cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Linking Community Context to Quality of Parenting: A Study of Rural Families

Virtually all past studies of the effect of community context on families and children have focused on large metropolitan communities. Using a sample of divorced women living in small, Midwestern communities, the present study tests a model of the processes whereby community structure influences parenting practices. Results obtained through structural equation modeling supported the hypotheses. High concentrations of disadvantaged people within a community were indirectly related to parenting through community social disorganization. Community social disorganization had a direct effect on quality of parenting, as well as indirect effects through negative events, access to social support, and depressed mood. The various methodological and theoretical implications of these findings are considered. Language: en
Nanoscale patterning and selective chemistry of silicon surfaces by ultrahigh-vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy

Nanometer scale patterning of the monohydride surface has been achieved by using an ultrahigh-vacuum (UHV) scanning tunneling microscope (STM) to selectively desorb the hydrogen. After preparing high-quality H-passivated surfaces in the UHV chamber, patterning is achieved by operating the STM in field emission. The field-emitted electrons stimulate the desorption of molecular hydrogen, restoring clean in the patterned area. This depassivation mechanism seems to be related to the electron kinetic energy for patterning at higher voltages and electron current for low-voltage patterning. The patterned linewidth varies linearly with tip bias, achieving a minimum of less than 10 A at -4.5 V. The linewidth dependence on electron dose is also studied. For positive tip biases up to 10 V no patterning occurs. The selective chemical reactivity of the patterned surface has been explored by oxygen and ammonia dosing. For the oxygen case, initial oxidation of the patterned area is observed. Ammonia dosing, on the other hand, repassivates the surface in a manner different from that of atomic hydrogen. In both cases the pattern resolution is retained and the surrounding H-passivated areas remain unaffected by the dosing.
Catalytic oxidation of methane on polycrystalline palladium supported on stabilized zirconia

Abstract The oxidation of methane on porous polycrystalline palladium supported on yttria-stabilized zirconia was studied at atmospheric total pressure in a continuous-stirred tank reactor (CSTR) at temperatures between 450 and 600 °C. The technique of solid-electrolyte potentiometry (SEP) was used to measure in situ the thermodynamic activity of oxygen adsorbed on the catalyst surface. The reaction kinetics are consistent with an Eley-Rideal model according to which adsorbed atomic oxygen reacts with gaseous methane. The potentiometric measurements suggest that only one oxygen atom is involved in the rate-limiting step. A kinetic model that satisfies both kinetic and SEP results is discussed.
The πN cross section through an extrapolation of deep inelastic electroproduction and photoproduction data

Abstract From PCAC and the equality between vW2 for vector and axial vector currents in the Bjorken scaling limit, πN cross sections are calculated in good agreement with measurement through an extrapolation of vW2 of electroproduction. They are further related to photoproduction cross sections.
Smart patient, smart community: Improving client participation in family planning consultations through a community education and mass-media program in Indonesia

In health care consultations, patients often receive insufficient information from providers and communicate little with providers about their needs or concerns. This study evaluated a combined community education and mass media intervention to improve clients' participation in family planning consultations. A household survey was conducted with 1,200 women in three sub-districts (two intervention and one control) of West Java province in Indonesia. A comparison of post-campaign findings among family planning clients suggests that the intervention as a whole had a positive effect on client participation, specifically the number of clients who prepared questions to ask the service provider prior to a family planning visit in the past year. Multivariate analyses showed that the “Smart Card” intervention and elements of the “Sahabat” (Friend) mass media campaign were positively associated with clients' preparation of questions and question asking behavior during family planning consultations, indicating that...
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Learning Disabilities

The overlap between Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and learning disabilities is consistently reported in the literature. The relationship between attention and cognitive and behavi...
The neuropsychological profile of vascular cognitive impairment—no dementia: comparisons to patients at risk for cerebrovascular disease and vascular dementia

Hachinski and co-workers have used the term vascular cognitive impairment-no dementia (VaCIND) to represent the earliest stages of cognitive decline associated with vascular changes [Neurology 57 (4) (2001) 714]. However, the neuropsychological profile of vascular CIND remains unclear. Twenty-five healthy elders, 29 individuals at risk for cerebrovascular disease (R-CVD), 18 individuals with VaCIND, and 26 individuals with vascular dementia (VaD) were examined to determine whether patterns of neuropsychological assessment performance can assist in the differentiation of patients at varying levels of risk and severity for cerebrovascular disease and VaD. The R-CVD group performed within normal expectations on most cognitive measures as compared to the elderly control sample and published clinical norms. Relative to elderly controls, the VaCIND group demonstrated significant difficulties on measures of cognitive flexibility, verbal retrieval, and verbal recognition memory, but not on measures of confrontational naming or verbal fluency. The VaD group was impaired on all cognitive measures assessed. The current findings suggest that poor cognitive flexibility and verbal retrieval in the context of preserved function in other domains may characterize the prodromal stage of VaD.
Spin-parity assignments for the low-lying states in 96,97Tc via the neutron decay of 0+ and 2+ analogue states

Abstract Three low-lying excited states in each of the nuclei 91Nb, 95Tc, and 97Tc were observed to be strongly populated by the neutron decay of the 2+ resonances in the compound nuclei 92Nb, 96Tc and 98Tc. These resonances are the isospin analogues of the first 2+ states of 92Zr, 96Mo, and 98Mo, respectively. The neutron decay of the ground state analogue of 98Mo was also investigated. These decays of the analogue resonances were investigated via (p, n) reactions. The resonance energies (lab energy) and widths for the 2+ resonances are: 4.154 ±0.010 MeV and 33± 2 keV, 3.908 ±0.010 MeV and 32 ±2 keV, and 4.330 ±0.010 MeV and 34 ±2 keV for the compound nuclei 92Nb, 96Tc, and 98Tc, respectively. The energy and width for the 0+ resonance for 98Tc are 3.505 ±0.010 nMeV and 25 ±3 keV. The resonance yields to the individual states are compared to the expected yields based on the optical-model transmission coefficients. From these yields and the shapes of the off-resonance angular distributions, the following spin-parities are assigned: 3 2 − and 5 2 − for the 651 and 670 keV states of 95Tc, respectively, and 3 2 − and 5 2 − for the 575 and 662 keV states of 97Tc, respectively.
A Novel Modified Archimedean Polygonal Spiral Antenna

In this paper, we present a novel 2-18 GHz modified Archimedean polygonal spiral antenna that approximates a circular spiral in its highest frequencies and gradually transforms itself into a square spiral antenna at its lowest frequencies of operation. The design has successfully addressed the problem of high axial ratios associated with ultra-wideband (UWB) rectangular spiral antenna systems. A low-profile, cavity backed polygonal model and two variations of the original design are presented in this study. Our results demonstrate that the polygonal spiral antenna demonstrates excellent axial ratio and gain-bandwidth performance with ≤ 3 dB axial ratio over 97.5% of its operational bandwidth.
Dynamics that contribute to racial disproportionality and disparity: Perspectives from child welfare professionals, community partners, and families

Abstract This qualitative study used focus groups to explore child welfare and collaborating system decision makers, community partners, and families' perspectives on the dynamics that contribute to racial disproportionality and disparity in Oregon's child welfare system. Findings revealed that poverty, lack of trust, negative perceptions of clients' behaviors, inability to relate to clients, raising/differing expectations for families of color, holding onto the past, and lack of family engagement were dynamics that contributed to racial disproportionality and disparate treatment of families of color in the child welfare system. Practice and policy implications are discussed and recommendations for action steps and interventions to improve outcomes for children and families of color are presented.
Predictors of awareness of clinical trials and feelings about the use of medical information for research in a nationally representative US sample.

Objective. We examined in a large, nationally representative sample, predictors of (1) awareness of clinical trials and (2) feelings about the use of medical information for research in order to better understand factors related to public participation in research. Design. We used data from 7011 adults included in the National Cancer Institute's Health Information National Trends Survey 2007. We examined demographics, including race and ethnicity, and history of clinically relevant disease as predictors for both outcomes. For the outcome, feelings about the use of medical information for research, we also examined awareness of clinical trials as a predictor. Results. Relative to White respondents, Black/African-American and Asian respondents were significantly less likely to have heard of clinical trials, as were Hispanic/Latino respondents relative to non-Hispanic/Latino respondents, those with lower incomes and education levels, and those who did not have a family history of cancer. Blacks/African-Ameri...
Psychosomatic Problems of Military Retirement

• Well over 600,000 military personnel will be on governmental roles by 1970. Approximately 50,000 new military retirees enter civilian life each year. Recently military physicians have recognized many social and interpersonal retirement difficulties associated with somatic complaints in this large population. The more severe problems of adjustment often occur only after the individual is discharged from the service. The majority of retirees will make appropriate adjustment to their new life, but those who do find the new life overpowering are numerous. The treatment of emotional conflicts of these men will fall largely to civilian physicians as the retiree integrates with civilian society. Overt psychic conflict with a concomitant affective state is relatively easy to diagnose, but emotional conflict which is somatisized may not be recognized and may prolong initial diagnosis. In the particular age group under discussion organic disease commonly may be found in civilian and military populations alike, but on occasion those somatic complaints which are bizarre, complicated, or are particularly hard to diagnose may be purely psychic manifestations of emotional conflict. If recognized early the retiree's adjustment problems often can be effectively handled with psychotherapy in the form of brief counseling.
Application of artificial intelligence to stator winding fault diagnosis in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines

Abstract This paper proposes a new methodology to solve the problem of fault diagnosis in electrical machines. The fault diagnosis method presented in this paper is, first, able to provide information about the location of a short-circuit fault in a stator winding. Secondly, the method enables the estimation of fault severity by specifying the number of short-circuited turns during a fault. A cluster of Focused Time-Lagged neural networks are combined with the Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm for proposed fault diagnosis method. This method is applied to the stator windings of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine. Each neural network, in the cluster, is trained to correlate the zero-current component to the number of short-circuited turns in the stator windings. The zero-current component, different from the zero-sequence current, are obtained by summing the instantaneous values of current on all phases of the stator winding during the diagnosis procedure. The neural networks are trained offline with the Extended Kalman Filter method using fault data from both computer simulations and an actual Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine. The use of the Extended Kalman Filter method, for training, ensures that the neural network cluster used can be re-trained online to make the fault diagnosis system adapt to changing operational conditions. Results from both computer simulation and actual machine data are presented to show the performance of the neural network cluster and the Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm.
Dynamic Task Optimization in Remote Diabetes Monitoring Systems

Diabetes is the seventh leading cause of death in the United States, but careful symptom monitoring can prevent adverse events. A real-time patient monitoring and feedback system is one of the solutions to help patients with diabetes and their healthcare professionals monitor health-related measurements and provide dynamic feedback. However, data-driven methods to dynamically prioritize and generate tasks are not well investigated in the domain of remote health monitoring. This paper presents a wireless health project (WANDA) that leverages sensor technology and wireless communication to monitor the health status of patients with diabetes. The WANDA dynamic task management function applies data analytics in real-time to discretize continuous features, applying data clustering and association rule mining techniques to manage a sliding window size dynamically and to prioritize required user tasks. The developed algorithm minimizes the number of daily action items required by patients with diabetes using association rules that satisfy a minimum support, confidence and conditional probability thresholds. Each of these tasks maximizes information gain, thereby improving the overall level of patient adherence and satisfaction. Experimental results from applying EM-based clustering and Apriori algorithms show that the developed algorithm can predict further events with higher confidence levels and reduce the number of user tasks by up to 76.19 %.
Patterning N-type and S-type Neuroblastoma Cells with Pluronic F108 and ECM Proteins

Influencing cell shape using micropatterned substrates affects cell behaviors, such as proliferation and apoptosis. Cell shape may also affect these behaviors in human neuroblastoma (NBL) cancer, but to date, no substrate design has effectively patterned multiple clinically important human NBL lines. In this study, we investigated whether Pluronic F108 was an effective antiadhesive coating for human NBL cells and whether it would localize three NBL lines to adhesive regions of tissue culture plastic or collagen I on substrate patterns. The adhesion and patterning of an S-type line, SH-EP, and two N-type lines, SH-SY5Y and IMR-32, were tested. In adhesion assays, F108 deterred NBL adhesion equally as well as two antiadhesive organofunctional silanes and far better than bovine serum albumin. Patterned stripes of F108 restricted all three human NBL lines to adhesive stripes of tissue culture plastic. We then investigated four schemes of applying collagen and F108 to different regions of a substrate. Contact with collagen obliterates the ability of F108 to deter NBL adhesion, limiting how both materials can be applied to substrates to produce high fidelity NBL patterning. This patterned substrate design should facilitate investigations of the role of cell shape in NBL cell behavior. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2010
Pressurized liquid extraction of polar and nonpolar lipids in corn and oats with hexane, methylene chloride, isopropanol, and ethanol

Samples of freshly ground corn kernels and freshly ground rolled oats were extracted via pressurized liquid extraction (accelerated solvent extraction) using four different organic solvents [hexane, methylene chloride (also known as dichloromethane), isopropanol, and ethanol] at two temperatures (40 and 100°C). Lipid yields varied from 2.9 to 5.9 wt% for ground corn and from 5.5 to 6.7 wt% for ground oats. With ground corn, more lipid was extracted as solvent polarity was increased, and for each individual solvent, more lipid was extracted at 100°C than at 40°C. With ground oats, the same temperature effects was observed, but the solvent polarity effect was more complex. For both corn and oats, methylene chloride extracted the highest levels of each of the nonpolar lipid classes. In general, for both corn and oats, icnreasing solvent polarity resulted in increasing yields of polar lipids, and for each solvent, more of each lipid class was extracted at 100°C, than at 40°C. Among the lipids in corn extracts, the phytosterols may be the most valuable, and total phytosterols ranged from about 0.6 wt% in the hot ethanol extracts to about 2.1 wt% in the hot hexane and methylene chloride extracts. Total phytosterols in all oat extracts were about 0.1 wt%. Digalactosyldiacylglycerol was the most abundant polar lipid in the oat extracts; its levels ranged from 1.6 wt% in the cold hexane extracts to 4.3 wt% in the hot ethanol extracts.
Evaluation of active position detection in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is a promising technology in which vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-roadside infrastructure wireless communications can be achieved. This is important to obtain road safety for vehicles and drivers and collision avoidance. A falsified position by malicious users is one of the important issues in VANETs. Vehicle position identification is one of the important aspects in establishing authentication and security between inter vehicular communication exchange. Deepa et al presented two approaches for verifying sender's position in a multi-hop network. Their first proposed algorithm relies on signal propagation time for verifying the position. Their second proposed algorithm verifies the position information with the help of base stations located in the coverage area of the vehicular network The main contribution of our work is validating their approach by running an ns2 simulation with dynamic number of nodes in various mobility scenarios such as urban, rural, Manhattan. We have also generated different scenarios with variable velocity ranges and simulated the VANET. We have also considered the effect of delay, jitter in our simulation and observed that the proposed approach is robust and a feasible solution to the problem of Active Position detection.
Catalytic carbonylation of 4-penten-1-ol to ɛ-caprolactone and oligocaprolactone

Abstract A catalyst consisting of Pd2(dba)3 + 2 XANTPhos (dba = dibenzylideneacetone, XANTPhos = 9,9-dimethyl-4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)xanthene) in toluene catalyzes the alkoxycarbonylation of 4-penten-1-ol to form the cyclic products ɛ-caprolactone and 2-methylvalerolactone, as well as oligocaprolactone. The conversion and selectivity observed using this catalyst is higher than that observed with other reported systems with the regioselectivity for terminal carbonylation exceeding 70%.
Overwater line-of-sight fade and diversity measurements at 37 GHz

The results of line-of-sight propagation measurements at 37 GHz over a 10.0-mile overwater test site are presented. Measurements of the short-term fading statistics, and of the time, space, and frequency diversity parameters are included. Strong negative correlation was observed during both the space and frequency diversity measurements; negative correlation coefficients were as large as -0.8. The diversity improvement obtained was greater than the value expected from correlation calculations, which is attributed to the consistent occurrence of negative correlation in the vicinity of the interference nulls rather than the random occurrence assumed in the calculations. For the optimum case where maximum negative correlation occurs, sufficient diversity improvement is achieved with either space or frequency diversity to permit the elimination of almost the entire fade margin that is needed to overcome the multipath fading associated with reflections from the water surface.
Calcium in women: healthy bones and much more.

Osteoporosis is one of the leading health problems of women today, and the expectation is that more than 41 million women worldwide will be affected within the next 20 years if current trends are not reversed. Prevention of osteoporosis must be a focus for nurses, rather than merely the treatment of the problem. The majority of bone mass is developed during the adolescent and young adulthood years, with nearly 90% of skeletal mass accumulated by age 18. Current research has demonstrated that young women's intake of calcium is significantly below the recommended dietary intake. This article reviews the role and functions of calcium, how it is transported, and factors that may significantly increase or impair the absorption of this macronutrient. Strategies are described that will assist nurses in assessing the patient's diet and making appropriate recommendations regarding the intake of calcium and other micronutrients. A more in‐depth and thorough understanding of this important mineral will enable nurses to strengthen their knowledge and confidence in helping patients and themselves change the focus from treating the disease to the improvement and maintenance of healthy bones and the prevention of other health conditions in women.
Limits of chemical effects on cold fusion

Cold fusion enhanced by chemical confinement of deuterons has been suggested as an explanation of recent reports of the production of neutrons in electrochemically-generated palladium deuterides. To test this suggestion local-density-functional cluster calculations were used to study the coulomb barrier between two deuterons within the octahedral cage in crystalline palladium. The calculated repulsive forces were always greater than the corresponding forces between deuterons in molecular D2. These results imply that the room temperature fusion rate at this site is negligible.
A multivariate approach to the analysis of within lifetime variation in life history

Summary Ecological and environmental gradients create varying selective pressures on organisms that result in differences in optimal life history tactics. Moreover, life histories are inherently multivariate, consisting of a coordinated suite of life history traits that vary over an organism's lifetime. Such variation can be described as a trajectory of phenotypic change through time in multivariate space defined by a set of life history traits. We demonstrate the use of phenotypic trajectory analysis as a multivariate analytical approach for quantifying and comparing phenotypic change in life history throughout an organism's life. Life history trajectories have attributes – magnitude, direction, and shape – that can be quantified and statistically compared. We demonstrate the construction of trajectories using levels characterized by individuals with the same age or similar state, and we show how this approach can be used to evaluate the evolution of life history strategies given predictions from life history theory. We demonstrate the utility of phenotypic trajectory analysis for life histories using two examples. We compare life history trajectories of burying beetles and show that females balance costs of reproduction differently based on resource availability. We also characterize life history trajectories of livebearing fish in different predation environments. We show that females in non-predator environments, but not predator environments, exhibit trajectories consistent with the terminal investment hypothesis. While analysing life history variation in a multivariate framework is not novel, we show that phenotypic trajectory analysis provides a method to statistically test age- and state-based predictions of life history theory.
Money and Commodities in Virgilio Piñera's La Carne de René

Cuban writer Virgilio Pinera published his first novel, a bizarre coming-of-age tale, in 1953. Critics have considered La carne de Rene an absurdist text, a commentary about homosociality and alienation. The author, however, argues that the abstract structures of capitalism, specifically money and fetish commodities, provide the backbone for the novel and dictate all human relations in it.
Spontaneous Heterotopic Pregnancy Successfully Treated via Laproscopic Surgery With Subsequent Viable Intrauterine Pregnancy: A Case Report

ABSTRACTBackground: Heterotopic pregnancy (HP) refers to the presence of simultaneous pregnancies at two different sites of implantation, one intrauterine and the other extrauterine. The incidence of HP has increased in recent years secondary to a rise in the use of assisted reproductive technologies (ART). Case: A 34-year-old woman, without risk factors for multiple pregnancies, presented with a spontaneous hypertopic pregnancy to a military facility. The ectopic pregnancy was successfully treated via laparoscopic surgery. She maintained a viable intrauterine pregnancy and was 32 weeks gestation with no complications at the time of submission. Discussion: This case highlights the importance of maintaining a wide differential in a patient who presents with elevated Beta-human Chorionic Gonadotropin Hormone (B-HCG) levels, which continue to rise, as well as signs and symptoms consistent with ectopic pregnancy. Conclusion: Currently the rate of ART is rising; therefore, the expected cases of HP will likely ...
Hindsight bias in insight and mathematical problem solving: evidence of different reconstruction mechanisms for metacognitive versus situational judgments

This article presents two experiments that used insight and mathematical problems to investigate whether different factors would affect hindsight bias on metacognitive and situational judgments. In both studies, participants initially rated their likelihood of solving each problem within a certain amount of time (metacognitive judgments) and rated the importance of each component of the problem for finding the solution (situational judgments). Next, participants attempted to solve each problem. In Experiment 1, all participants were given solution feedback information, but in Experiment 2, participants were not given any solution feedback. After 1 week, participants were asked to recall their original judgments. Hindsight bias was assessed by comparing the initial with the final ratings. Insight problems and math problems showed different patterns of hindsight bias effects on the metacognitive and situational judgments. The results suggest that two competing models of hindsight effects are actually complementary explanations for judgment reconstruction on different types of judgment tasks.
The Progressive Development of the Wheat Kernel—II1

The results of two seasons' investigations including five separate series of successive samplings of the developing wheat kernel, clearly indicate the following changes in composition of the kernel, under Minnesota conditions: The percentage of material matter (ash), ether extract, and crude fiber in the dry matter progressively decreases. The percentage of sugars also decreases, but much more rapidly during the early stages of development than after the "milk" stage, from which time on the decrease is very slight. The percentage of protein in the dry matter decreases slightly until about the "milk" stage and then begins to increase, the final matured sample usually showing a higher percentage than the very immature ones. The actual quantity of all these materials in the kernels increases during each successive period of growth, with the exception of sugars, of which there is an actual decrease as the kernels develop, undoubtedly by reason of their conversion into reserve starch. The carbohydrate-protein ratio is at first greater and then diminishingly less in the developing kernels than in the "mold" or pericarp material into which the endosperm material is filled. The observed changes in composition of the entire kernel are due, in part at least, to changes in the relative proportions of endosperm, pericarp, and germ, these being parts of the kernel which possess entirely different functions, and correspondingly different chemical composition.
Experimental evaluation of a miniature catalytic hydrazine thrustor

Catalytic hydrazine thrustor design, fabrication and testing for TOPS spacecraft single-axis attitude control simulation program
The Results of Treatment of Gunshot Wounds to the Brain in Children

Thirty-three children ranging in age from 8 months to 15 years were treated for gunshot wounds to the brain. Half of the children were less than 10 years old. Fifty-eight percent died. Mortality was influenced by the trajectory of the bullet, intent to commit suicide, and the neurological status imm
Synthesis and structure of two novel cobalt(II) and zinc(II) crystalline coordination networks constructed with 1,3,5-benzene tricarboxylate and 9,10-bis(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)anthracene

Two new cobalt(II) and zinc(II) coordination networks constructed from an anthracene based bis imidazole ligand, 9,70-bis(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)anthracene ligand (L), are reported. The compounds {[Co (HBTC 2- ) (L) (H 2 O) 2 ]·H 2 O} ∞ (1) and {[Zn (HBTC 2- ) (L) (H 2 O) 2 ]·H 2 O} ∞ (2) were synthesized under solvothermal conditions and structurally characterized by single X-ray diffraction analysis and thermogravimetric analysis. Both 1 and 2 have a one-dimensional covalently bonded (1D) zigzag chain structure that is linked into infinite two-dimensional (2D) sheets by inter-chain π···π stacking and hydrogen bonding.
Analog micro-optics fabrication by use of a two-dimensional binary phase-grating mask.

The utilization of phase-mask technology for the fabrication of an analog micro-optics profile with a thick photoresist was investigated. A two-dimensional phase-grating mask with ? phase depth can produce a desired analog variation of exposure intensity, which allows one to vary the thickness of an analog photoresist after its exposure by a photolithographic stepper and development of the photoresist. A two-dimensional phase-grating mask of square pixels was simulated, designed, and fabricated. The fabrication of analog micro-optics in a thick SPR-220 photoresist by use of this phase mask was also demonstrated.
Shy‐Drager syndrome: Diagnosis and treatment of cholinergic dysfunction

Two patients with Shy-Drager syndrome demonstrated unusually widespread and unequivocal cholinergic dysfunction as well as the usual evidence of adrenergic insufficiency. Progressive constipation preceded impotence, nocturia, hesitancy in micturition, anhidrosis, orthostatic hypotension, and xerostomia. Nonautonomic neurologic signs appeared several years later. Cholinergic dysfunction involved eyes, lacrimal glands, salivary glands, heart, gastrointestinal tract, urinary bladder, and sweat glands. Subcutaneous administration of bethanechol chloride--a muscarinic receptor agonist--improved tearing, salivation, sweating, and gastrointestinal and bladder functions. Daily administration of this drug resulted in symptomatic improvement of the autonomic functions, and relapse followed discontinuation of treatment.
Unbounded Operators: Perturbations and Commutativity Problems*

Abstract Let H be a complex Hilbert space, and let Gi, i = 1, 2, be closed and orthogonal subspaces of the product space H × H. The subspace G = G1 ⊕ G2 is called a (graph) perturbation. We give conditions for invariance of regular operators (R.O.) under graph perturbations: When is the perturbation of a R.O. again a R.O.? If N is a Hilbert space we consider R.O. (i.e., densely defined and closed operators T) in H= L (N) such that G(T)=G(S)⊕V H (M, where G denotes the graph, S is a decomposable operator in H, V a decomposable partial isometry such that the initial space of V(t) is equal to M a.e. t, and finally H (M) is the Hardy space of analytic L 2 vector functions with values in M ⊂ N × N. Such operators T commute with the bilateral shift U; but, unless M = 0, T does not commute with U ∗ . Conversely, this is a canonical model for all R.O. with said commutativity properties. Moreover, the model is unique when T is given, and M = G(w) where w is a partial isometry in N. The detailed structure of the model is analyzed in the special case where dim N = dim M = 1. We relate the problem to a condition of Szegő by showing that T is a R.O. iff ∝ 0 2π log ¦ V 2 (t)¦ dt = −∞, where V = (V 1 , V 2 ) is the partial isometry in the special case of dimension one. Szegő's conditions enters in a different way in the analysis of the case M = N × N, as well as in the spectral analysis of T. Our results provide an answer to a commutativity problem posed by Fuglede. If T is an arbitrary densely defined operator, and A ϵ B(H) is normal, we prove two theorems stating conditions for the implication A ∪ T ⇒ A ∪ ∗ T . These conditions cannot generally be relaxed.
Genetic variability in migratory and endemic island songbirds (genus Vireo): A comparative assessment using molecular and morphological traits

Low genetic variation is thought to increase the risk of extinction in island species; however, these species can differ both in terms of endemism and gene flow. In a previous study, the endemic species of Puerto Rico (V. latimeri) and Jamaica (V. modestus and V. osburni) were shown to have less genetic variability than a continental relative, V. griseus. In this study, a migratory island species, V. altiloquus, is analyzed together with the endemics in order to (1) compare levels of genetic variation in migratory and endemic island species, and (2) assess this variation using both molecular markers and morphological traits. Each island species is also compared to a continental relative (V. griseus for the endemic species, and V. olivaceus for the migratory species). Variability in random amplified polymorphic DNA markers was significantly lower in the endemic species than in either migratory population. All island populations had significantly lower levels of variation than their respective continental relatives, but with significantly greater reduction in the endemic species. In contrast, the morphological measures revealed only two cases with a significantly lower CV in an endemic species compared to V. altiloquus or V. griseus. All others exhibited either no differences in CV or greater levels in the island populations. While the molecular results generally correspond to predictions of lower variability in endemic vs. migratory island species and island vs. continental species, the morphological comparisons do not, and therefore may not be useful for quick, field-based assessments of underlying genetic variability.
II. Selective accumulation of MPP+ in the substantia nigra: A key to neurotoxicity?

The neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is rapidly metabolized to a 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium species (MPP+) in the squirrel monkey. After administration of toxic doses of MPTP, the concentration of MPP+ in the substantia nigra appears to increase during the first 72 hours, reaching the highest concentration of any central nervous system (CNS) tissue studied. In contrast, the concentration of this compound in other brain areas suggested time dependent elimination during the same period. Pretreatment of animals with the monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor pargyline blocks both the neurotoxic action and the biotransformation of MPTP. In animals given pargyline and MPTP, initial MPTP levels are much higher in all brain regions than in those not receiving pargyline, but by 12 hours, MPTP levels had fallen rapidly in all regions except the substantia nigra and the eye. It may be that the selective toxicity of MPTP is related in some way to the accumulation of its oxidized metabolite in the substantia nigra.
A clinicopathological study of Sinonasal neuroendocrine carcinoma and Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma

Objective Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC) and sinonasal neuroendocrine carcinoma (SNEC) are relatively newly recognized, rare entities requiring further clinicopathological analysis to advance our understanding and determine prognostic distinctions between them. Study Design Retrospective chart review. Methods Cases were retrieved from the Copath system. One patient was seen in consultation from an outside institution. Histological and immunohistochemical findings, patient demographics, treatment regimens, and outcomes were analyzed and compared. Results Ten patients (7 men, 3 women) ranging in age from 17 to 58 years (mean age, 44.7 y) were included. Four patients were classified with SNEC, six as having SNUC. The predominant site was the superior nasal cavity or ethmoids (seven cases), followed by the maxilla (four cases). Disease in four patients was clinically staged as N1 (three with SNUC, one with SNEC), and in six patients as N0 (three with SNEC, three with SNUC). Of the nine patients who were treated initially with surgical resection, seven received postoperative radiation therapy alone, one received postoperative radiation and chemotherapy, and one had only limited postoperative chemotherapy. One patient was treated with radiation therapy and chemotherapy alone, without surgical resection. Follow-up was obtained ranging from 6 to 108 months (mean period, 26.4 mo). Three patients died of disease 10, 14, and 41 months, respectively, after diagnosis. Three patients had persistent disease at 6, 9, and 21 months, respectively, two of them with distant metastases. Four patients were disease free after 6, 18, 31, and 108 months, respectively. Conclusions SNUC and SNEC are both aggressive tumors, usually presenting in middle age as a nasal mass. Both tumors have the capacity to metastasize locally and distantly, and both can result in poor outcomes. This small series precludes a demographic or prognostic distinction between the two groups.
Agriculture in Development: A Coalitional Analysis

In interpreting these results, we can make use of several characteristics of the economies of the developing nations. The first is that consumers in poor nations spend a very large portion of their incomes on food — in many cases, in excess of 50 to 60 percent. The second is that specialization in the developing economies appears to have proceeded much further in the ‘modern sector’ — i.e. in manufacturing — than it has in agriculture. Thus, in the manufacturing sector, there are firms which specialize in the production of such items as clothing, bicycles, soap, and toothpaste; but in agriculture, ‘firms’ often amount to peasant farmers who grow a full range of crops with which to meet their subsistence needs and who simply market their surplus production. In other words, agricultural producers supply ‘food’ as opposed to ‘wheat,’ ‘lettuce,’ ‘tomatoes,’ or what not.
Chemical pattern on silica surface prepared by UV irradiation of 3-mercaptopropyltriethoxy silane layer: surface characterization and fibrinogen adsorption.

A flat silica surface modified with 3-mercaptopropyltriethoxy silane (MTS) was patterned using UV irradiation and a custom-designed mask. The irradiated surface was characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning force microscopy (SFM) and water contact angle measurements. The XPS S2p spectra indicated that the UV treatment resulted in the oxidation of MTS sulfur. The optimal UV irradiation dose for patterning, estimated from the XPS S2p binding energy shifts and water contact angles of irradiated surfaces, was 4.8 J cm−2 at 270 nm. The surface patterns were visualized by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, while exposing the pattern to a solution of acridine orange, by water vapor condensation, and by SFM lateral force imaging in dilute electrolyte solution. The adhesion SFM measurements revealed the adhesion force only on the areas which were not UV-irradiated. The adsorption of fluorescein-labeled fibrinogen (FITC-Fgn) from dilute buffer solution also produced visual information on the pattern. The kinetics of FITC-Fgn adsorption onto the oxidized and unoxidized MTS-silica surfaces from dilute protein solution proceeded with identical initial adsorption rates. The steady-state FITC-Fgn adsorption was twice as large on the unoxidized MTS-silica than on the oxidized MTS-silica surface.
An implantable wireless neural interface for recording cortical circuit dynamics in moving primates

Objective. Neural interface technology suitable for clinical translation has the potential to significantly impact the lives of amputees, spinal cord injury victims and those living with severe neuromotor disease. Such systems must be chronically safe, durable and effective. Approach. We have designed and implemented a neural interface microsystem, housed in a compact, subcutaneous and hermetically sealed titanium enclosure. The implanted device interfaces the brain with a 510k-approved, 100-element silicon-based microelectrode array via a custom hermetic feedthrough design. Full spectrum neural signals were amplified (0.1?Hz to 7.8?kHz, 200? gain) and multiplexed by a custom application specific integrated circuit, digitized and then packaged for transmission. The neural data (24 Mbps) were transmitted by a wireless data link carried on a frequency-shift-key-modulated signal at 3.2 and 3.8?GHz to a receiver 1?m away by design as a point-to-point communication link for human clinical use. The system was powered by an embedded medical grade rechargeable Li-ion battery for 7?h continuous operation between recharge via an inductive transcutaneous wireless power link at 2?MHz. Main results. Device verification and early validation were performed in both swine and non-human primate freely-moving animal models and showed that the wireless implant was electrically stable, effective in capturing and delivering broadband neural data, and safe for over one year of testing. In addition, we have used the multichannel data from these mobile animal models to demonstrate the ability to decode neural population dynamics associated with motor activity. Significance. We have developed an implanted wireless broadband neural recording device evaluated in non-human primate and swine. The use of this new implantable neural interface technology can provide insight into how to advance human neuroprostheses beyond the present early clinical trials. Further, such tools enable mobile patient use, have the potential for wider diagnosis of neurological conditions and will advance brain research.
Pathogenesis of hamster scrapie. Adherent splenocytes are associated with relatively high levels of infectivity.

A temporal study of adherent splenocytes from scrapie-infected hamsters showed that infectivity associated with these cells produced incubation periods similar to those of total spleen homogenates under volume-controlled conditions.
Modeling search assistance mechanisms within web-scale discovery systems

The University of Illinois Library has been conducting transaction log analyses to model user search behaviors within our Library gateway. These analyses have informed the development and implementation of various search assistance mechanisms designed to facilitate search strategy modification and enhance user search navigation methods. This paper discusses the efforts to effectively overlay search assistance mechanisms into the web-scale discovery system environment. These search assistance mechanisms seek to meet user search needs and to address known issues with web-scale systems. This paper describes an evolving search assistance model being deployed in a web-scale environment and reports our findings from transaction log studies and user surveys.
Yeast Swd2 Is Essential Because of Antagonism between Set1 Histone Methyltransferase Complex and APT (Associated with Pta1) Termination Factor

The Set1 complex (also known as complex associated with Set1 or COMPASS) methylates histone H3 on lysine 4, with different levels of methylation affecting transcription by recruiting various factors to distinct regions of active genes. Neither Set1 nor its associated proteins are essential for viability with the notable exception of Swd2, a WD repeat protein that is also a subunit of the essential transcription termination factor APT (associated with Pta1). Cells lacking Set1 lose COMPASS recruitment but show increased promoter cross-linking of TFIIE large subunit and the serine 5 phosphorylated form of the Rpb1 C-terminal domain. Although Swd2 is normally required for bringing APT to genes, deletion of SET1 restores both viability and APT recruitment to a strain lacking Swd2. We propose a model in which Swd2 is required for APT to overcome antagonism by COMPASS.
Computational Analysis of Reactive Oxygen Species Generation by Mitochondria Resulting from Substrate Manipulation

Mitochondria tightly couple the transport of electrons and proton pumping with oxidative phosphorylation to synthesize ATP. However, such energetic processes can “leak” electrons to oxygen forming reactive oxygen species (ROS). Increased ROS associated with oxidative stress has been implicated in numerous pathological conditions. To better understand the complex system regulating ROS, we present a mechanistic mitochondrial model that includes the electron transport chain, tricarboxylic acid cycle kinetics, mitochondrial calcium, sodium and proton handling, membrane ion transport processes that is coupled to oxidative phosphorylation, generation of ROS by complexes I and III, and matrix and extramitochondrial antioxidant defenses. Consistent with earlier study we found that in heart mitochondria respiring in presence of complex-II linked substrate succinate there is an increased ROS production with increasing membrane potential. Studies from experiments suggest that this relationship between ROS production and ΔѰm due to substrate modification is attributed to the process of Reverse Electron Transport. However, the model suggests that ROS generation with increasing membrane potential in presence of succinate is not because of reverse electron flow, but occurs because of the fact that as the mitochondrial membrane potential increases, it becomes harder for the protons to be pumped out to the p-side, thereby decreasing proton pumpingflux, and the most favorable pathway for the electrons is to move forward and cause the single electron reduction of oxygen to produce more ROS. Furthermore the mechanism of malonate induced reduction in ROS production is not because of decrease in reverse electron flow due to decrease in succinate, but occurs owing to the fact that since succinate oxidation decreases, there is tendency of electrons to flow across the respiratory chain to maintain the diminishing ΔѰm rather than leaking them to produce ROS.
Year-Long Balanced Reading/Writing Tutorial: A Design Experiment Used for Dynamic Assessment

Sixteen children referred for severe reading problems in first grade participated in a year-long individual tutorial. The tutorial, which was designed to bring children up to expected level based o...