cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surgical release of the carpal tunnel

Open decompression of the median nerve is considered the standard surgical treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Modifications of the classic open technique as well as endoscopic approaches have been proposed in an effort to improve outcome. Many of these approaches make it more difficult for the surgeon to deal with the broad array of anatomic anomalies that have been reported in and around the carpal tunnel. The measurable benefits of these alternatives remain controversial. Open carpal tunnel release remains the standard against which all other surgical approaches are compared. Preoperative considerations Patients with mild to moderate CTS who have not responded to conservative measures are ideal candidates for surgical decompression. Carpal tunnel release also is indicated for those patients with severe compressive neuropathies, although they need to realize that they may be left with residual symptoms. Coexisting peripheral neuropathies or double-crush syndromes are not contraindications to surgery, but patients again should understand that they might experience incomplete symptom resolution after median nerve decompression at the wrist. The surgeon must be convinced of the diagnosis of CTS prior to recommending surgery. If there is any uncertainty, electrodiagnostic testing will confirm the diagnosis. It will also detect the presence of other neuropathies, which will assist the physician when discussing prognosis with the patient. Clinical predictors of poorer prognosis include presence of certain metabolic conditions (rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, obesity), muscle atrophy (ie, severe nerve compression), and lack of response to corticosteroid injection [1,2]. Metabolic abnormalities should be adequately controlled prior to consideration of surgery. In some cases, medical control of conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or hypothyroidism may obviate the need for carpal tunnel release. Standard PA and lateral radiographs of the wrist are helpful if one suspects osteophytes or distal radius malunion as a cause of CTS. They may also detect coexisting conditions such as carpal osteo
Misperceptions About Influenza Vaccination Among Parents of Healthy Young Children

A survey was administered to 828 parents from metropolitan Denver, Colorado, and 57% responded. Of the respondents, 47% thought their child was unlikely to contract influenza, 70% thought influenza vaccine could cause influenza, and 21% considered influenza vaccination unsafe for a 1-year-old child. The influenza immunization rate in children of surveyed parents was 71%. In multivariate analyses, the perception that influenza vaccination was the social norm was positively associated with immunization (odds ratio [OR], 1.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-1.69), and anticipating immunization barriers was negatively associated with immunization (OR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.49-0.95). Parents of young children hold a number of misperceptions about influenza disease and vaccination. Despite this, high immunization rates are achievable in this population.
Prediction of extinction and reignition in nonpremixed turbulent flames using a flamelet/progress variable model: 1. A priori study and presumed PDF closure

Previously conducted studies of the flamelet/progress variable model for the prediction of nonpremixed turbulent combustion processes identified two areas for model improvements: the modeling of the presumed probability density function (PDF) for the reaction progress parameter and the consideration of unsteady effects [Ihme et al., Proc. Combust. Inst. 30 (2005) 793]. These effects are of particular importance during local flame extinction and subsequent reignition. Here, the models for the presumed PDFs for conserved and reactive scalars are re-examined and a statistically most likely distribution (SMLD) is employed and tested in a priori studies using direct numerical simulation (DNS) data and experimental results from the Sandia flame series. In the first part of the paper, the SMLD model is employed for a reactive scalar distribution. Modeling aspects of the a priori PDF, accounting for the bias in composition space, are discussed. The convergence of the SMLD with increasing number of enforced moments is demonstrated. It is concluded that information about more than two moments is beneficial to accurately represent the reactive scalar distribution in turbulent flames with strong extinction and reignition. In addition to the reactive scalar analysis, the potential of the SMLD for the representation of conserved scalar distributions is also analyzed. In the a priori study using DNS data it is found that the conventionally employed beta distribution provides a better representation for the scalar distribution. This is attributed to the fact that the beta-PDF implicitly enforces higher moment information that is in excellent agreement with the DNS data. However, the SMLD outperforms the beta distribution in free shear flow applications, which are typically characterized by strongly skewed scalar distributions, in the case where higher moment information can be enforced. © 2008 The Combustion Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Diffusion approximation for a heavily loaded multi-user wireless communication system with cooperation

A cellular wireless communication system in which data is transmitted to multiple users over a common channel is considered. When the base stations in this system can cooperate with each other, the link from the base stations to the users can be considered a multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) downlink system. For such a system, it is known from information theory that the total rate of transmission can be enhanced by cooperation. The channel is assumed to be fixed for all transmissions over the period of interest and the ratio of anticipated average arrival rates for the users, also known as the relative traffic rate, is fixed. A packet-based model is considered where data for each user is queued at the transmit end. We consider a simple policy which, under Markovian assumptions, is known to be throughput-optimal for this coupled queueing system. Since an exact expression for the performance of this policy is not available, as a measure of performance, we establish a heavy traffic diffusion approximation. To arrive at this diffusion approximation, we use two key properties of the policy; we posit the first property as a reasonable manifestation of cooperation, and the second property follows from coordinate convexity of the capacity region. The diffusion process is a semimartingale reflecting Brownian motion (SRBM) living in the positive orthant of N-dimensional space (where N is the number of users). This SRBM has one direction of reflection associated with each of the 2 N −1 boundary faces, but show that, in fact, only those directions associated with the (N−1)-dimensional boundary faces matter for the heavy traffic limit. The latter is likely of independent theoretical interest.
Contributions of immune responses to developmental resistance in Lymantria dispar challenged with baculovirus.

Abstract How the innate immune system functions to defend insects from viruses is an emerging field of study. We examined the impact of melanized encapsulation, a component of innate immunity that integrates both cellular and humoral immune responses, on the success of the baculovirus Lymantria dispar multiple nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (LdMNPV) in its host L. dispar . L. dispar exhibits midgut-based and systemic, age-dependent resistance to LdMNPV within the fourth instar; the LD 50 in newly molted larvae is approximately 18-fold lower than in mid-instar larvae (48–72 h post-molt). We examined the role of the immune system in systemic resistance by measuring differences in hemocyte immunoresponsiveness to foreign targets, hemolymph phenoloxidase (PO) and FAD-glucose dehydrogenase (GLD) activities, and melanization of infected tissue culture cells. Mid-instar larvae showed a higher degree of hemocyte immunoresponsiveness, greater potential PO activity (pro-PO) at the time the virus is escaping the midgut to enter the hemocoel (72 h post-inoculation), greater GLD activity, and more targeted melanization of infected tissue, which correlate with reduced viral success in the host. These findings support the hypothesis that innate immune responses can play an important role in anti-viral defenses against baculoviruses and that the success of these defenses can be age-dependent.
Treatment of social phobia: Potential mediators and moderators.

Although the efficacy of numerous psychosocial interventions for social phobia has been clearly demonstrated, little is known about the mediators and moderators of treatment change. Three potential mediators are discussed that are derived from prominent psychological theories: negative cognitive appraisal (estimated social costs), perceived self-efficacy (perceived social skills), and perceived emotional control. Furthermore, the generalized subtype of social phobia and the additional diagnosis of avoidant personality disorder are considered as potential treatment moderators.
Botulinum toxin for neuropathic pain and spasticity: an overview

In recent years, a large body of data has surfaced reporting the therapeutic benefit of botulinum toxin injection in multiple conditions. The aim of this review is: to summarize the highest quality literature pertaining to clinical application of botulinum toxin in neuropathic pain conditions including postherpetic neuralgia, trigeminal neuralgia, diabetic polyneuropathy, post-traumatic neuralgia, carpal tunnel syndrome, complex regional pain syndrome, phantom limb and stump pain, and occipital neuralgia; to provide an overview of the clinical trials using botulinum toxin in adult spasticity; and to assign levels of evidence according to the American Academy of Neurology guidelines. In summary, there is level A evidence for established efficacy in postherpetic neuralgia and adult spasticity; level B evidence for probable efficacy in trigeminal neuralgia and post-traumatic neuralgia; level B evidence for probable lack of efficacy in carpal tunnel syndrome; level C evidence for possible efficacy in diabetic polyneuropathy; and level U (insufficient) evidence in complex regional pain syndrome, phantom limb and stump pain, and occipital neuralgia.
High-fidelity fabrication of Au–polymer Janus nanoparticles using a solution template approach

Janus particles have attracted significant attention in recent years, due to their potential in nanomanufacturing. Their asymmetric features impart unique physical and chemical properties, which can be tuned and utilized to control their solution-state assembly. While several examples of Janus nanostructures have been reported in the literature, the scientific community continues to pursue synthetic routes which are less time and resource intensive. Herein, we describe a facile method to synthesize Janus nanoparticles in which colloidal micelles template the in situ formation of Au nanoparticles in the shell layer. The resulting morphologies of the hybrid Au–polymer nanoparticles can be adjusted widely by controlling the polymer and reducing agent (HEPES (4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid)) concentrations. High-fidelity populations of Au–micelle Janus nanoparticles are obtained when the polymer concentration is high (≥1.0 × 10−6 mmol L−1) and the HEPES concentration is low (≤0.3 mol L−1). Conversely, when the HEPES concentration is high (≥0.5 mol L−1) and the polymer concentration is low (≤2.4 × 10−7 mmol L−1), raspberry-like clusters are formed, where each micelle encumbers several Au nanocrystals. Our method is attractive in that the number of Au nanoparticles on each Au–micelle entity can be controlled using a scalable, aqueous solution process. It also has significant potential for the directed assembly of Au nanoparticle superstructures, as the nature and geometry of the polymer precursors can be varied.
TRUTH TELLING AS REPARATIONS

: International instruments now defend a “right to the truth” for victims of political repression and violence and include truth telling about human rights violations as a kind of reparation as well as a form of redress. While truth telling about violations is obviously a condition of redress or repair for violations, it may not be clear how truth telling itself is a kind of reparations. By showing that concerted truth telling can satisfy four features of suitable reparations vehicles, I defend the idea that politically implemented modes of truth telling to, for, and by those who are victims of gross violation and injustice may with good reason be counted as a kind of reparations. Understanding the doubly symbolic character of reparations, however, makes clearer why truth telling is unlikely to be sufficient reparation for serious wrongs and is likely to be sensitive to the larger context of reparative activity and its social, political, and historical background.
A study on the intentional island formed by the residential photovoltaic system and the challenges to island operation

The objective of this study is to ensure that a transition-to-island mode of the intentional facility island defined in IEEE 1547.4-2011 can be properly formed by a residential photovoltaic (PV) system with sufficient capacity in the transient state after an electrical fault occurs on a distribution line external to the island. Using DIgSILENT, this study (1) modifies the IEEE 37-bus test feeder as an example of the distribution network enhanced by a residential PV system able to provide sufficient power to a predefined island, (2) generates a single line-to-ground fault on 50 percent of a distribution line external to the island, and (3) forms an intentional island supplied by a residential PV system with sufficient power. Finally, this study analyzes a transition-to-island mode of the intentional island in a transient state and addresses a few challenges to a smooth transition to an island mode.
Hair Growth Induced by Diode Laser Treatment

background. Although hair reduction by long-pulsed red and infrared lasers and light sources is generally quite effective, paradoxical hair growth has rarely been observed following treatment. objective. To report a case of thick hair growth following 810 nm diode laser treatment and its subsequent treatment. methods. A 24-year-old man who had previously had laser hair reduction on his posterior neck was treated to a test area on his upper back. results. Thick terminal hair developed in the treated area subsequent to laser treatment. Further treatment of this area removed the terminal hair but resulted in terminal hair growth in an annular distribution surrounding the treatment site. conclusions. Diode laser treatment rarely stimulates terminal hair growth. This phenomenon should be studied to better understand hair growth cycles and to help develop more effective treatments for hair loss and hair growth.
Consumers' processing of persuasive advertisements: An integrative framework of persuasion theories

In this article, the authors propose an integrative model of advertising persuasion that orders the major theories and empirically supported generalizations about persuasion that have been offered ...
Guided Imagery for Functional Disorders

Therapeutic guided imagery (TGI) is a mind-body medical intervention that has the potential of providing healing benefits to individuals with functional disorders. Moreover, it is a skill that most patients can learn and practice on their own on a regular basis. TGI can promote healing, reduce suffering, and enhance the body’s capacity to prevent and resist illness. TGI is a treatment modality that has no negative side effects and is based on experiencing a desirable positive outcome with one or more of the five senses (visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, and gustatory).
Revolution in Pragmatist Clothing: Nationalizing Workplace Law

Workplace governance in the United States consists of a fragmented system of rules emanating from federal, state, and local governments. This fragmentation creates an unnecessarily inefficient and suboptimal system of regulation that often makes workplace protection little more than a false promise for workers. Ironically, these problems are at least partially the result of too many disparate rules. Thus, a reduction in the number of workplace protections could improve the effectiveness of the system as a whole. Achieving that goal requires a solution that reflects the magnitude of the problem; tinkering at the margins will accomplish little. Accordingly, this Article proposes a revolutionary reform: the nationalization of workplace law. The modern, global economy no longer justifies local control over the workplace, especially given the problems with our current federalist model of regulation. Moreover, the federal government’s structural advantages give it the best opportunity to push workplace law towards a more optimal level. Exclusive federal regulation will also allow for significant streamlining and simplification. These changes will increase the effectiveness of workplace laws and allow more workers to enjoy the protections that these laws promise.
Ethics and the Quest for Wisdom: Fact and value

DIMENSIONS OF VALUE This chapter and the three following begin the task of situating the argument of Chapters 2–4 in a broader theory of value and eventually in a theory of philosophical inquiry. This task will involve, among other things, considering yet another of Hegel's “sunderings” of modernity cited in Chapter 1 – the sundering of fact from value . Let us suppose the retreatants of Chapter 3 have gone through all the reasoning of the previous chapters, when skeptical members among them rise to make the following objection. “We have been talking about being open to other ways of life in order to find the objective truth about values and have learned much in the process. We have arrived at some ethical principles that are shared by many of our respective traditions and have agreed on the conclusion that some ways of life are less worthy than others of our unqualified respect in the sense of openness. But these results cannot be the whole story of what we came here to learn. For suppose we strive to create a moral sphere in which all persons can be treated with openness and in which we are allowed to pursue our ways of life without interference from others. These measures alone would not tell us how we should go about living our lives in other respects. They will not tell us, except in a very general way, what sorts of lives we should live; and so they do not give us a complete answer to the question of what “the good life” is.[…]
An Insider–Outsider Theory of Popular Tolerance for Corrupt Politicians

This article addresses the puzzle of electoral support for corrupt politicians in emerging democracies by examining citizens’ varying attitudes toward political corruption. We make an important theoretical distinction between perceptions of and tolerance for corruption, and argue that these different attitudes vary across individuals depending on whether they are political insiders or outsiders. We test our theory using Afrobarometer survey data from 18 sub-Saharan African countries and find that individuals included within clientelistic networks simultaneously perceive corruption as ubiquitous and are more tolerant of malfeasance. Meanwhile, those individuals with partisan or ethnic ties to the incumbent are less likely to consider corruption as widespread. Finally, we explore whether variation in attitudes toward corruption influences citizens’ voting behavior, and find that insiders are less likely to “vote the rascals out.”
The Stories Public Administrators Tell

Narrative ethics, which focuses on the meaning inherent in the "story" created between two parties, typically in a doctor-patient relationship, has traditionally been given little attention by the field of public administration. However, this approach has some practical advantages. Focusing on citizen stories can offer mutual benefits, including moving from theory to practice, theory development, and discernment of meaning in ordinary encounters. This article demonstrates how interactions with citizens can be imbued with meaning and render both parties more satisfied.
The Impact of E-commerce on the Real Estate Industry: Baen and Guttery Revisited

Executive Summary. One widely reported prediction is that the emergence of the web as an open medium for commerce threatens the role of the real estate agent as a market intermediary. In their 1997...
Fate of Eggs of First-Generation Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Three Conservation Tillage Systems

Percentage hatch, chewing predation, Chrysopa sp. predation, other sucking predation, and parasitism by Trichogramma sp. of egg masses of first-generation Ostrinia nubilalis (H¨bner) were estimated in spring chisel plow, ridge tillage, and no-tillage maize, Zea mays L., in southeastern Minnesota during 1986 and 1987. Tillage plots were split with and without terbufos application and with and without Bacillus thuringiensis -permethrin application in all combinations. Egg masses from laboratory reared O. nubilalis were exposed to natural enemies in the field eight times during the oviposition period of first-generation O. nubilalis , and population densities of Coleomegilla maculata DeGeer were estimated. Parasitism was 0.6% and predation was low during 1986. During 1987, chewing predation was highest in the chisel-plow system and lowest in the no-tillage system; Chrysopa sp. predation was lowest in the chisel-plow system and highest in the no-tillage system. C. maculata population densities were highest in the chisel-plow system and lowest in the no-tillage system, and chewing predation was positively related to C. maculata density. Predation by other unknown chewing predators was also higher in the chisel-plow system and lowest in the no-tillage system. The inverse relation between chewing and Chrysopa sp. predation was probably related to species specific responses to the tillage environments.
A MEASURE OF DISCRIMINATION IN MATING.

When two populations come into contact, the pattern of matings occurring can vary from a complete absence of intermating, to a lack of differentiation between members of the two populations in mating, and on to each population preferring the other population as mates. When the members of the two populations do not behave identically it is desirable to analyze the mating pattern. The results of an analysis of the pattern of matings and of the discrimination shown in mating should be symmetrical with respect to the two populations. There have been many measures proposed to estimate the degree of genetic isolation between two populations resulting from the pattern of mating. Various measures of sexual isolation have been proposed and discussed by Stalker (1942), Levene and Dobzhansky (1945), Bateman (1949), Levene (1949) and Merrell (1950). Many factors affecting the mating pattern have been discussed in the literature. These factors can be placed in two groups, the nondiscriminatory factors and the factors involving discrimination. The nondiscriminatory factors include "drive," "virility," "threshold level" and the general effects of differences in vigor, etc. between the populations and sexes. The discriminatory factors include all those in which there is an interaction between sex and population as to which matings take place. These categories will be defined more exactly below. The data are assumed to be from a multiple choice mating test with males and females of two "types" present. A discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of
Latex barrier thin film formation on porous substrates

Here we present the formation of thin layers of barrier polymers onto mesoporous and macroporous substrates via dip coating of latex solutions. We investigated four commercially available latex solutions: polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), perfluoroalkoxy fluorothermoplastic (PFA), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), and polyolefin-based latex (Hypod). We examined the latex film formation on porous polymeric and ceramic substrates with a broad range of pore sizes from 10 to 200 nm. Our results show that both characteristics of the latex solution [glass transition temperature (Tg), particle size, and crystallinity] and the characteristics of the porous substrate (pore size and hydrophobicity) impact the film formation. We confirmed the defect-free, barrier nature of our latex thin films through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and hydraulically driven water permeation tests. Additionally, we found that latex concentration (not dipping time) is the most important parameter determining ultimate latex film thickness. We obtained defect-free films from PVDC and Hypod, which are "soft" polymers (Tg room temperature), did not form continuous films on porous substrates.
Ligand noninnocence of thiolate/disulfide in dinuclear copper complexes: solvent-dependent redox isomerization and proton-coupled electron transfer.

Copper thiolate/disulfide interconversions are related to the functions of several important proteins such as human Sco1, Cu–Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1), and mammalian zinc-bonded metallothionein. The synthesis and characterization of well-defined synthetic analogues for such interconversions are challenging yet provide important insights into the mechanisms of such redox processes. Solvent-dependent redox isomerization and proton-coupled electron transfer mimicking these interconversions are observed in two structurally related dimeric μ,η2:η2-thiolato Cu(II)Cu(II) complexes by various methods, including X-ray diffraction, XAS, NMR, and UV–vis. Spectroscopic evidence shows that a solvent-dependent equilibrium exists between the dimeric μ-thiolato Cu(II)Cu(II) state and its redox isomeric μ-disulfido Cu(I)Cu(I) form. Complete formation of μ-disulfido Cu(I)Cu(I) complexes, however, only occurs after the addition of 2 equiv of protons, which promote electron transfer from thiolate to Cu(II) and formation...
Abstract 1764: Predictors of participants’ retention among African Americans in the Healthy Eating and Living in The Spirit (HEALS) trial

Background: Recruitment and retention of minority racial/ethnic groups is necessary to assess and address cancer health disparities in the United States. The objective of this study was to characterize participants’ retention status and identify baseline participant factors associated with retention among an entirely African American (AA) population in a randomized controlled trial (RCT). Methods: Using data from the Healthy Eating and Living in the Spirit (HEALS) program, an RCT conducted from 2009 to 2012 among AAs in South Carolina we examined participant-level factors associated with retention. We used SAS v9.4 to compute chi square tests and fit logistic regressions in order to compare 220 (53.14%) retained to 194 not-retained participants with the goal of identifying important predictors of retention. Among the entire study population, main predictor variable of interest was network distance in miles from home of participants to the clinic venue (i.e. their church) whereas among participants randomized to the intervention arm, a second predictor was percentage of intervention classes attended. Results: Baseline characteristics that were significantly associated with retention status included group assignment, age, body mass index (BMI), distance from home to clinic site(s), and partner enrollment in the study. Participants who lived in locations >5 miles from the clinic sites were more likely to be retained in the study (OR = 1.58; 95% CI: 1.04 - 2.4) compared to participants who lived 60 years) were 3.3 times as likely (95% CI: 1.59 - 6.81) than those aged Conclusions: Participants who lived further away (>5 miles) and attending 60% or more of the intervention classes was strongly predictive of being retained in the study. Ensuring that there is a run-in period as part of the screening procedure for all participants before randomization will help project managers to identify participants that are likely to be retained in the study and more studies need to be done to know why those who lived farther away were more likely to be retained. Citation Format: Oluwole A. Babatunde, Swann A. Adams, Michael D. Wirth, Jan M. Eberth, Jameson Sofge, Brook Harmon, Lisa Davis, Ruby Drayton, Tom Hurley, Heather M. Brandt, James R. Hebert. Predictors of participants’ retention among African Americans in the Healthy Eating and Living in The Spirit (HEALS) trial. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 1764.
Biotin Encephalopathy and Basal Ganglia Lesions

Ten patients with biotin-responsive basal ganglia disease are reported from the King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and Brown University School of Medicine, Hasbro Children’s and Rhode Island Hospitals, Providence, RI.
NIH-Funded Research Using Human Embryonic Stem Cells.

In October 2003, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) established three extramural “Exploratory Centers for Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research.” Our Center’s experience in acquiring and manipulating NIH-approved human embryonic stem (hES) cell lines may be useful for other institutions interested in pursuing NIH-funded hES cell research. We acquired 14 of the 22 NIH-approved cell lines. Modifications to the proposed Material Transfer Agreements (MTAs) with hES cell suppliers were sought to improve accessibility to these hES cell lines by local researchers. Lines were characterized for survival following cryopreservation and for their ability to adapt to a uniform set of culture conditions while maintaining a normal karyotype. Each of the 4 suppliers contacted eventually agreed to terms that improved access to their hES cell lines. Eleven hES cell lines were received frozen, and in 10 cases very few cells survived cryopreservation. Ten hES cell lines were successfully converted to simplified culture conditions that enhanced their ability to be maintained and expanded in culture. One hES cell line had an unstable karyotype at an early passage. Current MTA provisions continue to present significant obstacles to NIH-funded hES cell research. Many hES cell lines can be maintained using culture conditions less onerous than those recommended by their suppliers.
Study of Sn removal by surface wave plasma for source cleaning

A hydrogen plasma cleaning technique to clean Sn off of EUV sources is studied in detail. The cleaning process uses hydrogen radicals (formed in the hydrogen plasma) to interact with Sn-coated surfaces, forming SnH4 and being pumped away. This technique has been used to clean a 300mm-diameter stainless steel dummy collector optic, and EUV reflectivity of multilayer mirror samples was restored after cleaning Sn from them, validating the potential of this technology. A concern for plasma based methods is the implantation of high energy hydrogen ions into the MLM, reducing reflectivity and possibly blistering. With a surface wave plasma (SWP) this concern is alleviated somewhat because of lower ion energies. Surface wave plasmas have lower electron temperatures than conventional sources in the range of 1 to 3 eV. In addition, SWP sources result in plasma densities on the order of 1011-12 cm-3, allowing for greater utilization of ion etch enhancement. Experiments measuring radical density and etch rate profiles have been conducted and the results from these measurements are presented. These will help demonstrate scalability of SWP cleaning techniques for use in EUV sources.
Where Are You From and Why Are You Here? Microaggressions, Racialization, and Mexican College Students in a New Destination

Previous sociological research on U.S. Mexicans has concentrated on their assimilation, especially educational patterns. While recent research has shifted focus to Mexicans settling in “new destinations” away from the Southwest, there have been few examinations of the microlevel dynamics through which this group's young people have been received in new destinations. Moreover, an emphasis remains on how well this group is assimilating. Using in-depth interviews, sociology of race perspectives, and racial microaggressions, this article analyzes Mexican students’ treatment in a predominantly white university, town, and high schools in a northeastern state. While assimilation perspectives would view these students’ presence in college as an early indicator of structural assimilation into the dominant white middle class, interviews paint a more nuanced picture. Notably there is a pattern of racial microaggressions, or everyday slights, typically coming from white students and school officials. Through these microaggressions, respondents are racialized as nonwhite, juxtaposed as inferior to whites, and come to learn of their group's lower status. Nonetheless, respondents are advancing toward college graduation given the support and resources they use.
Overcoming collective action barriers to energy sustainability: A longitudinal study of climate protection accord adoption by local governments

Abstract High levels of observed city involvement in energy and climate initiatives indicate that free-riding has been much less of a barrier to local climate protection efforts than suggested by theories of collective action. This study investigates why local governments have adopted various energy and climate change policy instruments despite the non-excludability of climate benefits. This paper advances theories of institutional collective action (ICA) and policy diffusion by testing ICA based hypotheses that local officials are able to overcome collective action problems to the extent that the costs of these initiatives are minimized through policy network interactions, the extent to which climate action produces localized benefits or compliments local environmental, development or growth management efforts, and the extent to which energy and climate protection efforts generate selective benefits to elected and appointed local government officials who advance their career interests depending on the existing configurations of political system institutions. Analysis of adoptions of the Climate Protection Agreements by Florida Cities indicates larger cities are more likely to adopt climate agreement, while district elections decrease the likelihood of climate policy adoption. Moreover, economic development rather than growth management or environmental problem situation is linked to climate initiatives.
The quality of primary care provided by nurse practitioners to vulnerable Medicare beneficiaries

Abstract Background Studies suggest nurse practitioners are heavily represented among primary care providers for vulnerable Medicare beneficiaries. Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare quality indicators among three groups of vulnerable beneficiaries managed by MDs and nurse practitioners (NPs). Methods The methods include retrospective cohort design examining 2012 and 2013 Medicare claims for three beneficiary groups: (a) initially qualified for the program due to disability, (b) dually eligible for Medicare and Medicaid, and (c) both disabled and dually eligible. Validated quality indicators in four domains were analyzed. Discussion Gaps in outcomes suggest better performance for primary care nurse practitioners (PCNPs) in preventable hospitalizations and adverse outcomes. Outcome gaps suggesting better performance for primary care physicians in chronic disease management were diminished for beneficiaries who were both disabled and dually eligible suggesting improved performance for PCNPs within this subpopulation. Conclusion These findings add new evidence indicating the quality of primary care provided to vulnerable Medicare beneficiaries by PCNPs is generally consistent with clinical guidelines and the less intensive use of costly health care services.
Using Discernment Activities to Promote Skill Retention from Programming and Software Tutorials

Short self-guided tutorials for individuals who wish to create computational artifacts often emphasize activity completion, providing an immediate sense of accomplishment but failing to promote sustainable gains in learning. However, to be successful in subsequent endeavors, it is essential that these learners develop robust skills. By incorporating principles from Bransford & Schwarz's Preparation for Future Learning framework, interactive tutorials should be able to promote the acquisition of durable and adaptive abilities.
Velocity-dependent shutter sequences for motion deblurring

We address the problem of high-quality image capture of fast-moving objects in moderate light environments. In such cases, the use of a traditional shutter is known to yield non-invertible motion blur due to the loss of certain spatial frequencies. We extend the flutter shutter method of Raskar et al. to fast-moving objects by first demonstrating that no coded exposure sequence yields an invertible point spread function for all velocities. Based on this, we argue that the shutter sequence must be dependent on object velocity, and propose a method for computing such velocity-dependent sequences. We demonstrate improved image quality from velocity-dependent sequences on fast-moving objects, as compared to sequences found using the existing sampling method.
Earth Science Data Management: Mapping Actual Tasks to Conceptual Actions in the Curation Lifecycle Model

Earth science, like other data intensive sciences, requires data that are discoverable and usable by a variety of designated communities for a multitude of purposes in our transforming digital world. Data must be collected, documented, organized, managed, and curated with data sharing in mind. Actual, rather than supposed, practices of data managers provide insight into how earth science data are preserved and made available, and the requisite skills required to do so. This study’s purpose is to explore the job practices of earth science data managers as they relate to the data lifecycle. Twelve earth science data managers were interviewed using a job analyses approach focused on job tasks and their frequencies. Data managers identified tasks related to preservation and curation in the data lifecycle, though the most mentioned tasks do not relate directly to sequential actions in the data lifecycle, but rather are more oriented toward full-life cycle actions. These are communication and project management activities. Data managers require domain knowledge of science and management skills beyond the data lifecycle to do their jobs. Several tasks did relate to the data lifecycle, such as data discovery, and require an understanding of the data, technology, and information infrastructures to support data use, re-use and preservation. Most respondents lacked formal education, acquiring necessary skills through informal, self-directed study or professional training, indicating opportunity for integrating information science and data management curriculum in disciplinary academic programs.
Search, align, and repair: data-driven feedback generation for introductory programming exercises

This paper introduces the “Search, Align, and Repair” data-driven program repair framework to automate feedback generation for introductory programming exercises. Distinct from existing techniques, our goal is to develop an efficient, fully automated, and problem-agnostic technique for large or MOOC-scale introductory programming courses. We leverage the large amount of available student submissions in such settings and develop new algorithms for identifying similar programs, aligning correct and incorrect programs, and repairing incorrect programs by finding minimal fixes. We have implemented our technique in the Sarfgen system and evaluated it on thousands of real student attempts from the Microsoft-DEV204.1x edX course and the Microsoft CodeHunt platform. Our results show that Sarfgen can, within two seconds on average, generate concise, useful feedback for 89.7% of the incorrect student submissions. It has been integrated with the Microsoft-DEV204.1X edX class and deployed for production use.
Computerized Total Parenteral Nutrition Ordering and Nutritional Therapy Monitoring

Physicians at LDS Hospital order TPN through the computer. The computer prompts the physician to consider multiple possible regimens and the final order is evaluated by the HELP system’s knowledge base to screen for certain inconsistencies. Concurrent review of nutritional therapy administration is done by the Nutritional Support Services (NSS) staff. The NSS makes use of several computer-generated reports to assist them in their duties.
Feed deprivation of mares : plasma metabolite and hormonal concentrations and responses to exercise

Twelve light horse mares were fed a control diet that provided 100% of their maintenance protein and energy requirements for 7 d and were then either continued on the control diet or totally deprived of feed (with access to water) for 3 d. Plasma samples were drawn twice daily throughout the experiment, at 15-min intervals for 9 h beginning 45 h after feed removal, and at 10-min intervals around an exercise bout beginning 73 h after feed removal. Feed deprivation increased (P ≤.06) whole blood β-hydroxybutyrate and plasma NEFA, urea N, L-lactate, and glucagon concentrations, decreased (P =.02) IGF-I concentrations, and did not change (P >.1) plasma glucose, insulin, prolactin, triiodothyronine, and thyroxine concentrations. Exercise increased (P <.05) plasma NEFA, prolactin, and growth hormone (GH) concentrations in all mares. Plasma NEFA concentrations increased (P <.001) after exercise and remained increased in fed mares, but rapidly decreased in deprived mares (time x diet interaction, P =.006). Plasma glucose concentrations following exercise increased in deprived mares but decreased in fed mares (time x diet interaction, P =.07). The plasma prolactin response after exercise also differed between groups ( P =.09). Feed-deprived mares had greater (P =.02) plasma GH concentrations before exercise (73 h after feed withdrawal) and had a greater (P <.001) GH peak at 10 min after initiation of exercise. The increase in secretion rate of GH due to feed deprivation in these mares was similar to that reported for other domestic species but was not nearly as great in magnitude.
The Willing World

In this time of unwillingness, the right kinds of global solutions are needed now more than ever. Climate change is here and intensifying. Anxieties over economic globalization grip many in the fear of change. While these fearful have turned inward into unwillingness, the world's willing are working harder than ever for international and other cooperative solutions. James Bacchus explains why most of the solutions we need must be found in local and regional partnerships of the willing that can be scaled up and linked up worldwide. This can only be achieved within new and enhanced enabling frameworks of global and other international rules that are upheld through the international rule of law. To succeed, these rules and frameworks must for the first time see and treat economy and environment as one. The Willing World explains how best we can build the right legal structure to attain our global goals - and summon and inspire the willingness needed to do it.
Sobre su cadáver: diplomacia entre México y Estados Unidos, y la ejecución de Maximiliano de Habsburgo en México, 19 de junio de 1867

On June 19, 1867, Archduke Maximilian of Habsburg was executed by a firing squad at Cerro de las Campanas, Queretaro on the order of Mexican President Benito Juarez. Rather than representing one of the clearest episodes of the 19 th Century of nationalist triumph over imperialism and dynastic domination, this event has been commonly remembered as the somber curtain of the dramatic personal and political life of Maximilian. This article argues that, despite his intentions, Juarez did not consolidate his legitimacy as leader of Mexico through the execution of Maximilian, but rather in spite of it. Rather than showing the authority and justice of the triumphant republicans, the execution increased the irrelevance of Maximilian and U.S. support in Mexico’s national history. In this context, the execution, body and memory of Maximilian gave rise to an alternate narrative of the triumph of Mexican nationalism. In this narrative. Maximilian becomes a symbol of the tragedy of war and the immortality of the royal legacy, an image that ignored the propagandistic intentions of Juarez and the “Radical Republicans” in the United States. This article is based on the records of the trial of Maximilian of Habsburg, Juarez’s defense of the execution, the diplomatic correspondence within the United States and between the United States and Mexico, the records of the U.S. Congress and the popular responses in photography and the press. This article offers a unique vision of U.S.-Mexico relations with implications for the studies of the empire in the 19 th Century and the construction of the nation in general.
Designing Electrostatic Interactions via Polyelectrolyte Monomer Sequence

Charged polymers are ubiquitous in biological systems because electrostatic interactions can drive complicated structure formation and respond to environmental parameters such as ionic strength and pH. In these systems, function emerges from sophisticated molecular design; for example, intrinsically disordered proteins leverage specific sequences of monomeric charges to control the formation and function of intracellular compartments known as membraneless organelles. The role of a charged monomer sequence in dictating the strength of electrostatic interactions remains poorly understood despite extensive evidence that sequence is a powerful tool biology uses to tune soft materials. In this article, we use a combination of theory, experiment, and simulation to establish the physical principles governing sequence-driven control of electrostatic interactions. We predict how arbitrary sequences of charge give rise to drastic changes in electrostatic interactions and correspondingly phase behavior. We generalize a transfer matrix formalism that describes a phase separation phenomenon known as "complex coacervation" and provide a theoretical framework to predict the phase behavior of charge sequences. This work thus provides insights into both how charge sequence is used in biology and how it could be used to engineer properties of synthetic polymer systems.
What is the role of supplementation with ascorbic acid, zinc, vitamin D, or N -acetylcysteine for prevention or treatment of COVID-19?

Several agents intended to supplement dietary intake or endogenous molecules may have a theoretical role in preventing or treating COVID-19. Because of their potential to influence immune response, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), zinc, vitamin D, and N-acetylcysteine have been hypothesized to be useful for prevention or treatment of COVID-19. The authors outline the biologic plausibility, applicable clinical data, and potential role of each of these agents.