cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Observations regarding inclusions in the growth of Cs2HfCl6 single crystal scintillators

Abstract Cs2HfCl6 (CHC) is a promising high density, high-Z, non-hygroscopic, and high energy resolution scintillator. In CHC, many crystals have CsCl inclusions that form during growth. In this paper, we investigate how material synthesis, growth rate, and thermal gradient affect the formation of CsCl inclusions and their effect on scintillation performance. First, precursor material was made through a methanol synthesis process both with and without hydrochlorination. Next, five crystals were grown using Bridgman method, at growth rates of 1 or 0.5 mm/h, and thermal gradients of 21 °C or 34 °C per millimeter. The best overall performance was observed in a 22 mm diameter crystal produced using hydrochlorination which was grown at 1 mm/h in a thermal gradient of 34 °C per millimeter. It had a light yield of 36,000 photons/MeV and an energy resolution of 4.0% at 662 keV. We have also shown that poorer scintillation performance in the lower quality crystals is most likely due to reduced light collection caused by a higher concentration of inclusions.
A flexible behavior task allows quantitative analysis of cost-benefit evaluation in mice

Abstract Cost-benefit analysis is a key determinant of decision-making, yet little is known about the underlying neural circuit mechanisms, and investigating this concept using laboratory animals is challenging without quantitative behavioral readouts and theoretical frameworks. In order to tackle this challenge, here we took a theory-based approach and created an experimental design in order for mice to perform a task as a rationale agent and optimize decisions. Our novel behavioral paradigm offers two possibilities of obtaining reward. Mice initially prefer the easier method, but as its cost increases, their preference switches. We quantified these switching decisions using an indifference point where the values of the choices became equivalent. A novel component of our task design is the implementation of a systematic and flexible variation of cost and benefit parameters in two-dimensional parameter space. This allows researchers to choose a wide range of parameter combinations and quantify the shift of the switching decisions. Our results demonstrated that indeed the parametric manipulation successfully influenced the switching decisions relative to the given parameter values, suggesting that mice perform the task as rational agents. A theoretical framework based on the optimization principle further confirmed the switching decisions of mice were optimal. Furthermore, we demonstrated that although the preference shift was influenced by different internal states of motivation, the valuation process of mice was intact regardless of motivational states. Considering the arsenal of tools available for mice, our theory-centered approach provides a quantitative and flexible platform to investigate the neural circuits underlying cost-benefit assessment in mice.
Biosafety Practices for In Vivo Viral-Mediated Gene Therapy in the Health Care Setting:

Introduction: Gene therapy encompasses a diverse array of genetically engineered products in biomedical research. As novel products continue to gain regulatory approval, institutions will be challe...
Optoelectronic investigation of Sb-doped Cu(In,Ga)Se2

Doping Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) thin films with Sb can provide large grains at lower processing temperatures than are normally required. In this study, we incorporated Sb into the precursor of a two-step selenization process. We saw enhanced grain size and improved device performance compared to similarly processed CIGS films made without Sb. The optoelectronic properties of the Sb-doped CIGS films were examined with photoluminescence (PL) and admittance spectroscopy. These techniques allowed us to evaluate the origin of a lower-energy PL peak that is not typically seen in CIGS.
Spectral State Transitions in Aquila X-1: Evidence for “Propeller” Effects

Aquila X-1 is a soft X-ray transient source and emits type I X-ray bursts. A spectral state transition was observed with RXTE during its outburst decay in 1997 February and March. Its 10-30 keV and 5-10 keV count rate ratio increased suddenly when its luminosity was between 4 and 12×1035 ergs s-1, assuming a 2.5 kpc distance. Spectral fitting with a model composed of a blackbody and a power-law component showed that its blackbody component decreased and that the power-law component became much harder significantly and simultaneously. We interpret this transition to be caused by the centrifugal barrier, more commonly known as the "propeller" effect. We thus infer that the magnetic field strength of the neutron star is around 1×108 G, if the neutron star spin period is 1.8 ms. Similarly, we infer the neutron star magnetic field strength in another soft X-ray transient Cen X-4 is about 2×109 G. We also propose a unified scheme for spectral state transitions in soft X-ray transients, from soft high state to hard low state and further to quiescent state. With this scheme accretion onto neutron star may take place even during the propeller regime.
The nexus between CO2 emissions, energy consumption, and economic growth in the U.S.

Abstract This study investigates the relationship between carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, energy consumption, and economic growth (GDP) in the U.S. at the state level during 1997–2016. This study uses various quantitative approaches including static models as well as dynamic models to measure the impacts of GDP and different types of energy consumption including total, non-renewable, renewable, industrial, and residential energy on CO2 emissions across states. Results show that a long-run relationship exists among various types of energy consumption and CO2 emissions at the state level for both static and dynamic models. Total, non-renewable, industrial, and residential energy consumption have a positive impact on CO2 emissions, while renewable energy consumption has a negative relationship with CO2 emissions. The findings show an inverted-U shape relationship between CO2 emissions and GDP which provides enough evidence to validate the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis across states. The results are robust across states using both static and dynamic models. Policy makers may use our findings to define applicable polices to reduce CO2 emissions across U.S. states.
High-throughput analysis suggests differences in journal false discovery rate by subject area and impact factor but not open access status

A low replication rate has been reported in some scientific areas motivating the creation of resource intensive collaborations to estimate the replication rate by repeating individual studies. The substantial resources required by these projects limits the number of studies that can be repeated and consequently the generalizability of the findings. We extend the use of a method from Jager and Leek to estimate the false discovery rate for 94 journals over a 5-year period using p values from over 30,000 abstracts enabling the study of how the false discovery rate varies by journal characteristics. We find that the empirical false discovery rate is higher for cancer versus general medicine journals (p = 9.801E−07, 95% CI: 0.045, 0.097; adjusted mean false discovery rate cancer = 0.264 vs. general medicine = 0.194). We also find that false discovery rate is negatively associated with log journal impact factor. A two-fold decrease in journal impact factor is associated with an average increase of 0.020 in FDR (p = 2.545E−04). Conversely, we find no statistically significant evidence of a higher false discovery rate, on average, for Open Access versus closed access journals (p = 0.320, 95% CI − 0.015, 0.046, adjusted mean false discovery rate Open Access = 0.241 vs. closed access = 0.225). Our results identify areas of research that may need additional scrutiny and support to facilitate replicable science. Given our publicly available R code and data, others can complete a broad assessment of the empirical false discovery rate across other subject areas and characteristics of published research.
Monopsony and the Crowd: Labor for Lemons?

Amazon Mechanical Turk (AMT) is an online labor market (OLM) where requesters ("employers") post tasks ("jobs") for workers to do for pay. We evaluate whether requesters on the platform have monopsony power and whether the platform is competitive or not in regards to labor.
Solid-Contact Ion-Selective Electrodes Comprising Hydrophobic Redox Buffers

A calibration-free measurement with an ionophore-doped polymeric membrane ion-selective electrode requires that the phase boundary potential at the sample/sensing membrane interface is controlled by the activity of the target ion in the sample of interest, while all other phase boundary potentials in the electrochemical cell are constant and long term stable. Historically, the biggest difficulty lies in establishing a reproducible phase boundary potential at the interface of the sensing membrane and the underlying electron conductor. Efforts over several decades to use conducting polymers as an interlayer between the ion-selective membrane and an underlying electron conductor, such as a metal or carbon, have had limited success. While the performance of such devices has been much improved in terms of light sensitivity and hydrophobicity of the conducting polymer layer, devices that can be considered calibration-free are still elusive. To that end, hydrophobic redox buffers have been introduced as an alternative to conducting polymers. While hydrophilic redox buffers play central roles in all living organisms, control many geological and environmental processes, and are often utilized in the laboratory, buffering of redox potentials in hydrophobic media is a topic that has in the past been overlooked. This presentation will address principles for the use of hydrophobic redox buffers, and it will discuss recent examples of hydrophobic redox buffers suitable for the fabrication of ion-selective electrode membranes that are calibration-free. (1) Redox Buffer Capacity of Ion-Selective Electrode Solid Contacts Doped with Organometallic Complexes, Zhen, X. V.; Rousseau, C. R.; Buhlmann, P. Anal. Chem., 2018, 90, 11000-11007. (2) Paper-Based All-Solid-State Ion-Sensing Platform with a Solid Contact Comprising Colloid-Imprinted Mesoporous Carbon and a Redox Buffer, Hu, J.; Zhao, W.; Buhlmann, P.; Stein, A., ACS Appl. Nano Mat. 2018, 1, 293–301.
Paying the Bills: School, Jobs, and Health Insurance

This is the second of three chapters on the Difference-in-Differences (D-in-D) technique. An empirical case study of the Affordable Care Act on entrepreneurship offers another illustration of the basic D-in-D model. This chapter introduces a new way, pre-trends analysis, to probe the model’s assumptions, and a new variant of D-in-D, the fixed effect D-in-D model. It also reviews some of the extensive literature that has analyzed both health and labor-market topics using the ACS data. This chapter also revisits a descriptive study on lawyer earnings, first introduced in Chapter 1, and extends it to software developer earnings. End of Chapter Review Questions reinforce the concepts introduced in the chapter, and give the reader ideas for original research they can carry out on labor and health questions.
Can financial payments incentivize short-term smoking cessation in orthopaedic trauma patients? Evidence from a discrete choice experiment

Smoking increases the risk of complications and related costs after an orthopaedic fracture. Research in other populations suggests that a one-time payment may incentivize smoking cessation. However, little is known on fracture patients’ willingness to accept financial incentives to stop smoking; and the level of incentive required to motivate smoking cessation in this population. This study aimed to estimate the financial threshold required to motivate fracture patients to stop smoking after injury. This cross-sectional study utilized a discrete choice experiment (DCE) to elicit patient preferences towards financial incentives and reduced complications associated with smoking cessation. We presented participants with 12 hypothetical options with several attributes with varying levels. The respondents’ data was used to determine the utility of each attribute level and the relative importance associated with each attribute. Of the 130 enrolled patients, 79% reported an interest in quitting smoking. We estimated the financial incentive to be of greater relative importance (ri) (45%) than any of the included clinical benefits of smoking cessations (deep infection (ri: 24%), bone healing complications (ri: 19%), and superficial infections (ri: 12%)). A one-time payment of $800 provided the greatest utility to the respondents (0.64, 95% CI: 0.36 to 0.93), surpassing the utility associated with a single $1000 financial incentive (0.36, 95% CI: 0.18 to 0.55). Financial incentives may be an effective tool to promote smoking cessation in the orthopaedic trauma population. The findings of this study define optimal payment thresholds for smoking cessation programs.
Cold War Cultures

The Cold War confrontation and the threat of nuclear devastation had a profound effect on many aspects of life, even in matters as basic as sexuality and family life. Both sides struggled to reinforce the loyalties of their own populations while seeking to influence global opinion. These propaganda battles involved many aspects of life, including sport, the arts, and popular culture, while the Space Race offered rich potential for polemic and point-scoring. Each side painted its rival in the most sinister colors, and the Soviets depicted the US as a haven of racism and repression. Science fiction and literary speculation were important vehicles of debate and opinion-shaping, helping to spread concern about nuclear threats.
QUANTUM PHYSICS, LASERS, AND SQUIDS

This chapter provides an overview of quantum physics. Quantum physics has given birth to the quantum engineering fields of quantum optics and squids. Planck adopted a quantum viewpoint to explain the spectrum of blackbody radiation. Einstein treated light as a particle to develop a theory of the photoelectric effect. From the analysis of α-particle scatter, Rutherford concluded that the positive charge and most of the mass of an atom were concentrated in a small central region, called the nucleus. Bohr conceived a quantum theory for the hydrogen atom. The shortcomings and successes of the Bohr theory spurred the development of a new quantum theory. De Broglie postulated relationships between the wave and particle attributes. Davisson and Germer confirmed de Broglie's wave theory by demonstrating experimentally that electrons can show interference. Schrodinger developed an equation that describes the de Broglie waves. Quantization emerged from the solutions of Schrodinger's equation. Most noteworthy in the area of quantum optics is the laser, a device that produces a highly directional and intense beam of coherent light. In addition, the phenomenon of superconductivity has made possible the development of squids, a class of measuring instruments based on the quantum interference of super-currents.
An Integrated Approach for the Study of Symbolically Inspired Literature

This paper is an essential work to any individual who is involved in trying to comprehend the literary, creative process. This article represents a bifurcation of literary art in terms of how this kind of creation is either derived from the subconscious of the artist, or represents, in platonic terms, the fusion of self with ineffable mental machinations. Theorists like Coleridge, Karl Jung and Shelley postulated paradigms where literary art was either created purely from the practitioners’ subconscious mental activities or were muse-driven to where the artist abandoned all aspects of his or her psychological dynamics. This work is an essential reading for anyone in literary criticism who is interested in the mystical dimensions of sublime creation as well as Neoplatonism. The author creates a theoretical model where visionary artists are capable of a deeper coalescence with subtle energy dynamics which is not understood by conventional neuroscience. The true man is the source he being the poetic genius… No man can think write or speak from his heart, but he must intend truth… As non by traveling over known lands can find out the unknown, so from already acquired knowledge man could not acquire more. Therefore a universal poetic genius exists… (Blake, 1790, pp.2-3). No, lead me where some heavenly silence glasses the purer joys. That rounds the poet throng… (Goethe, 1962, p.45). The poets eye in a find frenzy rolling,/doth glance from heaven to earth, from earth to heaven,/and as imagination bodies forth/ the forms of things unknown, the poets pen/ turnes them to shapes, and gives to aire nothing a local habitation and a name./Such tricks hath strong imagination… (Shakespeare, 1952, p.536).
In vitro biomechanical comparison of 3.5 string of pearl plate fixation to 3.5 locking compression plate fixation in a canine fracture gap model.

Objective To compare the 3.5 string of pearls (SOP) plate with a 3.5 mm locking compression plate (LCP) using a fracture model in static loading and cyclic fatigue testing. Study Design In vitro biomechanical testing of paired tibias with a mid-diaphyseal ostectomy, stabilized by 1 of 2 locking systems. Sample Population Cadaveric canine tibiae (n = 24 pairs). Methods Tibias were randomly divided into 4 equal groups: (1) 4-point bending single cycle to failure, (2) 4-point bending cyclic fatigue, (3) torsion single cycle to failure, and (4) torsion cyclic fatigue. Randomly assigned SOP and LCP bridged a 20 mm mid-diaphyseal ostectomy. Mean test variables values for each method were compared using a paired t-test within each group with significance set at P < .05. Results The SOP construct had significantly greater mean yield load, mean yield displacement, mean yield bending moment, mean composite rigidity and mean failure bending moment under static 4-point bending to failure than the LCP construct. Mean number of cycles to failure under 4-point bending was significantly greater for the SOP constructs but the mean number of cycles to failure in torsion was significantly greater for the LCP constructs. The LCP construct had significantly greater mean composite stiffness and significantly lesser mean displacement to yield and to failure in static torsion testing. Conclusion The SOP construct was superior under bending static and cycling testing but the LCP construct was superior in static and cycling torsion testing.
Comparison of the ribonucleic Acid subunits of reovirus, cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus, and wound tumor virus.

Abstract Double-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) from intact cytoplasmic polynedrosis virus (CPV) and wound tumor virus (WTV) was analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Using RNA from type 3 reovirus as a standard, it was calculated that CPV-RNA consisted of 9 subunits corresponding to a molecular weight of 12.7 × 106 and WTV-RNA consisted of 12 subunits corresponding to a molecular weight of 15.5 × 106.
Cross-border insolvency of enterprise groups: the choice of law challenge

It is not surprising that the problems of choice of law and international group insolvency have not been sufficiently addressed during the initial development of cross-border insolvency frameworks. The choice of law problem raises difficult questions and affects substantive rights in the context of cross-border insolvency. International group enterprises come about in different legal and operational structures, requiring a sufficiently nuanced regime that could properly accommodate the diverse types of groups. Generally, the regulation of groups is difficult, as it raises a concern of defeating the economic merits of the corporate form. Addressing the combined problem of international groups and choice of law presents significant challenges, and requires careful analysis of economic structures and their implications on both creditors’ expectations regarding their substantive rights and the ability to achieve efficient solutions in insolvency. This Article aims to provide a roadmap of choice of law solutions in international enterprise group cases, and to compare these solutions with the existing cross-border insolvency practice and the cross-border insolvency frameworks.
Proving correctness of unmanned aerial vehicle cooperative software

As unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) become more prevalent, it is important to show that the software being used to control the UAVs has been built correctly. An error in the UAV auto-pilot or navigation system could result in the destruction of the UAV or objects on the ground. The purpose of this research is to develop a software application that will control the cooperation between two UAVs during reconnaissance. This application is being developed using formal methods in software engineering to prove the correctness of the software. The SPARK programming language provides techniques for building correct software applications and proofs of their correctness without relying on extensive testing. The SPARK language is a powerful application of formal methods to the area of safety-critical systems.
Capital controls during financial crises: The case of Malaysia and Thailand

This study examines the impact capital controls had in Malaysia (1998-1999) and Thailand (1997). We aim to assess the extent to which the capital controls were effective in delivering the outcomes that motivated their imposition. We conclude that in Thailand the controls did not deliver much of what was intended--although, one does not observe the counterfactual. By contrast, in the case of Malaysia the controls did align closely with the priors of what controls are intended to achieve: greater interest rate and exchange rate stability and more policy autonomy.
The incredible shrinking dewlap: signal size, skin elasticity, and mechanical design in the green anole lizard (Anolis carolinensis)

The expression of male secondary sexual traits can be dynamic, changing size, shape, color, or structure over the course of different seasons. However, the factors underlying such changes are poorly understood. In male Anolis carolinensis lizards, a morphological secondary sexual signal called the dewlap changes size seasonally within individuals. Here, we test the hypothesis that seasonal changes in male dewlap size are driven by increased use and extension of the dewlap in spring and summer, when males are breeding, relative to the winter and fall. We captured male green anole lizards prior to the onset of breeding and constrained the dewlap in half of them such that it could not be extended. We then measured dewlap area in the spring, summer, and winter, and dewlap skin and belly skin elasticity in summer and winter. Dewlaps in unconstrained males increase in area from spring to summer and then shrink in the winter, whereas the dewlaps of constrained males consistently shrink from spring to winter. Dewlap skin is significantly more elastic than belly skin, and skin overall is more elastic in the summer relative to winter. These results show that seasonal changes in dewlap size are a function of skin elasticity and display frequency, and suggest that the mechanical properties of signaling structures can have important implications for signal evolution and design.
Characterization of IL-22 and IL-17 Expressing Leukocytes in the Cervix.

Problem Identification of the types of cells that produce IL-17 and IL-22 in the genital tract can clarify the roles that these cytokines play in responses to pathogens. Method of study We isolated and stimulated cells from cervical tissue to identify and characterize cytokine-producing cells. Results Upon stimulation of CD3+ CD4+ endocervical cells, 1.6, 3.4, and 1.5% were induced to produce IL-22, IL-17, and both cytokines, respectively. Stimulation of CD3+ CD4+ ectocervical cells resulted in 3.3% IL-22+, 5.5% IL-17+ and 2.6% IL-22+ IL17+ cells. CD45+ CD3− cells had relatively high endogenous levels of cytokine expression that did not increase upon stimulation. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) made up 5.7–8% of CD45+ cervical cells and stimulation caused increases in IL-17 and IL-22. Conclusion These studies show that the majority of the CD45+ leukocytes that can be induced to produce IL-22 and IL-17 in cervix are CD3+ CD4+, but ILCs are also present and can make both cytokines.
Genetic characterization and virulence of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli mutants which have lost virulence genes in vivo.

Abstract Loss of K99 and STaP genes from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli 431 during infection occurred by either plasmid curing or plasmid deletion. These mutants expressed the F41 adhesion and colonized neonatal pigs, but only those mutants that retained STaP caused diarrhea with significant weight loss.
The Coevolution of Community Networks and Technology: Lessons from the Flight Simulation Industry

This paper explores how interorganizational net-works coevolve with technology in the modern flight simulation industry. Since industries characterized by complex technologies, like flight simulation, rely on cooperative groups such as technical committees, task forces and standards bodies to adjudicate the process of technological evolution, we focus on these groups and term them 'cooperative technical organizations' (CTOs). Focusing on CTOs enables a multi-level examination of interorganizational networks, as individuals represent their employing organizations in CTOs, mapping into overlapping membership patterns which generate community-wide networks. We develop a set of propositions on the emergence, growth and re-formation of CTO networks, and explore how the evolution of these networks both shapes and is constrained & by technological outcomes in the flight simulation industry. We argue that varying levels <-* of technological uncertainty between eras of ferment (high uncertainty) and eras of \ incremental change (low uncertainty) engender fundamentally different modes of 2 network evolution: social construction during eras of ferment, and technological * determinism during eras of incremental change. More specifically, during the era of 5 ferment, movement of new members into the CTO community enables the re-formation t of interorganizational networks which select among competing technological a alternatives. The selection of a dominant design, however, constrains the evolution of | network structure, as subsequent CTO membership remains relatively consistent. These o dynamics have strategic implications for firms, as the era of ferment presents a window ' of opportunity where firms must seek to manage these community-level networks and J selection processes to their advantage.
Conditional Lethality, Division Defects, Membrane Involution, and Endocytosis in mre and mrd Shape Mutants of Escherichia coli

Maintenance of rod shape in Escherichia coli requires the shape proteins MreB, MreC, MreD, MrdA (PBP2), and MrdB (RodA). How loss of the Mre proteins affects E. coli viability has been unclear. We generated Mre and Mrd depletion strains under conditions that minimize selective pressure for undefined suppressors and found their phenotypes to be very similar. Cells lacking one or more of the five proteins were fully viable and propagated as small spheres under conditions of slow mass increase but formed large nondividing spheroids with noncanonical FtsZ assembly patterns at higher mass doubling rates. Extra FtsZ was sufficient to suppress lethality in each case, allowing cells to propagate as small spheres under any condition. The failure of each unsuppressed mutant to divide under nonpermissive conditions correlated with the presence of elaborate intracytoplasmic membrane-bound compartments, including vesicles/vacuoles and more-complex systems. Many, if not all, of these compartments formed by FtsZ-independent involution of the cytoplasmic membrane (CM) rather than de novo. Remarkably, while some of the compartments were still continuous with the CM and the periplasm, many were topologically separate, indicating they had been released into the cytoplasm by an endocytic-like membrane fission event. Notably, cells failed to adjust the rate of phospholipid synthesis to their new surface requirements upon depletion of MreBCD, providing a rationale for the “excess” membrane in the resulting spheroids. Both FtsZ and MinD readily assembled on intracytoplasmic membrane surfaces, and we propose that this contributes significantly to the lethal division block seen in all shape mutants under nonpermissive conditions.
Constructing Hard Functions Using Learning Algorithms

Fort now and Klivans proved the following relationship between efficient learning algorithms and circuit lower bounds: if a class of boolean circuits C contained in P/poly of Boolean is exactly learnable with membership and equivalence queries in polynomial-time, then EXP^NP is not contained in C (the class EXP^NP was subsequently improved to EXP by Hitchcock and Harkins). In this paper, we improve on these results and show * If C is exactly learnable with membership and equivalence queries in polynomial-time, then DTIME(n^{\omega(1)}) is not contained in C. We obtain even stronger consequences if C is learnable in the mistake-bounded model, in which case we prove an average-case hardness result against C. * If C is learnable in polynomial time in the PAC model then PSPACE is not contained in C, unless PSPACE is contained in BPP. Removing this extra assumption from the statement of the theorem would provide an unconditional separation of PSPACE and BPP. * If C is efficiently learnable in the Correlational Statistical Query (CSQ) model, we show that there exists an explicit function f that is average-case hard for circuits in C. This result provides stronger average-case hardness guarantees than those obtained by SQ-dimension arguments (Blum et al. 1993). We also obtain a non-constructive extension of this result to the stronger Statistical Query (SQ) model. Similar results hold in the case where the learning algorithm runs in sub exponential time. Our proofs regarding exact and mistake-bounded learning are simple and self-contained, yield explicit hard functions, and show how to use mistake-bounded learners to "diagonalize"' over families of polynomial-size circuits. Our consequences for PAC learning lead to new proofs of Karp-Lipton-style collapse results, and the lower bounds from SQ learning make use of recent work relating combinatorial discrepancy to the existence of hard-on-average functions.
Cultural Knowledge and the Cognitive Map

Cultural preservation requires that the practices as well as the objects of culture be preserved. Too often, this is overlooked in the preservation of archaeological sites, historic buildings, and traditional cultural properties. As discussed in the articles in this issue, Native American cultures are recognized for their special ties to specific places. Traditionally, American Indians developed an understanding of their environments through regular use of these places and their resources. My work as an applied anthropologist brings me into regular contact with Native Americans, doing natural resource projects and facilitating interactions among tribes and U.S. Federal agencies. Much of my work is done in collaboration with tribes as they play more active roles in decision making about their traditional lands and natural resources, both on and off their reservations.
Modeling wildfire propagation with Delaunay triangulation and shortest path algorithms

Abstract In this paper, a methodology for modeling surface wildfire propagation through a complex landscape is presented. The methodology utilizes a Delaunay triangulation to represent surface fire spread within the landscape. A procedure to construct the graph and estimate the rate of spread along the edges of a network is discussed. After the Delaunay data structure is constructed, a two pass shortest path algorithm is incorporated to estimate the minimum travel time paths and fire arrival times. Experimental results are also included.
Silica passivation efficiency monitored by a surface-bound fluorescent dye.

A new method for evaluating surface passivation of silicon surfaces using a strongly adsorbing and fluorescing perylenediimide (PDI) dye is reported. Silanes containing differing reactive groups delivering a trimethylsilyl moiety were investigated for their ability to passivate glass surfaces, both from solution and in the vapor phase, as a function of temperature and concentration. Among the silanizing agents used in this study were 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS), allyltrimethylsilane (TMS-A), chlorotrimethylsilane (TMS-Cl), N-(trimethylsilyl)imidazole (TMS-Im), and N,N-dimethylaminotrimethylsilane (TMS-DMA). Surface coverage was determined using fluorescence intensity. The highest surface coverage films were obtained on glass treated with HMDS vapor at 280 °C or with solutions of TMS-Im or TMS-DMA at 105 °C. These studies provide important insight into the optimal methods for surface passivation.
The effect of slip boundary condition on the flow of granular materials: a continuum approach

In the previous studies we have looked at a fully developed flow under the assumption that the granular materials adhere to the boundary. Whether one uses the continuum approach or the kinetic theory approach in modeling of the granular materials, slip may occur at the wall, especially when the interstitial fluid is a gas, and therefore the classical assumption of adherence boundary condition at the wall no longer applies. The steady, fully developed flow of granular materials down an inclined plane subject to slip at the wall is studied numerically. This is a non-linear boundary value problem. The results for the velocity profiles are presented in terms of appropriate dimensionless numbers.
The evaluation of fuzzy membership of land cover classes in the suburban zone

Abstract The reflectance values of pixels, recorded by remote sensors, are often generated by more than one ground phenomenon. This, the so-called mixed pixel problem, has always been a property of scanner-type imaging, but its effect on the image classification process is arguably still a major problem to deriving accurate land cover maps, in spite of the increasing spatial resolution of sensors. This paper explores use of a fuzzy classifier to determine the constituent land cover components of pixels in a suburban environment. The classifier derives a measure of the fuzzy membership of a pixel belonging to each land cover class. For some land cover types including water, wetland, and woodland, a high correlation is shown between the fuzzy membership values for a pixel and the portion of the area of that pixel which belongs to a particular land cover type. The correlation for other land cover types is statistically significant but qualitatively poorer, and may indicate a lack of signature purity. The results show that the fuzzy classifier may enable the extraction of information about individual pixels and about subpixel phenomena not addressed by other classifiers.
Seafloor methane: Atlantic bubble bath

The release of large quantities of methane from ocean sediments might affect global climate change. The discovery of expansive methane seeps along the US Atlantic margin provides an ideal test bed for such a marine methane–climate connection.
AIMing towards improved antitumor efficacy.

Abstract Using the structure–activity relationship emerging from previous Letter, and guided by pharmacokinetic properties, new AIMs have been prepared with both improved efficacy against human glioblastoma cells and cell permeability as determined by fluorescent confocal microscopy. We present our first unambiguous evidence for telomeric G4-forming oligonucleotide anisotropy by NMR resulting from direct interaction with AIMs, which is consistent with both our G4 melting studies by CD, and our working hypothesis. Finally, we show that AIMs induce apoptosis in SNB-19 cells.
The Effectiveness of a Partnership-Centered Approach in Conjoint Behavioral Consultation

Abstract The purpose of this exploratory study was to investigate the extent to which a partnership orientation in conjoint be-havioral consultation (CBC) may predict case outcomes and determine the relationship between a partnership orien-tation and implementation integrity of CBC. CBC is a problem-solving process by which families and teachers work collaboratively with a consultant to address students’ academic, behavioral, and social needs. Twenty children, their parents and teachers, and consultants were involved in CBC services. Outcomes included parent and teacher ratings of acceptability, satisfaction, perceptions of effectiveness, and child performance across home and school settings. Part-nership orientation scores and process integrity data were collected across interviews for each case. Results suggest that both parents and teachers consistently find CBC to be an acceptable, effective, and satisfactory form of service deliv-ery. Findings reveal that consultants can conduct CBC interview objectives effectively within a partnership orientation. A partnership orientation in CBC was significant in predicting teachers’ acceptability and satisfaction with the process; however, parents’ acceptability and satisfaction with the CBC process was not predicted by a partnership orientation.
Monotonicity of failure rate and mean residual life function of a gamma-type model

In reliability studies, the sense of variation of the hazard rate is of major concern since it indicates system wear out or burn in or in some cases a non-monotonic hazard rate. In this paper, we consider a generalized gamma distribution and study, in detail, the monotonicity of its failure rate and the mean residual life function. This involves the investigation of the monotonic structure of a transform function and then using this structure, we study the monotonic structure of the failure rate and the mean residual life function. Some of the known results follow as special cases of our results.
Inhibitory effect of less intense stimuli upon the increment threshold for a narrow test line

Abstract The increment threshold for perception of a narrow test line is raised by the presence of adjacent inducing fields, even though the inducing fields are only half as intense as the test line. The inhibitory interaction is similar to that observed in analogous experiments with suprathreshold stimuli. Though less intense, the inducing fields are just as visible as the test line. Theoretical interpretations are discussed.
Is there evidence that friends influence body weight? A systematic review of empirical research.

Researchers and policymakers from diverse fields are engaged in efforts to understand the biological and social causes of obesity in order to develop policies, interventions, and recommendations to stop or reverse increases in obesity. One potentially promising approach is to harness influence from social contacts. An important foundation for this approach involves critically analyzing available data regarding whether and how body weight can be affected by close social contacts, especially friends. This systematic review examines evidence from published studies addressing the influences of friends on body weight. The majority of the sixteen studies conclude that there is evidence of influence: six reported that friends influence body weight and ten reported evidence of influence in some circumstances or specifications. However, this literature sheds little light on mechanisms of influence. There is limited evidence that friends’ communication about weight is associated with weight status and no compelling evidence that friends’ behaviors affect one’s weight. Many of the studies best designed to examine influence were the ones that did not explore mechanisms of influence. A priority for future research is to understand how, when, and how much friends affect the risk of obesity.
575 OSTEOPENIA, HYPERCALCIURIA, AND RENAL CALCULI IN A PATIENT RECEIVING PROLONGED TOTAL PARENTERAL NUTRITION

A 7.1 kg infant, age 7m, was maintained on TPN (Ca 261mg/24h, P 124mg/24h, D 400 IU/24h), and developed renal calculi and osteopenia. The urinary Ca/creatinine (Ca/Cr) was 1.0 (nl<0.3). The serum Ca was 9.6mg/dl; the P, 2.5mg/dl. Because of the hypophosphatemia, the concentration of P in the TPN fluid was increased to deliver 240mg/24h. After a transient increase in urinary Ca and P, the Ca/Cr decreased to 0.1. However, the serum P increased to only 3.1mg/dl. D metabolites were: 1,25(OH)2D 100pg/m1 (n1 40±10); 24,25(OH)2D <1.0ng/m1 (n1 2.4±1.1); 25(OH)D 35ng/m1 (n1 21±9.4). Following the increase in P concentration in TPN, the renal calculi resolved. In contrast to other reports of TPN, the osteopenia cannot be attributed to reduced serum 1,25(OH)2D in this patient. The role of the reduced serum 24,25(OH)2D in the bone abnormality deserves consideration since there is evidence that this metabolite exerts an effect on bone formation. The elevated serum 1,25(OH)2D and the depressed serum 24,25(OH)2D may be secondary to the hypophosphatemia. This suggests the possibility that the abnormal levels of circulating vitamin D metabolites, rather than causing the bone disease, are a physiologic response to the macronutrient status produced by prolonged TPN. These results suggest that modification of macronutrient composition of TPN fluid may be necessary to prevent metabolic bone disease.
A new aetosaur (Reptilia: Archosauria) from the Upper Triassic of Texas and the phylogeny of aetosaurs

ABSTRACT Coahomasuchus kahleorum, gen. et sp. nov. is a small (<1 m long) aetosaur from the Upper Triassic Colorado City Member of the Dockum Formation in West Texas. The holotype consists of a nearly complete articulated skeleton, including a well-preserved dorsal and ventral carapace. Several postcranial features diagnose Coahomasuchus, including: dorsal paramedian plates considerably (3.25:1) wider than long, unflexed, lack keels or horns, and bear faint sub-parallel to radial ornamentation, and lateral scutes that are also unflexed, flat, and bear a faint radial pattern of pits and grooves. Coahomasuchus co-occurs with the aetosaur Longosuchus and the phytosaurs Angistorhinus and Paleorhinus, indicating that it is of Otischalkian (early late Carnian) age. Detailed phylogenetic analysis reveals that several North American aetosaur taxa are junior subjective synonyms of previously named taxa. Lucasuchus was named from material from the type locality of Longosuchus and is a junior subjective synonym of t...
Fictive swimming motor patterns in wild type and mutant larval zebrafish

Larval zebrafish provide a unique model for investigating the mechanisms involved in generating rhythmic patterns of behavior, such as swimming, due to the array of techniques available including g...
The effect of ethyl-α-p-chlorophenoxisobutyrate (clofibrate) on alcohol metabolism

The effect of chronic feeding of ethyl-α-p-chlorophenoxyisobutyrate (clofibrate, CPIB) upon alcohol metabolism has been examined. Clofibrate stimulated both ethanol and methanol oxidation in vivo and in vitro, differences which were sensitive to 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole, a catalase inhibitor, but not to pyrazole, an inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase. These studies suggest that the increased alcohol oxidation associated with clofibrate feeding is related, at least in part, to increased catalatic peroxidation.
The relationship of C∞ to the lateral surface free energy σ: estimation of C∞ for the melt from rate of crystallization data☆

Abstract The expression σ = constant × C ∞ −1 is proposed for the lateral surface free energy that appears in polymer crystallization theory; C ∞ is the characteristic ratio of the polymer molecules in the melt and the constant consists of known parameters. Given C ∞ , the theory predicts an accurate value of σ for polyethylene. It is shown that C ∞ for polyethylene in the melt state can be obtained directly from the nucleation rate constant K g and the fold surface free energy σ e ( C ∞(theor.) = 6.53 for melt, C ∞(expt) = 6.7 from chain dimensions in dilute θ solvents). The corresponding results for i-polystyrene are C ∞(theor.) = 10.45 for the melt and C ∞(expt) = 10.5 from chain dimensions. The treatment clarifies the meaning of the empirical α parameter and shows prospects for being applicable to other polymers.
Deuterium Isotope Effect on the Dissociation of Weak Acids in Water and Deuterium Oxide.

The dissociation constants of o-nitroanilinium ion, m-nitroanilinium ion, and 4-chloro-2,6-dinitrophenol in deuterium oxide at 25 °C have been determined by a spectrophotometric method, and an emf method has been used to obtain (pK 1 + pK 2)/2 for citric acid in deuterium oxide. In addition, data for the dissociation constants of other weak acids in ordinary and heavy water have been critically examined with a view to clarifying the relationship between the deuterium isotope effect and the intrinsic strength of the acid. The difference ΔpK between the pK value in deuterium oxide and that in water varies linearly with pK above pK = 7. Two stronger inorganic acids (sulfuric and phosphoric) also appear to lie on an extension of this same line. On the contrary, a considerable group of organic acids with pK less than 7 have values of ΔpK that are more or less constant near ΔpK = 0.55. It appears, therefore, that the isotope effect is more complex than has heretofore been assumed.
Market risk and the cattle feeding margin: An application of Value-at-Risk

Value-at-Risk, known as VaR, gives a prediction with a certain level of confidence of potential portfolio losses that may be encountered over a specified time period due to adverse price movements in the portfolio's assets. For example, a VaR of 1 million dollars at the 95% level of confidence implies that overall portfolio losses should not exceed 1 million dollars more than 5% of the time over a given holding period. This research examines the effectiveness of VaR measures, developed using alternative estimation techniques, in predicting large losses in the cattle-feeding margin. Results show that several estimation techniques, both parametric and nonparametric, provide well-calibrated estimates of VaR such that violations (losses exceeding the VaR estimate) are commensurate with the desired level of confidence. In particular, estimates developed using the RiskMetricsTM method appear robust for instruments that have linear payoff structures such as cash commodity prices. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Tool selection in machining by integration of a data base and a rule based system

Abstract The data base has been used for accounting, inventory and record keeping as well as in certain applications in process planning, group technology coding, and computer aided design. In this research a relational data base was used in conjunction with a rule based system to select cutting tool geometry and machining parameters. This hybrid system consists of a supervisory program which selects the appropriate rule based system from the user provided input (such as milling, drilling, boring, or turning) which in turn searches the data base utilizing the data base manager. Although designed as a stand alone package it can be easily incorporated within a CIM system and integrated with CAD/CAE/CAM package(s) at a later date.