cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cluster gravitational lenses

There are three primary theoretical challenges for the interpretation of cluster gravitational lenses. The first is the development of the statistics of are formation, for which some preliminary results were presented here (Bergmann, this volume). The second is the range and variation of models for arcs. While it is important to demonstrate that lensing can produce a particular image geometry, in the long run, the amount of extractable information depends on the range and variation of successful models. The third challenge is the development of robust, well characterized methods for the interpretation of arclets. Coupled to the theoretical challenge is the need to release more of the data on these systems. Among the observational answers theoreticians need are the following. How many arcs are there? What is the distribution of arc morphologies (broken arcs, single giant arcs, counter-arcs, “straight-arcs”,...)? Where do you not see arcs? For statistical studies it is just as important to know where arcs are not found as it is to know where they are found. Are optical rings lensed objects? Are there more complicated image geometries? For the development of arclet inversion schemes, we need published lists of arclets and their properties. As the field advances we can hope to answer many important questions about the properties of clusters and galaxies in clusters. Lensing already indicates that cluster core radii are smaller than generally expected, and they provide good confirmation of kinematic estimates for the mass to light ratio. With further advances in observations and interpretation, we should be able to directly map cluster potentials using the properties of arclets, determine the structure of galaxy halos in a cluster environment, limit the nature of the distributed matter in clusters, and estimate the redshift distribution of background galaxies.
Cystic Fibrosis and Family Functioning

In the July issue, Juanita Turk9s article "Impact of Cystic Fibrosis on Family Functioning" (Pediatrics, 34:67, 1964) provided an interesting example of how the distress experienced by families varies with the resources available for coping with the stress. Working with many low-income families in a cystic fibrosis center, I have seen a different population of families from the white collar and professional parents of the NIH group. The emotional response of parents to a child9s having a potentially fatal condition need not be elaborated.
An Electrogoniometric Study of the Wrist and Elbow in the Crawl Arm Stroke

Abstract This study was undertaken to investigate the flexion and extension patterns of the wrist and elbow joints of varsity and untrained swimmers during the sprint crawl stroke. Eighteen subjects, representing the fastest swimmers from the Yale University Varsity Swimming Team, the Springfield College Varsity Swimming Team, and from swimming classes for men at Springfield College, were tested in 1966. Each subject sprinted the crawl stroke, from a dead start, four times over a distance of 20 yards. The wrist and elbow actions were recorded by means of waterproofed electrogoniometers attached to both wrists and both elbows, which continuously measured the angles and recorded on the oscillograph. Waterproofed transducers placed on each palm recorded on the oscillograph the instant of hand entry into the water and the exit from the water. It was found that, in spite of some differences between the groups, the overall patterns of movement were similar. The range within each group was such that for each var...
DTM error minimization via adaptive smoothing [LIDAR forest measurements]

Airborne light detection and ranging (LIDAR) is emerging as a tool to provide accurate digital terrain models (DTMs) of forest areas since it can measure bare earth beneath the canopy. In an attempt to minimize the error in generating DTMs, an adaptive smoothing technique is presented. The results indicate that DTM error can be minimized through the adaptive process.
Diets containing soluble oat extracts improve glucose and insulin responses of moderately hypercholesterolemic men and women

The high amount of soluble beta-glucans in oats may be responsible for beneficial effects on glucose tolerance and blood lipids. We studied 16 women and 7 men (aged 38-61y) with moderately high cholesterol concentrations who consumed normal diets to which oat extracts with either 1% or 10% soluble beta-glucans were added. Oat extracts comprised 10% of energy and were consumed in a 5-wk crossover design after a 1-wk equilibration period. At the end of the equilibration period and each 5-wk period, a carbohydrate tolerance test was conducted and responses to glucose, glucose plus oat extract containing 1% glucan, or glucose plus oat extract containing 10% glucan were determined. Glucose responses were reduced by both extracts in both men and women; however, in women, responses to the 10% extract were lowest. Insulin responses did not differ between men and women, but were lower after oat extracts. Glucagon responses were higher initially in men and were lowered after oat extracts in men but not in women. Modest amounts of oat extracts can be incorporated into normal diets with beneficial effects on glucose tolerance factors.
The computer clubhouse: helping youth develop fluency with new media

The gap between the technological haves and have-nots is widening, leading to dangerous economic and cultural rifts in our society. But access to technology alone is not enough to bridge this gap. This paper describes a new model of a learning community, called the Computer Clubhouse, that breaks away from the traditional computer lab. At the Clubhouse, inner-city youth become designers and creators---not just consumers---of computer-based products. The paper describes four core principles of the Clubhouse educational approach---and discusses how the Clubhouse helps prepare today's youth for life and work in tomorrow's world.
Gene-environment interaction between DRD4 7-repeat VNTR and early child-care experiences predicts self-regulation abilities in prekindergarten.

Intervention studies indicate that children's early child-care experiences can be leveraged to foster their development of effective self-regulation skills. It is less clear whether typical child-care experiences play a similar role. In addition, evidence suggests that children with a common variant of the DRD4 gene (48-bp VNTR, 7-repeat) may be more sensitive to their experiences than those without this variant. Using data from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development, we considered the degree to which children's early child-care experiences—quantity, quality, and type—were associated with their attention and self-regulation abilities in prekindergarten, and, in particular, whether these relations were conditional on DRD4 genotype. G × E interactions were evident across multiple neuropsychological and observational measures of children's attention and self-regulation abilities. Across most outcome measures, DRD4 7+ children spending fewer hours in child care showed more effective attention/self-regulation abilities. For those without a copy of the DRD4 7-repeat allele, such associations were typically null. The results for child-care quality and type indicated no interactions with genotype; the main-effect associations were somewhat inconsistent. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 56: 373–391, 2014.
Purification of folate-dependent enzymes from rabbit liver

Publisher Summary Rabbit liver is an unusually rich source of enzymes that utilize tetrahydrofolate (THF) as a coenzyme. Several of these enzymes have proved useful in analyzing THF pools, as well as in understanding the role and mechanism of THF in one-carbon metabolism. In addition to being a rich source of enzymes, rabbit liver can be obtained in relatively large quantities at modest cost from Pel-Freeze Biologicals. This chapter discusses purification of folate-dependent enzymes from rabbit liver. This enzyme activity decreases about 10–15% per week and should be purified within a few days after receiving the livers. The physiological form of THF contains a chain of glutamate residues linked through the γ-carboxyl group. To accommodate the naming of these derivatives, they are named as polyglutamate derivatives of tetrahydropteroate (H 4 Pte), which has no glutamate residue. Tetrahydrofolate thus becomes H 4 PteGlu and the pentaglutamate form becomes HnPteGlus.
Experimental study of tetrodotoxin, a long-acting topical anesthetic.

Purpose To determine the effectiveness and toxicity of tetrodotoxin for use as a long-acting topical anesthetic. Methods Four groups of six rabbits each received a 40-μl aliquot of either tetrodotoxin in one of three concentrations (10 mM, 1 mM, or 0.1 mM) or proparacaine 0.5% into the inferior conjunctival cul-de-sac of one eye, with the fellow eye of each rabbit receiving 40 μl of a 60-mM, pH 4.3 sodium citrate vehicle as a control. Corneal sensation was tested for up to 8 hours after administration of drugs, and response was noted by no blink, partial blink without full eyelid closure, and full blink. Slit-lamp examination at 12 and 24 hours after administration and pachymetry before and 24 hours after administration were performed to detect corneal toxicity. Results Rabbits receiving all three concentrations of tetrodotoxin did not demonstrate any ocular irritation, corneal thickening, or signs of systemic toxicity. At a dose of 10 mM, tetrodotoxin produced an anesthetic effect lasting up to 8 hours. At 1 mM, tetrodotoxin was an effective but shorter-acting anesthetic. At 0.1 mM, tetrodotoxin had no significant anesthetic effect. Proparacaine-treated rabbits initially were anesthetic, but this effect was largely gone by 1 hour and completely gone by 3 hours. Conclusions Tetrodotoxin is a long-acting topical anesthetic in the rabbit cornea. Although additional toxicity studies are required, tetrodotoxin may provide an effective, long-lasting topical anesthetic for use in pain control after corneal procedures such as photorefractive keratectomy.
Application of the Two-Power-Supply Method to the Ferrite Bias of an RF Resonator of a Rapid-Cycling Synchrotron

Ferrite bias equipment for the RF resonators of high-repetition-rate synchrotrons is expensive because of the high voltage necessary to overcome the back EMF of the unsaturated ferrite at the beginning of the sweep and the high current necessary to saturate the ferrite at the end of the sweep. The high-frequency resonators of the Omnitron, which sweep in 8 ms require 70 V initially, but only 20 V after the second millisecond, when the current reaches 5 kA. The voltage remains low for the remainder of the sweep, while the current increases to 20 kA. To meet these requirements as inexpensively as possible, a pulse-type power supply is used during the first 2 ms, and a high-current power supply through the remainder of the sweep. Smooth current transfer is an inherent property of the circuit. Inductance, which is surprisingly costly, is kept to a minimum by a "sandwich" bus bar technique. A silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) switch reverses the current every other sweep so that the full hystereses loop of the ferrite is used. A regulator circuit forces the bias current to follow a reference pulse.
Mechanism of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α-mediated Mcl1 regulation in Helicobacter pylori-infected human gastric epithelium

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1) consists of a hypoxia-inducible α subunit and a constitutively expressed β subunit. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by Helicobacter pylori stabilize HIF1α in the human gastric epithelium in normoxia. HIF1α plays crucial role in carcinogenesis and has been associated with malignant progression of gastric cancer. Several genes contain functional hypoxia-response elements (HREs) in their promoters including Bcl2 family member, Mcl1. Cellular ratios of antiapoptotic oncogenic protein, Mcl1, and tumor suppressor proapoptotic protein, Noxa, determine cell fate by regulating normal cellular growth, cell death and oncogenic processes. The aim of the present study was to examine the mechanism of HIF1α induction in the H. pylori-infected gastric epithelium to better understand disease pathogenesis by H. pylori relevant to gastric carcinogenesis. Our data showed that the dose-dependent increase in HIF1α in H. pylori-infected gastric epithelia is mediated by induction of a ROS-inducible protein, apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1), and an enhanced interaction of APE1 with the transcriptional coactivator p300. Surprisingly, with accumulation of HIF1α, further transcriptional activation of mcl1 was not observed. We identified a HIF-binding site (HBS) in the hif1α promoter and showed that increased HIF1α expression, whether H. pylori-induced or hypoxia-mimetic agent, CoCl(2)-induced, resulted in enhanced HIF1α binding to its own promoter. This resulted in a transcriptionally inactive hif1α promoter since hif1α HBS lacks HIF ancillary sequence (HAS) required for HIF1 transcriptional activity. We conclude that enhanced binding of "nonfunctional" HIF1α to hif1α promoter and limiting availability of p300 in the cell serves as checkpoints for uncontrolled HIF1α activity.
A TRANSIENT STAGE OF SUSPECTED DELAYED SENSITIVITY DURING THE EARLY INDUCTION PHASE OF IMMEDIATE CORNEAL SENSITIVITY

1. If quantities of bovine serum albumin or bovine gamma globulin in the range of 2 to 4 mg are inoculated intracorneally into rabbits, a biphasic reaction occurs in the cornea. 2. The primary reaction, which becomes manifest approximately 3 days after inoculation and lasts several days, is characterized by a diffuse clouding of the cornea. During this period, no antibody can be demonstrated either by serological or histological techniques. The animals react with a delayed type of skin reaction and the sensitivity can be passively transferred to normal guinea pigs with the cells of pooled lymph nodes or buffy coats. The corneal reaction is therefore considered a manifestation of delayed sensitivity. 3. The secondary reaction in the cornea, usually occurring about the 14th day after inoculation is the "Wessely phenomenon." This reaction is characterized by a precipitation of immune complexes in the cornea resulting in a visible annular corneal opacity. Circulating antibody can be readily demonstrated by both serological and histological techniques and the animals demonstrate typical Arthus skin sensitivity. 4. Generally intervening between these two phases of corneal activity is a stage in which the inoculated eye appears essentially normal. This stage is eliminated if both corneas are inoculated initially.
A self-documenting data structure for cardiac mapping

A data structure has been implemented for a multichannel cardiac mapping system that contains the complete state of the system at any time. This scheme frees the investigator from the responsibility of continuously recording system parameters during the course of a study and prevents clerical errors that could profoundly affect the analysis and interpretation of data. The hardware implementation is reflected in the data structures used in the analysis software, which is designed to allow easy access to the system configuration at the time of data acquisition. The system has proved to be reliable and effective in the conduct of basic and applied cardiac mapping studies. >
Monetary policy and the informational efficiency of the stock market: the evidence from many countries

(1987). Monetary policy and the informational efficiency of the stock market: the evidence from many countries. Applied Economics: Vol. 19, No. 11, pp. 1521-1532.
Superconformal gravity in Hamiltonian form: Another approach to the renormalization of gravitation

We reexpress superconformal gravity in Hamiltonian form, explicitly displaying all 24 generators of the group as Dirac constraints on the Hilbert space. From this, we can establish a firm foundation for the canonical quantization of superconformal gravity. The purpose of writing down the Hamiltonian form of the theory is to reexamine the question of renormalization and unitarity. Usually, we start with unitary theories of gravity, such as the Einstein-Hilbert action or supergravity, both of which are probably not renormalizable. In this series of papers, we take the opposite approach and start with a theory which is renormalizable but has problems with unitarity. Conformal and superconformal gravity are both plagued with dipole ghosts when we use perturbation theory to quantize the theories. It is difficult to interpret the results of perturbation theory because the asymptotic states have zero norm and the potential between particles grows linearly with the separation distance. The purpose of writing the Hamiltonian form of these theories is to approach the question of unitarity from a different point of view. For example, a strong-coupling approach to these theories may yield a totally different perturbation expansion. We speculate that canonically quantizing the theory by power expanding in the strong-couplingmore » regime may yield a different set of asymptotic states, somewhat similar to the situation in gauge theories. In this series of papers, we wish to reopen the question of the unitarity of conformal theories. We conjecture that ghosts are ''confined.''« less
Finite Element Modeling for Ultrasonic Transducers

Finite element modeling is being adopted in the design of ultrasonic transducers and imaging arrays. Impetus is accelerated product design cycles and the need to push the technology. Existing designs are being optimized and new concepts are being explored. This recent acceptance follows the convergence of improvements on many fronts: necessary computer resources are more accessible, lean, specialized algorithms replacing general-purpose approaches, and better material characterization The basics of the finite element method (REM) for the coupled piezoelectric-acoustic problem are reviewed. We contrast different FEM formulations and discuss the implications of each: time-domain versus frequency domain, implicit versus explicit algorithms, linear versus nonlinear. Beyond discussions of the theoretical underpinnings of numerical methods, the paper also examines other modeling ingredients such as discretization, material attenuation, boundary conditions, farfield extrapolation, and electric circuits. Particular emphasis is placed on material characterization, and this is discussed through an actual "modelbuild-test" validation sequence, undertaken recently. Some applications are also discussed. Keywords: Arrays, Attenuation, Finite Element Method, Imaging, Piezoelectric, Transducer, Ultrasound
"Enjoyments, of a [. . .] more exquisite nature": Wordsworth and Commodity Culture

This essay seeks to explore Wordsworth’s ambivalent relation to the commodity culture emerging in England around the turn of the Nineteenth-century. It does so by examining his unpublished poem "The Ruined Cottage" and his preface to Lyrical Ballads in two related contexts: the discourse of advertising and the history of consumer culture, including the institution of peddling. Wordsworth’s promise of the possibility of "enjoyments of. . . a more exquisite nature" available in his poetry if readers are willing to "give up much of what is ordinarily enjoyed" as poetry is similar to the structure of advertisement copy then as now: give up the product you now enjoy for a new and improved one. In the very essay in which he articulates a critique of industrialization and consumerism, Wordsworth unwittingly proposes a consumerist solution to the problem of consumerism. Drawing on the historical work of Colin Campbell and Neil McKendrick, this essay suggests that a dynamic similar to that operating in the preface holds for "The Ruined Cottage" as well. There is a distinct pattern in the poem, particularly in the Pedlar’s visits to Margaret, of intense but fleeting attachment which is similar to the process of consumption in which buyers form an intense attachment to a commodity which is abandoned a short time later as attachments to new products are formed. Far from being an example of the Romantic ideology in which poetry evades history, the poem can be seen as a Godwinian analysis of the ways which social forces and institutions "insinuate themselves" into the most intimate matters (82).
Antibacterial and hemolytic activity of the skin of the terrestrial salamander, Plethodon cinereus.

As resistance increases against fungal antibiotics, antimicrobial peptides are receiving attention as possible replacements. The dermal glands of frogs secrete, among other things, antimicrobial peptides. As part of the innate immune system, stressors may affect the production of antimicrobial peptides by dermal glands. The dermal secretions of some salamanders have been examined for their toxic secretions, but little attention has been given to salamander antimicrobial peptides. This study examines the skin from the tail region for the production of antimicrobial peptides in the terrestrial salamander, Plethodon cinereus. Fractions of tail extracts were isolated using cation-exchange chromatography and reverse-phase HPLC. An HPLC fraction eluting at 15.75 min (HPLC run: 30 min, 30–80% acetonitrile/water gradient, Aquapore RP-300 C18 column) showed activity against Staphylococcus aureus but not against Escherichia coli. The antibacterial activity gradually increased over a 4-hr incubation time up to about 85% inhibition of bacterial growth. Lysis of guinea pig red blood cells also increased gradually over a 1-hr time period. J. Exp. Zool. 287:340–345, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Anesthetic impact of body mass index in patients undergoing assisted reproductive technologies.

Abstract Study Objective To determine the prevalence and anesthetic impact of obesity in patients undergoing assisted reproductive technologies. Design Retrospective analysis of a complete calendar year of oocyte retrieval procedures. Setting Center for reproductive medicine of a tertiary care university teaching hospital. Patients 1,289 ASA physical status I, II, and III women undergoing oocyte retrieval procedures. Measurements Patient demographics, body mass index (BMI), comorbid conditions, frequency and characterization of intraoperative and postoperative events, route of oocyte retrieval, and anesthetic technique were assessed. Main Results Of the 1,289 women, 33% were overweight or obese. The prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease, depression/anxiety, hypothyroidism, diabetes, and hypertension was associated with increasing BMI (P P P P P Conclusions Patients with high BMI have a greater prevalence of comorbid conditions, require alterations in anesthetic and oocyte retrieval management, and more often experience intraoperative and postoperative events.
Hadronic Matter at High Density

The density of hardron levels $\ensuremath{\rho}(m)$ has been derived from the statistical bootstrap model to have the asymptotic form $\ensuremath{\rho}(m)\ensuremath{\sim}c{m}^{a}{e}^{\mathrm{bm}}$ with $a\ensuremath{\le}\ensuremath{-}\frac{5}{2}$. We study the properties of ultradense hadronic matter characterized by level densities of this type. If $al\ensuremath{-}\frac{5}{2}$ (as is preferred by the bootstrap model), we show that hadronic matter may be thermodynamically unstable at high densities. This instability is characterized by macroscopic fluctuations of the energy density and the existence of a negative specific heat. Implications of the instability are discussed with reference to high-energy collisions and astrophysics.
Remote sensing salt marsh biomass and stress detection

Abstract A hand-held radiometer was used to gather spectral radiance data simulating bands 3, 4 and 5 of the Landsat-D Thematic Mapper. Variations in biomass of the salt marsh plant Spartina alterniflora were highly correlated to changes in spectral radiance expressed as the vegetation index or the infrared index. Negative stresses like increased soil salinity and increased concentrations of copper or zinc yielded reductions in biomass which were detected spectrally. Positive stresses like freshwater and sewage effluent additions produced an increase in biomass which also were detected using spectral data. The demonstrated detection of biomass from spectral data was expanded spatially and temporally to estimate net primary productivity of a salt marsh. Remote sensing estimates of production ranged from 5 to 20% of estimates from harvest data. Future applications of this biomass estimation technique, employing data gathered from satellite platforms and from the ground, are discussed for salt marsh systems.
"Clinical Judgment" revisited: the distraction of quantitative models.

More than 25 years ago, in a book called Clinical Judgment, each act of patient care was described as having an experimental structure.The “experiments” needed substantial scientific improvement, h...
The hydrophobic heat-capacity anomaly

Abstract The excess heat capacity of a hydrophobic solute in water is calculated for four different models, all with closed-loop solubility curves: (i) a phenomenological model based on a modified regular-solution-theory equation of state; (ii) a decorated lattice-gas model equivalent to an underlying Ising model; and (iii) and (iv) van der Waals-like solution models incorporating accurate hard-sphere equations of state.
Suffering Injustice: Misrecognition as Moral Injury in Critical Theory

It is the persistence of social suffering in a world in which it could be eliminated that for Adorno is the source of the need for critical reflection, for philosophy. Philosophy continues and gains its cultural place because an as yet unbridgeable abyss separates the social potential for the relief of unnecessary human suffering and its emphatic continuance. Philosophy now is the culturally bound repository for the systematic acknowledgement and articulation of the meaning of the expanse of human suffering within technologically advanced societies that are already committed to liberal ideals of freedom and equality.
State-Driven Dynamic Sensor Selection and Prediction with State-Stacked Sparseness

An important problem in large-scale sensor mining is that of selecting relevant sensors for prediction purposes. Selecting small subsets of sensors, also referred to as active sensors, often leads to lower operational costs, and it reduces the noise and information overload for prediction. Existing sensor selection and prediction models either select a set of sensors a priori, or they use adaptive algorithms to determine the most relevant sensors for prediction. Sensor data sets often show dynamically varying patterns, because of which it is suboptimal to select a fixed subset of active sensors. To address this problem, we develop a novel dynamic prediction model that uses the notion of hidden system states to dynamically select a varying subset of sensors. These hidden system states are automatically learned by our model in a data-driven manner. The proposed algorithm can rapidly switch between different sets of active sensors when the model detects the (periodic or intermittent) change in the system state. We derive the dynamic sensor selection strategy by minimizing the error rates in tracking and predicting sensor readings over time. We introduce the notion of state-stacked sparseness to select a subset of the most critical sensors as a function of evolving system state. We present experimental results on two real sensor datasets, corresponding to oil drilling rig sensors and intensive care unit (ICU) sensors, and demonstrate the superiority of our approach with respect to other models.
Stitching graphene oxide sheets into a membrane at a liquid/liquid interface.

Layer-by-layer patterned GO membrane assembling at a liquid/liquid interface was realized using polyetheramine “stitching” molecules with an adjustable hydrophobicity and its thickness can be easily tuned from nanometer to micrometer by controlling reaction kinetics including reactant concentration, reaction time and reaction temperature.
A measurement architecture for Software Defined Exchanges

Prototype deployments of Software Defined Exchanges (SDX) have recently come into existence as a platform for Future Internet architecture to eliminate the need for core routing technology used in today's Internet. In this paper, we motivate the need for an adequate measurement architecture for such SDXes to be able to evaluate their performance and inform further development. We present the major requirements for this architecture, introduce the idea of SDX and its first prototypes, and give an overview on a SDX measurement experiment we recently conducted.
Nrf2 protects against As(III)-induced damage in mouse liver and bladder

Arsenic compounds are classified as toxicants and human carcinogens. Environmental exposure to arsenic imposes a big health issue worldwide. Arsenic elicits its toxic efforts through many mechanisms, including generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Nrf2 is the primary transcription factor that controls expression of a main cellular antioxidant response, which is required for neutralizing ROS and thus defending cells from exogenous insults. Previously, we demonstrated a protective role of Nrf2 against arsenic-induced toxicity using a cell culture model. In this report, we present evidence that Nrf2 protects against liver and bladder injury in response to six weeks of arsenic exposure in a mouse model. Nrf2−/− mice displayed more severe pathological changes in the liver and bladder, compared to Nrf2+/+ mice. Furthermore, Nrf2−/− mice were more sensitive to arsenic-induced DNA hypomethylation, oxidative DNA damage, and apoptotic cell death. These results indicate a protective role of Nrf2 against arsenic toxicity in vivo. Hence, this work demonstrates the feasibility of using dietary compounds that target activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway to alleviate arsenic-induced damage.
A new operation for repairing aortic arch atresia in infancy. Report of three cases.

Aortic arch atresia is a comparatively rare congenital anomaly that commonly produces heart failure and death in early infancy. A new operative procedure is described which is applicable to type I, where the atresia lies distal to the left subclavian artery. It provides a lumen that is equal to the descending thoracic aorta by using the conjoined orifices of the left subclavian and common carotid arteries for anastomosis to the distal thoracic aorta. The chief advantage of this method is that it not only provides a vascular bridge with a lumen equal to the distal thoracic aorta, but also assures normal growth potential.
Design of manufacturing cells for flexible environment considering alternative routeing

In flexible manufacturing system (FMS), it is common that most machines are multi-purpose and are capable of performing more than one operation, which makes parts rerouteing possible. In addition, due to scheduling constraints, rerouteing is often desirable. Also, interruptions in production activity due to machines failure from time to time is a common problem, and that too requires parts rerouteing to meet the due-date requirements. Historically, machine grouping procedures do not consider alternative routeings that a part may undergo during the operational phase of the system. When a part is rerouted, it adversely affects the cell performance. The existing procedures for machine cells formation in cellular manufacturing have not taken these factors into consideration. In this research, a new heuristic procedure is developed which provides the flexibility of incorporating alternative routeings in the system's design phase itself. To illustrate the validity of this heuristic, a case example problem is de...
Macrouridophora halargyrea n. sp. (Monogenea: Diclidophoridae) from Halargyreus johnsonii (Moridae) in the North-eastern Atlantic

Macrouridophora halargyrea n. sp. (Monogenea: Diclidophoridae) is described from the gills of the morid teleost Halargyreus johnsonii caught off the Faroe Islands in the North-eastern Atlantic. This new species is differentiated from ten other species in the genus Macrouridophora Rubec & Dronen, in press, by its: specialised heart-shaped haptor distinctly set-off from the body proper; inverted orientation of the first three anterior pairs of clamps; distinct spinulation covering the isthmus and haptor; small body size; small numbers of testes; and host.
Microbiology of contact lens-related keratitis.

We reviewed 397 cases of microbial keratitis examined at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, U.S.A., from January 1982 through December 1985. Of these, 136 cases (34%) were related to contact lens use. Extended-wear contact lenses were used by 107 (79%) of these patients. Cosmetic contact lenses accounted for 59 (44%) of lens-related cases, aphakic contact lenses 44 (32%), and therapeutic (bandage) contact lenses 33 (24%). Fifty-three microbial keratitis cases associated with contact lens wear were culture-positive: 28 (52%) were gram-positive, and 19 (36%) were gram-negative. Mixed cultures, fungi, and Acanthamoeba accounted for two cases (4%) each. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was specifically associated with cosmetic soft contact lens use.
Market segmentation: A comparison of benefits/attributes desired and brand preference

Benefits/attributes desired is commonly considered the most strategically meaningful market segmentation base. However, in practice, problems in product benefit/attribute specification and data collection are frequently observed. This research compares the performance of benefits/attributes desired and brand preference (a competing segmentation base that provides similar information but is more closely related to purchase behavior) on the criteria of segment identification, brand purchase, and responsiveness to marketing mix elements. Results suggest that brand preference segmentation produces more interpretable and managerially useful segmentation results than benefits/attributes desired. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
On the Solution of the Landau Equation

The Landau equation, which is a typical equation for weakly coupled gases, is examined. The derivation of the equation is discussed by means of a number of different approaches. It is found that for other than an infinite time application, the usual limits of integration are inappropriate. An approximate solution scheme is then proposed and applied to the solution of the relaxation of two homogeneous plasmas at different temperatures. The same problem is then analysed by using a conventional numerical scheme and the solutions compared. The approximate scheme was developed for both two and three dimensional systems.
Random mutagenesis of PDZ Omi domain and selection of mutants that specifically bind the Myc proto-oncogene and induce apoptosis

Omi is a mammalian serine protease that is localized in the mitochondria and released to the cytoplasm in response to apoptotic stimuli. Omi induces cell death in a caspase-dependent manner by interacting with the X-chromosome linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein, as well as in a caspase-independent way that relies on its proteolytic activity. Omi is synthesized as a precursor polypeptide and is processed to an active serine protease with a unique PDZ domain. PDZ domains recognize the extreme carboxyl terminus of target proteins. Internal peptides that are able to fold into a beta-finger are also reported to bind some PDZ domains. Using a modified yeast two-hybrid system, PDZ(Omi) mutants were isolated by their ability to bind the carboxyl terminus of human Myc oncoprotein in yeast as well as in mammalian cells. One such PDZ(m) domain (PDZ-M1), when transfected into mammalian cells, was able to bind to endogenous Myc protein and induce cell death. PDZ-M1-induced apoptosis was entirely dependent on the presence of Myc protein and was not observed when c-myc null fibroblasts were used. Our studies indicate that the PDZ domain of Omi can provide a prototype that could easily be exploited to target specifically and inactivate oncogenes by binding to their unique carboxyl terminus.
Carcinoma ex-pleomorphic adenoma of the nasal cavity: A report of two cases

Carcinoma ex-pleomorphic adenoma is exceedingly rare in sites other than the major salivary glands and the oral cavity. We present the first two histopathologically documented examples to occur in the nasal cavity.
Seeing the Light: A Classroom-Sized Pinhole Camera Demonstration for Teaching Vision

We describe a classroom-sized pinhole camera demonstration (camera obscura) designed to enhance students' learning of the visual system. The demonstration consists of a suspended rear-projection screen onto which the outside environment projects images through a small hole in a classroom window. Students can observe these images in a darkened classroom. Instructors can demonstrate the function of the lens and pupil and the structural basis for nearsightedness and farsightedness. Students who saw the demonstration as part of a lecture on the visual system learned more (i.e., showed greater performance gains from pretest to posttest) than a comparable group of students who received the lecture only. Students reacted favorably to the demonstration. These data suggest that incorporating the demonstration into class presentations on vision can improve student learning.
Facts are stubborn things

Abstract Space limitations do not allow me to fully address Ericsson's comments. Instead, I limit my discussion to five of the most salient issues upon which there are significant differences in the evaluation of the existing theory, methodological issues, and data. These relate to Ericsson's use of the construct “innate talent;” his misapplication of Ackerman's (1987, 1988) theory of individual differences during skill acquisition; inadequate attention to selection of tests and consideration of Brunswik Symmetry; oversights and misinterpretations in evaluating the results from Masunaga and Horn (2001); and differences in interpretations of several other studies. In the final analysis, although there has not been a definitive longitudinal study of deliberate practice with random selection/assignment and a control group, there is ample evidence from over 100 years of research supporting the conclusion that abilities are significantly related to individual differences in the attainment of expert performance.
Electronic limitations in phase meters for heterodyne interferometry

Abstract Limitations imposed by the phase meters used in heterodyne interferometers are evaluated. These instruments measure the phase relationship between electrical signals generated by the heterodyning process, allowing the interferometers to resolve fractions of an optical fringe. Measurements indicate that the phase meters used in currently available heterodyne interferometers probably limit achievable accuracy to a greater extent than barriers imposed by the optics. We show that a new class of time interval counters offers a means of greatly improving accuracy in these instruments.
Factor XII: What Does It Contribute To Our Understanding Of The Physiology and Pathophysiology of Hemostasis & Thrombosis

Factor XII (FXII) is a coagulation protein that is essential for surface-activated blood coagulation tests but whose deficiency is not associated with bleeding. For over forty years, investigators in hemostasis have not considered FXII important because its deficiency is not associated with bleeding. It is because there is a dichotomy between abnormal laboratory assay findings due to FXII deficiency and clinical hemostasis that investigators sought explanations for physiologic hemostasis independent of FXII. FXII is a multidomain protein that contains two fibronectin binding consensual sequences, two epidermal growth factor regions, a kringle region, a proline-rich domain, and a catalytic domain that when proteolyzed turns into a plasma serine protease. Recent investigations with FXII deleted mice that are protected from thrombosis indicate that it contributes to the extent of developing thrombus in the intravascular compartment. These findings suggest that it has a role in thrombus formation without influencing hemostasis. Last, FXII has been newly appreciated to be a growth factor that may influence tissue injury repair and angiogenesis. These combined studies suggest that FXII may become a pharmacologic target to reduce arterial thrombosis risk and promote cell repair after injury, without influencing hemostasis.
Tectonics of the eastern Central Pacific Basin

Abstract The eastern Central Pacific Basin is dominated by the Central Basin Rise, a broad rise that extends northwest from a point southwest of Christmas Island to about 10°N and 170°W. Contoured magnetic values revealed an apparent symmetry over most of the Rise. Offsets in the magnetic contours that correspond to offsets in the bathymetric contours are interpreted to be fracture zones. This pattern of offsets together with the amplitudes of the magnetic anomalies are similar to those associated with typical sea-floor spreading anomalies. With the assumptions that the Central Basin Rise did form by sea-floor spreading and that the rate of spreading was constant, we speculate on its tectonic history. Spreading is inferred from basement age at DSDP Site 66 to have started approximately 100 m.y. ago and ceased just before the beginning of volcanic activity along the Line Islands Ridge, 85 m.y. ago.
Critical properties of the paramagnetic-to-ferromagnetic transition in nanocrystalline Gd diluted with Fe

Abstract Nanocrystalline Gd 0.946 Fe 0.054 of average grain size 68 nm was prepared by melt-spinning. The magnetic behavior in the vicinity of the paramagnetic to ferromagnetic transition was investigated via dc magnetization and ac susceptibility measurements. The transition temperature and effective critical exponents for the order parameter and zero-field susceptibility were determined using Arrott–Noakes and Kouvel–Fisher analyses. The values obtained were T C =291.71±0.07 K, β eff =0.385±0.009, and γ eff =1.24±0.03, respectively. Correction to scaling analysis indicated that the asymptotic exponents were both smaller than the effective ones within the reduced-temperature range investigated, contrary to the behavior seen in monocrystalline Gd. This behavior can be explained in terms of a crossover from 3D short-range Heisenberg universality class to the 3D Ising universality class due to increased anisotropy induced by the high magnetic fields used in the measurements and also possibly due to strain.
Quantum yield of chlorine-atom formation in the photodissociation of chlorine peroxide (ClOOCl) at 308 nm

The production of Cl atoms in the laser flash photolysis of ClOOCl at 308 nm has been investigated by time-resolved atomic resonance fluorescence at 235 K. A value of φ = 1.03 ± 0.12 has been obtained for the primary quantum yield based on an absorption cross section ratio σ_(245)/σ_(308) = 22 for ClOOCl at 245 and 308 nm.
T2* Magnetic Resonance Imaging Sequences Reflect Brain Tissue Iron Deposition Following Intracerebral Hemorrhage

The purpose of this study is to examine the utility of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) T2* sequences as a measure of iron overload in the brain following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We examined the time course of T2* changes in the brain around intracerebral hemorrhages in a series of patients. We also performed a series of experiments in an animal model of ICH, examining the time course of T2* changes along with correlation of these changes with histological markers of ferric iron deposition. We found that T2* changes in the brain occur with increasing intensity and spatial distribution over a 3-month period. Experimental ICH in the rat model induces similar changes, and these changes correlate tightly with histological markers of ferric iron deposition. MRI T2* changes after ICH can be used to measure the degree of iron overload in the brain. The T2* sequence may be useful as a measure of interventions aimed at reducing ICH-related brain injury by reducing iron deposition.
ENHANCED RESPONSE TO APOMORPHINE IN RATS TREATED WITH MULTIPLE INJECTIONS OF HUMAN BETA ENDORPHIN AND ITS BLOCKADE BY PRO-LEU-GLY-NH2 AND CYCLO (LEU-GLY)

Abstract Repeated intraventricular injections of human β-endorphin to rats every eight hours for three days resulted in the development of super-sensitivity of brain dopamine receptors as evidenced by an enhanced locomotor activity response to apomorphine, a dopamine receptor agonist. Daily subcutaneous injections of Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 or its cyclic analog, cyclo (Leu-Gly) blocked the enhanced apomorphine-induced stimulation of locomotor activity in β-endorphin treated rats. Thus, the development of brain dopamine receptor supersensitivity induced by chronic β-endorphin administration may be regulated by the hypothalamic peptides.
Effects of intrauterine infection on the function of the corpora lutea formed after first postpartum ovulations in dairy cows.

Abstract This study was carried out to determine the relationship between postpartum intrauterine infections, endocrine patterns and the function of corpora lutea formed following the first postpartum ovulations in dairy cows. Blood samples were collected daily starting from the day of parturition until 30 d after parturition or until the second postpartum estrus, whichever occurred first. Sera were assayed for progesterone (P 4 ), prostaglandin F 2α metabolite (PGFM), and luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations. Palpations per rectum and real-time ultrasound scanning of the reproductive tracts were carried out in all cows once every 4 d for 1 mo, starting from Day 4 after parturition. In addition, endometrial swabs were collected aseptically from each cow once every 4 d during the first month postpartum. The swabs were cultured for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Twelve cows (60%) exhibited short estrous cycles (SC; 6 to 14 d long) following first postpartum ovulations. The mean preovulatory LH surges and LH patterns during the first postpartum cycles were similar in both groups, leading us to believe that lack of luteotrophic stimulation was not a factor in the occurrence of SC. Bacterial isolations were frequent in SC cows. The occurrence of moderate to heavy bacterial growth patterns and the repeated isolations of the similar organisms during postpartum suggests the persistence of uterine infections in SC cows. Increases in PGFM concentrations prior to luteolysis in SC cows were associated with moderate to heavy infection. Thus, postpartum uterine infections do not appear to affect ovulations, but prostaglandin (PGF 2α ) released in response to uterine infection may contribute to early demise of the corpus luteum formed after the first postpartum ovulation.
Environmental KCl Causes an Upregulation of Apical Membrane Maxi K and ENaC Channels in Everted Ambystoma Collecting Tubule

Patch clamp methods were used to characterize the channels on the apical membrane of initial collecting ducts from Ambystoma tigrinum. Apical membranes were exposed by everting and perfusing fragments of the renal tubule in vitro. Tubules were dissected from two groups of animals; one maintained in tap water, and the other kept in a solution of 50 mm KCl from seven to nineteen days. Patches of apical membranes on tubules taken from animals exposed to tap water expressed low-conductance amiloride sensitive sodium channels (ENaC) in 22 of 49 patches. Only three maxi K channels were observed in this group. In animals exposed to KCl, low-conductance amiloride sensitive sodium channels, 3.7 ± 0.2 pS (36 of 45 patches) and high-conductance 98.3 ± 5.0 pS (19 of 45 patches) potassium channels were observed.
Overlay control strategy for 45/32nm RD and production ramp up

The tight overlay budgets required for 45nm and beyond makes overlay control a very important topic. High order overlay control (HOC) is becoming an essential methodology to remove the immersion induced overlay signatures. However, to implement the high order control into dynamic APC system requires FA infrastructure modification and a stable mass production environment. How to achieve the overlay requirement before the APC-HOC system becomes available is important for RD environment and for product early ramp up phase. In this paper authors would like to demonstrate a field-by-field correction (FxFc) or correction per exposure (CPE) methodology to improve high order overlay signature without changing current APC-linear control system.