cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prostate-localized and Androgen-regulated Expression of the Membrane-bound Serine Protease TMPRSS2

Genes regulated by androgenic hormones are of critical importance for the normal physiological function of the human prostate gland, and they contribute to the development and progression of prostate carcinoma. We used cDNA microarrays containing 1500 cDNAs to profile transcripts regulated by androgens in prostate cancer cells and identified the serine protease TMPRSS2 as a gene exhibiting increased expression upon exposure to androgens. The TMPRSS2 gene is located on chromosome 21 and contains four distinct domains, including a transmembrane region, indicating that it is expressed on the cell surface. Northern analysis demonstrated that TMPRSS2 is highly expressed in prostate epithelium relative to other normal human tissues. In situ hybridization of normal and malignant prostate tissues localizes TMPRSS2 expression to prostate basal cells and to prostate carcinoma. These results suggest that TMPRSS2 may play a role in prostate carcinogenesis and should be investigated as a diagnostic or therapeutic target for the management of prostate cancers.
Advances in diagnostic radiology: problems and prospects

The advances in diagnostic radiology are summarized under the headings of new techniques, new procedures and new programs. The most dramatic progress has occurred in the field of imaging technology, where computerized tomography (CT) has revolutionized the approach to brain imaging. Less obvious and secure is the position of body CT imaging, partly a result of technological deficiencies but also, as a result of imaging potential. Improved image amplification and angiographic techniques have made possible interventional radiographic procedures that hold great promise for the future. Radiologists with an interest in diagnostic oncology must play a dominant role in helping guide these new advances and direct the more appropriate application of conventional radiographic techniques in the diagnosis and followup of neoplastic diseases.
The NH2-Terminal Region of Rabbit CYP2E1 Is Not Essential for Interaction with NADPH-Cytochrome P450 Reductase

Recently we reported that electrostatic forces interfere with the formation of the NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase/cytochrome P450 electron transfer complex and suggested that this complex is formed by the attraction of the complementary hydrophobic patches (Voznesensky, A., and Schenkman,J.(1994) 269 J.Biol.Chem, 15724-1573). In this report we evaluate the role of the NH2-terminal hydrophobic region of CYP2E1 in the interaction with the reductase by comparing ionic strength dependence of the reduction of the full-length and truncated Δ3-29 CYP2E1. Increasing ionic strength stimulates reduction of both full-length and truncated CYP2E1. The neutralization of electrostatic interactions by increasing ionic strength revealed no impairment of the Δ3-29 CYP2E1 reduction compared to that of the full-length CYP2E1, indicating that the NH2-terminal region is not essential for the interaction of the cytochrome with the reductase.
Stable expression of Gal/GalNAc lectin of Entamoeba histolytica in transgenic chloroplasts and immunogenicity in mice towards vaccine development for amoebiasis

Chloroplast genetic engineering offers several advantages, including high levels of transgene expression, transgene containment via maternal inheritance and multigene engineering in a single transformation event. Entamoeba histolytica infects 50 million people, causing about 100,000 deaths annually, but there is no approved vaccine against this pathogen. LecA, a potential target for blocking amoebiasis, was expressed for the first time in transgenic plants. Stable transgene integration into chloroplast genomes and homoplasmy were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction and Southern blot analyses. LecA expression was evaluated by Western blots and quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (up to 6.3% of total soluble protein or 2.3 mg LecA/g leaf tissue). Subcutaneous immunization of mice with crude extract of transgenic leaves resulted in higher immunoglobulin G titres (up to 1:10,000) than in previous reports. An average yield of 24 mg of LecA per plant should produce 29 million doses of vaccine antigen per acre of transgenic plants. Such high levels of expression and immunogenicity should facilitate the development of a less expensive amoebiasis vaccine.
A one‐decade update on chelated metals for supplying micronutrients to crops—

Abstract Synthetic chelating agents have been available for plant nutrition for 30 years. Without them agriculture would be virtually irtpossible in some locations because of extreme iron deficiency. Generally, however, chelating agents are too expensive for use in general field agriculture except where their efficiency of utilization can be greatly increased such as with drip irrigation techniques. Chelating agents also find usage in hydroponic operations as a means of supplying iron to plants. Zinc chelates are sometimes used in hydroponics but probably are not necessary. Chelates are commonly used in liquid fertilizers to keep zinc, manganese and copper in a soluble form in them so that they can be applied in solution and with flow equipment. It is generally accepted that chelating agents function in soil by keeping micronutrients soluble in soil and by facilitating their movement in soil to plant roots. Even after 30 years there is still sons controversy about the interactions of chelating agents with...
Multiple-simultaneous phased array antenna beam generation using an acousto-optic system

The paper describes a concept of an acoustooptic phased array antenna beam-former with N multiple simultaneous beam-generation capability and wide-band antenna operation feature. The system was experimentally demonstrated using a single-channel acoustooptic device driven by a signal of frequency f(c), and an acoustooptic device with N channels driven by signals with frequencies f(c)+f(1) to f(c)+f(N). It is suggested that the concept can be extended to radar bands by using gigahertz-band acoustooptic devices.
Adult attachment orientations: Relation to affiliation motivation

This study examines the multifaceted relationship between attachment and affiliation motivation. In a sample of 322 participants differences were found between attachment styles or dimensions and affiliation motivation. Anxious attachment was positively related to seeking attention from others, social comparison, and positive stimulation as motivations for affiliation. Avoidant attachment was negatively related to emotional support and positive stimulation as motivations for affiliation. Also, results indicated that individuals with a dismissing attachment style scored lower on several dimensions of affiliation motivation than individuals characterized by secure, fearful, or preoccupied attachment styles. Implications for the impact of attachment on motivation to seek social support and counseling are discussed.
Proactive versus reactive revisited: IPv6 routing for Low Power Lossy Networks

In this paper, we revisit the reactive versus proactive debate, however in the context of Low Power Lossy Networks (LLNs). We investigate the suitability of two protocols: RPL (proactive), standardized by the IETF for use in LLNs, and LOAD-ng (reactive) recently being discussed in the IETF MANET working group as a promising reactive candidate protocol with deployment in LLNs. We provide a detailed and impartial simulation study that is based on two real deployment topologies and realistic traffic profiles provided by the industry. We investigate typical routing requirements, and delve into metrics of interest, such as overhead for multicast traffic, path quality, end-to-end delay for alert traffic, and memory requirements. The results of this study suggest that a proactive protocol, such as RPL, is the best candidate for most deployment scenarios. Our analysis also helped identify areas of concern and provide suggestions for further improvements.
Temperature dependence of hydrogen tunnelling rate constants

Abstract A theoretical model based on tunnelling through a two-dimensional barrier is developed and used to interpret hydrogen transfer rate constants that deviate stronly from the standard Arrhenius equation, such as those of hydrogen abstraction by methyl and phenyl radicals.
A new method for preparing highly active unsupported Mo sulfide. Catalytic activity for hydrogenolysis of 4-(1-naphthylmethyl)bibenzyl

Abstract This paper reports on the catalytic activity of unsupported Mo sulfide (MoS2 like) catalysts which were prepared by a new and simple method comprised of decomposing ammonium tetrathiomolybdate (ATTM) in an organic solvent with added water under H2 pressure. Model compound reactions of 4-(1-naphthylmethyl)bibenzyl (NMBB) were carried out at 350–425°C under H2 pressure in order to examine the activity of the Mo sulfide catalysts generated from ATTM with and without added water for C–C bond cleavage and hydrogenation of aromatic ring. The Mo sulfide catalysts generated from ATTM with added water were much more effective for C–C bond cleavage and hydrogenation of aromatic moieties at 350–425°C than those from ATTM alone. Two-step tests revealed that the addition of water is effective for generating highly active Mo sulfide catalyst from ATTM, but water itself does not promote catalytic conversion. Removal of water after the decomposition of ATTM with added water at 350–400°C under H2 pressure by hot purging gives highly active Mo sulfide catalyst. These results demonstrate that we have found a new and simple method for preparing highly active, dispersed (unsupported) Mo sulfide catalysts for hydroprocessing.
Using natural language processing technology for qualitative data analysis

Social researchers often apply qualitative research methods to study groups and their communications artifacts. The use of computer-mediated communications has dramatically increased the volume of text available, but coding such text requires considerable manual effort. We discuss how systems that process text in human languages (i.e. natural language processing [NLP]) might partially automate content analysis by extracting theoretical evidence. We present a case study of the use of NLP for qualitative analysis in which the NLP rules showed good performance on a number of codes. With the current level of performance, use of an NLP system could reduce the amount of text to be examined by a human coder by an order of magnitude or more, potentially increasing the speed of coding by a comparable degree. The paper is significant as it is one of the first to demonstrate the use of high-level NLP techniques for qualitative data analysis.
Technical considerations in the application of intensity-modulated radiotherapy as a concomitant integrated boost for locally-advanced cervix cancer

The technical aspects of IMRT applied to cervix cancer are discussed in this paper, as well as issues related to tumor delineation, target volume definitions, inverse planning, and IMRT delivery. A theoretical example illustrating how IMRT can accurately mimic dose distributions obtained using conventional planning plus HDR brachytherapy is also shown. The notion of clinical optimization parameters is introduced to account for the radiation delivery variables, which affect the overall treatment time. This is especially relevant to the possible introduction of intrafractional movement and resulting inaccuracy, as well as facility efficiency.
Intracellular pH Transients in Squid Giant Axons Caused by CO2, NH3, and Metabolic Inhibitors

The intracellular pH (pHi) of squid giant axons has been measured using glass pH microelectrodes. Resting pHi in artificial seawater (ASW) (pH 7.6-7.8) at 23 degrees C was 7.32 +/- 0.02 (7.28 if corrected for liquid junction potential). Exposure of the axon to 5% CO2 at constant external pH caused a sharp decrease in pHi, while the subsequent removal of the gas caused pHi to overshoot its initial value. If the exposure to CO2 was prolonged, two additional effects were noted: (a) during the exposure, the rapid initial fall in pHi was followed by a slow rise, and (b) after the exposure, the overshoot was greatly exaggerated. Application of external NH4Cl caused pHi to rise sharply; return to normal ASW caused pHi to return to a value below its initial one. If the exposure to NH4Cl was prolonged, two additional effects were noted: (a) during the exposure, the rapid initial rise in pHi was followed by a slow fall, and (b) after the exposure, the undershoot was greatly exaggerated. Exposure to several weak acid metabolic inhibitors caused a fall in pHi whose reversibility depended upon length of exposure. Inverting the electrochemical gradient for H+ with 100 mM K-ASW had no effect on pHi changes resulting from short-term exposure to azide. A mathematical model explains the pHi changes caused by NH4Cl on the basis of passive movements of both NH3 and NH4+. The simultaneous passive movements of CO2 and HCO3-cannot explain the results of the CO2 experiments; these data require the postulation of an active proton extrusion and/or sequestration mechanism.
Towards Achieving Linear Capacity Scaling in Wireless Networks through Directed Energy Links

Large-scale multi-hop wireless networks have many important applications. However, Gupta and Kumar showed that the capacity of multi-hop wireless networks decreases as the number of nodes in the network increases. Subsequent research efforts to achieve linear capacity scaling have significant limitations such as long latency, high technical complexity, restricted traffic pattern, or infrastructure requirement. We propose to achieve close-to-linear (CTL) capacity scaling through the use of directed energy (DE) links such as laser communications links or highly directional pencil beam links in the EHF band in a hybrid network that also contains traditional omni-directional (OD) antenna links. Our approach has none of limitations mentioned earlier. We show that when the probability distribution of DE links follows the inverse-square law, a distributed scheme with local routing information suffice to achieve CTL capacity scaling.
Occurrence of initiation factor 2 in the postribosomal fraction and identification of an initiation inhibitor as elongation factor G.

Abstract The postribosomal fraction obtained at low salt concentrations from extracts of Escherichia coli contains substantial amounts of initiation factor 2. The apparent separation of initiation factor 2 into two distinct peaks upon chromatography on DEAE-cellulose results in part from an inhibitor that elutes within the initiation factor 2 peak. This inhibitor has been identified as elongation factor G. Elongation factor G possesses a ribosomal-dependent GTPase activity which reduces the amount of GTP available for initiation complex formation. This inhibitory effect can be overcome by high levels of GTP and a nucleotide triphosphate generating system.
What is a biomarker? Research investments and lack of clinical integration necessitate a review of biomarker terminology and validation schema

A continual trend of annual growth can be seen within research devoted to the discovery and validation of disease biomarkers within both the natural and clinical sciences. This expansion of intellectual endeavours was quantified through database searches of (a) research grant awards provided by the various branches of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and (b) academic publications. A search of awards presented between 1986 and 2009 revealed a total of 28,856 grants awarded by the NIH containing the term "biomarker". The total funds for these awards in 2008 and 2009 alone were over $2.5 billion. During the same respective time frames, searches of "biomarker" and either "discovery", "genomics", "proteomics" or "metabolomics" yielded a total of 4,928 NIH grants whose combined funding exceeded $1.2 billion. The derived trend in NIH awards paralleled the annual expansion in "biomarker" literature. A PubMed search for the term, between 1990 and 2009, revealed a total of 441,510 published articles, with 38,457 published in 2008. These enormous investments and academic outputs however have not translated into the expected integration of new biomarkers for patient care. For example no proteomics derived biomarkers are currently being utilized in routine clinical management. This translational chasm necessitates a review of the previously proposed biomarker definitions and evaluation schema. A subsequent discussion of both the analytical and pre-analytical considerations for such research is also presented within. This required knowledge should aid scientists in their pursuit and validation of new biological markers of disease.
Weighting function for the measurement of lightness differences in gonioapparent and dark colors

In gonioapparent colors, as Lightness increases, larger ΔL*s as measured by CIE76 are visually acceptable. This study used Logit Analysis of visual observations of lightness difference to determine this dependency of ΔL* on absolute L*. A linear functionality was found. Non-linearity of this function for very dark colors observed at flop angles, where sparkle is not observed lead to a further study of dark solid colors.
Analysis of torsional spectra of molecules with two internal C3ν, rotors—XXVI. A far infrared study of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine

The infrared spectra of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine, (CH3)2NNH2, and two isotopomers, (CD3)2NNH2 and (CH3)2NND2, have been recorded in the region between 600 and 100 cm−1. Very rich and complex spectra were obtained and analysis of the data has been carried out. The interpretation of the spectra arising from the two methyl torsional modes of the −d0 compound was carried out using a semi-rigid model, and the resulting potential function obtained is V30 = 1685 ± 12 cm−1 (4.82 ± 0.04 kcal mol−1); V03 = 1827 ± 16 cm−1 (5.22 ± 0.05 kcal mol−1); V60 = −92±5cm−1 (−0.26 ± 0.02 kcal mol−1); V06 = −41 ± 6cm−1 (−0.12 ± 0.02 kcal mol−1) and V′33 = −51 ± 5 cm−1 (−0.15 ± 0.01 kcal mol−1). Ab initio gradient calculations were carried out employing the 3–21G and 6–31G* basis sets, as well as the 6–31G* basis set with electron correlation at the MP2 level. The structural parameters, conformational stability, and three-fold barriers to internal rotation have been determined and the gauche conformer is calculated to be more stable than the trans form by 783 cm−1 (2.24 kcal mol−1) with the MP2/6–31G* basis set. These calculations were also used to re-evaluate the previously reported assignment of the fundamental modes, and to obtain a potential function for the asymmetric torsion. All of these results are discussed and compared with corresponding quantities for some similar compounds.
Use of terrain attributes as a tool to explore the interaction of vertic soils and surface hydrology in South Texas playa wetland systems

The objectives of this study were to assess the unique interface between geomorphology, hydric soils, surface hydrology, and plant ecology in playa landforms by: 1) characterizing playa soil properties; 2) quantifying playa microtopography; and 3) determine how watershed attributes dictate the potential for surface water accumulation following episodic precipitation events (tropical storms, hurricanes). Soils of 9 playa basins in the Rio Grande Plains of Texas, USA were analyzed for physical/chemical properties and their microtopography determined via transects. A DEM was used to calculate topographic wetness index (TWI) and evaluate the sizes of playa basins, the upland draining areas into each playa. There were no significant differences among playa soils. TWI showed the potential areas for surface water accumulation coinciding with playa location. TWI can be used as a tool to identify potential water accumulating areas. The soil, site characteristics, and weather conditions determine the duration of standing surface water.
Gonadotropin-independent familial sexual precocity with premature Leydig and germinal cell maturation (familial testotoxicosis): effects of a potent luteinizing hormone-releasing factor agonist and medroxyprogesterone acetate therapy in four cases

Four boys with sexual precocity are described in whom pubertal concentrations of plasma testosterone were associated with premature Leydig and germinal cell maturation without activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary gonadotropin unit. Extensive laboratory evaluation localized the source of testosterone secretion to the testes, and testicular biopsy revealed maturation of Leydig cells and spermatogenic elements. These events appear to be nongonadotropin-dependent in view of the absence of a pubertal pattern of pulsatile LH secretion, persistence of a prepubertal LH response to LRF even after long standing sexual precocity, prepubertal basal levels of LH and undetectable hCG, and the absence of biologically active LH-hCG by bioassay. Indirect immunofluorescence studies failed to demonstrate an immunoglobulin in the patients' sera that bound to Leydig cells or seminiferous tubules of normal adult human testes. The potent LRF analog D-Trp6-Pro9-NEt-LRF did not result in suppression of plasma testosterone or Leydig cell function even after 3 months of daily treatment in two patients which provides additional support of pituitary gonadotropin independence and of the lack of a direct effect of the analog on Leydig cell function. Oral medroxyprogesterone acetate treatment in two patients was associated with a striking decrease in both plasma testosterone concentration and height velocity. In the only patient in whom a complete family history could be obtained (three of four patients were adopted), sexual precocity was noted in the maternal grandfather. As this familial syndrome is characterized by a prepubertal hypothalamic-pituitary gonadotropin unit and apparent gonadotropin-independent maturation of Leydig cells and germinal epithelium, possibly due to an intratesticular inborn error, we propose the term "familial testotoxicosis" to describe this group of sexually precocious boys.
Clinical data base management by microcomputer.

A professional-grade, portable, desktop computer has been programmed to provide a computerized data base search of clinical material. This system provides reports detailing operative activity, morbidity, and mortality on a routine basis. Special data base searches can be performed using 1 of 20 predefined search criteria. These search criteria can be redefined at any time by the user. Data and program storage is provided by high-speed magnetic tape capable of holding up to 1,400 operation reports per tape. Uses include work load evaluation, identification of referral patterns, and operative result evaluation.
POSSIBLE EVIDENCE OF THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM IN DARK MATTER HALOS

After deducing the density profiles and gravitational potential functions of eight galaxies from the rotation velocity data from THINGS, we find that the density decreases exponentially with the potential in substantial regions of the halos. This behavior is in agreement with that of a single-component isothermal Boltzmann gas, and it suggests that an effective description in terms of a Boltzmann gas is possible for dark matter in these regions. This could be an indication that dark matter self-interactions are sufficient in strength and number to lead to thermal equilibrium in these regions. We write down the dynamics and boundary conditions for a Boltzmann gas description and examine some of its qualitative and quantitative consequences. Solutions to the dynamical system are determined by three dimensionfull parameters, and they provide reasonable fits to the rotational velocity data in the regions where the Boltzmann-like behavior was found. Unlike in the usual approach to curve fitting, we do not assume a specific form for the dark matter density profile, and we do not require a detailed knowledge of the baryonic content of the galaxy.
Effect of substrate orientation on defect generation and annealing behaviour in carbon implanted silicon

Abstract Nanometric amorphous SiC x precipitates selforganized in a periodic array are observed to form during high-dose carbon implantation in Si(1 1 1). The interaction of silicon selfinterstitials (Si I ) emitted from these precipitates with extended defects formed in the near-surface layers is studied by RBS/channeling and cross-sectional TEM. It is shown that at an implantation temperature of 150 °C the dominant defect species in this zone depends on the wafer crystal orientation: (1 1 1) extrinsic stacking faults in Si(1 1 1), while it is point defect like in Si(1 0 0). Trapping of Si I in (1 1 1) stacking faults hinders thermal crystallization of SiC x precipitates at 900 °C.
Cleistogamy in Andropogon L. (Gramineae)

Eleven species of Andropogon produce single-stamened flowers, and all but one of these species bear some cleistogamous flowers. Nine of the species, all diploid perennials, make up the Andropogon virginicus complex. Cleistogamy in the virginicus complex results from precocious maturation of the flowers, which leaves them confined within their spikelets at anthesis. Variation in flowering mode (expressed as mean % chasmogamy) is correlated significantly (P < 0.01) with variation in peduncle length (r, = 0.67), spikelet length (r, = 0.49), and anther length (r, = 0.69). The strength of the correlation (r = 0.94) between pollen grain number per anther and anther length makes the latter a good measure of pollen-ovule ratios in the singlestamened flowers of this group. Taxa with the highest frequency of cleistogamous flowering are also the most successful colonizers of disturbed habitats. It is suggested that cleistogamy is important in the reproductive isolation of the numerous, closely related subspecific taxa of
Coordinated acylimido complexes formed by reaction of nitridorhenium and nitridomolybdenum porphyrins with substituted acetic anhydrides

Acylimidorhenium and molybdenum porphyrin complexes were prepared by reaction of the corresponding nitridometalloporphyrins with substituted acetic anhydrides and their spectral and electrochemical properties were determined. Analysis of the electronic spectral changes with time and initial reactant concentration confirmed that the acylimido formation reaction was first-order in each reactant and second-order overall. Second-order rate constants for formation of the chloroacetic anhydride complex increased in the order Mn<Cr<Re<Mo. In contrast with the previously reported reactivity of acylimidomanganese and chromium porphyrin complexes, the rhenium and molybdenum derivatives were unreactive towards triphenylphosphine, strained olefins and silyl ethylene ethers.
The development of expertise: Animal models?

There is a continuing debate in the psychological literature between researchers who lean more toward learning theories of expertise development and those who lean more toward talent theories. However, the development of human expertise has not been open to direct experimental methods and will probably continue to elude experimentalists in the future. A promising alternative to direct experimental methods is to use nonhuman animal models, a possibility that researchers in expertise seem to have overlooked. However, there are studies in the animal behavior literature that address the development of nonhuman animal expertise without specifically referring to the topic as expertise. In the present study, the author discusses two nonhuman animal examples of expertise development that have been researched by ethologists. Nonhuman animal expertise development, unlike human expertise development, is subject to direct experimentation. The author thus recommends that researchers use nonhuman animals in their studi...
National mandates and local nonprofits: Shaping a local delivery system of HIV/AIDS services

This paper shows how federal resources and mandates concerning the HIV epidemic combined with the political economy and political culture of Dallas, Texas to create a distinctive local HIV/AIDS service system. The infusion of federal funds allowed nonprofit organizations to expand their services, especially in the areas of economic assistance and social services. In addition, funding to minority agencies and services to minority clients were expanded. While the fund administration structure imposed on the nonprofit providers necessitated greater administrative efforts on their part and enhanced the power of local government, it also greatly improved coordination.
PONDEROSA-C/S: client–server based software package for automated protein 3D structure determination

Peak-picking Of Noe Data Enabled by Restriction Of Shift Assignments-Client Server (PONDEROSA-C/S) builds on the original PONDEROSA software (Lee et al. in Bioinformatics 27:1727–1728. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btr200, 2011) and includes improved features for structure calculation and refinement. PONDEROSA-C/S consists of three programs: Ponderosa Server, Ponderosa Client, and Ponderosa Analyzer. PONDEROSA-C/S takes as input the protein sequence, a list of assigned chemical shifts, and nuclear Overhauser data sets (13C- and/or 15N-NOESY). The output is a set of assigned NOEs and 3D structural models for the protein. Ponderosa Analyzer supports the visualization, validation, and refinement of the results from Ponderosa Server. These tools enable semi-automated NMR-based structure determination of proteins in a rapid and robust fashion. We present examples showing the use of PONDEROSA-C/S in solving structures of four proteins: two that enable comparison with the original PONDEROSA package, and two from the Critical Assessment of automated Structure Determination by NMR (Rosato et al. in Nat Methods 6:625–626. doi:10.1038/nmeth0909-625, 2009) competition. The software package can be downloaded freely in binary format from http://pine.nmrfam.wisc.edu/download_packages.html. Registered users of the National Magnetic Resonance Facility at Madison can submit jobs to the PONDEROSA-C/S server at http://ponderosa.nmrfam.wisc.edu, where instructions, tutorials, and instructions can be found. Structures are normally returned within 1–2 days.
Hepatocellular Carcinoma Surveillance: A National Survey of Current Practices in the USA

Background The incidence rate of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the USA is rapidly rising. Surveillance using biannual ultrasound (US) is recommended, but actual practices are unknown.
Optimization of SIMS analysis conditions for Na, S, P and N in Cu films

Using a Cs + primary beam on a Cameca IMS SIMS instrument and ion implanted standards in Cu, it has been found that H, C, O, Cl in Cu films can be measured using negative secondary ions and a low to medium mass resolution (M/AM < 3000), however, S and P analysis require a higher mass resolution to resolve the mass interferences present in the barrier layer (TiSiN and TaN). Analysis of nitrogen required monitoring of the (Cs 2 N) + secondary ions. Sodium and potassium secondary ions need to be measured as positive secondary ions. The analysis energy should be chosen based on the thickness of the Cu films, where thinner films (20 nm) require a very low profiling energy and this low profiling energy can be achieved by monitoring of the (Cs 2 M) + molecular ions (M = H, C, etc.).
The History of Balloon Valvuloplasty

The birth of therapeutic balloon dilation in the management of cardiovascular disease can be traced to Rashkind who in 1966 developed balloon atrial septostomy for palliation of patients with complete transposition of the great vessels. Actually, Dotter and Judkins anteceded Rashkind by coaxial sequential dilation of iliofemoral atherosclerotic obstruction in 1964. However, it was not until the development by Gruntzig in 1978 of a miniaturized flexible balloon catheter for percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty that therapeutic balloon dilation began to be applied to stenotic heart valves. The development of percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty was the natural consequence of the early success of surgical mechanical dilation of stenotic heart valves; first the pulmonic valve, then the mitral valve, and finally the aortic valve. The successful relief of valvular stenosis by percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty is a remarkable example of how the pioneering cardiac surgeons paved the way for interventional cardiologists to take over the treatment of heretofore, surgically managed diseases.
Learning and behavior in children with epilepsy

Learning and behavioral concerns in children with epilepsy are reviewed and general guidelines for assessment are presented. The case of Peter is used to illustrate these issues followed by interventions that may be helpful in working with learning and behavioral difficulties in children with epilepsy.
Uranyl Photochemistry with Alkenes: Distinguishing between H-Atom Abstraction and Electron Transfer†

We have studied the quenching of the uranyl ion in aqueous acetonitrile with a series of alkenes. The quenching rate constant (kq) increases linearly with decreasing ionization potential (IP) for a series of hexene isomers, as seen in a plot of ln(kq) vs IP; no correlation is observed between the quenching rate and the bond dissociation energy of the allylic C−H bond. These results demonstrate that the mechanism of quenching for alkenes is electron transfer from the alkene to uranyl.
Analysis of gene expression during hematopoiesis: Present and future applications

Recombinant DNA technology now provides the strategies required to identify genes whose expression controls the development of normal and pathologic blood cells. Characterization of the gene families responsible for synthesis of hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, and cellular enzymes have already, or are about to, provide major insights into the mechanisms producing normal erythroid cells, immunocytes, and immune surface features. Hemoglobinopathies, leukemias, and autoimmune diseases of the bone marrow can now be examined to a degree of detail previously inaccessible to investigators. Oncogene translocation analysis is shedding new light on the pathogenesis of leukemias and lymphomas. Recent basic advances now permit direct cloning and identification of genes in host organisms which express their protein products, thus allowing isolation of genes coding for the hematopoietic surface markers and growth factors which characterize and regulate blood cell progenitors. This review summarizes the molecular genetic approach to analysis of normal and pathologic hematopoiesis, surveys major findings which have resulted, and examines the potential use of refined gene cloning strategies for improved understanding of blood cell development.
Adjuvant-Enhanced Antibody Responses in the Absence of Toll-Like Receptor Signaling

Innate immune signals mediated by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been thought to contribute considerably to the antibody-enhancing effects of vaccine adjuvants. However, we report here that mice deficient in the critical signaling components for TLR mount robust antibody responses to T cell-dependent antigen given in four typical adjuvants: alum, Freund's complete adjuvant, Freund's incomplete adjuvant, and monophosphoryl-lipid A/trehalose dicorynomycolate adjuvant. We conclude that TLR signaling does not account for the action of classical adjuvants and does not fully explain the action of a strong adjuvant containing a TLR ligand. This may have important implications in the use and development of vaccine adjuvants.
Some analytical applications of diffuse reflectance measurements

Abstract The similarities and dissimilarities between diffuse reflectance and direct transmission properties have been indicated. Data are given for solutions of copper ammine, iron thiocyanate, malachite green and congo red, each adsorbed onto strips of filter paper and dried. The approximate range of each for analytical use was determined. Results of measurements upon solid, powdered mixtures are presented. Quantitative procedures are possible for determining the composition of mixtures of which only one component is colored.
"The Perfidy of the Jews": Visigothic Law and the Catholic Public Sphere*

In this essay, I will analyze the Visigothic law code, the Forum judicum, as revised by King Recceswinth in 654 CE and King Erwig in 681 CE, in order to examine Visigothic society as envisioned by its lawmakers. In particular, I will focus on the role of Jews in this social framework. While these laws were, of course, normative and not necessarily reflective of any historical reality outside the imaginations of their authors, they can be used to attempt to determine the intent of the Visigothic rulers towards the Jews in their kingdom. To this end, I will provide a brief overview of the treatment of the Jews under Visigothic law before examining scholarship on the language and intent of the church councils leading up to the promulgation of anti-Jewish legislation, particularly those under the presidency of Isidore of Seville. I will then examine the Liber judicum to ascertain its vision of the Jews in society. I will argue that the Visigothic kings and the bishops of seventh-century Iberia were attempting to engineer an ideal social space in which the interests of church, state, and society were unified, and thus, every social interaction was defined in respect to all three. Pagans, heterodox Christians, and especially Jews could not participate in the religious dimension of this sphere, and thus they had to be excluded from other forms of civic and social participation. The revised Forum judicum is comprised of twelve books. While King Chindaswinth intended the original Forum judicum to be sufficient for the adjudication of any case that could present itself, it was not until Recceswinth’s version that the consultation of any other law code was explicitly forbidden. 1 Recceswinth’s revision went so far as to order that the mere possession of another law code would result in the owner being fined thirty pounds of gold. It also imposed the same fine on any judge who did not immediately destroy any copy of
On the cross-sectional shape of cellulose crystallites in Valonia ventricosa

Abstract The cross-sectional shape of the cellulose crystallites from the Valonia ventricosa cell wall has been investigated by electron microscopy, using negative staining and Bragg contrast in the bright field mode, with emphasis on this latter technique. The appearance of the cellulose crystallites in the electron microscope depends on their orientation. The cross-section of each cellulose crystal is almost square, with an average side of 18 nm. Sub-units corresponding to elementary fibrils were not detectable within the crystals. The differences between these results and those of earlier workers are discussed.
Fuzzy control of environmentally conscious refrigeration systems

This paper introduces the reader to the concepts of fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic and to their capabilities in the area of control systems. To understand the capabilities of fuzzy logic in real-time controller design, a controller for an environmentally conscious refrigeration system was designed and implemented. Initial results show that a fuzzy logic controller is easy to implement, does not need an exact system model, does not need precise and expensive hardware, and deals with human concepts in a fairly natural and obvious way. This would be, hopefully, a potential avenue for future production of intelligent manufactured products.
The role of Chlamydia trachomatis in Bartholin's gland abscess

Abstract Chlamydia trachomatis is becoming increasingly known for its ability to cause severe injury to the female genital tract. Little investigation has been done in its role in diseases of Bartholin's glands. We present what we believe to be the first case report of an abscess of a Bartholin's gland in which Chlamydia trachomatis was a major pathogen. This communication also reviews the literature concerning the microbiology of Bartholin's gland abscess.
High frequency power in HMI ring diagrams

Coherent power above the photospheric acoustic cut-off frequency (at v ~ 5.3mHz) is known to exist in solar helioseismic observations. The arrival of high quality velocity data with high temporal and spatial resolution from the Helioseismic & Magnetic Imager (HMI) on the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) spacecraft allows the high frequency regime to be explored with greater precision than previously. We analyse mode frequencies, widths, and amplitudes from HMI ring diagrams at high frequencies, and compare them to earlier results.
A new biomechanical head injury criterion

This paper presents a new analysis of the physics of closed head injury caused by intense acceleration of the head. At rest a 1 cm gap filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) separates the adult human brain from the skull. During impact, whole head acceleration induces artificial gravity within the skull. Because its density differs slightly from that of CSF, the brain accelerates, strikes the inner aspect of the rigid skull, and undergoes viscoelastic deformation. Analytical methods for a lumped parameter model of the brain predict internal brain motions that correlate well with published high-speed photographic studies. The same methods predict a truncated hyperbolic strength-duration curve for impacts that produce a given critical compressive strain. A family of such curves exists for different critical strains. Each truncated hyperbolic curve defines a head injury criterion (HIC) or threshold for injury, which is little changed by small offsetting corrections for curvature of the brain and for viscous damping. Such curves predict results of experimental studies of closed head injury, known limits for safe versus dangerous falls, and the relative resistance of smaller versus larger animals to acceleration of the head. The underlying theory provides improved understanding of closed head injury and better guidance to designers of protective equipment and to those extrapolating research results from animals to man.
Sex and Weapons: Contrasting Sexual Dimorphisms in Weaponry and Aggression in Snapping Shrimp

Sexual dimorphisms in weaponry and aggression are common in species in which one sex (usually males) competes for access to mates or resources necessary for reproduction – sexually dimorphic weaponry and aggression, in other words, are frequently the result of intrasexual selection. In snapping shrimp, the major chela (snapping claw) can be a deadly weapon, and males of many species have larger chelae than females, a pattern readily interpreted as resulting from intrasexual selection. Thus, males might be expected to show more sex-specific aggression than females, and be more aggressive overall. We tested these predictions in two species of snapping shrimp in a territorial defense context. Neither of these predictions was supported: in both species, females, but not males, engaged in sex-specific aggression and females were more aggressive than males overall. These contrasting sexual dimorphisms – larger weaponry in males but higher aggression in females – highlight the importance of considering the function of weaponry and aggression in contexts other than direct competitions over mates. In addition, species differences in the degree of sexual dimorphism in chela size were due to differences in female, not male, chela size, and the species with greater sexual dimorphism in weaponry was significantly less aggressive overall; also, while paired and solitary males did not differ in residual chela size, for the species with greater sexual dimorphism, females carrying embryos had smaller residual chela sizes. These results suggest that understanding the sexual dimorphisms in weaponry and aggression in snapping shrimp requires understanding the relative costs and benefits of both in females as well as males.
Pattern of retinal projections in the California ground squirrel (Spermophilus beecheyi): Anterograde tracing study using cholera toxin

The retinofugal pathways in the California ground squirrel, Spermophilus beecheyi, were mapped after intravitreal injections of cholera toxin B-subunit. The results of the current study are consistent with work in other mammals and provide new details relevant to the organization and evolution of the visual system. All retinorecipient nuclei received bilateral input, with a contralateral predominance. The suprachiasmatic nucleus is heavily innervated, and sparse terminals were noted in other hypothalamic areas. In addition to the interstitial, medial, lateral, and dorsal terminal nuclei, a few fibers of the accessory optic tract may enter the ventral lateral geniculate and the nucleus of the optic tract, though this innervation may not derive from the same ganglion cells innervating the accessory optic nuclei. Retinal terminals are found in the intergeniculate leaflet and the "dorsal cap" of the ventral lateral geniculate. Retinal fibers pass rostrally from the dorsal cap toward the anterodorsal thalamus, confirming a projection described in the tree shrew and monkeys. Retinal termination patterns in the dorsal lateral geniculate reveal a hexilaminate organization of alternating ipsilateral and contralateral input. Variations in terminal morphology suggest that sublayers receive input from distinct ganglion cell types and that laminar comparisons can be made with primates. Finally, terminal patterns in the superior colliculus reveal a dense, highly ordered columnar organization supporting functional properties of tectal receptive fields. All the visual structures in the ground squirrel are large and well differentiated, making the sciurid visual system an accessible rodent model for comparing visual processing with that in other diurnal vertebrates.
Deviance, Crime, and the Greying of America:

This essay offers some conjectures about the nature and forms of deviance and criminality that are likely to be encountered in the decades ahead, as the “greying” of America continues. Traditional ...
The nature of problem recognition and search in the extended health care decision

Within the existing health care system, a significant percentage of Americans over the age of 65 will have need of extended health care. Yet the extended care industry has little information as to how consumers will make a choice among placement options. The results of this study describe both the need recognition and pre‐selection search stages of the decision process and the impact of need recognition on subsequent search activity. The information obtained from an influential person as the problem is being defined appears to have a complex relationship with pre‐selection search, with initial information leading to less search but additional information increasing search activity. Contrary to previous studies, pre‐selection search was found to be fairly extensive, increasing with time availability.