cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultrasound Case Vignettes: Multigland Parathyroid Disease

Multigland disease (MGD) is the Achilles heel of all parathyroid imaging modalities. MGD can be difficult to recognize preoperatively and may present a challenge for accurate localization. MGD comes in the form of double adenomas, asymmetric multigland hyperplasia, and rarely supernumerary or ectopic disease. This chapter provides patient scenarios to illustrate clinical features that contribute to the challenge of accurately localizing MGD: smaller and variably sized parathyroid glands compared to single adenomas, positioning deep in the tracheoesophageal groove, asymmetrically sized glands, uncommon presentations serving as a distractor from considering MGD, the discrimination of intrathyroidal glands from thyroid nodules, and inherent characteristics of parathyroid glands that affect uptake of radiotracers and imaging agents.
Language, Life and Learning in Laredo

In August 2008, the International conference on language, Life and Learning took place at the Texas A&M International University in Laredo. Â Hundredes of participants came to the campusÂ to enjoy two days of inspiring speakers, workshops, food and friends. Â Â It was a time to prepare for the upcoming year of teaching and administering school programs, but there were plenty of oppurtunities for networking and for reconnecting with friends and colleagues one had'nt seen in a while.
Crystal structure of (1S,2S,5R)-5-acetyl-amino-4-oxo-2,3-diphenyl-1,3-thia-zinan-1-ium-1-olate.

The asymmetric unit of the enanti­omerically pure title compound, C18H18N2O3S, comprises two independent mol­ecules (A and B) having almost identical conformations. When overlayed, the alignment–r.m.s. deviation value is 0.30 A. The six-membered heterocycle has a twisted half-chair conformation in both mol­ecules. The O atom on the S atom of the ring is pseudo-axial on the thia­zine ring and trans to both a phenyl group substituent and the acetamide group in each case. The two benzene rings in each mol­ecule are almost orthogonal to each other, with inter­planar dihedral angles of 83.79 (17) and 86.95 (16)°. The acetamide group is pseudo-equatorial and a phenyl ring is pseudo-axial on the thia­zine ring. Both mol­ecules show a weak intra­molecular C—H⋯O inter­action between H-atom donors of one of the phenyl rings and the acetamide group. In the crystal, an inter­molecular N—H⋯O(thia­zine) hydrogen bond links B mol­ecules along the 21 (b) screw axis and, in addition, an N—H⋯O(acetamide) hydrogen bond links A and B mol­ecules across a. A two-dimensional layered structure lying parallel to (001) is generated, also involving weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions.
Models and Mental Illness

The papers of Stephen Toulmin and Alan Donagan raise questions about the nature of those human states that in Western societies have traditionally been called mental illness. Their remarks are directed principally at the basis of our understanding of those states, and the results of that understanding in the manner in which we relate to and deal with individuals who are troubled in their personal lives. In their logical arguments, which are based on assumptions, both authors broach the perennial human dilemma of reality, what is ‘real’ as compared to what seems real, or what is social or personal reality, as opposed to phenomena that we can in some degree depend upon outside the perceptual and cognitive boundaries of a sociocultural system. I shall refer to Donagan’s paper first.
Thermochemical Synthesis of Ammonia and Syngas from Natural Gas at Atmospheric Pressure

Ammonia is a vital agricultural input and could be a carbon-free energy vector. An experimental proof-of-concept of a novel thermochemical cycle to produce NH3 and syngas (CO-H2) at atmospheric pressure from N2, steam, and shale gas (CH4) is demonstrated here: Mn was reacted with N2 forming Mn-nitride, corrosion of Mn-nitride with steam at 500 °C formed MnO and NH3, and lastly MnO was reduced at 1150 °C in a 4 vol % CH4 – 96 vol % N2 stream to Mn-nitride closing the cycle. Optimum nitridation at 800 °C and 120 min produced a Mn6N2.58-rich Mn-nitride mixture containing 8.7 ± 0.9 wt. % nitrogen. NH3 yield was limited to 0.04 after 120 min during nitride corrosion but addition of a NaOH promotor improved NH3 yield to 0.54. Mn6N2.58 yield was 0.381 ± 0.083 after MnO reduction for 30 min with CO and H2 but no CO2 detected in the product.
Privacy-preserving PCA on horizontally-partitioned data

Private data is used on daily basis by a variety of applications where machine learning algorithms predict our shopping patterns and movie preferences among other things. Principal component analysis (PCA) is a widely used method to reduce the dimensionality of data. Reducing the data dimension is essential for data visualization, preventing overfitting and resisting reconstruction attacks. In this paper, we propose methods that would enable the PCA computation to be performed on horizontally-partitioned data among multiple data owners without requiring them to stay online for the execution of the protocol. To address this problem, we propose a new protocol for computing the total scatter matrix using additive homomorphic encryption, and performing the Eigen decomposition using Garbled circuits. Our hybrid protocol does not reveal any of the data owner's input; thus protecting their privacy. We implemented our protocols using Java and Obliv-C, and conducted experiments using public datasets. We show that our protocols are efficient, and preserve the privacy while maintaining the accuracy.
Othermotherwork: "Testimonio" and the Refusal of Historical Trauma.

AbstractThis paper is an ofrenda (offering), a testimonio (testimony) of the healing power of reconstituting severed relationships and reconstructing agentic creation stories in the pathology of so...
P002 How do glycans affect immune cells in rheumatoid arthritis

Introduction Anti-Citrullinated Protein Antibodies (ACPAs) are specific for Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) and have been implicated in disease pathogenesis. The fragment antigen-binding domain (Fab) of ACPA was recently shown to be extensively glycosylated.1 It is known that glycans play a key role in controlling innate and adaptive immunity,2 however to date there is limited understanding on the mode of action of glycans in RA. We hypothesise that the glycans on ACPA interact with glycan binding receptors and thus modulate immune responses in RA. Therefore, our aim is to elucidate the glycan effect of ACPA and other glycans on immune cells of RA patients to increase our understanding of RA pathogenesis. Methods A whole blood flow assay was used to study glycan interactions with leukocytes. Leukocytes were isolated from blood and cells were incubated for 2 hours at 4°C with 15 µg/ml highly glycosylated ACPA and immunomodulatory glycoconjugates, such as sialic acid, Lewis-x, Lewis-y, mannose and as a negative control GlcNac. Glycan binding and identification of immune cell subsets was assessed with flow cytometry using a whole blood flow antibody panel. Results This study examined the glycan-binding capacity of leukocytes in healthy donors via the whole blood flow assay. B cells appear to be superior in their interaction capacity with a variety of glycans, including the Fab glycan on APCA. This is an important finding because B cells play a key role in the pathogenesis of RA, through their antigen presenting capacity as well as their production of ACPA. In future studies RA patients material will be used to assess the glycan binding capacity to immune cell and to elucidate their role in the pathogenesis of RA. Conclusions This study examined the glycan-binding capacity of leukocytes in healthy donors via the whole blood flow assay. B cells appear to be superior in their interaction capacity with a variety of glycans, including the Fab glycan on APCA. This is an important finding because B cells play a key role in the pathogenesis of RA, through their antigen presenting capacity as well as their production of ACPA. In future studies RA patients material will be used to assess the glycan binding capacity to immune cell and to elucidate their role in the pathogenesis of RA. References . Rombouts Y. Extensive glycosylation of ACPA-IgG variable domains modulates binding to citrullinated antigens in rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of the rheumatic diseases2016;75(3):578–85. . Johnson L. The regulatory power of glycans and their binding partners in immunity. Trend in Immunology2013;34(6):290–298. Disclosure of interest None declared
The Social Functions of Attributional Face-Saving Tactics Among Early Adolescents

A series of experiments that examine the social functions of failure accounts are reviewed. The findings with American students showed that by fourth grade (1) students understand that low ability and lack of effort attributions affect teacher and peer approval, and (2) that students vary their own failure accounts in ways that are consistent with their beliefs regarding linkages between attributions and social responses. Subsequent experiments were conducted with Finnish students to investigate why early adolescents are willing to portray themselves as low in ability. Finnish students, like their American counterparts, preferred to convey to both teachers and peers that they failed because of low ability. They believed low ability accounts facilitate both teacher and peer approval as well as promote perceptions of self-effacement and honesty. The findings suggest that early adolescents are motivated to tell liked others that their failures are due to lack of competence because it offers a number of social benefits.
Visual Acuity Prediction Before Neodymium-YAG: Laser Posterior Capsulotomy

Abstract A laser interferometer (Retinometer) and the Potential Acuity Meter (PAM) was used to assess macular function before neodymium-YAG laser posterior capsulotomy in 40 patients. Although specificity was excellent with the PAM (91 %) and Retinometer (93%), sensitivity was limited to 42% and 33%, respectively. Diffuse posterior capsular opacification which precluded the delivery of light through a clear portion of the capsule was the most likely cause of the high false negative rate. A positive result on either test has good predictive value, reducing the chances of the capsulotomy being a failure by fourfold.
Swallowing Difficulty and Pain

The patient presenting with swallowing problems represents a significant challenge to the clinician. The complex physiology and diverse etiologies of swallowing disorders require a thorough history and a physical examination, as well as physiologically based investigations of the esophageal and upper gastrointestinal tract function. Thorough investigation should provide information sufficient to make a decision about the initiation and/or continuation of medical therapy or the need for surgical intervention.
Mediation Analysis of Leisure, Perceived Stress, and Quality of Life in Informal Caregivers

Due to the prediction of a significant increase in older adults as well as an expected decrease in availability of professional homecare, the number of informal caregivers in the United States is e...
Black in the city: on the ruse of ethnicity and language in an antiblack landscape

ABSTRACTMontreal, a city delimited by a French-speaking East and an English-speaking West, is often used as an example of how language can organize urban landscapes. That said, examining Black life...
Analysis of Local Control and Pain Control After Spine Stereotactic Radiosurgery Reveals Inferior Outcomes for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Compared With Other Radioresistant Histologies

Abstract Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for spinal metastases from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) compared with other radioresistant histologies (renal cell carcinoma [RCC], melanoma, and sarcoma) in terms of local control (LC) and pain control. Methods and Materials We performed a retrospective review of patients treated with SRS to the spine for metastatic HCC, RCC, melanoma, and sarcoma between January 2007 and May 2014. Radiographic assessments of LC, overall survival, and patient-reported pain control were analyzed as univariable analyses and with various patient- and treatment-related parameters as multivariable analyses (MVA). Results Of the 96 patients treated with SRS, 41 patients had radioresistant histologies, including 18 HCC, 1 mixed HCC and cholangiocarcinoma, 15 RCC, 6 melanoma, and 1 leiomyosarcoma. Extraosseous disease was present in 63% of patients (74% in HCC; 55% in non-HCC; P = not significant). Spinal cord compression was present in 29% of patients (32% in HCC; 27% in non-HCC; P = not significant), and 24% of patients had decompressive surgery before SRS (26% in HCC; 23% in non-HCC; P = not significant). With a median follow-up time of 8.7 months, the actuarial 3-, 6-, and 12-month LC rates were 71%, 61%, 41%, respectively, for HCC, and 94%, 94%, and 85%, respectively, for non-HCC. The median time to local failure was 3 months for HCC and 11 months for non-HCC. On MVA, there was a strong trend toward inferior LC with HCC (P = .059). Of the 28 patients with pretreatment pain, pain relief was achieved in 93% of patients, but the 2 patients who did not experience pain relief both had HCC. The actuarial 3-, 6-, and 12-month pain control rates were 68%, 51%, 17%, respectively, for HCC, and 100%, 89%, and 89%, respectively, for non-HCC (P = .023), and remained significant on MVA (P = .034). Conclusions Compared with other radioresistant histologies, HCC has inferior LC and pain relief after SRS. Whether HCC may benefit from further dose escalation or combined treatment with new therapies is an area of future research.
Chapter 35 – Gsα, Pseudohypoparathyroidism, Fibrous Dysplasia, and McCune–Albright Syndrome

Gsα is a ubiquitously expressed heterotrimeric G protein α-subunit that couples numerous heptahelical receptors to stimulate cAMP formation. Heterozygous, germline inactivating Gsα mutations cause the congenital syndrome Albright hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO). Mutations on the maternal allele result in AHO plus multihormone resistance (pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1A, PHP1A); whereas those on the paternal allele result in the AHO phenotype alone (pseudoPHP). Imprinting defects in the Gsα gene GNAS lead to a more isolated form of renal PTH resistance (PHP1B). Somatic gain-of-function mutations in Gsα lead to constitutive cAMP formation. When such mutations occur in a highly localized manner, they can cause monostotic fibrous dysplasia or isolated endocrine tumors. Mutations occurring much earlier in development lead to a mosaic distribution of mutation-bearing cells, and phenotypic manifestations, including polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, hyperfunction of multiple endocrine organs, cafe-au-lait skin pigmentation (all three together in McCune–Albright syndrome), and dysfunction of other organs.
The influence of curvature on domain distribution in binary mixture membranes

Curvature-induced domain sorting, a strategy exploited by cells to organize membrane components, is a promising mechanism to control self-assembly of materials. To understand this phenomenon, this work explores the effects of curvature on component rearrangement in thin polymer films and lipid bilayers supported on sinusoidal substrates. Specifically, self-consistent field theory (SCFT) was used to study the spatial distribution of polymers in blends containing conformationally asymmetric chains. In addition, coarse-grained molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were used to probe the arrangement of rigid lipid domains in a relatively soft lipid matrix. Besides the expected preference of rigid species localizing in regions with low mean curvature, both systems exhibit unexpected localization of rigid components in comparatively high curvature regions. The origins of this unexpected sorting are discussed in terms of entropic and enthalpic contributions. In summary, this study demonstrates that domain distribution strongly depends on local topography and further highlights the collective effects that thermodynamic forces have on the morphological behavior of membranes.
Retrospective perceptions of power imbalance in childhood bullying among college students

Bullying is characterized by differences in power between targets and aggressors. This study examines how experiences with power dynamics in childhood bullying are associated with symptoms of depre...
Impact of Renal Dysfunction on Periprocedural Outcomes in Patients with Ischemic Cardiomyopathy Undergoing Elective Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)

Background Ischemic cardiomyopathy is associated with multiple comorbidities including diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and kidney disease. Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and left ventricular systolic heart failure have a 2-year cumulative survival as low as 33%. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) dramatically increases the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) risk score for CABG. Hypothesis Patients with preoperative CKD undergoing elective revascularization with CABG for ischemic cardiomyopathy will have worse periprocedural outcomes. Methods From the 2006-2014 National Inpatient Sample, we identified hospitalizations for systolic heart failure (ICD-9 codes 428.1, 428.X, 428.4X, or 428.9) undergoing CABG (ICD-9 procedure codes 36.1X). Those with acute myocardial infarction (code 410.X) were excluded. Patients were categorized into normal preoperative renal function, preoperative CKD stages 1-4 (diagnosis codes 585.1-4 or 585.9), and preoperative ESRD (diagnosis codes 585.5-6), and compared in terms of demographics, comorbidities, in-hospital mortality, length of stay (LOS), cost of care, and postoperative complications. Trends over time were assessed with the Cochran Armitage and Cuzick tests. Multivariate models were constructed with logistic and linear regression (gamma function) using NIS discharge weights and adjusted for age and comorbidities (hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, obesity, smoking, and family history of myocardial infarction). Results Over the study period, trends showed a decline in in-hospital mortality in normal preoperative renal function and CKD stages 1-4 (p Conclusions Patient with ESRD undergoing CABG for ischemic cardiomyopathy continue to have elevated in-hospital mortality despite an overall improvement in the non ESRD cohorts.
Building the National Radio Recordings Database: A Big Data Approach to Documenting Audio Heritage

This paper traces strategies used by the Radio Preservation Task Force of the Library of Congress’s National Recording Preservation Board to develop a publicly searchable database documenting extant radio materials held by collecting institutions throughout the country. Having aggregated metadata on 2,500 unique collections to date, the project has encountered a series of logistical challenges that are not only technical in nature but also institutional and social, raising critical issues involving organizational structure, political representation, and the ethics of data access. As the project continues to expand and evolve, lessons from its early development offer valuable reminders of the human judgment, hidden labor, and interpersonal relations required for successful big data work.
Trends in drug use among electronic dance music party attendees in New York City, 2016-2019.

Abstract Objective Electronic dance music (EDM) party attendees are a high-risk population for drug use and associated adverse effects. We examined trends in past-year drug use within this population to better inform prevention and harm reduction efforts. Methods Each summer from 2016 through 2019, we used time-space sampling to survey a cross-section of adults entering EDM parties at randomly selected nightclubs and at dance festivals in New York City. Ns ranged from 504 (2019) to 1,087 (2016). We estimated log-linear trends in past-year use of 16 different synthetic drugs or drug classes. Results Between 2016 and 2019, estimated past-year prevalence of use of ketamine increased from 5.9% to 15.3% (a 157.6% relative increase; P = .007), LSD use increased from 9.9% to 16.6% (a 67.7% relative increase, P 3 drugs increased from 12.7% to 20.5% (a 61.4% relative increase; P = .013); however, estimated past-year use of unknown powders decreased from 2.0% to 1.1% (a relative 44.7% decrease; P = .038) and ecstasy/MDMA/Molly use was stable across years (at 25.0 to 28.5 %; P = .687). Conclusions Reports of powder cocaine, LSD, ketamine, and GHB are becoming more prevalent among EDM party attendees. Prevention and harm reduction efforts are needed to address increasing use. Research is also needed to examine whether increasing media coverage of medical use of ketamine and other psychedelics affects prevalence of recreational use.
Branch Vessel Patency after Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair for Type B Aortic Dissection.

Background Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) for type B aortic dissections is used to promote false lumen (FL) thrombosis and favorable aortic remodeling, but its impact on occlusion of FL origin branch vessels has not been widely described. We compare FL versus true lumen (TL) branch vessel patency after TEVAR. Methods Patients treated by TEVAR for type B aortic dissection in zones 2–5 in the Vascular Quality Initiative from 2009 to 2018 were evaluated. The primary outcome was postoperative branch patency. Secondary outcomes were need for branch vessel intervention, preoperative origin, and postoperative patency of individual branch vessels (celiac, superior mesenteric artery, renal arteries, and iliac arteries). A subset analysis was performed comparing acute and chronic dissections. Results Of 11,774 patients, 1,484 met criteria for analysis. The left renal was the most common to have FL origin (21.6%), whereas right and left common iliac arteries were the most likely to originate off both lumens (BLs; 22% and 24%). Branch vessels that originated from the TL, FL, BLs, or were obstructed had postoperative patency rates of 99%, 99%, 99%, and 87% (P Conclusions Branch vessel patency rates after TEVAR for a type B aortic dissection are high and are not significantly different for FL or BL origin vessels compared with TL vessels. Branches that are patent before TEVAR almost always remain patent after TEVAR, but branch vessel stenting may be required in less than 5%.
An atmospheric pressure glow discharge optical emission source for the direct sampling of liquid media

A liquid sampling–atmospheric pressure glow discharge (LS-APGD) optical emission spectroscopy source is described. This device utilizes an electrolytic solution containing the analyte specimen as one of the discharge electrodes. The passage of an electrical current (either electrons or positive ions) across the solution/gas phase interface causes local heating and the volatilization of the analyte species. Collisions in the negative glow region of the plasma result in optical emission, which is characteristic of the analyte elements. Operation of this device with the analyte solution acting as either the cathode or anode is demonstrated. Typical discharge conditions include currents of 80 mA, potentials of up to 1000 V, with the i-V characteristics exhibiting ‘abnormal’ glow discharge behavior. The analyte-containing electrolyte solution is not limited to hydronium ions, as other salts (e.g., Li+ and Na+) also provide sufficient conductivity to sustain the discharge. Spatial maps of analyte emission and spectral background provide insights into the basic operation mechanism of the discharge. The use of a coaxial gas flow around the stainless-steel capillary outlet permits stable plasma operation at low liquid flow rates (0.1–0.3 mL min−1) where pulsation present in the liquid delivery system makes the discharge itself quite unstable. Analytical response curves for Hg, Mg, Na and Pb are demonstrated to have good linearity, with preliminary limits of detection determined to be in the range of 1.1–2.0 ppm (≈10 ng) for 5 µL sample volumes.
Assessing the accuracy of low-cost optical particle sensors using a physics-based approach.

Abstract. Low-cost sensors for measuring particulate matter (PM) offer the ability to understand human exposure to air pollution at spatiotemporal scales that have previously been impractical. However, such low-cost PM sensors tend to be poorly characterized, and their measurements of mass concentration can be subject to considerable error. Recent studies have investigated how individual factors can contribute to this error, but these studies are largely based on empirical comparisons and generally do not examine the role of multiple factors simultaneously. Here, we present a new physics-based framework and open-source software package (opcsim) for evaluating the ability of low-cost optical particle sensors (optical particle counters and nephelometers) to accurately characterize the size distribution and/or mass loading of aerosol particles. This framework, which uses Mie theory to calculate the response of a given sensor to a given particle population, is used to estimate the fractional error in mass loading for different sensor types given variations in relative humidity, aerosol optical properties, and the underlying particle size distribution. Results indicate that such error, which can be substantial, is dependent on the sensor technology (nephelometer vs. optical particle counter), the specific parameters of the individual sensor, and differences between the aerosol used to calibrate the sensor and the aerosol being measured. We conclude with a summary of likely sources of error for different sensor types, environmental conditions, and particle classes and offer general recommendations for the choice of calibrant under different measurement scenarios.
Generation of glucocorticoid resistant SARS-CoV-2 T-cells for adoptive cell therapy

Adoptive cell therapy with viral-specific T cells has been successfully used to treat life-threatening viral infections, supporting the application of this approach against COVID-19. We expanded SARS-CoV-2 T-cells from the peripheral blood of COVID-19-recovered donors and non-exposed controls using different culture conditions. We observed that the choice of cytokines modulates the expansion, phenotype and hierarchy of antigenic recognition by SARS-CoV-2 T-cells. Culture with IL-2/4/7 but not other cytokine-driven conditions resulted in >1000 fold expansion in SARS-CoV-2 T-cells with a retained phenotype, function and hierarchy of antigenic recognition when compared to baseline (pre-expansion) samples. Expanded CTLs were directed against structural SARS-CoV-2 proteins, including the receptor-binding domain of Spike. SARS-CoV-2 T-cells could not be efficiently expanded from the peripheral blood of non-exposed controls. Since corticosteroids are used for the management of severe COVID-19, we developed an efficient strategy to inactivate the glucocorticoid receptor gene ( NR3C1 ) in SARS-CoV-2 CTLs using CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing.
Positive Discipline Skills

This chapter will begin with a review of the different functions of child misbehavior, reminding the reader that children continue to display challenging behavior even after learning new skills because it gets them what they want. Caregiver attention plays a powerful role in teaching children which behaviors are desired and those which are not. Therefore, Positive Discipline Skills will provide early intervention professionals with effective strategies for responding to children when they behave as well as when they resort to challenging behavior.
Friction at ring-liner interface analyzed with a systematic surface characterization

The ring-liner interface of an internal combustion engine is a very important interface because its behavior directly affects fuel efficiency of an automobile and the engine life. The liner surface...
The Logarithmic Wind Profile in Neutral Stability Conditions

The change in wind velocity (u) with height (z) within the surface boundary layer (SBL) is an important factor for many applications. The nature of the function \( \overline{\mathrm{u}}=\mathrm{f}\left(\mathrm{z}\right) \) depends on several factors. Chief among these is the stability condition of the atmosphere, or, more precisely, the nature of the mix of thermal turbulence and mechanical turbulence. This chapter describes mixing length theory, which is used to model this function. Friction velocity (u∗) is a contrived parameter that is a function of density of the fluid and shearing stress (τ), which is a force exerted (downward) on a given area. The slope of the line on a graph of wind speed as a function of height on log-arithmetic paper is \( \raisebox{1ex}{$k$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{${u}_{\ast }$}\right. \), where k is von Karman’s constant, which has been determined experimentally to be 0.40. The result is that u∗ can be modeled if the vertical gradient of u is known, which in turn allows for the modeling of τ, which in turn provides an estimate of the vertical flux of horizontal momentum, assuming neutral stability conditions. This vertical flux is sensed as increased wind speed (i.e., gust) from the momentum acquired from higher in the atmosphere, or decreased wind speed (i.e., lull) from momentum acquired from lower in the atmosphere. Roughness length and zero plane displacement are adjustments to this logarithmic wind profile that can be made to accommodate rougher surfaces.
School Desegregation in New Castle County, Delaware

A lawsuit filed in 1971 in the U.S. District Court of Delaware renewed litigation for school desegregation in Delaware’s northern New Castle County. Five black parents residing in the city of Wilmington petitioned the federal court to grant the Constitutional rights of their children (and those similarly situated) to an equal educational opportunity. At that time, the plaintiffs sought a remedy that would portion sections of the city district with the contiguous suburban school districts. Following several years of judicial hearings, the U.S. District Court ruled in favor of the plaintiffs’ petition, but fashioned a remedy that grouped the bulk of the county into a single school district, thus ordering the nation’s first metropolitan school desegregation remedy.1
Level Dependence of the Latency of Cochlear Transients

An important consequence of the fact that cochlear mechanics are nonlinear is what the latency of the auditory nerve response to transient sounds is level dependent. Specifically, the latency of the neural response decreases as the sound level increases. The cochlear component of the latency of human auditory brainstem responses (ABR) t0 tone-burst sumuh has been shown to consistently decrease by about 38% for every 20 dB mcrease m the level of the stimulus (Neely et al., 1988). Moreover, this consistent latency decrease with level holds over a wide range of tone-burst frequencies and intensities.
Heritability of X chromosome--inactivation phenotype in a large family

One of the two X chromosomes in each somatic cell of normal human females becomes inactivated very early in embryonic development. Although the inactivation of an X chromosome in any particular somatic cell of the embryonic lineage is thought to be a stochastic and epigenetic event, a strong genetic influence on this process has been described in the mouse. We have attempted to uncover evidence for genetic control of X-chromosome inactivation in the human by examining X chromosome-inactivation patterns in 255 females from 36 three-generation pedigrees, to determine whether this quantitative character exhibits evidence of heritability. We have found one family in which all seven daughters of one male and the mother of this male have highly skewed patterns of X-chromosome inactivation, suggesting strongly that this quantitative character is controlled by one or more X-linked genes in some families.
Walter Crane: The Arts and Crafts, Painting, and Politics, 1875–1890 by Morna O'Neill

For much of the last century, Walter Crane was relegated to the margins of art historical scholarship. If he was mentioned at all, it was largely for his contributions as an illustrator of politica...
Design recommendations to improve the user interaction with wrist worn devices

Wrist worn devices (WWDs) including fitness trackers and smart watches have been successfully employed to support various applications, ranging from gesture recognition to authentication. Despite the increasing number of WWDs in the market, their limited dimensions and capabilities make their interaction design challenging. Designers struggle to downsize interactions originally designed for mobile phones, and end users wish for interactions that are easy to use. To better understand the users' concerns regarding the interaction with WWDs, we collected feedback about existing wearable bands, and analyzed the most critical issues currently faced in the interacting interaction with such devices. The analysis of the findings enabled us to derive 10 design recommendations that can aid to improve the interaction design in novel WWDs.
Branched Electron-Transport Systems in Bacteria*

Publisher Summary This chapter emphasizes on an aspect of the electron-transport system in bacteria and discusses some microbial electron-transport systems for which there are sufficient data for obtaining an insight into the functioning of these systems. Some bacteria can form a membrane-bound electron transport system that is considerably more complex than the system found in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. These systems are more complex, as they contain many membrane-bound dehydrogenases, which are the donors of electrons to the respiratory system and the many reductases by which electrons reduce oxygen and alternative terminal electron acceptors. The multiple primary dehydrogenases and oxidases are linked by pathways, which overlap and interconnect to varying degrees. These interactions result in “branching” in the electron-transport systems. Electrons can enter the system through numerous dehydrogenases and leave by way of various oxidases. At the risk of being teleological, it appears that bacteria gain evolutionary efficiency in having the capacity to synthesize branched electrontransport systems. For example, Haemophilus parainjluenzae produces a more extensive and complex electron-transport system as the oxygen tension in the growth medium is lowered. The chapter also discusses the methodology of the electron-transport system such as spectrophotometry and oxygen electrodes.
Dopamine-β-hydroxylase THE SUBUNIT STRUCTURE AND ANION ACTIVATION OF THE BOVINE ADRENAL ENZYME

Abstract Bovine adrenal medulla 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine β-hydroxylase has been further characterized. The enzyme consists of four subunits, two pairs of which are linked by disulfide bridges and two pairs of which are held together by noncovalent bonds. Preliminary evidence suggests that these subunits are identical. The activation of this enzyme by anions has been studied. The binding of anions to a basic group adjacent to the ionizable group at the active site has been proposed to explain the mechanism of activation by these compounds. No evidence has been found for an anioninduced conformational change.
Evidence of Misunderstandings in Tutorial Dialogue and their Impact on Learning

We explore the frequency and impact of misunderstandings in an existing corpus of tutorial dialogues in which a student appears to get an interpretation that is not in line with what the system developers intended. We found that this type of error is frequent, regardless of whether student input is typed or spoken, and that it does not respond well to general misconception repair strategies. Further we found that it is feasible to detect misunderstandings and suggest alternative strategies for repairing them that we intend to test in the future.
Report on the Workshop of Biological Applications of X-ray Microbeams.

(2002). Report on the Workshop of Biological Applications of X-ray Microbeams. International Journal of Radiation Biology: Vol. 78, No. 8, pp. 749-752.
Watershed Processing of Atmospheric Polychlorinated Biphenyl Inputs

Indirect atmospheric deposition of PCBs was examined in subwatersheds of the Delaware River Estuary. Tributary PCB loads and atmospheric PCB concentrations were used to understand the pass-through efficiencies for nine rivers/creeks for which PCB inputs appeared to be dominated by atmospheric deposition. The pass-through efficiency, E, was calculated from tributary loads and atmospheric deposition fluxes. Unfortunately, uncertainties in the gaseous and dry particle deposition velocities, vg and vd, respectively, render the calculated atmospheric deposition fluxes highly uncertain. In order to circumvent this problem, export of PCBs from the watershed was related directly to atmospheric PCB concentrations via a new mass transfer coefficient, the watershed delivery rate or vws, which describes the process by which the watershed transfers PCBs from the air to the River's main stem. vws increases with increasing chlorination and is significantly correlated with vapor pressure. This trend suggests that the tra...
A malaria model with partial immunity in humans.

In this paper, we formulate a mathematical model for malaria transmission that includes incubation periods for both infected human hosts and mosquitoes. We assume humans gain partial immunity after infection and divide the infected human population into subgroups based on their infection history. We derive an explicit formula for the reproductive number of infection, $R_0$, to determine threshold conditions whether the disease spreads or dies out. We show that there exists an endemic equilibrium if $R_0>1$. Using an numerical example, we demonstrate that models having the same reproductive number but different numbers of progression stages can exhibit different transient transmission dynamics.
Spices in the Middle Ages

Spices were highly prized in the Middle Ages for their culinary, medicinal and liturgical calue. They also had the attraction of exotic and mysterious origins. Their historical significance lies in their role as consumer items, their symbolic association with luxury but also with the sacred, and the stimulus the demand for spices gave to European voyages of exploration and colonization at the end of the Middle Ages.
Sea Salt and Dental Caries

EXPERIENCE in the United States and elsewhere has shown that the main source for the fluoride intake in man for the partial prevention of dental caries is the water supply. Results from recent investigations in India and Greece strongly suggest that the daily consumption of sea salt by the people of these countries may have been another major source of dietary fluoride. Sea salt was reported to contain 40 p.p.m. of fluoride1. The fluoride content of teeth from India and Greece was found to be considerably high although the level in the water supplies was negligible1,2. In addition, the prevalence of caries in the two countries has been reported to be low1,3.
Tolerance to self: which cells kill?

The mammalian immune system is tightly controlled to be activated by infectious agents but not by self. The ability to respond to the universe of potential antigens is mediated by a repertoire of T and B lymphocytes with an extraordinary range of specificities. The diversity of T and B lymphocyte antigen receptors is generated by completely random rearrangement of gene segments. Thus, this diverse repertoire must be purged of autoreactive specificities—a process known as negative selection. T cell tolerance is established in the thymus, an organ uniquely specialized to support the development of T cells and regulate their self-tolerance. In a recent paper published in PLoS Biology [1], Ahn and colleagues delve into a longstanding question about the process of negative selection: which cells in the thymus induce tolerance to self to prevent autoimmunity?
The primate promoter cortex fifty years after Fulton

Fifty years ago, F.M.R. Walshe launched his famous diatribe against J.F. Fulton and his thesis that a premotor area with specialized functions exists within the agranular frontal cortex of primates. Now there is general agreement that the agranular frontal cortex contains at least 3 cortical fields: the primary motor cortex, the supplementary motor cortex, and the premotor cortex. This paper summarizes some of the evidence that the premotor cortex plays a role in the preparation for limb movements and presents speculation concerning the aspects of motor preparation in which the premotor cortex might be involved.
Identification of ameba crystals. II. Triuret in two crystal forms.

Abstract The author has previously demonstrated that the birefringent plates formed in amebae are triuret (carbonyl diurea) and that the isotropic crystals from amebae, both plates and bipyramids, recrystallize from water as triuret. Physical separation and microanalysis of native crystal preparations and of the contaminants present in such preparations have shown that the chemical composition of the native isotropic crystals is the same as that of triuret. The native crystals form an equilibrium with a saturated triuret solution and do not dissolve. The two crystal types differ in infra-red absorption, apparently because of differences in the environment of vibrating groups caused by the different crystal lattices. The molecular configuration and the crystallography of this new nitrogen excertion product are discussed.
Ligand-mediated endocytosis and intracellular sequestration of guanylyl cyclase/natriuretic peptide receptors: role of GDAY motif

The guanylyl cyclase/natriuretic peptide receptor-A (GC-A/NPRA), also referred to as GC-A, is a single polypeptide molecule having a critical function in blood pressure regulation and cardiovascular homeostasis. GC-A/NPRA, which resides in the plasma membrane, consists of an extracellular ligand-binding domain, a single transmembrane domain, and an intracellular cytoplasmic region containing a protein kinase-like homology domain (KHD) and a guanylyl cyclase (GC) catalytic domain. After binding with atrial and brain natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP), GC-A/NPRA is internalized and sequestered into intracellular compartments. Therefore, GC-A/NPRA is a dynamic cellular macromolecule that traverses different subcellular compartments through its lifetime. This review describes the roles of short-signal sequences in the internalization, trafficking, and intracellular redistribution of GC-A/NPRA from cell surface to cell interior. Evidence indicates that, after internalization, the ligand-receptor complexes dissociate inside the cell and a population of GC-A/NPRA recycles back to the plasma membrane. Subsequently, the disassociated ligands are degraded in the lysosomes. However, a small percentage of the ligand escapes the lysosomal degradative pathway, and is released intact into culture medium. Using pharmacologic and molecular perturbants, emphasis has been placed on the cellular regulation and processing of ligand-bound GC-A/NPRA in terms of receptor trafficking and down-regulation in intact cells. The discussion is concluded by examining the functions of short-signal sequence motifs in the cellular life-cycle of GC-A/NPRA, including endocytosis, trafficking, metabolic processing, inactivation, and/or down-regulation in model cell systems.
Structure and diffusion of clusters on Ni surfaces

Abstract The optimal structure of Ni clusters on Ni(100) and Ni(111) and Pt clusters on Ni(100) are studied using the embedded atom method (EAM). Unlike Ni and Pt clusters on Pt(100) [1,2], the clusters always preferred relatively closed-packed islands over linear chains. The structure of Ni clusters on Ni(111) were generally similar to those of Ir on Ir(111) [3]. Significant variations in dissociation energy indicate that certain “magic number” cluster sizes are favored over others. The diffusion mechanisms of the small clusters were investigated to determine the optimal migration paths and corresponding migration energies. The energy barriers for small clusters of Ni on Ni(100) are comparable to monomers, in qualitative agreement with recent FIM experiments for Ptx/Pt(100) [4]. For Nix/Ni(111) migration energies generally increased with increasing cluster size, in qualitative agreement with experimental results for Ir clusters on Ir(111) [3].
Review Essays : Unfathomed Knowledge, Unmeasured Worth and Growth?

Commentaire sur « Unfathomed Knowledge, Unmeasured Wealth: On Universities and the Wealth of Nations » (1990) ou W.W.Bartley affirme l'incapacite des universites contemporaines a transmettre un savoir
Influence of estrogen receptor status on response of metastatic breast cancer to aminoglutethimide therapy.

A 38% objective response rate (cytosol receptor plus progesterone receptor) and a 20% stabilization rate in 50 metastatic breast carcinoma patients treated with aminoglutethimide (AG) were recently reported. This study attempted to expand the previously reported results and to learn if estrogen receptor (ER) test predicts response to AG therapy. Of 134 postmenopausal metastatic breast cancer patients treated with AG ER analysis was performed in 63. 52 are evaluated here. ER biopsy was procurred before AG therapy in 61 patients but the results remained blind for the investigators. ER value >10 fmol/mg of cytosol protein was considered ER positive 4-9.9 fmol was borderline and less than 4 fmol was ER negative. In 38 ER positive patients objective response rate was 50% (3 complete responses and 16 partials ) and 8 stabilizations occurred. Median duration of objective response was 15 months. 43% of the patients with borderline ER level responded objectively (3 partial responses) with median duration of response of 11 months. 14% of ER negative patients responded objectively (1 complete response). Therefore it is concluded that the ER level predicts response in ER+ and ER boderline patients treated with AG.
Gated Visual Input to the Central Auditory System

The central auditory system translates sound localization cues into a map of space guided, in part, by visual experience. In barn owls, this process takes place in the external nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICX). However, to date, no trace of visual activity has been observed in this auditory nucleus. Here we show that strong visual responses, which are appropriate to guide auditory plasticity, appear in the ICX when inhibition is blocked in the optic tectum. Thus, visual spatial information is gated into the auditory system by an inhibitory mechanism that operates at a higher level in the brain.
Factors Influencing Nonspecific Binding of Glucocorticoids in Myocardial Tissue

Myocardial slices from the left ventricle of cat hearts were incubated in Krebs-Henseleit buffer containing 10 mM glucose which were gassed with 95% O2 and 5% CO2. Tritiated dexamethasone (DEXA 0.171 MM) or methylprednisolone (MP 0.805 mM) was added under varying conditions of temperature, pH, and in the presence of various metabolic inhibitors. Glucocorticoid uptake by myocardial tissue was found to be temperature-dependent, plateauting after 60 min of incubation at 0.21 mumole of DEXA/g of tissue and 0.95 mumole of MP/g of tissue at 37 degrees. Steroid uptake was retarded about 50% at 0 degrees. Increasing the concentration of either steroid resulted in a linear increase in the uptake of that steroid. Incubation in the presence of metabolic or SH-inhibitors produced no significant changes in glucocorticoid uptake. Optimal glucocorticoid uptake occurred between pH 7.3-7.4. Thus, myocardial cells appear to be able to take up large quantities of glucocorticoids, but the uptake process does not appear to be energy-dependent.