cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coexisting macrophage-associated fibrin formation and tumor cell urokinase in squamous cell and adenocarcinoma of the lung tissues

Mechanisms of coagulation activation in situ were studied by means of immunohistochemical techniques applied to surgically resected primary adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas of the lung. Findings in these two histologic types were similar. Double-labeling techniques using macrophage-specific antibody together with antibody to either tissue factor, factor VII, factor X, or factor V revealed coincident staining for each of these coagulation factors on tumor-associated macrophages. Staining of tumor cells for these factors was rare and inconsistent. Both macrophages and fibroblasts in the tumor connective tissue stained for the a subunit of factor XIII. Fibrinogen was abundant throughout the tumor connective tissue, but staining for fibrin and D-dimer cross-linked sites of fibrin was restricted to areas adjacent to macrophages, indicating that thrombin was generated in association with tumor macrophages but not with tumor cells. By contrast, tumor cells stained diffusely for urokinase-type plasminogen activator and focally for thrombomodulin. These findings contrast with those reported previously for small cell carcinoma of the lung and suggest that coagulation activation in adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the lung may occur indirectly through activation of certain host cells such as macrophages. By contrast, tumor cell plasminogen activator may mediate certain aspects of the malignant phenotype in these tumor types.
How Have Changes in Front Air Bag Designs Affected Frontal Crash Death Rates? An Update

Objective: Provide updated death rates comparing latest generations of frontal air bags in fatal crashes.Methods: Rates of driver and right-front passenger deaths in frontal crashes per 10 million registered vehicle years were compared using Poisson marginal structural models for passenger vehicles equipped with air bags certified as advanced and compliant (CAC), sled-certified air bags with advanced features, and sled-certified air bags without any advanced features. Analyses of driver death rates were disaggregated by age group, gender, and belt use.Results: CAC air bags were associated with slightly elevated frontal crash death rates for both drivers and right-front passengers compared to sled-certified air bags with advanced features, but the differences were not statistically significant. Sled-certified air bags with advanced features were associated with significant benefits for drivers and for right-front passengers compared to sled-certified air bags without advanced features. CAC air bags were as...
Empirically-based modeling of spatial sampling uncertainties associated with rainfall measurements by rain gauges

Abstract In the quantitative evaluation of radar-rainfall products (maps), rain gauge data are generally used as a good approximation of the true ground rainfall. However, rain gauges provide accurate measurements for a specific location, while radar estimates represent areal averages. Because these sampling discrepancies could introduce noise into the comparisons between these two sensors, they need to be accounted for. In this study, the spatial sampling error is defined as the ratio between the measurements by a single rain gauge and the true areal rainfall, defined as the value obtained by averaging the measurements by an adequate number of gauges within a pixel. Using a non-parametric scheme, the authors characterize its full statistical distribution for several spatial (4, 16 and 36 km2) and temporal (15 min and hourly) scales. To accomplish this task, a large dataset (more than six years) of rain gauge measurements obtained through a highly dense rain gauge network deployed in the Brue catchment in southwest England is used. The authors show that the standard deviation of the spatial sampling error decreases with increasing rainfall intensity and accumulation time and increases with increasing pixel size. Additionally, the authors show how the Laplace distribution could be used to model the distribution of spatial sampling errors for the spatial and temporal scales considered in this study.
THE IMMUNOLOGICAL SPECIFICITY OF STAPHYLOCOCCI : I. THE OCCURRENCE OF SEROLOGICAL TYPES.

1. Agglutination is not a precise method for the demonstration of serological types among staphylococci. 2. Precipitation of soluble specific substance derived from these organisms demonstrates the existence of at least two immunologically distinct types. 3. The one type, designated A, is composed of apparently virulent strains, while the other, Type B, contains the avirulent strains. 4. Precipitation tests performed with centrifugates of young broth cultures or with acid extracts of sedimented bacteria may also demonstrate type specificity. 5. Lysis by bacteriophage fails to detect the specific types of Staphylococcus. 6. Immunization by intravenous methods stimulates agglutinin formation in all rabbits and precipitin formation in only one of three or four animals. 7. Immunization by repeated intracutaneous injections of dead staphylococci or living organisms in an agar focus also stimulates agglutinin formation but fails to incite the formation of type specific precipitins.
Statistical design of linear discrete-data control systems via the modified z-transform method

Abstract A solution is presented for the analytical design of digital controller in accordance with a specified optimum criterion. This approach makes use of the modified z -transform technique. The analytical design procedure for systems with random noise occurring in the input channel and for those with random noise occurring at a point in the control loop is developed via modified z-transformation. Much attention is centered upon stationary random functions because of their frequent occurrence in control systems and their being amenable to mathematical treatment. In this paper, physical realizability and system constraints are considered, general design equations for both cases of noise occurrence are derived, and systems with deterministic inputs are discussed.
Iterative aggregation/disaggregation techniques for nearly uncoupled markov chains

Iterative aggregation/disaggregation methods provide an efficient approach for computing the stationary probability vector of nearly uncoupled (also known as nearly completely decomposable) Markov chains. Three such methods that have appeared in the literature recently are considered and their similarities and differences are outlined. Specifically, it is shown that the method of Takahashi corresponds to a modified block Gauss-Seidel step and aggregation, whereas that of Vantilborgh corresponds to a modified block Jacobi step and aggregation. The third method, that of Koury et al., is equivalent to a standard block Gauss-Seidel step and iteration. For each of these methods, a lemma is established, which shows that the unique fixed point of the iterative scheme is the left eigenvector corresponding to the dominant unit eigenvalue of the stochastic transition probability matrix. In addition, conditions are established for the convergence of the first two of these methods; convergence conditions for the third having already been established by Stewart et al. All three methods are shown to have the same asymptotic rate of convergence.
A real-time PCR assay for the detection of azoxystrobin-resistant Alternaria populations from pistachio orchards in California

Abstract Azoxystrobin-resistant populations of Alternaria spp. in the alternata, tenuissima, and arborescens species–groups, the causal agents of Alternaria late blight of pistachio, have been selected in pistachio orchards in California. The azoxystrobin resistance in Alternaria spp. was found to be correlative to a single point mutation resulting in the replacement of a glycine by an alanine at codon 143 (G143A) in the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt b) gene. Based on this point mutation, a real-time PCR method was developed to rapidly detect azoxystrobin-resistant Alternaria populations in field leaf samples collected from pistachio orchards in California.
Measuring Mammography and Breast Cancer Beliefs in African American Women

Although intervention trials have demonstrated significant improvement in mammography adherence for African American women, many of the current measurement tools used in these interventions have not been assessed for validity and reliability in ethnic minorities. This study assessed the validity and reliability of Health Belief Model (HBM) variables that are often the target of mammography interventions. Scale validity and reliability was assessed for HBM scales in a sample of 344 low-income African American women. Validity was supported through exploratory factor analysis and theoretical prediction of relationships. Internal consistency reliability was .73 or above for all scales.
Recent advances in microfluidic detection systems

There are numerous detection methods available for microfluidic analyses. Both conventional and novel detection methods are being put to use for detection on these miniaturized systems, with the analyte of interest driving the choice of detection method. In this article, we summarize microfluidic-based detection strategies from the last 2 years. More focus is given to unconventional approaches to detection routes and novel strategies for performing high-sensitivity detection.
A Process-Based Review of Mouse Models of Pulmonary Hypertension

AbstractGenetically modified mouse models have unparalleled power to determine the mechanisms behind different processes involved in the molecular and physiologic etiology of various classes of human pulmonary hypertension (PH). Processes known to be involved in PH for which there are extensive mouse models available include the following: (1) Regulation of vascular tone through secreted vasoactive factors; (2) regulation of vascular tone through potassium and calcium channels; (3) regulation of vascular remodeling through alteration in metabolic processes, either through alteration in substrate usage or through circulating factors; (4) spontaneous vascular remodeling either before or after development of elevated pulmonary pressures; and (5) models in which changes in tone and remodeling are primarily driven by inflammation. PH development in mice is of necessity faster and with different physiologic ramifications than found in human disease, and so mice make poor models of natural history of PH. However...
Management of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis in the pediatric population: A review

Typically considered a pediatric disease entity, the treatment of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis in children and adolescent patients is different from that of adults due to the pathogenesis, skeletal size and immaturity, and mobility of the adjacent spinal segments. This article discusses the classification, natural history, presentation and physical exam findings, and imaging characteristics, as well as nonsurgical and common surgical treatments for low- and high-grade spondylolisthesis, in children and adolescents.
Vertical and temporal vorticity observations at Juan de Fuca Ridge; hydrothermal signatures

Moored current measurements made from April 1994 to June 1995 reveal the vertical and temporal structure of the vorticity over the northern segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. At a depth of 2100m, near the thermal and particle maximum associated with the neutrally buoyant hydrothermal plume, the relative vorticity is anticyclonic with a mean value of nearly −0.09f, with variability of the same magnitude. This arises from cross-ridge shear in the horizontal currents at this level. In the vertical, the anticyclonic shear has a peak value at plume level decreasing in magnitude both upward and downward from depths of 2100–2150m. As the bottom is approached, the transverse shear changes sign with cyclonic values of up to 0.09f below 2250m depth. This vorticity signature is suggestive of dynamics of a line source of buoyant fluid entering the plume at its neutral density horizon and not due to individual point sources.
Aro: a machine learning approach to identifying single molecules and estimating classification error in fluorescence microscopy images

Background Recent techniques for tagging and visualizing single molecules in fixed or living organisms and cell lines have been revolutionizing our understanding of the spatial and temporal dynamics of fundamental biological processes. However, fluorescence microscopy images are often noisy, and it can be difficult to distinguish a fluorescently labeled single molecule from background speckle.
Phone Rate and the Effective Planning Time Hypothesis of Stuttering

Effects on syllable disfluency and phone rate (duration of phones spoken per minute) were compared in 19 adult stutterers under three reading rate conditions: control; slow normally-spoken-word-syllable timed (WS); and phone-prolongation (PP) matched to WS in syllable rate. Both phone rate and syllable disfluency were progressively reduced from control to WS to PP conditions. These results strongly support the discoordination hypothesis that any condition which facilitates initiation of phonation in coordination with articulation and respiration will reduce stuttering. A broader hypothesis is that effective planning time for voice onset coordinations is the common element that explains the power of retarded phone rate, reduction of phonatory complexity, and rhythm virtually to eliminate stuttering.
Beyond ethylmalonyl-CoA: the functional role of crotonyl-CoA carboxylase/reductase homologs in expanding polyketide diversity.

Covering: up through August 2011 This review covers the emerging biosynthetic role of crotonyl-CoA carboxylase/reductase (CCR) homologs in extending the structural and functional diversity of polyketide natural products. CCRs catalyze the reductive carboxylation of α,β-unsaturated acyl-CoA substrates to produce a variety of substituted malonyl-CoA derivatives employed as polyketide synthase extender units. Here we discuss the history of CCRs in both primary and secondary metabolism, the mechanism by which they function, examples of new polyketide diversity from pathway specific CCRs, and the role of CCRs in facilitating the bioengineering novel polyketides.
Ropivacaine and bupivacaine: concentrating on dosing!

pidural bupivacaine provides excellent analgesiafor labor and delivery and remains the mostwidely used local anesthetic in obstetric anesthe-sia. However, disadvantages include cardiac and centralnervous system toxicity with accidental IV injection oflarge doses and the potential for motor blockade, partic-ularly with the use of higher concentrations. These con-cerns have prompted the search for alternative drugs.Ropivacaine is an amino amide local anesthetic that isstructurally similar to bupivacaine. Originally developedin the 1950s (1), it was introduced for commercial use in1996 in hopes that it would have lesser potential forcardiovascular toxicity and the side effect of motorblockade. Ropivacaine has been studied to determine itssuitability for labor analgesia and has undergone numer-ous clinical comparisons to bupivacaine. Studies usingthe minimum local analgesic design (MLAC) have foundthat ropivacaine is approximately 40% less potent thanbupivacaine (2–4). This is important because equipotentdoses must be compared to draw meaningful conclu-sions regarding analgesic efficacy and side-effect pro-files. Early studies comparing ropivacaine with bupiva-caine used equal doses of both, whereas some recentinvestigations have used larger doses of ropivacaine toadjust for potency differences. In this current issue of thejournal, Halpern and Walsh (5) present a meta-analysisof randomized, controlled trials comparing ropivacainewith bupivacaine to determine whether or not there isany difference in obstetric or neonatal outcome with theincidence of spontaneous vaginal delivery as the pri-mary outcome. The authors correctly excluded theMLAC studies from this meta-analysis, which althoughare prospective, randomized designs, are not usuallydesigned to assess any effect on obstetric outcome. Theyhave concluded that there is no statistically significantdifference between the two drugs in the incidence of anyof the measured obstetric or neonatal outcomes. Becausemany of the component studies used supramaximal con-centrations of local anesthetics, the meta-analysis couldnot determine if there was any difference in the inci-dence of motor blockade.In 1998, Writer et al. (6) published a prospective meta-analysis of six randomized, double-blinded studies of403 laboring women who received epidural analgesiawith ropivacaine or bupivacaine 0.25% wt/vol. The out-comes of interest included Apgar scores, neurologicaland adaptive capacity scores (NACS), degree of motorblockade, and mode of delivery. Results showed similaranalgesia and drug consumption in the two groups.Early NACS did not differ between the groups, but therewas a significant difference between the groups at 24 h,with fewer infants with NACS 35 in the ropivacainegroup. Spontaneous vaginal deliveries occurred morefrequently in the ropivacaine group (58% versus 49%;
Free vibrations of simply supported cylindrical shells of oval crosssection

A Flii'gge-type theory is employed in studying the dynamic characteristics of simply supported shells of oval cross section. The components of displacement are expressed in a double Fourier series of the axial and circumferential coordinates and substituted into the equations of motion. This leads to four different typical, algebraic, eigenvalue problems from which the frequencies and shapes of four types of harmonic modes are determined. These modes are either symmetric or antisymmetric with respect to the principal axes of the cross section of the shell. A comparison of the dynamic characteristics of oval cylindrical shells obtained on the basis of the Donnell, Love, Sanders, and Flu'gge theories is presented. It is shown that the deviations in the results of these theories increase with increasing noncircularity.
Radiolytic treatment of dioxin contaminated soils

Abstract Recent work in our laboratory has demonstrated that γ-radiolysis is a feasible method by which 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) can be converted to products of negligible toxicity. In the presence of 25% water, 2.5% non-ionic surfactant and at a dose of 800 kGy greater than 98% destruction was achieved in a standard soil artificially contaminated with 100 ppb TCDD. By-product analysis has illustrated that the destruction occurs via step-wise reductive dechlorination producing a suite of lesser chlorinated dioxins. These results in combination with scavenger studies, target theory calculations and yields indicate that direct radiation effects account for the major route of destruction. Radiolysis has also been conducted on a real soil contaminated with TCDD and other chlorinated aromatic compounds verifying the results of model studies. Based on the data of these experiments some designs of batch gamma systems are considered and a discussion of estimated capital and operating costs associated with γ-radiolysis is presented. Given the high costs of the alternatives (i.e. incineration), radiolysis appears to be not only technically feasible, but it may also be economically competitive.
550 Gemcitabine is effective as palliative therapy for 5FU-refractory pancreas cancer patients

In a previous phase II trial of gemcitabine in pancreas cancer, numerous patients experienced a reduction in cancer-related symptoms and improvement in performance status. Since pancreas cancer is highly symptomatic, and therapy is difficult to assess using traditional endpoints, we designed and conducted a prospective, multicentre phase II trial with clinical benefit as the primary endpoint. Clinical benefit response was defined as a ≥ 50% reduction in pain (measured on a visual analogue scale), a ≥ 50% reduction in daily analgesic consumption, or a ≥ 20 point improvement in Kamofsky performance score (KPS), that was sustained for ≥4 weeks without worsening in any other component. Gemcitabine 1000 mg/m 2 (30 min infusion) was administered q wk × 7 followed by 1 wk rest, and thereafter in cycles q wk × 3 followed by a 1 wk rest. 63 pts (32 M, 31 F) with pancreatic adenocarcinoma that had progressed despite 1 prior 5-FU-based therapy were enrolled. Median age: 62 (range 33–77). Median KPS: 70 (range 50−90), median baseline pain intensity: 29 on a 100 point scale (range3−68), median baseline analgesic requirement: 60 mg morphine-equivalents/day (range 0−1159). Therapy was very well tolerated with grade 4 toxicities reported for nausea, vomiting, neutropenia, bleeding or anaemia (each in 1 pt, 2%). Grade 3 toxicities included neutropenia (25% pts), anaemia (10%), thrombocytopenia (5%), and nausea/vomiting (6%). Under these stringent criteria, 17 of 63 pts (27%) attained a clinical benefit response (95% CI: 16−38%). We conclude that objective criteria can be used to evaluate new therapies for pancreas cancer, and that gemcitabine has substantial activity as a palliative agent.
Fusion of the HSV-1 tegument protein vp22 to cytosine deaminase confers enhanced bystander effect and increased therapeutic benefit.

Fusion of the HSV-1 tegument protein vp22 to cytosine deaminase confers enhanced bystander effect and increased therapeutic benefit
Black widow spider venom: effect of purified toxin on lipid bilayer membranes

A purified toxin (the B5 fraction) from black widow spider venom added to the solution on one side of a lipid bilayer membrane interacts irreversibly with the membrane to produce a continuous, linear rise of membrane conductance with time. Conductances greater than 10(-4) reciprocal ohm per square centimeter can eventually be attained without any loss of membrane stability. Membranes treated with toxin are ideally selective for alkali cations over anions and are substantially permeable to calcium ion. These effects of the toxin result from the formation of permanent channels in the membrane of uniform conductance, 3.6 X 10(-10) reciprocal ohm (in 0.1 molar potassium chloride), that remain open almost all the time. Both the divalent cation permeability and the smaller conductances at low pH of toxin-treated membranes suggest that there is negative charge (possibly from carboxyl groups) associated with the channels. We discuss the possible relation of the action of this toxin on lipid bilayer membranes to its ability to stimulate massive transmitter release at the neuromuscular junction and to produce profound morphological changes on tissue cultured neurons.
Benefits of botanical garden visitation: A means-end study

Botanical gardens vary widely in design and purpose, but most are typically associated with environmental conservation, education, or historical interpretation. Yet, studies have shown that botanical garden visitors are often motivated by recreational and leisure interests. While visitor motivations and benefits have been the focus of a number of botanical garden and green space visitor studies, this research has often been conducted without a theoretical backdrop. This study employed means-end theory to investigate the links visitors make between garden attributes, consequences, and values. In-person interviews were conducted with 83 garden visitors during the spring and summer of 2011 at a university botanical garden. Overall, the findings revealed that participants felt that the botanical garden and plants were the most meaningful garden attributes, leading participants to experience the consequences new experiences and learning, and stress relief and relaxation, and finally reaching the most frequently mentioned values: transference and improved quality of life. Analysis revealed no meaningful differences between visitation outcomes for males and female. For students, visiting the botanical garden lead to stress relief and relaxation and the value of improved quality of life, while non-students reported that their visits increased their fun and enjoyment of life. Those participants who work or go to school on campus reported an important means-end chain that led from escape to stress relief and relaxation to improved quality of life, which was not present for campus’ visitors. The results indicate that botanical gardens should be managed to provide a rich, overall experience that promotes relaxation, in addition to maintaining a healthy, interesting, and diverse collection of plant materials that enables visitors to experience new plants and enables opportunities for learning.
VM power metering: feasibility and challenges

This paper explores the feasibility of and challenges in developing methods for black-box monitoring of the power usage of a virtual machine (VM) at run-time, on shared virtualized compute platforms, including those with complex memory hierarchies. We demonstrate that VM-level power utilization can be accurately estimated, or estimated with accuracy with bound error margins. The use of bounds permits more lightweight online monitoring of fewer events, while relaxing the fidelity of the estimates in a controlled manner. Our methodology is evaluated on the Intel Core i7 and Core2 x86-64 platforms, running synthetic and SPEC benchmarks.
Imaging of Surface Charge and the Mechanism of Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Distributions of charge deposited on surfaces in desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) were investigated using a static charge measurement apparatus, which gives an output ...
Asymmetric fluctuations in consumption

Abstract This paper develops simple models of consumption which allow for the possibility that decreases in consumption are less frequent but more severe than increases. Statistical tests provide some support for this asymmetry.
Helminth parasitism in the coyote, Canis latrans, from the Rolling Plains of Texas

Abstract Eighteen helminth species were recovered from 150 coyotes necropsied in West Texas: 2 trematodes, Alaria marcianae (12% of hosts infected) and Alaria sp. (0.6%); 3 cestodes, Taenia pisiformis (39%), T. serialis (4%) and Mesocestoides corti (58%); 2 acanthocephalans, Oncicola canis (26%) and Pachysentis canicola (23%); and 11 nematodes, Physaloptera rara (60%), Pterygondermatites cahirensis (37%), Spirocerca lupi (83%), Subulura s.p. (1.3%), Filaroides osleri (28%), Ancylostoma caninum (87%), Toxascaris leonina (89%), Dermatoxys veligera (1.3%), Syphacia sp. (0.6%), Dirofilaria immitis (0.6%), and Trichuris sp. (0.6%). All hosts were infected with from 1 to 10 helminth species (- x = 5.5 species). Simpson's index was very low (0.12) indicating a diverse helminth fauna. The helminth fauna of West Texas coyotes demonstrated only low similarity with those from other geographic regions in North America. Significant positive relationships were found between pairs of prevalent helminth species in terms of frequency of occurrence. Comparison of mean levels of infection between pairs of helminth species indicated 6 significant relationships. A clumped distribution was indicated in those helminths utilizing arthropod intermediate hosts or paratenic hosts. Analysis of prevalence of helminth species in terms of host sex by frequency of occurrence and mean levels of infection revealed only one significant relationship; T. leonina occurred more frequently in females than males. Similar analysis of age relationships ( ⩽ 1 year and ⩾ 2 years) and helminth parasitism indicated P. rara occurred more frequently in older animals while A. caninum and P. cahirensis occurred more frequently and with higher levels of infection in younger animals. The results of these findings are discussed in terms of food niche and behavioral aspects of this host from the Rolling Plains of Texas.
A Comparison of Phenyl- and Naphthyl-substituted tris(Macrocycle), Cation-conducting Channels to Assess the Effect of Extended Aromaticity

Abstract Two sodium-cation-conducting, tris(macrocycle) channels, differing only in the size of the terminal aryl groups, have been prepared, characterized, and shown by the planar bilayer conductance method to exhibit qualitative differences in channel activity attributable to the π-electron surface area difference. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.
Global climate change and the effect of conservation practices in US agriculture

Increase in the use of conservation practices by agriculture in the United States will enhance soil organic carbon and potentially increase carbon sequestration. This, in turn, will decrease the net emission of carbon dioxide. A number of studies exist that calibrate the contribution of various individual, site-specific conservation practices on changes in soil organic carbon. There is a general absence, however, of a comprehensive effort to measure objectively the contribution of these practices including conservation tillage, the Conservation Reserve Program, and conservation buffer strips to an change in soil organic carbon. This paper fills that void. After recounting the evolution of the use of the various conservation practices, it is estimated that organic carbon in the soil in 1998 in the United States attributable to these practices was about 12.2 million metric tons. By 2008, there will be an increase of about 25%. Given that there is a significant potential for conservation practices, which could lead to an increase in carbon sequestration, there are a number of policy options that can be pursued. These include education and technical assistance, financial assistance, research and development, land retirement, and regulation and taxes.
A Delayed Action Oscillator for ENSO

A simple nonlinear model is proposed for the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. Its key feature is the inclusion of oceanic wave transit effects through a negative, delayed feedback. A linear stability analysis and numerical results are presented, showing that the period of the oscillation is typically several times the delay. It is suggested that such an effect can account for the long time scale of ENSO.
“The Incarceration Revolution”: The Abandonment of the Seriously Mentally Ill to Our Jails and Prisons

It is well known that today jails and prisons house many seriously mentally ill citizens who in prior decades have been treated in mental hospitals and community mental health programs. This paper begins with a brief review of the history of support for mental health programs at the federal level and then, using the State of Oregon as an example, describes the new state era of mental health services which is characterized by the increasing use of the criminal justice system as a cornerstone of the treatment of many seriously and chronically mentally ill individuals. Are there any solutions to our current dilemma? The paper ends with this question, and the reader must determine if any of the suggestions posed in this discussion are realistic and/or feasible given the current fiscal and political climate.
Web Information Retrieval - an Algorithmic Perspective

In this paper we survey algorithmic aspects of Web information retrieval. As an example, we discuss ranking of search engine results using connectivity analysis.
Mercury dynamics and transport in two Adirondack lakes

We investigated the chemistry and fluxes of mercury (Hg) species for two Adirondack lakes with contrasting landscape, physical, and chemical attributes. Samples were collected monthly at the lake inlets and outlets over 2 yr, and evasion of elemental Hg was measured at one lake (Arbutus). Concentrations of total Hg (THg) and methyl Hg (MeHg) in watershed runoff were highly variable throughout the year, increasing markedly during summer months. The proportion of THg as MeHg ranged from ,5% at Arbutus Lake up to 10% at Sunday Lake. Concentrations of Hg species increased with increases in dissolved organic carbon concentrations and percentage wetland coverage. The estimated rate of volatilization loss of elemental mercury (Hgo) from Arbutus Lake surface (7.8 m gm 22 yr21) was comparable to the rate of direct atmospheric Hg deposition to the lake surface (8.6 m gm 22 yr21). Dry deposition to Arbutus Lake amounted to ca. 26% of total wet THg deposition. Hydraulic residence time (HRT) played a critical role in controlling Hg dynamics in the lakes. Negligible removal of THg inputs was observed at Sunday Lake, which has a short HRT (0.02 yr), compared with approximately 60% removal at Arbutus Lake, which has a longer HRT (0.6 yr). This pattern of increasing net Hg retention in lakes with increasing HRT was consistent with other mass balance studies in the literature. Both Arbutus and Sunday lakes were net sinks of MeHg.
Stress, Coping, Alcohol Use, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among an International Sample of Police Officers: Does Gender Matter?:

This study controls for officer characteristics (i.e., age, race, children living in the home, relationship status, time in policing, military experience, community size, and country) while examini...
Faulty ECM Signaling Facilitates Autoimmune Lymphomagenesis

Summary: The contribution of the extracellular matrix (ECM) to the microenvironment of solid tumors is appreciated although not completely understood; however, the contribution of the ECM to the development of hematopoietic tumors has not been investigated in depth. A new study by Sangaletti and colleagues demonstrates that faulty ECM signaling can facilitate malignant lymphoproliferation in mice predisposed to autoimmunity. Similar changes in ECM construction, consistent with a loss of inhibitory ECM signaling, were identified in the transition from reactive lymphoid hyperplasia to malignant chronic lymphocytic leukemia in patients. These results reveal a critical contribution of reduced collagen signaling in lymphoma and highlight the importance of appropriate ECM construction for maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Cancer Discov; 4(1); 25–6. ©2014 AACR . See related article by Sangaletti et al., [p. 110][1] [1]: /lookup/volpage/4/110?iss=1
Toward a Complementary Perspective on Worldviews

In this column, it has been argued that fragmentation of knowledge in nursing science can be related to the dominant way of thinking of worldviews as competitive dualities. To move toward resolving that conflict, the thesis has been set forth to claim that a complementary perspective on worldviews as an ontological framework can promote knowledge synthesis and alternative thinking methods in nursing science. Implications of the potential for a complementary perspective for encouraging integrative and creative thinking for professional nursing practice has been presented.
Properties of vector preisach models

We discuss rotational anisotropy and rotational accommodation of magnetic-particle tape, phenomena that affect performance during reading and writing in the recording process. We introduce the reduced vector Preisach model (RVPM) to simplify the selection rules and eliminate the rotational correction of the simplified vector Preisach model (SVPM). In order to make the model agree with our measurements, we introduce the RVPM, which eliminates the need for a rotational correction in the SVPM. Using this new model as a basis to characterize the medium, we have measured and computed the angle of magnetization for a magnetic-particle tape rotated in an applied field. Because rotational models must accurately compute the anisotropic characteristics of ellipsoidally magnetizable media, we use an ellipticity factor that accurately computes the two-dimensional magnetization trajectories for small applied fields, and that corrects the orientation error for both isotropic and anisotropic media. We report rotational magnetization measurements that demonstrate vector accommodation for ellipsoidally magnetizable media. The magnetization trajectories show that accommodation is achieved.
The Translator’s Closet: Editing Sexualities in Argentine Literary Culture

This article attempts to draw a theoretical line between closeted (homo)sexuality and translation through the example of the translational activity of those who collaborated on the 20th-century Argentine literary journal SUR: J. Bianco, E. Pezzoni, V. Ocampo, and H. A. Murena. Through a critical reading of explicit and thinly-veiled discourses on homosexuality in works both written and translated in this period, especially when placed in the context of theoretical discourses on translation, gender and sexuality, it reveals a question all the more unavoidable for present-day discussions: Is translation a closet, and if so, when and how?
Heterogeneous Rates of Molecular Evolution and Diversification Could Explain the Triassic Age Estimate for Angiosperms

Dating analyses based on molecular data imply that crown angiosperms existed in the Triassic, long before their undisputed appearance in the fossil record in the Early Cretaceous. Following a re-analysis of the age of angiosperms using updated sequences and fossil calibrations, we use a series of simulations to explore the possibility that the older age estimates are a consequence of (i) major shifts in the rate of sequence evolution near the base of the angiosperms and/or (ii) the representative taxon sampling strategy employed in such studies. We show that both of these factors do tend to yield substantially older age estimates. These analyses do not prove that younger age estimates based on the fossil record are correct, but they do suggest caution in accepting the older age estimates obtained using current relaxed-clock methods. Although we have focused here on the angiosperms, we suspect that these results will shed light on dating discrepancies in other major clades.
Mechanisms of Transmural Heparin Transport in the Rat Abdominal Aorta After Local Vascular Delivery

Local vascular drug delivery systems provide elevated concentrations in target arterial tissues, while minimizing systemic side effects. Drug can now be released to isolated arterial segments from the endovascular or perivascular aspects of the blood vessel, yet the forces that determine drug distribution and deposition for these different modes of delivery have not been rigorously investigated. This study examines mechanisms of transmural transport of a model vasoactive drug, heparin, and compares estimates of the distribution after administration from either aspect of the artery. We showed that (1) heparin traversed the arterial wall rapidly; (2) diffusion far outweighed convection in the control of transmural heparin transport in the normal artery, but after endothelial injury, convective forces rose to one quarter the magnitude of diffusive forces; (3) the endothelium posed a minimal diffusive barrier to heparin; and (4) the diffusive barrier imposed by the adventitia depended on its thickness. These findings strongly suggest that vasoregulatory compounds can be administered to target tissue by either perivascular or endovascular means with equal efficacy, because the forces governing transport of heparin from either aspect of the blood vessel wall are not significantly different. Furthermore, the differences in arterial transport properties between heparin and other macromolecules suggest that distribution and the optimal aspect of delivery will depend just as much on the physicochemical properties of the drug as the state of the blood vessel wall.
The Smith—Lemli—Opitz Syndrome: A Potentially Fatal Birth Defect Caused by a Block in the Last Enzymatic Step in Cholesterol Biosynthesis

The Smith-Lemli-Opitz or “RSH” syndrome, first described in 1964 (Smith et al., 1964), is a severely debilitating and frequently fatal birth defect syndrome with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance (Dellaire, 1969). Original estimates suggested an incidence of one in 20,000 births (Lowry and Yong, 1980) and a probable carrier frequency of about 1% (Chasalow, 1985). However, newer studies from the Czech Republic may place its true prevalence closer to 1 in 9,000, with as many as one in 45–50 inviduals carrying the defect (Opitz et al., 1997). Although all of the above estimates were made in case that were not biochemically confirmed, if the most recent observations prove to be correct, then the syndrome is as least as common as medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency (Zaideh et al., 1995) and may well be the fourth most common recessively inherited disorder in Caucasians following cystic fibrosis, phenylketonuria, and hemochromatosis. Until the discovery in 1993 of the cholesterol biosynthesis defect in children with the syndrome (Irons et al., 1993; Tint et al., 1993; Tint et al., 1994), its cause was entirely unknown (Gorlin et al., 1990).
Condylar Mineralization Following Mandibular Distraction in Rats

The impact of mandibular distraction on condyles is poorly understood. To examine how condylar mineralization is affected, we performed distraction in 128 one-month-old rapidly and 126 three-month-old slowly growing rats. The rate of distraction was 0.0 mm (sham), 0.2 mm (slow), 0.4 mm (moderate), or 0.6 mm (rapid). From 7 to 9 rats from each rate (n = 29-32) were killed at 4 time periods (D6, D10, D24, and D38) following osteotomy. Calcein and alizarin were injected 6 and 3 days, respectively, prior to death. Methacrylate-embedded sagittal condylar sections were examined under epifluorescence, and mineral apposition rates were measured. Results indicated that: (1) rapidly growing rats showed higher mineral apposition rates (p < 0.01-0.001) than did slowly growing rats; (2) mineral apposition rates were lower in distracted sides at all times in rapidly growing rats (p < 0.05-0.01), while this side-dependency was seen only at D24 in slowly growing rats (p < 0.05); and (3) distraction rates had little effect on mineral apposition rates. Thus, mandibular distraction decreases condylar mineral apposition rates, but only in rapidly growing rats, which is related to surgery and its functional consequences, not to the distraction rate.
Analysis of retinoblastoma (RB) gene deletion in human prostatic carcinomas

The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene (RB gene) has been reported to be deleted and/or modified in a number of human cancers, indicating that dysfunction of this tumor suppressor gene is perhaps critical in the development of many human tumors. In addition to deletion of one copy and/or mutational inactivation of the RB gene, this gene has also been reported to be altered by a small deletion in the promoter sequence in one case of small cell mixed adenocarcinoma of the prostate. A deletion of 105 nucleotides of the RB gene in exon 21, leading to an aberrant short-sized mRNA transcript, has also been reported in one cell line (DU 145) derived from brain metastasis of prostatic adenocarcinoma. We have analyzed tissues from 10 prostate specimens (3 hyperplastic and 7 neoplastic) and one prostate cancer cell line (DU 145) for the presence of short-sized mRNA transcript (exon 21 alterations) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using total RNA extracted from frozen tumors and the cell line. None of the prostate tissue showed any evidence of aberrant short-sized mRNA, although it was confirmed in the DU 145 cell line. Simultaneously, we have used DNA-PCR to investigate RB promoter deletion in 23 adenocarcinomas and one small cell carcinoma of the prostate. We also failed to demonstrate any indication of RB promoter deletion at the DNA level in adenocarcinomas. The single case of small cell carcinoma failed to show evidence of any aberration in RB promoter. We therefore conclude that neither RB promoter alterations nor the exon 21 deletion are associated with typical prostate adenocarcinoma.
Role Of FDA

FDA's role is to assure the safety and effectiveness of medical devices. Presently, image management and communication systems are treated no differently from any other medical device. In addition to FDA's regulatory activities, research and educational efforts may be used to solve device problems.
Ku-band monolithic 7-watt power amplifier using AlGaAs/GaAs 0.25- mu m T-gate heterostructure FET technology

Two advanced Ku-band MMIC (monolithic microwave integrated circuit) power amplifiers have demonstrated state-of-the-art performance at upper Ku-band. One design delivers 7.2 W CW (continuous wave) and 9.3 W pulse at 25% power-added efficiency (PAE). The other design delivers 32% PAE at 2.7 W CW. Electromagnetic simulator (Sonnet EM) analysis contributed to the successful design of both circuits. A narrow 3-W, 30%-efficient, Ku-band MMIC is ready for phased-array radar T/R (transmit/receive) module applications. Power combining two of the 7-W MMICs has delivered 15.7 W (pulsed) in a small, simple 13-mm*18-mm assembly. >
The Cultural Geography of Community Suffering

The Lower Ninth Ward was ground zero for Hurricane Katrina and the Federal levee failures. And yet August 29, 2005, was not the first time the community was placed in peril. Decades of dealing with flooding, failed infrastructure and underdevelopment, poverty, crime, and toxic events from nearby petrochemical plants have produced a particular way of making sense of suffering. In the Lower Ninth, suffering is normative; suffering permeates the warp and woof of the community; suffering helps construct the culture there. In this chapter I document what I call a culture of suffering—the cultural tools and worldview that helps residents mitigate their suffering and deal with it in ways that make life livable there.
PPAR-α ligand ameliorates acute renal failure by reducing cisplatin-induced increased expression of renal endonuclease G

Cisplatin injury to the kidney is characterized, in part, by inhibition of substrate oxidation, inflammation, and tubular cell death in the form of apoptosis and necrosis. Recently, we demonstrated...
Education and Susceptibility to the Muller-Lyer Illusion Among the Banyankole

(1970). Education and Susceptibility to the Muller-Lyer Illusion Among the Banyankole. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 82, No. 1, pp. 25-34.
Graphene oxide: single-walled carbon nanotube-based interfacial layer for all-solution-processed multijunction solar cells in both regular and inverted geometries

Over the past decade, advances in material synthesis and interfacial engineering have produced more efficient polymer solar cells with improved absorption of the solar irradiation and charge carrier transport that have led to continuously increased power conversion efficiencies (PCE), recently surpassing 8%.[1] In parallel to the material design and engineering in the active layer, novel organic photovoltaic architectures have emerged. A representative example is tandem photovoltaics in which subcells are stacked along the optical path to increase optical absorption.[2–5] When the subcells are connected in series, the ideal open-circuit voltage (VOC) is equivalent to the sum of the VOCs of the individual subcells. PCE enhancement is most significant when high-efficiency polymers with complementary absorption profiles are stacked. Central to the construction of tandem devices is the interconnect layer that spatially separates but electrically connects the two subcells. Ideal candidates for interconnect layers require (a) high optical transparency over the entire solar spectrum; (b) sufficient vertical conductivity; (c) complete coverage to avoid intermixing of the two subcells; (d) low surface roughness to avoid interrupting the deposition of neighboring subcells; and (e) appropriate energetics to facilitate efficient charge recombination. For solution-processable interconnect materials, there are additional challenges such as orthogonal solubility, chemical and mechanical stability, and so on. Thus far, the conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is predominantly used as a component in solution-processable interconnect layers.[3–7] However, low transmittance of PEDOT:PSS in the red to near infrared (NIR) region results in a loss of available solar flux, which could adversely affect the overall photocurrent. In addition, PEDOT:PSS could also react with some common interfacial materials such as metal oxides, thus degrading the quality of interfaces over time.[6] Recently, graphene oxide (GO) was found to be capable of replacing PEDOT:PSS as a hole transporting layer in polymer solar cells.[8,9] Since GO is an insulating soft carbon sheet[10,11] with thickness of around 1 nm and lateral dimension extends readily into tens of micrometers, an effective GO modifying layer needs to have as small thickness