cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Influences of ACTH 4–9 Analog upon Avoidance Learning in Normal and Brain Damaged Rats

The potential benefits of exogenous administration of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and some of its fragments following nervous system damage has been examined sporadically over the past 40 years. Early research (e.g., 1) reported that administration of ACTH resulted in limited functional recovery in some animals after spinal cord damage, and these beneficial effects seemed to be associated with administration shortly after the injury. Strand and Kung (2) found that ACTH accelerated the rate of nerve regeneration following nerve crush in adrenalectomized animals and concluded that ACTH stimulated an increase in protein and RNA synthesis in spinal motor neurons. Strand and Smith (3) have hypothesized that this enhanced protein synthesis results in increased synthesis and/or delivery of neurotransmitters or neurotrophic substances to sprouting axons. Similarly, it has been reported (4,5) that ACTH 1–39 facilitates functional reorganization of motor units and hastens functional recovery following either peroneal or sciatic nerve crush. Bijlsma and colleagues (6) concluded that the 4–10 amino acid sequence of ACTH was responsible for the hormone’s beneficial action on peripheral nerve regeneration and accelerated recovery of a foot-flick response. In a test of this hypothesis, these researchers repeated their earlier methodology, again using animals with crushed sciatic nerves, and found that treatment with ACTH 4–10 resulted in a striking increase in the number of myelinated axons throughout the regeneration process. Treatment with the 11–24 fragment of ACTH produced no beneficial effects. This observation has been replicated recently (7) with both fiber density and regeneration rate facilitated by ACTH 4–10 following sciatic nerve crush. Since the 4–10 (and 4–9) sequence of the hormone fails to exert an endocrine effect upon the adrenal cortex (8), it has been concluded that the facilitated nerve regeneration is independent of the corticotropic (or peripheral) influences of the hormone (6).
Genetic Engineering of Halotolerance in Microorganisms: A Summary

We present here an outline and summary of a workshop sponsored by the National Science Foundation and held at the Boyce Thompson Institute at Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, entitled “Genetic engineering as an approach to the study of salt tolerance in microorganisms.” The workshop was organized by Dr. Aladar A. Szalay in cooperation with Dr. R. E. MacDonald, Cornell University, and Dr. Janos Lanyi, Ames Research Center.
Beyond the Endless Frontier

The U.S. Research University, combining education, research training and original investigation, is a worldwide exemplar. Nevertheless, unexpected resource constraints have created a crisis of confidence even more fundamental than the one engendered by student protesters in the 1960’s who, for all their attacks on academic tradition, viewed the university as the key to social change. The growth in government research support that took place from the onset of the World War II appeared to be coming to an end in the 1980s (Ziman 1994). While those subject to cuts are unhappy, their experience may also reflect a shift in societal interest from sciences, relevant to a past era, to sciences more relevant to the future. Physicists and chemists, who reached their height of influence during the two World Wars, have seen other disciplines, such as the medically related biological sciences and the information sciences, come to the fore. Thus, the shift in support among the sciences may be part of a broader reordering of disciplinary priorities with significant implications for academic structures. The increasing relevance of some basic science disciplines, such as biology, to technology development and the creation of new disciplines such as computer science that combine industrial and theoretical interests pave the way for the transformation of the relation of the university to industry and the larger society.
Causes and Effects of Occupational Risk for Healthcare Workers on the Maternity Ward of a Tanzanian Hospital

In the Rukwa region of Tanzania, healthcare providers often work in very low-resource environments that lack equipment and the tools needed for patient care. Additionally, resources for protecting the healthcare workers from occupational exposure to infectious diseases is also often lacking. Against the background of the 2014–2015 Ebola outbreak in West Africa and continued resource scarcity in the Mawingu Regional Hospital, healthcare workers explained the effects of a lack of certainty about women's HIV status and a lack of personal protective equipment. On the maternity ward, the nurse-midwives worked in an environment that was high risk but also nearly entirely outside their control. When health administrators at the institutional level did not demonstrate care for their employees—what I term institutional care—the nurses reported higher levels of concern and fatalism regarding their potential to contract HIV or Hepatitis. This article introduces the concept of “institutional care” as a key component ...
Abstract 104: The Use of Nitrated apolipoprotein A1 (NT-ApoA1) to Predict Mortality in Patients with Known or Suspected Coronary Artery Disease

Background: Studies have suggested that nitrated apolipoprotein A1 (NT-apoA1) levels may be associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). We therefore hypothesized that NT-apoA1 might be associate...
First experience imaging short-wave infrared fluorescence in a large animal: indocyanine green angiography of a pig brain

The potential to image subsurface fluorescent contrast agents at high spatial resolution has facilitated growing interest in short-wave infrared (SWIR) imaging for biomedical applications. The early but growing literature showing improvements in resolution in small animal models suggests this is indeed the case, yet to date, images from larger animal models that more closely recapitulate humans have not been reported. We report the first imaging of SWIR fluorescence in a large animal model. Specifically, we imaged the vascular kinetics of an indocyanine green (ICG) bolus injection during open craniotomy of a mini-pig using a custom SWIR imaging instrument and a clinical-grade surgical microscope that images ICG in the near-infrared-I (NIR-I) window. Fluorescence images in the SWIR were observed to have higher spatial and contrast resolutions throughout the dynamic sequence, particularly in the smallest vessels. Additionally, vessels beneath a surface pool of blood were readily visualized in the SWIR images yet were obscured in the NIR-I channel. These first-in-large-animal observations represent an important translational step and suggest that SWIR imaging may provide higher spatial and contrast resolution images that are robust to the influence of blood.
Closing the survivorship gap in children and adolescents with Hodgkin lymphoma.

The treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is one of early success. However, disease-free survival (DFS) does not reflect latent organ injury and its impact on health status and well-being beyond 5 years. In fact, we are at a crossroads, in terms of needing individualized approaches to maintain DFS, while minimizing late effects and preserving health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Premature morbidity and mortality translate to a high societal cost associated with the potential number of productive life years ahead in this population who are young at diagnosis. The discordance between short-term lymphoma-free survival and long-term health and HRQoL creates a "survivorship gap" which can be characterized for individuals and for subgroups of patients. The current review delineates contributors to compromised outcomes and health status in child and adolescent (paediatric) HL and frames the survivorship gap in terms of primary and secondary prevention. Primary prevention aims to titrate therapy. Secondary prevention entails strategies to intervene against late effects. Bridging the survivorship gap will be attained with enhanced knowledge of and attention to biology of the tumour and microenvironment, host genetic factors, HRQoL and sub-populations with disparate outcomes.
When It's Harder to Ignorar than to Ignore: Evidence of Greater Attentional Capture from a Non-Dominant Language.

Aims and Objectives:Imagine you’re driving and you become so distracted by the radio that you miss your turn. Which is more likely to have caught your attention, a broadcast in your native tongue o...
Primed CRISPR DNA uptake in Pyrococcus furiosus

CRISPR-Cas adaptive immune systems are used by prokaryotes to defend against invaders like viruses and other mobile genetic elements. Immune memories are stored in the form of 'spacers' which are short DNA sequences that are captured from invaders and added to the CRISPR array during a process called 'adaptation'. Spacers are transcribed and the resulting CRISPR (cr)RNAs assemble with different Cas proteins to form effector complexes that recognize matching nucleic acid and destroy it ('interference'). Adaptation can be 'naive', i.e. independent of any existing spacer matches, or it can be 'primed', i.e. spurred by the crRNA-mediated detection of a complete or partial match to an invader sequence. Here we show that primed adaptation occurs in Pyrococcus furiosus. Although P. furiosus has three distinct CRISPR-Cas interference systems (I-B, I-A and III-B), only the I-B system and Cas3 were necessary for priming. Cas4, which is important for selection and processing of new spacers in naive adaptation, was also essential for priming. Loss of either the I-B effector proteins or Cas3 reduced naive adaptation. However, when Cas3 and all crRNP genes were deleted, uptake of correctly processed spacers was observed, indicating that none of these interference proteins are necessary for naive adaptation.
Risk knowledge and concern as influences of purchase intention for internet of things devices

Abstract Consumer demand for Internet of Things (IoT) devices is projected to continue its lucrative acceleration despite growing cybersecurity concerns and incidents reported in the public press. We explore this apparent anomaly through a model, based on the relevant literature, casting consumers’ IoT Purchase Intention as driven by their pre-existing IoT Risk Knowledge, their level of IoT-related Security Concern, and their device-specific perceptions of Riskiness and Coolness. Based on this model, we collected survey data gauging Purchase Intention for four products varying in Riskiness and Coolness levels. Our analysis extends prior research by confirming the negative influence of IoT Risk Knowledge, implicating it as an emerging drag on IoT consumer demand growth. We further confirm the expected effects of Device Riskiness (negative) and Coolness (positive) as primary factors and we note the cognitive dissonance implied by the inherent IoT device trade-off: greater Coolness tends to come at the price of greater Riskiness. In this trade-off, Coolness mattered more for consumers with lower IoT Security Concern suggesting greater susceptibility to the “wow” factor as offsetting or even distracting from the associated risk. This work contributes to the literature by confirming antecedents and revealing subtleties in the interplay of general and device-specific factors affecting consumer IoT Purchase Intention, shedding light on the feature-attraction/risk-avoidance paradox and identifying implications for both research and practice as the marketplace and consumer perceptions co-evolve going forward.
Nationals Abroad: Globalization, Individual Rights, and the Making of Modern International Law

It is a fundamental term of the social contract that people trade allegiance for protection. In the nineteenth century, as millions of people made their way around the world, they entangled the world in web of allegiance that had enormous political consequences. Nationality was increasingly difficult to define. Just who was a national in a world where millions lived well beyond the borders of their sovereign state? As the nineteenth century gave way to the twentieth, jurists and policymakers began to think of ways to cut the web of obligation that had enabled world politics. They proposed to modernize international law to include subjects other than the state. Many of these experiments failed. But, by the mid-twentieth century, an international legal system predicated upon absolute universality and operated by intergovernmental organizations came to the fore. Under this system, individuals gradually became subjects of international law outside of their personal citizenship, culminating with the establishment of international courts of human rights after the Second World War.
Monocyte and Lymphocyte Responses Following Trauma

Complex surgical procedures, as well as accidental and/or intentional physical injury to a person, are traumatic events which may lead to severe immunological, microcirculatory and metabolic complications and possibly death. Complicated surgical procedures are more frequently performed, especially in the elderly population of patients, and postoperative septic complications may have devastating consequences. Accidental and/or intentional physical traumatic injuries remain to date among the most common causes of death during the first three decades of life and account for nearly 100000 deaths each year in the USA [1]. Such injuries remain the fourth leading cause of death both on a national as well as on a state level [2]. This is illustrated in the state of Mississippi where the accidental death rate of 55.9 per 100000 individuals makes it the fourth leading cause of death following heart disease, malignant neoplasms, and cerebrovascular disease [2]. This ranking has remained consistent over the past decade. Since 50–75% of trauma deaths occur in a group of people ranging from 15 to 44 years in age [1, 3, 4], it becomes evident that more years of productive life are lost from traumatic injuries than from heart disease and cancer combined. In addition, the rate of permanent disability is extremely high following such injuries (approx. 2 major long term disabilities for every trauma related death [5]), further decreasing both productivity and quality of life for those victims.
Coincidental nontransfusional iron overload and thalassemia minor: association with HLA-linked hemochromatosis

A pedigree was studied in which five individuals with beta-thalassemia minor were found to have nontransfusional hemochromatosis. Three were children under the age of 10 and two were young male adults, ages 28 and 33. A 5-yr-old child without evidence of thalassemia also had hemochromatosis. Since hemochromatosis is transmitted as an HLA-linked autosomal recessive disorder, HLA haplotypes serve as markers of hemochromatosis alleles. In this pedigree, five identifiable HLA haplotypes were associated with hemochromatosis alleles. Only individuals with two hemochromatosis alleles (homozygosity) had heavy iron loads, whether beta-thalassemia minor was present or not. Individuals with beta-thalassemia minor but without a hemochromatosis allele had normal transferrin saturation. A 65-yr-old man with beta-thalassemia minor and a single hemochromatosis allele had only a minimally elevated transferrin saturation (54%). The presence of beta-thalassemia minor did not appear to accentuate the degree of iron loading expected in individuals homozygous or heterozygous for hemochromatosis alleles. Our findings suggest that nontransfusional hemochromatosis found in association with beta-thalassemia minor is due primarily to homozygosity for hemochromatosis.
Does Link Prediction Help Find Feature Interactions in Software Product Lines

An ongoing challenge for the requirements engineering of software product lines is to predict whether a new combination of features (units of functionality) will create an unwanted or even hazardous feature interaction. We thus seek to improve and automate the prediction of unwanted feature interactions early in development. In this paper we show how the detection of unwanted feature interactions in a software product line can be effectively represented as a link prediction problem. Link prediction uses machine learning algorithms and similarity scores among a graph's nodes to identify likely new edges. We here model the product line features as nodes and the unwanted interactions among the features as edges. We investigate six link-based similarity metrics, some using local and some using global knowledge of the graph, for use in this context. We evaluate our approach on a software product line benchmark in the literature, building six machine-learning models from the graph-based similarity data. Results show that the best ML algorithms achieved accuracy of 0.75 to 1 for classifying feature interactions as unwanted or wanted in this small study, and that global similarity metrics performed better than local similarity metrics here. The work shows how link-prediction models can help find missing edges, which represent unwanted feature interactions that are undocumented or unrecognized, earlier in development.
Unleashing the Power of Anomaly Data for Soft Failure Predictive Analytics

Testing challenges of soft failures, including transient and intermittent failures, are being compounded by the fact that these failures are often induced by interference from time-varying stress factors, especially under a harsh environment in safety-critical applications. This paper presents a predictive analytics methodology using a continuing stream of anomaly data to tackle soft failure testing challenges. It is within a proposed silicon health prognosis framework. Multi-State Models (MSM) are applied to model soft failure progression with prognostic factors (e.g. interference) as time-varying covariates. The unique power of anomaly data can be unleashed with statistical machine learning techniques to infer potential interference effects on failure evolution and recovery rates. Failure prediction results can further be used for safety mitigation decision making. Several examples in context of 3-D mixed-signal SOC are analyzed to illustrate the proposed method. These predictive analytics methodology and prognosis framework are expected to pave an alternative way to improve dependability of safety-critical systems.
An Advanced Black-Box Adversarial Attack for Deep Driving Maneuver Classification Models

Connected and autonomous vehicles (CAV) have been introduced to increase roadway safety and traffic flow efficiency. In CAV scenarios, an autonomous vehicle shares its current and near-future driving maneuvers in terms of different driving signals (e.g., speed, brake pedal pressure) with its nearby vehicles using wireless communication technologies. Deep neural network (DNN) models are usually used to process the driving maneuver time-series data over other machine learning algorithms due to the high prediction accuracy of DNN models. In this scenario, an attacker can send false driving maneuver signals to fool the DNN model to misclassify an input. The existing black-box adversarial attacks (which are for image datasets) require many queries to the DNN model to check if a generated attack will be successful (hence long time) or high amount of perturbation (low imperceptibility), and thus cannot be applied to the time-sensitive CAV scenarios featured by multi-dimensional time series driving data. In this paper, we present an Advanced black-box Adversarial Attack $({\mathrm {A}}^{3})$ for the deep driving maneuver classification models. We first formulate an optimization problem for the attack generation with continuous search space to reduce the search time. To solve the optimization problem, A3 innovatively combines the binary search and optimization algorithm to improve the time-efficiency of searching the optimal solution. It first uses a binary partition technique to reduce the perturbation search space in solving the problem to improve time-efficiency. It then uses the zeroth-order stochastic gradient descent approach, which is featured by searching a solution faster for high-dimensional datasets, thus further improving time-efficiency. We evaluate the proposed A3 attack in terms of different metrics using two real driving datasets. The experimental results show that the A3 attack requires up to 84.12% fewer queries and 57.67% less perturbation with 94.87% higher success rates than the existing black-box adversarial attacks.
Effective Compensation of Nonlinear Actuator Dynamics Using a Proposed Linear Time-Varying Compensation

AbstractActuator tracking and compensation are important in the general field of experimental structural dynamics to effectively conduct vibration testing. Real-time hybrid substructuring (RTHS) is...
Accuracy of Asthma Computable Phenotypes to Identify Pediatric Asthma at an Academic Institution.

Objectives Asthma is a heterogenous condition with significant diagnostic complexity, including variations in symptoms and temporal criteria. The disease can be difficult for clinicians to diagnose accurately. Properly identifying asthma patients from the electronic health record is consequently challenging as current algorithms (computable phenotypes) rely on diagnostic codes (e.g., International Classification of Disease, ICD) in addition to other criteria (e.g., inhaler medications)-but presume an accurate diagnosis. As such, there is no universally accepted or rigorously tested computable phenotype for asthma. Methods We compared two established asthma computable phenotypes: the Chicago Area Patient-Outcomes Research Network (CAPriCORN) and Phenotype KnowledgeBase (PheKB). We established a large-scale, consensus gold standard (n = 1,365) from the University of California, Los Angeles Health System's clinical data warehouse for patients 5 to 17 years old. Results were manually reviewed and predictive performance (positive predictive value [PPV], sensitivity/specificity, F1-score) determined. We then examined the classification errors to gain insight for future algorithm optimizations. Results As applied to our final cohort of 1,365 expert-defined gold standard patients, the CAPriCORN algorithms performed with a balanced PPV = 95.8% (95% CI: 94.4-97.2%), sensitivity = 85.7% (95% CI: 83.9-87.5%), and harmonized F1 = 90.4% (95% CI: 89.2-91.7%). The PheKB algorithm was performed with a balanced PPV = 83.1% (95% CI: 80.5-85.7%), sensitivity = 69.4% (95% CI: 66.3-72.5%), and F1 = 75.4% (95% CI: 73.1-77.8%). Four categories of errors were identified related to method limitations, disease definition, human error, and design implementation. Conclusion The performance of the CAPriCORN and PheKB algorithms was lower than previously reported as applied to pediatric data (PPV = 97.7 and 96%, respectively). There is room to improve the performance of current methods, including targeted use of natural language processing and clinical feature engineering.
The impact of the American Heart Association guidelines on patients treated for incomplete Kawasaki disease.

OBJECTIVES To compare patients treated for incomplete Kawasaki disease whose practitioners followed versus did not follow American Heart Association criteria and to evaluate the association of cardiology consultation with adherence to these guidelines. STUDY DESIGN Single centre retrospective cohort study of patients <18 years old who received ≥1 dose of intravenous immunoglobulin for Kawasaki disease between 01/2006 and 01/2018. We collected demographics, clinical and laboratory data, coronary artery abnormalities, and cardiology consultation status. Patients treated for incomplete Kawasaki disease were divided into two groups based on adherence versus nonadherence to American Heart Association guidelines and compared by Wilcoxon rank sum test and chi-squared or Fisher's exact test. RESULTS Of the 357 patients treated for Kawasaki disease, 109 (31%) were classified as incomplete Kawasaki disease. The American Heart Association algorithm for identifying patients with incomplete Kawasaki disease was followed in 81/109 (74%). Coronary artery abnormalities were present in 46/109 (42%) of the patients who were treated for incomplete Kawasaki disease. Cardiology consultation was more frequent in those fulfilling American Heart Association criteria for the diagnosis of incomplete Kawasaki disease versus those who did not fulfill criteria (76% versus 48%, p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS Over 25% of patients treated for incomplete Kawasaki disease did not meet American Heart Association guidelines. Guidelines were more frequently followed when the paediatric cardiology team was consulted. Consulting physicians with experience and expertise in the evaluation and management of incomplete KD should be strongly considered in the care of these patients.
Barriers to Physical Activity and Healthy Eating in Children as Perceived by Low-Income Parents: A Case Study

During the past three decades the prevalence of childhood obesity has steadily increased in the United States. Causes of childhood obesity are complex and include numerous individual and environmental factors. The purpose of this study was to determine parent perceptions on the social-ecological barriers (community, school, and family) to physical activity and healthy eating, perceived specific to their children. Self-reported data gathered from a 50-item questionnaire and six focus groups were conducted with parents (n=43) enrolled in the Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Program. Participants (16 to 67 years old) were predominately female (88.4%), Hispanic (67%), low income, and living in or near Lompoc in Santa Barbara County, CA. The social-ecological model (family, school, and community) was utilized to create focus group questions and provide recommendations as part of the Lompoc Community Health Improvement Project (2006-to-the-present). Popular community barriers for physical activity were: disconnected sidewalks, lack of safe bike routes to school, lack of recreational programming at an affordable cost, and language barriers (lack of marketing physical activity programs in Spanish). Two safety barriers involved parks; fear of injury (dilapidated equipment) and fear of gangs (violence). Common school barriers were: teachers do not leadby-example, lack of healthy food in school cafeteria, and insufficient time for children to purchase food and eat. Family barriers included: grandparents sabotaging healthy eating environments (e.g., spoiling children), insufficient nutrition knowledge (both children and parents), and economics (not being able to afford healthy food and a recreation/gym membership). DOI : COMING SOON Corresponding Author: David Hey, PhD, CHES Assistant Professor Cal Poly Kinesiology Department/STRIDE dhey@calpoly.edu 805-704-0031
Admissible Sets Over Models of Set Theory

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the development of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory, ZF. The theory begins with a collection M of objects called urelements. The theory constructs on the collection M in stages. At each stage α, all urelements and all sets constructed at previous stages are available. A collection is a set if it is formed at some stage in this construction; the collection of all sets built on M is denoted by VM. The chapter introduces the axioms of KPU. The theory KPU is formulated relative to a language L* = L(∈, …) which extends L by adding a membership symbol ∈ and, possibly, other function, relation and constant symbols. The axioms of KPU are of three kinds. The axioms of extensionality and foundation concern the basic nature of sets. A set a is transitive if for all x ∈ a and all y ∈ x, y ∈ a. Thus if a is a set of urelements it is transitive. An urelement is never transitive because only sets are transitive. It can be proved in KPU that for every x there is a unique transitive set a with x ⊆ a such that if b is any other transitive set containing x, then a ⊆ b.
The Law Market: Chapter One

In their book, The Law Market, Erin O'Hara and Larry Ribstein show that states increasingly act as hawkers of legal rules in a market for law where people and firms often can shop for those regimes that they find most desirable. This market helps deal with a world in which increasing mobility strains traditional notions that laws operate within geographic borders. The law market also helps to discipline interest group attempts to pass laws that impose costs on society. Moreover, lawmakers have powerful incentives to enforce parties' bargains regarding the applicable law in order to attract or retain mobile firms and residents. On the other hand, the law market threatens governments' ability to protect its citizens from harmful private conduct. The authors argue for an approach to enforcing choice-of-law contracts that can help maximize the beneficial effects of the law market while tempering its costs. Competition among lawmakers can be superior to sweeping federalization or harmonization of laws across states or nations. At the same time, this approach avoids the costs of subjecting firms and people to different laws in all of the places they travel and do business. The authors show how their insights and recommendations apply across a wide variety of legal problems, including corporate governance, securities, franchise, trust, property, marriage, living will, surrogacy, and general contract regulations. This book therefore provides a useful template for analyzing the role of law in an increasingly mobile world. It also points the way to preserving a role for states and other smaller jurisdictions against the onslaught of federal or global legislation.
WILMS' TUMOR IN A HORSESHOE KIDNEY A Case Report

A case report of Wilms9 tumor in a horseshoe kidney is added to six other cases found in the English literature. This tumor occurred in a 3½-year-old girl who survived 14 months after surgery. She had six courses of radiation therapy, including Betatron-supervoltage treatments. She died of a spontaneous perforation of the distal ileum with fecal peritonitis, in the presence of abdominal metastases. The probable relationship between abdominal radiation and the terminal perforation is pointed out. The difficulties in differential diagnosis of tumor in a hydronephrotic, horseshoe kidney versus the alternate possibility of an occluded supernumerary renal pelvis, is discussed.
The structural basis of the activation of Ras by Sos

The crystal structure of human H-Ras complexed with the Ras guanine-nucleotide-exchange-factor region of the Son of sevenless (Sos) protein has been determined at 2.8 A resolution. The normally tight interaction of nucleotides with Ras is disrupted by Sos in two ways. First, the insertion into Ras of an α-helix from Sos results in the displacement of the Switch 1 region of Ras, opening up the nucleotide-binding site. Second, side chains presented by this helix and by a distorted conformation of the Switch 2 region of Ras alter the chemical environment of the binding site for the phosphate groups of the nucleotide and the associated magnesium ion, so that their binding is no longer favoured. Sos does not impede the binding sites for the base and the ribose of GTP or GDP, so the Ras–Sos complex adopts a structure that allows nucleotide release and rebinding.
Writing the Spirit: Margaret Fell's Feminist Critique of Pauline Theology

En 1667, Margaret Fell, la mere du quakerisme, defend le droit des femmes a la predication a partir de la Bible. L'argumentation de Fell se developpe hors du credo quaker qui veut que Dieu se manifeste hors du sexe des personnes. Elle partage les convictions de George Fox a propos de la restriction de la diffusion de la parole de Dieu; en effet, cette restriction qui touche les femmes a rapport avec l'Esprit. Fell affirme l'egalite des femmes du point de vue de l'Esprit et de l'ordre de la creation. Elle s'est employee a developper une critique feministe de la theologie de Paul
The yeast cell-type-specific repressor α2 acts cooperatively with a non-cell-type-specific protein

The yeast alpha 2 protein is a cell-type-specific transcriptional repressor. It acts by binding to an operator located upstream of each of its target genes. In this paper, we describe a protein (GRM) that is present in all cell types and binds cooperatively with alpha 2 resulting in an unusual arrangement of the two proteins at the operator. A dimer of alpha 2 occupies the two ends of the operator and straddles the GRM protein, which binds to the center of the operator. Using mutant operators, we show that the recognition sequences for both GRM and alpha 2 are required for repression of a test promoter in vivo. Finally, we deduce that the GRM/alpha 2 cooperativity is mediated through a protein-protein interaction between GRM and the N-terminal domain of alpha 2. This conclusion follows from the observation that the isolated C-terminal domain of alpha 2 can co-occupy the operator with GRM but does not bind cooperatively with GRM.
Electronic medication packaging devices and medication adherence: A systematic review

Importance Medication nonadherence, which has been estimated to affect 28% to 31% of US patients with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes, may be improved by electronic medication packaging (EMP) devices (adherence-monitoring devices incorporated into the packaging of a prescription medication). Objectives To investigate whether EMP devices are associated with improved adherence and to identify and describe common features of EMP devices. Evidence Review Systematic review of peer-reviewed studies testing the effectiveness of EMP systems in the MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, and Sociological Abstracts databases from searches conducted to June 13, 2014, with extraction of associations between the interventions and adherence, as well as other key findings. Each study was assessed for bias using the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions; features of EMP devices and interventions were qualitatively assessed. Findings Thirty-seven studies (32 randomized and 5 nonrandomized) including 4326 patients met inclusion criteria (10 patient interface–only “simple” interventions and 29 “complex” interventions integrated into the health care system [2 qualified for both categories]). Overall, the effect estimates for differences in mean adherence ranged from a decrease of 2.9% to an increase of 34.0%, and the those for differences in the proportion of patients defined as adherent ranged from a decrease of 8.0% to an increase of 49.5%. We identified 5 common EMP characteristics: recorded dosing events and stored records of adherence, audiovisual reminders to cue dosing, digital displays, real-time monitoring, and feedback on adherence performance. Conclusions and Relevance Many varieties of EMP devices exist. However, data supporting their use are limited, with variability in the quality of studies testing EMP devices. Devices integrated into the care delivery system and designed to record dosing events are most frequently associated with improved adherence, compared with other devices. Higher-quality evidence is needed to determine the effect, if any, of these low-cost interventions on medication nonadherence and to identify their most useful components.
Effect of Driver Cell Phone Use on Queue Discharge Patterns at Signalized Intersections

Queue discharge patterns and driver cell phone use were monitored and analyzed at four intersections in Charlotte, North Carolina. Of the more than 3,700 drivers observed, about 13.3% were talking on a cell phone and approximately 1.8% were texting while driving. The saturation head-ways and start-up lost times of queues containing cell phone users were compared with queues lacking the presence of cell phone users. Results show that although text messaging has a clear negative effect on discharge patterns, talking on a cell phone has an insignificant effect. Secondary analyses imply that drivers talking on a cell phone have a stabilizing effect because they likely perform worse than attentive drivers but much better than those engaged in a visually demanding distraction. Findings also show that the performance of drivers talking on a cell phone is fairly consistent, whereas the performance of nonusers is inconsistent because of myriad other distractions with widely varying effects on driver abilities. The...
Resource Selection by an Endangered Ungulate: A Test of Predator-Induced Range Abandonment

We investigated influences of risk of predation by mountain lions (Puma concolor), topographic metrics at multiple scales, and vegetation, land, and snow cover on resource selection by Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis sierrae), an endangered taxon, during winters 2002–2007, in the Sierra Nevada, California, USA. We hypothesized that those mountain ungulates would trade off rewards accrued from using critical low-elevation habitat in winter for the safety of areas with reduced risk of predation. Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep did not trade off benefits of forage for reduced risk of predation but selected areas of high solar radiation, a correlate of vegetation productivity, where risk of predation by mountain lions was greatest, while mitigating indirect risk of predation by selecting for steep, rugged terrain. Bighorn sheep selected more strongly for areas where mountain lions were active, than for low-elevation habitat in winter, likely because mountain lions were most active in those areas of bighorn sheep winter ranges overlapping ranges of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), where both ungulates accrued forage benefits. We demonstrated reduced benefit of migration to low elevation during drought years, providing an alternative explanation to the predator-induced abandonment hypothesis for the disuse of low-elevation winter range observed during drought years.
Ideal performance of and defect-assisted carrier recombination in MWIR and LWIR InAs/InAsSb superlattice detectors

Detector-relevant material properties are calculated for mid-wavelength infrared and long-wavelength infrared InAs/InAsSb type-II superlattices (T2SLs). The electronic structure, transport, optical and carrier recombination properties are calculated for a series of T2SLs with varying Sb content in the InAsSb layer, and strain balanced for growth on GaSb substrates. The electronic-structure calculations rely on a well-tested envelope-function formalism based on fourteen bulk bands that has been extensively tested for InAs/GaInSb superlattice detectors. Targeted cutoff wavelengths are 5.2 microns and 10 microns. As the Sb composition and the strain in the InAsSb layer is varied the conduction and valence band edges also shift, and the resulting effect of these shifts on the Shockley-Read-Hall recombination rates from defect states in the gap is presented. Anisotropy in the carrier masses can also reduce detector performance; we find that hole mass anisotropy can be moderate for high-performance InAs/InAsSb superlattices.
Terra Harvest: intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance force multiplier

The Defense Intelligence Agency's Terra Harvest program, launched in 2009, is developing an open, integrated battlefield unattended ground sensors (UGS) architecture that ensures interoperability among disparate UGS components and systems. Having successfully demonstrated a Terra Harvest-compliant UGS controller at Empire Challenge 2010, the program has since developed a Terra Harvest open architecture specification and developer's guide; created a web-based forum for architecture evolution and industry collaboration; and developed an array of asset plug-ins. These software plug-ins send data to or acquire it from an asset, and then convert it into a viable payload capable of supporting intelligence-driven operations. Building on this foundation, commercial vendors are developing field-ready implementations for Trident Spectre 2012. Once fully matured, Terra Harvest will streamline acquisition processes, reduce deployment timelines, and serve users as an intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) force multiplier.© (2012) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Intergenotypic Competition between Late-Planted Determinate and Indeterminate Soybean

Lack of overcompensation effects may have been related to a small range in diversity of days to maturity between the genotypes comprising each mixture (2-7 d) as well as the general competitive ability of each genotype. Soybean planted in alternating rows tended to yield higher than 1:1 mixtures. We concluded that the nature of competition between determinate/indeterminate genotype pairs when planted late is dependent on the competitive ability of the genotypes in the pair, and is likely to be undercompensatory
External resources and the Unemployed Councils of the 1930s: Evaluating six propositions from social movement theory

This article uses six propositions developed from the resource mobilization and political opportunity structure approaches to social movements in order to highlight the importance of external resources and political environment in explaining the emergence, development, and decline of the Unemployed Councils—the major organization of the unemployed workers movement of the 1930s. The analysis emphasizes the dominance of the Communist Party on the inner life of the Councils but notes both the important exceptions to that dominance and the social functions served by that dominance. The analysis also suggests that conflicts among elites opened up the political space for short-term political concessions on the local, state, and national levels. Because Council leaders did not perceive the changing political opportunities of the New Deal, however, they were unable to consolidate these concessions nor build stable organizations among the working class. These conclusions speak to several unresolved or problematic issues in both resource mobilization and political opportunity structure approaches.
“Forking” of ground state bands in 102Pd and 100Pd

Abstract A new phenomenon is observed in the level schemes of 102Pd and 100Pd, populated by heavy ion induced reactions: the ground state bands of these nuclei reach J = 14, but “fork” into two branches, at the 8+ state in 102Pd and at the 6+ state in 100Pd. A ground state band in the near-magic nucleus 98Pd, whose level energies were previously unknown, was populated to J = 8.
Quantification of the source of errors in AM2 simulated tropical clear-sky outgoing longwave radiation

[1] The global and tropical means of clear-sky outgoing longwave radiation (hereinafter OLRc) simulated by the new GFDL atmospheric general circulation model, AM2, tend to be systematically lower than ERBE observations by about 4 W m−2, even though the AM2 total-sky radiation budget is tuned to be consistent with these observations. Here we quantify the source of errors in AM2-simulated OLRc over the tropical oceans by comparing the synthetic outgoing IR spectra at the top of the atmosphere on the basis of AM2 simulations to observed IRIS spectra. After the sampling disparity between IRIS and AM2 is reduced, AM2 still shows considerable negative bias in the simulated monthly mean OLRc over the tropical oceans. Together with other evidence, this suggests that the influence of spatial sampling disparity, although present, does not account for the majority of the bias. Decomposition of OLRc shows that the negative bias comes mainly from the H2O bands and can be explained by a too humid layer around 6–9 km in the model. Meanwhile, a positive bias exists in channels sensitive to near-surface humidity and temperature, which implies that the boundary layer in the model might be too dry. These facts suggest that the negative bias in the simulated OLRc can be attributed to model deficiencies, especially the large-scale water vapor transport. We also find that AM2-simulated OLRc has ∼1 W m−2 positive bias originating from the stratosphere; this positive bias should exist in simulated total-sky OLR as well.
Controlling the Reactivity of Ampiphilic Quantum Dots in Biological Assays through Hydrophobic Assembly of Custom PEG Derivatives

Modifications of the quantum dot (QD) surface are routinely performed via covalent biomolecule attachment, and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) derivatization has previously been shown to limit nonspecific cellular interactions of QD probes. Attempts to functionalize ampiphilic QDs (AMP-QDs) with custom PEG derivatives having a hydrophobic terminus resulted in self-assembly of these PEG ligands to the AMP-QD surface in the absence of covalent coupling reagents. We demonstrate, via electrophoretic characterization techniques, that these self-assembled PEG-QDs exhibit improved passivation in biological environments and are less susceptible to unwanted protein adsorption to the QD surface. We highlight the artifactual fluorescent response protein adsorption can cause in biological assays, and discuss considerations for improved small molecule presentation to facilitate specific QD interactions.
Children's relevance criteria and information seeking on electronic resources

This study explores the relevance criteria and search strategies elementary school children applied when searching for information related to a class assignment in a school library setting. Students were interviewed on two occasions at different stages of the research process ; field observations involved students thinking aloud to explain their search processes and shadowing as students moved around the school library. Students performed searches on an on-line catalog, an electronic encyclopedia, an electronic magazine index, and the World Wide Web. Results are presented for children selecting the topic, conducting the search, examining the results, and extracting relevant results. A total of 254 mentions of relevance criteria were identified, including 197 references to textual relevance criteria that were coded into nine categories and 57 references to graphical relevance criteria that were coded into five categories. Students exhibited little concern for the authority of the textual and graphical information they found, based the majority of their relevance decisions for textual material on topicality, and identified information they found interesting. Students devoted a large portion of their research time to finding pictures. Understanding the ways that children use electronic resources and the relevance criteria they apply has implications for information literacy training and for systems design.
Low cerebrospinal fluid corticotropin-releasing hormone concentrations in eucortisolemic depression

Hypersecretion of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and resulting hypercortisolism have been implicated in the pathogenesis of major depression. To test this CRH hypersecretion hypothesis, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was continuously withdrawn from 11:00 AM to 5:00 PM via an indwelling subarachnoid catheter (placed at 8:00 AM), and immunoreactive CRH concentrations were determined at 10-min intervals in 10 depressed patients, the majority of whom exhibited at least one "atypical" symptom, and in 15 normal volunteers. CSF CRH was low, plasma adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) tended to be low, and plasma cortisol was normal in the depressed patients. Also, tobacco smokers had lower CSF CRH than nonsmokers. CRH increased acutely in response to lumbar puncture, had a brief half-life, showed rapid variability in concentration over time, and displayed a diurnal concentration rhythm that was preserved in fasting individuals and in most depressed patients. CSF CRH did not correlate with plasma ACTH or cortisol; this and its rapidly fluctuating levels suggest a primarily extrahypothalamic origin of lumbar CSF CRH.
A METHOD OF MEASURING POSTURAL ATTITUDES

A technique to measure in three dimensions (horizontal plane Z, vertical plane Y, and longitudinal plane X) simultaneously the postural attitudes of subjects at work is described. A large mirror hu...