cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intramolecular capture of pummerer rearrangement intermediates. I. Synthesis of pyrrolo[2,1‐c][1,4]benzothiazines

Treatment of 1-(2-alkylsulfinylphenyl)pyrroles with trifluoroacetic acid in refluxing toluene gives 4-substituted pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzothiazines in good yield when the alkyl group bears an electron withdrawing substituent on the α-carbon. In the absence of such a group, starting material is recovered. The sulfoxides are prepared by oxidation (mCBPA) of the corresponding sulfide. The sulfides are prepared from 2-aminobenzenethiol either by S-alkylation followed by conversion to the pyrrole using 1,4-dimethoxytetrahydrofuran in glacial acetic acid or by S-alkylation of 1-(2-phenylmercapto)pyrrole followed by oxidation to the sulfoxide.
Selective sorption of dissolved organic carbon compounds by temperate soils.

Physico-chemical sorption of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on soil minerals is one of the major processes of organic carbon (OC) stabilization in soils, especially in deeper layers. The attachment of C on soil solids is related to the reactivity of the soil minerals and the chemistry of the sorbate functional groups, but the sorption studies conducted without controlling microbial activity may overestimate the sorption potential of soil. This study was conducted to examine the sorptive characteristics of a diverse functional groups of simple OC compounds (D-glucose, L-alanine, oxalic acid, salicylic acid, and sinapyl alcohol) on temperate climate soil orders (Mollisols, Ultisols and Alfisols) with and without biological degradative processes. Equilibrium batch experiments were conducted using 0-100 mg C L-1 at a solid-solution ratio of 1:60 for 48 hrs and the sorption parameters were calculated by Langmuir model fitting. The amount of added compounds that remained in the solution phase was detected by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and total organic C (TOC) analysis. Soil sterilization was performed by -irradiation technique and experiments were repeated to determine the contribution of microbial degradation to apparent sorption. Overall, Ultisols did not show a marked preference for apparent sorption of any of the modelmore » compounds, as indicated by a narrower range of maximum sorption capacity (Smax) of 173-527 mg kg soil-1 across compounds. Mollisols exhibited a strong preference for apparent sorption of oxalic acid (Smax of 5290 mg kg soil-1) and sinapyl alcohol (Smax of 2031 mg kg soil-1) over the other compounds. The propensity for sorption of oxalic acid is mainly attributed to the precipitation of insoluble Ca-oxalate due to the calcareous nature of most Mollisol subsoils and its preference for sinapyl alcohol could be linked to the polymerization of this lignin monomer on 2:2 mineral dominated soils. The reactivity of Alfisols to DOC was in between that of Ultisols and Mollisols. HPLC results revealed significantly higher sorption of D-glucose and L-alanine than did TOC results, and duplicate experiments with sterilized soils confirmed that glucose and alanine were mineralized leading to higher apparent sorption values via HPLC. This study demonstrated that three common temperate soil orders experienced differential sorption of simple OC compounds, indicating that sorbate chemistry plays a significant role in the sorptive stabilization of DOC.« less
Exploiting machine‐specific pointer operations in abstract machines

Increasingly powerful machine instructions complicate abstract machine design for portability. Abstract machine instructions must be “larger” than the target machine instructions that they are to exploit, but they must not grow so large as to complicate the realization of the abstract machine on real machines. This paper presents related techniques for low-level yet machine-independent access to typical stack and string-processing instructions.
Genetics of the dentofacial variation in human malocclusion

Malocclusions affect individuals worldwide, resulting in compromised function and esthetics. Understanding the etiological factors contributing to the variation in dentofacial morphology associated with malocclusions is the key to develop novel treatment approaches. Advances in dentofacial phenotyping, which is the comprehensive characterization of hard and soft tissue variation in the craniofacial complex, together with the acquisition of large-scale genomic data have started to unravel genetic mechanisms underlying facial variation. Knowledge on the genetics of human malocclusion is limited even though results attained thus far are encouraging, with promising opportunities for future research. This review summarizes the most common dentofacial variations associated with malocclusions and reviews the current knowledge of the roles of genes in the development of malocclusions. Lastly, this review will describe ways to advance malocclusion research, following examples from the expanding fields of phenomics and genomic medicine, which aim to better patient outcomes.
Langmuir−Blodgett film structure

Abstract Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films occupy a unique niche at the crossroads of materials science, complex fluids, and biophysics. They have many similarities to inorganic epitaxial films due to the layer by layer deposition process; however, the amphiphilic nature of the constituent molecules provides the connection to lyotropic liquid crystals and membranes. A great deal is known about LB film structure and thermodynamic behavior; both from classical studies as well as from recent experiments using sophisticated characterization techniques such as synchrotron X-ray scattering and scanning probe microscopy. This article summarizes the current understanding of these systems from a physical/structural point of view. Included are discussions of the deposition process, the layered nature of LB films, intralayer molecular packing, defects, stability, and phase transitions.
A Comparison of the Ninth Mental Measurements Yearbook and Test Critiques, Volumes I—III

Keyser, D.K., & Sweetland, R.C. (Eds.). (1985). Test critiques (Vols. I-III). Kansas City, MO: Test Corporation of America. Mitchell, J.V., Jr. (Ed.). (1985). The ninth mental measurements yearbook (Vols. I & II). Lincoln: University of Nebraska, Buros Institute of Mental Measurements.
Truthmakers, paradox and plausibility

In a series of articles in this journal, Dan Lopez De Sa and Elia Zardini (2006, 2007) (forthwith ‘LSZ’) have argued that several theorists have recently employed instances of paradoxical reasoning, while failing to see its problematic nature because it does not immediately (or obviously) yield inconsistency. In contrast, LSZ claim that resultant inconsistency is not a necessary condition for paradoxicality. According to them (2007: 246), ‘[w]hat really seems to be the essence [of the notion of ‘paradox’] is that, despite the apparent validity of the argument, the premises do not rationally support the conclusion’. It is our contention here that, even given their broader understanding of paradox, LSZ’s arguments fail to undermine the instances of reasoning they attack, either because they fail to see everything that is at work in that reasoning, or because they misunderstand what it is that the reasoning aims to show. With their broader reading of ‘paradox’ in hand, LSZ argue that a number of philosophers – principally, Roy Sorensen, but also the present authors (given our attack on Sorensen (2001)) and several others – are guilty of wielding ‘paradoxical’ arguments, and, what is worse, of using them in the service of establishing substantial philosophical claims. They contend that we must reject such ‘paradoxical’ reasoning and that this is so, even if the theses these theorists aim to establish are true. As we will show, LSZ’s attacks fail to establish these cases of reasoning as paradoxical (even in their broader sense). However, this result does not offer any support to the idea that it is possible to establish substantive philosophical claims through nothing but abstract formal reasoning. This is because at least part of what must be addressed in the cases that LSZ consider is how we should think about the sorts of philosophical arguments they aim to depose. In clarifying this below, we briefly highlight the notion of a plausibility argument, namely, an argument made in support of a thesis, though without the aim of a (formal) proof. We take this kind of argument to be what is really at work in most of the cases LSZ consider, along with much of contemporary philosophy. The plan is as follows. In x1, we consider some of the background for Sorensen’s epistemicism regarding certain indeterminate cases. Then, in x2, we explain his general approach to certain puzzling semantic cases and the assumptions that drive it. In x3, we explain Sorensen’s position on the case of central concern in LSZ’s argument, and in x4, we review their criticism of Sorensen’s reasoning. In xx5–6, we critically evaluate LSZ’s attack on
Optical films for protamine detection with lipophilic dichlorofluorescein derivatives

Abstract Lipophilic 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein esters have been synthesized and incorporated into thin plasticized polymeric membrane films as chromoionophores for the optical sensing and detection of polycationic protamine. The membrane response is based on the extraction of protamine into the film due to the interaction between the anionic fluorescein and protamine polycation which results in a cation exchange between the protamine and proton and thus, induces an absorbance spectra change of the polymeric film. The response speed is controlled by protamine diffusion through the stagnant diffusion layer adjacent to the film surface as well as within the bulk of the polymer film. When limited exposure time (3 min) and non-stirring detection modes are used in a buffer solution of pH 7.4, absorbance (at 536 nm) of a film (thickness: 2 μm) changes as a function of the protamine concentration in the range of 2 to 60 μg m −1 (0.44–13.3 μM). The sensing film showed good selectivity over most of the common small cations, and, therefore, it can be used in the determination of protamine in diluted serum. No response was observed when a protamine complexing reagent such as heparin is present, thus it can be used as an indicator for the protamine-heparin titration. The operating principle and applications of the present sensing membrane are discussed.
In vitro development of Cryptosporidium parvum in serum-free media

Aim: To compare commercially available serum-free media with common, standard, growth medium for their ability to support growth of Cryptosporidium parvum in HCT-8 cell cultures. Methods and Results: Twelve serum-free media formulations with or without additional supplements were tested against a standard growth medium containing 2% FBS in HCT-8 cell cultures. After a 48-h incubation period, the level of parasite development was determined by ELISA. The extent of development in the serum-free media was determined as a percentage of infections compared with those obtained using a standard growth medium. Conclusions: Several of the serum-free media formulations, which included MDCK, UltraMDCK, PC-1, UltraCHO and UltraCulture, compared favourably with a traditional, standard growth medium. Moreover, increasing FBS concentrations to 10% actually resulted in an overall decrease in development in many cultures. Significance and Impact of the Study: Several serum-free medium formulations are available which allow development of C. parvumin vitro at levels comparable with standard media employing FBS. These serum-free media are particularly useful for applications, which may require a more defined medium without the presence of FBS. Moreover, the elimination of FBS as a variable allows investigators the ability to more closely regulate their experimental systems when growing C. parvum in cell cultures.
Oral Vaccination of Mice with Adenoviral Vectors Is Not Impaired by Preexisting Immunity to the Vaccine Carrier

Adenovirus vectors with E1 deleted of the human serotype 5 (AdHu5) and the chimpanzee serotype 68 (AdC68) expressing the glycoprotein of the Evelyn Rokiniki Abelseth strain of rabies virus were tested upon oral application for induction of systemic and mucosal transgene product-specific antibody responses in mice. Both vectors induced systemic and mucosal antibodies to rabies virus, including virus-neutralizing antibodies and protection against a severe intracerebral challenge with a mouse-adapted strain of rabies virus. Pre-existing immunity of AdHu5 virus, which dampens induction of transgene product-specific immunity elicited by AdHu5 vectors given systemically did not impair the response induced by oral vaccination. Oral priming-boosting regimens with either heterologous or homologous adenoviral vectors used sequentially increased both mucosal and systemic antibody titers to rabies virus [corrected]
Cleavage of dinitrogen to yield a (t-BuPOCOP)molybdenum(IV) nitride

(t-BuPOCOP)MoI2 (1; t-BuPOCOP = C6H3-1,3-[OP(t-Bu)2]2) has been synthesized from MoI3(THF)3. Upon reduction of 1 with Na/Hg under dinitrogen molecular nitrogen is cleaved to form [(t-BuPOCOP)Mo(I)(N)]−. The origin of the N atom was confirmed using 15N2. Protonation of [(t-BuPOCOP)Mo(I)(N)]− results in the formation of a neutral species in which it is proposed that the proton has added across the Mo–P bond.
Induction of cytokine tolerance requires internalization of Chylomicron-Bound LPS into hepatocytes.

Abstract Background Chylomicron-bound LPS (CM-LPS) renders hepatocytes unresponsive to stimulation by proinflammatory cytokines, a process termed cytokine tolerance. We have shown that cytokine tolerance is a time- and dose-dependent process requiring functional low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDLR). Thus, we hypothesized that cytokine tolerance directly correlates with the internalization of CM-LPS complexes, and inhibition of lipoprotein binding and/or internalization inhibits the induction of cytokine tolerance in hepatocytes. Materials and methods We correlated the rate of internalization of radioiodinated CM-LPS complexes with hepatocellular NO production as a measure of cytokine responsiveness. In additional studies, we used four different strategies to inhibit binding/internalization of CM-LPS via LDLR and then determined the effect of each strategy on the induction of cytokine tolerance. Results There was a strong inverse correlation between the internalization of CM-LPS and the responsiveness of hepatocytes to proinflammatory cytokines (r2 = −0.997). Furthermore, the greater the degree of LDLR inhibition, the less susceptible hepatocytes were to the induction of cytokine tolerance by CM-bound LPS. Accordingly, cytokine tolerance induction was inhibited in hepatocytes with decreased membrane expression of LDLR as compared to control cells (69 versus 12% control; P = 0.005). Competitive inhibition of CM-LPS binding prevented internalization of CM-LPS and resulted in loss of the cytokine-tolerant phenotype. Whereas CM-LPS successfully induced cytokine tolerance in ldlr−/− hepatocytes, it only occurred after a prolonged pretreatment period of 8 h. CM-LPS complexes containing apolipoprotein (apo) E2 also required a prolonged pretreatment period to induce a level of cytokine tolerance comparable to that induced by CM-LPS complexes containing either apo E3 or E4. Conclusion Lipoprotein-bound LPS inhibits the responsiveness of hepatocytes to proinflammatory cytokines in a manner directly correlated with the internalization of LPS. Furthermore, inhibition of lipoprotein binding/internalization prevents this LPS-mediated induction of cytokine tolerance in rodent hepatocytes.
Grading distractor-identification tests

On distractor-identification tests students mark as many distractors as possible on each test item. A grading scale is developed for this type testing. The scale is optimal in that it is the unique scale giving an unbiased estimate of the student's “true score”, i.e., the score that would result if no guessing occurred. If the test is administered as a usual multiple choice test and graded using the usual correction for guessing scale, the expected item score is the same as for the distractor-identification testing using the optimal grading scale. However, the variance of the item score is shown to be less for distractor-identification testing than for usual multiple choice testing under certain conditions.
Phospholipid composition of dystrophic chicken erythrocyte plasmalemmae. II: characterization of a unique lipid from dystrophic erythrocyte membranes as ethanolamine plasmalogen

The phospholipid content of normal (line 412) and dystrophic (line 413) chicken erythrocyte plasmalemmae has been quantified on a developmental basis using sex matched controls. A specific minor phospholipid component, ethanolamine plasmalogen, is identified from dystrophic erythrocyte membrane preparations. To arrive at this identification, data from studies utilizing gas-liquid chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, [14C]ethanolamine incorporation, and biochemical assay for specific organic moieties were correlated. This phospholipid has the potential to alter and regulate membrane fluidity and thus membrane function. The possible presence of significant concentrations of plasmalogen in human dystrophic tissues may serve as a marker for dystrophy and thus be of clinical importance.
In the Eye of the Beholder: How Leaders and Intelligence Communities Assess the Intentions of Adversaries

How do policymakers infer the long-term political intentions of their states' adversaries? A new approach to answering this question, the “selective attention thesis,” posits that individual perceptual biases and organizational interests and practices influence which types of indicators a state's political leaders and its intelligence community regard as credible signals of an adversary's intentions. Policymakers often base their interpretations on their own theories, expectations, and needs, sometimes ignoring costly signals and paying more attention to information that, though less costly, is more vivid (i.e., personalized and emotionally involving). In contrast, intelligence organizations typically prioritize the collection and analysis of data on the adversary's military inventory. Over time, these organizations develop substantial knowledge on these material indicators that they then use to make predictions about an adversary's intentions. An examination of three cases based on 30,000 archival docume...
Derivation of shape factors for border irrigation advance

Abstract Using a linear advance function, a derivation of shape factors for border irrigation advance is presented. Using the proposed derivation, irrigation advance length is predicted for two sets of data reported in the literature. A close agreement is found between observations and predictions. Results of this study are compared with those of others for the same data.
Research on crystal rectifiers during World War II and the invention of the transistor

Extensive research in America and Great Britain during World War II on crystal rectifiers, used for the detection and frequency conversion of radar signals, helped set the stage for the transistor. The wartime research yielded progress in the physics of semiconductors, in the theory of rectification, in the technology and understanding of “cat's whiskers”, and in the manufacture of perfect crystals of silicon and germanium having controlled levels of impurities. In addition, the formation of a vast network of researchers with state‐of‐the‐art knowledge of semiconductor electronics created a context of fierce post‐war competition that helped motivate Bell Laboratories to establish its mission‐oriented program in basic solid‐state physics, out of which the transistor emerged in December 1947.
Distant cutaneous metastases in a patient with squamous-cell carcinoma of the lip

Abstract The rare occurrence of cutaneous metastases in the arm and thorax of a man with a 3.0 cm. squamous-cell carcinoma of the lower lip who had been treated exclusively with radiation therapy is reported. The incidence and sites of distant metastases from squamous-cell carcinoma of the lip are reviewed, and the significance of cutaneous metastases is discussed.
Mixed Convection Through Vertical Porous Annuli Locally Heated From the Inner Cylinder

The purpose of the present study is to examine the influence of both aiding and opposing external flows on the buoyancy-induced natural convection in vertical porous annuli. The effects of radius ratio are taken into account in a numerical study. Measurements of heat transfer coefficients in aiding and opposing flows cover the free to forced convective heat transfer regimes. Mixed convection in a vertical annulus filled with a saturated porous medium is numerically and experimentally investigated. Calculations are carried out under the traditional Darcy assumptions and cover the ranges 10 {le} Ra {le} 200 and 0.01 {le} Pe {le} 200. Both numerical and experimental results show that the Nusselt number increases with either Ra or Pe when the imposed flow is in the same direction as the buoyancy-induced flow. When the imposed flow opposes buoyancy-induced flow, the Nusselt number first decreases with an increase of the Peclet number and reaches a minimum before increasing again. Under certain circumstances, the Nusselt number for a lower Rayleigh number may exceed that for larger value. Nusselt numbers are correlated by the parameter groups Nu/Pe{sup 1/2} and Ra/Pe{sup 3/2}. Good agreement exists between measured and predicted Nusselt numbers, and the occurrence of a minimummore » Nusselt number in mean flow that opposes buoyancy is verified experimentally.« less
Multiple isoelectric variants of flightin in Drosophila stretch-activated muscles are generated by temporally regulated phosphorylations.

Drosophila stretch-activated flight muscles contain flightin, a novel myofibrillar protein that interacts with myosin filaments. We have identified elevent flightin isoelectric variants that can be subdivided into phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated subclasses. Flight muscles of late pupal stage P15, at which time myofibrillogenesis has been completed but the muscle has yet to be used, contain primarily non-phosphorylated variants. A dramatic increase in flightin phosphorylation occurs subsequent to eclosion. As the young adult matures, increasingly phosphorylated variants are generated following a precise ontogenetic progression. Adults 5–6 h old and older contain the entire set of flightin isoelectric variants. All nine phosphovariants remain metabolically active throughout adult life as evidence by their ability to incorporate radioactive phosphate in older adults. Our results suggest the possibility that all nine phosphorylated variants originate from a single precursor by sequential phosphorylation. Phosphorylation of flightin may thus serve both structural and regulatory functional roles.
Chemical diffusion increases thermal expansion gradients enhancing compressive stress cracking at the TGO interface

Abstract Micrographs of TBCs heated at 1125 °C revealed delamination cracks occurring along areas of compressed and undulated TGO as well as diffusion of Ni, Co, and Cr through the thermally grown oxide layer (TGO). In order to characterize the compressive stress mechanism, undulation and compression of the TGO were measured through factors of displacement, wavelength, and amplitude. The significant diffusion displayed around the TGO layer magnified the thermal expansion gradients of the area. When heated, these gradients created significant compressive stress leading to the areas where delamination cracks occurred. Thus, the diffusion of elements from the bond coat to the topcoat catalyzes compressive stress cracking incident to the TGO layer.
Cultural Differences in Access to Care

As high-profile reviews have appeared and international interest has grown, sophisticated studies of the U.S. population continue to document racial and ethnic disparities in initiation of mental health care and in continuity of care. Many explanations focus on cultural factors: trust and treatment receptiveness, stigma, culturally distinctive beliefs about mental illness and mental health, culturally sanctioned ways of expressing mental health-related suffering and coping styles, and client preferences for alternative interventions and treatment-seeking pathways, as well as unresponsive programs and providers. The research itself has become more rigorous and informative, but it continues to lack theoretical focus and does not yet yield cumulative findings. Too few studies have addressed community and regional differences or differences between mental health treatment programs and systems, or considered mental health-related policies that are very likely linked to disparities. Theoretically well-formulated studies on representative samples can provide a comprehensive explanation of access disparities in cultural and culture-related terms that inform a broad-based plan of remedial intervention.
Murine and human CFTR exhibit different sensitivities to CFTR potentiators

Development of therapeutic molecules with clinical efficacy as modulators of defective CFTR includes efforts to identify potentiators that can overcome or repair the gating defect in mutant CFTR ch...
Gastrointestinal complications after pediatric cardiac transplantation

Abstract Background: The incidence of major gastrointestinal complications after pediatric heart transplantation has not been well characterized. Studies in adults suggest significant morbidity and mortality from post-transplant gastrointestinal complications. In this study, we investigated major gastrointestinal complications in the pediatric heart transplant population. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of all patients who underwent heart transplantation at Children’s Hospital, Boston, including all pertinent clinical, radiologic, endoscopic, and pathologic findings. Between May 1986 and December 2000, 104 patients underwent 105 orthotopic heart transplantations. Gastrointestinal complications were defined as major if they significantly prolonged hospital course, required hospital admission, or required surgical intervention. Results: Median age at transplant was 8.7 years (range, 2 weeks to 23 years). Median duration of follow-up was 3.3 years (range, 2 days to 14.9 years). All patients initially received standard triple immunosuppression with cyclosporine, prednisone, and azathioprine. During this period, 30 major complication episodes occurred in 19 patients (18%) and included pancreatitis (7), cholecystitis (6), recurrent abdominal infection (5), malignancy (4), intestinal pneumatosis (4), colonic perforation (2), appendicitis (1), Crohn’s disease (1), and partial small bowel obstruction (1). Ten (53%) of the 19 patients with major gastrointestinal complications required surgical intervention. Conclusions: Serious gastrointestinal complications can occur after pediatric cardiac transplantation, with an incidence similar to that seen in adults. Gastrointestinal symptoms should be aggressively evaluated in the pediatric heart transplant patient because of the high incidence of complications that may require surgery.
A qualitative assessment of internal medicine resident perceptions of graduate medical education following implementation of the 2011 ACGME duty hour standards.

Background In 2011, the Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education implemented updated guidelines for medical resident duty hours, further limiting continuous work hours for first-year residents. We sought to investigate the impact of these restrictions on graduate medical education among internal medicine residents.
Poliovirus/Hepatitis C Virus (Internal Ribosomal Entry Site-Core) Chimeric Viruses: Improved Growth Properties through Modification of a Proteolytic Cleavage Site and Requirement for Core RNA Sequences but Not for Core-Related Polypeptides

H.-H. Lu and E. Wimmer (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:1412–1417, 1996) have demonstrated that the internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) of poliovirus (PV) can be functionally replaced by the related genetic element from hepatitis C virus (HCV). One important finding of this study was that open reading frame sequences 3′ of the initiating AUG, corresponding to the open reading frame of the HCV core polypeptide, are required to create a viable chimeric virus. This made necessary the inclusion of a PV 3C protease (3Cpro) cleavage site for proper polyprotein processing to create the authentic N terminus of the PV capsid precursor. Chimeric PV/HCV (P/H) viruses, however, grew poorly relative to PV. The goal of this study was to determine the molecular basis of impaired replication and enhance the growth properties of this chimeric virus. Genetic modifications leading to a different proteinase (PV 2Apro) cleavage site between the HCV core sequence and the PV polyprotein (P/H701-2A) proved far superior with respect to viral protein expression, core-PV fusion polyprotein processing, plaque phenotype, and viral titer than the original prototype PV/HCV chimera containing the PV 3Cpro-specific cleavage site (P/H701). We have used this new virus model to answer two questions concerning the role of the HCV core protein in P/H chimeric viral proliferation. First, a derivative of P/H701-2A with frameshifts in the core-encoding sequence was used to demonstrate that production of the core protein was not necessary for the translation and replication of the P/H chimera. Second, a viral construct with a C-terminal truncation of 23 amino acids of the core gene was used to show that a signal sequence for signal peptidase processing, when present in the viral construct, is detrimental to P/H virus growth. The novel P/H chimera described here are suitable models for analyzing the function(s) of the HCV elements by genetic analyses in vivo and for antiviral drug discovery.
Cardiac Norepinephrine Output During Carotid Body Stimulation

AbstractIn a series of 7 dogs, selective stimulation of the carotid body receptors by hypoxic blood produces an increase of coronary flow and greater release of norepinephrine from the heart; the increase of coronary flow is less marked and the release of norepinephrine is increased after vagotomy. Myocardial norepinephrine content is decreased by carotid body stimulation.This work was supported in part by Grant number HL-13330–04, from the National Heart and Lung Institute and by Grant NS 09287 from the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke and by Grant RR 00350 from the General Clinical Research Center Branch, Division of Research Resources, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20014.
Oxidized lipid-mediated alterations in proteoglycan metabolism in cultured pulmonary endothelial cells

Compared to cholesterol or linoleic acid (18:2), oxidized lipids such as cholestan-3 beta, 5 alpha, 6 beta-triol (triol) and hydroperoxy linoleic acid (HPODE) markedly impair endothelial barrier function in culture [Hennig and Boissonneault, 1987; Hennig et al. 1986]. Because proteoglycans contribute to vascular permeability properties, the effects of cholesterol and 18:2 and their oxidation products, triol and HPODE, on endothelial proteoglycan metabolism were determined. While cholesterol was without effect, a concentration-dependent decrease in cellular proteoglycans (measured by 35S incorporation) was observed after exposure to triol. Compared to control cultures, cholesterol reduced mRNA levels for the proteoglycans, perlecan and biglycan. Triol had a similar effect on biglycan but not an perlecan mRNA levels. Compared to 18:2, 1,3 and 5 microM HPODE depressed cellular proteoglycans. Perlecan mRNA levels were reduced more by HPODE when compared to 18:2. Biglycan mRNA levels were reduced by 3 microM, but not by 5 microM HPODE. These data demonstrate that oxidized lipids such as triol and HPODE can decrease cellular proteoglycan metabolism in endothelial monolayers and alter mRNA levels of major specific proteoglycans in a concentration-dependent manner. This may have implications in lipid-mediated disruption of endothelial barrier function and atherosclerosis.
Turning the Gendered Politics of the Security State Inside Out

This article analyzes sexual harassment politics in the global south as a crucial laboratory for testing and reformulating the mix of emancipatory and repressive governance practices that constitute contemporary gender-sensitive ‘human security’ regimes. In Egypt, between 2003 and 2010, internationalist feminist campaigns advocated anti-harassment projects that demonized working-class youth masculinities as well as ‘disreputable’ public femininities in an attempt to intensify the policing of the city and discipline public sociability. Through a politics of respectability and ‘strange bedfellow’ processes of NGO-ization, this state-allied, pro-enforcement project demobilized class-based movements for democratic change. By contrast, inventive Egyptian organizations adapted UN gender doctrines and legal mechanisms to their own purposes, mobilizing mass campaigns that critiqued frameworks of police protection and social respectability. They cultivated forms of assertive female agency that came to occupy cente...
Selective permeation of CO2 and CH4 through kapton polyimide: Effects of penetrant competition and gas-phase nonideality

Sorption isotherms for pure CO2 and pure CH4 in Kapton H® polymide films at 60°C are reported for pressures up to 20 atm and are analyzed in terms of the dual-mode sorption model. An experimental scheme for the measurement of steady-state permeabilities of both pure and mixed gas feeds is described. Permeabilities of Kapton to the individual components at 60°C are presented for a mixture comprised of 32.2% CO2 in CH4 as functions of feed pressure up to 590 psi (absolute). The permeabilities for the individual penetrants in the mixed feed are lower than the respective purecomponent values at the corresponding partial pressures. Furthermore, the permeabilities of both penetrants drop as the feed pressure is increased at constant composition. The dual-mobility transport model used to analyze the data postulates that the observed pressure and composition dependence of the permeabilities is due to competition between penetrants for a limited microvoid sorption capacity in the glassy polymer. It is demonstrated that in addition to flux depressions due to dual-mode effects, nonideality of the gas phase must be accounted for to explain the substantial flux depressions observed for the CO2/CH4 mixtured used in this study.
Changing Forms of Federalism and Party Electoral Strategies: Belgium and the European Union

The introduction offederalism to a political system changes the locus ofpower and offers new incentives to political parties. However, the way in which the new system is introduced influences the strategies of parties under the new federal arrangements. When federalism emerges through decentralization, the process encourages a greaterfocus on regional interests and regional strategies by parties. When federalism emerges through centralization of authority, parties are encouraged to use afederal strategy, emphasizing common interests and common bonds across regions. UsingBelgium and theEuropean Union as examples, this article traces changing party strategies in the wake of institutional change.
An Objective Counterpart to the Visual Scree Test for Factor Analysis: The Standard Error Scree

Many methods have been suggested for determining the number of factors in factor analysis solutions, most of them trying to match visual solutions. Presented here is a linear regression approach providing objectivity while producing the same results as the visual scree test. The standard error scree is based on the standard error of estimate for a set of points in the plot of eigenvalues. The number of factors to retain corresponds to the point where the standard error exceeds 1/m, where m is the numbers of variables in the analysis. Experience with the method to date indicates that the results are consistent with visual solutions.
Encouraging the development of undergraduate researchers in computer vision

In a small computer science department without a graduate program, it is sometimes difficult to attract research students. This is particularly true for research in computer vision, since it is built upon a substantial body of knowledge, including considerable mathematics, that most undergraduates are not familiar with. My approach to encouraging students to take part in this research starts by introducing computation with images in early programming classes. Students become comfortable working with images in a structured framework, where they are not exposed to excessive underlying details. The students that become interested in working with images can take my computer vision class. This course is taught in a way that students can understand the material without having a deep background in mathematics. Students that are successful in this class are ready for (and encouraged to) work on undergraduate research projects and perform internships in computer vision research. While my strategy focuses on computer vision, similar approaches could be used for other research areas.
An international analysis of emotional and rational appeals in services vs goods advertising

The growth of international business, combined with an increase in the number of service offerings, underscores the importance of understanding effective promotional strategies for services versus goods in international markets. The current study examines advertising appeals for services and goods across four different countries: Brazil, Taiwan, Mexico and the USA. Results of a content analysis indicate that the use of rational and emotional appeals differs across both product type and country. It is suggested that culture plays a role in the use of the appeals and that the product type × country interaction is strongly reflected in Taiwanese and US advertising.
A noise reduction method for non-stationary noise model of SPECT sinogram based on Kalman filter

The non-stationary Poisson noise in single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) sinogram is a major cause to compromise the quality of reconstructed images and challenge any compensation strategy for photon attenuation, scatter and collimator response. Research utilizing three-dimensional Wiener filter after Anscombe transformation, which converts Poisson distributed noise into Gaussian distributed one, has been conducted recently with noticeable success. However, the prerequisite of stationary random process for the Wiener approach is not exactly valid for the SPECT sinogram. In this paper, the non-stationary Poisson noise was first modulated by the Anscombe transformation and then the modulated noise model was analyzed. A Kalman filter for the modulated non-stationary noise model was designed to extract the means or signals from the Poisson noise sinogram. Monte Carlo program was used to generate projection data from the MCAT phantom, simulating SPECT data acquisition. The reconstructed results demonstrated a significant improvement with the Kalman filter, as compared to the Wiener approach. Dramatic improvement is seen, as compared to linear low-pass filters, at noisy levels of 100 thousand counts in a 128/spl times/128/spl times/128 sinogram size. The capability of Kalman filter for nonstationary noise model was theoretically proved and experimentally demonstrated.
Influence of citric acid amendments on the availability of weathered PCBs to plant and earthworm species.

A series of small and large pot trials were conducted to assess the phytoextraction potential of several plant species for weathered polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in soil (105 μ g/g Arochlor 1268). In addition, the effect of citric acid on PCB bioavailability to both plants and earthworms was assessed. Under small pot conditions (one plant, 400 g soil), three cucurbits (Cucurbita pepo ssp pepo [zucchini] and ssp ovifera [nonzucchini summer squash], Cucumis sativus, cucumber) accumulated up to 270 μg PCB/g in the roots and 14 μg/g in the stems, resulting in 0.10% contaminant removal from soil. Periodic 1 mM subsurface amendments of citric acid increased the stem and leaf PCB concentration by 330 and 600%, respectively, and resulted in up to a 65% increase in the total amount of contaminant removed from soil. Although citric acid at 10 mM more than doubled the amount of PCB desorbed in abiotic batch slurries, contaminant accumulation by two earthworm species (Eisenia foetida and Lumbricus terrestris) was...
Evolution in Action, a Case Study Based Advanced Biology Class at Spelman College

The Biology department at Spelman, a historically black women’s college has undertaken a major curriculum revision in the last few years. A primary goal of this revision is to increase the breadth of topics in biology classes. Historically, classes in the areas of ecology and evolution have been underrepresented whereas Spelman has always offered classes in the areas of organismal, molecular, and cellular biology. As a part of this curriculum change, I developed the very first Evolutionary Biology class at Spelman. To maximize student interest in evolutionary biology, I attempted to tailor the class to the student population at Spelman. Specifically, because the majority of Spelman students aspire to be health professionals, the course was designed to teach concepts in evolutionary biology using emerging infectious disease as case studies. I surveyed three parameters to gauge if this class was successful. First, I measured student interest in the various assignments of this class. Second, I gave pre- and post- class tests to the students to measure gains in course content knowledge. Third, I examined the data from college administered student evaluations of this class. I found that 1) students showed a high appreciation for case study activities, 2) students’ content knowledge improved significantly over the semester, and 3) students perceived their learning experiences in this case study based class to be dramatically better than in the traditional lecture based classes.
Optical Heterodyne Detection of a Randomly Distorted Signal Beam

This paper defines the time-invariant detection scheme which yields the largest average signal-to-noise ratio in the heterodyne detection of a randomly distorted optical signal. It is shown that the detection scheme may be realized by properly shaping both the isophase surface and the irradiance distribution of the local-oscillator beam. Applied to the case of an atmospherically distorted optical plane wave it is shown that although the optimum local-oscillator beam differs significantly from a plane wave, the increase of average signal-to-noise ratio, over the plane-wave case as reported by Fried, is negligible (less than 10%).
Analysis and design tools for distributed motion coordination

This paper surveys recently-developed theoretical tools for the analysis and design of coordination algorithms for networks of mobile autonomous agents. First, various motion coordination tasks are encoded into aggregate cost functions from geometric optimization. Second, the limited communication capabilities of the mobile agents are modeled via the notions of proximity graphs from computational geometry and of spatially distributed maps. Finally, we illustrate how to apply these tools to design and analyze scalable cooperative strategies in a variety of motion coordination problems such as deployment, rendezvous, and flocking.
Three-dimensional Bolton-Brush Growth Study landmark data: ontogeny and sexual dimorphism of the Bolton standards cohort.

Abstract Objective: The treatment of craniofacial reconstructive surgery patients may benefit from comparison to average referent three-dimensional landmark data. These data may be useful for diagnosis, treatment planning, prosthetic design, or outcomes assessment. With regard to subadult patients, we hypothesize that the pattern of ontogenetic shape change of same sex, same ethnicity, referent populations will show gross uniformity. We present a preliminary shape analysis of 50 three-dimensional landmarks derived from 317 Bolton–Brush Growth Study biorthogonal image pairs. We determine which landmarks can be collected from scanned radiographs reliably by four operators for the precisely locatable points, ontogenetic trends in landmark configuration shape change, and patterns of sexual dimorphism. Participants: Participants were Bolton standards individuals (16 male and 16 female) who contributed biplane cephalograms seven or more times with annual or greater spacing between ages 3 and 18 years. Design: A...
The Politics of Intentionality in Englishes: Provincializing Capitalization.

This article theorizes how the privileging of “intentional” deviations from ostensibly mainstream Englishes represents a form of epistemic violence that replicates and sustains the logics of coloniality, presuming the inherent and chronic inferiority of nonmainstream cultural forms, practices, and institutions. In response, this article considers the potentiality of errors in peripheralized Englishes as moments of disinvention through an extended analysis of an artifact that represents an enunciation of political and linguistic decoloniality. Focusing on the orthographic feature of capitalization as a case in point, I enact the practice of provincialization toward exposing the inadequacies of monofunctional orthography for an inherently and increasingly plurilithic language like English. To conclude, I use alternatively capitalized English as a reconstituted and decolonizing expressive mode.
4535 Is endoscopic ultrasound accurate in the restaging of esophageal cancer following chemoradiation

OBJECTIVE: Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is an important tool in staging of esophageal tumors, however its utility following chemoradiation for restaging or predicting complete or partial response remains unclear. These qualities would be highly desirable, as clinical course may be changed and surgery could be avoided entirely in some cases, reducing morbidity and mortality. In addition, few studies have looked at surrogate EUS markers that may help improve predictive value, beyond the TNM system. This study seeks to review the experience with EUS following chemoradiation for esophageal cancer at our medical center, as well as to evaluate its ability to predict response based on change in tumor thickness as a surrogate marker. METHODS: Between 3/98 and 8/99, 13 consecutive patients with esophageal cancer underwent EUS staging pre and post chemoradiation regimens, prior to esophagectomy and pathologic staging. 6 additional patients had EUS following chemoradiation administered elsewhere, prior to surgery. 18 patients had distal esophageal adenocarcinoma; 1 patient had proximal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncologists determined chemotherapy and radiation regimens individually. TNM staging and maximal tumor thickness were noted in all cases and compared with pathologic findings. RESULTS: Post chemoradiation EUS accurately predicted pathologic stage in only 4/19 patients (21%). Post chemoradiation EUS correctly demonstrated T stage in 12/19 patients (63%) and N stage in 9/19 (47%). In those undergoing pre and post chemoradiation EUS, cases demonstrating reduction in T stage when comparing initial EUS T stage to final pathologic T stage showed an average change in maximal tumor thickness of 6.15mm (N=6). Those without change in T stage showed an average of 1.2mm tumor thickness reduction (N=7). In those who had downgrading of EUS T stage from pre to post chemoradiation EUS, average change in maximal tumor thickness was 5.8mm, and all matched final pathologic T stage (N=5). If T stage remained the same on both EUS, average change in maximal tumor diameter was 2.9mm (N=8). CONCLUSIONS: The predictive value of post chemoradiation EUS was low and not useful to guide clinical decision making. Accuracy for T staging was better when compared to N staging, but still remained suboptimal to make important clinical decisions. However, it may be possible to define a threshold of change in tumor thickness that would be predictive of clinical response. More studies are needed to appropriately define this threshold.