cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How septum deformations in newborns occur

The authors have examined the nasal septum in 273 newborns. Nasal septal deformations have been divided into anterior, posterior and anterior-posterior groups. Newborns have been divided into age groups within 12-h time sections. The incidence of nasal septal deviations in the group of newborns born by spontaneous labour has been compared with the incidence of nasal septal deviations in the group of newborns born by Caesarean section. A much more frequent occurrence of anterior nasal septal deviation has been found in children born by spontaneous labour. It testifies to the importance of birth injury, which leads to anterior nasal septal deformation. The incidence of nasal septal deviations in the particular 12-h age groups has been compared. It has been proved by means of linear and exponential regression that the septum is straightened spontaneously in its anterior section during the first 3 days of life. Therefore a decision about surgical intervention should be taken in the case of older newborns.
Assessment of Older Women with Chronic Pain

Females suffer from a larger number of chronic pain syndromes, live longer with chronic pain and disability, and more often live alone than males. Thus, they should be prime candidates for pain treatment. Yet a number of factors inhibit geriatric patients from receiving rehabilitation for their pain. Chronic pain has been determined to be a complex perceptual event that is influenced by psychosocial, behavioral, and biomedical factors. A comprehensive strategy for assessing chronic pain patients is described. Special attention is given to the association between pain and depression and the important medication of perceived interference with life, social support, and functional activities as these variables appear to be particularly relevant to a geriatric pain population.
Developments in implantable wireless cortical interfaces for neural prosthetics

Neuroscience has made remarkable progress in unraveling the machinery of the human (mammalian) brain, especially at the cellular and to some extent at the systems level (brain as a neural network computer). From this has emerged a fascinating contemporary technical (and ethical) challenge: Is it possible to implement a functional interconnect from the brain to implantable microelectronic circuits, to further advance our understanding of the brain per se, as well as for applications in neural prosthetics. This presentation will selectively highlight current research which aims at developing a wireless electronic link to the brain via implantable active microchips. The works draws from recent advances in recording and deciphering selected command signals issued from the motor cortex by small targeted population of neurons for specific motor tasks. While in this instance only a passive cortical microelectrode recording array resides physically within the body of a subject, we will show examples of current developments where active electronics on a chipscale are integrated to the microscale neural probes within the skin envelope - with transcutaneous telemetry ‘broadcasting’ multichannel neural signals as a single high-speed digital data stream. The ultralow power requirements associated with implanting of such chips within the brain, as well as achieving wideband telemetry of signals across the skull and skin envelopes both require innovations through microelectronics and photonics. Likewise, encapsulation (packaging) techniques for effectively hermetically sealing active electronics, with full biocompatibility, are a key challenge yet to be fully resolved for chronic implants. We will review the present technology which at this writing involves short term (˜ month) implants in non-human primate models.
STUDIES ON THE MOTILITY OF THE HUMAN UTERUS IN VIVO

The present study was begun in January 1937 primarily to determine the nature of the uterine contractions in functional dysmenorrhea. It was soon realized that to evaluate these findings properly a thorough investigation of the fundamental aspects of human uterine contractility was a necessary preliminary. The following material was utilized in the study.
Differentiated parental DNA strands confer developmental asymmetry on daughter cells in fission yeast

The two strands of the DNA molecule are complementary but not identical. Hence, upon semiconservative replication, different parental DNA strands are segregated to daughter cells. A molecular analysis suggests that the process of fission yeast mating-type interconversion uses asymmetry of the DNA strands to generate a regular lineage of cellular differentiation.
Fecal diversion for the treatment of fulminant cytomegalovirus colitis: report of a case

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) colitis in the immunosuppressed patient is common and is usually self-limited by treatment consisting of intravenous anti-viral medications. However, in the immunocompetent patient, CMV colitis is extremely rare and is associated with a high mortality rate that approaches 32 % (Galiatsatos et al. in Dig Dis Sci 50:609–616, 2005). We herein present the case of a 45-year-old immunocompetent male who developed fulminant CMV colitis. He was initially started on anti-viral agents but the disease continued to progress. After a surgical consultation was obtained, he underwent diverting loop ileostomy in an attempt to avoid a total abdominal colectomy. He responded well and had successful resolution of his disease. Approximately nine months later, he underwent successful ileostomy takedown. Diversion may be an alternative to total abdominal colectomy for CMV colitis or other causes of fulminant colitis. Given the rare nature of fulminant CMV colitis, further randomized studies will be difficult; however, this does appear to be a treatment option as an alternative to total abdominal colectomy.
A Time-Series Study of the Treatment of Panic Disorder

Although efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in the treatment of panic disorder has been well documented, far fewer studies have investigated treatment outcome for panic disorder among r...
E-valuating E-reference: Transforming digital reference through research and evaluation

This panel presents three different approaches, methods of analysis and data collection techniques to evaluate several digital reference formats. Radford and Connaway evaluate criteria important for perceptions of success across different generations of digital reference users, non-users, and librarians. They compare Baby Boomer vs. Millennial generations through 497 in-depth online surveys. Both content delivery and interpersonal communication were found to be important to successful chat encounters. Pomerantz presents a project to evaluate the Slam the Boards effort on Yahoo! Answers (YA) which is the largest web-based community answer board. The volume of questions and answers on YA is massive with librarian-provided answers comprising a small amount. Studies of YA users are required to determine if questioners find value in having questions answered by librarians. New practices, metrics, and organizational partnerships must be developed to make future quality evaluation possible. Mon discusses the use of new technologies in digital reference education and practice, and explores information behavior at the Internet Public Library (IPL). The IPL is building an online learning community site to support teaching, learning and research in digital reference. This paper reports the result of research that informs the implementation of digital technologies within the learning community site.
Web Services for Water Systems: The iWIDGET REST API☆

Abstract The iWIDGET project has a special focus on the role of smart water meters for understating consumption and improving system operations. To support the project and future commercial developments, a distributed platform supported by a web based applica- tion programming interface (API) has been developed to allow developers to rapidly prototype and develop applications and user interfaces for different devices and systems including Windows, Mac OS, Linux, iOS, Android and others. The iWIDGET API is based on representational state transfer (REST), with data accessed by a web address or URI structured as a request or query.
Haemolymph γ-aminobutyric acid titers in the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella: Changes during normal or supernumerary larval development and following injury

Abstract The γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) titers of haemolymph from wax moths, Galleria mellonella, exhibit stage specific fluctuations associated with the metomorphic moult. Maximal titers, as high as 0.9 mM, are observed during those times in development when animals are behaviorally quiescent. Injury-induced delay in metamorphosis alters the patterns of GABA titer change; it delays the appearance of the GABA peak. Brain and thoracic ganglia from last instar larvae release GABA in vitro whereas fat body and silk glands to not release GABA. The developmental changes in G. mellonella haemolymph GABA titers appear to be associated with depression of motor activity and with neurosecretory endocrine activity.
Δ5-3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and estradiol-17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in preimplantation hamster embryos☆

Abstract Preimplantation golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) embryos were recovered on days 1 (= day of finding spermatozoa in the vagina) through 4 of pregnancy. Postimplantation embryos were studied in sectioned gestation sacs excised on days 5 and 6. Δ5-3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) activity in embryos was determined histochemically. There was no enzyme activity on days 1 and 2. Weak activity was first observed at 08:00–09:00 hr on day 3, the activity then increased, peaked at 01:00–03:00 hr on day 4, considerably declined by 08:00–09:00 hr (day 4), and was absent on days 5 and 6. These results suggest that the preimplantation embryos synthesize steroid hormones. It was previously hypothesized ( Dickmann and Dey, 1973 , Dickmann and Dey, 1974 ) that, hormones synthesized by the preimplantation rat embryo participate in the regulation of morula to blastocyst transformation and implantation of the blastocyst. This hypothesis is applicable to the hamster. In addition to 3βHSD, estradiol-17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity was observed in day 3 embryos, suggesting that the embryo synthesizes estrogen.
Analysis of a fiber specklegram sensor by using coupled-mode theory

The performance of the fiber specklegram sensor (FSS) by use of the waveguide coupled-mode theory is analyzed. The analyses are based on the microbending effect on the sensing fiber, in which we have found that the sensitivity of the FSS is affected by the core diameter and the bending geometry. Experimental confirmations of the analyses are also provided in which we have shown that experimental data are consistent with the analyses.
The lore and lure of family business

Abstract Family business consultation is an expanding arena of interdisciplinary practice and collaboration. In this article, the self of the individuals involved, in the family business system, within the societal context are explored as three interacting, mutually impactful levels or units. Some major premises about family businesses are articulated and a case vignette is presented to illustrate the dynamics and functioning of a family business and the intervention approaches a consultant might use.
Relationship quality: effects on ambulatory blood pressure and negative affect in a biracial sample of men and women.

BackgroundProspective studies link marriage to better cardiovascular health, but marital dissatisfaction and discord predict increased rates of hypertension, higher blood pressure (BP), greater reactivity to stress, and left ventricular mass.ObjectiveTo determine and compare effects of partner statu
Effects of Variable Spring Harvest Regimes on Annual Survival and Recovery Rates of Male Wild Turkeys in Southeast Louisiana

Spring harvest is a primary mortality factor for male eastern wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris), but the relationship between spring harvest regimes and annual survival is not well understood. We banded 462 male wild turkeys from 1989 to 2007 in southeastern Louisiana to estimate annual survival and band recovery rates relative to spring harvest. We evaluated these parameters under a liberal harvest season (3-bird limit; 1989–1997) and a reduced conservative harvest season (2-bird limit; 2000–2007). Estimated recovery rates during the liberal season were 0.75 (SE = 0.05) for adults and 0.63 (SE = 0.04) for juveniles, and recovery rates during the conservative season were 0.61 (SE = 0.04) and 0.48 (SE = 0.05) for adults and juveniles, respectively. Annual survival averaged 0.16 (SE = 0.05) and 0.43 (SE = 0.05) for adults and juveniles, respectively, during the liberal season. Conversely, during the conservative season, annual survival averaged 0.31 (SE = 0.05) and 0.56 (SE = 0.05) for adults and juveniles, respectively. Our findings suggest that bag limit reductions combined with a reduction in season length contributed to a 2-fold increase in annual survival for male wild turkeys. We contend that male wild turkeys were likely over harvested on our study area during the liberal harvest season, which contributed to exceptionally low annual survival rates. Managers should attempt to assess survival rates of male wild turkeys in harvested populations to properly manage spring harvest and develop appropriate harvest limits. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Migration and implicit amenity markets: does incomplete compensation matter?

We first develop an empirical approach for generating measures of wage over or under compensation (incomplete compensation) for location attributes. We then devise a method to test whether migration is influenced by incomplete compensation in wages for location characteristics. An intercity wage regression is estimated where fixed effects capture the impact of site characteristics on wages. We then regress the fixed effects on a comprehensive vector of site attributes, where the residuals from this stage capture incomplete compensation in wages. The derived measures of incomplete compensation are included in a standard microdata-based discrete choice model of migration. The results suggest that incomplete wage compensation for site characteristics matters in migration decisions, and the findings are consistent with tendencies toward spatial equilibrium in the distribution of population. Copyright 2003, Oxford University Press.
Ultrasound diagnosis of bladder outlet obstruction in rabbits

One of the primary characteristics of partial outlet obstruction secondary to BPH is an increase in bladder mass commonly referred to as bladder hypertrophy. This condition has been simulated in rabbits by the partial ligation of the catheterized urethra. Ultrasonography has been utilized in both adult and pediatric urology to visualize the bladder and diagnose specific bladder disorders. The aim of the present study is to determine if ultrasonography can visualize bladder wall hypertrophy induced by obstruction. Partial outlet obstructions were created in NZW rabbits using standard methodologies, and then 5 to 7 days later, sonography was performed. The films were read by both the principal investigator and blinded investigators instructed to determine bladder wall thickness and from this predict the bladder weight. Then results were correlated with cystometrograms (CMGs) and whole bladder weights. Both the principal investigator and the blinded investigators were consistently able to distinguish obstructed from control bladders based solely on sonographic depictions of relative bladder wall thickness. In addition, the investigators were able to distinguish between low (control), medium, and high bladder weights based on sonography. The accuracy of predicting the bladder weights increased when cystosonograms were correlated with CMG studies. Thus, the degree of bladder hypertrophy can be accurately estimated by the combination of cmg and ultrasonography.
GSI-I (Z-LLNle-CHO) inhibits γ-secretase and the proteosome to trigger cell death in precursor-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Gamma secretase inhibitors (GSIs) comprise a growing class of compounds that interfere with the membrane-bound Notch signaling protein and its downstream intra-nuclear transcriptional targets. As GSI-I (Z-LLNle-CHO) is also a derivative of a widely used proteosome inhibitor MG-132, we hypothesized that this compound might be active in precursor-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cell lines and patient samples. We found that GSI-I treatment of precursor-B ALL blasts induced apoptotic cell death within 18–24 h. With confirmation using RNA and protein analyses, GSI-I blocked nuclear accumulation of cleaved Notch1 and Notch2, and inhibited Notch targets Hey2 and Myc. Microarray analyses of 207 children with high-risk precursor-B ALL demonstrate that Notch pathway expression is a common feature of these neoplasms. However, microarray studies also implicated additional transcriptional targets in GSI-I-dependent cell death, including genes in the unfolded protein response, nuclear factor-κB and p53 pathways. Z-LLNle-CHO blocks both γ-secretase and proteosome activity, inducing more robust cell death in precursor-B ALL cells than either proteosome-selective or γ-secretase-selective inhibitors alone. Using Z-LLNle-CHO in a nonobese diabetes/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) precursor-B ALL xenograft model, we found that GSI-I alone delayed or prevented engraftment of B-lymphoblasts in 50% of the animals comprising the experimental group, suggesting that this compound is worthy of additional testing.
Towards ethical research practice: anticipating social consequences of rehabilitation robots

Historically, the advent of new technology has accompanied by social issues, such as unequal access to the technology and job displacement. Rehabilitation robotics technology for post-stroke survivors is not an exception. The high costs of many of rehabilitation robots make only a few major hospitals and rehabilitation centers in urban areas viable consumers. Potentially, the robots 1) may be accessible only by those who have had access to these facilities already and 2) can replace some of the therapists in these facilities. In order to mitigate these undesirable social consequences, we draw upon Rogers' theory on the diffusion process of technological innovations, which emphasizes the role of scientists and engineers in shaping the technology throughout the whole process. We suggest that scientists and engineers address the technological needs in a way that the resulting products can assume the roles that are complementary to those of humans rather than take over them. Specifically, through the case study on InMotion ARM and Lokomat, we analyze the three intrinsic elements, form, function, and meaning of these robots to assess and anticipate their potential impact on society. We contend that the collective efforts of scientists and engineers may enable the deployment of rehabilitation robotics technology to be less invasive to the existing labor market as well as accessible to a larger post-stroke population. This, in turn, may build the foundation where humans and robots can coexist in various work domains.
Linear programming optimization and a double statistical filter for protein threading protocols.

The design of scoring functions (or potentials) for threading, differentiating native-like from non-native structures with a limited computational cost, is an active field of research. We revisit two widely used families of threading potentials: the pairwise and profile models. To design optimal scoring functions we use linear programming (LP). The LP protocol makes it possible to measure the difficulty of a particular training set in conjunction with a specific form of the scoring function. Gapless threading demonstrates that pair potentials have larger prediction capacity compared with profile energies. However, alignments with gaps are easier to compute with profile potentials. We therefore search and propose a new profile model with comparable prediction capacity to contact potentials. A protocol to determine optimal energy parameters for gaps, using LP, is also presented. A statistical test, based on a combination of local and global Z-scores, is employed to filter out false-positives. Extensive tests of the new protocol are presented. The new model provides an efficient alternative for threading with pair energies, maintaining comparable accuracy. The code, databases, and a prediction server are available at http://www.tc.cornell.edu/CBIO/loopp. Proteins 2001;45:241–261. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Percutaneous drainage of a left subphrenic abscess through a polycystic liver.

Controle du trajet de l'aiguille par echographie en temps reel. Le drainage de l'abces (a Klebsiella enterobactes et Strep. faecalis) et l'antibiotherapie intraveineuse ont entraine la guerison
Antifungal Activity of Camptothecin, Trifolin, and Hyperoside Isolated from Camptotheca acuminata

Leaf spots and root rots are major fungal diseases in Camptotheca acuminata that limit cultivation of the plant for camptothecin (CPT), a promising anticancer and antiviral alkaloid. Bioassays showed that pure CPT and flavonoids (trifolin and hyperoside) isolated from Camptotheca effectively control fungal pathogens in vitro, including Alternaria alternata, Epicoccum nigrum, Pestalotia guepinii, Drechslera sp., and Fusarium avenaceum, although antifungal activity of these compounds in the plant is limited. CPT inhibited mycelial growth by approximately 50% (EC50) at 10−30 μg/mL and fully inhibited growth at 75−125 μg/mL. The flavonoids were less effective than CPT at 50 μg/mL, particularly within 20 days after treatment, but more effective at 100 or 150 μg/mL. CPT, trifolin, and hyperoside may serve as leads for the development of fungicides. Keywords: Camptotheca; camptothecin; trifolin; hyperoside; antifungal activity; chemical defense
Evaluation of a task-centered child abuse prevention program

A task-centered, home-based service to high-risk families is described, and data presented about service characteristics and their relationship to outcomes. Paraprofessionals provided six months of services which resulted in lower Child Abuse Potential Inventory (CAPI) scores. The relationships between the number of contacts, task accomplishment, goal achievement, client satisfaction, and CAPI scores provide otherwise hard-to-find evidence about the active ingredient of a successful child abuse prevention program.
Administration of human rights

It is puzzling that although human rights pervade nearly all actions that affect the public, so little attention is devoted to their administration. The absence of books, chapters or even courses describing human rights administration is a silent reproach to our profession. To suggest how such a study might proceed, this article considers three questions: (1) how rights like those outlined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights are converted to policies; (2) how human experiences can suggest priorities in their administration; and (3) how to improve the performance of the ‘virtual bureaucracy’ that is carrying the related administrative responsibilities. Serious studies of human rights administration must deal with three critical problems: their complexity as they infuse other public policy issues; their universality as they interact at all levels of public and private society; and their ubiquity, which renders coherent bureaucratic structures and reforms difficult. Such studies are justified because large-scale efforts to provide education in rights administration can make important contributions to the realization of human dignity. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder as an Early Response to Sexual Assault

The present study assessed the acute reactions of women who had experienced sexual assault within a framework of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). One hundred women treated for sexual assault at a university hospital emergency department were interviewed within 72 hours of the incident. Of the 30 women reinterviewed 6 to 8 weeks later, 22 (73.3%) met the full criteria for PTSD, and an additional 5 reported symptoms in either the intrusive or avoidant domain. Twenty (66.7%) of the women met the criteria for PTSD based on an early draft of DSM-III-R. A prior history of sexual assaults was positively correlated with the presence of PTSD and the use of an informal support network was negatively associated with PTSD symptoms.
Long-Term Survival, Modes of Death, and Predictors of Mortality in Patients With Fontan Surgery

Background— To better define determinants of mortality in patients with univentricular physiology, a database registry was created of patients born in 1985 or earlier with Fontan surgery who were followed up at Children’s Hospital Boston. Methods and Results— A total of 261 patients, 121 of whom (46.4%) were women, had a first Fontan surgery at a median age of 7.9 years: right atrium–to–pulmonary artery connection in 135 (51.7%); right atrium to right ventricle in 25 (9.6%); and total cavopulmonary connection in 101 (38.7%). Over a median of 12.2 years, 76 (29.1%) died, 5 (1.9%) had cardiac transplantation, 5 (1.9%) had Fontan revision, and 21 (8.0%) had Fontan conversion. Perioperative mortality decreased steadily over time and accounted for 68.4% of all deaths. In early survivors, actuarial freedom from death or transplantation was 93.7%, 89.9%, 87.3%, and 82.6% at 5, 10, 15, and 20 years, respectively, with no significant difference between right atrium to pulmonary artery versus total cavopulmonary co...
Phrasal: A Toolkit for New Directions in Statistical Machine Translation

We present a new version of Phrasal, an open-source toolkit for statistical phrasebased machine translation. This revision includes features that support emerging research trends such as (a) tuning with large feature sets, (b) tuning on large datasets like thebitext, and(c)web-basedinteractivemachine translation. A direct comparison with Moses shows favorable results in terms of decoding speed and tuning time.
To Hope Till Hope Creates: A Reply to “What Does Pragmatic Meliorism Mean for Rhetoric?” 1

Stroud suggests that rhetoric and pragmatism will both gain by more interplay. He goes further, arguing that the results will yield a form of rhetorical practice that comes closer to activating the merits of theoretical pragmatism. The problem that develops, though, is one of definition. What does Stroud mean by the terms he uses? If rhetoric and pragmatism remained ill-defined, the chances for a productive alliance—and the melioristic results that might follow—are greatly diminished.
Photoabsorption And Photoionization Cross Sections: An Overview Of The Current State Of Knowledge

An overview of the current state of knowledge of atomic photoabsorption and photoionization cross sections is presented. At high photon energies (<10 keV) the cross sections are generally well-understood, except near thresholds. At lower energies the situation becomes dramatically poorer. A prospectus for amelioration of the problems is discussed.© (1988) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Inhibition of Nischarin Expression Attenuates Rilmenidine-Evoked Hypotension and Phosphorylated Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 1/2 Production in the Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla of Rats

Imidazoline (I1)-evoked hypotension is linked to enhanced phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK)1/2 production in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). Recent cell culture findings suggest that nischarin is a candidate for the I1 receptor. In the present study, nischarin antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) (AS1 or AS2), designed according to nischarin cDNA sequence, was administered intracisternally (i.c., 2 nmol/rat for 2 days) to knockdown central nischarin expression; control rats received the corresponding mismatched ODN (MM1 or MM2) or artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF). We investigated the effects of AS1 or AS2 on nischarin expression in the RVLM, and on the hypotension and RVLM pERK1/2 production elicited by the I1-selective agonist rilmenidine (25 μg/rat i.c.). Compared with aCSF, the mismatched ODN (MM1 or MM2) had no significant effect on RVLM nischarin expression or the cardiovascular and cellular (RVLM pERK1/2) responses elicited by rilmenidine. However, either antisense ODN substantially (>80%) reduced nischarin expression in the RVLM (AS1/MM1, 3 ± 1 versus 32 ± 2 positive cells; AS2/MM2, 4 ± 1 versus 31 ± 2 positive cells) and abrogated rilmenidine (I1)-evoked hypotension (AS1/MM1, –4.1 ± 0.9 versus –10.8 ± 1.9 mm Hg; AS2/MM2, –2.1 ± 1.1 versus –15.3 ± 2.5 mm Hg) and ERK1/2 activation in the RVLM (AS1/MM1, 10 ± 1 versus 15 ± 2 positive cells; AS2/MM2, 9 ± 1 versus 18 ± 2 positive cells). Finally, pERK1/2 generated by central I1 receptor activation is colocalized with nischarin in the RVLM neurons. This is the first evidence in vivo that nischarin plays a critical role in I1 receptor-mediated pERK1/2 production in the RVLM and the subsequent hypotension.
A game theoretic analysis of distributed power control for spread spectrum ad hoc networks

We consider a distributed power control scheme in a spread spectrum (SS) wireless ad hoc network, in which each user announces a price that reflects his current interference level. Given these prices, we present an asynchronous distributed algorithm for updating power levels, and provide conditions under which this algorithm converges to an optimal power allocation. We relate this algorithm to myopic best response updates of a fictitious game, and characterize the algorithm's convergence using supermodular game theory
Gyneplastic repairs following childbirth

Abstract Obstetrics has become a highly developed field of major surgery. While the prenatal care, delivery, and postnatal care have been greatly improved, practically nothing has been done at the time of delivery or lying-in period to remedy old lacerations of the genitalia. Our experience during the past eight years at Mt. Sinai Hospital, of Cleveland, has refuted the impracticability of operating immediately or shortly after childbirth. The reasons for operating at this time are: 1. 1. That it is both a prophylactic and curative procedure. 2. 2. That from an economic standpoint, it saves the patients, hospitals, and community many dollards and hospital days. 3. 3. That the patients do not suffer more pain than is usual after the repair of new lacerations. 4. 4. That operative deliveries or the presence of lochia do not seem to interfere with the healing of the tissues. 5. 5. That subsequent deliveries are not complicated by the previous repairs. If a new laceration occurs, either spontaneously or by episiotomy, it is repaired immediately after the delivery. 6. 6. That every patient was greatly benefited by the gyneplastic operation. Hospital records of the above cases were compiled by S.H. Lesinger, former resident in obstetrics of Mt. Sinai Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio.
Comparative effects of antilactoferrin antibodies and tumor necrosis factor on neutrophil adherence to matrix proteins.

Neutrophil adherence to matrix proteins likely plays an important role in inflammatory responses. Antineutrophil cytoplasm antibodies may activate neutrophils in certain diseases. Using an in vitro method that allows simultaneous quantitation of neutrophil adherence and superoxide secretion, we compared the effects of antibodies against neutrophil granule proteins and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), a known neutrophil agonist. Antilactoferrin antibodies but not antielastase or antimyeloperoxidase antibodies stimulated increased adherence to fibronectin and laminin similar in degree to that induced by TNF-α. This, but not the simultaneous superoxide secretion, was inhibited in the presence of anti-CD18 antibodies. Humoral immune responses to lactoferrin, likely expressed on the neutrophil surface, can activate neutrophils in proinflammatory responses that may be pathogenic.
Meristem-Localized Inducible Expression of a UDP-Glycosyltransferase Gene Is Essential for Growth and Development in Pea and Alfalfa

the antisense plants are similar to those of controls, but plant growth is reduced and development is delayed. This inhibition in growth is correlated with a twofold delay in the time required for completion of a cell cycle and with a . 99% inhibition of border cell production. Inhibition of PsUGT1 expression by meristem-localized inducible expression of PsUGT1 antisense mRNA (under the control of its own promoter) is lethal both in pea hairy roots and in transgenic alfalfa plants. These results indicate that PsUGT1 expression is required for normal plant growth and development, and they are consistent with the hypothesis that this UDP-glycosyltransferase regulates activity of a ligand(s) needed for cell division.
Three-dimensional femtosecond photochemical etching in silicon

Micron-size channels have been made inside silicon by femtosecond laser-assisted HF etching. The etching is guided by localized carriers generated via two-photon absorption. Its potential of 3-D drilling has been demonstrated.
Novel effects of monitoring predators on costs of fleeing and not fleeing explain flushing early in economic escape theory

Lay summary:Current escape theory predicts how close a prey allows a predator to approach before fleeing based on relationships between predator-prey distance and costs of fleeing and not fleeing. It cannot explain why prey flush earlier when they detect predators at longer distances. We identify three ways in which monitoring a predator affects costs of fleeing and not fleeing. Escape theory including these effects can account for flushing early when prey become alert early.
Olfactory bulb habituation to odor stimuli

Habituation is a simple form of memory, yet its neurobiological mechanisms are only beginning to be understood in mammals. In the olfactory system, the neural correlates of habituation at a fast experimental timescale involving very short intertrial intervals (tens of seconds) have been shown to depend on synaptic adaptation in olfactory cortex. In contrast, behavioral habituation to odorants on a longer timescale with intertrial intervals of several minutes depends on processes in the olfactory bulb, as demonstrated by pharmacological studies. We here show that behavioral habituation to odorants on this longer timescale has a neuronal activity correlate in the olfactory bulb. Spiking responses of mitral cells in the rat olfactory bulb adapt to, and recover from, repeated odorant stimulation with five-minute intertrial intervals with a timecourse similar to that of behavioral habituation. Moreover, both the behavioral and neuronal effects of odor habituation require functioning NMDA receptors in the olfactory bulb.
Language Reform in Turkey and Iran

Of all man's cultural badges, that of language is perhaps the most intimately felt and tenaciously defended. Even chauvinists who are prepared to concede under pressure that language, race, and culture are not the same thing—that their national ethnicity may be mixed, their religion imported, their culture synthetic to a degree—will still cling to the national language as the last bastion of irrational totemic pride. Hence, one of the most controversial features of the programs of westernization and modernization fostered by Kemal Ataturk in Turkey and Reza Shah in Iran was that of state-sponsored language reform, characterized chiefly by attempts to “purify” Turkish and Persian of their centuries-old accretion of Arabic loanwords. A case study of this process also affords some insight into the differing attitudes to national social reforms in Turkey and in Iran, and among the respective regimes, intelligentsia, and masses, which might help to explain why on balance one “succeeded” while the other “failed.”
A Model of Lytic, Latent, and Reactivating Varicella-Zoster Virus Infections in Isolated Enteric Neurons

Because human primary afferent neurons are not readily obtained, we sought to develop a model in which the lytic, latent, and reactivating phases of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection were recapitulated in neurons from an animal source. Enteric neurons were obtained from the small intestine of adult guinea pigs and from the bowel of fetal mice. Latency was established when these neurons were infected by cell-free VZV in the absence of fibroblasts or other cells of mesodermal origin. In contrast, lytic infection ensued when fibroblasts were present or when the enteric neurons were infected by cell-associated VZV. Latency was associated with the expression of a limited subset of viral genes, the products of which were restricted to the cytoplasm. Lysis was associated with the expression of viral glycoproteins, nuclear translocation of latency-associated gene products, and rapid cell death. Reactivation was accomplished by expressing VZV open reading frame (ORF) 61p or herpes simplex virus ICP0 in latently infected neurons. Isolated enteric neurons from guinea pigs and mice recapitulate latent gene expression in human cranial nerve and dorsal root ganglia. Expression of latency-associated VZV gene products was detected in 88% of samples of adult human intestine, suggesting that VZV not only infects enteric neurons but also is latent in the human enteric nervous system. This in vitro model should facilitate further understanding of latency and reactivation of VZV.
Actions of bovine somatotropin on polymorphonuclear leukocytes and lymphocytes in cattle.

Objectives were to detennine 1) in vitro effects of bST on function of poly­ morphonuclear leukocytes and lympho­ cytes and 2} in vivo effects of bST on leukocyte function of heifers fed to maintain medium or high growth rates. When administered in vitro, bST did not affect function of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. [Methyl-3H]thymidine incor­ poration by resting lymphocytes was stimulated by 1000 ng/ml bST. When given in vitro, bST did not further en­ hance [methyl-3H]thymidine uptake by mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes cultured at 38SC but reduced the depression of mitogen-stimulated proliferation caused by incubating cells at 42"C. When bST was administered in vivo, phagocytosis and killing of Escherichia coli by poly­ morphonuclear leukocytes from bST­ treated heifers were not different from cells of control heifers. As measured by [methyl-3H]thymidine uptake after stim­ ulation with phytohemagglutinin, lym­ phocytes from bST-treated heifers re­ sponded similarly to those of control heifers when incubated at 38.5"C, but the depression in [methyl-3H]thymidine up­ take due to culture at 42-C was less for lymphocytes obtained from bST-treated
Combining Data for Improved Weibull Parameter Estimation.

Abstract : Weibull parameters are often used by experimentalists to characterize the fracture behavior of structural materials. Frequently several different types of tests are performed, and theory indicates that the parameters for each type should be the same, or have some specific relations to each other. In such cases, it is advantageous to combine the data to find the parameters best representing all the data. The present paper discusses techniques for carrying out this objective and analyzes two examples in detail to illustrate the principles involved. The first example compares uniaxial and equibiaxial fracture statistics. The second example discusses fracture statistics for single fibers of several different lengths. (Author)
Glomerular Filtration Rate and Albuminuria for Detection and Staging of Acute and Chronic Kidney Disease in Adults: A Systematic Review

Importance Because early-stage kidney disease is asymptomatic and is associated with both morbidity and mortality, laboratory measurements are required for its detection. Objective To summarize evidence supporting the use of laboratory tests for glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and albuminuria to detect and stage acute kidney injury, acute kidney diseases and disorders, and chronic kidney disease in adults. Evidence Review We reviewed recent guidelines from various professional groups identified via the National Guideline Clearing House and author knowledge, and systematically searched MEDLINE for other sources of evidence for selected topics. Findings The KDIGO (Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes) guidelines define and stage acute and chronic kidney diseases by GFR and albuminuria. For initial assessment of GFR, measuring serum creatinine and reporting estimated GFR based on serum creatinine (eGFRcr) using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) 2009 equation is recommended. If confirmation of GFR is required because of conditions that affect serum creatinine independent of GFR (eg, extremes of muscle mass or diet), or interference with the assay, cystatin C should be measured and estimated GFR should be calculated and reported using cystatin C (eGFRcys) and serum creatinine (eGFRcr-cys) or GFR should be measured directly using a clearance procedure. Initial assessment of albuminuria includes measuring urine albumin and creatinine in an untimed spot urine collection and reporting albumin-to-creatinine ratio. If confirmation of albuminuria is required because of diurnal variation or conditions affecting creatinine excretion, such as extremes of muscle mass or diet, the albumin excretion rate should be measured from a timed urine collection. Conclusions and Relevance Detection and staging of acute and chronic kidney diseases can be relatively simple. Because of the morbidity and mortality associated with kidney disease, early diagnosis is important and should be pursued in at-risk populations.
Use of Lea symbols in young children

Clinicians must continue to refine as well as develop new visual acuity tests for preschool children A ccurate measurement of visual acuity is fundamental to ophthalmological care for all ages. This measure is used for diagnosis, for documentation of clinical outcomes, for qualification for special education or disability programmes, and for permission to drive a motor vehicle. More than 20 years ago the importance of ensuring that such a measure be scientifically rigorous was recognised with the development of the Bailey-Lovie visual acuity test1 and the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) test derived from it.2 The ETDRS test incorporated important design elements including letter selection, proportional optotype spacing, standard illumination, methods of administration, and scoring. Despite the quality of this test for school age children and adult patients, it is too difficult for preschool children. Clinicians testing visual acuity of preschool children have not yet found a single best test. An accurate, reproducible, and highly testable measure is needed by the paediatric eye care community for screening and office testing. Practitioners have utilised an assortment of test chart configurations with letter, number, and picture optotypes. Letter optotypes have generally been too difficult for preschool children, while traditional picture optotypes, like the Allen pictures, though much more testable, substantially reduce the sensitivity of the test for the detection of amblyopia.3,4 This is a critical drawback since amblyopia is the most common reason to test visual acuity in this age group. In addition, the practitioner has individualised most testing with plenty of room for the art of administration, including the judicious use of second chances. An ideal test of visual acuity in early childhood should include as many of the design features of the ETDRS as possible. Using the same test optotypes and presentation strategy throughout …
CCAAT Displacement Protein Binds to and Negatively Regulates Human Papillomavirus Type 6 E6, E7, and E1 Promoters

Expression of human papillomavirus genes increases as the target cell, the keratinocyte, differentiates. CCAAT displacement protein (CDP) is a cellular protein which has been shown in other cell types to negatively regulate gene expression in undifferentiated cells but not in differentiated cells. We have previously shown that a 66-bp purine-thymidine-rich sequence (the 66-mer) binds CDP and negatively regulates the human papillomavirus type 6 (HPV-6) E6 promoter (S. Pattison, D. G. Skalnik, and A. Roman, J. Virol. 71:2013–2022, 1997). Cotransfection experiments with a plasmid expressing luciferase from the HPV-6 E6, E7, or E1 regulatory region and a plasmid carrying the CDP gene indicate that CDP represses transcription from all three HPV-6 promoters. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs), we have shown that CDP binds HPV-6 both upstream and downstream of the E6, E7, and E1 transcription initiation start sites. Furthermore, when keratinocytes were induced to differentiate, all three promoter activities increased. Consistent with this, immunoblotting and EMSAs revealed that endogenous nucleus CDP and, correspondingly, DNA binding activity decreased when keratinocytes were induced to differentiate. The elevated promoter activities were abrogated by exogenously transfected CDP. Our data demonstrate that CDP fulfills the requirement of a differentiation-dependent negative regulator that could tie the HPV life cycle to keratinocyte differentiation.
1 MJ electric gun facility at LLNL

The 1 MJ electric gun system at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) is described. The primary motivation for building this electric gun system was to throw large-area, thin-plate impactors with areas up to 930 cm/sup 2/. Attention is given to electric gun operation, the capacitor bank, the target chamber, diagnostics, launch capability, and modeling tools. >
Halliburton and Efficient Market Theory

On March 5, 2014 The United States Supreme Court reviewed the case of Halliburton Corp. v. Erica P. John Fund, a securities fraud case that had been in litigation for more than ten years. The case has important implications for the acceptance of efficient market theory in securities fraud litigation, and perhaps other types of litigation, especially litigation involving valuations issues. This paper reviews the history of the case, the legal issues motivating it, and the implications the case has for the future use of efficient market theory in litigation.
Ceremonializing Independent Ghana on GBC Radio

Colonial Ghana was known to be among the most radio-minded in British West Africa beginning with Radio ZOY in 1935. Radio, as developed within the context of the Ghana Broadcasting Corporation (GBC) in the years following independence in 1957, was initially conceived as a means by which to broadcast speeches along with significant political events. This paper examines a series of early speeches and reports broadcast on GBC radio as a context for shaping citizenship prior to and after independence. It is, however, the continued ceremonialization of Ghanaian independence on radio that is the focus of my discussion. More specifically, it is the staging of independence and its continued restaging through a series of formats, scheduling, and a symbolic register that I explore through an archive of early GBC broadcasts. The emphasis on the English spoken voice, in particular, is part of a regional flow within the register of pan-Africanism. It is also indicative of an ambivalent relationship to BBC-inspired news reporting conventions and training. More broadly, this paper examines the extent to which early GBC radio deploys references to independence as a quality intrinsic to a politically charged modernizing form of radio aesthetics.