cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Paving the COWpath: data-driven design of pediatric order sets.

Objective Evidence indicates that users incur significant physical and cognitive costs in the use of order sets, a core feature of computerized provider order entry systems. This paper develops data-driven approaches for automating the construction of order sets that match closely with user preferences and workflow while minimizing physical and cognitive workload. Materials and methods We developed and tested optimization-based models embedded with clustering techniques using physical and cognitive click cost criteria. By judiciously learning from users' actual actions, our methods identify items for constituting order sets that are relevant according to historical ordering data and grouped on the basis of order similarity and ordering time. We evaluated performance of the methods using 47 099 orders from the year 2011 for asthma, appendectomy and pneumonia management in a pediatric inpatient setting. Results In comparison with existing order sets, those developed using the new approach significantly reduce the physical and cognitive workload associated with usage by 14–52%. This approach is also capable of accommodating variations in clinical conditions that affect order set usage and development. Discussion There is a critical need to investigate the cognitive complexity imposed on users by complex clinical information systems, and to design their features according to ‘human factors’ best practices. Optimizing order set generation using cognitive cost criteria introduces a new approach that can potentially improve ordering efficiency, reduce unintended variations in order placement, and enhance patient safety. Conclusions We demonstrate that data-driven methods offer a promising approach for designing order sets that are generalizable, data-driven, condition-based, and up to date with current best practices.
Global Identification of Protein Post-translational Modifications in a Single-Pass Database Search

Bottom-up proteomics database search algorithms used for peptide identification cannot comprehensively identify post-translational modifications (PTMs) in a single-pass because of high false discovery rates (FDRs). A new approach to database searching enables global PTM (G-PTM) identification by exclusively looking for curated PTMs, thereby avoiding the FDR penalty experienced during conventional variable modification searches. We identified over 2200 unique, high-confidence modified peptides comprising 26 different PTM types in a single-pass database search.
The Ethics of Legal Process Outsourcing

This paper examines the ethical requirements to legal process outsourcing with a specific focus on the ethical requirements of a Virginia lawyer wishing to outsource to India. The paper examines the duties of competence, confidentiality, conflict of interest, and others, in order to determine to what extent a lawyer could comply with his or her ethical requirements while much of the legal process entitled to ethical protection proceeds thousands of miles away.
A Defense of Privacy as the Central Value Protected by the Fourth Amendment's Prohibition on Unreasonable Searches

Katz v. United States and the accompanying turn to privacy as the lodestar of Fourth Amendment analysis have been the target of heavy criticism. The privacy standard is said to be contrary to Fourth Amendment language, history and precedent, overly elastic and thus conducive to judicial activism in either direction, and inadequate at capturing what the Fourth Amendment is really about. But the proposed alternatives to the privacy standard — ranging from a focus on property, dignity, liberty or information control to a right to security from government coercion — all have their own flaws, and in any event can almost all fit comfortably within the privacy rubric. Privacy’s capaciousness, together with its alienability, its amenability to measurement, and its scalar nature, can maximize the Fourth Amendment’s flexibility in dealing with the regulatory challenges posed by both traditional and modern law enforcement practices.
Effects of Graphene Nanopetal Outgrowths on Internal Thermal Interface Resistance in Composites.

Thermal resistance at the interface between fiber and matrix is often the determining factor influencing thermal transport in carbon fiber composites. Despite its significance, few experimental measurements of its magnitude have been performed to date. Here, a 3ω method is applied to measure the interfacial thermal resistance between individual carbon fibers and an epoxy matrix. The method incorporates bulk and interfacial regions to extract interfacial characteristics. Measured values indicate an average thermal interface resistance of 18 mm2 K/W for an interface between bare fiber and epoxy, but the average value drops to 3 mm2 K/W after a microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition of two-dimensional graphene nanopetals on the carbon fiber surface.
Fish and Food Security: Potential for Global Fishery Collapse

This research provides a systematic basis for thinking about a global, as opposed to individual, fishery collapse through both empirical and theoretical review of the evidence for and against thinking about fisheries as a global complex system. One central question is whether or not global fisheries can be described as a panarchy, or a hierarchy of complex systems. The literature reviewed indicate that we can conceptualize fisheries this way, and therefore the world fisheries theoretically can be expected to work through the four cycles, including collapse, and the direction of world fish catch are in decline. Such decline implies that the population curve of global fisheries may be in nearing a tipping point. The stakes are obviously high because fish provide a very important source of food, but wild fishery catch is not expected to keep up with demand threatening the world's poor food security (Godfray et al., 2010, Kent, 1997, Pauly et al., 2005). One analysis in ICES Journal of Marine Science, explains that the production of fish must increase by 50% to meet expected demands for food (Pauly and Palomares, 2005), though affluent countries have been able to and will continue to be able to (to lesser and lesser degrees) substitute lost local fisheries for imports(Pauly et al., 2005, Jacques, 2006). Of course, fish are also a vital source of revenue and jobs in direct landings that value between $80-$85 billion annually (Willman et al., 2008); and, economic impact beyond just landings including indirect and induced economic impact, world fisheries produce $225 to $240 billion annually (Dyck and Sumaila, 2010)-- even though over half of the landed value is lost due to mismanagement(Arnason, 2011). Finally, fish and fishing play a crucial role in human meaning and culture and have done so since the very old coastal cultures (Jacques, 2009). The notions here are explicitly inter-disciplinary and are carried out under the auspices of "social oceanography"—or the study of integrated social-marine systems(Jacques, 2010). This interdisciplinarity is essential for the question at hand because the direction of the world's fisheries are deeply tied to the biophysical conditions of the ocean and fish, and the behavior and context of human activity—and not just fishing.
Histamine suppresses non-NMDA excitatory synaptic currents in rat supraoptic nucleus neurons.

Whole cell patch-clamp recordings were obtained from supraoptic neurons to investigate the effects of histamine on excitatory postsynaptic currents evoked by electrical stimulation of areas around ...
CONSUMPTION EXTERNALITIES AND MONETARY POLICY WITH LIMITED ASSET MARKET PARTICIPATION

This article explores the interaction between consumption externalities and limited asset market participation (LAMP) in the standard New-Keynesian model. We assess the performance of simple Taylor-type interest rate rules with respect to (a) equilibrium determinacy, (b) the model's ability to simultaneously generate output and inflation volatility similar to the pre-Volcker era, and (c) the model's response to a technology shock. We find that when individual preferences are affected by average household consumption (Aggregate Consumption Externality), stronger externalities increase the range of LAMP for which multiple equilibria arise even if the policy rule satisfies the Taylor principle. The interaction of LAMP and externalities can generate vast inflation/output relative volatility in line with the one observed in the data in the 1970s. According to our analysis, consumption externalities also affect the responses of endogenous variables to total factor productivity shocks. (JEL E4, E5)
High-Frequency Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Nitroxide-Functionalized Nanodiamonds in Aqueous Solution

Nanodiamond (ND) is an attractive class of nanomaterial for fluorescent labeling, magnetic sensing of biological molecules, and targeted drug delivery. Many of those applications require tethering of target biological molecules on the ND surface. Even though many approaches have been developed to attach macromolecules to the ND surface, it remains challenging to characterize dynamics of tethered molecule. Here, we show high-frequency electron paramagnetic resonance (HF EPR) spectroscopy of nitroxide-functionalized NDs. Nitroxide radical is a commonly used spin label to investigate dynamics of biological molecules. In the investigation, we developed a sample holder to overcome water absorption of HF microwave. Then, we demonstrated HF EPR spectroscopy of nitroxide-functionalized NDs in aqueous solution and showed clear spectral distinction of ND and nitroxide EPR signals. Moreover, through EPR spectral analysis, we investigate dynamics of nitroxide radicals on the ND surface. The demonstration sheds light on the use of HF EPR spectroscopy to investigate biological molecule-functionalized nanoparticles.
Lichtenstein Tension-Free Open Inguinal Hernia Repair

Inguinal hernias represent a large burden of surgical disease and can be repaired by a variety of open and laparoscopic techniques. In the following chapter we will review our technique for the open repair of an inguinal hernia.
Physical Experiments and Computer Experiments

This book describes methods for designing and analyzing research studies that are conducted using computer code in lieu of a physical experiment. Historically, Statistics has been the scientific discipline that creates methodology for conducting empirical research. The process of designing a study to answer a specific research question first addresses the problem of identifying the variables to be observed, i.e., what data to collect. Traditional methods of data collection include retrospective techniques such as cohort studies and the case-control studies used in epidemiology. The gold standard data collection method for establishing cause and effect relationships is the prospective designed experiment. Agricultural field experiments were one of the first subject matter disciplines that used designed experiments. Over time, many other subject matter areas and modes of experimentation have been developed. For example, controlled clinical trials are used extensively in studying medical therapies and simulation experiments are used extensively in operations research to compare the performance of (well) understood physical systems having stochastic components such as the flow of material through a job shop. Once the research study has been designed and executed, Statistics either identifies or develops appropriate methods to analyze the resulting data.
A Test of Group Counseling

High school students were counseled in groups designed around either a “traditional” or an “accelerated interaction” format. The efficiency of each approach in achieving the goals of guidance in education was studied. Group counseling appeared to be a useful counseling tool if organized on a weekly basis.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MENTAL HEALTH CARE UTILIZATION BETWEEN FOREIGN‐BORN ADULTS AND U.S.‐BORN ADULTS

This secondary data analysis of 4,341 adults examined and compared factors associated with mental health service utilization between U.S.-born adults and foreign-born adults. Logistic regression was used to investigate how participants’ mental health care use was associated with (a) predisposing factors, (b) enabling resources, and (c) perceived mental health needs. Two patterns of mental health care utilization were identified based on adults’ nativity statuses in our study. The findings show that the likelihood of foreign-born adults’ mental health care use associates positively with education, public health insurance coverage, and depression, but such likelihood associated negatively with Asian ethnicity and male gender; compared to the likelihood of U.S.-born adults’ mental health care use associates positively with education, perceived general mental health condition, depression, and drug abuse, but such likelihood associated negatively with age. Implications for policy and practice are discussed.
The Roles of Actin-Binding Domains 1 and 2 in the Calcium-Dependent Regulation of Actin Filament Bundling by Human Plastins

Abstract The actin cytoskeleton is a complex network controlled by a vast array of intricately regulated actin-binding proteins. Human plastins (PLS1, PLS2, and PLS3) are evolutionary conserved proteins that non-covalently crosslink actin filaments into tight bundles. Through stabilization of such bundles, plastins contribute, in an isoform-specific manner, to the formation of kidney and intestinal microvilli, inner ear stereocilia, immune synapses, endocytic patches, adhesion contacts, and invadosomes of immune and cancer cells. All plastins comprise an N-terminal Ca 2 + -binding regulatory headpiece domain followed by two actin-binding domains (ABD1 and ABD2). Actin bundling occurs due to simultaneous binding of both ABDs to separate actin filaments. Bundling is negatively regulated by Ca 2 + , but the mechanism of this inhibition remains unknown. In this study, we found that the bundling abilities of PLS1 and PLS2 were similarly sensitive to Ca 2 + ( p Ca 50 ~ 6.4), whereas PLS3 was less sensitive ( p Ca 50 ~ 5.9). At the same time, all three isoforms bound to F-actin in a Ca 2 + -independent manner, suggesting that binding of only one of the ABDs is inhibited by Ca 2 + . Using limited proteolysis and mass spectrometry, we found that in the presence of Ca 2 + the EF-hands of human plastins bound to an immediately adjacent sequence homologous to canonical calmodulin-binding peptides. Furthermore, our data from differential centrifugation, Forster resonance energy transfer, native electrophoresis, and chemical crosslinking suggest that Ca 2 + does not affect ABD1 but inhibits the ability of ABD2 to interact with actin. A structural mechanism of signal transmission from Ca 2 + to ABD2 through EF-hands remains to be established.
Concurrent Multiple Myeloma and Metastatic Osteosarcoma: A Case Report and Literature Review

Multiple myeloma (MM) and osteosarcoma (OS) are two common bone malignancies, however, the simultaneous occurrence of both primary bone tumors in the same patient has not been reported in the United States to date. We present a unique case in which both malignancies present concurrently in a 72-year-old man. Results of spinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), radiographic skeletal survey, and hematological workup established the initial diagnosis of MM. Approximately three months later, the patient was admitted with severe right hip pain and shortness of breath and was evaluated with computed tomography (CT) of the right hip, abdomen, pelvis, and chest, revealing an osseous mass with a "sunburst" pattern in the right hip, and several calcified nodules in the lungs. Subsequent wedge resection and histological evaluation of the lung nodules confirmed the diagnosis of metastatic OS to the lungs, with a presumptive diagnosis of primary OS of the right hip. The clinical findings and imaging characteristics in this case are presented. Two similar cases found in the literature are also briefly discussed. The findings of this case report suggest that, in rare instances, MM patients with sclerotic bone findings may have a concurrent diagnosis of OS.
Determination of the Paternity of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L) × Jointed Goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica Host) BC1 Plants by Using Genomic In Situ Hybridization (GISH) Technique

The release of herbicide resistant wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) raises concerns with gene flow between wheat and jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica Host). Hybrids between the two species and backcrosses with either species have been observed in the field. Gene flow is dependent on jointed goatgrass being the paternal parent of the BC 1 generation. Differences in the genomes of wheat (AABBDD) and jointed goatgrass (CCDD) could be used to determine the paternity of the BC 1 generation. Twenty BC 1 plants (10 of each paternal type) were used to determine if the number of C genome chromosomes based on genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) could be used to determine BC 1 paternity. Differences between the two BC 1 paternal types for number of C genome chromosomes indicates that C genome chromosome counts could be used to determine the paternity BC 1 plants providing a more accurate estimate of the potential for gene flow between the two species.
Youth Facilities and Violence: An Overview

Young people’s exposure to violence in residential facilities can play a significant role in their long term well-being and raises serious questions about core constitutional and human rights in confinement. Much of the public’s access to knowledge about violence in youth facilities comes in the form of media headlines about serious incidences of violence and death in custody. This overview highlights current research and data collection on the incidence of violence in juvenile facilities in the United States and some theories about why such violence occurs.
Structural analysis of humins formed in the Brønsted acid catalyzed dehydration of fructose

We use infrared (IR) spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) in multistage dissolution experiments in various solvents to investigate the solubility and molecular structure of humins formed during fructose dehydration. We demonstrate that the soluble fraction of humins correlates positively with the donor number of solvents resulting in significant dissolution at room temperature in solvents with high donor number. Most of the solubilized humins fragments have relatively low molecular weight (Mw), and the same species are present in different quantities as the residual solid is repeatedly dissolved in the same solvent. In contrast to the common belief of humins consisting of polymers of large Mw, we postulate for the first time that they are spatially and chemically heterogeneous and consist of insoluble macromolecules and small soluble species that are weakly associated within the structure. The solubility profiles of dissolved species in acetonitrile and methanol are different in terms of Mw but possess similar IR spectra, indicative of similar functional groups in dissolved species. Furthermore, we hypothesize that the identified humins fragments form through aldol condensation between 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and its hydrated products and through condensation of furanic species.
Development of road grade data using the United States geological survey digital elevation model

Abstract Roadway grade significantly affects onroad speed and acceleration, vehicle fuel consumption, vehicle emissions, driver behavior, traffic safety, roadway capacity, and congestion. However, it has always been challenging to obtain grade data at sufficient spatial resolution to use grade as an explanatory variable in transportation models. This paper aims to address this problem by proposing a method to obtain high-accuracy roadway grade data from the Digital Elevation Model (DEM), a nation-wide open data source from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Although DEM data cover most of the nation, data resolution and the presence of roadway cut and fill sections affects spatial grade accuracy and requires a solid strategy to remove or infill these segments. Cubic smoothing spline is applied to minimize the impact of noisy data, and improve grade estimation accuracy. The selection of the key parameter λ in the spline method is also discussed to balance between smoothing out noisy elevation data, and retaining vertical fluctuations along the road. In general, λ is recommended 100–1000 for local roads, and 1000–10,000 for highways to maintain small average estimation error. The relationship between optimum λ that minimizes root-mean-square error (RMSE) and road fluctuations is also explored, which can be used for λ selection. Using real-world measurements as ground truth, the grade results generated from the DEM achieve an average estimation error of 0.5–0.58% for local roads, and 0.21%-0.23% for highways, depending on the resolution of the DEM data used. The results demonstrated the validity and applicability of DEM in generating high-accuracy roadway grade data.
Hypoxia and the Cardiac Lymphatic System

Vertebrates are endowed with two separate and complimentary vascular systems. The blood vasculature serves to deliver nutrients and oxygen, while the lymphatic network acts to return extravasated fluid back to the blood circulation. The cardiac lymphatic network is at a unique intersection between these two systems. Impairment of the cardiac lymphatic drainage elicits severe myocardial edema and impairs blood distribution, highlighting the importance of this understudied area.
Raman Laser Temperature Jump Study of Solvent Effects on Simple Stacking Systems

The kinetics of stacking have been investigated for three systems in aqueous and mixed aqueous solutions. The three systems, thionine, proflavin, and polyriboadenylic acid (poly A), represent strong, moderate, and weak stacking, respectively. Since all relaxations for these reactions are faster than 1 μsec, the Raman laser temperature jump technique was used (see Fig.1.)1,2 The role of solvent in these reactions can be probed by using cosolvents to perturb the aqueous environment. From an understanding of these effects insight into the forces dominating stacking interactions can be gained.
Monetary Instability: Are National Currencies Becoming Obsolete?

Nothing signifies the growth of instability in today’s international political economy more than the disruptive financial crises that have swept the world in recent years — the speculative attacks on the pound sterling and other European currencies in 1992-93, which broke up the old European Monetary System; the fall of the Mexican peso in 1994, which sparked a worldwide contagion in financial markets that came to be known as the tequila effect; the East Asian crisis of 1997-98, which began with crash of Thailand’s currency, the baht, and then spread outward in another contagion, which some this time labelled a case of “bahtulism”; the Russian default of 1998; Brazil in 1999; and the continuing troubles of Argentina, Turkey, and others. In just one decade the world’s monetary system has gone to the brink a half dozen times. No wonder there is so much talk — albeit, to date, rather little action — about reform of what we now call the international financial architecture.
High-Order Fluctuation-Splitting Schemes for Advection-Diffusion Equations

Motivated by the failure of current finite-volume(FV) codes in accurately predicting hypersonic heat transfer rate on unstructured grids[1], we have been studying schemes based on multidimensional upwinding, or fluctuation-splitting(FS), as a radical alternative. This scheme is based on nodal variables and cell residuals (fluctuations): the latter drive the change of the former in a multidimensional fashion.
Citing the Poor: Commercial Sovereignty and Capitalist Integration in Colonial Karachi:

Building on recent studies that have sought to locate Karachi’s history within multiple geographies, this article analyzes how Karachi’s urban poor became used to prove Karachi’s (and by extension ...
An Overview of the Distributed Integrated Cognition Affect and Reflection DIARC Architecture

DIARC has been under development for over 15 years. Different from other cognitive architectures like SOAR or ACT-R, DIARC is an intrinsically component-based distributed architecture scheme that can be instantiated in many different ways. Moreover, DIARC has several distinguishing features, such as affect processing and deep natural language integration, is open-world and multi-agent enabled, and allows for “one-shot instruction-based learning” of new percepts, actions, concepts, rules, and norms. In this chapter, we will present an overview of the DIARC architecture and compare it to classical cognitive architectures. After laying out the theoretical foundations, we specifically focus on the action, vision, and natural language subsystems. We then give two examples of DIARC configurations for “one-shot learning” and “component-sharing”. We also briefly mention different use cases of DIARC, in particular, for autonomous robots in human-robot interaction experiments and for building cognitive models.
Effects of orientation and pre-deformation on velocity profiles of dislocation avalanches in gold microcrystals

We report on the spatiotemporal dynamics of dislocation avalanches (crystallographic slip) in gold microcrystals with different orientations and also different initial dislocation densities. It is found that the size-integrated averaged velocity profiles have both orientation-dependent and initial-microstructure-dependent peak velocities and velocity decays. With increasing symmetry and apparent strain-hardening rate, the peak velocities decrease and the velocity of the average shape profile decays more slowly with time. These experimental results indicate the material-specific nature of collective dislocation rearrangements that underlie slip events with a net magnitude of a few to several hundred Burgers vectors in the studied microcrystals. Furthermore, we point toward sensitivity to filtering details that may significantly affect conclusions when comparing experiment with theory.
Clonal Evolution and Relapse in Adult De Novo Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Patients with intermediate risk AML have unpredictable outcomes. Some do extremely well with conventional induction and consolidation chemotherapy, while others do poorly. The discovery of nearly all mutations associated with AML pathogenesis created an important database that has allowed investigators from around the world to use panel tests to assess the mutational landscapes of thousands of patients with known outcomes. Although these studies have been extremely informative, they have not dramatically altered the ability to accurately predict whether an individual intermediate-risk AML patient will relapse. The reasons are multifold. First, there is enormous combinatorial complexity of the mutations associated with AML. At least three mutations are required for the development of most AML cases, but since there are more than 250 recurrently mutated genes, the combinatorial possibilities are enormous. Secondly, because virtually all patients with AML present with clonal heterogeneity, and since individual subclones have different susceptibilities to chemotherapy, it has been difficult to predict outcomes based solely on the mutational composition of a patient at presentation. Further, since most subclones are ‘invisible’ to flow cytometric methods, and do not contain well-established mutations in genes that are recurrently mutated in AML, we cannot yet predict whether a subclone may be refractory to chemotherapy, or have extraordinary relapse potential . To overcome these issues, we asked whether information based on the clearance of the subclones from each patient could “integrate” this critical information in a practical way, and ultimately improve risk assessment. This study (Klco et al, JAMA 2015) suggested that a practical evaluation of mutation clearance after induction therapy could represent an improvement in our ability to predict whether intermediate risk patients who fail to clear their mutations after induction would benefit from allogeneic transplantation as their primary consolidation. A prospective clinical trial designed to answer this question is underway. Efforts to identify the properties of subclones that have high relapse potential, using single cell RNA-seq, and the sequencing of the relapse genomes of additional AML cases, will also be discussed. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Non-watertight door performance experiments and analysis under flooding scenarios

Abstract Nuclear power plant flooding can cause extensive damage. A more robust understanding of nuclear power plant performance in flooding scenarios can help identify weaknesses and opportunities for improvement. However, the performance of various components under flooding conditions is not well characterized. Limited component flooding performance characterizations interfere with comprehensive risk analysis and understanding potential economic impacts. To help address this shortcoming, doorways, common components found in nuclear power plants, were tested to determine their behavior under flooding conditions. Door flooding fragility experiments were performed in the Portal Evaluation Tank, a semi-cylindrical, 7,500-L (2,000-gal) capacity tank. The tank contains a 5.8 ​m2 (62.4 ​ft2) square opening for the installation of testable components. The first sets of experiments were conducted using hollow core doors subjected to a water rise scenario. Tank modifications expanded testing capabilities and further testing was conducted, including industrial steel doors. From six hollow core door experiments, the lowest failure water depth was 0.71 ​m (28 in.) and the highest failure water depth was 0.99 ​m (39 in.). From thirteen outward swinging steel door experiments, the average failure depth was 0.9 ​m (35.4 in.) while the highest failure depth for steel doors occurred at 1.07 ​m (42.1 in.). An inward swinging steel door test resulted in a failure depth of 2.05 ​m (80.5 in.). Data collected is being analyzed using Bayesian regression methods to determine parameters of influence, inform future experiments, and generate door fragility curves, which can be integrated into comprehensive risk analysis.
Patterns, Drivers, and Challenges of Vector-Borne Disease Emergence

Vector-borne diseases are emerging at an increasing rate and comprise a disproportionate share of all emerging infectious diseases. Yet, the key ecological and evolutionary dimensions of vector-borne disease that facilitate their emergence have not been thoroughly explored. This study reviews and synthesizes the existing literature to explore global patterns of emerging vector-borne zoonotic diseases (VBZDs) under changing global conditions. We find that the vast majority of emerging VBZDs are transmitted by ticks (Ixodidae) and mosquitoes (Culicidae) and the pathogens transmitted are dominated by Rickettsiaceae bacteria and RNA viruses (Flaviviridae, Bunyaviridae, and Togaviridae). The most common potential driver of these emerging zoonoses is land use change, but for many diseases, the driver is unknown, revealing a critical research gap. While most reported VBZDs are emerging in the northern latitudes, after correcting for sampling bias, Africa is clearly a region with the greatest share of emerging VBZD. We highlight critical gaps in our understanding of VBZD emergence and emphasize the importance of interdisciplinary research and consideration of deeper evolutionary processes to improve our capacity for anticipating where and how such diseases have and will continue to emerge.
Habitat suitability models for the imperiled wood turtle (Glyptemys insculpta) raise concerns for the species’ persistence under future climate change

Abstract The use of ecological niche models to predict how future climate change may impact habitat suitability is a critical component of imperiled species management. These models allow for the identification of areas with high future suitability that will support the persistence of the species. We developed an ecological niche model and performed protected areas analysis to assess the current and future distribution of suitable habitat for the globally endangered wood turtle (Glyptemys insculpta) across the northeastern U.S. portion of its range. Our model predicts that by 2070 the suitable habitat for this species will decrease by 29–52%, and the total area of optimal habitat will decrease by 62–86%, depending on emissions scenario. Furthermore, currently only 5% of suitable habitat and 8% of optimal habitat is protected, with the total area of protected suitable and optimal habitat expected to decrease by 16–28% and 31–64%, respectively, by 2070. Our results suggest that long-term wood turtle conservation efforts should be directed towards protecting habitat in higher latitudes of their range, mainly in the states of Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, and New York where the majority of climate refugia exist. Additionally, management action will be required to facilitate the northward transition of southern populations that are threatened with extinction due to rising temperatures. Along with having important conservation implications for the imperiled wood turtle, our study also serves as an example of how climate change assessments should be used to direct long-term conservation efforts of other imperiled species across the globe.
Stability Improvement Techniques

This chapter introduces stability improvement techniques in more-electronics power systems. In particular, the chapter focuses on power electronic-based improvement techniques. For converter-level stability problems, solutions or improvement techniques are mainly classified into proper controller design, time-delay reduction, weak grid techniques, and power quality conditioning. For system-level stability problems, improvement techniques mainly aim to balance active power through damping and inertia enhancement, while reactive power compensation is briefly revisited.
Constraining Urban CO2 Emissions Using Mobile Observations from a Light Rail Public Transit Platform.

Urban environments are characterized by pronounced spatiotemporal heterogeneity, which can present sampling challenges when utilizing conventional greenhouse gas (GHG) measurement systems. In Salt Lake City, Utah, a GHG instrument was deployed on a light rail train car that continuously traverses the Salt Lake Valley (SLV) through a range of urban typologies. CO2 measurements from a light rail train car were used within a Bayesian inverse modeling framework to constrain urban emissions across the SLV during the fall of 2015. The primary objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate whether ground-based mobile measurements could be used to constrain urban emissions using an inverse modeling framework and (2) quantify the information that mobile observations provided relative to conventional GHG monitoring networks. Preliminary results suggest that ingesting mobile measurements into an inverse modeling framework generated a posterior emission estimate that more closely aligned with observations, reduced posterior emission uncertainties, and extends the geographical extent of emission adjustments.
Pulmonary Complications in Esophagectomy Based on Intraoperative Fluid Rate: A Single-Center Study.

Objectives Esophagectomy is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The authors assessed the relationship between intraoperative fluid (IOF) administration and postoperative pulmonary outcomes in patients undergoing a transthoracic, transhiatal, or tri-incisional esophagectomy. Design Retrospective cohort study (level 3 evidence). Setting Tertiary care referral center. Participants Patients who underwent esophagectomy from 2007 to 2017. Interventions The IOF rate (mL/kg/h) was the predictor variable analyzed both as a continuous and binary categorical variable based on median IOF rate for this cohort (11.90 mL/kg/h). Measurements Primary outcomes included rates of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) within ten days after esophagectomy. Secondary outcomes included rates of reintubation, pneumonia, cardiac or renal morbidity, intensive care unit admission, length of stay, procedure-related complications, and mortality. Multivariate regression analysis determined associations between IOF rate and postoperative outcomes. Analysis was adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, procedure type, year, and thoracic epidural use. Main Results A total of 1,040 patients comprised this cohort. Tri-incisional esophagectomy was associated with a higher hospital mortality rate (7.8%) compared with transthoracic esophagectomy (2.6%, p = 0.03) or transhiatal esophagectomy (0.7%, p = 0.01). Regression analysis revealed a higher IOF rate was associated with greater ARDS within ten days (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.03, p = 0.01). For secondary outcomes, a higher IOF rate was associated with greater hospital mortality (adjusted OR = 1.05, p = 0.002), although no significant association with 30-day hospital mortality was identified. Conclusions Increased IOF administration during esophagectomy may be associated with worse postoperative pulmonary complications, specifically ARDS. Future well-powered studies are warranted, including randomized, controlled trials comparing liberal versus restrictive fluid administration in this surgical population.
Fraud in organic foods

Abstract For the past two decades, organic sector growth has outpaced any other segment of the US food sector, and the United States is now the world’s largest market for organic foods. As with any large and complex supply chain, the risk of fraud in organic food may elevate as the market grows. Though it is difficult to measure the extent of fraud in the organic market, robust enforcement and policing by regulators and industry are necessary to maintain consumer confidence and to prevent fraudulent operations from realizing unfair economic rents. The role of US Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the definition of organic fraud are first discussed followed by a review of the body of literature and a theoretical framework depicting the cost of fraud for consumers in organic markets. This chapter also summarizes strategies adopted by USDA to detect fraud and mitigate risk and concludes with a discussion of the future challenges and opportunities for those involved in this sector.
Frailty as a Predictor of Postoperative Complications Following Skull Base Surgery

OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS Frailty has emerged as a powerful risk stratification tool across surgical specialties; however, an analysis of the impact of frailty on outcomes following skull base surgery has not been published. The aim of this study was to assess the validity of the 5-factor modified frailty index (mFI-5) as a predictor of perioperative morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing skull base surgery. METHODS A mFI-5 score was calculated for patients undergoing skull base surgeries using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database from 2005 to 2018. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association of increasing frailty with complications in the 30-day postoperative period, with a subanalysis by operative location. RESULTS A total of 17,912 patients who underwent skull base procedures were identified, with 45.5% of patients having a frailty score of one or greater; 44.9% were male and the mean age was 52.0 (±16.1 SD) years. Multivariable regression analysis revealed frailty to be an independent predictor of overall complications (odds ratio [OR]: 1.325, P < .001), life-threatening complications (OR: 1.428, P < .001), and mortality (OR: 1.453, P < .001). Higher frailty also correlated with increased length of stay. When procedures were stratified by operative location, frailty correlated significantly with overall complications for middle, posterior, and multiple-fossae operations but not the anterior fossa. CONCLUSIONS Frailty demonstrates a significant and stepwise association with life-threatening postoperative morbidity, mortality, and length of stay following skull base surgeries. mFI-5 is an objective and easily calculable measure of preoperative risk, which may facilitate perioperative planning and counseling regarding outcomes prior to surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3 Laryngoscope, 131:1977-1984, 2021.
Abstract P288: Association Between Vision Impairment and Cognitive Decline in Older Adults With Stroke: Health and Retirement Study

Introduction: Nearly 800,000 people in the United States sustain a stroke each year. Up to 60% of stroke survivors have visual impairments and/or ocular deficits, which may negatively impact functi...
Links Between Past 30-day Substance Use and Specific Charges Among Detained Youth

Although the link between substance use and criminal behavior is well-established, associations between the use of specific substances and specific criminal charges remains unclear. That is, there are mixed findings in the literature, and the majority of extant literature focuses only on associations between alcohol and marijuana use and a limited range of charges. The current study examined 30-day frequency of use of various substances (i.e., traditional tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, e-cigarettes, and prescription drugs) prior to detainment, percentages of youth charged with various offenses, and whether certain offenses were associated with more frequent use of particular substances prior to detainment among detained youth. Additionally, differences in substance-charge associations among Black and White youth were evaluated. Detained youth (N = 235; 71.9% male; M age = 15.59 years) from two facilities self-reported on their substance use and the facilities provided charge data. Marijuana was the most frequent substance used and violent-related offenses were the most common charge received. Interestingly, several charges (i.e., sex-, weapon-, and violent-related offenses) were associated with less frequent use of tobacco and/or marijuana use, but youth who were detained for non-criminal reasons (i.e., children in need of care) reported more frequent use of various substances than youth detained for criminal charges. Findings were more similar than different for Black and White youth, with very few differences evident. Children in need of care appear more at risk for certain substances than those detained for criminal offenses, with associations similar for detained Black and White youth.
Techno-Economic Feasibility Analysis of a Fully-Mobile Radiation Oncology System Using Monte Carlo Simulation.

Purpose/objective(s) Disparities in radiation oncology (RO) care exist, in part, due to geographic barriers in access to care. A first step to mitigate these barriers is the development of a semi-mobile RO system for single-facility, temporary care (∼months), which has been successfully implemented in several locations across the United States. To further address geographic disparities, we investigate the feasibility and financial viability of a fully mobile RO system, capable of delivering RO treatments in multiple geographic locations in a single day through Monte Carlo simulation. Materials/methods A ring-gantry linear accelerator (LINAC) was mounted on a mobile coach that can be transported from one location to another via a tractor trailer. In our model, the mobile coach visits two separate geographic locations within a given day, and a total of three locations in a given two-week period. At each location, the mobile coach is parked within a concrete bay to provide shielding. Timing of setup and quality assurance (QA) testing were evaluated to investigate speed and clinical safety. Monte Carlo simulations were performed in Python to model patient throughput and outside factors, such as traffic, that could affect patient treatments. In this simulation, five-fraction treatment regimens were considered for lung, breast, rectum, and prostate. Cancer census data were collected for Southeastern Missouri to represent the geographic supply of patients. The mobile system was also compared to three separate brick and mortar facilities that would treat the same total number of patients, but equally divided amongst three hypothetical facilities. Statistical and sensitivity analyses were conducted for the simulations to evaluate factors impacting financial viability and feasibility. Results Machine setup and comprehensive QA that performs all necessary tests according to national standards, could be performed in 5 hours for treatment time and driving. On average, the mobile RO system would see 50.0 breast, 39.6 lung, 14, rectum, and 0 prostate patients within a given year. No overtime was needed to treat any patient under treatment, given simulated traffic or setup delays. Assuming a Medicare patient rate of 50%, a five-year life cycle profit would be 355% ± 125% percentage increase for the mobile system compared to the three separate brick and mortar facilities. The number of patients treated has the highest correlation with profit, r(9998) = 0.44, P = Conclusion A fully mobile RO-system is a viable and affordable option for RO delivery in areas that lack RO resources.
Mutual Information Functions Versus Correlation Functions in Binary Sequences

Mutual information is a well known concept used in information theory [1]. Recently, it has been suggested that it can be used in the study of chaotic dynamical systems [2] and for the characterization of spatial complex patterns [3]. Although it has been shown that mutual information is a better quantity than correlation function in the determination of the time delay for the delayed signal in reconstructing the phase space of the chaotic trajectory [4], there is no attempt to systematically compare it with the more frequently used correlation functions. Binary sequences provide an excellent example for this comparative study. Some results are included here, for more details see Ref [5].
MAIZE VARIABILITY AND CULTURAL SELECTION AT SALMON RUIN, NEW MEXICO

Cobs, ears, kernels, stalks, husks, tassels, and pollen of maize (Zea mays L.) were all recovered from Salmon Ruin, an Anasazi Pueblo site in northwestern New Mexico. Multivariate statistical analysis of seven characters of the cobs and cupules recorded for 12 samples of 22 to 30 specimens each revealed considerable differences between the maize recovered from nonceremonial rooms of the Primary (Chacoan) and Secondary (Mesa Verdean) occupations. Analysis of kernel endosperm texture revealed the ratio of flour to flint-pop types to be higher for the Secondary occupation than for the Primary one. No significant differences were observed between spatially distinct yet contemporary maize samples recovered from nonceremonial rooms of the Secondary period. Maize from ceremonial rooms of both periods had more rows of grain than other contemporary samples. However, samples from ceremonial rooms did not differ consistently from nonceremonial maize samples.
Disorientation Factors that Affect the Situation Awareness of the Visually Impaired Individuals in Unfamiliar Indoor Environments

Developing situational awareness for individuals with visual impairments can be a challenging process, as designers need to understand the environmental aspects as well as the users’ needs. In unfamiliar indoor open spaces, individuals with visual impairments need to work around multiple disorientation factors that can affect their orientation and situation awareness levels. In this work, we report our experience and results of longitudinal user studies that were designed to facilitate cues that help raise the situation awareness level of individuals with visual impairments when exploring unfamiliar indoor open spaces. Through our results, we explain in detail users’ disorientation factors in such environments.