cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Association of epithelial-mesenchymal transition status with PD1/PDL1 expression and a distinct immunophenotype in non-small cell lung cancer: Implications for immunotherapy biomarkers.

3018 Background: Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1 have emerged as a critical inhibitory pathway that maintains immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment. Patients with non...
The weapon focus effect is weaker with Black versus White male perpetrators.

ABSTRACTWe compared the influence of a weapon’s presence on eyewitnesses’ memory for a White versus a Black male perpetrator. Prior data indicate that unusual objects in visual scenes attract attention and that a weapon’s effect depends on how unusual it seems within the context in which it appears. Therefore, given the stereotype linking Black men and weapons, we predicted a weaker weapon focus effect with the Black perpetrator. The results of Experiment 1 supported this hypothesis using White and Black witnesses. Moreover, in Experiment 2 the weapon focus effect became nonsignificant when the Black perpetrator wore a style of clothing that is strongly associated with Black men. We propose that observing an armed Black perpetrator automatically activates a stereotype linking Black men with weapons and crime, which in turn reduces the perceived unusualness of the weapon and thus its ability to attract attention.
Dirty Data: The Effects of Screening Respondents Who Provide Low-Quality Data in Survey Research

The purpose of this study is to empirically address questions pertaining to the effects of data screening practices in survey research. This study addresses questions about the impact of screening techniques on data and statistical analyses. It also serves an initial attempt to estimate descriptive statistics and graphically display the distributions of popular screening techniques. Data were obtained from an online sample who completed demographic items and measures of character strengths (N = 307). Screening indices demonstrate minimal overlap and differ in the number of participants flagged. Existing cutoff scores for most screening techniques seem appropriate, but cutoff values for consistency-based indices may be too liberal. Screens differ in the extent to which they impact survey results. The use of screening techniques can impact inter-item correlations, inter-scale correlations, reliability estimates, and statistical results. While data screening can improve the quality and trustworthiness of data, screening techniques are not interchangeable. Researchers and practitioners should be aware of the differences between data screening techniques and apply appropriate screens for their survey characteristics and study design. Low-impact direct and unobtrusive screens such as self-report indicators, bogus items, instructed items, longstring, individual response variability, and response time are relatively simple to administer and analyze. The fact that data screening can influence the statistical results of a study demonstrates that low-quality data can distort hypothesis testing in organizational research and practice. We recommend analyzing results both before and after screens have been applied.
Simultaneous internal and external chemical injuries

Abstract Chemical injuries from household products cause significant morbidity and mortality annually in pediatric patients. We present a rare case of a 21-month-old male with significant esophageal and cutaneous chemical burns secondary to non-accidental trauma. Given the unique challenges associated with multiple burn types we describe this case and provide a current review of the literature on the management of these potentially devastating injuries.
Communicating Racism: A Study of Racial Microaggressions in a Southern University and the Local Community

ABSTRACTThe current study was conducted with the goal of identifying specific communication behaviors – both verbal and nonverbal – that SOC at a PWI consciously and subconsciously identify as eith...
Analytical bone calcium and bone ash from mature laying hens correlates to bone mineral content calculated from quantitative computed tomography scans

Laying hen skeletal health continues to be an industry priority. Bone ash and bone Ca quantification in laying hen long bones provides valuable information on skeletal health. Unfortunately, these measurements can only be accomplished by sacrificing hens, thus making longitudinal measurements on the same hen impossible. Quantitative computed tomography (QCT), used with a calcium hydroxyapatite phantom, has been used to determine bone density of wings and legs as well as live hens throughout the production cycle by scanning with a calcium hydroxyapatite phantom. QCT has also been used to scan live hens throughout the production cycle. The purpose of this study was to determine how QCT calculated bone mineral content (QCT BMC) corresponds to analytical bone Ca and bone ash. Wing and leg quarters from 72-wk-old W-36 hens were QCT scanned along with a QCT Phantom. After scanning, humeri, femurs, and tibias were cleaned, divided into epiphysis (E) and diaphysis (D), fat extracted, ashed, and digested under nitric acid, and Ca was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy was used to determine E, D, and whole bone Ca. Four bones/type were used for E and D, while 6 bones/type were used for whole bone measurements. A second set of bones were prepared to determine correlation of BMC to bone ash. QCT scans were analyzed with Mimics software (Materialise NV, Leuven, Belgium) to calculate bone volume and density in Hounsfield units. Utilizing the QCT phantom and bone volume, BMC was calculated for E, D, and whole bone. Data were analyzed with regression analysis and Pearson correlation coefficients were determined. Analytical Ca was correlated to QCT BMC for E (R = 0.84, P < 0.01), D (R = 0.99, P < 0.01), and whole bone (R = 0.97, P < 0.01). Whole bone ash was highly correlated to QCT BMC for femur (N = 47, R = 0.97, P < 0.001), tibia (N = 50, R = 0.94, P < 0.001), and keel (N 50, R = 0.94, P < 0.001). Whole bone ash and QCT BMC values of femur and tibia were not different (P = 0.39 and 0.22 respectively). Based on this information, QCT could provide relative quantitative assessment of total bone mineral in live birds proving useful in long-term studies.
Endogenous Elevations of Short Chain Fatty Acids Up-Regulate Embryonic Globin Gene Expression during Primitive Erythropoiesis.

We examined the effects of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) on globin gene expression during development. We studied globin gene expression in transgenic mice that have endogenous elevations in the SCFA propionate due to a knockout (KO) of the gene for propionyl CoA carboxylase subunit A (PCCA, Miyazaki et al. JBC, 2001 Sep 21;276(38):35995–9). Serum propionate levels measured by gas chromatography were 2.5 to 3.6 mgms/ml in 2 adult PCCA KO mice and were undetectable in 2 wild type ( wt ) or heterozygous control adult mice. Embryonic PCCA KO offspring had propionate levels of 2.3 and 5.0 μgms/100 mgms of fetal liver, at day 16.5 (E16.5), while wt or heterozygotes at E14.5 had levels maj ), embryonic beta-type epsilon-y (e y ), embryonic beta-type beta H1 (β H1 ) and embryonic alpha-type zeta (ζ) globin genes plus 18S ribosomal RNA as a control was undertaken using real-time PCR with gene-specific primers and taqman probes. cDNA was reverse-transcribed from the mRNA of yolk sac (YS) and fetal liver of PCCA KO and wt progeny of more than one litter from timed pregnancies. Individual PCCA embryos at E10 (n=10), E12 (n=9), and E14 (n=7) were analyzed for globin gene expression, normalized to18S expression and were compared to age-matched wt embryos (n>=4 for each time point). As expected, embryonic alpha- and beta-type globin gene expression (ζ and β H1 plus e y ) predominated in E 10 YS, and definitive globin gene expression, α and β maj , predominated in E12 or E14 fetal liver. Expression from embryonic alpha-type globin was calculated as normalized ζ/(ζ+α) and from embryonic beta-type globins as normalized (β H1 +e y )/(β H1 +e y +β maj ), see table. Embryonic globin gene expression was statistically significantly increased in PCCA KO E12 YS at 1.3 fold relative to wt ζ and in PCCA KO E14 YS at 1.8 fold and 2.1 fold relative to wt ζ or β H1 and e y respectively (p Embryonic Globin Gene Expression in Mice with Endogenous Elevations of SCFAs
“I Am Working and Learning”: Expanding Freedoms to Achieve Through Summer Youth Employment

Summer Youth Employment Programs in the United States provide meaningful work experience to hundreds of thousands of young people each year. While quantitative data point to successes of increased numbers of participation, wage growth for participants over time, and a broadening of industries and employers, qualitative data on how youth are navigating work and work identity have been limited. By applying the capabilities approach to an assessment of the experiences of Summer Youth Employment Program participants, we glean how these programs are creating real opportunity to learn and work, a greater sense of occupational identity and self-efficacy, and tangible skills that have value in both school and the workplace.
Study protocol: CareAvenue program to improve unmet social risk factors and diabetes outcomes- A randomized controlled trial.

Abstract Despite the burdens costs can place on adults with diabetes, few evidence-based, scalable interventions have been identified that address prevalent health-related financial burdens and unmet social risk factors that serve as major obstacles to effective diabetes management. In this study, we will test the effectiveness of CareAvenue – an automated e-health tool that screens for unmet social risk factors and informs and activates individuals to take steps to connect to resources and engage in self-care. We will determine the effectiveness of CareAvenue relative to standard care with respect to improving glycemic control and patient-centered outcomes such as cost-related non-adherence (CRN) behaviors and perceived financial burden. We will also examine the role of patient risk factors (moderators) and behavioral factors (mediators) on the effectiveness of CareAvenue in improving outcomes. We will recruit 720 patients in a large health system with uncontrolled Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) or Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who engage in CRN or perceive financial burden. Participants will be randomized to one of two arms: 1) receipt of a 15–20 min web-based program with routine follow-up (CareAvenue); or 2) receipt of contact information for existing health system assistance services. Outcomes will be assessed at baseline and 6- and 12-month follow-up. Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT03950973, May 2019
Office-Based Screening for Sexually Transmitted Infections in Adolescents

Almost 1 in 4 adolescents have a sexually transmitted infection (STI). These infections are preventable through safe sexual practices and routine screening. Pediatricians are the first line of clinical care for adolescents and are well positioned to offer sexual and reproductive health care counseling and services to their patients; yet, there is a paucity of sexual health screening provided at routine health supervision visits. This article addresses the epidemiology of STIs in adolescents, reviews the evidence of current clinical practice, presents recommended STI screening from government and medical agencies, and offers strategies to address barriers to providing care for adolescents and for sexual health screening in primary care.
Measuring Surface and Interfacial Tension In Situ in Microdripping Mode for Electrohydrodynamic Applications.

Walking on water is made possible, at least for tiny insects, by molecular interaction at the interfaces of dissimilar materials. Impact of these interactions—surface tension (SFT) and, more broadly, interfacial tension (IFT)—is particularly evident at micro and nano sizescales. Thus, implications of walking on water can be significant for SFT or IFT (S/IFT)-driven nanofabrication technologies, such as electrohydrodynamic atomization (EHDA), in developing next generation biomimetic microphysiological systems (MPS) and drug delivery systems (DDS). However, current methods for estimating S/IFT, based on sessile drops or new surface formation on a ring or plate, are unsuitable for integration with EHDA assemblies used in electrospinning and electrospraying. Here, we show an in situ method for estimating S/IFT specifically devised for EHDA applications using signal processing algorithms that correlate the frequency and periodicity of liquid dispensed in EHDA microdripping mode with numerical solutions from computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Estimated S/IFT was generally in agreement with published ranges for water–air, 70% ethanol–air, chloroform–air, and chloroform–water. SFT for solutions with surfactants decreased with increasing concentrations of surfactant, but at relatively higher than published values. This was anticipated, considering that established methods measure SFT at boundaries with asymmetrically high concentrations of surfactants which lower SFT.
Improved data acquisition settings on Thermo QEHFX and Fusion Lumos mass spectrometers for proteomic analysis of limited samples

With the advent of more sensitive and higher duty cycle mass spectrometers, analysis of limited samples, e.g., limited cell populations, microneedle biopsies, extracellular vesicles isolated from minute volumes of physiological fluids (i.e., liquid biopsies) or even single cells, is getting more feasible. However, each step of the analytical workflow, including sample preparation, liquid chromatography (LC) separation, interfacing with mass spectrometry (MS), MS data acquisition, data analysis and data interpretation requires additional advancements to enable deep proteomic profiling of such limited samples. In this study, we investigated MS data acquisition parameters on two different, commonly used mass spectrometers to enhance the sensitivity of proteomic profiling of limited samples. Our experiments indicate that nanoLC-MS/MS-based proteomic analysis of scarce samples requires adjustments of the commonly used default data acquisition settings on a mass spectrometer that work effectively for conventional sample amounts. Here we show that by using specific values of the ion injection time and AGC minimum settings in MS/MS data acquisition depending on the amount of sample results in an increase in the numbers of identified peptides and proteins. We applied commonly used settings, and then altered them to analyze HeLa tryptic digest at the levels of 1, 10 and 100 ng, which are equivalent to approximately 5, 50 and 500 cells on either an Orbitrap QE HFX or a Lumos Fusion (Thermo Fisher Scientific). By changing certain parameters for each sample amount, we were able to identify 2-4-fold more peptides and proteins, and therefore, significantly improve the protein and peptide profiling efficiency, in comparison to the commonly used settings. However, this is only a small step toward ultra-sensitive proteomic profiling. Improvements in LC separation and column material as well as sample preparation are also critical for further advances in highly sensitive analysis.
Chelating Phosphine Ligand Stabilized AuNPs in Methane Detection.

The capping reagent plays an essential role in the functional properties of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Multiple stimuli-responsive materials are generated via diverse surface modification. The abi...
The Involvement of Alkaline Earth Cations in the Control of Acetylcholine Release

Neuroscientists allured by the mechanisms of transmitter secretion have at their disposal fortuitous electrophysiological deflections which allow a direct, moment to moment assay for acetylcholine (ACh) secretion. Specifically, the ratio of the amplitudes of the electrical events associated with neurally-evoked ACh release (end-plate potentials, EPFs) to the spontaneous potentials (miniature end-plate potentials, MEPPs) serves as a reliable estimate of the mean number of ACh quanta released synchronously by a nerve impulse (M, del Castillo and Katz, 1954). Extracellular Ca ions are essential for the process of evoked ACh release (for reviews see Katz, 196?; Silinsky, 1985). Specifically Ca must be equlibrated with a receptor near the external surface of the calcium channel prior to depolarization to support transmitter secretion. Depolarization, normally provided by the action potential, opens these voltage-sensitive calcium channels and Ca enters the nerve terminal cytoplasm down its electrochemical gradient. Once in the cytoplasm, Ca reduces a series of energy barriers and promotes ACh release.
“SHE IS SUCH A SPONGE AND I WANT TO GET IT RIGHT”: TENSIONS, FAILURES, AND HOPE IN WHITE PARENTS’ ASPIRATIONS TO ENACT ANTI-RACIST PARENTING WITH THEIR YOUNG WHITE CHILDREN

Whiteness, rooted in White supremacy, gives White people access to power while shielding them from seeing racism and its impacts or from acting to resist racism. Anti-racist allyship occurs when Wh...
Telehealth delivery of motivational interviewing for diabetes management: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials

Abstract Objectives The objective of this systematic review was to explore and report the evidence and gaps in the literature for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) studying the effects of motivational interviewing (MI)-based telehealth interventions on outcomes among persons with diabetes (PWD) or prediabetes. Methods Following a modified Cochrane approach, we searched Pubmed, CENTRAL, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Clinicaltrials.gov. Included studies were RCTs published in English before March 25, 2021 evaluating MI-based telehealth on outcomes for adults with diabetes or prediabetes. Results: A total of 21 retained articles captured results for 6436 PWD. Among the most commonly investigated outcomes, 60% of articles documented A1C reductions (ranging from 3%), 56% documented systolic blood pressure reductions, 57% documented diabetes self-efficacy/empowerment improvements, and 40% documented physical activity improvements. Conversely, diastolic blood pressure, lipid panels, body mass index, depressive symptoms, and quality of life were frequently measured outcomes, where MI-based telehealth yielded minor effects ( Conclusions MI-based telehealth seems most effective for improving A1C, systolic blood pressure, diabetes self-efficacy, and physical activity behaviors. Variability in outcome assessment and intervention heterogeneity were key challenges impeding comparisons across retained articles. Practice implications MI-based telehealth interventions demonstrate promising results for improving outcomes in PWD.
Evaluation of the airway mechanics of modified toggle laryngoplasty constructs using a vacuum chamber airflow model.

Objective To evaluate the airway mechanics of modified toggle LP constructs in an airflow chamber model and compare these to the airway mechanics of standard LP constructs. Study design Ex-vivo experimental study. Sample population Fifty-one equine cadaveric larynges. Methods Bilateral LP constructs were performed using a modified toggle (n = 23) or a standard (n = 21) LP technique. Constructs were tested in an airflow model before and after cyclic loading which was designed to mimic postoperative swallowing. The cross-sectional area (CSA), peak translaryngeal airflow (L/s), and impedance (cmH2 0/L/s) were determined and compared between LP constructs before and after cycling. Results The mean CSA of the rima glottidis of the modified toggle LP constructs was 15.2 ± 2.6 cm2 before and 14.7 ± 2.6 cm2 after cyclic loading, and the mean CSA of the rima glottidis of the standard LP constructs was 16.4 ± 2.9 cm2 before and 15.7 ± 2.8 cm2 after cyclic loading. The modified toggle LP constructs had similar peak translaryngeal impedance before and after cyclic loading (p = .13); however, the standard LP constructs had higher peak translaryngeal impedance after cyclic loading (p = .02). Conclusion The modified toggle and standard LP constructs had comparable airway mechanics in an ex-vivo model. Clinical significance Further investigation is warranted to determine the extent to which the modified toggle LP technique restores normal airway function in horses with RLN.
Gagged, Sealed & Delivered: Reforming ECPA's Secret Docket

Federal magistrate judges preside over the most secret docket in America. Exact figures are not known, but available data indicates that these judges issued over 30,000 electronic surveillance orders in 2006, more than the entire output of the FISA court over its entire history. These electronic surveillance orders, authorized by the Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986 (ECPA), grant law enforcement access to the electronic lives of our citizens -- who we call, where we go, when we text, what websites we visit, what emails we send. Unlike most court orders, electronic surveillance orders are permanently hidden from public view by various ECPA provisions, including sealed court files, gag orders, and delayed-notice. It's as though these orders were written in invisible ink -- legible to the phone companies and electronic service providers who execute them, yet imperceptible to targeted individuals, the general public, and even other arms of government, including Congress and appellate courts. This regime of secrecy has many unhealthy consequences: Congress lacks accurate empirical data to monitor the effectiveness of the existing statutory scheme and adapt it to new technologies; appellate courts are unable to give effective guidance to magistrate judges on how to interpret ECPA's complex provisions in light of changing technology; and citizens are not informed about the extent of government intrusion into their electronic lives. With Congress on the sidelines, appellate courts not engaged, and the public in the dark, the balance between surveillance and privacy has shifted dramatically towards law enforcement, almost by default. While it is certainly time to update the substantive provisions of ECPA, it is equally important to make structural changes in the law to eliminate unnecessary secrecy. Such reforms should include the elimination of automatic gagging and sealing orders, as well as the adoption of a publicly available warrant cover sheet to capture basic information about every electronic surveillance order.
Protein energy malnutrition and taurine supplementation: effects on vitamin A nutritional status and electroretinogram of young rats.

The effect of protein energy malnutrition (PEM) on retinal function was investigated in weanling Long-Evans rats fed a low protein (4.2%) diet. After 8 wk, plasma retinol levels were lower in low protein (LP) and growth-restricted (GR) groups than in ad libitum controls (P less than 0.05); however, ocular vitamin A concentration remained normal. Plasma taurine concentration was lower only in the LP group, while retinal taurine was lower in both LP and GR groups than in control groups. The dark-adapted electroretinogram (ERG) became abnormal (e.g., depressed a and b waves, P less than 0.05) in both LP and GR groups but was corrected by ad libitum feeding of the control diet for an additional 8 wk. In a second study, weanling LP rats were supplemented with 0.4% taurine, 0.4% methionine or 0.4% glycine. Although taurine supplementation maintained plasma and retinal taurine stores, ERGs remained abnormal with retinal sensitivity significantly lower than in unsupplemented LP rats. Thus, PEM produced abnormal ERGs independent of ocular vitamin A concentration and retinal taurine levels. The high dietary taurine fed to protein-malnourished rats caused further impairment of visual function but was not detrimental to control or pair-fed rats.
An Evidence-Based Review of the Mechanism of Action, Efficacy, and Safety of Biologic Therapies in the Treatment of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis

Biologic agents have expanded the repertoire of efficacious and safe systemic therapies for the treatment of moderate-to-severe psoriasis and active psoriatic arthritis. The biologics act to inhibit key inflammatory molecules that are thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of these chronic inflammatory disorders as well as physiologic immune responses. In this paper, we discuss the proposed molecular mechanisms of action, efficacy, and safety of the two FDA-approved classes of biologics, the tumor necrosis factor inhibitors and the interleukin-12/23 inhibitor. The tumor necrosis factor inhibitors that are reviewed include etanercept, infliximab, adalimumab, golimumab, and certolizumab pegol. The interleukin- 12/23 inhibitor that is discussed is ustekinumab. Specifically, we review the mechanism of action for each biologic agent and the FDA-approved indications and dosing for these therapeutics. We provide up-to-date evidence for the efficacy of these systemic medications using key phase 3 clinical trial data, we highlight important safety information for each biologic based on long-term open-label extension trials and safety registries, and we discuss studies that investigate off-label dosing with the biologics. Each biologic is reviewed in these specific areas of focus for their indicated treatment of psoriasis and/or psoriatic arthritis.
Azotobacter vinelandii ribonucleic acid polymerase. V - Unprimed synthesis of poly A - poly U.

Abstract Following a short lag period poly A · poly U is synthesized by the Azotobacter vinelandii RNA polymerase (nucleosidetriphosphate: RNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6) in an unprimed reaction containing ATP and UTP (0.6 mM). The synthesis of the polymers is accompanied by formation of aggregates which are retained at pH 8.0 on glass fiber filters. No polymers are formed in the presence of 0.1 mM ATP and UTP. At 0.6 mM ATP, 0.1 mM UTP or 0.1 mM ATP, 0.6 mM UTP synthesis of poly A · poly U occurs with a lag period longer than that seen in the standard reaction. At 17° and 0.6 mM ATP and UTP, no poly A · poly U synthesis occurs unless pentaadenylic acid, (tetraadenylyl-(3′, 5′)-adenosine) is added or the reaction is preincubated at 37°. Both procedures provide the initiators which enable polymerization to take place at 17°.
Revising the Model Nonprofit Corporation Act: Plus CA Change, Plus C'est La Meme Chose

The purpose of this Article is to review the evolution of the Model Nonprofit Corporation Acts (both past and pending) in relation to the Model Business Corporation Act in its various iterations and to the origins of the nonprofit corporation vis a vis other formats with different histories. The goal is to find an ideal structure for a modern entity that is to be operating for a variety of nonprofit purposes.
Abstract 132: Compliance Changes in the Aorta Following Chest Compressions in a Standard and High Impulse Model

Introduction: In cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), chest compressions eject blood from the aorta and into the circulation. Following return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), the circulation generated by the heart may be hemodynamically compromised, notably in its aortic compliance, or the aorta’s ability to resist blood pressure changes in response to blood volume changes. We investigated the relationship between CPR force delivery and relative change in aortic compliance in standard and high impulse chest compression models. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that average compliance would increase following chest compressions and that high impulse CPR would yield larger compliance changes than compliance changes in standard CPR. Methods: Central aortic pressure (CAP) waveforms were retrospectively analyzed via Millar catheters in female swine separated into standard CPR (n=4) and high impulse CPR (n=5). Ventricular fibrillation was induced and left untreated for 8 minutes, followed by 5 minutes of CPR and d...
Cerebrospinal fluid levels of amitriptyline, nortriptyline, imipramine and desmethylimipramine: Relationship to plasma levels and treatment outcome

Fifty-five (55) depressed patients were treated with amitriptyline (AMI) or imipramine (IMI). Concentrations of AMI, IMI, and their metabolites, nortriptyline (NT) and desmethylimipramine (DMI), were measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma at steady state by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Highly significant correlations between CSF and plasma levels of AMI, NT, IMI, and DMI were found (r greater than 0.75; P less than 0.0001 in all cases). There were no significant sex, diagnostic subgroup, or geographic difference in any of the drug parameters measured. An evaluation of the relationship between CSF levels of drug variables and clinical response showed essentially no significant correlations between these various parameters. The results obtained do not support the concept of a 'therapeutic window' for levels of plasma NT in AMI-treated patients. Furthermore, the highly significant correlations between CSF and plasma compartments in terms of drug and metabolite levels would argue against the need to measure CSF levels of these parameters in clinical practice. Plasma level measurements should be equally informative, and simpler to obtain.
A Comparison of Common Points Between Locke and Marx (Une Comparaison Des Points Communs Entre Locke Et Marx)

The article compares the common points between Locke and Marx - there are more than you might think.
Software Fault Tolerance of Concurrent Programs Using Controlled Re-execution

Concurrent programs often encounter failures, such as races, owing to the presence of synchronization faults (bugs). One existing technique to tolerate synchronization faults is to roll back the program to a previous state andre -execute, in the hope that the failure does not recur. Insteadof relying on chance, our approach is to control the reexecution in order to avoid a recurrence of the synchronization failure. The control is achievedb y tracing information during an execution andu sing this information to add synchronizations during the re-execution. The approach gives rise to a general problem, calledt he off-line predicate control problem, which takes a computation anda property specified on the computation, andou tputs a "controlled" computation that maintains the property. We solve the predicate control problem for the mutual exclusion property, which is especially important in synchronization fault tolerance.
Visual Imaging for Diagnosis and Robotic Surgery

Visual imaging has remained the primary modality for manual clinical assessment and intervention in abdominal surgery despite the increasing popularity of radiological imaging-based diagnosis. This includes endoscopic diagnosis laboratories and laparoscopic and robotic laparoscopic telesurgical procedures. Advances such as wireless capsule endoscopes and robotic surgeries have both provided visual access to organs previously not well imaged and improved the quality and adoption of minimally invasive techniques. This chapter summarizes the technology and applications of visual diagnosis and visually guided robotic surgery along with image analysis methods in development for these images. Keywords: robotic imaging; visual diagnostic imaging; fluorescence imaging; near-infrared imaging; narrowband imaging; endoscopy; wireless capsule imaging; robotic surgery; telesurgery
New Challenges of Chinese Copyright Law in the Digital Age: A Comparative Copyright Analysis of ISP Liability, Fair Use and Sports Telecasts

The Chinese version of this paper can be found at http://ssrn.com/abstract=2123640.Under what circumstances should Internet Service Providers (ISPs) be held liable when copyrighted material is made available over the Internet without authorization of rights holders? Is Google’s controversial Library Project to scan millions of books into digital format an ambitious plan for public good or is it just another format of copyright infringement under the digital age? When audience enjoys watching live broadcasts of sports events, who are the rights holders behind the scene, and how do they protect their rights and interests from being infringed? All these questions have become highly important under the digital age, and therefore drawn serious attention from legal scholars and legislators worldwide. For direction, the world looks to influential legal regimes arising from the U.S. copyright law, the EU Directives, along with the jurisprudence and legal theory that attaches to each. But the world also looks to China, where a rapidly evolving legal regime holds its own course. This very useful book compares the legislation and case law of Chinese copyright law with those of the United States and European countries, focusing on three subjects - the liability of Internet Service Providers, the ‘fair use’ versus ‘fair dealing’ copyright doctrine, and the copyrightability of live sports telecasts - all of which are unsettled questions of law under the existing copyright regime.Among the important aspects covered are the following: secondary liability theories worldwide, including contributory liability, vicarious liability, inducement liability and joint liability; legislative and technology responses to online piracy: “graduated response” program and fingerprint filtering technology; pros and cons of the fair-use doctrine v. fair-dealing doctrine; different outcomes of the Google litigation worldwide; copyrightability of sports telecasts; China’s strategy in combating online piracy of live sports telecasts during the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympic Games.The author draws on numerous case studies from several countries and on the full range of legal theory in the field to explore how these copyright issues are treated differently in each country. In addition, addressing problems and uncertainties under the existing PRC copyright law, she proposes a number of measures to be considered in China’s legislative reform process. Although for this reason the book will be especially valuable to parties concerned with Chinese law, the centrality of the subject and its comparative legal analysis is sure to appeal to interested lawyers, policymakers, and scholars worldwide.
Species responses of colonising beetles to variation in patch quality, number, and context in experimental aquatic landscapes

Increased diversity with increasing habitat area is a well-established ecological pattern. However, habitat selection theory suggests that patch quality rivals area in determining rates of colonisation and resulting community structure. Colonisation by natural populations of aquatic beetles was quantified along gradients of increasing patch number and patch quality. Four circular experimental landscapes, each containing six unique locality types (combinations of number and type of patch), were established using 84 cattle tanks (volume 1000 litres) as patches. Patch quality varied in terms of the presence/absence and spatial proximity of predatory fish, and patch number varied from one to eight patches in each locality. Patch quality significantly affected the colonisation rate of most aquatic beetle species in both major families (Dyticidae and Hydrophilidae), as species avoided patches containing fish and also showed spatial contagion of predation risk by avoiding fishless patches in close proximity to these predators. Effects of patch number were passive, resulting in linear increases in abundance, with rates highly dependent on patch quality. Patch quality may equal or exceed landscape characteristics such as patch number in determining colonisation rate and abundance of colonising beetles, and in generating resulting patterns of species diversity.
Nontargeted Rapid Human Immunodeficiency Virus Screening Provided by Dedicated Personnel Does Not Adversely Affect Emergency Department Length of Stay

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2011; 18:708–713 © 2011 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine Abstract Objectives: In September 2006, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended routine (nontargeted) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) screening for all patients in the emergency department (ED). Although the American College of Emergency Physicians has endorsed these recommendations, the College expressed concern that that their adoption may lead to an increase in the length of stay (LOS) for ED patients. This study therefore analyzed the effect of nontargeted HIV screening on LOS in a cohort of ED patients. Methods: The analysis was performed in an urban, Level I trauma center that offers nontargeted opt-out HIV screening using dedicated HIV screeners. The LOS of all discharged patients who accepted HIV screening between May 2008 and December 2009 were compared with those of a cohort of patients over the same time period who were offered an ED HIV screening test but declined or were found to be not eligible. Median LOS was compared using the Wilcoxon rank sum test, and a multivariable linear model was used to assess the relationship between the acceptance of HIV testing and ED LOS. Results: Over the 20-month study period, there were 18,577 records of discharged patients who were offered an HIV screening test and for whom there were data about LOS. Of these, 10,286 patients accepted HIV screening, and 8,291 patients declined or were found not to be eligible. Individuals who accepted the HIV test had an LOS that was 2% longer compared to those who did not accept the test (regression beta coefficient = 1.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.00 to 1.03, p = 0.04). Conclusions: Human immunodeficiency virus screening using an additional staff model has no clinically significant effect on the overall LOS for discharged patients. ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2011; 18:1–6 © 2011 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
On-orbit structural health monitoring

On-orbit structural health monitoring aboard space platforms requires the development of sensor systems for assessing impact damage from particles and debris, the effects of atomic oxygen erosion, and the integrity of power systems, storage tanks, pressure vessels, and major structural elements. The task of implementing such a smart structure diagnostic system during the initial phase of the NASA Space Station Freedom is evaluated, with a view to more complete smart structures implementation in the course of station evolution. The data processing/cataloguing task may ultimately require AI and neural networks.
Surface and sub-micron sub-surface evolution of Al390-T6 undergoing tribological testing under submerged lubrication conditions in the presence of CO2 refrigerant

Carbon dioxide (CO2) with its environmental benefits is considered a good replacement for commonly used synthetic refrigerants. In this study, the surface and sub-surface changes in simulated CO2 environment during the initial or transient stages of a sliding contacting interface were investigated. Pin-on-disk configurations involving Al390-T6 disks in contact with 52100 steel pins were used in controlled tribological experiments using a High Pressure Tribometer. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of CO2 refrigerant, comparative tribological experiments involving a conventional refrigerant and different commonly used lubricants were initially performed in a step-increasing load manner under submerged lubricated conditions. Subsequent detailed experiments for investigating the surface and sub-surface changes were performed in the presence of CO2 refrigerant and the best performing lubricant, polyalkyline glycol. Burnishing was observed on the surfaces during the transient (evolutionary) stage, which indicated asperity contacts due to the breaking of the elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication film. In order to quantify the surface and sub-micron sub-surface changes that occurred during this transient stage of tribological operation, several analytical tasks were performed, which involved the measurements of nanomechanical properties, chemical compositions of the topmost 200 nm surface layer, and surface roughness. Such studies of detailed evolutionary changes that occurred during the transient stage of a tribopair shed light on the complex interactions between surface and sub-surface changes that determine whether successful tribological conditions will eventually be achieved. Based on the analyses presented in this work, it is concluded that CO2 is a viable refrigerant from a tribology point of view.
Buckling of a Circular Plate Resting Over an Elastic Foundation in Simple Shear Flow

The elastic instability of a circular plate adhering to an elastic foundation modeling the exposed surface of a biological cell resting on the cell interior is considered. Plate buckling occurs under the action of a uniform body force due to an overpassing simple shear flow distributed over the plate cross section. The problem is formulated in terms of the linear von Kdrmdn plate bending equation incorporating the body force and the elastic foundation spring constant, subject to clamped boundary conditions around the rim. The coupling of the plate to the substrate delays the onset of the buckling instability and may have a strong effect on the shape of the bending eigenmodes. Contrary to the case of uniform compression, as the shear stress of the overpassing shear flow increases, the plate always first buckles in the left-to-right symmetric mode.
The Lake Wobegon Effect Revisited

In the summer 1988 Issue of EM, John Cannell presented evidence Indicating that most states and schools are scoring above average on nationally normed elementary achievement tests. This phenomenon has come to be known as the Lake Wobegon Effect after the mythical town of Lake Wobegon where all children are above average. The summer 1988 Issue also Included commentaries on Cannels work by representatives of major test publishers and officials In the U.S. Department of Education. In this follow-up article, Cannell responds to criticisms of his previous work.
Fullerenols revisited as stable radical anions.

The first exhaustive purification and characterization of the much-studied “fullerenols”, prepared by reaction of C60 in toluene with an oxygenated, aqueous NaOH solution using tetrabutylammonium h...
Tal, Isabelle, Les Réunionnais en France.

Reunio estas al Francujo iom kiel Havajo al Usono - geografie fora, politike integra parto de la nacio. Kiam reuniano veturas al Francujo, estas en la spirito de provincano, kiu veturas al Parizo.La reunianoj estas, tial, kiel la portorikanoj en Novjorko, kaj ili spertas en la franca metropolo samajn problemojn de integrigo, de aparteco, de adaptigo, malgrau sia 'plena' civitaneco. Sed la portorikanoj kunportis senton de etna idento, sento trovebla, simile, ce la Parizaj antilanoj, sed ne ce enmigrintoj el Reunio. La reunianoj, kiuj elmigras, havas malmultajn kulturajn au naciajn sentojn aliajn, ol esti francoj. Sed la metropolanoj aljugas ilin al la fremdaj laboristoj. Tamen, ili migris volonte, ec kun la helpo de oficialaj organoj. Ili estas pli prosperaj ol la fremdaj laboristoj, sed ili ne automate akceptas la plej alte pagatan postenon. La antilano, maie, agas alie, en identaj kondicoj: li estas pli fiera, pli batalema, ol la reuniano. Sajnas, ke Francujo alkulturigis la reunianojn pli gisfunde, ol la martinikanojn au la gvadelupanojn.La reunianoj lingve diferencas disde la fremdaj laboristoj, car ili parolas france. Ili scias, ke tio helpos al la integrigo, kaj ili estimas la francan kaj rejetas la kreolan, sociumas nur kun metropolanoj. La kreolan ili parolas tu te ne plu, au nur kun plenkreskuloj, timante, ke la infanoj parolos france kun kreola akcento. La registaro faras nenion favoran al la kreola.Strange, ke la aŭtoro de la libro, sociologo, apenaŭ parolas pri la lingvo, pri la kulturaj normoj kaj ciu-taga vivo, kiujn la insulanoj kunportas el sia hejmlando. Temas pri sufice lastatempa migrado, kaj en Francujo ili konsistigas, ne komunumon, sed kolekton de elradikigitaj unuopuloj, neatendite fremdig-itaj. Estas ankorau tro frue, ke oni imagu tempon, je kiu la kreola povus igi objekto de etna identigo kaj fiero. Sed oni atendus, ke la aŭtoro enketu pri la politikaj kaj psikologiaj problemoj de la lingva kunteksto de la migrado. La studo de Isabelle Tal estas esence psikologia, kaj si tre bone pristudas la procedon de nepersonigo, sed nesufice ties kulturajn kaŭzojn. La tuto ne okazas, ja, en Pariza labor-atorio, sed havas kulturan kaj lingvan antaufonojn. La laboristo postlasis en Reunio, ne nur la sen-laborecon, sed siajn historion, folkloron, denaskan lingvon. La subpremado de la kreola estis kaj restas konstanta, ekde la koloniigo gis nun. Tamen, la kreola ne cedis al neniigo, kiel iuj minoritataj lingvoj de la metropolo, sed restas la fundamento de la reunia personeco, ce ciuj etnoj de tiu insulo.La libro finigas per elektitaj intervjuoj kun reunianoj. Se oni aldonus al gi mankantan socilingvistikan dimension, la libro de I. Tal konsistigus bonan bazon de plua esplorado.
Conserved cytoplasmic domain sequences mediate the ER export of VZV, HSV-1, and HCMV gB.

Abstract Glycoprotein B (gB) is conserved among the herpesviruses and participates in both virus entry and cell–cell spread. The ER export of VZV gB is mediated by two cytoplasmic domain regions, aa 818–826, which contains a YXXϕ motif, and the C-terminal 17 aa. The current study examines whether related sequences in the cytoplasmic domains of HSV-1 and HCMV gB similarly influence the ER export of their gB homologs. Directed mutations were introduced into the cytoplasmic domains of HSV-1 and HCMV gB, and the efficiencies with which the mutated proteins acquired Golgi-dependent modifications were determined. Sequences homologous to VZV gB aa 818–826 were required for normal ER export of both HSV-1 gB and HCMV gB. However, the C-terminal regions of HSV-1 and HCMV gB had no impact on ER export. Therefore, alpha- and betaherpesvirus gB homologs share conserved ER export signals, but species-specific differences in the ER export of gB also exist.
Overcoming the Limitations of Utility Design for Multiagent Systems

Cooperative control focuses on deriving desirable collective behavior in multiagent systems through the design of local control algorithms. Game theory is beginning to emerge as a valuable set of tools for achieving this objective. A central component of this game theoretic approach is the assignment of utility functions to the individual agents. Here, the goal is to assign utility functions within an “admissible” design space such that the resulting game possesses desirable properties. Our first set of results illustrates the complexity associated with such a task. In particular, we prove that if we restrict the class of utility functions to be local, scalable, and budget-balanced then 1) ensuring that the resulting game possesses a pure Nash equilibrium requires computing a Shapley value, which can be computationally prohibitive for large-scale systems, and 2) ensuring that the allocation which optimizes the system level objective is a pure Nash equilibrium is impossible. The last part of this paper demonstrates that both limitations can be overcome by introducing an underlying state space into the potential game structure.
The different roles of MHC class recognition in thymocyte CD4 versus CD8 lineage commitment and positive selection

Commitment to the CD4+ or CD8+ T cell lineages and positive selection for full maturation of precursor T cells take place in the thymus. A detailed phenotypic analysis of differentiating thymocytes in normal and MHC-deficient mice has led to the identification of previously unappreciated subpopulations whose characteristics and dependence on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I versus class II molecule expression seem incompatible with a CD4/CD8 coreceptor-dependent 'instructional' model of thymocyte development. We suggest here that these and other recent data are most consistent with a model in which the TCR-mediated decision to enter the CD4 versus the CD8 lineage is independent of the class of MHC molecule recognized and is distinct from positive selection. This latter event appears to involve already lineage-committed cells and to require a match of the MHC class specificity of the lineage-defining, highly expressed CD4 or CD8 coreceptor and the TCR.