cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Action of the Peroneus Longus Tendon on the First Metatarsal Against Metatarsus Primus Varus Force

A medially directed force was applied to the first metatarsal in 10 cadaver feet. The peroneus longus tendon was subjected to a pull of 5 pounds. The soft tissues between the first and second metatarsals were cut sequentially, starting with the skin on the dorsal and plantar aspect, followed by the intermetatarsal ligament and adductor hallucis tendon, and, finally, the peroneus longus tendon at its distal insertion. Dorsoplantar radiographs while weightbearing were taken after each sectioning. A statistically significant varus displacement of the first metatarsal was observed only after transection of the peroneus longus tendon. It was concluded that the peroneus longus tendon is a strong retaining mechanism of the first metatarsal.
Referee consensus: a platform technology for nonlinear optimization

Electrical current flow within populations of neurons is a fundamental constituent of brain function. The resulting fluctuating magnetic fields may be sampled noninvasively with an array of magnetic field detectors positioned outside the head. This is magnetoencephalography (MEG). Each source may be characterized by 5-6 parameters, the xyz location and the xyz direction. The magnetic field measurements are nonlinear in the location parameters; hence the source location is identifiable only via search of the brain volume. When there is one or a very few sources, this may be practical; solutions for the general problem have poor resolution and are readily defeated.Referee consensus is a novel cost function which enables identification of a source at one location at a time regardless of the number and location of other sources. This "independence" enables solution of the general problem and insures suitability to grid computing. The computation scales linearly with the number of nonlinear parameters. Since the method is not readily disrupted by noise or the presence of multiple unknown source, it is applicable to single trial data.MEG recordings were obtained from 26 volunteers while they performed a cognitive task The single trial recordings were processed on the Open Science Grid (≈300 CPU hours/sec of data) On average 500+ active sources were found throughout. Statistical analyses demonstrated 1-2 mm resolving power and high confidence findings (p
Effizientes Engpassmanagement zur Schaffung eines europäischen Strombinnenmarktes — die Rolle von finanziellen Übertragungsrechten

Dieser Artikel entwickelt ein Analyseschema fur die Bewertung verschiedener Ausgestaltungsmoglichkeiten von grenzuberschreitenden Engpassmanagementsystemen. Zunachst wird eine methodische Unterteilung in kurzfristiges und langfristiges Engpassmanagement vorgestellt. Dieser folgt die Entwicklung von Kriterien zur Bewertung der unterschiedlichen Verfahren. Zentrale Motivation ist hierbei, dass neben der geographischen Arbitrage auch die zeitliche Arbitrage zwischen Termin- und Spotmarkt grenzuberschreitend funktionieren muss. Ein besonderer Schwerpunkt liegt im Folgenden auf der Analyse langfristiger finanzieller Ubertragungsrechte. Die Ergebnisse werden im Anschluss zusammengefuhrt und zur Systematisierung von unterschiedlichen Marktdesigns genutzt. Abschliesend folgt eine normative Betrachtung, in der das optimale Marktdesign in Abhangigkeit von der Reife des Strommarktes dargestellt wird.
Accumulation and depletion in InAs epilayers

Thin heteroepitaxial layers of In/sub 0.8/Al/sub 0.2/As grown on InAs surfaces by molecular beam epitaxy can reduce the density of surface states which pin the Fermi level and cause surface accumulation. Biased capacitance-voltage and gated Hall measurements indicate that InAs surfaces can be driven through the flat-band into depletion with the density of surface states reduced to /spl sim/1.5/spl times/10/sup 12/ cm/sup -2/ eV/sup -1/ below the Fermi level.
The Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary transition in the Antarctic Ocean and its global implications

Abstract Three Antarctic Ocean K/T boundary sequences from ODP Site 738C on the Kerguelen Plateau, ODP Site, 752B on Broken Ridge and ODP Site 690C on Maud Rise, Weddell Sea, have been analyzed for stratigraphic completeness and faunal turnover based on quantitative planktic foraminiferal studies. Results show that Site 738C, which has a laminated clay layer spanning the K/T boundary, is biostratigraphically complete with the earliest Tertiary Zones P0 and P1a present, but with short intrazonal hiatuses. Site 752B may be biostratigraphically complete and Site 690C has a hiatus at the K/T boundary with Zones P0 and P1a missing. Latest Cretaceous to earliest Tertiary planktic foraminiferal faunas from the Antarctic Ocean are cosmopolitan and similar to coeval faunas dominating in low, middle and northern high latitudes, although a few endemic species are present. This allows application of the current low and middle latitude zonation to Antarctic K/T boundary sequences. The most abundant endemic species is Chiloguembelina waiparaensis , which was believed to have evolved in the early Tertiary, but which apparently evolved as early as Chron 30N at Site 738C. Since this species is only rare in sediments of Site 690C in the Weddell Sea, this suggests that a watermass oceanographic barrier may have existed between the Indian and Atlantic Antarctic Oceans. The cosmopolitan nature of the dominant fauna began during the last 200,000 to 300,000 years of the Cretaceous and continued at least 300,000 years into the Tertiary. This indicates a long-term environmental crisis that led to gradual elimination of specialized forms and takeover by generalists tolerant of wide ranging temperature, oxygen, salinity and nutrient conditions. A few thousand years before the K/T boundary these generalists gradually declined in abundance and species became generally dwarfed due to increased environmental stress. There is no evidence of a sudden mass killing of the Cretaceous fauna associated with a bolide impact at the K/T boundary. Instead, the already declining Cretaceous taxa gradually disappear in the early Danian and the opportunistic survivor taxa ( Ch. waiparaensis and Guembelitria cretacea ) increase in relative abundance coincident with the evolution of the first new Tertiary species.
Effects of Adjacent Ground Treatment on Site Seismic Response

The effect of adjacent soil improvement on ground motion is studied using finite element method, when seismic wave is introduced from the single layer on bedrock. The influence of ground motion on soil reinforcement is analyzed; the impacts of the reinforcement zone width, depth, elastic modulus, and the soil improvement interval on response of the ground motion are also investigated. Study shows: for the same site, when the distance between two adjacent foundation consolidation interval is less than 3 to 4 times the width of the reinforcement area, the interaction acceleration response amplitude of various points on the surface of the two adjacent reinforcement area increased significantly than the single block; within the interval , increasing one of the two adjacent foundation’s width, depth, and the other foundation surface, the horizontal acceleration response will Subsequently enlarged; when the interval between the reinforcement area is greater than the range, this effect is negligible.
Global-local analysis of large-scale composite structures using finite element methods

Abstract Large domain design problems using finite element methods (FEM) require special techniques to achieve solutions within reasonable computational time. Global-local FEM refers to a set of numerical techniques designed to reduce the total solution time (and therefore the computational effort) for a given level of solution accuracy. In this paper we address the solution to large-scale periodic structures made up of multi-material composite systems, using two different global-local techniques. An error analysis is performed where the spatial distribution of errors due to material discontinuities and numerical solution procedures are evaluated for both of the methods. A simple illustrative example is used in which the error is quantified in relation to the savings in computational time. The two methods are then applied to the design of a high-field hybrid magnet, an axi-symmetric composite structure made up of a periodic array of “unit cells”.
Identification of global ferredoxin interaction networks in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

Ferredoxins (FDXs) can distribute electrons originating from photosynthetic water oxidation, fermentation, and other reductant-generating pathways to specific redox enzymes in different organisms. The six FDXs identified in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are not fully characterized in terms of their biological function. In this report, we present data from the following: (a) yeast two-hybrid screens, identifying interaction partners for each Chlamydomonas FDX; (b) pairwise yeast two-hybrid assays measuring FDX interactions with proteins from selected biochemical pathways; (c) affinity pulldown assays that, in some cases, confirm and even expand the interaction network for FDX1 and FDX2; and (d) in vitro NADP+ reduction and H2 photo-production assays mediated by each FDX that verify their role in these two pathways. Our results demonstrate new potential roles for FDX1 in redox metabolism and carbohydrate and fatty acid biosynthesis, for FDX2 in anaerobic metabolism, and possibly in state transition. Our data also suggest that FDX3 is involved in nitrogen assimilation, FDX4 in glycolysis and response to reactive oxygen species, and FDX5 in hydrogenase maturation. Finally, we provide experimental evidence that FDX1 serves as the primary electron donor to two important biological pathways, NADPH and H2 photo-production, whereas FDX2 is capable of driving these reactions at less than half the rate observed for FDX1.
Moiré interferogram phase extraction: a ridge detection algorithm for continuous wavelet transforms.

We present a procedure using continuous wavelet transforms (CWTs) to extract the phase information from moire interferograms. The relationship between precise ridge detection of the two-dimensional CWT magnitude map and accurate phase extraction is detailed. A cost function is introduced for the adaptive selection of the ridge, and a computationally inexpensive implementation of the cost function ridge detection algorithm is explored with dynamic programming optimization. The results of the proposed ridge detection algorithm on actual interferograms are illustrated. Moreover, the resulting extracted phase is demonstrated to be smooth and accurate. As a result, the sensitivity of the moire interferometry method is improved to obtain a pixel-by-pixel in-plane strain distribution map.
Child care use, earnings, and retention desires of wives of employees — U.S. Army officers' study

Abstract The employment of both civilian and United States Army wives has been significant and growing. In this paper, we outline a theory of rational choice and a balanced satisfaction model to predict employment decisions made by couples in alternative employment settings. We hypothesize positive inter-relationships between the four criterion variables of earnings of wives of U.S. Army officers, their use of child care services, their satisfaction with Army life, and their desires for the Army's retention of their husbands. 1986 data for wives of U.S. Army officers from the Survey of Army Families ( N = 669) are used to estimate a system of four simultaneous equations. The results reveal that the four criteria are positively related to one another. In particular, the satisfaction-balance model was supported because an increase in a wife's earnings was positively associated with her satisfaction with Army life and her dissatisfaction with the cost of child care services was negatively related to her satisfaction with Army life. An increase in her satisfaction with Army life was positively associated with her desire for Army's retention of her husband.
Frequency of Subjunctive Use in Oral Production in Two Varieties of Spanish

Abstract This research establishes an analysis of mood use in semi-spontaneous oral production in two varieties of Spanish. A total of 104 adult monolingual native speakers of Spanish participated in the study (N=56 from Rosario, Argentina and N=48 from Toledo, Spain). Data were collected by means of a guided oral elicitation task. Results indicated vitality of subjunctive use among older speakers (51-73 years old) in both regions. However, non-subjunctive forms were more frequent among younger speakers (18-30 years old) in Rosario, while speakers in Toledo still favored the use of present subjunctive. This tendency was also evident in middle-aged speakers. Overall, reduction of present subjunctive use among younger generations is more notorious in Rosario while subjunctive use appears more robust in Toledo.
Latent Heat of the SU(3) Gauge Theory

Abstract We present a Monte Carlo calculation of the latent heat of the SU (3) gauge theory at its finite-temperature confinement transition. The observation that the pressure must be continuous allows great simplification. We argue that our result, (1.89±0.09) GeV/fm 3 , is unaffected by finite lattice corrections.
Analysis of a nucleoprotein complex: the synaptosome of gamma delta resolvase

The gamma delta resolvase protein is one of a large family of transposon-encoded site-specific recombinases. It performs recombination in a DNA-protein complex that contains 12 resolvase protomers and two copies of the 120-base pair DNA substrate, res (each with three binding sites for a resolvase dimer). A derivative of resolvase with altered DNA binding specificity was used to show that the role of resolvase at site I, which contains the crossover point, differs from its role at the other two binding sites. The resolvase dimers that initially bind to site I are the only ones that require the residue Ser10, essential for catalysis of DNA breakage. In addition, these site I-bound dimers do not use a specific interaction between dimers that is required elsewhere in the complex for synapsis of the res sites.
Germ Cell Toxicity: Significance in Genetic and Fertility Effects of Radiation and Chemicals

The primordial germ cells originate in the region of the caudal end of the primitive streak, root of the allantois, and yolk sac splanchnopleure, and migrate to the gonadal ridges where they divide to form the oogonia of the female and gonocytes of the male. In the female, the transition to oocytes occurs in utero, and the female mammal is born with a finite number of oocytes that cannot be replaced. By contrast, the gonocytes of the male initiate divisions soon after birth to form the spermatogonial stem cells, which persist throughout reproductive life of the male and are capable of regenerating the seminiferous epithelium after injury. As a result of these basic differences in gametogenesis, the response of the male and female to radiation and chemicals is different. Any loss of oocytes in the female cannot be replaced, and if severe enough, will result in a shortening of the reproductive span. In the male, a temporary sterile period may be induced owing to destruction of the differentiating spermatogonia, but the stem cells are the most resistant spermatogonial type, are capable of repopulating the seminiferous epithelium, and fertility usually returns. The response of both the male and female changes with development of the embryonic to the adult gonad, and with differentiation and maturation in the adult. The primordial germ cells, early oocytes, and differentiating spermatogonia of the adult male are unusually sensitive to the cytotoxic action of noxious agents, but each agent elicits a specific response owing to the intricate biochemical and physiological changes associated with development and maturation of the gametes. The relationship of germ cell killing to fertility is direct, and long-term fertility effects can be predicted from histological analysis of the gonads. The relationship to genetic effects, on the other hand, is indirect, and acts primarily by limiting the cell stages available for testing, by affecting the distribution of mitotically active stem cells among the different stages of the mitotic cycle, and thereby changing both the type and frequency of genetic effects observed.
Air-Gaps for High-Performance On-Chip Interconnect Part II: Modeling, Fabrication, and Characterization

Air-gaps are the ultimate low-k material in microelectronics due to air having a low dielectric constant close to 1.0. The interconnect capacitance can further be reduced by extending the air-gaps into the interlayer dielectric region to reduce the fringing electric field. An electrostatic model (200 nm half-pitch interconnect with an aspect ratio of 2.0), was used to evaluate the dielectric properties of the air-gap structures. The incorporation of air-gaps into the intrametal dielectric region reduced the capacitance by 39% compared with SiO2. Extending the air-gap 100 nm into the top and bottom interlayer SiO2 region lowered the capacitance by 49%. The ability to fabricate air-gaps and ‹extended air-gaps’ was demonstrated, and the capacitance decrease was experimentally verified. Cu/air-gap and extended Cu/air-gap interconnect structures were fabricated using high-modulus tetracyclododecene (TD)-based sacrificial polymer. The aspect ratio of the air-gap was 1.8 and the air-gap was extended 80 nm and 100 nm into the top and bottom interlevel SiO2 region, respectively. The measured effective dielectric constant (k eff) of the Cu/air-gap and the extended Cu/air-gap structures with SiO2 interlevel dielectric was 2.42 and 2.17, respectively. The effect of moisture uptake within the extended Cu/air-gap structure was investigated. As the relative humidity increased from 4% to 92%, the k eff increased by 7%. Hexamethyldisilazane was used to remove adsorbed moisture and create a hydrophobic termination within the air-cavities, which lowered the effect of humidity on the k eff. A dual Damascene air-gap and extended air-gap fabrication processes were proposed and the challenges of using a sacrificial polymer placeholder approach to form air-cavities are compared to other integration approaches of dual Damascene air-gap.
Public Opinion & the Supreme Court: The Puzzling Case of Abortion

The relationship between the Supreme Court and public opinion remains ambiguous, despite efforts over many years by scholars both of the Court and of mass behavior to decipher it. Certainly Supreme Court Justices live in the world, and are propelled by the political system to their life-tenured positions. And certainly the Court, over time, appears to align itself with the broadly defined public mood. But the mechanism by which this occurs–the process by which the Court and the public engage one another in a highly attenuated dialogue–remains obscure. The Court's 1973 abortion decision, Roe v. Wade, offers a case in point. As the country began to reconsider the wisdom of the nineteenth-century criminalization of abortion, which voices did the Justices hear and to which did they respond? Probing beneath the surface of the public response to Roe serves to highlight rather than solve the puzzle.
Protein‐Based Hydrogels with Tunable Dynamic Responses

Development of hydrogel materials that respond to specific stimuli has been of significant interest in the design of modern functional materials. A variety of previous studies have used the ligand-binding capability of proteins to design hydrogels that change their crosslinking density in response to stimuli. However, these materials generally undergo relatively small dynamic response, with limited control over response characteristics. This manuscript describes an alternative approach that exploits the ability of proteins to undergo nanometer-scale conformational changes in response to stimuli. We report a class of novel protein-based hydrogel materials that undergo tunable, reversible dynamic responses with a wide dynamic range (volume decreases to ∼25–90% of initial volume). These materials also undergo tunable, reversible changes in optical transparency (optical transparency decreases to ∼35–100% of initial optical transparency), and this phenomenon is used as a mechanism for label-free biosensing. The materials are generated by photo-crosslinking of an engineered version of the protein calmodulin flanked on each end with poly(ethylene glycol)-diacrylate (PEGDA) moieties. The mechanism for dynamic changes derives from calmodulin's well-characterized “hinge motion”-upon-ligand binding. Variations in network parameters in these hydrogels, including the molecular weight between cross-links and the cross-linking density, result in systematic tuning of material responsiveness. The influence of network parameters on hydrogel dynamics reported here may serve as a guide for the design of other protein-based, responsive materials assembled using similar principles, and these materials may be a useful platform for design of biosensors, actuators, and drug delivery systems.
Effect of Additives on the Transformation Behavior of l-Phenylalanine in Aqueous Solution

The solution-mediated transformation of anhydrous l-phenylalanine in a saturated solution of monohydrate l-phenylalanine has been studied and the transformation rate quantified using the powder X-ray diffraction technique. It has been demonstrated that the anhydrous form is not stable below 37 °C (transition point) in the presence of additives, as previously reported (Sato, T.; Sano, C. European Patent 0703214A2, 1995), and that the additives (ammonium sulfate and dextrose) affect only the transition rate but not the thermodynamic stability or the transition point.
Shrinkage of Inland Silverside Larvae Preserved in Ethanol and Formalin

Length measurements of preserved larval fish are necessary in many types of larval fish surveys. If the fixative causes significant shrinkage, then the pre- served lengths cannot be used to indicate accurate live lengths. The objective of this study was to determine how preservation in two different concentrations of for- malin and ethanol affects the total length of larval inland silversides Menidia beryllina. Larvae were measured (nearest 0.1 mm) and individually fixed in one of four fixative treatments (80% ethanol, 100% ethanol, 5% buffered formalin, and 10% buffered formalin). Fish were remeasured (nearest 0.1 mm) at 15 min; 4 h; and 1, 7, 14, and 21 d after preservation. Most shrinkage occurred within the first day after preservation in all four fixatives. Initial length was positively correlated with absolute shrinkage, but percent shrinkage was not affected by initial length. We found no difference in percent shrinkage between the 80% and 100% ethanol concentrations. The 10% buffered formalin caused more percent shrinkage than 5% buffered formalin. Further- more, ethanol (80% and 100% combined) caused greater percent shrinkage than either 5% or 10% buffered for- malin. Accurate length measurements are necessary in many types of larval fish surveys to determine factors such as age, growth, or size-selective mor- tality. When a large number of fish are collected in the field, it is often necessary to preserve them so they can be analyzed later. If the fixative causes significant shrinkage, then preserved lengths can- not be used to indicate accurate live lengths.
Newton's method for constrained optimization

We derive a quadratically convergent algorithm for minimizing a nonlinear function subject to nonlinear equality constraints. We show, following Kaufman [4], how to compute efficiently the derivative of a basis of the subspace tangent to the feasible surface. The derivation minimizes the use of Lagrange multipliers, producing multiplier estimates as a by-product of other calculations. An extension of Kantorovich's theorem shows that the algorithm maintains quadratic convergence even if the basis of the tangent space changes abruptly from iteration to iteration. The algorithm and its quadratic convergence are known but the drivation is new, simple, and suggests several new modifications of the algorithm.
Protective efficacy of group A streptococcal vaccines containing type-specific and conserved M protein epitopes

The amino terminal region of group A streptococcal M proteins evokes type-specific immunity while the conserved C-repeat epitopes evoke cross-protective immunity against multiple serotypes. The present studies were undertaken to compare the protective efficacy of vaccines containing either type-specific (hexavalent vaccine) or conserved C-repeat (J14 vaccine) M protein epitopes and to determine if combination vaccines resulted in enhanced levels of protection. Our results indicated that the protective efficacy of the type-specific vaccine was significantly greater than that of J14 and that the addition of J14 to vaccine formulations did not enhance the level of protection achieved with type-specific formulations.
The uterine sandwich for persistent uterine atony: combining the B-Lynch compression suture and an intrauterine Bakri balloon

Objective The objective of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a combination of surgical interventions for control of postpartum hemorrhage. Study Design At cesarean delivery, patients with persistent bleeding from uterine atony after the administration of oxytonics were treated with the placement of a B-Lynch suture. When the B-Lynch failed, subsequent placement of an intrauterine Bakri balloon followed. This combination is termed the uterine sandwich. Results The uterine sandwich was successful for all 5 patients undergoing this approach. The median nadir hematocrit was 21.1% (range 20.1% to 28%). The balloon was in place for a median duration of 11hours (range10-24 hours). The median volume infused into the balloon was 100 mL (range 60- 250 mL). No complications were observed. Conclusion Placing an intrauterine Bakri balloon in conjunction with the B-Lynch uterine compression suture was successful in treating uterine atony.
Prediction of heat transfer from laminar boundary layers, with emphasis on large free- stream velocity gradients and highly cooled walls.

Laminar boundary-layer heat transfer and shear stress predictions from similarity solutions, emphasizing large free-stream velocity gradients and highly cooled walls
Reproducibility of trial-based functional MRI on motor imagery

The investigation of the reproducibility in functional MRI (fMRI) is an important step in the quantification and analysis of paradigm-related brain activation. This article reports on reproducibility of cortical activation characterized by repeated fMRI runs (10 times) during the performance of a motor imagery and a passive auditory stimulation as a control task. Two parameters, the size of activation and BOLD signal contrast, were measured from regions-of-interest for 10 subjects across different threshold conditions. The variability of these parameters was normalized with respect to the mean obtained from 10 runs, and represented as the intrasession variability. It was found that the variability was significantly lower in the measurement of BOLD signal contrast as compared to the measurement of the size of activation. The variability of the activation volume measurement was greater in the motor imagery task than in the auditory tasks across all thresholds. This task-dependent difference was not apparent...
Plasma 17-Hydroxycorticosteroid Levels During Sleep in Man

Levels of plasma 17-hydroxycorticosteroid hormone were obtained in 6 normal subjects during a 26-hr period, every 4 hr while awake and every 30 min during a night's sleep. An electroencephalogram was obtained during the sleep period. In all subjects a series of 3–4 peak elevations of the hormone occurred during the latter half of the night's sleep. A suggestive temporal relationship between the steroid elevations and the rapid eye movement (REM) sleep periods as noted. The role of the CNS in corticotrophin release and REM sleep activity is discussed.
Family and Professional Congruence in Communication Assessments of Preschool Boys with Fragile X Syndrome

This study compared family and professional assessments of the communication skills of 34 preschool males with fragile X syndrome. Parents and professionals rated the boys' receptive and expressive communication. Parents also reported on the vocabulary skills of 16 of the boys, whereas professionals assessed their vocabulary diversity using a communication sample. Moderate agreement was found between parents and professionals for expressive communication ratings, whereas agreement for receptive communication ratings was low to moderate. Parents rated their children significantly higher than professionals for receptive communication but not for expressive communication. Parents and professionals rated children at a higher cognitive age as having fewer difficulties with receptive and expressive communication, whereas older children were rated as having more problems.
A new probabilistic retrieval model based on the dirichlet compound multinomial distribution

The classical probabilistic models attempt to capture the Ad hoc information retrieval problem within a rigorous probabilistic framework. It has long been recognized that the primary obstacle to effective performance of the probabilistic models is the need to estimate a relevance model. The Dirichlet compound multinomial (DCM) distribution, which relies on hierarchical Bayesian modeling techniques, or the Polya Urn scheme, is a more appropriate generative model than the traditional multinomial distribution for text documents. We explore a new probabilistic model based on the DCM distribution, which enables efficient retrieval and accurate ranking. Because the DCM distribution captures the dependency of repetitive word occurrences, the new probabilistic model is able to model the concavity of the score function more effectively. To avoid the empirical tuning of retrieval parameters, we design several parameter estimation algorithms to automatically set model parameters. Additionally, we propose a pseudo-relevance feedback algorithm based on the latent mixture modeling of the Dirichlet compound multinomial distribution to further improve retrieval accuracy. Finally, our experiments show that both the baseline probabilistic retrieval algorithm based on the DCM distribution and the corresponding pseudo-relevance feedback algorithm outperform the existing language modeling systems on several TREC retrieval tasks.
Biofilms on environmental surfaces: evaluation of the disinfection efficacy of a novel steam vapor system.

Background Environmental surfaces in health care settings are often contaminated by microorganisms, and biofilms can develop on the surfaces in these settings. Steam vapor technology is of potential use for disinfection of biofilms on the environmental surfaces. Methods We tested the disinfection efficacy of a thermal-accelerated nanocrystal sanitation (TANCS)-equipped steam vapor technology against biofilms through disinfecting biofilms developed by 4 bacterial strains— Escherichia coli , Acinetobacter baumannii , Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus —on an identical test surface (ie, polycarbonate) and biofilms developed by E coli on 4 different test surfaces: polycarbonate, rubber, stainless steel, and ceramics. Results Our data show that a 3-second steam treatment rapidly killed each biofilm tested (>99.95 % killing efficiency). For biofilms developed on different surfaces, 3-second steam treatment achieved 99.95% killing of E coli biofilms developed on different surfaces. Compared with chemical disinfection, steam treatment for Conclusions Our data suggest that the TANCS-equipped steam vapor disinfection is an emerging and potentially useful technology for disinfecting biofilms on environmental surfaces.
Can regenerating clearcuts benefit mature-forest songbirds? An examination of post-breeding ecology

Although clearcuts traditionally have been regarded as detrimental to birds associated with mature-forest, recent evidence suggests that during the post-breeding period regenerating clearcuts can provide habitat for many avian species associated with mature-forest. We examined use of regenerating clearcuts by mature-forest birds during the post-breeding period and evaluated the degree to which birds were sensitive to patch characteristics. From 15 June to 16 August in 2002–2003 we mist-netted and banded birds nine times each year in 12 regenerating hardwood clearcuts (4–7 years post-clearcut) that represented small (4.0–9.3 ha) and large (13.3–18.1 ha) clearcuts in southeast Ohio, USA. Nine nets were systematically deployed within each clearcut and placed 20, 50, and 80 m from mature-forest edges. At each net location, we measured habitat characteristics and sampled arthropod and fruit resources two-weekly. During the post-breeding period we captured 1648 mature-forest birds of 32 species, and several classic forest-interior species were among our most commonly captured species. Seventy-one percent of mature-forest captures were juveniles, which suggests that habitat provided by regenerating clearcuts may play an important role in post-fledging survival. Most post-breeding individuals avoided edges, and instead heavily used the clearcut interiors. Paradoxically, juveniles and post-breeding adults also avoided large clearcuts, and capture rates were up to four times greater in small than large regenerating clearcuts. Overall, our results suggest that regenerating clearcuts may be important resources for mature-forest birds during the post-breeding period, and forested landscapes containing a mosaic of successional stages may hold the most conservation promise for mature-forest birds.
Current Diagnosis and Prescription for Marian Syndrome: When to Operate

Elective replacement of the aortic root in patients with Marfan syndrome is indicated to prevent aortic dissection and prevent left ventricular failure from aortic regurgitation. The two most important factors bearing on the patient's risk for aortic dissection are the maximal aortic root dimension and a family history of aortic dissection. Improvements in surgical technique, favorable long-term postoperative results, and the observation that a substantial proportion of Marfan patients die of aortic dissection with an aortic root dimension in the 50- to 60-mm range have led to new recommendations. Asymptomatic Marfan patients may be followed annually with echocardiography. When the aortic root dimension reaches 50 mm, the interval between examinations should be shortened to every 3 to 4 months. Asymptomatic individuals with aortic root dimension between 50 and 55 mm should be referred for elective composite graft repair if one or more of the following additional factors are present: moderately severe aortic regurgitation, severe mitral regurgitation, a family history of aortic dissection, and a future need for other major operative procedures such as abdominal aortic aneurysm repair or spinal fusion. In the absence of these factors, asymptomatic individuals may be followed until the aortic root dimension is 55 mm and should then be referred for surgery. Symptomatic individuals with or without aortic root dilatation should be operated upon urgently if evidence of an aortic dissection is present. Postoperatively, all patients should be maintained on beta blockade indefinitely and receive prophylactic parenteral antibiotics before dental, genitourinary, or gastrointestinal procedures.
Gelatin "shots" as a new method for alcohol administration in a laboratory setting.

Background: This experiment was designed to compare gelatin “shots”—a new procedure for administering alcohol in a laboratory setting—to the alcohol beverage method. We proceeded to test whether the two methods were comparable in terms of alcohol absorption, metabolism, and effects on mood and whether gelatin “shots” were better than the beverage in disguising alcohol in a blind, placebo comparison. Methods: Healthy volunteers participated in a two-phase trial. In the first phase they completed 2 days of testing during which the effects of alcohol—delivered in beverage (1 day) or gelatin “shots” (alternative day)—on blood and breathalyzer concentrations and mood were assessed. In the second phase participants completed 2 days of testing and were asked to identify if samples contained alcohol or placebo. The presentation of alcohol and placebo and the presentation of beverage or gelatin “shots” were random. Results: In the first phase there was a significant time-by-condition interaction in the blood alcohol concentration. Two-and-a-half hours after the alcohol was administered, those given gelatin “shots” had slightly lower but statistically significant blood alcohol concentrations. There was a significant time effect for breathalyzer alcohol levels but no condition or condition-by-time interaction. There were no differences between the two methods on any of the subjective mood measures. In the second phase of the study there were differences in the ability to differentiate alcohol from placebo between the two conditions with significantly more participants making errors in the gelatin “shots” than in the beverage condition. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that gelatin “shots” are an effective method for delivering alcohol to humans in a laboratory setting. This method may be superior to the alcohol beverage mixture in a placebo-controlled design because gelatin “shots” mask the alcohol much better than a beverage and are easier to administer.
A Mixed-Layer Kaolin-Chlorite Structure1

A mineral of chlorite-type composition, classified as a daphnite, is shown to give a series of basal x-ray reflections which are incompatible with the normal chlorite structure. Fourier analysis indicates a modified distribution of Si and O atoms. A model is suggested in which some Si atoms are displaced and linked to the adjacent brucite-type layer, producing in effect kaolin-type structural units within the chlorite structure.
Simple technic of suturing in gastrointestinal anastomoses.

Abstract 1.1. A simple technic for intestinal anastomosis is presented in which a continuous lock stitch is used for the mucous layer. The use of stay sutures above each angle allows this to be inserted with ease. 2.2. It obviates the difficulties encountered in the closure of lateral or terminal gastrointestinal openings and in the anterior three-layer suture in entero-anastomoses. It is applied easily and requires no special instruments and no changes from the ordinary technic. 3.3. It affects a primary tight closure of the gut lumen, apposes serous surfaces, controls bleeding of the incised intestinal or stomach wall and approximates neatly the cut edges of the mucosa as postulated above. 1 1Kirschner, Martin. Operative Surgery. Philadelphia, 1933. J. B. Lippincott Co.
Identification of volatile compounds resulting from the thermal oxidation of polyethylene

The migration of compounds from polymer-based packaging may impart undesirable odors to foods. We, therefore, undertook a study of the volatile compounds produced during the heating of polyethylene (PE) in the presence of excess O2 at temperatures of 150–350°C and for heating times of 5–15 min. Eightyfour volatile compounds in the range of C5—C23 were identified by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The major products were aliphatic hydrocarbons, aldehydes, ketones, and olefins. Changes in temperature and heating times affected the amount and type of compounds produced, with hexanal being found in the largest amount and 300°C resulting in the greatest quantity of volatile compounds. At 350°C, greater amounts and numbers of low-boiling and fewer high-boiling compounds were formed. Only small amounts of volatiles were produced at 150°C. Many of the compounds identified have been reported to have odor and/or toxicological significance. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
HRM: A Key to Competitiveness

In the increasingly competitive global economic environment, organizations are searching for strategies and practices that will give them an edge. Describes some HRM practices that are used infrequently, but which may enhance organizational effectiveness. A good deal of empirical literature has demonstrated that the use of these practices can increase employee levels of performance, and recent research, conducted by the author, found that firms which employ these HRM practices are more profitable than those which do not.
The Use of the Temporoparietal Fascial Flap in Preventing CSF Leak after Lateral Skull Base Surgery

Objective Determine the effectiveness of the temporoparietal fascia flap (TPFF) with adipose tissue in preventing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks for lateral skull base tumor reconstruction. Design A retrospective chart review from 2005 to 2010 was conducted of patients undergoing skull base tumor resection. Patients with TPFF reconstruction were compared with those with adipose packing alone based on lumbar drain placement, tumor size, extent of dissection, and incidence of CSF leak. Data was analyzed with a Fisher exact test at p < 0.05. Setting Tertiary care institution. Main Outcome Measures Incidence of CSF leak. Results A total of 16 patients had a TPFF reconstruction; 20 had adipose only. Four TPFF patients had lumbar drain placement, as did six in the adipose-only group. Six patients had a CSF leak, all in the adipose-only group (p = 0.02). Patients with a lumbar drain were more likely to have larger tumors (p = 0.01) and to have a CSF leak if they had adipose-only reconstruction (p = 0.07). Conclusions Lateral skull base reconstruction using TPFF with adipose tissue is easily performed and has a low operative morbidity. Early results show a significant decrease in the rate of CSF leak using TPFF, particularly in high-risk patients.
Fan-beam-tomography noise theory

We present a theoretical analysis of noise and tomographic images reconstructed with the convolution backprojection method. This analysis is valid for both the fan-beam geometry with detectors evenly spaced on a curved arc and the parallel-beam geometry. Effects of position within the fan source circle, spatial averaging, and correlations with the projection noise are included. Convolving the data with a triangle filter of width d is shown to reduce the noise variance as d−3.
Return of the Buffalo: The Story Behind America's Indian Gaming Explosion

Foreword by Representative Esteban E. Torres (D, CA) Foreword by Terry L. Pechota Preface Introduction by former U.S. Senator James Abourezk (D, SD) Prologue to Rebirth They Met in the Desert The Early Struggles and Successes The Pain and Joys of Growth A Savage "Free Press" Towards a New Century Selected Bibliography Index
Undermining overjustification: Inducing intrinsic and extrinsic task representations

Abstract A study was conducted to test the proposition that the overjustification effect is a result of the interaction of two distinct task interpretations. It was argued that intrinsic and extrinsic motives might best be viewed as cognitive representations of task situations involving multiple task associates. It was predicted that by altering the salience of intrinsic and extrinsic task information, it would be possible to change the effects of an extrinsic reward on intrinsic motivation. The results indicated taht when task rewards were interpreted from within an intrinsic task representation, they did not undermine an individual's free-choice task activity. The results are discussed in terms of recent work in cognitive psychology.
Inflammatory gene polymorphisms influence risk of postoperative morbidity after lung resection.

Background Polymorphisms in genes encoding proteins involved in the inflammatory response may lead to a differential response to a noxious stimulus. We hypothesized that proinflammatory alleles at candidate loci would predispose patients undergoing lung resection to cardiopulmonary complications with a presumed inflammatory cause. Methods We determined the genotypes at six candidate loci in 155 patients who underwent 160 lung resection operations at our center. We correlated these results with data from our clinical database, constructed a model predicting the risk of postoperative complications, and assessed its adequacy using receiver operating characteristic curve methodology. Results Preexisting cardiovascular disease ( p p = 0.009), extent of lung resection ( p = 0.042), interleukin 6 genotype ( p = 0.017), and tumor necrosis factor genotype ( p = 0.005) were significantly associated with complications. The odds ratio for complications for rare allele homozygosity was 3.9 (95% confidence interval, 1.4 to 10.4) for interleukin 6 and 15.3 (95% confidence interval, 1.7 to 131.4) for tumor necrosis factor. In multivariate analysis we found that cardiovascular disease ( p p = 0.027; odds ratio, 1.8 [95% confidence interval, 1.1 to 3.1]), and tumor necrosis factor genotype ( p = 0.011; odds ratio, 2.5 [95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 5.1]) were independently predictive of complications, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the entire model of 0.765. Conclusions Carriage of specific alleles, and homozygosity in particular, at loci within the interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor genes appears to contribute to the risk of experiencing an adverse event after lung resection.
Predictors and natural history of in-transit melanoma after sentinel lymphadenectomy.

In-transit recurrence is a unique and uncommon pattern of treatment failure in patients with melanoma. Little information exists concerning the incidence, predictors, and natural history of in-transit disease since the introduction of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB). Between 1991 and 2001, 1395 patients with primary melanoma underwent SLNB. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the association among known clinicopathologic factors, in-transit recurrence, and distant metastatic failure after the development of in-transit disease. With a median follow-up of 3.9 years, 241 patients (17.3%) experienced disease recurrence, including 91 (6.6%) who developed in-transit recurrence. Independent predictors of in-transit recurrence included age >50 years, a lower extremity location of the primary tumor, Breslow depth, ulceration, and sentinel lymph node (SLN) status. Of the 69 patients who presented with in-transit disease as the sole site of first recurrence, 39 developed distant disease. By univariate analysis, predictors of distant failure among patients with in-transit disease included SLN status, largest metastatic focus in the SLN >2.5 mm2, subcutaneous location of in-transit disease, in-transit tumor size ≥ 2 cm, and a disease-free interval before in-transit recurrence of <12 months. In-transit tumor size remained a significant predictor of distant metastasis by multivariate analysis (odds ratio, 9.69). The overall incidence of in-transit metastases in patients undergoing SLNB is low and does not seem to have increased since the introduction of the SLNB technique. In-transit recurrence, as well as subsequent distant metastatic failure, can be predicted on the basis of adverse tumor factors and SLN status.
Mock Jurors Versus Mock Juries: The Role of Deliberations in Reactions to Inadmissible Testimony

The consensus among authors in the area of juridic decision making is that trial jurors often readily disregard judicial instructions to ignore inadmissible evidence. Perhaps, however, the moderating influence of a key methodological variable-the presence or absence of group deliberations-has been overlooked by those making this assertion. It was hypothesized that mock juries (who participate in deliberations) would be more likely to follow judicial instructions to ignore inadmissible testimony than mock jurors (responding individually, without deliberations). Results supported this hypothesis.