cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calling a Cease Fire: Ending Psychology’s Long Conflict with Religion

Psychology and religion have endured a complicated and often strained relationship, which has continued to escalate in recent years. This conflict exists both at the organizational level of psychology (e.g., policies implemented by the American Psychological Association (APA)) and at the level of individual psychologists, including both researchers and practitioners. Unfortunately, the antagonism is often directed at religious students, faculty members, and, perhaps most concerning, religious patients. The continuation of this conflict presents a serious barrier to the ongoing efforts to improve inclusivity and sensitivity within the field of psychology and also to promote the quality and efficacy of behavioral health services. The goal of this chapter, therefore, is threefold: first, to briefly document examples of the continuing rift between psychology (and the larger field of mental health) and religion; second, to examine barriers that may be impeding the field from overcoming this rift; and third, to present possible solutions to these barriers and potential pathways for improving relations between religion and the field of psychological science.
The Twelfth Engine: Tracks of the Mohegan

The Philadelphia & Reading was conceived to transport anthracite coal from the mining regions of Pennsylvania to the tidewater at Philadelphia. It built its roads and other system infrastructure during one of the worst economic depressions in U.S. history (the Panic of 1837, Crisis of 1839, and Collapse of 1842) by incurring massive amounts of indebtedness, which was in default for nonpayment of interest by 1842 when, teetering on bankruptcy, the P&R commenced operations. The P&R needed locomotives to generate revenue but had no cash to expend on engine purchases. In 1843 Locks & Canals agreed to build twelve engines for the P&R on a deferred payment basis. Despite its critical need for the engines, and rather curiously, in 1844 the P&R sold one of the precious engines (the twelfth engine), which was only fifteenth months of age. More perplexing, the engine was sold to the Central Railroad of Michigan, which was also in diminished financial circumstances, unable to pay cash for the engines, and in the process of being sold by Michigan. The twelve engines are given passing mention in the literature. Some railroad historians, even those focusing on P&R engines, ignore them completely. The failure to explore the sale of the twelfth engine and the superficial treatment given all twelve engines in the literature are a bit surprising because they were among the first locomotives purchased by the P&R as it became operational and because the financing arrangements for their sale to the P&R were critical first steps in the developmental lineage of the equipment financing structure that has predominated continuously from the mid-1800s to the present. This paper is one of two exploring a story not previously told: sale of the twelfth engine. This paper focuses on identification of the twelfth engine and its fate. The companion paper focuses on related questions. From the perspectives of the P&R and the Central Railroad, why was the engine sold and purchased?
Macrophage–Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α Signaling in Carotid Artery Stenosis

Macrophages play crucial and diverse roles in the pathogenesis of inflammatory vascular diseases. Macrophages are the principal innate immune cells recruited to arterial walls to govern vascular homeostasis by modulating the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, the reorganization of extracellular matrix components, the elimination of dead cells, and the restoration of normal blood flow. However, chronic sterile inflammation within the arterial walls draws inflammatory macrophages into intimal/neointimal regions that may contribute to disease pathogenesis. In this context, the accumulation and aberrant activation of macrophages in the neointimal regions govern the progression of inflammatory arterial wall diseases. Herein, we report that myeloid–hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF1α) deficiency attenuates vascular smooth muscle cells and macrophage abundance in stenotic arteries and abrogates carotid neointima formation in vivo. The integrated transcriptomics, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis, metabolomics, and target gene evaluation showed that HIF1α represses oxidative phosphorylation, tricarboxylic acid cycle, fatty acid metabolism, and c-MYC signaling pathways while promoting inflammatory, glycolytic, hypoxia response gene expression in stenotic artery macrophages. At the molecular level, proinflammatory agents utilized STAT3 signaling pathways to elevate HIF1α expression in macrophages. Collectively, this study uncovers that macrophage-HIF1α deficiency restrains the pathogenesis of carotid artery stenosis by rewiring inflammatory and metabolic signaling pathways in macrophages.
Reflections on the intriguing occurrence of some recently isolated natural products as racemates and scalemic mixtures.

This review continues our interest in the intriguing reports of a variety of new racemic natural products (at least 11 in the past 4 years). These include the polyphenolic racemate galewone, the polycyclic prenylated acylphloroglucinol garcinielliptone; variecolortide, a combination of an anthraquinone and a isochinulin-type alkaloid; the isoindoline alkaloid irpexine, the new hybrid phenylproanoid asarone; colletopyandione an indolydenepyradione; the enantiomerically enriched (scalemic) neolignans, gardenifolins; and meroterpenoid pabmaragramin in addition to some marine lipids. We also present a recent biomimetic synthesis of the polyketide preuisolactone A; synthesis of the polyketide spiromamakone A, which also corrected the proposed structure of another metabolite as identical to spiromamakone A; and the melicolones A and B. The continuing reports of natural racemates provoke speculation as to their role in the producing organism.
An Evaluation of Protocol Enhancing Proxies and File Transport Protocols for Satellite Communication

NASA is utilizing Global Hawk aircraft in high-altitude, long-duration Earth science missions. Communications with the onboard research equipment and sensors (the science payload) is via Ku-Band radio utilizing satellites in geostationary orbits. All payload communications use standard Internet Protocols and routing, and much of the data to be transferred is comprised of very large files. The science community is interested in fully utilizing these communication links to retrieve data as quickly and reliably as possible. A test bed was developed at NASA Ames to evaluate modern transport protocols as well as Protocol Enhancing Proxies (PEPs) to determine what tools best fit the needs of the science community. This paper describes the test bed used, the protocols, the PEPs that were evaluated, the particular tests performed and the results and conclusions.
Mathematical Equivalence Between Dynamic Substructuring and Feedback Control Theory

This paper presents a reformulation of dynamic substructuring for vibrating structural systems as a feedback control problem. Frequency based substructuring (FBS) using admittance coupling of two substructures is shown to be mathematically equivalent to a feedback control system with the primary substructure acting as the controller and the secondary substructure acting as the plant. This formulation can be used to perform time-domain simulations of dynamic substructuring problems using MATLAB’s Simulink environment, whereby the primary substructure can be modeled by three possible approaches: (1) Laplace domain transfer functions, (2) state-space models, or (3) finite impulse response functions. The secondary substructure can be represented by a variety of Simulink blocks including nonlinear elements. By inserting an actuator transfer system between the two substructures, this formulation also provides the basis for real-time hybrid substructuring (RTHS) for coupling numerical and physical substructures as a cyber-physical system similar to hardware-in-the-loop testing. In typical RTHS the numerical substructure acts as the controller and the actuator with physical substructure acts as the plant. This feedback control formulation will lead to further advancements for both dynamic substructuring and RTHS by adapting methods from classical and modern feedback control theory.
The Modular Function

By SL2 we mean the group of 2 x 2 matrices with determinant 1. We write SL2 (R) for those elements of SL2 having coefficients in a ring R. In practice, the ring R will be Z, Q, R. We call SL2 (Z) the modular group.
TH‐EF‐BRB‐04: One‐Pixel Prototype of a Novel Polycrystalline CdTe‐Based Multilayer Detector for Radiation Therapy Imaging Applications

Purpose: Recent developments in polycrystalline CdTe-based photovoltaics have resulted in a technology of inexpensive, large-area structures possessing strong built-in fields and superior radiation hardness. Stacking a large number of such structures (number of layers N>>1) into a detector with signal readout from individual layers produces a device with sufficient absorption under an MV beam, low signal spreading, no charge trapping, and low noise due to obviating the need for external biasing. We tested one-pixel multilayer detector prototypes under a 6MV beam, compared their electrical parameters with those predicted by device modeling, and used the layer number-signal data for verification of the energy spectrum unfolding algorithm. Methods: We modeled the energy deposition with depth of a CdTe-based device under a 6MV beam with the Monte Carlo simulation package MCNP5. The results yielded charge carrier generation profiles in individual layers, which were then combined into structures of 10–12 layers. The profiles were used as input for modeling of current-voltage (I-V) characteristics with the device operation modeling software SCAPS-1D. Modeling results were compared to measurements on several 1-pixel multilayer structures under the 6MV beam of a Varian TrueBeam accelerator. Results: Measurements of I-V characteristics for all layers of 1-pixel multilayer structures established electrical parameters of best devices to be close to those modeled. A regularization algorithm for extracting the energy spectrum was successfully tested with these structures. Conclusion: The proposed multilayer structure adds a third dimension, depth-signal reading, to the traditional 2-D pixelation, allowing for the photon energy and source position to be obtained through signal processing. The latter processing relies on regularization approaches, similar to those developed for computed tomography, and thus have potential to significantly improve the quality of images under MV energy x-ray sources of medical linear accelerators. This research is supported with NRC grant No. NRC-HQ-12-G-38-0042
Face it head on: Helping a couple move through the painful and pernicious effects of infidelity

SUMMARY This article focuses on key clinical ideas to help couples face directly the painful issues brought about by infidelity. The author discusses key relational processes related to infidelity along with desired outcomes. The emphasis is on helping couples change key relational dynamics that facilitate the healing process. Couples are encouraged to engage in the healing process head on, and not avoid or skirt around the issues. The article illustrates these desired changes by means of a case Study.
Identification and sequence of the drpA gene from Escherichia coli.

Abstract The drpA gene of Escherichia coli encodes a factor that is involved in global RNA synthesis. We establish that the drpA gene has been successfully cloned and describe the fine-structure map of three drpA-(Ts) mutations as well as the complete nucleotide sequence of the drpA gene. We identified a major sigma-70 promoter for the drpA gene on the bases of (i) its similarity to the consensus sequence and (ii) S1 protection and primer extension mapping data. In addition, the nucleotide sequence revealed a pair of dnaA boxes and a factor-independent terminator at the 5' end and 3' end of the gene, respectively. The deduced amino acid sequence of the DrpA protein showed a nucleotide-binding pocket found in some ATPases.
Descriptive Analysis of Network Graph Characteristics

In the study of a given complex system, questions of interest can often be re-phrased in a useful manner as questions regarding some aspect of the structure or characteristics of a corresponding network graph. For example, various types of basic social dynamics can be represented by triplets of vertices with a particular pattern of ties among them (i.e., triads ); questions involving the movement of information or commodities usually can be posed in terms of paths on the network graph and flows along those paths; certain notions of the ‘importance’ of individual system elements may be captured by measures of how ‘central’ the corresponding vertex is in the network; and the search for ‘communities’ and analogous types of unspecified ‘groups’ within a system frequently may be addressed as a graph partitioning problem.
Closed- Loop Kinematic Calibration of the Utah- Mit Hand

Determining accurate kinematic models of manipulators is often difficult and tedious, particularly for a device with the kinematic complexity of the Utah-MIT hand. Considerable effort has gone into developing automatic schemes for calibrating open-loop kinematic chains. While these schemes have been experimentally verified on many standard manipulators, they unfortunately rely on special instrumentation to track the manipulator's endpoint. Recently, it has been theoretically shown that a manipulator(s) with sufficient redundancy may form a single-loop closed kinematic chain that may self-calibrate. That is, merely by using joint angle readings and self motions, loop consistency conditions can be utilized to identify the kinematic parameters. No endpoint sensing is required. We will demonstrate that this closed-loop kinematic calibration technique is applicable to the calibration of the Utah-MIT hand.
Synthetic DNA Replication Bubbles Bound and Unwound with Twofold Symmetry by a Simian Virus 40 T-Antigen Double Hexamer

Dimerization of simian virus 40 T-antigen hexamers (TAgH) into double hexamers (TAgDH) on model DNA replication forks has been found to greatly stimulate T-antigen DNA helicase activity. To explore the interaction of TAgDH with DNA during unwinding, we examined the binding of TAgDH to synthetic DNA replication bubbles. Tests of replication bubble substrates containing different single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) lengths indicated that efficient formation of a TAgDH requires >40 nucleotides (nt) of ssDNA. DNase I probing of a substrate containing a 60-nt ssDNA bubble complexed with a TAgDH revealed that T antigen bound the substrate with twofold symmetry. The strongest protection was observed over the 5* junction on each strand, with 5 bp of duplex DNA and ;17 nt of adjacent ssDNA protected from nuclease cleavage. Stimulation of the T-antigen DNA helicase activity by an increase in ATP concentration caused the protection to extend in the 5* direction into the duplex region, while resulting in no significant changes to the 3* edge of strongest protection. Our data indicate that each TAgH encircles one ssDNA strand, with a different strand bound at each junction. The process of DNA unwinding results in each TAgH interacting with a greater length of DNA than was initially bound, suggesting the generation of a more highly processive helicase complex. DNA helicases are a diverse group of enzymes which unwind duplex DNA at the expense of nucleoside or deoxynucleoside triphosphate hydrolysis (2, 21). DNA unwinding serves to activate the duplex DNA for biological transactions and is required for processes such as DNA replication, repair, and recombination. DNA helicases are invariably found in higher oligomeric states, generally dimers and hexamers. The simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen (8, 18), for example, forms
Fatherly violence, motherly absence, servants' resistance in Shakespeare and his time

This essay explores the significant roles played by non-relatives who function as mother-surrogates to endangered children. The essay introduces the non-relatives, including servants, who intervene on behalf of passive mothers to confront violent masters/ fathers. The essay challenges the Renaissance dichotomy between loving biological parent and dangerous non-biological parent by taking up various literary examples of violent fathers, passive mothers, and active non-relatives who serve as the only protector/ guardian of the child in danger. The essay also points out the Renaissance addition of the active servant as a way to show a changing social environment. The resistance on the part of non-relatives is a Renaissance addition to the medieval representations of famous stories of patient Griselda: Petrarch, Boccaccio, and Chaucer, focusing on the silent mother who easily succumbs to her husband's child murder, do not provide any equivalent to the Renaissance creation of non-relatives as an active guardian of the child in danger. By focusing on the need for non-biological parents who provide safety to children from their biological parents' violence, this essay explains why surrogate parents emerge as a necessity in Renaissance England and why tyrannous patriarchal violence is legitimately resisted.
Professional development and teacher change: a longitudinal investigation of teacher generative growth

The purpose of this study is to investigate teacher generative growth as a result of participation in a research-based professional development program on the use of technology. Specifically, the study investigates the ways in which teachers integrated and extended the key facets of the program two years after its completion with particular emphasis on a) individual teacher characteristics, b) school contextual factors, and c) key components of professional development. The paper focuses on the elements of success in longitudinal technology integration, rather than on the inhibitors to such technology adoption. Therefore, while the investigation draws on case study research of eight teachers, the center of attention remains on the one exemplary teacher who exhibited the maximum characteristics of long-term professional growth. Results indicate that participation in professional development fostered increased technological knowledge and awareness, sustained use of technology integration into classroom instruction, and generation of more elaborate beliefs on the role of technology in teaching and learning. Finally, key findings from this study are incorporated into a framework for articulating teacher generative change.
The Effect of Sheetstock on the Layered Manufacturing of a Telescoping Ceramic Actuator

Layered manufacturing of a novel telescoping ceramic actuator was done using green ceramic tapes from two commercial sources. The characteristics of the starting sheetstock affected the lamination, laser cutting, and firing of the laminated object manufacturing (LOM) process.
Expression of human asparagine synthetase in Escherichia coli.

Abstract Human asparagine synthetase was expressed in Escherichia coli. Synthesis of the enzyme was demonstrated by immunoblotting and by complementation of asparagine auxotrophy in E. coli. The recombinant enzyme was shown to have both the ammonia- and glutamine-dependent asparagine synthetase activity in vitro. Compared to asparagine synthetase isolated from beef pancreas, the one expressed in E. coli migrated at a slightly slower rate on a denaturing protein gel. In contrast with previous reports, the data obtained here strongly suggest that the active enzyme is a homodimer. The production of soluble and active enzyme was shown to be highly temperature-dependent. Expression at 37 degrees C yielded no soluble enzyme, whereas growth at 30 and 21 degrees C favored the production of soluble asparagine synthetase. The incubation temperature was also important for complementation of asparagine auxotrophy in E. coli, as growth in the absence of asparagine occurred at 30 degrees C and not at 37 degrees C.
“The Management of Hunger”: Using Fiction in Writing Anthropology:

This piece is a short story based on the author’s fieldwork in contemporary U.S. strip clubs. The story revolves around an ongoing relationship between an exotic dancer and a married customer—a relationship that only exists inside the club and that is based on the mutual construction of fantasy. It is followed by a brief discussion of the use of fiction in experimental ethnography and of the author’s own motivations for and experiences in writing short fiction.
Material vs. spiritual—A novel economics perspective on marriage and divorce

Abstract By dividing household-produced commodities into material and spiritual goods, and incorporating Maslow's psychological theory of motivation into this economic framework, I explore why individuals with different preferences choose different mates, and how the drive to enter marriage has changed as society becomes more developed. I then study the optimal effort for individuals to devote to marriage. I argue that divorce is mainly caused by the reduction of effort that couples devote to marriage, which might be a rational decision in response to changes in preferences, household productivity, and the opportunity cost of effort.
Properties of ultraviolet-induced rII mutants of bacteriophage T4

The induction of r II mutants by u.v. irradiation of intracellular bacteriophage T4 and the u.v.-induced reversion of r II mutants are described. A collection of induced mutants has been mapped, revealing a characteristic distribution which is related to other properties of the mutants. The mutants were classified according to their susceptibilities to induced reversion by 2-aminopurine, 5-bromouracil, hydroxylamine, profiavin and u.v. irradiation. Approximately half of the mutants were induced to revert by the base analogues (transition mutants) and nearly all of these behaved as if they contained an adenme–thymine base pair at the mutant site. The guanine– hydroxymethylcytosine base pair is therefore the major mutagenic target in the induction of transition mutations by u.v. irradiation. Most of the remainder (non-transition mutants) were induced to revert by proflavin, but did not respond to base analogues. They resemble the acridine-type mutants of Crick, Barnett, Brenner & Watts-Tobin (1961) ; they behaved as if they contained very small additions or deletions at the mutant sites. Revertants induced by the test mutagens were screened for suppressor mutations by examination of phenotypes and by backcrosses. False revertants occurred in many cases. The false revertants arising among transition mutants were of a different type from those arising among non-transition mutants.
3D balance in legged locomotion: modeling and simulation for the one-legged case (abstract only)

This paper explores the notion that the motion of dynamically stable 3D legged systems can be decomposed into a planar part that accounts for large leg and body motions that provide locomotion, and an extra-planar part that accounts for subtle corrective motions that maintain planarity. The large planar motions raise and lower the legs to achieve stepping, and they propel the system forward. The extra-planar motions ensure that the legged system remains in the plane. A solution of this form is simple because 3D dynamics do not play an important role.We develop a model of a 3D one legged hopping machine that incorporates a springy leg of non-zero mass and a two axis hip. The hopping machine is modeled as an open loop linkage that has different configurations in flight and in stance. Behavior at transitions between phases is calculated by invoking conservation of momentum. We have decomposed control of the model into four parts that control hopping height, forward velocity, body attitude, and spin. Hopping height is controlled by regulating vertical energy. Velocity is controlled by placing the foot fore and aft during flight. Body attitude is controlled by torquing the hip during stance. Spin is controlled by placing of the foot outside the plane of motion. Simulation data are presented which show that these control algorithms result in good control of velocity, body attitude and spin, while traveling along a straight desired path.
82-Year-Old Man With Bilateral Leg Swelling

An 82-year-old man with a medical history remarkable for chronic heart failure, diabetes mellitus, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and degenerative joint disease presented to the outpatient clinic with bilateral lower extremity swelling of 1 month's duration. The lower extremity edema was bilateral but slightly worse on the right. The edema worsened during the day but transiently improved when the patient was in the supine position. He had no symptoms of paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, angina, or orthopnea. He denied prolonged immobility and had no history of deep venous thrombosis (DVT). He had a history of myocardial infarction 20 years previously with resulting chronic heart failure. Of note, he had no known history of kidney or liver disease and had no remote or recent history of smoking. He denied a history of cancer or recent surgeries.
Elusive narrators in literature and film

It is widely held in theories of narrative that all works of literary narrative fiction include a narrator who fictionally tells the story. However, it is also granted that the personal qualities of a narrator may be more or less radically effaced. Recently, philosophers and film theorists have debated whether movies similarly involve implicit audio-visual narrators. Those who answer affirmatively allow that these cinematic narrators will be radically effaced. Their opponents deny that audio-visual narrators figure in the ontology of movies at all, and many have argued that the ‘effaced’ literary narrator is an illusion as well. In this paper, I attempt to sort out the central issues that arise in these debates, defending the existence of effaced narrators in both literature and film.
Pharmacologic modulation of intimal hyperplasia in canine vein interposition grafts

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of three drugs (cilazapril, cyclosporine, and aspirin) in modulating the progression of intimal hyperplasia during short postoperative times in short-segment, autogenous vein bypass grafts in a canine model. The relative effects of the drugs on the progression of intimal hyperplasia were compared with the Gilman parameter, a measure used extensively as a wound healing descriptor. To our knowledge this is the first use of the Gilman parameter in assessing vascular disease. Methods: Seventy-two conditioned mongrel dogs were randomly and equally divided according to a three-factor analysis of variance. The factors included (1) drug treatments (cilazapril [10 mg/kg/day], cyclosporine [4 mg/kg/day], aspirin [325 mg/day], and control [nonmedicated]), (2) implantation sites (femoral and carotid arteries), and (3) postoperative times of graft harvest (1, 3, and 6 weeks). Each dog had 2 cm segments of autogenous jugular vein interpositioned bilaterally into each of the paired carotid and femoral arteries. Quantitative data on luminal narrowing over time from intimal hyperplasia were compared from calculated Gilman parameters after image analysis of retrieved, histologically processed graft sections. Results: The observed variability in the data was attributed to drug treatments and time. At 1 week after operation the mean Gilman parameters did not differ significantly among the treatment groups in either midgraft or distal graft segments. At 3 weeks the mean Gilman parameters of midgraft and distal graft sections of cyclosporine-treated dogs differed significantly ( p p Conclusions: These data support the efficacy of aspirin and cyclosporine in reducing intimal hyperplasia in short-segment arterialized vein grafts during short postoperative periods. Additional studies are required to ascertain whether the beneficial effects of aspirin and cyclosporine persist long-term. (J VASC SURG 1993;17:877-87.)
Massively parallel computer simulations of fullerenes and Si-clusters

Abstract A general overview of cluster and bulk molecular dynamics algorithms for parallel computers is given. Specific results are presented for the MasPar MP-1 (DECmpp 12000) series of computers, which possess a single-instruction multiple-data (SIMD) architecture with processors arranged in a two-dimensional mesh. Many-body potentials used were selected to describe CC- and Si-clusters and ground-states were determined through simulated annealing. The difficulty of attaining the absolute minimum in this way for larger clusters is discussed and some possible remedies are suggested.
Actual reality: Using the Internet to assess everyday functioning after traumatic brain injury.

AbstractObjectives: The aim of this pilot study was to examine and compare the performance of everyday life activities in persons with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and healthy controls (HC) using a new assessment tool called ‘actual reality’ (AR).Method: A between-subjects design was utilized to compare 10 individuals with TBI and 10 healthy controls (HC) performing an AR task. Participants were asked to access the Internet to purchase a decorative arrangement of cookies and were administered a battery of neuropsychological tests and questionnaires to assess quality-of-life, functional status, affect symptomatology and prior Internet experience.Results: Participants with TBI had significantly more difficulties than HC participants in accurately and independently completing the AR task—primarily due to cognitive impairment. In addition, self-reports of quality-of-life and everyday functional abilities were not correlated with AR performance.Conclusions: The results provide initial evidence supporting the u...
Special Issue on Culture and Substance Use

When we solicited manuscripts for this special issue on culture, we cast the net broadly. We asked for papers about the effects of culture on substance use, the effects of substance use on culture,...
Underground corrosion on rural distribution lines

ANCHOR-ROD corrosion on multigrounded distribution lines has been found to occur as a result of galvanic action between copper-covered ground electrodes and galvanized steel anchor rods connected to the system neutral through uninsulated guys. This galvanic corrosion, while not observed in a majority of soils, has caused premature failures or excessively rapid deterioration of anchor rods in certain low-resistivity soils in North and South Dakota and in some other states west of the Mississippi River. Direct currents associated with the most usual corrosion reaction are shown in Fig. 1.
The Effects of Recent Parental Divorce on Their Children's Consumption of Marijuana and Cocaine

Abstract This study tests whether children whose parents were recently divorced (within the past four years) were more likely to partake of cocaine and marijuana than their counterparts in single-parent divorced families, whose parents had been divorced four years or more. Several researchers have argued that divorce has a greater impact on children during the first few years than in the later years following a divorce (Hetherington, Hagan, & Anderson, 1989). Other researchers have argued that the effects of divorce are longer lasting than just a few years (Wallerstein & Lewis, 1998). If the former hypothesis is correct, one would expect that children whose parents had recently divorced would be more likely to take marijuana and cocaine than those children from single-parent homes whose parents had been divorced four years or more. Using the NELS 1988-1992 data set, the illegal drug consumption habits of children, whose parents had divorced during the 1988-1992 period, was compared to the illegal drug con...
Dache: A data aware caching for big-data applications using the MapReduce framework

The buzz-word big-data (application) refers to the large-scale distributed applications that work on unprecedentedly large data sets. Google's MapReduce framework and Apache's Hadoop, its open-source implementation, are the defacto software system for big-data applications. An observation regarding these applications is that they generate a large amount of intermediate data, and these abundant information is thrown away after the processing finish. Motivated by this observation, we propose a data-aware cache framework for big-data applications, which is called Dache. In Dache, tasks submit their intermediate results to the cache manager. A task, before initiating its execution, queries the cache manager for potential matched processing results, which could accelerate its execution or even completely saves the execution. A novel cache description scheme and a cache request and reply protocol are designed. We implement Dache by extending the relevant components of the Hadoop project. Testbed experiment results demonstrate that Dache significantly improves the completion time of MapReduce jobs and saves a significant chunk of CPU execution time.
Cryptorchidism in newborns with gastroschisis and omphalocele

A retrospective study was undertaken to determine if there exists an association between cryptorchidism and the intra-abdominal wall defects of gastroschisis and omphalocele. The records of 25 newborn male infants (13 with omphalocele, 12 with gastroschisis) were examined. In this sample there was no statistically significant association between these defects and cryptorchidism in either the premature or the full-term infants, when compared with a healthy population. Further clinical studies with larger numbers of patients are recommended.
Complete Modeling of Toroidal Inductors for High Power RF Applications

High frequency toroidal model is developed and used to calculate several critical inductor parameters such as inductance, resonance frequency, quality factor, power loss, flux density with good accuracy for high power RF applications. The model that is developed is then transformed to the equivalent circuit, which is used by impedance analyzers to compare measurement and calculate results for several parameters. Full design and characterization program Matlab GUI has been generated to calculate and present high frequency characteristics of the toroidal inductor graphically. Program gives all the required design critical parameters, 15 output characteristic curves with high accuracy. The program can be used for commercial and academic applications. The accuracy of the program has been tested on several assembled inductors. The calculated results have been compared to the measured results and good agreement has been observed on all of them.
Simulation of the time-dependent Faraday effect for synchrotron radiation

Synchrotron radiation is simulated by a broad Lorentzian in a calculation of the time-dependent Faraday effect in57Fe. An extension of the method of Hamermesh to the multi-line case is used.
Analytical Method for the Inverse Determination of Interfacial Wear Temperatures

Frictionally generated interfacial temperatures during a pin-on-ring wear test were inversely determined using a single thermocouple placed near the wear surface of the pin. Once captured by the thermocouple, the transient temperature history was used with a finite-element-based solution for a unit response and a least-squares fitting of the data to a generalized equation to determine the interfacial temperatures (boundary condition). In order to verify the results, the predicted boundary condition was then applied to the same finite-element model and solved directly with the numerical predictions for the thermocouple location showing excellent agreement with the experimental data. To avoid excessive wear and therefore maintain linearity of the problem, a wear resistant hypereutectic aluminum-silicon alloy (B390) was used as the pin on a hardened steel disk. Based on specific wear-test conditions, it was found that the interfacial temperatures asymptotically approached a maximum of 140°C in approximately ...
Psychometric properties of the short index of problems as a measure of recent alcohol-related problems.

Background: The Drinker Inventory of Consequences (DrInC) measures overall consequences of drinking and yields five subscale scores. A short form of the DrInC, the Short Index of Problems (SIP), was developed for use when time does not permit completion of the DrInC. This study investigates the psychometric properties of the SIP. Methods: The study sample consisted of 153 problem drinkers who were participants in a placebo-controlled trial of naltrexone and brief counseling. Results: The SIP showed good internal consistency, good concurrent validity, and adequate stability. Four of the five SIP subscales contributed unique variance beyond general drinking consequences. Conclusions: The SIP is useful for measuring drinking consequences in a sample of problem drinkers, and the subscale scores can be interpreted clinically. Further research on the SIP in other populations is warranted.
Enhancing brain-machine interface throughput using simultaneous activation detection

In this work, we investigate the viability of a novel combination of evoked responses as input signals for a general-purpose brain machine interface (BMI). We demonstrate response accuracy to alphanumeric stimuli in valid and mirror-reversed orientations, and show task-related activity differences correlated with rotation degree and character validity in superior parietal and inferior frontal gyrus regions of the brain. By observing simultaneous task-related activation in spatially dissociated regions, we increase the amount of information used for inferring user intent in control interfaces.
Pathology of small coronary arteries.

Abstract Diseases which may damage and occlude small coronary arteries are reviewed with classification into three groups: embolic, inflammatory and noninflammatory. In the ventricular myocardium such diseases produce focal degeneration and fibrosis, ultimately leading to cardiac enlargement and failure. When the small arteries normally supplying the cardiac conduction system are involved, the consequences are arrhythmias, conduction disturbances, syncopal attacks and frequently sudden death. Many examples of obscure myocardiopathy may be due to hereditary medial necrosis of the small coronary arteries. The clinical significance of pathology of the coronary arteries, including its possible role in a limited number of examples of angina pectoris, is discussed.
Anomalous enhancement of tetragonality in PbTiO 3 induced by negative pressure

Using a first-principles approach based on density-functional theory, we find that a large tetragonal strain can be induced in ${\mathrm{PbTiO}}_{3}$ by application of a negative hydrostatic pressure. The structural parameters and the dielectric and dynamical properties are found to change abruptly near a crossover pressure, displaying a ``kinky'' behavior suggestive of proximity to a phase transition. Analogous calculations for ${\mathrm{BaTiO}}_{3}$ show that the same effect is also present there, but at much higher negative pressure. We investigate this unexpected behavior of ${\mathrm{PbTiO}}_{3}$ and discuss an interpretation involving a phenomenological description in terms of a reduced set of relevant degrees of freedom.
Resident Service Hours in Emergency Medicine

Objective: The number of hours worked by residents in all specialties has become a controversial issue. Residents often are expected to competently conduct patient care activities and to take educational advantage of clinical experiences in spite of frequent fatigue and sleep deprivation. This survey of residency directors was designed to assess the scheduled clinical time for emergency medicine (EM) residents. Methods: A 13-question survey dealing with time commitments of EM residents was sent to the residency directors of all accredited EM residency programs in the United States in the fall of 1991. Residency directors were asked to indicate the number of shifts, hours, and days off per week; and the number of night shifts and weekend days off per month for each postgraduate year of residency training (PGY1-PGY4). Directors also were asked whether shifts were scheduled randomly or predictably with progression from days to nights with time off after nights. Results: Seventy of 71 (98.6% response rate) residency directors responded. Residents were scheduled for an average of 49.1 hours per week. Scheduled hours decreased from an average of 51.9 at the PGY1 level to an average of 44.5 at the PGY4 level. A similar progression with year of training was noted for scheduled night shifts/ month, days off/week, and weekend days off/month. A PGY1 trainee averaged 7.0 night shifts/month, 1.9 days off/week, and 3.0 weekend days off/month; while a PGY4 trainee averaged 5.3, 2.4, and 3.2, respectively. Only 40% of the directors reported predictable scheduling progressing from days to nights. Conclusion: Emergency medicine resident schedules, as reported by residency directors, fall well within current specialty-specific requirements and compare favorably with the reported numbers for other specialties. However, because large ranges in scheduling parameters were reported, the data may be of value to residency directors, residents, and prospective residents. Most programs did not report a predictable schedule progression of shifts.
Freedom and Equality: Dimensions of Political Ideology among City Planners and City Managers

This article concerns an empirical investigation of the ideological predispositions of city managers and urban planners. Building on recent literature which suggests that a significant degree of va...
The design of a real-time computer system for examining the electrical activity of the heart

Abstract This report considers the design of a computer system for measuring cardiac electrical signals while simultaneously controlling heart rate and rhythm. The system is used for investigations ranging from ECG measurements from patients to the electrical study of isolated strands of animal hearts in a tissue bath. The system comprises five basic tasks: (1) synchronizing the system with events occurring in the heart (cueing); (2) recording heart signals in digital form and immediately displaying their wave forms; (3) controlling heart rate and rhythm by appropriately timed stimuli; (4) continuously displaying the status of the computer and the experiment; and (5) receiving, checking, and executing commands from the investigator. The system's hardware is controlled by a single dedicated laboratory computer and includes: (1) two A-D converters with independent channel sequencing and direct asynchronous memory access; (2) a high-speed graphic display for cardiac wave forms and a separate alphanumeric display for status information; and (3) multiple programmable real-time clocks. Essential software features include: (1) programs organized around multiple concurrent asynchronous processes; (2) disk I O overlapped with all A-D converter operations; and (3) protection against human errors by means of extensive checking of the investigator's commands. This system makes possible the examination of those cardiac phenomena which occur under such complicated circumstances or which produce such a large amount of information over a short period of time that their experimental investigation requires automatic devices, e.g., epicardial and body surface potential distributions measured during normal and abnormal sequences of cardiac excitation and repolarization.
Sequestering atmospheric carbon dioxide by increasing ocean alkalinity

Abstract We present a preliminary analysis of a geoengineering option based on the intentional increase of ocean alkalinity to enhance marine storage of atmospheric CO2. Like all geoengineering techniques to limit climate change, with today's limited understandig of the climate system, this approach must be regarded as a potential strategic option that requires ongoing assessment to establish its potential benefits and side effecs. CO2 would be absorbed from the atmosphere by the oceans at an increased rate if ocean alkalinity were raised. Ocean alkalinity might be raised by introducing the dissolution products of alkaline minerals into the oceans. The limited deposits of naturally occurring soda ash (Na2CO3) are readily soluble and easily mined. Limestone (CaCO3) is abundant in the Earth's crust but is not readily soluble. This analysis explores the potential feasibility and limits of such approaches.
Limestone reactivities with SO2 as determined by thermo gravimetric analysis and as measured in pilot scale fluidized-bed coal combustors

Abstract A thermogravimetric analyzer was used to measure the reactivity of several limestone with SO 2 . The laboratory results can be directly used to predict coal combustion results for pilot-plant atmospheric pressure fluidized beds. Also, the TGA information was fitted to two different straight-line least-squares fits. These equations allowed prediction (by two different methods) of calcium utilization in atmospheric-pressure pilot plant fluidized-bed combustors (FBCs) from knowledge of only the CaCO 3 content of the limestone. When the predictions based on laboratory work for seven limestones were compared with the pilot-plant experimental results of Pope, Evans and Robbins, Argonne National Laboratory, Consolidation Coal Co., and Morgantown Energy Research Center, agreement was good for all three methods.
Near-Infrared Photometry and the Nature of Gliese 105C

In this Letter we present infrared measurements of Gl 105C, the faint, low-mass companion of Gl 105A that was only recently imaged in the visible using optical coronagraphic techniques. Working in the J, H, and K bandpasses and using short exposures (specklegrams), we were able to observe Gl 105C directly, separating it from its nearby, and much brighter, companion. The absolute magnitudes at J, H, and K we determined for this object are 10.57, 9.77, and 9.23, respectively. These magnitudes indicate a mass of 0.095 M☉, a value that is sufficient to sustain hydrogen burning. It is probable that Gl 105C is a true star rather than a brown dwarf.
Review Of Random Surface Scatter Models

The objective of this review is to summarize for possible users of surface scatter models the basic principles and significant characteristics of some common surface scatter models and to illustrate their applications to the interpretation of scatter measurements from man-made and sea surfaces. Other surface scatter theories which have not been applied extensively to data interpretation will only be mentioned briefly. Theoretical conditions and conditions found from computer simulation for the validity of the common surface scatter models are discussed. The common surface scatter models considered are the Kirchhoff model, the geometric optics model, the small perturbation model and a two-scale model. The less common surface scatter theories introduced are the facet method, the variational method, the diagram method, the full-wave method, and numerical methods.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Multi-layer Composite Model for Human Pose Estimation.

We introduce a new approach for part-based human pose estimation using multi-layer composite models, in which each layer is a tree-structured pictorial structure that models pose at a different scale and with a different graphical structure. At the highest level, the submodel acts as a person detector, while at the lowest level, the body is decomposed into a collection of many local parts. Edges between adjacent layers of the composite model encode cross-model constraints. This multi-layer composite model is able to relax the independence assumptions of traditional tree-structured pictorial-structure models while permitting efficient inference using dual-decomposition. We propose an optimization procedure for joint learning of the entire composite model. Our approach outperforms the state-of-the-art on the challenging Parse and UIUC Sport datasets.