cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High Carbohydrate and High Fat Diets

SummaryThe glucose tolerance was not significantly altered by a very high carbohydrate intake, over a period of 7 days. After 7 days on a high fat diet, the response to the glucose tolerance test was typical of diabetes mellitus; the tolerance fapidly returned to the usual type, after return to the balanced diet. Since the diet can so markedly influence the tolerance, this should be kept in mind in glucose tolerance studies. The urea nitrogen and total non-protein nitrogen vary markedly with different dietary conditions. This fact is of clinical importance. The fasting blood sugar is markedly influenced by a diet low in carbohydrate. A high intake of carbohydrate seemed without effect on the fasting blood sugar. It was planned to make more extensive studies, but the subject developed undulant fever, and the experimental work was necessarily postponed.
Staphylococcus Contamination and Its Drug Sensitivity Test in 3 Hospital in Ruicheng City of Shanxi Province

[Objective] To understand staphylococcus contamination in 3 hospitals,sensitive test of common antibiotics for contaminated strains and staphylococcus aureus.[Methods] Staphylococcus contamination of hospital wards,nursing office surface and nurses' hands were detected,and the obtained strains were conducted Identification and sensitivity test.[Results] 31 were highly cephazolin sensitive strains,30 highly cefiriaxone sodium sensitive strains,and 25 highly gentamycin-sensitive strains.16 strains were tested resistant to lincomycin,another 16 to erythromycin and 9 to Penicillin G.[Conclusion]Contamination caused by S.aureus is not serious in the bum wards,while in the gynaecology,pediatrics and surgery wards the situation is considerably worse with a relatively high detectable rate(95.8%) of S.epidermidis,which deserves our attention;more strains of S.aureus are sensitive to cephazolin,gentamycin and ceftriaxone sodium but resistant to penicillin C4 lincomycin and ethromycin.
Exploring the Role of Humans and Climate over the Balkan Landscape: 500 Years of Vegetational History of Serbia

We present the first, well-dated, high-resolution record of vegetation and landscape change from Serbia, which spans the past 500 years. Biological proxies (pollen, spores, and charcoal), geochemical analysis through X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), and a detailed chronology based on AMS C-14 dating from a western Serbian sinkhole core suggest complex woodland-grassland dynamics and strong erosional signals throughout the Little Ice Age (LIA). An open landscape with prominent steppe vegetation (e.g. Poaceae, Chenopodiaceae) and minor woodland exists during 1540-1720 CE (early LIA), while the late LIA (1720-1850 CE) in this record shows higher tree percentages possibly due to increased moisture availability. The post LIA Era (1850-2012 CE) brings a disturbed type of vegetation with the presence of weedy genera and an increase in regional woodland. Anthropogenic indicators for agricultural, pastoral and fire practices in the region together attest to the dominant role of humans in shaping this Balkan landscape throughout the interval. The changing nature of human interference, potentially as a response to underlying climatic transitions, is evident through large-scale soil depletion resulting from grazing and land clearance during the early LIA and stabilization of arable lands during the late and post-LIA eras.
User Centric Design for Aging Population: Early Experiences and Lessons

Mobile technology has the potential to improve the health, wellbeing, and quality life for individuals and groups. For example, medical-related applications have been developed to assist doctors in caring for patients and to assist patients in self-managing chronic conditions, and to assist caregivers in caring for loved ones[1][2]. Though mobile technologies have been developed for a wide range of audiences, technology development has largely overlooked one of the fastest growing segments of the population -- older adults users. Rapidly aging populations and increased lifespans are becoming more common, especially in developed countries[3]. Moreover, the majority of older adults desire to remain in their homes and communities and retain their independence -- that is, to "age in place"[4]. There subsequently exists a tremendous opportunity for developing mobile technologies to meet the needs of this growing demographic. Nonetheless, previous efforts to develop mobile applications mainly used a "features based" approach without considering the physiological differences between users (e.g., joint mobility, or visual acuity). To design more age-friendly applications for older adults users it is necessary to first have better knowledge about older adults perceptions and experiences of mobile applications. To address this gap in knowledge, we conducted a study on older adults' attitudes and acceptance of a mobile device.
Alcohol Use and Mental Health Conditions Among Black College Males: Do Those Attending Postsecondary Minority Institutions Fare Better Than Those at Primarily White Institutions?

While there is a sizeable body of research examining the association between alcohol use and mental health conditions among college students, there are sparse investigations specifically focusing on these associations among Black college students. This is concerning given Black college students face different stressors compared with their non-Black peers. Black males appear especially at risk, exhibiting increased susceptibility to mental health issues and drinking in greater quantities and more frequently than Black females. This investigation examined the association between alcohol consumption and mental health conditions among Black men attending institutions of higher education in the United States and sought to determine differences between Black men attending predominantly White institutions (PWIs) compared with those attending postsecondary minority institutions. Final sample included 416 Black men, 323 of which attended a PWI. Data were from the National College Health Assessment. Black men atten...
Associations between Hunter Type A/B Personality and Cardiovascular Risk Factors from Adolescence through Young Adulthood

Purpose Type A personality, characterized by action-oriented tendencies, has been linked to cardiovascular disease in middle-aged and elderly adults. Alternatively, limited research has tested whether personality type A/B and cardiovascular (CVD) risk are linked prior to adulthood. Therefore, we used the Hunter-Wolf A/B personality score to determine whether personality type A/B is associated with traditional CVD risk factors during adolescence, and more importantly if personality type, or its individual type A components, are associated with cardiovascular risk through young adulthood. This study is the first to assess personality type A/B on a continuous spectrum with regard to its relationship with cardiovascular disease risk, as well as the first to examine this association in a biracial, adolescent population.
Study of intersubband transitions in GaN-ZnGeN2 coupled quantum wells

In this work, we design and analyze a closely lattice-matched wide bandgap GaN-ZnGeN2 coupled quantum well (QW) structure targeting for near-infrared (IR) (λ ≤ 3 um) intersubband transition for quantum cascade laser applications. The coupled quantum well structure comprised two GaN wells separated by a thin ZnGeN2 barrier layer. The QW active region is surrounded by thick ZnGeN2 layers as barriers. The computations of the electron-phonon and electron-photon scattering rates are carried out by employing the Fermi's golden rule for transitions. The calculation takes into consideration the conservation of energy and momentum in scattering processes. The coupled QW structure is optimized through tuning the confined subband energy levels in the conduction band to achieve (1) electron-LO phonon resonant scattering when the energy separation between the first and second conduction subband levels matches the phonon energy of GaN (92 meV); and (2) dominant electron-photon transition in near-IR between the third an...
The Ethics of External Peer Review

External peer review can be a useful part of a quality improvement program. However, it can also be used for political and punitive purposes. The distinction between potentially useful and damaging...
Endocannabinoid modulation of dopamine neurotransmission.

Dopamine (DA) is a major catecholamine neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain that controls neural circuits involved in the cognitive, emotional, and motor aspects of goal-directed behavior. Accordingly, perturbations in DA neurotransmission play a central role in several neuropsychiatric disorders. Somewhat surprisingly given its prominent role in numerous behaviors, DA is released by a relatively small number of densely packed neurons originating in the midbrain. The dopaminergic midbrain innervates numerous brain regions where extracellular DA release and receptor binding promote short- and long-term changes in postsynaptic neuron function. Striatal forebrain nuclei receive the greatest proportion of DA projections and are a predominant hub at which DA influences behavior. A number of excitatory, inhibitory, and modulatory inputs orchestrate DA neurotransmission by controlling DA cell body firing patterns, terminal release, and effects on postsynaptic sites in the striatum. The endocannabinoid (eCB) system serves as an important filter of afferent input that acts locally at midbrain and terminal regions to shape how incoming information is conveyed onto DA neurons and to output targets. In this review, we aim to highlight existing knowledge regarding how eCB signaling controls DA neuron function through modifications in synaptic strength at midbrain and striatal sites, and to raise outstanding questions on this topic.
Respect and Science Learning

In this chapter, we unpack frameworks of respect and its implications for teaching and learning science in urban settings. By troubling traditional notions of respect focused on absolute power and authority, we construct a framework for understanding respect in classrooms. We put forth the idea of a “practice of respect,” or actions individuals take to publicly appreciate or develop understandings of others and their value. In order to document and describe the relationship between practices of respect and negotiating learning science, we draw upon two exemplars from classroom-based ethnography to describe how practices of respect position individuals in the classroom for differential access to science, and therefore opportunities to succeed in school science and/or to develop positive identities in science.
Laser integration on silicon

Silicon Photonics is seen as a potentially disruptive approach to design and build very high speed transceivers for datacom applications with lower cost than traditional discrete or III-V monolithic approaches. Due to the high refractive index of silicon, very low loss optical waveguides with small radius of curvature can be fabricated in silicon, allowing easy integration of wavelength multiplexers, multi-mode interference couplers, tap couplers, Bragg gratings and other optical functionalities useful in photonic integrated circuits. And thanks to carrier depletion, optical modulators with RC limited bandwidth can be efficiently designed on silicon. The ability to utilize large substrates that are manufactured in mature high volume silicon foundries opens the possibility of mass producing silicon photonics with a very high level of process control, high yield, and scale of integration unattainable in traditional III-V optoelectronic semiconductor foundries. The main challenge with Si-photonics is that there is no way to make efficient lasers in silicon. This, until now, considerably restricted the potential of Si-photonics for optical datacom and telecom markets as the main need in this area is for high speed transceivers, the compactness of which requires high performance laser sources. Pick and place of III-V lasers dies has been the most common strategy to build transceivers on silicon, but this is not an integrated approach that lends itself to wafer scale manufacturing. In addition, the coupling of III-V laser emitters to silicon optical waveguides also requires tight mechanical alignment and results in increased process time as well as non-negligible optical coupling losses, both of which can affect the overall efficiency and cost of the assembly.
Commentary on Treatment of Severe Hyponatremia

In this Evidence-Based Nephrology review, Sterns ([1][1]) summarizes the available evidence relating to the safety of treatment for severe symptomatic hyponatremia. The sources of evidence include animal experimental models, numerous single-center patient series of osmotic demyelination syndrome,
Development of a process for toughening grain-refined, high-strength steels

There is a gradually increasing awareness of the deleterious effects of grain-refining precipitates on the Charpy V-notch impact toughness of high-strength steels, and recognition of these effects resulted in the development of a general process that provides substantial improvements in the ductile fracture resistance of tempered martensite. The results of this investigation indicate that the processing-induced refinement of grain-refining precipitates also provides significant improvements in the lower-shelf and transition toughness of 3,310, 8,219 and 4,340 steels tempered at 180 C and 4,340 steel tempered at 593 C. In contrast to the upper-shelf regime, where the application of the process produces a change in either the mode or character of unstable fracture at constant strength and austenite grain size, the refinement of grain-refining precipitates is associated with an increased amount of ductile fracture and an increased resistance to the initiation of unstable crack propagation at any given temperature in the lower-shelf regime.
Theoretical Studies of Lanthanide and Actinide Spectra

In the present paper I have sought to explore the role and feasibility of theoretical calculations in the interpretation of the energy levels of the rare earths and their associated electronic properties. I have attempted to show that the density of states places a fundamental limitation on establishing a unique correlation between the experimental and theoretical energy levels in rare earths. For most rare-earth electron configurations containing five or more electrons (or holes) outside closed shells, the density of states is sufficiently high as to preclude the possibility of a unique correlation except for those levels built upon the lowest energy states of the fN core. The levels of the fN(N = 5 to 9) configurations follow the Wigner statistical distribution quite closely, with the result that most of the electronic properties that distinguish the character of one level from another are smeared out. It is suggested that whenever the density of states is high, the energy levels and their associated properties will be statistically distributed.
Some Thoughts About Hallucination, Self-Representation, and “There It Is”

Benj’s “There it is” is a characteristically original and wide-ranging exploration of the relationship between certain direct realist theories of perception and the nature of perceptual justification—with some formal semantics thrown in for good measure. Here I’ll focus on just one of the many topics about which Benj has something to say: his remarks on the topic of the relationship that must obtain between a perceptual state and a belief in order for the former to immediately justify the latter.
Targeted Molecular Therapy for Patients with Ovarian Cancer

Over 230,000 women are diagnosed with ovarian cancer each year worldwide, and this disease is responsible for an estimated 140,000 deaths per year worldwide. In the USA, in 2013 about 22,240 new cases of ovarian cancer will be diagnosed and 15,500 women will die of the disease. There are only a limited number of chemotherapeutic agents with reasonable effectiveness against epithelial ovarian cancer. Most patients develop recurrent disease, which commonly acquires chemoresistance. The standard therapy involves a combination of optimal cytoreductive surgery with chemotherapy that consists of a platinum agent and a taxane compound. The response rate of the standard regimen for ovarian cancer exceeds 80 %, but about 70 % of patients with advanced ovarian cancer experience recurrence within 5 years, and they die because their cancer disease becomes resistant to platinum and taxane. Most of these patients are subsequently treated with other agents, such as liposomal doxorubicin, gemcitabine, topotecan, or etoposide. The overall response rates to these other drugs are 10–25 %. The identification of the genes and their protein products in ovarian cancer that contribute to the malignant phenotype has increased our knowledge of human tumorigenesis. There are several cell surface receptors, signaling pathways, and nuclear proteins, which are possible targets for molecular therapeutic approach. Targeting specific cellular mechanisms associated with ovarian tumorigenesis and progression may serve to improve oncologic outcome and limit toxicity in patients with ovarian cancer. Targeted molecular therapy could improve oncologic outcome for patients with advanced and recurrent ovarian cancer. The ideal molecular target ought to be differentially expressed by the tumor, have a potential chemosensitive molecular site, and be necessary for the viability of the cancer cell. In this chapter, antiangiogenic therapy, classical transgene delivery therapy, DNA vector therapy, immunotherapy, epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) therapy, and poly (adenosine diphosphate ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibition therapy are discussed.
Are gestational and type II diabetes mellitus associated with the Apgar scores of full-term neonates?

Objective To compare Apgar scores of full-term newborns of mothers with gestational (GDM) or type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with scores of newborns of mothers without impaired glucose tolerance. Study design This was a retrospective data collection study (n=297). We reviewed 1-minute and 5-minute neonatal Apgar scores of newborns of mothers with GDM (n=100) or T2DM (n=97). Our control group consisted of newborns of mothers without a prior history of impaired glucose tolerance (n=100). ANOVA and linear model with corrected errors were used and adjusted for newborn sex and weight, and maternal age. Chi-squared analysis was performed for newborn sex. Results The mean 1-minute and 5-minute Apgar scores were 7.8 and 8.9 for the GDM group and 7.7 and 8.9 for the T2DM group, respectively. There was no statistical difference in the 1-minute and 5-minute Apgar scores between the GDM group and controls (P=0.89 and P=0.13, respectively) nor in the scores between the T2DM group and controls (P=0.67 and P=0.40, respectively). Conclusion Maternal history of GDM and T2DM does not appear to be associated with the 1-minute and 5-minute Apgar scores of full-term newborns of mothers with GDM and T2DM as compared to newborns of mothers without a history of impaired glucose tolerance.
The stabilization of primitive bicontinuous cubic phases with tunable swelling over a wide composition range

In this paper we investigate the pseudo-ternary phase diagram of glycerol monooleate (GMO), a cationic lipid (DOTAP – 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium propane), and a “PEGylated” lipid (DOPE-PEG – 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-2000 kDa]) in excess water. We use small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (Cryo-EM) to map out a phase diagram in a regime of low DOPE-PEG content (1–5 mol%), which is pertinent for the application of lipid systems as carriers of biomolecular cargo to cells. Pure GMO is known to self-assemble into bicontinuous cubic phases of the gyroid type at low water content and of the diamond type in excess water. These complex structures have numerous advantages reaching beyond drug delivery, e.g. as protein crystallization matrices, but their formulation is challenging as very small contents of guest molecules can shift the phase behavior towards other geometries such as the lamellar phase. In this work, we show that the ternary GMO/DOTAP/DOPE-PEG system allows the stabilization of bicontinuous cubic phases in excess water over a wide composition range. The symmetry of the phase can be tuned by varying the amount of PEGylated lipid, with the primitive type dominating at low DOPE-PEG content (1–3 mol%) and the diamond phase arising at 5 mol% DOPE-PEG. In addition, we found that the diamond phase is virtually non-responsive to electrostatic swelling. In contrast, primitive bicontinuous cubic lattice dimensions swell up in equilibrium to 650 A with increased cationic lipid content.
Manipulating Optical Chirality in the Near-Field of Plasmonic Metamaterials with Superchiral Light

In this paper we show that the optical chirality of plasmonic chiral metamaterials can be manipulated by superchiral light. In particular, the handedness selective enhancement and switching effect of optical chirality, along with the delocalization of the corresponding chiral fields, are observed in the near-field regime of a gammadion nanostructure. Our results indicate that the interaction between superchiral light and planar chiral nanostructures can further improve accessibility for plasmonics based enantiomeric sensing and potentially enable chiroptical imaging systems that can be coherently controlled.
Impact of Lubricant Oil Additives on the Performance of Pd-Based Three-Way Catalysts

As alternative lubricant anti-wear additives are sought to reduce friction and improve overall fuel economy, it is important that these additives are also compatible with current emissions control catalysts. In the present work, a second-generation oil-miscible phosphorous-containing ionic liquid (IL), is evaluated for its impact on Pd-based three-way catalyst (TWC) reactivity and benchmarked against the industry standard zinc dialkyl-dithio-phosphate (ZDDP). The TWCs are exposed to the lubricant additives in an engine bench under four different scenarios: base case with no additive (NA), ZDDP-only, IL-only, and IL + ZDDP. The engine-aged TWC samples, along with the as-received TWC, are characterized through various analytical techniques including catalyst reactivity evaluation in a bench-flow reactor. The temperature of 50% conversion (T50) for the ZDDP-aged TWC increases by 11, 21, and 36 °C for CO, C3H6, and C3H8, respectively, as compared with the no-additive case. Similarly, the T50 for IL-only and IL + ZDDP-aged TWCs also increase as compared with the no-additive case. Even though the water-gas-shift (WGS) reactivity is similar for all engine-aged samples, the IL-aged TWC had higher oxygen storage capacity than the ZDDP-aged TWC. EPMA analysis reveals penetration of phosphorus deep into the washcoat for all engine-aged TWCs. Results from XRD indicate the presence of CePO4 and AlPO4 on the washcoat of IL, ZDDP, and IL + ZDDP-aged TWC samples but not on the fresh and NA TWC samples. Additionally, ICP-OES results show a large amount of phosphorus in the washcoat of IL, ZDDP and IL + ZDDP-aged TWC samples and a lesser amount in NA TWC samples.
A 17-Year-Old Male with Large Retropharyngeal Neurofibroma as the Only Symptom of Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1): A Case Report and Review of Literature

Retropharyngeal neurofibromas are rarely described in the literature and are commonly associated with severe airway-related symptoms. We report a unique case of a large retropharyngeal plexiform neurofibroma in an asymptomatic 17-year-old male patient. This patient was asymptomatic and presented for lower lip edema secondary to an insect bite. Head and neck imaging demonstrated an extensive retropharyngeal neurofibroma measuring 5.7 cm × 2.2 cm × 6.8 cm. Because of extensive involvement of cervical vasculature, the lesion was not resected in our institution and his care was referred to a large neurofibromatosis type I center.
Liquid nitrogen spray cryotherapy-based multimodal endoscopic management of dysplastic Barrett's esophagus and early esophageal neoplasia: retrospective review and long-term follow-up at an academic tertiary care referral center.

Background Endoscopic eradication therapy of dysplastic Barrett's esophagus (BE) and early esophageal neoplasia has emerged as an effective treatment option. Data for the role of spray cryotherapy (SCT) in this setting is relatively limited. Objective To evaluate the safety and long-term outcomes of SCT-based multimodal therapy in the management of dysplastic BE and early esophageal neoplasia. Design Single-center, retrospective, cohort study. Setting Academic, tertiary care center between August 2008 and February 2019. Methods A retrospective chart review was conducted of the prospectively maintained endoscopic cryotherapy database at our center. Fifty-seven patients were identified who underwent SCT treatment for dysplastic BE and esophageal or Gastro-esophageal (GE) junction adenocarcinoma during the study period. Primary outcome was complete eradication of intestinal metaplasia (CE-IM); secondary outcome was complete eradication of dysplasia (CE-D). Results A total of 171 SCT procedures were performed in 57 patients. The majority of patients were male (89.5%) with long-segment BE (93%; mean segment length 6.2 cm). Complete follow-up data was available for 56 of these 57 patients. 43.9% (25/57) of patients underwent radiofrequency ablation (RFA) during the course of treatment (e.g. after initiating SCT). 33.3% of patients (19/57) were RFA failures prior to SCT. Additionally, 68.4% (39/57) of patients underwent endoscopic resection (EMR) prior to SCT as part of our multimodal approach to treatment of BE dysplasia/neoplasia. Four patients (7%) are currently undergoing active ablation and/or EMR treatment. CE-IM was achieved in 75% (39/52) of patients, and CE-D in 98.1% (51/52). Mean duration of overall follow-up was 4.8 years, with mean CE-IM durability of 2.6 years. Limitations Single-center only, retrospective study design. Conclusion SCT-based multimodal endoscopic therapy can achieve very high CE-IM (75%) and CE-D (>98%) rates in a high-risk population with esophageal dysplasia and/or neoplasia.
Identification of a transforming virus from a lymphoma of a mouse infected with a wild mouse retrovirus.

Cas-Br-M is a biologically-cloned ecotropic murine leukemia virus (MuLV) isolated from wild mice of the Lake Casitas region of California (1). This virus induces both hind limb paralysis and hematopoietic neoplasms when inoculated into newborn mice (2,3). The tumors of mice inoculated with Cas-Br-M are first evident at 18–30 weeks and include T- and B-cell lymphomas, lymphoblastic lymphomas, erythroleukemias, myelogenous leukemias and megakaryocytic leukemias (4). Cas-Br-M therefore appears to be unique among murine retroviruses in its ability to cause a wide spectrum of hematopoietic tumors. The mechanisms involved in generating this range of tumors are not known, however mink lung cell focus-inducing (MCF) MuLVs may play a role since these viruses appear rapidly in the tissues of Cas-Br-M infected mice (5).
Estimating Local Tissue Expansion in Thoracic Computed Tomography Images Using Convolutional Neural Networks

Registration of lungs in thoracic computed tomography (CT) images produces a dense correspondence which can be analyzed to estimate local tissue expansion. However, the validity of this local expansion estimate is dependent on the accuracy of the image registration. In this work, a convolutional neural network (CNN) model is used to directly estimate the local tissue expansion between lungs imaged at two lung volumes, without requiring image registration. The network was trained with 5705 subjects from COPDGene with varying degrees of disease severity. The CNN-based model was evaluated with 3046 subjects from COPDGene. At the global scale, the mean lung expansion estimated from the CNN-based and registration-based models were highly correlated ( $r_{s}=0.945$ ). At the local scale, the proposed method achieved a voxelwise Spearman correlation of $0.871\pm 0.080$ . At the regional scale, Dice coefficient for low- and high-functioning regions was $0.805\pm 0.066$ and $0.806\pm 0.065$ , respectively. The results indicate the CNN-based model was able to reproduce image registration derived tissue expansion images without explicitly estimating the correspondence.
Simultaneous aortic valve endocarditis and mycotic pseudoaneurysm of aortic coarctation.

Objective This study highlights the management strategy in simultaneous bicuspid aortic valve infective endocarditis and mycotic pseudoaneurysm of an aortic coarctation. Methods A staged repair of mycotic pseudoaneurysm of aortic coarctation and infective bicuspid aortic valve endocarditis. Results We present a 19-year old gentleman who was admitted with aching pain in his bilateral lower extremities with associated purpuric rash and fevers. Work-up was significant for severe aortic valve regurgitation and a pseudoaneurysm in the distal aortic arch. He underwent operative repair through a left posterior-lateral thoracotomy with femoral-femoral partial cardiopulmonary bypass. Intraoperative findings were significant for a juxta-ductal coarctation and pseudoaneurysm. The mycotic pseudoaneurysm and remnant ligamentum arteriosum were completely resected and were replaced with a 18 mm Gelweave graft (Terumo Cardiovascular Group, Ann Arbor, MI) from the distal arch to the descending thoracic aorta. The patient underwent a planned secondary washout and omental flap for biologic coverage of the graft. Subsequently, a staged aortic valve replacement was completed 1 week later. The patient's postoperative course was uncomplicated, and he was discharged with intact motor and sensory function. Conclusions A staged approach is a prudent strategy to manage a patient with simultaneous endocarditis and aortic mycotic pseudoaneurysm, with precedence toward the most critical lesion.
A GROUND-BASED 21 cm BARYON ACOUSTIC OSCILLATION SURVEY

Baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) provide a robust standard ruler with which to measure the acceleration of the universe. The BAO feature has so far been detected in optical galaxy surveys. Intensity mapping of neutral hydrogen emission with a ground-based radio telescope provides another promising window for measuring BAO at redshifts of order unity for relatively low cost. While the cylindrical radio telescope (CRT) proposed for these measurements will have excellent redshift resolution, it will suffer from poor angular resolution (arcminutes at best). We investigate the effect of angular resolution on the standard ruler test with BAO, using the Dark Energy Task Force Figure of Merit (FoM) as a benchmark. We then extend the analysis to include variations in the parameters characterizing the telescope and the underlying physics. Finally, we optimize the survey parameters (holding total cost fixed) and present an example of a CRT BAO survey that is competitive with Stage III dark energy experiments. The tools developed here form the backbone of a publicly available code that can be used to obtain estimates of cost and FoM for any set of survey parameters.
Why Is Systematic Investing Important

In this era of inexpensive computation and vast data, systematic, or algorithmically driven, investment is increasingly popular. Systematic strategies appear in stand-alone products as well in tail-hedging and defensive-overlay strategies. Indeed, given the enormous growth in data, it is becoming infeasible to process these data without the assistance of systematic tools. The key advantage of the systematic approach is the discipline it imposes—for example, machines are not plagued by behavioral issues such as disposition bias, and in a time of crisis, a systematic strategy keeps a “cool head.” Systematic approaches also pose many challenges. Systematic strategies may not quickly adapt to structural changes in the market. They also present the risk of “tech-washing” whereby an investment product claims to use “the latest machine-learning tools,” but the tools are misapplied or play a minimal role. Importantly, when systematic tools are applied by an inexperienced researcher, the backtests are often overfit, leading to disappointing performance in live trading. Forthcoming, Journal of Systematic Investing, 2021.
Competition and Cognition: Theorizing an Autopoietic Pedagogy of Performance within Competitive Dance

Acknowledging criticisms of the values supported by competitive dance, this article seeks to develop and advocate a pedagogical reframing of the event in terms of situated learning and mediated lea...
The Risks of Reflexive Refilling.

Introduction The electronic health record and electronic prescribing have transformed the practice of medicine. Both have led to improved efficacy and safety in medication management. However, dangers may arise when electronic prescription requests are filled by default and when electronic health record medication lists are presumed accurate. In this case, our patient underwent 2 days of inpatient evaluation before a thorough medication reconciliation revealed that his symptoms had likely resulted from a medication that had been refilled reflexively. Case presentation A 69-year-old man presented with worsening weakness, weight loss, decreased appetite, and nonbloody diarrhea. Imaging revealed a large right pleural effusion and a nonspecific colitis. Lab workup revealed significant bicytopenia, hypogammaglobulinemia, and hypolipidemia. Initial evaluation and diagnoses were focused toward causes of malnutrition and malabsorption. However, on hospital day 2, a pharmacist discovered that the patient had been taking long-term oral linezolid for unclear reasons. With cessation of linezolid, the patient's myriad symptoms resolved and all lab values progressively normalized. Discussion The side effects of linezolid have been well documented and include reversible myelosuppression and gastrointestinal symptoms. However, medication reconciliation was imperative in diagnosing and treating our patient. Further, reflexive refilling of this patient's medication likely explains why he was taking linezolid for such a long period of time, as other forms of automation bias are known to introduce errors in electronic prescribing. Conclusion This case calls attention to the importance of medication reconciliation, the danger of overreliance on electronic health record medication lists, and the pitfalls in not maintaining vigilance with electronic prescribing. It also highlights the necessity of patient and caregiver education regarding their medications.
10 Episodic Components of Concept Learning and Representation

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the episodic components of concept learning and representation. Theories based upon the notion that concept acquisition and the representation process are exclusively abstractive in nature dominated thinking in this area for many years. Experiments were done within the context of well-defined concepts with stimuli constructed for such research. The role of the individual stimulus in concept acquisition has a more prominent role in exemplar-based theories than in hypothesis testing or prototype theories. In these theories, the stimulus is mainly a means for conveying attribute-value information. The chapter discusses a processing model that may help guide the investigation of the interaction between the episodic and semantic aspects of category representation. The proposed approach is based upon the representation of the category structure as a network of interconnected units of knowledge, which relate an instance to the category and to the attribute values relevant for category membership. The general scheme has much in common with recent connectionist models in the way in which information processing is characterized.
CASE 8—2015Paravertebral Catheter-Based Strategy for Primary Analgesia After Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery

ORT-ACCESS MINIMALLY INVASIVE cardiac surgery (PACS) has potential advantages when compared with traditional sternotomy techniques. These include smaller surgical incision, reduced trauma and blood loss, and shorter length of hospital stay. 1,2 Typically, PACS procedures are performed through a right anterior minithoracotomy or hemisternotomy, and postoperative pain commonly is managed primarily using intravenous analgesics, usually with an on-demand opioid or opioid-based patient-controlled analgesia (PCA). When an opioid is chosen as the primary strategy, particularly an intravenous PCA, benefits include ease of use, availability, and improved patient satisfaction, compared with on-demand pain treatment. Common adverse effects to opioidbased strategies include respiratory depression, delirium, and gastrointestinal dysfunction, which substantially can inhibit postoperative recovery and potentially cause harm to the aging and comorbid population that represents many cardiac surgery patients. In addition, minithoracotomy incisions used during PACS procedures also involve an increased risk of chronic pain, which is not prevented or reduced by an opioid-only strategy. 2–4 Analgesic strategies that reduce opioid consumption and improve long-term outcome after PACS, including regional or neuraxial anesthetic techniques, are desirable to reduce this complication and improve outcomes from PACS procedures. For thoracic surgery patients, regional analgesia delivered through thoracic paravertebral (PV) or epidural catheters provides high-quality analgesia for post-thoracotomy pain and is associated with reduced overall complication rates relative to parenteral opioids. 5–14 Published studies indicate that thoracic PV and epidural-based analgesia delivery of continuous local anesthetic infusions are approximately of equal value for pain control, but PV catheters are associated with fewer side effects, including hypotension. 15–17 The advantages of regional techniques involving the neuraxis always must be contrasted against their associated risk of epidural hematoma, particularly related to anticoagulation used during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). To avoid the risk of epidural hematoma, an alternate approach to neuraxial regional analgesia includes PV catheter placement. Although the usefulness of PV catheters have been confirmed for post-lung resection thoracotomy analgesia, their value for PACS patients is unclear. Here, the clinical course of 3 cardiac surgery patients undergoing PACS with PV catheters inserted for primary analgesia is described. These examples are reviewed in the context of existing literature and also serve to highlight the challenges of postoperative analgesia for PACS patients.
Construction and characterization of a Magnaporthe grisea bacterial artificial chromosome library

Abstract Diaz-Perez, S. V., Crouch, V. W., and Orbach, M. J. 1996. Construction and characterization of aMagnaporthe griseabacterial artificial chromosome library.Fungal Genet. Biol.20,280–288. A bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library ofMagnaporthe griseacontaining 4128 clones with an average insert size of 66-kb has been constructed. This library represents seven genome equivalents ofM. griseaand has been demonstrated to be representative of the genome by screening for the presence of several single-copy genes and DNA markers. The utility of the library for use in map-based cloning projects was shown by the spanning of a nine-cosmid, 207-kb DNA contig with only 3 BAC clones. In addition, using alys1-3auxotroph, we have shown that BAC clones at least 113 kb can be transformed intoM. griseato screen for complementation of mutations. Thus, BACs isolated in chromosome walks can be rapidly screened for the presence of the sought after gene. The ease of construction of BAC libraries and of isolation and manipulation of BAC clones makes the BAC system an ideal one for physical analyses of fungal genomes.
POSTMODERN-FEMINIST APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF WIFE ABUSE: A CRITICAL REVIEW

This paper is a critical review ofthe emerging postmodem-feminist literature on wife abuse. The review functions as an early test of hypothesis that post modem ideas can be applied to solve important problems that women face in daily life. This early reading of the literature suggests that current postmodem applications in the area of wife abuse, on balance, have more potential for harm than for good.
The New Giant Resonances — An Experimental Review

An interesting and important development in nuclear physics during the past 7 years has been the experimental observation of non-dipole giant resonances, the so called “new” giant resonances. Unlike the giant dipole resonance (GDR) which has been established mainly through the photo-nuclear reaction, the new giant resonances were first observed by and have been studied almost exclusively through inelastic scattering of medium-energy hadrons and electrons. (Reference 1 provides a review of this subject as of early 1976. I will refer to this review and the references therein in order to shorten the present reference list. More recent work will be explicitly referenced here.)
In Vitro Assessment of Primary Stability of Straumann® Implant Designs

Background: Primary implant stability (PS) is one of the main factors influencing implant survival rate. Several methods to determine the PS have been used, such as Periotest values (PVs) and resonance frequency analysis (RFA) with implant stability quotient (ISQ) values. Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare different implant designs in regard to PS assessed by Periotest and RFA in vitro. Materials and Methods: A total of 90 implants were placed in freshly slaughtered cow ribs. The implants (Straumann®, Institute Straumann AG, Basel, Switzerland; length 10 mm, o3.3 mm) had the following three designs: Bone Level (BL, 30 implants), Standard Plus (SP, 30 implants), and Tapered Effect (TE, 30 implants). Before implant placement, the investigator was calibrated for every design according to the manufacturer's instructions. An independent observer, blinded to the study, assessed the accuracy of placement. RFA based on the Osstell device and PVs were performed after abutment connection. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used for statistical evaluation. Results: All implants were mechanically stable. The mean PV for BL was −4.67(± 1.18), for SP, −6.07(± 0.94), and for TE, −6.57(± 0.57). The mean ISQ values were 75.02(± 3.65), 75.98(± 3.00), and 79.83(± 1.85), respectively. The one-way ANOVA showed significant difference among three implant designs in PV (p < .0001) and for the ISQ between BL/TE or SP/TE implants (p < .0001). In addition, the Tukey's (pair-wise comparison) test showed significant differences in PV and RFA between the BL/TE (p < .0001). Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, higher implant stability was found for tapered designed implants.
Extracellular Space Volume Measured by Two-Color Pulsed Dye Infusion with Microfiberoptic Fluorescence Photodetection

The extracellular space (ECS) is the aqueous matrix surrounding cells in solid tissues. The only method to measure ECS volume fraction (α) in vivo has been tetramethylammonium iontophoresis, a technically challenging method developed more than 25 years ago. We report a simple, quantitative method to measure α by microfiberoptic fluorescence detection of a self-quenched green dye, calcein, and a reference red dye, sulforhodamine 101, after pulsed iontophoretic infusion. The idea is that the maximum increase in calcein fluorescence after iontophoresis is proportional to the aqueous volume into which the dye is deposited. We validated the method theoretically, and experimentally, using cell-embedded gels with specified α and ECS viscosity. Measurements in living mice gave α of 0.20 ± 0.01 in brain, 0.13 ± 0.02 in kidney and 0.074 ± 0.01 in skeletal muscle. The technical simplicity of the ”pulsed-infusion microfiberoptic photodetection” method developed here should allow elucidation of the relatively understudied biological roles of the ECS.
Canine Lipoproteins and Atherosclerosis II. Characterization of the Plasma Lipoproteins Associated with Atherogenic and Nonatherogenic Hyperlipidemia

Characterization of the hyperlipoproteinemia induced by feeding high-cholesterol diets to hypothyroid dogs was undertaken in an attempt to identify a lipoprotein pattern or a specific lipoprotein responsible for the atherosclerosis associated with such hyperlipoproteinemia. Various degrees of hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis were produced during the diet, which was imposed for 3 months to more than a year. Dogs referred to as hyporesponders did not develop significant atherosclerosis despite plasma cholesterol levels ranging from two to five times normal or up to 750 mg/100 ml. This nonatherogenic hyperlipidemia was characterized by an increase in the LDL (low density lipoprotein) and HDL c classes (HDL c refers to a broad spectrum of cholesterol-enriched particles which resemble high density lipoproteins). Dogs referred to as hyperresponders developed significant and often complicated atherosclerosis. Their plasma cholesterol levels were in excess of 750 mg/100 ml, and most of the increased cholesterol was present in lipoproteins with density less than 1.006 g/ml. Several classes of lipoproteins were isolated by ultracentrifugation and purified by Geon-Pevikon block electrophoresis. These lipoproteins were characterized with respect to chemical composition, electrophoretic mobility, immunochemical reactivity, electron microscopic size after negative staining, and apoprotein content as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. We concluded that the atherogenic hyperlipidemia of the hyperresponders was characterized by an increase in the amount of cholesterol-rich HDL c as in the hyporesponders but was distinguished by the appearance of a spectrum of cholesterol-rich lipoproteins in the fraction with a density less than 1.006 g/ml. One of these cholesterol-rich lipoproteins had the properties of β very low density lipoproteins, and the others had those of HDL c . We suggest that the spectrum of lipoproteins with density less than 1.006 g/ml represents "remnants" that accumulate because of defective catabolism of lipoproteins synthesized to carry excess of dietary cholesterol.
Factors influencing the long-term behavior of extracellular matrix-derived scaffolds for musculoskeletal soft tissue repair.

Musculoskeletal connective tissues such as tendon, ligament, and cartilage possess a limited ability for self-repair. Tissue engineering seeks to use combinations of cells, bioactive molecules, and biomaterials to develop new treatment options for the repair or replacement of damaged tissues. The use of native extracellular matrix as scaffold material for tissue engineering has become increasingly attractive as such tissues can not only provide structural support, but also regulate cell behavior. While demineralized bone matrix has long been recognized for its osteoinductive abilities, recent studies have identified the ability of cartilage and tendon extracellular matrices to stimulate the differentiation of mesenchymal or adipose-derived adult stem cells toward chondrogenic or tenogenic lineages respectively. This review discusses the motivation for fabricating scaffolds from musculoskeletal tissues, the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of these tissue-derived scaffolds, and various processing techniques such as decellularization or crosslinking that can mitigate immunogenic responses, moderate degradation profile, and enhance the mechanical properties of these constructs following long-term implantation in vivo.