cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Picosecond Spectroscopy Of Metalloporphyrins And Hemoproteins

Picosecond spectroscopy has been used to study the excited state dynamics of metalloporphyrins and hemoproteins. The relative effects of intersystem crossing, low-lying charge transfer states and ligand ejection on the excited state lifetimes in various metalloporphyrins differs according to the properties of the central metal ion. Hemoproteins relax rapidly from the excited state but even in such fast processes ligand dissociation can occur, although not all axial ligands undergo photodissociation. In general, axial ligands, when present, can control the energy levels of the central metal and by doing so can control the rate of intersystem crossing and non-radiative decay through intermediate charge transfer states.
The development and disturbance of emotions: An application of self psychology to clinical work with children

This article applies self psychology, as developed by Heinz Kohut, to clinical work with children. It begins with a brief summary of self psychology as a theoretical framework, focusing on the role of selfobjects in the development of the self. Then, the role of selfobjects in the development and disturbance of emotions is discussed. The paper concludes by describing the treatment implications of the self psychological perspective for clinical work with children, illustrating them through three case vignettes, and identifying certain questions for further inquiry.
Aiding and Abetting: Project Aid and Ethnic Politics in Kenya

Summary I analyze a unique dataset of sub-national resource allocations in Kenya from 1989 to 1995 and show that project aid and local funds were disproportionately directed to the president’s political base. Per-donor analyses of aid flows show that bilateral donors and the African Development Bank were most likely to skew their aid to the president’s base. Kenya’s autocratic leader was able to exercise strong political influence over the location of many aid projects, even under unfavorable circumstances. While disbursing aid as projects may have ensured better accounting of funds, it did little to prevent aid from becoming patronage.
De novo asymmetric syntheses of SL0101 and its analogues via a palladium-catalyzed glycosylation.

The enantioselective syntheses of naturally occurring kaempferol glycoside SL0101 (1a) and its analogues 1b−e, as well as their enantiomers, have been achieved in 7−10 steps. The routes rely upon a diastereoselective palladium-catalyzed glycosylation, ketone reduction, and dihydroxylation to introduce the rhamno-stereochemistry. The asymmetry of the sugar moiety of these kaempferol glycosides was derived from Noyori reduction of an acylfuran. An acetyl group shift from an axial (C-2) to equatorial position (C-3) under basic conditions was also described.
The Cohesion Protein MEI-S332 Localizes to Condensed Meiotic and Mitotic Centromeres until Sister Chromatids Separate

The Drosophila MEI-S332 protein has been shown to be required for the maintenance of sister-chromatid cohesion in male and female meiosis. The protein localizes to the centromeres during male meiosis when the sister chromatids are attached, and it is no longer detectable after they separate. Drosophila melanogaster male meiosis is atypical in several respects, making it important to define MEI-S332 behavior during female meiosis, which better typifies meiosis in eukaryotes. We find that MEI-S332 localizes to the centromeres of prometaphase I chromosomes in oocytes, remaining there until it is delocalized at anaphase II. By using oocytes we were able to obtain sufficient material to investigate the fate of MEI-S332 after the metaphase II–anaphase II transition. The levels of MEI-S332 protein are unchanged after the completion of meiosis, even when translation is blocked, suggesting that the protein dissociates from the centromeres but is not degraded at the onset of anaphase II. Unexpectedly, MEI-S332 is present during embryogenesis, localizes onto the centromeres of mitotic chromosomes, and is delocalized from anaphase chromosomes. Thus, MEI-S332 associates with the centromeres of both meiotic and mitotic chromosomes and dissociates from them at anaphase.
Antioxidant enzyme activities and mitochondrial fatty acids in pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS) in broilers.

Abstract Major objectives of this study were to assess antioxidant protection and fatty acid profile in lung mitochondria and whole liver in broilers with pulmonary hypertension syndrome [(PHS; with and without high dietary vitamin E (VE)] (Experiment 1) and in broilers that did not develop PHS but were genetically selected (S) or not selected (NS) for resistance to PHS (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, lung mitochondrial glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity was elevated in broilers with PHS compared to controls, broilers fed high VE, and broilers fed high VE with PHS (VE-PHS), but there were no differences in GSH reductase (GSH-Rd) among groups. In liver tissue, GSH-Px was also elevated by PHS but was lower in VE and VE-PHS groups than in controls. There were no differences in liver GSH-Rd, superoxide dismutase (SOD), or γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-GCS) activities with the exception that γ-GCS was higher in the VE-PHS group than in the other groups. In Experiment 2, S lung mitochondria exhibited lower GSH-Px and higher GSH-Rd compared to NS broilers. In the liver, there were no differences in GSH-Px, GSH-Rd, or γ-GCS, but SOD was lower in S compared to the NS broilers. High VE increased the percentage of saturated fatty acids and decreased the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids in lung mitochondria in Experiment 1; there were no differences in fatty acid content between S and NS mitochondria in Experiment 2. Thus, it appears that GSH recycling enzyme activities are affected by PHS and high VE presumably in response to differences in oxidative stress and that genetic resistance to PHS is associated with an inherently better capability to metabolize oxidants in lung mitochondria. The increase in saturation of lung mitochondrial fatty acids with high dietary VE would presumably make them more resistant to oxidative stress and, thus, reduce the level of PHS-induced oxidative stress.
Modeling of silicon deposition process scale-up employing axisymmetric ring nozzle sources. I

The scale-up of a new silicon thin film deposition technique employing supersonic molecular beams is investigated. Small area silicon thin film deposition was proven successful previously. This study aims to investigate the possibility of a larger scale deposition using axisymmetric ring sources through the numerical approach. It is found that the use of axisymmetric ring nozzle sources can significantly increase the deposition area and improve the film uniformity. The simulations show a uniform silicon growth over an area 18 cm in diameter at ∼155 A/min. The geometrical effects of the ring nozzle sources and the substrate to nozzle distance are studied. The influence of the source flow rate and pumping capacity is also examined.
The use of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B and insulin receptor immunostains to differentiate nonalcoholic from alcoholic steatohepatitis in liver biopsy specimens

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) and typically are indistinguishable, histologically. The diagnosis relies on reporting of alcohol consumption. The metabolic syndrome involving insulin resistance is associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) negatively regulates the insulin receptor (IR). Increased PTP1B expression is seen in obesity and possibly is responsible for the insulin resistance seen in the metabolic syndrome. The study objective was to determine whether biopsy specimens with steatohepatitis could be classified accurately as alcoholic or nonalcoholic by immunohistochemical stains. We selected 241 cases of steatohepatitis, comprising 53 and 188 cases of alcoholic and NAFLD, respectively. Specimens were stained with PTP1B and IR (b subunit) and classified as NASH or ASH. The staining pattern predicted 60 cases of ASH and 181 cases of NASH. Results correlated with clinical diagnoses in 70% and 88% of ASH and NASH cases, respectively (odds ratio, 16.6; 95% confidence interval, 8.2-35.4).
REPETITIVE FETAL HYPOXIA-REOXYGENATION INCREASES FREE RADICAL PRODUCTION AND INJURY IN THE FETAL RABBIT BRAIN. ▴ 1476

REPETITIVE FETAL HYPOXIA-REOXYGENATION INCREASES FREE RADICAL PRODUCTION AND INJURY IN THE FETAL RABBIT BRAIN. ▴ 1476
Complex excitation dynamics underlie polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in a transgenic rabbit model of long QT syndrome type 1

Background Long QT syndrome type 1 (LQT1) is a congenital disease arising from a loss of function in the slowly activating delayed potassium current I Ks , which causes early afterdepolarizations (EADs) and polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (pVT). Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanisms underlying pVT using a transgenic rabbit model of LQT1. Methods Hearts were perfused retrogradely, and action potentials were recorded using a voltage-sensitive dye and CMOS cameras. Results Bolus injection of isoproterenol (140 nM) induced pVT initiated by focal excitations from the right ventricle (RV; n=16 of 18 pVTs). After the pVT was initiated, complex focal excitations occurred in both the RV and the left ventricle, which caused oscillations of the QRS complexes on ECG, consistent with the recent proposal of multiple shifting foci caused by EAD chaos. Moreover, the action potential upstroke in pVT showed a bimodal distribution, demonstrating the coexistence of 2 types of excitation that interacted to produce complex pVT: Na + current (I Na )-mediated fast conduction and L-type Ca 2+ current (I Ca )-mediated slow conduction coexist, manifesting as pVT. Addition of 2 μM tetrodotoxin to reduce I Na converted pVT into monomorphic VT. Reducing late I Na in computer simulation converted pVT into a single dominant reentry, agreeing with experimental results. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that pVT in LQT1 rabbits is initiated by focal excitations from the RV and is maintained by multiple shifting foci in both ventricles. Moreover, wave conduction in pVT exhibits bi-excitability, that is, fast wavefronts driven by I Na and slow wavefronts driven by I Ca co-exist during pVT.
DETERMINATION OF FLAVOR RETENTION IN PRE‐EXTRUSION FLAVORED TEXTURED SOY PROTEIN

The effect of extrusion processing upon the retention of pre-extrusion added flavor compounds in textured soy protein was determined using a Tenax trapping system. The Tenax trapping system was found to allow rapid analysis and yield reproducible results. Extrusion processing was found by this method to result in a large reduction in the levels of pre-extrusion added flavor compounds. Recovery of the ten compounds studied was found to range from 4–22% with an average recovery of 9.36. Absorption of the flavor compounds by textured soy protein was found to contribute significantly to reductions in flavor compound recovery and the degree of absorption was found to vary widely for different compounds. Drying of flavored textured soy protein after extrusion was found to have little effect upon flavor levels.
Necessary conditions for maximax problems with application to aeroglide of hypervelocity vehicles

This paper presents the necessary conditions for solving Chebyshev minimax (or maximax) problems with bounded control. The jump conditions obtained are applicable to problems with single or multiple maxima. By using Contensou domain of maneuverability, it is shown that when the maxima are isolated single points the control is generally continuous at the jump point in the minimax problems and discontinuous in the maximax problems in which the first time derivative of the maximax function contains the control variable. The theory is applied to the problem of maximizing the flight radius in a closed circuit glide of a hypervelocity vehicle and to a maximax optimal control problem in which the control appears explicitly with the first time derivative of the maximax function.
Robust periodicity detection algorithms

Periodicity detection is an important pre-processing step for many time series algorithms. It provides important information about the structural properties of a time series. Feature vectors based on periodicity can be used for clustering, classification, abnormality detection, and human motion understanding. The periodicity detection task is not difficult in case of simple and uncontaminated signal. Unfortunately, most of the real datasets exhibit one or more of the following properties: i) non-stationarity, ii) interlaced cyclic patterns and iii) data contamination, which makes the period detection extremely challenging. A seemingly straightforward solution is to develop individual specialized algorithms for handling each case separately. However, determining if a time series is non-stationary or is contaminated in itself is an extremely difficult task. In this article, we propose generic algorithms which can detect periods in complex, noisy and incomplete datasets. The algorithm leverages the frequency characterization and autocorrelation structure inherent in a time series to estimate its periodicity. We extend the methods to handle non-stationary time series by tracking the candidate periods using a Kalman filter. We also address the interesting problem of finding multiple interlaced periodicities.
A Simulink-to-FPGA implementation tool for enhanced design flow [educational applications]

With the continued growth in complexity of FPGA-based designs, the need for a more flexible and efficient design methodology has arisen. Currently, most designs are accomplished through the use of HDL-centric flows. However, device densities have increased at a pace that such flows have become both cumbersome and outdated. The need for a more innovative and higher-level design flow that directly incorporates model simulation with hardware implementation is needed. Simulink is a well-known tool which allows designers to model a system at a high level and is ideal for certain classes of applications, such as automotive control. The complication of using such a tool for both modeling and hardware implementation is that there currently exists no tool chain to generate hardware from the basic Simulink blockset. This research aims to bridge that gap and provide students a way to perform high-level modeling and hardware implementation in a timely manner for design projects.
Doping profiles for optimum class B performance of GaAs MESFET amplifiers

The doping profiles and matching circuit conditions for maximum power added efficiency of GaAs MESFET amplifiers are investigated. A large signal MESFET model is used to simultaneously optimize doping and circuit parameters. Efficiency is found to be most sensitive to the breakdown voltage of the MESFET, which can be improved by reducing I/sub dss/, lowering the surface doping concentration, and allowing the peak doping region to be deeper in the channel. High efficiency cannot be obtained without proper harmonic tuning at both the load and generator side of the MESFET. Second harmonic impedances at the generator and load must be minimized. The third harmonic impedance at the generator and load should be maximized while the fundamental impedances should be selected to conjugately match the device. >
Mechanical Property Prediction of Hot-rolled Strip by Intelligent Correction Network

Based on physical metallurgy and neural network, intelligent prediction models of mechanical property in hot strip mill were developed. A new idea of intelligent correction about mechanical property was proposed. Physical metallurgy models calculated the base value, and the deviation of predicted value with measured value under different technology conditions was obtained by neural network. The simulation indicates that predicted and measured results are in good agreement and the relative error is very low. For 88% yield strength and 98 % tensile strength results, the error is within plusmn3 %, and for 80 % elongation results it is within plusmn6%
Prophylactic versus reactive transfusion of thawed plasma in patients undergoing surgical repair of craniosynostosis: a randomized clinical trial

Summary Background Surgical repair of craniosynostosis in young children is associated with copious bleeding and often coagulopathy. Typically, a reactive transfusion strategy is used to treat coagulopathy whereby fresh frozen plasma (FFP) is given only after clinical manifestation of clotting abnormality. This prospective, randomized clinical trial was designed to test the hypothesis that prophylactic FFP during craniofacial surgery reduces blood loss and blood transfusion requirements compared to a reactive FFP transfusion strategy. Methods Eighty-one patients less than 2 years of age requiring primary repair of craniosynostosis were randomized to receive FFP using either a prophylactic or reactive strategy. Laboratory values were measured at four standardized time points. The volume of blood products transfused, length of stay in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), hospital length of stay, and number of donor exposures were recorded for each patient. Results The prophylactic FFP group received a significantly greater average volume of FFP compared to the reactive group (29.7 ml·kg−1 vs 16.1 ml·kg−1; P < 0.001), which was associated with improvement in coagulation values at multiple time points. However, there was no difference in blood transfusion requirements or blood loss between the two groups. The two transfusion strategies resulted in similar median donor exposures. There was no difference in PICU or hospital length of stay. Conclusion A reactive FFP transfusion strategy required less plasma transfusion and was associated with similar rates of blood loss and PRBC transfusion as prophylactic FFP despite improvement in coagulation values in the prophylactic FFP group.
Influence of Haunches on Performance of Precast-Concrete, Short-Span, Skewed Bridges with Integral Abutment Walls

Precast-concrete, skewed bridges with integral abutment walls are, typically, designed as simplified plane rigid portal frames, neglecting the degrading effects of the skew angle, the influence of haunches between the abutment walls and the deck, and laterally unsymmetrical vertical loading. This practice produces underdesigned bridges for certain aspect ratios. It is well known that the higher shear and torsional moments near the obtuse corners cause cracking and local deterioration. To evaluate the limitations of this practice, an experimental and analytical study was carried out for the live load response at the linear service level. It has been observed that for certain bridge configurations, both the positive and negative moment stresses are higher than the stresses given by plane frame analysis. The presented qualitative results enable comparison of performance characteristics.
Neglected Infections of Poverty among the Indigenous Peoples of the Arctic

The neglected tropical diseases are not always exclusively tropical as defined by their endemicity between the Tropic of Cancer in the northern hemisphere and in the Tropic of Capricorn in the southern hemisphere. Indeed, in previous articles, it has been pointed out that neglected infections occur wherever extreme poverty occurs [1], even in pockets of poverty in North America and Europe [2]–[4]. One of the more dramatic illustrations of poverty as the single most important determinant of neglected infections among human populations is the observation that these conditions occur among the poorest people living in the Arctic region [1]. The actual definition of Arctic region varies (Figure 1), with some experts basing it on the land and sea north of the Arctic Circle (66° 33′ N), while others, the area north of the 10°C (50°F) July isotherm corresponding to the tree line [5]. There are seven countries with significant territory in the Arctic, including Canada, Finland, Greenland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, and the United States (Alaska only) [6], although Iceland is also sometimes included. Approximately two million people live north of the Arctic Circle, with 60% living in Arctic Russia [6]. A high percentage of these populations represent aboriginal or indigenous peoples, terms still not well defined because such groups are so often marginalized that there is inadequate data for their numbers and socioeconomic parameters [7]. Arctic aboriginal peoples represent only a small percentage of the estimated 370 million indigenous people globally [7]. Figure 1 Map of the Arctic Region.
The CMS-HELP expert system

An expert system known as CMS-HELP has been developed to serve as an on-line consultant to users of the VM/CMS opening system. It assists computer users (novice or experienced), who attempt to use unfamiliar system facilities, by giving prompt advice of a sequence of commands to accomplish a desired user task. The domain for CMS-HELP is the collection of CMS command modules and EXEC's at IBM Research. This set of command facilities is treated as data by the expert system. The source of knowledge is mainly provided by the command descriptions and system consultants, who are expert users of these commands. This expert system exemplifies data/knowledge engineering to develop an intelligent agent capable of providing on-line consultation. Thereby, the system serves important functions to both the developers and the users of CMS commands: it makes the programs more usable and understandable and it makes the users more productive and receptive. Thus, the system brings data/knowledge and its users closer together.
Myeloid expression of the human c-fps/fes proto-oncogene in transgenic mice.

Abstract The mammalian c-fps/fes proto-oncogene encodes a 92-kilodalton cytoplasmic protein-tyrosine kinase (p92c-fes), which is expressed in immature and differentiated hematopoietic cells of the myeloid lineage. To determine the limits of the c-fps/fes locus and to investigate the cis-acting sequences required to direct appropriate tissue-specific expression, a 13-kilobase-pair fragment of human genomic DNA containing the entire c-fps/fes coding sequence was introduced into the mouse germ line. Transcription of the human c-fps/fes transgene was highest in bone marrow and showed a tissue distribution identical to that of the endogenous mouse gene. Macrophages cultured from transgenic mouse bone marrow contained particularly high levels of human and murine c-fps/fes RNA. Furthermore, expression of human c-fps/fes RNA induced a proportionate increase in the level of the p92c-fes protein-tyrosine kinase in bone marrow, bone marrow-derived macrophages, and spleen. Elevated levels of normal human p92c-fes had no obvious effect on mouse development or hematopoiesis. Remarkably, given the short 5'- and 3'-flanking sequences, expression of the human proto-oncogene in bone marrow was independent of integration site, was proportional to the transgene copy number, and was of comparable efficiency to that of the endogenous mouse c-fps/fes gene. The 13-kilobase-pair fragment therefore defines a genetic locus sufficient for the appropriate tissue-specific expression of the fps/fes protein-tyrosine kinase and includes a dominant cis-acting element that directs integration-independent myeloid expression in transgenic mice.
Building the Flexible Firm: How to Remain Competitive

The article reviews the book “Building the Flexible Firm: How to Remain Competitive,” by Henk W. Volberda.
Vectorization on Monte Carlo particle transport: an architectural study using the LANL benchmark GAMTEB

Fully vectorized versions of the Los Alamos National Laboratory benchmark code Gamteb, a Monte Carlo photon transport algorithm, were developed for the Cyber 205/ETA-10 and Cray X-MP/Y-MP architectures. Single-processor performance measurements of the vector and scalar implementations were modeled in a modified Amdahl's Law that accounts for additional data motion in the vector code. The performance and implementation strategy of the vector codes are related to architectural features of each machine. Speedups between fifteen and eighteen for Cyber 205/ETA-10 architectures, and about nine for CRAY X-MP/Y-MP architectures are observed. The best single processor execution time for the problem was 0.33 seconds on the ETA-10G, and 0.42 seconds on the CRAY Y-MP.
Myosin light chain phosphatase: it gets around.

The importance of Ca2+calmodulin-dependent myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) for smooth muscle contraction is well documented.1 Until recently, myosin light chain (MLC) phosphatase was thought to be unregulated and constitutively active. However, studies have demonstrated that smooth muscle contraction is dependent on regulation of MLC phosphatase activity.2,3⇓ The inhibition of phosphatase activity increases force at a constant [Ca2+], whereas a stimulation of MLC phosphatase activity reduces force at a constant [Ca2+]. MLC phosphatase isolated from smooth muscle is a holoenzyme consisting of 3 subunits2: a small ≈20-kDa subunit, an ≈38-kDa catalytic subunit, and a myosin-targeting subunit (MYPT) of 110 to 133 kDa. The small subunit has no established function and is not required for either catalytic activity or activation of PP1c.2 The catalytic subunit is a PP1c phosphatase, and the δ isoform is associated with the holoenzyme.4 The large subunit is the MYPT. Isoform diversity of MYPT was first shown in chicken where 2 isoforms (M130 and M133)2 were shown to differ by the presence of a central insert between aa residues 512 to 552.5 Similar isoform diversity has been demonstrated for MYPT isolated from other species.2,6⇓ In addition to the isoform diversity produced by the central insert, alternative splicing of a COOH-terminal exon leads to MYPT isoforms, which differ by the presence or absence of a leucine zipper.7 At any intracellular [Ca+2], force for an agonist stimulated contraction is higher than for depolarization.8,9⇓ This phenomenon has been …
Fast multiplication techniques for public key cryptography

We describe two novel techniques for multiplying polynomials which help with accelerating popular public key cryptographic algorithms like RSA and key exchange techniques like Elliptic Curve Diffie Hellman. The first technique is based on an algorithm for generating one-iteration Karatsuba-like formulae using graphs. The novelty of our approach lies on the correlation between graph properties (i.e. vertices, edges and sub-graphs) and the Karatsuba-like terms of big number multiplication routines. The second technique is an improvement over the one-iteration extension to Karatsuba proposed by Weimerskirch and Paar (2003) that yields better performance when the input polynomials have odd number of coefficients. We present experimental data that show that our techniques boost the performance of public key and key exchange algorithms substantially.
Vacuum microelectronics and the mass spectrometer

Summary form only given, as follows. Vacuum microelectronics affords many opportunities in mass spectrometry. From exotic spacecraft spectrometers to the venerable quadrupole, properties such as low power make field emitters and the closely related field ionizers expand the envelope of this important area of analysis. This expansion can be in the form of radical simplification of mass spectra enabling analysis of complicated samples such as blood serum or crude oil, as in the case of the "soft" ionization from a field ionizer; or it can be a leap in evolution, as in the case of quadrupoles. In either case, elimination of the hot filament avoids a number of common problems, including, thermal cracking of delicate molecules, outgassing of the filament itself and nearby components, high power requirements for the filament, large size, stray light, stray magnetic fields, contamination by thoria and tungsten, and long warm-up time. Moreover, the reduced gas load and inherently small size of vacuum microelectronics structures lead to miniaturization, enable the use of much smaller pumps, and permit higher pressure operation; all of great advantage in portable applications. Rapid progress in field emitter flat panel displays is expected to "spill" over, making cheap and rugged FEAs available for mass spectrometers. The status of commercialization will be reported.
Venous Thromboembolism in Hospitalized Adolescents: An Approach to Risk Assessment and Prophylaxis

Background: Pediatric hospital-acquired venous thromboembolism (VTE) is an increasingly prevalent and morbid disease. A multidisciplinary team at a tertiary children’s hospital sought to answer the following clinical question: “Among hospitalized adolescents, does risk assessment and stratified VTE prophylaxis compared with no prophylaxis reduce VTE occurrence without an increase in significant adverse effects?” Methods: Serial literature searches using key terms were performed in the following databases: Medline, Cochrane Database, CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health), Scopus, EBMR (Evidence Based Medicine Reviews). Pediatric studies were sought preferentially; when pediatric evidence was sparse, adult studies were included. Abstracts and titles were screened, and relevant full articles were reviewed. Studies were rated for quality using a standard rating system. Results: Moderate evidence exists to support VTE risk assessment in adolescents. This evidence comes from pediatric studies that are primarily retrospective in design. The results of the studies are consistent and cite prominent factors such as immobilization and central venous access. There is insufficient evidence to support specific prophylactic strategies in pediatric patients because available pediatric evidence for thromboprophylaxis efficacy and safety is minimal. There is, however, high-quality, consistent evidence demonstrating efficacy and safety of thromboprophylaxis in adults. Conclusions: On the basis of the best available evidence, we propose a strategy for risk assessment and stratified VTE prophylaxis for hospitalized adolescents. This strategy involves assessing risk factors and considering prophylactic measures based on level of risk. We believe this strategy may reduce risk of VTE and appropriately balances the adverse effect profile of mechanical and pharmacologic prophylactic methods.
An Approach for the Representation of Surface Heterogeneity in Land Surface Models. Part II: Validation and Sensitivity Experiments

This paper discusses a series of sensitivity experiments aimed at testing the surface heterogeneity representation proposed in the companion paper by Giorgi. When driven by observed climatic forcings at three locations and run in point mode, the model shows good performance in reproducing observed surface fluxes. The temperature heterogeneity representation mostly affects the process of snow formation and, therefore, the winter and spring energy and water budgets. The soil water heterogeneity primarily influences the processes of soil water movement and runoff generation, thereby modifying the surface hydrologic budget. In addition, the heterogeneous model results compare reasonably well with aggregated results from point-mode experiments. Model sensitivity to the presence of impermeable surface fractional cover, fractional precipitation area, and a crude delayed runoff formulation is also discussed. As a next phase of model evaluation, it is planned to include this heterogeneity representation within a regional climate model and assess its effect on atmospheric circulations.
Increased coronary blood flow signals growth of coronary resistance vessels in near-term ovine fetuses

We measured maximal coronary artery conductance in near-term fetal sheep before and after chronic infusion with adenosine to determine whether an increase in coronary flow without hypoxemia results...
Metabolism and Fitness of Urinary Tract Pathogens

Among common infections, urinary tract infections (UTI) are the most frequently diagnosed urologic disease. The majority of UTIs are caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli. The primary niche occupied by E. coli is the lower intestinal tract of mammals, where it resides as a beneficial component of the commensal microbiota. Although it is well-known that E. coli resides in the human intestine as a harmless commensal, specific strains or pathotypes have the potential to cause a wide spectrum of intestinal and diarrheal diseases. In contrast, extraintestinal E. coli pathotypes reside harmlessly in the human intestinal microenvironment but, upon access to sites outside of the intestine, become a major cause of human morbidity and mortality as a consequence of invasive UTI (pyelonephritis, bacteremia, or septicemia). Thus, extraintestinal pathotypes like uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) possess an enhanced ability to cause infection outside of the intestinal tract and colonize the urinary tract, the bloodstream, or cerebrospinal fluid of human hosts. Due to the requirement for these E. coli to replicate in and colonize both the intestine and extraintestinal environments, we posit that physiology and metabolism of UPEC strains is paramount. Here we discuss that the ability to survive in the urinary tract depends as much on bacterial physiology and metabolism as it does on the well-considered virulence determinants.
Cone Decomposition for the Solution of Efficient Extreme Points in Parallel

The solution of a multiple objective linear program (MOLP) is often characterized by the enumeration of all efficient extreme points. Unfortunately, the larger the problem, the larger the number of efficient extreme points and the longer the computation time required. Using vector maximum algorithms, the set of efficient extreme points is effectively enumerated by maximizing LPs whose objective function gradients point into the relative interior of the criterion cone (cone generated by strictly positive linear combinations of the gradients of the MOLP objective functions). In this way, each efficient extreme point can be associated with a conal subset of the criterion cone. In this paper, we present a divide and conquer routine for computing efficient extreme points by decomposing the criterion cone into subsets and then solving the sub-problems associated with these subset criterion cones in parallel. Computational results are also reported.
An Investigation into the Effects of Mn Promotion on the Activity and Selectivity of Co/SiO2 for Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis: Evidence for Enhanced CO Adsorption and Dissociation

Mn is an effective promoter for improving the activity and selectivity of Co-based Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) catalysts, but the mechanism by which this promoter functions is poorly understood. The work reported here was aimed at defining the manner in which Mn interacts with Co and determining how these interactions affect the activity and selectivity of Co. Detailed measurements are reported for the kinetics of FTS as a function of Mn/Co ratio, temperature, and reactant partial pressure. These data are described by a single, two-parameter rate expression. Mn promotion was found to increase both the apparent rate constant for CO consumption and the CO adsorption constant. Further evidence for enhanced CO adsorption and dissociation was obtained from measurements of temperature-programmed desorption of CO and CO disproportionation rates, respectively. Quantitative analysis of elemental maps obtained by STEM-EDS revealed that the promoter accumulates preferentially on the surface of Co nanoparticles a...
4-PAM System Simulation for 25 Gbps Designs

This paper proposes to estimate very low PAM system BER using the Improved Importance Sampling (IIs) method The results from both theoretical analysis and simulation show that the IIS estimation is unbiased. Based on calculation of the simulation variance and improvement ratio for IIS estimation, the IIS method is very effective for estimation of very low BER for PAM systems with intersymbol interference (ISI), jitter, crosstalk and additive noise.
Non-family experience and receipt of personal care in Nepal

Scholars and policy makers have expressed concern that social and economic changes occurring throughout Asia are threatening the wellbeing of older adults by undercutting their systems of family support. Using a sample of , men and women aged  and above from the Chitwan Valley Family Study in Nepal, we evaluated the relationship between individuals’ non-family experiences, such as education, travel and non-family living, and their likelihood of receiving personal care in older adulthood. Overall, we found that among individuals in poor health, those who had received more education, travelled to the capital city, or lived away from their families were less likely to have received personal care in the previous two weeks than adults who had not had these experiences. Our findings provide evidence that although familial connections remain strong in Nepal, experiences in new nonfamily social contexts are tied to lower levels of care receipt.
Early detection of acute kidney injury after pediatric cardiac surgery

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is increasingly recognized as a common problem in children undergoing cardiac surgery, with well documented increases in morbidity and mortality in both the short and the long term. Traditional approaches to the identification of AKI such as changes in serum creatinine have revealed a large incidence in this population with significant negative impact on clinical outcomes. However, the traditional diagnostic approaches to AKI diagnosis have inherent limitations that may lead to under-diagnosis of this pathologic process. There is a dearth of randomized controlled trials for the prevention and treatment of AKI associated with cardiac surgery, at least in part due to the paucity of early predictive biomarkers. Novel non-invasive biomarkers have ushered in a new era that allows for earlier detection of AKI. With these new diagnostic tools, a more consistent approach can be employed across centers that may facilitate a more accurate representation of the actual prevalence of AKI and more importantly, clinical investigation that may minimize the occurrence of AKI following pediatric cardiac surgery. A thoughtful management approach is necessary to mitigate the effects of AKI after cardiac surgery, which is best accomplished in close collaboration with pediatric nephrologists. Long-term surveillance for improvement in kidney function and potential development of chronic kidney disease should also be a part of the comprehensive management strategy.
INBREEDING DEPRESSION WITH HETEROZYGOTE ADVANTAGE AND ITS EFFECT ON SELECTION FOR MODIFIERS CHANGING THE OUTCROSSING RATE.

The equilibrium level of inbreeding depression in populations with different selfing rates is studied for models with symmetrical or asymmetrical heterozygous advantage at several loci with partial linkage. As for the case of a single locus, the inbreeding depression caused by loci with heterozygous advantage can be higher for partially selfing populations than for complete outcrossing. The spread of modifier alleles at another locus that affects the selfing rate is studied. The stability of outcrossing populations to invasion by alleles that give increased selfing is found to depend on levels of inbreeding depression being greater than one-half, in accordance with earlier models that assumed a fixed level of inbreeding depression. However, in partially selfing populations the spread of such alleles can be checked by smaller levels of inbreeding depression than one-half, so that they do not always spread to fixation. This is interpreted as being due to associations between the genotypes at the modifier locus and the selected loci, together with increasing inbreeding depression as selfing increases, and does not occur if the inbreeding depression is due to mutation-selection balance.
Quantification of Uncertainty in Velocity Log Upscaling using Reversible Jump MCMC

The motivation for generating upscaled velocity models includes practical goals such as reducing the computational cost of modeling or data processing. Existing 1-D effective medium solutions such as Backus averaging pose challenges as they can smooth sharp contacts like unconformities without careful application and therefore cannot reproduce the seismic response of the fine scale medium. In this paper, we apply Bayesian inversion, with reversible jump Markov Chain Monte Carlo (rjMCMC) sampling, to implement upscaling velocity logs as an inverse problem. The inversion minimizes the misfit between reference seismograms computed from the original well log and the seismic response of the coarse, upscaled velocity model. The results include an ensemble of upscaled models from which information such as the optimal coarse model and the upscaling uncertainty can be estimated. With this method, we are able to compare upscaling uncertainty when using single-offset and multi-offset seismograms as reference signals. The uncertainty of upscaled models generated using multi-offset seismograms as reference signals is lower than the value obtained using only a zero-offset seismogram as a reference.
Migration behavior of Pb and its vaporization control during sewage sludge incineration process

Staged incineration was carried out on laboratory-scale tube furnace for the sewage sludge incineration treatment. Partitioning, transformation and removal of Pb were investigated under different combustion conditions and four solid sorbents including CaO, Al2O3, fly ash and kaolin were added in sewage sludge incineration process in order to reduce the Pb emissions effectively. The calculation of thermodynamics equilibrium was conducted to identify the Pb removal simultaneously. Thermodynamic equilibrium calculation results indicated that Pb mainly volatilized as the form of PbO(g) during sludge incineration process. PbCl2(g) was the main volatile substance in the presence of Cl compounds which can promote Pb volatilization. PbSO4(s) generated while sulfide compounds existed, which would inhibit the volatilization of Pb during incineration. Stable compounds including(PbO)(Al2O3)(s), PbSiO3(s) and CaPbO4(s) were formed and the temperature of PbO(g) formation was delayed by adding the sorbents Al2O3, SiO2 and CaO. Al2O3 was more efficient for removal of Pb than SiO2 and CaO. The results of incineration experiments showed that the residue of Pb in incineration bottom ash had a decreasing trend with increasing incineration temperature and the proportion of reducible Pb fraction increased in the bottom ash, while that of residual fraction showed a descending trend. The increasing incineration time had little influence on the volatilization of Pb, but the proportion of Pb residual fraction decreased in the bottom ash. Pb would change from chloride states to the oxidation states as a result of the increasing moisture, which inhibited the volatilization of Pb chloride. With the increasing excess air coefficient, the residual rate of Pb decreased in the bottom ash. With the increase ratio of the solid adsorbent, the residual rate of Pb increased gradually and immobilized in the bottom ash. The CaO and Al2O3 were superior to fly ash and kaolin in the controlling of Pb volatilization.
Thermography as a diagnostic measure of vasculogenic impotence.

Abstract There is no correlation between penile-brachial index (PBI) and thermography. While it has been shown to be of significant value in other areas of medicine, thermography is non-contributory to the diagnosis of vasculogenic impotence.
The influence of quality on the long-term patency of arterial grafts: the surgeon's key role in improving results in medium and small caliber vessels.

Abstract The long-term patency of small and medium caliber grafts is directly affected by the surgeon's informed selection. In addition, when knitted synthetics are the appropriate choice, the methods used to preclot them for implantation will have a direct effect on their function.
Fan-Blade-out Experiment at Small Scale

This paper describes a low cost, small scale spin rig. The rig is housed in a steel vacuum chamber of 203 mm (8 in) diameter and powered by a 3HP variable speed DC electric motor. The small rig was developed to test the experimental procedure and data acquisition techniques and to investigate the dynamic characteristics of a high speed rotating system. Using this rig, fan-blade-out (FBO) experiments were carried out. The notched blade releasing mechanism was investigated. The relationship between the notch depth and the release speed was modified with the consideration of the notch concentration factor. The predicted release speed agreed reasonably well with the experimental data. A simple wire trigger method for data acquisition was developed. Synchronized high speed video images and sensor signals during FBO events were obtained. The observed phenomena were similar to those reported using larger spin rigs.
The Object-Oriented Model of Computation

The basic notion presented in this chapter is message passing. It is compared to the traditional procedure (function) call. Message passing and method lookup represent the binding of a procedure name to a procedure body. Examples illustrate this central notion with object diagrams and C++ code. Other critical terms, such as static and dynamic binding and overloading, are introduced, illustrated, and compared.
HIV-1 infection, diabetes mellitus, and psychiatric disorders

Adult-onset (type 2) diabetes mellitus (DM) has become an increasing concern in the field of HIV/AIDS since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), now referred to as combination antiretroviral therapy (CART), in 1996. The increased incidence of DM has occurred as a long-term toxic side effect of the use of two classes of antiretroviral (ARV) agents – the protease inhibitors (PIs) and the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nRTIs), predominantly the former. However, it is also thought that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (characterized by central obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and insulin resistance) associated with DM outside of HIV-1 infection increases in prevalence in the setting of HIV-1 infection. We will examine in this chapter how the risks for DM in the general population interact with those in HIV-1-infected individuals to produce a higher risk for DM and its associated complications of coronary artery disease (CAD), myocardial infarction (MI), and cerebrovascular accident (CVA). We will then examine how neuropsychiatric disorders and treatments common in HIV-1 infection may play a role in the development and treatment of type 2 DM. Finally, we will examine the specific recommendations for neuropsychiatric treatment in the setting of HIV-1 infection complicated by type 2 DM.