cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimization of labeling and metabolite analysis of copper-64-labeled azamacrocyclic chelators by radio-LC-MS

The cross-bridged tetraamine ligand 4,11-bis(carboxymethyl)-1,4,8,11-tetraazabicyclo[6.6.2]hexadecane (H2CB-TE2A) allows formation of a radio-copper complex with higher in vivo stability than that of the corresponding non-cross-bridged analog 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-1,4,8,11-tetraacetic acid (TETA). The structure of the natCu(II) complex of CB-TE2A has been previously determined by X-ray crystallography; however, direct high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) characterization of the corresponding 64Cu complex was inaccessible due to the inability to detect the complex by ultraviolet absorbance at the radiotracer level. A reverse-phase HPLC separation of a series of natCu(II)-tetraazamacrocyclic complexes, both traditional and cross-bridged, was developed and applied toward characterization and assessment of the purity of the corresponding no-carrier-added 64Cu-labeled complexes. Verification of the identity of copper-64-labeled compounds was also achieved by coupling this HPLC method with mass spectrometry. The radio-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry methodology was further extended to study the in vivo metabolic fates of 64Cu-azamacrocyclic complexes.
The “Vaguest Notion of Poverty” and the Blindness of Welfare State Histories

ABSTRACT Poverty and welfare policies have typically been crafted by people with little or no knowledge of the “practical strain of poverty,” and it is rare when those affected by such policies have a part in their creation; they have, moreover, had little or no voice in the telling of the history of their own lives and experiences. Given this, this essay suggests that instead of asking, how has welfare policy changed over time and why? as we have typically done, we might be better served as scholars and as activists by asking, how has the experience of being poor and in need of assistance changed over time? By doing that—by allowing the objects of policy to evaluate it, by making room for them to describe their own experience and then taking that “life knowledge” seriously, and by understanding this as expertise—a different story emerges, and a new kind of American welfare state history may be revealed.
Electron transfer, equilibrium, and protonation in the system of cis- and trans-stilbene in 2-propanol

Abstract Spectrophotometric pulse radiolysis experiments with cis- and trans-stilbene (S c and S t ) in 2-propanol show that both isomers react with the solvated electron with a rate constant of 4.5 × 10 9 M −1 s −1 . The absorption spectra of the two anion radicals have maxima at 496 and 486 nm, respectively. The absorbances at 400–550 nm disappear exponentially corresponding to a pseudo first order protonation of the anion radicals. The rate constants for the protonation of the cis isomer is 6.4 × 10 5 and of the trans isomer 0.7 × 10 5 s −1 . In mixtures of cis- and trans-stilbene the electron transfer has a forward rate constant of 9 × 10 7 M −1 s −1 while the back reaction has a rate constant of 2.15 × 10 7 M −1 s −1 . An equilibrium constant K = 4.2 is calculated.
THERMODYNAMICS OF NONIONIC POLYMER-MICELLE ASSOCIATION

Abstract A quantitative treatment is developed to describe the competitive equilibria of micellization and formation of polymer—micelle complexes in aqueous solutions. The complexation of nonionic polymer with anionic and nonionic surfactants and their binary mixtures is examined. The model assumes that the presence of the polymer decreases the positive free energy of formation of the micelle—water interface on the one hand, while increasing the positive free-energy change arising from the steric repulsions at the micellar surface on the other. The relative importance of the above two effects determines the occurrence of polymer—micelle complexes. On this basis, the formation of polyethylene-oxide—sodium-dodecyl-sulfate (POE—SDS) micelle complex and the absence of POE—Triton X-100 micelle complex are explained. When mixed SDS + Triton X-100 micelles are considered, the treatment reveals three regions of behavior. For low mole fractions of SDS in micelles, no complex formation with PEO occurs while for large mole fractions of SDS, significant complexation becomes possible. The transition from the no-complexation to the complexation condition goes through an intermediate range of mole fractions of SDS where only weak complexation is possible. The shielding area a pol which characterizes the influence of polymer is the only model parameter involved. It can be estimated from measured first critical surfactant concentration for any one surfactant. This in turn can be used to predict the complexation behavior of other surfactants with the same polymer. It is hoped that a correlation could be developed between the parameter a pol and the physicochemical properties of the polymer so as to permit apriori prediction of polymer—micelle-complexation behavior.
Polymorphisms in hOGG1 and XRCC1 and risk of prostate cancer: effects modified by plasma antioxidants.

Background—Accumulating evidence indicates that oxidative stress plays a role in prostate carcinogenesis. This study thus investigated whether polymorphisms in genes involved in the repair of oxidative DNA damage modulate and/or interact with antioxidants to influence prostate cancer risk in a population-based case-control study in Central Arkansas. Methods—Cases (n=193) were men, ages 40–80 years, diagnosed with prostate cancer in three major hospitals in 1998–2003, and controls (n=197) were matched to cases by age, race, and county of residence. Results—After adjustment for confounders, subjects who were heterozygous or homozygous for the variant allele of the hOGG1 Ser326Cys polymorphism appeared to experience a lower risk of prostate cancer than those who were homozygous for the wild-type allele [OR (95%CI): 0.72 (0.46– 1.10)]. Conversely, a significant increased risk was observed for individuals who carried one or two copies of the variant allele of the XRCC1 Arg399Gln polymorphism, compared with those who only harbored the wild-type allele [OR (95%CI): 1.56 (1.01–2.45)]. The above associations were generally more pronounced among subjects with low plasma carotenoids or α-tocopherol (<median). Among subjects who had low plasma levels of β-cryptoxanthin (<73 μg/l), possession of at least one copy of the XRCC1 399Gln allele conferred an over two-fold elevated risk [OR (95%CI): 2.64 (1.40– 5.07)]. Conclusions—Our study offers preliminary but intriguing data suggesting that variability in the capacity of repairing oxidative DNA damage influences susceptibility to prostate cancer and that these effects are modified by antioxidants.
Self-stabilizing smoothing and balancing networks

A smoothing network is a distributed data structure that accepts tokens on input wires and routes them to output wires. It ensures that however imbalanced the traffic on input wires, the numbers of tokens emitted on output wires are approximately balanced.
NH2-terminal truncations of cardiac troponin I and cardiac troponin T produce distinct effects on contractility and calcium homeostasis in adult cardiomyocytes

Cardiac troponin I (TnI) has an NH2-terminal extension that is an adult heart-specific regulatory structure. Restrictive proteolytic truncation of the NH2-terminal extension of cardiac TnI occurs in normal hearts and is upregulated in cardiac adaptation to hemodynamic stress or β-adrenergic deficiency. NH2-terminal truncated cardiac TnI (cTnI-ND) alters the conformation of the core structure of cardiac TnI similarly to that produced by PKA phosphorylation of Ser23/24 in the NH2-terminal extension. At organ level, cTnI-ND enhances ventricular diastolic function. The NH2-terminal region of cardiac troponin T (TnT) is another regulatory structure that can be selectively cleaved via restrictive proteolysis. Structural variations in the NH2-terminal region of TnT also alter the molecular conformation and function. Transgenic mouse hearts expressing NH2-terminal truncated cardiac TnT (cTnT-ND) showed slower contractile velocity to prolong ventricular rapid-ejection time, resulting in higher stroke volume. Our present study compared the effects of cTnI-ND and cTnT-ND in cardiomyocytes isolated from transgenic mice on cellular morphology, contractility, and calcium kinetics. Resting cTnI-ND, but not cTnT-ND, cardiomyocytes had shorter length than wild-type cells with no change in sarcomere length. cTnI-ND, but not cTnT-ND, cardiomyocytes produced higher contractile amplitude and faster shortening and relengthening velocities in the absence of external load than wild-type controls. Although the baseline and peak levels of cytosolic Ca2+ were not changed, Ca2+ resequestration was faster in both cTnI-ND and cTnT-ND cardiomyocytes than in wild-type control. The distinct effects of cTnI-ND and cTnT-ND demonstrate their roles in selectively modulating diastolic or systolic functions of the heart.
INVESTIGATION OF FOULING IN MICROCHANNELS

Particulate fouling in microchannels is a subject that is largely unexplored. It does, however, have significant implications for all microchannel flows since the hydraulic diameters are very small and consequently are susceptible to excessively large pressure drops. The significant forces for dilute solutions of silica particles ranging from 3 to 10 µm are studied in rectangular microchannels made in silicon with a hydraulic diameter of 106 µm. The effects of zeta potential which is pH driven, lift force on the particulates and their fouling characteristics are evaluated by measuring the pressure drop across the microchannel test section.
Shedding Computational Light on Human Creativity

Ever since 1956 when details of the Logic Theorist were published by Newell and Simon, a large literature has accumulated on computational models and theories of the creative process, especially in science, invention and design. But what exactly do these computational models/theories tell us about the way that humans have actually conducted acts of creation in the past? What light has computation shed on our understanding of the creative process? Addressing these questions, we put forth three propositions: (I) Computational models of the creative process are fundamentally flawed as theories of human creativity. Rather, the universal power of computational models lies elsewhere: (II) Computational models of particular acts of creation can serve as effective experiments to test universal hypotheses about creative processes and mechanisms; and (III) Computation-based architectures of the creative mind provide metaphorical frameworks that, like all good metaphors, can serve as rich sources of insight into asp...
Current Status of Neuroprotection for Cerebral Ischemia Synoptic Overview

Abundant preclinical studies have identified multiple mechanisms of ischemic brain injury and have provided proof of principle that strategies designed to counter these mechanisms can protect the ischemic brain. This review article emphasizes the translation of these strategies from the laboratory to clinical trials. It is a disappointing fact that many agents have been brought to clinical trial despite only modest or inconsistent preclinical evidence of neuroprotective efficacy. Preclinical investigations require rigorous attention to a variety of variables that may influence outcome. The widely touted STAIR criteria represent constructive guidelines for preclinical testing but, as experience has shown, do not increase the likelihood of translational success. Of the ≈160 clinical trials of neuroprotection for ischemic stroke conducted as of late 2007, only ≈40 represent larger-phase completed trials, and fully one half of the latter utilized a window to treatment of >6 hours, despite strong preclinical evidence that this delay exceeds the likely therapeutic window of efficacy in acute stroke. Other shortcomings of these trials include the use of agents lacking robust, consistent preclinical efficacy; inability to achieve adequate dosing in humans; and suboptimal clinical and statistical design features. Taken together, these factors identify areas of needed improvement for future trials.
Residual Generation from Principal Component Models for Fault Diagnosis in Linear Systems - Part II: Extension to Optimal Residuals and Dynamic Systems

The generation of enhanced (structured) residuals from PC models, both by algebraic transformation and by direct structured modeling, was reviewed in Part I of this paper. In Part II, some recent results on residual optimization are included. Extensions to dynamic systems are discussed. The new concept of dynamic redundancy is introduced, followed by an algorithm to simultaneously estimate the system order and the number of linear relations. The generation of enhanced (and optimized) residuals is revisited in the dynamic framework and explained in the light of dynamic redundancy. A simple example is given to illustrate the new concepts
Cardiovascular Effect of Bans on Smoking in Public Places

months from within Helena’s ZIP code and 18 cases per 6 months from outside Helena. During the 6 months that the smoking ban was in effect and all but 2 businesses complied, 24 cases of AMI from Helena and 18 cases not from Helena were reported. Sixty-two percent of patients with AMIs were former or never smokers. In Helena, the ban resulted in 16 fewer cases of AMI (95% confidence interval [CI] 31.7 to 0.3). The annualized incidence rate decreased from 170 to 102 cases/100,000 person-years, then returned to baseline, a 40% transitory decrease. Outside Helena, the incidence rate was 118 cases/100,000 personyears before the ban and 172 cases/100,000 person-years during the ban, an increase of 46%. Advantages: Besides being the first such study, this was also the only study to report data from before and during a smoking ban and after the ban’s suspension. Limitations: Limitations included a small population and thus a small number of events, the inclusion of secondary diagnosis of AMI, a change in definition of AMI during the study period, a brief observation period, the nearness of the comparator community (which could allow misclassification on “exposure”), and a failure to measure change in exposure or define the duration of observation after the suspension of the ban. Conclusion: A 6-month ban on public smoking in Helena resulted in a reversible 40% decrease in incident AMIs in a small community compared with adjacent communities.
Why no guidelines for behavior modification

This paper reviews the guidelines for behavioral programs published by the National Association of Retarded Children. The review discusses a number of reasons why guidelines should not be enunciated for behavior modification, e.g., the procedures of behavior modification appear to be no more or less subject to abuse and no more or less in need of ethical regulation than intervention procedures derived from any other set of principles and called by other terms. The review recommends alternative methods for protecting the rights of clients who participate in behavioral programs. Specifically, behavioral clinicians, like other therapists, should be governed by the ethics codes of their professions; also, the ethics of all intervention programs should be evaluated in terms of a number of critical issues.
School-Based Screening of the Dietary Intakes of Third Graders in Rural Appalachian Ohio

BACKGROUND Children in Appalachia are experiencing high levels of obesity, in large measure because of inferior diets. This study screened the dietary intake of third-graders residing in three rural Appalachian counties in Ohio and determined whether the Food, Math, and Science Teaching Enhancement Resource Initiative (FoodMASTER) curriculum improved their dietary intake.
Animal models of human respiratory syncytial virus disease

Infection with the human pneumovirus pathogen, respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV), causes a wide spectrum of respiratory disease, notably among infants and the elderly. Laboratory animal studies permit detailed experimental modeling of hRSV disease and are therefore indispensable in the search for novel therapies and preventative strategies. Present animal models include several target species for hRSV, including chimpanzees, cattle, sheep, cotton rats, and mice, as well as alternative animal pneumovirus models, such as bovine RSV and pneumonia virus of mice. These diverse animal models reproduce different features of hRSV disease, and their utilization should therefore be based on the scientific hypothesis under investigation. The purpose of this review is to summarize the strengths and limitations of each of these animal models. Our intent is to provide a resource for investigators and an impetus for future research.
Then & now: trends in fatal law enforcement traffic collisions

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze trends in fatal law enforcement officer (LEO) traffic collisions and describes prior research approaches and industry responses. It reviews the issue from historical and contemporary perspectives and details its problems for public policy. Design/methodology/approach – Descriptive statistics are applied to data primarily covering the period 1995 to 2010 contained in the Federal Bureau of Investigation Crime in the USA and LEO Killed and Assaulted reports and the National Highway Transportation Safety Administration Fatality Analysis Reporting System database. Trends are established and comparisons are offered between groups. Findings – Traffic collisions are the leading cause of death for LEOs. Traffic fatalities in the general public have steadily decreased in past decades. This has not been the trend among LEOs. This issue has been studied from several disciplinary perspectives in the social, cognitive, biological, engineering, and natural sciences. Whil...
Central apnea at electroencephalographic seizure onset

2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. tachycardia, bradycardia, tonic contraction on surface electromyography of mentalis muscles and tibialis anterior muscles, and seizure semiology on video were all absent. Fig. 1B shows a 30-s epoch at the termination of the central apnea. Electrodecre
Performance evaluation of spectral procedures for simulation analysis

We summarize an experimental performance evaluation of WASSP and the Heidelberger-Welch (HW) algorithm, two sequential spectral procedures for steady-state simulation analysis. Both procedures approximate the log-smoothed-periodogram of the batch means after suitable data-truncation to eliminate the effects of initialization bias, finally delivering a confidence-interval estimator for the mean response that satisfies user-specified half-length and coverage-probability requirements. HW uses a Cramer-von Mises test for initialization bias based on the method of standardized time series; and then HW fits a quadratic polynomial to the batch-means log-spectrum. In contrast WASSP uses the von Neumann randomness test and the Shapiro-Wilk normality test to obtain an approximately stationary Gaussian batch-means process whose log-spectrum is approximated via wavelets. Moreover, unlike HW, WASSP estimates the final sample size required to satisfy the user's confidence-interval requirements. Regarding closeness of conformance to both confidence-interval requirements, we found that WASSP outperformed HW in the given test problems.
Efficient inductance extraction using circuit-aware techniques

Proposes two practical approaches for on-chip inductance extraction to obtain a highly sparsified and accurate inverse inductance matrix K. Both approaches differ from previous methods in that they use circuit characteristics to obtain a sparse, stable and symmetric K, using the concept of resistance-dominant and inductance-dominant lines. Specifically, they begin by finding inductance-dominant lines and forming initial clusters, followed by heuristically enlarging and/or combining these clusters, with the goal of including only the important inductance terms in the sparsified K matrix. Algorithm 1 permits the influence of the magnetic field of aggressor lines to reach the edge of the chip, while Algorithm 2 works under the simplified assumptions that the supply lines have zero /spl Sigma//sub j/L/sub ij/(dI/sub j//dt) drops (but have nonzero parasitic Rs and Cs) and that currents cannot return through supply lines beyond a user-defined distance. For reasonable designs, Algorithm 1 delivers a sparsification of 97% for delay and oscillation magnitude errors of 10% and 15%, respectively, as compared to Algorithm 2 where the sparsification can reach 99% for the same delay error.
Forest succession and prey availability influence the strength and scale of terrestrial-aquatic linkages in a headwater salamander system

SUMMARY 1. Trophic linkages between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems are common and sensitive to disruption. However, there is little information on what causes variation in the strength and spatial scale of these linkages. 2. In the highly aquatic adults of the headwater salamander Gyrinophilus porphyriticus (family Plethodontidae), use of terrestrial prey decreases along a gradient from early- to late-successional riparian forests. To understand the cause of this relationship, we tested the predictions that (i) terrestrial prey abundance is lower in late-successional forests, and (ii) G. porphyriticus adults cannot move as far from the stream to forage in late-successional forests, thus limiting access to terrestrial prey. 3. We established 100-m long study reaches on six headwater streams in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire. Three reaches were in early-successional forests and three were in late-successional forests. We conducted pitfall trapping for invertebrate prey in June and July of 2005, with three traps at 0, 2, 5 and 10 m from the stream at each reach. In June, July and August of 2004 and 2005, nighttime salamander surveys were conducted at each reach along ten, 10-m long by 2.5-m wide transects perpendicular to the stream. 4. Abundance of terrestrial prey was consistently lower in late-successional forests, suggesting that consumption of terrestrial prey by G. porphyriticus is affected by prey abundance. Contrary to our prediction, G. porphyriticus adults moved farther from the stream in late-successional forests, suggesting that habitat conditions in late-successional forests do not limit movement away from the stream, and that lower abundances of terrestrial prey in these forests may cause salamanders to move farther from streams. 5. Our results provide novel insight on the extent of terrestrial habitat use by G. porphyriticus. More broadly, these results indicate that major habitat gradients, such as forest succession, can affect the strength and scale of terrestrial-aquatic linkages. Application of this insight to the design of vegetation buffers along headwater streams would have widespread benefits to freshwater ecosystems.
Prognostic importance of marital quality for survival of congestive heart failure

Mounting evidence indicates that social support is associated with better outcomes of cardiovascular disease and reduced all-cause mortality. Much less is known about the specific contribution of marital functioning to these outcomes, and the potential prognostic significance of marital quality for congestive heart failure (CHF) has not been explored. Interview and observational measures of marital quality obtained from 189 patients with CHF (139 men and 50 women) and their spouses were examined as predictors of patient survival up to 48 months after assessment and compared with prediction based on illness severity (New York Heart Association [NYHA] class). Four-year survival rates were 52.5% and 68% for male patients and female patients, respectively. In Cox regression analyses, a composite measure of marital quality predicted 4-year survival as well as the patient's concurrent NYHA class did (both p <0.001). Adjusting for CHF severity did not diminish the prognostic significance of marital functioning, and prediction of survival from marital quality appeared stronger for female than for male patients. Thus, when marital quality and NYHA class are considered jointly, they both make independent, statistically significant contributions to the prediction of patient mortality.
Central nervous system neuronal migration.

▪ Abstract Widespread cell migrations are the hallmark of vertebrate brain development. In the early embryo, morphogenetic movements of precursor cells establish the rhombomeres of the hindbrain, the external germinal layer of the cerebellum, and the regional boundaries of the forebrain. In midgestation, after primary neurogenesis in compact ventricular zones has commenced, individual postmitotic cells undergo directed migrations along the glial fiber system. Radial migrations establish the neuronal layers. Three molecules have been shown to function in glial guided migration—astrotactin, glial growth factor, and erbB. In the postnatal period, a wave of secondary neurogenesis produces huge numbers of interneurons destined for the cerebellar cortex, the hippocampal formation, and the olfactory bulb. Molecular analysis of the genes that mark stages of secondary neurogenesis show similar expression patterns of a number of genes. Thus these three regions may have genetic pathways in common. Finally, we consid...
Potential Vorticity Structure in the North Atlantic Western Boundary Current from Underwater Glider Observations

AbstractPotential vorticity structure in two segments of the North Atlantic’s western boundary current is examined using concurrent, high-resolution measurements of hydrography and velocity from gliders. Spray gliders occupied 40 transects across the Loop Current in the Gulf of Mexico and 11 transects across the Gulf Stream downstream of Cape Hatteras. Cross-stream distributions of the Ertel potential vorticity and its components are calculated for each transect under the assumptions that all flow is in the direction of measured vertically averaged currents and that the flow is geostrophic. Mean cross-stream distributions of hydrographic properties, potential vorticity, and alongstream velocity are calculated for both the Loop Current and the detached Gulf Stream in both depth and density coordinates. Differences between these mean transects highlight the downstream changes in western boundary current structure. As the current increases its transport downstream, upper-layer potential vorticity is generall...
Thiobenzoylation Method of Protein Sequencing: Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometric Detection of 5-Acetoxy-2-Phenylthiazoles

The thiobenzoylation method of protein sequencing was first proposed in 1967 by Barrett as an alternative to the Edman degradation (Edman, 1950). This method attracted limited interest but facilitated the subsequent development of the closely-related thioacetylation method (Doolittle et al., 1977), wherein the 2-methyl-5(4H)-thiazolone cleavage product is identified by back-hydrolysis to the parent amino acid. The 2-methyl-5(4H)-thiazolone is a volatile analyte which was shown by Previero in 1977 to be potentially suitable for analysis by gas chromatography, either directly or preferably after reaction with an acetylating reagent which affords the corresponding 5-acetoxy-2-methylthiazole. This proposed use of gas chromatography preceded the development of modern capillary gas chromatography columns by several years, however, and consequently column packings which permitted recovery of basic amino acid derivatives were unavailable. We recently reexamined this approach utilizing a capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry system and found the method to exhibit considerable potential (Stolowitz et al., 1992). Unfortunately, our efforts to further develop the thioacetylation method have been somewhat hindered by the limited reactivity of thioacetylating reagents and difficulties encountered in the synthesis of a few of the amino acid derivatives for use as analytical standards.
Clinical Education Model for Staff Training in Orthopedic Manual Therapy

We designed a clinical education model for training staff orthopedic physical therapists to provide basic skills in orthopedic manual therapy. The program evolved in a health maintenance organization, where a large number of patients with acute and chronic musculoskeletal disorders receive care. As physical therapy became primary in the treatment of these patients, the staff needed to develop specialized clinical skill. We divided the program into four phases: Phase I--Lecture Series, Phase II--Evaluation of Clinical Skill, Phase III--Self-directed Study, and Phase IV--Re-evaluation. This clinical education assures the staff physical therapist of a supportive learning environment. The program enhances clinical development by identifying individual strengths and weaknesses and providing a positive framework for improvement and self-evaluation.
Contractualism and animals

Mesurant la pertinence du contractualisme comme theorie ethique a travers la conception de la justice de J. Rawls et le conservatisme de Kant, l'A. analyse le raisonnement qui a conduit les contractualistes a l'exclusion des animaux non-humains du domaine direct de la morale. Rejetant la reduction instrumentaliste du statut moral des animaux, l'A. defend la these d'un contractualisme altruiste fonde sur une approche caractere-expressive de l'action
Physical and nutritional properties of edamame seeds as influenced by stage of development

Changes in physical, chemical and anti-nutritional characteristics of two vegetable soybean varieties (‘Asmara’ and ‘Mooncake’) during seed development were investigated. Pods were sampled weekly for 6 weeks starting from developmental stage 5 (R5) to 8 (R8). Changes over time in measured attributes were similar but the rate of change differed among the two varieties. In both varieties seed moisture content and intensity of green color decreased as seed developed with the most significant decline observed in the last 2 weeks of sampling. Seed weight peaked at R6 then gradually decreased thereafter, while seed hardness increased throughout the sampling period with ‘Asmara’ recording significantly higher seed hardness at R8. For both varieties, protein accumulation occurred mostly in the later stages, while significant lipid accumulation was observed in the early stages of development. Among the sugars, fructose content decreased with seed development, sucrose content increased to R6 before decreasing, and there was rapid accumulation of raffinose and stachyose in the last 2 weeks of sampling. Total phenolic content decreased between R5 and R6 but increased with further seed development. Tannin and phytate content in seed increased throughout the sampling period. Changes in trypsin inhibitory activity varied with variety reaching a maximum at R6 for ‘Asmara, and closer to maturation for “Mooncake’. Our data provide physical, chemical and anti-nutritional basis for harvesting vegetable soybean at R6 namely: peak seed weight and sucrose content, lower oligosaccharide and anti-nutrients values and intense green color.
Stability Study of Highly Dispersed Au Clusters Produced on Defected TiO2 (110); Evidence from SEM and Olefin TPD

The stability of Au nanoclusters created at defect sites on TiO2(110) surfaces is under investigation. Using Ar ion sputtering, 0–10% of the surface area of ideal surfaces are modified with defects at a controlled defect density. Defected surfaces are also produced using controlled vacuum heating to 1300 K for 25 minutes. Identical exposures (< 1A) of Au were evaporated on each surface and results of propylene temperature programmed desorption (TPD) heating cycles to < 700 K are compared with ideal control surfaces. Results support the model that Au deposited on a sputtered surface is immobilized at defect sites and the clusters so formed are stable with respect to sintering. As previously observed, with increased sputtering time there is a decrease in the cluster size and increased defect density. The desorption peak of propylene from the Au-TiO2 surface is used as an in situ probe of cluster size stability. By cyclically performing TPD to 700 K for longer times and additional cycles (or higher temperature), the sintering stability can be assessed. On the sputtered TiO2 (110) surface, evaporated gold clusters sinter with only ~25% maintaining their initial size. On the unsputtered 1300 K annealed TiO2, Au is stable with respect to sintering for many cycles of 800 K heating. This phenomenon is attributed to both the surface stability and Au affinity for the thermal defects created on the surface. This work extends our previous investigations of Au cluster formation on defected TiO2 to their stability with respect to sintering.
Mimicking adhesive functionalities of blood platelets using ligand-decorated liposomes.

Platelet transfusion is used for treating a variety of bleeding complications. Natural platelet-based transfusion products have very short storage life (3–7 days) and high risks of biological contamination and side effects. Consequently, there is significant clinical interest in synthetic platelet-mimetic constructs that can promote hemostasis, while allowing convenient large-scale production, easy portability, long storage life, and minimal biological risks. To this end, research efforts are being directed toward particles that can amplify aggregation of activated platelets or can mimic platelet’s ability to undergo adhesion to various vascular matrix proteins. Here, we report on a synthetic construct design that combines the mimicry of platelet’s shear-dependent adhesion to vWF and shear-independent adhesion to collagen under flow, on a single particle. For this, we have used 150-nm-diameter liposomes as model particles and have decorated their surface simultaneously with vWF-binding and collagen-bindin...
Isotachophoretic preconcenetration on paper-based microfluidic devices.

Paper substrates have been widely used to construct point-of-care lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) diagnostic devices. Paper based microfluidic devices are robust and relatively simple to operate, c...
Effects of Sacrocaudal Spinal Cord Transection and Transplantation of Fetal Spinal Tissue on Withdrawal Reflexes of the Tail

Reflex responses to electrocutaneous stimulation of the tail were characterized in awake cats, before and after transection of the spinal cord at sacrocaudal levels S3-Ca1. Consistent with effects of spinal transection at higher levels, postoperative cutaneous reflexes were initially depressed, and the tail was flaccid. Recovery ensued over the course of 70-90 days after sacrocaudal transection. Preoperative and chronic postlesion reflexes elicited by electrocutaneous stimulation were graded in amplitude as a function of stimulus intensity. Chronic postlesion testing of electrocutaneous reflexes revealed greater than normal peak amplitudes, peak latencies, total amplitudes (power), and durations, particularly for higher stimulus intensities. Thus, sacrocaudal transection produced effects representative of the spastic syndrome. In contrast, exaggerated reflex responsivity did not develop for a group of cats that received transplants of fetal spinal cord tissue within sacrocaudal transection cavities at the time of injury, in conjunction with long-term immunosuppression by cyclosporine. We conclude that gray matter replacement and potential neuroprotective actions of the grafts and/or immunosuppression prevent development of the spastic syndrome. This argues that the spastic syndrome does not result entirely from interruption of long spinal pathways.
Study on effects of Dangshen Zhuanggenling on quality of Codondpisis pilosula(Franch.) Nannf.

Objective:To evaluate the effect of Dangshen Zhuanggenling on quality of Codondpisis pilosula according to the extracts of codonopsis and the content of lobetyolin.Methods:Yield was calculated by gravimetric method,extract was determined by thermal reflux and the content of lobetyolin was analyzed by HPLC.Results:These methods were applied to determinae yield,extracts of codonopsis and the content of Codondpisis pilosula.A good linearity was demonstrated between 0.19-0.96 μg(r=0.9997).The RSDs of precision and repeatability were 1.2%(n=5) and 1.6%(n=6),respectively;The average recovery was 99.4% with RSD of 1.8%(n=6).Conclusions:Yields of Codondpisis pilosula on unit acreage increased by about 36% after using Dangshen Zhuanggenling,the extracts remained constant,while the content of lobetyolin reduced by 20%.This study provides a reference for the quality control and scientific cultivation of Codondpisis pilosula.
Analysis on Status of Food-Borne Pathogens in Baoji During 2005-2007

Objective To understand the status of the food-borne pathogens pollution of Baoji.Method The samples were detected accroding to GB/T 4789—2003 microbiological examination of food hygiene.Results From 2005-2007, 302 food-borne pathogens were tested in this district according to the monitoring program of food contamination of Baoji. 86 strains of pathogens were detected. The overall detective rate of pathogens was 28.5%. The detective rate of pathogens (52 strains of Listeria monocytogenes) was 17.2%. The detective rate of pathogens (24 strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus) was 38.1%. The detective rate of pathogens (8 strains of Salmonella) was 2.6%. The detective rate of pathogens (2 strains of Escherichia coli O157∶H7 ) was 0.7%.The detective rates of pathogens in the samples of fresh frozen aquatic products, raw meat, quick-frozen food were 55.6%, 30.7% and 25.0%, respectively, and the detective rates of pathogens in the samples of cooked meat products, raw vegetables were 7.8% and 7.3%.Conclusion The fresh frozen aquatic products, raw meat, quick-frozen food were the foods contaminated by pathogens, so that the secondary contamination of food-borne pathogens should be pay enough attention.
Operational Amplifier and Amplifier Models

Knowledge of major circuit elements (dependent sources) and theirυ-i characteristics (Chap. 2)
Examination of field-aged insulation for changes in molecular structure

The GPC results for samples taken from along the cable and with radius suggest that some very minor changes in the molecular weight distribution have taken place with aging. The changes are too small to affect the physical properties of the insulation and would not be normally connected either with large chemical or bulk electrical changes. This then appears to exclude the possibility of uniform molecular degradation as a necessary preliminary to the very local changes associated with dielectric breakdown, unless the aging process can vary significantly over distances of a meter or less. Further efforts will be directed at finding such “hotspots”, if they indeed exist, and at improving the precision of the techniques for detecting molecular weight changes.
Systemic, perioperative management of muscle-invasive bladder cancer and future horizons

Many patients diagnosed with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) will develop distant metastatic disease. Over the past three decades, perioperative cisplatin-based chemotherapy has been investigated for its ability to reduce the number of deaths from bladder cancer. Insufficient evidence is available to fully support the use of such chemotherapy in the adjuvant setting; however, neoadjuvant cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy has become a standard of care for eligible patients based on the improved disease-specific and overall survival demonstrated in two randomized phase III trials, compared with surgery alone. For patients with disease downstaging to non-MIBC at the time of radical cystectomy as a result of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, outcomes are outstanding, with 5-year overall survival of 80-90%. Nevertheless, the inability to define before treatment the patients who will and those who will not achieve such a response has impeded the achievement of better outcomes for patients with MIBC. High-throughput DNA and RNA profiling technologies might help to overcome this barrier and enable a more-personalized approach to the use of cytotoxic neoadjuvant chemotherapy. In the past 2 years, trial results have demonstrated the unprecedented ability of immune- checkpoint blockade to induce durable remissions in patients with metastatic disease that has progressed after chemotherapy; studies are now urgently needed to determine how best to incorporate this powerful therapeutic modality into the care of patients with MIBC. Herein, we review the evolution of chemotherapy and immunotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer.
Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and autoimmune diseases (AD): Hypomethylating agents to treat both.

e18018 Background: AD occurring in the setting of MDS is challenging to recognize and incorporate into the treatment plan. We assessed the clinical presentations, laboratory abnormalities and outco...
Energy-Aware CPU Frequency Scaling for Mobile Video Streaming

The energy consumed by video streaming includes the energy consumed for data transmission and CPU processing, which are both affected by the CPU frequency. High CPU frequency can reduce the data transmission time but it consumes more CPU energy. Low CPU frequency reduces the CPU energy but increases the data transmission time and then increases the energy consumption. In this paper, we aim to reduce the total energy of mobile video streaming by adaptively adjusting the CPU frequency. Based on real measurement results, we model the effects of CPU frequency on TCP throughput and system power. Based on these models, we propose an Energy-aware CPU Frequency Scaling (EFS) algorithm which selects the CPU frequency that can achieve a balance between saving the data transmission energy and CPU energy. Since the downloading schedule of existing video streaming apps is not optimized in terms of energy, we also propose a method to determine when and how much data to download. Through trace-driven simulations and real measurement, we demonstrate that the EFS algorithm can reduce 30% of energy for the Youtube app, and the combination of our download method and EFS algorithm can save 50% of energy than the default Youtube app.
The Omics Dashboard for Metabolomics Data

We present a cellular dashboard for interactive analysis of metabolomics datasets. The tool organizes metabolomics data biologically, into individual metabolic pathways, and groupings of related pathways. The dashboard enables the user to easily assess the activation levels of different areas of metabolism, from gross areas such as carbohydrate degradation, to specific pathways such as proline biosynthesis.The hierarchical organization of the dashboard is its key organizing principle. At the highest level, the dashboard is organized into four panels: Biosynthesis, Degradation, Energy Metabolism, and Other Pathways. Each panel consists of a series of graphs, such as for amino acid biosynthesis and cofactor biosynthesis. Each graph depicts all measurements for metabolites within that set of metabolic pathways. The user can click on any graph to generate a new window containing an expanded panel that includes a graph for each component of the previous graph, e.g., clicking on the graph for amino acid biosynthesis produces individual graphs showing metabolite levels within every amino acid biosynthetic pathway.Clicking on one of those amino acid graphs drills down further to produce a graph showing the levels of each individual metabolite within the pathway. From here, users can also view the pathway diagram overlaid with metabolite data. In this way, the user can navigate complex metabolomics data sets to identify meaningful changes that relate to the biological events under investigation.
Phage Therapy and the Future

Who really discovered bacteriophage? Ernest Hankin, a British scientist working in India in the nineteenth century, claimed that the lack of bacterial contamination in the Ganges River was due to the presence of anti-bacterial substance. The idea of using phage to counteract bacterial infections was promoted by Felix d’Herelle. In the 1930s there were large, successful clinical trials in the U.S. using phage to counteract carbuncles and other infections. The pharmaceutical company Eli Lilly advertised the sale of bacteriophage to counteract various bacterial infections, mistakenly including herpes. Phage therapy was accepted in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union from 1930 until the 1950s, with phage being used to treat dysentery among soldiers in World War II. There was a decline in its use with the collapse of the Soviet Union, but phage therapy is actively being investigated as a treatment to prevent food spoilage, and as a veterinary medicine, and the time is ripe to begin phage therapy clinical trials in the West. There is renewed interest in phage therapy because of the high risk of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.
Forces and Torques Exerted by the Electric Field on Charged and Polarized Matter

It is quite clear from the material in Chapter 2 that by definition the force exerted by the electric field on a differential charged volume ρ dV is given by $$dF = E\rho dV$$ (4.1.1)
General causal representation in the medical domain

The target of many studies in the health sciences is the discovery of cause-effect relationships among observed variables of interest, for example: treatments, exposures, preconditions, and outcomes. Causal modeling and causal discovery are central to medical science. In order to algorithmically consider causal relations, the relations must be placed into a representation that supports manipulation. The most widespread causal representation is directed acyclic graphs (DAGs). However, DAGs are severely limited in what portion of the common sense world they can represent. This paper considers the needs of commonsense causality and suggests Fuzzy Cognitive Maps as an alternative to DAGs.
Abstract 15877: The Association Between Atrial Fibrillation-associated Genetic Variants and Electrocardiographic Risk Factors

Introduction: Several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with atrial fibrillation (AF), but the mechanisms remain unknown. In order to shed potential insight, we sought to determ...
Understanding Molecular Recognition on Metallic and Oxidic Nanostructures from a Perspective of Computer Simulation and Theory

In this chapter, surface properties of various solids at the nanometer scale and governing principles of the selective adsorption of molecules, surfactants, and biopolymers are reviewed and illustrated by examples. Clear distinctions emerge between elemental noble metal surfaces, polar pH-responsive surfaces, and ionic surfaces. Whereas the former are much simpler chemically and exhibit very attractive surfaces, many polar surfaces are prone to protonation/deprotonation equilibria and surface reactivity. These differences affect available options to control the assembly of surfactants, polymers, and biomacromolecules and grow nanomaterials from available precursors. Interestingly, we often encounter a wide variety of chemically different surfaces that originate from the “same” principal material. Our aim is to explain from the perspective of accurate atomistic models, simulation, and available results from experimentation the control mechanisms for selective binding to these different materials classes as far as they are known, as well as emerging concepts that play a role and warrant future investigation in detail.
Abstract 203: Regulation of Lipid Phosphate Phosphatase 3 in Cardiac Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury and Hypertrophy

Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been implicated in myocardial infarction (MI), stroke and sudden cardiac death. Mitochondrial respiration is a major source of ROS production and lip...
Graceful Gait Transitions for Hopping Robots on Deformable Terrain

This paper proposes an approach to find graceful transitions between periodic orbits of hybrid systems. Our method involves formulating an optimization problem that captures the notion of a graceful transition. Solution of the optimization problem will yield open loop trajectories that achieve graceful transitions between two distinct orbits. This is illustrated on two example nonlinear hybrid systems: A 1D hopper jumping in the vertical direction on granular media and a 2D planar jumper jumping in the vertical and horizontal direction on springy terrain.