cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Linking Self and Others Through Narrative

Stories have long held a central place in human experience. Narratives create culture, change minds, and shape meaning. Some theorists have even claimed that all thought is narrative (Schank & Abelson, 1995). Kashima, Gurumurthy, Ouschan, Chong, and Mattingley (this issue) present an ambitious new model of the self that takes narrative influence even further. In their view, both individual and collective narratives are central to the self, and furthernore, the self resembles a narrative due to its dynamic and temporal nature. Testing this type of model presents unique chal lenges. One of social psychology's great strengths is its use of the experimental method (Wilson, 2005). So cial psychologists are expert at developing clean, clever experimental tests of interpersonal and intergroup phe nomena. However, social psychology's love affair with the laboratory may have the unintended consequence of reducing the richness of social behavior to relatively static or short-term processes that can be studied in one-shot sessions. Although longitudinal designs, di ary studies, and the like provide a useful corrective, these types of studies require significant investments of time and resources. Kashima and colleagues have taken another approach-network modeling-which attempts to capture the dynamic nature of the self. Al though computer modeling may oversimplify aspects of human functioning, connectionist models can also provide a fruitful means of conceptualizing psycholog ical processes, and capture the dynamic and temporal nature of psychological functioning. This commentary highlights two areas where a "next generation" I-SELF model might better capture nuances of how narratives become integrated into the self: distinguishing between different kinds of connec tions between individuals and narrative characters that can result from transportation, and recognizing the ac tive role of narrative recipients.
Global cue usage in behavioral lie detection

Deception research is replete with findings indicating that lie detection rates barely exceed chance. This same research, however, offers comparatively fewer studies explaining this state of affairs. The present study examined lie detection cues used by participant‐observers who judged the veracity of communicators. After judging veracity, subjects reported specific cues they used as a basis for evaluating others' veracity. Judgmental cues were analyzed and coded according to four a priori content categories. Results indicated that subjects primarily used a communicator's verbal plausibility, nervousness, and nonverbal expectancy violation to guide their veracity judgments. Accuracy was higher for participants judging truthful communicators (M = . 70) than for subjects judging deceptive communicators (M = .54). As past research suggests, communicators attempting to deceive are difficult to detect. A truth bias and the use of global heuristics are discussed as possible explanations for why lie detection fa...
A comparative analysis of the interaction of borate ion with various polyols

Abstract Although it is now generally accepted that borate ion, B(OH) 4 − , reacts with suitable polyols in aqueous solution to form two types of complexes with strongly acidic properties (1), several investigators have presented evidence to show the formation of two types of complexes is stoichiometrically unsatisfactory (2,3). Aside from its usefulness in structural studies, the reaction has important implications in numerous biochemical applications. Many compounds of biological importance contain hydroxyl groups in positions favorable for reaction with borate ion. As an extension of previous work (4) we report here the determination of solution stability constants of borate ion complexes with several biologically important polyols by means of a pH method and in two instances a calorimetric method.
Dietary linolenic acid and adjusted QT and JT intervals in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart study

Objectives The goal of this study was to examine whether higher consumption of total linolenic acid was associated with rate-adjusted QT and JT intervals (QTrr and JTrr, respectively). Background Higher intake of fish omega-3 fatty acids and plant omega-3 such as alpha-linolenic acid is associated with lower risk of myocardial infarction. While long-chain omega-3 can inhibit ventricular arrhythmia, it is not known whether alpha-linolenic acid influences ventricular repolarization. Methods We studied 3,642 subjects from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart study who were free of myocardial infarction, left ventricular hypertrophy, pacemaker, and with QRS Results Mean age was 50 years, and average intake of total linolenic acid was 0.74 g/day. There was an inverse association between consumption of linolenic acid and QTrr and JTrr (p for trend 0.001 and 0.0005, respectively). From the lowest (reference) to the highest gender-, age-, and energy-adjusted tertile of linolenic acid, multivariable adjusted odds ratios for prolonged QTrr were 1.0, 0.74 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.57 to 0.96), and 0.59 (95% CI 0.44 to 0.77), respectively (p for trend 0.0003). Corresponding values for JTrr were 1.0, 0.73 (95% CI 0.52 to 1.03), and 0.59 (95% CI 0.40 to 0.87), respectively (p for trend 0.009). Exclusion of subjects taking drugs known to influence QT did not influence this association. Conclusions Higher intake of dietary linolenic acid might be associated with a reduced risk of abnormally prolonged repolarization in men and women.
The Transuranic Aerosol Measurement System and Its Field Results

Sturdy, reliable, sensitive, and strategically placed monitoring instruments play a critical role in evaluating and minimizing the release of long-lived alpha-emitting substances to the environment from nuclear laboratories, fabrication plants, processing facilities, and waste repositories. This paper discusses field results of the Transuranic Aerosol Measurement System (TAMS). TAMS is a very sensitive measurement system with pseudo real-time response for determining the concentration of transuranics and other long-lived alpha emitters in corrosive stack-effluent streams and ambient air. Field testing of the TAMS prototype at the plutonium finishing facilities of the Rockwell Hanford Operation began in June 1978 and successfully ended in September 1978. The device proved to be at least 100 times more sensitive than presently available monitors.
Surgical injury to the lateral aspect of the knee A comparison of transverse and vertical knee incisions

We retrospectively evaluated postoperative straight lateral and anterolateral rotatory knee stability in patients having a lateral meniscectomy through vertical and horizontal capsular incisions. The knees of 20 patients with transverse (Bruser) and 20 patients with vertical (parapatellar) incisions were clinically and mechanically evaluated. Varus-vagus and anterior drawer measurements were obtained from our knee stress machine and clinical examinations. We found that (1) horizontal and vertical lateral capsular incisions do not produce straight lateral or anterolateral rotatory instability in patients with intact anterior cruciate ligaments, (2) a transverse lateral capsular incision may contribute to anterolateral rotatory instability, and (3) a vertical lateral capsular incision provides better visualization of the knee joint than a transverse incision.
In the Dark — The Case for Electronic Health Records

Information is vital to the provision of high-quality care, yet too often, as Dr. Cara Litvin discusses, improving information systems is not seen as a priority.
Simplifying autonomic enterprise Java Bean applications via model-driven engineering and simulation

The goal of autonomic computing is to reduce the configuration, operational, and maintenance costs of distributed applications by enabling them to self-manage, self-heal, and self-optimize. This paper provides two contributions to the Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) of autonomic computing systems using Enterprise Java Beans (EJBs). First, we describe the structure and functionality of an MDE tool that visually captures the design of EJB applications, their quality of service (QoS) requirements, and the adaptations applied to their EJBs. Second, the paper describes how MDE tools can be used to generate code to simulate adaptive systems for verification and plug EJBs into a Java component framework that provides runtime adaptation capabilities.
Lichtenstein inguinal herniorrhaphy using sutures versus tacks.

The Lichtenstein hernia repair has become a popular technique for most inguinal hernias performed in the United States. One attempt to improve on this technique includes the use of a tacker instead of suturing the mesh. This study compared the feasibility and time saving for placement of mesh for open inguinal hernias with a tacker versus polypropylene suture.
Resonance Raman and Low Temperature FTIR Characterization of the Red Shifted Channelrhodopsin 1 from Chlamydomonas Augustae

Channelrhodopsins (ChRs) control phototaxis in green algae and function as light-gated cation channels when expressed in animal cells. Because ChRs can be functionally expressed in neuronal membranes, this distinct family of microbial rhodopsins have rapidly become an important tool in neuroscience. While the light-activated molecular changes occurring in channelrhodopsin-2 from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (CrChR2) have been extensively studied, little is known about such changes in the diverse groups of other ChRs including the major class of channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1). Here, we have characterized the structure and molecular changes in ChR1 from Chlamydomonas augustae (CaChR1). This ChR has properties advantageous for light modulated neuronal control including a red-shifted λmax and slow light inactivation compared to CrChR2 (Hou, S. et al. (2012) Photochem Photobiol 88, 119-128). Near-infrared confocal resonance Raman spectroscopy (RRS) reveals that in contrast to CrChR2, which contains a mixture of retinal isomers, the retinal chromophore structure of CaChR1 is almost completely all-trans in the light-adapted state similar to many microbial rhodopsins including bacteriorhodopsin. In addition, unlike other ChR1s, such as CrChR1 (ChR1 from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii), which exhibit significant shifts in λmax at different pHs, the RRS of CaChR1 including the ethylenic frequency which reflects λmax remains largely unaltered over a wide pH range. This insensitivity to pH is despite the presence of the residue Glu87 (CrChR1 sequence numbering) which has been previously associated with pH sensitivity. Low-temperature FITR difference-spectroscopy reveals that the primary phototransition of CaChR1 to the K photointermediate involves an all-trans to 13-cis retinal isomerization and significant changes in the protein structure including structural changes in the peptide backbone, Asp/Glu residues, Cys residues and internal water molecules. These results are discussed in terms of possible differences in the molecular mechanism of various ChRs.
A consideration of Euglena gracilis W3BUL as a cytoplasmic control for the wild-type phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase system.

The studies described indicate that the UV bleached mutant, Euglena gracilis W3BUL does not serve as a suitable cytoplasmic control for the phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase system. Chromatography of wild-type E. gracilis on Sephadex G100 revealed three peaks of activity identified as the chloroplastic, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial enzymes. The chloroplastic activity was greater in log than in stationary phase cells and was the only activity recovered from purified chloroplasts. Cell-free extracts of the achloroplastic mutant, E. gracilis W3BUL, contained wild-type levels of the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetases. However, no chloroplastic synthetase was detected in the mutant extracts. Anomalies in the aminoacylation behavior of the W3BUL system were observed which suggest the possibility of a mutation affecting non-chloroplastic tRNAs in this UV-induced mutant. These anomalies significantly reduce the ability of the E. gracilis W3BUL mutant to serve as a cytoplasmic control in the phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase system.
Ethanol Yield and Energy Potential of Stems from a Spectrum of Sorghum Biomass Types

Abstract Sorghum biomass is a renewable resource that offers significant potential for energy utilization. Six sorghum cultivars, representing an array of stem types, were evaluated for ethanol yield. Ethanol production was individually obtained for both the total stem and the pith of each type by anaerobic yeast fermentation. Value of the energy contained in the rind was determined by calorimetry. The highest yield of ethanol from total stem fermentation was 3418·3 liters ha−1 produced from Rio. Fermentation of Rio pith to ethanol and combustion of the rind resulted in the highest total energy value of the cultivars. The least and greatest energy values were 6·3 and 44·3 × 106 kcal ha−1 for SC0056-14 and Rio, respectively. Conversion ratios of potentially fermentable carbohydrates (within the vegetative biomass) to ethanol produced, averaged 0·438 for the pith and 0·406 for total stems.
Effect of nozzle geometry on local convective heat transfer to a confined impinging air jet

Abstract This article reports results on the effects of hyperbolic nozzle geometry on the local heat-transfer coefficients for confined impinging air jets. A thermochromatic liquid-crystal technique is used to visualize and record isotherms on a uniformly heated impingement surface. Experiments are conducted at low nozzle-to-plate spacings ( 0.25 H D ) and Reynolds numbers in the range of 10,000 to 50,000 for two different confined, hyperbolic nozzles. As a reference, results have also been obtained for a confined orifice and are compared with those for the hyperbolic nozzles. The effects of Reynolds number, nozzle-to-plate spacing, and nozzle geometry on the local heat-transfer coefficients are reported and compared with similar experiments for unconfined jets. It is concluded that the local heat-transfer coefficients for confined jets are more sensitive to Reynolds number and nozzle-to-plate spacing than those for unconfined jets.
Computing at the Nanoscale

Summary form only given..Advances have been been made recently in assembling nanoscale devices without using photolithography. This important development, which offers the potential for greatly increasing the density of memory cells and logic gates, introduces a new model of computation and new analytical challenges. In this talk we provide an introduction to this new area. The difficulty of assembling irregularly placed nanoscale devices has caused the research community to focus on the crossbar. All known methods for controlling individual nanowires (NWs) in a crossbar by mesoscale wires (MWs) introduces randomness in the connections. This introduces several questions. First, which methods of controlling NWs with MWs devotes the smallest amount of area for this purpose? Second, how can stochastically assembled chips be configured after assembly? Third, since errors will occur during assembly, how can chips be designed to minimize the effect of such errors? Finally, what computational limitations do stochastically assembled, crossbar-based computers introduce? We will address these and other questions.
Analytic thermoelectric couple optimization introducing Device Design Factor and Fin Factor

Abstract An analytic solution of a thermocouple has been developed in order to gain a deeper understanding of the physics of a real device. The model is established for both rectangular and cylindrical couples and is made to account for thermal resistance of the hot and cold shoes and lateral heat transfer. A set of dimensionless parameters have been developed to determine couple behavior and serve as simplifying justifications. New dimensionless parameters, Device Design Factor and Fin Factor, are introduced to account for the thermal resistance and lateral heat transfer, respectively. Design guidelines on couple length and cross-sectional area have been established to account for conditions encountered by a realistic couple. As a result of thermal resistances a lower limit on the length of the couple can be established. In the case of a lateral heat transfer couple the efficiency is found to depend upon cross-sectional area of the leg in such a fashion as to suggest the need to design large area couples. The classic thermoelectric solution neglects the effect of thermal resistance and lateral heat transfer, leading to an over estimated conversion efficiency. The work presented provides a path to incorporate these neglected factors and offers a simplified estimation for couple performance based on analytic solutions of governing equations.
Antiepileptogenesis and Seizure Prevention Trials with Antiepileptic Drugs: Meta‐Analysis of Controlled Trials

Summary: Purpose: To synthesize evidence concerning the effect of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) for seizure prevention and to contrast their effectiveness for provoked versus unprovoked seizures. Methods: Medline, Embase, and The Cochrane Clinical Trials Register were the primary sources of trials, but all trials found were included. Minimal requirements: seizure-prevention outcome given as fraction of cases; AED or control assigned by random or quasi-random mechanism. Single abstracter. Aggregate relative risk and heterogeneity evaluated using Mantel–Haenszel analyses; random effects model used if heterogeneity was significant. Results: Forty-seven trials evaluated seven drugs or combinations for preventing seizures associated with fever, alcohol, malaria, perinatal asphyxia, contrast media, tumors, craniotomy, and traumatic brain injury. Effective: Phenobarbital for recurrence of febrile seizures [relative risk (RR), 0.51; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.32–0.82) and cerebral malaria (RR, 0.36; CI, 0.23–0.56). Diazepam for contrast media–associated seizures (RR, 0.10; CI, 0.01–0.79). Phenytoin for provoked seizures after craniotomy or traumatic brain injury (craniotomy: RR, 0.42; CI, 0.25–0.71; TBI: RR, 0.33; CI, 0.19–0.59). Carbamazepine for provoked seizures after traumatic brain injury (RR, 0.39; CI, 0.17–0.92). Lorazepam for alcohol-related seizures (RR, 0.12; CI, 0.04–0.40). More than 25% reduction ruled out valproate for unprovoked seizures after traumatic brain injury (RR, 1.28; CI, 0.76–2.16), and carbamazepine for unprovoked seizures after craniotomy (RR, 1.30; CI, 0.75–2.25). Conclusions: Effective or promising results predominate for provoked (acute, symptomatic) seizures. For unprovoked (epileptic) seizures, no drug has been shown to be effective, and some have had a clinically important effect ruled out.
Language-Impaired Children's Real-Time Comprehension of Spoken Language.

Language-impaired children have been shown to exhibit a variety of post-sentence comprehension deficits. Comprehension, however, may also be assessed as it develops rather than after it has occurred. The present investigation compared the real-time language processing abilities of language-impaired and normal children using a word recognition reaction time paradigm. Children's reaction times across three word positions in three sentence type conditions were measured. Results showed that the language-impaired children used linguistic context to facilitate word recognition, but were slower to do so than their normally developing peers. The results were interpreted to suggest that language-impaired children are less proficient than normal children at using their linguistic knowledge to develop linguistic representations of sentence meaning. An on-line retrieval deficit or deficient connections among processing units (e.g., Rumelhart & McClelland, 1986a, 1986b; Waltz & Pollack, 1985) are suggested as likely sources of the language-impaired children's language processing difficulties.
Fatigue microcrack growth in a nickel-base superalloy

The growth of very small fatigue microcracks was studied in a powder metallurgy nickel-base superalloy. A novel specimen containing a small crack was used, with crack growth rates being measured optically at high magnification. Interaction between the crack and the material microstructure was observed in a cyclic loading stage within a scanning electron microscope.
In the absence of BYPASS1-related gene function, the bps signal disrupts embryogenesis by an auxin-independent mechanism

Development is often coordinated by biologically active mobile compounds that move between cells or organs. Arabidopsis mutants with defects in the BYPASS1 (BPS1) gene overproduce an active mobile compound that moves from the root to the shoot and inhibits growth. Here, we describe two related Arabidopsis genes, BPS2 and BPS3. Analyses of single, double and triple mutants revealed that all three genes regulate production of the same mobile compound, the bps signal, with BPS1 having the largest role. The triple mutant had a severe embryo defect, including the failure to properly establish provascular tissue, the shoot meristem and the root meristem. Aberrant expression of PINFORMED1, DR5, PLETHORA1, PLETHORA2 and WUSCHEL-LIKE HOMEOBOX5 were found in heart-stage bps triple-mutant embryos. However, auxin-induced gene expression, and localization of the PIN1 auxin efflux transporter, were intact in bps1 mutants, suggesting that the primary target of the bps signal is independent of auxin response. Thus, the bps signal identifies a novel signaling pathway that regulates patterning and growth in parallel with auxin signaling, in multiple tissues and at multiple developmental stages.
Chemically induced conditional rescue of the reduced epidermal fluorescence8 mutant of Arabidopsis reveals rapid restoration of growth and selective turnover of secondary metabolite pools.

The phenylpropanoid pathway is responsible for the biosynthesis of diverse and important secondary metabolites including lignin and flavonoids. The reduced epidermal fluorescence8 (ref8) mutant of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), which is defective in a lignin biosynthetic enzyme p-coumaroyl shikimate 3′-hydroxylase (C3′H), exhibits severe dwarfism and sterility. To better understand the impact of perturbation of phenylpropanoid metabolism on plant growth, we generated a chemically inducible C3′H expression construct and transformed it into the ref8 mutant. Application of dexamethasone to these plants greatly alleviates the dwarfism and sterility and substantially reverses the biochemical phenotypes of ref8 plants, including the reduction of lignin content and hyperaccumulation of flavonoids and p-coumarate esters. Induction of C3′H expression at different developmental stages has distinct impacts on plant growth. Although early induction effectively restored the elongation of primary inflorescence stem, application to 7-week-old plants enabled them to produce new rosette inflorescence stems. Examination of hypocotyls of these plants revealed normal vasculature in the newly formed secondary xylem, presumably restoring water transport in the mutant. The ref8 mutant accumulates higher levels of salicylic acid than the wild type, but depletion of this compound in ref8 did not relieve the mutant’s growth defects, suggesting that the hyperaccumulation of salicylic acid is unlikely to be responsible for dwarfism in this mutant.
Antibiotic Resistance Due to Modern Agricultural Practices: An Ethical Perspective

The use of subtherapeutic doses of antibiotics in food-producing animals has been linked to antibiotic resistant infections in humans. Although this practice has been banned in Europe, the U.S. regulatory authorities have been slow to act. This paper discusses the regulatory hurdles and ethical dilemmas of banning this practice within the context of the risk analysis model (risk assessment, risk management, and risk communication). Specific issues include unethical use of scientific uncertainty during the risk assessment phase, the rejection of the precautionary principle leading to ineffective risk management, and the criticality of risk communication to build consensus and force action. The underlying root cause is a conflict of values (Type I ethical problem) among key stakeholders, which is examined in depth along with an ethical analysis using public health ethical values.
A Digital Module for Cardiac Pacemaker Assessment

The accuracy of a digital pacemaker testing module incorporated into a digital recording electrocardiograph has been tested against two other methods of waveform recording. Measurements of rate (pulse interval), pulse width, pulse amplitude and ratio of trailing edge to the leading edge amplitude were found to be highly accurate. The pulse shapes were faithfully recorded. The practical clinical use of the method is discussed.
Tracking control of a piezoceramic actuator

The tracking control accuracy of piezoceramic actuators is limited due to their inherent hysteresis nonlinearity. This paper presents a computer-based tracking control approach for a piezoceramic actuator based on incorporating a feedforward loop with a PID (proportional-integral-derivative) feedback controller. The hysteresis nonlinearity of the piezoceramic actuator is modeled in the feedforward loop by using the classical Preisach model. Experiments were performed on a stacked piezoceramic actuator for tracking sinusoidal waveforms with signal frequencies ranging from 0.1-20 Hz. A comparison was made between a feedforward control scheme, a regular PID feedback control scheme, and a PID feedback control scheme with hysteresis modeling in the feedforward loop. The results show that the tracking control performance is greatly improved by augmenting the feedback loop with a model of hysteresis in the feedforward loop. The maximum error in tracking a sinusoidal waveform is about half that obtained using a regular PID controller.
Determinants of clean surgical wound infections for breast procedures at an oncology center.

OBJECTIVE To determine the clean surgical wound infection rate for breast procedures and the risk factors predisposing patients to these infections. DESIGN A survey study. SETTING Oncology center. PATIENTS A consecutive sample of adult female patients who underwent surgical breast procedures for suspected carcinoma of the breast. Patients undergoing excisional biopsy, lumpectomy, or mastectomy from January 1985 to January 1987 were included in the study. INTERVENTION Clean surgical wound infection rates were derived overall and for each procedure type. The medical records of all patients were then reviewed to extract data on patient characteristics and operative information in order to assess the risk factors for infection. RESULTS Among the breast procedures performed on 448 patients, the overall clean surgical wound infection rate was 8.7% (39/448). The clean surgical wound infection rate for each procedure type was as follows: biopsy 2.3%, lumpectomy 6.6%, and mastectomy 19%. In addition to the type of procedure, factors significantly (p less than .05) associated with the development of clean surgical wound infection in the univariate analysis included: presence of surgical drains (p less than .01); closed suction drainage (odds ratio [OR] = 16.5, 95% confidence interval [CI95] = 5.0-54.7); location of the drain (OR = 3.3, CI95 = 1.7-6.6); prolonged preoperative stay (OR = 1.2, CI95 = 1.0-1.5); length of surgery (OR = 2.2, CI95 = 1.7-3.0); and greater mean age (OR = 1.6, CI95 = 1.2-2.1). CONCLUSION Clean surgical wound infections are not uncommon in patients undergoing breast procedures. Factors relating to both the patient and operative techniques contribute to the clean surgical wound infection rate. Further consideration should be given to perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis for selected breast procedures, and the role of surgical drains should be reassessed.
A deformable-radius B-spline method for shape-based inverse problems, as applied to electrical impedance tomography

Shape-based solutions have recently received attention for certain ill-posed inverse problems when the relevant constituent parameters can be modeled as isotropic and piecewise continuous or homogeneous. Their advantages include implicit imposition of relevant constraints and reduction in the number of unknowns, especially important for non-linear ill-posed problems. We introduce a method, based on modified B-splines and the boundary element method (BEM), for shape-based inverse problems and apply it to current-injection electrical impedance tomography (EIT) in the torso. We assume the general shape of piecewise constant inhomogeneities is known but their conductivities and their exact location and shape are not. We model the boundaries of the unknown inhomogeneities using bivariate spline basis shape functions and solve for the conductivities, locations, and boundaries. The performance of our method is illustrated via simulation in a realistic torso model.
Rapid Identification of Therapeutic Targets in Hematologic Malignancies via Functional Genomics

The clinical application of gene-targeted drugs has transformed cancer therapy. The hallmark example of this strategy is use of the ABL kinase inhibitor imatinib for treatment of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). This remarkable clinical success has also stimulated an expansive search for personalized gene targets in all patients to facilitate broad application of targeted therapy for cancer. However, achievement of this objective will require simultaneous work towards several complementary goals. The first step towards broad application of gene-targeted therapy must entail a rapid means to identify target oncogenes in individual patients. Next, we must identify well-tolerated, gene-specific drugs that are collectively effective against a wide diversity of gene targets. Finally, we must develop protocols by which individual patients are matched with appropriate, gene-targeted drugs in a clinically relevant time frame. While these may seem like difficult tasks, we are fortunate to have a wide variety of new and rapidly evolving research tools at our disposal. These include next-generation sequencing of the genome and transcriptome, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)/copy number variations (CNV) and gene expression microarrays, and RNAi libraries for the application of functional screens. In this review we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each of these techniques with the goal of demonstrating that no single technique will be sufficient as a standalone technology, but rather it will be the integration of all techniques that will enable broad application of gene-targeted cancer therapies.
From Legal Pluralism to Global Legal Pluralism

Legal pluralists have long recognized that societies consist of multiple overlapping normative communities. These communities are sometimes state-based but sometimes not, and they are sometimes formal, official, and governmental, but again sometimes they are not. Scholars studying interactions among these multiple communities have often used the term “legal pluralism” to describe the inevitable intermingling of these normative systemsIn the past decade or so, a new application of pluralist insights has emerged in the international and transnational realm. This new legal pluralism research was born in the decades following the collapse of the bi-polar Cold War order in 1989. During this period, it became clear that a single-minded focus on state-to-state relations or universal overarching norms was inadequate to describe the reality of the emerging global legal system, with its web of jurisdictional assertions by state, international, and non-state normative communities. Legal pluralism provided a useful alternative framework because pluralism had always sought to identify hybrid legal spaces, where multiple normative systems occupied the same social field. And though pluralists had often focused on clashes within one geographical area, where formal bureaucracies encountered indigenous ethnic, tribal, institutional or religious norms, the pluralist framework proved highly adaptive to analysis of the hybrid legal spaces created by a different set of overlapping jurisdictional assertions (state v. state; state v. international body; state v. non-state entity) in the global arena. This book chapter summarizes and further refines the move from legal pluralism to global legal pluralism by discussing each component of the inquiry further: in what way is global legal pluralism “global”; in what way “legal”; and in what way “pluralist”? This analysis prompts investigation both of challenges to the global legal pluralist project as well as possible responses to those challenges.
Asymptotic Solution to the Problem of Optimal Low-Thrust Energy Increase

HE problem to be considered is that of optimal ascent from an initial circular planetary orbit to some specified final energy level by a spacecraft equipped with a low-thrust engine. Optimal will be defined as minimum time; and since it will be assumed that the engine produces continuous thrust with constant thrust-acceleration, fuel expenditure is minimized. Analytical solutions to this problem have previously been found by Lawden, 1 and by Breakwell and Rauch.2 Until now, Lawden's was the only analysis which used a small parameter perturbation approach; and his results failed to predict the oscillatory nature of the optimal control program. Breakwell and Rauch's work was directed primarily toward the analytical representation of a nominal trajectory and guidance coefficients for a neighboring optimal guidance scheme. Their solution is basically a series solution in the radial distance, but also contains some additional correction terms which were found by developing a set of defining differential equations, assuming a periodic solution with variable coefficients, and employing the method of averaging to determine those coefficients. The solution correctly, represents the characteristics of the control program and trajectory and, for at least eight revolutions, matches a numerically generated solution to within 1%. The use of the radial distance as independent variable and the series form of the solution, however, make an analysis of the motion and a comparison with other spiral trajectories difficult. The purpose of this Note is to present an accurate small parameter perturbation solution to the problem. In addition, the optimal trajectory is analyzed and compared with a tangential thrust trajectory. Analysis The problem is formulated using the equations of motion
Resistance training reduces the acute exercise-induced increase in muscle protein turnover.

We examined the effect of resistance training on the response of mixed muscle protein fractional synthesis (FSR) and breakdown rates (FBR) by use of primed constant infusions of [2H5]phenylalanine and [15N]phenylalanine, respectively, to an isolated bout of pleiometric resistance exercise. Trained subjects, who were performing regular resistance exercise (trained, T; n = 6), were compared with sedentary, untrained controls (untrained, UT; n = 6). The exercise test consisted of 10 sets (8 repetitions per set) of single-leg knee flexion (i.e., pleiometric muscle contraction during lowering) at 120% of the subjects' predetermined single-leg 1 repetition maximum. Subjects exercised one leg while their contralateral leg acted as a nonexercised (resting) control. Exercise resulted in an increase, above resting, in mixed muscle FSR in both groups (UT: rest, 0.036 +/- 0.002; exercise, 0.0802 +/- 0.01; T: rest, 0.045 +/- 0.004; exercise, 0.067 +/- 0.01; all values in %/h; P < 0.01). In addition, exercise resulted in an increase in mixed muscle FBR of 37 +/- 5% (rest, 0.076 +/- 0.005; exercise, 0.105 +/- 0.01; all values in %/h; P < 0.01) in the UT group but did not significantly affect FBR in the T group. The resulting muscle net balance (FSR - FBR) was negative throughout the protocol (P < 0.05) but was increased in the exercised leg in both groups (P < 0.05). We conclude that pleiometric muscle contractions induce an increase in mixed muscle protein synthetic rate within 4 h of completion of an exercise bout but that resistance training attenuates this increase. A single bout of pleiometric muscle contractions also increased the FBR of mixed muscle protein in UT but not in T subjects.
On Ferroan (A-type) Granitoids: their Compositional Variability and Modes of Origin

We recognize eight types of ferroan granitoid that can be distinguished on the basis of major element chemistry.These include alkalic granitoids that may be metaluminous or peralkaline, alkali-calcic granitoids that may be metaluminous, peraluminous or peralkaline, calc-alkalic granitoids that may be metaluminous or peraluminous, and rare calcic ferroan granitoids. These granitoids may form by two distinct end-member processes. Extreme differentiation of basaltic melts results in ferroan granitoids that are either peralkaline alkalic and alkali-calcic, or metaluminous alkalic, alkali-calcic, and calc-alkalic, with alkalinity increasing with increasing pressure of differentiation. Partial melting of tonalitic to granodioritic crust produces alkali-calcic to calc-alkalic granitoids that are metaluminous at low pressures and peraluminous at high pressures. It is likely that a combination of these two processes plays some role in the formation of most ferroan granitoids. Most granitoids that are referred to as ‘ ferroan. However, the term ‘ has become more confusing than edifying because it has been applied to a broad spectrum of granitoid compositions with varying petrogenesis. For this reason we recommend that the term ‘ be discontinued and ‘ferroan’ used in its stead.
Toward a Deweyan Theory of Communicative Mindfulness

Previous research has portrayed communicative mindfulness as involving effortful cognitive processing. However, recent work in the field of psychology conceptualizes mindfulness as a quality of consciousness, and not necessarily connected to high-level effortful cognition. This study proposes a comprehensive framework for understanding communicative mindfulness that incorporates these diverse characterizations of mindfulness (i.e., effortful cognition vs. quality of consciousness). Using John Dewey's work on aesthetic experience, I argue that communicative mindfulness can be conceptualized as involving both the immediate and cognitively-mediated minding of one's present communicative situation. This conceptualization allows for the inclusion of mindful and effortful cognitive processing in a theory of communicative mindfulness, as well as for states of immediate mindfulness in communicative situations.
Animal Models of Bone Diseases-A

Bone disorders have a major impact on general population and cover a broad spectrum of diseases. At one end of the spectrum are the common disorders that are featured with age related progressive degeneration, and at the other end are the rare but serious congenital abnormities. Deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms is a key to ensure the timely diagnosis, cost-effective prevention and treatment of these disorders. Animal models that could mimic the human pathologic conditions are tremendous helpers to achieve these goals, since clinical relevant animal models are essential to investigate disease states, test hypothesis, and screen drugs. This chapter tries to provide an overall view of the numerous animal models of important bone diseases, including osteoarthritis, osteoporosis and osteogenesis imperfecta, because these disorders are clinically important and also reflect the salient features of both extremes of bone disorders.
Physical limits of Communication (Invited Talk).

We describe recent work with Sanjeev Khanna (U.\ Penn.) where we explore potential axioms about the mechanics of information transmission with a view to understanding whether continuous signals can carry more information than analog signals.
Sexual Differentiation of Circadian Clock Function in the Adrenal Gland

Sex differences in glucocorticoid production are associated with increased responsiveness of the adrenal gland in females. However, the adrenal-intrinsic mechanisms that establish sexual dimorphic function remain ill defined. Glucocorticoid production is gated at the molecular level by the circadian clock, which may contribute to sexual dimorphic adrenal function. Here we examine sex differences in the adrenal gland using an optical reporter of circadian clock function. Adrenal glands were cultured from male and female Period2::Luciferase (PER2::LUC) mice to assess clock function in vitro in real time. We confirm that there is a pronounced sex difference in the intrinsic capacity to sustain PER2::LUC rhythms in vitro, with higher amplitude rhythms in adrenal glands collected from males than from females. Changes in adrenal PER2::LUC rhythms over the reproductive life span implicate T as an important factor in driving sex differences in adrenal clock function. By directly manipulating hormone levels in adult mice in vivo, we demonstrate that T increases the amplitude of PER2::LUC rhythms in adrenal glands of both male and female mice. In contrast, we find little evidence that ovarian hormones modify adrenal clock function. Lastly, we find that T in vitro can increase the amplitude of PER2::LUC rhythms in male adrenals but not female adrenals, which suggests the existence of sex differences in the mechanisms of T action in vivo. Collectively these results reveal that activational effects of T alter circadian timekeeping in the adrenal gland, which may have implications for sex differences in stress reactivity and stress-related disorders.
Characterization of a suppressor-cell leukemia. Evidence for the requirement of an interaction of two T cells in the development of human suppressor effector cells.

Abstract To characterize the suppressor activity of neoplastic T cells from a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and hypogammaglobulinemia, we applied an in vitro assay that determines the capacity of pokeweed-mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes to mature into immunoglobulin-secreting cells. The geometric mean synthesis by peripheral blood lymphocytes from 12 normal persons was 3200 ng for IgM, 2447 ng for IgG and 1825 ng for IgA (2 X 106 cells per 12 days in culture). The patient's leukemic cells produced no detectable immunoglobulin and depressed the immunoglobulin production of normal lymphocytes by 85 to 100 per cent in co-culture experiments. However, suppression was observed only when co-operating normal T cells were present. Prior irradiation of either the leukemic T cells or the co-operating normal T cells nullified the suppressor effect. Therefore, an interaction between at least two different T-cell subsets may be required for the generation of suppressor effector T cells in man. (N Engl J Med 2...
Abstract A43: Sequence specificity incompletely defines the genome-wide occupancy of Myc

Background: The Myc-Max heterodimer is a transcription factor that regulates expression of a large number of genes. Genome occupancy of Myc-Max is thought to be driven by Enhancer box (E-box) DNA elements (CACGTG or variants) to which the heterodimer binds in vitro in the context of accessible chromatin. Results: By analyzing ChIP-Seq datasets, we demonstrated that the positions occupied by Myc-Max across the human genome correlate with the RNA polymerase II (Pol II) transcription machinery better than with E-boxes. Metagene analyses showed that in promoter regions, Myc was uniformly positioned about 100 bp upstream of essentially all promoter proximal paused polymerases with Max about 15 bp upstream of Myc. We re-evaluated the DNA binding properties of full length Myc-Max proteins using electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) and universal protein-binding microarrays (PBM). EMSA results demonstrated Myc-Max heterodimers display significant sequence preference, but have high affinity for any DNA. Quantification of the relative affinities of Myc-Max for all possible 8-mers using PBM assays showed that sequences surrounding core 6-mers significantly affect binding. Compared to the in vitro sequence preferences, Myc-Max genomic occupancy measured by ChIP-Seq was largely, although not completely, independent of sequence specificity. Conclusions: Our results indicate that the genomic occupancy of Myc cannot be explained solely by its intrinsic DNA specificity and suggest that the transcription machinery and associated promoter accessibility play a predominant role in Myc recruitment. Citation Format: Jiannan Guo, Tiandao Li, Joshua Schipper, Kyle A. Nilson, Francis K. Fordjour, Jeffrey J. Cooper, Raluca Gordan, David H. Price. Sequence specificity incompletely defines the genome-wide occupancy of Myc. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Myc: From Biology to Therapy; Jan 7-10, 2015; La Jolla, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2015;13(10 Suppl):Abstract nr A43.
Evaluating the Construct Validity of Ryff's Scales of Psychological Well-Being Using Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the construct validity of Ryff’s Scales of Psychological Well-Being (SPWB) using exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM). The data were drawn from the national survey of Midlife in the United States conducted during 1994 and 1995. Measurement models assuming different number of factors (1-6 factors) and considering the effect of negatively wording items were specified and compared to determine optimal number of underlying factors. The discriminant validity was assessed following Farrell’s suggestions. The results showed the discriminant validity was questionable due to five indicators with considerable cross-loadings.
Awe, Despair, and the Annihilation of Nature

Although it can be hard to discern at times, every academic subject is accompanied by a particular mood; for example, patient industry in the case of history, righteous indignation in peace studies, refined querulousness in philosophy, stolid deliberativeness in chemistry, head-spinning giddiness in cosmology, and, at first glance at least, sadness in the case of contemporary environmental science. Although gloominess may be inevitable in a discipline into whose domain falls the triumvirate of anthropogenic climate change, the radical alteration of biogeochemical cycles, and the torquing up of biodiversity loss, nonetheless historically there has been another mood, albeit somewhat muted in recent times, that accompanies the environmental disciplines, and that is awe.
Serologic Findings and Disease Associations among Adult Patients with Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia: A Contemporary Series from a Large Tertiary Care Center

Contemporary clinical data on autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) are limited. We performed this retrospective study to determine the following: distribution according to serologic subtypes, associated medical conditions, and the extent to which hematologic malignancies should be sought for at the time of diagnosis. We included adult (age ≥18 years) patients with AIHA seen at Mayo …