cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flash points measurements and prediction of biofuels and biofuel blends with aromatic fluids

Abstract The flash point of biofuels and petroleum fuels is an essential safety-related property for fuel processing, transportation and storage. Hydroprocessed renewable diesel (HRD-76) and synthesized isoparaffin (SIP), two biofuel blend stocks, were blended with commercial petroleum aromatic fluids (aromatic 100, 150 and 200) to investigate the impacts of aromatics on biofuel flash point and to formulate blends with identical flash point characteristics as NATO F-76 marine diesel and JP-5 jet fuel. To overcome the complexity of the fuel blends, COSMO-RS (“conductor like screening model for realistic solvation”) was employed to predict the flash point of these biofuel + aromatic systems. COSMO-RS calculated the flash point of alkanes and aromatics present in biofuel and petroleum fuels and the flash point of SIP + aromatics binary mixture systems. Based on the pure compound and binary mixture predictions, COSMO-RS calculations were expanded to develop surrogate mixtures for biofuels and aromatic fluids. The surrogates were in turn utilized to predict the flash point of biofuel blends with aromatics and to formulate blends with the same flash point as petroleum fuels. The COSMO-RS calculation also assisted the selection of aromatics suitable for blending with different biofuels.
The Victim-Offender Overlap in Prison: Examining the Factors Associated With Group Membership.

Historically, criminologists have examined offending and victimization in the community as separate outcomes. Recently, however, researchers have begun to explore the shared commonalities of being ...
87 – Sporidiobolus Nyland

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on Sporidiobolus and its member species. The colony color of this genus on solid media includes shades of pink and red due to the presence of carotenoid pigments. Vegetative reproduction occurs through budding, and ballistoconidia develop on simple and branched sterigmata that arise from yeast and mycelial cells. Sexual mechanisms are homothallic and heterothallic. In the heterothallic system, a dikaryotic mycelium results fromthe conjugation of a compatible mating pair. Homothallism consists of the development of hyphae with teliospores from a single yeast cell in the absence ofmating. The yeast phase is diploid and reduction division takes place with the formation of a dikaryotic hypha with clamp connections. Germination of the teliospore results in a metabasidium with diploid basidiospores. The metabasidia are one-celled (holometabasidia) or septate with two or more cells (phragmometabasidia). The member species of this genus include Sporidiobolus johnsonii, Sporidiobolus pararoseus, Sporidiobolus ruineniae, and Sporidiobolus salmonicolor. The cells of Sporidiobolus johnsonii, afterundergoing growth in 5% malt extract for 3 days at 25° C, appear as ovoidal and elongate.
Monolithic Multiband MEMS RF Front-End Module for 5G Mobile

This work reports a monolithic RF front-end module integrating bulk acoustic wave (BAW) filters, Lamb acoustic wave filters, and electronic RF silicon-on-insulator (RFSOI) switches to deliver single-chip multiband RF front-end module (RF-FEM) manufactured on commercial 200mm RF silicon-on-insulator (RFSOI) foundry technology. BAW and Lamb filters built in the same chip and within the same process enable multiband operation. Vertical System-on-Chip (SoC) integration of MEMS and RFSOI components contributes to footprint reduction up to 50%, compared to system-in-package (SiP) modules, and reduces the integration and design complexity of the modules. At its current state of development, this technology is suitable for diversity receive modules (DRX) for 4G/LTE and 5G bands. Extensive characterization results and case studies demonstrate the robustness of the integrated platform. Further productization of this technology will enable the next generation of hundred-filter 5G sub-6GHz RF-FEMs. [2020-0304]
Deep Learning with Hyperspectral and Normal Camera Images for Automated Recognition of Orally-administered Drugs

Patient compliance during drug trials and adherence to treatment regimens after a medical diagnosis are known pervasive problems in the practice of medicine. Any practical solution to this problem will require an easy method to identify and to verify the administration of orally-ingested drugs. Deep learning algorithms were applied to images of drugs in pill form. These images were taken using both a smart phone camera and using a hyperspectral imager based on a low-cost CMOS camera. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, 1, 7SS images were taken using a normal CMOS camera of four common pill types. The images of acetaminophen, acetylsalicylic acid and ibuprofen were taken using various backgrounds, image angles, and lighting conditions. The results show over 90% accuracy when the convolutional neural network is trained and tested using only normal camera images. The results improved to 100% when trained and tested using4 baseline “datacubes” taken with a low-cost hyperspectral camera solution; however, due to matrix dimensional differences, a ID CNN was used in this case, while a 2D CNN was used with the normal camera images. Each hyperspectral cube included information from effectively 31 wavebands. With more hyperspectral images to expand the drug training set, this approach would be promising for daily use to quickly identify similar pills in the clinical or home environment as well as in smart phone apps to remotely monitor patient compliance to a drug-based treatment regimen.
Accelerated shelf-life test of alkamides in Echinacea purpurea root aqueous ethanol Soxhlet extracts

Echinacea species are purported to have anti-inflammatory, anti-viral and other medicinal values. Echinacea alkamides, which are unsaturated fatty acyl isobutylamides/methylbutylamides, are thought to be the characteristic compounds responsible for some of these medicinal values. Echinacea species are rich in anti-oxidant phenolic acids, thus may protect the alkamides from oxidation. Our hypothesis is antioxidant phenolic acids protect degradation of alkamides in Echinacea purpurea. Alkamide stability was evaluated in ethanol extracts of E. purpurea: phenolics-rich and phenolics-poor extracts. The stability of the alkamides in extracts was evaluated in dry form at 70, 80 and 90C and in DMSO solution at 90, 100, and 110C. Analytical HPLC with a photodiode array detector was used to measure alkamide concentrations. The relative abundance of the alkamides are as follows: Alkamide 2 > 9 > 8 > 3 > 4 > 1 > 7 > 5 > 10 > 11 (See Figure 2-2 for structures of alkamides). Alkamides in phenolic acid-rich extracts were more stable than in phenolics acid-poor extracts in dry form. However, the alkamide were more stable in phenolics-poor extracts than in phenolics-rich extracts when dissolved in DMSO. In addition, the alkamides, with or without phenolic acids, were more stable in DMSO than in dry form. The degradation of the alkamides followed apparent first order kinetics. The order of the degradation of the alkamides in dry was: 1≈ 2 > 9 ≈ 8 > 3 ≈ 4 ≈ 5 ≈ 7 ≈ 10 ≥ 11, which appeared to have followed singlet oxygen oxidation mechanism. The order of the degradation of the alkamides in DMSO was: 9 ≈ 8 > 2 > 1 > 5 ≈ 7 ≈ 4 ≈ 10 ≥ 11 ≈ 3, which appeared to have followed free radical oxidation
Media, identity, and struggle in twenty-first-century China

MEDIA, IDENTITY, AND STRUGGLE IN TWENTY-FIRST-CENTURY CHINA Introduction Vanessa L. Fong 1 Performing Media-Constructed Images for First-Class Citizenship: Political Struggles of Rural Migrant Hostesses in Dalian Tiantian Zheng 2 Migrant Workers in the Pearl River Delta: Discourse and Narratives about Work as Sites of Struggle Eric Florence 3 The Paradox of the State-Run Media Promoting Poor Governance in China: Case Studies of a Party Newspaper and an Anticorruption Film Rachel Murphy 4 Querying Queer Theory: Debating Male-Male Prostitution in the Chinese Media Elaine Jeffreys 5 The Internet and the Fragmentation of Chinese Society Jens Damm 6 SMS, Communication, And Citizenship In China's Information Society Kevin Latham 7 The New Chinese Citizen and CETV Yingchi Chu
Variability in oxygen and nutrients in South Pacific Antarctic Intermediate Water

[1] Calculation of the initial oxygen based on both phosphate and nitrate data collected along three WOCE transects indicates that the common assumption that new Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) is initially saturated with respect to oxygen is incorrect. The initial oxygen concentration of AAIW is shown to be undersaturated, and the degree of undersaturation varies from year to year. Chlorofluorocarbon data is used to determined the age of AAIW at various latitudes and a frequency analysis of the variability in the initial oxygen concentrations is presented. Possible implications of this variability to the global carbon cycle are suggested.
The role of trustworthiness in recruitment and selection: A review and guide for future research

Summary Although scholars recognize the importance of trustworthiness for both job applicants and hiring organizations, prior research exploring trustworthiness during the organizational pre-entry period is scattered across a number of disparate literatures. This paper selectively reviews prior work that investigates the role of trustworthiness in the recruitment and selection processes. Within these pre-entry processes, we explore how job applicants' and hiring organizations' perceptions of one another's trustworthiness, conceptualized as each parties' attitudes regarding the others' benevolence, integrity, and ability, influence meaningful recruitment and selection outcomes. Avenues for future research regarding trustworthiness are also identified in each section of the review. Finally, particular attention is given to two overarching issues at the intersection of trustworthiness and pre-entry processes—trust violations and individual differences in propensity to trust. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Event-Based Processing of Neutron Scattering Data

Abstract Many of the world׳s time-of-flight spallation neutrons sources are migrating to recording individual neutron events. This provides for new opportunities in data processing, the least of which is to filter the events based on correlating them with logs of sample environment and other ancillary equipment. This paper will describe techniques for processing neutron scattering data acquired in event mode which preserve event information all the way to a final spectrum, including any necessary corrections or normalizations. This results in smaller final uncertainties compared to traditional methods, while significantly reducing processing time and memory requirements in typical experiments. Results with traditional histogramming techniques will be shown for comparison.
How do women make decisions about hormone replacement therapy

Abstract Purpose Although clinicians are often expected to include patients in medical decision making, there is little data to assist clinicians in this process. The objective of this study was to investigate how patients make decisions and the role clinicians can play in this process in the context of how women decide about hormone replacement therapy. Subjects and methods Twenty-three women who were deciding whether to take hormone replacement therapy, but who had not begun treatment, were interviewed individually using a semistructured protocol with open-ended questions. The interviews were audiotaped, transcribed, and converted into a database. The transcripts were labeled according to their content, and the database was used to identify common themes. Results The content of the women's statements were organized into nine descriptive categories. A common set of processes involved in patient decision making was identified and organized into a model of patient decision making. Four areas where clinicians might influence or assist patients in making decisions include the provision of information, the process by which patients selectively pay attention to some information, the patients' perception of their own health, and the patients' development of an explanatory narrative. Conclusions This new model describes some of the complexity of the patient decision-making process and contributes to our understanding of the clinician's role. To examine its generalizability, the model should be tested on other types of patients making other medical decisions.
rAAV2 traffics through both the late and the recycling endosomes in a dose-dependent fashion

Inefficient trafficking of recombinant adeno-associated virus type-2 (rAAV2) to the nucleus is a major barrier for transduction. Using imaging and subcellular fractionation techniques, we evaluated the extent of rAAV2 movement through the late (Rab7) and recycling (Rab11) endosomes. Following rAAV2 infection of HeLa cells, immunoisolation of HA-Rab7- or HA-Rab11-tagged endosomes and intracellular colocalization of Cy3-labeled rAAV2 with EGFP-Rab7 or EGFP-Rab11 markers demonstrated dose-dependent trafficking of rAAV2 through the recycling and late endosomal compartments. At low multiplicities of infection (m.o.i. 100 genomes/cell), rAAV2 predominantly trafficked to the Rab7 compartment. In contrast, rAAV2 predominantly trafficked to the recycling endosome at 100-fold higher m.o.i. siRNA studies inhibiting either Rab7 or Rab11 demonstrated that reducing Rab11 protein levels more significantly inhibited rAAV2 transduction on a per genome basis compared to inhibition of Rab7. Dose-response curves, comparing the m.o.i. of AV2Luc infection to relative transduction, also supported the hypothesis that viral movement through the Rab11 compartment at high m.o.i. is more competent for transgene expression (∼100-fold) than virus that moves through the Rab7 compartment at low m.o.i. These findings suggest that strategies to shunt viral movement from the late to the recycling endosome may be effective at increasing viral transduction for gene therapy.
Function-Oriented Biosynthesis of β-Lactone Proteasome Inhibitors in Salinispora tropica

The natural proteasome inhibitor salinosporamide A from the marine bacterium Salinispora tropica is a promising drug candidate for the treatment of multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma. Using a comprehensive approach that combined chemical synthesis with metabolic engineering, we generated a series of salinosporamide analogues with altered proteasome binding affinity. One of the engineered compounds is equipotent to salinosporamide A in inhibition of the chymotrypsin-like activity of the proteasome yet exhibits superior activity in the cell-based HCT-116 assay.
Surgical treatment of hypertension with reference to baropacing

Abstract Hypertension is a serious cardiovascular disorder. The most common forms of hypertension are those due to increased total peripheral resistance. Currently, two mechanisms are held responsible for increased total peripheral resistance; (1) salt and water retention and (2) neurogenic vasoconstriction. The latter constitutes a significant component of hypertension as may be judged by the effectiveness of sympatholytic drugs, ganglion-blocking agents and sympathectomy in reducing the vasoconstriction on a neurogenic basis. Baropacing attempts to achieve this result through restoring the baroreceptor function in hypertensive states towards normal, thus lowering the blood pressure. Baropacing might be considered a form of “total body physiologic sympathectomy.” The account of baropacing in the first two clinical cases is presented.
High-fidelity simulations of CdTe vapor deposition from a bond-order potential-based molecular dynamics method

CdTe has been a special semiconductor for constructing the lowest-cost solar cells, and the CdTe-based Cd${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$Zn${}_{x}$Te alloy has been the leading semiconductor for radiation detection applications. The performance currently achieved for the materials, however, is still far below theoretical expectations. This is because the property-limiting nanoscale defects that are easily formed during the growth of CdTe crystals are difficult to explore in experiments. Here, we demonstrate the capability of a bond-order potential-based molecular dynamics method for predicting the crystalline growth of CdTe films during vapor deposition simulations. Such a method may begin to enable defects generated during vapor deposition of CdTe crystals to be accurately explored.
A Method for Determining the Ultimate Fate of Synthetic Chemicals during Composting

▪ Pollution control workers have proposed composting as a bioremediation method for the cleanup of contaminated soil and for the detoxification of hazardous organic chemicals. However, decomposition (mineralization to CO2 and H2O) may not always be enhanced by composting, and transformation products of unknown risk may accumulate during composting. This paper presents a scientifically based scheme to determine the ultimate fate of synthetic materials in a composting environment, and for studying factors that may control the degradation of specific chemicals including herbicides (e.g., substrate bioavailability, enzyme concentrations, environmental conditions).
A One-year Case Study: Understanding the Rich Potential of Project-based Learning in a Virtual Reality Class for High School Students

This paper presents a qualitative case analysis of a new and unique, high school, student-directed, project-based learning (PBL), virtual reality (VR) class. In order to create projects, students learned, on an independent basis, how to program an industrial-level VR machine. A constraint was that students were required to produce at least one educational application of VR. This study incorporated in-depth classroom observations, interviews with students, analyses of student projects, and surveys of parents and teachers to examine the social and learning processes in the class, and the nature of content learning represented in student projects. The results demonstrated that PBL can be effective even with minimal teacher guidance. The findings substantiate an educational approach rich with promise, for at least some students, that deserves considerable additional study to maximize its powerful potentials for independent and peer-mentored learning.
Structural characterization of the mouse long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase gene and 5' regulatory region.

Long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCAD) is one of four enzymes involved in the initial step of mitochondrial β-oxidation of straight-chain fatty acids. It is a member of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (Acad or ACAD) gene family of enzymes, which also includes very-long-chain (VLCAD), medium-chain (MCAD), and short-chain (SCAD) acyl-CoA dehydrogenases. These enzymes all have similar activity but differ only in the chain length specificity for their substrate. Mitochondrial β-oxidation provides an important source of energy especially during times of fasting. In order to understand the role of LCAD in this pathway, we have cloned and characterized the entire mouse (Mus muscu-lus) gene encoding LCAD (Acadl). Acadl is a single-copy, nuclear encoded gene approximately 35 kb in size. We have sequenced the entire coding region, all intron/exon boundaries, 1.7 kb of its 5′ regulatory region, and mapped the transcription start site. The gene contains 11 coding exons ranging in size from 67 bp to 275 bp, interrupted by 10 introns ranging in size from 1.0 kb to 6.6 kb in size. The Acadl 5′ regulatory region, like other members of the Acad family, lacks a TATA or CAAT box and is GC rich. This region does contain multiple, putative cis-acting DNA elements recognized by either SP1 or members of the steroid-thyroid family of nuclear receptors, which has been shown with other members of the ACAD gene family to be important in regulated expression. The characterization of the mouse Acadl gene will allow further study of LCAD in an in vivo model, and how its expression may be coordinated with other members of the Acad gene family.
Thermal degradation of high nitrile barrier polymers

Effects of absorbed moisture on degradation behavior of high nitrile barrier polymers were monitored using thermogravimetric analysis techniques. Non-modified and 10 percent rubber modified samples were heated isothermally at nitrile processing temperatures (200°C to 240°C) in air and nitrogen environments. Degradation was evaluated in terms of weight loss as a function of heating time and sample coloration. It was determined that complete removal of moisture, as well as high moisture concentration, contribute to increased degradation at the temperatures evaluated. Moisture levels in the range of 0.15 to 0.5 percent were found to minimize degradation. Heating environment, time, temperature, and rubber modification were also found to influence thermal stability.
Excitons and infrared spectroscopy of adlayers on ionic surfaces

Abstract Infrared spectroscopy of ordered molecular adlayers on ionic substrates often reveals structured absorption bands with unusually sharp features. This rich spectroscopy can be interpreted by exciton theory. Using the example of CO on NaCl(100), we show how the molecular arrangement within the adlayer, temperature dependent geometry changes, and domain size can be revealed by application of exciton theory. Interpretation of the spectroscopy of other systems by exciton theory is also briefly discussed.
Emission patterns in central and peripheral relativistic heavy-ion collisions

Proton emission in relativistic nuclear collisions is examined for events of low and high multiplicity, corresponding to large and small impact parameters. Peripheral reactions exhibit distributions of protons in agreement with spectator-participant decay modes. Central collisions of equal-size nuclei are dominated by the formation and decay of a fireball system. Central collisions of light projectiles with heavy targets exhibit an enhancement in sideward emission which is predicted by recent hydrodynamical calculations.
Pulses in Nonlinearly Coupled Schrödinger Equations I. A Homoclinic Flip Bifurcation

In this work, we describe a new mechanism for the generation of multipulse solutions in a class of nonlinearly coupled Schrodinger equations. Many novel pulses have been observed in such systems both numerically and experimentally, but, until now, an understanding of their origins has been lacking. The particular bifurcation studied here is spurred by the passage through degeneracy of a one‐component pulse in orbit‐flip configuration. We provide a straightforward geometric analysis, demonstrating the production not only of a multicomponent 1–pulse nearby the original one‐component pulse, but also of an entire family of alternating N‐pulses, for all positive integers N.
Interval estimation using the likelihood function

Abstract The general properties of two commonly-used methods of interval estimation for population parameters in physics are examined. Both of these methods employ the likelihood function: (i) Obtaining an interval by finding the points where the likelihood decreases from its maximum by some specified ratio; (ii) Obtaining an interval by finding points corresponding to some specified fraction of the total integral of the likelihood function. In particular, the conditions for which these methods give a confidence interval are illuminated, following an elaboration on the definition of a confidence interval. The first method, in its general form, gives a confidence interval when the parameter is a function of a location parameter. The second method gives a confidence interval when the parameter is a location parameter. A potential pitfall of performing a likelihood analysis without understanding the underlying probability distribution is discussed using an example with a normal likelihood function.
Viscosity structure of the crust and upper mantle in western Nevada from isostatic rebound patterns of the late Pleistocene Lake Lahontan high shoreline

Received 13 July 2005; revised 26 October 2006; accepted 31 January 2007; published 8 June 2007. [1] Large lakes can both produce and record significant crustal deformation. We present an analysis of the isostatic rebound pattern recorded in the shorelines of paleolake Lahontan, in western Nevada, using a layered Maxwell viscoelastic model. The inferred viscosity structure depends on loading history. We use three variants of a well-documented lake surface elevation model as input and recover corresponding estimates of viscosity and density structure. A simple two-layer model, with an elastic plate over an inviscid half-space, fits the observed elevation pattern quite well, with a residual variance of 32% of the data variance. Using multilayered, finite viscosity models, the residual variance is reduced to 20% of the data variance, which is very near to the noise level. In the higher-resolution models, the viscosity is below 10 18 Pa s over the depth range from 80 to 160 km. The minimum viscosity is very similar to the value that has been seen in the eastern Great Basin, from similar analyses of Lake Bonneville shorelines, but the lowviscosity zone is thinner beneath Bonneville. Making small adjustments to a seismically derived density structure allows an improved fit to the shoreline observations. Additionally, we find that small variations in proposed loading models can result in presumably spurious density inversions, and suggest that this modeling approach provides a test for loading histories.
The Ahmed valve in refractory pediatric glaucoma.

Abstract PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of the Ahmed Glaucoma Valve implant in pediatric patients with refractory glaucoma. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was conducted of 27 eyes from 23 consecutive pediatric patients (younger than 18 years) with refractory glaucoma treated with Ahmed Glaucoma Valve implant placement. The main outcome measure was time after surgery without failure. Success was defined as an intraocular pressure of 21 mm Hg or less without visually devastating complications or additional glaucoma surgery (exclusive of tube revision). Previous cycloablation, which was present in a subset of eyes, was examined as a possible influence on postoperative intraocular pressure control, glaucoma medication dependence, and surgical success. RESULTS: The median patient age was 4.8 years (range, 0.3 to 16.8 years), with a follow-up of 3 to 31 months (mean, 12.6 ± 8.2 months). Intraocular pressure was reduced from a preoperative mean of 32.8 ± 7.5 mm Hg to 16.7 ± 5.4 mm Hg at 18 months postoperatively, with an overall success rate of 85.2% at last follow-up. Cumulative probabilities of success by Kaplan-Meier analysis were 90.6% at 12 months and 58.3% at 24 months. Compared with those that did not undergo previous cycloablation, eyes that had undergone previous cycloablation had a lower mean postoperative intraocular pressure at 3- and 6-month follow-up ( P P = .057, respectively) and required fewer glaucoma medications at postoperative examination time points up to 18 months ( P ≤ .01 at each time point). Fifteen eyes (56%) required glaucoma medications after surgery. The most common complication was corneal-tube contact, which occurred in five eyes (18.5%). One eye with a wound leak required anterior chamber reformation. Retinal detachment occurred in one aphakic eye 2 years postoperatively, resulting in loss of vision. One eye with neovascular glaucoma required enucleation after an enlarging (presumably preexisting) medulloepithelioma was discovered. CONCLUSIONS: Ahmed Glaucoma Valve implantation is a useful therapy for the treatment of refractory pediatric glaucoma, and it may be safely used in a subgroup of eyes with uncontrolled intraocular pressure despite previous cycloablation procedures. 1
Moderation of Achievement Prediction in an Elementary School Metric Curriculum by Trait X Instructional Method Interactions

The interaction of mental ability and two instructional methods (instructor-paced guided discovery and student-paced mastery learning) was investigated for a second grade linear metric curriculum unit. As predicted, mental ability was positively (r = .71) correlated with achievement for students (N = 47) taught by the guided discovery method, but mental ability was essentially uncorrelated (r = .12) with achievement on the metric unit for students (N = 55) taught by the mastery learning method. Areas of significant differences were found using multiple regression methods and the Johnson-Neyman technique. The implications of the trait X treatment interaction found in this study were discussed with respect to instructional theory and the prediction of academic achievement.
Phylogeny of Neotropical oryzomyine rodents (Muridae: Sigmodontinae) based on the nuclear IRBP exon

Sigmodontine rodents are the most diverse family-level mammalian clade in the Neotropical region, with about 70 genera and 320 recognized species. Partial sequences (1266 bp) from the first exon of the nuclear gene encoding the Interphotoreceptor Retinoid Binding Protein (IRBP) were used to infer the phylogenetic relationships among 44 species representing all 16 currently recognized genera of the largest sigmodontine tribe, the Oryzomyini. Monophyly of the tribe was assessed relative to 15 non-oryzomyine sigmodontine taxa representing all major sigmodontine lineages. Twelve taxa from seven muroid subfamilies were used as outgroups. The resulting matrix included 71 taxa and 386 parsimony-informative characters. Phylogenetic analysis of this matrix resulted in 16 equally parsimonious cladograms, which contained the following well-supported groups: (i) a monophyletic Oryzomyini, (ii) a clade containing all oryzomyines except Scolomys and Zygodontomys, (iii) a clade containing Oecomys, Handleyomys, and several species of forest-dwelling Oryzomys, and (iv) a clade containing the remaining oryzomyine taxa. The last clade is composed of two large subclades, each with lower nodal support, containing the following taxa: (i) Microryzomys, Oligoryzomys, Neacomys, and Oryzomys balneator; (ii) Holochilus, Lundomys, Pseudoryzomys, Nectomys, Amphinectomys, Sigmodontomys, and several species of open-vegetation or semiaquatic Oryzomys. Regarding relationships among non-oryzomyine taxa, sigmodontines, neotomines, and tylomyines do not form a monophyletic group; a clade containing Rheomys and Sigmodon is basal relative to all other sigmodontines; and the remaining sigmodontines are grouped in three clades: the first containing Thomasomyini, Akodontini, and Reithrodon; the second containing Abrothrichini, and Phyllotini, plus Wiedomys, Juliomys, Irenomys, and Delomys; and the third containing the oryzomyines. No conflict is observed between IRBP results and previous robust hypotheses from mitochondrial data, while a single case of incongruence is present between the IRBP topology and robust hypothesis from morphological studies.
The Ice Age Carbon Puzzle

Between about 24,000 years ago and today, the large ice sheets covering most of Canada and parts of Europe and Asia melted away, sea level rose by 120 m, Earth warmed by about 5°C, and rainfall and vegetation patterns shifted, sometimes abruptly. This dramatic natural climate experiment was set in motion by cyclic variations in the geometry of Earth's orbit, but a complex system of feedbacks governed the transition from a glacial to an interglacial state. One of the most important of these feedbacks was a well-documented change in the atmospheric greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2) ( 1 ). On page 711 of this issue, Schmitt et al. ( 2 ) provide important new carbon isotopic data that help to explain these changes.
UDPglucose dehydrogenase. Kinetics and their mechanistic implications.

Abstract Initial velocity and product inhibition studies were carried out on UDPglucose dehydrogenase (UDPglucose: NAD + 6-oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.22) from beef liver to determine if the kinetics of the reaction are compatible with the established mechanism. An intersecting initial velocity pattern was observed with NAD + as the variable substrate and UDPG as the changing fixed substrate. UDPglucuronic acid gave competitive inhibition of UDPG and non-competitive inhibition of NAD + . Inhibition by NADH gave complex patterns. Lineweaver-Burk plots of 1 υ versus 1/NAD + at varied levels of NADH gave highly non-linear curves. At levels of NAD + below 0.05 mM, non-competitive inhibition patterns were observed giving parabolic curves. Extrapolation to saturation with NAD + showed NADH gave linear uncompetitive inhibition of UDPG if NAD + was saturating. However, at levels of NAD + above 0.10 mM, NADH became a competitive inhibitor of NAD + (parabolic curves) and when NAD + was saturating NADH gave no inhibition of UDPG. NADH was non-competitive versus UDPG when NAD + was not saturating. These results are compatible with a mechanism in which UDPG binds first, followed by NAD + , which is reduced and released. A second mol of NAD + is then bound, reduced, and released. The irreversible step in the reaction must occur after the release of the second mol of NADH but before the release of UDPglucuronic acid. This is apparently caused by the hydrolysis of a thiol ester between UDPglucoronic acid and the essential thiol group of the enzyme. Examination of rate equations indicated that this hydrolysis is the rate-limiting step in the overall reaction. The discontinuity in the velocities observed at high NAD + concentrations is apparently caused by the binding of NAD + in the active site after the release of the second mol of NADH, eliminating the NADH inhibition when NAD + becomes saturating.
Lorazepam and MK-801 effects on behavioral and electrographic indices of alcohol withdrawal sensitization.

Abstract Repeated cycles of chronic ethanol exposure and withdrawal result in sensitization of withdrawal-related CNS hyperexcitability that generally reflects an imbalance in activity of GABA and glutamate systems. Many pharmacological treatments for ethanol withdrawal target neuroadaptive changes in GABA and glutamate neurotransmission. The present study utilized a mouse model of repeated withdrawals to evaluate the ability of lorazepam and MK-801 treatments to antagonize behavioral and electroencephalographic (EEG) measures of sensitized withdrawal seizure activity. Adult male C3H/He mice received chronic intermittent ethanol vapor exposure in inhalation chambers (16 h/day) and during each withdrawal cycle, separate groups of mice were evaluated for handling-induced convulsions (HIC) or abnormal EEG (high-voltage “brief spindle episodes” (BSE)) activity. Lorazepam (0.5–1.0 mg/kg) or MK-801 (0.1–0.3 mg/kg) treatment at 1 h into each of three withdrawal cycles reduced behavioral (HIC) and electrographic (BSE) signs of seizure activity in a dose-related fashion compared to vehicle-treated mice. During a subsequent untreated withdrawal, mice previously treated with lorazepam or MK-801 for earlier withdrawals exhibited reduced HIC activity during the acute phase but exacerbated HIC activity during the protracted phase of this final (fourth) withdrawal cycle. Both lorazepam and MK-801 treatment conditions resulted in enhanced BSE activity during the entire fourth (untreated) withdrawal episode. Collectively, these results suggest that while treatment of repeated ethanol withdrawals with a benzodiazepine (lorazepam) or an NMDA receptor antagonist (MK-801) may have some initial benefits in ameliorating the development of sensitized withdrawal excitability, such treatment may also render subjects more vulnerable to seizure activity at later time points.
Finite planes and graphs

Abstract In an earlier paper [3], we associated to every projective plane X of order n a certain n 3 -dimensional vector space H ( X ) over GF(2) and a distinguished subset T of “triangles” in H ( X ); moreover, the collineation group of X is isomorphic to the subgroup of GL( H ( X )) consisting of all nonsingular linear transformations ϕ with ϕ ( T ) = T . Here we show that T may be construed as a graph whose automorphism group is isomorphic to the collineation group of X . The graph has extra structure (“graded”, “additive”) and it can be described axiomatically, without assuming prior existence of X . We then prove that the existence of X is equivalent to the existence of the graph. Finally, we show how to imbed such an abstract graph into an abstract n 3 -dimensional vector space over GF(2).
Simulation of Heat, Mass, and Momentum Transfer Within Building Interiors

An hp finite element-based model has been developed to calculate heat, mass, and momentum transfer within rooms and building interiors. The hp-adaptive methodology is based on both mesh enrichment (h-adaptation) and spectral order incensement (p-adaptation) in an effort to produce accurate results with the least computational cost. A Lagrangian Particle Transport (LPT) technique is coupled with the adaptive scheme to simulate mass transport. The model is particularly amenable for depicting the transport of contaminants associated with indoor air quality. The hp-adaptive algorithm is validated using natural convection in a square enclosure. The model is subsequently applied to the simulation of momentum, heat, and mass transport within building interiors: air and temperature distribution patterns are presented along with potential pathways of a powder dispersing within an office.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
A therapeutic approach to the acutely overdosed PCP patient.

(1980). A Therapeutic Approach to the Acutely Overdosed Patient. Journal of Psychedelic Drugs: Vol. 12, PCP: Problems and Prevention. Selected Proceedings of the National PCP Conference 1979+K2, pp. 259-267.
CBRN data fusion using puff-based model and bar-reading sensor data

This article provides a suboptimal approach to the measurement update of the state vector and the associated state error covariance in the data assimilation process of airborne material dispersion systems, in which the state vector consists of Gaussian puffs and the sensor measurements of the local material concentrations are bar readings. Based on the Bayes rule and numerical quadrature techniques, this approach approximates an interval in the concentration space associated with a sensor's bar reading by a set of discrete points and the integrals over the interval by sums of function evaluations at these points. An alternative approximation involving the Gaussian error function and the Hermite-Gaussian quadrature is also presented. The puff state is updated using a two-step procedure. First, the continuous-valued concentration forecast is updated with the bar-reading data. Second, the puff state is updated based on the correlation of it with the updated concentration estimate.
Effects of ACL interference screws on articular cartilage volume and thickness measurements with 1.5 T and 3 T MRI.

Summary Objective To assess the effects of interference screws, which are commonly used to surgically fix an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) graft in the ACL-deficient knee, and magnetic field strength on cartilage volume and thickness measurements with quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI). Methods Five cadaver knees were imaged using a cartilage-sensitive sequence (T1-weighted water-excitation, three-dimensional (3D) fast low-angle shot) on 1.5T and 3T scanners with and without interference screws implanted. The tibiofemoral articular cartilage was segmented and reconstructed from the magnetic resonance images, and volume and thickness measurements were made on the resulting 3D models. Results Although several load-bearing regions showed significant differences in volume and thickness between magnet strengths, most showed no significant difference between screw conditions. The medial tibial cartilage showed a mean decrease in volume of 5.9% and 8.0% in the presence of interference screws at 3T and 1.5T, respectively. At 3T and 1.5T, the medial tibial cartilage showed a mean decrease in thickness of 7.0% and 12.0%, respectively, in the presence of interference screws. Conclusions Caution should be used when interpreting thickness and volume of cartilage at 3T in the presence of interference screws, particularly in the medial tibial compartment. Additionally, 3T and 1.5T qMRI should not be used interchangeably to assess structural changes in tibiofemoral articular cartilage during longitudinal studies.
Field testing of power utility condenser tube alloys

The performances of various copper alloys after 4 years exposure in condenser steam-side and cooling water environments of three operating power utility plants are described. In the steam-side environment, the copper alloys exhibited low corrosion rates, and there was little variation in corrosion resistance as a function of major alloying elements. A comparison of the field data and data from a laboratory simulated condenser environment showed good correlation. The corrosion rates of the materials in the cooling tower water (under deposits and subject to low flow conditions) were approximately an order of magnitude greater than their counterparts in the steam environment. In freshwater there was little variation in material performance as a function of alloying elements; in brackish water a distinct difference in corrosion response was noted among the various alloys.
Surgery: vertebroplasty: one solution does not fit all.

Two randomized controlled trials have shown no significant differences in outcome between vertebroplasty and a sham procedure in patients with back pain and vertebral fracture. What conclusions can be drawn from these results?
Becoming Somebody! How Arts Programs Support Positive Identity for Middle School Girls

Dans cet article, les auteurs analysent les resultats d'une etude ethnographique de trois ans ayant porte sur l'impact d'un programme d'enseignement de l'art dans le premier cycle du secondaire en milieu suburbain sur les pratiques pedagogiques et la revelation identitaire des eleves filles. Il est ainsi explique que les arts permettent aux eleves de s'imaginer hors de leur identite en s'en creant une autre. Cette echappatoire revele toute son importance quand l'adolescent tente d'echapper aux influences negatives de son environnement familial, social ou economique. Les retombees de cet enseignement s'averent positives egalement au niveau du developpement intellectuel de l'enfant, qui se manifeste par la progression de son independance d'esprit et la maturite de son expression corporelle.
Pseudoguaianolides and sesquiterpene glucoside from Gaillardia coahuilensis

Abstract From the aerial parts of Gaillardia coahuilensis , one secopseudoguaianolide, 12 pseudoguaianolides and one acyclic sesquiterpene glucoside, named gaillardoside, were isolated. Four of the compounds were previously unreported. This is the first isolation of a glycoside from the genus Gaillardia . Structures of all the compounds were elucidated by the spectral data including 2D COSY, 1 H- 13 C correlation spectroscopy and some chemical transformations.
Adaptive quantization scheme for MPEG video coders based on HVS (Human Visual System)

Effective quantization and rate control are very important issues in real time video compression in order to control picture quality and maintain target bit rate. MPEG-2 test model 5 (TM5) describes an adaptive quantization scheme that exploits human visual system properties to improve subjective quality. The TM5 algorithm, however produces blocking artifacts and distortion in edges on flat background in some pictures. Moreover, the TM5 quantization scheme can not effectively control the quality in predicted pictures, since the activity classification performed in the pixel domain is weakly correlated with the actual quantization performed in the transform domain. In this paper, we propose a new quantization scheme that addresses these deficiencies and also takes into account the variation in compaction property of the DCT kernel as this relates to orientation of edges and structures within a block. The proposed scheme involves a two step activity determination procedure. In the first step, activity is determined based on the actual block variance in the pixel domain and in the second step, a correction factor is applied depending upon the effectiveness of the DCT kernel in the transform domain. Our results show that the proposed scheme results in improved picture quality and better bit-distribution as compared to MPEG-2 TM5.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Electoral and Partisan Forces in the Roosevelt Era: The U.S. Congressional Elections of 1938

Since nearly all studies of U.S. congressional elections test competing theories with data from the postwar era, we know very little about the applicability of contemporary theories to elections in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This paper takes a first step in exploring theories of electoral politics in the historical context of the 1938 elections. I believe a closer look at this particular election is valuable for a variety of reasons. First, turnover among incumbents in 1938 was extremely high by contemporary standards, yet no systematic explanation for the record number of losses exists. Additionally, this political era was characterized by intense polarization between Congress and the president even though the Democrats controlled both institutions. An extended analysis of this historical era can also explore the role strategic challengers played in the electoral arena before the emergence of candidate-centered elections. By exploring these significant events, I shed light on an otherw...
Early dietary management in an infant with argininosuccinase deficiency: preliminary report

Summary An infant with argininosuccinase deficiency was detected through the routine newborn screening program for metabolic disorders and a restricted protein diet was started at six weeks of age. She has maintained normal mental and physical development in the first two years.
XDP: a simple library for teaching a distributed programming module

XDP is a simplified interface to the DP distributed programming library. I describe its use in a course on workstation programming, a pragmatic course whose mission is to cover concurrent programming, graphical user interfaces and event driven programming as well as network and distributed computing. Using XDP, rather than the native socket interface, makes it feasible to cover the last topics, squeezed though they are into a rather overloaded course. Finding (or building) teaching tools like XDP will become increasingly essential as more demands are placed on undergraduate CS curriculum coverage.
Sex-role stereotypes of feminists and nonfeminists

In light of recent attempts by feminists to upgrade the status of women by stressing the positive aspects of femininity, a comparison of sex-role stereotyping by women who endorse women's liberation with those who do not was made. Feminists showed a more positive perception of women; both groups stressed positive feminine traits in describing an ideal woman, but feminists would like to see more dominance in women. Two negative stereotypes, not previously documented, emerged from this analysis: the depiction of men as cooler, more boastful, awkward, and insensitive by the feminists and women's liberationists as more boastful, excitable, and unattractive by the nonfeminists.
Computational voltage stability assessment of large-scale power systems

Abstract The problem of voltage instability occurring in power systems and various voltage instability indicators proposed in the literature are reviewed in this paper. A voltage stability margin in terms of the active power that the system can supply before voltage instability occurs is proposed. Two voltage stability assessment programs, one developed by EPRI, the Voltage Stability Analysis Program (VSTAB), and the Voltage Eigen Value Analysis Program (VEVA) developed at Tulane University, are compared. The output of these programs as applied to the IEEE 30-bus test system is tabulated.