cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Examining Hand-Washing Rates and Durations in Public Restrooms A Study of Gender Differences Via Personal, Environmental, and Behavioral Determinants

Guided by Social Learning Theory, competing hypotheses tested whether personal, environmental, or behavioral factors influenced gender differences in hand washing. A total of 170 observations were made in public restrooms on a university campus. Results suggested that differentiating patron use of urinals and commodes was appropriate for examining hand-washing differences between women and men. The research found hand-washing rates of men and women were similar if both had just used a commode. In contrast, after using urinals, men’s hand-washing rates were substantially lower than commode users. Although environmental factors appear to have an overriding influence over men’s hand washing, duration data suggest that the specific behavior performed in a restroom (e.g., urination or defecation) was a better predictor of hand-washing rates and durations. These findings contradict gender-socialization theory as the explanation for differences in hand washing and warrant further investigation of environmental a...
Meconium obstruction in the markedly premature infant

Markedly premature infants may present with intestinal obstruction and perforation secondary to inspissated meconium in the absence of cystic fibrosis. Between 1990 and 1994, 13 patients were treated for intestinal obstruction secondary to inspissated meconium. The average birth weight was 760 g. Prenatal and postnatal risk factors were identified, and included intrauterine growth retardation, maternal hypertension, prolonged administration of tocolytics, patent ductus arteriosus, hyaline membrane disease, and intraventricular hemorrhage. Stooling was absent or infrequent during the first 2 weeks of life. Surgical presentation consisted of distension and/or perforation between days 2 and 17 of life. Twelve patients required operative intervention. Findings invariably included one or more obstructing meconium plugs with proximal distension and frequent necrosis of the dilated segments. Surgical options consisted of resection or enterotomy, accompanied by primary closure or by distal irrigation and exteriorization. Irrigation led to iatrogenic bowel injury in two patients. One patient was managed successfully with oral and rectal gastrograffin and oral acetylcysteine. Ten patients were discharged, all of whom had normal stooling patterns and tested negatively for cystic fibrosis. Three patients died, two from the primary disease. The markedly premature infant is at risk for obstruction and eventual perforation secondary to meconium plugs, presumably formed in conjunction with intestinal dysmotility. Prompt diagnosis and timely intervention require a high index of suspicion, attention to stooling patterns and abdominal examinations, and screening radiographs when indicated.
Fenfluramhe plasma concentrations after administration of a sustained-release capsule formulation and rapid-release tablets

SummaryA sustained-release capsule formulation of fenfluramine has been developed to provide a more convenient once daily dosage regimen. This new formulation, a capsule containing 60 mg fenfluramine, was compared with the existing 3 ± 20 mg tablet formulation by an acute and a repeat-dose crossover bioavailability study. In these studies plasma fenfluramine concentrations were measured and the results obtained were analyzed statistically by both 2-way analysis of variance and strip plot analysis of variance. The results of the acute study showed similar plasma drug levels for both formulations, but with the capsule producing a smoother profile. The results of the repeat-dose study showed that steady state concentrations were achieved within 3 to 5 days and were statistically the same for both formulations, as was the elimination of the drug at the end of the study. The bioavailability of the capsule formulation with respect to the 20 mg tablets at the 95% confidence interval was 93% to 107%. An in vitro ...
Providing Interdisciplinary Services to At-Risk Families to Prevent the Placement of Children in Foster Care

Grandparents need support to take on the responsibility of children whose parents cannot care for them due to drug addiction, mental health issues, HIV illness, or other health problems. Without support and assistance, these families and children are likely to end up enmeshed in the already overburdened child abuse and neglect system. The University of Maryland has created a model program providing social work and legal services to at-risk grandparent families to help avoid the unnecessary placement of these children in foster care. In this new program, student attorneys and student social workers worked with the grandparent client to help stabilize the family, providing representation or advice on housing, public benefits, custody, and school-related issues. Joint education of student attorneys and student social workers in a clinical experience enhances their understanding of their roles and those of the other profession and prepares them for a more thoughtful and informed approach to family law, child welfare cases, and at-risk children.
Actual and Ideal Conflict Styles and Job Distress in a Health Care Organization

Employees (N = 176) of a large metropolitan health care corporation completed the Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Inventory (TKI; K. W. Thomas & R. H. Kilmann, 1974), and the authors computed scores on each of 5 characteristic conflict styles (competing, collaborating, compromising, accommodating, and avoiding). Respondents again completed the TKI, this time by identifying their ideal conflict styles. Participants also provided ratings of job distress and demographic information. Compromising and avoiding were the most strongly endorsed actual conflict styles, and avoiding was the most strongly endorsed ideal conflict style. Respondents viewed their ideal conflict style as more competitive, less collaborative, and more avoidant than their actual conflict style. Job distress did not correlate with actual or ideal conflict styles. However, participants whose actual conflict style matched their ideal conflict style reported lower distress, especially if they perceived a high level of destructive conflict in their work environment. Distress was also lowest for respondents in high managerial positions and respondents who had been in the organization for a short time.
Efficient Si Nanowire Array Transfer via Bi‐Layer Structure Formation Through Metal‐Assisted Chemical Etching

Nanowires (NWs) have shown great potential for applications in flexible and transparent electronics. The main challenges lie in improving the transfer yield and reducing the cost of NW fabrication. Here, it is shown that a bilayer SiNW structure can spontaneously form during metal-assisted chemical etching (MaCE). The bilayer structure formation is in turn accompanied by horizontal weak point formation that facilitates efficient nanowire transfer to diverse substrates. A mass-transport model is developed to explain the bilayer structure and horizontal crack formation effects. Significantly, these results allow repeated SiNW etch/transfer from the same Si wafer, thus potentially greatly reducing the fabrication cost of NW-based electronics. SiNW array-based transistors fabricated from two sequential etch/transfer processes using a single wafer are successfully demonstrated on Si and plastic substrates.
Why Do We Wear These Robes and These Hoods

Abstract What liberal arts and science faculty's regalia must and must not represent, and why liberal education should endure.
Evolutionary versus prototype analyses of the concept of disorder.

The harmful dysfunction (HD) analysis of the concept of disorder (J. C. Wakefield, 1992a) holds that disorders are harmful failures of internal mechanisms to perform their naturally selected functions. S. O. Lilienfeld and L. Marino (1995) proposed instead that disorder is a Roschian prototype concept without defining properties. Against the HD analysis, they argued that many disorders are not failures of naturally selected functions because they are either designed reactions (e.g., fever) or failures of functions that are not naturally selected (e.g., reading disorder). The HD analysis is defended here against these and other objections and compared with the Roschian account. It is argued that the objections are based on conceptual confusions and can be turned around to provide strong new support for the HD analysis. A series of conceptual experiments demonstrates the superior explanatory power of the HD analysis and disconfirms the Roschian account.
Conjunction errors and semantic transparency.

Memory conjunction errors occur when aspects of two different events are falsely recognized or recalled as having occurred as parts of the same event. One theoretical account of conjunction errors is rooted in traditional dual-process models of recognition judgments, in which responses are based on an item’s familiarity or the retrieval of recollected details associated with the encoding of that item. We manipulated the familiarity of test probes by varying their semantic overlap with studied items, taking advantage of the inherent semantic transparency of compound words. Transparent compounds are those whose component parts (lexemes) are semantically related to the meaning of the entire word. In contrast, opaque compounds’ lexemes do not contribute directly to the meaning of the compound. We showed that the familiarity of semantically transparent assembly lures created from their lexemes (study dog and house, test on doghouse) is greater than the familiarity of opaque assembly lures (study back and draw, test on drawback). A response-signal experiment revealed no evidence for the use of a recall-to-reject process for either semantically transparent or opaque lures.
Therapy Session 2.0: From Static to Dynamic With the iPad

Tablets, specifically the iPad, quickly are becoming a valuable therapy tool for clients with cognitive-communication deficits. Speech-language pathologists are beginning to introduce the iPad into...
Panic disorder phenomenology in urban self-identified Caucasian-Non-Hispanics and Caucasian-Hispanics.

The epidemiology of panic disorder is well known, but data about some phenomenological aspects are sparse. The symptom criteria for panic disorder were developed largely from rational expert consensus methods and not from empirical research. This fact calls attention to the construct validity of the panic disorder diagnosis, which may affect accuracy of epidemiological findings. Seventy self-identified Non-Hispanic-Caucasian (Anglo) and Hispanic-Caucasian (Hispanic) people who were diagnosed with DSM-III-R panic disorder with or without agoraphobia were invited to complete a Panic Phenomenological Questionnaire (PPQ), which was constructed for this study from the Hamilton Anxiety Scale Items and The DSM-III-R panic symptoms. Fifty (71%) subjects agreed to participate, and there was no response bias detected. Seven symptoms on the PPQ that are not in the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria were reported to occur with a high prevalence in this study. Furthermore, many symptoms that occurred with a high frequency and were reported to be experienced as severe are also not included in current nosology. A few of the DSM-IV criterion symptoms occurred with low prevalence, frequency, and severity. Cognitive symptoms were reported to occur with higher frequency and severity during attacks than autonomic or other symptoms. There were modest differences between ethnic groups with regard to panic attack phenomena. Further research using multiple empirical methods aimed at improving the content validity of the panic disorder diagnosis is warranted. This includes utilizing consistent methods to collect data that will allow for rational decisions about how to construct valid panic disorder criteria across cultures.
Potential Influence of a Starch Granule-associated Protein on Cooked Rice Stickiness

The amount of a 60 kdal starch granule-associated protein, or waxy gene product, found in milled white rice was examined in relation to cooked rice stickiness. For 32 rice selections the correlation coefficient was similar though slightly lower for the 60 kdal protein and stickiness (r= -0.85, P<0.01) compared to amylose and stickiness (r= -0.87, P<0.01). The 60 kdal protein content correlated highly with amylose content (r=0.96, P<0.01), suggesting a more clear association between amylose and texture. However, a possible role for the protein was postulated based on previous work that showed increased stickiness following protein disruption. The gelatinization properties of the starch granule may be influenced by the relative amount of granule-associated protein.
Research Summary: Cost-effectiveness of restorations

Objective To determine the relative cost-effectiveness of alternative methods for restoring large tooth substance loss in adults. Methods Long-term survival estimates and discounted costs for 245 large indirect restorations were used to calculate their incremental cost-effectiveness over 15 years when compared with direct placement Class II cusp-overlay amalgams and Class IV multisurface resin composites, placed in 100 patients from three private dental practices. Results The direct placement restorations were more cost-effective than the indirect restorations at all time intervals over the 15-year study period. The full gold crown and the ceramometal crown were the most cost-effective indirect posterior and anterior restorations respectively. The cast gold onlay and the porcelain jacket crown were the least cost-effective indirect posterior and anterior restorations respectively. Conclusions When clinically practicable, large direct placement restorations should be placed initially in preference to indirect restorations.
Evaluation of Phenylalanine and Tyrosine Raman Lines for the Amino Acid Ratio

Raman spectroscopy has been used increasingly to determine the conformation of the peptide backbone and the side chain microenvironment of some amino acid residues. Because of the relative uncertainty about the absolute magnitude of intensity, Raman spectroscopy has been used primarily for qualitative evaluation of properties of proteins. There have, however, been some attempts to use Raman spectroscopy for quantitative purposes in the analysis of protein conformations.
A paradigm for culturally based care in ethnic minority populations

Health care practitioners are encouraged to “know the cultures” of the multicultural client population they are serving in the United States. The premise behind this injunction is that the use of culturally sensitive techniques that are tailored to the cultural background of the client would result in effective therapy and produce positive outcomes. However, as reflected in the plethora of terms used to describe the application of this knowledge, it is not made explicit why culture would make a difference in therapy nor how it makes a difference, ultimately, in the outcome. The intent of this paper is to highlight one of the fundamental sources of variation in cultural beliefs that affect individual mental health. We propose a model that penetrates to the core of why culture makes a difference in how problems are perceived and appropriate responses defined. Humans have three basic needs: safety and security, integrity, and a sense of belonging. Yet each culture uniquely frames each of these needs and prescribes the sanctioned means to achieve them. In our struggle to define culturally competent or culturally based care, this fundamental aspect is often overlooked. Instead, the Western worldview, structure, and definitions are used as the template to assess dysfunction, diagnose a disorder, and prescribe appropriate care. The theoretical underpinnings of indigenous concepts of self and symbolic interactionism are integrated to clarify these cultural misconceptions and to construct a new paradigm for providing effective and acceptable mental health care.
Wave-front reconstruction in variable, multimode waveguides

Signals propagating in multimode waveguides are dispersed and distorted during propagation. We show how holographic techniques can be used to unravel these signals and reconstruct an image of the wave front in the vicinity of a scatterer or other signal source. One application being developed is low-frequency, long-range detection and localization in the deep ocean. This reconstruction methodology can also be applied to radio-wave propagation in atmospheric channels and to optical propagation in multimode glass fibers.
Task-based assessment of breast tomosynthesis: effect of acquisition parameters and quantum noise.

Purpose: Tomosynthesis is a promising modality for breast imaging. The appearance of the tomosynthesis reconstructed image is greatly affected by the choice of acquisition and reconstruction parameters. The purpose of this study was to investigate the limitations of tomosynthesis breast imaging due to scan parameters and quantum noise. Tomosynthesis image quality was assessed based on performance of a mathematical observer model in a signal-known exactly (SKE) detection task. Methods: SKE detectability (d′) was estimated using a prewhitening observer model. Structured breast background was simulated using filtered noise. Detectability was estimated for designer nodules ranging from 0.05 to 0.8 cm in diameter. Tomosynthesis slices were reconstructed using iterative maximum-likelihood expectation-maximization. The tomosynthesis scan angle was varied between 15° and 60°, the number of views between 11 and 41 and the total number of x-ray quanta was ∞, 6×105, and 6×104. Detectability in tomosynthesis was compared to that in a single projection. Results: For constant angular sampling distance, increasing the angular scan range increased detectability for all signal sizes. Large-scale signals were little affected by quantum noise or angular sampling. For small-scale signals, quantum noise and insufficient angular sampling degraded detectability. At high quantum noise levels, angular step size of 3° or below was sufficient to avoid image degradation. At lower quantum noise levels, increased angular sampling always resulted in increased detectability. The ratio of detectability in the tomosynthesis slice to that in a single projection exhibited a peak that shifted to larger signal sizes when the angular range increased. For a given angular range, the peak shifted toward smaller signals when the number of views was increased. The ratio was greater than unity for all conditions evaluated. Conclusion: The effect of acquisition parameters on lesion detectability depends on signal size. Tomosynthesis scan angle had an effect on detectability for all signals sizes, while quantum noise and angular sampling only affected the detectability small-scale signals.
Phytochemical Survey of Connecticut I: Isolation of Monocrotaline from Crotalaria sagittalis L. Fruit

Crotalaria sagittalis L., commonly known as rattlebox, is the oldest species of its genus known to cause “crotalism,” but it has not been previously investigated. In the present study, monocrotaline was isolated and identified as the major alkaloid present in the fruit. The cooccurrence of its N-oxide and three other pyrrolizidine alkaloids was demonstrated. Monocrotaline is the major alkaloid of several Crotalaria species.
The Median Significance Level and other Small Sample Measures of Test Efficacy

Abstract The concepts of the “median significance level” (MSL) and the “significance level of the average” (SLA) are introduced and some relationships among these measures and the recently introduced “expected significance level” (ESL), “average critical value” (ACV), and “median critical value” (MCV) are considered. The median significance level is defined as the median of the distribution of the observed significance level for a given alternative and is shown to be equivalent to the significance level attained by the median of the test statistic for one-sided tests. The “significance level of the average” is analogously defined to be the significance level attained by the average (expectation) of the test statistic and the MSL and SLA are shown to be inverse functions of Geary's MCV and ACV. Some relations between these small sample measures of test efficacy, and Pitmans' and Bahadur's asymptotic measures are described. The MCV is shown to be formally related to Hamaker's “indifference quality” method o...
The Association of diverticulitis and carcinoma of the colon

Association of diverticulitis and carcinoma of the colon is rarely seen. There is no reason for believing that diverticulitis is a precursor of cancer. Clinical differentiation between diverticulitis and cancer of the colon is frequently difficult to make. A case is here reported in which diverticulitis and carcinoma of the sigmoid were present together.
Goal and error training methods in the learning of a positioning response

Three hundred twenty Ss were given 2 Training trials with one of 3 Goal Training Methods or 5 Error Training Methods prior to 6 Test trials with no IF. The Error trained Ss performed consistently worse during Testing, suggesting that the widely used Error Training techniques are not necessarily the most efficacious.
Compositions of enstatite (EH3, EH4,5 and EL6) chondrites: Implications regarding their formation

Abstract We report concentrations of 30 elements in 34 replicate samples of 17 enstatite chondrites, including 8 EH3 chondrites. Unweathered EH3 and EH4,5 chondrites appear to be compositionally indistinguishable, and, therefore, observed differences in phase compositions reflect metamorphism of EH4,5 chondrites. The system EH3 kamacite and perryite is essentially equivalent to EH4,5 kamacite, suggesting that perryite 1. (1) condensed on metal at high nebular temperatures, 2. (2) dissolved into the kamacite during the metamorphism of the EH4,5 chondrites. Our data revealed some unexpected fractionations between closely related elements in EL chondrites: the La Sm ratio is resolvably lower and the Co Ni ratio resolvably higher than in EH chondrites. The EL chondrites have a fractionated “refractory lithophile” abundance pattern relative to CI, unlike other chondrite groups. Ni-normalized refractory siderophile abundances are higher and volatile siderophile abundances lower in EL relative to EH. The Au Ni ratio is ~1.4× the CI ratio in both EL and EH. Antarctic EH chondrites show similar patterns of element loss during weathering, independent of petrologic type. Factor analysis suggests that appreciable La condensed together with sulfides that nucleated on the metal; Na and Br are also associated with this component. The remaining rare earths are in an oldhamite-rich component. Vanadium and Cr are strongly correlated. The highly reduced state of the enstatite chondrites as well as their unique EL fractionation patterns seem most consistent with formation in the innermost part of the solar nebula.
Reliability of balloon-mesh cytology in detecting esophageal carcinoma in a population of US veterans

A catheter, equipped with a terminal balloon covered with nylon mesh, was developed to study the reliability of abrasive cytology for the diagnosis of esophageal carcinoma. Eighty-seven balloon cytology analyses were attempted in 82 subjects. Four patients were unable to swallow the balloon. In the 78 successful attempts, the initial diagnoses were: esophagitis (34) and esophageal carcinoma (13), established by endoscopic examination and histologic sampling; and normal esophagus (31) confirmed histologically in 25. The remaining 6 controls were younger than 40 years old, without any significant history of smoking, drinking and esophageal symptoms. For esophageal carcinoma, the sensitivity of balloon cytology was 91% and the specificity was 94% with four false-positives. Balloon cytology was generally well-tolerated and easily performed. This method is now being tested for screening high-risk patients for esophageal carcinoma.
Data acquisition system for the MuLan muon lifetime experiment

Abstract We describe the data acquisition system for the MuLan muon lifetime experiment at Paul Scherrer Institute. The system was designed to record muon decays at rates up to 1 MHz and acquire data at rates up to 60 MB/s. The system employed a parallel network of dual-processor machines and repeating acquisition cycles of deadtime–free time segments in order to reach the design goals. The system incorporated a versatile scheme for control and diagnostics and a custom web interface for monitoring experimental conditions.
Probing the Gauge Content of Heavy Resonances with Soft Radiation

The use of energy flow is investigated as a diagnostic tool for determining the color SU(3) representation of new resonances. It is found that the pattern of soft gluon radiation into a rapidity gap depends on color flow in the hard scattering, and reflects the gauge content of new physics. The massive soft anomalous dimension matrix for rapidity gap events is introduced for describing soft gluon emission analytically in heavy quark pair production. A gap fraction is used for quantifying the amount of soft radiation into the gap region. In general, the results illustrate that radiation is greater for a singlet resonance than for an octet. Especially, it is found that the quantitative difference is quite distinguishable for spin-1 resonances, depending on the gauge content in the new sector.
Testing the limits of flagellar motors

doesn't seem unreasonable. It would also be interesting to look at the behavior of probe diffusion when the net charge on the probe is opposite that of DNA or other host macromolecule. (BSA and DNA are both negatively charged.) Such a system would be more sensitive to intermolecular electrostatic interactions since the probe and host species would, on the average, be in closer proximity. In any case, there is little doubt that the article by Dwyer and Bloomfield opens the door on using Brownian dynamics to study diffusional phenomena in crowded or congested media.
Treatment of 100 patients with sentinel node-negative breast cancer without further axillary dissection.

Background: The sentinel node biopsy technique for breast cancer has been validated extensively in phase I and II studies. However, no data from phase III randomized clinical studies are available. It remains controversial whether a histologically negative sentinel node biopsy without further axillary dissection can be considered to be good clinical practice. Methods: One hundred consecutive patients with breast cancer who had a negative sentinel node biopsy without additional axillary dissection were studied prospectively between 1997 and 2000 in order to identify tumour recurrence and to assess the morbidity of the sentinel node procedure. Special attention was paid to axillary or locoregional recurrence, distant metastases and overall survival. One year after the procedure patients were sent a questionnaire to assess any functional impairment of the arm or shoulder. Results: Median follow-up was 24 (range 16–40) months. One patient had an axillary relapse 14 months after the initial diagnosis of breast cancer. She died after 2 years from metastatic disease. There were no other local axillary recurrences. There was a 94 per cent response rate to the questionnaire. Twelve patients developed mild disabilities, of whom two said that they had to change their hobbies, sports or daily activities owing to the sentinel node procedure. No patient developed lymphoedema or needed physiotherapy after the operation. Conclusion: When strict criteria for the sentinel node biopsy procedure are used, the sentinel node biopsy without further axillary dissection after a negative histological investigation is a safe procedure. It may therefore be considered to be the standard of care for the treatment of patients with breast cancer. © 2001 British Journal of Surgery Society Ltd
Extrahepatic oxidation of albumin-bound palmitic acid in the diabetic rat; its regulation by insulin.

Abstract Insulin decreased the conversion of the C14 of palmitic acid-1-C14 (injected intravenously in the albumin-bound form) to CO2 by eviscerated, alloxan-diabetic rats. Since this hormone increases carbohydrate utilization, it is concluded that increased carbohydrate utilization spares fatty acid oxidation in extrahepatic tissues as well as in the liver.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPATIAL CORRELATIONS DURING OSTWALD RIPENING: A TEST OF THEORY

Abstract The coarsening of solid-Sn particles in a Pb–Sn liquid was studied under microgravity conditions. Spatial correlation functions were measured on plane sections in a low-volume fraction system undergoing Ostwald ripening. The correlation functions changed with time in a way that indicated that the microstructure initially consisted of clusters of particles and evolved into one which was more dispersed. The model by Akaiwa and Voorhees (AV) was used to study the effect of spatial correlations on the ripening process. We found that the initially highly correlated structure had no observable effect on the evolution of particle size distributions, but did have an effect on the coarsening rate of the system. Specifically, we determined that a structure consisting of clusters of particles coarsened faster than a system with a random, spatial arrangement of non-overlapping particles. We also found that the approach of the microstructure towards the steady-state regime could be monitored more sensitively using spatial correlations rather than using particle size distributions. The spacial correlations and the particle size distributions measured from the experiment agreed well with those calculated from the AV simulations using the initial experimental correlations and size distribution.
Using Actor Network Theory to Trace and Improve Multimodal Communication Design

During the aftermath of recent disasters (both natural and human made), people have communicated by cobbling together available social software resources—relying on the capabilities of Internet tools such as blogs, news sites, and Flickr. Examining the use of social software taking place after the London bombings of July 7, 2005, I propose a method by which we can study users' literate appropriations to shape the development of more accommodating communication systems.
Energy-Optimal Speed Control of a Generic Device

The dynamic voltage and frequency scaling technique in CPUs is an example of adjusting a device's control variable to trade off power consumption and performance. This idea of energy optimization through speed control has been subsequently applied to other components of electronic systems such as disk drives and wireless transceivers. In this paper, the energy-optimal speed profile (a function of time) of a generic device that has to execute a given task in a given time is obtained analytically. The proposed approach is applicable to devices with either discrete or continuous-speed sets. The main novelty of the approach is that for discrete-speed sets, the nature of the underlying continuous power-speed relationship does not need to be known. The discrete power-speed data points only need to satisfy a W-convex relation: a discrete analog of a convex function. Based on the observation that most devices have W-convex power-speed relations, it is shown that the optimal speed profile uses at most one speed (for continuous speeds) or two speeds (for discrete-speed sets). Furthermore, each device has an intrinsic speed (independent of the task) uc at which it consumes the least energy per unit work done. It is shown that this speed can be calculated directly from measured values of power-speed data points (for discrete-speed sets) or by an experimental line search procedure where each step involves measuring a power-speed data point (for continuous-speed sets). In either case, no curve fit or knowledge of analytical power models is required. The optimum speed profile was shown to be either uc or the minimum feasible speed(s) for the given task, with the choice depending on the energy overheads and task parameters
Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Inhibits Cell Proliferation and Activates Tyrosine Phosphatase

The angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) receptor inhibits basic fibroblast growth factor–induced proliferation of R3T3 fibroblast cells and transiently stimulates a vanadate-sensitive phosphotyrosine phosphatase, strongly suggesting that AT2 is a mitogen inhibitor. We generated AT2 gene–null mice that showed increased blood pressure, indicating the hypotensive action of AT2. However, inhibition of renomedullary AT2 by selective antagonists, as reported by Sassard and associates, show that AT2 suppresses pressure natriuresis. Thus, both AT1 and AT2 work in the direction of sodium retention, suggesting a unique role for angiotensin II in the kidney in terms of blood pressure regulation and sodium metabolism.
The relationship between income and oral health among people with intellectual disabilities: a global perspective

Background The scientific literature cites wide health disparities for people with intellectual disabilities compared to the general population. This study seeks to gain an understanding of the effects of income status on oral health in a global population of people with intellectual disabilities. Methods Eighty-two thousand five hundred and seventy Special Olympics athletes were screened and eligible for inclusion in this study. The main exposure (income status) and selected oral health signs and symptoms (missing teeth, untreated decay, injury, gingivitis, and mouth pain) were used to conduct a cross-sectional analysis. Prevalence odds ratios were obtained through logistic regression. Results Study participants from low-income countries experienced adverse health outcomes at a lower rate than expected. Study participants from upper middle, lower middle, and low-income countries had higher odds of mouth pain and untreated decay, yet lower odds of missing teeth, injury, and gingivitis, than participants from high-income countries. Overall, a great number of individuals from every income group required maintenance or urgent care. Conclusion Oral health problems are not exclusive to low-income study participants. Unexpectedly high odds of missing teeth, injury, and gingivitis in high-income countries may be attributed to the high proportion of participants from the United States, which is considered a high-income country but has large income disparities. Health-determining circumstances in low-income countries provide some protection from the hypothesized gradient of oral health for all measured outcomes.
Simulation of a Feedback-Controlled Cylinder Wake Using Double Proper Orthogonal Decomposition

*† ‡ § ** Feedback flow control on the wake of a circular cylinder at a Reynolds number of 100 is a challenging benchmark for controlling absolute instabilities associated with bluff body wakes. A two dimensional, high resolution simulation is used to develop low-dimensional models for estimator and controller design. Actuation is implemented as displacement of the cylinder normal to the flow. This control approach uses a low dimensional model based on a 15 mode Double Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (DPOD) applied to the velocity field. The control strategy involves the real-time estimation of the DPOD modes, obtained from a dynamic non-linear mapping algorithm using sensor readings, and a respective feedback command based on these estimates. Two control laws are developed. The first approach utilizes just a single mode feedback based on the fundamental von Karman fluctuating DPOD mode. The second control law allows for dual inputs which include both the von Karman fluctuating DPOD mode as well as its respective shift mode. The shift mode provides corrections for spatial variations in the POD Eigenfunctions which are caused by the feedback control-induced modification of the wake. The simulation results show that while both controller laws stabilize all 15 modes, the dual-input approach is more effective in reducing drag and fluctuating lift.
Ultra fast laser pulses for cellular nanosurgery with minimum collateral damage

A tightly focused ultra fast laser pulse is an attractive tool for nanosurgery, since at a high enough fluence, tissue ablation occurs through non-linear laser-tissue interactions avalanche ionization seeded by multiphoton ionization. This principle was used in the preliminary experiments, to achieve ablations of size smaller than the light diffraction limit, with single ultra short pulses. A single pulse from an infrared (1054 nm), 700 fs, pulsed laser beam focused by a high numerical aperture objective on the membrane of fixed, dry Chinese hamster ovary cells, yielded the smallest ablation feature size of /spl sim/ 250 nm. However, the nature and extent of collateral damage due to ultra short pulses in vivo remains to be evaluated. A frequency-doubled, 700 fs beam will be focused by the objective of an inverted Zeiss microscope on specific structures in cultured newt lung cells in vivo. To assess the extent of damage, the cells will be fixed, sectioned and observed under a TEM. After characterizing the laser-tissue interaction and the extent of damage, we will apply the ultra short laser as a sophisticated tool for carrying out precise cellular nanosurgery in mitosis related experiments.
An effective modeling method for multi-scale and multilayered power/ground plane structures

As more packages or chips are integrated into a single system in recent electronic designs, power/ground planes tend to contain numerous and diverse features than ever, such as via holes, small apertures, plane gaps, etc. Although dimensions of these features are usually very small compared to the power/ground planes, their influence on the power delivery network cannot be neglected. However, power/ground plane analysis methods using square or rectangular meshes, such as multilayer-finite difference method, can generate large number of unit cells for small features in a large design. Multi-scale structures can be effectively meshed by using triangular mesh scheme, which can then be solved using finite element method (FEM). However, it is difficult to include external circuit elements to FEM, since the equivalent circuit model of FEM is not physically intuitive. In this article, a new modeling method, multilayer triangle element method, which is efficient for solving multi-scale and multilayer power/ground plane structures with external circuit elements, is presented.
The Forgotten Man: A New History of the Great Depression – By Amity Shlaes

The author, a senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations and a journalist specializing in issues of political economy and taxation, offers a spirited and accessible contribution to the revis...
Grit: Perseverance and Passion for Long-Term Goals

The importance of intellectual talent to achievement in all professional domains is well established, but less is known about other individual differences that predict success. The authors tested the importance of 1 noncognitive trait: grit. Defined as perseverance and passion for long-term goals, grit accounted for an average of 4% of the variance in success outcomes, including educational attainment among 2 samples of adults (N=1,545 and N=690), grade point average among Ivy League undergraduates (N=138), retention in 2 classes of United States Military Academy, West Point, cadets (N=1,218 and N=1,308), and ranking in the National Spelling Bee (N=175). Grit did not relate positively to IQ but was highly correlated with Big Five Conscientiousness. Grit nonetheless demonstrated incremental predictive validity of success measures over and beyond IQ and conscientiousness. Collectively, these findings suggest that the achievement of difficult goals entails not only talent but also the sustained and focused application of talent over time.
Properties of a hordeivirus from Anthoxanthum odoratum

A virus having tubular particles (124, 142 and 167 nm) was manually transmitted from and to Anthoxanthum odoratum (sweet vernal grass). Other experimental hosts were Chenopodium quinoa, C. amaranticolor, Zea mays, Avena sativa and Hordeum vulgare (barley); winter cultivars of barley were more often infected than spring cultivars. In tests which simulated mechanical injury, the virus was transmitted from infected to healthy A. odoratum but not to healthy barley. The virus particles, which were seen as aggregates in the cytoplasm of A. odoratum leaf cells and in anther walls, reacted strongly in immunosorbent electron microscopy tests with antisera to strains of barley stripe mosaic hordeivirus. Nevertheless, the virus could be distinguished from the Type strain of barley stripe mosaic virus by reciprocal serological tests and by symptoms in infected barley cv. Black Hulless. Using an antiserum produced against the virus, a survey of A. odoratum in the field revealed one of 72 tested plants to be naturally infected. The virus is probably that described by Catherall & Chamberlain (1980) and named anthoxanthum latent blanching virus.
Hormonal Considerations in Women With Seizures

• The relationships between seizures in epileptic women and the hormones estrogen and progesterone are under increasing study. Serum concentrations of estrogen and progesterone parallel cerebrospinal concentrations, and circulating sex hormones are concentrated in specific areas of the brain that regulate sexual behavior. These centers include two potentially epileptogenic regions— the amygdala and hippocampus. Many of these structures are physiologically affected in vitro by estrogen and progesterone. Exogenous sex hormones change the seizure threshold in animal models of epilepsy. Cyclical hormonal variations may influence electroencephalographic activity and affect seizure frequency in women with epilepsy. Hormonal therapy may be appropriate adjunctive anticonvulsant treatment, particularly for women with seizures that are catamenial or associated with a menstrual or reproductive ciated with a menstrual or reproductive endocrine disorder.
Sources of apical defects on a high-sensitivity cardiac camera: experiences from a practice performance assessment.

Images were acquired with the patient in the upright position, and attenuation correction was used. Regression analysis and contingency tables correlated clinical data to the presence of apical artifacts. Results: There was a positive correlation of with female sex (x 2 5 32, P , 0.001), degree of overlying soft tissues (x 2 5 20, P , 0.002), and breast cleavage (x 2 5 7, P , 0.008) and a negative correlation with angiography-confirmed disease (x 2 5 6, P , 0.02). There was moderate interobserver agreement between 2 observers in determining the presence of apical defects (k5 0.44, 95% confidence interval 5 0.19–0.69), and there was a perceived improvement of apical defects using fewer iterative updates (x2 5 8, P , 0.003). Conclusion: An understanding of sources contributing to imaging artifacts is a crucial portion of quality assessment in radiology and nuclear medicine. A practice performance assessment study at our institution showed that apical artifacts on a new-generation cardiac camera can be partially attributed to overlying soft-tissue attenuation and ameliorated by altering the reconstruction.
7-Sulfooxymethyl-12-methylbenz[a]anthracene Is an Exceptionally Reactive Electrophilic Mutagen and Ultimate Carcinogen

The hypothesis was tested that an ultimate carcinogen of 7-hydroxymethyl-12-methylbenz[a]anthracene (HMBA), a major metabolite of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), is a benzylic carbonium ion generated from an exceptionally reactive aralkylating metabolite, such as an electrophilic sulfate ester. In conformity with this hypothesis, sarcomas were rapidly induced in rats following repeated subcutaneous injection of HMBA (67%) or its electrophilic sulfate ester, sodium 7-sulfooxymethyl-12-methylbenz[a]anthracene (SMBA) (100%). It would appear from the results summarized here that the search for a carcinogenic metabolite of DMBA has been successful. In addition, an aralkylating electrophilic mutagen and carcinogen has been prepared from HMBA, which is itself either an ultimate carcinogen or a direct precursor of an ultimate carcinogen, i.e., a benzylic carbonium ion.
Ethnic Identity and Positive Youth Development in Adolescent Males: A Culturally Integrated Approach

The present study examined the relation between ethnic identity and indicators of positive youth development (PYD) in a sample of low-income, urban Black and Latino male youth (N = 254; 66% Black, mean age = 14). Using structural equation modeling, a two-factor model of PYD and ethnic identity was found to provide the best fit to the data with a significant, positive relation between the two factors. At age 14, PYD was positively related to concurrent involvement in prosocial activities, and negatively related to criminal and externalizing behaviors; ethnic identity was related to lower levels of internalizing symptoms. The PYD factor was also related to higher prosocial activity involvement and lower criminal offending at age 15. The findings suggest that male Black and Latino teens living in urban poverty have intrapersonal competencies that promote healthy outcomes and that integration of culturally-relevant factors can enhance our understanding of positive youth development.
Innovation in Large-Grained Software Reuse: A Case from Banking

Much work has been done on software reuse "in the small" - objects, subroutines, and components. However, relatively little research on very large-grained reuse is available in the literature. This initial study of a large US-based banking institution indicates significant levels of innovative reuse of internally developed software, including reusing both infrastructure and applications across Internet, teller systems, and ATM systems, all with surprisingly little customization and rewriting. This study presents findings of the initial research, including the types and granularities of reused systems. A conceptual model to explain their success is proposed, addressing both organizational and technical factors, and next steps are documented
Using objective and subjective measures of neighborhood greenness and accessible destinations for understanding walking trips and BMI in Seattle, Washington.

Abstract Purpose. Examine the influence of destinations within walking distance of a residence and vegetation on walking trips and body mass index (BMI). Design. Cross-sectional analysis of data from residences with varying accessibility and greenness. Setting. Seattle, Washington. Subjects. Stratified random sample of residents, stratified by accessibility and greenness. Response rate: 17.5%, 529 respondents. Measures. Accessibility and greenness were measured objectively by Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Network Analysis and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), respectively. Self-reported destinations, natural features, walking trips, BMI, and importance of destinations were measured through a postal survey. Results. Objective accessibility were related to walking trips per month (r2 = .110, p <.0001), as was subjective greenness (r2 = .051, p <.0001), although objective measures of actual greenness were not. In areas with high accessibility, BMI was lower in areas that had high NDVI, or...
Design for testability view on placement and routing

It is demonstrated that there is a relationship between the topology of the layout of the designed IC and the quality of testing. Based on this relationship, a testability cost function is developed for automated layout generation. The presented example indicates that a decrease in the testability objective function does correspond to an increase in the quality of testing without any penalty in terms of the cost of test generation. It is envisioned that such a function can be added as a component to the total objective function used by a modern placement and routing algorithm. Thus, using the presented techiques, it is possible to significantly improve the testability of a given circuit without increasing the cost of test generation. >