cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Applications of Intense Positron Beams

This is a wonderful opportunity for me as a theorist: being allowed or even encouraged to propose difficult experiments at a workshop including experimentalists! And to have some realistic hope that the experiments can actually be performed is a new experience as well. The new techniques for producing intense, energy-resolved and well-collimated beams of low-energy positrons seem so good that I expect to see a period of very rapid advance in providing data to confront the theory.
Complications of Urethral Diverticulectomy

Urethral diverticulum (UD) is a rare condition and frequently can present diagnostic dilemmas to the clinician [1]. Once the correct diagnosis is made, surgical excision is the mainstay of definitive treatment. Although surgical treatment of urethral diverticula includes marsupialization, designed for a distal diverticula ostium, this review will focus on complications from the transvaginal approach for mid and proximal urethral diverticulum excision, as has been previously described. A full discussion of urethral diverticulectomy surgical technique is beyond the scope of this chapter, but specific points will be discussed where appropriate.
Drug molecules of marine origin.

The word drug in this review has been used in line with the classical concept, i. e., a substance possessing a pharmacological effect particularly on the mammalian organism. It is only through a planned and careful evaluation of this effect during years of preclinical and successful clinical studies that the effective substance finally becomes a therapeutically useful drug.
From Imperial Scholar to Imperial Student: Minimizing Bias in Article Evaluation by Law Reviews

This Article is intended to serve as a roadmap for law professors and law review editors alike in their efforts to find a better way for students to evaluate articles. Further, this Article aims to offer low-cost ways to improve the institution of student-run law reviews by strengthening editors' evaluation skills and processes. This Article is divided into three main parts. Part II of this Article, Manifestations of Systemic Bias, develops a theory of the safe-dissent continuum and employs this theory to determine whether there is empirical support for claims of bias in article evaluation and the legal discourse. Part III of this Article, Origins and the Tenacious Nature of Systemic Bias, utilizes insights from economic theory to examine some sources of and explanations for the persistence of systemic bias in article evaluation by law reviews. Part IV of this Article, The Article Evaluation Tool Box, identifies some ways to mitigate the potential for individual and systemic bias in the law review article evaluation process.
Do Analysts at Independent Research Firms Make Better Earnings Forecasts

This study compares the earnings forecasts of analysts employed by independent research firms to those of analysts employed by investment banks along the dimensions of accuracy and optimism. We discuss the conflicts of interest faced by both groups and suggest that, despite incentives stemming from corporate financing operations, investment bank analysts may nevertheless provide superior forecasts. We provide evidence on this empirical question using a sample of analyst forecasts from 1998-2001. Our results reveal that short-term forecasts made by investment bank analysts are on average more accurate and less optimistic than those from analysts employed by independent research firms. Our results are robust to controlling for several relevant factors identified in prior research and are consistent across both annual and quarterly earnings forecasts. We also examine the optimism in long-term earnings growth forecasts and fail to find a significant difference between the two groups.
Immunogold and fluorescein immunolabelling of Legionella pneumophila within an aquatic biofilm visualized by using episcopic differential interference contrast microscopy.

Abstract Biofilms containing diverse microflora were developed in tap water on glass and polybutylene surfaces. Legionella pneumophila within the biofilms was labelled with monoclonal antibodies and visualized with immunogold or fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugates. Development of a differential interference contrast technique in an episcopic mode enabled simultaneous visualization of the total biofilm flora and gold-labelled legionellae. The legionellae occurred in microcolonies within the biofilm in the absence of amoebae, suggesting that the bacterial consortium was supplying sufficient nutrients to enable legionellae to grow extracellularly within the biofilm.
Accounting for unobserved time‐varying quality in recreation demand: An application to a Sonoran Desert wilderness

[1] Environmental variables can be important factors in recreation demand. Analysts wishing to quantify environmental quality impacts face the difficult issue of isolating them from unobserved variables. Quality changes may occur in space, varying between sites, or in time, varying between occasions. In this zonal travel cost analysis, fixed effects are used to control for time-varying factors at a single site, adapting a technique previously applied to control for unobserved factors across sites. Graphical analysis and a second stage regression on time-specific constants are used as diagnostic tools to guide a demand specification directly including both environmental and access predictors. The approach is developed and applied using a multiyear panel data set for a wilderness destination in the Sonoran Desert featuring a perennial stream. Empirical estimates are also provided for the recreational value of a trip day to a Sonoran Desert site with instream flows.
Fine-grained failover using connection migration

This paper presents a set of techniques for providing fine-grained failover of long-running connections across a distributed collection of replica servers, and is especially useful for fault-tolerant and load-balanced delivery of streaming media and telephony sessions. Our system achieves connection-level failover across both local-and wide-area server replication, without requiring a front-end transport-or application-layer switch. Our approach uses recently proposed end-to-end "connection migration" mechanisms for transport protocols such as TCP, combined with a soft-state session synchronization protocol between replica servers. The end result is a robust, fast, and fine-grained connection failover mechanism that is transparent to client applications, and largely transparent to the server applications. We describe the details of our design and Linux implementation, as well as experimental data that suggests this approach is an attractive way to engineer robust systems for distributing long-running streams; connections suffer relatively small performance degradation even when migration occurs every few seconds, and the associated server overhead is small.
Financial Infrastructure and Public Policy: A Functional Perspective

This paper considers the changes in financial infrastructure and regulation necessary to support welfare-improving financial innovation. Topics discussed include the development of a system of risk accounting, the regulation of OTC derivatives, reform of deposit insurance, pension reform and privatization, and the use of financial technology in implementing macro-stabilization policies.
Adolescent Development in Interpersonal Context

This chapter addresses the psychological processes associated with attaining autonomy and forming interdependent relationships with others during the second decade of life. We divide the chapter into six major sections. First, we provide an overview of the defining features of adolescence, including biological and cognitive maturation and changes in societal expectations of adolescent individuals. Second, we characterize influential conceptual perspectives on adolescence. Third, we outline the expanding social networks of adolescents and the nature and significance of interpersonal relationships with family members, friends, and romantic interests. Fourth, we describe the impact of social contexts, such as neighborhoods, schools, the workplace, and leisure settings. Fifth, we consider key adolescent developmental tasks of achieving both a sense of independence and satisfying and effective interdependent relationships with others. Finally, we consider how this contemporary approach illuminates growth and change during adolescence, as well as differences between childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Keywords: adolescence; independence; interdependence; interpersonal development
Analyticity on Flows

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the analyticity on flows. The chapter defines analyticity on a flow in two ways, and proves the existence of analytic functions by means of the spectral theorem. A simple proof that the bounded analytic functions form a weak-star Dirichlet algebra is given. Almost all the theory of Hardy spaces and cocycles can be restated for ergodic flows. There is one problem that although the cocycles lead to invariant subspaces, new information is needed to show that every invariant subspace is so obtained. The chapter uses the existence of smooth analytic functions to prove part of the theorem of Ambrose on flows built under a function.
The effects of continuous paracervical block, with one per cent lidocaine, on the fetal heart rate and uterine contractions.

Abstract The controversy over the cause of fetal bradycardia during paracervical block is one that needs solving to increase the acceptance of this simple and effective procedure. In our study of 30 patients in labor, whose fetal hearts and uterine contractions were monitored electronically, we attempted to show that 1 per cent lidocaine is a safe local anesthetic and that the culprit may be epinephrine that is added to the lidocaine.
Genome sequence and comparative analysis of a putative entomopathogenic Serratia isolated from Caenorhabditis briggsae

Entomopathogenic associations between nematodes in the genera Steinernema and Heterorhabdus with their cognate bacteria from the bacterial genera Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus, respectively, are extensively studied for their potential as biological control agents against invasive insect species. These two highly coevolved associations were results of convergent evolution. Given the natural abundance of bacteria, nematodes and insects, it is surprising that only these two associations with no intermediate forms are widely studied in the entomopathogenic context. Discovering analogous systems involving novel bacterial and nematode species would shed light on the evolutionary processes involved in the transition from free living organisms to obligatory partners in entomopathogenicity. We report the complete genome sequence of a new member of the enterobacterial genus Serratia that forms a putative entomopathogenic complex with Caenorhabditis briggsae. Analysis of the 5.04 MB chromosomal genome predicts 4599 protein coding genes, seven sets of ribosomal RNA genes, 84 tRNA genes and a 64.8 KB plasmid encoding 74 genes. Comparative genomic analysis with three of the previously sequenced Serratia species, S. marcescens DB11 and S. proteamaculans 568, and Serratia sp. AS12, revealed that these four representatives of the genus share a core set of ~3100 genes and extensive structural conservation. The newly identified species shares a more recent common ancestor with S. marcescens with 99 % sequence identity in rDNA sequence and orthology across 85.6 % of predicted genes. Of the 39 genes/operons implicated in the virulence, symbiosis, recolonization, immune evasion and bioconversion, 21 (53.8 %) were present in Serratia while 33 (84.6 %) and 35 (89 %) were present in Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus EPN bacteria respectively. The majority of unique sequences in Serratia sp. SCBI (South African Caenorhabditis briggsae Isolate) are found in ~29 genomic islands of 5 to 65 genes and are enriched in putative functions that are biologically relevant to an entomopathogenic lifestyle, including non-ribosomal peptide synthetases, bacteriocins, fimbrial biogenesis, ushering proteins, toxins, secondary metabolite secretion and multiple drug resistance/efflux systems. By revealing the early stages of adaptation to this lifestyle, the Serratia sp. SCBI genome underscores the fact that in EPN formation the composite end result – killing, bioconversion, cadaver protection and recolonization- can be achieved by dissimilar mechanisms. This genome sequence will enable further study of the evolution of entomopathogenic nematode-bacteria complexes.
Exposing freshman to microelectronics fabrication as part of an innovative materials science course

An innovative materials science course for first year students has been developed with the support of the National Science Foundation. The goal of this course is for students to be able to make design decisions based on experimental data. To attain this goal, an interactive recitation has replaced the lecture as the key learning experience, and the laboratory exercises are fully integrated into the course. There is no separate laboratory component, as laboratory exercises are used to illustrate course material and required as part of the homework assignments and subject matter on examinations. When discussing relationships between electrical properties and performance, student teams take part in the fabrication of a semiconductor chip. Each team performs one step and presents their results to the class. The experience has very been successful.
Bayesian filtering implementation for web content

The overall project goal is to design, implement and deploy a Bayesian filtering system used to calculate the suitability of web content in an online community of similar-minded uses. It is in this environment where community leaders can create web filters that prevent access to content deemed inappropriate by the community (e.g. corporate offices, church groups, etc.). Our current research focuses on producing an efficient technique to enable a filter, and acquire swift performance for the filter when calculating the validity of a web page.
Do border crossings contribute to underage motor‐vehicle fatalities? An analysis of Michigan border crossings

. Currently, Michigan residents can avoid the national drinking age of 21 by crossing into Ontario, where the drinking age is 19. This paper explores the impact that border crossings, connecting areas with different minimum legal drinking ages (MLDA), have on motor-vehicle fatalities. We analyse border crossings connecting Michigan to Ontario as well as to its surrounding states in the period in which Michigan's MLDA was raised to 21. Using a ‘differences-in-differences-in-differences’ approach, we find that the MLDA change did not contribute to increased underage fatalities in border-crossing counties. Actuellement, les residents du Michigan peuvent eviter la loi nationale sur l'âge legal de consommation d'alcool a 21 ans en traversant la frontiere vers l'Ontario ou l'âge minimum legal est de 19 ans. Cet article explore l'impact que les voyages outre-frontieres, entre les lieux qui possedent une loi differente sur l'âge legal de consommation d'alcool, ont sur les deces dus aux accidents de la route. Nous analysons les traversees de frontieres entre le Michigan et l'Ontario, ainsi que les etats environnants durant la periode ou l'âge legal de consommation d'alcool dans le Michigan est passea 21 ans. En utilisant l'approche ≪ differences-in-differences-in-differences ≫ nous trouvons que le changement de l'âge legal de consommation d'alcool n'a pas contribuea l'augmentation du nombre de deces sur les routes dans les comtes ou existent des postes frontieres.
Immunopathology of highly virulent pathogens: insights from Ebola virus

Ebola virus is a highly virulent pathogen capable of inducing a frequently lethal hemorrhagic fever syndrome. Accumulating evidence indicates that the virus actively subverts both innate and adaptive immune responses and triggers harmful inflammatory responses as it inflicts direct tissue damage. The host immune system is ultimately overwhelmed by a combination of inflammatory factors and virus-induced cell damage, particularly in the liver and vasculature, often leading to death from septic shock. We summarize the mechanisms of immune dysregulation and virus-mediated cell damage in Ebola virus-infected patients. Future approaches to prevention and treatment of infection will be guided by answers to unresolved questions about interspecies transmission, molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis, and protective adaptive and innate immune responses to Ebola virus.
Application of Surface Chemical Analysis Tools for Characterization of Nanoparticles

The important role that surface chemical analysis methods can and should play in the characterization of nanoparticles is described. The types of information that can be obtained from analysis of nanoparticles using Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS), low-energy ion scattering (LEIS), and scanning-probe microscopy (SPM), including scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), are briefly summarized. Examples describing the characterization of engineered nanoparticles are provided. Specific analysis considerations and issues associated with using surface-analysis methods for the characterization of nanoparticles are discussed and summarized, with the impact that shape instability, environmentally induced changes, deliberate and accidental coating, etc., have on nanoparticle properties.
Why does China's stock market have highly synchronous stock price movements? An information supply perspective

Abstract Morck et al. (2000) document that China's stock market is the second most synchronous market in the world, indicating an inferior information environment. These authors conjecture that government quality is associated with cross-sectional variance of information environments across countries, yet evidence on the channels through which government quality affects synchronous security prices is lacking. Our study fills the void and presents a channel for the link between government quality and information environment. We find that low-quality government with weak property rights protection is associated with less supply of firm-specific information. That is, firms ruled by these governments are refrained from disclosing their true performances, causing high stock price synchronicity in China. We also find that firms' hiding activities are affected by firms' political connectedness and external information mediation. Our study contributes to the literature explaining cross-country differences in information environments and its link to the country's political economy.
Testing the validity of the soft/hard energy framework: Biomass fuels for transportation

Abstract The notion of hard and soft choices has increasingly served as the organizing framework for energy policy debates since the late 1970s. It has been implicitly assumed that this view is relevant to transportation energy choices. This paper specifies the likely attributes of future biomass fuel systems, and then tests them against criteria that categorize energy options as hard or soft. It is found that the hard/soft framework does not provide a robust, accurate or relevant model for analyzing biomass fuel options and therefore, by extension, is an inappropriate framework of analysis for the transportation sector. A redrawn framework is needed that is based more explicitly on core precepts of soft and hard paths, and that directly addresses energy and transportation choices as derived demands.
Physical settings and organizational success

Physical settings will affect our work positively, negatively, or not at all. Being aware of a physical environment and its impact on work can help us redesign existing space or create new areas to meet our needs. Making specific changes to the physical settings can facilitate desired changes in an organization. The author shares a method of evaluating physical settings using six dimensions: security and shelter, social contact, symbolic identification, task instrumentality, pleasure, and growth. Examples are given from three academic library technical services areas.
Supersonic Channel Airfoils for Reduced Drag

¤A proof-of-concept study is performed for a supersonic channel-airfoil concept, which can be applied to the leading edges of wings, tails, � ns, struts, and other appendages of aircraft, atmospheric entry vehicles, and missiles
Dependence of galaxy properties on viewing angle

Galaxies are three-dimensional objects projected onto the sky at random angles of inclination. Deduction of their true structure from their appearance requires an understanding of the variation of their apparent diameter, luminosity and surface brightness with viewing angle. But these variations in turn depend on galactic structure. It has taken astronomers several decades to realize that only with a direct knowledge of galactic distances can these two effects be disentangled.
A Linear 1024 Element High-Speed, Wide Dynamic Range CCD Photodetector Array

A 1024x1 element CCD photodetector array is being developed for optical processing applications that require high frame rates and wide dynamic range. Initial characterization of the photodetector array has shown a 60 dB dynamic range in optical power. The detector output circuits support a total output data rate greater than 256 MHz.
Blade erosion in automotive gas turbine engine

In this work, a study has been conducted to predict blade erosion and surface deterioration of the free power turbine of an automotive gas turbine engine. The blade material erosion model is based on three-dimensional particle trajectory simulations in the three-dimensional turbine flow field. The particle rebound characteristics after surface impacts were determined from experimental measurements of restitution ratios for blade material samples in a particulate flow tunnel. The trajectories provide the spatial distribution of the particle impact parameters over the blade surfaces. A semi-empirical erosion model, derived from erosion tests of material samples at different particulate flow conditions, is used in the prediction of blade surface erosion based on the trajectory impact data. The results are presented for the three-dimensional particle trajectories through the turbine blade passages, the particle impact locations, blade surface erosion pattern, and the associated erosion parameters. These parameters include impact velocity, impact angle, and impact frequency. The data can be used for life prediction and performance deterioration of the automotive engine under investigation
Assisting Students With a Traumatic Brain Injury in School Interventions

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) in children and adolescents can significantly affect their lives and educational needs. Deficits are often exhibited in areas such as attention, concentration, memory, ...
Historical Changes in the Ichthyofaunal Assemblages of the Upper Cahaba River in Alabama Associated with Extensive Urban Development in the Watershed

ABSTRACT The upper Cahaba River in Alabama has experienced extensive urban development in its watershed in recent years. To assess the effects that these developments have had on the ichthyofauna, we compared data from samples made at 12 stations by other researchers prior to 1984 to data from samples collected by us at the same sites between 1995–97. Historical collections produced a total of 44 species, whereas recent samples produced 42. Two species, the blue shiner (Cyprinella caerulea) and the Alabama shad (Alosa alabamae), have been extirpated from this system. Relative abundances of the various taxa in recent samples correlated poorly with those of historical samples, indicating that the compositions of the ichthyological communities have changed. Disturbance-tolerant cyprinids (minnows) have generally increased in percent relative abundance (PRA) in recent collections, whereas the disturbance-sensitive cyprinids have generally decreased. The PRA of percids (darters) has decreased in recent collect...
An Accomplished Teacher's Use of Scaffolding During a Second-Grade Unit on Designing Games

The purpose of this study was to describe how an accomplished teacher taught second-grade students to design games that integrated movement and mathematics content. The participants were one physical education teacher, a classroom teacher, and an intact class of 20 second-grade students. Qualitative data were gathered through videotaping of all lessons, descriptions of all 20 children's responses to all lesson segments, and interviews with all participants. In keeping with constructivist principles, the teacher used a progression of tasks and multiple instructional techniques to scaffold the design process allowing children to design games that were meaningful to them. Contrary to descriptions of scaffolding fading across a unit, in this study the scaffolding was a function of the interaction between learners' needs and task content.
Simulation of plastic surgery and microvascular procedures using perfused fresh human cadavers

Summary Introduction Surgical simulation models are often limited by their lack of fidelity, which hinders their essential purpose, making a better surgeon. Fresh cadaveric tissue is a superior model of simulation owing to its approximation of live tissue. One major unresolved difference between dead and live tissue is perfusion. Here, we propose a means of enhancing the fidelity of cadaveric simulation through the development of a perfused cadaveric model whereby simulation is further able to approach life-like surgery and teach one of the more technically demanding skills of plastic surgery: microsurgery. Method Fresh tissue human cadavers were procured according to university protocol. Perfusion was performed via cannulation of large vessels, and arterial and venous pressure was maintained by centrifugal circulation. Skin perfusion was evaluated with incisions in the perfused regions and was evaluated using indocyanine green angiography. Surgical simulations were selected to broadly evaluate applicability to plastic surgical education. Result Surgical simulation of 38 procedures ranging in complexity from skin excisions to microsurgical cases was performed with high priority given to the accurate simulation of clinical procedures. Flap dissections included perforator flaps, muscle flaps, and fasciocutaneous flaps. Effective perfusion was noted with ICG angiography and notable bleeding vessels. Microsurgical flap transfer was successfully performed. Conclusion We report the establishment of a high fidelity surgical simulation using a perfused fresh tissue model in a realistic environment akin to the operating room. We anticipate utilization of this model prior to entering the operating room will enhance surgical ability and offer a valuable resource in plastic surgical education.
Optimum compress temperature for wound hemostasis.

Abstract Compress temperatures to hasten hemostasis in surgically incised wounds have been studied. On the basis of the present data, we recommend the use of warm compresses at a temperature of 49°C to accelerate hemostasis in surgically incised wounds. Cold applications to open surgical wounds should be avoided.
Emergency Care of the Technology-Assisted Child

Integrated community living has become an achievable goal for many medically complex children. For many children with special health care needs (CSHCN), community living means an increased dependence on emergency medical services and emergency departments (EDs) for assistance with acute medical crises. Because transport times to the tertiary care ED can be prohibitively long, the community ED is more likely to become the site of first contact for the management of acute illnesses, exacerbations of chronic illnesses, and equipment-related problems experienced by CSHCN. Therefore, it is of paramount importance that emergency providers working in community as well as tertiary settings be well equipped to handle emergencies experienced by CSHCN. This article reviews common devices and their complications.
International Experience with a New Single 2 Gram Dose of Tinidazole (‘Fasigyn’)

The results of studies carried out in 10 European Medical Centres have shown the efficacy and safety of a new 2 gram single-dose regime of tinidazole. Two hundred and fifty-one patients were treate...
Screen-printed reflector pastes for back passivated crystalline silicon solar cells

Solar cell manufacturers across the world are working to find innovative ways to reduce cost per installed watt of photovoltaic energy generation in order to achieve grid parity. Some of these approaches involve the use of revolutionary cell architectures such as metal wrap-through (MWT) [1], PERC cells, local back surface field (BSF) [2] and selective emitter among others. Many of these new approaches call for development of special back Al pastes that can either fire-through passivation stacks such as Al 2 O 3 /SiNx [3] or form local BSF in laser opened vias. In other designs, the Al paste needs to act as a reflective surface below the SiNx layer, without firing through the dielectric layer (reflector paste). In this paper we discuss the requirements for reflector paste in back-passivated cell applications. The paper will also present the various attributes of these pastes such as non firethrough properties, adhesion to SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 or SiNx passivation layers, excellent reflectance and low electrical resistance.
The Effect of Vorticity-Profile Shape on the Instability of a Two-Dimensional Vortex

Abstract A simple linear numerical model is used to study the effect of the shape of the vertical vorticity profile on the stability characteristics of a two-dimensional vortex. In all cases, the basic-state vorticity is confined to an annulus. It is found that the most unstable disturbances have azimuthal wavenumber 2 if the vorticity profile is sufficiently narrow relative to its outer radius, and if the profile is sufficiently sharply peaked. The relevance of this result to the multiple-vortex phenomenon in tornado simulators is strongly suggested by the fact that profiles of the type described have been obtained in numerical simulations by Gall and by Rotunno. Thus, some weight is added to the argument that the fundamental reason for the existence of the secondary vortices is the shear of the azimuthal wind.
Subdivisions from primal and dual cones and polytopes

Abstract A conic subdivision of euclidean half-space is obtained where the cones are generated using faces and dual faces of a closed polyhedral convex set and its dual.
Application of multivariate analysis to the selection of test solutes for characterizing stationary phase selectivity in gas chromatography

Factors controlling the retention of 28 solutes on 23 stationary phases are identified by multivariate analysis and related to dominant intermolecular interactions. The selectivity of the stationary phases is characterized by the partial molal Gibbs free energy of solution for specific test solutes identified by principal component analysis; nitrobenzene for orientation interactions and n-octanol for solvent proton acceptor interactions. No test solute with acceptable certainty was identified for solvent proton donor interactions. The partial molar Gibbs free energy of solution for a methylene group is a convenient parameter for assessing dispersive interactions. For highly cohesive phases, such as OV-275, TCEP, DEGS, QACES AND QTAPSO the selectivity parameters were found to be solute-size dependent. This size dependence can be removed by separating the free energy into a cavity term and an interaction term; the interaction term being independent of solute size. Using principal component analysis and cluster analysis the 23 stationary phases were classified into 5 groups based on the similarity of their capacity for specific intermolecular interactions with the phases squalane. QF-1, OV-225, OV-275 and QTAPSO behaving independently. The use of dendrograms is demonstrated to be a useful method for visualizing selectivity differences for chromatographic optimization.
The Portrayal of African-Americans in Business-to-Business Catalog Advertising

Abstract Numerous studies have examined the portrayal of African-American models in advertising, but none has studied such portrayals in business-to-business direct mail catalogs. It is the purpose of this paper is to fill this void by extending the stream of research regarding racial minorities in industrial advertising into the catalog direct mail medium. To this end more than 2500 separate pictures in nearly 150 industrial catalogs were content analyzed. Findings indicate that about eight percent of catalog pictures portray one or more African-Americans, that occupational portrayals depicted are similar to those of whites, and that blacks are most frequently pictured separately from whites. Implications of these finding are included.
Daily Leader Safety Brief: The Power of an Interdisciplinary Team

Professional Issues Paper Presentation Purpose for the Program The increasing acuity and complexity of obstetric patients underscores the importance of communication and well‐functioning teams, as recommended by The Institute of Medicine (1999) as components of a culture of safety. When communication and teamwork are ineffective, the risk of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality increases. Communication failures were identified by The Joint Commission as the root cause of nearly 80% of the sentinel events reviewed, and are a leading cause of preventable adverse events in healthcare settings. Effective team communication is equally important among interdisciplinary leaders at an organizational level, to ensure quality, patient safety, and seamless operations. Emerging as a best practice, conducting daily leader safety briefs may facilitate such communication. Proposed Change To provide an overview of the purpose and goals of conducting daily leader safety briefs. Implementation, Outcomes, and Evaluation The process that the leadership team used to begin conducting daily leader safety briefs in the Pavilion for Women at Texas Children's Hospital will be reviewed, and practical tips for implementing them at other obstetric facilities will be provided. This presentation is appropriate for all disciplines, all leaders, and the content may be applied to any healthcare setting. Daily leader safety briefs provide a venue to identify and discuss quality, safety, and operational events or concerns that occurred during the previous 24 hours, and facilitate the identification of concerns or threats to patient safety that may occur over the next 12 to 24 hours. To reinforce accountability, leaders are assigned to address and resolve the identified threats and work together as a team to mitigate risks. Leaders report back the next day about how the issue was resolved or what action plan is in place to resolve and sustain the correction. Implications for Nursing Practice Daily leader safety briefs can help to maintain situational awareness; promote and model transparency; foster organizational trust; as well as improve interdisciplinary communication, collaboration, and cooperation. By being present together as a leadership team and talking with one another in a proactive manner, leaders can work more effectively together to avoid or resolve problems.
Purification and partial characterization of a soluble suppressor factor from papillomavirus-infected patients.

ABSTRACT A molecular form of soluble suppressor factor was identified in serum-free supernatant fluid of cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with severe forms of papillomavirus infections (epidermodysplasia verruciformis and large treatment-resistant condyloma acuminatum). The papillomavirus-induced soluble suppressor factor (SSF-H) was highly purified by gel filtration, anion-exchange chromatography, chromatofocusing, hydrophobic chromatography, and nondissociating polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The factor exhibited an apparent molecular weight of 67 kDa as determined by sodium dodecylsulfate-PAGE. The isoelectric point ranged from 4.8 to 5.2 as judged by chromatofocusing. The biologic activity of the SSF-H during purification and in subsequent characterization was examined by in vitro CTLL bioassay. Purified SSF-H was stable at 56°C for 1 h and in the pH range of 4.0 to 8.0. Complete inactivation was observed at 80°C. Trypsin and proteinase K treatment destroyed ...
Nonlinear penetration of whistler pulses into collisional plasmas via conductivity modifications

A strong electromagnetic impulse (about 0.2 microsec) with central frequency in the whistler-wave regime is applied to a large laboratory plasma dominated by Coulomb collisions. Local electron heating at the antenna and transport along B0 create a channel of high conductivity along which the whistler pulse penetrates with little damping. Because of its rapid temporal evolution, this new form of modulational instability does not involve ducting by density gradients which require ion time scales to develop.
Broadcasting in unstructured peer-to-peer overlay networks

Peer-to-peer overlay networks present new opportunities and challenges for achieving enhanced network functionality at the application level. In this paper we study the impact of point-to-point network latency on flooding broadcast operations in peer-to-peer overlay networks. We show that two standard protocol mechanisms, used to control the amount of network resources used during flooding, can in combination, significantly reduce the reach of broadcast messages. We prove that these standard mechanisms, known as "time-to-live bounds" and "unique message identification", can result in broadcast operations that only reach a vanishing fraction of the nodes. In addition, we provide empirical evidence that the trend suggested by our formal results are found in data obtained from the Gnutefla network and through network simulations.
Analysis of the effects of Marangoni stresses on the microflow in an evaporating sessile droplet.

We study the effects of Marangoni stresses on the flow in an evaporating sessile droplet, by extending a lubrication analysis and a finite element solution of the flow field in a drying droplet, developed earlier.1 The temperature distribution within the droplet is obtained from a solution of Laplace's equation, where quasi-steadiness and neglect of convection terms in the heat equation can be justified for small, slowly evaporating droplets. The evaporation flux and temperature profiles along the droplet surface are approximated by simple analytical forms and used as boundary conditions to obtain an axisymmetric analytical flow field from the lubrication theory for relatively flat droplets. A finite element algorithm is also developed to solve simultaneously the vapor concentration, and the thermal and flow fields in the droplet, which shows that the lubrication solution with the Marangoni stress is accurate for contact angles as high as 40°. From our analysis, we find that surfactant contamination, at a...
Crime control in the 2000 presidential election: A symbolic issue

Presidential candidates regularly use crime issues to help win electoral support. Contrary to conventional wisdom, crime control also became an issue in the 2000 presidential campaign. Despite decreasing crime rates, the debate was driven by public opinion. Because the crime debate was fueled by perception rather than reality, it is argued that the symbolic nature of the debate became important in providing reassurance to the American public. This finding points to the importance of symbolic rhetoric by presidential candidates in appealing to voters and increasing public support.
Marginality among older injectors in today's illicit drug culture: assessing the impact of ageing.

Aims As conceptualized by Robert Park in 1928, the ‘marginal man’ occupies simultaneously an intermediate point between two distinct cultures that embody some level of contradictory normative expectations, behaviors and beliefs. This paper explores the influence of ageing and social change on the creation of marginality among injection drug users over age 50 who have been chronic heroin users since their youth. Design Our data are drawn from in-depth interviews with 40 (28 male and 12 female) not-in-drug-treatment, active injecting drug users between the ages of 18 and 68. Setting Our sample was recruited using street outreach as part of a larger, community-based study conducted from a converted storefront in a high crime, economically depressed neighborhood on the west side of Chicago. Findings As they aged, and under the pressures of social change, the older users whom we studied moved from center positioning in the illicit drug culture of their youth to the margins of a differing drug culture of today where they participate largely unseen by others. Nostalgic for the ‘Old School’ mores of the past, and unable to transcend or assimilate fully into the cultural practices and norms of the ‘New’, they respond to their predicament by embracing ‘poise’ in the face of loneliness, stress and fear of victimization. Conclusions Our respondents’ experiences draw attention to the need to refine the field’s theoretical and practical understandings of what it means to be marginal and its consequences for older drug users and people in general. The results also point to what happens when society changes but some of its members do not.
Children's causal attributions for performance on sex-stereotypic tasks

In two experiments, third, fifth, and eleventh graders attributed males' and females' successes and failures on sex-stereotypic tasks to (a) task difficulty, (b) effort, (c) luck, or (d) skill. Male and female children responded similarly within and across age. Attributions for successes varied with congruity of actor and task stereotypes; “effort” was emphasized for sex-inconsistent relative to sex-consistent performance. However, over-riding sex-of-actor biases emerged in explanations for failures, suggesting failures were treated as anticipated outcomes for females. Results are considered in terms of maintenance of sex-role stereotypes beginning early in childhood.
Synthesis and electrochemical characterization of LiMO2 (M=Ni, Ni0.75Co0.25) for rechargeable lithium ion batteries

Abstract A particulate sol-gel (PSG) process has been developed for synthesizing LiNiO2 and LiNixCo1−xO2 (x=0.75) powders, utilizing the reaction of lithium hydroxide with nickel acetate in a water–ethanol solvent system. Thermal analyses of the as-prepared xerogels show a one step weight loss with a single exothermic peak indicating its chemical homogeneity. Infrared and chemical analyses results of the as-prepared xerogels suggest the possible formation of Ni(OH)(OAc). Generation of lithium carbonate as an intermediate product during the initial heat treatment of the precursors and its decomposition during subsequent heat treatment is the main rate determining step responsible for the formation of the desired lithiated metal oxide. The presence of residual lithium carbonate in the synthesized materials may cause loss in the discharge capacity of the materials. The morphology of the residual lithium carbonate has been investigated using electron microscopy, while its effect on the electrochemical properties has been exemplified.
Study of Protons and Alpha Particles Emitted from Br 75 Compound Nuclei with Differing Angular-Momentum Distributions

The energy spectra and angular distributions of protons and $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles emitted from the compound nucleus ${\mathrm{Br}}^{75}$ formed at the excitation energies of 49 and 88 MeV have been studied. The ${\mathrm{Br}}^{75}$ compound nuclei were formed in three different ways: ${\mathrm{B}}^{11}$+${\mathrm{Zn}}^{64}$, ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}$+${\mathrm{Cu}}^{63}$, and ${\mathrm{O}}^{16}$+${\mathrm{Co}}^{59}$. The differences in the angular-momentum distributions of the compound nuclei formed in each of the entrance channels permitted the study of the particles emitted from specific ranges of angular momentum of the compound nuclei. The yield of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles from the high-angular-momentum states was found to be significantly enhanced relative to that from the low-angular-momentum states and the average energy of the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles emitted increased with the angular momentum of the compound nucleus. The yield of protons and their average energy was not significantly affected by angular momentum. These results are consistent with results calculated using an angular-momentum-dependent statistical theory of nuclear reactions.
Bacteriologic and chemotherapeutic studies inacute diarrhea of infants and children

Summary Sixty-three cases of acute diarrhea in infants and children were studied.Several media were used for stool cultures. SS agar appeared to give the best results. Twenty-two cases, or 35 per cent, had positive stool cultures indicating acute bacillary dysentery. Fifteen per cent of the cases under 1 year of age and 67 per cent over 1 year had positive stool cultures. Agglutination tests were performed on the sera of forty-seven patients.Thirty-two, or 70 per cent, were positive in a titer of 1:40 or more. Fifty per cent of the cases under 1 year of age and 95 per cent over 1 year had positive agglutinations. All stool cultures positive for bacillary dysentery contained pus. There were two cases with positive agglutinations in high titers that did not have pus in their stools. Sulfathiazole and sulfaguanidine produced marked improvement.There were an immediate drop in temperature, a rapid loss of toxicity, and normal stools in about five days. No untoward reactions were noted with either drug. Sulfathiazole appeared to give better results by bringing about speedier recovery, especially in those infants with severe secondary infections. Moreover, it proved to be effective in those cases which failed to respond with sulfaguanidine. Sulfathiazole has the added advantage in that it can be given parenterally to the very severely ill child who is either moribund or vomiting.
A measure of class concentration in bibliometrics

An index of concentration for rank-frequency distributions is proposed which permits comparison of subject and journal concentration in various fields. A mathematical model of random dispersion (the Whit-worth distribution) of articles is suggested. Applications of the measure to several different aspects of bibliometrics are suggested. The measure holds some promise of providing a common measure by which to compare the large number of specific usage and citation studies already completed, and providing a point of departure for new ones.
Intermolecular multiple quantum coherences in liquids

In the early 1990s, the traditional framework of NMR spectroscopy was challenged through a series of simple experiments. The pulse sequences used consisted of a few RF pulses and a few gradient pulses, and the samples were mixtures of simple molecules. The spectra showed unexpected cross peaks between spins in different molecules. () In order to explain these results, two basic assumptions had to be revisited: 1 the () high-temperature approximation to the Boltzmann distribution at equilibrium, and 2 the cancellation of dipolar couplings in solution. A close look at the physics involved showed that correlations between spins in separate molecules exist even after a single pulse, and that dipolar couplings can make these correlations visible in the presence of gradient pulses. A comprehensive description of the effect is given here, and some present and future applications are discussed. 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson 12: 396409, 2000