cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of relational and physical distance on lexical diversity

Lexical diversity was found to be significantly higher when speakers were talking to strangers rather than friends and when speakers were seated further rather than closer to the listener. Results were interpreted as indicating verbal caution in adapting to context.
What does the microsporidian E. cuniculi tell us about the origin of the eukaryotic cell

The relationship among the three cellular domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya has become a central problem in unraveling the tree of life. This relationship can now be studied as the completely sequenced genomes of representatives of these cellular domains become available. We performed a bioinformatic investigation of the Encephalitozoon cuniculi proteome. E. cuniculi has the smallest sequenced eukaryotic genome, 2.9 megabases coding for 1997 proteins. The proteins of E. cuniculi were compared with a previously characterized set of eukaryotic signature proteins (ESPs). ESPs are found in a eukaryotic cell, whether from an animal, a plant, a fungus, or a protozoan, but are not found in the Archaea and the Bacteria. We demonstrated that 85% of the ESPs have significant sequence similarity to proteins in E. cuniculi. Hence, E. cuniculi, a minimal eukaryotic cell that has removed all inessential proteins, still preserves most of the ESPs that make it a member of the Eukarya. The locations and functions of these ESPs point to the earliest history of eukaryotes.
The Hypothalamus and Reproduction in the Female

Abstract The hypothalamus controls reproduction by regulating the secretory activities of the pituitary gland. In response to stimuli received from the internal and external environments, it produces several peptide neurohormones that regulate anterior pituitary function. These neurohormones are released from the median eminence into the capillaries of the hypophyseal portal veins where they are carried to the adenohypophyseal cells to stimulate or inhibit release of particular trophic hormones. In female birds, growth of the ovarian follicles, synthesis of sex steroids, and ovulation are effected, at least in part, by neurohormonally mediated changes in rates of release of pituitary gonadotrophins. Also in response to environmental stimuli, the hypothalamus forms the neurohypophyseal hormones, which are transported down the long axons of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract for storage in the neural lobe of the pituitary and subsequent release into the systemic circulation. Although an obligatory role for neurohypophyseal hormones in avian reproduction is not clearly . . .
The art of diplomacy

In 1716, the French diplomat and author Francois de CalliEres published the treatise "De la Maniere de negocier avec les souverainsoan outstandingly successful manual of advice for diplomats, perhaps the best of its kind ever written. It has become the classic text, highly regarded by 18th century statesmen, who considered it essential reading for prospective diplomats, and by modern historians who have praised its insights into the conventions and techniques that remained a distinctive feature of European statecraft for almost 300 years.
Diurnal Activity of the Common Sucker, Catostomus Commersonnii (Lacépède), and the Rock Bass, Ambloplites Rupestris (Rafinesque), in Muskellunge Lake

Abstract Gill nets set in Muskellunge Lake, Vilas County, Wisconsin, were examined at 2- to 4-hour intervals throughout ten 24-hour periods during the summers of 1933 to 1937 to determine the activity of suckers and rock base during the day and night. The rate at which suckers were captured at depths around 6 meters was highest during the periods 3 to 5 a.m. and 7 to 9 p.m. and lowest during the periods 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. and 10 p.m. to 2 a.m. The rate of capture was high at midday at depths around 8 meters. There is evidence that the suckers move inshore in the evening and offshore in the morning. Although the hourly fluctuations in the catch may have been caused by rhythmic changes in the activity of the fish, it seems more probable that they were caused by fluctuations in abundance in the vicinity of the nets which resulted from the inshore and offshore movements. The rock bass were captured in far greater numbers at night than in the daytime. The rate of capture was highest between 7 and 9 p.m., but rem...
A Practitioner’s Guide to Sampling in the Age of Evidence-Based Practice: Translation of Research into Practice

Evidence-based practice must include the translation of research into practice, and the social work practitioner is the essential link in that translation. As part of the EBP process, researchers must present findings in a way that is accessible to practitioners and practitioners must view the study as relevant and representative of their clients’ needs. This article provides practitioners with tools to interpret research, specifically the sampling process. Our goal is to support practitioners in bridging the gap between research and practice. We discuss how sampling fits with the translation of research and describe sampling procedures. We conclude with a unique three-step approach for reviewing research that is designed to assist practitioners to translate research into practice.
Coronary heart disease risk factor trends in blacks between the first and second National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, United States, 1971-1980.

This article focuses on changes in prevalence of three of the major risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) among the black population aged 25 to 74 years: blood pressure, cigarette smoking, and serum cholesterol. It also examines the extent to which changes in these risk factors might explain changes in observed CHD mortality. These national estimates of risk factor levels among the black U.S. population are based on cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys of 1971-1975 and 1976-1980. Results of analyses show that there was a large and statistically significant decrease in the prevalence of elevated blood pressure for black adults between the two time periods; there was a large, significant decrease in the percent of black females who smoke and a smaller decrease in the proportion of black males who smoke; and there was no statistically significant change in the prevalence of elevated serum cholesterol. In addition, the percent of black adults with two or more risk factors decreased between 1971-1975 and 1976-1980. Lower levels of the three risk factors appear to explain a portion of the decline in observed CHD mortality for blacks. However, despite the encouraging lower prevalence of risk factors for blacks, more than 60% of the black adults 25 to 74 years of age still had one or more CHD risk factors in 1976-1980.
The natural limits of technological innovation

Abstract Technological innovation does not create new human capabilities and production processes ex nihlio . It only finds new ways to tap into and harness existing natural processes and energy flows and directing them to human ends. Our ability to manipulate natural processes are doubly constrained: (1) by the attainable efficiencies of our devices with which we manipulate natural processes and (2) by the characteristics of the natural processes with which our appropriation of nature interferes. We have not understood the natural limits to technological innovation or accepted their consequences. Exponential economic growth has been possible only by greater and greater appropriations of the natural processes of the Earth's biosphere. Increasing appropriation of the biosphere has caused increasing damage and disruption to the very natural systems upon whose continued operation we depend. We have not counted and have usually sought to deny, the rising negative feedback produced by technological innovation in service of economic expansion. The degradation of these natural systems signals we have already exceed the limits of sustainable levels of demand for resources and waste absorption capacity. That we have not taken appropriate action to curb increasing environmental degradation signals we have systematically overestimated our technological achievements, mystified how we have produced them, ignored their limitations, and failed to reckon their rising cost accurately.
The cytochrome b6f complex. Novel aspects

The Cyt b 6 f complex from plant chloroplasts, the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and the thermophilic cyanobacterium, Mastigocladus laminosus, can be isolated in a highly active state, in which it is dimeric and contains one bound chlorophyll a molecule per monomeric unit. The latter feature is a distinguishing trait compared to the bc 1 complex of bacterial photosynthesis and the respiratory chain. In contrast to the trans-membrane domains of the b 6 f complex, and of most other integral membrane proteins, which are characterized by an α-helical structure, the p-side peripheral domains, consisting of Cyt f and the Rieske protein, have a predominantly β-strand secondary structure motif. One consequence of this motif is an extension of these polypeptides from the membrane surface. For example, the length of Cyt f is 75 A. The heme Fe is 45 A from the α-carbon of Arg250 at the membrane bilayer interface and, even though Cytf may be tilted relative to the membrane plane, the heme electron transfer reactions are carried out far from the membrane surface. The presence of an internal 5 water chain, which has the properties of a proton wire, with one water H-bonded to the histidine-25 heme ligand, also suggests that the pathway of long distance H + translocation traverses the extended p-side protein domain of the b 6 f complex. A mechanism of H + transfer in the chain that is coupled to the redox state of the heme, in which a proton is transferred into the chain to compensate the extra electron in the ferro-heme, is proposed.
Prognostic effect of bundle branch block related to coronary artery bypass grafting

The Incidence and prognostic effect of the development of new perioperative ventricular conduction abnormalities were examined In all patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery at Duke University Medical Center between 1976 and 1981. Of the 913 patients included, transient (resolved before discharge) ventricular conduction abnormalities developed in 156 (17%) and persistent (until discharge) changes developed In 126 (14%). Complete right bundle branch block (BBB) was the most frequent type of new ventricular conduction abnormality, followed by left anterior hemiblock and incomplete right BBB (found In 60%, 26% and 9%, respectively, of all patients with transient changes and 29%, 33% and 26% of all patients with persistent changes). Development of new ventricular conduction abnormalities was most strongly related to date of operation (p <0.0001, univariate χ2 = 122), increasing from 2 % transient and 7 % persistent in 1976 to 36% transient and 22% persistent in 1981. The Incidence was also higher In older patients. Preoperative ejection fraction and number of diseased vessels were related to development of perloperative ventricular conduction abnormalities but were not independently related after adjustment for other baseline characteristics. Contrary to findings in other studies, development of new perioperative ventricular conduction abnormalities, including isolated new left BBB, did not worsen the survival rate In patients followed up to 3 years after surgery.
Mutation and "reversion" at the leu-5 locus of neurospora and its effect on the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial leucyl-tRNA synthetases.

The Neurospora mitochondrial and cytoplasmic leucyl-tRNA synthetases differ from each other not only in location but also with respect to tRNA specificity, chromatographic mobility, leucine affinity, and sensitivity to phosphate inhibition. Strain 45208t, which bears a mutation in the leu-5 cistron, produces a cytoplasmic enzyme with reduced affinity for leucine and little if any mitochondrial enzyme activity. “Reversion” of the 45208t mutation was found to result not only in the reappearance of mitochondrial leucyl-tRNA synthetase activity but also in the production of a cytoplasmic synthetase with an affinity for leucine intermediate between mutant and wild type. The reversion studied, then, did not involve a return to the wild-type nucleotide sequence in the leu-5 cistron. The results obtained lend further support to the conclusion that the leu-5 cistron is involved in specifying, at least in part, the structure of both the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial leucyl-tRNA synthetases, despite the physical and functional differences between them.
Feedback mechanisms regulating pituitary ACTH secretion in rats bearing transplantable pituitary tumors.

The corticoid feedback mechanism was studied in rats bearing an ACTH-producing tumor (MtT-F4). At various times after tumor implanation, there was a direct relationship between increase in adrenal weight and blood corticosterone levels, and between the decrease in anterior pituitary weight and ACTH content. Plasma ACTH remained near normal until about 6 weeks after implanation. In spite of very high blood corticosterone levels and an 83% reduction in pituitary ACTH content at this time, stress caused a doubling in the circulating ACTH level which was completely abolished by hypophysectomy. Tumor implantation 1 day prior to adrenalectomy prevented the increase in the resting level of ACTH in the blood and the rise in pituitary ACTH content that occurs 3 weeks after adrenalectomy. It is concluded that inhibition of ACTH secretion by maximal endogenous levels of blood corticoids is slow to develop. Under conditions when such high levels of blood corticoids persist for a considerable length of time, the respo...
Resolution of Rise Time in Earthquake Slip Inversions: Effect of Station Spacing and Rupture Velocity

Earthquake finite‐source inversions provide us with a window into earthquake dynamics and physics. Unfortunately, rise time, an important source parameter that describes the local slip duration, is still quite poorly resolved. This may be at least partly due to sparsity of currently available seismic networks, which have average sensor spacing of a few tens of kilometers at best. However, next generation observation systems could increase the density of sensing by orders of magnitude. Here, we explore whether such dense networks would improve the resolution of the rise time in idealized scenarios. We consider steady‐state pulselike ruptures with spatially uniform slip, rise time, and rupture speed and either Haskell or Yoffe slip‐rate function on a vertical strike‐slip fault. Synthetic data for various network spacings are generated by forward wave propagation simulations, and then source inversions are carried out using that data. The inversions use a nonparametric linear inversion method that does not impose any restrictions on rupture complexity, rupture velocity, or rise time. We show that rupture velocity is an important factor in determining the rise‐time resolution. For sub‐Rayleigh rupture speeds, there is a characteristic length related to the decay of the wavefield away from the fault that depends on rupture speed and rise time such that only networks with smaller station spacings can adequately resolve the rise time. For supershear ruptures, the wavefield contains homogeneous S waves the decay of which is much slower, and an adequate resolution of the rise time can be achieved for all station spacings considered in this study (up to few tens of kilometers). Finally, we find that even if dense measurements come at the expense of large noise (e.g., 1 cm/s noise for space‐based optical systems), the conclusions on the performance of dense networks still hold.
The social behavior of preschool children at different developmental levels: Effects of group composition

Abstract The social participation, constructiveness of play, and communicative interactions of 4- to 6-year-old developmentally delayed and nondelayed preschool children were compared under conditions in which children interacted in play groups homogeneous with respect to developmental level and in heterogeneous play groups. A within-subjects design was utilized to assess the relatively immediate effects of group composition. Data for both children and teachers were analyzed separately for each of four developmental level groups and across two time periods. Although numerous differences were obtained as a function of developmental level and time, the only significant effect of group composition on children was reduced inappropriate play by severely delayed youngsters while interacting in heterogeneous play groups. No detrimental effects of heterogeneous grouping were observed for children at any developmental level. These results were discussed in terms of their importance in evaluating the impact of programs that mainstream young children.
State Bargaining with Transnational Terrorist Groups

Several policymakers argue against negotiating with transnational terrorists because of the inability of terrorist groups to form credible commitments. To succeed in negotiation, terrorists must convince target governments that they are credible bargaining partners. This paper explores how constraints from host states affect the ability of terrorists to form credible commitments. If facing sufficient threats, host states may have an incentive to broker peaceful agreements. Hosts that have the ability to monitor and impose moderate costs on terrorist groups can increase the likelihood of negotiated settlements. The paper concludes with an empirical test of the model's hypotheses using data on transnational terrorism in the pre-9/11 period from 1968 to 1991.
Dependence of the pure quadrupole resonance frequency on temperature and molar specific heat for NaBrO3

The molar specific heat of NaBrO 3 in the temperature range 4.2-336 K was determined experimentally and compared with the theory developed by Stahl and generalized in this paper. The relationship between the molar specific heat and temperature was explicitly studied and compared with results obtained by other workers. The method developed also produces the Debye temperature, Θ d , the maximum angular frequency, ω m , and the product Iω 1 2 of the BrO 3 group, where I is the moment of inertia and ω t is the lattice vibration. The relationships between the 79 Br NQR frequency and temperature and between the NQR frequency and molar specific heat were obtained
Line Impedance Measuring Instrumentation Utilizing Current Probe Coupling

The theory and instrumentation designed to measure the loop impedence of a power line are discussed. The theory of the system is derived first, followed by a discussion of the instrumentation, and finally an evaluation of the system accuracy is given.
Solar gasification of coal, activated carbon, coke and coal and biomass mixtures☆

Abstract Subbituminous coal, activated carbon, coke and a mixture of coal and biomass were gasified using direct solar irradiation in a 23-kW solar furnace located at the U.S. Army White Sands Missile Range, White Sands, New Mexico. The sunlight was focused directly on the coal (or alternate fuel) bed being gasified through a window in the reactor. Steam or CO 2 (in different experiments) was passed through the solar-heated coal bed where it reacted with the coal and thus formed a combustible product gas that contained the energy content of both the coal and the sunlight. More than 40 per cent of the sunlight arriving at the focus external to the reactor was chemically stored as fuel value in the product gas. Since there were considerable solar losses because of the reflectivity of the window and the window aperture being smaller than the focal-spot size, it is estimated that in excess of 60 per cent of the solar energy that entered the reactor was chemically stored. The product-gas production rate increased with increased solar power, and when steam was used for gasification, the product-gas composition and thus heating value were almost independent of solar power. A typical moisture-free gas composition was 54 per cent H 2 , 25 per cent CO, 16 per cent CO 2 , 4 per cent CH 4 and 1 per cent higher hydrocarbons. Activated carbon and a uniform mixture of coal and biomass were also gasified with similar efficiencies but slightly different product-gas compositions. Coke showed a lower solar conversion efficiency. Solar gasification offers several advantages over conventional oxygen-blown gasifiers: (1) commercial grade oxygen is not required, (2) almost twice as much gas per ton of coal can be achieved because no coal is burned to provide process heat and because the gas contains energy from both coal and the sun, and (3) the system has very low thermal inertia and is insensitive to thermal shock, making it very adaptable to rapidly changing solar conditions such as passing clouds.
Pharmacists' Perceptions of the Value of Technician Certification through a Nationally Accredited Certification Program:

Background:There has been considerable debate over the appropriate credentialing of pharmacy technicians; however, there have been no previous attempts to ascribe the value associated with national certification.Objective:To assess pharmacists' perceptions of the skills, knowledge, and attitudes gained by technicians from the certification process and toward pharmacy technician certification in general.Methods:A self-administered questionnaire was mailed to a random sample of pharmacists from 6 states. These states were selected primarily due to criteria regarding their regulations on technician certification so that pharmacists had the opportunity to work with both certified as well as noncertified technicians. The questionnaire contained items to elicit respondents' perceptions of the impact of certification on technicians' skills, knowledge, and attitudes, as measured on Likert-type scales. There were additional items related to overall perceptions of the certification process. Unpaired t-tests, 1-way ...
Predicting patterns in lateral inhibition systems via graph partitioning

We analyze pattern formation on a network of cells where each cell inhibits its neighbors through cell-to-cell contact signaling. The network is modeled as a graph where each identical individual cell is a vertex and where neighboring cells are connected by an edge. We search for steady-state patterns by partitioning the graph vertices into disjoint classes, where the cells in the same class have the same final fate. To prove the existence of steady-states with this structure, we use results from monotone systems theory. Finally, we analyze the stability of these patterns by relying on a block decomposition that is based on the graph partition.
The place of picturing in Sellars' synoptic vision

in the sense that it does not concern itself with the intrinsic character of thoughts, save as items which can occur in patterns of relationships which are analogous to the way in which sentences are related to one another and to the contexts in which they are used. As it stands, this functional account of intentionality is normative insofar as the mental patterns of relationship that are analogous to overt verbal behavior are rule-governed. However, Sellars is very careful in this passage to leave open the nature of “the pattern of relationship” that is at issue. Perhaps it is possible to interpret this pattern in terms that make no mention of the normative proprieties that govern an item’s functional role or use. Perhaps it would be possible to specify this pattern in causal/functional terms. As we shall see, picturing makes this possible.
Evaluation of Piloted Inputs for Onboard Frequency Response Estimation

Frequency response estimation results are presented using piloted inputs and a real-time estimation method recently developed for multisine inputs. A nonlinear simulation of the F-16 and a Piper Saratoga research aircraft were subjected to different piloted test inputs while the short period stabilator/elevator to pitch rate frequency response was estimated. Results show that the method can produce accurate results using wide-band piloted inputs instead of multisines. A new metric is introduced for evaluating which data points to include in the analysis and recommendations are provided for applying this method with piloted inputs.
The Development of an automated data analysis system for high-pressure powder diffraction data collected using an area detector

A program for the automation of the processing of powder diffraction data collected from an area detector is presented in this article. Encapsulation of existing software packages in wrapper programs can allow automation and linking of existing well-proven computer code. This eliminates the need to reinvest resources in developing new codes to meet evolving scientific needs. Here, we demonstrate this principle by automating the use of two programs commonly used in the processing of powder diffraction data from area detectors: fit2d and GSAS.
Quantitative Evaluation of Security Metrics

Making sound security decisions when designing, operating, and maintaining a complex system is a challenging task. Analysts need to be able to understand and predict how different factors affect overall system security. During system design, security analysts want to compare the security of multiple proposed system architectures. After a system is deployed, analysts want to determine where security enhancement should be focused by examining how the system is most likely to be successfully penetrated. And when several security enhancement options are being considered, analysts would like to evaluate the relative merits of each. In each of these scenarios, quantitative security metrics should provide insight on system security and aid security decisions. Quantitative metrics enable ranking the alternatives to determine the best option. Quantitative assessments of system security are also valuable for risk management trade-off decisions.
Student and Non-Student Protest in Japan and the USSR: Some Uniformities.

Student and non-student protest in both the Soviet Union and Japan is compared through analysis of protest demonstrations. Correlates between student dissent and a number of protest demonstration variables in the two samples are presented. Comparisons between student and non-student dissidence along several contextual, behavioral, and outcome characteristics are found similar in both countries. The uniformity in comparative structure is hypothesized to derive from similar characteristics in the two post-industrial countries. Conclusions for subsequent research and policy implications for the future stability of advanced developed societies are drawn.
Reduced anesthetization during the intracarotid amobarbital (Wada) test in patients taking carbonic anhydrase-inhibiting medications.

Summary: Purpose: Failure to show adequate anesthetization during the intracarotid amobarbital procedure (IAP or “Wada test”) is a rare complication. After an unusually high rate of recent anesthetization failures, we sought to determine the frequency of reduced anesthetization and any common factors underlying these failures. Methods: We reviewed the records of all patients who underwent IAP tests through the UCLA Seizure Disorder Center between September 1999 and May 2002. Age, date, epileptogenic focus, radiologist, and current medications were all considered. Results: Of a total of 56 patients who underwent our intracarotid amobarbital examination, 11 (19.6%) showed either very rapid recovery (≤1 min) or anesthetization failure. Of these, 10 (91%) of 11 were taking a medication with some carbonic anhydrase–inhibiting (CAI) properties (topiramate (TPM), n = 7; zonisamide (ZNS), n = 2; hydrochlorothiazide and furosemide, n = 1 each). The only patient of 40 (2.5%) who was not taking any CAI drugs and showed an early IAP recovery (55 s) had recently discontinued TPM. IAPs performed on patients after weaning from TPM showed a correlation between length of drug discontinuation and duration of anesthesia effect. Conclusions: Our data strongly suggest that recent failures of anesthetization during the IAP are associated with a possible interaction between amobarbital and medications possessing CAI properties. We suggest that the IAP be performed only after ≥8 weeks after discontinuation of such medications.
Q structure of the oceanic crust

Compressional wave attenuations and velocities have been measured as a function of confining pressure in ophiolite samples representing a cross-section of the oceanic crust and uppermost mantle. Data are presented for basalts, diabase dikes, gabbros and a suite of serpentinites and peridotites showing a range of serpentization. An ultrasonic pulse-echo spectral ratio technique was used to determine the attenuations to confining pressures of 500 MPa. From this data a Q profile for the oceanic crust and upper mantle is presented. Q is found to moderately increase with depth through the pillow basalts of the upper oceanic crust. The sheeted dike rocks of Layer 2C show an increase in Q with depth due to progressive metamorphism (from greenschist to amphibolite facies). Q drops abruptly from Layer 2C to Layer 3, though it is not clear why the gabbros have such low Q's. The crust-mantle boundary is a Q discontinuity; however, the Q contrast between Layer 3 and the upper mantle could be altered by upper mantle serpentinization, interlayered gabbros and peridotites at the boundary, or serpentinized peridotite diapirs intruding the gabbroic section. Q varies significantly with the percentage of serpentinization in the ultramafic samples, with the largest changes in Q being at the extremes of zero and full serpentinization. Q is sensitive to the overburden pressure for all of the samples.
Conference Report: Drug discovery in the 21st century

The Advanced Pharmaceutical Chemistry conference entitled was held on 6–7 June 2011 at the Broad Institute in Cambridge, MA, USA. This 2-day conference focused on four specific areas: applying biophysical techniques to address current challenges in medicinal chemistry and drug discovery; treatment interventions for Alzheimer’s disease; drug discovery for orphan, rare and neglected diseases; and kinase drug discovery for chronic and rare diseases. The meeting attracted 80 attendees, approximately 95% of whom were drawn from the local biopharmaceutical industry.
A controlled study of the effect of corticosteroids on immediate skin test reactivity.

Abstract Limited uncontrolled studies in the past have yielded conflicting results as to the ability of corticosteroids to suppress the immediate wheal-and-flare test. This double-blind controlled study, using 15 atopic volunteers, demonstrated that a one-week course of steroids exerted no significant effect, compared to placebo, on reactivity to ragweed wheal size and the threshold dilution measurements. Reactivity to compound 48–80 and histamine was also unaffected. In vivo effects of the steroid in these subjects was demonstrated by significant eosinopenia.
Familiarity and Children's Communication.

Summary.-The effect of differential exposure to a referent on children's communication effectiveness was investigated. 40 boys and girls from Grades K and 2 were given one or three opportunities to explore a maze-like construction approximately 22 square meters in area. Each child was then required to describe verbally the correct path through this maze to another child of the same grade and sex. The number of speakers' messages increased and the number of listeners' errors decreased as a function of increased exposure to the referent situation. Differential exposure to the referent was seen as one determinant of communication effectiveness in young children. Why do young children sometimes fail to communicate information about referents in an effective manner? The recent literature on this problem suggests that two factors operate to limit the communication effectiveness of young children. First, the young child is often egocentric, that is, essentially incapable of taking another's perspective into account (e.g., Elkind, 1974). Second, the relative difficulty of the task about which the child must communicate may limit communication effectiveness (Flavell, Botkin, Fry, Wright, & Jarvis, 1968; Glucksberg & Krauss, 1967; Maratsos, 1973). In a recent analysis of the factors that may affect the level of a child's communication performance, Flavell ( 1977 ) suggests an additional factor-the naturalness, familiarity, or meaningfulness of the communication task. This factor has been neglected in previous studies. In particular, no information exists in the literature on the effects of differential levels of task familiarity on communication effectiveness. While there are numerous ways in which we may naturally and meaningfully assess the effect of the child's familiarity with the task on his communication effectiveness, one common "real life" situation is the giving of directions. We propose that children (and adults too for that matter) should provide effective directions in part as a function of their own amount of previous exposure to the referent. Increased exposure and hence increased familiarity with the task should result in increased communicacion effectiveness. The purpose of the present investigation, then, was to demonstrate the effect of differential exposure to a referent on young children's communication effectiveness. Children from Grades K and 2 were given different amounts of exposure to an experimental environment (a maze-like construction) and each child was then required to describe verbally the correct path through that environment to another child of the same age. The hypothesis of the study was
Metabolism of radioiodinated bovine parathyroid hormone in the rat.

Metabolism of bovine125I-labeled parathyroid hormone was studied in the rat by gel filtration and by sequence analysis of the iodinated fragments. Analysis of the kinetics of hormone metabolism shows that iodinated intact hormone has a multiexponential disappearance curve with a rapid (3 min) initial and a slower (48 min) second component. Iodinated fragments, which rapidly increase during the first 12 min after injection of the intact hormone, subsequently disappear from the circulation with a t1 of no greater than 48 min. Plasma samples collected at various time-intervals after intravenous injection of bovine l25-I-labeled parathyroid hormone were gel filtered on Bio-gel P-100. Four radioactive peaks were seen. The first and second peaks eluted, respectively, at the void volume of the column and at the position of intact hormone. The third peak consisted of iodinated fragments, and the last peak eluted at the salt volume of the column. Sequence analysis of the iodinated fragments in the third peak showe...
A distributed cooperative model for architectural design

Abstract The Intelligent Computer-Assisted Design System (ICADS) project is concerned with the implementation of computer-based design environments in which multiple domain agents interact with each other and human designers to cooperatively solve design problems. Previous ICADS implementations have included databases containing prototype knowledge and reference data, rule-based expert systems and procedural agents, a centralized blackboard type coordinator, a CAD-drawing system, and several graphic user interfaces. Recognizing the compatibility between distributed computing systems and the design activity, the ICADS-Kernel system will substantially extend the distributed, cooperative, problem solving capabilities provided by previous versions, through the addition of dynamic system configuration, save and restore, and message passing facilities, as well as application development tools. Collectively, these faclities represent a new set of software modules that will provide an experimental framework for current and future explorations in cooperative design problem solving.
Proteins of the Ciliary Axoneme Are Found on Cytoplasmic Membrane Vesicles during Growth of Cilia

The cilium is a specialized extension of the cell in which many specific proteins are admitted and retained, while many others are excluded or expelled. In order to maintain the organelle, the cell must possess mechanisms for the selective gating of protein entry, as well as for the targeted transport of proteins to the cilium from their sites of synthesis within the cell [1-4]. We hypothesized that the cell employs cytoplasmic vesicles as vehicles not only for the transport of proteins destined for the ciliary membrane but also for the transport of axonemal proteins to the cilium by means of peripheral association with vesicles. To test this hypothesis, we employed two different experimental strategies: (1) isolation and biochemical characterization of cytoplasmic vesicles that carry ciliary proteins, and (2) in situ localization of ciliary proteins on cytoplasmic vesicle surfaces using gold labeling and electron microscopy. Our findings indicate that structural proteins destined for the ciliary axoneme are attached to the outer surfaces of cytoplasmic vesicles that carry integral ciliary membrane proteins during the process of ciliary growth.
Linking collegiate service‐learning to future volunteerism: Implications for nonprofit organizations

One of the biggest challenges facing nonprofits is attracting and retaining volunteers to help deliver their programs. One way that colleges and universities are attempting to educate students on the importance of community issues and to graduate “good citizens” is through service-learning (S-L) programs. Although many scholars argue that collegiate S-L programs will increase the extent to which students volunteer following graduation (for example, Astin, Sax, and Avalos, 1999; Misa, Anderson, and Yamamura, 2005), more empirical research has been called for to examine this relationship. This article proposes three predictors of future volunteerism for alumni of a collegiate S-L experience: the amount of personal development experienced during the S-L project, the perceived value of the S-L project to the community organization, and the level of volunteerism prior to participation in an S-L project. Results showed significant effects of all the proposed predictors on postgraduation volunteering. Our findings have implications for nonprofit managers charged with maintaining a sufficient level of volunteers to provide their community services as well as individuals who are responsible for organizing S-L programs. These managerial implications and directions for future S-L research are discussed.
Capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer as a chemical sensor

We present a resonant chemical sensor based on a capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) technology. Depending on the frequency of the devices (18 to 32 MHz), the mass sensitivity per unit area ranges from 73 to 130 zg/Hz/mum2. We functionalized the 18-MHz device with polyisobutylene (PIB) to detect dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), a common simulant for the sarin nerve agent. Even with only a 50-nm thick coating layer, our sensor has a high volume sensitivity of 37 ppbv/Hz to DMMP in air. Taking advantage of multiple CMUT cells (100 to 2240), all resonating in parallel, the sensor achieves an equivalent volume resolution of 21 ppbv (parts per 109 by volume) to DMMP. In addition, 200 test cycles with DMMP applied over 26 hours revealed a zero false alarm rate and a 4.7% (3-sigma) variation of volume sensitivity to DMMP. By using principal component analysis (PCA), we successfully classified all analytes in 21 experiments, and we present the results of pattern recognition. This work demonstrates that CMUT has a great potential for the sensitive, reliable, and yet portable chemical sensing systems.
A cost effective solution for digital cardiac angiogram archiving using lossless image compression

A cost effective solution for a cineangiogram archive is proposed based on a hybrid method of lossless image compression. Compared with several other approaches, the authors solution achieves the highest average compression ratio of 3.9:1, and yet the shortest decoding time. Decompression contains two steps: (1) from a compressed cineangiogram file on a disk to half decoded data in computer memory; (2) from the data in memory to fully decoded images in a display frame buffer. For an image sequence of 512/spl times/512 resolution, step-1 takes less than 200 ms/frame, and step-2 less than 28 ms/frame on a Sparc-10 workstation. Thus after step-1 loading, cine looping with either DSA or image mode can reach to 25 fps, suitable for clinical applications. >
Managing interference in a sweet corn-white clover living mulch system

Living mulches are vegetative covers that can be grown in association with row crops to reduce soil erosion, improve trafficability and suppress weeds. Interference by the living mulch can reduce yields of an associated crop. The interference between a white clover ( Trifolium repens L. ‘New Zealand’) living mulch and sweet corn ( Zea mays L. ‘Golden Jubilee’) was studied using an established clover sward that was mowed and then sprayed with 1 to 1.5 kg ai/ha of atrazine. Corn was planted at different densities and planting arrangements into a narrow band tilled in the clover. Interference by clover reduced corn yields by 12 to 39%. However, when corn row width was reduced from 0.76 to 0.38 m, competition among corn plants declined; they became more vigorous and clover- suppress ive and reached even higher yields than conventional (no mulch) corn in 0.76 m rows. Similarly, sweet corn planted at a range of densities into a clover mulch killed by atrazine yielded more in equidistant planting than in wide (0.76 m) rows. A near equidistant corn planting arrangement can be a low-input alternative to achieve season-long clover suppression and thus minimize clover's competition with the intercropped corn.
Gender differences in the effects of parental underestimation of youths' secondary exposure to community violence.

Secondary exposure to community violence is particularly detrimental for male youths, who disproportionately report witnessing community violence and suffering associated trauma-related symptoms. Yet, few studies have investigated whether parents perceive and report similar gender disparities among youths. In addition, few studies have examined the potentially negative effects of parent–child discord as to the youth’s level of exposure to violence, or whether these effects vary across gender. Therefore, this study investigated whether differences between parents’ and youths’ reports of youths’ exposure to violence, and the consequences of such reporting discord, varied across the gender of the youth informant. Participants were adolescents aged approximately 12 and 15 years at baseline (N = 1,517; 51 % female). Descriptive analyses indicated that male youths reported significantly higher levels of exposure to violence than female youths, but parents similarly under-reported their male and female children’s experiences with violence. Hierarchical analyses indicated that parental underestimation of youths’ exposure to violence had negative consequences. Moreover, significant interaction effects demonstrated that only females responded to reporting discord with internalizing problems. Conversely, both male and female youths responded to reporting discord with externalizing problems and offending. The results suggest that while parent–child discord is associated with negative outcomes for both male and female youths, discord may be disproportionately associated with negative outcomes among young females. The findings speak to the utility of examining the correlates and consequences of exposure to violence from a “gendered” perspective.
Ineffective Team Response in a Crisis: Lessons from 9-11

Effective response to the aftermath of a coordinated terrorist attack will necessarily involve the cooperation of a number of teams each bringing their expertise and capabilities to bear. In the attack on the world trade center, though, the overall response was hindered by a number of problems that occurred when each of the responding teams interacted on such a grand scale, even though each team individually was quite effective in following their own procedures and protocols. Although some of these problems have technical roots, such as the fire fighters and police using incompatible communications systems, some of the more pronounced degradations in team effectiveness were the results of the culture, philosophy and history of the organization involved. Purely technical solutions, such as procuring new communications equipment, do not address the unique synergies that occur when teams interact with technology and with each other. If solutions are viewed one dimensionally, such as proposing a purely technical solution, then results can and will be different from what's expected. Engineers and other decision makers must recognize that the dimension of team culture and philosophy is just as important in understanding the response of the team. Any solution proposed must critically juxtapose technology with team culture, an effect even more pronounced when dealing with the interplay of multiple teams. In this paper, the world trade center response will be examined to identify the critical failures that resulted from the symbiosis of the interacting teams, their technology and their individual cultures.
Performance characteristics of the imaging MAMA detector systems for SOHO, STIS, and FUSE/Lyman

Imaging Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) Multi-Anode Microchannel Array (MAMA) detector systems with formats of 360 x 1024 pixels and pixel dimensions of 25 x 25 sq microns are being fabricated and tested for flight in two instruments on the ESA/NASA Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO). In addition, very-large-format (1024 x 1024)- and (2048 x 2048)-pixel Far Ultraviolet (FUV) and EUV MAMA detectors with pixel dimensions of 25 x 25 sq microns are being fabricated and tested for use in the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center's Hubble Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS), a second-generation instrument scheduled for in-orbit installation in 1997. Finally, FUV MAMA detectors with formats of 224 x 960 pixels and pixel dimensions of 14 x 14 sq microns are being evaluated as prototypes of the detector for the prime FUV spectrograph of the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE/Lyman) mission. The configurations and performance characteristics of the different detector systems are described, and the plans for further development of the Advanced Technology MAMA detector system discussed.
Assessment of Walleye Fry and Fingerling Stocking in the Okoboji Lakes, Iowa

Abstract During 1984–1989, the stocking program for fry and fingerlings ofwalleye Stizostedion vitreum in interconnected East and West Okoboji lakes was evaluated to determine the contribution of each stocking to year-class abundance, Sac fry were stocked in East Okoboji Lake at rates of 8,154–11,119/hectare between 1984 and 1989. Stocked fry contributed significantly to the autumn young-of-the-year (age-0) population each year; resulting densities ranged from 4.5 to 56.1 fingerlings/hectare. Each year, mortality of stocked fry was over 99% during the first 6 months after stocking. Large fingerling walleyes (total length, 100–150 mm) were stocked in West Okoboji Lake at rates of 30.2–68.2/hectarebetween 1984 and 1988. Initial contribution ofthese stocked fingerlings to autumn young-of-the-year abundance ranged from 70 to 99%. However, first-year mortality of stocked fingerlings was 2–16 times greater than that of naturally produced fish or fingerlings originating from sac fry introductions. Also, initial ...