cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nickel-Templated Replacement of Phosphine Substituents in a Tetradentate Bis(amido)bis(phosphine) Ligand.

The replacement of phosphine substituents in nickel-bound PNNP ligands is reported as an alternative method for preparing multidentate phosphine ligands with alkyl substituents. Treatment of the previously reported bis(phosphide) complex {K(THF)x}22Ph[PNNP]Ni (2) with 2 equiv of MeI, iPrI, and 1,3-dibromoethane formed alkyl-substituted complexes 2Ph,2Me[PNNP]Ni (3), 2Ph,2iPr[PNNP]Ni (4), and 2Ph,propylene[PNNP]Ni (5), respectively. The stereoselectivity (racemic vs meso) of these reactions can be controlled by varying the reaction temperature. The racemic mixtures of products with the new alkyl substituents in an anti configuration were favored at lower temperatures, whereas a larger proportion of meso compounds was acquired at higher temperatures. Further treatment of 3 with KH resulted in selective elimination of the remaining phenyl groups rather than the methyl substituents, affording bis(methylphosphide) complex {K(THF)x}22Me[PNNP]Ni (6). Subsequent treatment of 6 with additional MeI formed 4Me[PNNP]Ni (7), in which all four phenyl groups were replaced with methyl substituents. As a proof of concept, demetalation of the ligand from 7 was achieved using aqueous KCN to form a free dimethylphosphine-substituted ligand H24Me[PNNP] (8), and 8 was subsequently coordinated to a different metal, using PdCl2 to form 4Me[PNNP]Pd (9). Unlike the clean elimination of phenyl substituents from 3, the reactions of KH with 4 and 5 exhibited competitive elimination of both alkyl and phenyl substituents and/or attenuated reactivity.
Issues and Limitations

The Community Empowerment Model is not a panacea for the community mental health movement or a blueprint that all other communities ought to follow step-by-step. This was a useful, successful experience, but a model cannot serve as all things to all people. The critical reader will by now recognize that there are inherent limitations in this model as in others. Moreover, these are difficult issues that must be addressed in any effort to adopt the model to other neighborhoods. Some of these concerns have been raised at conference presentations of the project. Agency professionals have posed others, and project staff have also cited issues that need to be dealt with in efforts to adopt these ideas and examples elsewhere. This chapter addresses the chief issues and limitations identified in the practical implementation and testing of the model, as well as our consideration of the limits of the conceptual framework.
Job Applicants’ Information Privacy-Protective Response: Exploring the Roles of Technology Readiness and Trust

Firms need to acquire a wealth of information about job applicants prior to offering employment. However, the recruitment process in most firms is plagued by rising personal privacy concerns. This article draws upon the socio-cognitive theory of trust to understand the interconnected relationships among technology readiness, disposition to trust HR professionals, institutional-based trust and information privacy-protective response. The conceptual model argues that job applicants’ responses to privacy protection is determined by their trust disposition on HR professionals and social networking sites and personalities toward social technologies. The model was tested with U.S. students using a job recruitment related scenario. The results provide an understanding of how job applicants respond to the privacy issue, and shed some light on the role of technology readiness and trust dispositions. This should help human resource professionals improve the recruitment process for hiring employees with perspectives that are consistent with organizational interest and culture.
SU-E-T-526: Irradiation of Human Cell Lines Using Carbon Ions: Real Time Dosimetry Using Gaf-Chromic Film

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate and quantify several factors affecting biological effects of carbon ions such as cell type, dose, energy and position where the cells are irradiated along the pristine Bragg curve. Methods: Experiments to quantify clonogenic cell survival in three human lung cancer cell lines and a fibroblast cell line were performed at the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory, BNL, Upton, USA. A system of water or media-filled T25 flasks lined up along the beam axis was designed so that the cell-containing surfaces of the flasks were placed at specific depths along the Bragg curve. Gaf-chromic films were placed between the flasks to monitor the dose distribution in the sample as soon as the irradiation was finished. Additional studies were conducted at four selected depths along the Bragg curve to obtain full cell survival dose response curves for the four cell lines. Results: The percent depth dose of the beams was determined using an ionization chamber and showed that the physical Bragg peak is at 22.5 cm water depth. However, the clonogenic cell survival data indicated that the maximum cell killing occurred at 21.5 cm. Gaf-chromic films revealed some inhomogeneity in the dose distribution on the flasks near the peak, presumably due to lack of scattering from the sides of the flasks, which might account for the differences. Depending on the cell line and radiation dose, the maximum cell killing (i.e., the greatest RBE) is at the 21.5 (the peak) or 24 cm (distal fall off) depth. Conclusion: There is a difference in biological effect along the Bragg curve of a carbon ion beam, indicating an elevated RBE at or beyond the end of the range. Gaf-chromic films are proven to be effective in monitoring the 2D irradiation pattern to the flasks. Research supported by NIH/NCI through grant no. R21 CA182259.
Angiogenesis in prostate cancer: biology and therapeutic opportunities.

Tumor growth is limited in size without the incorporation of new blood vessels. Tumor cells release soluble factors (angiogenic factors) that induce neovascularization and allow subsequent growth beyond 2–3 mm in diameter meeting the need for cellular uptake of oxygen and nutrients. This process is referred to as the ‘angiogenic switch’ and indicates the acquisition of an angiogenic phenotype. Tumor angiogenesis requires an imbalance between proangiogenic and antiangiogenic factors with formation of new vessels being a highly regulated process. In this review we discuss the mediators of angiogenesis, the strategies for manipulating angiogenic factors, and possible therapeutic applications with a special emphasis on prostate cancer.
Subjectivity and Objectivity

Objectivity, the property of being an object of human knowledge, has many senses. In the first place, it can mean the property of being valid for a general public; its contrary being the subjectivity of the private, individual and incommunicable act. This kind of objectivity, which we call public objectivity, is necessary for objects of natural science. There are, however, two kinds of public objectivity. One belongs to an idea (or concept), and the other belongs to a reality in its World. The former is that property possessed by an exact and precise definition, namely, of being independent of particular places, times and factual occurrences; this belongs not to any World of the real, but to the realm of ideas. The latter, however, belongs to a shared World of real things. It is the object of factual judgements, founded upon perception and — unlike the precision of an idea — it is accompanied by an irreducible element of impreciseness and indeterminateness.
Additional incumbent spending really can harm (at least some) incumbents: An analysis of vote share maximization*

The literature on the effects of campaign expenditures on electoral outcomes implicitly suggests that incumbent spending cannot have a negative marginal impact on the incumbent's vote share. Indeed, that literature has spent a great deal of effort finding positive and significant effects of incumbent spending. This paper shows that there are circumstances under which theory predicts zero and even negative impacts of incumbent spending. Estimating equations derived from the theory provide strong support for the base model, though only weak support for the extensions which predict nonpositive marginal products for incumbents.
THE AIRCRAFT REACTOR EXPERIMENT. PHYSICS

The fluoride of a fissionable material dissolved in molten fluorides of other cations can serve as the fuel of a circulating-fuel nuclear reactor. These fluorides have a slowing-down power about on...
Fermentation of sweet sorghum derived sugars to butyric acid at high titer and productivity by a moderate thermophile Clostridium thermobutyricum at 50 °C

In this study, a moderate thermophile Clostridium thermobutyricum is shown to ferment the sugars in sweet sorghum juice treated with invertase and supplemented with tryptone (10 g L(-1)) and yeast extract (10 g L(-1)) at 50°C to 44 g L(-1) butyrate at a calculated highest volumetric productivity of 1.45 g L(-1)h(-1) (molar butyrate yield of 0.85 based on sugars fermented). This volumetric productivity is among the highest reported for batch fermentations. Sugars from acid and enzyme-treated sweet sorghum bagasse were also fermented to butyrate by this organism with a molar yield of 0.81 (based on the amount of cellulose and hemicellulose). By combining the results from juice and bagasse, the calculated yield of butyric acid is approximately 90 kg per tonne of fresh sweet sorghum stalk. This study demonstrates that C. thermobutyricum can be an effective microbial biocatalyst for production of bio-based butyrate from renewable feedstocks at 50°C.
The Effect of Substrate Microstructure on the Heat-Affected Zone Size in Sn-Zn Alloys Due to Adjoining Ni-Al Reactive Multilayer Foil Reaction

The rapid release of energy from reactive multilayer foils can create extreme local temperature gradients near substrate materials. In order to fully exploit the potential of these materials, a better understanding of the interaction between the substrate or filler material and the foil is needed. Specifically, this work investigates how variations in local properties within the substrate (i.e. differences between properties in constituent phases) can affect heat transport into the substrate. This can affect the microstructural evolution observed within the substrate, which may affect the final joint properties. The effect of the initial substrate microstructure on microstructural evolution within the heat-affected zone is evaluated experimentally in two Sn-Zn alloys and numerical techniques are utilized to inform the analysis.
The Local Wreckage of Global Capital: The Subprime Crisis, Federal Policy and High-Foreclosure Neighborhoods in the US

The article discusses the U.S. financial crisis, referred to as the U.S. subprime crisis, and foreclosure rates in U.S. neighborhoods. The author describes the origins of the crisis and the evolution of home foreclosures that followed. The author also discusses the so-called Neighborhood Stabilization Program, the U.S. federal government response to the foreclosure problem. The article attributes the U.S. subprime crisis to a direct link that existed between global capital markets and homeowners and a lack of oversight and restraint in the public sector.
Reducing the Viscosity of Diesel Fuel with Electrorheological Effect

Improving engine efficiency and reducing pollutant emissions are extremely important. Here the authors report their finding, using electrorheology to reduce the viscosity of diesel fuel. Diesel is made of many different molecules, 75% small molecules and 25% large molecules. In addition, it contains other nanoscale particles, such as sulfur. Therefore, diesel can be regarded as a liquid suspension. Under a strong electric field, the large molecules aggregate into small clusters, yielding a lower viscosity. For high-sulfur diesel, the applied electric field is around 1 kV/mm. However, for ultra-low-sulfur diesel, the required electric field must be around 2 kV/mm. This viscosity reduction leads to finer mist in fuel atomization, improving the combustion, and engine efficiency.
Biogenesis of Phycobiliproteins II. CpcS-I AND CpcU COMPRISE THE HETERODIMERIC BILIN LYASE THAT ATTACHES PHYCOCYANOBILIN TO CYS-82 OF β-PHYCOCYANIN AND CYS-81 OF ALLOPHYCOCYANIN SUBUNITS IN SYNECHOCOCCUS sp. PCC 7002

The Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 genome encodes three genes, denoted cpcS-I, cpcU, cpcV, with sequence similarity to cpeS. CpcS-I copurified with His6-tagged (HT) CpcU as a heterodimer, CpcSU. When CpcSU was assayed for bilin lyase activity in vitro with phycocyanobilin (PCB) and apophycocyanin, the reaction product had an absorbance maximum of 622 nm and was highly fluorescent (λmax = 643 nm). In control reactions with PCB and apophycocyanin, the products had absorption maxima at 635 nm and very low fluorescence yields, indicating they contained the more oxidized mesobiliverdin (Arciero, D. M., Bryant, D. A., and Glazer, A. N. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 18343–18349). Tryptic peptide mapping showed that the CpcSU-dependent reaction product had one major PCB-containing peptide that contained the PCB binding site Cys-82. The CpcSU lyase was also tested with recombinant apoHT-allophycocyanin (aporHT-AP) and PCB in vitro. AporHT-AP formed an ApcA/ApcB heterodimer with an apparent mass of ∼27 kDa. When aporHT-AP was incubated with PCB and CpcSU, the product had an absorbance maximum of 614 nm and a fluorescence emission maximum at 636 nm, the expected maxima for monomeric holo-AP. When no enzyme or CpcS-I or CpcU was added alone, the products had absorbance maxima between 645 and 647 nm and were not fluorescent. When these reaction products were analyzed by gel electrophoresis and zinc-enhanced fluorescence emission, only the reaction products from CpcSU had PCB attached to both AP subunits. Therefore, CpcSU is the bilin lyase-responsible for attachment of PCB to Cys-82 of CpcB and Cys-81 of ApcA and ApcB.
Pressor, norepinephrine, and pituitary responses to two TRH doses in Alzheimer's disease and normal older men.

Changes in blood pressure (BP), plasma norepinephrine (NE), serum prolactin (PRL), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) associated with infusions of two thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) doses (0.1 mg, 0.5 mg) were examined in 10 men with early-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) and nine normal matched controls. During the first 5 min after TRH infusion, significant increases from baseline in systolic,BP (p 0.3). Diastolic pressor responses to TRH were substantially blunted in AD subjects relative to controls, after both the 0.1-mg (p 0.18). These results suggest the possibility that TRH-evoked activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), as reflected by pressor and plasma NE responses, may be attenuated in men with early-onset AD.
The tobamovirus capsid protein functions as a host-specific determinant of long-distance movement

The tobamoviruses, tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV), differ in the range of plant species that each can systemically infect. Both viruses systemically infect Nicotiana benthamiana similarly, but differ in the ability to systemically infect tobacco (N. tabacum). ORSV is confined to the inoculated leaves of N. tabacum, whereas TMV causes a rapid systemic infection. Genetic chimeras were created to identify viral genes involved in specific interactions in long-distance movement in N. tabacum. In N. tabacum, a chimera expressing the ORSV 30-kDa protein exhibited a reduced rate of cell-to-cell spread, similar to that of ORSV, and, also like ORSV, was deficient in systemic invasion, implying a relationship between the rates of cell-to-cell and long-distance movement. However, a TMV chimera expressing the ORSV capsid protein gene spread cell to cell similarly to TMV, but was deficient in long-distance movement and systemic infection. These data suggest that tobamovirus capsid protein(s) may be required to interact with host components in a specific manner to allow efficient long-distance movement, and the ORSV capsid protein did not function in this manner in tobacco plants.
Preparation of Au single crystals for studies of the ECALE deposition of CdTe

Abstract A sequence of questions concerning the preparation of atomically flat Au surfaces is addressed. In addition, the formation of a 1 2 monolayer Te adlayer on a Au(100) is discussed. The 1 2 coverage Au(100)-Te surface is desired as a first step in the electrodeposition of CdTe by the ECALE methodology. The use of oxidation/reduction cycles (ORCs) to clean the Au(100) surface is shown to be counter productive, if atomically flat planes are also desired. Roughening results from the ORCs as the surface reconstructs at low potentials, then unreconstructs at high potentials. The reconstructed surface contains excess surface atoms, such that upon lifting of the reconstruction, monoatomically high Au islands are formed on the surface. It is also shown that treatment in a mM I− solution results in the formation of ordered iodine adlattices on each of the low index planes. In addition, electrochemical annealing is facilitated, resulting in the removal of previously formed Au islands, and formation of large, atomically flat terraces. Te can be deposited directly on these I coated surfaces, displacing the I and forming thin films of bulk Te. The excess, bulk, Te can then be removed either reductively or oxidatively, to form ordered atomic layers of Te with coverages near 1 2 .
Affinity chromatography of proteolytic enzymes

Abstract A new method for the coupling of dipeptide inhibitors to an insoluble support from commercially available materials for the purpose of affinity chromatography is described. The behavior of one such high capacity adsorbent, N -(2-ethyl cellulose)-glycyl- d -phenylalanine, for affinity chromatography of the proteolytic enzymes trypsin, chymotrypsins A and B, and carboxypeptidases A and B is described. If, in low ionic strength buffers, the ion exchange properties of the adsorbent toward these enzymes are minimized by applying only anionic proteins, the order of affinity of these enzymes toward this adsorbent is carboxypeptidase A > carboxypeptidase B > chymotrypsin B > acetyl trypsin. This is the same order predictable from knowledge of the binding characteristics of these enzymes. In buffers of high ionic strength, the adsorbent binds selectively only carboxypeptidase A.
More Than Fun and Games: Reconsidering the Virtues of Strategic Management Simulations

We look at the relationship between business simulations and the educational theory of generative learning using the framework developed by Wittrock (1974, 1990, 1992). Our findings reveal opportun...
Enabling Trust through Continuous Compliance Assurance

As the digital world expands the building of trust and the retention of privacy in information sharing becomes paramount. The impediment to information sharing is a lack of trust between the parties, based on security and privacy concerns, as well as information asymmetry. In an effort to foster trusted information sharing we propose a trusted enclave with an embedded Continuous Compliance Assurance (CCA) mechanism as a technology solution. The CCA mechanism if not too costly in processing, would assure compliance to all regulatory policies regarding the data to be shared. A test bed which mimics the trusted enclave with the embedded CCA module was built to capture realistic performance statistics. The performance statistics gathered through the test bed indicate that real time compliance assurance is feasible, thereby enabling trusted information sharing.
Some multi-set inclusions associated with shuffle convolutions and multiple zeta values

We outline a new technique for proving certain shuffle convolution formulae. As an application, we give a new combinatorial proof of the formula ζ({3, 1}n) = 2π4n/(4n + 2)| for multiple zeta values. We also state the combinatorial equivalent of an analogous result for ζ({5,1}n).
Changes in lead and zinc lability during weathering-induced acidification of desert mine tailings: Coupling chemical and micro-scale analyses.

Desert mine tailings may accumulate toxic metals in the near surface centimeters because of low water through-flux rates. Along with other constraints, metal toxicity precludes natural plant colonization even over decadal time scales. Since unconsolidated particles can be subjected to transport by wind and water erosion, potentially resulting in direct human and ecosystem exposure, there is a need to know how the lability and form of metals change in the tailings weathering environment. A combination of chemical extractions, X-ray diffraction, micro-X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and micro-Raman spectroscopy were employed to study Pb and Zn contamination in surficial arid mine tailings from the Arizona Klondyke State Superfund Site. Initial site characterization indicated a wide range in pH (2.5 to 8.0) in the surficial tailings pile. Ligand-promoted (DTPA) extractions, used to assess plant-available metal pools, showed decreasing available Zn and Mn with progressive tailings acidification. Aluminum shows the inverse trend, and Pb and Fe show more complex pH dependence. Since the tailings derive from a common source and parent mineralogy, it is presumed that variations in pH and “bioavailable” metal concentrations result from associated variation in particle-scale geochemistry. Four sub-samples, ranging in pH from 2.6 to 5.4, were subjected to further characterization to elucidate micro-scale controls on metal mobility. With acidification, total Pb (ranging from 5 – 13 g kg−1) was increasingly associated with Fe and S in plumbojarosite aggregates. For Zn, both total (0.4 – 6 g kg−1) and labile fractions decreased with decreasing pH. Zinc was found to be primarily associated with the secondary Mn phases manjiroite and chalcophanite. The results suggest that progressive tailings acidification diminishes the overall lability of the total Pb and Zn pools.
UBE2I (UBC9), a SUMO-Conjugating Enzyme, Localizes to Nuclear Speckles and Stimulates Transcription in Mouse Oocytes

Sumoylation is a posttranslational modification in which SUMO (small ubiquitin-related modifier) proteins are covalently attached to their substrates. In vertebrates, developmental roles for sumoylation have been studied, but the function of sumoylation during mammalian oocyte growth and maturation is not known. As a prelude to conducting studies on the role of sumoylation during oocyte development, we analyzed the temporal and spatial pattern of expression of UBE2I, a SUMO-conjugating E2 enzyme. Immunocytochemical analysis of UBE2I revealed a punctate nuclear staining pattern, with transcriptionally quiescent, fully grown, GV-intact oocytes having larger UBE2I-containing bodies than transcriptionally active, meiotically incompetent growing oocytes. Inhibiting transcription in incompetent oocytes resulted in an increase in the size of the UBE2I-containing bodies. Overexpression of either wild-type UBE2I or catalytically inactive UBE2I resulted in an increase in the size of the UBE2I-containing bodies but also an increase in BrUTP incorporation, suggesting that transcriptional activation by UBE2I is independent of its catalytic activity. Although UBE2I-containing bodies did not completely colocalize with SUMO1 or SUMO2 and SUMO3, which were localized mainly on the nuclear membrane and in the nucleoplasm, UBE2I strikingly colocalized with SFRS2, which is a component of nuclear speckles and critical for mRNA processing. These results suggest a novel function for UBE2I and therefore sumoylation in gene expression..
Photopheresis for Chronic Rejection of Lung Allografts

To the Editor: Extracorporeal photochemotherapy, or photopheresis, is a technique for modulating cell-mediated immunity that was first described as a successful treatment for cutaneous T-cell lymph...
The Electrical and Optical Properties of GaAs with as Precipitates (GaAs:As)

Since its initial report by the IBM/Purdue University group in 1990, GaAs with As precipitates (GaAs:As) has been shown by this group to exhibit unusual and useful electrical and optical properties. In this paper we review our progress in understanding the fundamental properties of this material. We have shown that both the electrical and optical properties of GaAs:As arc explained by assuming that the GaAs is of good crystalline quality and that the As precipitates act as buried Schottky barriers. This model accounts for its semi-insulating stability against both n- and p-type doping, its high-speed photoconductive behavior, and its ability to detect 1.3 micron light when it forms the “I” layer of a PIN photodiode via the internal photoemission process. Using modulation spectroscopy we clarify the fundamental differences between GaAs:As and unannealed GaAs grown at 200 C. We also show that GaAs:As used as a 1.3 micron detector in the metal-semiconductor-metal device structure format, has a photoconductive bandwidth in excess of 50 GHz.
A clinical and pathologic study of 30 cases of malignant mixed mullerian epithelial and mesenchymal ovarian tumors: A gynecologic oncology group study

Between November 1971 and June 1980, thirty patients with primary malignant mixed mullerian tumors of the ovary were entered into a Gynecologic Oncology Group registry and treatment protocol. The mean age of the patients is 60.4 years. Six were Stage II, twenty-three were Stage III, and one patient had Stage IV disease. Among the 30 cases, 15 were designated carcinosarcomas (CS) and 15 were mixed mesodermal sarcomas (MMS). Twenty-three of the thirty study patients died from 1 to 16 months following their initial surgery. Two of the seven living patients have persistent cancer at 11 and 54 months. Four patients were alive and well at 6, 11, 22, and 32 months at the close of the study. Of the 12 patients receiving vincristine, dactinomycin, and cyclophosphamide (VAC) with (8 cases) or without (4 cases) radiation therapy (RT), there were two clinical complete responses; both died with disease at 6 and 16 months. One of the six patients receiving adriamycin had a complete response (CR). She is alive with disease at 11 months. There was no apparent difference in the survival or stage distribution among the cases with CS and MMS. Survival was somewhat better for the patients with earlier stage disease or smaller residual tumor burden.
Beyond Cultivation: Exploring the Effects of Frequency, Recency, and Vivid Autobiographical Memories for Violent Media

Using Shrum's (1996) heuristic processing model as an explanatory mechanism, we propose that people who hold vivid autobiographical memories for a specific past experience with media violence will overstate the prevalence of real-world crime versus individuals without vivid memories. We also explore the effects of frequency and recency on social reality beliefs. A survey was administered to 207 undergraduate students who were asked to recall one violent television program or movie seen in the past. Participants were asked to write essays describing the violence, which were coded for vividness. Results support not only cultivation theory, but also the effects of memory vividness: participants with more vivid memories of blood and gore gave higher prevalence estimates of real-world crime and violence than participants with less vivid memories. Findings also suggest that females had more vivid memories for prior media violence than males. Implications for cultivation, the heuristic processing model, and vivi...
Ten Questions for Psychoanalysis

A psychoanalyst is said to provide the real explanation of a person's behaviour; an explanation which the person has arrived at with the help of a psychoanalyst. The person was not aware of the real character of his behaviour. It may have exhibited unconscious thoughts, beliefs, motives, intentions and emotions. In his paper ‘The Unconscious’, in Mind 1959, Ilham Dilman says, ‘What those who talked of “Freud's discovery of the unconscious” had in mind is a group of innovations which “the founder of psycho-analysis” brought to bear on the study of the human mind’ (p.446). I have ten questions concerning the relation of this ‘group of innovations’ to human behaviour.
Content and solubility of sodium in denture adhesives.

Abstract The objectives of this study were to determine the content and solubility of sodium in denture adhesives, and to ascertain relationships between these values. Nine powder and 10 cream denture adhesives were assayed for sodium by spectrophotometry. The range of dry weight sodium content was 2.4gm/100 gm to 6gm/100gm. The range of solubility of sodium in the denture adhesives, as determined by in vitro methods, was 0.51 gm/100 gm to 1.70 gm/100 gm. The percent of solubility of sodium was 12% to 42%. Application of the Mann-Whitney test determined that the observed differences in sodium content and percent of solubility between the groups of powder and cream adhesives were not significant (α 0.001). However, sodium solubility of the powder adhesives was significantly greater (α 0.001) than that of the cream adhesives. It has been shown that dietary sodium restriction reduces blood pressure in hypertensive patients and that a diet high in sodium chloride produces hypertension in the population predisposed to the disease. This study raises questions as to the possible effect of the sodium in denture adhesives on the hypertensive patient. We suggest the use of adhesives with a low percent of sodium solubility.
Advancing the Development and Application of Theory-based Evaluation in the Practice of Public Health

Early proponents of theory-based evaluation have provided strong reasoning for this approach. Still, tools are needed for implementing it in practice. This paper helps fill the gap by providing strategies for constructing theories. Illustrations are given in the area of public health. The suggested techniques are designed to systematize and bring objectivity to the process of theory construction. Also introduced is a framework that illustrates different levels, and processes within each level, that should be considered when constructing program theories. The framework is valuable for theory-based discrepancy evaluation, the essence of which is to determine the extent of discrepancy that exists between the expected theory, as constructed using the tools introduced here, and what is actually observed in the evaluation.
The effect of surface active agents on interphase mass transfer

The effect of various soluble and insoluble surface active agents on the absorption of ammonia into a static aqueous system was studied. Saturated straight-chain hydrocarbons with four to twenty-two carbon atoms and polar end groups were selected as the surface active agents to be studied. Alcohol, amine, and amide end groups were investigated. Most of the insoluble surface active agents, which were studied as films, were found to decrease the ammonia absorption rate. There was a definite correlation between the amount of mass transfer reduction and the hydrocarbon chain length, while the effect of the various end groups appeared to depend on the chain length. Surface mass transfer coefficients were computed for each surface active agent that retarded mass transfer. Most of the soluble surface active agents were found to increase the ammonia absorption rates. For all cases of enhanced mass transfer, movements in the interface could be observed. It was concluded that the interfacial movements were caused by the Marangoni effect. In general, as the chain length of the surface active agent decreased, the mass transfer enhancement increased. A mathematical model based on a surface renewal theory was fitted to the experimental data.
CCAAT displacement protein (CDP/cut) binds a negative regulatory element in the human tryptophan hydroxylase gene

Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin, a neurotransmitter that has been implicated in many psychiatric illnesses. The mechanism of transcriptional regulation of the human TPH gene is largely unknown. We have identified a negative regulatory element located between nucleotides -310 and -220 in the human TPH (hTPH) gene. Electromobility shift analyses performed with the -310/-220 hTPH probe and nuclear extract from P815-HTR (a TPH-expressing cell line) revealed two slow migrating protein-DNA complexes, designated I and II. CCAAT displacement protein (CDP/Cut) is involved in complex I formation as shown in electromobility shift analysis, using consensus oligonucleotide competitor and antibody. Mutations in the CDP/Cut binding site not only disrupted the CDP-DNA complex but also disrupted the second complex, suggesting that the core binding sequences of the two proteins are overlapping. The functional importance of these protein-DNA interactions was assessed by transiently transfecting wild-type and mutant pTPH/luciferase reporter constructs into P815-HTR cells. Mutations in the core CDP/Cut site resulted in an approximately fourfold increase in relative luciferase activities. Because CDP/Cut has been shown to repress transcription of many target genes, we speculate that disruption of the CDP/Cut binding was responsible, at least in part, for the activation of hTPH gene.
Polymer drag reduction in hydraulic capsule pipeline

A hydraulic capsule pipeline (HCP) transports solids as large cylindrical objects, or in cargo-carrying containers, by pipeline over long distances using water or another liquid as the carrier fluid. Based on the HCP concept, Liu and Marrero (1990) invented the coal log pipeline (CLP), a technology for transporting compressed coal cylinders. Application of HCP and CLP for solids transport over long distances requires the minimization of energy consumption. The research reported in this note explores the possibility of using high molecular weight polymers for drag reduction in HCP and CLP in order to reduce energy consumption.
Vitamin D receptor and analogs

In chronic kidney disease (CKD), high circulating levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) cause osteitis fibrosa, bone loss, and cardiovascular complications that increase morbidity and mortality. Impaired production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol), the hormonal form of vitamin D, is a major contributor to the generation and maintenance of parathyroid hyperplasia and increased synthesis and secretion of PTH. Calcitriol inhibits PTH gene transcription and ameliorates parathyroid hyperplasia by suppressing the expression of and growth signals from the autocrine transforming growth factor α (TGFα)/epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-growth loop, a main determinant of parathyroid cell proliferation. Calcitriol reduction of parathyroid hyperplasia and serum PTH levels demands a functional vitamin D receptor (VDR). Although VDR is normal in CKD, parathyroid VDR content is reduced markedly. Furthermore, VDR function, as a transcriptional regulator of vitamin D responsive genes, is impaired by several factors including hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, accumulation of uremic toxins, and reduction in cellular levels of the VDR partner, retinoid X receptor. Therapy with calcitriol analogs can overcome the antagonism on calcitriol-VDR actions induced by CKD. Although not all analog formulations are equally effective, they offer a wider therapeutic window in counteracting vitamin D resistance and survival advantage over exclusive calcitriol therapy.
Site attachment of a protelean parasite (Erythraeidae:Leptus sp.)

Leptus sp. showed no site preference when they attached to an insect host. After the chelicera penetrated the host's cuticle a substance was secreted to cement the mite to its host.
Feedforward recipe selection control design software

One method to achieve lower process variance is through inter-process feedforward control. There are two problematic issues associated with feedforward recipe adjustment: (1) there is noise in the measurement tool and adjusting for inaccurate measurements could increase the variance; and (2) it is difficult to alter one parameter in a manufacturing process without worsening other key parameters. The first issue is addressed by integrating statistics theory into the controller design. One way to solve the second issue is to constrain the controller to select a recipe form a finite set of pre-qualified recipes. We call this feedforward recipe selection control (FRSC). Each recipe in FRSC has a unique adjustment and, by definition of pre-qualified, every recipe will give acceptable values for all other key characteristics. The goal of this paper is to guide the reader through a complete FRSC design. The modeling data set is from an industrial CD patterning processes. Simulation of FRSC implementation shows a standard deviation reduction of 16 percent. We also derive a re-centering methodology order to place more integrated circuits into the fastest speed grade. Our simulation doubled the number of ICs in this fastest speed grade.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Job-Education Mismatch and Its Impact on the Earnings of Immigrants: Evidence from Recent Arrivals to Canada

Using the most recent Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada, this paper measures the incidence of job-education mismatch, particularly over-education, examines its determinants, and estimates its impact on the earnings of immigrants. Job-education mismatch is measured using the realized match method, and the corresponding earnings impact is estimated using an over-required-under education technique. Determinants of over-education are examined using a bivariate probit model to account for selectivity into employment. Panel data estimation methods are used to estimate earnings equations and the analysis is stratified by gender. Results show that recent immigrants to Canada have a persistent high incidence and intensity of over-education with a substantial negative impact on their earnings. In particular, two-thirds of recent immigrants to Canada are over-educated with a wage loss of 8%, while an under-educated immigrant loses around 2% on average. Results also show that proficiency in English or French and post-immigration investment in education and training significantly reduce the likelihood of being over-educated. The findings of this study could benefit policies directed to help immigrants integrate in the labour market.
Negative pressures and melting point depression in oxide-coated liquid metal droplets

Negative pressures and melting point depression in oxide-coated liquid metal droplets are studied. The calculation presented show the existence of large negative pressures when the oxide coating is thick enough. The change in the melting point caused by these negative pressures should be considered in studies of homogeneous crystal nucleation. Furthermore, since the negative pressure raises the entropy of the melt, it increases the entropy loss at the crystal-melt interface; the resulting increase of the surface tension could have a large effect on the homogeneous nucleation frequency.
Purification and biochemical characterization of tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius) major globulin

Tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius var. lactifolius) major storage globulin (>90% purity by electrophoresis) was composed of three glycosylated polypeptides with estimated molecular weights of 49 500, 45 890, and 44 510. The protein had an absorption maximum at 278 nm and an A1%280 nm of 6·61 in 20 mm Tris-HCI pH 8·1 containing 0·5 m NaCl. The carbohydrate content of the protein was 8·23% (w/w). The hydrodynamic radius (Stokes' radius) of the native protein was 53·3 A. Amino acid composition of the globulin indicated that S-containing amino acids were the first limiting amino acids. Acidic, basic, uncharged polar, and hydrophobic amino acids accounted for 28·75, 12·42, 21·94, and 36·91% (by weight), respectively of the total protein. The native globulin was resistant to in-vitro proteolysis. Heat denaturation (100°C, 30 min) of the globulin in aqueous 0·5 m NaCl did not improve the in-vitro proteolysis of the globulin. Heat denaturation (100°C, 30 min) of the globulin in the digestion buffer in the absence of NaCl facilitated complete in-vitro proteolysis of the globulin by chymotrypsin, trypsin, and pepsin.
Unitary coupled-channel deck model and the Q meson resonance region

We construct a unitary Deck model with coupled ${K}^{*}\ensuremath{\pi}$ and $K\ensuremath{\rho}$ channels, including only one resonance in the $Q$ region. Adjusting the resonance parameters, we achieve a satisfactory description of the experimental phase variations and the structure in the mass spectra. The resonance is determined to belong to the ${J}^{\mathrm{PC}}={1}^{+\ensuremath{-}}$ SU(3) octet, and is thus the ${Q}_{B}$. The relative coupling strength $\frac{{K}^{*}\ensuremath{\pi}}{K\ensuremath{\rho}}$ is $\ensuremath{\sim}\frac{2}{3}$.
Synthesis and photophysics of benzotexaphyrin: a near-infrared emitter and photosensitizer.

Texaphyrins are pentaazadentate macrocycles with interesting photophysical properties and potential applications as nonlinear optical (NLO) materials, photosensitizers, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrasting reagents, and radiation sensitizers, etc. To further red-shift the Q-like band of the texaphyrins, a benzotexaphyrin with an extensively delocalized π-electron system was synthesized for the first time. Its photophysical characteristics were systematically investigated. Due to the extended π-conjugation, the Q(0,0) band of benzotexaphyrin bathochromically shifts to 810 nm, and it emits at 825 nm with a singlet excited-state lifetime of 895 ps. Its triplet excited-state energy is estimated to be 119 kJ/mol. The triplet excited-state lifetime is ∼2.2 μs, and the quantum yield of the triplet excited-state formation is 0.78. It also exhibits a triplet−triplet transient absorption in the region 505−590 nm. In addition, benzotexaphyrin exhibits high efficiency in generating singlet oxygen in methanol ...
Near room-temperature magnetocaloric properties of Gd–Ga alloys

Abstract The magnetocaloric properties of Gd–Ga alloys were examined with the aim to explore their potential application as magnetic refrigerants near room-temperature. A series of Gd 100− x Ga x ( x =0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 at%) alloys were prepared by conventional melting and rapid solidification. Both as-cast and melt-spun alloys are comprised of α-Gd and Gd 5 Ga 3 with differing microstructural characteristics. While the as-cast alloys have proeutectic α-Ga and eutectic α-Ga+Gd 5 Ga 3 (grain size ~50–100 µm), the melt-spun alloys have nanostructured (~50–100 nm) α-Ga and Gd 5 Ga 3 . The Curie temperature ( T C ) derived from M–T curves indicates that alloying of Ga with Gd decreases T C . The decrease in T C for melt-spun alloys is gradual—~0.5 K per at% of Ga, and the as-cast alloys (5≤ x ≤20) have similar T C (~286 K). The saturation magnetization ( M S ) derived from M–H curves (260 K), show that alloying of Ga with Gd decreases M S . M S for melt-spun alloys decreases from ~108 emu/g for Gd to ~42 emu/g for Gd 80 Ga 20 and for as-cast alloys M S decreases from ~120 emu/g for Gd to ~62 emu/g for Gd 80 Ga 20 . Both maximum magnetic entropy change (−Δ S M ) max and refrigerant capacity ( RC ) for as-cast and melt-spun alloys are lower than Gd. (−Δ S M ) max decreases by ~1.55% and ~3.0% per atomic percent of Ga in as-cast and melt-spun alloys, respectively. A steeper decrease in RC is observed in melt-spun alloys than is observed for as-cast alloys—~433 J/kg for Gd to ~235 J/kg for Gd 80 Ga 20 for melt spun alloys and ~462 J/kg for Gd to ~306 J/kg for Gd 80 Ga 20 for as-cast. As-cast alloys appear to have better magnetocaloric properties than the melt-spun alloys. Alloying of diamagnetic Ga with Gd provides superior magnetocaloric properties compared to other diamagnetic elements in Group 13. The near room-temperature magnetocaloric properties of Gd–Ga alloys were comparable to a few first-order-transition based magnetic refrigerants.
Validation of an Integrated Modeling Methodology's Closed-Loop Performance Prediction Capability

This paper validates the integrated modeling methodology used for design and performance evaluation of complex optomechanicalsystems, particularly spaceborne interferometers. Themethodologyintegrates structural modeling, optical modeling, and control system modeling and design into a common environment, the Integrated Modeling of Optical Systems software package. The validation uses the Micro-Precision Interferometer testbed, a ground-based, full-scale hardware model of a spaceborne interferometer. Parallel development of the testbed and a corresponding integrated model enabled a unique opportunity to validate the modeling methodology with actual testbed measurements. This paper assesses the ability of the integrated modeling methodology to predict performance in a closed-loop con guration, namely with high-bandwidth optical control loops operational. The assessment is a comparison of integrated model closed-loop predictions with testbed closed-loop measurements, indicating that the integrated modeling methodology is accurate to within a factor of two.
TRAJECTORY-WISE ANALYSIS OF CYLINDRICAL AND PLANE PLASMAS IN A MAGNETIC FIELD AND WITHOUT COLLISIONS

The anatomy of the transition region between vacuum and a fully developed magnetically immobilized ionized-gas plasma has been examined by following particle trajectories in detail. The mathematical formulation has required machine computation for its full interpretation. This approach recognizes the structure imparted to the plasma by the radius of gyration and thus serves as a critique of the magneto-hydrodynamic method. It furnishes the microscopic verification of that macroscopic approach and supplements it by showing that the sharpness of transitions in a plasma are limited, in effect, by the gyration radius in the stronger, not the weaker, magnetic field. Especially, it brings out the greater importance of the tensor character of the plasma pressure in the cylindrical case where the combined kinetic and magnetic energy density in uniform interior regions of the plasma is not equal to the magnetic energy density in the vacuum. The analysis also exhibits the intense mass motion at the surface of a strong plasma constituting a paramagnetic electric current and probably having dynamical effects. The numerical work has been correlated where possible with direct theoretical results.
Torsion in the tensor product of an ideal with its inverse

Let (R, m) be a one-dimensional Noetherian local domain. Assume the integral closure is a discrete valuation ring with maximal ideal . Let I be a non-principal ideal of R. A question, motivated by the work of Auslander in the early 1960's, is whether the torsion submodule of is always non-zero. In this paper we will show that if both m and I are generated by powers ofx, the residue fields of R and are the same and the multiplicity of R is at most seven, then . It follows that has torsion under these conditions.
Timed circuits: a new paradigm for high-speed design

In order to continue to produce circuits of increasing speeds, designers must consider aggressive circuit design styles such as self-resetting or delayed-reset domino circuits used in IBM's gigahertz processor (GUTS) and asynchronous circuits used in Intel's RAPPID instruction length decoder. These new timed circuit styles, however, cannot be efficiently and accurately analyzed using traditional static timing analysis methods. This lack of efficient analysis tools is one of the reasons for the lack of mainstream acceptance of these design styles. This paper discusses several industrial timed circuits and gives an overview of our timed circuit design methodology.