cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acquired Factor VIII Inhibitor: A Single Institution Experience With 62 Patients

Background Acquired Factor VIII inhibitor or autoimmune hemophilia A (AHA), has an estimated incidence of up to 1.5 cases per million/year and may result in severe hemorrhagic complications and death. Approximately 50% of cases have an underlying condition such as malignancies, autoimmune disorders and post-partum state. AHA should be suspected in any patient presenting with unexplained bleeding and an inhibited aPTT. Management consists of maintaining hemostasis and elimination of the inhibitor, however management is not standardized. We present 62 cases of AHA managed at Mayo Clinic Rochester, over the course of 36 years. We also analyzed whether aPTT at presentation correlated with the strength of inhibition measured by Bethesda Titer. Methods After IRB approval, medical records of patients with AHA were reviewed and all clinical data collected. Cumulative incidence of death was estimated by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Spearman correlation was used to calculate relation of APTT to Bethesda titer. Results Between 1976 and 2012, we identified 62 patients (male: 35), with a median age at diagnosis of AHA 69 years (mean 64, range 20-86). Clinical presentation consisted of extensive ecchymoses (n=40, 64%) in majority of cases. 29/62 (47%) patients had at least 1 identifiable predisposing condition with 12/62 (19%) patients with an underlying malignancy and 16/62 (26%) with underlying autoimmune conditions. Median Bethesda titer was 29 (range 1 to 1178). Bethesda titer was not related to the number or duration of hospitalizations. Most (69%) patients had at least one hospitalization and 12 (19%) had more than one hospitalization for bleeding complication. Inpatient therapy for bleeding consisted most commonly of FEIBA in 21 pts (34%) and rFVIIa in 6 pts (10%). Prednisone was the most common immunosuppressant used in 54 (87%) patients while Rituximab was used in 11 (18%) patients. Of 32 patients with available follow up labs most (69%) achieved remission. There was no difference in remission rates between patients treated or not treated with Rituximab (p=0.1735). Conclusion Acquired Hemophilia A is a rare condition with very heterogenous presentation. It affects mostly older male patients who present with ecchymoses and elevated APTT. The degree of APTT prolongation at the time of diagnosis does not correlate with the strength of the Bethesda titer and should not guide choice of therapy in a patient presenting with an acute bleed. Rituximab use in the 11 patients treated at Mayo did not seem to influence remission rates or survival. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Beyond Sumptuary: Constitutionalism, Clothes, and Bodies in Anglo-American Law, 1215-1789

Current scholarship is peppered with casual references to “sumptuary laws” whenever regulations of clothing or bodies are at issue. Too often, these references are incorrect, or at best incomplete. This Article is a careful consideration of the various regulations of attire and bodily markings from the Magna Carta in 1215 to the adoption of the United States Constitution in 1789. This Article situates bodily regulation within Anglo-American constitutionalism, including nascent constitutional Tudor-era struggles between the monarch and Parliament, the status of colonial laws, the American Revolution, pre-constitutional slavery, and the formation of the Constitution, including a proposed “Sumptuary Clause.”
Thyroid storm presenting as psychosis: masked by diabetic ketoacidosis.

Introduction : While extremely uncommon, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and thyroid storm (TS) are endocrine emergencies that can coexist. We describe a case with a confounding clinical presentation that identifies these two emergencies within the setting of sepsis and influenza. Case : A 69-year-old diabetic female was found by the paramedic staff to be disoriented. She demonstrated tachycardia and had a foul-smelling abdominal wound. Laboratory evaluation revealed DKA, leukocytosis, influenza B, and urinary tract infection. After appropriate management in the intensive care unit, the DKA resolved the following morning. However, the patient developed a fever, and her psychosis became more pronounced. Extensive analysis was performed but did not explain her mental status. The patient was found to have thyroid stimulating hormone of 0.06 mIU/mL, free T4 (thyroxine) of 2.38 ng/dL, and total T3 (triiodothyronine) of 72 ng/dL. Based on the Burch and Wartofsky criteria (score of 65), TS was diagnosed. Based on more recent diagnostic criteria suggested by Akamizu et al., the patient met criteria for TS grade 1. Within several hours of initiating treatment, the patient’s mental state and tachycardia improved, and her psychosis resolved by the third day. Conclusion : This case highlights the importance of recognizing the clinical diagnosis of TS, as the magnitude of thyroid hormone derangements may not correlate with clinical severity. While rare, DKA and TS can simultaneously occur and are associated with increased morbidity and mortality if not promptly recognized and treated.
Reading Mike: Assessing Work Law and Policy in an Age of Global Capital – What's Next? A Matrix for the Grey Zone

During the last quarter of a prolific and distinguished career, the late legal scholar Mike Zimmer turned his attention to international and comparative employment law. The works he produced in his global period are an assessment of labor and employment law and policy in an age of global capital, and a window on his values and concerns. In a series of compelling articles, Zimmer normatively interrogated neoliberalism by assessing its effects on working people. Neoliberal assumptions treat human labor as just another factor of production, and prescribe minimal government intervention regarding workplace rights, protections, and conditions. Individual firms freely seek to lower their labor costs through enterprise disaggregation, creating short-term and impermanent relationships with individual workers, hiring independent contractors, and making use of global supply chains. The results in the United States are extraordinary levels of economic inequality and insecurity. Referencing the legal and policy innovations of other countries, Zimmer demanded American law- and policymakers be held accountable, and argued that a failure to reverse course threatened our democratic political system.Building on Zimmer’s insights, this essay offers a way to understand the state and its role in producing the fundamental labor market transformations we are witnessing. To that end, the essay addresses two questions. First, in what way do government efforts contribute to or, on the other hand, forestall the decline of the standard employment relationship? Second, how does the state destabilize or, on the other hand, shore up labor standards and status distinctions among working people? To answer those questions, a systematic method of assessing work law and policy is proposed. Using the concept of the “grey zone,” as developed by Projet ZOGRIS, a multi-national study of the rise of insecure employment, a seven-factor matrix reveals the way the state plays a paradoxical role in the growth of nonstandard work and increasing precariousness. Through action and inaction, the government creates contested territory, complicates its role as a promulgator and enforcer of labor standards, and generates inequalities among workers in terms of the rights, benefits, and protections they are or should be entitled to. While the matrix is a tool for indicting the actions of law- and policymakers, it also reveals praiseworthy efforts, and identifies a repertoire of actions available to the state, which can be used to improve the working conditions of its people.
Science Signaling Podcast for 28 February 2017: Balancing autophagy in the stressed heart

Abstract This Podcast features an interview with Saumya Das, senior author of a Research Article that appears in the 28 February 2017 issue of Science Signaling , about a protein that inhibits pathological cardiac hypertrophy in mice. Temporary increases in cardiac workload, such as those caused by exercise or pregnancy, induce physiological cardiac hypertrophy, a beneficial type of heart enlargement that is adaptive. However, a sustained increase in workload due to metabolic stress or uncontrolled high blood pressure induces pathological cardiac hypertrophy, which can contribute to heart failure. Simonson et al . found that expression of DNA-damage-inducible transcript 4-like ( DDiT4L ) increased during pathological hypertrophy, but not during physiological hypertrophy, in mice. DDiT4L promoted stress-induced autophagy in cardiomyocytes by inhibiting signaling through the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and stimulating signaling through mTORC2. These findings suggest that targeting autophagy, which is important for cellular homeostasis but can be detrimental in excess, may be useful for treating some cardiovascular diseases. Listen to Podcast
Differences in Adolescent Emotion Regulation and Impulsivity: A Group Comparison Study of School-Based Recovery Students.

ABSTRACTBackground: Recovery high schools (RHS) vary in organization and operating philosophy, but are designed to support the unique needs of students struggling with substance use disorders (SUD). Previous research on youth risk taking behaviors suggests emotion regulation is a key predictor of outcomes. Specifically, the ability to respond in adaptive rather than maladaptive ways is often associated with challenges of impulsivity, poor distress tolerance, and adolescent substance use. Objectives: The current study considers data from RHS students in order to answer research questions concerning impulsivity and emotion regulation of youth working to change their risk trajectories in comparison to group of typically developing youth. Methods: Participants (n = 114) in the study were composed of students enrolled in 3 RHS programs and a comparison group of similar aged youth (15–20 years) without an identified SUD. Data collection occurred through an anonymous online survey set of four measures of reactiv...
The Muscle Pattern of Drosophila

The musculature of insects is composed of an external, multilayered array of body wall muscles (somatic musculature), an internal layer of visceral muscles that surround the digestive tract and gonads, and specialized myo-epithelial tubes forming the vascular system. All three types of muscle are represented in Drosophila at the larval and adult stage. In this chapter, the somatic, visceral, gonadal and cardiac muscle pattern of Drosophila will be described. An attempt will be made to discuss possible homologies between the muscle pattern of Drosophila, which is a member of a highly derived dade of insects, and that of more primitive insects and other animal groups.
Genetic counseling and testing in endometrial cancer: Are we capturing high-risk women?

1503Background: Lynch syndrome accounts for the majority of inherited endometrial cancers and the identification of probands presents a unique opportunity to treat and prevent multiple cancers. This is now even more relevant with the potential of novel immunotherapy agents for women with germline mutations. The diagnosis of endometrial cancer (EC) can provide the indication for women with specific risk factors to undergo genetic testing (GT). We sought to evaluate genetic counseling referrals (GCR) and subsequent GT rates. Methods: All women with EC between 2012 and 2015 were identified. Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate risk factors including age, body mass index (BMI), positive family history defined as two or more family members with Lynch-related cancers, and tumor mismatch repair (MMR) protein expression loss. Results: A total of 447 women were diagnosed with EC and of these, 107 (24%) were given GCR by their gynecologic oncologist based on their discretion. Compared to non-GCR, GCR wom...
Management, Prevention, and Sequelae of Adhesions in Women Undergoing Laparoscopic Gynecologic Surgery: A Systematic Review.

Surgical adhesions can lead to significant consequences including abdominopelvic pain, bowel obstruction, subfertility, and subsequent surgery. Although laparoscopic surgery is associated with a decreased risk of adhesion formation, methods to further decrease adhesions are warranted. We systematically reviewed literature addressing the management, prevention, and sequelae of adhesions in women undergoing laparoscopic gynecologic surgery. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, EBSCOhost, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and found 6566 records. The primary outcome was adhesion formation. The secondary outcomes were abdominopelvic pain, quality of life, subfertility, pregnancy, bowel obstruction, urinary symptoms, and subsequent surgery. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 52 studies remained for qualitative synthesis. Risk of bias assessments were applied independently by 2 authors. There was evidence that Hyalobarrier Gel (Anika Therapeutics, Bedford, MA), HyaRegen NCH Gel (Bilar Medikal, Istanbul, Turkey), Oxiplex/AP Gel (Fziomed, Inc., San Luis Obispo, CA), SprayGel (Confluent Surgical Inc., Waltham, MA), and Beriplast (CSL Behring, LLCm King of Prussia, PA) all decrease the incidence of adhesions. Adept (Baxter, Deerfield, IL) significantly decreased de novo adhesion scores of the posterior uterus. Using an integrated treatment approach to pelvic pain significantly improved pain and quality of life compared with standard laparoscopic treatment. Lastly, Hyalobarrier Gel Endo (Anika Therapeutics, Bedford, MA) placement led to a higher pregnancy rate than no barrier usage. Our findings underscore the need for high-quality trials to evaluate the efficacy of surgical techniques, adhesion barriers, and other treatment modalities on the management and prevention of adhesions and their clinical sequelae. This review was registered on PROSPERO (ID = CRD42017068053).
Insurance-mandated preoperative diet and outcomes after bariatric surgery.

Abstract Background Despite a lack of demonstrated patient benefit, many insurance providers mandate a physician-supervised diet before financial coverage for bariatric surgery. Objectives To compare weight loss between patients with versus without insurance mandating a preoperative diet. Setting University hospital, United States. Methods Retrospective study of all patients who underwent laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass or sleeve gastrectomy over a 5-year period, stratified based on whether an insurance-mandated physician-supervised diet was required. Weight loss outcomes at 6, 12, and 24 months postoperation were compared. Linear mixed-models and backward-stepwise selection were used. P Results Of 284 patients, 225 (79%) were required and 59 (21%) were not required to complete a preoperative diet by their insurance provider. Patients without the requirement had a shorter time to operation from initial consultation ( P = .04), were older ( P P P = .050) and 24 ( P = .045) months. In adjusted analyses, this group also had greater percent excess weight loss at 6 ( P P P P = .004); and change in body mass index at 6 ( P = .032) and 24 ( P = .007) months. There was no difference in length of stay or complication rates. Conclusions Insurance-mandated preoperative diets delay treatment and may lead to inferior weight loss.
Connecting non-pharmacist faculty to pharmacy practice.

Abstract United States (US) colleges and schools of pharmacy employ faculty from various disciplines. Many of these are basic scientists who do not have professional degrees in pharmacy. Nevertheless, all faculty members in colleges/schools of pharmacy, irrespective of discipline, are expected to possess a conceptual understanding of contemporary pharmacy practice and of the pharmacist's role in the healthcare system. Therefore, an essential element of a non-pharmacist faculty development is to gain and maintain a basic understanding of pharmacy practice. The purpose of this short commentary is to describe a mechanism used at our college that connects basic scientists to pharmacy practice through participation as facilitators in an introductory first-year course focused on foundations of pharmacy and the US healthcare system. Through sharing personal experience with this mechanism, the author aims to inspire non-pharmacist faculty to seek out formal and informal avenues available at their institutions to interface with pharmacy practice.
Minimum energy requirements for desalination of brackish groundwater in the United States with comparison to international datasets

This paper uses chemical and physical data from a large 2017 U.S. Geological Survey groundwater dataset with wells in the U.S. and three smaller international groundwater datasets with wells primarily in Australia and Spain to carry out a comprehensive investigation of brackish groundwater composition in relation to minimum desalination energy costs. First, we compute the site-specific least work required for groundwater desalination. Least work of separation represents a baseline for specific energy consumption of desalination systems. We develop simplified equations based on the U.S. data for least work as a function of water recovery ratio and a proxy variable for composition, either total dissolved solids, specific conductance, molality or ionic strength. We show that the U.S. correlations for total dissolved solids and molality may be applied to the international datasets. We find that total molality can be used to calculate the least work of dilute solutions with very high accuracy. Then, we examine the effects of groundwater solute composition on minimum energy requirements, showing that separation requirements increase from calcium to sodium for cations and from sulfate to bicarbonate to chloride for anions, for any given TDS concentration. We study the geographic distribution of least work, total dissolved solids, and major ions concentration across the U.S. We determine areas with both low least work and high water stress in order to highlight regions holding potential for desalination to decrease the disparity between high water demand and low water supply. Finally, we discuss the implications of the USGS results on water resource planning, by comparing least work to the specific energy consumption of brackish water reverse osmosis plants and showing the scaling propensity of major electrolytes and silica in the U.S. groundwater samples.
Use of biotechnology for tree improvement in Populus model systems

Tree improvement involves the identification, recovery, and multiplication of unique, useful gene combinations that provide the desired growth, quality, and stress resistance traits. The long generation time of trees, lack of knowledge about juvenile-mature trait correlations, and difficulty in obtaining the transfer and expression of desirable genes at high frequencies seriously limit the success of the classical selection, breeding and testing cycle.
Orthostatic Disorders of Blood Pressure Control: Pathogenesis

During a change from the lying to the standing position, gravitational forces would cause rapid accumulation of blood in the dependent parts of the body were it not for the constriction of arterioles and capacitance vessels that normally takes place almost instantaneously. Arteriolar constriction is essential for orthostatic maintenance of the diastolic blood pressure, whereas venous and venular constriction is required for the uninterrupted return of blood from the lower parts of the body to the heart, so that stroke volume continues to be adequate to maintain the systolic blood pressure at normal levels. Since increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system is the prime stimulus for constriction of the peripheral vessels, it follows that deficient catecholamine action at these vascular sites is the most important potential mechanism of orthostatic diastolic hypotension.
Onset of mercury toxicity in young chickens

Five groups of 4-week-old male chickens were exposed to 0 or 500 mg/L (ppm) of mercury (Hg+2) as HgCl2 in their drinking water for 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 days. Rates of growth and feed and water consumption decreased within three days of Hg+2 treatment. Mortality increased in the groups receiving Hg+2. Red blood cell numbers, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, and hemoglobin level increased within three days of treatment with Hg+2, while mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration decreased within the same treatment period. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin level was not influenced by Hg+2 treatment.
Health communication as an instructional communication context beyond the classroom

As scholars and practitioners who study and teach communication and education, we are intimately aware of the interrelationships between communication and pedagogy. More importantly, we are cogniza...
Predicting Phased Array Radar Performance Through Modelling

Modelling and simulation can reduce risk associated with complex radar system development because design choices can be validated before any hardware is developed. Models can also be used to accelerate algorithm development for existing radar systems. This paper describes the modelling results for two phased array radar designs: an MTI radar and a MIMO radar. These systems were modelled and then tested with radar data generated with commercially available radar hardware. The performance results for both models and the hardware-fed processing are analyzed and compared.
Hospital-acquired infections in the surgical intensive care: epidemiology and prevention.

Hospital-acquired infections affect 7% to 10% of hospitalized patients and account for approximately 80 000 deaths per year in the United States. Of all infections acquired in the hospital, more than 20 % occur in intensive care unit patients. As the number of ICU beds increases, the proportion of ICU infections is likely to increase. The focus of this paper is to review the epidemiology of hospital-acquired infections that occur in the surgical ICU, particularly ventilator associated pneumonia, catheter-associated urinary tract infection, and catheter-related bloodstream infection, and to discuss ICU-related prevention strategies. By implementing effective preventative measures and maintaining strict surveillance of ICU infections, we hope to affect the associated morbidity, mortality, and cost that our patients and society bare.
Effects of management areas, drought, and commodity prices on groundwater decline patterns across the High Plains Aquifer

Abstract We use an 82-year record of water table data from the High Plains Aquifer to introduce a new application of segmented regression to hydrogeology, and evaluate the effects of droughts, crop prices, and local groundwater management on groundwater level trajectories. Across the High Plains, we find discernable regional cycles of faster and slower water table declines. A parsimonious Classification And Regression Tree (CART) analysis details correlations between select explanatory variables and changes in water table trajectories, quantified as changes in slope of well hydrographs. Drying relative to prior-year conditions is associated with negative changes in slope; in the absence of drying conditions, steep declines in commodity price are associated with positive changes in hydrograph slopes. Establishment of a groundwater management area is not a strong predictor for change in water table trajectories, but more wells tend to have negative changes in around the time of management areas are formation, suggesting that drought conditions are associated with both negative deflections in water table trajectory and enactment of management areas. Segmented regression is a promising tool for groundwater managers to evaluate change thresholds and the effectiveness of management strategies on groundwater storage and decline, using readily available water table data.
Extrathymic Aire-expressing cells support maternal-fetal tolerance.

Healthy pregnancy requires tolerance to fetal alloantigens as well as syngeneic embryonic and placental antigens. Given the importance of the autoimmune regulator (Aire) gene in self-tolerance, we investigated the role of Aire-expressing cells in maternal-fetal tolerance. We report that maternal ablation of Aire-expressing (Aire+) cells during early mouse pregnancy caused intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) in both allogeneic and syngeneic pregnancies. This phenotype is immune mediated, as IUGR was rescued in Rag1-deficient mice, and involved a memory response, demonstrated by recurrence of severe IUGR in second pregnancies. Single-cell RNA sequencing demonstrated that Aire+ cell depletion in pregnancy results in expansion of activated T cells, particularly T follicular helper cells. Unexpectedly, selective ablation of either Aire-expressing medullary thymic epithelial cells or extrathymic Aire-expressing cells (eTACs) mapped the IUGR phenotype exclusively to eTACs. Thus, we report a previously undescribed mechanism for the maintenance of maternal-fetal immune homeostasis and demonstrate that eTACs protect the conceptus from immune-mediated IUGR.
“A Living, Breathing, Curriculum”: Harlem Prep and the Power of Cultural Relevance, 1967–1974

This chapter explores the history of Harlem Prep, an independent, community-based high school that educated and sent to college many hundreds of students originally “pushed out” of education from 1967 to 1974. During these years, the school not only became a cherished Black community institution in the neighborhood of Harlem, but its distinct multicultural curriculum served as a catalyst for students’ academic achievements. This chapter specifically focuses on that multicultural curriculum, paying special attention to teachers’ culturally relevant pedagogy, students’ diverse course selection, and the school’s broader programming. Ultimately, by engaging in a microhistory of Harlem Prep’s curriculum during this dynamic era, historians of education can better understand the ever-important role that curriculum plays in a school’s educational mission and activists’ long-standing struggle for freedom.
Observational measurement of behavior

Like any other research tool, observational methods can be misused. Professors Yoder and Symons have put together a textbook that introduces graduate students to the competent conduct of observational research methods and measurement. Their approach embraces both single-subject and group-design perspectives of observational methods, instructing students when and how to use both methodologies. In addition, the authors include many practical exercises within chapters as well as a CD Rom that includes media files of an observation session to code with multiple behavior sampling methods.
A new computational model for massive parallelism

A universal parallel computational model using the concept of distributed associative processing (DASP) is presented. The effective realization of this model is due to unique facilities of a multiaccess content-induced transaction overlap communication technique. The operative mechanism of the model uses a plurality of processing nodes with content-addressable transmission buffers. This construction can be incrementally expanded through the hierarchical multiplexing of information pathways. The developed principles simplify hardware/software organization and ensure performance gains for a variety of computational schemes. >
FOUR DRUG CHEMOTHERAPY, TOTAL BODY IRRADIATION |[lpar]|TBI|[rpar]| AND ALLOGENEIC OR AUTOLOGOUS BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION |[lpar]|EMT|[rpar]| FOR METASTATIC NEUROBLASTOMA

Intensive chemotherapy, TBI, and BMT may improve the outcome for children with metastatic neuroblastoma (August, et al, 1982). We are testing a new four drug chemotherapy and TBI pretransplant regimen for its toxicity and efficacy. Five patients received cis-platinum, VM26, doxorubicin, melphalan, and TBI (VAMP-TBI); and 3 received melphalan and TBI (M-TBI) because they could not tolerate the other agents or because their tumor was judged resistent. Allogeneic (allo) marrow was given to 5 and autologous (auto) marrow to 3 patients. They were 1 1/2 to 7 yrs old when transplanted (median 5 yrs) and were transplanted 5-13 mos after diagnosis (median 10 mos). Auto marrow had no neuroblastoma cells by immunoperoxidase staining for neuron specific enolase and cell surface antigens, which detects 1 tumor cell/105 normal cells. The most consistent acute toxicity from VAMP-TBI was severe mucositis, vomiting, and diarrhea; M-TBI also caused these complications but to a lesser extent. One acute toxic death occurred with each regimen. Of the 5 patients receiving VAMP-TBI, 3 have no evidence of disease (NED) at 60 (auto), 195 (allo), and 317 (allo) days; and 1 (auto) is 7 days post transplantation. One of 3 receiving M-TBI is NED at 45 days (auto), and another has progressive disease at 189 days (allo). We conclude that VAMP-TBI is a tolerable conditioning regimen. The survival of 3 of 4 evaluable patients receiving VAMP-TBI with NED suggests that this regimen should continue to be investigated.
WHERE DID I LEAVE MY GLASSES?: THE WHAT, WHEN, AND WHY OF NORMAL MEMORY LOSS By Martha Weinman Lear

Where Did I Leave My Glasses? is an informative book that discerns normal memory loss due to aging versus memory loss due to pathology. The author was moved to write this book due to her own shortc...
An Investigation of Attention and Affect in Children with Autism and Down Syndrome

Longitudinal videotape recordings of six young children with autism and six age- and language-matched children with Down syndrome in structured play with their mothers at home were coded for the focus of the child's visual attention for four bimonthly visits and for facial affect for two of the four visits. The main finding was that the children with autism showed reduced expression of positive affect in a familiar social context. The autistic group attended to the mother's face and the researchers only about half as much as the Down syndrome group, but these differences did not reach statistical significance. Compared to the Down syndrome group, the autistic group displayed a smaller proportion of their total positive affect toward the mother's face and toward the researcher, but only the latter group difference reached statistical significance. Although limited by the small sample size, these findings suggest that autistic children's known deficits in attention and affective responsiveness to others persist even in structured interactions with a familiar partner in the home.
Input-shaped model reference control of a nonlinear time-varying double-pendulum crane

This paper investigates the performance of input-shaped model reference control on a time-varying double-pendulum using a linear single-pendulum reference model. The single- and double-pendulum crane dynamics are presented. An input-shaped model reference control scheme is then developed. The robustness of the controller is enhanced to handle both parameter variations and the system order difference between the reference model and the plant. The natural frequencies of the double-pendulum crane are calculated and utilized to design a two-mode specified insensitivity input shaper. A Lyapunov control law using only the first mode states of the plant is derived. The state tracking, oscillation suppression, and control effort reduction performances of the proposed controller is tested via numerical simulations and experiments.
A cellular network planning technique to minimize exposure to rf radiation

In a cellular network, the service coverage area is divided into cells, each of which is served by a base station. Although the cellular network provides great convenience for mobile users, the transmitter at the base station emits radio frequency (RF) radiation which can be harmful to humans nearby. To minimize human exposure to RF radiation, the base stations should be placed as far away from densely populated sites as possible in network planning. The problem to be solved in this paper, referred to as the minimal exposure problem, is abstracted as follows: given a set of sites and a planned cellular network that has a fixed cell size and network orientation but is movable, find a position to deploy the planned network such that the minimal distance between the sites and their corresponding base stations in the deployed network is maximized. To solve the problem, the paper proposes a new geometric diagram called the nearest-point umbrella diagram. The nearest-point umbrella diagram is comparable to the famous nearest-point Voronoi diagram. The Voronoi diagram uses the Euclidian distance between two points whereas the umbrella diagram uses the distance between a point and a cellular network. Based on the umbrella diagram, the minimal exposure problem can be solved in O(n2logn) time if there are n sites to be considered.
Relation between number of apolipoprotein(a) kringle 4 repeats and mobility of isoforms in agarose gel: basis for a standardized isoform nomenclature

The size of apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)] varies from 187 to 648 kDa because of interallelic differences in the number of kringle 4-encoding sequences in the apo(a) gene. Plasma apo(a) isoform sizes were determined by a high-resolution sodium dodecyl sulfate-agarose gel electrophoretic method, followed by immunoblotting. The relation between the number of apo(a) kringle 4-encoding sequences in the apo(a) gene, as assessed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and genomic blotting, and the mobility of apo(a) isoforms in agarose gel was evaluated in 29 individuals who had 48 expressed apo(a) isoforms that contained between 12 and 41 kringle 4 repeats. The log of the kringle number was linearly related to the distance the isoform migrated on the agarose gel (r= 0.999). A nomenclature is proposed to designate apo(a) isoforms by the respective number of kringle 4 repeats.
Microfiltration membranes functionalized with multiple styrenic homopolymer and block copolymer grafts

The pores of microfiltration polyethersulfone membranes have been functionalized with homopolymer and block copolymer grafts through sequential cationic polymerization of styrene and substituted styrene monomers, namely 4-chloromethylstyrene and 4-ethoxystyrene. 1H NMR characterization confirmed successful incorporation of polymeric grafts at different stages of functionalization. The functionalized membrane showed a 90% decrease in membrane permeability compared to the raw membrane indicating the presence of polymeric chains in the membrane flow path. Functionalized membranes have as many as 125 repeat units per chain equating to an ion-exchange capacity (IEC) of 4.9 meq/g, representing 92% of the theoretical IEC of an ion-exchange resin. A pseudo-first-order kinetic equation correlated well (R2 ∼ 0.99) with the experimental kinetic data of formation of polymeric grafts. Polymer growth studies showed that at lower initiator surface density (initiator contact time <135 min), graft length and IEC were impacted by monomer feed concentration and initiator contact time. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42501.
Survival and implantation of Escherichia coli in the intestinal tract.

Preliminary experiments established that a 0.5-ml inoculum that is introduced directly into the stomach of mice was cleared rapidly into the small intestine. Bicarbonate buffer, but not skim milk, protected such an inoculum from stomach acid until at least 90% of it had entered the small intestine. Passage and survival of various Escherichia coli strains through the mouse gut were tested by introducing a buffered bacterial inoculum directly into the stomach, together with the following two intestinal tracers: Cr(51)Cl(3) and spores of a thermophilic Bacillus sp. Quantitative recovery of excreted bacteria was accomplished by collecting the feces overnight in a refrigerated cage pan. The data show that wild-type E. coli strains and E. coli K-12 are excreted rapidly (98 to 100% within 18 h) in the feces without overall multiplication or death. E. coli varkappa1776 and DP50supF, i.e., strains certified for recombinant DNA experiments underwent rapid death in vivo, such that their excretion in the feces was reduced to approximately 1.1 and 4.7% of the inoculum, respectively. The acidity of the stomach had little bactericidal effect on the E. coli K-12 strain tested, but significantly reduced the survival of more acidsensitive bacteria (Vibrio cholerae) under these conditions. Long-term implantation of E. coli strains into continuous-flow cultures of mouse cecal flora or into conventional mice was difficult to accomplish. In contrast, when the E. coli strain was first inoculated into sterile continuous-flow cultures or into germfree mice, which were subsequently associated with conventional mouse cecal flora, the E. coli strains persisted in a large proportion of the animals at levels resembling E. coli populations in conventional mice. Metabolic adaptation contributed only partially to the success of an E. coli inoculum that was introduced first. A mathematical model is described which explains this phenomenon on the basis of competition for adhesion sites in which an advantage accrues to the bacterium which occupies those sites first. The mathematical model predicts that two or more bacterial strains that compete in the gut for the same limiting nutrient can coexist, if the metabolically less efficient strains have specific adhesion sites available. The specific rate constant of E. coli growth in monoassociated gnotobiotic mice was 2.0 h(-1), whereas the excretion rate in conventional animals was -0.23 h(-1). Consequently, limitation of growth must be regarded as the primary mechanism controlling bacterial populations in the large intestine. The beginnings of a general hypothesis of the ecology of the large intestine are proposed, in which the effects of the competitive metabolic interactions described earlier are modified by the effects of bacterial association with the intestinal wall.
Flow of Supercritical Hydrogen in a Uniformly Heated Circular Tube

Turbulent flow of supercritical hydrogen through a uniformly heated circular tube has been investigated using numerical methods, for the range of 4 x 10(exp 5) less than Re less than 3 x 10(exp 6), 5 less than or equal to q(sub W) less than or equal to 10 MW/sq m, 30 less than or equal to T(sub in) less than or equal to 90 K, and 5 less than or equal to P(sub in) less than or equal to 15 MPa. The purpose is to validate a turbulence model and calculation method for the design of active cooling systems of hydrogen-fueled hypersonic aircraft, where the hydrogen fuel a used as coolant. The PHOENICS software package was used for the computations, which required special provision for evaluation of the thermophysical properties of the supercritical hydrogen, and a low Reynolds number form of the k-epsilon turbulence model. Pressure drop and heat transfer data were compared with experiment and existing correlations and good agreement was demonstrated. For the pressure range considered here a "thermal spike" was observed and shown to be due to the secondary peak in specific heat, rather than the primary peak.
Orthobaric liquid densities and excess volumes for binary mixtures of low molarmass alkanes and nitrogen between 105 and 140 K

Abstract A magnetic suspension densimeter has been used to determine orthobaric liquid densities of gravimetrically prepared binary mixtures of the major components of liquefied natural gas (LNG) i.e. nitrogen, methane, ethane, propane, i-butane, and n-butane, generally between 105 and 140 K. All binary combinations were included in this study, with the exception of nitrogen + i-butane and nitrogen + n-butane. Uncertainties in the reported liquid-mixture densities are discussed in detail. Comparisons are made between excess volumes computed from the present results and comparable values from the literature. It was found that the volumetric properties of binary liquid mixtures of the heavy hydrocarbons (those mixtures not containing nitrogen or methane) are closely approximated by ideal mixing. Some observations are included on the use of excess volumes of the heavy hydrocarbon systems to determine effective molar volumes of n-butane in liquid mixtures below its triple-point temperature. For mixtures containing nitrogen or methane, approximate total vapor pressures are given.
Axonal delivery of soluble, insoluble and electrophoretic fractions of neuronal proteins to muscle.

Abstract Radioactive neuronal proteins were previously shown to reach tongue (styloglossus) muscle in four waves after 3 H-leucine is applied to the hypoglossal nucleus in rabbits. The present study was concerned with whether, and how, the four waves differed in the proteins transported. Rabbits were killed at the peak periods, 1, 12, 22 and 34 days after administration of precursor, and specimens of medulla, hypoglossal nerve and styloglossus muscle were taken. Specimens of mylohyoid and stylohyoid muscles were also taken for measurement of incorporation of blood-borne precursor. Liquid scintillation counting was done on soluble, insoluble and electro-phoretically separated (acid) protein fractions, permitting the tracing of identifiable proteins from medulla, through nerve to muscle. Findings indicate that: (a) different protein mixtures reach the muscle in the four waves; (b) there are marked discontinuities, with respect to time-course and patterns of radioactivity distribution among the fractions, in the transfer from nerve to muscle as compared to that between nerve segments; and (c) nerve-to-muscle transfer is selective.
Acquisition with partial and continuous reinforcement in pigeon autoshaping.

Contemporary time accumulation models make the unique prediction that acquisition of a conditioned response will be equally rapid with partial and continuous reinforcement, if the time between conditioned stimuli is held constant. To investigate this, acquisition of conditioned responding was examined in pigeon autoshaping under conditions of 100% and 25% reinforcement, holding intertrial interval constant. Contrary to what was predicted, evidence for slowed acquisition in partially reinforced animals was observed with several response measures. However, asymptotic performance was superior with 25% reinforcement. A switching of reinforcement contingencies after initial acquisition did not immediately affect responding. After further sessions, partial reinforcement augmented responding, whereas continuous reinforcement did not, irrespective of an animal’s reinforcement history. Subsequent training with a novel stimulus maintained the response patterns. These acquisition results generally support associative, rather than time accumulation, accounts of conditioning.
Eddy Current Probe Performance Characterization

Single-coil, absolute eddy current probes are used extensively by the Air Force for inspection of aluminum airframe structures. Because of the large variations in probe performance [1], a specification is needed to ensure that probes meet minimum performance criteria. In order to develop these criteria for the specification, it was necessary to assess the probe performance factors that limit flaw detectability and then to determine the response of typical probes used by the Air Force so that reasonable thresholds can be established without rejecting a large number of probes.
The Adverse Event of Unaddressed Medical Error: Identifying and Filling the Holes in the Health-Care and Legal Systems:

Patient safety has assumed a prominent role on the policy agenda since the Institute of Medicine report To Err Is Human was released in November 1999. The report maintained that medical error is the predominant mechanism by which patients in the United States and around the world are injured. This finding, along with the report’s recommendation for a “systems” approach to reducing medical error, provided an extremely important insight into the operation of our medical delivery system. Clearly, while advances in medical technology, diagnostic techniques, and knowledge provide the foundation for saving lives, medical error has resulted in their loss. However, recognition that medical error is a primary cause of these avoidable patient injuries and deaths is a key one and may result in improvements within our system of health-care delivery as well as minimization of the emotional and financial toll that iatrogenic injury causes.
F-11 AND N2O in the North American troposphere and lower stratosphere

This research determined the spatial and temporal distribution of flu orotrichloromethane (F-11) and nitrous oxide (N2O) in the troposphere, across the tropopause and into the lower stratosphere. Four airborne field data collections using a Learjet extend over nearly 2 yr (May 1975 to April 1977). For interpretive purposes, the atmosphere was divided into three analysis layers in the vertical, including the troposphere, a tropopause zone, and the lower stratosphere. F-11 and N2O are vertically well-mixed in the troposphere and concentrations of both compounds decrease in the tropopause zone and to a lesser degree in the lower stratosphere. The importance of the prevailing meteorology in the analysis near the tropopause is shown. The samples collected during the North American flights of October 1976 (latitude range 65°N to 18°N) were categorized into groups indicating their origin in either a high, middle, or low latitude air mass based on a 24 h wind trajectory analysis. The tropospheric samples of F-11 collected in high latitude air masses had higher concentrations than those collected in low latitude air masses. The tropospheric data indicated an increase in F-11 concentration with time. Nitrous oxide concentrations appear to be stable both spatially and temporally.
Absorption of shortwave radiation in a cloudy atmosphere: Observed and theoretical estimates during the second Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Enhanced Shortwave Experiment (ARESE)

[1] The ARM Enhanced Shortwave Experiment (ARESE) II was conducted in spring 2000 to address unresolved issues about the absorption of solar radiation in the atmosphere in the presence of clouds. In this study, apparent atmospheric absorption derived from surface and aircraft measurements are compared to 3-D radiative transfer model computations. Three cloud fields are examined with the heaviest overcast condition of 29 March being the most reliable from the standpoint of cloud structure and sampling. For this cloud field the model underestimates absorption by 18 W m−2 (9%) when compared to the Kipp and Zonen CM-22s and by 35 W m−2 (18%) compared to the Scripps Institution for Oceanography Radiation Measurement System. By including aerosols with modest absorbing properties into the model computations, the discrepancy is isolated to the near-infrared spectral region (0.68–3.9 μm). A comprehensive sensitivity analysis demonstrates that to match simultaneously the observed absorptance, transmittance, and cloud albedo with theory, cloud droplets must have optical properties similar to droplets with sizes three to four times as large as inferred in this study's cloud retrievals.
Exact eigenvalues, electronic wavefunctions and their derivatives with respect to the internuclear separation for the lowest 20 states of the HeH2+ molecule

Exact eigenvalues, normalized electronic wavefunctions and their derivatives with respect to the internuclear separation have been calculated for the lowest 20 states 1s sigma , 2s sigma ,...,4f phi of the HeH2+ molecule at internuclear separations 0.1(0.1)20, 20(0.2)80 a0 assuming infinitely massive nuclei. The numerical importance of the correct exponential form of the wavefunctions is emphasized, and the states are unambiguously correlated to their separated-atoms limits. The molecular states 2p sigma , 4f sigma and 4f pi are bound; their equilibrium parameters have been determined.