cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis and modeling of proton beam loss and emittance growth in the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider

The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory has been operating since 2000. Over the past decade, thanks to the continuously increased bunch intensity and reduced ${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{*}\mathrm{s}$ at the interaction points, the peak luminosity in the polarized proton operation has been increased by more than two orders of magnitude. In this article, we will present the operational observations at the routine proton physics stores. The mechanisms for the beam loss, transverse emittance growth, and bunch lengthening are analyzed. Numerical calculations and multiparticle tracking are used to model these observations.
Thymidylate synthase protein expression: Association with response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and resection for locally advanced gastric and gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma.

PURPOSE: A phase II study of neoadjuvant fluorouracil, leucovorin, and interferon alpha-2a was conducted to determine the feasibility of this regimen's use and the response rates in patients undergoing resection for locally advanced gastric or gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma. Also, tumor protein expression of free, total, or bound thymidylate synthase before and after initial exposure to fluorouracil was quantitated to determine if thymidylate synthase expression is associated with response in this treatment setting. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-two patients with T3-4N0-2M0 gastric or gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma were treated with three cycles of neoadjuvant fluorouracil (370 mg/m2 intravenously on days 2 through 6), leucovorin (500 mg/m2 intravenously on days 2 through 6), and interferon alpha-2a (5x106 U/m2 subcutaneously days 1 through 7), followed by resection and three cycles of consolidation therapy. Endoscopic tumor biopsies were done in 13 patients before therapy and during cycle 2 of the 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin/interferon regimen, and total thymidylate synthase, free thymidylate synthase, bound thymidylate synthase, and percent complexed thymidylate synthase were quantitated by Western blot. Tumor protein expression was evaluated for its association with response to neoadjuvant therapy and patient survival. RESULTS: Eight of 21 (38%) evaluable patients had a partial response, and another 5 of 21 (24%) had a minor response (25% to 49% tumor reduction) after three cycles of neoadjuvant fluorouracil/leucovorin/interferon. The pretreatment total thymidylate synthase level was significantly higher in five nonresponders than in eight responders. After exposure to fluorouracil, levels of free thymidylate synthase were significantly lower and the percent bound thymidylate synthase was higher in responders than in nonresponders. The median potential follow-up period is 24 months, and 11 of 21 patients have died from disease. CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary results indicate that a response to neoadjuvant fluorouracil-based therapy may be associated with decreased levels of total thymidylate synthase before therapy and free thymidylate synthase after exposure to fluorouracil in patients with locally advanced gastric cancer. Quantification of thymidylate synthase protein expression before and after exposure to fluorouracil may provide a method to select patients for fluorouracil therapy in the neoadjuvant, adjuvant, or advanced-disease setting based upon the fundamental sensitivity of the tumor.
Formatting Your Documents Swiftly and Easily

To make your documents look good, you must apply formatting to the text and other elements in them. That’s probably obvious, but Word gives you such a wide range of formatting options that it’s easy to use the wrong ones. This chapter teaches you the right way to format a document quickly and consistently by using styles—collections of formatting—rather than by applying direct formatting piece by piece. It also shows you how to use the Sidebar pane and the Find feature to navigate your documents and how to make the most of the versatile Replace feature.
Collapse and Reconstitution: Epic and Encyclopedia Revisited

By the middle of the century, the progress of learning and the continued attempts by encyclopedists and encyclopedic works to provide a record of that progress had revealed the irreconcilability inherent in the pursuit of complete knowledge in the fullest sense of the phrase. Full comprehensiveness and total connectivity, while perhaps perfectly united in divine omniscience and still the final objective of Enlightenment, continued to pose tremendous challenges given the limitations of the human intellect. In January 1760, Samuel Johnson insisted in an issue of The Idler that the amount of knowledge in and about the world was simply and absolutely beyond the capacity of the single mind to comprehend completely: To fix deeply in the mind the principles of science, to settle their limitations, and deduce the long succession of their consequences; to comprehend the whole compass of complicated systems, with all the arguments, objections, and solutions, and to reposite in the intellectual treasury the numberless facts, experiments, apophthegms, and positions which must stand single in the memory, and of which none has any perceptible connection with the rest, is a task which, tho’ undertaken with ardour and pursued with diligence, must at last be left unfinished by the frailty of our nature.1
Japan's communal approach to teacher induction: Shokuin shitsu as an indispensable nurturing ground for Japanese beginning teachers

Abstract Sustaining beginning teachers has been one of the greatest challenges in some countries such as the U.S. In contrast, Japan sustains their teachers with the low attrition rate of 1.35%. This qualitative study aims to examine how Japan supports beginning teachers by examining shokuin shitsu or the teachers' room. Results from the qualitative study revealed the critical role that the teachers' room played for novice teachers as a place to exchange necessary information among colleagues, to develop collegial relationships with one another, and to provide a safe environment to make sense of beginning teachers' questions.
Visual Processing: Hungry Like the Mouse

In this issue of Neuron, Burgess et al. (2016) explore how motivational state interacts with visual processing, by examining hunger modulation of food-associated visual responses in postrhinal cortical neurons and their inputs from amygdala.
Identification and characterization of HPV-independent cervical cancers.

// Carolyn E. Banister 1 , Changlong Liu 1 , Lucia Pirisi 2 , Kim E. Creek 1 , Phillip J. Buckhaults 1 1 University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy, Columbia, SC, USA 2 University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA Correspondence to: Carolyn E. Banister, email: banisterce@gmail.com Phillip J. Buckhaults, email: phillip.buckhaults@gmail.com Keywords: HPV, cervical cancer, TP53, CTNNB1, APOBEC Received: September 26, 2016 Accepted: December 27, 2016 Published: January 06, 2017 ABSTRACT Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) initiates cervical cancer, and continuous expression of HPV oncogenes E6 and E7 is thought to be necessary to maintain malignant growth. Current therapies target proliferating cells, rather than specific pathways, and most experimental therapies specifically target E6/E7. We investigated the presence and expression of HPV in cervical cancer, to correlate HPV oncogene expression with clinical and molecular features of these tumors that may be relevant to new targeted therapies. Results: While virtually all cervical cancers contained HPV DNA, and most expressed E6/E7 (HPV-active), a subset (8%) of HPV DNA-positive cervical cancers did not express HPV transcripts (HPV-inactive). HPV-inactive tumors occurred in older women (median 54 vs. 45 years, p = 0.02) and were associated with poorer survival (median 715 vs 3046 days, p = 0.0003). Gene expression profiles of HPV-active and -inactive tumors were distinct. HPV-active tumors expressed E2F target genes and increased AKT/MTOR signaling. HPV-inactive tumors had increased WNT/β-catenin and Sonic Hedgehog signaling. Substantial genome-wide differences in DNA methylation were observed. HPV-inactive tumors had a global decrease in DNA methylation; however, many promoter-associated CpGs were hypermethylated. Many inflammatory response genes showed promoter methylation and decreased expression. The somatic mutation landscapes were significantly different. HPV-active tumors carried few somatic mutations in driver genes, whereas HPV-inactive tumors were enriched for non-synonymous somatic mutations ( p -value < 0.0000001) specifically targeting TP53, ARID, WNT, and PI3K pathways. Materials and Methods: The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cervical cancer data were analyzed. Conclusions: Many of the gene expression changes and somatic mutations found in HPV-inactive tumors alter pathways for which targeted therapeutics are available. Treatment strategies focused on WNT, PI3K, or TP53 mutations may be effective against HPV-inactive tumors and could improve survival for these cervical cancer patients.
Spectral radius and network processes with spontaneous infection/failure rate

We relate the time-limiting behavior of a network epidemics process to the spectral radius of the underlying network. The process we study is the scaled SIS network process, a continuous-time Markov process on a static network. Our analysis differs from previous work in that the scaled SIS process accounts for the possibility that a healthy individual has a nonzero probability of becoming infected even when all of its neighbors are healthy. For example, the source of infection may be outside a human only contact network for diseases with animal to human transmissions such as Ebola. We show that the sufficient condition for infection to become extinct not only depends on the ratio of infection and healing rates but also on N, the size of the network, whereas previous models, assuming no exogenous infection, showed dependency only on the infection and healing rates.
Control of the hierarchical assembly of π-conjugated optoelectronic peptides by pH and flow

Self-assembled nanoaggregates of π-conjugated peptides possess optoelectronic properties due to electron delocalization over the conjugated peptide groups that make them attractive candidates for the fabrication of bioelectronic materials. We present a computational and theoretical study to resolve the microscopic effects of pH and flow on the non-equilibrium morphology and kinetics of early-stage assembly of an experimentally-realizable optoelectronic peptide that displays pH triggerable assembly. Employing coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations, we probe the effects of pH on growth kinetics and aggregate morphology to show that control of the peptide protonation state by pH can be used to modulate the assembly rates, degree of molecular alignment, and resulting morphologies within the self-assembling nanoaggregates. We also quantify the time and length scales at which convective flows employed in directed assembly compete with microscopic diffusion to show that flow influences cluster alignment and assembly rate during early-stage assembly only at extremely high shear rates. This suggests that observed improvements in optoelectronic properties at experimentally-accessible shear rates are due to the alignment of large aggregates of hundreds of monomers on time scales in excess of hundreds of nanoseconds. Our work provides new fundamental understanding of the effects of pH and flow to control the morphology and kinetics of early-stage assembly of π-conjugated peptides and lays the groundwork for the rational manipulation of environmental conditions to direct assembly and the attendant emergent optoelectronic properties.
Bi-level heterogeneity modeling of functional performance degradation for the aging population

ABSTRACTAs the majority of service recipients of the U.S. long-term care system, the elderly with disabilities experience heterogeneous functional limitation and performance degradation. Successful modeling of heterogeneous degradation becomes of great importance for long-term care decision making. Existing heterogeneity modeling approaches are mainly restricted to single-level modeling of functional performance degradation for older adults. This article proposes a novel bi-level heterogeneity modeling and quantification framework to systematically investigate heterogeneous performance degradation at both sub-population and individual levels. Specifically, a Bayesian non-parametric modeling and inference framework is first proposed to characterize sub-population-level degradation heterogeneity. It relaxes the conventional assumption of pre-specifying a fixed number of sub-populations and allows joint model estimation and selection. Functional data analysis techniques are further considered to quantify ind...
Who wins in renewable energy? Evidence from Europe and the United States

Abstract The emerging transition to renewable energy, such as wind and solar photovoltaics, creates winners and losers in electricity markets. The political battle unfolds largely between incumbent electric utilities on the one hand and challenger firms such as independent power producers on the other. Here, we provide the first cross-national study of renewable energy ownership, based on an original dataset of fifty-nine jurisdictions in Europe and the United States. We find that independent power producers operating utility-scale generation dominate renewable energy capacity across electricity markets. Incumbent utilities and small producers of distributed generation hold substantially less capacity. Counter to expectations, this global trend is largely independent from two basic policy choices: the choice of support policy—feed-in tariffs versus renewable portfolio standards—and the choice of electricity market policy—liberalization versus regulation of power markets—only explain marginal effects on distributional outcomes. Rather, the resource potential of jurisdictions, relative technology prices, and the market effects of technological disruption likely account for the rise of medium-sized and large independent power producers as the dominant players in the transition to renewable energy. The transition to sustainable energy thus follows a substitution path, in which challenger firms prevail over incumbent utilities in renewable energy.
Molecular engineering of organic electroactive materials for redox flow batteries

With high scalability and independent control over energy and power, redox flow batteries (RFBs) stand out as an important large-scale energy storage system. However, the widespread application of conventional RFBs is limited by the uncompetitive performance, as well as the high cost and environmental concerns associated with the use of metal-based redox species. In consideration of advantageous features such as potentially low cost, vast molecular diversity, and highly tailorable properties, organic and organometallic molecules emerge as promising alternative electroactive species for building sustainable RFBs. This review presents a systematic molecular engineering scheme for designing these novel redox species. We provide detailed synthetic strategies for modifying the organic and organometallic redox species in terms of solubility, redox potential, and molecular size. Recent advances are then introduced covering the reaction mechanisms, specific functionalization methods, and electrochemical performances of redox species classified by their molecular structures. Finally, we conclude with an analysis of the current challenges and perspectives on future directions in this emerging research field.
Atomic-Scale Understanding of Catalyst Activation: Carboxylic Acid Solutions, but Not the Acid Itself, Increase the Reactivity of Anatase (001) Faceted Nanocatalysts

Our ability to predict nanocatalyst reactivity has been hindered by our lack of atomic-scale understanding of nanocatalyst surface structure. Do nanocatalyst surfaces adopt a bulk-terminated structure or do they reconstruct to minimize their free energy, thereby lowering their reactivity as often observed in vacuum? Similarly, do nanocatalysts processed at high temperatures maintain their low reactivity, reconstructed surfaces when used at low temperatures? Using a new technique for the preparation of anatase nanocatalysts suitable for atomic-scale imaging and surface spectroscopy, we show that solution-prepared anatase is terminated by a monolayer of fluorine, which acts as an atomic-scale oleophobic coating, preventing the accumulation of adventitious carbon. We further show that the most common TiO2 functionalization chemistry, a carboxylic acid solution, causes the spontaneous reorganization of a reconstructed anatase nanocatalyst, leading to a five-fold increase in reactive sites. This reorganization...
The problem of polarization

This paper offers a unified political economy explanation of political extremism and moderation regarding income redistribution. Unlike the standard spatial voting model, the explanation herein recognizes that extremists are distinguished not only by their political positions, but also by the intensity with which they hold them. The paper uses an extension of Aumann and Kurz’s (Econometrica 45(5):1137–1161, 1977) bargaining model to endogenize moderation and extremism in the context of democratic voting. The extension shows that low-income voters tend to be bolder in their redistributive demands and high-income voters tend to be more tenacious in defending them. These hypotheses are evaluated empirically using the Political Action Panel Study.
The Politics of Taxes in the Affordable Care Act

The Affordable Care Act includes taxes on medical providers and insurance companies — taxes that make healthcare more expensive. As MIT Professor Jonathan Gruber (one of the ACA’s architects) said, the “lack of transparency” of these obscure taxes “is a huge political advantage.” This chapter shows that when the revenue-raising tools for a policy plan are hidden from voters, the project will appear to be a better deal for taxpayers than it actually is. The ACA’s revenues include the individual mandate as well as taxes on healthcare providers and insurance companies rather than taxes applied directly to consumers. While the ACA is a highly visible and controversial piece of legislation, a study of its revenue systems provides broad lessons on tax policy. Politicians who are seeking to appear as if they are providing constituents with large benefits at a reasonable price will attempt to obscure the cost of the programs they implement, reducing transparency in the process.
Arnold Joseph Toynbee: The Role of Life History in Civilization Cycling

Where Edward Gibbon studied the Decline and Fall of Rome, Arnold Toynbee more generally studied the decline and fall of civilizations. The civilizational challenge is followed by a creative and adaptive response, or otherwise conquest and collapse. Across all studied civilizations, Toynbee returns to the theme of internal cohesion and its relation to external competition. In doing so, Toynbee touched upon some universal truths that underlie the cyclical view of history, though he emphasized the spiritual and circumstantial to the detriment of the geographical and biological. Nevertheless, Toynbee’s insights can be productively reinterpreted with life history evolution, such that his valid universal insights are qualified by particular inter-population variation, which ultimately chains cultural decline to its biological substrates.
Alkaline Peroxide Processing of Low-Enriched Uranium Targets for 99Mo Production—Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide

The recent progress on the alkaline peroxide processing of low-enriched uranium targets for the production of 99Mo, a parent nuclide of the widely used medical isotope 99mTc, is reported. Kinetic s...
Parallel Computation of Flow Problems Using Explicit Schemes

Algorithms are presented for efficient computation of steady flows on parallel computers using explicit schemes. In parallel computing, one is concerned with computation and communication costs. Data parallelization is assumed where the flow domain is divided into sub-regions (blocks) which are connected to each other by smaller sub-regions (interfaces). In order to reduce the computation cost, two approaches are proposed: an explicit block solver with filtering in space, and an explicit block solver with filtering in time. For reducing the communication cost, an interface solver with a filter in time is developed.
Coexistent thyroid nodules in patients with graves’ disease: What is the frequency and the risk of malignancy?

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of coexistent thyroid nodules and the rate of malignancy in patients with surgically treated Graves’ disease (GD). Methods A retrospective review of all patients with GD who underwent thyroidectomy from 1990 to 2017 was completed. Pathology reports were reviewed for coexistent nodules. Demographics, nodule size, and results of ultrasound, 123I scintigraphy, fine needle aspiration biopsy and pathology were analyzed. Results There were 233 patients with GD who underwent thyroidectomy, 103 (44%) had one or more thyroid nodules, which were incidentally discovered on pathologic exam in 54(52%) patients. 14 (6%) patients had cancer, 9 (4%) papillary microcarcinoma and 5 (2%) papillary cancer ≥ 1 cm that occurred within a nodule diagnosed preoperatively. Conclusions Most thyroid nodules in patients with GD were incidentally discovered on pathologic exam. A higher rate of malignancy was found in patients with GD and clinically identifiable nodular disease.
Single incision laparo-endoscopic surgery (SILS) is comparable with robotic surgery at a tertiary care center for the management of gynecologic oncology patients

A shift toward minimally invasive surgical techniques has been implemented in the surgical management of gynecologic oncology patients. Over the course of 18 months, we have established a single incision laparo-endoscopic surgery program (SILS), and incorporated it in the management of our patients. We sought to assess the operative and postoperative outcomes of these patients in relation to patients who underwent robotic surgery during that same time period at our institution.
Facebook Recruitment and the Protection of Human Subjects

Social and behavioral scientists increasingly use Facebook to recruit research participants. Given the everchanging social media landscape, it is important to consider the ethical principles of using such a strategy. The aims of this methodological article are to (a) examine Facebook recruitment in light of the ethical principles of the Belmont Report (respect for persons, beneficence, and justice), (b) describe ethical challenges that may be faced in Facebook recruitment, and (c) provide recommendations for researchers interested in adopting this recruitment method. Ethical challenges inherent in Facebook recruitment include selecting subjects fairly, privacy, and data security. Overall, Facebook is a beneficial resource for recruiting participants into research; however, researchers need to be aware of their responsibility in protecting human subjects.
On-device training from sensor data on batteryless platforms: poster abstract

In this paper, we argue that the fusion of machine learning (ML) and batteryless computing systems enables true lifelong learning in mobile devices. The lack of learning from experience in current batteryless systems makes them ignorant of changes in their operating environment. Due to high communication cost, latency, privacy, and dependency issues of offloading computation to an edge device, on-device training is a solution for batteryless systems to learn and adapt in dynamically changing environments. Combining batteryless systems and ML is however a challenging task. Sporadic energy supply and limited resources in a batteryless system cause execution-discontinuity and data-constraints in ML processes. To understand these challenges, we identify suitable ML tasks for such systems and study the energy producers, i.e., harvesters, and consumers, i.e., intermittently executable tasks in a ML pipeline. Using a trace-driven simulation, we demonstrate the feasibility of on-device training of a batteryless learner.
Clear-Cell Carcinoma of the Ovary with Bilateral Breast Metastases

Ovarian clear-cell carcinoma is an uncommon subtype of epithelial ovarian carcinoma. It carries a generally poor prognosis because of its resistance to standard treatment and metastatic spread to vital organs. Metastasis to the breast is rare and bilateral breast metastasis is unreported. A 61-year-old white female with a 5-year status poststandard therapy for stage IC clear-cell ovarian carcinoma presented with widespread metastasis. Tissue analysis revealed ovarian cancer metastasis to the breasts bilaterally. Clinical awareness of this metastatic potential is important when staging and developing a treatment plan for patients with ovarian clear-cell cancer.
TEM studies of nanostructures

Transmission electron microscope (TEM) is an invaluable tool for the characterization of one-dimensional (1D) nanostructures, providing information on morphology, crystal structure, and chemical composition through imaging, diffraction, and spectroscopic analysis. This chapter illustrates the capabilities of TEM techniques in structure analysis with a number of 1D semiconducting nanostructures. Polarity determination and planar defects imaging by TEM will be discussed in ZnO nanostructures. Most emphasis will be given to the comprehensive TEM analysis of nanowire superlattice and heterostructured nanowires, including axially heterostructured nanowires, radial core-shell nanowires, and surface decorated nanowires.
Defensive Behaviors Driven by a Hypothalamic-Ventral Midbrain Circuit

The paraventricular hypothalamus (PVH) regulates stress, feeding behaviors and other homeostatic processes, but whether PVH also drives defensive states remains unknown. Here we showed that photostimulation of PVH neurons in mice elicited escape jumping, a typical defensive behavior. We mapped PVH outputs that densely terminate in the ventral midbrain (vMB) area, and found that activation of the PVH→vMB circuit produced profound defensive behavioral changes, including escape jumping, hiding, hyperlocomotion, and learned aversion. Electrophysiological recordings showed excitatory postsynaptic input onto vMB neurons via PVH fiber activation, and in vivo studies demonstrated that glutamate transmission from PVH→vMB was required for the evoked behavioral responses. Photostimulation of PVH→vMB fibers induced cFos expression mainly in non-dopaminergic neurons. Using a dual optogenetic-chemogenetic strategy, we further revealed that escape jumping and hiding were partially contributed by the activation of midbrain glutamatergic neurons. Taken together, our work unveils a hypothalamic-vMB circuit that encodes defensive properties, which may be implicated in stress-induced defensive responses.
Striking out Swinging: The Upside of Forced Inferiority

Will professionals perform worse on core competencies after frustrating compulsory tasks in which they are inferior, as expected from job design and professions theory? Or will they respond by outp...
Comparing Literary and Biblical Hermeneutics to Constitutional and Statutory Interpretation

Interpreters determine the meaning of language. To interpret literary and biblical texts, scholars have developed detailed rules, methods, and theories of human understanding. This branch of knowledge, “hermeneutics,” features three basic approaches. First, “textualists” treat words as directly conveying their ordinary meaning to a competent reader today. Second, “contextualists” maintain that verbal meaning depends on generally shared linguistic conventions in the particular historical and cultural environment of the author—and that therefore translations or commentaries are necessary to make the writing intelligible to a modern reader. Third, “hermeneutic circle” scholars argue that texts have no objective meaning. Rather, a person’s subjective perspectives and norms affect his or her understanding of a text, which then generates new meanings that in turn may influence future readers. These three methodologies have parallels in the legal field. Most importantly, judges and scholars have interpreted the United States Constitution by employing (1) textualism, (2) originalism—discerning the meaning of constitutional provisions in historical context, or (3) subjective “living constitutionalism.” Similarly, federal statutes have been analyzed by applying textualism, contextbased pragmatism, or freewheeling “dynamic interpretation.” In this Essay, I will begin by summarizing the three main approaches to literary and biblical hermeneutics. I will then explore their analogues in federal constitutional and statutory interpretation.
Microbiota-derived metabolite promotes HDAC3 activity in the gut

The coevolution of mammalian hosts and their beneficial commensal microbes has led to development of symbiotic host–microbiota relationships1. Epigenetic machinery permits mammalian cells to integrate environmental signals2; however, how these pathways are fine-tuned by diverse cues from commensal bacteria is not well understood. Here we reveal a highly selective pathway through which microbiota-derived inositol phosphate regulates histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) activity in the intestine. Despite the abundant presence of HDAC inhibitors such as butyrate in the intestine, we found that HDAC3 activity was sharply increased in intestinal epithelial cells of microbiota-replete mice compared with germ-free mice. This divergence was reconciled by the finding that commensal bacteria, including Escherichia coli, stimulated HDAC activity through metabolism of phytate and production of inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3). Both intestinal exposure to InsP3 and phytate ingestion promoted recovery following intestinal damage. Of note, InsP3 also induced growth of intestinal organoids derived from human tissue, stimulated HDAC3-dependent proliferation and countered butyrate inhibition of colonic growth. Collectively, these results show that InsP3 is a microbiota-derived metabolite that activates a mammalian histone deacetylase to promote epithelial repair. Thus, HDAC3 represents a convergent epigenetic sensor of distinct metabolites that calibrates host responses to diverse microbial signals. Phytate metabolism and production of inositol trisphosphate by commensal bacteria activates epithelial histone deacetylase 3 and promotes intestinal repair.
Restrictive Normative Orders and the Onset of War

Does armed conflict among states decrease as the international normative order moves from permissive to restrictive? With this chapter, attention is turned to examining the incidence and seriousness of war. According to the results from a Poisson regression analysis, restrictive war-initiation norms are inversely related to the frequency of war in both the interstate system and the major-power subsystem. Whatever controls are applied—levels of strategic rivalry, past amounts of war, or system size—normative restrictiveness shows a consistent dampening effect on the frequency of war, regardless of whether a contemporaneous or lagged model is specified. On the other hand, the findings indicate that normative restrictiveness does not reduce the seriousness of those interstate or major-power wars that occur, nor does it affect the onset of wars fought between states and nonstate actors.
Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Ophthalmoscopy (FLIO) in Patients with Choroideremia.

Purpose To provide a detailed characterization of choroideremia (CHM) using fluorescence lifetime imaging ophthalmoscopy (FLIO) and to provide a deeper understanding of disease-related changes and progression. Methods Twenty-eight eyes of 14 patients with genetically confirmed CHM (mean age, 28 ± 14 years) and 14 age-matched healthy subjects were investigated in this study. FLIO images of a 30° retinal field were collected at the Moran Eye Center using a Heidelberg Engineering FLIO device. FLIO lifetimes were recorded in short spectral channels (SSC; 498-560 nm) and long spectral channels (LSC; 560-720 nm), and mean autofluorescence lifetimes (τm) were calculated. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans were recorded for each patient. Three patients were re-imaged after a year. Results Patients with CHM exhibit specific FLIO lifetime patterns. Prolonged FLIO lifetimes (around 600-700 ps) were found in the peripheral macula corresponding to atrophy in OCT imaging. In the central macula, τm was unrelated to autofluorescence intensity. Some areas of persistent retinal pigment epithelial islands had prolonged FLIO lifetimes, whereas other areas of hypofluorescence had short FLIO lifetimes. At 1-year follow-up, FLIO lifetimes were significantly prolonged within atrophic areas (P Conclusions FLIO shows distinct patterns in patients with CHM, indicating lesions of atrophy and areas of preserved function in the presence or absence of findings in fundus autofluorescence intensity images. FLIO may provide differentiated knowledge about pathophysiology and atrophy progression in CHM compared to conventional imaging modalities. Translational relevance FLIO shows distinctive lifetime patterns that potentially identify areas of function, atrophy, and disease progression in patients with CHM.
Exercise-induced diastolic paradoxical jet flow in a patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Abstract Early diastolic flow from the apex toward the base of the left ventricle − diastolic paradoxical jet flow − may be observed at rest in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). We herein report a case of HCM with exercise-induced diastolic paradoxical jet flow, accompanied by an apical myocardial perfusion abnormality of the left ventricle. A 56-year-old man was referred for the further evaluation of abnormal electrocardiography at a medical check-up. Echocardiography showed myocardial hypertrophy predominantly in the apex of the left ventricle with a maximum wall thickness of 27 mm without an apical aneurysm. Paradoxical jet flow was not detected at rest, but developed after treadmill exercise and lasted for approximately six minutes. Exercise scintigraphy with thallium-201 showed reduced tracer uptake in the left ventricular apex with complete redistribution, findings consistent with myocardial ischemia of the left ventricular apex.
CoviD-19: Companion animals help people cope during government-imposed social isolation

This research explores the impact of government-imposed social isolation orders on homes with companion animals Data were collected April through May 2020, the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic A survey of 234 Americans observing social isolation orders included demographic questions;questions about relationships to other persons and companion animals within the home;and Likert-scale questions designed to probe the complexities of these relationships and their influences on perceived stress and isolation We hypothesized that the presence of companion animals helps to mitigate stressors related to observing social isolation orders, with those living alone experiencing more benefit and homes with children experiencing less The results suggest that the presence of companion animals alleviates stress and isolation by providing attachment figures and activities on which to focus one's energy These results support that companion animals are increasingly viewed as members of one's family and provide social support during stressful life events © Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2021
Prevalence of recreational substance use in patients presenting with seizures to a tertiary care hospital.

Abstract Rationale Recreational substance use (RSU) has been associated with seizure. There is limited knowledge on prevalence of seizures in patients with concomitant RSU in U.S. Thus, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of concomitant RSU in patients with seizures at a university based tertiary healthcare system. Methods We conducted a retrospective observational study from 01/01/2013 to 02/28/2021. Data from patient cohort explorer (a de-identified database) were used to select patients with seizure and a positive drug test (either urine or serum) obtained during the same encounter. The prevalence of RSU for individual substance was reported as percentage of number of encounters. Results There were 226,613 encounters with seizure(s) for a total of 40,459 subjects. Of the total, 5787 (2.5%) encounters with 4,342 subjects concomitantly tested positive for RSU. Mean age was 40.1 (±16.9) years, 58.4% were males, 59.1% were African Americans, and 38.3% were Caucasians. Gender and race of subjects with concomitant RSU for individual drug class was studied for all age groups and for subjects older than 16 years. Conclusions Overall, the most common concomitantly positively tested RSU during seizure encounters was cannabinoid (40.7%) followed by benzodiazepine (38.7%). There was a higher proportion of males’ encounters with concomitant seizure and RSU regardless of type of drug class. Amphetamine use was more common in Caucasians, while the remaining studied RSU were more common in African Americans. Similar trends were seen in the subgroup of subjects older than 16 years.
Accounting for the Wealth of Nations

Mainstream economic models, which typically exclude physical transactions between the economy and the biosphere, are incomplete: wastes, pollution, natural resource extraction, and use of ecosystem services are not included. When economic policy is informed by these incomplete models, unexpected negative outcomes can arise. In this chapter, we suggest that the reason for the incompleteness of mainstream economic models is that we incorrectly understand the economy through the outdated metaphor of the economy as a machine. We describe three eras of thinking about the economy, its relationship to the biosphere, and the metaphors that emerged during each era. We argue that as the world enters the age of resource depletion, it is time for a new metaphor: the economy is society’s \emph{metabolism}. We describe the metabolic processes of anabolism, catabolism, and autophagy and draw analogies to key economic processes: capital formation, energy production, and recycling. Based on the machine metaphor, today’s economic policies are unable to address important issues such as appropriate levels and types of capital formation, efficient energy production, wise use of recycling, and the appropriate scale of the economy relative to the biosphere. The problem is compounded by today’s national accounting, which fails to count many beneficial activities in GDP, simply because because GDP measures only what is produced. Thus, wise and beneficial long-term decisions that would that preserve or enhance natural capital (such as refraining from clearcutting forests) might, ultimately, reduce GDP. We conclude that navigating through the age of resource depletion will require expanded national accounting that captures robust, annual data on the entire portfolio of a nation’s wealth (manufactured and natural capital) in addition to data on national income (GDP). The chapter ends with a description of the structure of the rest of the book.
Comprehensive care for the child with upper extremity limb deficiency

Children with limb deficiencies/amputations are best managed by a multidisciplinary team comprised of physicians specializing in their care, prosthetists, and therapists. For a successful functional outcome, the rehabilitation team will need to consider the goals of the child and parents as they select appropriate components that will aid and not overwhelm the child. The prosthesis will need to accommodate growth and development and withstand the rigors of use during play. The child will benefit from a team approach to introduce, train, and problem-solve the process of prosthetic restoration. We examine strategies for decision making for children with upper extremity limb deletions that will allow appropriate component selection to ensure the prosthesis will be accepted and improve function for the child.
Robotic Trailing Edge Flap Drilling System

The second generation of Electroimpact's ONCE robotic drilling system has been successfully deployed in production. The automated system for drilling and inspection of skins to substructure in trailing edge flaps comprises an off-the-shelf KUKA KR360 robot integrated with an Electroimpact process head, 7th axis linear rail, and roll-over assembly fixture. The process includes drilling up to 3/8" in diameter holes, countersinking, and inspection of CFRP/Al/Ti stacks using a 20k rpm, ATC spindle. Automated vision feature recognition and autonormalization capabilities ensure proper hole vector and location with verification of diameter, countersink depth, stack thickness, and drill thrust being measured inprocess. Tailored nose pieces enable access to nearly 100% of the structure with flood coolant, compliant tip, and vacuum swarf extraction capability.
Teaching a General Education Course on Hate Crimes: Challenges and Solutions

Almost ten years ago, I began teaching a course on hate crimes. This course was originally created as an upper division elective for undergraduate Criminal Justice majors. In the years since, the course has been adapted slightly so that it now serves to satisfy our General Education “Multicultural” requirement. The course is a popular one—in the fall of 2003, I had 62 students—and one I enjoy teaching. However, teaching this course has also presented several challenges. In this paper, I describe some of the challenges I have faced, as well as the approaches I have taken to meeting these challenges. I also briefly discuss what I believe are some of the primary benefits of offering this class.
Small Statistical Models by Random Feature Mixing

The application of statistical NLP systems to resource constrained devices is limited by the need to maintain parameters for a large number of features and an alphabet mapping features to parameters. We introduce random feature mixing to eliminate alphabet storage and reduce the number of parameters without severely impacting model performance.
Developing coarse-grained site models for excited electronic states of conjugated polymers

Models in which each aromatic ring of a conjugated polymer is treated as a single site provide useful coarse grained models of electronic properties. The ability of such models to describe the lowest-energy, exciton, state is explored by parameterizing various forms of site models to data from time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT). TDDFT data is generated for polythiophene oligomers with between 2 and 4 rings, and with randomly chosen tosional angles between adjacent rings. The best site models can reproduce the TDDFT data with a mean absolute error of about 0.13 eV. The coupling between adjacent rings is found to have a cosine dependence on the interplanar angle between these rings.
Managerial Ethics: Best Practices for Building and Maintaining an Ethically Sound Organization

Formal ethics programs are essential to securing an organization's long-term health. As with almost any program implementation, goals and guidelines provide a sense of direction for establishing the program and maintaining it over time. This is certainly true for an ethics program, requiring leadership involvement at all organizational levels and regular maintenance over time. This paper discusses the role of leadership in ethics program development; characteristics, responsibilities, and obligations of ethical decision makers; and guidance for getting the ethics program off the ground. Of key emphasis is the need to communicate corporate ethics policy to all stakeholders, that leading by example is part of the ethics communication process, and that internalization of corporate ethics should be the end goal.
Cosmic Low Temperature Physics: Making Molecules on Stardust

The lightest, simplest and the most abundant molecule in the universe, molecular hydrogen, is one of the most important in the physical and chemical evolution of the Cosmos: it is an essential ingredient in star formation by facilitating the cooling of a gravitationally collapsing cloud; and it enters, either neutral or charged, in most reactions to produce other molecules in space. Through its transitions, we learn about the physical and chemical environments it finds itself in. Its formation requires the help of sub-micron size dust grains, particles in interstellar space that once originated in the ejecta of late type stars, or in novae and supernovae. Until a decade and a half ago, little was known how this molecule is formed in interstellar space. Here I review experimental and theoretical studies of the formation of astrophysically important molecules, and molecular hydrogen in particular, on analogs of interstellar dust grains at low temperature. I will show that these studies touch important and still little understood aspects of elementary processes of atoms and molecules on surfaces at low temperature.
Soviet — Israeli relations

Tactical changes implemented by both the Soviet Union and Israel since 1985 have led to an upsurge of contacts between the two states. However, this considerable diplomatic motion has not moved the parties much closer toward a resumption of official relations or the formulation of a peace process aimed at resolving the Arab-Israeli conflict. Urgency has surely not been the keynote as Gorbachev assigns a low priority to the Middle East and the Israeli government’s freedom of action has been constrained by factional politics. In addition, the United States under Reagan and Bush has not displayed the Carter administration’s commitment to an Arab-Israeli settlement, and its attention within the Middle East has often been diverted toward the Gulf. Now, the Palestinian uprising within occupied territories seems to be speeding up the diplomatic momentum. Israel and the Soviet Union have greatly improved their working relationship, and Gorbachev has made some sobering remarks to Yasser Arafat about Israel’s security requirements. The United States has demonstrated increased activism as Secretary of State Shultz embarked on the path of shuttle diplomacy and his successor, James Baker, has given his name to a framework for negotiations. Nevertheless, little progress has been made on the peace front as a divided Israeli government has been unable to act decisively and the PLO, despite its acceptance of Israe’s existence, has also been rent by internal dissension.
Hemodynamic effects of sodium bicarbonate in critically ill neonates.

Objective To analyze the cardiovascular effects of sodium bicarbonate in neonates with metabolic acidosis.
Server Rack Rear Door Heat Exchanger and the New ASHRAE Recommended Environmental Guidelines

The patented [1] rear door heat exchanger mounted to the rear of IT equipment racks was announced in April, 2005 by IBM and has shown improvements in data center energy efficiency and reducing hot spots. It also allows data center operators to more easily implement some of the features of the newly approved ASHRAE data center recommended data center environmental guidelines [2]. This paper will describe several case studies of implementing the rear door heat exchanger in various data center layouts. The implementation of the water cooled rear door in these data centers will show the effects of various failure modes and how the new ASHRAE environmental temperature guidelines are still being met with the failure modes examined.Copyright © 2009 by ASME