cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
c-AMP and ANP levels in VVI and DDD pacing with different AV delays during daily activity and exercise.

THEODORAKIS, G., ET AL.: C-AMP and ANP Levels in VVI and DDD Pacing with Different AV Delays During Daily Activity and Exercise. Nine patients (three males) mean age 68 ± 8 years, having complete heart block, and paced in the DDD mode were examined in VVI and DDD pacing with 100 and 150 ms atrioventricular delays (AVD) during rest and exercise. Plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and cyclic AMP (c-AMP) were measured at rest and at peak exercise test. ANP plasma levels at rest were significantly higher in VVI pacing compared to 150 AVD (p < 0.03). On exercise, ANP release was statistically increased only in DDD with 150 ms AVD, while in WI it remained in high levels at exercise but no significant change was found (p:ns). c-AMP during rest was unchanged in any pacing mode or AVD, but on exercise DDD pacing with short AVD (100 ms) released lower c-AMP plasma levels, than at rest (p:ns). DDD pacing with long AVD (150 ms) during exercise produced statistically higher c-AMP plasma levels (p < 0.05) than at rest. Also in VVI pacing the c-AMP plasma levels were statistically higher than at rest (p < 0.02). Adrenergic activity seems to be lower during exercise in DDD pacing with shorter AVD (100 ms) than in DDD with 150 ms AVD or VVI pacing. No difference was found in c-AMP plasma levels at rest. ANP release was also found to be lower at exercise in DDD pacing with short AVD (100 ms) than in DDD with 150 ms AVD. ANP plasma levels at rest were statistically higher in VVI pacing. (PACE, Vol. 13, December, Part II 1990)
cGMP secreted from the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta is a signal molecule to the host intestine.

3′,5′-Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), a well-known intracellular second messenger, is released to the intestinal lumen by the tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis of tapeworm conditioned media shows that cGMP is released at a constant rate. Multidrug resistant (MDR) proteins are efflux transporters for cyclic nucleotides. Two MDR inhibitors, niflumic acid and zaprinast, inhibit cGMP secretion by tapeworms and change the cGMP localization within the tapeworm tegument, as assessed by immunochemistry. cGMP, normally present throughout the tapeworm tegumental cytoplasm, is absent from the outer cytoplasmic band upon treatment with inhibitors. Inhibition of cGMP secretion by colchicine indicates that cGMP secretion is cytoskeleton dependent. Binding studies of [3H]cGMP to ileal segments of intestine demonstrate 2 saturable, reversible, and high-affinity binding sites. These studies demonstrate that cGMP is secreted from the cestode via a cytoskeleton-dependent mecha...
Laryngeal steroid injection for vocal fold scar.

Purpose of review Vocal fold scar is generally caused by trauma or from iatrogenic causes such as intubation, radiation therapy or phonomicrosurgery. Once a vocal fold scar has occurred it becomes a difficult problem to treat. There are many different tools that otolaryngologists use for vocal fold scar treatment. This study reviews the literature and discusses the usefulness of laryngeal steroid injection for the treatment of vocal fold scar. Recent findings Steroid injection can be performed on an outpatient basis using a rigid laryngeal telescope or with a flexible laryngoscope under topical anesthesia. This technique allows easy surgical manipulation with a good visual field and an easy accurate approach to the lesion. The literature is limited regarding the benefits of steroid injection for vocal fold scar. Summary Steroid injection of the scarred vocal fold using an office-based technique is one of the ways that we can treat vocal fold scarring that may improve the patient's voice outcomes with minimal side effects or complications.
Non-Heating Sterilization Method by High Pressure Carbon Dioxide

The compressed CO2 was supplied from the CO2 cylinder to the steel vessel containing yeast-water mixture until the pressure inside the steel vessel reached a desired pressure level. The steel vessel was kept at the prescribed pressure level during the treatment period. After the treatment, the pressure inside the vessel was released to the atmospheric pressure within the evacuation time by controlling the relief control valve. The sterilization effect was evaluated by vial counting the treated sample taken from the steel vessel. Several experiments have been performed varying each factor such as the total treatment time, the evacuation time and the applied pressure. As a result, it was verified that these factors are strongly related to the sterilization effect. In addition, it was observed that increase of the treatment time can enhance the concentration rate of CO2 in the mixture. Furthermore, it was concluded that CO2 penetrated into each yeast cell was rapidly expanded by fast depressurizing. Also, the experimental results showed that when treatment time is longer, the pressure becomes higher, and the evacuation time is shorter, thus, a better sterilizing effect was obtained. Contrary to the results above, both the treatment time and the evacuation time rarely affected sterilization effect under supercritical condition. By adopting Supercritical condition, a desirable result could be achieved with shorter treatment and longer evacuation time. Thus, as long as supercritical condition is adopted for test, either fast evacuation time or long treatment time is not essential any more.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
The adolescent origins of substance use disorders.

Although early use of alcohol during adolescence has been consistently associated with increased risk of alcoholism in adulthood, the specific mechanisms that underlie this association remain unclear. We describe a program of epidemiological twin-family research that shows that early use of alcohol is best conceptualized as an indicator of a more general propensity to engage in adolescent problem behavior. Adolescent problem behavior, in turn, is a risk factor for a broad range of adult externalizing disorders, of which alcoholism is but one manifestation. These findings are shown to be consistent with a dual-process model whereby early adolescent problem behavior is associated with increased risk of adult psychopathology because both are indicators of a common inherited liability and because early adolescent problem behavior increases the likelihood an adolescent is exposed to high-risk environments. We conclude with a discussion of the importance of cross-cultural research, which may be especially informative for identifying the consequences of early adolescent drinking. Language: en
Density effects in interfacial convection

Abstract Experimental evidence is presented showing that density gradients developed during the transfer of a solute across a liquid—liquid interface exert a strong influence on convection generated by interfacial tension variations. Stabilizing density gradients confine interfacial convection to narrow zones adjacent to the interface while de-stabilizing gradients generate eddies streaming away from the interface and penetrating deeply into the bulk phases.
Lack of association between α2-macroglobulin polymorphisms and Alzheimer's disease

This study was undertaken to investigate the role of two α2-macroglobulin (A2M) polymorphisms, an intronic 5-bp deletion and Ile1000Val, in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and to evaluate the interaction between the apolipoprotein E (APOE) and A2M polymorphisms. The A2M polymorphisms were screened by using polymerase-chain-reaction-based assays in 555 white late-onset AD cases and 446 controls. The gentoype distributions of the 5-bp deletion and Ile1000Val polymorphisms were comparable between cases and controls (P=0.158 and P=0.148, respectively). Likewise, there was no significant difference in allele frequencies of each polymorphism among cases and controls (P=0.361 and P=0.062, respectively). The stratification of data by APOE*4 status also did not yield any significant association. In conclusion, we observed no association between either the intronic deletion polymorphism or the Ile1000Val polymorphism of A2M and AD in our case-control cohort.
A New Method to Measure Aerosol Particle Bounce Using a Cascade Electrical Low Pressure Impactor

The phase state of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in the atmosphere is of scientific interest as it can impact SOA growth and reactivity. For this purpose, a simplified method is described herein to estimate SOA bounce factor to gain an improved understanding of the phase state of atmospheric aerosols. This new method involves the use of a multistage electrical low pressure cascade impactor operating with either smooth or sintered impaction plates. Measurement of the raw current on smooth and sintered plates allows one to calculate the bounce factor, eliminating the need for a scanning mobility particle sizer to independently measure the SOA aerodynamic size distribution. The proposed method provides the temporal resolution necessary to measure phase changes in a continuously evolving SOA parcel.We validate our method by measuring the bounce factor of solid and liquid aerosols, namely ammonium sulfate (AS), dioctyl sebacate (DOS), oleic acid (OA) and ozonized OA, and also present bounce factor evolution ...
The social drama of a ‘rice burner’: A (re)constitution of whiteness

Through critical performance ethnography, I explore the performative constitution of whiteness in an introductory communication classroom. The focus of this essay lies in one particular moment from a larger study in order to locate and specify the mechanisms of racial production in social interaction. Through a close consideration of this social drama, I argue that race in general, and whiteness in particular, is a social communicative accomplishment—a performative constitution of identity instituted and maintained by repetitions of meaningful acts. This emergent view of race allows for a different way of seeing racial (re)production.
Coronagraph design for an extreme adaptive optics system with spatially filtered wavefront sensing on segmented telescopes

High dynamic range coronagraphy targeted at discovering planets around nearby stars is often associated with monolithic, unobstructed aperture space telescopes. With the advent of extreme adaptive optics (ExAO) systems with thousands of sensing and correcting channels, the benefits of placing a near-infrared coronagraph on a large segmented mirror telescope become scientifically interesting. This is because increased aperture size produces a tremendous gain in achievable contrast at the same angular distance from a point source at Strehl ratios in excess of 90\% (and at lower Strehl ratios on future giant telescopes such as the Thirty Meter Telescope). We outline some of the design issues facing such a coronagraph, and model a band-limited coronagraph on an aperture with a Keck-like pupil. We examine the purely diffractive challenges facing the eXtreme AO Planetary Imager (XAOPI) given the Keck pupil geometry, notably its inter-segment gap spacing of 6~mm. Classical Lyot coronagraphs, with hard-edged occulting stops, are not efficient enough at suppressing diffracted light, given XAOPI's scientific goal of imaging a young Jupiter at a separation as close as 0.15 arcseconds (4λD at H on Keck) from its parent star. With a 4000 channel ExAO system using an anti-aliased spatially-filtered wavefront sensor planned for XAOPI, we wish to keep diffracted light due to coronagraphic design at least as low as the noise floor set by AO system limitations. We study the band-limited Lyot coronagraph (BLC) as a baseline design instead of the classical design because of its efficient light suppression, as well as its analytical simplicity. We also develop ways of investigating tolerancing coronagraphic mask fabrication by utilizing the BLC design's mathematical tractability.
An on-line digital autocorrelator for speckle interferometry

In response to the need for more efficient processing of high volume data from intensi-fied detectors, the Kitt Peak National Observatory Panoramic Detector Program designed, built and operated a digital two-dimensional image processor, capable of computation, accumulation and display-windowing autocorrelograms on-line at the 4-meter telescope. The hard-wired digital autocorrelator with its three different memories and its 10 MHz arithmetic unit was used to visually resolve binary stars with separations between .04 and .16 arc-seconds. It became the precursor of a sizable family of online digital image processors developed at Kitt Peak. This paper describes the system design, hardware algorithms and functional aspects of the autocorrelator. It also discusses some instrumental developments that were inspired by the autocorrelator project.
Microstructures designed for shock robustness

This research was performed to address the issue of shock robustness in silicon microstructures. The improvements were incorporated by considering features to reduce stress concentration and by geometries that have a more uniform stress distribution. The design were evaluated by finite element models and by testing with wafer level techniques. The designs were intended to have the same fundamental frequency, inertia properties and damping properties. Six different designs were developed and distributed across 900 die on multiple 4-inch wafers. The wafers were subjected to repeated shocks at magnitudes of 130, 2008, and 3680 gs with a 0.25 msec duration. Automated optical inspection was used to interrogate each die and determine which test structures survived the shock test. Subsequent to testing, analysis of variance was used to identify the significant factors that influence the failure rate. This analysis has shown beam design, wafer orientation, acceleration level, and the interactions of beam design*wafer orientation, wafer orientation*acceleration level to be significant factors contributing to the failure rate. The designs were grouped according to mean failure rate. The `small bow tie' design had the highest failure rate and was a separate population. Its failure rate was two to four times that of other designs. The second grouping of lower failure rates included all designs to address the stress concentration. Of these designs, the `no gusset' design has the highest failure rate (twice that of other designs). The final grouping includes the gusset designs and the `medium' and `large bow tie' designs. The designs to improve stress distribution had the lowest mean failure rates of all designs.
Memory for how one learned of multiple deaths from AIDS: Repeated exposure and distinctiveness

Studies of memories for the circumstances in which an emotional event was learned of have generally explored isolated, single-occurrence events—for example, the Kennedy assassination. Such factors as the event’s distinctiveness, its personal importance, its surprise, the elicited emotional change, and overt rehearsal have been posited as predictors of the memory’s vividness and elaborateness. We examined whether these predictor variables would apply to a repeated trauma, using the repeated nature of the trauma to test, in particular, the contribution of distinctiveness. Focusing on the multiple deaths of loved ones from AIDS that many gay men have experienced, we contrasted the vividness and elaborateness of the circumstantial memory of the first death encountered with that of the most recent death, treating distinctiveness as the number of intervening deaths. In an analysis of responses by 80 gay men to a survey, no support was found for the claim that distinctiveness predicts a circumstantial memory’s vividness or elaborateness. Only emotional change predicted these characteristics of the memories.
Interindustry patterns in unfair labor practice cases

This paper studies unfair labor practice charges filed against unions and employers in two-digit manufacturing industries. Such cases were found to follow distinct and consistent patterns across industries, suggesting that litigiousness in labor-management relations is, among other things, part of the relationship’s culture. Cases against employers and unions by individuals appear to be unrelated to many of the factors studied, thus supporting the view that such cases are the product of workers’ unrealistic expectations.
The evolution of electrochemical functionality of carbons derived from glucose during pyrolysis and activation

Abstract The electrokinetics of electrochemical capacitor electrodes composed of either pyrolyzed dextrose or chemically activated pyrolyzed dextrose during progressive steps in the production process were studied under dynamic charging condition by using cyclic voltammetry. Two different sizes and species of aqueous electrolyte anions, SO42− and NO3−, were used to probe the relationship between functional species dimension and electrode morphology. Cyclic voltammetry data collected with different scan rates demonstrate the appearance of slow charging process in the non-activated pyrolyzed carbons because of their ultramicroporous properties. The KOH activated material had significant micro-pores, and demonstrated electrokinetics of an ideal electric double layer. The activation on the carbon pyrolyzed at lower temperature is assumed to develop cylindrical pores, while that on the carbon pyrolyzed at higher temperature evolves slit-shaped pores.
The Platelet Membrane Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Complex: Structure, Function, and Relationship to Adhesive Protein Receptors in Nucleated Cells

The GPIIb/IIIa complex functions as the aggregation site on the platelet membrane surface. This complex has been purified, characterized biochemically and morphologically, and reconstituted into phospholipid vesicles. Fibrinogen and fibronectin bind to reconstituted GPIIb/IIIa with many of the properties that characterize their binding to intact platelets. The GPIIb/IIIa complex appears to be a member of a widely distributed family of cell-surface glycoproteins that mediate cellular interactions. The terms cytoadhesins30 and integrins39 have been suggested for the members of this family of two-subunit molecules. The aminotermini of the alpha subunits of these molecules have been sequenced and appear to be homologous. Three beta subunits have been identified for this family of receptors, indicating that many alpha subunits have a common beta subunit. The three beta subunits have been sequenced, and there is about a 40 to 50% identity among their amino acid sequences. It thus appears that the receptors mediating cellular interactions have evolved from a common ancestral gene.
Photochemical hole-burning in a protonated phthalocyanine with GaAlAs diode lasers

Abstract The photochemical hole-burning properties of protonated free-base phthalocyanine molecules in concentrated sulfuric acid glasses at 8300 A have been measured using GaAlAs diode lasers. We find a homogeneous width at 1.20 K of 1.00 ± 0.06 GHz that is substantially larger than the lifetime-limited value, and a power law temperature dependence of the homogeneous width with exponent 1.8 ± 0.1.
Effects of food attributes on hunger and food intake

OBJECTIVE: To explore the relative importance of a food's macronutrient composition, energy value, energy density, fiber content, weight, volume, sensory properties and rheology on hunger and food intake. DESIGN: Preloads of peanuts, peanut butter (rheology control), almonds (tree nut), chestnuts (macronutrient control), chocolate (sensory control), rice cakes (volume control), pickles (weight control) and no load (time control) were consumed by subjects in random order at weekly intervals and hunger was assessed over the subsequent 180 min. Free-feeding energy and macronutrient intake were monitored 24 h before and following preload ingestion. SUBJECTS: Twelve male and 12 female healthy, normal weight (12–28% body fat), adults (mean (s.d.) age 22±2.5 y) with low dietary restraint. RESULTS: Hunger ratings following consumption of the 2092 kJ (500 kcal) preloads of peanuts, peanut butter, almonds, chestnuts and chocolate were significantly lower than the low energy preloads or no preload condition, but with the exception of peanut butter, did not vary from each other. The rate of hunger recovery was consistent across all preloads so the overall impact of each food on hunger was determined by the initial drop it evoked. Total energy, but not macronutrient, compensation was observed with all preloads. Consequently, the fatty acid profile of the total diet reflected the composition of the preloads. CONCLUSIONS: Energy content may be the primary determinant of a food's impact on hunger. Because macronutrient compensation is weak, a dietary supplement or substitute may influence the daily dietary nutrient profile.
Risky Behavior in Affluent Youth: Examining the Co-occurrence and Consequences of Multiple Problem Behaviors

Children of affluent parents are often excluded in psychological research as they are considered to be at “low risk”; however, research is beginning to suggest that this previously under-studied population may be at risk for developing multiple problem behaviors, including substance use and externalizing problems. The current study aimed to extend the application of Problem Behavior Theory (PBT) to a sample of affluent adolescents by examining the extent to which these behaviors co-occurred and were associated with negative outcomes. Data were collected from 1,147 high school students living in an affluent community via anonymous questionnaires regarding their engagement in various problem behaviors. PBT was supported in this sample, and youth who engaged in multiple problem behaviors reported experiencing more negative outcomes than youth who did not engage in these behaviors. The findings of this study support the generalizability of PBT and also highlight the importance of continuing to study affluent youth in addition to traditionally high-risk populations.
Nutrient needs of the preterm infant

Preterm infants exhibit special nutrient needs that differ substantially from other patient populations. Special characteristics include increased energy and protein requirements that must be addressed to prevent tissue catabolism and support growth. The immaturity of some organ systems may also complicate the administration of nutrition support. This article describes important characteristics of enteral and parenteral nutrition as it applies to the preterm infant.
Partisanship and County Office: The Case of Ohio

The textbooks contain singularly little systematic analysis of the role of party in local government. They abstract the relevant statutes. They expound more or less orthodox suppositions. Voting on local candidates corresponds closely with presidential voting. Party groups compete for control of local government more or less as they do on the national level. Or, the contrary notion is argued that party has little place in local politics. Personal followings or essentially non-party courthouse cliques determine all. This paper represents a modest attempt, by analysis of Ohio data, to test a few of the standard suppositions and to suggest lines of inquiry that might be fruitful in the study of local politics.Relation of voting for county and presidential candidates. Contrary to the belief that the presidential tide almost invariably carries with it the local candidates of the winning party, the Ohio record indicates a fairly high degree of independence of national party trends in the selection of county officers. Although in most instances a Republican county presidentially chooses Republican county officers and a Democratic county, Democratic county officers, the departures from this consistency are of sufficient magnitude to excite attention.
Synthesis of η3-Propargyl Rhenium Complexes

Hydride abstraction from η2-alkyne rhenium complexes C5Me5(CO)2Re(RC⋮CR‘) (2) with Ph3C+PF6- produces η3-propargyl complexes C5Me5(CO)2Re(η3-CHR‘‘−C⋮CR)+PF6- (3). Successful hydride abstraction to produce η3-propargyl complexes was observed only for internal acetylenes with a methyl or primary alkyl substituent. An unusual regioselectivity for hydride abstraction was observed: CH3CH2 > CH3 ≫ CH(CH3)2. Hydride abstraction from diethylacetylene complex C5Me5(CO)2Re(η2-CH3CH2C⋮CCH2CH3) (2c) produced a single stereoisomer of η3-propargyl complex C5Me5(CO)2Re(η3-CH3CH−C⋮CCH2CH3)+PF6- (3c) in which it is suggested that the methyl group is located in the less crowded position anti to the Cp* group. The regio- and stereoselectivity of hydride abstraction can be explained in terms of transition state A in which the carbon hydrogen bond being cleaved is antiperiplanar with respect to rhenium and the syn propargylic substituent comes into close contact with the Cp* ligand. Protonation of C5Me5(CO)2Re(η2-HC⋮CCH2OH) ...
The Civic Intent of George Perkins Marsh's Anthrocentric Environmentalism

Thoreau's contemporary George Perkins Marsh imagined a mode of environmentalism sharply different from ecocentrism. Defining non-human nature as created for human use, Marsh nonetheless argued for ...
Calicivirus proteins in infected cells: evidence for a capsid polypeptide precursor.

Abstract Five virus-specific nonstructural proteins were observed in calicivirus-infected cells in addition to the 60,000-dalton capsid polypeptide. They are designated P135, P80, P40, P35, and P29, where the numbers refer to molecular weights in kilodaltons. A new protein, P86, was seen when cells were labeled at 43°. A subsequent 2.5-hr chase at 37° suggested that this protein is a precursor to the capsid polypeptide. Tryptic peptide analysis substantiated this precursor-product relationship. P86 may represent the primary translation product of the 22 S subgenomic mRNA.
Tree growth, mineral nutrition and nutrient leaching losses from soil of salinized citrus.

Abstract The effects of salinized irrigation water on tree canopy and root growth, water use, foliar nutrition and leaching losses below the rootzone were studied during a 2-year period using single tree lysimeters. Eighteen 6-year-old ‘Valencia’ orange trees on either Carrizo citrange (CC) rootstock or sour orange (SO) rootstock were each transplanted into 7.8 m3 drainage lysimeters and irrigated with water having an electrical conductivity (EC) of 0.3, 1.6 or 2.5 dS m−1 using a 3:1 ratio of NaCl:CaCl2. To test for effects of the lysimeter tanks, six additional trees (three on each rootstock) were transplanted directly into soil without tanks and were also irrigated with the lowest salinity water. All trees were fertilized at recommended rates in 50 split applications per year. A similar tank with no tree was also fertilized and irrigated with the lowest salinity water to determine nutrient recovery from soils without roots. During the second year, up to 70% of the applied N and up to 80% of the applied K was recovered in the drainage water from this blank tank with no tree. At the end of the study, trees outside the tanks were smaller but were nutritionally similar to the low salinity trees in lysimeters. Trees on CC were larger, tended to have greater root densities, higher evapotranspiration (ET) and were associated with less leaching of ions and nutrients into drainage water from the tanks than trees on SO. High salinity irrigation water reduced canopy growth and ET but increased total fibrous root dry weight. Trees on CC accumulated more Cl in leaves and in fruit juice than those on SO. Overall, leaching loss of total N varied from 2 to 8% of that annually applied. Salinized trees tended to lose more N and up to twice as much K to drainage water as non-salinized trees. Based on differences between N recovered from the blank tank and tanks with trees during the second year, N uptake efficiency was as high as 68% for non-salinized trees and 64% for salinized trees.
Subarachnoid hemorrhage: utility of cerebral catheter angiogram in patients with abnormal and normal CT

Purpose: To determine the relationship between the presence and location of acute nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) demonstrated by CT/lumbar puncture with the results of cerebral catheter angiography. Materials and methods: We identified all patients admitted to the emergency room with the diagnosis of acute nontraumatic SAH during a 5-year period. We reviewed the CT studies for presence or absence of SAH and noted SAH location as follows: mostly perimesencephalic, suprasellar, left sylvian fissure, right sylvian fissure, interhemispheric fissure, cortical sulci in convexities, diffuse, and intraventricular. The results of cerebral catheter angiography and lumbar puncture were also reviewed. Results: Of 239 patients admitted with the diagnosis of acute nontraumatic SAH, 43 had negative catheter cerebral angiograms. In these patients, CT was abnormal in 35 with the SAH located as follows: only perimesencephalic (n = 10), suprasellar (n = 7), left sylvian fissure (n = 7), right sylvian fissure (n = 5), interhemispheric fissure (n = 5), cortical sulci in convexities (n = 6), diffuse (n = 5), and intraventricular (n = 9). In 8 patients, CT was normal. All patients had xanthochromia in their cerebrospinal fluid. Conclusion: In our patients with acute nontraumatic SAH and negative cerebral catheter angiograms, CT studies showed perimesencephalic blood in 10 and were normal in 8. Emergency catheter cerebral angiography is probably not needed in these patients and MR angiography may be sufficient to evaluate the major intracranial arteries. In patients with SAH and blood in other locations by CT, catheter cerebral angiography should be performed.
A radiometric assay for arginase

Abstract A new radiometric assay for the enzyme arginase has been developed, depending on the conversion of 14 C-guanidoarginine to 14 C-urea and cleavage of the latter to 14 CO 2 by nitrous acid. The advantages of the assay are its accuracy, sensitivity, simplicity, and speed (1.5 hr/assay), compared to existing methods.
A new theorem of information theory

Consider a random experiment whose possible outcomes arez1,z2,...,zn. Let the prior probabilities be p10, ...,pn0, and let the posterior probabilities bep1,...,pn. It is shown that, subject to certain prescribed and intuitively reasonable conditions, the expressionI =k ⌆ pi In (pi/pi0), wherek is a positive constant, is the unique expression for the information contained in a message which alters the probabilities from thepi0 to thepi.
Syntheses of cyclic imine complexes of the chiral rhenium Lewis acid [(ν5-C5H5) Re(NO)(PPh3)]+ by hydride ion abstraction from amido complexes

Abstract Reactions of (η 5 -C 5 H 5 )Re(NO)(PPh 3 )(OTf) and the cyclic amines H NCH 2 CH 2 (C H 2 ) n -4 give adducts [(η 5 -C 5 H 5 )-Re(NO)(PPh 3 )(HNCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 (CH 2 ) n -4 )] + TfO − ; ( 3a-e + TfO − ; n = a , 3; b , 4; c , 5; d , 6; e , 7) in 98-88% yields. Reactions of 3a-e + TfO − and t BuO − K + give the labile amido complexes (η 5 -C 5 H 5 )Re(NO)(PPh 3 ) ( NCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 (C H 2 ) n -4 ) ( 4a-e ), which are characterized in situ at −20°C. Subsequent reactions of 4b-e with Ph 3 C + PF 6 − , and metatheses with NH + 6 , give the cyclic imine complexes [(η 5 -C 5 H 5 )Re(NO)(PPh 3 )(η 1 -NCHCH 2 CH 2 (CH 2 ) n -4 )] + PF 6 − ( 5b-e + PF 6 − ). However, 5d,e + PF 6 − are difficult or impossible to separate from byproducts (up to 30%). In order to circumvent these and other complications, 3a-e + TfO − and NH 4 + PF 6 − are first allowed to react to give 3a-e + PF 6 − (94-76%). Additions of t BuO − K + and then Ph 3 C + PF 6 − give, under carefully optimized conditions, 5b-e + PF 6 − of > 98% purities. All attempts to prepare the three-membered cyclic imine complex 5a + PF 6 − , and phenyl-substituted analogs, are unsuccessful. The IR and NMR properties of the preceding compounds are analyzed in detail.
Rent seeking and collusion in the military allocation decisions of Finland, Sweden, and Great Britain, 1920–381

Analysis of military acquisition policies in Finland, Sweden, and Great Britain in the period from 1920 to 1938 produces evidence of rent seeking, both quantitative and qualitative, in all three cases. The Finnish institutional environment offered the most extensive rents and collusion opportunities, which translated into tangible price advantages for domestic producers. The Swedish and British domestic producers operated under more efficient institutions and thus had to settle for more moderate rents. Evolving institutional environments determined the extent of the rent seeking.
Dynamics and Structural Analysis for Arm Equipped on Intelligent Wheelchair

Mechanical arm equipped on the intelligent wheelchair has the same characteristics with the common robot. And the mechanical arm installed on a wheelchair has greater research value in helping the elder and disabled. This paper focus on the kinematics of four DOF mechanical arm equipped on wheelchair, developing a mathematical model in order to realize the control of it and establishing the mechanical arm’s kinematics equations by using D-H conventions. Analyze its work space and structural strength based on MATLAB and ANSYS, which laid the foundation for design optimization and control application.
State firearm laws and rates of suicide in men and women

Abstract Background To evaluate the associations of state laws restricting firearms and incidence rates of suicide in men and women using a cross-sectional design. Methods States were divided into three categories based on the restrictiveness of their firearm laws: restrictive (n =8); modest (n =22); and unrestrictive (n =20). State suicide incidence rates stratified by gender were compared using Poisson regression analyses that controlled for measures of race/ethnicity, income, and urbanization. Analyses were based on 2000 census data and state suicide data from 1999 and 2000. Results In the analysis of women, compared to states with restrictive firearm laws, there were higher suicide incidence rate ratios (IRR) in states with modest (IRR=1.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.34–2.01) and unrestrictive laws (IRR=1.55; 95% CI, 1.23–1.95). The analysis of men showed comparable results: modest firearm laws (IRR=1.51; 95% CI, 1.27–1.79); unrestrictive firearm laws (IRR=1.49; 95% CI, 1.23–1.82). Conclusions Results support the hypothesis that state restrictions on firearms have the potential to reduce the suicide rate. Findings do not support a hypothesis that greater firearm restrictions are associated with the substitution of alternative methods of suicide. Firearms appear to be a comparable exposure for suicide in men and women. Although men are more likely to use firearms in suicide than women, this difference may merely reflect more frequent gun ownership among men.
Systematics Resources and the Entomological Society of America

Systematics is the fundamental aspect of entomology. It provides the basic information about species and phylogenetic relationships among species through analysis and integration of biological information from different disciplines, such as morphology, ecology, and genetics. Systematics, as the science of biodiversity, also seeks to understand the evolutionary dynamics of biodiversity as well as the nature and making of species (gamma-taxonomy, evolutionary biology). Toward these goals, systematists have the tasks of finding, observing, describing, and cataloging the diversity of species (alpha-taxonomy). Biological and evolutionary relationships among the taxa are ascertained and represented in biological classifications along with basic information about species (betataxonomy). Systematics resources that are the product but also an integral part of taxonomic research are specimen collections and associated information and data bases developed by taxonomic research, and they sometimes include the human resources that generate specimen samples and taxonomic data bases.
Maternal response to neonatal sibling conflict in the spotted hyena, Crocuta crocuta

Among spotted hyenas, Crocuta crocuta, neonatal aggression in twins is a well-known phenomenon and serves to establish intra-litter dominance soon after birth. As the stronger more aggressive cub presumably attains dominance over its twin, intra-litter dominance presents mothers with an ideal opportunity to assess individual cub fitness and, thereafter, to selectively favor one cub over the other. This study quantified maternal response to sibling conflict in 26 sets of twins born to 16 wild-living females to determine whether mothers of different social ranks exhibited favoritism towards sons or daughters, or in the case of same-sex twins, the dominant or subordinate cub. Maternal response to sibling conflict did not vary with litter sex composition, suggesting that mothers do not favor offspring of one sex over the other. All mothers intervened when their cubs fought and sometimes punished their cubs. Higher-ranking mothers more often punished both cubs, while lower-ranking mothers were more selective and punished the dominant cub. Where sibling aggression was most extreme, rather than favor the dominant sibling, mothers of all ranks made concessions to the subordinate cub that included procuring private nursing bouts for the subordinate and temporarily housing twins in separate dens, presumably to decrease sibling conflict. These findings represent a complex example of parent–offspring conflict and support both the insurance cub hypothesis and resource tracking hypothesis that mothers endeavor to keep all offspring alive for as long as possible in the event that the dominant sibling dies or that resources provide for the rearing of twins.
Long term results of cemented femoral stems with roughened precoated surfaces

Several recent articles have raised the question that rough surfaces with or without precoating may contribute to the loosening of cemented femoral stems. In this article the author collates selected reports of several different cemented femoral stem designs that have rough surfaces which have shown excellent long term results. Femoral stem loosening is generally multifactorial. It often is difficult to separate the effect of stem design or other changes from the effect of surface finish. Many rough surfaced cemented femoral stems have served well for decades. It is important to analyze all the pertinent factors in cases of early loosening.
On the Use of Shear-Lag Methods for Analysis of Stress Transfer in Unidirectional Composites

Abstract The ‘shear-lag’ analysis method is frequently used for analysis of stress transfer between the fiber and the matrix in composites. The accuracy of shear-lag methods has not been critically assessed, in part because the assumptions have not been fully understood. This paper starts from the exact equations of elasticity for axisymmetric stress states in transversely isotropic materials and introduces the minimum assumptions required to derive the most commonly used shear-lag equations. These assumptions can now be checked to study the accuracy of shear-lag analysis on any problem. Some sample calculations were done for stress transfer from a matrix into a broken fiber. The shear-lag method did a reasonable job (within 20%) of predicting average axial stress in the fiber and total strain energy in the specimen provided the shear-lag parameter most commonly used in the literature is replaced by a new one derived from the approximate elasticity analysis. The shear-lag method does a much worse job of predicting shear stresses and energy release rates. Furthermore, the shear-lag method does not work for low fiber volume fractions.
IS LESS MORE?1

With the blossoming of evolutionary developmental biology and evolutionary genomics following on the heels of the recent molecular revolution in evolutionary biology, the field is arguably more expansive and integrative than ever. This growth has infused an air of excitement and anticipation into the discipline, as it appears to be on the verge of providing long-awaited answers to questions such as the structure of the tree of life, the origin of body plans, the genetic changes that underlie speciation, and the genetic basis of those traits that make us uniquely human (Avise 2003; Coyne and Orr 2004; Carroll 2005; The Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium 2005). At the same time, the fact that the pageantry of research in evolutionary biology is so diverse presents vexing questions for those of us faced with teaching undergraduate courses in evolutionary biology: how much of this vast discipline should we attempt to cover in a single course, and what is the best way to organize the material? The question of how much to cover is certainly not unique to evolutionary biology. Indeed, recent examples of streamlined textbooks for other survey courses such as ecology (e.g., Molles 2005), genetics (e.g., Hartl and Jones 2006), and general biology (e.g., Cain et al. 2006), suggests a growing sense that biology students in general may be best served under a "less is more" model of education. It is debatable whether this trend is motivated more by the impracticalities of squeezing a rapidly expanding discipline into a single course, or by the reality of facing students who are poorly prepared for college science courses. However, one additional contributing factor is certain; most students in an upper level survey course in biology have no intention of pursuing a career in that biological subdiscipline. Thus, only a small fraction of students in such a course hunger for the subtle nuances of the field. As instructors, it is clear that these self-motivated students do not present our greatest educational challenge. Rather, our challenge in survey courses, including evolutionary biology, is in helping the uninspired majority learn both the central concepts and the ways of approaching questions in the major fields in biology. Given that challenge, it is difficult to argue against the less-is-more philosophy. Ironically though, it is probably safe to say that the majority of those who currently teach undergraduate courses in evolutionary biology cut their eye teeth while chewing (figuratively, one hopes) on the famously dense, exhaustively integrative, and encyclopedic Evolutionary Biology (Futuyma 1979, and subsequent editions). But while such a textbook provided abundant inspiration for students destined to become evolutionary biologists, its very strengths made it a
Evidence that Subjects' Expectancies Confound Intergroup Bias in Tajfel's Minimal Group Paradigm

Reports that persons discriminate against out-group members even at cost to the in-group refer primarily to subjects' distribution of money in minimal group situations. Expectancies that might confound that measure of discrimination are examined here. First divided into minimal groups, subjects divided money between in-group and out-group members so as to (a) confirm whatever they believed to be the study hypothesis (positive demand), (b) disconfirm that hypothesis (negative demand), and (c) express their own unrestricted preferences (intergroup bias). The demand measures preceded, followed, or were placed between blocks of unrestricted trials. There were no effects of demand placement, but significant negative correlations and differences in means were found between amounts awarded under positive and negative demand instructions. Correlations between positive demand and bias scores, questionnaire reports of expectancies favoring discrimination, and relationships between reported expectations and bias sco...
Using a truth maintenance system to support knowledge base construction and evolution

Most expert systems require access to a knowledge base of domain facts. The authors raise issues concerning the granularity of such knowledge bases and the need to update them. In particular, they discuss the use of an inference engine and associated truth maintenance system in constructing and maintaining such knowledge bases and present an implementation of a prototype system which uses these techniques. >
Employing Complier Average Causal Effect Analytic Methods to Examine Effects of Randomized Encouragement Trials

Aims: This article details the application of Complier Average Causal Effect (CACE) analysis to the examination of youth outcomes from adaptive substance use prevention trials. Methods: CACE analysis is illustrated using youth-reports of tobacco-use from ages 11 to 22, from the Adolescent Transitions Program, a family-focused randomized encouragement trial designed for delivery in the school setting Results: Female gender and early peer deviance predicted family engagement with active intervention components. Further, long-term reductions in youth tobacco use from age 11 to age 22 were found for families that engaged with treatment. Conclusions: CACE modeling techniques enable researchers to examine factors that predict engagement with core intervention components and to examine intervention effects specifically for youth who engaged with those components.
THE COMPLEX EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF SEEING RED: MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY AND THE EVOLUTION OF AN ADAPTIVE VISUAL SYSTEM IN DEEP-SEA DRAGONFISHES (STOMIIFORMES: STOMIIDAE)

The vast majority of deep-sea fishes have retinas composed of only rod cells sensitive to only shortwave blue light, approximately 480-490 nm. A group of deep-sea dragonfishes, the loosejaws (family Stomiidae), possesses far-red emitting photophores and rhodopsins sensitive to long-wave emissions greater than 650 nm. In this study, the rhodopsin diversity within the Stomiidae is surveyed based on an analysis of rod opsin-coding sequences from representatives of 23 of the 28 genera. Using phylogenetic inference, fossil-calibrated estimates of divergence times, and a comparative approach scanning the stomiid phylogeny for shared genotypes and substitution histories, we explore the evolution and timing of spectral tuning in the family. Our results challenge both the monophyly of the family Stomiidae and the loosejaws. Despite paraphyly of the loosejaws, we infer for the first time that far-red visual systems have a single evolutionary origin within the family and that this shift in phenotype occurred at approximately 15.4 Ma. In addition, we found strong evidence that at approximately 11.2 Ma the most recent common ancestor of two dragonfish genera reverted to a primitive shortwave visual system during its evolution from a far-red sensitive dragonfish. According to branch-site tests for adaptive evolution, we hypothesize that positive selection may be driving spectral tuning in the Stomiidae. These results indicate that the evolutionary history of visual systems in deep-sea species is complex and a more thorough understanding of this system requires an integrative comparative approach.
External Equity and the Free Market Myth

This article is a case study of the pay system for registered nurses in Los Angeles County. It provides an example of employer power in setting wages for female dominated occupations. A benchmark job description circulated to 81 percent of all acute hospitals in the Hospital Council of Southern California is the basis for obtaining current salary information from major employers. The detailed wage summary enables employers to moderate competition and delay upward pay adjustments. Recommendations address the role of public personnel in overcoming the recurrent shortage of nurses. Reforms change the pay system rather than assume that individual nurses will change an occupation that has modest educational requirements, low unemployment, accommodates easily to outside interests, and provides high intrinsic job satisfaction.