cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cellulase production by Trichoderma reesei using sawdust hydrolysate

Sawdust hydrolysates were investigated for their ability to support cell growth and cellulase production, and for potential inhibition of Trichoderma reesei Rut C30. Simultaneous fermentations were conducted to compare the hydrolysate-based media with the controls having equivalent concentrations of glucose and Avicel cellulose. Six hydrolysates differing in the boiling durations in the hydrolysis procedure were evaluated. The hydrolysates were found to support cell growth and induce active cellulase synthesis. The maximum specific cellulase production rate was 0.046 filter paper units (FPU)/(g of cells · h) in the hydrolysate-based systems, much higher than that (0.017 FPU/[g of cells · h]) in the controls.
Lossy source coding with sparse graph codes: A variational formulation of soft decimation

Various authors have obtained state-of-the-art results in lossy source coding by applying algorithms based on a combination of message-passing and decimation to low-density generator matrix codes, but to date, theoretical understanding of these procedures has been limited. We show that certain forms of soft decimation can be understood as iterative procedures for attempting to maximize a cost function of the node biases. This variational characterization allows us to exhibit appropriate choices of stepsize that ensure convergence to a fixed point, and to provide guarantees on the distortion of the encoding obtained from the fixed point for the case of symmetric Bernoulli sources. Our analysis applies to both an oracle form of soft decimation, in which exact marginals can be computed, and a practical form based on the (reweighted) sum-product algorithm.
Comparing protein and energy status of winter-fed white-tailed deer

Although nutritional status in response to controlled feeding trials has been extensively studied in captive white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), there remains a considerable gap in understanding the influence of variable supplemental feeding protocols on free-ranging deer. Consequently, across the northern portion of the white-tailed deer range, numerous property managers are investing substantial resources into winter supplemental-feeding programs without adequate tools to assess the nutritional status of their populations. We studied the influence of a supplemental winter feeding gradient on the protein and energy status of free-ranging white-tailed deer in the Adirondack Mountains of New York. We collected blood and fecal samples from 31 captured fawns across 3 sites that varied considerably in the frequency, quantity, and method of supplemental feed distribution. To facilitate population-wide comparisons, we collected fresh fecal samples off the snow at each of the 3 sites with supplemental feeding and 1 reference site where no feeding occurred. Results indicated that the method of feed distribution, in addition to quantity and frequency, can affect the nutritional status of deer. The least intensively fed population showed considerable overlap in diet quality with the unfed population in a principal components ordination, despite the substantial time and financial resources invested in the feeding program. Data from fecal samples generally denoted a gradient in diet quality and digestibility that corresponded with the availability of supplements. Our results further demonstrated that fecal nitrogen and fecal fiber, indices of dietary protein and digestibility, can be estimated using regressions of fecal pellet mass, enabling a rapid qualitative assessment of diet quality.
Effects of surgical and pharmacological adrenalectomy on the initiation and maintenance of intravenous cocaine self-administration in rats

Previous research has suggested the potential involvement of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in psychostimulant reinforcement. In particular, we have found significant correlations between electric footshock-induced increases in plasma corticosterone and the acquisition, or lack thereof, of intravenous cocaine self-administration in rats. The experiments presented here were designed to further determine the role for corticosterone in cocaine reinforcement in rats by decreasing plasma levels of the hormone with surgical and pharmacological adrenalectomies. Bilateral adrenalectomy completely abolished the acquisition of intravenous cocaine self-administration over a wide range of doses (0.03125 to 1.0 mg/kg/infusion) without affecting food maintained responding. This suppression of self-administration was partially reversed by adding corticosterone (100 μg/ml) to the rats' drinking water. In another group of rats, pretreatment with metyrapone, which blocks the synthesis of corticosterone, resulted in dose-related decreases in ongoing cocaine self-administration. These data suggest that corticosterone is not only important, but may also be necessary for both the acquisition and maintenance of cocaine reinforcement in rats.
An Instability Theory of Ice-Air Interaction For the Migration of the Marginal Ice Zone

Summary. A guided discharge of ice into the belt of subpolar and midlatitude westerlies from the polar region is observed near the east side of both the Antarctic Peninsula and Greenland. Meteorological observations (Schwerdtfeger) show that moderate to strong southerly surface winds often develop along the marginal ice zone (MIZ) near the east side of the Antarctic Peninsula. Such strong winds are generated by surface temperature gradient over ice and water. These surface winds, acting through stress, in turn force the drift of the MIZ. This implies an ice-air feedback mechanism. A coupled air-ice model is established to discuss the instability properties of such a feedback mechanism. the model consists of two parts: thermally forced boundary layer air flow (Kuo) and mechanically forced MIZ drift. the two components are linked through surface temperature gradient and surface wind stress. the coupled ice-air model is solved for different values of the three parameters: (a) mean ice thickness Hi (0.5 m < Hi < 10.5 m), (b) mean surface temperature difference over ice and water DTo (1°C < DTo < 21°C), and (c) Brunt-Vaisala frequency (0.32 × 10−2 s−1 < N < 1.45 × 10−2 s−1). the model results show that the ice motion exhibits two bifurcations. First, it bifurcates into decaying or growing mode, which depends in most cases on the mean surface temperature difference DTo representing the strength of the forcing. When DTo is small, the decaying mode exists. However, when DTo exceeds a first critical value which depends on Hi and N (i.e. when N= 1.45 × 10−2 s−1 and Hi= 2.5 m, this critical value is 5°C), the growing mode appears. Second, the growing mode bifurcates into non-oscillatory and oscillatory states depending on DTo and the properties of ice. If DTo exceeds the first critical value but does not reach a second critical value which mostly depends on N (i.e. when N= 1.45 × 10−2 s−1, the second critical value is 14°C), and when ice is thin (generally during summer) the ice motion is non-oscillatory; however, when ice is thick (generally during winter) the ice motion is oscillatory. If DTo exceeds the second critical value, only the non-oscillatory growing mode appears. We also estimate the scale of the ice velocity and compute the growth rate and oscillatory period. These values
Broadband Circular Polarizer based on Cholesteric Liquid Crystal and Cholesteric Polymer Composite Films

In this paper, a cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) and cholesteric monomer mixture are used for broadband circular polarizer, instead of pure cholesteric polymer. In this case, the birefringence and, thus, the bandwidth of each film are both increased. More importantly, unlike the solid CLC polymeric films, diffusion process can be induced in this CLC and CLC polymer composite film so that broadband reflection is achieved as a result of pitch gradient.
Systemic and developmental toxicity of dermally applied distillate aromatic extract in rats

Distillate aromatic extract (DAE) was evaluated for subchronic and developmental toxicity. In the subchronic study, undiluted DAE was applied on the shaved backs of male and female rats at dose levels of 0, 30, 125, 500, and 1250 mg/kg for 13 weeks, 5 days per week. Exposure sites were not covered. In the developmental toxicity study, DAE was similarly applied, but to pregnant rats at dose levels of 0, 8, 30, and 125 mg/kg on Gestation Days 0-19, 500 mg/kg on Gestation Days 0-16, and 1000 mg/kg on Gestation Days 10-12. Evidence of toxicity observed in the subchronic study included death, decreased body weights, aberrant serum chemistry and hematology values, altered organ weights, and histopathologic changes in a variety of organs. Regardless of the length of the exposure period, DAE was toxic to the developing conceptus. Evidence of developmental toxicity observed included increased resorptions and reduced fetal body weights. Cleft palate and ossification delays were observed in fetuses exposed in utero to DAE on Gestation Days 10-12, but not when exposure spanned all (Gestation Days 0-19) or most (Gestation Days 0-16) of gestation.
Differential regulation of activator protein-1 and heat shock factor-1 in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury: role of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), a nuclear enzyme activated in response to DNA strand breaks, has been implicated in cell dysfunction in myocardial reperfusion injury. PARP-1 has also been s...
Supersymmetric contributions to the decay of an extra $Z$ boson

We analyze in detail the supersymmetric contributions to the decay of an extra $Z$ boson in effective rank 5 models, including the important effect of D terms on sfermion masses. The inclusion of supersymmetric decay channels will reduce the ${Z}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ branching ratio to standard model particles, resulting in lower ${Z}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ mass limits than those often quoted. In particular, the supersymmetric parameter space motivated by the recent Fermilab $\mathrm{ee}\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ event and other suggestive evidence results in a branching fraction ${B(Z}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}})\ensuremath{\simeq}2$--4 %. The expected cross sections and branching ratios could give a few events in the present data and we speculate on the connection to the three ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ events observed at Fermilab with large dielectron invariant mass.
Complex vesicle-based structures

Making nanotechnology practical is a challenge for modern research. Self-assembly is clearly going to be a necessary tool to realize practical and economic nanoscale structures. A biomimetic approach to the self-assembly of nanostructures will probably involve bilayer membrane vesicles as either the nanostructures themselves, or as templates or building blocks for more complex structures. Whether the vesicles are composed of surfactants, lipids or polymers, their stability in various environments must be optimized to suit the particular task at hand. Stabilizing the vesicles by polymerizing the surfactants themselves, or monomers templated within the vesicle or bilayer, has had a new surge of interest. Plating the vesicles, either by colloids or by polyelectrolytes, or templating the growth of various inorganic phases, has also shown promise, both in stabilizing the vesicle structure and in creating novel structures.
Estimation of aerobic fitness from 20-m multistage shuttle run test performance.

Background: Aerobic fitness (VO2max) is a key component of youth fitness testing. Criterion- referenced (CR) assessments are used in FITNESSGRAM ® to assess health risk. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop and cross-validate regression models to estimate VO2max from Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER) 20-m shuttle run performance in boys and girls aged 10 -16 years. Several previously published PACER models were also cross-validated. A secondary purpose was to examine the CR validity of the models. Methods: PACER performance and VO2max were assessed in a sample of 244 participants. The sample was randomly split into validation (n174) and cross-validation (n70) samples. The validation sample was used to develop the regression models to estimate VO2max from PACER, BMI, gender, and age. CR validity was evaluated by comparing classification of the prediction models with classification by the criterion of measured VO2max. Results: For the Quadratic Model, the multiple correlation between measured and estimated VO2max was 0.75, and the SE of estimate (SEE) was 6.17 mL/kg/min. Similar accuracy was found for Linear Model 2 (R0.74; SEE6.29 mL/kg/min). Accuracy of these models was confirmed on the cross-validation and total samples. Cross-validation demonstrated that the Quadratic Model and Linear Model 2 were slightly more accurate than previous PACER models. Evidence of CR validity for the newly developed models was of moderate levels. Conclusions: The Quadratic Model and Linear Model 2 provide valid estimates of VO2max and compare favorably to previous models. The CR validity evidence for the Quadratic Model and Linear Models developed in this study was slightly better than for the other models examined. (Am J Prev Med 2011;41(4S2):S117-S123) © 2011 American Journal of Preventive Medicine
Does constitutive phosphorylation protect against photoreceptor degeneration in Rpe65-/- mice?

Photoreceptor development and survival is dependent on, in part, normal function of the light-induced signal transduction cascade. Over-or underproduction as well as mutations of components of the rod signaling transduction cascade have been reported to result in photoreceptor degeneration (e.g., Tan et al., (2001); Lem et al., (1999); Calvert et al., (2000); Redmond et al., (1998); Farber et al., (1988); Li et al., (1995)). One hypothesis that has been proposed by Fain and Lisman (1993) is that if these changes lead to continuous photoreceptor activation this pathogenic overstimulation of photoreceptors could cause photoreceptor degeneration. Free opsin (bleached opsin) is known to activate the photoreceptor signal transduction cascade at some small fraction of the activity of normal activated rhodopsin (Rh*) (~lxl0-6), and it has therefore been suggested that this activity might lead to photoreceptor degeneration.
Experimental and Numerical Modeling of Shrub Crown Fire Initiation

The transition of fire from dry surface fuels to wet shrub crown fuels was studied using laboratory experiments and a simple physical model to gain a better understanding of the transition process. In the experiments, we investigated the effects of varying vertical distances between surface and crown fuels (crown base height), and of the wind speed on crown fire initiation. The experimental setup was designed to model an isolated clump of crown fuel such as a single tree or group of shrubs. Three wind velocities (0, 1.5, and 1.8 m · s−1) and three crown base heights (0.20, 0.30, and 0.40 m) were used. Crown fuel (solid) and the air temperature within the elevated fuel bed were measured. Crown bulk density and fuel moisture content were held constant in all the experiments. As crown base height increased, crown fire initiation success decreased. Non-zero wind speeds reduced crown fire initiation success because of reduced heating. A simple physical model based on convective and radiative heat exchanges was...
Optimization of equilibrium geometries and transition structures

A modified conjugate gradient algorithm for geometry optimization is outlined for use with ab initioMO methods. Since the computation time for analytical energy gradients is approximately the same as for the energy, the optimization algorithm evaluates and utilizes the gradients each time the energy is computed. The second derivative matrix, rather than its inverse, is updated employing the gradients. At each step, a one-dimensional minimization using a quartic polynomial is carried out, followed by an n-dimensional search using the second derivative matrix. By suitably controlling the number of negative eigenvalues of the second derivative matrix, the algorithm can also be used to locate transition structures. Representative timing data for optimizations of equilibrium geometries and transition structures are reported for ab initioSCF–MO calculations.
Acute Invasive Sinusitis Due to Trichoderma longibrachiatum in a Liver and Small Bowel Transplant Recipient

We describe a case of acute invasive sinusitis due to an unusual moniliaceous fungus, Trichoderma longibrachiatum Rifai 1969 (a member of the class Hyphomycetes), in a small bowel and liver transplant recipient treated with tacrolimus (FK-506) and prednisone. The patient was successfully treated with surgical debridements and amphotericin B followed by oral itraconazole.
Implications and Mitigation of Radio Frequency Blackout during Reentry of Reusable Launch Vehicles

Reentering hypersonic vehicles become surrounded by a layer of dissociated plasma, consisting of ions and free electrons, during high-velocity passage through the upper atmosphere. The ionized layer or sheath can reflect and attenuate propagating electromagnetic waves severely, causing radio communications to be degraded or temporarily disrupted. This interruption in signal transmission and reception, or radio frequency (RF) blackout, is of concern for determination of vehicle position and vehicle control, key issues affecting public safety, especially for future manned flights where continuous contact with ground control will be crucial. Causes of RF blackout from plasma generation around vehicles during hypersonic reentry were reviewed. Methodologies for mitigating communications blackouts, applicable to reusable launch vehicles (RLVs) for commercial space, were surveyed. Interactions of RF signals with a known ionized layer, including reflection, attenuation, refraction, high-power breakdown limits, and effects of the plasma on antenna characteristics, were explored. RF blackout mitigation strategies fall into two general classes: passive and active. Passive approaches necessitate design of vehicle configurations to minimize plasma effects on communications signals. Active approaches entail manipulation of the plasma conditions and electron density in localized regions surrounding communication antennas to facilitate RF transmission. Examples of passive approaches include: using vehicles with leading edges aerodynamically shaped to minimize plasma generation, designing for communication at higher frequencies, and designing for radiating higher power from the vehicle. Examples of active approaches include: injection of electrophilic quenchants or droplets that evaporatively cool the plasma and application of magnetic fields. The most promising approaches for mitigating the interruption of communications due to interactions of plasma electrons with RF signals are aerodynamic shaping, injection of electrophilic quenchants, use of magnetic windows, and use of high frequencies within the limits imposed by atmospheric attenuation.
Cross polarization characteristics of rectangular patch antennas

The authors present detailed results showing the variation of a quantity characterizing the crosspolarization for different feed positions, substrate thickness, and relative permittivity. The results are given both when the excitation is at the resonant frequency of the TM/sub 01/ mode and when the excitation is at the resonant frequency of the TM/sub 10/ mode. >
Engineering the heart piece by piece: state of the art in cardiac tissue engineering.

According to the National Transplant Society, more than 7000 Americans in need of organs die every year owing to a lack of lifesaving organs. Bioengineering 3D organs in vitro for subsequent implantation may provide a solution to this problem. The field of tissue engineering in its most rudimentary form is focused on the developed of transplantable organ substitutes in the laboratory. The objective of this article is to introduce important technological hurdles in the field of cardiac tissue engineering. This review starts with an overview of tissue engineering, followed by an introduction to the field of cardiovascular tissue engineering and finally summarizes some of the key advances in cardiac tissue engineering; specific topics discussed in this article include cell sourcing and biomaterials, in vitro models of cardiac muscle and bioreactors. The article concludes with thoughts on the utility of tissue-engineering models in basic research as well as critical technological hurdles that need to be addre...
Fault location estimation based on matching the simulated and recorded waveforms using genetic algorithms

Prompt and accurate location of the faults in a large-scale transmission system is critical when system reliability is considered and usually is the first step in the system restoration. The accuracy of fault location estimation essentially depends on the information available. In this paper, the fault location estimation is mathematically formulated as an optimization problem of which the fault location and fault resistances are unknown variables. An efficient genetic algorithm-based searching scheme is developed for obtaining a solution that is globally optimal.
A Physical Model for Fringe Capacitance in Double-Gate MOSFETs With Non-Abrupt Source/Drain Junctions and Gate Underlap

For the first time, the inner and outer components of the parasitic gate-source/drain (G-S/D) fringe capacitance in nanoscale double-gate (DG) metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors, with nonabrupt S/D-body junctions that define effective G-S/D underlap, are physically modeled in terms of the device structure. The model relates the fringe capacitance to the device short-channel effects as governed by the underlap and, hence, gives insights on the effective channel length. The model is verified by numerical simulations of DG devices with varying device parameters, including the dielectric constant of the G-S/D spacer.
Targeting the EGFR, VEGFR, and PDGFR on colon cancer cells and stromal cells is required for therapy

Immunohistochemical analysis of human colon cancers growing in the cecal walls of nude mice revealed that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) were expressed by different tumor cells and tumor-associated endothelial cells, whereas platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)beta was expressed by tumor-associated endothelial cells and pericytes. We hypothesized that treatment of nude mice with AEE788 (an inhibitor of EGFR and VEGFR phosphorylation) and STI571 (an inhibitor of PDGFRbeta phosphorylation) combined with irinotecan would overcome the intratumoral heterogeneity of these growth factors and efficiently inhibit colon cancer growth and metastasis. We implanted HT29 and KM12SM cells into the cecal walls of nude mice. Two weeks later, the mice were treated with oral vehicle solution; oral AEE788, oral STI571, or intraperitoneal injection of irinotecan as single agents; or the various combinations of these agents. We then assessed the mice for tumor growth and metastasis. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that oral AEE788 suppressed proliferation and increased apoptosis of tumor cells and tumor-associated endothelial cells. Oral STI571 increased apoptosis of tumor-associated endothelial cells and pericytes. The combination of AEE788, STI571, and irinotecan produced the greatest inhibition of primary tumor growth and metastasis. Collectively, these data demonstrate that only targeting multiple tyrosine kinase receptors on colon cancer cells and tumor-associated stromal cells can overcome the effects of biologic heterogeneity for resistance to treatment and has the potential to improve therapeutic outcome for patients with this disease.
A new caryosporan and eimerian (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from green anoles, Anolis carolinensis (Sauria: Dactyloidae), from Arkansas and Louisiana, with a summary of the coccidia of Dactyloidae.

Abstract: Between April 2012 and September 2013, feces from 18 green anoles, Anolis carolinensis from Arkansas (n = 14), Louisiana (n = 1), and Oklahoma (n = 3) were examined for coccidia. Two species of coccidians were found, including a new caryosporan and a new eimerian. Oocysts of Caryospora natchitochesensis n. sp. from a single A. carolinensis from Louisiana were subspheroidal to ovoidal with a smooth, yellow-to-brown–pigmented, bilayered wall of equal thickness (∼0.3–0.7) and measured (L × W) 13.1 × 12.3 μm, with a length/width (L/W) ratio of 1.1. A micropyle and oocyst residuum were absent, but a polar granule was present. Sporocysts were ovoidal and measured 10.1 × 7.4 μm, L/W was 1.4. A Stieda body (∼1.0 μm) was present, but substieda and parastieda bodies were absent. The sporocyst residuum was composed of dispersed granules or globules among sporozoites. Oocysts of Eimeria robisoni n. sp. from 1 of 12 (8%) green anoles from Arkansas were ellipsoidal with a smooth, unilayered wall (∼0.4–0.5) an...
Taming liquids for rapidly changing targets

Following rapidly changing target objects is a challenging problem in fluid control, especially when the natural fluid motion should be preserved. The fluid should be responsive to the changing configuration of the target and, at the same time, its motion should not be overconstrained. In this paper, we introduce an efficient and effective solution by applying two different external force fields. The first one is a feedback force field which compensates for discrepancies in both shape and velocity. Its shape component is designed to be divergence free so that it can survive the velocity projection step. The second one is the gradient field of a potential function defined by the shape and skeletion of the target object. Our experiments indicate a mixture of these two force fields can achieve desirable and pleasing effects.
Oral immunization of interleukin-4 (IL-4) knockout mice with a recombinant Salmonella strain or cholera toxin reveals that CD4+ Th2 cells producing IL-6 and IL-10 are associated with mucosal immunoglobulin A responses.

Mucosal immunoglobulin A (IgA) responses are often associated with Th2-type cells and derived cytokines, and interleukin-4 (IL-4) knockout (IL-4-/-) mice with impaired Th2 cells respond poorly to oral antigens. However, we have noted that IL-4-/- mice have normal mucosal IgA levels, which led us to query whether different oral delivery systems could elicit mucosal immunity. Two oral regimens were used: (i) a live recombinant Salmonella strain which expresses fragment C (ToxC) of tetanus toxin, and (ii) soluble tetanus toxoid (TT) with cholera toxin (CT) as an adjuvant. Oral immunization of IL-4-/- mice with recombinant Salmonella vaccine expressing ToxC induced brisk mucosal IgA and serum IgG (mainly IgG2a) anti-TT antibody responses. TT-specific CD4+ T cells from spleen or Peyer's patches produced gamma interferon, indicative of Th1 responses; however, IL-6 and IL-10 were also seen. Oral immunization of IL-4-/- mice with TT and CT induced weak mucosal IgA to TT; however, brisk IgA anti-CT-B responses and CT-B-specific CD4+ T cells producing IL-6 and IL-10 were also noted. These results show that although IL-4-dependent antibody responses are impaired, mucosal IgA responses are induced in IL-4-/- mice. These result suggest that certain cytokines, i.e., IL-6 and IL-10 from Th2-type cells, play an important compensatory role in the induction and regulation of mucosal IgA responses.
Methamphetamine-, d-Amphetamine-, and p-Chloroamphetamine-Induced Neurotoxicity Differentially Effect Impulsive Responding on the Stop-Signal Task in Rats

Abused amphetamines, such as d-amphetamine (AMPH) and methamphetamine (METH), are highly addictive and destructive to health and productive lifestyles. The abuse of these drugs is associated with impulsive behavior, which is likely to contribute to addiction. The amphetamines also differentially damage dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) systems, which regulate impulsive behavior; therefore, exposure to these drugs may differentially alter impulsive behavior to effect the progression of addiction. We examined the impact of neurotoxicity induced by three amphetamines on impulsive action using a stop-signal task in rats. Animals were rewarded with a food pellet after lever pressing (i.e., a go trial), unless an auditory cue was presented and withholding lever press gained reward (i.e., a stop trial). Animals were trained on the task and then exposed to a neurotoxic regimen of either AMPH, p-chloroamphetamine (PCA), or METH. These regimens preferentially reduced DA transporter levels in striatum, 5-HT transporter levels in prefrontal cortex, or both, respectively. Assessment of performance on the stop-signal task beginning 1 week after the treatment revealed that AMPH produced a deficit in go-trial performance, whereas PCA did not alter performance on either trial type. In contrast, METH produced a deficit in stop-trial performance (i.e., impulsive action) but not go-trial performance. These findings suggest that the different neurotoxic consequences of substituted amphetamines are associated with different effects on inhibitory control over behavior. Thus, the course of addiction and maladaptive behavior resulting from exposure to these substances is likely to differ.
Propagation of Bunyamwera. West Nile, Ilheus, and Br I viruses in human cells in tissue culture.

Summary1. Bunyamwera virus was grown in roller-slide tissue cultures of human lymph nodes (fibroblastic type cells). Propagation of virus was demonstrated by increases in virus titers in short-term virus growth studies, by long persistence of virus in tissue cultures as contrasted with rapid disappearance in cell-free preparations, and by persistence of virus after serial passages had diluted the original virus inoculum far beyond its minimal infective dilution. 2. Similar but less extensive studies demonstrated the propagation in human fibroblast tissue cultures of West Nile, Egypt 101, Ilheus, and Br I viruses. 3. Bunyamwera virus showed changes interpreted as an adaptation phenomenon during serial passages in tissue cultures. These changes were reversed by serial intracerebral passage in mice. 4. None of these viruses caused appreciable cytopathol-ogy under these experimental conditions, even after prolonged growth in tissue culture. 5. Bunyamwera, Egypt 101, and Ilheus viruses were also grown in tissu...
Tuberculosis as a Persistent Malady

For the past 15 years, our laboratory has been actively engaged in delineating the mechanisms of the mycobacterial glycolipid trehalose 6, 6’-dimycolate (TDM) that initiate development of immunopathology during infection. On occasions that seem all too rare, we take the opportunity to delve into historical perspectives of disease to understand previous views of pathology which form the basis for molecular mechanisms that drive disease development and host responses. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacteria responsible for causing tuberculosis (TB), has been a societal scourge for much of recorded human history. Throughout recorded history, consumption has no bias to favor men of historical importance, although certainly men of power were not spared. English Kings (Henry VII, died 1509), French monarchs (Charles IX, 1574; Louis XIII, 1643; Louis XVII, 1795); and American Presidents (James Monroe, 1831; Andrew Jackson, 1845) were afflicted. Similarly, a life of creativity was no shelter from disease. Roman poets (Catullus; 54 BC), romantic composers (Frederic Chopin, 1949), and troubled painters (Edvard Munch, 1944) were just a few among the many creative individuals susceptible to disease. Philosophers (Immanuel Kant, 1804), mathematicians (Niels Abel, 1829), and authors (Henry David Thoreau, 1862; George Orwell, 1950) all succumbed to the acid fast pathogen. Even a life of stardom cannot shield the destructive actions of tuberculosis; Ringo Starr of Beatles fame needed a little help from his physician friends to overcome childhood TB.
Modifying an Infrared Microscope To Characterize Propagating Surface Plasmon Polariton-Mediated Resonances

Metal films with periodic arrays of subwavelength holes (meshes) show extraordinary transmission resonances using ordinary, benchtop Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. However, the infrared study of single, wavelength-scale particles with an FTIR microscope typically involves an instru- ment with a large range of angles that will disperse surface plasmon polariton (SPP) resonances. This work shows how to add an aperture and mesh to a commercial FTIR microscope system to obtain well-defined and identifiable SPP transmission- mediated resonances using a dispersion geometry that is convenient to a micro- scope, that is, rotation of the mesh in the focal plane of the microscope about the microscope's optical axis. Momentum matching equations are derived that identify the resonances and model the measured dispersion of each resonance. These equations effectively model the data and cover the parts of momentum space that fall between better-known, highsymmetrygeometric arrangements, which are often called ΓX and ΓM inthe reciprocal space of asquare lattice. Both a region of extensive overlapping of many resonances and a very narrow and isolated resonance were discovered that may be particularly useful for SPP studies.
Living for the Revolution: Black Feminist Organizations 1968–1980 by Kimberly Springer

Despite recent efforts to situate Black Power's dashiki-sporting, M-1-flaunting aesthetic in greater historical context, movement participants emphasizing intersections of race, gender, class, and ...
Intergroup Comparisons and Theory

This chapter provides hallmark examples of a comparative intergroup approach to evolutionary genetic analyses, both in data and theory. The comparisons may involve genetic phenomena in creatures as different as peromyscine rodents versus parulid birds, male pregnant versus female pregnant animals, internal brooders versus external brooders, pregnant fishes versus pregnant mammals, viviparous vertebrates versus invertebrate brooders, and gene trees versus species trees in evolutionary phylads.
BIIB022, a fully human nonglycosylated γ4P antibody targeting IGF-1R for cancer therapy

B210 Antibodies targeting human type I insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) as inhibitors of tumor survival pathway have shown evidence of objective responses in early clinical trials. BIIB022 is a fully human antibody specific to human IGF-1R being developed for the treatment of patients with solid tumors. The Fab of BIIB022 identified from a human antibody phage display library has a binding affinity of 1.3 nM to human IGF-1R and does not bind to the closely related insulin receptor. BIIB022 was constructed as a nonglycosylated version of IgG4.P antibody both devoid of Fc-effector function to eliminate potential Fc mediated toxicity to the normal vital organs that express IGF-1R and with a gamma 1 like hinge region. BIIB022 binds to the N-terminal region of the fibronectin domain (FnIII-1) of IGF-1R and allosterically inhibits IGF-1R interaction with its physiological ligands, IGF-1 and IGF-2. In functional assays, BIIB022 efficiently inhibited both IGF-1 and IGF-2 ligand-mediated signaling through IGF-1R in tumor cells, resulting in inhibition of phosphorylation of IGF-1R, AKT and ERK at nanomolar concentrations. The ability of BIIB022 to inhibit AKT survival pathway was further confirmed in a panel of cell lines of different tumor origins where inhibition was observed in greater than 60% of the cell lines. In a subset of cell lines, BIIB022 also inhibited in vitro tumor cell growth in the presence of serum where the growth sensitivity to BIIB022 correlated with it’s ability to disrupt the interaction of insulin receptor substrate (IRS-1) with p85 regulatory subunit of phosphoinoside 3-kinase. In addition, BIIB022 efficiently down-regulated IGF-1R expression in tumor cells. BIIB022 demonstrated single-agent anti-tumor activity in human pancreatic, lung and breast tumor xenograft models at doses ranging from 3.75 to 60 mg/kg on a once weekly schedule. In a pre-clinical 4-week toxicology study, BIIB022 was well tolerated in cynomolgus macaque at doses up to 50 mg/kg on a weekly schedule. No treatment related microscopic findings or effects on serum glucose levels were observed. The half-life of BIIB022 in cynomolgus macaque was estimated to be 7-10 days, therefore potentially allowing for once every 2 to 3 weeks dosing in human. Overall, BIIB022 exhibits favorable physical and functional properties, demonstrates anti-tumor activity in pre-clinical tumor models and thus warrants evaluation in IGF-1R pathway sensitive tumors in the clinic.
An Applied Method for General Regional Seismic Loss Assessment—With A Case Study in Los Angeles County

We describe the formulation and application of an integrated general regional seismic loss assessment (RSLA) method for buildings in seismic regions. An efficient method for RSLA is valuable for engineers involved in city planning, risk management, and insurance dealings. In contrast to previously reported methods, the framework presented herein is hazard-based and utilizes a regional rapid seismic hazard deaggregation tool that allows regional assessment to be conducted more efficiently. The proposed technique is implemented as an example to assess general regional seismic loss in Los Angeles County for a ground motion hazard with 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years.
Feasibility and reliability of a mobile tool to evaluate exposure to tobacco product marketing and messages using ecological momentary assessment.

Introduction Existing measures of tobacco marketing and messaging exposure are limited, relying on recall, recognition, or proxy measures. This study aimed to determine the feasibility and reliability of a mobile application for the measurement of tobacco and e-cigarette marketing and message exposure using ecological momentary assessment (EMA).
Early Childhood Teachers’ Socialization of Emotion: Contextual and Individual Contributors

Preschoolers’ emotional competence is of prime importance in their concurrent and later social and academic success. Parents are primary socializers of these abilities, but more and more early childhood educators are also important in their development. However, their means of socializing emotional competence are understudied, and could be influenced by aspects of their professional and personal lives. The current study illustrates how components of job stress and intrapersonal attributes of ethnicity and education/experience can contribute to early childhood teachers’ reports of their socialization of children’s emotion. Teachers completed self-reports on demographics, stress, and endorsement of socialization of emotion techniques. Greater feelings of job resources and job control significantly related to positive emotional expressiveness, contingent reactions, and attitudes toward teaching children about emotions, as endorsed by teachers in early childhood settings; in contrast, greater feelings of job demands significantly related to teachers’ negative emotional expressiveness. Subsequent to these zero-order correlations, a well-fitting full model of these relations was found, in which teachers’ endorsements of specific emotion socialization behaviors were captured by positive and negative latent variables that are parallel to parental socialization of emotion. These coherent latent variables for positive and negative socialization of emotion were predicted by teachers’ feelings of job resources, African American ethnicity, and education/experience (via the proxy variable program type). Discussion centers on importance of supporting teachers’ well-being, because teachers who enjoy working in early childhood education will have a positive impact of young children’s emotional development.
Manufacture of ‘Green Mango Sauce’: A Research Note*

The manufacture of an applesauce-like product from green mangoes is described and its economic potential discussed.
Methods: A Microhematocrit Method and Its Use with Citrated Blood

1. A method is described whereby accurate hematocrit values can be made from 0.1 ml. blood using equipment which can be made easily and cheaply. 2. Under controlled conditions, a correction factor can be used to convert hematocrit determinations on citrated blood to standard Wintrobe values. Under our experimental conditions the factor is 1.10.
Correlated spin-flip tunneling in a Fermi lattice gas

We report the realization of correlated, density-dependent tunneling for fermionic 40K atoms trapped in an optical lattice. By appropriately tuning the frequency difference between a pair of Raman beams applied to a spin-polarized gas, simultaneous spin transitions and tunneling events are induced that depend on the relative occupations of neighboring lattice sites. Correlated spin-flip tunneling is spectroscopically resolved using gases prepared in opposite spin states, and the inferred Hubbard interaction energy is compared with a tight-binding prediction. We show that the laser-induced correlated tunneling process generates doublons via loss induced by light-assisted collisions. Furthermore, by controllably introducing vacancies to a spin-polarized gas, we demonstrate that correlated tunneling is suppressed when neighboring lattice sites are unoccupied.
Strategy and Ethics

The chapter provides an overview of rational-choice models in political science, which affirm that political actors, for plausible assumptions about their goals, act rationally. They choose better over worse alternatives in light of their preferences and the preferences of other actors, or players, in games. An outcome that hurts all players is not unequivocal evidence that the players are irrational, particularly if this outcome is the product of rational strategy choices, as in prisoner's dilemma. Ethic is best viewed in light of the situation in which choices are enmeshed. If, as an ethical tenet, compromise outcomes in difficult games like prisoner's dilemma and chicken deserve moral approval, the rules of games, insofar as possible, should be altered to make the rational choice of such outcomes strategically more defensible. Strategic considerations can illuminate moral issues such as whether there is an inherent tightness that can be attached to social choices. Similarly, ethics can augment strategic issues by helping one better understand, foresee, and, thus, avoid moral dilemmas such as those implicit in several of the games studied.
The Paris System for urine cytology in upper tract urothelial specimens: A comparative analysis with biopsy and surgical resection.

INTRODUCTION The Paris System (TPS) has recently been used in classification of urinary tract cytological specimens. Upper urinary tract (UUT) specimens are cytologically challenging. The utility of TPS was investigated in evaluating UUT specimens and its correlation with subsequent histological follow-up. METHOD From 2014 to 2017, 324 cytology cases of UUT from 179 patients were retrieved. Concurrent or subsequent biopsy or resection within a 2-month period was available in 125 cases from 74 patients. RESULT None of the cases with a cytology of low-grade urothelial neoplasm was found to have a high-grade urothelial carcinoma (HGUC) on biopsy. Among the 19 atypical urothelial cells (AUC) cytology cases, the histology is heterogeneous (seven benign, one atypia, five low-grade lesion, and six HGUC). The risk of HGUC for each cytological diagnostic category are 0% for non-diagnostic/unsatisfactory, 6% for negative for HGUC, 27.3% for AUC, 0% for low-grade urothelial neoplasm, 48% for suspicious for HGUC and 95% for positive HGUC. When we considered cytology cases with suspicious or positive for HGUC interpretations as positive, the performance of TPS in predicting high grade urothelial carcinoma on histology had values of: 78.6% sensitivity, 86% specificity, 80.5% positive predictive value and 84.5% negative predictive value. CONCLUSION More than one-third of the UUT cytological cases were classified as AUC and approximately 1/15 as suspicious or positive for HGUC. Based on UUT cytology specimens, the risk of malignancy of each cytological diagnostic category of TPS was comparable to those reported in the literature. The use of TPS in evaluating UUT cytology specimens was specific and sensitive in identifying patients with HGUC by histology.
The effect of fasting status on lipids, lipoproteins, and inflammatory biomarkers assessed after hospitalization for an acute coronary syndrome: Insights from PROVE IT–TIMI 22

Background For decades, fasting for 8 to 12 hours has been recommended for measurement of lipid profiles. The effect of fasting on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglycerides (TG) has been described in healthy cohorts and those with stable disease states. Recently, guidelines suggested that fasting may not be necessary due to its small effect on lipid measures. Little is known, however, regarding whether the impact of fasting is altered in the setting of an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Hypothesis We hypothesized that the post-ACS period would minimally effect the impact of fasting status on lipid measurements. Methods We evaluated the association of fasting on lipid and other biomarkers at the randomization visit, which occurred at a median of 7 days after the onset of an ACS, as well as during follow-up, in a cohort of 4177 subjects from the Pravastatin or Atorvastatin Evaluation and Infection Therapy-Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction 22 (PROVE IT-TIMI 22) trial. Results Fasting samples were independently associated with a higher LDL-C of 4.1 mg/dL and apolipoprotein-B 100 of 2.6 mg/dL as well as a lower TG of 21.0 mg/dL and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein of 0.48 mg/dL. The relative difference was 3.8% for LDL-C and -11.3% for TG. Fasting did not change total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein A-I, lipoprotein(a), or apolipoprotein C-III. Conclusions Although fasting does impact lipid measurements, the effect on LDL-C is small (about 4 mg/dL), both early after ACS and during follow-up. These data provide support for recent guidelines that no longer advocate for fasting lipid samples, including in the setting of ACS.
MODEL-THEORETIC INVARIANTS: APPLICATIONS TO RECURSIVE AND HYPERARITHMETIC OPERATIONS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses model-theoretic invariants and applications to Recursive and hyper-arithmetic operations. Both in informal mathematical reasoning and in foundations one sometimes identifies objects a and a' in two structures of the same similarity type whatever the ‘nature’ of the a , a' themselves may be. Thus, a mathematician does not distinguish between the rationale in one commutative field of characteristic 0 and any other. The principal general result establishes (for the case of general models) sharp explicit definability for each element of the common part. The most interesting applications come about through the following link with recursion theory. The class of recursive sets of natural numbers made its first appearance in the literature in Godel, not in connection with Church's problematic thesis, but under the name of ‘entscheidungs-definite Eigenschaften’. The principle involved in the applications is simply that familiar from ordinary mathematical analyses of concrete situations in abstract terms.
Do Members Want the Bells and Whistles? Understanding the Effect of Direct and Partner Benefits in Hotel Loyalty Programs

ABSTRACTAs a way of increasing the perceived value of hotel loyalty programs, hoteliers are partnering with non-hotel brands to differentiate and drive member engagement. We examine the effect of such strategic alliances on the loyalty to a member program and further test a structural equation model with n = 469 active loyalty members. Our model investigates whether tier status and satisfaction function as mediators of the effects of a strategic alliance on brand loyalty. Our findings indicate that the benefits that loyalty programs and partnerships with non-hotel brands offer can positively influence brand loyalty when the member’s tier status and satisfaction mediates.