cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Augmented Langevin Description of Multiplicative Noise and Nonlinear Dissipation in Hamiltonian Systems

The augmented Langevin approach described in a previous article is applied to the problem of introducing multiplicative noise and nonlinear dissipation into an arbitrary Hamiltonian system in a thermodynamically consistent way, so that a canonical equilibrium distribution is approached asymptotically at long times. This approach leads to a general nonlinear fluctuation-dissipation relation which, for a given form of the multiplicative noise (chosen on physical grounds), uniquely determines the form of the nonlinear dissipative terms needed to balance the fluctuations. In addition to the noise and dissipation terms, the augmented Langevin equation contains an additional term whose form depends on the stochastic interpretation rule used. This term vanishes when the Stratonovich rule is chosen and the noise itself is of a Hamiltonian origin. This development provides a simple phenomenological route to results previously obtained by detailed analysis of microscopic system-bath models. The procedure is illustrated by applications to a mechanical oscillator with fluctuating frequency, a classical spin in a fluctuating magnetic field, and the Brownian motion of a rigid rotor.
Characterization of Product Anti-Magic Graphs of Large Order

A graph G is product anti-magic if one can bijectively label its edges with integers 1, . . . ,e(G) so that no two vertices have the same product of incident labels. This property was introduced by Figueroa-Centeno, Ichishima, and Muntaner-Batle who in particular conjectured that every connected graph with at least 4 vertices is product anti-magic. Here, we completely describe all product anti-magic graphs of sufficiently large order, confirming the above conjecture in this case. Our proof uses probabilistic methods.
Prognostic Impact of Malignant Pleural Effusion at Presentation in Patients with Metastatic Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Background Despite its common occurrence, the influence of malignant pleural effusion (MPE) on the outcomes of patients with advanced non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with distant metastasis (M1b) is unknown. We evaluated the clinical characteristics associated with MPE at presentation and the prognostic impact of MPE at presentation in patients with stage M1b NSCLC. Methods We extracted data from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) registry from patients with NSCLC diagnosed between 2004 and 2005. Odds-ratio estimates were calculated using logistic regression, and the Kaplan–Meier method was used to estimate the overall survival. Cox proportional hazard model was used to evaluate whether MPE was an independent risk for outcome. Results Among the 57,685 patients, MPE was present in 9170 (15.9%), including 3944 out of 31,506 (12.5%) without distant metastases and 5226 (20.0%) out of 26,179 with M1b. The probability of MPE was higher in patients with larger tumors, mediastinal lymph node involvement, and adenocarcinoma, NSCLC not otherwise specified, or large-cell histology. In patients with stage M1b, median overall survival (3 months versus 5 months), estimated 1-year survival (12.6% versus 24.8%), and 2-year survival (5.4% versus 11.3%) were significantly lower in patients with MPE compared with those without MPE (hazards ratio 1.49, 95% confidence interval 1.44–1.54, p Conclusions MPE is a common complication in patients with NSCLC and is associated with decreased survival in patients with distant metastases. If these data are validated, subsequent studies in patients with advanced NSCLC may consider stratification according to the MPE status.
Acute myeloblastic leukemia with a pericentric inversion of chromosome 6 in a child with down syndrome

Cytogenetic analysis of bone marrow cells demonstrated a pericentric inversion of chromosome 6 when acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) was diagnosed in a 15-month-old child with Down syndrome. The abnormal clone with inv(6)(p24q16) was associated with FAB-M1 AML and disappeared when a complete remission was achieved. This is a unique cytogenetic abnormality for FAB-M1 AML in a child with Down syndrome and, to our knowledge, is only the second case of a pericentric inversion of chromosome 6 reported in AML.
An Outlier Analysis Framework for Impedance-based Structural Health Monitoring

Abstract This paper presents the use of statistically rigorous algorithms combined with active-sensing impedance methods for damage identification in engineering systems. In particular, we propose to use statistical pattern recognition methods to address damage classification and data mining issues associated with the examination of large numbers of impedance signals for health monitoring applications. In this paper, in order to diagnose damage with statistical confidence, the impedance-based monitoring is cast in the context of an outlier detection framework. A modified auto-regressive model with exogenous inputs (ARX) in the frequency domain is developed and the damage-sensitive feature is obtained by quantifying the differences between the measured impedance and the output of the ARX model. Furthermore, because of the non-Gaussian nature of the feature distribution tails, extreme value statistics is employed to develop a robust damage classifier. This paper concludes with a numerical example on a 5 degree-of-freedom system and an experimental investigation on a multi-story building model to demonstrate the performance of the proposed concept.
Maximum loadability and voltage stability in power systems

This paper discusses several of the practical and theoretical issues associated with the dynamic vs. static issues of voltage problems. It focuses mainly on the issues of maximum loadability and the avoidance of non-physical models. It concludes with the proposition that static analysis normally produces optimistic upper bounds on practical questions about loadability. Realistic bounds are obtained by a small disturbance analysis and even better with transient large disturbance analysis.
Development of a highly sensitive fibre optic O2/DO sensor based on a phase modulation technique

A fibre-optic sensor for oxygen gas and dissolved oxygen is reported. The sensor employs the quenching by oxygen of the fluorescence from a ruthenium complex trapped in a cage-like structure of a sol-gel derived porous thin film coated on a multimode optical fibre. The light from a blue LED is modulated and used as the excitation source. The phase difference between the extremes of the measurement range (0 and 100% O2 in gas and ~0 ppm and water saturated with O2 (9 ppm) in liquid) is measured as a function of modulation frequency. The optimum frequency was experimentally found to be 75 kHz using a standard lock-in amplifier for phase detection. Using the optimum pulse frequency, the sensor calibration curves in gas and liquid toward oxygen were determined. The sensor exhibited excellent sensitivity and reversibility.
Local area fiscal impact analysis using the regional input—output modeling system (RIMS II)

Abstract The Regional Input-Output Modeling System (RIMS II), developed at the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), is used to project impacts on a region's industrial output, earnings, and employment that result from an exogenous change in final demand. Recently, BEA expanded RIMS II by means of a fiscal component which permits the projection of the impacts on local government expenditures and revenues as well. This paper discusses the procedure used to estimate local government fiscal impacts and provides an example application of the fiscal component.
Examining Husband-Wife Differences in the Meaning of Family Financial Support

The author examines the affective meanings (evaluation, potency, and activity) that seventy-eight heterosexual married or cohabiting couples attach to the act of financially supporting their family...
Pheromone-modulated optomotor response in male gypsy moths, Lymantria dispar L.: Directionally selective visual interneurons in the ventral nerve cord

In response female pheromone the male gypsy moth flies a zigzagging path upwind to locate the source of odor. He determines wind direction visually. To learn more about the mechanism underlying this behavior, we studied descending interneurons with dye-filled micro-electrodes. We studied the interneuronal responses to combinations of pheromone and visual stimuli. 1. We recorded 5 neurons whose directionally selective visual responses to wide field pattern movement were amplified by pheromone (Figs. 2–6). 2. The activity of the above neurons was more closely correlated with the position of the moving pattern than with its velocity (Fig. 4). 3. One neuron showed no clearly directional visual response and no response to pheromone. Yet in the presence of pheromone it showed directionally selective visual responses (Fig. 6). 4. We recorded 4 neurons whose directionally selective visual responses were not modulated by pheromone (Fig. 7), ruling out the possibility that the effect of the pheromone was simply to raise the activity of all visual neurons. 5. Our results suggest that female pheromone amplifies some neural pathways mediating male optomotor responses, especially the directionally selective responses to the transverse movement of the image, both below and above the animal.
A semi-mechanistic integrated toxicokinetic–toxicodynamic (TK/TD) model for arsenic(III) in hepatocytes

Background A systems engineering approach is presented for describing the kinetics and dynamics that are elicited upon arsenic exposure of human hepatocytes. The mathematical model proposed here tracks the cellular reaction network of inorganic and organic arsenic compounds present in the hepatocyte and analyzes the production of toxicologically potent by-products and the signaling they induce in hepatocytes.
How covariant closed string theory solves a minimal area problem

For a given genusg Riemann surface withn≥0 punctures (n≥3 forg=0) we consider the problem of finding the metric of minimal area under the condition that the length of any nontrivial closed curve be greater or equal to 2π. The minimal area metrics are found for the case of all punctured genus zero surfaces and for many of the higher genus surfaces both with and without punctures. These metrics are induced by Jenkins-Strebel quadratic differentials. They arise from the string diagrams corresponding to restricted Feynman graphs of a closed string field theory action containing classical and quantum restricted polyhedra.
Kinematics of the human knee joint.

A mathematical description is proposed of the relative motion at the human knee joint idealized as two dimensional. Based on the relatively few available measurements and the current anatomical literature, the problem has been the identification of the basic kinematic characteristics of this motion, recognizing the variation of human knees and locomotion. With the aid of the anlytical description of plane, relative motion in terms of centrodes and curvature considerations (Euler-Savary equation and related concepts). the basic kinematic characteristics of knee motion have been deduced and the shape of the simplest centrodes reproducing these characteristics described mathematically.
Stigma Towards Mental Illness: A Concept Analysis Using Postpartum Depression as an Exemplar

Stigma towards mental illness is poorly understood, often unrecognized by nurses, and impacts both treatment seeking behavior and treatment adherence. Stigma towards mental illness is a serious issue in all cultures and ethnicities, and has a detrimental impact on an individual's functioning in all life domains. The aim of this analysis is to clarify the modern use of the concept of stigma towards mental illness, using the Walker and Avant concept analysis method, with postpartum depression as the exemplar. The second aim is to promote further dialogue about stigma in nursing. This analysis provides a foundation for further concept exploration in nursing, and generates hypotheses to be tested in various populations and circumstances. Nursing interventions, implications for research, and further concept development are discussed.
A model for portfolio management with mortgage-backed securities

We present a stochastic programming model for the management of large portfolios of mortgage-backed securities (abbreviated: MBS). It is a two-stage, multiperiod model, whereby portfolio decisions made here-and-now are influenced by uncertain information about the future. In particular, we consider uncertainty in both the prepayment activity of the MBSs in the portfolio, as well as uncertainty about the future reinvestment rates. A simulation procedure is used to generate interest rate paths and prepayment behavior, and the stochastic program can be extremely large. Solution of the resulting large-scale programs is particularly challenging. We show that with massively parallel computing technology, the proposed models are indeed solvable. Empirical results on a Connection Machine CM-2 are reported.
Importance of Strange Quarks in Hadrons, Nuclei and Dense Matter

We review recent progress in our understanding of the role of strange quarks in the structure of the nucleon. For the contribution to its mass the result is remarkably small, an order of magnitude smaller than commonly assumed. This has profound consequences for the searches for dark matter which are currently underway. There has also been remarkable progress in the understanding of hypernuclei. In particular, there is a very natural explanation at the quark level of why Λ-hypernuclei are bound whereas Σ-hypernuclei are not. The consequences for dense matter, for example in neutron stars, are not yet fully understood but we know they are significant.
Deterministic Equivalence in Stochastic Infinite Horizon Problems

We consider a general infinite horizon problem with stochastic data. We establish conditions under which the stochastic problem may be correctly solved using an equivalent deterministic problem. In particular, we establish conditions under which there exists an equivalent interest rate, which permits replacement of the stochastic data by their expectations. This equivalent interest rate can be approximated by a linear function of the ratio of the variance to the mean of the stochastic data. Applications to production planning are included.
On the important role played by polarization functions in calculations involving hypervalent molecules

Abstract It is shown that special care must be taken to choose a basis set with an appropriate number of polarization functions when studying processes involving several hypervalent molecules, each with some particular atom exhibiting different Lewis structures. The reaction between 1,3 butadiene and sulfur dioxide rendering either sultines or sulfolenes, depending on the experimental conditions, serves as an illustration.
AGT Genetic Variation, Plasma AGT, and Blood Pressure: An Analysis of the Utah Genetic Reference Project Pedigrees

Background Much remains unknown about the genetic factors that contribute to essential hypertension. The Utah Genetic Reference Project (UGRP) large pedigree collection provides new opportunities to study quantitative relationships between genetic variation, endophenotypes, and blood pressure. Methods We analyzed the relationship between common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and haplotypes spanning the angiotensinogen (AGT) gene and promoter region, plasma AGT levels, and systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in 424 individuals from 41 two-generation UGRP families. Results Plasma AGT levels are significantly correlated among UGRP family members. Correlations are higher for males than for females. Parent-offspring correlations for plasma AGT (0.30) are higher than those for SBP (0.26) and DBP (0.17) (all P values 3) is found between six AGT SNPs and plasma AGT. A model that utilizes three AGT haplotype groups produces the best LOD score (5.1) that exceeds the best single SNP LOD score (3.8). Plasma AGT and blood pressure were not significantly correlated. Conclusions Plasma AGT levels demonstrate high heritability in 41 UGRP families. Locus-specific heritability estimates for AGT SNPs and haplotypes approach 67%, indicating that variation at AGT accounts for a large percentage of the heritability of plasma AGT. A three-way haplotype model outperforms single SNPs for quantitative linkage analysis to plasma AGT. In these predominantly normotensive individuals, plasma AGT did not correlate significantly with blood pressure.
Endocrine Disrupting Compounds Alter Risk-Taking Behavior in Guppies (Poecilia reticulata)

Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) enter aquatic habitats from a variety of anthropogenic sources and can mimic, block, or modulate the synthesis of natural hormones. EDCs affect both reproductive and nonreproductive behaviors because hormones mediate responses associated with aggression and fear. We examined the effects of two EDCs on risktaking behaviors in guppies (Poecilia reticulata). We quantified risk-taking in terms of propensity to forage in a risky location and tendency to join groups in the presence of a predator. We found that male and female guppies responded oppositely to environmentally relevant concentrations of an estrogenic EDC, 17a-ethinylestradiol (EE2), or an androgenic EDC, 17b-trenbolone (TB). Males decreased risk-taking with increasing EE2 concentration (as predicted), but females increased risk-taking (contrary to prediction). In contrast, females increased risk-taking with increasing TB concentrations (as predicted), but males decreased risk-taking (contrary to prediction). These results did not match our expectation that EE2 would reduce risk-taking and TB would increase risk-taking in both sexes. We suspect EE2 and TB produced these counterintuitive effects by downregulating their corresponding hormone receptors and thus reducing levels of circulating endogenous hormones in females and males, respectively. These results show that EDCs can alter fish behavior and potentially reduce fitness in unexpected ways.
DynaM: Dynamic Multiresolution Data Representation for Large-Scale Scientific Analysis

Fast growing large-scale systems enable scientific applications to run at a much larger scale and accordingly produce gigantic volumes of simulation output. Such data imposes a grand challenge to post-processing tasks such as visualization and data analysis, because these tasks are often performed at a host machine that is remotely located and equipped with much less memory and storage resources. During the simulation runs, it is also desirable for scientists to be able to interactively monitor and steer the progress of simulation. This requires scientific data to be represented in an efficient form for initial exploration and computation steering. In this paper, we propose DynaM a software framework that can represent scientific data in a multiresolution form, and dynamically organize data blocks into an optimized layout for efficient scientific analysis. DynaM supports a convolution-based multiresolution data representation for abstracting scientific data for visualization at a wide spectrum of resolution. To support the efficient generation and retrieval of different data granularities from such representation, a dynamic data organization in DynaM is enabled to cater distinct peculiarities of different size data blocks for efficient and balanced I/O performance. Our experimental results demonstrate that DynaM can efficiently represent large scientific dataset and speed up the visualization of multidimensional scientific data. An up to 29 times speedup is achieved on Jaguar supercomputer at Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
Superdeformed many-particle-many-hole states in N=Z nuclei: Beyond the 8p-8h state in 40Ca.

Using a fixed configuration deformed Hartree-Fock method, we examine possible candidates for shape isomer states in several N=Z nuclei $^{40}\mathrm{Ca}$, $^{44}\mathrm{Ti}$, $^{48}\mathrm{Cr}$, $^{52}\mathrm{Fe}$, and $^{56}\mathrm{Ni}$. We treat larger deformations than we did before and thus have to excite more particles and include more major shells. We have two criteria for a stable shape isomer. We find that in all the cases considered there exist stable, highly deformed states which satisfy both the conditions. One example is the 12-particle--12-hole states in $^{40}\mathrm{Ca}$ with ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\beta}}}_{0}$=0.965. We consider the possibility of associating some of these shape isomers with molecular resonances obtained in heavy ion reactions such as $^{24}\mathrm{Mg}$${+}^{24}$Mg ${(}^{48}$${\mathrm{Cr}}^{\mathrm{*}}$) or $^{28}\mathrm{Si}$${+}^{28}$Si ${(}^{56}$${\mathrm{Ni}}^{\mathrm{*}}$).
Random vibration response of cantilever plates using the finite element method

Vx and Vz are components of reference velocity along the x and z axes, V is the reference velocity magnitude, JJL is the gravitation parameter, and h is the angular momentum. To first order in e, the secular errors due to neglecting e are then given by Eqs. (1-4) with A; = 1.5p/ha. In summary, the circular orbit equations can be used to describe perturbed motion about a moderately elliptic reference orbit if the relative position vector is expressed in a local tangent coordinate system. The accuracy is probably more than adequate for many applications including manual rendezvous in earth orbit, up to an eccentricity of 0.05.
Harmonic generation in 2D layered materials

Two-Dimensional (2D) layered materials have garnered interest due to their novel optical and electronic properties. In this work, we investigate Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) in Tungsten Disulfide (WS2) monolayers grown on SiO2/Si substrates and suspended on a transmission electron microscopy grid; we find an unusually large second order susceptibility, which is nearly three orders of magnitude larger than common nonlinear crystals. We have also developed a Green’s function based formalism to model the harmonic generation from a 2D layer .
Proton, diffusion-weighted imaging, and sodium (23Na) MRI of uterine leiomyomata after MR-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound: a preliminary study.

Purpose To determine the feasibility of using combined proton (1H), diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), and sodium (23Na) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to monitor the treatment of uterine leiomyomata (fibroids). Materials and Methods Eight patients with uterine leiomyomata were enrolled and treated using MRI-guided high-intensity frequency ultrasound surgery (MRg-HIFUS). MRI scans collected at baseline and posttreatment consisted of T2-, T1-, and 1H DWI, as well as posttreatment 23Na MRI. The 23Na and 1H MRi were coregistered using a replacement phantom method. Regions of interest in treated and untreated uterine leiomyoma tissue were drawn on 1H MRI and DWI, wherein the tissue apparent diffusion coefficient of water (ADC) and absolute sodium concentrations were measured. Results Regions of treated uterine tissue were clearly identified on both DWI and 23Na images. The sodium concentrations in normal myometrium tissue were 35.8 ± 2.1 mmol (mM), in the fundus; 43.4 ± 3.8 mM, and in the bladder; 65.3 ± 0.8 mM with ADC in normal myometrium of 2.2 ± 0.3 × 10−3mm2/sec. Sodium concentration in untreated leiomyomata were 28 ± 5 mM, and were significantly elevated (41.6 ± 7.6 mM, P < 0.05) after treatment. Apparent diffusion coefficient values in the treated leiomyomata (1.30 ± 0.38 × 10−3 mm2/sec) were decreased compared to areas of untreated leiomyomata (1.75 ± -4048μ-4050μ36 × 10−3 mm2/sec; P = 0.04). Conclusion Multiparametric imaging permits identification of uterine leiomyomata, revealing altered 23Na MRI and DWI levels following noninvasive treatment that provides a mechanism to explore the molecular and metabolic pathways after treatment. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009;29:649–656. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Shaping pulses using frequency conversion with a modulated picosecond free electron laser

Abstract Computer simulations and experiments indicate that we can shape the infrared picosecond pulses of the Mark III FEL in amplitude, frequency, and phase. Strongly modulated fundamental and second harmonic pulses have been generated by operating the Mark III FEL in the regime of strong sideband growth. In this paper, we present the results of simulations and experiments for second harmonic generation with fundamental inputs near 3 μm.
GROWTH RATES OF ALGAE DETERMINED IN SITU USING AN IMMERSED MICROSCOPE1

SUMMARY A microscope was adapted for immersion in natural aquatic habitats to make direct observations of attaching microorganisms. Using this technique the growth of several types of algae was followed. The algae observed exhibited a diurnal growth pattern. Most of the size increase occurred during the daylight hours, whereas most cellular division occurred during the night. Growth rates determined by size measurements varied from 1.3 to 1.8 doublings per day.
Making Babies Breathe Better—Hopeful Signals?

The issue of delivery and effectiveness of nongaseous medications via the airway into the lungs of babies is an area of significant clinical interest. The advantages are quite obvious: if a medication can be efficiently delivered to reach the distal areas of the lung and have an effective response to ameliorate or prevent lung disease, with minimal systemic adverse effects, it would be ideal (1). While effective medications have been developed for aerosol delivery targeted for a variety of pulmonary disorders (steroids for asthma, gentamicin for cystic fibrosis), a majority of them have only proven efficacious in adults or older children. Understanding the unique circumstances of the neonate deserves independent in vitro modeling and in vivo assessments and not mathematical extrapolation of data derived from adults and/or older children (2).
Screening and level broadening in inversion layers with random fixed charges

Abstract The effects of potential fluctuations caused by randomly spaced fixed charges near a semiconductor—insulator interface on the density of states and the screening constant in an inversion layer are considered in a self-consistent, low-temperature, linear, long-wavelength, static screening approximation. The magnitude of the band broadening effects is calculated in this approximation for n-type inversion layers in Si. At low carrier concentrations, the screening constant and the density of states go to zero smoothly and at high carrier concentrations they approach the values expected for an ideal two-dimensional system.
Pathogenicity of Pleistophora schubergi to larvae of the orange-striped oakworm and other lepidopterous insects

Abstract First- to fourth-instar larvae of the orange-striped oakworm, Anisota senatoria, are highly susceptible to infection by Pleistophora schubergi. Death of the oakworm usually occurs in the next instar following spore ingestion. P. schubergi infects a number of other forest lepidopterous insects.
Enhanced squeezing in a squeezed vacuum.

A quantum theory of multiwave mixing based on a combination of a Langevin quantum regression method and a density operator technique is outlined. The approach is simple, yet general, and is particularly valuable for analyzing complicated media such as semiconductors. We apply it to find the quantum multiwave mixing equations in a squeezed vacuum. Comparing squeezing spectra in squeezed and ordinary vacua, we find significantly enhanced squeezing for the appropriate pump-vacuum relative phase.
Increased efficiency in solid-phase Edman degradation of synthetic peptidyl-resins using an oxymethylphenylacetamidomethyl-linkage.

The solid-phase Edman degradation procedure as proposed by Laursen [ 1] is ideally suited to the evaluation of peptidyl-resin products resulting from Merrifield solid-phase synthesis [2,3] of peptides. Incomplete deprotection and incomplete coupling reactions which occur during synthesis have been detected using quantitative Edman degradation [4,5]. However, extended sequencing experiments were precluded, because the repetitive yield for the Edman procedure averaged 80% [5]. We have also observed repetitive yield values of 80-85% for other peptides synthesized on the same types of benzyl ester resin. In contrast, however, for recent sequence analyses of peptides which were synthesized using a resin with the -oxymethylphenylacetamidomethyl-linkage [63 repetitive yields averaged 95 + 3% (n = 11). In order to study this difference more critically, two model peptides were synthesized using two different peptidylresin linkages. Quantitative sequence analysis of these four peptidyl-resins provided direct comparisons of the influence of: (1)
q&a: Annette Totten on a Geriatrics Framework for Home Care: A Quality Improvement Approach

Abstract Annette Totten, PhD MPA, is director of the Geriatrics Framework Project at the Center for Home Care Policy and Research of the Visiting Nurse Service of New York, New York, NY. She has held a variety of policy, research, and project management positions in government, private foundations, and university-based research centers including the Ohio House of Representatives, the John A. Hartford Foundation, the New York State Department of Health, the New York University Department of Nursing, the Columbia University School of Nursing, the State Health Data Assistance Center (SHADAC) at the University of Minnesota, and the Veterans Administration. Before joining the Center for Home Care Policy & and Research, Annette was the Director of the Center for the Study of Aging and an Assistant Research Professor at Boise State University. She earned her doctorate in health services research from the University of Minnesota School of Public Health and also holds a Masters of Public Administration from the Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service at New York University. Her research interests include the organization, financing, and quality of care for chronic conditions and long-term care. She co-authored the book, Meeting the Challenge of Chronic Illness (The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005) and has developed and taught graduate course on aging, health, and social policy; chronic disease epidemiology; and research methods.
Atomistic studies of the structure and composition of grain boundaries in Cu 3 Au and Ni 3 Al

In this paper we investigate the atomic structure and composition of grain boundaries in Cu3Au (weakly ordered compound) and Ni3Al (strongly ordered compound). Computer simulations employing both the molecular statics and Monte Carlo methods were performed and the Finnis-Sinclair type many-body central force potentials used. First, grain boundaries in stoichiometric alloys are studied with the goal to investigate the impact of ordering strength on the grain boundary structure and composition. In Cu3Au grain boundaries may become compositionally disordered even at room temperature and the compositional disordering is associated with segregation of gold. In contrast, in Ni3Al grain boundaries remain compositionally ordered up to very high temperatures. Secondly, the structures of grain boundaries and the effect of Ni and Al segregation in non-stoichiometric Ni3Al are investigated. Nickel segregation leads to compositional disordering at grain boundaries, while aluminum segregation, which is strongly selective, leads to an ordered grain boundary structure with high Al content. The possible relationship between structural and compositional characteristics of grain boundaries and their mechanical properties, in particular the grain boundary brittleness and its alleviation by additional alloying, are then discussed in the light of the results of this study.
Trapped exciton states in the alkali halides

Abstract The absorption spectra of thin films of RbCl containing 1 mol. % of RbI and KCl containing 1 mol. % of KI measured at low temperature are presented. These spectra show structure which is analogous to the structure seen in the exciton spectra of pure KI and RbI. Both the well known spin orbit doublet and lines corresponding to effective mass states of the bound hole-electron pair appear. An attempt is made to calculate the effective mass of an electron in the host crystal from the absorption spectra. A value of 0.66 is obtained for the case of RbCl : RbI.
EXPERIMENTAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A HIGH-TEMPERATURE, HIGH-FLUX, SOLAR VOLUMETRIC RECEIVER

This article focuses on experimental techniques for characterizing the performance of a wire mesh, solar, volumetric air receiver. The solar volumetric receiver is a type of solar energy collector that operates in a high-temperature and high-radiative-flux environment. Primary areas of experimental measurements were (1) solar radiation properties of the wire mesh, (2) convection heat transfer rates between the wire mesh and the surrounding air, (3) temperature and radiation flux levels during operation, and (4) overall efficiency of the receiver. Experimental work was performed with an average solar flux over the absorber aperture of approximately 660 kW / m2. Tests were conducted with the average outlet air temperature typically ranging from 310 to 790°C and resulting efficiencies from 77% to 67%, respectively.
Focused dynamic sonographic examination of the congenital clubfoot.

US readily demonstrates cartilaginous structures, and static sonography has shown potential in evaluating clubfoot deformity. To investigate the potential of dynamic sonography in the evaluation of the congenital clubfoot. Sonography was used for static and dynamic stress evaluation of 13 clubfeet and 35 normal feet in 24 patients (ages 0–32 weeks). Dynamic foot sonography was performed using a single-operator bimanual scanning technique. The examination involved coronal oblique evaluation of the medial malleolar–navicular (MMN) distance and the calcaneocuboid relationship, sagittal evaluation of the talonavicular relationship, and transverse evaluation of navicular subluxation, rotation, and deformation. Dynamic abduction/adduction stress maneuvers were performed, measured by the MMN. The clubfoot “gristle” is a consistent, measurable soft-tissue landmark in clubfeet, connecting the medial malleolus to the medial navicular and talus. Mean MMN distances in clubfeet in the neutral position and abduction were significantly different from these distances in the normal paired foot (differences of 8.7 mm neutral position and 7.94 mm abduction), as compared to bilateral normal feet (differences of 0.98 mm neutral position and 1.43 mm abduction). Navicular subluxation showed good correlation between highly deformed and subluxated navicular bones and a tight medial clubfoot complex. Focused dynamic foot sonography is useful in providing a specific and detailed functional preoperative and/or postoperative assessment of the congenital clubfoot.
Analysis of mixtures of ionic and nonionic surface-active agents. Separation and recovery of components by batch ion exchange

Mixtures of anionic and nonionic surfactants or cationic and nonionic surfactants can be separated by stirting an aqueous solution of the mixture with a small amount of a strong anion exchange or strong cation exchange resin, respectively. The resin-ionic surfactant complex is removed by filtration and washed; the nonionics are recovered from the filtrate and washings.
Cancer vaccines: single-epitope anti-idiotype vaccine versus multiple-epitope antigen vaccine.

In this study, we compared the immunogenicity and tumor-protective activity of anti-idiotypic antibodies mimicking a single tumor-associated epitope and tumor-associated antigen expressing multiple potentially immunogenic epitopes. We focused our study on the colorectal-carcinoma(CRC)-associated antigen GA733 (also known as CO17-1A/KS1-4/KSA/EpCAM). Monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibody (Ab2) BR3E4 was produced against murine anti-CRC mAb CO17-1A (Ab1) in rats. Full-length native GA733 protein was isolated from human tumor cells, and the extracellular domain protein (GA733-2E) was isolated from supernatants of recombinant baculovirus-infected insect cells by immunoafffinity chromatography. The immunomodulatory activity of the Ab2 was compared with that of the antigen, both in rabbits and in mice. Mice, like humans but not rabbits, express a GA733 antigen homologue on some of their normal tissues. Thus, these in vivo models allow the comparison of the immunogenicity of Ab2 and antigen in the presence (mice) and absence (rabbits) of normal tissue expression and immunological tolerance of the GA733 antigen homologue. In rabbits, aluminum-hydroxide(alum)-precipitated native GA733 antigen was superior to alum-precipitated Ab2 in inducing specific humoral immunity. In mice, alum-precipitated recombinant GA733-2E antigen, but not alum-precipitated Ab2, induced specific humoral immunity. However, when the Ab2 was administered to mice in Freund's complete adjuvant, specific humoral immune responses were elicited. Ab2 in complete Freund's adjuvant and GA733-2E in alum were compared for their capacity to induce antigen-specific cellular immunity in mice. Whereas lymphoproliferative responses were obtained with the recombinant antigen only, delayed-type hypersensitivity responses were obtained with both recombinant antigen and Ab2, although these responses were lower than after antigen immunization. The recombinant antigen in alum did not protect mice against challenge with antigen-positive syngeneic murine CRC cells. Similar studies with Ab2 BR3E4 mimicking the CO17-1A epitope were not possible because the tumor cells do not express this epitope after transfection with the human GA733-2 cDNA. However, similar studies with Ab2 mimicking the epitope defined by mAb GA733, which is expressed by the transfected tumor cells, indicated a lack of tumor-protective activity of this Ab2. In contrast, the full-length antigen expressed by recombinant adenovirus inhibited the growth of established tumors in mice. In conclusion, soluble antigen is a more potent modulator of humoral and cellular immune responses than Ab2, both administered in adjuvant. However, for induction of protective immunity, the immunogenicity of the antigen must be further enhanced, e.g., by expression of the antigen in a viral vector.
Kinetics of contaminant desorption from soil: comparison of model formulations using the Akaike information criterion.

Desorption of organic contaminants from soil can be modeled by dividing the desorption time−concentration profile into three distinct regimes. These are characterized by desorption that occurs faster than the experimental sampling scheme, at a rate that is captured by it, and at a rate for which the duration of the experiment and data uncertainty obscures the rate. Batch desorption curves for atrazine and naphthalene on four soils were experimentally generated to demonstrate the existence of discrete observational desorption regimes. Nine mathematical models, each containing mechanisms formulated to describe at least one of the three regimes, were fit to each contaminant-soil combination using the Gauss−Newton method for parameter estimation. Each of the nine models was ranked using the small-sample-corrected Akaike information criterion (AICc). By interpretation of the AICc values, the atrazine desorption data were best described by three regimes, while the naphthalene desorption data were best described...
Race and Rorschach Signs of Brain Damage in Cerebral Thrombosis

Summary.-In an attempt to identify Rorschach signs which would differentiate the brain-damaged regardless of race, a study was made of 225 Caucasian and 127 Negro patients between 40 and 80 yr. of age. There was known brain damage (cerebral thrombosis) in 204 patients, and no known brain damage in 148 patients (myocardial infarction). Each of 31 Rorschach signs of cerebral impairment was studled to determine its power in discriminating Caucasian damaged from nondamaged and Negro damaged from nondamaged patients. A combination of 13 s~gos was thereby selected in which race did not appear to be a significant factor. The 13-item scale differentiated brain-damaged from nondamaged Caucasian, Negro, and combined Caucasian-Negro groups, all at levels below ,001. The 13-item scale correctly classified 71 % of the patients, compared with 73% when all 31 signs were used. The accurate assessment of brain damage is of such practical and cheorecical importance chat attempts must be made to perfect diagnostic techniques despite handicaps such as fallible validation criteria and variation in the consequences of damage to the brain. Damaged and nondamaged patients had been compared on a checklist of 46 Rorschach signs of cerebral impairment, and the data analyzed with nonparametric statistical techniques (Evans 8: Marmorston, 1964). A discriminant function analysis of the same data was then attempted, prompted by the work of Wheeler, Burke, and Reitan ( 1963). There was some question as to the appropriateness of paramerric methods with the Rorschach impairment scores, but Kendall ( 1957) considered binomial variables acceptable in discriminant functions, though the results are somewhat crude, and there were precedents for using discriminant function with dichotomous variables (Greenberg 8: Wells, 1963). Fisher's linear discriminant function, used by Wheeler, Burke, and Reitan, was found LO be inappropriate with the 1964 Rorschach data because the assumption of equal variances in the two groups could not be satisfied. A discriminant fiinccion taking into account the different variances was considered; however, correlational structure analysis had indicated relative independence among the Rorschach signs, so that each variate could be viewed separately. Therefore, nonparametric analysis appeared to be more practical and probably more appropriate for the data. Incidentally, in the linear discriminant function which was under'Aided by grants from the Bella and Andre Meyer Foundation. The research clinics from which patients were drawn were supported by Grant No. HE-4600 from the National Heart Institute, National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service. Appreciation is also given to John M. Weiner, D. P. H., who made the discriminant function analysis.
Multiple step pattern as a biomarker in Parkinson disease

Objective To evaluate quantitative measures of saccades as possible biomarkers in early stages of Parkinson disease (PD) and in a population at-risk for PD.
Hardware / software design considerations for high speed / low cost interactive graphic communication systems

Graphics has been among the most exciting areas of the computer business since its dramatic appearance in the early 1960's (Sketchpad). There have been many significant applications throughout NASA and the aerospace industries, some large companies, and even some sponsored university projects. These have, however, utilized high cost graphic equipment, connected directly to large scale (CDC 6000 or IBM 360/50+) mainframes often on a dedicated basis. The terminal and mainframe costs precluded general use in small companies or universities.
Role of gustation in sodium appetite

Previous studies indicated that gustatory signals are critical for regulation of sodium intake. The present study was concerned with the relative effects of sodium repletion via ingestion and via gastric intubation upon the satiation of sodium appetite in rats subjected to sodium depletion for the first time in their lives. The results showed that, in comparison to glucose or sham intubation, sodium intubation has no short-term satiating effect, whereas prior ingestion of sodium results in complete satiation of sodium appetite.
Grammatical Form and Semantic Context in Verb Learning

Decades of research have documented that young word learners have more difficulty learning verbs than nouns. Nonetheless, recent evidence has uncovered conditions under which children as young as 24 months succeed. Here, we focus in on the kind of linguistic information that undergirds 24-month-olds' success. We introduced 24-month-olds to novel words (either nouns or verbs) as they watched dynamic scenes (e.g., a man waving a balloon); the novel words were presented in semantic contexts that were either rich (e.g., The man is pilking a balloon), or more sparse (e.g., He's pilking it). Toddlers successfully learned nouns in both the semantically rich and sparse contexts, but learned verbs only in the rich context. This documents that to learn the meaning of a novel verb, English-acquiring toddlers take advantage of the semantically rich information provided in lexicalized noun phrases. Implications for cross-linguistic theories of acquisition are discussed.
The Legacy of Manhattan

The bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the end of the war brought the formal work of the Manhattan Project to a close, and simultaneously brought to the fore all of the postwar-planning issues described in Chap. 8. This chapter offers a low-resolution survey of postwar nuclear weapons developments. Volumes have been written about this period, and many of the issues involved remain active today. The goal here is to touch upon the main points to provide guideposts to orient readers who might be interested in pursuing more detailed study on their own.
Characterization of β-adrenoceptors in the Syrian hamster Harderian gland: Sexual differences and effects of either castration or superior cervical ganglionectomy

Scatchard analysis of saturation isotherms of [125I]-iodopindolol was used to characterize beta-adrenoceptor density (Bmax) and affinity constant (Kd) in female and male hamster Harderian glands. Single-point experiments were also completed in intact females, intact males, and castrated or superior cervical ganglionectomized males. Scatchard analysis described a single population of binding sites with a Bmax of 292.2 +/- 45.1 fmol/mg protein (X +/- SEM, n = 6) in females and 18.2 +/- 3.0 fmol/mg protein (n = 6, P less than .001) in males. The affinity also varied significantly (P less than .05) with a Kd of 1.08 +/- 0.18 versus 0.26 + 0.05 nM (n = 6) in the Harderian gland of females and males, respectively. Single-point [125I]-IPIN (400 pM) binding values in females were 67.3 +/- 4.0, in intact males were 12.8 +/- 3.2, and in castrated males were 31.2 +/- 4.2 fmol/mg protein (n = 7-9). Superior cervical ganglionectomy induced no significant changes in receptor binding. The results indicate pronounced sexual differences in the density and affinity of beta-adrenoceptors in the hamster Harderian gland, which may be sex hormone dependent.