cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relaxation and examination for sexual abuse.

To the Editor.— We were pleased with the article by Herman-Giddens and Frothingham concerning physical findings in sexually abused girls (Pediatrics 1987;80:203-208). Their experiences were similar to ours after evaluation of more than 2,263 cases of alleged sexual abuse since 1980. No mention was made, however, of the effect of the degree of a patient9s relaxation during the examination on the appearance of the vaginal opening. We have seen numerous children in whom the truly enlarged size of an apparently small vaginal opening became obvious when the patient relaxed.
Autonomy at Mealtime: Building Healthy Food Preferences and Eating Behaviors in Young Children.

This article discusses family-style meal service as a means to building autonomy and healthy eating behaviors in young children. The authors discuss the development of food preferences, age-related developmental responses to food, and the importance of socially mediated exposure to food as a way to increased food acceptance. Guidelines for implementing family-style mealtimes in child care settings are outlined.
Notes on Ethnic Factors Related to Development in Sulawesi, Indonesia

The island (more accurately, islands) of Sulawesi is a large and important part of Indonesia 1 which certainly deserves more studies of its peoples and resources than is currently the case. These short notes provide some recent information on ethnicity and development in Sulawesi, and are presented mainly as problems that should concern future researchers and planners working in the area. Since the beginning of 1974 I have spent four and half years in Sulawesi, first studying the descendants of Javanese and other exiles in North Sulawesi. Later, I served as consultant anthropologist to the Sulawesi Regional Development Study, a project supported by the Canadian International Development Agency and the Indonesian Department of Public Works. 2 During the latter project I visited almost all the kabupaten or administrative subdivisions of the four provinces of Sulawesi. Although the nature of the project did not allow for in-depth research, many problems related to ethnicity and development soon became apparent. Many of the government and secondary reports on the region collected during the study revealed a lack of concern for such issues. It is therefore all the more important that a brief outline of ethnic groups in Sulawesi be presented. The second major reason for these notes is the fact that Sulawesi, along with the other "Outer Islands", is receiving increasing amounts of national and international aid to carry out a wide variety of development projects for its people. It is therefore important that scholars and government officials should be aware of the effects of these projects and to establish how to go about studying them so as not to destroy the socio-cultural life of the Sulawesi people.
Triggering steam explosions of single drops of a molten ferrosilicon alloy with a simple encapsulated mechanical impactor

We have developed a simple and inexpensive encapsulated mechanical impactor that can be operated under water. The unit reproducibly generates upward-directed pressure transients in the water with peaks of approximately 0.13 MPa measured 100 mm above its surface. These pulses have been used to trigger steam explosions of drops of a molten ferrosilicon alloy when they are either just above the unit in free fall through the water or shortly after they land on its surface. The impactor is study, reliable, safe, and environmentally neutral and resets for reuse within seconds. Compared to other triggering techniques, the impactor does not generate light, bubbles, or strong water motion that obscure or appreciably affect the initiation or early stages of the steam explosions. This permits good imaging and measurements at essentially all times during the triggering and subsequent development of the explosions.
Career perspective: John W. Severinghaus

After training in physics during World War II, I spent 2 years designing radar at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and then switched to biophysics. After medical school and a residency, I was doctor drafted to National Institutes of Health where I studied blood gas transport in hypothermia and developed the carbon dioxide electrode and the blood gas analyzer (pH, partial pressure of O2, and partial pressure of CO2). I joined the University of California San Francisco in 1958 in a new anesthesia department and new Cardiovascular Research Institute. My research aims were anesthesia patient monitoring, respiratory physiology, blood gas transport, and high-altitude acclimatization and pathology.
Dual-use research: Self-censorship is not enough.

The debate over publishing potentially dangerous research on flu viruses would benefit from a closer look at history, argue David Kaiser and Jonathan D. Moreno.
The ultrastructure of the swimbladder of the toadfish, Opsanus tau L.

The anterior chamber of the swimbladder of the toadfish Opsanus tau L. is lined by a single layer of columnar gas gland cells, cuboidal cells that resemble gas gland cells but are located outside of the gas gland region, and squamous cells. Multilamellar bodies are numerous in the gas gland cells and the cuboidal cells and are present in smaller numbers in the squamous cells. Capillaries lie in the lamina propria directly below the epithelial lining. A thick continuous muscularis mucosae and a submucosa consisting of tightly packed cells, cell processes, and connective tissue may contribute to the impermeability to gases of the wall of the anterior chamber. The posterior chamber of the swimbladder is lined by a single type of squamous epithelial cell. Multilamellar bodies were occasionally observed in these cells also. Other types of cells frequently form a partial second layer between the epithelial lining and the basement lamina. A thin muscularis mucosae lies directly below the basement lamina and the capillaries of the posterior chamber are located in the submucosa. The tunica externa is a layer of dense connective tissue that surrounds both the anterior and posterior chambers. Collagen fibrils in the form of tactoids are present in this layer.
The Serâbît Inscriptions: I. The Rediscovery of the Inscriptions

In the spring of 1927 a small expedition, consisting of Professors Lake and Blake, Mrs. Blake, and the Reverend A. W. Johnson, went to Mt. Sinai to study the manuscripts in the Monastery of St. Catherine. Some results relating to our more immediate aim will be published later, but the most important outcome was entirely foreign to the original plan.
The Role of Self-Efficacy Beliefs in Leader Development

This article examines various ways in which self-efficacy belief influences leader development. Drawing from social cognitive theory, we discuss four self-efficacy concepts that are pertinent to leader development: (a) preparatory self-efficacy, (b) efficacy spirals, (c) learning self-efficacy, and (d) resilient self-efficacy. We argue that the role of self-efficacy in leader development is more complex than traditionally considered. The article also addresses influences of a contextual factors and other individual differences on a leader’s self-efficacy. We then discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these propositions for leader development.
Electronic structure of CuCl

The electronic band structure of zinc-blende CuCl is computed using a self-consistent, first-principles, all-electron approach. The calculated energy levels agree with photoemission results and support a minimum-direct-gap interpretation of the optical data. Contrary to the indirect model proposed by Rusakov and used by Abrikosov to explain superdiamagnetism and/or high-temperature superconductivity, the calculated band-pressure coefficients do not yield an indirect gap at the pressure where anomalies appear.
Exchange of oxygen isotopes in carbon dioxide-phosporic acid systems

Abstract The rate of exchange of isotopes of oxygen between solutions of concentrated phosphoric acid and CO2 was measured as a function of temperature, acid strength (pressure of water in equilibrium with the solution), pressure of CO2, and surface area of the reaction vessel. At 75° C, significant exchange was found to occur even for the “anhydrous” phosphoric acids, those in which the nominal percentage of H3PO4 in solution is equal to or exceeds 100%. Exchange is much slower at 25° C, but isotopic shifts as large as 0.1%, can be observed in 95% H3PO4 at equilibration times approaching 1000 hr. Rates of exchange were found to be dependent upon the vapor pressure of water in equilibrium with the acid solutions. Exchange was found to occur primarily on the surface of the reaction vessel above the solution, with no dependence on total CO, pressure. These observations indicate that phosphoric acids with nominal concentrations of H3PO4 approaching 105% are preferable for the minimization of exchange between CO2 samples and acid solutions during phosphorolyses of carbonate materials. Moreover, with such acids, significant time—temperature trade-offs are possible, allowing rapid preparation of CO2 at elevated temperatures.
Synthesis and turnover of hdRNA and mRNA in the salivary gland of the blowfly Calliphora erythrocephala.

Abstract We have measured the absolute molar rates of synthesis, accumulation, and turnover of blowfly salivary gland heterodisperse RNA. Twelve- and 84-hr-stage third-instar Calliphora erythrocephala larvae were injected with [ 3 H]adenosine, and its flow into glandular ATP, heterodisperse RNA, and polyadenylated RNA was each quantitated over a 360-min time course. The results of these experiments indicate that at least 80% of the newly synthesized heterodisperse RNA mass is a >28 S nuclear species whose average first-order half-life is approximately 20 min. The remaining 20% of the heterodisperse RNA has a 6–28 S size distribution, accumulates in the cytoplasm, and is associated with functional polysomes. The average first-order half-life of this more stable species is 20–25 hr. In addition, we have independently quantitated by optical methods the developmental change in the content of polysome-associated mRNA. The mRNA in these studies also has an average first-order half-life of 25 hr and accounts for 25–55% of the mRNA mass predicted by the incorporation-kinetic analysis of the pulse-labeled heterodisperse RNA. Despite the increased polyteny of the older stage glands, the rates of synthesis and accumulation of each of the individual heterodisperse RNA classes are the same at the 12- and 84-hr stages. Collectively, these results demonstrate that salivary gland functional specialization results from the accumulation of long-lived mRNA and not from changes in the overall rate of mRNA synthesis.
Fictive kinship as it mediates learning, resiliency, perseverance, and social learning of inner-city high school students of color in a college physics class

In this hermeneutic study we explore how fictive kinship (kin-like close personal friendship) amongst high school students of color mediated their resiliency, perseverance, and success in a college physics class. These freely chosen, processual friendships were based on emotional and material support, motivation, and caring for each other, as well as trust, common interests, and goals. Such close bonds contributed in creating a safe and supportive emotional space and allowed for friendly, cooperative competition within the physics classroom. Friends became the role models, source of support, and motivation for the fictive kinship group as well as for each other, as the group became the role model, source of support, and motivation for the individuals in it. Because of their friendships with one another, physics talk was extended and made part of their personal interactions outside the classroom. These social relationships and safe spaces helped the students cope and persevere despite their initial conflicting expectations of their success in physics. Our research thus expands on the concept of social learning by exploring student friendships and how they frame and mediate such a process.
Histone Proteinsin Vivo:Cell-Cycle-Dependent Physiological Effects of Exogenous Linker Histones Incorporated intoPhysarum polycephalum☆

Abstract We detail a method which allows biochemical quantities of histone proteins to be introduced into a living eukaryotic cell. This method involves absorption of purified proteins into macroplasmodia ofPhysarum polycephalum.Further, sincePhysarummacroplasmodia exist as syncitial culture with completely synchronous nuclei with respect to cell cycle events, proteins may be introduced at specific points during the eukaryotic cell cycle. We show that a linker histone is absorbed whole into these cells and are properly transported to the nuclei of the cell. Furthermore, we also show incorporation of linker histone H5 inhibits the transcriptional activities occuring during the G2phase inPhysarum.This method will make it possible to introduce histones modified with structural probes into chromatin naturally assembledin vivo.
The Balance Point

AbstractNine serials librarians describe their experiences and offer advice on achieving tenure, promotion, or reappointment. The librarians represent a variety of academic institutions and stages of career, from untenured new librarians to administrators at the rank of full professor. Despite unique insights based on their different experience levels, professional positions, and institutional promotion and tenure requirements, the librarians share common opinions on how best to achieve success in an academic position.
The destabilization of domestic psychiatry.

In Madness at home: the psychiatrist, the patient, and the family in England, l820–1860, Akihito Suzuki examines the forces that undermined, or as he puts it, destabilized, domestic psychiatry: the caring for lunatic family members at home. Standard accounts of the process by which families “lost the treatment franchise” have routinely focused on the rise of the asylum and the coming of the (mad) doctor. But by mining an unusual source—newspaper reports of commissions of lunacy from l825 to l861—Suzuki has put to marvellous effect some l96 accounts of the actors, the language, the depositions, as well as the public and professional reaction to the shifting meanings of lunacy in an era noted for qualitative change in both civil and criminal jurisprudence. In addressing how domestic care of the mad lost its legitimacy, he deftly engages a host of issues dear to the heart of historians of medicine: the vagaries that surround a clinical diagnosis, the yawning gap that opens between professed medical opinion and actual medical practice, the motives thought to animate various actors who participated in the designation and sequestration of the mad in nineteenth-century England.
Repenting Hyperopia: An Analysis of Self-Control Regrets

This article proposes that supposedly farsighted (hyperopic) choices of virtue over vice evoke increasing regret over time. We demonstrate that greater temporal separation between a choice and its assessment enhances the regret (or anticipated regret) of virtuous decisions (e.g., choosing work over pleasure). We argue that this finding reflects the differential impact of time on the affective determinants of self-control regrets. In particular, we show that greater temporal perspective attenuates emotions of indulgence guilt but accentuates wistful feelings of missing out on the pleasures of life. We examine alternative explanations, including action versus inaction regrets and levels of construal.
Media as nexus of practice: remaking identities in What Not to Wear

In this conceptual piece, we examine media as a nexus of a traditional schooling pedagogy and performance pedagogy to make visible how their overlapping elements produce media's pervasive educative force but also to gain a deeper understanding of the complexities of using media in educational contexts. Nexus analysis examines a fashion makeover television program – What Not to Wear (WNTW) – as an embodied lesson that produces identity revision but also disjunctures and slippages that enable critical responses and productive remakings. WNTW is a dramatization of remediation of one woman's (portrayed) lived practices and clothing choices which are read on her body as personal expression of fashion trends. These globalized lessons with body texts require new ways of reading and responding that allow learners/viewers to see the power relations that construct particular identity performances as errors and cultural practices and ethnicities as unacceptable.
Thermal Infrared Pushbroom Imagery Acquisition And Processing

A 9-element focal plane detector array and signal processing electronics was developed and delivered in December 1977. It was integrated into a thermal infrared imaging system using LSI microprocessor image processing and CRT display. After three years of laboratory operation, the focal plane has demonstrated high reliability and performance. On the basis of the 9-channel breadboard, the 90-element Aircraft Pushbroom IR/CCD Focal Plane Development Program was funded in October 1977. A follow-on program was awarded in July 1979, for the construction of a field test instrument and image processing facility. The objective of this project was to demonstrate thermal infrared pushbroom hard-copy imagery. It is pointed out that the successful development of the 9-element and 90-element thermal infrared hybrid imaging systems using photoconductive (Hg,Cd)Te has verified the operational concept of 8 to 14 micrometer pushbroom scanners.
Poloidal asymmetries in the scrape-off layer plasma of the Alcator C tokamak

Large poloidal asymmetries in density, electron temperature, radial density e-folding length and floating potential have been measured in the plasma existing between the limiter radius and the wall of the Alcator C tokamak. Typically, variations in density by factors of about 4–20 and variations in radial density e-folding length by factors of about 3–8 are recorded in discharges which are bounded by poloidally symmetric ring limiters. These poloidal asymmetries show that pressure is a function of poloidal angle on open magnetic flux surfaces in this region of the plasma. Observations of toroidally symmetric MARFE phenomena further imply that density and perhaps pressure are also a function of poloidal angle on closed flux surfaces existing just inside the limiter radius. The magnitude of these poloidal asymmetries and their dependence on poloidal angle persists independent of machine parameters (central plasma density, plasma current, toroidal field, MARFE versus non-MARFE discharges). Analysis of the data indicates that these asymmetries are caused by poloidal variations in perpendicular particle and heat transport in both the main plasma and the scrape-off layer. A number of possible asymmetric perpendicular transport processes in the scrape-off layer plasma are examined, including diffusion and × plasma convection.
N-(5′-phospho-4′-pyridoxyl)amines as substrates for pyridoxine (pyridoxamine) 5′-phosphate oxidase☆

Abstract A preparation of pyridoxine (pyridoxamine) 5′-phosphate oxidase, with a specific activity of 9,400 nmoles/hr/mg protein, 10-fold higher than that previously reported, was used to study the oxidation of various N-(5′-phospho-4′-pyridoxyl)amines. Values for K m , from 3.1 × 10 −5 M to 1.6 × 10 −3 M, and for V max , relative to pyridoxamine-P, of 20 to 140% were obtained. Compounds lacking a 5′-phosphate were not substrates, and the enzymic reaction was dependent on the presence of both FMN and O 2 . N-(phosphopyridoxyl)-L-amino acids had lower K m's than the corresponding -D-amino acid compounds. When 1- 14 C-N-(phosphopyridoxyl)glycine was used as a substrate, no 14 CO 2 was evolved, and 1- 14 C-glycine was detected in the incubation mixture.
Measurements of the wear of a thin film disk

A test designed to simulate worst-case start-stop contacts is described. It combines controlled contact stresses with well-defined flying. Magnetic readback and optical methods are used to characterize the damage. Two failure modes are observed: in one, the disk is overstressed and it fails rapidly; the other mode of failure occurs for lower stresses. Contacts induce changes which increase with repeated contacts until failure occurs. Changes in the magnetic signal and in the reflected light intensity and ellipticity are reported. The optical phenomena are attributed to the overcoat being worn thin. The average depth of the trough is found to be similar to the loss of overcoat thickness. Failure is similar to that observed with higher stresses. It is characterized by an increase in light scattering, by a nonlinear and irregular increase in wear with increasing number of contacts, and by spreading of the damage to other areas. These phenomena are shown to be delamination and three-body wear. The magnetic measurements prove to be a sensitive detector of mechanical head/disk interaction, showing changes before overcoat thinning could be detected. >
Choice behavior in rhesus monkeys: cocaine versus food

Rhesus monkeys were allowed to choose between intravenous injections of cocaine and food reinforcement for lever pressing. A choice trial was available every 15 minutes continuously for 8 days. The animals chose cocaine almost exclusively, which resulted in high cocaine intake, decreased food intake, weight loss, and marked behavioral toxicity. The study provides evidence of the reinforcing efficacy of cocaine.
Alternative Long‐horizon Exchange‐rate Predictors

This paper employs quarterly observations on US dollar prices of the pound, Deutschmark, Swiss franc, and yen from 1973,2 to 1994,4 to sort out three broad issues raised by recent work showing that economic fundamentals have predictive power for exchange rates at long horizons. Three alternative fundamentals have been proposed in the literature: those implied by purchasing-power parity, uncovered interest parity, and the flexible-price monetary model. We first ask which of these three alternative fundamentals has the most predictive power. Secondly, we ask if pooling across currencies or if using multivariate statistical techniques improves prediction accuracy over standard regression techniques. Thirdly, we examine whether the conclusions drawn from statistical analyses of in-sample economet ric estimates concerning long-horizon convergence of exchange rates and their fundamentals coincide with those implied by analyses of out-of-sample forecasts. The short answers to these questions are; the monetary-model fundamentals, yes, and a qualified no.
New estimates for Ritz vectors

The following estimate for the Rayleigh-Ritz method is proved: |λ-λ||(u, u)| ≤:|Au - λu|| sin <{u; U}, ||u|| = 1. Here A is a bounded self-adjoint operator in a real Hilbert/euclidian space, {λ, u} one of its eigenpairs, U a trial subspace for the Rayleigh-Ritz method, and {λ, u} a Ritz pair. This inequality makes it possible to analyze the fine structure of the error of the Rayleigh-Ritz method, in particular, it shows that |(u, u)| ≤ C ∈ 2 , if an eigenvector u is close to the trial subspace with accuracy ∈ and a Ritz vector u is an ∈ approximation to another eigenvector, with a different eigenvalue. Generalizations of the estimate to the cases of eigenspaces and invariant subspaces are suggested, and estimates of approximation of eigenspaces and invariant subspaces are proved.
Renal blood flow as influenced by changes in arterial, venous, and ureteral pressures

Abstract The mechanism of renal autoregulation is unclear. The subject of the present investigation was the mechanism of autoregulation of blood flow in the intact (in situ) kidney. The left kidney of the anesthetized dog was exposed via a flank approach. Renal venous outflow was measured during control periods and after separate elevations of renal artery pressure, renal vein pressure, and ureteral pressure. Extravascular pressure was estimated by obtaining values of (a) deep vein pressure, (b) needle pressure, and (c) elevations in large vein pressure and ureteral pressure resulting in significant decreases in renal blood flow. Increases in renal artery pressure result in elevations of extravascular pressure which compress the renal vasculature. Increases in renal vein and ureteral pressures do not decrease renal blood flow until approximating or exceeding resting tissue pressure. Results from experiments with carotid artery occlusion indicate that extrarenal humoral influences may be superimposed on the autoregulatory phenomenon.
Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia in Patients With Permanent Pacemakers or Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators

Background Although cardiac device infections (CDIs) are a devastating complication of permanent pacemakers or implantable cardioverter-defibrillators, the incidence of CDI in patients with bacteremia is not well defined. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of CDI among patients with permanent pacemakers or implantable cardioverter-defibrillators who develop Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB). Methods and Results A cohort of all adult patients with SAB and permanent pacemakers or implantable cardioverter-defibrillators over a 6-year period was evaluated prospectively. The overall incidence of confirmed CDI was 15 of 33 (45.4%). Confirmed CDI occurred in 9 of the 12 patients (75%) with early SAB (<1 year after device placement). Fifteen of 21 patients (71.5%) with late SAB (≥1 year after device placement) had either confirmed (6 of 21, 28.5%) or possible (9 of 21, 43%) CDI. In 60% of the patients (9 of 15) with confirmed CDI, no local signs or symptoms suggesting generator pocket...
A prospective evaluation of the effectiveness of temporomandibular joint arthroscopy.

This is a prospective study to evaluate therapeutic arthroscopy for internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Fifty-nine patients with 76 abnormal joints were evaluated preoperatively for pain, noise, maximal incisal opening (MIO), and deviation on opening. Preoperative and postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were obtained for 29 joints. Patients were treated by superior joint arthroscopy, lysis of adhesions, lavage, and steroid injection, along with preoperative and postoperative splint and physiotherapy. Pain, noise, and motion were evaluated at three time periods: 1) early (10 to 30 days); 2) intermediate (1 to 6 months); and 3) late (greater than 6 months). At early, intermediate, and late follow-up, increase in MIO was statistically significant (P less than .05). Noise did not return in the majority of patients. Disc position, evaluated by MRI, did not appear to change in 25 of 29 joints and did not correlate with clinical outcome. The results of this study indicate that TMJ arthroscopy is effective in reducing pain and increasing motion in patients with TMJ internal derangement.
Resolution, purification and characterization of the orthophosphate releasing activities from fracture callus calcifying cartilage.

Abstract Callus calcifying cartilage alkaline phosphatase was resolved by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography into two distinct phosphatase activities. The phosphatase activity which was eluted first from the column, (phosphatase I), was active towards a variety of phosphate esters, sodium pyrophosphate and several linear polyphosphates, while the second phosphatase activity, (phosphatase II), was active toward simple phosphate esters but not towards sodium pyrophosphate and linear oligo or polyphosphates. All the phosphate esters, sodium pyrophosphate and polyphosphates at higher concentrations were inhibitory for phosphate I. The modulating effects of magnesium, calcium, zinc and other phosphatase modulators have been investigated. Both phosphatases from callus calcifying cartilage were found to be substrates of neuraminidase with sialic acid as the product. Besides the difference in their specificity, the phosphatases were found to be immunologically different and to have different molecular weights, strong indication that they are different enzymes.
Optimality conditions in nonconical multiple-objective programming

Previous theoretical work in multiple-objective optimization has focused entirely on vector orders representable by positive cones. Here, we treat multiple-objective problems in which solutions are sought which are maximal (efficient, nondominated) under an order which may be nonconical. Compactness conditions under which maximal solutions exist and bound the remaining alternatives are given. First-order necessary conditions and first-order sufficient conditions for maximality in general normed linear spaces are derived, and a scalarization result is given. A small computational example is also presented. Several previous results are special cases of those given here.
Sonographic Assessment of the Renal Growth and Changing Appearances in the Newborn Infant

The author evaluated kidneys in 85 children ranging in age from a 27-week premature infant to a child 10 years old to identify renal length and sonographic characteristics. Three categories of sonographic appearance were demonstrated, ranging from kidneys that were more dense than normal liver, with prominent pyramids and no sinus echoes, to kidneys that were less dense than normal liver, with less prominent pyramids and an echogenic sinus. Two growth patterns were also identified, demonstrating a rapid growth before 40 weeks (term age) and a slower change in renal length after 40 weeks.
Effect of embryonic knock-down of GABAA receptors on the levels of monoamines and their metabolites in the CNS of the mouse

In vitro evidence indicates that gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), acting at GABA(A) receptors, exerts a positive trophic effect on monoaminergic neurons during embryogenesis. To determine whether in vivo antagonism of GABA(A) receptors during embryogenesis interferes with the development of monoaminergic neurons, we used mice in which the number of GABA(A) receptors was decreased by 50% by targeted deletion of the beta(3) subunit gene of the GABA(A) receptor. Levels of serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, and the metabolites 3,4-deoxyphenylacetic acid, homovanillic acid, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were measured in the brainstem, cortex, striatum and spinal cord of female adult homozygous null (beta3-/-) and wild-type (beta3+/+) mice, as well as progenitor C57BL/6J and Strain 129/SvJ mice. The level of norepinephrine in the spinal cord of beta3-/- mice was 44% less than that of beta3+/+ mice, and did not differ in the brainstem, cortex or striatum. This finding suggests that beta3 subunit-containing GABA(A) receptors mediate the trophic effects of GABA on a subpopulation of spinally-projecting noradrenergic neurons. In contrast, the levels of serotonin, dopamine or their metabolites were unaffected, suggesting that the development of serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons may require activation of only a small fraction of GABA(A) receptors or may not be dependent on beta3 subunit-containing GABA(A) receptors. Finally, Strain 129/SvJ and C57BL/6J mice differed with respect to the levels of dopamine and its metabolites in the brainstem, spinal cord and cortex. These differences may need to be considered when assessing the phenotype of gene-targeted mice for which these mice serve as progenitor strains.
The role of oxygen in the photoinduced antiviral activity of hypericin

Abstract Hypericin displays photoinduced antiviral activity. We examine the photoinduced antiviral activity of hypericin under both oxygenated and hypoxic conditions and observe that hypericin is equally toxic under both conditions. These results indicate that while singlet oxygen may play a role in the antiviral activity of hypericin, it does not play a major role.
Palladium - A New Inhibitor of Cellulase Activities

Abstract Palladium complexes have been shown to strongly inhibit cellobiohydrolase I (CBH I) and endoglucanase II (EG II), two cellulases produced by Trichoderma reesei. Also inhibited were total cellulase (Avicelase) and β-glucosidase (cellobiase) activities. The catalytic domain of CBH II, the second most abundant component of this cellulase, appeared less susceptible to inhibition by palladium. The inhibition was irreversible and could be prevented if histidine, cysteine or cystine was added to the enzyme reaction mixture simultaneously with the inhibitor. The binding of CBH I to microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel) was unaffected by palladium.
Maneuvering target altitude tracking in over-the-horizon radars exploiting multipath Doppler signatures

Over-the-horizon radar (OTHR) systems provide wide-area surveillance capabilities to detect and track targets far beyond the range of conventional line-of-sight radars. Because of the narrowband waveforms, OTHR systems do not achieve reliable altitude estimation. In this paper, we develop a new technique to track the instantaneous altitude of maneuvering targets by exploiting the estimated multi-component Doppler signatures. The main contribution of this paper is to apply effective non-stationary signal analysis for estimating the time-varying Doppler signature of each individual multipath, which is then applied to an extended Kalman filter to reliably track the instantaneous target altitude.
Case history: The use of laughter as an alternative response in systematic desensitization

A 20-year-old coed complained of distressful anxiety about attending a banquet later the same day. Systematic desensitization was used, but due to the shortage of time and her inexperience with relaxation the process was altered to elicit laughter at the anxiety-provoking scenes. She found the scene presentations humorous and attended the banquet with minimal discomfort. Implications for research are suggested.
Modelling to improve design-based yield

The nature of defects in modern semiconductor processes mean that design features now have a controlling influence on yield. Working out which features work and which do not calls for the introduction of modelling techniques.
Expression of autoimmunity in the transition from childhood to adulthood: role of cytokines and gender.

What are the potential theories for gender bias in autoimmunity? There are complex differences in immune reactivities between males and females. Females tend to mount stronger reactions against infection than males, yet during pregnancy are able to allow a foreign organism to grow and thrive. We recognize that female preponderance is common in most autoimmune diseases with a few distinct exceptions, such as ankylosing spondylitis and some vasculitides [1]. There is evidence for hormonal effects such that increased immune responsiveness is associated with female hormones and decreased with male hormones [2]. There are likely to be genetic contributions of the X and Y chromosomes and imprinting that also contribute to autoimmunity [3–6]. In addition, recent studies have shown that fetal cells may persist in maternal circulation for decades and microchimerism has been found in scleroderma skin lesions [7,8]. Similarly, maternal cells may persist in their progeny’s circulation. How important a contribution any of these factors are to autoimmunity is under study by many investigators [8]. There are powerful hormonal effects on the immune system [2]. Prior to puberty, the female-tomale ratio in lupus is 3:1, and following puberty it is 7–8:1, suggesting that the increased hormones of puberty in females enhances the expression of autoimmunity. Multiple sclerosis is more common in females but more severe in males [2]. However, when considering the influence of puberty and hormones, there are some aspects of the gender bias in autoimmunity that are not simply explained by the presence of different hormones. For example, one of the more common chronic autoimmune diseases of childhood, pauciarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), has a very high female predominance, (female:male 3–4:1) with peak age of onset at age 2 yrs [9]. This disease actually does not occur in adults, or probably not even in adolescents, to any significant degree. Therefore, this is a female predominant disease that does not occur in correlation with puberty or more female hormones. Young females have low levels of estrogen compared to males; however, if hormones were a strong factor in expression of pauciarticular JRA, one would expect a rising incidence at puberty. From the Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. Address correspondence to: Christy Sandborg, M.D., Director of Pediatric Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Avenue, Room G310, Stanford, CA 94305-5208. E-mail: Sandborg@Stanford.edu. Manuscript accepted September 14, 2001. JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2002;30S:76–80
A Usage-Based Approach to Early-Discourse Pragmatic Functions of the Japanese Subject Markers "wa" and "ga".

This study investigates the emergence and development of the discourse-pragmatic functions of the Japanese subject markers wa and ga from a usage-based perspective (Tomasello, 2000). The use of each marker in longitudinal speech data for four Japanese children from 1;0 to 3;1 and their parents available in the CHILDES database (MacWhinney, 2000) was coded and analyzed. Findings showed that the four children initially used wa as a wh-question marker. They then gradually shifted its use to convey the proposition of given information. In contrast, the use of ga varied among the children. One child used ga with dynamic verbs in the past tense to report events he witnessed/experienced, while the other three children used it with a particular stative predicate in the present tense, expressing their subjective feeling toward referents. Findings were explained by the frequency of input to which the children had been exposed.
Monoamine transporters Structure, regulation, and clinical implications

The plasma membrane monoamine transporters and vesicular monoamine transporters (VMATs) have a major role in regulation of the synaptic homeostasis and effects of dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]). Both groups of transporters are members of the soluble carrier (SLC) superfamily. The plasma membrane transporters belong to the SLC6 family and use the electrochemical gradient of sodium (Na+) as their driving force; they include the transporters for DA (DAT), NE (NET), and 5-HT (SERT). These transporters are expressed in the dendrites and axons of their respective monoaminergic neurons and mediate the rapid uptake of synaptically released neurotransmitter from the extracellular space. By this mechanism, these transporters are major determinants of monoaminergic synaptic signaling.
Atomistic simulations of copper oxidation and Cu/Cu2O interfaces using charge-optimized many-body potentials

Presented is a charge-optimized many-body potential (COMB) for metallic copper and copper oxide systems based on an extended Tersoff formalism coupled with variable charge electrostatics. To faithfully reproduce interactions between molecular oxygen and the metal surface, the potential includes atomic polarizabilities via both a point dipole model and dynamic partial charges, both of which are equilibrated through an extended Lagrangian scheme. The potential is fit to a training set composed of both experimental and ab initio computational data for cohesive energies, formation enthalpies, elastic properties, and surface energies of several metallic and oxide phases as well as bond dissociation energies for molecular oxygen and several of its anions. The potential is used in molecular dynamics simulations to model the Cu(111)\ensuremath{\parallel}Cu${}_{2}$O(100) interface and the oxidation of the Cu (100) surface.
Automated lung segmentation in digitized posteroanterior chest radiographs.

Rationale and Objectives. The authors developed and tested a gray-level thresholding-based approach to automated lung segmentation in digitized posteroanterior chest radiographs. Materials and Methods. Gray-level histogram analysis was initially performed to establish a range of thresholds for use during an iterative global gray-level thresholding technique. Local gray-level threshold analysis was then performed on the output of global thresholding. The resulting contours were subjected to several smoothing processes, including a rolling-ball technique. The final contours closely approximated the boundaries of the aerated lung regions. The method was applied to a database of 600 posteroanterior chest images. Radiologists rated the accuracy and completeness of the contours with a five-point scale. Results. Results of the subjective rating evaluation indicated that this method was accurate, with 79% of the assigned ratings reflecting moderately or highly accurate segmentation and only 8% of the ratings indicating moderately or highly inaccurate segmentation. Conclusion. This gray-level thresholding-based approach provides accurate automated lung segmentation in digital posteroanterior chest radiographs.
Mass spectral fragmentation pathways in 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene derived from a MS/MS unimolecular and collisionally activated dissociation study

The fragmentation pathways of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene have been examined using 15N and 2H isotopic labelling in conjunction with tandem mass spectrometry. Both the unimolecular and collisionally activated decomposition modes were investigated. Fragmentation pathways were established in both modes and isotopic shifts were used to determine the groups lost. The major pathways include the loss of OH or H2O, followed by the subsequent loss of NO or NO2. There is virtually no ring disintegration until the majority of the attached groups are lost.
Promoting Scientific Integrity in Nursing Research, Part II: Strategies.

In part II of this two-part series reporting on a survey of doctorate-granting schools of nursing on scientific integrity, the authors deal with publication and authorship practices, promotion/tenure policies, and suggested strategies to promote scientific integrity at institutional and broader levels, and the role of various agents in this regard. The findings suggest the importance of the role of senior faculty in socializing and serving as role models for junior colleagues and doctoral students. Professional journals and professional organizations were similarly seen to have a role in standard setting. At the institutional level, educational/facilitative functions, as well as leadership and monitoring activities, were highlighted. The essay presents recommendations for promoting scientific integrity in a proactive manner rather than focusing on procedures for dealing with misconduct.
Asymmetric hydrogenation using modified cellulose-palladium catalysts

Cellulose ion exchanger palladium catalysts preparation and applications in asymmetric hydrogenation reactions
Reproductive performance of first and second parity sows fed daily or every third day

Abstract Crossbred gilts were used in a two-parity experiment to measure the effect on reproductive performance of feeding every third day during gestation. Diets were formulated with maize and soybean meal to 12% and 16% crude protein for gestation and lactation, respectively. Experimental feeding regimens were imposed from an average day 30 to an average day 109 of gestation. During this period, the gravid gilts or sows housed in confinement were fed either 1.9 kg of the gestation diet daily or permitted ad libitum access to the diet for 1 day in each 3-day period. The lactation diet was provided ad libitum from farrowing until weaning at 28 days post partum. From weaning until the dietary treatments were reimposed about 30 days post-coitus, the females were fed 1.9 kg of the gestation diet per day. First-parity females fed ad libitum every third day consumed an average of 0.4 kg more feed per day than did those restricted to 1.9 kg of diet per day. There was no effect of feeding regimen on gestation weight gain or any criteria of reproductive performance, e.g. litter size or weaning weights of piglets. During the second parity, sows allowed to eat ad libitum every third day gained significantly more weight during gestation than those fed daily, reflecting an average daily feed intake that was 1.2 kg greater than that of the control animals fed 1.9 kg day−1. Second parity reproductive performance was not affected by treatment. Backfat thickness measured at the point of the shoulder and at the last rib on day 30 and day 109 of gestation and at weaning increased during gestation and decreased during lactation regardless of feeding regimen or parity. Feeding gravid pigs every third day did not adversely affect reproductive performance; however, average daily feed intake was increased. Although the sows seemed to adapt quickly to a three-day feeding schedule, welfare aspects need to be investigated further.
Three-dimensional Mapping of the Initiation of Nonsustained Ventricular Tachycardia in the Human Heart

Background Elucidation of the electrophysiological mechanisms of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) in humans is required to define the relationship between nonsustained VT and sustained VT. This goal requires, at least in part, analysis of transmural ventricular activation in patients with both sustained and nonsustained VTs. Methods and Results We analyzed three-dimensional intraoperative cardiac maps of extrastimuli and beats during 44 nonsustained VTs and the initiating beats of 6 sustained VTs from six patients with healed myocardial infarcts who were undergoing arrhythmia surgery. The coupling interval, total activation time, and diastolic interval of each extrastimulus and beat of nonsustained VT were compared with counterparts during sustained VT. Sites activated last during extrastimuli initiating nonsustained or sustained VTs occurred in the same region, and activation times were comparable. However, the site of earliest activation during the initial or subsequent beats of nonsustained VT was discordant from the site activated earliest during the first and subsequent beats of sustained VT in 74% of cases. The mean variance in coupling interval, but not total activation time or diastolic interval, was significantly greater for VT that terminated before the 10th cycle than for VT that sustained. When analyzed from the last extrastimulus up to the fifth VT cycle, the standard deviation of the coupling interval, but not of the total activation time, was greater for nonsustained than for sustained VTs. Electrode density was sufficient to define an arrhythmia mechanism for 36 beats of nonsustained VT. Twenty-one (58%) initiated in the subendocardium, midmyocardium, or epicardium by a macroreentrant mechanism, and 15 (42%) initiated in the subendocardium by a focal mechanism. Conclusions Compared with sustained VT, nonsustained VT initiates at discordant sites, is characterized by oscillations in coupling interval but not in total activation time, and initiates by either a macroreentrant or a focal mechanism.
Fluorescence-immunocytochemistry: simultaneous localization of catecholamines and gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and dopamine were identified simultaneously in the same block of tissue from the median eminence of the rat brain. Two distinct bands of dopamine terminals were found in the lateral median eminence: an inner band which overlapped the gonadotropin-releasing hormone terminals and an outer band which appeared juxtaposed to portal capillaries.
Alternative opportunities and migration: an exposition.

This paper presents a simple migration model which traces the link between individual decision making and observed aggregate migration behavior. The model clarifies and demonstrates the role of alternative opportunities in aggregate migration behavior using both diagrammatical and mathematical presentations. It is shown that the definition of alternative opportunities does not necessarily depend on the distance between origin and destination.