cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Field trial evaluations of a novel persistent barrier teat dip for preventing mastitis during the dry period and as a potential substitute for dry cow antibiotic therapy

Dipping of cows at dry off and cows and heifers 10 day prepartum until calving with a persistent barrier teat dip product (developed and patented at ISU) in 2 natural exposure field trials resulted in a significantly lower IMI (particularly major environmental pathogens) at calving compared to controls. Dipping and/or dry therapy resulted in significantly lower new IMI in the early dry period compared to controls, with no difference in new IMI between treatments. Dipping of cows with a new persistent barrier teat dip provides the first cost effective, novel dry cow mastitis prevention tool focused at high susceptibility times and all causative organisms, and also can be a potential substitute for dry cow antibiotic therapy for prevention of new early dry period IMI. This also results in lowering the potential risks of antibiotic contamination of milk.
Contagion:: macroeconomic models with multiple equilibria

Abstract Several concepts of contagion are distinguished. It is argued that models that allow only a single equilibrium conditional on the macroeconomic fundamentals are not adequate to capture all forms of contagion, hence it is useful to formulate macro models that admit multiple equilibria and self-fulfilling expectations. A simple balance of payments model is presented to illustrate that phenomenon, and some back-of-the-envelope calculations assess its relevance to the coincidence of emerging market crises in 1994–95 and in 1997.
The Structure of Protonated Water Clusters

Acid-base reactions are among the most important chemical processes in aqueous solution, but it is very difficult to characterize the solvated ions that are involved, especially the solvated proton. In his Perspective, Zwier discusses reports by Shin et al. and Miyazaki et al. in the same issue that reveal details of the structure of protonated water by means of infrared spectroscopy. The infrared spectra of a series of protonated water clusters H(HO)with n = 6 to 27 shed new light and raise new questions about the nature of the proton in water, its position in the finite-sized cluster (surface or interior), and the structure of the cluster in the size region of the proposed dodecahedral cage (n = 21).
Fiber pump-delivery system for spectral narrowing and wavelength stabilization of broad-area lasers

Off-axis far-field coupling of a broad-area laser to a single-mode fiber containing a fiber Bragg grating is used for spatio-spectral filtering. This results in a ∼10x narrower spectral width and potential spatial brightness improvements.
Revision Programming = Logic Programming + Integrity Constraints

We study revision programming, a logic-based mechanism for enforcing constraints on databases. The central concept of this approach is that of a justified revision based on a revision program. We show that for any program P and for any pair of initial databases I and I’ we can transform (shift) the program P to a program P’ so that the size of the resulting program does not increase and so that P-justified revisions of I are shifted to P’-justified revisions of I’. Using this result we show that revision programming is closely related to a subsystem of general logic programming of Lifschitz and Woo. This, in turn, allows us to reduce revision programming to logic programming extended by the concept of a constraint with a suitably modified stable model semantics. Finally, we use the connection between revision programming and general logic programming to introduce a disjunctive version of our formalism.
Boundary Spanners' Satisfaction with Organizational Support Services

SUMMARY Internal services (i.e., support services) are an important form of organizational support for external boundary spanners (e.g., salespeople, customer service representatives). Internal services such as information systems, market research, training, accounting, and facilities support are intended to allow boundary spanners to better serve the firm's customer. Little research, however, has addressed factors that influence a boundary spanner's satisfaction with such services. The research presented here offers insight into how internal communication by both managers and service providers impacts a boundary spanner's satisfaction with support services. Results indicate that service provider and manager communications are largely complementary and that satisfaction with service outcomes, rather than service quality, appears to have an enduring impact upon a boundary spanner's overall job satisfaction. Implications for future research are addressed.
Error probability analysis of TAS/MRC-based scheme for wireless networks [point-to-point link example]

We develop the framework to analyze the symbol-error probability (SEP) for the scheme integrating transmit antenna selection (TAS) with maximal-ratio combining (MRC) used in wireless networks. Applying this scheme, the transmitter always selects an optimal antenna out of all possible antennas based on channel state information (CSI) feedback. Over a flat-fading Rayleigh channel, we develop the closed-form SEP expressions for a set of commonly used constellations when assuming perfect and delayed CSI feedback, respectively. We also derive the Chernoff-bounds of the SEP's for both perfect and delayed feedback. Our analyses show that while the antenna diversity improves the system performance, the feedback delay can significantly impact the SEP of TAS/MRC schemes.
Characterization of glucoamylase immobilized on celite

Immobilization of glucoamylase (EC 3.2.1.3) on Celite R649 bio-catalyst carrier for hydrolysis of maltose and maltodextrin has been investigated in both packed bed and recirculated batch reactors. The kinetics parameters on the hydrolysis of maltose were estimated from the packed bed reactor. It is found that this immobilized enzyme is as efficient as the soluble enzyme in catalyzing hydrolysis of maltose. However, it is less efficient than the soluble enzyme in hydrolyzing 30% (w/v) maltodextrin, giving a maximum dextrose equivalent (DE) value of 96.0% instead of 98.2%.
A Look at the Media in Higher Education.

Abstract This paper surveys the promise of the media in the provision of higher education, and considers the current problems involved in their use. The addendum presents a cross‐section analysis of eight different media, outlining their advantages and disadvantages and comparing their costs.
Activities in carbon-saturated Fe-Al alloys and the stability of Al4C3 at 1873 K

The Knudsen cell-mass spectrometer combination has been used to study carbon-saturated Fe-Al alloys at 1873 K. Activities are derived and presented for both metallic components as a function of the composition variableNAl/(NAl+ NFe).From the composition for the separation of the carbide, the standard Gibbs Energy of formation of Al4C3 is determined to be -88.8 ± 11.2 kJ mole-1 at 1873 K.
Optical-Magnetostatic Wave Interaction For Spectrum Analysis

Spectrum analysis of microwave signals can be performed using Bragg diffraction of light by magnetostatic waves (MSW's). MSW wave propagation must occur in a thin-film magnetic, ferrite medium, such as YIG. Since it is possible to propagate guided optical waves in the same film, rf spectrum analyzers analogous to those using guided optical wave interaction with surface acoustic waves can be constructed. Intrinsic advantages of the optical-MSW device include high center frequencies of operation, up to 20 GHz and beyond, and tunability of the center frequency. The theory of optical-MSW interactions and laboratory demonstrations of such interactions are summarized. Design considerations for a spectrum analyzer device are discussed, including materials, rf-to-MSW transduction, light sources, thin-film light coupling, and photodetectors.
The Use of Time Limits in Brief Psychotherapy: A Comparison of Six‐Session, Twelve‐Session, and Unlimited Treatment with Families

This study compared the relative effectiveness of two durations of time-limited psychotherapy with time-unlimited treatment and a waiting list control group. Thirty-seven families applying for treatment at a child guidance clinic were randomly assigned to one of four treatment conditions: (a) time-limited therapy of 6 sessions within 8 weeks; (b) time-limited therapy of 12 sessions within 16 weeks: (c) time-unlimited therapy; and (d) a waiting list control group in which families waited approximately four months before beginning treatment. Outcome was assessed from multiple sources: parents, child, therapist, family interaction ratings, and missed and canceled sessions. Analysis of data provided some evidence that families who received treatment fared better than those on the waiting list. There were no consistent differences between 6-session, 12-session, and unlimited therapy. A model is proposed for the further investigation of time-limited treatment.
New Light-Sensitive Cofactor Required for Oxidation of Succinate by Mycobacterium phlei

Irradiation of the electron transport particles of Mycobacterium phlei with light at a wavelength of 360 manometers resulted in a loss of oxidase activities of succinate and the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. The lesion in the two pathways caused by irradiation of the particles differs. The succinoxidase pathway was more labile to irradiation than the pathway linked to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Restoration of succinoxidase activity (up to 50 to 60 percent) occurred on addition of a thermostable, water-soluble material obtained from Mycobacterium phlei cells or with an extract of mitochondria from boiled rat liver. Other known cofactors, such as flavine adenine dinucleotide, flavine mononucleotide, benzo- and naphthoquinones, as well as sulfhydryl agents, failed to restore succinoxidase activity after irradiation. Water-soluble material from Mycobacterium phlei appears to function between the flavoprotein and cytochrome b on the succinoxidase pathway. In contrast to the requirements for restoration of the pathway linked to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, restoration of succinoxidase does not occur with quinones or other cofactors such as flavine adenine dinucleotide.
Life Events, Sibling Warmth, and Youths' Adjustment.

Sibling warmth has been identified as a protective factor from life events, but stressor–support match-mismatch and social domains perspectives suggest that sibling warmth may not efficiently protect youths from all types of life events. We tested whether sibling warmth moderated the association between each of family-wide, youths’ personal, and siblings’ personal life events and both depressive symptoms and risk-taking behaviors. Participants were 187 youths aged 9–18 (M = 11.80 years old, SD = 2.05). Multiple regression models revealed that sibling warmth was a protective factor from depressive symptoms for family-wide events, but not for youths’ personal and siblings’ personal life events. Findings highlight the importance of contextualizing protective functions of sibling warmth by taking into account the domains of stressors and adjustment.
Open-top selective plane illumination microscope compatible with standard sample holders

Selective plane illumination microscopy (SPIM) has emerged recently as a powerful tool in optically sectioning tissue samples. We have designed a new SPIM that allows samples to be mounted in a variety of common methods.
Understanding the Impact of Convergent Validity on Research Results

Using different measures of constructs in research to develop robust evidence of relationships and effects is seen as good methodological practice. This assumes these measures possess high convergent validity. However, proxies—alternative measures of the same construct—are rarely perfectly convergent. Although some convergence is preferred to none, this study demonstrates that even modest departures from perfect convergent validity can result in substantial differences in the magnitudes of findings, creating challenges for the accumulation and interpretation of research. Using data from published research, the authors find that substantial differences in findings between studies using desired and proxy variables occur even at levels of convergent validity as high as r = .85. Implications of using measures with less-than-ideal convergent validity for the interpretability of research results are examined. Convergent validities above r = .70 are recommended, whereas those below r = .50 should be avoided. Res...
Element‐free Galerkin method for contact problems in metal forming analysis

The total Lagrangian formulation and implementation of the element‐free Galerkin method (EFG) is presented for the analysis of contact‐impact problems with large deformations and for the simulation of metal forming processes. An integration scheme based on stress points is used, so no mesh is needed. A simple but general contact searching algorithm is used to treat the contact interface and an algorithm for the contact force is presented. Numerical results for Taylor bar impact are compared to finite element solutions and agree well. Solutions to upsetting, extrusion of metals with large material distortions are given to show the effectiveness of the algorithm. In particular, EFG is shown to be more capable of treating motions of the workpiece around corners of the punch than finite element methods.
The dynamics of the U.S. occupational structure during the 1990s

During the 1990s, the U.S. economy experienced dramatic structural changes, such as the decline in the defense industry following the end of the Cold War, an extraordinary amount of corporate restructuring and downsizing, a dramatic increase in computer usage in the workplace, the adoption of NAFTA, and the emergence of the global economy. These changes would lead one to expect fairly significant upheaval in the U.S. occupational structure. In fact, my findings indicate relatively remarkable stability of the U.S. labor market and its occupational structure. Moreover, many of the changes which have occurred have been beneficial.
Naval surface-based infrared search and track target signature climatology analysis

A methodology is presented for estimating the impact of meteorological conditions on the detection of airborne targets by a naval surface-based IRST system. This is accomplished by linking a target signature computer code to a weather data base and collecting target contrast signature statistics as a function of target range. System performance is determined by comparing the IRST detection requirements to the signature statistics. Calculations are presented for both a mid and long-wave sensor operating in the North Atlantic. At this location, the long wave sensor is found to provide better detection performance owing to more favorable target spectral characteristics and a generally greater atmospheric transmittance.
Configurational distributions for finite chain molecules

Exact functions expressing the distribution of the end-to-end vector for real chains of finite length are unknown. Moments of the distribution can be calculated, however, for linear chains unperturbed by excluded-volume effects. Thus, second and fourth moments for real chains with interdependent bond rotational potentials, in the rotational isomeric state approximation, can be computed as a function of chain length by methods developed recently. These moments are here compared with those calculated for hypothetical models, e.g., for the Gaussian distribution (to which all distributions converge in the limit of infinite chain length), for the freely jointed chain, for the distribution involving the inverted Langevin function, for the freely rotating chain, for the Porod “wormlike” chain, and for the chain with independent bond rotations that have a symmetrical hindrance potential. The convergence of the series expansion for the distribution function in terms of its even moments obtained by Nagai is investigated for the freely jointed chain (for which any number of moments may be readily calculated). Application of this series to the model with interdependent bond rotations is also considered.
Enabling longitudinal assessment of ankle-foot orthosis efficacy for children with cerebral palsy

Ankle-foot orthoses (AFOs) are often prescribed to individuals with walking disabilities, including children with cerebral palsy. Despite the widespread use of AFOs, their efficacy is not well evaluated because the quantitative assessment of gait improvement from AFOs is currently limited to short-term, in-clinic observation. To better understand how AFOs perform in aiding individuals with walking disabilities and to further enhance their efficacy, longitudinal, continuous, non-invasive measurement is necessary.Ankle joint angle is a key parameter impacted by the AFO and is central to assessing AFO efficacy. With a wireless inertial body sensor network (BSN) mounted on -- or even embedded in -- the AFOs, the ankle joint angle can be extracted and then used to derive other gait parameters such as the range of ankle angle and the percentage of time in dorsi-/plantar-flexion mode. The methodology of extracting ankle joint angle and related gait parameters for assessing AFO efficacy is detailed in this paper. In order to obtain accurate spatial information, techniques for compensating integration drift, mounting error and multi-plane motion are also presented. The BSN results are validated against the industrial standard optical motion capture system on four children with cerebral palsy. An ankle angle RMSE of 2.41 degrees was achieved, demonstrating the potential of using BSNs for longitudinal assessment of AFO efficacy.
The use of Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) in the integration of imaging into the electronic patient record at the Department of Veterans Affairs

The US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) is using the Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) standard to integrate image data objects from multiple systems for use across the health care enterprise. DICOM uses a structured representation of image data and a communication mechanism that allows the VA to easily acquire images from multiple sources and store them directly into the online patient record. The VA can obtain both radiology and nonradiology images using DICOM, and can display them on low-cost clinican’s color workstations throughout the medical center. High-resolution gray-scale diagnostic-quality multimonitor workstations with specialized viewing software can be used for reading radiology images. The VA’s DICOM capabilities can interface six different commercial picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) and more than 20 different image acquisition modalities. The VA is advancing its use of DICOM beyond radiology. New color imaging applications for gastrointestinal endoscopy and ophthalmology using DICOM are under development. These are the first DICOM offerings for the vendors, who are planning to support the recently passed DICOM Visible Light and Structured Reporting service classes. Implementing these in VistA is a challenge because of the different workflow and software support for these disciplines within the VA hospital information system (HIS) environment.
Malocclusion and psychological factors

Some psychological factors in attitudes toward malocclusion are identified and discussed, particularly the effect of the patient’s malocclusion on the perception of the patient by other persons, and the patient’s reactions toward his malocclusion. Two technics were tested for answering the question: How important are dentognathic conditions as cues to personality impressions when compared to all other cues? Suggestions for further research are presented.
Therapists' Affective Reactions to Working with Adult Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse: An Exploratory Study.

ABSTRACT This article describes research designed to identify therapists' affective reactions to working with adult survivors of child sexual abuse, and the factors which influence these reactions. The most common responses were feelings of being overwhelmed by the work, vulnerability in personal relationships, and rage, sadness, and horror regarding survivors' abuse. Virtually none of the characteristics associated with the therapists themselves, their practice settings or their caseload influenced their reactions. Subjects' affective reactions did vary by several characteristics associated with the survivors and their victimization. This was particularly true of survivors diagnosed with MPD, those who had been abused beginning at a young age, and survivors presenting themselves for treatment as perpetrators.
Piecewise continuous eigenfunction solutions for laminated slabs

A piecewise continuous eigenfunction procedure is developed to handle the two and three dimensional stress fields of rectangular anisotropic laminated slabs. In particular, each lamina of the slab is considered to be modelled by exact anisotropic elasticity theory such that perfect bonding between adjacent laminae is assumed. Since the eigenfunction basis arising from the development is complete but nonorthogonal, a piecewise weighted reorthogonalization procedure or alternatively a multiply connected version of the Gram Schmidt process is employed in solving the eigenfunction expansion. In order to obtain the completely general boundary value solution, complex series and adjoint differential forms are also employed to handle inhomogeneities in the governing DEQ. Several numerical experiments are included to reveal the capabilities of the solution procedure developed as well as the potential local importance of material anisotropy.
Non-Oxidative Mechanisms Are Responsible for the Induction of Mutagenesis by Reduction of Cr(VI) with Cysteine: Role of Ternary DNA Adducts in Cr(III)-Dependent Mutagenesis†

Intracellular reduction of carcinogenic Cr(VI) generates Cr-DNA adducts formed through the coordination of Cr(III) to DNA phosphates (phosphotriester-type adduct). Here, we examined the role of Cr(III)-DNA adducts in mutagenesis induced by metabolism of Cr(VI) with cysteine. Reduction of Cr(VI) caused a strong oxidation of 2', 7'-dichlorofluoroscin (DCFH) and extensive Cr-DNA binding but no DNA breakage. Cr-DNA adducts induced unwinding of supercoiled plasmids and structural distortions in the DNA helix as detected by decreased ethidium bromide binding. Propagation of Cr-treated pSP189 plasmids in human fibroblasts led to a dose-dependent formation of the supF mutants and inhibition of replication. Blocking of Cr(III)-DNA binding by occupation of DNA phosphates with Mg(2+) or by sequestration of Cr(III) by inorganic phosphate or EDTA eliminated mutagenic responses and restored a normal yield of replicated plasmids. Dissociation of Cr(III) from DNA by a phosphate-based reversal procedure returned mutation frequency to background levels. The mutagenic responses at the different phases of the reduction reaction were unrelated to the amount of reduced Cr(VI) but reflected the number and the spectrum of Cr(III)-DNA adducts that were formed. Ternary cysteine-Cr(III)-DNA adducts were approximately 4-5 times more mutagenic than binary Cr(III)-DNA adducts. Although intermediate reaction products (CrV/IV, thiyl radicals) were capable of oxidizing DCFH, they were insufficiently reactive to damage DNA. Single-base substitutions at G/C pairs were the predominant type of Cr-induced mutations. The majority of mutations occurred at the sites where G had adjacent purine in the 3' or 5' position. Overall, our results present the first evidence that Cr(III)-DNA adducts play the dominant role in the mutagenicity caused by the metabolism of Cr(VI) by a biological reducing agent.
Archetypal evolution and “new birth” from codependency

The “new birth “ archetype has exerted tremendous influence upon public consciousness across time and culture. Examination of Melody Beattie's codependency recovery rhetoric may indicate the contemporary evolution of this significant rhetorical form. Beattie employs this unique “new birth” drama to raise codependents' consciousness about their condition and to inspire and sustain their commitment to recovery. Treated as a case study of archetypal evolution, her version of “new birth “ sheds farther light on the process of symbolic convergence.
Structure and Fate of Subducting Slabs

Yesterday Larry, a colleague, rushed desperately into my office asking whether the subducting lithospheric slab in Vanuatu is continuous from the surface down to 600 km depth. For some reason I have the reputation of knowing such things, and even I suppose that I should know them. The truth is, I can never remember, so what do I do? I look in Lay's book on subducting slabs to find a discussion and references detailing the search for high-frequency signals traveling upslab in Vanuatu and elsewhere. A becalmed Larry leaves my office; for now, my reputation is safe.
Comparison of Liquid Chromatography with Microbial Inhibition Assay for Determination of Incurred Amoxicillin and Ampicillin Residues in Milk

A comparison was made between liquid chromatography (LC) methods and a microbial inhibition (MI) method (Bacillus stearothermophilus disk assay) for the determination of amoxicillin and ampicillin residues in milk from cows dosed with the drugs. One cow was injected intramuscularly with ampicillin, and a second cow received an intramammary infusion of amoxicillin. Milk samples were collected at various depletion time periods following administration of the drugs. The LC methods using formaldehyde and salicylaldehyde derivatization were applied in the determination of ampicillin and amoxicillin residues, respectively. The LC salicylaldehyde derivatization method was also applied to mixed milk samples for determination of both antibiotics, and the results were in agreement with those determined separately. The MI method was applied to each type of incurred milk. No significant differences were found between the LC and MI assay methods for residue levels within the reliable detection range of the MI method. ...
The Role of Targeted Agents in the Treatment of Elderly Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)

The introduction of targeted biological agents represents the most promising approach to improve the disease control and outcome for patients with non-small cell lung cancer. The epidermal growth factor and the vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathways have been successfully targeted using both orally administered small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies, with associated improvement in overall survival. Although the trials that established the efficacy of these agents allowed the enrollment of patients older than 70 years, the elderly patients constituted the minority. Given the stringent enrolment criteria in terms of organ function and performance status for most clinical trials, the elderly patients on clinical trials are not entirely representative of the overall elderly patient population. Therefore, the applicability of these data to the overall patient population deserves critical appraisal in the absence of trials dedicated specifically to the elderly. Preplanned and unplanned subset analysis of registration trial data is becoming increasingly common as a substitute measure to provide valuable information to guide the use of targeted agents in the elderly. Using this approach, it has been demonstrated that elderly patients are able to tolerate targeted biological therapies but suffer increased rate of toxicities. However, they derive benefit from such agents when they are carefully selected and have their drug doses adjusted appropriately to minimize potential toxicities. This article reviews the use of targeted agents for the treatment of NSCLC in elderly patients.
55Fe effect on enhancing ferritic steel He/dpa ratio in fission reactor irradiations to simulate fusion conditions

Abstract This study evaluated methods for increasing the helium production rate in ferritic steel irradiation in a fission reactor neutron spectrum in order to increase the helium to atomic displacement ratio to values typical of fusion reactor first wall conditions. An early experiment showed that the accelerated He(appm)/dpa ratio of about 2.3 was achieved for 96% enriched 54Fe in iron in the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR), ORNL. In the current work, the ferritic steel He(appm)/dpa ratio was studied in the neutron spectrum of HFIR with the 55Fe thermal neutron helium production taken into account. A benchmark calculation for the same sample, as used in the aforementioned experiment, was then used to adjust and evaluate the 55Fe (n, a) cross section values in TALYS-based Evaluated Nuclear Data Library (TENDL). The analysis showed that a decrease of a factor of 6700 for the TENDL 55Fe (n, a) cross section in the intermediate and low energy regions was required in order to fit the experimental results. The best fit to the cross section value at thermal neutron energy was about 27 mb. With the adjusted 55Fe (n, a) cross sections, calculation showed that the 54Fe and 55Fe isotopes could be enriched by the isotopic tailoring technique in a ferritic steel sample irradiated in HFIR to significantly enhance the helium production rate. This new calculation can be used to guide future isotopic tailoring experiments designed to increase the He(appm)/dpa ratio in fission reactors. A benchmark experiment is suggested to be performed to evaluate the 55Fe (n, a) cross section at thermal energy.
Bound anions differentially stabilize multiprotein complexes in the absence of bulk solvent.

The combination of ion mobility separation with mass spectrometry is an emergent and powerful structural biology tool, capable of simultaneously assessing the structure, topology, dynamics and composition of large protein assemblies within complex mixtures. An integral part of the ion mobility-mass spectrometry measurement is the ionization of intact multiprotein complexes and their removal from bulk solvent. This process, during which a substantial portion of protein structure and organization is likely to be preserved, imposes a foreign environment on proteins that may cause structural rearrangements to occur. Thus, a general means must be identified to stabilize protein structures in the absence of bulk solvent. Our approach to this problem involves the protection of protein complex structure through the addition of salts in solution prior to desorption/ionization. Anionic components of the added salts bind to the complex either in solution or during the electrospray process, and those that remain bound in the gas phase tend to have high gas phase acidities. The resulting ‘shell’ of counter-ions is able to carry away excess energy from the protein complex ion upon activation and can result in significant structural stabilization of the gas-phase protein assembly overall. By using ion mobility-mass spectrometry, we observe both the dissociation and unfolding transitions for four tetrameric protein complexes bound to populations of twelve different anions using collisional activation. The data presented here quantifies, for the first time, the influence of a large range of counter-ions on gas-phase protein structure and allows us to rank and classify counter-ions as structure stabilizers in the absence of bulk solvent. Our measurements indicate that tartrate, citrate, chloride and nitrate anions are amongst the strongest stabilizers of gas-phase protein structure identified in this screen. The rank order determined by our data is substantially different when compared to the known Hofmeister salt series in solution. While this is an expected outcome of our work, due to the diminished influence of anion and protein solvation by water, our data correlates well to expected anion binding in solution and highlights the fact that both hydration layer and anion-protein binding effects are critical for Hofmeister-type stabilization in solution. Finally, we present a detailed mechanism of action for counter-ion stabilization of proteins and their complexes in the gas-phase, which indicates that anions must bind with high-affinity, but must dissociate readily from the protein in order to be an effective stabilizer. Anion-resolved data acquired for smaller protein systems allows us to classify anions into three categories based on their ability to stabilize protein and protein complex structure in the absence of bulk solvent.
Microvolume Energy Deposition from High Energy Proton-Silicon Reactions

This paper presents the results of calculations of energy deposition in microvolumes. The ionizing particles are the secondaries emitted in the nulcear reactions of high energy protons (100-1000 MeV). The calculations are based on an extension of the formalism developed by/for radiobiological microdosimetry. The results are presented in a format which permits interpretation in terms of the soft error problem.
Familial cancer in an oncology clinic.

Knowledge of cancer genetics provides the physician with a powerful tool for the recognition of patients who might profit from highly targeted cancer surveillance/management programs. Family history was evaluated by registered nurses on 565 consecutively ascertained patients with verified cancer from Creighton's Oncology Clinic. This initial assessment yielded 199 (35.5%) families with two more family members with cancer (all sites) within an informative nuclear component, which constituted parents, grandparents, aunts/uncles, siblings, and children. One or more of the operational criteria for cancer familiality, namely vertical transmission of cancer, bilaterality, and/or multiple primaries, early age of onset, and three or more site specific cancers, were found on physician review in 171 (30.5%) of the families. This group was referred for comprehensive cancer genetic evaluation consisting of pedigree extension and tumor verification through all second degree, and when possible, third degree relatives. It was determined that approximately 4% of the total clinic population demonstrated findings compatible with hereditary cancer syndromes. Its universal extension in clinical practice is advocated because of the potential yield from meticulous surveillance for cancer of highly targeted organs in such high-risk kindreds, as well as the economy and general ease of obtaining detailed family history by registered nurses. The physician is able, therefore, to devote his primary effort toward pedigreee analysis and syndrome identification.
Political inclusion and parliamentary changes among thirteen states in the former British Africa

Since their independence, substitute versions of ‘African presidentialism' have replaced what were earlier largely Westminster-style parliamentary systems in 11 of the 13 ‘Anglo-African' states whose constitutions were examined. But several ‘hybrid' features of African presidentialism presently found in a majority of these eleven cases now likely soften from the standpoint of political inclusion, suggested negative consequences of the above (ordinarily profound) constitutional transition from a parliamentary to a presidential form of government. Still, it is argued, these new systems in general could well support a less effective and less inclusive interface than formerly between aggregated popular desires in the legislatures and executive-government ‘outputs' – this notwithstanding, a significant growth occurring since independence in the number of elected members among the 13 legislatures considered. Africa Insight Vol. 36 (2) June 2006: 7-24
AGE-APPROPRIATENESS AND SAFETY OF A HOME MERRY-GO-ROUND FOR YOUNG CHILDREN

Summary.-The guidelines for age-labeling of children's toy and playgrounds are summarized. Two different published standards for the design of merry-go-rounds, home and public playground standards, are compared and contrasted. 120 children between the ages of 3 and 6 yr. old participated in the investigation of home merry-go-rounds. It was determined children within this age range had the motor and social interaction skills to operate a two-person home merry-go-round. Although the children are able to rotate the merry-go-round successfully, a potential hazard was identified during the normal use of the merry-go-round. The children's feet and lower legs could contact the stationary base of the merry-go-round after their feet slipped off the footrest during rotation. The home merry-go-round standards permit openings in the rotating platform, and the public merry-go-round standards do not permit openings in the rotating platform. The elimination of such openings prevents contact between the stationary platform and the child's lower limbs. The potential for impact injuries with the stationary base would be eliminated if public playground standards would be applied to home merry-go-rounds. The importance of labels and instructions indicating the minimum and maximum age for children's products has been recognized by both manufacturers and consumers. These indicators describe time periods in a child's life span when the product is both safe and functional. The information describing age-appropriateness is important for all children's products such as furniture (cribs, strollers, walkers), toys, and playground equipment. A cooperative effort of the federal government, manufacturers of children's products, retailers, and consumers has resulted in the publication and distribution of guidelines which address age-labeling. Toy-safety guidelines were developed between
Use of retrievable filters in alternative common iliac vein location in high-risk surgical patients.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the use of retrievable filters placed in bilateral common iliac veins in high-risk surgical patients. Materials and Methods During the 4-year study period, 10 patients received bilateral common iliac vein placement of retrievable filters for pulmonary embolism (PE) prophylaxis. These patients were at risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE) but had no evidence of VTE at the time of filter placement. In nine patients undergoing bariatric surgery, placement of a filter in the inferior vena cava (IVC) was impossible because of megacava (defined as caval diameter ≥3.0 cm). In one patient who had planned dissection of an extensive retroperitoneal tumor, there was concern that IVC location of the filter would be prone to complications secondary to intraoperative manipulation. Filter placement and retrieval were evaluated. All patients were followed clinically until 4–6 weeks after filter retrieval. Results There were 20 filters placed in 10 attempts, 18 (nine patients) through the right internal jugular vein and 2 (one patient) through bilateral femoral veins. The mean (± standard deviation) dwell time of the filters was 40 days ± 10 (range 30–71 days). All filters were successfully removed. There were no procedural complications. No clinically evident PE was noted. Conclusions Use of retrievable filters in the bilateral common iliac veins was found to be feasible and effective in preventing PE in patients with contraindications to filter placement in the IVC.
Two new taxa in the Section Papillosae of the genus Mallomonas (Synurophyceae) from the Ocala National Forest, Florida, USA

Two new species of Mallomonas, M. binocularis and M. delanciana, are described from small, acidic, poorly buffered waterbodies in the Ocala National Forest, Florida, U.S.A. Both taxa are in the Section Papillosae, consist of relatively small cells covered with domed scales each bearing a single bristle, and have small tripartite scales with a small symmetrically placed dome. Scales of Mallomonas binocularis have shields that are covered with evenly-spaced papillae, two distinctive pores at the base of the V-rib and unornamented flanges. Mallomonas binocularis is most similar to Mallomonas paxillata, M. papillosa, M. rasilis and M. calceolus, but can be distinguished from the latter taxa on the basis of scale structure and bristle morphology. Scales of Mallomonas delanciana have shields with widely spaced papillae, a series of parallel ribs on the anterior flanges that usually continue around the dome, unornamented posterior flanges and lack rimmed pores in the posterior region of the shield. The density of the papillae on the shield, features of the dome and anterior flange, and the structure of bristles, clearly serve to separate M. delanciana from closely related species including M. papillosa, M. calceolus and Mallomonas conspersa.
Prevention of water loss through CAB plastic sediment core liners

Cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) core liners lose water through pores in the plastic. A wax bath has been developed to coat liners with a microcrystalline wax to retard water loss. Sealing properties of this wax are compared with those of paraffin and a combination of aluminum foil and microcrystalline wax. Over a 50-day period uncoated liners lost water at an average rate of 21·1 × 10−4 g/day/cm2 of surface area, while liners coated with microcrystalline wax or with paraffin lost less than 3·3 × 10−4 g/day/cm2. Liners coated with foil and wax did not lose water during the test.
Uses of computer‐mediated political communication in the 1992 presidential campaign: A content analysis of the Bush, Clinton and Perot computer lists

This article presents a content analysis of three computer‐mediated communication (CMC) networks used for political discussion during the 1992 Presidential election campaign. Data indicate that the main use of computer networks in the campaign was to assert personal opinions about the candidates, issues, and the election. Other uses were talking about one's own life and experiences, telling others what they should be doing, and posting information for others to read. Significant differences were found between the three campaigns for uses of these computer networks. The Clinton network was used more than the other two for posting information. The Perot network was used more than the others for asserting opinions. This study indicates that voters have specific functions for the use of computer networks as new channels of political communication. Future research should examine what groups of voters use these networks the most and how such use affects candidate image formation. Suggestions are offered for the...
Information Theory and Statistical Mechanics. II

Information theory provides a constructive criterion for setting up probability distributions on the basis of partial knowledge, and leads to a type of statistical inference which is called the maximum-entropy estimate. It is the least biased estimate possible on the given information; i.e., it is maximally noncommittal with regard to missing information. If one considers statistical mechanics as a form of statistical inference rather than as a physical theory, it is found that the usual computational rules, starting with the determination of the partition function, are an immediate consequence of the maximum-entropy principle. In the resulting "subjective statistical mechanics," the usual rules are thus justified independently of any physical argument, and in particular independently of experimental verification; whether or not the results agree with experiment, they still represent the best estimates that could have been made on the basis of the information available.It is concluded that statistical mechanics need not be regarded as a physical theory dependent for its validity on the truth of additional assumptions not contained in the laws of mechanics (such as ergodicity, metric transitivity, equal a priori probabilities, etc.). Furthermore, it is possible to maintain a sharp distinction between its physical and statistical aspects. The former consists only of the correct enumeration of the states of a system and their properties; the latter is a straightforward example of statistical inference.
Creating a Model of Latino Peer Education: Weaving Cultural Capital Into the Fabric of Academic Services in an Urban University Setting

Over the last few decades, college admission rates for Latinos have increased. However, the achievement gap between Latino students and other ethnic groups remains wide. Peer mentorship programs have shared in some degree of success in promoting the academic success of diverse and underrepresented student populations. Despite the growing population of Latino students, little has been done to recognize the potential cultural assets and resilience that they can bring to the educational environment. Utilizing concepts from cultural capital and community cultural wealth, a peer-mentoring program for Latino students was developed. The Promotores de Educacion program was designed to provide students with peer support, tutoring, and linkage to academic and student services to improve the educational experience of Latino students, leading to improved academic performance and timely graduation. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the development and implementation of the program.
Acute hypoglycemia masquerading as head trauma: a report of four cases.

Abstract Hypoglycemia, a commonly encountered metabolic emergency, is most often easily diagnosed and rapidly treated with satisfactory patient outcome. If not recognized and treated promptly, hypoglycemia may cause irreversible central nervous system injury; it rarely results in death. The classic presentation of hypoglycemia, a patient with diabetes mellitus on medical therapy (insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents) who presents with an altered sensorium, is frequently seen in the emergency department (ED). Less often, patients with this metabolic emergency present to the ED in a manner suggestive of a situation other than hypoglycemia. Patients may present with seizure activity or focal neurological deficits, leading the physician to treat a primary neurological syndrome and not immediately recognize the primary cause of the problem. Alternatively, patients with hypoglycemia will present to the ED with an altered mental status after a traumatic event. The physician may again assume that the alteration in consciousness has resulted from a head injury and not a metabolic disorder. Four cases are presented in which the medical history of the event (ie, trauma) suggested head injury as an explanation of the presentation when, in fact, hypoglycemia was responsible for the altered sensorium. The diagnosis of hypoglycemia is easily made with the performance of a bedside screening test which can be subsequently confirmed by laboratory blood analysis. It is imperative that emergency physicians consider hypoglycemia in all patients with any mental status abnormality, focal neurological deficit, or seizure activity, even when the findings seem to be explained initially by other etiologies.
Programmable state discriminators for the optimum discrimination of unknown quantum states (Invited Paper)

In quantum information and quantum computing, the carrier of information is some quantum system and information is encoded in its state. After processing the state in the quantum processor, the information has to be read out. Clearly, this task is equivalent to determining the final state of the system. We begin by briefly reviewing various possible state discrimination strategies that are optimal with respect to some reasonable criteria and report on recent advances in the unambiguous discrimination of mixed quantum states. This strategy has been successfully applied to devise a class of novel probabilistic quantum algorithms and has been demonstrated experimentally, using a linear optical implementation via generalized interferometers. In the second part we present a scheme for communication via completely unknown quantum states. In this context we discuss programmable quantum state discriminators that are universal, i.e. perform optimally on average, independently of the actual states used for the communication scheme. We conclude with a discussion of possible experimental implementations of the proposed device.