cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase and Δ13 reductase content of gastrointestinal organs of rabbits and rats

15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase was measured in various gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal tissues from rabbits and rats. In addition, delta 13 reductase activity was measured in fundic and antral mucosae and gastric muscle from rabbits. In rabbits, antral mucosa contained the greatest activity of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase and was 6 times more active than rabbit lung and fundic mucosa. In rat, duodenal mucosa was more active than antral mucosa or pancreas, suggesting that interspecies variations may exist. delta 13 reductase in rabbit gastric tissues was also more active in antral mucosa than in fundic mucosa or gastric muscle. The high activities of these enzymes in antral mucosa in conjunction with the known large prostaglandin content, particularly PGE2 and PGI2, suggest a large biological turnover of prostaglandin in these tissues.
Antinuclear antibody determinations in Ro(SSA)-positive, antinuclear antibody—negative lupus and Sjögren's syndrome patients

Antinuclear antibody determinations were performed on the sera of twenty-eight Ro(SSA)-positive patients, who failed to demonstrate significant antinuclear antibody titers on mouse liver, with the use of various heterologous and homologous substrates, These studies demonstrated the following: (1) The existence of substrate specificity among various tissues and cells employed in the detection of antinuclear antibodies in Ro(SSA)-positive patients. (2) The existence of a significant group of Ro(SSA)-positive lupus patients with prominent cutaneous findings and systemic disease who, despite the employment of a variety of antinuclear substrates, failed to demonstrate significant antinuclear antibody titer.
Gradations or Extremes: Another Look at the College Ratings

Recent decades have brought mounting calls for higher education institutions to demonstrate their value to students, parents, and policymakers. From state-level accountability schemes and funding f...
Safety of Early Enrollment into Outpatient Cardiac Rehabilitation After Open Heart Surgery

The safety of early enrollment (<2 weeks after hospital discharge) into cardiac rehabilitation (CR) after recent coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery or heart valve surgery (HVS) has not previously been assessed and has important policy implications. Consequently, we performed a detailed review of all clinical adverse events within 6 months of hospital discharge. We compared early and late attendees for patients undergoing CABG surgery or HVS and included patients with myocardial infarction (MI) as an additional control group. We analyzed 112 patients undergoing CABG surgery, 69 patients undergoing HVS, and 59 patients with MI. Median time (interquartile range) from hospital discharge to CR enrollment was 10.5 (8 to 15), 12 (8.5 to 21), and 9 days (7 to 14), respectively. There was no difference in major event rates between early and late enrollees (17% vs 17%, respectively, log-rank p = 0.98) or by diagnosis (15%, 16%, and 22% for CABG surgery, HVS, and MI, respectively; log-rank p = 0.50). Sternal instability and wound infection rates were similar. CR-related adverse events trended toward increased event rates in surgical and early enrollees, but of 44 events, only 3 were exercise related, none resulted in permanent harm, and 41 (93%) were managed in CR without need for emergency services. In conclusion, it appears that a policy of encouraging early enrollment into CR in patients with a recent open heart surgery seems unlikely to harm patients when careful individualized assessment and exercise prescription take place within the bounds of an established CR program.
Community Health Centers in US Inner Cities: From Cultural Competency to Community Competency

This paper critiques the idea of multiculturalism in the delivery of public health to low-income and communities of color as incomplete and limited. Health activists, and very importantly, community health centers in these places must become more involved with struggles against structural inequalities. Using the theory of social determinants of health, it is proposed that the leadership of community health centers consider how spatial inequalities impact directly on the particular health needs of low-income groups and people of color. Until public health addresses inequality, higher rates of ill health and health disparities will continue to plague economically distressed urban neighborhoods in the US. Based on an earlier study for the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, including a literature review and interviews with key informants, the author argues that public health is a key venue for the empowerment of inner city neighborhoods. Therefore, community health centers should be perceived and supported as community actors involved directly or indirectly with a range of economic and political issues, rather than simply the place - albeit quite multicultural - where poor and working-class people go when they are sick.
Theory of electron spin resonance measurements of chalcogen pairs in Si

Abstract Calculations are presented which support the identification of two sulfur-related centers in Si (lying 0.37 and 0.19 eV below the conduction band minima) with (S, S)+ and (S, S)0 nearest-neighbor substitutional S pairs. Explanations in terms of meso-bonding are given of the following facts: (i) Although S is much more electronegative than Si, the (S, S)+ pair level lies at higher energy than the S+ level by ≅ 0.2 eV; (ii) The hyperfine interaction for (S, S)+ is considerably smaller than for the isolated S defect; and (iii) The (S, S)+ molecular defect has a hyperfine tensor that is virtually isotropic.
Three-Dimensional Echocardiography and Mitral Valve Disease

Three-dimensional echocardiography is a growing imaging modality, particularly for the evaluation of mitral valve pathology. Functional anatomy in disease states such as mitral regurgitation and stenosis as well as prosthetic valves can be effectively studied, offering superior knowledge to treating physicians. Additionally, three-dimensional echocardiography has the ability to help guide operative and percutaneous interventions, allowing for improved patient outcomes and advancement of clinical research. Continued experience with three-dimensional echocardiography will further our knowledge of the mitral valve and refine current indications for cardiovascular imaging.
The effects of superovulatory doses of clomiphene citrate on spontaneous luteinizing hormone peaks in regularly ovulating women.

Abstract The effects of superovulatory doses of clomiphene citrate (150 mg orally every day for 5 days) on normal spontaneous menstrual cycles were studied in 16 women. Eight-eight percent of treatment cycles had clearly defined, timely luteinizing hormone (LH) peaks indistinguishable from those observed in normal cycles. Eight percent of treatment cycles did not have clearly defined LH peaks but were ovulatory. One cycle (4%) was anovulatory. Treated cycles were 2.1 days longer than previous control cycles (p 0.05). There was a direct positive correlation between previous menstrual cycle length and follicular phase length in the treated cycle (r = 0.730, 0.01
A Small Molecule Inhibitor of Src Family Kinases Promotes Simple Epithelial Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) provide unprecedented opportunities to study the earliest stages of human development in vitro and have the potential to provide unlimited new sources of cells for regenerative medicine. Although previous studies have reported cytokeratin 14+/p63+ keratinocyte generation from hPSCs, the multipotent progenitors of epithelial lineages have not been described and the developmental pathways regulating epithelial commitment remain largely unknown. Here we report membrane localization of β-catenin during retinoic acid (RA)--induced epithelial differentiation. In addition hPSC treatment with the Src family kinase inhibitor SU6656 modulated β-catenin localization and produced an enriched population of simple epithelial cells under defined culture conditions. SU6656 strongly upregulated expression of cytokeratins 18 and 8 (K18/K8), which are expressed in simple epithelial cells, while repressing expression of the pluripotency gene Oct4. This homogeneous population of K18+K8+Oct4- simple epithelial precursor cells can further differentiate into cells expressing keratinocyte or corneal-specific markers. These enriched hPSC-derived simple epithelial cells may provide a ready source for development and toxicology cell models and may serve as a progenitor for epithelial cell transplantation applications.
The Sociospatial Stigmatization of Homeless Women with Children1

Homelessness remains highly stigmatized in U.S. society, with homeless persons seen by the public as mentally disabled, criminal, and socially deviant. This paper focuses on homeless women with children and argues that, in addition to the material deprivation of poverty, the sociospatial stigmatization of homeless women constitutes a primary obstacle to their reentry into mainstream, domiciled society. How does sociospatial stigma constrain homeless women with children as they navigate the transition between homeless and homed? How do these women deflect and circumvent the social and spatial boundaries defined by stigmatization? An analysis of semistructured interviews with eight women with children in Orange County, California, highlights the ways that the social identity of women as homeless is reinforced by social service agencies, potential employers, family, and friends, and illustrates how homeless women attempt to circumvent the negative attributes associated with homelessness.
National to Global Citizenship: Reflections on our Values, Loyalties, and Common Future

Nation-states are located at a moment in time, beginning with the First Industrial Revolution, when parties struggled for military and political access to natural (largely fossil) resources. This produced horrendous consequences of 20th-century wars and conflicts, costing millions of lives. We now face the tasks of developing a biosphere consciousness, based on our recognition of common connectivity. This new era presents new and difficult challenges for scientists and intellectuals.
Derivation of the MODIS Aqua Point-Spread Function ocean color bands

The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the Earth Observing System (EOS) Aqua platform has 9 spectral bands with center wavelengths from 412nm to 870nm that are used to produce the standard ocean color data products. Ocean scenes usually contain high contrast due to the presence of bright clouds over dark water. The MODIS has been characterized for straylight effects prelaunch. In this paper, we derive Point-Spread Functions for the MODIS Aqua ocean bands based on the prelaunch Near-Field Response measurements. We use Harvey-Shack coefficients derived by the system vendor Santa Barbara Remote Sensing. The crucial step in the derivation of the Point-Spread Function is the normalization of the Harvey-Shack coefficients relative to the center pixel. The straylight contamination of ocean scenes is evaluated based on artificial test scenes. Furthermore, the dependence of top-of-atmosphere radiances and ocean color products on proximity to a cloud is analyzed, and a straylight correction algorithm is proposed.
The Impact of Domains on the Dielectric and Electromechanical Properties of Ferroelectric Thin Films

In ferroelectric thin films for capacitive and piezoelectric applications, it is important to understand which mechanisms contribute to the observed dielectric constant and piezoelectricity. In soft PZT (PbZr1-xTixO3) ceramics, over half the room temperature response is associated with domain wall contributions to the properties. However, recent studies on bulk ceramics have demonstrated that the number of domain variants within grains, and the mobility of the twin walls depend on the grain size. This leads to a degradation in the dielectric and piezoelectric properties for grain sizes below a micron. This has significant consequences for thin films since a lateral grain size of 1 μm is often the upper limit on the observed grain size. In addition, since the pertinent domain walls are ferroelastic, the stress imposed on the film by the substrate could also clamp the piezoelectric response. To investigate these factors, controlled stress levels were imposed on PZT films of different thickness while the dielectric and electromechanical properties were measured. It was found that for undoped sol-gel PZT 40/60, 52/48, and 60/40 thin films under a micron in thickness, the extrinsic contributions to the dielectric and electromechanical properties make very modest contributions to the film response. No significant enhancement in the properties was observed even when the film was brought through the zero global stress condition. Comparable results were obtained from laser ablated films grown from hard and soft PZT targets. Finally, little twin wall mobility was observed in AFM experiments. The consequences of this in terms of the achievable properties in PZT films will be presented. Work on circumventing these limitations via utilization of antiferroelectric phase switching films and relaxor ferroelectric single crystal films will also be discussed.
Warming with a forced air warming blanket minimizes anesthetic-induced hypothermia in cats

Objective— To evaluate the effectiveness of a forced-air warming blanket (FAWB) in minimizing anesthetic-induced hypothermia in cats, and to examine the relationship between esophageal and other estimates of body temperature during skin surface warming. Study Design— Prospective, randomized cross-over trial. Animals— Eight adult domestic shorthair cats (four males and four females) weighing 2.3 to 4.5 kg. Methods— Each cat was anesthetized with halothane in oxygen on four occasions and covered with a modified FAWB. Air delivered to the cats by the FAWB was warmed to approximately 43°C. Each trial lasted 90 minutes and was divided into two consecutive 45-minute periods, during which the FAWB was activated or inactivated thus creating four treatment trials: off/off, on/off, on/on, off/on. Measurements of body temperature from the caudal esophagus, deep rectum, toe-web, and tympanic membrane were recorded at regular intervals throughout each trial and compared. Results— A steady decline in body temperature was observed throughout each trial. Mean body temperature in the cats receiving continual skin surface warming (on/on) was significantly higher than in those receiving no active warming (off/off) and those receiving delayed warming (off/on), from 45 minutes onwards. By 90 minutes, the mean body temperature of cats warmed continuously was 0.9°C higher than in those with no active warming. Notable differences in body temperature were detected between all measurement sites, with the exception of esophagus versus rectum. Rectal and esophageal temperatures did not differ at any time point. Tympanic membrane temperatures measured with either device were lower than esophageal temperatures. Conclusions— The modified FAWB was effective in minimizing the degree of hypothermia experienced in cats anesthetized with halothane for 90 minutes. Deep rectal temperature was an accurate reflection of esophageal temperature in these cats. Clinical Relevance— Forced air warming blankets may prove successful in minimizing anesthetic-induced hypothermia in cats.
Rheological and other physical characteristics of polysaccharides from two black yeast-like fungi

Synopsis Two black yeast polysaccharides show similar non-Newtonian behavior when the effects of polysaccharide concentration, shear rate, pH, salt, and temperature on the viscosity of dispersions are examined. Both polysaccharides readily form viscous aqueous dispersions and can be cast into flexible films, and both stabilize oil-water emulsions. Each of these two polysaccharides occurs extracellularly in the culture fluids of two different black yeast-like fungi-Rhinocladiella elatior Mangenot (strain NRRL YB-4163) and Rhinocladiella mansonii (Castellani) Schol-Schwarz (strain NRRL Y-6272). This report appears to be the fIrst on the rheology of an extracellular polysaccharide which contains the unusual sugar N-acetyl-D-glucosaminuronic acid.
Indigenous Plasmids in Xanthomonas Campestris Pv. Pruni

Plasmid DNA of 60 strains of Xanthomonas campestris pv. pruni was isolated and analysed by electrophoresis in 0.7% agarose gel. All strains had plasmids and 10 size classes were identified. While 32 strains had only one plasmid, three strains had as many as four plasmids. A plasmid of 26.7 mdal, yielding similar size fragments upon restriction with EcoRI, SalI, BamHI, PstI, and HindIII, occurred most frequently (77% strains). Strains isolated from apricot, peach, plum, and sweet cherry had similar plasmid profiles. However, more than two plasmids in a single strain occurred only in strains isolated in southern New Jersey. There was no apparent relationship between presence of plasmids and pathogenicity on detached peach leaves. EcoRI restriction of plasmid DNA from 41 of 43 strains yielded common fragments of 13.6, 12.2, 7.3, 5.8, and 2.4 kb. These fragments may be epidemiologically significant.
Southern hemisphere synoptic weather from a satellite scatterometer

Abstract Analyses of remotely sensed wind vector data from six satellite passes over parts of the Southern Ocean during September 1978 are shown. Winds are input to a planetary boundary layer model to produce sea level pressure fields. These are compared to the Australian Bureau of Meteorology conventional mean sea level pressure and to the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts pressure analyses. The analyses suggest that the Southern Hemisphere synoptic-scale pressure gradients for the cases studied are significantly stronger than those analyzed by the weather services. Compared to the Northern Hemisphere, serious deficiencies in all analysis schemes are revealed. However, it appears that remotely sensed data added to standard analysis techniques and satellite imagery can greatly enhance analysis and prognosis in remote oceanic regions and improve climatological flux estimates in the Southern Hemisphere.
Chicken Lacks the Testis-Specific Isozyme of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Found in Mammals

Chicken angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) cDNA was cloned based on homology to the mouse ACE sequence. The chicken ACE protein is highly homologous to the somatic isozyme of ACE found in human, mouse, bovine, and rabbit. Like the mammalian somatic forms, the chicken enzyme consists of two putative zinc binding sites at the center of two homologous domains. All known functional residues are absolutely conserved. Unlike the mammals, no evidence for a single domain, testis specific form of ACE was found in the chicken testis by either Northern blot or enzyme assay. This result is unexpected since the adult mammalian testis expresses one of the highest tissue levels of ACE.
Nanoparticle characterization in nanoliter volumes by grating light reflection spectroscopy

We present both theoretical and experimental results demonstrating that grating light reflection spectroscopy (GLRS) can provide information about the concentration and average size of particles of nanometer dimensions distributed in liquid-phase media. To demonstrate this, we have performed experiments on various concentrations of dendrimeric oligomers in water. Our results show that, with GLRS, we can determine the mean radius of particles with sizes on the order of molecular dimensions. The measurements were carried out in a continuous-flow format using a microchannel flow system and in a detection volume of less than 200 nL.
Sauna, Sisu and Sibelius : ethnic identity among finnish Americans

This article uses an ethnographic approach to explore ethnic identity among second- and third-generation Finnish Americans. Analysis of qualitative data yielded four second- and twelve first-order ...
Krystle Merrow: Representing LGBT Youth Narratives

Krystle Merrow, a recent graduate of the Ohio State University, is a victim of the declining economy and is currently searching for opportunities in the photographic field. The photographic essay at the heart of this interview establishes a range of autobiographical narratives and coming out stories of LGBT youth in central Ohio. The interview situates the six-panel photographic suite, and explores the artist's aims in its creation and representation.
The synthesis of transfer-function matrices was multiple poles

A simplified technique for synthesizing transfer-function matrices having multiple poles is presented. While the resulting systems are not always irreducible, the algorithm is easily applied, and serves as an efficient preliminary step in synthesizing minimal systems.
Enabling Sub-nW RF circuits through subthreshold leakage management

This paper presents subthreshold leakage management techniques to enable the design of a 2.4 GHz RF transmitter with ultra-low average power. Careful device size optimizations and judicious use of power gating devices shows that leakage power of the radio can be reduced by upwards of 4000X. When operating at a duty-cycled average data rate of 1 b/s, the implemented transmitter consumes 78 pW.
Positive Psychology and Character Strengths: Application to Strengths-Based School Counseling.

The basic premise of positive psychology is that the happiness and fulfillment of children and youth entail more than the identification and treatment of their problems. This article provides an overview of positive psychology and the Values in Action (VIA) project that classifies and measures 24 widely recognized character strengths. Good character is multidimensional, made up of a family of positive traits manifest in an individual's thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. Recent research findings are presented concerning the correlates and the consequences of the VIA character strengths for positive youth development. Character strengths are related to achievement, life satisfaction, and well-being of children and youth. Further, the implications and specific techniques informed by positive psychology are discussed for school counselors in the context of a strengths-based approach.
Description of a Practicum Course in Group Leadership

Abstract This article presents a unique undergraduate course designed for the training and supervision of group leaders, and describes a combination of a didactic and experiential workshop and seminars for training and supervising group leaders.
How Much White-Space Capacity Is There?

The Nov 2008 FCC ruling allowing access to the television whitespaces prompts a natural question. What is the magnitude and geographic distribution of the opportunity that has been opened up? This paper takes a semi-empirical perspective and uses the FCC's database of television transmitters, USA~census data from 2000, and standard wireless propagation and information-theoretic capacity models to see the distribution of {\bf data-rates available on a per-person basis} for wireless Internet access across the continental USA. To get a realistic evaluation of the potential public benefit, we need to examine more than just how many whitespace channels have been made available. It is also important to consider the wireless ``pollution'' from existing television stations, the self-interference among whitespace devices themselves, the population distribution, and the expected transmission range of the whitespace devices. The clear advantage of the whitespace approach is revealed through a direct comparison of the Pareto frontier of the new white-space approach and that corresponding to the traditional approach of refarming bands between television and wireless data service. Finally, the critical importance of economic investment considerations is shown by considering the status of rural vs urban areas. Based on technical considerations alone, whether we consider long or short-range whitespace systems, people in rural areas would seem to be the main beneficiaries of white-space systems. In fact, a power-law distribution is found that suggests that many rural customers would enjoy tremendous data-rates. However, the fundamental need to recover investments by wireless ISPs couples the range to the population density. This clips the tail of the power-law and shows that urban areas actually get significant benefit from the TV whitespaces. Overall, the opportunity provided by TV whitespaces is shown to be potentially of the same order as the recent release of ``beachfront'' 700MHz spectrum for wireless data service.
Victorian Bloomsbury. By Rosemary Ashton. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012. Pp. xiv, 380. $40.00.)

In searching for rented accommodations for her annual summer research trip to London this year, this reviewer was struck by the way in which the geographic designation “Bloomsbury” automatically co...
Intermolecular Interactions and the Viscosity of Highly Concentrated Monoclonal Antibody Solutions.

Purpose The large increase in viscosity of highly concentrated monoclonal antibody solutions can be challenging for downstream processing, drug formulation, and delivery steps. The objective of this work was to examine the viscosity of highly concentrated solutions of a high purity IgG1 monoclonal antibody over a wide range of protein concentrations, solution pH, ionic strength, and in the presence / absence of different excipients.
Demographic Similarity/Difference, Intercultural Sensitivity, and Leader–Member Exchange: A Multilevel Analysis

This study examined demographic similarity/difference between leaders and followers and level of intercultural sensitivity of leaders as predictors of followers’ ratings of leader–member exchange (...
The social‐competitive innovation pyramid

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to define a logical process through which social needs can be investigated and integrated into corporate strategy, thus allowing management to meet the expectations of its stakeholder.Design/methodology/approach – The process has been defined on the basis of a review of international literature that helped to identify the main problems related to the recognition of social expectations by the company and the implications of these expectations on the overall competitive strategy.Findings – The research has lead to the construction of a framework to address social needs: the social‐competitive innovation pyramid. It is shaped in order to help companies to understand their degrees of efficiency in responding to their partners' expectations. The pyramid identifies five efficiency levels. The highest one, named “social competitive synthesis”, shows the best response to stakeholders' needs; the lowest level, “temporary sacrifice of social expectations”, is the one where s...
Autonomic Networks and Network-Enabled Capability

Changes in the nature of battlespace information services, combined with the drive to digitization, are raising expectations of the ability of network-centric systems to provide information throughput and timeliness. At a level often abstracted from the systems perspective, it becomes necessary to consider the nature of the underlying network and its ability to adapt, recover, and organise in the face of increasing demands and non-optimal environments. Without this consideration, it may be that the capabilities of the underlying network act to restrict the exploitation of Network-Enabled Capability. Autonomic networks and autonomic computing are being presented as a possible aid to sustaining critical infrastructures of dynamic nodes. Although the focus of much commercial activity, autonomic networks are also believed to have relevance in the military environment and, most importantly, in supporting emerging battlespace information systems and digitization initiatives. Albeit well understood in biological contexts, autonomic principles have yet to be proven in commercial technological environments and, more importantly, in the context of military demands. Derived from this, key issues relate to the true nature of autonomic networks, the benefits accruing from such networks, and those challenges compounded by increasing demands from the ongoing development of military technology and digitization trends. This paper presents an examination of the demands made by the evolution of battlespace information services, some of the applicable technologies to address those demands, and examines the state of current and emerging technology to determine the perceived nature of autonomic networks in the context of Network-Enabled Capability.
Accurate core binding energies of ions from Dirac-Fock calculations combined with experimental atomic binding energies

Abstract Core binding energies are reported for the singly-charged alkali ions obtained by removing the outer s electron and for the singly-charged halide ions obtained by adding a P 3 2 electron. The levels studied are Li 1s, Na 1s, K 2p, Rb 3p, Cs 3d, F 1s, Cl 2p, Br 3p and I 3d. The binding energies were obtained by combining DiracFock ΔSCF binding-energy shifts between the ions and the corresponding isoelectronic rare gases with experimental rare-gas binding energies, and also by combining the calculated atomīon shifts with experimental atomic binding energies where available. It is shown that the former approach corrects accurately for the correlation energy, which is not included in single-configuration calculations.
Number Marking and (in)Definiteness in Kind Terms

This paper explores the link between number marking and(in)definiteness in nominals and their interpretation. Differencesbetween bare singulars and plurals in languages without determinersare explained by treating bare nominals as kind terms. Differencesarise, it is argued, because singular and plural kinds relatedifferently to their instantiations. In languages with determiners,singular kinds typically occur with the definite determiner, butplural/mass kinds can be bare in some languages and definite inothers. An account of singular kinds in terms of taxonomic readingsis proposed, with number marking playing a crucial role inexplaining the obligatory presence of the determiner. The variationbetween languages with respect to plural/mass kinds is explained bypositing a universal scale of definiteness, with individual languageschoosing different cut-off points for lexicalization of the definitedeterminer. The possibility of further cross-linguistic variation isalso considered.
Mapping and Monitoring of Toxic Wastes with Subsurface Electrical Resistivity Arrays

Ground water contamination is a major problem facing industrial nations. Electrical methods seem particularly promising in mapping and monitoring ground water regimes since the electrical conductivity of rocks depends almost entirely on the fluid saturation, salinity, and distribution. The most important recent developments in resistivity include the use of numerical modelling and resistivity mapping using subsurface electrodes. The latter yields far greater accuracy and resolution than can be obtained with surface arrays. To illustrate the power of subsurface?surface arrays we have studied an idealised two dimensional model of a contaminated zone. Since we are interested in emphasising the anomaly caused by the repository, or subsequent changes over time in its vicinity, we have discovered that it is very useful to express the apparent resistivity results as percentage differences from either the background (for surface arrays) or from the apparent resistivities observed at a particular depth of the current source (for subsurface arrays). Percent differencing with respect to data at the repository depth dramatically reduce near-surface and topographic effects that usually confound quantitative interpretation of surface surveys. Thus, dc resistivity appears to have great potential for mapping and monitoring zones of impaired ground water.
Rat brain polysomal profiles: a study of their stability in vitro

Modifications of the profiles of brain polysomes have been interpreted as having pathological significance (Aoki and Siegel, 1970; Vesco and Giuditta, 1968). However, profiles of polysomes obtained from brains of healthy animals vary greatly with the method of extraction (Roberts and Zomzely, 1966) and we do not know whether they accurately reflect the distribution in oioo of polysomes and ribosomal subunits. In exponentially growing E. coli, the large proportion of 70s ribosomes found in polysomal profiles is an artifact resulting from the aggregation in vitro of ribosomal subunits (Phillips, Hotham-Iglewski and Franklin, 1969a, b). In the present study we sought to determine whether similar changes reflecting instability of some components or in vitro aggregation are likely to occur in polysomes from rat brain. Initially we have investigated the effects of various monovalent cations on the profiles of brain polysomes and the aggregation in vitro of ribosomal subunits.
Effects of ambient levels of airborne chemicals on freezing resistance of red spruce foliage

Abstract Repeated, severe winter injury incited and sustained the decline of red spruce ( Picea rubens Sarg.) in the mountain forests of the northeast. Some experiments have shown that acidic mist comparable to ambient cloud water reduces frost tolerance of red spruce seedlings. To help bridge the gap between seedling studies and mature spruce growing under field conditions, we excluded airborne chemicals from the foliage of red spruce 75 years old or more, growing on Whiteface Mountain, New York in cloud-immersed forests at 1170 m. Polyethylene and Teflon chambers with multi-stage filters excluded ambient cloud water and charcoal-reactive gases (e.g. ozone) in different combinations from the distal meter of exposed branches in the upper crown. Three months of exclusion in the summer of 1988 improved several needle characteristics, including midwinter cold tolerance. Resistance to freezing injury measured experimentally in midwinter was a good predictor of the degree of natural winter injury which occurred in late winter. Artificial freezing of shoots in situ reproduced the symptoms of naturally occurring winter injury. Thus, freezing injury appears to be important for the development of the type of winter injury observed at Whiteface Mt. In experimental trees which sustained natural winter injury, exposure to charcoal-filtered air and deionized water mist during the preceding summer improved resistance to freezing injury compared with ambient air and cloud water. The loss of freezing resistance attributed to ambient conditions was about 10°C, sufficient to increase substantially the risk of winter freezing damage.
Study on micro-bubble defect induced by RRC coating

RRC (Reducing resist consumption) coating is widely used to reduce photo resist consumption. By using solvent to pre-wet the wafer surface, photo resist can be coated on wafer easier than normal coating method. But it also can be the source of defects. In this study, we found that RRC solvent will induce micro-bubble and cause defects. Different methods had been tried to solve this kind of micro-bubble defects. Results showed that micro-bubble defects can be found when the wafer is static during RRC solvent dispense. And the defect map was a ring shape. The diameter of the rings depended on the RRC solvent dispense amount. Non micro-bubble defect was found, if wafer was spinning during RRC solvent dispense.
A model for scheduling the monitoring of internal control in advanced EDP systems

An aspect of internal control which troubles executives is the increasing dependence of companies on computers for financial reporting and operational effectiveness. Given the increasing number of computer applications, such as database systems, distributed networks, and on-line processing, there is a need for tools that assist in monitoring controls in advanced electronic data processing (EDP) systems. Thus far, those who have addressed this issue have concentrated on models for choosing between alternative systems of control. In this paper, we address what we view as a more pressing issue. That is, models for providing management with guidance as to the frequency of monitoring internal controls. With the increased capability for embedding audit modules in the processing system, the question of frequency of monitoring becomes a concern in the systems design itself.
Infrared Micro-Particle Image Velocimetry of Fluid Flow in Silicon-Based Microdevices

A non-intrusive diagnostic technique, infrared micro-particle image velocimetry (IR-PIV), is developed for measuring flow fields within MEMS devices with micron-scale resolution. This technique capitalizes on the transparency of silicon in the infrared region, and overcomes the limitation posed by the lack of optical access with visible light to sub-surface flow in silicon-based micro-structures. Experiments with laminar flow of water in a circular micro-capillary tube of hydraulic diameter 255 μm demonstrate the efficacy of this technique. The experimental measurements agree very well with velocity profiles predicted from laminar theory. Cross-correlation and auto-correlation algorithms are employed to measure very-low and moderate-to-high velocities, respectively; the former approach is suitable for biomedical applications while the latter would be needed for measurements in electronics cooling. The results indicate that the IR-PIV technique effectively extends the application of regular micro-PIV techniques, and has great potential for flow measurements in silicon-based microdevices.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Resistance and Co-optation: the Japanese Federation of the Deaf and its Relations with State Power*

The main organization of the deaf in Japan has not only been able to work within a civil law environment designed largely to promote the interests of the state and quell social protest, but has been able to succeed in manipulating the system to its own benefit. It has shown remarkable organizational flexibility by subdividing in an amoeba-like fashion to avoid political control.This paper engages questions of power and resistance in the civil society framework of Japan.
Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) seed dispersal in an afromontane forest: microhabitat influences on the postdispersal fate of large seeds

We examined the postdispersal fate of large seeds (≥5 mm) dispersed by chimpanzees in an afromontane forest to evaluate aspects of the effectiveness of seed dispersal by chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes. We assessed the influence of six microhabitat characteristics on seed persistence and germination in seeds dispersed in chimpanzee feces and “wadges.” A total of 257 fecal samples and 56 wadges were located over a 4-mo period by tracking a semi-habituated chimpanzee community on day follows. Forty-nine (19.1%) of the fecal samples contained large seeds from five different tree species. The majority of fecal samples with seeds contained seeds from the mature forest tree Olea capensis (Oleaceae) (83.7%). Forty-two wadges (75%) contained seeds from the mature forest tree Syzygium guineense (Myrtaceae). Seeds were monitored at their deposition site for removal and germination up to 49 d following deposition. We collected data on the microhabitat surrounding each fecal and wadge sample. Multivariate analyses indicated that while fecal and wadge samples were not clustered into particular microhabitats, there was little overlap in the microhabitats in which wadges and fecal samples were deposited. Significantly more seeds persisted over 49 d in wadges (67.9%) than in feces (30.3%). Elevation was the only microhabitat variable determined to have a significant influence on seed persistence, whereas slope was determined to have a significant influence on germination.
Liability Implications of Innovative Drug Therapy: The Significance of Clinical Guidelines in Establishing the Legal Standard of Care:

The use of the clinical practice guideline (CPG) has become widespread in contemporary health care. For some health care providers, there may be a perceived “safe haven” from liability for strict compliance with a relevant CPG. Pointing to an objective standard, such as a CPG, the health care provider may feel secure in defending care that was provided to a patient, when called to account for a bad outcome. The benefit of any CPG is that it standardizes practice at an acceptably high level. The complimentary risk of a CPG is that it may stifle innovation based on newly discovered or newly appreciated data that were not considered when the CPG was developed. The trend in malpractice law is to recognize a CPG as relevant to the applicable standard of care, but not to equate a CPG with the standard of care. In fact, an outdated CPG may fail to reflect the standard of care, if new scientific or medical knowledge has been validated. The health care provider who adheres to an outdated CPG is at greater risk of ...
The Birth of the Most Important 18th Century Dental Text: Pierre Fauchard’s Le Chirurgien Dentist

Pierre Fauchard (1678-1761) is considered the father of modern dentistry. His seminal book, Le Chirurgien Dentiste, ou Traite des Dents (1728), is the discipline's first complete work. During the five years preceding its publication (1723-1728), Pierre Fauchard sought the opinions, contributions, and "approbation" (approval) of 19 of his colleagues: six physicians, 12 surgeons, and one dentist. The first and most important contributor to the manuscript was Jean Devaux, surgeon and mentor to Fauchard. The next six reviewers were illustrious physicians and scientists of the time: Philippe Hecquet, Jean-Claude Adrien Helvetius, Jean Baptiste Silva, Antoine DeJussieu, Raymond Jacob Finot, and Antoine Benignus Winslow. The subsequent 12 reviewers were all sworn-surgeons (certified by St. Come), including a lone dentist, Laudumiey, surgeon-dentist to His Majesty, Philip V, King of Spain. Fauchard knew that for dentistry to be regarded as a learned profession, and perhaps for Fauchard to be recognized as its leader, he needed the support and approval of the establishment before publishing his book. This is an account of how he attained this endorsement.
Loss of Methionine Acceptor Activity Resulting from a Base Change in the Anticodon of Escherichia coli Formylmethionine Transfer Ribonucleic Acid

Abstract Treatment of Escherichia coli formylmethionine tRNA with sodium bisulfite at 25° results in the conversion of 6 cytidine (C) residues to uridine (U) residues and loss of amino acid acceptor activity. Separation of active and inactive molecules following modification to the extent of 57% loss of activity has shown that C → U base changes in the dihydrouridine loop and at the 5' terminus have no effect on aminoacylation or formylation of tRNAfmet. Conversion of the cytidine residue in the anticodon to a uridine residue causes complete loss of methionine acceptor activity. In addition, deamination of the cytidine residue closest to the 3' terminus inactivates tRNAfmet while modification of the adjacent cytidine residue in the 3'-terminal C-C-A sequence has no effect on methionine or formate acceptance.
Widespread Distribution of a Tet W Determinant among Tetracycline-Resistant Isolates of the Animal Pathogen Arcanobacterium pyogenes

Tetracycline resistance is common among isolates of the animal commensal and opportunistic pathogen Arcanobacterium pyogenes. The tetracycline resistance determinant cloned from two bovine isolates of A. pyogenes was highly similar at the DNA level (92% identity) to the tet(W) gene, encoding a ribosomal protection tetracycline resistance protein, from the rumen bacterium Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens. The tet(W) gene was found in all 20 tetracycline-resistant isolates tested, indicating that it is a widely distributed determinant of tetracycline resistance in this organism. In 25% of tetracycline-resistant isolates, the tet(W) gene was associated with a mob gene, encoding a functional mobilization protein, and an origin of transfer, suggesting that the determinant may be transferable to other bacteria. In fact, low-frequency transfer of tet(W) was detected from mob+ A. pyogenes isolates to a tetracycline-sensitive A. pyogenes recipient. The mobile nature of this determinant and the presence of A. pyogenes in the gastrointestinal tract of cattle and pigs suggest that A. pyogenes may have inherited this determinant within the gastrointestinal tracts of these animals.
Unsupervised Learning of Mixtures of Multiple Causes in Binary Data

This paper presents a formulation for unsupervised learning of clusters reflecting multiple causal structure in binary data. Unlike the standard mixture model, a multiple cause model accounts for observed data by combining assertions from many hidden causes, each of which can pertain to varying degree to any subset of the observable dimensions. A crucial issue is the mixing-function for combining beliefs from different cluster-centers in order to generate data reconstructions whose errors are minimized both during recognition and learning. We demonstrate a weakness inherent to the popular weighted sum followed by sigmoid squashing, and offer an alternative form of the nonlinearity. Results are presented demonstrating the algorithm's ability successfully to discover coherent multiple causal representations of noisy test data and in images of printed characters.
Whither the Asian Model of Development

The End of the “Asian Model”? Edited by Holger Henke, Ian Boxill. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Co., 2000. 220 pp., $53.95 (ISBN: 1-55619-745-4). Crony Capitalism: Corruption and Development in South Korea and the Philippines. By David C. Kang Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. 220 pp., $60.00 cloth (ISBN: 0-521-80817-0), $23.00 paper (ISBN: 0-521-00408-X). For a decade prior to the 1990s, students and specialists of economic development viewed the Asian Model as setting the standard for rapid economic growth and improved standards of living. The dramatic growth of economies in Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, and Singapore in particular far surpassed that of the Western industrialized economies. Numerous books extolled the virtues of the Asian Model. Corporations in the United States sent delegations to Japan to learn the “secrets” of Japanese economic success. One problem with the concept of the Asian Model, of course, is that “Asia” is not a homogeneous area. Indeed, the region's heterogeneity is paramount, despite the view of many that Asia will be the twenty-first century's premier region. Moreover, in the early 1990s the Asian Model began to lose its luster. Japan began its long recession, and in 1997 the Asian economic crisis severely and negatively affected standards of living throughout most of the region. All of a sudden economic prospects seemed to reverse direction. Japanese investors gave up real estate and other holdings in the West, and delegations of Japanese and Korean corporate and government leaders visited the United States and Europe to find more effective ways of running their economies. In this context, a key strength of Holger Henke and Ian Boxill's The End of the “Asian Model”? is their understanding of Asia's diversity as well as their related view that the transfer of one nation's development theory to another is problematic. Henke and Boxill have chosen to include separate chapters on a unique set of Asian nations: Singapore, Mongolia, Sri Lanka, South Korea, and the Island Pacific. This array of nations …
Introduction to the Special Issue on GLBTQ of Color

Several years ago, I saw a poster proudly displayed in the lobby of a prominent gay organization featuring an image of an innocent toddler. The text below the image simply read, “We'll be here, whe...