cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neuroanatomical localization of an internal clock : A functional link between mesolimbic, nigrostriatal, and mesocortical dopaminergic systems

The effects of selective dopamine (DA) depleting lesions with 6-hydroxydopamine microinjection into the SN, CPu, and NAS, as well as radiofrequency lesions of the CPu on the performance characteristics of rats trained on a single-valued 20-s peak-interval (PI) timing procedure or a double-valued 10-s and 60-s PI procedure were evaluated. A double dissociation in the performance of duration discriminations was found. Rats with CPu lesions were unable to exhibit temporal control of their behavior suggesting complete insensitivity to signal duration but were able to show discrimination of the relative reward value of a signal by differentially modifying their response rates appropriately. In contrast, rats with NAS lesions were able to exhibit temporal control of their behavior by differentially modifying their response rates as a function of signal duration(s), suggesting no impairment of sensitivity to signal duration, but were unable to show discrimination of the relative reward value of a signal.
A fatigue test for controlling the quality of polyethylene copolymers

The lifetimes of 17 commercial ethylene-hexene copolymers were measured under fatigue and constant load. These LLDPE resins all had about the same melt flow index and density, but their lifetimes under fatigue and constant load varied by factors of 17 to 104, respectively. The lifetimes in fatigue were 1/25 to 1/2000 times the lifetime under constant load, but the ranking of the resins in fatigue with respect to their resistance to slow crack growth correlated with the ranking under a constant load. It is recommended that a tensile fatigue test on a notched specimen is a useful short time test for the quality control of ethylenehexene copolymers that may be used for gas pipes or other critical applications.
Massage therapy for symptom control: outcome study at a major cancer center.

Massage is increasingly applied to relieve symptoms in patients with cancer. This practice is supported by evidence from small randomized trials. No study has examined massage therapy outcome in a large group of patients. At Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, patients report symptom severity pre- and post-massage therapy using 0–10 rating scales of pain, fatigue, stress/anxiety, nausea, depression and “other.” Changes in symptom scores and the modifying effects of patient status (in- or outpatient) and type of massage were analyzed. Over a three-year period, 1,290 patients were treated. Symptom scores were reduced by approximately 50%, even for patients reporting high baseline scores. Outpatients improved about 10% more than inpatients. Benefits persisted, with outpatients experiencing no return toward baseline scores throughout the duration of 48hour follow-up. These data indicate that massage therapy is associated with substantive improvement in cancer patients’ symptom scores. J Pain Symptom Manage 2004;28:244–249. 2004 U.S. Cancer Pain Relief Committee. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Numerical Design of a Liquid Fueled Combustor

The design of an experimental combustor being developed at Georgia Tech., is addressed in this paper. The primary objective here is to study the effect of liquid fuel droplets and its atomization on the emission characteristics (primarily CO) in the combustor under development. A steady state code developed at NASA LeRC, ALLSPD-3D is used for this purpose. Effects of varying the initial liquid droplets size distribution and injection angle on evaporation, combustion and CO emission are studied. It is determined that a smaller range of initial droplet sizes evaporate quite efficiently and hence, burn quite effectively, while a larger range of initial droplet sizes is not as effective and can result in incomplete combustion. This results in increased CO emission. Inclusion of swirl increases the combustion efficiency and reduces CO emission. The results of this study provide baseline performance characteristics for the combustor currently being built for active control studies.
What Moves Man: The Realist Theory of International Relations and Its Judgment of Human Nature

What Moves Man: The Realist Theory of International Relations and Its Judgment of Human Nature. By Annette Freyberg-Inan. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2004. 266p. $59.50 cloth, $19.95 paper. Human nature is the subject of Annette Freyberg-Inan's sustained attack on political realism. She argues that all realist theory shares a common set of assumptions about human motivations. In short, realists believe that humans are, and always will be, up to little good. We are fearful, self-interested, power-hungry, and “by and large, rational” (p. 94). Realists apply these psychological characteristics to nation-states, modifying them only to the extent that states and their leaders are likely to be more rational—in the sense of being strategic and utility maximizing—than average people. Such understandings of human nature are, however, simplistic and misleading.
Accuracy and precision of fractal dimension measured on model surfaces

Abstract Objectives To develop a method, which is precise, accurate, and insensitive to the angle of inclination for determining the fractal dimensional increment ( D *) of a surface. Methods Brownian interpolation was used to generate simulated ceramic fracture surfaces having known D * values of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 with 10 surfaces at each D * value. Each surface was inclined at four angles (0°, 3°, 5°, and 7°) from horizontal. The 160 (40 × 4) surfaces were analyzed by a variety of methods including Minkowski Cover (MC), Root Mean Square Roughness vs. Area (RMS), Kolmogorov Box (KB), Hurst Exponent (HE), Slit Island Box (SIB), and Slit Island Richardson (SIR). The coefficient of variation (CV) and mean error were used to identify the methods with best precision (lowest CV) and accuracy (lowest mean error), respectively, and three-way ANOVA followed by Turkey's HSD ( α = 0.05) was used to identify significant effects. Results CV was significantly affected by fractal dimension ( p = 0.002) and method ( p p = 0.765). The CV value for MC was lower than those for other methods ( p ≤ 0.05). Mean error was significantly affected by three-way interaction between fractal dimension, method, and angle of inclination ( p p ≤ 0.05) for inclined surfaces. Significance MC was determined to have the best combination of precision, accuracy, and lack of sensitivity to angle of inclination for Brownian interpolation surfaces having D * values in the range commonly reported for ceramic fracture surfaces.
Self-Test and Adaptation for Random Variations in Reliability

Random physical variations and noise are growing challenges for advanced electronic systems. Field programmable systems can, in principle, adapt to these phenomena, but two main problems must be addressed: how to efficiently characterize random variations and how to perform subsequent optimization. This paper addresses both of these questions. First, an approach to self-test is presented that uses on-chip noise emulation to quickly characterize some of the hidden variations in latches. Our noise-injection experiments demonstrate that there can be significant spreads in latch reliability even with current 65nm field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). We detected coefficients of variation as high as 77%. Second, we propose an approach to self-optimization using local resource swapping. Experiments on two FPGAs show improvements in mean-time-between-failures (MTBF) of up to 60%.
A large deviations approach to sensor scheduling for detection of correlated random fields

The problem of scheduling sensor transmissions for the detection of correlated random fields using spatially deployed sensors is considered. Using the large deviations principle, a closed-form expression for the error exponent of the miss probability is given as a function of the sensor spacing and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). It is shown that the error exponent has a distinct characteristic: at high SNR, the error exponent monotonically increases with respect to sensor spacing, while at low SNR, there is an optimal spacing for scheduled sensors.
Depletion of SK1 channel subunits leads to constitutive insulin secretion

In the pancreas, the role of the small-conductance, calcium-activated SK channels remains controversial. Here, we show that three SK subtypes are expressed in the rat insulinoma cells. Our findings demonstrate that rat SK1 (rSK1) channels ensure appropriate insulin secretion by establishing the cell's negative resting membrane potential and shortening the duration of the action potential. We also found that the depletion of rSK1 transcripts generated a condition in which beta cells constitutively secrete insulin, even in the absence of a stimulating molecule (such as glucose). Together, these results implicate SK1 subunits as key regulators of excitability and endocrine function in beta cells.
The continuity of the limit distribution in the parameter of interest is not essential for the validity of the bootstrap

It is well known that the unrestricted bootstrap estimator of the slope parameter in the random walk model without drift converges to a random distribution. This bootstrap failure is commonly attributed to the discontinuity of the limit distribution of the least-squares estimator in the parameter of interest. We demonstrate by counterexample that this type of continuity is not essential for the validity of the bootstrap nor is it essential that the rate of convergence of the estimator remain constant over the whole parameter space.We thank Don Andrews, Shinichi Sakata, Jonathan Wright, and two anonymous referees for very helpful comments. The views expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect those of the European Central Bank or its members.
redMaPPer – IV. Photometric membership identification of red cluster galaxies with 1 per cent precision

In order to study the galaxy population of galaxy clusters with photometric data one must be able to accurately discriminate between cluster members and non-members. The redMaPPer cluster finding algorithm treats this problem probabilistically. Here, we utilize SDSS and GAMA spectroscopic membership rates to validate the redMaPPer membership probability estimates for clusters with $z\in[0.1,0.3]$. We find small - but correctable - biases, sourced by three different systematics. The first two were expected a priori, namely blue cluster galaxies and correlated structure along the line of sight. The third systematic is new: the redMaPPer template fitting exhibits a non-trivial dependence on photometric noise, which biases the original redMaPPer probabilities when utilizing noisy data. After correcting for these effects, we find exquisite agreement ($\approx 1\%$) between the photometric probability estimates and the spectroscopic membership rates, demonstrating that we can robustly recover cluster membership estimates from photometric data alone. As a byproduct of our analysis we find that on average unavoidable projection effects from correlated structure contribute $\approx 6\%$ of the richness of a redMaPPer galaxy cluster. This work also marks the second public release of the SDSS redMaPPer cluster catalog.
School for Cool: The Academic Jazz Program and The Paradox of Institutionalized Creativity by Eitan Y. Wilf

Wilf’s book takes on the proverbial “elephant in the room” in jazz education, often alluded to, or partially investigated, as with the six blind men describing an elephant according to the part imm...
Intrinsic Stepwise Translocation of Stretched ssDNA in Graphene Nanopores

We investigate by means of molecular dynamics simulations stretch-induced stepwise translocation of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) through graphene nanopores. The intrinsic stepwise DNA motion, found to be largely independent of size and shape of the graphene nanopore, is brought about through alternating conformational changes between spontaneous adhesion of DNA bases to the rim of the graphene nanopore and unbinding due to mechanical force or electric field. The adhesion reduces the DNA bases' vertical conformational fluctuations, facilitating base detection and recognition. A graphene membrane shaped as a quantum point contact permits, by means of transverse electronic conductance measurement, detection of the stepwise translocation of the DNA as predicted through quantum mechanical Green's function-based transport calculations. The measurement scheme described opens a route to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio not only by slowing down DNA translocation to provide sufficient time for base recognition but also by stabilizing single DNA bases and, thereby, reducing thermal noise.
Clinical outcomes of patients with adenocarcinoma in situ of the cervix treated by conization

Objective To describe the clinical outcomes of histologically confirmed adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) of the cervix treated with cervical conization. Materials and methods A retrospective chart review of patients with histologically confirmed AIS from July 1998 to February 2011 included 52 patients. The rates of residual disease in subsequent excisions, the clinical recurrence rate, the average disease-free interval, and risk of progression to adenocarcinoma were described. The clinical outcomes of patients treated with cold knife cone (CKC) and loop electrosurgical excisional procedure (LEEP) were compared. Results Fifteen LEEPs and 37 CKC procedures were performed as initial treatment and 26 patients (50%) had positive margins. There was no significant difference in rate of positive margins between LEEP and CKC (40% vs. 54%, respectively. p = 0.55). LEEPs and CKCs resulted in similar volumes of cervical tissue resected (4.98 cm3 vs. 5.04 cm3, p = 0.40). Of patients with positive margins, ten underwent immediate hysterectomy, six underwent a second cone biopsy, seven were managed expectantly, and four were lost to follow up. Residual AIS was found in 47% (eight of 17) of repeat cone biopsy and hysterectomy specimens performed for positive cone margins. Of the 26 patients with negative cone margins, no residual or recurrent disease was found after an average follow-up of 32 months. Conclusions A positive surgical margin was associated with residual disease in 47% of patients with AIS treated with conization. No patient with negative cone margins had recurrent or progressive disease. Cervical conization with negative margins appears to be a safe treatment option for patients with AIS but requires further investigation. CKC and LEEP were equally efficacious treatments in our study population.
Liability and Organizational Choice: Theory and Evidence from the Oil Shipping Industry

Legal and economic scholars have predicted that increases in liability encourage firms to contract out risky activities in order to take advantage of so-called judgment-proof strategies. These strategies allow entities to limit their liability through through contractual arrangements with nearly insolvent (i.e., judgment-proof) firms. However, the use of judgment-proof firms triggers two countervailing effects: it provides opportunities to externalize liability; but, the insolvency of these firms introduces distortion in care levels that can generate more liability costs. These costs may outweigh the benefits of externalizing liability, making contracting out suboptimal. A simple model of organization (make-or-buy) decision-making with judgment-proof firms is developed and applied to the oil industry. The empirical research suggests that either increases in liability or the possibility of vicarious liability (or both) undermined contracting out in the wake of the Exxon Valdez oil spill.
RAPID QUANTITATIVE METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF BENZOIC ACID, SORBIC ACID, AND FOUR PARABENS IN MEAT AND NONMEAT PRODUCTS BY LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

A liquid chromatographic (LC) method for the simultaneous determinations of benzoic acid, sorbic acid, and methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl parabens (methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl-p-hydroxybenzoates) in meat and nonmeat products was developed. Benzoic acid, sorbic acid, and parabens were extracted from meat and nonmeat products with 70% ethanol. After filtration, extracts were analyzed by reverse phase liquid chromatography. Homogeneously ground samples of fresh sausage and hamburger were fortified with benzoic acid, sorbic acid, and each paraben at 5 different concentrations. Average recovery (after discarding outliers) for each preservative at all 5 levels was greater than 95% with a coefficient of variation less than 5%.
Telemental Health in Schools

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to describe the potential and limits of school telemental health (TMH) to support a full continuum from mental health promotion to intervention, particularly for students less likely to access community care. Methods: A review of school TMH literature and model programs, and of data from focus groups with child psychiatry fellows, was undertaken to inform best practices and future directions for TMH in schools. Results: Existing data suggest that TMH with children and adolescents is promising and well received. Child and adolescent psychiatrists use various models for conducting school-based TMH, which differ in the level of direct care and types of services provided. Literature review and focus group data suggest that advantages of school TMH include greater efficiency, the capacity for higher volume, and increased access to care for many students who would be unlikely to reach traditional community mental healthcare because of barriers such as transporta...
Plasmonic Enhancement of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Using Core− Shell−Shell Nanostructures

We report the synthesis of core−shell−shell Au@SiO2@TiO2 nanostructures and demonstrate near-field plasmonic enhancement of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) incorporating them. Isolated nanoparticles as well as nano- structured plasmonic aggregates with broadband light absorption throughout the visible light region are developed. Comparisons to theoretical calculations are performed for the nanoparticles to provide further insight into their structure. We show that Au@SiO2@TiO2 nanoparticles provide efficiency enhancements greater than that of Au@SiO2 plasmonic nanoparticles and vary the distance between the molecular chromophore and the gold NP surface to demonstrate that this arises from near-field plasmonic effects. Finally, enhancement of dye absorption in DSSCs using a coupled plasmonic system is shown for the first time and results in a broadband enhancement of quantum efficiency.
The Determinants of U.S. International Fast Food Franchising: An Application to the Pacific Basin

This paper studies the effect of both economic and demographic factors on the international fast food franchising. The study utilizes regression analysis of pooled cross-section (8 countries) and time-series data. It is found that among the economic factors, the market size is the most significant. On the other hand, both the level of urbanization and the ratio of female workers to the total labor force are positively related to the international restaurant franchising.
Simultaneous determination of 10 organophosphorus pesticides in fruit juices by HPLC

Objective:To develop an analysis method for the simultaneous determination of 10 organophosphorus pesticides in fruit juices.Methods: The 10 organophosphorus pesticides(monocrotophos,dimethoate,dichlorvos,phorate,methyl parathion,malathion,methamidophos,parathion,omethoate,chlorpyrifos) were determined using high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector(HPLC-DAD) by optimizing the parameters of mobile phase,rate,column temperature and DAD detecting wavelengths.Results: The Limits of Detection(LODs) of the pesticides were in the range of 0.05 to 0.42 μg/ml,the average recoveries were from 76.2% to 114%,and the relative standard deviations(RSDs) were between 1.8% and 16%.Conclusion: This method is simple,fast and reliable with good sensitiveness and reproducibility.
A Bilayered Structure Comprised of Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for Desalination by Membrane Distillation.

The development of a novel carbon nanotube (CNT) immobilized membrane comprised of a double-layer structure is presented for water desalination by membrane distillation. The bilayered structure is comprised of CNTs functionalized with a hydrophobic octadecyl amine group on the feed side and carboxylated CNTs on the permeate side. The latter is more hydrophilic. The hydrophobic CNTs provide higher water vapor permeation, while the hydrophilic CNTs facilitate the condensation of water vapor. Together, these led to superior performance, and flux in a direct contact membrane distillation mode was found to be as high as 121 kg/m2h at 80 °C. The bilayered membrane represented an enhancement of 70% over the unmodified membrane and 37% over a membrane which had a monolayered structure where only the feed side was CNT-modified.
Association between availability of care providers and healthcare utilizations among adults with asthma

AbstractBackground: Limited accessibility to providers may delay appropriate control of asthma exacerbations. The objective of our study is to estimate the contributors to the hospital/emergency department (ED) visits among adults with asthma focusing on the availability of healthcare providers.Methods: We conducted a pooled cross-sectional analysis using the 2011–2013 Asthma Call-Back Survey linked with 2012–2016 Area Health Resource Files. We employed multivariable logistic regression with dichotomous outcomes of hospitalization and ED visits. Key covariates were the availability of county-level healthcare provider variables per 100,000 persons such as the number of lung disease specialists (including pulmonary care specialists, and allergy and immunology specialists), the number of hospitals, the number of safety-net facilities including rural health centers (RHCs) and federally qualified health centers (FQHCs), and the number of primary care physicians (PCPs).Results: Among 25,621 adults, proportions ...
Abstract 5180: Allergic pulmonary inflammation accelerates breast cancer metastasis via increase of MDSCs in the lung microenvironment

Disseminated metastasis accounts for majority of cancer-related deaths. Lungs are one of the common sites for breast cancer metastasis. Inflammation is known to contribute to tumor initiation and metastasis. Since it is not known the effect of pre-existing inflammation on metastasis, we combined a well-established model of allergic pulmonary inflammation with breast cancer model. Using this model, we found that allergen sensitized mice implanted with 4T1 mammary tumors had a five-fold increase in metastatic foci formation compared to the 4T1 controls. Further, tumor cell infiltration in the lungs was three-times faster in allergic 4T1 tumor bearing mice. More importantly, allergic 4T1 tumor bearers showed accelerated primary tumor growth and shorter survival rate. It is known that one of the contributing factors in metastasis is an increase in myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC). Myeloid derived subpopulations are also known to be present in the lungs of mice and humans with allergic pulmonary inflammation. Since MDSCs play a key role in the immunosuppressive process associated with both inflammation and metastasis, we hypothesized that allergic pulmonary inflammatory microenvironment attracts myeloid subpopulations that support incoming mammary tumors cells and accelerate metastasis. To test this hypothesis, we assessed the alterations in MDSC subpopulations in the lungs of mice with pre-existing pulmonary inflammation (ragweed mice). We found an increase in the monocytic (CD11b+Ly6ChighLy6G-), granulocytic (CD11b+Ly6ClowLy6G+) and macrophages (CD11b+F4/80+CD11c+) subpopulations in mice with allergic pulmonary inflammation prior to tumor inoculation. These populations were further increased after 4T1 tumor cell inoculation (ragweed 4T1 mice). To determine the role of MDSCs in contributing to accelerated metastasis, we assessed the pro-inflammatory mediators secreted by these cells known to play a role in tumor growth and metastasis. Chemokines such as CCL2/MCP-1, CXCL2/IL-8 and their receptors, CCR2 and CXCR2 were increased in ragweed mice and these levels were further enhanced in ragweed 4T1 tumor bearers. Depletion of MDSCs prior to tumor cell inoculation in ragweed mice decreased pulmonary inflammatory mediators resulting in decreased tumor growth and metastasis in ragweed 4T1 tumor bearing mice. Targeting specific immune populations could lead to a safer and more efficient strategies against breast cancer metastasis. Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting. Citation Format: Stephania Libreros, Ramon Garcia-Areas, Nathalia Gazaniga, Philip Robinson, Vijaya Iragavarapu-Charyulu. Allergic pulmonary inflammation accelerates breast cancer metastasis via increase of MDSCs in the lung microenvironment. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 5180. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-5180
Sex Differences in Tobacco Use Among Persons Living With HIV/AIDS: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: Persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH) smoke at higher rates than other adults and experience HIV-related and non-HIV–related adverse smoking consequences. This study conducted a systematic review to synthesize current knowledge about sex differences in smoking behaviors among PLWH. Methods: Over 3000 abstracts from MEDLINE were reviewed and 79 publications met all the review inclusion criteria (ie, reported data on smoking behaviors for PLWH by sex). Sufficient data were available to conduct a meta-analysis for one smoking variable: current smoking prevalence. Results: Across studies (n = 51), the meta-analytic prevalence of current smoking among female PLWH was 36.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 28.0% to 45.4%) and male PLWH was 50.3% (95% CI: 44.4% to 56.2%; meta-analytic odds ratio = 1.78, 95% CI: 1.29 to 2.45). When analyses were repeated just on the US studies (n = 23), the prevalence of current smoking was not significantly different for female PLWH (55.1%, 95% CI: 47.6% to 62.5%) compared with male PLWH (55.5%, 95% CI: 48.2% to 62.5%; meta-analytic odds ratio = 1.04, 95% CI: 0.86 to 1.26). Few studies reported data by sex for other smoking variables (eg, quit attempts, noncigarette tobacco product use) and results for many variables were mixed. Discussion: Unlike the general US population, there was no difference in smoking prevalence for female versus male PLWH (both >50%) indicating that HIV infection status was associated with a greater relative increase in smoking for women than men. More research is needed in all areas of smoking behavior of PLWH to understand similarities and differences by sex to provide the best interventions to reduce the high smoking prevalence for all sexes.
Infectious disease associations in advanced stage, indolent lymphoma (follicular, FL, and nonfollicular, nFL): A prospective trial of antibiotic therapy.

8571 Background: The antigen-drive association of gastric MALT with H. pylori (HP) is well recognized. Successful antibiotic (Ab) can result in lymphoma remission. We have studied a 3 mo course of clarithromycin (substituting lansoprazole/amoxicillin/clarithromycin, Prevpak, in the first 2 wks if HP +) in non-bulky, advanced stage indolent lymphoma as the first step to such a lymphoma treatment/prevention strategy. Methods: Patients with new diagnosis indolent lymphoma (FL and nFL), stages II (abdominal), III and IV fulfilling GELF criteria for observation were eligible. Stool HP done in all patients. Hepatitis B and C positive excluded. All patients had CT and PET prior to and 1 mo post Ab. Results: 32 evaluable patients were enrolled: 14 females, 18 males; median age, 53.5 years (36- 81); 22 FL, 10 nFL; stage II (2), III (16), and IV (14). HP + patients: 4 (3 FL, 1 nFL). We have observed lymphoma responses 1 mo post Ab in 7 of 32 (Table). With continued followup post Ab, best response to date in 9 of 32...
The effect of egg supplementation on growth parameters in children participating in a school feeding program in rural Uganda: a pilot study.

ABSTRACTBackground: School feeding programs have gained popularity in developing countries . Eggs are an inexpensive source of micronutrients and high-quality protein. Therefore, the objective of this study was to gain preliminary data regarding the impact of egg supplementation on growth in primary school students participating in a school feeding program in rural Uganda.Methods: Children (ages 6–9; n = 241) were recruited from three different schools located throughout the Kitgum District of Uganda. All participants in the same school received the same dietary intervention: control (no eggs (0 eggs); n = 56), one egg five days per week (1 egg; n = 89), or two eggs five days per week (2 eggs; n = 96). Height, weight, tricep skinfold thickness (TSF), and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) were measured monthly over 6 months.Results: Following six months of egg supplementation, participants receiving 2 eggs had a greater increase in height and weight compared to the 0 eggs and 1 egg groups (P < 0.05). In a...
80 – Anxiety Disorders in Women

This chapter provides an overview of anxiety disorders in women and systematically explores possible explanations for the female preponderance. Anxiety is a ubiquitous human emotion. Its expression can range from a normal reaction to an acutely threatening stimulus to an anxiety attack with multiple physical sensations and fear of impending doom in response to an unknown stimulus. There are two properties that underlie the definitions of anxiety. It is generally unpleasant and future-oriented. It is distinguished from fear in that it either has no discernible source of danger or the emotion is disproportionate to the fear stimulus. There is consistent evidence that women have higher rates of anxiety disorders and symptoms than men across the age span. None of the possible artifactual explanations, including sampling, demographic, or social risk factors, appear to convincingly explain the preponderance of anxiety in women. However, there is some evidence that males are less likely to report anxiety symptoms and to suffer from a lower magnitude of impairment and distress than women, with the possible exception of social phobia.
The urbanisation of rural migrants and the making of urban villages in contemporary China

In the past decades, urban villages proliferate in major cities of China. These marginalised places not only are home to many local villagers, but also host millions of rural migrants. This paper p...
Effect of menstrual cycle phase and hormonal treatments on evaluation of tubal patency in baboons

Background We evaluated whether menstrual cycle phase influences the assessment of tubal patency by hysterosalpingography (HSG) in baboons. Methods Retrospective analysis of baseline tubal patency studies and serum estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) values obtained from female baboons used as models for development of non-surgical permanent contraception in women. The main outcome measure was bilateral tubal patency (BTP) in relationship with estradiol level. Results Female baboons (n = 110) underwent a single (n = 81), two (n = 26), or three (n = 3) HSG examinations. In 33/142 (23%) HSG examinations, one or both tubes showed functional occlusion (FO). The median E2 in studies with BTP (49 pg/mL) was significantly higher than in those studies with FO (32 pg/mL, P = .005). Among 18 animals with repeat examinations where serum E2 changed from <60 to ≥ 60 pg/mL, 13 results changed from FO to BTP (P = .0001). No sets showed a change from BTP to FO with an increase in estradiol. Conclusion In baboons, functional occlusion of the fallopian tube is associated with low estradiol levels, supporting a role for estrogen-mediated relaxation of the utero-tubal junction.
Development of fluorescence imaging probes for nicotinic acetylcholine α4β2∗ receptors.

Abstract Nicotinic acetylcholine α4β2∗ receptors (nAChRs) are implicated in various neurodegenerative diseases and smoking addiction. Imaging of brain high-affinity α4β2∗ nAChRs at the cellular and subcellular levels would greatly enhance our understanding of their functional role. Since better resolution could be achieved with fluorescent probes, using our previously developed positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agent [18F]nifrolidine, we report here design, synthesis and evaluation of two fluorescent probes, nifrodansyl and nifrofam for imaging α4β2∗ nAChRs. The nifrodansyl and nifrofam exhibited nanomolar affinities for the α4β2∗ nAChRs in [3H]cytisine-radiolabeled rat brain slices. Nifrofam labeling was observed in α4β2∗ nAChR-expressing HEK cells and was upregulated by nicotine exposure. Nifrofam co-labeled cell-surface α4β2∗ nAChRs, labeled with antibodies specific for a β2 subunit extracellular epitope indicating that nifrofam labels α4β2∗ nAChR high-affinity binding sites. Mouse brain slices exhibited discrete binding of nifrofam in the auditory cortex showing promise for examining cellular distribution of α4β2∗ nAChRs in brain regions.
Use of cottonseed protein as a strength additive for nonwoven cotton

Nonwoven fabrics have grown in popularity in recent years due to their overwhelming usage in a wide range of consumer products. Cotton-based nonwovens are of particular interest because of their ab...
Protein Misfolding as a Disease Determinant

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the group of conformational diseases that stem from aberrant protein folding in the central nervous system (CNS). The number of disorders included in this group has been growing rapidly and includes several well-known diseases—Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, prion protein diseases, Huntington's disease, and frontotemporal dementias. Although involvement of the unfolded protein response (UPR) is suspected in a number of common degenerative disorders, too little is understood about this signaling cascade for any meaningful exploration of human disease. However, rapid progress over the past two years has yielded an important framework of information to assess the role of this signaling pathway in many degenerative diseases. In this regard, coding region mutations in the proteolipid proteins (PLP1) gene are associated with induction of the UPR in vitro, in the CNS of animal models of Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD), and in a PMD patient. The UPR activation is directly involved in modulating disease severity in the sense that interfering with the function of this pathway negatively affects cell survival.
Participation in accountable care organizations among hospitals offering substance use disorder and mental health services

Accountable care organizations (ACOs) can potentially improve value in behavioral health care. However, little is known about the likelihood of ACO participation among hospitals with behavioral health services. The authors explore statistical predictors of ACO participation among hospitals, particularly among those offering behavioral health services. After adjusting for other hospital characteristics, the analysis found that behavioral health specialty hospitals were less likely to participate in an ACO and general medical-surgical hospitals with behavioral health services were more likely to participate, compared with general medical-surgical hospitals without behavioral health services. A better understanding is needed of barriers to ACO participation within behavioral health specialty hospitals and how ACO participation may affect quality of behavioral health care.
Vitriol on Social Media: Curation and Investigation

Our online discourse is too often characterized by vitriol. Distinct from hate speech and bullying, vitriol corresponds to a persistent coarsening of the discourse that leads to a cumulative corrosive effect. And yet, vitriol itself is challenging to formally define and study in a rigorous way. Toward bridging this gap, we present in this paper the design of a vitriol curation framework that serves as an initial step toward extracting vitriolic posts from social media with high confidence. We investigate a large collection of vitriolic posts sampled from Twitter, where we examine both user-level and post-level characteristics of vitriol. We find key characteristics of vitriol that can distinguish it from non-vitriol, including aspects of popularity, network, sentiment, language structure, and content.
Structural OCT Middle Ear Imaging Correlated with Functional Wideband Acoustic Immittance Measurements

Wideband acoustic immittance (WAI) measurements characterize middle ear function, but effects of pathologies are not thoroughly understood. Co-acquired OCT and WAI measurements from pediatric subjects were correlated to investigate varied acoustic responses in otitis media.
Say it Ain't So: Leading Logical Fallacies in Legal Argument–Part 2

This article, the second of a two-part piece, explores informal fallacies in legal reasoning.
Divorce, Sociology of

Abstract High levels of divorce in the United States are both persistent and unusual from an international perspective. In recent years, divorce has become more stratified, with marital dissolution declining for the most educated while it remains high for those without a college degree. Generally, divorce is associated with declines in the well-being of adults and children, although divorce is not universally associated with poor outcomes, suggesting that social context matters. That divorce is increasingly concentrated in the most disadvantaged groups and sometimes has negative consequences for adults and children, suggests that it both reflects and further contributes to stratification in the United States.
Can emergency physicians perform extended compression ultrasound for the diagnosis of lower extremity deep vein thrombosis

Background Current point-of-care ultrasound protocols in the evaluation of lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT) can miss isolated femoral vein clots. Extended compression ultrasound (ECUS) includes evaluation of the femoral vein from the femoral vein/deep femoral vein bifurcation to the adductor canal. Our objective is to determine if emergency physicians (EPs) can learn ECUS for lower extremity DVT evaluation after a focused training session. Methods Prospective study at an urban academic center. Participants with varied ultrasound experience received instruction in ECUS prior to evaluation. Two live models with varied levels of difficult sonographic anatomy were intentionally chosen for the evaluation. Each participant scanned both models. Pre- and post-study surveys were completed. Results A total of 96 ultrasound examinations were performed by 48 participants (11 attendings and 37 residents). Participants' assessment scores averaged 95.8% (95% CI 93.3%-98.3%) on the easier anatomy live model and averaged 92.3% (95% CI 88.4%-96.2%) on the difficult anatomy model. There were no statistically significant differences between attendings and residents. On the model with easier anatomy, all but 1 participant identified and compressed the proximal femoral vein successfully, and all participants identified and compressed the mid and distal femoral vein. With the difficult anatomy, 97.9% (95% CI 93.8%-102%) identified and compressed the proximal femoral vein, whereas 93.8% (95% CI 86.9%-100.6%) identified and compressed the mid femoral vein, and 91.7% (95% CI 83.9%-99.5%) identified and compressed the distal femoral vein. Conclusion EPs at our institution were able to perform ECUS with good reproducibility after a focused training session.
Mortality following combined burn and traumatic brain injuries: An analysis of the national trauma data bank of the American College of Surgeons

Abstract Background Severe burn and traumatic brain injuries (TBI) lead to significant mortality, and combined burn-TBI injuries may predispose towards even worse outcomes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mortality of patients with burn, burn with non-TBI trauma, and combined burn/TBI to determine if combined injury portends a worse outcome. Methods We obtained the National Trauma Data Bank from 2007 to 2012, identifying 32,334 patients with burn related injuries, dividing this cohort into three injury types: BURN ONLY, BURN with TRAUMA/NO TBI, and BURN with TBI. For each patient, demographic data was obtained, including age, gender, presence of trauma, TBI, or inhalation injury, burn total body surface area (TBSA), Glasgow Coma Scale, Injury Severity Score, and mortality. Multivariable logistic regression was performed. Results Age, gender, and TBSA were similar across the three injury groups, but the incidence of inhalation injury was doubled in the BURN with TRAUMA/NO TBI (15.4 %) and BURN with TBI (15.3 %) groups when compared to the BURN ONLY (7.2 %) group. Mortality differed across injury categories after adjusting for age, TBSA, and inhalation injury. Increased mortality was seen in BURN with TRAUMA/NO TBI versus BURN ONLY (OR = 1.27 [1.06, 1.53]) and was higher when comparing BURN with TBI versus BURN ONLY (OR = 4.22 [2.85, 6.18]). BURN with TBI also had higher mortality when compared to BURN with TRAUMA/NO TBI (OR = 3.33 [2.30, 4.82]). The logs odds of mortality also increased with increasing age, TBSA and presence of inhalation injury. Discussion This analysis of the NTDB suggests that mortality following burn-related injuries may be higher when burn injury is combined with TBI when compared to burns with other trauma, even after correcting for age, TBSA, and inhalation injury. Further clinical and laboratory research is needed to validate these findings and better understand how to optimize combined TBI and burn injury treatment.
Eat and be healthy: nutritional status in myelodysplastic syndromes.

Let Food Be Thy Medicine and Medicine Be Thy Food. -Hippocrates Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a heterogeneous spectrum of clonal hematopoietic disorders with varying degrees of cytopenias and...
A Markov Chain Approach for Cascade Size Analysis in Power Grids based on Community Structures in Interaction Graphs

Cascading failures in power grids are high impact societal and economical phenomena. Local interactions among the components of the system and interactions at-distance, based on the physics of electricity, as well as various stochastic and interdependent parameters and factors (from within and outside of the power systems) contribute to the complexity of these phenomena. As such, predicting the size and path of cascading failures, when triggered, are challenging and interesting research problems. In recent years, interaction graphs, which help in capturing the underlying interactions and influences among the components during cascading failures, are proposed towards simplifying the modeling and analysis of cascades. In this paper, a Markov chain model is designed based on the community structures embedded in the data-driven graphs of interactions for power grids. This model exploits the properties of community structures in interactions to enable the probabilistic analysis of cascade sizes in power grids.
Motivation, Segmented Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Weight Status in Adolescents: A Path Analysis.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships linking motivational variables with BMI percentile (BMI%) via segmented physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) in ado...
The Underutilization of Community-based Participatory Research in Psychology: A Systematic Review.

Traditional non-participatory research methodologies have struggled to address the needs of multicultural populations in the United States (U.S.). Community-based participatory research (CBPR) is a research paradigm offering a unique opportunity for culturally appropriate research and improving health equity. CBPR is an equitable, strength-based approach involving all stakeholders throughout the research process. We investigate the field of psychology's utilization of CBPR as an approach for working with multicultural populations to collaboratively address relevant and impactful research questions. A total of 1912 CBPR-related articles, from 2004 to 2014, were identified using PsycINFO, PubMed, and CINAHL Complete databases. Of these, approximately 16% (n = 311) met our criteria for psychology-related CBPR articles accounting for a negligible amount (<1%) of peer-reviewed publications in mainstream psychological journals during the same time period. Among U.S. psychology-related CBPR articles, 86% focused on multicultural and marginalized populations. Prominent topics of investigation included physical health, mental and behavioral health, and theoretical or methodological articles. Features of publications, including authors' training, types of journals, study populations, and topics under investigation, were explored for all 1912 publications. Findings highlight an opportunity for further utilization of CBPR within psychology, with key implications for health equity. Recommendations for increasing CBPR uptake within the discipline are also offered.
MisMesh: Security Issues and Challenges in Service Meshes

Service meshes have emerged as an attractive DevOps solution for collecting, managing, and coordinating microservice deployments. However, current service meshes leave fundamental security mechanisms missing or incomplete. The security burden means service meshes may actually cause additional workload and overhead for administrators over traditional monolithic systems. By assessing the effectiveness and practicality of service mesh tools, this work provides necessary insights into the available security of service meshes. We evaluate service meshes under skilled administrators (who deploy optimal configurations of available security mechanisms) and default configurations. We consider a comprehensive set of adversarial scenarios, uncover design flaws contradicting system goals, and present limitations and challenges encountered in employing service mesh tools for operational environments.
Something Scary Is Out There: Remembrances of Where the Threat Was Located by Preschool Children and Adults with Nighttime Fear

Young children frequently report imaginary scary things in their bedrooms at night. This study examined the remembrances of 140 preschool children and 404 adults selecting either above, side, or below locations for a scary thing relative to their beds. The theoretical framework for this investigation posited that sexual-size dimorphism in Australopithecus afarensis, the presumed human ancestor in the Middle Pliocene, constrained sleeping site choice to mitigate predation. Smaller-bodied females nesting in trees would have anticipated predatory attacks from below, while male nesting on the ground would have anticipated attacks from their side. Such anticipation of nighttime attacks from below is present in many arboreal primates and might still persist as a cognitive relict in humans. In remembrances of nighttime fear, girls and women were predicted to select the below location and males the side location. Following interviews of children and adult questionnaires, multinomial log-linear analyses indicated statistically significant interactions (p < 0.001) of sex by location for the combined sample and each age class driven, in part, by larger frequencies of males selecting the side location and females selecting the below location. Data partitioning further revealed that males selected the side location at larger frequencies (p < 0.001) than the below location, whereas female selection of side and below locations did not differ significantly. While indicative of evolutionary persistence in cognitive appraisal of threat locations, the female hypothesis did not consider natural selection acting on assessment of nighttime terrestrial threats following the advent of early Homo in the Late Pliocene.