cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessment of NVSHMEM for High Performance Computing

High Performance Computing has been a driving force behind important tasks such as scientific discovery and deep learning. It tends to achieve performance through greater concurrency and heterogeneity, where the underlying complexity of richer topologies is managed through software abstraction. In this paper, we present our assessment of NVSHMEM, an experimental programming library that supports the Partitioned Global Address Space programming model for NVIDIA GPU clusters. NVSHMEM offers several concrete advantages. One is that it reduces overheads and software complexity by allowing communication and computation to be interleaved vs. separating them into different phases. Another is that it implements the OpenSHMEM specification to provide efficient fine-grained one-sided communication, streamlining away overheads due to tag matching, wildcards, and unexpected messages which have compounding effect with increasing concurrency. It also offers ease of use by abstracting away low-level configuration operations that are required to enable low-overhead communication and direct loads and stores across processes. We evaluated NVSHMEM in terms of usability, functionality, and scalability by running two math kernels, matrix multiplication and Jacobi solver, and one full application, Horovod, on the 27,648-GPU Summit supercomputer. Our exercise of NVSHMEM at scale contributed to making NVSHMEM more robust and preparing it for production release.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hsp104 protein. Purification and characterization of ATP-induced structural changes.

Heat-shock proteins (hsps) function in a variety of ways to help cells and organisms cope with environmental changes. One class of hsps, the Hsp100 proteins, is especially important for tolerance to a variety of extremely stressful conditions (e.g. high temperatures or high concentrations of ethanol). To begin to characterize the mechanism of action of Hsp100 proteins, we have initiated an in vitro analysis of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hsp104 protein. Here, we report the purification and initial structural characterization of the wild-type protein and three variants carrying mutations in the two ATP-binding site consensus elements. As demonstrated by both gel filtration chromatography and by cross-linking studies with glutaraldehyde, Hsp104 forms a homohexameric particle. By electron microscopy, these particles are ring-shaped and reminiscent of proteins in the Hsp60 and TF55/TCP families. In contrast to these other proteins, Hsp104 forms single rings, each containing only six subunits. More strikingly, the assembly and maintenance of Hsp104 particles are dependent upon the presence of adenine nucleotides. Oligomerization appears to primarily depend upon the second of the two ATP-binding sites in the protein.
On the acceleration of the numerical solution of partial differential equations using radial basis functions and graphics processing units

General purpose computation on graphics processing units is becoming very important as a means for speeding up numerical computations. In this research, nVidia's Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) language is used along with a graphics processing unit to accelerate the generation of the system matrix for the numerical solution of a partial differential equation employing radial basis functions. Details of the CUDA implementation as well as speedup curves using several different graphics processing units will be discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tracking of Multiple Maneuvering Targets in Clutter by Joint Probabilistic Data and Maneuver Association

A feasible and effective method of tracking multiple maneuvering targets in clutter is introduced. The maneuver is modeled by a Markovian selection from a finite set of acceleration inputs in the target state equation. An extension of the joint probabilistic data association (JPDA) algorithm to the case of maneuvering targets is then presented which employs a joint hypothesis space for the maneuver and measurement-to-track association. The proposed joint probabilistic data and maneuver association (JPDMA) algorithm requires approximately the same amount of computation as the ordinary JPDA algorithm in spite of its additional ability to track maneuvering targets. Computer simulations verify the ability of the JPDMA algorithm to track several maneuvering targets in the presence of sparse clutter.
The search for counterexamples in human reasoning

A major point of contention about human reasoning is whether or not individuals search for counterexamples to conclusions. According to theorists who argue that the mind is equipped with tacit rules of inference, the decision that an argument is invalid depends on a failure to find a derivation leading from the premises to the conclusion (see e.g. Rips, 1994). However, with this procedure, one can never be certain that the space of possible derivations has been searched exhaustively. Alternatively, reasoners may base their inferences on mental models (Johnson-Laird and Byrne, 1991). This theoretical account rests on the semantic principle of validity: a conclusion is valid if and only if it allows for no counterexamples, i.e., possibilities in which the premises are true but the conclusion is false. Hence, by constructing a counterexample, reasoners are able to know that an inference is invalid. So, how do logically naive individuals establish invalidity? Surprisingly for so central a question, there is a dearth of evidence. In the case of syllogisms, Polk and Newell (1995) have defended an account in terms of models, but argued that their explanation of individual differences gains little, if anything, by postulating a search for counterexamples. Bucciarelli and Johnson-Laird (1999) have shown that people are able to search for counterexamples if prompted to do so. Whether individuals spontaneously engage in this search is still unknown.
Moiré Effect from Random Dots

The appearance of circular Moire fringes when a random dot pattern is superimposed on itself provides new evidence that the human visual process may include the computation of local autocorrelations by excitation of line detectors.
B and T Lymphocyte Attenuator Exhibits Structural and Expression Polymorphisms and Is Highly Induced in Anergic CD4+ T Cells

B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) was initially identified as expressed on Th1 cells and B cells, but recently reported to be expressed by macrophages, dendritic cells, and NK cells as well. To address this discrepancy we generated a panel of BTLA-specific mAbs and characterized BTLA expression under various activation conditions. We report the existence of three distinct BTLA alleles among 23 murine strains, differing both in Ig domain structure and cellular distribution of expression on lymphoid subsets. The BALB/c and MRL/lpr alleles differ at one amino acid residue, but C57BL/6 has nine additional differences and alters the predicted cysteine bonding pattern. The BALB/c BTLA allele is also expressed by B cells, T cells, and dendritic cells, but not macrophages or NK cells. However, C57BL/6 BTLA is expressed on CD11b+ macrophages and NK cells. Finally, in CD4+ T cells, BTLA is expressed most highly following Ag-specific induction of anergy in vivo, and unlike programmed death-1 and CTLA-4, not expressed by CD25+ regulatory T cells. These results clarify discrepancies regarding BTLA expression, suggest that structural and expression polymorphisms be considered when analyzing BTLA in various murine backgrounds, and indicate a possible role in anergic CD4+ T cells.
Association and dissociation rate constants of the complexes between various cardiac aglycones and sodium- and potassium-dependent adenosine triphosphatase formed in the presence of magnesium and phosphate.

Association and dissociation rates of cardiac aglycone-(Na+ + K+-ATPase complexes formed in the presence of magnesium and inorganic phosphate were examined by assay of the phosphorylated protein formed in the presence of [γ-32P]ATP, which is influenced by the amount of bound aglycone. Association and dissociation followed pseudo-first-order and first-order rate kinetics, respectively. The dissociation rate constants of four cardiac aglycones-digitoxigenin, digoxigenin, strophanthidin, and ouabagenin-were all the same (0.28 min-1 at 25° and 0.63 min-1 at 30°), but their pseudo-first-order association rate constants (ka9 varied. Both Mg2+ and P1 gave linear relationships against ka9 in double-reciprocal plots over a wide range of concentrations, and the effects of both ligands were identical. The four cardiac aglycones showed the same maximum association rates with increasing drug concentration. These results suggest that the binding of ligands (magnesium and phosphate) results in activation of the enzyme to bind the cardiac aglycone, but that dissociation of ligands from the cardiac aglyconeenzyme complex precedes the release of cardiac aglycone.
Emotional development in young children

Chapter 1: Introduction, Chapter 2: Emotional Expressiveness, Chapter 3: Understanding of Emotions, Chapter 4: Socialization of Emotional Expressiveness and Understanding, Chapter 5: Emotion Regulation, Chapter 6: Contributions of Emotional Expressiveness, Understanding, and Coping to Social Competence, Chapter 7: Disruptions in the Development of Emotional Competence and Interventions to Ameliorate Them. References. Index.
Multicentric amyloid containing cutaneous trabecular carcinoma. Case report with ultrastructural study.

Light and electron microscopic study of a cutaneous, trabecular carcinoma (Toker 1972) showed the tumor to be amyloid producing. This case was also multicentric and had metastasized only to the liver.
Impact of Verticillium wilt on net photosynthesis, respiration and photorespiration in field-grown cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.).

Verticillium wilt systemically infects cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and drastically limits crop productivity. Efforts to elucidate the physiological mechanisms responsible for growth and yield reductions have been inconclusive. Field experiments were conducted in 1987 and 1989 to document the influence of verticillium wilt on the photosynthetic and respiratory activity of cotton leaves. A portable gas-exchange measurement system was used to determine changes in net photosynthesis, photorespiration and dark respiration of lower-, middle- and upper canopy leaves of control and diseased plants. In addition, changes in stomatal behavior and chlorophyll content were also determined. Photosynthesis of diseased lower-canopy leaves was reduced by over 65% compared to controls, and the reduction was associated with chlorophyll loss, a more negative leaf water potential, and a greatly reduced stomatal conductance. Upper-canopy leaves of diseased plants, although showing no visible symptoms of verticillium wilt, exhibited a 20% decrease in photosynthetic activity which was independent of changes in chlorophyll or leaf water potential. Verticillium wilt reduced dark respiration of asymptomatic, upper-canopy leaves by 42%, photorespiration by 27% and increased mesophyll resistance by 46%. Our results suggest that the pathogen reduced photosynthesis initially through nonstomatal processes, which were not directly mediated by water-deficit stress. In contrast, leaves with symptoms exhibited decreased photosynthesis due to combined chlorosis, water stress, and stomatal closure. Disease progression and the resultant decrease in photosynthetic capacity apparently is the product of two distinct mechanisms of pathogenicity.
Trends, Possibilities and Limitations of Silicon Photonic Integrated Circuits and Devices

CMOS compatible silicon photonics combines two great inventions - the transistor(microprocessor) and the laser(optical communications), and enable >100x lower power and lower power density. In this presentation, a suite of hybrid silicon devices was demonstrated namely Fabry-Perot laser, DFB laser , ring laser, mode locked lasers, optical amplifiers, integrated preamplifier arrays, and a 50 Gbps modulators.
Lipids as hormones and second messengers

Some lipids act as hormones to induce responses in target tissues whereas others influence the behavior of cell-surface receptors and/or serve as second messengers; i.e. they are formed as part of the cellular response to extracellular agonists, and directly affect protein kinases, ion channels and other systems that govern cell behavior. Our understanding of these functions on a structural level is improving, but this is still a relatively new, and an extremely complex, area of investigation.
A Vector Addition Coefficient Identity

The identical results of different theoretical approaches to the angular correlation of mixed multipole gamma rays imply the existence of a vector addition coefficient identity. This is found to be a special case of a more general identity, the proof of which is outlined.
Collisions in the Oort Cloud

Abstract A first generation model has been constructed to evaluate the importance of physical collisions between objects in the Oort cloud. While the collision rate is strongly dependent on the population structure of the Oort cloud, it is shown that natural power-law population structures produce significant numbers of collisions between each comet and smaller objects over the age of the Solar System, and that such collisions provide a feedback mechanism for the production of small debris in the cloud. The effects of bombardment on the evolution of cometary surfaces are also explored. It is shown that impacts cause extensive surface evolution to develop on comets in the cloud, if the number of small objects orbiting in the cloud is in accordance with “standard” power-law populations.
Current practices in evaluating radiology residents, faculty, and programs: results of a survey of radiology residency program directors1

Abstract Rationale and objectives We surveyed program directors to determine current radiology program practices in evaluating their residents, faculty, and program. Materials and methods In January 2003, a 52-item Web-based survey was made available to program directors of accredited core radiology programs. Responses to the items were tabulated to determine relative frequency distribution. Two-tailed Pearson chi-square tests were used to compare proportions and assess the association between variables. Results A total of 99 (52%) of 192 program directors responded. Programs were largely in compliance with Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) requirements. Noncompliance was related to the requirements to evaluate residents at least four times per year in at least 22 (22.2%) of 99 programs and annually evaluate the program in 20 (20.2%) of 99 programs. New program directors ( P = .03). Programs that used this form, compared with those that didn't, were more likely to evaluate resident competence in systems-based practice (88.5% versus 44.0%, P = .001). Being a program director for 1 or more years versus less than 1 year was associated with using a computerized evaluation system (35.8% versus 11.8%, P = .05). Conclusion In general, there is a high degree of compliance among radiology programs in meeting ACGME evaluation requirements. However, some programs do not comply with requirements for frequency of resident evaluation or annual program evaluation. The percentage of new program directors is high and related to not using or knowing about useful evaluation resources. Use of computerized evaluation systems, which have the potential to decrease the work associated with evaluations and provide more dependable and reliable data, is minimal.
Mixed Convection in an Annulus of Large Aspect Ratio

Mixed convection in an annulus of large aspect ratio is studied. At an aspect ratio of 100, the effect of wall curvature is minimal, and both the base flow and the stability characteristics approach those of a two-dimensional channel flow. The linear-stability results demonstrate that the fully developed flow is unstable in regions of practical interest in an appropriate parameter space. Consequently, commonly assumed steady parallel countercurrent flows in many idealized numerical and analytical studies are unlikely to be observed experimentally.
Palate Fracture Repair With Light-Cured Resin Splint: Technical Note.

Palate fractures are rare, and their treatment is a matter of debate. Although some investigators have favored rigid plate fixation, others have reported successful treatment without it. Sagittal split and comminuted fractures can require rigid fixation to reduce the maxillary width; however, additional stabilization is needed. Also, palate repair without a splint is complicated by prolonged intermaxillary fixation (IMF), causing stiffness to the temporomandibular joint. We introduce a technique using a rapid light-cured resin (TRIAD TranSheet) frequently used by orthodontists for making dental retainers. Its use is similar to the splints traditionally created preoperatively, but obviates the need for making impressions, a model, and a molded splint. A series of 13 patients treated with this technique during a 5-year period is presented. The average duration of IMF was 4.7 weeks (range 3 to 6). The average duration of the palate splint was 8.4 weeks (range 5 to 12). One patient had malocclusion, but none had malunion, infection, or oronasal fistula. Our series has demonstrated a simple, cost-effective, and successful technique. It can be used alone or combined with rigid fixation and allows for a shortened duration of maxillomandibular fixation.
Contact mechanics and thermal conductance of carbon nanotube array interfaces

A model is developed in this work to predict the thermal contact resistance of carbon nanotube (CNT) array interfaces with CNT arrays synthesized directly on substrate surfaces. An analytical model for contact mechanics is first developed in conjunction with prior data from load–displacement experiments to predict the real contact area established in CNT array interfaces as a function of applied pressure. The contact mechanics model is utilized to develop a detailed thermal model that treats the multitude of individual CNT–substrate contacts as parallel resistors and considers the effects on phonon transport of the confined geometry that exist at such contacts. The influence of CNT array properties, e.g. diameter and density, are explicitly incorporated into the thermal model, which agrees well with experimental measurements of thermal resistances as a function of pressure for different types of interfaces. The model reveals that: (1) ballistic thermal resistance dominates at the CNT array interface; (2) the overall performance of CNT array interfaces is most strongly influenced by the thermal resistance at the contacts between free CNT ends and the opposing substrate surface (one-sided interface) or the opposing CNT array (two-sided interface); and (3) dense arrays with high mechanical compliance reduce the thermal contact resistance of CNT array interfaces by increasing the real contact area in the interface.
No association of the Asp298 variant of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene with preeclampsia

Abstract Background Preeclampsia, the most common serious complication of pregnancy, is characterized by vasoconstriction, dysfunction of the vascular endothelium, and hypertension. Unidentified genetic factors and impaired nitric oxide (NO)–mediated vasodilation are thought to contribute to the development of the syndrome. Polymorphisms of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene affect NO production and have been associated with hypertension and preeclampsia in a Japanese population. Methods We compared the frequency of the Glu298Asp eNOS polymorphism in 397 Hispanic and white normotensive pregnant control subjects with the gene frequencies in 64 women with preeclampsia (systolic blood pressure >140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure >90 mm Hg, on at least two occasions 6 hours apart, and proteinuria >0.3 g/L or a dipstick proteinuria reading of 2+). Results Preeclampsia was not associated with the presence of Asp at position 298 of eNOS. Conclusions In contrast to the findings in Japanese women, preeclampsia was not associated with the Asp variant of eNOS in an American population.
Detailed heat transfer measurements inside straight and tapered two-pass channels with rib turbulators

Abstract Most of the studies on gas turbine blade internal channels have focused on constant cross-sectional areas from entrance to turn. Gas turbine blades are typically tapered from hub to tip to reduce thermal loading. These channels exist inside high-performance turbine blades for providing effective cooling to the blade external surface, which is exposed to high-temperature gas flow. Heat transfer measurements are presented for both the straight and tapered square channels including the turn region with and without rib turbulators. The straight channels will have a uniform square cross-section area of 5.08×5.08 cm 2 . For the tapered channels, the square cross-sectional area reduces from entrance into the first pass ( 5.08×5.08 cm 2 ) to the 180° turn ( 2.54×2.54 cm 2 ) and then expands from turn to exit in the second pass (5.08×5.08 cm 2 ) . The heat transfer results for tapered channels are compared with results for straight channels. Results show that heat transfer in tapered smooth channels is enhanced significantly due to flow acceleration in the first pass, a combination of taper and turn and flow deceleration in the second pass. Overall, the tapered channels significantly produce higher heat transfer enhancements compared to the Dittus–Boelter correlation for fully developed flow especially in the after-turn region. Based on the results from this study, the heat transfer inside tapered channels in the after-turn region cannot be predicted by calculating local Reynolds numbers and using straight channel heat transfer correlations. However, the first pass Nusselt number enhancement distributions are similar for both straight and tapered channels when normalized using the local Nusselt number based on local Reynolds number. The difference in the after-turn region between the straight and tapered channels is reduced with the addition of rib turbulators.
The anomalous suppression of π2(1670) → b1(1235) π

Abstract We show that current experimental data indicate that the strong decay mode π 2 → b 1 π is anomalously small (more than 3 times smaller than all other decay modes of the π 2 . This acts as a powerful discriminator for and against various decay models. Non-relativistic quark models with spin-1 pair creation, e.g. 3 P 0 (flux-tube breaking) and 3 S 1 and 3 D 1 (chromo-electric string-breaking) models, as well as lowest order one-boson (in this case π) emission models, can accommodate the experimental data because of a quark-spin selection rule. Models that violate the selection rule, e.g. higher order one-boson emisson decay mechanisms, as well as mixing with other Fock states and relativistic effects, may be constrained by the small π 2 → b 1 π decay.
On the partial regularity of energy-minimizing, area-preserving maps

We prove a partial regularity assertion for a Lipschitz continuous mapping u in the plane that minimizes an appropriate convex (or quasiconvex) energy functional, under the “hard” constraint that det Du = 1 a.e. The primary technical assumption is that u be nondegenerate, meaning that, locally, at least one of its partial derivatives is bounded away from zero a.e. The method of proof is to convert to a related minimization problem for a generating function w, the advantage being that we now have the “soft” constraint \(w_{y_1y_2}> 0\).
The accuracy of a calibrated PROLITH physical resist model across illumination conditions

In this paper, the portability of a calibrated PROLITH resist model outside of the exposure conditions used during its generation is tested. Can a single physical resist model accurately predict results of different illumination schemes without recalibration at each condition? Can a calibrated physical resist model accurately describe observed lithographic behaviors outside the conditions used to create it? PROLITH model accuracy in predicting verification data exposed at conditions different from the calibration condition is shown to be 1 nm RMS across dose, focus and mask pitch.
Prophetic Visions in 1988: A Critical Reappraisal

Paper reviewing the research into a specific aspect of near-death experiences (NDEs): the prophetic vision (PV). PVs are subjectively compelling flashforwards of planetary-wide cataclysms and eventual regeneration that sometimes occur during or in the immediate aftermath of an NDE.
Sklyanin Determinant for Reflection Algebra

Reflection algebras is a class of algebras associated with integrable models with boundaries. The coefficients of Sklyanin determinant generate the center of the reflection algebra. We give a combinatorial description of Sklyanin determinant suitable for explicit computations.
Questioning the call for environmental loans: A critical examination of forestry lending in the Philippines

Abstract In response to mounting worldwide evidence of environmental deterioration, world leaders have called on the multilateral development banks to step up lending for environmental projects. In the Philippines, the banks have responded with massive forestry loans. This article reviews the political, environmental, and economic context of the new loans and the impact of the $240 million Forestry Sector Program Loan. The author concludes that such large loans create two problems: their scope outstrips capacity for effective implementation; and repayment in foreign exchange is likely to accelerate environmentally damaging exports.
Implications of the cardiac arrhythmia suppression trial for antiarrhythmic drug treatment

Abstract The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST) is a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter clinical trial involving 27 centers and more than 100 hospitals in North America and Europe to test the 1-tailed hypothesis that suppression of ventricular arrhythmias in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction will reduce arrhythmic death. Since April 18, 1989, the CAST is enrolling patients aged
Finite element simulation of dislocation generation in doped and undoped GaAs single crystals grown from the melt

Dislocations in gallium arsenide (GaAs) single crystals are generated by excessive stresses that are induced during the crystal growth process, and the fabrication and packaging of microelectronic devices/circuits. The presence of dislocations has adverse effects on the performance, lifetime and reliability of the GaAs-based devices/circuits. It is well known that dislocation density can be significantly reduced by doping impurity atoms into the GaAs crystal and/or decreasing the thermal stresses in the crystal during its growth process. A transient finite element model is developed to simulate the dislocation generation in GaAs crystals grown from the melt. A viscoplastic constitutive equation that couples a microscopic dislocation density with a macroscopic plastic deformation is employed to formulate this transient finite element model, where the dislocation density is considered as an internal state variable and the doping impurity is represented by a drag-stress in this constitutive model. GaAs single crystals grown by the vertical gradient freeze process are adopted as an example to study the influences of doping impurity on dislocations generated in the grown crystal. The calculated results show that doping impurity can significantly reduce dislocation generation and produces low-dislocation GaAs crystals.
The OSCE revisited: use of performance-based evaluation in psychiatric education.

Performance-based assessment evaluates the clinical skills of trainees in ways that cannot be duplicated by the usual paper-and-pencil test. The usual test of knowledge, whether it be essay, multiple-choice, or another method, may sample knowledge very effectively. However, this type of testing does not tell the evaluator if the candidate can use the knowledge in a clinical setting. Performance-based assessment attempts to address this by requiring the trainee to demonstrate clinical skills in settings that are similar to the usual clinical setting where the individual will be practicing in the future. The OSCE is one method of performance-based assessment that allows this to be done in a cost-effective manner and with enough face validity to gain the acceptance of faculty and trainees.
Satellite ocean color and aerosol validation at Martha's Vineyard Coastal Observatory

Optical complexity in both the water and the overlying atmosphere often leads to error in remotely-sensed ocean color products in the coastal zone. A known but poorly understood error source is the near shore atmospheric correction algorithm. Dedicated to the coastal ocean color validation, an automatic above-water radiance measurement system, named the SeaWiFS Photometer Revision for Incident Surface Measurements (SeaPRISM) prototyped at the Acqua Alta Oceanographic Tower in the north Adriatic sea [1], has been deployed at the Air-Sea Interaction Tower of Martha's Vineyard Coastal Observatory (MVCO) since February 2004. This paper describes the MVCO ocean color validation program and present a preliminary assessment of marine and atmospheric products from the satellite ocean color sensor MODIS on the AQUA satellite using SeaPRISM observations. Assessment focuses on normalized water-leaving radiance and aerosol optical properties with nearly-simultaneous in situ and satellite retrievals (match-ups). Two years of observation indicate the value of this SeaPRISM measurement station to coastal satellite ocean color validation efforts.
Renal circulatory effects of adenosine in patients with chronic heart failure

Objectives. We sought to study the renal circulatory effects of adenosine in patients with chronic congestive heart failure (CHF). Background. Renal blood flow (RBF) is often reduced in patients with chronic CHF and may lead to decreased renal function. The cause of reduced RBF is multifactorial and involves systemic as well as local vasoregulatory mechanisms. Stimulation of renal adenosine A1receptors in animal models has resulted in a significant vasoconstriction of afferent and efferent glomerular arterioles and deterioration of renal function. Although adenosine serum levels have been shown to be elevated in patients with CHF, their effect on the renal circulation in this patient population has not been studied. Methods. Nine patients with CHF from left ventricular systolic dysfunction were studied. The effects of adenosine at a dose of 10−5mol/liter infused directly into the main renal artery on heart rate, renal artery blood pressure, renal artery cross-sectional area (measured by intravascular ultrasound), renal Doppler blood flow velocity (measured by a Doppler flow wire in the renal artery), RBF and renal vascular resistance (RVR) were evaluated. Results. Infusion of adenosine resulted in no significant effect on heart rate or renal artery blood pressure but caused a substantial increase in RVR (11,204 ± 1,469 to 31,494 ± 3,911 dynes·s·cm−5, p = 0.0005), which led to a marked fall in RBF in every patient (mean values 376 ± 36 to 146 ± 22 ml/m2, p = 0.0002). These changes in RVR and RBF were associated with no significant change in renal artery cross-sectional area (0.389 ± 0.040 to 0.375 ± 0.033 cm2, p = 0.3). Conclusions. Stimulation of renal adenosine receptors in patients with CHF results in marked renal vasoconstriction that leads to an important reduction in RBF. Lack of change in renal artery cross-sectional area suggests that adenosine affects intrarenal resistance blood vessels rather than large conductance vessels. These results may indicate a rationale for investigation of renal adenosine receptor blockade for enhancement of RBF and improvement of renal function in patients with chronic CHF.
A numerical-solution technique for three-dimensional Stokes flows, with application to the motion of strongly interacting spheres in a plane

This paper describes how the collocation technique previously developed by the authors for treating both unbounded (Gluckman, Pfeffer & Weinbaum 1971; Leichtberg, Weinbaum, Pfeffer & Gluckman 1976) and bounded (Leichtberg, Pfeffer & Weinbaum 1976) multiparticle axisymmetric Stokes flows can be extended to handle a wide variety of non-axisymmetric creeping-motion problems with planar symmetry where the boundaries conform to more than a single orthogonal co-ordinate system. The present paper examines in detail the strong hydrodynamic interaction between two or more closely spaced identical spheres in a plane. The various two-sphere configurations provide a convenient means of carefully testing the accuracy and convergence of the numerical solution technique for three dimensional flow with known exact spherical bipolar solutions.The important difficulty encountered in applying the collocation technique to multi-particle non-axisymmetric flows is that the selection of boundary points is rather sensitive to the flow orientation. Despite this shortcoming one is able to obtain solutions for the quasi-steady particle velocities and drag for as many as 15 spheres in less than 30 s on an IBM 370/168 computer. The method not only gives accurate global results, but is able to predict the local fluid velocity and to resolve fine features of the flow such as the presence of separated regions of closed streamlines. Time-dependent numerical solutions are also presented for various three-sphere assemblages falling in a vertical plane. These solutions, in which the motion of each sphere is traced for several hundred diameters, are found to be in very good agreement with experimental measurements. The concluding section of the paper describes how the present collocation procedure can be extended to a number of important unsolved three-dimensional problems in Stokes flow with planar symmetry such as the arbitrary off-axis motion of a sphere in a circular cylinder or between parallel walls, or the motion of a neutrally buoyant particle at the entrance to a slit or pore.
Transitioning adolescents with congenital heart disease into adult health care.

The effort and commitment dedicated to the treatment of children with congenital heart disease over the past 50 years has been astounding. Therefore, it is imperative to ensure these young patients who have survived the varying challenges of their conditions a smooth transition into a new world of adult health care. The key to the long-term management of an increasing number of children surviving congenital heart disease is the effective coordination of care from pediatric to adult health care. Strategies for facilitating the transition of the adolescent with congenital heart disease into adult health care practices are presented in this paper.
Monitoring of TNFR1, IL-2Rα, HGF, CCL8, IL-8 and IL-12p70 following HSCT and their role as GVHD biomarkers in paediatric patients

No predictive factors are currently available to establish patient-specific GVHD risk. A panel of six serum cytokines (TNF receptor 1, IL-2 receptor alfa (IL-2Rα), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), monocyte chemo-attractant protein-2, IL-8, IL-12p70) were monitored at established time points (days −1, +1, +7, +14, +21, +28 and +60) in 170 paediatric hematopoietic SCT (HSCT) recipients. We found that higher concentrations of IL-2Rα on days +14 and +21 together with HGF on days +14 and +21 were significantly associated at a higher probability of both grade II–IV GVHD (on day +14 it was: 60% vs 28%, P=0.007) and grade III–IV (on day +14 it was: 40% vs 15%, P=0.001). The higher IL-8 serum concentration on day +28 was associated with a lower probability of chronic GVHD being 4% vs 29% (P=0.01) for patients with higher vs lower IL-8 serum concentration. These findings were confirmed when the analysis was restricted to the the matched unrelated donor group. In conclusion, even if the serum cytokine levels were related to several variables associated with HSCT, we identified two cytokines as predictors of GVHD II–IV and III–IV, translating into a higher TRM risk (17% vs 3%, P=0.004).
Is absolute quantification of dopaminergic neurotransmission studies with 123I SPECT ready for clinical use

123I neuroligands allow SPECT imaging of dopaminergic and benzodiazepine systems in various movement disorders including Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, multiple system atrophy and Wilson’s disease. Cocaine analogs with high affinity and selectivity for dopamine transporter (DAT) sites in the putamen and the caudate nucleus such as 123I-CIT [1], 123I-Altropane [2], and 123I-FPCIT [3] allow SPECT imaging of the DAT system. Likewise, dopamine transporters can be imaged with SPECT using 123I neuroligands such as 123IBZM [4], 123IBF [5], etc. Significant progress has been made in the design of high-resolution SPECT cameras dedicated for brain imaging. Also, improved physical compensation and reconstruction algorithms have been proposed, and some have been incorporated into commercial software supplied by vendors to end-users. However, in spite of advances in algorithmic designs allowing improved quantitative accuracy, absolute quantitation of DAT or D2 has been and is still very challenging with SPECT, unlike PET, due to the difficulty to accurately and simply compensate for image degrading factors such as attenuation, scatter, limited spatial resolution and low sensitivity [6]. Sensitivity is an important impediment against dynamic brain SPECT imaging which is required to achieve absolute quantitation of the distributions of many of these neuroligands. Photon attenuation and contributions from scattered photons reduce the accuracy of measured activities and activity concentrations. In addition, limited spatial resolution causes a “hot” object that is less than 2–3 times the system’s resolution in a “colder” background to appear blurred with reduced activity concentration (partial volume effect). While the total reconstructed counts within the object are conserved, the count density is decreased from the true value because the data are distributed over a larger area than the object’s true activity distribution.
XLI. Quantum defect and atomic number

1. 1. It is found that by increasing Bohr's quantum numbers for the valence electrons of elements of atomic number greater than 28, limiting quantum defects can be computed which are linear functio...
Administrators, Agitators, and Brokers

IN ALL SOCIETIES there is a conspicuous difference between the "world" of those who wield power and devise public policy and of those who live off the land and claim no special authority over their neighbors. Whatever the culture, there is no confusing the ways of the educated urban dwellers with those of the rustic. There is always a "gap" between a society's intellectuals and its common people, between its highest artistic traditions and its popular culture. Why, then, the concern about the "gap" that exists between the attitudes of the urbanized, Westernized elites and the village-based, traditionoriented peasant masses in the newly independent and modernizing countries ? Historically, most Asian, African, and the Middle Eastern societies had extreme hierarchical distinctions, and sharp bifurcation was generally accepted as a tolerable arrangement. At present, however, nation-building throughout the non-Western world has evoked a demand for a wider range of common identity and social mobility. Thus the acceptable "gap" between elite and mass under the remarkably stable system of traditional social organization has become intolerable and a source of instability under the stimulus of modernization. Also, differences in outlook between leaders and masses have been further increased by the Western impact, which has induced sharp discontinuities in the non-Western societies. For some, the bonds of custom and religion have been weakened in favor of rational and secular modes of behavior, but not for all; and thus differences have become barriers and not just separate ways of expressing the themes and values of a common civilization. For all their differences, the Confucian scholar and the Chinese peasant belonged to one world. The same cannot be said of the Westernized intellectual and the contemporary Asian peasant. The impact of Western ideas and practices has produced a very uneven pattern of change in the non-Western world. Where the impact has been direct and new social roles have been introduced, change has generally been rapid. In other spheres, touched only by secondary and indirect consequences
The effect of the jet-stream on the intensity of laser beams propagating along slanted paths in the upper layers of the turbulent atmosphere

Calculations of the second-order statistical characteristics of a polarized, lowest-order Gaussian beam which propagates through a jet-stream layer, between the tropopause and the lower stratosphere, are carried out. Comparison of the results based on the refractive-index structure parameter C2n as predicted by a Hafnagen-Valley model and based on data taken at a recent campaign shows that the jet-stream can significantly affect intensity distribution and spreading of the beam, especially at high zenith angles.
An Ecological Analysis of the Impact of the U.S. Supreme Court's 1973 Abortion Decision

The ecological characteristics of states were correlated with measures of the distribution of abortions among states before and after the Supreme Court's abortion decision. Techniques of path analysis were used to separate these conelations into direct effects and effects mediated through state abortion laws. The Court decision produced a gradual decrease in the effect of abortion laws on the distribution of abortions, and in the indirect effects of ecological variables. The major trend in the direct effects of ecological variables was a gradual increase in the relationship between population size and number of abortions. Differences reflected in state laws continued to influence abortion rates per 1,000 women of reproductive age and abortion ratios per 1,000 live births.
The development of prayer in adolescence.

During adolescence, prayer begins to function less as a way to bend God's will to one's own and more as a way to search for better wishes, cope with difficult feelings, and foster a feeling of closeness to God.
Maternal food restriction: effects on offspring behavior and development.

Pregnant rats were placed on reduced food intake or remained on adequate diet during gestation and lactation. Offspring were cross-fostered to provide for independent experiences of prenatal and/or postnatal mother malnutrition. All offspring were placed on an ad lib diet at time of weaning. When evaluated in adulthood, offspring whose mother was food-deprived during the lactation period showed body weight deficits and increased errors on the Hebb-Williams maze as compared to controls. There were no observed effects of the prenatal deprivation.
Lagrangian particle calculations of distributive mixing: Limitations and applications

Abstract A popular computational scheme to assess distributive mixing is to advect Lagrangian particles from one or more small initial clusters, divide the mixing domain into bins, and count the number of particles in each bin. Either the variance among bin counts, or an entropy associated with the bin counts, measures the progress of mixing. We analyze the numerical and physical limitations of such measures, and examines their behavior in chaotic laminar mixing flows. In a time-periodic flow each mixing measure reaches a limiting value, which is either controlled by the number of Lagrangian particles and the number of bins (a numerical limit), or by the presence of islands in the flow (a physical limit). We provide analytical expressions for both limits. The same statistical concepts are used to analyze Poincare sections of chaotic flows, resulting in a calculation that will detect all islands that cover one or more bins. This provides a way to search for protocols that are highly chaotic (i.e., contain very small islands), and are thus very effective at mixing. These concepts are applied in sample calculations of the sine flow. The T = 1.6 sine flow, known to be highly chaotic, has small but easily detected islands. Among highly chaotic flows, the location of the initial cluster of Lagrangian particles is as important to the rate of distributive mixing as the choice of flow protocol.
Combined Torsional-Bending-Axial Dynamics of a Twisted Rotating Cantilever Timoshenko Beam With Contact-Impact Loads at the Free End

In this paper, consideration is given to the dynamic response of a rotating cantilever twisted and inclined airfoil blade subjected to contact loads at the free end. Starting with the basic geometrical relations and energy formulation for a rotating Timoshenko beam constrained at the hub in a centrifugal force field, a system of coupled partial differential equations are derived for the combined axial, lateral and twisting motions which includes the transverse shear, rotary inertia, and Coriolis effects, as well. In the mathematical formulation, the torsion of the thin airfoil also considers a very general case of shear center not being coincident with the CG (center of gravity) of the cross section, which allows the equations to be used also for analyzing eccentric tip-rub loading of the blade. Equations are presented in terms of axial load along the longitudinal direction of the beam which enables us to solve the dynamic pulse buckling due to the tip being loaded in the longitudinal as well as transverse directions of the beam column. The Rayleigh-Ritz method is used to convert the set of four coupled-partial differential equations into equivalent classical mass, stiffness, damping, and gyroscopic matrices. Natural frequencies are computed for beams with varying "slenderness ratio" and "aspect ratio" as well as "twist angles." " Dynamical equations account for the full coupling effect of the transverse flexural motion of the beam with the torsional and axial motions due to pretwist in the airfoil. Some transient dynamic responses of a rotating beam repeatedly rubbing against the outer casing is shown for a typical airfoil with and without a pretwist.
Differential effects of sublethal irradiation on the humoral immune responses of adult and neonatal mice.

Abstract Adult and 13 day old neonatal mice were given 500 r total body irradiation and immediately immunized with T independent antigens. Whereas 500 r sublethal irradiation markedly depressed the adult plaque forming cell response, exposure to 500 r only marginally reduced the response of neonates. When antigen was delayed 2 days after 500 r, the response of the exposed neonates was equivalent to the unirradiated controls. In a study of the kinetics of the neonatal response, it was seen that irradiation resulted in an early depressed number of plaque forming cells; however, 6 days after challenge the irradiated neonates were fully recovered. These experiments characterize a sub-population of B lymphocytes by its ability to quickly recover from the effects of irradiation. This subpopulation is restricted to the neonatal period of life, and it may have important consequences in the regulation of the immune response.
Adrenal cortical carcinoma with hepatic metastasis: Preoperative radiological evaluation

Preoperative evaluation of a patient with adrenal carcinoma and hepatic metastases was performed by arteriography, computed tomography (CT) and computed tomographic arteriography (CTA). Early and complete demonstration of tumor involvement by these imaging modalities allowed an accurate assessment of tumor extension and subsequent aggressive surgical removal of the primary as well as the metastasis in the liver.
An autonomous. bottom‐transecting vehicle for making long time‐series measurements of sediment community oxygen consumption to abyssal depths

This project never would have been possible without funding from NSF grant OCE 91-15393 through the Ocean Technology Program.