cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The ‘nag factor’ and children’s product categories

When products are designed for the youth market, should marketers focus on parents? Or does it make more sense to target children directly? In the latter case, marketers in the USA often rely on the ‘nag factor’, reaching children so they will influence their parents’ purchase decisions. Such influence may be observed as an apparent increase in varietyseeking behaviour. For product categories aimed at children, this study observes no difference in response to promotional activities (temporary price cuts, in-store displays and feature advertisements) between households with children and those without. However, households with children show greater sensitivity to price and greater variety seeking in the carbonated beverage and children’s breakfast cereal categories. Further, the present results are consistent with recent public policy research findings, in that media advertising may be driving children’s requests for brands in these categories. Because advertising messages cannot be completely prevented fro...
Librarian as Teacher

Summary Though I discovered what it meant to “learn how to learn” as a lifelong student almost fifty years ago, my learning curve about the librarian's role has evolved and grown progressively more sophisticated. My personal contacts with school librarians and later as Executive Director of the Middle States Commission on Higher Education with library deans convinces me now more than ever that the most effective librarians in the new millennium will be those who empower learners and who facilitate the teaching and learning process.
Generating Hard Instances of the Short Basis Problem

A class of random lattices is given, in [1] so that (a) a random lattice can be generated in polynomial time together with a short vector in it, and (b) assuming that certain worst-case lattice problems have no polynomial time solutions, there is no polynomial time algorithm which finds a short vector in a random lattice with a polynomially large probability. In this paper we show that lattices of the same random class can be generated not only together with a short vector in them, but also together with a short basis. The existence of a known short basis may make the construction more applicable for cryptographic protocols.
Data set for diffusion coefficients of alloying elements in dilute Mg alloys from first-principles

Diffusion coefficients of alloying elements in Mg are critical for the development of new Mg alloys for lightweight applications. Here we present the data set of the temperature-dependent dilute tracer diffusion coefficients for 47 substitutional alloying elements in hexagonal closed packed (hcp) Mg calculated from first-principles calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) by combining transition state theory and an 8-frequency model. Benchmark for the DFT calculations and systematic comparison with experimental diffusion data are also presented. The data set refers to “Diffusion coefficients of alloying elements in dilute Mg alloys: A comprehensive first-principles study” by Zhou et al. [1].
PRISON BEHAVIOR AND RELEASE PERFORMANCE

It is argued widely that an inmate's behavior while in prison is not related to his or her behavior after release. This putative lack of a relation is a point set forth in debates about discretionary release from prison by parole boards. This article reviews the empirical status of the prison behavior and release performance controversy and offers new data from the federal jurisdiction. The results indicate that there is some relation between officially recorded institutional infractions and post-release infractions, once controls for a priori risk are established. The fact that some post-sentencing information may be related to behavior after prison raises difficult policy issues that are not addressed by the common assertion of no relationship. Among these issues are the propriety and fairness of predictive judgments per se, the proper locus of authority for release decision making, and alternative uses of predictive information in corrections. The findings here suggest that more intensive study of the relation between prison behavior and release performance is required.
Greening Urban Renewal: Expo '74, Urban Environmentalism and Green Space on the Spokane Riverfront, 1965-1974

This article uses a case study of Spokane, Washington’s preparations for Expo ’74 to examine the environmental dimensions of urban renewal. Scholars often think of urban renewal as a planning project influenced by distinct racial exclusion, economic development, and urban design strategies. However, this article shows how environmental strategies—particularly the rise of urban environmentalism and the production of urban green space—had on urban renewal processes. As Spokane’s downtown elites planned for the environmentally themed World’s Fair, they used environmental strategies not only to promote the fair and the city but also to displace low-income residents and transform the downtown riverfront landscape. Understanding how the environment has been used by powerful groups as a tool of social power not only yields insights into the history of urban renewal in the 1960s and early 1970s but also highlights potential pitfalls in contemporary urban sustainability planning.
CHROMOSOME BEHAVIOR OF THE CIMEX PILOSELLUS COMPLEX (CIMICIDAE: HEMIPTERA).

1. The chromosome complement of Cimex pilosellus strain A is 24, consisting of 11 pairs of autosomes with an XY in the male and 2X in the female. 2. The chromosome complement of Cimex pilosellus strain B is 22, consisting of 10 pairs of autosomes with an XY in the male and 2X in the female. 3. The hybrid, C. pilosellus strain A (♀ ♀)xC. pilosellus strain B (♂♂), has 23 chromosomes. In diakinesis and the first metaphase the hybrids have 9 bivalents (8 of the 9 bivalents are heteromorphic), 1 trivalent, and the X and Y. In diakinesis each bivalent usually has one chiasma and a trivalent always has two chiasmata. Two kinds of second metaphase are observed as a result of the 1∶2 separation of a trivalent in the first division. One is 10A+XY and the other is 11A+XY. 4. In the hybrid, clear evidence of meiotic sequence is obtained from observation of the behavior of heteromorphic bivalents and the trivalent. The autosomes co-orient and are reductional at the first meiosis and auto-orient and are equational at the second meiosis.
Method for Calculating Digesta Flow and Apparent Absorption of Nutrients from Nonrepresentative Samples of Digesta

A mathematical method is presented for measuring net disappearance of nutrients as digesta traverses the digestive tract of animals equipped with simple cannulae. The method requires that each distinct phase of a sample be physically separated if this phase forms a different percentage of the sample than it does of the total digesta. In addition, the number of dietary markers used must equal the number of phases separated. Each marker is administered continuously and simultaneously. It is not required that markers associate completely with one phase. Transfer ("hopping") of markers among phases does not invalidate calculations provided that such transfer does not cause complete randomization. The solution is presented in matrix form to be adaptable to any number of digesta phases.
Effects of glucagon on adenyl cyclase activity in the left and right ventricles and liver in experimentally-produced isolated right ventricular failure.

Abstract We recently reported that glucagon neither augments right ventricular papillary muscle contractility nor increases adenyl cyclase activity in right ventricular particulate preparations in cats with chronic isolated right ventricular failure. To determine whether the defect in glucagon-mediated activation of adenyl cyclase was confined to the right ventricle, we studied the effects of glucagon on adenyl cyclase in particulate preparations of left ventricle and liver from cats in chronic right ventricular failure produced by pulmonary artery banding. In preparations from normal cats maximal increases in adenyl cyclase activity produced by glucagon averaged 57% in right ventricle, 80% in left ventricle and 500% in liver. Although glucagon concentration-response curves in particulate preparations from livers of normal and cats in chronic failure were identical, glucagon produced no significant changes in adenyl cyclase activity of the right ventricle or left ventricle from the cats with heart failure. Thus, the defect in adenyl cyclase responsiveness to glucagon caused by isolated right ventricular failure does not represent a generalized defect. The data do indicate, however, that isolated right ventricular failure leads not only to a decreased capacity of right ventricular adenyl cyclase to respond to glucagon stimulation, but also to a similar impairment of adenyl cyclase derived from the unstressed left ventricle.
Identity Cues: Evidence From and for Intra-Individual Perspectives on Positive and Negative Stereotyping1

Traditional stereotyping research has adopted an intergroup perspective: Comparisons are made between ways in which targets belonging to different social groups are stereotyped. We adopt an intra-individual perspective and examine how a single target, belonging to multiple social groups, is stereotyped differently based on identity cues. Participants interacted with a partner (a research confederate) in a series of e-mail exchanges. The partner used e-mail addresses that subtly cued either the partner's gender identity, the partner's ethnic identity, or neither identity. This subtle identity cue led participants to stereotype their partners in very different ways, biasing recall in directions consistent with the positive and negative stereotypes associated with the different identities cued. Applications of the findings to the problems that stereotypes create are discussed.
Analysis of a three-dimensional lung nodule detection method for thoracic CT scans

We are developing an automated method to analyze the three- dimensional nature of structures within CT scans and identify those structures that represent lung nodules. The set of segmented lung regions from all sections of a CT scan forms a segmented lung volume within which multiple gray-level thresholds are applied. Contiguous three-dimensional structures are identified within each thresholded lung volume, and structures that satisfy a volume criterion constitute an initial set of nodule candidates. A feature vector is then computed for each nodule candidate. A rule-based scheme is applied to the initial candidate set to reduce the number of nodule candidates that correspond to normal anatomy. Feature vectors for the remaining candidates are merged through an automated classifier to further distinguish between candidates that correspond to nodules and candidates that correspond to normal structures. This automated method demonstrates promising performance in its ability to detect lung nodules in CT images. Such a technique may assist radiologists evaluate, for example, images from low-dose, screening thoracic CT examinations.
Detection of toxic compounds in polyurethane food bags by liquid chromatography/electrochemistry

Abstract The application of liquid chromatography/electrochemistry (LCEC) for the determination of toxic by-products of boilable cooking pouches including, 2,6-toluenediamine (2,6-TDA), 2,4-toluenediamine (2,4-TDA), aniline and phenol, in aqueous solutions is demonstrated. Separation was achieved on a 5 μm ODS reverse-phase column with a mobile phase consisting of 7.0% acetonitrile and 93.0% 0.1 M ammonium acetate buffer, pH 5.40. Detection of compounds was accomplished using a thin layer amperemetric detector. Samples were directly injected without a pre-concentration or clean-up procedure. All of the potentially harmful compounds found to migrate out of the polyurethane walls of the boilable cooking pouches were routinely detectable at levels less than one picomole.
Wavelet based image adaptive watermarking scheme

An image adaptive watermark casting method based on the wavelet transform is proposed. To increase the robustness and perceptual invisibility, the algorithm is combined with the quantisation model based on the human visual system. The number of factors that affect the noise sensitivity of the human eye are taken into consideration. Experimental results demonstrate the robustness of the algorithm to high compression environments.
Decomposing generalized measurements into continuous stochastic processes

One of the broadest concepts of measurement in quantum theory is the generalized measurement. Another paradigm of measurement--arising naturally in quantum optics, among other fields--is that of continuous-time measurements, which can be seen as the limit of a consecutive sequence of weak measurements. They are naturally described in terms of stochastic processes, or time-dependent random variables. We show that any generalized measurement can be decomposed as a sequence of weak measurements with a mathematical limit as a continuous stochastic process. We give an explicit construction for any generalized measurement, and prove that the resulting continuous evolution, in the long-time limit, collapses the state of the quantum system to one of the final states generated by the generalized measurement, being decomposed, with the correct probabilities. A prominent feature of the construction is the presence of a feedback mechanism--the instantaneous choice weak measurement at a given time depends on the outcomes of earlier measurements. For a generalized measurement with n outcomes, this information is captured by a real n-vector on an n-simplex, which obeys a simple classical stochastic evolution.
Bi-directional mechanical properties of the posterior region of the glenohumeral capsule.

The objective of this study was to determine the mechanical properties of the posterior region of the glenohumeral capsule in the directions perpendicular (transverse) and parallel (longitudinal) to the longitudinal axis of the posterior band of the inferior glenohumeral ligament. A punch was used to excise one transverse and one longitudinal tissue sample from the posterior capsule of 11 cadaveric shoulders. All tissue samples exhibited the typical nonlinear behavior reported for ligaments and tendons. Significant differences (p 0.05) were observed between the ultimate strain (transverse: 22.3+/-12.5%, longitudinal: 22.8+/-11.1%) and strain energy density (transverse: 27.2+/-52.8 MPa, longitudinal: 67.5+/-88.2 MPa) of the transverse and longitudinal tissue samples. The ratio of the longitudinal to transverse moduli (4.8+/-4.2) was similar to that found for the axillary pouch (3.3+/-2.8) in a previous study. Thus, both the axillary pouch and the posterior capsule function to stabilize the joint multi-axially. Future analytical models of the glenohumeral joint should consider the properties of the posterior capsule in its transverse and longitudinal directions to fully describe the behavior of the glenohumeral capsule. These models will be clinically important by providing a more accurate representation of the intact capsule as well as simulated capsular injuries and surgical repair procedures.
An ecobehavioral analysis of early childhood classrooms

The purpose of the study was to address the following questions: (1) what child and classroom characteristics typically accompany complex interactions with objects and peers? and (2) under what circumstances are children more likely to experience complex interactions from teachers in the classroom? The sample consisted of 3216 observations of 60 preschool children (M age = 53.72 months). General estimating equation (GEE) methods were used to model the log-odds of complex interactions with objects and peers, and complex interactions with teachers, as a function of child and classroom variables. Results revealed that complex interactions with objects were highly probable in dramatic play activities and, when a teacher was present, in art activities. Complex interaction with peers was rare over-all, but was most probable when children were with one child or with a group of children. Complex teacher behavior was more probable when children were alone with a teacher and in dramatic play activities. The data are discussed from an ecobehavioral and methodological framework.
Tunneled Peritoneal Drainage Catheter Placement for Refractory Ascites: Single-center Experience in 188 Patients

Abstract Purpose To assess the success and safety of tunneled peritoneal drainage catheters for the management of ascites refractory to medical management. Materials and Methods A total of 188 consecutive patients (83 male, 105 female; average age 59 y) with refractory ascites were treated with tunneled peritoneal drainage catheters from January 1, 2006, to August 10, 2012. A combination of fluoroscopic and ultrasound guidance was used to insert all catheters. Patient history, procedural records, and clinical follow-up documents were retrospectively reviewed. Clinical data (malignancy, renal disease, chemotherapy, neutropenia, albumin levels) were compared with respect to patency and complication rates with the use of odds ratios. Catheter survival curves were generated with the Kaplan–Meier method and life-table analysis for the cumulative and infection-free survival of primary and secondary catheters. Results A total of 193 catheter placements or interventions were performed in 188 patients with refractory ascites: 170 catheters (93%) were placed for malignant etiologies and 13 (7%) for nonmalignant etiologies. The most common malignancies were ovarian (22%), pancreatic (12%), and breast (11%). The most common nonmalignant etiologies were end-stage liver disease (n = 7) and heart failure (n = 6). There was a 100% technical success rate for catheter insertion; no procedure-related deaths or major placement complications were identified. Catheter survival ranged from 0 to 796 days (mean, 60 d), with a total of 11,936 cumulative catheter-days. Fourteen postplacement complications were identified: five patients experienced catheter malfunction, four had leakage of ascites at the incisional site requiring suture placement, three had cellulitis of the tunnel tract, and two developed peritonitis. The annual complication event rate was 0.43 events per year (ie, 0.12 events per 100 catheter-days). Pancreatic malignancy was associated with a significantly increased rate of catheter malfunction (ie, occlusion). Conclusions Radiologic insertion of tunneled peritoneal drainage catheters demonstrated a 100% technical success rate for insertion and an acceptable complication rate for the management of refractory ascites.
Conjugate systems using delocalized cationic dyes as a carrier of photosensitizers to mitochondria

Following Photofrin, the first generation photosensitizer, several second generation photosensitizers have been developed with improved characteristics. More recently, third generation photosensitizers are proposed to achieve higher selectivity toward cancer cells/ tumor tissue. Elevated mitochondrial membrane potential of malignant cells has tested as a tool for preferential uptake of certain photosensitizers to cancer cells. In the same line, we designed new conjugate systems where delocalized cationic moiety delivers a photosensitizer to mitochondria. To prove our concept, two prototype conjugates (TPP-Rh and TPP-AO) were prepared using two cationic dyes (Rhodamine and Acridine Orange) and a photosensitizer (tetraphenylporphyrin, TPP). The two conjugates generated singlet oxygen quite well. Interestingly, the two conjugates showed higher cellular uptake by mover than 8 times than TPP-OH as well as higher phototoxicity. In particular, TPP-Rh showed closer localization pattern to mitochondria than TPP-OH.
CFD Prediction and LDV Validation of Liquid and Particle Velocities in a Submerged Jet Impinging a Flat Surface for Different Viscosities and Particle Sizes

Solid particle erosion commonly occurs in the oil and gas industry and can cause severe damage to flow lines and equipment. One successful approach to predicting erosion, and mitigating sand erosion damage, is through the application of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling of the fluid flow, sand particle movement within the flow, and erosion resulting from the sand particles hitting the metal surface [1, 2, 3]. A key ingredient to predicting erosion damage is having an equation to represent erosion damage due to sand particles hitting the metal surface. This equation, called the erosion equation, usually includes the properties of the sand, the particle impact speed, and the angle of impact. The particle impact speed is known to be a major factor affecting the severity of erosion and can be found in most erosion equations in the literature. The erosion equation is usually material specific and its validation is very important before being applied in engineering calculations to predict erosion of flow lines, tubing, and equipment. Carrier fluid properties have a substantial effect on particle trajectories. The present studies were performed to examine the effect of fluid viscosity on the particle impacting velocity. Direct impingement tests, which consist of a submerged fluid jet containing aluminum particles impinging on a flat surface, were conducted. Carrier fluids with viscosities ranging from 1 cP to 100 cP and three types of aluminum particles with average diameters of 3 μm, 120 μm, and 550 μm were tested in the experiments. The distance between the nozzle exit and the target surface is 12.7 mm and the nozzle diameter is 8 mm. The flow rate through the nozzle is 8 GPM, which corresponds to an average flow velocity of about 10 m/s. Particle velocities at different locations between the nozzle exit and the target surface were measured using a laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV). CFD simulations for all test conditions were also run using FLUENT 6. The predicted solid particle velocities were compared with the LDV data and good agreement was achieved. Both experiments and simulations indicate that flow in the nozzle and near the target undergoes a transition from turbulent to laminar flow when the fluid viscosity is increased and this greatly affects particle velocities near the target.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Characterization of the Life Cycle and Heteromeric Nature of the Macronucleus of the Ciliate Chilodonella uncinata Using Fluorescence Microscopy

Only a limited number of studies exist on the life cycles of nonmodel ciliates such as Chilodonella uncinata (Cl: Phyllopharyngea). The handful of papers on this taxon indicate the presence of a heteromeric macronucleus, marked by separate DNA-rich and DNA-poor regions. Here, we study the life cycle of C. uncinata using confocal laser scanning microscopy with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining, which allows us to differentiate nuclear dynamics of the micronucleus and the macronucleus during life-cycle stages. We photo-documented various stages and confirmed aspects of the development of the new macronucleus previously characterized by electron microscopy. We further reveal the heteromeric structure of the macronucleus with Z-stacks and three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions. We find no evidence for the presence of an endosome at the center of the macronucleus during vegetative growth. In addition to illustrating the life cycle of this ciliate, the approaches developed for this study will enable additional comparative analyses of nuclear dynamics using fluorescence microscopy.
Compact 2D laser beam scanner with fan laser array and Si micromachined microscanner

The first demonstration of a compact 2D laser beam scanning system using a beam steering fan diode laser array and an Si surface micromachined microscanner is reported. The system is capable of reading and writing operations that detect or generate arbitrary patterns with 7 × 10 pixel resolution. The system demonstrates the viability of these new technologies for applications such as laser scanners for remote sensing and barcode scanning, multi-beam laser printers, and multi-line write 2D laser displays.
Using channels constructs to explain dealers' willingness to help manufactures combat counterfeiting

Abstract A manufacturer seeking to manage a program to combat counterfeiting of its products must have the help of its dealers in implementing the policies and procedures of the program. We report the findings of a structural investigation into the influence of dependence, control, channel conflict, and satisfaction on the dealer's willingness to help an auto parts manufacturer combat counterfeiting. Data were supplied by a sample of managers of auto parts stores selected from Yellow Page listings in the southern United States. The results of the analysis support the fit between the data and the model as a whole, and four of the eight direct effects and eight of nine total effects are supported. The findings lead to the conclusion that a manufacturer can engender cooperativeness by nurturing satisfaction and dependence in manufacturer-dealer relationships. Further, management practices that induce higher satisfaction and dependence, but lower conflict and control, will enhance a manufacturer's ability to gain the help of retailers.
Depth profiling of heterogeneously mixed aerosol particles using single-particle mass spectrometry.

Infrared laser evaporation of single aerosol particles in a vacuum followed by vacuum ultraviolet (VUV)laser ionization and time-of-flight mass spectroscopy of the resulting vapor provides a depth profile of the particle's composition. Analyzing glycerol particles coated with 60−150-nm coatings of oleic acid using either a CO2 laser or a tunable optical parametric oscillator as an evaporation laser results in mass spectra that depend on the IR laser power. Low infrared laser powers incompletely vaporize particles and preferentially probe the composition of the surface layers of the particle, but high laser powers evaporate the entire particle and produce spectra representative of the particle's total composition. In the limit of low laser power, the fraction of oleic acid in the mass spectra is as much as 50 times greater than the fraction of oleic acid in the particle, providing a surface-layer-specific characterization. The OPO laser provides even more surface specificity, producing an [oleic acid]/[gly...
Effect of interface dislocations on the distribution of mobile solutes

Abstract Interface dislocations affect the distribution of mobile solutes between the two phases in contact. Large effects are found when these dislocations have long range stress fields which interact with the corresponding partial molal strain fields of the solutes.
Washington y Ginebra llegan a Buenos Aires: notas sobre la historia del hábito de fumar y su medicalización

For much of the twentieth century both the civilian and military governments did not consider smoking a priority concern. It was only in the last decade of the twentieth century that the international movement against cigarettes, led by the World Health Organization, US organizations and academics, began to have some impact on Argentina's political scene. It was in this context that a new professional group managed to foment the creation of a broad anti-smoking political bloc. In this process, voluntarism focused on individual programs to quit smoking that had marked much of the initiatives of the twentieth century, ended up being replaced by public policies designed to ensure smoke free environments and combat passive smoking.
When Gray Matters More Than Black or White The Schooling Experiences of Black– White Biracial Students

Although research is scant, there is a growing interest in the manifestation of the racial and cultural context on the schooling of biracial students. The purpose of this qualitative research study...
Acute ischemic dysfunction alters coronary flow reserve in remote nonischemic regions: potential mechanical etiology identified in an acute canine model.

Impaired coronary flow reserve (CFR) has been observed in remote nonischemic regions in patients after myocardial infarction. The mechanism for this impairment in remote nonischemic CFR remains undefined. This study evaluates the effect of progressive regional ischemic dysfunction on function in remote nonischemic regions, and the effect of the extent of dysfunction on remote nonischemic coronary flow and CFR. In an anesthetized open-chest canine model (n=7) of acute progressive distal and proximal left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery occlusion, regional myocardial thickening fraction and coronary flow and CFR were measured with Doppler probes. CFR was assessed by an intracoronary injection of 36 μg of adenosine. Changes in thickening fraction and CFR were evaluated for isovolumic, ejection, and diastolic phases. Changes in resting regional flow were also assessed using radiolabeled microspheres. The extent of the ischemic area was defined as regions of myocardium with endocardial microsphere blood flow less than 0.3 mL/min/g. The ischemic area increased from 12%±1% of left ventricle with distal occlusion to 30%±2% of left ventricle with proximal occlusion (P<.001). The LAD thickening fraction decreased significantly from baseline (18%±1%) to distal (−8%±1%,) and proximal (−4%±1%) occlusion (P<.001 for distal and proximal vs baseline). Isovolumic bulging in the LAD region was associated with a progressive increase in thickening fraction in the remote nonischemic left circumflex (LCX) artery region (baseline 12%±1%; distal occlusion 15%±2%, P=.014 vs baseline; proximal occlusion 17%±2%, P=.02 vs baseline). Most of the increase in remote thickening fraction occurred during the isovolumic phase. There was no significant change in resting flow in remote nonischemic LCX regions or global hemodynamic parameters. However, there was a progressive decrease in remote nonischemic CFR (baseline 2.44±0.3), distal occlusion (2.19±0.31; P=.055 vs baseline), and proximal occlusion (1.79±0.22; P=0.004 vs baseline, and P=.012 vs distal occlusion). A progressive decrease in CFR was noted in each phase of the cardiac cycle. In a canine model of acute progressive distal and proximal coronary occlusion, we observed a progressive decrease in CFR in remote nonischemic regions concurrent with an increase in the extent of ischemia. The decrease in remote nonischemic CFR was associated with ischemia-induced isovolumic bulging, which placed the remote regions at a mechanical disadvantage. These observations suggest a potential mechanical etiology for the observed impairment in remote CFR. Alterations in remote nonischemic CFR during acute ischemia may have important clinical implications for perfusion scintigraphy.
The effect of chemotherapy on acute leukemia in the human.

Abstract A study has been made of 178 patients with acute leukemia admitted consecutively to the Chemotherapy Service of the National Cancer Institute between Oct. 22, 1953, and Oct. 20, 1958. Response to chemotherapy and survival varied markedly according to the age of the patient and the morphologic type of leukemia. For patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia, both the frequency of hematologic response and survival were better for children (under age 20) than for adults (age 20 and over). For patients with acute myelocytic leukemia, the frequency and extent of response did not vary with age. The response and survival for these patients with myelocytic leukemia was similar to that of adults with lymphocytic leukemia. However, for patients having a complete remission, the median duration of the remissions was significantly longer for patients with myelocytic leukemia, than for adults with lymphocytic leukemia. The survival time for patients who had a response was substantially longer than that for patients who did not. However, if the total time each patient received chemotherapy which resulted in a response was subtracted from the survival time, the resulting survival curves were similar to those for patients who failed to respond to therapy, and similar to the survival pattern reported prior to 1948. Thus the risk of death during periods of active disease has not changed during the past 10 years and the improved survival can be attributed directly to the duration of the hematologic responses resulting from chemotherapy. The duration of hematologic response was directly related to the extent of the response. The response to subsequent courses of therapy was found to be independent of response to the first course of therapy. There was a trend toward shorter survival the higher the white count at the time of diagnosis, but there was no relation between presenting symptoms or time from symptoms to diagnosis and survival. These data document the alterations in the natural history of acute leukemia resulting from currently available chemotherapy and can be useful for comparison with data accumulated in the future when newer forms of therapy are available.
Biomedical text summarisation using concept chains

BioChainSumm is a biomedical text summariser utilising concept chaining (called BioChain) to link semantically-related concepts within biomedical text together. The BioChain process is adapted from existing lexical chaining approaches which chain semantically-related terms rather than concepts. The BioChain concept chains are used to identify salient candidate sentences which are extracted to produce a summary of the biomedical text. The Unified Medical Language System Metathesaurus and Semantic Network semantic resources identify related biomedical concepts. BioChainSumm is evaluated using the ROUGE system along with several existing, publicly-available summarisers. Our results show BioChain provides a promising methodology for biomedical text summarisation.
Preschool children with developmental delays: nursing intervention.

Abstract Nurses are involved in various roles and functions associated with the management of preschool children with developmental delays and their families. This article presents specific interventions that can be provided by the nurse practitioner for these preschool children and families. Interventions that focus on the problems of dealing with the diagnosis of the developmental delay and strategies to help with the areas of play, temper tantrums, language problems, nutrition, dental irregularities, and the need for respite care are discussed.
Pyrazoloquinoline benzodiazepine receptor ligands: effects on schedule-controlled behavior in dogs.

Abstract The effects of diazepam and the pyrazoloquinoline benzodiazepine receptor ligands CGS8216, CGS9896 and CGS9895 on schedule-controlled responding were studied in dogs. Responding was maintained under a multiple fixed-interval (FI) 5-min fixed-ratio (FR) 30 response schedule of food presentation. Diazepam (PO) produced dose-related decreases in response rates under FR component. Under the FI, rates first increased and then decreased with increasing doses of diazepam. Diazepam also produced a dose-related disruption of the temporal pattern of responding under the FI as measured by decreases in quarter-life values. CGS8216 IV produced dose-related decreases in response rates under both components. The highest oral dose of CGS8216 also decreased rates in both components. CGS8216 was approximately 100 times more potent by the IV route as compared to the oral route. CGS9896 IV had no significant effect on responding under either component of the multiple schedule. However, with increasing doses of CGS9896 PO, response rates under components first decreased and then returned to control values. CGS9895 PO was without significant effect on responding. When CGS8216 was administered concomitantly with graded doses of diazepam, the former drug blocked the rate-decreasing effects of diazepam under the FR component, but not the rate-increasing effects of diazepam under the FI. The present results demonstrate that although these three pyrazoloquinolines are benzodiazepine receptor ligands, they do not exhibit diazepam-like effects on schedule-controlled behavior.
OPTICAL NONLINEARITIES OF METAL-DIELECTRIC COMPOSITES

Nonlinear optical properties of metal-dielectric composites, such as fractal colloid aggregates and clusters created by ion implantation, are studied. Strong fluctuations of local fields result in huge enhancements of optical nonlinearities in fractal colloid aggregates. The real and imaginary parts of the cubic susceptibility of silver colloid aggregates are measured. It is found that the coefficient of nonlinear absorption strongly depends on the laser wavelength and intensity. Optical limiting effect in fractal silver colloids is observed. Nondegenerate forward four-wave mixing technique is used to investigate the third-order nonlinear susceptibility for nanocomposite material with Au nanocrystals formed inside a SiO2 glass matrix. The Au nanocrystals are formed by the ion implantation and annealing method that produces very high volume fraction of nanoparticles. The large value |χ(3)|=1.3×10-7 esu is measured. Two characteristic relaxation times, 5.3 ps and 0.66 ps, are estimated from the detuning curve of |χ(3)|, as the probe beam wavelength changes. A novel class of optical materials, microcavities doped with nanostructured fractal aggregates, is also studied. In our experiments, lasing at extremely low pump intensities, below 1 mW, and dramatically enhanced Raman scattering was observed in microcavity/fractal composites.
Best L1-approximation of quasi continuous functions on [0, 1] by nondecreasing functions

Abstract Let Q denote the Banach space (sup norm) of quasi continuous functions defined on the interval [0, 1]. Let M denote the closed convex cone in Q comprised of non-decreasing functions. For f in Q and 1
Confined placental mosaicism for trisomy 14 and maternal uniparental disomy in association with elevated second trimester maternal serum human chorionic gonadotrophin and third trimester fetal growth restriction

A case of confined placental mosaicism (CPM) and maternal uniparental isodisomy 14 identified after placental karyotype revealed trisomy 14 in a newborn with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and minor dysmorphic features is reported. During the second trimester of the pregnancy, multiple marker screening revealed an increased risk for Down syndrome of >1 in 10. The maternal serum human chorionic gonadotrophin (MShCG) was markedly elevated at 4.19 MoM. Amniocentesis revealed a normal 46,XX karyotype. Fetal growth restriction has been associated with elevated MShCG and placental aneuploidy with CPM for chromosomes 2, 7, 9 and 16. The present case of CPM for chromosome 14 was also associated with fetal growth restriction and elevated second trimester MShCG, suggesting a common link. Further studies need to be done to determine if indeed elevation of second trimester MShCG is associated with increased risk of CPM. The present case again demonstrates the need to perform placental karyotype in unexplained fetal growth restriction. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Current status of arsenic in American cigarettes.

A comprehensive arsenic analysis of 8 brands of American nonfilter cigarettes was performed in 1961 and again in 1965. A steady decline in the arsenic content was noted since our original analysis in 1957. Arsenic also was found in the phenolic fraction of cigarette-smoke condensate. At the present level it is doubtful that cigarette-smoke arsenic is a strong carcinogen unless the smoker consumes 2 or more packages a day. It is also probable that the arsenic carcinogen in cigarette smoke is triphenyl arsine, which the authors recently have found to have carcinogenic activity on mouse skin.
Effective intervals for the administration of estradiol pulses and the induction of sexual behavior in female rats.

Abstract The interval between two pulses of estradiol was varied and subsequent progesterone-facilitated female sexual behavior was observed. The total dose of estradiol (2 μg free estradiol) has been shown previously to elicit little receptivity when administered in a single pulse. In the present study, two pulses of 1.0 μg free estradiol separated by anywhere from 3–36 hours induced high levels of progesterone-facilitated receptivity when observed 18 hours after the second estrogen pulse. Various intervals between the second estrogen pulse and the time of testing were also evaluated. Female rats tested at 18, 24 and 36 hours after the second estrogen pulse (plus progesterone) were highly receptive. These results raise new possibilities about the time course of cellular events underlying the estrogen induction of feminine sexual behavior.
Negative chemically amplified resist in making mask for a logic device with high pattern density

Recently there has been significant interest in the using of chemically amplified (CA) resists for the mask making industry because of their high sensitivity, high contrast, and good dry etch resistance. Especially positive CA resists with high acceleration voltage E-beam systems are being become the main stream of making for advanced masks. However, the positive CA resists often make the issue of the CD uniformity degradation by the fogging effect at a high acceleration voltage (50keV) E-beam writing tool as writing for masks, which are having a high pattern density. In previous our paper, we have already confirmed that a positive CA resist shows the CD uniformity error more than 30nm by the fogging effect at the mask which is having above 40% pattern density, even if its CD uniformity error value is smaller than 50nm of ZEP. In this paper, we have described and studied for the performances of the negative CA resist at the 50keV e-beam writing tools in advanced mask making like logic device with high pattern density and we have compared with a positive CA resist at the 50keV e-beam writing tools. Furthermore, We have confirmed that the negative CA resist have an advantage what is in advanced mask making process like logic device masks with high pattern density at 50keV e-beam writing tool and they have been compared with the positive CA resist.
Determination of residual organic matter in extracted oil sands using a low temperature ashing method

Abstract The application of a low temperature ashing method for estimating total residual organic matter (toluene insolubles) in oil sands is described. A linear correlation exists between organic carbon content and loss on ignition at 400 ± 10 °C of solvent extracted oil sands. The ratio between total organic carbon and the weight loss on ignition (CT/LOl) owing to the removal of residual organic matter is much lower than that obtained for toluene soluble bitumen fractions, indicating very different chemical composition for the residual organic matter. The measured carbon content of the residual organic matter in oil sands suggests that this material could be a mixture of various fractions contained in resins, asphaltenes, asphaltic acids and humic acids.
Discussion: The Corrosion Behavior of Nickel 270 in Phosphate-Containing Solutions

Abstract The following is a discussion of the article entitled “The Corrosion Behavior of Nickel 270 in Phosphate-Containing Solutions.” by I. A. Maier. published in Corrosion, Vol. 40. No. 10. p. 528 (1984) October.
OPERATION OF “KOMMUNAR”

Abstract As its theme suggests this thesis of Mr. N. A. Mescherjakow bears the stamp of the modern “tempo” of the mass industrialization of present day Soviet Russia. In his manual Mr. Mescherjakow, as an engineer, gives to the reader an exhaustive analysis of the various mechanical aspects and technical principles of the operation of the modern incubator, with particular reference to operating the incubator “Kommunar.” The chief emphasis of this technical work is one the various mechanical manifestations which are based on the present day scientific knowledge of artificial incubation. In other words, it stressed the biological aspect of the physiology of the embryo in relation to the mechanical adjustments of the incubator as to suitable conditions for the most favorable development of the embryo. In brief the treatise of Mr. Mescherjakow dwells in detail upon the following subjects: (1) Technical suggestions as to the temperature regulation and thermostatic control . . .
DNaseI hypersensitive sites at the 3′ end of the human apolipoprotein B gene

The chromatin structure of the 3′ end of the human apolipoprotein B gene has been examined. Two DNaseI hypersensitive sites were present in nuclei from liver-derived HepG2 cells and intestine-derived CaCo-2 cells, in which the apo-B gene is transcriptionally active, but were absent from HeLa cells, where the gene is not expressed, and from free DNA. The first DNaseI hypersensitive site was localized to an AT-rich hypervariable region in a segment enriched in recognition sites for topoisomerase II and known to participate in anchoring the 3′ end of the gene to the nuclear matrix. The second DNaseI hypersensitive site resided in the 3′ untranslated portion of the gene. Furthermore, nucleosomes were present along a 1.4-kilobase (HindIII-BamHI) segment of DNA containing the two 3′ DNaseI hypersensitive sites, and a static array of nucleosomes was present along the AT-rich hypervariable region.
Imaging of modes in a silicon nitride optical waveguide by photoelectron microscopy

Modes in a tapered rectangular silicon nitride optical waveguide on silicon were viewed using high-magnification photoelectron microscopy. A thin cesium antimonide photocathode film was deposited on the guide, with laser illumination introduced through an optical fiber attached to the substrate edge. Although elaborate preparation of the sample and chamber for ultrahigh-vacuum is not necessary, high-resolution images were obtained; hence, this method is suitable for practical application. >
Human Resource Development ≠ Human Resource Management: So What Is It?

This editorial describes the fields of human resource management (HRM) and human resource development (HRD), including brief histories of both areas. Distinctions between the fields are made, as well as overlap between them. Ideas are presented concerning ways that manuscripts submitted to this journal can be best positioned for successful outcomes. A framework from Mankin (2001) is used to depict overlap between organizational strategy and structure, organizational culture, HRM, and HRD. As these topics converge in greater alignment, the need for and centrality of strong HRD principles and practices should increase.
Hemogloblin α-gene duplication in macaques: Individual Macaca nemestrina with three structurally different α chains

Abstract The diversity of hemoglobin phenotypes observed among Malaysian Macaca nemestrina (pig-tailed macaques) has been attributed, in part, to the presence of duplicated α-chain loci in some members of this species. To date, evidence in support of this view has been indirect, consisting of variation in proportions of α I (Asp 71 , Gln 78 ) and α II (Asp 71 , His 78 ) chains among presumptive heterozygotes. However, the discovery that erythrocytes from some M. nemestrina contain α I and α II chains in company with a third, or α III , chain (Gly 71 , Gln 78 ) provides direct evidence of duplicated α-chain loci.
Flexible scalable digital video coding

Abstract In this paper, we describe a video coding algorithm which combines the high visual quality of hybrid motion-compensated transform-based video coding techniques with the functional advantages of scalable, multi-resolution video. The technique produces a hierarchical video data representation by incorporating a simple frequency domain pyramid in a hybrid motion-compensated prediction/discrete cosine transform video coding algorithm. Compared to a single-layer hybrid scheme, this method has a very low penalty in coding efficiency and code complexity.