cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mahalanobis Taguchi System (MTS) as a Prognostics Tool for Rolling Element Bearing Failures

In this paper, a novel Mahalanobis―Taguchi system (MTS)-based fault detection, isolation, and prognostics scheme is presented. The proposed data-driven scheme utilizes the Mahalanobis distance (MD)-based fault clustering and the progression of MD values over time. MD thresholds derived from the clustering analysis are used for fault detection and isolation. When a fault is detected, the prognostics scheme, which monitors the progression of the MD values, is initiated. Then, using a linear approximation, time to failure is estimated. The performance of the scheme has been validated via experiments performed on rolling element bearings inside the spindle headstock of a microcomputer numerical control (CNC) machine testbed. The bearings have been instrumented with vibration and temperature sensors and experiments involving healthy and various types of faulty operating conditions have been performed. The experiments show that the proposed approach renders satisfactory results for bearing fault detection, isolation, and prognostics. Overall, the proposed solution provides a reliable multivariate analysis and real-time decision making tool that (1) presents a single tool for fault detection, isolation, and prognosis, eliminating the need to develop each separately and (2) offers a systematic way to determine the key features, thus reducing analysis overhead. In addition, the MTS-based scheme is process independent and can easily be implemented on wireless motes and deployed for real-time monitoring, diagnostics, and prognostics in a wide variety of industrial environments.
Consumer Expenditure Survey, 1972–73: Processing and Dissemination

The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) over the past eighteen months has been publishing tabulated results from the 1972-73 Consumer Expenditure Survey. This paper briefly describes the survey, reports on the status of the dissemination of data in publications and tapes, and discusses some of the factors research analysts must consider as they plan projects that make use of the data. A description of the survey is contained in an article by Carlson.
Cytological and cytochemical investigations of development from dormant gemmules of the marine sponge, Haliclona loosanoffi

Vernalized gemmules of the marine sponge Haliclona loosanoffi were cultured at 20°C, fixed at 24-hour intervals (0-11 days), and processed for light microscopy by using a variety of absorption and fluorescent staining methods. The cytochemistry and morphology of development were compared to the well-studied developmental patterns of freshwater sponges and to the patterns described in the marine sponge Suberites domuncula. The precocious development of H. loosanoffi gemmules involves early morphogenesis occurring within the unhatched gemmule, as opposed to the patterns in freshwater sponges, where most development occurs after the gemmule hatches. Definitive sponge tissue surrounding a single osculum is present 9 days after release from dormancy.
Cortical potentials evoked in man by brief photic stimulus trains: Perceptual-electrophysiological correlates

Abstract Human occipital responses evoked by trains of four consecutive pulses of light varying in rate of presentation and pulse-to-cycle fraction were recorded from scalp. Perceptual reports were simultaneously obtained. Electrical responses were computer-averaged, and peak delays and amplitudes of consistent wave components were analyzed. At 5 and 10 c/s a distinct complex was recorded to each light pulse, while at 20 and 30 c/s a single complex was recorded to the entire stimulus train. For the two main wave components analyzed, highest amplitudes were recorded in the second pulse response, with amplitude generally greater at 10 than at 5 c/s. Pulse-to-cycle fraction significantly affected peak delay values, with briefest latencies at PCF 0.03, and briefer latencies at 10 than at 5 c/s. Correlations between verbal reports of number of flashes seen and evoked potential record were demonstrated for all 5 and 30 c/s conditions.
Characterization of SOI MEMS Sidewall Roughness

Deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) of silicon enables high aspect ratio, deep silicon features that can be incorporated into the fabrication of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) sensors and actuators. The DRIE process creates silicon structures and consists of three steps: conformal polymer deposition, ion sputtering, and chemical etching. The sequential three step process results in sidewalls with roughness that varies with processing conditions. This paper reports the sidewall roughness for DRIE etched MEMS as a function of trench width from 5 μm to 500 μm for a 125 μm thick device layer corresponding to aspect ratios from 25 to 0.25. Using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), the surfaces were imaged detecting an upper region exhibiting a scalloping morphology and a rougher lower region exhibiting a curtaining morphology. The height of rougher curtaining region increases linearly with aspect ratio when the etch cleared the entire device layer. The surface roughness for two trench widths: 15 μm and 100 μm were further characterized using an atomic force microscope (AFM), and RMS roughness values are reported as a function of height along the surface. The sidewall roughness varies with height and depends on the trench width.© 2011 ASME
The Asian American Writing Movement and Black Radicalism Race and Gender Politics in Multiethnic Anthologies

This article reconsiders the genesis and formation of Asian American literature by focusing less on the Chin-Kingston debate and more on the impact of Black radicalism and the genre of antiracist a...
An attitudinal modal choice model

Abstract Explanatory variables in this model of urban residents' mode choice behavior for the home-to-work trip are attitudinal ratings by survey respondents of descriptive attributes of modes perceived to be available to them. The model methodology is presented in three parts: individuals are clustered with respect to homogeneity of their choice constraints; the covariance structure of attitudinal variables is characterized through development of latent factors describing respondents' perceptions of choice alternatives; and logit probabilistic choice models are estimated in terms of subsets of descriptive attribute ratings chosen to represent latent perception factors. Empirical results from application of the model in the Ottawa, Ontario/Hull, Quebec Canadian National Capital Region are extremely encouraging. Goodness-of-fit summaries indicate model performance better than that obtained using conventional logit models based upon perceived time and cost data. Moreover, it is proposed that the attitudinal models provide valuable insights concerning the importance of factors underlying the choice decision structure of the sample population.
An Analysis of the Relationships between Test Takers' Cognitive and Metacognitive Strategy Use and Second Language Test Performance.

Summary and Implications The relationships between strategy use and SLTP areextremely complex, and at times very subtle; multidimensionalconstructs are involved and multiplex interactions could occurbetweenandamongthestudyvariables.Nonetheless,thepresentfindingshaveanumberofimplicationsforSLAandlanguagetest-ing research.Theoretically, this study has drawn on learner strategyresearch, cognitive psychology, and SL assessment research topropose a model of the relationships between self-reported cogni-tive and metacognitive strategy use and SLTP, thereby contribut-ing to the formulation of a more comprehensive view of cognitionand SLTP. The model presented here showed that MP seems toexert an executive function over CP. Moreover, using certainstrategies appears to affect SLTP, albeit both negatively and posi-tively; using other strategies seems to have no effect at all. Thismodel, although limiting its notion of SLTP to the 5 tasks meas-uredbythe FCEAnchorTest andgeneralizableonlytothepopula-tions studied, provides baseline information for furtherexploration of the relationships between strategy use and LTP.Methodologically,thestudyusedquestionnairedatatorepre-sent mental processing. Although I thoroughly analyzed the databefore including them in the models, I cannot claim that data fromself-reports directly reflect mental processing. Nonetheless, manyresearchers,myselfincluded,supporttheuseofquestionnairesasaviable elicitation procedure because they afford such a degree ofstructure,despitetheconstantthreattointernalvalidity.Analytically, this study has demonstrated the value of usingexploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, andSEM as primary research tools for investigating multiple vari-ables simultaneously and providing insights into their possiblerelationships. It also showed that, in addition to the use of “stan-dard” models, the use of “non-standard” models allows for theexploration of “specific” effects—a use of SEM previously not seenin language-testing research.
Anabolic steroids and growth hormone

Athletes are generally well educated regarding substances that they may use as ergogenic aids. This includes anabolic steroids and growth hormone. Fortunately, the abuse of growth hormone is limited by its cost and the fact that anabolic steroids are simply more enticing to the athlete. There are, however, significant potential adverse effects regarding its use that can be best understood by studying known growth hormone excess, as demonstrated in the acromegalic syndrome. Many athletes are unfamiliar with this syndrome and education of the potential consequences of growth hormone excess is important in counseling athletes considering its use. While athletes contemplating the use of anabolic steroids may correctly perceive their risks for significant physiologic effects to be small if they use the steroids for brief periods of time, many of these same athletes are unaware of the potential for habituation to the use of anabolic steroids. The result may be incessant use of steroids by an athlete who previously considered only short-term use. As we see athletes taking anabolic steroids for more prolonged periods, we are likely to see more severe medical consequences. Those who eventually do discontinue the steroids are dismayed to find that the improvements made with the steroids generally disappear and they have little to show for hours or even years of intense training beyond the psychological scars inherent with steroid use. Counseling of these athletes should focus on the potential adverse psychological consequences of anabolic steroid use and the significant risk for habituation.
Water Vapor Permeability and Solubility of Films from Hydrolyzed Whey Protein

The effects of whey protein hydrolysis on film water vapor permeability (WVP) and solubility at 3 plasticizer levels were studied. Little or no significant difference (p > 0.05) appeared for film WVP between unhydrolyzed whey protein isolate (WPI), 5.5% degree of hydrolysis (DH) WPI and 10% DH WPI films at comparable plasticizer contents. However, increase in glycerol (gly) content significantly increased film WVP. Thus, reduction in WPI molecular weight (MW) through hydrolysis may be a better approach to improving film flexibility than addition of plasticizer. Both 5.5% and 10% DH WPI had significantly different (p less than or equal to 0.05) film solubility compared to unhydrolyzed WPI. Soluble Protein (SP) and total soluble matter (TSM) of hydrolyzed WPI films were much higher than for unhydrolyzed WPI films.
Relationship between dialyzer reuse and the presence of anti-N-like antibodies in chronic hemodialysis patients.

Relationship between dialyzer reuse and anti-N-like antibodies in chronic hemodialysis patients. One hundred eleven chronic hemodialysis patients from five dialysis units were tested for the presence of antibodies reactive with red blood cell N substance; 77 patients were available for follow-up study after 18 to 24 months. Initially, 18 patients (16%) had serum anti-N-like antibodies. Thirteen of these patients were in a home dialysis program and were reusing hollow fiber dialyzers. The other five had practiced hollow fiber dialyzer reuse in the past. None of 37 patients using coil dialyzers had anti-N-like antibody. On follow-up testing, anti-N- like antibody persisted in all patients restudied except for one who had a successful renal transplant. Anti-N-like antibodies developed in four additional patients: three were reusing hollow fiber dialyzers at the time, but one had not reused dialyzers for 24 months. Statistical analyses indicated that dialyzer reuse, hollow fiber dialyzers, and home dialysis were significantly related to the presence of anti-N-like antibodies. We interpret the clinical and statistical data to indicate that dialyzer reuse is the major clinical factor in the development of anti-N-like antibody. The likely mechanism involves the prolonged exposure of red cells trapped in the dialyzer to formaldehyde used in preparing dia yzers for reuse. No adverse clinical effects of anti-N-like antibodies were evident in our patients, but hemolysis and acute transplant failure have been reported by others. Relation entre le reemploi des dialyseurs et la presence d'anticorps anti-N chez les malades en hemodialyse chronique. Cent onze malades soumis a l'hemodialyse chronique dans cinq unites de dialyse ont ete etudies pour deceler la presence d'anticorps reagissant avec la substance N des globules rouges; 77 malades ont pu etre suivis ulterieurement pendant 18 a 24 mois. Au debut, 18 malades (16%) avaient une substance serique anti-N. Treize de ces malades etaient en dialyse a domicile et reutilisaient des dialyseurs a fibres creuses. Les cinq autres avaient reemploye des dialyseurs a fibres creuses auparavant. Aucun des 37 malades qui utilisaient des dialyseurs a bobine n'avaient 'anti-N. Au cours de la surveillance l'anti-N a persiste chez tous les malades suivis sauf chez l'un d'eux qui a eu une transplantation renale reussie. L'anti-N est apparu chez quatre autres malades. Trois de ceux-ci reutilisaient des dialyseurs a fibres creuses a ce moment la mais le quatrieme n'avait pas reutilise de dialyseur depuis 24 mois. L'analyse statistique a montre que le reemploi de dialyseurs, les dialyseurs a fibres creuses et l'hemodialyse a domicile sont lies significativement a la presence de l'anti-N. Le mecanisme vraisemblable implique l'exposition prolongee des globules rouges sequestres dans le dialyseur a la formaldehyde utilisee en vue de reemploi. Aucun effet clinique de l'anti-N n'a ete mis en evidence chez ces malades mais des hemodialyses et des echecs immediats de transplantation ont ete rapportes par d'autres.
Vitamin d and 25-hydroxyvitamin d in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri): cytochrome p-450 and biotransformations of the vitamins

Abstract 1. 1. Rainbow trout tissue microsomal cytochrome P-450 concentrations nmol/mg of protein were as follows: liver, 0.22-2-0.28; kidney, 0.016–0.044; intestinal mucosa, 0.069–0.089. Cytochrome b5 concentrations of the tissues in the same order were 0.120-0.0240, 0.202–0.224, respectively. 2. 2. Gills were able to esterify vitamin D in vivo while the liver and g gall bladder metabolized 25-hydroxyvitamin D to yet unidentified more polar products. 3. 3. Liver microsomes were capable of metabolizing vitamin D and 25-hydroxyvitamin D to more polar products, but the product of vitamin D transformation was not 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Kidney microsomerscould not metabolize either substrate, but kidney mitochondria converted only vitamin D to a more polar product.
Assignment of the carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of gangliosides GM4, GM3, GM2, GM1, GD1a, GD1b, and GT1b

Complete 13C nuclear magnetic resonance assignments are presented for gangliosides in the series GM4, GM3, GM2, GM1, GD1a, GD1b, and GT1b. The gangliosides studied are related by the sequential addition of single saccharide residues. The structural relationships among these molecules were confirmed and subsequently utilized to provide the basis for a detailed investigation of 13C NMR oligomer-monomer shielding differences accompanying increasing oligosaccharide complexity. This gradual increase in complexity was reflected in the 13C NMR spectra and proved to be of significant value in the assignment task, resulting in the reassignment of four GM1 resonances from our previous work [Sillerud, L. O., Prestegard, J. H., Yu, R. K., Schafer, D. E., & Konigsberg, W. H. (1978) Biochemistry 17, 2619--2628]. The carboxyl-containing sialic acids in gangliosides have glycosidic linkage resonance shifts only approximately 30% as large as those found for neutral hexopyranosides; thus, care must be used in interpreting the 13C spectra of charge oligosaccharides. Secondary structural effects are also found to produce shifts in the resonances of the sialic acid adjacent to the GalNAc residue of GM2 and the more complex gangliosides, leading to inequivalence of the sialic acids in GD1a, GD1b, and GT1b.
Exchange coupling in magnetic heterostructures

Many structures consisting of magnetic layers separated by a nonmagnetic spacer layer show an oscillatory exchange coupling. This behavior is explained in terms of a simple model that shows that the Fermi surface of the spacer-layer material is responsible for the oscillatory coupling. The periods of the oscillatory coupling are set by extremal spanning vectors of the Fermi surface of the spacer-layer material. The strength of the coupling depends both on the geometry of the Fermi surface and on the reflection amplitudes for electrons scattering from the interfaces between the spacer layers and the magnetic layers. To test this and related models, the extremal spanning vectors and the associated Fermi-surface geometrical factors have been calculated for a large set of spacer-layer materials and interface orientations. These models are at least consistent with the experimental data. All measured oscillation periods are consistent with the calculated periods, but particularly for transition metals there are many more periods calculated than are seen experimentally.
C 1s excitation studies of diamond (111). II. Unoccupied surface states

Unoccupied electronic states at the diamond (111) surface are studied by measuring both bulk- and surface-sensitive C 1s partial-yield soft-x-ray absorption spectra. Several absorption features are observed in the bulk band gap below the 289.19-eV bulk-C 1s absorption edge. They are associated with transitions from the C 1s surface core level to unoccupied surface states by their sensitivity to chemisorbed species and changes in their intensity as the electron escape depth is varied. These states have been detected previously with electron-energy-loss spectroscopy but no structure was resolved. The close proximity of the observed surface absorption (onset at h\ensuremath{\nu}=284 eV) with the h\ensuremath{\nu}=285.35 eV, C 1s\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ transition in graphite indicates the existence of unoccupied ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ bands at the diamond (111) surface. An interpretation of these results in terms of the \ensuremath{\pi}-bonded chain model for the diamond (111) 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 reconstructed surface is given.
Effects of spatial correlations and global precedence on the visual fidelity of distorted images

This paper presents the results of three psychophysical experiments designed to investigate the effects of spatial correlations and the disruption of global precedence on the visual fidelity of natural images. The first two experiments used a psychophysical scaling paradigm in which subjects placed distorted images along a linear, one-dimensional "distortion axis" where physical distance corresponded to perceived distortion. In the first experiment, images were distorted at fixed levels of total distortion contrast in various fashions chosen to provide a reasonable representation of commonly encountered distortions. In the second experiment, images were simultaneously distorted with both structural distortion and additive white noise. Additionally, a third experiment was performed in which visual dissimilarities between all pairs of images were measured for the images used in second experiment. Results revealed that structural distortion generally gave rise to the greatest perceived distortion among the types of distortions tested; and, at highly suprathreshold distortion contrasts, additive white noise gave rise to the least perceived distortion. Furthermore, although structural distortion and noise appear to correspond to two separate perceptual dimensions, the addition of low-contrast white noise to an image which already contained structural distortion decreased the perceived distortion of the image, despite the increase in the total contrast of the distortions. These findings suggest that a measure of visual fidelity must take into account the spatial correlation between the distortions and the image, masking imposed by the images, the perceived contrast of the distortions, and the cross masking effects which occur between multiple types of distortions.
Tail injuries increase the risk of mortality in free-living lizards (Uta stansburiana)

Caudal autotomy is an effective anti-predator mechanism used by many lizard species. Fitness benefits of surviving a predatory attack are obvious, although lizards that autotomize their tails may be at greater risk during subsequent encounters with predators than lizards with complete tails. In previous laboratory studies, tail-less lizards were more vulnerable to capture by predators, but little is known about the relative survival of tailed versus tail-less lizards in nature. This study reports on significant associations between naturally incurred tail injuries and the subsequent risk of mortality in 7 populations of the lizard Uta stansburiana. I used standard mark-recapture techniques to document survival and quantified tail injuries by estimating tail completeness. I then used sampled randomization tests to compare intitial tail completeness values of surviving versus non-surviving lizards. I evaluated overall patterns by comparising the means of tail completeness values of survivors versus non-survivors among mark-recapture sequences. Lizards with incomplete tails suffered higher mortality in the field, although this was not true for every comparison considered (i.e., for every mark-recapture sequence analyzed), and the overall trend was much stronger for adult males than for either adult females or juveniles. Higher mortality among lizards with incomplete tails is presumably a consequence of increased vulnerability to capture by predators. Vulnerability to predation of tail-injured lizards may be confounded by reduced social status in this species, because social subordination can result in the occupation of an inferior home range.
A pilot study for channel catfish whole genome sequencing and de novo assembly

Background Recent advances in next-generation sequencing technologies have drastically increased throughput and significantly reduced sequencing costs. However, the average read lengths in next-generation sequencing technologies are short as compared with that of traditional Sanger sequencing. The short sequence reads pose great challenges for de novo sequence assembly. As a pilot project for whole genome sequencing of the catfish genome, here we attempt to determine the proper sequence coverage, the proper software for assembly, and various parameters used for the assembly of a BAC physical map contig spanning approximately a million of base pairs.
Characterization of peroxisomal 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase in UT2 cells: sterol biosynthesis, phosphorylation, degradation, and statin inhibition.

We have previously identified a CHO cell line (UT2* cells) that expresses only one 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase protein which is localized exclusively in peroxisomes [Engfelt, H. W., Shackelford, J. E., Aboushadi, N., Jessani, N., Masuda, K., Paton, V. G., Keller, G. A., and Krisans, S. K. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 24579−24587]. In this study, we utilized the UT2* cells to determine the properties of the peroxisomal reductase independent of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) HMG-CoA reductase. We demonstrated major differences between the two proteins. The peroxisomal reductase is not the rate-limiting enzyme for cholesterol biosynthesis in UT2* cells. The peroxisomal reductase protein is not phosphorylated, and its activity is not altered in the presence of inhibitors of cellular phosphatases. Its rate of degradation is not accelerated in response to mevalonate. Finally, the degradation process is not blocked by N-acetyl-Leu-Leu-norleucinal (ALLN). Furthermore, the peroxisomal H...
Recurrent early ischemic events after thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction

Abstract Myocardium salvaged by early thrombolysis and then perfused through a residual stenosis may be at risk for ischemic events. To investigate this possibility, the short-term (2-week) clinical course of 81 consecutive patients managed within a randomized intracoronary thrombolysis trial was reviewed. All patients underwent coronary anglography within 5 hours of symptoms of acute myocardial infarction and were stratified into the following 3 outcome groups: patients with initially subtotal occlusion (subtotal group, n= 17), those with initial total occlusion and infarct artery reperfusion (reperfused group, n = 24) and those with continued infarct artery occlusion (occluded group, n = 40). Recurrent ischemic events were defined as spontaneous typical angina, provokable angina on predischarge exercise testing, and reinfarction. Eleven of 17 patients (65%) in the subtotal and 11 of 23 patients (48%) in the reperfused groups had an ischemic event (difference not significant). In contrast, 4 of 37 patients (11%) with occlusion had an ischemic event (p
Ecological Indicators in Risk Assessment: Workshop Summary

ABSTRACT Ecological indicators can be defined as relatively simple measurements that relay scientific information about complex ecosystems. Such indicators are used to characterize risk in ecological risk assessment (ERA) and to mark progress toward resource management goals. In late 1997, scientists from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and from the Chemical Manufacturers Association (CMA) held a workshop to explore opportunities for collaborative research and scientific exchange on the development and application of ecological indicators. Several scientific challenges were identified as they relate to problem formulation, exposure and effects assessment, and risk characterization. Chief among these were a better understanding of multiple stressors (both chemical and non-chemical), characterization of reference sites and natural variability, extrapolation of measures to ecologically relevant scales, development of comprehensive, ecosystem-based models that incorporate multiple stressors and recep...
Mapping surfaces using regionally specific hyperfine polarization

We show that the hyperfine polarization in the vicinity $(\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{cm})$ of cell surfaces can be used as a way to quantify and map the regional surface property inside optical pumping cells. In silicone-coated cells our method allows us to image the regional quality of the coatings, revealing the existence of areas that have strikingly different qualities.
Global notes: the interactions of health and foreign policies

Foreign policy is used to maintain national security and the economic interest of the country. In contrast, health policies of a country are designed primarily to maintain the health of their people. With increasing globalization and interdependence of nations, both big and small, these two policies are converging to achieve national and international economic stability and national security. To those of us involved in global health care, this transition of thought in the mind of foreign policy makers is welcome. An interesting new trend in the foreign policy under Secretary of State Hillary Clinton is the inclusion of health care into foreign policy. In this review, we will discuss the importance of adopting health as a foreign policy both for the countries involved and for the public at large.
Sodium chloride, calcium chloride, and the respiration of maize root sections.

The effects of sodium chloride and calcium chloride at concentrations of 0.005N and 0.010N upon the respiration of vacuolated and nonvacuolated portions of the root tip of maize have been investigated. In both sections CaCl2 produced marked stimulation, while NaCl had no effect. In this tissue stimulation of respiration does not appear to be directly related to metabolic ion accumulation.
Stability Estimation of a 6T-SRAM Cell Using a Nonlinear Regression

Static noise margin is one of the key metrics to estimate the likelihood of failure of a 6T-static random-access memory (SRAM) cell. This paper proposes a technique to accurately estimate the stability of a conventional SRAM cell without modifying the cell structure. The main idea is to measure the specific cell's currents with variant supply levels via the bit lines. The measured currents are used to estimate the read stability and the write ability through a nonlinear regression. The R2 (coefficient of determination) of the stability estimation is as high as 0.95 when applied to an arbitrary data set. As typical stability definitions require an access to the internal node of a 6T-SRAM cell, alternative measurable stability metrics for read and write are surveyed and modified to improve the correlation with the conventional stability definition. With this alternative stability and the cell currents, the conversion rules from currents to the stability can be found from the measurement data. Simulation results show that the estimation error sigma is as small as 2.44% and 3% for the read stability and write-ability estimation, respectively. Validity of the idea is verified by Monte Carlo simulations by using SRAM models in a 45-nm CMOS technology.
Humor and Dissonance in California’s Native American Genocide

The originator of cognitive dissonance theory, Leon Festinger, and those who have followed him in revising, expanding, and clarifying his theories over the past five decades provide historians inve...
Diagonal parameter shifts due to nearest-neighbor displacements in empirical tight-binding theory

Nanoscale heterostructures are generally characterized by local strain variations. Because the atoms in such systems can be irregularly positioned, theroretical models and parameterizations that are restricted to hydrostatic and uniaxial strain are generally not applicable. To address this shortcoming, a method that enables the incorporation of general distortions into the empirical tight binding model is presented. The method shifts the diagonal Hamiltonian matrix elements due to displacements of neighboring atoms from their ideal bulk positions. The new, efficient, and flexible method is developed for zincblende semiconductors and employed to calculate gaps for GaAs and InAs under hydrostatic and uniaxial strain. Where experimental and theoretical data are available our new method compares favorably with other methods, yet it is not restricted to the cases of uniaxial or hydrostatic strain. Because our method handles arbitrary nearest-neighbor displacements it permits the incorporation of diagonal parameter shifts in general, three-dimensional nanoscale electronic structure simulations, such as the nanoelectronic modeling tool (NEMO 3D).
“They Are?!”: Latino Difference vis-à-vis Dragon Tales

This article examines the ways that the animated children's program Dragon Tales wavers between deracinating its lead characters, Emmy and Max, and exoticizing the racialized difference that Enrique, a recent addition to the program, embodies. The analysis begins with the contention that the effacement of Latinos' physical, cultural, and linguistic differences vis-a-vis the representation of Emmy and Max constitutes an understandable strategy for neutralizing the otherness of Latinos but actually undermines multiculturalism because it fails to nurture children's ability to live fearlessly with and within difference. The program is further problematized through the argument that the crafting of Enrique only reinscribes the otherness of Latinos. With the effacement of Latino difference on one hand and the exoticization of Latino difference on the other, Dragon Tales ends up an example of a program unable to model and nurture a healthy accommodation of difference.
Generalized Youden designs: construction and tables☆

Abstract Generalized Youden Designs are generalizations of the class of two-way balanced block designs which include Latin squares and Youden squares. They are used for the same purposes and in the same way that these classical designs are used, and satisfy most of the common criteria of design optimality. We explicitly display or give detailed instructions for constructing all these designs within a practical range: when υ, the number of treatments, is ⩽25; and b1 and b2, the dimensions of the design array, are each ⩽50.
Differential transition metal uptake and fluorescent probe localization in hippocampal slices

Metals are taken up by the combined action of metal transporters and ion channels. In this communication we have measured the uptake of the biologically important transition metals Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Cd by rat and mouse hippocampal slices using the fluorescent probes FluoZin-3 (FZ3) and Newport Green (NPG), introduced by acetoxymethyl ester (AM) loading. The combination of metals and probes is also used to attempt to localize cellular sites into which metals translocate. We show that FZ3 and NPG partition into different cellular compartments; FZ3 into neuropil, whereas NPG localizes in neuropil and compartments within the cell bodies of neurons. Ni, Zn and Cd pass across the plasma membrane and then accumulate in intracellular vesicles and within intracellular membranes of cell bodies. The latter accumulate Cd, while synaptic vesicles take up Co. The passage of Mn, Cu and Fe into cells can be detected but there is some uncertainty about their disposition within the cell. All of our experiments are consistent with metals accumulating in intracellular compartments rather than the cytoplasm. Whether and to what extent there are transient elevations of free zinc levels in the cytoplasm remains unclear.
METAL IONS IN RIBONUCLEIC ACID: THEIR NATURE AND INTERFERENCE WITH THE ASSAY FOR RIBONUCLEASE AND RIBONUCLEASE INHIBITOR.

Abstract RNA from some commercial sources has been shown to contain significant quantities of copper and zinc and the amounts these metals present has been determined spectroscopically. Studies of the effects of copper and zinc ions, as well as other metal ions, on RNAase (polyribonucleotide 2-oligonucleotidotransferase (cyclizing), EC 2.7.7.16) and RNAase inhibitor have been made. Of several metal ions studied, only copper and zinc inactivated RNAase inhibitor at low metal-ion concentrations. It was demonstrated that the inactivating effects of different RNA samples RNAase inhibitor are consistent with their metal-ion content. The significance of metal-ion contaminants to biochemical studies involving RNA was discussed.
DNA sequence of a simian varicella virus gene that encodes a homologue of varicella zoster virus IE62 and herpes simplex virus ICP4.

Abstract Clinical and biological studies indicate that simian varicella virus (SVV) infection of primates is the counterpart of human varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection. We have identified an SVV open reading frame (ORF) that is homologous to the VZV protein IE62 and herpes simplex virus (HSV) ICP4. Like the genes encoding the VZV and HSV proteins, the SVV gene is located in the repeat region of the virus genome. Its expression in SVV-infected cells yields a 4.2-kb transcript. DNA sequencing of the SVV gene reveals a coding region 3834 nucleotides in length and a G + C content of 60.3%. Like ICP4 homologues in other herpesviruses, the SVV protein has five regions, two of which (regions 2 and 4) are highly conserved. The SVV protein also contains a run of serine residues in its amino terminus that is characteristic of herpesvirus ICP4 homologues. The SVV protein shows an overall homology of 24% to HSV ICP4 and 53% to VZV IE62.
What is finished, and why does it matter.

Our ability to acquire and analyze DNA sequence data has increased phenomenally in the past 12 years. The acquisition of both cDNA and genomic DNA sequence has exerted a major influence on the direction of biological and medical research and will continue to do so. However, the DNA sequencing field has progressed so rapidly that technical differences between various sequencing approaches have resulted in large datasets of differing quality. Although all of these datasets are valuable in their own right, they are composed of experimental data; therefore they are subject to errors, ambiguities, and incompleteness at a level related to the experimental strategy that created them. The picture is further complicated by the lack of a community-accepted nomenclature that clearly defines levels of sequence completeness. Because of the small number of people producing this resource relative to the large number using it, the nature of the data is, unfortunately, not commonly appreciated.....
The Role of Cognitive Ability in Self‐Efficacy and Self‐Assessed Test Performance1

Research has shown that test takers are often unable to assess their own test performance accurately. However, the role of cognitive ability in assessing one's test performance has not been explored. We examined whether high cognitive ability participants were better than low cognitive ability participants in assessing their performance on a video-based situational judgment test (SJT) of customer-service skills. Results indicated a strong relationship between actual and perceived SJT performance for high cognitive ability participants, but no relationship for those low in cognitive ability. The discussion focuses on implications for metacognitive theory, test perceptions, and providing feedback to applicants.
Behavior Based Adaptive Control for Autonomous Oceanographic Sampling

This paper describes an investigation into the adaptive control of autonomous mobile sensor platforms for providing oceanographic sampling. Mobile sensor platforms provide an ability to rapidly sample oceanographic data of interest for real-time input into ocean environmental models with the goal of reducing the modeling uncertainty by introducing selected sampled data. The major objective of this paper is to describe the autonomy architecture developed to support adaptive sampling. This architecture consists of an open-source distributed autonomy architecture and an approach to behavior-based control of autonomous vehicles using multiple objective functions that allows reactive control in complex environments with multiple constraints. Experimental results are provided for an adaptive ocean thermal gradient tracking application performed by an autonomous surface craft in Monterey Bay. These results highlight not only the suitability of autonomous sensor platforms for providing adaptive sampling of the ocean environment but, also, the suitability of our behavior-based autonomy approach and distributed autonomy architecture for providing a simple, flexible, and scalable method for autonomous sensor platform control. The paper concludes with an overview of future adaptive sampling experiments planned with autonomous underwater sensor platforms using the same methodology.
Mechanism of promoter repression by Lac repressor–DNA loops

The Escherichia coli lactose (lac) operon encodes the first genetic switch to be discovered, and lac remains a paradigm for studying negative and positive control of gene expression. Negative control is believed to involve competition of RNA polymerase and Lac repressor for overlapping binding sites. Contributions to the local Lac repressor concentration come from free repressor and repressor delivered to the operator from remote auxiliary operators by DNA looping. Long-standing questions persist concerning the actual role of DNA looping in the mechanism of promoter repression. Here, we use experiments in living bacteria to resolve four of these questions. We show that the distance dependence of repression enhancement is comparable for upstream and downstream auxiliary operators, confirming the hypothesis that repressor concentration increase is the principal mechanism of repression loops. We find that as few as four turns of DNA can be constrained in a stable loop by Lac repressor. We show that RNA polymerase is not trapped at repressed promoters. Finally, we show that constraining a promoter in a tight DNA loop is sufficient for repression even when promoter and operator do not overlap.
Mirrors with regular hexagonal segments

The point-spread function and emissivity are calculated for a mirror made from regular hexagonal segments of just a few different sizes. A mirror of this type has many similar segments, which is an advantage for manufacturing, and for an ∼f/1 mirror with ≥1000 segments and ≥4 sizes of regular hexagons the increase in intersegment gap area is negligible. This result raises the possibility of making a mirror from very large numbers of identical small segments that are warped to the required figure.
A generalized queuing model and its solution properties

Abstract Modeling queuing behavior is central to the analysis of transportation and other service systems. To date, several queuing models been developed, but analytical insights on their global properties are hard to obtain. This is because in most cases, queuing dynamics are formulated as differential or difference equations, with possible discontinuities in their solutions, making most conventional analytical tools inadequate. As a result, simulations are often used to study these models, and if not properly treated, negative flows could arise from the simulation near certain discontinuities. In this paper, we propose a continuous-time queuing model that captures generalized queuing dynamics, where bottleneck discharging capacity and demand can vary simultaneously. We provide insights on the global properties of this model, upon deriving its closed-form variational solutions. Rather than resorting to the usual Hamilton–Jacobi theory, our derivations are built on an intrinsic periodicity property of the general queuing dynamics combined with measure-theoretic analysis. This treatment allows us to obtain results with more complex boundary conditions and make further extensions. We demonstrate its applications and show its solution properties in queuing simulation and performance bounding. In particular, we provide graphical, iterative and linearized solution schemes, which are all devoid of the well-known negative flow issue associated with numerical solutions to the point queue model.
Rectal dose-volume histogram parameters are associated with long-term patient-reported gastrointestinal quality of life after conventional and high-dose radiation for prostate cancer: A subgroup analysis of a randomized trial

Purpose We examined whether rectal dose–volume histogram (DVH) parameters were associated with long-term patient-reported gastrointestinal (GI) quality of life (QOL) after conventional (70.2 GyE) or high-dose (79.2 GyE) radiation for prostate cancer. Methods and Materials Of 64 men with localized prostate cancer alive with a minimum 7-year follow-up after treatment as part of a randomized trial with either 70.2 GyE or 79.2 GyE of external beam radiation at Massachusetts General Hospital, 56 men (88%) returned a QOL questionnaire, and 50 of those men had DVH information. The DVH parameters of the anterior rectal wall were correlated with patient-reported long-term GI QOL using Pearson correlation and t tests. Results There was a trend toward an association between increased long-term GI dysfunction and higher V60 ( p = 0.07), V65 ( p = 0.06), V70 ( p = 0.09), and V75 ( p = 0.09). When dichotomized by their medians, a V60 > 54% ( p = 0.04), V70 > 44% ( p = 0.06), and V75 > 39% ( p = 0.06) were associated with increased long-term GI dysfunction. There was no difference in long-term GI dysfunction between men on the conventional vs. high-dose arms ( p = 0.49). Conclusions Dose–volume histogram parameters of the anterior rectal wall were associated with long-term patient-reported GI QOL after prostate radiation, whereas the dose prescribed to the prostate was not, suggesting that DVH constraints, rather than total prescribed dose, may have the greatest impact on long-term bowel dysfunction, and therefore that continued dose escalation may be feasible if appropriate dose–volume constraints are met.
Bayesian Classifier for Anchored Protein Sorting Discovery

A typical cell has a size of only 10 µm while it contains about a billion proteins. Transportation of these proteins from their synthesis sites to their target locations within or outside of the cell is precisely controlled by protein sorting signals. However, genome-wide understanding of protein sorting regulatory signals and mechanisms is still very limited. We formulate the protein sorting motif discovery problem as a classification problem and proposed a Bayesian classifier based motif discovery algorithm (BayesMotif) to find a common type of sorting motifs in which a highly conserved anchor is present along with a less conserved motif regions. Experiments showed that our algorithm has the advantage of finding long lowly conserved sorting signals compared to other protein motif discovery algorithms such as MEME. Our algorithm also has the advantage to easily include additional meta-sequence features that overcomes the limitation of PWM (position weight matrix)
Racial differences in birth outcomes: the role of general, pregnancy, and racism stress.

Objective: This study examined the role of psychosocial stress in racial differences in birth outcomes. Design: Maternal health, sociodemographic factors, and 3 forms of stress (general stress, pregnancy stress, and perceived racism) were assessed prospectively in a sample of 51 African American and 73 non-Hispanic White pregnant women. Main Outcome Measures: The outcomes of interest were birth weight and gestational age at delivery. Only predictive models of birth weight were tested as the groups did not differ significantly in gestational age. Results: Perceived racism and indicators of general stress were correlated with birth weight and tested in regression analyses. In the sample as a whole, lifetime and childhood indicators of perceived racism predicted birth weight and attenuated racial differences, independent of medical and sociodemographic control variables. Models within each race group showed that perceived racism was a significant predictor of birth weight in African Americans, but not in non-Hispanic Whites. Conclusions: These findings provide further evidence that racism may play an important role in birth outcome disparities, and they are among the first to indicate the significance of psychosocial factors that occur early in the life course for these specific health outcomes.
Antiemetic efficacy of high-dose corticosteroids and droperidol in cisplatin-induced emesis: a controlled trial with droperidol and metoclopramide.

Abstract The nausea and vomiting associated with cisplatin chemotherapy make care of the patient more difficult for nurses and physicians, can cause severe metabolic and pathologic sequelae, and preclude further courses of chemotherapy. Current reports suggest that the two most efficacious agents for antiemetic prophylaxis are metoclopramide and corticosteroids. These two agents in combination with droperidol have been compared in a randomized controlled prospective fashion. Patients had less nausea and vomiting on the steroidal regimen than the nonsteroidal regimen ( P P