cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Formalizing abstract characteristics of style

This paper claims that style, in addition to being identified by common visible physical characteristics of form, can be thought of in terms of a set of common abstract characteristics. A prototype computational design support tool is described that explores this idea in the domain of architecture. The Architect's Collaborator (TAC) supports articulation and evaluation of abstract characteristics of style (e.g., experiential characteristics such as privacy and shelter) and does so by mapping abstract characteristics to details of physical form. The implementation of TAC is described and successful experiments are reported in which abstract characteristics of Frank Lloyd Wright's Prairie houses were mapped to physical form characteristics and used to evaluate Prairie and non-Prairie houses.
On Turbulent Flows with Fast Chemical Reactions. Part II. The Distribution of Reactants and Products Near a Reacting Surface

Abstract The structure of a reacting surface in a turbulent flow involving contiguous volumes of fluid with one reactant present and the other absent is studied by an idealized model. The analysis provides estimates of the several length scales involved and distributions of the reactants and product in the neighborhood of such a surface assuming that the diffusivity of species is much less than that of momentum. The analysis also indicates that the coupled dissipation terms arising in Part I must be considered negligibly small in the limit of infinite reaction rates. The results of an experiment involving the turbulent mixing of weak-acid and weak-base solutions are discussed and are shown to provide qualitative support for the picture of reacting surfaces evolving from this study. Salt produced by the reaction was detected using a single electrode conductivity probe with effective diameter about 5 microns.
Dialytic management of childhood acute renal failure: a survey of North American pediatric nephrologists.

A 35-question survey was mailed to 19 pediatric nephrologists regarding dialytic management of acute renal failure (ARF). Fifteen surveys were returned (79%). The purpose of the survey was to determine which renal replacement therapies (RRT) are most frequently used in the management of children with ARF in North America. Nephrologists were also questioned about clinical factors that influence the decisions to initiate RRT and choice of a particular modality. Survey results showed that hemofiltration was the initial choice for RRT among nephrologists (median value 40%, range 0%–100%) more often in their patients in the past 12 months than peritoneal dialysis (median value 30%, range 0%–85%) or hemodialysis (median value 20%, range 0%–50%). Factors considered most important in the decision to initiate dialysis include abnormalities in serum potassium, fluid balance, blood pressure and nutritional needs. Patient size and dialysis access were additional factors considered important in the choice of RRT modality.
Formation of zinc oxide-titanium dioxide composite nanoparticles in supercritical water

Zinc oxide−titanium dioxide composite nanoparticles are prepared using a supercritical water reactor-in-series apparatus. Zinc oxide particles are produced from zinc acetate in the first reactor, and the particle suspension is fed to the second reactor where titanium oxide is formed from a titanium tetrachloride solution yielding ZnO−TiO2 composite nanoparticles. Reverse reactor order is also studied. Rapid and continuous production of nanosized composite particles is achieved in this reactor-in-series apparatus at 400 °C and 245 atm. Dynamic light scattering is used to determine the particle size, transmission electron microscopy is used to determine the particle morphology, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy is used to determine the composition.
Dynamics of Kinks: Nucleation, Diffusion, and Annihilation

We investigate the nucleation, annihilation, and dynamics of kinks in a classical $(1+1)\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{dimensional}$ ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{4}$ field theory at finite temperature. From large scale Langevin simulations, we establish that the nucleation rate is proportional to the square of the equilibrium density of kinks. We identify two annihilation time scales: one due to kink-antikink pair recombination after nucleation, the other from nonrecombinant annihilation. We introduce a mesoscopic model of diffusing kinks based on ``paired'' and ``survivor'' kinks and antikinks. Analytical predictions for the dynamical time scales, as well as the corresponding length scales, are in good agreement with the simulations.
Surface vacancy pits and vacancy diffusion in aluminum

Abstract : The width of regions depleted of vacancy pits, near various grain boundaries, were measured in aluminum for several temperatures of pit formation. These measurements, combined with the measured temperaturetime relation during pit formation, allow one to evaluate the activation energy, E sub m, for vacancy diffusion. In the present study it was found that E sub m=17+1 Kcal/mole for aluminum. Boundaries with disorientation angles ranging from 2 degrees to 50 degrees were found to be equally effective sinks for vacancies, which indicates that this property is not sensitive to the details of boundary structure. A comparison of the pit density with the dislocation density shows that these pits do not necessarily nucleate at the intersections of dislocations with the surface. (Author)
Single stranded DNA in lymphocyte chromosomes.

The distribution of single stranded DNA in lymphocytes has been examined by an immuno-fluorescence technique. Chromosomal genes seem to be active in these cells throughout the cell cycle.
Cocaine-induced suppression of interferon-gamma secretion in leukocytes from young and old C57BL/6 mice.

Abstract The effects of cocaine (0.1 – 100 μg/ml) were studied on interferon-gamma (IFN) secretion in Con A-stimulated splenocytes from young (4 months) and old (18 months) C57BL/6 mice. IFN secretion was significantly suppressed by cocaine in a concentration-dependent manner. Suppression was observed in splenocytes from both young and old mice. Splenocytes from young mice released higher amounts of IFN (23.40 ± 1.47 ng/ml) than those from old mice (6.0 ± 0.35 ng/ml) after 24 h in culture. The concentration of Con A used to stimulate IFN secretion significantly affected the suppressive effect of cocaine. Pretreatment of splenocytes with cocaine followed by culture in the absence of cocaine did not affect IFN secretion in old mice, while splenocytes from young mice showed a sustained depression in IFN release. This suggests that cocaine suppresses IFN release in vitro and the susceptibility to this inhibitory effect may be age related.
Ecological significance of the chemistry of the leaf resin of elytropappus rhinocerotis

Abstract Elytropappus rhinocerotis (Asteraceae) is a dominant, fire-adapted species of renosterveld shrub communities in the Cape region of South Africa. The leaves are covered by a thick lipophilic resin comprising up to 20% of their dry weight. Approximately 80% of the leaf resin is composed of phenolic and acidic products with the methoxylated flavones cirsimaritin, hispidulin, eupafolin and the flavonol quercetin the main components. Seven benzoic and cinnamic acid derivatives are also present in minor amounts. About 20% of the resin consisted of aliphatic constituents. Bioassays indicated allelopathic effects of the resin on the seed germination of Lactuca and Raphanus . The predominance of lipophilic flavonoids and phenolics suggests a dual role of repelling herbivores and reducing cuticular transpiration. Calorimetric measurements indicated no significant contribution of the non-volatile resin to the flammability of E. rhinocerotis .
Preferential usage of T cell receptor (TCR) Vβ by allogeneic T cells recognizing myeloid leukemia cells : implications for separating graft-versus-leukemia effect from graft-versus-host disease

Preferential usage of T cell receptor (TCR) V β by allogeneic T cells recognizing myeloid leukemia cells: implications for separating graft-versus-leukemia effect from graft-versus-host disease
Types of Flatidae (Homoptera) in the Stockholm Museum with lectotype designations. Part 2

Lectotypes and paralectotypes are designated for species of flatid planthoppers described by Jacobi, Haglund, Melichar, and Stal. The genitalia of lectotype males are illustrated. New synonyms (junior synonym first) are established as follows: Flatoidinus obscurus Metcalf & Bruner = Flatoides dotatus Melichar (Flatoidinus); Ormenis obtusa Melichar and O. stupida Melichar = Ormenis media Melichar (Anormenis); Poeciloptera sinuatipennis StAl = Phalaenomorpha sinuatipennis StAl (Dascalia); Poeciloptera fallaciosa StAl and P. fuscoconspersa StAl = Poeciloptera antiqua StAl (Paradascalia); Mesophylla marginata Jacobi = Mesophylla correcta Melichar (Phylliana); Euphanta insignis Lallemand = Hypsiphanta minax Jacobi; Burnix Medler = Hypsiphanta Jacobi. New status: Cerynia incurva Melichar, not a variety of Flata albata StAl; Ormenis indigena Melichar, not a synonym of Ormenis fuscomarginata Melichar (Melicharia); Flatoides insularis (Melichar), not a variety of Flata tortrix Guerin-Meneville.
External elliptical crack in elastic solid

Potential functions are developed for both symmetric and antisymmetric three-dimensional problems of an infinite elastic solid containing a flat crack covering the outside of an ellipse. The knowledge of these functions permits an examination of the stress and displacement fields everywhere in the cracked solid as well as in a toroidal region around the crack border. Stress-intensity factors kj (j = 1, 2, 3) corresponding to the three basic modes of fracture are obtained. The results of this paper, coupled with those found previously by the authors for the problem of the internal elliptical crack, are essential in making approximate estimate of stress-intensity values for solids with arbitrarily-shaped planar cracks.
Chemoenzymatic syntheses of water-soluble lipid I fluorescent probes.

Peptidoglycan (PG) is unique to bacteria, and thus, the enzymes responsible for its biosynthesis are promising antibacterial drug targets. The membrane-embedded enzymes in PG remain significant challenges in studying their mechanisms due to the fact that preparations of suitable enzymatic substrates require time-consuming biological transformations or chemical synthesis. Lipid I (MurNAc(pentapeptide)-pyrophosphoryl prenol) is an important PG biosynthesis intermediate to study the central enzymes, translocase I (MraY/MurX) and MurG. Lipid I isolated from nature contains the C_(50)- or C_(55)-prenyl unit that shows extremely poor water-solubility that renders studies of translocase I and MurG enzymes difficult. We have studied biological transformation of water soluble lipid I fluorescent probes using bacterial membrane fractions and purified MraY enzymes. In our investigation of the minimum structural requirements of the prenyl phosphates in MraY-catalyzed lipid I synthesis, we found that (2Z,6E)-farnesyl phosphate (C_(15)-phosphate) can be recognized by Escherichia coli MraY to generate the water-soluble lipid I fluorescent probe in high-yields. Under the optimized conditions, the same reaction was performed by using the purified MraY from Hydrogenivirga spp. to afford the lipid I analog with high-yields in a short reaction time.
Homology of delta crystallin and argininosuccinate lyase.

Abstract 1. 1. Delta crystallin, a major lens protein characteristic of birds and reptiles, is homologous to argininosuccinate lyase; 57% of the residues in chicken delta crystallin and human lyase are identical. 2. 2. Even more similar (62% identical residues) to the human lyase is the sequence translated from the presumably inactive delta-2 gene of the delta crystallin locus. 3. 3. As both delta crystallin and lyase are synthesized in birds only during the embryonic and juvenile stages, the persistence of delta crystallin in the adult lens appears to be paedornorphic. 4. 4. Possible correlations of the origins of delta crystallin with other events in sauropsid evolution are proposed.
Cyclic and quasi-cyclic LDPC codes: New developments

This paper presents a technique to decompose a cyclic code given by a parity-check matrix in circulant form into descendant cyclic and quasi-cyclic codes of various length and rates. Based on this technique, cyclic finite geometry (FG) LDPC codes are decomposed into a large class of cyclic FG-LDPC codes and a large class of quasi-cyclic FG-LDPC codes.
SES affects infant cognitive flexibility

Cognitive flexibility requires processing multiple sources of information and flexible adaptation of behavioral responses. Poverty negatively impacts cognitive control in young children, but its effects on infants are not well-understood. This study investigated longitudinally the development of cognitive flexibility in low-income infants. Thirty-two infants (15 low-SES, 17 high-SES) were tested at 6, 9, and 12 months of age. Cognitive flexibility was measured with a perseverative reaching task, where infants were taught to reach to one location and then asked to switch to a second location. High-SES infants replicated the typical developmental trajectory, reaching randomly at 6 months, perseverating at 9 months, and reaching correctly at 12 months. In contrast, the low-SES infants showed a delayed pattern, reaching correctly at 6 months, randomly at 9 months, and perseverating at 12 months. Links between cognitive flexibility and frontal cortex development are explored as a potential mechanism.
Brezhnev's 'Social Contract' and Gorbachev's Reforms

(1992). Brezhnev's ‘social contract’ and Gorbachev's reforms. Soviet Studies: Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 37-56.
Frequency and explanation of false negative diagnosis of aortic dissection by aortography and transesophageal echocardiography

Objectives. This study was designed to define the frequency and explanation of false negative diagnosis of aortic dissection by aortography and transesophageal echocardiography. Background. Aortography and transesophageal echocardiography have been widely utilized to diagnose aortic dissection. Previous reports have not fully addressed the reasons why these studies yield false negative results in a large number of patients with aortic dissection. Methods. Sixty-five consecutive patients with aortic dissection underwent aortography and transesophageal echocardiography. Diagnosis of aortic dissection was confirmed at operation or by computed tomography in all patients. Results. Biplane transesophageal echocardiograms yielded false negative results in two patients (sensitivity 97% [63 of 65]). Both patients had well localized DeBakey type II aortic dissection. The diagnosis was probably missed because of image interference from the air-filled trachea and mainstem bronchi. In both patients, the dissection was readily identified by aortography. Aortograms yielded false negative results in 15 patients (sensitivity 77% [50 of 65]); the aortic dissection was type I in 7 patients, type II in 1 and type III in 7. The dissection in all 15 patients was readily identified by transesophageal echocardiography. The missed diagnosis was probably due to a completely thrombosed false lumen or intramural hematoma with noncommunicating dissection in 13 patients and to a large ascending aortic aneurysm with nearly equal flow on both sides of the intimal flap in 2. In no patient was the diagnosis missed by both aortography and transesophageal echocardiography. Conclusion. Transesophageal echocardiography is an excellent screening tool for aortic dissection. However, it may miss small type II aortic dissections localized to the upper portion of the ascending aorta because of image interference from the air-filled trachea. An intramural hematoma cannot be easily visualized by aortography, and this lesion is the principal reason for false negative aortographic findings.
A new polymorph of 4,4′-(butadiyne-1,4-diyl)-bis-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-hydroxypiperidin-1-oxyl)

A new polymorph of the title diradical has been characterized by X-ray diffraction, vibrational spectroscopy, and magnetic susceptibility; its radiation induced polymerization has not been achieved, but thermal treatment turns the crystals black and explosive decomposition occurs at ∼ 140°C.
Shear Strength of a Cold-Formed Steel Sheet in Bolted Connections Using Oversized Holes

AbstractThe North American specifications for the design of cold-formed steel (CFS) structural members provides equations for determining the sheet shear strength in bolted connections when standard holes are used. In applications of oversized holes, the specification requires experimental analysis to be conducted to ensure satisfactory performance. A research project was recently completed at the University of North Texas to investigate the behavior and performance of CFS bolted connections using oversized holes. This paper presents the findings on the sheet shear strength for oversized hole applications. The studied parameters in this research included the following: sheet thickness from 0.762 to 2.997 mm; connection type of single shear and double shear with a single bolt; and bolt diameters of 6.4, 9.5, 12.7, and 15.9 mm. The experimental results indicate that the use of oversized holes without a washer did not significantly weaken the sheet shear strength. Recommendations are provided for predicting ...
Wavelength assignment for dynamic traffic in multi-fiber WDM networks

We propose an on-line wavelength assignment algorithm for multi-fiber WDM networks, in which lightpaths are established and released dynamically. For a given number of fibers per link and number of wavelengths per fiber, the algorithm aims to minimize the blocking probability. It may also be used to reduce the number of wavelengths required for a given tolerable blocking probability. Simulation results show that our wavelength assignment algorithm performs better than other previously proposed algorithms (in the cases we studied). As the number of fibers per link increases, the benefit of having wavelength converters decreases dramatically, and the performance improvement of our algorithm over others increases. Our results also show that in case a preferred path is not available, rerouting along a node-disjoint backup path can significantly reduce the blocking probability.
Significance of Distribution of Planktonic Foraminifera in Equatorial Atlantic Undercurrent: ABSTRACT

The relation between distribution of living planktonic Foraminifera species and selected elements of the equatorial Atlantic current system has been investigated through the use of depth-controlled, opening-closing net, quasi-synoptic plankton samples, as well as hydro-casts, S-T-D lowerings, and direct current measurements. Physico-chemical data collected with the biologic samples were used to define major biotopes within the current system. They showed salinity variation to be one of the most important factors affecting foraminiferal distribution and temperature variation to be of lesser importance; variations in salinity as small as 0.5 ppt. appear to exert strong influence on population variation within the planktonic Foraminifera. Because of such sensitivity, plankto ic Foraminifera may be very useful as water-mass indicators in studies of oceanic-current and circulation patterns. End_of_Article - Last_Page 619------------
Glass Break Detector Analog Front-End Using Novel Classifier Circuit

The paper proposed a new glass break detector analog front-end to replace simple signal threshold or signal slope threshold methods that normally trigger modern power-intensive DSP-based glass break detectors. The new front-end extracts features related to the total signal energy, high-band energy, and zero-crossings using analog circuits and inputs these into a novel analog classifier circuit that determines if a given 20 ms window of sound resulted from glass breaking. The paper presents TSMC 0.35mum SPICE system simulation results of the front-end, using actual sound files from a sound database to drive the simulations. Through these simulations the authors shows the utility of using analog circuits for both feature extraction and classification. Using a developmental database of glass break sounds and non-glass break sounds that includes the categories of noise, music, and speech, the analog front-end has 100% testing accuracy.
Patellar Component Medialization in Total Knee Arthroplasty

Intraoperative correction of patellar maltracking has traditionally involved the use of a lateral retinacular release. Problems, however, related to lateral retinacular release include increased postoperative pain and wound healing complications, compromised patellar blood flow, and longer rehabilitation. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of patellar medialization in total knee arthroplasty. One hundred forty patients underwent total knee arthroplasty using the same components. Two groups of 70 patients each made up the study. Group 1 included patients whose patellar components were centralized on the patella, and group 2 consisted of patients in whom the patellar component was medialized to reproduce the patient's anatomic high point (ie, sagittal ridge). Lateral retinacular release was required in 45.5% of the patients in group 1 compared with 17% in group 2. The technique of patellar medialization is described.
An Alternative Proof of a Theorem of Takács on the GI/M/1 Queue

An analytic proof is given of the fact that the stationary distribution for the imbedded Markov chain in a GI/M/1 queue is geometric. A generating function for the stationary transition probabilities is obtained as the unique solution to an integro-differential equation, which may be solved by reduction to a Wiener-Hopf equation.
Heparanase, TrkC and p75NTR: Their functional involvement in human medulloblastoma cell invasion

Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant childhood brain tumor. Although some previous reports have shown up to a 70% 5-year survival for some of these patients, it is at the cost of significant long-term treatment-related morbidity. The cellular mechanisms leading to metastatic disease in medulloblastoma are mainly unknown. For the first time, we demonstrate the differential expression of heparanase in medulloblastomas and how these differences at the mRNA and protein levels affect the activity and invasive properties of three newly developed cell lines. Furthermore, heparanase expression was confirmed in 7 (88%) of 8 medulloblastoma clinical samples by immunohistochemical staining. Heparanase was found to be localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction revealed a negative correlation between heparanase and TrkC (which is associated with a favorable clinical outcome). The activation of TrkC or TrkC/p75NTR by NT-3 affected heparanase activity and cell-invasive properties of medulloblastoma cells in vitro. Taken together, our data extend the body of evidence that invasion and expression/functionality of heparanase, in a context linked to TrkC and p75NTR, may play critical roles in the disease progression of medulloblastoma.
Data-driven abductive discovery in mineralogy

Traditional pathways to discovery in Earth sciences rely in large measure on deductive and inductive approaches, by which measurements and observations are made in the context of established principles or testable, predictive hypotheses about the natural world. Vast, but largely untapped, Earth and life science data resources offer a potentially revolutionary alternative “abductive” approach to investigate Earth’s co-evolving geosphere and biosphere. We therefore advocate a strategic, data-driven program for accelerated scientific discovery.
A Reversible Structural Interconversion Involving [M(H2pdc)2(H2O)2]⋅2 H2O (M=Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, H3pdc=3,5‐pyrazoledicarboxylic acid) and the Role of A Reactive Intermediate [Co(H2pdc)2]

A new type of hydrogen bonded networks [M(H2pdc)2(H2O)2]⋅2 H2O [M=Mn (1), Fe (2), Co (3), Ni (4), Zn (5); H3pdc=3,5-pyrazoledicarboxylic acid] have been synthesized via hydrothermal reactions and their structures have been characterized. Upon a cooling-heating cycle, these compounds undergo a reversible structural interconversion process via hydration-dehydration: [M(H2pdc)2(H2O)2]⋅2 H2O[M(H2pdc)2]. The process is associated with distinct color changes. The dehydrated [M(H2pdc)2] (M=Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Zn) are amorphous and highly reactive. Further chemical reactions of these reactive intermediates show that they may act as effective precursors towards assembly of new supramolecular compounds that may otherwise be inaccessible by other synthetic routes. An interesting structure containing an “open-box” molecule [Co4(Hpdc)4(py)12]⋅4 py⋅2 H2O⋅2 CH3OH (6) (py=pyridine) has been isolated by using dehydrated [Co(H2pdc)2] as the precursor, and its crystal structure has been analyzed. Crystal data for 1–6: monoclinic, space group P21/c and Z=2 with a=10.186(2), b=12.473(2), c=6.831(1) A, β=108.80(3)° (1); a=9.896(2), b=12.402(2), c=6.810(1) A, β=108.15(3)° (2); a=9.981(2), b=12.426(2), c=6.807(1) A, β=108.23(3)° (3); a=9.896(2), b=12.402(2), c=6.810(1) A, β=108.15(3)° (4); a=10.001(2), b=12.430(2), c=6.834(1) A, β=108.32(3)° (5); a=9.9617(1), b=18.5080(2), c=28.4786(3) A, β=93.076(1)° (6).
New strabismus surgical techniques

Five new strabismus surgical procedures were developed by the authors and were presented as a workshop at the AAPOS annual meeting of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. They are summarized here to introduce these methods to the reader and provide surgeons with more options in approaching difficult strabismus problems. Diagnosis and correction of consecutive strabismus attributable to stretched scar is discussed. The pulley posterior fixation procedure is a unique approach to correct high accommodative convergence or to augment a maximal medial rectus recession. Diagnosis and repair of the partial avulsion (flap tear) of a rectus muscle allows correction of some restrictive strabismus following blunt trauma. The nasal myectomy of the inferior oblique muscle corrects persistent inferior oblique overaction without sacrificing the tether effect gained by a previous anterior transposition of the inferior oblique. The full advancement of the superior oblique tendon offers another option to strengthen a weak superior oblique muscle.
Seasonal Use and Selection of Caves by the Eastern Pipistrelle Bat (Pipistrellus subflavus)

Abstract The eastern pipistrelle (Pipistrellus subflavus) is considered one of the most common and widely distributed species of bats in eastern North America, but little published information exists on its natural history. During surveys of numerous small caves in northwest Arkansas, we documented use by eastern pipistrelles and recorded ambient temperature readings in all caves and at roost and hibernation sites for individual bats. Using presence/absence data and a GIS system, we examined association of pipistrelle occurrence based upon landscape-level variables and cave structure. Hibernating eastern pipistrelles showed a significant preference for cave openings with east-facing aspects and significantly avoided caves on steep slopes during winter. These patterns appear to be due to the influence of cave ambient temperature. Significantly more eastern pipistrelles were found in caves with a wide range of temperature regimes within a season, but with little temperature variation between seasons. In our...
The importance of chance and interactivity in creativity

Individual creativity is standardly treated as an ‘internalist’ process occurring solely in the head. An alternative, more interactionist view is presented here, where working with objects, media and other external things is seen as a fundamental component of creative thought. The value of chance interaction and chance cueing — practices widely used in the creative arts — is explored briefly in an account of the creative method of choreographer Wayne McGregor and then more narrowly in an experimental study that compared performance on a Scrabble-like word discovery problem. Subjects were presented with seven letters and given two minutes to call out three-to-seven-letter English words. There were three conditions: The tiles were fixed in place, subjects were free to move the tiles manually or the tiles could be randomly shuffled. Results showed that random shuffling was best, with manual movement second. Three reasons are provided: Shuffling is faster and cheaper than mentally thinking of candidates; randomizing strings covers the search space better than a deterministic method based on past successes; and randomizing is equivalent to adding diversity to a team, which is known empirically to lead to more creative solutions.
The saponins of Pachyrrhizus erosus (L) Urban.

The seeds of Pachyrrhizus erosus (L) Urban are known to contain at least two saponins.These compounds were separated by extraction with methanol and found to be amorphous.They were toxic to goldfish in a concentration of 1:10,000, about 40 per cent of the potency of picrotoxin.The seeds were also toxic to goldfish in a concentration of 1:500.Two crystalline sapogenins were isolated after hydrolysis and were analyzed.They are apparently different from any sapogenins previously reported.
The Influence of Gender Ideology, Victim Resistance, and Spiking a Drink on Acquaintance Rape Attributions

The current study examined observer's attributions about the victim and perpetrator of an alleged acquaintance rape. Participants included 504 college students from a public university in the northeastern United States who read a brief crime report and completed a series of questionnaires for course credit. While men tended to attribute more blame to the victim than women, gender ideology emerged as a stronger predictor of rape attributions, and some types of sexist beliefs were associated with greater victim blaming and others with less victim blaming. Endorsement of hostile sexism, rape myths, and heterosexual intimacy was generally associated with the attribution of greater victim culpability, as well as less perpetrator culpability, perpetrator criminality, and victim credibility. However, complementary gender differentiation was associated with greater perpetrator culpability and criminality, while protective paternalism was associated with greater victim credibility. Observers attributed lower victim culpability and greater perpetrator criminality when the victim's drink was spiked, and attributed greater perpetrator culpability when the victim verbally resisted the perpetrator's advances. Given the implications that observer attitudes can have on professional and personal support for survivors, as well as juror decision making, the ongoing examination of the complex interplay between the person and situational factors affecting attributions of rape is essential. Sexual assault prevention programs may also benefit from a psychoeducational component that targets reducing traditional gender ideology.
The Role of Forkhead Box Protein M1 in Breast Cancer Progression and Resistance to Therapy

The Forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) is a transcription factor that has been implicated in normal cell growth and proliferation through control of cell cycle transition and mitotic spindle. It is implicated in carcinogenesis of various malignancies where it is activated by either amplification, increased stability, enhanced transcription, dysfunction of regulatory pathways, or activation of PI3K/AKT, epidermal growth factor receptor, Raf/MEK/MAPK, and Hedgehog pathways. This review describes the role of FOXM1 in breast cancer. This includes how FOXM1 impacts on different subtypes of breast cancer, that is, luminal/estrogen receptor positive (ER+), expressing human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), basal-like breast cancer (BBC), and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). The review also describes different tested preclinical therapeutic strategies targeting FOXM1. Developing clinically applicable therapies that specifically inhibit FOXM1 activity is a logical next step in biomarker-driven approaches against breast cancer but will not be without its challenges due to the unique properties of this transcription factor.
PTH and Vitamin D

PTH and Vitamin D are two major regulators of mineral metabolism. They play critical roles in the maintenance of calcium and phosphate homeostasis as well as the development and maintenance of bone health. PTH and Vitamin D form a tightly controlled feedback cycle, PTH being a major stimulator of vitamin D synthesis in the kidney while vitamin D exerts negative feedback on PTH secretion. The major function of PTH and major physiologic regulator is circulating ionized calcium. The effects of PTH on gut, kidney, and bone serve to maintain serum calcium within a tight range. PTH has a reciprocal effect on phosphate metabolism. In contrast, vitamin D has a stimulatory effect on both calcium and phosphate homeostasis, playing a key role in providing adequate mineral for normal bone formation. Both hormones act in concert with the more recently discovered FGF23 and klotho, hormones involved predominantly in phosphate metabolism, which also participate in this closely knit feedback circuit. Of great interest are recent studies demonstrating effects of both PTH and vitamin D on the cardiovascular system. Hyperparathyroidism and vitamin D deficiency have been implicated in a variety of cardiovascular disorders including hypertension, atherosclerosis, vascular calcification, and kidney failure. Both hormones have direct effects on the endothelium, heart, and other vascular structures. How these effects of PTH and vitamin D interface with the regulation of bone formation are the subject of intense investigation.
Immunoglobulin Synthesis in Vitro by Splenic Tissue in Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

Abstract Experimental and clinical observations suggest that platelet destruction in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is due to the production of an antibody against autologous platelets. The origin of antibody synthesis is unknown although the spleen has been considered one likely possibility. When we determined immunoglobulin (Ig) synthesis in vitro by human splenic tissue, mean Ig production by spleens from patients with ITP was five times greater than that of unstimulated control tissue, but was similar to the degree of Ig synthesis by control tissue after in vitro antigenic stimulation. Immunoglobulins produced by one ITP spleen showed binding to autologous and homologous platelets. These data suggest that the spleen in ITP is involved in a humoral response to some antigen. Whether this increased Ig production is directed toward platelet-associated antigens cannot be definitely stated although preliminary findings are suggestive.
Prevention Strategies for Grape Root Borer (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) Infestations in Concord Grape Vineyards

Tests evaluating various prevention control strategies for the grape root borer (GRB) ( Vitacea polistiformis [Harris]) revealed that chlorpyrifos residues in vineyard soils were lethal to recently hatched larvae for at least 4 weeks. GLC analysis of treated soil indicated that >90% of chlorpyrifos residues were retained in the 0 to 3 cm layer. Also, the half life of chlorpyrifos applied to the surface of Cecil sandy loam soil in the test vineyard was ca. 3 weeks. Granule and EC treatments of chlorpyrifos were equally effective at a rate of 2.3 kg (AI)/1,000 linear m. Soil treatments of chlorpyrifos, methyl parathion, carbaryl, but not lindane, (2.3 kg [AI]/1,000 linear m) inhibited GRB egg hatching. Chlorpyrifos and other insecticides were not highly toxic to GRB pupae and did not inhibit adult emergence in treated soil. However, laboratory bioassay of the contact toxicity of foliar applied insecticides revealed that adult male moths succumb to a variety of insecticides, including chlorpyrifos. Mounding of soil under vines resulted in a significant reduction (83%) in adult emergence.
Corticolous Myxomycetes II: Notes on Minakatella Longifila with Ultrastructural Evidence for its Transfer to the Trichiaceae

Minakatella longifila G. Lister is an apparently widely distributed, corticolous myxomyceLe that in most cases produces pseudoaethalioid to aethalioid fructifications which can easily be seen with the naked eye. A detailed species description is given based on observations of recent new collections from five different states. Ultrastructural examination reveals that the capillitial threads are not solid as some of the literature indicates, but are either hollow or plugged with bacteria. The taxonomic position of Minakatella is reviewed and its transfer from the Dianemaceae to the Trichiaceae proposed. Relationships of Minakatella with Calomyxa and Perichaena are discussed, and its affinity for either of these genera is regarded as uncertain at the present time. Therefore, Minakatella is retained as a monotypic genus.
Piecewise Linear Dynamical Model for Action Clustering from Real-World Deployments of Inertial Body Sensors

Human motion has been reported as having great relevance to various disease, disorder, injuries and emotional state. Therefore, motion assessment using inertial body sensor networks (BSNs) is gaining popularity as an outcome measure in clinical study and neuroscience research. The efficacy of motion assessment heavily relies on the accurate temporal clustering of human motion into actions on various time scales. However, two human factors in real-world deployments of inertial BSNs make such motion assessment challenging: mounting errors (where sensor displacement and orientation do not match what is assumed by processing algorithms) and insecure mounting (where sensors are loosely worn causing them to shake during operations). In order to enhance the robustness of human actions clutsering from real-world BSN data, this work leverages dynamical systems modeling with the considerations of human factors. By proposing a computational body-model framework called the piecewise linear dynamical model (PLDM), we derive a robust method to segment time series data of inertial BSNs in real-world deployment with human factors into motion primitives and actions. We test the proposed method on three different inertial BSN datasets, extract actions on different temporal scales and recognize the actions into clusters. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.
Algorithm to calculate human calorie expenditure based on a predicted heat strain model

A predicted heat strain model (PHSM) has been used to evaluate the thermal stress experienced by a human subject during exercise in a hot environment. In the PHSM, equations describing the thermal balance of a human body predict the physiological response, including sweat rate and internal temperature, for a given metabolic rate. In this paper, we propose that the heat balance equations of the PHSM may be used in reverse, to calculate the metabolic rate from physiological and environmental sensor readings. We develop distinct algorithms for ordinary situations, as well as a common, extreme case, in which the heat strain exceeds the body's ability to dissipate heat through evaporation of sweat. Compared with the algorithm currently used in commercial calorie expenditure monitors, the new algorithm we propose may provide a more reliable and precise calculation.
International Students in Western Developed Countries: History, Challenges, and Prospects

Many scholars have described the various challenges international students face in Western developed countries including the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia. Some of the challenges include differences in culture, language barriers, adjustment problems, medical concerns, pedagogical challenges, housing issues, lack of support services, and financial difficulty. This paper explores some challenges of international students and implicates the need for host universities to provide more resources and support services towards meeting international students’ academic and social needs. Aside from exploring the challenges, conflicts, and contradictions to the international student experience, and their implications to academic performance, the paper presents recommendations and suggestions to host universities on how to meet international students’ varying academic and social needs.
The Common Good and Christian Ethics: Poverty Justice and the good of the city

Human beings are dependent on one another not only for the higher achievements of cultural life we have been discussing but also for the necessities of material and economic well-being. For this reason, recovery of an active social commitment to the common good is a critical element in serious efforts to reduce poverty and advance economic justice. Poverty continues to be an entrenched fact of life for many people in Western societies today and it is vastly more widespread globally. Chapter 2 of this book has argued that the poverty of American core cities is a problem that an ethic of tolerance alone cannot handle. This chapter will argue that a revival of commitment to the common good and a deeper sense of solidarity are preconditions for significant improvement of the lives of the poor in large cities of the United States. The focus here will be on how effective efforts to alleviate the plight of the American urban poor call for public commitment to solidarity and the common good. Social allegiance to the common good can tackle poverty in a way that that the prevailing American ethos of individualism and tolerance cannot. The next chapter will extend this analysis to the larger international setting. Commitment to the common good will not, of course, settle all the policy debates concerning poverty in the United States or elsewhere. But the lodestar of the common good can guide movement along a path toward better lives for the poor.
ENDOMORPHY: MODEL USAGE WITHIN INTELLIGENT AGENTS

This chapter discusses internal models employed by intelligent agents, which are designed in discrete event form. It presents the development of the theory of event-based control of systems. It explains how to embed such control within robot model cognition systems. In the conventional approach to control, the controller sends out a command to the data acquisition sub-system to sample the process at regular intervals. When the sampled value returns, it is stored and tested. Depending on the outcome of the test, a corrective control action command is emitted. Testing of the sampled value is performed by determining whether it lies within a window, that is, a sub-interval of the sensor output range. A continuous model of a device is developed and abstracted into a discrete event system specification (DEVS) model. The abstraction is based on homomorphic preservation of the device input–output behavior where inputs are operation commands to the device and outputs are responses of finite-state sensors attached to the device to observe its state. The relative simplicity of the DEVS abstraction facilitates planning, that is, developing plans for achieving goals by analyzing the model transition structure.
Imaging Evaluation of Cutaneous Lymphoma Using Functional and Structural Imaging

Primary cutaneous lymphoma is the second most frequent extranodal lymphoma. Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma with approximately 65% frequency is the most common histology seen in these patients. Imaging studies are greatly used in lymphoma diagnosis, staging, and follow-up. Although structural imaging such as CT scan has been commonly used in studying lymphomas, it has limited capability in determining cutaneous involvement and extracutaneous involvement in normal sized lymph nodes and enlarged reactive lymph nodes. Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) has been shown of great value in primary evaluation, staging, response assessment, and detecting disease recurrence in cutaneous lymphoma.
Analysis of Spatio-temporal Relationship of Multiple Energy Spectra of EEG Data for Emotion Recognition

Evaluation of several feature metrics derived from decomposed wavelet coefficients of electroencephalographic data for emotion recognition is presented in this paper. Five different emotions (joy, sadness, disgust, fear, and neutral) are elicited by providing stimulus patterns and EEG data is recorded for each participant. The collected dataset is preprocessed through a band-pass filter, a notch filter, and a Laplacian Montage for noise and artifact removal. Discrete Wavelet Transform based spectral decomposition is employed to separate each of the 256-channel data into 5 specific frequency bands (Delta, Theta, Alpha, Beta, and Gamma bands), and several feature metrics are calculated to represent different emotions. A multi-layer perceptron neural network is used to classify the feature data into different emotions. Experimental evaluations performed on EEG data captured by a 256 channel EGI data acquisition system shows promising results with an average emotion recognition rate of 91.73% for 5 subjects.
Re-envisioning the School Day: Integrating Mathematics, Science, and Reading through Students’ Engagement with Practices

In this article, we propose an alternative to traditional content integration that has resulted in our preservice elementary teacher candidates designing lessons centered on developing focused practices throughout a re-envisioned school day. We first present connections among the practices outlined in mathematics, science, and reading standards; the complementary nature of the practices creates a conceptual thread that weaves through and helps unite content across disciplines. Then, we outline the project that our teacher candidates complete and describe resulting examples of their work. We conclude by presenting suggestions for educators and other leaders who are interested in utilizing this lesson planning approach in their own settings. If the targeted set of related practices are selected and leveraged thoughtfully, they lend much-needed coherence to the work that students do in a given school day.
The generative psychology of kinship: Part 1. Cognitive universals and evolutionary psychology

Human kinship and associated terminology vary a lot across cultures, but many anthropologists have suspected that a common set of principles underlies this variation. I argue that cross-cultural variation in kin classification is produced by a generative psychology built on two broad classes of rules. Some rules declare that kin differing with respect to binary distinctive features should be distinguished from one another, others identify some types of kin as more psychologically basic or prototypical than others. Different kin terminologies draw from the same set of rules, while variation among terminologies in how kin are split and merged results from variation in the ranking assigned to different rules. The rules governing kin classification seem to derive from three universal ‘‘primitives’’ of social cognition—innate schemas of genealogical distance, social rank, and group membership. These schemas may be part of an evolved psychology of kinship. This psychology has homologies with nonhuman primate social cognition; in humans, it is adapted to flexibly regulate the representation of relatedness in the service of individual and group nepotism. A companion paper spells out in more detail how the psychology of kinship generates and constrains known systems of kin classification.