cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vestigial structures are important to the development of the human embryo

Vestigial structures are homologous of organs that have lost all or most of their original function in a species through evolution. Atavism is the recurrence of a trait after an absence of one or more generations due to a chance recombination of genes. The genome contains genes that were active in the past, but are no longer active. Those genes exist in all flora and fauna. Some of these disappear during embryonic development, but others are retained in adult Life. Those structures are sometimes the result of an intrauterine 'evolutionary' process.
The Psychology of Women and Gender in International Perspective: Issues and Challenges

This chapter briefly reviews the history of the psychology of gender, with its origins in Western psychology. The chapter then moves to discuss interesting new cultural and cross-cultural research on gender and psychology, within the areas of developmental and social psychology. Specifically, it discusses the role ecology plays in shaping gender roles and behaviors and highlights the cross-cultural work on sexism and stereotypes. The chapter concludes with future directions, recommended readings and Web site, and implications for the internationalization of the psychology of gender.
Behavioral Effects of Anticholinergic Psychotomimetics and Their Antagonists in Man and Animals

Although it appears clear that several types of neurohumoral transmission systems are involved in the central nervous system, little is known concerning their relative roles in controlling central and peripheral activities. Gross changes in the levels of any one of these substances have been reported to produce changes in behavior [8,4,27]. How these systems are affected and interrelated in mental disease is even less clearly understood.
Obstetricians' practices and recommendations for occupational activity during pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE To examine, in light of vague professional guidelines, current obstetrical recommendations for pregnant women engaging in occupational activities. STUDY DESIGN A survey mailed to obstetricians/gynecologists in Texas ascertained data about occupational activity information collected from patients in the prenatal period and recommended activities to avoid, including activities addressed in the American Medical Association (AMA) guidelines. RESULTS Of 961 obstetricians 427 (46.6%) responded to the survey, with 384 used for these analyses. A large proportion (96.3%) asked women about employment status, while fewer (46.2%) asked about occupational activities (e.g., lifting). Obstetricians were more likely to recommend that women avoid lifting >20 lb (68.6%) and ladder climbing (87.9%), while fewer recommended avoiding night/shift work (15.5%), standing >4 hours/day (26.0%) and bending/twisting at the waist (34.0%) (third trimester), with an increase in recommending limitations on activities as pregnancy progressed. Obstetricians reporting having patients in physically demanding jobs and those with more years of experience were more likely to recommend avoiding these activities. Respondents agreed with the AMA guidelines, except 62.2% disagreed that women should minimize bending at the waist while lifting. CONCLUSION These findings highlight the need for professional organizations to develop new or to revise existing guidelines. Rigorous studies that examine adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with exposure to occupational activities are needed to inform guidelines.
Ultraviolet microscopy of x-irradiated intestine.

The color-translating ultraviolet microscope was used to study radiation effects in the mouse intestine. Generative cells showed pronounced changes in light absorption at 263 m mu ; the light-absorbing clumps normally present in the nucleus disappeared. Later. diffuse, strong absorption was seen in cytoplasm and nucleus; still later, there was very little absorption. The earlier changes occurred uniformly in all generative cells and thus cannot be related to a stage in the mitotsc cycle; thc late changes were independent of resumption of mitosis. The principal cells had similar but much less pronounced changes in 263 m mu absorption. Later, changes occurred that were related to abnormal development. The Paneth cells showed similar changes in 263 m mu absorption. In addition, they showed early degeneration of a specific (secretory) cytoplasmic structure, followed by speedy recovery. (auth)
Cognitive therapies: Anger management

Abstract Disruptive behavior disorders can be highly impairing to children and families and costly to society. Thus, effective treatment and prevention strategies for disruptive behavior disorders are critically important. This chapter describes cognitive therapy approaches to improve anger management in children with, or at risk for, disruptive behavior disorders. Empirically based components of cognitive therapies for correcting interpersonal perceptions and planning effective responses are explicated, using the Coping Power program as an exemplar. Applied examples are provided to illustrate how to use treatments like Coping Power in practice. Other efficacious prevention and treatment programs that include cognitive components are described and contrasted. Outcomes of these programs are summarized, as well as the generalizability of their effects. Finally, future directions in the development and dissemination of cognitive therapies to improve anger management in children with, or at risk for, disruptive behavior disorders are summarized.
Reflecting on now more than ever: Feminism in accounting

Abstract Connecting gender, race and class this paper considers how accounting—its numbers, silences and perspectives—continually impacts social life, mirroring all human endeavor of meaning-making. Reflecting on feminist approaches to understanding and knowing, the paper illustrates that fluidity of knowledge is enriched by applying a gender lens thus enhancing critical accounting and its boundless possibilities.
Design of the Flowing LIquid Torus (FLIT)

Abstract The design of the F lowing LI quid T orus (FLIT) at Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) is presented. FLIT will focus on the development of a liquid metal (LM) diagnostics and divertor system (without a plasma source) suitable for implementation in present-day fusion systems, such as NSTX-U. FLIT is intended to provide proof-of-concept for fast-flowing LM divertor designs for heat fluxes > 10 MW/m2. The toroidal test article (ID ≈ 0.56 m, OD ≈ 1.9 m, h ≈ 0.61 m) consists of 12 rectangular coils that can generate a centerline magnetic field of 1 T magnetic for greater than 10 s. Initially, 30 gallons Galinstan (Ga-In-Sn eutectic) will be recirculated within the test article using six jxB pumps to achieve flow velocities of up to 10 m/s across the fully annular radial test section. FLIT is designed to be a flexible machine that will allow experimental testing of various LM injection techniques, the study of flow instabilities, and electromagnetic control concepts to prove the feasibility of the LM divertors within fusion reactors.
Comparing Parent and Child Self-report Measures of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory in Children and Adolescents with a Chronic Health Condition

Anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents with a chronic health condition have been estimated as high as 40% lifetime prevalence. Clinicians often rely on parent/caregiver information to supplement or substitute child self-report related to pediatric physical and mental health. We developed a caregiver proxy version (STAI-P) for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) State Anxiety Scale that was compared with a child self-report version in 201 parent-child dyads to evaluate its utility in measuring state anxiety in chronically ill youth. For patients aged 7-12, self-reports of state anxiety were moderately associated with parent distress and health provider-reported functional status, but negatively associated with parent STAI-P scores. For patients aged 13-17, self-reports of state anxiety were significantly associated with STAI-P scores, parent distress, and health provider-reported functional status. The STAI-P parent version may be a useful tool in identifying and addressing anxiety symptoms in youth living with a chronic health condition.
Do 'Three Strikes' Laws Make Sense? Habitual Offender Statutes and Criminal Incapacitation

Supporters of "Three Strikes" laws argue that a small group of high-rate offenders commit most of the serious crimes. Thus, they argue, "Three Strikes" laws can have a large impact on the crime rate by sentencing such offenders to very long prison terms. This article shows, however, that even a modest prison term will remove high-rate offenders from the streets for most of their criminal careers, even if they face a low probability of incarceration each time they commit a crime. The article also shows that although the average crimes prevented per inmate will be greater if a small number of criminals commit most of the crimes, the marginal crimes prevented by adding an additional inmate will be smaller if the prison population is large. Offender retirement also reduces sharply the incapacitative effect of long-term incarceration. If the five to ten year estimates of the length of the average criminal career are accurate, the last five years of long prison sentences will have little incapacitative effect because most of the inmates serving such sentences would no longer be active offenders if released.
Microglial response patterns following damage to the zebrafish olfactory bulb.

Abstract The inherent plasticity of the zebrafish olfactory system serves as a useful model for examining immune cell responses after injury. Microglia are the resident immune cells of the CNS that respond to damage by migrating to the site of injury and phagocytizing neuronal debris. While the olfactory system is renowned for its ability to recover from damage, the specific mechanisms of microglial involvement in olfactory system plasticity are unknown. To approach the potentially time-dependent effects of microglial activation after injury, we performed a time course analysis of microglial response profiles and patterns following different forms of damage: deafferentation by cautery ablation of the olfactory organ, deafferentation by chemical ablation of the olfactory epithelium, and direct lesioning of the olfactory bulb. Our aim was to demonstrate that immunocytochemistry and microscopy methods in zebrafish can be used to determine the timing of distinct microglial response patterns following various forms of injury. We found that permanent and temporary forms of damage to the olfactory bulb resulted in different microglial response profiles from 1 to 72 h after injury, suggesting that there may be critical timepoints in which microglia are activated that contribute to tissue and neuronal repair with a regenerative outcome versus a degenerative outcome. These distinctions between the different forms of damage suggest temporal changes relative to the potential for regeneration, since cautery deafferentation is permanent and unrecoverable while chemical ablation deafferentation and direct lesioning is reversible and can be used to observe the microglial relationship in neural regeneration and functional recovery in future studies.
Determining Innocence in Innocent-Spouse Court Cases using Logit/Probit Analysis

This paper examines the decision criteria used by federal courts to adjudicate equitable innocent-spouse relief, when such relief has previously been denied by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). Empirical logit/probit regression is used, rather than traditional legal analysis. Specifically, we determine which of the equitable-relief criteria detailed in the innocent-spouse rules did affect judicial decisions during our sample period. We also determine the relative importance of the factors. Using these data, taxpayers and their advisors can better decide whether to pursue further litigation, and how best to tailor the pertinent arguments.
Performance Status and Age as Predictors of Immunotherapy Outcomes in Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Abstract Introduction Immunotherapy has become a key treatment for patients with advanced non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). While a survival advantage has been proven for patients who are medically fit, it is unknown whether a benefit exists for patients with poor performance status (PS). Patients and Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of NSCLC patients who received immunotherapy in our health system. Age and PS at the time of initial immunotherapy administration were assigned based on physician documentation. Radiographic response and date of progression were assigned according to the treating physician’s assessment and confirmed by the study team. Immune-related adverse events were extracted from records. Results We identified 285 NSCLC patients who received immunotherapy between January 2014 and April 2018. In this group, 153 patients (53.7%) had PS 0-1, 114 (40.0%) had PS 2, and 18 (6.3%) had PS 3. Response rates were similar across PS groups with 26.6% for PS 1, 25.2% for PS 2, and 23.1% for PS 3 (P = .95). Survival outcomes varied with pretreatment PS. For PS 0-1, PS 2, and PS 3, median overall survival was 14.7, 8.3, and 1.5 months (P Conclusion Patients with poor baseline PS demonstrate similar response rate but inferior progression-free survival and overall survival compared to medically fit patients. Prospective trials are needed to optimize treatment for this large population.
Severe Neurological Toxicity of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Growing Spectrum.

Expanding use of immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) underscores the importance of accurate diagnosis and timely management of neurological immune-related adverse events (irAE-N). We evaluate the real-world frequency, phenotypes, co-occurring immune-related adverse events (irAEs), and long-term outcomes of severe, grade III to V irAE-N at a tertiary care center over 6 years. We analyze how our experience supports published literature and professional society guidelines. We also discuss these data with regard to common clinical scenarios, such as combination therapy, ICI rechallenge and risk of relapse of irAE-N, and corticosteroid taper, which are not specifically addressed by current guidelines and/or have limited data. Recommendations for management and future irAE-N reporting are outlined. ANN NEUROL 2020;87:659-669.
Can arterial elasticity be estimated from heart rate variability response to paced 0.066 Hz sighing

Arterial elasticity is an important indicator of risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is influenced by both gradual vessel wall damage due to aging and disease and vascular tone that responds, at the moment, to system loading. Measuring changes in arterial elasticity are critical to early detection of CVD but can be time and resource intensive. This study proposes and tests a new method to approximate arterial elasticity from heart rate variability (HRV). ECG and pulse were simultaneously recording in 71 young healthy adults during three rhythmical sighing tasks paced at 0.02, 0.033, and 0.066 Hz. We evaluated arterial elasticity by measuring the reaction of pulse transit time (PTT) and RRI to each task specifically at the pacing frequency. The goal of the study was to describe our method, ground the methodology in current theory and mechanisms, and scientifically justify and validate this method by assessing differences in arterial elasticity in groups of healthy adults who differed in drinking behaviors. The amplitude PTT and HR oscillation responses at the pacing frequency were significantly correlated only when sighing was paced at 0.066 Hz. Both amplitudes also significantly correlated with power in the very low-frequency range of the baseline HRV spectrum. Abnormalities in these measures were observed among binge drinking healthy adults compared to non-drinkers and social drinkers. These preliminary results support using the HRV response to paced 0.066 Hz sighing as a correlate of arterial elasticity and warrant further study.
Modification of a Predictive Model To Include the Influence of Fat Content on Salmonella Inactivation in Low-Water-Activity Foods.

ABSTRACT Low-water-activity (aw) foods (including those containing fat) are often implicated in outbreaks of Salmonella spp. The influence of fat content on survival in foods such as peanut butter remains unclear. Certain Salmonella serovars can survive for long periods in harsh temperatures and low moisture conditions. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of fat content on the survival of Salmonella in low-aw foods and expand an existing secondary inactivation model previously validated for lower-fat foods. Whey protein powder supplemented with peanut oil was equilibrated to five target aw values (aw < 0.60), inoculated with a dried four-strain cocktail of Salmonella, vacuum sealed, and stored at 22, 37, 50, 60, 70, and 80°C for 48 h, 28 days, or 168 days. Survival data were fitted to Weibull, Biphasic-linear, Double Weibull, and Geeraerd-tail models. The Weibull model was chosen for secondary modeling due to its ability to satisfactorily describe the data over most of the conditions under study. The influence of temperature, fat content, and aw on the Weibull model parameters was evaluated using nonlinear least squares regression, and a revised secondary model was developed based on parameter significance. Peanut butter, chia seed powder, toasted oat cereal, and animal crackers within the aw range of the model were used to validate the modified model within its temperature range. Fat content influenced survival in samples held at temperatures ≥50°C, whereas aw influenced survival at 37 and 70°C. The model predictions demonstrated improved % bias and % discrepancy compared with the previous model. Weibull model predictions were accurate and fail-safe in 38 and 58%, respectively, of the food and environmental conditions under study. Predictions were less reliable for peanut butter held at 80°C. This study provides data and a model that can aid in the development of risk mitigation strategies for low-aw foods containing fat. HIGHLIGHTS
A variational framework for computing nonlinear optimal disturbances in compressible flows

A variational framework for the identification and analysis of general nonlinear optimal disturbances in compressible flows is derived. The formulation is based on the compressible Navier–Stokes equations in conserved variables for an ideal gas with temperature-dependent viscosity. A discretely consistent implementation based on generalized coordinates allows the accurate analysis of a wide range of settings. An application in the identification of the optimal disturbances which experience the highest amplification in kinetic energy in pipe flow is presented. At low Mach numbers and moderate initial amplitude, the disturbances undergo a sequence of Orr mechanism, oblique nonlinear interaction and lift-up mechanism, and the energy amplification is consistent with results reported for incompressible flow (Pringle & Kerswell, Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 105, 2010, 154502). When the Mach number is increased, the gain in perturbation kinetic energy grows appreciably, and the initial disturbance field becomes increasingly localized. Nonlinear optimal disturbances which are rescaled to higher initial kinetic energy than prescribed in the optimization procedure are demonstrated to evolve into a chaotic state. For a constant time horizon, the initial perturbation energy to reach a high-energy state decreases monotonically with Mach number.
Symbiotic solutions to nitrogen limitation and amino acid imbalance in insect diets

Abstract Although comprising ~ 80% of the Earth's air, nitrogen (N), in a usable form, is a limited resource for herbivorous insects. Additionally, much of the consumed dietary N is lost through-excretion, further challenging such insects, while limiting their growth and reproduction. To meet this challenge, many insect groups have evolved symbiotic relationships with microbes, enabling success within otherwise inhospitable niches. These mutualistic microbes contribute to their hosts' N-economies through nitrogen recycling, fixation and/or upgrading, using divergent metabolic strategies with varying precursors and physiological requirements. In this chapter we highlight each strategy, organizing our discussion by insect taxonomy, while enumerating the various microbes and innovations that have converged upon N-centric, nutritive functions. Our overview places a large emphasis on N-recycling, due in part to a lack of recent reviews on this topic. In reviewing N-fixation, we take a termite-centred approach, capitalizing upon an extensive bank of research performed across several decades. We also emphasize essential amino acid (EAA) and precursor biosynthesis, discussing non-fixing, non-recycling mutualisms in which symbionts make up for dietary shortcomings and missing pathways for nutrient biosynthesis in their hosts. In these explorations, we discuss the specificity and evolutionary histories between herbivorous insect hosts and their often ancient N-metabolizing symbionts. We focus, further, on correlations between dietary evolution and altered symbioses, which cast light on the causes and consequences of these nutritional relationships. We, finally, describe the evidence supporting prior arguments for N-centric mutualisms, emphasizing how a pairing of genomics and experimentation can uncover mechanism, while pinpointing just how symbiont metabolism shapes the fitness and N-budgets of diverse, herbivorous hexapods.
iDEC: indexable distance estimating codes for approximate nearest neighbor search

Approximate Nearest Neighbor (ANN) search is a fundamental algorithmic problem, with numerous applications in many areas of computer science. In this work, we propose indexable distance estimating codes (iDEC), a new solution framework to ANN that extends and improves the locality sensitive hashing (LSH) framework in a fundamental and systematic way. Empirically, an iDEC-based solution has a low index space complexity of O(n) and can achieve a low average query time complexity of approximately O(log n). We show that our iDEC-based solutions for ANN in Hamming and edit distances outperform the respective state-of-the-art LSH-based solutions for both in-memory and external-memory processing. We also show that our iDEC-based in-memory ANN-H solution is more scalable than all existing solutions. We also discover deep connections between Error-Estimating Codes (EEC), LSH, and iDEC.
Comparison of the Postprandial Metabolic Fate of U-13C Stearic Acid and U-13C Oleic Acid in Postmenopausal Women.

This work was supported by Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging Pilot funds; United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)-NIFA-AFRI-003397, and USDA 1950-51000-072-02S. J. Rodriguez-Morato acknowledges funding from the EU Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 712949 (TECNIOspring PLUS) and from ACCIO. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the USDA.
Negotiations of Black and Activist Identity Through Dress on the College Campus

Historically, Black people have used dress to express their Black and activist identities. In our research, we analyzed how Black women college students attending predominately white institutions in Iowa express their Black and activist identities through everyday dress during the Black Lives Matter movement. We conducted in-depth, semi-structured wardrobe interviews with 15 current Black women college students. Critical race theory and Black feminist thought informed our research, as we examined relationships between dress, power, and Black women. We identified three themes: experiences on predominantly white campuses; negotiating Black identity through dress and appearance; and negotiating activist identity through dress and appearance. We found the participants used everyday dress to combat systems of inequitable power structures embedded throughout the college campus. The participants continued the long history of Black people using dress to negotiate their Black and activist identities as Black people continue to face systemic oppression on the college campus.
Experiences with Designing and Developing IEEE Std. 1159.3 (PQDIF) Data Translators

This panel presents the knowledge gained by the authors through the development of several IEEE Std. 1159.3 data translators. These data translators have been developed for power quality hardware manufacturers. The implementation of the power quality data interchange format (PQDIF) standard is discussed and example data files are presented
Malate Dehydrogenases II. PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF BACILLUS SUBTILIS, BACILLUS STEAROTHERMOPHILUS, AND ESCHERICHIA COLI MALATE DEHYDROGENASES

Malate dehydrogenases (diphosphopyridine nucleotide-linked) have been purified from Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus stearothermophilus, and Escherichia coli. Each enzyme preparation is homogeneous in its ultracentrifugational, electrophoretic, and immunochemical properties. Sephadex gel filtration studies show that the enzymes from the two Bacillus species are equal in size and that the enzymatically active forms are larger than the enzymatically active form of the E. coli malate dehydrogenase. Ultracentrifugal analyses of the native and acid-dissociated enzymes from B. subtilis and E. coli indicate that the former (mol wt 117,000) is composed of 4 subunits while the latter (mol wt 60,000) is composed of 2 subunits. Amino acid analyses and peptide mapping of tryptic digests of the former indicate that the subunits of B. subtilis enzyme are identical. There are some similarities in the amino acid compositions of the B. subtilis and E. coli enzymes, but the former is lacking both tryptophan and cysteine, while both amino acids are present in the latter enzyme. Corrected excitation and emission fluorescence spectra are presented which support the analytical values obtained for the tryptophan contents of these two enzymes. The malate dehydrogenase of B. stearothermophilus is more heat stable and has a higher optimum temperature for catalytic activity than the enzymes from the two mesophilic bacteria.
Academic and Community Collaborations: An Exploration of Benefits, Barriers and Successes

There is increasing recognition that academic and community collaborations enhance the provision of human services and resources. This article provides two case studies of collaboration between academics at Long Island University (LIU) and two distinct organizations in the community, specifically the Lupus Alliance of America, Inc (LAA) and the Nassau County Executive's Task Force on Family Violence (the Family Violence Task Force [FVTF]). It also illustrates the application of the framework described in the literature and offers additional insights into benefits of and barriers to successful collaborations. Based on their experiences, the authors suggest that opportunities for these partnerships are enhanced when faculty members are already engaged in community-based activities.
The Organizational Imperative

The American value system has undergone a recent and pervasive transformation. The immediate cause has been “the organizational imperative”: the primary values absolutely necessary for modern organization. This essay analyzes the organizational imperative: its a priori propositions, its rules for behavior, and its administrative norms. Particular attention is given to its impact on social values, for the organizational imperative has transformed them into supportive administrative norms. This is of concern because it has made us a significantly different people than we presumed we would be. The new values pose serious questions about their compatibility with traditional assumptions about the innate moral nature of man.
Flexible antenna for Wireless Body Area Network

Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) systems are the future technology of health monitoring. This paper is focused on the development of a flexible, robust, lightweight, and non-obtrusive antenna in application to a health-monitoring WBAN system for the University of North Dakota (UND) next generation spacesuit 2 (NDX-2). The research on WBAN in space, will both improve future astronaut's safety during space exploration, and advance health industry and technologies.
Design of Hierarchically Cut Hinges for Highly Stretchable and Reconfigurable Metamaterials with Enhanced Strength

Applying hierarchical cuts to thin sheets of elastomer generates super-stretchable and reconfigurable metamaterials, exhibiting highly nonlinear stress-strain behaviors and tunable phononic bandgaps. The cut concept fails on brittle thin sheets due to severe stress concentration in the rotating hinges. By engineering the local hinge shapes and global hierarchical structure, cut-based reconfigurable metamaterials with largely enhanced strength are realized.
Measuring Efficiency in Educational Production

An attempt is made to explore the production set for educational achievement for both “efficient” and “inefficient” schools. The inefficient or average production relationship is obtained by estimating a reduced-form equation for all schools among a sample drawn from a large Eastern city. The efficient set is derived by using a linear programming approach to yield coefficients for those schools that show the largest student achievement output relative to their resource inputs. A comparison of the two sets of technical coefficients suggests that the relative marginal products are probably different. Because of such differences, the optimal combination of inputs for producing educational achievement relative to a given budget constraint will probably vary between achievement-efficient and inefficient schools, and may even vary from school to school. The result is that the use of such production-function estimates for attempting to improve the efficiency of the educational sector may have far less utility th...
The fatty acid composition of glycerolipids in nerve, brain, and other tissues of the streptozotocin diabetic rat

The fatty acid composition of individual glycerolipids in brain and sciatic nerve of rats made diabetic with streptozotocin and sacrificed 8 weeks later was determined and compared to the alterations that occurred in liver and kidney glycerlipids. A substantial decrease in the proportion of arachidonic acid and increases in the relative content of linoleic and docosahexenoic (22∶6n3) acids occurred in the phosphoglycerides of visceral tissues from diabetic animals as reported by others. In contrast, except for a small rise in the percentage of linoleic acid, no consistent changes in fatty acid composition of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, ethanolamine plasmalogen, phosphatidylinositol or phosphatidylerrine from brain or nerve were detected. The fatty acids of triacylglycerol associated with nerve exhibited alterations similar to those characteristic of liver. The differences which developed as a result of diabetes were completely prevented if animals were maintained continuously on insulin commencing shortly after administration of streptozotocin. It is concluded that the fatty acid composition of brain and nerve phosphoglycerides are unusually resistant to alteration in the diabetic animal and that consequently, changes in bulk membrane fluidity are unlikely to contribute to functional abnormalities displayed by diabetic peripheral nerve.
Influence of in Utero Diethylstilbestrol Exposure on the Prognosis and Biologic Behavior of Vaginal Clear-Cell Adenocarcinoma

Abstract Most young women with clear-cell adenocarcinoma (CCA) of the vagina have a history of prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES). Some, however, develop vaginal CCA without a prior history of DES exposure. We hypothesized that the natural history of DES-exposed vaginal CCA and DES-unexposed vaginal CCA may differ. Cases were identified from the Registry for Research on Hormonal Transplacental Carcinogenesis which maintains information on cases of CCA of the lower genital tract occurring in women born after 1940. Four hundred and thirty-one cases satisfied FIGO criteria for primary vaginal carcinoma of which 318 had prenatal, hospital, obstetrician, or pharmacy records available for review. Of these, 80% (255/318) had written documentation of prenatal exposure to DES (DES+) and 20% (63/318) had no evidence of DES exposure (DES-) in their medical records. DES exposure was undetermined in 113 cases due to lack of appropriate medical records. Among cases with documentation, DES exposure was not associated with mean age at diagnosis, (DES+, 20.3 years, DES-, 21.1 years), stage (stage I: DES+, 59%, DES-, 54%; stage II: DES+, 32%, DES-, 33%; stage III: DES+, 7%, DES-, 11%; stage IV: DES+, 2%, DES-, 2%, mean tumor diameter or surface area, grade, histology, cell type, or initial therapy. Among cases which underwent pelvic and paraaortic lymph node sampling (DES+, 63%; DES-, 56%; P = NS) the prevalence of pelvic node involvement was similar (DES+, 18.6%; DES-, 17.1%). However, only 1.2% (2/161) of DES+ cases had positive paraaortic lymph nodes compared to 8.6% (3/35) of DES- cases ( P = 0.041). Survival differed significantly between the two groups. Probability of survival at 5 and 10 years for DES+ cases was 84 and 78%, respectively, compared to 69 and 60%, respectively, for DES- cases (5 years, P = 0.007, and 10 years, P = 0.008). Presently, 21% (53/255) of DES+ cases are known to have died, compared to 37% (23/63) of DES- cases ( P = 0.008). Sites of disease recurrence also differed. DES- cases were more likely than DES+ cases to present with or to later develop distant tumor to the lungs (24% vs 9%; P = 0.002) or metastases to supraclavicular lymph nodes (8% vs 1.6%; P = 0.017). Among the 113 cases with an uncertain history of DES exposure, survival was intermediate between the well-documented cases (79% at 5 years and 65% at 10 years with 35/113 or 31% known dead), as was frequency of metastases to the lungs (13%) or supraclavicular lymph nodes (5.3%). Thus, the prognosis and metastatic behavior of CCA of the vagina appear to be influenced by DES exposure. DES negative cases have a worse prognosis and higher rate of distant metastasis than cases associated with exposure to DES. These observations do not appear to be due to differences in clinical prognostic factors such as tumor stage or diameter, but instead suggest differences in tumor behavior for as of yet undetermined reasons.
Clinical Disorders of Potassium Homeostasis: Hyperkalemia and Hypokalemia

Potassium plays an important role in cell metabolism and membrane excitability. Disorders of potassium balance can have profound clinical effects, particularly on the cardiovascular and neuromuscular systems. Chronic hyperkalemia invariably results from impaired renal potassium excretion. Hyperkalemia can be a potentially life-threatening disturbance requiring emergency intervention. Treatment is usually directed at correcting the defect in potassium excretion. Hypokalemia has become closely linked with in cats. Clinical signs include muscle weakness and renal dysfunction, which usually respond well to oral potassium supplementation.
Remodelage de la paroi veineuse après thrombose veineuse profonde : effets des héparines de bas poids moléculaire et de la doxycycline

La resolution du thrombus veineux est a la source d’une reaction inflammatoire intense precoce, provoquant les lesions de la paroi veineuse. La reponse des tissus aux lesions inclut l’activation de metalloproteinases de la matrice (MMP) et la regeneration des proteines de la matrice extracellulaire. Cette etude a cherche a determiner l’effet de l’inhibition exogene des MMP et de son attenuation potentielle des lesions parietales veineuses precoces. Methodes Des rats ont recu le traitement commencant 24 heures apres une thrombose veineuse par stase due a une ligature pre-occlusive et jusqu’a prelevement au 7 ieme jour. Trois groupes ont ete evalues : (1) groupe controle avec solution salee (NaCl), (2) heparine de bas poids moleculaire (HBPM ; Lovenox, 3 mg/kg par jour sous cutanee), et (3) doxycycline (DOXY, 30 mg/kg par jour per os). La taille des thrombus (mg/mm), les niveaux du facteur α de necrose tumorale (TNF α) et des D-dimere par analyse colorimetrique, ainsi que la numeration de monocytes par immunohistochimie ont ete evalues. L’evaluation de la paroi veineuse comprenait la rigidite evaluee par tensiometrie, l’interleukine 1β (IL-1 β), le niveau de proteines par analyse ELISA, MMP2 et -9 par zymographie, et l’analyse histologique de l’epaisseur intimale (EI). Les comparaisons etaient realisees par rapport au controle par le test t. p Resultats Les tailles de thrombus etaient semblables aux 2 ieme et au 7 ieme jours pour chacun des trois groupes, alors que le taux de TNFα du thrombus etait augmente dans les groupes traites par HBPM et DOXY a deux jours (NaCl = 1.0 ± 0.8, HBPM = 9 ± 3, DOXY = 27 ± 5 pg/mg de proteine, N = 6-8, p N = 5, p N = 5-7, p N = 4-6, p N = 4-6, p N = 6-8, p Conclusion Le traitement par HBPM ou DOXY n’a pas modifie la taille de la thrombose veineuse profonde, a moderement change la composition du thrombus, et a differemment modifie les lesions de la paroi veineuse, en depit d’une reduction semblable de l’activite precoce en MMP9. D’autres etudes seront necessaires pour determiner si l’inhibition exogene de MMP affecte la fibrose a long terme de la paroi veineuse.
α 1-adrenoceptordenervation supersensitivity in brain: Physiological and receptor binding studies

Abstract Electrophysiological and radioligand binding methods were used to characterize noradrenergic denervation supersensitivity atα1-adrenoceptors in rat thalamus. Denervation was accomplished either by intraventricular or intracerebral injection of the catecholamine neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). In the physiological studies, the sensitivity of single lateral geniculate neurons to norepinephrine, carbachol, and serotonin was compared in sham and lesioned animals various times after 6-OHDA. Conducted in parallel were radioligand binding studies in which the density and affinity of thalamicα1-adrenoceptors were measured with the specific antagonist [3H]prazosin. The results indicate that denervation produces a selective increase in the sensitivity of geniculate neurons toα1-adrenergic stimulation and a concomitant increase inα1-adrenoceptor density and agonist affinity.
A mucosal gateway for vaccines.

The use of a natural IgG transport system to deliver a mucosal vaccine is a step toward needle-free immunization.
Kokkos: Enabling Performance Portability Across Manycore Architectures

The manycore revolution in computational hardware can be characterized by increasing thread counts, decreasing memory per thread, and architecture specific performance constraints for memory access patterns. High performance computing (HPC) on emerging many core architectures requires codes to exploit every opportunity for thread-level parallelism and satisfy conflicting performance constraints. We developed the Kokkos C++ library to provide scientific and engineering codes with a user accessible many core performance portable programming model. The two foundational abstractions of Kokkos are (1) dispatch work to a many core device for parallel execution and (2) manage multidimensional arrays with polymorphic layouts. The integration of these abstractions enables users' code to satisfy multiple architecture specific memory access pattern performance constraints without having to modify their source code. In this paper we describe the Kokkos abstractions, summarize its application programmer interface (API), and present performance results for a molecular dynamics computational kernel and finite element mini-application.
High-Frequency Link Power Conversion

A class of electrical power conditioners incorporating an intermediate variable high-frequency link concept is introduced by considering a converter with dc source and variable voltage and frequency polyphase output, then extending the concept to polyphase ac source voltage. The ac 60 Hz -ac high-freq -ac output-freq system is essentially comprised of two cascade 12-thyristor cycloconverters separated by a parallel resonant tank circuit. The tank circuit provides commutation means for both cycloconverters. Normally, the input cycloconverter operates in the inverting mode and the output cycloconverter in the rectifying mode, although during regeneration their roles are reversed. For static var control applications, the output cycloconverter is not required. The input cycloconverter separating the 60-Hz supply from the resonant tank circuit can be envisioned as a ``solid-state synchronous machine'' capable of controlling real and reactive power independently. Various control strategies for doing this is discussed. The design and potential performance characteristics for a 50-kVA system suitable for motor drives is illustrated with regard to power capability and tank frequency versus tank-to-supply voltage radio, input power factor setting, load voltage, and power factor.
REFORM, NOT RHETORIC: A Critique of Welfare Policy and Charting of New Directions

Current changes in welfare policy are examined, and the likelihood that they will be unworkable or counterproductive is discussed. Based on knowledge and data from the articles in this special section, as well as other relevant research, policy and program recommendations are offered for welfare reform that would most effectively help poor women support themselves and their families.
Acoustic properties of amorphous silica between 1 and 500 mK.

We have made reliable measurements of the sound velocity $\ensuremath{\delta}v/{v}_{0}$ and internal friction ${Q}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ in vitreous silica at 1.03, 3.74, and 14.0 kHz between 1 mK and 0.5 K. In contrast with earlier studies that did not span as wide a temperature and frequency range, our measurements of ${Q}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ reveal a crossover (as $T$ decreases) only near 10 mK from the ${T}^{3}$ dependence predicted by the standard tunneling model to a $T$ dependence predicted if interactions are accounted for. We find good fits at all frequencies using a single interaction parameter, the prefactor of the interaction-driven relaxation rate, in contrast to earlier claims of a frequency dependent power law. We also show that the discrepancy in the slopes $d(\ensuremath{\delta}v/{v}_{0})/d({log﻿}_{10}T)$ below and above the sound velocity maximum ($1\ensuremath{\mathbin:}\ensuremath{-}1$ observed, $1\ensuremath{\mathbin:}\ensuremath{-}2$ predicted) can be resolved by assuming a modified distribution of tunneling states.
Physical properties of hexafluoroacetone

Abstract The vapour pressure of hexafluoroacetone has been determined from 58°C to the critical point. The critical temperature and pressure were also measured. Densities of the liquid and saturated vapour were determined between - 50°C and the critical point. Using this information the rectilinear diameter line and the heats of vaporization have been determined.
NEW PROBLEMS DO NOT DEMAND NEW SOLUTIONS: THE PRINCIPLE OF LEAST DISRUPTION

Abstract The conference has highlighted the alternative responses to energy and other resource supply disruptions: the laissez faire or free market approach vs. that of command and control government intervention. Economists at the conference tended to defend the virtues of the market response; administrators tended to defend centralized government decision making. This paper argues that the correct response is to minimize disruption in existing institutional arrangements: that existing mechanisms and institutions tend to work better in new situations than do new mechanisms and institutional arrangements. Thus the reason command and control regulation tends to fail in emergencies is that it requires consumers and producers to depart from their normal patterns of behavior. The Federal Aviation Administration overcame the effects of the air traffic controllers' strike not by optimally rescheduling all flights, but by maintaining the old schedules to the maximum possible degree and allowing customary pilot and airline behaviour to play a major role. The free market, however, is not without limitations. Certain goods and services are not ordinarily subject to price and cannot be allocated by the market; uncompensated price increases and accompanying redistributions of wealth in disruption episodes may not be acceptable to the majority of people.
Analysis of skeletal movements in mandibular distraction osteogenesis.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to use geometric parameters of movement, calculated from 3-dimensional computed tomography (CT) data, to determine the curvilinear distractor dimensions required to correct mandibular deformities in a series of patients. Materials and methods Preoperative CT scans from 15 patients with symmetric (n = 5) and asymmetric (n = 10) deformities were imported into a CT-based software program (Osteoplan; an open-source visualization application developed by Gering et al at the Surgical Planning Laboratory [SPL, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA]). The software was used to reconstruct virtual 3-dimensional models from these scans. Two experienced surgeons, working with a computer scientist, then used Osteoplan to create an ideal treatment plan for each patient. In each case, the 3-dimensional curvilinear movement was quantified using 4 “parameters of movement” (POMs). These parameters were then used to prescribe a distraction device capable of executing the planned skeletal correction. Curvilinear distractor dimensions calculated by Osteoplan included the radius of curvature of the prescribed device, and the distractor elongation, pitch, and handedness. Results Treatment plans including POMs were developed for each patient. The radii of curvature for the prescribed distractors ranged from 2.3 to 14.1 cm, the distractor elongation dimensions ranged from 0.7 to 3.2 cm, and the pitch (horizontal plane) dimensions ranged from 0.005 to 0.8 cm. Handedness was either a left (n = 12) or right (n = 8) turning helix. Conclusion The results of this study indicate that, using geometric parameters of movement calculated from 3-dimensional CT scans, curvilinear devices could be prescribed for correction of the range of skeletal deformities in this group of patients.
Surgical treatment of pseudoaneurysm of the thoracic aorta

Objectives To examine the clinical profiles, operative outcomes, and late results of patients with pseudoaneurysm of the thoracic aorta. Methods From 1990 to 2002, 60 patients underwent repair of aortic pseudoaneurysm: ascending aorta in 70%, ascending aorta and arch in 15%, descending aorta in 10%, and arch alone in 5%. Mean age was 53 ± 15 years, and 70% were men. Of these, 50 (83%) had undergone previous cardiac surgery, including 22 (37%) composite valve graft operations. The preferred cannulation site was femoral-femoral (n = 27, 45%), with deep hypothermic circulatory arrest in 62% and retrograde cerebral perfusion in 33%; more recently, however, axillary cannulation has been preferred. Results Principal etiologies were graft infection in ascending aorta pseudoaneurysm and trauma in descending aorta pseudoaneurysm. Fifteen patients (25%) presented with chest pain, 13 (22%) with heart failure, and 20% with moderate or severe aortic regurgitation. The pseudoaneurysm was resected and the aorta replaced (n = 45, 75%) or repaired (n = 15, 25%) using various methods. Hospital mortality was 6.7% (n = 4). Reexploration for bleeding was required in 8.3%, and 3.3% had postoperative stroke. At 30 days, 5 years, and 10 years, survival was 94%, 74%, and 60% and freedom from reoperation was 95%, 77%, and 67%, respectively. Conclusions Most patients with aortic pseudoaneurysm require ascending aorta and/or arch replacement, which can be accomplished with low operative mortality and morbidity. Long-term survival and freedom from reoperation in these young patients parallel those expected for complex cardiac and aortic disease.