cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Looking to the Stars: Imagining a Constellation of Capabilities

Given the various motives, capabilities, and ways in which actors (individuals, organizations, states) can express "power," the Army's attempt to reduce "strategic landpower" discussions to traditional players (like legitimate militaries -- US and our "partners" and allies) is misguided and too narrow. This essay proposes thinking about Army-NGO and interagency partnerships as ad hoc and mutable "constellations of capabilities" tied together like nodes in a network based on their respective comparative and competitive advantages in a given context. Suggests that these actors (at all scales) can perform various roles or "archetypal guises" that better illuminate those core competencies and suggest their value to the overall network (e.g., actors as advisor, supplier, broker, agent, partner, mentor, educator, director, etc.). Suggests that the analogy to the medical "integrated practice team" as a multi-disciplinary network serves as a useful model on which to think about how the Army might create, invest in, manage, or participate in future networks in order to apply "power" on land "strategically."
Connecting bulk symmetry and orbital polarization in strained RNiO 3 ultrathin films

We examine the structural and electronic properties of LaNiO${}_{3}$ and NdNiO${}_{3}$ epitaxial thin films grown on cubic (001) SrTiO${}_{3}$ from the viewpoint of bulk crystal symmetry and misfit strain. X-ray scattering and polarization-dependent x-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements are performed to determine the crystal symmetry and extract the local Ni $3d$ orbital response, respectively, to understand the strain-induced distortions of the bulk structure. A strain-induced orbital polarization is found in NdNiO${}_{3}$ films, but is absent in LaNiO${}_{3}$ films. The difference in electronic structure is attributed to the bulk thermodynamic phases through group theoretical methods, which reveals that thin film perovskites retain a ``memory'' of their preferred electronic and structural configurations.
Integration of GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) data with traditional data sets for a better understanding of the time-dependent water partitioning in African watersheds

Monthly (71 months) Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) gravity field solutions acquired over North and Central Africa (August 2002–July 2008) were destriped, smoothed (250 km; Gaussian), and converted to equivalent water thickness. These data were analyzed in a geographic information system environment together with relevant data sets (e.g., topography, geology, remote sensing) to assess the utility of GRACE for monitoring elements of hydrologic systems on local scales. The following were observed over the Niger, Congo, and Nile Basins: (1) large persistent anomalies (standard deviation, SD > 10 cm) on SD images over periods of 2–7 yr; (2) anomalous areas originate at mountainous source areas that receive high precipitation, extend downslope toward mountain foothills, and often continue along main channels, wetlands, or lakes that drain these areas; (3) time-series analyses over anomalous areas showed that seasonal mass variation lags behind seasonal precipitation; and (4) seasonal mass variations showed progressive shift in phase and decrease in amplitude with distance from the mountainous source areas. Results indicate that (1) the observed temporal mass variations are largely controlled by elements of the hydrologic cycle (e.g., runoff, infiltration, groundwater flow) and have not been obscured by noise, as previously thought; and (2) it is possible to use GRACE to investigate the temporal local responses of a much larger suite of hydrologic systems (watersheds, lakes, rivers, and marshes) and domains (source areas and lowlands) within watersheds and subbasins worldwide.
Evaluation of Combining Computed Tomography Coronary Angiography with Nuclear Myocardial Perfusion Imaging on Functionally Relevant Coronary Artery Lesions in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Purpose To explore the value of combining computed tomography coronary angiography(CTCA) and myocardial perfusion imaging(MPI) and compare with single MPI or CTCA on the diagnosis of coronary artery lesions in type 2 diabetes mellitus(DM).Materials and Methods A total of 120 patients who were diagnosed as CAD or suspected as CAD were divided into DM group(n=58) and non-DM group(n = 62).All the patients underwent MPI,CTCA and coronary angiography(CAG) within one month.The diagnostic value of single MPI,CTCA and MPI combined with CTCA was assessed and compared using CAG or CAG combined with MPI as a gold standard.Results For DM group,the sensitivity,specificity,accuracy,positive and negative predictive value of combined MPI and CTCA in diagnosis were 93.58%,86.15%,90.80%,91.89% and 88.89%,respectively.For non-DM group,the sensitivity,specificity,accuracy,positive and negative predictive value of combined MPI and CTCA in diagnosis were 93.10%,91.43%,92.47%,94.74% and 88.89%,respectively.Conclusion Combined CTCA and MPI provide improved diagnostic accuracy for the early diagnosis on functionally relevant coronary artery lesions in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.
A New Music Keyboard with Continuous Key-position Sensing and High-speed Communication

We describe a new music keyboard with independent, continuous position sensing capable of communicating gestural nuance available on manual tracker organs, harpsichords and pianos. We explain how the additional functionality can be obtained at a lower cost than existing keyboard controllers and demonstrate a prototype to illustrate this analysis. Our new keyboard uses optical interruption sensing for each key and hybrid space and time multiplexing to achieve the requisite scan rates. Scanned data is assembled into packets using a single FPGA and formatted for a variety of readily available communication methods including embedded in SPDIF and ADAT audio streams and as Ethernet UDP packets.
Effects of riparian zone buffer widths on vegetation diversity in southern Appalachian headwater catchments

Abstract In mountainous areas such as the southern Appalachians USA, riparian zones are difficult to define. Vegetation is a commonly used riparian indicator and plays a key role in protecting water resources, but adequate knowledge of floristic responses to riparian disturbances is lacking. Our objective was to quantify changes in stand-level floristic diversity of riparian plant communities before (2004) and two, three, and seven years after shelterwood harvest using highlead cable-yarding and with differing no-cut buffer widths of 0 m, 10 m, and 30 m distance from the stream edge. An unharvested reference stand was also studied for comparison. We examined: (1) differences among treatment sites using a mixed linear model with repeated measures; (2) multivariate relationships between ground-layer species composition and environmental variables (soil water content, light transmittance, tree basal area, shrub density, and distance from stream) using nonmetric multidimensional scaling; and (3) changes in species composition over time using a multi-response permutation procedure. We hypothesized that vegetation responses (i.e., changes in density, species composition, and diversity across the hillslope) will be greatest on harvest sites with an intermediate buffer width (10-m buffer) compared to more extreme (0-m buffer) and less extreme (30-m buffer and no-harvest reference) disturbance intensities. Harvesting initially reduced overstory density and basal area by 83% and 65%, respectively, in the 0-m buffer site; reduced by 50% and 74% in the 10-m buffer site; and reduced by 45% and 29% in the 30-m buffer site. Both the 0-m and 10-m buffer sites showed increased incident light variability across the hillslope after harvesting; whereas, there was no change in the 30-m and reference sites over time. We found significant changes in midstory and ground-layer vegetation in response to harvesting with the greatest responses on the 10-m buffer site, supporting our hypotheses that responses will be greatest on sites with intermediate disturbance. Ground-layer species composition differed significantly over time in the 0-m buffer and 10-m buffer sites (both P P > 0.100). Average compositional dissimilarity increased after seven years, indicating greater within-stand heterogeneity (species diversity) after harvesting. These vegetation recovery patterns provide useful information for evaluating management options in riparian zones in the southern Appalachians.
Peripheral arterial thrombolytic therapy.

The use of thrombolytic therapy for peripheral arterial occlusion offers an adjunctive therapy to the more traditional surgical approaches. Pertinent arterial anatomy and physiology as well as the pathophysiology of arterial occlusion are reviewed. The phases of this interventional procedure are described. Nursing care is discussed using a problem-centered, outcome-oriented focus.
Gender Differences in Facial Expressions of Affect During Learning

Affective support is crucial during learning, with recent evidence suggesting it is particularly important for female students. Facial expression is a rich channel for affect detection, but a key open question is how facial displays of affect differ by gender during learning. This paper presents an analysis suggesting that facial expressions for women and men differ systematically during learning. Using facial video automatically tagged with facial action units, we find that despite no differences between genders in incoming knowledge, self-efficacy, or personality profile, women displayed one lower facial action unit significantly more than men, while men displayed brow lowering and lip fidgeting more than women. However, numerous facial actions including brow raising and nose wrinkling were strongly correlated with learning in women, whereas only one facial action unit, eyelid raiser, was associated with learning for men. These results suggest that the entire affect adaptation pipeline, from detection to response, may benefit from gender-specific models in order to support students more effectively.
Preventing recurrence of diffuse malignant peritoneal mesothelioma.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Diffuse malignant peritoneal mesothelioma (DMPM) is an aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis when treated with systemic therapy. Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) with intraperitoneal chemotherapy (IPC) is considered the best therapy in DMPM, but a high risk of locoregional recurrence remains.Areas covered: This review describes patient selection and operative goals with CRS and IPC, the reported outcomes with this approach, and the data supporting platinum-based IPC. We assess the pharmacokinetics supporting the use of dwell IPC. We outline clinical, imaging and laboratory surveillance for recurrence. In addition, we highlight the role of re-operation, both as a planned second procedure and in the context of disease recurrence. Literature review was performed via Medline search.Expert commentary: CRS/IPC offers survival benefit in selected patients with DMPM, but given the high rate of recurrence, close surveillance is needed post-operatively. Strategies to prevent and treat recurre...
Frontiers in Applied General Equilibrium Modeling: Solving Dynamic Stochastic Competitive General Equilibrium Models

The Scarf algorithm was the Þrst practical, almost surely convergent method for computing general equilibria of competitive models. The current focus of much computational research is computing equilibrium of dynamic stochastic models. While many of these models are examples of Arrow-Debreu equilibria, Scarfs algorithm and subsequent homotopy methods cannot be applied directly since they have ∗The author thanks Herb Scarf and Donald Brown for their valuable comments.
A lower bound on feedback capacity of colored Gaussian relay channels

Relay channels aid in increasing the rate of communication possible from the source to the destination. However, in general, the capacity of a relay channel is still an open problem. In this work, we provide a lower bound for the capacity of the three-terminal relay channel with destination-source feedback in the presence of correlated noise using the recent results in [1] and employing linear processing at the relay node. We also extend our model to the one involving multiple relays in either series or parallel configuration. Simulation results show that significant improvements in the lower bound can be obtained via our formulation of the problem.
Generalization of the Schrödinger Theory of Electrons.

The Schrodinger theory for a system of electrons in the presence of both a static and time-dependent electromagnetic field is generalized so as to exhibit the intrinsic self-consistent nature of the corresponding Schrodinger equations. This is accomplished by proving that the Hamiltonian in the stationary-state and time-dependent cases {Ĥ;Ĥ(t)} are exactly known functionals of the corresponding wave functions {Ψ;Ψ(t)}, that is, Ĥ=Ĥ[Ψ] and Ĥ(t)=Ĥ[Ψ(t)]. Thus, the Schrodinger equations may be written as Ĥ[Ψ]Ψ=E[Ψ]Ψ and Ĥ[Ψ(t)]Ψ(t)=i∂Ψ(t)/∂t. As a consequence the eiegenfunctions and energy eigenvalues {Ψ,E} of the stationary-state equation, and the wave function Ψ(t) of the temporal equation, can be determined self-consistently. The proofs are based on the "Quantal Newtonian" first and second laws which are the equations of motion for the individual electron amongst the sea of electrons in the external fields. The generalization of the Schrodinger equation in this manner leads to additional new physics. The traditional description of the Schrodinger theory of electrons with the Hamiltonians {Ĥ;Ĥ(t)} known constitutes a special case. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chapter 5 – Changes that Make New Forms: Gene Regulatory Systems and the Evolution of Body Plans

Publisher Summary Evolutionary change in the form of body parts requires evolutionary change in the gene regulatory network that controls pattern formation processes. The change in regulatory networks underlying pattern formation processes occurs at every level of the developmental programs that they encode. The relevant regulatory networks consist of the linkages among the genes engaged in setting up the morphogenesis of a body part, from the initial specification of its progenitor field to the terminal installation of differentiation pathways. Change in terminal connections to regulators that control differentiation gene batteries results in detailed alterations in fine aspects of morphology. The change in upstream connections among genes specifying spatial transcriptional state is required for more gross alterations in the form of the subparts of a structure. The architecture of these regulatory networks is encoded in the cis-regulatory systems of the genes that they include. These systems determine where and when each gene is expressed; which regulatory genes are functionally linked to which others at each stage; what are the downstream regulators; and to what signals they respond.
Application resource management for exploitation of non-volatile memory in many-core systems

Current trends in many-core system design show an increasing desire to integrate several cores and accelerators on a single chip in order to support better parallel applications. Moreover, the increasing number of parallel applications and tasks result in heavy memory utilization. Non-Volatile Memories (NVMs) prevail as a replacement of DRAM due to low leakage power and higher density. However, NVMs support limited number of write operations and consequently suffer from short lifetime issues. Additionally, non-uniform distribution of write operations on NVMs has worsen this situation. Most of the state-of-the-art approaches improve NVM lifetime by re-designing the system at the architecture level. In this paper, we propose an application mapping framework for parallel applications exploiting and improving the lifetime of NVMs in distributed shared memory systems. Results show an improvement of x3.2 in lifetime and a reduction of 60% in write variation.
Test Assembly Implications for Providing Reliable and Valid Subscores.

This study investigates the relationships among factor correlations, inter-item correlations, and the reliability estimates of subscores, providing a guideline with respect to psychometric properti...
Abstract #1501: ET-743 modulates EWS-FLi1 activity in Ewing\#8217;s sarcoma cells

Background: Ecteinascidin-743 (ET-743, Trabectidin) is a natural product derived from Ecteinascidia turbinate (\#8216;Caribbean sea squirt\#8217;) that is currently in phase II and III clinical trials in the United States and approved in Europe for patients with refractory soft tissue sarcomas. The mechanism of cytotoxicity of ET-743 is complicated and not completely understood. However, a large body of work suggests it acts by multiple mechanisms, including inhibiting transcription coupled nucleotide excision repair and directly blocking transcription. Multiple groups have shown that Ewing\#8217;s sarcoma cells are exquisitely sensitive to ET-743 in vitro. Ewing\#8217;s sarcoma is characterized by a translocation, most frequently resulting in the creation of an aberrant transcription factor, the EWS-Fli1 fusion protein. EWS-Fli1 is known to regulate more than 70 genes required for the survival of Ewing\#8217;s cells. We hypothesize that ET-743 directly inhibits EWS-FLi1 transcriptional activity and thereby contributes to Ewing\#8217;s cell sensitivity. Methods: We developed a luciferase based reporter construct and a multiplex PCR assay specific for EWS-FLi1 to study the effect of ET-743 on Ewing\#8217;s cells. We utilized the NR0B1 promoter as a specific reporter of EWS-Fli1 activity. The promoter was cloned from genomic DNA, inserted into a luciferase gene expressing plasmid vector, and transfected into TC32 Ewing\#8217;s cells. Promoter activity was assessed relative to a constitutively active CMV driven promoter by measuring the change in luminescence of ET-743 treated cells. The effect of ET-743 on EWS-Fli1 transcriptional activity was evaluated using multiplex PCR. RNA was collected from Ewing\#8217;s cells lines treated with ET-743 and evaluated for a change in expression of 17 downstream targets and four internal housekeeping controls. Results: We have confirmed that Ewing\#8217;s cells are sensitive to ET-743 treatment at 24 hours at concentrations as low as 1 nM. We have shown a 40% decrease in luminescence per cell in clones whose luciferase expression is driven by an EWS-Fli1 specific promoter. Additionally, no change in luminescence was observed at the identical concentration and time for the CMV clones. Finally, multiplex PCR revealed that half of the downstream target genes of EWS-Fli1 were down regulated compared to solvent controls, while the mRNA levels of the housekeeping genes remained unaffected. Conclusion: Ewing\#8217;s cells are sensitive to ET-743 treatment. This result can be partially explained by the direct effect of ET-743 on EWS-Fli1 transcriptional activity. These results suggest ET-743 should be further investigated for the treatment of Ewing\#8217;s sarcoma. Citation Information: In: Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res; 2009 Apr 18-22; Denver, CO. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; 2009. Abstract nr 1501.
The Increasing Value of Green for Residential Real Estate

Research has documented a premium for housing with green amenities, on average, over sample periods. Given the increasing efficiency of green features and growing awareness of the environmental con...
College choice processes and experiences of Latino/a/x student-athletes in the community college context

The purpose of this narrative inquiry was to explore the experiences of Latino/a/x community college student-athletes, with particular attention to their college choices. Stories were gathered and ...
3-D virtual world education: An empirical comparison with face-to-face classroom

D virtual worlds are increasing in popularity as a means of pedagogical delivery in higher education. In this research, we assess the relative effectiveness of a 3-D virtual world learning environment, Second Life, and traditional face-to-face learning environment. We also assess the efficacy of instructional strategies in these two learning environments and their effects on interactivity, perceived learning, and satisfaction. Our findings suggest that there is an interaction effect of learning environment and instructional strategy. Pair-wise comparisons indicate that when interactive instructional strategy is used, there is no significant difference for perceived learning and satisfaction between 3-D virtual world and face-to-face learning environment. However, there is a significant difference for those constructs when a direct instructional strategy is used. Further, in interactive instructional sessions, students experienced higher level of classroom interactivity in Second Life than in face-to-face classroom.
On Teaching Molecular Term Symbols: From the Atomic Term Symbols in a Two-Dimensional World to the Molecular Term Symbols in a Three-Dimensional World

In the article “A Systematic Method for Determining Molecular Term Symbols for Diatomic Molecules Using Uncoupled-States Orbital Diagrams” in this Journal, Campbell introduced a systematic method to determine the molecular term symbols for diatomic molecules. This method is introduced in various undergraduate Physical Chemistry textbooks because of its practicality. However, there remains one question that may baffle some students: Why is |ML| = Λ used when determining the molecular term symbols whereas it is |ML| ≤ L for atomic term symbols? This letter aims to provide a more comprehensive yet clear answer to this question, which, I hope, will help students better understand molecular term symbols and polish their creative problem-solving skills.
Impact of trial design and patient heterogeneity on the identification of clinically effective therapies for progressive MS

Clinically effective immunomodulatory therapies have been developed for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), but they have generally not translated to a corresponding slowing of disability accumulation in progressive forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). Since disability is multifaceted, progressive patients are heterogeneous, and the drivers of disease progression are still unclear, it has been difficult to identify the most informative outcome measures for progressive trials. Historically, secondary outcome measures have focused on inflammatory measures, which contributed to the recent identification of immunomodulatory therapies benefiting younger patients with more inflammatory progressive MS. Meanwhile, agents capable of treating late-stage disease have remained elusive. Consequently, measures of neurodegeneration are becoming common. Here, we review completed clinical trials testing immunomodulatory therapies in primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) or secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) and discuss the features contributing to trial design variability in relation to trial outcomes, and how efforts toward better patient stratification and inclusion of reliable progression markers could improve outcomes.
UNIT 5.2 cDNA Libraries

This unit provides a basic description of issues that require careful consideration before undertaking construction of cDNA libraries. Topics include: generating a double-stranded DNA copy of the mRNA, the quality of the mRNA, the relative abundance of the clone of interest, the choice of screening method, the size of the library that will be necessary to include the clone of interest, and choices of linkers or adaptors for insertion into the vector.
Relationship of Aortic Stiffness to Exercise and Ventricular Volumes in Single Ventricles.

Background Patients with single ventricle (SV) may often undergo aortic reconstruction that creates a stiff large vessel, increasing afterload and affecting exercise performance. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship of pulse wave velocity (PWV) and distensibility in reconstructed and normal aortic arches after Fontan with exercise variables. Methods PWV and distensibility of the descending aorta at the level of the diaphragm (DAo) were calculated with real-time exercise cardiac magnetic resonance in 48 patients with SV after Fontan (18 after aortic reconstruction; 30 without aortic reconstruction) and compared with metabolic exercise stress test variables. Results PWV was greater in the reconstructed group than in the non-reconstructed group (median 4.4 m/s [range: 2.3 to 9.8 m/s] versus 3.6 [range: 2.6 to 6.3 m/s], respectively, p = 0.003). Statistically significant inverse correlations were found between PWV and end-diastolic, end-systolic, and stroke volumes at rest and at exercise in the reconstructed group. In addition, inverse correlations also existed in the reconstructed group between distensibility of the DAo and the exercise variables such as peak oxygen pulse (R = 0.56, p = 0.02), peak oxygen consumption (R = 0.63, p = 0.008), oxygen consumption at ventilatory anaerobic threshold (R = 0.48, p = 0.04), and peak work (R = 0.54, p = 0.02). Similar correlations were not seen in patients with non-reconstructed aortas. Conclusions Patients with SV with reconstructed aortas have increased aortic stiffness, increasing afterload on the ventricle. Native DAo stiffness distal to the reconstruction is inversely correlated with exercise performance, presumably to decrease impedance mismatch to maintain homogeneity of the aortic wall. This information suggests a possible mechanism for decreased exercise performance in patients with SV with aortic reconstructions.
Antisense-Therapie neurologischer Erkrankungen

In den letzten Jahrzehnten sind viele Gene neurodegenerativer Krankheiten kloniert worden. Trotzdem wurden Therapien dafur nur langsam entwickelt. Der vielleicht bedeutendste Vorteil der „antisense oligonucleotide therapeutics“, der sog. ASO-Therapeutika, gegenuber anderen Ansatzen besteht darin, dass die Kenntnis der Genzielsequenz unmittelbar Wissen uber mogliche Komplementar-Oligonukleotid-Therapeutika vermittelt. In dieser Ubersichtsarbeit beschreiben wir die verschiedenen Arten von ASOs, ihre therapeutische Verwendung und die derzeitigen praklinischen Bemuhungen zur Entwicklung neuer ASO-Therapien.
Proliferating SPP1/MERTK-expressing Macrophages in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

A comprehensive understanding of the changes in gene expression in cell types involved in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) will shed light on the mechanisms underlying the loss of alveolar epithelial cells and development of honeycomb cysts and fibroblastic foci. We sought to understand changes in IPF lung cell transcriptomes and gain insight into innate immune aspects of pathogenesis. We investigated IPF pathogenesis using single-cell RNA-sequencing of fresh lung explants, comparing human IPF fibrotic lower lobes reflecting late disease, upper lobes reflecting early disease and normal lungs. IPF lower lobes showed increased fibroblasts, and basal, ciliated, goblet and club cells, but decreased alveolar epithelial cells, and marked alterations in inflammatory cells. We found three discrete macrophage subpopulations in normal and fibrotic lungs, one expressing monocyte markers, one highly expressing FABP4 and INHBA (FABP4hi), and one highly expressing SPP1 and MERTK (SPP1hi). SPP1hi macrophages in fibrotic lower lobes showed highly upregulated SPP1 and MERTK expression. Low-level local proliferation of SPP1hi macrophages in normal lungs was strikingly increased in IPF lungs. Co-localisation and causal modelling supported the role for these highly proliferative SPP1hi macrophages in activation of IPF myofibroblasts in lung fibrosis. These data suggest that SPP1hi macrophages contribute importantly to lung fibrosis in IPF, and that therapeutic strategies targeting MERTK and macrophage proliferation may show promise for treatment of this disease.
The impact of social support on adolescent coping in the context of urban poverty.

Objective This study used a mixed method, prospective, multi-informant design to (a) identify coping strategies used by youth residing in urban poverty and (b) test whether these coping strategies buffer the effects of stress exposure when adult support is present and when absent. Method There were 286 youth ages 10 to 16 (mean age at Time 1 = 13; 65% female; 34% male; 1% not identified; 46% African American; 25% Latino; 11% European American; 8% Asian American, 4% Mixed/Biracial, 6% Other) and their parents who participated. Thematic analyses were used to code adolescent interviews about protective factors to identify specific coping strategies used. Hierarchical regression analyses tested whether these coping strategies moderate the association between stress exposure and psychological symptoms for youth with and without adult support. Results Youth identified multiple coping strategies as protective including Expressing Oneself, Self-Soothing, Seeking Help, Seeking Safety, Distraction, Problem-Solving, Self-Care, and Avoidance. A number of these coping strategies (Expressing Oneself, Self-Soothing, Seeking Help, and Seeking Safety) attenuated the association between stressors and psychological symptoms over time for youth with adult support. For youth without adult support, a number of the strategies they identified as protective (Distraction, Problem-Solving, and Self-Care) accentuated the association between stress exposure and psychological symptoms over time. The only strategy that proved protective for youth without adult support was avoidance. Conclusions Findings suggest that youth require adult support to effectively make use of a range of coping strategies and that avoidance is the sole effective strategy for youth without support. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Long-term memory specificity depends on inhibition of related items.

ABSTRACTLong-term memory relies on both accurately retrieving specific details and inhibiting competing information. In the current investigation, we evaluated the specificity of long-term memory r...
Ketone Bodies Exert Ester-Ordinary Suppression of Bifidobacteria and Th17 Cells.

The ketogenic diet is used to treat neurological and metabolic symptoms of disease, but the extent of its influences across organ systems remains unclear. Ang et al., 2020 reveal that ketone bodies induced by the diet inhibit specific bacteria of the gut microbiota and suppress pro-inflammatory T cells in the intestine.
Single-Inclusion Kinetics of Chlamydia trachomatis Development.

ABSTRACT The obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis is reliant on a developmental cycle consisting of two cell forms, termed the elementary body (EB) and the reticulate body (RB). The EB is infectious and utilizes a type III secretion system and preformed effector proteins during invasion, but it does not replicate. The RB replicates in the host cell but is noninfectious. This developmental cycle is central to chlamydial pathogenesis. In this study, we developed mathematical models of the developmental cycle that account for potential factors influencing RB-to-EB cell type switching during infection. Our models predicted that two categories of regulatory signals for RB-to-EB development could be differentiated experimentally, an “intrinsic” cell-autonomous program inherent to each RB and an “extrinsic” environmental signal to which RBs respond. To experimentally differentiate between mechanisms, we tracked the expression of C. trachomatis development-specific promoters in individual inclusions using fluorescent reporters and live-cell imaging. These experiments indicated that EB production was not influenced by increased multiplicity of infection or by superinfection, suggesting the cycle follows an intrinsic program that is not directly controlled by environmental factors. Additionally, live-cell imaging revealed that EB development is a multistep process linked to RB growth rate and cell division. The formation of EBs followed a progression with expression from the euo and ihtA promoters evident in RBs, while expression from the promoter for hctA was apparent in early EBs/IBs. Finally, expression from the promoters for the true late genes, hctB, scc2, and tarp, was evident in the maturing EB. IMPORTANCEChlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular bacterium that can cause trachoma, cervicitis, urethritis, salpingitis, and pelvic inflammatory disease. To establish infection in host cells, Chlamydia must complete a multiple-cell-type developmental cycle. The developmental cycle consists of specialized cells, the EB cell, which mediates infection of new host cells, and the RB cell, which replicates and eventually produces more EB cells to mediate the next round of infection. By developing and testing mathematical models to discriminate between two competing hypotheses for the nature of the signal controlling RB-to-EB cell type switching, we demonstrate that RB-to-EB development follows a cell-autonomous program that does not respond to environmental cues. Additionally, we show that RB-to-EB development is a function of chlamydial growth and division. This study serves to further our understanding of the chlamydial developmental cycle that is central to the bacterium’s pathogenesis.
Abstract P595: Incidentally-Discovered Asymptomatic Ischemic Lesions Identified Using Natural Language Processing Are Strong Risk Factors for Dementia

Background: White matter disease (WMD) and silent brain infarction (SBI) are known to be risk markers for dementia. Nevertheless, the effects of incidentally-discovered WMD and SBI on routinely-obt...
Using photovoice to understand perceptions of obesity among African-American women

This study employed photovoice, a communication methodology, to document, reflect upon and communicate perceptions and experiences regarding obesity among 18 African-American women. Face-to-face in...
Comparison of proteomic methods in evaluating biomarker-AKI associations in cardiac surgery patients.

Although immunoassays are the most widely used protein measurement method, aptamer-based methods such as the SomaScan platform can quantify up to 7000 proteins per biosample, creating new opportunities for unbiased discovery. However, there is limited research comparing the consistency of biomarker-disease associations between immunoassay and aptamer-based platforms. In a substudy of the TRIBE-AKI cohort, preoperative and postoperative plasma samples from 294 patients with previous immunoassay measurements were analyzed using the SomaScan platform. Inter-platform Spearman correlations (rs) and biomarker-AKI associations were compared across 30 preoperative and 34 postoperative immunoassay-aptamer pairs. Possible factors contributing to inter-platform differences were examined including target protein characteristics, immunoassay, and SomaScan coefficients of variation, other assay characteristics, and sample storage time. The median rs was 0.54 (interquartile range [IQR] 0.34-0.83) in postoperative samples and 0.41 (IQR 0.21-0.69) in preoperative samples. We observed a trend of greater rs in biomarkers with greater concentrations; the Spearman correlation between the concentration of protein and the inter-platform correlation was 0.64 in preoperative pairs and 0.53 in postoperative pairs. Of proteins measured by immunoassays, we observed significant biomarker-AKI associations for 13 proteins preop and 24 postop; of all corresponding aptamers, 8 proteins preop and 12 postop. All proteins significantly associated with AKI as measured by SomaScan were also significantly associated with AKI as measured by immunoassay. All biomarker-AKI odds ratios were significantly different (P 0.50) inter-platform correlations. Although similar biomarker-disease associations were observed overall, biomarkers with high physiological concentrations tended to have the highest-confidence inter-platform operability in correlations and biomarker-disease associations. Aptamer assays provide excellent precision and an unprecedented coverage and promise for disease associations but interpretation of results should keep in mind a broad range of correlations with immunoassays.
Branched-chain amino acids at supraphysiological but not physiological levels reduce myotube insulin sensitivity.

Aims Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) are often emphasized in the diets of avid exercisers, yet population data demonstrates a correlation between circulating BCAA and insulin resistance. However, it is unclear if BCAA independently promote insulin resistance in otherwise healthy cells. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of a BCAA mixture on muscle insulin signaling in vitro in both insulin resistant and sensitive cells. Materials and methods C2C12 myotubes were treated with a BCAA mixture containing leucine:isoleucine:valine at a ratio of 2:1:1 at 0.2mM, 2mM, or 20mM (based on leucine content) for either 30 min, 1 day, or 6 days. Western blot was used to assess insulin sensitivity of cells treated with BCAA both with and without concurrent insulin resistance, and, with and without insulin stimulation. Results BCAA treatment for 1 day significantly reduced basal, but not insulin-stimulated pAkt expression. BCAA treatment for 6 days resulted in significantly reduced basal insulin signaling in health cells and insulin-stimulated insulin signaling in insulin resistant (but not insulin sensitive) cells. Conclusion Similar to previous observations demonstrating BCAA may correlate with insulin resistance during metabolically stressed conditions, we demonstrate excessively high BCAA exposure can negatively influence basal insulin signaling, as well as insulin sensitivity in insulin resistant myotubes. However, given the intentionally high concentrations of BCAA used in this study, the extent to which these observations translate to in vivo models is unclear and warrants further investigation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Consideration of Higher-Level Active Learning Modalities for Increased Student Engagement and Improved Outcomes: A Case Study

This paper examines whether adding higher-level active learning modalities in marketing education principles classes will improve student engagement and offer better learning outcomes over just using published casework. While there is much support from the literature on using such modalities, significant grade improvements versus other forms have not been consistently identified. It is suggested here, and the contribution of this paper is, that such significance may exist. Results, using single factor ANOVA calculations, showed significant differences in adding higher-level modalities. As such, this may be useful in pedagogy for Generation Z college students seeking more involvement with their educational processes.
Dynamics of a radiating gas with application to flow over a wavy wall.

The spherical-harmonic approximation developed in astrophysics and neutron-Iran sport theory is applied to the radiation-transport equation for a nonscattering, quasi-equilibrium, grey gas. To a first approximation, the exact multidimensional transport equation is replaced by four differential equations. The gasdynamic equations, together with the four approximate transport equations, constitute a determinate set of purely differential equations valid for the complete range of optical thickness. Boundary conditions consistent with such approximations are discussed. Within the framework of linearized theory, the governing equation and the boundary conditions on velocity and on the temperature jump at the wall are obtained in terms of a perturbation velocity potential. To illustrate the special features of two-dimensional flow with radiation, a solution is obtained for steady flow over a sinusoidal wall. The solution is valid throughout the ranges of temperature and optical thickness. It is found that two systems of waves are present, a modified classical wave and a radiationinduced wave. The occurrence of pressure drag at subsonic speeds and the smoothing of the transition from subsonic to supersonic speeds reflect the nonequilibrium character of the radiating-gas flow.
Suspected non-AD pathology in mild cognitive impairment

We aim to better characterize mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients with suspected non-Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology (SNAP) based on their longitudinal outcome, cognition, biofluid, and neuroimaging profile. MCI participants (n = 361) from ADNI-GO/2 were designated "amyloid positive" with abnormal amyloid-beta 42 levels (AMY+) and "neurodegeneration positive" (NEU+) with abnormal hippocampal volume or hypometabolism using fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography. SNAP was compared with the other MCI groups and with AMY- controls. AMY-NEU+/SNAP, 16.6%, were older than the NEU- groups but not AMY- controls. They had a lower conversion rate to AD after 24 months than AMY+NEU+ MCI participants. SNAP-MCI participants had similar amyloid-beta 42 levels, florbetapir and tau levels, but larger white matter hyperintensity volumes than AMY- controls and AMY-NEU- MCI participants. SNAP participants performed worse on all memory domains and on other cognitive domains, than AMY-NEU- participants but less so than AMY+NEU+ participants. Subthreshold levels of cerebral amyloidosis are unlikely to play a role in SNAP-MCI, but pathologies involving the hippocampus and cerebrovascular disease may underlie the neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment in this group.
Optogenetic Activation of Normalization in Alert Macaque Visual Cortex

Normalization has been proposed as a canonical computation that accounts for a variety of nonlinear neuronal response properties associated with sensory processing and higher cognitive functions. A key premise of normalization is that the excitability of a neuron is inversely proportional to the overall activity level of the network. We tested this by optogenetically activating excitatory neurons in alert macaque primary visual cortex and measuring changes in neuronal activity as a function of stimulation intensity, with or without variable-contrast visual stimulation. Optogenetic depolarization of excitatory neurons either facilitated or suppressed baseline activity, consistent with indirect recruitment of inhibitory networks. As predicted by the normalization model, neurons exhibited sub-additive responses to optogenetic and visual stimulation, which depended lawfully on stimulation intensity and luminance contrast. We conclude that the normalization computation persists even under the artificial conditions of optogenetic stimulation, underscoring the canonical nature of this form of neural computation.
Great Ideas in Computer Science: A Gentle Introduction

From the Publisher: In Great Ideas in Computer Science: A Gentle Introduction, Alan Biermann presents the "great ideas" of computer science that together comprise the heart of the field. He condenses a great deal of complex material into a manageable, accessible form. His treatment of programming, for example, presents only a few features of Pascal and restricts all programs to those constructions. Yet most of the important lessons in programming can be taught within these limitations. The student's knowledge of programming then provides the basis for understanding ideas in compilation, operating systems, complexity theory, noncomputability, and other topics. Whenever possible, the author uses common words instead of the specialized vocabulary that might confuse readers. Readers of the book will learn to write a variety of programs in Pascal, design switching circuits, study a variety of Von Neumann and parallel architectures, hand simulate a computer, examine the mechanisms of an operating system, classify various computations as tractable or intractable, learn about noncomputability, and explore many of the important issues in artificial intelligence. This second edition has new chapters on simulation, operating systems, and networks. In addition, the author has upgraded many of the original chapters based on student and instructor comments, with a view toward greater simplicity and readability.
Purification and Developmental Analysis of an Extracellular Proteinase from Young Leaves of Soybean

A proteinase present in intercellular wash fluids from leaves of Glycine max has been purified 600-fold to electrophoretic homogeneity. The native protein is monomeric with a molecular mass of 60 kD, as estimated by denaturing gel electrophoresis, and has an isoelectric point of 7.7. The enzyme has a pH optimum of 9.5 when assayed with Azocoll as a substrate. The proteolytic activity is inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzoic acid and mercuric chloride and requires the presence of reducing agents. The enzyme activity is refractory to other classical sulfhydryl proteinases. The soybean leaf endoproteinase is present within the extracellular space of young leaves, and a portion is bound to the cell wall. Western blot analysis and activity measurements show that the enzyme is present only during the first 15 d postemergence of the leaf and is therefore under strict developmental control. We suggest that the enzyme may play a critical role in the extracellular milieu during rapid cell growth and leaf expansion.
Genetic approaches to analyzing mitochondrial outer membrane permeability.

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes reports investigating voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC)-deficient yeast, fruit flies, and mice that provide insights into the physiological function of eukaryotic VDAC isoforms in a cellular and organismal context. VDACs are pore-forming proteins found in the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM) of all eukaryotes. When VDAC proteins are inserted into planar phospholipid membranes, incremental increases in membrane conductance, clustered at about 4.5 nS, can be recorded. VDACs are slightly anion selective at low voltage and switch to substates characterized by lower conductance at a voltage above 20 mV. The substates of VDACs are cation selective. These different substates have been characterized by using polyanionic compounds, both in intact mitochondria and in vitro lipid bilayers. It has been proposed that the amino terminus of VDAC regulates the conductive state of the protein. Studies of the phenotypic consequences of loss of function of VDAC were first performed in yeast. The deletion of the endogenous P450 (cytochrome) oxidoreductase (POR1) gene by gene disruption resulted in a yeast mutant that exhibited a partial respiratory defect. To evaluate the hypothesized regulatory role of VDAC in an in vivo model, the functional coupling of mi-CK and VDACs to mitochondrial respiration has been extensively characterized by using selectively permeabilized skinned fibers prepared from heart and skeletal muscle.