cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Consensus and Consensus Democracy Cultural, Structural, Functional, and Rational-Choice Explanations Lecture given by the Winner of the Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science, Uppsala, October 4, 1997

Five examples of the origin, operation, and consequences of consensus democracy and closely related democratic forms (the politics of accommodation, consociational democracy, and power-sharing democracy) illustrate the relative strengths of cultural, structural, functional, and rational-choice explanations. The examples show that each of these explanations plays a crucial role in at least one of the five situations. Hence they suggest that it is unwise to assume that one particular approach predominates to such an extent that it should be the ruling paradigm for political research.
Plant regeneration from soybean cotyledonary node segments in culture.

Abstract Stimulation of multiple shoot-bud formation of soybeans in culture has been accomplished using conditioned cotyledonary node segments. Germination of soybean seeds in the presence of 10–50 μM BAP stimulated varying numbers of buds to form at the cotyledonary node region. Culturing cotyledonary node segments excised from such conditioned seedlings on a medium containing 5–50 μM BAP stimulated multiple shoot-bud formation. Continual bud multiplication was obtained by periodic subculture of the organized tissue mass onto fresh media containing the same BAP concentration. Bud growth was stimulated by transferring cultures from a high BAP concentration of 10–50 μM to a low BAP concentration of 1 μM. Soybean plants were produced by rooting tissue culture shoots on a basal medium without auxin.
Novel optical probes of InGaN/GaN light-emitting diodes: 1. Electroreflectance Stark spectroscopy, and 2. Time-resolved emission

New optical techniques have been implemented to compare LED properties with fundamental models. Voltage-dependent, contacted electroreflectance measurements and step-recovery measurements are reported for an InGaN/GaN single quantum well LED. Electroreflectance spectra failed to exhibit a blue-shift at small reverse bias, as predicted by Schrodinger-Poisson quantum well band solutions, suggesting that excess charge trapped in localized states enhances screening of the polarization electric field. In contrast, at large reverse bias where the QW is depleted of charge, a predicted red-shift was observed. Electrical and optical responses of the LED to forward-to-reverse bias step-recovery measurements were self-consistently fit to a diffusion equation solution, providing values of minority-carrier hole transport parameters: τp ≈ 760 ns, Lp ≈ 590 nm, and μp ≈ 0.2 cm2/Vs. The long lifetime is suggestive of slow emission processes occuring through deep levels, and the small mobility is indicative of trap-modulated transport. Our results demonstrate the highly non-ideal nature of GaN-based LEDs grown on sapphire. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
High throughput Web services for life sciences

This paper describes a collaborative project between IBM and the North Carolina BioGrid: building, deploying, and using high-throughput Web services for bioinformatics applications. Bioinformatics applications can highly benefit from grid computing power, but the challenges of exposing these applications to the grid often cause reluctance. Typical bioinformatics applications are "quick-and-dirty" Perl scripts, which usually run at small homegrown laboratory clusters. Our work intends to fill the gap between grid power and the bioinformatics world by utilizing Web services and by extending the Open-Bioinformatics Foundation's software package BioPerl. Our extensions to BioPerl libraries allow bioinformatics applications to be exposed to Web services seamlessly. Our development tool WSDL2Perl integrates these applications with the vast computational power of the NC BioGrid. We present a case study in building Web services for bioinformatics applications, namely BLAST (a well-known standard homology search application), and a process for deploying grid-enabled Web services to the NC BioGrid.
Policy Robustness Analysis of Space Exploration Architectures

In this paper we develop a framework for evaluating the policy robustness of proposed NASA explorat ion architectures according to their vulnerability to changes in the policy environment. Several of NASA’s past programs have experienced failures when subjected to increasing or changing demands from the policy environment , and there is a consequent recog nition that in order to be successful in their new initiative NASA must avoid a “business as usual” approach . In this paper we investigate historical policy issues affecting NASA programs , develop a typology t o relate polic y issues to system architectures, and propose five guidelines to enhance the policy robustness of the exploration initiative. Finally, we de veloped metrics to assess the policy robustness of exploration architectures and evaluate the policy robustness of several proposed architectures. Th e policy robustness analysis framework developed in this work provides a means for assessing and improving the policy robustness of generalized system architectures.
ECG features of microvolt T-wave alternans in coronary artery disease and long QT syndrome patients.

Abstract T-wave alternans (TWA) is a marker of myocardial electrical instability. We compared ECG features of microvolt TWA in coronary artery disease (CAD) and long QT syndrome (LQTS) patients. Method. The study populations consisted of 43 CAD and 39 LQTS patients. TWA was detected in resting Hotter recordings using the new correlation method (CM). After preprocessing to adjust for RR variability and respiratory modulation, CM was used to quantify TWA amplitude (ACM), duration (NCM), and magnitude (MAGCM; defined as the product of ACM and NCM). Results. TWA was detected in 19 (44%) CAD and 17 (44%) LQTS patients. TWA was associated with longer RR intervals (P = 0.006) and had larger magnitudes (P = 0.067) in LQTS than CAD patients. The TWA was identified as transient (nonstationary) in 15 of 19 (79%) TWA-positive CAD patients, and in 8 of 17 (47%) TWA-positive LQTS patients (P = 0.047). Conclusions. The frequency of TWA detected with CM is similar in LQTS and CAD patients. TWA is larger in LQTS than in CAD patients, whereas TWA is more frequently transient (nonstationary) in LAD than LQTS patients. In LQTS patients, but not in CAD patients, a longer RR is associated with TWA, indicating different electrophysiologic mechanisms in the two pathologies.
Engineering roles in development projects

This paper describes a methodology for analyzing the organization of engineering development projects. Specially, the methodology focuses on the different roles which engineers play in such projects. A small study based on this methodology showed little specialization by such types of work as project definition, analysis, and experimentation. This result suggests that engineers are multiskilled in the activities of engineering development. This suggestion is consistent with recent theory on organizations as sociotechnical systems.
Synthesis and QSAR of Herbicidal 3-Pyrazolyl α,α,α-Trifluorotolyl Ethers

Pyrazole nitrophenyl ethers (PPEs) were recently identified as a novel class of chemistry exerting herbicidal effects by inhibition of protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase. This area of chemistry has been extended to include herbicidal pyrazolyl fluorotolyl ethers. In these compounds, a trifluoromethyl group substitutes for the 4'-nitro group found in the original herbicides and in classical nitrodiphenyl ether hebicides. Fluoroanisole pyrazole ethers, in which a trifluoromethoxy group replaces the nitro group of diphenyl ether herbicides, are also described. The shift from 4'-nitro to 4'-trifluoromethyl substitution, which is conservative in terms of electrostatics, produced a novel class of herbicide with substantial pre-emergent activity on narrowleaf weed species. Quantitative structure/activity relationships obtained with respect to substitution on the pyrazole ring and at the 3'-position of the fluorotolyl moiety can be summarized effectively by comparative molecular field analysis. In general, 5-methanesulfonyl fluorotoluidide ethers were found to be most active.
An undergraduate laboratory exercise to study the effect of darkness on plant gene expression using DNA microarray

DNA microarrays are microscopic arrays on a solid surface, typically a glass slide, on which DNA oligonucleotides are deposited or synthesized in a high-density matrix with a predetermined spatial order. Several types of DNA microarrays have been developed and used for various biological studies. Here, we developed an undergraduate laboratory exercise using an Arabidopsis DNA microarray to study the gene expression of Brassica rapa, Wisconsin Fast Plant. Genes involved in senescence, cell wall loosening/degradation, and sugar transport were the most upregulated, while those involved in photosynthesis, the elimination of reactive oxygen intermediates associated with photooxidative stress and auxin synthesis, were the most downregulated. Students were able to complete the experiment successfully. Throughout the exercise, they learned various important molecular techniques including RNA isolation, quantification, reverse transcription, cRNA synthesis, labeling and purification, and microarray hybridization, washing, scanning, and feature extraction. The exercise can be integrated into a college-level molecular biology laboratory. The procedure used can be adapted to examine other effects on other organisms.
Modified quadratic analysis in prediction with mixed binary and continuous explanatory variables

Abstract We propose a new technique of modified quadric analysis for prediction or classificatory problems involving both continuous as well as binary random variables. This technique is distribution- free, in the sense that it does not make the assumption of multivariate normality of the continuous explanatory variables. The technique is compared with the method of linear discriminant function with location model, the method of logistic discrimination and the method of quadratic discriminant function with location model in terms of the mean actual error rates using the estimation method given by Lachenbruch and Mickey (1968). It is also compared with the convex hull method and the order statistic method proposed by Kendall (1966). The distribution-free methods of Modified Quadric Analysis are illustrated by predicting whether a prostate cancer patient has positive nodal involvement or no nodal involvement using the data from Brown Jr. (1980). Our calculations show that the methods of Modified Quadric Analysis gave satisfactory results. Also the error rates of our methods were quite comparable to the error rates of other methods of classification, particularly, the Logistic Regression and Quadratic Discriminant Function with location model, in case of this particular data set.
Mesoscale Variability and Drizzle in Southeast Pacific Stratocumulus

Abstract Observations from the East Pacific Investigation of Climate (EPIC) 2001 field campaign are well suited for exploring the relationships among the diurnal cycle, mesoscale (10–100 km) structure, and precipitation in the stratocumulus region in the southeast Pacific. Meteorological time series and observations from a scanning C-band radar, vertically pointing cloud radar, and ceilometer, as well as satellite data, are used to show that drizzle is associated with increased variability in cloud and boundary layer properties compared to nondrizzling periods. The stratocumulus-topped boundary layer is typically well mixed at night, transitioning to less well mixed in the afternoon, with drizzle most frequently occurring in the early morning. Coherent patches of drizzle, or “cells,” can have large areas with radar reflectivities of greater than 5 dBZ of up to about 100 km2. Individual cells have long lifetimes, up to 2 h, and appear to be replenished by moisture in the boundary layer.
Last‐mile supply chain efficiency: an analysis of learning curves in online ordering

Purpose – As companies extend supply chains via direct delivery to consumers, supply chain efficiency depends upon the usability of the online ordering system. The purpose of this paper is to focus on customer order cycle efficiency gains through the “learnability” of web sites.Design/methodology/approach – The paper analyzes empirical data using nonlinear regression from seven firms and over 4,000 customers to examine how order time – an important performance metric – changes within an online grocery ordering environment.Findings – The evidence supports various forms of power‐law learning for web‐based ordering (i.e. the first few orders involve substantial learning). However, significant differences exist between web sites, and a portion of the ordering time may be irreducible.Research limitations/implications – The research lends insight into how web sites influence last‐mile supply chain efficiency via differing learning rates in the order cycle. Perceptual measures were used in order to assess custom...
Un atelier marionnettes réunit des jeunes polyhandicapés et des personnes âgées

Resume L’hopital de La Roche-Guyon accueille des enfants, adolescents et jeunes adultes polyhandicapes en soins de suite et de readaptation fonctionnelle. Dans le cadre d’une demarche de socialisation et d’ouverture sur l’exterieur, le service socioeducatif de l’hopital a elabore, avec le service d’animation de l’etablissement hospitalier pour personnes âgees dependantes de Magny-en-Vexin, un projet commun. Un atelier marionnettes a reuni pendant toute une annee scolaire cinq jeunes polyhandicapes et huit personnes âgees vivant en institution. Divers ateliers se sont organises autour du theme des marionnettes : atelier peinture, atelier rythme, atelier souffle et relaxation… La demarche pedagogique a abouti a la mise en place d’un spectacle, auquel les jeunes polyhandicapes et les personnes âgees ont participe en tant qu’acteurs. Une belle experience interinstitutionnelle et intergenerationnelle qui a change notre regard sur le handicap.
Historical Perspectives in Comparative Politics and Gender Studies

Historical perspectives form the backdrop and the context for much work on gender in comparative politics scholarship, yet history itself has rarely been incorporated as the lens through which the theorizing of gender occurs. The current growth of interest in gender studies in American political development is strangely not reflected in contemporary trends of historical institutionalism within comparative politics (see Gretchen Ritter's essay in this issue). Although scholars of comparative politics working on gender or women almost always incorporate historical perspectives in their analyses, history is generally drawn on as background or to provide context. History itself is generally not the primary focus of their analysis and historical processes are not used to generate theory. It has been only recently that scholars, especially in the field of historical institutionalism (HI), have begun to think about new ways in which history could be used to develop theory and create new empirical knowledge in the field of comparative politics and gender.
Influence of subsurface Ti interstitials on the reactivity of anatase (101)

We present density functional theory calculations on the effect of subsurface titanium interstitial defects on the adsorption of O 2 and water on the anatase (101) surface. Our calculations show that for O 2 the strength of the adsorption is largely determined by the availability of electronic charge at specific adsorption sites above the interstitial, whereas for water the adsorption is mainly influenced by defect induced surface distortions. In particular, we found that the presence of a shallow subsurface interstitial makes O 2 adsorption very favorable, especially at surface 5-fold Ti sites above the defect, where the computed adsorption energy is as large as 2.5 eV. Lower lying interstitials have a less pronounced effect, since the excess electrons from the defect localize further down below the surface. For the case of water, instead, the adsorption energy does not depend significantly on the depth of the interstitial.
Reactions of ligands with heme-substituted horseradish ferroperoxidases.

Abstract The ligand binding characteristics of heme-substituted horseradish ferroperoxidases has been examined using CO and CN− as ligands. It is found that the dissociation velocity constants of the CO complexes are 3.2:1.1:1 for deutero-, meso- and protoenzymes. Combining the data with association velocity constants, the order of the affinity towards CO is deutero- > meso- ≈ protohemes. Similar results are also obtained with CN−. This is in contrast to the results obtained with the ferric enzyme, where the affinity towards CN− and OH− was proto- > meso- > deuterohemes. Therefore, the opposite relation of ligation with heme substitutions between ferric and ferrous states, which is shown in myoglobin and hemoglobin, is also valid for horseradish peroxidase. The optical absorption spectra of the CN− complexes of the heme-substituted horseradish ferroperoxidases are also given, where it is found that the deuteroenzyme has a splitted α-peak and protoenzyme has a typical hemochrome-type spectrum and mesoenzyme has an intermediate spectrum.
Dimethylsulfoxide and ocular involvement

AbstractDimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) has been reported to result in cataract formation in several animal models. No instances of cataract formation in humans have yet been documented. The author reviews three current theories of the etiology of this effect in animals against the background of FDA-approved use of DMSO for interstitial cystitis and possible application to dermatological, musculoskeletal, and urological conditions. The effects of DMSO in cryopreservation of corneal tissue are also reviewed and compared to the effects of glycerol and McCarey-Kaufman (M-K) tissue culture medium for preserving corneal explants for research and corneal transplantation.
Response to clomiphene citrate challenge test in normal women through perimenopause

Objective: To identify the physiological changes that discriminate subgroups of women along the reproductive continuum. Methods: This prospective study was carried out at the outpatient facility of George Washington University Medical Center and the outpatient clinic of the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center. Twenty-five female subjects were divided into 4 biologically distinct groups: group 1 (n = 4) regular menstrual cycles and under age 35; group 2 (n = 11) regular cycles and over age 35; group 3 (n = 6) irregular cycles and over age 35, and group 4 (n = 4) menopausal. Measurements of basal and stimulated gonadotropins (immunoactive LH, LH-I; bioactive LH, LH-B; immunoactive FSH, FSH-I) and E2 were obtained before and after administration of clomiphene citrate. Basal and stimulated gonadotropins and E2 were analyzed to discriminate between subject groups 1–4. The relationship of menstrual cyclicity to hormone levels was evaluated. Results: Basal levels of LH-I, LH-B, FSH-I could discriminate only group 4 vs. groups 1–3. Stimulated levels of FSH-I and E2 were significantly different for group 2 vs. 3 and group 2 vs. 4. Group 1 was similar to group 2. Both stimulated FSH-I and stimulated LH-I and LH-B differentiated group 4 vs. groups 1–3. The LH-B:LH-I (B:I) ratio was not discriminatory after the clomiphene citrate challenge test (CCCT). Conclusions: Baseline hormone values were useful in distinguishing only group 4. CCCT unmasked differences in FSH and E2 between irregularly and regularly cycling older women; these differences were not seen with LH-B or B:I ratio. Stimulated FSH was the most useful hormone parameter and paralleled menstrual cycle regularity as a useful discriminator in older women.
Joint accounting choices: an examination of firms’ adoption strategies for SFAS No. 106 AND SFAS No. 109

We provide insight into an argument that firms minimize the costs imposed by new accounting standards through their adoption choices. Focusing on two standards with potentially large impacts on both balance sheet and income statement accounts for many firms, we present evidence that firms chose their strategies for SFAS No. 106 (OPEB) and 109 (DTAX) jointly rather than separately. We also provide insight into how firms view recurring versus non-recurring charges, and how they weigh the tradeoff between a large one-time (income decreasing) charge against the smaller, but longer lasting effects of amortization.
Nonlinear optical absorption and stimulated Mie scattering in metallic nanoparticle suspensions

The nonlinear optical properties of four metallic (Au-, Au/Ag-, Ag-, and Pt-) nanoparticle suspensions in toluene have been studied in both femtosecond and nanosecond regimes. Nonlinear transmission measurements in the femtosecond laser regime revealed two-photon absorption (2PA) induced nonlinear attenuation, while in the nanosecond laser regime a stronger nonlinear attenuation is due to both 2PA and 2PA-induced excited-state absorption. In the nanosecond regime, at input pump laser intensities above a certain threshold value, a new type of stimulated (Mie) scattering has been observed. Being essentially different from all other well known molecular (Raman, Brillouin) stimulated scattering effects, the newly observed stimulated Mie scattering from the metallic nanoparticles exhibits the features of no frequency shift and low pump threshold requirement. A physical model of induced Bragg grating initiated by the backward Mie scattering from metallic nanoparticles is proposed to explain the gain mechanism of the observed stimulated scattering effect.
Transthoracic surgical treatment for centrally located thoracic disc herniations presenting with myelopathy: a 5-year institutional experience.

Study design Retrospective review. Objective Review clinical outcomes for myelopathic patients undergoing transthoracic discectomies for central calcified herniations. Summary of background data Ideal surgical treatment for thoracic disc herniation is controversial due to variations in patient presentation, pathology, and possible surgical approach. Although discectomy may lead to improvements in neurologic function, it can be complicated by approach-related morbidity, especially for ventral calcified disc herniations. Review of clinical outcomes for myelopathic patients undergoing transthoracic discectomies for central calcified herniations was completed, paying special attention to neurologic status and procedure-related complications. Methods Between 2002 and 2007, 27 myelopathic patients were treated with 28 transthoracic surgeries for centrally located symptomatic calcified thoracic disc herniations over the last 5 years at a single institution. Demographic data, details of surgery, preoperative and postoperative Nurick and American Spinal Injury Association scores, length of stay, complications, and follow-up data were collected in all patients. Results A total of 27 patients, 8 male (30%) and 19 female (70%) with an average age of 52.3 years (range: 19 to 72) underwent 28 thoracotomies. All had myelopathy whereas 6/27 also had radicular pain syndromes. Fourteen patients had anterior instrumentation alone, 3 had anterior and posterior instrumentation, and 1 had posterior instrumentation alone. Average Nurick grade was 2.5 preoperatively and 1.4 postoperatively. Of note, American Spinal Injury Association scores improved postoperatively in 12/27 patients (10D to 10E; 2C to 2D), remained unchanged in 13/27 (11E to 11E, 2D to 2D), and worsened in 2/27 (2D to 2C). Average length of stay was 7 days (range: 3 to 15). All patients required chest tube placement with average duration of 4 days (range: 1 to 7). Major complications occurred in 6 cases (21.4%) over an average follow-up of 12 months (range: 1 to 40 mo). Conclusions Thoracotomy for treatment of centrally located thoracic disc herniations is associated with improvement in or stabilization of myelopathic symptoms in the majority of patients with an acceptable rate of complications. Interestingly, most patients with weakness improved in strength (12/16, 75%), no patients with normal strength developed new weakness (10/10, 100%), and only 2 patients had new weakness noted postoperatively (7.4%).
Development and evaluation of the Daily Assessment of Symptoms - Anxiety (DAS-A) scale to evaluate onset of symptom relief in patients with generalized anxiety disorder.

Abstract Background Fast-acting anxiolytics are important to patients and society. Measuring early onset, however, requires a sensitive and clinically responsive measure. This study develops and evaluates the psychometric properties of a new patient-reported instrument, the Daily Assessment of Symptoms – Anxiety (DAS-A), designed to detect reduction of anxiety symptoms in patients with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) during the first week of treatment. Methods Clinician interviews and patient focus groups were conducted to identify relevant constructs; discussions focused on early symptom improvement and meaningful changes in GAD symptoms. The draft questionnaire underwent iterative sets of cognitive interviews to inform item reduction and revision. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of paroxetine and lorazepam assessed the performance of the new instrument in GAD patients. Analyses evaluated the structure, reliability, validity, and utility of the instrument. Results There was consistency across focus groups and clinicians in the description of symptoms that improve first. The final item set was easily understood by interview participants. Factor analyses indicated that a unidimensional structure best described the data. Item-level descriptive statistics, Cronbach’s alphas, effect sizes, and validity correlations with other scales were favorable. Most importantly, the DAS-A demonstrated separation of lorazepam from placebo within 24 h of first dose and correlated with other anxiety measures. Conclusions This study resulted in the development of a reliable and valid instrument addressing the DSM-IV dimensions of GAD. The DAS-A is capable of detecting reduction in anxiety symptoms within 24 h, making it a desirable measure to include in future trials of fast-acting anxiety medications.
Clinical relevance of preclinical testing for allergic side effects

Immune-mediated hypersensitivity reactions include exaggerated humoral or cell mediated responses to specific antigens and may culminate in adverse, potentially life threatening effects. The immune status of the host and presence of infections or other disorders can alter the kind and extent of immune mediated side effects in individuals. Such variability in the immune status may influence the type of idiosyncratic reaction(s) that patients manifest. The issues typically encountered from a drug development standpoint include the potential for contact hypersensitivity, respiratory sensitivity, systemic hypersensitivity, photoallergy, and pseudoallergy. There are no accepted in vitro or in vivo models available to measure and predict all types of hypersensitivity reactions in humans. There is a need for the development of preclinical models to predict all types of hypersensitivity reactions in humans. The FDA immunotoxicology guidance document recommends doing preclinical testing in animal models for topical and inhalational drugs before initiation of multiple dose studies in humans. Any signs of potential immune related drug hypersensitivity should be further evaluated in an attempt to further understand the potential for hypersensitivity reactions in humans. In summary, existing preclinical models have limited capability for prediction of drug allergy in humans except for topical and inhalational drugs. Additional tools are needed to evaluate drugs in early development and improve performance of existing assays.
Dihapto Coordination of Aromatic Molecules by the Asymmetric π-Bases {TpRe(CO)(L)} (Tp = hydridotris(pyrazolyl)borate; L = tBuNC, PMe3, pyridine, 1-methylimidazole, or NH3)

A variety of rhenium asymmetric π-basic dearomatization agents of the general formula TpRe(CO)(L)(Lπ) (Tp = hydridotris(pyrazolyl)borate; L = tBuNC, pyridine, PMe3, 1-methylimidazole, or NH3; Lπ = dihapto-coordinated ligand) have been synthesized via three different routes. By varying the ligand, L, the steric and electronic properties of these complexes can be tuned, and thus the stability and selectivity of the η2-aromatic systems can be adjusted. Comparisons among the various rhenium complexes are presented as well as comparisons to the established pentaammineosmium(II) system.
Reforming mortgage finance

In the current period of financial stress, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) will have a critical role in helping to restore order to financial markets and the banking system. This address describes FDIC actions as of early October 2008, and indicates what is necessary to improve mortgage finance in the future, in particular five basic principles, which are described here. These principles must guide any reform effort. How to apply them will be a challenge, and suggestions for doing so are presented. NABE members could and should make an important contribution to rebuilding mortgage lending in the future.
Multiple adnexal tumors and a parotid basal cell adenoma

A 72-year-old woman had a preauricular mass and several scalp nodules. Her medical history included excisions of multiple cutaneous tumors, including cylindromas, trichoepitheliomas, basal cell epitheliomas, and a trichilemmoma. The parotid mass and a scalp nodule were excised. On light microscopy, the parotid mass and scalp nodule appeared similar. Ultrastructural features revealed by electron microscopic analysis of the tumors allowed diagnosis of a cylindroma of the scalp and a parotid basal cell adenoma. The association of trichilemmoma and membranous basal cell adenoma of the parotid has not been previously described. The pathogenesis of these multiple cutaneous tumors from a common cell of origin is considered.
7178 Fna and mucosectomy in submucosal gi-lesions in adjunct to eus/cus.

EUS and catheter ultrasound (CUS) have been accurate in submucosal GIlesions. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) and endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) have been reported to enhance the ability to correctly diagnose submucosal lesions. Aim: To characterize submucosal lesions of the upper GI tract diagnosed by EUS with either FNA or EMR. Methods: Patients referred for evaluation of submucosal lesions between January 1998 and November 1999 were retrospectively reviewed. All patients were evaluated with CUS and EUS (Radial, Linear array or both). The patients were analyzed in two groups. Group I consisted of 21 patients in whom FNA was performed. Group II consisted of 7 patients in whom EMR was performed. EMR was only performed in patients with lesions confined to the mucosa or submucosa. In one patient both FNA and EMR was performed. This patient was included in both groups. Results: Overall, 29 patients were included in this study. FNA was performed in 22 patients. The mean number of passes with the FNA needle was 3, and the range was 2-8. A diagnosis was rendered in 27% (6/22) of patients in whom FNA was performed. EMR was performed in 8 patients. A diagnosis was rendered in all 8 patients in whom EMR was performed (100%). Of all submucosal lesions evaluated 10% (3/29) were potentially malignant. All potentially malignant tumors were carcinoids. In the one case where both biopsy techniques were used, both the FNA sample and the EMR sample revealed carcinoid. No complications occurred. Specific diagnosis determined at FNA or EMR are below. Conclusions: 1- FNA was diagnostic in only 27 % of patients with submucosal lesions 2. EMR was accurate in obtaining the final diagnosis in all cases. 3. EMR was safely performed in lesions up to 26mm. 4. 10% of submucosal lesions were potentially malignant
Ionizing Radiation: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly

Skin changes caused by ionizing radiation have been scientifically documented since 1902. Ionizing radiation is a widely accepted form of treatment for various types of cancer. Despite the technological advances, radiation skin injury remains a significant problem. This injury, often referred to as radiation dermatitis, occurs in about 95% of patients receiving radiation therapy for cancer, and ranges in severity from mild erythema to moist desquamation and ulceration. Ionizing radiation is not only a concern for cancer patients, but also a public health concern because of the potential for and reality of a nuclear and/or radiological event. Recently, the United States has increased efforts to develop medical countermeasures to protect against radiation toxicities from acts of bioterrorism, as well as cancer treatment. Management of radiation dermatitis would improve the therapeutic benefit of radiation therapy for cancer and potentially the mortality expected in any "dirty bomb" attack. Currently, there is no effective treatment to prevent or mitigate radiation skin injury. This review summarizes "the good, the bad, and the ugly" of current and evolving knowledge regarding mechanisms of and treatments for radiation skin injury.
Mother-child relationships, teacher-child relationships, and school outcomes in preschool and kindergarten

This research examines relations between measures of child-mother and child-teacher relationships and the extent to which these measures predict early school outcomes. Observations of shared affect and control problems in mother-child interaction in preschool were low-to-moderately correlated with concurrent pre-school teacher-reported aspects of child-teacher security, conflict, and dependency. Overall quality of child-mother interaction predicted teacher-reported social adjustment in kindergarten, and quality of both child-mother and child-teacher interaction predicted children's performance on a measure of concept development in preschool. Results suggest that qualities of child-mother interaction are more strongly related to preschool and kindergarten adjustment outcomes than are qualities of the child-teacher relationship. The results point to the strength of adult-child interactions in the context of the family when understanding the role of relationships with children and teachers in the school context.
uPARAP Function in Cutaneous Wound Repair

Optimal skin wound healing relies on tight balance between collagen synthesis and degradation in new tissue formation and remodeling phases. The endocytic receptor uPARAP regulates collagen uptake and intracellular degradation. In this study we examined cutaneous wound repair response of uPARAP null (uPARAP-/-) mice. Full thickness wounds were created on dorsal surface of uPARAP-/- or their wildtype littermates. Wound healing evaluation was done by macroscopic observation, histology, gene transcription and biochemical analysis at specific intervals. We found that absence of uPARAP delayed re-epithelialization during wound closure, and altered stiffness of the scar tissue. Despite the absence of the uPARAP-mediated intracellular pathway for collagen degradation, there was no difference in total collagen content of the wounds in uPARAP-/- compared to wildtype mice. This suggests in the absence of uPARAP, a compensatory feedback mechanism functions to keep net collagen in balance.
A Multicultural Analysis of Factors Influencing Career Choice for Women in the Information Technology Workforce

This article presents an analysis ofcultural/actors influencing the career choices ofwomen in the IT workforce. We employ theindividual differences theory ofgender and IT as a theoretical lens to analyze a qualitative data set ofinterviews with 200 women in/our different countries. The themes thatemerged from this analysisspeakto the influence ofculturalattitudes about maternity, childcare,parentalcare and workingoutside the home on awomans choice ofan ITcareer. In addition,severaladditionalsocio-cultural factors servedto addfurthervariation togenderedculturalinfluences: genderedcareer norms, socialclass; economic opportunity, andgenderstereotypesabout aptitude. These resultslendfurtherempiricalsupport to the emergent individual differences theory ofgender and IT that endeavors to theorize within-gender variation with respect to issues related to gender and IT They also point to areas where educational and workplace interventions can be enacted.
Large Magnetic Fields and Motions of OH Masers in W75N

We report on a second epoch of VLBA observations of the 1665 and 1667 MHz OH masers in the massive star-forming region W75N. We find evidence to confirm the existence of very strong (~40 mG) magnetic fields near source VLA 2. The masers near VLA 2 are dynamically distinct and include a very bright spot apparently moving at 50 km s-1 relative to those around VLA 1. This fast-moving spot may be an example of a rare class of OH masers seen in outflows in star-forming regions. Due to the variability of these masers and the rapidity of their motions, tracking these motions will require multiple observations over a significantly shorter time baseline than obtained here. Proper motions of the masers near VLA 1 are more suggestive of streaming along magnetized shocks rather than Keplerian rotation in a disk. The motions of the easternmost cluster of masers in W75N(B) may be tracing slow expansion around an unseen exciting source.
Immunchemical studies on Rhodospirillum haem protein

Abstract An immune serum was prepared in rabbits by toe pad injection of purified Rhodospirillum haem protein, obtained from warm citric acid extracts. The antiserum was found to be homogeneous and specific for Rhodospirillum haem protein. Chemical alteration and heat denaturation of the protein were correlated serologically. The purified substance was antigenitically identical with crystalline Rhodospirillum haem protein and a partially purified preparation of this lysozyme lysates of R. rubrum , and very nearly identical to that found in crude sonicates and frozen and thawed preparations. The sligh differences observed did not appear to arise from denaturation. Chromatium Rhodospirillum haem protein and R. rubrum cytochrome c 2 were not found to have any antigenic sites in common with R. rubrum Rhodospirillum haem protein. Rhodospirillum haem protein and cytochrome c 2 did not originate from the cytoplasmic material of the cell but were associated with the photoactive chromatophores which appeared as integral subunits of the cell envelope.
Length, weight and secondary sex character development in male and female phenotypes in three sex chromosomal genotypes (XX,XY,YY) in the killifish, Oryzias latipes.

Length and weight of medaka appeared to be influenced by sex hormone-treatment and genotype. Hormone-treated genotypes were significantly shorter in length and slightly lighter in weight than untreated genotypes. The degree of response to androgenic and estrogenic treatment appeared to be strongly influenced by genotype. Growth of XX fish was stunted more by androgenic treatment than by estrogenic treatment. Growth of XY and YY fish was stunted more by estrogenic than by androgenic treatment. Differences in the metabolism of sex hormones by the three genotypes might be responsible for the variation in response to androgenic or estrogenic treatment. Sex phenotype, a unique interaction between genotype and exogenous hormone-treatment, strongly influenced secondary sex character development (relative papillary size and number).
The Meaning of General Education: The Emergence of a Curriculum Paradigm

(1990). The Meaning of General Education: The Emergence of a Curriculum Paradigm. The Journal of Higher Education: Vol. 61, No. 3, pp. 351-354.
Multiscale electrostatic analysis of silicon nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) via heterogeneous quantum models

A multiscale method, seamlessly combining semiclassical, effective-mass Schr\"odinger (EMS), and tight-binding (TB) theories, is proposed for electrostatic analysis of silicon nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). By using appropriate criteria, we identify the physical models that are accurate in each local region. If the local physical model is semiclassical, the charge density is directly computed by the semiclassical theory. If the local physical model is quantum mechanical (the EMS or TB model), the charge density is calculated by using the theory of local density of states (LDOS). The LDOS is efficiently calculated from the Green's function by using Haydock's recursion method where the Green's function is expressed as a continued fraction based on the local Hamiltonian. Once the charge density is determined, a Poisson equation is solved self-consistently to determine the electronic properties. The accuracy and efficiency of the multiscale method are demonstrated by considering two NEMS examples, namely, a silicon fixed-fixed beam with hydrogen termination surfaces and another silicon beam switch with 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} single period partial dislocations. The accuracy and efficiency of the multiscale method are demonstrated.
Improving network traffic flow reliability through dynamic anticipatory tolls

This paper proposes an anticipatory reliability pricing concept and investigates the potential effectiveness of implementing time-varying and state-dependent reliability tolls in tandem with real-time traffic estimation and prediction systems. Travel reliability, related to the flow breakdown probability, is conveyed to drivers in the form of a dynamic toll, for consideration in their route selection. In addition, to manage the traffic proactively a rolling horizon approach is used to generate dynamic tolls based on predicted traffic conditions. The experimental results show that anticipatory reliability tolls could divert travellers away from actual or likely bottlenecks that experience unstable flow, and thus contribute to reducing congestion on toll roads and increasing system utilisation.
Population Trends in Europe's Poorest Country: Results of the Most Recent Census of Moldova

An American population geographer and specialist on demographic trends in the former Soviet republics examines the results of the first post-Soviet census of Moldova (the poorest country of Europe), conducted in 2004 and released years later. He reviews major national- and regional-level changes in population size, urban/rural distribution, and ethnicity since the last Soviet-era census in 1989 and reconciles the two sets of data. A major factor complicating the analysis is the de facto secession in 1992 of an eastern region of the country, now known as the Pridnestrovskaya Moldavskaya Republic (PMR), which prompted a brief war and subsequent uneasy ceasefire later that year. However, a population enumeration conducted in the PMR, also in 2004 (and released later), facilitates the identification of overall demographic trends in the region, which may experience the involuntary return of jobless migrant workers from Russia and the EU due to the 2008/2009 global recession. Journal of Economic Literature, Cla...
Mordant dyeing of wool by supercritical processing

Abstract Few studies have reported the use of supercritical fluids as solvents in dyeing of textile fibers. Studies on synthesis of new dyestuff that can be used in this technique and their solubility in the supercritical fluid are attracting increasing attention. In this study, wool fibers were dyed with mordant dyes dissolved in supercritical carbon dioxide. We used three mordant dyes that have chelating ligand properties, 2-nitroso-1-naphthol (C.I. Mordant Brown), 5-(4-aminophenylazo) salicylic acid (C.I. Mordant Yellow 12) and 1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone (C.I. Mordant Red 11 also called Alizarin) which were dissolved in supercritical carbon dioxide, and five different mordanting metal ions, Cr(III), Al(III), Fe(II), Cu(II) and Sn(II). Wool fibers were mordanted by the metal using conventional techniques and dyed at 333-353 K temperature and at 150–230 atm pressure. Dyed materials had excellent wash fastness properties.
Plane-polarized light in microspectrophotometry.

Abstract Theoretical analysis permits the description of absorptive interaction between plane-polarized light and visual pigment in single, side-illuminated, vertebrate photoreceptors. The distribution of light in the aperture cone of the microscope condenser and the distribution of chromophore transition moment in the cylindrical cell are to produce two components of absorption: in the direction of propagation as well as in the plane of polarization. Measured dichroic ratio is precisely interpreted in terms of axial extinction and condenser aperture. The accuracy of the former is analyzed as a function of the latter parameter. Numerical aperture size selection is discussed.
Insights into the electrophysiology study versus electrocardiographic monitoring trial: Its programmed stimulation protocol may introduce bias when assessing long-term antiarrhythmic drug therapy

Abstract Objectives. We hypothesized that if the Electrophysiology Study Versus Electrocardiographic Monitoring (ESVEM) trial programmed stimulation protocol misclassified some drug trials as effective, then the misclassification rate would be proportionally greater for drugs other than sotalol. Background. In the ESVEM trial, patients treated with sotalol had fewer arrhythmic recurrences than those treated with other antiarrhythmic drugs despite similar efficacy predictions during electrophysiologic testing. Methods. We retrospectively compared the standard programmed stimulation protocol used at Case Western Reserve University, which used three extrastimuli during all follow-up studies, with the ESVEM protocol in 176 antiarrhythmic drug trials: sotalol (n = 54), procainamide (n = 73) and quinidine/mexiletine (n = 49). Results. Predictions of efficacy were higher in the sotalol trials (14 of 54 standard, 20 of 54 ESVEM) than in procainamide trials (7 of 73 standard, 14 of 73 ESVEM) or quinidine/mexiletine trials (1 of 49 standard, 7 of 49 ESVEM). Thus, the two protocols classified 19 of 176 trials differently: not effective by the standard protocol but effective by the ESVEM trial. Discordant predictions of drug efficacy constituted a smaller proportion of ESVEM protocol efficacy predictions for sotalol (6 [30%] of 20) than for the other drugs (13 [62%] of 21, p ⩽ 0.05). Conclusions. In the present study, the ESVEM programmed stimulation protocol predicted efficacy more often than the standard protocol. Discordant predictions represented a smaller portion of efficacy predictions for sotalol than for the other drugs. Thus, in the ESVEM trial, the superior long-term follow-up observed in patients assigned to sotalol may have been an artifact of the stimulation protocol utilized by the ESVEM investigators.