cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resolving the paradox in politicized Christian fundamentalism

Activist forms of fundamentalism present scholars with a paradox. How can the movement embrace an apocalyptic religious doctrine while advocating an optimistic political agenda? While many scholars conveniently ignore this paradox, George Marsden attempts to resolve it by arguing that fundamentalists integrate beliefs in political conspiracy and apocalyptic under a superordinate Manichean construct. Marsden suggests that this analysis can be extended through application of Hofstadter's hypothesis of political paranoia. Our application of the Hofstadter model to current antihumanist themes in fundamentalist rhetoric indicates that political paranoia alone will not resolve the paradox. Rather, the rhetorical justifications for political action arise from a specific interpretation of the relationship between biblical law and biblical gospel.
Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Contralateral Prophylactic Mastectomy: Are We Overtreating? Experience at a Tertiary Care Hospital

Abstract Objective Use of routine sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) is controversial. This retrospective study was undertaken to determine the frequency of SLNB in CPM at a community hospital and its utility as a guide to patient decision making. Methods Between 2007 and 2009, 170 patients underwent CPM at a suburban, tertiary care facility. The CPM was either immediate or delayed, or was for ipsilateral recurrent breast cancer. Thirty-seven (21.8%) of 170 patients had SLNB performed with CPM. The mastectomy specimens underwent standard pathologic evaluation by using intraoperative touch preparation cytology and postoperative hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry. Results No patients who underwent SLNB had positive nodes on touch preparation or final hematoxylin and eosin staining (0/37 [0%]). Fourteen (8.2%) of 37 patients had additional nodes identified in the specimens. These were either axillary tail or intramammary nodes. The median number of SLNs removed was 2 (range, 1-5), none of these were positive. There were 3 incidental cancers diagnosed on final pathology. Two invasive cancers (T1a and grade I) and 1 ductal carcinoma in situ were identified. SLNB was only performed on the patient with DCIS. Neither SLNB nor subsequent axillary lymph node dissection was performed in the invasive cancers. Conclusions SLNB was performed in 37 (21.8%) of patients who underwent CPM in a community hospital. Only 3 (1.76%) of 170 patients who underwent CPM had findings on final pathology that would have justified axillary staging. This correlates with other published data regarding SLNB in CPM. Because SLNB is associated with significant morbidity, guidelines for SLNB in prophylactic mastectomy need to be established so to avoid overtreatment.
Charge transfer and stability of NFE random alloys

Abstract The stability of random alloys is determined primarily by a balance between the energy of the volume change upon alloy formation (elastic energy), and the charge transfer between atomic cells. The charge transfer in homovalent, nearly free electron alloys was determined by taking the wave function to be that of the free atoms inside the ion cores, and to be plane waves in the interstitial regions. For a given valence, it was possible to establish an electronegativity series based on charge transfer, to determine charge transfer as a function of composition, and to compute the energy of alloy formation. The theory properly accounts for the formation of alloys of the alkali and alkaline earth metals, and shows why so few such alloys form.
α1 adrenergic regulation of estrogen-induced increases in luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone mRNA levels and release

Prazosin, an α1 adrenergic antagonist, was used to examine the relationship between adrenergic inputs and the stimulatory effects of estrogen on LHRH mRNA and release. Bilateral cannulae were implanted just dorsal to the preoptic area (POA). Estrous cycles were monitored daily by vaginal smears. On the morning of diestrus, each rat was ovariectomized and assigned to one of three treatment groups: Control — injected with sesame oil (n = 5); Surge — injected with estradiol benzoate (EB, 10 μg) to produce an LH surge (n = 5); or, Surge + Prazosin — injected with EB and a prazosin-filled inner cannula was put into the POA (n = 6). Between 4–6 pm of the following day, rats were anesthetized, decapitated, trunk blood collected, and brains were stored in liquid nitrogen. In situ hybridization was performed using a 32P end-labelled 59-mer complementary to LHRH mRNA. Reduced silver grains, proportional to LHRH mRNA content, were quantified. Treatment with estrogen alone resulted in an LH surge and a 50% increase (P < 0.05) in numbers of cells expressing LHRH. This estrogen-induced increase and the LH surge were completely blocked (P < 0.01) by prazosin. Prazosin also decreased (P < 0.01) the median number of grains per cell from 81 (Surge) to 65 grains per cell (Surge + Prazosin). When the number of grains in LHRH-expressing neurons were totalled, EB increased (P < 0.05) LHRH gene expression by 53%, and local administration of prazosin completely blocked (P < 0.01) this increase. Since, coincident with estradiol stimulating the LH surge, it increased potential LHRH synthetic capacity (as measured by LHRH mRNA) and since administration of prazosin into POA blocked the ability of estrogen to do so, it appears that an endogenous α1 ligand, probably norepinephrine, is a mediator of stimulatory effects of estrogen on LHRH biosynthesis as well as release.
Biomechanics of prehensile oral mucosa.

Large dogs are able to deliver a powerful bite that generates considerable stress in the anterior, prehensile part of the jaws. In the upper jaw most of the biting force is borne by the anterior teeth. The palatal mucosa provides little resistance to deformation. It is easily compressed and rather mobile. In the lower jaw, the mucosa covering the upper surface of the symphysis receives a sizeable portion of the biting force. It is firmly attached to the underlying bone and possesses special connective tissue arrangements that enable it to transduce locally applied pressure to tension distributed over a broad area.
Fully integrated CMOS impulse UWB transmitter front‐ends with BPSK modulation

New fully integrated single-chip impulse ultra-wideband (UWB) transmitter front-ends, integrating tunable impulse or monocycle pulse generator with bi-phase shift keying (BPSK) modulator, has been developed using a standard low-cost 0.18-μm CMOS process. The monocycle pulse generator component produces 0.7–0.75 V peak-to-peak monocycle pulse with 140–350 ps tunable pulse duration. The impulse generator generates 0.95–1.05 V peak-to-peak Gaussian-type impulse signal with 100–300 ps tunable pulse duration. The BPSK modulator controls the pulse generator to generate positive or negative pulse signal depending on the “1” or “0” digital data information. The pulse signals produced by the developed transmitters are useful for various UWB applications, especially those requiring the capability of changing ranges and resolutions using only a single system. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 1609–1614, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience. wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.25250
Comment on Lancaster's Response: Gwembe Tonga Virilocality

settlement patterns, farming systems, and social organization are very different from the situation described by Lancaster. These data do not provide evidence for the postulated shift from uxorilocal to virilocal residence in the early 20th century, although they do show an increasing emphasis upon the payment of bridewealth rather than the offering of bride service. Genealogies and life histories, covering approximately 110 years as described in our previous comment, indicate that the people of central and southern Gwembe have practiced virilocal residence since well before the beginning of the 20th century. While the District Notebook is ambiguous with reference to residence, it contains statements that imply the practice of virilocal residence early in the 20th century.
Cajachara carltoni, a new genus and species of rove beetle (Coleoptera Staphylinidae Aleocharinae) from an Ecuadorean paramo

Cajachara carltoni, new genus and species, is described from a paramo located in southern Ecuador. C. carltoni is a member of a distinct aleocharine lineage within the tribe Bolitocharini. Among members of the Bolitocharini C. carltoni is similar to members of the genera Ophioglossa Fauvel 1865 and Eudera Fauvel 1865 which share the following synapomorphies: head with a distinct neck; pronotum with the anterior angles depressed; prosternum extended as broad lobe behind the procoxal insertions; broadly separated mesosternal cavities; meso- and metasternal processes broad and their apices fully or virtually in contact; mesosternum with oblique carina on each side of midline; tergum X with transverse row of flattened setae; spermatheca coiled and doubly looped; and similarities in the aedeagus. C. carltoni is one member of an assemblage of flightless staphylinid beetles which occur in high altitude Polylepis forests in the Cajas paramo in southern Ecuador. Information is provided about the habitat at Cajas a...
Sheltered load associated with S-alleles in Solanum carolinense

Bud pollinations allowed me to examine the effects of homozygosity at loci in the area of suppressed recombination around the S-locus in Solanum carolinense, whose S-alleles show surprisingly low diversification rates. The total number of seeds produced was lower for incompatible than compatible pollinations, revealing that self-incompatibility was only somewhat overcome by bud pollination. However, low seed set in incompatible crosses was not due solely to the incompatibility response; crosses between distinct plants sharing the same alleles at the S-locus led to dramatically high seed abortion, nearly equal to that found upon selfing. An excess of heterozygotes in the surviving progeny supports the supposition that these high abortion rates are due to sheltered load, that is, previously unexpressed load accumulated due to enforced heterozygosity and recombination suppression around the S-locus. Of the seven alleles examined in total, two showed evidence of severe load and five did not. The magnitude of load was consistent with terminal branch length in some, but not all, cases.
Epidemiology of Brain Metastases

Brain metastases are one of the most common neurologic complications of cancer. The incidence is 9%–17% based on various studies, although the exact incidence is thought to be higher. The incidence is increasing with the availability of improved imaging techniques which aid early diagnosis, and effective systemic treatment regimens which prolong life, thus allowing cancer to disseminate to the brain. Lung cancer, breast cancer, and melanoma are the most frequent to develop brain metastases, and account for 67%–80% of all cancers. Most patients with brain metastases have synchronous extracerebral metastases. Some patients present with no known primary cancer diagnosis. In children, brain metastases are rare; germ cell tumors, sarcomas, and neuroblastoma are the common offenders.
Narratives in the database: Memorializing September 11th online

Abstract This article focuses on the collective/public aspects of the mourning process in online environments. It explores how the World Wide Web shapes the production of both memorial “spaces” and the process of mourning by allowing both producers and reader/users to renegotiate the public and private functions of mourning through alterations in the ways texts are produced but even more importantly through the connection and juxtapositions of textual elements, rhetorical goals, and varying audiences. Initially, most discussions of memorial activities are focused on the issue of exigency—the need of an individual or group to somehow communicate grief and to remember the dead. However, the specific affordances of online space may require an altered focus—one in which acts of pure grief are mingled with a range of other impulses. This article uses the specific example of the World Trade Center attack and the memorial spaces that have evolved since the event to consider how the process of memorialization online might be used to understand issues of space, time, memory, and the continuity of human relationships.
An Investigation of Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point Programs (Haccp) in Hospital Foodservice Facilities in the Dallas/Fort Worth Area

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To identify the status and trends of implementation of HACCP programs in hospital foodservice facilities. Little is known regarding trends of implementation and use of HACCP programs in hospital foodservice settings. The overall objective of this research was to identify the status of implementation of HACCP programs in the Dallas/Fort Worth area. A questionnaire was developed to achieve research objectives and sent to all 84 foodservice directors/managers in the Dallas/Fort Worth Hospital Council 1995-1996 Membership Directory. The instrument included questions for facilities with or without HACCP programs. A total of 39 (46%) facilities responded. The majority of respondents were from acute care facilities (72%) with
Performance evaluation of two operating systems

This report compares the performance of two radically different versions of MacOS™ operating system. In particular, we are interested in the study that focuses primarily on the emulation code related aspect of the performance of two version of the aforementioned operating system. ALPS (Application Level Performance Measurement Suite) benchmarks [1] were used as test cases due to the fact that they contains scenarios which stresses the operating system (OS) related activities.
HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION IN RELATION TO ABSORPTION OF INORGANIC NUTRIENTS BY HIGHER PLANTS.

The findings with regard to the influence of the external hydrogen ion concentration on growth (2), particularly the extreme effects observed at pH 3 and 9, have led to a search for a possible explanation of the observed responses in terms of the physiological activities of the plant. A further investigation of the relation of external hydrogen ion concentration to the absorption of inorganic nutrients, which was already elucidated for several ions by Hoagland and Broyer (5), seemed particularly pertinent. A series of experiments was therefore initiated to explore the effect of external reaction, within a pH range of 3 to 9, on the absorption of the nutrient ions : Ca++, Mg++, K+, NO3and H2POr. In order to differentiate between the direct effects of external reaction
Compound stimulus transfer among forward and backward conditioning situations

Sixty Ss were assigned to five independent groups of a three-stage experiment. In Stage 1, four groups received forward conditioning, and a fifth was an unpaired control. In Stage 2, a new CS received forward conditioning, backward conditioning, or unpaired presentations. In Stage 3, responses to components and compounds made up of CSs from Stages 1 and 2 were tested. Groups did not differ on a pretest. All forward groups conditioned in Stage 1. In Stage 2, forward and unpaired groups differed, but backward groups did not differ from either forward or unpaired groups. In Stage 3, the forward-forward group differed significantly from the unpaired group. Backward groups did not differ from the forward group but differed at a marginally significant level from the unpaired group.
Performance of radar assisted satellite based automated train transit system

In this article, we present the performance of an automated train transit system using radars and a Geo stationary satellite. The Radars placed along the railway tracks update the accurate speed and position of the train to the central base station which controls the trains over a wide geographic region. The central base station directs the train by communicating via a Geo stationary satellite. The proposed system model does not require visible signaling for trains. It also eliminates the possibility of a collision between two trains. Further, the use of multiple radars ensures that system doesn't fail, even if any of the radar fails. Our performance study shows that the effect of rain on the satellite link requires at least a 5dB additional signal to noise ratio (SNR) at the receiver to maintain the same bit error rate (BER).
Preventive medicine and college alcohol abuse.

Abstract University students at a large northeastern university were surveyed in two successive years to determine their drinking habits and the extent of medical intervention with respect to those habits. Of the students surveyed, 87 to 90% drink and 7 to 8% can be classified as moderately heavy or heavy drinkers. The extent of medical intervention in the drinking behavior of these students was minimal. Only 15% of all students who drink said they were ever asked about their use alcohol by a physician or other health professional. Over 90% of the students who drink said that they would change their drinking habits if so advised by a physician. This expression of receptivity, considered with the impact some simple interventions have had on smoking behavior, indicates a neglected opportunity for cost-effective prevention.
Production Of Epidermal Acantholysis In Normal Human Skin In Vitro By The Igg Fraction From Pemphigus Serum

Normal human skin was maintained in organ cultures for several days in Ham's F-10 medium with good preservation of the epidermal cells. When the partially purified IgG fraction from the pooled sera of patients with pemphigus vulgaris or pemphigus foliaceous was added to this culture system, after 24 hr some evidence of epidermal acantholysis was seen. By 72 hr, extensive suprabasilar epidermal acantholysis had occurred in which the acantholytic cells were indistinguishable histologically from the acantholytic cells in biopsies from skin lesions of patients with pemphigus vulgaris. In the control cultures (i.e., F-10 medium or F-10 medium + normal human serum IgG), none of these changes was seen. Direct immunofluorescent staining of these explants using fluorescein-labeled goat antihuman IgG showed that by 6 hr binding of the pemphigus IgG had occurred in the intercellular cement substance of the epidermis. The staining intensity was maximal by 18 to 20 hr. When the pemphigus serum was fractionated by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, three major IgG-containing peaks (presumably IgG subclasses) were eluted which bound to the epidermal intercellular substance and caused acantholysis in culture. The complement system did not play a role in the antibody-induced acantholysis since complement was not included in this system and heating the reconstituted F-10 + pemphigus IgG for 1 hr at 58°C did not destroy the acantholytic activity. Autoradiographic experiments showed that after about 2 days in culture the rates of incorporation of RNA and protein precursors in the suprabasilar cells in the presence of pemphigus IgG were reduced to less than 10% of the normal IgG controls, whereas these synthetic activities of the basal cells were only slightly affected. These observations lead to the proposal that it is the interaction of the pemphigus autoantibody(s) with the suprabasilar epidermal cell which initiates and possibly sustains the process(es) of acantholysis.
Enrichment of the Murine Natural Killer (NK) and Mitogen Induced Cellular Cytotoxicity (MICC) Cells Using Preparative Free-Flow High Voltage Electrophoresis

Abstract A procedure using preparative free-flow high voltage electrophoresis is described for the fractionation of murine spleen and bone marrow cells so as to obtain cell subpopulations that are either enriched in or depleted of “natural killer” (NK) cells and “mitogen-induced cellular cytotoxicity” (MICC) effector cells. A nearly three fold enrichment in the NK and MICC activities of spleen cells was achieved. The enrichment in these cells could be further increased if the phagocytic cells were removed prior to electrophoresis. When bone marrow cells were fractionated a two and a half fold increase of NK activity, and a one and a half fold enrichment of MICC activity was achieved. In both cases, other fractions were nearly devoid of NK and MICC activity. The cell recovery after electrophoresis averages 70% of the cells applied, and at least 90% of these cells were viable. MICC and NK effector cells could not be separated to a useful extent electro-phoretically but were found to be separable using Sepha...
Ultrapurification of Graphite by Preburning for Use in Emission Spectrography and Solids Mass Spectrography

Preburning graphite spectrographic electrodes in an arc to reduce the residual elemental impurity levels is a common and effective practice. In emission spectrography, it is generally considered desirable to preburn the electrodes for a time at least equivalent to the anticipated exposure time to eliminate the electrode blank. This is a routine practice in the authors’ laboratory for trace analysis problems. It has been observed that impurity levels can be reduced to the nondetectable level (by emission spectrography) by preburning in a 35-A dc arc under a rare gas atmosphere for 30–40 sec.
Brief Matching, linear systems, and the ball and beam

A recent approach to the control of underactuated systems is to look for control laws which will induce some specified structure on the closed loop system. In this paper, we describe one matching condition and an approach for finding all control laws that fit the condition. After an analysis of the resulting control laws for linear systems, we present the results from an experiment on a nonlinear ball and beam system.
Generation of bispecific IgG antibodies by structure-based design of an orthogonal Fab interface

Bispecifics by orthogonal interfaces To improve correct antibody heavy-light chain pairing during bispecific antibody assembly, Lewis et al. design antibody heavy and light chains with orthogonal interfaces.
S06.2 Using Social Media For Partners Services in Adolescents

Partner notification (PN) and treatment is a cornerstone of STI prevention. In the U.S., face-to-face, patient-initiated or provider-assisted partner notification has shown to result in approximately 50% of patients referring at least one partner for evaluation and treatment. While to some this percentage is higher than expected, there is considerable room for improvement. A number of developments in the past decade have shown promise in enhancing PN. Expedited partner treatment, i.e., providing medications to partners without an intervening medical consultation, has been proven to decrease re-infections among index patients above and beyond traditional partner notification and this practise is now widely endorsed. Second, the Internet has provided the technical means to enhance communication between providers, patients and their partners that could result in a higher proportion of notified contacts. Internet-based interventions include simple email or text messages to the partner, either directly from the patient or from health-department staff (if agreed to by the index patient), outreach in chat rooms on gay websites, stand-alone online partner notification programmes, and interventions using social networking sites. While the online possibilities appear to be limitless, especially for adolescents who are very engaged in the online environment, there are few interventions that have been formally evaluated. This presentation aims to provide and overview of online programmes for partner services and a review of studies that have attempted to evaluate them. So far, it appears that few online interventions have risen above the “proof-of-concept” and their overall effectiveness may be limited. In addition, a number of studies have indicated that the majority of STI-infected patients prefer to notify their partner in person rather than using text or email messages. While research into effective online interventions for PN and treatment should continue, this must not come to the detriment of high-quality, in-person PN practises.
Laboratory chalcopyrite oxidation by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans: Oxygen and sulfur isotope fractionation

Abstract Laboratory experiments were conducted to simulate chalcopyrite oxidation under anaerobic and aerobic conditions in the absence or presence of the bacterium Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. Experiments were carried out with 3 different oxygen isotope values of water (δ18OH2O) so that approach to equilibrium or steady-state isotope fractionation for different starting conditions could be evaluated. The contribution of dissolved O2 and water-derived oxygen to dissolved sulfate formed by chalcopyrite oxidation was unambiguously resolved during the aerobic experiments. Aerobic oxidation of chalcopyrite showed 93 ± 1% incorporation of water oxygen into the resulting sulfate during the biological experiments. Anaerobic experiments showed similar percentages of water oxygen incorporation into sulfate, but were more variable. The experiments also allowed determination of sulfate–water oxygen isotope fractionation, e18OSO4–H2O, of ~ 3.8‰ for the anaerobic experiments. Aerobic oxidation produced apparent eSO4–H2O values (6.4‰) higher than the anaerobic experiments, possibly due to additional incorporation of dissolved O2 into sulfate. δ34SSO4 values are ~ 4‰ lower than the parent sulfide mineral during anaerobic oxidation of chalcopyrite, with no significant difference between abiotic and biological processes. For the aerobic experiments, a small depletion in δ34SSO4 of ~− 1.5 ± 0.2‰ was observed for the biological experiments. Fewer solids precipitated during oxidation under aerobic conditions than under anaerobic conditions, which may account for the observed differences in sulfur isotope fractionation under these contrasting conditions.
Evolution of the wave function in a dissipative system

For a dissipative system with Ohmic friction, we obtain a simple and exact solution for the wave function of the system plus the bath. It is described by the direct product in two independent Hilbert spaces. One of them is described by an effective Hamiltonian, the other represents the effect of the bath, i.e., the Brownian motion, thus clarifying the structure of the wave function of the system whose energy is dissipated by its interaction with the bath. No path-integral technology is needed in this treatment. The derivation of the Weisskopf-Wigner linewidth theory follows easily.
FOULING MODELS FOR HEAT EXCHANGERS IN DAIRY PROCESSING: A REVIEW

Fouling is a common food industry-wide issue during thermal treatment using heat exchangers. It directly contributes toward increased energy costs in operation and maintenance, production losses and energy and water losses because of the repetitive cleaning operation, i.e., every 5–10 h in fluid food industry. There has been a considerable amount of work on modeling of the fouling process as well as the hydrodynamic and thermodynamic performances of heat exchangers. A variety of different fouling kinetics exists depending upon food components, types of heat exchangers and operating conditions. The available information on existing fouling models is summarized in terms of fouling mechanisms, dynamic performances of heat exchangers and integrated fouling dynamics. This review provides the basis for developing a vision of further research for understanding, quantifying and minimizing fouling of food materials in heat exchangers.
Loss of stability—a new model for stress relaxation in plant cell walls

This study addresses the mechanism of wall stress relaxation in growing plant cells. The current viscoelastic model of cell wall relaxation, which dates from the work of Preston, Cleland, Lockhart, and others in the 1960s, has serious shortcomings. It has been shown however that the theory of loss of stability (LOS) can be applied to materials in tension, leading to the conclusion that the relaxation of stresses in the walls of any pressure vessel is rigorously modeled using LOS. We propose that LOS also provides a more appropriate and versatile model of stress relaxation in growing plant cells. We argue that when treated as a manifestation of LOS, the regulation of cell turgor has a rigorous and demonstrable basis in the geometrical and physical properties of the cell wall and the cell's ability to import water. Thus plant cell growth can be regarded as an inherently self-limiting process, tunable by biochemical or structural means. Lastly, despite the current limitations of our model, we apply direct measurement of elastic modulus, wall thickness and cell radius obtained from cylindrical Chara corallina cells to generate an initial calculation of critical pressures in a hypothetical spherical cell with the same material properties.
High-pressure swivel for infusions into rats

Abstract An infusion swivel is described which is compact, has very low friction, and is capable of sustaining high pressures without leaking. It was specially designed for rats carrying high resistance plastic microcannulas.
Translation: An O-GlcNAc stamp of approval

Cytosolic proteins can be modified cotranslationally by the installation of O-GlcNAc groups onto serine and threonine residues. This modification suppresses cotranslational ubiquitination and stabilizes proteins against proteasomal degradation.
Computing the Information Content of Decoupled Designs

The information content of uncoupled designs can be computed by summing the information content associated with each functional requirement. This paper proves that information cannot be summed for decoupled designs. To overcome this problem, this paper presents two algorithms for computing information content of decoupled designs. One algorithm is applicable to any joint probability density function for the design parameters; the second algorithm applies only to uniformly distributed design parameters. The algorithm for uniform distributions is based on a recursive procedure for computing the volume of a convex polytope in n -dimensional real space, where n is the number of design parameters. An engineering application of the algorithms is presented. The example demonstrates that summing information content can significantly over-estimate total information when compared to an algorithm that accounts for correlation. The example also demonstrates that decoupled designs can have lower information content than uncoupled systems with the same functional requirements and similar components.
The interaction of aminoacyl-tRNA and N-acylaminoacyl-tRNA with ribosomes and ribosomal subunits.

Abstract Incubation of phenylalanyl-tRNA with ribonucleoprotein particles and crude soluble protein preparations from rat liver homogenates led to the binding of the aminoacyl-tRNA to undissociated 80-S ribosomes, to 40-S plus 60-S particles, and to 40-S subunits; binding was not observed with 60-S subunits. The reaction with all three ribonucleoprotein preparations required poly(U) template. In addition, GTP was necessary with 80-S ribosomes and 40-S plus 60-S particles but not with 40-S subunits. Similar incubations with N -acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA led to significant binding of the N -acylaminoacyl-tRNA to 40-S subunits and to a lesser extent to 80-S ribosomes or to 40-S plus 60-S particles. Poly(U) was required, and GTP stimulated the reaction with 80-S subunits and with 40-S plus 60-S particles but it did not affect binding with 40-S subunits. When incubations were carried out with highly purified aminoacyltransferase I (T-I) (the transfer factor required for the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to 80-S ribosomes during peptide chain elongation), 40-S plus 60-S particles bound phenylalanyl-tRNA to a great extent and N -acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA to a slight extent; the 40-S subunits alone were inactive. With T-I, binding of phenylalanyl-tRNA was proportional to the amount of the combined 40-S and 60-S particles, and to the amount of T-I added; however, binding of N -acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA to 40-S subunits was slightly inhibited by T-I. The results suggest that the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA and N -acylaminoacyl-tRNA to 40-S subunits is catalyzed by an activity (or activities) present in the soluble portion of rat liver homogenates which is distinct from T-I binding factor.
Rapid-flow synthesis of Zn—Qn complexes: Teaching old ligands new tricks with reactive Na2(HZnEt2)2

A new method involving rapid flow of ligand solutions through a cartridge loaded with crystalline sodium diethylzinc hydride and subsequent isolation of three Zn—hydroxyquinoline complexes is described. The rapid-flow approach allowed the pyrophoric starting material to be used outside of the glovebox atmosphere and enabled fast mixing with ligand solutions for zinc complexation in seconds. The identity of all complexes was established by proton (1H) and carbon (13C) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray diffraction.
Statistical multiscale approach to mapping altimetric data

ABSTRACT A challenging problem in oceanography is the dense estimation of the surface of the ocean in a statisticallymeaningful manner, given sparse and irregularly sampled measurements of the surface. A previously devel-oped highly efficient multiscale estimation framework is shown to be an appropriate tool for this task, and wedemonstrate the manner of application and present experimental results. The algorithm is capable of computing250,000 surface estimates of the ocean with error statistics in five seconds on a Sparc workstation.Keywords: assimilation, smoothing, multiscale algorithms, multiscale estimation. 1 INTRODUCTION This work deals with the application of a random field multiresolution methodology to the particular problemof the efficient estimation of ocean height. A map of ocean height is of considerable value to ocean modelers, asit allows the identification and correction of errors in computer simulations of global ocean circulation models.The primary reason for the recent increase in interest in the processing of such data is due to the launch ofthe joint American/French Topex/Poseidon (TP) altimeter: a sateffite-based platform capable of characterizing
The Neutral Cysteine Proteinase of Entamoeba histolytica Degrades IgG and Prevents Its Binding

Patients infected with Entamoeba histolytica generate specific IgG that does not prevent invasive amebiasis or recurrent infection. Studies investigated whether the effectiveness of the human humoral response was limited by cleavage of IgG by the extracellular neutral cysteine proteinase of E. histolytica trophozoites, one of the first amebic products to interact directly with components of host defenses. Purified proteinase cleaved polyclonal human and monoclonal murine IgG in a dose-dependent manner. Peptide sequencing of the major cleavage fragment(s), which contained the protein A binding site, suggested that cleavage occurred near the hinge region. Intact trophozoites also cleave IgG in both growth media and serum-free media. Cleaved monoclonal antibody to a 29-kDa surface antigen of E. histolytica bound to trophozoites 83.5% +/- 6.7% less than did uncleaved antibody. These results suggest that cleavage of IgG by the extracellular cysteine proteinase may limit the effectiveness of the host humoral response.
The second casualty: effects of interstate conflict and civil war on press freedom:

This article builds on recent work that emphasizes the importance of press freedom in restraining international conflict by examining the reverse relationship: whether conflict has an impact on individual nations' levels of press freedom. It finds that, in general, civil wars have a greater negative impact than interstate wars, press systems in democracies are more affected than those in autocracies, and level of conflict is more relevant than the mere presence of conflict.
Light speed arbitration and flow control for nanophotonic interconnects

By providing high bandwidth chip-wide communication at low latency and low power, on-chip optics can improve many-core performance dramatically. Optical channels that connect many nodes and allow for single cycle cache-line transmissions will require fast, high bandwidth arbitration. We exploit CMOS nanophotonic devices to create arbiters that meet the demands of on-chip optical interconnects. We accomplish this by exploiting a unique property of optical devices that allows arbitration to scale with latency bounded by the time of flight of light through a silicon waveguide that passes all requesters. We explore two classes of distributed token-based arbitration, channel based and slot based, and tailor them to optics. Channel based protocols allocate an entire waveguide to one requester at a time, whereas slot based protocols allocate fixed sized slots in the waveguide. Simple optical protocols suffer from a fixed prioritization of users and can starve those with low priority; we correct this with new schemes that vary the priorities dynamically to ensure fairness. On a 64-node optical interconnect under uniform random single-cycle traffic, our fair slot protocol achieves 74% channel utilization, while our fair channel protocol achieves 45%. Ours are the first arbitration protocols that exploit optics to simultaneously achieve low latency, high utilization, and fairness.
Predicting Tunneling-Induced Ground Movement

Cost-effective and permissible tunneling can occur only if ground movement prediction is refined to accommodate changes in both the urban environment and tunneling technology. As cities age, tunnels are being installed closer to existing structures and in increasingly complicated belowground conditions. The reality of stacked tunnels, abandoned facilities, and more extensive use of underground space raises the question of whether relationships derived for single open-shield tunnels in free-field conditions can adequately predict ground movement for modern tunneling techniques with more complicated site conditions. Traditional empirical methods to predict maximum surface settlements and the percentage of lost ground for paired tunnels of the new Austrian tunneling method (NATM) in noncohesive soils are evaluated. Predictive data are compared with field measurements for grouted and nongrouted sections. Results showed that the estimated maximum settlement values of an NATM tunnel were highly similar to those of an open shield tunnel for both the grouted and ungrouted sections, although in some cases the Gaussian shape significantly underestimated the depth of the settlement trough in the outer 30% to 40%. Grouting substantially altered the amount of settlement. The average percentage of volume of lost ground with grouting was 1.6%, whereas the value was 5.2% where no grouting occurred. The empirical methods typically generated a fairly reasonable set of responses for an NATM tunnel.
Seagrass Mapping in the Northern Gulf of Mexico using Airborne Hyperspectral Imagery: A Comparison of Classification Methods

Abstract Mapping areas of seagrass is important, in part because the extent of seagrass habitat can serve as a general indicator of coastal ecosystem health. While aerial photography and multispectral imagery have commonly been used to map seagrass, digital hyperspectral imagery is at the forefront of current mapping technology in many natural resource applications. In this study, HyMap hyperspectral imagery at 2.9-m resolution was used to map seagrass distribution off Horn Island, Mississippi, and estimate its areal coverage. Seagrass beds and sand-bottom classes were defined based on visual interpretation of the imagery coupled with field observations. Image spectra were sampled for each class in three water-depth zones determined by distance from shore. Supervised image classifications were performed using maximum likelihood, minimum distance to means, and spectral angle mapper methods to compare relative accuracies in mapping seagrass coverage. The maximum likelihood classification produced the highes...
Day-to-day discrepancy in Bravo pH monitoring is related to the degree of deterioration of the lower esophageal sphincter and severity of reflux disease.

Background The Bravo capsule allows monitoring of esophageal acid exposure over a two-day period. Experience has shown that 24–32% of patients will have abnormal esophageal acid exposure detected on only one of the 2 days monitored. This variation has been explained by the effect of endoscopy and sedation. The aim of this study was to assess the day-to-day discrepancy following transnasal placement of the Bravo capsule without endoscopy or sedation and to determine factors related to this variability.
Automatically assessing machine summary content without a gold standard

The most widely adopted approaches for evaluation of summary content follow some protocol for comparing a summary with gold-standard human summaries, which are traditionally called model summaries. This evaluation paradigm falls short when human summaries are not available and becomes less accurate when only a single model is available. We propose three novel evaluation techniques. Two of them are model-free and do not rely on a gold standard for the assessment. The third technique improves standard automatic evaluations by expanding the set of available model summaries with chosen system summaries. We show that quantifying the similarity between the source text and its summary with appropriately chosen measures produces summary scores which replicate human assessments accurately. We also explore ways of increasing evaluation quality when only one human model summary is available as a gold standard. We introduce pseudomodels, which are system summaries deemed to contain good content according to automatic evaluation. Combining the pseudomodels with the single human model to form the gold-standard leads to higher correlations with human judgments compared to using only the one available model. Finally, we explore the feasibility of another measure-similarity between a system summary and the pool of all other system summaries for the same input. This method of comparison with the consensus of systems produces impressively accurate rankings of system summaries, achieving correlation with human rankings above 0.9.
Pain and death: Neurodegenerative disease mechanisms in the nociceptor

Chronic peripheral neuropathic pain is the result of abnormal activity in sensory nerves. It is well recognized that this sensory nerve dysfunction can be caused by traumatic, toxic, or metabolic insult to the nerve. In addition, there is growing recognition that neuropathic pain is a frequent manifestation of neurodegenerative diseases. In this regard, important clues to the cellular mechanisms of neuropathic pain may be found by close examination of neurodegenerative diseases (including Parkinson's disease) in which neuropathic pain is often an underappreciated but important clinical manifestation. This approach identifies specific mitochondrial and cytoskeletal mechanisms, previously implicated in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases in the central nervous system, that might contribute to neuropathic dysfunction in peripheral sensory nerve fibers. Investigations in preclinical models of common peripheral neuropathic pain conditions have supported the idea that a subset of these cellular mechanisms of neurodegeneration can produce painful hyperactivity in primary afferent nociceptors. Importantly, this emerging concept of neurodegenerative disease mechanisms in the primary afferent nociceptor identifies novel molecular targets for the treatment neuropathic pain.
Considerations in the Management of Patients With Philadelphia Chromosome―Positive Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Receiving Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Therapy

The phenomenal success of therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in Philadelphia chromosome (Ph) –positive chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) has drastically changed the prognosis of this disease. With imatinib mesylate, the estimated 7- to 10-year survival is 80% to 85%, 90% to 93% if only CML-related deaths are considered.1–5 Nilotinib and dasatinib are more potent second generation TKIs with activity in CML after imatinib failure.6–8 In randomized trials of first-line CML therapy, nilotinib and dasatinib, compared with imatinib, demonstrated significantly higher rates of complete cytogenetic response (CCyR) and of major molecular response (MMR) at 12 to 18 months, reductions in the incidence of transformation to accelerated and blastic phases, and, on average, better tolerance.9,10 Both nilotinib (300-mg twice daily) and dasatinib (100-mg once daily) were recently approved for first-line CML therapy. In the accompanying article, Hehlmann et al11 report the results of first-line CML therapy with standard dose imatinib with or without interferon alfa, and with high-dose imatinib. They analyze the incidence of MMR as the study primary end point.11 This emphasis on MMR as a primary end point in CML therapy, and the availability of three TKIs for CML therapy, raise important questions related to the management of chronic phase CML in our daily practice. What are the important early end points of therapy with TKI in CML that predict long-term prognosis (eg, achievement of CCyR, MMR)? How should we monitor response to therapy (cytogenetic, fluorescent in situ hybridization [FISH], molecular studies, mutational analysis)? What are the long-term end points relevant to therapeutic decisions (survival, progression-free survival [PFS], event-free survival [EFS])? Imatinib will become available in generic formulations in the next few years, at a significantly lower cost than second generation TKIs. Oncologists are then faced with important therapeutic questions. Would it be better to use the less expensive TKI, imatinib, as first-line CML therapy and reserve the second generation TKIs for imatinib failure, or should second generation TKIs be used as first-line therapy? What is a clinically relevant definition of poor response to imatinib? If imatinib is selected for first-line therapy, is it better to change to second generation TKIs at the time of suboptimal response to imatinib, or at the time of cytogenetic or hematologic relapse? These questions raise several important issues related to how best to integrate the new generation of TKIs into the management of patients with CML.
Stochastic modeling of film porosity in thin film deposition

This work focuses on modeling of film porosity in thin film deposition using stochastic differential equations. A deposition process is modeled via kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) simulation on a triangular lattice. The microscopic process events involve atom adsorption and migration and the film growth allows for vacancies and overhangs to develop inside the film. Appropriate definitions of film site occupancy ratio (SOR), i.e., fraction of film sites occupied by particles over total number of film sites, and its fluctuation are introduced to describe film porosity. Deterministic and stochastic ordinary differential equation (ODE) models are also derived to describe the time evolution of film SOR and its fluctuation. The coefficients of the ODE models are estimated on the basis of data obtained from the kMC simulator of the deposition process using least-square methods. Simulation results demonstrate the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed film porosity modeling methods in the context of the deposition process under consideration.