cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contact of crack surfaces during fatigue: Part 2. Simulations

sp0 Normalizations permit application to a wide range of materials. The results, for selected levels of asperity density, are consolidated upon comparing the crack opening displacement (COD) with the roughness (s0) over four orders of magnitude. Specifically, a nonlinear relationship between COD/s0 and crack opening stress was established that can be readily used to determine crack opening stress over a broad range of conditions. The model has been utilized to predict crack opening stress levels for several materials, including 0.8 pct C steels, 9Cr-1Mo steels, Ti-4Al, Ti-46Al (g-aluminide), and Al 2124 alloys. Experimental measurements of crack roughness and asperity density were conducted on titanium aluminide specimens using confocal microscopy, and crack closure predictions were made with the model. The predictions demonstrated very good agreement with the experimentally measured closure levels. I. INTRODUCTION THE modification of the stress intensity factor based on crack closure has been universally applied to explain the experimental observations of fatigue crack growth behavior under various mechanical loading conditions and in various metallic alloys. For an overview of the topic, the reader is referred to the textbook by Suresh [1] and the overview by Sehitoglu et al. [2] However, to develop a better understanding of the intrinsic mechanisms of crack growth in various materials due to mechanical and microstructural factors, it is particularly important to determine the individual influences of crack closure due to plasticity, roughness, and oxide effects. Then, the effect of each of these mechanisms can be isolated to develop more advanced models for crack advance. Since a quantitative description of crack roughness effects has not been previously derived, the present work has undertaken this task. In many materials, when the crack advance is influenced by crystallographic slip or when the crack encounters microstructural barriers, the crack paths are nonflat and the crack can deviate from the normal mode I growth plane. The nonflatness of crack surfaces has been known to enhance the resistance of a material to fatigue crack growth. This resistance can develop in cases when the crack surfaces are viewed as nominally flat at the macrolevel, but there could be many periodic deviations from a smooth crack surface in the forms of asperities at the microlevel. These asperities could interlock at very low loads, or slide and crush in the presence of sufficient loading, resulting in an alteration of the crack surface profile as the crack advances. Combining the interaction of many asperities results in stresses in the crack wake which, in turn, have to
Rubidium isotope shifts and hyperfine structure by two-photon spectroscopy with a multi-mode laser

Abstract The technique of two-photon laser spectroscopy without Doppler broadening is applied to atomic rubidium vapor. The hyperfine splitting and isotope shifts of several highly excited states are measured. We demonstrate the suitability of a tunable laser source oscillating simultaneously in many longitudinal modes for two-photon spectroscopy.
IKKε-mediated tumorigenesis requires K63-linked polyubiquitination by a cIAP1/cIAP2/TRAF2 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex

IκB kinase e (IKKe, IKBKE) is a key regulator of innate immunity and a breast cancer oncogene, amplified in ~30% of breast cancers, that promotes malignant transformation through NF-κB activation. Here, we show that IKKe is modified and regulated by K63-linked polyubiquitination at lysine 30 and lysine 401. Tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1β stimulation induces IKKe K63-linked polyubiquitination over baseline levels in both macrophages and breast cancer cell lines, and this modification is essential for IKKe kinase activity, IKKe-mediated NF-κB activation, and IKKe-induced malignant transformation. Disruption of K63-linked ubiquitination of IKKe does not affect its overall structure but impairs the recruitment of canonical NF-κB proteins. A cIAP1/cIAP2/TRAF2 E3 ligase complex binds to and ubiquitinates IKKe. Altogether, these observations demonstrate that K63-linked polyubiquitination regulates IKKe activity in both inflammatory and oncogenic contexts and suggests an alternative approach to targeting this breast cancer oncogene.
Using “Big Data” to Dissect Clinical Heterogeneity

Experienced practitioners recognize that patients with a shared diagnosis often fall into subsets that “look” the same and often respond to similar treatment strategies. Indeed, the source of clinical wisdom within many specialties is a nuanced knowledge of these subsets; they typically are not described in standard texts and may be recognized only after years of delivering care. The best clinical teachers convey these distinctions to their trainees, thus giving the trainees knowledge that might otherwise be acquired only after observing hundreds or thousands of clinical cases. Article see p 269 These disease subsets often turn out to be physiologically distinct processes that simply share a common clinical end point. Failure to recognize these subsets can confound treatment decisions and clinical research studies in which treatments are applied to heterogeneous cohorts and signals of efficacy are reduced or lost. Indeed, awareness of the heterogeneity of many common and complex diseases led the Institute of Medicine to call for a re-examination of the way we define diseases, taking advantage of our ability to measure disease at the molecular, cellular, tissue, and whole-organism levels.1 One of the promises of “big data in medicine” is to accelerate our ability to recognize disease heterogeneity and to create new distinctions using large numbers of measurements on large populations of patients. The opportunities for big data have exploded with improvements in our ability to measure biomarkers (clinical laboratory, genetic, proteomic, metabolomic measurements), to collect images, to instrument patients with personal devices, and to store all these data in electronic formats. The availability of these data suggests that we may be able to dissect clinical heterogeneity on the basis of not just clinical observations on our own patients but also aggregated measurements in and observations about large populations of patients. It is in this context that …
Biological Mechanisms Underlying Voice Changes Due to Dehydration

Four vocally untrained healthy adults, 2 men and 2 women, completed the study. A double-blind placebo-controlled approach was used to administer three treatments to each participant on separate days. Drugs treatments involved a single 60-mg dose of a diuretic, Lasix (LA), on one day, and a single 50-mg dose of an oral antihistamine, diphenhydramine hydrochloride (DH), on another day. A third day involved the administration of a placebo, sugar pills (SP). Critical posttreatment measures were weight (kg), which estimated systemic dehydration, saliva viscosity (centipoise), which estimated secretion dehydration, and phonation threshold pressure (PTP, in cm H2O), at high pitches, which indicated pulmonary drive for phonation. The central experimental question was: Does systemic dehydration, or secretory dehydration, or both, mediate increases in PTP that are known to occur following dehydration treatments? The results showed that LA induced systemic dehydration, as shown by a decrease in total body mass of about 1%. Weight losses were seen during a 1- to 4-hour block following drug administration and persisted for at least 8 hours thereafter. PTPs also increased in that condition, about 23% relative to baseline, but only several hours after whole-body dehydration was initially seen (5-12 hours after drug administration). In contrast, no evidence was seen that DH accomplished either secretory dehydration or PTP shifts. The results indicate that systemic dehydration can mediate PTP increases. The influence of secretory dehydration on PTP is unclear.
Does adherence to epilepsy quality measures correlate with reduced epilepsy-related adverse hospitalizations? A retrospective experience.

Summary In 2011, the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) established eight epilepsy quality measures (EQMs) for chronic epilepsy treatment to address deficits in quality of care. This study assesses the relationship between adherence to these EQMs and epilepsy-related adverse hospitalizations (ERAHs). A retrospective chart review of 475 new epilepsy clinic patients with an ICD-9 code 345.1-9 between 2010 and 2012 was conducted. Patient demographics, adherence to AAN guidelines, and annual number of ERAHs were assessed. Fisher's exact test was used to assess the relationship between adherence to guidelines (as well as socioeconomic variables) and the presence of one or more ERAH per year. Of the eight measures, only documentation of seizure frequency, but not seizure type, correlated with ERAH (relative risk [RR] 0.343, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.176–0.673, p = 0.010). Among patients in the intellectually disabled population (n = 70), only review/request of neuroimaging correlated with ERAH (RR 0.128, 95% CI 0.016–1.009, p = 0.004). ERAHs were more likely in African American patients (RR 2.451, 95% CI 1.377–4.348, p = 0.008), Hispanic/Latino patients (RR 4.016, 95% CI 1.721–9.346, p = 0.016), Medicaid patients (RR 2.217, 95% CI 1.258–3.712, p = 0.009), and uninsured patients (RR 2.667, 95% CI 1.332–5.348, p = 0.013). In this retrospective series, adherence to the eight AAN quality measures did not strongly correlate with annual ERAH.
Catholic Feminists and Traditions: Renewal, Reinvention, Replacement

The dominant figure in Western Roman Catholic ethics is Thomas Aquinas, and Catholic tradition references a centralized magisterium. Nevertheless, Catholicism is internally pluralistic. After Vatican II, three models of theology and tradition emerged, all addressing gender equality: the Augustinian, neo-Thomistic, and neo-Franciscan. Latina, womanist, African, and Asian ethics of gender present more radical approaches to tradition—suggesting a Junian stream (Rom 16:7). Catholic ethical-political tradition is not defined by a specific cultural mediation, figure, or model but by a constellation of commitments shared by Catholic feminists: difference in unity, moral realism, social meliorism, human equality, preferential option for the poor, and interreligious dialogue.
Effects of recap strategies on television news recall and retention

This study investigated the effects of short, headline‐type recaps on the recall of specific information and the gist of the stories in a television news program. A 10‐item program which included either oral recaps, oral‐plus‐graphic recaps, or no recaps was viewed by 881 subjects in three strata of educational level. Recaps were found to increase retention of the gist of the stories, but did not affect retention of specific details. No differences were found between the two types of recap. In addition, recaps supplanted rather than supplemented unrecapped items that had been viewed previously.
Fabrication and Characterization of Ceramic Foams Based on Silicon Carbide Matrix and Hollow Alumino-Silicate Spheres

Closed-cell foams were fabricated by incorporating two different grades of hollow alumino-silicate spheres (cenospheres) into a silicon carbide matrix. The matrix was formed by the pyrolysis of a preceramic polymer, and multiple polymer infiltration and pyrolysis (PIP) cycles were employed to minimize the open voids in the material. The physical, mechanical and thermal properties of the fabricated foams were characterized as functions of the number of reinfiltration cycles. The open- and closed-void volume fractions were determined by measurements of bulk and skeletal densities. Mechanical properties, including strength and modulus, were evaluated using four-point bend and compression tests. Finally, thermal properties of the material, including the coefficient of thermal expansion and the thermal conductivity, were determined using dilatometry and the laser-flash technique, respectively. This processing technique results in closed-cell syntactic foams with minimal porosity (∼2–4%), reasonable mechanical strength (∼30 MPa) and very low thermal conductivity (≤1 W/m·K). In this manner, this process can be used for the low-cost and net-shape fabrication of closed-cell silicon carbide-based syntactic foams for high-temperature applications.
EMG muscle scanning: comparison to attached surface electrodes.

Electromyographic (EMG) muscle scanning measures brief samples of integrated muscle action potentials from individual muscles using a hand-held scanner with post-style electrodes. This “scanning” technique is widely used by biofeedback practitioners to quickly assess muscle activity in the diagnosis of musculoskeletal disorders. In an effort to compare muscle scanning with the established technique using attached surface electrodes, ten healthy subjects (25–35 years old) were scanned using 2-second sampling at five bilateral muscle sites while simultaneously monitoring the same sites with surface electrodes. This was repeated using 10-second scanning samplings. Pearson's product-moment correlations between scanning for 2 seconds and prolonged surface recording at all sites were 0.54–0.89. Scanning for 10 seconds improved the correlations to 0.68–0.91. EMG scanning for 2 seconds compares favorably with attached surface electrode recording. Comparisons are further improved by 10-second scans.
Calibration of 3D positioning in a Ge cross-strip detector

Abstract In preparation for the Nuclear Compton Telescope, a novel gamma-ray telescope designed for balloon-borne astrophysical observations, we have calibrated, the 3D positioning capabilities of a prototype 2 mm pitch cross-strip Ge detector. To accurately position in the third dimension (depth) we use the relative timing difference in charge collection on the anode and cathode, a sensitive measure of depth in the detector. In order to calibrate the depth determination in terms of the collection time difference, we have developed a statistical calibration technique which involves illuminating opposite sides of the detector with photons of known energy and requiring self-consistency of the measured mean free path of the photons on both sides. Requiring this to occur simultaneously for several different photon energies ensures that there will be no energy dependence of the calibration (within our sensitivity range). We can then check for consistency with the known mean free paths in germanium for each photon energy, as well as with our detailed simulations of the detector performance. We present the result of our prototype detector calibration as well as demonstrate the excellent agreement between these calibrations and our simulations.
Fitness-for-Service and Remaining Useful Life Assessment of a Steam Drum

A steam drum in a typical power plant has experienced in-service cracking. Nondestructive examinations (NDE) were performed and a small sample was collected from the drum to evaluate the extent of the cracking that had occurred in the drum shell. Fitness-for-service and remaining useful life analyses of the drum were performed based on the NDE results and operating conditions. In this paper, the fitness-for-service analyses of the steam drum are described. The analysis procedure, material property determination, stress analysis, limiting flaw size evaluation, and remaining useful life evaluation for the drum are discussed. Recommendations for appropriate action are also presented.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Age-Related Decline in Dopamine Transporters: Analysis of Striatal Subregions, Nonlinear Effects, and Hemispheric Asymmetries

Neuroimaging studies have documented an age-related decline in striatal dopamine transporters (DATs) as a marker of dopaminergic neurodegeneration. The authors further elucidated the effects on this neural system in healthy aging, in contrast to Parkinson disease (PD). The effects of age on striatal DAT availability were examined in a large, healthy subject sample (N=126) with [ 123 I]2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-iodophenyl)tropane ([ 123 I]β-CIT) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Striatal DAT availability (V 3 ″) showed a significant inverse correlation with age, declining in a nearly linear manner by 46% over the age range 18 to 88 years, or 6.6% per decade. Rates of decline were comparable for caudate (48%) and putamen (45%), with only minimal increase in left–right asymmetry with age. Hemispheric asymmetries were unrelated to the handedness of subjects. These results demonstrate that aging is associated with a relatively symmetric loss of DATs in the caudate and putamen in both hemispheres. These findings have implications not only for healthy aging but also for neurodegenerative disorders such as PD.
Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes and the question of heterogeneity.

Contreverse sur l'association d'un groupe HLA (DR4 ou DR3?) avec une preservation de la concentration plasmatique en peptide C
Respiratory problems in neurologic movement disorders

Abstract Background Movement disorders are a group of neurological motor disturbances manifested by either paucity or slowness of movement, such as seen in Parkinson’s disease, or by abnormal involuntary movements, called hyperkinesias, which include tremor, dystonia, chorea, tics, myoclonus, and stereotypy. The aim of this review is to draw attention to the respiratory problems that are sometimes associated with these various movement disorders. Methods References for this review were identified by searches of PubMed through June 2010, a text word search strategy. There were no language restrictions. Books on movement disorders, personal experience and judgment were also used in preparation of this review. Results Data from 245 articles were critically reviewed, compared and integrated. Conclusion Although movement disorders are primarily considered motor disorders, the purpose of this review is to draw attention to their involvement of the respiratory system. It is critical that clinicians recognize the phenomenology and take appropriate action to prevent and treat the various respiratory problems associated with the various neurological disorders. Timely institution of therapeutic interventions is needed to favorably impact on the quality of life and survival of these patients.
Waiting for Brandon: How readers respond to small mysteries

When readers experience narratives they often encounter small mysteries-questions that a text raises that are not immediately settled. In our experiments, participants read stories that introduced characters by proper names (e.g., "It's just that Brandon hasn't called in so long"). Resolved versions of the stories specified the functions those characters' assumed in their narrative worlds with respect to the other characters (e.g., Brandon was identified as the speaker's grandson); unresolved versions of the stories did not immediately provide that information. We predicted that characters whose functions were still unresolved would remain relatively accessible in the discourse representations. We tested that prediction in Experiments 1 and 2 by asking participants to indicate whether a name (e.g., Brandon) had appeared in the story. Participants responded most swiftly when the characters remained unresolved. In the latter experiments, we demonstrated that the presence of an unresolved character disrupted processing of information that followed that character's introduction (Experiment 3) but not information that preceded that introduction (Experiment 4). These results support the general importance of providing a theoretical account of readers' responses to narrative mysteries.
NEW FABRICATION TECHNIQUE AND ELECTRONIC TUNNELING STUDIES OF NbN

Abstract We have fabricated NbN films using a new dual ion-beam sputter deposition technique. In this technique, one ion beam sputters Nb from a target, while the second ion beam directly bombards the growing film. The Tc of these NbN films is typically 11–12 K when deposited on near-room temperature substrates. Preliminary results on tunneling through a native oxide barrier yield a superconducting energy gap for NbN of 1.9 meV, for which 2Δ/kTc = 3.9. We have also studied oxidized overlayers of Al and Ta to produce an artificial oxide tunneling barrier. Conductance data indicate that the native oxide barrier is broad with a low barrier height (0.2–0.3 eV), whereas the oxidized Al overlayer has a higher (0.5–1.2 eV) and narrower barrier. The quality of the I–V curves for native oxide and for artificial oxide barriers is comparable.
Systemic bacterial invasion induced by sleep deprivation

Profound sleep disruption in humans is generally believed to cause health impairments. Through comparative research, specific physical effects and underlying mechanisms altered by sleep deprivation are being elucidated. Studies of sleep-deprived animals previously have shown a progressive, chronic negative energy balance and gradual deterioration of health, which culminate in fatal bloodstream infection without an infectious focus. The present study investigated the conditions antecedent to advanced morbidity in sleep-deprived rats by determining the time course and distribution of live microorganisms in body tissues that are normally sterile. The tissues cultured for microbial growth included the blood, four major organs, six regional lymph nodes, the intestine, and the skin. The principal finding was early infection of the mesenteric lymph nodes by bacteria presumably translocated from the intestine and bacterial migration to and transient infection of extraintestinal sites. Presence of pathogenic microorganisms and their toxins in tissues constitutes a septic burden and chronic antigenic challenge for the host. Bacterial translocation and pathogenic sequelae provide mechanisms by which sleep deprivation appears to adversely affect health.
Management of patients on chronic glucocorticoid therapy: an endocrine perspective

Glucocorticoids continue to be a potent therapeutic tool for various medical conditions; however, their medication side effects pose challenges. Steroid diabetes is treated primarily with prandial insulin, either regular or the rapid insulins (lispro or aspart). Intermediate insulin is indicated less frequently, for fasting hyperglycemia. Osteoporosis is the most debilitating of potential glucocorticoid side effects, with bisphosphonates the mainstay of prevention and treatment. Dyslipidemia can range from mild to significant, but it responds to therapy similar to that of nonglucocorticoid-induced lipid disorders. Glucocorticoid-induced adrenal withdrawal syndrome can occur even with short courses of longer-acting glucocorticoid therapy, but it responds to adjustment of glucocorticoid dose. When tapering down to near-physiologic dose, pituitary-adrenal axis responsiveness should be checked before discontinuing steroid use.
Production Worthy 3D Interconnect Technology

A three dimensional integrated circuit (3DIC) integration flow, process and electrical results are reported. Well-controlled high aspect ratio (AR=8:1 and AR=15:1) through silicon vias (TSVs) were successfully filled with both copper (Cu) and tungsten (W). Metal to metal diffusion bonding was demonstrated with good uniformity and resulted in good electrical performance. For the first time, a cost effective wafer thinning without decreasing effective area by a proprietary process is described. By wafer level electrical testing, yielding 20K through silicon vias with aspect ratio of 15:1 and resistance of through silicon via chain are demonstrated.
Is sex categorization from faces really parallel to face recognition

According to a classical functional architecture of face processing (Bruce & Young, 1986), sex processing on faces is a parallel function to individual face recognition. One consequence of the model is thus that sex categorization on faces is not influenced by face familiarity. However, the behavioural and neuropsychological evidences supporting this dissociation are yet equivocal. To test the independence between sex processing on faces and familiar face recognition, familiar (learned) faces were morphed with new faces, generating facial continua of visual similarity to familiar faces. First, a pilot experiment shown that subjects familiarized with one extreme of the face continuum roughly perceive one half of the continuum (60 to 100% of visual similarity to familiar faces) as made of familiar faces and the other part as unfamiliar. In the experiment proper, subjects were familiarized with faces and tested in a sex decision task made on faces at the different steps of the continua. Subjects were significantly quicker at telling the sex of faces perceived as familiar (60–100%), and the effect was not observed in a control (untrained) group. These results indicate that familiar face representations are activated before sex categorization is completed, and can facilitate this processing. The nature of the interaction between sex categorization on faces and familiar face recognition is discussed.
Myosin isoform determines the conformational dynamics and cooperativity of actin filaments in the strongly bound actomyosin complex

We used transient phosphorescence anisotropy to detect the microsecond rotational dynamics of erythrosin-iodoacetamide-labeled actin strongly bound to single-headed fragments of muscle myosin subfragment 1 (S1) and non-muscle myosin V (MV). The conformational dynamics of actin filaments in solution are markedly influenced by the isoform of bound myosin. Both myosins increase the final anisotropy of actin at substoichiometric binding densities, indicating long-range, non-nearest neighbor cooperative restriction of filament rotational dynamics amplitude, but the cooperative unit is larger with MV than with muscle S1. Both myosin isoforms also cooperatively affect the actin filament rotational correlation time, but with opposite effects: muscle S1 decreases rates of intrafilament torsional motion, while binding of MV increases the rates of motion. The cooperative effects on the rates of intrafilament motions correlate with the kinetics of myosin binding to actin filaments such that MV binds more rapidly and muscle myosin binds more slowly to partially decorated filaments than to bare filaments. The two isoforms also differ in their effects on the phosphorescence lifetime of the actin-bound erythrosin iodoacetamide: while muscle S1 increases the lifetime, suggesting decreased aqueous exposure of the probe, MV does not induce a significant change. We conclude that the dynamics and structure of actin in the strongly bound actomyosin complex are determined by the isoform of the bound myosin in a manner likely to accommodate the diverse functional roles of actomyosin in muscle and non-muscle cells.
The importance of innovation in the economy of advanced countries

The history of employment in advanced economies is rife with major shifts arising from technology and the emergence of global competition. The global situation of markets, capital, and costs have destroyed and recreated manufacturing jobs many times over. Thus, if engineering jobs do indeed migrate to low-cost regions, the US might see a redirection of students and professionals to other areas. The author believes that innovation occur in nations where education and free cultural environment prosper.
Stress Variances Among Informal Hospice Caregivers

Care interventions are not routinely provided for hospice caregivers, despite widespread documentation of the burden and toll of the caregiving experience. Assessing caregivers for team interventions (ACT) proposes that holistic patient and family care includes ongoing caregiver needs assessment of primary, secondary, and intrapsychic stressors. In this study, our goal was to describe the variance in stressors for caregivers to establish evidence for the ACT theoretical framework. We used secondary interview data from a randomized controlled trial to analyze hospice caregiver discussions about concerns. We found variances in stress types, suggesting that caregiver interventions should range from knowledge and skill building to cognitive-behavioral interventions that aid in coping. Family members who assume the role of primary caregiver for a dying loved one need to be routinely assessed by hospice providers for customized interventions.
Cladophora, mass transport, and the nearshore phosphorus shunt

Abstract The nearshore phosphorus shunt hypothesis and the potential for mussels to excrete phosphorus sufficient to meet the growth requirements of Cladophora are now well accepted by scientists studying Great Lakes biogeochemistry. The response of algal growth to near bottom water column phosphorus concentrations and the interplay between excretion and mass transport in yielding those concentrations have, however, not been elucidated. Here we present soluble reactive phosphorus profiles from the near bottom environment of Lake Michigan at a site near Good Harbor Bay, Michigan, where both mussels and Cladophora were present. Soluble reactive phosphorus was observed to accumulate under quiescent conditions, establishing a concentration boundary layer (CBL), 5–15 cm thick, with near bottom concentrations on the order of 2–8 μg P/L. A one-dimensional model was applied to determine mass transport conditions mediating the transition from CBL formation to CBL destruction. Significant wave height (SWH) was used as an indicator of mass transport intensity, and it was determined that the formation/destruction transition occurred at a SWH of 0.2 m at the 8-m study site depth. The Great Lakes Cladophora Model was applied to determine the time intervals required to saturate (1 day with the CBL present) and deplete (14 days with the CBL absent) algal internal P stores. A review of SWH conditions at the study site indicated that a CBL would be expected to form at a frequency sufficient to support the phosphorus nutrition of Cladophora over the entire May to August interval.
The effect of capacitor equivalent series inductance on DC-DC converter performance and stability

The filter capacitor equivalent series inductance (ESL) depends on the foil length, the anode/cathode tab lengths, and the symmetry of the structure. The author discusses the effect of the filter capacitor ESL on DC-DC power converter stability, derives the open-loop transfer function in closed form, and compares and verifies previous efforts to model the ESL with experimental data. >
The logistics and mechanics of conducting tracer injection experiments in urban streams

Field-based environmental tracer studies are commonly used to investigate hydrological and ecological processes in flowing waters. These studies involve injecting a conservative tracer into a stream or into a near-stream well and monitoring the surface and subsurface waters at downgradient locations. Results have been used to quantify stream velocity, inflow, outflow, dispersion, and transient storage exchange processes. However, no single source provides a detailed methodology for conducting these tests in streams within urbanized watersheds. Working in urban watersheds brings with it unique problems such as private property access, vandalism, encounters with police and the lay public as well as long-term, intermittent and ephemeral hydrologic modifications. We present such a methodology based on results of 20 tests conducted in streams with urban watersheds ranging in size from 0.39 km2 to 60 km2 in Pennsylvania and Maryland. The tracer injection period ranged from instantaneous to 24 h with monitoring lasting from 8 h to 5 days. The methodology is demonstrated with a 5-day tracer test in which sodium bromide was injected into Dead Run, Baltimore, Maryland for 24 h.
Do people essentialize emotions? Individual differences in emotion essentialism and emotional experience

Many scientific models of emotion assume that emotion categories are natural kinds that carve nature at its joints. These beliefs remain strong, despite the fact that the empirical record on the issue has remained equivocal for over a century. In this research, the authors examined one reason for this situation: People essentialize emotion categories by assuming that members of the same category (e.g., fear) have a shared metaphysical essence (i.e., a common causal mechanism). In Study 1, the authors found that lay people essentialize emotions by assuming that instances of the same emotion category have a shared essence that defines them, even when their surface features differ. Study 2 extended these findings, demonstrating that lay people tend to essentialize categories the more a category is of the body (vs. the mind). In Study 3, we examined the links between emotion essentialism and the complexity of actual emotional experiences. In particular, we predicted and found that individuals who hold essentialist beliefs about emotions describe themselves as experiencing highly differentiated emotional experiences but do not show evidence of stronger emotional differentiation in their momentary ratings of experience in everyday life. Implications for the science of emotion are discussed.
Presenting characteristics as predictors of duration of treatment in sarcoidosis

Background: Some sarcoidosis patients never need therapy, but many still require therapy more than 2 years after initial diagnosis. Aim: To determine what features at initial presentation are associated with treatment 2 years later. Methods: Patients with biopsy-confirmed sarcoidosis enrolled in the ACCESS (A Case Control Etiologic Study of Sarcoidosis) study were initially evaluated within 6 months of diagnosis. Pulmonary function, chest X-ray and dyspnoea score were measured, and systemic therapy for the sarcoidosis recorded. Organ involvement was assessed using a standardized instrument. A subset ( n = 215) were seen 18–24 months later for follow-up, and these patients constitute our study group. Results: Ten patients had only received therapy before the first visit, with no further therapy, and were excluded from analysis. Of the remaining 205, 95 were not on therapy at the initial visit and 75 (79%) of these were never treated during follow-up. Of the 110 initially on therapy, 52 (47%) remained on therapy at follow-up. Other initial features associated with continued therapy were the level of dyspnoea and predicted vital capacity. On logistic regression, only dyspnoea and therapy at initial visit remained significant. Patients on systemic therapy at initial evaluation were more likely to be on therapy at follow-up (OR 3.6, p = 0.003). Neither ethnicity nor gender independently predicted therapy at follow-up. Discussion : This study group represents a sample of newly diagnosed sarcoidosis patients. However, this is a referral population, and there was no set protocol for treatment. Use of systemic therapy within the first 6 months after diagnosis appears to be strongly associated with continued use of therapy 2 years later.
Slow and fast light propagation in erbium-doped fiber

We study propagation of light pulses and modulation in an Er-doped fiber in the regimes of anomalously slow and superluminal group velocities. The pulses experience either delay or advancement depending on the pump power.
Forming regularized maximum likelihood strip-map synthetic aperture radar images using the block RLS algorithm

The data matrix that is needed for forming the maximum likelihood (ML) image in strip-map synthetic aperture radar (SAR) has block structure. This structure allows for a recursive way of forming a regularized ML image using the block recursive least-squares (RLS) algorithm. The regularization serves three purposes: Properly chosen, it provides a more stable solution; it combats noise; and it allows the block RLS algorithm to be initialized. In this paper, it is shown that an optimal regularization parameter exists for this problem and that the solution to the regularized normal equations for the strip-map SAR model is solved by the block RLS algorithm. Simulated results are shown.
Using Concept Maps to Assess Conceptual Knowledge of Function

In this study I examine the value of concept maps as instruments for assessment of conceptual understanding, using the maps to compare the knowledge of function that students enrolled in university calculus classes hold. Twenty-eight students, half from nontraditional sections and half from traditional sections, participated in the study. Eight professors with PhDs in mathematics also completed concept maps. These expert maps are compared with the student maps. Qualitative analysis of the maps reveals differences between the student and expert groups as well as between the 2 student groups. Concept maps proved to be a useful device for assessing conceptual understanding.
The Law of Words: Standing, Environment & Other Contested Terms

Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services (TOC), Inc., 528 U.S. 167 (2000), exposes fundamental incoherencies within environmental standing doctrine, even while it ostensibly makes standing easier to prove for plaintiffs in environmental citizen suits. According to Laidlaw, an environmental plaintiff needs only to show personal injury to satisfy Article III's standing requirement; she need not show that the alleged statutory violation actually harms the environment. This Article argues that Laidlaw's distinction between injury to the plaintiff and harm to the environment is nonsensical. Both the majority and dissent in Laidlaw incorrectly assume that there exists an objective standard by which a plaintiff, society or a court can measure harm or injury. Using examples drawn both from history (the Trail Smelter Arbitration (1930-41)) and fiction (Barbara Kingsolver's novel Animal Dreams), this Article illustrates that the inherent contingency of language renders it impossible to define harm or injury without acknowledging the systemic perspective from which the concepts are viewed. The path to an intelligible standing doctrine lies not in focusing on this artificial opposition, but instead in acknowledging statutory violations as injurious to the social and legal system of which we all form a part. Assuming the violated statute contains a citizen suit provision, the resulting harm to the system could and should enable individuals to sue. This policy would conform the Court's standing jurisprudence to the language and intent of the statutes before it. Moreover, this policy would counter the undermining of the rhetoric of environmental protection that persists so long as the Supreme Court continues its frequent yet unsuccessful efforts to retool its definition of cognizable legal injury.
The effect of population subdivision on two loci without selection.

This paper is devoted to the study of the effects of population subdivision on the evolution of two linked loci. Two simple deterministic models of population subdivision without selection are investigated. One is a finite linear ‘stepping stone’ model and the other is a finite linear stepping stone chain of populations stretching between two large populations of constant genetic constitution. At equilibrium in the first model the gene frequencies in each population are equal and there is linkage equilibrium in each population. The rate of decay to zero of the linkage disequilibrium functions is the larger of (1 – c) and , where λ1 is the rate of convergence of the gene frequencies to equilibrium and c is the recombination frequency. In the second model at equilibrium there will be a linear cline in gene frequencies connecting the two large constant populations. This cline will be accompanied by a ‘cline’ of linkage disequilibria. The rate of convergence to this equilibrium cline is independent of the recombination frequency, and, in fact, the gene frequencies and the linkage disequilibria converge to equilibrium at the same rate.
Meshfree analysis and design sensitivity analysis for shell structures

A unified design sensitivity analysis method for a meshfree shell structure with respect to size, shape, and configuration design variables is presented in this paper. A shear deformable shell formulation is characterized by a CAD connection, thickness degeneration, meshfree discretization, and nodal integration. Because of a strong connection to the CAD tool, the design variable is selected from the CAD parameters, and a consistent design velocity field is then computed by perturbing the surface geometric matrix. The material derivative concept is utilized in order to obtain a design sensitivity equation in the parametric domain. Numerical examples show the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed design sensitivity analysis method compared to the analytical solution and the finite difference solution. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A PVT-robust current-mode passive mixer with source-degenerated transconductance amplifier

A current-mode passive mixer with conversion gain that is robust to process, supply voltage, and temperature (PVT) variations is presented. The passive mixer includes a transconductance amplifier having a source degeneration capacitor. The conversion gain of the current-mode passive mixer is proportional to the ratio of the source degeneration capacitance C S to the load capacitance C L . This technique eliminates the need for extra PVT compensation circuitry. Moreover, the conversion gain of the mixer can be designed to be programmable without relying on any gain detecting circuitry. A test chip fabricated in a 90-nm CMOS process demonstrates the PVT-robustness of the proposed mixer.
Listening as a Psychoanalyst

Publisher Summary The author approaches this initial interview from the psychoanalytic perspective, beginning with a discussion of the differences between the exploratory, analytic approach and those forms of therapy that rely mainly on suggestion and behavioral change. For the purposes of the initial interview, the similarities between psychoanalysis proper and psychoanalytic psychotherapy are less significant, although they become more so with long-term treatment. The interview is critiqued, with the emphasis on the patient's affective and communicative cues as he discusses his experiences of loss, his conflicted search for intimacy, and his difficult childhood relationship with his parents. In considering an analytic form of therapy based on the first interview, it is more important to explore the patient's capacity for self-reflection and for forming and maintaining a therapeutic relationship than to obtain a complete, systematic history.
Banach spaces and integration theory

In this chapter we introduce some topics that combine in different, but not unrelated, ways the theory of normed spaces discussed thus far in Part II and the theories of integration discussed in Chapters 6–10 of Part I. Our first observation is that there are natural and important generalizations of the (/ p) spaces obtained by employing Lebesgue integration in place of summation.
Selection and coordination of human locomotor forms following cerebellar damage.

We have previously shown that control subjects use two distinct temporal strategies when stepping on an inclined surface during walking: one for level and 10° surfaces and another for 20 and 30° su...
Psychopharmacology of Pediatric Anxiety Disorders

There are a number of pharmacological approaches used in treating pediatric anxiety disorders. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are first line treatment, but there are many other treatment options for nonresponders including serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), benzodiazepines (BZDs), buspirone, and other investigational and augmenting agents. This chapter will examine the evidence base for the pharmacological treatment of pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), non-OCD anxiety disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Additionally, augmentation strategies and general clinical considerations are presented to aid in formulating an approach to both simple and complex patients.
Drugs with Diverse Modes of Action

Complementary and alternative medicines are treatments that are not used in the practice of conventional medicine. Complementary medicines are used in combination with treatments administered by standard medical practice. Alternative medicines, on the other hand, are treatments used in place of accepted practice. The branch of medicine referred to as integrative care involves treatment plans that utilize both conventional medicine and less proven complementary methods.
Mailing lists are preferred to newsgroups as teaching tools for undergraduate biology classes.

Effective communication between instructors and students is a challenge regardless of the instructor-to-student ratio. Instructors of large classes, in particular, have resorted to various forms of Internet communication, such as mailing lists and newsgroups, to supplement class time and office hours. Mailing lists are closed discussions among subscribers who receive and send messages via an electronic mail program (e.g., Eudora). Newsgroups are public discussions to which anyone can gain access and respond via a newsreader program (e.g., Nuntius). Newsgroup messages are posted to a bulletin board that the subscriber must visit to read. Mailing lists and newsgroups share many advantages (convenience, greater anonymity, and speed of communication) and disadvantages (computer access required, impersonal nature, junk mail, and lack of graphics in older programs). However, surveys of both faculty and students in biology indicate that mailing lists are generally favored over newsgroups. Reasons given for mailing list popularity included greater familiarity with the E-mail format and ease of access.
Load Capacity of Concrete Bridge Decks

The behavior of two reduced-scale concrete bridge decks subjected to simulated wheel loads was evaluated in a series of tests. One slab was reinforced in accordance with AASHTO requirements; the other had three areas with varying amounts of isotropic reinforcement. Results show that with either reinforcement pattern, service load bending moments are from 40 to 65 percent of those predicted by flexural theory. Failures were by punching shear rather than flexure and occurred at loads at least six times larger than design.
Report of the turnip aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach, 1843) from Missouri, USA

The turnip aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach, 1843), is one of the most destructive pests in the United States. It has been re- ported in 33 states, but had not been reported in the state of Missouri. In this study we report this species for the first time in Missouri.
Measurement Signal Effects on the Normal-Incidence Absorption Coefficient

This paper will demonstrate the signal effects on the normal-incidence absorption coefficient. The test method covers two microphones located in impedance tube to measure this coefficient. It should analyze the measurement procedure and formulae theoretically, furthermore to propose the coherence function as the criteria for measurement results. Experimentally, different signals, generated by a sound source, input to the loudspeaker in impedance tube to produce the plane wave and two microphones can measure the sound pressures. Through different time weightings and average times on the two microphone signals, and after analyzing results of the frequency response, the coherence function and the normal-incidence absorption coefficient, the coherence function is a major factor to check the normal-incidence absorption coefficient reliable, even the test system stable or not.Copyright © 2004 by ASME