cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Uses and Perceptions of Blogs: A Report on Professional Journalists and Journalism Educators

As journalism educators prepare their students to succeed professionally, whether professional journalists and educators see eye-to-eye on emerging trends that influence current journalism practice is worth examining. A national online survey of journalism professionals and educators found that professionals use blogs significantly more than educators. Educators had similar views of blogs, but professional journalists' uses and perceptions of blogs varied depending on type of organization they worked for and occupational position in their news organizations. Educators are quick to catch on to national trends in journalism even though they do not routinely use blogs, as they are trained to assess the impact of critical trends in the discipline.
Radiation frost susceptibility and the association between sky exposure and leaf size

Plants growing in exposed and sheltered habitats have characteristic leaf structure and physiology that are traditionally associated with the total amount of incident sunlight. However, greater sky exposure also increases the susceptibility of leaves to radiation frost. Plants with large horizontal broadleaves are particularly susceptible to both overheating during the day and freezing at night. Moreover, the combined effects of high daytime sun-exposure and nighttime frost susceptibility could be particularly stressful to plant tissues. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of elevation and microsite exposure (i.e. net loss of longwave radiation) on frost susceptibility, as well as the corresponding intraspecific variation in leaf size in the subalpine daisy (Erigeron peregrinus). Measured decreases in upper hemisphere infrared radiation (sky IR) of 0.014 W m-2 m-1 occurred with increasing elevation, beyond decreases predicted due to changes in air temperature and water content, resulting in an average decrease of 0.029 W m-2 m-1. Previous equations of sky IR based on air temperature and humidity were improved by adding this elevational term (r 2 improved from 0.52 to 0.71). In contrast, a mean decrease of 6.5 W m-2 m-1 occurred with increasing sky exposure across a subalpine meadow. Leaf size in Taraxacum officinale decreased linearly with increasing elevation and a corresponding decline in sky IR. No difference in daily solar irradiance was measured across the same elevational gradient. Also, E. peregrinus had smaller leaves at high elevation microsites with greater sky exposure and decreased sky IR, while there was a much weaker association between leaf size and the amount of total daily solar irradiance. Differences in plant leaf structure and physiology traditionally associated with daytime sun-exposure may also be influenced by nighttime sky exposure and the susceptibility to radiation frosts.
Lean management methods for complex projects

This paper reviews the principles, history, applications and current research issues associated with lean construction, in order to provide a foundation for future research in this area. Lean is a management approach that emerged in the automobile industry and spread initially to other forms of repetitive manufacturing and ultimately to service industries. Despite its success in practice, the lean philosophy and methods have not been fully evaluated and incorporated into the academic literature. The question remains to what extent lean management methods are unique and beneficial and how they are related to principles and models in management science, production management and related fields. One of the relevant issues is the adequacy of lean methods to the management of complex projects. As project complexity increases, emergent phenomena increase. Consequently, leadership must become more adaptive and less prescriptive in order to be successful. This paper describes some of the key lean management metho...
South Asian border crossings and sex work: Revisiting the question of migration in anti-trafficking interventions

Tracing the genealogy of U.S. foreign policy interests in trafficking through the first major contemporary trafficking case in the United States, the author shows that historical concerns about protecting U.S. borders form a set of principles criminalizing migrants and argues that these principles are being exported through U.S. anti-trafficking work abroad. Moving from the moment in the 1990s when a consolidated anti-trafficking agenda was being determined in the United States, the author discusses the ways in which this agenda is now potentially migrating to South Asia and, in particular, to India— albeit with some major tensions already in play. The author argues that states’ anxieties about migration are themselves migrating, such that states in different regions are aiming to coordinate their responses to increased economic migration everywhere, and shows that anxieties about preventing sex work gain purchase in an international context in which migration and decriminalized borders are increasingly suspect.
THE ACCUMULATION OF ELECTROLYTES : VIII. THE ACCUMULATION OF KCl IN MODELS.

Models are described in which KCl enters until its chemical potential becomes much greater inside than outside. The energy needed to accomplish this comes from the chemical reactions occurring in the system and the continual supply of certain materials. An important factor is the maintenance of a lower pH value inside by means of CO2. This may be analogous to what happens in some living cells. The concentration of K+ becomes higher inside, as happens in many living cells, but the concentration of Cl- does not and in this respect the model differs from many living cells. As in Valonia, potassium tends to go out as KCl when the ionic activity product (K)(Cl) is greater inside but at the same time it tends to enter as KOH since the activity product (K)(OH) is greater outside. The net result is entrance of potassium presumably because the latter process is the more rapid.
Information technology in the classroom: experiences and recommendations

Four years of classroom experience indicate that information technology can enhance student learning. Commercial interest in IT for training supports this enhancement. Classes taught are described. In addition, methods, hardware, software and various aspects of application and use are discussed. Although video and sound have not been used, graphics, programming with Javascript and guided exercises have been successfully applied. The use of the integrated courseware, Blackboard, has been used effectively for testing and keeping grades. Twelve tests were given to approximately 50 students over a period of eight weeks. Tests were primarily multiple choice although other forms of questions could have been used. Tests were automatically graded and scores posted with few difficulties.
Physicochemical conditions of deposition of bacillariophyta in Davis Lake, Klamath and Deschutes Counties, Oregon, U.S.A.

A diatom population composed of 74 taxonomic entries was found at a site on Odell Creek at the edge of Davis Lake, Klamath County, Oregon, U.S.A. The population, a mixture of planktonic and non-planktonic forms, indicates that the ecological conditions were alkaline, oligohalobous (indifferent), oligosaprobic and eutrophic, and that the current conditions were limnobiontic to indifferent. Ecological characteristics of the Davis Lake population and the Vestaburg Bog (one of the six deposits presented for comparison) are similar; moreover, as a whole the ecological spectra of the Davis Lake population denote deposition in a bog or swale that could have served as part of a drainage basin for the runoff from volcanic uplands. It was not possible to determine the age of the deposit on the basis of the diatom flora; however, it is probably Holocene or Recent.
Pericardial Patch Ring Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass: A Preliminary Report

Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is an effective treatment for morbid obesity. Failure of weight loss has been reported in 10 to 30 % of RYGB patients. Silastic ring RYGB was introduced to minimize failure rate, however, with higher complication rate. The aim of our study is to evaluate the safety of utilizing pericardial patch as a ring on RYGB patients. Between March 2010 and June 2011, a total of 189 patients underwent pericardial patch ring RYGB at the Bariatric and Laparoscopy Center. A retrospective review of a prospectively collected database was performed for all pericardial patch ring RYGB patients, noting the outcomes and complications of the procedure. Pericardial patch ring RYGB patients demonstrated a mean percentage of excess weight loss of 57.4 % at a mean follow-up of 11 months. Out of 164 patients with follow-up, five (3.0 %) patients required endoscopic balloon dilation due to dysphagia, abdominal pain, and/or gastric outlet obstruction. All patients did well after the procedure. Three (1.8 %) patients underwent diagnostic laparoscopy for abdominal pain. Of these patients, one (0.6 %) had dilated and enlarged blind limb, and two (1.2 %) patients had partial small bowel obstruction. No patient was readmitted or reoperated due to pericardial patch ring. Longer follow-up is needed to prove the true efficacy of this procedure in reducing weight gain. Pericardial patch ring RYGB seems to be a safe alternative for banded RYGB of other materials.
Axial diffusion in isothermal tubular flow reactors

Abstract Numerical solutions are presented for differential equations representing the isothermal steady flow tubular reactors with varied degrees of backmixing of the reactants in the axial direction and with reactions with order other than zero and first.
Applications of Immunohistochemistry to Ophthalmic Pathology

Abstract Immunohistological techniques have been increasingly used, both in general and ophthalmic pathology, for identification of specific cell types that may not be possible on morphological grounds or by conventional histochemical methods alone. Enzyme conjugate techniques using the peroxidaseantiperoxidase (PAP) immune complex method and the avidin-biotin-horseradish peroxidase method (ABC) are particularly useful as they are highly sensitive, provide permanent results, allow the use of paraffin-embedded tissues and do not require a fluorescent microscope. Antibodies against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), factor VIII-related antigen, muramidase, S-100 protein, myoglobin, prostatic acid phosphatase and prostate-specific antigen are valuable tools in surgical pathology and their applicability to ophthalmic pathology have been clearly demonstrated.
Tophaceous pseudogout: A pitfall in the diagnosis of chondrosarcoma

Tumoral calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease (TCPPD, tumoral or tophaceous pseudogout) is a rare nonneoplastic entity which mimics soft-tissue or skeletal malignancy. We present here the fine-needle aspiration cytology findings of a unique case of TCPPD in a 76-yr-old woman, with a large paraischial soft-tissue mass diagnosed as a malignant neoplasm. The difficulty in diagnosing such lesions by fine-needle aspirates is discussed and reviewed in the context of known cases from the literature.
Minimal full-access networks: enumeration and characterization

Abstract Minimal full-access (MFA) networks are the class of all interconnection networks for 2 N = 2 n +1 inputs and outputs that require a minimum number of switching elements and provide full access capability. In this paper, MFA networks with 2 × 2 switching elements are studied. Graph-theoretic ideas used in developing previous results concerning uniform MFA networks [M. A. Sridhar and C. S. Raghavendra, J. Parallel Distrib. Comput. 5, (1988), 383–403] are generalized to show how to enumerate a large class of MFA networks. An exponential lower bound on the number of such networks is derived, and routing algorithms are outlined. In the process, a characterization of the set of automorphisms of the Omega network is derived. A characterization of the permutations realizable by a certain subclass of these networks is also derived. Finally, it is shown that a simple self-routing algorithm exists for the class of networks introduced here.
Breast tumor and stromal cell responses to TGF-β and hypoxia in matrix deposition

The components that comprise the extracellular matrix (ECM) are integral to normal tissue homeostasis as well as the development and progression of breast tumors. The secretion, construction, and remodeling of the ECM are each regulated by a complex interplay between tumor cells, fibroblasts and macrophages. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is an essential molecule in regulating the cellular production of ECM molecules and the adhesive interactions of cells with the ECM. Additionally, hypoxic cell signals, initiated by oxygen deprivation, additional metabolic factors or receptor activation, are associated with ECM formation and the progression of breast cancer. Both TGF-β and hypoxic cell signals are implicated in the functional and morphological changes of cancer-associated-fibroblasts and tumor-associated-macrophages. Moreover, the enhanced recruitment of tumor and stromal cells in response to hypoxia-induced chemokines leads to increased ECM deposition and remodeling, increased blood vessel formation, and enhanced tumor migration. Thus, elucidation of the collaborative networks between tumor and stromal cells in response to the combined signals of TGF-β and hypoxia may yield insight into treatment parameters that target both tumor and stromal cells.
Conversational Repair in Schizophrenic and Normal Children

ABSTRACT Children acquire the skills to monitor the adequacy of their spoken message and to self-initiate repair strategies that modify the message during early, middle, and late childhood. To characterize further the communication deficits of childhood-onset schizophrenia, this study compared self-initiated repair strategies in schizophrenic and normal children and their relationship with formal thought disorder, discourse deficits, and distractibility. Method Measures of self-initiated repair, formal thought disorder, and cohesion were coded in 32 schizophrenic and 47 normal children, aged 5.6 to 12.4 years, from speech samples elicited with the Story Game. Results The schizophrenic children used some repair strategies (false starts, fillers, referential revision) more infrequently than the normal children. Within the schizophrenic group, the children who were receiving neuroleptic medication underutilized repair and had more discourse deficits than the unmedicated patients. Loose associations and distractibility were associated with increased use of false starts but not fillers. Conclusions In addition to formal thought disorder and discourse deficits, schizophrenic children underutilize self-initiated repair when presenting their thoughts to the listener, particularly if they are being treated with neuroleptics, a potential sign of increased clinical morbidity. Impoverished communication skills might reflect negative signs in childhood-onset schizophrenia.
Branched signal wiring of an essential bacterial cell-cycle phosphotransfer protein.

Summary Vital to bacterial survival is the faithful propagation of cellular signals, and in Caulobacter crescentus , ChpT is an essential mediator within the cell-cycle circuit. ChpT functions as a histidine-containing phosphotransfer protein (HPt) that shuttles a phosphoryl group from the receiver domain of CckA, the upstream hybrid histidine kinase (HK), to one of two downstream response regulators (CtrA or CpdR) that controls cell-cycle progression. To understand how ChpT interacts with multiple signaling partners, we solved the crystal structure of ChpT at 2.3 A resolution. ChpT adopts a pseudo-HK architecture but does not bind ATP. We identified two point mutation classes affecting phosphotransfer and cell morphology: one that globally impairs ChpT phosphotransfer, and a second that mediates partner selection. Importantly, a small set of conserved ChpT residues promotes signaling crosstalk and contributes to the branched signaling that activates the master regulator CtrA while inactivating the CtrA degradation signal, CpdR.
Reduced polysialic acid capsule expression in Escherichia coli K1 mutants with chromosomal defects in kpsF

Neuroinvasive Escherichia coli K1 synthesizes and assembles a polysialic acid capsule virulence factor on the external leaflet of the outer membrane. This capsule functions in pathogenesis by blocking non-immune host defence mechanisms and acting as a relatively non-immunogenic molecular mimic of the polysialic acid chains found in high concentrations on neural cell adhesion molecules of the human embryo and neonate. The synthetic, regulatory and export components for capsule expression are encoded in three functionally distinct gene blocks or regions of the 20 kb kps 'pathogenicity island'. These regions are organized as two convergently transcribed operons inserted into the monocistronic tRNA gene, pheV. The six genes of the so-called region 1 operon are transcribed in the same direction as pheV, and at least four of these genes are required for polysialic acid export. Expression of this operon is thermoregulated by transcriptional control of its first gene, kpsF. To investigate the function of region 1 further, two independent chromosomal disruptions were engineered by inserting promoterless, terminatorless kanamycin or chloramphenicol resistance cassettes into the HindIII site of the kpsF coding sequence. The chromosomal insertions were regulated by temperature in the same way as the wild-type operon, demonstrating that this control mechanism remained intact in these mutants. Chemical, immunological and ultrastructural microscopical methods demonstrated that full-length polysialic acid chains were synthesized but not exported by the kpsF mutants. This phenotype was correlated with decreased plaque diameter when the mutants were infected with the capsule-specific bacteriophage K1F. The export defect could not be complemented in trans with kpsF+ containing its cis-regulatory region because of titration of an apparent positive regulator of region 1 expression, whereas complementation was observed with a plasmid expressing kpsF from a physiologically irrelevant promoter. An N-terminal polyhistidine peptide was attached to KpsF and used to purify the overproduced polypeptide. Antibodies raised against KpsF identified at least one of its paralogues in E. coli, GutQ, suggesting that KpsF and its homologues are membrane associated. The results indicate the requirement for a precise balance between region 1 components of the capsule export machinery, and that KpsF plays a positive role in the assembly, operation or regulation of this apparatus.
Bayesian spatial modeling of data from avian point count surveys

We present a unified framework for modeling bird survey data collected at spatially replicated survey sites in the form of repeated counts or detection history counts, through which we model spatial dependence in bird density and variation in detection probabilities due to changes in covariates across the landscape. The models have a complex hierarchical structure that makes them suited to Bayesian analysis using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms. For computational efficiency, we use a form of conditional autogressive model for modeling spatial dependence. We apply the models to survey data for two bird species in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. The algorithms converge well for the more abundant and easily detected of the two species, but some simplification of the spatial model is required for convergence for the second species. We show how these methods lead to maps of estimated relative density which are an improvement over those that would follow from past approaches that ignored spatial dependence. This work also highlights the importance of good survey design for bird species mapping studies.
p-Adic multi-zeta values

Abstract Let X be the projective line minus 0,1, and ∞ over Q p . The aim of the following is to give a series representations of the p-adic multi-zeta values in the depth two quotient. The approach is to use the lifting F (z)=z p of the frobenius which is not a good choice near 1, but which gives simple formulas away from 1, and to relate the action of frobenius on the de Rham path from 0 to ∞ and on the one from 0 to 1. Also some relations between the p-adic multi-zeta values of depth two are obtained.
Noise in D- and E-speed radiographic film☆

The purpose of this investigation was to compare image noise in D- and E-speed radiographic film and to establish a basis for choosing a particular speed of film for study of trabecular changes in alveolar bone. Eleven D-speed and 11 E-speed radiographs were made at varying exposures and developed along with unexposed film of each type to produce uniform optical densities that range from approximately 0.05 to 2.5. Profiles (scan lines) were made of each film at a spatial resolution of 0.02 mm. Noise was quantified for each profile using three measures: the standard deviation of the profile pixel intensity, I(x), about the mean, I(x); the coefficient of variation of I(x) about I(x); and Wiener spectral analysis. Results indicate that the average magnitude of noise for D- and E-speed film over this range of optical densities exceeds 4% and 6%, respectively; the average noise content of E-speed film was 25% to 35% greater than D-speed; and noise energy of both films is concentrated at low spatial frequencies and low optical densities.
The relationship between zinc, copper and the basophils of two crassostreid oyster, C. gigas and C. virginica☆

Abstract 1. 1. Histological estimates of the numbers of oyster granular basophilic blood cells, or basophils, per oyster were found to differ significantly for various populations of Pacific and American oysters. 2. 2. American oysters contained greater number of basophils than Pacific oysters. 3. 3. Various correlations established between number of basophils and zinc and copper levels in oyster indicated that oyster basophils contained both zinc and copper. It was estimated that oyster basophils might contain as muct as 6% zinc on a dry weight basis.
FoxF1 and FoxL1 Link Hedgehog Signaling and the Control of Epithelial Proliferation in the Developing Stomach and Intestine

The hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is a key component of cross-talk during vertebrate gut development, involving endodermally secreted Sonic (Shh) and Indian hedgehog (Ihh) proteins that directly signal to adjacent mesoderm. Here we show that the closely linked mesenchymal forkhead transcription factors Foxf1 and Foxl1 are part of this signaling cascade. Analysis of conserved non-coding sequences surrounding Foxf1 and Foxl1 identified seven Gli binding sites, with two sites near Foxl1 being identical among mammalian, bird, fish, and amphibian species. In vitro experiments indicate that Gli2 binds to these Gli sites, several of which are critical for Gli2-mediated activation of a luciferase reporter in 293 cells. In addition, we demonstrate occupancy of one of these elements by Gli proteins in the intestine in vivo using chromatin immunoprecipitation. Furthermore, expression of both Foxf1 and Foxl1 is reduced in the Gli2/Gli3 mutant gut. These results provide compelling evidence that Foxf1 and Foxl1 are mediators of the Hh (endoderm) to mesoderm signaling pathway.
Special relationships of fluorinated methane/ethane boiling points and heats of vaporization to molecular properties

Unlike other halogenated systems, the boiling points and heats of vaporization within families of fluorine derivatives do not increase monotonically with molecular weight. We show that this is because the interchange of hydrogen and fluorine has relatively little effect upon molecular size; accordingly, the boiling point Tb and heat of vaporization ΔHvap(Tb) depend primarily upon the distribution of the electrostatic potential on the molecular surface. Quantitative relationships using statistically-based properties of the surface potential are presented and used to predict some unknown values of Tb and ΔHvap(Tb).
Diagnostics for nonlinearity and heteroscedasticity in errors-in-variables regression

We suggest new plotting methods for residual analysis in errors-in-variables regression. The standard residuals analyses are based on the methods of Miller and Fuller and are appropriate when the errors in the regression and the measurement error are symmetrically distributed. By “appropriate,” we mean that in large samples the plots will not falsely identify a nonexistent pattern of heteroscedasticity or nonlinearity. The standard methods are not appropriate in this sense for skewed error distributions. Our methods require replication of the error-prone predictors, but they are appropriate for both symmetric and skewed error distributions. Besides residual plots, we also construct hypothesis tests for heteroscedasticity. In terms of power for detecting heteroscedasticity, we show that the standard plot is more efficient when the residuals are normally distributed, although it does not achieve its nominal level for skewed error distributions. Simulations are used to illustrate the results. We also conside...
How to make an eye

The eye is an organ of such remarkable complexity and apparently flawless design that it presents a challenge to both evolutionary biologists trying to explain its phylogenetic origins, and developmental biologists hoping to understand its formation during ontogeny. Since the discovery that the transcription factor Pax6 plays a crucial role in specifying the eye throughout the animal kingdom, both groups of biologists have been converging on the conserved mechanisms behind eye formation. Their latest meeting was at the Instituto Juan March in Madrid, at a workshop organized by Walter Gehring (Biozentrum, Basel, Switzerland) and Emili Salo (Universitat de Barcelona, Spain), entitled 'The genetic control of eye development and its evolutionary implications'. The exchange of ideas provided some new insights into the construction and history of the eye.
Relations between aerodynamic and surface roughness in a hyper‐arid cold desert: McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica

Studies of boundary-layer winds and surface roughness characteristics of unvegetated rocky desert surfaces provide new insights into the relations between aerodynamic roughness and surface roughness, as described by the roughness density (λ). The description of non-erodible roughness by the roughness density (λ) is shown to be valid for rocky surfaces as well as sparsely vegetated surfaces and simulated surfaces in a wind tunnel. There is a good relation (r 2 = 0·71) between aerodynamic roughness and roughness density (λ), allowing use of the threshold friction velocity ratio to predict sediment transport rates on these surfaces. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temporal Analogues to Spatial K Functions

In this article, the spatial statistic known as the K function is adapted for temporal processes and patterns. The (optimal) K-function estimator is used in a testing procedure to determine whether behavior patterns of exposed rats versus control rats are different. Specifically, the temporal analogue to the K function is given and an approximately optimal estimator is developed. Next, a testing procedure, to determine whether a group of point patterns is generated from complete temporal randomness, is given. Finally, a testing procedure, to compare pairwise two groups of point patterns to each other, is given. The testing procedures are illustrated with rat-behavior data from both a control-control experiment as well as an exposed-control experiment, where in the latter case a difference in behavior is known to exist.
Very high thermal conductivity obtained by boron nitride-filled polybenzoxazine

Abstract A thermal conductivity of 32.5 W/mK is achieved for a boron nitride-filled polybenzoxazine at its maximum filler loading of 78.5% by volume (88% by weight). The extraordinarily high conductivity value results from outstanding properties of the polybenzoxazine matrix and the boron nitride filler. The bisphenol-A–methylamine-based polybenzoxazine possesses very low A-stage viscosity which aids in filler wetting and mixing. The filler particles with an average size of ca. 225 μm are large aggregates of boron nitride flake-like crystals. It has bimodal particle size distribution which assists in increasing the particle packing density. This filler–matrix system provides a highly thermally conductive composite due to the capability of forming conductive networks with low thermal resistance along the conductive paths. The SEM picture of the composite fracture surface reveals good interfacial adhesion between the boron nitride filler and polybenzoxazine matrix. Water absorption of the filled systems at 24 h is
Pulse height defect and window energy loss of low energy ions in surface barrier detectors

Abstract We present measurements of pulse height defect and window energy loss of carbon, nitrogen, neon, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, argon, iron, and krypton incident on silicon surface barrier detectors. The kinetic energy of the incident ions ranges from 0 to 700 keV per charge state. Our measurement technique is such that the data require no theoretical correction. We also present individual theoretical calculations for the above ions based on the work of Lindhard et al. and Haines and Whitehead. For the pulse height defect, the measurements are lower than theory by about 20% for incident energies up to about 300 keV. This energy is higher for argon (700 keV) and neon (2000 keV). Above this energy, the measured pulse height defect rises to about the calculated. This rise seems to be linked to a change of the window energy loss from the expected velocity proportionality to energy proportionality.
Effects of work dependency, response satisfaction, and proximity on communication frequency

This study develops and tests a structural equation model of the effects of response satisfaction, work dependency, and proximity on the frequency of communication in organizations. While the three independent variables have been frequently examined in the literature, seldom has one study explored them simultaneously with the sort of causal modeling framework used here. The model was tested on data gathered from a large retail store (N = 86) which was particularly well suited to isolate the effects of the major variables examined in this study. Three different data gathering strategies were used to generate the multiple indicators of the latent variables contained in the model. The results for the measurement model were quite supportive of these procedures. Most importantly, the results were supportive of the theoretical framework developed here, suggesting that the model tested here provides a good fit to the system of observed intercorrelations.
Preliminary findings on the effects of sex hormones on bone metabolism in anorexia nervosa

We performed tetracycline double-labeled bone biopsies and serial bone densitometry on four patients with anorexia nervosa to determine the effects of various conditions of sex hormone replacement and body weight status. We found negligible bone mineral apposition rate in two patients with anorexia nervosa who were taking estrogen and progestin pills while weighing only 79% of normal. However, bone mineral apposition rate was normal in two patients with anorexia nervosa who took no sex hormones and remained amenorrheic while weighing 87% of normal. Histomorphometric analysis revealed a decrease in intracortical trabecular area by 57% and an increase in active osteoblastic surface area by 300%, comparing the subjects who were taking hormone replacement to those who were not. There was no direct evidence of increased resorption in any subject. Six months after biopsy, the two subjects taking sex hormones decreased lumbar bone mineral density by 1.9%, while the two taking no sex hormones remained amenorrheic, but increased bone mineral density by 1.3%. Therefore, we propose that sex hormone therapy in the presence of persistently low body weight might be of limited benefit for bone mineral apposition and density.
Hyperthermia and children left in cars

Hyperthermia is the leading cause of non–crash-related vehicle deaths for children younger than 14 years. Since 1998, a total of 524 children ranging in ages from 5 days to 14 years have died from vehicular hyperthermia in the United States, an average of 38 deaths per year. About half of the deaths were caused by a caregiver forgetting about the children in the car, and 30% were the result of children playing unattended in a vehicle. In addition to those who die, it is estimated that annually, hundreds of children experience varying degrees of heat illness from being left in cars.... KW: Hyperthermia in automobiles Language: en
Vacancy Chains, Information Filters, and Interregional Migration:

An interregional migration model based on vacancy chains, on an intervening-opportunities interaction hypothesis, and incorporating endogenously generated imperfect information flows is developed. Analytical results are determined for the case of perfect information. Numerical experiments are undertaken for the case of imperfect information. Cyclical behavior in the state variables occurs around the perfect-information equilibrium. Suggestions for extending the modeling framework are identified.
Third-harmonic emission in fiber continuum generation analogous to atomic absorption

Observed & #8220;static& #8221; third-harmonic emission lines emerging from widely variable fiber continuum generation can be considered as a classical but nonlinear analogue of atomic absorption lines present in a continuum irradiation spectrum.
Bringing down the ROS: a new therapeutic approach for PPHN.

Although infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) experience some relief and therapeutic benefit from current therapies, over 50% have a limited or transient response and significant morbidity. There is no consistency in the best first line treatment throughout hospitals in the United States. Ventilation with high levels of oxygen or inhaled nitric oxide (NO) are typical strategies for improving the extracorporeal membrane oxygen, although they remain unproven to increase survival rates. While oxygen may stimulate endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and NO production dilating the pulmonary vasculature, it also fuels the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS is likely to have counterproductive effects; in addition to stimulating vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and increasing vascular tone, ROS may directly regulate eNOS and NO. The recent article by Farrow and colleagues (3) in AJP-Lung investigates the role of ROS on eNOS. By using recombinant human superoxide dismutase (rhSOD), they observed 1) increased eNOS activity and expression, 2) increased tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), a cofactor critical to the function of eNOS, and 3 )a decrease in oxidative stress, in addition to the stimulation of NO production and ultimately pulmonary vasodilatation. The observations they made may be paramount to increasing the survival of infants with PPHN and may lead to an adapted treatment regimen that addresses the pitfalls of current therapeutic approaches. PPHN When the pulmonary circulation fails to respond to natural stimuli, including increased oxygen tension, ventilation, and shear stress, it does not undergo the shift from the high resistance state in utero to a postnatal low resistance system, enabling efficient pulmonary gas exchange and oxygenation. Impaired NO-cGMP signaling has been shown to be critical to the regulation of pulmonary circulation in the newborn, and clinical strategies have involved administration of inhaled NO since the early 1990s (6, 10). While effective in immediate relief due to vasodilatation, the infants can enter an inhaled NO dependency state, and thus inhaled NO proffers poor long-term relief. The necessity for extensive research into the regulation of perinatal circulation and the changes that occur upon ventilation have led to improved and more specific therapeutic approaches for infants with PPHN over the past 30 years. Despite this, PPHN is still associated with significant shortterm and long-term morbidity. Farrow et al. (3) strive to dissect the signaling pathways, determining the impact of ROS and elucidating the potential of decreasing oxidative stress as a therapeutic approach in PPHN. This study is published in a milieu of recent publications exploring the functional abnor
Selective Mutism in Children: Comparison to Youths With and Without Anxiety Disorders

Fifteen children with selective mutism (SM), 15 children with anxiety disorders (AD) without selective mutism, and 15 children without anxiety disorders or selective mutism (CN) were compared to examine the relationship between selective mutism and anxiety. Data were collected from children (age 4–10 years), parents, teachers, and clinicians. Results indicated that children with SM closely resemble children with AD. All children with SM received a diagnosis of social anxiety disorder and 53% received a diagnosis for an additional anxiety disorder. In addition, the SM and AD groups differed substantially from controls with respect to parent- and teacher-rated internalizing behavior problems. No differences among the groups were found with respect to parent-and teacher-reported externalizing behavior problems. The results are consistent with prior research emphasizing the association between selective mutism and anxiety disorders, and suggest that selective mutism may be conceptualized, assessed, and treated as an anxiety-related problem.
Estimating Intermittent Runoff Concentrations of Organic Matter and the Allochthonous Organic Loading of New Mexico Reservoirs

ABSTRACT Variations in the concentrations of total and particulate organic matter were estimated from 1979 through 1988 in natural and simulated runoff events to improve estimates of reservoir gross organic loading from intermittent flows. Total organic matter concentrations in natural runoff from pinyon-juniper watersheds and particulate organic matter concentrations in runoff from creosote bush watersheds increased as a natural logarithmic function of discharge. Total organic matter and particulate organic matter discharge-weighted concentrations in natural runoff events were related to measurements of instantaneous discharge and total organic matter and particulate organic matter concentrations, and to estimates of the maximum discharge of total organic matter and particulate organic matter concentrations that occurred in the event. In rainfall simulations conducted in watersheds of creosote bush, desert grass, pinyon-juniper, ponderosa pine, and spruce meadow, only particulate organic matter concentra...
Reduction in the bioelectric properties of swine tracheal submucosal gland cells in culture after daily short-term exposure to cocaine

Abstract Chronic use of cocaine has been associated with respiratory complications. In this study, we investigated the effects of daily short-term cocaine exposure on epithelial bioelectric properties and chloride secretion in response to secretagogues in primary culture of swine tracheal submucosal gland cells grown on microporous inserts. Cell cultures exposed continuously to cocaine for 24 h or intermittently for 30 min daily for up to 3 consecutive days, resulted in a concentration-dependent reduction in transwell voltage and transepithelial resistance. Cocaine (300 μM) treatment for 24 h decreased the voltage and resistance by 87 and 75%, respectively. The voltage and resistance were also substantially decreased after 3 days of intermittent cocaine (10–30 μM) exposure. Cocaine exposure protocols used here did not enhance lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. Chloride secretion was measured as short-circuit current utilizing Ussing chamber methodology. Cocaine exposure did not change the decreases in short-circuit current caused by amiloride (10 μM), but reduced the increases in short-circuit current induced by acetylcholine and isoproterenol. After 3 days of intermittent cocaine (30 μM) exposure, the maximal acetylcholine and isoproterenol responses were reduced by 67 and 71%, respectively. Therefore, cocaine exposure continuously for 24 h or intermittently for 30 min daily for up to 3 days decreased basal transepithelial voltage as well as resistance and reduced the responses to cholinergic and β-adrenoceptor agonists. These results suggest that alterations in epithelial function can occur even after daily transient cocaine exposure.
Lignite-degrading Fungi Isolated from a Weathered Outcrop

Summary A naturally exposed lignite seam yielded twelve fungal isolates which grew on the raw coal as a sole source of organic carbon, energy, and minerals. Patterns and rates of growth on lignite varied widely among the fungi which included one species each of Aspergillus, Candida , and Paecilomyces , four species of Penicillium , and two of Mucor ; three isolates were not identified. Growth of some isolates was enhanced by addition of a mineral salts solution.
A survey of complications in segmental orthognathic surgical procedures

This article is a summary of responses of oral-maxillofacial surgeons to a questionnaire related to their experiences in dentoalveolar segmental osteotomy surgery. It is presented as an evaluation of complications and as an overview of medications, splinting techniques, and suggestions on measures to avoid future complications.
Generalizable Observation of the Teaching Process.

Recent reviews of the literature have indicated that the absence of a relationship between teacher behavior/classroom climate and student outcomes may be attributable to the unreliability of the measures used. This in turn may be due to measures which are poorly constructed and/or inappropriately applied. The present study describes an observation instrument designed to be applicable across teaching situations (both grade levels and educational strategies) and provides evidence regarding the efficiency and generalizability of this instrument. The dependability of the different scores yielded by the procedure is assessed via generalizability theory; recommendations concerning number and type of items needed for generalizable measures are suggested.
John Donne's HOLY SONNET 10

Batter my heart, three-personed God; for, you As yet but knock, breathe, shine, and seek to mend; That I may rise, and stand, o'erthrow me, and bend Your force, to break, blow, burn, and make me ne...
Arginine and Creatine Interrelationships in the Chick

Abstract Studies were conducted to evaluate the possible role of creatine synthesis in variations of the arginine requirement of chicks. Chicks of a high (HA) arginine requirement strain grew poorly and had lower liver transamidinase activity than chicks of a low (LA) arginine requirement strain when fed an arginine-deficient diet. Supplementation of the diet with arginine eliminated the strain differences. Although liver transamidinase activity was lower for chicks of the HA strain when the arginine deficient diet was fed, supplementation of the diet with creatine failed to eliminate the difference in growth rate between chicks of the two strains. Variations in the rate of creatine synthesis, therefore, appeared to be of minor importance in hereditary variations of the arginine requirement of chicks. A study of creatine plus creatinine excretion revealed that the daily excretion of creatine plus creatinine represented on a molar basis less than 5% of the arginine consumed when chicks were fed an arginine-deficient or -adequate diet. The growth response to dietary creatine for both strains of chicks was maximal when creatine was added to the diet at a level equivalent on a molar basis to 5% of the dietary arginine. This response was similar to that obtained when the diet was supplemented with an equivalent amount of arginine. It is concluded therefore that the effect of dietary creatine on growth can be attributed solely to sparing of arginine otherwise used for creatine synthesis.
Problematic Integration of Mongolian-Kazakh Return Migrants in Kazakhstan

An American geographer examines the return migration of ethnic Kazakhs from Mongolia to their ancestral homeland of Kazakhstan, and the adjustment problems confronting them upon return. This specific example of "diasporic return migration" is emblematic of a process affecting nearly every state within the former USSR, and is especially acute in Central Asia. The study, based on the author's interviews, explores obstacles to the integration of Mongolian-Kazakhs into Kazakhstani society, and raises the question of whether this process might best be conceptualized as "repatriation" or "patriation." Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: F22, J61, O18, R23. 54 references.
Development and diversity of the suspensorium of trichomycterids and comparison with loricarioids (Teleostei: Siluriformes).

Studies of ontogenetic series of trichomycterids and other catfishes reveal that the suspensorium of siluroids is highly specialized; several synapomorphies separate siluroids from other teleosts. In siluroids, the palatoquadrate is divided into pars autopalatina and pars pterygoquadrata and both are usually connected by the autopaiatine-metapterygoid ligament. The pterygoquadrate is broadly joined to the dorsal limb of the hyoid arch, forming a cartilaginous hyomandibular-symplectic-pterygoquadrate plate in early ontogeny. This produces a special alignment of the hyomandibula and quadrate which is characteristic of siluroids. A symplectic bone is absent. The interhyal is absent in trichomycterids and astroblepids. Dorsal and ventral limbs of the hyoid arch are connected by a ligament. A rudimentary interhyal and this ligament are present in primitive siluroids such as diplomystids and nematogenyids as well as loricariids. The metapterygoid arises as an anterior ossification of the pars pterygoquadrata in siluroids. The formation and position of the metapterygoid exhibit two patterns: (1) the metapterygoid develops as an ossification of a cartilaginous projection positioned between the future hyomandibula and quadrate in primitive catfishes (e.g., Diplomystes) as well as in Nematogenys, callichthyids, loricariids, and astroblepids; (2) the metapterygoid arises as an ossification of the cartilaginous projection (pterygoid process) positioned just above the articular facet of the quadrate for the lower jaw. An ossified anterior chondral pterygoid process of the complex quadrate is present in trichomycterids, whereas the process is absent (simple quadrate) in catfishes such as diplomystids, nematogenyids, callichthyids, and loricariids. The anterior membranous process of the quadrate of Astroblepus is non-homologous with the chondral pterygoid process of trichomycterids; both structures arose independently within the loricarioids. Despite topological relationships, the origin and development of bones reveal the presence of a chondral hyomandibula which develops a large meinbranous outgrowth during ontogeny and a chondral metapterygoid in trichomycterids. The presence of a compound hyomandibula + metapterygoid or a compound metapterygoid + ectopterygoid + entopterygoid have no developmental support in trichomycterines or other siluroids. The “entopterygoid” of Nematogenys and Diplomystes arises as an ossification of a ligament. The dermal entopterygoid of other ostariophysans and the “entopterygoid” are homologous. An ectopterygoid or tendon bone “ectopterygoid” is absent in loricarioids. The suspensorium is an important structural system which has significant evolutionary transformations which characterize loricarioid subgroups; however, no character, of the suspensorium supports the monophyly of the loricarioids.
The emergence of the real-time computer reservation system as a competitive weapon in the U.S. airline industry 1958–1989. A paper on strategic innovation

Abstract This paper develops a general framework for understanding how the innovation process can be effectively used as a strategic management tool. The strategic innovation framework is examined in light of the historical evolution of the U.S. airline computer reservation systems industry. The role of general managers in making ‘entrepreneurial choices’ is discussed.