cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Disruptive bEhavior manageMEnt ANd prevention in hospitalized patients using a behaviORal intervention team (DEMEANOR) study protocol: a pragmatic, cluster, crossover trial.

Disruptive behavior in hospitalized patients has become a priority area of safety concern for clinical staff, and also has consequences for patient management and hospital course. Proactive screening and intervention of patients with behavioral comorbidities has been reported to reduce disruptive behavior in some settings, but it has not been studied in a rigorous way. The Disruptive bEhavior manageMEnt ANd prevention in hospitalized patients using a behaviORal intervention team (DEMEANOR) study is a pragmatic, cluster, crossover trial that is being conducted. Each month, the behavioral intervention team, comprising a psychiatric-mental health advanced practice nurse and a clinical social worker, with psychiatrist consultation as needed, rotates between an adult medicine unit and a mixed cardiac unit at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, TN, USA. The team proactively screens patients upon admission, utilizing a protocol which includes a comprehensive chart review and, if indicated, a brief interview, seeking to identify those patients who possess risk factors indicative of either a potential psychological barrier to their own clinical progress or a potential risk for exhibiting disruptive, aggressive, or self-injurious behavior during their hospitalization. Once identified, the team provides interventions aimed at mitigating these risks, educates and supports the patient care teams (nurses, physicians, and others), and assists non-psychiatric staff in the management of patients who require behavioral healthcare. Patients who are both admitted to and discharged from either unit are included in the study. Anticipated enrollment is approximately 1790 patients. The two primary outcomes are (1) a composite of objective measures related to the patients’ disruptive, threatening, or acting out behaviors, and (2) staff self-reported comfort with and confidence in their ability to manage patients exhibiting disruptive, threatening, or acting out behavior. Secondary outcomes include patient length of stay, patient attendant (sitter) use, and the unit nursing staff retention. This ongoing trial will provide evidence on the real-world effectiveness of a proactive behavioral intervention to prevent disruptive, threatening, or acting out events in adult hospitalized patients. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03777241. Registered on 14 December 2018.
Non-cirrhotic portal hypertension in inflammatory bowel disease.

With the increasing incidence and prevalence of IBD, its complications and associated morbidity also continue to rise. One of these is non-cirrhotic portal hypertension. There is an increasing need of recognizing and understanding the pathophysiology of this condition in the clinical setting of IBD, especially in long standing cases. Due to multiple potential factors, patients with IBD appear to be at a higher risk of developing portal hypertension even in the absence of liver cirrhosis. Portal hypertension is usually diagnosed when complications (such as ascites, variceal bleeding) develop, especially when patients have already experienced multiple complications of the disease. Hence, a high level of vigilance for the detection of portal hypertension at an early stage is needed. This review discusses the known epidemiology, clinical characteristics, clinical presentation, modalities of diagnosis and the potential treatments of the different forms of non-cirrhotic portal hypertension associated with IBD. The concomitant presence of portal hypertension can significantly impact the overall clinical picture and disease burden in IBD. Hence, increased awareness of this condition at an early stage might help tailor a comprehensive and individualized therapeutic plan of care for these patients.
Rift Valley Fever: Important Considerations for Risk Mitigation and Future Outbreaks.

Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a zoonotic phlebovirus of the Phenuiviridae family with great opportunity for emergence in previously unaffected regions, despite its current geographical limits. Outbreaks of RVFV often infect humans or domesticated animals, such as livestock, concurrently and occur sporadically, ranging from localized outbreaks in villages to multi-country events that spread rapidly. The true burden of Rift Valley fever (RVF) is not well defined due to underreporting, misdiagnosis caused by the broad spectrum of disease presentation, and minimal access for rapid and accurate laboratory confirmation. Severe symptoms may include hemorrhagic fever, loss of vision, psychological impairment or disturbances, and organ failure. Those living in endemic areas and travelers should be aware of the potential for exposure to ongoing outbreaks or interepidemic transmission, and engage in behaviors to minimize exposure risks, as vaccinations in humans are currently unavailable and animal vaccinations are not used routinely or ubiquitously. The lack of vaccines approved for use in humans is concerning, as RVFV has proven to be highly pathogenic in naive populations, causing severe disease in a large percent of confirmed cases, which could have considerable impact on human health.
Measuring implementation outcomes: An updated systematic review of measures’ psychometric properties:

Background:Systematic reviews of measures can facilitate advances in implementation research and practice by locating reliable and valid measures and highlighting measurement gaps. Our team complet...
Catalytic bias in oxidation–reduction catalysis

Cataytic bias refers to the propensity of a reaction catalyst to effect a different rate acceleration in one direction versus the other in a chemical reaction under non-equilibrium conditions. In biocatalysis, the inherent bias of an enzyme is often advantagous to augment the innate thermodynamics of a reaction to promote efficiency and fidelity in the coordination of catabolic and anabolic pathways. In industrial chemical catalysis a directional cataltyic bias is a sought after property in facilitating the engineering of systems that couple catalysis with harvest and storage of for example fine chemicals or energy compounds. Interestingly, there is little information about catalytic bias in biocatalysis likely in large part due to difficulties in developing tractible assays sensitive enough to study detailed kinetics. For oxidation-reduction reactions, colorimetric redox indicators exist in a range of reduction potentials to provide a mechanism to study both directions of reactions in a fairly facile manner. The current short review attempts to define catalytic bias conceptually and to develop model systems for defining the parameters that control catalytic bias in enzyme catalyzed oxidation-reduction catalysis.
Refined multivariate return period-based ground motion selection and implications for seismic risk assessment

Abstract A multivariate return period (MRP)-based ground motion selection methodology was recently proposed to identify hazard-consistent ground motions by holistically incorporating the joint rate of exceedance of vector conditioning intensity measures (IMs). Despite these advances, the high computational cost involved in target spectra identification hinders the use of high-dimensional vector conditioning IMs and especially for large return periods, and thus may limit the practical application of this ground motion selection methodology. In this paper, we introduce a two-step adaptive refinement procedure to substantially alleviate the computational hurdle, while still offering reliable target spectra selection. The refined MRP-based ground motion selection then further facilitates the development of a MRP-based seismic risk assessment (SRA) framework to extend its applicability into risk-based assessment. The efficacy and computational efficiency of the proposed refinement are evaluated through comparison with the original unrefined approach, and the unbiasedness and variability of the risk estimates under different use cases of SRA are thoroughly examined and validated through case-study analyses. Aiming at facilitating more confident and reliable seismic risk estimates, implications and advantages of leveraging the MRP-based ground motion selection in SRA are elaborated.
Evolutionary divergence of a Hoxa2b hindbrain enhancer in syngnathids mimics results of functional assays

Hoxa2 genes provide critical patterning signals during development, and their regulation and function have been extensively studied. We report a previously uncharacterized significant sequence divergence of a highly conserved hindbrain hoxa2b enhancer element in the family syngnathidae (pipefishes, seahorses, pipehorses, seadragons). We compared the hox cis-regulatory element variation in the Gulf pipefish and two species of seahorse against eight other species of fish, as well as human and mouse. We annotated the hoxa2b enhancer element binding sites across three species of seahorse, four species of pipefish, and one species of ghost pipefish. Finally, we performed in situ hybridization analysis of hoxa2b expression in Gulf pipefish embryos. We found that all syngnathid fish examined share a modified rhombomere 4 hoxa2b enhancer element, despite the fact that this element has been found to be highly conserved across all vertebrates examined previously. Binding element sequence motifs and spacing between binding elements have been modified for the hoxa2b enhancer in several species of pipefish and seahorse, and that the loss of the Prep/Meis binding site and further space shortening happened after ghost pipefish split from the rest of the syngnathid clade. We showed that expression of this gene in rhombomere 4 is lower relative to the surrounding rhombomeres in developing Gulf pipefish embryos, reflecting previously published functional tests for this enhancer. Our findings highlight the benefits of studying highly derived, diverse taxa for understanding of gene regulatory evolution and support the hypothesis that natural mutations can occur in deeply conserved pathways in ways potentially related to phenotypic diversity.
Enzymatic activation of pyruvate kinase increases cytosolic oxaloacetate to inhibit the Warburg effect.

Pharmacological activation of the glycolytic enzyme PKM2 or expression of the constitutively active PKM1 isoform in cancer cells results in decreased lactate production, a phenomenon known as the PKM2 paradox in the Warburg effect. Here we show that oxaloacetate (OAA) is a competitive inhibitor of human lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) and that elevated PKM2 activity increases de novo synthesis of OAA through glutaminolysis, thereby inhibiting LDHA in cancer cells. We also show that replacement of human LDHA with rabbit LDHA, which is relatively resistant to OAA inhibition, eliminated the paradoxical correlation between the elevated PKM2 activity and the decreased lactate concentration in cancer cells treated with a PKM2 activator. Furthermore, rabbit LDHA-expressing tumours, compared to human LDHA-expressing tumours in mice, displayed resistance to the PKM2 activator. These findings describe a mechanistic explanation for the PKM2 paradox by showing that OAA accumulates and inhibits LDHA following PKM2 activation. Wiese et al. find that oxaloacetate generated through increased activation of PKM2 can inhibit lactate dehydrogenase A, shedding light on the long observed PKM2 paradox during Warburg metabolism in cancer cells.
Association Between Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake and Mortality Risk in Women: The California Teachers Study.

Abstract Background The evidence linking sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake and mortality risk is conflicting, and associations between various SSB subtypes and mortality remain unclear. Objective To examine the association between baseline SSB intake, subtypes of SSB intake, and mortality risk in women. Design Prospective cohort study. Participants/setting Participants of the California Teachers Study (n = 100,314; median age = 53 years) free of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes at baseline (1995-1996) were followed from 1995 to 2015. Baseline SSB intake was defined as caloric soft drinks (regular soft drinks, not diet soda), sweetened bottled waters or teas, and fruit drinks; and was derived from a self-administered food frequency questionnaire. Main outcome measure Mortality was ascertained via annual linkage with state- and nationwide mortality records and the National Death Index over 20 years. Statistical analysis Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models were used to generate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for assessing associations between SSB intake and mortality. Rare/never consumers were the comparator group. Results There were a total of 14,143 deaths over 20 years (30.5% from cardiovascular disease; 29.2% from cancer). In women who consumed ≥ 7 servings/week of SSBs at baseline (4% of participants), the multivariable-adjusted HRs were not significant for all-cause, cardiovascular disease-specific, or cancer-specific mortality. Consuming ≥ 7 servings/week of baseline caloric soft drink was associated with a higher risk of all-cause (HR = 1.26, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.46; P for trend = 0.02) and cancer-specific (HR = 1.33, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.63; P for trend = 0.08) mortality. In secondary analyses, consuming ≥ 1.5 c/day of baseline SSBs was associated with all-cause mortality (HR = 1.12, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.24; P for trend = 0.01). Conclusions Although the baseline frequency of total SSB intake was not significantly associated with mortality, consuming ≥ 7 servings/week of caloric soft drinks was associated with higher risk of all-cause and cancer-specific mortality. Findings support public health efforts to reduce caloric soft drink consumption.
On Becoming an American Indian Law Professor: 2021 Update

There are less than three dozen American Indians who are enrolled tribal members who are tenure system law professors in American law schools. We study this group, as well as a few known tribal members who have either retired or left the academy for loftier pursuits, for purposes of identifying the profiles of tribally enrolled American Indians on the tenure track in American law schools. The object of this short paper is to advise American Indian law students and others on how to become an American Indian law professor. This paper is an update from a 2012 paper: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2058557.
Design Rationale and Development Approach for Pegfilgrastim as a Long-Acting Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor

Filgrastim, a recombinant methionyl human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) (r-metHuG-CSF), is efficacious in stimulating neutrophil production and maturation to prevent febrile neutropenia (FN) in response to chemotherapy. Because of its relatively short circulating half-life, daily filgrastim injections are required to stimulate neutrophil recovery. In an effort to develop a long-acting form of filgrastim that was as safe and efficacious as filgrastim but had a longer in vivo residence time, a number of strategies were considered. Ultimately, fusion of filgrastim to polyethylene glycol (PEG) was selected. Following extensive analysis of conjugation chemistries as well as in vitro and in vivo characterization of a panel of PEGylated proteins, a construct containing a 20 kDa PEG moiety covalently conjugated to the N-terminus of filgrastim was chosen for advancement as pegfilgrastim. Pegfilgrastim is primarily cleared by neutrophils and neutrophil precursors (rather than the kidneys), meaning that clearance from the circulation is self-regulating and pegfilgrastim is eliminated only after neutrophils start to recover. Importantly, addition of PEG did not alter the mechanism of action and safety profile compared to filgrastim. Clinical evaluation revealed that a single 6 mg dose effectively reduces the duration of neutropenia and risk of FN in patients receiving chemotherapy. This work demonstrates the benefit of using PEGylation to generate pegfilgrastim, which allows for once-per-chemotherapy cycle administration while maintaining similar safety and efficacy profiles as those for multiple daily administration of filgrastim. Approaches that may provide advances for therapeutic agonists of G-CSF receptor are also discussed.
Boa: Ultra-Large-Scale Software Repository and Source-Code Mining

In today's software-centric world, ultra-large-scale software repositories, such as SourceForge, GitHub, and Google Code, are the new library of Alexandria. They contain an enormous corpus of software and related information. Scientists and engineers alike are interested in analyzing this wealth of information. However, systematic extraction and analysis of relevant data from these repositories for testing hypotheses is hard, and best left for mining software repository (MSR) expertse Specifically, mining source code yields significant insights into software development artifacts and processes. Unfortunately, mining source code at a large scale remains a difficult task. Previous approaches had to either limit the scope of the projects studied, limit the scope of the mining task to be more coarse grained, or sacrifice studying the history of the code. In this article we address mining source code: (a) at a very large scale; (b) at a fine-grained level of detail; and (c) with full history information. To address these challenges, we present domain-specific language features for source-code mining in our language and infrastructure called Boa. The goal of Boa is to ease testing MSR-related hypotheses. Our evaluation demonstrates that Boa substantially reduces programming efforts, thus lowering the barrier to entry. We also show drastic improvements in scalability.
Sectoral Strategies of Labour Market Reform

For good or ill, the sheer economic and political weight of the U.S. make its solutions to employment and training problems important to European policy-makers. Before considering some of the ways it might be changing, we characterise the ‘American model’ of labour market regulation, and ask how it is performing.
Hope for the Future? Early Exposure to the Arts and Adult Visits to Art Museums

This paper employs logistic regression to explore the relationship between art lessons and art history and appreciation classes as a child with adult visits to art museums. The regression-based technique allows for control of other influences such as demographic indicators of tastes and preferences. The results are generally consistent with the hypothesis that early exposure results in later participation, although exposure seems to have strongest influence in the pre- and post-teen years.
Mössbauer Effect in Ru 99

The 90-keV transition in Ru99 is a very interesting, but as yet little exploited, case for recoilfree resonance studies. The multipolarity of the transition is a mixture of magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole, with a mixing ratio δ2 = 2.7. The half life of 20 nsec results in a linewidth to gamma-energy ratio which is somewhat smaller than that for the case of Fe57. The level in Ru99 is fed in the decay of 16-day Rh99 which is produced by p,n reaction on Ru99. A source host of ruthenium gives an unsplit emission line with a recoilfree fraction of ~15% at 4.2°K. By bombarding enriched isotope and doing a chemical separation, high specific activity sources in the several millicurie range can be prepared. The complex magnetic hyperfine spectrum of 18 lines resulting from the 3/2 → 5/2 transition can be completely resolved in the 500 kG.field which acts on the ruthenium nucleus situated in an iron host. By making use of accidental separation of left and right circularly polarized hyperfine components, it is possible to measure the sense and magnitude of relatively small aligned fields acting on the ruthenium nuclei. Details of source and absorber preparation are presented.
Distributed control of inhomogeneous systems, with boundary conditions

Considers control design for distributed systems, where the controller is to adopt and preserve the distributed spatial structure of the system. Specifically systems that are inhomogeneous with respect to the spatial variable, and may have imposed boundary conditions, are considered. Operator theoretic tools for working with these systems are developed, and lead to convex conditions for analysis and synthesis with respect to the l/sub 2/-induced norm.
Exploring Computation and Communication Trade-offs in the Design of Automatic Video Surveillance Networks

Video surveillance is one of the fastest-growing class of networked embedded systems. An increasing number of cameras are networked to support various applications including security in city streets, emergency evacuation in large buildings and direct marketing in department stores. The large number of networked cameras motivates the need for automatic video analysis, which, as of today, relies mostly on centralized computation. Still, trends in embedded computing enable the cost-effective realization of smart camera nodes and, consequently, the distribution of part or all of the computation. Starting from a particular application of automatic video surveillance for building automation, we derive a systemlevel model of the main computational tasks that are necessary to process a collection of video streams together with their requirements in terms of computation and communication resources. Then, we define a set of alternative implementation platforms based on a detailed analysis of the possible choices in terms of off-the-shelf components and interconnection network technologies. Finally, we present a methodology and supporting CAD tool that assists us in evaluating alternative partitioning/mapping of the computational tasks onto the various platforms.
The green oat story: possible mechanisms of green color formation in oat products during cooking

Consumers occasionally report greenish colors generated in their oat products when cooking in tap water. Here we have investigated pH and ferrous (Fe(2+)) ion as possible mechanisms for this color change. Steel-cut oat groats can turn brown-green color when cooked in alkaline conditions (pHs 9 to 12). Extraction of this color with methanol, and high-pressure liquid chromatography indicated a direct association of this color with the phenolic acid or avenanthramide content of the oat. The presence of 50 mM NaHCO(3) in water will cause oat/water mixtures to turn alkaline when cooked as CO(2) is driven off, generating OH(-) ion. Although tap water rarely, if ever, contains so much bicarbonate, bicarbonate is used as a leavening agent in baking applications. Industrial interests using baking soda or alkaline conditions during oat processing should be aware of possible off color generation. We have also found that as little as 10 ppm Fe(2+) will turn oat products gray-green when cooked. The aleurone stained darker than the starchy endosperm. Other divalent cations, such as Ca(2+) or Mg(2+) had no effect on cooked oat color. As much as 50 ppm Fe(2+) may be found in freshly pumped well water, but Fe(2+) reacts quickly with oxygen and precipitates as Fe(OH)(3). Thus, some freshly pumped well water may turn oats green when cooked, but if the water is left under atmospheric conditions for several hours, no discoloration will appear in the cooked oats.
Diets of Antarctic sponges: links between the pelagic microbial loop and benthic metazoan food web

Antarctic benthic suspension feeders may consume water column bacteria to buffer the seasonal variation of primary production, yet little is known about consumption of ultraplankton by this fauna. In the present study 3 experiments—fatty acid analysis, stable isotope concentrations, and laboratory-based feeding—addressed the nutritional role of the microbial loop in 4 species of Antarc- tic sponge: Homaxinella balfourensis, Isodictya setifera, Kirkpatrickia variolosa, and Sphaerotylus antarcticus. Sponges were sampled at distances between 115 and 840 m from the McMurdo Station sewage outfall to investigate local food source variability. The sewage effluent acted as a tracer for particulates larger than bacteria and was identified isotopically and by the biomarker 18:2(n-6). Sponge diets differed between each species: I. setifera consumed mostly bacteria, as indicated by the ratio of bacterial fatty acids to polyunsaturated fatty acids; H. balfourensis consumed larger par- ticles, indicated by an abundance of 22:6(n-3) and an outfall signature; K. variolosa was intermediate between these two, with abundant 22:6(n-3), but an isotopic signature similar to I. setifera. The diet of S. antarcticus was not completely resolved; fatty acid analysis supported its similarity to K. vario- losa, yet the isotopic analysis separated it from the other sponges, suggesting that symbionts were abundant enough to confound the results. This study provides the first application of fatty acid analy- sis to determine diet composition of sponges, the first species-specific stable isotopic analysis of Antarctic sponges, and the first conclusive evidence of differential utilization of microbial loop components by co-occurring sponges.
Atrial Electrograms and the Characterization of Atrial Fibrillation

An improved method of calculating magnitude-squared coherence spectra on pairs of short-duration electrogram recordings is discussed. This method is based on adaptive signal processing techniques and yields spectra with higher resolution than those obtained using a straightforward direct method. The high-resolution spectra will make it possible to examine the time-varying relationship between activity at two sites during atrial fibrillation and may be useful for quick rhythm characterization by implanted devices or for constructing coherence maps in research studies. Example high-resolution spectra for sinus rhythm, atrial flutter, and atrial fibrillation are presented.
The local Dirichlet process

As a generalization of the Dirichlet process (DP) to allow predictor dependence, we propose a local Dirichlet process (lDP). The lDP provides a prior distribution for a collection of random probability measures indexed by predictors. This is accomplished by assigning stick-breaking weights and atoms to random locations in a predictor space. The probability measure at a given predictor value is then formulated using the weights and atoms located in a neighborhood about that predictor value. This construction results in a marginal DP prior for the random measure at any specific predictor value. Dependence is induced through local sharing of random components. Theoretical properties are considered and a blocked Gibbs sampler is proposed for posterior computation in lDP mixture models. The methods are illustrated using simulated examples and an epidemiologic application.
Importins and Exportins Regulating Allergic Immune Responses

Nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of macromolecules is a well-controlled process involving importins and exportins. These karyopherins recognize and bind to receptor-mediated intracellular signals through specific signal sequences that are present on cargo proteins and transport into and out of the nucleus through nuclear pore complexes. Nuclear localization signals (NLS) present on cargo molecules to be imported while nuclear export signals (NES) on the molecules to be exported are recognized by importins and exportins, respectively. The classical NLS are found on many transcription factors and molecules that are involved in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. In addition, several immune modulators, including corticosteroids and vitamin D, elicit their cellular responses by regulating the expression and activity of importin molecules. In this review article, we provide a comprehensive list of importin and exportin molecules and their specific cargo that shuttled between cytoplasm and the nucleus. We also critically review the role and regulation of specific importin and exportin involved in the transport of activated transcription factors in allergic diseases, the underlying molecular mechanisms, and the potential target sites for developing better therapeutic approaches.
THE GALILEO SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT: PRELIMINARY EVIDENCE FOR PRECISION, STABILITY, AND EQUIVALENCE TO TRADITIONAL MEASURES

This paper presents the elements of a theory of measurement for communication and cognitive processes, along with specific operationalization of rules and procedures. Longitudinal data taken from a large sociology department are presented to illustrate the use of the method and show its relationship to commonly used procedures. These data show that the new procedures provide scales whose precision of measurement exceeds typical practice while at the same time saving considerable time and effort.
TH‐C‐T‐6E‐08: High Resolution Film Based Finite Pencil Beam Model for MLC Defined Beamlets

Purpose: We studied the detailed behavior of leaf‐side and leaf‐end multileaf collimator(MLC) defined beamlets with high spatial resolution film dosimetry. It is demonstrated that a simple analytic finite sized pencil beam model can be developed to accurately describe jaw‐defined and MLC‐defined small beamlet dose to water as a function of off‐axis distance. Such a model has great utility in rapid IMRT delivery validation and fluence map optimization dose computations. Method and Materials: Kodak EDR2 was used to measure central and off‐axis 1×1 cm2 beamlets from a Varian 2100 C/D linear accelerator using a 120‐leaf Millennium MLC. Scanned images were imported into Matlab v7.0 for analysis. Horizontal profiles in both the leaf end and leaf side directions were normalized to fractional depth dose (FDD), corrected to remove beam divergence, and fitted with a sum of difference of error functions. Fit parameters were used in a FSPB model to calculate doses in 3D. Results: We found that leaf end and leaf side profiles remain approximately constant with depth when normalized to FDD and beam divergence. Off‐axis profiles could be approximated by linearly scaling central axis profiles. The 20–80% lateral profile penumbral distances were found to be 0.21, 0.24, and 0.25 for leaf side MLC, jaw aperture, and leaf end MLC beamlets, respectively. Conclusion: A single FSPB dose calculation model agrees well with measured dose to water values in the leaf end and leaf side directions for both central and off‐axis beamlets. The 20–80% lateral profile penumbral distances measured in this study are significantly smaller than those determined with micro‐ionization chambers.
Resistance to Bacterial and Parasitic Infections in the Nutritionally Compromised Host

(1982). Resistance to Bacterial and Parasitic Infections in the Nutritionally Compromised Host. CRC Critical Reviews in Microbiology: Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 297-315.
A phased programming paradigm

Correctness and efficiency are both legitimate concerns in program development. Through an extended example we present a multi-phase paradigm which encourages early algorithms to be abstract and maximally nondeterministic in the spirit of Dijkstra's guarded commands [4] but which caters equally for correctness, termination, data representation, efficiency and practical implementation in a low level language.
Protein Concentration effects on Binding of 14C-codeine, 14C-morphine, and 3H-methadone to Human Serum Albumin

The binding of 14C-codeine, 14C-morphine, and 3H-methadone to human serum albumin was studied at a constant ligand concentration and varying albumin concentrations. Scatchard plots of the data were linear and had positive slopes. The curves for the three ligands had similar data values and slopes. With increasing albumin concentrations, β (fraction bound) values increased. The β change per albumin concentration change [d(β)/d(albumin)] dropped most markedly at lower albumin concentrations and changed less as the albumin concentrations approached those normally observed in human blood. Values of nK, the number of binding sites or systems on the protein times the association constant, calculated from β and the albumin concentrations decreased with an increase in albumin concentration increase. The curves were similar for codeine and morphine, while the methadone curve indicated less of a decrease in nK with an increasing albumin concentration. For data published previously on the binding of various ligands at different albumin concentrations, plots of β values or calculated nK values versus albumin concentration revealed that β generally increased and nK decreased with an increasing albumin concentration. Desipramine, propoxyphene, prednisone, and phenylbutazone were exceptions to these relationships.
Fundamental Frequency as a Perceptual Cue for Vowel Identification in Speakers with Parkinson’s Disease

This study investigates the importance of fundamental frequency (F0) as a perceptual cue for identification of vowel targets produced by speakers with Parkinson’s disease (PD). It has been suggested i
Too Many Black Men: The Sentencing Judge's Dilemma

Legal reform sometimes has unanticipated, even ironic, results. A good example is federal legislation adopted in the 1980s that was supposed to enhance equity in sentencing. Congress, like many state legislatures in this period, reduced judicial control over sentencing by adopting presumptive sentencing guidelines for all serious criminal offenses and mandatory sentences for some specific crimes. Reformers did succeed in reducing judicial discretion in the sentencing process, but racial disparities have gotten much worse. Unprecedented numbers of minorities, particularly black men, are going to jail for long terms. The situation leaves trial judges in a difficult position. They are legally bound to implement a sentencing regime that many of them believe is racially discriminatory. Herbert Jacob's work on criminal trial courts provides a framework for investigating this problem. As Jacob's organizational approach predicts, judges were initially more troubled by the diminution of their powers than by the emerging pattern of increased minority incarceration. Nevertheless, some judges have criticized the racial implications of the sentencing law, protesting in various, resourceful ways. Judicial resistance to a law on moral grounds, though rare, is significant because it represents a break in the ranks of officialdom that enhances the moral credibility of critics of the current law.
A Penning source for negative hydrogen ions

Abstract A Penning source is described yielding negative hydrogen ion currents above 0.4 A and negative deuterium ion currents up to 0.2 A. Negative ions are most likely produced by positive ion and neutral atom bombardment of cesium covered surfaces. Processes in the source leading to the production and destruction of negative ions will be analyzed and possible scaling up of such sources to yield currents of several amperes will be discussed.
Three structurally related dimolybdenum(III, III) compounds: (PPh4)2[Mo2(OAc)2Cl6], (PPh4)2[Mo2(O2CPh)2Cl6] and (PPh4)2[Mo2(OAc)4Cl4]

Abstract Three edge-sharing bioctahedral dimolybdenum(III, III) compounds (PPh4)2[Mo2(OAc)2Cl6] (1), (PPh4)2[Mo2(O2CPh)2Cl6] 2CH3CN (2) and (PPh4)2[Mo2(OAc)4Cl4]·2CH3CN (3) have been synthesized and characterized by X-ray crystallography. All three compounds can be synthesized either by an oxidative addition of Cl2 to their corresponding Mo(II, II) compounds or by reactions of Mo2Cl6(THF)3 with the corresponding carboxylate salts. In the crystal, the bridging position of compound 3 is disordered, occupied by either Cl− or μ, η1-OAc− groups, due to the inclusion of [Mo2(OAc)3Cl5]2 anions. Crystallographic data are as follow: 1, triclinic P 1 with a = 9.004(2), b = 12.499(2), c = 12.863(2) A , α = 107.28(2), β = 105.81(2), γ = 99.72(2)°, V = 1279.9(4) A 3 , Z = 1, R = 0.047, wR2 = 0.128 ; 2, triclinic P 1 with a = 11.3756(9), b = 13.4730(7), c = 10.9611(7) A , α = 102.398(5), β = 102.509(6), γ = 84.205(6)°, V = 1599.2(2) A 3 , Z = 1, R = 0.043, wR2 = 0.120 ; 3, triclinic P 1 with a = 9.9874(7), b = 12.452(3), c = 13.071(4), α = 78.06(3), β = 71.30(1), γ = 76.15(1)°, V = 1479.9(6) A 3 , Z = 1, R = 0.050, wR2 = 0.112 .
Alleghanian episode of K-bentonite illitization in the southern Appalachian Basin

Mixed-layer illite-smectite (I/S) from Middle Ordovician potassium (K)-bentonites was found to be uniformly illitic throughout the southern Appalachian Basin regardless of variable depths of burial of the K-bentonites. The K/Ar ages of illitization are narrowly confined between 272 and 303 Ma (Late Pennsylvanian to Early Permian); this suggests that illitization was a short-lived episode coincident with, and prompted by, the Alleghanian orogeny. The illitization is explainable by the fluid expulsion hypothesis recently proposed by others (e.g., Oliver). Hot saline fluids were flushed to the basin edges from the deeply buried part of the foreland basin during the orogeny; these fluids are thought to be effective agents of illitization. Some of our K-bentonite samples are stratigraphically and geographically close to Mississippi Valley-type lead-zinc deposits, suggesting a similar mode of origin. Rapid illitization of shales, in a fashion similar to that observed for the bentonites, should have led to high pore-water pressures that enabled them to act as ideal decollements during Alleghanian thin-skinned deformation.
Effect of gender in centrally induced angiotensin II hypertension in dogs.

This study was designed to investigate the relation between gender, an endogenous inhibitor of the Na+-K+ pump, and volume-dependent hypertension induced by stimulation of the brain renin-angiotensin system and increased salt intake. Angiotensin II (20 ng/min i.c.v.) was infused for 4 weeks in five dogs of each sex with saline as the drinking fluid. In male dogs, angiotensin II induced parallel pressor (30%) and dipsogenic responses (70%), whereas no hypertension and no increase in fluid intake were observed in females. In contrast, the activity of the Na+-K+ pump as assessed by 86Rb uptake was independent of gender. Our data provide novel evidence that gender plays a determining role in the physiological properties of centrally administered angiotensin II.
Long-Range Scenario Construction for Technology Assessment

Abstract Long-range scenario construction is an integral part of a technology assessment. Alternative future scenarios provide the socioeconomic context in which technological systems can be forecast and assessed. Therefore, scenarios must be constructed in order to meet the information needs of all other portions of the study. One scenario construction approach, designed to meet this need, consists of the following elements: emphasis on range and consistency, specifically with respect to the technology assessed, combination of judgment and discipline, gradual divergence, and top-down variable disaggregation. As illustrated in an application to aviation communications technology assessment, this approach provides relevant information to the other portions of the study. Thus the scenarios provide the backdrop upon which the remainder of the study rests.
Creative Virtual Environments: Effect of Supraliminal Priming on Team Brainstorming

Much of human behavior involves non-conscious cognition. Research has shown that it is possible to manipulate non-conscious cognition and behavior through "priming", a well-known phenomenon from cognitive psychology. 3-D Virtual Environments (VEs) have shown potential as platforms for virtual collaboration. Visually oriented, VEs represent team members as avatars. We posit that incorporating visual elements designed to improve creativity through priming in VEs can influence team-brainstorming performance. Using Open Wonderland, we developed two environments for virtual team brainstorming: one that looked like a traditional open office environment and one designed to prime team members for improved creativity. Participants worked in teams to generate ideas on a topic. Results show that when teams generated ideas in creativity primed environment, they generated significantly more ideas that were of better quality than when they worked in a neutral priming environment.
Electromagnetic Shocks and the Self-Annihilation of Intense Linearly Polarized Radiation in an Ideal Dielectric Material

Maxwell's equations are studied for linearly polarized plane waves of intense electromagnetic radiation with the displacement field given by a nonlinear cubic function of the electric field. Analysis shows that electromagnetic shocks, surfaces of discontinuity for the electric and magnetic fields, are physically admissible and can indeed develop from an initially continuous field of radiation. Under ordinary conditions, the shocks proceed to "sweep up" and eventually dissipate all of the radiation field energy, giving rise theoretically to the complete self-annihilation of the electromagnetic radiation field. Under rather special conditions, a steady electromagnetic shock wave train (with some dissipation of the radiation field energy but only by the tail shock in the train) may possibly evolve dynamically. There is a rigorous mathematical correspondence between the theory here for intense linearly polarized electromagnetic plane waves in an ideal dielectric material and the theory of large-amplitude one-dimensional pressure waves in an ideal solid material.
References in Scholarly English and American Literary Journals Thirty Years Later: A Citation Study

This study examines 20,802 citations in 555 journal articles devoted to criticism of English and American literature published in 2003. Books are cited far more often (75.8%) than journal articles (19.8%). Over half of the monographs cited (55.4%) are less than twenty years old. In general, journal articles published within the past twenty years are the most frequently cited. Literary scholars use a diversity of monographs which fall outside of the core classifications for literature; over 40% are outside. This study is compared to other citation studies of English and American literature. It concludes with observations on the use of the Web, browsing by literary researchers, and English as an interdisciplinary field.
Immunopurification of a Sarcomeric Junctional Protein Complex Containing GAPDH

We have isolated a monoclonal antibody, P4B2, which localizes to multiple anchorage junctions, namely, a subset of focal adhesions, the Z-disk of muscle, and neuromuscular junctions. Immunopurification of the antigen to this antibody from chicken brain tissue yielded a complex of three prominent proteins with mobilities of 36, 30, and 18 kDa. Amino acid sequencing of the purified proteins identified the 36-kDa protein as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). The other two protein bands were heterogeneous, containing proteins found in the synaptic vesicle fusion core complex. Immunolocalization of P4B2 antigen in developing cultured muscle cells showed that the antigen is incorporated into Z-lines soon after the sarcomeric architecture was positive for alpha-actinin. Together, the data indicate the P4B2 antigen is part of a unique GAPDH-containing protein complex that may be involved in reinforcement of established cytoskeletal structures.
Cyclin G2 is a centrosome-associated nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein that influences microtubule stability and induces a p53-dependent cell cycle arrest.

Abstract Cyclin G2 is an atypical cyclin that associates with active protein phosphatase 2A. Cyclin G2 gene expression correlates with cell cycle inhibition; it is significantly upregulated in response to DNA damage and diverse growth inhibitory stimuli, but repressed by mitogenic signals. Ectopic expression of cyclin G2 promotes cell cycle arrest, cyclin dependent kinase 2 inhibition and the formation of aberrant nuclei [Bennin, D. A., Don, A. S., Brake, T., McKenzie, J. L., Rosenbaum, H., Ortiz, L., DePaoli-Roach, A. A., and Horne, M. C. (2002). Cyclin G2 associates with protein phosphatase 2A catalytic and regulatory B′ subunits in active complexes and induces nuclear aberrations and a G1/S-phase cell cycle arrest. J Biol Chem 277, 27449–67]. Here we report that endogenous cyclin G2 copurifies with centrosomes and microtubules (MT) and that ectopic G2 expression alters microtubule stability. We find exogenous and endogenous cyclin G2 present at microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) where it colocalizes with centrosomal markers in a variety of cell lines. We previously reported that cyclin G2 forms complexes with active protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and colocalizes with PP2A in a detergent-resistant compartment. We now show that cyclin G2 and PP2A colocalize at MTOCs in transfected cells and that the endogenous proteins copurify with isolated centrosomes. Displacement of the endogenous centrosomal scaffolding protein AKAP450 that anchors PP2A at the centrosome resulted in the depletion of centrosomal cyclin G2. We find that ectopic expression of cyclin G2 induces microtubule bundling and resistance to depolymerization, inhibition of polymer regrowth from MTOCs and a p53-dependent cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, we determined that a 100 amino acid carboxy-terminal region of cyclin G2 is sufficient to both direct GFP localization to centrosomes and induce cell cycle inhibition. Colocalization of endogenous cyclin G2 with only one of two GFP-centrin-tagged centrioles, the mature centriole present at microtubule foci, indicates that cyclin G2 resides primarily on the mother centriole. Copurification of cyclin G2 and PP2A subunits with microtubules and centrosomes, together with the effects of ectopic cyclin G2 on cell cycle progression, nuclear morphology and microtubule growth and stability, suggests that cyclin G2 may modulate the cell cycle and cellular division processes through modulation of PP2A and centrosomal associated activities.
Quantization Noise and Limit Cycling in Digital Closed-Loop Systems

The practical and reliable application of direct digital control in industrial systems is a long way from the study of sampling control in modern control literature. Numerous mechanical failures of hydraulic tubes, seals, and mechanical connections have demonstrated that these systems are easily fatigued by ``jitter'' or the type of noise that can arise in digital systems due to quantization of signals. Yet the transition from analog to microprocessor-based control implies a sampled control with inherent noise due to finite word length and finite sampling period. Even if the sampling frequency does not cause instability, it can fatigue the system with limit cycles. This paper investigates the effects of quantization and establishes bounds on limit cycles in digital closed-loop systems by examining a typical proportional plus integral type of controller found in process control. The work is based on the technique used by Long and Trick [1] to establish bounds on limit cycles in digital filters.