cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) in steroidogenesis

The rate-limiting, hormone-regulated, enzymatic step in steroidogenesis is the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone by the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme system (CSCC), which is located on the matrix side of the inner mitochondrial membrane. However, it has long been observed that hydrophilic cholesterol-like substrates capable of traversing the mitochondrial membranes are cleaved to pregnenolone by the CSCC in the absence of any hormone stimulation. Therefore, the true regulated step in the acute response of steroidogenic cells to hormone stimulation is the delivery of cholesterol to the inner mitochondrial membrane and the CSCC. It has been known for greater than three decades that transfer of cholesterol requires de novo protein synthesis; however, prior to this time the regulatory protein(s) had yet to be identified conclusively. It is the purpose of this commentary to briefly review a number of the candidates that have been proposed as the acute regulatory protein. As such, we have summarized the available information that describes the roles of transcription, translation, and phosphorylation in this regulation, and have also reviewed the supporting cases that have been made for several of the proteins put forth as the acute regulator. We close with a comprehensive description of the Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory protein (StAR) that we and others have identified and characterized as a family of proteins that are synthesized and imported into the mitochondria in response to hormone stimulation, and for which strong evidence exists indicating that it is the long sought acute regulatory protein.
A Framework for Assessing the Quality of Democratic Deliberation: Enhancing Deliberation as a Tool For Bioethics

The goal of democratic deliberation (DD) bioethics research is to elicit informed and considered opinions on ethically controversial issues. But the trustworthiness of DD outcomes depends on the quality of deliberations. We provide a framework to evaluate the quality of deliberations and apply that framework to a DD project on surrogate consent for dementia research involving randomly selected samples of the older general public. Using a mixed method approach, we found that participants were very satisfied with the sessions, learned and used new information, were respectful and collaborative, and were able to “reason together” to arrive at societal policy recommendations. Implications and limitations of the paper are also discussed.
Abstract 5081: Inhibiting DNA double strand break repair for alpha radioimmunotherapy

Metastasis to distant organs is the major cause of mortality in breast cancer patients. Median overall survival remains poor (5 year survival 26.1%) despite recent advances in new targeted biological therapy. Radiolabeled antibody offers an effective approach to deliver cytotoxic radiation doses to eliminate micrometastatic tumors. Alpha particle emitters are promising against small micrometastases because of their high potency and specificity (high linear energy transfer, LET>80 keV/µm, particle range ∼ 80 μm). Alpha particles typically cause DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) when they traverse the cell nucleus. Our experience with alpha particle emitter labeled antibody showed that it significantly prolonged survival in a mouse model of metastatic breast cancer with eventual recurrence at estimated micromet dose of 4.4 Gy. Understanding cellular repair of alpha radiation induced DNA DSBs could help us rationally design more effective strategy by inhibiting components of the DNA DSB repair pathways to sensitize cancer cells to alpha radiation. Under this hypothesis, we evaluated the role of DNA dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) inhibition on targeted alpha-emitter therapy. Inhibition, with small molecule inhibitor NU7441, of this key enzyme in the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway sensitizes triple negative breast cancer cells to alpha particle emitter 213 Bi labeled anti-EGFR antibody. Immuno-fluorescent staining of γH2AX foci confirms a reduction in the DNA DSB repair rate in these cells. Using a cell-line deficient in the homologous recombination (HR) pathway (BRCA-1 deficient), we also have preliminary evidence suggesting that HR deficiency reduces the incremental effect of NHEJ inhibition but the combination increases overall cell kill. This data suggest inhibiting components of DNA double strand repair pathways is an effective approach to enhance the efficacy of alpha particle emitter labeled monoclonal antibody. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5081. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5081
Involvement of the ornithine decarboxylase pathway in macrophage collagenase production.

Abstract Definition of the cellular events involved in the production of collagenase by macrophages following activation has revealed prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)- and cAMP-dependent steps. Since ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the rate-limiting enzyme in polyamine synthesis, is regulated by cAMP and is associated with certain aspects of protein synthesis, the potential role of this enzyme and its polyamine product, putrescine, in collagenase synthesis was examined. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activation of macrophages resulted in a maximal ODC response after 6 to 9 h with a 10- to 12-fold elevation in enzyme activity. This elevation in ODC appeared to be regulated by PGE2 since indomethacin inhibited LPS-induced macrophage ODC levels by 70%. Associated with the indomethacin-mediated inhibition of ODC was a loss of collagenase synthesis. Furthermore, partial restoration of collagenase production in indomethacin-inhibited cultures could be achieved by the addition of putrescine. In additional studies α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), an irreversible inhibitor of ODC, also inhibited collagenase production when added to LPS-treated macrophages. This inhibition by DFMO could be reversed by the exogenous addition of putrescine. These findings demonstrate that the ODC pathway is an important intracellular component in the sequence of events that lead to macrophage collagenase synthesis.
Effect of estrogen and progesterone on the expression of hepatic and extrahepatic sterol 27-hydroxylase in baboons (Papio sp).

Sterol 27-hydroxylase plays an important role in cholesterol metabolism in hepatic and extrahepatic tissues. To determine whether female sex steroid hormones influence its expression, we measured plasma and hepatic 27-hydroxycholesterol, hepatic mRNA levels, activity of sterol 27-hydroxylase, and adrenal mRNA levels of this enzyme in baboons (n = 6 per group) treated with placebo, estrogen, estrogen + progesterone, and progesterone. We also measured hepatic cholesterol concentration and hepatic acyl coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) activity to determine their relationship with hepatic sterol 27-hydroxylase activity. Plasma 27-hydroxycholesterol concentration was increased by estrogen and estrogen + progesterone and was negatively correlated with plasma (P = .090) and LDL (P = .026) cholesterol concentrations. Similarly, hepatic sterol 27-hydroxylase activity was increased by estrogen and estrogen + progesterone and was negatively correlated with plasma (P = .056) and LDL (P = .052) cholesterol concentrations but was positively correlated with hepatic and plasma 27-hydroxycholesterol concentrations (P < .001). Hepatic ACAT activity was increased by progesterone (P < .004) and was positively correlated with plasma (P = .002) and LDL (P = .009) cholesterol concentrations but was negatively correlated with hepatic sterol 27-hydroxylase activity (P = .035). Hepatic and adrenal gland mRNA levels for sterol 27-hydroxylase were increased by estrogen alone or in combination with progesterone (P < .05). Hepatic sterol 27-hydroxylase activity was positively correlated with hepatic mRNA levels (P < .001), an observation suggesting that estrogen increases the activity of sterol 27-hydroxylase by increasing its synthesis. Hepatic cholesterol concentration was not influenced by the hormone treatment. These observations suggest that estrogen alone or in combination with progesterone increases the synthesis of sterol 27-hydroxylase in hepatic and extrahepatic tissues, and the increased activity of hepatic sterol 27-hydroxylase resulting from the increased synthesis is associated with a hypolipidemic effect on plasma LDL levels. Furthermore, progesterone alone increases the hepatic ACAT activity, but given in combination with estrogen progesterone does not have the same effect on hepatic ACAT activity. The effect of estrogen on hepatic ACAT activity may be mediated by sterol 27-hydroxylase and its effect on cholesterol metabolism (decreased cholesterol synthesis and increased output of cholesterol in the bile) in liver.
Hydrophobic interactions in human casein micelle formation: β -casein aggregation

The association of non-phosphorylated (0-P) and fully phosphorylated (5-P) human β-caseins was studied by fluorescence spectroscopy and laser light scattering. The tryptophan fluorescence intensity (FI) level increased between 20 and 35 °C, indicating a change in the environment of that residue. A similar transition occurred when ANS was used as a probe. Transition temperatures were slightly lower in 10 mM-CaCl2 but were not affected by an equivalent increase in ionic strength caused by NaCl. The magnitude of the FI change was less for the 5-P than the 0-P protein but was increased for both by CaCl2 addition. These FI data were characteristic of a conformational change and this was supported by fluorescence polarization which indicated that with CaCl2, tryptophan and ANS mobility increased at the transition temperature even though the extent of protein association also increased. Light scattering suggested that protein association proeeeded with the primary formation of submicellar aggregates containing 20–30 monomers which then associated further to form particles of minimum micelle size (12–15 submicelles), and eventually larger. The temperature of precipitation of the 5-P form in the presence of CaCl2 was lower than the conformational transition and suggested that both hydrophobic interactions and Ca bridges between phosphate esters on adjacent molecules are important in micelle formation.
Atypical Antipsychotics: Impact on Overall Health and Quality of Life

Abstract The use of antipsychotic medications for the treatment of schizophrenia requires a detailed assessment of patient history, including comorbidities and concomitant medications. Because all antipsychotics may produce a complex array of adverse effects, the patient's drug therapy may lead to exacerbation of pre-existent health problems and impaired quality of life. The occurrence of drug-related side effects such as cardiac disturbances, diabetes, and obesity is important to document for these patients, especially if they are already at increased risk because of underlying disease, substance abuse, or smoking. Antipsychotics may also cause anticholinergic effects, gait disturbances, and excessive sedation, which are particularly important reactions to monitor in elderly patients. Psychiatric nurses need to be aware of the risk for these side effects in relation to patients' new or ongoing medication so that potentially serious events can be recognized and corrected. Appropriate patient education about medication is also an important component in helping patients to recognize and manage side effects and to gain the most from their drug therapy. (J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc [2002]. 8, S9-S17.)
Molecular Machinery: Synthesis of a “Nanodragster”

The synthesis and imaging by scanning tunneling microscopy of a mixed wheeled nanovehicle composed of a p-carborane small-wheeled short front axle and a C60 large-wheeled long rear axle that has been termed a nanodragster due to the structural relation to a dragster are reported. This nanodragster is expected to exhibit motion at a lower temperature than pure C60-wheeled nanocars and should allow the investigation of the role played by p-carborane wheels in directional motion.
Change on 16 fear factors during psychiatric hospitalization

Abstract The present study compared changes on 16 factors during the psychiatric hospitalization of 40 male patients with the changes in a control group of 25 male prison inmates tested and retested 5 months apart. The two groups were found to differ significantly on six of the 16 factors on first testing, but to differ on none on second testing. The patients showed a reliable decrease in fears on 10 of the 16 factors, while the inmates did not change on any. The findings suggest that the fear factors may be useful for assessing changes in various types of therapy.
CCR5 antagonists: 3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propionic acid analogues with potent anti-HIV activity.

A novel approach to α,α-disubstituted-β-amino acids (β2,2-amino acids) was employed in the synthesis of a series of 3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propionic acids possessing high affinity for the CCR5 receptor and potent anti-HIV activity. The rat pharmacokinetics for these new analogues featured higher bioavailabilities and lower rates of clearance as compared to cyclopentane 1.
Effects of Pretreatment on Functional and Nutritional Properties of Cowpea Meal

The efficiency of decorticating cowpeas was improved by hydrating to 25%, then drying to ˜10% moisture. Effects of drying temperature (50°, 70°, 90°, 110°, and 130°C) on functional and nutritional properties of cowpea meal were assessed. Extraction rate (yield) was unaffected by heating. Average particle size and water absorption of meal were greatest for intermediate temperatures. Starch was not gelatinized at any temperature. Reduction in protein solubility, which occurred at temperature 90°C., was associated with changes in gel electrophoresis patterns. Protein solubility was negatively correlated with previously reported values for specific gravity and apparent viscosity of cowpea pastes. Increases in drying temperature reduced thiamin content and increased browning of the meal.
Improved online identification of switching converters using digital network analyzer techniques

Recent progress in the identification of switching power converters using an all-digital controller has granted network analyzer functionality to the control platform. In particular, the cross-correlation technique provides a nonparametric identification of a converterpsilas small-signal control-to-output frequency response. The literature shows the viability of this technique as well as a few improvements to the basic technique. This online network analyzer functionality allows new flexibility in the areas of online monitoring and adaptive control. In this paper, several improvements to the cross-correlation method of system identification are proposed which aim to further improve the accuracy of the frequency response identification, particularly at high frequencies near the desired closed-loop bandwidth. Additionally, an extension to the cross-correlation method is proposed which allows measurement of the control loop gain without ever opening the feedback loop. Thus, performance and stability margins may be evaluated while maintaining tight regulation of the output. Simulation and experimental results are shown to verify the proposed improvements.
Disbond detection with piezoelectric wafer active sensors in RC structures strengthened with FRP composite overlays

The capability of embedded piezoelectric wafer active sensors (PWAS) to perform in-situ nondestructive evaluation (NDE) for structural health monitoring (SHM) of reinforced concrete (RC) structures strengthened with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite overlays is explored. First, the disbond detection method were developed on coupon specimens consisting of concrete blocks covered with an FRP composite layer. It was found that the presence of a disbond crack drastically changes the electromechanical (E/M) impedance spectrum measured at the PWAS terminals. The spectral changes depend on the distance between the PWAS and the crack tip. Second, large scale experiments were conducted on a RC beam strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite overlay. The beam was subject to an accelerated fatigue load regime in a three-point bending configuration up to a total of 807,415 cycles. During these fatigue tests, the CFRP overlay experienced disbonding beginning at about 500,000 cycles. The PWAS were able to detect the disbonding before it could be reliably seen by visual inspection. Good correlation between the PWAS readings and the position and extent of disbond damage was observed. These preliminary results demonstrate the potential of PWAS technology for SHM of RC structures strengthened with FRP composite overlays.
The effects of earnings management, inside information, and voluntary disclosure choice on the accuracy of management earnings forecasts

Abstract This study examines the links between management forecast accuracy and earnings management, inside information, and motives for issuing a forecast. Our results provide empirical evidence of a link between managers' private information and their forecast accuracy. In addition, we find evidence supporting the links between forecast accuracy and both self-selection to forecast and discretionary accruals. However, the evidence varies across type of forecast (good or bad news) and whether the forecast is an initial forecast or the continuance of previous forecasting behavior. Overall, managers' forecast accuracy is linked to a combination of their inside information regarding performance, their incentive to self-select to forecast, and their ability to manage earnings. © City University of Hong Kong
Ocean remote sensing with airborne K/sub u/-band scatterometer

An airborne K/sub u/-band scatterometer (NUSCAT) was used to measure ocean backscatter during the Surface Wave Dynamics Experiment (SWADE). The objective is to improve understanding of the relationship between ocean radar backscatter and near surface winds. Backscatter measurements are presented for the Gulf-Stream boundary, low wind, and large wave effects. Over the boundary crossings, large air-sea temperature differences are encountered and substantial changes in the radar cross section are observed. At low wind speeds, the behavior of the measured radar cross sections is different from model predictions in several cases and backscatters are occasionally very low in the cross-wind direction. Large waves due to swells have little impact at moderate winds but significantly increase backscatter at light winds. >
Relation of sex and age to resistance of Mice to experimental Histoplasma infections.

ConclusionsAge, sex, and dose are important factors in comparative susceptibility of mice to fatal histoplasma infections. Both sexes may show lower mortality ratios with increasing age. Females develop resistance earlier than males. This difference is most apparent between 8 to 14 weeks.
Does inventive intensity affect urban prosperity

This paper identifies groupings of co-located patents across American metropolitan areas and associates them with real wage levels and growth. Patent counts are first converted to inventive intensity location quotients. Principal component analysis uses these quotients to identify ‘technology components’ that are arrayed across distinctive sets of cities. Results reveal that nine ‘technology components’, account for almost 68 per cent of the variance in patent distribution intensities. Spatial regression analysis shows that real wage levels are higher in areas associated with electronics, mechanical, and drugs and biotechnology invention. Wage growth significantly associates with higher intensities of gadgets, drugs and biotechnology, and drilling patenting. Metropolitan size and positive wage characteristics in neighbouring areas also contribute to urban prosperity. Resumen. Este articulo identifica grupos de patentes co-localizadas dentro de areas metropolitanas de los EE.UU. y las asocia con niveles salariales y de crecimiento reales. Los recuentos de patentes se convierten en primer lugar a cocientes de localizacion de la intensidad inventiva. El analisis de componentes principales utiliza estos cocientes para identificar ‘componentes tecnologicos’ distribuidos en conjuntos distintos de ciudades. Los resultados revelan que nueve de estos ‘componentes tecnologicos’ constituyen casi el 68% de la varianza de la intensidad de la distribucion de patentes. Un analisis de regresion espacial muestra que los niveles salariales reales son mayores en areas asociadas con invenciones electronicas, mecanicas, y farmaceuticas y tecnologicas. El crecimiento salarial esta fuertemente asociado con una mayor intensidad de patentes de artilugios, productos farmaceuticos y biotecnologia, y perforacion. El tamano metropolitano y las caracteristicas salariales positivas de las areas vecinas contribuyen tambien a la prosperidad urbana.
Approximate Policy Iteration with a Policy Language Bias

We explore approximate policy iteration, replacing the usual cost-function learning step with a learning step in policy space. We give policy-language biases that enable solution of very large relational Markov decision processes (MDPs) that no previous technique can solve. In particular, we induce high-quality domain-specific planners for classical planning domains (both deterministic and stochastic variants) by solving such domains as extremely large MDPs.
Resource Bundles: Using Aggregation for Statistical Wide-Area Resource Discovery and Allocation

Resource discovery is an important process for finding suitable nodes that satisfy application requirements in large loosely-coupled distributed systems. Besides inter-node heterogeneity, many of these systems also show a high degree of intra-node dynamism, so that selecting nodes based only on their recently observed resource capacities for scalability reasons can lead to poor deployment decisions resulting in application failures or migration overheads. In this paper, we propose the notion of a resource bundle - a representative resource usage distribution for a group of nodes with similar resource usage patterns - that employs two complementary techniques to overcome the limitations of existing techniques: resource usage histograms to provide statistical guarantees for resource capacities, and clustering-based resource aggregation to achieve scalability. Using trace-driven simulations and data analysis of a month-long Planet Lab trace, we show that resource bundles are able to provide high accuracy for statistical resource discovery (up to 56% better precision than using only recent values), while achieving high scalability (up to 55% fewer messages than a non-aggregation algorithm). We also show that resource bundles are ideally suited for identifying group-level characteristics such as finding load hot spots and estimating total group capacity (within 8% of actual values).
One-per-occasion or less: are moderate-drinking postmenopausal women really healthier than their nondrinking and heavier-drinking peers?

Background While some reported benefits of moderate drinking are thought to be the direct results of physiological mechanisms associated with consumption, other effects may be attributable to mediating factors. Both explanations suggest that moderate drinkers may be healthier than non-drinking and heavier-drinking peers. The purpose of this study was to determine whether moderate drinking postmenopausal women report healthier dietary and exercise patterns, and whether they demonstrate better physiological functioning compared to peers. This study also aimed to describe patterns of relationships between alcohol and measures of general health functioning in postmenopausal women.
Techniques based on digital multiplexing holography for three-dimensional object tracking

Three techniques based on digital multiplexing holography for tracking objects in three- dimensional space are presented. Multiple holograms were combined into a single camera frame with high spatio-temporal resolution. Practical limitations and experiments are shown.
Effect of low pH on the survival and emergence of aquatic insects

Abstract Mature larvae and nymphs of 9 species of aquatic insects (dragonflies, stoneflies, caddisflies, and mayfly) were tested in the laboratory at pH values from 1.0 to 7.0. The TL 50 values (pH at which 50 per cent of the organisms died) at 30 days ranged from pH 2.45 ( Brachycentrus americanus ) to pH 5.38 ( Ephemerella subvaria ). The range at which 50 per cent of the insects emerged was pH 4.0–5.9. The 9 species tested were all more sensitive to low pH during the period of emergence.
Purification and characterization of altered cystic fibrosis liver α‐L‐fucosidase

alpha-L-Fucosidase (E.C.3.2.4.51) from two cystic fibrosis livers has been purified and characterized. Purification was accomplished by an affinity chromatographic procedure previously used for normal liver alpha-L-fucosidase. Characterization of the two cystic fibrosis alpha-L-fucosidases indicated that they were very similar to normal liver alpha-L-fucosidase with regard to pH optima profiles, Michaelis constants (Km's), subunit structure and antigenicity. However, gas liquid chromatographic analysis revealed altered carbohydrate compositions for both the cystic fibrosis alpha-L-fucosidases. The three major sugars found in normal purified liver alpha-L-fucosidase (mannose, N-acetylglucosamine and sialic acid) were reduced in the cystic fibrosis alpha-L-fucosidases, on average, to 51%, 44% and 32%, respectively, of their normal amounts.
Crystal-poor versus crystal-rich ignimbrites: A competition between stirring and reactivation

Ignimbrites, providing unique windows into magma reservoirs prior to explosive volcanic eruptions, are of two main types: (1) crystal-rich dacites, and (2) dominantly crystal-poor rhyolites. Crystal-rich dacites are typically homogeneous, while crystal-poor ignimbrites can display strong gradients in composition and crystallinity. This presents a conundrum, as the more viscous, crystal-rich units should be less prone to stirring and mixing. As ignimbrites typically erupt following a reheating event induced by recharge from below, this dichotomy reflects the competition between two time scales: (1) a thermal reactivation time scale that measures the time necessary to make a locked crystal mush rheologically eruptible (<50% crystals), and (2) a homogenization time scale associated with convective stirring. Using a well-constrained thermo-mechanical model of a magma reservoir, we show that the reactivation time scale of locked mushes is much greater than the time necessary to homogenize reservoirs by convective stirring. Hence, crystal-rich units, which require a reactivation stage, are inevitably well stirred. In contrast, crystal-poor magmas are rheologically ready to be mobilized without reactivation and need not be thoroughly mixed prior to eruption. This model provides an integrated picture of upper crustal reservoirs and has major implications for the link between shallow plutonic and volcanic rocks.
Nucleolar p120 is expressed as a delayed early response gene and is inducible by DNA-damaging agents

Regulation of the expression of the growth-related nucleolar p120 protein was examined in serum-deprived and stimulated nontransformed and SV40-transformed WI-38 human fibroblasts. In quiescent cells, transcriptional activity of the p120 gene was very low or undetectable, and the steady-state levels of the p120 mRNA and the p120 protein were also negligible. The transient expression of the p120 gene in the cell cycle was detected in middle G1-phase after the expression of the early response genes and before the expression of the DNA-synthesis genes. Protein synthesis was required for the induction of p120 expression in serum-stimulated cells. The increased level of p120 mRNA in middle G1-phase was attributed to an increased transcription rate of the p120 gene, and not to a change in p120 mRNA stability. The calculated half-life of p120 mRNA was unchanged (1.8 +/- 0.2 hr) in all four cell conditions tested; i.e., in middle G1- or S-phase cells and in exponentially growing normal or transformed cells. Transcription rate of the p120 gene was correlated with the steady-state levels of either p120 protein or p120 mRNA. A sharp increase in p120 mRNA level occurred in both normal and transformed cells treated with actinomycin D used to examine p120 mRNA stability. This induction of p120 mRNA expression was seen in early G1-phase, but not in quiescent cells, or in middle to late G1-phase when cells expressed the highest level of p120 mRNA. The same expression pattern was seen by treatment with chlorambucil, another DNA-damaging agent. The conclusions of these studies are that the expression of p120 (1) is serum inducible in a fashion characteristic of the delayed early response gene products, (2) requires the presence of newly synthesized proteins, (3) is regulated transcriptionally, and (4) can be induced by DNA-damaging agents.
Renal Nerves Promote Sodium Excretion During Long-Term Increases in Salt Intake

Abstract —To determine whether the renal nerves contribute to sodium homeostasis during long-term increments in sodium intake, studies were conducted in conscious dogs subjected to unilateral renal denervation and surgical division of the urinary bladder into hemibladders to allow separate 24-hour urine collection from denervated and innervated kidneys. They were fed a low sodium diet and continuously infused with isotonic saline (350 mL/d) to provide a daily sodium intake of ≈60 mmol. After control measurements, sodium intake was increased to 470 mmol/d by increasing the rate of isotonic saline infusion to 3000 mL/d for 5 days; this was followed by a 5-day recovery period. Twenty-four-hour control values for mean arterial pressure and ratios for urinary sodium, potassium, and creatinine excretion from denervated and innervated kidneys (DEN/INN) were 96±3, 1.06±0.04, 1.00±0.04, and 1.01±0.02 mm Hg, respectively. During the ≈8-fold increase in sodium intake, there was no long-term change in mean arterial pressure, and daily sodium balance was achieved within 48 hours. Moreover, during the first day of high salt intake, there were significant reductions in the DEN/INN for sodium and potassium excretion, which persisted for the entire 5-day period of increased sodium intake; on day 5, the DEN/INN for sodium and potassium excretion was 0.86±0.03 and 0.86±0.04, respectively. In contrast, the DEN/INN for creatinine excretion remained at control levels during high salt intake. Furthermore, similar long-term reductions in the DEN/INN for sodium and potassium excretion occurred in a second group of dogs administered adrenergic receptor–blocking agents for 5 days to interrupt the functional effects of the renal nerves. These data indicate that sustained renal sympathoinhibition promotes sodium and potassium excretion during long-term increments in sodium intake by inhibiting tubular reabsorption of these electrolytes.
Bacterial counts in experimental, contaminated crush wounds irrigated with various concentrations of cefazolin and penicillin.

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine if three different concentrations of cefazolin and penicillin irrigation solutions reduce quantitative bacterial counts in experimental crush wounds contaminated with multiple species of bacteria. The design used was a randomized, blinded, experimental animal study. An animal bite wound model was created by innoculating crushed incisions with three species of bacteria. Four paravertebral incisions extending to deep fascia were created in each of twelve anesthetized albino guinea pigs. Wound edges were clamped with a hemostat for five seconds to create crushed, devitalized tissue within each wound. Wounds were inoculated with 0.4 mL of a standard solution of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacterioides fragilis, and Pasturella multocida and covered. Four hours after inoculation, each wound was scrubbed for 30 seconds with 20% poloxamer 188 and then irrigated with 100 mL of one of four solutions: normal saline solution (control); cefazolin (CZ) 2 mg/mL, plus penicillin G (PCN) 200 units/mL (low dose); CZ 10 mg/mL, plus PCN 2,000 units/mL (intermediate dose); and CZ 50 mg/mL, plus PCN 20,000 units/mL (high dose). Investigators were blinded to the solutions used. Wounds were covered with a vapor-permeable dressing. Six days after treatment, each wound was examined for signs of infection and then excised for quantitative bacteriologic analysis. Colony counts were reported as counts per gram of tissue. Wounds in the four irrigation solution groups were compared using ANOVA. A log difference of 3 was considered significant. The average log total bacteria/gram tissue for the four groups were: control, 4.35 (95% CI; 1.01); low dose, 4.09 (95% CI; 1.42); intermediate dose, 4.47 (95% CI; 1.27); and high dose, 3.45 (95% CI; 1.33). No wounds in the high-dose group had any clinical signs of infection, whereas 50% of wounds in the intermediate dose group, 42% in the low dose group, and 33% in the control group had either erythema, induration, or purulence. There were no statistically significant differences in the bacterial counts/gram tissue or clinical infection rates in any of the groups. A formal trend analysis failed to find a significant linear trend for decreasing bacterial counts for either antibiotic. In this experimental bite wound model containing contaminated, crushed tissue, irrigation with various solutions of cefazolin plus penicillin G did not reduce quantitative bacterial counts more than 3.1 log total bacteria/gram tissue. (Am J Emerg Med 2001;19:1-5. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company)
Power and Plenty: Trade, War and the World Economy in the Second Millennium (Preface)

This book provides the first systematic, integrated, analytical account of the evolution of the international economy during the last millennium. It emphasizes the two-way interaction between trade and geopolitics, and the importance of such interactions for world economic development.
VEGF stimulation of mitochondrial biogenesis: requirement of AKT3 kinase

The growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), induces angiogenesis and promotes endothelial cell (EC) proliferation. Affymetrix gene array analyses show that VEGF stimulates the expression of a cluster of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes, suggesting a role for VEGF in the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis. We show that the serine threonine kinase Akt3 specifically links VEGF to mitochondrial biogenesis. A direct comparison of Akt1 vs. Akt3 gene silencing was performed in ECs and has uncovered a discrete role for Akt3 in the control of mitochondrial biogenesis. Silencing of Akt3, but not Akt1, results in a decrease in mitochondrial gene expression and mtDNA content. Nuclear-encoded mitochondrial gene transcripts are also found to decrease when Akt3 expression is silenced. Concurrent with these changes in mitochondrial gene expression, lower O2 consumption was observed. VEGF stimulation of the major mitochondrial import protein TOM70 is also blocked by Akt3 inhibition. In support of ...
Secure routing for structured peer-to-peer overlay networks

Structured peer-to-peer overlay networks provide a substrate for the construction of large-scale, decentralized applications, including distributed storage, group communication, and content distribution. These overlays are highly resilient; they can route messages correctly even when a large fraction of the nodes crash or the network partitions. But current overlays are not secure; even a small fraction of malicious nodes can prevent correct message delivery throughout the overlay. This problem is particularly serious in open peer-to-peer systems, where many diverse, autonomous parties without preexisting trust relationships wish to pool their resources. This paper studies attacks aimed at preventing correct message delivery in structured peer-to-peer overlays and presents defenses to these attacks. We describe and evaluate techniques that allow nodes to join the overlay, to maintain routing state, and to forward messages securely in the presence of malicious nodes.
The tuberculosis epidemic. Scientific challenges and opportunities.

Tuberculosis (TB) as a public health problem was considered resolved once effective antibiotics were introduced during the 1940s to the 1960s. However by the late 1980s the number of cases was on the rise and new antibiotic-resistant strains were emerging. Spread through the air TB threatens everyone. In this context the US Congress increased the National Institute of Healths (NIH) budget for TB research from approximately $3.5 million in 1991 to approximately $35 million in 1996. In 1996 the US experienced its fourth consecutive year of declining TB rates recording 21337 cases the fewest since 1985. However by 1996 the TB case rate had either remained the same or increased in 23 states and the District of Colombia relative to 1995. Globally the incidence of TB was recently estimated to have been approximately 7.3 million cases in 1995 causing approximately 3 million deaths annually. 33% of the worlds population is thought to be infected with the bacterium which causes TB and TB has become the leading cause of death in people infected with HIV. This paper discusses how TB is spread; active and latent TB; the diagnosis of active pulmonary TB; directly observed treatment short-course (DOTS); multidrug-resistant TB; the development of diagnostic assays drugs and vaccines; and the genomics of TB.
On Maximal Layers Of Random Orders

In this paper we present a randomized algorithm for solving the maximal layers problem for a random order. That is, given a point set $P = \{p_1,...,p_n\}$ with $p_i \in [0,1]^k$ picked uniformly at random, compute the successive maximal layers of $P$. The algorithm achieves a runtime of $o(n^2)$ in expectation. Additionally, the algorithm has a runtime of $o(kn^2)$ when $k$ is not a constant. To the best of our knowledge this is the first such algorithm for the problem (for non-constant $k$). The algorithm is implemented using a new data-structure for storing and answering dominance queries over the set of incomparable points.
Macular Surgery for Posterior Segment Complications of Uveitis

■ Surgical management of uveitic macular complications utilizes standard vitreoretinal surgical techniques.
Endogenous Prices in Dense Transshipment Networks

This paper analyzes optimal dealer pricing in dense dealer trade networks. A homogeneous linking network is developed where each link represents a trade relationship. The trade relationships are governed by an incentive compatibility constraint. The dealer obtaining the model through trade cannot charge the buyer so much that he is better off traveling for the model rather than obtaining it locally through trade. Informally, dense networks are defined to be networks with many nodes. A key insight of the paper is that prices become much easier to analyze as the network becomes dense. Further, the optimal price to charge the distant traveling buyer converges to a fixed value, regardless of network structure. This paper contributes to the transshipment literature in a multitude of ways. First, the paper analyzes optimal pricing as the number of trade relationships changes. Other papers in the literature compare networks with either no trade or complete trade. Second, the incentive compatibility constraint is a novel contribution. Third, the dealer sets three prices simultaneously; the price for the model in stock, the price for a model obtained through trade, and the price to lure the distant buyer. Other papers have not allowed the buyer to advertise different prices in different locations. Finally, existence of pairwise stable equilibrium is proved for dense networks. This and the results on optimal pricing could be used to further determine the optimal number of trade relationships, and thus could provide a better understanding of dealer trade policy than currently exists in the literature.
Menipo cínico en Luciano de Samósata

Este articulo analiza la figura del cinico Menipo de Gadara en Necromancia , Icaromenipo y Dialogos de los muertos de Luciano de Samosata. Nuestro interes principal es contrastar los personajes y las obras con las doctrinas cinicas para evaluar que pensaba Luciano de Menipo como cinico. Finalmente, explicamos las diferencias entre los Menipos de los dialogos extensos y aquel de la coleccion de dialogos breves y cual es el origen de tales desemejanzas. Abstract This paper analyzes the figure of the Cynic Menippus of Gadara in Lucian of Samosata’s Necromancy , Icaromenippus and Dialogues of the Dead . Our main interest lies in contrasting the characters and the texts with the Cynic ideas in order to assess what Lucian thinks about Menippus as Cynic. Finally, we explain the differences between the Menippuses of the longer dialogues and the Menippus of the collection of brief dialogues and what the origin is of such differences.
Experimental Pancreatico-Gastrostomy. Method for Conserving External Secretions of Pancreas

Conclusions1. By a modification of the Tripode and Sherwin method, the pancreas can be transplanted into the stomach without danger of immediate acute pancreatitis or peritonitis. 2. The intragastric portion of the transplanted pancreas is eventually digested away. 3. The transplanted pancreas retains its external and internal function and shows no sign of atrophy. 4. Complete exclusion of the external secretion of the pancreas by stated methods produces an abnormal deposition of fat in the liver and concomitant degeneration and atrophy of the liver cells. 5. Lipid deposition and degeneration of the liver does not occur in pancreatic transplants.
Use of a Supraglottic Airway to Relieve Ventilation-Impeding Gastric Insufflation During Emergency Airway Management in an Infant

Positive-pressure bag-valve-mask ventilation during emergency airway management often results in significant gastric insufflation, which may impede adequate ventilation and oxygenation. Current-generation supraglottic airways have beneficial features, such as channels for gastric decompression while ventilation is ongoing. A 5-week-old female infant required resuscitation for hypoxemic respiratory failure caused by rhinovirus with pneumonia. Bag-valve-mask ventilation led to gastric insufflation that compromised ventilation, thereby interfering with intubation because of precipitous oxygen desaturation during laryngoscopy. A current-generation supraglottic airway (LMA Supreme; Teleflex Inc, Morrisville, NC) was used to facilitate gastric decompression while ventilation and oxygenation was ongoing. After gastric decompression, ventilation was markedly improved and the pulse oxygen saturation improved to 100%. Intubation was successful on the next attempt, without oxygen desaturation. Current-generation supraglottic airways have 3 distinct advantages compared with first-generation supraglottic airways, which make them better devices for emergency airway management: gastric decompression ports, conduits for intubation, and higher oropharyngeal leak pressures.
AN APPLICATION OF STRATIGRAPHIC BASE-LEVEL PRINCIPLE IN SEQUENCE ANALYSIS OF WELL TC2

Base-level circles and high-frequency sequences for the formations of well tc2 were identified in the light of stratigraphic base-level principle proposed by t. A. Cross. The middle circle fits the sequence, which is indicated by a whole base-level rising and downward circle, and only the fluvial sequences (s11, s12, s13) lack downward circle deposition; the rising circle includes low-stand and water progradation system; the downward circle belongs to high-stand. The results are significant for accurate correlation of sand layers and prediction of reservoirs in the studied area. The three types of parasequence were distinguished in this paper, which are different from the concept of classic sequence stratigraphy.
HIV antibody test results of analysis of Tangshan City from 2001 to 2009

Objective:Tangshan 10 years,a comprehensive AIDS surveillance data,analysis,features and city AIDS epidemic trends,in order to further improve AIDS prevention and control strategies provide a scientific basis.Methods:Right from 2001 to 2009 all kinds of people HIV-Antibody test results and epidemiological data application Excel,retrospective statistical analysis.Results:Monitor all types of people the city a total of 1,139,455 people were HIV antibody,the cumulative reported HIV-positive 190 cases,with a total positive detection rate of 0.017%.The positive rate in the first three groups of people followed by positive spouse or sexual partners,female-positive children,forced/detention treatment staff,the positive rates A were 46.87%,25.00%,10.46%,with sexual transmission as the main mode of transmission,male and gay men were focused on the crowd.Conclusion:City′s epidemic has been the proliferation of high-risk groups to the general population,there is the risk of further spread.Should strengthen high-risk groups,specific groups(especially gay men,mobile populations) management,expanding the amount of testing,early detection of infection,to prevent further spread.
Isotope Fractionation during Oxygen Production and Consumption by Plants

Knowledge of isotope discrimination factors related to oxygen production and consumption by plants is important to an improved understanding of the global oxygen cycle. This information is also needed for the application of stable oxygen isotope methods, at natural abundance levels, to plant physiology and ecology.
Intensity of Occupational Therapy Utilization in Nursing Home Residents: The Role of Sensory Impairments.

Abstract Objectives Unaddressed functional limitations in nursing home (NH) residents can lead to unnecessary, excess disability that negatively affects residents' quality of life. In order to enhance functioning, NH residents can receive rehabilitation such as occupational therapy (OT). However, little is known about factors that may aid or hinder full therapy utilization in NH residents. Hence, our study investigated sensory impairments (vision and hearing) and other important health-related variables (eg, cognitive functioning) as predictors of intensity of OT utilization. Design Retrospective study with data extraction from electronic medical records (EMRs). Setting Skilled nursing facility. Participants A sample of newly admitted NH residents ( N = 121). Measurements Single items for sociodemographic variables and clinician-rated extent of sensory difficulties (hearing and vision) as well as pain presence based on Minimum Data Set (MDS 3.0) assessments in EMRs. MDS 3.0 scales assess cognitive functioning, depressive symptoms, and functional dependency. Total hours of OT received during 90 days postadmission to the NH were extracted from the EMRs. Results A regression analysis demonstrated that better admission hearing and cognitive functioning, fewer admission depressive symptoms, and higher admission functional dependence were associated with more intense OT utilization—more hours used—over a 90-day period. Conclusion This study emphasizes the importance of assessing and addressing hearing difficulties and depression in NH residents in order to optimize utilization of beneficial OT services and to promote most optimal independent functioning and quality of life.
Abductive Realism in Topos Theory

The foundation of Badiou’s ontological schema relies on the notion of a transcendental T. As emerged from the analysis in the last chapter, T is in fact best understood as a two-fold entity: It is used to measure the degree of identity of relations between objects in the world, and, on the other hand, is a structured system of relations by itself, namely a complete distributive lattice (Heyting algebra), with the property of being essentially optimal with respect to the contexts it is meant to model.