cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis and recombination of multiple-charge-state beams from an electron cyclotron resonance ion source

To meet the beam power requirements for high-intensity ion linacs being proposed for rare isotope beam production and other nuclear physics applications, we have developed an injector system to extract, accelerate, analyze, and recombine multiple charge states of any heavy-ion beam. The injector consists of an electron cyclotron resonance ion source, a 100 kV platform and an achromatic low-energy beam transport system. Two charge states of bismuth-209 ($20+$ and $21+$) were successfully accelerated by the high-voltage platform potential, separated and perfectly recombined in the transverse phase space with 100% transmission. The perfect recombination and maximum transmission of the cw beam are essential for smooth injection into a subsequent rf accelerator.
Subcellular compartmentalization of the progesterone receptor in cat uteri following the acute administration of progesterone.

cytosol and nuclear progesterone receptors in the cat uterus were measured by Scatchard analysis to determine the relationships between dose of progesterone administered and the time following administration with the content of receptor in these two cellular compartments. Cats were ovariectomized, treated for 7 days with estradiol and then injected via the saphenous vein with progesterone. One uterine horn was removed prior to, and the other uterine horn after the injection of progesterone. The amount of cytosol receptor translocated was found to be dosedependent over the range of 0-200 pg of progesterone. A maximum of 40% of the cytosol receptor was depleted even when the amount of progesterone injected was increased. In non-estradiolprimed animals it was also found that approximately 40% of the cytosol receptor was depleted following a progesterone injection. Within 3 h of the injection of 300 pg of progesterone, the cytosol and nuclear receptor levels had returned to preinjection values. A second administration of progesterone at 1 or 3 h after the first injection of progesterone caused a partial depletion of the cytosol receptor and an increase in nuclear progesterone receptor concentration. These data suggest that the translocation of cytosol receptor and the appearance of nuclear receptor is dosedependent until approximately 40% of the cytosol receptor is depleted following a single injection of progesterone, that the retention of nuclear receptor after an acute injection of progesterone is of short duration (<1 h), and that the replenishment of cytosol receptor is complete within 3 h.
Computer capacity planning management: definitions and methodology

Information systems (IS) managers are asked to provide services and cut computer costs. Computer capacity planning (CCP) provides them with a tool to assess the future computing needs and new technologies. Effective CCP is an important step in providing users with the lowest cost solution that meets their computing requirements. This paper discusses the definition and methodologies of CCP. The importance of CCP for IS people as well as business people is emphasized. Five phases for developing a capacity plan are presented and a few examples for illustration are provided. A real life example is also presented and suggestions and recommendations are offered.
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: a cause of paraneoplastic cholestasis

We describe a 79-year-old gentleman with a longstanding history of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia who presented with subacute onset of cholestatic jaundice. Comprehensive review of the patient's data and medications failed to reveal any obvious causes. Exhaustive testing including abdominal CT and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography failed to reveal any obstruction. A liver biopsy demonstrated scattered non-caseating granulomas. The patient was diagnosed with granulomatous hepatitis and treated with oral steroids and eventually improved. It was thought to be due to paraneoplastic cholestasis as an extrahepatic manifestation of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Using Multiple-Variable Indicator Kriging for Evaluating Soil Quality

Soil quality is the most important factor for sustaining the global biosphere. Soil quality may be defined in several different ways including productivity, sustainability, environmental quality, and effects on human nutrition. To quantify soil quality, specific soil indicators need to be measured spatially. These indicators are mainly soil properties whose values relate directly to soil quality but may also include policy, economic, or environmental considerations. Because assessing soil quality is complex, the individual soil quality indicators need to be integrated to form a soil quality index. This integration needs to be flexible enough to evaluate soil quality at spatial scales ranging from the farm to the regional level, be applicable to all types of agricultural land use, and be able to incorporate all types of soil quality information. We have developed a multiple-variable indicator kriging (MVIK) procedure that may provide a means to integrate soil quality parameters into an index to produce soil quality maps on a landscape basis. These maps would indicate the areas on a landscape that have a high probability of having good soil quality according to predetermined criteria. This procedure can provide probability maps based on any range of chosen criteria and thus is universally applicable. In addition, it allows the identification of the indicator parameter(s) responsible for zones of low soil quality, thus allowing specific management plans or land use policies to be developed. View complete article To view this complete article, insert Disc 5 then click button8
sII structural transitions from binary mixtures of simple sI formers

Previous work has shown structure II structural transitions for binary guest mixtures of simple structure I formers. This phenomenon was investigated using the hydrate statistical mechanical model developed by van der Waals and Platteeuw. Langmuir constants were employed to suggest that molecules at either extrema of the sI size range will form sII when mixed together. Thus, CO2, an intermediate-sized sI former, was determined not to undergo a sII transition when combined with another sI former. Correlations between the Kihara potential parameters and physical properties were also made for pure hydrate formers.
Optimal disease surveillance strategies in non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Given the paucity of randomized controlled trial data, defining the ideal strategy for surveillance imaging in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) has become increasingly challenging. The routine use of frequent surveillance scans has been a common component of patient care. Emerging data from prospective and retrospective observational studies and modeling approaches have highlighted the performance characteristics of imaging modalities and the challenges with this form of secondary screening. The majority of patients with relapsed lymphoma have clinical signs or symptoms that prompt further evaluation, and only a small proportion of patients experience relapse detected on a routine scan while being otherwise asymptomatic. Surveillance imaging is costly, may expose patients to minimal risks of mortality due to radiation-related secondary malignancies, and can lead to false-positive findings, leading to unnecessary biopsies. In addition, no prospective study has demonstrated a significant improvement in overall survival for those patients whose disease is discovered on a routine scan versus those who present with clinical symptoms. In this chapter, we examine the baseline risks of relapse for various NHL subtypes that provide the context for surveillance, review the data on imaging modalities, and establish a framework for discussing optimal surveillance strategies with individual patients. Patients should be counseled on the risks and benefits of routine surveillance imaging and decisions regarding surveillance should be made on an individual basis using patient-specific risk factors, response to induction therapy, and patient preferences with a bias toward using surveillance imaging in the 2 years after treatment only in those NHL patients with the greatest likelihood of benefit.
Enhanced activity of cyclic transporter sequences driven by phase behavior of peptide–lipid complexes

We demonstrate that recently observed increases in cell permeation activity of cyclic peptides via transporter sequences are due to the underlying phase behavior of peptide–lipid complexes and their relation to the topological requirement of membrane permeation. We also show how these effects can be amplified by incorporating hydrophobicity in these sequences.
A spatial mean-variance MIP model for energy market risk analysis

The paper presents a short-term market risk model based on the Markowitz mean-variance method for spatial electricity markets. The spatial nature is captured using the correlation of geographically separated markets and the consideration of wheeling administration. The model also includes transaction costs and other practical constraints, resulting in a mixed integer programming (MIP) model. The incorporation of those practical constraints makes the model more attractive than the traditional Markowitz portfolio model with continuity. A case study is used to illustrate the practical application of the model. The results show that the MIP portfolio efficient frontier is neither smooth nor concave. The paper also considers the possible extension of the model to other energy markets, including natural gas and oil markets.
Postmortem MR Imaging in the Fetal and Neonatal Period

Postmortem imaging has become an increasingly important part in the examination of deceased fetuses and neonates. This article discusses how to perform magnetic resonance (MR) imaging autopsy, including such technical determinators as field strength, and factors influencing image quality. Also included is a discussion on the indications for MR autopsy, including stillborns and terminations of pregnancy, and natural and unexplained death.
Early and late viral-specific polyribosomal RNA in herpes virus-1 and -2-infected rabbit kidney cells.

Abstract Virus-specific polyribosomal RNA was used to study the transcriptional control of herpes simplex virus type 1 (herpes virus-1) and type 2 (herpes virus-2) in rabbit kidney cells. 1. 1. Herpes virus-1-specific polyribosomal RNAs were isolated after infection of rabbit kidney cells at 37°C with a multiplicity of infection of 100. Herpes virus-2-specific polyribosomes, however, were not stable at this temperature and multiplicity of infection, and a lower temperature (34°C) and lower multiplicity of infection (20–40) were required. 2. 2. Cytosine-β- d -arabinofuranoside was used to inhibit viral DNA synthesis to ensure that the early polyribosomal RNAs were transcripts of parental viral DNA. Presence or absence of cytosine-β- d -arabinofuranoside did not influence the synthesis of early viral-specific polyribosomal RNA of herpes virus-1 or herpes virus-2. 3. 3. It was found that early RNA transcribed by both virus types contains sequences which are homologous to about 40% of late radioactive RNA. Also, the early transcripts were present late after infection.
Bias in the case – crossover design: implications for studies of air pollution

The case – crossover study design in principle allows testing for an acute health effect of an exposure such as air pollution with restriction in time to remove seasonal confounding. We argue that much thinking about this design has been based on false analogies with matched case – control studies, and show that the usual design and analysis of case – crossover studies introduce a previously unrecognized bias by not conditioning correctly on the sampling scheme. We show that the usual conditional logistic regression analysis is a valid maximum likelihood method for a simple modification of the case – crossover design that divides time into strata. However, the bias from standard case – crossover designs will typically be small. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Breakup and then makeup: a predictive model of how cilia self-regulate hardness for posture control

Functioning as sensors and propulsors, cilia are evolutionarily conserved organelles having a highly organized internal structure. How a paramecium's cilium produces off-propulsion-plane curvature during its return stroke for symmetry breaking and drag reduction is not known. We explain these cilium deformations by developing a torsional pendulum model of beat frequency dependence on viscosity and an olivo-cerebellar model of self-regulation of posture control. The phase dependence of cilia torsion is determined, and a bio-physical model of hardness control with predictive features is offered. Crossbridge links between the central microtubule pair harden the cilium during the power stroke; this stroke's end is a critical phase during which ATP molecules soften the crossbridge-microtubule attachment at the cilium inflection point where torsion is at its maximum. A precipitous reduction in hardness ensues, signaling the start of ATP hydrolysis that re-hardens the cilium. The cilium attractor basin could be used as reference for perturbation sensing.
Cluster analysis: a useful technique to identify elderly cardiac patients at risk for poor quality of life

Objective The purposes of this study are (1) to examine the frequency of cardiac symptoms in elderly people one year after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and/or coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG); (2) to identify patient subgroups (cluster solutions) based on cardiac symptoms after cardiac events and (3) to determine if these subgroups vary based on health related quality of life and psychological distress.
THE INDUCTION OF OVULATING HORMONE RELEASE FROM THE PITUITARY OF THE DOMESTIC HEN BY MEANS OF PROGESTERONE

introduction The induction of ovulation in the hen by means of progesterone was first noted by Fraps arid Dury (1943). Later, unpublished experiments of Fraps and his coworkers indicated that the probable cite of action of this hormone was the bird’s own pituitary. These experiments showed (1) that the ovarian follicles of hens that had been treated with pregnant mare’s serum could not be ovulated with progesterone, but were capable of being ovulated with luteinizing pituitary substances; and (2) that the pituitaries of these hens treated with pregnant mare’s serum were considerably lower in ovulating potency than the pituitaries of normal laying hens. The present studies were undertaken to determine as conclusively as possible whether or not progesterone induced a release3 of ovulating hormone from the pituitary of the treated hen, and to what extent this release resembled the natural one. Because of the well known ovulation-inhibiting effect of progesterone in mammals, the question of progesterone inhib...
SPACE TELESCOPE IMAGING SPECTROGRAPH SPECTROSCOPY OF THE CENTRAL 14 pc OF NGC 3998: EVIDENCE FOR AN INFLOW

Prior imaging of the lenticular galaxy, NGC 3998, with the Hubble Space Telescope revealed a small, highly inclined, nuclear ionized gas disk, the kinematics of which indicate the presence of a 270 million solar mass black hole. Plausible kinematic models are used to constrain the size of the broad emission line region (BELR) in NGC 3998 by modeling the shape of the broad Hα, Hβ, and Hγ emission line profiles. The analysis indicates that the BELR is large with an outer radius ~7 pc, regardless of whether the kinematic model is represented by an accretion disk or a spherically symmetric inflow. The electron temperature in the BELR is ≤ 28,800 K consistent with photoionization by the active galactic nucleus (AGN). Indeed, the AGN is able to sustain the ionization of the BELR, albeit with a high covering factor ranging between 20% and 100% depending on the spectral energy distribution adopted for the AGN. The high covering factor favors a spherical distribution for the gas as opposed to a thin disk. If the gas density is ≥7 × 103 cm–3 as indicated by the broad forbidden [S II] emission line ratio, then interpreting the broad Hα emission line in terms of a steady state spherically symmetric inflow leads to a rate ≤ 6.5 × 10–2 M ☉ yr–1 which exceeds the inflow requirement to explain the X-ray luminosity in terms of a radiatively inefficient inflow by a factor of ≤18.
Design of a reconfigurable prognostics platform for machine tools

For decades, researchers and practitioners have been trying to develop and deploy prognostics technologies with ad hoc and trial-and-error approaches. These efforts have resulted in limited success, due to the fact that it lacks a systematic approach and platform in deploying the right prognostics tools for the right applications. This paper introduces a methodology for designing a reconfigurable prognostics platform (RPP) which can be easily and effectively used to assess and predict the performance of machine tools. RPP can be installed on the equipment and it has the prognostic capabilities to convert the data into performance-related information. The equipment performance information can then be integrated into the enterprise asset management system for maintenance decision making through the Internet. Two industrial cases are used to validate the effectiveness of applying the RPP for different prognostic applications as well as the reconfigurable capabilities of the proposed RPP.
Transient Heating and Chondrule Formation: Evidence From Sodium Loss in Flash Heating Simulation Experiments

Abstract Flash heating simulation experiments have been performed to determine the effects of heating time, cooling rate, ambient gas fO2, and the sample bulk composition on the extent of Na loss of silicate melts and the implications for chondrule formation. The samples studied include type IA, IAB, and IIAB chondrule analog compositions as well as other synthetic silicate materials. The following experimental conditions were employed: heating temperatures ranging from 1300 to 1750°C, heating times ranging from less than 1 min to 3 h, initial cooling rates ranging from 480°C/h to over 5000°C/h, and ambient gas fO2 ranging from 0.5 to 4 log units below the iron-wustite buffer. Bulk chemical analyses of the experimental charges show that compared to prolonged isothermal heating, flash heating with heating times of less than one minute dramatically reduced Na loss. However, the amount of Na retained by the charge depends greatly on the cooling rate following the heating at the peak temperature, ambient oxygen fugacities, and chondrule compositions. Generally speaking, shorter heating time, higher cooling rate, higher fO2, and a relatively Si-rich and Mg-poor composition favor Na retention. For type IIAB chondrule compositions, experiments show that with an fO2 close to that indicated by natural mineral assemblages (about 10−11.5 to 10−12 atm or higher at 1400°C), the flash heating events can reproduce chondrule textures and Na contents well. With peak heating temperatures of 1400–1750°C, 90% Na retention for type IIAB composition requires a heating time of less than one minute followed by initial cooling rates from ∼500°C/h to ∼5000°C/h. This result supports the flash heating model to form type II chondrules and implies that if they were formed in a nebular environment, it was dust and/or H2O enriched. Type I chondrule compositions lose Na more easily than type II chondrules under the same heating conditions, probably because of their higher Mg/(Si + Al) ratios. This, plus the lower fO2 environment (10−14 atm or lower at 1400°C) compared to that for type II chondrules, makes it difficult for type I chondrules to retain most of their original Na content and perhaps other volatile elements during the course of their formation, even if the heating was transient in nature. However, type I chondrules are not evaporative residues of type II chondrules. The differences in initial Na contents and other properties, such as refractory elements as well as oxygen fugacities between type I and type II chondrules imply that they probably were formed in different settings in the nebula with somewhat different precursor materials.
Osteoporotic fracture space: an hypothesis.

The osteoporosis that occurs in the declining years of life has been the subject of various classification schemes. After excluding bone loss clearly due to other disorders, one is still left with a very large group of patients who, for lack of a better term, can be said to suffer from what many have termed involutional osteoporosis [l]. Albright and his colleagues classified this group of disorders into postmenopausal and senile types [2]. More recently several investigators, principally Nordin [3] and Meunier [4] and their colleagues, evaluating iliac crest biopsies, noted that some of these patients had predominantly trabecular bone loss. whereas others had predominantly cortical loss. The former was associated mainly with crush fractures of the spine, and the latter with hip fractures. These observations led Riggs and his colleagues from the Mayo Clinic to propose the current Type IiType II classification 151. In this scheme Type I osteoporosis is considered to involve mainly trabecular bone, and to exhibit early onset, heavy female predominance and fractures principally of the distal forearm and spine. Type II osteoporosis, by contrast, has a later onset, is considered to be a disorder mainly of cortical bone and its fractures are predominantly of the hip and long bones. The Mayo workers characterized these syndromes further by identifying patterns of physiological commonalities within each of them. While the predilection for specifically trabecular or cortical bone loss is not explained within this scheme, the explicii recognition of heterogeneity ot osteopomtic
A novel protonated boranoamino acid amide derivative, (CH3)3N·BH2C(OH)N+HC2H5Cl−: A synthetic and structural investigation

Abstract The reaction between Me3N·BH2CONHC2H5 (1) and anhydrous HCl gas in diethyl ether resulted in the formation of an unprecedented salt, Me3N·BH2C(OH)N+HC2H5Cl− (2), whose crystal structure unambiguously shows that the amide hydrogen atom is oriented in trans configuration with respect to the hydroxyl group.
Vertical transport processes in unconfined aquifers

Abstract We derive simple two-dimensional mathematical models describing the unsteady transport of conservative contaminants through an unconfined aquifer with a gently sloping aquiclude subject to advection, recharge, and vertical dispersion. The inclusion of vertical transport terms permits the proper nonreactive analysis of closed and open chemical systems, with the latter allowing dispersion of volatile constituents across the water table. These systems exhibit conservative and pseudoreactive behavior respectively when the pollution is analyzed on a depth-integrated basis, as is common in present one-dimensional models of groundwater contamination. Vertical and longitudinal chloride and total inorganic carbon observations at the well-documented Babylon, Long Island sanitary landfill plume are used to calibrate and test the analyses with a modest level of accuracy, using the vertical dispersivity as a calibration factor in this testing process. The parameter is important in the determination of reaeration rates across the water table and nutrient mixing from below in the related problem of biological transformations near the free surface.
Observations of polar ion outflows

The characteristics of the polar ion outflows as observed in the topside polar ionosphere by the Dynamics Explorer Retarding Ion Mass Spectrometer are reported. The study is restricted to altitudes between 1000 and 4000 km in order to focus on the phenomenon of the classical polar wind. Using a method based on the 'relative wind' of ions as seen from the moving spacecraft, averages and variances of the magnetic-field-aligned ion flux and velocity, and the species densities are derived and binned for examination of their altitudinal, seasonal, and magnetic-activity dependencies.
Systematic Hamiltonian approach to Eden model of cluster growth

A systematic Hamiltonian approach to generate all possible histories along which Eden clusters may grow is presented. The generalization of the model which allow the addition of several new particles at each time step is considered. Eden clusters are recovered in the limit of vanishing time intervals where the density of new particles may be made arbitrarily small. The field-theoretic formulation is derived in this continuum limit. It is local in space but not local (non-Markovian) in time On presente une derivation systematique d'un hamiltonien pour engendrer toutes les histoires possibles de la croissance d'un amas dans le modele d'Eden. La generalisation du modele permettant l'addition de plusieurs nouvelles particules a chaque intervalle de temps est aussi consideree. Les amas d'Eden sont obtenus dans la limite des intervalles infinitesimaux ou la densite de nouvelles particules est arbitrairement petite. La theorie du champ, locale dans l'espace mais non markovienne, est obtenue dans cette limite continue
Aortic sarcoma four years after dacron graft insertion

Abstract Malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the aorta developed in a 70-year-old man 4 years after he had undergone repair of a type B aortic dissection with Dacron graft interposition. The tumor surrounded the graft externally and involved the adventitia of the aorta near the proximal anastomosis. Clinically and radiologically it mimicked a pseudoanourysm of the descending thoracic aorta. Primary aortic sarcomas are extremely uncommon and only rarely reported in association with prior aortic graft insertion.
Alleviating scalability issues of checkpointing protocols

Current fault tolerance protocols are not sufficiently scalable for the exascale era. The most-widely used method, coordinated checkpointing, places enormous demands on the I/O subsystem and imposes frequent synchronizations. Uncoordinated protocols use message logging which introduces message rate limitations or undesired memory and storage requirements to hold payload and event logs. In this paper we propose a combination of several techniques, namely coordinated checkpointing, optimistic message logging, and a protocol that glues them together. This combination eliminates some of the drawbacks of each individual approach and proves to be an alternative for many types of exascale applications. We evaluate performance and scaling characteristics of this combination using simulation and a partial implementation. While not a universal solution, the combined protocol is suitable for a large range of existing and future applications that use coordinated checkpointing and enhances their scalability.
Anthropocentric Indirect Arguments and Anthropocentric Moral Attitudes

Anthropocentric indirect arguments (AIAs), which call for specific policies or actions because of human benefits that are correlated with but not caused by benefits to the environment, are gaining increasing traction with those who take a pragmatic approach to environmental protection. I contend that nonanthropocentrists might remain justifiably uneasy about AIAs because such arguments fail to challenge prevailing speciesist moral attitudes. I close by considering whether Elliott can address this concern of nonanthropocentrists by appealing to the ability of AIAs to engender an intrinsic concern for the environment in the people they persuade.
Micrometer dimension derivatization of biosensor surfaces using confocal dynamic patterning.

Using laser scanning confocal optics in conjunction with avidin/biotin technology, micrometer-sized patterns of biomolecules were fabricated on glassy-carbon and fused-silica surfaces. Photoactive biotin was immobilized using the 325-nm line of a Helium−Cadmium laser, which was focused through a 25× or 100× quartz microscope objective. A three-dimensional piezoelectric micromanipulator was used to position the sample surface in the focal plane of the microscope objective and to create patterns on the focused surface. Biotin patterns with line widths of 5−20 μm were produced by varying the scan speed of the micromanipulator while exposing the surface to the laser. The integrity of the immobilized biotin was confirmed by subsequent derivatization with fluorescently labeled avidin. Fluorescence microscopy with a cooled charge coupled device (CCD) imaging system was used to visualize the distribution of biotin and fluorescent avidin within the patterns created by the laser.
Meteorology and Two-Year College: an Educational Program.

The purpose of this article is to present an educational program in meteorology at the two-year college level, both as a topic of general interest to meteorologists and as a model for similar programs. The Dallas County Community College District is described briefly with reference to size and programs. The aviation programs of Mountain View College are listed, the only district campus having such programs. The purpose of each of two meteorology courses is discussed, each course being originally designed to support the pilot technology program but also appropriate for all aviation students and those students desiring direct transfer credit in meteorology or elective credit. Each course is described. Pilot Technology 237–Meteorology consists of basic meteorology on an elementary descriptive level. Pilot Technology 238–Weather Analysis and Forecasting, as proposed, is a follow-up course and necessarily more analytical than the first course. Mathematical manipulations are not required, but rather an understa...
Pyrrolic macrocycles with stabilized triplet states: Metal-centered and ligand-centered separation of unpaired electrons

Abstract Two groups of cationic macrocycles with contrasting behaviors have been investigated. The boron group has singlet states well below triplet states. This is the standard behavior for most macrocycles without transition metals. The aluminum group has triplet states stabilized through metal-centered and macrocycle-centered separation of unpaired electrons. The cationic boron subphthalocyanine ( 1B ) has a triplet state whose unpaired electrons are delocalized in the conjugated ring. This is not surprising because a conjugated macrocycle can act as an electron buffer for multiple electrons. On the other hand, coexistence of metal-centered and ligand-centered distributions of unpaired electrons leads to the stabilized triplet state of 1Al . Results from the spin density, natural bond orbital (NBO) charges, and electron localization function (ELF) indicate distinguishable electron distributions between 1B and 1Al . The metal-centered unpaired electron in the triplet state of 1Al leads to the longer Al–N bond length and smaller N–Al–N bond angle compared with these in its singlet state. Consistent with this, the TDDFT study suggests a significant energy relaxation after the first vertical singlet-to-triplet transition. The ligand-centered unpaired electron in the triplet state of 1Al leads to the odd number of π electrons in the macrocycle. NICS values of this macrocycle are distinguishable from these of an aromatic or an antiaromatic macrocycle. The two highest singly occupied orbitals in the triplet state of 1Al are almost degenerate, spatially separated, and have little overlap. This rationalizes its stabilized triplet state. The stabilization mechanism of an unpaired electron at the tetrahedral corner above the central aluminum can also be rationalized by considering the spatial requirement in the valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) model. The metal-centered and ligand-centered separation of unpaired electrons also leads to stabilized triplet states in some other cationic macrocycles. It is hoped that this theoretical study will stimulate more synthetic attempts to access the experimentally unknown 1Al and more interest in the experimentally known 1B .
Chemical characterization of the dentin/adhesive interface by Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy

Abstract Irreversible bonding of composite materials to tooth structure depends on chemical as well as mechanical adhesion. The proposed bonding mechanism for several commercial dental adhesives is chemical adhesion to the dentin surface. The purpose of this in vitro investigation was to characterize the chemical nature of the surface interaction between dentin and two commercial adhesives by use of Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy (FTIR/PAS). The occlusal thirds of the crown of freshly extracted, non-carious, unerupted human molars were sectioned perpendicular to the long axis. Dentin disks, 6mm × 2 mm, were prepared from these sectioned teeth. The exposed dentin surface was treated with either Scotchbond 2, a BIS-GMA resin, or Dentin-Adhesit, a polyurethane resin. All spectra were recorded from 4000 to 400 cm −1 by use of an Analect RFX-65 FTIR spectrometer equipped with an MTEC Photoacoustics Model 200 photoacoustic cell. An initial spectrum of the dentin surface was collected. This surface was primed according to manufacture's instructions and spectra recorded of the primed surface plus one to three layers of adhesive. By comparison of these spectra, it was possible for us to record changes in the phosphate and amide I and II bands due to surface interactions between the adhesive and the dentin. Although early results do not indicate covalent bonding between the dentin and these adhesives, this technique presents several advantages for spectroscopic evaluation of the dentin/adhesive interface.
Endometrial abnormalities: evaluation with transvaginal sonography

The value of transvaginal sonography in detecting gynecologic disease currently is being defined. To evaluate transvaginal depiction of the endometrium, transvaginal sonograms were compared with conventional transabdominal scans in 29 patients whose sonograms revealed endometrial abnormalities. The two techniques were compared for image quality and ability to provide unique diagnostic information. Sonographic findings included fluid collections (16), thickened and/or echogenic endometria (10), endometrial irregularities (two), and echogenic foci (two). Clinical diagnoses included early intrauterine pregnancies (five), pseudogestational sacs of ectopic pregnancy (one), intrauterine contraceptive devices (two), endometrial carcinoma (one), and intrauterine synechiae with amenorrhea (Asherman syndrome) (two). In most cases (77%), diagnostic information was obtainable by either transabdominal or transvaginal sonograms, although in 23% transvaginal scanning provided unique diagnostic information not available with the transabdominal technique. In no case did transabdominal sonography contribute diagnostic information not provided transvaginally. The quality of the transvaginal image was judged to be better than that of the transabdominal image in 63% of cases; image quality was the same in 33% of cases and worse in 3% of cases. The results show that transvaginal sonography is often superior to transabdominal scanning in the evaluation of endometrial abnormalities. Transvaginal sonography may be the preferred technique in these cases.
Correlation and classification of single kernel fluorescence hyperspectral data with aflatoxin concentration in corn kernels inoculated with Aspergillus flavus spores

The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between fluorescence emissions of corn kernels inoculated with Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin contamination levels within the kernels. Aflatoxin contamination in corn has been a long-standing problem plaguing the grain industry with potentially devastating consequences to corn growers. In this study, aflatoxin-contaminated corn kernels were produced through artificial inoculation of corn ears in the field with toxigenic A. flavus spores. The kernel fluorescence emission data were taken with a fluorescence hyperspectral imaging system when corn kernels were excited with ultraviolet light. Raw fluorescence image data were preprocessed and regions of interest in each image were created for all kernels. The regions of interest were used to extract spectral signatures and statistical information. The aflatoxin contamination level of single corn kernels was then chemically measured using affinity column chromatography. A fluorescence peak shift phenomenon was noted among different groups of kernels with different aflatoxin contamination levels. The fluorescence peak shift was found to move more toward the longer wavelength in the blue region for the highly contaminated kernels and toward the shorter wavelengths for the clean kernels. Highly contaminated kernels were also found to have a lower fluorescence peak magnitude compared with the less contaminated kernels. It was also noted that a general negative correlation exists between measured aflatoxin and the fluorescence image bands in the blue and green regions. The correlation coefficients of determination, r(2), was 0.72 for the multiple linear regression model. The multivariate analysis of variance found that the fluorescence means of four aflatoxin groups, or=100 ng g(-1) (parts per billion), were significantly different from each other at the 0.01 level of alpha. Classification accuracy under a two-class schema ranged from 0.84 to 0.91 when a threshold of either 20 or 100 ng g(-1) was used. Overall, the results indicate that fluorescence hyperspectral imaging may be applicable in estimating aflatoxin content in individual corn kernels.
Measurement of inclusive D*± and associated dijet cross sections in photoproduction at HERA

Inclusive photoproduction of \(D^{\ast\pm}\) mesons has been measured for photon-proton centre-of-mass energies in the range \(130 < W < 280\) GeV and photon virtuality \(Q^2 < \) 1 GeV\(^{2}\). The data sample used corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 37 pb\(^{-1}\). Total and differential cross sections as functions of the \(D^*\) transverse momentum and pseudorapidity are presented in restricted kinematical regions and the data are compared with next-to-leading order (NLO) perturbative QCD calculations using the “massive charm” and “massless charm” schemes. The measured cross sections are generally above the NLO calculations, in particular in the forward (proton) direction. The large data sample also allows the study of dijet production associated with charm. A significant resolved as well as a direct photon component contribute to the cross section. Leading order QCD Monte Carlo calculations indicate that the resolved contribution arises from a significant charm component in the photon. A massive charm NLO parton level calculation yields lower cross sections compared to the measured results in a kinematic region where the resolved photon contribution is significant.
New methods for estimating components of lake metabolism based on free-water dissolved-oxygen dynamics

Exchange of carbon between the biosphere and atmosphere is dominated by rates of photosynthetic CO2 uptake and respiratory CO2 release by aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems worldwide. Obtaining accurate estimates of these rates is therefore important. In lakes, the most common estimation method is based on a model of dissolved-oxygen (DO) dynamics and a corresponding time series of DO concentrations measured in freely moving lake water. O2 production and consumption are inferred from changes in DO concentration, then converted to estimates of carbon uptake and release using photosynthetic and respiratory quotients. The traditional method of this type uses a simple accounting procedure to estimate daily gross primary production (GPP), total respiration (R), and net production (NP). Assuming that measured DO concentrations contain no error, it attempts to back-calculate GPP, R, and NP from an observed time series without using statistical techniques. This method produces valid estimates of GPP and the nighttime component of R, but it is unable to estimate the daytime component of R and hence cannot estimate R or NP for a complete dark–light cycle. To obtain estimates of these quantities, one must subjectively assume a value for daytime respiration. We present three new methods for estimating GPP, R, and NP that resolve this problem and also facilitate assessment of model adequacy. We illustrate use of the methods and compare their parameter estimates by applying them to monitoring data from Muskegon Lake, Michigan (USA).
Terminal voltage and current measurements due to flow electrification

Electrical breakdown due to charge accumulation from liquid dielectric flow continues to cause failures of power transformers. The origin of the problem is the entrainment of charge from the diffuse double layer on the liquid side of the pressboard/oil interfaces. This mobile charge and concomitant image charge left behind on the pressboard surface can accumulate, causing the electric potential to rise, similar to the voltage build-up in a Van de Graaff generator. The voltage builds until the charge accumulation rate balances the charge leakage rate or until spark discharges occur. This paper describes part of an on-going effort to develop a more complete understanding of the electrification processes at work in a power transformer. A rotating cylindrical electrode experiment has been used to simulate flow electrification in an electric power transformer. A previously developed simple model relating the terminal open-circuit voltage and short circuit current to the volume charge density is summarised and quantitatively applied to several experiments. Open-circuit measurements are used to determine effective electrification current densities of the order of 1-100 nA/m/sup 2/. Model calculations are found to be in reasonable agreement with the short-circuit current during, rotation rate driven transients. >
Multi agent systems on military networks

Trends in computing and networking, in terms of physical capability, attack surface, and attacker sophistication, call for automated, fault-tolerant response systems. Military networks present such environments with unique authorities, critical systems, and threats. Within such environments, multi agent systems may make special contributions regarding recognisance and attack scenarios. We survey three multi agent systems designed for cyber operations, with particular emphasis on our classifier for flow-based attacks, which demonstrates the effectiveness of reputation for distributing classifying agents effectively.
Development and calibration of UV/VUV radiometric sources

A program exists at NIST to calibrate radiometric sources for the spectral range from 118-350 nm. These include deuterium lamps, hollow-cathode lamps, RF-excited dimer lamps, and wall-stabilized argon arcs. Sources have been calibrated for and used by researchers in solar physics, astrophysics, atmospheric physics (ozone measurements), magnetically controlled fusion, and photobiology. The argon arcs were developed in our laboratory, and provide intense sources of both radiance and irradiance. Calibrations are performed relative to two primary sources, a wall-stabilized hydrogen arc and a 12,000 K black-body line arc, both developed in our laboratory. Also we recently have begun periodic calibrations on the NIST storage ring, SURF II, to insure consistency between our respective radiometric bases. Various sources have been calibrated for space' applications, including several which are flyable. Also, some development and testing of radiometers for semiconductor lithography were recently carried out with an intense argon arc source.
Finite capacity scheduling method for MRP with lot size restrictions

Materials requirements planning (MRP) is a widely used production scheduling technique in the manufacturing industry. Based on the projected demand and the corresponding product structure, MRP prescribes the periodic production quantities for every end-item, subassembly and component. The goal of MRP is to reduce the inventory cost while simultaneously ensuring that dependent demand relationships are met. In its basic form, the dependent demand explosion used by MRP to schedule production does not consider the availability of resources, consequently the schedule is often capacity infeasible. The MRP progressive capacity analyser (PCA) procedure in which finite capacity planning and lot sizing are performed concurrently with the MRP bill of material (BOM) explosion process is introduced. The PCA procedure is executed in four steps. It models the lot size multiple restriction and can be easily modified for other lot sizing rules. This method has been validated and tested for sensitivity to fluctuations in d...
A practical approach to phylogenomics: the phylogeny of ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii) as a case study.

Molecular systematics occupies one of the central stages in biology in the genomic era, ushered in by unprecedented progress in DNA technology. The inference of organismal phylogeny is now based on many independent genetic loci, a widely accepted approach to assemble the tree of life. Surprisingly, this approach is hindered by lack of appropriate nuclear gene markers for many taxonomic groups especially at high taxonomic level, partially due to the lack of tools for efficiently developing new phylogenetic makers. We report here a genome-comparison strategy to identifying nuclear gene markers for phylogenetic inference and apply it to the ray-finned fishes – the largest vertebrate clade in need of phylogenetic resolution. A total of 154 candidate molecular markers – relatively well conserved, putatively single-copy gene fragments with long, uninterrupted exons – were obtained by comparing whole genome sequences of two model organisms, Danio rerio and Takifugu rubripes. Experimental tests of 15 of these (randomly picked) markers on 36 taxa (representing two-thirds of the ray-finned fish orders) demonstrate the feasibility of amplifying by PCR and directly sequencing most of these candidates from whole genomic DNA in a vast diversity of fish species. Preliminary phylogenetic analyses of sequence data obtained for 14 taxa and 10 markers (total of 7,872 bp for each species) are encouraging, suggesting that the markers obtained will make significant contributions to future fish phylogenetic studies. We present a practical approach that systematically compares whole genome sequences to identify single-copy nuclear gene markers for inferring phylogeny. Our method is an improvement over traditional approaches (e.g., manually picking genes for testing) because it uses genomic information and automates the process to identify large numbers of candidate makers. This approach is shown here to be successful for fishes, but also could be applied to other groups of organisms for which two or more complete genome sequences exist, which has important implications for assembling the tree of life.
A model for ontology quality evaluation

Ontologies are important knowledge representation and sharing tools in the workflow of biology research. The high cost of creating and maintaining ontologies encourages their sharing and reuse, and an increasing number of ontologies have been made available from different sources, with different models of curation. To enable effective selection, reuse, integration, and maintenance of these ontologies, however, one needs to have a systematic method of evaluating and connecting their quality to the context of an intended use. Based on an analysis of the activity system and Web server logs of the morphbank biodiversity research data repository, a model was developed to evaluate ontology quality. The model connects the types of quality problems with the types of research activities and suggests relevant metrics. The paper also describes the structure of some of the research activities and the types and patterns of end-user searches in morphbank.