cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A regional crustal velocity model for the southeastern United States

Arrival-time data from a southeastern United States earthquake are analyzed to formulate an average regional crustal velocity model. The event studied is the magnitude 3.7 ( mb ), shallow earthquake (2-km depth) that occurred on 26 August 1979, near the Lake Jocassee Reservoir in northwestern South Carolina. Over 90 seismograms were collected and read by at least two independent interpreters. Some 250 phases have been timed, including 60 Pn , 80 Pg , 50 Sn , and 70 Sg-Lg arrival times. The arrival-time data can be interpreted in terms of a single-layer crust with average velocities of 6.25 ± 0.04 km/sec for compressional waves and 3.65 ± 0.11 km/sec for shear waves. The average upper mantle velocities are 8.11 ± 0.19 km/sec ( P waves) and 4.59 ± 0.13 km/sec ( S waves). The Mohorovic˘ic discontinuity is found to lie at varying “average” depths throughout the region: 31 km (Coastal Plain), 33 km (Piedmont), 40 km (Valley and Ridge, Central United States). A regional velocity model derived from the above results has the aforementioned average velocities, a crustal thickness of 40 km, and a set of time corrections for mantle refraction phases: Coastal Plain ( Pn + 1.68 sec, Sn + 2.74 sec), Piedmont ( Pn + 1.40 sec, Sn + 2.28 sec), Valley and Ridge and Central United States (no corrections). This new velocity model is tested for precision by relocating several regional earthquakes and comparing the resulting travel-time residuals with those from the earlier locations. The tests demonstrate that the new model can be used to develop good results.
Power Optimization in VLSI Layout: A Survey

This paper presents a survey of layout techniques for designing low power digital CMOS circuits. It describes the many issues facing designers at the physical level of design abstraction and reviews some of the techniques and tools that have been proposed to overcome these difficulties.
Nitrate reductase activity as a measure of nitrogen incorporation in Rhizosolenia formosa (H. Peragallo): Internal nitrate and diel effects

Abstract The nitrate reductase (NR) activity of cultures of Rhizosolenia formosa H. Peragallo was measured to determine whether an improved NR assay used to measure NR activity in individual Rhizosolenia mats provided a good estimate of nitrate incorporation rates. NR rates compared well with calculated estimates of daily nitrogen demand based on growth rates and cell nitrogen quotas (r2=0.90), but tended to overestimate calculated nitrogen demand as cultures became increasingly nitrate-deficient. These two estimates were more similar when diel fluctuations in NR activity were incorporated into NR rates. Diel fluctuations were evident in cultures in both nutrient-replete (8 μM) and low-external-nitrate (1 μM) conditions. Average night NR activity was 32% of its maximum in nutrient-replete cultures, and 20% of its maximum in low-external-nitrate cultures. A dark vs. light nitrate-uptake experiment revealed that this species is capable of accumulating much larger internal nitrate pools in the dark (13.3 mM) than in the light (3.2 mM). Internal nitrate concentrations were followed in a time-course experiment to examine the effect they had on NR activity. In general, NR activity was positively correlated to both internal- and external-nitrate concentrations. In our experiments, external nitrate concentrations appeared to limit the maximum NR activity of this species rather than internal nitrate concentrations, although NR activity was induced in cells containing internal nitrate pools regardless of the external nitrate concentration.
Transport and damping from rotational pumping in magnetized electron plasmas.

Collisional cross-field transport due to electric or magnetic field asymmetries is important in many neutral and non-neutral plasma confinement devices. In magnetic mirrors, it has long been postulated that particles resonant with field asymmetries enhance radial diffusion [1], but experimental verification [2] is difficult. In tokamaks, “magnetic pumping” by a spatially varying magnetic field is thought to dissipate poloidal rotation [3]. In non-neutral traps, confinement times much greater than the rotation and transit times are important for a number of technologies and experiments [4–6]; but trap asymmetries can degrade confinement [7,8]. Non-neutral plasmas are often approximated as 2D guiding center fluids [9,10] on the rotational time scale, with 3D collisions causing dissipative or viscous effects [11,12]. Here, we present measurements of radial particle transport and resulting mode damping from “rotational pumping” of a magnetized electron column displaced from the axis of a cylindrical trap. Rotational pumping is the collisional dissipation of the axial compressions which are caused by E 3 B rotation of the column through asymmetric confinement potentials; here, the confinement potentials appear asymmetric only because of the displacement of the column away from the symmetry axis of the trap. We find that this transport conserves particle number, conserves angular momentum by moving the column back to the trap axis as the column expands, and conserves total energy by dissipating electrostatic energy into thermal energy. This dissipation is analogous to that caused by the “second” or “bulk” viscosity [13] in polyatomic gases, which causes weak absorption of sound waves [14]; here, it causes readily measured particle transport. The transport rate is proportional to the electron-electron collision rate, which drops precipitously in the cryogenic, strongly magnetized regime; surprisingly, the transport is otherwise independent of the magnetic field strength. The observed transport rates are in close agreement with a new theory by Crooks and O’Neil [15]. We confine the electron plasmas in a PenningMalmberg trap [16,17], shown schematically in Fig. 1. Electrons from a tungsten filament are confined in a series of conducting cylinders of radius Rw ­ 1.27 cm, enclosed in a vacuum can at 4.2 K. The electrons are confined axially by negative voltages Vc ­ 2200 V on cylinders 1 and 4; radial confinement is provided by a uniform axial magnetic field, with 10 , B , 60 kG. The trapped plasma typically has initial density 109 # n # 1010 cm23, rms radius Rp , 0.04 cm, and length Lp , 3 cm, with a characteristic expansion time 102 # tm , 103 sec. The apparatus is operated in an inject-manipulate-dump cycle and has a shot-to-shot reproducibility of dnyn , 1%.
An empirical analysis of internet use on smartphones: characterizing visit patterns and user differences

The original vision of ubiquitous computing was for computers to assist humans by providing subtle and fitting technologies in every environment. The iPhone and similar smartphones have provided continuous access to the internet to this end. In the current thesis, my goal was to characterize how the internet is used on smartphones to better understand what users do with technology away from the desktop. Naturalistic and longitudinal data were collected from iPhone users in the wild and analyzed to develop this understanding. Since there are two general ways to access the internet on smartphones—via native applications and a web browser—I describe usage patterns through each along with the influence of experience, the nature of the task and physical locations where smartphones were used on these patterns. The results reveal differences between technologies (the PC and the smartphone), platforms (native applications and the mobile browser), and users in how the internet was accessed. Findings indicate that longitudinal use of web browsers decreased sharply with time in favor of native application use, web page revisitation through browsers occurred very infrequently (approximately 25% of URLs are revisited by each user), bookmarks were used sparingly to access web content, physical location visitation followed patterns similar to virtual visitation on the internet, and Zipf distributions characterize mobile internet use. The web browser was not as central to smartphone use compared to the PC, but afforded certain types of activities such as searching and ad hoc browsing. In addition, users systematically differed from each other in how they accessed the internet suggesting different ways to support a wider spectrum of smartphone users.
Abstract IA09: Therapy of lymphoma inspired by functional and structural genomics

Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a heterogeneous diagnostic category that is comprised of two prominent molecular subtypes, termed activated B cell-like (ABC) and germinal center B cell-like (GCB). These DLBCL subtypes are now viewed as molecularly distinct diseases since they arise from distinct stages of normal B cell development, require distinct recurrent genetic abnormalities to become malignant, have distinct cure rates with current chemotherapy regimens, and respond differentially to targeting agents. We defined a chronic active form of B cell receptor (BCR) signaling that activates NF-kB in ABC DLBCLs. Such ABC DLBCLs are killed by knockdown of BCR signaling components, such as the kinase BTK or components of the BCR itself. Over one fifth of ABC DLBCLs have mutations affecting the CD79B or CD79A subunits of the BCR that augment BCR signaling. To attack chronic active BCR signaling therapeutically, we initiated clinical trials in relapsed/refractory DLBCL of ibrutinib, an irreversible and highly selective inhibitor of BTK. Ibrutinib monotherapy induced a high rate of complete and partial responses in ABC DLBCL, while GCB DLBCL tumors rarely responded. Genetic analysis of responding tumors demonstrated an enrichment for those with CD79B mutations, but most responses were observed in tumors with wild type BCR subunits. This observation allowed us to define a non-genetic mechanism of BCR activation that depends on reactivity of the lymphoma BCR to self antigens. In addition to chronic active BCR signaling, the signaling adapter MyD88 is activated by oncogenic mutations in 40% of ABC DLBCL cases. Since these mutant MyD88 isoforms act in parallel to BCR signaling to activate the NF-kB pathway in ABC DLBCL, they might have been predicted to mitigate the clinical effects of ibrutinib. On the contrary, ABC DLBCL tumors with both CD79B and MYD88 mutations were highly responsive to ibrutinib, leading us to demonstrate that the BCR and MyD88 pathways positively regulate one another. To extend the efficacy of ibrutinib, we have identified additional therapeutic targets in the oncogenic signaling pathways in ABC DLBCL including: 1) ubiquitin ligases, such as LUBAC, that are required to assemble active signaling complexes downstream of the BCR; 2) the kinase IRAK4, which mediates oncogenic MyD88 signaling; 3) the PI3 kinase pathway, which is activated by chronic active BCR signaling; 4) BCL2, which is expressed highly in most ABC DLBCL tumors and is the target of recurrent amplifications. Several synergistic, mechanism-based drug combinations that exploit these redundant survival pathways will be presented. Citation Format: Louis M. Staudt. Therapy of lymphoma inspired by functional and structural genomics. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Translation of the Cancer Genome; Feb 7-9, 2015; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(22 Suppl 1):Abstract nr IA09.
Bevacizumab plus irinotecan therapy in relapsed, heavily pre-treated malignant glioma: A case series

12500 Background: Endothelial proliferation has been recognized as a marker of high grade or aggressive glioma in several grading classifications and it has been demonstrated that the degree of mic...
How to Spend $3.9 Trillion

The federal budget includes a vast array of programs in hundreds of agencies. But when boiled down, the budget consists of just five basic spending activities: compensating federal workers, purchasing goods and services, giving aid to state and local governments, transferring wealth through subsidy and benefit programs, and paying interest on the federal debt. The federal government spent $3.9 trillion in 2013, according to the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA).Transfers were the largest spending activity at $1.98 trillion, followed by purchases at $571 billion, aid to the states at $510 billion, interest at $414 billion, and compensation at $407 billion.
Material Instability in Rapid Granular Shear Flow

This is a survey of recent theoretical work on shear flow instabilities of dry granular media in the Bagnold or “grain-inertia” regime. Attention is devoted to steady homogeneous unbounded simple shear, with the goal of identifying material (constitutive) instabilities arising from the coupling of stress to granular concentration and temperature fields. Such instabilities, the dissipative analogs of thermodynamic phase transitions, are familiar in numerous branches of the mechanics of materials. The current interest is motivated in part by the “dissipative clustering” found in various particle-dynamics (“DEM”) simulations of granular systems. Since particle clustering may invalidate standard gas kinetic theory, it is pertinent to ask whether hydrodynamic models based on such theories may themselves exhibit clustering instability. The present article is based largely on a recent review (Goddard and Alam 1999), which provides a unified linear-stability treatment for rapid granular flow, as well for slow flow of mobile particles immersed in viscous liquids. The analysis is based on a “short-memory” response of various fluxes to perturbations on steady uniform states, a feature characteristic of the most popular constitutive models for granular flow. In the absence of gravity, previous theoretical analyses reveal transverse “layering” and spanwise “corrugations” as possible forms of material instability (Alam and Nott 1998) Based on current theoretical findings, further work is recommended, including the exploration of the effects of gravity and of stress relaxation, both of which are likely to be important in real granular flows.
Monitoring, past, present, future - A personal journey

A little over 40 years ago, anesthesiology in the United States became recognized as a specialty. At that time, its practice was largely that of an art, the science of which was yet to come. A finger on the pulse, observation of color, skin turgor, perspiration, and perhaps a blood pressure cuff in adults, and an estimation of the reflex signs of anesthesia were the standards for the assessment of the patient status and ‘the depth of anesthesia’. How far have we come in the intervening years? The journey, as reflected in the experience of one physician, will be held up to the looking-glass; easily as astounding as that through which Alice passed.
The reliability and validity of a first ray measurement device.

The need for measuring the mobility of the first ray has been identified. The purpose of this study was to test the reliability and validity of a device built to measure the relative vertical displacement of the first ray. Twenty fresh frozen cadaver feet were sampled (mean age of donor was 70 ± 13 years). Dorsal mobility of the first ray was measured by device over three trials of repeated loading using 20 N, 35 N, 55 N and 85 N of force. Radiographs served as the criterion standard for validation of the device. Vertical displacement was measured from x-ray by a digitizing procedure that recorded movement of the first ray during loading. Reliability of the device assessed by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) was .98 with standard errors of the measurement calculated to be 0.35 mm. A correlation of agreement value of .97 was determined for the two methods of measurement. Analysis of variance testing found a significant interaction between force and method of measurement. Tukey post-hoc analysis fo...
Decline and the Politics of Retrenchment

Post-1945 British foreign policy is typically thought to be characterized by a single linear trend of decline. Paul Kennedy summarizes this standard perspective when he states that after 1945, `step by step the British retreated — or rather stumbled — back to their island base, whence they had emerged some two or more centuries earlier to dominate a great part of the globe and its oceans.’1 According to this conventional view of postwar British foreign policy, economic decline has placed British leaders in a policy straitjacket which constrains policy choice and, in essence, dictates policy.2 In fact, the emphasis given to the country’s relative decline over the past 50 years is so prevalent that some even claim that decline is approaching the status of an overarching paradigm in the study of British foreign policy.3
Metabolic Changes Associated With Isradipine and Hydrochlorothiazide in Midas: Effects on Serum Cations and Uric Acid

We examined the effects of 3 years of isradipine or hydrochlorothiazide therapy in 860 hypertensive patients in the MIDAS trial on several biochemical parameters. Hydrochlorothiaze therapy resulted in a persistent decline in serum potassium and sodium, and small persistent increases in uric acid and calcium. Isradipine had no effect on serum cations. These results indicate that diuretics have small but potentially important effects on serum cations.
Gender-Based Asylum Post-Matter of A-R-C-G-: Evolving Standards and Fair Application of the Law

When I last studied this issue — the eligibility of domestic violence survivors for asylum in the United States — I concluded: “the absence of binding norms remains a major impediment to fair and consistent outcomes for women who fear return to countries where they confront unimaginable harms, or worse, death.” Despite a recent decision by the highest immigration tribunal in the United States accepting that women fleeing domestic violence can meet the refugee definition and qualify for protection, I could write the same words today. The 2014 ruling in a case known as Matter of A-R-C-G- marked a critical advancement in U.S. law. Notwithstanding, in the year since that decision, arbitrary and inconsistent outcomes have continued to characterize asylum adjudication in this area of the law.I do not mean to diminish the importance of the A-R-C-G- precedent, a long-awaited and hard-fought victory. Issued by the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA or Board), the decision constitutes binding precedent for immigration judges (and asylum officers) across the country who often have the final word in these life or death matters because adverse decisions are not often appealed, and if appealed, the vast majority are upheld. For thirteen years, from the vacating of the well-known and controversial Matter of R-A- decision denying asylum to a domestic violence survivor in 2001, to the issuance of the A-R-CG- decision in 2014, immigration judges and asylum officers adjudicated domestic violence asylum claims without the benefit of jurisprudential (or regulatory) guidance.
The Short Esophagus

Achieving adequate abdominal esophageal length (greater than at least 2 cm) is an essential basis for any antireflux surgery. Preoperative risk-stratification for potential short esophagus is essential for proper patient counseling and operative preparation for a possible esophageal lengthening procedure and should be based on a careful history and review of all available anatomic and physiologic studies. Risk factors for short esophagus include large hiatal hernia, esophageal stricture, Barrett’s esophagus, as well as others, and they are additive to some extent. Even the presence of multiple risk factors, however, is not completely predictive and short esophagus can only be definitively proven intraoperatively after appropriate extensive mediastinal esophageal mobilization. Once a short esophagus is confirmed, several lengthening options exist including a transthoracic Collis procedure, a laparoscopic stapled-wedge modification of the “Collis” gastroplasty, and/or vagotomy.
Implementation of a drainage information, analysis and management system

Abstract An integrated drainage information, analysis and management system (DIAMS) was developed and implemented for the New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT). The purpose of the DIAMS is to provide a useful tool for managers to evaluate drainage infrastructure, to facilitate the determination of the present costs of preserving those infrastructures, and to make decisions regarding the optimal use of their infrastructure budgets. The impetus for DIAMS is the culvert information management system (CIMS), which is developed to manage the data for culvert pipes. DIAMS maintains and summarizes accumulated inspection data for all types of drainage infrastructure assets, including pipes, inlet/outlet structures, outfalls and manufactured treatment devices. DIAMS capabilities include identifying drainage infrastructure, maintaining inspection history, mapping locations, predicting service life based on the current condition states, and assessing present asset value. It also includes unit cost values of 72 standard items to estimate the current cost for new assets with the ability to adjust for future inflation. In addition, DIAMS contains several different repair, rehabilitation and replacement options to remedy the drainage infrastructure. DIAMS can analyze asset information and determine decisions to inspect, rehabilitate, replace or do nothing at the project and network levels by comparing costs with risks and failures. Costs may be optimized to meet annual maintenance budget allocations by prioritizing drainage infrastructure needing inspection, cleaning and repair. DIAMS functional modules include vendor data uploading, asset identification, system administration and financial analysis. Among the significant performance feature of DIAMS is its proactive nature, which affords decision makers the means of conducting a comprehensive financial analysis to determine the optimal proactive schedule for the proper maintenance actions and to prioritize them accordingly. Benefits of DIAMS include long-term savings that accrue by adopting optimized preventive maintenance strategies and facilitating compliance with Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) and federal storm water regulations.
Maternal body weight trajectories across the life course and risk of preterm delivery.

We examined the association between life course body weight percentile trajectories and risk for preterm delivery (PTD). Data about women’s weight at birth, age 18, and before pregnancy were obtained by retrospective self-report in a cohort of 1410 black women in metropolitan Detroit. Growth mixture models were used to categorize women with similar weight percentile trajectories across these time points. Log-Poisson models were used to examine the association between the trajectory groups and PTD. Four trajectory groups with different beginning and endpoints of their weight percentiles (high-high, high-low, low-high and low-low) best fit the data. The groups with the highest prevalence of PTD were those that started low (low-high, 21%; low-low, 18%). The low-high group had a higher prevalence of PTD than the high-high trajectory group in unadjusted models (prevalence ratio=1.49 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11, 2.00]). The association became not significant after adjusting for maternal age at delivery, income, diabetes and hypertension. When compared with the high-high trajectory group, the low-low trajectory seemed to also have a higher prevalence of PTD after adjusting for maternal age at delivery, income, diabetes and hypertension (prevalence ratio=1.35 [95% CI 1.00, 1.83]). Results suggest that a woman’s risk for PTD is influenced by her body weight trajectory across the life course.
Robotic portal lobectomy, surgery through a virtual thoracotomy.

Resection for lung cancer remains the most effective mechanism to offer a chance at cure from a potentially devastating disease. We have known this fact for almost an entire century ever since the first resection by pneumonectomy for lung cancer was performed by Dr. Evarts Graham (1).
Soil respiration across a permafrost transition zone: spatial structure and environmental correlates

Abstract. Soil respiration is a key ecosystem function whereby shifts in respiration rates can shift systems from carbon sinks to sources. Soil respiration in permafrost-associated systems is particularly important given climate change driven permafrost thaw that leads to significant uncertainty in resulting ecosystem carbon dynamics. Here we characterize the spatial structure and environmental drivers of soil respiration across a permafrost transition zone. We find that soil respiration is characterized by a non-linear threshold that occurs at active-layer depths greater than 140 cm. We also find that within each season, tree basal area is a dominant driver of soil respiration regardless of spatial scale, but only in spatial domains with significant spatial variability in basal area. Our analyses further show that spatial variation (the coefficient of variation) and mean-variance power-law scaling of soil respiration in our boreal system are consistent with previous work in other ecosystems (e.g., tropical forests) and in population ecology, respectively. Comparing our results to those in other ecosystems suggests that temporally stable features such as tree-stand structure are often primary drivers of spatial variation in soil respiration. If so, this provides an opportunity to better estimate the magnitude and spatial variation in soil respiration through remote sensing. Combining such an approach with broader knowledge of thresholding behavior – here related to active layer depth – would provide empirical constraints on models aimed at predicting ecosystem responses to ongoing permafrost thaw.
Fishing Vessels, Gear, and Methods

Fishermen throughout history have known about fluctuations in abundance of the stocks they sought. Times of poor fishing were explained by superstitions and dogma because few scientific facts were available. Statements suggesting that poor catches were evidence of God’s wrath for abusing “His gifts to man” were common. Fishermen even blamed the construction of lighthouses for poor catches. At the beginning, of course, fishing pressure was so low that its effect on large stocks of fish was undoubtedly minimal.
Thermally induced chain orientation for improved thermal conductivity of P(VDF-TrFE) thin films

The potential for polymer thin films to be used as coatings or dielectrics is limited by their low thermal conductivity, κ. However, there have been very limited studies on κ enhancement for polymer thin films. In this work, we show that the out-of-plane κ of a poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE)) thin film can be enhanced when it undergoes the appropriate thermal annealing conditions. When the film is annealed above its melting temperature, we achieve a 300–400% increase in κ across the measured temperature range, compared to the as-cast film. We attribute this enhancement to the extensive ordering of polymer backbone chains perpendicular to the substrate during the melt-recrystallization process.
Embryo-larval BDE-47 exposure causes decreased pathogen resistance in adult male fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas).

Abstract Exposures to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been shown to alter immune function in adult organisms across a variety of taxa. However, few if any studies have investigated the long-term consequences of early life stage PBDE exposures on immune function in fish. This study sought to determine the effects of early life stage BDE-47 exposure on pathogen resistance in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) following an extended depuration period (≥180 d). Minnows were exposed to BDE-47 via a combination of maternal transfer and diet through 34 days post fertilization (dpf), raised to adulthood (>215 dpf) on a clean diet, then subjected to pathogen resistance trials. Early life stage exposures to BDE-47 did not affect the ability of females to survive from Yersinia ruckeri infection. However, the survival of BDE-47 exposed males was significantly reduced relative to controls, indicating that developmental exposures to BDE-47 altered male immunity. Because BDE-47 is a known thyroid hormone disruptor and thyroid hormone disruptors have the potential to adversely impact immune development and function, metrics indicative of thyroid disruption were evaluated, as were immune parameters known to be altered in response to thyroid disruption. BDE-47 exposed minnows exhibited signs of thyroid disruption (i.e., reduced growth); however, no alterations were observed in immune parameters known to be influenced by thyroid hormones (i.e., thymus size, expression of genes associated with lymphoid development) suggesting that the observed alterations in immunocompetence may occur through alternative mechanisms. Regardless of the mechanisms responsible, the results of this study demonstrate the potential for early life stage PBDE exposures to adversely impact immunity and illustrate that the immunological consequences of PBDE exposures are sex dependent.
Treatment of depression, anxiety, and trauma-related disorders during the perinatal period: A systematic review

Women with psychiatric disorders during pregnancy and the postpartum period (i.e., perinatal period) are at increased risk for adverse maternal and child outcomes. Effective treatment of psychiatric disorders during the perinatal period is imperative. This review summarizes the outcomes of 78 studies focused on the treatment of depression, anxiety, and trauma-related disorders during the perinatal period. The majority of studies focused on perinatal depression (n = 73). Of the five studies focused on anxiety or trauma-related disorders, only one was a randomized controlled trial (RCT). The most studied treatment was cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT; n = 22), followed by interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT; n = 13). Other interventions reviewed include other talk therapies (n = 5), collaborative care models (n = 2), complementary and alternative medicine approaches (n = 18), light therapy (n = 3), brain stimulation (n = 2), and psychopharmacological interventions (n = 13). Eleven studies focused specifically on treatment for low-income and/or minority women. Both CBT and IPT demonstrated a significant benefit over control conditions. However, findings were mixed when these interventions were examined in low-income and/or minority samples. There is some support for complementary and alternative medicine approaches (e.g., exercise). Although scarce, SSRIs demonstrated good efficacy when compared to a placebo. However, SSRIs did not outperform another active treatment condition (e.g., CBT). There is a tremendous need for more studies focused on treatment of perinatal anxiety and trauma-related disorders, as well as psychopharmacological effectiveness studies. Limitations and future directions of perinatal treatment research, particularly among low-income and/or minority populations, are discussed.
The Base of Skull (Including Pineal and Sella Turcica Regions) Lesion

This tumor sits in the sella which is enlarged and also suprasellar. It fairly homogeneously enhances.
ENERGY-EFFICIENT ATRIUM DESIGN

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of energy-efficient atrium design. An atrium is a protected courtyard or glazed wintergarden within a building. Modern atrium design incorporates many different architectural elements—wall enclosures, sun-oriented openings, shading and ventilation devices, and subtle means of tempering temperature and humidity— that derive from the courtyard designs of Roman, early Christian, and Islamic building and the 19th-century greenhouses, and glass-covered arcades of Great Britain and France. With the rise of energy costs, atriums are now being designed for energy-efficient heating, cooling, and lighting of modern buildings. Energy-efficient atrium designs can realize construction and operational cost savings with subtlety and variety in design and human amenity. How the atrium can work as an energy-efficient modifier of climate is best discussed by separately examining its potential for natural heating, cooling, and lighting. The first and the most important step is to establish a clear set of energy conservation goals of the specific atrium design. The resulting solution will depend upon its program, whether for circulation alone, or for sedentary human comfort, or for plants and horticulture, and the resulting environmental control requirements, whether for heating, cooling, and/or day-lighting. Each of these is affected by climate and by building type.
Advancing Tropical Cyclone Forecasts Using Aircraft Observations

Advances in the study of tropical cyclones using aircraft observations came about through improvements (scientific and technological) in the ability to observe different aspects of the storms. Early studies provided the basis for understanding tropical cyclone structure and evolution (for an excellent overview see Dorst, 2007). Technological advances in aircraft in-situ and remote sensing observing capabilities, particularly the development of airborne Doppler radars, revolutionized our depiction of tropical cyclone structure and dynamics (for a review see Marks, 2003).
Getting From Here to There: Policy Pathways to Address Human Mobility in the Context of Climate Change

The central message of this chapter is that the choices and policy pathways chosen today to frame and manage human mobility in the context of climate change will shape the population shifts and stability of major social-climate interactions in the coming decades and centuries. Empirical evidence is emerging about the interaction of climatic variables today with factors that affect migration decisions: livelihood and food security, personal safety, protection of assets, and expectations about opportunities in the future related to climate change. Climate science is also providing modeling results of future impacts with increasing levels of certainty. Thus a gap is notable between what we are beginning to understand about climate variability and human mobility today and longer-term climate change and population distribution in the future as well as human mobility. This chapter makes a case for actively discussing human mobility in the context of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC ) climate negotiations, and it examines stepping stones like Paragraph 14(f) of the Cancun Adaptation Framework and the Durban Platform. The chapter lays out possible ways forward in terms of initial steps to operationalize some of these nascent policy areas. These policy areas can help contribute to pathway decisions that allow for a smooth(er) transition over time from present climatic variability and human mobility regimes, to population distribution in specific areas of the world in the future as some areas become less habitable or uninhabitable according to current standards.
Neuroimmune Mechanisms of Glia and Their Interplay with Alcohol Exposure Across the Lifespan

A plethora of studies demonstrate a link between alcohol consumption and altered immune activity in the central nervous system (CNS). Alcohol-induced immune activity has been observed in animal models of fetal alcohol syndrome, in binge models associated with adolescence and adulthood, and in chronic models of alcohol consumption in adults and aged animals. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of studies analyzing alcohol effects on immune activity in the CNS throughout the lifespan.
Nonnegative curvature and conullity of the curvature tensor

The conullity of a curvature tensor is the codimension of its kernel. We consider the cases of conullity two in any dimension and conullity 3 in dimension four. We show that these conditions are compatible with nonnegative sectional curvature only if either the manifold is diffeomorphic to $$\mathbb {R}^n$$ or the universal cover is an isometric product with a Euclidean factor. Moreover, we show that finite volume manifolds with conullity 3 are locally products.
Biographical Feature: Marie-Louise Landry, M.D.

Throughout her career, Dr. Marie L. Landry has brought a unique combination of actionable medical intelligence, charisma, and energy to the field of clinical virology and infectious diseases.…
Renal clear-cell carcinoma: an ultrastructural study on the junctional complexes

Summary. Junctional complexes such as tight junctions, adherens junctions, and desmosomes play crucial roles in the structure and function of epithelial cells. These junctions are involved in increasing cell-cell contact and as well serve as signaling centers regulating multiple functions in epithelial cells. Carcinoma cell lines cultured in the laboratory generally lack junctional complexes. However, studies directed towards understanding the distribution of junctional complexes in human cancer tissues are lacking. In this study, we analyzed by electron microscopy the distribution of junctional complexes in patients diagnosed with renal clear-cell carcinoma. We found that both tight junctions and adherens junctions were drastically reduced in patients with cancer compared to normal tissues. Desmosomes were not detected in normal proximal tubules while distinctly present in cancer tissues. These results suggest that analysis of junctional complexes in human tumors should provide valuable information that might have prognostic and diagnostic value. Histol Histopathol 20, 35-44 (2005)
Altered brain metabolism contributes to executive function deficits in school-aged children born very preterm.

Executive function deficits in children born very preterm (VPT) have been linked to anatomical abnormalities in white matter and subcortical brain structures. This study aimed to investigate how altered brain metabolism contributes to these deficits in VPT children at school-age. Fifty-four VPT participants aged 8–13 years and 62 term-born peers were assessed with an executive function test battery. Brain metabolites were obtained in the frontal white matter and the basal ganglia/thalami, using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). N-acetylaspartate (NAA)/creatine (Cr), choline (Cho)/Cr, glutamate + glutamine (Glx)/Cr, and myo-Inositol (mI)/Cr were compared between groups and associations with executive functions were explored using linear regression. In the frontal white matter, VPT showed lower Glx/Cr (mean difference: −5.91%, 95% CI [−10.50, −1.32]), higher Cho/Cr (7.39%, 95%-CI [2.68, 12.10]), and higher mI/Cr (5.41%, 95%-CI [0.18, 10.64]) while there were no differences in the basal ganglia/thalami. Lower executive functions were associated with lower frontal Glx/Cr ratios in both groups (β = 0.16, p = 0.05) and higher mI/Cr ratios in the VPT group only (interaction: β = −0.17, p = 0.02). Long-term brain metabolite alterations in the frontal white matter may be related to executive function deficits in VPT children at school-age.
Mayo Adhesive Probability (MAP) score of non-donated kidney aids in predicting post-operative renal function following donor nephrectomy

To examine the association of preoperative Mayo Adhesive Probability (MAP) scores in the donor (MAPd) and non-donor kidneys (MAPnd) with post-donation renal function. Three hundred thirty-one patients undergoing hand assisted laparoscopic donor nephrectomy (HALDN) were reviewed. MAPd and MAPnd were obtained. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was recorded preoperatively and at 1 day, 1 month, and 6 months postoperatively. Two hundred females and 131 males were evaluated with median BMI 26.4 kg/m2 (range 17.1–39.6) and median age 45 years (range 19–78). MAPd score was 0 for 231 patients (69.8%) and > 0 for 100 patients (30.2%). MAPnd score was 0 for 234 patients (70.7%) and > 0 for 97 patients (29.3%). The median preoperative eGFR was 86.6 ml/min/1.73m2 (range 48.8–138.4). After adjusting for preoperative eGFR, BMI, ASA score, and kidney sidedness, postoperative eGFR was associated with MAP score in the non-donated kidney (p = 0.014) but not in the donated kidney (p = 0.24). Compared to donors with MAPnd = 0, donors with a MAPnd > 0, mean eGFR was − 2.33 ml/min/1.73m2 lower at postoperative day 1 (95% CI − 4.24 to − 0.41, p = 0.018), − 3.02 ml/min/1.73m2 lower at 1 month (95% CI − 5.11 to − 0.93, p = 0.005), and − 2.63 ml/min/1.73m2 lower at 6 months postoperatively (95% CI − 5.01 to − 0.26, p = 0.030). MAP score > 0 in the non-donated kidney is associated with worse renal function in the 6 months following HALDN.
Collaborative Professional Learning: An Exploration of Empathy in Early Childhood Teacher Education.

Three early childhood teacher educators from different institutions engaged in a collaborative self-study to explore the role of empathy in preservice teacher professional development. The two-fold...
Multi-Objective Grid Planning for Renewable Energy Integration

The electric power grid is undergoing significant changes in the mix of generation source types. The increasing penetration of renewable energy resources (RERs), such as wind and solar, is improving energy efficiency, but meanwhile it is also challenging grid planners and operators to maintain reliable electricity services. The high penetration of RERs may drive the power grid toward weak grid conditions, which may cause grid stability and reliability issues. One of ways to address these issues is to select appropriate points of interconnection for integrating RERs into power grids. In previous works, grid stability analysis and grid reliability assessment are evaluated separately for selecting the points of interconnection. This paper presents an integrated method for selecting such points by coordinating grid strength assessment and grid reliability evaluation as well as investment cost. The efficacy of the proposed method is demonstrated on the IEEE reliability test system.
Insuring Crypto: The Birth of Digital Asset Insurance

In December 2020, Bitcoin hit an all-time high of over $28,000…and rising. New digital assets (also referred to as “crypto assets”) are being launched seemingly every day, and more people and investors hold crypto assets than ever before. Yet, the same characteristics, such as immutability and decentralization, that make crypto assets innovative can contribute to them being particularly susceptible to costly hacks. Digital asset insurance is a new product that provides coverage against such loss or theft. Security-oriented crypto custody providers and crypto wallets have greatly reduced the risk of hacks, but these solutions are all still relatively new, untested, and unavailable to many crypto holders. In 2019 and 2020, billions of dollars of crypto assets were stolen or lost through hacks and scams, many of which were high-profile and highly publicized. The threat of a hack, real or perceived, still acts as a strong deterrent to broader adoption and usage of crypto assets. Digital asset insurance provides a necessary backstop for holders of crypto assets while also lending legitimacy in an industry often perceived as unsafe or even nefarious. In this paper, I provide an overview of the digital asset industry. I outline which insurers are providing digital asset insurance, how insurers are overcoming the challenges of underwriting this new insurance product, and which companies in the crypto ecosystem are obtaining coverage. I discuss several shortcomings in the new industry including the problems associated with the murky regulatory landscape, the lack of transparency for consumers, and the significant amount of bias around the crypto industry. I also propose ways in which digital asset insurance could be more efficient and effective including insurers creating industry standards and serving as a de facto regulator in digital asset storage. In just a few short years, this insurance product has gone from nonexistent to a multi-hundred-million-dollar premium market that is growing faster than cyber insurance. Despite the insurance product’s progress or importance to the broader crypto ecosystem, this paper is the first scholarly analysis of the digital asset insurance industry.
Mediated intimacy: sex advice in media culture: by Meg-John Barker, Rosalind Gill and Laura Harvey, Cambridge, UK, Polity Press, 2018, 312 pp., $26 (paperback), ISBN 978-1-509-50912-6

Mediated Intimacy examines both mainstream and alternative areas to better understand the role media plays in the formation of the often misrepresented or ignored concept of intimacy. Considering t...
Cardiorenal syndrome in COVID-19.

SARS-CoV-2 preferentially targets the human's lungs, but it can affect multiple organ systems. We report a case of cardiorenal syndrome in a 37-year-old man who had symptoms of fever, myalgia and cough. He tested positive for COVID-19 and presented 5 days later with acute heart failure. Work up was done including echocardiography showing reduced ejection fraction. Later in the hospital course he developed acute renal failure and was treated with intermittent renal replacement therapy. No other definite cause of cardiorenal complications was identified during the course of the disease. A possible link with COVID-19 was considered with underlying mechanisms still needed to be explored. This case highlights the potential of SARS-CoV-2 affecting heart and kidneys. The disease not only involves the organs directly but can exacerbate the underlying comorbid illness.
Comprehensive or specialty-specific cancer care in the United States: A story of continuing underperformance.

6577Background: “Textbook oncologic outcome” (TOO) is a composite measure representing the “ideal” outcome for patients undergoing cancer surgery and is associated with improved survival. Using TOO...
Carton Clamp Test Methodologies and the Effects on Load Containment and Retention

A carton clamp is an alternative material handling device for moving packages and material. The need for changing the clamping force for variations in size, shape and weight of the load creates the potential for underclamping (slippage) and overclamping (compressive damage). Currently, there are two test standards that provide lab-based forklift/clamp testing guidance – ISTA 3B and ASTM 6055. While ISTA provides a stationary simulation of carton clamp handling, ASTM offers a more mobile approach. The ISTA recommended testing equipment tends to be fairly expensive and is not easily accessible in North American test facilities. The ASTM standard proposes the use of a carton clamp truck in industry but does not specify any specific parameters making repeatability between laboratories and practitioners ambiguous. This study examined the implementation a carton clamp lift truck as found in industry allowing for mobile (hazard course) testing. A modified version of ISTA 3B was paired off against ASTM 6055 for evaluating both column and cross stack pallet patterns with a variety of treatments. This study attempted to determine if carton clamps as found in industry are capable and repeatable enough to provide consistent data. This study also examined the test methodologies' effect on load containment via stretch film force, load retention via unitized load slippage and the effects of ride height and driver interaction. The study sought to understand if these effects are uniform across the unitized load or if particular layers of the load are more affected than others. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thinking Outside of the Box

As Chap. 3 discussed, companies have tendency to improve the products they have, emphasizing incremental innovation. In contrast, radical innovation is primarily generated by imagination, which is thinking outside of the box without having specific products to improve, without having a particular problem to solve, or without being forced to innovate to make money for the company. Thinking outside of the box primarily provides solutions to consumer problems that are not readily recognized as problems. Consumer solutions are intended not to sell products but to improve the quality of life (Jones 2001). This chapter proposes that in corporate cultures every attempt must be made to nurture imagination and not just rely on predetermined product development. It is maintained here that imagination and ­creativity can coexist, but they are not one and the same.