cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The fate of tendon healing after restoration of the integrity of the tendon sheath with autogenous vein grafts.

This experimental study in the chicken model compares the results of sheath closure during primary tendon surgery. Sheath closure after tendon grafting was accomplished by trapdoor of the original sheath, vein patch, and vein conduit. After casting in flexionfor 14 days, the operated foot and digits were taken through a full passive range of motion every 3 days. At the 28th postoperative day, all immobilization was removed and free active range of motion and daily perching began. Active flexion was measured after death by continuous traction on the proximal profundus tendon: simulated active flexion. The unoperated contralateral foot served as the control. All operated middle toes achieved significantly greater functional return when the sheath was restored either with trap-door closure, vein conduit, or vein patch compared with simple excision of the sheath. The results indicate the efficacy of sheath closure as well as the possibility of utilizing vein patches or conduits during primary tendon repair.
Nutrition as a contributor and treatment option for overweight and obesity.

In the United States, obesity has risen dramatically during the past several decades and is now among the nation’s leading health problems. The prevalence of obesity doubled between the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II; 19761980) and the 1999 to 2002 NHANES. Therefore, it is not surprising that data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System telephone survey indicate that 44% of women and 29% of men reported that they were currently attempting to lose weight. In addition, the rates of obesity seem to be increasing even more rapidly in younger generations. McTigue et al found that a cohort of individuals born in 1963 and 1964 became obese 26% to 28% faster than their counterparts born just 7 years earlier. Reversing this trend will require significant effort on the part of individuals and health care providers. A greater understanding of the causes and factors of obesity may assist health care practitioners in giving dietary advice in the clinical setting.
Optimal sensor placement and motion coordination for target tracking

This work studies optimal sensor placement and motion coordination strategies for mobile sensor networks. For a target-tracking application with range sensors, we investigate the determinant of the Fisher Information Matrix and compute it in the 2D and 3D cases, characterizing the global minima in the 2D case. We propose motion coordination algorithms that steer the mobile sensor network to an optimal deployment and that are amenable to a decentralized implementation. Finally, our numerical simulations illustrate how the proposed algorithms lead to improved performance of an extended Kalman filter in a target-tracking scenario.
Collecting and Using Visitor Spending Data

Visitor spending is a necessary component of economic-impact analysis, but detailed expenditure categories rarely are reported and used as tools for marketing and policy decisions. This article shows that spending by visitors attracted to Montana’s natural resources accounted for 76% of traveler spending in the state. Average daily spending by visitors primarily attracted to fishing was the highest per-group per-trip expenditure ($1,641.26) and the longest length of stay (9.3 nights), with fishing outfitters and guides receiving the largest share of these visitors’ dollars. Visitors attracted to Glacier National Park had the highest total contribution of dollars to the state. Implications of the study suggest that conservation of Montana’s natural resources is paramount to a thriving tourism industry. Policies and regulations related to waterways, mountain view sheds, and open space need to reflect the important economic contribution of what attracts visitors to the state.
A critical analysis of the quantitative I131 therapy of thyrotoxicosis.

INTRODUCTION DESPITE the wide clinical use of radioactive iodine, I131, in the treatment of thyrotoxicosis, agreement has not been attained concerning dosage or schedule of administration. Inadequacy of methods for the measurement of radiation delivered by I131 to the thyroid gland has presented a major obstacle to quantitative dosage. There has been, in consequence a paucity of data as to the amount of I131 radiation required for effective treatment. To achieve quantitative dosage with I131 it is necessary to deliver a predetermined amount of radiation to the thyroid gland. The radiation delivered to the thyroid by I131 is a function of the administered dose, its uptake and turnover by the gland and the weight of the gland (1). Assuming a constant weight of the thyroid, the possibility of delivering a predetermined radiation dosage is predicated upon the reliability of a tracer dose of I131 as an indicator of the metabolism of a therapeutic dose. Utilizing the method (2, 3) developed by us for measuremen...
Nutrient-Gene Interaction: Metabolic Genotype-Phenotype Relationship

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS)/USDA Dietary Guidelines for Americans is a science and population evidence-based guide on diet and physical activity, providing advice and recommendations to promote a healthier lifestyle and reduce the risk of chronic diseases, including cancer. These recommendations are supported by the comprehensive evidence-based review on diet and cancer prevention conducted by the American Institute for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, World Health Organization/International Agency for Research on Cancer, and others. However, influencing dietary effects are the individual genetic predispositions that are the basis for considerable interindividual variations in cancer risk within the population and in nutrient homeostasis, which is maintained by genomic-nutrient and metabolic-phenotype interactions. Although genetics is an important component, it accounts for only a portion of this variation. An individual's overall phenotype, including health status, is achieved and maintained by the sum of metabolic activities functioning under differing circumstances within the life cycle and the complex interactions among genotype, metabolic phenotype, and the environment. In this postgenomic era, high-throughput groups of technologies in genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics measure and analyze DNA sequences, RNA transcripts, proteins, and nutrient-metabolic fluxes in a single experiment. These advances have transformed biomarker studies on nutrient-gene interactions from a reductionist concept into a holistic practice in which many regulated genes involved in metabolism, along with its metabolic phenotypes, can be measured through functional genomics and metabolic profiling. The overall integration of data and information from the building blocks of metabolism-based nutrient-gene interaction can lead to future individualized dietary recommendations to diminish cancer risk.
Pain control with low-dose alfentanil in children undergoing minor abdominal and genito-urinary surgery.

Background and objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the quality of intra- and postoperative analgesia obtained by alfentanil compared to that produced by peripheral blockade in children. Methods: During sevoflurane-nitrous oxide atracurium anaesthesia for minor abdominal or genito-urinary surgery, three groups of children aged 0-8 yr received 25 pg kg - 1 alfentanil intravenously (n = 28), or peripheral nerve blockade using 1 mL kg - 1 ropivacaine 0.475% (n = 24), or 12.5 μg kg - 1 alfentanil intravenously with peripheral nerve blockade using 1 mL kg - 1 ropivacaine 0.475% (n = 30). Changes in blood pressure and heart rate were measured during the procedures. Postoperative pain was assessed using the face, legs, activity, cry, consolability (FLACC) observational tool for quantifying pain behaviour and a numerical scale scored by nurses, doctors, parents and children. Results: There was no significant difference in intra- or postoperative analgesic efficacy among the three groups. Patients who received alfentanil had significantly lower heart rates than those who received nerve blockade only (96.0 ′ 15.6 vs. 115.9 ′ 23.2 beats min - 1 , P < 0.001). FLACC and numerical scale scores did not differ among the groups. There were no significant differences in incidence of vomiting or use of pain medications. Conclusions: It was concluded that a low-dose, intravenous bolus of alfentanil may be an efficient alternative to peripheral nerve blockade in controlling pain during and after minor abdominal and genito-urinary surgery.
The budding yeast Pichia pastoris has a novel Sec23p homolog

In Pichia pastoris, coat protein complex II (COPII) vesicles form at discrete transitional ER (tER) sites. Analyzing COPII coat proteins in this yeast will help to reveal the mechanisms of tER organization. Here, we show that like Saccharomyces cerevisiae, P. pastoris contains essential SEC23 and SEC24 genes, as well as the non-essential SEC24 homolog LST1. In addition, P. pastoris contains a novel non-essential SEC23 homolog that we have designated SHL23. The products of all four genes are concentrated at tER sites. Deletion of SHL23 does not disrupt tER morphology. As judged by two-hybrid analysis, Sec23p associates with both Sec24p and Lst1p, whereas Shl23p associates selectively with Lst1p. These results suggest that P. pastoris COPII vesicles contain an Shl23p/Lst1p complex that is absent in S. cerevisiae.
Axially symmetric potential flow around a slender body

Axially symmetric potential flow about an axially symmetric rigid body is considered. The potential due to the body is represented as a superposition of potentials of point sources distributed along a segment of the axis inside the body. The source strength distribution satisfies a linear integral equation. A complete uniform asymptotic expansion of its solution is obtained with respect to the slenderness ratio e½, which is the maximum radius of the body divided by its length. The expansion contains integral powers of e multiplied by powers of log e. From it expansions of the potential, the virtual mass and the dipole moment of the body are obtained. The flow about the body in the presence of an axially symmetric stationary obstacle is also determined. The method of analysis involves a technique for the asymptotic solution of integral equations.
Mitotane-Induced Hyperlipidemia: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Limited data are available about mitotane-nduced hyperlipidemia. We retrospectively analyzed lipid data in 38 patients with adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) who received mitotane therapy with emphasis on HDL cholesterol (HDL-c) and clinical predictors of lipid changes. At baseline, the mean levels of HDL-c, LDL-c, and triglycerides were 53.3 mg/dL, 114.4 mg/dL, and 149 mg/dL, respectively. HDL-c, LDL-c, and triglyceride concentrations significantly increased with mitotane therapy to a mean HDL peak (HDL-P) of 86.3 mg/dL (), a mean LDL peak of 160.1 mg/dL (), and a mean triglyceride peak (Tg-P) of 216.7 mg/dL (). HDL-P positively correlated with mitotane concentration (), while LDL-P levels and Tg-P did not. Gender, body mass index, cortisol overproduction, baseline levels of HDL-c, and triglyceride did not predict change in HDL-c. Similar changes were noticed in subgroup analysis after excluding patients who were using lipid-lowering agents. In conclusion, in ACC patients, mitotane caused significant increases in HDL-c that may counteract the deleterious atherosclerotic effects of LDL-c and Tg rise. Understanding the mechanism of HDL change may lead to the discovery of novel HDL-c-elevating drugs.
Cationized Bowman-Birk Protease Inhibitor as a Targeted Cancer Chemopreventive Agent

The conjugate of the Bowman-Birk inhibitor (BBI) with poly(D-lysine) (PDL-ss-BBI) has been suggested as a lung-targeted anti-carcinogenic agent. The authors demonstrate that PDL-ss-BBI, given i.p., reduces the tumor number in the lungs of 3-methylcholanthrene treated mice (61-71% compared to control group) in a dose-dependent manner, but is toxic to the treated animals at a high dosage. In order to develop a better lung-targeted anti-carcinogenic agent, spermine-conjugated BBI (spermine-BBI) was synthesized by coupling BBI to spermine through amide bonds using a carbodiimide-mediated reaction. Results from in vitro transformation assays demonstrated that spermine-BBI was at least as effective as BBI in reducing the transformation yield in C3H10T1/2 cells. When injected intravenously into mice [125I]spermine-BBI accumulated to a greater extent in the lungs and the liver compared to BBI. The in vitro cytotoxicity of spermine-BBI in C3H10T1/2 cells was 30-fold less than that of PDL-ss-BBI. These results suggest that spermine-BBI is likely to be an improved cancer chemopreventive agent compared to BBI or PDL-ss-BBI.
THE PHYSICAL PROCESSES OCCURRING IN THE MELTING AND COOLING OF GLASS

The thermal treatment of glass is followed from the melting and refining stage downward through the annealing zone. The fusion of the batch constituents is shown to be completed in a short time and the greater portion of the time required to obtain glass of good quality is used in freeing the glass from gas bubbles and in improving the homogeneity. It is postulated that melting is similar to a diffusion process, the constituents being mixed by diffusion aided by convection currents. A review of the evidence for silicate compounds in glasses shows that only electrical conductivity data indicate the existence of such compounds. Dissolved gases probably assist fining by diffusing into the bubbles and increasing their size. This offers one explanation of the action of fining agents. Devitrification is shown to be avoidable by a knowledge of the devitrification emperature and staying above this temperature during melting and fining. Any subsequent cooling through the devitrification zone should be rapid. The earlier annealing equations are based on the experimental observation that rate of release of stress in glass is proportional to the square of the stress. This fact is difficult to explain on a physical basis when it is assumed that viscosity is constant with temperature. However, data are cited which show that viscosity changes with time and when the instantaneous values of viscosity are used it is shown that the rate of release of stress is proportional to the stress divided by the viscosity. The constant of proportionality has the dimensions of the shear modulus of glass and is equal to one-fourth the value of the shear modulus in glass at room temperature.
Adaptive Multiprecision Path Tracking

This article treats numerical methods for tracking an implicitly defined path. The numerical precision required to successfully track such a path is difficult to predict a priori, and indeed it may change dramatically through the course of the path. In current practice, one must either choose a conservatively large numerical precision at the outset or rerun paths multiple times in successively higher precision until success is achieved. To avoid unnecessary computational cost, it would be preferable to adaptively adjust the precision as the tracking proceeds in response to the local conditioning of the path. We present an algorithm that can be set to either reactively adjust precision in response to step failure or proactively set the precision using error estimates. We then test the relative merits of reactive and proactive adaptation on several examples arising as homotopies for solving systems of polynomial equations.
In Congress Budget Update for NOAA, USGS

Among the agenda items facing Congress as it reconvenes this week are the fiscal 1984 budgets for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), which is part of the Department of Commerce, and for the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), which is within the Department of the Interior. Fiscal year 1984 begins October 1, 1983. As Congress rolls up its shirtsleeves and gets down to business, Eos presents a status report on the two agency budgets. Both House and Senate appropriations committees have finished their work on the NOAA budget, which had been targeted by President Ronald Reagan for a $799.8 million appropriation request (program level of $843.2 million) in his proposed fiscal 1984 budget (Eos, February 15, 1983, p. 65). The House appropriation for NOAA (H.R. 3134 and H.R. 3222) is $998.5 million, with a program level of $1043.9 million. The Senate Appropriations Committee set its appropriation (S. 1721) at $987.8 million, with a program level of $1041.0 million.
Novel reagents and reactions for drug design

In this presentation, we cover new results from two of our synthetic endeavors: guanidinylation reagents and novel bridged opioids. In the first part, we describe the applications of the diurethane-triflylguanidines to prepare target bioactive structures including peptides, heterocyclic drugs, and aminoglycoside derivatives. The formation of novel guanidinoglycosides led to a family of effective binders to the RNA recognition element of the HIV-1 Rev protein. In the second part, the syntheses of sulfur and amine-bridged cyclic opioids is described. These analogs exhibit enhanced binding, both in vitro and in vivo. Specifically, H-Tyr-c( D-ValL-Gly-Phe-D/L-AlaL)-OH (ValL and AlaL denote the lanthionine amino acid ends linked by a monosulfide bridge) is potent and highly d-receptor selective while Tyr-c((NgCH3)-D-A2bu-Gly-Phe-NHCH2CH2-) though nonselective is one of the most potent opioids prepared to date. These molecules are representative of our design of novel peptidomimetic opioids.
Dynamic Egocentric Models for Citation Networks

The analysis of the formation and evolution of networks over time is of fundamental importance to social science, biology, and many other fields. While longitudinal network data sets are increasingly being recorded at the granularity of individual time-stamped events, most studies only focus on collapsed cross-sectional snapshots of the network. In this paper, we introduce a dynamic egocentric framework that models continuous-time network data using multivariate counting processes. For inference, an efficient partial likelihood approach is used, allowing our methods to scale to large networks. We apply our techniques to various citation networks and demonstrate the predictive power and interpretability of the learned statistical models.
Dynamic Programming’s Progeny

Dynamic programming was devised to answer certain optimization problems arising in operations research and control theory(1). It provides a new analytical and computational approach to such problems. It may be expected then, that it will provide new insights into those branches of physics in which a variational principle is involved. This is indeed the case as is shown in Section II, employing Fermat’s principle of optics. A basic feature of dynamic programming is the imbedding of a given process within a class of processeso. This technique, highly developed in dynamic programming, can be employed in a variety of ways in applied mathematics. In Section III an application to the theory of integral equations is given. A new approach to the computational solution of Fredholm integral equations is given.
Mean thermospheric density estimation derived from satellite constellations

Abstract This paper defines a method to estimate the mean neutral density of the thermosphere given many satellites of the same form factor travelling in similar regions of space. A priori information to the estimation scheme include ranging measurements and a general knowledge of the onboard ADACS, although precise measurements are not required for the latter. The estimation procedure seeks to utilize order statistics to estimate the probability of the minimum drag coefficient achievable, and amalgamating all measurements across multiple time periods allows estimation of the probability density of the ballistic factor itself. The model does not depend on prior models of the atmosphere; instead we require estimation of the minimum achievable drag coefficient which is based upon physics models of simple shapes in free molecular flow. From the statistics of the minimum, error statistics on the estimated atmospheric density can be calculated. Barring measurement errors from the ranging procedure itself, it is shown that with a constellation of 10 satellites, we can achieve a standard deviation of roughly 4% on the estimated mean neutral density. As more satellites are added to the constellation, the result converges towards the lower limit of the achievable drag coefficient, and accuracy becomes limited by the quality of the ranging measurements and the probability of the accommodation coefficient. Comparisons are made to existing atmospheric models such as NRLMSISE-00 and JB2006.
The Optimal Noise-Adding Mechanism in Differential Privacy

Differential privacy is a framework to quantify to what extent individual privacy in a statistical database is preserved while releasing useful aggregate information about the database. In this paper, within the classes of mechanisms oblivious of the database and the queries beyond the global sensitivity, we characterize the fundamental tradeoff between privacy and utility in differential privacy, and derive the optimal $\epsilon $ -differentially private mechanism for a single real-valued query function under a very general utility-maximization (or cost-minimization) framework. The class of noise probability distributions in the optimal mechanism has staircase-shaped probability density functions which are symmetric (around the origin), monotonically decreasing and geometrically decaying. The staircase mechanism can be viewed as a geometric mixture of uniform probability distributions, providing a simple algorithmic description for the mechanism. Furthermore, the staircase mechanism naturally generalizes to discrete query output settings as well as more abstract settings. We explicitly derive the parameter of the optimal staircase mechanism for $\ell _{1}$ and $\ell _{2}$ cost functions. Comparing the optimal performances with those of the usual Laplacian mechanism, we show that in the high privacy regime ( $\epsilon $ is small), the Laplacian mechanism is asymptotically optimal as $\epsilon \to 0$ ; in the low privacy regime ( $\epsilon $ is large), the minimum magnitude and second moment of noise are $\Theta (\Delta e^{(-{\epsilon }/{2})})$ and $\Theta (\Delta ^{2} e^{(-{2\epsilon }/{3})})$ as $\epsilon \to +\infty $ , respectively, while the corresponding figures when using the Laplacian mechanism are ${\Delta }/{\epsilon }$ and ${2\Delta ^{2}}/{\epsilon ^{2}}$ , where $\Delta $ is the sensitivity of the query function. We conclude that the gains of the staircase mechanism are more pronounced in the moderate-low privacy regime.
Discussion of Resonant Transfer and Excitation

These comments are a reflection of some of my own impressions of the field of Resonance Transfer and Excitation, RTE, in ion-atom collisions and of the papers presented at the Workshop as well as my recollections of some of the discussions following the session. The papers presented at this Workshop give an excellent and rather complete picture of the history and status of the field. I will consider the references therein to be complete and therefore not attempt here to reference all the various points discussed, but rather refer the reader to the preceding papers in this session.
RADIOACTIVE FAT ABSORPTION AND CLINICAL RESPONSE OF SPRUE TO STEROID THERAPY Report of Three Unusual Cases

Summary Three unusual cases of spree are presented. Each patient had diarrhea, low serum albumin content, and was malnourished; 2 patients had hypocalcemia, tetany, and osteoporosis; 2 had edema; 1 patient had bleeding with an increased prothrombin time (180 seconds) which became normal eight hours after vitamin K was given intravenously. I 131 -tagged triolein and oleic acid curves showed poor absorption and "flat" curves for all 3 patients. None of the 3 patients responded clinically to standard treatment, including the glutenfree diet, vitamin B 12 given intramuscularly, and other measures, but did respond to steroid therapy. Repetition of the radioactive fat studies after steroid therapy showed great improvement in the absorption of fat, paralleling the clinical response. Steroid therapy would seem indicated for patients with sprue who do not respond to other treatment. Since many patients with sprue may not have the typical symptoms and signs of the disorder, but its complications, diagnosis is difficult and the diagnostic technique is one of exclusion. Radioactive fat studies of such patients can be of help because they uniformly show poor absorption with flat uptake curves. Determination of the uptake of radioactive triolein and oleic acid is a dependable, simple, and objective measure of fat absorption. Radioactive fat studies can be of aid not only in the diagnosis of sprue but also in determining the response to treatment.
The influence of geographic isolation on late preterm infant and mother outcomes.

PURPOSE Risk of adverse outcome in late-preterm infants (born between 34 and 36 weeks and 6 days' gestation) is heightened for those living in geographic isolation (GI). We examined the relationships between GI and several mother and infant outcomes. SUBJECTS AND DESIGN This was a tricenter cross-sectional study of 38 English-speaking late-preterm infant/mother dyads admitted to neonatal intensive care in a predominately rural Midwestern state. Eligibility for the study included English-speaking mothers and their biologically born late-preterm infants with no known anomalies. METHODS AND MAIN OUTCOME: Outcomes included maternal knowledge of infant development (Knowledge of Infant Development Inventory) and competence (Competence in Preterm Infant Care questionnaire), maternal perception of vulnerability (Vulnerable Baby Scale ([VBS]), risk, and temperament (Pictorial Assessment of Temperament ([PAT]). Infant readmission and follow-up data were also examined. Potential covariates included any use of the Internet for healthcare information, demographic data, and mother and infant health history and were obtained from medical records and from the mother. Level of GI was determined by time and distance traveled (minutes) from the mother's primary residence to the closest regional healthcare center. RESULTS Study participants traveled 61 ± 58 miles and 72 ± 62 minutes on average. The Mean ± SD scores on assessment were as follows: Knowledge of Infant Development Inventory 77 ± 10, and Competence in Preterm Infant Care questionnaire 90 ± 14, VBS 27.5 ± 3.5, and PAT 17.5 ± 3. Bivariate associations were observed between distance and time and VBS scores (P = .03 for both). Multiple regression analysis showed significant relationship between time (P = .02) and PAT scores when maternal education (0.09) and the number of hours spent in the NICU (P = .01) were entered into the model. The association between time traveled and VBS scores became marginally significant when maternal age and Internet use were entered into the regression models. The odds for a mother to perceive her infant at risk for suboptimal outcomes were 6 times greater for each 1-hour additional travel time (odds ratio = 6.0; 95% confidence interval: 1.3-36; P = .001). There was no association between GI and readmission rate and follow-up care. Readmission rate was 8%, and anticipatory guidance was found to be inadequate. CONCLUSION Remote access to appropriate healthcare services elicits more than legitimate concerns for the late preterm infant and warrants further investigation with consideration for how services might be more easily accessed for this at-risk group.
Assessing Your Behavior Pattern

This technical note contains a scale measuring Type-A behavior patterns (Bortner, 1969), describes its impact on the individual and the organization, contains two short cases describing Type-A and Type-B individuals, and presents recommendations for modifying Type-A behavior patterns. (See also OB-0363.)
Perceived Discrimination among Latino Immigrants in New Destinations: The Case of Durham, North Carolina

This paper draws on original survey data to assess the prevalence of perceived discrimination among Latin American immigrants to Durham, NC, a "new immigrant destinations" in the Southeastern United States. Even though discrimination has a wide-ranging impact on social groups, from blocked opportunities, to adverse health outcomes, to highlighting and reifying inter-group boundaries, research among immigrant Latinos is rare, especially in new destinations. Our theoretical framework and empirical analysis expand social constructivist approaches that view ethnic discrimination as emerging from processes of competition and incorporation. We broaden prior discussions by investigating the specific social forces that give rise to perceived discrimination. In particular, we examine the extent to which perceptions of unequal treatment vary by gender, elaborating on the situational conditions than differentiate discrimination experiences for men and women. We also incorporate dimensions unique to the contemporary Latino immigrant experience, such as legal status, family migration dynamics, and transnationalism.
Laser-based FA techniques for monitoring of defective SRAM junctions

Yield management in semiconductor process development relies on fast and early feedback on Front End of Line (FEOL) defects. Traditional functional characterization may require waiting until the fourth metal level (M4) or later in order to determine whether defects were electrically active. Several versions of M1-testable test structures have been put forward, recently including those by PDF Solutions, Inc. The design of these test sites have lent themselves to easy testing of various shorting paths in the SRAM cell. Localization of these defects is aided by techniques that involve scanning the test site with lasers of various wavelengths. Two such techniques, XIVA (eXternally Induced Voltage Alteration), and Optical Beam Induced Current (OBIC) have been used in this study. Each technique was capable of finding defects based on the physics of the wavelength. The effectiveness of each is discussed, and applicability of more advanced techniques such as Multi-photon Optical Beam Induced Current (MpOBIC) are discussed.
Continuity and Change: De Soto and the Apalachee

The expedition of Hernando de Soto has been touted as one of the primary factors of the demise of the native societies in the Southeast. European steel and infectious disease were the reputed agents of their destruction. While the de Soto entrada battled many of the native polities it encountered, recent studies suggest that the consequences were less disruptive in some places than previously thought. Indeed, changes were already in progress when the Europeans arrived. Evidence from the excavation of the Governor Martin site in northern Florida indicates that the Apalachee who received Franciscan missionaries in the 17th century were little different from those encountered by de Soto in 1540. The impact of European diseases on the native cultures was clearly significant; however, it would be imprudent to invoke monocausal explanations without exploring other factors that could have contributed to the social and demographic changes experienced by these societies.
Resident Identification of Significant Learning Experiences: A Qualitative Analysis

Background Practice-based learning is a core competency that is required of residency programs. This study uses a simple written system to encourage structured reflection and describes the experiences residents identify as significant for learning. Methods Thoracic surgery residents were asked to submit a brief monthly written reflection, highlighting something they learned from a clinical experience. Qualitative analysis of these reflections was performed with grounded theory to generate categories of learning topics. These categories were then combined into themes used to develop theories about how residents learn from their experiences. The frequency of responses within each category was compared between senior and junior residents to examine differences in their approach to learning. Results Seven residents submitted 56 learning experiences (19 by seniors, 37 by juniors) over a 1-year period. Open coding revealed 113 learning points in 12 unique categories. Procedure choice was the most common category reported. Senior residents were more likely to report learning points that involved procedure choice (31% versus 18%, p = 0.01) and procedure timing (8% versus 2%, p = 0.04) than junior residents. The 12 categories were combined into four themes: evaluation and management; technical skills; complication identification and management; and teamwork and communication. Seniors were more likely to report learning points in the preoperative phase (46% versus 32%, p = 0.01). Conclusions Brief written reflection is a feasible approach to encourage thoughtful reflection and practice-based learning. Faculty members should explicitly help residents improve their practice by using individualized guidance and can influence resident learning by asking targeted questions, clarifying decisions, and modeling behavior.
HMGA2 is a specific immunohistochemical marker for pleomorphic adenoma and carcinoma ex‐pleomorphic adenoma

Aims Accurate classification of salivary gland neoplasms may be challenging due to morphologic overlap, particularly in small biopsies. Recurrent translocations involving High Mobility Group A2 (HMGA2) are present in a subset of pleomorphic adenoma (PA) and carcinoma ex-pleomorphic adenoma (CA ex-PA). We evaluated immunohistochemical HMGA2 expression in 225 salivary gland tumors including 56 PAs, 37 CA ex-PAs and 132 potential histologic mimics to determine its diagnostic utility. Methods and results HMGA2 expression was identified in 19 PAs (33.9%) and 9 CA ex-PAs (24.3%). Expression was strong and diffuse throughout all PAs and 4 of 9 positive CA ex-PA cases. In 5 CA ex-PAs, HMGA2 showed weak-to-strong multifocal staining within the carcinomatous component, with strong, diffuse HMGA2 expression in residual PA. Among histologic mimics: 6 de novo salivary duct carcinomas (28.5%), 3 epithelial-myoepithelial carcinomas (33.3%) and 1 case each of myoepithelioma and basal cell adenoma expressed HMGA2. FISH for HMGA2 rearrangement performed on a subset of tumors showed diffuse HMGA2 expression in PA and CA ex-PA was frequently associated with rearrangement of the HMGA2 locus, while cases of de novo salivary duct carcinoma, or CA ex-PA with limited or no HMGA2 expression, had an intact HMGA2 locus. Conclusions HMGA2 expression is a highly specific (96.2%), but low sensitivity (29.8%), marker for PA and CA ex-PA when compared to histologic mimics, and is frequently associated with rearrangement of the HMGA2 locus. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Do acute-care surgeons follow best practices for breast abscess management? A single-institution analysis of 325 consecutive cases

Abstract Background The breast surgery community has adopted needle aspiration as the standard of care for breast abscesses, which have a size less than 5 cm on ultrasound, no skin changes, and fewer than 5 days of symptoms. Our acute-care surgery (ACS) service manages all breast abscess consults at our urban safety-net hospital. We undertook this descriptive study to identify the rate of operative incisions and drainage performed by ACS surgeons which were not compatible with best practices for breast abscess management. Methods We performed a retrospective review of the electronic health records of all patients on whom the ACS service was consulted for a breast abscess at our urban safety-net hospital between January 2010 and December 2014. We collected data on patient demographics, breast skin characteristics, length of symptoms, ultrasound results, and treatment modality. Results A total of 325 patients with breast abscesses were evaluated by ACS, of whom 21 met the breast community's indications for needle aspiration. Of the overall 325 subject sample, 281 (86.5%) underwent incision and drainage (I&D), and 44 (13.5%) underwent bedside needle aspiration. Of the 281 patients that underwent I&D, 269 (95.7%) met the breast surgery community's indications for I&D due to either skin changes (n = 90, 33.5%), abscess >5 cm on ultrasound (n = 88, 32.7%), or symptoms >5 days (n = 238, 88.5%). Of the 44 patients that underwent needle aspiration, only 9 (20.5%) met the current practice indications for aspiration. Of the 44 patients that underwent aspiration, 28 (63.6%) failed and went on to have an operation. The majority of these failed aspirations had symptoms >5 days (23 patients, 82.1%) or had skin changes at presentation (1 patient, 3.6%) or an abscess >5 cm on ultrasound (5 patients, 17.9%). Conclusions As judged by best practices promulgated by the breast surgery community, ACS surgeons do not show excessive rates of operative I&D of breast abscess and in fact seem to overutilize needle aspiration. To our knowledge, this is the largest single institution series of the management of breast abscesses by ACS surgeons in the literature.
A survey on energy saving in IP-over-WDM networks

In the IP-over-WDM networks, there are the mainly following four reasons for high energy consumption. Firstly, and most importantly, cooling of the IT equipment takes huge chunk from overall energy consumption. Secondly, over provisioning leads to redundant devices at all time. Thirdly, deployed networks are designed without consideration of energy. Lastly, data packet are routed without taking care of energy consumption along the journey. Thus, this work categorizes different approaches into four categories e.g cooling, sleep node, design and traffic grooming,. In each category, we discuss few state-of-the-art research efforts. Hence, this work briefs about energy efficiency for the IP-over-WDM networks.
What’s the secret ingredient? Searching for policies and practices that make charter schools successful

The charter-school sector in the United States has grown steadily since the first charter school opened in 1992 and nearly 7,000 charter schools currently serve nearly 3 million students. Research suggests that the average charter school performs about the same as nearby traditional public schools, but there is great variation in the effects of charter schools. Some are successful in boosting student achievement and others are not, raising the question of what distinguishes good charter schools from bad. This article summarizes the research on factors associated with successful charter schools. The research suggests that urban charter schools have more positive impacts on student achievement than other charter schools. The policies most consistently found to be associated with positive charter-school impacts include long school days or years, comprehensive behavioral policies with rewards and sanctions, and a mission that prioritizes boosting student achievement. In addition, moderately strong evi...
I7 Neonatal meningitis – from surveillance to evidence based management algorithm and guidelines

Bacterial meningitis is a medical emergency. Prompt recognition and management is required for best outcome. Using several surveillance systems (including the BPSU, national laboratory systems, neonatal infection network and meningitis charities), we showed that the incidence has not declined amongst UK young infants in contrast to other age groups. These young infants also had a rate 70 times those of adults. We identified that nearly half of the infants did not present with fever and that there is no progression of features in the first 24 hours in contrast to what is known about children with meningococcal disease. Additionally, there was a wide variation in management of infants including empiric antibiotics and the role of listeria has been over-estimated over time leading to wide use of a penicillin based antibiotics including infants over 1 month of age. There was also variation in follow up practice. The findings of the our studies in addition to literature review forms the basis of our bacterial meningitis management algorithm and etool aimed at trainee doctors to communicate lessons from our research, highlight gaps in recognition and management and promote best practice. We used anonymised case studies to create modules about recognition of clinical features, decision making, investigations, management and follow-up. We addressed key issues around timely lumbar puncture, appropriate empiric antibiotics and requirement for on-going monitoring. The etool has been endorsed by the RCPCH and passing a test at the end of it will allow the user to collect CPD points. A pilot roll out received positive feedback with 90% rating it as useful or very useful and 97% saying that they would recommend the etool to a colleague. We believe that this educational package will contribute to improved outcomes for these vulnerable infants. Parents of survivors show appreciation for our dissemination of the findings to improve the management of future cases. We have demonstrated the huge potential benefit of collaboration between all the surveillance systems especially when dealing with rare diseases. Our study is the pioneer BPSU study to produce a management etool.
Republican citizenship in the post-Civil War South and French Algeria 1865–1900

ABSTRACTThis essay compares the American South and French Algeria from 1865 to roughly 1900. Their similarities and connections reveal the paradox of republicanism in an era of growing nation-state power. The Civil War’s outcome, particularly slavery’s abolition, inspired American and French liberals alike. But after bold initiatives to establish full citizenship for people of color in the 1860s, provincial, white rule was established in both territorial areas. Fears of socialism provoked by the Paris Commune figured in this pivot. The essay shows us transnational aspects of race-based, contingent citizenship in the post-slavery era of these two republican empires.
A Family of Layered Phosphates Crystallizing in a Rare Geometrical Isomer of the Phosphuranylite Topology: Synthesis, Characterization, and Computational Modeling of A4[(UO2)3O2(PO4)2] (A = Alkali Metal) Exhibiting Intralayer Ion Exchange.

Single crystals of eight new layered uranyl phosphates were grown from alkali chloride fluxes: Cs1.4K2.6[(UO2)3O2(PO4)2], Cs0.7K3.3[(UO2)3O2(PO4)2], Rb1.4K2.6[(UO2)3O2(PO4)2], K4[(UO2)3O2(PO4)2], K2.9Na0.9Rb0.2[(UO2)3O2(PO4)2], K2.1Na0.7Rb1.2[(UO2)3O2(PO4)2], Cs1.7K4.3[(UO2)5O5(PO4)2], and Rb1.6K4.4[(UO2)5O5(PO4)2]. All structures crystallize in the monoclinic space group, P21/c and contain uranyl phosphate layers with alkali metals located between the layers for charge balance. Ion exchange experiments on Cs0.7K3.3[(UO2)3O2(PO4)2], Rb1.4K2.6[(UO2)3O2(PO4)2], and K4[(UO2)3O2(PO4)2] demonstrated that Cs and Rb cations cannot be exchanged for K cations; however, K cations can be readily exchanged for Na, Rb, and Cs. Enthalpies of formation were calculated from density functional theory (DFT) and volume-based thermodynamics (VBT) for all six structures. A value for the enthalpy of formation of the phosphuranylite sheet, [(UO2)3O2(PO4)2]4–, was derived using single-ion additive methods coupled with VBT. DFT a...
GREEN TOWERS AND ICONIC DESIGN: Cases from Three Continents

Recently, massive urbanization, increasingly denser cities and environmental consciousness are pushing architects to build “green” skyscraper. This paper examines the emergence of a notable type of skyscrapers which depart from purely image-driven structures, and emphasizes functionality and energy efficiency. It argues that breathtaking green design and practical clean technology are merged to give birth to green architectural aesthetics. Upon reviewing over 30 towers from various parts of the world, the paper identifies salient green design strategies that provide new iconicity including: structural efficiencies, renewable energy, facade technology, greeneries, and bioclimatic design. Findings suggest that a dynamic synergy among innovative green design strategies, new architectural languages and exciting aesthetics has constituted a trend that is more likely to prevail in the 21st Century.
Analytical Fragility Curves for Pipe Rack Structure

The seismic performance of Pipe Rack structures which is a complex structure commonly found in large oil refineries is evaluated in this study. Analytical Fragility curves are developed to evaluate the performance of each pipe rack models at Life Safety damage state after an earthquake. The methodology that were used to develop the curves, are based on calculating axial deformation of the brace member and the plastic rotation of the moment frame using nonlinear time history analysis for different ground motions with different intensities and frequency contents. The fragility curves are developed based on the acceptance criteria for the brace member and the partially connection moment frame given from the FEMA 356. It was found that as the number of bay increased, the probability of the structure exceeding/reaching Life Safety performance level for the brace member significantly increased and decreased as the number of bay decreased. Similarly, as the number of stories increase, the chance of reaching LS increased, as decreasing the number of stories lowered the change of achieving LS for both moment frame and brace member. It was also found that changing the member size does not have a remarkable effect to their fragility values in Life Safety level of performance.
Histotripsy Clot Liquefaction in a Porcine Intracerebral Hemorrhage Model

Background Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is characterized by a 30-d mortality rate of 40% and significant disability for those who survive. Objective To investigate the initial safety concerns of histotripsy mediated clot liquefaction and aspiration in a porcine ICH model. Histotripsy is a noninvasive, focused ultrasound technique that generates cavitation to mechanically fractionate tissue. Histotripsy has the potential to liquefy clot in the brain and facilitate minimally invasive aspiration. Methods About 1.75-mL clots were formed in the frontal lobe of the brain (n = 18; n = 6/group). The centers of the clots were liquefied with histotripsy 48 h after formation, and the content was either evacuated or left within the brain. A control group was left untreated. Pigs underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 7 to 8 d after clot formation and were subsequently euthanized. Neurological behavior was assessed throughout. Histological analysis was performed on harvested brains. A subset of pigs underwent acute analysis (≤6 h). Results Histotripsy was able to liquefy the center of clots without direct damage to the perihematomal brain tissue. An average volume of 0.9 ± 0.5 mL was drained after histotripsy treatment. All groups showed mild ischemia and gliosis in the perihematomal region; however, there were no deaths or signs of neurological dysfunction in any groups. Conclusion This study presents the first analysis of histotripsy-based liquefaction of ICH in vivo. Histotripsy safely liquefies clots without significant additional damage to the perihematomal region. The liquefied content of the clot can be easily evacuated, and the undrained clot has no effect on pig survival or neurological behavior.
Ornade® (Smith Kline & French)

Ornade, a controlled release spansule, contains a nasal decongestant, phenylpropanolamine, and an antihistamine, chlorpheniramine maleate that has drying and sedating actions.