cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetic diversity in Trichomonas vaginalis

Recent advances in genetic characterisation of Trichomonas vaginalis isolates show that the extensive clinical variability in trichomoniasis and its disease sequelae are matched by significant genetic diversity in the organism itself, suggesting a connection between the genetic identity of isolates and their clinical manifestations. Indeed, a high degree of genetic heterogeneity in T vaginalis isolates has been observed using multiple genotyping techniques. A unique two-type population structure that is both local and global in distribution has been identified, and there is evidence of recombination within each group, although sexual recombination between the groups appears to be constrained. There is conflicting evidence in these studies for correlations between T vaginalis genetic identity and clinical presentation, metronidazole susceptibility, and the presence of T vaginalis virus, underscoring the need for adoption of a common standard for genotyping the parasite. Moving forward, microsatellite genotyping and multilocus sequence typing are the most robust techniques for future investigations of T vaginalis genotype-phenotype associations.
Photochemical perfluoroalkylation of imidazoles

Abstract Imidazoles with simple C- or N-substituents undergo facile photoperfluoroalkylation with perfluoroalkyl iodides, attack occurring preferentially at C-4 (or 5) [H. Kimoto, S. Fujii and L. A. Cohen, J. Org. Chem., in press]. Comparable results have now been obtained with more complex imidazoles: thus, N-acetylhistamine gives 47% of the 4-CF 3 , 26% of the 2-CF 3 and 12% of the bis-2,4-CF 3 derivatives, the products being readily separated by silica gel chromatography; a similar distribution is obtained with α-N- acylated histidine esters. The latter compounds are being used to synthesize trifluoromethyl analogues of histidine-containing peptide hormones. The electrophilic trifluoromethyl radical shows a high degree of selectivity: phenyl-, methoxyphenyl- and pyridyl- imidazoles are substituted almost exclusively in the imidazole ring in high yield. Both the 2- and 4-CF 3 -imidazoles eliminate hydrogen fluoride above pH 8 to give very reactive difluorodiazafulvenes, which intermediates have potential for protein affinity labeling. Toward this end, we have investigated the electronic effects of other ring substituents on the rate constants for diazafulvene formation. At least for 2-CF 3 -imidazoles, a plot of log k vs σ + is linear with ϱ ⋍ − 3. Thus, at 30 °C, values of t 1/2 for hydrogen fluoride elimination range from 2.6 min for 4,5-dimethyl-2-CF 3 -imidazole to 29 days for 4-nitro-5-methyl-2-CF 3 -imidazole. The most reactive compound observed, to date, is 2,5-dimethyl-4-CF 3 -imidazole with t 1/2 = 13 sec.
Carboxylated Ficolls: Preparation, Characterization, and Electrophoretic Behavior of Model Charged Nanospheres

Carboxylated ficolls were prepared as model spherical colloids of variable charge and size, with radii ranging from 3.0 to 19.3 nm. Capillary electrophoresis (CE), electrophoretic light scattering (ELS), and potentiometric titration were used to determine mobilities as a function of pH, degree of ionization alpha, and surface potential psi(0). Measured mobilities typically display a plateau at high pH, corresponding to high alpha and psi(0), confirming the general nature of this effect for charged spheres, seen also for charged dendrimers and charged latex particles. This result is examined in the context of a discontinuity in mobility predicted by the Wiersema, O'Brien, and White (WOW) theory and a more recent primitive model electrophoresis (PME) theory, in which bound counterions are considered either as point charges or as hard spheres. While no mobility maximum can be determined as expected by these two theories, our data seem more to support Belloni's theoretical expectations on charged polymers and spheres. Here we explain the mobility plateaus in terms of counterions accumulated close to the surface (surface potential-determining ions) or within the shear plane (mobility-determining ions).
Disks aligned in a turbulent channel

Anisotropic particles are suspended in a wide range of industrial, environmental and biological fluid flows. The orientations of these particles are sometimes randomized by turbulence, but often they are brought into preferential alignment by the fluid flow. In a recently published study, Challabotla, Zhao & Andersson (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 766, 2015, R2) performed the first numerical simulations of inertial disks in a turbulent channel flow. They find that disks can be made to preferentially align either parallel or perpendicular to the wall depending on the particle density. Particle shape also affects alignment, particularly for lower density particles, and the alignment of disks is quite different from the alignment of fibres.
Examination of Back Pain

Low back pain is a common musculoskeletal disorder affecting 60–80 % of people at some point in their lives. In the USA it is the most common cause of job-related disability, a leading cause of missed work. Low back pain is classified as acute (less than 4 weeks), subacute (4–12 weeks), or chronic (greater than 12 weeks).
Less Grammar, More Features

We present a parser that relies primarily on extracting information directly from surface spans rather than on propagating information through enriched grammar structure. For example, instead of creating separate grammar symbols to mark the definiteness of an NP, our parser might instead capture the same information from the first word of the NP. Moving context out of the grammar and onto surface features can greatly simplify the structural component of the parser: because so many deep syntactic cues have surface reflexes, our system can still parse accurately with context-free backbones as minimal as Xbar grammars. Keeping the structural backbone simple and moving features to the surface also allows easy adaptation to new languages and even to new tasks. On the SPMRL 2013 multilingual constituency parsing shared task (Seddah et al., 2013), our system outperforms the top single parser system of Bjorkelund et al. (2013) on a range of languages. In addition, despite being designed for syntactic analysis, our system also achieves stateof-the-art numbers on the structural sentiment task of Socher et al. (2013). Finally, we show that, in both syntactic parsing and sentiment analysis, many broad linguistic trends can be captured via surface features.
ON THE STRUCTURE OF TWO- AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL SEPARATION

The separation of a laminar boundary layer under the influence of an external adverse pressure gradient was studied in both two and three dimensions. The unsteady, incompressible Navier-Stokes equations were solved using a fractional timestep method. In twodimensions, a strong pressure gradient created periodic shedding from the leading separation. The effects of pressure gradient and Reynolds number on the unsteadiness of the separation were investigated. A criterion for shedding to occur was established in terms of a general non-dimensional pressure gradient. Three-dimensional separation was studied by impulsively applying a threedimensional adverse pressure gradient to a two-dimensional boundary layer. The separation passed through several different topologies before becoming fully devel>ped. When instantaneous streamlines were used to study the flow, a cross-stream vortex could be seen which bends at the centerline and lifts away from the wall as the separation develops.
North Carolina Coastal Geologic Hazards: An Overview

The controversial designation of areas of environmental concern that require special management consideration within the coastal system has been based upon data derived from broad based investigations. These studies have shown that the erosion of the shorefront is a result of an interplay of a number of natural processes further aggravated by a continued rise in sea level, and in many instances complicated by the interaction of man. The effective management of these unique coastal areas necessitates a detailed understanding of the processes that produce the long and short-term erosional and accretional changes. This survey of North Carolina9s 515 km open ocean shoreline has led to the recognition of a number of geologic hazards that have a considerable impact on coastal development. The overview approach has identified three geologic hazards in addition to pervasive shorefront erosion associated with sea-level rise. These three categories which involve natural processes include: 1) shoreline changes associated with both migrating and stable inlets, 2) oceanfront and backbarrier changes within washover susceptible zones, and 3) large scale and rapid migration of mobile sand. The interaction of man within North Carolina9s coastal region has produced a serious threat to development, the effects of which may not be apparent for several decades. Natural southerly migration of New Topsail Inlet since 1971 has resulted in updrift shoreline recession and consequent loss of oceanfront property as the associated repositioning and reorienting of the ebb tidal delta occurred. Erosion of up to 1 m per day occurred at Figure Eight Island when the main ebb channel of Rich9s Inlet migrated in a predictable direction. At Wrightsville Beach, oceanfront development subsequent to inlet closure resulted in significant beachfront erosion which in turn threatened several structures. Washovers associated with frequent storms typically occur along sections of Topsail Island. Limited dune protection, high erosion rates and poor development practices make these sites relatively unsafe. Large active medanos of Currituck Spit were not considered a serious threat to development. Following initiation of development, however, serious sand movement problems occurred. At Fort Fisher, despite chronic shoreline erosion, intense development has occurred. As a result, structures are threatened despite the fact that they are only a few years old. Each of these situations could have been avoided with a review of geologic and ecologic processes operating at the sites.
What’s a charter school? How the charter school debate and misinformation mediate the local production of school choice:

In this article, based on an ethnographic study in Sundale City, Arizona, I use an interpretive and anthropological approach to policy analysis to highlight how social actors interpreted the nation...
hlyA gene-based sensitive detection of Listeria monocytogenes using a novel cantilever sensor.

Piezoelectric cantilever sensors are shown to exhibit sensitive and selective detection based on an identifying gene from genomic extract at ∼102–103 cells of foodborne pathogen, Listeria monocytogenes (LM). The study consists of two parts: tests with synthetic genes and experiments starting with whole LM cells. A probe designed for the virulence hemolysin gene, hlyA, was immobilized on the gold-coated sensor, and hybridization detection of a synthetic target (based on hlyA) is shown to span over 6 decades in concentration. Hybridization response was confirmed using two methods: (1) the use of a fluorescent indicator for the presence of double-stranded DNA (ds-DNA) and (2) hybridization response of a secondary single-strand DNA (ss-DNA) to the unhybridized part of the target much like in the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) sandwich format. Hybridization of the secondary ss-DNA tagged to gold nanoparticles amplified as well as confirmed the target hybridization to the hlyA probe on the sensor. Ge...
Variability and Limits of US State Laws Regulating Workplace Wellness Programs

We examined variability in state laws related to workplace wellness programs for public and private employers. We conducted legal research using LexisNexis and Westlaw to create a master list of US state laws that existed in 2014 dedicated to workplace wellness programs. The master list was then divided into laws focusing on public employers and private employers. We created 2 codebooks to describe the variables used to examine the laws. Coders used LawAtlas(SM) Workbench to code the laws related to workplace wellness programs. Thirty-two states and the District of Columbia had laws related to workplace wellness programs in 2014. Sixteen states and the District of Columbia had laws dedicated to public employers, and 16 states had laws dedicated to private employers. Nine states and the District of Columbia had laws that did not specify employer type. State laws varied greatly in their methods of encouraging or shaping wellness program requirements. Few states have comprehensive requirements or incentives to support evidence-based workplace wellness programs.
Pathogenesis of hyponatremia in an experimental model of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis

Rats were infused with a selective agonist of vasopressin V2 receptors (1-desamino-D-arginine vasopressin; DDAVP) at two different doses (1 or 5 ng/h) and fed a liquid formula to produce both moderate (plasma [Na+] = 119-124 mmol/l) and severe (plasma [Na+] = 106-112 mmol/l) hyponatremia. Whole body water and electrolyte contents were analyzed after 1, 7, and 14 days of hyponatremia to assess the relative contributions from water retention and sodium depletion to hyponatremia of varying duration and severity. Body water of the hyponatremic rats was significantly increased over normonatremic control rats after 1 and 7 days; after 14 days, the 1 ng/h DDAVP-infused rats also had elevated body water, but the 5 ng/h DDAVP-infused rats returned to levels not significantly different from controls. Body Na+ and Cl- both decreased significantly after 1 day of hyponatremia, and these decreases were sustained for 14 days; measured decreases were significantly greater in the more hyponatremic rats compared with the less hyponatremic rats. Body K+ of the 1 ng/h DDAVP-infused rats was not different from control rats, but significant K+ decreases occurred in the 5 ng/h DDAVP-infused rats after 7 and 14 days. Analysis of the measured plasma Na+ concentrations vs. those predicted by the changes in body water and sodium showed that both water retention and sodium losses were necessary to predict the final plasma [Na+]. However, the relative contribution from each varied with the duration of induced hyponatremia: acutely, water retention was the major cause of decreased plasma [Na+], but sodium depletion became predominant with longer periods of sustained hyponatremia.
Analysis of Influence Parameters to Dynamic Stability and Ultimate Displacement of Single-story Frame

Dynamic stability analysis of many single-story frames is analyzed based upon the finite element method,the influence of different earthquake motion,slenderness ratio,axial compression ratio on dynamic stability of single-story frame is studied.Relationship curve of ultimate displacement and axial compression ratio are plotted.Then,anti-collapse design advice to single-story steel frames in practical engineering is put forward.
Patient Factors, Donor Age, and Graft Storage Duration Affect Osteochondral Allograft Outcomes in Knees with or without Comorbidities.

Limited data exists defining preoperative variables that affect outcomes after osteochondral allograft transplantation (OAT) in the knee. In this retrospective study, we examined 75 patients who underwent OAT for large (≥2 cm 2 ) grade IV cartilage defects in the femoral condyle. Patient variables evaluated included the following: smoking, workers compensation, body mass index (BMI), pre-injury activity level, number, and the type of co-morbidities in the operated knee, lesion location and number of grafts placed. OCA donor age and graft storage duration from procurement were also evaluated. Preoperative and postoperative visual analogue scale (VAS) pain scores were the primary outcome measure. Overall, 53 patients (71%) had successful outcomes, with 81% of patients without co-morbidities having successful outcomes. Active patients were significantly ( p = 0.023) more likely to have a successful outcome than low activity patients. Patients with BMI p = 0.01). There were no significant differences based on donor age. Patients with transplanted grafts stored >28 days were significantly ( p = 0.048) and 2.6 times more likely to have an unsuccessful outcome. This study provides new evidence for preoperative patient factors and graft variables that may influence the overall outcome after osteochondral transplantation in the knee.
Dynamic Analysis of Finitely Stretched and Rotated 3-D Space-Curved Beams

A novel theory and its computational implementation are presented for the analysis of strongly nonlinear dynamic response of highly-flexible space-beams that undergo large overall motions as well as elastic motions with arbitrarily large rotations and stretches. The case of conservative force loading, which may also lead to configuration-dependent moments on the beam, is treated. A symmetric tangent stiffness matrix is derived at all times even if the distributed external moments exist. An example of transient dynamic response of the beam is presented to illustrate the validity of the theoretical methodology developed herein.
2014: Economics at Work Economics at the American Chemistry Council

The American Chemistry Council (ACC) represents the leading companies in the business of chemistry. Founded in 1872, it is said to be the oldest industrial trade association in North America. It was originally named the Manufacturing Chemists Association, which likely reflected the small-scale manufacturing typical of the nineteenth century. In the 1970s, the name was changed to the Chemical Manufacturers Association, and then in 2000 to the ACC. The ACC membership is over 150 companies. Members range from small enterprises to large multinationals and all are involved in chemical manufacturing, making products that make modern life possible. ACC members are innovative, productive, and responsible—they all have made a voluntary commitment to uphold the highest standards for protecting health, safety, security, and the environment.
Regression Analysis to Predict the Secondary Structure of Proteins

A method is presented for protein secondary structure prediction based on the use of multidimensional regression. 200 proteins are chosen from RCSB Protein Database. Their secondary structures obtained through x-ray crystallography analyses are downloaded from the same source. Primary and secondary structure of proteins are concatenated separately to create a sequence of 169 026 residues. First 150 000 of the amino acid residues and corresponding secondary structures are chosen to create a regression model. The remaining 19 026 residues are used for testing. Since we expect three outputs a-helices "S", b-sheets "H", and coiled coils "C", our regression modes consists of parameters. These parameters are tuned and a correct classification rate of 62.50% is achieved on the test data. Furthermore, the performance of the regression model compared with online secondary structure estimation algorithms on 14 unused proteins, and the performance of the regression model is found comparable with the online estimation tools.
Benzyl Isothiocyanate (BITC) Induces Reactive Oxygen Species-dependent Repression of STAT3 Protein by Down-regulation of Specificity Proteins in Pancreatic Cancer

The antineoplastic agent benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) acts by targeting multiple pro-oncogenic pathways/genes, including signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3); however, the mechanism of action is not well known. As reported previously, BITC induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Panc1, MiaPaCa2, and L3.6pL pancreatic cancer cells. This was accompanied by induction of apoptosis and inhibition of cell growth and migration, and these responses were attenuated in cells cotreated with BITC plus glutathione (GSH). BITC also decreased expression of specificity proteins (Sp) Sp1, Sp3, and Sp4 transcription factors (TFs) and several pro-oncogenic Sp-regulated genes, including STAT3 and phospho-STAT3 (pSTAT3), and GSH attenuated these responses. Knockdown of Sp TFs by RNA interference also decreased STAT3/pSTAT3 expression. BITC-induced ROS activated a cascade of events that included down-regulation of c-Myc, and it was also demonstrated that c-Myc knockdown decreased expression of Sp TFs and STAT3. These results demonstrate that in pancreatic cancer cells, STAT3 is an Sp-regulated gene that can be targeted by BITC and other ROS inducers, thereby identifying a novel therapeutic approach for targeting STAT3.
Ramp forecasting performance from improved short-term wind power forecasting over multiple spatial and temporal scales

The large variability and uncertainty in wind power generation present a concern to power system operators, especially given the increasing amounts of wind power being integrated into the electric power system. Large ramps, one of the biggest concerns, can significantly influence system economics and reliability. The Wind Forecast Improvement Project (WFIP) was to improve the accuracy of forecasts and to evaluate the economic benefits of these improvements to grid operators. This paper evaluates the ramp forecasting accuracy gained by improving the performance of short-term wind power forecasting. This study focuses on the WFIP southern study region, which encompasses most of the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) territory, to compare the experimental WFIP forecasts to the existing short-term wind power forecasts (used at ERCOT) at multiple spatial and temporal scales. The study employs four significant wind power ramping definitions according to the power change magnitude, direction, and duration. The optimized swinging door algorithm is adopted to extract ramp events from actual and forecasted wind power time series. The results show that the experimental WFIP forecasts improve the accuracy of the wind power ramp forecasting. This improvement can result in substantial costs savings and power system reliability enhancements.
The Symptoms and Signs of Dying

Professionals who provide any part of end-of-life care must understand something of the physical symptoms that dying patients experience. These patients often fear the symptoms of dying more than death itself. Their highest priority is symptom relief. Patients must be reasonably comfortable before their minds can focus on other aspects of care, including the psychological, social, and spiritual. All professionals who attend the dying, therefore, must commit to a compassionate, effective plan to address physical symptoms.
Mechanism of Formation of the Nonstandard Product in the Prenyltransferase Reaction of the G115T Mutant of FtmPT1: A Case of Reaction Dynamics Calling the Shots?

FtmPT1 is a fungal indole prenyltransferase that affords Tryprostatin B from Brevianamide F and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate; however, when a single residue in the active site is mutated (Gly115Thr), a novel five-membered ring compound is obtained as the major product with Tryprostatin B as the minor product. Herein, we describe detailed studies of the catalysis of the Gly115Thr mutant of FtmPT1 with a focus on the observed regioselectivity of the reaction. We employ one- and two-dimensional potential of mean force simulations to explore the catalytic mechanism, along with molecular dynamics simulations exploring the reaction dynamics of the prenyl transfer reaction. Single-point electronic structure calculations were also used to explore the performance of the self-consistent charge density functional tight-binding method to model specific reaction steps. Importantly, we observe that the two reaction pathways have comparable activation parameters and propose that the origin of the novel product is predica...
Dielectric analysis of the interaction of nematic liquid crystals with carbon nanotubes

ABSTRACTMulti-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have been shown to self-organise, and when added as a guest to form a nanocomposite, their director couples with an organic liquid crystal (LC) host. Here, effects of MWCNTs on the low-frequency dielectric properties and Freedericksz transition of the LC 4-cyano-4ʹ-pentylbiphenyl (5CB) are studied. Anti-parallel electro-optic cells were filled with nanocomposites at weight percent concentrations of MWCNT to 5CB of: 0 (neat), 0.01, 0.10, 0.20, and 0.50. Low concentration was chosen to minimise Van der Waals attraction normally responsible for aggregation of MWCNTs. Dielectric relaxation spectroscopy was used to study interactions between MWCNTs and 5CB at frequencies from 20 Hz to 1 MHz. We propose a mechanism based upon measurements of the complex dielectric function which suggests that MWCNTs act as a slow-moving boundary within the sample cell at low frequencies and low applied electric fields, where the MWCNTs reorient along with the 5CB LC molecules. At h...
Tying, Exclusivity, and Standard-Essential Patents

When a technological standard is adopted, implementers must pay to license all “standard-essential” patents (SEPs)—those covering core features of the standard—although the particular price terms usually cannot negotiated beforehand. To allay implementers’ fear of being “held up,” SEP owners usually make commitments to offer licenses on “fair, reasonable, and nondiscriminatory” (FRAND) terms. Among other things, this acts as a contractual price control for SEP licenses—albeit an imprecise one that is subject to judicial interpretation. Aside from licenses, an SEP holder may further supply an important “collateral input”—one that is not subject to the FRAND pledge, but which implementers nevertheless require in order to market a viable product. For example, this might be a physical component of the final product. The SEP holder might tie its SEP rights to the collateral input. It might also engage exclusive dealing or related practices, such as a “loyalty discounting” arrangement that imposes larger royalties on implementers who buy the input from competing providers. Importantly, FRAND’s operation as a price control significantly alters the economic analysis: here the primary impetus for tying may be to circumvent the price control by shifting the desired overcharge to the tied good—a concern that does not arise when a seller has complete autonomy over its pricing (as is usually the case). The natural result may be to foreclose competitors’ input sales. Such restraints have received little attention in the FRAND literature, but they are an emerging concern for innovation and competition policy. They have recently been attacked in two high-profile complaints filed against Qualcomm—one by the Federal Trade Commission, and the other by Apple. Against this backdrop, this article provides a legal and economic evaluation of tying and exclusive dealing arrangements in FRAND licensing. Such practices may act to undermine the FRAND price control, potentially violating the SEP holder’s commitment. The case for antitrust intervention is harder to make, but in principle the arrangement could act to exclude actual or potential competition in the collateral input market, bringing it within antitrust’s reach. I conclude by offering several policy recommendations for how courts and standard setting organizations might address these tying and exclusivity arrangements.
Lehrer, Reid, and the First of All Principles

We are indebted to Keith Lehrer for his groundbreaking work on the philosophy of Thomas Reid. He has done a great deal to make the interest and importance of Reid’s philosophy clear. I would like to thank him for this, and also to raise certain questions concerning his interpretation of Reid’s epistemology. I shall be especially concerned with Lehrer’s view that one among Reid’s principles of common sense stands out as an indispensably important metaprinciple.
Adsorption of mixtures of the Yukawa-ions near a hard wall: A density functional study based on the third-order Ornstein-Zernike relation

Abstract We examine the adsorption of the primitive-model “ionic” mixtures modeled in terms of the screened Debye potentials on a hard structureless wall. It is well-known that the screened Debye potentials are of the Yukawa form. They could approach the Coulomb potentials when the screen parameter λ vanishes. Thus the study of the mixtures of repulsive and attractive Yukawa molecules can mimic the ionic fluid behavior at small λ. One of the advantages of using this Yukawa potential is that it avoids the long-range interactions and mitigates the complications inherent in the Coulomb potential. We have previously developed a third-order Ornstein-Zernike relation (OZ3) and have adapted it to the adsorption of many types of fluids on hard walls. Specifically, a new generation of closures was developed for use in the Euler-Lagrange equations of the density functional theory (DFT) for determining the non-uniform densities of various fluid types: such as the Lennard-Jones fluid, as well as the regular Yukawa fluids (with finite λ values) on an inhomogeneous substrate. In this work, we examine the applicability of the OZ3-inspired bridge functions to the adsorption of the “small-λ” Yukawa fluids. The mixtures of these Yukawa fluids are, for simplicity, called the Yukawa ions, in contrast to the Coulomb ions. The results shall mimic the electrical double layers in electrochemistry. The Euler-Lagrange equations for the binary mixtures are solved with new OZ3 closures. Two types of closures are investigated: one derived from the Jackson-Feenberg approximation, and the other derived from the linear cavity approximation. The results are compared with the Monte-Carlo results on primitive-model symmetric ions and asymmetric ions on a neutral hard structureless wall. Satisfactory agreements are obtained. It is noted that the contact value theorems (i.e. the hard-wall sum rules) play an instrumental role in obtaining the accurate results.
Changes in Student Attitudes During a Course in Relation to Instructional Media

Scales measuring attitude toward a course were administered five times at equally spaced intervals throughout the course to college students. The students were in courses taught by one of four methods of instruction; programed, television, small class, and large class. The mean scores on the attitude scales differed significantly among the methods of instruction on each of the five administrations. The means of the methods were consistently ordered as follows: programed instruction television instruction > small class > large class. There was also a consistent decline in the mean scores over the five administrations.
Trauma Laparotomy: Evaluating the Necessity of Histological Examination:

Trauma laparotomy is the most commonly performed procedure in the acute care setting. As current practice, removed specimens are sent for histological examination. A retrospective review of all tra...
Mounting Evidence for Safe Home Treatment of Selected Patients With Acute Pulmonary Embolism.

Vinson and colleagues' study adds to mounting evidence for the safety of home treatment of selected patients with pulmonary embolism. The editorialists discuss the findings and speculate why few pa...
FBXW7 mutations in acute myeloid leukemia

The F-Box and WD40 domain-containing protein 7 gene (FBXW7) is a tumor suppressor gene that encodes a protein that is part of the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex and which controls the turnover of vari...
Cost-effectiveness analysis of palbociclib or ribociclib in the treatment of advanced hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer

Three CDK4/6 inhibitors, palbociclib (PAL), ribociclib (RIB), and abemaciclib, when combined with letrozole (LET), have been approved as first-line therapy for postmenopausal women with metastatic HR+, HER2− breast cancer. However, an economic evaluation of these newer therapies is currently lacking. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of PAL or RIB for the treatment of advanced HR+, HER2− breast cancer in the United States. A Markov simulation model was constructed using data from published clinical trials evaluating PAL and RIB. Three simulated treatment strategies included PAL + LET, RIB + LET, or LET alone. The main outcome measures were simulated progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), costs, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs). Simulated median OS was 38.9 months for PAL + LET and 33.0 months for LET alone. Simulated median OS for RIB + LET was 43.3 months. Compared to LET alone, PAL + LET provided an additional 0.48 QALYs, on average, with an ICER of $634,000 per QALY gained; RIB + LET provided an additional 0.86 QALYs, on average, with an ICER of $440,000 per QALY gained. At current prices, neither PAL nor RIB was cost-effective, assuming a willingness-to-pay threshold of $100,000 per QALY gained. To reach such a cost-effectiveness threshold, PAL and RIB prices must decrease by approximately 70%. Despite significant gains in progression-free survival over letrozole alone, the addition of palbociclib or ribociclib in the treatment of advanced HR+, HER2− breast cancer is not cost-effective in the United States given current drug prices.
The erotics of urban female work in anarchist kiosk literature and the contradictions of modernity

espanolEste ensayo explora un genero narrativo, la literatura de kiosco, que ha recibido escasa atencion en los estudios culturales espanoles, a pesar de haber sido una forma de expresion cultural enormemente popular. El aspecto de este genero (o subgenero) que propongo estudiar es la literatura de ficcion anarquista popular como una manifestacion de los discursos de la modernidad en la Espana de la Edad de Plata. Considerando que el concepto de modernidad se caracteriza por sus respuestas multiples y contradictorias al cambio social, mi ensayo investiga las maneras en las que las novelas cortas anarquistas producidas en masa subvertian y perpetuaban al mismo tiempo las jerarquias economicas, politicas y de genero sexual predominantes. Especificamente, examino las contradicciones y tensiones narrativas que surgen en la representacion de la mujer trabajadora urbana en La aventurera (1935) de Federico Urales y Una mujer y dos hombres (1932) de Federica Montseny. Mi analisis revela que, mientras que estas narraciones cortas proponen a la mujer profesional liberada sexualmente como modelo de modernidad y progreso social, su representacion tambien perpetua los mismos prejuicios de clase y genero que estos librepensadores pretendian superar. EnglishThis essay explores an aspect of a narrative genre, kiosk literature, which has received very little critical attention in Spanish cultural studies, even though it was an extremely popular form of expression. The dimension of this genre (or sub-genre) that I propose to study is anarchist mass-produced fiction as a manifestation of the discourses of modernity in Silver Age Spain. Considering the notion that modernity is characterized by its manifold and contradictory responses to social change, my essay investigates the ways in which mass-produced anarchist short novels both subverted and perpetuated the economic, political, and gender hierarchies of their day. Specifically, I examine the narrative tensions and contradictions arising in the representation of the urban working woman in La aventurera (1935) by Federico Urales and Una mujer y dos hombres (1932) by Federica Montseny, My analysis reveals that, while these short narratives propose the sexually liberated female professional as a model of social modernity and progress, this representation also perpetuates the very gender and class prejudices that these freethinkers purported to overcome.
History and Background

Clinical trials have a history of independent development in a variety of civilizations. Early studies were limited to observation. Subsequently, trials became more interventional, and incorporated controls and patient protection for scientific rigor and human subject safety. The modern era of clinical trials has been marked by increasing complexity, regulation, and globalization. Upcoming promises and challenges for clinical dermatology trials include new technologies, privacy, and intellectual property rights.
Information Technology, Internet Use, and Adolescent Cognitive Development

Information technology and the Internet are crucial components of the day-to-day life of adolescents and young adults and thereby may influence their cognitive development. The aim of this study is to develop a guiding document that can serve as a source of information for researchers investigating the impact of information and digital technology, and Internet use on adolescent cognitive development. We explored patterns in adolescent Internet use and analyzed widely accepted relevant research findings and issues that addressed how the Internet or online interactions influenced adolescent cognitive development. We also investigated the ways the Internet and its users changed over time. Differing views of researchers on Internet use and adolescent cognitive development were also presented. The scope of this research includes ICT driven practices, digital divide, readily available technological tools, adolescent cognitive development, Internet use, information technology, and digital technology. Understanding the role of ICT and digital media in supporting collaborative learning environments was the supplemental scope of the study. Findings suggested that students perceive technology and technological devices as an integral part of their day-to-day lives. In addition, adolescents consider the use of technology as vital in developing their academic and cognitive skills. Adolescents also feel skillful when they acquire basic IT skills and perceive these skills as a necessity for their career growth. This study provides a guiding document, which describes the constructive side of technology that affects adolescent learning and development. Implications for future research tell that researchers should develop clinical and experimental evidence in support of Internet use and adolescent cognitive development. Further, self-regulation strategies should be developed for online learning environments so that adolescents can get better outcomes from their Internet and ICT use. These self-regulation techniques will also help adolescents to regulate their online habits and behaviors.
UAMSA: Unified Approach for Multilingual Sentiment Analysis Using GATE

With the pervasive use of technology and internet, the web related content has increased dynamically. Sentiment analysis is an active research area of web content mining and it deals with analyzing people's opinion towards different entities ranging from blogs, media articles to social media sites. Research community has actively participated in improving methods and techniques to correctly classify the monolingual (one language) and cross lingual (resource rich language to resource poor language) sentiment analysis. However, multilingual (more than one language) sentiment analysis is less explored area. There is a lack of resources to perform multilingual sentiment analysis activities such as data preprocessing, feature extraction and classification under unified tool. In addition, some research studies tried to develop resources for multilingual sentiment analysis, but these are not publicly available. These limitations served as motivation for this study. The contributions of this paper are as follow. 1) We have proposed a new plugin named as UAMSA (Unified Approach for Multilingual Sentiment Analysis) within GATE paradigm which is able to 1) perform different activities for multilingual sentiment analysis using one tool. 2) This tool will be publicly available as GATE is one of the popular open source tools for text analysis available in many formats and size. UAMSA will help users to classify the sentiments of people sharing their opinions in multiple languages effectively.
Deep Fried Logic

There is a natural story about what logic is that sees it as tied up with two operations: a ‘throw things into a bag’ operation and a ‘closure’ operation. In a pair of recent papers, Jc Beall has fleshed out the account of logic this leaves us with in more detail. Using Beall’s exposition as a guide, this paper points out some problems with taking the second operation to be closure in the usual sense. After pointing out these problems, I then turn to fixing them in a restricted case and modulo a few simplifying assumptions. In a followup paper, the simplifications and restrictions will be removed.
Dopamine Transporter Scan (DaTscan)

Dopamine transporter scan (DaTscan), as the name implies, is a brain SPECT imaging modality with 123I-ioflupane as the radioactive tracer that has a high binding affinity to striatal dopamine transporters. In 2011, FDA approved the clinical use of DaTscan in the US to help differentiate essential tremor (ET) from tremor due to Parkinson’s disease (PD), multiple system atrophy (MSA), or progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). Such differentiation could be crucial for certain patients’ clinical diagnosis, choice of pharmacotherapy, and prognostic evaluation (Booij et al., Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 56:17–26, 2012; Davidsson et al., Ann Nucl Med 28(9):851–859, 2014; Gayed et al., Clin Nucl Med 40(5):390–393, 2015). A normal DaTscan is characterized by crescent-shaped tracer activity with highest tracer intensity in caudate nuclei tapering into putamen body and tail in both hemispheres. Since dopamine neurons in putamen are more vulnerable to neurodegenerative insults compared to those in caudate nuclei, an abnormal DaTscan manifests asymmetrically decreased tracer activity due to striatal dopamine neuron loss, depending on disease staging, typically initial affecting one of the putamens and then spreading into the contralateral putamen and/or the ipsilateral caudate nuclei and finally the caudate nuclei on both sides (Brooks, Parkinsonism Relat Disord 18S1:S31–S33, 2012; Meles et al., J Nucl Med 58:23–28, 2017; Pagano et al., Clin Med (Lond) 16(4):371–375, 2016). This unique neuroimaging pattern not only helps diagnose PD, but also assists in the differentiation of PD from Parkinsonism associated with or caused by other neurodisorders. Presented in this chapter are selected cases with probable normal DaTscan in patients with ET or neuroleptic-induced Parkinsonism, and abnormal DaTscans due to a variety of underlying causes, including probable early and advanced idiopathic PD, cerebrovascular accident (CVA)/stroke, arteriovenous malformation (AVM), corticobasal degeneration (CBD), PSP, and MSA.
Daniella Dos Santos, BVA president, and David Calpin, chief executive of BVA, respond.

Thank you to the author for these thoughtful comments. Throughout the pandemic we’ve strived to work collaboratively with other veterinary organisations, and we are proud of the way the profession, and its many associations, have come together to support one another through this crisis. This is indicative of the way we work in normal circumstances. In recent years we’ve strengthened the relationship between the BVA and the specialist divisions and we always aim to speak with one voice on the major issues. The BVA’s most recent governance review developed a new committee system that puts specialist division expertise at …
Through Cuticle Neural Imaging of Drosophila Melanogaster with Multiphoton Microscopes

Multiphoton neural imaging of Drosophila melanogaster required the removal of dorsal head capsule cuticle, prohibiting longitudinal imaging studies (> 5hrs). Here we demonstrate two-and three-photon imaging on cuticle-intact Drosophila brains with dorsal air-sacs removed.
Bank Debt Guarantee Programs

One of the hallmarks of the global financial crisis of 2007-09 was the rapid evaporation of the non-deposit, wholesale funding many financial institutions had become increasingly reliant upon in the years leading up to the crisis. In the aftermath of the Lehman Brothers bankruptcy, governments became increasingly concerned about even fundamentally sound institutions’ ability to access necessary funding. In response, beginning in October 2008, authorities across the globe began introducing guarantee programs enabling institutions to issue debt that would be backed by a guarantee from the government in exchange for a guarantee fee. While the specific details of these programs varied (sometimes widely in ways that allow for interesting comparisons), some version of this basic idea was implemented by over twenty countries. The programs saw significant use in the aggregate but were not uniformly utilized. They are generally seen as having achieved their objectives but may also in certain circumstances have had unintended consequences such as market distortions based on flawed fee structures and the crowding out of non-guaranteed debt.
The impact of the colorado state-wide lockdown on non-COVID-19 related ICU admissions and mortality

RATIONALE: The COVID-19 pandemic has rapidly become the most significant worldwide public health crisis in the modern era. Like other states around the country, the state of Colorado instituted a statewide lockdown to combat increasing case and hospitalization rates for COVID-19 throughout the state. The impact of this mandate on the ICU admission rates and outcomes of other medical problems has never been investigated. Our study aimed to determine the effects of stay-at-home orders on outcomes for other diagnoses by analyzing ICU admission rates and outcomes of patients presenting to the ICU for non-COVID related issues before, during, and after the statewide mandate. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of all ICU admissions in three phases: before (2 months prior), during, and 1.5 months after the statewide lockdown (March 26 to April 27, 2020). We included all patients admitted to the University of Colorado Health System hospitals ICUs within this defined time period. A time-to-event analysis was performed with the date of index ICU stay set as time zero. Baseline characteristics were obtained. Primary outcome measures were 28-day mortality and all-time mortality. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to estimate survival probabilities, while Cox regression and multivariable logistic regression were utilized to model phase-specific mortality controlling for comorbidities, demographics, and admission diagnoses. Counts of typical ICU admission diagnoses were also analyzed to determine any changes across lockdown periods. RESULTS: 9201 total ICU admissions occurred, of which 8154 (88.6%) were non-COVID-19 related. Approximately 57.4% were male with a mean age of 60.4 years. 28-day mortality rates for non-COVID-19 ICU admissions were 475 (11.0%), 127 (13.8%), and 306 (10.5%) before, during, and after the lockdown, respectively. The increased mortality during lockdown persisted after adjustment for comorbidities and demographics (HR=1.23, 95% CI, 1.007 to 1.512, p = 0.043). Acute respiratory failure was the most common diagnosis in each time period, and increased during lockdown (p<0.001). Admissions for sepsis increased during lockdown and decreased after (p = 0.001);myocardial infarction (MI) admission decreased during lockdown but increased after (p = 0.014);and alcohol withdrawal (AW) admission increased both during and after lockdown (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: For non-COVID-19 related ICU admissions, the mortality rate increased during the state-wide shutdown but decreased after shutdown, although this difference became insignificant after controlling for patient admission diagnoses. Admission diagnoses also differed with more admissions for sepsis and AW during lockdown and more admissions for MI and AW after lockdown.