cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Upper airway changes with a mandibular advancement device

Evaluation of: Lee CH, Kim J, Lee H et al. An investigation of upper airway changes associated with mandibular advancement device using sleep videofluoroscopy in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 135, 910–914 (2009).Despite an increased understanding of obstructive sleep apnea, treatment options remain relatively limited. Continuous positive airway pressure remains the gold standard of treatment, but can have relatively low rates of compliance, with many patients unable to initiate and continue therapy. Oral appliances represent a potentially more tolerable form of treatment, although efficacy can be variable. Prior studies have demonstrated changes in the upper airway with use of a mandibular advancement device, but often these images are static and in awake patients. Other modalities, such as videofluoroscopy, can provide real-time images and can be performed in patients while asleep. The current study evaluated the changes in the upper airway with a mandibular ad...
Gain scheduling of a SISO autonomous nonlinear system using chaos theory

We consider output regulation for SISO nonlinear plants by gain scheduling on the plant output. The objective of design is to keep the states within prescribed bound from their instantaneous trim values and output asymptotic tracking of reference signal. The controller is constructed using synthesis of chaos and a scheduler monitoring the error between reference signal and the output. The design eliminates the need for scheduling variable to vary slowly yet the feedback system has robust performance and nominal stability.
The Meaning of Living with AIDs: A Study Using Parse's Theory of Man-Living-Health

This paper explores the meaning of living with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) using Parse's theory of man-living-health as the conceptual framework. The design of the study is based on the qualitative descriptive method. Analysis of the data gathered from interviews with fourteen subjects reveals the emergence of three themes related to the meaning of living with AIDS: (a) an abrupt shift in patterns of being give rise to changing priorities, (b) fluctuating possibilities arise in the uncertainty of being with and away from close others, and (c) changing hopes and dreams surface from the insights of suffering. Practice propositions were identified from the findings of the study.
Active regulation of receptor ratios controls integration of quorum-sensing signals in Vibrio harveyi

Quorum sensing is a chemical signaling mechanism used by bacteria to communicate and orchestrate group behaviors. Multiple feedback loops exist in the quorum-sensing circuit of the model bacterium Vibrio harveyi. Using fluorescence microscopy of individual cells, we assayed the activity of the quorum-sensing circuit, with a focus on defining the functions of the feedback loops. We quantitatively investigated the signaling input–output relation both in cells with all feedback loops present as well as in mutants with specific feedback loops disrupted. We found that one of the feedback loops regulates receptor ratios to control the integration of multiple signals. Together, the feedback loops affect the input–output dynamic range of signal transmission and the noise in the output. We conclude that V. harveyi employs multiple feedback loops to simultaneously control quorum-sensing signal integration and to ensure signal transmission fidelity.
Are Human Genes Patentable

This commentary reviews the events leading to the Supreme Court decision regarding Myriad Genetics patents on the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. Those developing molecular diagnostics will have to comport ...
Pyridoxine does not prevent hyperbaric oxygen-induced seizures in rats

Normobaric supplemental oxygen can prolong seizures not caused by hyperbaric oxygen therapy. In addition, hyperbaric oxygen therapy can cause seizures. The mechanism of hyperbaric oxygen-induced seizures is unknown. We hypothesized that pretreatment with pyridoxine may delay the onset of hyperbaric oxygen-induced seizures, recognizing that pyridoxine is already an antidote for some epileptogenic poisons such as isoniazid and monomethylhydrazine. Therefore, rats were pretreated with intraperitoneal injections of pyridoxine at 48, 24, and 2 h before undergoing hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) treatment at 3 atmospheres absolute with 100% oxygen and were compared to a control group of HBO-treated rats for time to onset of seizures. There was no difference in onset of seizure time between the pyridoxine-treated group of rats and the control rats. Supplemental pyridoxine pretreatment did not alter the time to onset of seizures during HBO treatment in this study.
What Does the Term Whole Language Mean? Constructing a Definition from the Literature:

The present study analyzed 64 articles pertaining to whole-language instruction in elementary classrooms in order to compile a definition for this term. Five questions are presented and explored: (a) How is whole langauge defined in the educational literature? (b) What types of instructional techniques/strategies are used in describing whole-language programs? (c) What trends can be drawn from comparisons made between publication dates of journal articles as well as between author categorizations? (d) What definition for whole language can be compiled as a result of an extensive review, analysis, and synthesis of the literature? and (e) What implications does the knowledge gained from the literature analysis have for elementary reading instruction? Review analysis found that definitions and descriptions of whole language vary widely throughout the literature and that differences exist between school- and university-based authors' perceptions of this concept. The term whole language, common now to most educators, has become a unique enigma. It has grown to become its advocates' response for any approach or program supportive of literature-ba sed or integrated instruction and, yet, has been criticized by its opponents as an idea not founded by the basic principles of research. Consistencies within the educational literature relating to this concept are difficult, if not impossible, to find. It is my premise that the term whole language has become too widely defined and used in the professional literature, a factor that may result in its misuses and/ or loss of credibility as a source of change in elementary reading instruction. Whole language has been described as being an approach (Mosenthal, 1989), a belief (Farris & Kaczmarski, 1988), a method (Hajek, 1984), a philosophy (Brountas, 1987), an orientation (Richards, Gipe, & Thompson, 1987), a theory (Reutzel & Hollingsworth, 1988), a theoretical orientation (Edelsky, Draper, & Smith, 1983), 301
Intracellular Ca2+, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and additional signalling in the stimulation by platelet-activating factor of prostaglandin E2 formation in P388D1 macrophage-like cells

In the P388D1 macrophage-like cell line, phospholipase A2 activity and prostaglandin production are stimulated by platelet-activating factor (PAF) and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We have investigated the role of Ins(1,4,5)P3 and Ca2+ in signal transduction of PAF-induced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) formation in these cells. The role of Ca2+ in the activation mechanism was studied by fluorescence imaging of intracellular Ca2+ in individual adherent cells and by determining the PGE2 production in the same population of cells. This new approach enabled us to correlate directly events on the single-cell level with a physiologically relevant response of the cell population. Priming the cells with LPS was required for PAF to stimulate PGE2 formation, yet LPS affected neither the intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) nor the PAF-induced rise in [Ca2+]i. In addition, basal and PAF-stimulated Ins(1,4,5)P3 levels were not affected by LPS priming. However, the Ca2+ transient, the release of Ins(1,4,5)P3 and the formation of PGE2 induced by PAF were inhibited in cells pretreated with pertussis toxin. Buffering the [Ca2+]i with intracellular BAPTA [bis-(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-NNN'N'-tetra-acetic acid] blocked the PAF-stimulated rise in [Ca2+]i and PGE2 formation. Removal of extracellular Ca2+ during PAF stimulation prevented the influx of Ca2+, but did not affect the initial [Ca2+]i transient, nor did it inhibit PGE2 formation. Under the same conditions, ionomycin stimulated an identical [Ca2+]i transient, but, in contrast with PAF stimulation, no PGE2 formation was observed. PGE2 production could be rescued by prompt subsequent addition of PAF, which caused no further [Ca2+]i change on its own. These results show that the transient initial rise in [Ca2+]i, produced either by PAF via the formation of Ins(1,4,5)P3 or directly by ionomycin, is necessary, but not sufficient for the formation of PGE2 in LPS-primed P388D1 cells. Furthermore, we have demonstrated for the first time that PAF triggers a second signal that is not mediated by a change in [Ca2+]i. However, both signals are required to induce PGE2 formation.
Daily treadmill exercise attenuates cocaine cue-induced reinstatement and cocaine induced locomotor response but increases cocaine-primed reinstatement.

Exercise affects neuroplasticity and neurotransmission including dopamine (DA), which modulates drug-taking behavior. Previous research in rodents has shown that exercise may attenuate the rewarding effects of drugs of abuse. The present study examined the effects of high and low exercise on cocaine responses in male Wistar rats that had been trained to self-administer and were compared to a group of sedentary rats. High exercise rats (HE) ran daily on a treadmill for 2 h and low exercise (LE) ran daily for 1 h. After 6 weeks of this exercise regimen, rats were tested over 2 days for reinstatement (day 1: cue-induced reinstatement; day 2: cocaine-primed reinstatement). During cue-induced reinstatement, the sedentary rats showed the expected increase in active lever responses when compared to maintenance, whereas these increased responses were inhibited in the exercised rats (HE and LE). During cocaine-primed reinstatement, however, there was a significant increase in active lever presses when compared to maintenance only in the HE group. This data suggests that chronic exercise during abstinence attenuates the cue-induced reinstatement seen in the sedentary rats by 26% (LE) and 21% (HE). In contrast, only the high exercise rats exhibited sensitized cocaine-seeking behavior (active lever presses) following cocaine-primed reinstatement. Finally, while sedentary rats increased locomotor activity during cocaine-primed reinstatement over that seen with cocaine during maintenance, this was not observed in the exercised rats, suggesting that exercise may interfere with the sensitized locomotor response during cocaine reinstatement.
Partitioning and matrix-specific toxicity of bifenthrin among sediments and leaf-sourced organic matter.

Synthetic pyrethroids readily partition from the aqueous to the solid phase in aquatic systems. Previous work has focused on pyrethroid partitioning to sediment matrices. Within many aquatic systems, however, other carbon-containing materials are present and can be critically important to certain invertebrate species and ecosystem functioning. For example, some invertebrates readily process leaf material, and these processes may represent an additional route of contaminant exposure. To our knowledge, estimates for partitioning of pyrethroids to these nondissolved organic matter matrices and associated toxicity have not been examined. The objectives of the present study were to examine variation in organic carbon (OC)–based partition coefficient (KOC) among three size fractions of particulate organic matter from sugar maple (Acer saccharum) leaf litter and sediments for the pyrethroid insecticide bifenthrin and to examine variation in toxicity to Hyalella azteca among bifenthrin-bound organic matter matrices and sediment. Log KOC of [14C]bifenthrin was greatest within sediment (6.63 ± 0.23; mean ± standard deviation throughout) and lowest in coarse particulate leaf material (4.86 ± 0.03). The H. azteca median lethal concentration was 0.07, 0.11, and 0.15 μg/g OC for leaf material, sediment, and a 50% mix of leaf and sediment, respectively. Nonoverlapping 95% confidence intervals occurred between the leaf treatment and the leaf–sediment treatment. This pattern was supported in an additional experiment, and at 0.22 μg/g OC, H. azteca survival was greater in the leaf–sediment mixture than in sediment or in leaf material alone (F = 29.5, p < 0.0001). In systems that contain sediment and leaf material, both greater partitioning of bifenthrin to the sediment fraction and preferential use of leaf substrates may drive H. azteca survival.
Visitors and Floral Traits of a Hummingbird-Adapted Cactus (Echinocereus Coccineus) Show Only Minor Variation along an Elevational Gradient

Abstract We studied floral visitors and traits of claret cup cactus (Echinocereus coccineus) at six sites and three elevations along a 1200-m gradient in the Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona. Although elevation affected flowering time, it had little effect on the size distribution or taxonomic classes of visitors. Hummingbirds visited at all sites and relative visit rates of large (7 g) and small (3 g) hummingbirds were similar at each elevation. Males of large species visited more commonly than females, whereas the reverse was true for small hummingbirds. Halictid bees visited commonly at all elevations, but other insects were rare. The survey of visitors revealed no elevation-related patterns that would select for differentiation in floral traits. However, flower length and correlated traits (distance from nectar chamber to anthers and stigma) increased significantly with elevation, with maximum differences of 15–18%, indicating a possible advantage of large flower size at higher elevations. Flower width a...
mTOR: A Novel Therapeutic Target for Diseases of Multiple Systems

Significant progress in the research of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in recent years, has greatly enhanced our understanding of the role and cellular pathways through which mTOR control cellular processes, such as translational initiation, actin organization, cell proliferation, and cell survival. mTOR is activated by phosphorylation and functions mainly through mTOR complex 1 or mTOR complex 2. mTORC1 is activated through tuberous sclerosis complex 1/2 dependent and independent mechanisms following the stimulation by growth factors, nutrient, amino acids, and other signaling pathways. The activity of mTOR is closely associated with cell proliferation and differentiation, apoptosis, and autophagy. Activation of mTOR prevents the induction of both apoptosis and autophagy through regulating its multiple targets. Given that the activity of mTOR has been involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular abnormalities, metabolic diseases, renal transplantation, autoimmune abnormalities, and cancer, manipulating mTOR activation may represent as an innovative therapeutic strategy for these diseases. Yet, the role of mTOR in the body is complicated and therefore, its activity needs to be tightly regulated to achieve beneficial outcome in a specific pathological condition.
Isolated lymphoid hyperplasia of the bone marrow simulating malignant lymphoma.

Mennemeyer, Ralph P., and Kjeldsberg, Carl R.: Isolated lymphoid hyperplasia of the bone marrow simulating malignant lymphoma. Lymphoid hyperplasia of the bone marrow occasionally resembles malignant lymphoma and may lead to confusion in bone marrow interpretation. The case of a patient with an unusual variant of isolated bone marrow lymphoid hyperplasia in which histologic overlap with lymphoma was found is presented. The case illustrates the difficulties in bone marrow interpretation that lymphoid hyperplasia can present. One cannot always rely on the number, size, or general pattern of lymphoid nodules to determine whether a lesion is benign or malignant. We suggest that when isolated lymphoid hyperplasia is composed of mature lymphocytes and confined to the marrow, a diagnosis of malignant lymphoproliferative disease should not be made.
Any New Helly Numbers

(1982). Any New Helly Numbers? The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 89, No. 6, pp. 370-375.
Restitution of barrier and transport function of porcine colon after acute mucosal injury

Acute injury of the porcine colonic epithelium was induced in vivo with the bile salt, deoxycholate. A concentration of 15 mM for 30 min completely destroyed the surface epithelium and induced a marked increase in mucosal permeability to mannitol. The crypt epithelium however was not significantly affected. Within 8 min of recovery, the colonic surface was reepithelialized with flattened, migrating cells, and within 40 min, mucosal permeability to mannitol was normalized. In vitro studies showed that in these early stages of recovery, NaCl transport, short-circuit current, and resistance were markedly impaired, whereas the theophylline-induced secretory response remained intact. Recovery of absorptive function paralleled the transition from flattened to columnar surface epithelium and was complete within 2 h. Results suggest that 1) active migratory events play an important role in rapid restitution of an epithelial barrier, 2) active absorption of ions is much slower to recover, and 3) active secretory events are intact and probably originate in the crypt epithelium.
Implantation methodology development for tissue-engineered-electronic-neural-interface (TEENI) devices

Regenerative peripheral-nerve interfaces are a novel method for integrating with the peripheral nervous system. These devices have the potential to isolate and transduce both afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) neural signals to produce fine control of advanced prosthetics. We have developed a novel regenerative device comprised of microfabricated polyimide electrode threads supported by a hydrogel scaffold containing methacrylated hyaluronic acid, collagen I, and laminin to enable intimate contact with regenerating axons. While this advanced device holds theoretical promise for establishing a stable chronic neural interface, it also requires a novel surgical approach in comparison to current existing methods of peripheral neural interface technologies. Here we describe the development of the surgical methodology required for successful chronic implantation of the TEENI device in the rat sciatic nerve.
Charge Shielding Prevents Aggregation of Supercharged GFP Variants at High Protein Concentration.

Understanding protein stability is central to combatting protein aggregation diseases and developing new protein therapeutics. At the high concentrations often present in biological systems, purified proteins can exhibit undesirable high solution viscosities and poor solubilities mediated by short-range electrostatic and hydrophobic protein–protein interactions. The interplay between protein amino acid sequence, protein structure, and solvent conditions to minimize protein–protein interactions is key to designing well-behaved pharmaceutical proteins. However, theoretical approaches have yet to yield a general framework to address these problems. Here, we analyzed the high concentration behavior of superfolder GFP (sfGFP) and two supercharged sfGFP variants engineered to have formal charges of −18 or +15. Under low cosolute conditions, sfGFP and the −18 variant formed a gel or phase separated at ∼10 mg/mL. Under conditions that screen surface charges, including formulations with high histidine or high NaCl...
Is Oncotype DX test necessary for T1b grade 1, hormone receptor positive HER-2 negative breast cancer? A single institution retrospective analysis.

e12598Background: NCCN (National comprehensive cancer network) recommends to consider Oncotype DX testing for patients diagnosed with stage IA breast cancers between 0.5- 1 cm that are hormone receptor positive and HER-2 negative. This study is a retrospective review of patients diagnosed with T1b stage IA breast cancers diagnosed at Cone Health Cancer Center between 2012 and 2017 who had Oncotype DX testing. Methods: Patients with T1b hormone receptor positive and HER-2 negative breast cancer, who had Oncotype DX testing performed were queried from tumor registry from 2012 to 2017. The registry also provided information regarding the grade and whether these patients received chemotherapy. Results: A total of 73 patients with T1b N0 (stage IA ) invasive breast cancers that were ER and PR positive and HER-2 negative between 2012 and 2017, had Oncotype DX test performed. Along these, 12 patients received adjuvant chemotherapy. Among those patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy, 9 patients had Oncotype DX ...
Religious Diversity, Social Control, and Legal Pluralism: A Socio-Legal Analysis

This chapter presents an integrated theoretical approach to explain how societies with religious diversity manage to exert social control over various religious groups that are a part of a society. A continuum of legal social control over minority faiths is posited that varies from groups ignored by a society to those over which rigorous control is exerted. In explaining placement of a society on the continuum the religious history of a society must be taken into account, as well as the make-up of the religious landscape, and how various religions are legally defined. Characteristics of the legal and judicial systems also are significant, including degrees of autonomy, pervasiveness, and centralization present, as well as whether the legal system is adversarial. The theoretical schemes of sociologists of law Donald Black and of William Chambliss are used to aid understanding of legal social control and management of religious groups within a society.
The Control Panel

The last FIELD tool is actually a front end to the other tools. While users can run any of the FIELD tools individually, they can also run field itself. This provides a control panel with buttons that let users invoke the various tools, that provide a front end for policy tool, and that offer such basic services as changing the working directory, setting environment variables, and choosing the message group.
IN VITRO AND IN VIVO TRANSCRIPTIONAL ANALYSIS OF MOUSE GLOBIN GENE PROMOTERS

This chapter presents an in vitro and in vivo transcriptional analysis of mouse globin gene promoters. A 44-bp stretch of DNA is sufficient to direct RNA polymerase II to accurately initiate transcription in vitro . As the efficiency of transcription is increased if the stretch of α 1 globin DNA from -10 to +7 is included as a part of the promoter segment, the sequence at the capping/initiation site modulates the rate of initiation. This result is further supported by the analysis of hybrid promoters constructed from α 1 and α 4 . Replacement of α 4 's initiation site with that of the active gene α 1 restores DNA's function as a promoter. That RNA polymerase II recognizes more than just the TATAAG sequence in vitro is also apparent from the transcriptase's ability to initiate from the β maj promoter three times more frequently than from α 1 .
Ezechielus the Dramatist and Ezekiel the Prophet: Is the Mysterious ζῷον in the Ἐξαγωγή a Phoenix? *

The Text The last sixteen lines of the remnants of the Exagōgē by the playwright Ezechielus depict the appearance of a wondrous and mysterious ζῷον . Since the fifth or sixth century, exegetes, with the singular exception of Israel Abrahams (see below, notes 33 and 56) have identified this wondrous creature with the mythical phoenix. This paper argues, however, that the ζῷον in the Exagōgē is a huge eagle that serves as a metaphor for God, drawn from Exod 19:4 and from chaps. 1 and 17 of the book of Ezekiel.
How to Deal with Splenic Injury During Laparoscopic Flexure Mobilization

During splenic flexure mobilization the spleen is at risk for injury. This chapter reviews the operative approaches to managing splenic bleeding encountered during splenic flexure release.
The Transition from the Hospital to an Inpatient Rehabilitation Setting for Neurologic Patients

Transitions of care from acute hospitalization to postacute rehabilitation settings evolved as a function of cost-saving changes to the Medicare Prospective Payment System. Restricted criteria for inpatient rehabilitation facility admission limited access for patients with severe physical and cognitive deficits. Once used as a resource-intense supplement to hospital care, skilled nursing facilities have metamorphosed into rehabilitation settings with limited nursing staff, lower intensity of therapies, and decreased community discharge rates. A collaborative approach to care transitions, using acute and postacute health care providers, provides the opportunity to improve this process. Early physiatry consultation is a strategy for patients with neurologic disease.
Rapid dissemination of practice-changing information: A longitudinal analysis of real-world rates of minimally invasive radical hysterectomy before and after presentation of the LACC trial.

Abstract Objective Characterize change in rates of minimally invasive (MIS) radical hysterectomy after presentation of the LACC trial. Methods Longitudinal analysis of data from Vizient® database for surgically treated patients with invasive cervical cancer from April 2017–March 2019. Covariates studied included patient demographic and obesity categories, dates of LACC trial presentation and publication, and hospital characteristics. Results 2102 cervical cancer patients had surgery at 201 hospitals. Most were age 31–50 (51.2%), White (64.8%), and had public (49.2%) health insurance. Annual rates of MIS fell from 51.9% to 27.1% after the LACC trial presentation (RR 0.52, 95% CI 0.47, 0.58; p Conclusions Rates of MIS radical hysterectomy fell dramatically and pervasively after the LACC trial presentation, despite ongoing substantive controversy. Practice pattern changes were not significant in morbidly obese women.
A preliminary assessment of food safety training needs and preferences among Ohio food processors of various sizes

Abstract An anonymous survey regarding food safety training needs and preferences was distributed through an email-embedded link to Ohio food processors through extension listservs. Respondents were characterized by food production in licensed facilities inspected by the Ohio Department of Agriculture's Division of Food Safety. They were also categorized into one of four groups depending on total number of employees, including Very Small (1–2), Small (3–10), Medium (11–30), and Large (>30). Descriptive statistical analyses were performed based on the 75 out of 500 food processors that responded to the survey. Both “time” (>25%) and “cost” (19%) were most frequently identified as barriers to implementing on-going employee training across respondents. Additionally, respondents from facilities with 1–2 employees indicated a preference for online training (89.2%) compared to respondents from the facilities with >30 employees who preferred in-person trainings (61.9%). Close to 50% of respondents from Very Small, Small, and Large facilities required continuing food safety training for employees, which was required in only 27.3% of the Medium-sized facilities. Future training programs that addresses the preferences and perceived needs among food processors may increase the implementation of continuing food safety education among diverse facilities.
The role of urbanization in the flooding and surface water chemistry of Puerto Rico’s mangroves

In this study, water level models are constructed to characterize mangrove flooding across urban gradients in Puerto Rico. The most urban sites exhibited 95% longer hydroperiods, 23% lower flood fr...
Disjunct and decoupled? The persistence of a fire-sensitive conifer species in a historically frequent-fire landscape

Abstract Local and regional species extirpations may become more common as changing climate and disturbance regimes accelerate species’ in situ range contractions. Identifying locations that function as both climate and disturbance refugia is critical for biodiversity conservation. Here, we investigate the persistence of a disjunct, fire-sensitive conifer population, yellow-cedar (Callitropsis nootkatensis), in the historically frequent-fire landscape of the Blue Mountains in eastern Oregon, USA. We used tree rings to reconstruct multi-century fire histories, which were then used to compare historical mean fire return intervals (MFRIs) inside of the cedar grove to the surrounding dry forest matrix, as well as to examine relationships between historical fire occurrence and reconstructed climate. We also examined trends in post-fire yellow-cedar mortality and regeneration between 2006, when the grove burned in a wildfire, through 2017. Results indicated that fire was less frequent in the cedar grove (MFRI = 35.8 years) than in the surrounding dry mixed-conifer forest (MFRI = 14.4 years). Historical fire occurrence was associated with hotter and drier conditions. Following the 2006 fire, cedar mortality was high (>90%), but by 2017 post-fire regeneration was abundant (median = 8125 seedlings ha-1). The eastern Oregon cedar grove appears to occupy a fire refugium historically decoupled from the frequent-fire regime of the broader landscape. The topographic position of the grove suggests it is also a climate refugium. Despite high mortality following fire in 2006, yellow-cedar is regenerating in the grove. Managing for climate and disturbance refugia has been identified as an important option for conservation in the context of rapid global change, and this study provides evidence that locations where climate and disturbance refugia overlap may be disproportionately important for the maintenance of regional biodiversity. However, active management may be required for populations to persist in some of these locations as anthropogenic change is capable of overwhelming the underlying buffering capacity of refugia.
Kurvenformen des kongenitalen Nystagmus und Strategie der „Foveation“

Genaue Messungen der Augenbewegungen an 100 Personen mit kongenitalem Nystagmus brachten eine sichere Grundlage fur die Klassifizierung der zahlreichen Bewegungsformen. Es ergaben sich objektive Definitionen, die auf mesbaren Grosen beruhen und nicht auf dem „klinischen Eindruck“. Die Genauigkeit der Ableitungen gewahrte, zusammen mit Filmaufnahmen des Fundus, die wahrend der Fixation eines Laser-Zielpunktes ausgefuhrt wurden, Einblicke in den Mechanismus des kongenitalen Nystagmus. Viele der Kurvenformen erklaren sich aus dem Versuch, das Zielobjekt moglichst lange auf der Fovea zu belassen. Diese Strategie erfolgt im Interesse einer Verbesserung der Sehscharfe.
Understanding the Information Needs and Context of Trauma Handoffs to Design Automated Sensing Clinical Documentation Technologies: Qualitative Mixed-Method Study of Military and Civilian Cases

Background: Current methods of communication between the point of injury and receiving medical facilities rely on verbal communication, supported by brief notes and the memory of the field medic. This communication can be made more complete and reliable with technologies that automatically document the actions of field medics. However, designing state-of-the-art technology for military field personnel and civilian first responders is challenging due to the barriers researchers face in accessing the environment and understanding situated actions and cognitive models employed in the field. Objective: To identify design insights for an automated sensing clinical documentation (ASCD) system, we sought to understand what information is transferred in trauma cases between prehospital and hospital personnel, and what contextual factors influence the collection, management, and handover of information in trauma cases, in both military and civilian cases. Methods: Using a multi-method approach including video review and focus groups, we developed an understanding of the information needs of trauma handoffs and the context of field documentation to inform the design of an automated sensing documentation system that uses wearables, cameras, and environmental sensors to passively infer clinical activity and automatically produce documentation. Results: Comparing military and civilian trauma documentation and handoff, we found similarities in the types of data collected and the prioritization of information. We found that military environments involved many more contextual factors that have implications for design, such as the physical environment (eg, heat, lack of lighting, lack of power) and the potential for active combat and triage, creating additional complexity. Conclusions: An ineffectiveness of communication is evident in both the civilian and military worlds. We used multiple methods of inquiry to study the information needs of trauma care and handoff, and the context of medical work in the field. Our findings informed the design and evaluation of an automated documentation tool. The data illustrated the need for more accurate recordkeeping, specifically temporal aspects, during transportation, and characterized the environment in which field testing of the developed tool will take place. The employment of a systems perspective in this project produced design insights that our team would not have identified otherwise. These insights created exciting and interesting challenges for the technical team to resolve.
We Have Nothing to Lose But Our Chain: Fighting for Justice and Securing Freedom for Imprisoned Trans Women

Transgender women in the custody of jails and prisons throughout the United States have played a profound role in shaping the law of incarceration. Dee Farmer, a trans woman, was the plaintiff in the landmark United States Supreme Court case establishing that a prison official can be held liable if he or she “acted or failed to act despite his knowledge of a substantial risk of serious harm.”1 For many decades, people in custody who identify as LGBTQ+ have fought to have their inherent dignity recognized by prison and jail administrators. This article describes the struggle of two such trans women incarcerated in Illinois: Strawberry Hampton and Tay Tay. We were honored to represent these brave women for many years (and our representation is still ongoing). In recounting their legal battles we hope practitioners will recognize the importance of pushing the boundaries of the law in their efforts to seek justice. We also hope to highlight Strawberry’s and Tay Tay’s bravery, resilience, and commitment to the struggle to make Black Trans Lives Matter.
Enabling Marine Energy Integration for Ocean Observing: Functional Requirements

Marine renewable energy (i.e., wave, tidal or ocean current, thermal gradient, and salinity gradient) or MRE can revolutionize ocean observing capabilities. Five use cases representing a range of ocean observing platforms were developed based on end-user feedback. Drawing from these use cases, common needs or functional requirements were developed to help guide the integration of MRE power delivery for ocean observation structures and functions. The functional requirements were determined from descriptions of the use cases, specifications of hardware that are used or closely associated with existing ocean observation platforms, and direct feedback from ocean observation sensor/platform developers and users. Twenty types of functional requirements were identified, including those associated with power and energy use; physical system requirements; temperature and depth; electrical, acoustic, and motion interference; and reliability. Each set of functional requirements is illustrated as features of the use cases. By defining functional requirements for MRE technology integration in ocean observing platforms, and focusing on end-user requirements, barriers to developing MRE-driven ocean observation missions can be reduced.
Michel Serres: Divergences

In order to show how Michel Serres’s work diverges from traditional (modernist) Western philosophy, this article explores a multitude of texts and contexts against which Serres might be better unde...
Secondary School-based Interventions and Social Engagement of Deaf Young Adults

Successful social engagement is one of many important outcomes for deaf youth as they transition from high school to adult life. This study examined the effect of self-advocacy and social/life skill trainings in secondary school settings on social engagement after high school using propensity score modeling and data from the large-scale and nationally representative National Longitudinal Transition Study-2. Analyses focused on three types of post-high school social engagement: frequency of seeing friends, involvement in group activities, and participation in community service. A fourth outcome variable was created to indicate whether the individual was at least minimally engaged. Results found that deaf youth who received self-advocacy training in secondary school were significantly more likely to be at least minimally engaged than those who had not. These findings suggest that self-advocacy training in high school can help protect deaf youth against social isolation in young adulthood.
Equitable Remedies for Common Law Torts

A court of equity’s power to provide remedies for common law tort actions is both broad and dynamic in scope. The principle function of equity is to create remedies through the use of injunctions when common law remedies are not adequate. In many tort actions, such as trespass, assault, battery, and defamation, equity traditionally has no relevance. Equity is normally relevant in cases concerning nuisance and privacy. In most situations, an equitable injunction can only be sought if the plaintiff can prove an injunction is necessary. This also applies in tort actions involving fraud, abuse of process and malicious prosecution, interference of a contract, unfair competition, trademarks, among others. Equity’s necessity in common law tort actions is constantly being redefined and reapplied in a variety of ways.
Carbonized cattle manure-based photothermal evaporator with hierarchically bimodal pores for solar desalination in high-salinity brines

Abstract Interfacial solar desalination shows great promise to become an alternative technique for freshwater generation. However, the unavoidable fouling undermines continuous evaporation because the accumulated salt crystals weaken sunlight absorption and salt drainage, especially in high-salinity brines. Therefore, developing a photothermal evaporator with excellent salt rejection capability is urgent for high-salinity solar desalination. Here, a carbonized cattle manure-based photothermal evaporator with hierarchically bimodal pores is validated as an efficient desalinator for high-salinity brine (≥15 wt%). Taking advantage of the bimodally porous structure and interconnected microchannels formed by carbon fiber networks, it realizes rapid water transportation and quickly replenishes the surface-desalinated brine to prevent salt accumulation and enable stable freshwater generation. This carbonized manure evaporation device demonstrates a rapid evaporation rate of 2.25 kg m−2 h−1 under 1 sun irradiance (1 kW m−2) using a 15 wt% NaCl solution, as well as excellent long-term stability for the high-salinity desalination process. The nano-sized channels offer efficient nanoscale light trapping through multiple reflections and scatterations that occur within the channel walls. Furthermore, the abundance of raw materials provides a desirable and efficient approach for converting farm waste to energy, making it particularly well-suited for developing regions.
Neonatal deaths in Alabama, 1970-1980: an analysis of birth weight- and race-specific neonatal mortality rates.

Abstract Alabama birth and death certificate tapes for the years 1970–1980 were linked and analyzed to determine race-specific birth weight and neonatal mortality rate distributions. Changes which occurred over time were evaluated. Our analyses demonstrated that there were no substantial changes in birth weight distributions which could account for the nearly 50% reduction in the neonatal mortality rate in Alabama during this period. Birth weight changes did result in a 12% decrease in the white neonatal mortality rate but resulted in no decrease in the nonwhite neonatal mortality rate. All other improvement in the neonatal mortality rate is attributed to better survival within birth weight groups. Eighty percent of the reduction in the neonatal mortality rate during this period of time occurred in low-birth weight infants with most of the reduction found in infants weighing between 1,000 and 2,000 gm. Improvements in the quality of medical care and better access to medical care through regionalization of perinatal services, especially for low-birth weight infants, are suggested as the major reasons for this improvement.
A New Oxidation State for Pd

The discovery of new oxidation states of transition metals is rare. In his Perspective, Crabtree highlights the discovery of such a new state, Pd(VI), by Chen et al. The work may open up new avenues in organometallic chemistry.
Fault Diagnosis of Analog Circuits Using Bayesian Neural Networks with Wavelet Transform as Preprocessor

We have developed an analog circuit fault diagnostic system based on Bayesian neural networks using wavelet transform, normalization and principal component analysis as preprocessors. Our proposed system uses these preprocessing techniques to extract optimal features from the output(s) of an analog circuit. These features are then used to train and test a neural network to identify faulty components using Bayesian learning of network weights. For sample circuits simulated using SPICE, our neural network can correctly classify faulty components with 96% accuracy.
Book Review: Motherhood and Love: Beyond the Gendered Stereotypes of Theology

Motherhood and Love: Beyond the Gendered Stereotypes of Theology. By Cristina Grenholm. Translated by Marie Taqvist. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans Publishing, 2011. xx + 204 pp. $25.00 (paper).Motherhood presents an aporia in contemporary theology. Fraught with the tensions of the contemporaiy "mommy wars," discussing motherhood braves questions about what it means to be a "good" mother. Further, naming motherhood as a central identity marker highlights women and men who are not mothers, and who are excluded from certain debates (as in debates about adoptive parents). Then, too, there are the many ways motherhood connects even in tangential ways to the hot button political issues of our day, including abortion, contraception, gay marriage and its attendant adoption concerns, single parenting, and questions about divorce, in vitro fertilization, and more.In that context, it takes some courage to write a theological book about motherhood, as Swedish theologian Cristina Grenholm has done. Her book Motherhood and Love is a translation of her work in Swedish written in 2005. Grenholm's important book attempts-very painstakingly and with great care-to traverse these several fault lines to provide space in theology for considering motherhood. In practice, this means that her writing comes across as overly apologetic, because the author worries so about how different groups may be misreading her words. The apologetic tone of the work makes it difficult to determine the audience and sometimes difficult to read, but I suggest that theologians reflecting on love will find this discussion of motherhood and love raises some important questions.Grenholm names many of the pitfalls I identified above as she discusses motherhood in the introduction and first two chapters. Yet as she notes, "The view of women in theology needs to be criticized and corrected, but such work will always be incomplete until and unless the mother is given proper consideration in the debate" (p. 158). In addition, Grenholm seeks to recover motherhood, especially for how we think about love, since theologians and culture both have focused so intently on couple-love. Couple-love, on her view, is overly patriarchal and does not invite much space for feminist concerns.Focusing on mother-love rather than on couple-love enables Grenholm to identify her key thesis, which is that vulnerability that is positively aimed (as opposed to negative vulnerability that exploits women and womens suffering) enables better thinking about people's relationships with each other and with God. She argues: "To be invulnerable is to be cut off from other human beings. Vulnerability is a prerequisite for both creativity and love" (p. 102).Grenholm comes to her conclusions about vulnerability by first discussing common gendered stereotypes about Mary and then reflecting on the Annunciation (in chapters 3 and 4). …
Structure and dynamics of transient species using time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the structure and dynamics of transient species using time-resolved resonance RAMAN spectroscopy. The chapter provides a general introduction to the field for those who wish or need to become familiar with the utility of time-resolved resonance Raman (TR 3 ) methods, so as to understand which strategies are available and what type of information can be gained. To accomplish this, a concise summary of the various types of experiments and required instrumentation is given in this chapter. Although it is impossible in this chapter to provide a thorough and complete description of this material, sufficient information to understand the experimental strategy is provided and exemplary original publications are cited. Although some issues remain ambiguous at the present time, the following picture emerges from the TR 3 studies. The bound dioxygen is reduced rapidly to produce a number of difference features which are presumably associated with the various intermediates. Resolution of the ambiguity regarding assignment of the other difference features to specific intermediates must await further studies which simultaneously clarify both the temporal behavior and H 2 O/D 2 O sensitivities.
"Masculinity and popular television," by Rebecca Feasey

Review of Rebecca Feasey. Masculinity and popular television. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Univ. Press, 2008, $36.00 (224p) ISBN 978-0-7486-2798-1.
A selective sampling method for imbalanced data learning on support vector machines

The class imbalance problem in classification has been recognized as a significant research problem in recent years and a number of methods have been introduced to improve classification results. Rebalancing class distributions (such as over-sampling or under-sampling of learning datasets) has been popular due to its ease of implementation and relatively good performance. For the Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification algorithm, research efforts have focused on reducing the size of learning sets because of the algorithm's sensitivity to the size of the dataset. In this dissertation, we propose a metaheuristic approach (Genetic Algorithm) for under-sampling of an imbalanced dataset in the context of a SVM classifier. The goal of this approach is to find an optimal learning set from imbalanced datasets without empirical studies that are normally required to find an optimal class distribution. Experimental results using real datasets indicate that this metaheuristic under-sampling performed well in rebalancing class distributions. Furthermore, an iterative sampling methodology was used to produce smaller learning sets by removing redundant instances. It incorporates informative and the representative under-sampling mechanisms to speed up the learning procedure for imbalanced data learning with a SVM. When compared with existing rebalancing methods and the metaheuristic approach to under-sampling, this iterative methodology not only provides good performance but also enables a SVM classifier to learn using very small learning sets for imbalanced data learning. For large-scale imbalanced datasets, this methodology provides an efficient and effective solution for imbalanced data learning with an SVM.