cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Endothelial activation and chronic allograft rejection.

Abstract Microvascular endothelial cells are actively involved in acute and hyperacute allograft rejection. In acute rejection, inflamed graft endothelia increase their expression of cell adhesion and antigen-presentation molecules, thereby initiating and promoting various mechanisms of cellular immune rejection. In hyperacute rejection, preformed antibodies bind to graft endothelial cells and initiate endothelial procoagulant activity. These disparate immune responses appear to reflect different manifestations of endothelial cell activation. We hypothesize that chronic allograft rejection is a third manifestation of local endothelial activation. Chronic rejection is associated with interstitial and/or vascular hypertrophy. It is intriguing that among the products of activated endothelial cells are extracellular matrix components and growth factors that promote tissue reconstruction. This suggests that chronic or repetitive stimulation of endothelial cells may cause persistent or periodic release of these growth factors, eventually leading to the histopathology of chronic rejection. Chronic endothelial stimulation could be accomplished by drugs, alloantibodies, immune mediators, or some combination thereof. This leads to the question: Do different patterns of endothelial stimulation result in different manifestations of endothelial activation? Our studies of acute rejection mechanisms in murine cardiac allografts demonstrated that several stable endothelial phenotypes can develop during graft inflammation, depending on the availability of local immune stimuli (Transplantation 1993: 55: 315). Unpublished studies suggest that the steroids prednisolone and dexamethasone can synergize in vitro with suboptimal concentrations of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) to promote the activation of human endothelial cell lines, as manifested by enhanced expression of MHC class II but not ICAM-1. These steroids do not influence tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced endothelial behavior.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
11 The Way Reading and Listening Work: A Tutorial Review of Discourse Processing and Aging

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a tutorial review of discourse processing and aging. Of all the cognitive activities in which one engages over a lifetime, none has more relevance for intellectual and social functioning than the comprehension, memory and production of language. There is no age at which these skills become outdated or useless, and no modern-day cohort that is not daily bombarded with spoken prose and written text. Much of the language one encounters requires a prompt reply, and the consequences of responding inappropriately or belatedly to such a message, be it telephone gossip or a fat manilla envelope from the IRS, can be severe. This array of processing operations has been conceptualized as having a "vertical" arrangement in the sense that raw sensory input is fed from the bottom, up through working memory, while knowledge filters from the top, down through working memory to provide a framework for structuring the information held there. The notion of "bottom-up" processing implies that there must be some point at which there is a representation that is a verbatim, more or less literal reproduction of the input.
Leveraging Weigh-In-Motion (WIM) Data to Estimate Link-Based Heavy-Vehicle Emissions

i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF FIGURES vii 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Problem Statement 5 1.2 Research Objectives 7 1.3 Project Scope 8 1.4 Organization 8 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 9 2.1 Factors Affecting Heavy-Duty Vehicle Emissions 9 2.1.1 Vehicle Characteristics 9 2.1.1.1 Vehicle Class and Weight 9 2.1.1.2 Vehicle Age 14 2.1.1.3 Engine Aftertreatment 15 2.1.2 Driving Mode 16 2.1.3 Fuel Type 20 2.1.4 Terrain Traveled 22 2.1.5 Environmental Factors 24 2.1.5.1 Altitude 24 2.1.5.2 Ambient Temperature and Humidity 25 2.2 Emission Models 26 2.3 Summary of Findings 31 2.4 Conclusions and Recommendations 34 3.0 METHODOLOGY 38 3.1 Weigh-In-Motion (WIM) Data 38 3.2 Through-Truck Filter 40 3.3 Estimating Link-Based Heavy-Vehicle Emissions 43 3.3.1 Extracting Vehicle Weight and Speed from WIM Database ....... 43 3.3.2 Effect of Grade on Heavy-Duty Vehicle Speeds 47 3.3.3 Estimating Link-Based NOx Emissions 52 3.3.4 Estimating Link-Based CO2 Emissions 55
Acyclovir transport into human erythrocytes.

Abstract The mechanism of transport of the antiviral agent acyclovir (ACV) into human erythrocytes has been investigated. Initial velocities of ACV influx were determined with an "inhibitor-stop" assay that used papaverine to inhibit ACV influx rapidly and completely. ACV influx was nonconcentrative and appeared to be rate-saturable with a Km of 260 +/- 20 microM (n = 8). However, two lines of evidence indicate that ACV permeates the erythrocyte membrane by means other than the nucleoside transport system: 1) potent inhibitors (1.0 microM) of nucleoside transport (dipyridamole, 6-[(4-nitrobenzyl)thio]-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine, and dilazep) had little (less than 8% inhibition) or no effect upon the influx of 5.0 microM ACV; and 2) a 100-fold molar excess of several purine and pyrimidine nucleosides had no inhibitory effect upon the influx of 1.0 microM ACV. However, ACV transport was inhibited competitively by adenine (Ki = 9.5 microM), guanine (Ki = 25 microM), and hypoxanthine (Ki = 180 microM). Conversely, ACV was a competitive inhibitor (Ki = 240-280 microM) of the transport of adenine (Km = 13 microM), guanine (Km = 37 microM), and hypoxanthine (Km = 180 microM). Desciclovir and ganciclovir, two compounds related structurally to ACV, were also found to be competitive inhibitors of acyclovir influx (Ki = 1.7 and 1.5 mM, respectively). These results indicate that ACV enters human erythrocytes chiefly via the same nucleobase carrier that transports adenine, guanine, and hypoxanthine.
How Task Structure and Outcome Comparisons Influence Women's and Men's Risk‐Taking Self‐Efficacies: A Multi‐Study Exploration

To explore inconsistent findings in the perceived self-efficacy and entrepreneurship literatures as they relate to the type of complex, risky decisions (i.e., those that commit financial resources to generate new revenue) made by marketing managers, entrepreneurs, and corporate intrapreneurs, this paper uses a series of four theoretically driven, empirical studies to investigate gender differences in risk-taking self-efficacies (i.e., one's perceived abilities to make financially risky, business development decisions). The results indicate the following: (1) no gender differences in risk-taking self-efficacies absent a task; (2) after performing a complex, risk-laden task, the risk-taking self-efficacies of subjects receiving negatively valenced outcome information and women were less than those of subjects receiving positively valenced outcome information and men; (3) this effect remains for women when experience in the task domain is high and when diagnostic information about prior outcomes is provided; (4) the reason for the effect appears to be that men and women use information about their prior decision's outcomes differently when assessing their risk-taking self-efficacies; and (5) the effect disappears when social cues intended to facilitate accurate performance comparisons are introduced into the task environment. These findings support existing theories, identify areas needing development, and show how these effects can limit participation in both complex, risk-laden tasks and careers that are thought to involve performing such tasks.
Tractable Partially Ordered Sets Derived from Root Systems and Biased Graphs

We study new posetsQ obtained by removing from a geometric latticeL of a biased graph certain flats indexed by a simplicial complex C. (One example ofL is the lattice of flats of the vector matroid of a root systemBn.) We study the structure and compute the characteristic polynomial ofQ. With certain choices ofL and C, including ones for whichQ is a lattice interpolating between those ofBn andDn, we observe curious relationships among the roots of the characteristic polynomials of Q;L ,a ndC. Mathematics Subject Classifications ( 1991): Primary 06A07; Secondary 05C15, 05B35, 05C99, 52B30.
Preliminary reliability and validity of a Spinal Cord Injury Secondary Conditions Scale

Background/Objective: Although the impact of secondary conditions after spinal cord injury (SCI) on health, well being, and financial burden have been studied, there are psychometrically sound scal...
Untargeted metabolite profiling of murine embryos to reveal metabolic perturbations associated with neural tube closure defects

Background Neural tube closure defects (NTDs) are among the most common congenital malformation in human, typically presenting in liveborns as spina bifida. At least 240 gene mutations in mouse are known to increase the risk of NTD. There is a growing appreciation that environmental factors significantly contribute to NTD expression, and that NTDs likely arise from complex gene-environment interactions. Because maternal folic acid supplementation reduces human NTD risk in some populations by 60 to 70%, it is likely that NTD predisposition is often associated with a defect in folate-dependent one-carbon metabolism. A comprehensive, untargeted metabolic survey of NTD-associated changes in embryo metabolism would provide a valuable test of this assumption. We sought to establish a metabolic profiling platform that is capable of broadly assessing metabolic aberrations associated with NTD-promoting gene mutations in early-stage mouse embryos. Methods A liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry-based untargeted metabolite profiling platform was used to broadly identify significant differences in small molecule levels (50–1000 Da) in NTD-affected embryonic day (E) 9.5 mouse embryos (Lrp6−/−) versus unaffected (Lrp6+/+) control embryos. Results Results provide proof-of-principal feasibility for the broad survey of the metabolome of individual E9.5 mouse embryos and identification of metabolic changes associated with NTDs and gene mutations. Levels of 30 different metabolites were altered in association with Lrp6 gene deletion. Some metabolites link to folate-dependent one-carbon transfer reactions, as anticipated, while others await structure elucidation and pathway integration. Conclusion Whole-embryo metabolomics offers the potential to identify metabolic changes in genetically determined NTD-prone embryos. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 100:623–632, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
New limit of pion form factor at very large $Q^2$

A new limit of pion form factor at very large $Q^2$ is obtained by using a pion wave function determined from an effective chiral field theory of mesons. It shows that when $Q^2>>(1.8GeV)^2$ the pion form factor reaches the asymptotic limit ${\alpha_s(Q^2)\over Q^2}$.
Properties of Cr deep levels in Al x Ga 1 − x As :Cr

Studies have been conducted which clarify the mechanism producing the 0.8-eV photoluminescent band in ${\mathrm{Al}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{As}$:Cr. Photocapacitance was employed to measure the optical ionization energies of ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{2+}$ with respect to the conduction and valence bands as a function of composition $x$. It was shown that the sum of the optical ionization energies of ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{2+}$ exceeds the direct energy gap by an amount $\ensuremath{\Delta}E$, the magnitude of which decreases with increase in $x$. An explanation of this result is given in terms of the conduction-band structure and Stokes' shift. Photoconductivity measurements were carried out which establish the degeneracy range of the ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{2+}$($^{5}E$) excited level with respect to the conduction band as $x$ is varied from 0 to 0.6. Alternate models of photoluminescent intraimpurity transitions from Cr levels in $n$- and $p$-type crystals are analyzed.
Continuity and Change in Public Personnel Administration

What is the state of public personnel administration research as we approach the new millennium? This article utilizes data derived from a content analysis that was conducted on all research articles published in the Review of Public Personnel Administration and Public Personnel Management since their inception The purpose was to examine the key characteristics, dominant themes, and the theoretical and substantive concerns that have shaped the field of public personnel administration, and to ascertain the extent to which these indicators have changed over time Our expectations were that changes internal to the field of public personnel administration and transformations in the social and political environment of public organizations over the last 25 years would both have an impact on the type of research published in these journals These predictions were only partially validated The findings reported here suggest that
Distribution of laminin in the murine pituitary

The distribution and cellular localization of the glycoprotein laminin were investigated by light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry in the adult murine pituitary gland. Immunoblots confirmed that laminin was the only protein in the pituitary gland of the adult male mouse to react with antilaminin serum. Laminin immunoreactivity was demonstrated at the light microscopic level simultaneously with that of β-follicle stimulating hormone (β-FSH) and β-luteinizing hormone (β-LH). In addition to its distribution is basal laminae, laminin immunoreactivity was coincidently expressed in gonadotrophs with the immunoreactivities of β-FSH and β-LH. Electron microscopic immunocytochemistry was employed on aldehyde-fixed sections embedded in L.R. White. Sites of binding of primary antisera to laminin were identified with affinity-purified secondary antisera directly coupled to 20 nm particles of colloidal gold. Three antisera recognizing laminin were compared and found to result in an identical pattern of immunoreactivity. Laminin was found extracellulary only in formed basal laminae in all three lobes of the pituitary and was not found in extracellular matrices of connective tissue. Laminin immunoreactivity was also found intracellularly in gonadotrophs but in none of the other endocrine or non-endocrine cells of the anterior lobe. Within gonadotrophs, only secretory granules were labeled. The majority, but not all, secretory granules were labeled in each of the gonadotrophs examined, and the proportion of granules labeled with laminin could not be increased by doubling the concentration of anti-laminin serum. Laminin immunocreactivity segregated with the subset of secretory granules containing β-FSH. In contrast, laminin immunoreactivity was absent in the smaller subset of secretory granules that contain serotonin. No secretory granules were labeled within the endocrine cells of the intermediate lobe, nor within secretory granules of neural elements in the posterior lobe.
Catalytic activity of Pt–Ru alloys synthesized by a microemulsion method in direct methanol fuel cells

Nanostructured Pt–Ru/C catalysts with different particle sizes have been synthesized by a microemulsion method. The particle size and morphology of the samples have been characterized by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and the electrochemical performances have been evaluated both in half cells with a mixture of 1 M sulfuric acid and 1 M methanol and in single cell direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC). Some of the Pt–Ru/C catalysts prepared by the microemulsion method show higher catalytic activity for methanol oxidation than the commercial Pt–Ru/C (ETEK) catalyst. It is found that the samples prepared with water to surfactant molar ratio (W) of 10 exhibits the maximum mass activity with the least charge transfer resistance with an optimum particle size of around 5.3 nm. The mass activity decreases and the charge transfer resistance increases as the value of W decreases or increases from 10.
Abiotic enantiomerization of permethrin and cypermethrin: effects of organic solvents.

All synthetic pyrethroids are chiral compounds, and isomerization has been frequently observed from exposure to certain solvents. However, so far, pyrethroid isomerization caused by solvents has not been characterized at the enantiomer level. In this study, we evaluated the occurrence of enantiomerization of two commonly used pyrethroids, permethrin and cypermethrin, in various organic solvents and solvent−water systems. The four stereoisomers of permethrin were stable under all test conditions. Rapid enantiomerization of cypermethrin was observed in isopropanol and methanol but not in n-hexane, acetone, or methylene chloride. After 4 days at room temperature, 18−39% conversions occurred for the different cypermethrin stereoisomers in isopropanol and methanol, and the enantiomerization invariably took place at the α-carbon position. The extent of enantiomerization was affected by temperature dependence and was also influenced by water as a cosolvent. In solvent−water mixtures, cypermethrin underwent gradu...
High pressure line shapes for Cs D1 and D2 lines and empirically informed interaction potentials

Abstract Line shapes for the Cs D 1 (6 2 S 1/2 –6 2 P 1/2 ) and D 2 (6 2 S 1/2 –6 2 P 3/2 ) transitions for He, Ne, and Ar collisions at pressures of 100–2280 Torr and temperatures of 294–448 K have been experimentally observed and compared to predictions from the Anderson–Talman theory. Asymmetry in the core of the line shape is generally correlated with shift rates, except for the Ne D 1 line, which is red shifted, but blue shaded. There is a dramatic difference between the D 1 and D 2 lines for the shift and asymmetry parameters, particularly for He and Ne. A blue satellite is observed in the far wing of the D 2 line at 827.2, 833.4, and 834.9 nm for He, Ne, and Ar, respectively. The amplitude of the blue satellite scales linearly with pressure, exceeding 0.014% of the peak cross-section at 2280 Torr. Modest red shoulders are observed for both the D1 and D2 lines associated with extrema in the difference potentials. Existing ab initio potential surfaces require empirical modification to adequately describe the observed spectra. However, the long-range dipole and quadrupole polarizabilities are sufficient to establish the observed broadening and shifting rates. Two distinct sets of difference potentials are developed that adequately represent the line shape observations. Predictions for the temperature dependence of the collision induced shift are significantly different for the two sets of empirically modified potentials.
α2-Macroglobulin-mediated Clearance of Proteases from the Plasma of the American Horseshoe Crab, Limulus polyphemus

Because proteases free in the body are damaging to the tissues, animals have evolved various agents for their inactivation and clearance. Mammals, for instance, have a diverse array of active site protease inhibitors in the plasma. In addition, mammals have α2-macroglobulin (α2M), which binds active proteases, and the α2M-protease complex is then cleared from the plasma by a receptor-mediated endocytotic process. α2M is also present in the plasma of many invertebrates, and in the American horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, it is the only protease inhibitor in the plasma. To search for a clearance process for proteases in Limulus, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled proteins were injected into the blood, and the fluorescence in the plasma and associated with the blood cells was determined. FITC-labeled trypsin was cleared with an initial mixing period (0-10 min) and a rapid clearance period (10-30 min), followed by the reappearance of FITC in the plasma (45-90 min). Before and during the clearance process, the labeled trypsin was associated with a complex having a molecular mass identical to that of Limulus α2M, and that was precipitated by antibodies directed against Limulus α2M. The fluoresceinated material that reappeared in the plasma after 45 min was of low molecular mass ( 180 min). FITC-labeled, trypsin-reacted Limulus α2M was cleared rapidly from the plasma of Limulus, whereas FITC-labeled, native Limulus α2M persisted undiminished in excess of 400 min. The blood cells of Limulus bound FITC-labeled trypsin-reacted Limulus α2M, and the peak of recovery from the blood cells coincided with the minimum concentration of FITC-labeled protein in the plasma, suggesting that the blood cells participate in the clearance of α2M-protease complex from the plasma. Thus, we have demonstrated the existence of a clearance pathway in Limulus that operates selectively on enzymatically active proteases and have shown that Limulus α2M is the probable agent for protease clearance. This is the first documentation of a protease clearance pathway in invertebrates and represents the first identified physiological function for α2M in invertebrates.
DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION of VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR (VEGF) mRNA SPLICE VARIANTS in NEONATAL HYPEROXIC INJURY • 1543

DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION of VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR (VEGF) mRNA SPLICE VARIANTS in NEONATAL HYPEROXIC INJURY • 1543
Use of reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction to evaluate in vivo cytokine gene expression in rats fed ethanol for long periods

We evaluated the expression of interleukin-1 alpha, interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and transforming growth factor-beta mRNAs in the intragastric-feeding rat model of alcoholic liver disease. Rats were fed different diets for periods of 2 or 4 wk. Animals fed saturated fat and ethanol and the corn oil-dextrose control group had no liver injury, whereas animals fed corn oil and ethanol showed pathologic changes. RNA was extracted from the livers at the time of killing, reverse-transcribed and amplified; polymerase chain reaction products were subjected to electrophoresis on agarose gel. Interleukin-1 alpha mRNA was present in all groups at 2 and 4 wk; interleukin-1 beta and transforming growth factor-beta mRNAs were present in all groups at 4 wk. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA was absent in all groups at 2 wk but was present in the corn oil-ethanol group only at 4 wk. Because pathological liver injury was evident in the corn oil-ethanol group by 4 wk, the presence of tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA at this time suggests a pathogenetic role for tumor necrosis factor-alpha in alcohol-induced liver injury.
Conceptual metaphors are not automatically accessed during idiom comprehension

Do conceptual analogies motivate idiom use and comprehension in discourse? For example, a story in which a person is described as fuming would be analogically consistent with an idiom such as blew her top, but inconsistent with an idiom such as bite his head off. Earlier work by Nayak and Gibbs (1990) had suggested that people use such analogical information during idiom comprehension. We replicated their findings in an idiom choice task, suggesting that people can indeed make use of such knowledge. However, when reading times were used to assess idiom comprehensibility, no effects of analogical consistency were found. We conclude that conceptual analogies play little, if any, role in idiom comprehension unless people have the time (and motivation) to make considered judgments.
Cellular enzyme-linked immunospecific assay (CELISA). IV. Inhibition of endogenous cellular alkaline phosphatase activity

Abstract The cellular enzyme-linked immunospecific assay (CELISA) uses ligands conjugated to calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase to quantitate antibody bound to antigens on the surfaces of whole cells. Since the endogenous alkaline phosphatase present in many cell types contributes unwanted background noise to the assay, ways of inhibiting endogenous cellular alkaline phosphatase were investigated. We found that the endogenous alkaline phosphatase in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells was incompletely inhibited by EDTA or l -cysteine. Levamisole, however, inhibited endogenous cellular alkaline phosphatase completely without impairing the sensitivity of the CELISA. The use of levamisole is recommended for assays that use alkaline phosphatase conjugates to detect molecules on the surfaces of cells that also contain endogenous alkaline phosphatase.
PUBLIC SECTOR UNIONISM AND TAX BURDENS: ARE THEY RELATED?*

One factor that has affected state and local politics since the 1960's is the growth of public sector unionism. Conventional wisdom assumes that the “fist generation” of public unionism has been a major cause of the fiscal problems faced by many state and local governments in the 1970's. State level cross-sectional analysis (1960–71) questions this widely held assumption with respect to the impact of strike activity and collective bargaining legislation on the tax burden across the states.
Building biochips: a protein production pipeline

Protein arrays are emerging as a practical format in which to study proteins in high-throughput using many of the same techniques as that of the DNA microarray. The key advantage to array-based methods for protein study is the potential for parallel analysis of thousands of samples in an automated, high-throughput fashion. Building protein arrays capable of this analysis capacity requires a robust expression and purification system capable of generating hundreds to thousands of purified recombinant proteins. We have developed a method to utilize LLNL-I.M.A.G.E. cDNAs to generate recombinant protein libraries using a baculovirus-insect cell expression system. We have used this strategy to produce proteins for analysis of protein/DNA and protein/protein interactions using protein microarrays in order to understand the complex interactions of proteins involved in homologous recombination and DNA repair. Using protein array techniques, a novel interaction between the DNA repair protein, Rad51B, and histones has been identified.
β (CC)-chemokines as modulators of sleep: implications for HIV-induced alterations in arousal state

Abstract Sleep is altered early in the course of HIV infection, before the onset of AIDS, indicating effects of the virus on neural processes. Previous observations suggest HIV envelope glycoproteins are possible mediators of these responses. Because some β (CC)-chemokine receptors serve as co-receptors for HIV and bind HIV envelope glycoproteins, we determined in this study whether selected CC chemokine ligands alter sleep and whether their mRNAs are detectable in brain regions important for sleep. CCL4/MIP-1β, but not CCL5/RANTES, injected centrally into rats prior to dark onset increased non-rapid eye movements sleep, fragmented sleep, and induced fever. mRNA for the chemokine receptor CCR3 was detectable under basal conditions in multiple brain regions. These data suggest some CC chemokines may also be involved in processes by which HIV alters sleep.
Selective Propene Oligomerization with Nickel(II)-Based Metal–Organic Frameworks

Two Ni2+-containing metal–organic frameworks, Ni2(dobdc) and Ni2(dobpdc), are shown to be active for the oligomerization of propene in the gas phase. The metal–organic frameworks exhibit activity comparable to Ni2+-exchanged aluminosilicates but maintain high selectivity for linear oligomers. Thus, these frameworks should enable the high yielding synthesis of linear propene oligomers for use in detergent and diesel fuel applications.
The homeodomain gene Pitx2 is expressed in primitive hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells but not in their differentiated progeny.

Abstract Objective Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) represent a rare and incompletely characterized fraction of marrow cells that are capable of both self-renewal and differentiation into all of the mature cells in the peripheral blood. We undertook to identify genes expressed preferentially by HSCs as an initial step toward better understanding the molecular mechanisms that underlie HSC behavior. Methods We modified the representational difference analysis technique to isolate gene fragments present in amplified cDNA prepared from highly purified murine hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (Lin − /Hoechst low /rhodamine low ) and absent (or much less abundant) in amplified cDNA prepared from lineage-committed marrow cells. We went on to use one potentially important gene fragment that we isolated in this way, to screen a cDNA library prepared from these cells and to characterize the pattern of expression of the gene in hematopoietic and other cells. Results We isolated a fragment of the homeobox transcription factor Pitx2 from amplified cDNA prepared from murine hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. From a cDNA library prepared from these cells, a full-length cDNA was isolated that corresponds to one of the three known isoforms of Pitx2 (Pitx2c). Pitx2c is expressed in murine embryonic stem (ES) cells and in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells but not in more differentiated hematopoietic cells or in a large panel of established murine hematopoietic cell lines. Pitx2c expression was not detected after 48 hours of in vitro cytokine stimulation of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Conclusions Pitx2c is expressed in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells but not in their differentiated progeny. The pattern of expression of Pitx2c in primitive hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells suggests that it may play a role in hematopoietic stem-cell biology.
Pathogenesis of tumor stroma generation: a critical role for leaky blood vessels and fibrin deposition.

Tumor stroma formation results from the interaction of tumor cells and their products with the host and certain of its normal defense mechanisms, particularly the clotting and fibrinolytic systems. It is a process in which tumor cells render local venules and veins hyperpermeable with the result that fibrinogen and other proteins extravasate and clot, forming an extravascular crosslinked fibrin gel. Coagulation is mediated by an interaction between extravasated plasma clotting factors and tumor-associated and perhaps other tissue procoagulants. Parallel activation of the fibrinolytic system leads to substantial fibrin turnover, but fibrin nonetheless accumulates in amounts, variable from tumor to tumor, that are sufficient to provide a provisional stroma. This provisional stroma imposes on tumor cells a structure that persists even as tumor cells multiply and as the fibrin provisional stroma is replaced by mature connective tissue. The provisional fibrin stroma also serves to regulate the influx of macrophages, and perhaps other inflammatory cells, but at the same time, and in ways that are not fully understood, facilitates the inward migration of new blood vessels and fibroblasts, integral components of mature tumor stroma. Ascites tumors differ from solid tumors in that fibrin gel is not ordinarily deposited in body cavities and, as a result, there is no provisional stroma to impose an initial structure. Tumor stroma generation resembles the process of wound healing in many respects. However, it differs in the mechanism of its initiation, and in the apparent lack of a role for platelets. It also differs fundamentally in that invading tumor cells continually render new vessels hyperpermeable to plasma, thus perpetuating the cycle of extravascular fibrin deposition. In this sense, tumors behave as wounds that do not heal. Largely neglected in this review has been discussion of the numerous cytokines, mitogens, and growth factors that are widely believed to play important roles in tumor angiogenesis and wound healing; i.e., PDGF, FGF, EGF, TGF alpha, TGF beta, TNF, interferons, etc. This omission has been intentional, and for two reasons. First, these cytokines have already received considerable attention [100,123-128]. Second, it is not yet clear how closely the actions of these molecules, as described in vitro, relate to their functions in vivo. At present we are deluged with a surfeit of factors that have the capacity to induce new blood vessel formation in angiogenesis assays; these factors include not only peptides but lipids and even ions [126,129-131].(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Adam Smith and Edmund Burke: Texts in Context

The essay argues that Edmund Burke's differences from Adam Smith on government-sponsored assistance for the unemployed is rooted in their differences about the nature of government, not in their economic theories. Burke, unlike Smith, cannot free himself from the violent display of power on which he thinks political legitimacy rests. In this way, his work testifies to the insights of Michel Foucault. Smith has a different, more bourgeois ideal and a higher estimate of the "bourgeois virtues" of the common person.
Reproductive and Hormonal Risk Factors for Ductal Carcinoma in situ of the Breast

One-fifth of all newly diagnosed breast cancer cases are ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), but little is known about DCIS risk factors. Recent studies suggest that some subtypes of DCIS (high grade or comedo) share histopathologic and epidemiologic characteristics with invasive disease, whereas others (medium or low grade or non-comedo) show different patterns. To investigate whether reproductive and hormonal risk factors differ among comedo and non-comedo types of DCIS and invasive breast cancer (IBC), we used a population-based case-control study of 1,808 invasive and 446 DCIS breast cancer cases and their age and race frequency-matched controls (1,564 invasive and 458 DCIS). Three or more full-term pregnancies showed a strong inverse association with comedo-type DCIS [odds ratio (OR), 0.53; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.30-0.95] and a weaker inverse association for non-comedo DCIS (OR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.42-1.27). Several risk factors (age at first full-term pregnancy, breast-feeding, and age at menopause) showed similar associations for comedo-type DCIS and IBC but different associations for non-comedo DCIS. Ten or more years of oral contraceptive showed a positive association with comedo-type DCIS (OR, 1.31; 95% CI, 0.70-2.47) and IBC (OR, 2.33; 95% CI, 1.06-5.09) but an inverse association for non-comedo DCIS (OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.25-1.04). Our results support the theory that comedo-type DCIS may share hormonal and reproductive risk factors with IBC, whereas the etiology of non-comedo DCIS deserves further investigation.
A portable pulsed cavity ring-down transmissometer for measurement of the optical extinction of the atmospheric aerosol

A small portable system is described which is used to directly determine the optical extinction of the atmospheric aerosol. The requisite highly sensitive measurement of the optical extinction is accomplished simultaneously at two wavelengths in the near-infrared (1064 nm) and visible (532 nm), using the pulsed cavity ring-down (CRD) approach. The measurement at the two wavelengths can aid in separating the scattering and absorption components of the optical extinction. Rayleigh equivalent optical extinction of approximately 10 x 10(-6) m(-1) from particulate matter in the atmospherically important 0.1-2.5 pm diameter size range (fine particle accumulation mode) can be readily observed with short (<5 s) integration times. Optical extinction is inversely related to the visual range, and so the instrument provides a direct measurement of this particulate-related air quality indicator. The instrument can also provide particle size range-selected multiwavelength optical property measurements, which can be inverted to provide valuable information about the extant airborne particulate distribution.
Franciscan Complex olistostrome at Crescent City, northern California

An olistostrome and bounding turbidites are exposed within the late Mesozoic Franciscan Complex along the Crescent City (California) coastline. Facies grade in character from Mutti & Ricci Lucchi (1978) mixed facies B, C and D, to F (the olistostrome), to mixed A, B and E, progressing upwards within the Franciscan stratigraphic section. The facies F unit outcrop is up to 600 m thick and extends 12 km along strike. It consists of oblate to tabular blocks, up to 200 m in maximum dimension, of greenstone, tonalite, radiolarian chert, limestone, phyllite and greywacke dispersed in a scaly argillite matrix. The olistostromal origin of the unit is indicated by depositional contacts with bounding turbidites, by the presence of abundant recycled sedimentary clasts within the unit, and by the presence of sedimentary breccias and associated dismembered, slump-folded turbidites both within the olistostrome and among subjacent turbidites. Sandstones are chiefly feldspathic litharenites that were very likely derived from the partially dissected, late Mesozoic Sierran-Klamath magmatic are. Franciscan rocks record an early pervasive, layer-parallel flattening strain in such features as extensional faults, necking and pinch-and-swell structures. Several scales of extensional faulting account for the juxtaposition of turbidites of different facies and/or with varying degrees of stratal disruption, the formation of sandstone lozenges, and the formation of scaly foliation in the olistostrome matrix. The latter resulted from the juxtaposition of lenticles with varying concentrations of silt and clay. These were ultimately derived from the finer divisions of turbidite beds that were incorporated into the olistostrome. The presence of gradational contacts between some sandstone olistoliths and the olistostrome matrix, and of sandstone dykes that intrude fractures and associated drag-folded turbidite beds indicate that Franciscan sediments were not lithified during their early deformation. These sediments were deposited in either a trench or trench slope basin, and were first deformed either by gravity collapse of the trench slope cover or, less likely, by vertical loading beneath the toe of the accretionary wedge. They later were folded during internal shortening of the growing Franciscan accretionary prism.
A continuous sampling air-ICP for metals emission monitoring

An air-inductively coupled plasma (air-ICP) system has been developed for continuous sampling and monitoring of metals as a continuous emission monitor (CEM). The plasma is contained in a metal enclosure to allow reduced-pressure operation. The enclosure and plasma are operated at a pressure slightly less than atmospheric using a Roots blower, so that sample gas is continuously drawn into the plasma. A Teflon sampling chamber, equipped with a sampling pump, is connected to the stack that is to be monitored to isokinetically sample gas from the exhaust line and introduce the sample into the air-ICP. Optical emission from metals in the sampled gas stream is detected and monitored using an acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF)--echelle spectrometer system. A description of the continuous sampling air-ICP system is given, along with some preliminary laboratory data for continuous monitoring of metals.
Melatonin Synthesis: Adenosine 3',5'-Monophosphate and Norepinephrine Stimulate N-Acetyltransferase

Treatment of cultured rat pineal glands with norepinephrine or dibutyryl adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate causes a six- to tenfold stimulation of N-acetyltransferase. This enzyme converts serotonin to N-acetylserotonin, the immediate precursor of melatonin. The increased synthesis of melatonin caused by norepinephrine treatment appears to be the result of stimulation of N-acetyltransferase by an adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate mechanism.
Unitary Cl− Channels Activated by Cytoplasmic Ca2+ in Canine Ventricular Myocytes

Abstract Recent whole-cell studies have shown that Ca2+-activated Cl− currents contribute to the Ca2+-dependent 4-aminopyridine–insensitive component of the transient outward current and to the arrhythmogenic transient inward current in rabbit and canine cardiac cells. These Cl−-sensitive currents are activated by Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and are inhibited by anion transport blockers; however, the unitary single channels responsible have yet to be identified. We used inside-out patches from canine ventricular myocytes and conditions under which the only likely permeant ion is Cl− to identify 4-aminopyridine–resistant unitary Ca2+-activated Cl− channels. Ca2+ applied to the cytoplasmic surface of membrane patches activated small-conductance (1.0 to 1.3 pS) channels. These channels were Cl− selective, with rectification properties that could be described by the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz current equation. Channel activity exhibited time independence when cytoplasmic Ca2+ was held constant and ...
The virtual hospital: the emergence of telemedicine

The current practice of medicine, while utilizing the advances in biological and physical science, still takes place in the physician office or hospital. Unfortunately, traditional practice as integrated into the current Healthcare system is unsustainable. Accommodating the increase demand for medical services with the attendant rising costs has caused a crisis in healthcare.Telemedicine, the practice of medicine by means of mobile/internet is a transformative process that will impact healthcare globally. Already, teleradiology (diagnostic radiology remotely by means of digital images that are electronically exported) and electronic medical records are gaining wide acceptance. The ability to distribute medical services by means of mobile and internet technology is a natural and almost irresistible direction for the field of Medicine.The healthcare crisis has created an opportunity for new solutions and mobile/Internet technology has laid the infrastructure upon which one can build a powerful, innovative and badly needed platform for health services: The Global Virtual Hospital (GVH). The GVH will be a group of connected centers around the world that overlap (in time zones) throughout the working day. Patients will have access through the Internet or mobile phones. Medical records will be electronically stored, shared among authorized personal and updated with each medical interaction. The GVH, will serve as a platform and laboratory for the creation of innovative devices and technology that will improve the remote interaction.The Global Virtual Hospital System will exemplify the convergence of technology and medicine and will be integrated into standard practice in the next 5-10 year.
Surgical excision of soft tissue fibrosarcomas in cats.

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the tumor-free interval and survival times of cats who had one (group 1) or more (group 2) surgeries, or surgery and radiation therapy (RTH) (group 3) for treatment of soft tissue fibrosarcomas (FSA). Study design Retrospective study. Animals or sample population 45 client-owned cats. Methods Medical records of cats with soft tissue FSA were examined. Vaccination and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) status, age, sex, breed, tumor location, number of surgeries, completeness of excision, and histopathological grade were evaluated to correlate with tumor-free interval and survival periods. Results Overall median tumor-free interval and survival times were 10 and 11.5 (range, 1 to 40) months. Median tumor-free interval and survival times were more than 16 months each in group 1, more than 5 and 13 months in group 2, and 4.5 and 9 months in group 3. Age, sex, breed, vaccination or FeLV status, tumor location, or histopathological grade did not affect median tumor-free interval or survival times (P > .05). Cats with complete excisions had significantly longer median tumor-free interval (> 16 versus 4 months) and survival time (> 16 versus 9 months) than those with incomplete excisions (P = .008). Radiation therapy did not seem to extend tumor-free interval and survival times (P = .013). However, most group 3 cats had incomplete surgical excisions, resulting in recurrent or progressive disease. Conclusions Complete surgical excision of FSA in cats is possible and can be curative. Clinical relevance Aggressive surgical excision with wide margins appears to contribute to extended tumor-free interval and survival times in cats with soft tissue FSA. Controlled prospective studies are needed to determine the efficacy of RTH in treatment.
Identification with academics, intrinsic/extrinsic motivation, and self-efficacy as predictors of cognitive engagement

Abstract Examined were several theoretically important relations among motivational characteristics of students that are malleable, or changeable with intervention. The motivational construct identification with academics, which includes perceptions of belonging and valuing within an academic context, was investigated along with intrinsic/extrinsic motivation, and self-efficacy as a predictors of cognitive engagement with 191 college students. Consistent with theoretical predictions, intercorrelations among measures of identification with academics, self-efficacy, and intrinsic motivation were all positive, as were the correlations of those three variables with meaningful cognitive engagement. Those three variables were also negatively correlated with a measure of amotivation and not related to a measure of extrinsic motivation. Path analysis demonstrated that self-efficacy, intrinsic motivation, and academic identification each contributed uniquely to the prediction of meaningful cognitive engagement. Only extrinsic motivation predicted shallow cognitive engagement.
Electric-field-induced electron detachment of 800-MeV H- ions.

The lifetime of 800-MeV ${\mathrm{H}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ ions against electron detachment in a static electric field was measured over a range of eight orders of magnitude in experiments at the High Resolution Atomic Beam Facility of the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility. The ions traversed a linear gradient magnetic field of 1.3-T peak strength resulting in a 6-MV/cm peak rest-frame electric field capable of stripping a large fraction of ${\mathrm{H}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ ions. The unstripped ${\mathrm{H}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ ions, neutral ${\mathrm{H}}^{0}$ atoms, and protons were detected 5.5 m from the magnet. This spectrum was analyzed to determine the lifetime of the ${\mathrm{H}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ ion versus electric-field strength and the results were compared with previous studies. Three parametrizations of the lifetime formula based on an existing theory were used to calculate the stripping probability. The data were fit to the lifetime formula and good agreement with theoretical predictions was found. Finally, a possible experiment for observing excited states of ${\mathrm{H}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ is briefly discussed.
Proton-Proton Bremsstrahlung Measurements at 20 MeV

We have measured the proton-proton bremsstrahlung cross section, $\frac{d\ensuremath{\sigma}}{d{\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{1}d{\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{2}}$, with 20-MeV incident proton energy, detecting coincident protons at 25\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and at 30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} on either side of the beam. In addition, we have determined the photon angular distributions, $\frac{d\ensuremath{\sigma}}{d{\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{1}d{\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{2}d{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}}$. The value measured for $\frac{d\ensuremath{\sigma}}{d{\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{1}d{\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{2}}$ for proton angles of 25\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} is 0.68 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.07 ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}\mathrm{b}/\mathrm{s}\mathrm{r}}^{2}$ while that for 30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} is 0.69 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.07 ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}\mathrm{b}/\mathrm{s}\mathrm{r}}^{2}$. These results are for coplanar geometry and are determined from the data using the azimuthal angular dependence for the cross section predicted by Drechsel and Maximon. The results agree with the predictions of Marker and Signell, when Coulomb corrections are included.
Studies on ribonuclease in tobacco leaves. I. Purification and properties.

Abstract A ribonuclease was purified from tobacco leaves and the properties studied. The enzyme preparation had a pH optimum of 5.1, was fairly heat stable and digested RNA to an extent of 98.8%. It was inhibited by Cu++ and Zn++.
Space environment simulator for materials studies at NASA Ames.

Space environment simulator for analysis of spacecraft material reliability during long- duration space mission