cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multi-level inference by relaxed dual decomposition for human pose segmentation

Combining information from the higher level and the lower level has long been recognized as an essential component in holistic image understanding. However, an efficient inference method for multi-level models remains an open problem. Moreover, modeling the complex relations within real world images often gives rise to energy terms that couple many variables in arbitrary ways. They make the inference problem even harder. In this paper, we construct an energy function over the pose of the human body and pixel-wise foreground / background segmentation. The energy function incorporates terms both on the higher level, which models the human poses, and the lower level, which models the pixels. It also contains an intractable term that couples all body parts. We show how to optimize this energy in a principled way by relaxed dual decomposition, which proceeds by maximizing a concave lower bound on the energy function. Empirically, we show that our approach improves the state-of-the-art performance of human pose estimation on the Ramanan benchmark dataset.
Nephrolithiasis: current concepts in medical management.

Advances in renal lithiasis research have contributed to a better understanding of the many varied factors that contribute to renal calculus formation. Utilizing the newer techniques of ambulatory metabolic evaluation, we can establish a specific diagnosis in 95% of recurrent stone-formers. Since a significant percentage of initial stone for mers will never have a second episode, it is essential to establish the natural history of the patient’s stone disease prior to initiating potentially life-long medical therapy. The majority of initial stone-formers can be managed with education concerning modest dietary restrictions and increased fluid intake. For the recurrent stone-former with metabolically active stone disease, it is probably best to design medical therapy to treat the specific urinary chemical abnormality or disease process.
The effect of firearm restrictions on gun-related homicides across US states

The Newtown massacre has raised the issue of gun violence to a fever pitch. While several states have responded with tough new controls on firearms, most states have loosened restrictions. This study explores what effect such changes might have on gun-related homicides in the United States. The results, based on panel data for the 50 states over the 2007–2010 period and estimated under several alternative model specifications, suggest that looser restrictions will likely do little to lessen the incidence of gun deaths but that tighter restrictions may produce a modest reduction in firearm fatalities.
Cholinergic and non-cholinergic septohippocampal pathways**

Cholinergic innervation of the hippocampus was examined in the rat by immunocytochemical localization of choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity combined with retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase-conjugated wheatgerm agglutinin. It was found that at least 50% of hippocampal afferents arising in the septal-diagonal band region consisted of non-cholinergic projection neurons. In addition, scattered choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive neurons were localized to the hippocampal formation. These results indicate that: (1) the septohippocampal pathway is neither uniformly nor predominantly cholinergic; and (2) confirm that cholinergic innervation of the hippocampal formation of the rat is derived in part from intrinsic neurons.
The perception of experimentally-induced success

A complex decision-making environment was used to examine the relationship between experimentally-induced success and Ss’ perceptions of success for cognitively simple and cognitively complex Ss. In each case a significant linear relationship between induced success and perceived success was obtained. In addition, higher order trends suggest tentatively that success may constitute a multi-dimensional, rather than a uni-dimensional, phenomenon.
NVLabCAP: an NVESD-developed software tool to determine EO system performance

Engineers at the US Army Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate have recently developed a software package called NVLabCap. This software not only captures sequential frames from thermal and visible sensors, but it also can perform measurements of signal intensity transfer function, 3-dimensional noise, field of view, super-resolved modulation transfer function, and image bore sight. Additionally, this software package, along with a set of commonly known inputs for a given thermal imaging sensor, can be used to automatically create an NV-IPM element for that measured system. This model data can be used to determine if a sensor under test is within certain tolerances, and this model can be used to objectively quantify measured versus given system performance.
Rod involvement in peripheral color processing.

.— It has previously been suggested that rods act as blue receptors in peripheral color vision. Two experiments examining this issue were conducted. Experiment 1 investigated the perceived hue of a test light presented at a luminance level above chromatic threshold. At 8° in the periphery, the 500 nm test light was perceived as more blue under conditions of dark adaptation than after light adaptation. Similar differences were not found for foveal presentation. The increased blue in the periphery after dark adaptation was attributed to a rod contribution. In Experiment 2 an attempt was made to mix a rod contribution obtained with a 470 nm light below chromatic threshold, with a cone color obtained from a 670 nm light presented above chromatic threshold. No evidence was obtained to support the idea that a blue produced by rods stimulated below chromatic threshold could mix with a red produced by cones stimulated above chromatic threshold. The results are discussed in terms of a rod contribution to hue which is dependent on the luminance level of short wavelength stimulation.
Using Gross Motor Activity to Improve Language Arts Concepts by Third Grade Students

Two third-grade classes were taught language arts skills using passive and active games over a four-week period. One class used active games, the second class used passive games, and third class acted as a control group in that they were taught the same skills in the traditional manner. Six active and six passive games were developed for the language arts concepts of capitalization and punctuation. Analysis of covariance was used to compare posttest means. It was concluded that learning was greater when games were used.
[125I]Vasoactive intestinal peptide binding in rodent suprachiasmatic nucleus: Developmental and circadian studies

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of rat and hamster have been studied extensively and shown to play critical roles in circadian rhythmicity. [125I]Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) binding levels are high in the rat SCN, suggesting that VIP receptors may be an important component of SCN function. In contrast to previously demonstrated diurnal variations in VIP immunoreactivity and VIP mRNA, the present study found [125I]VIP binding to be stable across the light-dark cycle in both rat and hamster SCN. High [125I]VIP labeling appeared to be coextensive with the rat SCN but extended somewhat beyond the cytoarchitectonic boundaries of the hamster SCN. Binding density in hamster SCN was slightly higher than in rat. In the developing rat SCN, [125I]VIP binding levels distinguished the SCN on embryonic day 18, and appeared to increase to postnatal day 10 before declining to adult levels. The early presence of [125I]VIP binding suggests possible involvement of VIP receptors in fetal entrainment of circadian rhythms.
Differential regulation of forebrain glutamic acid decarboxylase mRNA expression by aging and stress

Abstract In aging brain, degeneration or functional impairment of the hippocampus has been connected with stress dysregulation, serving to disinhibit stress responses and allow for glucocorticoid hypersecretion and its attendant pathophysiology. Hippocampal dysfunction appears to be communicated to paraventricular hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone neurons by way of subcortical GABAergic neurons. As such, hippocampal–hypothalamic relays are likely to play an important role in age-related stress dysfunction. To test this hypothesis, regulation of glutamic acid decarboxylase isoform mRNA was studied in young (3 months), middle aged (15 months) and aged (30 months) Fischer 344/Brown Norway F1 hybrid rats. Basal expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 65 mRNA was increased in the medial preoptic area and posteromedial bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) in aged rats relative to both middle-aged and young groups. Unlike young or middle-aged animals, exposure to chronic intermittent stress decreased GAD65 mRNA levels in the medial preoptic area and posteromedial BST of aged rats. Thus, while aged rats show evidence of elevated basal GABA synthesis, chronic stress causes differential loss of GAD in hippocampal–PVN relays, consistent with reduced PVN inhibition.
Cytochrome P450, drug metabolizing enzymes and arachidonic acid metabolism in bovine ocular tissues.

Little information is available on drug metabolizing enzymes in ocular tissues. We investigated the presence of various cytochrome P450 isozymes by measuring different drug metabolizing enzymes, i.e., aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, 7 ethoxycoumarin-o-deethylase and benzphetamine demethylase activities in ciliary body, corneal epithelium and endothelium, retina and retinal pigment epithelium. Our results demonstrate that the ciliary body and the retinal pigment epithelium possess the highest activities of cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases in the eye. The highest activity of drug metabolizing enzymes is accompanied by high activity of NADPH cytochrome P450 (C) reductase, an integral component of this enzyme system. Heme oxygenase, a key enzyme for the regulation of heme availability to hemoproteins such as cytochrome P450 also demonstrate high activity in these two ocular tissues. Although the corneal epithelium has a lower activity of drug metabolizing enzymes, it possesses the highest activity of cy...
Training group workers: Implications of the new asgw training standards for training and practice

The new ASGW Standards and their evolution are described and contrasted with 1983 Standards. Implications for group work training and practice are presented.
Characterization of a serum factor that decreases albumin mRNA in cultured hepatocytes.

When primary cultures of hepatocytes are exposed to media containing fetal bovine serum (FBS) there is a rapid decrease in levels of tissue-specific mRNAs such as albumin mRNA. We used Northern blot analysis to examine mRNA levels in cultured hepatocytes, and characterized the factor in FBS that significantly reduces the steady state albumin mRNA level. Neonatal bovine serum or serum derived from platelet-poor calf plasma proved as potent as did FBS, but commercial bovine serum albumin did not exhibit this inhibitory activity. Inhibitory activity of FBS was not removed by moderate heat treatment, dialysis, or extraction with organic solvents. However, incubation of FBS with a highly anionic detergent such as 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate orN-lauroyl sarcosine, followed by extensive dialysis, resulted in sera that did not inhibit expression of albumin mRNA. These sera supported cell attachment and seemed non-toxic toward the cells. Ammonium sulfate fractionation of FBS showed the activity was present in the 45 to 70% fraction, and trypsin digestion destroyed the inhibitory activity. Gel exclusion chromatography gave a molecular weight 60 000 to 70 000. Fractionation of serum proteins by DEAE-Sephacel or Cibacron blue-agarose showed enrichment for albumin in the most active fractions. Interestingly, metabolic labeling of secreted and cellular proteins with35S-methionine and cysteine showed no significant difference between hepatocytes maintained for 2 days beforehand in serum-free or serum-supplemented media, and no difference between detergent-treated FBS and control FBS. Therefore, FBS contains a factor that causes a significant decrease in steady state levels of mRNA for albumin and other mRNAs of tissue specific function, but under these conditions albumin mRNA levels are not paralleled by synthesis of albumin or other proteins.
National Trends in Benign Pulmonary Resections: Association With CT and PET Imaging

Drs Hsu and Bailey are currently at the University of Michigan Department of Radiology (Ann Arbor, MI). Preliminary analysis was presented at the Radiological Society of North America Annual Meeting, November 27, 2012, Chicago, IL. FINANCIAL/NONFINANCIAL DISCLOSURES: The authors have reported to CHEST the following conflicts of interest: Dr Haramati’s spouse is a board member of Kryon Systems, LTD; Bioprotect, LTD; and OrthoSpace, LTD. Drs Hsu, Achkar, Keller, Bailey, and Cohen have reported that no potential conflicts of interest exist with any companies/organizations whose products or services may be discussed in this article. FUNDING/SUPPORT: Supported in part by the Clinical and Translational Science Award [Grant 1 UL1 TR001073-01, 1 TL1 TR001072-01, 1 KL2 TR001071-01] from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, a component of the National Institutes of Health; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [Grants AI096213 and AI096213 to Dr Achkar]; and the Center for AIDS Research (CFAR) at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine [AI-51519 to Dr Achkar]. Reproduction of this article is prohibited without written permission from the American College of Chest Physicians. See online for more details.
A comment on two concepts of risk premia and certainty equivalents

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to examine alternative univariate definitions of the risk premium which are applicable in cases of moral hazard where a decision variable affects the risk premium. An appealing definition is the maximum of the objective function under certainty minus the selling price of the risk. The welfare significance of this risk premium is examined. The competitive firm under price uncertainty serves to exemplify the results.
Darwin's enduring finches.

Summary Small, unassuming birds in the Galapagos islands proved to be a linchpin in Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection and they are still a source of new insights for researchers. Nigel Williams reports.
Nonphotochemical hole burning and filling of laser dyes and rare earth ions in hydroxylated polymers

Abstract Laser dyes and rare earth ions in hydroxylated polymers undergo facile nonphotochemical hole burning. General aspects and laser induced hole filling are discussed.
Comparative life history and respiratory activity of “wild” and colonized Caribbean fruit flies [Dipt.: Tephritidae]

Insects that are colonized for use in biological control programs must be behaviorally functional with respect to target field populations. To quantify adaptation during colonization and identify some of the behavioral changes that occur during the process, comparable colonies of field-collected and laboratory-adapted Caribbean fruit flies,Anastrepha suspensa (Loew) were monitored through 5 generations for fertility of eggs, weights and yields of pupae, and viability, sex ratio, insemination frequency, fecundity and CO2 production of adults. After five generations, the wild strain still produced 57% fewer eggs, required 6–7 extra days per cycle (16% longer), and produced 16% less CO2 per generation
The Meaning and Function of the Isenheim Altarpiece: The Hospital Context Revisited

A vast literature exists on Matthias Grunewald's Isenheim Altarpiece. Yet mystery and mystique still surround this monument and its artist. When I began to examine the altarpiece several years ago, I soon suspected that perhaps even the few known facts about this masterpiece had not received the kind of attention that could yield both a plausible and a synthetic history.
Electrochemical Behavior of the Fe(III) Complexes of the Cyclic Hydroxamate Siderophores Alcaligin and Desferrioxamine E

The redox behavior of Fe(III) complexes of the cyclic hydroxamate siderophores alcaligin and desferrioxamine E was investigated by cyclic voltammetry. The limiting, pH independent redox potential (E1/2 vs NHE) is −446 mV for alcaligin above pH 9 and −477 mV for ferrioxamine E above pH 7.5. At lower pH values, the redox potential for both complexes shifts positive, with a loss of voltammetric reversibility which is interpreted to be the consequence of a secondary dissociation of Fe(II) from the reduced form of the complexes. These observations are of biological importance, since they suggest the possibility of a reductive mechanism in microbial cells which utilize these siderophores to acquire Fe. For comparison purposes, cyclic voltammograms were obtained for Fe(III) complexes with trihydroxamic acids of cyclic (ferrioxamine E) and linear (ferrioxamine B) structures, with dihydroxamic acids of cyclic (alcaligin) and linear (rhodotorulic and sebacic acids) structures, and with monohydroxamic acids (acetohy...
Putting the capital ‘A’ in CoCoRAHS: an experimental programme to measure albedo using the Community Collaborative Rain, Hail & Snow (CoCoRaHS) Network

The Community Collaborative Rain, Hail & Snow (CoCoRaHS) Network is a community-based network of weather observers and the largest provider of daily precipitation observations in the USA. In this study, we embrace the CoCoRaHS mission to use low-cost measurement tools, provide training and education, and utilize an interactive website to create the first volunteer snow albedo network to collect high-quality albedo data for research and education applications. We trained a sub-set of 18 CoCoRaHS observers in the state of New Hampshire to collect albedo, snow depth, and snow density between 23 November 2011 and 15 March 2012. At less than $700 per observer, CoCoRAHS data measured using an Apogee MP-200 pyranometer fall within ±0.05 of albedo values collected from a Kipp and Zonen CMA6 at local solar noon. CoCoRAHS values range from 0.99 for fresh snow to 0.34 for shallow, aged snow. Snow-free albedo ranges from 0.09 to 0.39, depending on the underlying ground cover. In the 2011/2012 dataset, albedo increases logarithmically with snow depth and decreases linearly with snow density. The latter relationship is inferred to be a proxy for increasing snow grain size as snowpack ages and compacts, supported by spectral albedo measurements collected with an Analytical Spectral Devices FieldSpec 4 spectrometer. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fragmentation and Heating of Streamers in Orion

Long filamentary structures composed of chains of denser clumps fan out from the high mass star-forming KL core region in OMC-1. We present a high resolution VLA NH3 study of the structure, kinematics, and temperature of the region over a large, multi-field scale. The region appears to contain multiple superimposed cloud components. Clumps along the filaments may be the result of instabilities and fragmentation; some show fast velocity gradients. Sheaths around the clumps along the filaments are heated. This is possibly the result of external radiation or of interaction with high velocity outflows from young stellar objects in OMC-1.
Mild hyperhomocysteinemia is not associated with cardiac allograft coronary disease.

BACKGROUND Hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor for coronary disease and elevated plasma homocysteine levels have been documented in heart transplant recipients. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that homocysteine levels are associated with presence or absence of transplant coronary artery disease. METHODS Forty-three non-smoking adults were recruited, all of whom had received a heart transplant between 2 and 7 yr previously. All 43 had blood drawn for fasting homocysteine level on the day of presentation. All patients had undergone diagnostic coronary angiography within the past 6 months. RESULTS For all patients, the average fasting plasma homocysteine level was 17.0+/-SD 6.6 micromol/L with a range from 6.0 to 36.9 micromol/L. Twenty-six patients (60%) had fasting plasma homocysteine levels above 15.0 micromol/L. On the basis of arteriography, patients were categorized as those with angiographically normal (n=22) or abnormal (n=21) coronary arteries. There was no difference in the mean plasma homocysteine level comparing patients with angiographically normal (17.2+/-SD 7.0 micromol/L) to those with abnormal (16.8+/-SD 6.2 micromol/L) coronary arteries. Plasma homocysteine levels increased with increasing plasma creatinine levels (r=0.63, p<0.0001) and with decreasing vitamin B6 levels (r=-0.56, p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Mild hyperhomocysteinemia is a consistent finding among heart transplant recipients. This finding was not associated with transplant coronary artery disease in our patients. The combination of renal dysfunction and vitamin B6 deficiency may explain the unusual prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia in heart transplant recipients.
Shear band development in a thermally softening viscoplastic body

(Received 20 March 1990) Abstract-Plane strain thermomechanical deformations of a thermally softening viscoplastic body containing a rigid non-heat-conducting circular inclusion at the center are studied. The body is deformed in compression at a nominal strain rate of 5000 so.-'. The flow stress of the material of the body is assumed to decrease linearly with the rise in its temperature. Two different values of the thermal softening coefficient are considered. The rigid inclusion simulates the presence of second phase particles such as oxides or carbides in a steel and serves as a nucleus for the initiation of a shear band. It is found that the matrix material adjoining the rigid inclusion undergoes severe deformations. The strains in the matrix material near the inclusion surface and adjoining the horizontal axis are larger than that in the matrix material close to the vertical axis. Eventually, only bands along the main diagonals of the cross-section emerge. The speed of propagation of the contours of constant maximum principal logarithmic strain is found to vary from 1 I to 420 m/see
Do Counts of Salivary Sheath Flanges Predict Food Consumption in Herbivorous Stink Bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)?

ABSTRACT Counts of salivary sheaths and salivary flanges have been widely used in studies of feeding behavior and crop damage of pestiferous stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and other sheath-feeding Hemiptera. While salivary flanges can effectively predict crop damage by stink bugs, previous studies have assumed that food consumption (e.g., ingestion) and preference can also be inferred from flange data. Yet this assumption has remained untested. We investigated the relationship between the number of stink bug salivary flanges and consumption of cotton bolls for two important agricultural pest species: Nezara viridula (L.) and Euschistus servus (Say). We inferred food consumption rates from measures of relative growth rate and excreta quantity. To measure excreta, we quantified the color intensity, or chromaticity, of excreta using digital image analysis. We found a positive relationship between growth rate and the number of flanges for fifth instars of E. servus. However, we found no relationship bet...
Plasma Levels of Cholesterol and Testosterone in White Leghorn Hens That Laid Soft-Shelled and Shell-Less Eggs

Abstract Plasma concentrations of cholesterol and testosterone were determined in White Leghorn hens that had just laid soft-shelled (SS) or shell-less (SL) eggs and compared to those that laid hard-shelled (HS) eggs. Hens were bled at two different ages, at 22 to 34 and 66 to 74 weeks of age. Blood samples were collected in the morning hours (0600 to 1200 hr) for both age groups with an additional evening bleed (1500 to 1900 hr) for the 66 to 74-week-old hens. Both plasma constituents were higher in hens that laid SS or SL eggs when compared to those which laid HS eggs, but differences were statistically significant only for the 66 to 74-week-old hens bled in the morning hours. The results of this study indicate that elevated levels of testosterone and its precursor, cholesterol, may be related to the production of eggs with little or no shell calcification.
The Braille International Phonetic Alphabet and other options: the blind student in the phonetics classroom

This paper discusses techniques, including the Braille IPA, which are useful for the full inclusion of blind and visually impaired students into the phonetics classroom. Topics include transcribing, reading transcription, access to textbooks and classroom management. Suggestions for making the classroom more accessible have the added advantage of creating better access to information for the sighted students as well. The material may also be useful to blind phonetics instructors who teach sighted students.
"Where Have All the Spaniards Gone" Independent Identities: Ethnicities, Class and the Emergent National State

This article documents the constaiction and contestation of ethnic identity in Guatemala during the transition from Spanish colonial aile to control by new national elites. It makes the case that locally-based systems of identification survived w ell into the late nineteenth century The tension between official categories and the continued diversity at the local level points to the need for a clearer understanding of the nature of state power at that time. The suite lacked infrastructure and power to earn out a transformation of the ways in which the nation s inhabitants understood their identities. The author concludes by calling for explanations of the true complexity of identity politics in contemporary Guatemala that go beyond a simple dichotomy between Indians and Ladinos
Creating and Capturing Value: Strategic Corporate Social Responsibility, Resource-Based Theory, and Sustainable Competitive Advantage

The authors analyze the creation and capture of private and social value by firms that adopt corporate social responsibility (CSR) strategies. Strategic CSR is defined as any “responsible” activity that allows a firm to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage, regardless of motive. To provide a roadmap for managers to accomplish this objective, the authors integrate the resource-based theory (RBT) framework with concepts and tools from economics, such as hedonic pricing, contingent valuation, and the new literature on the economics of industrial organization, where CSR is referred to as “the private provision of public goods.” By linking CSR, RBT, economic models of private provision of public goods, and pricing models, the authors demonstrate how RBT can provide a structure for determining the strategic value of CSR. They then discuss the conditions under which CSR can contribute to sustainable competitive advantage.
Extracranial Stenosis: Endovascular Treatment

Stroke is the third-leading cause of death in the United States. It occurs in almost 700,000 people per year and cost an estimated $57.9 billion in 2006. Atherosclerotic disease is the cause of one third of these strokes, with more than one half of these stenoses being extracranial in location. Carotid stenoses are usually unifocal and 90% occur within 2 cm of the carotid bulb. Currently, carotid endarterectomy accounts for 117,000 surgical revascularizations per year, whereas carotid angioplasty and stenting are performed less than 10,000 times annually. Stenoses amenable to revascularization are the topic of this article.
Religion, College Grades, and Satisfaction among Students at Elite Colleges and Universities

Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Freshmen, a sample of nearly 3,924 students at 28 of the most selective college and universities in the United States, this paper tests hypotheses about religion, academic performance, and satisfaction at college. Two measures of religiosity— attending religious services every week or more and a 1 to 10 scale of observance of one’s religious traditions and customs—increase the amount of hours students report spending on academic work and extracurricular activities, as well as reduce the hours students report going to parties. Even when controlling for time spent partying, studying and in extracurricular activities, regular attendance at religious services increases academic achievement. Finally, students who attend religious services weekly and those who are more observant of their religious traditions also report being more satisfied at college.
FPP Results—Final Report

The floating potential probe (FPP) operated on the International space station (ISS) from December 2000 to April 2001. During that time, it took many measurements of the ISS floating potential and the low-Earth-orbit electron density and temperature. Those measurements were used as inputs to the environment workbench (EWB) model of ISS potentials (originally developed by the Science Applications International Corporation for NASA, but now sometimes called the Boeing Plasma Interaction Model), which is used even today to predict charging levels for ISS. FPP is now completely defunct, having been removed and jettisoned from ISS. With the advent of the new floating potential measurement unit (FPMU) on ISS and the beginning of ISS operations with three large sets of solar array panels instead of just one, a review of FPP measurements can offer comparisons with the new FPMU data and perhaps improve the accuracy of future ISS charging predictions. In particular, FPP measurements during times of low electron temperature and high electron density (the times of worst ISS charging) will be brought forward for comparison with the newly obtained FPMU data.
The Relation Between Implicit and Explicit Learning: Evidence for Parallel Development

Much research has focused on the separability of implicit and explicit learning, but less has focused on how they might interact. A recent model suggests that in the motor-skill domain, explicit knowledge can guide movement, and the implicit system learns in parallel, based on these movements. Functional imaging studies do not support that contention, however; they indicate that learning is exclusively implicit or explicit. In the experiment reported here, participants learned a motor sequencing task either implicitly or explicitly. At transfer, most of the stimuli were random, but the sequence occasionally appeared; thus, it was not obvious that explicit knowledge could be applied to the task. Nevertheless, participants with explicit training showed sequence knowledge equivalent to those with implicit training, implying that implicit knowledge had been acquired in parallel with explicit knowledge. This result has implications for the development of automaticity and of motor-skill learning.
Formation of internal structure in a lexical category.

What does the word chair mean? How does the category of objects bearing this name differ between adults and pre-school children? And how does the knowledge of a possible function of an object affect subjects' judgements? Answers to these questions were sought by means of sorting and rank ordering tasks. Subjects were shown drawings of a variety of objects on which one could sit, and were asked to indicate which ones they would call chairs. Those objects so judged to be category members were rank ordered for degree of typicality (or ‘best example’) by a paired-comparisons procedure. Half the subjects saw drawings of the objects alone, while the others saw a person sitting on each object. The results revealed that adults consistently judged some objects to be better examples than others, and that the provision of function information affected the judgements in a characteristic way. A different, less stable typicality structure was found in the children's category. Function cues caused the children's rank order judgements to change greatly. These findings are discussed within the framework of some recent theories of lexical concept formation in young children, and in relation to recent work on the nature of internal representations.
Hearing Impairment in Pineal Tumors

BACKGROUND : Patients with pineal tumors commonly present with symptoms due to increased intracranial pressure and tectal deformation. However, hearing loss and tinnitus are likely under-represented, underestimated symptoms caused by pineal tumors. CASE DESCRIPTION : A 32-year-old male presented with symptoms of acute lethargy, confusion, headaches, nausea, vomiting, and slurred speech in addition to subacute visual and hearing impairment. Prior to his acute presentation, both an audiogram and a brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) test were performed and found to be normal. He was found to have a large pineal germinoma, which was debulked. His subjective hearing impairment improved postoperatively with the rest of his symptoms. CONCLUSIONS : The case presented demonstrates the importance of proceeding with intracranial imaging in patients with subjective auditory symptoms, even with normal audiologic testing, and serves as a reminder for the clinician to keep pineal tumors in the differential diagnosis for hearing loss/tinnitus. Journal of Nature and Science, 1(3):e48, 2015.
ULTRAFAST OPTICAL DEPHASING IN A LOW-TEMPERATURE ORGANIC GLASS

Abstract The optical dephasing of pentacene in an o-terphenyl glass at 1.5 K is examined with picosecond photon echo and fluorescence line narrowing experiments. The homogeneous T2 is found to be 1–3 ps, in contrast to all previous measurements on glass—chromophore systems in which the homogeneous T2are two to three orders of magnitude longer.
Concurrent levels of maternal salivary cortisol are unrelated to self-reported psychological measures in low-risk pregnant women

Associations between salivary cortisol and maternal psychological distress and well-being were examined prospectively on 112 women with normally progressing, singleton pregnancies between 24 and 38 weeks gestation. At each of 5 visits, conducted in 3-week intervals, women provided a saliva sample and completed questionnaires measuring trait anxiety, depressive symptoms, pregnancy-specific hassles and uplifts, and psychological well-being. Maternal salivary cortisol was unrelated to psychological measures with the exception of minor associations detected with measures of anxiety and depressive symptoms between 30 and 32 weeks only. Findings indicate that self-reported maternal psychological distress and well-being are not associated with significant variation in maternal salivary cortisol levels during the second half of gestation. This suggests that studies that measure psychological factors in pregnancy but do not measure maternal cortisol should exercise caution in assuming activation of the maternal hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis is the mechanism through which maternal psychological factors are transduced to the fetus.
Late Miocene to Recent formation of the Aure-Moresby fold-thrust belt and foreland basin as a consequence of Woodlark microplate rotation, Papua New Guinea

The Aure-Moresby fold-thrust belt and Aure-Moresby foreland basin are located in the eastern Gulf of Papua (GOP), Papua New Guinea (PNG), and formed during late Miocene-Recent as the result of large-scale, counterclockwise rotation of the 355,000 km2 Woodlark microplate. To document the structure, stratigraphy, and age of convergent deformation along the poorly studied, western edge of the rotating Woodlark microplate, we integrate results of 2,538 km of previously unpublished 2-D seismic reflection data with onshore geologic and GPS studies from previous workers. The late Miocene Aure-Moresby fold-thrust belt is a 400 km long, northwest-trending fold-belt exposed onshore in Papua New Guinea that plunges to the southeast, where continuous folds and northeast-dipping thrusts can be imaged in the subsurface for more than 250 km. The arcuate trend of the Aure-Moresby fold-thrust belt along the southwestern coast and offshore areas of the Papuan peninsula parallels the shape of the adjacent, offshore Aure-Moresby foreland basin and the strike of the transpressional segment of the left-lateral Owen-Stanley fault zone (OSFZ) passing along the center of the Papuan peninsula. As the OSFZ becomes more transtensional east of 148°E, folds of the Aure-Moresby fold-thrust belt along southern coast of the peninsula become less prominent, and the adjacent Aure-Moresby foreland basin transitions into an undeformed Cenozoic passive margin setting. These observations of convergent an left-lateral deformation along the Aure-Moresby fold-thrust belt are consistent with: (1) counterclockwise rotation of the Woodlark microplate known from regional GPS studies; (2) coeval opening of the Woodlark basin along its southern edge in the late Miocene; and (3) rapid subduction at the New Britain trench along its northern edge. The kinematics of the rotating Woodlark microplate are driven by slab pull forces acting on the actively subducting northern edge of the microplate.
PET Quantification of Specific Binding of Carbon-11-Nicotine in Human Brain

Previous work on the PET measured uptake of (S)-[ 11 C]nicotine presents conflicting findings as to whether it reflects specific binding. Methods: We studied the uptake of (R)-[ 11 C]nicotine and (S)-[ 11 C]nicotine in normal volunteers at baseline conditions and after a challenge with unlabeled (S)-nicotine to decrease the concentration of free binding sites or with CO 2 to increase perfusion. We analyzed the data using two- and three-compartment models. Results: We found tissue pharmacokinetics of (R)- and (S)-[ 11 C]nicotine are adequately described by the two-compartment model. (S)-nicotine challenge induced small but statistically significant reductions in distribution volume (DV) of both (R)- and (S)-[ 11 C]nicotine. The changes in DV could not be attributed to perfusion changes because DV was not affected by CO 2 challenge. Although the reduction in DV indicates sensitivity of [ 11 C]nicotine to status of nicotinic binding sites, the small magnitude of the reduction suggests that most nicotine uptake is nonspecific. Conclusion: Although differences in DV attributable to specific binding were detected, (R)- and (S)-[ 11 C]nicotine are relatively poor tracers for studying nicotinic binding sites using PET.
The influence of habitat and time of day on the occurrence of odontocete vocalizations in Onslow Bay, North Carolina

To determine whether the occurrence and duration of odontocete vocal events varied by depth or time of day in Onslow Bay, North Carolina, we analyzed acoustic data collected by five underwater recorders. These recorders were deployed in July 2008 at three depths: two in shallow (64–73 m), one in medium (236 m), and two in deep (~366 m) water. We found that habitat influenced the occurrence of odontocete vocalizations, with significantly greater daily vocal activity from delphinids on recorders in deeper waters and sperm whale clicks recorded only on the medium and deep recorders. These findings suggest that a greater diversity and occurrence of animals are located in waters beyond the shelf break in this area, a conclusion supported by visual surveys. We also found an increase in the occurrence of delphinid clicks at night on the shallow and deep recorders, likely reflecting nocturnal foraging activity, and a regular nocturnal occurrence of sperm whale clicks on the medium-depth recorder located near the shelf break, suggesting that one or more sperm whales moved into that area to feed at night. These observations improve our understanding of the occurrence and behavior of odontocetes in this region of the U.S. Atlantic seaboard.
Influence of Attachment on Microbial Metabolism and Growth in Aquatic Ecosystems

Among diverse microbial habitats, the aquatic environment offers readily available energy sources to both autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms. Photoreductive energy in the form of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) can be transmitted to at least a depth of 100 m of much of the world’s pelagic oceanic and freshwater systems (Hutchinson, 1957, Raymont, 1980). Products of photosynthesis are either directly released by photoautotrophs (Fogg, 1966) or are introduced into the water column through cellular lysis and decomposition processes (Golterman, 1964; Mankaeva, 1966; Daft and Stewart, 1973). Such products, as well as dissolved and particulate inorganic nutrients, are effectively dispersed either through molecular diffusion or turbulent mixing, the latter being particularly important in radiant-energy-rich, near-surface layers (epilimnia). Despite the abundance of PAR and positive effects of convective, diffusive, and turbulent mixing on microbial growth, vast regions, approximating 70 to 80% of our oceans and at least 50% of our freshwater systems, exhibit exceedingly low rates of photosynthetic and chemosynthetic primary production (Parsons and Takahashi, 1973; Wetzel, 1983). As a result, biomass production among heterotrophic I microorganisms and higher-ranked animal consumers of organic matter is also restricted. Waters where such production processes are severely limited in magnitude are termed oligotrophia (Hutchinson, 1957). Most often, inorganic nutrient deficiencies have been identified as the chief factors controlling, and hence limiting, photosynthetic production in illuminated (euphotic) surface waters (Ryther, 1963; Likens, 1972).
Thermodynamics of the System Ag2se-Ag2s: A Molecular Dynamics Study

We report on Molecular Dynamics (MD) studies of free energy and vibrational entropy differences of the binary system Ag 2 Se-Ag 2 S as function of temperature. We have employed the methods of adiabatic switching and temperature integration over a reversible path to obtain the phase diagram. We discuss the nature of the entropy difference in terms of ion mobility and previous MD calculations of diffusion rates in these systems.
The Study of Several Conflicts Movement in College Student Managing from the Perspective of Management Science

From the perspective of management science, the following paper analyzes several pairs of conflicts, in the college student management, which are between compulsion and instruction, praise and criticism, teaching by words and teaching by action, and management innovation and tradition development. Along with the analysis, it also conducts some facts study based on the real practice.
A prospective cohort study of early discontinuation of adjuvant chemotherapy in women with breast cancer: the breast cancer quality of care study (BQUAL)

For many women with non-metastatic breast cancer, adjuvant chemotherapy prevents recurrence and extends survival. Women who discontinue chemotherapy early may reduce those benefits, but little is known about what predicts early discontinuation. We sought to determine prospectively the rate and reasons for early discontinuation of adjuvant chemotherapy in women with breast cancer. We conducted a prospective cohort study among three U.S. health care organizations. Of 1158 women with newly diagnosed non-metastatic breast cancer, 2006–2010, we analyzed 445 (38.4 %) patients who initiated standard adjuvant chemotherapy as defined by accepted guidelines. We interviewed patients at baseline and twice during treatment regarding sociodemographic/psychosocial factors and treatment decision-making and collected clinical data. They were categorized according to the number of cycles required by the chemotherapy regimen they had initiated. The outcome was early discontinuation ( 4 cycles of therapy (18.1 % for longer regimens, 7.4 % for 4 cycles) (odds ratio [OR] 2.59, 95 % CI 1.32–5.08), controlling for race, age, stage, hormone receptor status, social support, optimism, spirituality, stress, and physical symptoms. Higher levels of psychological symptoms on the Memorial symptom assessment scale also increased the odds of early discontinuation (OR 1.92, 95 % CI 0.998–3.68). The large majority of patients who initiated adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer completed their prescribed regimens, but early discontinuation was associated with lengthier regimens and, with borderline statistical significance, for those with psychological side effects.
Critical Discretization Issues in 3-D SN Simulations Relevant to Dosimetry and Medical Physics

Dosimetry problems inherently involve dose determinations among widely varying materials and densities, and may require complex, detailed investigations of the angular, spatial, and energy behavior of the applied radiation transporting throughout the simulation geometry. Traditionally, Monte Carlo codes have been implemented in solving these types of problems using voxelized geometries and phantoms. The motivation of this work is to investigate the discretization requirements for deterministic radiation transport simulations for these problems via direct solutions of the linear Boltzmann transport equation, focusing on the discrete ordinates (S N ) method. The S N method can yield accurate global solutions, provided the inherent discretizations among the angular, spatial, and energy domains properly represent problem physics. In this paper, the S N approach is implemented using a three-dimensional (3-D) 60 Co photon transport simulation to highlight the critical issues encountered in performing deterministic photon simulations in dosimetry problems. Calculations were performed using the PENTRAN parallel S N code to obtain a 3-D distribution of flux and dose computed using a collisional kerma approximation. For an acceptable result, we determined that a minimum angular Legendre-Chebychev quadrature of S 32 with P 3 anisotropy is required, with block-adaptive meshes on the order of 1 cm, even in air regions, implemented with an adaptive differencing scheme (implemented in the PENTRAN code) to yield optimal solution convergence. Also, photon cross-section libraries should be carefully evaluated for the problem studied; for our test problem, the BUGLE-96 photon library yielded the closest results to Monte Carlo (MCNP5) among those tested. Overall, this work details the levels of discretization involved in performing deterministic computations in dosimetry problems and will be useful in enabling future efforts to perform rapid deterministic computations of phantom doses.
Symptom variability, affect and physical activity in ambulatory persons with multiple sclerosis: Understanding patterns and time-bound relationships.

Abstract Background Individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) experience a clinical course that is highly variable with daily fluctuations in symptoms significantly affecting functional ability and quality of life. Yet, understanding how MS symptoms co-vary and associate with physical and psychological health is unclear. Objective The purpose of the study was to explore variability patterns and time-bound relationships across symptoms, affect, and physical activity in individuals with MS. Methods The study employed a multivariate, replicated, single-subject repeated-measures (MRSRM) design and involved four individuals with MS. Mood, fatigue, pain, balance confidence, and losses of balance were measured daily over 28 days by self-report. Physical activity was also measured daily over this same time period via accelerometry. Dynamic factor analysis (DFA) was used to determine the dimensionality and lagged relationships across the variables. Results Person-specific models revealed considerable time-dependent co-variation patterns as well as pattern variation across subjects. Results also offered insight into distinct variability structures at varying levels of disability. Conclusion Modeling person-level variability may be beneficial for addressing the heterogeneity of experiences in individuals with MS and for understanding temporal and dynamic interrelationships among perceived symptoms, affect, and health outcomes in this group.