cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bottom characterization by using airborne lidar bathymetry (ALB) waveform features obtained from bottom return residual analysis

Abstract Airborne Lidar Bathymetry (ALB) surveys are traditionally used for measuring depths in shallow nearshore and back-bay areas. In this paper, we present a novel ALB waveform processing procedure, namely bottom return residual analysis, for bottom characterization. Waveform features obtained from the bottom return residual analysis are used in a supervised classification approach, i.e. Support Vector Machine, to differentiate between: 1) sand and rock bottoms and subsequently, 2) fine and coarse sand bottoms. The classification procedure was tested on ALB survey data collected with an Optech SHOALS-1000T ALB system that covers a ~ 7 km2 area within 1 km from shore in the western Gulf of Maine, USA. The bottom classification results, when compared to ground-truth measurements, indicate a 96% overall accuracy for sand and rock classification and 86% overall accuracy for fine and coarse sand classification. Results of ALB-based bottom classification are compared with interpretations of a multibeam echosounder acoustic backscatter mosaic collected from the survey area.
Stochasticity in materials structure, properties, and processing—A review

We review the concept of stochasticity—i.e., unpredictable or uncontrolled fluctuations in structure, chemistry, or kinetic processes—in materials. We first define six broad classes of stochasticity: equilibrium (thermodynamic) fluctuations; structural/compositional fluctuations; kinetic fluctuations; frustration and degeneracy; imprecision in measurements; and stochasticity in modeling and simulation. In this review, we focus on the first four classes that are inherent to materials phenomena. We next develop a mathematical framework for describing materials stochasticity and then show how it can be broadly applied to these four materials-related stochastic classes. In subsequent sections, we describe structural and compositional fluctuations at small length scales that modify material properties and behavior at larger length scales; systems with engineered fluctuations, concentrating primarily on composite materials; systems in which stochasticity is developed through nucleation and kinetic phenomena; and configurations in which constraints in a given system prevent it from attaining its ground state and cause it to attain several, equally likely (degenerate) states. We next describe how stochasticity in these processes results in variations in physical properties and how these variations are then accentuated by—or amplify—stochasticity in processing and manufacturing procedures. In summary, the origins of materials stochasticity, the degree to which it can be predicted and/or controlled, and the possibility of using stochastic descriptions of materials structure, properties, and processing as a new degree of freedom in materials design are described.
Coil array design for maximizing wireless power transfer to sub-mm sized implantable devices

One of the main challenges for the deployment of sub-mm sized implantable device is the limit on the power that can be transmitted to these devices through inductive link. We first obtain the optimal sizing of the coils in the link and the maximum power that can be delivered to a 300 pm × 300 pm using single transmitting coil at operating frequency of 1.1 GHz. To increase the delivered power, we introduce and optimize the design of phased coil array at the transmitting side taking into account the safety limits. By adding a single coil we achieve a gain of 1.43 dB in the delivered power, while with the addition of four transmitting coils, the power that can be delivered to the implantable device is increased by 4.3 dB and reaches 10.6 μW.
Differential Effects of Specific Types of Dietary Lipid on Mammary Tumor Development

Recently a number of scientific investigations have highlighted the participation of nutritional factors in mammary tumor development. The specific molecular interactions responsible for these dietary effects are poorly defined, at present, but at least two lines of evidence have focused attention on the importance of dietary fats in this process. First, epidemiologists have uncovered a strong positive correlation between a nation’s per capita fat consumption and its breast cancer mortality; and secondly, many investigators have repeatedly demonstrated that alterations in dietary lipid modify mammary neoplasia in a variety of experimental animal models.
Scutellaria: Biotechnology, Phytochemistry and Its Potential as a Commercial Medicinal Crop

Plants of the genus Scutellaria (family Lamiaceae) are distributed globally and they are integral part of Eastern as well as American traditional medicine. The genus Scutellaria, commonly referred to as skullcap, is considered as a North American perennial plant. At present this genus is represented by 350–360 species. Many species are rare, threatened, or endangered. Habitat destruction, urbanization, and poor seed set are a few reasons behind the diminishing population of many skullcaps. Many skullcap species have showy, beautiful blooms with great potential as ornamental plants. Skullcaps are used in alternative medicine as antiinflammatory, antispasmodic, emmenagogue, nervine, sedative, and strong tonic. More than 295 compounds have been isolated from Scutellaria species and the majority of the compounds are flavonoids and diterpenes. We present a review of research carried out by various groups, covering aspects of phytochemical screening, biomedical studies, conservation, plant biotechnology, and development of Scutellaria as a premium crop. We have developed a germplasm collection at Fort Valley State University that includes 19 species. These species are maintained in the greenhouse and through micropropagation in the lab. Biotechnology presents significant advances for the use of Scutellaria. We will review progress in micropropagation, transformation for desired gene transfer, and hairy root induction, extraction, and HPLC analysis of targeted flavonoids, and preclinical and clinical studies on select extracts and isolated flavonoids using various cancer models.
Not One of the Usual Suspects: MRI Features of Insertional Lateral Cord Plantar Fasciopathy.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this article is to report MRI findings of insertional lateral cord plantar fasciopathy and review the presenting symptoms of the condition and suspected diagnoses. CONCLUS...
Ketogenic diet regulates the antioxidant catalase via the transcription factor PPARγ2

We have previously found that the transcription factor PPARγ2 contributes to the mechanism of action of the ketogenic diet (KD), an established treatment for pediatric refractory epilepsy. Among the wide-array of genes regulated by PPARγ, previous studies have suggested that antioxidants such as catalase may have prominent roles in KD neuroprotective and antiseizure effects. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the KD increases catalase through activation of PPARγ2, and that this action is part of the mechanism of antiseizure efficacy of the KD. We determined catalase mRNA and protein expression in hippocampal tissue from epileptic Kcna1-/- mice, Pparγ2+/+ mice and Pparγ2-/- mice. We found that a KD increases hippocampal catalase expression in Kcna1-/- and Pparγ2+/+ mice, but not Pparγ2-/- mice. Next, we determined whether catalase contributes to KD seizure protection. We found that the KD reduces pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures; however, pretreatment with a catalase inhibitor occluded KD effects on PTZ seizures. These results suggest that the KD regulates catalase expression through PPARγ2 activation, and that catalase may contribute to the KD antiseizure efficacy.
Fertility Preservation Approaches to Patients with Leukemic Involvement of the Testes

A 17-year-old boy with relapsed T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia is preparing to start re-induction chemotherapy with the goal of undergoing an allogeneic bone marrow transplantation and is considering options for fertility preservation. The patient initially presented at age 13 with abdominal pain, fatigue, and fever. Initial labs were notable for a white blood cell count of 478 K/mcL with 82% blasts, a hemoglobin of 6 g/dL, and platelets of 23,000. He was also found on exam to have splenomegaly and an enlarged, firm right testicle (Fig. 54.1).The chest x-ray showed a large mediastinal mass with a small right pleural effusion. Flow cytometry on his peripheral blood revealed T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia.
The frequency of non-pathologically thin corneas in young healthy adults

Purpose: Measurement of normal corneal thickness and corneal epithelial thickness is important in keratorefractive surgery, glaucoma, following extended contact lens wear, and in patients with corneal disease. Clinically, a central corneal thickness less than 500 µm is considered to be moderately-to-extremely thin. The purpose of this study was to compare biological differences in patients with clinically thin compared to normal corneal thickness values in healthy young adults using Fourier domain optical coherence tomography. Patients and methods: In total, 168 eyes from 84 patients aged 19-38 years were scanned using an Avanti optical coherence tomographer. To eliminate circadian effects on corneal thickness, all patients were scanned within a 4-hour window. Corneal thickness was measured across the central 6 mm of the cornea. Total central corneal thickness, corneal epithelial thickness, and corneal stromal thickness were compared between males and females and tested for correlations with age, use of systemic hormones, degree of myopia, and corneal curvature. Results: The average central corneal thickness for males and females was 540.5±32.0 μm and 525.2±33.0 μm, respectively (P=0.020). Thirty-eight eyes had corneal thickness measurements below 500 µm; 12% (6 eyes) from males and 28% (16 eyes) from females (P=0.008). All women with corneas below 500 μm were bilaterally thin. This finding differed for men. Corneal thinning was not associated with age, use of systemic hormones, or degree of myopia. Females had steeper keratometry (K) readings (P=0.01 for flat K, P=0.002 for steep K) than males. No differences in layer offset values between normal thickness corneas and thin corneas were evident, suggesting that the reduced thickness was not pathological. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that a subpopulation of healthy young adults have non-pathologically thin corneas, well below 500 μm; and that these thinner corneas are more frequent in females. This underscores the importance of accurate corneal thickness measurements prior to keratorefractive surgery and when evaluating intraocular pressure in glaucoma.
A Novel DROGI Algorithm for Non-linear Unbalanced Load Compensation using Four-leg Converter

This paper proposes a novel control algorithm for a four-leg converter to compensate unbalanced non-linear loads in three-phase four-wire system. The detection and compensation for unbalanced non-linear load currents is implemented using double reduced order generalized integrators (DROGI) with proportional resonant (PR) controller. One integrator of DROGI is used to extract the reference compensation harmonics, and the second integrator is applied to decompose compensation currents and rectification currents at the converter side. The compensation currents are regulated by multi-PR controller, and the rectification currents are controlled by proportional controller. As a result, the compensation mode (DC-AC) and rectification mode (AC-DC) of converter are decoupled. More flexibility and selectivity in terms of control methods are achieved. The effectiveness of the control algorithm is verified by simulation and experiment.
Co-Catalyzed Transannulation of Pyridotriazoles with Isothiocyanates and Xanthate Esters.

An efficient radical transannulation reaction of pyridotriazoles with isothiocyanates and xanthate esters was developed. This method features conversion of pyridotriazoles into two N-fused heterocy...
Investors’ Information Avoidance Behavior in Securities-Based Crowdfunding

We conduct two experiments in the securities-based crowdfunding setting to investigate whether, for psychological reasons, some investors avoid accounting information they could and would use in their decision making. We find in our first experiment nonprofessional investors more likely to anticipate psychological discomfort from evaluating financial information are less likely to acquire a potential investment’s financial statements. Despite this lack of due diligence in the high-risk crowdfunding environment, we find investors who avoid (versus acquire) a company’s financial statements are more willing to invest in its offering. Our second experiment demonstrates investors randomly assigned to not having (versus having) the same financial statements continue to be more willing to invest, suggesting even investors who would choose to avoid financial statements would use them if they were displayed prominently. Our results provide a behavioral explanation for investors’ documented underuse of accounting information and can inform regulators as they revise crowdfunding regulations.
Stephen Timoshenko's life during last five years in the Russian Empire: From the letters of his son Gregory

Abstract In this paper we provide a detailed description of the life in former Russian Empire of the prominent author of mechanics textbooks Stephan P. Timoshenko. Description is based upon the letters written by his son Gregory Timoshenko as well as by S.P. Timoshenko himself in his autobiographic book As I Remember. We concur with S.P. Timoshenko's colleague and co-author James Gere, who stated that the Letters by Gregory Timoshenko “which tell about his family's life, are being written for his grandchildren. Since most of the history in the letters is also the history of Stephen…the letters should be preserved in the library with other Timoshenko material.” These letters complement the material in S.P. Timoshenko's autobiographical book, providing additional glimpses on their lives.
Pneumocephalus in thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair after lumbar drain removal and blood patch.

Abstract Lumbar spinal drain use during thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair has reduced the incidence of ischemic spinal cord injury with relatively low risk. We report a case of pneumocephalus in a 55-year-old woman who had undergone open repair of a 6.7-cm type IV thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm. After lumbar spinal drain removal, she developed a postdural headache, which was subsequently treated with blood patch placement. After discharge, she had presented with transient headaches, perioral numbness, and left-hand weakness. Computed tomography revealed intraventricular gas within the lateral ventricles. Pneumocephalus is an exceedingly rare and potentially dangerous complication of lumbar spinal drains and blood patch placement.
Graphene synthesized by chemical vapor deposition as a hydrogen isotope permeation barrier

Abstract This work presents the results of gas concentration driven deuterium permeation experiments through chemical vapor deposited graphene on copper. Since the graphene is synthesized directly onto the copper, the permeation experiments are able to be performed over a large area (16.62 mm2) without the detrimental impact of transfer-induced tears and holes. Thus, permeation through intrinsic defects of the graphene are probed. The graphene-coated copper shows a reduction in permeation by a factor of ∼28 compared to copper alone. The permeation results are modeled with a composite permeation model. The permeation of copper alone is shown to be proportional to the square root of pressure, whereas the permeation through graphene samples is proportional to pressure. The graphene permeance follows an Arrhenius behavior. The room temperature pore permeation coefficients for the small and large grain graphene samples are ∼7.0 × 10−28±5.0 × 10−28 and ∼1.9 × 10−27±1.4 × 10−27 mol s−1 MPa−1, respectively. These results suggest that grain boundaries are not the main diffusion pathways, and instead other intrinsic defects in the graphene demonstrate less resistance to permeation. This study advances the fundamental understanding of the intrinsic permeation of chemical vapor deposited graphene, as well as the use of graphene in hydrogen isotope permeation barrier applications.
Inverse transport and diffusion problems in photoacoustic imaging with nonlinear absorption

Motivated by applications in imaging nonlinear optical absorption by photoacoustic tomography (PAT), we study in this work inverse coefficient problems for a semilinear radiative transport equation and its diffusion approximation with internal data that are functionals of the coefficients and the solutions to the equations. Based on the techniques of first- and second-order linearization, we derive uniqueness and stability results for the inverse problems. For uncertainty quantification purpose, we also establish the stability of the reconstruction of the absorption coefficients with respect to the change in the scattering coefficient.
Quantifying Order during Field-driven Alignment of Colloidal Semiconductor Nanorods

Aligning large populations of colloidal nanorods (NRs) into ordered assemblies provides a strategy for engineering macroscopic functional materials with strong optical anisotropy. The bulk optical properties of such systems depend not only on the individual NR building blocks, but also on their meso- and macroscale ordering, in addition to more complex inter-particle coupling effects. Here, we investigate the dynamic alignment of colloidal CdSe/CdS NRs in the presence of AC electric fields by measuring concurrent changes in optical transmission. Our work identifies two distinct scales of interaction that give rise to the field-driven optical response: (1) the spontaneous mesoscale self-assembly of colloidal NRs into structures with increased optical anisotropy, and (2) the macroscopic ordering of NR assemblies along the direction of the applied AC field. By modeling the alignment of NR ensembles using directional statistics, we experimentally quantify the maximum degree of order in terms of the average deviation angle relative to the field axis. Results show a consistent improvement in alignment as a function of NR concentration—with a minimum average deviation of 18.7°—indicating that mesoscale assembly helps facilitate field-driven alignment of colloidal NRs.
Provider documentation of electronic nicotine delivery systems use among patients prescribed contraception at an academic health center in the Southeastern United States

Abstract Purpose Women on combined hormonal contraception (CHC) who use electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) may be vulnerable to adverse cardiovascular events. To date, no study has examined whether clinicians screen for ENDS use when prescribing CHC. Therefore, we investigated documentation of ENDS screening and counseling in the electronic health record (EHR) of women prescribed CHC. Methods We conducted a retrospective EHR review and content analysis at an academic health center in the Southeastern United States. We randomly selected 500 records of female patients 12 years and older who had been prescribed contraception and had ENDS documented in their records identified via keyword match. Records prior to July 2020 were reviewed between June-September 2020. Results Of the 500 patients, 245 (49%) were ENDS users and 227 (45.4%) were non-ENDS users. Among ENDS users, there were 82 contraception-related encounters with ENDS documentation. In 55 (67.1%) of these encounters, only ENDS use status was documented. The provider counseled against ENDS use in 17 (20.7%) records. Six (7.3%) notes documented provision of patient education materials instructing patients on contraception to refrain from using ENDS. Among non-ENDS users, there were 43 contraception-related encounters with ENDS documentation; 35 (81.4%) documented the patient did not use ENDS and 3 (7%) documented provision of patient education materials. Conclusion ENDS use is under-documented in contraception-related encounters. Improvements in documentation may help assess long-term effects of concurrent ENDS and CHC use. These results illustrate the need to clarify EHR prompts and increase provider awareness to improve ENDS documentation.
The Class Action Fairness Act in Perspective: The Old and the New in Federal Jurisdictional Reform

The Class Action Fairness Act of 2005 (CAFA) was the product of an extended and well-organized political campaign.The Class Action Fairness Act of 2005 (CAFA) was the product of an extended and well-organized political campaign. In Congress, its passage required a grinding eight-year effort, several modifications to the original proposal, numerous committee hearings, multiple reports by both Houses, political compromises that drew some Democratic support, two unsuccessful attempts to terminate debate in the Senate by imposing cloture, and strenuous efforts to amend in both the House and Senate when the bill came to the floor for a final vote. Passage also required Republican control of both Houses of Congress and the presidency as well.
Therapeutic Strategies Against Gain and Loss of Function Misfolding Diseases

The misfolding and/or misassembly of what is typically one protein inside the cell leads to gain of toxic function diseases such as Huntington’s and Parkinson’s disease, whereas extracellular misfo...
Heisenberg coupling constant predicted for molecular magnets with pairwise spin-contamination correction

Abstract New method to eliminate the spin-contamination in broken symmetry density functional theory (BS DFT) calculations is introduced. Unlike conventional spin-purification correction, this method is based on canonical Natural Orbitals (NO) for each high/low spin coupled electron pair. We derive an expression to extract the energy of the pure singlet state given in terms of energy of BS DFT solution, the occupation number of the bonding NO, and the energy of the higher spin state built on these bonding and antibonding NOs (not self-consistent Kohn–Sham orbitals of the high spin state). Compared to the other spin-contamination correction schemes, spin-correction is applied to each correlated electron pair individually. We investigate two binuclear Mn(IV) molecular magnets using this pairwise correction. While one of the molecules is described by magnetic orbitals strongly localized on the metal centers, and spin gap is accurately predicted by Noodleman and Yamaguchi schemes, for the other one the gap is predicted poorly by these schemes due to strong delocalization of the magnetic orbitals onto the ligands. We show our new correction to yield more accurate results in both cases.
Geographic Scope of Operations by Multinational Companies:: An Exploratory Study of Regional and Global Strategies

In recent years, there has been an emerging stream of studies that challenge the idea of the importance of globalization for companies. One study even calls the common assumptions of globalization a “myth” (Rugman, A., 2000). Needless to say, this particular perspective has generated a lot of interest and debate. The present study seeks to review the regionalization strategies of the world’s largest MNCs and answer the following two empirical questions: What is the relationship between regionalization and global operations and performance? and What are the significant differences across MNCs that are regionalized in their operations relative to those that are not? Using a sample of 130 firms derived from the Directory of Multinationals listing of the largest multinationals in the world, hierarchical/sequential regression models and cluster analysis were used in the testing of hypotheses. Contrary to expectations, study findings indicate that an MNC’s global (i.e., non-regional) operations have higher profit margins than regional operations. Study findings also indicate that three distinct types of MNCs exist, namely: regional, global, and home-based. As argued by the proponents of regionalization, roughly 49% of the MNCs studied had a regional scope in international operations. Implications for theory and practice are presented.
Note: Using fast digitizer acquisition and flexible resolution to enhance noise cancellation for high performance nanosecond transient absorbance spectroscopy

We demonstrate a nanosecond transient absorbance spectrometer that utilizes flexible resolution and rapid data acquisition triggering modes. The instrument features signal-to-noise (S/N) levels enhanced by an order of magnitude especially within the first 100 ns. The primary gain in S/N comes from our sequential subtraction method, which requires a fast digitizer trigger rearm time to detect every laser trigger event.
Coastal salt marshes as global methyl halide sources from determinations of intrinsic production by marsh plants

Emissions of CH3Cl, CH3Br and CH3I were measured biweekly for 12- to 24-month periods between March 2002 and March 2005 from monospecific stands of four dominant southern California coastal salt marsh plants. These measurements revealed large inherent differences between species and more detailed patterns of seasonal production than previously reported. Marsh plants displayed intrinsic abilities to produce methyl halides. Salt marsh plants produced 92% of CH3Cl and 90% of CH3Br emitted and only 41% of the emitted CH3I. Unvegetated areas emitted 7.9% of CH3Cl, 9.9% CH3Br, and 59% of the emitted CH3I. The accuracy of the estimated methyl halide emissions from a coastal marsh and probably other ecosystems can be dramatically improved with increasing the number of species being measured and including emission from barren (mudflats and soil) areas. Estimates of global salt marsh emissions based on vegetated and barren area are 130, 21, 5.5 (mg m-2 yr-1) for CH 3Cl, CH3Br, and CH3I, respectively, or 1.2, 3.9, and 0.8% of total global fluxes of these gases. Copyright 2006 by the American Geophysical Union.
An automatic algorithm designer: an initial implementation

This paper outlines a specification for an algorithm-design system (based on previous work involving protocol analysis) and describes an implementation of the specification that is a combination frame and production system. In the implementation, design occurs in two problem spaces -- one about algorithms and one about the task-domain. The partially worked out algorithms are represented as configurations of dataflow components. A small number of general-purpose operators construct and modify the representations. These operators are adapted to different situations by instantiation and means-ends analysis rules. The data-flow space also includes symbolic and test-case execution rules that drive the component-refinement process by exposing both problems and opportunities. A domain space about geometric images supports test-case execution, domain-specific problem solving, recognition and discovery.
Augmenting Presentation MathML for Search

The ubiquity of text search is both a boon and bane for the quest for math search. A bane in that user's expectations are high regarding accuracy, in-context highlighting and similar features. Yet also a boon with the availability of highly evolved search engine libraries; Youssef has previously shown how an appropriate `textualization' of mathematics into an indexable form allows standard text search engines to be applied. Furthermore, given sufficiently semantic source forms for the math, such as or Content MathML, the indexed form can be enhanced by co-locating synonyms, aliases and other metadata, thus increasing the accuracy and richness of expression. Unfortunately, Content MathML is not always available, and the conversion from to Presentation MathML (pMML) is too complex to carry out on the fly. Thus, one loses the ability to provide query-specific, fine-grained highlighting within the pMML displayed in search results to the user. Where semantic information is available, however, such as for pMML generated from a richer representation, we propose augmenting the generated pMML with those semantics from which synonyms and other metadata can be reintroduced. Thus, in this paper, we aim to have both the high accuracy introduced by semantics while still obtaining fine-grained highlighting.
Do Carrots Work? Examining the Effectiveness of EPA's Compliance Assistance Program

The role of compliance assistance in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's overall enforcement strategy has been quite variable over the past decade and a half, increasing in prominence under the Bush administration and now slated for significantly reduced funding under the Obama administration. While theoretical models and anecdotal evidence suggest that compliance assistance should play some role in a comprehensive enforcement strategy, to date there has been relatively little empirical evidence on the actual effectiveness of existing compliance assistance programs. To help inform the debate over the appropriate use of compliance assistance, this paper uses data on hazardous waste generators nationwide to assess the effect of federal compliance assistance programs in improving compliance with hazardous waste regulations. The paper also conducts a direct empirical analysis of the relationship between traditional enforcement tools and compliance assistance. The results show that federal compliance assistance efforts do increase compliance, but the evidence does not suggest any consistent relationship between traditional enforcement and compliance assistance. Also, while states do not appear to substitute federal compliance assistance for traditional enforcement, state compliance assistance programs do appear to decrease the likelihood of inspections among the smallest hazardous waste generators.
Phosphorylation-dependent changes in the spatial relationship between Ca-ATPase polypeptide chains in sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes.

In order to investigate possible structural changes associated with the coupling mechanisms of the Ca-ATPase in sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes, we have utilized fluorescence resonance energy transfer between spectroscopic probes covalently bound to different domains of the ATPase. Using time-correlated single photon counting, we have directly measured the energy transfer efficiency between 5-[2-[(iodoacetyl)amino]ethyl]aminonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid (IAEDANS), that is specifically bound to the B trypic fragment at cysteines 670 and 674 and acceptors covalently bound either near the nucleotide binding site, i.e. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate at lysine 515, also on the B fragment, or maleimide-directed probes specifically located on the A1, tryptic fragment, i.e. 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene-4'-maleimide (DABmal) or fluorescein-5-maleimide (Fmal), probably at cysteines 344 and 364. All of these donor-acceptor pairs exhibit energy transfer both within and between Ca-ATPase molecules allowing us to investigate spatial relationships between the A1 and B domains and between different ATPase polypeptide chains. Differentiation between the intra- and intermolecular components of energy transfer was accomplished in two ways: 1) by comparing the transfer efficiencies in native membranes before and after detergent solubilization and 2) by reconstituting ATPase chains that have already been labeled with either the donor or acceptor chromophores. Using this approach, we find no significant change in the intramolecular transfer efficiency between any of these donor-acceptor pairs either upon binding of calcium to the high affinity sites or upon stabilization of the phosphoenzyme intermediate, indicating that there are no large structural changes within the B tryptic fragment or, alternatively, between the A1 and B fragments. With respect to intermolecular energy transfer, we observe no effect of calcium binding on the unliganded enzyme with either donor-acceptor pair. However, formation of the phosphoenzyme intermediate results in a measurable increase in the transfer efficiency between IAEDANS and DABmal (or Fmal); this increase is reversible upon phosphoenzyme destabilization by subsequent addition of calcium. There is no corresponding change in the intermolecular component of fluorescence resonance energy transfer between IAEDANS and fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate, indicating that the change in fluorescence resonance energy transfer probably occurs as a result of reorientation of associated ATPase polypeptide chains with respect to one another.
Conjugate Heat Transfer and Effects of Interfacial Heat Flux During the Solidification Process of Continuous Castings

Multiphase fluid flow involving solidification is common in many industrial processes such as extrusion, continuous casting, drawing, etc. The present study concentrates on the study of air gap formation due to metal shrinkage on the interfacial heat transfer of a continuous casting mold. Enthalpy method was employed to model the solidification of continuously moving metal. The effect of basic process parameters mainly superheat, withdrawal velocity, mold cooling rate and the post mold cooling rate on the heat transfer was studied. The results of cases run with air gap formation were also compared with those without air gap formation to understand the phenomenon comprehensively
The effect of indentation-induced cracking on the apparent microhardness

The phenomenon of apparent microhardness increase with increasing applied indentation test load, the reverse indentation size effect (RISE), was addressed from the viewpoint of indentation-induced cracking. The apparent microhardness when the cracking occurs was found to be related to the applied indentation test load as P5/3. Previously published results on single crystals of silicon, GaAs, GaP and InP, which differ by a factor of four, all fall on the same line when analysed through this concept. It is concluded that the RISE is a result of the specimen cracking during the indentation.
Temporal analysis of cigarette smoking

Abstract Two experiments were performed to determine the temporal distribution of cigarette smoking in the natural environment. In experiment I, smoking distributions were analyzed for 14 students by comparing the mean number of cigarettes smoked per 2-hr time period with the expected mean rate, excluding those time periods prior to the first and after the last smoked cigarette. The expected mean rate was established by assuming smoking to be evenly distributed throughout 2-hr intervals in the walking day. Chi-square analyses showed no significant temporal control for any of the subjects. The combined data for all subjects also indicated no significant variability. In experiment II, more precise temporal control was assessed by having 4 students self-monitor both their cigarette smoking and sleep behavior. The mean number of cigarettes smoked per 2-hr time period, excluding times spent sleeping, were compared with the expected mean rates for each student and all students combined. As in experiment I, no significant temporal variability was observed. These data showed temporal variables to exert no consistent control over cigarette smoking.
Assessment of cardiovascular risk in collegiate football players and nonathletes.

Abstract Collegiate American football players may be at risk for cardiovascular disease. Objective: To compare cardiovascular disease risk factors and cardiovascular structure and function parameters of football players, stratified by position, to a group of sedentary, nonathletes. Participants: Twenty-six collegiate football players and 13 nonathletes participated in this study. Methods: Blood pressures, anthropometrics, and blood chemistries were obtained and analyzed using standardized procedures. Resting echocardiography was used to evaluate cardiac morphology and function. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation was assessed using high-resolution ultrasonography. Results: The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was significantly higher amongst the linemen compared to the skill-position players (46% versus 0%, p < .05). Mildly abnormal wall thickness was noted in 20% of the football players. No significant differences in vascular function were observed between the groups. Conclusions: The increased pr...
Satisfaction with medical care in a low income population.

Abstract A household survey was undertaken in the fall of 1969 among low-income residents of Raleigh, North Carolina. Data were collected on utilization and satisfaction with medical services from 254 adult respondents. The satisfaction questionnaire was constructed in accordance with the Equal Appearing Intervals technique of Thurstone. Three elements of attitudes toward physicians and medical care were tapped: professional competence, personal qualities and cost/convenience. Respondents received a total score as well as a score reflecting their level of satisfaction or dissatisfaction with each content area. The distribution of scores is significantly more favorable on personal qualities (mean value 65.2) as compared to cost/convenience (mean 49.1). Scores on professional competence had an intermediate distribution (mean 58.5). These means were significantly different from each other as shown by the correlated t test, confirming the hypothesis that attitudes vary toward the different elements of care. With the exception of the cost/convenience content area, attitudes were favorable, since the mean values were higher than the neutral value of 55. Several characteristics of the respondents and their interaction with the medical care system were associated with level of satisfaction. Increased satisfaction with professional competence was associated with higher educational and occupational levels. Increased family size resulted in decreased satisfaction with costs and convenience. Having hospital insurance, a regular doctor and a recent doctor visit were correlated with higher total satisfaction scores. This consistent pattern of associations in which the differences occurred in the ‘expected' direction, tends to confirm the construct validity of the research instrument.
(Na++K+)-ATPase of Duchenne muscular dystrophy erythrocyte ghosts.

Abstract Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity of erythrocyte ghosts from Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients and carriers was stimulated by ouabain while nonmyopathic donor preparations were inhibited. Ethacrynic acid was an effective inhibitor in both DMD patients and carriers as well as in controls. However, responsiveness of the enzyme to suramin and harmaline generally differed in DMD groups from that of nonmyopathic donors. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that modified affinity of Na binding site(s) may account for some properties of the (Na + +K + )-ATPase activity of DMD erythrocytes.
Could we ever get rid of usage statistics

UKSG is pleased to be able to publish the winning entry in the Usus Travel Award competition, sponsored by COUNTER. The award is made to a librarian who contributes the best opinion piece, and it can be used towards travel to the Charleston Conference, UKSG Conference, Electronic Resources & Libraries Conference or NASIG Conference. The winning entries were judged by the Usus supervisory board, and the Co-Editors of Insights would like to add their congratulations to the 2015 winner, Nancy Bennett, whose essay is reproduced below.
Intrasplicing coordinates alternative first exons with alternative splicing in the protein 4.1R gene

In the protein 4.1R gene, alternative first exons splice differentially to alternative 3′ splice sites far downstream in exon 2′/2 (E2′/2). We describe a novel intrasplicing mechanism by which exon 1A (E1A) splices exclusively to the distal E2′/2 acceptor via two nested splicing reactions regulated by novel properties of exon 1B (E1B). E1B behaves as an exon in the first step, using its consensus 5′ donor to splice to the proximal E2′/2 acceptor. A long region of downstream intron is excised, juxtaposing E1B with E2′/2 to generate a new composite acceptor containing the E1B branchpoint/pyrimidine tract and E2 distal 3′ AG-dinucleotide. Next, the upstream E1A splices over E1B to this distal acceptor, excising the remaining intron plus E1B and E2′ to form mature E1A/E2 product. We mapped branchpoints for both intrasplicing reactions and demonstrated that mutation of the E1B 5′ splice site or branchpoint abrogates intrasplicing. In the 4.1R gene, intrasplicing ultimately determines N-terminal protein structure and function. More generally, intrasplicing represents a new mechanism by which alternative promoters can be coordinated with downstream alternative splicing.
Haemagglutinin activity in Acrididae (grasshopper) haemolymph

Abstract The haemolymph of Acrididae causes haemagglutination of human and animal erythrocytes. Thirteen of seventeen species tested had detectable activity and gave agglutination titres in the range 2–64, Melanoplus bivittatus, and M. sanguinipes showed greatest activity. Haemagglutinin activity is continuously present in male and female insects from 4th instar and throughout adulthood. Females contain slightly more activity than do males. M. sanguinipes haemolymph agglutinates rabbit, calf, human (all ABO types) guinea pig, mouse, chicken, cat, pig and sheep erythrocytes. Rabbit red cells are agglutinated most strongly and sheep and chicken cells least. M. sanguinipes haemolymph also agglutinates the protozoan Nosema locustae, a natural grasshopper pathogen. Preabsorption of haemolymph with different erythrocyte types selectively removes haemagglutinin activity suggesting the presence of multiple or heteroagglutinins. M. sanguinipes haemagglutinin is inhibited by glycoproteins, simple carbohydrates and carbohydrate derivatives. The inhibitory pattern is complex and among the sugars tested only mannose and derivatives of mannose are exclusively non-inhibitory. Haemolymph haemagglutinin activity is destroyed by heat and EDTA. It is totally precipitated by dialysis against water and may be partially recovered in phosphate or Tris buffer. Activity is stable in frozen haemolymph.
Discussion: Agricultural Price Policy in the Context of Economic Development

[13] MOORTI, T. V., Economic Analysis of Well Irrigation, Dept. of Agr. Econ. Occasional Paper 16, Cornell University Jan. 1969. [14] NIGHTINGALE, RAY W., The Modernization Decision in Indian Urban Fluid Milk Markets, Dept. of Agr. Econ. Occasional Paper 17, Cornell University, April, 1969. [15] SCHULTZr, T. W., Economic Crisis in World Agriculture, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 1967.
MODELING WEAKLY NONLINEAR ACOUSTIC WAVE PROPAGATION

Summary Three weakly nonlinear models of lossless, compressible fluid flow—a straightforward weakly nonlinear equation (WNE), the inviscid Kuznetsov equation (IKE) and the Lighthill–Westervelt equation (LWE)—are derived from first principles and their relationship to each other is established. Through a numerical study of the blow-up of acceleration waves, the weakly nonlinear equations are compared to the ‘exact’ Euler equations, and the ranges of applicability of the approximate models are assessed. By reformulating these equations as hyperbolic systems of conservation laws, we are able to employ a Godunov-type finite-difference scheme to obtain numerical solutions of the approximate models for times beyond the instant of blow-up (that is, shock formation), for both density and velocity boundary conditions. Our study reveals that the straightforward WNE gives the best results, followed by the IKE, with the LWE’s performance being the poorest overall.
Atrial natriuretic peptides in pathophysiological diseases.

Time for primary review 32 days. Atrial natriuretic peptides (ANPs) consist of a family of peptides which are synthesized and then stored as three different prohormones (i.e., 126 amino acid [a.a.] atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), 108 a.a. brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and 126 a.a. C-natriuretic peptide prohormones (CNP) prohormones) [1]. The present review will concentrate on atrial peptides and especially on the natriuretic peptides originating from the ANP prohormone in pathophysiological conditions. There are several excellent recent reviews on the biochemistry and molecular biology of the natriuretic peptides [2,3] and their physiology [4–6] so these aspects will not be reviewed in detail in the present review. ### 2.1 Cerebrovascular disease — molecular biology of natriuretic peptides To understand which of the atrial natriuretic peptides may be associated with cerebrovascular accidents (i.e., strokes) [7,8] and other cardiovascular disease states, it is necessary to briefly review the molecular biology of how the respective atrial natriuretic peptides are synthesized. The gene encoding for the synthesis of atrial natriuretic peptide preprohormone consists of three exons (coding) sequences separated by two intron (intervening) sequences (Fig. 1) [9–12]. Exon 1 encodes the signal peptide which is cleaved from the preprohormone (152 a.a.) in the endoplasmic reticulum to form a prohormone of 126 a.a., which is the storage form of the various atrial peptide hormones within tissues [11–13]. Exon 1 also encodes for the first 16 amino acids of this prohormone [9–12] which after proteolytic processing of the ANP prohormone is also the first 16 a.a. of a peptide hormone named long acting natriuretic peptide (LANP) (Fig. 1). Exon 3 encodes for the terminal tyrosine (i.e., a.a. 126 of the ANP prohormone) in humans and 3 a.a. (Try-Arg-Arg) in rat, mouse, rabbit, and cow [9–13]. Exon 2 encodes for the rest of the prohormone (i.e., a.a. 17–125 in humans) [9–13]. Fig. 1 Structure of … * Tel.: +1-813-972-7624; fax: +1-813-972-7623 vesely.david_l{at}tampa.va.gov
A 30-year experience of Millin's retropubic prostatectomy: Has this classic operation derived by a President of the College in Ireland stood the test of time?

Introduction In patients with large gland volume, open prostatectomy/adenoma enucleation remains a valuable surgical option in treating large obstructing prostates. We report our series of open prostatectomies spanning 32 years from a single institution.
Condensed matter: Graphene's topological insulation

A quantum phase transition from an antiferromagnetic to a ferromagnetic state suggests that bilayer graphene can exhibit properties analogous to those seen in topological insulators.
Genetic polymorphism of S-mephenytoin hydroxylation

This review describes the pharmacological, biochemical and clinical studies that have led to a functional characterization of the mephenytoin polymorphism. In addition, attempts to understand the genetic basis of the metabolic defect at the biochemical and molecular levels are also described
Simultaneous and Successive Processes in Achievement for Learning Disabled Children

The relationship between simultaneous and successive dimensions of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised and achievement areas of the Wide Range Achievement Test were examined by means of separate multiple correlations. The results of these analyses showed that each WRAT subtest produced a significant relationship with both processing modes. Although the magnitude of the relationship was similar for simultaneous and successive dimensions, a more consistent WRAT contribution was found for successive processing. A canonical correlation was utilized to consider the relationship between simultaneous and successive processing and achievement subtests in a single analysis. One significant correlation emerged from this procedure, Rc = 0.45. Further analysis indicated that some 8% of the variance in processing dimensions was redundant with 44% of the variance in achievement. Unlike prior findings with mentally retarded children, the present results indicated that simultaneous-successive dimensions ...