cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alpha-D-galactosylation of surface fucoglycoconjugate(s) upon stimulation/activation of murine peritoneal macrophages.

Murine resident macrophages express, on their surface, carbohydrate epitopes which undergo changes during their stimulation/activation as monitored by binding of 125I labelled Evonymus europaea and Griffonia simplicifolia I-B4 lectins. Treatment of the stimulated macrophages with coffee bean alpha-galactosidase abolished binding of the GS I-B4 isolectin and changed the binding pattern of the Evonymus lectin. The affinity (Ka) of Evonymus lectin for alpha-galactosidase-treated macrophages decreased approximately 23-fold, from 1.25 x 10(8) M-1 to 5.5 x 10(6) M-1. Subsequent digestion of alpha-galactosidase-treated macrophages with alpha-L-fucosidase from Trichomonas foetus, further reduced binding of Evonymus lectin. Resident macrophages showed the same pattern of Evonymus lectin binding, with the same affinity, as alpha-galactosidase-treated, stimulated macrophages. These results, together with a consideration of the carbohydrate binding specificity of the Evonymus lectin which, in the absence of alpha-D-galactosyl groups, requires alpha-L-fucosyl groups for binding, indicate the presence, on resident macrophages, of glycoconjugates with terminal alpha-L-fucosyl residues. It is also concluded that during macrophage stimulation/activation alpha-D-galactosyl residues are added to this glycoconjugate and that they form part of the receptor for Evonymus lectin. The same glycoconjugate(s) is/are also expressed on the activated macrophage IC-21 cell line which exhibits the same characteristics as that of stimulated peritoneal macrophages, i.e., it contains alpha-D-galactosyl end groups and is resistant to the action of trypsin. Both lectins were also specifically bound to Corynaebacterium parvum activated macrophages.
Treatment of ankylosing spondylitis with flurbiprofen and indomethacin

SummaryIn a parallel, double-blind and randomized trial of 6-weeks' duration, flurbiprofen (150 mg to 200 mg daily) was compared with indomethacin (75 mg to 100 mg daily) in the management of 26 patients with active ankylosing spondylitis. None of the patients in either group withdrew from the study because of lack of efficacy of the drugs. Both drugs were equally effective in the relief of pain and tenderness of the affected joints. Overall subjective improvement, assessed by the patient and the investigator at the end of the trial, was present in 90% of the patients in the flurbiprofen group and in 75% of those in the indomethacin group. The mean values of all the spinal motion tests improved in the flurbiprofen group but not in the indomethacin group. Statistically significant improvement in the Schober test was achieved in the flurbiprofen group and in chest expansion in the indomethacin group. Characteristic untoward effects related to the central nervous system and gastro-intestinal tract were prese...
Spatially Resolved Surface Heat Transfer for Parallel Rib Turbulators With 45 Deg Orientations Including Test Surface Conduction Analysis

Spatially resolved Nusselt numbers, spatially-averaged Nusselt numbers, and friction factors are presented for a stationary channel with an aspect ratio of 4 and angled rib turbulators inclined at 45 deg with parallel orientations on two opposite surfaces. Results are given at different Reynolds numbers based on channel height from 9000 to 76,000. The ratio of rib height to hydraulic diameter is 0.078, the rib pitch-to-height ratio is 10, and the blockage provided by the ribs is 25 percent of the channel cross-sectional area. Nusselt numbers are determined with three-dimensional conduction considered within the acrylic test surface. Test surface conduction results in important variations of surface heat flux, which give decreased local Nusselt number ratios near corners, where each rib joins the flat part of the test surface, and along the central part of each rib top surface. However, even with test surface conduction included in the analysis, spatially-resolved local Nusselt numbers are highest on tops of the rib turbulators, with lower magnitudes on flat surfaces between the ribs, where regions of flow separation and shear layer re-attachment have pronounced influences on local surface heat transfer behavior
Ethical Issues Surrounding Limitation and Withdrawal of Support in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit

Death in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) is most frequently associated with limiting or withdrawal of life-sustaining medical treatment (LSMT). The transition from cure to care occurs in stages with all parties needing to consider several ethical issues. This article reviews these issues, including the concept of futility, disproportionate burden, assent, and best interest while taking the reader through the shift in emphasis from cure to care. Physicians may also be concerned with issues such as active and passive euthanasia, the “Baby Doe” regulations, and the question of prognostic certainty. Communication can be maximized to facilitate decisions regarding LSMT. If conflicts arise there should be an established mechanism for conflict resolution that may include involving an ethics committee or, rarely, the judicial system. Once the decision has been made to remove LSMT the emphasis becomes comfort care. Palliative care and bereavement specialists can provide an invaluable service. Many families will inquire about organ donation at the time limitation or withdrawal of LSMT. In order to increase organ availability trained counselors need to talk to families, and institutions are evaluating non-heart-beating donor policies. Autopsies should be discussed with the family in order to inform them of the potential benefits and address any concerns. Two special topics regarding withdrawal of LSMT are child abuse and brain death. In the case of abuse, the discussion of limiting or withdrawing LSMT can be complicated by two factors: the apparent conflict of interest of the accused or convicted parent retaining guardianship, and the possibility of the defense lawyer arguing that the removal of LSMT was the cause of death. When a child is brain dead careful attention must be paid to language, for example, that “machines” are stopped rather than “life support.”
An extracellular nuclease from suspension cultures of tobacco.

Abstract A sugar-unspecific nuclease (nucleate endonuclease, EC 3.1.4.9) is present in the medium after growth of cultured tobacco cells. Almost 90% of the hydrolytic activity for single-stranded DNA in a tobacco culture harvested after 11 days of growth is present in the extracellular medium, whereas fructosebisphosphate aldolase (EC 4.1.2.13), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49) and ornithine carbamoyltransferase (EC 2.1.3.3) are detected only in extracts of the cells. The purified nuclease hydrolyzes RNA, denatured DNA, native DNA and 3′-nucleotides. The pH optimum for hydrolysis of the different substrates ranges from 5.2 to 7.0. The products of degradation of DNA are oligonucleotides and 5′-mononucleotides. The enzyme does not require added divalent cation for activity, but is inhibited by EDTA. The extracellular nuclease has an apparent molecular weight of 35 000. Two forms of the enzyme are separable by gel electrophoresis and DEAE-Sephadex chromatography.
Large-diameter suction tubing significantly improves evacuation time of simulated vomitus

Current suction equipment is often inadequate at clearing the oropharynx. This study tested the hypothesis that evacuation times of simulated vomitus could be significantly improved by increasing suction tube and connection port diameters. Two standard suction systems and a new large-diameter suction system were tested. Mean evacuation times for 90 mL (an average mouthful) of three different vomitus-simulating substances--water, activated charcoal, and Progresso vegetable soup--were compared. All parameters other than suction tubing and attachment port diameters remained constant. The data were analyzed with analysis of variance and Fisher's protected least significant difference post hoc test. Use of large-diameter suction tubing significantly (P < .0001) improved evacuation time for each of the three substances. This improvement was most evident in the trials with activated charcoal and the vegetable soup, where there was a tenfold decrease in mean evacuation time. These results show that large-diameter 3/4-inch suction tubing connected to the 1-inch port is superior to the standard 1/4-inch tubing and connection ports currently used. The tenfold reduction in evacuation time of viscous and particulate materials may have important clinical implications in preventing or minimizing complications from aspiration.
Evaluating Grassmann Integrals

I discuss a simple numerical algorithm for direct evaluation of multiple Grassmann integrals. The approach is exact, suffers no fermion sign problems, and allows arbitrarily complicated interactions. Memory requirements grow exponentially with the interaction range and the transverse size of the system. Low dimensional systems with 1000 Grassmann variables can be evaluated on a workstation. The technique is illustrated with a spinless fermion hopping along a one dimensional chain. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
A CASE STUDY OF LEAD IN DRINKING WATER: PROTOCOL, METHODS, AND INVESTIGATIVE TECHNIQUES

A comprehensive study was performed to determine whether lead (Pb) in drinking water exceeded acceptable levels at a manufacturing and research site. Recent research indicates the possibility of abnormal adolescent development if the mother's blood lead levels exceed 15 µg lead per dL of whole blood. Using Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates of average consumption and ratios combating the amount of lead consumed to blood lead levels, a level of 10 µg/L of lead in water was determined to be acceptable. Water samples were collected from each type of water cooler and from faucets in every bathroom on site. Samples were collected that represented worst case exposures. Novel methods were used to identify the source of lead at those locations that exceeded the acceptable limit for lead. Control techniques are discussed. A laboratory study way performed to determine if lead could be prevented from leaching into drinking water from existing plumbing systems by treating the system with carbon dioxide gas.
A standard format for storage and exchange of natural and explosive-source seismic data: The ROSE format

The ROSE experiment (Ewing and Meyer, 1982) involved the participation of much of the U.S. marine seismic community. Prior to that experiment, wide consultation was made and much effort was expended in the intercomparison of instruments and in the establishment of a uniform, yet flexible, data exchange format. Results of the instrument intercomparison were reported earlier in this journal (Sutton et al., 1981) and the data exchange format is described in detail here. The participating institutions have provided their data to a central exchange facility at the University of Hawaii where the data are catalogued and distributed. We hope that the use of this format for the exchange of data from other experiments will reduce the time we spend on work of a housekeeping nature, time which is irretrievably lost to the pursuit of our scientific goals.
NONUNIFORM PROCESSES OF CHROMOSOME EVOLUTION IN SEDGES (CAREX: CYPERACEAE)

Holocentric chromosomes—chromosomes that lack localized centromeres—occur in numerous unrelated clades of insects, flatworms, and angiosperms. Chromosome number changes in such organisms often result from fission and fusion events rather than polyploidy. In this study, I test the hypothesis that chromosome number evolves according to a uniform process in Carex section Ovales (Cyperaceae), the largest New World section of an angiosperm genus renowned for its chromosomal variability and species richness. I evaluate alternative models of chromosome evolution that allow for shifts in both stochastic and deterministic evolutionary processes and that quantify the rate of evolution and heritability/phylogenetic dependence of chromosome number. Estimates of Ornstein–Uhlenbeck model parameters and tree-scaling parameters in a generalized least squares framework demonstrate that (1) chromosome numbers evolve rapidly toward clade-specific stationary distributions that cannot be explained by constant variance (Brownian motion) evolutionary models, (2) chromosome evolution in the section is rapid and exhibits little phylogenetic inertia, and (3) explaining the phylogenetic pattern of chromosome numbers in the section entails inferring a shift in evolutionary dynamics at the root of a derived clade. The finding that chromosome evolution is not a uniform process in sedges provides a novel example of karyotypic orthoselection in an organism with holocentric chromosomes.
Effects of copper, nickel and zinc on the life cycle of the caddisfly Clistoronia magnifica (limnephilidae)

The caddisfly Clistoronia magnifica (Banks) (Limnephilidae) was exposed to copper, nickel and zinc in life cycle tests. The copper test included continuous exposure of first-generation aquatic larvae and pupae, second-generation larvae and pupae and third-generation larvae. The aerial adults and eggs were exposed only to body burdens obtained as larvae and pupae. Nickel and zinc tests included first and second-generation exposure. Copper concentrations of ≥17 μg/L prevented completion of the life cycle, and significant reduction in adult emergence occurred at 13.0 μg/L. The no-observed-effect level for copper was 8.3 μg/L. Nickel concentrations of ≥250 μg/L prevented completion of the life cycle. The no-observed-effect level for nickel was 66 μg/L. At the highest zinc concentration (5,243 μg/L), no effects were observed on any of the life stages.
INCREASED CHOLESTEROL SULFATE IN PLASMA AND RED BLOOD CELL MEMBRANES OF STEROID SULFATASE DEFICIENT PATIENTS

Steroid sulfatase deficiency is an inborn error of metabolism characterized during fetal life by decreased estriol production and postnatally by x-=linked ichthyosis. No consistent substrate abnormalities have been found beyond the perinatal period. Utilizing gas chromatography, we found that the cholesterol sulfate concentration was less than 350 micrograms/100 ml plasma in 9 normal adults, 2 subjects with ichthyosis vulgaris and 2 subjects with lamellar ichthyosis. Control red cell membranes had less than 300 micrograms/100 ml erythrocytes. Eight subjects (age 3 months-74 years) with steroid sulfatase deficiency had strikingly elevated cholesterol sulfate levels with means and ranges as follows: plasma - 3,300 micrograms/100 ml (2,700-4,000), red cell membranes- 7,500 (5,200-9,800) Cholesterol sulfate is known to effect membrane stability and the present observations may help to explain the pathogenesis of STS deficiency and x-linked ichthyosis.
Imaging of Echinoderm Fertilization

Eggs from echinoderms (sea urchin, starfish, and sand dollars) have been an excellent subject for cell biology for more than 100 years. Among the many discoveries that have been made with echinoderm eggs are the first studies of the centrosome (Boveri, 1902 ; also see Baltzer, 1967 ), the Ca requirement for healing plasma membrane wounds (Chambers, 1917 ) with the subsequent hypothesis of a central role of Ca in cell physiology (summarized by Heilbrunn, 1958 ), relationships of the mitotic apparatus and cytokinetic furrow (Rappaport, 1986 ), and the first identification of cyclins (Evans et al., 1983 ). Why have echinoderm eggs been so productive experimentally? There are probably several reasons. Marine eggs are autonomous and develop normally in sea water, an easily reproduced environment. Echinoderm fertilization is reliable and sets into motion many fundamental cell biological processes. The eggs are relatively clear, so that changes in organization deep in the cytoplasm can be viewed by light microscopy. For biochemical studies, the eggs can be obtained as a homogeneous population in large quantities. With the resurgence of light microscopy in the last 20 years or so, new tools, techniques, and reagents have become available to make new discoveries and to see more clearly what was known or previously only deduced. These movies show several views of fertilization of sea urchin (Lytechinus variegatus and Lytechinus pictus) and starfish (Asterina miniata) eggs.
Optimization of measurement of 63Ni in reactor waste samples using 65Ni as a tracer

Abstract Consistent, clean, and high chemical recovery is important for 63 Ni analysis of low-level radioactive waste samples from nuclear power reactors. These samples generally contain numerous radionuclides in high concentrations which can interfere with nickel measurements. Chemical recovery of approx. 90% can be achieved consistently using an optimized procedure. The use of 65 Ni as a chemical tracer was incorporated into such a procedure to provide sample-specific chemical recovery. eliminating error associated with using the average recovery value of several standards. Methods were also used to correct the contaminants of 55 Fe, 58 Co, and 60 Co should they be present in separated fractions for measurement of 63 Ni activity.
Can Personality-Type Instruments Profile Majors in Management Programs?

Abstract Recent investigations suggest that when the personality style of a person parallels the nature of a career, productivity is high, contributions are stronger, and satisfaction is apparent. In this study, 75 subjects from the master's of accountancy, master's of business administration, and master's of public administration programs at Brigham Young University completed the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), the Strong Interest Inventory (SII), the Herrmann Brain Dominance Instrument (HBDI), and the Learning Styles Inventory (LSI). The results were statistically analyzed to determine if they had any predictive power in identifying characteristics unique to any or all of the students. No subscales of the LSI or MBTI discriminated among the majors. All of the HBDI subscales and three of the six Holland subscales of the SII differentiated among the majors at the .05 level of confidence. The HBDI has value as a predictor of major selections by graduate students; that information may assist students in...
Performance of nonparametric maximum likelihood estimator in a

When the probability of selecting an individual in a population is propor­tional to its lifelength, it is called length biased sampling. A nonparametric maximum likelihood estimator (NPMLE) of survival in a length biased sam­ple is given in Vardi (1982). In this study, we examine the performance of Vardi's NPMLE in estimating the true survival curve when observations are from a length biased sample. We also compute estimators based on a linear combination (LCE) of empirical distribution function (EDF) estimators and weighted estimators. In our simulations, we consider observations from a mix­ture of two different distributions, one from F and the other from G which is a length biased distribution of F. Through a series of simulations with vari­ous proportions of length biasing in a sample, we show that the NPMLE and the LCE closely approximate the true survival curve. Throughout the sur­vival curve, the EDF estimators overestimate the survival. We also consider a case where the observations are from three...
sibling typology: beyond Nerlove and Romney1

Nerlove and Romney (1967), using assumptions about conjunctivity and markedness, identified a set of necessary conditions which any existent terminological arrangement of true siblings must fulfill. The present paper generalizes and extends their assumptions, explores the psychological bases of these assumptions, and investigates the degree to which these revised assumptions represent a set of conditions such that (given enough cases) any terminological arrangement that meets them should be expected to occur in some natural system.
An equilibrating carbene-bridgehead alkene pair

Abstract Development of a new source of alkylcarbenes allows the direct formation of homocuban-9-ylidene. Deuteriomethanol traps not only the carbene, but the product of its rearrangement, the bridgehead alkene homocub-1(9)-ene. Together with the earlier observation that the bridgehead alkene rearranged to the carbene this demonstrates the first example of an equilibrating carbene-bridgehead alkene pair.
Light scattering by radially inhomogeneous fuel droplets in a high-temperature environment

Light scattering by radially inhomogeneous fuel droplets has been calculated using both geometrical optics (GO) and the exact separation of variables (SV) solutions. The refractive index profiles of the fuel droplets were those calculated by Kneer et al. The GO and SV solutions agree very well in the forward direction (for scattering angles between 30 and 60 degrees), and less well in the backward direction (for scattering angles between 140 and 170 degrees). Both amplitudes and phases of the scattered light are compared. The agreement in the backward direction is much better for 40 micrometers diameter droplets than for 20 micrometers diameter droplets.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Slow Search: Improving Information Retrieval Using Human Assistance

We live in a world where the pace of everything from communication to transportation is getting faster. In recent years a number of "slow movements" have emerged that advocate for reducing speed in exchange for increasing quality, including the slow food movement, slow parenting, slow travel, and even slow science. We propose the concept of "slow search," where search engines use additional time to provide a higher quality search experience than is possible given conventional time constraints. While additional time can be used to identify relevant results within the existing search engine framework, it can also be used to create new search artifacts and enable previously unimaginable user experiences. This talk will focus on how search engines can make use of additional time to employ a resource that is inherently slow: other people. Using crowdsourcing and friendsourcing, it will highlight opportunities for search systems to support new search experiences with high quality result content that takes time to identify.
Release of genetically engineered insects: a framework to identify potential ecological effects

Genetically engineered (GE) insects have the potential to radically change pest management worldwide. With recent approvals of GE insect releases, there is a need for a synthesized framework to evaluate their potential ecological and evolutionary effects. The effects may occur in two phases: a transitory phase when the focal population changes in density, and a steady state phase when it reaches a new, constant density. We review potential effects of a rapid change in insect density related to population outbreaks, biological control, invasive species, and other GE organisms to identify a comprehensive list of potential ecological and evolutionary effects of GE insect releases. We apply this framework to the Anopheles gambiae mosquito – a malaria vector being engineered to suppress the wild mosquito population – to identify effects that may occur during the transitory and steady state phases after release. Our methodology reveals many potential effects in each phase, perhaps most notably those dealing with immunity in the transitory phase, and with pathogen and vector evolution in the steady state phase. Importantly, this framework identifies knowledge gaps in mosquito ecology. Identifying effects in the transitory and steady state phases allows more rigorous identification of the potential ecological effects of GE insect release.
Silicon device processing in H-ambients: H-diffusion mechanisms and influence on electronic properties

Hydrogen is an electronically active impurity in Si with some unique properties—it can passivate other impurities and defects, both-at the interface and in the bulk. Controlled introduction of H can lower interface state density, and thereby improve Schottky and MOS devices, and can reduce bulk recombination to increase minority-carrier-controlled device performance. However, excess H can also in troduce defects that can be detrimental to the device properties. Although H is typically introduced by exposing the device to a fluc of atomic species, a suitable device configuration can be passivated by thermal treatment in forming gas. This paper addresses some basic issues of deviee processing in H ambient to improve device performance.
Coulomb distortion and nuclear stiffness in superheavy-ion reactions

Abstract It is shown that since the amount of Coulomb distortion in superheavy-ion reactions is very sensitive to the nuclear stiffness, a simple liquid-drop model is inappropriate in studying Coulomb distortion.
Identification of budding yeast using a fiber-optic imaging bundle

A successful imaging system has been designed and built for yeast pedigree analysis. The system uses a fiber-optic imaging bundle to recognize single yeast cells. Image processing software has been developed to accurately classify the cells as either budding or not budding a daughter cell. This system is intended to replace the body of a microscope for the detection of budding in a microfluidic system.
Mechanisms of chloride uptake in frog olfactory receptor neurons.

Odorant stimulation of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) leads to the activation of a Ca2+ permeable cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channel followed by opening of an excitatory Ca2+-activated Cl− channel, which carries about 70% of the odorant-induced receptor current. This requires ORNs to have a [Cl−]i above the electrochemical equilibrium to render this anionic current excitatory. In mammalian ORNs, the Na+-K+-2Cl− co-transporter 1 (NKCC1) has been characterized as the principal mechanism by which these neurons actively accumulate Cl−. To determine if NKCC activity is needed in amphibian olfactory transduction, and to characterize its cellular location, we used the suction pipette technique to record from Rana pipiens ORNs. Application of bumetanide, an NKCC blocker, produced a 50% decrease of the odorant-induced current. Similar effects were observed when [Cl−]i was decreased by bathing ORNs in low Cl− solution. Both manipulations reduced only the Cl− component of the current. Application of bumetanide only to the ORN cell body and not to the cilia decreased the current by again about 50%. The results show that NKCC is required for amphibian olfactory transduction, and suggest that the co-transporter is located basolaterally at the cell body although its presence at the cilia could not be discarded.
Theoretical Framework for Corporate Disclosure Research

This paper discusses the theoretical frameworks for a corporate disclosure research. It then compares and contrasts views of what constitutes a theory. There was no single view of theory; there were differences in approaches and interpretations. The conception of a theory and its relationship with research is discussed as theory and research had a circular relationship building on each other. Quantitative and qualitative methods of research and their contribution to theory are assessed. Both were found to contribute to theory building, theory testing, substantiating, or refuting their propositions. Although, positive accounting theory has grown as one of the most significant accounting research program, the broad theories of accounting includes normative theory as well. The review of the literature revealed that there were a number of theories associated with corporate accounting and disclosure, amongst them were agency theory, signaling theory, the accountability theory, legitimacy theory, contingency theory, stakeholder theory, and resource dependency theory.
The Competitive Characteristics of US Firms in the Industrial Design Sector: Empirical Evidence from a National Survey

Abstract This paper examines the technological and business characteristics of US companies in the industrial design sector. Evidence from a survey of 85 design consultancies suggests that this sector has become increasingly export-active, technologically innovative and research-oriented. The vast majority of design firms are small-to-medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) that employ fewer than 20 workers. These firms supply critical innovation inputs to their clients. Potential benefits to users include reduced defect rates for new products, optimized ergonomics, aesthetic superiority, ease of manufacture and improved product performance. However, at least two problems can be anticipated for this sector over the next few years. First, domestic service vendors may soon experience significant foreign competition. Second, the de-industrialization of the US manufacturing base suggests that foreign export markets will eventually become important to the survival of US design firms. Our data suggest that export-orien...
Regional distributions of nitrogen‐fixing bacteria in the Pacific Ocean

We evaluated the regional distributions of six nitrogen (N2)-fixing bacteria in the North Pacific Ocean using quantitative polymerase chain reaction amplification of planktonic nifH genes. Samples were collected on four oceanographic research cruises between March 2002 and May 2005 that spanned a latitudinal range from 12uS and 54uN between 152uW and 170uW. Samples were collected throughout the upper ocean (,200 m) in the northern regions of the South Pacific Subtropical Gyre (SPSG), equatorial waters, the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre (NPSG), the North Pacific Transitional Zone (NPTZ), and within the Pacific Sub Arctic Gyre (PSAG). There were distinct spatial gradients in concentrations of nutrients, chlorophyll, and the abundances of N2-fixing bacteria within the various oceanic biomes. In general, nifH-containing bacteria were most abundant in the midregions of the NPSG (latitudes between ,14uN and 29uN), where unicellular cyanobacterial phylotypes dominated nifH gene abundances. The abundances of all nifH-containing groups declined within the northern and southern regions of NPSG. Although nifH-containing groups were detectable in the northern regions of the SPSG, throughout the equatorial waters, and within the NPTZ, gene copy abundances of most groups were lower in these regions than those found the in the NPSG. In the NPSG, surface water abundances of the various nifH phylotypes examined ranged from ,50 copies L 21 to ,10 5 nifH copies L 21 . Overall, the abundances of an uncultivated, presumed unicellular nifH sequence-type (termed Group A) were the most abundant and widely distributed of the phylotypes examined. Our results indicate that the distributions of N2-fixing plankton were largely restricted to the subtropical regions of the North and South Pacific Oceans.
Performance of an air-cooled heat sink with microscale dimples under transitional flow conditions

The objective of this effort is to pur sue artificial microscale surface roughness features in the form of dimples, on the fins of an air cooled heat sink, as a passive option to energy-efficiently augment heat transfer in forced convection flows. High fidelity numerical simulations were employed for realizing an optimized dimple configuration and to comprehend the behavior of micro-sized dimples under high velocity (∼17 m/s) transitional flow conditions. Fully developed flow simulations were performed, and design of experiments with response surface methodology was employed for the numerical optimization. The results showed up to 30% heat transfer improvement in the fully developed region compared to a smooth finned channel. Experiments were also carried out to assess the performance of the aforementioned optimized configuration in a custom built setup in the laboratory, which showed up to 10.5% heat transfer improvement over a corresponding smooth-walled channel. The results showed that application-specific optimization of dimples is crucial. With further exploration of shape and design parameters, dimples might have the potential to improve thermal performance passively and form an attractive candidate to realize high-performance air-cooled heat sinks in the future.
Technical Refinements to the Minithyrotomy Procedure

Summary Objectives/Hypothesis Although the minithyrotomy (MT) procedure was introduced in 1999, it has not been widely used for voice restoration. Its limited dissemination is due in part to lack of appropriate implants and in part due to technical challenges. The 2011 introduction of the composite thyroid ala perichondrium flap (CTAP) into a vocal fold through an MT was designed to supply an appropriate implanted tissue. However, technical difficulties persisted. Noted impediments have included limited surgical access, potential CTAP pedicle constriction during healing, lack of specialized surgical instrumentation, and potential retraction or extrusion of CTAPs. This study was performed to address these technical challenges with or without the use of CTAP reconstruction. Study Design Experimental. Cadaveric and in vivo canine model. Methods Experimentation on canine cadaveric larynges yielded MT and CTAP alterations, instrument creation, and implant affixation procedures. These refinements were applied in vivo using canine subjects. Two weeks post-CTAP repair, subjects were humanely euthanized, followed by laryngeal harvest and histologic analysis of the vocal folds. Results Refinements to CTAP modification, MT, instrumentation, and CTAP affixation are successful in vivo , just as in preliminary cadaveric trials. Conclusions The proposed refinements were designed to improve the outcomes achieved via a CTAP specifically but have utility for any MT approach. Continued improvements to specialized instrumentation are necessary. Enhanced affixation of a CTAP, with improved accuracy and easier deployment are also essential. Further refinements should allow more reliable implementation of the MT by a growing number of laryngeal surgeons.
Relative reinforcing value of exercise in inpatients with anorexia nervosa: model development and pilot data.

Objective: This study sought to quantify, among patients hospitalized for the treatment of anorexia nervosa (AN), the reinforcing value of exercise, defined as the amount of work a patient would expend for the opportunity to exercise. Method: Sixteen inpatients with AN performed a computerized progressive ratio (PR) task for the opportunity to exercise for either 15 or 30 min, or a monetary voucher. Exercise “breakpoint” was calculated and compared with clinical measures. Results: Patients performed an average of 1134.4 (±751.2) button presses for exercise. Exercise breakpoint was significantly correlated with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI; r = .728, p = .001), and there was a trend toward a correlation with the Commitment to Exercise Scale (CES; Davis, 1993; r = .490, p = .054). Conclusion: Results support the feasibility and potential utility of this novel application of the PR task to quantify the reinforcing value of exercise in AN. The association between exercise and depression is consistent with some prior studies in AN. The trend toward an association with CES scores suggests that breakpoint captures an aspect of the motivation for exercise in this population. © 2007 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2007
Relationship of interleukin-6 with semen characteristics and oxidative stress in vasectomy reversal patients

This prospective study was performed to evaluate the relationship between interleukin-6 (IL-6), oxidative stress and sperm function following vasectomy reversal. We included 22 patients who underwent vasectomy reversal and 15 healthy sperm donors (controls) with normal sperm morphology criteria. Levels of IL-6 in the semen were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and total antioxidant capacity were measured by the chemiluminescence assay. The mean sperm concentration in the vasectomy reversal group was significantly lower than control group (45.3 +/- 39.1 versus 63.1 +/- 28.5; P = 0.02). Motility was also significantly lower in the vasectomy reversal group (32.1 +/- 19.9 versus 54.6 +/- 18.9; P = 001). Levels of IL-6 were significantly higher in the vasectomy reversal group (2.09 +/- 0.87 versus 0.99 +/- 0.97; P = 0.007) as were mean ROS levels (2.25 +/- 0.97 versus 1.2 +/- 0.7; P = 0.009). Significant positive correlation was observed between the IL-6 and ROS levels in vasectomy reversal patients compared with donors (r = 0.41, P = 0.05 versus r = 0.38, P = 0.15). We conclude that patients who undergo vasectomy reversal have elevated levels of IL-6 and ROS, which may contribute to decreased sperm motility and concentration and possibly lead to sub-fertility.
Surface complex structures modelled with quantum chemical calculations: carbonate, phosphate, sulphate, arsenate and arsenite

Summary Hybrid molecular orbital/density functional theory (MO/DFT) calculations on molecular clusters were used to model infrared (IR) vibrational frequencies and interatomic distances obtained via extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. Molecular clusters were found to provide good agreement with experimental observations for the oxyanions carbonate, phosphate, sulphate, arsenate and arsenite. The results show a consistent tendency to form bidentate bridging surface complexes at low pH, but the protonation and hydration states play a significant role in the results obtained from calculation as various protonation states of monodentate surface complexes are also predicted to be stable as pH increases (i.e. the number of H þ ions in the model are decreased). A method for estimating the Gibbs free energy of adsorption (DGads) is discussed to complement the comparisons of experimental and theoretical spectroscopic parameters. Calculated DGads values were consistent with the interpretations based on modelling observed spectra.
Photoreactive Stapled BH3 Peptides to Dissect the BCL-2 Family Interactome

Defining protein interactions forms the basis for discovery of biological pathways, disease mechanisms, and opportunities for therapeutic intervention. To harness the robust binding affinity and selectivity of structured peptides for interactome discovery, we engineered photoreactive stapled BH3 peptide helices that covalently capture their physiologic BCL-2 family targets. The crosslinking α helices covalently trap both static and dynamic protein interactors, and enable rapid identification of interaction sites, providing a critical link between interactome discovery and targeted drug design.
Giggle Water on the Mighty Niagara: Rum-Runners, Homebrewers, Redistillers, and the Changing Social Fabric of Drinking Culture during Alcohol Prohibition in Buffalo, N.Y., 1920-1933

During the nighttime hours of Monday, April 6, 1925, the Arcadia vanished without a trace from its location along the Niagara River. The crew had allegedly stocked the ship full of illegal ale. As a result U.S. officials blocked the passage of Arcadia into the country. The U.S. Coast Guard observed the boat heading toward U.S. shores from the city of Fort Erie, Ontario, on Saturday, April 4 at 3 p.m. A standstill ensued when the U.S. Coast Guard set up a blockade to force the boat to drop anchor. During the evening of the sixth a thick fog set in over the Niagara River. The Arcadia dimmed its lights and escaped to an undisclosed location. Two U.S. Coast Guard ships, commanded by Captain John J. Daly, followed the Arcadia downstream. With his own ship among the fastest of the U.S. Coast Guard Captain Daly assured the Buffalo populace that he would catch the missing ship. Captain Daly continued trailing the rum-runners to prevent them from reaching U.S. soil but he described his pursuit as an ongoing game of “cat and mouse.”
Modified scoring, traditional item analysis and Sato's caution index used to investigate the reading recall protocol

The written recall protocol is increasingly being used in second language reading research as a measure of comprehension. Although the recall protocol is an essay-like instrument, the total score derived is based entirely on summing the discrete propositions correctly recalled. Consequently, item and reliability analyses comparable to those run on multiple-choice tests can and should be performed on recall protocols and on other integrative measures. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate how modified scoring, item and internal consistency analyses, along with Sato's caution indices, can be used to evaluate the quality of the recall protocol as a reading comprehen sion measure. Issues concerning the assumptions underlying classical local independence are discussed with regard to the reading recall protocol and other integrative measures. Results indicate that the procedures can be applied and can yield interpretable results. These results need to be replicated using other texts and other weighting sy...
Drought effects on above- and belowground production of a grazed temperate grassland ecosystem

The effect of climatic variation on terrestrial aboveground productivity (ANPP) has been well studied. However, little is known about how variable climate, including drought, may influence belowground productivity (BNPP), which constitutes most of the annual primary production of grasslands. The objectives of this study were to (1) examine how a 3-year period of declining moisture, which began as climatically wet to average across Yellowstone National Park (YNP) and ended in drought, affected ANPP and BNPP in grasslands of YNP and (2) how herds of grazing ungulates, which were shown previously to stimulate grassland shoot and root growth in YNP, may have interacted with climatic conditions to influence grassland production. ANPP and 0–20 cm BNPP, representing the bulk of the root dynamics, were measured in grazed and ungrazed (fenced) grassland at nine sites ranging widely in elevation, soil conditions and plant production during the 3-year study. Results revealed that 0–20 cm BNPP was strongly influenced by drought (P = 0.0005) and declined from 1999 to 2001 among ungrazed and grazed grasslands by 39 and 49%, respectively. The greater reduction in 0–20 cm BNPP among grazed grasslands was due, in part, to a decline (P = 0.07) in the stimulatory effect of grazing, i.e., the ratio g BNPP stimulated: g shoot consumed. In contrast, ANPP was unaffected by drought in either type of grassland. Thus, the effect of this drought in YNP was a large reduction in BNPP, which was a function of (1) a direct negative influence of increased moisture stress on root growth and (2) a weak interaction between drought and herbivory that led to a decline in the positive feedback from grazers to BNPP. These findings highlight the need to better understand factors that control root growth and to study the effects of climatic variation on grasslands within an ecosystem framework to include potentially important climate–consumer interactions.
Loneliness within a nomological net: An evolutionary perspective

Loneliness is characterized by feelings of social pain and isolation and has both heritable and unshared environmental underpinnings. An evolutionary theory of loneliness is outlined, and four studies replicate and extend prior research on the characteristics of lonely individuals. Studies 1 and 2 indicate that loneliness and depressed aVect are related but separable constructs. Study 3 conWrms that lonely, relative to nonlonely, young adults are higher in anxiety, anger, negative mood, and fear of negative evaluation, and lower in optimism, social skills, social support, positive mood, surgency, emotional stability, conscientiousness, agreeableness, shyness, and sociability. The set of six personality factors associated with loneliness (surgency, emotional stability, agreeableness, conscientiousness, shyness, and sociability) do not explain the associations between loneliness and negative mood, anxiety, anger, optimism (pessimism), self-esteem, and social support, as each association remained statistically signiWcant even after statistically controlling for these personality factors. Study 4 used hypnosis to experimentally manipulate loneliness to determine whether there were associated
HMGB1: A Promising Therapeutic Target for Prostate Cancer

High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) was originally discovered as a chromatin-binding protein several decades ago. It is now increasingly evident that HMGB1 plays a major role in several disease conditions such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, arthritis, sepsis, and cancer. It is intriguing how deregulation of HMGB1 can result in a myriad of disease conditions. Interestingly, HMGB1 is involved in cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis during cancer progression. Furthermore, HMGB1 has been demonstrated to exert intracellular and extracellular functions, activating key oncogenic signaling pathways. This paper focuses on the role of HMGB1 in prostate cancer development and highlights the potential of HMGB1 to serve as a key target for prostate cancer treatment.
Light-based information systems for the businessman

The rapid advances in light-based information transfer have left many awed, both engineers and end users. Articles and books for the former are highly technical, while information for the latter discusses the results without an explanation of the principles. This paper seeks to bridge that gap.Examined first is the conceptual difference between the two primary transfer methods --- copper coaxial cable and fiber optic cable. Next, attenuation and noise are discussed as the primary factors encouraging the development of glass fibers. The following section uses this information to look at a few example systems (like Bell's transatlantic underwater system) and the benefits derived from the installation of fiber optic cable.The LED transmitter is examined, and particularly the special LED: the laser. The development and structure of injection lasers are described, from the simple diffused-junction lasers (like GaAs-GaAs lasers), to the complex double-heterojunction lasers (like AlGaAs-GaAs lasers). Examples are considered to see benefits brought by lasers.With the terms set, the paper delves into the technical specifications which might confront a decision maker, and concludes by listing the potential benefits and drawbacks of a light-based communication system.
Epigenetic sensorimotor pathways and its application to developmental object learning

A pathway in the central nervous system (CNS) is a path through which nervous signals are processed in an orderly fashion. A sensorimotor pathway starts from a sensory input and ends at a motor output, although almost all pathways are not simply unidirectional. In this paper, we introduce a simple, biologically inspired, unified computational model - Multi-layer In-place Learning Network (MILN), with a design goal to develop a recurrent network, as a function of sensorimotor signals, for open-ended learning of multiple sensorimotor tasks. The biologically motivated MILN provides automatic feature derivation and pathway refinement from the temporally real-time inputs. The work presented here is applied in the challenging application field of developing reactive behaviors from a video camera and a (noisy) radar range sensor for a vehicle-based robot in open, natural driving environments. An internal model of the agentpsilas experience of the environments is created and refined from the ground-up using a cell-centered model, based on the genomic equivalence principle. The outputs can be imposed by a teacher, at the same time as the learning is active. At any time instant, sensory information from the radar allows the system to focus its visual analysis on relatively small areas within the image plane (attention selection), in a computationally efficient way, suitable for real-time training. This system was trained with data from 10 different city and highway road environments, and cross validation shows that MILN was able to correctly recognize above 95% of the radar-extracted images from the multiple environments. The in-place learning mechanism compares with other learning algorithms favorably, as results of a comparison indicate that in-place learning is the only one to fit all the specified criteria of development of a general-purpose sensorimotor pathway.