cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of antiviral antihistamines for COVID-19 repurposing.

There is an urgent need to identify therapies that prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection and improve the outcome of COVID-19 patients. Although repurposed drugs with favorable safety profiles could have significant benefit, widely available prevention or treatment options for COVID-19 have yet to be identified. Efforts to identify approved drugs with in vitro activity against SARS-CoV-2 resulted in identification of antiviral sigma-1 receptor ligands, including antihistamines in the histamine-1 receptor binding class. We identified antihistamine candidates for repurposing by mining electronic health records of usage in population of more than 219,000 subjects tested for SARS-CoV-2. Usage of diphenhydramine, hydroxyzine and azelastine was associated with reduced incidence of SARS-CoV-2 positivity in subjects greater than age 61. We found diphenhydramine, hydroxyzine and azelastine to exhibit direct antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Although mechanisms by which specific antihistamines exert antiviral effects is not clear, hydroxyzine, and possibly azelastine, bind Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE2) and the sigma-1 receptor as off-targets. Clinical studies are needed to measure the effectiveness of diphenhydramine, hydroxyzine and azelastine for disease prevention, for early intervention, or as adjuvant therapy for severe COVID-19.
In aged hosts, T cells turn traitorous

Multimodal profiling of the aging immune system has identified highly abundant age–associated CD8+ T cells that home to organs and drive inflammation.
Chemical Weathering, First Cycle Quartz Sand, and its bearing on Quartz Arenite

A self-consistent set of experimentally determined rates of mineral dissolution (Francke, 2009) has been used to estimate the relative loss of common constituents of plutonic igneous rocks that supply quartz to sands to be lithified as first-cycle quartz arenite. A first-order decay equation is used setting the decay constant of calcite to one, which renders the time-steps of loss dimensionless but keeps the relative loss of each mineral constant. Calculations show that 99.33% of pure calcite would dissolve only after 5 time-steps. On a relative scale, it would take about 1250, 900, and 1040 time-steps respectively to reduce the original compositions of quartz-bearing mafic plutonic, granodioritic, and granitic rocks to leave >95% undissolved quartz as residue that will qualify as quartz-sand, the precursor to first-cycle quartz arenite. These are very large numbers indicating that chemical dissolution alone, as in chemical weathering by itself, is not sufficient to generate first-cycle quartz sand; accompanied mechanical weathering is necessary. Therefore, it is necessary to re-evaluate many explicitly stated inferences of warm, humid climate in provenance studies of first-cycle quartz arenites.
The Power of Cross-unit Data Sharing: Nontraditional Uses for ILLiad

ILLiad, an online interlibrary loan service widely used in libraries, generates detailed reports that support the assessment of interlibrary loan workflows and services. The data generated by these...
Science Motivation and Achievement Among Minority Urban High School Students: an Examination of the Flipped Classroom Model

The effect of the flipped classroom model (FCM) on high school students’ science motivation and achievement in an urban public school was examined using a quasi-experimental pretest/posttest design. Over 4 weeks, sixty students engaged in the FCM and 62 students engaged in the traditional classroom model. Motivation was measured using the Science Motivation Questionnaire (SMQ-II), and achievement was measured using the Endocrine System Unit Test (ESUT). A statistically significant difference in students’ composite levels of motivation when engaging in the FCM as compared with the traditional face-to-face model was found, with a statistically significant difference among the self-efficacy subscale only. A significant difference in academic achievement was not found. The implications of the research and suggestions for future examination are discussed.
Evaluating anthracycline + taxane versus taxane-based chemotherapy in older women with node-negative triple-negative breast cancer: a SEER-Medicare study

Adjuvant chemotherapy reduces recurrence in early-stage triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). However, data are lacking evaluating anthracycline + taxane (ATAX) versus taxane-based (TAX) chemotherapy in older women with node-negative TNBC, as they are often excluded from trials. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of adjuvant ATAX versus TAX on cancer-specific (CSS) and overall survival (OS) in older patients with node-negative TNBC. Using the SEER-Medicare database, we selected patients aged ≥ 66 years diagnosed with Stage T1-4N0M0 TNBC between 2010 and 2015 (N = 3348). Kaplan–Meier survival curves and adjusted Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate 3-year OS and CSS. Multivariant Cox regression analysis was used to identify independent factors associated with use of ATAX compared to TAX. Approximately half (N = 1679) of patients identified received chemotherapy and of these, 58.6% (N = 984) received TAX, 25.0% (N = 420) received ATAX, and 16.4% (N = 275) received another regimen. Three-year CSS and OS was improved with any adjuvant chemotherapy from 88.9 to 92.2% (p = 0.0018) for CSS and 77.2% to 88.6% for OS (p < 0.0001). In contrast, treatment with ATAX compared to TAX was associated with inferior 3-year CSS and OS. Three-year CSS was 93.7% with TAX compared to 89.8% (p = 0.048) for ATAX and OS was 91.0% for TAX and 86.4% for ATAX (p = 0.032). While adjuvant chemotherapy was associated with improved clinical outcomes, the administration of ATAX compared to TAX was associated with inferior 3-year OS and CSS in older women with node-negative TNBC. The use of adjuvant ATAX should be considered carefully in this patient population.
Forest successional history and earthworm legacy affect earthworm survival and performance

Introduced European and Asian earthworms, considered ecosystem engineers due to their ability to rapidly deplete leaf litter layers and alter forest floor communities and processes, continue to spread in North America. Environmental factors facilitating or limiting earthworm distributions are poorly understood. We experimentally assessed how successional age of forests in the Finger Lakes Region of New York, USA, and soil microbial communities (i.e. biotic resistance) influence earthworm communities and survival and growth of two common earthworms, Lumbricus rubellus and Dendrobaena octaedra. We used historic aerial photos and ArcGIS to establish a forest regeneration chronosequence where we surveyed earthworm communities. In addition, we collected forest soils from adjacent earthworm-invaded and earthworm-free zones, and followed survival and growth of individuals in sterilized or untreated soils over a seven week period. Our results show that both forest successional age and earthworm legacy effects influence earthworm performance. Younger forests had higher earthworm populations compared to older forests despite similar overstory tree composition, highlighting the importance of local conditions and land-use histories. Individual earthworms grew faster in soils with earthworm legacies compared to individuals in previously earthworm free soils. Contrary to our expectations, soil sterilization reduced earthworm performance, potentially through elimination of food items. Earthworms modify soil conditions, creating positive soil feedback loops favoring their own growth. Patchy earthworm distributions may be a function of earthworm preference for favorable conditions created by conspecifics, and there appears little biotic resistance to limit their spread.
Real-Time Luminescence Reporting of Circadian Gene Expression in Mammals

Luminescence reporters have been used successfully in studies of circadian rhythms. Real-time measurements of circadian variations in gene expression were made in living cells, cultured tissues, and whole organisms. Because this technique is relatively easy and continuous noninvasive measurement from tissue cultures allows for a drastic reduction in the number of experimental animals, we believe this method will become a common technique for studying circadian rhythms. Using a multichannel recording apparatus, it may also become a powerful tool for the discovery of new drugs. In the past, measurements were done using hand-made apparatuses or by modifying commercially available equipment. We, along with other investigators, have developed user-friendly equipment for performing circadian rhythms experiments, and these systems are now available commercially. This article describes the use of luminescence reporters in circadian research and provides detailed methods used in these experiments. One of our goals in this article is to reduce experimental variability in different laboratories by proposing standard protocols.
The dimensions of existing Solanum germ plasm collections.

Analysis of the stocks available from threeSolanum germ plasm collections (Commonwealth Potato Collection, D. D. R. Sortiment and U. S. Potato Collection) shows that an adequate number of accessions are available for only a few species. Seventy-five of the 92 wild species being maintained are representd by fewer than 20 accessions. Development of activeSolanum germ plasm collections in the centers of diversity for these species eventually may provide the broader base of germ plasm needed for potato research.
A Comparison of Public Lands and Farmlands for Grassland Bird Conservation

Midwestern states have invested extensively in grasslands for wildlife conservation, yet these public lands make up a minority of grassland habitat. How effective are public grasslands, relative to private lands, for conserving native songbird populations? I compare private and public lands in southern Minnesota using bird survey data from Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) fields and public lands and assessing fragmentation in a GIS. Bird abundance and diversity were greater on CRP lands. Vegetation composition, field isolation, and field size appear to explain differences in bird counts. Land cover data show that grassland habitat on public lands is scarce and widely scattered. The CRP provides more, and here better, habitat for grassland birds. Funding partly explains this disparity. Trends in farm set-aside program rules and distribution, which can be vary greatly over time, will strongly influence the success or failure of biodiversity conservation in this region.
Effect of medium symmetries in limiting the number of parameters estimated with polarimetric interferometry

The addition of interferometric backscattering pairs to the conventional polarimetric SAR data over forests and other vegetated areas increases the dimensionality of the data space, in principle enabling the estimation of a larger number of parameters. The effect of medium symmetries on the number of independent interferometric measurements is studied. Reflection, rotation, and azimuthal symmetries are considered. In each case, the number of independent elements of the interferometric covariance matrix is derived, which puts an inherent limit on the number of scatterer parameters that can be estimated using single-baseline polarimetric interferometry.
Promoting the Recruitment and Retention of Minority Faculty.

The need for proactive recruitment programs, I believe, will be even more essential as faculty-ALL faculty-become more difficult to identify, as private practice and other professional options continue to be more available and attractive and as student debt levels continue to rise. Active retention programs for new faculty will also be critical activities for departments and colleges of dentistry. Several factors threaten the longevity of junior faculty: As dentistry schools are required to become more financially self-reliant with less support from the parent university (and/or the state), faculty will be asked to "produce" more (and the trend toward clinic track appointments is not likely to mitigate this problem). The standards and rigor of the promotion process at many universities are continually increasing. The increased teaching loads required by our seemingly inexorably increasing curricula are not supported by a commensurate increase in the number of faculty. Lastly, the need for a more diverse faculty intensifies these pressures on many new appointees. Therefore, in my view, we can no longer afford to rely on our largely informal recruitment and retention networks of the past. We must develop programs to support and monitor the transition of new faculty into our university culture.
Multi-wavelength Observations of VHE BL Lac Objects

We present multi-wavelength observations of the very high energy (VHE, E >250 GeV) gamma-ray sources Mrk 421 and Mrk 501. The VHE data presented here were taken with the Whipple Observatory 10m gamma-ray telescope. In the Mrk 421 campaign, conducted in 1995 April-May, correlations were observed between VHE gamma-ray, X-ray, extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and possibly R-band emission. The X-rays and gamma rays vary together with similar flux amplitude while the EUV photons lag the X-rays and gamma rays by ~1 day and have a lower variability amplitude. In the Mrk 501 campaign, conducted in 1997 April, a correlation was also observed between the VHE gamma rays and X-rays with no delays apparent. Here, the VHE gamma-ray variability is larger than the X-rays. The observations also indicate that the synchrotron spectrum extends to 100 keV before cutting off. For Mrk 421, the X-ray/VHE gamma-ray correlation indicates that delta > 38 and B > 0.03G. For Mrk 501, the correlation indicates a more modest delta > 2 and B > 0.09G.
Phase noise measurement of multiwavelength coherent comb generator

We characterize the phase coherence of the longitudinal modes by electric field correlations of the modelocked pulse train. Pulses with arbitrary delay are correlated by using a Michelson interferometer.
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene mutations in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis

The etiology of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is not well understood. A clinical phenotype resembling the pulmonary disease seen in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients can occur in some individuals with ABPA. Reports of familial occurrence of ABPA and increased incidence in CF patients suggest a possible genetic basis for the disease. To test this possibility, the entire coding region of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) gene was analyzed in 11 individuals who met strict criteria for the diagnosis of ABPA and had normal sweat electrolytes (< or = 40 mmol/liter). One patient carried two CF mutations (deltaF508/R347H), and five were found to carry one CF mutation (four deltaF508; one R117H). The frequency of the deltaF508 mutation in patients with ABPA was significantly higher than in 53 Caucasian patients with chronic bronchitis (P < .0003) and the general population (P < .003). These results suggest that CFTR plays an etiologic role in a subset of ABPA patients.
Responses of monkey infero-temporal units in an orientation discrimination task.

Publisher Summary A full understanding of a visual discrimination process requires an understanding of the task-related processes. The chapter illustrates this point with an example from human psychophysics. It is shown that also in the monkey the performance in discrimination tasks depends on the task requirements. Hence, a careful analysis of the computational requirements of the particular discrimination task is as important as a careful analysis of the stimulus. The responses of infero-temporal (IT) single units are measured, while the monkey was performing a same-different orientation discrimination task. The behavioral results show that the orientation Konorski task is not at all an easy task for monkeys. IT cortex categorizes the description of form, depth, and color of the visual image according to its pattern, identifying it as a particular pattern or object. This is done by having a large number of units each responsive to one, several or a specific combination of stimulus attributes computed in prestriate cortex. It is very clear that many cells respond to one or more phases of the behavioral task. The responses during fixation, however, can have several origins ranging from pure sensory responses to the fixation point or evenly illuminated cathode ray tube (CRT) screen, to responses linked to the behavioral act of the fixation itself.
Leakage control for deep-submicron circuits

High leakage current in deep sub-micron regimes is becoming a significant contributor to power dissipation of CMOS circuits as threshold voltage, channel length, and gate oxide thickness are reduced. Consequently, leakage control and reduction are very important, especially for low power applications. The reduction in leakage current has to be achieved using both process and circuit level techniques. At the process level, leakage reduction can be achieved by controlling the dimensions (length, oxide thickness, junction depth, etc) and doping profile in transistors. At the circuit level, threshold voltage and leakage current of transistors can be effectively controlled by controlling the voltages of different device terminals (drain, source, gate, and body (substrate)).
Distribution of an invasive ant, Myrmica rubra (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), in maine

Introduced populations of the north temperate ant species, Myrmica rubra (L.), have become pestiferous in various locations in the northeastern United States, particularly in coastal communities in Maine. Native populations of this ant are widely distributed throughout northern Europe and western Asia; however, nest densities in its native range do not usually reach the high levels observed for many introduced populations. This aggressive ant readily stings, and because of its high densities, homeowners continually encounter nests at a frequency that interferes with use of their properties. Surveys were conducted in Maine from 2001 through 2004 to determine the statewide extent of current infestations. Nests in established populations in coastal Maine were sampled from April through September to assess seasonal changes in the density and composition of colonies. Similarities and differences between introduced populations of M. rubra in Maine and published reports of this species in Europe are discussed. Museum records of this species in North America were also researched and are presented.
Is there structural specificity in the reversible protein aggregates that are stored in secretory granules

There are several steps that must occur for secretory granules to form: (1) Secretory proteins that make up the dense cores of the granules must be concentrated; (2) membrane proteins necessary for granule function must accumulate in the correct location; and (3) inappropriate membrane proteins and excess membrane must be removed. Reversible aggregation of secretory granule proteins provides a mechanism for concentrating and sorting these proteins. There is specificity in the way secretory granule proteins are treated in cells that make granules. The specificity has been shown in some cases to occur after the aggregation process, so that granules containing different aggregates function differently. An explanation could be that a property of the aggregate, such as a surface motif, might influence the accumulation of membrane proteins necessary for granule function. Such a conclusion implies that the aggregates are not amorphous but have structure. Use of NMR spectroscopy to investigate changes in the environment of amino acid residues in secretory granule proteins as they form oligomers by using 15N relaxation times might provide a means to determine which residues are specifically involved in aggregation.
Self-defensive layer-by-layer films with bacteria-triggered antibiotic release.

We report on highly efficient, bioresponsive, controlled-release antibacterial coatings constructed by direct assembly of tannic acid (TA) with one of several cationic antibiotics (tobromycin, gentamicin, and polymyxin B) using the layer-by-layer (LbL) technique. These films exhibit a distinct “self-defense” behavior triggered by acidification of the immediate environment by pathogenic bacteria, such as Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) or Escherichia coli (E. coli). Films assembled using spin-assisted and dip-assisted techniques show drastically different morphology, thickness and pH-/bacteria-triggered antibiotic release characteristics. While dip-deposited films have rough surfaces with island-like, granular structures regardless of the film thickness, spin-assisted LbL assemblies demonstrate a transition from linear deposition of uniform 2D films to a highly developed 3D morphology for films thicker than ∼45 nm. Ellipsometry, UV–vis and mass spectrometry confirm that all coatings do not rele...
Bacterial populations as perfect gases: genomic integrity and diversification tensions in Helicobacter pylori

Microorganisms that persist in single hosts face particular challenges. Helicobacter pylori, an obligate bacterial parasite of the human stomach, has evolved a lifestyle that features interstrain competition and intraspecies cooperation, both of which involve horizontal gene transfer. Microbial species must maintain genomic integrity, yet H. pylori has evolved a complex nonlinear system for diversification that exists in dynamic tension with the mechanisms for ensuring fidelity. Here, we review these tensions and propose that they create a dynamic pool of genetic variants that is sufficiently genetically diverse to allow H. pylori to occupy all of the potential niches in the stomach.
Shock wave propulsion

Prof. Bauer was very successful exploiting waves to initiate chemical reactions and following their progress as equilibrium is approached. To accomplish these studies the shock tube proved a useful instrument. With a slight modification, the wave patterns in the shock tube can be employed for supersonic propulsion. The shock wave in this case serves as both compressor and “combustor” for one of the thrust-producing units of the propulsion unit. The waves are ducted along wave channels that are arranged around the periphery of a rotating cylinder. End ports of the “wave rotor” communicate with auxiliary devices that generate appropriate waves in the channels to execute a wave cycle. The flows prior to and after the wave rotor are steady. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 33: 846–852, 2001
Guilds of ciliate microzooplankton in the Chesapeake Bay

Abstract The composition and abundance of three major guilds, or different trophic groups, of ciliates are reported for the Chesapeake Bay. Ciliates were classified either (a) macrophagous (consumers of nanoplankton-size or larger prey), (b) microphagous (consumers of picoplankton-size prey), or (c) predatory (consumers of other ciliates). The three guilds show seasonal changes in species composition and distinct abundance trends, based on samples taken from April to October, 1985–1987. Macrophagous forms (mostly tintinnids and large oligotrichs) represent, on average, c. 73% of ciliate biomass. However, microphagous species (largely scuticociliates and small oligotrichs) are dominant in terms of cell numbers and often form a substantial portion of the ciliate biomass in deep waters; they probably account for c. 15% of total protozooplankton grazing pressure on bacteria in the Chesapeake Bay. Predatory ciliates, while numerically a minor component of total ciliate numbers, were correlated with microphagous ciliate biomass and may, at times, have had a major impact on the microphagous guild.
CMS kinematic edge from sbottoms

We present two scenarios in the Minimal Supersymmetric Extension of the Standard Model (MSSM) that can lead to an explanation of the excess in the invariant mass distribution of two opposite charged, same flavor leptons, and the corresponding edge at an energy of about 78 GeV, recently reported by the CMS Collaboration. In both scenarios, sbottoms are pair produced, and decay to neutralinos and a b-jet. The heavier neutralinos further decay to a pair of leptons and the lightest neutralino through on-shell sleptons or off-shell neutral gauge bosons. These scenarios are consistent with the current limits on the sbottoms, neutralinos, and sleptons. Assuming that the lightest neutralino is stable we discuss the predicted relic density as well as the implications for dark matter direct detection. We show that consistency between the predicted and the measured value of the muon anomalous magnetic moment may be obtained in both scenarios. Finally, we define the signatures of these models that may be tested at the 13 TeV run of the LHC.
The effect of exogenous 3':5'-adenosine monophosphate on urinary output in children with vasopressin-resistant diabetes insipidus.

The Effect of Exogenous 3′: 5′-Adenosine Monophosphate on Urinary Output in Children with Vasopressin-Resistant Diabetes Insipidus
Nucleic acid and protein metabolism of the Ilyanassa embryo.

Abstract The Incorporation of 32P into the RNA and of dl -leucine-1-14C into the proteins was determined at various developmental stages of the Ilyanassa embryo. A significant incorporation of 32P into the RNA occurred before any net synthesis of RNA. A close correlation was found between the incorporation of phosphorus into the RNA and the incorporation of 14C-leucine into the proteins. There was no increased protein or RNA metabolism associated with gastrulation. The period of intensive synthesis of protein and RNA was found to occur after embryonic determination and just before the beginning of histological differentiation.
Blur identification by statistical analysis

A new blur identification method is proposed which estimates the point spread function (PSF) parameters by comparing the power spectrum of the Wiener restoration residual with its expected value, derived under the assumption that the parameter values tested are correct. The parameter values for which there is the closest match between the residual statistics are chosen as the estimates of the true parameters. The method has successfully identified blur parameters in both synthetically and in-camera blurred images. >
Theory of protozoan habituation.

THE protozoan Spirostomum habituates to a series of mechanical shocks so that it no longer contracts to the stimulus; after several minutes the organisms have returned to their pre-stimulus level of sensitivity1. We propose a preliminary theory to explain this behaviour.
FVIII, CD4, and liaisons dangereuses.

In this issue of Blood , Hay and colleagues report the previously unrecognized bimodal distribution of hemophilia factor VIII inhibitor antibodies, peaking both in early childhood and in older age,[1][1] raising critical questions regarding our understanding of inhibitor formation. Inhibitor
An experimental model for fish furunculosis caused by Aeromonas salmonicida

. Development of an experimental bath challenge method for fish furunculosis caused by Aeromonas salmonicida is described. The influence of certain important experimental variables was investigated and standardized. Possible application of the model is discussed.
An Analysis of the Source of Articles in the "Journal of Marketing Education" Since its Founding in 1979

The historical publishing pattern in the JME is examined in terms of the characteristics of the contributing authors. Nearly one-half of the 146 articles appearing in the JME since its inception in 1979 have been written by a single author. Results indicate that publication in the JME represents a significant scholarly achievement.
ENCON: an evolutionary algorithm for the antenna placement problem

The placement of antennas is an important step in the design of mobile radio networks. We introduce a model for the antenna placement problem (APP) that addresses cover, traffic demand, interference, different parameterized antenna types, and the geometrical structure of cells. The resulting optimization problem is constrained and multiobjective. We present an evolutionary algorithm, capable of dealing with more than 700 candidate sites in the working area. The results show that the APP is tractable. The automatically generated designs enable experts to focus their efforts on the difficult parts of a network design problem.
Fiery wives and icy husbands: Pre-marital counseling and covenant marriage as buffers against effects of childhood abuse on gendered marital communication?

Abstract We examine relationships between childhood abuse and two maladaptive marital communication patterns – hostile and withdrawing – and test whether covenant marriage or pre-marital counseling mediate the effects of childhood abuse. Drawing on a sample from the Marriage Matters (1997–2004) data, we find both gendered differences in communication and in the relationship between childhood abuse and negative communication patterns. Wives are more likely to use a hostile style of communication, whereas husbands are more likely to use a withdrawing style. We also find that childhood abuse affects hostile communication for both spouses but influences only wives’ withdrawing. Neither covenant marriage nor pre-marital counseling is associated with hostile communication for either spouse. Covenant marriage increases husbands’ withdrawal from conflict, whereas pre-marital counseling increases the use of withdrawing communication in both wives and husbands.
Can short duration visual cues influence students' reasoning and eye movements in physics problems?

We investigate the effects of visual cueing on students’ eye movements and reasoning on introductory physics problems with diagrams. Participants in our study were randomly assigned to either the cued or noncued conditions, which differed by whether the participants saw conceptual physics problems overlaid with dynamic visual cues. Students in the cued condition were shown an initial problem, and if they answered that incorrectly, they were shown a series of problems each with selection and integration cues overlaid on the problem diagrams. Students in the noncued condition were also provided a series of problems, but without any visual cues. We found that significantly more participants in the cued condition answered the problems overlaid with visual cues correctly on one of the four problem sets used and a subsequent uncued problem (the transfer problem) on a different problem set. We also found that those in the cued condition spent significantly less time looking at ‘‘novicelike’’ areas of the diagram in the transfer problem on three of the four problem sets and significantly more time looking at the ‘‘expertlike’’ areas of the diagram in the transfer problem on one problem set. Thus, the use of visual cues to influence reasoning and visual attention in physics problems is promising. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevSTPER.9.020104 PACS numbers: 01.40.Fk I. INTRODUCTION When learners attempt to solve physics problems, in our case those containing text andan image, various parts of the visual information compete for the learners’ attention. This is because our brains can only process some of the information received by our retinas at a given time [1] and we generally only become aware of that part of the retinal informationthathasbeenattendedtoandenteredintoworking memory [2–4]. There are a large number of visual learning or assessment environments in physics, which contain information that is both relevant and irrelevant to the task at hand, competing for the learner’s attention. To facilitatelearning,onecanhelpthelearnertofocustheirattention, andthustheircognitiveresources,onrelevantinformationin instructional problems and to avoid focusing on irrelevant information. Mayer’s cognitive theory of multimedia learning [5] explains that learning occurs when relevant information is successfully selected and organized into a coherent representation and integrated into the existing knowledge base. All of these processes occur in the learner’s working memory, which is a limited cognitive resource that can be used up by focusing on irrelevant information. To help alleviatethisproblem,visualcuescanhelpthelearnerattend to and notice relevant information in the problem, which
Design of a 10-Gb/s satellite downlink at millimeter-wave frequencies

System requirements, including carrier frequency, transmitted power and antenna gain are presented for a 10 Gb/s satellite downlink operating at millimeter-wave frequencies. Telecommunications-grade optical components and a high-speed photodiode are used to generate and modulate millimeter-wave carrier frequencies between 90 GHz and 100 GHz at data rates in excess of 10 Gb/s. Experimental results are presented that determine the minimum received power level needed for error-free wireless data transmission. Commercially available W-band power amplifiers are shown to increase the transmitted power level and extend the error-free propagation distance to distances of 10 km. Experimental results and documented atmospheric attenuation values for clouds, fog and rain are used to estimate link budgets for a wireless downlink located on a low-earth-orbiting satellite operating at an altitude of 350 km.
Antitrust Regulation before the Sherman Act: The Break-up of the Chicago Gas Trust Company

Abstract Before passage of the Sherman Act, states sometimes dissolved industrial combinations through the use of quo warranto proceedings. This paper examines the efficacy of one of these results - the breakup of the Chicago Gas Trust in 1889. The breakup had a negligible effect on market structure and performance. Although the dissolution of the Gas Trust reduced the market value of Chicago gas securities by about a third, producers later recouped virtually all of these losses. Also, accounting data indicate that the costs of production did not rise after the breakup. Finally, controlling for industry-wide shocks, gas prices in Chicago did not fall after 1989.
Reactive oxygen species stimulate insulin secretion in rat pancreatic islets: studies using mono-oleoyl-glycerol.

Chronic exposure (24–72 hrs) of pancreatic islets to elevated glucose and fatty acid leads to glucolipoxicity characterized by basal insulin hypersecretion and impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Our aim was to determine the mechanism for basal hypersecretion of insulin. We used mono-oleoyl-glycerol (MOG) as a tool to rapidly increase lipids in isolated rat pancreatic s-cells and in the clonal pancreatic s-cell line INS-1 832/13. MOG (25–400 µM) stimulated basal insulin secretion from s-cells in a concentration dependent manner without increasing intracellular Ca2+ or O2 consumption. Like GSIS, MOG increased NAD(P)H and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The mitochondrial reductant s-hydroxybutyrate (s-OHB) also increased the redox state and ROS production, while ROS scavengers abrogated secretion. Diazoxide (0.4 mM) did not prevent the stimulatory effect of MOG, confirming that the effect was independent of the KATP-dependent pathway of secretion. MOG was metabolized to glycerol and long-chain acyl-CoA (LC-CoA), whereas, acute oleate did not similarly increase LC-CoA. Inhibition of diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) did not mimic the effect of MOG on insulin secretion, indicating that MOG did not act primarily by inhibiting DGK. Inhibition of acyl-CoA synthetase (ACS) reduced the stimulatory effect of MOG on basal insulin secretion by 30% indicating a role for LC-CoA. These data suggest that basal insulin secretion is stimulated by increased ROS production, due to an increase in the mitochondrial redox state independent of the established components of GSIS.
The TGFβ homolog dpp and the segment polarity gene hedgehog are required for propagation of a morphogenetic wave in the Drosophila retina

Abstract Development of the Drosophila retina occurs asynchronously; differentiation, its front marked by the morphogenetic furrow, progresses across the eye disc epithelium over a 2 day period. We have investigated the mechanisms by which this front advances, and our results suggest that developing retinal cells drive the progression of morphogenesis utilizing the products of the hedgehog ( hh ) and decapentaplegic ( dpp ) genes. Analysis of hh and dpp genetic mosaics indicates that the products of these genes act as diffusible signals in this process. Expression of dpp in the morphogenetic furrow is closely correlated with the progression of the furrow under a variety of conditions. We show that hh , synthesized by differentiating cells, induces the expression of dpp , which appears to be a primary mediator of furrow movement.
RATE PARAMETERS FOR THE QUENCHING OF SINGLET OXYGEN BY WATER‐SOLUBLE AND LIPID‐SOLUBLE SUBSTRATES IN AQUEOUS AND MICELLAR SYSTEMS

Abstract— The laser flash photolysis method has been used to determine the bimolecular rate constants for the reaction between O2(1Δ9) and several lipid-soluble and water-soluble substrates. Values for lipid-soluble substrates have been obtained using aqueous dispersions of surfactants above the critical micelle concentration with 1,3 diphenylisobenzofuran as monitor of singlet oxygen. Under these conditions the hydrophobic substances are solubilized by the micellar phase. For substrates which are water-soluble, 9,10-anthracene dipropionic acid disodium salt was used as singlet oxygen monitor. For several substances, the values obtained are comparable to the values found in homogeneous nonaqueous solutions. In cases where significant differences have been found these have been rationalized according to the individual case. The only major unexpected result concerned β-carotene which, in micellar dispersion, failed to react at all with O2(1Δ9) This may be due to multi-molecular aggregations occurring in the polar medium. The work described herein shows clearly that, under appropriate conditions, singlet oxygen kinetics can be effectively followed in aqueous solutions by time resolved methods. The indiscriminate use of β-carotene as a quencher of O2(1Δ9)in mainly aqueous media is questioned.
Fabric variability associated with periglacial mass-wasting at Eagle Summit, Alaska

Fabric analysis is a frequently applied technique and, when used in concert with other tools, aids the interpretation of glacigenic and colluvial depositional environments. The research presented here focuses on its application to periglacial colluvium, using a stratified systematic unaligned sampling framework in order to assess the variation of fabrics generated. The range of possible variation in fabric is necessary information for its application to periglacial paleoenvironmental interpretation. Fabric strength and shape from 68 samples, of 50 stones each on a range of microgeomorphic settings across terrain influenced by periglacial mass-wasting in central Alaska, were analyzed in relation to local slope orientation, clast characteristics, organic mat thickness, stone density, distance downslope from the divide, soil texture and soil moisture. Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to reduce stone characteristics to three factors. Multiple regression analyses of the three factors and environmental variables, with the fabric strength parameters as dependent variables, indicate that stone characteristics, particularly size and platyness, are the most significant factors determining fabric strength. No distinct fabric strength or shape was associated with specific landforms. These results raise serious doubts as to the time-cost effectiveness of the application of fabric analysis as a paleoenvironmental tool to identify periglacial landforms from their deposits.
BIFURCATE MERGING, A TEST OF FIVE THEORIES

APERSON'S consanguineal relatives are either lineal or collateral. Lineal relatives are those who lie in a direct line of descent, such as grandparents, parents, children, and grandchildren. Collateral relatives are those lying outside the direct line of descent, e.g., uncles, aunts, cousins, nephews, and nieces. Collateral relatives of an equivalent degree of relationship may be related to Ego either through a male connecting relative or through a female relative. They are, in short, "bifurcated" by the sex of the intervening relative. Some kinship systems distinguish in terminology between lineal and collateral relatives, while others group them under the same terms. Similarly, some systems differentiate in terminology between two kinsmen if one is related to Ego through a woman and the other through a man, whereas others make no such distinctions. The combinations of these alternatives yield four possible types of kinship terminology, to which Lowiet has given the convenient names of "bifurcate collateral," "bifurcate merging," "lineal," and "generation." Recognition of both collaterality and bifurcation produces bifurcate collateral terminology, in which collateral relatives like uncle and aunt are distinguished not only from lineal relatives like father and mother but also from one another on the basis of the sex of the connecting relatives. The father, the father's brother, and the mother's brother, for example, would be called by three distinct terms. Similar differentiation would also prevail for the following trios: Mo, MoSi, FaSi; So, BrSo, SiSo; Da, BrDa, SiDa.2 By extension, terminological distinctions would be made between Si, FaBrDa, and FaSiDa, and between Si, MoSiDa, and MoBrDa. The recognition of bifurcation but not of collaterality produces bifurcate merging terminology, in which FaSi, MoBr, SiSo, and SiDa are called by distinct terms, whereas MoSi is terminologically equated with Mo, FaBr with Fa, BrSo with So, and BrDa with Da.3 The recognition of collaterality but not of bifurcation results in lineal terminology, as in our own kinship system, paternal and maternal uncles and aunts being called by the same terms, which differ from those for father and mother, while nephews and nieces are similarly classed together and differentiated from sons and daughters. Finally, the non-recognition of both collaterality and bifurcation produces generation terminology, in which the terms for father, mother, son, and daughter are extended respectively to all uncles, aunts, nephews and nieces, and even to remoter relatives of the same generation.
Mechanical properties of myxomatous mitral valves.

Abstract Objective: We sought to characterize the mechanical properties of normal and myxomatous mitral valve tissues. Methods: We tested 113 mitral valve sections from patients undergoing mitral valve repair or replacement for myxomatous mitral valve prolapse and sections from 33 normal valves obtained at autopsy. Results: Myxomatous mitral valve leaflets were more extensible than normal leaflets when tested parallel to the free edge (41.2% ± 18.5% vs 17.3% ± 6.7% circumferential strain [mean ± SD]; P ||.001), as well as perpendicular to the free edge (43.2% ± 19.4% vs 17.3% ± 6.7% radial strain; P ||.001). Myxoid leaflets were less stiff circumferentially (4.0 ± 1.6 vs 6.1 ± 1.4 kN/m; P ||.001) and radially (4.5 ± 1.1 vs 6.1 ± 1.4 kN/m; P ||.001) than normal leaflets. Leaflet strength, however, was similar in both groups. Conclusions: Myxomatous mitral valve leaflets are physically and mechanically different from normal mitral valve leaflets. They are more extensible and less stiff. Compared with chordae examined previously, however, they are affected much less. Myxomatous mitral valve disease may therefore affect the collagen in the chordae more severely than that in the leaflets. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001;122:955-62
Intervention on behalf of children exposed to intimate partner violence: Assessment of support in a diverse community-based sample

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to assess community-based support for intervening on behalf of children exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV) and to determine what contextual and respondent characteristics are associated with that support. METHOD: An experimental vignette design was used in a random-digit-dial survey of six ethnic groups in California. For each respondent (n=3679), seven vignettes about IPV were generated using randomized categories of victim and assailant characteristics (i.e., gender and sexual orientation, age, ethnicity, nativity, occupational status, and relationship status) and situational characteristics (i.e., motivation, weapon use, type of abuse, alcohol use, frequency of the incident, and child present). All vignettes analyzed for this manuscript (n=6556) mentioned that "there was a child in the other room" during the incident. RESULTS: In 70% of the IPV scenarios, respondents supported intervention on behalf of the child. Support was lowest when the IPV was purely psychological in nature (62-63%), higher when it involved threats, coercion, or limited physical abuse (68-71%), and highest when it involved severe physical abuse (76-81%). The odds of supporting intervention also were elevated when a weapon was involved, when the IPV occurred multiple times, and when the IPV involved gay men. Men and Vietnamese Americans had the lowest odds of favoring intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Public opinion assessed in this survey is aligned with that of professionals who believe that the potential impact of IPV on children should not be ignored and who have suggested that criteria should be developed to guide a graded intervention response for such cases. Language: en
Inherent prevention and mitigation of severe accident consequences in sodium-cooled fast reactors

Safety challenges for sodium-cooled fast reactors include maintaining core temperatures within design limits and assuring the geometry and integrity of the reactor core. Due to the high power density in the reactor core, heat removal requirements encourage the use of high-heat-transfer coolants such as liquid sodium. The variation of power across the core requires ducted assemblies to control fuel and coolant temperatures, which are also used to constrain core geometry. In a fast reactor, the fuel is not in the most neutronically reactive configuration during normal operation. Accidents leading to fuel melting, fuel pin failure, and fuel relocation can result in positive reactivity, increasing power, and possibly resulting in severe accident consequences including recriticalities that could threaten reactor and containment integrity. Inherent safety concepts, including favorable reactivity feedback, natural circulation cooling, and design choices resulting in favorable dispersive characteristics for faile...
Resolved pseudo-raman spectrum of ovuline albumin

Abstract A series of resolved pseudo-Raman peaks, in harmonic position, is obtained from ovuline albumin. The spectrum is a function of the water layer bonded to the molecule. Data are in agreement with the theory of “electromagnetic molecular electronic resonance”.
Inhibition of ATP binding to the carboxyl terminus of Kir6.2 by epoxyeicosatrienoic acids.

Abstract Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), the cytochrome P450 metabolites of arachidonic acid (AA), are potent and stereospecific activators of cardiac ATP-sensitive K+(KATP) channels. EETs activate KATP channels by reducing channel sensitivity to ATP. In this study, we determined the direct effects of EETs on the binding of ATP to KATP channel protein. A fluorescent ATP analog, 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl (TNP)-ATP, which increases its fluorescence emission significantly upon binding with proteins, was used for binding studies with glutathione-S-transferase (GST) Kir6.2 fusion proteins. TNP-ATP bound to GST fusion protein containing the C-terminus of Kir6.2 (GST-Kir6.2C), but not to the N-terminus of Kir6.2, or to GST alone. 11,12-EET (5 μM) did not change TNP-ATP binding KD to GST-Kir6.2C, but Bmax was reduced by half. The effect of 11,12-EET was dose-dependent, and 8,9- and 14,15-EETs were as effective as 11,12-EET in inhibiting TNP-ATP binding to GST-Kir6.2C. AA and 11,12-dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (11,12-DHET), the parent compound and metabolite of 11,12-EET, respectively, were not effective inhibitors of TNP-ATP binding to GST-Kir6.2C, whereas the methyl ester of 11,12-EET was. These findings suggest that the epoxide group in EETs is important for modulation of ATP binding to Kir6.2. We conclude that EETs bind to the C-terminus of KATP channels, inhibiting binding of ATP to the channel.