cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wicking and Thermal Characteristics of Micropillared Structures for Use in Passive Heat Spreaders

The thermal and hydrodynamic performance of passive two-phase cooling devices such as heat pipes and vapor chambers is limited by the capabilities of the capillary wick structures employed. The desired characteristics of wick microstructures are high permeability, high wicking capability and large extended meniscus area that sustains thin-film evaporation. Choices of scale and porosity of wick structures lead to trade-offs between the desired characteristics. In the present work, models are developed to predict the capillary pressure, permeability and thin-film evaporation rates of various micropillared geometries. Novel wicking geometries such as conical and pyramidal pillars on a surface are proposed which provide high permeability, good thermal contact with the substrate and large thin-film evaporation rates. A comparison between three different micropillared geometries – cylindrical, conical and pyramidal – is presented and compared to the performance of conventional sintered particle wicks. The employment of micropillared wick structure leads to a 10-fold enhancement in the maximum heat transport capability of the device. The present work also demonstrates a basis for reverse-engineering wick microstructures that can provide superior performance in phase-change cooling devices.
Relation between the magnetic moments of the states on a Regge trajectory

For a classical model, which describes a single Regge trajectory, we calculate a relation which exists between the magnetic moments of the various states on the trajectory. The calculation is analogous to a similar calculation of the electron g factor.
Surgical treatment of aortic valvular disease by prosthetic replacement.

Abstract Forty-two patients with aortic valvular disease, twenty-eight with regurgitation, eight with calcific stenosis and six with multivalvular disease, have had surgical correction by means of an artificial plastic valve. The low operative mortality (five early and three late deaths from possible avoidable complications) and the marked benefit received, attest to the superiority of prosthetic replacement over previous partial or palliative technics in the surgical correction of these lesions.
Estimating the age of a Galton—Waston branching process

SUMMARY Point estimates of, confidence intervals for, and hypothesis tests about the age, in generations, of a Galton-Watson process with known offspring distribution are given for the supercritical and critical cases. Extensions to other branching processes are discussed briefly.
Effect of prostate-specific antigen screening on metastatic disease burden 10 years after diagnosis.

Objective To examine the effect of prostate-specific antigen screening on the development of metastatic disease after treatment relative to 1992, the year that prostate-specific antigen screening was recommended by the American Urological Association. Screening for cancer of the prostate (CaP) with prostate-specific antigen has been questioned because of its modest impact on survival in two randomized trials. Its impact on the metastatic disease burden in a population was not assessed. To account for lead-time bias, we compared the 10-year metastasis-free survival rate for the prescreening era group (PRE) to the 15-year metastases-free survival rate of the postscreening era group (POST). Methods From 1986 to 1996, a total of 1721 CaP patients were definitively treated at our institution. The cohort was divided into PRE (1986-1992; n = 575) and POST (1993-1996; n = 1146). PRE patients were censored at 10 years, and POST patients were censored at 15 years. The 10- and 15-year metastasis-free survival rate and the characteristics associated with the risk of developing metastatic disease were assessed. Results Median follow up for all patients was 10 years (range 0.1-15 years), 9.6 years (range 0.1-10 years) for PRE, and 10.25 years (range 0.1-15 years) for POST. The 10-year PRE versus 15-year POST metastasis-free survival rate was 58% versus 65% for high-risk (P On multivariable analysis, screening era (P Conclusion The implementation of prostate-specific antigen screening in this population is associated with a decrease in metastatic disease.
PUBLISHING, SOCIETY AND CULTURE IN PRE-MODERN CHINA: THE EVOLUTION OF PRINT CULTURE

Inoue Susumu, Chūgoku shuppan bunkashi: shomotsu to chi no fūkei ( A Cultural History of Chinese Publishing: Books and the Landscape of Knowledge ). Nagoya: Nagoya University Press, 2002.
Care, Thoughtfulness, and Tact: A Conceptual Framework for University Supervisors.

The pedagogical work of university supervisors has received little attention in teacher education literature. Based on this concern, this paper provides a conceptual framework for university supervisors, recasting their role as teacher pedagogues focused on responding to the particular contextual needs of student teachers as they learn to teach. Using care, thoughtfulness, and tact as a conceptual framework, the author argues for an interactive and responsive pedagogy of field‐based teacher education grounded in the university supervisor’s concern for the development of the student teacher.
Applied MRI Anatomy of the Shoulder

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the shoulder is rapidly evolving as the choice diagnostic procedure for management of shoulder derangement, particularly for soft tissue injuries not well delineated by conventional radiography. With application of appropriate MRI protocol/sequences and familiarity with applied shoulder MRI anatomy, valuable diagnostic information may be derived that can greatly assist management/therapy of common problems, such as rotator cuff tears, impingement, and instability as well as less frequent causes of shoulder pain and dysfunction.
The Ukrainian Orthodox question in the USSR

(1983). The Ukrainian orthodox question in the USSR. Religion in Communist Lands: Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 251-263.
Growth of Siganus rivulatus reared in sea cages in the Red Sea

Abstract Siganus rivulatus fry stocked in extensively managed sea cage systems grew from 3 to 105 g in 150 days.
Making distance matter: leveraging scale and diversity in massive online classes

The large scale of online classes and the diversity of the students that participate in them can enable new educational systems. This massive scale and diversity can enable always-available systems that help students share diverse ideas, and inspire and learn from each other. We introduce systems for two core educational processes at scale: discussion and assessment. To date, several thousand students in a dozen online classes have used our discussion system. Controlled experiments suggest that participants in more diverse discussions perform better on tests and that discussion improves engagement. Similarly, more than 100,000 students have reviewed peer work for both summative assessment and feedback. Through these systems, we argue that to create new educational experiences at scale, pedagogical strategies and software that leverage scale and diversity must be co-developed. More broadly, we suggest the key to creating new educational experiences online lies in leveraging massive networks of peers.
Viewing the Future Through the Lens of the Past: A Personal Reflection on Disparities Education in Medicine and Public Health

As we move into the second decade of the millennium, we face the continuing challenge of educating medical students and health care providers about health disparities. In my recollection, this journey, which has mostly taken shape over the past 25 years, has faced all the challenges that come with an emerging body of knowledge that must be interpreted, synthesized and translated to effective action. This special supplement to the Journal of General Internal Medicine presents promising research and practice to inform how we educate present and future health care providers in this critical field.
Respiratory gas concentrations in the microhabitats of some florida arthropods

1. 1. The concentrations (dry gas %) of oxygen and carbon dioxide were measured in a variety of microhabitats of arthropods in Florida: at the ends of the burrows of three spider species (Sphodros abboti, Geolycosa micanopy, Cyclocosmia torreya) and a tiger beetle (Megacephala carolina) larva, within ant (Solenopsis invicta) mounds, within stumps inhabited by termites (Reticulitermes flavipes), and within and under decaying hardwood logs. 2. 2. Hypoxia and hypercarbia occurred in all microhabitats, with the ratio of oxygen decrement to carbon dioxide increment close to one. Changes for both gases were minor in the spider burrows, under decaying logs, and within ant mounds (<2.3% for O2 and 1.1% for CO2) and are probably physiologically unimportant to their inhabitants. 3. 3. In contrast, %O2 fell to as low as 12–14%, and CO2 rose to as high as 6–8%, in the burrows of tiger beetle larvae, within decaying logs, and inside decaying stumps inhabited by termites. 4. 4. Such changes, particularly for CO2 may present a challenge to organisms living in these microenvironments. 5. 5. Approximately 20–25% of the changes in the concentrations of respiratory gases in the burrows of tiger beetle larvae are attributable to the metabolism of the larva, the remainder being due to diffusional exchanges with the soil.
Properties of 16S acetylcholinesterase from rat motor nerve and skeletal muscle

Rat obturator nerve 16S acetylcholinesterase (16S AChE) was separated by sucrose gradient velocity sedimentation and compared to the 16S form of AChE similarly derived from endplate regions of anterior gracilis muscles. The 16S AChE from both tissues could only be extracted in high ionic strength buffer; as it aggregated under low ionic strength conditions. Treatment of nerve and muscle 16S AChE with purified collagenase, in the presence of calcium, caused an identical “shift” in the enzyme's sedimentation coefficient to 17.5S. Other properties which were also equivalent for 16S AChE from both tissue sources included: an excess substrate inhibition above 2×10−3 M acetylcholine andK m of 1.6×10−4 M, relative sensitivity to the specific inhibitors BW284C51 (I50 of 5×10−8 M) and Iso-OMPA (I50 of 5×10−4 M), and a half maximal thermal inactivation at 62.5°C. These and additional results indicate that the 16S forms of AChE in both tissues are analogous molecules, which have a highly asymmetric conformation probably containing a collagen-like domain. The present findings are also consistent with the view that motor neurons provide at least a fraction of the 16S AChE present at the neuromuscular junction.
A Mini-Computer Data Acquisition Station

A PDP-8/I mini-computer has been used as a satellite data-acquisition station in conjunction with a larger, central IBM-1800 computer. An analog data interface to the PDP-8/I permits bipolar analog data to 10-bit accuracy to be collected at the rate of one analog sample every 1.5 ?s.
Optical rotatory dispersion of AgGaS2

Abstract The absorption coefficient of AgGaS 2 is presented as a function of temperature and polarization. The band gap is calculated as a function of temperature for a simple direct transition model. The optical rotatory dispersion is calculated for the first time in a crystal along an axis of birefringence. The dispersion curves are fit to a simple oscillator model to give the oscillator energy as a function of temperature.
Women's lifestyle behaviors while trying to become pregnant: evidence supporting preconception guidance

Objective We sought to prospectively measure women's daily cigarette, alcohol, and caffeine use, while attempting pregnancy in relation to intentions to change. Study Design This was a cohort comprising 90 women enrolled upon discontinuing contraception and followed up prospectively until pregnant. Women reported number of daily cigarettes, and alcoholic and caffeinated beverages for 459 menstrual cycles while attempting pregnancy. Results A significant mean reduction in daily caffeinated drinks (estimate [EST] = −0.52; 95% confidence interval [CI], −0.70 to −0.33) was observed when compared to baseline usage. Intention to change was associated with a reduction in caffeinated drinks (EST = −0.32; 95% CI, −0.64 to 0.00), and with alcohol and cigarette usage from the first menstrual cycle (EST = −0.15; 95% CI, −0.28 to −0.02 and EST = −1.65; 95% CI, −3.12 to −0.19, respectively). Conclusion A reduction in daily caffeine intake while attempting pregnancy was observed, but not in alcohol or cigarette use, underscoring the need for preconception guidance.
Numerical Analysis of Thermal Behavior in a Refrigerated Warehouse

This paper presents a study of thermal behavior in a refrigerated warehouse equipped with ceiling type refrigeration unit. A two-dimensional steady-state problem was solved by using computational fluid dynamics modeling and simulation. The computational model includes a refrigerated space at the center plane of an array of 4 piles by 3 stacks of palletized product packages with a evaporator fan refrigeration unit, in which the fan pull air through cooling coil and blow out into the space. A parametric analysis was done based on fourteen simulation cases of conditions including different locations of the refrigeration unit as well as different normal forced air velocities produced by the fan. Typical distributions of velocity and temperature are presented. From the results, it is found that better cooling effectiveness and uniformity of the refrigerated space can be achieved by using higher normal supply air speed or locating the refrigeration unit lower and closer to the array of stacks of product packages.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Mitigation of Damage to Solid Surfaces From the Collapse of Cavitation Bubble Clouds

The collapse of transient bubble clouds near a solid surface was investigated to test a scheme for mitigation of cavitation-induced damage. The target was a porous ceramic disk through which air could be forced. Transient cavitation bubbles were created using a shock-wave lithotripter focused on the surface of the disk. The dynamics of bubble clouds near the ceramic disks were studied for two boundary conditions: no back pressure resulting in surface free of bubbles and 10 psi (0.7 atm) of back pressure, resulting in a surface with a sparse (30% of area) bubble layer. Images of the cavitation near the surface were obtained from a high-speed camera. Additionally, a passive cavitation detector (3.5 MHz focused acoustic transducer) was aligned with the surface. Both the images and the acoustic measurements indicated that bubble clouds near a ceramic face without a bubble layer collapsed onto the boundary, subsequently leading to surface erosion. When a sparse bubble layer was introduced, bubble clouds collapsed away from the surface, thus mitigating cavitation damage. The erosion damage to the ceramic disks after 300 shock waves was quantified using micro-CT imaging. Pitting up to 1 mm deep was measured for the bubble-free surface, and the damage to the bubble surface was too small to be detected.
Indexes of contrast and quantitative significance for comparisons of two groups.

Although boundaries for 'large' and 'small' differences are needed to plan research and interpret results, the diverse indexes of descriptive contrast for the central indexes, A and B, of two groups, have not received intensive attention. For two means, the increment of mid R:A-Bmid R: reflects the slope of a line showing the 'effect', but is altered by different units of measurement. Division of mid R:A-Bmid R: by the common standard deviation produces the standardized increment (SI), which is sometimes called the 'effect size'. Despite many advant ages, it does not contrast the relative magnitudes of A and B. For the latter contrast, the relative change or proportionate increment (mid R:A-Bmid R:/B) is particularly easy to understand, and the relative translocation (mid R:A-Bmid R:/[A+B]) produces a bounded range from -1 to +1. Nevertheless, all indexes of relative magnitude ablate the scales of measurement, thereby increasing difficulty in interpretation. Although seldom applied, proportionate reduction in overall system variance can be highly useful. Its square root leads to eta, the analogue of a correlation coefficient, which corresponds to a standardized slope for the direct increment. The values of eta usually approximate (SI)/2. Although arbitrary levels have been proposed for 'quantitative significance' of the SI, the proportionate reduction in overall system variance is often regarded as ineffectual unless >/=10 per cent. With this belief, minimum boundaries for quantitative significance can often be set at eta>/=0.3 and SI>/=0.6. In indexes of relative magnitude for two proportions (or rates), p(A) and p(B), confusion is produced if q(A) and q(B) are alternatively chosen for the denominators. The odds ratio, (p(A) q(B)/p(B) q(A)), avoids these choices, but is often difficult to interpret. For easy understanding and communication, the preferred index is NNE, the number needed to produce one excess effect, calculated as the inverse of the direct increment, that is, 1/mid R:p(A)-p(B)mid R: The standardized increment, mid R:p(A)-p(B)mid R:/ radical(PQ), (where P is the average of p(A) and p(B) and Q=1-P) could offer a single index applicable to both dimensional and binary data, but when P becomes quite small, that is, <0.01, radical(PQ) requires special calculations and also approaches the value of radicalP. Boundaries of 'quantitative significance' are particularly difficult to establish for comparisons of two rates, because of additional consequences in populational extrapolations and clinical implications. Nevertheless, the principles of quantitative significance can aid the ad hoc construction of boundaries that must be set for medical importance when sample sizes are calculated and when results are interpreted for studies of either efficacy or equivalence.
Enhanced sensitivity for hyperspectral infrared chemical detection

The sensitivity of imaging, hyperspectral, passive remote sensors in the long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) spectral region is currently limited by the ability to achieve an accurate, time-invariant, pixel-to-pixel calibration of the elements composing the Focal Plane Array (FPA). Pursuing conventional techniques to improve the accuracy of the calibration will always be limited by the trade-off between the time required to collect calibration data of improved precision and the drift in the pixel response that occurs on a timescale comparable to the calibration time. This paper will present the results from a study of a method to circumvent these problems. Improvements in detection capability can be realized by applying a quick, repetitive dither of the field of view (FOV) of the imager (by a small angular amount), so that radiance/spectral differences between individual target areas can be measured by a single FPA pixel. By performing this difference measurement repetitively both residual differences in the pixel-to-pixel calibration and 1/f detector drift noise can effectively be eliminated. In addition, variations in the atmosphere and target scene caused by the motion of the sensor platform will cause signal drifts that this technique would not be able to remove. This method allows improvements in sensitivity that could potentially scale as the square root of the observation time.
Operation policies for multi-product test

This paper discusses operation procedures for use in a multi-product test environment, where identical products are tested simultaneously by the same test equipment. When a failure occurs during a test, at least two different procedures may be invoked: (1) replace the faulty product and re-start the test; (2) continue the test without replacing the faulty product. The first approach increases the total test time whereas the latter reduces test capacity by testing faulty products. In this paper, both of the cases will be analyzed by using stochastic models. As a result of this analysis, a composite policy, a mixture of the two, will be proposed. The criterion for test policy selection is to maximize throughput without sacrificing quality. It is shown that an approximate optimal solution can be characterized by the ratio of the test time to the number of products under the test.
Inhibition of MDM2-mediated p53 Ubiquitination and Degradation by Ribosomal Protein L5

The oncoprotein MDM2 associates with ribosomal proteins L5, L11, and L23. Both L11 and L23 have been shown to activate p53 by inhibiting MDM2-mediated p53 suppression. Here we have shown that L5 also activates p53. Overexpression of L5 stabilized ectopic p53 in H1299 cells and endogenous p53 in U2OS cells. Consequently, L5 enhanced p53 transcriptional activity and induced p53-dependent G1 cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, like L11 and L23, L5 also remarkably inhibited MDM2-mediated p53 ubiquitination. The interaction of L5 with MDM2 was also enhanced by treatment with a low dose of actinomycin D. Actinomycin D-induced p53 was inhibited by small interference RNA against L5. By reciprocal co-immunoprecipitation, we further showed that there were at least two MDM2-ribosomal protein complexes in cells: MDM2-L5-L11-L23 and p53-MDM2-L5-L11-L23. We propose that the MDM2-L5-L11-L23 complex functions to inhibit MDM2-mediated p53 ubiquitination and thus activates p53.
Electromagnetic effects on forearm disuse osteopenia: a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled study.

A randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled, feasibility and dosing study was undertaken to determine if a common pulsing electromagnetic field (PEMF) treatment could moderate the substantial osteopenia that occurs after forearm disuse. Ninety-nine subjects were randomized into four groups after a distal radius fracture, or carpal surgery requiring immobilization in a cast. Active or identical sham PEMF transducers were worn on the distal forearm for 1, 2, or 4 h/day for 8 weeks starting after cast removal ("baseline") when bone density continues to decline. Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone geometry were measured in the distal forearm by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) at entry ("baseline") and 8, 16, and 24 weeks later. Significant average BMD losses after baseline were observed in the affected forearm at all time points (5-7% distally and 3-4% for the radius/ulna shaft). However, after adjusting for age, gender, and baseline BMD there was no evidence of a positive effect of active versus sham PEMF treatment on bone loss by DXA or pQCT for subjects completing all visits (n = 82, ∼20 per group) and for an intent-to-treat analysis (n = 99). Regardless of PEMF exposure, serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP) was normal at baseline and 8 weeks, while serum c-terminal collagen teleopeptide (CTX-1) was markedly elevated at baseline and less so at 8 weeks. Although there was substantial variability in disuse osteopenia, these results suggested that the particular PEMF waveform and durations applied did not affect the continuing substantial disuse bone loss in these subjects.
Elevated IL-17 produced by TH17 cells promotes myeloma cell growth and inhibits immune function in multiple myeloma.

Elevated cytokines in bone marrow (BM) micro-environment (interleukin-6 [IL-6], transforming growth factor-beta [TGF-β], and IL-1β) may play an important role in observed immune dysfunction in multiple myeloma (MM). As IL-6 and TGF-β are important for the generation of T-helper 17 (TH17) cells, we evaluated and observed a significantly elevated baseline and induced frequency of Th17 cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and BM mononuclear cells (BMMCs) from MM patients compared with healthy donors. We observed significant increase in levels of serum IL-17, IL-21, IL-22, and IL-23 in blood and BM in MM compared with healthy donors. We also observed that myeloma PBMCs after TH17 polarization significantly induced IL-1α, IL-13, IL-17, and IL-23 production compared with healthy donor PBMCs. We next observed that IL-17 promotes myeloma cell growth and colony formation via IL-17 receptor, adhesion to bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) as well as increased growth in vivo in murine xenograft model of human MM. Additionally, we have observed that combination of IL-17 and IL-22 significantly inhibited the production of TH1-mediated cytokines, including interferon-γ (IFN-γ), by healthy donor PBMCs. In conclusion, IL-17–producing Th17 cells play an important role in MM pathobiology and may be an important therapeutic target for anti-MM activity and to improve immune function.
Strain-Specific Role of RNAs in Prion Replication

Several lines of evidence suggest that various cofactors may be required for prion replication. PrP binds to polyanions, and RNAs were shown to promote the conversion of PrP(C) into PrP(Sc) in vitro. In the present study, we investigated strain-specific differences in RNA requirement during in vitro conversion and the potential role of RNA as a strain-specifying component of infectious prions. We found that RNase treatment impairs PrP(Sc)-converting activity of 9 murine prion strains by protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) in a strain-specific fashion. While the addition of RNA restored PMCA conversion efficiency, the effect of synthetic polynucleotides or DNA was strain dependent, showing a different promiscuity of prion strains in cofactor utilization. The biological properties of RML propagated by PMCA under RNA-depleted conditions were compared to those of brain-derived and PMCA material generated in the presence of RNA. Inoculation of RNA-depleted RML in Tga20 mice resulted in an increased incidence of a distinctive disease phenotype characterized by forelimb paresis. However, this abnormal phenotype was not conserved in wild-type mice or upon secondary transmission. Immunohistochemical and cell panel assay analyses of mouse brains did not reveal significant differences between mice injected with the different RML inocula. We conclude that replication under RNA-depleted conditions did not modify RML prion strain properties. Our study cannot, however, exclude small variations of RML properties that would explain the abnormal clinical phenotype observed. We hypothesize that RNA molecules may act as catalysts of prion replication and that variable capacities of distinct prion strains to utilize different cofactors may explain strain-specific dependency upon RNA.
BLADDER DISTENTION THERAPY FOR SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF FREQUENCY AND URGENCY: A TEN-YEAR REVIEW

Abstract Objective A retrospective review was undertaken to determine the efficacy of bladder distention therapy for the treatment of frequency and urgency, and to determine the relative value of prolonged versus short duration distention therapy. Method Prolonged bladder distention therapy was performed on 14 patients andshort duration distention on 8 patients over a ten-year period. Indications for the procedure included severe urgency, frequency, and incontinence from a variety of etiologies. Results Five of 14 patients (18 distentions, 2 bladder ruptures) who had prolongeddistention, and 3 of 8 patients (9 distentions, 1 bladder rupture) who had short duration distention experienced symptomatic relief on follow-up (p > 0.7). Since there was no difference between the prolonged and short duration groups, the results were combined to yield 8 of 27 successful distentions (30%) in 8 of 22 patients (36%). All patients with detrusor hyperreflexia failed distention therapy. Complications included 3 cases of bladder rupture, 2 cases of urinary retention, and 1 case of urethral stricture. The rates of bladder rupture were identical in both groups (11%). Conclusions The use of prolonged bladder distention therapy has no role in the treatmentof detrusor hyperreflexia, and only limited success in the symptomatic relief of severe urgency, frequency, and incontinence of other etiologies. Equal efficacy of prolonged and short duration distention therapy would tend to favor the use of short duration distention to reduce possible anesthesia complications and cost.
Differential Vaporization during Laser Ablation/Deposition of Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O Superconducting Materials

Nanosecond and picosecond pulsed laser ablated materials from Bi-Sr-Cu-O superconducting targets are monitored by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry with a photodiode array detector. Differential vaporization was observed; elements of the lower-melting-point oxides (Bi2O3 and CuO) are enriched in the vapor phase, indicating a thermal vaporization mechanism. Melted droplets observed with SEM and enriched Ca and Sr content in the ablation crater measured with EDX support the hypothesis. A steady-state mass ablation composition after prolonged laser sampling is also observed; the ratios of intensity for Bi, Ca, and Sr to Cu are constant for power density 0.1 to 3.0 GW/cm2.
Reactive Magnetron Sputtering: In Situ Analyses of Particle Fluxes and Interactions with the Growth Surface

Reactive magnetron sputtering (RMS) is a versatile technique for the production of alloy thin film coatings such as hydrides, nitrides, oxides, etc. RMS provides control over (i) film stoichiometry, via the partial pressure of “reactive” gas (H 2 , N 2 , etc.) injected, and (ii) film microstructure, via the bombardment of the growing surface by fast neutral or accelerated ionic species. However, few details are known about the fluxes reaching the film surface, and their reactions with it. This paper reports comprehensive measurements for the RMS growth of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H). The analysis techniques are in situ double modulation mass spectroscopy, plasma probes, isotope replacement experiments, and Monte-Carlo simulations of sputtered particle transport. We determine (i) the composition, energy and angular distributions of the incident flux, (ii) the H coverage of the growing surface, and (iii) the release of H 2 from the growing film. For conditions which produce electronic quality a-Si:H, the total H flux arriving at the substrate varies between 0.5–2 times the depositing Si flux; about half of the H flux reflects. The growth surface has excess H varying between 0.5–2 × 10 15 /cm 2 , and this surface H coverage is linearly related to the bulk H incorporation. We also find evidence that film density varies with the energy of the arriving sputtered Si atoms.
Recurrent pneumonia due to esophageal migration of the gastrostomy MIC-Key tube remnant causing proximal esophageal obstruction

A 16 years old female with history of cerebral palsy, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and severe scoliosis presents for recurrent pneumonia. Multiple prior plain films demonstrate progressive increased consolidation confined to the left lower lobe. Subsequently, a CT of the chest was preformed which showed a plastic gastrostomy (MIC-Key tube) bumper in the proximal esophagus causing severe tracheal narrowing. The patient underwent endoscopic removal of the gastrostomy bumper without incident.
A heuristic for solving mixed-model line balancing problems with stochastic task durations and parallel stations

Abstract This paper describes an approach for solving a mixed-model assembly line-balancing problem with stochastic task times when paralleling of tasks within work centers is permitted. The research modifies previous work and incorporates new and existing task selection rules for assigning tasks to work centers. The heuristic is applied to six different line-balancing problems for each presented rule. The resulting layouts are simulated and performance results are analyzed. Through simulation, the research demonstrates how the presented heuristic can be used to solve complex line-balancing problems using different strategies, and these strategies can be evaluated across many performance dimensions.
Structure of neutral glycerides and phosphoglycerides of human kidney

Abstract 1. 1. Neutral lipids and phospholipids of human kidney have been isolated and the fatty acid composition of each determined. 2. 2. Triglycerides were fractionated into 7 bands by argentation chromatography. The major class (49%) was saturated, monoene, monoene. Stereospecific analysis revealed that both positions 1 and 2 contained an approximate ratio of 1:1 saturated to unsaturated fatty adds. 3. 3. Positional distribution of fatty acids in phosphatidylcholine, the major phospholipid component (27.2%), was determined by phospholipase A2 and pancreatic lipase hydrolysis. 4. 4. Overall results indicated similarities and differences when compared to kidney lipids of other mammalian species.
Choice of vascular surgery as a specialty: survey of vascular surgery residents, general surgery chief residents, and medical students at hospitals with vascular surgery training programs.

Purpose Under the direction of the Association of Program Directors in Vascular Surgery, a survey was mailed to vascular surgery residents (VSRs), general surgery chief residents (GS-CRs), and fourth-year medical students (MSs) to better define reasons why trainees do and do not choose vascular surgery as a career. Methods Questionnaires were mailed to all accredited VSR programs and their associated GS programs in the United States and Canada in 2001 (survey 1) and in 2003 (survey 2) and to 2 medical schools with VSR programs in 2001. A total of 197 VSRs, 169 GS-CRs, and 78 MSs responded (overall program response rate of 78% for VSRs, 46% for GSRs, 20% for MSs). A scoring system was assigned, with 1.0 the least important and 5.0 the most important reasons to choose or not choose vascular surgery. Results Technical aspects, role of mentors, and complex decision making involved in vascular surgery were the most important reasons that VSRs, GS-CRs, and MSs would choose vascular surgery as a specialty (average scores ≥4.0 for VSRs and GS-CRs; ≥3.5 for MSs). Responses of GS-CRs and VSRs did not vary significantly between surveys 1 and 2, except endovascular capabilities of vascular surgeons had a more important role in choosing vascular surgery, and future loss of patients to other interventionalists had a more important role in not choosing this specialty in the more recent survey of GS-CRs and VSRs. MSs identified lifestyle as a surgical resident (4.3) and as a surgeon (4.2) as the most important negative factors. A training paradigm consisting of 4 years general surgery + 2 years vascular surgery with a GS certificate was favored by 64% of GS-CRs and 48% of VSRs, compared with a paradigm of 5 years + 2 years with a general surgery certificate, which was favored by 29% of GS-CRs and 25% of VSRs, or 3 years + 3 years without a general surgery certificate, favored by 7% of GS-CRs and 27% of VSRs. Of note, 86% of MSs favored 3 years general surgery + 3 years vascular surgery or 2 years general surgery + 4 years vascular surgery compared with longer general surgery training periods. Conclusion These findings may help vascular surgery program directors devise strategies to attract future trainees. The importance of mentorship to general surgery junior residents and medical students in choosing vascular surgery cannot be overestimated. Endovascular capabilities of vascular surgeons have an increasingly positive role in career choice by GS-CRs and VSRs, but these residents express increasing concerns about potential loss of patients to other specialists. Lifestyle concerns are the most important reasons why medical students do not choose vascular surgery as a career.
The past present roles of computer-aided engineering in DASD design

At the heart of today's computer-aided engineering (CAE) revolution is finite element modeling (FEM). This paper presents a brief history of how FEM simulations interact with and have significant impact on the design process of storage devices. The discussion is limited to structural static and dynamic effects on head/disk assemblies (HDAs) and components. FEM is integral to the design process; it is primarily a predictive/diagnostic design tool that provides engineers with detailed information on the performance of a design. FEM is most effective during the concept phase, where it can sort out many performance issues before the design parameters are constrained. Also, FEM can help to optimize critical structures within the system. As a diagnostic tool, FEM supplements testing by predicting in advance the properties and behavior of the device. A three-piece suspension design is presented as an example of how FEM and design work in harmony. An FEM of the entire structure was built to verify design and to fine-tune dimensions. Areas that required reinforcement and frequencies that seemed too low were identified, and the structure was modified. This process was repeated several times until the design satisfied the requirements. In addition to the suspension design example, a thermal deformation problem with a 3.5-in. actuator comb assembly is discussed.
New Testament and Aging: Survey and Suggestions for Future Research

The article surveys some of the recent work on older people and aging in the New Testament. Nine areas of focus are identified, outlining the views and methods of several scholars in each area. The intention is to be illustrative rather than be comprehensive. Areas of investigation are highlighted that may prove profitable for future work.
Work force problems in nuclear medicine and possible solutions.

Nuclear medicine practice and work force demographics reflect the historically diverse evolution of this specialty. The most pressing problem for nuclear medicine is a projected shortage of fully trained physicians due to practitioner retirement that is unmatched by residency program output. During the past decade the number of 2-year nuclear medicine residency programs (average of 90) and the total number of resisents (average of 191 in both years) have remained remarkably stable. In contrast, the number of 1-year nuclear radiology residency programs, available positions, and residents have declined significantly. A similar decline is seen in radiologists obtaining full nuclear medicine training and American Board of Nuclear Medicine (ABNM) board certification. This void has been filled by nonradiologist trainees who only seek certification by ABNM. Perhaps such shifts in resident profile are an early indicator that the United States is evolving toward practice models in which nuclear medicine is provided by fully trained, full-time physicians, similar to the European work force model. The recent Society of Nuclear Medicine survey of 10,446 physicians who practice nuclear medicine shows a current practice pattern in the United States that is distinctly different from that in Europe. The vast majority of those surveyed practice part time. Only 7% of all physicians who practice nuclear medicine do so full time, (ie more than 90% of the time), but they account for as much full-time employee (FTE) work load as 70% of all part-time physicians. Although the number of radiologists entering nuclear medicine is declining, 51% of total FTE work load is still done by radiologists with only American Board of Radiology certification. Physicians certified by ABNM represent 42% of all FTE work load. Cardiologists certified by American Board of Internal Medicine-Cardiovascular Specialization account for approximately 4% of nuclear medicine (15% of total cardiovascular nuclear medicine) FTE work load. Work force shortage of nuclear medicine technologists remains a chronic problem in spite of extensive study: however, recent predictions suggest some improvement in the future. Solutions to work force problems facing nuclear medicine will require ongoing data surveys, aggressive recruitment of trainees, expansion of training positions, and socioeconomic initiatives that promote desirable future practice models.
Genome Physical Mapping of Polyploids: A BIBAC Physical Map of Cultivated Tetraploid Cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L

Polyploids account for approximately 70% of flowering plants, including many field, horticulture and forage crops. Cottons are a world-leading fiber and important oilseed crop, and a model species for study of plant polyploidization, cellulose biosynthesis and cell wall biogenesis. This study has addressed the concerns of physical mapping of polyploids with BACs and/or BIBACs by constructing a physical map of the tetraploid cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. The physical map consists of 3,450 BIBAC contigs with an N50 contig size of 863 kb, collectively spanning 2,244 Mb. We sorted the map contigs according to their origin of subgenome, showing that we assembled physical maps for the A- and D-subgenomes of the tetraploid cotton, separately. We also identified the BIBACs in the map minimal tilling path, which consists of 15,277 clones. Moreover, we have marked the physical map with nearly 10,000 BIBAC ends (BESs), making one BES in approximately 250 kb. This physical map provides a line of evidence and a strategy for physical mapping of polyploids, and a platform for advanced research of the tetraploid cotton genome, particularly fine mapping and cloning the cotton agronomic genes and QTLs, and sequencing and assembling the cotton genome using the modern next-generation sequencing technology.
D2 dopamine receptor messenger RNA is altered to a greater extent by blockade of glutamate receptors than by blockade of dopamine receptors

Abstract To study further the molecular mechanisms by which glutamate and dopamine interact to regulate the functions of the basal ganglia, the effects of persistently inhibiting dopamine receptors and glutamate N -methyl- d -aspartate receptors on the density of D 1 and D 2 dopamine receptors and on the level of their transcripts were examined in mouse brain. To block dopamine receptors, mice were treated with N -ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline once daily for two and six days, or were treated with fluphenazine- N -mustard once daily for five days. To block N -methyl- d -aspartate receptors, mice were treated with dizocilpine by continuous infusion with osmotic mini-pumps for two and six days. The density of D 1 and D 2 dopamine receptors was measured by receptor autoradiography, and the level of D 1 and D 2 dopamine receptor messenger RNA was measured by in situ hybridization histochemistry. The results showed that N -ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline blocked about 90% of both D 1 and D 2 dopamine receptors, but had no significant effect on the level of either D 1 or D 2 dopamine receptor messenger RNA. Fluphenazine- N -mustard, which was as effective as N -ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline in blocking D 2 dopamine receptors but had little effect on D 1 dopamine receptors, also had no significant effect on the level of D 1 and D 2 dopamine receptor messenger RNAs. By contrast, continuously infusing dizocilpine significantly decreased the levels of D 2 dopamine receptor messenger RNA in striatum, nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle. Dizocilpine also caused small decreases in the density of D 2 dopamine receptors, but only in posterior striatum was this decrease statistically significant. Dizocilpine slightly and transiently decreased the levels of D 1 dopamine receptor messenger RNA in striatum but had no significant effect on the density of D 1 dopamine receptors in any region examined. This study demonstrates that persistent blockade of D 1 and D 2 dopamine receptors has relatively little effect on the levels of D 1 and D 2 dopamine receptor messenger RNA, but that blockade of N -methyl- d -aspartate receptors produces a rapid and profound decrease in the levels of D 2 dopamine receptor messenger RNA and a smaller decrease in the density of D 2 dopamine receptors. These results suggest that N -methyl- d -aspartate receptors play an important role in the expression of D 2 dopamine receptors in basal ganglia.
Developmental outcomes after five years for foster children returned home, remaining in care, or adopted

Abstract A substantial proportion of children who enter foster care in the US are infants or toddlers and will exit from foster care before they have been in care for long, either returning home or to adoption. These first years of involvement may predict a significant amount about children's longer term development so understanding developmental outcomes after five years is valuable to understanding if child welfare services (CWS) are serving the intention of promoting the well-being of children. A subsample of 353 infants (less than 13 months of age when investigated by CWS) and subsequently placed into foster care were selected from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being. After 66 months, these infants had been reunified, adopted, or were still in foster care. Bivariate comparisons were completed. Statistical controls for maltreatment type and severity, demographic traits, and current caregiver education were implemented to help clarify the role of terminal child welfare placement, current caregiver behaviors, and household income, on eight linear regression models of developmental outcomes. Results support the longstanding tenet of child welfare services policy that remaining in foster care is less developmentally advantageous than having a more permanent arrangement of return home or adoption.
HCS: Designing a Balanced Scorecard in a Knowledge‐Based Firm

The purpose of this case is to enable you to design a performance measurement system using a balanced scorecard. This case is based on factual issues and decisions faced by the real‐world managers and employees of Holloway Consulting Services (HCS) (names and dollar amounts have been changed). HCS is a service firm that provides its customers with managed business solutions, i.e., integrating outsourcing options with systems design and support. Currently, HCS collects several financial and operational performance measures; however, Sharon Holloway, owner of HCS, is concerned that these measures are not adequate for a firm that competes using intangible assets, especially human capital. Therefore, she plans to implement a balanced scorecard in which performance measures are linked to the firm's strategy. This case provides you with the opportunity to develop a balanced scorecard that incorporates both traditional and nontraditional performance measures within the strategic context of a knowledge‐based firm.
The Analgesia-Enhancing Component of Ingested Amniotic Fluid Does Not Affect Nicotine-Induced Antinociception in Naltrexone-Treated Rats

Abstract ROBINSON-VANDERWERF, T. M., J. M. DI PIRRO, A. R. CAGGIULA AND M. B. KRISTAL. The analgesia-enhancing component of ingested amniotic fluid does not affect nicotine-induced antinociception in naltrexone-treated rats. PHARMACOL BIOCHEM BEHAV 58 [1] 147–151, 1997.—Ingestion of amniotic fluid and placenta by rats has been shown to enhance opioid-mediated antinociception but not affect the nonopioid-mediated antinociception produced by aspirin, suggesting specificity for opioid-mediated processes. However, enhancement by the active substance(s) in amniotic fluid and placenta (POEF, for placental opioid-enhancing factor) of antinociception produced by other nonopioid mechanisms has yet to be examined. The present experiments tested whether ingestion of amniotic fluid enhances the antinociception produced by nicotine injection. In Experiment 1A, enhancement of morphine-mediated antinociception by ingestion of amniotic fluid was demonstrated in a hot-plate assay. In Experiment 1B, rats pretreated with naltrexone were given an orogastric infusion of amniotic fluid or control (0.25 ml), then injected with nicotine (0, 0.075, 0.125, or 0.225 mg/kg subcutaneously), then tested for antinociception in a hot-plate assay. Amniotic fluid ingestion did not enhance the antinociception produced by various doses of nicotine. In Experiment 2, rats pretreated with naltrexone were given an orogastric infusion of amniotic fluid (0, 0.125, 0.25, or 0.50 ml) and then injected with 0.125 mg/kg nicotine. None of the doses of amniotic fluid enhanced the nicotine-induced antinociception. The findings of these experiments lend support to our contention that the enhancement by POEF of antinociception is specific to opioid-mediated processes.