cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The vibration of stepped beams and rectangular plates by an elemental dynamic flexibility method

Abstract A new method for the concise and efficient solution of the free and forced vibration of a class of complex linear structures is proposed. The structures, having discontinuous properties, are divided into elemental substructures, and the displacement field for each is obtained in terms of its dynamic Green's function. The characteristic equation of the system is derived from interelement compatibility conditions, from which the system eigenvalues are found. The system eigenfunctions and the orthogonality relation for the eigenfunctions are derived, leading to an analytical solution for the forced response of the system.
Refractive turbulence profiling using synthetic aperture spatial filtering of scintillation.

High spatial resolution vertical profiles of refractive turbulence Cn2 can be obtained using a translating airborne light source. From spatially filtered observations of the optical scintillation pattern on the ground, caused by atmospheric density fluctuations, it is possible to infer both vertical profiles of Cn2 and the shape of the refractive turbulence spectrum. Profiles of key parameters such as the turbulence microscale are thereby accessible from ground-based measurements. The required signal-to-noise ratio and resultant spatial and spectral resolutions are determined.
HIV prevention by enhancing compliance of Tenofovir microbicide. Using a Novel delivery system

Summary Background CAPRISA 004 (Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa) ( 1 ) revealed that women who had high self-reported adherence with Tenofovir microbicide application achieved a 54% reduction in HIV seroconversion in comparison to placebo. Conversely, there was only a 28% reduction in the poor compliance group. Materials and Methods To enhance the adherence of Tenofovir application, we investigated an alternative to the vaginal applicator ( Figure 1 ), which was used before and after intercourse in CAPRISA study. The FemCap contraceptive device ( Figure 2 ) has a unique delivery system for microbicides on its cervical and vaginal sides to ensure better coverage, and retention of gel on the cervix and vagina. To evaluate this delivery system, 20 women compared the use of the vaginal applicator to deliver a vaginal lubricant before and after intercourse versus the FemCap to deliver the same lubricant once before intercourse. Results Forty percent ( 8 ) women missed the application of the lubricant with the vaginal applicator before intercourse and 10% missed it after intercourse. The FemCap, users (10%) ( 2 ) women missed application of the vaginal lubricant before intercourse and both inserted it after intercourse. The gel was better retained over the cervix by single application with the FemCap versus two applications with the applicator. Conclusions Participants preferred the FemCap, due to elimination of leakage and the single application, versus two applications with the vaginal applicator. The increased adherence and retention of gel over the cervix by using the FemCap may potentially increase the efficacy of Tenofovir.
Teaching Furlow palatoplasty: the sticky note method.

Abstract Objective The double-opposing Z-plasty (Furlow palatoplasty) procedure is a well-established method for palate repair in children. We propose a simple and easily accessible sticky note model to demonstrate the lengthening in palatal anatomy afforded by this technically challenging procedure. Methods Our model involves creating a lengthened three-dimensional representation of the Z-plasty through making specified incisions and rearrangements of the palatal layers. The sticky note model was made a total of 20 times and length of the palate model pre and post Z-plasty was measured. Results The average length of the palate pre-procedure was 72 mm. The average length of the palate post procedure was 78.9 mm, showing an increase of 6.9 mm (9.6%). Conclusion Our model provides an accurate and valuable educational tool that will aid in the visualization and understanding of the Furlow palatoplasty procedure.
Social criticism of advertising: On the role of literary theory and the use of data

Abstract This paper discusses the use of literary theory for the social criticism of advertising. In particular, it examines what types of claims can be made simply by analyzing an ad itself and what types of social criticism require extrinsic data about how other readers understand the ad or the historical context of its creation. The author advocates a “doubly integrated” approach to social criticism that combines literary analysis with use of extrinsic empirical data and also integrates the system by which ads are produced with the way they are comprehended. This approach provides a holistic view of the advertising process and a strong basis for critique. Discussion of a demonstration study shows how qualitative data collected from readers can be used to complement traditional literary interpretations of advertisements.
Variations in GABRA2, Encoding the α2 Subunit of the GABAA Receptor, Are Associated with Alcohol Dependence and with Brain Oscillations

Alcoholism is a complex disease with both genetic and environmental risk factors. To identify genes that affect the risk for alcoholism, we systematically ascertained and carefully assessed individuals in families with multiple alcoholics. Linkage and association analyses suggested that a region of chromosome 4p contained genes affecting a quantitative endophenotype, brain oscillations in the beta frequency range (13–28 Hz), and the risk for alcoholism. To identify the individual genes that affect these phenotypes, we performed linkage disequilibrium analyses of 69 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) within a cluster of four GABAA receptor genes, GABRG1, GABRA2, GABRA4, and GABRB1, at the center of the linked region. GABAA receptors mediate important effects of alcohol and also modulate beta frequencies. Thirty-one SNPs in GABRA2, but only 1 of the 20 SNPs in the flanking genes, showed significant association with alcoholism. Twenty-five of the GABRA2 SNPs, but only one of the SNPs in the flanking genes, were associated with the brain oscillations in the beta frequency. The region of strongest association with alcohol dependence extended from intron 3 past the 3′ end of GABRA2; all 43 of the consecutive three-SNP haplotypes in this region of GABRA2 were highly significant. A three-SNP haplotype was associated with alcoholism, with P=.000000022. No coding differences were found between the high-risk and low-risk haplotypes, suggesting that the effect is mediated through gene regulation. The very strong association of GABRA2 with both alcohol dependence and the beta frequency of the electroencephalogram, combined with biological evidence for a role of this gene in both phenotypes, suggest that GABRA2 might influence susceptibility to alcohol dependence by modulating the level of neural excitation.
Cubic crossover equation of state

Abstract In this paper we develop a cubic crossover equation of state for pure fluids which incorporates the scaling laws asymptotically close to the critical point and is transformed into the original classical cubic equation of state far away from the critical point. We use the modified Patel–Teja (PT) cubic equation of state as a starting point. A comparison is made with experimental data for pure CO2, water, and refrigerants R32 and R125 in the one- and two-phase regions. We show that the crossover Patel–Teja equation of state yields a much better representation of the thermodynamic properties of pure fluids, especially in the critical region and for vapor–liquid equilibrium, than the original PT equation of state.
Rapidly-adapting receptor activity and intratracheal pressure in guinea pigs. II. Action of aspirin and salicylic acid in antagonizing mediators of allergic asthma.

Abstract The effects of leukotriene C 4 (LTC 4 ), prostaglandin F 2 α (PGF 2 α), histamine, and bradykinin upon intratracheal pressure and nerve activity from rapidly-adapting receptors (RARs) before and after the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs salicylic acid (SA) and aspirin (ASA, acetylsalicylic acid) have been studied in guinea pigs. All mediators increased tracheal pressure and nerve activity in a time-dependent manner. The peak in nerve activity always preceded the peak in tracheal pressure. Neither SA or ASA blocked the effects of histamine or PGF 2 α upon tracheal pressure or nerve activity. ASA and even SA blocked the effects of bradykinin on both parameters. While SA had no effect on LTC4, ASA blocked the effects of LTC4 upon both tracheal pressure and nerve activity. These results suggest that both LTC4 and bradykinin may act through mediators derived from arachidonic acid not only in increasing tracheal pressures but also to increase RAR nerve activity.
Dose-dependent oncogene-induced senescence in vivo and its evasion during mammary tumorigenesis

Activating Ras mutations can induce either proliferation or senescence depending on the cellular context. To determine whether Ras activation has context-dependent effects in the mammary gland, we generated doxycycline-inducible transgenic mice that permit Ras activation to be titrated. Low levels of Ras activation - similar to those found in non-transformed mouse tissues expressing endogenous oncogenic Kras2 - stimulate cellular proliferation and mammary epithelial hyperplasias. In contrast, high levels of Ras activation - similar to those found in tumours bearing endogenous Kras2 mutations - induce cellular senescence that is Ink4a-Arf- dependent and irreversible following Ras downregulation. Chronic low-level Ras induction results in tumour formation, but only after the spontaneous upregulation of activated Ras and evasion of senescence checkpoints. Thus, high-level, but not low-level, Ras activation activates tumour suppressor pathways and triggers an irreversible senescent growth arrest in vivo. We suggest a three-stage model for Ras-induced tumorigenesis consisting of an initial activating Ras mutation, overexpression of the activated Ras allele and, finally, evasion of p53-Ink4a-Arf-dependent senescence checkpoints.
A new derivative for the gas-liquid chromatographic determination of homovanillic acid.

Abstract A rapid and gas-liquid chromatographic technique for the determination of HVA by the formation of its hexafluoroisopropyl (HFIP) trifluoroacetyl (TFA) derivative is presented. The urinary excretion of normal adults was found to be 3.30 μg/mg creatinine (1.32–4.97 μg/mg creatinine).
Temperature and Gatewidth Dependence of the Solid-Matrix Fluorescence Spectra of Stereoisomeric Tetrols

A unique laser-based method was developed for the solid-matrix fluorescence characterization and identification of tetrols, which are the hydrolysis products from benzo[a]pyrene-DNA adducts. By employing different gatewidths with a boxcar integrator, we obtained the fluorescence spectra of the four tetrol isomers adsorbed on 10% α-cyclodextrin/NaCl at several temperatures. The data showed that the fluorescence spectral characteristics of the tetrols were both gatewidth- and temperature-dependent. The experimental conditions were optimized to identify the tetrols which had only minor structural differences. Applications of the gatewidth-dependence method both at room temperature and low temperature were considered. The low-temperature approach has the potential for the application to several species over a range of fluorescence lifetimes. The differences in the fluorescence spectral properties were partially explained by the rotation of functional groups in the tetrols and the solid matrix during the time frame of obtaining the spectra. Comparisons were made among the solid-matrix fluorescence spectra and the solution fluorescence spectra of the tetrols, and the solution fluorescence spectra of pyrene and the solid-matrix fluorescence spectra of pyrene.
Discovery of genes implicated in whirling disease infection and resistance in rainbow trout using genome-wide expression profiling.

Whirling disease, caused by the pathogen Myxobolus cerebralis, afflicts several salmonid species. Rainbow trout are particularly susceptible and may suffer high mortality rates. The disease is persistent and spreading in hatcheries and natural waters of several countries, including the U.S.A., and the economic losses attributed to whirling disease are substantial. In this study, genome-wide expression profiling using cDNA microarrays was conducted for resistant Hofer and susceptible Trout Lodge rainbow trout strains following pathogen exposure with the primary objective of identifying specific genes implicated in whirling disease resistance. Several genes were significantly up-regulated in skin following pathogen exposure for both the resistant and susceptible rainbow trout strains. For both strains, response to infection appears to be linked with the interferon system. Expression profiles for three genes identified with microarrays were confirmed with qRT-PCR. Ubiquitin-like protein 1 was up-regulated over 100 fold and interferon regulating factor 1 was up-regulated over 15 fold following pathogen exposure for both strains. Expression of metallothionein B, which has known roles in inflammation and immune response, was up-regulated over 5 fold in the resistant Hofer strain but was unchanged in the susceptible Trout Lodge strain following pathogen exposure. The present study has provided an initial view into the genetic basis underlying immune response and resistance of rainbow trout to the whirling disease parasite. The identified genes have allowed us to gain insight into the molecular mechanisms implicated in salmonid immune response and resistance to whirling disease infection.
On the orbit-lattice interaction of the paramagnetic ions in ethyl sulphates

Abstract The orbit-lattice interaction based on the Van Vleck model is computed to compare with the approximations used by various groups. These approximations turn out to be in poor agreement with our more rigirous calculation. The ratios of the parameters in the orbit-lattice interaction have been found in terms of the static crystal field parameters in the point-charge model.
Use of 210Pb/226Ra disequilibria in the dating of deep-sea whale falls

Deep-sea whale falls, in particular the skeletal remains of whales that have sunk to the seafloor, are remarkable temporary reducing habitats. Reduced chemical species created by anaerobic microbial decay of lipid and organic compounds within the whale bone matrix fuel chemosynthetic-based communities, including bacteria, mussels, limpets, snails, and clams. Many of these species exhibit taxonomic affinities to other chemosynthetic deep-sea organisms colonizing hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. Knowledge of the timescales of whale fall community succession and persistence of these assemblages is needed to reliably estimate the abundance of whale fall habitats and to understand the dynamics of the whale fall communities and their potential roles as stepping stones for sulfophilic species. We have developed a radiochemical method based on 210Pb/226Ra disequilibria for estimating the ages of seafloor whale bone communities. Measurements of 210Pb/226Ra performed on known age bone samples yielded radioisotope ages in good agreement with the known ages. Our results indicate that this technique is valid for bones 10–85 years old (time since cetacean death). This technique, applied to multiple bones of unknown age whale falls taken from Monterey Canyon, Santa Catalina Basin, and San Nicholas Basin, constrained the upper limit ages of these systems (in 2002) to 6.3±1.0 years, 44.0±7.0 to 53.4±8.3 years, and 66.4±9.6 to 82.6±11 years, respectively. These ages were in reasonable agreement with faunal and/or skeletal observations. In addition, a preliminary lipid degradation rate was calculated for the Santa Catalina Basin whale fall using an independent time series and calibrated to the radiochemically determined age. Both radiochemical and lipid degradation evidence suggest that the whale fall microhabitat is able to support life for many decades.
Accelerating Frames of Reference and the Clock Paradox

Coordinate transformation between inertial reference system and noninertial acceleration system - clock paradox
The Arrangement of Fascicles in Whole Muscle

The architecture of the muscle fascicles, here meaning their lengths and their arrangement relative to one another, has important implications for the force a muscle can produce. Therefore, quantifying this architectural arrangement and understanding the implications of the architecture are important for understanding muscle function in vivo. There were two purposes of this study: (1) to assess, via blunt dissection, the number and the length of all the fascicles comprising the First Dorsal Interosseous (FDI) muscle and (2) to visually identify, via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the arrangement of the fascicles comprising the FDI. Simple blunt dissection of all the fascicles comprising four FDI muscles and their subsequent measurement demonstrated that the fascicles comprising the whole muscle were not as long as the muscle belly from which they were extracted. Muscle fascicles are surrounded by connective tissue hence the paths of the fascicles in two whole FDI muscles were identified via MRI by tracking the connective tissue surrounding the fascicles. The fascicles had a spiral pattern along the length of each muscle, within both muscles many of the fascicles were arranged in series with other fascicles. These architectural features of the fascicles of the FDI have important implications for the force–length and force–velocity properties of the whole muscle. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of water deprivation on urine marking and aggression in male house mice

Abstract This study assessed the effects of water deprivation on male mouse urine marking and aggressive behaviors and endurance. In Experiment 1, the size of marks and frequency of marking were examined in 3 groups given 3 different weights of potato/day as their source of water. Males receiving the least water. 1.5 g potato/day, marked at significantly lower rates than males receiving 3 g potato/day or 6 g potato/day ( p p >0.05). We conclude that water deprivation can directly affect the urine marking and aggressive behaviors of male mice. Such changes may be of adaptive importance during times of drought.
Absolute emission spectra from Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli vegetative cells in solution

Spectrally resolved emission (270-560 nm) from dilute suspensions of washed Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli were measured by use of tunable laser excitation between 270 and 300 nm. Integrated absolute emission cross sections increase with decreasing excitation wavelength and range from 1.8 x 10(-12) to 6.0 x 10(-11) cm(2)/(particle sr). An emission band near 340 nm dominates all observed spectra. At each excitation wavelength spectrally resolved emissions from the E. coli and B. subtilis suspensions are indistinguishable.
Development of the hepatopancreas and quality analysis of post-larvae Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei produced in a BFT system

The production of marine shrimp in biofloc systems has a low environmental impact; the shrimp benefit from the maintenance of water quality and possibly utilize the system’s microbial community as a food resource, which also positively affects the synthesis of digestive enzymes produced by the hepatopancreas. The aim of this study was to determine the performance, the post-larvae quality indicators and the development of the hepatopancreas and tubules of post-larvae Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei produced in a BFT system during the nursery stage. Two experiments were conducted: NI (PL1–PL15; 75 shrimps L−1) and NII (PL16–PL30; 50 shrimps L−1). Both experiments included a control treatment simulating a traditional nursery with water renewal and a biofloc treatment without water renewal but including organic fertilization with dextrose every time the ammonia nitrogen concentration exceeded 0.5 mg L−1. Daily water quality analyses were performed. The best performance and the final quality of the production were observed in the biofloc treatment of both experiments. The total area of the hepatopancreas was significantly different between treatments in experiment NI, while the thickness of the tubules was significantly different between treatments in experiment NII. In both experiments, the hepatopancreas tubules from the biofloc treatment showed increased thickness and an apparent greater amount of enzyme producing cells (B cells) than the control treatment. The results suggest that when compared to conventional production systems, the bioflocs system may provide better nutritional support, allowing for proper development of the hepatopancreas and better nutritional conditions, resulting in healthier post-larvae shrimp.
Certification of natural isotopic abundance inorganic mercury reference material NIMS-1 for absolute isotopic composition and atomic weight

A candidate reference material of natural isotopic composition for inorganic mercury has been characterized by the Institute for National Measurement Standards of the National Research Council Canada. The material, designated NIMS-1 (natural inorganic mercury standard) is certified for isotope ratios, isotopic abundances and atomic weight of mercury. The certification was achieved using multi-collector ICP-MS based on a state-of-the-art regression model for calibration. The certified isotopic composition is x196 = 0.001 55(4), x198 = 0.100 38(10), x199 = 0.169 38(9), x200 = 0.231 38(6), x201 = 0.131 70(12), x202 = 0.297 43(9) and x204 = 0.068 18(6) with the corresponding atomic weight of mercury Ar(Hg) = 200.5924(8). Values are presented in a concise notation whereby the expanded uncertainty with a coverage factor of two is given in parenthesis next to the least significant digits to which it applies. A full disclosure of all raw data pertinent to certification is presented in order to afford a fully transparent process. Care was taken to ensure high metrological quality in the evaluation of the accuracy and the uncertainty of the certified results. In this regard, it is superior to the best measurement from a single terrestrial source as currently recognized by IUPAC. Considering the known natural variations of Hg isotopic composition, we propose 200.592(3) as a revised assessment of the standard atomic weight of mercury.
Novel applications of the ubiquitin-dependent proteolytic pathway in plant genetic engineering

One goal of plant genetic engineering is the manipulation of protein levels within crop plants. New insights into the ubiquitin-dependent proteolytic pathway provide potential novel ways of enhancing levels of desired proteins by synthesizing them as ubiquitin fusions, and reducing levels of undesired proteins by selective protein degradation. As a result, the ubiquitin pathway should become a useful tool for many aspects of plant biotechnology.
Shock‐tube study of carbon monoxide dissociation kinetics

Carbon monoxide dissociation-rate data were obtained over the temperature range 5600-12,000 K. The experiments were conducted with undiluted CO to emphasize rate constants applicable to molecular gas systems. Data were obtained as time-resolved pressure measurements on the end wall of a shock tube and, in some cases, as emission histories of the C2 Swan system (0-0 band) behind incident shock waves. Results confirm the presence of C2 as an intermediate species in CO decomposition.
Predicting the Trapped $B$ Field in Bulk Superconductors Using Critical State Models

Trapped field superconductors hold promise as a potential game changer in a number of electromechanical applications. Predicting the trapped field is integral to their integration in these applications, and by necessity the critical state model is normally used in that regard. This paper offers three contributions towards that end. First, it offers a method to predict the trapped field based on a novel way to break down a mutual coupling matrix one cell at a time. Second, it discusses another predictive scheme based on equivalent column currents in the cell while taking into account the side of the YBCO crystal where seeding occurred. There is an experimental procedure that allows one to predict the equivalent thickness of the YBCO puck. Third, it offers some guidelines for when the simpler critical state Bean model can be employed with some confidence over the more complete Kim model. All the analyses are compared to experimental results on bulk YBCO pre-cooled to 77 °K, 20 mm in diameter with an axial length of 8 mm.
Trajectory estimation of closely spaced objects (CSO) using infrared focal plane data of an STSS (space tracking and surveillance system) platform

A major challenge in tracking midcourse objects by means of an infrared (IR) sensor is that during a significant part of the trajectory they are closely spaced (Closely Spaced Objects, or CSO). The imprints of the CSOs on the IR focal plane create blurred unresolved clusters where the number, the coordinates, and the radiant intensities of the objects are not immediately apparent. This paper presents two methods for solving the problem of midcourse CSO resolution using IR focal plane data in the context of the Space Tracking and Surveillance System (STSS). Both approaches are based on dynamics/radiant intensity models of the focal plane objects, and use least squares-based minimization procedures. The first and more traditional baseline approach estimates the focal plane coordinates of the objects and their intensities on a frame-by-frame basis. The object tracks are then established by associating and fitting the estimates of all the frames to the postulated models. An alternative, multi-frame approach explored in this paper, uses the focal plane information from an entire sequence of frames, and, using least squares criteria over space and time and matched filtering, estimates the model parameters directly. With this "track-before-detect" approach, the association problem of objects to tracks is embedded in the estimation procedure.
An optimal strategy for sellers in an online auction

We consider an online auction setting where the seller attempts to sell an item. Bids arrive over time and the seller has to make an instant decision to either accept this bid and close the auction or reject it and move on to the next bid, with the hope of higher gains. What should be the seller's strategy to maximize gains? Using techniques from convex analysis, we provide an explicit closed-form optimal solution (and hence a simple optimum online algorithm) for the seller.Our methodology is attractive to online auction systems that have to make an instant decision, especially when it is not humanly possible to evaluate each bid individually, when the number of bids is large or unknown ahead of time, and when the bidders are unwilling to wait.
Primate population studies at Polonnaruwa. II. Heritability of body measurements in a natural population of toque macaques (Macaca sinica).

The heritability of quantitative traits, or the proportion of phenotypic variation due to additive genetic or heritable effects, plays an important role in determining the evolutionary response to natural selection. Most quantitative genetic studies are performed in the laboratory, due to difficulty in obtaining genealogical data in natural populations. Genealogies are known, however, from a unique 20-year study of toque macaques (Macaca sinica) at Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka. Heritability in this natural population was, therefore, estimated. Twenty-seven body measurements representing the lengths and widths of the head, trunk, extremities, and tail were collected from 270 individuals. The sample included 172 offspring-mother pairs from 39 different matrilineal families. Heritabilities were estimated using traditional mother-offspring regression and maximum likelihood methods which utilize all genealogical relationships in the sample. On the common assumption that environmental (including social) factors affecting morphology were randomly distributed across families, all but two of the traits (25 of 27) were significantly heritable, with an average heritability of 0.51 for the mother-offspring analysis and 0.56 for the maximum likelihood analysis. Heritability estimates obtained from the two analyses were very similar. We conclude that the Polonnaruwa macaques exhibit a comparatively moderate to high level of heritability for body form. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Foreground and background in dynamic spatial orientation

The dependency of visually induced self-motion sensation upon the density of moving contrasts as well as upon additional stationary contrasts in the foreground or background was investigated. Using two different optokinetic stimuli, a disk rotating in the frontoparallel plane, and the projection of horizontally moving stripes onto a cylindrical screen, it was found that: (1) visually induced self-motion depends upon the density of moving contrasts randomly distributed within the visual field and, with a single contrast area of 1/4 %, is saturated when about 30% of the visual field is moving; (2) additional stationary contrasts inhibit visually induced serf-motion, proportional to their density; and (3) the location in depth of the stationary contrasts has a significant effect upon this inhibition. Their effect is considerable when located in the background of the moving stimuli but weak when appearing in the foreground. It is concluded that dynamic visual spatial orientation relies mainly on information from the seen periphery, both retinal and depth.
Directions of small group research for the 1980's

Communication research on small groups has focused primarily on isolating variable that affect the process. Future scholarship should have a more applied character. Investigators should be attempting to discover if it is possible to improve the performance of established groups.
Twenty years of environmental mobilization: Trends among national environmental organizations

Abstract The evolution of national environmental organizations over the past two decades is analyzed, with special attention given to the major organizations that engage in lobbying. The rapid growth experienced by the older organizations and the emergence and subsequent growth of several newer organizations are described. An overview of the activities of these national organizations (including a description of their relationships with one another) is given. Next, the high level of public support for their goals, the unique characteristics of environmental issues, and the efficacy of direct mail recruitment techniques are highlighted as key causes of the organizations’ growth and success. Finally, the organizational consequences of these trends, in the form of staff professionalization and bureaucratization, for the national organizations are examined in some detail.
Development of competitive direct ELISA for gossypol analysis.

Anti-gossypol monoclonal antibody was purified from cell culturing supernatant by ammonium sulfate precipitation and Protein A AffinityPak. The antigen (i.e., gossypol) was labeled with horseradish...
Scavenging capacity of berry crops on superoxide radicals, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, and singlet oxygen.

The antioxidant activities against superoxide radicals (O2•-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radicals (OH•), and singlet oxygen (‘O2) was evaluated in fruit juice from different cultivars of thornless blackberries (Rubus sp.), blueberries (Vaccinium spp.), cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton), raspberries (Rubus idaeus L. and Rubus occidentalis L.), and strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.). Among the different cultivars, juice of ‘Hull Thornless' blackberry, ‘Earliglow' strawberry, ‘Early Black' cranberry, ‘Jewel' raspberry, and ‘Elliot' blueberry had the highest antioxidant capacity against superoxide radicals (O2•-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radicals (OH•), and singlet oxygen (‘O2). In general, blackberries had the highest antioxidant capacity inhibition of O2•-, H2O2, and OH•. Strawberry was second best in the antioxidant capacity assay for these same free radicals. With regard to ‘O2 scavenging activity, strawberry had the highest value, while blackberry was second. Cranberries...
INTRA‐ARTERIAL APPROACH TO INTERNAL CAROTID ANEURYSMS: PRELIMINARY REPORT OF THE CONCEPT AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES

Absteact: Studies were made on human cadavers and on living dogs whereby the bleeding of experimental aneurysms of the internal carotid artery was stopped by distending a balloon at the mouth of the aneurysm. The balloon was introduced intra-arterially at a point distant from the aneurysm and guided to the bleeding site via a system of catheters. Although many obvious technical problems remain to be surmounted, these preliminary observations support the feasibility of an intra-arterial approach to the therapy of aneurysms of the internal carotid artery. The concept of temporary occlusion of the aneurysmal mouth by intra-arterial inflation of a cannula-borne balloon merits further investigation.
Nasal Myiasis in Hinduism and Contemporary Otorhinolaryngology

Various case reports on nasal myiasis written during the 1990s and 2000s state that nasal myiasis, which is known as peenash among South Asian natives, is a form of divine punishment in Hindu mythology, but do not provide citations from Hindu scriptures that would suggest this interpretation. This paper aims to discuss the phenomenon of peenash in a historical context by examining medical literature written during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, to identify Hindu texts contributing to the belief of some Hindus that nasal myiasis is a form of divine punishment, and to provide an overview of contemporary treatment for and management of nasal myiasis.
Boundary Layer at a Stagnation Point with Hydrogen Injection

Hydrogen fuel injection into hot oncoming air flow, investigating boundary layer chemical behavior at stagnation point of diffusion flame
Exact Generalized Langevin Equation for a Particle in a Harmonic Lattice

Projection-operator techniques are used to obtain a new exact equation for the momentum of a particle in a harmonic lattice. The equation, valid for all times and mass ratios, permits a simple physical interpretation in terms of a reference system with the particle held fixed. It is demonstrated that the random forces which arise through the use of two different projection operators are equal and identical to the force on the heavy particle in the reference mechanical system.
Relationship of steady-state photosynthesis to fluorescence in eucaryotic algae

Abstract The change in fluorescence yield (Δφ) was measured in five species of eucaryotic algae using a ‘pump and probe’ flash technique. The half-time for the oxidation of Q, which was measured by varying the delay time between actinic (pump) and measuring (probe) flashes, averaged 400 μs and was unaffected by background irradiance between 1012 and 1016 quanta · cm−1 · s−1. The absorption cross-section of PS II traps was measured by varying the intensity of the actinic flash. These cross-sections did not change (± 10%) with background irradiance. The cross-section data can be fitted to a cumulative one-hit Poisson distribution. In the steady state, the relationship between δφ and photosynthetic oxygen evolution was highly nonlinear and cannot be explained by energy transfer between PS II units. Using the criteria of Δφ, about 15% of the PS II traps remain open at light saturation of O2 evolution. Conversely, at low irradiance levels, capable of stimulating much less than 1% of the maximum steady-state photosynthetic rate, the fluorescence yield decreases by as much as 25% from the dark-adapted value. Furthermore, the data suggest that a long-lived quencher of fluorescence is formed at moderate to continuous irradiance levels, at least 1016 quanta · cm−2 · s−1. Our results suggest that cyclic electron flow around PS II occurs under normal physiological conditions and is especially pronounced in chlorophytes.
Three Decades of Social Psychology: A Longitudinal Analysis of Baron and Byrne's Textbook.

We analyzed the first 10 editions of Baron and Byrne's social psychology textbook. Modeling our methodology on Griggs and Jackson's (1996) longitudinal analysis of Hilgard's (1953) introductory psychology text, we ascertained changes in objective features, content, and contributors and contributions to social psychology. Changes in objective features partially mirrored changes in introductory texts. Topical coverage of areas related to social cognition increased. A small core of classic publications emerged. We discuss findings in relation to other analyses of textbooks, journal content, and researcher eminence.
Suppression of auditory nerve activity in the guinea pig cochlea by1-(p-bromobenzoyl)-piperazine-2,3-dicar☐ylic acid

1-(p-Bromobenzoyl)-piperazine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid (pBB-PzDA; 0.03-5 mM), an excitatory amino acid antagonist, was perfused through the guinea pig cochlea while monitoring various cochlear potentials. pBB-PzDA (1-5 mM) reversibly suppressed the amplitude of the compound action potential of the auditory nerve (CAP) and increased the latency of N1 (the first negative wave of the CAP) at all sound intensities. pBB-PzDA had no detectable effect on N1 latency at CAP threshold or presynaptic potentials such as the cochlear microphonics and the summating potential. At the single-cell level pBB-PzDA (5 mM) reversibly suppressed the firing of single auditory nerve ganglion cells. pBB-PzDA appeared to have the same potency in the cochlea as kynurenic acid. We conclude that the mechanism of action of pBB-PzDA is consistent with an antagonism of the hair-cell transmitter at the afferent auditory nerve.
Genotoxicity evaluation in patients on phenobarbital monotherapy by sister chromatid exchange

The potential of phenobarbital to interact with DNA has been studied using the sister chromatid exchange (SCE) assay in peripheral lymphocytes of nine adult male patients with epilepsy and of their matched controls. All patients were otherwise healthy individuals, treated chronically with phenobarbital in monotherapy. No statistically significant differences in SCE levels were found between the patient and control groups. Smoking was associated with increased SCE frequencies. The experiment was repeated with five available patients, using a slightly modified methodology. Although different SCE scores were obtained, the results of both tests were comparable.
Long-term snowpack manipulation promotes large loss of bioavailable nitrogen and phosphorus in a subalpine grassland

Nutrient retention in ecosystems requires synchrony between the supply of bioavailable nutrients released via mineralization and nutrient uptake by plants. Though disturbance and chronic nutrient loading are known to alter nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) dynamics and induce nutrient export, whether long-term shifts in climate affect source-sink synchrony, and ultimately primary productivity, remains uncertain. This is particularly true for snow-dominated ecosystems, which are naturally subject to lags between nutrient inputs and uptake. To address how climate change may affect nutrient source-sink synchrony we examined the impacts of deepened snowpack on N and P losses in a subalpine grassland in the Northern Rocky Mountains, USA, where we have experimentally increased snowpack depths by two- and four-times ambient snow for 45 years. Long-term snow addition resulted in remarkably high levels of bioavailable-N leaching (up to 16 kg ha−1 year−1) that were 11–80 times higher than those under ambient snowpack. Estimated bioavailable-P losses also increased with snow addition, but to a lesser degree (up to 0.3 kg ha−1 year−1), indicating greater enhancement of N losses over P losses during snowmelt. Because these losses could not be explained by changes in nutrient inputs in snowpack or by changes in plant-soil turnover, our results suggest that high bioavailable-N leaching under deep snowpack originates not from a lack of N limitation of plant productivity, but rather from enhanced subnivean microbial processes followed by snowmelt leaching prior to the growing season. This is supported by reduced soil N pools in the snow treatments. Snow-dominated regions are projected to experience shifts in seasonal snowpack regime. These shifts may ultimately affect the stoichiometric balance between available N and P and future plant productivity.
Characterizing the Contribution of Stem/Progenitor Cells to Tumorigenesis in the Pten−/−TP53−/− Prostate Cancer Model†‡§

Loss of PTEN is one of the most common mutations in prostate cancer, and loss of wild-type TP53 is associated with prostate cancer progression and castrate resistance. Modeling prostate cancer in the mouse has shown that while Pten deletion in prostate epithelial cells leads to adenocarcinoma, combined loss of Pten and TP53 results in rapidly developing disease with greater tumor burden and early death. TP53 contributes significantly to the regulation of stem cell self-renewal, and we hypothesized that loss of Pten/TP53 would result in measurable changes in prostate cancer stem/progenitor cell properties. Clonogenic assays that isolate progenitor function in primary prostate epithelial cells were used to measure self-renewal, differentiation, and tumorigenic potential. Pten/TP53 null as compared with wild-type protospheres showed increased self-renewal activity and modified lineage commitment. Orthotopic transplantation of Pten/TP53 null cells derived from protospheres produced invasive Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia (PIN)/adenocarcinoma, recapitulating the pathology seen in primary tumors. Pten/TP53 null progenitors relative to wild type also demonstrated increased dependence on the AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and androgen receptor (AR) pathways for clonogenic and tumorigenic growth. These data demonstrate roles for Pten/TP53 in prostate epithelial stem/progenitor cell function, and moreover, as seen in patients with castrate-resistant prostate cancer, suggest for the involvement of an AR-dependent axis in the clonogenic expansion of prostate cancer stem cells.
Two loop renormalization of Feynman gauge QED

We calculate the two-loop renormalization constants {delta}m, Z{sub 1}, and Z{sub 2} in Feynman gauge QED using dimensional regularization to control ultraviolet divergences and a non-zero photon mass to regulate infrared divergences.
Characterization of boron nitride thin films prepared from a polymer precursor

Excellent quality boron nitride (BN) thin films on silicon have been produced by a simple procedure involving spincoating solutions of the “single-source” polymeric-precursor polyborazylene, (B3N3H∼4)x, on a silicon substrate, followed by pyrolysis at 900 °C. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) indicates that the B/N ratios are 1.37 and 1.09 for conversions carried out in a vacuum oven at 900 and 1250 °C, respectively. Forward recoil spectrometry (FRES) showed that the atomic percent of residual hydrogen is 10 and 9%, respectively. Plain-view and cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies showed that the samples annealed at 900 °C were clean and uniform in thickness. A thickness of 800 × 1015 atoms/cm2 was determined by ion scattering. Films annealed to 1250 °C likewise showed a continuous unbroken boron nitride layer, but also exhibited morphological features resulting from reactions of the underlying silicon oxide-silicon interface in the substrate. Auger electron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy showed that the BN coating produced at this higher temperature remained unbroken but had a surface area of ∼15% covered by dimples 2–7 nm in depth. Compared to typical films made by chemical vapor deposition, BN films produced from this “single-source” method have lower hydrogen and carbon concentrations.
Improving the communications strategies of health-focused social entrepreneurial organisations: guidance from the literature

Communicating persuasively about the value of healthier behaviours has become a critical challenge for many health-focused social entrepreneurial organisations that are interested in scaling their impact. Based on the literature in consumer behaviour, social marketing, and health communications, we propose several communication strategies that can help to overcome this challenge. We also offer examples of organisations that appear to have implemented these strategies.
Can the catenation of two weakly sparse languages be dense

Abstract It is shown that there exist two weakly sparse languages such that the catenation of them is a dense language.
Truncated Importance Sampling

Importance sampling is a fundamental Monte Carlo technique. It involves generating a sample from a proposal distribution in order to estimate some property of a target distribution. Importance sampling can be highly sensitive to the choice of proposal distribution, and fails if the proposal distribution does not sufficiently well approximate the target. Procedures that involve truncation of large importance sampling weights are shown theoretically to improve on standard importance sampling by being less sensitive to the proposal distribution and having lower mean squared estimation error.Consistency is shown under weak conditions, and optimal truncation rates found under more specific conditions. Truncation at rate n1/2 is shown to be a good general choice. An adaptive truncation threshold, based on minimizing an unbiased risk estimate, is also presented. As an example, truncation is found to be effective for calculating the likelihood of partially observed multivariate diffusions. It is demonstrated as a...
The Red & White Yeast Lab: An Introduction to Science as a Process

This article describes an experimental system based on an engineered strain of bakers' yeast that is designed to involve students in the process by which scientific knowledge is generated. The yeast grow to form a reproducible pattern of red and white; the students' task is to find out why. To solve this problem, students generate their own hypotheses, design their own experiments, and interpret their own results. Although the experimental techniques are simple, the puzzle is challenging. The richness of this exercise does not lie in the answer itself, but in the discussions among the students as they try to find the answer.