cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Setting Goals in Different Roles: Applying Key Results From the Goal-Setting Literature

Decades of research have demonstrated that managers can effect substantial performance improvements by setting challenging and specific performance goals (Locke & Latham, 2002), providing goal-relevant feedback on a regular basis (Karakowsky & Mann, 2008), and, when appropriate, involving subordinates in goal setting (Stansfield & Longenecker, 2006). This article reviews core findings from the goal setting literature, and presents a collaborative exercise in which teams of students apply these findings to address management problems in five fictitious scenarios. Debriefing tips cite additional research evidence to allow for more nuanced classroom discussion of goal setting. A pretest indicated that prior to completing the goal-setting exercise, only a minority of students had a strong intuitive sense of how to set effective goals; a posttest following its completion demonstrated substantial improvement. Students rated the exercise as both challenging and effective in improving their knowledge of goal setting.
Quantum tunneling currents in a superconducting junction.

We have measured the full voltage dependence of the quantum conductance and quantum susceptance which arise, respectively, from the dissipative and nondissipative quasiparticle tunneling currents in a superconductor-insulator-superconductor tunnel junction. Using a standing-wave technique, we measured the admittance of the tunnel junction at 87 GHz. The admittance is the sum of the quantum conductance and the quantum susceptance. We report the first direct observation of the reactive quasiparticle singularity which is evident in the quantum susceptance
TIPSTER PROGRAM HISTORY

The history of the TIPSTER Text program has multiple threads. And, as preparation of this report marks the end of Phase I of a two-phase program, part of the history is planning for Phase II, maintaining the successful threads.
Online deployment of dynamic traffic assignment: architecture and run-time management

Key issues for the online deployment of dynamic traffic assignment systems are addressed, including model calibration, computational efficiency and system robustness to input data. A case study of the recent deployment of the DynaMIT route guidance system in Los Angeles is provided as an illustration of critical practical aspects in the deployment process. A preliminary evaluation of the system indicates online feasibility from a computational perspective and validates the system's ability to replicate off-line data. Online accuracy tests are promising. Ongoing research approaches to enhance system operation and performance are suggested.
Which hedonic models can we trust to recover the marginal willingness to pay for environmental amenities

Abstract The hedonic property value model is among our foremost tools for evaluating the economic consequences of policies that target the supply of local public goods, environmental services, and urban amenities. We design a theoretically consistent and empirically realistic Monte Carlo study of whether omitted variables seriously undermine the method’s ability to accurately identify economic values. Our results suggest that large gains in accuracy can be realized by moving from the standard linear specifications for the price function to a more flexible framework that uses a combination of spatial fixed effects, quasi-experimental identification, and temporal controls for housing market adjustment.
Communication Channels and Risk Information A Cost-Utility Model

Studies of risk communication examining channels emphasize the mass versus interpersonal dichotomy. This approach has not produced entirely consistent results and has neglected to consider other po...
Spatial reorganization of actin, tubulin and histone mRNAs during meiotic maturation and fertilization in Xenopus oocytes

The distribution of actin, tubulin and histone mRNAs is examined in full grown oocytes, meiotically mature eggs, and unicellular zygotes. For this analysis, oocytes, eggs and embryos were spatially divided into peripheral and central regions of both the animal and vegetal hemispheres, and the relative amounts and concentrations of these RNAs in each region were then determined. The concentration of actin and tubulin mRNAs is greatest in the periphery, whereas histone mRNA exhibits a uniform concentration throughout the oocyte. In the meiotically mature egg, actin mRNA is still concentrated in the periphery and histone mRNA still exhibits a relatively uniform concentration, but the tubulin mRNAs are more concentrated in the central regions. Following fertilization, however, the greatest concentration of mRNAs for actin, histone and tubulin is in the periphery of the zygote. The results demonstrate the existence of a system capable of altering the distributions of these mRNAs as well as a system which distinguishes between different types of mRNA.
BAFF overexpression promotes anti-dsDNA B-cell maturation and antibody secretion.

Overexpression of BAFF is believed to play an important role in systemic lupus erythematosus and elevated levels of serum BAFF have been found in lupus patients. Excess BAFF also leads to overproduction of anti-dsDNA antibodies and a lupus-like syndrome in mice. In the present study, we use mice transgenic for the R4A-Cμ (IgM) heavy chain of an anti-dsDNA antibody, to study the effects of BAFF overexpression on anti-dsDNA B-cell regulation. We observe that overexpression of BAFF promotes anti-dsDNA B-cell maturation and secretion of antibody and enriches for transgenic anti-dsDNA B cells in the marginal zone and follicular splenic compartments. In addition, our data suggests that BAFF rescues a subset of anti-dsDNA B cells from a regulatory checkpoint in the transitional stage of development.
POWER EXCHANGE BETWEEN CROSSED LASER BEAMS AND THE ASSOCIATED FREQUENCY CASCADE

The power exchange between crossed laser beams made possible by an ion-acoustic wave is studied, as is the associated frequency cascade. The beam evolution is found to depend sensitively on whether the beams are monochromatic or multichromatic initially, and whether their intersection region lies partially or completely within the plasma. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Strength of discontinuous reinforced composites: II. Isotropic crystalline polymers

Crystalline polymers are heterogeneous materials consisting of two distinct phases. They may therefore be treated as molecular versions of engineering composite materials. This paper summarizes the physical model which, when used in conjunction with composite theory, yields a complete calculational format for stiffness, expansion strain, and yield strength. The important input parameters to the calculation are the mechanical properties of the individual constituent phases (crystalline and amorphous), the crystallite aspect ratios, the volume fraction crystallinity, allowable failure strains for a continuous crystal system, and a measure of stress concentrations and strength reduction caused by the discontinuous nature of the actual crystalline reinforcing phase. An expression for the strength reduction factor is developed and details of the stiffness and yield strength calculations are presented for high density polyethylene (HDPE). Comparison with experiment for HDPE yields excellent agreement well within the necessary design accuracy. Agreement with experiment in the case of low density polyethylene (LDPE) is not as good, but within expectations considering the degree of theory refinement and the poorer morphological data base for LDPE.
Multi-pursuer single-evader differential games with limited observations

In this paper, closed-loop Nash equilibrium strategies for an N-pursuer single-evader differential game over a finite time horizon with limited observations is considered. The game setting is such that each pursuer has limited sensing range and can observe the state vector of another player only if that player is within the pursuer's sensing range. The evader, on the other hand, has unlimited sensing range which allows it to observe the state of all pursuers at all times and implement a standard closed-loop Nash strategy. To derive strategies for the pursuers, a new concept of best achievable performance indices is proposed. These indices are derived in a way to be the closest to the original performance indices and such that the resulting pursuers' collective strategy satisfies a Nash equilibrium against the evader's strategy. The strategies obtained by such an approach are independent of the initial state vector. An illustrative example is solved and simulation results corresponding to different sensing ranges and performance indices of the game are presented.
Simulating mixed-phase Arctic stratus clouds: sensitivity to ice initiation mechanisms

Abstract. The importance of Arctic mixed-phase clouds on radiation and the Arctic climate is well known. However, the development of mixed-phase cloud parameterization for use in large scale models is limited by lack of both related observations and numerical studies using multidimensional models with advanced microphysics that provide the basis for understanding the relative importance of different microphysical processes that take place in mixed-phase clouds. To improve the representation of mixed-phase cloud processes in the GISS GCM we use the GISS single-column model coupled to a bin resolved microphysics (BRM) scheme that was specially designed to simulate mixed-phase clouds and aerosol-cloud interactions. Using this model with the microphysical measurements obtained from the DOE ARM Mixed-Phase Arctic Cloud Experiment (MPACE) campaign in October 2004 at the North Slope of Alaska, we investigate the effect of ice initiation processes and Bergeron-Findeisen process (BFP) on glaciation time and longevity of single-layer stratiform mixed-phase clouds. We focus on observations taken during 9–10 October, which indicated the presence of a single-layer mixed-phase clouds. We performed several sets of 12-h simulations to examine model sensitivity to different ice initiation mechanisms and evaluate model output (hydrometeors' concentrations, contents, effective radii, precipitation fluxes, and radar reflectivity) against measurements from the MPACE Intensive Observing Period. Overall, the model qualitatively simulates ice crystal concentration and hydrometeors content, but it fails to predict quantitatively the effective radii of ice particles and their vertical profiles. In particular, the ice effective radii are overestimated by at least 50%. However, using the same definition as used for observations, the effective radii simulated and that observed were more comparable. We find that for the single-layer stratiform mixed-phase clouds simulated, process of ice phase initiation due to freezing of supercooled water in both saturated and subsaturated (w.r.t. water) environments is as important as primary ice crystal origination from water vapor. We also find that the BFP is a process mainly responsible for the rates of glaciation of simulated clouds. These glaciation rates cannot be adequately represented by a water-ice saturation adjustment scheme that only depends on temperature and liquid and solid hydrometeors' contents as is widely used in bulk microphysics schemes and are better represented by processes that also account for supersaturation changes as the hydrometeors grow.
Young male drinkers and impaired driving intervention: results of a u.s. telephone survey

The present study examines the role of interveners in the driving behavior of a group of drivers at higher risk for involvement in a fatal, alcohol-related motor vehicle accident than the general population, based on their demographic characteristics. The sample consisted of men, aged 21-34 years, living in areas where alcohol-involved motor vehicle fatalities most commonly occur. More than one-half (55%) of these men reported having been the target of an intervention to prevent them from drinking and driving. The variables most strongly associated with having been the target of an intervention were: involvement in an accident after drinking; frequency of driving after drinking too much to drive safely; binge drinking; reporting that it takes ten or more drinks to feel drunk. Age, total alcohol consumption and the relationship between the target and the intervener predicted intervention success. Persons who have close relationships with drinking drivers, particularly wives/girlfriends, are most likely to be successful in preventing these men from drinking and driving. To the extent they can be encouraged to safely intervene, wives/girlfriends and close friends may be potential targets for messages promoting informal social control of drinking and driving.
Bone reactions on a pliocene cetacean rib indicate short‐term survival of predation event

There is little osteological evidence of non-lethal predation events in the archaeological or vertebrate paleontological record. A small section of Pliocene cetacean rib collected from the Yorktown Formation within the PCS Phosphate Mine (formerly Lee Creek Mine), Aurora, North Carolina, U.S.A., shows evidence of this kind of trophic interaction. In this case study, we offer a diagnosis of bone traumatic pathology in which three bone-forming lesions on the partial rib are interpreted as the reaction to a bite inflicted by a macro-predator, the first such report from a marine environment. In addition to the three well-defined lesions, a thin layer of woven bone covers much of the remaining cortical bone. The combination of the three bone-forming lesions and the thin layer of woven bone suggest the presence of an inflammatory process almost certainly caused by infection secondary to the trauma. Survival following the traumatic event was probably less than 6 weeks. The Neogene chondrichthyan fauna from this locality preserves several large predators, including Carcharocles megalodon, Carcharodon carcharias, Isurus xiphidon and Parotodus benedeni, which were all capable, at least in terms of their size, of having bitten the cetacean. Although most of the odontocetes known from the Yorktown Formation were too small to have inflicted this wound, some of the physeterids may have been large enough to have caused the lesions on the partial rib. This evidence of predation in Pliocene whale bone raises the possibility of similar lesions being found in whale bone recovered from archaeological sites. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is There Hydrogen Scrambling in the Gas Phase? Energetic and Structural Determinants of Proton Mobility within Protein Ions

The extent of internal hydrogen exchange (scrambling) within multiply charged solvent-free protein ions was investigated using a small model protein. The site-specific backbone amide protection data were obtained using protein ion fragmentation in the gas phase and compared with the available NMR data. Only minimal scrambling was detected when relatively high-energy collisional activation was used to fragment intact protein ions, while low-energy fragmentation resulted in more significant but not random internal exchange. Increased conformational flexibility of protein ions in the gas phase did not have any effect on the extent of hydrogen scrambling under the conditions of higher-energy collisional activation but resulted in totally random redistribution of labile hydrogen atoms when the protein ion fragmentation was induced by multiple low-energy collisions.
The characterization of the common fragile site FRA16D and its involvement in multiple myeloma translocations.

Fragile sites appear as breaks, gaps, or decondensations on metaphase chromosomes when cells are grown under specific culture conditions. The breaks are nonrandom, appearing in defined, conserved locations throughout the mammalian genome. Common fragile sites, as their name implies, are present in virtually all individuals. With three common fragile sites cloned, their mechanism of expression and the role, if any, they play in human disease are still unclear. We have assembled a BAC contig of >1 Mb across the second most active common fragile site, FRA16D (16q23.2). We fluorescently labeled these BACs and used them as probes on metaphases from aphidicolin-induced lymphocytes and demonstrated that FRA16D decondensation/breakage occurs over a region of at least 1 Mb. Thus, this is the largest common fragile site cloned to date. Microsatellite markers that map within FRA16D show a very high loss in prostate, breast, and ovarian tumors, indicating that loss within this fragile site may be important in the development or progression of these tumors. In addition, a common t(14q32;16q23) translocation is observed in up to 25% of all multiple myelomas (MM). We localized four of four such cloned t(14;16) MM breakpoints within the FRA16D region. This work further demonstrates that the common fragile sites may play an important role in cancer development.
A Two-port Model for the Analysis of Noise in Oscillators†

ABSTRACT A two-port model is proposed for the analysis of noise in nonlinear oscillators. A systematic procedure is given for the evaluation of the output spectrum in the case of a zero-memory non-linearity with an arbitrary narrow-band filter The a.m. and f.m, noise components are shown to be gaussianly distributed, at least for a gaussian driving noise but statistically independent only if the narrow-band filter has a symmetric shape around the oscillating frequency The method of analysis uses a describing function approach to the non-linearity and can be considered an extension of existing techniques A simple example is worked out in detail and agreement with previous calculations is shown.
An equivalent linear algorithm with frequency- and pressure-dependent moduli and damping for the seismic analysis of deep sites

The seismic analysis of soil deposits is most often carried out with an iterative computational scheme, proposed by Seed and Idriss, in which inelastic effects are only approximately modeled through soil degradation curves. Laboratory experimental data indicate that for highly confined materials, the standardized reduction curves commonly used overestimate the capacity of soils to dissipate energy. This paper first presents the results obtained with a simple four-parameter constitutive soil model, which when used to simulate cyclic loading, produces results that agree well with available laboratory experiments for soils under arbitrarily large confining pressures. Thereafter, a frequency- and pressure-dependent iterative algorithm for seismic amplification is proposed, which provides time histories that match well the results obtained with a true non-linear model. Finally, the modified linear iterative analysis is successfully used for the seismic analysis of a 1 km deep model for the Mississippi embayment near Memphis, Tennessee, and a class-A prediction of the seismic amplification in Treasure Island during the Loma Prieta earthquake.
Characteristics of Patients Undergoing Atrial Fibrillation Ablation: Trends Over a Seven‐Year Period 1999–2005

BACKGROUND: Catheter ablation procedures for treating atrial fibrillation (AF) have dramatically increased since triggers of AF were first described in 1998. OBJECTIVE: We explored changes in patient characteristics in patients referred for catheter ablation of AF over a seven-year period from 1999 through 2005. METHODS: Patient characteristics were examined for all patients undergoing AF ablation from 1999 through 2005 at the University of Pennsylvania Health System (UPHS). The gender of patients undergoing ablation was also compared with outpatients seen at UPHS with a primary diagnosis of AF. RESULTS: From 1999 to 2005 the number of patients undergoing ablation has increased steadily, from 29 patients in 1999 to 265 patients in 2005 (P < 0.01). Patients have become older (47 to 56 years; P < 0.01), with more persistent or permanent AF (17% to 45%; P < 0.01), larger left atrial size (4.0 to 4.4 cm; P < 0.01), and fewer antiarrhythmic drugs used prior to ablation (3.9 to 2.0 drugs; P < 0.01). Patients undergoing ablation have been predominantly male, with a significantly higher male prevalence than patients seen in the UPHS outpatient primary care clinic with AF (77% vs 59% male; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Patients undergoing AF ablation from 1999 to 2005 are older, with larger left atrial size, more persistent/permanent AF, and fewer prior antiarrhythmic agents used. Compared with the gender-specific rates of AF in the population, the majority of patients referred for ablation are men, suggesting a referral bias against this invasive procedure for women. These findings are important for interpreting the outcome of ablation in the current era, and for designing prospective randomized trials.
Copyright in the networked world: new rules for images

Two recent court cases have redefined how images may be used on the Internet without copyright infringement. The Bridgeman case is based explicitly on British as well as US law. Kelly v. Arriba rested on the definition of fair use in the US copyright law, and therefore has more limited (or perhaps merely more complex) implications. Before these cases, essentially all photographs since 1923 had the presumption of copyright protection. Now exact copies of public domain art, and perhaps other images that lack originality, are in the public domain. And thumbnail copies of protected images can be regarded under at least some circumstances as being safely within the US fair use guidelines.
Lower extremity salvage after radical resection of malignant tumors in the groin and lower abdominal wall

Abstract Background: Resection of a large malignant tumor in the groin often leaves a substantial soft-tissue defect that makes wound closure difficult. Nevertheless, palliation and lower extremity salvage is frequently possible if the tumor is widely excised and the wound closed with well-vascularized tissue; however, few data are available on patients undergoing such procedures. Study Design: We retrospectively examined our experience with limb salvage in 25 patients undergoing radical groin resection for metastatic or recurrent malignant tumors between April 1, 1991 and April 8, 1996. Results: Defect size ranged from 15 to 735 cm 2 (mean, 238.5 cm 2 ). Tumor resection included part of the abdominal wall in 14 patients and the femoral vessels in 5 patients. Defects were most commonly repaired with a vertical rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap (56%). Mean hospital stay was 10.4 days, and mean followup was 15.5 months. Although the complication rate was 68%, the limb salvage rate was 100%, and normal ambulation was achieved in 88% of patients. The most frequent complications were chronic lymphedema (42%) and seroma (29%). There was one perioperative death (4%). Conclusions: Functional limb salvage after radical resection of the groin and lower abdominal wall is very successful, has an acceptable morbidity rate, does not prolong hospital stay, and contributes significantly to the patient's quality of life. Chronic lymphedema is a frequent complication after this treatment but can be managed successfully with conservative techniques.
Reply to J.L. Oh et al

We thank Drs Oh and Buchholz for their letter regarding our review article, emphasizing several important issues on the treatment of internal mammary nodes (IMNs) in breast cancer. As the letter suggests and as we summarized in the article, multiple studies consistently show that a significant minority of patients with breast cancer have pathologic IMN involvement, and the risk of IMN involvement increases in patients with medial tumors and/or positive axillary nodes. While it seems reasonable based on these data to consider IMN irradiation for patients with medial tumors and/or positive axillary nodes, evidence directly linking IMN treatment to a survival benefit is not currently available. Randomized trials evaluating IMN dissection did not show a survival benefit, although they were largely underpowered, and retrospective studies evaluating patients with versus without IMN treatment have shown mixed results. We eagerly await results from more recent randomized trials assessing the potential benefit of IMN irradiation to help shed light on this question. Before these data become available, considerations regarding IMN treatment must include its potential therapeutic benefits balanced against a possible risk of increased morbidity. Drs Oh and Buchholz highlight modern radiation treatment techniques for the IMN, including their elegant split-electron beam technique. Indeed, while the older radiation techniques using an anterior photon field or “Hockey Stick” technique to treat the IMN exposed a significant portion of the heart to radiation treatment, modern computed tomography–based planning have allowed the development of multiple techniques that cover the IMN but minimize radiation dose to the heart. As the letter correctly points out, the Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group trials 82b and 82c, which used an electron technique to treat the IMN, showed no increase in the rate of deaths from ischemic heart disease (0.9%) in patients randomly assigned to the radiation therapy arm. We agree that current concerns about potential cardiac morbidity and mortality risk from IMN irradiation should not be completely based on outcomes of outdated radiation techniques from 20 to 30 years ago. More studies are needed to evaluate the long-term cardiac effects of modern radiation techniques. Specifically, an especially important area of research is studies that help clarify the relationship between dose/volume of heart-irradiated and long-term cardiac morbidity/mortality, which is not currently well understood. In addition, how radiation treatment to specific portions of the heart changes cardiac physiology also needs to be defined. Such information could allow IMN irradiation to be administered even more safely.
Light and electron microscopic studies of "nude" mice CNS after subcutaneous administration of the E variant of the encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus.

Sixteen 3 month old “nude” mice, 24 of their litter mates and 30 Swiss mice were injected subcutaneously with 0.1 ml suspension of the E variant of the encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus. While the mortality rate of the litter mates and Swiss mice during 5–7 days after inoculation was more than 40%, none of the “nude” mice died during the experiment. The surviving animals were sacrificed at 24 h intervals from day one to seven days after injection. Brain suspensions assayed for the presence of the virus yielded significant titers at 24 h in all groups, which increased during 7 days. The litter mates and Swiss mice showed proliferation of lymphocytes and microglial cells in the perivascular areas of the brain during the fifth to the seventh day. The “nude” mice, on the other hand, displayed no perivascular lymphocytic infiltration during the same periods. Ultrastructurally, all groups showed aggregates of ribosomes in the cytoplasmic matrix on the third day, which became enlarged in size on the 5th day. At 7 days, both litter mates and Swiss mice showed an increased number of necrotic cells, while these changes were not observed in the “nude” mice. These findings suggest that the high mortality rate in immunologically normal mice was related to the efforts of T cells to eliminate virus-infected cells and to produce extensive necrosis, while T cell-depleted animals showed good survival rates.
Pearson's wrong turning: against statistical measures of causal efficacy

Standard statistical measures of strength of association, although pioneered by Pearson deliberately to be acausal, nowadays are routinely used to measure causal efficacy. But their acausal origins have left them ill suited to this latter purpose. I distinguish between two different conceptions of causal efficacy, and argue that: (1) Both conceptions can be useful; (2) The statistical measures only attempt to capture the first of them; (3) They are not fully successful even at this; (4) An alternative definition based more squarely on causal thinking not only captures the second conception, but also can capture the first one better too.
Activation and Transcriptional Interaction between agr RNAII and RNAIII in Staphylococcus aureus In Vitro and in an Experimental Endocarditis Model

This study compared the promoter activation profiles of the 2 major transcripts of the Staphylococcus aureus global regulon, agr (RNAII and RNAIII). In vitro, RNAIII activation temporally followed RNAII activation and was absent in agr mutants. In experimental endocarditis, maximal RNAII activation in vegetations occurred early, followed by progressive increases in RNAIII activation (P<.05; 2 vs. 48 h); this paralleled significant increases in vegetation bacterial densities over time (P<.05; 2 and 6 vs. 48 h). At 48 h of infection, S. aureus densities in vegetations were significantly higher than those in kidney or spleen tissue (P<.05), paralleling a significantly greater RNAIII activation profile in vegetations than in the latter tissues (P<.05). Of importance, RNAIII activation was observed in vegetations in 2 agr mutants. These data demonstrate that RNAIII activation in vivo is time and cell density dependent, may be tissue specific, and can occur through RNAII-dependent and -independent mechanisms.
RT Mid-IR random lasing of Cr 2+ doped ZnS, ZnSe, CdSe powders, polymer liquid and polymer films

We demonstrate room temperature (RT) middle-infrared (Mid-IR) random lasing of chromium- (Cr) doped ZnSe, ZnS, and CdSe powders, the powders imbedded in perfluorocarbon liquid polymer solutions, and fluorocarbon polymer films.
Calculation of random exponential band transmittances for an array of Voigt lines.

In the present consideration of the calculation of Voigt line array random exponential band transmittances, a fit is achieved to C(R,d) which is analogous to the modified Curtis approximation for a single line proposed by Rodgers and Williams (1974), where d and R may be thought of as the nondimensional pressure and absorber quantity, respectively. Although the relative error in transmittance is magnified for small Lorentz transmittance, the absolute error in transmittance decreases.
Patterns of Genetic and Phenotypic Suppression of lys2 Mutations in the Yeast SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE.

A total of 358 lys2 mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been characterized for suppressibility by the following suppressors: UAA and UAG suppressors that insert tyrosine, serine or leucine; a putative UGA suppressor; an omnipotent suppressor SUP46; and a frameshift suppressor SUF1–1. In addition, the lys2 mutants were examined for phenotypic suppression by the aminoglycoside antibiotic paromomycin, for osmotic remediability and for temperature sensitivity. The mutants exhibited over 50 different patterns of suppression and most of the nonsense mutants appeared similar to nonsense mutants previously described. A total of 24% were suppressible by one or more of the UAA suppressors, 4% were suppressible by one or more of the UAG suppressors, while only one was suppressible by the UGA suppressor and only one was weakly suppressible by the frameshift suppressor. One mutant responded to both UAA and UAG suppressors, indicating that UAA or UAG mutations at certain rare sites can be exceptions to the specific action of UAA and UAG suppressors. Some of the mutants appeared to require certain types of amino acid replacements at the mutant sites in order to produce a functional gene product, while others appeared to require suppressors that were expressed at high levels. Many of the mutants suppressible by SUP46 and paromomycin were not suppressible by any of the UAA, UAG or UGA suppressors, indicating that omnipotent suppression and phenotypic suppression need not be restricted to nonsense mutations. All of the mutants suppressible by SUP46 were also suppressible by paromomycin, suggesting a common mode of action of omnipotent suppression and phenotypic misreading.
Membrane activity in freshwater amebae.

SYNOPSIS. The constantly changing shape and surface area/volume ratio of Chaos and Amoeba provide sufficient evidence for continuous membrane activity during locomotion, endocytosis, and cell division. Factors influencing membrane intake and renewal are discussed on the basis of data from tracer experiments and from studies on fine structure. The concept of permanent pinocytosis as an essential part of locomotion is discussed, together with the differences between induced and permanent pinocytosis and the factors which might be responsible for the “induction” of permanent pinocytosis. The large saprobiotic ameba, Pelomyxa palustris differs from Chaos and Amoeba in membrane distribution. P. palustris is generally monopseudopodial, and changes in its shape are more limited. The mucous coat, less pronounced in this species, is most prominent at the very active uroid, the site of endocytosis. The membrane renewal cycle in Pelomyxa has not been studied to date.
Pulsed laser de wetting of Au films: Experiments and modeling of nanoscale behavior

Ultrathin metal film dewetting continues to grow in interest as a simple means to make nano structures with well-defined properties. Here, we explored the quantitative thickness-dependent dewetting behavior of Au films under nanosecond (ns) pulsed laser melting on glass substrates. The trend in particle spacing and diameter in the thickness range of 3-16 nm was consistent with predictions of the classical spinodal dewetting theory. The early stage dewetting morphology of Au changed from bicontinuous-type to hole-like at a thickness between 8.5 and 10 nm, and computational modeling of nonlinear dewetting dynamics also captured the bicontinuous morphology and its evolution quite well. The thermal gradient forces were found to be significantly weaker than dispersive forces in Au due to its large effective Hamaker coefficient. This also resulted in Au dewetting length scales being significantly smaller than those of other metals such as Ag and Co.
Domain Structure and Transient Photoconductivity in Ordered Ga0.47In0.53As Epitaxial Films

We examine the influences of spontaneous atomic ordering and the associated subvariant domain structure on the transient photoconductivity in epitaxial Ga 0.47 In 0.53 As films grown by MOCVD on InP 2°- . Ultra-high frequency photoconductivity decay is used to measure carrier lifetimes in ordered and disordered material following excitation with a YAG laser. Ordered material shows an extended lifetime of 18–186 gis that decreases with incident power. Strongly ordered material showed two CuPt-B subvariants in TEM diffraction patterns and images. Ordering in the first 0.5 μm of growth consists of a fine, interwoven structure with the subvariants closely associated. The subvariants then segregate into imperfectly ordered columnar superdomains that form a mosaic in the film plane with numerous order/order interfaces. In addition, order/disorder interfaces form within and adjacent to the partially ordered superdomains. We attribute the extended transient photoconductivity lifetime in ordered samples to trapping effects that result from the subvariant domain structure.
Top-down versus bottom-up learning in cognitive skill acquisition

This paper explores the interaction between implicit and explicit processes during skill learning, in terms of top-down learning (that is, learning that goes from explicit to implicit knowledge) versus bottom-up learning (that is, learning that goes from implicit to explicit knowledge). Instead of studying each type of knowledge (implicit or explicit) in isolation, we stress the interaction between the two types, especially in terms of one type giving rise to the other, and its effects on learning. The work presents an integrated model of skill learning that takes into account both implicit and explicit processes and both top-down and bottom-up learning. We examine and simulate human data in the Tower of Hanoi task. The paper shows how the quantitative data in this task may be captured using either top-down or bottom-up approaches, although top-down learning is a more apt explanation of the human data currently available. These results illustrate the two different directions of learning (top-down versus bottom-up), and thereby provide a new perspective on skill learning.
Cumulative residual entropy: a new measure of information

In this paper, we use the cumulative distribution of a random variable to define its information content and thereby develop an alternative measure of uncertainty that extends Shannon entropy to random variables with continuous distributions. We call this measure cumulative residual entropy (CRE). The salient features of CRE are as follows: 1) it is more general than the Shannon entropy in that its definition is valid in the continuous and discrete domains, 2) it possesses more general mathematical properties than the Shannon entropy, and 3) it can be easily computed from sample data and these computations asymptotically converge to the true values. The properties of CRE and a precise formula relating CRE and Shannon entropy are given in the paper. Finally, we present some applications of CRE to reliability engineering and computer vision.
Characterization of damaged skin by impedance spectroscopy: mechanical damage.

Purpose Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is a convenient method that has been used to characterize skin barrier function, which affects drug delivery into and through the skin. The objective of this study was to relate changes in skin barrier function arising from mechanical damage to changes in the impedance spectra. These observations are compared in a companion paper to changes in chemically damaged skin.
Rigid and flexible thin-film multielectrode arrays for transmural cardiac recording

Thin-film transmural cardiac multielectric arrays were fabricated using integrated-circuit processing techniques. Improvements over conventional handmade arrays, such as a smaller cross-sectional area, a larger number of recording sites per needle, more accurately controlled size and spacing of the recording sites, smaller bipolar spacings, and higher throughput yield, allow for a higher density of closely spaced bipolar electrodes capable of monitoring complex voltage and gradient fields present during ventricular fibrillation and defibrillation. Both rigid and flexible arrays were fabricated and used in the acquisition of transmural electrical signals. In vitro and in vivo testing of the thin-film transmural cardiac multielectrode arrays indicates that there are no adhesion or delamination problems, and no implantation difficulties, and that unipolar and bipolar recordings during normal sinus rhythm and injury potentials in unipolar recordings are similar to those obtained using the handmade electrodes. >
Interactions Among Domain-Specific Expectancies, Values, and Gender: Predictors of Test Anxiety During Early Adolescence

This research focuses on the interaction between students' domain-specific expectancies and values as a predictor of test anxiety. A subsample of adolescents from the MSALT dataset are used in the current study; students complete measures during the spring of sixth grade and again during the spring of seventh grade. Overall, findings provide support for the predicted expectancy-value interaction. Those students who highly value success in math or English yet expect to do poorly in those subjects report the highest levels of test anxiety. Effect sizes are larger for math than English. Few gender differences emerge, but one prospective analysis reveals that girls who devalue English are more likely to maintain moderate levels of test anxiety across the transition to junior high school. Findings contribute novel information to the literature on test anxiety in young adolescents.
Intrathyroidal cell phenotype in murine lymphocytic and granulomatous experimental autoimmune thyroiditis

In-vitro mouse thyroglobulin (MTg) activated spleen cells from immunized donor mice can induce experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) after transfer to recipient mice. The intrathyroidal cellular infiltrate consists primarily of mononuclear cells (lymphocytic EAT). Cells cultured with MTg together with anti-IL2R antibody induce EAT with a granulomatous histopathology in which the thyroid infiltrate contains mononuclear cells (MNC) in addition to PMN's histiocytes, and multinucleated giant cells. Flow cytometric analysis of intrathyroidal MNC infiltrates demonstrated that both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells infiltrate the thyroid in both lymphocytic and granulomatous EAT and that CD8+ T cells outnumber CD4+ T cells. There were usually increased numbers of PMN's in the granulomatous thyroids, but low number of Ig+ and F4/80+ cells (macrophages) in the intrathyroidal infiltrate of both disease types. IL2R and Pgp-1 were expressed on both CD4+ and CD8+ intrathyroidal T cells. The majority of CD8+ cells were ICAM+, LFA-1+, and CD45RB+ whereas only a small percentage of CD4+ intrathyroidal T cells expressed these markers. There were no major differences in intrathyroidal MNC phenotype between lymphocytic and granulomatous EAT. Depletion of CD8+ T cells in recipient mice did not reduce EAT severity and resulted in an increased percentage of intrathyroidal CD4+ T cells expressing IL2R. These results suggest that CD8+ T cells are not functioning as effector cells in lymphocytic or granulomatous EAT.
Coordinated Optimization at a Hydro-Generating Plant by Software Agents

The architecture is developed for incorporating a software agent into the existing control system of a river-based hydro-generating plant. The software agent will utilize a rule-based system for ease of integration. Optimization for increased power production is presented, initially for a single generating unit. An enhancement to facilitate the constraints of river level and flow by an external user, as well as the goals of corporate dispatching is then developed through the existing supervisory control and data acquisition system. Finally, expansion to coordinate multiple hydro units at a single location is presented.
A Low-Cost General Purpose Spectral Display Unit Using an IBM PC

Many physics experiments require acquisition and analysis of spectral data. Commercial minicomputer-based multichannel analyzers collect detected counts at various energies, create a histogram of the counts in memory, and display the resultant spectra. They acquire data and provide the user-to-display interface. The system discussed separates functions into the three modular components of data acquisition, storage, and display. This decoupling of functions allows the experimenter to use any number of detectors for data collection before forwarding up to 64 spectra to the display unit, thereby increasing data throughput over that available with commercial systems. An IBM PC was chosen for the low-cost, general purpose display unit. Up to four spectra may be displayed simultaneously in different colors. The histogram saves 1024 channels per detector, 640 of which may be distinctly displayed per spectra. The IEEE-488 standard provides the data path between the IBM PC and the data collection unit. Data is sent to the PC under interrupt control, using directsmemory access. Display manipulations available via keyboard are also discussed.
Residual-based variational multiscale turbulence models for unstructured tetrahedral meshes

Abstract This paper presents three-level residual-based turbulence models for the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. Employing the variational multiscale (VMS) framework, the velocity and pressure fields are decomposed into two overlapping hierarchical scales, thereby leading to a system of coupled mixed field problems. The mixed problem at the fine scales is stabilized via a subsequent VMS application that results in a further decomposition of the fine-scale velocity field into level-I and level-II scales. The level-II scales are modeled using higher-order bubble functions that are then variationally embedded in the level-I formulation to stabilize it. The level-I problem is modeled via a second set of bubble functions that are linearly independent of the bubbles employed at level-II. Finally, the resulting level-I fine-scales are variationally embedded in the coarse-scale formulation. This yields a residual-based turbulence model for the larger or coarser-scales. A significant feature of the proposed method is that it results in a concurrent top-down and bottom up two-way nesting of the scales. In addition, the resulting turbulence model does not possess any embedded tunable parameters. Another attribute of the formulation is that the fine scales at every level are driven by the residuals of the Euler–Lagrange equations of the coarser scales at the preceding levels, thereby resulting in a method that is variationally consistent. Various algorithmic generalizations of the method are presented that lead to computationally economic residual-based turbulence models. The proposed telescopic depth in scales approach helps make these models accurate for low order tetrahedral and hexahedral elements, a feature that is facilitated by the higher-order bubble functions over element interiors and it results in an enhanced representation of the fine-scale terms modeling the fine viscous effects. From a computational perspective this method results in easy-to-implement equal-order pressure–velocity elements, and possesses the desirable p-refinement feature. Numerical performance of the method is assessed on turbulent channel flow problems at Re = 395 and Re = 590 . Also presented are the results for turbulent SD-7003 airfoil at Re = 60 , 000 and comparison is made with the published experimental data and numerical results.
Simulation of radiation and scattering by large microstrip patch arrays on curved substrate by a fast algorithm

The hybrid volume-surface integral equation approach is implemented to calculate the radiation and scattering by large microstrip arrays on curved substrate and ground plane. The multilevel fast multipole algorithm is applied to reduce the memory and CPU requirements for solving the matrix equation. Numerical results for input impedances of single patch and the scattering pattern for an array are presented.
Telephone Assessment of Stroke Outcome Is Reliable

To the Editor: The modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and Barthel Index (BI) are often used to evaluate long-term outcome in stroke studies.1–3 However, there are several potential problems with their use. An investigator’s knowledge of the clinical data may bias scoring of the scales, and direct patient contact for outcome assessment months after the stroke is not always feasible. Telephone interviews can simplify study design and potentially avoid investigator bias. Telephone interviews have been used prospectively in stroke studies to evaluate clinical outcome, functioning and disability after stroke, cognitive status, stroke-free status, and cognitive function in community outpatients.4,5 Newcommon …