cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface organic geochemical prospecting for hydrocarbons: multivariate analysis

Abstract A database of analyses of C 1 and C 7 hydrocarbons from an oil and gas producing region in Mexico has been assembled from gas samples collected at depths of 3, 15 and 30 meters from surficial holes drilled in traverses over producing and barren structures. The surface consisted of subtropical swamps; depth to structure was 3500 to 5800 meters. Hydrocarbon analysis from six structures (three producing and three barren) selected from the database were subjected to multiple discriminant function analysis to produce a retrospective statistical test of the ability of geochemical prospecting to distinguish producing from non-producing structures. The hydrocarbon spectra from 3 meters depth yielded ambiguous results; those from 30 meters produced clear distinction between barren and producing structures. Further, the discriminant functions established a base of geochemical characteristics, founded on known areas (retrospective), to which additional unknown areas (prospective) may be compared for classification. This suggests a bootstrapping approach to exploration in which an increasing number of “known” results can be used to continually update and refine the predictive power of the discriminant function. This indicates the practical ability of a combined geochemical-multivariate statistical prospecting approach as an exploration tool, particularly within a single geochemical/geological province. Geochemical prospecting, perhaps with relatively deep (30 m) penetration, combined with multivariate data analysis is a rapid, potent and relatively inexpensive additional tool for petroleum exploration.
Trapping the western pine beetle at and near a source of synthetic attractive pheromone: Effects of trap size and position.

Western pine beetles were caught on unbaited sticky traps placed near a source ofexo-brevicomin, frontalin, and myrcene. Size of trap, distance and direction from the source of attractant, and height from the ground were varied. Significant differences in trap catch were observed in relation to each of the variables. Traps close to the source of attractant caught more beetles than traps farther from the source. Traps downwind of the source of attractant caught more beetles than did upwind traps. More males than females were trapped close to the source of attractant.
ALTERATION OF BLEOMYCIN CYTOTOXICITY BY GLUTATHIONE DEPLETION OR ELEVATION

In part, some of the cytotoxicity of bleomycin may be lessened or enhanced by modulation of glutathione (GSH) concentrations. Enhancement of bleomycin cytotoxicity was observed when GSH levels were low and protection was observed when GSH levels were elevated. Since H2O2 is one of the reactive species produced by bleomycin catalyzed oxygen activation, we studied the effects of H2O2 exposure after GSH depletion. H2O2, like bleomycin, shows enhanced cytotoxicity in GSH depleted cells. It has been proposed that bleomycin cytotoxicity requires reducing equivalents from non-protein bound thiols (such as GSH) to activate the bleomycin-metal complex, which in turn reacts with oxygen to generate free radicals and peroxides. Our data suggest that either GSH is not required to cycle reducing equivalents to the oxidized bleomycin-metal complex, or the low levels of depleted GSH attained (less than 5% of control) were still sufficient to effect reduction. Further, our data shows that GSH in fact provides a means of protection and detoxification from the cytotoxic effects of bleomycin. Our data suggest that caution should be exercised clinically when one uses drugs that modulate GSH because there may be either enhancement of normal tissue toxicity or decreases in tumor targeted cytotoxicity resulting from bleomycin treatment.
Mono- and bicyclic analogs of parathyroid hormone-related protein. 1. Synthesis and biological studies

The bioactive conformation of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), a single-chain linear peptide structurally similar to parathyroid hormone (PTH), is of considerable interest because PTH and PTHrP both recognize and bind to a shared G-protein-coupled receptor. Both hormones are thought to present a bioactive conformation to the receptor which is substantially alpha-helical in nature. To better characterize this putative biologically relevant conformation, we prepared a series of conformationally constrained analogs of PTHrP with enhanced alpha-helical stability. A combination of structural constraint and helix stabilization was achieved through side chain-to-side chain lactam ring formation between Lys(i) and Asp(i+4) residues (13-to-17 and 26-to-30) along the PTHrP sequence. Mono- and bicyclic analogs derived from the agonist PTHrP-(1-34)NH2 and the antagonist PTHrP-(7-34)NH2 were prepared and characterized in terms of receptor binding and stimulation (or antagonism) of PTH-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity in osteoblast-like cells. The binding affinity of monocyclic [Lys13,Asp17]-(I) and bicyclic [Lys13,Asp17,Lys26,Asp30]PTHrP-(1-34)NH2 (III) agonists was in the low nanomolar range and similar to that of the parent linear peptide. Furthermore, their efficacy was in the sub-nanomolar range and about 10-fold higher than that of the corresponding linear parent peptide. Analogs I and III are the first cyclic PTH/PTHrP receptor agonists and amongst the most potent PTHrP analogs yet designed. The rank-order of potency in the cyclic antagonist series does not correlate with the binding affinities. In light of the positional dependence and the differential effects of lactam bridge formation on the biological activities of agonist vs antagonists, these analogs may provide insight regarding the biologically relevant conformations of PTHrP-derived ligands [Maretto et al. (1997) Biochemistry 36, 3300-3307].
Relation between multiplicity of exposure, adsorption, and cytopathogenic effect of poliomyelitis virus in monkey kidney tissue cultures.

Abstract It is found that the fraction of poliomyelitis virus adsorbed by a monkey kidney tissue culture system is constant for multiplicities of exposures ranging from approximately 2 × 10 3 down to 2 × 10 −2 PFU/cell. Six different degrees of cytopathogenic effect in a culture are defined. A linear relationship between the time required to produce a certain cytopathogenic effect and the logarithm of the multiplicity of exposure is found in the range of multiplicities from 5 PFU/cell down to 0.001 PFU/cell. The titer of a virus suspension can be measured by the degree of cytopathogenic effect produced in a monkey kidney culture at various times after exposure to the virus. For titers higher than 10 4 PFU/cc the result can be obtained in 12 hours; for lower titers, 24 to 72 hours is required. The titer obtained by this method usually agrees within a factor of 2 or 4 with a plaque assay and has never been found to deviate by more than a factor of 10.
Dynamic temporal processing of nonspeech acoustic information by children with specific language impairment.

The present study investigated whether children with specific language impairment (SLI) differed from children with normal language learning in their ability to process binaural temporal informatio...
Studies on the Enlarged Hock Disorder in Turkeys 3. Evidence of the Detrimental Effect of Fish Liver Oil and the Beneficial Effect of Dried Brewers’ Yeast and other Materials

Abstract THE results presented in the preceding report (Scott, 1951) indicate that the enlarged hock disorder in turkeys may be a form of muscular dystrophy. Nutritional muscular dystrophy was first described in guinea pigs and rabbits by Goettsch and Pappenheimer (1931). The same year these workers (Pappenheimer and Goettsch, 1931) described a cerebellar disorder in chicks which was later termed nutritional encephalomalacia. In 1938, Dam and Glavind reported an edematous condition in chicks which they termed alimentary exudative diathesis. Numerous studies (Mackenzie and McCollum, 1940; Dam et al., 1938; Dam and Glavind, 1939; and others) have established the fact that vitamin E (α-tocopherol) is of primary importance in the prevention and cure of these diseases. On the other hand, a considerable amount of evidence has been presented indicating the existence of a water-soluble factor required in addition to fat-soluble vitamin E for prevention of these disorders. Goettsch and Pappenheimer (1931) were . . .
Non-sulfate sulfur in fine aerosols across the United States: Insight for organosulfate prevalence

Abstract We investigated the discrepancies in long-term sulfur measurements from 2000 to 2012 by two separate speciation methods, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy and ion chromatography (IC) across the United States (334 sites). Overall, there was a good correlation between sulfur measurements by XRF spectroscopy and IC (R ≥ 0.90 for most of the sites). However, the inorganic sulfate measured by ion chromatography was not sufficient to account for all the sulfur measured by XRF spectroscopy at many of the sites. Discrepancies were observed with the high ratios of sulfur measured by XRF spectroscopy to that by IC. Such high ratios also exhibited seasonal variation, and differed across land use types; significant differences occurred at locations classified as forest, agriculture, and mobile, but not in locations classified as commercial, desert, industrial, and residential. On average, the excess, or non-sulfate, sulfur (unmeasured organic sulfur or other inorganic species of sulfur) was variable and observed as high as ∼13% of organic carbon and ∼2% of PM2.5. The contribution of such assumed organosulfur was larger in the eastern region than other geographical locations in the United States. Besides the temporal and spatial trends, the additional sulfur was found to be related to other factors such as aerosol acidity and emission sources. The results suggest that these unmeasured sulfur species could have significant contribution to aerosol burden, and the understanding of these could help to control PM2.5 levels and to assess other effects of sulfur aerosols.
Phase transitions of water at constant excess chemical potential : an application of grand molecular dynamics

The grand molecular dynamics (GMD) method has been extended and applied to examine the chemical potential and temperature dependence of a three-site water model in dense phase. The study demonstrates the utility of GMD in the study of phase transitions. Cuts through the phase diagram of water in terms of temperature, as well as excess chemical potential, are obtained. The density maximum of water just above freezing is well reproduced. High-pressure glass forms of solid ice are also examined.
The formation of cell assemblies

A simple model is presented for the formation of functional groups in a random neural net. They show the following characteristics: 1. They can maintain autonomous activity which might serve as temporary memory traces. 2. Early in the process of formation they become resistant to contraction. 3. Later they become resistant to expansion. 4. Nearby groups inhibit one another. 5. Two groups may contain some cells in common.
Unusual large-scale phytoplankton blooms in the equatorial Pacific

Unusual large-scale accumulations of phytoplankton occurred across 10,000 km of the equatorial Pacific during the 1998 transition from El Nino to La Nina. The forcing and dynamics of these phytoplankton blooms were studied using satellite-based observations of sea surface height, temperature and chlorophyll, and mooring-based observations of winds, hydrography and ocean currents. During the bloom period, the thermocline (nutricline) was anomalously shallow across the equatorial Pacific. The relative importance of processes that enhanced nutrient flux into the euphotic zone differed between the western and eastern regions of the blooms. In the western bloom region, the important vertical processes were turbulent vertical mixing and wind-driven upwelling. In contrast, the important processes in the eastern bloom region were wave-forced shoaling of nutrient source waters directly into the euphotic zone, along-isopycnal upwelling, and wind-driven upwelling. Advection by the Equatorial Undercurrent spread the largest bloom 4500 km east of where it began, and advection by meridional currents of tropical instability waves transported the bloom hundreds of kilometers north and south of the equator. Many processes influenced the intricate development of these massive biological events. Diverse observations and novel analysis methods of this work advance the conceptual framework for understanding the complex dynamics and ecology of the equatorial Pacific.
The C-terminal putative nuclear localization sequence of breast cancer metastasis suppressor 1, BRMS1, is necessary for metastasis suppression.

Breast cancer metastasis suppressor 1 (BRMS1) is a predominantly nuclear protein that suppresses metastasis in multiple human and murine carcinoma cell lines. BRMS1 interacts with several nuclear proteins including SIN3:HDAC chromatin remodeling complexes that are involved in repressing transcription. However, recent reports suggest BRMS1 may function in the cytoplasm. BRMS1 has two predicted nuclear localization sequences (NLS) that are located near the C-terminus (amino acids 198–205 and 238–244, NLS1 and NLS2 respectively). We hypothesized that nuclear localization sequences of BRMS1 were essential for BRMS1 mediated metastasis suppression. Replacement of NLS2 with NLS1 (BRMS1NLS1,1), truncation at 238 (BRMS1ΔNLS2), or switching the location of NLS1 and NLS2 (BRMS1NLS2,1) did not affect nuclear localization; but, replacement of NLS1 with NLS2 (BRMS1NLS2,2) or truncation at 197 (BRMS1ΔNLS which removes both NLS) promoted cytoplasmic localization. MDA-MB-231 human metastatic breast cancer cells transduced with BRMS1NLS1,1, BRMS1NLS2,2 or BRMS1NLS2,1 were evaluated for metastasis suppression in an experimental xenograft mouse model. Interestingly, while NLS2 was not necessary for nuclear localization, it was found to be important for metastasis suppression since BRMS1NLS2,2 suppressed metastasis by 85%. In contrast, BRMS1NLS2,1 and BRMS1NLS1,1 did not significantly suppress metastasis. Both BRMS1 and BRMS1NLS2,2 co-immunoprecipitated with SIN3A in the nucleus and cytoplasm; however, BRMS1NLS1,1 and BRMS1NLS2,1 were associated with SIN3A in the nucleus only. Moreover, BRMS1 and BRMS1NLS2,2, but not BRMS1NLS1,1 and BRMS1NLS2,1, down-regulated the pro-metastatic microRNA, miR-10b. Together, these data demonstrate an important role for NLS2 in the cytoplasm that is critical for metastasis suppression and is distinct from nuclear localization.
Finite element analysis of steady and transiently moving/rolling nonlinear viscoelastic structure—I. Theory

In a three-part series of papers, a generalized finite element analysis scheme is developed to handle the steady and transient response of moving/rolling nonlinear viscoelastic structure. This paper considers the development of the moving/rolling element strategy, including the effects of large deformation kinematics and viscoelasticity modeled by fractional integrodifferential operators. To improve the solution strategy, a special hierarchical constraint procedure is developed for the case of steady rolling/translating, as well as a transient scheme involving the use of a Grunwaldian representation of the fractional operator.
Assessing Preference for Social Interactions.

Abstract We examined a procedure to assess preference for social interactions in individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Preferences were identified in five individuals using a paired-choice procedure in which participants approached therapists who provided different forms of social interactions. A subsequent tracking test showed that participants’ approaches were under control of the form of social interaction provided as opposed to idiosyncratic features of the therapists. Results of a reinforcer assessment found that the social interaction identified as preferred also functioned as a reinforcer for all five participants.
The New FCC Environmental Rule on Radiofrequency Radiation and how it Affects the Broadcast Community

In 1985, the Federal Communications Commission approved an amendment to its rules to provide for the evaluation of human exposure to radiofrequency radiation as part of its environmental processing procedures under the National Environmental Policy Act. This article, based on a presentation made by the author at the 1985 IEEE Broadcast Symposium, discusses the new rule and other related issues of interest to broadcasters.
Biology of RANK, RANKL, and osteoprotegerin.

The discovery of the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)/RANK/osteoprotegerin (OPG) system and its role in the regulation of bone resorption exemplifies how both serendipity and a logic-based approach can identify factors that regulate cell function. Before this discovery in the mid to late 1990s, it had long been recognized that osteoclast formation was regulated by factors expressed by osteoblast/stromal cells, but it had not been anticipated that members of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily of ligands and receptors would be involved or that the factors involved would have extensive functions beyond bone remodeling. RANKL/RANK signaling regulates the formation of multinucleated osteoclasts from their precursors as well as their activation and survival in normal bone remodeling and in a variety of pathologic conditions. OPG protects the skeleton from excessive bone resorption by binding to RANKL and preventing it from binding to its receptor, RANK. Thus, RANKL/OPG ratio is an important determinant of bone mass and skeletal integrity. Genetic studies in mice indicate that RANKL/RANK signaling is also required for lymph node formation and mammary gland lactational hyperplasia, and that OPG also protects arteries from medial calcification. Thus, these tumor necrosis factor superfamily members have important functions outside bone. Although our understanding of the mechanisms whereby they regulate osteoclast formation has advanced rapidly during the past 10 years, many questions remain about their roles in health and disease. Here we review our current understanding of the role of the RANKL/RANK/OPG system in bone and other tissues.
Application of Hierarchy Theory to Cross-Scale Hydrologic Modeling of Nutrient Loads

We describe a framework called Regional Hydrologic Modeling for Environmental Evaluation (RHyME2) for hydrologic modeling across scales. Rooted from hierarchy theory, RHyME2 acknowledges the rate-based hierarchical structure of hydrological systems. Operationally, hierarchical constraints are accounted for and explicitly described in models put together into RHyME2. We illustrate RHyME2with a two-module model to quantify annual nutrient loads in stream networks and watersheds at regional and subregional levels. High values of R2 (>0.95) and the Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient (>0.85) and a systematic connection between the two modules show that the hierarchy theory-based RHyME2 framework can be used effectively for developing and connecting hydrologic models to analyze the dynamics of hydrologic systems.
Preservation of a Preglacial Landscape Under the Center of the Greenland Ice Sheet

Continental ice sheets typically sculpt landscapes via erosion; under certain conditions, ancient landscapes can be preserved beneath ice and can survive extensive and repeated glaciation. We used concentrations of atmospherically produced cosmogenic beryllium-10, carbon, and nitrogen to show that ancient soil has been preserved in basal ice for millions of years at the center of the ice sheet at Summit, Greenland. This finding suggests ice sheet stability through the Pleistocene (i.e., the past 2.7 million years). The preservation of this soil implies that the ice has been nonerosive and frozen to the bed for much of that time, that there was no substantial exposure of central Greenland once the ice sheet became fully established, and that preglacial landscapes can remain preserved for long periods under continental ice sheets.
STRATEGIES FOR CHANGING THE TEST STATISTIC DURING A CLINICAL TRIAL

This article discusses the design of a clinical trial where a new treatment will be compared to a control. For a specific type of endpoint, there are a wide variety of test statistics that can be used. Also, the investigator must decide how many patients to accrue in each arm as well as the duration of the study. After an interim look at the data, the investigator may decide that a different test statistic would be more powerful or that more patients or longer follow-up is needed. In this article, we discuss a strategy for making these types of changes. This strategy controls the probability of making a type I error and can result in a procedure that has higher power than the test without adaptation.
Finite splitness and finite projectivity

Let R be a ring, Let A, C be left R-modules and f: A -+ C an epimorphism. f is called pure if Hom(M, f ): Hom.(M, A) -+ Hom,(M, C) is an epimorphism for all finitely presented left R-modules M. Let B be the kernel off: Then by a theorem of Fieldhouse and Warfield f is pure if and only if B is pure in A in the sense that the natural homomorphism N OR B + N OR A derived from the inclusion map B + A is a monomorphism for all right R-modules N, and moreover, by Cohn’s theorem, this is equivalent to the condition that if a finite system of linear equations c;=, aixj = bi (i = 1,2 ,..., m) with ayE R and biE B has a solution x,, x2 ,..., x, in A then it has a solution in B, i.e., there exist y,, y, ,..., y,~ B such that J$=, aii y,= bj (i= 1, 2 ,..., m). In the present paper, we attempt to generalize this situation by replacing the class of finitely presented modules with the class of finitely generated modules to yield a series of some meaningful results. We call the epimorphism f finitely split if Hom(M, f) . is an epimorphism for all finitely generated left Rmodules M, or what is the same thing, if for any finitely generated submodule C, of C there exists a homomorphism cp: CO -+ A such that f 0 cp is the identity map of CO. In terms of the kernel B off, this is equivalent to the condition that B is a direct summand of every submodule A’ of A such that A’ 3 B and the factor module A’/B is finitely generated-we say, in this case, that B is finitely split in A. We can show that this is also equivalent to the following condition: If a (finite or infinite) system of linear equations C;= 1 a,x, = bi (i E I) with au E R and bi E B has a solution x,, x2 ,..., x, in A then it has a solution in B. Let A4 be a left R-module. M is called pure-projective if every pure epimorphism onto M splits, while A4 is called pure-injective if M is a direct 114 0021-8693/87 $3.00
Parameters of ascites tumor growth.

Ascites tumors, because of their analytical convenience aad biological flexibility, represent an adaptation important for study of growih. Such tumors, like all transplantable tumors, may be subject to influences not operative in the development of naturally occurring neoplasms. The ascitic form of growth is nevertheless particularly useful in that patterns of cell proliferation can be studied directly under a variety of conditions and, by contrast with the corresponding solid growth, variables of organization and vascularization can be evaluated. Applications and advantages of ascites tumors for chemotherapeutic screening are discussed. Although, superficially, ascites tumors would appear to represent a simple system for chemotherapeutic screening, as in the case of solid tumors, there are many uncertainties concerning the relationships between tumor growth and host response. (C.H.)
An approximate solution of the adiabatic explosion problem

Abstract The accuracy of a simple, well-known approximation to the solution of the adiabatic explosion problem is examined, and it is shown that, with a minor modification, the approximation can be converted to a form accurate to 1% or better for a wide range of the input parameters. The final result lies well within the capabilities of even the simpler scientific calculators. The effects of depletion of the reactant and a temperature-dependent heat capacity, not included in the development, are briefly evaluated.
Pulsed electrostatic probes as a diagnostic for transient plasmas

A pulsed, electrostatic probe data acquisition system, applicable to transient or noisy plasmas, is presented. The system digitally records a probe characteristic, and its first and second derivatives. The latter are shown to be proportional to the projected electron energy distribution function, and the isotropic electron energy distribution function, respectively. The acquisition system and its experimental accuracy are discussed. Using the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory 10-A neutral beam ion source, several examples demonstrating the systems application to transient plasmas are given.
A New Sporulation Sequence inEdhazardia aedis(Microsporidia: Culicosporidae), a Parasite of the MosquitoAedes aegypti(Diptera: Culicidae)☆

Abstract The presence of a previously unrecognized sporulation sequence during the early development of the microsporidiumEdhazardia aedisis described from the mosquito,Aedes aegypti.This new information, together with the previous data on this species, has established that the developmental cycle ofE. aedisis characterized by four sporulation sequences, two in the parental host and two in the filial generation. This is the first report of a microsporidium exhibiting four sporulation sequences. The events of gametogony, plasmogamy, nuclear association, and merogony occur almost exclusively in the gastric caeca following the initial infection and culminate with the formation of a first binucleate spore. This spore is morphologically, ultrastructurally, temporally, and functionally different from the second binucleate (transovarial) spore. Our findings suggest that the first binucleate spore is responsible for autoinfection and that its descendants lead to the formation of the second binucleate spore.
Metabolic expression of intrinsic developmental programs for dentine and enamel biomineralization in serumless, chemically-defined, organotypic culture.

Biomineralization was investigated using embryonic mouse mandibular first molars (M1) cultured in the presence or absence of fetal calf serum. Metabolic features including cell division and Ca2+ and phosphate incorporation into dentine and enamel extracellular matrices were analyzed. The relative timing and magnitude of DNA synthesis for serumless cultures was comparable toin vivo controls. Isotopic calcium and phosphate incorporation into the mineral phase of dentine and enamel matrices, in the absence of serum, fluctuated during development. Molar tooth morphogenesis, cytodifferentiation, and extracellular matrix formation approximated late crown-stage development in serumless cultures. Von Kossa histochemical staining indicated calcium phosphate salt formation in serumless cultures. Analysis of anhydrous fixation-prepared enamel and dentine representing serumless cultured explants indicated that crystal size and orientation were comparable toin vivo enamel and dentine. In contrast, serum-supplemented cultures showed atypical crystal size and orientation. Calcium/phosphorous (Ca/P) ratio values for serumless cultures after 21 days showed Ca/P enamel values of 2.03 (SD±0.04, p<0.025) and dentine values of 1.89 (SD±0.01, p<0.025). Electron diffraction patterns of enamel and dentine formed in serumless cultures were principally those of highly-ordered crystalline hydroxyapatite. Our results suggest that tissue-specific dentine and enamel biomineralization is regulated by endogenous factors intrinsic to the developmental program of embryonic tooth organs during serumless culture.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Family Members

Two sons and their father had severe hypersomnolence and obstructive sleep apnea. A third son, although asymptomatic, was shown to have upper-airway obstruction during sleep. Electromyographic recordings of genioglossus activity in the two symptomatic sons revealed loss of tonic activity in early stages of sleep at times when sleep apnea occurred. The asymptomatic son showed loss of tonic activity during rapid-eye-movement sleep, the sleep period when upper-airway obstruction occurred. Two sudden deaths occurred in this family. A 30-year-old brother died at home while asleep, and a child of the asymptomatic brother died at the age of four months from presumed sudden-infant-death syndrome. Obstructive sleep apnea may have a familial basis; the tongue may be involved in the genesis of upper-airway obstruction during sleep.
Paradoxical Effects of D-TRP6-LHRH in Immature Female Rats Correlated with Changes in ACTH, Prolactin, and Corticosterone Levels

Immature female rats were treated with D-Trp’-LHRH to determine if the delay in vaginal opening induced by the superactive agonist of LHRH could be correlated with changes in ACTH, prolactin, or corticosterone levels. The rats were injected daily from Day 30 to Day 40 of age with 0.05 or 1 �g of D-Trp6 -LHRH or with saline alone. Six animals per group were sacrificed on Days 31, 35, 38, or 42 and trunk blood collected. Pituitary and adrenal weights did not vary between groups, but increased in all treatment regimens as the animals grew older. Prolactin and ACTH levels increased on Days 35 and 38 in the control animals, but were significantly reduced in both agonist-treated groups. Relative to controls, serum corticosterone was elevated (P<0.05) on Day 31 in 0.05 Mg-treated animals and decreased on Day 38 in animals treated with 1 Mg D-Trp6 -LHRH. The addition of corticosterone (160 Mg/mI in 4% ethanol) to the drinking water reversed the inhibitory effects of 1 �g of D-Trp’-LHRH on vaginal opening. In animals treated with saline or 0.05 �g D-Trp5-LHRH, corticosterone did not affect the normal vaginal opening. These results demonstrate that it is possible that D-Trp’ -LHRH delays vaginal opening through its effect on corticosterone levels.
The synthesis of LiMo4O6, Zn0.5LixMo4O6 and LixMo4O6 (x ≈ 0.1) from InMo4O6

Abstract Ion exchange and intercalation chemistry of InMo 4 O 6 were found to be possible due to the open channels in this structure (approximately 1.95Aacross at narrowest constriction). The In + cation could be replaced with Li + via ion exchange, with little change in the lattice parameters of the structure (InMo 4 O 6 a = 9.665(1)A, c = 2.864(1)A; LiMo 4 O 6 a = 9.698(1)A, c = 2.855(1)A) due to the rigidity of the bonds holding the Mo 4 O 6 structural framework together. Most of the Li + could then be removed by reaction with an iodine solution in acetonitrile. Zinc or indium cations could then be intercalated into the “empty” structure at relatively low temperatures (500 °C).
Activity coefficients of small ions in ion‐exchange resins

Crosslinked phenol sulfonic acid resins in the form of rods have been prepared. Anion uptake by these resins in equilibrium with aqueous solutions of NaCl, NaBr, Na2CO3, and Na3C6H5O7 at 30°C. in the concentration range 0.001–3.0N, their density, water content, and exchange capacity have been determined. From these data, activity coefficients of small ions in the resin phase have been calculated and compared with the values derived by the existing theories of Mackie and Meares, and Lazare et al. The agreement between the observed and calculated values is not satisfactory.
Pretreatment With Low-Dose β-Adrenergic Antagonist Therapy Does Not Affect Severity of Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy

Background: Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is a syndrome of transient left ventricular dysfunction following acute emotional or physical stress without obstructive coronary artery disease. The leading hypothesis for the etiology is stress-induced catecholamine surge. Hypothesis: People taking outpatient β-adrenergic receptor antagonist therapy have less-severe presentation and clinical course of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Methods: We identified patients diagnosed with Takotsubo cardiomyopathy from October 2005 to January 2011 by analyzing our cardiac-catheterization database. Clinical records and angiograms were reviewed by 2 experienced observers independently to confirm the diagnosis. We collected clinical, demographic, laboratory, and angiographic data for the identified patients. We then compared the severity of myocardial dysfunction or damage (cardiac enzymes, left ventricular end diastolic pressure, and left ventricular ejection fraction) between patients taking outpatient β-adrenergic antagonist therapy upon admission vs those who were not. Arrival and peak values for cardiac enzymes were analyzed when available. Analysis of parameters related to the severity of myocardial dysfunction or damage was conducted using the Mann-Whitney U test. Means for age were compared using the Student t test. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05 (2-tailed). Results: Out of 64 patients identified, 16 (25%) were on one of 3 β-adrenergic antagonists on presentation: metoprolol succinate, metoprolol tartrate, or atenolol, with mean doses of 75 mg daily, 52.5 mg twice daily, and 37.5 mg daily, respectively. Patients on β-blockers were older (mean age 73.1 years vs 66 years; P < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in levels of cardiac enzymes, left ventricular end diastolic pressure, or left ventricular ejection fraction between the 2 groups. Conclusion: Prior therapy with low-dose β-adrenergic antagonists does not affect the severity of presentation and clinical course of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy as measured by common markers of myocardial dysfunction. Clin. Cardiol. 2012 DOI: 10.1002/clc.21983 The authors have no funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.
Black and white college women's maternal employment outcome expectations and their desired timing of maternal employment

In an attempt to better understand college women's maternal employment plans, this study compared the ability of different types of maternal employment outcome expectations to predict college women's desired timing of their maternal employment. A mailed questionnaire examined Black (n= 113) and White (n= 189) college women's maternal employment timing preference and their perceptions of the likelihood of 30 possible outcomes of maternal employment. Regressions showed that White women's expectations about the benefits for themselves and the costs for their children predicted their desired maternal employment timing. No variables predicted the timing preference of Black women. Additionally, the Black compared to White respondents expected maternal employment would bring fewer personal costs and more benefits for their children and they desired employment earlier in their child's life. Discussion focuses on Black and White women's conceptions of the integration of the employment and domestic roles.
Investigating Atomic Scale Phenomena at Materials Interfaces with Correlated Techniques in STEM/TEM

A complete understanding of the complexities behind the structure-property relationships at materials interfaces requires the structure, composition and bonding to be characterized on the fundamental atomic scale. This level of characterization is beyond the scope of a single imaging or microanalysis technique and so to solve practical interface problems, correlation between multiple techniques must be achieved. Here we describe recent advances in the JEOL 201 OF 200kV field-emission STEM/TEM that now allow atomic resolution imaging and analysis to be obtained in both TEM and STEM mode and discuss two applications of these techniques.
Friendships and Search Behavior in Labor Markets

This paper examines how organizations use employee networks to contend with job seekers' search behavior. According to prior research, in markets where job seekers engage in nonsequential job search, organizations respond with tactics such as exploding offers and recruiting candidates earlier. In this paper, I posit that organizations have a social structural response. I argue that in an attempt to avoid problems related to candidates' job search, organizations are more likely to provide job offers to candidates with friends in the hiring organization than to those without friends. I test and find support for this hypothesis in a study of entry-level professionals in business and law. After a period of trial employment, candidates were more likely to receive job offers from organizations if they had a friend employed there than if they did not. The implications of this study for research on labor markets, networks, and inequality are discussed. This paper was accepted by Jesper Sorensen, organizations.
Does Artificial Enteral Nutrition Prolong the Survival of Institutionalized Elders With Chewing and Swallowing Problems

Background. There is a lack of prognostic data regarding tube feeding of institutionalized elderly people. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of feeding tubes on the survival of nursing home residents with chewing and swallowing problems, and to follow the course of the tube-fed residents over one year. Methods. We conducted a cohort study with 12-month follow-up using Minimum Data Set resident assessments from 1991. Participants included 5,266 nursing home residents over the age of 65 with chewing and swallowing problems living in 272 Washington state nursing homes. Residents who had a feeding tube were identified. Baseline clinical characteristics and 12-month survival were compared for residents with and without feeding tubes. The proportion of tube-fed residents who became tube-free during the follow-up period was determined, and clinical features that predicted this outcome were examined. Results. Among the residents with chewing and swallowing problems, 10.5% had a feeding tube. After adjusting for potential confounding covariates, tube-fed residents had a significantly higher one-year mortality rate than those without feeding tubes (risk ratio, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.17-1.76). Of the 430 residents with feeding tubes who survived the follow-up period, 25.1% became free of a feeding tube. Age less than 87 years was associated with a significantly greater likelihood of becoming tube-free (odds ratio, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.03-2.6). Conclusions. Residents selected for feeding tube placement have poorer survival after one year than residents who are not tube-fed. However, the feeding tubes are removed in a significant proportion of residents who survive one year. Residents with a potentially reversible condition, for whom the feeding tubes are a temporary intervention, need to be identified.
REVENUE MAXIMISING SALES TAXES IN OLIGOPOLISTIC EQUILIBRIUM WHEN COSTS VARY BETWEEN FIRMS

This paper considers taxation of firms in oligopolistic equilibrium. It shows that sales taxes which maximise government revenues will be differential and progressive when costs vary between firms.
Chemical effects at metal/oxide interfaces studied by x-ray-absorption spectroscopy

A chemical and magnetic characterization of ferromagnet/antiferromagnet interfaces is essential to understand the microscopic origins of exchange anisotropy and other magnetic phenomena. We have used high-resolution L-edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), which is element specific and sensitive to chemical environment and spin orientation, to investigate the interface of antiferromagnetic oxides with ferromagnetic metals. Clear quantitative evidence of oxidation/reduction reactions at the as-grown metal/oxide interface is presented. In situ-- and ex situ--grown samples of the form oxide $(5--30 \AA{})/\mathrm{metal}$ $(1--10 \AA{}),$ where oxide is either NiO or CoO and metal is either Fe, Co, or Ni, were studied by high-resolution XAS. For all samples, a metal(oxide) layer adjacent to an oxide(metal) layer was partially oxidized(reduced). Quantitative analysis of the spectra showed that one to two atomic layers on either side of the interface were oxidized/reduced. An elemental series of samples showed that the amount of oxidation/reduction was in accord with the difference in oxidation potentials of the adjacent cations, e.g., oxide layers were more strongly reduced by an iron metal layer than by cobalt or nickel metal layers. Annealing to temperatures, typically used to bias devices, was shown to significantly increase the amount of oxidation/reduction. The oxidation behavior of iron was shown to depend on the amount of oxygen available. Our results are believed to provide important information for the improved understanding of exchange anisotropy.
YIELD OF UNPREDICTED BONE-MARROW RELAPSE DIAGNOSED BY ROUTINE MARROW ASPIRATION IN CHILDREN WITH ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKAEMIA: A Report from the Children's Cancer Study Group

Abstract 1466 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia had routine bone-marrow aspiration at the end of each 84-day cycle of maintenance therapy. Relapses detected by routine bone-marrow aspiration were classified according to whether or not they could be predicted by clinical signs or peripheral blood counts. In the low-risk, moderate-risk, and high-risk leukaemic patients 0 4%, 0·5%, and 0·8%, respectively, of the total routine bone-marrow aspirations yielded an unpredicted bone-marrow relapse. 19·4% of relapses were detected by routine surveillance marrow aspirations before any clinical signs of relapse on physical examination or peripheral blood count. The median survival after relapse in the predicted group was significantly shorter than that in the unpredicted group, but the eventual outcome was the same in both groups, 95% of all patients dying within 24 months of relapse.
Modeling and Simulation of Solar PV Arrays under Changing Illumination Conditions

This paper proposes a modeling and computing algorithm to simulate and analyze the effect of non-uniform changing shadows (a passing cloud) on the output power of solar PV arrays. Each solar array is composed of a matrix of individual solar cells or solar modules interconnected in series and parallel. Bypass switches and diodes are also modeled. The model is able to determine the power loss in each solar cell and the hot spots of a shaded solar PV array as well as the PV output power. The model is also able to simulate and compute the output power of solar PV arrays for any configuration, with or without bypass diode
Automation of reliability evaluation procedures through CARE: the computer-aided reliability estimation program

The large number of different redundancy schemes available to the designer of fault-tolerant systems, the number of parameters pertaining to each scheme, and the large range of possible variations in each parameter seek automated procedures that would enable the designer to rapidly model, simulate and analyze preliminary designs and through man-machine symbiosis arrive at optimal and balanced fault-tolerant systems under the constraints of the prospective application.
Key Attributes of the Founding Entrepreneurial Team of Rapidly Growing New Ventures

Critical characteristics and influential attributes of new venture management teams have long been presumed, but empirical research in this field has lagged behind. This study offers new insights into what factors bode well for the founding entrepreneurial team and their rapidly growing new venture, what conditions and circumstances motivate team members, and how venture investors might weigh these factors as they steer their companies toward growth and success.
Comment on Anthony Downs's “have housing prices risen faster in Portland than elsewhere?”

Abstract Portland's moderately high housing price inflation between 1975 and 2000 is moderate only when compared with other metropolitan areas in the western United States. The West, led by California, pioneered the growth control movement, which raised housing prices in the late 1970s to a permanent differential. Portland's policy of promoting infill development does not seem to have offset the containment effects of its urban growth boundary.
Cd-based II-VI semiconductor nanostructures produced by buffer-layer-assisted growth: Structural evolution and photoluminescence

II-VI semiconductor nanostructures exhibit interesting optical properties due to quantum confinement of their charge carriers. Here, we discuss the assembly of nanostructures of $\mathrm{CdS}$, $\mathrm{CdSe}$, and $\mathrm{CdTe}$ using buffer-layer-assisted growth with Xe buffers. Both compact clusters and ramified wires can be synthesized by varying the Xe buffer layer thickness. Analysis of the nanostructure size distributions and densities makes it possible to calculate their diffusion parameters on the desorbing Xe. Clear differences in the effective activation energies for diffusion for $\mathrm{CdS}$, $\mathrm{CdSe}$, and $\mathrm{CdTe}$ can be attributed to differences in London dispersion interactions. Photoluminescence measurements indicate changes from 3D to 2D confinement as compact particles are replaced by ramified wires. Laser power dependent measurements yield the low temperature exciton lifetime, and temperature dependent measurements indicate that optical phonons play a dominant role in the decay of the signal above $50\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ and defect states play a dominant role below $50\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$.
Flat top liquid crystal tunable filter using coupled Fabry-Perot cavities

In this paper, a coupled Fabry-Perot cavities filter, using the liquid crystal as the tunable medium, is investigate to achieve tunable flat top filtering performance across the C and L bands. A tandem coupled Fabry-Perot is presented for a tunable passband filter with flat top and minimum ripple in the passband. The overall tuning range of the filter is 172 nm. Several designs are shown with comparable performance to the commercial available 100 GHz fixed single channel filters.
Responsive, scalable thinwire visualization: application to large geographic datasets

When very large datasets are visualized in a thinwire setting, where the bandwidth is both limited and unreliable, current techniques break down. This paper proposes the responsive visualization system as a solution. We describe the architecture of such a system, and algorithmic challenges to support it. We introduce a natural and scalable visualization interface called the zooming telescope. We apply our techniques to the visualization of the TIGER dataset, a geographic description of the United States. We describe a suite of automatic and semi-automatic tools for processing the TIGER dataset, including the construction of level-of-detail (LOD) hierarchies.
Finite element reliability analysis of bridge girders considering moment-shear interaction

Abstract Reliability analysis is necessary in bridge design to determine which parameters have the most significant influence on the structural response to applied loadings. To support finite element reliability applications, analytical response sensitivities are derived with respect to uncertain material properties, girder dimensions, reinforcing details, and moving loads by the direct differentiation method (DDM). The resulting expressions have been implemented in the general finite element framework OpenSees which is well suited to the moving load analysis of bridges. Numerical examples verify the DDM response sensitivity equations are correct, then a first-order reliability analysis shows the effect uncertain parameters have on the interaction of negative moment and shear force near the supports of a continuous reinforced concrete bridge girder. A unique contribution is the treatment of moment–shear interaction using Lame curves with foci calculated from MCFT equations. In addition, the analysis demonstrates non-seismic bridge engineering applications that have been developed in the OpenSees framework.