cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ON ENERGY DISPERSION IN THE ATMOSPHERE

Abstract In this paper the energy propagation through dispersive waves in four atmospheric models is investigated. These waves are characterized by an approximate geostrophic balance. Diagrams showing the relation between group velocity, wave velocity, and wave length in the four types of atmosphere are given. It is found that: 1. In each of the four models there is always a range of wave length for which group velocity is larger than wave velocity, so that new waves can be formed ahead of initial waves. 2. Both divergence or convergence and horizontal solenoids give rise to waves with negative group velocity. But only in the presence of solenoids is there a range of wave length for which the speed of propagation of energy upstream is greater than the wave speed in the same direction. This means that only the horizontal solenoids make possible the formation of new waves upstream. A graphical method is used to construct the distribution of phase resulting from an instantaneous point-source disturbance. The...
Adhesion of Hydrated Silicate Films

We used fracture mechanics test techniques to measure the adhesive bond energy formed between hydrated silica glass surfaces and silicate species deposited from solution. In the case of silicate surfaces hydrated in room temperature water vapor, intermolecular bonding between hydrated surfaces can be attributed to either hydrogen bonding interactions between adsorbed water molecules (0.15 Jm/sup 2/) or electrostatic bonds formed between adsorbed cations and anionic-nonbridging surface oxygen groups (2.0 Jm/sup 2/). The bonding interaction observed at room temperature depends upon the glass surface composition and the degree of surface hydration. When hydrated silicate solution species are added to the interface and heat treated, adhesion energies as large as the cohesive energy of silica glass can be obtained with heat treatments as low as 200/degree/C. The adhesion of the silicate interfacial film produced by the addition of solution species is greatest for silicate precursors showing a low degree of molecular crosslinking. In addition, the presence of alkali in the silicate solution greatly enhances interface adhesion for heat treatments below 200/degree/C. 9 refs., 10 figs.
Incremental Nonlinear Normal-Mode Initialization

Abstract An incremental nonlinear normal-mode initialization procedure developed within the National Meteorological Center (NMC) global analysis and forecast system is described. Unlike conventional nonlinear normal-mode initialization, the incremental nonlinear initialization does not zero-out gravity-mode tendencies but still removes imbalances introduced by the analysis as effectively as the conventional initialization. Incremental initialization can be set up as a relatively simple modification of the conventional (Machenauer) initialization. The tests performed with the NMC global analysis-forecast system indicate that the problems pointed out for other initialization methods (i.e., undesirable changes to the forecast model guess, especially the tidal modes, sensitivity to the way diabatic tendencies are calculated, and lack of nonlinearity) are all greatly reduced by the nonlinear initialization of analysis increments. Based on these results, the new initialization was implemented into the NMC opera...
The effect of macromolecular crowding on the electrostatic component of barnase-barstar binding: a computational, implicit solvent-based study.

Macromolecular crowding within the cell can impact both protein folding and binding. Earlier models of cellular crowding focused on the excluded volume, entropic effect of crowding agents, which generally favors compact protein states. Recently, other effects of crowding have been explored, including enthalpically-related crowder–protein interactions and changes in solvation properties. In this work, we explore the effects of macromolecular crowding on the electrostatic desolvation and solvent-screened interaction components of protein–protein binding. Our simple model enables us to focus exclusively on the electrostatic effects of water depletion on protein binding due to crowding, providing us with the ability to systematically analyze and quantify these potentially intuitive effects. We use the barnase–barstar complex as a model system and randomly placed, uncharged spheres within implicit solvent to model crowding in an aqueous environment. On average, we find that the desolvation free energy penalties incurred by partners upon binding are lowered in a crowded environment and solvent-screened interactions are amplified. At a constant crowder density (fraction of total available volume occupied by crowders), this effect generally increases as the radius of model crowders decreases, but the strength and nature of this trend can depend on the water probe radius used to generate the molecular surface in the continuum model. In general, there is huge variation in desolvation penalties as a function of the random crowder positions. Results with explicit model crowders can be qualitatively similar to those using a lowered “effective” solvent dielectric to account for crowding, although the “best” effective dielectric constant will likely depend on multiple system properties. Taken together, this work systematically demonstrates, quantifies, and analyzes qualitative intuition-based insights into the effects of water depletion due to crowding on the electrostatic component of protein binding, and it provides an initial framework for future analyses.
The Influence of Lamellar Liquid Crystalline Media in the Hydrolysis of 4-Substituted Benzylidene t-Butylamine N-Oxides

Abstract Cationic lamellar liquid crystalline morphologies decrease the rate of hydrolysis of a series of 4-substituted benzylidene t-butylamine N-oxides compared to aqueous solutions. Rate constants for the aqueous acid hydrolysis decrease as the electron releasing effect increases and they are linear when plotted against σ+-substituent constants. Rho-values indicate a less sensitive reactivity series than the benzoic acids and a more sensitive reactivity in lamellar solvents. Reaction rates for the series in the latter solvent parallel the hydrophobic substituent constants. Three different lamellar morphologies were identified in the aqueous surfactant systems.
The determination of a subset of efficient solutions via goal programming

Abstract A wide variety of models and methods have been proposed to solve the vectormaximum problem. Many of these approaches center their attention on linear programming with several objective functions and seek to obtain the set of efficient (Pareto optimal) solutions. Another approach to the same problem is to rank the objectives according to a priority structure and seek the lexicographic minimum of an ordered function of goal deviations. This latter approach, known as goal programming with preemptive priorities, has, in the literature, usually been treated as a separate topic. In this paper we show that the solution to the linear goal programming problem can be made to always be an efficient solution from which we may conduct a practical investigation of a subset of efficient solutions which form a useful compromise set. While perhaps lacking the elegance of the more esoteric approaches, this technique nonetheless has worked well in practice on actual problems.
Human circadian rhythms in heart rate response to a maximal exercise stress.

Circadian rhythmicity of maximum heart rate response to an exercise task was studied using ten male subjects. Resting heart rate data were collected at seven separate times during a 24 hour period. Exercise heart rate data werecollected at the exact same times, as follows: 0400,0800, 1200, 1500, 1800,2100 and 2400 h. Lowest resting heart rate for all subjects occurred at 0400 h, and the highest at 1800 h. Maximum heart rate response to the imposed exercise task, however, did not exhibit a specific circadian rhythmicity in these subjects, for the seven times of day al which the exercise task was imposed.
Statistical design of experiments for protein crystal growth and the use of a precrystallization assay

Abstract Statistical design of crystallization experiments greatly reduces the amount of protein necessary to find conditions for crystal growth and leads naturally to a useful data base for improving crystallization conditions in cases where the initial trials do not produce adequate results. Although it is counterintuitive to vary simultaneously all the factors to be screened, this apparent loss of control over experimental parameters actually costs very little in terms of the statistical strength of inferences to be drawn from the resulting data. We have used incomplete factorial designs to crystallize all of the proteins we are now studying (tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase, cytidine deaminase, and a manganese catalase). In each case we used a rudimentary microscopic examination to determine the experimental outcomes. From these data we have generated for each protein a “factor profile” showing the relative importance of the factors studied. In at least one case, the specific information in this profile lead to a substantial improvement in the crystals we were able to grow. Considerable potential power lies in the ability to feed information obtained from all experiments in an initial trial back into the design of subsequent improvements in crystal growth conditions. Exploitation of this feedback is limited by the accuracy of the experimental assay procedure. Microscopic examination has many limitations, including subjectivity and low precision. More importantly, it can be seriously misleading if kinetic factors force suitable nuclei to shower as a microcrystalline array which is mistakenly taken to be a precipitate. The dilution curve assay based on dynamic light scattering was developed (Kam et al., J. Mol. Biol. 123 (1978) 539-555) from the concept that hydrodynamic measurements at different protein concentrations could reflect thermodynamic interactions in aggregates without forcing the system to produce macroscopic manifestations. Hence, it should discriminate between cases involving a kinetic barrier to large crystal growth and those where thermodynamic interactions between molecules are poor. Preliminary measurements of the dilution curves of phosphoglucomutase in ammonium sulfate solutions with and without PEG-400 suggest that the dilution curve can identify microcrystalline samples.
Recognition of the Regulatory Nascent Chain TnaC by the Ribosome

Summary Regulatory nascent chains interact with the ribosomal exit tunnel and modulate their own translation. To characterize nascent chain recognition by the ribosome at the atomic level, extensive molecular dynamics simulations of TnaC, the leader peptide of the tryptophanase operon, inside the exit tunnel were performed for an aggregate time of 2.1 μs. The simulations, complemented by quantum chemistry calculations, suggest that the critical TnaC residue W12 is recognized by the ribosome via a cation-π interaction, whereas TnaC's D16 forms salt bridges with ribosomal proteins. The simulations also show that TnaC-mediated translational arrest does not involve a swinging of ribosomal protein L22, as previously proposed. Furthermore, bioinformatic analyses and simulations suggest nascent chain elements that may prevent translational arrest in various organisms. Altogether, the current study unveils atomic-detail interactions that explain the role of elements of TnaC and the ribosome essential for translational arrest.
Confocal reflectance microscopy-guided margin-mapping of melanomas for pre-surgical planning

Confocal reflectance microscopy may enable real-time in vivo imaging and mapping of the margins of primary cutaneous melanoma. Confocal maps of primary, pigmented and amelanotic cutaneous melanomas show excellent correlation to histology. Subclinical, subsurface tumor margins may be determined for pre-surgical planning, to guide biopsy and excision.
Expression of proopiomelanocortin and proenkephalin mRNA in sexually dimorphic brain regions are altered in adult male and female rats treated prenatally with morphine

The present study demonstrates that prenatal morphine exposure on gestation days 11-18 differentially alters proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and proenkephalin (pENK) mRNA in the hypothalamus and limbic system of adult male and female rats. In adult, prenatally morphine-exposed male rats POMC mRNA levels are decreased in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC), while the pENK mRNA levels are increased in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) and in the ventrolateral subdivision of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH), specifically in the ventrolateral subdivision of the VMH. In adult, prenatally morphine-exposed female rats, POMC mRNA levels in the ARC are increased in ovariectomized (OVX) but not in OVX, estradiol benzoate- (EB) or EB- and progesterone- (P) treated females. In contrast, pENK mRNA levels are decreased in the VMH of morphine-exposed, OVX females and increased in EB-treated females. Further, prenatal morphine exposure decreases pENK mRNA in the ARC and increases it in the medial pre-optic area independently of female gonadal hormones. Finally, POMC mRNA levels are increased in the ARC of saline-exposed, EB- or EB- and P-treated females but not in OVX females. Thus, the present study suggests that prenatal morphine exposure sex and brain region specifically alters the level of POMC and pENK mRNA.
Optimizing testing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus species.

Abstract Selection of the appropriate NaCl concentration for test medium for oxacillin susceptibility testing of Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci has been problematic when using different antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods. Broth microdilution, using cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton broth + 2% NaCl, is the currently recommended reference method. There is currently no recommendation for the addition of NaCl to agar for dilution susceptibility tests when Staphylococcus species are tested with oxacillin. We examined the effects of adding 0, 2%, 4%, and 5% NaCl to Mueller-Hinton agar and broth for agar dilution, Etest, and broth microdilution tests. The results of these tests were compared with the reference broth microdilution results and with the results of a hybridization assay using a mec gene probe. We tested 223 strains of staphylococci, 128 of which were mec gene positive and had oxacillin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ⩾4 μ g/ml. Seven strains of S. aureus were mec probe negative but were oxacillin resistant. Seven coagulase-negative strains (three S. epidermidis, one S. haemolyticus, and three S. simulans ) were mec probe positive and were oxacillin susceptible. The MICs for oxacillin-resistant strains increased two- to fourfold with the addition of 2% NaCl, but the MICs for oxacillin-susceptible strains were unchanged. Major and very major interpretative rates ranged from 18.2% to 20.2% for agar dilution and Etest without NaCl added to the medium, and these rates decreased to 17% for all test methods. Our results indicate that 2% NaCl should be added to Mueller-Hinton agar Etest and agar dilution to obtain optimal agreement with reference broth microdilution test and mec gene probe results.
Unsaturated fluid transport in swelling poroviscoelastic biopolymers

Abstract The hybrid mixture theory was used to obtain the two-scale unsaturated transport and thermomechanical equations for biopolymers. The two-scale laws of conservation of mass, momentum, energy and entropy were utilized, the constitutive theory was formulated and the entropy inequality was exploited to obtain various equilibrium, near-equilibrium and non-equilibrium relations. The system was treated as poroviscoelastic with the viscoelastic biopolymers interacting with the viscous water and oil phases at pore-scale via hydrophilic and hydrophobic forces. The gas phase exchanged mass with the liquid water due to evaporation/condensation away from equilibrium. The exploitation of entropy inequality resulted in temporally non-local generalized Darcy׳s laws for the liquid phases, near-equilibrium swelling and capillary pressure relations, generalized stress relations, near-equilibrium Gibbs free energy relation and the rate of evaporation relation. The generalized Darcy׳s law relations include novel integral terms with long-memory effects. These can describe the effect of biopolymer–fluid interaction on both Darcian and non-Darcian modes of fluid transport depending upon the state of the biopolymers (glassy, rubbery or glass-transition). The resulting transport laws for various phases include the cross-effect terms in the form of volume fraction gradients. The unsaturated generalized Darcy׳s law relations were validated by making comparison to the experimental data on moisture transport, heat penetration and pressure development during frying of potato cylinders.
Mean-value theorems of multiplicative functions on additive arithmetic semigroups

It has been pointed out to me by R. Warlimont that the proof of Theorem (6.4.2) in [1] has a gap and the theorem is false. He has also constructed counter examples. In accordance, Theorem 1.6 in my paper [2] quoted in the title of this correction is false too. Actually, either of them requires more conditions on the multiplicative functions so that it can be true. In this correction we supply such a condition (see condition (2) below) and prove the following theorem. Theorem. Suppose an additive arithmetic semigroupG satisfies the condition (i) or (ii) in Theorem 1.6 in [2]. Let f (a) be a multiplicative function such that |f (a)| ≤ 1 for every a ∈ G. If there exist a subset P1 of P and a constant > 0 such that ∑ p∈P1 q−∂(p) < ∞
Effect of the electrode particle shape in Li-ion battery on the mechanical degradation during charge–discharge cycling

The investigation addresses the effect of shape and aspect ratio, of typical electrode particles of Li-ion cell material, on the extent of fracture surface created due to intercalation-induced strain energy. Nodular, fibrous, and flaky-shaped particles were studied approximating them to sphere, cylinder, and disc geometries, respectively. Analytical expressions for stress distribution in slab and cylindrical-shaped particles were derived using thermal stress analogy. Such results are already available for spherical particles. Finite element study was carried out using COMSOL® Multiphysics package to complement the analytical work as well as for verification. The spatial and temporal variations of stresses and strain energy in the electrode particles of different shapes were established. Reportedly, solid electrolyte interphase formed on the fracture surface as well as the fracture-induced isolation of electrode material are the main causes of performance degradation and in this context, the intercalation-...
The role of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) in very old patients with heart failure

Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) have been effective in reducing total mortality in patients with heart failure (HF) and a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. Due to the finding that aldosterone levels decrease with age, one might question the effectiveness of MRAs in very old patients (≥80 years of age), those at the greatest risk for developing HF with a preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (PEF). However, while aldosterone levels decrease with age, there is also a decrease in the enzyme 11 beta HSD2 levels with age, thereby allowing cortisol to stimulate the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), which in younger patients with higher levels of 11 beta HSD 2 levels is converted to cortisone which cannot activate the MR. There is also an increase in the expression of the MR in the vascular wall with age. Thus, there is reason to believe that MRAs might be effective in reducing cardiovascular mortality and the incidence of hospitalizations for HF in very old patients with HFPEF. There is also reason to believe that MRAs might favorably affect many of the comorbid conditions associated with HFPEF in very old patients. The safety and efficacy of this hypothesis is currently under investigation in the NHLBI sponsored TOPCAT trial.
Invariant theory and trace identities associated with Lie color algebras

Abstract Given a group with a bicharacter, we define color analogues of matrices and determine the invariant theory and trace identities.
Recruiting Hispanic Foster Parents: Issues of Culture, Language, and Social Policy:

Hispanics are one of the fastest growing ethnic/racial groups in the United States. The number of Hispanic children entering foster care is greater than the number of licensed families who share their language and cultural identity. This paper addresses issues of culture, language, and social policy which must be considered when recruiting Hispanic foster parents.
The application of fracture mechanics to materials selection

Fracture mechanics methodologies have been applied in the area of materials selection. The abilities of fracture mechanics to differentiate materials on the basis of their crack growth behavior and to incorporate fracture toughness results into rational schemes for fracture prevention are described. While a single fracture toughness value adequately describes the fracture behavior of linear elastic polymers, it is generally inappropriate for elastic plastic polymers. For these materials, the entire crack growth resistance curve should be considered.
IR Spectroscopy and Theory of Cu+(H2O)Ar2 and Cu+(D2O)Ar2 in the O−H (O−D) Stretching Region: Fundamentals and Combination Bands

Copper-water ion-molecule complexes with attached argon atoms, Cu(+)(H(2)O)Ar(2), are produced in a supersonic molecular beam by pulsed laser vaporization. These systems are mass-selected in a reflectron time-of-flight spectrometer and studied with infrared photodissociation spectroscopy. The vibrational spectra for these complexes are characteristic of many cation-water systems, exhibiting symmetric and asymmetric O-H stretch fundamentals, and weaker features at higher frequency that have been tentatively assigned to combination bands. Using isotopically substituted spectra and model potential calculations, we are able to assign the combination bands to a water torsional vibration (frustrated rotation) in combination with the asymmetric stretch fundamental. This combination band assignment is likely to apply to IR spectra of many cation-water complexes.
Functional BK channels facilitate the β3-adrenoceptor agonist-mediated relaxation of nerve-evoked contractions in rat urinary bladder smooth muscle isolated strips.

Abstract The large-conductance voltage- and Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channel is a major regulator of detrusor smooth muscle (DSM) contractility thus facilitating urinary bladder function. Recent findings suggest that activation of β3-adrenoceptors causes DSM relaxation. However, it is unknown whether the β3-adrenoceptor-mediated DSM relaxation is BK channel-dependent during nerve-evoked contractions. To test this hypothesis, we induced nerve-evoked contractions in rat DSM isolated strips by using a tissue bath system equipped with platinum electrodes for electrical field stimulation (EFS). (±)-(R*,R*)-[4-[2-[[2-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]amino]propyl]phenoxy] acetic acid sodium hydrate (BRL37344), a β3-adrenoceptor agonist, significantly decreased the amplitude and muscle force of the 20 Hz EFS-induced DSM contractions in a concentration-dependent manner. The BRL37344 inhibitory effect was significantly antagonized by 1-(2-ethylphenoxy)-3-[[(1S)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthalenyl]amino]-(2S)-2-propanol hydrochloride (SR59230A), a β3-adrenoceptor antagonist. We further isolated the cholinergic from the purinergic component of the 0.5–50 Hz EFS-induced DSM contractions by using selective inhibitors, atropine as well as suramin and α,β-methylene-ATP. We found that BRL37344 inhibited both the purinergic and cholinergic components of the nerve-evoked contractions in rat DSM isolated strips. The pharmacological blockade of the BK channels with iberiotoxin, a selective BK channel inhibitor, increased the amplitude and muscle force of the 20 Hz EFS-induced contractions in rat DSM isolated strips. In the presence of iberiotoxin, there was a significant reduction in the BRL37344-induced inhibition of the 20 Hz EFS-induced contractions in rat DSM isolated strips. These latter findings suggest that BK channels play a critical role in the β3-adrenoceptor-mediated inhibition of rat DSM nerve-evoked contractions.
Regulation of Human CYP2C9 Expression by Electrophilic Stress Involves Activator Protein 1 Activation and DNA Looping

Cytochrome P450 (CYP)2C9 and CYP2C19 are important human enzymes that metabolize therapeutic drugs, environmental chemicals, and physiologically important endogenous compounds. Initial studies using primary human hepatocytes showed induction of both the CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 genes by tert-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ). As a pro-oxidant, tBHQ regulates the expression of cytoprotective genes by activation of redox-sensing transcription factors, such as the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and members of the activator protein 1 (AP-1) family of proteins. The promoter region of CYP2C9 contains two putative AP-1 sites (TGAGTCA) at positions −2201 and −1930, which are also highly conserved in CYP2C19. The CYP2C9 promoter is activated by ectopic expression of cFos and JunD, whereas Nrf2 had no effect. Using specific kinase inhibitors for mitogen-activated protein kinase, we showed that extracellular signal-regulated kinase and Jun N-terminal kinase are essential for tBHQ-induced expression of CYP2C9. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrate that cFos distinctly interacts with the distal AP-1 site and JunD with the proximal site. Because cFos regulates target genes as heterodimers with Jun proteins, we hypothesized that DNA looping might be required to bring the distal and proximal AP-1 sites together to activate the CYP2C9 promoter. Chromosome conformation capture analyses confirmed the formation of a DNA loop in the CYP2C9 promoter, possibly allowing interaction between cFos at the distal site and JunD at the proximal site to activate CYP2C9 transcription in response to electrophiles. These results indicate that oxidative stress generated by exposure to electrophilic xenobiotics and metabolites induces the expression of CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 in human hepatocytes.
Tubeless Percutaneous Renal Surgery

AbstractPurpose: We challenge the requirement for routine placement of a nephrostomy tube following percutaneous renal surgery.Materials and Methods: A total of 50 patients underwent tubeless percutaneous renal procedures consisting of nephrolithotripsy, endopyelotomy, and stone extraction plus endopyelotomy performed during the same setting. In the initial 30 patients a Double-J* *Medical Engineering Corp., New York, New York.stent and a Councill nephrostomy tube were placed at the end of the procedure. The Councill catheter was removed 2 to 3 hours postoperatively. The subsequent 20 patients received only a Double-J stent with no Councill catheter. This study group was compared to a control group of 50 age, sex and procedure matched patients who had previously undergone standard percutaneous renal procedures with routine placement of postoperative nephrostomy tubes. The incidence of complications, analgesia requirements, length of hospitalization, interval to return to normal activities and cost of trea...
Stretching, Packing, and Thermodynamics in Highly Branched Polymer Melts

Within the framework of the polymer reference interaction site model (PRISM) theory, we formulate a simplified method for enforcing conformational self-consistency associated with screening of intrapolymer excluded-volume interactions. It is built on a utilization of the Flory ideality concept, preaveraging of site inequivalency, and the insensitivity of equation-of-state properties of chemically identical polymers to global architecture variation at constant temperature and pressure. The approach allows calculation of the influence of chain branching on average macromolecular stretching under meltlike conditions. Nonideal conformational swelling, intermolecular pair correlation functions, and the cohesive energy as a function of architectural variables have been studied for a variety of star and regular comb models. Predictions for a specific highly globular comb melt are in good agreement with a recent experiment. The relatively weak influence of the nonuniversal local aspect ratio and melt compressibility on polymer stretching is also established. Implications for the X parameter in isotopic star or comb blends, and the miscibility of mixtures of linear and branched polymers, are briefly discussed.
An examination of the urban dispersion curves derived from the St. Louis dispersion study

Abstract We have reanalyzed the data collected during the St. Louis urban dispersion study (McElroy, J.L., Pooler, F., 1968a. The St. Louis Dispersion Study—Instrumentation, Procedures, and Data Tabulations, vol. I. National Air Pollution Control Administration, Pub. No. APTD-68-12, US DHEW, Arlington (352pp); McElroy, J.L., Pooler, F., 1968b. The St. Louis Dispersion Study—Analysis, vol. II. National Air Pollution Control Administration, Pub. No. AP-53, US DHEW, Arlington (50pp)) to address two questions: (1) How well do the empirical Briggs Urban (BU) curves (Briggs, G.A., 1973. Diffusion estimation for small emissions. ERL, ARL USAEC Report ATDL-106, US Atomic Energy Commission, Oak Ridge, TN), referred to as the McElroy–Pooler dispersion curves in industrial source complex, describe the observations that were used to derive them? (2) Can observed meteorological information yield dispersion curves and concentration estimates that are comparable to those based on the empirical BU curves? We find that the BU curves provide an adequate description of the observed horizontal spreads for both daytime and evening trials but underestimate the vertical spreads during daytime conditions. When the centerline ground-level concentrations based on these curves are compared with corresponding observations, we find that the logarithmic mean of the ratio of the modeled to the observed concentration m g = 1.17 , and the 95% confidence interval of the ratio, C p / C o , is 0.15–9.1 during the daytime trials. For the evening experiments, m g = 0.92 , and the 95% confidence interval is 0.23–3.7 for the ratio. When meteorological measurements made in the boundary layer are used to estimate plume spreads, the resulting model performance statistics are better than those obtained with the empirical BU curves. However, this conclusion is tentative because some of meteorological inputs were not measured but estimated from available measurements.
Transient conduction in a three-dimensional composite slab

round tube, uniform heat flux, dryout correlation over the pressure range of0.7 to 17. MN/m2 (100 psia), Atomic Energy Establish- ment, Winfrith, U.K. AEEW-R-789, (March 1972). 10. Y. Katto, On the heat-flux/exit quality type correlation of CHF of forced convection boiling in uniformly heated vertical tubes,
Activity of Δ8-and Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Related Compounds in the Mouse

The 11-hydroxy metabolites of Δ8.- and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol are more active than the parent compounds when administered to mice by either the intravenous or intracerebral route. Both Δ8- and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol are rapidly and extensively metabolized by the liver and not by the brain. The hypothesis that the 11-hydroxy metabolites may be the active form of tetrahydrocannabinol is discussed
Thermodynamics of the dissociation of Bis H+ in seawater from 5 to 40°C

Electromotive-force measurements of cells without transference were used to determine the dissociation constant of the protonated form of the weak base 2-amino-2-methyl-1, 3-propanediol (Bis) in synthetic seawaters corresponding to salinities of 20, 35, and 45‰. Hydrogen electrodes and silver-silver chloride electrodes were used, together with standard potentials determined in an earlier investigation. The pK increases in linear fashion with the salinity (S) of the medium, for values of S from 0 to 45‰. The solvent effect is given by 8.802+0.00378S at 25°C with a mean deviation of 0.001. The medium effect of seawater on ΔH° at 25°C is less than 200 cal-mol−1 and less than 0.2 cal-oK-mol−1 on ΔS°.
Large Area Supersonic Jet Epitaxy of AlN, GaN, and SiC on Silicon

AlN, GaN, and SiC thin films were grown on 100 mm diameter Si(111) and Si(100) substrates using Supersonic Jet Epitaxy (SJE). Precursor gases were seeded in lighter mass carrier gases and free jets were formed using novel slit-jet apertures. The jet design, combined with substrate rotation, allowed for a uniform flux distribution over a large area of a 100 mm wafer at growth pressures of 1--20 mTorr. Triethylaluminum, triethylgallium, and ammonia were used for nitride growth, while disilane, acetylene, and methylsilane were used for SiC growth. The films were characterized by in situ optical reflectivity, x-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE).
The Light Induced Changes in A-Si: H Materials and Solar Cells—Where We are Now

The quest for understanding and especially controlling the reversible light induced changes in a-Si:H based materials has been ongoing for the last twenty years. This has been accompanied by a corresponding large effort in minimizing their effects on more efficient a-Si:H based solar cells. Despite the complexities in both the phenomena as well as the solar cells, progress has been made in both the scientific and technological arenas. This paper briefly reviews primarily studies on the characterization and reduction of the metastable changes in materials and the correlation of these changes with those in efficient solar cells. It will discuss the impact of studies on materials as well as the continuous advances made with “engineering” of solar cell structures on their improved stabilized performance.
Visualizing chemical compositions and kinetics of sol-gel by near-infrared multispectral imaging technique.

Kinetics of sol-gel formation were studied using the recently developed near-infrared (NIR) multispectral imaging instrument. This imaging spectrometer possesses all the advantages of conventional spectrometers. It also has additional features that NIR spectrometers cannot offer, namely, its ability to provide kinetic information at different positions within a sample. The high spatial resolution and sensitivity of the InSb camera make it possible for the imaging spectrometer to determine the kinetic from data recorded by a single pixel. Kinetics of sol-gel reactions, determined by this multispectral imaging instrument, show that the initial hydrolysis of the TEOS, MTES, or a mixture of these two alkoxysilanes is relatively inhomogeneous. The inhomogeneity is dependent on the number of pixels used to calculate the spectrum for each spot. Data calculated from a single pixel provide the largest inhomogeneity. No inhomogeneity was observed when an average of a large number of pixels (e.g., 10 x 10) is used for calculation. The inhomogeneities observed for TEOS sol-gels are different from those for the MTES sol-gels, and those for sol-gels prepared from a mixture of TEOS and MTES are relatively larger and more similar to those of the MTES sol-gels. A variety of reasons might account for the observed inhomogeneities including differences in the structure of the TEOS sol-gels and MTES sol-gels and the inability of the TEOS to mix well with MTES with the latter being more hydrophobic.
Metabolism, energy, and entropy in Marx's critique of political economy: Beyond the Podolinsky myth

Until recently, most commentators, including ecological Marxists, have assumed that Marx's historical materialism was only marginally ecologically sensitive at best, or even that it was explicitly anti-ecological. However, research over the last decade has demonstrated not only that Marx deemed ecological materialism essential to the critique of political economy and to investigations into socialism, but also that his treatment of the coevolution of nature and society was in many ways the most sophisticated to be put forth by any social theorist prior to the late twentieth century. Still, criticisms continue to be leveled at Marx and Engels for their understanding of thermodynamics and the extent to which their work is said to conflict with the core tenets of ecological economics. In this respect, the rejection by Marx and Engels of the pioneering contributions of the Ukrainian socialist Sergei Podolinsky, one of the founders of energetics, has been frequently offered as the chief ecological case against them. Building on an earlier analysis of Marx's and Engels's response to Podolinsky, this article shows that they relied on an open-system, metabolic-energetic model that adhered to all of the main strictures of ecological economics – but one that also (unlike ecological economics) rooted the violation of solar and other environmental-sustainability conditions in the class relations of capitalist society. The result is to generate a deeper understanding of classical historical materialism's ecological approach to economy and society – providing an ecological-materialist critique that can help uncover the systemic roots of today's “treadmill of production” and global environmental crisis.
Parties, Institutional Control, and Trust in Government*

Objectives. Partisanship should affect evaluations of Congress just as it affects evaluations of the president, and these institutional evaluations should affect political trust. We argue that the relationship between partisanship and trust is dependent on partisan control of Congress and that much of party identification's influence on trust occurs indirectly through approval of governmental institutions. Methods. Using data collected before and after the 2002 congressional elections by the Center for Survey Research and Analysis at the University of Connecticut, we examine changes in frequency distributions and mean values for trust and institutional approval. We use multivariate regression models and a path model to estimate the causes of political trust and self-perceived change in trust. Results. We find evidence that party control of government and party identification are important in explaining trust and institutional approval. The Republican takeover of the Senate led Republicans to evaluate the Senate more favorably and to become more trusting of the government, while having the opposite effect on Democrats. Conclusions. The changes in approval and trust resulting from the 2002 elections suggest that at least some segment of the population is cognizant of changes in the political environment and updates its views of government when the political environment changes.
Quantifying the harmful effect of psoriasis on health-related quality of life.

Abstract Background: Psoriasis affects 7 million people in the United States, causing substantial cost, social stigma, and disability. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the health effects of skin disease by comparing psoriasis to other primary medical disorders using 3 different scales of health-related quality of life. Methods: A self-administered questionnaire consisting of 3 health-related quality of life measures was given sequentially to 35 eligible patients with psoriasis presenting to the Dermatology Branch of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) for an investigational therapeutic protocol. Results: All patients (100%) agreed to participate. The median Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) score was 13.0. Overall, 82.9% at least often felt the need to hide their psoriasis, and 74.3% claimed their self-confidence was at least often affected by their psoriasis. The median EQ-5D health state utility score was 13.0% less than healthy individuals ( P P = .005) and the median social functioning score 18.7% less ( P = .005) than that of patients with no chronic conditions. Conclusion: Individuals with psoriasis are significantly affected in their health state utility, perception of general health, and social functioning when compared with individuals without chronic disease and those with certain primary medical conditions. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;47:512-8.)
X-Ray and Radio Emissions of AWM and MKW Clusters

A grasp of the life-cycles of large-scale structures is critical to understanding the Universe. This can be accomplished through the study of poor clusters-- that is, younger clusters that are likely evolving to another state. The selected clusters are significant in that they are poor but also possess a type-cD galaxy. This brighter central galaxy suggests that these clusters may be dynamically evolved and are potential candidates for fossil groups. In order to more fully understand the structure and behavior of poor galaxy clusters, 12 clusters were selected and analyzed. Using data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, Chandra X-Ray Archive, and the VLA FIRST Survey, we present x-ray profiles and radio observations of these 12 galaxy clusters.Â
T2 hyperintense foci on magnetic resonance images of schizophrenic patients and controls.

Abstract High resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain was performed on 18 male schizophrenic patients and 15 male normal control subjects using an identical imaging protocol. The number and size of T2 hyperintense foci were clinically quantified by an academic radiologist. Large foci (⩾ 3 mm in diameter) were observed more frequently on patient images ( 7 18 ) than on control images ( 1 15 ). The imaging protocol detected high rates of focal hyperintensities, but no differences between patients and controls were noted in the total affected brain area (sum of focal areas) or in the presence or absence of foci.
Archeological evidence for selection of chupandilla and cosahuico under cultivation in Mexico

From four caves in the Tehuacan Valley, excavated by the Proyecto ArqueologicoBotanico Tehuacan, seeds of ehupandilla (Cyrtocarpa procera) and cosahuico (Sideroxylon) cf.tempisque) were recovered. Measurements of these show that a definite increase in size took place. Chupandilla seeds showed little increase in the lower levels (ea. 6500 to 2300 B. C.) but from ca. 900 B. C. to A. D. 1500 there was a constant increase in size. During this period, chupandilla showed no significant change in fruit proportions. Cosahuico, on the other hand, showed an increase in size beginning in levels whose earliest date is ca. 4800 B. C. and the increase continued to the top at ca. A. D. 1500. Furthermore, cosahuico seeds became proportionally more elongate from ca. 4800 to 200 B. C, less elongate from ca 200 B. C. to A. D. 700 and then again more elongate from ca. A. D. 700 to 1500. Especially notable size increases in the seeds of both fruits from Purron Cave (TC 272) can be associated with the building of a dam and extensive irrigation system near that cave. Undoubtedly, these changes in size and shape are attributable to cultivation of the trees and active selection of seeds from large fruit for the propagation of new trees. This datum further strengthens the premises previously established by a study of avocado cotyledons from the same area (6).
Raman spectra of negative molecular ions doped in alkali halide crystals

Abstract Raman bands arising from S 2 − and S 3 − have been observed in alkali halide single crystals which had been heated in the presence of sulphur vapor. The S 3 − ion could also be detected in the mineral ultramarine. Since the excitation frequency was sometimes close to the absorption band of these species, a resonance Raman effect was observed. This was strongest for the S 3 − species in KCl where the fifth overtone of the symmetrical stretching mode vibrational could be seen. In similarly treated crystals, the vibrational Raman bands of Se 2 − and SeS − were observed. Raman data for N 2 − in potassium halide single crystals are also reported.
Scaling of flux pinning with the thermodynamic critical field

A systematic study of flux pinning and the thermodynamic critical field H{sub c} has been undertaken to determine whether H{sub c} is a central factor determining the critical current J{sub c}. Materials that have a fairly wide temperature interval of thermodynamic reversibility are selected so that the thermodynamic critical field can be confidently extrapolated into the irreversible regime. J{sub c} is found to scale with H{sub c}. For a given sample, the J{sub c}/H{sub c} vs H/H{sub c} curves are close to a universal function as temperature changes. In addition, the peak in the pinning force curve also scales with H{sub c}{sup 2} for a wide variety of samples having quite different transition temperatures. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
The Immanence of Space and History: New Work on Frantz Fanon

What can be learned from a life, especially one that was dedicated to action? The few but extraordinary writings of Frantz Fanon, who died in 1961 of leukaemia, are a meditation on just this point:...
Convergence region inclusion theorems for continued fractionsK(a n /1)

We prove that the oval convergence theorem for continued fractionsK(a n /1) follows from the uniform parabola theorem and from the uniform limacon theorem. Thus we are able to deduce that the ovals are uniform convergence regions and give estimates for the speed of convergence. Certain separation properties of the ovals are also established.
LETS Protein in Normal and Pathological Human Oral Epithelium

The distribution of LETS protein in human oral mucosa was studied by indirect immunofluorescence. Normal epithelium showed surface staining. Intracellular staining occurred in epithelial cell cytoplasm in lichen planus and pemphigoid. Surface staining was absent in discoid lupus erythematosus. In pemphigus, intercellular staining was seen near areas of acantholysis.
Islet-Activating Protein Inhibits the β-Adrenergic Receptor Facilitation Elicited by γ-Aminobutyric AcidB Receptors

gamma-Aminobutyric acidB (GABAB) receptor recognition sites that inhibit cyclic AMP formation, open potassium channels, and close calcium channels are coupled to these effector systems by guanine nucleotide binding proteins (G proteins). These G proteins are ADP-ribosylated by islet-activating protein (IAP), also known as pertussis toxin. This process prevents receptor coupling to these G proteins. In slices of cerebral cortex and hippocampus from rat, stimulation of GABAB receptors with baclofen, a receptor agonist, also potentiates the accumulation of cyclic AMP stimulated by beta-adrenergic agonists. It was unknown whether those GABAB receptors that potentiate the beta-adrenergic response were also sensitive to IAP. IAP was injected intracerebroventricularly into rats to ADP-ribosylate IAP-sensitive G proteins. Four days after the IAP injection, 38% and 52% of these G proteins from cerebral cortex and hippocampus, respectively, were ADP-ribosylated by the IAP injection. In slices of both structures prepared from IAP-treated rats, the GABAB receptor-mediated potentiation of the beta-adrenergic receptor response was attenuated. Thus, many GABAB receptor-mediated responses are coupled to IAP-sensitive G proteins.
Comment on "Double-octupole excitations in the N=84 nuclei 144Nd and 146Sm"

Results of proton and electron inelastic scattering suggest that the interpretation of the 5{sub 1}{sup {minus}}-7{sub 1}{sup {minus}}-9{sub 1}{sup {minus}} sequence in {sup 144}Nd as simple quadrupole-octupole-coupled states neglects large {nu}({ital f}{sub 7/2}{ital i}{sub 13/2}){sub 5,7,9} components and, therefore, that the interpretation of the 12{sup +} state at 4354 keV as a double-octupole-phonon state (6{sub 1}{sup +}{circle_times}octupole{circle_times}octupole) given by Bargioni {ital et} {ital al}. [Phys. Rev. C {bold 51}, R1057 (1995)] may be too simple. It is suggested that measurements of the 9{sub 1}{sup {minus}} state via single-neutron-stripping reactions and intermediate energy proton scattering can help determine the underlying structure of the 4354 keV state. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}