cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Foreign aid and global governance: Buying Bretton Woods – the Swiss-bloc case

Power in the world’s preeminent international financial institutions—the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund—resides in their Executive Boards. How do governments get elected to these international committees? This study quantitatively explores whether wealthy governments provide more foreign aid to poor governments that offer them political support. The focus is on Switzerland, which is elected to the Executive Board of the Bretton Woods Institutions by a group of countries from Central and Western Asia, and Eastern and Southern Europe. Results confirm the hypothesis. Implications for governance in a multipolar world are discussed.
Viral load and HIV treatment attitudes as correlates of sexual risk behavior among HIV-positive gay men.

Abstract Objectives: People living with HIV who achieve an “undetectable” viral load may assume that they are less infectious, leading to increased sexual risk. We examined the relation between perceiving that one has an undetectable viral load and sexual risk taking among gay men. Methods: HIV-positive participants (N=60) completed measures assessing HIV serostatus, perceived HIV viral load (detectable vs. undetectable), sexual risk and treatment attitudes. Results: Contrary to hypotheses, HIV-positive men with detectable viral loads were more likely to report unprotected anal sex with a nonprimary partner than were men reporting undetectable viral loads. Although a significant minority endorsed the belief that an HIV-positive partner with an undetectable viral load is less infectious, this belief was unrelated to sexual risk. Multivariate analyses showed that the strongest predictor of sexual risk was a measure assessing participants' reduced concern over HIV stemming from the availability of improved HIV treatments. After controlling for reduced HIV concern, viral load status was no longer a significant predictor of risk. Conclusions: Results suggest that reduced concern about the consequences of HIV infection may be more important than perceived health status as a determinant of risky sex and highlight the need for continued prevention efforts among people who are HIV-positive.
Genitourinary trauma at a combat support hospital during Operation Iraqi Freedom: the impact of body armor.

Purpose: This report details the occurrences of genitourinary trauma experienced during Operation Iraqi Freedom at a United States Army Combat Support Hospital, and determines if wearing body armor decreases the frequency of genitourinary and specifically kidney trauma.Materials and Methods: The Joint Theater Trauma Registry was used to conduct a retrospective study of 2,712 trauma admissions to a United States Army Combat Support Hospital in Baghdad, Iraq from April 1, 2005 to February 28, 2006. There were 1,216 casualties who were wearing body armor and 1,496 casualties not wearing body armor.Results: Of the 2,712 trauma admissions 76 (2.8%) had 1 or more genitourinary injuries for a total of 98 genitourinary injuries. Of the 29 kidney injuries 2 (6.9%) were explored without any treatment, 7 (24.1%) were observed, 1 (3.4%) was repaired and 19 (65.5%) casualties required nephrectomy. Casualties wearing body armor had a 2.1% rate of genitourinary injury versus 3.4% not wearing body armor (p = 0.037). Casu...
MATERNAL DIABETES DOES NOT DECREASE GLUCOSE AND CLYCEROL PRODUCTION IN NORMOCLYCAEMIC NEWDOUNS

Neonatal hypoglycemia is frequently observed following pregnancies complicated by diabetes. This might be a result of decreased glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis caused by neonatal hyperinsulinemia. The aim of the study was to investigate the capacity for production of glucose and glycerol, a glucose precursor, in infants of diabetic and healthy mothers. Subjects and methods: Eight normoglycaemic, fasting, term infants from diabetes pregnancies (IDDM/GDM) and two control infants were studied at a postnatal age of 4-10 h. The glucose (GPR) and glycerol production rates (GlycPR) were studied by use of 6,62H2-glucose and 2-13C-glycerol. The isotopic enrichments and concentrations of glucose (P-gluc) and glycerol (P-glyc) in plasma were analyzed Isotopic enrichments were measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry during periods of steady slate and were used for calculation of production rates. Conclusion: Normoglycaemic infants of diabetic mothers have capacity for glucose and glycerol production, at rates similar to those in control infants.
Overnight growth hormone concentrations are usually normal in pubertal children with idiopathic short stature : A clinical research center study

To estimate the incidence of low growth hormone (GH) concentration in children and adolescents with idiopathic short stature, overnight GH levels were measured in 167 subjects. The results were compared with data from 132 normal children of similar pubertal stage, bone age, or body mass index. The majority of short children had normal overnight GH concentrations in a distribution not significantly different from that observed in normal children. However, in 6% of children grouped by pubertal stage and in 13% of children grouped by bone age, overnight GH levels were below the 95% confidence limits of normal. The overnight GH levels were above normal in 6%. The observed frequencies of both low and high GH levels were significantly greater than expected (P < 0.001). However, when body mass index was included in the analysis, only 5% of the children had low GH measures, and only 4% had high GH measures (both not significant). This frequency of low overnight GH levels in short children is considerably less than that reported by others. Thus, these data do not support the hypothesis that a deficiency of spontaneous GH secretion is a common cause of short stature. We conclude that standard GH stimulation tests, despite their limitations, remain the best definitive test of GH secretion. Subsequent overnight GH studies may be useful, however, in selected clinical settings such as previous cranial irradiation or other central nervous system disorder.
Isolated Petrous Carotid Stenosis and Transient Ischemic Attack

Although anterior circulation transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) tend to be more common in patients with extra- cranial carotid arterial disease than in those with intracranial carotid or middle cerebral arterial disease, the authors recently encountered 4 patients with both recurrent, stereotypical TIAs as well as isolated stenosis of their petrous internal carotid artery (ICA). While the gold standard for establishing the diagnosis of intracranial large-artery disease has always been conventional angiography, magnetic resonance angiography changes, confirmed with intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography in 2 of these patients, were quite sufficient to define the occlusive disease in each of the cases. Petrous ICA stenosis is not uncommon, but it has often been overshadowed by the search for extracranial ICA disease that might be amenable to surgical reconstruction.
GLC determination of trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride dosage forms

A rapid, sensitive, and specific GLC method for the quantitation of trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride in various pharmaceutical dosage forms is described. The procedure involves chloroform extraction of the active ingredient from a weakly acidic solution, followed by GLC determination using a 3% methyl silicone column. The specificity of the system in relation to several compendial drug analogs also is reported.
Highly efficient solar cell polymers developed via fine-tuning of structural and electronic properties.

This paper describes synthesis and photovoltaic studies of a series of new semiconducting polymers with alternating thieno[3,4-b]thiophene and benzodithiophene units. The physical properties of these polymers were finely tuned to optimize their photovoltaic effect. The substitution of alkoxy side chains to the less electron-donating alkyl chains or introduction of electron-withdrawing fluorine into the polymer backbone reduced the HOMO energy levels of polymers. The structural modifications optimized polymers’ spectral coverage of absorption and their hole mobility, as well as miscibility with fulleride, and enhanced polymer solar cell performances. The open circuit voltage, Voc, for polymer solar cells was increased by adjusting polymer energy levels. It was found that films with finely distributed polymer/fulleride interpenetrating network exhibited improved solar cell conversion efficiency. Efficiency over 6% has been achieved in simple solar cells based on fluorinated PTB4/PC61BM films prepared from m...
Oxidative cleavage of cis-1,2-Diamino-1,2-dimethyl-cyclobutane to 2,5-hexanedione

Abstract cis -1,2-Diamino-1,2-dimethylcyclobutane is oxidatively cleaved by dimethyldioxirane to 2,5-hexanedione.
MSP, a trypsin-like serine protease, is abundantly expressed in the human nervous system.

The goal of the present investigation was to determine the regional and cellular specific expression patterns of the newly identified serine protease, myelencephalon-specific protease (MSP), in the adult human brain (Scarisbrick et al. [1997b] J. Neurosci. 17:8156-8168). To assess the potential scope of MSP activity, Northern blot techniques were used to determine the relative abundance of MSP mRNA in 16 different adult human brain regions, and in the brain and peripheral tissues of the midgestation human fetus. The regional and temporal specific expression patterns of MSP mRNA were directly compared with those of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a serine protease strongly implicated in the development, ongoing plasticity, and response of the nervous system to injury and disease. mRNA encoding each protease was distributed widely throughout the normal adult human central nervous system (CNS), but the expression of each was only partially overlapping. Additionally, compared with tPA, MSP exhibited a more restricted distribution and delayed developmental onset. By immunohistochemical localization, MSP was present at moderate to high levels in neurons and oligodendroglia of the adult human brain, at a level closely resembling the relative abundance indicated by Northern blot. MSP was most abundantly expressed in the spinal cord, hippocampus, substantia nigra, and basal ganglia. The robust expression of MSP in clinically significant regions of the adult human CNS indicates that further study of this protease in terms of both normal brain physiology and neurodegenerative disorders is warranted.
Localized ordered structures and flame stretch

Abstract We describe localized ordered nonplanar flames, both stationary and unsteady, by numerically solving a Kuramoto-Sivashinsky type equation describing the evolution of a flame front subjected to stretch.
Trends with corticosteroid use in males with Duchenne muscular dystrophy born 1982-2001.

This study examines trends in corticosteroid use for males with Duchenne muscular dystrophy by birth year, race/ethnicity, and knowledge of Duchenne muscular dystrophy family history. Firstborn males (n = 521) selected from a population-based surveillance system of Duchenne muscular dystrophy were analyzed using Kaplan Meier and regression methods. Comparing males born 1982 to 1986 with males born 1997 to 2001, steroid use increased from 54% to 72% and mean age at steroid initiation decreased from 8.2 to 7.1 years. Hispanics and non-Hispanic Black males used steroids less frequently and delayed initiation compared to white males. Compared to males without a Duchenne muscular dystrophy family history, males with known family history were half as likely to use steroids. Duration of steroid use increased over time and age at initiation decreased. Racial/ethnic disparities exist for steroid use and should be addressed to improve outcome and quality of life for boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
ACRIDINES, DEAZAFLAVINS, ANDTRIS(2,2'-BIPYRIDINE)RUTHENIUM AS CATALYSTS FOR PHOTOPRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN FROM ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

— The previously reported (Krasna, 1979) photoproduction of hydrogen from organic compounds in the presence of methyl viologen and platinum, catalyzed by proflavin, has now been accomplished with other photocatalysts. The acridine derivatives acriflavin, acridine yellow and acridine orange were active catalysts, whereas 9-aminoacridine was not. The reaction was similar to the proflavin catalyzed reaction with respect to electron donor specificity and mechanism. Tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium (II) also replaced proflavin and the reaction was similar in most respects to that catalyzed by proflavin except that rris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium catalysis was most effective at alkaline pH values. The deazaflavins, deazaribofiavin and 3,10-dimethyl-5-deazaisoalloxazine, were more active than proflavin, particularly at alkaline pH values. Deazaflavins catalyzed photoproduction of hydrogen from a variety of compounds that were inactive with acridines and fra(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium. This includes carboxylic acids, amines, sugars and amino acids. This system may have potential for hydrogen production as a means of solar energy conversion.
Regulation of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase activities by temperature pretreatment and chloroplast metabolites.

Abstract Crystalline ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (EC 4.1.1.39) was isolated from tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.) leaf homogenates and the two competing reactions were examined for differential regulation in vitro by temperature pretreatment and chloroplast metabolites. Both the carboxylase and oxygenase activities were inactivated 50% by storing the dissolved protein at 0 °C and fully reactivated by heating the solution at 50 °C in the absence of Mg 2+ and a sulfhydryl reagent. When the heat-activated enzyme was preincubated with physiological levels of various chloroplast metabolites and CO 2 and the two reactions were assayed simultaneously in the same reaction vessel upon initiation with ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate, three classes of effectors were observed: (a) those which stimulated both activities (NADPH, 6-phosphogluco-bisphosphate gluconate, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, 3-phosphoglycerate glycerate), (b) those which essentially had no effect (fructose 6-phosphate, glucose 6-phosphate), and (c) one, ribose 5-phosphate, which inhibited the two reactions. However, within the limits of experimental error, none of the metabolites examined produced a differential regulation of the ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase activities. The similar response of the two competing activities to temperature pretreatment and various chloroplast metabolites is consistent with the notion that both reactions are associated with the same or adjacent catalytic sites on this bifunctional enzyme.
SU‐E‐J‐89: An Imaging Technique for Surveillance MR Imaging Using 0.23T MR Scanner for Peditaric Craniopharyngioma Patients Who Receive Proton Therapy

Purpose: Surveillance MR image procedure has been developed to monitor possible cyst growth of the pediatric craniopharyngioma patients (6 to 14 years old) without anesthesia using the 0.23T PanoramaTM MR Scanner (Philips, Netherlands) Methods: We developed the MR‐safe base‐of‐skull (BOS) immobilization device made of graphite and generic wood without thermoplastic masks, and optimized the scanning pulse sequences like T1FFE3D (220mm*220, 192*912 matrix, and 2.5mm slice thickess), B‐FFE3D (100mm*100mm, 92*92 matrix with 1.5mm slice thickness), and Dual Turbo Spin Echo (DTSE with 3.5mm slice thickness to generate proton‐density images and heavily T2‐weighted images). Each sequence has 2 sets: axial and sagittal images to improve better contrast due to the limitation of the slice thickness (1.5 to 3.5mm) for small size (2 to 4cc GTV) of the craniopharyngioma. The plan MR (used to do image fusion with Plan CT, T1 or T2 3D volume images with 1 or 1.5T MR scanners with <1mm3 resolution are commonly used) is used as a reference to monitor the cyst growth during entire treatment session. Within 2–3 days of the proton treatment, the surveillance MR images are taken, and thereafter weekly MR images are taken, and correlated with the Plan MR and previous Surveillance MR images.Results: The accuracy of the surveillance MR images (T1FFE3D) are found to be ∼2mm, the BFFE images are sensitive to inhomogeneous region where the target is located in the brain. Their geometrical distortions are approximately 2mm from another surveillance MR images as well the plan MR. Conclusions: This technique has been used to monitor 4 patients and the image quality is good enough for clinicians to estimate the possible cyst changes. In the preliminary trails with 4 patients, all the cysts are stable diseases. It will be used to scan the pediatric patients with anesthesia.
Incorporating Practical Laboratory Experiments to Reinforce Dynamic Systems and Control Concepts

The Cooper Union is developing a new simultaneous lecture and laboratory approach to address the pedagogical challenge of finding the appropriate balance between theory and hands-on experimentation in teaching dynamic systems and control concepts. The new approach dedicates one hour each week to laboratory experiments with the class subdivided into small student groups having greater faculty interaction. Bench top experiments from National Instruments and Quanser include DC motor and inverted pendulum modeling and control workstations. Process control test rigs from Feedback Inc. include level, flow, temperature, and pressure control trainers. Devoting significant time to laboratory experiments gives students the opportunities to fully appreciate feedback control concepts and to acquire valuable practical skills. This paper discusses the new instructional approach, preliminary results, lessons learned, and future plans for improving the systems and control curriculum.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Evolution of the DUT Gene: Horizontal Transfer between Host and Pathogen in all Three Domains of Life

The ubiquity of the dut gene in Eukarya, Eubacteria, and Archaea implies its existence in the last common ancestor of the three domains of life. The dut gene exists as single, tandemly duplicated, and tandemly triplicated copies. The dUTPase is encoded as an auxiliary gene in the genomes of several DNA viruses and two distinct lineages of retroviruses. A comprehensive analysis of dUTPase amino acid sequence relationships explores the evolutionary dynamics of dut genes in viruses and their hosts. The data set was comprised of representative sequences from available Eukaryotes, Archaea, Eubacteria cells and viruses. A multiple alignment of these protein sequences was generated using a hidden Markov model (HMM) approach developed to align divergent data. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that horizontal transfer from hosts to virus genomes has occurred in all three domains of life. The evidence for horizontal transfers is particularly interesting in Eukaryotes as these dut genes have introns, while DNA virus dut genes do not. This implies an intermediary Retroid Agent facilitated the horizontal transfer process, via reverse transcription, between host mRNA and DNA viruses. The horizontal transfer of the dut gene from Eukaryotic, Eubacterial, and Archaeal organisms to both DNA and RNA viruses is the first documented case of host to pathogen transfer that has occurred in all three domains of life.
The propagation of gravity-inertia waves and lee waves under a critical level

Abstract As is well known, the linear dynamic equations for gravity-inertia waves are characterized by three singular levels, one being the critical level at which flow speed and wave speed are equal, and the other two at which the flow speed is equal to ±f/k, where f is the Coriolis parameter and k the wave number, herein called Rossby singularities. This article discusses the propagation of two-dimensional gravity-inertial disturbances, both monochromatic and with continuous spectrum (i.e., lee waves), in a direction toward all of these singular levels. The study is conducted by analysis, which provides closed-form solutions to the linear equations, and by numerical simulation, which confirms the analysis and also exhibits nonlinearities where these are significant. It is found that the Rossby singularity produces nonlinear reflection of a monochromatic wave, and comparisons are made with the case of the pure gravity wave (f = 0) reflected by a critical level. Unlike that situation, in the present probl...
The effect of the pregnancy-induced hypertension on fetal growth: a review of the literature

Understanding how pregnancy-induced hypertension affects fetal growth could suggest a particular biological mechanism leading to intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and improve our understanding about how other exposures affect the risk of IUGR. It is hypothesised that hypertension reduces uteroplacental perfusion and through this route inhibits fetal growth. Definitions and associated incidence rates are given. The findings from the epidemiological literature on hypertension in pregnancy and fetal growth are then critically discussed and summarised. Finally, the steps to be taken next in this area of research are outlined.
Effect of maturation on oral breathing in sleeping premature infants

To evaluate the influence of postnatal maturation on oral breathing, we measured nasal and oral ventilation during sleep and the ventillatory response to nasal occlusion in 11 preterm infants. Studies were repeated at 31–32, 33–34, and 35–36 weeks postconceptional age. Premature infants had rare episodes of spontaneous oronasal breathing during sleep. The frequency of oral breathing in response to nasal occlusion increased with advancing postconceptional age, from 8%±8% at 31–32 weeks to 26%±18% at 33–34 weeks and 28%±33% at 35–36 weeks. Oral breathing in preterm infants, unlike that in term infants, was characterized by intermittent airway obstruction leading to a significant decrease in respiratory rate, tidal volume, minute ventilation, and tcPo 2 (P 1 ) and expiratory (R E ) resistances during nasal and oral breathing were compared, R 1 increased from 41±30 to 234±228 (P E from 62±16 to 145±43 cm H 2 O·L −1 ·sec (P
Enantioselective Synthesis of (-)-Sclerophytin A by a Stereoconvergent Epoxide Hydrolysis

The cytotoxic natural product (-)-sclerophytin A was constructed in 13 steps from geranial. Highlights from the synthesis are a stereoselective Oshima-Utimoto reaction, a Shibata-Baba indium-promoted radical cyclization, and a novel stereoconvergent epoxide hydrolysis.
Effects of Enterostatin on Consumption of Optional Foods in Non‐Food‐Deprived Rats

Enterostatin, the activation peptide of procolipase, has been reported to reduce high-fat food consumption in rats. This reduction has been reliably demonstrated using procedures in which the test diet was also the maintenance diet of the animals. Other reports, though, have shown that peripherally administered enterostatin had no effect on the consumption of oil provided as an option to the diet, and that centrally administered enterostatin had no effect on the consumption of an optional high-fat mixed food. However, the effects of peripherally administered enterostatin on the consumption of an optional high-fat mixed food have not been examined. This experiment, then, examined the effects of peripherally administered enterostatin on the consumption of optional, mixed foods (no-fat and high-fat cookies) provided in addition to a standard diet under choice and nonchoice conditions. Four experiments were conducted. In experiment I, the effect of enterostatin in a two-choice feeding paradigm was assessed. In experiment II, the effect of enterostatin in a nonchoice feeding paradigm was assessed. In experiment III, the effect of enterostatin administered at five different pretreatment times in a non-choice feeding paradigm was assessed. Enterostatin had no effect on cookie intake in any of these experiments. Finally, experiment IV was undertaken to verify the activity of the peptide. Enterostatin significantly reduced the consumption of a standard diet in overnight food-deprived rats, thus confirming the activity of the peptide used in experiments I to III. Enterostatin may not play a major role in the regulation of food intake that is stimulated by optional foods that are periodically provided in addition to a standard well-balanced diet.
Use of Urine Ligase Chain Reaction to Identify the Asymptomatic Adolescent Female with Chlamydia Genitourinary Infection

Background Ligase chain reaction (LCR) is a diagnostic modality with excellent sensitivity for the detection of chlamydia. This study compared urine and endocervical LCR to chlamydia culture, and clinical performance characteristics between those with and without symptoms. Method Patients (ages 13–21) were enrolled from an adolescent clinic (N = 317) and a pediatric emergency room (N = 62). Clinical history was collected prospectively, distinguishing between spontaneous and elicited symptoms. Endocervical specimens were obtained for chlamydia culture, LCR, and slide for confirmation by DFA. Sensitivity and specificity for each of the methods were calculated, and tests results compared by symptom status. Results Mean age was 16.6 yrs (± 1.9). The majority of the patients were African-American (N = 275, 72.6 %). The total number of those positive by culture was 10.8 %, endocervical LCR 14.5 %, and urine LCR 12.7 %. The sensitivity and specificity of each test follow: culture 72.2 and 99.7; endocervical LCR 92.5 and 98.6; and urine LCR 84.6 and 98.9. A total of 147 (38.8 %) patients were asymptomatic; among these, 112 urine LCR were performed, with chlamydia prevalence of 15% and urine LCR sensitivity 82.4 %. Conclusions Both urine and endocervical LCR have superior sensitivity with similar specificity to chlamydia culture. The prevalence among asymptomatic adolescent females was 15 %, and urine LCR detected the majority of asymptomatic infections (82 %). In this study, 32 % of infections occurred among the asymptomatic. Previous studies have documented the likelihood of transmitting an STD (gonorrhea) is greater among the asymptomatic than the symptomatic. Urine LCR is a potentially effective tool to help eliminate the burden of infection among adolescents.
On the Representation of Numerical Solutions Using Taylor Series Approximation

In this study, the representation of discretization error using Taylor series in finite difference solutions is investigated as well as the behavior of the exact solutions to the finite difference equations as a function of the grid size and grid refinement factor. The results are compared to the classical Richardson Extrapolation method whereby the numerical solution (or the error) is explicitly expressed as a Taylor series expansion. The exact finite difference solutions are used to demonstrate that oscillatory convergence is a common occurrence. The expansion of the numerical solutions in Taylor series is based on the exact finite difference solutions that are obtained using different discretization schemes. It is shown that in some cases the numerical solution exhibited a singular behavior which can not be remedied easily. Some exact finite difference solutions also exhibited oscillatory behavior which was not due to the use of mixed order terms as is usually believed by the Computational Fluid Dynamics community. Moreover, representation of the numerical solution using Taylor series is not always satisfactory even in case of relatively simple one-dimensional problems.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Exposure to Oil during Meiosis Results in Alterations in Meiotic Chromosomes that are Similar to Age-Related Changes in the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Exposure of young C. elegans nematodes to three different concentrations of oil resulted in changes in the meiotic chromosomes, nucleus, nucleolus, and nuclear envelope associations. Such alterations decreased the viability and fertility of this organism which was used as a biological model. The morphological changes in the “young” group were similar to nematodes that were senescent and post-reproductive. Comparison of meiotic chromosomes at the pachytene stage of meiosis from young, old, and oil-exposed wild-type hermaphrodites were made following three-dimensional electron microscopy reconstruction of serial ultrathin sections. Age-related and oil-exposure related changes included: 1) Induced condensation of chromatin with increased variance in length of chromosomes; 2) Changes in nuclear and nucleolar volume; 3) Increased density of the nucleoplasm; and 4) Absence of Disjunction Regulator Regions, resulting in the loss of control of the segregation of the X-chromosome into gametes during meiosis. Abnormal clustering of the telomeric ends of the chromosomes was present on the nuclear envelope affecting the segregation of the chromosomes during meiosis.
Experience and expectation: Conflict and change in traditional family health care among the Quichua of Saraguro

Abstract Quichua Indian mothers have traditionally served as primary health caretakers for the families of Saraguro in highland Ecuador. A hospital has recently opened, providing biomedical health care and programs in preventive medicine for local indigenous communities. Opposition to the new facility has arisen, however, as families express dissatisfaction with hospital policies. Surveys and in-depth interviews, conducted with Saraguro families and hospital staff between 1977 and 1982 have outlined problems encountered in the introduction and administration of biomedical care. The hospital is seen by some residents as a threat to Quichua women's authority as herbalists and family curers. More importantly, however, Sarguro families view the facility as a disappointment, as it provided services inconsistent with traditional health values, practices and felt needs, and it fails residents' expectations of hospital care. Conflicts between traditional and hospital health care experiences and between expectations and reality, have bred hostility between the health facility and the community it serves. Inability to negotiate with hospital staff for greater flexibility in policies has intensified community frustration. The impact of cultural health values, expectations, and program flexibility are discussed with potential implications for planning and administration of biomedical delivery services.
IMAGING OF SURGICAL DISEASES OF THE NEWBORN CHEST: Intrapleural Mass Lesions

How radiologists meet and care for neonates with mass lesions of the chest has changed. Formerly, infants with respiratory distress and no diagnosis presented for emergent imaging for the clinician to make a diagnosis and formulate a treatment plan. Widespread use of prenatal ultrasound (US) screening has resulted in the identification of many of these infants in utero with a prenatally determined presumptive diagnosis and a perinatal care strategy. Depending on the style and system of prenatal and perinatal care, imaging may be performed by obstetricians, general radiologists, or pediatric radiologists in women's and infant's institutions. The mainstay of prenatal imaging remains US, but research continues into the use of MR imaging in certain circumstances. Without imaging, some of the fetuses have no clinical signs to lead to their diagnoses. Others may show maternal polyhydramnios as evidence of their masses by creating esophageal impairment to normal amniotic fluid pathways. Once diagnosed, the coexisting finding of a mediastinal shift serves as a warning to pay very close attention in follow-up, because all authorities currently seem to agree that once the mediastinum is so shifted as to impair venous return to the fetal chest, to create a state of low cardiac output, and to result in a hydropic fetus, viability is severely threatened. 1 Some mothers become ill in association with their threatened fetuses, a preeclamptic state referred to as the maternal mirror syndrome . 8 Despite even heroic and curative fetal surgery, maternal symptoms may inexorably progress, mandating that the child be emergently delivered. Some researchers believe that the placenta may release a causative factor responsible for the mirror syndrome. 20
Student Partners in Instruction: Third Level Student Participation in Advanced Business Courses.

Abstract In this article, the authors describe a unique approach to gaining high student involvement in advanced and MBA level business courses. Most participation occurs at the discussion and activity levels, with the instructor as the “director” who plans, implements, monitors, and evaluates activities. In a student-partner approach, students are brought into the planning process and asked to participate in the design and implementation of course components. Their participation draws on their experience and expertise as “learners” in the education process. This article provides a framework for implementing such an approach and includes a model case experience.
Managed cases, drop-ins, drop-outs, and other by-products of mental health care

The assertive case management (ACT) study by Bond and colleagues illustrates the problems of evaluating new mental health service modalities applied to multi-dimensional problems. Both characteristics of large urban areas and increasing consumer self-awareness affect implementation of random assignment and follow-up studies. In the study reviewed here, possible lack of fit between study subjects and the control condition, a drop-in center, may have contributed to a high attrition rate. As most of the controls never received the treatment, neither ACT nor the drop-in center were adequately tested. And without explication of how the control condition relates to other peer-oriented interventions, study findings cannot be generalized to self-help. The authors' conclusions concerning self-help are therefore not supported by their findings.
Fibronectin fragments elevate nitric oxide (NO) and inducible NO synthetase (iNOS) levels in bovine cartilage and iNOS inhibitors block fibronectin fragment mediated damage and promote repair

Objective and Design:To determine whether fibronectin fragments (Fn-f) upregulate nitric oxide (NO) and inducible NO synthetase (iNOS) levels in explants and whether iNOS inhibitors block Fn-f mediated cartilage damage or promote repair. Material: Bovine cartilage explants were studied.
Structure functions in the stochastic Burgers equation

We study analytically and numerically structure functions ${S}_{q}(r)$ in the one-dimensional Burgers equation, driven by noise with variance $\ensuremath{\propto}|k{|}^{\ensuremath{\beta}}$ in Fourier space, (a) when the noise is cut off at some length ${l}_{c},$ and (b) when it is not. We present exact relations satisfied by ${S}_{3}(r)$ (the von Karman--Howarth relation) and ${S}_{4}(r)$ that form the basis of our analysis. When there is a cutoff length, shocks occur and ${S}_{q}(r)\ensuremath{\propto}r$ for $qg~2$ for $\ensuremath{\delta}lrl{l}_{c}$ where \ensuremath{\delta} is the shock thickness for all \ensuremath{\beta} between -1 and 2. We deduce this behavior from the exact relations along with an ansatz that is verified numerically. When there is no cutoff length, multifractal behavior is known to occur only when \ensuremath{\beta}0. Through a study of exact expression ${S}_{3}$ we highlight the difference between multifractality in this case as compared to the case with a cutoff.
Smallpox and the Native American

With the arrival of Europeans in the Western Hemisphere, Native American populations were exposed to new infectious diseases, diseases for which they lacked immunity. These communicable diseases, including smallpox and measles, devastated entire native populations. In this article, we focus on the effect of smallpox on the Native Americans from the 15th through the 19th centuries. Among the "new" infectious diseases brought by the Europeans, smallpox was one of the most feared because of the high mortality rates in infected Native Americans. This fear may have been well-founded, because the Native Americans were victims of what was probably one of the earliest episodes of biological warfare. Fortunately, they were also major beneficiaries of early vaccination programs. Thus, the arrival of smallpox and the decline of the Native American populations are inexorably linked, as the history summarized here illustrates.
InAs quantum dot infrared photodetectors (QDIP) on InP by MOCVD

Inter-subband detectors such as quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIP) have been widely used in infrared remote sensing. Quantum dot infrared photodetectors (QDIPS) have been predicted to have better performanc than QWIPs due to the novel properties of quantum dots caused by the extra confinement. Here we report our recent results of InAs QDIP grown on InP substrate by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The device structure consists of multiple stacks of InAs quantum dots with GaAs/AlInAs/InP barrier. 400μx400μm test mesas were fabricated for device characterizations. Photoresponse was observed with a peak wavelength of 6.4 μm and a cutoff wavelength of 6.6 μm at both 77K and 100K. A detectivity of 1.0x1010 cmHz1/2/W was obtained at 77K at a bias of -1.1. V. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest detectivity reported for InAs QDIP grown on InP substrate. At 100K, the detectivity only drops to 2.3x109cmHz1/2/W.
Identification of flavone glucuronide isomers by metal complexation and tandem mass spectrometry: regioselectivity of uridine 5'-diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase isozymes in the biotransformation of flavones.

Flavone glucuronide isomers of five flavones (chrysin, apigenin, luteolin, baicalein, and scutellarein) were differentiated by collision-induced dissociation of [Co(II) (flavone-H) (4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline)2]+ complexes. The complexes were generated via postcolumn addition of a metal–ligand solution after separation of the glucuronide products generated upon incubation of each flavone with an array of uridine 5′-diphosphate (UDP)–glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) isozymes. Elucidation of the glucuronide isomers allowed a systematic investigation of the regioselectivity of 12 human UGT isozymes, including 8 UGT1A and 4 UGT2B isozymes. Glucuronidation of the 7-OH position was the preferred site for all the flavones except for luteolin, which possessed adjacent hydroxyl groups on the B ring. For all flavones and UGT isozymes, glucuronidation of the 5-OH position was never observed. As confirmed by the metal complexation/MS/MS strategy, glucuronidation of the 6-OH position only occurred for baicalein and...
Lifestyle and Primordial Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Challenges and Opportunities

The goal of primordial prevention is to prevent the risk factors which lead to disease. Successful implementation of primordial prevention in the context of chronic disease requires that healthy behaviors become normative. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its associated risk factors are generally preventable. Specifically, the attainment of ideal levels of four lifestyle factors (non-smoking, normal weight, physical activity, and healthy diet) results in lower CVD morbidity and mortality, as well as related biological risk factors (hypertension, elevated blood glucose, and hypercholesterolemia). Challenges to primordial prevention of CVD include recent adverse trends in lifestyle factors and persisting health disparities. Opportunities exist for public health policy and life course approaches to prevention. Changes in public health policy that successfully target these modifiable lifestyle factors have the potential to not only affect CVD, but other chronic diseases as well.
Opponent-process additivity--I: red-green equilibria.

A red/green equilibrium light is one which appears neither reddish nor greenish (i.e. either uniquely yellow, uniquely blue, or achromatic). A subset of spectral and nonspectral red/green equilibria was determined for several luminance levels, in order to test whether the set of all such equilibria is closed under linear color-mixture operations. The spectral loci ofequilibrium yellow and blue showedeither no variation or visually insignificant varia- tion over a range of l-2 log,, unit. There were no trends that were repeatable across observers. We con- cluded that spectral red/green equilibria are closed under scalar multiplication; consequently they are in- variant hues relative to the Bezold-Briicke shift. The additive mixture of yellow and blue equilibrium wavelengths, in any luminance ratio, is also an equilibrium light. Small changes of the yellowish component of a mixture toward redness or greeness must be compensated by predictable changes of the bluish component of the mixture toward greenness or red- ness. We concluded that yellow and blue equilibria are complementary relative to an equilibrium white; that desaturation of a yellow or blue equilibrium light with such a white produces no Abney hue shift; and that the set of red/green equilibria is closed under general linear operations. One consequence is that the red/green chromatic-response function, measured by the Jameson-Hurvich technique of cancellation to equilibrium, is a linear function of the individual's color-matching coor- dinates. A second consequence of linear closure of equilibria is a strong constraint on the class of combina- tion rules by which receptor outputs are recoded into the red/green opponent process.
Editor’s Overview: The Context of Mentoring―Place, Space, and Face

This issue of Mentoring & Tutoring: Partnership in Learning includes research from scholars representing the USA (three states and the District of Columbia) and two countries (Israel and Canada). T...
Gravitational and magnetic fields of some simple solids of revolution

Summary. Exact spherical harmonic expansions are given for calculating the gravitational and magnetic fields associated with certain uniform solids of revolution. The figures are those made by rotating a conic section about one of its principal axes. The coefficients in the expansions can be computed accurately and efficiently and this approach leads to a very satisfactory method for calculating the fields of geological bodies with approximate circular symmetry about a vertical axis. A complete theory of convergence is given for the expansions. Somewhat unexpectedly, the sphere of convergence is determined by the location of a number of equivalent point or line sources that lie within the body or on its edges.
When should regions bid for artistic resources

Under a variety of assumptions, subsidized bidding for creative resources fails to spur economic growth. First, under many conditions, the resource would find an optimal location in any case. Second, the bid may be good for a winning city's economy, but bad for the arts more generally. The bid winner is not necessarily the most appropriate home for the resource. Third, bids based on publicly available information are unlikely to beat the market price for attracting those resources. The key to stimulating growth, and drawing successful creative resources, is to stimulate the underlying microconditions for entrepreneurship, whether in the private or public sectors. Furthermore, we should make arts subsidies less location-specific.
The etiology of tax complexity: Evidence from U.S. state income tax systems

This article uses the variation in U.S. state income tax systems to examine what engenders tax complexity. An analysis of simple measures of the variation in complexity, based on the number of line...
Heisenberg exchange in inhomogeneously broadened nitroxide EPR spectra

Abstract The type of analysis necessary to extract the Heisenberg exchange frequency, ω HE , of nitroxide free radicals in solution whose electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra are complicated by inhomogeneous broadening due to intramolecular proton hyperfine interactions is discussed. It is found that the EPR spectra must be simulated by use of extensions of the theories of Anderson and Freed. Significant error in calculations of the translational correlation time can result if the unresolved proton hyperfine structure is ignored.
Cloning and characterization of a Leishmania gene encoding a RNA spliced leader sequence

Recent studies on leishmania enriettii tubulin mRNAs revealed a 35 nucleotide addition to their 5' end. The gene that codes for this 35 nucleotide leader sequence has now been cloned and sequenced. In the Leishmania genome, the spliced leader gene exists as a tandem repeat of 438 bases. There are approximately 150 copies of this gene comprising 0.1% of the parasite genome. This gene codes for a 85 nucleotide transcript that contains the spliced leader at its 5' end. The 35 nucleotide sequence and the regions immediately 5' and 3' to it are highly conserved across trypanosomatids. We have detected a RNA molecule that is a putative by-product of the processing reaction in which the 35 nucleotide spliced leader has been transferred to mRNA. We suggest that this molecule is the remnant of the spliced leader transcript after removal of the 35 nucleotide spliced leader.
A Reliable Automatic Liquid Nitrogen Filling System

An automatic liquid nitrogen filling system is described. Two of these units have been in use at an unattended location for 10 months without failure. The system automatically refills a 5 liter detector cryostat as required from a 50 liter supply Dewar. The liquid nitrogen filling system is comprised of three basic components: an analog level monitor, a low loss liquid transfer mechanism and a controller. These will be described in the text.
ENHANCEMENT OF RIPARIAN ECOSYSTEMS WITH CHANNEL STRUCTURES1

: Naturally occurring and man-made structures can be used for enhancing the development of riparian zones. Naturally occurring structures are cienagas, beaver dams, and log steps. Man-made structures include large and small channel structures and bank protection devices. All these structures affect streamflow hydraulics and sedimentation and can create a more favorable environment for riparian zone establishment. However, when they are used improperly, they can be destructive to existing riparian zones. Since stream processes are generally slow, long-time spans may pass before the effects of management action, good or bad, become visible. Also, the effects of large dam installations may appear a long distance downstream from the dam. Therefore, investigations must be of a wide scope. Interactions between riparian site, channel, and streamflow may be so complex that an interdisciplinary approach is required.
Measuring Time Costs in Interventions Designed to Reduce Behavior Problems Among Children and Youth

The economic evaluation of psychosocial interventions is a growing area of research. Though time costs are central to the economist’s understanding of social costs, these costs generally have been ignored by prevention scientists. This article highlights the need to measure such costs and then reviews the principles economists use in valuing time. It then considers the specific time costs that often arise in interventions designed to reduce behavior problems among children and youth. These include classroom time devoted to program activities, the time of parents or other caregivers, the time of teachers (outside of the classroom), and the time of volunteers. We consider the economic principles that govern how economists value these inputs and then apply these principles to data from an evaluation of a prominent intervention in the field, the Incredible Years Program. We find that the time costs are potentially rather large and consider the implications for public policy of ignoring them.
Hormone-sensitive lipase functions as an oligomer.

Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) is a cytosolic neutral lipase whose activity is regulated by reversible phosphorylation and which is thought to be the rate-limiting enzyme for the mobilization of FF...
Comparisons of keystroke-level model predictions to observed data

Comparison of model prediction against observed data is an investigative step used in cognitive modeling research for human-computer interaction. In this paper we describe comparisons between Keystroke-Level Model (KLM) predictions and user behavior by total duration, aggregated events and Cohen's Kappa. Our preliminary investigations support the validity of KLM mental preparation duration and placement rules in modeling interaction with handheld devices but suggest changing a previously-published parameter.