cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Increasingly Segregated and Unequal Schools as Courts Reverse Policy

Purpose: School administrators and policy makers live in a complex, changing policy universe in which there are many competing demands and political pressures. Rarely is there much time to think about sensitive issues of long duration that are not part of the immediate demands they face. This article is about such an issue, a question that will deeply influence the future of schools and communities but which is usually ignored—the increasing separation of large sectors of our student bodies into intensely segregated schools with unequal educational opportunity. Research Methods: The data analyzed come from the National Center for Education Statistics, Public Elementary/Secondary School Universe, which contain demographic data about all public schools since the late 1980s. We rely on two measures of segregation, concentration and exposure/isolation index, to assess its current status and change over time in the nation’s public schools. Findings: This article describes the vast transformation of the nation’s school population since the civil rights era. As diversity spreads, so too does segregation by race and often class, including into suburbia in many large metropolitan areas. As a legacy of Brown, Black students are still more desegregated in the South than any other region of the country, but both Black and Latino students are experiencing rising segregation. Implications: We conclude with recommendations about possible responses educational
Critical Whiteness Theories and the Evangelical "Race Problem": Extending Emerson and Smith's Divided by Faith

In their 2000 book, Divided by Faith, Michael Emerson and Christian Smith use the case of evangelical Christians to demonstrate how uncompromising individualist ideals get in the way of clear thinking and decisive action about racial inequalities in contemporary American society. We use insights developed from whiteness studies and critical race theory to sharpen and further extend this analysis. More specifically, we suggest: (1) that anti-black stereotypes may be subtler, more pervasive, and more functionally necessary than Emerson and Smith assume: and (2) that the individualistic ideals Emerson and Smith focus on are not race neutral but, instead, are part of a taken-for-granted and vigorously defended majority white culture and identity. These points are developed through a theoretical reconstruction of Emerson and Smith's argument and a reevaluation of their methodological approach and data. Finally, we present data from a recent national survey of race and religion in American life that provide preliminary quantitative support for our revisionist claims.
A gridless multi-layer area router

This paper presents an algorithm to route multiple nets for VLSI layout synthesis in the presence of irregular rectilinear obstacles. The proposed routing algorithms are to be used when layout is nearly finished. Any incremental routing for performance needs to be done by using the very limited space between existing layout cells or by routing directly over the cells. Each net has multiple pins, which are located either on the boundary or anywhere inside the layout region. The proposed algorithm is very systematic and easy to implement. It does not require any net sequencing, and through extensive experiments on real circuits has been shown to always produce near optimal solutions. >
The hippocampal indexing theory and episodic memory: Updating the index

A little over 20 years ago, (Teyler and DiScenna,1986; Behav Neurosci 100:147-152) proposed the hippocampal memory index theory. It offered an account of episodic memory based on the intrinsic organization of the hippocampus, its synaptic physiology and its anatomical relationship to other regions of the brain. The essence of their idea was that the hippocampus was functionally designed and anatomically situated to capture information about neocortical activity generated by the individual features of behavioral episode. Moreover, because the hippocampus projects back to these neocortical regions the information it stored could serve as an index to the pattern of neocortical activity produced by the episode. Consequently, a partial cue that activated the index could activate the neocortical patterns and thus retrieve the memory of the episode. In this article we revisit and update indexing theory. Our conclusion is that it has aged very well. Its core ideas can be seen in many contemporary theories and there is a wealth of data that support this conceptual framework.
Impact of controller-pilot data link communications on oceanic ATC service

The US Oakland (ZOA) Oceanic Air Route Traffic Command Center (ARTCC) has been providing Controller-Pilot Data Link Communications (CPDLQ service to Future Aviation Navigation System (FANS)-1/A aircraft since 1999. Currently, about 28% of the Oakland oceanic flights are FANS-1/A capable and 98% of these flights use CPDLC to communicate with controllers. The rest of the oceanic flights continue to communicate with controllers via a third-party radio operator (RO) using high frequency (HF) voice. Prior to implementation, FANS-1/A CPDLC was expected to provide a number of benefits to the oceanic flights, including reduced communications time and improved air traffic control (ATC) services. The fixed format CPDLC messages allow the ground ATC decision support tools to evaluate most flight plan change requests for conflicts automatically, and it was anticipated that this would enable controllers to respond to flight plan change requests more quickly. This paper compares the ATC service quality provided to FANS-1/A and HF flights and examines particular operational areas to see if benefits have been achieved and to what level.
Review of Mupirocin Ointment In the Treatment of Impetigo

The introduction of mupirocin ointment gives the pediatrician a reliable topical alternative to oral antibiotic therapy for group A streptococcal and staphylococcal impetigo. It is as effective as oral antibiotics and is associated with fewer adverse effects. In superficial skin infections that are not widespread, mupirocin ointment offers several advantages. It is highly active against the most frequent skin pathogens, even those resistant to other antibiotics, and the topical route of administration allows delivery of high drug concentrations to the site of infection.
Embedded turbo coding in pattern position modulation

A novel coded modulation system where turbo coding is embedded in pattern position modulation (PPM) is proposed. We also discuss on the noise model and show performance can be improved by applying a proper discrete interference model.
Comparison of cobinamide to hydroxocobalamin in reversing cyanide physiologic effects in rabbits using diffuse optical spectroscopy monitoring

Our purpose is to compare cobinamide to hydroxocobal- amin in reversing cyanide CN-induced physiologic effects in an ani- mal model using diffuse optical spectroscopy DOS. Cyanide poison- ing is a major threat worldwide. Cobinamide is a novel molecule that can bind two molecules of cyanide, has a much higher binding affin- ity than hydroxocobalamin, and is more water soluble. We investi- gated the ability of equimolar doses of cobinamide and hydroxoco- balamin to reverse the effects of cyanide exposure in an animal model monitored continuously by DOS. Cyanide toxicity was induced in 16 New Zealand white rabbits by intravenous infusion. Animals were divided into three groups: controls n=5 received saline following cyanide, hydroxocobalamin N=6 following cyanide, and cobina- mide N=5 following cyanide. Cobinamide caused significantly faster and more complete recovery of oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin concentrations in cyanide-exposed animals than hydroxocobalamin- or saline-treated animals, with a recovery time constant of 13.8±7.1 min compared to 75.4±25.1 and 76.4±42.7 min, for hydroxocobalamin- and saline-treated animals, respectively p0.0001. This study indicates that cobinamide more rapidly and completely reverses the physiologic effects of cyanide than equimolar doses of cobalamin at the dose used in this study, and CN effects and response can be followed noninvasively using DOS. © 2010 Society of
An SMP critical state model for methane hydrate‐bearing sands

Summary Mechanical properties of methane hydrate-bearing soils are complex. Their behavior undergoes a significant change when hydrates dissociate and become methane gas. On the other hand, methane hydrates are ice-like compounds and, depending on the hydrate accumulation habits and the degree of hydrate saturation, may cement soil particles into stronger and stiffer soils. A new constitutive model is proposed that is capable of capturing essential characteristics of hydrate-bearing soils. The core of the model includes the spatial mobilized plane concept; a transformed stress, tij; the critical state; and the subloading framework. The proposed model gives soil responses due to stress changes or hydrate saturation changes or both. The performance of the model has been found satisfactory, over a range of hydrate saturation and confining pressures, using triaxial test data from laboratory-synthesized samples and from field samples extracted from Nankai Trough, Japan. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perceptrons, PP, and the polynomial hierarchy

The author constructs a predicate that is computable by a perceptron with linear size, order one, and exponential weights, but which cannot be computed by any perceptron having subexponential size, subpolynomial order, and subexponential weights. A consequence is that there is an oracle relative to which P/sup NP/ is not contained in PP. >
The Research Training of Counseling Psychologists What the Professionals Say

Participants were 355 randomly selected Division 17 members who responded to a survey concerning their assessment of their own research skills, their research training, and the major influences on their research skill and interest. Respondents reported that graduate programs contribute adequately to their skills in research design, statistics, and writing, but contribute less to their computer skills and practical research skills. Respondents, on average, felt confident about their research skills with the exception of statistical and computer skills. These perceptions were independent of sex, number of years post doctorate, graduate training department, American Psychological Association accreditation, and primary employment setting. Programs and training activities were consistently viewed as having a positive effect on research interest. Practical implications for the training program, the professional, and the profession are discussed.
Matrix description of the fast Fourier transform

The fast Fourier transform is usually described as a factorization. Recently this has been done in matrix terms. In this paper we present these results in sufficient detail that interested nonexperts can obtain the computer algorithm, and the necessary label permutations. We also count the number of arithmetic operations required in the calculation and point out the well known utility of base 2, both because of mathematical and machine hardware considerations. A simple FORTRAN program based on these ideas is included.
Ceulular Imaging Data Analysis: Mircotubule Dynamics in Living Cell

Microtubules are dynamic polymers that rapidly transition between states of growth, shortening, and pause. These dynamic events are critical for studying cellular processes such as the cancer drug effectiveness study. Typically, these events are quantified by imaging microtubule movements over time, which results in large data sets that require rigorous quantitative analysis. In most cases, the analysis was performed manually by the researcher. This process is tedious and prone to error and becomes a bottleneck in modern cancer research. Thus, an efficient, reliable, and rapid quantification method is in critical need. In this paper, we describe open contour-based tracking methods to automatically segment and track microtubule movements. We redefine the internal energy terms specifically for open snake, and examine different external energy terms for locating the end points of a microtubule. This algorithm has been validated using simulated images, untreated MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines, and cells treated with the microtubule-targeting chemotherapeutic agent, Taxol.
An ion-optical bench for testing ion source lenses

Abstract An ion-optical bench has been designed and constructed to obtain experimental data on the focusing properties of ion lenses in three dimensions. The essential part of the apparatus is a position-sensitive detector (PSD) which gives output signals proportional to the x and y positions of each ion impact. The position signals can be displayed on an oscilloscope screen and analyzed using a two-parameter pulse—height analyzer, thereby giving a visual picture of the ion beam cross-section and intensity distribution. The PSD itself is mounted on a track and is movable during operation from a position following the ion lens to a distance of 30 cm away. This enables the rapid collection of accurate data on the intensity distribution and divergence angles of ions leaving the source lens. Examples of ion lens measurements are given.
Conspiracy Endorsement as Motivated Reasoning: The Moderating Roles of Political Knowledge and Trust

Given the potential political and social significance of conspiracy beliefs, a substantial and growing body of work examines the individual-level correlates of belief in conspiracy theories and general conspiratorial predispositions. However, although we know much about the psychological antecedents of conspiracy endorsement, we know less about the individual-level political causes of these prevalent and consequential beliefs. Our work draws from the extant literature to posit that endorsement of conspiracy theories is a motivated process that serves both ideological and psychological needs. In doing so, we develop a theory that identifies a particular type of person-one who is both highly knowledgeable about politics and lacking in trust-who is most susceptible to ideologically motivated conspiracy endorsement. Further, we demonstrate that the moderators of belief in conspiracy theories are strikingly different for conservatives and liberals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Medications in Pregnancy

1. All medications should be viewed with caution in pregnancy. 2. Management of medication use in pregnancy ideally begins with adequate preconception counseling and prepregnancy planning. 3. Medications used in pregnancy require clear identification of indication for use, duration of treatment, expected outcome, and signs or symptoms requiring early termination of their use. 4. When in doubt consultation with an expert in maternal–fetal medicine is strongly recommended.
Examining needs of informal kinship families: Validating the family needs scale

Abstract Families who provide informal kinship care are a critical part of child welfare, yet our understanding of their needs is limited due to the challenges of identifying the population. The absence of validated and reliable instruments for kinship families is an additional barrier. This study tests the psychometric properties and construct validity of the Family Needs Scale. A sample of 303 informal kinship families recruited through local child welfare and social services completed the scale as part of a demonstration project. An eight-factor structure emerged from psychometric testing. The FNS is strongly associated with other predictors of the needs such as income and parenting stress, suggesting the instrument's potential as a need assessment tool for kinship families. Further replication and robust analyses of the FNS structure will build stronger support for the scale as a needs assessment for kinship families.
Housing Choices and Mortgage Financing Options for Seniors

Executive Summary.Why would an individual or couple who are age 55 or older have a mortgage on their primary residence or second home? Life-cycle financial patterns of behavior suggest that mortgages should be paid-off by this age. The purpose of this study is to examine the option of seniors to finance their primary residence and/or second home and the resulting difference(s), if any, in their asset allocations. Results indicate that the majority of seniors do have a mortgage. Based on probit and regression analyses, respondents are more likely to have a mortgage if they have a higher market value for their primary residence, a home equity line of credit, a second home, are not retired, and/or have a lower level of liquid assets.
EFFECT OF CHRONIC HYPOXIA ON THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION OF CATS.

SummaryCats subjected to chronic exposure to an oxygen-deficient environment (10%) at an early age thrive and develop an increased systolic pressure in the right ventricle (average 69 mm Hg compared to 32 mm Hg in littermates subjected to acute exposure). The pressure decreases when the cats breathe normal air (average pressure, 59 mm compared to 17 in littermates) but does not decrease to normal when 99.6% oxygen is breathed (average pressure, 55 mm compared to 15 in littermates). The average hematocrit value was 52 compared to 26% in controls. The increase in pressure is not a consequence of the increased hematocrit value, change in cardiac output, or delay in closure of the ductus arteriosus. Evidence is presented that the same systolic pressure exists in the pulmonary artery as in the right ventricle and that the most likely cause of the increased ventricular pressure is an increased resistance to blood flow through the pulmonary vessels. There was no evidence of anatomic changes in the pulmonary vessels.
Analysis of HA1 gene of influenza virus B isolated in Huzhou

Objective:To study the variation of hemagglutinin gene HA1 from influenza viruses B and evaluate the protective effect of the vaccine strains recommended by WHO using the virus strains isolated in Huzhou.Methods:Respiratory specimens were collected from the suspected cases of influenza.The influenza viruses were isolated from the specimens and further typed by serological identification.Nucleic acids were extracted from the isolated viruses and the HA1 genes were amplified by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR).The amplicons were sequenced and the data were subjected to the alignment analyses using the softwares of DNAMAN and MegAlign.Results:The influenza virus B isolated in Huzhou was Victoria lineage.The HA1 regions were all 1015 bp with a deduced peptide of 339 amino acids.The viruses had an additional Asparagine(N) on site 163 of HA1 when compared with the viruses of Yamagata lineage.There was no deletion or insertion of nucleotide acid in both lineages and the glycosylation sites were similar.Conclusion:The influenza virus B isolated in Huzhou and the vaccines recommended by WHO in 2010 were Victoria lineage.The protective efect of the vaccines recommended by WHO were effective in Huzhou.
145 TARGETING BCL-2 IN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA CELLS.

Purpose of Study Proteins of the Bcl-2 family members are critical regulators of programmed cell death, and members that inhibit apoptosis, including Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL, are overexpressed in many cancers and contribute to tumor initiation, progression, and resistance to therapy. ABT-737 is a small molecule inhibitor of Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, and Bcl-w that was identified using nuclear magnetic resonance-based screen, parallel synthesis, and structure-based design. Previous studies revealed that this inhibitor does not initiate apoptosis but enhances the effects of death signals and acts synergistically with chemotherapy and radiation to induce cytotoxicity. ABT-737 as a single agent kills cells from lymphoma and small cell lung carcinoma lines in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we investigated the effects of ABT-737 on three different human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines. Methods Two human AML cell lines, KG-1 and MV-411, were treated with varying concentrations of ABT-737 ranging from 1 pM to 10 μM in complete media containing 10% fetal calf serum (FCS). Another human AML cell line, Molm-13, was treated with ABT-737 at concentrations ranging from 1 nM to 10 μM in media containing either 10% FCS or 1% FCS. Percent viability was determined using trypan blue exclusion at 24, 48, 72 hours following treatment with ABT-737. Results ABT-737 was found to inhibit KG-1 cell proliferation at an IC50 of 100 nM following treatment with ABT-737 for 96 hours. The IC50 of the MV-411 cell line was 10 nM after 24 hours of treatment. Molm-13 cells cultured in media containing 10% FCS showed an IC50 of 1 μM at 24 hours following treatment and 100 nM after 48 and 72 hours. Molm-13 cells grown in media containing 1% FCS demonstrated a decrease in percent viability with an IC50 of 100 nM after 24 hours of treatment, 10 nM after 48 hours, and 1 nM after 72 hours following treatment with ABT-737. Conclusions The AML cell lines KG-1, MV-411, and Molm-13 were susceptible to the pro-apoptotic effects of ABT-737 in vitro. Thus, further investigation into the effects of ABT-737 on additional AML cell lines in vitro and in vivo is warranted. We conclude that ABT-737 either alone or in combination with chemotherapy may provide an alternative mode of therapy for patients with AML.
Organizational Commitment of Non-Managerial Employees

Developing favourable employee attitudes is a must for each and every organization, as it has a huge impact on organizational performance. Organizational commitment is one of the work-related attitudes of employees and still it is the highly valuable concept in the organizations. Thus, this study attempts to explore the different types of organizational commitment among non-managerial employees in insurance companies in Eastern Province, Sri Lanka.
Simultaneous Direct and Indirect Calorimetry

Much of our knowledge of respiration rates is derived from measurements of oxygen uptake, one method of indirect calorimetry. The amount of oxygen consumed per unit time is often calculated from the decrease in partial pressure of oxygen in an enclosed air or water volume and then converted to equivalent heat production by using Ivlev’s [5] oxycalorific coefficient of 4.8 cal cm-3 O2 consumed (= 450 kJ mol-1). This average conversion factor was stoichiometrically determined by Ivlev and subsequently shown to be valid for fully aerobic living organisms [6, 7]; it can actually vary between 442 when the substrate is fat or protein and 477 kJ mol-1 when carbohydrate is oxidized [5]. For further discussion and new calculations of the oxycaloric equivalent see Appendix C.
Kidney Toxicities Associated With Novel Cancer Therapies

Targeted therapies that act via unique molecular pathways and interfere with cancer cell growth and tumor progression have dramatically changed the cancer treatment paradigm. However, although, ideally, these therapies intend to target only cancer cells, they do often affect nonmalignant tissue. Numerous renal side effects have been reported to date. This article will review clinical presentation, presumed pathophysiology, and treatment of kidney side effects of targeted therapies. Feasibility of the continuation of cancer therapy despite renal toxicity will also be addressed.
Intestinal Stomas: Historical Overview

The word “stoma” is derived from the Greek, stomat, for mouth. Gastrointestinal stomas are artificial connections of the gut to the skin. Reports of colostomies designed to relieve obstruction appear in the eighteenth century. Small intestinal stomas are associated most closely with the twentieth century operations designed to treat inflammatory bowel, urologic, pediatric, and hepatobiliary conditions. Ostomies of the stomach were introduced to decompress the gut or to instill nutrition. This chapter recognizes contributions of pioneers from many disciplines whose work improved the lives of gastrointestinal stoma patients.
The roles of aromaticity in the structure of DNA and its intercalation complexes with quinones

The X-ray crystallographic coordinate data of a 56 DNA double helical oligomers were examined, using the molecular modeling program STR3DI32.EXE, in order to ascertain the aromatic statuses of the Watson–Crick hydrogen bonded base pairs. Several oligomers that were intercalated with anthraquinoid molecules (like the daunomycin and nogalamycin aglycones) were also included in the study in order to evaluate the aromatic statuses of the intercalated entities. This study revealed that the base pairs were aromatic in their Watson–Crick hydrogen bonded double helices, whereas they are known to be non-aromatic in situations in which they are not involved in Watson–Crick hydrogen bonding. The resonance energy gained by the aromatization of these bases, while engaged in Watson–Crick hydrogen bonding, must contribute to the stability of these DNA double helices. The anthraquinoid intercalates were revealed to be in their radical anion form, having received an electron from one of the bases between which these intercalates were sited. These anthraquinoid intercalates are therefore “held” in position by ionic – charge transfer – interactions, as well as hydrogen bonding due to their glycosidic entities. These observations are also relevant to investigations of the electrical conductivity of DNA double helices that are similarly intercalated.
An adaptive DC-bus stabilizer for single-phase grid-connected renewable energy source system

This paper proposes an adaptive DC-bus stabilizer for single-phase grid-connected voltage source converter (VSC) with small-scale renewable energy integration. To enhance converter's power density, the conventional active power decoupling (APD) techniques were adopted to reduce the DC capacitance by compensating the inherent second-order harmonic power ripples in the single-phase VSC. However, it would potentially make the DC voltage vulnerable to transient power ripples, which is a critical issue for the grid-connected renewable energy source (RES) system during grid faults. The proposed DC-bus stabilizer can not only compensate the second-order harmonic power ripples at normal operation, but also enhance the fault ride-through capability of the converter. The circuit topology and its corresponding control strategy are presented, and then simulation results are provided to demonstrate the feasibility and validity of the proposed DC-bus stabilizer under normal operation and grid fault condition.
Retrieval practice enhances the ability to evaluate complex physiology information.

OBJECTIVE Many investigations have shown that retrieval practice enhances the recall of different types of information, including both medical and physiological, but the effects of the strategy on higher-order thinking, such as evaluation, are less clear. The primary aim of this study was to compare how effectively retrieval practice and repeated studying (i.e. reading) strategies facilitated the evaluation of two research articles that advocated dissimilar conclusions. A secondary aim was to determine if that comparison was affected by using those same strategies to first learn important contextual information about the articles. METHODS Participants were randomly assigned to learn three texts that provided background information about the research articles either by studying them four consecutive times (Text-S) or by studying and then retrieving them two consecutive times (Text-R). Half of both the Text-S and Text-R groups were then randomly assigned to learn two physiology research articles by studying them four consecutive times (Article-S) and the other half learned them by studying and then retrieving them two consecutive times (Article-R). Participants then completed two assessments: the first tested their ability to critique the research articles and the second tested their recall of the background texts. RESULTS On the article critique assessment, the Article-R groups' mean scores of 33.7 ± 4.7% and 35.4 ± 4.5% (Text-R then Article-R group and Text-S then Article-R group, respectively) were both significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the two Article-S mean scores of 19.5 ± 4.4% and 21.7 ± 2.9% (Text-S then Article-S group and Text-R then Article-S group, respectively). There was no difference between the two Article-R groups on the article critique assessment, indicating those scores weren't affected by the different contextual learning strategies. CONCLUSION Retrieval practice promoted superior critical evaluation of the research articles, and the results also indicated the strategy enhanced the recall of background information.
Media’s Influence on Self-Image and Romantic Relationship Decision-Making in College-Age Clients: What Mental Health Counselors Should Know

Research indicates that media-influenced decisions potentially assist in leading college-aged students to make negative interpersonal choices, resulting in poor intimate relationships (Storey and M...
The Third Wave of Tobacco Tort Litigation

This draft chapter from a forthcoming book on tobacco regulation analyzes the third wave of tobacco tort litigation, beginning in 1993. By now, the total lack of success in the courthouse over the course of the preceding forty years, involving two waves of litigation, is a familiar story. The U.S. Supreme Court's decision in the 1992 case of Cipollone v. Liggett Group, Inc., construing the 1965 cigarette labeling act to preempt state tort claims based on negligent failure to warn, along with the tobacco industry's success in arguing that smokers assumed the risks of tobacco use, not only brought closure to the second wave of tobacco tort litigation but appeared to foretell that another wave of tort litigation might be a long time in coming. As it happened, however, less than two years later, the industry was under assault from two formidable directions: private class action tort litigation and state health care reimbursement suits. Within the relatively short span of another five years, the industry had entered into multibillion-dollar settlements in the state litigation, remained precariously positioned in the class action litigation, and faced an uncertain future in the newly rejuvenated individual tort suits. A clearly discernible third wave of tobacco-related claims showed no signs of abating, and raised the specter of unpredictable, potentially catastrophic liability far more vividly than had ever before been the case. This study discusses the developments that so dramatically challenged the industry's long-time success on the litigation front. I indicate that the industry had to contend with two convergent and unexpected circumstances: The revelation of highly damaging internal documents tracing a pattern of industry concealment and misrepresentation of tobacco-related health information, and the adoption by adversaries of a new litigation strategy, based on aggregating claims rather than proceeding on a case-by-case basis. Nonetheless, the resulting turnabout in industry fortunes on the litigation front is far more ambiguous than appears at first blush. This ambiguity - a mixed "scorecard" of successes and defeats - offers insights that I also discuss, into the institutional strengths and weaknesses of the tort system generally as a medium for achieving broader public health goals. That discussion, in turn, leads me to some general observations about the future course of tobacco tort litigation.
Effects of vehicle speed and permeability on pore pressures in hot-mix asphalt pavements

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on effects of vehicle speed and permeability on pore pressures in hot-mix asphalt (HMA) pavements. The HMA layer in a pavement system for most highly trafficked roadways contains an upper friction course underlain by the structural course. It has been found that coarse-graded hot-mix asphalt mixtures are permeable enough that under certain conditions they are fully saturation. A study of a typical coarse-graded pavement subject to dynamic loads at saturated conditions is undertaken. Using a coupled finite-element analysis based on the theory of mixtures, the influence of permeability and the rate of loading on a saturated flexible pavement is performed. The results from this study show that significant pore pressures can occur in coarse-graded mixtures. In addition, the magnitude and distribution of pore pressures are a function of permeability and rate of loading. It is proposed that further study of asphalt skeleton stresses, stripping, and layer debonding is undertaken.
SIMULATION OF A MAIZE TO ETHANOL PROCESS

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of process modeling. It has been used for decades in parts of the petroleum and chemical process industry. However, the processes modeled are characterized by containing only fluid streams, and are frequently underlain by an extensive database of physical properties and unit design models. The advent of process modeling in agricultural-based industries has been hampered by the need to model solids processing and by the scarcity of physical property data for such heterogeneous materials. However, the ability to model such processes is of substantial value in order to predict the economic and functional changes resulting from a process change without physically altering the process and at a reduced cost. It has been proved that ethanol process modeling is utilized industrially and less information is available in the public sector. The chapter also describes the model of Taylor's experimental process that is projected to a significantly lower production cost for ethanol.
How Does the Relationship Facilitate Productive Client Thinking

My thesis is: a) that the primary client activity that facilitates change is their productive thinking, b) that one key way the therapeutic relationship is helpful is that it facilitates this kind of activity, and c) that if we look at the therapist–client dyad as a group, then we can further understand how the therapy dialogue facilitates productive client thinking through recent ideas about socially shared cognition.
The activation of the oxidative stress response transcription factor SKN-1 in Caenorhabditis elegans by mitis group streptococci

The mitis group, a member of the genetically diverse viridans group streptococci, predominately colonizes the human oropharynx. This group has been shown to cause a wide range of infectious complications in humans, including bacteremia in patients with neutropenia, orbital cellulitis and infective endocarditis. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has been identified as a virulence factor produced by this group of streptococci. More importantly, it has been shown that Streptococcus oralis and S. mitis induce epithelial cell and macrophage death via the production of H2O2. Previously, H2O2 mediated killing was observed in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans in response to S. oralis and S. mitis. The genetically tractable model organism C. elegans is an excellent system to study mechanisms of pathogenicity and stress responses. Using this model, we observed rapid H2O2 mediated killing of the worms by S. gordonii in addition to S. mitis and S. oralis. Furthermore, we observed colonization of the intestine of the worms when exposed to S. gordonii suggesting the involvement of an infection-like process. In response to the H2O2 produced by the mitis group, we demonstrate the oxidative stress response is activated in the worms. The oxidative stress response transcription factor SKN-1 is required for the survival of the worms and provides protection against H2O2 produced by S. gordonii. We show during infection, H2O2 is required for the activation of SKN-1 and is mediated via the p38-MAPK pathway. The activation of the p38 signaling pathway in the presence of S. gordonii is not mediated by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) transmembrane protein kinase IRE-1. However, IRE-1 is required for the survival of worms in response to S. gordonii. These finding suggests a parallel pathway senses H2O2 produced by the mitis group and activates the phosphorylation of p38. Additionally, the unfolded protein response plays an important role during infection.
Bioinspired design of hybrid composite materials

Mimicking the natural design motifs of structural biological materials is a promising approach to achieve a unique combination of strength and toughness for engineering materials. In this study, we...
Association of impairments in activities of daily living (ADLs) with symptom burden, health care utilization, and survival among hospitalized patients with advanced cancer.

203Background: Hospitalized patients with cancer often have impaired ADLs related to age, comorbidities, and both cancer and treatment-related morbidity. However, the relationship between ADL impai...
How Low-Income Mothers Select and Adapt Recipes and Implications for Promoting Healthy Recipes Online.

We describe a 5-year (2011–2015) qualitative evaluation to refine the content/delivery of the Food Hero social marketing campaign recipes to low-income mothers. Objectives were to: (1) identify characteristics looked for in recipes; (2) determine recipe sources; (3) understand motivation for seeking new recipes and recipe adaptations; and (4) identify recipe website characteristics users valued. Nine focus groups (n = 55) were conducted in Portland, Oregon. Participants (35–52 years) were primary caregivers for ≥ one child, the primary household food shoppers/preparers, enrolled in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) and able to speak/read English. Participants reported having “go-to” family recipes and regularly searching online for new recipes, especially those using ingredients available/preferred by family members. Recipe websites with highest appeal were polished and engaging to mothers/children, offered user-ratings/comments and were reachable from search engines. Results identified key recommendations: (1) understand the target audience; (2) aim to add healthy/customizable recipes to family “go-to’ recipe rotations and understand the impact of generational influences (e.g. how mothers/grandmothers cooked) on family meals; and (3) create websites that meet target audience criteria. Seeking the target audience’s input about the content/delivery of recipes is an important formative step for obesity-prevention projects that include healthy recipes.
Wideband Ocean Altimetry Using Ku-Band and K-Band Satellite Signals of Opportunity: Proof of Concept

A proof-of-concept experiment has demonstrated that wideband (400 MHz) signals of opportunity (SoOp) transmitted in K- and Ku-bands from geostationary satellites can be used for coastal altimetry. An essential finding from this experiment is that the full broadcast spectrum consisting of multiple digital channels can be processed as a single wideband signal source. An established error model for Global Navigation Satellite System interferometric altimetry was shown to accurately represent the sea surface height (SSH) retrievals when evaluated using the full bandwidth. This experiment was conducted over a 72-h period at Platform Harvest off the Pacific Coast. Colocated tide gauge and LiDAR measurements were used as in situ data. Two anomalies were observed in the experiment: 1) multiple peaks in the cross correlation waveform from one polarization of Ku-band frequency and 2) decrease in signal-to-noise ratio from loss of a data channel. When the instances of multiple peaks were eliminated and the equivalent bandwidth recomputed using only the active channels, SSH error from these cases agreed well with the model prediction. Application of SoOp wideband altimetry will, therefore, require a monitoring capability to identify changes in the transmission spectrum, total power, and waveform shape, for quality control and setting an appropriate observation error covariance. Measurement precision from a satellite receiver is predicted to be between 4 and 6 cm using the error model. SoOp altimetry with these signals may improve coastal measurements and increase the sampling and revisit rate through the use of a constellation of small satellites.
Local failure after stereotactic body radiation therapy or wedge resection for colorectal pulmonary metastases.

Abstract Objective Several options are available for the local treatment of colorectal pulmonary metastases; however, the efficacy of each treatment has not been well characterized. We compared the risk of local recurrence after wedge resection or stereotactic body radiation therapy for pulmonary metastases of colorectal origin. Methods We retrospectively reviewed records of patients treated for pulmonary colorectal metastases with stereotactic body radiation therapy or wedge resection from 2006 to 2016 at a single institution. Local recurrence was defined as an enlarging nodule either adjacent to the staple line or within the radiation field on computed tomography. Matching weights using the propensity score with death as a competing event was used to estimate the risk of local recurrence for each metastatic nodule. Results A total of 381 patients underwent 762 wedge resections and 64 courses of stereotactic body radiation therapy for definitive treatment of 826 pulmonary nodules. The risk of local recurrence was increased with stereotactic body radiation therapy (hazard ratio, 3.28; 95% confidence interval, 1.53-7.04; P = .002) and larger tumor size (hazard ratio, 1.38 per additional centimeter; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.87; P = .042). After reweighting with matching weights, the marginal 2-year risk of local recurrence for each nodule was 14.1% (95% confidence interval, 9.8-18.5) after wedge resection and 29.4% (95% confidence interval, 13.8-45.0) after stereotactic body radiation therapy (P = .023). Conclusions Pulmonary colorectal metastases treated with stereotactic body radiation therapy have a higher risk of local recurrence than those treated with wedge resection. Stereotactic body radiation therapy should be reserved for patients with comorbidities precluding surgical resection.
Hannah Lewis, French Musical Culture and the Coming of Sound Cinema

Hannah Lewis, French Musical Culture and the Coming of Sound Cinema New York: Oxford University Press, 2019 [xiv, 245 pp. ISBN 978-0-19-063598-5. £64.00 (paperback)]. Oxford Music/Media Series. Music examples, photos, figures, index, filmography, and bibliography.
Investigating Parent Needs, Participation, and Stress in the Children's Hospital

Purpose: Following a child's admission to the hospital, parents are at risk for multiple stress-reactions that can decrease parents' capacity to participate effectively in their child's care. Parents with fewer resources are at increased risk for hospital-related stress. The current study investigated the relationships between parent needs, participation in hospital care, and hospital-related anxiety. Methods: In this prospective cohort study, 166 parents (one per family) completed questionnaires during their child's hospitalization on a pediatric (non-intensive care) floor from January to March 2016. Eligible parents were fluent in English and had a …
Where is the learning in mobile technologies for learning

Abstract Mobile technology – such as tablets, cell phones, and wearable devices – has the potential to play a useful role in promoting academic learning. This potential motivates this special issue on “Mobile Technology, Learning, and Achievement: Advances in Understanding and Measuring the Role of Mobile Technology in Education” edited by Matthew L. Bernacki, Jeffrey Greene, and Helen Crompton. Research on learning with mobile technology should focus on three research questions: Do students learn academic content better with mobile technology than with conventional media (media comparison question)? Which instructional features afforded by mobile technology cause learning (instructional method question)? Under what conditions do students learn academic content better with mobile technology than with conventional media (boundary condition question)? A research agenda is proposed.
The sun and the scythe: energy dispossessions and the agrarian question of labor in solar parks

ABSTRACTGreen grabbing is accelerating throughout the Global South to facilitate climate change mitigation. This paper illuminates the discursive and extra-economic means through which the state di...
The Rising Costs of Dissent: Public Protest and Civil Liabilities

This Article critically examines the civil liabilities and costs that apply to public protest organizers and participants. It focuses on various novel claims recently filed against protest organizers and petitioners. These include “negligent protest,” “conspiracy to protest,” “malicious petitioning,” and “riot boosting.” Further, a wide variety of more traditional costs, ranging from permit fees to punitive damages, also significantly affect public protest. These costs and liabilities add to an already challenging and burdensome public protest environment, which imposes legal, regulatory and other restrictions on protest activities. Owing to their chilling effect on speech, assembly and petition rights, courts have a special obligation to review both new theories and traditional costs skeptically, to demand clarity and precision in terms of liability standards, and to allow civil liability only in very narrow circumstances. Applying these guidelines, the Article urges courts to reject new theories of liability and all officials to consider more carefully the First Amendment implications of the cumulative – and rising – costs of dissent.
Adults with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and pre-diabetes have increased levels of QuantiFERON interferon-gamma responses

Abstract Background Diabetes is associated with increased prevalence of TB infection in the US. We assessed associations between diabetes and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) TB antigen response among adults with TB infection using US representative data. Methods National Health and Nutrition Examination (NHANES) participants >19 years from 2011 to 2012 with positive QuantiFERON®-TB Gold-In-Tube (QFT) results were eligible. Diabetes was defined by combination of self-report and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Quantitative IFN-γ TB antigen was classified as high ( ≥ 10 IU/mL), intermediate (1.01–9.99 IU/mL), or low (0.35–1.00 IU/mL). Analyses accounted for NHANES weighted design. Results Among NHANES participants >19 years, n = 513 had positive QFT (5.9%). Among those with positive QFT, diabetes prevalence was 22.2% and pre-diabetes was 25.9%. Overall, 16.7% of positive QFT participants had high IFN-γ TB antigen levels including 21.7% among those with diabetes, 20.8% among those with pre-diabetes, and 12.6% among euglycemic participants. In adjusted analyses, high IFN-γ TB antigen response was more common among those with pre-diabetes (aOR 1.9, 95%CI 1.0, 3.6) compared to euglycemic participants. Conclusion Higher antigen responses may reflect immunopathy consistent with an exaggerated inflammatory but ineffectual response to TB or a reflection of more Mtb replication in participants with pre-diabetes or diabetes.
CHAPTER 17 – STATIC FIELDS

Publisher Summary The magnetic field effects can be divided as weak fields and strong fields. The scale is set by the spin-orbit interaction energy. If the changes in energy because of the application of a magnetic field are small compared with the spin-orbit coupling energy, the field is said to be weak; otherwise, it is strong. The weak-field case is the regime of the ordinary Zeeman effect while the strong-field case corresponds to the Paschen–Back effect. Diamagnetism arises because of the orbital motion of the electrons; hence, it is a general property of all atoms and molecules. Paramagnetism, on the other hand, has its origin in the alignments of magnetic moments associated with orbital and spin angular momenta in an external magnetic field. An electronic system may possess both a diamagnetic and paramagnetic susceptibility. Electric fields may also have an effect on the states of an atom. This is known as the Stark effect.