cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous Identification of Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, and Campylobacter lari with SmartCycler-Based Multiplex Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction.

Abstract Background: Consumption of Campylobacter contaminated food or water is a leading cause of human acute gastroenteritis. Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, and Campylobacter lari account for over 95% of total Campylobacter infections. A multiplex quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for simultaneous identification of C. jejuni, C. coli, and C. lari was developed for use with the SmartCycler II system. Materials and Methods: We evaluated and combined previously described primers and probes for Campylobacter detection, designed a new internal amplification control, and optimized the multiplex qPCR for the detection of C. jejuni, C. coli, and C. lari. Results: This method was 100% specific when tested against a panel of 32 target Campylobacter strains and 31 non-Campylobacter reference strains. Furthermore, there was no cross-reactivity with seven strains from four nontarget Campylobacter species. The amplification efficiency of each target in this multiplex qPCR was over 90%, and each...
Understanding and Preventing Money Laundering

The abilities and skills of internal auditors suit them well for the war against money laundering. Forensic accounting skills, as well as audit expertise, are needed to help in combating this crime. The development of internal policies, procedures, and controls to prevent money laundering fits within the accountant's abilities and expertise. Money laundering can be defined as a process in which illegally obtained money (e.g. from drug trafficking, terrorist activity or other serious crimes) is given an appearance of having originated from a legitimate source. Although the basic goals of money laundering are no different today than from decades ago, money laundering is now taking place in a high-tech global environment. This article provides background and recent developments in efforts to combat money laundering.
Role of Demographic and Clinical Factors in Cognitive Functioning of Persons with Relapsing-Remitting and Progressive Multiple Sclerosis.

Background Age and time post-diagnosis can significantly impact cognitive and motor functions in multiple sclerosis (MS); however, studies often fail to account for these factors when assessing differences between disease courses. Objectives Examine differences between relapsing-remitting and progressive MS in cognition, motor function, and everyday activities, controlling for age, education, and time post-diagnosis. Methods Twenty-one persons with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS group), 21 with progressive MS (PMS group), and 21 healthy participants (HCs), matched on age, education, and time post-diagnosis, completed tests of cognitive abilities, motor functions, and everyday functional activities. Results The two groups with MS did not differ on cognitive performance. Poorer performance in processing speed was noted in both MS groups in comparison with the HC group. Motor function was worse for the PMS group compared with the HC and RRMS groups. The RRMS group showed poorer upper limb functioning compared to the HC group. The PMS group had more difficulty with everyday activities as compared with both the RRMS and HC group. Conclusions When comparing differences in functioning between MS disease courses, attention should be paid to the demographic characteristics of the samples. (JINS, 2018, 24, 139-146).
Ethnic Identity and Loneliness in Predicting Suicide Risk in Latino College Students

This study examined the role of ethnic identity and loneliness as predictors of suicide risk, namely, hopelessness and suicidal behaviors, in Latino college students. One hundred sixty Latino stude...
100 kw, 46-63 GHz severed gyro-BWO

A high power TE31 gyro-BWO utilizing a MIG is described which will yield continuous tuning over a full band. The interaction tube has been severed to destroy all modes without a threefold azimuthal symmetry.
Etiology and management of pyoderma gangrenosum: a comprehensive review.

Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is a rare neutrophilic dermatosis characterized by painful, necrotic ulceration. It typically affects patients in the third to sixth decades of life, with almost equal incidence in men and women. PG occurs most frequently on the lower extremities. Five clinical variants are currently recognized: classic, bullous, pustular, vegetative, and peristomal types. Half of PG cases are seen in association with systemic disease. Mimickers include infection, vascular insufficiency ulcers, systemic vasculitides, autoimmune disease, cancer, and exogenous tissue injury, among others. PG is often a diagnosis of exclusion, as there are no specific laboratory or histopathologic findings to confirm the diagnosis. PG thus presents many clinical challenges: it is difficult to diagnose, is frequently misdiagnosed, and often requires a work-up for underlying systemic disease. Successful management of PG typically requires multiple modalities to reduce inflammation and optimize wound healing, in addition to treatment of any underlying diseases. Prednisone and cyclosporine have been mainstays of systemic treatment for PG, although increasing evidence supports the use of biologic therapies, such as tumor necrosis factor-a inhibitors, for refractory cases of PG. Here, we review the clinical presentation and pathophysiology of PG, as well as its associated conditions, diagnostic work-up, and management.
The Unbounded Confession

This chapter explores confession’s role in the religious and cultural imaginary of Protestantism. No longer considered a sacrament by most reformers, the confessional rite was detached from its liturgical context to take on an array of civic and political functions, anchoring the dream for a community of free desire. Far from a diminution, this change allowed confession to pass from discrete speech-act to discursive form, a medium through which the Christian citizen addressed God and her conscience, but also the secular world. Appreciating the medial character of early Protestant discourse offers a new backdrop to view the formation of confession as a political and literary genre in Goethe, Rousseau, and others, and allows us to bring contemporary concerns about transparency into historical and theological relief.
Taxing Parenthood: Federal Tax Law and Collaborative Reproduction

This article examines the novel issues dealing with the application of the federal tax code to collaborative reproduction, i.e. assisted reproductive technology involving third parties in the procreative process. Although collaborative reproduction has become a billion dollar business in the United States, the tax issues arising from it has for the most part been obscured from public view. Payment to a collaborator for gametes, embryos and birthing a child for another obviously raise tax issues, but often attempts are made to avoid reporting such payments, especially to surrogate carriers and egg donors. While deductions may be allowed for the costs of collaborative reproduction, the only analogous rulings may be those having to do with blood and human milk. There is a little literature on the subject, but except for a decision of the tax court on deduction of legal and medical payments and the cost of employing a surrogate carrier, there appears to be no practical controlling law. Given the economic reality of transfer of money in the field of reproductive medicine this article may help to focus attention on the subject.
SETI: The NASA Years

This chapter, on the years of SETI in NASA, was initially prepared in 2000 for the celebration of Frank Drake’s 70th birthday, but has never been previously published. All the material in these pages remains as valid today, in 2010, as it was 10 years ago. So it fits well into this volume on SETI Past, Present, and Future, with only minor revisions, and I am delighted that it is now seeing the light of day.
A Brief History of Microbiology and Immunology

Vaccine history is inextricably linked with the histories of microbiology and immunology; evolution of the latter disciplines parallels the ongoing quest of humankind to understand the fundamental basis of life. How our species survives in the hostile world that surrounds us has been a source of fascination since the beginning of recorded time. Injury and infection likely exacted a heavy toll as our early hominid ancestors descended from the trees and adapted a predatory life style on the African plains; death from bleeding and wound infections undoubtedly plagued early humans (Opal 2003). Epidemic disease, however, probably played a minor role in shaping the primitive human immune system. Instead, the primary determinants of lethality for small, scattered bands of hunter-gatherer populations of Homo sapiens were starvation, predation, and hypothermia.
Prostate Biopsy Techniques

Early detection of prostate cancer has benefited greatly from the introduction and refinement of systematic transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided prostate biopsy techniques as well as increased public awareness about prostate cancer. Widespread PSA-based screening has increased the number of men undergoing early prostate cancer biopsy, with estimates as high as 800,000 prostate biopsies annually in the United States alone (Halpern and Strup AJR Am J Roentgenol 174:623–7, 2000). First described by Watanabe et al., TRUS of the prostate expanded to routine clinical use with improvements in ultrasound technology and the introduction of the TRUS-guided systematic sextant biopsy by Hodge et al. (Watanabe et al. Nihon Hinyokika Gakkai Zasshi 59:273–9, 1968; Hodge et al. J Urol 142:71–4, 1989). TRUS-guided prostate biopsy is an essential tool in the diagnosis, staging, and management of prostate cancer.
The Welfare Effects of Information

Some information is beneficial; it makes people’s lives go better. Some information is harmful; it makes people’s lives go worse. Some information has no welfare effects at all; people neither gain nor lose from it. Under prevailing executive orders, agencies must investigate the welfare effects of information by reference to cost-benefit analysis. Federal agencies have (1) claimed that quantification of benefits is essentially impossible; (2) engaged in “breakeven analysis”; (3) projected various endpoints, such as health benefits or purely economic savings; and (4) relied on private willingness-to-pay for the relevant information. All of these approach0es run into serious objections. With respect to (4), people may lack the information that would permit them to say how much they would pay for (more) information; they may not know the welfare effects of information; and their tastes and values may shift over time, in part as a result of information. These points suggest the need to take the willingness-to-pay criterion with many grains of salt, and to learn more about the actual effects of information, and of the behavioral changes produced by information, on people’s experienced well-being.
Religious Individualism and Moral Progressivism: How Source of Religious Authority Is Related to Attitudes About Abortion, Same-Sex Marriage, Divorce, and Premarital Sex

Many hypothesize that religious individualism is associated with progressive moral attitudes. Our analysis of data from US adults from the fourth wave of the Baylor Religion Survey finds that those who navigate moral conjunctures as religious individualists, knowing what God wants them to do “in their hearts” or through “human reason,” are more likely than those who draw on institutional religious sources of authority, like the Bible or religious teachings, to express progressive attitudes on issues of same-sex marriage, divorce, and premarital sex, but not abortion. Our findings indicate that perceived sources of moral authority further explain differences in moral attitudes within the population of religious decision-makers, specifically with regard to issues that are culturally in flux. This supports the idea that religious individualism, even among religious individuals and within religiously conservative traditions, makes people more accepting of contemporary cultural trends in morality.
‘Do to Me According to What Has Gone Out of Your Mouth’*: A Reformation Debate on the Tragedy of Jephthah and his Daughter

A challenging biblical passage is the narrative of Jephthah and his daughter in the Book of Judges. The consensus of the exegetical tradition is that in fulfillment of a rash vow, Jephthah ...
Experimental Evaluation of the Components of Cognitive-Behavioural Training Using Illusory Motion in an Optokinetic Drum

When I first proposed my course of cognitive-behavioural desensitisation training, it generated its fair share of adverse comments. For a start, the naysayers believed that I was only putting off the evil day and all of my clients would fall by the wayside sooner or later with a resumption of motion sickness. The programme would simply waste time and money. Others believed that it was merely a behavioural desensitising programme and there was no point in the so-called cognitive component. I would very much like to have addressed the latter issue at that time, but was convinced that both were necessary and above all, my clients only had one shot for success. As to the former question, only time would tell. Finally, there was no question of having a control group for ethical reasons. I am pleased to tell you that I have been able to address these issues since then and the answers are to be found in this chapter.
Stars and Stellar Processes

This textbook offers a modern approach to the physics of stars, assuming only undergraduate-level preparation in mathematics and physics, and minimal prior knowledge of astronomy. It starts with a concise review of introductory concepts in astronomy, before covering the nuclear processes and energy transport in stellar interiors, and stellar evolution from star formation to the common stellar endpoints as white dwarfs and neutron stars. In addition to the standard material, the author also discusses more contemporary topics that students will find engaging, such as neutrino oscillations and the MSW resonance, supernovae, gamma-ray bursts, advanced nucleosynthesis, neutron stars, black holes, cosmology, and gravitational waves. With hundreds of worked examples, explanatory boxes, and problems with solutions, this textbook provides a solid foundation for learning either in a classroom setting or through self-study.
Explaining Frame Variation: More Moderate and Radical Demands for Women's Citizenship in the U.S. Women's Jury Movements

While social movement scholars have added immeasurably to our knowledge of activist framing, few researchers analyze the circumstances leading to variation in the frames articulated by movement actors. In this study, I explore an important and understudied form of frame variation, whether activists use more moderate or more radical frames. Using framing data from the early twentieth-century U.S. women's jury movements, I first show that activists offered both a more traditional and moderate difference frame, arguing that women should be permitted on juries because they would provide a unique female perspective in jury deliberations, and a more radical equality frame, stating that women had an equal right to sit on juries and they were as intellectually capable as men to do so. Second, I demonstrate that a combination of circumstances explains whether the jury activists were likely to articulate more moderate or more radical arguments. I find that frame variation is driven by activist organizational identities, a cultural and political resonance process, and a counterframing process. Findings from multinomial and binary logistic regression analyses reveal that all three processes influenced jury activist framing.
The Case of Adversarial Inputs for Secure Similarity Approximation Protocols

Computing similarity between high-dimensional data is a fundamental problem in data mining and information retrieval, with numerous applications—such as e-discovery and patient similarity. To address the relevant performance and scalability challenges, approximation methods are employed. A common characteristic among all privacy-preserving approximation protocols based on sketching is that the sketching is performed locally and is based on common randomness. Inspired by the power of attacks on machine learning models, we introduce the study of adversarial inputs for secure similarity approximations. To formally capture the framework of this family of attacks we present a new threat model where a party is assumed to use the common randomness to perturb her input 1) offline, and 2) before the execution of any secure protocol, so as to steer the approximation result to a maliciously chosen output. We define perturbation attacks under this adversarial model and propose attacks for the techniques of minhash and cosine sketching. We demonstrate the simplicity and effectiveness of the attacks by measuring their success on synthetic and real data from the areas of e-discovery and patient similarity. To mitigate such perturbation attacks we propose a server-aided architecture, where an additional party, the server, assists in the secure similarity approximation by handling the common randomness as private data. We revise and introduce the necessary secure protocols so as to apply minhash and cosine sketching techniques in the server-aided architecture. Our implementation demonstrates that this new design can mitigate offline perturbation attacks without sacrificing the efficiency and scalability of the reconstruction protocol.
The Legal Challenges of Offering Protection to Climate Refugees in Africa

The impacts of climate change are already causing displacement, as drought and rising sea levels make millions of people’s homes uninhabitable. Despite the increasing populations of climate-induced refugees within and across borders in Africa, there is no international legal protection for them. This chapter discusses the African refugee protection regime to identify the legal gaps in affording protection to climate refugees and how these gaps can be remedied. It argues for the expansive interpretation of ‘events seriously disturbing public order’ as provided in article 1(2) of the 1969 Convention governing specific aspects of refugee problems in Africa to cover climatic events such as flooding, famine, and droughts in order to plug in the legal gaps in the existing regime.
Digital twin modeling, co-simulation and cyber use-case inclusion methodology for IoT systems

Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) and Internet of Things (IoT) communities are often asked to test devices regarding their effects on underlying infrastructure. Usually, only one or two devices are given to the testers, but hundreds or thousands are needed to really test IoT effects. This proposition makes IoT Test & Evaluation (T&E) cost and management prohibitive. One possible approach is to develop a digital twin of the IoT device and employ many replicas of the twin in a simulation environment comprised of various simulators that mimic the IoT device’s operational environment. Cyber attack experimentation is a critical aspect of IoT T&E and without such a virtual T&E environment, it is almost impossible to study large scale effects. This paper will present a digital twin engineering methodology as applicable to IoT device T&E and cyber experimentation.
Latina/o and non-latina/o brain injury and dementia patients’ and caregivers’ health: An actor/partner interdependence model

Background: The interdependence between patient and caregivers’ health, which is when the patients’ and informal caregivers’ emotion, cognition and/or behavior affects that of the other person is well documented among dyads experiencing cancer and heart disease, but scant research has assessed interdependence among those with brain injuries or dementia and Latina/o populations. This study aimed to assess the interdependence of patient and caregiver depression, patient functional independence and caregiver burden among non-Latina/o and Latina/o and patients with brain injuries and dementia and their caregivers. Methods: Patients and caregiver dyads (n = 96) were recruited from a trauma hospital. Participants completed measures on patient and caregiver depression, patient functional independence and caregiver burden. Participants provided written informed consent. Patient inclusion criteria included: (1) diagnosis with a brain injury or dementia, (2) minimum age of 12, (3) community dwelling and (4) ability to verbally communicate and complete study measures. Caregivers were only included if they were informal, unpaid, family or a friend. Nonparametric Spearman’s Rho correlations were conducted to test the study hypotheses. Discussion: There was consistently a statistically significant positive relationship between caregiver depression and caregiver burden for all groups. For non-Latina/o patient and caregiver dementia dyads, there were associations between patient depression and caregiver depression. For non-Latina/o dementia dyads, functional ability was only associated with patient depression. For Latina/o patient and caregiver brain injury and dementia dyads, the only statistically significant relationship was between caregiver depression and caregiver burden. Health services should embrace family-focused mental health and respite interventions.
Copper(I) iodide complexes with cyanopyridine and 3-nitropyridine ligands

Abstract The complexes of copper(I) iodide with the three cyanopyridine (PyCN) isomers and 3-nitropyridine have been prepared and characterized by thermal, spectroscopic, and crystallographic methods. The following compounds are reported: (CuI)2(2-PyCN)4 (1), (CuI)(2-PyCN) (2), (CuI)3(2-PyCN) (3), (CuI)2(3-PyCN)4 (4), (CuI)(3-PyCN) (5), (CuI)4(4-PyCN)5 (6), (CuI)4(3-PyNO2)4 (7), and (CuI)(3-PyNO2) (8). Compounds 1 and 4 are isostructural dimers featuring a central Cu2I2 rhomb. Compounds 2, 5, and 8 are isostructural and contain edge-sharing (Cu2I2)∞ 1-D ladders. Compound 3 reveals a unique 2-D structure consisting of (Cu4I4)∞ triple ladders bridged by Cu2(2-PyCN)2 units that contain pairs of bridging 2-PyCN ligands. Compound 6 is composed of truncated ladder (CuI)4(4-PyCN)4 units that are bridged into a 1-D chain by an additional 4-PyCN ligand. Compound 7 is a cubane tetramer. The various yellow and orange PyCN compounds are all luminescent under UV irradiation and exhibit mixed halide/metal-to-ligand charge transfer, while the red and orange PyNO2 complexes are non-emissive at room temperature.
Self-regulating photochemical Rayleigh-Bénard convection using a highly-absorbing organic photoswitch.

We identify unique features of a highly-absorbing negatively photochromic molecular switch, donor acceptor Stenhouse adduct (DASA), that enable its use for self-regulating light-activated control of fluid flow. Leveraging features of DASA's chemical properties and solvent-dependent reaction kinetics, we demonstrate its use for photo-controlled Rayleigh-Benard convection to generate dynamic, self-regulating flows with unparalleled fluid velocities (~mm s-1) simply by illuminating the fluid with visible light. The exceptional absorbance of DASAs in solution, uniquely controllable reaction kinetics and resulting spatially-confined photothermal flows demonstrate the ways in which photoswitches present exciting opportunities for their use in optofluidics applications requiring tunable flow behavior.
Perceived Risk of Weekly Cannabis Use, Past 30-Day Cannabis Use, and Frequency of Cannabis Use Among Pregnant Women in the United States

Background While accumulated evidence has shown that the prevalence of cannabis use among pregnant women in the US has increased in recent years, little is known about the specific subpopulations affected. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and correlates of the perceived risk of weekly cannabis use, past 30-day cannabis use, and frequency of past 30-day cannabis use among US pregnant women. Methods We analyzed data from 2,247 pregnant women 14 to 44 years of age surveyed in the 2015 to 2017 cross-sectional National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Analyses account for the sampling design. Primary outcomes included perceived risk of weekly cannabis use, past 30-day cannabis use, and frequency of cannabis use. We conducted multivariable logistic and negative binomial regression models to assess the associations between the primary outcomes and multiple correlates. Results Among US pregnant women, 21.6% (95% CI=19.4, 23.8) did not perceive any risk associated with weekly cannabis use, 5.3% (95% CI=4.2, 6.5) used cannabis in the past 30 days, and among past-month users, the average number of days of use was 15.6 (95% CI=13.5, 17.7). Pregnant women living below the poverty line were both more likely to perceive no risk of weekly cannabis use (aOR=1.8; 95% CI=1.3, 2.5) and use cannabis more often in the past 30 days (aOR=2.9; 95% CI=1.5, 5.7) than pregnant women within an income bracket of more than two times the federal poverty threshold. Age, race, trimester of pregnancy, co-use of tobacco and/or alcohol were also associated with these outcomes. Conclusion Younger age, living in poverty, early trimester of pregnancy, and co-use of tobacco and/or alcohol increased the odds of cannabis use among pregnant women. As cannabis legalization spreads and cannabis use is increasingly perceived as safe, there is a growing need for research to determine the reasons why women in the identified at-risk subgroups are using cannabis during pregnancy.
Automated Retinal Vein Cannulation on Silicone Phantoms Using Optical-Coherence-Tomography-Guided Robotic Manipulations

Retinal vein of the most common causes of vision loss, occurring when a blood clot or other obstruction occludes a retinal vein. A potential remedy for retinal vein occlusion is retinal vein cannulation, a surgical procedure that involves infusing the occluded vein with a fibrinolytic drug to restore blood flow through the vascular lumen. This article presents an image-guided robotic system capable of performing automated cannulation on silicone retinal vein phantoms. The system is integrated with an optical coherence tomography probe and a camera to provide visual feedback to guide the robotic system. Through automation, the developed system targets a vein phantom to within 20 μm and automatically cannulates and infuses the vascular lumen with dyed water. The system was evaluated through 30 experimental trials and shown to be capable of performing automated cannulation of retinal vein phantoms with no reported cases of failure.
When Doctors Refuse to Prescribe Opiates to a Patient in Pain: How Healthcare Ethics Consultants Can Be Most Effective

Throughout the 20th century, many doctors did not view pain management as an important aspect of their practice. Because pain cannot be objectively measured by the doctor, many doctors found it dif...
NEUTROPHIL CHEMOTACTIC FACTORS

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophils) are recruited to inflammatory sites by a variety of soluble mediators (chemoattractants) that stimulate neutrophil directed migration (Chemotaxis). Many neutrophil chemoattractants such as neutrophil activating proteins, leukotriene B4 (LTB4), platelet activating factor, and complement-derived C5a, are generated endogeneously by host cells or enzymatic cleavage of host proteins. Other chemoattractants such as N-formyl peptides are generated exogenously by bacteria that invade the host. Oxidative modification of methionine residues or changes in the amino acid sequence of peptide chemoattractants dramatically alter their chemoattractive properties. Many of the well-defined neutrophil chemotactic factors and studies of their structure-function relationships will be reviewed.
From Medicine to Health: The Proliferation and Diversification of Cultural Authority.

In his account of the medical profession’s ascent, Paul Starr drew a distinction between the social authority of physicians and the cultural authority of medicine—between doctors’ capacity to direc...
Cop-“Like”: The First Amendment, Criminal Procedure, and Police Social Media Speech

What happens when a law enforcement officer makes an offensive comment on social media? Increasingly, police departments, prosecutors, the courts, and the public have been confronted with the legal and normative questions resulting from officers’ racist, sexist, and violent social media comments. On the one side are calls for severe discipline and even termination. On the other side are demands that officers, like others, be permitted to express their views without fear of government retaliation. To this point, the regulation of police social media speech has largely been conceived of in First Amendment terms. But criminal procedure doctrine has also begun to be employed in the regulation of police social media speech. Because an officer’s comments may affect her ability to testify, criminal procedure and, specifically, Brady v. Maryland, have great potential to govern this difficult area of conduct. By using both First Amendment and criminal procedure doctrines to analyze the problem of police social media speech, the Article is able to shed new light on the problem and on possible solutions. Among its core contributions, this Article argues: (1) There is a la-tent and irreconcilable tension between the First Amendment and criminal procedure paradigms for regulating officers’ speech. (2) Pseudonymous, private, and otherwise-“hidden” speech presents a significant problem that is both ignored and exacerbated by the First Amendment paradigm. It can be addressed only by a criminal procedure approach to regulating police social media speech. (3) Police departments and prosecutors’ offices must start to proactively monitor their officers’ social media speech, as the failure to do so undermines officers’ free speech rights, defendants’ criminal procedure rights, and the public’s faith in the legitimacy of the police force.
Influenza NP core and HA or M2e shell double-layered protein nanoparticles induce broad protection against divergent influenza A viruses.

Abstract Influenza viral infection causes acute upper respiratory diseases in humans, posing severe risks to global public health. However, current vaccines provide limited protection against mismatched circulating influenza A viruses. Here, the immune responses induced in mice by novel double-layered protein nanoparticles were investigated. The nanoparticles were composed of influenza nucleoprotein (NP) cores and hemagglutinin (HA) or matrix 2 protein ectodomain (M2e) shells. Vaccination with the nanoparticles significantly enhanced M2e-specific serum antibody titers and concomitant ADCC responses. Robust NP-specific T cell responses and robust HA neutralization were also detected. Moreover, vaccination with a trivalent nanoparticle combination containing two routinely circulated HA, conserved M2e, and NP reduced lung virus titers, pulmonary pathologies, and weight loss after homologous virus challenge. This combination also improved survival rates against heterologous and heterosubtypic influenza virus challenges. Our results demonstrate that the trivalent combination elicited potent and long-lasting immune responses conferring influenza viral cross-protection.
Renewing HIV Prevention Efforts among Youth

Abstract It has been 20 years since AIDS was first identified in the United States. Since then, tremendous progress has been made in the prevention and treatment of the disease. This article highlights the need to reinvigorate HIV prevention programs among youth and describes an emerging challenge for health practitioners—the belief that safer sex is no longer as important as a result of advances in treatment for HIV. Suggestions are offered to strengthen programs for youth in the third decade of AIDS.
Synthesis of riboflavin nucleotides by mature human erythrocytes.

Intact human red blood cells can synthesize FAD and FMN from riboflavin. The rate of synthesis of FAD is linearly proportional to the concentration of riboflavin in the medium at levels below 0.9 µM. With 0.9 µM riboflavin, the rate of synthesis is about 0.1 mµmole FAD/ml. red blood cells/hour. Incubation of red blood cells with riboflavin can result in increased red cell glutathione reductase activity when the enzyme is measured in the absence of added FAD. This indicates that the FAD concentration in the red cells increased during the incubation. The rate of incorporation of radioactive riboflavin into red blood cells is the same whether the cells are suspended in plasma or in a phosphate-saline-glucose medium. The time it takes for half the FAD in normal human red blood cells to turn over is calculated to be about 6 days, assuming a single mixing pool of red cell FAD.
Scattering theory of transport in coherent quantum Hall bilayers

(Received 6 March 2011; published 4 August 2011)We discuss two phenomenological descriptions of low-current transport in bilayer quantum Hall system withexciton condensates, one based on a Landauer-Buttiker description of Andreev scattering at contacts to coherentbilayers, and one based on a simpliﬁed single-parameter
Spontaneous Mesangioproliferative Glomerulonephritis in Pigtailed Macaques (Macaca nemestrina)

Mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis was found in 28 of 1 13 pigtailed ma- caques (Macaca nemesfrina) that died in 1977. In five it was considered severe enough to cause significant renal dysfunction; in two of these it was the cause of death. The basic lesion was a proliferation of mesangial cells and deposition of mesangial matrix in the mesangial stalk, resulting in various degrees of stalk expansion and increased lobulation of the glomerular tuft. Preliminary immunofluorescence and ultrastructural studies suggest the pathogenesis of the lesion may involve deposition of antigen-IgM immune complexes in the mesangial region. With the recognition of the role of immunological mechanisms in the pathogenesis of glomerular disease and the development of immunofluorescence and ultrastruc- tural techniques to study those mechanisms, the diagnosis of glomerulonephritis is becoming more frequent, even in species once thought to be free of the disease (9). The pigtailed macaque (Macaca nemesfrina) is an important primate in the research programs at the Regional Primate Research Center (RPRC) at the University of Washington. We have reported elsewhere in this Symposium (5) that glomerulone- phritis is an important disease in this species. Because spontaneous glomerular disease could compromise the results of some studies and because the chronic catheterization used in many RPRC studies can induce immune-complex glomerulonephritis (7), it was necessary to evaluate the extent and nature of spontaneous glomerular disease found in our captive pigtail macaques. This is a retrospective study of kidney sections from necropsies performed in 1977 at the RPRC on pigtail macaques that died of spontaneous disease. Materials and Methods The reports of all necropsies on pigtailed macaques in 1977 at the RPRC were reviewed. All animals under 1.5 years of age were excluded because a study of prematurity at the RPRC required the sacrifice of a large number of neonatal and infant animals. The inclusion of these would greatly bias the age distribution of the necropsy population. Also excluded were any animals with a history of invasive experimental procedures requiring the implantation of foreign materials.
Hydrolysis of polyphosphoinositides by purified sheep seminal vesicle phospholipase C enzymes

Sheep seminal vesicles contain two immunologically distinct phospholipase C (PLC) enzymes that can hydrolyze phosphatidylinositol (PI) (Hofmann, S.L., and Majerus, P.W. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 6461-6469). One of these enzymes (PLC-I) has been purified to homogeneity; the second (PLC-II) has been purified 2600-fold from a crude extract of seminal vesicles. In the present study we have compared the ability of these purified enzymes to hydrolyze PI, phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI-4-P), and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-diphosphate (PI-4,5-P2). Using radiolabeled substrates in small unilamellar phospholipid vesicles of defined composition, the two enzymes were found to hydrolyze all three of the phosphoinositides. Hydrolysis of all three phosphoinositides by both enzymes was stimulated by Ca2+; however, in the presence of EGTA only the polyphosphoinositides were hydrolyzed. The two enzymes displayed substrate affinities in the order PI greater than PI-4-P greater than PI-4,5-P2, and maximum hydrolysis rates in the order PI-4,5-P2 greater than PI-4-P greater than PI. When present in the same vesicles, PI and the polyphosphoinositides competed for a limiting amount of either enzyme. Inclusion of phosphatidylcholine into vesicles containing the phosphoinositides resulted in greater inhibition of PI hydrolysis than polyphosphoinositide hydrolysis. When all three phosphoinositides were present in vesicles mimicking the cytoplasmic leaflet of cell membranes, there was preferential hydrolysis of the polyphosphoinositides over PI. We conclude that a single phospholipase C can account for the hydrolysis of all three phosphoinositides seen during agonist-induced stimulation of secretory cells. The cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration and phospholipid composition of the membrane, however, may influence the relative rate of hydrolysis of the three phosphoinositides.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces differential cytokine production from dendritic cells and macrophages with divergent effects on naive T cell polarization.

Th1-mediated cellular responses are important for protection in tuberculosis. However, the mechanisms and APC types responsible for initiating Th1 responses are not well understood. These studies show that macrophages and dendritic cells, albeit both being APC, respond differently following Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and thereby have different consequences for the development of naive T cells. We report that M. tuberculosis -infected dendritic cells bias the polarization of OVA peptide-specific naive transgenic T cells to the Th1 phenotype, and, in contrast, in the presence of infected macrophages naive T cells do not develop a Th1 phenotype. Comparison of the cytokine profile expressed by the infected dendritic cells and macrophages revealed several differences, the most striking being that infected macrophages did not express the Th1-promoting cytokine IL-12. These studies also show that IL-10 is responsible for the failure of IL-12 production by M. tuberculosis -infected macrophages, and that the effects of IL-10 can be overcome by IFN-γ priming. We speculate that the observed difference in response of the two APC types to M. tuberculosis infection may be a reflection of their respective roles in immune initiation and granuloma regulation.
Light meson masses and mixings

I present a simple discussion of the masses and mixings of the light pseudoscalar and vector mesons based on a ``$q\bar{q}$'' description of the effective field theory. The analysis includes $\eta'$(958) from the beginning, and is largely concerned with structural questions. While the final results are mostly known, the method gives insight into the general form of the meson mass matrices and the different character of the mass splittings and mixings in the pseudoscalar and vector multiplets, and provides a coherent overall picture
The Sleeping Giant Awakens—Liver Transplantation in China

Liver transplantation (LTX) in the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) started in 1977 and up to 1983, 57 LTX were performed with the longest survival being 264 days—all patients had advanced hepatocellular carcinoma and recurrence was common. During a moratorium lasting the next 10 years, teams from PRC spent time abroad learning LTX. From 1993 to 1998, programs opened throughout the country and 250 LTX were performed with a 50% 1-year patient survival. Between 1999 and 2005, unbridled growth with little regulation characterized transplantation in PRC with a peak of almost 4000 LTX being performed in 2005 alone. Although there were wide variations in outcomes, several well-established centers performing more than 100 LTX annually were able to achieve 1-year and 5-year patient survival rates of 85% and 70%, respectively.
METABOLIC INHIBITION OF ICA,L AND IK DIFFERS IN FELINE LEFT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY

To determine the intrinsic responsiveness of hypertrophied myocardium, electrophysiological properties of endocardial myocytes enzymatically dissociated from normal and hypertrophied feline left ventricle (LV) were compared during metabolic inhibition by 1 mM CN-. Chronic pressure overload was induced under surgical anesthesia. A single-pipette, whole cell clamp method was used to record action potential and membrane currents. Before CN-, action potential duration (APD) values at 90% repolarization (APD90) and at 0 mV (APD0mV) were significantly longer in hypertrophied cells. The current density of L-type Ca2+ currents (ICa,L) was not significantly different, whereas the time constant of the slow component (tau s) of ICa,L inactivation was significantly longer in hypertrophied cells. The current density of delayed rectifier K+ current (IK) was significantly smaller, the fast component (tau f) and tau s of IK activation were delayed, and those of IK deactivation were enhanced in hypertrophied cells. During exposure to CN-, APD shortened significantly more in hypertrophied cells; amplitude of ICa,L decreased, and the tau f and tau s of ICa,L inactivation shortened only in hypertrophied cells. However, IK showed no significant differences in changes in amplitude or kinetics during CN- exposure between normal and hypertrophied cells. Thus enhanced APD responsiveness to CN- is an intrinsic property of hypertrophied LV cells and ICa,L appears to be particularly affected by metabolic perturbation in such cells.
Ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration biopsy of parathyroid gland and lesions

Parathyroid gland and their tumors comprise a small proportion of non-palpable neck masses that are investigated by ultrasound (US) guided fine needle aspiration biopsy. We reviewed our institution's cases of US guided FNAB of parathyroid gland and their lesions to determine the role of cytology for the preoperative diagnosis of parathyroid gland and their lesions.
Bilateral pulmonary emboli associated with intraoperative use of thrombin-based hemostatic matrix following lumbar spine interbody fusion.

Abstract Here we describe a patient with bilateral pulmonary emboli (PE) associated with thrombin-based hemostatic matrix (TBHM) use in the setting of a possible venous injury during transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion in the treatment of degenerative spondylolisthesis at L4–5. TBHM products are gelatin granules mixed with human or bovine thrombin. They have been used in a wide variety of surgical procedures to facilitate local hemostasis though their use is not without complications. This is the first reported patient, to our knowledge, with a TBHM-related PE following spinal fusion. As TBHM is a widely used intraoperative hemostatic agent, surgeons should be aware of the risk of TBHM-associated PE, particularly when there is the potential for intravascular injection or dissemination. While our experience indicates that common pharmacological prophylaxis such as subcutaneous heparin is likely ineffective in reducing occurrence of PE in the setting of TBHM use, the PE was successfully treated with standard systemic anticoagulation. The authors would also add that when iliac injury is encountered during discectomy or interbody fusion through a posterior approach, use of TBHM may be a life-saving technique. Postoperatively, vascular surgery consultation is recommended and consideration should be given to systemic anticoagulation.
A first line of defense against ER stress

BiP is the predominant DnaK/Hsp70-type chaperone protein in the ER. It is required for folding and assembling newly synthesized ER client proteins, yet having too much BiP inhibits folding. In this issue, Chambers et al. (2012. J. Cell Biol. doi:10.1083/jcb.201202005) report that ADP ribosylation of BiP provides a reversible switch that fine tunes BiP activity according to need.
Interactions between NH+4 and NO−3 uptake and assimilation: comparison of diatoms and dinoflagellates at several growth temperatures

Ammonium concentrations of ∼1 M are commonly cited as being the threshold for inhibition of NO3 − uptake, but the applicability of this threshold to phytoplankton from different taxonomic classes has rarely been examined. Additionally, little is known about the influence of environmental variables (e.g. growth temperature) on the interaction between ambient NH4 + and NO3 − uptake. Four species of estuarine phytoplankton, two diatom [Chaetoceros sp., and Thalassiosira weissflogii (Grunow) Fryxell et Hasle] and two dinoflagellate [Prorocentrum minimum (Pavillard) Schiller, and Gyrodinium uncatenum Hulburt], were grown on NO3 − at several different temperatures (4, 10, 15, or 20 °C), and the impact of NH4 + additions on NO3 − uptake/assimilation (non-TCA-extracted) and assimilation (TCA-extracted) was assessed. For all species at all temperatures, NO3 − uptake/assimilation and assimilation rates decreased in a roughly exponential manner with increasing NH4 + concentrations but were not completely inhibited even at elevated NH4 + concentrations of 200 μM. Estimated half-inhibition concentrations (K i) were significantly greater in the diatom species (mean ± SE; 2.70 ± 0.67 μM) than in the dinoflagellate species (1.26 ± 0.55 μM). Half-inhibition constants were positively related to temperature-limited relative growth rate although not significantly. The observed inhibition of NO3 − uptake and assimilation, as a percentage of NO3 − uptake in the absence of NH4 +, averaged about 80% and ranged from 49 to 100%. For all species, a significant (P < 0.001) positive correlation was found between percent inhibition of NO3 − assimilation and temperature-limited relative growth rate. Two experiments on Chesapeake Bay phytoplankton during an April 1998 diatom bloom showed that in short-term (∼1 h) temperature manipulation experiments, percent inhibition of NO3 − uptake/assimilation was also positively related (P = 0.05) to experimental temperature. The observed relationships between temperature-limited relative growth rate and percent inhibition of NO3 − assimilation rates for the species tested suggest that at the enzyme level, the inhibitory mechanism of NO3 − assimilation is similar among species, but at the whole cell level may be regulated by species-specific differences in the accumulation of internal metabolites. These findings add not only to our understanding of species-specific variability and the role of growth temperature, but also provide additional data with which to evaluate current models of NH4 + and NO3 − interactions.
THERMAL NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS—AN IMPORTANT ANALYTICAL TOOL

ABSTRACT This review is intended to present an introduction to the use of thermal neutron activation analysis (TNAA) as an analytical technique for the determination of elements in almost all kinds of matrices. This method of analysis is generally multi-element and experimental conditions can be designed to be nondestructive to the sample. This review will focus on thermal neutron activation as this technique allows determination of approximately two-thirds of the elements on the periodic chart. There are also more and wider spread facilities in the United States that offer these services. The available facilities are located across the United States and are generally accessible to everyone. The review will also detail the advantages and disadvantages of TNAA compared to other common spectroscopic methods. An outline of the general procedure for performing the analysis of the elements using activation analysis is presented to emphasize the ease of using this technique. The outline is divided into sections...