cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distribution of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and other sexually transmitted diseases in racial and ethnic populations, United States. Influences of life-style and socioeconomic status.

Epidemiologic observations concerning the relationship of health-related events to basic population characteristics have demonstrated that racial and ethnic minority populations experience a disproportinate number of diseases and deaths in the United States (1). This report summarizes observations about the influence of life-styles and socioeconomic status (SES) in the distribution of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and other selected sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among racial and ethnic subpopulations residing in the United States. The further research needed to guide sound health policies in these areas is also discussed.
Classpects: unifying aspect- and object-oriented language design

The contribution of this paper is the design, implementation, and early evaluation of a programming language that unifies classes and aspects. We call our new module construct the classpect. We make three basic claims. First, we can realize a unified design without significantly compromising the expressiveness of current aspect languages. Second, such a design improves the conceptual integrity of the programming model. Third, it significantly improves the compositionality of aspect modules, expanding the program design space from the two-layered model of AspectJ-like languages to include hierarchical structures. To support these claims, we present the design and implementation of Eos-U, an AspectJ-like language based on C# that supports classpects as the basic unit of modularity. We show that Eos-U supports layered designs in which classpects separate integration concerns flexibly at multiple levels of composition. The underpinnings of our design include support for aspect instantiation under program control, instance-level advising, advising as a general alternative to object-oriented method invocation and overriding, and the provision of a separate join-point-method binding construct.
Increased plasma oncotic pressure inhibits pulmonary fluid transport when pulmonary pressures are elevated.

Abstract Hydrostatic and oncotic pressures are the primary determinants of fluid movement across the pulmonary vascular membrane. The precise role of oncotic pressure in regulating transvascular fluid exchange especially when hydrostatic pressure is high is not known. Awake, adult sheep were instrumented for pressure monitoring and the collection of pulmonary lymph. A left atrial (LA) balloon catheter was utilized to control LA pressure. Statistically significant increases in lymph protein flux were seen with infusion of saline and elevated pulmonary microvascular pressure (Pmv) over elevated Pmv alone (15.3 ± 1.23 versus 11.2 ± 1.09 mg/min) concomitant with a decrease in plasma colloid oncotic pressure (COP) (14.9 ± 0.5 versus 16.9 ± 0.5 mm/Hg). The protein flux seen with elevated Pmv and saline infusion was blunted when plasma was infused (13.8 ± 1.58 mg/min) and the plasma COP augmented (18.1 ± 0.05 mg Hg) but was not statistically different. We conclude that under conditions of stable membrane permeability and elevated Pmv, the plasma COP appears to be an important mechanism for protection against pulmonary edema.
GATA-4 and Serum Response Factor Regulate Transcription of the Muscle-specific Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase I β in Rat Heart

Transcriptional regulation of nuclear encoded mitochondrial proteins is dependent on nuclear transcription factors that act on genes encoding key components of mitochondrial transcription, replication, and heme biosynthetic machinery. Cellular factors that target expression of proteins to the heart have been well characterized with respect to excitation-contraction coupling. No information currently exists that examines whether parallel transcriptional mechanisms regulate nuclear encoded expression of heart-specific mitochondrial isoforms. The muscle CPT-Ibeta isoform in heart is a TATA-less gene that uses Sp-1 proteins to support basal expression. The rat cardiac fatty acid response element (-301/-289), previously characterized in the human gene, is responsive to oleic acid following serum deprivation. Deletion and mutational analysis of the 5'-flanking sequence of the carnitine palmitoyltransferase Ibeta (CPT-Ibeta) gene defines regulatory regions in the -391/+80 promoter luciferase construct. When deleted or mutated constructs were individually transfected into cardiac myocytes, CPT-I/luciferase reporter gene expression was significantly depressed at sites involving a putative MEF2 sequence downstream from the fatty acid response element and a cluster of heart-specific regulatory regions flanked by two Sp1 elements. Each site demonstrated binding to cardiac nuclear proteins and competition specificity (or supershifts) with oligonucleotides and antibodies. Individual expression vectors for Nkx2.5, serum response factor (SRF), and GATA4 enhanced CPT-I reporter gene expression 4-36-fold in CV-1 cells. Although cotransfection of Nkx and SRF produced additive luciferase expression, the combination of SRF and GATA-4 cotransfection resulted in synergistic activation of CPT-Ibeta. The results demonstrate that SRF and the tissue-restricted isoform, GATA-4, drive robust gene transcription of a mitochondrial protein highly expressed in heart.
Academic business librarians' assistance to community entrepreneurs

Purpose – The purpose of this paper was to examine on a national scale how academic business librarians are working with community organizations and other libraries to assist local entrepreneurs with their information needs. Design/methodology/approach – A multi method approach was used to gather information. In spring 2012, a survey and follow-up interviews were conducted with academic business librarians. Additionally, business consultants who have worked with librarians were interviewed. Findings – The survey had 53 respondents. Of those, 40 percent indicated that they collaborate to assist entrepreneurs. Five interviewees confirmed the findings of the survey and discussed their collaborative arrangements. The consultants discussed best practices in working with entrepreneurs. Research limitations/implications – This research studied academic business librarians and reached those who monitor the buslib-l and brass-l listservs. Not all librarians have the time or take the time to respond to a survey. Ad...
Temperature limits on the compatibility of insulating ceramics in lithium

Abstract CaO and AlN are candidates for electrically insulating coatings in a lithium-cooled fusion reactor. Bulk specimens of AlN+0.04 wt%Y and single-crystal CaO have been exposed to lithium in 1000 h isothermal capsule tests at 500–800 °C to determine the maximum temperature at which acceptable compatibility is likely. A large increase in the amount of mass loss of AlN was observed between 600 and 700 °C. At 700 °C, the amount of dissolution was reduced when a Mo capsule was used instead of a V alloy test capsule. High mass losses for single-crystal specimens of CaO were observed after exposure at 600 °C. In this case, changing to a Mo test capsule or adding Ca or O to the lithium did not consistently show a beneficial effect. At 700 °C, neither doping the Li with Ca or O significantly altered the high mass losses. These results suggest that CaO may be limited to exposure temperatures of less than 600 °C but that AlN may be able to operate above 600 °C. Because some designs call for operating temperatures of 750 °C, other compositions, such as Er 2 O 3 and Y 2 O 3 , also are being evaluated. Preliminary results show promise for these oxides after exposure at 800 °C.
International Drought Workshop Series

what: three international drought workshops were held consecutively to facilitate collaboration on international drought monitoring and services with the goal of laying the groundwork for a global Drought early Warning system. when: 20–23 april 2010 where: asheville, north Carolina D rought is a part of the natural climatic cycle, albeit one of the costliest natural hazards. Its annual economic impact in the United States has been estimated at $6–$8 billion (U.S. dollars), with global estimates in the hundreds of billions of dollars. Drought is an insidious natural hazard and like all climate phenomena, it does not respect international borders. Recognizing the importance of international drought monitoring efforts, the Group on Earth Observations (GEO) met in 2007 to determine steps necessary to implement a Global Drought Early Warning System (GDEWS) as part of the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS). However, with the financial stresses and instability that soon followed, little was accomplished. In spring 2010, a series of workshops was held to increase international collaboration on drought issues and to begin laying the groundwork for global drought monitoring that would support a future GDEWS. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)’s National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) hosted1 the events. The remainder of this article summarizes the workshop series. Detailed information about each workshop is available online (www.drought.gov/portal/server.pt/community/ drought.gov/202/2010_nadm_workshop).
7.1 GHz bandwidth monolithically integrated In/sub 0.53/Ga/sub 0.47/As/In/sub 0.52/Al/sub 0.48/As PIN-HBT transimpedance photoreceiver

A monolithically integrated photoreceiver using an InAlAs/InGaAs HBT-based transimpedance amplifier has been fabricated and characterized. The p-i-n photodiode is implemented using the base-collector junction of the HBT. The 5 /spl mu/m/spl times/5 /spl mu/m emitter area transistors have self-aligned base metal and non-alloyed Ti/Pt/Au contacts. Discrete transistors demonstrated f/sub T/ and f/sub max/ of 54 GHz and 51 GHz, respectively. The amplifier demonstrated a -3 dB transimpedance bandwidth of 10 GHz and a gain of 40 dB/spl Omega/. The integrated photoreceiver with a 10 /spl mu/m/spl times/10 /spl mu/m p-i-n photodiode showed a -3 dB bandwidth of 7.1 GHz. >
Deep electrical resistivity structure of the northwestern U.S. derived from 3-D inversion of USArray magnetotelluric data

Abstract Long period (10–20,000 s) magnetotelluric (MT) data are being acquired across the continental USA on a quasi-regular grid of ∼70 km spacing as an electromagnetic component of the National Science Foundation EarthScope/USArray Program. These data are sensitive to fluids, melts, and other orogenic indicators, and thus provide a valuable complement to other components of EarthScope. We present and interpret results of 3-D MT data inversion from 325 sites acquired from 2006–2011 to provide a regional scale view of electrical resistivity from the middle crust to nearly the mantle transition zone, covering an area from NW Washington to NW Colorado. Beneath the active extensional subprovinces in the south-central region, on average we see a resistive upper crust, and then extensive areas of low resistivity in the lower crust and uppermost mantle. Further below, much of the upper half of the upper mantle appears moderately resistive, then subsequently the lower upper mantle becomes moderately conductive. This column suggests a dynamic process of moderately hydrated and fertile deeper upper mantle upwelling during extension, intersection of that material with the damp solidus causing dehydration and melting, and upward exodus of generated mafic melts to pond and exsolve saline fluids near Moho levels. Lithosphere here is very thin. To the east and northeast, thick sections of resistive lithosphere are imaged under the Wyoming and Medicine Hat Cratons. These are punctuated with numerous electrically conductive sutures presumably containing graphitic or sulfide-bearing meta-sediments deeply underthrust and emplaced during ancient collisions. Below Cascadia, the subducting Juan de Fuca and Gorda lithosphere appears highly resistive. Suspected oceanic lithosphere relicts in the central NW part of the model domain also are resistive, including the accreted “Siletzia” terrane beneath the Coast Ranges and Columbia Embayment, and the seismically fast “slab curtain” beneath eastern Idaho interpreted by others as stranded Farallon plate. Upwelling of deep fluid or melt in the Cascade volcanic arc region manifests as conductive features at several scales. These include quasi-horizontal conductive patches under the arc and fore-arc, likely denoting fluids evolved via breakdown of hydrous minerals in the current down-going slab. In the backarc, low resistivities concentrate in “plumes” connecting into a deeper aesthenospheric layer to the east, consistent with subduction-driven upwelling of hot, hydrated or melted, aesthenospheric mantle. Low resistivities ( 10 Ω m ) deep beneath the stable cratons suggest higher levels of hydration there, and/or influence of poorly resolved structures outside the array.
Lateral Circulation in Well-Mixed and Stratified Estuarine Flows with Curvature

Abstract A field experiment was conducted to examine stratified and unstratified curvature-generated lateral circulation and momentum balances in an estuarine tidal channel. Conductivity, temperature, depth, and current profiler data were collected vertically and laterally across the channel at a sharp bend over a fortnightly period to measure the terms of the lateral momentum budget. Well-mixed conditions allow the development of classic two-layer helical flow around a bend. Stratification strengthens curvature-induced lateral circulation, but the development of a lateral baroclinic pressure gradient opposes the resultant motions. The spatial and temporal response of this baroclinic pressure gradient is different than centrifugal acceleration, producing a three-layer profile. As the baroclinic term becomes stronger (or as centrifugal acceleration disappears as the flow exits the bend), two-layer flow with the opposite direction from curvature occurs. In both stratified and well-mixed conditions, downstre...
A dispatching rule-based genetic algorithm for multi-objective job shop scheduling using fuzzy satisfaction levels

This paper focuses on multi-objective job shop scheduling problem.Dispatching rules, discrete simulation, genetic algorithm and fuzzy set are used.The proposed approach is able to find optimal or near-optimal solutions.Decision makers' preferences are defined by fuzzy membership functions and operators.Rule-based dispatching rules are used. In this study, a dispatching rule based genetic algorithm with fuzzy satisfaction levels (FRGA) is proposed to solve the multi-objective manufacturing scheduling problem. The objective is to develop a decision making platform which appropriately handles conflicts among different performance measures in a manufacturing system. The proposed method focuses on a job shop scheduling problem with the objective of minimizing makespan, average flow time, maximal tardiness and total tardiness. Chromosome embeds the dispatching rules over the time period to help machine pick up the job from its queue. A two-level fuzzy approach evaluates each chromosome and indicates the overall satisfaction level. Various experiments are carried out to study the impact of FRGA parameters. FRGA manages to find optimal or near-optimal overall satisfaction level. Later, various tolerance levels of fuzzy linear membership functions and fuzzy operators are investigated. FRGA can quickly capture schedule(s) that highly satisfy decision makers based on decision makers' preferences.
Monoporphyrinate ytterbium(III) complexes with new ancillary ligands: synthesis, structural analysis and photophysical investigation

A method for the preparation of neutral monoporphyrinate ytterbium(III) complexes [Yb(TPP)(L)(H2O)] from their precursor [Yb(TPP)(H2O)3]Cl is presented, where TPP is 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrinate dianion and L are the bidentate anions of 8-hydroxylquinoline (HOQ), 1-hydroxyl-7-azabenzotriazole (HBTA), 2-benzimidazolylguanidine (HGBI) and 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-2, 4-pentanedione (HHFA). The new complexes were characterized by elemental analysis and mass spectroscopy. The structure of [Yb(TPP)(OQ)(H2O)] was ascertained by single-crystal X-ray diffraction revealing the central ytterbium(III) ion to be seven coordinate. The near-infrared emission efficiency and lifetimes from Yb(III) of these complexes were enhanced due to the substitution of two aqua molecules by bidentate anions.
Part 1: Dolichoectasia of the basilar artery: A rare complication

Dolichoectatic basilar artery has become a more frequent finding in patients examined with modern neuroimaging techniques. Described complications of basilar dolichoectasia include ischemic infarcts of the brainstem, compression of cranial nerves, and hydrocephalus. We describe a patient who initially presented with pontine ischemic infarct related to dolichoectatic basilar artery. Within several days of her admission, the patient died. Her basilar lesion ruptured, resulting in a devastating subarachnoid hemorrhage, a relatively rare and fatal complication of this condition. We postulate that any deterioration in a patient with dolichoectatic basilar artery should not be automatically attributed to infarct, and that hemorrhage should be considered too.
Effect of stratospheric ozone depletion and enhanced ultraviolet radiation on marine bacteria at Palmer Station, Antarctica in the early austral spring.

We investigated the interactions between ozone-depleted air masses and subsequent changes in UVB on marine bacterial abundance and production at Palmer Station, Antarctica from September to November 1999. During periods of low total column ozone (TCO), bacterial cell concentrations declined by 57%. Photoinhibition of bacterial [ 3 H]-leucine (Leu) and [ 3 H]-thymidine (TdR) incorporation due to UVB was greatest during periods of low TCO in September and early October. During diel (� 28 h) exposure experiments, light treatment samples exhibited >75–100% inhibition of TdR incorporation by mid-afternoon. Leu incorporation exhibited maximum inhibition (50–100%) at sunset and early evening hours. Leu and TdR incorporation in light treatment samples did not exhibit recovery during subsequent periods of darkness. Bacterial Leu and TdR incorporation rates were inversely related to Setlow Dose during a period of recovery from low TCO. These data further suggested a threshold exposure below which bacterial Leu and TdR incorporation recovered rapidly. Recovery of bacterial production after acute Setlow Dose exposures lagged recovery of TCO and was linearly related to TCO measured 2 days previously. This lag in recovery may have resulted from the energetically expensive repair of UVR-induced DNA damage acquired during periods of low TCO.
Analysis of hypertrophic and normal scar gene expression with cDNA microarrays.

Hypertrophic scar is one form of abnormal wound healing. Previous studies have suggested that hypertrophic scar formation results from altered gene expression of extracellular matrix molecules. A broadscale evaluation of gene expression in hypertrophic scars has not been reported. To better understand abnormalities in hypertrophic scar gene expression, we compared messenger RNA expression in hypertrophic scars, normal scars, and uninjured skin with the use of complementary (c)DNA microarrays. Total RNA was extracted from freshly excised human hypertrophic scars, normal scars, or uninjured skin and reverse transcribed into cDNA with the incorporation of [ 33 P] deoxycytidine triphosphate. The resulting radioactive cDNA probes were hybridized onto cDNA microarrays of 4000 genes. Hybridization signals were normalized and analyzed. In the comparison of tissue samples, mean intensities were calculated for each gene within each group (hypertrophic scars, normal scars, and uninjured skin). Ratios of the mean intensities of hypertrophic scars to normal scars, hypertrophic scars to uninjured skin, and normal scars to uninjured skin were generated. A ratio that was greater than 1 indicated upregulation of any particular gene and a ratio that was less than 1 indicated downregulation of any particular gene. Our data indicated that 142 genes were overexpressed and 50 genes were underexpressed in normal scars compared with uninjured skin, 107 genes were overexpressed and 71 were underexpressed in hypertrophic scars compared with uninjured skin, and 44 genes were overexpressed and 124 were underexpressed in hypertrophic scars compared with normal scars. Our analysis of collagen, growth factor, and metalloproteinase gene expression confirmed that our molecular data were consistent with published biochemical and clinical observations of normal scars and hypertrophic scars, cDNA microarray analysis provides a powerful tool for the investigation of differential gene expression in hypertrophic scar samples and either uninjured skin or normal scars. Our data validate the use of this technology for future studies on gene expression during repair processes of normal and abnormal wounds.
The effect of pH on the linear aggregation of tobacco mosaic virus.

INCREASES IN the stream double refraction and viscosity of tobacco mosaic virus suspensions have been attributed to the linear aggregation of the virus particles. Careful measurements of the effect of pH and electrolyte content on stream double refraction and viscosity of this virus have been made by several workers (Mehl, 1938; Lauffer, 1938; Schachman and Kauzmann, 1949). These observations are of considerable importance to biologists in that conditions favoring aggregation are likely to influence the infectivity of a given preparation. In order to gain more exact information regarding the influence of pH on linear aggregation, electron microscope studies were made at two commonly used pH values, 5.6 that of tobacco leaf extract and at 7.0. The observed aggregation has been correlated with infectivity. METHODS AND MATERIALs-Method of sampling. -Turkish tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum var. Trelease, plants were grown in the greenhouse in 10-in. pots. These were topped and trimmed just before flowering to three large leaves. After 5 days the entire surface of each leaf was brushed with a suspension of clarified tobacco mosaic virus and the excess inoculum washed off with a stream of water. Twenty days later the inoculated leaves were harvested. From each half of the three leaves three strips of tissue were cut from between the lateral veins. With these, three 1 g. lots were made each containing one strip from each half leaf. Furthermore, the pieces were distributed equally to the lots with due consideration to their original position on the half leaf. Preparation of extracts from homogenates.-The tissue strips were homogenized in a ground-glass, motor-driven homogenizer. During this operation either 5 ml. of distilled water, 0.1 M phosphate buffer of pH 5.6, or 7.0 were added to the slurrv. The homogenates were then centrifuged at 10,000 r.p.m. (13,000 X gravity) for 10 min. and the supernatant liquids brought to 10 ml. with the corresponding diluents. When the three extracts were rotated in the path of an intense beam of light those prepared with water and pH 5.6 buffer exhibited a silky sheen characteristic of asymmetric microcrystals or particles. The pH 7.0 extract failed to show this sheen. Aliquots of the three extracts were taken; the water extract was changed to pH 7.0 using buffer, the pH 5.6 extract to 7.0 using 0.1 M Na2HPO4, and the pH 7.0 extract to 5.6 with dilute acetic acid. In this manner three pairs of extracts were
The migration of blood cells of the bone marrow through the sinusoidal wall.

Electron microscopic observations on the mechanically undisturbed guinea pig bone marrow show that the sinusoidal lining is continuous. There are neither intercellular nor intracellular apertures allowing free communication between the extravascular and intravascular compartments. A transient migration pore is only formed during the diapedetic transit of blood cells. Serial sections show that this aperture is transcellular. A functional continuity of the sinusoidal lining appears to be maintained during the diapedesis of blood cells, which is evident from the absence of a significant extravascular leakage of plasma during this process.
Successional changes in soil and hyporheic nitrogen fertility on an alluvial flood plain: implications for riparian vegetation

In floodplain primary succession, vegetation colonizes nitrogen-poor alluvial deposits and fertility improves as soil nitrogen accumulates over time. It is generally assumed that vegetation assimilates the vast majority of its nitrogen from the soil; however, recent studies have suggested that the hyporheic zone also may be an important nitrogen source. We investigated the potential relative importance of hyporheic nitrogen by comparing fertility indices, specifically total (TN), dissolved inorganic (DIN), potentially mineralizable (PMN) and ion exchange resin nitrogen (IERN) in both soils and the hyporheic zone at early, mid and late succession stands on an expansive river flood plain. We also constructed mesocosms to assess growth of cottonwood cuttings with access to soil and/or hyporheic water. We found TN and PMN increased from early to mid succession in both the soil (to 10 cm) and hyporheic zone (in a 10 cm layer). While TN, DIN and PMN were an order of magnitude higher in the soil than in the hyporheic zone, IERN was higher in the hyporheic zone, indicating that subsurface flow through the flood plain may be important in delivering nitrogen to the root zone. However, even when flux was added to the hyporheic PMN pool, nitrogen availability in the hyporheic zone (in a 10 cm layer) was vastly lower than soil PMN (to 10 cm). Further, the instantaneous standing stock of DIN in the surface soil alone was about equal to the sum of the DIN pool, the mean subsurface flux and the PMN pool in a 10 cm layer of hyporheic zone. In the mesocosm experiment, cottonwood cuttings with access to both soil and hyporheic water grew fastest; however, they also had the lowest foliar nitrogen concentrations, indicating that this was not due to greater nitrogen availability. In the field, nitrogen content of cottonwood foliage increased along with soil (but potentially hyporheic as well) nitrogen accumulation during succession, suggesting the vegetation responded to increasing nitrogen fertility. We conclude that at least on a per unit-volume basis, the hyporheic zone probably provides little nitrogen relative to the surface soil, except on new alluvial bars that characteristically are nitrogen poor. Therefore, the hyporheic zone is probably a much smaller nitrogen source for mature forests relative to the surface soil unless the vegetation exploits a much larger volume of the hyporheic zone than surface soil.
Model for Simulating Aerosol Interactions and Chemistry (MOSAIC)

This paper describes the development and evaluation of a new Model for Simulating Aerosol Interactions and Chemistry (MOSAIC), with a special focus on addressing the long-standing issues associated with solving the dynamic partitioning of semi-volatile inorganic gases (HNO3, HCl, and NH3) to size-distributed atmospheric aerosol particles. The coupled ordinary differential equations (ODE) for dynamic gas-particle mass transfer are extremely stiff, and the available numerical techniques are either too expensive or produce oscillatory and/or inaccurate steady-state solutions. These limitations are overcome in MOSAIC, which couples an accurate and computationally efficient thermodynamic module [Zaveri et al., 2005a,b] with a new dynamic gas-particle partitioning module described here. The algorithm involves time-split integrations of non-volatile and semi-volatile species, and a new concept of “dynamic pH” and an adaptive time-stepping scheme hold the key to smooth, accurate, and efficient solutions over the entire relative humidity range. MOSAIC is found to be in excellent agreement with a benchmark version of the model that uses LSODES (a Gear solver) for rigorously integrating the stiff ODEs. The steady-state MOSAIC results for monodisperse aerosol test cases are also in excellent agreement with those obtained with the benchmark equilibrium model AIM. MOSAIC is also evaluated within a 3-D model, andmore » the average CPU speed is estimated to be over 100 times faster than the dynamic aerosol model MADM [Pilinis et al., 2000]. These results suggest that MOSAIC is highly attractive for use in 3-D aerosol and air quality models in which both accuracy and efficiency are critically important.« less
Correlates of Late-Life Major Depression: A Comparison of Urban and Rural Primary Care Patients

Objective The objective of this study was to determine whether factors associated with depression differ between elderly residents of rural and urban areas. Methods The research design was cross-sectional and observational. The study subjects consisted of 926 Medicare primary care patients (650 urban and 276 rural) who were age 65+ and cognitively intact and had enrolled in a randomized, controlled Medicare demonstration. Major depression was identified by the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. A logistic regression model was estimated that included a rural–urban indicator variable, additional independent variables, and interaction terms between the rural–urban indicator and independent variables that were significant at p Results A total of 8.3% of the rural and 14.8% of the urban patients were identified as having major depression. Reporting 0–1 close friends (odds ratio [OR]: 6.86; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.18–21.58), 2+ emergency room visits during the past 6 months (OR: 4.00; 95% CI: 1.19–13.43), and more financial strain (OR: 1.50; 95% CI: 1.01–2.23) were associated with significantly higher likelihood of major depression among rural as compared with urban patients. The SF-36 Physical Component Summary score had a curvilinear relationship with major depression and was higher for urban patients. The predicted probability for major depression is lower for the rural patients when financial strain is low, about the same for rural and urban patients when strain is intermediate, and higher for rural patients when strain is high. Conclusions Clinicians in rural areas should be vigilant for major depression among patients with very few close friends, several recent emergency department visits, and financial strain.
The Effects of Parental Divorce on the Moral Judgment Development of Freshman and Sophomore College Students

This research investigated the effects of parental divorce on the moral judgment development of freshman and sophomore college students (N = 377). Freshmen with divorced parents had lower scores of moral judgment development than freshmen with married parents, whereas sophomores with divorced parents had higher moral judgment development scores than sophomores with married parents. It was also found that an experience changing homes in childhood or adolescence was negatively associated with moral judgment development for freshmen but positively associated with moral judgment development for sophomores. It was concluded that the change of environment associated with a parental divorce could enhance moral judgment development growth in the early years of college.
Core-related acquisitions, multiple bidders and tender offer premiums

Abstract This research analyzes the impacts of core-relatedness and multiple bidders on premiums paid in 285 tender offers for US-based manufacturing firms. In a core-related M&A, the primary business of the acquirer is the same, vertically connected to or similar to the primary business of the target firm. This study proposes and finds a large interaction effect between the impacts of core-relatedness and multiple bidders on tender offer premiums. The presence of multiple bidders is found to have a greater impact on tender offer premiums when the eventual acquirer is not core-related to the target. In other words, acquirers that are not core-related to the firms they purchase, tend to pay very high premiums when multiple bidders compete for the target. Results show that the direct relationships between core-relatedness and premiums as well as the direct relationship between multiple bidders and premiums depends on the state of the interaction effect.
Dynamic Modeling of a Hybrid Electric Drivetrain for Fuel Economy, Performance and Driveability Evaluations

Both automakers and customers keep on pursuing better fuel economy, performance and driveability. A “mild” hybrid drivetrain is of great interest due to its potential capability on improving these targets. This drivetrain contains a spark ignition (SI) engine, an integrated starter/alternator (ISA), a torque converter (TC), a continuously variable transmission (CVT), a final drive (FD), a driveshaft, a brake-by-wire (BBW) system and wheels. While the challenge is to model and to develop an optimal control algorithm for this hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), this paper will focus only on the modeling aspect. Model-based control design and the nature of human perceptible driveability issues require low-frequency dynamic models. Therefore, a nonlinear control-oriented model which is sufficiently accurate but not excessively complicated is proposed here. Simulation results demonstrate that this model is effective to capture the main behaviors of vehicle dynamics and to evaluate fuel economy, performance and driveability objectively.© 2003 ASME
Confidence intervals for P(Y1>Y2) with normal outcomes in linear models.

Recently, there is an emerging interest in the inference of P(Y1>Y2) where Y1 and Y2 stand for two independent continuous random variables. So far, most of the research in this field focuses on simply comparing two outcomes without adjusting for covariates. This paper mainly presents a large sample approach based on a noncentral t distribution for the confidence interval estimation of P(Y1>Y2) with normal outcomes in linear models. Furthermore, the performance of the proposed large sample approach is compared with that of a generalized variable approach and a bootstrap approach. Simulation studies demonstrate that for small-to-medium sample sizes, both the large sample approach and the generalized variable approach provide confidence intervals with satisfying coverage probabilities whereas the bootstrap approach can be slightly liberal for certain scenarios. The proposed approaches are applied to three real-life data sets. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Concentrations of Common Lead in Some Atlantic and Mediterranean Waters and in Snow

The concentrations of common Pb in the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea were investigated. Samples of rural snow were also analyzed in attempts to validate the view that the oceans have been contaminated by lead tetraethyl aerosols. The concentration of 0.01 N HCl acid-soluble Pb in snow was about 2 mu g Pb/kg snow. The isotopic composition of Pb from snow was found to be: Pb/ sup 206//Pb/sup 204/ = 18.01; Pb/sup 206//Pb/sup 207/ = 1.144 and Pb/sup 206//Pb/ sup 207/ = 0.469 The concentr ation of Pb measured in snow was found to be 10 to 100 times as large as that measured in sea water. In general, Pb concentrations at the Atlantic stations appear to increase from surface to intermediate or deep waters, and then decrease again in very deep or bottom waters. Common Pb concentrations in Central North Atlantic surface waters are about 0.05 mu g/l. Values in offshore surface waters increase to 0.09 mu g/l near Morocco and to 0.2 mu g/l in the Mediterranean. (P.C.H.)
An Evaluation of Social Skills in Adults with Pica, Autism Spectrum Disorders, and Intellectual Disability

Adults with intellectual disability (ID) and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are often at risk for developing additional forms of psychopathology and/or challenging behaviors, including pica. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship of pica and social skills deficits. The Matson Evaluation of Social Skills for Individuals with sEvere Retardation (MESSIER), a measure of social skill impairment, was administered to a group of adults with ID alone (n = 22), a group with ID and ASD (n = 22), and a group with ID, ASD, and pica (n = 15). The Pica + ASD + ID group exhibited significantly fewer pro-social behaviors than the ID alone group but had significantly more negative social skills than both other groups. These findings and the implications of these data are discussed.
On the Birth of Micro Air Vehicles

The history of micro air vehicles really began with the development of model airplanes in the 19th century and the development of radio controlled model airplanes in the 20th century. The improvement in propulsion systems from rubber bands to liquid fuel internal combustions engines and later battery powered electric motors made it possible to produce longer and longer flights. The development of miniature radio receivers and control components in the 1990s also had a large impact on the ability to design a very small flying vehicle. Once the aerodynamics and control of small aircraft models with a mass less that 100 grams were better understood, the micro-air-vehicle was born. This paper traces the history of these events.
Innate PI3K p110δ Regulates Th1/Th17 Development and Microbiota-Dependent Colitis

The p110δ subunit of class IA PI3K modulates signaling in innate immune cells. We previously demonstrated that mice harboring a kinase-dead p110δ subunit (p110δ(KD)) develop spontaneous colitis. Macrophages contributed to the Th1/Th17 cytokine bias in p110δ(KD) mice through increased IL-12 and IL-23 expression. In this study, we show that the enteric microbiota is required for colitis development in germfree p110δ(KD) mice. Colonic tissue and macrophages from p110δ(KD) mice produce significantly less IL-10 compared with wild-type mice. p110δ(KD) APCs cocultured with naive CD4+ Ag-specific T cells also produce significantly less IL-10 and induce more IFN-γ- and IL-17A-producing CD4+ T cells compared with wild-type APCs. Illustrating the importance of APC-T cell interactions in colitis pathogenesis in vivo, Rag1(-/-)/p110δ(KD) mice develop mild colonic inflammation and produced more colonic IL-12p40 compared with Rag1(-/-) mice. However, CD4+ CD45RB(high/low) T cell Rag1(-/-)/p110δ(KD) recipient mice develop severe colitis with increased percentages of IFN-γ- and IL-17A-producing lamina propria CD3+D4+ T cells compared with Rag1(-/-) recipient mice. Intestinal tissue samples from patients with Crohn's disease reveal significantly lower expression of PIK3CD compared with intestinal samples from non-inflammatory bowel disease control subjects (p < 0.05). PIK3CD expression inversely correlates with the ratio of IL12B:IL10 expression. In conclusion, the PI3K subunit p110δ controls homeostatic APC-T cell interactions by altering the balance between IL-10 and IL-12/23. Defects in p110δ expression and/or function may underlie the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel disease and lead to new therapeutic strategies.
Nonlinear evolution of protostellar disks and light modulations in young stellar objects

An evolutionary model of dynamical processes in protostellar disks is described and illustrated with graphs of typical results. The effective transport mechanisms are discussed, including thermal convection, nonaxisymmetric gravitational instabilities in the outer regions of disks, and wave propagation. Consideration is then given to the stages of dynamical evolution, FU Ori outburst phenomena, unsteady accretion-disk flows, and nonlinear feedback as a mechanism to modulate mass transfer. The simulations show that mass redistribution is determined by angular-momentum transfer, which in turn is regulated by the effective viscosity generated by convectively driven turbulence. Significant mass transfer occurs as a result of mixing of infalling material with disk gas and is affected by the tidal torque associated with the growth of nonaxisymmetric disturbances in the outer disk. The time scale for disk evolution is found to be about 1 Myr.
Dendritic cell-associated lectin 2 (DCAL2) defines a distinct CD8α- dendritic cell subset

CLRs on DCs play important roles in immunity and are expressed selectively on certain DC subsets. Murine DCAL2 (myeloid inhibitory C-type lectin/Clec12a) is a type-II CLR with an ITIM. Using a mouse DCAL2-specific mAb, we found that DCAL2 is expressed at relatively high levels on APCs and that DCAL2 expression can be used to divide CD8α– DCs into DCAL2+DCIR2– and DCAL2–DCIR2+ subpopulations. CD8α–DCAL2+ DC, CD8α–DCIR2+ DC, and CD8α+DCAL2+ DC subsets each express different levels of TLRs and respond to unique classes of TLR ligands by producing distinct sets of cytokines. Whereas CD8α–DCAL2+ DCs robustly produce cytokines, including IL-12, in response to CpG, CD8α–DCIR2+ DCs produce only TNF-α and IL-10 in modest amounts when stimulated with zymosan. However, CD8α–DCIR2+ DCs, unlike the other DC subsets, strongly up-regulate OX40L when stimulated with bacterial flagellin. As predicted from their cytokine expression, CD8α–DCAL2+ DCs efficiently induced Th1 responses in the presence of CpG in vitro and in vivo, whereas CD8α–DCIR2+ DCs induced Th2 cells in response to flagellin. Thus, CD8α–DCAL2+ DCs comprise a distinct CD8α– DC subset capable of supporting Th1 responses. DCAL2 is a useful marker to identify a Th1-inducing CD8α– DC population.
Toxicity and patterns of failure of adaptive/ablative proton therapy for early-stage, medically inoperable non-small cell lung cancer.

Purpose To analyze the toxicity and patterns of failure of proton therapy given in ablative doses for medically inoperable early-stage non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods and Materials Eighteen patients with medically inoperable T1N0M0 (central location) or T2-3N0M0 (any location) NSCLC were treated with proton therapy at 87.5 Gy (relative biological effectiveness) at 2.5 Gy /fraction in this Phase I/II study. All patients underwent treatment simulation with four-dimensional CT; internal gross tumor volumes were delineated on maximal intensity projection images and modified by visual verification of the target volume in 10 breathing phases. The internal gross tumor volumes with maximal intensity projection density was used to design compensators and apertures to account for tumor motion. Therapy consisted of passively scattered protons. All patients underwent repeat four-dimensional CT simulations during treatment to assess the need for adaptive replanning. Results At a median follow-up time of 16.3 months (range, 4.8–36.3 months), no patient had experienced Grade 4 or 5 toxicity. The most common adverse effect was dermatitis (Grade 2, 67%; Grade 3, 17%), followed by Grade 2 fatigue (44%), Grade 2 pneumonitis (11%), Grade 2 esophagitis (6%), and Grade 2 chest wall pain (6%). Rates of local control were 88.9%, regional lymph node failure 11.1%, and distant metastasis 27.8%. Twelve patients (67%) were still alive at the last follow-up; five had died of metastatic disease and one of preexisting cardiac disease. Conclusions Proton therapy to ablative doses is well tolerated and produces promising local control rates for medically inoperable early-stage NSCLC.
DIFFERENCES IN RESPONSE BETWEEN 18 CARBON FATTY ACIDS AND 12/14 CARBON SATURATED FATTY ACIDS ON PLASMA CHOLESTEROL IN GUINEA PIGS

Abstract Male guinea pigs were fed four different diets rich in lauric plus myristic (LM), stearic (ST), oleic (OL) or linoleic (LN) fatty acids to compare the effects of 18 carbon fatty acids with different degrees of saturation with 12 14 carbon saturated fatty acids on hepatic cholesterol metabolism. Animals fed the LM diet had 76–100% higher plasma total cholesterol and apo B concentrations than those fed ST, OL or LN diets (P B E receptor number was highest in animals fed LN diet and intake of ST and OL diets resulted in higher hepatic apo B E receptor number compared to animals fed LM diets (P
A study of NMR chemical shielding in 5-coordinate phosphorus compounds (phosphoranes)

Abstract Calculations of the phosphorus NMR chemical shielding in 5-coordinate phosphorus compounds have been carried out using the gauge-including-atomic-orbital (GIAO) 6-311+G(nd,p) basis set at both scaled density functional theory (sDFT) and estimated infinite order Moller–Plesset (EMPI) approaches. Results are generally in accord with previous studies on 3-coordinate phosphorus compounds but fail badly for compounds containing multiple chlorine atoms and indicate a need for a relativistic treatment of these species. We observe that some compounds with reported experimental 31P NMR chemical shifts far downfield of the calculated values are in fact in the range known from experiment and calculation to be in that expected for phosphonium ions; the reported structures need to be reconsidered.
Increased Biliary Transferrin Excretion Following Parenteral Aluminum Administration to Rats

Aluminium accumulates in the livers of patients receiving either parenteral nutrition or haemodialysis. When given parenterally to rats, aluminium causes cholestasis. However, the mechanism of hepatic aluminium uptake and the fate of aluminum in the liver are poorly understood. We examined the effect of parenteral aluminium administration on biliary excretion of transferrin, the major circulating aluminum-binding protein. Male Wistar rats were given parenterally aluminum 5 mg/kg/day for 1-14 days. Bile was collected for 3 hr at the end of the study period. Biliary total protein concentration and IgA/total protein were unaffected by up to 14 days of parenteral aluminium administration. However, biliary transferrin excretion increased with duration of aluminum administration up to five-fold by day 14. Biliary transferrin concentration and transferrin/total protein was higher in aluminum treated rats than controls after 7 and 14 days of study. Hepatic aluminum concentration reached a maximum after 4 days of parenteral aluminum administration, at which time serum bile acid and alanine amino transferase values were not different from controls. Since biliary transferrin is normally derived from the serum, it is likely that aluminum promotes hepatocellular uptake of transferrin and that aluminum enters the hepatocyte bound to transferrin. We postulate that transferrin may direct aluminum to intracellular sites where its toxic effects would be minimized.
Intraprostatic spermatozoa: zonal distribution and association with atrophy.

Summary Intraprostatic spermatozoa (IS) have been demonstrated in only 2 articles in the literature reporting on postmortem prostates. Intraprostatic spermatozoa have not been previously described in radical prostatectomies. This is the first study that describes the presence of IS in radical prostatectomies with prostatic carcinoma (PC) and its association with atrophy. We examined whole mount sagittal sections from 69 consecutive radical prostatectomy cases for PC. A central section including the seminal vesicle ejaculatory duct urethra complex (SVEDU) from each case was stained with Berg's stain to identify spermatozoa and their location. The extent and the type of atrophy were assessed on the entire prostate by using a grid method. Eighteen cases (26.1%) revealed spermatozoa both in the SVEDU and in the prostate (IS) (group 1). Twenty-two cases (31.9%) showed spermatozoa exclusively in the SVEDU but not in the prostate (group 2). The remaining 29 cases (42.0%) had no spermatozoa in either site. Location of IS was 72.2% peripheral zone, 22.2% central zone, and 5.6% transitional zone. Intraprostatic spermatozoa were frequently seen accompanied by inflammatory infiltrate in the periglandular stroma. The extent of atrophy was greater in group 1 than in group 2 (25.7% versus 15.3%; P = .006). Postatrophic hyperplasia was seen more frequently in group 1 than in group 2 (72.2% versus 40.9%; P = .025). In conclusion, the frequency of IS is 26.1% when including all prostates and 45.0% when including prostates with evidence of residual ejaculate (spermatozoa in the SVEDU), more than previously reported. Intraprostatic spermatozoa are predominantly located in the peripheral zone similar to atrophy and PC. Prostates with IS have larger atrophic areas and increased frequency of postatrophic hyperplasia. The role of IS in the pathogenesis of prostate inflammation and atrophy should be investigated.