cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of Anti-class I cytotoxicity by anti-class II monoclonal antibodies (MoAb). I. Blocking of bulk non-DR and non-DQ-directed cytotoxic T cells by MoAb against DR, DO, and DP

We previously demonstrated that although human cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) generated against a lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL) mutant that had lost DR and DQ (formerly known as MB) expression were directed primarily at class I antigens, the lytic activity of such CTL could be inhibited by monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) against monomorphic determinants on DR molecules. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect was found to occur by binding of the MoAb to the target cell, not the effector cell, because lysis of LCL target cells not expressing DR was not inhibited. In this paper we extend this phenomenon to show (i) that MoAbs directed against DQ and DP class II gene products also inhibit the lysis of LCL target cells by CTLs recognizing class I antigens; and (ii) that not all DR-specific MoAbs blocked target cell lysis by non-DR specific CTLs. In addition, when PBLs were used to stimulate the generation of CTLs in mixed leukocyte culture (MLC), inhibition using anti-class II (DR, DQ, and DP) MoAb occurred only when LCLs but not PHA blasts were used as targets. This might be explained by elevated expression of class II molecules on LCLs compared to PHA blasts.
The G Protein β Subunit Is a Determinant in the Coupling of Gs to the β1-Adrenergic and A2a Adenosine Receptors

The signaling specificity of five purified G protein βγ dimers, β1γ2, β2γ2, β3γ2, β4γ2, and β5γ2, was explored by reconstituting them with Gs α and receptors or effectors in the adenylyl cyclase cascade. The ability of the five βγ dimers to support receptor-α-βγ interactions was examined using membranes expressing the β1-adrenergic or A2a adenosine receptors. These receptors discriminated among the defined heterotrimers based solely on the β isoform. The β4γ2 dimer demonstrated the highest coupling efficiency to either receptor. The β5γ2 dimer coupled poorly to each receptor, with EC50 values 40–200-fold higher than those observed with β4γ2. Strikingly, whereas the EC50 of the β1γ2 dimer at the β1-adrenergic receptor was similar to β4γ2, its EC50 was 20-fold higher at the A2a adenosine receptor. Inhibition of adenylyl cyclase type I (AC1) and stimulation of type II (AC2) by the βγ dimers were measured. βγ dimers containing Gβ1–4 were able to stimulate AC2 similarly, and β5γ2 was much less potent. β1γ2, β2γ2, and β4γ2inhibited AC1 equally; β3γ2 was 10-fold less effective, and β5γ2 had no effect. These data argue that the β isoform in the βγ dimer can determine the specificity of signaling at both receptors and effectors.
Selective and graded coding of reward uncertainty by neurons in the primate anterodorsal septal region

Making informed decisions requires taking into account how reliably choices produce expected outcomes. This study shows that primate anterodorsal septal neurons encode an uncertainty signal sensitive to reward size but do not carry information about the uncertainty of punishments.
The foraminifera in time

Neogene Plank tonic Foraminifera: A Phylogenetic Atlas. By James P. Kennett and M.S. Srinivasan. Hutchinson Ross: 1983. Pp.265. $36.50, £35.40.
An external capacitor-less low drop-out regulator with superior PSR and fast transient response

In this paper, an external capacitor-less low drop-out (LDO) voltage regulator with superior power supply rejection (PSR) and small transient ripple is described. The proposed LDO has the advantages of wide-band PSR and fast transient response while consuming only 18μA of quiescent current. Simulation results show that the LDO designed in a mainstream 0.18μm CMOS technology presents a PSR better than -55dB up to 1MHz when loaded by a 100pF capacitor. The peak-to-peak undershoots and overshoots are less than 75mV when load current pulses from 0 to 50mA with 1μs rise/fall times. Load regulation is around 30mV/mA and output voltage deflection is under 75mV when sweeping the load current in the range 0-50mA.
Assessing the Risks to Non-Target Terrestrial Plants from Herbicides

Use of chemical herbicides to reduce weed competition is a major contributing factor to the high productivity of conventional intensive agricultural cropping systems. However, because of their inherent phytotoxicity, movement of herbicides from target crops and soils can adversely affect non-target terrestrial plants. We review current trends in herbicide usage, evidence for effects of herbicides on non-target plants, and risk assessment methodology used to determine potential non-target effects of herbicides. Persistent questions regarding whether or not standard plant tests and analysis protocols provide adequate information for risk assessments, lead us to suggest research needed to improve the risk assessment methodology for effects of potential herbicide drift on non-target plants. This research includes spatial analysis to identify non-target plant species at risk, and development of new biochemical/molecular, phytotoxicological, and ecologically based tests.
The Indiana Center for Database Systems at Purdue University

The Indiana Center for Database Systems (ICDS) at Purdue University has embarked in an ambitious endeavor to become a premiere world-class database research center. This goal is substantiated by the diversity of its research topics, the large and diverse funding base, and the steady publication trend in top conferences and journals. ICDS was founded with an initial grant from the State of Indiana Corporation of Science and Technology in 1990. Since then it has grown to now have 9 faculty members and about 30 total researchers. This report describes the major research projects underway at ICDS as well as efforts to move research toward practice.
Effect of Melt History on the Crystallization Kinetics of Poly(phenylene Sulfide)

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to study the effects of melt history on the isothermal crystallization kinetics of poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS). Crystallization of the polymer was shown to be permanently altered by both the time and the temperature spent in the melt. Suggested explanations are nonequilibrium melting, chain scission, chain extension, and crosslinking. Molecular weight was also shown to affect the rates of these processes, PPS of lower molecular weight being more susceptible to the observed changes.
Translating terroir: the global challenge of French AOC labeling

This essay considers the current importance of labels of origin for agro-food products as part of a biopolitics of food that relinks the local and global through an emphasis on place. The particular example of the French system of AOC labeling (appellation d’origin c # ontrol! ee) is explored in both directions, linking to the local through the concept of terroir, and linking to the global as intellectual property defined by the GATT and regulated by the WTO as a ‘‘geographical indication.’’ Embeddedness perspectives and conventions theory are suggested as fruitful avenues for understanding why labels of origin present a challenge to conventional agriculture. These theoretical perspectives also shed light on how origin labeled products administered by the state impact rural development through the processes of negotiation they engender. The French AOC request process is outlined and aspects of it analyzed in more detail to demonstrate how it opens market forms of justification to larger arenas of social scrutiny. r 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Characterization of CTLA-4 structure and expression on human T cells

CTLA-4 is an adhesion receptor expressed on activated T cells. The amino acid sequence of CTLA-4 is related to CD28, and although the function of CTLA-4 remains unknown, it shares several features with CD28, including a common counter-receptor, B7, that is present on Ag-presenting cells. In a recent study we found that CD28 and CTLA-4 were coexpressed at the mRNA level on activated T cells but that only CD28 was expressed on resting T cells. Here we show that within the T cell population, CTLA-4 expression is restricted to the subset of T cells that also express cell surface CD28. CTLA-4 mRNA expression can be induced on quiescent T cells via phorbol ester-mediated activation of protein kinase C but not with calcium ionophore treatment alone. Phorbol ester-induced expression of CTLA-4 mRNA could be enhanced with calcium ionophore treatment, and treatment of cells in this manner resulted in a reciprocal decrease in expression of CD28 mRNA. Ligation of CD28 with monoclonal antibody also resulted in the specific and rapid induction of CTLA-4 mRNA. To study the expression of CTLA-4 at the protein level, a rabbit antiserum against a recombinant protein derived from CTLA-4 cDNA was generated. When activated T cells were labeled with [35S]methionine, the rabbit antiserum precipitated a 41- to 43-kDa protein from whole cell lysates. Similar results were found when detergent-soluble lysates from 125I surface-labeled resting and activated T cells were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Surprisingly, under the conditions tested, CTLA-4 migrated primarily as a monomer at the cell surface, and could not be shown to exist as a disulfide-bonded homodimer or as a heterodimer consisting of CTLA-4 and CD28. These results suggest that B7 can bind to T cells via distinct receptor complexes consisting of either CD28 or CTLA-4, and that these complexes may potentially mediate distinct biologic functions. Further, the present results suggest that noncovalent interactions might mediate association of CTLA-4 and/or CD28 at the cell surface.
Ribosomal DNA sequence divergence and group I introns within the Leucostoma species L. cinctum, L. persoonii, and L. parapersoonii sp. nov., ascomycetes that cause Cytospora canker of fruit trees.

Leucostoma species that are the causal agents of Cytospora canker of stone and pome fruit trees were studied in detail. DNA sequence of the internal transcribed spacer regions and the 5.8S of the nuclear ribosomal DNA operon (ITS rDNA) supplied sufficient characters to assess the phylogenetic relationships among species of Leucostoma, Valsa, Valsella, and related anamorphs in Cytospora. Parsimony analysis of the aligned sequence divided Cytospora isolates from fruit trees into clades that generally agreed with the morphological species concepts, and with some of the phenetic groupings (PG 1-6) identified previously by isozyme analysis and cultural characteristics. Phylogenetic analysis inferred that isolates of L. persoonii formed two well-resolved clades distinct from isolates of L. cinctum. Phylogenetic analysis of the ITS rDNA, isozyme analysis, and cultural characteristics supported the inference that L. persoonii groups PG 2 and PG 3 were populations of a new species apparently more genetically different from L. persoonii PG 1 than from isolates representative of L. massariana, L. niveum, L. translucens, and Valsella melastoma. The new species, L. parapersoonii, was described. A diverse collection of isolates of L. cinctum, L. persoonii, and L. parapersoonii were examined for genetic variation using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the ITS rDNA and the five prime end of the large subunit of the rDNA (LSU rDNA). HinfI and HpaII endonucleases were each useful in dividing the Leucostoma isolates into RFLP profiles corresponding to the isozyme phenetic groups, PG 1-6. RFLP analysis was more effective than isozyme analysis in uncovering variation among isolates of L. persoonii PG 1, but less effective within L. cinctum populations. Isolates representative of seven of the L. persoonii formae speciales proposed by G. Defago in 1935 were found to be genetically diverse isolates of PG 1. Two large insertions, 415 and 309 nucleotides long, in the small subunit (SSU) of the nuclear rDNA of L. cinctum were identified as Group 1 introns; intron 1 at position 943 and intron 2 at position 1199. The two introns were found to be consistently present in isolates of L. cinctum PG 4 and PG 5 and absent from L. cinctum PG 6 isolates, despite the similarity of the ITS sequence and teleomorph morphology. Intron 1 was of subgroup 1C1 whereas intron 2 was of an unknown subgroup. RFLP patterns and presence/absence of introns were useful characters for expediting the identification of cultures of Leucostoma isolated from stone and pome fruit cankers. RFLP patterns from 13 endonucleases provided an effective method for selecting an array of diverse PG 1 isolates useful in screening plant germplasm for disease-resistance.
American Indian Studies, Multiculturalism, and the Academic Library

The current status of multicultural and diversity efforts suggests the need for incorporating into the discussion of librarianship an understanding of previously underrepresented populations such as the American Indian. American Indian Studies speaks from the American Indian perspective and addresses the contemporary condition of American Indians. This article discusses the nature of American Indian Studies and provides suggestions for what librarians can do to support American Indian Studies programs and American Indian students. This example illustrates the importance of acknowledging the validity of diverse worldviews.
A simple strategy for managing many recessive disorders in a dairy cattle breeding program

High-density single nucleotide polymorphism genotypes have recently been used to identify a number of novel recessive mutations that adversely affect fertility in dairy cattle, as well as to track other conditions such as red coat color and polled. Most current methods for mate allocation fail to consider this information, and it will become increasingly difficult to manage matings as the number of recessive mutations to be accounted for increases. A modified version of a mating strategy that constrains inbreeding based on genomics (the Pryce method) was developed that also accounts for the economic effects of Mendelian disorders on overall economic merit (modified Pryce method) and compared with random mating, truncation selection, and the Pryce scheme. Several scenarios were considered, including scenarios with six hypothetical recessive alleles and 12 recessive alleles that are currently segregating in the US Holstein population. The Pryce method and the modified Pryce method showed similar ability to reduce frequencies of recessive alleles, particularly for loci with frequencies greater than 0.30. The modified Pryce method outperformed the Pryce method for low-frequency alleles with small economic value. Cumulative genetic gain for the selection objective was slightly greater when using the Pryce method, but rates of inbreeding were similar across methods. The proposed method reduces allele frequencies faster than other methods, and also can be used to maintain or increase the frequency of desirable recessives. It can be easily implemented in software for mate allocation, and the code used in this study is freely available as a reference implementation.
Market Design in Online Businesses, Module Note

"Market Design in Online Businesses" characterizes the challenges entrepreneurs may face in creating a well-functioning ecosystem of users, and helps equip entrepreneurs with tools to overcome these obstacles. Key principles include ensuring thickness, alleviating congestion stemming from overuse, addressing asymmetric information, ensuring that it is safe and straightforward for users to participate, and designing monetization strategies that do not disrupt, but instead contribute to the well-being of the ecosystem.Learning Objective: This note offers a framework for market design in online businesses, as well as numerous examples. It is meant to accompany the final module of the "The Online Economy: Strategy and Entrepreneurship," an elective course taught at Harvard Business School.
Influence of Previous Diet on Insulin Tolerance.

SummaryAdult male rats, previously force-fed a high fat diet by stomach tube in amounts sufficient to maintain body weight, were less sensitive to the action of injected insulin than similarly-treated animals previously force-fed equi-caloric amounts of a high carbohydrate diet. The decreased sensitivity manifested itself primarily as a markedly increased rate of recovery from insulin hypoglycemia. The most likely direct cause of the increased insulin tolerance in the fat-fed animals is the higher level of liver glycogen after a 30-36 hour fasting period.
The Feasibility of Regional Food Systems in Metropolitan Areas: An Investigation of Philadelphia's Foodshed

A rapidly globalizing food system raises important questions of environmental sustainability, food security, public health, and nutrition. The local food movement has been arguing for localization and regionalization of the food system as an effective strategy to counteract the risks of a globalized food system and promote sustainability. However, confusion abounds about what constitutes a local food system, and to date little evidence exists regarding the capacity of local food systems to support major metropolitan areas in the global North. This paper quantifies the ability of the Philadelphia region to support the dietary requirements of that city's population. Food production data for three foodshed scenarios in the Philadelphia region is analyzed and compared to the dietary requirements of the population based on federal dietary guidelines and current consumption patterns in the metropolitan region.
Messaging Architecture for Networked and Threaded Applications (MANTA)

MANTA, developed by Princeton Satellite Systems, is an application framework that simplifies concurrent programming and provides flexible mechanisms for interprocess communication. This paper describes the MANTA architecture and discusses the use of this framework in two case studies. The first case study illustrates the benefit of using MANTA in a peer to peer network as demostrated in a formation flying flight software project. The objective is to implement a decentralized guidance and control system capable of autonomously monitoring and commanding a large fleet of close-orbitting satellites. The second case study talks about MANTA in a client-server architecture. This architecure is the basis of a telemetry and command system for use in both real world missions and spacecraft operator training.
Network Attack Knowledge Model Based on Factor Space Theory

Combined with attack factors,skill and attack aim,a network attacks knowledge model based on factor space theory(FSAKM) is prompted.A variety of factors of attack is considered and analysed,including the realization of the objectives related to cognitive point of view,the function of the attack,the state system,staff-level capacity,as well as attacks on the relationship between factors and criteria.Factor fuzzy space search algorithm is used to obtain measurement from mapping set of attack condition and feature set.Then the measurement is compared with the mapping result of attack units and the goal set.According to the staff ability,some operation commensurate with the attack planning and the corresponding means are extracted.Finally an experimental verification of the model and algorithm is given.The research conclusion can provide a technical means for security personnel training and ability verification.
De-excitation Simulation of Large Synchronous Generator at Fault

The paper described the simulation for de-excitation of large synchronous generator at fault with linear and non-linear resistor. The simulation model considers the induction effect of rotor damper winding and the nonlinearity of no-load characteristic of generator and uses integral operator 1 /sto solve differential equation and calculate magnetic field energy, to give more specific analysis on de-excitation capability of resistor. The de-excitation simulation results for a 300MW turbine generator were given and showed vividly the dynamic processes of de-excitation. Finally, the contrast results of de-excitation resistor capability were gained.
Research on the Application of Chase Combining HARQ Based on HSUPA Technology in TD-SCDMA

High Speed Uplink Packet Access(HSUPA) is used to improve uplink packet data transfer rate,and to reduce latency in TD-SCDMA.Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request(HARQ) used in HSUPA can enlarge the success rate of the decoder and increase the reliability during the transfer service.The theory of HARQ in TD-SCDMA system are elaborated,a proposal which applied chase combining to HARQ is raised in HSUPA.Under the condition of proper channel model,the uplink performance with different control parameters has been simulated.It is found out that the proposal can increase the system throughput and decrease the BLER effectively and feasibly.
Building associations between markers of environmental stressors and adverse human health impacts using frequent itemset mining.

Health effects are unknown for the vast majority of the >83,000 chemicals in commerce, creating challenges in balancing industrial needs against the complex landscape of health susceptibilities and exposures. The National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES), a large-scale survey aimed at determining the prevalence and risk factors of major diseases, is increasingly used to postulate relationships between chemicals and adverse health effects in the U.S. population. The interpretation of these studies is complicated, however, by the ad hoc data mining approaches typically employed. Here we describe the use of frequent itemset mining for identifying exposure ⇒ health associations in data from the NHANES 2005-2006 cycle. From 9,440 dichotomized samples, 983 two-itemset rules were generated describing associations between markers of health and environmental exposure (lift >1, response threshold >97.5th quantile). A case study using parathyroid hormone levels to develop exposure-health effect hypotheses is presented. This case study demonstrates how association rules can be used in data mining to facilitate hypothesis development and improve traditional regression models by identification of potentially confounding variables even in the presence of missing information. Our approach is designed to enable more effec∗This project was supported in part by an appointment to the Internship/Research Participation Program at the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, administered by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education through an interagency agreement between the U.S. Department of Energy and EPA. We thank Drs Lyle Burgoon, Jennifer Richmond-Bryant, and Jon Sobus for helpful discussion and review of early drafts of the paper. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. †Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education. Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA, bell.shannon@epa.gov ‡Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA, edwards.stephen@epa.gov tive knowledge discovery of potential health impacts of environmental chemicals by facilitating comprehensive data mining and meta-analysis of the NHANES dataset. Long-term, our representation of the information allows for integration with other disparate data, such as known biological pathways, to address the current data gaps.
Neuroendocrine disorders and psychopathology.

Both the endocrine and the nervous systems mediate transfer of information within the organism and enable modification of activity and metabolism in response to changes in the internal and external milieu. The clinical features and management of the psychiatric disturbances in some endocrine disorders are discussed, and the rationale and application of neuroendocrine strategies in the study of psychiatric disorder is discussed, with some cautions on their use in physically ill patients.
Scalable Tunable IR Lasers

This paper discusses some of the practical operating characteristics and limitations of tunable infrared sources including semiconductor lasers, spin-flip Raman lasers, and nonlinear mixers. In particular, those characteristics which are important for applications in high resolution spectroscopy and laser induced photochemistry and diagnostics are discussed. These fields are still in an early stage of their development with a substantial amount of work yet to be done in the laboratory using small to moderately powered laser systems. Industrial photochemical processes will require efficient and high average power laser sources at a specific frequency once a specific technique has been demonstrated in the laboratory. A significant impact in the above areas will occur when tunable sources that are simple to operate, inexpensive, and cover a broad wavelength range with pulsed and moderately high average (several watts) power output and high resolution capability are made available to the research community. Substantial progress in this direction is expected to occur in the next few years.
Hackathons for Libraries and Librarians

ABSTRACTHackathons can be ideal opportunities for libraries and librarians to promote new services and tools. In these social events, attendees form teams and work on a project together within a given time limit. This article explains hackathons, provides a brief history, and details how libraries and librarians can get involved. Similar event structures, like hack days and edit-a-thons, are also considered.
Optical network-based PET DAQ system: One fiber optical connection

We are developing a DAQ system for an MRI compatible PET brain scanner using an optical transceiver to interconnect boards in a daisy-chained structure. For processing 576 differential detector signals, 18 DAQ boards are interconnected with only 18 optical patch cables. Using this optical connection, the system can globally synchronize all the analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and time-to-digital converters (TDCs) in the system and process coincidence detection with singles rate above 100Mevent/sec. By replacing the signal lines used for parallel data buses, serial buses, control signals and clock signals with a single optical fiber channel, we minimized the number of interconnections between each DAQ unit, which greatly simplifies the scaling process. Proposed “asymmetric coincidence processing” method has higher coincidence-processing throughput in a given network bandwidth compared to the conventional coincidence processing methods thereby achieving only one fiber connection between DAQ units and higher throughput.
On the Asymptotic Tractability of Global Optimization

We consider the intrinsic difficulty of global optimization in high dimensional Euclidean space. We adopt an asymptotic analysis, and give a lower bound on the number of function evaluations required to obtain a given error tolerance. This lower bound complements upper bounds provided by recently proposed algorithms.
Influence of anisotropic grains (platelets) on the microstructure and uniaxial compressive response of ice-templated sintered alumina scaffolds

Abstract Ice-templated ceramics have unique lamellar pore morphology that offers better compressive mechanical properties in comparison to the typical ceramic foams with isotropic pore morphology. However, for very high-level porosity (>65 vol%) strength difference diminishes. This investigation reveals that by inducing anisotropic grains within the matrix of a fine-grained ceramic, uniaxial compressive response of the ice-templated sintered scaffolds can be markedly enhanced without causing any considerable modification of the total porosity. To address this innovative materials design strategy, we synthesized a series of microstructures by systematically varying the anisotropic grains content in an aqueous suspension and the freezing kinetics to investigate the process-microstructure correlations and understand the structure-property relationships. Microstructural investigations revealed the unique arrangements of the platelets within and out of the lamella walls, where the upward moving ice fronts aligned the platelets' in-plane direction to the ice-growth direction. In the low freezing front velocity regime, platelets were observed to be mainly within the lamella walls, whereas platelets started to develop lamellar bridges with the increasing velocity. As a result, a transition of the pore morphology occurred with the increasing platelets content and the freezing front velocity. A novel method based on the rigorous microstructural analysis is developed to estimate the distribution of the platelets within and out of the walls and the variation of the platelets distribution with the composition and freezing front velocity. A drastic improvement of the compressive mechanical properties (stiffness, strength, energy absorption capacity) was measured due to the platelets' addition, which has been related to the platelets' distribution within and out of the walls and the pore morphology modifications. Results are rationalized based on the role of the platelets during the compressive deformation.
Phototherapy for Prurigo Nodularis

Prurigo nodularis is a debilitating disease characterized by hard, intensely pruritic nodules most commonly on the extensor surfaces of the extremities. Although large-scale, randomized controlled trials are lacking, phototherapy is a treatment option that can be both safe and efficacious, especially for generalized prurigo nodularis. The use of NB-UVB, BB-UVB, excimer laser, PUVA, and UVA have been studied with overall good efficacy and varying rates of remission.
The Equilibrium Size of Marketing Plants in a Spatial Market

THIS PAPER shows how the equilibrium size of marketing plants located in a spatial market depends upon market density (the volume of business per unit of market area). Because the author's interest is primarily in agricultural marketing, arguments are developed in terms of plants assembling and processing a farm commodity produced in a spatial market and in terms of the effect of market density on costs of performing these functions. However, the arguments would apply equally to marketing plants distributing a product among spatially distributed consuming units. The arguments are presented in narrative and graphic form in the first two sections of the paper. In the third section, the arguments are restated in mathematical form to facilitate their adaption to empirical investigation. The fourth section is devoted to possible uses of the results of the analyses in empirical research.
Distillation with Sublogarithmic Overhead.

It has been conjectured that, for any distillation protocol for magic states for the T gate, the number of noisy input magic states required per output magic state at output error rate e is Ω[log(1/e)]. We show that this conjecture is false. We find a family of quantum error correcting codes of parameters ⟦∑[under i=w+1][over m](m/i),∑[under i=0][over w](m/i),∑[under i=w+1][over r+1](r+1/i)⟧ for any integers m>2r, r>w≥0, by puncturing quantum Reed-Muller codes. When m>νr, our code admits a transversal logical gate at the νth level of Clifford hierarchy. In a distillation protocol for magic states at the level ν=3 (T gate), the ratio of input to output magic states is O(log^{γ}(1/e)), where γ=log(n/k)/log(d)<0.678 for some m, r, w. The smallest code in our family for which γ<1 is on ≈2^{58} qubits.
Introduction to the Special Bio-Section of the 2017 International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC)

The Bio-Section of this issue of the IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits (JSSC) includes some of the highlights of the outstanding papers from the 2017 International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC), which was held in San Francisco, CA, USA, in February 2017.
Use of Fetal Magnetic Resonance Image Analysis and Machine Learning to Predict the Need for Postnatal Cerebrospinal Fluid Diversion in Fetal Ventriculomegaly.

Importance Which children with fetal ventriculomegaly, or enlargement of the cerebral ventricles in utero, will develop hydrocephalus requiring treatment after birth is unclear. Objective To determine whether extraction of multiple imaging features from fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and integration using machine learning techniques can predict which patients require postnatal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion after birth. Design, Setting, and Patients This retrospective case-control study used an institutional database of 253 patients with fetal ventriculomegaly from January 1, 2008, through December 31, 2014, to generate a predictive model. Data were analyzed from January 1, 2008, through December 31, 2015. All 25 patients who required postnatal CSF diversion were selected and matched by gestational age with 25 patients with fetal ventriculomegaly who did not require CSF diversion (discovery cohort). The model was applied to a sample of 24 consecutive patients with fetal ventriculomegaly who underwent evaluation at a separate institution (replication cohort) from January 1, 1998, through December 31, 2007. Data were analyzed from January 1, 1998, through December 31, 2009. Exposures To generate the model, linear measurements, area, volume, and morphologic features were extracted from the fetal MRI, and a machine learning algorithm analyzed multiple features simultaneously to find the combination that was most predictive of the need for postnatal CSF diversion. Main Outcomes and Measures Accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of the model in correctly classifying patients requiring postnatal CSF diversion. Results A total of 74 patients (41 girls [55%] and 33 boys [45%]; mean [SD] gestational age, 27.0 [5.6] months) were included from both cohorts. In the discovery cohort, median time to CSF diversion was 6 days (interquartile range [IQR], 2-51 days), and patients with fetal ventriculomegaly who did not develop symptoms were followed up for a median of 29 months (IQR, 9-46 months). The model correctly classified patients who required CSF diversion with 82% accuracy, 80% sensitivity, and 84% specificity. In the replication cohort, the model achieved 91% accuracy, 75% sensitivity, and 95% specificity. Conclusion and Relevance Image analysis and machine learning can be applied to fetal MRI findings to predict the need for postnatal CSF diversion. The model provides prognostic information that may guide clinical management and select candidates for potential fetal surgical intervention.
Dynamic availability assessment of safety critical systems using a dynamic Bayesian network

Abstract Availability analysis of safety critical systems is an integral part of ensuring safety both in onshore and offshore process operations. However, the availability assessment of these systems is complex due to their multistate failure scenarios (dormant failure and failure on demand) and multistate functionality (operational failure). In the present study, a dynamic Bayesian network (DBN)-based dynamic availability assessment technique is proposed. This approach offers much flexibility in representing different failure scenarios and the interdependence of failure causes. Sensitivity and importance analyses have also been performed to identify the most influential failure causes. This helps to design better management strategies and provides more realistic reliance on safety critical systems. Applications of the proposed methodology are demonstrated on two safety critical systems: a fire alarm system and a hazard scenario in a steam generation system. This methodology will offer a pivotal step forward in dynamic safety analysis.
A new era in cytomegalovirus vaccinology: considerations for rational design of next-generation vaccines to prevent congenital cytomegalovirus infection.

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), a member of the beta-herpesvirus family, is the most common cause of congenital infection worldwide as well as an important cause of morbidity in transplant recipients and immunosuppressed individuals. An estimated 1 in 150 infants are infected with HCMV at birth, which can result in lifelong, debilitating neurologic sequelae including microcephaly, sensorineural hearing loss, and cognitive impairment. Natural maternal immunity to HCMV decreases the frequency of reinfection and reduces risk of congenital transmission but does not completely protect against neonatal disease. Thus, a vaccine to reduce the incidence and severity of infant infection is a public health priority. A variety of candidate HCMV vaccine approaches have been tried previously, including live-attenuated viruses, glycoprotein subunit formulations, viral vectors, and single/bivalent DNA plasmids, but all have failed to reach target endpoints in clinical trials. Nevertheless, there is a great deal to be learned from the successes and failures of the HCMV vaccine field (both congenital and transplant-associated), as well as from vaccine development efforts for other herpesvirus pathogens including herpes simplex virus 1 and 2, varicella zoster virus, and Epstein–Barr virus. Here, we review those successes and failures, evaluating recent cutting-edge discoveries that have shaped the HCMV vaccine field and identifying topics of critical importance for future investigation. These considerations will inform rational design and evaluation of next-generation vaccines to prevent HCMV-associated congenital infection and disease.
Physical Activity, Lesson Context and Teacher Behavior in Large Physical Education Classes

With the advent of national and international concern about children’s decreasing activity levels, a number of interventions have been put in place that aim to promote cardiovascular health. These include national trials such as CATCH (Perry, Sellers, & Johnson, 1997) and SPARK (Sallis, McKenzie, Alcaraz, Kolody, Faucette, & Hovell, 1997). At a more programmatic level, there has been increasing attention towards the expansion of school physical education, dissuading children from pursuing sedentary activities, providing suitable role models for physical activity, and making activity-promoting changes in the environment (Council on Sports Medicine and Fitness, 2006).
Diseases of the Aorta

Syphillis is nearly acquired through sexual contact and the cardiovascular system is affected soon after the initial invasion by the spirochete. However, a latent period of 15 to 25 years is characteristric before the results of cardiovascular syphilis become manifest. In rare cases, clinical heart disease may appear within as little as a year or two. Men are more commonly affected than women and the peak incidence is between the ages of 35 and 50.
Measuring Frailty in Administrative Claims Data: Comparative Performance of Four Claims-Based Frailty Measures in the U.S. Medicare Data.

Background There has been increasing effort to measure frailty in the U.S. Medicare data. The performance of claims-based frailty measures has not been compared. Methods This cross-sectional study included 3,097 community-dwelling fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries (mean age 75.6 years) who participated in the 2008 Health and Retirement Study examination. Four claims-based frailty measures developed by Davidoff, Faurot, Segal, and Kim were compared against frailty phenotype, a deficit-accumulation frailty index (FI), and activities of daily living (ADL) dependence using Spearman correlation coefficients and C-statistics. Results Claims-based frailty measures were positively associated with frailty phenotype (prevalence in ≤10th vs >90th percentile: 8.0% vs 41.3% for Davidoff; 5.9% vs 53.1% for Faurot; 3.3% vs 48.0% for Segal; 2.9% vs 51.0% for Kim) and FI (mean in ≤10th vs >90th percentile: 0.17 vs 0.33 for Davidoff; 0.13 vs 0.37 for Faurot; 0.12 vs 0.31 for Segal; 0.10 vs 0.37 for Kim). The age and sex-adjusted C-statistics for frailty phenotype for Davidoff, Faurot, Segal, and Kim indices were 0.73, 0.74, 0.73, and 0.78, respectively, and partial correlation coefficients with FI were 0.18, 0.32, 0.26, and 0.55, respectively. The results for ADL dependence were similar (prevalence in ≤10th vs >90th percentile: 3.7% vs 50.5% for Davidoff; 2.3% vs 55.0% for Faurot; 3.0% vs 38.3% for Segal; 2.3% vs 50.8% for Kim). The age and sex-adjusted C-statistics for the indices were 0.79, 0.80, 0.74, and 0.81, respectively. Conclusions The choice of a claims-based frailty measure can influence the identification of older adults with frailty and disability in Medicare data.
ЗАКИСЬ АЗОТА В ВОЗДУХОРАЗДЕЛИТЕЛЬНЫХ УСТАНОВКАХ

In a number of branches of industry the products of air separation are required more pure than usually. By their manufacture with the help cryogenic air separation units it is necessary to take into account conduct and an opportunity of accumulation nitrous oxide (N2O) in an adsorber, the basic heat exchanger and rectifications column. In tonnage plants N2O may to accumulate also in the units which concentrating such gases as Kr and Xe. The analysis of a nitrous oxides problem in the application to processes and elements of cryogenic air separation unit are madding in present article. It is shown and proved that the most effective way of removal N2O from products of air separation - catalytic irreversible decomposition of nitrous oxide for N2 and O2. Characteristics of catalytic transformations of N2O on palladiums catalyst, confirming an opportunity of effective decomposition of nitrous oxide are considered.
Scaling and a Possible Phase Transition in Models for Thin Film Growth

In recent years there has been a significant interest in simple models for the growth of random rough surfaces. In this note we will report on some progress we have made in a particular sort of model. It is most easily understood as a model for thin film growth. Particles launched from random points bombard a substrate and stick to it and to other particles. To fix our ideas, we give the exact rule for this model (the ballistic aggregation model) written on a lattice: Choose a column at random, and let it grow according to: $$h(r,t + \tau ) = Max\{ h(r,t) + A,h(r + \delta ,t)\}$$ (1) where h(r,t) is the height of the the surface at time t and substrate position r, A is the particle diameter, and δ runs over the nearest neighbors of the column in question. The term involving the neighbors means that the particles can stick on the side of the columns. We will discuss several variants of this kind of growth.
Association of herpes zoster and chronic inflammatory skin disease in US inpatients.

Background Patients with chronic inflammatory skin disease (CISD) have potential risk factors for herpes zoster (HZ). However, little is known about HZ risk in CISD. Objective To determine whether CISD is associated with HZ. Methods Data were analyzed from the 2002 to 2012 Nationwide Inpatient Sample, a representative cohort of US hospitalizations (N = 68,088,221 children and adults). Results In multivariable logistic regression models including age, sex, race/ethnicity, insurance, household income, and long-term systemic corticosteroid use, hospitalization for HZ was associated with atopic dermatitis (adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval], 1.38 [1.14-1.68]), psoriasis (4.78 [2.83-8.08]), pemphigus (1.77 [1.01-3.12]), bullous pemphigoid (1.77 [1.01-3.12]), mycosis fungoides (3.79 [2.55-5.65]), dermatomyositis (7.31 [5.27-10.12]), systemic sclerosis (1.92 [1.47-2.53]), cutaneous lupus erythematosus (1.94 [1.10-3.44]), vitiligo (2.00 [1.04-3.85]), and sarcoidosis (1.52 [1.22-1.90]). Only lichen planus (crude odds ratio [95% confidence interval], 3.01 [1.36-6.67]), Sezary syndrome (12.14 [5.20-28.31]), morphea (2.74 [1.36-5.51]), and pyoderma gangrenosum (2.44 [1.16-5.13]) showed increased odds in bivariable models. Sensitivity analyses among those younger than 60 and younger than 50 years showed similar results. Predictors of HZ in CISD included female sex, fewer chronic conditions, and long-term systemic corticosteroid use. Limitations Cross-sectional study. Conclusions Many CISDs are associated with increased hospitalization for HZ, even below the ages recommended for HZ vaccination. Additional studies are needed to establish CISD-specific vaccination guidelines.
A biomimetic optical approach to skin cancer detection

Cutaneous malignant melanoma is the deadliest and most aggressive form of skin cancer and is fatal if left untreated. Currently, the most commonly used technique to detect melanoma relies on a purely subjective test termed the asymmetry, border, core, diameter, and evolution (ABCDE) test, which is performed visually by dermatologists or other medical professionals. The ABCDE method is at best a qualitative guideline, the success of which depends strongly on the skill and experience of the practitioner. The dermascope is the primary instrument for identification of skin cancer; however, successful results using dermoscopy also require skilled practitioners for accurate diagnosis. Therefore, a significant need exists to identify the presence of melanoma using non-invasive methods that do not require specialized training or skill. To meet this need, we are investigating a biomimetic, non-spectroscopic infrared (IR) optical approach for detection of skin cancer. The biomimetic approach, inspired by human color vision, only requires three broadband optical filters in the mid-infrared (2 – 8 μm), to classify tissue as cancerous or non-cancerous. We present preliminary results demonstrating the ability of this approach to discriminate between cancerous and non-cancerous skin tissue. The biomimetic approach outlined in this paper has the potential to lead to the development of small, inexpensive, portable sensors for various medical applications such as skin cancer diagnosis. Such sensors would require minimal or no training, and could be widely deployed in areas with less access to specialized care.
School Counseling and Counseling Psychology Collaboration: A Cautionary Tale:

Counseling psychology and school counseling programs have been historically aligned since the inception of their respective professions. Given current trends, there appear to be differences in the ...
Bolívar in the Wake of World War II: Gerhard Masur and Waldo Frank

The immediate post-war period saw several major works produced on the subject of Bolivar: Gerhard Masur’s 1948 Simon Bolivar; Waldo Frank’s 1951 Birth of a World: Bolivar in Terms of His Peoples; and Salvador de Madariaga’s 1951 Bolivar. We spoke of Madariaga’s hefty volume in Chap. 7, underlining how it tears into Bolivarian writing in the Americas, in particular into the Venezuelan Bolivarian machine. All three biographies achieved wide readerships. In this chapter, we address the volumes of Masur and Frank.
A Small-Molecule Wnt Mimic Improves Human Limbal Stem Cell Ex Vivo Expansion

Ex vivo cultured limbal stem/progenitor cells is an effective alternative to other surgical treatments for limbal stem cell deficiency, but a standard xenobiotic-free method for culturing the LSCs in vitro needs to be optimized. Because Wnt ligands are required for LSC expansion and preservation in vitro, to create a small-molecule Wnt mimic, we created a consolidated compound by linking a Wnt inhibitor that binds to the Wnt co-receptor Frizzled to a peptide derived from the N-terminal Dickkopf-1 that binds to Lrp (low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein) 5/6, another Wnt co-receptor. This Wnt mimic not only enhances cellular Wnt signaling activation, but also improves the progenitor cell phenotype of in vitro cultured limbal epithelial cells. As the maintenance of stem cell characteristics in the process of culture expansion is essential for the success of ocular surface reconstruction, the small molecules generated in this study may be helpful in the development of pharmaceutical reagents for treating corneal wounds.