cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proposed chemical mechanisms leading to secondary organic aerosol in the reactions of aliphatic amines with hydroxyl and nitrate radicals

Abstract The presence and importance of amines in the atmosphere, including aliphatic amines, continues to gain more attention. The atmospheric reaction mechanisms of these amines with key atmospheric radicals are important to predict both daytime and nighttime atmospheric chemistry. While previous studies have focused on the production of amine salts, this analysis looks at the importance of peroxy radical reactions to the formation of secondary organic aerosol. Atmospheric oxidation mechanisms are presented to explain the observed chemistry. A series of environmental chamber experiments were conducted in which aliphatic tertiary and secondary amines were reacted with either hydroxyl radical (OH) or nitrate radical (NO3). Chemical composition of the aerosol products was obtained with a High Resolution Time of Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) and a Particle Into Liquid Sampler Time of Flight Mass Spectrometer (PILS-ToF-MS), while the chemical composition of the gas-phase products was obtained with a Selected Ion Flow Tube Mass Spectrometer (SIFT-MS). A number of aerosol-phase mass spectra showed highly oxidized fragments at a much higher molecular weight (MW) than the amine precursor. It is proposed that these larger compounds are oligomers formed through peroxy radical reactions with hydrogen rearrangement. Another reaction pathway observed was the formation of amine salts. The relative importance of each pathway to the overall production of aerosol is found to be dependent on the type of amine and oxidant. For example, the oligomers were observed in the tertiary methyl amines, while the formation of amine salts was more prevalent in the secondary and tertiary ethyl amines.
Changes in pigment concentrations associated with sunburn browning of five apple cultivars. I. Chlorophylls and carotenoids

Peel disks were taken from the sunburned area (SB-2), the area around the sunburned area (halo), the area around the halo (OH), and the center of the sun-exposed side of non-sunburned (NB) ‘Fuji’, ‘Gala’, ‘Delicious’, ‘Golden Delicious’, and ‘Granny Smith’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh). Chlorophyll a and b concentrations in SB-2 peels of all five cultivars were generally significantly (P � 0.05) lower than those in the halo, OH and NB peels. Significantly higher concentrations of b-carotene, violaxanthin, and antheraxanthin were observed in ‘Fuji’ and ‘Delicious’ SB-2 peel as compared to OH and NB peels. Lower concentrations of b-carotene and L were observed in ‘Granny Smith’ SB-2 and halo peels than in OH and NB peels, with no differences observed in violaxanthin and antheraxanthin concentrations. The results indicate uniform changes in chlorophyll concentrations as a result of sunburn, while changes in carotenoid concentration are cultivar specific.
Lichen sclerosus in a breast cancer survivor

We thank Dr. Vieira-Baptista for his letter, which underscores one key point made in our clinical vignette: more research about the causes and management of lichen sclerosus is necessary. Lichen sclerosus can be insidious or aggressive;1 therefore, we disagree with the assertion that our patient’s disease must have been present prior to the initiation of the aromatase inhibitor. We do not believe that Dr. Vieira-Baptista’s arguments contradict our suggestion that women may be more susceptible to developing lichen sclerosus in exaggerated hypoestrogenic states, as seen with aromatase inhibitors. The bimodal distribution of the disease (in prepubescent and post-menopausal women) actually corroborates the possibility of association, as estrogen levels will be low in both of these groups. We agree that lichen sclerosus, once established, does not respond to administration of exogenous estrogen (hormone replacement therapy) in postmenopausal women, as we reported in our article. It is therefore not surprising that lichen sclerosus symptoms are also not ameliorated by endogenous estrogen increases seen during pregnancy, menstrual cycle fluctuations, and puberty. However, these observations do not refute the idea that hypoestrogenemia is associated with initial development of the disease; in fact, epidemiological research recently published by Drexel University continues to support this association.2 That said, it was not our intention to assert that hypoestrogenemia is the only risk factor for the development of lichen sclerosus. We maintain that the causes of lichen sclerosus are not well understood, and several risk factors have been associated with it, including autoimmunity. Our clinical experience and anecdotal observations of peers suggest an increased incidence in women taking aromatase inhibitors, and we chose our case to present this hypothesis. We hope that more research will be conducted to determine the validity of this theory. It is possible that aromatase inhibitors contribute to the development of lichen sclerosus via an unknown mechanism unrelated to hypoestrogenemia. It is also possible that hypoestrogenemia is a confounding risk factor contributing to some of the other causes mentioned both in our article and in Dr. Vieira-Baptista’s letter. Our intention in the publication of this article was to generate discussion about lichen sclerosus and to encourage additional research on its causes and treatments. We maintain, until further research is published, that patients prescribed aromatase inhibitors should undergo annual vulvo-vaginal examinations to rule out lichen sclerosus and other hypoestrogen-related problems.
Expression and in vitro evaluation of rhesus macaque wild type (wt) and modified CC chemokines

Several human CC chemokines have been shown to inhibit HIV/ SIV infection in vitro, providing the rationale for their potential use in vivo. However, because of their inherent physiological effect, such chemokines are reasoned to be of limited therapeutic value due to potential side effects. The knowledge that amino terminus modified or deleted human RANTES retains its receptor binding properties but loses its signaling properties has provided a means to use such modified chemokines in vivo for possible therapeutic benefits. In efforts to test the efficacy of such modified chemokines, our laboratory has cloned, sequenced, and prepared recombinant forms of wild-type (wt) and amino-terminus modified rhesus macaque chemokines MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta, and RANTES. These sets of chemokines were tested for their potential to inhibit SIV infection and induce signaling. The data showed that whereas wt chemokines retained both virus inhibitory and signaling functions, corresponding amino-terminus modified chemokines only showed virus inhibitory effects without detectable signaling effects. Such reagents will be valuable for evaluation of their therapeutic potential in vivo, either alone or as adjuncts to other chemotherapeutic drugs.
On Value Premium, Part II: The Explanations

Much academic work has been done to prove that value premium exists. The center of debate however, lies on the reason for its existence. This paper will be a survey on different explanations to the existence of value premium which includes risk premium for value stocks, judgmental bias and agency costs, data mining, survivorship bias and company size’s premium. Among all, judgmental bias and agency costs comes out to be the one suffered from least counter-arguments.
Disposition of melamine residues in blood and milk from dairy goats exposed to an oral bolus of melamine.

There have been numerous reports of melamine-related illnesses following oral exposure to this contaminant. These studies have been in monogastrics, but there are few reports of adverse effects and pharmacokinetics of melamine in ruminants. The purpose of this project was to determine how melamine is systemically cleared from the blood and milk in lactating animals. Five lactating goats were given a single oral dose of 40 mg/kg body weight. Milk and blood samples were collected for 144 h and analyzed to determine key pharmacokinetic parameters. The apparent plasma half-life (11.12 h) was 3 times longer in these ruminants than that reported in monogastrics and the apparent volume of distribution was more than 6 times greater than that reported in monogastrics. The milk had an apparent half-life of 9.44 h and less than 0.4% of the melamine dose was eliminated in milk. All milk samples were below the LOQ at 4 days (96 h) after exposure. In summary, the pharmacokinetics of melamine in ruminants is not predictive from monogastrics and milk from similarly exposed animals should be condemned for at least 4 days after the last exposure to avoid violation of proposed MRLs or safe levels for milk.
Perspectives on the Role of Educational Technologies

Educational technologies and software hold tremendous potential for improving the process of teaching and learning through, for example, delivering information, facilitating communication, and promoting certain aspects of cognition. While this paper discusses these, its overall aim is to view the larger picture of what educational technologies can and cannot do. It begins by noting the overall aims of higher education and posing the question: What part can educational technologies play in achieving these goals? The paper summarizes Perkins' five facets of any learning environment in order to provide a framework for evaluating educational technologies and to reveal that most technologies provide only part of the total learning environment. Specifically, the “task manager” facet plays the most important role in achieving the aims of education, but it is difficult to create software with meaningful task management capability.
Self-referenced fiber optic sensor performance for microdisplacement measurement

The performance of a self-referenced fiber sensor is analyzed. The theoretical limits of its performance are identified.
Effects of visualization and Danjeon breathing on target shooting with an air pistol.

This investigation was conducted to assess which technique, visualization, Danjeon breathing, or a combination of these, would be most effective in enhancing target shooting with an air pistol. 48 ...
Safety and efficacy of extended-release guaifenesin/pseudoephedrine hydrochloride for adjunctive symptom relief of acute respiratory infections.

Practice PearlExtended-release oral guaifenesin/ pseudoephedrine shortened the time to relief and improved respiratory symptoms better than placebo
Real national price levels: An empirical reassessment

Abstract The analytical relationship between the national price level (PL) and the nontradable/tradable price-level ratio (P) can be used to compute a vector of Ps which can serve as the dependent variable in econometric analysis of PL. This method avoids problems of simultaneity that are introduced by including the share of nontradables in PL regressions. Empirical results support the conventional view that per capita real income is the most important determinant of PL.
The amygdala and emotional modulation of competition between cognitive and habit memory.

Abstract The basolateral amygdala (BLA) is implicated in the neurobiology of emotion, and can also modulate the cognitive and habit memory processes mediated by the hippocampus and dorsal striatum, respectively. In a dual-solution task that can be acquired using either hippocampus-dependent or dorsal striatal-dependent learning, peripheral or intra-BLA infusion of the anxiogenic α2-adrenoreceptor antagonist RS 79948 biases rats towards the use of habit learning. In view of evidence that anxiety can promote relapse into habitual and maladaptive human behaviors, understanding the mechanism(s) by which emotional arousal can influence the relative use of multiple memory systems may prove clinically relevant. Therefore, the present experiments examined whether intra-BLA infusions of RS 79948 bias rats towards the use of habit learning directly by enhancing dorsal striatal function, or indirectly by impairing hippocampal function. Adult male Long–Evans rats were trained in one of two single-solution water plus-maze tasks. One version required the use of hippocampus-dependent “place” learning. A second version required the use of dorsal striatal-dependent “response” learning, and hippocampal mnemonic processes have been shown to interfere with acquisition of this task. Post-training intra-BLA infusions of RS 79948 (1.0 μg/0.5 μl) impaired acquisition of place learning. In contrast, intra-BLA infusions of RS 79948 enhanced response learning. Intra-BLA infusion of RS 79948 also produced an anxiogenic behavioral profile in an elevated plus-maze at the same dose (1.0 μg) that differentially influenced place and response learning. The findings suggest that intra-BLA infusion of an anxiogenic drug can influence the use of multiple memory systems by impairing hippocampus-dependent learning, thereby releasing habit memory from competing and/or inhibitory influences of cognitive memory.
Production of Lyman- α radiation in collisions of protons and hydrogen atoms

The cross sections for Lyman-$\ensuremath{\alpha}$ production by the processes ${\mathrm{H}}^{+} (or {\mathrm{D}}^{+})+\mathrm{H}(1S)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{H}}^{+} (or {\mathrm{D}}^{+})+\mathrm{H}(2P)$ (direct excitation) and ${\mathrm{H}}^{+} (or {\mathrm{D}}^{+})+\mathrm{H}(1S)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{H}(2P) [\mathrm{or}\mathrm{D}(2P)]+{\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ (charge transfer) have been measured over the energy range 0.75-29 keV using a modulated cross-beam technique with liquid-helium cryopumping. Signals from the direct excitation and the charge transfer were separated by a Doppler-shift technique. The absolute cross sections were assigned by comparison with excitation of Lyman-$\ensuremath{\alpha}$ on electron impact. For direct excitation, general agreement in shape with the data of Stebbings et al. and of Morgan, Geddes, and Gilbody was found except for structure at 1.3 keV. The pseudostate calculations of Cheshire, Gallaher, and Taylor predicted the present experimental points well. For charge transfer, our results agree with those of Morgan, Geddes, and Gilbody at energies higher than 11 keV and have similarity in shape to the work of Stebbings et al. A peak appeared in our cross-section curve at the energies around 1.7 keV. Acceptable agreement with the pseudostate calculations was found up to the maximum energy except for the appearance of the peak at 1.7 keV.
South Carolina Scalawags

HYMAN RUBIN III Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2006 Pp. 192, $29.95 (hbk), ISBN 987 1 57003 625 5 Hyman Rubin's South Carolina Scalawags seeks to demonstrate the importance of native...
Parameter Screening in Statistical Dynamic Computer Model Calibration Using Global Sensitivities

Computer, or simulation, models are ubiquitous in science and engineering. Two research topics in building computer models, generally treated separately, are sensitivity analysis and computer model calibration. In sensitivity analysis, one quantifies the effect of each input factor on outputs, whereas in calibration, one finds the values of input factors that provide the best match to a set of test data. In this article, we show a connection between these two seemingly separate concepts for problems with transient signals. We use global sensitivity analysis for computer models with transient signals to screen out inactive input factors, thus making the calibration algorithm numerically more stable. We show that the computer model does not vary with respect to parameters having zero total sensitivity indices, indicating that such parameters are impossible to calibrate and must be screened out. Because the computer model can be computationally intensive, we construct a fast statistical surrogate of the computer model which is used for both sensitivity analysis and computer model calibration. We illustrate our approach with both a simple example and an automotive application involving a road load data acquisition (RLDA) computer model.
Trp repressor protein is capable of intruding into other amino acid biosynthetic systems

Escherichia coli strains with elevated intracellular levels of Trp repressor protein displayed complete growth inhibition on minimal media which contained high levels of tryptophan. The inhibition was attributable to the acquisition of a compound nutritional requirement, which could be satisfied by a combination of isoleucine, leucine, valine, threonine, serine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine. It is proposed that Trp repressor protein, at elevated levels, represses the transcription of those genes which encode enzymes for the biosynthesis of these particular amino acids. Data which support this model are presented, together with a discussion of its regulatory implications.
On Bounding Moments from Grouped Data

Abstract This article derives bounds on a wide class of moments of the underlying distribution from data grouped in intervals when the mean of each group is given. The extremal distributions are constructed yielding the upper and lower bounds to moments of the form ∫h(x)dF(x), where h(x) is convex and F(x) is concave. To illustrate the results, bounds on the variance and Gini index are presented for two theoretical distributions.
Exponential factor optimization in characteristic function method for electrically charged particles

In this work, the simplest basis function on hyperspherical coordinates with an optimization parameter is used to construct the characteristic function for a system of electrically charged particles. The first three coefficients of the serial expansion of the characteristic function in powers of eigenvalue parameter are evaluated in terms of well-known functions. The construction of a Pade table for this expansion with the aid of these coefficients, a theoretical discussion, the optimization of the exponential parameter, evaluation of ground state energies for certain systems, and finally comparison of accuracy increments due to optimization for several systems complete the work.
Stress, Coping, and Depression Among Japanese American Elders

Abstract This study examines the correlates of depression among Japanese American elders among 131 community-dwelling Japanese American elders aged 60 years or older. Predictors of depression were examined from a stress and coping framework. Depression was measured using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Close to 20% of the respondents were mildly depressed. Multiple regression analyses revealed that health, fear of dependency on family, number of close friends, and availability of emotional support were associated with depression. Previous studies indicate that traditional Japanese values of interdependence facilitate dependency on family among Japanese American elders. The findings of this study, however, suggest that the prospect of becoming dependent on family is a source of distress in this population. Culturally appropriate ways for social workers to address fear of dependency among Japanese American elders are presented.
Finite-deformation crack in an infinite body under anti-plane simple shear☆

Abstract The anti-plane shear crack problem in an infinite body is studied within the context of finite-deformation elastostatics. The governing equations are found to be identical to those of certain previously studied small strain plastic problems under anti-plane shear. For a particular strain energy function, an exact solution of the problem is obtained through use of results in the literature.
Ankyloglossia: controversies in management.

Abstract Purpose: To determine current beliefs regarding ankyloglossia and its treatment. Design: Anonymous written survey. Participants: Otolaryngologists (OTO, n=423), pediatricians (PD, n=425), speech pathologists (SP, n=400), and lactation consultants (LC, n=350) were randomly selected from professional membership lists, with a response rate of 209 (49%), 235 (55%), 150 (37.5%), and 203 (58%), respectively. Clinical findings: Sixty-nine percent of LCs, but a minority of physician respondents, believe tongue-tie is frequently associated with feeding problems. Sixty percent of OTOs, 50% of SPs, but only 23% of PDs believe tongue-tie is at least sometimes associated with speech difficulties. Sixty-seven percent of OTOs versus 21% of PDs believe tongue-tie is at least sometimes associated with social/mechanical issues. Surgery is recommended at least sometimes for feeding, speech, and social/mechanical issues by 53, 74, and 69% of OTOs, respectively, but by only 21%, 29%, and 19% of PDs. Conclusion: The significance of ankyloglossia in children remains controversial, both within, and between, specialty groups.
S. POMBE GENE REGULATORY NETWORK INFERENCE USING THE FUZZY LOGIC NETWORK

In this paper, we first study the stability and convergence property of fuzzy logic networks (FLN). A random approach is adopted to simulate the convergence speed and steady-state properties based on four fuzzy logical functions. The simulation results show that MV logical function causes the system to be on the edge of chaos when the number of nodes increases. Thus this logical function is more useful to infer real complex networks, such as gene regulatory networks. Then, a novel gene regulatory network inference algorithm based on the FLN theory is proposed and tested. The algorithm uses fuzzy logical functions to model gene regulatory relationships, and the degrees of regulations are represented as the length of accumulated distances during a period of time intervals. Based on the assumption that the distribution of connectivity in yeast protein-protein networks follows the Zipf's law, the criteria for algorithm parameter quantifications are deduced. One unique feature of this algorithm is that it makes limited a priori assumptions concerning the modeling; hence the algorithm is categorized as a data-driven algorithm. The algorithm was applied to the S. pombe time-series dataset and 407 cell cycle regulated genes were used. The algorithm inferred 59 functionally verified regulations, 47 regulations involving genes with unknown functions, and 19 dubious regulations. The 125 regulatory pairs involve 108 genes, and the average connectivity of the inferred network, 1.157, confirms the Zipf's law.
Distal Placement of an End-to-Side Bypass Graft Anastomosis: A 3-D Computational Study

A three-dimensional (3-D) computational fluid dynamics study of shear rates around distal end-to-side anastomoses has been conducted. Three 51% and three 75% cross-sectional area reduced 6 mm cylinders were modeled each with a bypass cylinder attached at a 30 degree angle at different placements distal to the constriction. Steady, incompressible, Newtonian blood flow was assumed, and the full Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations and turbulent kinetic energy and specific dissipation rate equations were solved on a locally structured multi-block mesh with hexahedral elements. Consequently, distal placement of an end-to-side bypass graft anastomosis was found to have an influence on the shear rate magnitudes. For the 75% constriction, closer placements produced lower shear rates near the anastomosis. Hence, there is potential for new plaque formation and graft failure.© 2005 ASME
Transient electroluminescence determination of carrier mobility and charge trapping effects in heavily doped phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes

Abstract Transient electroluminescence (EL) was used to measure the delay between the excitation pulse and onset of emission in OLEDs based on phosphorescent bis[3,5-bis(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazolato] platinum(ΙΙ) doped into 4,4′-bis(carbazol-9-yl) triphenylamine (CBP), from which an electron mobility of 3.2 × 10−6 cm2/V s was approximated. Delayed recombination was observed after the drive pulse had been removed and based on its dependence on frequency and duty cycle, ascribed to trapping and de-trapping processes associated with disorder-induced carrier localization at the interface between the emissive layer and electron blocker. The data suggests that the exciton recombination zone is at, or close to the interface between the emissive layer and electron blocker. Despite the charge trapping effects, a peak power efficiency of 24 lm/W and peak external quantum efficiency of 10.64% were obtained. Mechanisms for the electroluminescence and delayed recombination are proposed.
On the structure and circulation of the polar thermosphere under magnetically quiet conditions

A theoretical study of the thermospheric circulation and composition at polar latitudes is presented. It is suggested that the observed motions and density perturbations in N2, O and He can be understood in terms of electric field momentum coupling, Joule heating, and interactions between these two processes. It is found that the vortex type double cell polar circulation is primarily driven by collisional momentum transfer from electric field induced ion convection. Because of the thermospheric low pass filter, a large time independent component is produced by Joule heating. Due to wind induced diffusion, the N2 is concentrated where the O and He are depleted and vice versa. The electric field driven vortex circulation redistributes the mass and energy in the time independent density and temperature variations, producing primarily diurnal variations in the temperature and composition near the pole and at auroral latitudes.
Platelets trigger endothelial exocytosis

Comment on Dole et al, page [2334][1] Dole and colleagues report that activated platelets stimulate endothelial secretion of Weibel-Palade bodies, causing leukocyte rolling in vivo. This discovery strengthens the connection between thrombosis and vascular inflammation. Do platelets play a
URINARY CITRATE ANALYSIS BY CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS

Urinary citrate is a potent inhibitor of calcium oxalate stone formation. A capillary electrophoresis method is described for the analysis of this compound. Urine was diluted in acid in the presence of an internal standard, malonic acid, and separated in a phosphate buffer 90 mmol/L, pH 6.7, for 10 min at 12.5 kV. Citrate had a migration time of about 8.5 min. The detection at 185 nm was about 7 times more sensitive than that at 214 nm. The coefficient of variance based on the internal standard was about 2%. The method was compared to an enzymatic method and a correlation coefficient of 0.97 was observed. Both methods have some advantages as well as disadvantages.
Status of the segmental innervation in thyrotoxic periodic paralysis.

Abstract Reduced function was found in muscle but motor neuron excitability, peripheral nerve function and neuromuscular transmission seemed to be normal during an induced attack of periodic paralysis in a patient with thyrotoxicosis. The segmental innervation is probably not affected in thyrotoxic periodic paralysis and the same conclusion can be inferred for the upper motor supply. If a diencephalic factor exists, it does not seem to be mediated by neural pathways.
Calcium channel blocker-induced gingival enlargement.

Despite the popularity and wide acceptance of the calcium channel blockers (CCBs) by the medical community, their oral impact is rarely recognized or discussed. CCBs, as a group, have been frequently implicated as an etiologic factor for a common oral condition seen among patients seeking dental care: drug-induced gingival enlargement or overgrowth. This enlargement can be localized or generalized, and can range from mild to extremely severe, affecting patient’s appearance and function. Treatment options for these patients include cessation of the offending drug and substitution with another class of antihypertensive medication to prevent recurrence of the lesions. In addition, depending on the severity of the gingival overgrowth, nonsurgical and surgical periodontal therapy may be required. The overall objective of this article is to review the etiology and known risk factors of these lesions, their clinical manifestations and periodontal management.
Glide of threading edge dislocations after basal plane dislocation conversion during 4H–SiC epitaxial growth

Abstract Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and KOH etching were used to analyze the motion of dislocations after the conversion of basal plane dislocations (BPDs) to threading edge dislocations (TEDs) during 4H–SiC epitaxy. The locations of TED etch pits on the epilayer surface were shifted compared to the original locations of BPD etch pits on the substrate surface. The shift of the TED etch pits was mostly along the BPD line directions towards the up-step direction. For converted screw type BPDs, the conversion points were located below the substrate/epilayer interface. The shift distances in the step-flow direction were proportional to the depths of the BPD–TED conversion points below the substrate/epilayer interface. For converted mixed type BPDs, the conversion points were exactly at the interface. Through TEM analysis, it was concluded that the dislocation shift is caused by a combined effect of H2 etching prior to growth and glide of the threading segments during high temperature epitaxy. The TED glide is only possible for converted pure screw type BPDs and could present a viable means for eliminating BPDs from the epilayer during growth by moving the conversion point below the substrate/epilayer interface.
Determining the optimum grid-connected photovoltaic inverter size

Abstract This paper discusses the practical factors that may influence the inverter sizing strategy. Effects of various factors are studied separately by isolating parameters in the simulations. These factors include irradiance and temperature conditions of the photovoltaic (PV) installation location, PV incentives, electricity rates, and inverter intrinsic parameters such as overload protection schemes and efficiency curves. Specifically, examples of nine different geographic locations in the US are simulated and discussed with realistic parameters to show that the optimum inverter size varies notably by location and context.
Problematic Methods in the Assessment of Scholarly Productivity in Clinical PhD Programs

We review the methods in the ranking of clinical psychology doctoral programs provided by Stewart, Roberts, and Roy (2007). Using our own program as an example, we identify several areas of concern (e.g., authorship credits, criteria applied, faculty attrition). The inaccuracies identified for our program ranking, in combination with methodological concerns highlighted by previous commentaries, suggest that the validity of the rankings can be called into question.
POSSIBLE SOURCE MECHANISM FOR LOW-ENERGY GALACTIC ELECTRONS

Low energy galactic electrons attributed to knock- on collisions of primary nuclear beam with interstellar gas
Canal Town Boys: Poor White Males and Domestic Violence

In this research, I contend that domestic violence is thoroughly embedded in the lives of a group of poor, white, middle school males living in an urban section of the postindustrial Northeast. The scope of the investigation spans one year of observation and interviews with 18 poor youth as they went about their days—at their bilingual school, on neighborhood streets, and in the local community center. By not disrupting the violent attitudes and tendencies expressed among those boys, I argue, the institutions around which their lives were patterned become implicated in the normalization of abusive behavior.
Thinking aloud: Telling a story about a story

In this commentary, we provide a rationale for the use of verbal protocols in the study of discourse processing. We argue that readers do not provide a veridical report of their underlying mental processes when they “think aloud” during text comprehension. Rather, they construct a text representation and then use it to “tell a story” about their understanding. This story reveals important information about the processes involved in text comprehension as well as those involved in constructing a message to be understood in a context shared by the speaker and listener. We describe how this view leads to interesting hypotheses about (a) inferential processing during comprehension, (b) individual differences in comprehension performance, and (c) the processes involved in conversational discourse and storytelling.
Ultrasonic assessment of rough surface contact between solids from elastoplastic loading–unloading hysteresis cycle

Abstract An ultrasonic method to characterize the elastoplastic contact between two rough surfaces is presented. Ultrasonic experiments are performed on three different interfaces formed by aluminum surfaces with different levels of roughness. The frequency-dependent ultrasonic reflection coefficient from the interface is measured during loading and unloading cycles as a function of pressure, from which the ultrasonic interfacial contact stiffness is reconstructed by the least-squares inversion procedure. It is shown that one should distinguish between the ultrasonic (dynamic) interfacial stiffness and static interfacial stiffness for rough surfaces in elastoplastic contact (they are identical for purely elastic contact). It is shown that ultrasonic stiffness is associated with local unloading stiffness. An elastoplastic micromechanical model is used to describe the plasticity-induced hysteresis in the ultrasonically measured interfacial stiffness during loading–unloading cycles. The topographic parameters of the interface contact are reconstructed by matching the model-predicted results with the experimentally determined ultrasonic stiffness. Using these parameters the real area of contact, which is not directly measurable, is predicted during loading–unloading cycles using the model.
Perceptions and risk factors for lameness on organic and small conventional dairy farms

Lameness is an important multifactorial disease that affects dairy cattle on both organic (ORG) and conventional (CON) farms. The objective of this study was to characterize perception of lameness and identify risk factors for lameness prevalence on ORG and similarly-sized CON farms. Dairy herds (n=292) were enrolled across 3 states (NY, OR, WI), with CON herds enrolled based on similar herd size and location of ORG herds. During a single herd visit, information was collected about management practices and lameness events occurring in the previous 60 d, and paperwork was left to record lameness events during the 60 d after the visit. During the herd visit, study personnel scored cows for body condition, lameness, and hock condition. For analysis, CON herds were further divided into CON grazing and CON nongrazing. A Poisson regression model was used to assess risk factors for prevalence of cows scored lame. On these relatively small, lower producing farms, the prevalence of lameness in cows scored by study personnel was less than previously reported for larger, higher producing dairy herds located in the United States. Prevalence of lameness was weakly and positively correlated with the rate of lameness calculated using farmer records. Researchers observed lame cows on some farms where farmers perceived that lameness never occurred. An increased prevalence of cows scored lame by study personnel was associated with an increased prevalence of hock lesions, use of CON nongrazing management, and routine use of a footbath. Multiple strategies may be used to manage lameness on farms, including increasing farmer perception of lameness and reduction in exposure of cows to risk factors that contribute to development of lameness.
Microprogramming, emulators and programming languages

The problem we have been concerned with is that of converting language to action—or intellectual energy to mechanical energy. The medium that we use for this purpose is language and therefore we are preoccupied with the subject of language. In the areas of language investigation we have concentrated first on formalizing syntax and then on semantics. I believe semantics has received an unfair share of the energy of too many people—mainly misdirected to trying to reduce semantics to an algebraic manipulation of symbols, without enough attention to reality. By reality I mean the devices or mechanisms which are going to use these symbols. We have been overly concerned with what the symbols mean to one class of users, namely, the human or the senders of the symbols, without sufficient concern about the receivers of the symbols, in this case the machines.
Comparison of Haloperidol and Chlorpromazine in the Treatment of Phencyclidine Psychosis

Phencyclidine (PCP) is a widely abused drug inducing a psychosis relieved by such dopamine antagonists as the neuroleptics. In the current study we compared two neuroleptics which act at different dopamine receptor sites. Haloperidol, a DA-2 receptor antagonist, and chlorpromazine, a DA-1 antagonist, were used to treat a total of 20 patients who experienced a phencyclidine psychosis. Ten patients each received two doses of one or the other neuroleptic on an alternating basis. Haloperidol 5 mg i.m. was shown to be superior to chlorpromazine 50 mg i.m. in relieving all signs of psychosis. The authors hypothesize that the DA-2 receptor is site-specific for PCP.
Arthroscopy for failed shoulder arthroplasty.

Purpose: It was the purpose of this study to describe the specifics of technique and results of arthroscopic evaluation and treatment of failed shoulder arthroplasties in 10 patients with early and late complications of shoulder arthroplasty. Type of Study: Case series. Materials and Methods: Ten patients (2 bilateral) underwent 13 arthroscopies after poor results following shoulder arthroplasty. The arthroscopic diagnoses ranged from rotator cuff tears in 5 shoulders, fibrosis and scarring of the long head of the biceps in 5 shoulders, impingement and biceps tendinitis in 1 shoulder, and capsular contracture in 1 shoulder. We performed 4 mini-open rotator cuff repairs, 1 open rotator cuff repair with revision of the humeral component, 5 arthroscopic debridements of the long head of the biceps, 2 arthroscopic decompressions with biceps tenodesis, and 1 arthroscopic capsular release. Results: Before arthroscopy, the preoperative Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) scores were 6 fair and 6 poor. At latest follow-up, there were 3 excellent, 4 good, and 5 fair results. There was a statistically significant improvement in HSS scores and range of motion for all patients in this study. All patients were satisfied with the results of the procedure. There were no infections or wound problems and neurovascular status was unaltered after arthroscopy. There was 1 intraoperative complication, a periprosthetic humerus fracture after manipulation in an osteoporotic woman with rheumatoid arthritis. Conclusion: Arthroscopy proved to be a reliable diagnostic and therapeutic tool in dealing with some of the postoperative complications encountered both early and late after shoulder arthroplasty. Careful attention to surgical technique, including use of blunt trocars, traction, and intraoperative prophylactic antibiotics, can minimize complications of arthroscopy in this setting.
Educational semiotic: Threat or menace?

In Donald Cunningham's article for this issue ofEducational Psychology Review, he assumes that there is a need for an educational semiotic. In this paper, I examine that implicit assumption. Upon investigation, I conclude that an educational semiotic is necessary to help develop an inquiry of understanding to complement the current inquiry of knowledge. This inquiry of understanding builds upon the fundamental ideas of both Saussure and Peirce. I conclude by considering an inquiry of understanding as a threat (or menace) to the status quo in educational research and by calling for a broad-based model of research that allows for the new and preserves the best of the old.
Family attitudes and self concept in Vietnamese and U. S. children.

Self concepts and attitoward the family on the part of two groups of children, one from Vietnam, the other from the United States, were sampled and compared. The sampling test called for the compl etion of 35 sentences tapping nine areas: father, mother, family, fri ends, fears, gui lt, abilities, goals and future. No specific hypotheses were formulated. Responses to each sen­ tence stem were examined and categories chosen that appeared most clearly to diffe rentiate the two groups of subjects. Both the tests and the differences be­ tween the two groups are discusse d.
FEA1, FEA2, and FRE1, encoding two homologous secreted proteins and a candidate ferrireductase, are expressed coordinately with FOX1 and FTR1 in iron-deficient Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

Previously, we had identified FOX1 and FTR1 as iron deficiency-inducible components of a high-affinity copper-dependent iron uptake pathway in Chlamydomonas. In this work, we survey the version 3.0 draft genome to identify a ferrireductase, FRE1, and two ZIP family proteins, IRT1 and IRT2, as candidate ferrous transporters based on their increased expression in iron-deficient versus iron-replete cells. In a parallel proteomic approach, we identified FEA1 and FEA2 as the major proteins secreted by iron-deficient Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The recovery of FEA1 and FEA2 from the medium of Chlamydomonas strain CC425 cultures is strictly correlated with iron nutrition status, and the accumulation of the corresponding mRNAs parallels that of the Chlamydomonas FOX1 and FTR1 mRNAs, although the magnitude of regulation is more dramatic for the FEA genes. Like the FOX1 and FTR1 genes, the FEA genes do not respond to copper, zinc, or manganese deficiency. The 5′ flanking untranscribed sequences from the FEA1, FTR1, and FOX1 genes confer iron deficiency-dependent expression of ARS2, suggesting that the iron assimilation pathway is under transcriptional control by iron nutrition. Genetic analysis suggests that the secreted proteins FEA1 and FEA2 facilitate high-affinity iron uptake, perhaps by concentrating iron in the vicinity of the cell. Homologues of FEA1 and FRE1 were identified previously as high-CO2-responsive genes, HCR1 and HCR2, in Chlorococcum littorale, suggesting that components of the iron assimilation pathway are responsive to carbon nutrition. These iron response components are placed in a proposed iron assimilation pathway for Chlamydomonas.
Evaluating the biodegradability of sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfathiazole, and trimethoprim at different stages of sewage treatment

The aerobic biodegradability of four antimicrobials (sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfathiazole, and trimethoprim) was investigated in sewage collected at four treatment stages (primary treatment, activated sludge treatment, aerobic nitrification process, and after disinfection of treated sewage) of a municipal sewage treatment plant. The biodegradability tests were conducted in aerated batch reactors by spiking the sewage with 20 microg/L of each of the test substance. Concentration profiles of the assayed compounds were monitored during a 54-d period using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry. Substantial differences in the degradation curves were observed between trimethoprim and the three sulfonamides. The behavior of the latter was characterized by a general biodegradability in the primary and secondary treatment. The highest degradation rates were obtained in the sewage from the activated sludge treatment, where no adaptation phase was observed. On the other hand, the onset of biodegradation in the sewage from the primary treatment was preceded by a lag phase ranging from 10 to 15 d. In contrast, trimethoprim displayed high resistance to microbial degradation in the sewage from the primary treatment and the activated sludge treatment. However, primary degradation of this compound was completed within only 3 d in the sewage from the nitrification process.
Differential Participation Patterns of Adults of Low and High Educational Attainment

This study investigated the influence of selected positional and psychological factors on the adult education participation of adults of low educational attainment (less than 12 years of school ing) and high educational attainment (more than 12 years of schooling). Analysis of data from a survey conducted in Columbia County, Wisconsin, showed that participation among adults of low education (N = 274) was significantly related to age, employment status, income, family status, and withdrawing tendencies. Only the personality trait of social skills was significantly related to participation among adults of high education (N = 128). It was concluded that participation within high and low educational levels cannot be accounted for by a common set of factors. The existence of two broad motivational orientations towards par ticipation in adult education was suggested.
Estimating ancestral states of a communicative display: a comparative study of Cyclura rock iguanas

Abstract In this study we describe the signature headbob displays of seven of the eight extant species of Cyclura iguanas using data collected from the field and from captive animals. We used phylogenetic comparative methods to estimate the ancestral states of several measures of the headbob displays, including number of headbobs and the duration of headbobs and inter-bob pauses. Divergence in the headbob display among species has been substantial, with some major changes occurring within only a few (about six) generations. Otherwise, results are consistent with those obtained previously for other lizards which suggest that there is an evolutionary limit on the total duration of headbob displays. Differences in the results obtained using different phylogenetic methods suggest that although estimates of ancestral states are reasonably robust to violations of evolutionary assumptions, we cannot determine the standard errors of those ancestral phenotypes accurately without more detailed information about the types of forces (e.g. selection, drift) underlying evolutionary change in these traits. In particular, within-species variation had a substantial impact on the standard errors of estimated ancestral states, and should be included in such estimations whenever possible. Finally, our results emphasize the importance of conserving behavioural as well as genetic diversity in trying to preserve endangered species for possible reintroduction into the wild.
Licensing Effect in Consumer Choice

Abstract Most choices in the real world follow other choices or judgments. The authors show that a prior choice, which activates and boosts a positive self-concept, subsequently licenses the choice of a more self-indulgent option. The authors propose that licensing can operate by committing to a virtuous act in a preceding choice, which reduces negative self-attributions associated with the purchase of relative luxuries. Five studies demonstrate the proposed licensing effect of a prior commitment to a virtuous act on subsequent choice. Consistent with the authors' theory, the preference for an indulgent option diminishes if the licensing task is attributed to an external motivation. The authors also report a mediation analysis in support of their theoretical explanation that the licensing effect operates by providing a temporary boost in the relevant self-concept.
Energy Introspector: A parallel, composable framework for integrated power-reliability-thermal modeling for multicore architectures

Sustaining processor performance growth is challenged by physical limitations due to increased power and heat dissipations. Power and thermal management techniques combined with inherent workload dynamics create the spatiotemporal variations of power, temperature, and degradation in processors. As industry moves to smaller feature sizes, the performance will become increasingly dominated by the physics. The challenge is in understanding how the physics is manifested at the microarchitecture level. This requires the modeling and simulation environment that can capture multiple, distinct physical phenomena and their concurrent impact on the microarchitecture.