cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calcium Intake and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Background Conflicting evidence exists regarding potential cardiovascular risks associated with high levels of calcium intake. Purpose To update and reanalyze 2 systematic reviews to examine the effects of calcium intake on cardiovascular disease (CVD) among generally healthy adults. Data sources MEDLINE; Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials; Scopus, including EMBASE; and previous evidence reports from English-language publications from 1966 to July 2016. Study selection Randomized trials and prospective cohort and nested case-control studies with data on dietary or supplemental intake of calcium, with or without vitamin D, and cardiovascular outcomes. Data extraction Study characteristics and results extracted by 1 reviewer were confirmed by a second reviewer. Two raters independently assessed risk of bias. Data synthesis Overall risk of bias was low for the 4 randomized trials (in 10 publications) and moderate for the 27 observational studies included. The trials did not find statistically significant differences in risk for CVD events or mortality between groups receiving supplements of calcium or calcium plus vitamin D and those receiving placebo. Cohort studies showed no consistent dose-response relationships between total, dietary, or supplemental calcium intake levels and cardiovascular mortality and highly inconsistent dose-response relationships between calcium intake and risks for total stroke or stroke mortality. Limitations CVD disease outcomes were secondary end points in all trials. Dose-response metaregression analysis of cohort studies was limited by potential confounding, ecological bias, and imprecise measures of calcium exposures. Data were scarce regarding very high calcium intake-that is, beyond recommended tolerable upper intake levels. Conclusion Calcium intake within tolerable upper intake levels (2000 to 2500 mg/d) is not associated with CVD risk in generally healthy adults. Primary funding source National Osteoporosis Foundation.
Introduction: Special issue on technologies of intimate labour

This article introduces the concept of ‘technologies of intimate labour’, which refers to practices of intimate labour that forge identities, enable self-actualization, and allow self-growth. It describes the two underlying themes that bring together this special issue: aspirational politics of sex or sexual identity and the moral regimes of sexual labour.
Selective Nanoscale Mass Transport across Atomically Thin Single Crystalline Graphene Membranes.

Atomically thin single crystals, without grain boundaries and associated defect clusters, represent ideal systems to study and understand intrinsic defects in materials, but probing them collectively over large area remains nontrivial. In this study, the authors probe nanoscale mass transport across large-area (≈0.2 cm2) single-crystalline graphene membranes. A novel, polymer-free picture frame assisted technique, coupled with a stress-inducing nickel layer is used to transfer single crystalline graphene grown on silicon carbide substrates to flexible polycarbonate track etched supports with well-defined cylindrical ≈200 nm pores. Diffusion-driven flow shows selective transport of ≈0.66 nm hydrated K+ and Cl− ions over ≈1 nm sized small molecules, indicating the presence of selective sub-nanometer to nanometer sized defects. This work presents a framework to test the barrier properties and intrinsic quality of atomically thin materials at the sub-nanometer to nanometer scale over technologically relevant large areas, and suggests the potential use of intrinsic defects in atomically thin materials for molecular separations or desalting.
CS for SC: A Landscape Report of K-12 Computer Science in South Carolina (Abstract Only)

The goal of the CS for SC Landscape Report is to examine the current state of computing education on the K-12 level within the state of South Carolina. Building off of the 2007 South Carolina's Computing Competitiveness Report, the report more fully examines the fundamental questions of who? what? and where? in terms how computer science education has developed in the state over the past nine years. Results are reported in this poster based on a survey of 158 K-12 educators and ten follow-up interviews with leading computing teachers and program administrators from around the state. This research is funded through a generous grant through the National Science Foundation Broadening Participation in Computing Alliance (NSF Award No. 1228352, 1228355) administered through Expanding Computing Education Pathways (ECEP).
Understanding Climate Change Risk Perceptions in China: Media Use, Personal Experience, and Cultural Worldviews:

Based on a survey of 516 Chinese consumers, the present analysis revealed that climate- and environment-related media use (e.g., news and other information) positively predicted policy support in C...
New insights into MTORC1 amino acid sensing and activation

The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (MTORC1) is an evolutionarily conserved eukaryotic Ser/Thr kinase that works as a master transducer of multiple cellular inputs involving growth factor sensing, and amino acid and ATP availability. Nutrient-rich conditions promote MTORC1 activation, which in turn leads to the stimulation of various anabolic processes such as protein and lipid synthesis, and cellular growth. Similarly, once activated MTORC1 also inhibits certain catabolic pathways such as macroautophagy/autophagy. In this regard, it is no surprise that a common feature in many cancer types is the deregulation of MTORC1 signaling (1). The close relationship between MTORC1 and cancer highlights the importance for a better understanding of the regulatory pathways by which MTORC1 is activated.
Recombinable game mechanics for automated design support

Systems that provide automated game-design support— whether fully automated game generators, or tools to assist human designers—must be able to maintain a representation of a game design and add or remove game mechanics to support incrementally modifying the game. The system should then be able to reason about the design to support the designer. For example, it might point out that the set of mechanics makes the game unwinnable; or that there's only one complex possible way to beat the game; or that some room is impossible to get to. In addition, the same representation should be actually playable as a game. Existing game representations encode a fairly narrow range of games, most commonly symmetric board games; these representations are also difficult to extend or revise. We propose an architecture based on the event calculus, a logical representation designed for reasoning about time in an elaboration-tolerant way, meaning that designs can be changed by adding or removing sets of axioms rather than modifying brittle hard-coded representations. The resulting game design is a declarative specification in formal logic, so can be critiqued by making queries that are answered through logical inference. Since it specifies the game's simulation rules, it may be executed by logical inference as well; if symbols specifying input and graphical representation are appropriately mapped to input devices and a graphical display, the same declarative representation can be executed as a fully interactive, graphical game. We describe how to organize a library of game-design mechanics using this event-calculus framework, and describe a simple tile-based game, showing how it can be easily modified, critiqued and debugged, and played.
Early white spruce regeneration treatments increase birch and reduce aspen after 28 years: Toward an integrated management of boreal post-fire salvaged stands

Abstract Post-harvest regeneration failure of white spruce (Picea glauca Moench [Voss]), has led to concerns of “de-coniferization” on productive site in the Alaskan boreal forest. Forest management in the region sought historically to increase spruce composition after harvest through silvicultural practices such as site preparation and assisted regeneration; however, successful reforestation requires the effects of these practices to persist over time and control non-target tree species. In order to identify the enduring effects of silvicultural regeneration practices, we sampled a large (26.7 ha) white spruce regeneration trial established immediately following a stand-replacing wildfire and subsequent salvage harvest in a productive upland forest. The original regeneration treatments followed a split-split plot experimental design on two landform types (LF), four ground scarification treatments (GST) plus a non-scarified control, and five artificial white spruce regeneration treatments (WSRT) plus a natural seedfall control (Densmore et al., 1999). Here we analyze the total biomass, stand density, and basal area for all tree species within each of the regeneration treatments 28 years post-establishment, and calculate seed dispersal distances. Our results show that compared to natural seedfall control plots, white spruce basal area was six times greater in planted seedling plots, and white spruce stem density (dbh ≥ 1.0 cm) was nearly three times greater in broadcast seeding plots. White spruce stem density from natural seedfall averaged 944 stems ha−1, but was dependent on both topographic position and distance to wind-dispersed seed sources. Our results also indicate that GST had few significant effects on white spruce basal area or stem density. However, scarification nearly doubled Alaska birch (Betula neoalaskana Sarg.) stem density and basal area compared to non-scarified control plots. Planted white spruce plots supported 19% less birch basal area, except in the most intensive scarification treatments in which birch basal area did not differ. Intensive scarification reduced quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) basal area by half on slope plots. Our results demonstrate that early regeneration practices profoundly influence stand development beyond the stem initiation stage, but pre-fire stand type, post-fire configuration of unburned seed sources, and topographical variation play a mediating role in determining species assemblages and competitive relationships. A fire-killed stand must be considered within its ecological and landscape context to determine the probable success of a management action such as salvage and tree regeneration.
Moving Components Through the Cell: Membrane Trafficking

If one were able to sit inside a cell and look around, one would be witness to a bewildering array of every type of life component (proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, membrane vesicles, etc.) zipping around in all directions, heading to specific cellular locations. It would first appear that everything is in total chaos, but on closer examination, well-designed patterns would emerge. Movement of membrane-derived vesicles, referred to as “membrane trafficking,” is of particular interest as it forms the heart of the endo-membrane concept. Three major patterns will be discussed here: endo-membrane flow (for secretion), receptor-mediated endocytosis, and intracellular carrier proteins.
Living Organisms Author Their Read-Write Genomes in Evolution

Evolutionary variations generating phenotypic adaptations and novel taxa resulted from complex cellular activities altering genome content and expression: (i) Symbiogenetic cell mergers producing the mitochondrion-bearing ancestor of eukaryotes and chloroplast-bearing ancestors of photosynthetic eukaryotes; (ii) interspecific hybridizations and genome doublings generating new species and adaptive radiations of higher plants and animals; and, (iii) interspecific horizontal DNA transfer encoding virtually all of the cellular functions between organisms and their viruses in all domains of life. Consequently, assuming that evolutionary processes occur in isolated genomes of individual species has become an unrealistic abstraction. Adaptive variations also involved natural genetic engineering of mobile DNA elements to rewire regulatory networks. In the most highly evolved organisms, biological complexity scales with "non-coding" DNA content more closely than with protein-coding capacity. Coincidentally, we have learned how so-called "non-coding" RNAs that are rich in repetitive mobile DNA sequences are key regulators of complex phenotypes. Both biotic and abiotic ecological challenges serve as triggers for episodes of elevated genome change. The intersections of cell activities, biosphere interactions, horizontal DNA transfers, and non-random Read-Write genome modifications by natural genetic engineering provide a rich molecular and biological foundation for understanding how ecological disruptions can stimulate productive, often abrupt, evolutionary transformations.
Trends in Communications and Other Musings on Our Future

For sixty years, that stalwart document, the Communications Act of 1934 (Act), has governed federal regulation of all interstate and foreign communication by wire and radio, including telephone, telegraph, broadcasting, and satellites. The Act also established the Federal Communications Commission (FCC or Commission) in order to consolidate regulatory authority which had previously been spread among several agencies.(note 1)
Stochastic approach to small disturbance stability in power systems

This paper examines the almost-sure asymptotic stability of coupled synchronous machines encountered in electrical power systems, under the effect of fluctuations in the interconnection system due to varying network conditions. A linearized multimachine model is assumed with one of the machines having negligible damping weakly coupled to the other machines with positive damping. Furthermore, the fluctuations are assumed to contain both harmonically varying and stochastically varying components. For small intensity excitations, the physical processes are approximated by a diffusive Markov process defined by a set of Ito equations. Results pertaining to the almost-sure asymptotic stability are derived using the maximal Lyapunov exponent obtained for the Ito equations. Assumptions made for the modeling and analysis are consistent with possible operating conditions in an electrical power system.
Stressful Life Experiences and Contexts: The Effects on Parents and Parenting

Evidence that there are major gaps in educational outcomes between children from rich and poor families and that these gaps have increased over time is briefly reviewed in this chapter. These trends are associated both with increased income inequality and with greater residential segregation by income. Drawing on findings from recent research, I suggest that living in poverty and residing in an impoverished neighborhood places substantial psychological stress on parents, which in turns undermines their ability to draw on appropriate parenting skills and behaviors in order to promote better outcomes for their children. I conclude by suggesting that ameliorating psychological stress among parents may be effective in promoting better parenting and enhancing the effectiveness of parenting interventions.
The Selectins in Leukocyte Recruitment

In response to infection or tissue injury, leukocytes roll along the endothelial lining of blood vessels, then stick more firmly, and finally migrate through the vessel wall into the underlying tissues. During the past fifteen years, remarkable progress has been made in elucidating the molecular mechanisms that underlie this multistep pathway of leukocyte recruitment. Specific combinations of adhesion and signaling molecules regulate the accumulation of distinct subsets of leukocytes into lymphatic tissues or inflammatory sites. Locally generated cytokines or other mediators induce the expression of adhesion molecules on the endothelial cell surface that promote the initial tethering and rolling of leukocytes on the vessel wall. The relatively slow velocity of rolling leukocytes allows them to become activated by locally generated chemokines or lipid autacoids. The activated leukocytes express other adhesion molecules that stabilize adhesion and promote emigration in response to chemotactic gradients. Adhesive interactions of leukocytes with other leukocytes or with platelets may enhance leukocyte accumulation.
Spain: Lexicography in Iberian Languages

Spain has seven main autochthonous languages: Aragonese, Aranese (a dialect of Gascon), Asturian, Basque, Catalan, Galician, and Spanish. A body of lexicographic work varying in the level of achievement currently exists for all of them. Starting in medieval times, the empowerment of Spanish as the language of culture in most of present-day Spain led the other languages to a diglossic situation that strongly affected their cultural development. This is reflected in various cultural areas, and particularly in the lexicographic traditions, which were less actively developed than those of Spanish and other socially healthy languages.
Corporations: Empathy–Devoid Psychopaths

In a recent interview with Jon Ronson for his book The Psychopath Test, Canadian psychologist Robert Hare, the world’s foremost expert on psychopaths and designer of the standard checklist (Hare PCL-R) for diagnosing them, declared, “I should never have done all my research in prisons. I should have spent my time inside the Stock Exchange as well.” “Really?” questioned Ronson. “But surely stock-market psychopaths can’t be as bad as serial killer psychopaths.” Hare responded, “Serial killers ruin families. Corporate and political and religious psychopaths ruin economies. They ruin societies.”
New telechelic polymers and sequential copolymers by functional initiator-transfer agents (Inifer). LVI: quantitative synthesis of terminally-lithiated polyisobutylenes

Conditions have been worked out for the quantitative synthesis of terminally lithiated polyisobutylenes. The process involves isobutylene polymerization by the inifer technique followed by a one-pot dehydrochlorination-lithiation step in the presence of n- and s-butyllithium combinations under specific conditions. Model experiments with 2-chloro-2,4,4-trimethylpentane greatly helped to quantitate the technique.
Endoscopic Mucosal Resection vs Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection For Barrett's Esophagus and Colorectal Neoplasia

Endoscopic resection has become the first-line therapy for the management of superficial neoplasia throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) are established yet distinct techniques for the treatment of superficial gastrointestinal neoplasia. EMR is simpler and faster but is limited by its ability to resect large lesions en bloc. Limitations of piecemeal EMR of large lesions include a high rate of recurrence and a less-than-ideal tissue specimen for accurate histologic evaluation. ESD, on the other hand, allows en bloc resection regardless of lesion size, reducing risk for recurrence and facilitating precise histologic staging. However, ESD can take longer than EMR, is technically more complex, and traditionally has been associated with a higher rate of adverse events. Ultimately, the optimal endoscopic technique should be selected based on organ location, type of neoplastic lesion, and local expertise. The role of ESD has expanded in Eastern regions, beyond squamous cell lesions in the esophagus and gastric cancer to include superficial Barrett's esophagus (BE) and colon neoplasia. However, there is controversy in Western regions over use of ESD for BE and colon neoplasia. We discuss the clinical outcomes of EMR and ESD for the treatment of superficial BE and colon neoplasia, focusing on practical considerations for formulating the most appropriate endoscopic resection approach for each patient.
Hybrid single-layer/bulk tungsten diselenide transistors by lithographic encoding of material thickness in chemical vapor deposition

Schottky-like barriers are an important limitation of the performance of single-layer transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) transistors; because of the small number of charge carriers in a 2D semiconductor, the screening of metal contacts is inefficient leading to large depletion zones and enhanced reduction of performance compared to conventional bulk Schottky Barriers. Here we demonstrate that lithographic pre-patterning of a growth substrate prior to chemical vapor deposition of a TMD film can shape the TMD material into nanoscale hybrid 2D/3D structures whose bulk-like (3D) portion can be used for metal contacts and efficient charge injection into the single-layer (2D) areas which serve as transistor channels with excellent mobilities and on-off ratios. We observe mobilities of nearly 100 cm2 V−1 s−1 with an on/off ratio >105 for bottom-gated devices (through 300 nm of oxide) at realistic operation temperatures near 100 °C using comparatively long channels (>5 microns) and absent other contact optimization. Our process involves lithographic patterning of a hafnium (IV) dioxide film onto the SiO2/Si substrate prior to TMD growth. Bulk-like 3D WSe2 is observed to grow at the location of the hafnia, while 2D single-layer material is grown in regions of bare SiO2. Systematic evaluation of transport data allows us to extract Schottky barrier heights and other fundamental properties of our hybrid devices.
Pulmonary vein thrombosis secondary to tuberculosis in a non-HIV infected patient

Our patient is a 67-year-old male with a past medical history significant for hypertension and hyperlipidemia came to a hospital with hemoptysis. He was also having cough and shortness of breath for the last 1 month. He said that his hemoptysis was about 1 cup per day mixed with yellowish sputum. He noticed around 20 pounds of weight loss in the last 1 month. He also complained of night sweats but had no fever. He had no history of travel outside the USA. He has never been incarcerated before, but he endorsed that his son has been to Jail before and he visited him twice a year in patient's home. But he also said that his son has never been diagnosed with TB. He smoked 1.5 packs per day for the last 50 years and quit smoking 2 months ago. His medication include hydrochlorothiazide, lisinopril, gabapentin, aspirin and trazodone. On examination, vital signs were within the normal range except a hearty rate of 106 beats/minute. He had slightly pale conjunctiva, non-icteric sclera and had wet tongue and buccal mucosa. There was decreased air entry with crepitations in the right side of the posterior chest but no wheezes or rales. No peripheral lymphadenopathy, no peripheral edema or sign of fluid collection in the abdomen. Chest x ray showed multiple cavitary lesion in the right upper lobe area. CT scan of the chest with PE protocol showed pulmonary venous partial thrombosis in the right upper lobe. Multiple cavitary lesions with hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy. There are also smaller nodular lesions in the left chest too. Small right pleural effusion with multiple calcified granulomata in the left upper lobe. QuantiFERON gold test was found to be positive. Sputum AFB smear was found to be strongly positive and it is sensitive to rifampin. Echocardiography showed no valvular lesions with preserved ejection fraction (>65%) and normal right ventricular size and normal right ventricular systolic pressure. Liver enzymes and renal function tests were found within the normal limit. HIV test was negative. Patient was started with intensive phase anti-tuberculosis treatment with rifampin, isoniazid, ethambutol, pyrazinamide with vitamin B6. He was also started with anticoagulation with heparin and warfarin considering the tuberculosis being the cause of the pulmonary vein thrombosis. Patient was also given supportive treatment and he made a gradual improvement and was discharged with anti-tuberculosis treatment and warfarin. Patient needed to be placed on a higher dose of warfarin as it was difficult to keep him therapeutic with lower doses. He was also advised to follow with infectious disease and anticoagulation clinic. Patient was found to have a significant increase in liver enzymes and bilirubin on follow up and the anti-TB medications were stopped to be restarted one by one with a follow up of his liver enzymes and liver function tests. He was also continued with warfarin.
Standardized Video Interviews Do Not Correlate to United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 and Step 2 Scores.

Author(s): Egan, Daniel J.; Husain, Abbas; Bond, Michael C.; Caputo, William; Cygan, Lukasz; VanDermark, Jeff; Shoenberger, Jan M.; Li, Ida; Krauss, William; Bronner, Jonathan; White, Melissa; Chung, Arlene S.; Shah, Kaushal H.; Taylor, Todd; Silver, Matthew; Ardolic, Brahim; Weizberg, Moshe | Abstract: Introduction: In 2017, the Standardized Video Interview (SVI) was required for applicants to emergency medicine (EM). The SVI contains six questions highlighting professionalism and interpersonal communication skills. The responses were scored (6-30). As it is a new metric, no information is available on correlation between SVI scores and other application data. This study was to determine if a correlation exists between applicants’ United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) and SVI scores. We hypothesized that numeric USMLE Step 1 and Step 2 Clinical Knowledge (CK) scores would not correlate with the SVI score, but that performance on the Step 2 Clinical Skills (CS) portion may correlate with the SVI since both test communication skills. Methods: Nine EM residency sites participated in the study with data exported from an Electronic Residency Application Service (ERAS®) report. All applicants with both SVI and USMLE scores were included. We studied the correlation between SVI scores and USMLE scores. Predetermined subgroup analysis was performed based on applicants’ USMLE Step 1 and Step 2 CK scores as follows: (≥ 200, 201-220, 221-240, 241-260, g260). We used linear regression, the Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test for statistical analyses. Results: 1,325 applicants had both Step 1 and SVI scores available, with no correlation between the overall scores (p=0.58) and no correlation between the scores across all Step 1 score ranges, (p=0.29). Both Step 2 CK and SVI scores were available for 1,275 applicants, with no correlation between the overall scores (p=0.56) and no correlation across all ranges, (p=0.10). The USMLE Step 2 CS and SVI scores were available for 1,000 applicants. Four applicants failed the CS test without any correlation to the SVI score (p=0.08). Conclusion: We found no correlation between the scores on any portion of the USMLE and the SVI; therefore, the SVI provides new information to application screeners.
Pediatric tinea capitis caused by Trichophyton violaceum and Trichophyton soudanense in Rochester, Minnesota, United States.

BACKGROUND Tinea capitis is a common pediatric dermatophyte infection. Its main pathogen in the United States is Trichophyton tonsurans accounting for greater than 95% of the infections. Other pathogens including Trichophyton violaceum and Trichophyton soudanense are common in Africa. Although rare in the United States, their prevalence is increasing, possibly because of immigration patterns. We evaluated the demographic characteristics, treatments, and resolution among pediatric patients with T. violaceum and T. soudanense infections. METHODS Retrospective chart review of patients from Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, United States, with cultures positive for T. violaceum and T. soudanense from 1997 to 2014. Age at presentation, ethnic background, date and location of culture, and treatment were extracted. RESULTS In total, 81 children (age <18 years) were identified as positive for T. violaceum and T. soudanense (mean [range] age, 6.0 [1-17] years). Race/ethnicity of 67 patients (82.7%) was African; four, African-American; three, white; two, Asian; and five, unknown. After culture identification, 64 patients (79.0%) received griseofulvin; five, terbinafine; and three, itraconazole; nine patients had no documented oral antifungal therapy. Of 28 patients not lost to follow-up, median time to clinical cure was 2.3 months (interquartile range, 2.8 months). CONCLUSION T. violaceum and T. soudanense are tinea capitis pathogens, most common among patients of African descent. The pathogens may be underrecognized because such tinea capitis causes are rare in the United States. Most patients had direct contact with persons who had similar symptoms, suggesting contagious nature. Griseofulvin and terbinafine appear to be acceptable treatments against these organisms.
WPT Charging System Based on Variety Excitation Source

With the rapid development of wireless power transfer (WPT) technology, lots of research work has been carried out. However, most of the research work mainly focuses on system topology, reactive power compensation, design of electromagnetic coupling coils and methods of system efficiency improvement. Research on the charging efficiency of WPT system with battery as load is rare. In this paper, WPT charging system with low frequency excitation sources is proposed. The excitation sources are 100Hz sine wave, triangle wave and square wave pulse power supply respectively. Using Simplorer and Maxwell co-simulation, Electromagnetic field analysis of the different placement modes (coaxial, horizontal misalignment, non-parallel) of the electromagnetic coupling coils are carried out. The relationship between system efficiency and the distance between electromagnetic coupling coils is analyzed. Finally, the lithium battery PNGV model is adopted as the system load, which makes the system charging process closer to the actual charging situation.
Nanostructures for Enabling Implantable Bioelectronic Systems

Nanomaterials and nanostructures will play a critical role in addressing the challenges associated with the realization of implantable electronic systems that interface with the nervous system. Current packaging approaches deal with large enclosures with leads and connectors that are not scalable to address the need for high-channel density nerve interfaces in ultra-thin or flexible form-factors. Power supply without the need for a battery is another key challenge. Power supply and conversion with embedded power components as inductive links for wireless power and flex high-density nanostructured capacitors for storage and noise filtering is a key building block to realize such systems. High-density and scalable feedthrough approaches that can achieve higher channel density with recent advances in 3D packaging technologies should be complemented with advanced remateable but hermetic interconnection technologies to the flex connectors that interface with the neurons. Nanomaterials and processing can enable low- temperature and low-cost scalable solutions to address this need. Nanolaminate or multilayered nanocoatings are being explored to achieve hermetic but conformal and low-stress barriers that can eliminate the diffusion of moisture or ions into the electronics. New innovations in engineered metal-polymer interfaces to create nanostructured inorganic-organic hybrid interlayers are shown to improve the metal-polymer adhesion. This paper will review these recent advances in nanostructures for realizing implantable bioelectronics systems.
The Religious and Political Revisions of The Prelude

William Wordsworth's multi-decade revision of his poetic masterwork, The Prelude took many forms. In revising this massive work, Wordsworth reduced references to himself as performing a priestly role and to poetry as being ritualistic while increasing references to the vivid belief of the “ancient church” of early Christianity. These concerns mirror the central thrust of the Oxford Movement (or Tractarianism), a push for doctrinal reform within the Anglican church that was a reaction against the political successes of religious minorities and newly-minted, non-landowning voters. Current religiously-oriented criticism of the poem often attacks advancements in secularity, much like Wordsworth's revisions seem to sit uncomfortably alongside the development of a multi-confessional state.
Local name authorities and linked data: The landscape

Name authority control—the process of selecting and maintaining a set of headings or access points for named entities—brings consistency to names in online systems and can help users locate needed items and identify related materials. Linked data provides the opportunity to extend name authority data sets and make them available to wider audiences. This column seeks to provide an overview of the landscape of local name authority projects using linked data, along with practices, challenges, and other considerations in this area.
A new view of sexual differentiation of mammalian brain

Establishment of enduring sex differences in brain and behavior occurs during pre- or perinatal development, depending on species. For over 50 years the focus has been on gonadal steroid production by male fetuses and the impact on developing brain. An increasing awareness of the importance of sex chromosome complement has broadened the focus but identifying specific roles in development has yet to be achieved. Recent emphasis on transcriptomics has revealed myriad and unexpected differences in gene expression in specific regions of male and female brains which may produce sex differences, serve a compensatory role or provide latent sex differences revealed only in response to challenge. More surprising, however, has been the consistent observation of a central role for inflammatory signaling molecules and immune cells in masculinization of brain and behavior. The signal transduction pathways and specific immune cells vary by brain region, as does the neuroanatomical substrate subject to differentiation, reflecting substantial complexity emerging from what may be a common origin, the maternal immune system. A working hypothesis integrating these various ideas is proposed.
Compressive-force induced activation of apo-calmodulin in protein signalling

Mechanical force plays a critical role in the relationship between protein structure and function. Force manipulation by Atomic Force Microscope can be significant and trigger chemical and biological activities of proteins. Previously we have reported that Apo-CaM undergoes through a spontaneous tertiary structural rupture under a piconewton compressive force. Here we have observed that the ruptured Apo-CaM molecules can be available to bind with C28W peptide, a typical protein signalling activity that only a Ca2+-activated CaM has. This behaviour is both unexpected and profound, as CaM in its Ca2+-non-activated form has a closed structure which does not presumably allow the molecule to bind to target peptides. In this experiment, we demonstrate that both chemical activation and force activation can play a vital role in biology, such as the cell-signalling protein dynamics and function.
Functional Connectivity Fingerprints at Rest Are Similar across Youths and Adults and Vary with Genetic Similarity

Summary Distinguishing individuals from brain connectivity, and studying the genetic influences on that identification across different ages, improves our basic understanding of functional brain network organization. We applied support vector machine classifiers to two datasets of twins (adult, pediatric) and two datasets of repeat-scan individuals (adult, pediatric). Classifiers were trained on resting state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fcMRI) data and used to predict individuals and co-twin pairs from independent data. The classifiers successfully identified individuals from a previous scan with 100% accuracy, even when scans were separated by months. In twin samples, classifier accuracy decreased as genetic similarity decreased. Our results demonstrate that classification is stable within individuals, similar within families, and contains similar representations of functional connections over a few decades of life. Moreover, the degree to which these patterns of connections predict siblings' data varied by genetic relatedness, suggesting that genetic influences on rs-fcMRI connectivity are established early in life.
Enhanced Induction of Definitive Endoderm Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells in Simulated Microgravity

Directed in vitro differentiation of pluripotent stem cells toward definitive endoderm (DE) offers great research and therapeutic potential since these cells can further differentiate into cells of...
A Review of Current Methods for Food Effect Prediction During Drug Development

Ingestion of oral dosage forms with food can drastically change drug pharmacokinetic parameters to consumption in fasted state. Accurate prediction of food effect (FE) is an important focus during drug development, as well as a requirement for drug approval by the Food and Drug Administration. FE can significantly restrict the clinical usefulness of drugs and is a principal parameter that must be considered early in drug development. Several approaches are available to predict FE in the human, including cell culture models, a variety of small and large animal models, and, more recently, physiologically based pharmacokinetic computerized models that incorporate biorelevant drug physicochemical properties. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages. While many methods are available to study FE, not all of these methods are applicable, efficient, consistent, financially feasible, or reasonable for every drug or drug formulation. Most importantly, different models may offer different applicability in accurately predicting FE in human species. Drug development is a long and often expensive process. Understanding of and access to an appropriate, reproducible, frugal means of FE assessment is vital in the field of drug development in order to ensure the development of a safe and effective drug. The following review delineates the advantages and disadvantages of a variety of preclinical FE study methods. While no single approach is good enough to give completely reliable predictions, a combination of in vitro, in vivo, and in silico approach may be advantageous to predict FE.
Einstein's Principle of Equivalence and the Heuristic Significance of General Covariance

The philosophy of physics literature contains conflicting claims on the heuristic significance of general covariance. Some authors maintain that Einstein's general relativity distinguishes itself from other theories in that it must be generally covariant, for example, while others argue that general covariance is a physically vacuous and trivial requirement applicable to virtually any theory. Moreover, when general covariance is invested with heuristic significance, that significance as a rule is assigned to so-called “active” general covariance (or diffeomorphism equivalence), underwritten by the principle of background independence, rather than to general covriance as Einstein understood it (in the sense of coordinate transformations). While agreeing with the latter group of commentators that general covariance indeed carries heuristic significance, I argue that a background independent theory need not be generally covariant and that instead the Principle of Equivalence as Einstein understood it (i.e., not the infinitesimal version of the principle) provides the key to understanding the heuristic power of general covariance as a “mathematical sieve” for determining the gravitational field law. However, heuristic significance accrues to general covariance only indirectly, by its encompassing the relativity of frames underwritten by Einstein's principle of equivalence.
Use of Intravascular Ultrasound During First-Time Femoropopliteal Peripheral Vascular Interventions Among Medicare Beneficiaries

Abstract Objectives Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) may be a useful adjunct to lower extremity peripheral vascular interventions (PVI) in certain clinical scenarios. We aimed to identify patient- and physician-level characteristics associated with the use of IVUS during first-time femoropopliteal PVI. Methods We included all Medicare beneficiaries undergoing elective femoropopliteal PVI for claudication or chronic limb-threatening ischemia between 01/01/2019 and 12/31/2019. We excluded patients with prior open or endovascular femoropopliteal intervention and all physicians performing ≤ 10 PVI during the study period. We calculated the proportion of patients who had IVUS performed as part of their index PVI for each physician. Hierarchical logistic regression was used to evaluate patient- and physician-level factors associated with use of IVUS. Results We identified 58,552 patients who underwent index femoropopliteal PVI, of whom 11,394 (19%) received IVUS. A total of 1,628 physicians performed >10 procedures during the study period, with IVUS utilization ranging from 0% to 100%. After hierarchical regression, claudication (vs. chronic limb-threatening ischemia: OR 1.23, 95% CI 1.11-1.36), stenting (vs. angioplasty alone: OR 1.57, 1.33-1.86) and atherectomy (vs. angioplasty alone: OR 2.09, 1.83-2.39) were associated with higher odds of IVUS utilization. Higher-volume providers (tertile 3 vs. tertile 1: OR 3.78, 2.43-5.90) and those with high rates of service provided in an office-based laboratory (tertile 3 vs. tertile 1: OR 10.72, 6.78-19.93) were more likely to utilize IVUS. Radiologists (OR 11.23, 5.96-21.17) and cardiologists (OR 1.97, 1.32-2.93) used IVUS more frequently than vascular surgeons. Conclusions Wide variability exists in the use of IVUS for first-time femoropopliteal PVI. The association of IVUS with claudication, atherectomy, and office-based laboratories raises concern about its potential overuse by some physicians.
Market Myopia's Climate Bubble

A growing number of financial institutions, ranging from BlackRock to the Bank of England, have warned that markets may not be accurately incorporating climate change-related risks into asset prices. This Article seeks to explain how this mispricing occurs, drawing from scholarship on corporate governance and the mechanisms of market (in)efficiency. Market actors: (1) Lack the fine-grained asset-level data they need in order to assess risk exposure; (2) Continue to rely on outdated means of assessing risk; (3) Have misaligned incentives resulting in climate-specific agency costs; (4) Have myopic biases exacerbated by climate change misinformation; and (5) Are impeded by captured regulators distorting the market. Further, trends in institutional share ownership reinforce apathy toward assessment of firm-specific fundamentals, especially over long-term horizons. This underpricing of corporate climate risk contributes to the negative effects of climate change itself, as the mispricing of risk in the present leads to a misallocation of investment capital, hindering adaptation and subsidizing future combustion of fossil fuels. These risks could accumulate to the macroeconomic scale, generating a systemic risk to the financial system. While a broad array of government interventions are necessary to mitigate climate-related financial risks, this Article focuses on proposals for corporate governance and securities regulation—and their limits. The Securities and Exchange Commission is currently drafting a rule on mandatory climate risk disclosure. This Article argues that the SEC should seek out climate expertise through interagency collaboration and staff hiring, work with auditors and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, and provide guidance on climate risk analytics. This Article argues that climate risk disclosure is necessary, though alone not sufficient, to address the widespread disregard of corporate climate exposure.
A History of Vampires and Their Transformation From Solely Monsters to Monstrous, Tragic, and Romantic Figures

Throughout the history of vampire stories—from folklore to literary fiction—the portrayal of these inhuman creatures has metamorphosed from Carl Jung’s myth, born of the Shadow archetype, into three distinct vampiric archetypes, none of which have completely left their mythic origins behind. These archetypes present themselves as the monster vampire, the tragic vampire, and the romantic vampire. By examining the etymology of the word vampire, ancient vampire folklore, early to modern vampire literature, and early to contemporary vampire cinema, this paper will show that the vampire is no longer relegated to the role of antagonist to the story’s protagonist. The vampire could be the tragic anti-hero or the protagonist of a story. Many early folklores about vampires are represented by stories humankind told to explain evil and misfortune visited upon their family. However, when the vampire entered early literary fiction, authors began to exercise their power to manipulate the vampire narrative, creating new vampire constructs. This shift in vampire characterizations is an allegorical commentary on man’s fight to overcome his sinful nature by seeking salvation through redemption.
Disentangling the subcycle electron momentum spectrum in strong-field ionization

The authors use Fourier filtering techniques to eliminate multicycle interference patterns and reveal underlying subcycle structure in photoelectron momentum distributions produced by strong-field ionized atoms and molecules.
Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy with Infrared Thermography for Accurate Prediction of Cellulitis

Cellulitis is frequently misdiagnosed owing to its clinical mimickers, collectively known as pseudocellulitis. This study investigated diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) alone and in combination with infrared thermography (IRT) for the differentiation of cellulitis from pseudocellulitis. A prospective cohort study at an urban academic hospital was conducted from March 2017 to March 2018. Patients presenting to the emergency department with presumed cellulitis were screened for eligibility, and 30 adult patients were enrolled. Dermatology consultation conferred a final diagnosis of cellulitis or pseudocellulitis. DRS measurements yielded a spectral ratio between 556 nm (deoxyhemoglobin peak) and 542 nm (oxyhemoglobin peak), and IRT measurements yielded temperature differentials between the affected and unaffected skin. Of the 30 enrolled patients, 30% were diagnosed with pseudocellulitis. DRS revealed higher spectral ratios in patients with cellulitis (P = 0.005). A single parameter model using logistic regression on DRS measurements alone demonstrated a classification accuracy of 77.0%. A dual parameter model using linear discriminant analysis on DRS and IRT measurements combined demonstrated a 95.2% sensitivity, 77.8% specificity, and 90.0% accuracy for cellulitis prediction. DRS and IRT combined diagnoses cellulitis with an accuracy of 90%. DRS and IRT are inexpensive and noninvasive, and their use may reduce cellulitis misdiagnosis.
Study on the Dynamic Performance of Armored Vehicle in Lateral Direction due to Firing Impact

The purpose of this study is to analyze the performance of a 10 DOF wheeled armored vehicle in reponse to external disturbance due to firing recoil force, in lateral direction. An armored vehicle model was developed which consisted of 7 DOF handling model, weight distribution model, Pacejka tire model, 2 DOF Pitman Arm steering model and single DOF of gun model. A yaw moment occurred at the Center of Gravity (CG) of the armored vehicle caused by the impulse force generated during gun turret firing. This firing recoil force tends to create instability conditions for the armored vehicle during firing condition and affects the travelling path of the armored vehicle. The armored vehicle is evaluated using firing angle of 45° and 90°, caliber size of 57 and 75mm and two different speeds which are 40 and 60 km/h in order to analyze the dynamic performance of armored vehicle during firing. The armored vehicle is evaluated in terms of yaw rate, yaw angle, body sideslip angle, lateral acceleration and lateral displacement.
Iterative learning control with iteration-domain adaptive feedforward compensation

This paper considers the iteration-wise sinusoidal disturbance with a known period but with unknown amplitude and unknown phase in iterative learning control (ILC) applications. An adaptive feedforward compensation (AFC) scheme in the iteration domain is presented to effectively cancel the sinusoidal disturbance. This is an example of using an internal model principle (IMP) in the iteration domain which in fact leads to an ILC updating law with high-order in the iteration direction. A simulation example is presented for illustration.