cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-altitude effects on respiratory gases, acid-base balance and pulmonary artery pressures in equids

Arterial and venous blood were analysed at rest and post exercise for pH, PCO2, and PO2, and bicarbonate ([HCO3-]), base excess (BE), and strong ion difference (SID) were calculated in response to a 10 day sojourn to 3800 m. Pulmonary artery pressures (PAP) were measured at rest. Post exercise samples were restricted to venous blood. The equids (n = 6) experienced a profound hypoxia-hypocapnia and a respiratory alkalosis. PaO2 decreased 42% and PaCO2 41%. PaCO2 increased to 80% of initial values after 8 days at altitude. Arterial [HCO3-] decreased by 34%; however, it returned to normal by Day 4. Base excess decreased initially, but increased at altitude with time. Strong ion difference was decreased during the altitude exposure and continued to be depressed even after return to low altitude. Pulmonary artery pressure increased 63% on Day 1 of exposure (from 27.9 +/- 2 to 45.4 +/- 3 mmHg); Days 2 and 6 averaged 36.3 +/- 3 and 37.5 +/- 3 mmHg. Thirty-six hours after return to 225 m, most variables (except [SID] and post exercise BE) returned to normal. The most profound changes in the indicators of gas exchange, at altitude, occurred during the first 3 days and only [HCO3-] returned to normal during the subsequent acclimatization to altitude.
Production of equine infectious anemia antigen in a persistently infected cell line

Equine infectious anemia (EIA) virus replicated and produced antigen in cultures of horse leukocytes, equine embryonic spleen cells, and a line of equine dermal (ED) cells. A CPE was produced only in horse leukocyte cultures. Presence of the virus in spleen and dermal cell cultures was monitored frequently by inoculating fluids into leukocyte cultures where a CPE was produced or demonstrating specific EIA antigen by double immunodiffusion. Culture fluids from persistently infected equine dermal cells proved the most practicable source of antigen for quantity production purposes. A fraction precipitated from fluids with 8 per cent polyethylene glycol (MW 6000) was treated with diethyl ether to release the antigen. A semi-quantitative evaluation of antigen yield was performed using radial immunodiffusion.
Association of unexplained infertility with gonadotropin and ovarian antibodies.

Problem To determine the prevalence and characteristics of gonadotropin autoantibodies (GAB) associated with unexplained infertility, and to assess the relationship between ovarian autoantibodies (OVAB) and GAB. Method of study Ovarian antibodies and GABs in sera of patients with unexplained infertility (n = 53) and a comparison (population) group from a blood bank (n = 40) were detected by immunoassay. Patients with unexplained infertility had either no prior gonadotropin treatment (n = 15) or two or more gonadotropin cycles to induce ovulation (n = 38). Results The GABs were detected in 67% of women with treatment, 27% of women without treatment and 8% of women in the population. The GABs recognized follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) and their alpha and beta subunits and to a lesser extent thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin. There was no significant difference in OVAB prevalence between gonadotropin treated or untreated women while GABs were significantly more frequent in gonadotropin treated women (P ≤ 0.01). Conclusion Gonadotropin antibodies may represent a separate marker of ovarian autoimmunity in unexplained infertility as they are correlated with OVAB and are present in patients not treated with gonadotropin. However, as a higher frequency of GAB is associated with gonadotropin treatment, patients with ovarian autoimmunity may tend to have an immune response to gonadotropins in addition to an endocrine response.
Extension of Planck’s law to steady heat flux across nanoscale gaps

Recent experiments report that the radiative heat conductance through a narrow vacuum gap between two flat surfaces increases as the inverse square of the width of the gap. Such a significant increase of thermal conductivity has attracted much interest because of numerous promising applications in nanoscale heat transfer and because of the lack of its theoretical explanation. It is shown here that the radiative heat transport across narrow layers can be described in terms of conventional theory adjusted to non-equilibrium structures with a steady heat flux.
Effects of androgen therapy on adipose tissue and metabolism in older men.

We investigated the effects of oxandrolone on regional fat compartments and markers of metabolism. Thirty-two 60- to 87-yr-old men (body mass index, 28.1 ± 3.4 kg/m2) were randomized to oxandrolone (20 mg/d; n = 20) or matching placebo (n = 12) treatment for 12 wk. Oxandrolone reduced total (−1.8 ± 1.0 kg; P < 0.001), trunk (−1.2 ± 0.6 kg; P < 0.001), and appendicular (−0.6 ± 0.6 kg; P < 0.001) fat, as determined by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. The changes in total and trunk fat were greater (P < 0.001) than the changes with placebo. By magnetic resonance imaging, visceral adipose tissue decreased (−20.9 ± 12 cm2; P < 0.001), abdominal sc adipose tissue (SAT) declined (−10.7 ± 12.1 cm2; P = 0.043), the ratio VAT/SAT declined from 0.57 ± 0.23 to 0.49 ± 0.19 (P = 0.002), and proximal and distal thigh SC fat declined [−8.3 ± 6.7 cm2 (P < 0.001) and −2.2 ± 3.0 kg (P = 0.004), respectively]. Changes in proximal and distal thigh SC fat with oxandrolone were different than with placebo (P = 0.018 and P = 0....
A new exchange–correlation functional free of delocalization and static correlation errors

Predicting the correct binding curves of H2+ and H2 systems presents a great challenge in current applications of electronic density functional theory. Here we report a new functional for the exchange–correlation energy based on the weighted density approximation and the classical mapping method. With the exact sum rule for the exchange–correlation hole and accurate correlation functions of uniform electrons as the input, the new functional is free of delocalization and static correlation errors. It yields the exact results for any one-electron systems and the correct asymptotic limit of the binding energy between hydrogen atoms.
Cerebral venous thrombosis.

An early diagnosis and heparin therapy have contributed to a decreased mortality in cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT). However, predictors of outcome are difficult to identify, because most studies suffered heterogeneity in diagnostic findings and treatments, retrospective design, and recruitment bias. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcome in 55 consecutive patients with CVT admitted over a 4-year period. The study population consisted of 42 women and 13 men, with a median age of 39 years (range 16–68). The diagnosis was performed with MRI in 53 patients, and angiography in 2. The outcome was assessed with the modified Rankin scale (mRs). After a median follow-up of 36 months (range: 12–60), 45 patients were independent (mRS 0–2), and 10 were dependent or dead (mRS 3–6). Of 48 survivors, 7 had seizures, 6 motor deficits, 5 visual field defects, 29 headache (migraine in 14, tension headache in 13, other in 2). The logistic regression analysis found focal deficits and cancer at time of diagnosis, as independent predictors of dependence or death at year 3, and isolated intra-cranial hypertension as an independent predictor of survival and independence. Mortality rates are low in the absence of cancer and focal deficits, and more than 80 % of survivors are independent after 3 years. However, 3/4 of survivors have residual symptoms. Therefore, despite a low mortality rate, CVT remains a serious disorder.
In situ, real-time thickness measurement techniques for bath-deposited CdS thin films on Cu(In,Ga)Se2

Abstract A technique has been developed that can measure the thickness of a 30–70 nm thin film of cadmium sulfide on a Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 substrate, in real time, as it grows in a chemical bath. The technique does not damage the film, and can be used to monitor batch depositions and roll-to-roll depositions with equal accuracy. The technique is based on reflectance spectroscopy through the chemical bath.
Development of a scintillation proximity assay for human insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 4 compatible with inhibitor high-throughput screening

The insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 4 (IGFBP-4), which exists in many different tissues and biological fluids, modulates insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) bioavailability in part by competitive sequestration and prevention of interaction with cell membrane IGF-1 receptors. Accordingly, small molecules that inhibit the ability of IGF-1 to associate with IGFBP-4 may have clinical utility as regulators of cellular proliferation, survival, and differentiation. Currently, a polyethylene glycol-based precipitation of [(125)I]IGF-1 bound to IGFBP-4 is used to quantify selective IGFBP-4 ligand interactions. We have developed a novel 96-well plate scintillation proximity assay (SPA) for measuring small molecule interactions at IGFBP-4 using a biotinylated form of IGFBP-4 coupled to streptavidin-coated polyvinyltoluene (PVT) SPA microbeads and using [(125)I]IGF-1 as the endogenous ligand. Dose-displacement curves with unlabeled IGF-1 exhibited a mean K(d) value of 0.46 nM. Parallel studies using the nonselective IGFBP inhibitor, NBI-31772, generated a K(i) value of 47 nM. Under optimized conditions, the IGFBP-4 SPA was stable for up to 24h at room temperature and was unaffected by dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO,<0.5%). This homogeneous binding assay is simple, stable, sensitive, and amenable to automation. The good signal/noise ratio (10:1) and Z' factor (0.7-0.8) make it compatible with high-throughput screening platforms for the identification of IGFBP-4 inhibitors. The IGFBP-4 binding assay may be expanded to other IGFBP members, in biotinylated form, to provide a powerful tool amenable to drug screening and the design of therapeutics to treat a variety of IGF-responsive diseases.
Towards a high‐temperature solar electric converter

The results of an experimental and theoretical study aimed at developing a novel high‐temperature solar electric converter are reported. The converter concept is based on the use of an alkali plasma to serve as both an efficient high‐temperature collector of solar radiation as well as the working fluid for a high‐temperature working cycle. The envisioned working cycle is a simple magnetohydrodynamic Rankine cycle. The motivation for developing this type of solar electric converter is based primarily on the cost and weight reduction premiums for operating a space solar electric generator at the maximum possible temperature. We report on the construction of a theoretical model for coupling sunlight into a cesium plasma and on the experimental demonstration of cesium heating with a solar simulator that is in good agreement with the theory.
Increased expression of neurofilament subunit NF-L produces morphological alterations that resemble the pathology of human motor neuron disease

Excessive accumulation of neurofilaments in the cell bodies and proximal axons of motor neurons is a major pathological hallmark during the early stages of many human motor neuron diseases. To test directly the consequence of overexpression of the major neurofilament subunit NF-L, we produced transgenic mice that accumulate NF-L to approximately 4-fold the normal level in the sciatic nerve. In young animals, the motor neurons of the ventral horn of the spinal cord have massive accumulations of neurofilaments, swollen perikarya, and eccentrically localized nuclei. NF-L accumulation is accompanied by an increased frequency of axonal degeneration, proximal axon swelling, and severe skeletal muscle atrophy. These data indicate that extensive accumulation of neurofilaments in motor neurons can trigger the neurodegenerative process.
Environment-dependent interatomic potential for bulk silicon

We use recent theoretical advances to develop a functional form for interatomic forces in bulk silicon. The theoretical results underlying the model include an analysis of elastic properties for the diamond and graphitic structures and inversions of ab initio cohesive energy curves. The interaction model includes two-body and three-body terms which depend on the local atomic environment through an effective coordination number. This formulation is able to capture successfully (i) the energetics and elastic properties of the ground-state diamond lattice, (ii) the covalent rehybridization of undercoordinated atoms, and (iii) a smooth transition to metallic bonding for overcoordinated atoms. Because the essential features of chemical bonding in the bulk are built into the functional form, this model promises to be useful for describing interatomic forces in silicon bulk phases and defects. Although this functional form is remarkably realistic by the usual standards, it contains a small number of fitting parameters and requires computational effort comparable to the most efficient existing models. In a companion paper, a complete parametrization of the model is given, and excellent performance for condensed phases and bulk defects is demonstrated.
Spanish Diphthongization and Accentual Structure in Diachronic Perspective

SUMMARYFor over a century it has been axiomatic with Romance linguists that the formation of rising diphthongs in stressed syllables, at the threshold of the medieval period, was controlled by the given word's environment; by quantity (and, later, by quality) of the accented Latin vowel; and in most daughter languages (but not in Spanish) by the configuration of the syllable. On the other hand, it was believed to be irrelevant, by Hispanists, whether the stressed vowel was the ultimate, the penultimate, or the antepenultimate; and, so far as the last-mentioned situation was concerned, what vowel presided over the following post-tonic syllable.The present paper attempts to demonstrate that the prosodic position of the syllable at issue within the word is by no means irrelevant: Diphthongs thrive if followed by post-tonic a, but wither if followed by a front vowel. Certain developments previously deemed inexplicable thus begin to fall into place; for instance, Lat. pertica "pole"> O.Sp. piertega was replaced, before 1600, by (originally dialectal) pertiga.RESUMELes romnisants ont suppose, depuis plus d'un siecle, que la di-phtongaison en syllabe accentue, a l'aube du myen age, dependait, es-sentiellemnt des facteurs suivants: des phonemes contigus; de la quantite (et, plus tard, de la qualite) de la voyelle latine d'origine; enfi de la coupe de la syllabe. D'atre part, les hispanistes n'at-tachaient aucune importance ala place qu'occupait la syllabe accentuee al'interieur du mot; et si ce mot etait proparoxyton, on ne se preoc-cupait pas trop de la voyelle post-tonique.Le present travail aspire a demntrer que les facteurs longtemps negliges ne manquent pas d'etre importants. Les interlocuteurs en ef-fet favorisent la diphtongue en syllabe antepenultieme si la voyelle suivante est a, mais pas du tout si elle est e ou i. Temoin le deve-loppement de latin pertica "perche", qui en ancien espagnol avait pro-duit piertega, tandis que le resultat posterieur (moyennant un emprunt fait aux dialectes) a ete pertiga.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGSeit uber einem Jahrhundert haben die Romanisten damit gerechnet, daB die Diphthongierung in betonter Silbe von folgenden Faktoren ab-hangt: der lautlichen Umgebung; der Quantitat (und spater der Quali-tat) des betonten Vokals im Lateinischen; schlieBlich von der Struktur der betreffenden Silbe. Hingegen schien die Stellung der betonten Silbe innerhalb des Wortes ziemlich unwichtig; wo es sich urn ein Proparoxy-tonon handelte, schien der Vokal der auf den Ton folgenden Silbe keine sonderliche Rolle zu spielen.Die hier vorgelegte Analyse raumt mit einigen dieser traditionel-len Auffassungen auf. Es ergibt sich namlich, daB ein a in der nach-tonigen Silbe den steigenden Diphthong eines Proparoxytonons fordert, wahrend ein e oder i in dieser Stellung ihn gefahrdet. So wird es nun-mehr zum ersten Mai verstandlich, daB lat. pertica "pfahl, Stock" zwar im Altspanischen piertega ergeben konnte, daB aber die neuere Form (den Mundarten entnommen) pertiga heist.
Effects of welfare reform policies on Mexican immigrants' infant mortality rates

The welfare reform bill adopted in 1996 limited the eligibility of immigrants on federal funding for welfare use, while vesting states with the authority to create new state-funded substitute benefits for immigrants. This paper capitalizes on this inter-state variation in state welfare rules regarding new immigrants and estimates a triple difference-in-difference estimator that provides evidence on the impact of removing public assistance on Mexican immigrants’ infant mortality rates. Using the US linked birth and infant death cohort files from 1995 to 1996 and from 1999 to 2002, I find that infant mortality rates have decreased at a slower rate among children of low-educated Mexican immigrant women compared to their native Mexican-origin counterparts, especially for those mothers residing in less affluent metropolitan counties within their own state. These findings suggest that there may be unintended social costs associated with the Personal Responsibility Work Opportunity and Reconciliation Act, resulting in disparate impact on immigrant mothers and infants.
γ-aminobutyric acidA (GABAA) receptor modulation of morphine inhibition of norepinephrine release

Abstract Agents that enhance γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmission can modulate certain effects of opioids, such as analgesia. In this study, the interaction between morphine and GABAergic agents on the release of [3H]norepinephrine ([3H]NE) from rat frontal cortical slices was examined. GABA (10−4M), enhanced potassium-stimulated [3H]NE release and reversed the inhibitory effect of 10−6 M morphine. GABA and muscimol modulated the inhibitory effect of morphine in a noncompetitive manner. Bicuculline methiodide (10−4 M) reduced the effect of GABA in the absence of morphine, and appeared to reduce the effect of GABA in the presence of morphine, although the latter effect was not statistically significant from the controls. While the GABA a agonist muscimol mimicked the effect of GABA, the GABAB agonist baclofen did not affect the release of [3H]NE in the absence or the presence of 10−6M morphine. These results support the involvement of GABAA receptors in modulating the action of opioids on the noradrenergic system in the cerebral cortex of the rat.
The Brewers and Public Relations History, 1909–1919

In 1909, the American brewing industry's trade association, the United States Brewers' Association, launched its first year book to serve as an educational resource for those concerned about temperance and prohibition. Over the next 10 years, these year books revealed communication efforts that more closely resembled a modern approach to influencing public sentiment, such as the consistent use of 4 key messages, research on local option persuasion campaigns, and a relationship-building outreach program in the form of the Barley Campaign. This study, then, not only contributes to the historical scholarship concerning the role of trade associations in public relations history, but, in its departure from the timeline approach to understanding the field's development, it also contributes to the ongoing theory building in public relations history.
Marked Growth Discordancy in Three Sets of Twins Associated with Velamentous Insertion of the Umbilical Cord of the Smaller Twin

The incidence of velamentous insertion of the umbilical cord is increased in multiple gestations. In singleton and twin gestations, this condition has been associated with lower mean birth-weight. We present three sets of twins (two monozygotic and one dizygotic) in which marked growth discordancy, ranging between 25 and 50%, was associated with velamentous insertion of the umbilical cord of the smaller twin in the absence of any other obvious pathology. In cases of marked growth discordancy in twins, velamentous insertion should be considered a possible etiology, and sonographic inspection of the placental insertion of the umbilical cord, particularly of the smaller twin, performed.
What is interface pressure

The term interface pressure (IP) is used widely in the area of wheelchair seating to describe the physical interaction between the buttocks and the seat surface. Methods of quantifying IP exist even though a formal, research-based definition does not exist. Using a previously proposed definition of IP, issues surrounding the definition are examined relative to research studies to show weaknesses in the definition. Additional concerns relative to current methods of quantifying IF, such as creep and hysteresis, are evaluated. Two alternative methods of considering the seating interface are presented. One involves standardization of IP measurement via an index whereas the other discards IP in favor of quantifying tissue deformation. It is concluded that a new method of considering the seating interface is required which allows for comparison between measurements and individuals.
Tomato Product Quality from Transgenic Fruits with Reduced Pectin Methylesterase

Juice from transgenic tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv Rutgers) fruits with reduced levels of pectin methylesterase (PME) activity due to the expression of a PME antisense gene exhibited improvement in quality. The percentage increase in juice from transgenic fruits over that of juice from wild type Rutgers ranged between 5.1‐5.3 for total solids, 3.8‐6.1 for soluble solids, 70-80 for efflux viscosity, 180‐220 for serum viscosity and about 50 for precipitate weight ratio. Time of harvest had no effect on quality of juice. Ketchup prepared from transgenic fruit juice had a lower Bostwick value, reduced serum separation and high serum viscosity compared to ketchup from parental Rutgers.
Routing and wavelength assignment in WDM rings with heterogeneous wavelength conversion capabilities

In this paper, we study the routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) tasks in WDM rings with heterogeneous wavelength conversion capabilities. By heterogeneous, we mean that different nodes of the WDM ring might have different wavelength conversion capabilities. An integer linear programming (ILP) formulation is used to optimally solve small examples of the problem. Because many RWA problems have exponential complexity, efficient heuristics are needed. We use the results from the ILP to evaluate the performance of several fast RWA algorithms, which are shown to give accurate solutions under various traffic scenarios.
Asymptotic orbits of primitive substitutions

A primitive, aperiodic substitution on d letters has at most d2 asymptotic orbits; this bound is sharp. Since asymptotic arc components in tiling spaces associated with substitutions are in 1-1 correspondence with asymptotic words, this provides a bound for those as well.
“Family Constellations”: An Innovative Systemic Phenomenological Group Process From Germany:

The “Family Constellation” process is a trans-generational, phenomenological, therapeutic intervention with roots in family systems therapy, existential-phenomenology, and the ancestor reverence of the South African Zulus. Although the Family Constellation process is sanctioned by family therapy associations in Europe and is being integrated by thousand of licensed practitioners worldwide, the work is virtually unknown in the United States. This article serves as a broad introduction to the Family Constellation method and includes a biographical sketch of its originator—Bert Hellinger (born 1925).
A parallel Steiner heuristic for wirelength estimation of large net populations

The authors discuss techniques to produce Steiner trees for a large population of nets, e.g., 1000 to 5000 nets, in parallel. This problem arises in iterative-improvement layout strategies that perturb not just a single placed object, but a few thousand objects simultaneously. Such strategies are the focus of work on mapping large placement problems onto massively parallel computers. The authors present a new heuristic that computes Steiner trees for an arbitrary number of nets, each with an arbitrary number of terminals, in essentially constant time given sufficient data-parallel machine resources and a constant distribution of net sizes. Experiments on a Connection Machine demonstrate that it is possible to create good Steiner trees for a few thousand nets in a few hundred milliseconds. >
Gelation properties of dispersions containing polymerized and native whey protein isolate

Whey protein polymers (WP-polymers) were prepared by heating whey protein isolate below the critical concentration for gelation at neutral pH and low salt conditions. The effects of WP-polymers and salt types (CaCl2 or NaCl) on rheological properties (large-strain and small-strain analysis), water holding properties, turbidity and microstructure of heat-induced whey protein isolate gels were investigated. Replacement of native whey protein isolate with WP-polymers increased fracture stress, fracture modulus, held water, and the translucency of gels. With both salt types, the addition of WP-polymers changed the gel structure from particulate to fine-stranded. However, the effect of WP-polymers on rheological properties was salt specific. Addition of 20‐100% WP-polymers in the presence of 10 mM CaCl2 caused a continued increase in fracture stress. In contrast, protein dispersions containing 30 mM NaCl did not form self-supporting gels when $60% WP-polymers were added. Dispersions containing 200 mM NaCl formed self supporting gels at all levels of WP-polymer addition but fracture stresses for gels containing 20‐100% WP were similar. Dispersions containing 80% WP-polymers and 200 mM NaCl had lower gel points (time and temperature) than dispersions with 80% WP-polymers and 10 mM CaCl2. It appeared that CaCl2 was more effective in increasing gel fracture stress while NaCl was more effective in decreasing gelation time. Different gel properties may be prepared by altering the amount of WP-polymers and salt types. q 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Normal and Abnormal Biology of the beta-Amyloid Precursor Protein

Few macromolecules have become the object of more intense chemical and biological scrutiny in recent years than has the l3-amyloid precursor protein. This highly conserved and widely expressed integral membrane protein is the focus of a rapidly growing number of studies aimed at its characterization by protein chemical, molecular biological , cell biological , and neuroanatomical methods. The principal reason for this attention is clear. The early promise that a 39-43 residue fragment of I3APP, the amyloid l3-protein (AI3), might play a central role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease has increasingly been borne out. Although there is still substantial debate about exactly when AI3 becomes involved in Alzheimer's disease and how attractive a therapeutic target it represents , accumulating evidence now points to an early and sometimes causative role in the pathogenetic cascade. I3APP has become a compelling example of the phenomenon of research that begins with a strictly disease-oriented focus giving rise to novel insights about the normal biology of a whole family of macromolecules, in this case about the processing of certain cell surface, single membrane-spanning polypeptides. Here, I review recent information about the normal structure and function of I3APP and how its AI3 fragment contributes to Alzheimer's disease. Such
Teaching Stochastic Local Search

This paper outlines an experiential approach to teaching stochastic local search. Using the Tale of the Drunken Topographer as a running analogy, students are led from the implementation of a hill descent algorithm through small, motivated modifications to a simple implementation of simulated annealing. Supplementary applets allow students to experiment with temperature and gain understanding of its importance in the annealing process. Challenge problems complete this brief but rich introduction to stochastic local search.
Effect of white grub developmental stage on susceptibility to entomopathogenic nematodes.

The pathogenicity of the entomopathogenic nematodes Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar and Steinernema scarabaei Stock & Koppenhofer against different developmental stages of the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, and the oriental beetle, Anomala (=Exomala) orientalis Waterhouse, were studied under laboratory conditions. The efficacy of S. scarabaei did not differ between second and third instars in P. japonica or A. orientalis or between small (young) and large (older) third instars in A. orientalis. However, H. bacteriophora efficacy decreased from first over second to third instar and also from small third instars to large third instars in A. orientalis but did not differ significantly between P. japonica larval stages. Once A. orientalis third instars had purged their intestines in preparation for pupation, no significant mortality by S. scarabaei and H. bacteriophora was observed. In contrast, P. japonica susceptibility to both nematode species gradually decreased from stage to stage from actively feeding third instars to pupae. In two additional experiments, we found no difference in Steinernema glaseri (Steiner) susceptibility between second and third instars of A. orientalis but an increase in S. scarabaei susceptibility from the second to third instar of Asiatic garden beetle, Maladera castanea (Arrow). Our observations combined with those of previous studies with other nematode and white grub species show that nematode efficacy against white grub developmental stages varies with white grub and nematodes species, and no generalization can be made.
RESPONSE OF FIVE RESISTANT COTTON GENOTYPES TO ISOLATES OF ROTYLENCHULUS RENIFORMIS COLLECTED FROM RENIFORM NEMATODE INFESTED FIELDS OF LOUISIANA

Reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis) is a significant cotton (Gossypium spp.) parasite in the southern United States, causing an estimated 4% yield loss. Variation in reproduction and pathogenicity across reniform nematode isolates collected from Louisiana on susceptible cotton has been reported. This greenhouse study was conducted to determine the response of five cotton genotypes that varied in resistance to the reniform nematode to five isolates of R. reniformis collected from Louisiana cotton fields. Across cotton genotypes, the Evan and Avoyelles reniform nematode isolates had higher reproduction (33,793 and 27,800 juveniles/250 g of soil, respectively) than the LA, Old Crop Rotation, and Oak Tree Cut isolates. Across reniform nematode isolates, the mean number of juveniles on G. arboreum (A2-190) and LONREN-2 (5,573 and 6,013 juveniles, respectively) was significantly lower than on Delta Pearl, TX-110, BARBREN-713 and LONREN-1 genotypes. There was a significant interaction between the cotton genotypes and reniform nematode isolates. However, all isolates exhibited the highest reproduction on the susceptible cultivar Delta Pearl, and less reproduction on all genotypes that had previously shown attributes of reniform nematode resistance. The LONREN-1, LONREN-2, and A2-190 genotypes displayed a hypersensitive reaction, characterized by reduced plant height, against the Evan and Avoyelles isolates that was greater than with the other isolates. This study demonstrates that there is variability in reproduction and pathogenicity among reniform nematode isolates in Louisiana. Based upon nematode reproduction, G. arboreum (A2-190) and LONREN-2 were the most resistant across all nematode isolates. With respect to pathogenicity, TX-110 and BARBREN-713 were the most tolerant to reniform nematodes and could be useful in developing cultivars that are both resistant and tolerant to the nematode.
In Situ Real-Time Radiographic Study of Thin Film Formation Inside Rotating Hollow Spheres.

Hollow spheres with uniform coatings on the inner surface have applications in optical devices, time- or site-controlled drug release, heat storage devices, and target fabrication for inertial confinement fusion experiments. The fabrication of uniform coatings, which is often critical for the application performance, requires precise understanding and control over the coating process and its parameters. Here, we report on in situ real-time radiography experiments that provide critical spatiotemporal information about the distribution of fluids inside hollow spheres during uniaxial rotation. Image analysis and computer fluid dynamics simulations were used to explore the effect of liquid viscosity and rotational velocity on the film uniformity. The data were then used to demonstrate the fabrication of uniform sol–gel chemistry derived porous polymer films inside 2 mm inner diameter diamond shells.
Differentially expressed genes between early and advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) as a potential tool for selecting liver transplant recipients.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer in the world. Liver transplantation (LT) represents a curative treatment for “small” HCC. Preoperative staging is critical in selecting optimal candidates for LT to optimize the use of this scarce resource. From December 1997 to February 2004, 148 patients diagnosed with cirrhosis and HCC were evaluated at our center. After staging, the patients were listed for LT according to United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) criteria. When pretransplant liver MRIs were compared with the findings of the explanted livers, 8 of 35 patients (22.8%) were understaged. Three of the 8 patients (37.5%) had recurrence post-LT. A retrospective gene expression profiling study was done using microarray technology for tumor samples in the pretransplant hepatitis C virus (HCV)-HCC understaged patients and in a contemporaneous group of HCV-HCC patients that were accurately staged. Two sample t tests comparing the early versus advanced HCV-HCCs with respect to gene expression showed an important set of genes differentially expressed among the samples. Hierarchical clustering analysis of the gene expression profiling classified 93.8% of the total tumor samples and 85.7% of the understaged samples in concordance with the explanted pathological staging. We found a distinctive pattern of gene expression between early and advanced HCV-HCCs. These results suggest that gene expression profiling could improve the pre-LT HCC staging to more closely mimic the explant pathology. Whether gene expression profiling of HCC will be refined to the point of predicting potential metastatic biologic behavior to predict post-LT recurrence will require longitudinal prospective study of this gene array technology.
On Conjugates in Division Rings

Let D be a non-commutative division ring with centre C, and let Δ be a proper division subring not contained in C. In (4) Cartan raised the question: is it ever possible for each inner automorphism of D to induce an automorphism of Δ? As is well-known, Cartan (4, Theoreme 4) with the aid of his Galois Theory answered this negatively in case D is a finite dimensional division algebra. Later Brauer (3), and Hua (8), using elegant, elementary methods, extended Cartan's theorem to arbitrary division rings.
A Galvanic Cell With a Low Emf-Temperature Coefficient.

This paper presents data on a modified cadmium sulfate saturated standard cell of the Vosburgh type in which a tertiary amalgam containing 11.2 percent bismuth and 8.4 percent cadmium is used as anode and the double salt, CdSO4 · Na2SO4 · 2H2O is added to the usual CdSO4 electrolyte in an amount more than sufficient to saturate the solution with the double salt. Crystals of CdSO4 · Na2SO4 · 2H2O are placed over the surface of both electrodes. The emf of the cell, as a function of temperature, is given by E ( in volts ) = 1.018243 + 3.0956 × 10 - 5 t - 8.559 × 10 - 7 t 2 + 1.3534 × 10 - 8 t 3 . At 25 °C the cell has an emf-temperature coefficient of + 13.5 μV/°C while the conventional saturated cadmium sulfate cell has a dE/dT of -49.4 μV/°C. Data on the emf-temperature hysteresis of the cell on cooling and on heating are also given in graphical form. Data on the changes in Gibbs energy, enthalpy, entropy, and heat capacity for the cell reaction are given for the temperature range of 5 to 40 °C.
Latent extinction as a function of partial reinforcement of the running response

Three groups of rats were trained in a straight alley under either 80 reinforced and no non-reinforced trials (Group 80/0), 40 reinforced and 40 non-reinforced trials (Group 40/40), or 80 reinforced and 80 non-reinforced trials (Group 80/80). The groups were then given nonrewarded placement into either the goal box or a neutral box. It was found that PRE holds for latent extinction as well as regular extinction.
92 FEWER SMOKERS, MORE EXERCISERS: MODEST IMPACT OF A WELLNESS INCENTIVE PROGRAM FOR FOUNDRY WORKERS.

Wellness programs (WPs) are common in American industry. Although some produce financial benefits to employers, the effects on health risks of workers are less frequently reported. We analyzed blood pressure (> 140/90 mm Hg, BP), total cholesterol (> 240 mg/dL, CHOL) and body mass index (> 30 kg/m2, HiBMI) measurements and self-reported smoking (SMOKE) and smokeless tobacco use (CHEW), excessive alcohol use (ETOH), and regular exercise (EX ≥ 3×/wk), from 11 twice-yearly health fairs during 2000 through 2006) in a pipe-manufacturing company with 1,240 workers. Annual turnover rate was 5 to 7%. Participation rates were 65 to 70%. Mean age of participants was 41.5 ± 11.1 (SD); 78% were male. A WP Incentive (WPI) was initiated in April 2004, which provided $500 cash for (1) being examined by a primary physician; (2) obtaining care for any (a) blood pressure, (b) dyslipidemia, or (c) diabetes thus identified; (3) attending a health fair and (4) if using tobacco, a cessation program. Our analysis compared 3 years pre- versus 2.5 years post-WPI, as follows: Conclusion The prevalent health risks in this stable workforce were generally unaffected by the WPI, except for a decrease in (self-reported) smoking and an increase in workers who exercise three times weekly. The borderline-significant rise in the proportion of workers with blood pressures over 140/90 mm Hg is both a challenge as to causation and an opportunity for more effective interventions.
Employee Health: Motivations and Constraints to Fitness Program Participation

Health research reports regular physical activity can substantially reduce the risk of heart disease, stroke, colon cancer, diabetes, and high blood pressure. It also aids weight control, contributes to muscular and skeletal health, reduces falls among older adults, helps relieve arthritic pain, lessens symptoms of anxiety and depression, lessens dependence on medication and leads to fewer medical visits. Despite these benefits many in the U.S. lead sedentary lifestyles and are not active enough to realize these advantages. Physical inactivity is a national issue, as 62% of children do not participate in any organized sport during their non-school hours and 23% do not engage in any free-time physical exercise (CDC, 2002). The problem plagues older age groups too, as 65% of adults and 16% of youth are overweight or obese (CDC, 2003).
Barrier island breach evolution: Alongshore transport and bay-ocean pressure gradient interactions

Physical processes controlling repeated openings and closures of a barrier island breach between a bay and the open ocean are studied using aerial photographs and atmospheric and hydrodynamic observations. The breach site is located on Pea Island along the Outer Banks, separating Pamlico Sound from the Atlantic Ocean. Wind direction was a major control on the pressure gradients between the bay and the ocean to drive flows that initiate or maintain the breach opening. Alongshore sediment flux was found to be a major contributor to breach closure. During the analysis period from 2011 to 2016, three hurricanes had major impacts on the breach. First, Hurricane Irene opened the breach with wind-driven flow from bay to ocean in August 2011. Hurricane Sandy in October 2012 quadrupled the channel width from pressure gradient flows due to water levels that were first higher on the ocean side and then higher on the bay side. The breach closed sometime in Spring 2013, most likely due to an event associated with strong alongshore sediment flux but minimal ocean-bay pressure gradients. Then, in July 2014, Hurricane Arthur briefly opened the breach again from the bay side, in a similar fashion to Irene. In summary, opening and closure of breaches are shown to follow a dynamic and episodic balance between along-channel pressure gradient driven flows and alongshore sediment fluxes.
Influences of the combination of high temperature and water deficit on the heritabilities and correlations of agronomic and fiber quality traits in upland cotton

With climate change manifested in cotton growing regions primarily as a combination of rising temperatures and prolonged periods of low rainfall, it has become critical to improve the resiliency of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) to concurrent heat and drought stress. However, few investigations have considered the effect of this combined stress exposure on the phenotypic and genotypic correlations between important cotton traits, or on their respective heritabilities. To that end, we evaluated two upland cotton recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations under managed well-watered (WW) and water-limited (WL) irrigation regimes in the presence of high temperature across multiple environments. In both RIL populations, the broad-sense heritability for lint yield was higher under WW relative to WL conditions. The highest broad-sense heritabilities in both irrigation regimes were observed for lint percentage and fiber quality (micronaire, length, strength, uniformity, and elongation) traits. The genotypic correlations between lint yield and percentage were among the strongest values estimated, followed by a range of non-significant to moderately strong genotypic correlations between lint percentage and the five fiber quality traits in the two RIL populations. Within a RIL population, the strength and direction of between-trait phenotypic and genotypic correlations were similar for WW relative to WL conditions, although there were notable differences for them between RIL populations. Taken together, these results have the potential to benefit climate-oriented breeding programs when developing selection and testing schemes for the genetic improvement of cotton traits with a variable range of environmental stability under heat and drought stress.
Uneven lithic landscapes: Raw material procurement and economic organization among the Late/Terminal Classic Maya in Western Belize

Abstract Examinations of landscape-level resources, particularly lithic raw material sources, are generally associated with hunter-gatherer and mobile societies; the distribution and source locations of such materials are used as proxies for mobility and territorial ranges. The variable locations of lithic raw material sources also affect sedentary societies, influencing the economic role of these materials and the administration of the raw material sources. This paper addresses the effect of uneven resource distributions across the landscape in sedentary societies, specifically the Late to Terminal Classic Maya (670–890 CE), through a case study of chert resources from the Mopan Valley, Belize. This paper discusses the role of the localness and commonality of lithic raw material sources in influencing individuals' access to source areas and involvement in lithic production, illustrating that not only the local or non-local nature of the source area, but also the frequency of source areas within a region, influence the economic organization of lithic resource extraction and production.
Persistence-sensitive simplification of functions on 2-manlfolds

We continue the study of topological persistence [5] by investigating the problem of simplifying a function f in a way that removes topological noise as determined by its persistence diagram [2]. To state our results, we call a function g an -simplification of another function f if ‖f − g‖∞ ≤ , and the persistence diagrams of g are the same as those of f except all points within L1-distance at most from the diagonal have been removed. We prove that for functions f on a 2-manifold such -simplification exists, and we give an algorithm to construct them in the piecewise linear case.
Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata: A Clocked Architecture for High-Speed, Energy-Efficient Molecular Computing

Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is a non-transistor-based, classical computing paradigm. QCA devices may be implemented using mixed-valence molecules, and logic circuits are formed by laying out ordered arrays of QCA molecules on a substrate. Molecules are locally coupled via the Coulomb field. The molecular circuits can be clocked using an applied perpendicular electric field. A fully-quantum model of field-driven electron transfer (ET) is used to determine the ET rate for specific QCA candidate molecules. The diferrocenyl acetylene (DFA) molecule is taken as an example QCA molecule, and this model indicates DFA may support classical computation at speeds well beyond the GHz range.
Classifying and characterizing the development of adaptive behavior in a naturalistic longitudinal study of young children with autism

Adaptive behavior, or the ability to function independently in ones’ environment, is a key phenotypic construct in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Few studies of the development of adaptive behavior during preschool to school-age are available, though existing data demonstrate that the degree of ability and impairment associated with ASD, and how it manifests over time, is heterogeneous. Growth mixture models are a statistical technique that can help parse this heterogeneity in trajectories. Data from an accelerated longitudinal natural history study (n = 105 children with ASD) were subjected to growth mixture model analysis. Children were assessed up to four times between the ages of 3 to 7.99 years. The best fitting model comprised two classes of trajectory on the Adaptive Behavior Composite score of the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale, Second Edition—a low and decreasing trajectory (73% of the sample) and a moderate and stable class (27%). These results partially replicate the classes observed in a previous study of a similarly characterized sample, suggesting that developmental trajectory may indeed serve as a phenotype. Further, the ability to predict which trajectory a child is likely to follow will be useful in planning for clinical trials.
Excited States of Methylene, Polyenes, and Ozone from Heat-Bath Configuration Interaction.

The electronically excited states of methylene (CH2), ethylene (C2H4), butadiene (C4H6), hexatriene (C6H8), and ozone (O3) have long proven challenging due to their complex mixtures of static and dynamic correlations. The semistochastic heat-bath configuration interaction (SHCI) algorithm, which efficiently and systematically approaches the full configuration interaction (FCI) limit, is used to provide close approximations to the FCI energies in these systems. This article presents the largest FCI-level calculation to date on hexatriene, using a polarized double-ζ basis (ANO-L-pVDZ), which gives rise to a Hilbert space containing more than 1038 determinants. These calculations give vertical excitation energies of 5.58 and 5.59 eV, respectively, for the 21Ag and 11Bu states, showing that they are nearly degenerate. The same excitation energies in butadiene/ANO-L-pVDZ were found to be 6.58 and 6.45 eV. In addition to these benchmarks, our calculations strongly support the presence of a previously hypothesiz...