior of a representative air pollutant, secondary cigarette smoke. For risk assessment interests, a range of states from rest to exercise was considered. PM hygroscopicity had a pronounced effect on deposition in a complex but systematic manner, in humans and rats: deposition was increased for particles larger than about 1 μm, but was decreased for particles smaller than about 0.1 μm. The results clearly indicate that dosimetry models can be effectively used to a priori determine the laboratory conditions necessary for animals tests to accurately mimic human conditions. Moreover, the use of interspecies models is very cost effective. We propose, therefore, that mathematical models be used in a complementary manner with inhalation exposure experiments and be actively integrated into PM risk assessment protocols.
Fungal infections of the hand and upper extremity

Although fungal infections of the hand and upper extremity are relatively uncommon, they are now being reported with increasing frequency. Immunocompromised patients are at especially high risk for these infections and hand surgeons should have a high index of suspicion for fungal infections in susceptible immunocompromised and diabetic patients and patients with hematologic malignancies and on chronic steroid medications. Because fungal infections often present with an indolent onset, diagnosis and treatment often are delayed. Definitive diagnosis only can be made with a surgical biopsy examination and special fungal stains and cultures. Early aggressive surgical treatment includes debridement of all involved soft tissues and bone, followed by adjuvant antifungal therapy.
Aldosterone Secretory and Glucocorticoid Excretory Responses to Alpha 1-24 ACTH (Cortrosyn) in Sodium-Depleted Normal Man

Five normal volunteers, ages 18–29 yr, were placed on a 10 mEq sodium/100 mEq potassium isocaloric constant diet. Two, four, seven and eleven units of α 1-24 ACTH (Cortrosyn®) were infused over 24 hr in 5% dextrose/water in a random sequence. Each study period consisted of three consecutive days of normal, upright, daytime posture followed by two days of supine posture. Cortrosyn® was infused on the second supine day. During the infusion of two units of Cortrosyn® over 24 hr, all subjects had significant increases in aldosterone secretion (p < 0.02) and urinary potassium excretion (p < 0.01). The maximum 17-hydroxycorticosteroid response in these subjects did not occur until at least seven units of Cortrosyn® were infused over 24 hr, indicating that ACTH stimulation of aldosterone secretion can occur at levels insufficient to produce maximal cortisol secretion. It is concluded that a dose of α 1-24 ACTH as low as 1.4 mU/min caused a significant stimulation of aldosterone secretion in sodium-depleted man. ...
A tale of two temples: Mathurā's Keśavadeva and Orcchā's Caturbhujadeva

This essay focuses on the last grand temple on the site now known as Krishna Janmabhūmi in Mathurā, which was built by the Orcchā ruler Vīr Singh Dev in the early seventeenth century and destroyed by Aurangzeb about half a century later. I study the motives behind the construction of this temple in conjunction with those behind the Caturbhuja temple, completed by Vīr Singh in his hometown, Orcchā, and destroyed by Shāh Jahān only three decades after its building. As does other recent research, this essay confirms that the common-place interpretation of such events of temple building and destruction as expressions of Hindu or Muslim religious sentiment needs to be problematized. This investigation of the factors that led to the building reveals a multiplicy of discourses. By using not only Persian but also Hindi and Sanskrit sources, the essay shows the complexity of motives beyond the religious rhetorics of some historiographers. It offers complementary explanations of such temple construction as a statem...
Early repolarization and markers of ventricular arrhythmogenesis in patients referred to ambulatory 24-hour ECG recording.

Abstract Background Recent reports suggest that early repolarization, a common electrocardiographic (ECG) pattern that has been always considered benign, could be a substrate for ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac arrest. Methods We examined the associations between early repolarization and markers of ventricular arrhythmogenesis as defined by presence of ventricular late potentials (LPs) in the Signal Averaged ECG (SA-ECG), depressed heart rate variability (HRV) and/or presence of ventricular ectopy in patients referred to ambulatory 24-hour ECG recording (Holter). Results This study included 687 patients (57% females) who were 51.2±5.1years. In unadjusted and multivariable adjusted analyses, early repolarization was not significantly associated with any of the measures of SA-ECG, HRV or ventricular ectopy. The lack of significant associations persisted in all subgroup analyses where different definitions of early repolarization in different groups of ECG leads were tested. Conclusions Early repolarization has no significant association with markers of ventricular arrhythmogenesis as detected by SA-ECG, HRV and ventricular ectopy. These findings suggest that the mechanisms of arrhythmic events in early repolarization (if they truly exist), are not likely to be through pathological pathways that could be detected by these markers.
The detrimental effects of prolonged hypothermia and rewarming in the dog.

The authors had previously observed a deleterious cerebrovascular effect of prolonged hypothermia in primates and cats. In this study they examined the systemic as well as cerebral hemodynamic and metabolic effects of 24 hours of hypothermia in the dog. With decreases in temperature to 29 C, cardiac
Electrical transport in a hybrid organic/inorganic heterostructure

We report the electrical transport properties of a hybrid organic/inorganic diode device consisting of a layer of an organic ferrimagnetic semiconductor V[TCNE] x ( x ~2, TCNE: tetracyanoethylene; T C ~ 400 K, EG ~ 0.5 eV, σ~ 10 -2 S/cm) and a GaAs/AlGaAs p-i-n diode. Comparison with a control excluding the V[TCNE] x~2 reveals that the addition of the V[TCNE] x~2 layer shifts the turn-on voltage and ideality of the diode in accordance with bulk V[TCNE] x~2 properties. This result has implications for the use of inorganic systems as probes of spin physics in organic and molecular systems.
Freeze-up and Break-up of Lakes as an Index of Temperature Changes during the Transition Seasons: A Case Study for Finland

Abstract The statistical relationships between lake freeze-up/lake ice break-up dates and air temperature means over various time periods are analyzed for 63 lakes in Finland. Mean temperatures for the individual months before the lake event dates are strongly correlated with these dates; significant correlations hold for periods up to five months in length before freeze-up. Regression coefficients depend on location, but are consistent within regions. Latitude and distance from the coast are the most important sources of variation in the regression coefficients. The regression coefficients are used to translate changes in lake freeze-up/break-up dates into estimated changes in air temperature. In southern Finland a five day change in freeze-up date would represent a 1.1°C change in November temperature of the same sign. A time series of November temperatures estimated from lake freeze-up dates is derived and compared with observations at Helsinki. The spatial pattern of temperature change over time is al...
Acute Rise of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids During Hemodialysis Treatment

Objective Hemodialysis patients have an extremely high rate of cardiac arrhythmia-induced sudden cardiac death, although the risk during the hemodialysis procedure is relatively low. A higher blood content of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) is believed to reduce the risk of sudden cardiac death. We performed this study to measure the effect of a single-standard hemodialysis treatment on plasma and erythrocyte omega-3 PUFA levels in chronic hemodialysis patients. Design This was a prospective, observational study. Setting The study was performed in one outpatient hemodialysis unit. Patients Study subjects were all chronic, stable hemodialysis patients. Interventions There were no interventions. Main Outcome Measures Plasma and erythrocyte fatty-acid levels were measured before and immediately after a hemodialysis session. Results Plasma levels of long-chain PUFAs, including the omega-3 fatty acids of interest, all rose, whereas those of shorter-chain or more saturated fatty acids either remained unchanged or fell. A similar trend was seen in erythrocytes, though the results did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions The hemodialysis procedure induces acute increases of long-chain omega-3 PUFAs in the blood. This effect may help explain why malignant cardiac arrhythmias occur relatively infrequently during hemodialysis.
Fabrication and Properties of Si3N4 with Rare Earth Apatite Grain Boundary Phases

The rare earth-oxide and nitride apatites were examined as grain boundary phases in silicon nitride to assess their potential for developing high toughness materials using gas-pressure-sintering. Densification was dependent on the quantity of additives used with high densities achieved at equivalent oxygen contents of ~8%. Fracture toughnesses (KIc) up to 8-10 MPa√m were obtained for some compositions. Ambient temperature flexural strengths were in the range of 400-720 MPa; however, the strengths at elevated temperatures (1200°C) were reduced from these values.
Metal organic chemical vapor deposition of metaphorphic InAs GaSb superlattices on (0 0 1) GaAs substrates for mid-IR photodetector applications

Abstract InAs/GaSb superlattices (SLs) were grown on (0 0 1) GaAs substrates by metal organic chemical vapor deposition. A thin low temperature (LT) GaSb nucleation layer followed by a 250 nm thick high temperature (HT) GaSb buffer layer were introduced before the growth of the SLs and their growth conditions were optimized. The effects of growth temperature and GaSb growth rate on the morphology and structural properties of the SL were systematically studied. Atomic force microscopy, photoluminescence, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the grown structures. Generally, nanopipes, about 100 nm in diameter, were found in the grown structures and their formation depends strongly on the growth temperature and the GaSb growth rate in growing the SL. By optimizing these parameters, high-quality InAs/GaSb SLs without nanopipes and with sharp interfaces have been realized.
Understanding/Appreciation of Editorial Satire: Partial Replication

Summary.-Replication with 119 undergraduates (55 men, 64 women) of variable but positive correlations between ratings of hnniness and interestingness of 3 written satires and none for satire-understanding with "humor style,'' sex, or fanship of "The Far Side" is reported. Recently variables other than verbal intelligence, dogmatism, and political preference that might be associated with understanding of editorial satires have been explored. Gruner (1) found that "humor style" was not associated with understanding, although understanding was associated with being a fan of the cartoon "The Far Side" (2). Also, college men scored higher than college women. As in previous studies, ratings of the "funniness" and "interestingness" ratings of three editorial satires all correlated positively and significantly with each other (2). In the Fall of 1991 associations of humor style, sex, and "Far Side" fanship with understanding/appreciation of satire were once again assessed by a similar sample of 119 undergraduates, who also rated the funniness and interestingness of the three satires. "Humor style" was again unrelated to understanding editorial satire. Neither was fanshp of "The Far Side" nor sex related; however, ratings of funniness and interestingness of three separate satires again intercorrelated positively and significantly. Values were low to moderate (.25 to .74) and are similar to those reported previously. They strengthen the assumption that college students express a generalized "appreciation of satire." While such appreciation appears stable, the only psychological features consistently associated with understanding of satire were verbal intelligence, dogmatism, and political preference.
The Essential Character in Queneau's Zazie Dans le Métro

(1986). The Essential Character in Queneau's Zazie Dans le Metro. Symposium: A Quarterly Journal in Modern Literatures: Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 91-106.
Bottom stress estimates and sand transport on northern California inner continental shelf

Abstract Measurements of velocities and light transmission in the bottom boundary layer on the continental shelf off northern California demonstrate the importance of storms in the transport of sediment along the coast and offshore in this region. Time-series estimates of bottom stress obtained from a combined wave-current bottom boundary layer model in which wave and current measurements from the Geoprobe tripod were used as input show high stress values of 10 dynes cm−2 during two distinct storm events in early February and early March, 1991. These stresses induce significant offshore sediment transport, achieving maximum values of about 0.5 g cm−1 s−1. The net transport over the entire measurement period from 30 January 1991 to 13 March 1991 was along the coast toward the north and offshore. This transport pattern explains slow migration of low amplitude, broad crescentic dunes along and across this portion of the inner continental shelf.
At long last: an animal model of Wilson's disease.

The LEC rat is an inbred mutant strain with spontaneous hepatitis isolated from Long-Evans rats. Since approximately 40% of LEC rats die of fulminant hepatitis, the rat serves an animal model for studying the pathogenesis and treatment of human fulminant hepatitis. The remaining 60% of LEC rats survive and develop chronic (prolonged) hepatitis and subsequently develop liver cancer. Therefore, the LEC rat serves an important animal model for studying the significance of chronic hepatitis in the development of human liver cancer, which often develops in association with chronic hepatitis. The LEC rat can also be used as an animal model of Wilson's disease, since recent studies have disclosed high copper accumulation in the liver and low ceruloplasmin concentration in the serum of this mutant rat.
Stokes vector analysis of adaptive optics images of the retina

A high-resolution Stokes vector imaging polarimeter was developed to measure the polarization properties at the cellular level in living human eyes. The application of this cellular level polarimetric technique to in vivo retinal imaging has allowed us to measure depolarization in the retina and to improve the retinal image contrast of retinal structures based on their polarization properties.
N-glycans modulate Kv1.5 gating but have no effect on Kv1.4 gating

Abstract Nerve and muscle action potential repolarization are produced and modulated by the regulated expression and activity of several types of voltage-gated K + (K v ) channels. Here, we show that sialylated N-glycans uniquely impact gating of a mammalian Shaker family K v channel isoform, K v 1.5, but have no effect on gating of a second Shaker isoform, K v 1.4. Each isoform contains one potential N-glycosylation site located along the S1–S2 linker; immunoblot analyses verified that K v 1.4 and K v 1.5 were N-glycosylated. The conductance–voltage (G–V) relationships and channel activation rates for two glycosylation-site deficient K v 1.5 mutants, K v 1.5 N290Q and K v 1.5 S292A , and for wild-type K v 1.5 expressed under conditions of reduced sialylation, were each shifted linearly by a depolarizing ∼ 18 mV compared to wild-type K v 1.5 activation. External divalent cation screening experiments suggested that K v 1.5 sialic acids contribute to an external surface potential that modulates K v 1.5 activation. Channel availability was unaffected by changes in K v 1.5 glycosylation or sialylation. The data indicate that sialic acid residues attached to N-glycans act through electrostatic mechanisms to modulate K v 1.5 activation. The sialic acids fully account for effects of N-glycans on K v 1.5 gating. Conversely, K v 1.4 gating was unaffected by changes in channel sialylation or following mutagenesis to remove the N-glycosylation site. Each phenomenon is unique for K v 1 channel isoforms, indicating that sialylated N-glycans modulate gating of homologous K v 1 channels through isoform-specific mechanisms. Such modulation is relevant to changes in action potential repolarization that occur as ion channel expression and glycosylation are regulated.
Autonomous biochemical and morphological differentiation in fetal rat intestine transplanted at 17 and 20 days of gestation

Abstract The morphological and biochemical development of fetal rat intestine was examined for up to 5 weeks following transplantation to syngeneic hosts at 17 and 20 days of gestation. In transplants of both ages, normal villi bearing mature enterocytes developed. In addition, the disaccharidases lactase, maltase, and sucrase, as well as alkaline phosphatase, underwent normal patterns of development. Lactase activity, initially high, fell significantly, while maltase and sucrase activities increased significantly in the interval between 2 and 5 weeks following transplantation. During this same period, alkaline phosphatase developed the proximally located, high-activity form. The transplanted intestine also developed normal topographical distributions of enzyme activities. Measurement of corticosterone levels demonstrated that, except for a transient upsurge at the time of operation, hormone levels did not change significantly during the period of transplant maturation. These data indicate that the brush-border enzymes of the small intestine develop according to an intrinsic program which is already established as early as 17 days of gestation.
When the Shape of a Life Matters

It seems better to have a life that begins poorly and ends well than a life that begins well and ends poorly. One possible explanation is that the very shape of a life can be good or bad for us. If so, this raises a tough question: when can the shape of our lives be good or bad for us? In this essay, I present and critique an argument that the shape of a life is a non-synchronic prudential value—that is, something that can be good or bad for us in a way that is not good or bad for us at any particular time. After distinguishing two interpretations of ‘the shape of a life’, I argue that the first type of shape can be good or bad for us at particular moments while the other cannot be good or bad for us at all. This suggests that the shape of a life gives us no reason to posit non-synchronic prudential values.
Extractability and functionality of protein from yeast cells grown on cassava hydrolysate

Abstract An extraction of protein from two strains of yeast, Candida tropicalis and C. utilis , grown by batch method on cassava hydrolysate was carried out by a combination of mechanical and mild chemical treatment yielding about 71% and 68% protein for C. tropicalis and C. utilis , respectively. The process resulted in about 75–80% reduction in the nucleic acid level of the freeze dried whole yeast cells of both organisms. The protein concentrates showed a good amino acid profile comparable to egg protein with methionine and tryptophan as the limiting amino acids. The functional characteristics of the two yeast proteins were studied and compared with soy protein concentrate. They showed functional properties possessing very good wettability, emulsion capacity and whippability but poor emulsion stability.
PRODUCTION PROPERTIES OF LOW-MASS SYSTEMS IN pp COLLISIONS AT 102 GeV/c*

We examine in detail the properties of low-mass systems produced in the inclusive reaction p + p ~ p + anything at 102 GeV/c. We find that the internal characteristics of these low-mass nucleon-multipion systems (the "anything"), at fixed values of mass (M), are similar to those found for produced hadrons in high-energy collisions at fixed incident hadron energies (x/~). The resemblance between the properties of the M 2 system and the characteristics of "rP collisions at s =,M 2 is particularly striking.
New model for evolution of fold and thrust belt curvature based on integrated structural and paleomagnetic results from the Pennsylvania salient

In a number of curved fold and thrust belts worldwide, such as the Cantabrian arc and the Wyoming-Idaho salient, paleomagnetic data indicate vertical axis rotations inconsistent with structural findings. This apparent conflict is especially pronounced in the Pennsylvania salient, where the paleomagnetically defined vertical axis rotations are opposite of the rotation sense indicated by structural studies. We resolve this apparent disparity by developing an integrated and kinematically admissible model that has implications for other curved mountain belts. The curvature of the Pennsylvania salient may be explained by deformation partitioning in an initially laterally tapered basin between the Cambrian-Ordovician carbonates and the overlying siliciclastic rocks. Earliest deformation occurred in the lowest strata and progressed toward the foreland and up section with time. Lateral differences in initial layer-parallel shortening in the Cambrian-Ordovician carbonates caused differential translation and rotations about a vertical axis in the cover sequence. Because of initial basin geometry, the orogenic wedge developed a lateral taper. With further shortening in the wedge and involvement of the cover rocks in the fold and thrust deformation, gravitational driving forces became more important, and the paleostress trajectories diverged in opposite directions on the two arms of the salient in response to the lateral taper.
Interval-graph-based PLA folding

Abstract In this paper we present algorithms to implement PLA folding based on the interval graph theory. A PLA will be represented by five sets of nets: product-term nets (PT nets), input and output nets (I and O nets), and input and output connection nets (IC and OC nets). Column folding becomes a problem of permuting the rows such that the I/O nets can be placed in as few columns as possible. Algorithms for both unconstrained and constrained foldings are given.
Characterization of Particle Orientations in Ceramics by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance

It is shown that electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy provides an accurate method for measuring the preferential orientation of axial crystallites in ceramics. Since the physical properties of ceramic materials are correlated with the degree of this orientation, EPR can be a convenient and useful tool for the characterization of ceramics.
The Need for Surgical Revision After Isolated Cheilectomy for Hallux Rigidus: A Systematic Review

Isolated cheilectomy has been proposed for treatment of hallux rigidus due to the perceived safety, efficacy, and ability to revise with repeat cheilectomy, implant or interpositional arthroplasty, or arthrodesis. A systematic review was undertaken to better understand the need for surgical revision after isolated cheilectomy for hallux rigidus. Studies were eligible for inclusion only if they involved consecutively enrolled patients undergoing isolated cheilectomy or involved revision surgery of the first metatarsophalangeal joint after isolated cheilectomy, evaluated patients at mean follow-up > or = 12 months' duration, and included details of complications. Twenty-three studies, describing 706 cheilectomies, met the inclusion criteria, with 62 (8.8%) undergoing surgical revision in the form of arthrodesis (n = 23), no mention of revision procedure (n = 17), interpositional arthroplasty (n = 13), silicone implant arthroplasty (n = 4), Keller resection arthroplasty (n = 3), or repeat cheilectomy (n = 2). Twelve studies specified the grade of hallux rigidus as: 103 (19.9%) grade 1, 210 (40.6%) grade II, 189 (36.6%) grade III, and 15 (2.9%) grade IV. Six studies indicated the number of cheilectomies that required revision surgery as: 2 (20%) grade I, 8 (14.8%) grade II, 12 (9.1%) grade III, and 5 (55.6%) grade IV. These results make clear the low incidence of revision surgery after cheilectomy for hallux rigidus. Therefore, cheilectomy should be considered a first-line surgical treatment for hallux rigidus. There remains a need for methodologically sound prospective cohort studies that focus on the use of cheilectomy for specific grades of hallux rigidus.
An analysis and experimental verification of parasitic oscillations in parralleled power MOSFET's

An analysis of the small signal dynamic model of the power MOSFET is presented which predicts the existence of high-frequency parasitic oscillations when these devices are electrically paralleled. It is shown that the existence of these oscillations is a strong function of the small signal transfer admittance g m and the differential mode drain, gate, and source resistances. The sensitivity of the oscillations to these parameters is determined. Experimental data verifying the qualitative aspects of the analytical results is presented. It is concluded that the problem is potentially most severe for devices which are paralleled by the manufacturer at the chip level. A practical solution to the problem is the introduction of differential mode gate resistance, either as lumped components, or by the use of polysilicon overlays.
Public information for the assessment of quality: a widespread social phenomenon

We propose that the use of public information about the quality of environmental resources, obtained by monitoring the sampling behaviour of others, may be a widespread social phenomenon allowing individuals to make faster, more accurate assessments of their environment. To demonstrate this (i) we define public information and distinguish it from other kinds of social information; (ii) we review empirical work demonstrating the benefits and costs of using public information to estimate food patch quality; (iii) we examine recent work showing that individuals may also be using public information to improve their estimates of the quality of such disparate environmental parameters as breeding patches, opponents and mates; and finally (iv) we suggest avenues of future work to better understand the nature of public information use and when it might be used or ignored. Such work should lead to a more complete understanding of the behaviour of individuals in social aggregations.
Photoluminescent supramolecular networks from metal-mediated assembly of polythia conjugated dieneyne

Polythia conjugated dieneyne 1,1,2,5,6,6-hexakis(phenyl-thio)-1,5-diene-3-yne and its one- and two-dimensional silver(I) coordination polymers, which exhibited fluorescence and redox properties, were prepared and investigated.
Treatment of Crohn's Disease with Azathioprine: A Controlled Evaluation

To determine whether azathioprine is an effective drug in the treatment of Crohn's disease a double-blind study was performed. Twenty-seven patients with involvement of either small or large intestine or both were randomized to either a treatment group (azathioprine 3 mg per kg of body weight) or a placebo group for 4 months. During the subsequent 4-month period, the treatment schedule of the two groups was reversed. Although some patients improved dramatically on azathioprine, others improved during the placebo period. This study does not provide evidence to support the effectiveness of azathioprine in the treatment of Crohn's disease.
Tacit definitions of informal caregiving.

Tacit definitions of informal caregiving Aims of the study: This study describes three tacit definitions of informal caregiving and explores the extent to which differences in these tacit definitions explain variation in caregivers’ negative mood over time. Background/Rationale: There is a growing need to understand the sources of stress and gratification for informal caregivers. Tacit definitions of informal caregiving refer to caregivers’ understanding of what caregiving entails. These definitions are tacit because they arise from caregivers’ taken-for-granted understanding rather than formally articulated positions concerning caregiving. Design/Methods: A random sample of 60 men, all of whom were caregiving partners of men with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), was drawn from a larger cohort of 253 participants in the University of California San Francisco (UCSF) Coping Project (1990–1997). The caregivers were assessed bimonthly for 2 years with procedures that included a semi-structured interview focusing on a recent stressful event involving caregiving, and quantitative measures of well-being. Results/Findings: Interpretive phenomenological case studies of the narrative accounts of the 60 caregivers produced three tacit definitions of caregiving – engagement, conflict and distance. These three tacit definitions were distinguished by differences in learning about caregiving, involvement in health care decisions, caregiving activities and reported sources of stress. The three groups differed on measures of dyadic adjustment, depression, anger and anxiety. Conclusions: Better understanding of caregivers’ tacit definitions can facilitate and enhance effective support and interventions for caregivers.