cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Are theoretical surface chemistry measurements really practical

The principles and concepts of surface chemistry can be of enormous aid in the application of surfactant chemicals to practical cleaning and foaming problems. The use of surfactants for foam stability was seen to be dependent on rheological properties of the foam (bulk and surface viscosity) and to the energetics of the adsorbed surfactant monolayer (area/surfactant molecule, monolayer clasticity modulus, rate of monolayer spreading and rate of surfactant adsorption into the interface). From these principles, an equation predicting foam volume in the presence or absence of soil was derived and found to be in good agreement with experiment. In detergency, the performance was dictated by the thermodynamic work of adhesion between the soil and substrate. The adhesion was a function of surface properties (soil/water interfacial tension and soil/water/substrate). The role of agitation in detergency was shown to be that energy which was needed to overcome the adhesive bond between soil and substrate. The implicit form of the agitation term was discussed (dependent on substrate configuration, agitator system geometry and mechanics) but not explicitly deduced. The role of interfacial tension was discussed in relation to foam stability and detergency. In both applications, low interfacial tension is beneficial to performance. However, because other surface chemical effects play a role in performance in detergency and foam stability, it was noted that interfacial tension is not the sole correlating parameter with performance. The situations in which low interfacial tension is not sufficient to give improved detergency and foam stability performance were delineated. A possible new method of aiding in optimizing oil/surfactant performance also was discussed. Finally, the role of micelles in detergency was examined in light of very recent experimental work which suggests that micelles may be detrimental to detergency and foam stability performance. This study suggests that surfactants which form mesomorphic phases with soil give better performance. Micelles, instead of solubilizing soil in their hydrophobic cores, are said to be competing with the mesomorphic phase formation process, thereby hindering detergency performance. It is suggested by the sheer weight of new theoretical and innovative approaches to surface chemistry applied to detergency and foam stability performance that “theoretical surface chemistry measurements really (are) practical!”
Permeability of a cell junction during intracellular injection of divalent cations.

Divalent cations are microinjected intoChironomus salivary gland cells while the cell-to-cell passage of fluorescein (330 dalton) and electrical coupling are monitored. Injections of Ca and Mg that substantially depolarize the cells produce block or marked slowing fluorescein passage, accompanied by electrical uncoupling. Injections of Ca, Mg or Sr that cause little depolarization, and presumably smaller elevation of divalent cation concentration in the cytoplasm, produce block or marked slowing of fluorescein passage with little or no detectable electrical uncoupling. This partial uncoupling may reflect total closure of a fraction of the channels in junctional membrane or partial closure of all channels.
Surface coating of carbon nanofibers/nanotubes by electrodeposition for multifunctionalization

Carbon nanomaterials in the form of paper sheets have been used as platforms to achieve multifunctionality. Combined with electrochemical deposition, room temperature synthesis of magnetic Ni coatings on individual carbon nanofibers (CNF) and/or carbon nanotubes (CNT) has been realized through solution penetration and ion diffusion. In addition to significant electrical conductivity improvement, the magnetic responses of the Ni coated carbon nanopaper sheets can be tuned within large ranges in terms of saturation magnetic field, remnant magnetization and coercivity. After being re-suspended in liquids, the magnetized CNFs/CNTs can be aligned with small external magnetic fields.
Persistent infection with influenza A virus: Evolution of virus mutants

Abstract A persistent infection (persistent infection I) of baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells with the WSN (HlN1) strain of influenza A virus was established using a virus stock which contained a high proportion of defective-interfering (DI) particles. Virus recovered from passage 92 (388 days) of persistent infection I was used to establish a second persistent infection (persistent infection II) in BHK cells. A number of phenotypic changes were identified in the virus isolated during the first 50 passages of persistent infection I (early pi virus). These included a decrease in the size of plaques, the appearance of temperature-sensitive mutants, and a decreased ability of amplified pi virus to agglutinate chicken erythrocytes. The decreased ability to cause hemagglutination was associated with a 20- to 30-fold increase in viral neuraminidase activity. Virus isolated after passage 63 of persistent infection I could not be amplified in eggs or in a number of cell lines. Although very little infectious virus was produced when cells were infected with these late pi viruses, cytopathology frequently occurred and an unusual pattern of viral protein synthesis was observed. The NP protein was the predominant protein synthesized, while the synthesis of M protein was drastically reduced relative to its synthesis in cells infected with parental WSN virus. The HA, NS1, and NS2 proteins were not detected; however, a virus-specific protein which migrates faster than NS2 was observed. Virus recovered from persistent infection II interfered with the replication of parental WSN virus in a mixed infection. The pattern of protein synthesis in such mixed infections resembled that in cells singly infected with late pi virus. DI particles did not appear to play a significant role either in the maintenance of the persistent infection, in the expression of the pi protein synthesis phenotype, or in the pi virus-mediated interference.
The disulfide loop of gp41 is critical to the furin recognition site of HIV gp160

The importance of the HIV gp41 conserved disulfide loop to envelope function has been examined by mutational and functional analyses. Based on a luciferase-reporter entry assay, mutants gp41-CC/AA (C598A/C604A) and gp41-Delta (deletion of residues 596-606) result in a nonfunctional envelope protein. Western blot analysis shows both mutants to be properly expressed but not processed to form gp120 and gp41, which explains their nonfunctionality. The presence of mutant gp160 on the cell surface, as well as their ability to bind to sCD4, suggests that the mutations have disrupted processing at the furin recognition site encoded within the gp120 conserved domain 5, without resulting in an overall misfolding of the protein. With respect to the furin recognition site, the mutations are sequentially distant, which implies that the gp41 disulfide loop is interacting with gp120 C5 in gp160. In addition, we have modeled the gp120-gp41 interaction in unprocessed precursor gp160 using structural data available for gp120 and gp41 domains in isolation, supplemented by mutagenesis data. We suggest that the mutations have altered the interaction between gp120 C5 and the gp41 disulfide loop, resulting in decreased accessibility of the furin recognition site and implying that the interaction between the gp120 C5 and gp41 loop is a conformational requirement for gp160 processing. The sensitivity of this interaction could be exploited in future antivirals designed to disrupt HIV pathogenesis by disrupting gp160 processing.
Merkel cell carcinoma: Identification of prognostic factors unique to tumors located in the head and neck based on analysis of SEER data

Objectives/Hypothesis: Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive cutaneous neoplasm that occurs most frequently in the head and neck region. Because of its rarity, prognostic factors are poorly characterized. Head and neck MCC (HN-MCC) may require separate consideration from MCC that occurs in other anatomic regions. Our objective was to determine the relevance of clinicopathologic parameters as prognostic factors in a large series of patients with HN-MCC and to compare these to a series of patients with non–head and neck MCC (NHN-MCC). Study Design: Retrospective analysis of large population database. Methods: Patients with MCC were identified using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database and categorized according to tumor location either 1) within or 2) outside of the head and neck region. Clinicopathologic data were compared between groups. Retrospective univariable and multivariable analyses of factors associated with disease-specific survival (DSS) were performed. Results: We identified 2,104 patients with HN-MCC and 2,272 with NHN-MCC. DSS was similar between groups. Independent prognostic factors in HN-MCC are male sex (P < .001), lip primary site (P = .005), tumor extension beyond the dermis (P = .03), histologically confirmed nodal disease (P < .001), absence of histologic lymph node evaluation (P = .01), and distant metastasis (P = .001). Male sex and tumor extension limited to the subcutis are prognostic factors that are unique to HN-MCC. Conclusions: Because independent markers of aggressive disease appear to be unique in HN-MCC, it is important that future studies provide separate consideration for HN-MCC to allow for the most accurate identification of prognostic indicators and assessment of treatment outcomes accordingly.
Quantification of thyrotropin-releasing hormone changes and serotonin content changes following graded spinal cord injury

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and serotonin (5-HT) are well known as neurotransmitters of descending bulbo-spinal tracts. 5-HT uptake caudal to (5-HT decreased) graded spinal lesions has been measured in rats and dogs and significantly correlated with the degree of cord injury. We studied 5-HT content via high-pressure liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay measurements of TRH in dog spinal cord, both rostral and caudal, to 6 week T6 spinal transection (T) (n = 7) or T6 hemisections (H) (n = 7). Sham controls (n = 7) were used. Mean 5-HT content values were (pmole/mg): rostral sham 1.25 +/- 0.02, caudal sham 1.35 +/- 0.17, rostral T 2.65 +/- 0.36, caudal T 0.19 +/- 0.06, rostral H 2.1 +/- 0.22, and caudal H 1.0 +/- 0.31. A significant decrease in 5-HT caudal to transection versus control (P < 0.001) was seen. A trend for decreased 5-HT caudal to hemisection versus control (P < 0.1) was also seen. Mean TRH levels (pg/mg protein) were: rostral sham 40.02 +/- 18.47, caudal sham 30.61 +/- 10.03, brainstem sham 18.9 +/- 5.13, rostral T 52.4 +/- 21.34, caudal T 3.52 +/- 1.87, brainstem T 19.25 +/- 4.11, rostral H 43.45 +/- 18.61, caudal H 14.24 +/- 5.7, and brainstem H 21.89 +/- 1.23. Significant decreases for caudal TRH transection versus controls (P < 0.001) and for caudal TRH hemisection versus controls (P < 0.02) were seen. A significant difference between caudal hemisection and caudal transection TRH levels (P < 0.001) was seen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Bifurcation Phase Diagram for C2H2 Bending Dynamics Has a Tetracritical Point with Spectral Patterns

Critical points and bifurcations are considered for the acetylene effective Hamiltonian in the polyad space of total bend and vibrational angular momentum quantum numbers [Nb, l]. A “phase diagram”...
The structure of the O-glycosylically-linked oligosaccharide chains of LPG-I, a glycoprotein present in articular lubricating fraction of bovine synovial fluid.

Abstract Periodate oxidation of LPG-1 established that N -acetylneuraminic acid residues are linked preponderantly α-(2→3) to D -galactose residues. The resistance of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy D -galactose residues to periodate oxidation suggests that they are linked at either O-3 or O-4 to D -galactose residues. After treatment of LPG-I with alkaline sulfite, ≈80% of 2-acetamido-2-deoxygalactose was recovered as the sulfonic acid derivative. The Gal→GalNAc disaccharide released from sialic-acid-free LPG-I by digestion with endo -2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α- D -galactosidase (which suggests an α- D -GalNAc→- L -Ser or - L -Thr linkage) gave a high color-yield in the Morgan—Elson reaction, indicating that 2-acetamido-2-deoxy- D -galactose residues are linked at C-3 to D -galactose residues. The migration of the released Gal-GalNAc disaccharide was the same as that of a standard sample of O -β- D -galactosyl-(1→3)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy- D -galactose. Treatment of sialic acid-free LPG-I with Streptococcus pneumoniae β- D -galactosidase, which hydrolyzes only galactosides linked β- D -(1→4) gave no free D -galactose, whereas treatment of LPG-I with bovine testes β- D -galactosidase released > 90% of D -galactose. These results provide evidence for β- D -Gal p -(1→3)-α- D -GalNAc p -(1→3)- L -Ser or - L -Thr and α-NeuAc-(2→3)-β- D -Gal p -(1→3)-α- D - GalNAc p -(1→3)- L -Ser or - L -Thr structures. The sensitivity of the methods used and the recovery of constituents following treatment of LPG-I do not rule out the occurrence of small amounts of other tri- or tetra-saccharide chains.
Appropriate Uses and Considerations for Online Surveying in Human Dimensions Research

Online surveying has gained attention in recent years for its applicability to human dimensions research as an efficient and inexpensive data-collection method; however, online surveying is not a p...
Scatter/Gather: a cluster-based approach to browsing large document collections

Document clustering has not been well received as an information retrieval tool. Objections to its use fall into two main categories: first, that clustering is too slow for large corpora (with running time often quadratic in the number of documents); and second, that clustering does not appreciably improve retrieval.We argue that these problems arise only when clustering is used in an attempt to improve conventional search techniques. However, looking at clustering as an information access tool in its own right obviates these objections, and provides a powerful new access paradigm. We present a document browsing technique that employs document clustering as its primary operation. We also present fast (linear time) clustering algorithms which support this interactive browsing paradigm.
Morphology, structure, and nucleation of out-of-phase boundaries (OPBs) in epitaxial films of layered oxides

Out-of-phase boundaries (OPBs) are translation boundary defects characterized by a misregistry of a fraction of a unit cell dimension in neighboring regions of a crystal. Although rarely observed in the bulk, they are common in epitaxial films of complex crystals due to the physical constraint of the underlying substrate and a low degree of structural rearrangement during growth. OPBs can strongly affect properties, but no extensive studies of them are available. The morphology, structure, and nucleation mechanisms of OPBs in epitaxial films of layered complex oxides are presented with a review of published studies and new work. Morphological trends in two families of layered oxide phases are described. The atomic structure at OPBs is presented. OPBs may be introduced into a film during growth via the primary mechanisms that occur at film nucleation (steric, nucleation layer, a-b misfit, and inclined-c misfit) or after growth via the secondary nucleation mechanism (crystallographic shear in response to loss of a volatile component). Mechanism descriptions are accompanied by experimental examples. Alternative methods to the direct imaging of OPBs are also presented.
Dengue reporter viruses reveal viral dynamics in interferon receptor-deficient mice and sensitivity to interferon effectors in vitro

Dengue virus (DENV) is a global disease threat for which there are no approved antivirals or vaccines. Establishing state-of-the-art screening systems that rely on fluorescent or luminescent reporters may accelerate the development of anti-DENV therapeutics. However, relatively few reporter DENV platforms exist. Here, we show that DENV can be genetically engineered to express a green fluorescent protein or firefly luciferase. Reporter viruses are infectious in vitro and in vivo and are sensitive to antiviral compounds, neutralizing antibodies, and interferons. Bioluminescence imaging was used to follow the dynamics of DENV infection in mice and revealed that the virus localized predominantly to lymphoid and gut-associated tissues. The high-throughput potential of reporter DENV was demonstrated by screening a library of more than 350 IFN-stimulated genes for antiviral activity. Several antiviral effectors were identified, and they targeted DENV at two distinct life cycle steps. These viruses provide a powerful platform for applications ranging from validation of vaccine candidates to antiviral discovery.
Blending polypropylene with glycidyl methacrylate‐containing polymer to improve adhesion to elastomers

BACKGROUND: Polypropylene (PP) is one of the most widely used polyolefins but gets restricted in surface applications due to its non-polar nature. Surface properties of films made of PP were modified to improve their adhesion to elastomeric polymers such as thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU), especially to Pebax® [poly(ether-block-amide)]. RESULTS: Surface modification of PP was brought about by blending it with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA)-containing polymer to increase its surface energy. Films of modified PP were analyzed to determine the blending efficiency and characterized using contact angle measurements, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Molecular dynamics simulations were done to determine surface and bulk properties of PP blended with GMA. The computational results correlated very well with the experimental data and revealed that the changes in the surface energy can be linked to the position of the functional group within the sample. T-Peel tests indicated a 2.4 times increase in adhesion to Pebax® and only 1.7 times increase in adhesion to TPU compared to unmodified PP. CONCLUSION: The surface energy and enhanced adhesion proved that PP was successfully modified and its surface made more polar. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Investigation of retinal vessel autoregulation using real-time spectral domain Doppler optical coherence tomography

Investigation of the autoregulatory mechanism of human retinal perfusion was conducted with a novel real-time spectral domain Doppler optical coherence tomography (SDOCT) system. Volumetric, time-sequential, and Doppler flow imaging was performed in the superior arcade region on normal healthy subjects breathing normal room air and 100% oxygen. The real-time Doppler SDOCT system displays fully processed, high-resolution [512 (axial) x 1000 (lateral) pixels] B-scans at 17 frames/sec in volumetric and time-sequential imaging modes, and also displays fully processed overlaid color Doppler flow images comprising 512 (axial) x 500 (lateral) pixels at 6 frames/sec. OCT fundus images generated from volumetric datasets updated in real time (up to 2 fundus images/sec for 100 x 100 pixel volumes) were used to image and localize retinal vessels for time-sequential and Doppler flow analysis. In preliminary measurements, data acquired following 5 minutes of 100% oxygen inhalation was compared with that acquired 5 minutes post-inhalation. The same arterial segments examined at both time points exhibit constriction in vessel diameter under pure oxygen inhalation of up to 7% and reduction in peak flow velocity as great as 38%, both of which are in good agreement with previous laser Doppler velocimetry studies.
Comultiplicative Functionals and the Birthing of a Markov Process

It has been known for many years that a multiplicative functional, re, may be used to kill a Markov process. A special case of this construction is when m is given by a terminal time T as m t -1E0 , r)(t). More recently Meyer, Smythe, and Walsh I-8] introduced the notion of a coterminal time and showed how a coterminal time may be used to "b i r th" a Markov process. In view of this it is natural to ask if there is a p r o c e s s naturally called a comultiplicative func t iona l which has the same relationship to coterminal times as a multiplicative functional has to terminal times. After some preliminaries in Section 2 we introduce the notion of a comultiplicative functional in Section 3, Definition (3.1). In Sections 3 and 5 we show that there is a complete duality between comultiplicative functionals and an appropriate class of multiplicative functionals. In the case of coterminal times this reduces to the duality with terminal times given in [8]. In Section 4 we show how a comultiplicative functional may be used to birth a Markov process in a manner that is dual to that by which a multiplicative functional is used to kill a process. Sections 4 and 5 are independent of each other and may be read in either order. What we develop here might be called an "algebraic" theory since we assume the exceptional sets in our definitions are empty. In light of the recent work of Walsh 1-9] and Meyer [7] this causes no problems in dealing with multiplicative functionals. However, the a-algebras that we use are motivated by the results of Meyer [7]. Obviously there are dual perfection properties for comultiplicative functionals, but we do not discuss this here. I hope to return to it in a future publication. The duality developed in Sections 3 and 5 does not involve a Markov process. It may be viewed as a chapter in the duality between shift (Is birth better?) operators (0t) and killing operators (kt) developed by various authors in recent years. See, especially, Azema [1]. The Markov process, itself, enters only in Section 4. In 1-8] Meyer, Smythe, and Walsh also showed that a cooptional time may be used to kill a process. There is an analogous result here for cooptional functionals that is, a functional n satisfying only condition (3.1)(i) of Definition (3.1). How-
Softening of bulk modulus and negative Poisson ratio in barium titanate ceramic near the Curie point

Substantial softening in the bulk modulus (a factor of five) and a negative Poisson ratio (−0.25) have been observed via broadband viscoelastic spectroscopy in the vicinity of the Curie point of a barium titanate ceramic. These effects were observed under electrical short-circuit conditions at low deformation frequencies. Softening was less in an electric open circuit or at higher frequencies. Softening of individual elastic modulus tensor elements is known to occur near phase transformations, but softening of the bulk modulus has not previously been well reported.
Transient performance investigation of a space power system heat pipe

Start-up, shut-down, and peak power tests have been conducted with a molybdenum-lithium heat pipe at temperatures to 1500 K. The heat pipe was radiation coupled to a water cooled calorimeter for the tests with rf induction heating used for the input to the evaporator region. Maximum power throughput in the tests was 36.8 kw corresponding to a power density of 23 kw/cm/sup 2/ for the 1.4 cm diameter vapor space of the annular wick heat pipe. The corresponding evaporator flux density was approximately 150 w/cm/sup 2/ over an evaporator length of 40 cm at peak power. Condenser length for the tests was approximately 3.0 m. A variable geometry radiation shield was used to vary the load on the heat pipe during the tests. Results of the tests showed that liquid depletion in the evaporator region of the heat pipe could occur in shut-down and prevent restart of the heat pipe. Changes in surface emissivity of the heat pipe condenser surface were shown to affect the shut-down and re-start limits. 12 figs.
Vacancy-Transfer Cross Sectiqns and L-Vacancy Lifetimes for Low-Energy Collisions of Ar++ with Mg, Al, and Si

Electron promotion via rotational coupling of the 2p?-2p? molecular orbitals in the quasimolecule formed during a near-symmetric collision between a heavy ion and a lighter target atom has successfully explained the K x-ray emission from the target atom. For atoms in a solid target, the target density fosters a double-collision mechanism whereby a fraction of the ion beam brings an L-shell vacancy into a subsequent collision with a target atom so that K-electron transfer from the target to the projectile can occur. On this basis we have performed a thick-target K-shell ionization analysis on target x-ray yields for 160-380 keV Ar++ impinging on Mg, Al, and Si. Our measurements yield the equilibrium L-vacancy fraction and the L-vacancy lifetime for the Ar++ beam moving through these targets.
Exploring the Urban Community: A GIS Approach. Richard P. Greene and James B. Pick; From Love Canal to Environmental Justice: The Politics of Hazardous Waste on the U.S.-Canada Border. Tom Fletcher; Street Science: Community Knowledge and Environmental Health Justice. Jason Corburn; Power, Justice, and the Environment: A Critical Appraisal of the Environmental Justice Movement. David Naguib Pellow and Robert J. Brulle, eds.

(2006). Exploring the Urban Community: A GIS Approach. Richard P. Greene and James B. Pick; From Love Canal to Environmental Justice: The Politics of Hazardous Waste on the U.S.-Canada Border. Tom Fletcher; Street Science: Community Knowledge and Environmental Health Justice. Jason Corburn; Power, Justice, and the Environment: A Critical Appraisal of the Environmental Justice Movement. David Naguib Pellow and Robert J. Brulle, eds.. Urban Geography: Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 193-200.
Design of angle-tolerant multivariate optical elements for chemical imaging

Multivariate optical elements (MOEs) are multilayer optical interference coatings with arbitrary spectral profiles that are used in multivariate pattern recognition to perform the task of projecting magnitudes of special basis functions (regression vectors) out of optical spectra. Because MOEs depend on optical interference effects, their performance is sensitive to the angle of incidence of incident light. This angle dependence complicates their use in imaging applications. We report a method for the design of angle-insensitive MOEs based on modification of a previously described nonlinear optimization algorithm. This algorithm operates when the effects of deviant angles of incidence are simulated prior to optimization, which treats the angular deviation as an interferent in the measurement. To demonstrate the algorithm, a 13-layer imaging MOE (IMOE, with alternating layers of high-index Nb2O5 and low-index SiO2) for the determination of Bismarck Brown dye in mixtures of Bismarck Brown and Crystal Violet, was designed and its performance simulated. For angles of incidence that range from 42° to 48°, the IMOE has an average standard error of prediction (SEP) of 0.55 µM for Bismarck Brown. This compares with a SEP of 2.8 µM for a MOE designed by a fixed-angle algorithm.
Estimation of 3-Deoxy Sugars by Means of the Malonaldehyde–Thiobarbituric Acid Reaction

DURING the course of our investigations on the biosynthesis of 3,6-dideoxy-hexoses, found in the endotoxins of Salmonella and Escherichia 1–3 and in the eggs of Parascaris equorum 4, the need arose for a sensitive and specific assay. A consideration of the structures of these compounds suggested to us that the malonaldehyde–thiobarbituric acid reaction, which was adapted by Waravdekar and Saslaw5 for the estimation of 2-deoxy-ribose, might equally be applicable to the quantitative determination of 3,6-dideoxy-hexoses, and indeed, of 3-deoxy sugars in general. A sample of ascarylose (3,6-dideoxy-L-arabino-hexose), which was the generous gift of Dr. E. Lederer, was used to test this hypothesis.
Lodging executives' sentiment as a leading economic indicator.

The lodging industry is known to be closely linked to the general economy. Lodging executives and managers have a unique position in current and future economic events. This study examines whether lodging executives’ sentiment can be regarded as a leading indicator for the aggregate economy. It uses a new index (Lodging Executives’ Sentiment Index [LESI]) that has captured on a monthly basis lodging executives’ sentiment for over ten years. The LESI can be regarded as an additional tool in the toolbox of decision makers, researchers, and analysts to validate and potentially extend existing economic indicators’ forecasts. This study finds that lodging executives’ expectations can be regarded as leading indicators for retail sales, employment, interest rates, and stock prices. When used in conjunction with the LESI, the predictive power and the forecast horizon of well-established indicators, such as the Conference Board’s Index of Leading Economic Indicators, can be significantly improved. Given its respec...
Symptom profile consistency in recurrent manic episodes

Few studies have addressed whether symptom profiles remain consistent between episodes of mania. Those that have done so focused on mood only and adopted the strictly categorical approach. We evaluated 77 subjects during two discrete manic episodes (mean interval, 2 years, 2 weeks). Episodes were characterized on five established symptom factors of mania and on overall severity of classic manic symptoms (i.e., excluding dysphoric symptoms). Pearson correlation coefficients were computed to compare symptom profiles across episodes. Four symptom factors (dysphoria, hedonic activation, psychosis, and irritable aggression) were significantly correlated across episodes, as was manic severity. Psychomotor symptoms were not significantly correlated. Manic symptomatology remains generally similar in bipolar subjects during different episodes. The characterization of manic episodes by the empirical dimensions of symptom factors, as suggested by Kraepelin nearly a century ago, may provide additional information for biological and treatment response studies of manic states that is not captured by categorical subtype diagnosis focused solely on mood symptoms (i.e., mixed v pure manic episodes).
Nomograph for point biserialr, biserialr, and fourfold correlations

A nomograph for the computation of point biserialr, biserialr, and fourfold correlation coefficients is presented, with instructions for use.
Motivational factors in non‐denial apologia

In any examination of apologetic rhetoric, an accurate evaluation will be facilitated if the critic understands the needs motivating the speaker when he delivers his message. These needs, which the apoligist discloses through his discourse, are inner‐directed, social, or personal, and they tend to shape the content of the speech itself.Ms. Kruse is a doctoral candidate in rhetoric and public address at The University of Iowa.
Effect of glutathione on arsenic accumulation by dunaliella salina

The behavior of marine algae (Dunaliella salina, Chattonella antiqua, Heteresigma akashiwo, Skeletonema costatum, chaetoceros debile and Thalassiosira weissflogii) against arsenate, arsenite and DMA in a medium and the effects of glutathione that influenced the redox condition on arsenic accumulation of D. salina were studied. It was found that the order of growth inhibition of marine algae by arsenic species was As(III) > As(V) > DMA. The order of arsenic accumulation by D. salina was As(V) ≥ As(III) > DMA at a concentration of 100 mgAsdm -3 . A small part of the arsenic accumulated by D. salina was methylated in vivo. DMA was the major methylated arsenic compound. Methylated arsenic compounds were not present in the medium. Glutathione (GSH) treatment increased arsenic accumulation by D. salina at a concentration of 10-100 mg GSHdm -3 . Buthionine sulfoxisamine (a potent and specific inhibitor of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase) strongly suppressed the effect of GSH on arsenic accumulation. These findings suggest that the intracellular glutathione concentration may be important for arsenic accumulation.
Role of Oxygen in the Formation of α -Amino-butyric Acid by a Staphylococcus

THE formation of α-amino-butyric acid by animal cells has been studied1,2, but little is known of the method of its formation by staphylococci3.
Band engineered HOT midwave infrared detectors based on type-II InAs/GaSb strained layer superlattices

Abstract We report on heterostructure bandgap engineered midwave infrared photodetectors based on type-II InAs/GaSb strained layer superlattices with high operating temperatures. Bandgap and bandoffset tunability of antimonide based systems have been used to realize photodiodes and photoconductors. A unipolar barrier photodiode, pBiBn, and an interband cascade photovoltaic detector have been demonstrated with a 100% cutoff wavelength of 5 μm at 77 K. The pBiBn detector demonstrated operation up to room temperature and the cascade detector up to 420 K. A dark current density of 1.6 × 10 −7 A/cm 2 and 3.6 × 10 −7 A/cm −2 was measured for the pBiBn and interband cascade detector, respectively, at 80 K. A responsivity of 1.3 A/W and 0.17 A/W was observed at −30 mV and −5 mV of applied bias for pBiBn and cascade detector, respectively, at 77 K. The experimental results have been explained by correlating them with the operation of the devices.
The Apprentice System for Math Methods

(1977). The Apprentice System for Math Methods. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 84, No. 6, pp. 473-476.
Charged-hyperon production by 400-GeV protons

Differential production cross sections have been measured for ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$, ${\ensuremath{\Xi}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$, ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$, ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}$, \ensuremath{\Sigma}${\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}}^{+}$, and \ensuremath{\Xi}${\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}}^{+}$ relative to pion production at several ${x}_{F}$ and ${P}_{T}$ with 0.24${\mathrm{eqx}}_{F}$${P}_{T}$using 400-GeV protons incident on a Cu target. The data can be described by the , where A and n depend only on the hyperon type, and B is quadratic in ${x}_{F}$, and also depends on hyperon type. Comparison with previous experiments supports scaling in ${x}_{F}$ over the range 200--400 GeV/c.
Treatment of community-acquired pneumonia.

Lower respiratory tract infections are the major cause of death due to infectious disease in the developed and developing world. Despite substantial progress in defining pathogens and in therapeutic o
Dose response effect of methylphenidate on ventral tegmental area neurons and animal behavior

Abstract Methylphenidate (MPD) is the drug of choice prescribed to treat ADHD patients. More recently, MPD is also used as a cognitive enhancement and recreationally by young adults and its therapeutic effects are not fully understood. One of the neuroanatomical sites is reported to be the ventral tegmental area (VTA). The ventral tegmental area neuronal activity was recorded from freely behaving non-anesthetized rats implanted bilaterally with semi-permanent electrodes which were recorded from a wireless telemetric system. Thirty-three animals, divided randomly into four groups, were used: saline ( n = 10), 0.6 mg/kg ( n = 6), 2.5 mg/kg ( n = 7) and 10.0 mg/kg MPD ( n = 10). MPD caused an increase in locomotor activity with a dose response characteristic; 0.6 mg/kg MPD elicited some increase in locomotion, but not significantly, while 2.5 and 10.0 mg/kg MPD elicited significant increases in behavior of 191% and 870% respectively. A total of 209 ventral tegmental area units were recorded; 100% (36/36) units showed no response to saline; 89% (154/173) of the neurons responded to MPD, with the majority 66% (101/154) showing an increase in activity. In response to 0.6 mg/kg ( n = 52), the majority of units 54% (28/52) showed a decrease in activity. For both 2.5 ( n = 60) and 10.0 mg/kg ( n = 61), the majority of ventral tegmental area units responded with an increase in activity with 63% (38/60) and 70% (43/61) respectively. This study demonstrated that the majority of ventral tegmental area neurons respond to acute MPD in a dose response characteristic and are not related to the animal's locomotor activity.
A PREVIOUSLY UNREPORTED INTENSE ABSORPTION BAND AND THE pK, OF PROTONATED TRIPLET METHYLENE BLUE

Excitation by a Q-switched giant ruby laser (1.2 joule output at 694 nm, approx. 50 nsec flash) of 2-10 ..mu..M solutions of methylene blue in water, 30% ethanol in water or 50 v/v% water - CH/sub 3/CN at pH values in the range 2.0 - 9.3 converted the dye essentially completely to its T/sub 1/ state. The absorption spectrum of T/sub 1/ dye was measured in different media at pH 2.0 and 8.2 by kinetic spectrophotometry. Previously reported T-T absorption in the violet in acidic and alkaline solutions and in the near infrared in alkaline solution was confirmed. Values found for these absorptions in the present work with 30% ethanol in water as solvent are lambda/sub max/ approx. 370 nm, epsilon/sub max/ approx. 13,200 M/sup -1/ cm/sup -1/ at pH 2 and lambda/sub max/ approx. 420 nm, epsilon/sub max/ approx. 9,000 M/sup -1/ cm/sup -1/, lambda/sub max/ approx. 840 nm, epsilon/sub max/ approx. 20,000 M/sup -1/ cm/sup -1/ at pH 8.2. Long-wavelength T-T absorption in acidic solution is reported here for the first time: lambda/sub max/ approx. 680 nm, epsilon/sub max/ approx. 19,000 M/sup -1/ cm/sup -1/ in 30% ethanol in water at pH 2. Observation of a pH-independent isobesticmore » point approx. 720 nm confirms that the long-wavelength absorptions are due to different protonated states of the same species, MB/sup +/(T/sub 1/) and MBH/sup 2 +/(T/sub 1/). The pK/sub A/ of MBH/sup 2 +/(T/sub 1/) in water was determined from the dependence on pH of absorption at 700 and 825 nm to be 7.1/sub 4/ +- .1 and from the kinetics of decay of triplet absorption to be 7.2. The specific rate of protonation of MB/sup +/(T/sub 1/) by H/sub 2/PO/sub 4//sup -/ in water at pH 4.4 was found to be 4.5 +- .4 x 10/sup 8/ M/sup -1/ sec/sup -1/.« less
A Secretary in the Classroom.

Abstract The following article utilizes methods of educational connoisseurship and educational criticism to describe, interpret, appraise, and thematize the videotape of U.S. Secretary of Education, William Bennett teaching Federalist Paper No. 10 to a group of high school students. The aim of this approach to the study of classroom practice is to give the reader a vivid picture of what has transpired, to try to account for what has been described, to appraise the educational significance of what has occurred, and to extract from the particular situation general themes having import for other educational situations. The following article is a vignette, a short sketch. It was written from a videotape, not a “real” classroom. Nevertheless, it attempts to portray the qualities, significance, and educational meaning of the lesson.
Free-Radical-Mediated Protein Inactivation and Recovery during Protein Photoencapsulation

Photoencapsulation of protein therapeutics is very attractive for preparing biomolecule-loaded hydrogels for a variety of biomedical applications. However, detrimental effects of highly active radical species generated during photoencapsulation must be carefully evaluated to maintain efficient hydrogel cross-linking while preserving the structure and bioactivity of encapsulated biomolecules. Here, we examine the free-radical-mediated inactivation and incomplete release of proteins from photocurable hydrogels utilizing lysozyme as a conservative model system. Various protein photoencapsulation conditions were tested to determine the factors affecting lysozyme structural integrity and bioactivity. It was found that a portion of the lysozyme becomes conjugated to polymer chains at high photoinitiator concentrations and long polymerization times. We also found that the more hydrophilic photoinitiator Irgacure-2959 (I-2959, 2-hydroxy-1-[4-(hydroxyethoxy)phenyl]-2-methyl-1-propanone) causes more damage to lysozyme compared to the hydrophobic photoinitiator Irgacure-651 (I-651, 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone), even though I-2959 has been previously shown to be more cytocompatible. Furthermore, while nonacrylated PEG provides only limited protection from the denaturing free radicals that are present during hydrogel curing, acrylated PEG macromers effectively preserve lysozyme structural integrity and bioactivity in the presence of either photoinitiator. Overall, these findings indicate how photopolymerization conditions (e.g., photoinitiator type and concentration, UV exposure time, etc.) must be optimized to obtain a functional hydrogel device that can preserve protein bioactivity and provide maximal protein release.
Corneal healing after uncomplicated LASIK and its relationship to refractive changes: a six-month prospective confocal study.

Purpose To investigate corneal healing and the factor(s) possibly responsible for refractive changes after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). Methods Twenty eyes of 10 patients who underwent LASIK for myopia were examined clinically and by real-time confocal microscopy for 6 months. Epithelial and posterior stromal thicknesses and the thickness of the keratocyte activation zone were measured, and refractive changes were compared with these values. Keratocyte morphology, flap thickness, and subbasal nerve fiber bundle morphology after LASIK were also investigated. Results No significant change was detected over time in epithelial thickness after LASIK treatment; however, the posterior stromal thickness was found to be significantly higher 1 month after surgery. A slight but statistically significant negative correlation was detected between the thickness of the keratocyte activation zone and the spheroequivalent refraction after LASIK. The subbasal nerve fiber bundle's morphology returned to its preoperative appearance 6 months after LASIK, but in the flap stroma the nerve fiber bundle morphology remained abnormal at 6 months after LASIK surgery. Conclusions A weak but significant negative correlation between the thickness of the keratocyte activation zone and spheroequivalent refraction was found after LASIK. The different refractive properties of activated keratocytes may be responsible for the myopic shift after LASIK. Further studies are needed to clarify this hypothesis.
Broad‐scale geographic variation in the organization of rocky intertidal communities in the Gulf of Maine

A major challenge facing ecology is to better understand how large-scale processes modify local-scale processes to shape the organization of ecological communities. Although the results of ecological experiments are repeatable on local scales, different results often emerge across broad scales, which can hinder the development of general predictions that apply across the geographical range of a community. Numerous studies in the southern Gulf of Maine have shaped our understanding of community organization and dynamics on New England rocky intertidal shores, where consumers strongly control recovery from disturbance on sheltered shores, and high invertebrate recruitment and competition for space dictate recovery on wave-exposed shores. It is unclear, however, whether the effects of consumers and recruitment variation on resulting community organization in this region apply more broadly to rocky intertidal habitats throughout the Gulf. We characterized variation in rocky intertidal community structure at 34 sites throughout the Gulf of Maine and experimentally examined the influence of consumers (present, absent) and wave energy (wave-exposed, sheltered) on community recovery from disturbance in the northern and southern Gulf. Our results reinforced previous work in the southern Gulf, because consumers dictated the recovery of fucoid algae and mussels on sheltered shores, whereas high barnacle and mussel recruitment and competition for space shaped recovery on wave-exposed shores. However, on sheltered shores in the northern Gulf, neither consumers nor barnacle and mussel recruitment impacted recovery, which was dominated by fucoid algae. Moreover, recovery on wave-exposed shores in the northern Gulf was quite distinct from that observed in the southern Gulf; barnacle and mussel recruitment was negligible and fucoid algae dominated recovery, including the long-term establishment of Ascophyllum nodosum, which is largely absent from wave-exposed shores in the southern Gulf. Thus, distinct community types emerged in the northern and southern Gulf despite their sharing of many of the same species. These patterns likely emerged because of regional differences in coastal oceanography that modulate the recruitment of barnacles and mussels. Hence, increased attention to regional factors should provide key insight into how rocky-shore communities are organized in the Gulf of Maine and elsewhere.
Quantum phase transitions in disordered two-dimensional superconductors.

It is argued that with increasing applied magnetic field, a disordered, superconducting thin film will undergo a zero-temperature transition into an insulating state. At this superconductor-insulator transition the field-induced vortices Bose condense. A scaling theory for this field-tuned transition is described. Right at the transition, both the longitudinal and Hall resistivities are predicted to be finite, nonzero, and have universal values.
Optimal Vibration Control of a Model Frame Structure Using Piezoceramic Sensors and Actuators

This research concerns the active vibration control of a three-story model structural frame by using piezoceramics smart materials, in particular lead zirconate titanate (PZT), in the form of patches. These PZT patches are surface-bonded on the structure and function as actuators and sensors. To assist the control design, system identification is first performed. To excite the frame for identification purposes, a sweep sinusoidal input is used to drive the PZT actuator patches, and then a sixth-order state space model with a fit of 90% is identified to represent the dynamics of the first three modes of the model structural frame. A full-state linear quadratic regulator (LQR) controller is designed using the identified model. To achieve the full state feedback, an observer is designed based on the identified model. The LQR controller along with the observer is implemented to actively control the vibration of the model frame structures and is experimentally verified effective in the simultaneous suppression...
ON THE STABILITY OF ROTORS IN CYLINDRICAL JOURNAL BEARINGS

Abstract : The regions of stability for plane cylindrical journal bearings are determined analytically. The linear variational equation of motion was employed to obtain the stability regions bounded by families of load-carrying capacity and operating eccentricity curves. The results were applied to the quisi-static equilibrium case for gas lubricated cylindrical journal bearings L/D equals 2. They show that there exists a minimum in the stability curves, a prediction supported by experimental evidence. The results of this work seem to bridge together observation on stability at very small and large clearances. (Author)