cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some evidence on the uniqueness of bank loans

Abstract This paper presents evidence that banks provide some special service with their lending activity that is not available from other lenders. I find evidence that bank borrowers, not CD holders, bear the cost of reserve requirements on CDs. In addition, I find a positive stock price response to the announcement of new bank credit agreements that is larger than the stock price response associated with announcements of private placements or public straight debt offerings. Finally, I find significantly negative returns for announcements of private placements and straight debt issues used to repay bank loans.
Counting plane curves of any genus

We obtain a recursive formula answering the following question: How many irreducible, plane curves of degree d and (geometric) genus g pass through 3d-1+g general points in the plane? The formula is proved by studying suitable degenerations of plane curves.
Rhodium-Catalyzed Intramolecular, Anti-Markovnikov Hydroamination. Synthesis of 3-Arylpiperidines

The intramolecular anti-Markovnikov hydroamination of 1-(3-aminopropyl)vinylarenes in the presence of a readily available rhodium catalyst to form 3-arylpiperidines is reported. In contrast to intermolecular hydroamination of vinylarenes, which occurred in high yields in the presence of rhodium catalysts containing DPEphos, the intramolecular reaction occurred in high yield in the presence of [Rh(COD)(DPPB)]BF4 as catalyst. Reactants with substituents β to the nitrogen occurred in high yield, and these reactions formed 3,5-disubstituted piperidines with high diastereomeric excess. The regiochemistry of these cyclizations contrasts with the regiochemistry of intramolecular hydroaminations catalyzed by lanthanide complexes, group III metal complexes, and platinum complexes, all of which have been reported to form cyclization products from Markovnikov addition.
Hydrogen in Fusion First Wall Surfaces

The concentration at which deuterium implanted into the materials B, C, Si, TiC, TiB2, B4C, and VB2 saturates has been measured using nuclear microanalysis. The local mixing model for H saturation and isotopic replacement agree well with these data and yield H saturation concentrations close to .5 H/host atom ratio for the elemental samples and lower concentrations for the compounds. The local mixing model has also been used to model tritium buildup and isotope exchange in proposed first-wall materials for magnetic confinement fusion reactors. Two satatistical models are introduced to discuss the buildup to saturation.
Atom transfer cyclization reactions of α-iodo carbonyls

Abstract The free radical isomerization of unsaturated α-iodo carbonyls to cyclic γ-iodo carbonyls is described. Iodine atom abstraction from the starting iodide by the cyclic radical is the key chain transfer step.
On ranking and selection from independent truncated normal distributions

This paper develops probability statements and ranking and selection rules for independent truncated normal populations. An application to a broad class of parametric stochastic frontier models is considered, where interest centers on making probability statements concerning unobserved firm-level technical inefficiency. In particular, probabilistic decision rules allow subsets of firms to be deemed relatively efficient or inefficient at prespecified probabilities. An empirical example is provided.
GRAVITY AND BF THEORY DEFINED IN BOUNDED REGIONS

We study Einstein gravity in a finite spatial region. By requiring a well-defined variational principle, we identify all local boundary conditions, derive surface observables, and compute their algebra. The observables arise as induced surface terms, which contribute to a non-vanishing Hamiltonian. Unlike the asymptotically flat case, we find that there are an infinite number of surface observables. We give a similar analysis for SU(2) BF theory.
Reduced-dynamic technique for precise orbit determination of low earth satellites

A reduced-dynamic technique for precise orbit determination of low earth satellites is described. This technique optimally combines the conventional dynamic technique with the nondynamic technique which uses differential GPS continuous carrier phase to define the state transition. A Kalman filter formulation for this reduced-dynamic technique is given. A covariance analysis shows that when neither the dynamic nor the nondynamic technique is clearly superior, the reduced-dynamic technique appreciably improves the orbit accuracy. Guidelines for selecting a near-optimum weighting for the combination are given. Sensitivity to suboptimal weighting is assessed.
Algorithms for Transform Selection in Multiple-Transform Video Compression

With a proper transform, an image or motion-compensated residual can be represented quite accurately with a small fraction of the transform coefficients. This is referred to as the energy compaction property. When multiple transforms are used, selecting the best transform for each block that leads to the best energy compaction is difficult. In this paper, we develop two algorithms to solve this problem. The first algorithm, which is computationally simple, leads to a locally optimal solution. The second algorithm, which is more computationally intensive, gives a globally optimal solution. We discuss the algorithms and their performance. Two-dimensional discrete cosine transform (2D-DCT) and direction-adaptive one-dimensional discrete cosine transforms (1D-DCTs) are used to evaluate the performance of our algorithms. Results obtained are consistent with their coding performance. As an application example of this paper, we apply our algorithm to evaluate the performance of a potential video compression system based on a very large number of transforms.
A neural network design for circuit partitioning

A neural network model is proposed for circuit bipartitioning. The massive parallelism of neural nets has been successfully exploited to balance the partitions of circuit and to reduce the external wiring between the partitions. The experimental results obtained by neural nets are found to be comparable with those achieved by the C.M. Fiduccia and R.M. Mattheyses (1982) algorithm. The proposed approach can be implemented in hardware to accelerate time-consuming partitioning procedures. >
Synthesis of l-α-phosphatidyl-d-myo-inositol 5-phosphate and l-α-phosphatidyl-d-myo-inositol 3,5-bisphosphate

Abstract Two new 5-phosphorylated phosphatidylinositols have been synthesized from methyl α-D-glucopyranoside as the chiral precursor. These new PtdInsP n s have been recently detected in mammalian cells.
Nonstationary Bayesian kriging: a predictive technique to generate spatial corrections for seismic detection, location and identification

Abstract Seismic characterization works to improve the detection, location and identification of seismic events by correcting for inaccuracies in geophysical models. These inaccuracies are caused by inherent averaging in the model and, as a result, exact data values cannot be directly recovered at a point in the model. Seismic characterization involves cataloging reference events so that inaccuracies in the model can be mapped at these points and true data values can be retained through a correction. Application of these corrections to a new event requires the accurate prediction of the correction value at a point that is near, but not necessarily coincident with the reference events. Given that these reference events can be sparsely distributed geographically, both interpolation and extrapolation of corrections to the new point are required. In this study, we develop a closed form representation of Bayesian kriging (linear prediction) that incorporates variable spatial damping. The result is a robust nonstationary algorithm for spatially interpolating geophysical corrections. This algorithm extends local trends when data coverage is good and allows for damping (blending) to an a priori background mean when data coverage is poor. Benchmark tests show that the technique gives reliable predictions of the correction value along with an appropriate uncertainty estimate. Tests with travel-time residual data demonstrate that combining variable damping with an azimuthal coverage criterion reduces the large errors that occur with more classical linear prediction techniques, especially when values are extrapolated in poor coverage regions. In the travel-time correction case, this technique generates both seismic corrections along with uncertainties and can properly incorporate model error in the final location estimate. Results favor the applicability of this nonstationary algorithm to other types of seismic corrections such as amplitude and attenuation measures. Since this studies original publication, several studies have demonstrated that nonstationary Bayesian kriging provides significant improvement over more conventional correction techniques. Applications have been performed in location and identification and each has demonstrated that this technique can combine the best theoretical earth models with empirical corrections to obtain a more accurate solution. These results and their broad implications for the future calibration of monitoring networks are discussed in a new section that follows the conclusions.
A SURVEY FOR A COEVAL, COMOVING GROUP ASSOCIATED WITH HD 141569

We present the results of a search for a young stellar moving group associated with the star HD 141569—a nearby, isolated Herbig AeBe primary member of a 5 ± 3 Myr-old triple star system on the outskirts of the Sco– Cen complex. Our spectroscopic survey identified a population of 21 Li-rich, 30 Myr-old stars within 30 ◦ of HD 141569 which possess similar proper motions with the star. The spatial distribution of these Li-rich stars, however, is not suggestive of a moving group associated with the HD 141569 triplet, but rather this sample appears cospatial with Upper Scorpius (US) and Upper Centaurus Lupus (UCL). We apply a modified moving cluster parallax method to compare the kinematics of these youthful stars with those of the US and UCL. Eight new potential members of US and five new potential members of UCL are identified. A substantial moving group with an identifiable nucleus within 15 ◦ (∼ 30 pc) of HD 141569 is not found in this sample. Evidently, the HD 141569 system formed ∼ 5 Myr ago in relative isolation, tens of parsecs away from the recent sites of star formation in the Ophiucus–Scorpius–Centaurus region.
On the asymptotic transition to complexity in quantum chromodynamics

Abstract Quantum chromodynamics (QCD) is a renormalizable gauge theory that successfully describes the fundamental interaction of quarks and gluons. The rich dynamical content of QCD is manifest, for example, in the spectroscopy of complex hadrons or the emergence of quark–gluon plasma. There is a fair amount of uncertainty regarding the behavior of perturbative QCD in the infrared and far ultraviolet regions. Our work explores these two domains of QCD using non-linear dynamics and complexity theory. We find that local bifurcations of the renormalization flow destabilize asymptotic freedom and induce a steady transition to chaos in the far ultraviolet limit. We also conjecture that, in the infrared region, dissipative non-linearity of the renormalization flow supplies a natural mechanism for confinement.
Kinetics of Tricalcium Aluminate Hydration in the Presence of Boric Acid and Calcium Hydroxide

Isothermal calorimetry has been used to study the hydration behavior of tricalcium aluminate (3CaO·Al2O3) in the presence of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) and boric acid (H3BO3). Hydration has been initiated with water and boric acid solutions of 0.18M-0.89Mand at constant temperatures of 25°-55°C. The resulting hydration products have been characterized via X-ray diffractometry. Hydration of a 1:1 molar mixture of 3CaO·Al2O3 and Ca(OH)2 in water forms 3CaO·Al2O3·6H2O and produces ∼241 kJ/mol of heat. In boric acid solutions with concentrations of >0.27M, well-crystallized 4CaO·Al2O3·½B2O3·12H2O forms. The amount of heat that is generated increases as the H3BO3 concentration increases. At H3BO3 concentrations of >0.70M, the total amount of heat that is generated remains constant at ∼330 kJ/mol. The rate curves that are associated with hydration in boric acid solutions of >0.27Mare characterized by two reaction peaks, which are separated by an induction period. The first peak indicates initial and rapid hydration, which occurs during the first hour. The second thermal event reflects the remainder of the 3CaO·Al2O3 that is being consumed. The length of the induction period increases as the H3BO3 concentration increases and decreases as the temperature increases. Such behavior is indicative of diffusion-controlled processes. An amorphous calcium borate layer is believed to precipitate around the active 3CaO·Al2O3 particles, which retards hydration. Higher temperatures and/or solutions of lower H3BO3 content favor the formation of highly crystalline reaction products. These conditions are associated with a short induction period. The rapid precipitation of 4CaO·Al2O3·½B2O3·12H2O under such conditions may cause “flash set.”
Nanostructured sulfur cathodes

Rechargeable Li/S batteries have attracted significant attention lately due to their high specific energy and low cost. They are promising candidates for applications, including portable electronics, electric vehicles and grid-level energy storage. However, poor cycle life and low power capability are major technical obstacles. Various nanostructured sulfur cathodes have been developed to address these issues, as they provide greater resistance to pulverization, faster reaction kinetics and better trapping of soluble polysulfides. In this review, recent developments on nanostructured sulfur cathodes and mechanisms behind their operation are presented and discussed. Moreover, progress on novel characterization of sulfur cathodes is also summarized, as it has deepened the understanding of sulfur cathodes and will guide further rational design of sulfur electrodes.
Aviation Combustion Toxicology: An Overview

Aviation combustion toxicology is a subspecialty of the field of aerospace toxicology, which is composed of aerospace and toxicology. The term aerospace, that is, the environment extending above and beyond the surface of the Earth, is also used to represent the combined fields of aeronautics and astronautics. Aviation is another term interchangeably used with aerospace and aeronautics and is explained as the science and art of operating powered aircraft. Toxicology deals with the adverse effects of substances on living organisms. Although toxicology borrows knowledge from biology, chemistry, immunology, pathology, physiology, and public health, the most closely related field to toxicology is pharmacology. Economic toxicology, environmental toxicology, and forensic toxicology, including combustion toxicology, are the three main branches of toxicology. In this overview, a literature search for the period of 1960-2007 was performed and information related to aviation combustion toxicology collected. The overview included introduction; combustion, fire, and smoke; smoke gas toxicity; aircraft material testing; fire gases and their interactive effects; result interpretation; carboxyhemoglobin and blood cyanide ion levels; pyrolytic products of aircraft engine oils, fluids, and lubricants; and references. This review is anticipated to be an informative resource for aviation combustion toxicology and fire-related casualties.
Density matrix renormalization group approach to a two-dimensional bosonic model

Density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) is applied to a (1 + 1)-dimensional λ ϕ 4 model to study spontaneous breakdown of discrete Z 2 symmetry numerically. We obtain the critical coupling ( λ / μ 2 ) c = 59.89 ± 0.01 and the critical exponent β = 0.1264 ± 0.0073 , which are consistent with the Monte Carlo and the exact results, respectively. The results are based on extrapolation to the continuum limit with lattice sizes L = 250 , 500, and 1000. We show that the lattice size L =500 is sufficiently close to the the limit L → ∞ [T. Sugihara, JHEP 0405 (2004) 007].
Deriving the First Law of Black Hole Thermodynamics without Entanglement

In AdS/CFT, how is the bulk first law realized in the boundary CFT? Recently, Faulkner et al. showed that in certain holographic contexts, the bulk first law has a precise microscopic interpretation as a first law of entanglement entropy in the boundary theory. However, the bulk can also satisfy a first law when the boundary density matrix is pure, i.e. in the absence of entanglement with other degrees of freedom. In this note we argue that the bulk first law should generally be understood in terms of a particular coarse-graining of the boundary theory. We use geons, or single-exterior black holes, as a testing ground for this idea. Our main result is that for a class of small perturbations to these spacetimes the Wald entropy agrees to first order with the one-point entropy, a coarse-grained entropy recently proposed by Kelly and Wall. This result also extends the regime over which the one-point entropy is known to be equal to the causal holographic information of Hubeny and Rangamani.
Public access Web information systems: lessons from the Internet EDGAR project

The Internet and the Web Information Systems (WIS) create new channels for communicationsbetween governments, corporations and individuals. Governments collect, generate anddisseminate vast amounts of information. In a market driven and democratic society, thisinformation is vital to enhance the trust of citizens in their government and institutions, andcritical to individual and organizational decision-making. This paper describes lessons learnedfrom the "EDGAR on the Internet" (EOI) project, an early demonstration web informationsystem (WIS) for disseminating corporate disclosure documents filed with the U.S. Securitiesand Exchange Commission (SEC). Building on our experience with this system, and theemerging impact of the Internet on the market for disclosure documents, we provide guidelinesfor governments and information vendors to effectively adopt and adapt to web-enabledinnovations for data dissemination.
Subsets of finite groups exhibiting additive regularity

Abstract In this article we aim to develop from first principles a theory of sum sets and partial sum sets, which are defined analogously to difference sets and partial difference sets. We obtain non-existence results and characterizations. In particular, we show that any sum set must exhibit higher-order regularity and that an abelian sum set is necessarily a reversible difference set. We next develop several general construction techniques under the hypothesis that the over-riding group contains a normal subgroup of order 2. Finally, by exploiting properties of dihedral groups and Frobenius groups, several infinite classes of sum sets and partial sum sets are introduced.
Study of jet quenching using photon-jet events in PbPb collisions at 2.76 TeV with CMS

Abstract The first measurement of the transverse momentum ( p T ) imbalance of isolated–photon + jet pairs in relativistic heavy ion collisions is reported. The analysis uses data from PbPb collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 2.76 TeV per nucleon pair, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 150 μ b − 1 recorded by the CMS experiment at the LHC in 2011. For events containing an isolated photon with transverse momentum p T > 60 GeV / c and an associated jet with p T > 30 GeV / c , the photon + jet p T imbalance is studied as a function of collision centrality and compared to pp data and pythia calculations at the same centre-of-mass energy. Using the p T of the isolated photon as an estimate of the energy of the scattered parton, this measurement allows an unbiased characterization of the in-medium parton energy loss.
Coarse-grained simulation of polymer translocation through an artificial nanopore

The translocation of a macromolecule through a nanometer-sized pore is an interesting process with important applications in the development of biosensors for single-molecule analysis and in drug delivery and gene therapy. We have carried out a molecular dynamics simulation study of electrophoretic translocation of a generic charged polymer through an artificial nanopore as a first step to explore the feasibility of semiconductor-based nanopore devices for ultra-fast sequencing of biological macromolecules. The polymer is represented by a simple bead-spring model designed to yield an appropriate coarse-grained description of a generic linear hydrophilic polymer in solution. A detailed analysis of single translocation event is presented to assess whether the passage of individual ions through the pore can be detected by measuring variations in electrostatic potential during polymer translocation. We find that it is possible to identify single events corresponding to the passage of individual counterions and the polymer chain as a whole, through the pore. However, discrimination of individual ions on the polymer chain based on variations in electrostatic potential is problematic. Several distinct stages in the translocation process are identified, characterized by changes in polymer conformation and by variations in the magnitude and direction of the internal electric field induced by the fluctuating charge distribution. The dependence of the condensed fraction of counterions on Bjerrum length leads to significant changes in polymer conformation, which profoundly affect the dynamics of electrophoresis and translocation.
Equations for two-phase flows: A primer

The main goal of these notes is to give a review of the equations for two phase flow problems with an interface between the two phases in a self-contained way, and, in particular, to properly include surface tension into the interface balance equations.
Discrete to Continuous-Time Crossover Due to Anisotropy in Diffusion-Limited Two-Particle Annihilation Reactions

The diffusion-limited reaction A + A → inert with anisotropic hopping on thed=1 lattice is solved exactly for a simultaneous updating, discrete time-step dynamics. Diffusion-dominated processes slow down as the anisotropy increases. For large times or large anisotropy, one can invoke the appropriate continuum limits. In these limits the effects of the anisotropy on the variation of particle density can be absorbed in time rescaling. However, in other regimes, when the discreteness of the time steps is nonnegligible, the anisotropy effects are nontrivial, although they are always quite small numerically.
Driven diffusive systems. An introduction and recent developments

Abstract Nonequilibrium steady states in driven diffusive systems exhibit many features which are surprising or counterintuitive, given our experience with equilibrium systems. We introduce the prototype model and review its unusual behavior in different temperature regimes, from both a simulational and analytic view point. We then present some recent work, focusing on the phase diagrams of driven bi-layer systems and two-species lattice gases. Several unresolved puzzles are posed.
Binary is good: A binary inference framework for primary user separation in cognitive radio networks

Primary users (PU) separation concerns with the issues of distinguishing and characterizing primary users in cognitive radio (CR) networks. We argue the need for PU separation in the context of collaborative spectrum sensing and monitor selection. In this paper, we model the observations of monitors as boolean OR mixtures of underlying binary latency sources for PUs, and devise a novel binary inference algorithm for PU separation. Simulation results show that without prior knowledge regarding PUs activities, the algorithm achieves high inference accuracy. An interesting implication of the proposed algorithm is the ability to represent n independent binary sources via (correlated) binary vectors of logarithmic length.
Were ancient granitoid compositions influenced by contemporaneous atmospheric and hydrosphere oxidation states

Terra Nova, 00, 1–7, 2012 Abstract A feedback loop between subducted oceanic plate composition, subduction zone processes, arc magma chemistry, and the newly formed continental crust composition links to atmospheric and hydrosphere oxidation conditions through the low temperature weathering mechanisms of seafloor basalts. Sea-floor weathering and the Na/K of the altered oceanic crust strongly depends on f(O2) conditions during alteration, that changed with earth history. The rise of oxygen at ∼2600–2400 Ma triggered associated changes in f(O2) seafloor alteration conditions providing a possible explanation for the observed change from the Na-rich tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) rocks in the Archean to the K-rich granodiorite-granite (GG) granitoids in post-Archean times.
The demand for electrical energy in Korean industry

Abstract There is no question that energy is an important ingredient in the development of any country. Unfortunately, the ability of less-developed countries to respond to the particular nuances of the energy market is not well understood. This paper endeavors to look at one aspect of this potential responsiveness in one country—Korea. After establishing an empirical relationship between the consumption of electrical energy in various industries and the prices of electrical energy, petroleum and coal, estimates of the magnitudes of the relationships are obtained. Finally, the stability of the estimated relationship is examined with the resultant suggestion that industrial demand for electricity was fairly stable during the decade of the 1970s.
Synthesis of 2-alkyl- and 2-carboxy-p-tert-butylcalix[4]arenes via the lithiation of tetramethoxy-p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene.

Tetramethoxy-p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene reacts readily with n-butyllithium to give a putative monolithiated intermediate that is substituted with alkyl halides and carbon dioxide to give in 60−75% yield conformationally mobile calix[4]arenes monosubstituted at the methylene bridge (2-position). 2-Alkyl- and 2-benzyl-substituted tetramethoxycalix[4]arenes are converted in 62−68% overall yield to the corresponding tetrahydroxy-p-tert-butylcalix[4]arenes by treatment with boron tribromide. The tetrahydroxy-p-tert-butylcalix[4]arenes exist in the cone conformation at room temperature in CDCl3 as judged by NMR spectroscopy.
The community cyber security maturity model

Reports of cyber security breaches are common in the media and security events have affected millions. Even with a greater awareness of cyber security, the problem has not decreased as sectors increase their dependence on critical cyber infrastructures. States and communities have joined the growing list of organizations trying to establish viable and sustainable cyber security programs to prepare for cyber events when they inevitably occur. The Community Cyber Security Maturity Model (CCSMM)1 was developed to assist in the development of programs by providing three important mechanisms: a “yardstick” to determine current cyber security posture and maturity, a “roadmap” to help improve security posture, and a common point of reference for individuals to share experiences and lessons learned. This paper discusses the development of the model and describes initial results in states and communities adopting it. The paper also discusses what remains to be accomplished and areas for further research.
An Equilibrium Model with Restricted Stock Market Participation

This article solves the equilibrium problem in a pure-exchange, continuous-time economy in which some agents face information costs or other types of frictions effectively preventing them from investing in the stock market. Under the assumption that the restricted agents have logarithmic utilities, a complete characterization of equilibrium prices and consumption/investment policies is provided. A simple calibration shows that the model can help resolve some of the empirical asset pricing puzzles. Article published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Financial Studies in its journal, The Review of Financial Studies.
Sorting orders, subword complexes, Bruhat order and total positivity

In this note we construct a poset map from a Boolean algebra to the Bruhat order which unveils an interesting connection between subword complexes, sorting orders, and certain totally nonnegative spaces. This relationship gives a simple new proof that the proper part of Bruhat order is homotopy equivalent to the proper part of a Boolean algebra - that is, to a sphere. We also obtain a geometric interpretation for sorting orders. We conclude with two new results: that the intersection of all sorting orders is the weak order, and the union of sorting orders is the Bruhat order.
Remarkable Optical Properties of the Alkali Metals

Thin films of alkali metals opaque to visible light are highly transparent in the ultraviolet region. The point in the spectrum at which transparency commences moves toward shorter wave-lengths with decreasing atomic number as follows: Cs 4400; Rb 3600; K 3150; Na 2100; Li 2050A. The transparency continues as far down the spectrum as the investigations have gone (1860A). In this region the phenomenon of plane polarization by reflection is observed. The reflecting powers of these metals for different wave-lengths have been measured. From these measurements and also from the Brewsterian angles for plane polarization, the refractive index of a potassium film has been calculated. The values range from 0.90 at 2147A to 0.50 at 3100A. Since the refractive index is less than unity total reflection takes place, although the critical angle is not sharply defined. Interference maxima and minima in the spectrum of light reflected from a metal film permit a rough determination of the film thickness.
A Mechanism for Hysteresis in Black Hole Binary State Transitions

We suggest that the hysteretic cycle of black hole state transitions arises from two established properties of accretion disks: the increase in turbulent stress in disks threaded by a net magnetic field and the ability of thick (but not thin) disks to advect such a field radially. During quiescence, magnetic field loops are generated by the magnetorotational instability at the interface between the inner hot flow and outer thin disk. Vertical flux is advected into and accumulates stochastically within the inner flow, where it stimulates the turbulence so that α ~ 1. The transition to a geometrically thin inner disk occurs when L ~ α2 L Edd ~ L Edd, and the first "thin" disk to form is itself moderately thick, strongly magnetized, and able to advect field inward. These properties favor episodic jet production. As the accretion rate declines magnetic flux escapes, α decreases to α ~ 0.01-0.1, and a hot inner flow is not re-established until L L Edd. We discuss possible observational consequences of our scenario.
Non-formal homogeneous spaces

Several large classes of homogeneous spaces are known to be formal—in the sense of rational homotopy theory. However, it seems that far fewer examples of non-formal homogeneous spaces are known. In this article we provide several construction principles and characterisations for non-formal homogeneous spaces, which will yield a lot of examples. This will enable us to prove that, from dimension 72 on, such a space can be found in each dimension.
Molecular transition moments at large internuclear distances

The behavior of the dipole moments of molecular transitions is analyzed as a function of the internuclear distance R and it is shown that for allowed transitions the departure of the dipole moment from the value for the unperturbed atom varies as ${R}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ with a coefficient that can be obtained from the dynamic polarizability of one atom evaluated at the unperturbed transition frequency of the other.
Propagator methods for plasma simulations: application to breakdown

Accurate simulation of plasmas often requires a solution of the kinetic equation, either directly by solving the Boltzmann equation (BE) or indirectly by means of 'particle' simulations. However, kinetic simulations are still too computationally intensive for many large scale 3D simulations. In this paper we examine the matching between a kinetic simulation and fluid models which we use in conjunction to form a 'hybrid' plasma model of the breakdown process. The kinetic model is tested for convergence with respect to mesh size @Dx and time-step @Dt. We then implement fluid models in an attempt to reproduce the results of the kinetic model. To do this it is necessary to have a fluid model which provides accurate simulations with a wide range of @Dx and @Dt. We accomplish this by means of a propagator (or Green's function) approach. The propagator method reduces to a finite difference scheme at small @Dx,@Dt and gives correct results across a wide range of parameters. For intermediate @Dx,@Dt it is necessary to take considerable care to derive the correct propagator. We apply the propagator method to two fluid models; one uses parameters which are functions of the electric field, and the other one uses parameters which are functions of the mean kinetic energy (this version also explicitly conserves energy locally). The details of the fluid models employed make a profound difference to the prediction of the breakdown.
The role of technological and market structure in regulatory reform

This article considers the role of technological and market structure in determining whether regulatory reform is desirable, and the nature of reform that might be undertaken to improve resource allocation. The article discusses the basis for government intervention in an industry, the role of “natural monopoly,” and alternative approaches that might be employed to introduce competition for a market even if competition within a market is not possible (e.g., through competitive auctions, contestability, or monopolistic competition). It suggests the nature of the economic basis for regulatory reform in a number of American industries in recent years.
Application of molecular dynamics to macroscopic particles

Abstract The development of molecular dynamics research is briefly reviewed with emphasis on current non-equilibrium computational techniques used to calculate transport coefficients in systems of polyatomic molecules. Many of the numerical methods and numerical- experiment evaluation techniques of that field could be adapted to macroscopic granular material studies. There are, however, significant differences between macroscopic and molecular interactions — differences that considerably modify some of the computational methods and also the interpretation of the calculational results. Macroscopic particles interact with non-conservative interaction forces. Macroscopically available energy is lost from the system during most dynamic interactions — through plastic deformation, friction and breakage. Cundall and Strack are using simplified models of the interaction forces acting between essentially rigid macroscopic particles to study quasi-static deformations in assemblies of two-dimensional circular particles. We are using somewhat similar twodimensional models in a study of non-equilibrium shearing flow of granular materials. Several verification calculations and tests have confirmed the ability of these computer models to predict the dynamic interactions of macroscopic particles. Preliminary results from shearing flow calculations and corresponding laboratory tests are also in qualitative agreement. Plans for a quantitative study of shear stress dependence on shear rate and other parameters are discussed.
LARGE C*-ALGEBRAS OF UNIVERSALLY MEASURABLE OPERATORS

For a C*-algebra A, G. Pedersen defined the concept of universal measurability for self-adjoint elements of A**, the universal enveloping algebra of A. Although he was unable to show that U, the set of universally measurable elements, is a Jordan algebra, he showed that U contains a large Jordan algebra, U_0. We show by means of a 2 x 2 matrix trick that U_0 is in fact the real part of a C*-algebra. If it is ever shown that U is always a C*-algebra, then the same trick will show that U is the real part of a C*-algebra.
Who's to Blame? (Mis) perceptions of the Intergovernmental Response to Disasters

This analysis shows that the intergovernmental response to Hurricane Katrina collapsed because those involved in the process did not have a clear understanding of their own roles and responsibilities or how the entire governmental response system should operate. New data are presented which demonstrate that citizens' attitudes about intergovernmental responsibilities coincide quite closely with how the disaster response system is designed to function, but they differ from the way public officials involved in the Hurricane Katrina relief efforts thought the process should work. This mismatch between what various levels of government are expected to do and what activities they actually perform in emergency situations has contributed to extremely negative impressions within the American public about governmental performance during natural disasters. Copyright 2008, Oxford University Press.
Development of Dual Bumper Wall Construction for Advanced Spacecraft

This paper describes research and development of the dual bumper wall construction for application to advanced spacecraft. Theoretical penetration mechanics were applied to size single and dual bumper test articles containing various amounts of multilayer insulation. Hypervelocity particle impact testing of candidate wall constructions was completed and the effectiveness established. The dual bumper wall was found to be over twice as efficient as the single bumper wall in resisting complete perforation, for impact velocities where projectile fragmentation occurs and where rear sheet penetration by these fragments is the major source of damage. Quantitative data are presented on the increased penetration resistance afforded by multilayer thermal insulation.
The many roads to serfdom

Abstract This comment considers the planning/laissez faire debate discussed in the Hayek symposium, and raises three points. The first is that all debates are contextual and Hayek's Road to Serfdom needs to be considered in its contextual setting. The second is that there are many roads to serfdom, not just the one outlined by Hayek, and the Hayek/Lerner debate today would probably focus on a different road than it did in the 1930s. The third is that modern economists' focus on technical issues has in large part removed them from the role that Hayek and other top economists played in their time.
Pathways and challenges to innovation in aerospace

There are important lessons that can be applied to aerospace organizations by benchmarking external innovative organizations. The conservative nature of cutting edge engineering in space exploration tends to stifle non-traditional solutions. Additionally, the compartmentalized nature of technology advocacy tends to deter applications with multi-use or cross-cutting features. Successful innovating organizations have several characteristics that can be applied to aerospace. First, innovation starts at leadership with recognition of the value and the setting of high goals and expectations of infusion. Ideas are the seeds of innovation, but useless unless they can be infused. Second is recognition of the culture and if the culture cannot be changed then innovation can be structured to the culture. In a find the fault culture, find innovative ways to find the fault. Finally, environment for innovation is important. By creating opportunities and environments to explore cooperative ideas with the right mix of people, innovation can flourish.
Efficient Synthesis of 2-Substituted-1,2,3-triazoles

In this three-component reaction, alkynes undergo a copper(I)-catalyzed cycloaddition with sodium azide and formaldehyde to yield 2-hydroxymethyl-2 H-1,2,3-triazoles, which are useful intermediates that can be readily converted to polyfunctional molecules. The hydroxymethyl group can also be removed, providing convenient access to N H-1,2,3-triazoles. The reaction is experimentally simple and readily scalable.
Unsteady vortex dynamics and surface pressure topologies on a finite pitching wing

Abstract : A straight wing having an NACA 0015 cross section and rectangular planform was attached to a circular splitter plate. This configuration was pitched at a constant rate to angles exceeding the static stall angel. The unsteady, vortex-dominated flow that developed over the wing and splitter plate was characterized in detail using surface pressure measurements and flow visualization. Both types of data showed that the leading-edge vortex underwent profound three-dimensional alterations to cross section and convection over the entire wing span. These changes in leading-edge vortex structure and kinematics were correlated with prominent spanwise variations in force coefficients. When appropriately dissected, visualization results and pressure data suggested physical mechanisms to account for these three-dimensional variations in unsteady forces and surface pressures.
Highly efficient, very low-thrust transfer to geosynchronous orbit -Exact and approximate solutions

Very low-thrust minimum-fuel orbit transfers for spacecraft with constant specific-impulse propulsion systems require multiple burns at perigee and apogee to keep gravity losses small. A lengthy iterative computer program has been developed to solve for the optimal thrust direction histories of such transfers, given specific numbers of burns, for fixed-thrust and fixed-acceleration cases. Algebraic approximations for total time and loss are presented that provide quick determination of the best numbers of burns vs trip time. Results for the low Earth orbit to geosynchronou s orbit case show the approximations to be good; moreover, for long trip times, loss varies inversely as the square of the acceleration limit for fixed trip time, and loss varies inversely as the square of time for fixed-acceleration limits.
Evolution in the colors of lyman break galaxies from z ∼ 4 to z ∼ 3

The integrated colors of distant galaxies provide a means for interpreting the properties of their stellar content. Here we use rest-frame UV-to-optical colors to constrain the spectral energy distributions and stellar populations of color-selected, B-dropout galaxies at z ~ 4 in the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey (GOODS). We combine the Advanced Camera for Surveys data with ground-based near-infrared images, which extend the coverage of galaxies at z ~ 4 to the rest-frame B band. We observe a color-magnitude trend in the rest-frame m(UV)-B versus B diagram for the z ~ 4 galaxies that has a fairly well-defined "blue envelope," and is strikingly similar to that of color-selected, U-dropout galaxies at z ~ 3. We also find that although the co-moving luminosity density at rest-frame UV wavelengths (1600 A) is roughly comparable at z ~ 3 and ~4, the luminosity density at rest-frame optical wavelengths increases by about one-third from z ~ 4 to ~3. Although the star formation histories of individual galaxies may involve complex and stochastic events, the evolution in the global luminosity density of the UV-bright galaxy population corresponds to an average star formation history with a star formation rate that is constant or increasing over these redshifts. This suggests that the evolution in the luminosity density corresponds to an increase in the stellar mass density of 33%.
Near-Infrared Spectroscopy of Two Galaxies at z = 2.3 and z = 2.9: New Probes of Chemical and Dynamical Evolution at High Redshift*

This study presents Keck optical and infrared spectroscopy of the rest-frame ultraviolet and optical emission lines in two Lyα-emitting galaxies at z > 2. These data provide insight on the evolution of fundamental galaxy scaling relations at early epochs, especially the luminosity-velocity and luminosity-metallicity relations. Spectral diagnostics suggest that the Coup Fourre galaxy at z = 2.3 and Lynx 2-9691, a serendipitously discovered, luminous Lyman drop galaxy at z = 2.9, are star-forming galaxies without active nuclei. Lynx 2-9691 exhibits extended [O III] emission over a diameter of greater than 28 kpc, reminiscent of the Lyα nebulae discovered near Lyman drop galaxies. We estimate star formation rates of 59 and 111 M☉ yr-1, respectively, from Balmer recombination line luminosities, 2-3 times higher than inferred from the ultraviolet continuum. The ratios of strong nebular emission lines indicate subsolar oxygen abundances in the range 8.2 < 12 + log(O/H) < 8.8 (Z = 0.25-0.95 Z☉). Interestingly, Galactic metal-rich globular clusters have similar metallicities, consistent with the idea that we could be seeing the formation of galaxies like the Milky Way at z ~ 3. The measured gas-phase oxygen abundances are greater than 4-10 times higher than the Z < 0.1 Z☉ metallicities found in damped Lyα (DLA) absorbers at similar redshifts, indicating that DLA systems trace fundamentally different environments than the vigorously star-forming objects observed here. If this intense star formation activity represents the dominant formation episodes for stars in today's spiral bulges or ellipticals, then the evolved descendants in the local universe should exhibit similarly subsolar metallicities in their dominant stellar populations that formed 8-10 Gyr ago. When these new data are combined with a sample of four other high-redshift spectroscopic results from the literature, we find that star-forming galaxies at z ~ 3 are 2-4 mag more luminous than local spiral galaxies of similar metallicity and thus are offset from the local luminosity-metallicity relation. Their kinematic line widths are σv = 65-130 km s-1, making this sample 1-3 mag more luminous than local galaxies of similar line width and mass. Less luminous Lyman drop galaxies need to be studied to see if these deviations are universal or apply to only the most luminous high-redshift galaxies.
Synthesis and Structure of a New Quinary Sulfide Halide: LaCa2GeS4Cl3

A new quinary rare earth sulfide−halide compound has been synthesized and its structure determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. LaCa2GeS4Cl3 crystallizes in the noncentrosymmetric hexagonal space group -P63mc (No. 186) with Z = 2, a = 9.731(1) A, and c = 6.337(1) A. Lanthanum and calcium are mixed on a pseudo-trigonal prismatic site, coordinated to three sulfur atoms on one triangular face and three chlorine atoms on the other. Isolated, slightly distorted tetrahedra of GeS4 are oriented with a tetrahedral 3-fold axis aligned along the crystallographic 3-fold rotation axis. Preliminary optical studies indicate that this material has a useful optical window extending approximately from 0.5 to 10 μm. Nonlinear optical activity of LaCa2GeS4Cl3 is demonstrated by the generation of green light when pumped with a 1.064 μm Nd:YAG laser.
Viability of exploratory factor analysis as a precursor to confirmatory factor analysis

As part of the development of a comprehensive strategy for structural equation model building and assessment, a Monte Carlo study evaluated the effectiveness of different exploratory factor analysis extraction and rotation methods for correctly identifying the known population multiple‐indicator measurement model. The exploratory methods fared well in recovering the model except in small sample sizes with highly correlated factors, and even in those situations most of the indicators were correctly assigned to the factors. Surprisingly, the orthogonal varimax rotation did as well as the more sophisticated oblique rotations in recovering the model, and generally yielded more accurate estimates. These results demonstrate that exploratory factor analysis can contribute to a useful heuristic strategy for model specification prior to cross‐validation with confirmatory factor analysis.