cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Double Agent: The Critic and Society

The author provides a series of closely-linked essays on criticism in the 20th century, emphasizing the shift from journalistic and historical criticism - the "man of letters" tradition - to formal, academic and theoretical criticism. This is a development that comes full circle with the recent rediscovery by theorists of a number of cultural and historical approaches to literature that had been shunned in the 1960s and 1970s. At once a selective history of American criticism in this century and an overview of the tradition of social, historical and cultural criticism, this text aims to bring new light to the critical landscape.
Adaptive backstepping cancelation of unmatched unknown sinusoidal disturbances for unknown LTI systems by state derivative feedback

Solutions already exist for the problem of canceling sinusoidal disturbances by measurement of the state or by measurement of an output for unknown linear and nonlinear systems. In this paper, we design an adaptive backstepping controller to cancel sinusoidal disturbances forcing an unknown linear time-invariant system in controllable canonical form which is augmented by a linear input subsystem with unknown system parameters by using only measurement of state-derivatives of the original subsystem and state of the input subsystem. Our design is based on four steps, 1) parametrization of the sinusoidal disturbance as the output of a known feedback system with an unknown output vector that depends on both unknown disturbance parameters and unknown plant parameters, 2) design of an adaptive disturbance observer for both disturbance and its derivative, 3) design of an adaptive controller for virtual control input, and 4) design final adaptive controller by using backstepping procedure. We prove that the equilibrium of the closed-loop adaptive system is stable and state of the considered original subsystem goes to zero as t → ∞ with perfect disturbance estimation. The effectiveness of the controller is illustrated with a simulation example of a third order system.
On the injectivity of the circular Radon transform

The circular Radon transform integrates a function over the set of all spheres with a given set of centres. The problem of injectivity of this transform (as well as inversion formulae, range descriptions, etc) arises in many fields from approximation theory to integral geometry, to inverse problems for PDEs and recently to newly developing types of tomography. A major breakthrough in the 2D case was made several years ago in a work by Agranovsky and Quinto. Their techniques involved microlocal analysis and known geometric properties of zeros of harmonic polynomials in the plane. Since then there has been an active search for alternative methods, especially those based on simple PDE techniques, which would be less restrictive in more general situations. This paper provides some new results that one can obtain by methods that essentially involve only the finite speed of propagation and domain dependence for the wave equation.
Perturbation model for EMC sources in the near field and shielded by ferromagnetic materials

In this research a perturbation model was developed to predict near fields in the presence of and within a ferromagnetic material. This was done by modeling the electric and magnetic fields of an infinitesimal dipole antenna enclosed by the spherical shell of a ferromagnetic material by an iterative technique given only the complex amplitude of the magnetic field in the near field as known.
Gender and age differences in emotion regulation strategies and their relationship to depressive symptoms

We examined differences between men and women, and between young, middle and older age adults in emotion regulation strategies (rumination, suppression, reappraisal, problem-solving, acceptance, social support) and the relationships between these strategies and depressive symptoms. Women were more likely than men to report using several different emotion regulation strategies, and these gender differences were significant even after statistically controlling for gender differences in depressive symptoms. Use of most strategies decreased with age, with two exceptions: (1) use of suppression increased with age for women but not for men and (2) use of acceptance did not decrease with age for women. Use of maladaptive strategies was associated with more depressive symptoms in all age groups and both genders, yet, the use of adaptive strategies generally was not related to lower levels depressive symptoms across groups.
Racial differences in lens opacities: The Salisbury Eye Evaluation (SEE) Project

The purpose of this study was to determine racial differences in the prevalence of different types of lens opacities and cataract surgery. Between 1993 and 1995, the Salisbury Eye Evaluation (SEE) Project enrolled a representative sample of 2,520 community-dwelling persons aged 65-84 years in Salisbury, Maryland, 26.4% of whom were African-American. Participants received a full eye examination, and photographs were taken for documentation of lens status. Photographs were graded using a standardized grading system for the presence of cortical, nuclear, or posterior subcapsular cataract (PSC) opacification in at least one eye. The odds of having cortical opacities were 4.0 times greater among African Americans than among Caucasians (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.3-4.8). Caucasians were significantly more likely to have nuclear opacities (odds ratio = 2.1, 95% CI 1.7-2.6) and PSC opacities (odds ratio = 2.5, 95% CI 1.7-3.6). The odds of cataract surgery were 2.8 times higher among Caucasians, but these differences did not explain the differences in the prevalence of different types of lens opacities by racial group. With lower rates of nuclear and PSC opacities than Caucasians, African Americans may have a lower demand for cataract surgery. However, even with these differences, there is still significant unnecessary loss of vision due to cataract among older African Americans, for whom programs to ensure access to surgical care are indicated.
Pregnancy Resolution and Family Formation Understanding Gender Differences in Adolescents' Preferences and Beliefs

This article examines gender differences in adolescents' personal views about pregnancy resolution and family formation as they relate to a vignette describing their involvement in an unplanned pregnancy within the context of an ongoing, stable relationship. We use a sample of 577 White and Black high school students from a metropolitan, midwestern city to contrast males' and females' preferences and beliefs about pregnancy resolution and family formation. Although similar percentages of males and females preferred abortion and adoption as strategies for handling their own pregnancy, females were more likely than males to select arrangements that involved living with their children, and they were more likely than males to choose single custodial parenting as their first preference. For those young people choosing some form of parental rearing, observed gender differences in the preference for forming a two-parent household were explained by adolescents' beliefs about their parents' and friends' expectatio...
Of Two Minds: The Growing Disorder in American Psychiatry

Of Two Minds: The Growing Disorder in American Psychiatry. T. M. Luhrmann. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000.337 pp.
Influence of microbial associations on selenium localization and speciation in roots of Astragalus and Stanleya hyperaccumulators

a b s t r a c t Selenium (Se) hyperaccumulator plants can accumulate and tolerate Se up to 1% of their dry weight. Since little is known about below-ground processes of Se uptake and metabolism in hyperaccumulators, X-ray absorption spectromicroscopy was used to characterize the chemical composition and spatial distribu- tion of Se in roots of Astragalus and Stanleya hyperaccumulators. Selenium was present throughout the roots, with the highest levels in the cortex. The main form of Se (48-95%) in both species collected from naturally seleniferous soil was an organic C Se C compound, likely methyl-selenocysteine. In addition, surprisingly high fractions (up to 35%) of elemental Se (Se0) were found, a form so far not reported in plants but commonly produced by Se-tolerant bacteria and fungi. Four fungi collected from hyperaccumulator roots were characterized with respect to their Se tolerance and ability to produce Se 0 , and then used to inoculate hyperaccumulators in a controlled greenhouse study. The roots of the greenhouse-grown Astra- galus and Stanleya contained mainly C Se C; in most plants no Se 0 was detected, with the exception of Astragalus nodules and roots of Astragalus inoculated with Alternaria astragali, an Se0-producing fun- gus. Apparently, Se 0
Intense winter heterotrophic production stimulated by benthic resuspension

A major episodic sediment resuspension event (25-yr high), which was triggered by atmospheric and water column instability in an El Niň;o year, temporarily altered the dynamics of autotrophy and heterotrophy in Lake Michigan. Resuspended sediments, rich in organic and inorganic nutrients, especially phosphorus, stimulated heterotrophic production despite low water temperatures (2oC or less). During the resuspension event, southern basin winter heterotrophic bacterial productivity was high (64% of summertime productivity), especially along the margins of the lake. The mean bacterial cell size increased in regions where productivity was highest during the resuspension event. Although resuspended sediments stimulated bacterial secondary productivity, they simultaneously decreased water-column light availability and autotroph biomass. Consequently, heterotrophic bacteria were temporally decoupled from the commonly recognized source of organic matter for bacterial production—photoautotrophy. Variation in the magnitude and frequency of these resuspension events likely influences variation in interannual productivity in this system. Such previously underappreciated, intermittent, and ephemeral benthic-pelagic exchange events may significantly influence plankton dynamics and biogeochemical cycling in coastal marine and freshwater ecosystems.
Increasing the time step with mass scaling in born-oppenheimer ab Initio QM/MM molecular dynamics simulations

Born-Oppenheimer ab initio QM/MM molecular dynamics simulation with umbrella sampling is a state-of-the-art approach to calculate free energy profiles of chemical reactions in complex systems. To further improve its computational efficiency, a mass-scaling method with the increased time step in MD simulations has been explored and tested. It is found that by increasing the hydrogen mass to 10 amu, a time step of 3 fs can be employed in ab initio QM/MM MD simulations. In all our three test cases, including two solution reactions and one enzyme reaction, the resulted reaction free energy profiles with 3 fs time step and mass scaling are found to be in excellent agreement with the corresponding simulation results using 1 fs time step and the normal mass. These results indicate that for Born-Oppenheimer ab initio QM/MM molecular dynamics simulations with umbrella sampling, the mass-scaling method can significantly reduce its computational cost while has little effect on the calculated free energy profiles.
Regulation of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases and Arrestins During Receptor Desensitization

With at least 1000 family members encoded by mammalian genomes, the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent the most diverse group of signaling proteins known ([Bockaert and Pin, 1999][1]). GPCRs are involved in the regulation of a wide variety of physiological processes including, but not
Syllable Structure Universals and Second Language Acquisition

The purpose of this paper is to review research in L2 acquisition that has examined the influence of syllable structure universals on the structuring of interlanguage phonology, research that essentially began in the early 1980's. Not al1 of the researchers conducting these studies claimed to be examining the influence of syllable structure universals; instead, a number of them expressly stated that they were examining the influence oftypological universals, most of which were documented in Greenberg's (1965) seminal research. However, many of Greenberg's implicational statements are completely in accordance with current theoretical descriptions of the syllable; consequently, the L2 research based on the those implicational statements offer evidence for the influence of syllable structure universals on the structuring of interlanguage phonology. The paper begins with a brief description of syllable structure universals, brief because only those syllable structure universals that have inspired corresponding research in L2 acquisition are presented. The presentation also assumes that the syllable has three constituents: the onset, the nucleus, and the coda. Such a division is in accordance with much of the research on the syllable, and dividing the syllable into these three constituents facilitates both the description of the universals and the review the L2 research.
Fast and robust 3D recognition by alignment

Alignment is a common approach for recognizing 3-D objects in 2-D images. Current implementations handle image uncertainty in ad hoc ways. These errors, however, can propagate and magnify through the alignment computations, such that the ad hoc approaches may not work. The authors give a technique for tightly bounding the propagated error, which can be used to make the recognition robust while still being efficient. Previous analyses of alignment have demonstrated a sensitivity to false positives. But these analyses applied only to point features, whereas alignment systems often rely on extended features for verifying the presence of a model in the image. A new formula is derived for the selectivity of a line feature. It is experimentally demonstrated using the technique for computing error bounds that the use of line segments significantly reduces the expected false positive rate. The extent of the improvement is that an alignment system that correctly handles propagated error is expected to remain reliable even in substantially cluttered scenes. >
Laser Mixing of Titanium on Silicon Carbide

We have used excimer laser surface processing to melt and mix single Ti layers into the surface of polycrystalline SiC substrates. The mixing of Ti into the surface is very rapid and efficient. Examination of Rutherford backscattering (RBS) data for different mixing conditions shows the formation of a preferred composition at the Ti-substrate interface which propagates from the interface with further mixing. Reconstruction of the RBS spectrum indicates that the composition of the layer is Ti{sub 45}C{sub 37}Si{sub 18}. X-ray diffraction demonstrates the formation of Ti silicides and carbides in the surface region. Profiling of C in both mixed and uncoated samples by 5 MeV He{sup +} scattering demonstrates that laser processing of the SiC does not cause major changes in the stoichiometry of the substrate material. 6 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab.
Daclatasvir A NS5A Replication Complex Inhibitor for Hepatitis C Infection

Objectives: To review the pharmacology, efficacy, and safety of daclatasvir in the treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Data Sources: A literature search through EMBASE and PubMed was conducted (January 1966 to August 2015) using the terms BMS-790052, daclatasvir, and hepatitis C. References from retrieved articles were reviewed for any additional material. Additionally, the new drug application and prescribing information were retrieved. Study Selection/Data Extraction: The literature search was limited to human studies published in English. Phase 1, 2, and 3 studies describing the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of daclatasvir for HCV were identified. Data Synthesis: Daclatasvir, a nonstructural 5A protein inhibitor, combined with sofosbuvir, is indicated for adult patients with chronic HCV genotype 3 regardless of treatment or cirrhosis status. The phase III ALLY-3 trial (n = 152) demonstrated that daclatasvir taken once daily with sofosbuvir for 12...
Cell Membrane Enzymes Containing Chymotrypsin-like Activity

The study of protease inhibitors and carcinogenesis has aided in the identification of proteolytic enzymes in the regulation of cell growth, invasion, and metastasis. Since the early 1970s the value of protease inhibitors in the suppression of tumorigenesis has been demonstrated in a variety of tumors (Troll et al., 1970; Hozumi et al., 1972; Weed et al., 1985). The proteases, namely, plasminogen activator, plasmin, collagenase (Mignatti et al., 1986), and cathepsin D (Sloane et al., 1986), are primarily appreciated for their role in invasion and metastasis. However, Corasanti et al. (1982) have demonstrated that e-aminocaproic acid suppresses dimethylhydrazine-induced colon tumors in mice, implicating a possible role for plasminogen activator in the mechanism of carcinogenesis. The control of intracellular protein turnover (Waxman et al., 1985; Hershko, 1988), the maturation of polypeptide precursors (Bathurst et al., 1987), the regulation of neutrophil activation (King et al., 1987), and the control of sister chromatid exchange (Kennedy et al., 1984) are several examples where proteases have been directly or indirectly implicated in cellular regulation.
Employment Discrimination against Americans with Disabilities

The ADA is comprehensive legislation prohibiting discrimination against disabled persons in employment, public services, transportation, places of public accommodation, and telecommunications. This article provides an overview of the ADA's major provisions concerning employment discrimination.
Optimal Incremental Parsing via Best-First Dynamic Programming

We present the first provably optimal polynomial time dynamic programming (DP) algorithm for best-first shift-reduce parsing, which applies the DP idea of Huang and Sagae (2010) to the best-first parser of Sagae and Lavie (2006) in a non-trivial way, reducing the complexity of the latter from exponential to polynomial. We prove the correctness of our algorithm rigorously. Experiments confirm that DP leads to a significant speedup on a probablistic best-first shift-reduce parser, and makes exact search under such a model tractable for the first time.
Recombinant human interleukin-9 induces protein tyrosine phosphorylation and synergizes with steel factor to stimulate proliferation of the human factor-dependent cell line, M07e

Human interleukin-9 (IL-9) was originally identified and cloned based on its stimulatory effect on proliferation of human myeloid cell line, M07e. IL-9 synergized with Steel factor, the ligand for the c-kit product, to stimulate M07e cell proliferation. To investigate potential mechanisms for this, IL-9 was assessed for effects on protein tyrosine kinase activities in M07e cells by immunoblotting with anti-phosphotyrosine monoclonal antibody; results were compared with those of Steel factor alone and in combination with IL-9, and those of 12-0-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Recombinant human IL-9 (10 ng/mL) rapidly and transiently induced or enhanced at least four tyrosine phosphorylated protein bands with molecular weights of 105, 97, 85, and 81 Kd. This tyrosine phosphorylation pattern was different from that generated by recombinant murine Steel factor or TPA stimulation and the combination of IL-9 and Steel factor did not change the IL-9-induced pattern. IL-9-induced tyrosine phosphorylated bands were completely blocked by treatment of IL-9 with anti-IL-9 antibody under conditions that also neutralized the synergistic effect of IL-9 with Steel factor on M07e cell proliferation. Genistein, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, blocked phosphorylation of IL-9 and Steel factor-induced bands. Unlike Steel factor or TPA, IL-9 did not appear to stimulate phosphorylation of 42-Kd mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase or Raf-1, or enhance MAP kinase activity. MAP kinase and Raf-1 are serine/threonine kinases that are phosphorylated and activated by many growth factors and by agonists for protein kinase C. While the combination of IL-9 plus SLF did not appear to induce phosphorylation of new bands not already seen with either IL-9 or SLF alone, or enhance the phosphorylation of those bands seen with either cytokine alone, the results suggest that IL-9 activates specific and unique signal transduction pathways.
Update on club foot

Abstract This review outlines the present classification, aetiology, diagnosis and assessment of clubfoot (congenital talipes equinovarus or CTEV foot). It also updates the changes that have occurred with regard to the management emphasising the shift away from routine surgical treatment to the serial casting techniques popularised by Ponseti and reasons for this change.
On Frequency Distributions of the Quotient and of the Product of Two Statistical Variables

(1942). On Frequency Distributions of the Quotient and of the Product of Two Statistical Variables. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 24-32.
Extreme Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields of Project Sanguine/Seafarer: Effect of Long-term Exposure on Soil Arthropods in Nature

Monitoring of long-term biological impact of the Navy's Project Sanguine/Seafarer extreme low frequency (ELF), low energy communications system continued in summer, 1975, at the Wisconsin Test Facility with population analyses of soil arthropods and a floral survey of 9 exposed and 6 control plots. After 6 yr of exposure to ELF the ratio of Cryptostigmata to Collembola in the original Hazleton test plot is almost exactly the same as in 1969, before antenna turn-on. Since 1972, the average annual production of Collembola in the Main test and control subplots has been practically the same—1488 in the former and 1432 in the latter. Surveys taken 3 or 4 yr apart suggest normal vegetational changes and succession in exposed plots and environs. These and other data do not support the hypothesis that Sanguine/Seafarer electromagnetic fields have had a demonstrable impact on populations of soil arthropods and surrounding flora after 6 yr of exposure.
Zero-change CMOS photodiode with 0.44 A/W responsivity

A photodiode with 0.44 A/W has been fabricated in the Global Foundries 45 nm 12SOI process — a twenty times increase over previous results. The photodiode consists of a ring-resonator with ring-shaped silicon-germanium.
In vitro effect of surface active agents on human serum lipoprotein and protein patterns.

SummaryThe effects of incubation of serum with various surface active agents on serum lipids and protein patterns have been studied on electrophoresis and in the ultracentrifuge. Direction of migration of lipid in electrophoresis depends upon the charge of surface active agents. Anionic surface active agents increase migration rate of both alpha and beta lipoproteins toward the anode. Cationic agents either decrease migration rate of lipids toward the anode or cause them to move toward the cathode. Non-ionic agents cause complete loss of mobility of all lipids toward either electrode. These effects could be explained by assuming that surface active agents are bound to lipoproteins and contribute their charge in the migration of these lipoproteins. Effects of surface active agents on protein patterns are less pronounced. Surface active agents either increase or decrease density of serum lipoproteins as studied in the ultracentrifuge suggesting that these agents are bound to lipoproteins. However, predictio...
Does the Rise of China Make Military Disputes with Neighbors More Likely

The rise of China has caused a lot of concerns among its neighbors that China will behave as a revisionist power and engage in more military disputes with surrounding countries. The Chinese government, however, has insisted that China will rise peacefully. Scholars have taken divided positions on the issue. The security alliance commitments of the United States to several Asian countries further complicate the relations between China and its neighbors. Despite the significance of the issue, systematic statistical evidence is surprisingly sparse as relevant research has been dominated by qualitative China studies. In this article, I use statistical analysis to assess whether the rise of China has occurred and instigated more military disputes with its neighbors. Evidence shows that the rise of China is largely an economic phenomenon driven by the rapid increase in its economic size since the 1980s, though China has been a significant regional military power ever since 1950. I argue that the effect of China's rise on military disputes is not uniform across neighbors, but depends on dyadic power distribution and whether a neighbor is a US ally or not. Power parity between China and a non-US ally neighbor increases their risk of military conflict, but power parity between China and a neighbor allied with the US reduces their likelihood of dispute. Statistical analysis of all non-directed dyads between China and 17 contiguous neighbors from 1950 to 2008 confirms these expectations. The evidence further indicates that these effects are strongest in years immediately following the end of a dispute and then decline precipitously as peace in a dyad endures. Prognosis based on the model estimates suggests that the further rise of China will not make it reach any dangerous parity condition with most of its neighbors and yet the China-Japan and China-Philippines dyads will be the most conflict-prone in the coming years.
Endometrial Epithelial Lesions

Among endometrial epithelial lesions, common nonneoplastic conditions (metaplasia, hormone-related changes, endometrial polyp, and gestational alterations) can mimic malignant or premalignant lesions of the endometrium. Endometrial carcinoma is the most common cancer of the female genital tract. Long-term estrogen overload through obesity, hormone replacement, oral contraceptives, and smoking is significantly associated with the most common subtype, endometrioid adenocarcinoma (type 1 endometrial cancer, 70–80 %) and its precursor lesion—atypical endometrial hyperplasia. A smaller subset of endometrial cancers (10–15 %) is represented by serous and clear cell carcinomas (type 2 endometrial cancer) that are high grade by definition and almost always occur in postmenopausal women. Mixed carcinoma is defined by the presence of two histological types of epithelial malignancy, one of which is type 2 (serous or clear cell carcinoma) and the minor component constitutes at least 5 % of the entire tumor. The current (2014) WHO classification of endometrial carcinomas is summarized in Table 4.1. Other histological subtypes of endometrial carcinoma are rare, including neuroendocrine tumors and undifferentiated/dedifferentiated carcinomas.
Building a Suburban Utopia

THIS CHAPTER BEGINS WITH AN OVERVIEW OF THE HISTORY of suburban development including a discussion of gridded versus ungridded development and how the shift from one to the other was to have health consequences. Next is a discussion of early twentieth-century suburbanization and how this led to the development of English new towns and garden suburbs in the United States. Then, the architectural theories of Frank Lloyd Wright are detailed along with his ideas on housing and suburban development. The chapter moves on to describe the successes of suburbia (its problems are presented inchapters 9 and 10) and concludes with a discussion of suburbs and race (table 5.1).
Social Models for Changing Health-Relevant Behavior

In the early days of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic, public health interventions put major emphasis on education because there was an urgent need to get the news out about the dangers of a new disease and about steps that might help to combat its spread. Education, however, was clearly not all that was needed. Thus, a range of additional intervention techniques were developed, most of them focusing on individuals as their targets. These interventions were guided by theories such as: (1) the health belief model (HBM) (Becker & Joseph, 1988; Emmons et al, 1986; Montgomery et al., 1989); (2) social learning theory (Bandura, 1977; Botvin, Baker, Botvin, Filazzola, & Millman, 1984; Evans, 1976); and (3) the theory of reasoned action (Fishbein, 1980; Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975; Fishbein & Middlestadt, 1989).
Mechanoluminescence Induced by Acoustic Cavitation

Mechanoluminescence (ML): light produced by any mechanical action on a solid. This is a phenomenon that has been studied for over 400 years, but much is still unknown about it because the emission is inherently weak. To advance our understanding of the ML event, ML with greater photon emission is needed. To this end acoustic cavitation has been used to produce very bright ML from the fracture of piezoelectric crystals. The intense shock wave launched from collapsing bubbles during the sonication of slurries allows for the study of chemical and physical events that occur when a solid is stressed or fractured. Sonicating slurries of mechanoluminescent crystals (such as sucrose, sodium chloride, resorcinol, m-aminophenol, or coumarin) in long chain liquid alkanes produce very bright ML, up to and exceeding 1000 times greater intensity than manual grinding. The large increase in intensity has revealed not only emission from bulk gas such as N2 or He but also C2, CH, CO, CO+, CO2+, H, and He+, many of which have not been reported in previous ML studies. In addition, the emission products show that gas phase reactions are occurring within the plasma generated from the ML discharge. The intense ML induced by acoustic cavitation allowed the plasma to be characterized in terms of heavy atom temperature of ~400 K, electron density of ~1014 cm−1, and electron energy of ~3.5 eV. These conditions are very similar to other highly reactive microdischarges.
Stress primes microglial polarization after global ischemia: Therapeutic potential of progesterone

Despite the fact that stress is associated with increased risk of stroke and worsened outcome, most preclinical studies have ignored this comorbid factor, especially in the context of testing neuroprotective treatments. Preclinical research suggests that stress primes microglia, resulting in an enhanced reactivity to a subsequent insult and potentially increasing vulnerability to stroke. Ischemia-induced activated microglia can be polarized into a harmful phenotype, M1, which produces pro-inflammatory cytokines, or a protective phenotype, M2, which releases anti-inflammatory cytokines and neurotrophic factors. Selective modulation of microglial polarization by inhibiting M1 or stimulating M2 may be a potential therapeutic strategy for treating cerebral ischemia. Our laboratory and others have shown progesterone to be neuroprotective against ischemic stroke in rodents, but it is not known whether it will be as effective under a comorbid condition of chronic stress. Here we evaluated the neuroprotective effect of progesterone on the inflammatory response in the hippocampus after exposure to stress followed by global ischemia. We focused on the effects of microglial M1/M2 polarization and pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators in stressed ischemic animals. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 8 consecutive days of social defeat stress and then subjected to global ischemia or sham surgery. The rats received intraperitoneal injections of progesterone (8mg/kg) or vehicle at 2h post-ischemia followed by subcutaneous injections at 6h and once every 24h post-injury for 7days. The animals were killed at 7 and 14days post-ischemia, and brains were removed and processed to assess outcome measures using histological, immunohistochemical and molecular biology techniques. Pre-ischemic stress (1) exacerbated neuronal loss and neurodegeneration as well as microglial activation in the selectively vulnerable CA1 hippocampal region, (2) dysregulated microglial polarization, leading to upregulation of both M1 and M2 phenotype markers, (3) increased pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, and (4) reduced anti-inflammatory cytokine and neurotrophic factor expression in the ischemic hippocampus. Treatment with progesterone significantly attenuated stress-induced microglia priming by modulating polarized microglia and the inflammatory environment in the hippocampus, the area most vulnerable to ischemic injury. Our findings can be taken to suggest that progesterone holds potential as a candidate for clinical testing in ischemic stroke where high stress may be a contributing factor.
Identification of lipidomic markers of chronic 3,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126) exposure in the male rat liver

Exposure to PCB 126, an environmentally relevant aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist, is an environmental factor causing hepatic steatosis in rodent models; however, the lipidome of PCB 126-exposed rats has not been investigated in-depth. The objective of the present study was therefore to characterize dose-dependent changes in the lipid profile in the liver of male Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to PCB 126. Rats were exposed for three month to intraperitoneal injections of 0.01, 0.05 and 0.2 μmol/kg bw PCB 126 in corn oil. Control animals were exposed in parallel and received corn oil alone. Lipids were extracted from whole liver homogenate and levels of polar lipids and fatty acids incorporated into triglycerides (FATAGs) were determined with tandem mass spectrometry using electrospray ionization. PCB 126 exposure increased the hepatic content of polar lipids and FATAGs. Protein adjusted levels of several polar lipid classes, in particular phosphatidylserine levels, decreased, whereas FATAGs levels typically increased with increasing PCB 126 dose. Sensitive, dose-dependent endpoints of PCB 126 exposure included an increase in levels of adrenic acid incorporated into triglycerides and changes in levels of certain ether-linked phospholipid and 1-alkyl/1-alkenyldiacylglycerol species, as determined using partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and ANOVA. These changes in the composition of polar lipids and fatty acid in the liver of PCB 126 exposed rats identified several novel markers of PCB 126-mediated fatty liver disease that need to be validated in further studies.
Accounting for optical refractivity and turbulence effects in optical wave propagation over long distances

Propagation of optical waves in the atmosphere is influenced by refractive index spatial inhomogeneities resulting from complicated dynamics of air masses. Both large-scale deviations of refractive index (refractivity) and small-scale random refractive index inhomogeneities (turbulence) can significantly impact performance of atmospheric remote sensing systems including both imaging and laser-based electro-optics systems. Typically, in analysis of atmospheric sensing systems only turbulence effects are accounted for. This simplification is justified for only operation at relatively short distances and in absence of strong refractivity layers. In this paper we discuss more general propagation scenarios for which atmospheric refraction can play an important role and could significantly alter the major laser beam and image characteristics. Atmospheric refractivity is described by a combination of the standard MUSA76 and inverse temperature layer models, and atmospheric turbulence effects are accounted for using the classical Kolmogorov turbulence framework with HV57 model for the height profile of the refractive index structure parameter. The numerical analysis demonstrated that both refractivity and turbulence could significantly impact both laser beam propagation and image formation and lead to noticeable anisotropic effects.
Transfer of Cell-Surface Antigens by Scavenger Receptor CD36 Promotes Thymic Regulatory T Cell Receptor Repertoire Development and Allo-tolerance.

Summary The development of T cell tolerance in the thymus requires the presentation of host proteins by multiple antigen-presenting cell (APC) types. However, the importance of transferring host antigens from transcription factor AIRE-dependent medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) to bone marrow (BM) APCs is unknown. We report that antigen was primarily transferred from mTECs to CD8α + dendritic cells (DCs) and showed that CD36, a scavenger receptor selectively expressed on CD8α + DCs, mediated the transfer of cell-surface, but not cytoplasmic, antigens. The absence of CD8α + DCs or CD36 altered thymic T cell selection, as evidenced by TCR repertoire analysis and the loss of allo-tolerance in murine allogeneic BM transplantation (allo-BMT) studies. Decreases in these DCs and CD36 expression in peripheral blood of human allo-BMT patients correlated with graft-versus-host disease. Our findings suggest that CD36 facilitates transfer of mTEC-derived cell-surface antigen on CD8α + DCs to promote tolerance to host antigens during homeostasis and allo-BMT.
Osteochondral Autograft Transfer

Osteochondral autograft transfer (OAT) is indicated for treatment of symptomatic osteochondral defects in the size range of 1–4 cm2. OAT consists of transferring osteochondral autografts from areas with intact articular cartilage subject to less mechanical loads to more mechanically loaded areas with focal, symptomatic osteochondral defects. A major advantage of this technique is the reconstitution of the native osteochondral architecture comprised of a hyaline cartilage surface with underlying subchondral bone. Limitations include donor site morbidity that limits treatment of larger-sized defects. Successful clinical outcomes have been reported with significant improvements in pain and function scores. In this chapter, the current state of the art of the OAT technique will be reviewed.
The Period-Doubling Power Spectrum of Conservative Systems

The period-doubling power spectrum of conservative systems is studied via the area- preserving DeVogelaere map. The ratio of the successive averaged heights of the peaks in the spectrum is found to approach a universal limit 2β(2) ≃ 60.8.
Die Regelung der Turbokompressoren

Die Regelungsverfahren lassen sich in verschiedene Klassen unterteilen, je nach den Betriebsbedingungen, denen der Turbokompressor unterworfen ist. Berucksichtigt man in erster Linie den Zweck der Anlage, so sind zweierlei Einstellungen in Gebrauch, namlich: Regelung auf gleichbleibenden Enddruck bei veranderlichem Fordervolumen, Regelung auf gleichbleibende Liefermenge bei veranderlichem Druck.
Kinetic treatment of unsegmented flow systems : Part 4. Equations for a system with gradient chamber corrected to account for detectors with finite sensitivities

Abstract Corrected equations are presented for a flow-injection sample-processing system that includes a gradient chamber. In earlier treatments, the initial and final points of a time-interval measurement were defined to correspond to a detection system with infinite sensitivity. The more exact equations now presented account for the effects of using practical detectors with finite sensitivities. Data are presented to show that the revised equations correctly predict the curvature observed in calibration plots at low analyte concentrations.
The Future of Pharmacy: Armageddon or Pollyanna?

Objective:To review important events and predictions about pharmacy that have occurred in the practice since my career began and describe changes in opportunities that have developed over the past 35 years.Data Sources:I used personal recollections and information from the State of Florida Pharmacy Association journal over a 35-year period. Other supporting data were used to describe current practice opportunities.Data Synthesis:Over the past 35 years many people have predicted the demise of the pharmacy profession. The reasons stated for this demise have varied over the years and include government interference, the expansion of chain and mail-order pharmacies, managed care, loss of the compounding function, Medicaid reimbursement, national health insurance, and pharmacy technicians. Despite these gloomy predictions, community and hospital pharmacies have flourished over the past 35 years and new roles for pharmacists have emerged in managed care, consultant pharmacy, academic pharmacy, and the pharmaceu...
Social Media Use Among Parents and Caregivers of Children With Cancer

Social media as an effective source of information and support among parents and other caregivers of children with cancer has not been explored. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to describe caregivers' reasons for using social media, social media sites used, and predictors of social media usage. This study sample included 215 caregivers (96% parents) of children with cancer receiving cancer-related care at a tertiary children's hospital in the Intermountain West. Most of caregivers (74%) reported using social media in relation to their child's cancer and reported using social media to provide and receive support and information about their child's diagnosis or treatment. Our findings suggest that social media could be a delivery platform for future interventions seeking to meet the informational and emotional needs of caregivers of children with cancer. An awareness of how parents and caregivers of children receiving cancer-related treatment use social media can help nurses understand their ongoing informational and emotional needs. Nurses can also support parents and caregivers in selecting reputable sources of support that are accessible via social media.
A Survey of Gopherus polyphemus Intestinal Parasites in South Florida

Gopherus polyphemus populations are diminishing throughout their range due to urbanization, fragmentation, and poor habitat management. Increased population densities, poor habitat quality, and lack of fire may influence disease transmission. Parasite roles within wild tortoise populations are largely unknown; despite evidence these pathogens may pose significant health risks. This study provides a baseline of gopher tortoise intestinal parasites across South Florida and reports on how varying environmental and tortoise characteristics may affect intestinal parasite species prevalence and approximate loads. Tortoise fecal samples were taken from six tortoise populations across five South Florida sites. Seven species of intestinal parasites were discovered from 123 tortoises. Identified parasites include endohelminths such as cyathostomes, pinworms, ascarids, flukes, and protozoans including Eimeria, Cryptosporidium, and Amoeba species. Significant differences in parasite prevalence and loads were seen between sites, while parasitism among sex, size class, and habitat type remained relatively ubiquitous.
Plasmonic and photonic isolators based on the spatiotemporal modulation of graphene

We explore the possibilities enabled by the spatiotemporal modulation of graphene’s conductivity to realize magnetic-free isolators at terahertz and infrared frequencies. To this purpose, graphene is loaded with periodically distributed gates that are time-modulated. First, we investigate plasmonic isolators based on various mechanisms such as asymmetric bandgaps and interband photonic transitions and we demonstrate isolation levels over 30 dB using realistic biasing schemes. To lessen the dependence on high-quality graphene able to support surface plasmons with low damping, we then introduce a hybrid photonic platform based on spatiotemporally modulated graphene coupled to high-Q modes propagating on dielectric waveguides. We exploit transversal Fabry-Perot resonances appearing due to the finite-width of the waveguide to significantly boost graphene/waveguide interactions and to achieve isolation levels over 50 dB in compact structures modulated with low biasing voltages. The resulting platform is CMOS-compatible, exhibits an overall loss below 4 dB, and is robust against graphene imperfections. We also put forward a theoretical framework based on coupled-mode theory and on solving the eigenstates of the modulated structure that is in excellent agreement with full-wave numerical simulations, sheds light in the underlying physics that govern the proposed isolators, and speeds-up their analysis and design. We envision that the proposed technology will open new and efficient routes to realize integrated and siliconcompatible isolators, with wide range of applications in communications and photonic networks.
Les limites pharmacocinétiques pour définir la dose adéquate de la supplementation en zinc

RESUME Des etudes sur l’efficacite de la supplementation en zinc dans les populations a risque de carence sont limitees par le manque d’informations sur la dose et la chronologie de l’administration. Ces problemes decoulent en partie de l’absence d’informations adequates a partir des etudes pharmacocinetiques, contrairement a leur utilisation pour definir la posologie des medicaments. Dans la mesure ou les tissus contiennent un pool endogene de zinc, les etudes pharmacocinetiques standard fournissent des reponses inexactes. Des etudes de traceurs isotopiques chez des sujets sains doivent etre utilisees pour developper des modeles adaptes a l’etude de la cinetique du zinc. Mais ces etudes evaluent mal la dose et le moment des doses, et les resultats ne peuvent pas etre utilises pour evaluer la posologie chez les patients carences en zinc. Ainsi, le traitement de la carence en zinc dans les populations a haut risque est empirique et continuera de l’etre jusqu’a ce que des informations plus fiables sur la cinetique de la supplementation en zinc soient disponibles.
TENSOR DECOMPOSITIONS AND SPARSE LOG-LINEAR MODELS

Contingency table analysis routinely relies on log-linear models, with latent structure analysis providing a common alternative. Latent structure models lead to a reduced rank tensor factorization of the probability mass function for multivariate categorical data, while log-linear models achieve dimensionality reduction through sparsity. Little is known about the relationship between these notions of dimensionality reduction in the two paradigms. We derive several results relating the support of a log-linear model to nonnegative ranks of the associated probability tensor. Motivated by these findings, we propose a new collapsed Tucker class of tensor decompositions, which bridge existing PARAFAC and Tucker decompositions, providing a more flexible framework for parsimoniously characterizing multivariate categorical data. Taking a Bayesian approach to inference, we illustrate empirical advantages of the new decompositions.
“Evil Is Part of the Territory”: Inventing the Stepmother in Self-Help Books

The “wicked stepmother” is a popular cultural commonplace, but when women become stepmothers, many find themselves trapped by the cliche with few resources to navigate or resist it. In this article...
Tight lower bound of sparse covariance matrix estimation in the local differential privacy model

Abstract In this paper, we study the sparse covariance matrix estimation problem in the local differential privacy model, and give a lower bound of Ω ( s 2 log ⁡ p n ϵ 2 ) on the ϵ non-interactive private minimax risk in the metric of squared spectral norm, where s is the row sparsity of the underlying covariance matrix, n is the sample size, and p is the dimensionality of the data. We show that the lower bound is actually tight, as it matches a previous upper bound. Our main technique for achieving this lower bound is a general framework, called General Private Assouad Lemma, which is a considerable generalization of the previous private Assouad lemma and can be used as a general method for bounding the private minimax risk of matrix-related estimation problems.