cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NEURAL NETWORK MODELS OF COGNITIVE MAPS

Neural networks - parallel systems consisting of highly interconnected simple neuron-like processing elements - have become a subject of intense interest to scientists spanning a broad range of disciplines including psychology, physics, mathematics, computer science, biology and neurobiology. A variety of connectionist or neural network models have been proposed, ranging from simplified models to more realistic models of learning, associative memory, and sensori-motor development. Neural networks hold a great promise in the field of spatial cognition since they are capable (in principle) of approximating any real valued function mapping, and have been used to solve complex problems in allied fields such as visual pattern analysis and robotic control. In addition, neural networks have biological relevance, a problem that has plagued the field of symbol processing Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems. Neural networks simulated based on known physiological and anatomical properties of the brain may reveal the process by which groups of neurons interacting according to some local rales undergo self-organization. This paper will examine specific problems in spatial cognition where neural networks have been used and have produced plausible models of spatial behavior. Neural networks have helped in understanding the types of computations that might be performed by the place cells in the hippocampus when the animal moves about and constructs an internal spatial representation. Other problems in spatial cognition such as recognizing places and locating goals further demonstrate the success of neural networks in this domain. A neural network model of route learning is proposed that can learn different routes in an environment and locate a goal given the route information.
Chromosomal abnormalities in Hodgkin's disease

Numerous neoplastic states have associated or causal cytogenetic abnormalities. In some cancers, specific chromosomal abnormalities appear to correlate with the clinical characteristics and prognosis. Cytogenetic analysis of Hodgkin's disease is thought to be technically difficult and only a small number of cases with evaluable results have been reported. We have attempted cytogenetic studies of lymph nodes from 37 patients with Hodgkin's disease. In 29 of the 37 patients (78%), successful chromosomal analysis was accomplished. Chromosomal abnormalities were found in 13 patients (45%); five of these patients had been previously treated with chemotherapy. Numerical changes were found in all patients, most commonly involving chromosomes 5, 9, 15, 18, 22, X, and marker chromosomes. Seven patients also had structural abnormalities. The breakpoints 4q32-34, 6q24, 12q13, 12q23-24, and 13p11-13 were each seen in at least two patients. All but two patients had an admixture of normal cells. Three patients had two or more clones, and one had subclones. No statistically significant correlations between chromosomal abnormalities and clinical characteristics were demonstrated, although the number of patients in each subgroup was small. We conclude that chromosomal studies of Hodgkin's disease are likely to be successful. Additional studies are needed to correlate the karyotypical abnormalities in Hodgkin's disease with clinical and biological characteristics.
Abstract TP548: Stent Retrievers as a Novel Treatment Tool for Refractory Cerebral Vasospasm

Introduction: Cerebral vasospasm commonly contributes to morbidity in patients who survive aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. When vasospasm becomes refractory to medical management, endovascular ...
Integrin-independent support of cancer drug resistance by tetraspanin CD151

Tetraspanin protein CD151 has typically been studied as binding partner and functional regulator of laminin-binding integrins. However, we show here that CD151 supports anti-cancer drug resistance independent of integrins. CD151 ablation sensitized multiple tumor cell types to several anti-cancer drugs (e.g., gefitinib and camptothecin), thus increasing apoptosis, as seen using cleaved caspase-3, cleaved PARP (poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase), annexin V, and propidium iodide staining assays. Drug sensitization due to CD151 ablation is integrin-independent, because, (1) effects occurred in cells when integrins were unengaged with ligand, (2) integrin ablation (α3 and α6 subunits) did not mimic effects of CD151 ablation, (3) the CD151QRD mutant, with diminished integrin association, and CD151WT (unmutated CD151) similarly reconstituted drug protection, and (4) treatment with anti-cancer drugs selectively upregulated intracellular nonintegrin-associated CD151 (NIA-CD151), consistent with its role in drug resistance. Together, these results suggest that upregulated CD151 expression may support not only typical integrin-dependent functions, but also integrin-independent survival of circulating (and possibly metastatic) cancer cells during anti-cancer drug therapy.
Micki: A python-based object-oriented microkinetic modeling code.

We have developed a flexible, general-purpose microkinetic modeling code, Micki, to analyze complex, heterogeneously catalyzed chemical reactions based upon first-principles calculations. This Python-based code is modular and object oriented, framing the development of microkinetic models in familiar chemical terms. We also present novel approaches, incorporated into Micki, to describe diffusion limited reactions, multidentate bindings, thermodynamically consistent lateral interactions, and Bronsted-Evans-Polanyi estimates of changes in barrier heights. Micki has built-in modules for subsequent analysis of microkinetic models, including degree of rate control and rate order. As a demonstration of the power and flexibility of the code, we build a microkinetic model for the water-gas shift reaction and compare to previously published experimental results and microkinetic models, showing that Micki can quantitatively reproduce experimental turnover frequencies with minimal empirical optimization.
Lung Cancer Screening CT: Sex-Specific Conversion Factors to Estimate Effective Radiation Dose From Dose-Length Product.

Background Effective dose (ED) is used to understand radiation-related cancer risk of CT scans. Currently, ED for low-dose CT (LDCT) lung cancer screening (LCS) is estimated by multiplying the CT scan-reported dose-length product (DLP) by a DLP-to-ED conversion factor (k-factor) for general chest CT imaging, which does not account for sex. The purpose of this study was to calculate sex-specific k-factors for LDCT LCS. Methods This retrospective study evaluated consecutive LCS patients across a large health system from 2016 to 2017. Patient and CT scan-related data were obtained from the radiology information system, the picture archiving and communication system, and a radiation dose index-monitoring system. Each patient’s ED was determined by patient-specific Monte-Carlo simulation using Cristy phantoms and divided by study DLP to determine the k-factor. The k-factors were compared vs the standard of 0.014 mSv·mGy⁻1·cm⁻1 for a chest CT scan by using a one-sample Student t test. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were performed for k-factors based on patient and CT scan factors. Results A total of 1,890 patients were included in the study. The mean k-factor for all patients was 0.0179 mSv·mGy⁻1·cm⁻1, which was 22% greater than the standard value of 0.014 mSv·mGy⁻1·cm⁻1 for a chest CT scan previously applied to LDCT imaging (P Conclusions The overall k-factor for LCS is higher than the previously used value for chest CT imaging; when stratified according to sex, it was 43% greater in women than in men. Sex- and LCS-specific k-factors should be used to estimate effective radiation dose in LCS programs.
Growth and remodeling of atrioventricular heart valves: A potential target for pharmacological treatment?

Abstract Atrioventricular heart valves, that is, the mitral valve and the tricuspid valve, play vital roles in our cardiovascular system. Disease of these valves is, therefore, a significant source of morbidity and mortality. Unfortunately, current treatment options are suboptimal with significant rates of failure. It was only recently that we have begun to appreciate that the atrioventricular heart valve leaflets are not just passive flaps, but actively (mal)adapting tissues. This discovery sheds new light on disease mechanisms and provides, thus, possible pathways to new treatments. In this current opinion piece, we examine the state of our knowledge about the (mal)adaptive mechanisms (physiological and pathological growth and remodeling) of the atrioventricular heart valves. Furthermore, we review the evidence that suggests that valve maladaptation may be a target for pharmacological treatment of diseased valves which, in the future, could transform clinical practice.
Application of synthetic auxin herbicides to suppress seed viability of Italian ryegrass (Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum) in tall fescue seed production

Italian ryegrass is one of the most troublesome weeds worldwide because of the rapid evolution of herbicide resistance in this species. Oregon tall fescue seed production requires high seed purity, demanding good control of Italian ryegrass. The necessity to control herbicide-resistant Italian ryegrass and maintain tall fescue seed purity created interest in new chemical management options. The objectives of this study were to assess the effects of synthetic auxin herbicides on seed viability of Italian ryegrass biotypes and the feasibility of this management strategy for use in tall fescue seed production. Eight treatments of synthetic auxin herbicides were applied to Italian ryegrass and tall fescue at two growth stages (boot and anthesis): dicamba (1.0 and 2.2 kg ae ha–1), 2,4-D (1.1 and 2.2 kg ae ha–1), aminopyralid (0.5 kg ae ha–1), dicamba + 2.4-D (0.8 + 1.1 kg ae ha–1), 2.4-D + clopyralid (1.1 + 0.3 kg ae ha–1), and halauxifen-methyl + florasulam (0.4 kg ae ha–1 + 0.4 kg ai ha–1). Aminopyralid applied at boot and anthesis stages of Italian ryegrass reduced seed viability. Aminopyralid treatments reduced seed viability and weight of Italian ryegrass more than 50% compared to the control. Four biotypes from different locations in western Oregon with different types of herbicide resistance were sprayed, and differences in aminopyralid effect among Italian ryegrass biotypes were documented. Aminopyralid reduced the speed of germination by 1 to 2 d. Aminopyralid treatments had a greater effect when applied at the anthesis stage and had a greater negative impact on tall fescue. Tall fescue plants were more susceptible to aminopyralid, so this management practice is not feasible for tall fescue seed production. Future studies are needed to understand the physiological mechanisms involved in the reduced seed viability and to define an optimum aminopyralid rate for different Italian ryegrass biotypes.Nomenclature: 2,4-D; aminopyralid; clopyralid; dicamba; florasulam; halauxifen-methyl; Italian ryegrass, Lolium perenne L. ssp. multiflorum (Lam.) Husnot; tall fescue, Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort
CHANGES IN RIGHT ATRIAL STRAIN FOLLOWING PULMONARY THROMBOENDARTERECTOMY IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC THROMBOEMBOLIC PULMONARY HYPERTENSION

Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy (PTE) is curative in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). The effects of PTE on right atrial (RA) strain (e) are not well studied. 23 patients with CTEPH enrolled in a registry prior to undergoing PTE had a transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) prior
The positive association between employment and self-reported mental health in the USA: a robust application of marginalized zero-inflated negative binomial regression (MZINB)

BACKGROUND Few studies have assessed the impact of employment on mental health among chronically ill patients. This study investigated the association between employment and self-reported mental unhealthy days among US adults. METHODS For this cross-sectional cohort study, we pooled 2011-2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) survey data. We examined the association between employment and mental health in nine self-reported chronic conditions using marginalized zero-inflated negative binomial regression (MZINB). All analyses were conducted using SAS statistical software 9.4. RESULTS Respondents (weighted n = 245 319 917) were mostly white (77.16%), aged 18-64 (78.31%) and employed (57.08%). Approximately 10% of respondents reported one chronic condition. Expected relative risk of mental unhealthy days was highest for employed respondents living with arthritis (RR = 1.70, 95% CI = [1.66, 1.74]), COPD (RR = 1.45, 95% CI = [1.41, 1.49]) and stroke (RR = 1.31, 95% CI = [1.25, 1.36]) compared to unemployed respondents. Employed males had 25% lower risk of self-reported mental unhealthy days compared to females. CONCLUSIONS Results show the interactive effects of employment on self-reported mental health. Employment may significantly impact on self-reported mental health among patients suffering from chronic conditions than those without chronic conditions.
A pragmatic randomized trial of cardiopulmonary resuscitation training for families of cardiac patients before hospital discharge using a mobile application.

Abstract Aim of the study Since over 80% of sudden cardiac arrests occur in the home, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training for family members of high-risk cardiac patients represents a promising intervention. The use of mobile application-based (mApp) CPR training may facilitate this approach, but evidence regarding its efficacy is lacking. Methods We conducted a multicenter, pragmatic, cluster-randomized trial assessing CPR training for family members of cardiac patients. The interventions were mApp (video, no manikin) and VSI (video + manikin). CPR skills were evaluated 6-months post-training. We hypothesized that chest compression (CC) rate from training with an mApp would be no worse than 5 compressions per minute (CPM) lower compared to VSI. Results From 01/2016 to 01/2018, we enrolled 1325 eligible participants (mean age 51.6 years, 68.2% female and 59.4% white). CPR skills were evaluated 6-months post-training in 541 participants (275 VSI, 266 mApp). Mean rate was 84.6 CPM (95% CI: 80.4, 88.6) in VSI, compared to 82.7 CPM (95% CI: 76.2, 89.1) in the mApp, and mean depth was 42.1 mm (95% CI: 40.3, 43.8) in VSI, compared to 38.9 mm (95% CI: 36.2, 41.6) in the mApp. After adjustment, the mean difference in CC rate was −2.3 CPM (95% CI −9.4, 4.8, p = 0.25, non-inferiority) and CC depth was −3.2 mm (95% CI −5.9, 0.1, p = 0.056). Conclusion In this large prospective trial of CPR skill retention for family members of cardiac patients, mApp training was associated with lower CC quality. Future work is required to understand additional approaches to improve CPR skill retention. Clinical Trial Registration URL: ClinicalTrials.gov, Identifier: NCT02548793 .
Couples' Diminished Social and Financial Capital Exacerbate the Association Between Maladaptive Attributions and Relationship Satisfaction.

Theoretical and clinical perspectives argue that couples’ maladaptive attributions for marital problems lead to marital distress and that these attributions will detract from couples’ relationships regardless of their external circumstances. However, emerging work in cognitive psychology indicates that stress simplifies individuals’ information processing, suggesting that the demands faced by couples may strengthen the link between maladaptive attributions and relationship satisfaction. With a sample of 462 ethnically diverse newlywed spouses living with low incomes (231 couples, with > 30% Black and > 50% Latinx), we assessed attributions and relationship satisfaction, along with three hypothesized moderators: couples’ financial strain, perceived financial capital within couples’ social networks, and the proportion of married couples within couples’ social networks. After replicating the robust association between maladaptive attributions and relationship satisfaction, we demonstrate that the association between maladaptive attributions and satisfaction is stronger to the extent that spouses’ social networks are characterized by fewer financial resources and lower proportions of married couples. Contextual factors may alter the effects that partners’ cognitions have on relationship satisfaction, suggesting that influences far removed from the dyad itself can affect basic processes arising between partners.
A Systematic Approach to Opioid Prescribing.

Background and Objectives: Opioid misuse has become a national crisis. In response to the need for improved standards of opioid prescribing within medical practices, a university-based academic family medicine practice developed, implemented, and evaluated a series of initiatives to ensure appropriate opioid prescribing and support clinicians in the practice in providing optimal care. Methods: In 2015–2018, the University of North Carolina Family Medicine Center developed and implemented a practice-wide opioid prescribing policy, created a controlled medication advisory board (CMAB), provided regular feedback to clinicians on opioid prescribing, and trained selected providers in management of opioid use disorder. The impact of these opioid stewardship initiatives on prescribing patterns, utilization of the CMAB, and provision of medications for opioid use disorder was evaluated using electronic health record data from 2015 to 2018 and chart audits. Results: Between 2014 and 2018 the opioid prescribing rate per 100 patient visits decreased by 31% and the rate of concomitant use of benzodiazepines and opioids decreased by 56%. The CMAB received 117 referrals between 2015 and 2018, 60% of which resulted in recommended revision in the treatment plan. Conclusions: Safe opioid prescribing is essential to mitigate the opioid crisis. An evidence-based standardized protocol, coupled with support for providers and patients, can reduce prescribing and improve patient safety, thereby enhancing the comprehensiveness and quality of patient care.
Evidence for [Coronal] Underspecification in Typical and Atypical Phonological Development

The Featurally Underspecified Lexicon (FUL) theory predicts that [coronal] is the language universal default place of articulation for phonemes. This assumption has been consistently supported with adult behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) data; however, this underspecification claim has not been tested in developmental populations. The purpose of this study was to determine whether children demonstrate [coronal] underspecification patterns similar to those of adults. Two English consonants differing in place of articulation, [labial] /b/ and [coronal] /d/, were presented to 24 children (ages 4-6 years) characterized by either a typically developing phonological system (TD) or a phonological disorder (PD). Two syllables, /bɑ/ and /dɑ/, were presented in an ERP oddball paradigm where both syllables served as the standard and deviant stimulus in opposite stimulus sets. Underspecification was examined with three analyses: traditional mean amplitude measurements, cluster-based permutation tests, and single-trial general linear model (GLM) analyses of single-subject data. Contrary to previous adult findings, children with PD demonstrated a large positive mismatch response (PMR) to /bɑ/ while the children with TD exhibited a negative mismatch response (MMN); significant group differences were not observed in the /dɑ/ responses. Moreover, the /bɑ/ deviant ERP response was significantly larger in the TD children than in the children with PD. At the single-subject level, more children demonstrated mismatch responses to /dɑ/ than to /bɑ/, though some children had a /bɑ/ mismatch response and no /dɑ/ mismatch response. While both groups of children demonstrated similar responses to the underspecified /dɑ/, their neural responses to the more specified /bɑ/ varied. These findings are interpreted within a proposed developmental model of phonological underspecification, wherein children with PD are functioning at a developmentally less mature stage of phonological acquisition than their same-aged TD peers. Thus, phonological underspecification is a phenomenon that likely develops over time with experience and exposure to language.
All I Really Need to Know About Defamation Law in the 21st Century I Learned From Watching Hulk Hogan

If there is a body of law that is ripe for reappraisal in light of changing times, it is defamation law. Changes in how news is reported and entertainment is produced have blurred some of the traditional legal rules regarding the distinction between actionable fact and non-actionable fiction. At the same time, advances in technology and changes in society have caused some – most notably Supreme Court Justices Thomas and Gorsuch – to question whether the traditional New York Times Co. v. Sullivan standard used in defamation cases should remain good law. In 2000, professional wrestling legend Hulk Hogan sued World Championship Wrestling after he was allegedly defamed in the ring by another performer during a broadcast in one of the most controversial incidents in the history of professional wrestling. The case raised some of the same issues that courts face today as they attempt to navigate a new landscape in which it is not always easy to distinguish real news from fake news and fact from opinion, parody, fiction, and hyperbole. This Essay explores the Hulk Hogan defamation litigation and how the decision illustrates some of the shortcomings of the courts’ approach to defamation cases involving publications that blur reality and fiction.
Cholesterol Metabolism in CKD

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have a substantial risk of developing coronary artery disease. Traditional cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors such as hypertension and hyperlipidemia do not adequately explain the high prevalence of CVD in CKD. Both CVD and CKD are inflammatory states and inflammation adversely affects lipid balance. Dyslipidemia in CKD is characterized by elevated triglyceride levels and high-density lipoprotein levels that are both decreased and dysfunctional. This dysfunctional high-density lipoprotein becomes proinflammatory and loses its atheroprotective ability to promote cholesterol efflux from cells, including lipid-overloaded macrophages in the arterial wall. Elevated triglyceride levels result primarily from defective clearance. The weak association between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level and coronary risk in CKD has led to controversy over the usefulness of statin therapy. This review examines disrupted cholesterol transport in CKD, presenting both clinical and preclinical evidence of the effect of the uremic environment on vascular lipid accumulation. Preventative and treatment strategies are explored.
Viruses in the Marine Environment

What are Viruses and what do they do? Distribution of Viruses Viral Activities Comparison to Mortality from Protists Roles in Food Web Effects on Species Compositions Resistance Genetic Transfer Keywords: marine environment, viruses in; viruses; viruses in the marine environment
Western Hemisphere Trade Corporations

The ever growing realization over the years on the part of bankers, manufacturers, and other interested groups within the United States of the need of a sound and profitable foreign trade and a sound and profitable system of investments abroad has accentuated the plea for the abatement, in some substantial measure, of those fiscal burdens imposed by the federal income tax laws of the United States on income derived from private international trade and finance.
The .LRN course management framework: workshop

.LRN[1] is a powerful, flexible, open-source framework for implementing course management systems. It is built on top of the Open Architecture Community System (OpenACS)[2] and makes use of AOLserver[3] and either Postgresql or Oracle. But, given the number of course management systems available, why choose .LRN? There are several reasons to choose .LRN, these include excellent "out of the box" functionality, a powerful API, a commitment to compliance with SCORM, IMS and OKI standards, a low total cost of ownership, and a vibrant community of users and developers. .LRN is currently in use at, among other places, MIT's Sloan School of Business, Heidelberg University, Vienna University of Economics, Universidad Galileo, and St. Mary's College of Maryland.
Invasion history and vector dynamics in coastal marine ecosystems: A North American perspective

The known extent of biological invasions exhibits strong variation with respect to space, time, taxonomic group, and vector. Using a synthesis of nonindigenous species (NIS) occurrences in North America, we characterized the invasion history for coastal marine ecosystems by invertebrates and algae through 2010, to evaluate variation and existing patterns at a continental scale. This study updates a previous analysis of invasions for the same taxonomic groups in North America, providing a first assessment of changes in the last 11 year period (2000–2010). Overall, we documented 450 marine and estuarine NIS that are considered to have established populations in tidal waters of North America, representing a 51% increase in NIS richness compared to the earlier analysis. Of the 152 species added, 71 species (47%) have first documented records since the year 1999, and 81 species (53%) were additions attributed to earlier time periods due to recent reports and further analysis. Across all time periods, taxonomic...
PPPS-2013: Pulsed spherical reactor dynamics in a fissionable gas

Summary form only given. Pulsed gaseous fission reactors can be used to provide a transient source of neutrons for research or for power production. A mixture of gaseous, enriched UF6 and He may serve as the fuel and moderator for this design1. By using an external source of energy to produce a shockwave in this gaseous fuel, high density fluid produced by the shockwave can sustain criticality for a brief period of time. When the gaseous fuel is quiescent, the reactor remains subcritical.
Inhibition of Biofilm Formation, Quorum Sensing and Infection in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by Natural Products-Inspired Organosulfur Compounds

Using a microplate-based screening assay, the effects on Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 biofilm formation of several S-substituted cysteine sulfoxides and their corresponding disulfide derivatives were evaluated. From our library of compounds, S-phenyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide and its breakdown product, diphenyl disulfide, significantly reduced the amount of biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa at levels equivalent to the active concentration of 4-nitropyridine-N-oxide (NPO) (1 mM). Unlike NPO, which is an established inhibitor of bacterial biofilms, our active compounds did not reduce planktonic cell growth and only affected biofilm formation. When used in a Drosophila-based infection model, both S-phenyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide and diphenyl disulfide significantly reduced the P. aeruginosa recovered 18 h post infection (relative to the control), and were non-lethal to the fly hosts. The possibility that the observed biofilm inhibitory effects were related to quorum sensing inhibition (QSI) was investigated using Escherichia coli-based reporters expressing P. aeruginosa lasR or rhIR response proteins, as well as an endogenous P. aeruginosa reporter from the lasI/lasR QS system. Inhibition of quorum sensing by S-phenyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide was observed in all of the reporter systems tested, whereas diphenyl disulfide did not exhibit QSI in either of the E. coli reporters, and showed very limited inhibition in the P. aeruginosa reporter. Since both compounds inhibit biofilm formation but do not show similar QSI activity, it is concluded that they may be functioning by different pathways. The hypothesis that biofilm inhibition by the two active compounds discovered in this work occurs through QSI is discussed.
Group psychotherapy for adult women mistreated as children by pathological mothers

In this paper, group psychotherapy for adult women having similar backgrounds of abusive, pathological mothers is described. The goals of the group included: providing a support system to help the members cope with their destructive mothers, helping them to recognize how the conflictual relationship with their mothers generalized to other conflictual relationships particularly with abusive men, and helping the members to increase their behavioral repertoire for coping with their mothers' illogical and unreasonable demands. Unlike most treatment groups which take considerable time to develop trusting relationships, intimacy and cohesiveness among group members, the women in this group developed almost instant solidarity. This appeared due to their having a common bond based on sharing equally traumatic backgrounds and on their attraction to men as abusive to them as their mothers. Prior to the group, they felt that no one (including the individual therapist) could understand what their lives had been like. The solidarity in this group grew more intense with time which permitted deeper investigation of topics such as fear of unworthiness, closeness, and abandonment. Findings from a self-report questionnaire suggested that three of the five group members had achieved significant improvements in coping with their troublesome relationships with pathological mothers and abusive men. These three members attributed their gains to their new coping behaviors learned in group, the group's supportive environment, and the group's permission to examine fully the range of feelings they harbored toward their mothers and themselves.
An analysis of the impact of MPI overlap and independent progress

The overlap of computation and communication has long been considered to be a significant performance benefit for applications. Similarly, the ability of MPI to make independent progress (that is, to make progress on outstanding communication operations while not in the MPI library) is also believed to yield performance benefits. Using an intelligent network interface to offload the work required to support overlap and independent progress is thought to be an ideal solution, but the benefits of this approach have been poorly studied at the application level. This lack of analysis is complicated by the fact that most MPI implementations do not sufficiently support overlap or independent progress. Recent work has demonstrated a quantifiable advantage for an MPI implementation that uses offload to provide overlap and independent progress. This paper extends this previous work by further qualifying the source of the performance advantage (offload, overlap, or independent progress).
Refocusing on the Neanderthal Problem1

IN A consideration of the known human remains immediately prior to the cultural development known as the Upper Paleolithic, great stress has heretofore been placed upon the classification of the available material into one or more supposedly uniform "types" (Morant 1927, 1930-1931; Howells 1944, 1959; Howell 1951, 1952; Le Gros Clark 1955; Thoma 1957-1958). The insistence upon "type" and the claims of uniformity were chiefly based upon two things. First, there has been an assumption specific in many early writings (Quatrefages 1877; Topinard 1892) and largely tacit in more recent sources (Morant 1927; Howells 1944, 1959; Boule and Vallois 1952; Thoma 19571958; Skerlj 1960) that, at an early time level, small population size and geographic isolation would increase inbreeding to the extent where supposedly pure lines would exhibit relatively small ranges of intrapopulation variability. Second, only one fairly complete specimen of pre-Upper Paleolithic man was well known. La Chapelle-aux-Saints is most frequently cited as the one instance where a descriptive and comparative study has been published for a complete adult skeleton (Boule 1911-1913; Hrdlicka 1930). With the expectation of relatively uniform populations, the picture presented by a single fairly complete skeleton has been sufficient to satisfy many authors that the characteristics of the human populations immediately prior to the Upper Paleolithic were well known and that they corresponded to a single, easily recognizable "type" (Boule 1911-1913; Keith 1927; Morant 1927; 19301931; Thoma 1957). It has apparently been repugnant to many authors to regard this as the population from which later forms of man have arisen. Since this view is associated with the tradition of paleontological studies in France, one strongly suspects a lingering residue of the influence of Baron Georges Cuvier (Cain 1959: 185-87, 216) and a remnant of the 19th century uneasiness when the possibility was contemplated that modern man may have evolved from a form less "refined" than himself (Burkitt 1921:90; Boule 1923: 242-43; MacCurdy 1924:209-10; Keith 1927:189; Osborn 1927:79; etc. quoted in Hrdlicka 1930:326-27). These same authors have all stressed a relatively sudden change in the character of the Paleolithic population shortly after the climax of the first stage of the final European glaciation. They stress the cultural and anatomical discontinuity which they claim is followed by the abrupt appearance of Homo sapiens bearing a suddenly intrusive Upper Paleolithic culture. Lest this appear to be a resurrection of the special creation school of thought identified with pre-Darwinian science, they have sought refuge in an explanation which has a time-honored position in the cultural traditions of Western civilization. In oriente lux.
Formation and Dissolution of Gold Nanocrystal Superlattices in a Colloidal Solution

Gold nanocrystal superlattices were synthesized in colloidal form by ligating the nanocrystal surface with dodecanethiol ligand. Formation and dissolution of the superlattices in the colloid were studied by UV−vis spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering. The phase boundary between nanocrystals and their superlattices in solution was found to be similar to the case of macroscopic crystals made of atoms or molecules. Lowering the temperature across the phase boundary resulted in nucleation of nanocrystals into superlattices and the superlattice size depended on the rate of nucleation. UV−vis spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering also showed that thermal dissolution of the superlattices occurred after the temperature of the colloid was raised across the phase boundary.
Selection and socialization of risky drinking during the college transition: The importance of microenvironments associated with specific living units.

Risky drinking among college students differs as a function of living types, with living at Greek houses as a major risk factor. Both self-selection based on prior drinking and socialization through living environments have been shown to account for this association. However, it is not clear whether selection and socialization processes occur as a function of specific living units within living types. Multilevel models using a prospective sample of incoming college students (N 2,392) demonstrated that (1) precollege drinking based selection into specific living units occurred within both fraternity houses and residence halls (beyond selection into the Greek system in general) and (2) socialization of extremely risky drinking among certain fraternity houses was greater than other houses (beyond greater socialization of living at fraternity houses than residence halls in general). Living unit-level precollege correlates (i.e., college attendance motives and cigarette use) and college correlates (i.e., peer drinking norms and alcohol availability) accounted for most of the selection and socialization effects. These findings highlight the importance of micro-environments associated with specific living units in risky drinking during the college transition.
A matter of size: developmental control of organ size in plants

The intrinsic size of plant organs is determined by developmental signals, yet the molecular and genetic mechanisms that control organ size are largely unknown. Ongoing functional analysis of Arabidopsis genes is defining important regulators involved in these mechanisms. Key features of this control are the coordinated activation of growth and cell division by growth regulators and the maintenance of meristematic competence by the ANT gene, which acts as an organ-size checkpoint. Alterations of genome size by polyploidization and endoreduplication can reset this checkpoint by ploidy-dependent, epigenetically regulated differential gene expression. In addition, the regulation of polarized growth and phytohormone signaling also affect final organ size. These findings reveal unique aspects of plant organ-size control that are distinct from animal organ-size control.
This IS child's play Creating a “playground” (computer network testbed) for high school students to learn, practice, and compete in cyber defense competitions

The IT-Adventures program is designed to increase high school students' interest in information technology (IT) as a career. It allows them to learn about IT in non-threatening, extracurricular IT-Club activities using inquiry-based learning. The IT-Clubs have four tracks from which students can select to study: cyber defense, game design programming, robotics, and multimedia. This paper focuses on the cyber defense venue and the need for students to have equal access to computing equipment on which to learn about computer operating systems, networking, and information security prior to competing in a cyber defense competition (CDC) at the end of the academic year. The creation of a remotely located and managed “playground” provides uniform access to equipment across schools. This paper shares our knowledge and experience in creating the “playground”.
Self-stimulation in hypothermic hibernators.

Summary Tests for intracranial self-stimulation (ICS) were made on cooled ground squirrels in order to investigate the functioning of the nervous system of a typical hibernator at lowered body temperatures. First monopolar electrodes were implanted in the lateral hypothalamus. Stimulation of this area induced feeding. This site was also positively rewarding for ICS. Then tests for ICS were made at a lowered body temperature. Two main results emerged. First, ground squirrels made instrumental responses for ICS at rectal temperatures of 24.75 ± 1.5°C. Motor disabilities appear to be one factor limiting performance at still lower temperatures. Second, cooling altered the reward value of currents of a given strength. In normothermic animals, currents of relatively high strengths gave sustained high rates of responding at the bar. With the same current levels in hypothermic animals, responding was sometimes interrupted by violent withdrawals from the bar and other aversive reactions. With relatively low currents, which in the normothermic state had not proved effective reinforcers, responding could be elicited when animals were cooled. The physiological basis of this phenomenon is probably an increased duration of postsynaptic potentials during hypothermia. These findings show that ICS can be used to study the behavior of hibernators at lowered body temperatures. They also indicate that cooling may be a valuable method for elucidating the relationship between positive and negative reward systems.
Mass Media and Massive Failures: Determining Organizational Efforts to Defend Field Legitimacy Following Crises

Although much is known regarding how individual organizations respond to accidents, scandals, and other disruptions that directly affect their own operations, scrutiny following disruptions can spr...
China's Economic and Education Reform: A Role for Community Colleges.

The People's Republic of China has undertaken two profound initiatives in the past 20 years. First, the central government announced that it is going to shift from a centrally planned model of economics to one that will be based on the attributes of a free market. Second, the government called for a reform of the education system, which had become too rigid in its approach to education. Both of these issues are interdependent, for achievements in the former indicate involvement of the latter. This article seeks to illustrate some of the interconnections of these two initiatives and to show why a new form of educational institution is required to address them. Creation of special enterprise zones by the central government provides the field on which the relationship between these two issues can be tested. One such zone is Pudong, an area adjacent to Shanghai, and an examination of the two initiatives in this zone is presented. In this context, the contributions that a community college can provide to both ...
Teaching correctional management to criminal justice majors

This article describes a multifaceted course in correctional institutions that integrates policy and practical issues with management theory. Junior and senior criminal justice majors are challenged by two major course projects that require cooperative effort in learning teams, library research, collection of data from correctional agencies, classroom presentations, and written reports. Although at first this course is more difficult to implement than a lecture format, it offers instructors an opportunity to coach students, and gives students a safe learning environment in which to acquire critical thinking and on-the-job skills.
Synergistic Extraction of Dysprosium and Aggregate Formation in Solvent Extraction Systems Combining TBP and HDBP

During treatment of nuclear fuel in the Plutonium/URanium EXtraction (PUREX) process, the extractant tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) is known to degrade to dibutylphosphoric acid (HDBP), which increases the extraction of metal ions, thereby inhibiting their stripping from the organic phase. To better understand this phenomenon, we investigated how mixtures of TBP and HDBP influenced the extraction of metal, nitric acid, and water, and correlated the results to aggregated structures in the organic phase. The mole ratios of TBP-HDBP mixtures had a non-linear effect on the extraction of Dy3+ and water from 0.2 M HNO3, indicating synergism. In 2 M HNO3, the TBP:HDBP mole ratio had a more linear relation to Dy3+ and water extraction, so the synergistic effect was less pronounced than in the low acid system. The extraction of nitric acid showed no synergistic effect and follows closely what would be expected in a system using TBP only. The small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) data of the 0.2 M acid system showed max...
Variance of the quantum dwell time for a nonrelativistic particle

Munoz, Seidel, and Muga [Phys. Rev. A 79, 012108 (2009)], following an earlier proposal by Pollak and Miller [Phys. Rev. Lett. 53, 115 (1984)] in the context of a theory of a collinear chemical reaction, showed that suitable moments of a two-flux correlation function could be manipulated to yield expressions for the mean quantum dwell time and mean square quantum dwell time for a structureless particle scattering from a time-independent potential energy field between two parallel lines in a two-dimensional spacetime. The present work proposes a generalization to a charged, nonrelativistic particle scattering from a transient, spatially confined electromagnetic vector potential in four-dimensional spacetime. The geometry of the spacetime domain is that of the slab between a pair of parallel planes, in particular those defined by constant values of the third (z) spatial coordinate. The mean Nth power, N = 1, 2, 3, . . ., of the quantum dwell time in the slab is given by an expression involving an N-flux-correlation function. All these means are shown to be nonnegative. The N = 1 formula reduces to an S-matrix result published previously [G. E. Hahne, J. Phys. A 36, 7149 (2003)]; an explicit formula for N = 2, and of the variance of the dwell time in terms of the S-matrix, is worked out. A formula representing an incommensurability principle between variances of the output-minus-input flux of a pair of dynamical variables (such as the particle s time flux and others) is derived.
Party Politics and Democratic Disagreement

Political parties seem inclined to dogmatism. Understanding party politics via a plural-subject account of collective belief explains this phenomenon. It explains inter-party outrage at slight deviations from the party line and dogged refusals to compromise. It also aligns with an alternative theory of political representation. I argue that party dogmatism is unlikely to change and can be a democratic good. I conclude that not parties but patriots counteract the democratic ills of dogmatic party politics.
Osteonecrosis: avoiding total hip arthroplasty.

Abstract Osteonecrosis of the femoral head afflicts approximately 20,000 new patients per year, at an average age of 38. Of the patients seen in our institution, 25% are
Soft contribution to the hard ridge in relativistic nuclear collisions

Nuclear collisions exhibit near side long-range rapidity correlations not present in proton–proton collisions. Because the correlation structure is wide in relative pseudorapidity and narrow in relative azimuthal angle, it is known as the ridge. Similar ridge structures are observed in correlations of particles associated with a jet trigger (the hard ridge) as well as correlations without a trigger (the soft ridge). Earlier we argued that the soft ridge arises when particles formed in an early Glasma stage later manifest transverse flow. We extend this study to address new soft ridge measurements. We then determine the contribution of flow to the hard ridge.
A Typology of Catalyst Events for Collaborative Watershed Management in the United States

While much has been written about the benefits of collaborative watershed management to address nonpoint source pollution and other water quality concerns in the United States, few scholars have addressed the catalytic nature of events that generate these collective action responses. Further, because equivalent catalyst events in different communities do not always lead to collective action, it is critical to understand the interaction between a community's baseline conditions and the catalyst events that lead to collective action. This article presents a conceptual framework that illustrates the relationship between baseline conditions and events that lead to collective action. In this article a theoretical typology of catalyst events is presented that includes both intentional and nonintentional types of events. Understanding these types of catalyst events can help water quality advocates create and/or seize opportunities to nurture a collective action. This article concludes with a call for future rese...
Ovarian Cancer: A Brief Historical Overview of Intraperitoneal Trials

The standard platinum-based treatment of previously untreated advanced ovarian cancer continues to evolve because despite high response rates to such first-line treatment, a majority of patients will experience relapse. For many years, the optimal treatment for women with advanced ovarian cancer has been maximum cytoreductive surgery followed by intravenous (IV) platinum and taxane chemotherapy. Later, several randomized multicenter phase III clinical trials demonstrated that intraperitoneal (IP) chemotherapy was superior to standard IV chemotherapy when there was minimal residual disease after primary debulking surgery. The underlying rationale for use of IP therapy is based on the dose–effect relationship for platinum drugs in ovarian cancer. However, barriers to implementation of IP therapy in the routine clinical setting include concern for toxicity, tolerability of planned treatment, and catheter-related complications. In this article, we highlight the key trials and recent directions in IP therapy of ovarian cancer and briefly discuss another approach to the delivery of IP chemotherapy, known as hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy.
A simulation study of the efficiency of empirical Bayes' estimators of multiple correlated probability vectors

On renforce des resultats precedents en montrant, a l'aide de simulations, que l'efficacite relative des estimateurs de Bayes empiriques, compares a l'estimateur de type Stein et aux estimateurs du maximum de vraisemblance, est tres elevee