cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spatial control of photomechanical movements in the lateral eye of the American horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus.

This study asks whether photomechanical movements in the retinal cells of the lateral eye of the American horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, are controlled locally within each ommatidium, or whether they are a retinal array property involving lateral communication between ommatidia. Three experiments were performed. A small spot, a vertical slit down the center, or the anterior third of an otherwise masked eye was illuminated. The contralateral eye was fully illuminated in each experiment and served as a light-adapted control. Morphometric analyses of aperture length and rhabdom dimensions were made from serial 1-µm plastic sections. The results suggest there is a different spatial threshold for photomechanical movement for aperture lengthening than for rhabdom lengthening. When only a few ommatidia are illuminated, the aperture does not change. When about 10% are illuminated, they lengthen, but the masked ommatidia do not. When about a third are illuminated, all the ommatidia in the eye lengthen together, including the two thirds that were masked. When either only a few ommatidia or about 10% of the ommatidia are illuminated, rhabdom shape is unchanged. When a third of the eye is illuminated, the illuminated rhabdoms lengthen, but the masked rhabdoms do not.
Feminist implications of model-based science

Abstract Recent philosophy of science has witnessed a shift in focus, in that significantly more consideration is given to how scientists employ models. Attending to the role of models in scientific practice leads to new questions about the representational roles of models, the purpose of idealizations, why multiple models are used for the same phenomenon, and many more besides. In this paper, I suggest that these themes resonate with central topics in feminist epistemology, in particular prominent versions of feminist empiricism, and that model-based science and feminist epistemology each has crucial resources to offer the other’s project.
Effects of selenite and genistein on G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells.

Combination of chemopreventive agents with distinct molecular mechanisms is considered to offer a potential for enhancing cancer prevention efficacy while minimizing toxicity. Here we report two chemopreventive agents, selenite and genistein, that have synergistic effects on apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and associated signaling pathways in p53-expressing LNCaP and p53-null PC3 prostate cancer cells. We show that selenite induced apoptosis only, whereas genistein induced both apoptosis and G 2 /M cell cycle arrest. Combination of these two agents exhibited enhanced effects, which were slightly greater in LNCaP than PC3 cells. Selenite or genistein alone upregulated protein levels of p53 in LNCaP cells only and p21 waf1 and Bax in both cell lines. Additionally, genistein inhibited AKT phosphorylation. Downregulation of AKT by siRNA caused apoptosis and G 2 /M cell cycle arrest and masked the effects of genistein. Treatment with insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) elevated levels of total and phosphorylate...
Lewy body–like pathology in long-term embryonic nigral transplants in Parkinson's disease

Fourteen years after transplantation into the striatum of an individual with Parkinson's disease, grafted nigral neurons were found to have Lewy body–like inclusions that stained positively for α-synuclein and ubiquitin and to have reduced immunostaining for dopamine transporter. These pathological changes suggest that Parkinson's disease is an ongoing process that can affect grafted cells in the striatum in a manner similar to host dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra. These findings have implications for cell-based therapies and for understanding the cause of Parkinson's disease.
Nanocoatings for engine application

In this paper, a review of engineering coating for engine application is presented. Issues relating to dimensional stability, tribological properties, lubrication, coefficient of friction, hot hardness, amenability for honing, surface roughness and topography, residual stress, adherence, damage tolerance and resistance, pores density and conditions and cost performance are discussed. There exist advantages and limitations of conventional materials systems and techniques such as chemical-vapor-deposited diamond-like carbon (DLC) coating, plasma sprayed metal matrix composite coating, tribologically functional ceramic coatings, etc. Nano-grains of a crystalline phase hold promise to solve several such problems present in conventional coatings. In addition, surface-related problems are addressed for high performance engines and hydrogen powered automotive engines.
Feasibility study for reductive destruction of carbon tetrachloride using bare and polymer coated nickel electrodes

This research investigated the feasibility of an electrochemical reductive dechlorination method for removing carbon tetrachloride (CT) from contaminated waters. Reaction rates and Faradaic current efficiencies were measured for CT dechlorination in small flow-through reactors utilizing bare and silicone polymer coated nickel cathodes. CT dechlorination resulted in near stoichiometric production of methane. Rates of CT reduction were found to follow a first-order kinetic model for all CT concentrations investigated. CT disappearance was limited by its reaction rate, and the performance of the reactor could be approximated with an ideal plug-flow reactor model. Destruction half-life values for CT with the bare nickel electrode ranged from 3.5 to 5.8 min for electrode potentials ranging from −652 to −852 mV with respect to the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE). The apparent electron transfer coefficient for CT reduction was only 0.06. The low transfer coefficient can be attributed to oxides coating the electrode surface that contributed to mass transfer resistance for CT reduction. Faradaic current efficiencies for CT reduction were found to decline with decreasing electrode potential. This can be attributed to an electron transfer coefficient for water reduction of 0.33 that was significantly greater than that for CT reduction. Faradaic current efficiencies could be increased by 100–360% by coating the electrode with a silicone polymer. In addition to decreasing the rate of water reduction by acting as hydrophobic mass transfer barrier, the polymer coating resulted in small increases in CT reaction rates. The energy cost per volume of water treated was strongly dependent on the electrode potential, but only weakly dependent on the influent CT concentration over the range of practical interest. The energy costs for reductive dechlorination appear to be lower than the carbon costs for adsorptive treatment of CT. This indicates that low current efficiencies at low CT concentrations are not a significant obstacle for developing a practical treatment process. The main impediment to electrochemical treatment for removing CT from water is the slow reaction rate that requires large reactors for obtaining sufficient hydraulic detention time to meet effluent water standards.
Defining specialization for dataflow diagrams

Specialization has been used in object-oriented technologies to provide a number of powerful benefits such as modularity, maintainability, and comprehensibility. For the most part, however, system behavior continues to be modeled using traditional tools such as state diagrams and dataflow diagrams, which remain outside the scope of the specialization hierarchy used to such advantage with objects. This paper presents a framework for extending the notion of specialization to these process representations by identifying a set of transformations which, when applied to a process description, always result in specialization. We then use this framework to define specialization for dataflow diagrams. We illustrate with specific examples that such a use of specialization is not only theoretically possible, but shows promise as a method for categorizing and analyzing processes.
Motion analysis of mechanical heart valve prosthesis utilizing high-speed video

The Edwards-Duromedics (ED) mechanical heart valve prosthesis is of a bileaflet design, incorporating unique design features that distinguish its performance with respect to other mechanical valves of similar type. Leaflet motion of mechanical heart valves, particularly during closure, is related to valve durability, valve sounds and the efficiency of the cardiac output. Modifications to the ED valve have resulted in significant improvements with respect to leaflet motion. In this study a high-speed video system was used to monitor the leaflet motion of the valve, and to compare the performance of the Modified Specification to that of the Original Specification using a St. Jude Medical as a control valve.
Relationship of Pod Damage by Southern Corn Rootworm and Soil Drainage to Peanut Yield

Abstract No published studies have quantified the relationship between damage to peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) pods by the southern corn rootworm, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber, and yield. Peanut yields have generally been found to be inconsistently related to control measures (insecticide treatments) used for southern corn rootworm. This discrepancy may be caused by the variable survival of eggs and larvae in soils with different moisture retention capacities. This study determined the relationship of pod damage and the influence of soil drainage to peanut yield. Eleven on-farm tests for management of southern corn rootworm, conducted between 1989 to 1991 and involving 48 different control measures, were compiled for analysis. All experimental fields were classified into three drainage classes: moderately well drained, somewhat poorly drained and poorly drained. Yield declined with an increase in percentage pod damage (P < 0.05). Percentage of mature pods damaged increased with increased area ...
Exploration of the Relationship between Prior Computing Experience and Gender on Success in College Computer Science

Current research shows that many American students are now entering college with substantial prior computing experience. Researchers studied a large group of non-computer science majors to determine the effects of this prior experience on success in college computer science courses. Specific relationships between prior experience factors and gender were studied. While only certain prior experiences correlated with success for males, virtually all prior experiences were beneficial for females. In the group studied, females compared favorably with males in all areas, including success rates and final grade percentages. The results show a significant correlation between early prior computing experiences and success by females in a college computer course and thus could indicate that pre-college computing can have an important role in achieving gender equity in college computer science courses.
The sterility of dental burs directly from the manufacturer.

ABSTRACT Background: The purpose of this research was to assess the sterility of burs directly from manufacturers. The authors wished to determine the types of bacteria, if any, found on nonsterilized burs. Methods: The authors used burs from a major manufacturer. Sterilized and nonsterilized burs were cultured for bacteria. Any burs found to be contaminated were further cultured on agar plates. The bacteria on the plates were identified by a commercial laboratory. Results: Of the 100 sterilized and nonsterilized burs, the authors found none of the sterilized burs to be contaminated. Eight of the nonsterilized burs showed growth of bacteria after 24 hours. Seven of the eight bacteria identified on the burs belonged to the genus Bacillus. Conclusions: The Bacillus genus is encountered in daily living and is not considered to be pathogenic; however, there have been documented cases of infection in humans in which these bacteria dominate. They should never be introduced into the bloodstream. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The dentist must consider that soft tissue exposure may be unavoidable with subgingival restorations or even those close to the gingiva. Therefore, it is imperative that the dentist use sterile burs during dental procedures. This article will prove the necessity for sterile burs and leave the rest to the manufacturers.
Declining importance of books: get over it

If students aren't reading and frequenting libraries, how is it that classroom business, particularly the business of assignments, continues as usual? Clearly, it doesn't take rocket scientists to know that the Web has become the primary source of information for student assignments. And although many might wring their hands over this change, let's stop and examine this "downward" trend in a broader context.
Direct Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection of Cercospora beticola in Field Soils

Cercospora beticola, the causal agent of Cercospora leaf spot of sugar beet, survives as pseudostromata in infected sugar beet residues in the soil. Under optimal conditions, overwintering propagules germinate and produce conidia that are dispersed as primary inoculum to initiate infection in sugar beet. We developed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique for rapid detection of C. beticola in field soils. Total DNA was first isolated from soil amended with C. beticola culture using the PowerSoil DNA Kit. The purified DNA was subjected to PCR in Extract-N-Amp PCR mix with CBACTIN primers over 35 cycles. The amplified products were resolved and compared by electrophoresis in 1% agarose gels. The PCR fragment size of C. beticola from the amended field soil correlated in size with the amplicon from control C. beticola culture DNA extract. Additionally, sample soils were collected from sugar beet fields near Sidney, MT and Foxholm, ND. Total DNA was extracted from the samples and subjected to PCR and resolved as previously described. The amplicons were purified from the gels and subjected to BigDye Terminator Cycle sequencing. All sequences from field soils samples, C. beticola-amended field soil, and pure culture were compared by alignment with a C. beticola actin gene sequence from GenBank. The result of the alignment confirmed the amplicons as products from C. beticola. Rapid screening for the presence of C. beticola in the soil by PCR will improve research capabilities in biological control, disease forecasting, and management of this very important sugar beet pathogen.
Expectancy as a determinant of functional units in perceptual recognition

Abstract This experiment provides support for (1) Gibson et al. 's (1962) hypothesis that either an individual letter or a spelling pattern (i.e., a cluster of graphemes in a given linguistic environment which has an invariant pronunciation according to the rules of English) can serve as a functional unit in the tachistoscopic recognition of letter strings, and (2) Neisser's (1967) hypothesis that S 's expectancy determines which one of these functional units is used. On each of 16 trials a letter string was presented tachistoscopically followed immediately by a two-choice recognition test of one of the letters. On the first 14 trials half the S s expected and received letter strings containing spelling patterns (SPs) while the remaining S s expected and received letter strings containing only unrelated letters. The former group of S s performed significantly better than the latter group on these 14 trials. On Trial 15 S 's expectancy was again confirmed but on Trial 16 S was presented with a letter string from the unexpected class (SPs or unrelated letters). The results from the last two trials showed that letter strings containing SPs were recognized more accurately than unrelated letters when S expected SPs but not when he expected unrelated letters.
Paragraph structure and pronominalization

(1977). Paragraph structure and pronominalization. Paper in Linguistics: Vol. 10, No. 1-2, pp. 77-99.
STRIDE: sanctuary trail -- refuge from internet DDoS entrapment

We propose STRIDE, a new DDoS-resilient Internet architecture that isolates attack traffic through viable bandwidth allocation, preventing a botnet from crowding out legitimate flows. This new architecture presents several novel concepts including tree-based bandwidth allocation and long-term static paths with guaranteed bandwidth. In concert, these mechanisms provide domain-based bandwidth guarantees within a trust domain - administrative domains grouped within a legal jurisdiction with enforceable accountability; each administrative domain in the trust domain can then internally split such guarantees among its endhosts to provide (1) connection establishment with high probability, and (2) precise bandwidth guarantees for established flows, regardless of the size or distribution of the botnet outside the source and the destination domains. Moreover, STRIDE maintains no per-flow state on backbone routers and requires no key establishment across administrative domains. We demonstrate that STRIDE achieves these DDoS defense properties through formal analysis and simulation. We also show that STRIDE mitigates emerging DDoS threats such as Denial-of-Capability (DoC) [6] and N2 attacks [22] based on these properties that none of the existing DDoS defense mechanisms can achieve.
Evaluation and management of pruritus and scabies in the elderly population.

Pruritus is the most common dermatologic complaint in individuals older than 65 years. The elderly comprise a demographic that seeks medical attention for itch with greater frequency than other age groups. Managing pruritus in elderly patients represents a unique therapeutic challenge attributable to a range of circumstances that are of particular importance in this population. Topical steroid therapy must be administered carefully, and other forms of treatment, including phototherapy, may be difficult to maintain. The challenge of treating pruritus in the elderly might also stem from communication barriers that prevent definitive identification of the itch�s underlying etiology or severity.
Nile perch demand in the Netherlands: are exports from Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda source-differentiated?

Abstract This study examined Nile perch demand in the Netherlands and assessed the importance of country of origin as a determining factor. Import demand equations were estimated using the absolute price version of the Rotterdam model where Nile perch fillets were differentiated by product form (chilled and frozen) and by source country (Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda). The Armington framework (source-differentiation) is often used when estimating import demand for a similar product from different sources; however, the results of this study indicated that country of origin is not a factor in the Netherlands when importing Nile perch. Results showed that the responsiveness of importers to price changes was the same regardless to the supplying country. Likelihood ratio tests fail to reject the hypothesis that the own-price and cross-price demand estimates were equal across the three exporting countries. It was also shown that the origin-specific expenditure and own-price elasticities were not significantly diff...
The effects of combinations of insecticides on susceptible and resistant mosquito fish.

Although the effects of two pesticides acting simultaneously upon non-target organisms has received little attention in laboratory investigations, animals living near certain types of croplands may be exposed to two or more insecticides regularly. In cotton-producing areas of the Mississippi Delta, most fields receive 10–15 insecticide applications a season, usually between June 1 and September 10. The most commonly used insecticides are endrin, DDT, toxaphene, and methyl parathion, applied either individually, in some pattern of rotation, and/or mixed in a variety of combinations. Adjacent fields may be on different spraying schedules and treated with different insecticides or insecticide combinations. Most insecticides are applied with airplanes, especially after midsummer when the cotton plants get tall. Where drift and runoff from such operations reach nearby bodies of water, mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis) and several other species of fish may exhibit high levels of resistance to a variety of pesticides (1, 2, 3, 4, 5).
One Nation, Four Hundred Languages: Unity and Diversity in Nigeria's Language Policy.

SOMMAIREUne nation, quatre-cents idiomes: Unite et diversite dans la politique linguistique du NigeriaCet article traite des politiques linguistiques du Nigeria, de leurs objectifs contradic-toires, de leurs motivations et de leurs orientations ideologiques. Ces conflits s'expliquent en fonction du deVeloppement socio-historique de la nation, de son paysage ethnolinguis-tique complexe et de l'incompatibilite des exigences "nationalistes" et "nationistes," le pays essayant de maintenir un pluralisme linguistique et culturel tout en preconisant l'unification linguistique et l'integration nationale. On indique que les constatations faites au Nigeria revelent certaines tendances qui se repetent de facon identique dans d'autres pays du Tiers Monde.A ROKO YI NI SOKIOrIle ede kan, irinwo ede: lrepo ati aisepo ti 6 wa ninu ilana ede lilo ni orile ede NaijiriaAroko yi ni abayori iwaadi lori ilana ti ijoba orile ede Naijiria gbe kale lori elo oniruuru ede ti o wa ni igberiko re. A ri i wipe otooto ni ipinlese awon ilana naa; won ko si kori si ibikan naa rara. Iwaadi tun fi i han wipe ikoyinsira awon ilana wonyii ko sai ni i se pelu itan idagbasoke orile ede Naijiria, oniruuru ede ti o wa ninu orile ede naa, ati iyanju ti ijoba ngba lati so orile ede naa po labe ede kan bi o ti nse akitiyan lati fuun awon orisirisi ede ti 6 wa ni eto ati itoju ti o ye. Isoro miran tun wa pelu: oto ni ede tiwa-n-tiwa, oto ni ede ti 6 wulo gidi fun akoso orile ede ati eko kiko ni ile iwe. Ni ipari, iwaadi yi fi ye wa wipe ohun ti 6 nsele ni orile ede Naijiria k6 yato pupo si iriri awon orile ede ti 6 sese ndagba s'oke.RESUMOUnu nacio, kvarcent lingvoj: Unueco kaj diverseco en la lingvopolitiko de NigerioLa artikolo ekzamenas la lingvajn politikojn de Nigerio laǔ iliaj kontraǔaj celoj, ideolo-gial motivigoj kaj orientiĝoj. Gi klarigas iliajn kontraǔdirojn en la kunteksto de la soci-historia evoluo de la nacio, ĝia komplika etnolingva pejzaĝo, la konfliktaj postuloj de "naciismo" kaj "nacio-ismo" kaj la klopodo konservi lingvan kaj kulturan pluralismon dum oni samtempe apogas lingvan unuiĝon kaj nacian integriĝon. La aǔtoro argumentas, ke la konkludoj el Nigerio malkasas certajn tendencojn, kiuj reaperas en aliaj Triamondaj landoj.
Immunogenicity of “viable” tumor cells after storage in liquid nitrogen

Injection of vaccines containing BCG and irradiated L10 hepatoma cells into strain 2 guinea pigs led to arrest and regression of viable L10 cells injected contralateral to and simultaneous with the vaccine. If the tumor cells in the vaccine had been stored in LN2, the vaccine was significantly less effective. The diminished immunogenicity of the stored cells could not be attributed to the sequence of freezing and irradiation, nor to the presence of dead cells which had been killed during cryopreservation. We concluded that cells which had been stored in LN2 had undergone changes which decreased their immunogenicity but which did not alter permeability to trypan blue.
Molecular diagnostic tests to predict the risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in natalizumab-treated multiple sclerosis patients

Natalizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody against the alpha4 chain of the alpha4beta1 and alpha4beta7 integrin heterodimers used with high effectiveness in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. The use of this drug can unfortunately be associated with the onset of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, a possibly fatal infection of the central nervous system, caused by polyomavirus JC. To understand and quantify the risk of developing PML is important for patients who are about to start therapy with natalizumab and for patients who already are under treatment with this drug. In this review we describe and critique molecular diagnostic tests proposed in the last years to assess the risk of PML.
The relationship of the rate of intrauterine growth of infants of low birth weight to mortality, morbidity, and congenital anomalies

The purpose of this investigation is to determine the relationship of the intrauterine growth rate of low-birth-weight infants to neonatal mortality, congenital anomalies, and other factors related to the well-being of the neonate. A method has been developed which classifies infants of approximately 1,600 to 2,500 grams (3 pounds, 9 ounces, to 5 pounds, 8 ounces) in 4 gestation quartiles which have been made to be identical in their birth weight and sex distribution and to differ widely in their length of gestation. These 4 gestation quartiles, denoted short, intermediate short, intermediate long, and long, provide 4 groups of different rate of intrauterine growth from the very fast to the very slow. The data relate to 367 single white low-birth-weight infants in the Child Health and Development Studies in Oakland, California, and 20,408 such infants in New York City.
Vocal cord function and bispectral index in pediatric bronchoscopy patients emerging from propofol anesthesia

Objective In children undergoing bronchoscopy for evaluation of stridor or respiratory symptoms, movement of the vocal cords is routinely assessed at the conclusion of flexible bronchoscopy with children still anesthetized. The effect of anesthesia on vocal cord function is not well described. This study aimed to characterize the relationship between depth of propofol anesthesia, as measured by Bispectral Index (BIS), and vocal cord movement in pediatric patients. Methods Children between 6 months and 12 years of age presenting for diagnostic flexible bronchoscopy were enrolled in this prospective observational study. Anesthesia was maintained with a propofol infusion which was discontinued upon completion of the lower airway evaluation. An independent observer recorded the BIS score every 15 sec from discontinuation of propofol whereas the pulmonologist continued to observe vocal cord motion. BIS scores were also recorded for each observed clinical endpoint (paradoxical and normal vocal cord movement, complete vocal cord closure, and volitional movement). Results Data were analyzed for 47 subjects. The BIS values increased significantly from the conclusion of the lower airway evaluation with return of normal vocal cord movement, complete vocal cord closure, and volitional movement (P < 0.0005). BIS readings were higher for patients younger than 2 years. Paradoxical vocal cord movement was documented in 10.6% of subjects, but resolved in all subjects. Conclusions Our findings suggest that return of vocal cord function during emergence from propofol anesthesia is related to decreasing anesthetic depth with complete vocal cord closure occurring at BIS values near those associated with volitional movement. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2010; 45:494–499. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Marital History and the Burden of Cardiovascular Disease in Midlife

This study examines the effects of marital history on the burden of cardiovascular disease in midlife. With use of data from the 1992 Health and Retirement Study, a series of nested logistic regression models was used to estimate the association between marital history and the likelihood of cardiovascular disease. Results suggest that, in midlife, the continuously married and the never married are among the healthiest in cardiovascular outcomes. People with multiple marital losses are the most vulnerable group. People with multiple marital losses have a higher likelihood of cardiovascular disease and will need significant formal and informal care as they advance into old age.
1.4.2 Synthesizing and Specifying Architectures for System of Systems

Based on our experience with defining and evaluating system of systems and architectures using agent-based modeling, we describe the steps that we have employed in the context of a well-known process for defining system architectures and identify which steps of the process capture the unique characteristics of a system of systems. We describe a particular method that we developed to automate the generation of the communications links needed for executable simulation models when evaluating a large architectural design space, and we review model-based systems engineering methods that are applicable to specifying systems of systems and that support developing executable agent-based simulation models.
Communication-based performance bounds in nonlinear coordinated control

The work in this paper addresses the performance characteristics of a group of autonomous vehicles utilizing coordinated motion control. The vehicle dynamics correspond to planar unicycle systems with constant forward speed and heading control, and the coordination is implemented via phase-coupled oscillation, such as Kuramoto oscillators. We provide bounds on vehicle transient behavior in terms of maximal displacement from nominal and relation of those bounds to communication bandwidth and energy. Results are demonstrated in simulation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Partnering with Parents and Students in Alcohol Education: How The College of Saint Rose Harnesses the Influence of Prevention Specialists.

Wendy Neifeld Wheeler introduces the “prevention specialist” philosophy and how including parents in addressing college alcohol abuse is paying off in fewer student alcohol-related incidents at The College of Saint Rose.
Rule Hashing for Efficient Packet Classification in Network Intrusion Detection

A rule-based intrusion detection system compares the incoming packets against rule set in order to detect intrusion. Unfortunately, it spends the majority of CPU time in packet classification to search for rules that match each packet. A common approach is to build a graph such as rule trees or finite automata for a given rule set, and traverse it using a packet as an input string. Because of the increasing number of security threats and vulnerabilities, the number of rules often exceeds thousands requiring more than hundreds of megabytes of memory. Exploring such a huge graph becomes a major bottleneck in high-speed networks since each packet incurs many memory accesses with little locality. In this paper, we propose rule hashing for fast packet classification in intrusion detection systems. The rule hashing, combined with hierarchical rule trees, saves memory and reduce the number of memory accesses by allowing the whole working set to be accommodated in a cache in most of the time, and thus improves response times in finding matching rules. We implement our algorithm in Snort, a popular open-source intrusion detection system. Experimental results show that our implementation is faster than original Snort to deal with the same real packet traces while consuming an order of magnitude less memory.
Political Geography, Direct Democracy, and the Reasoning Voter: Spatial Proximity, Symbolic Politics, and Voting on California's Proposition 83

This article uses relatively novel techniques (geographic information systems, spatial regression) to provide counterevidence to the reasoning voter hypothesis in previous studies of direct democracy. We apply these methods to voting data in relation to the spatial implications of Proposition 83, a 2006 California ballot initiative that set residency restrictions upon felons convicted of sexual offenses to 2,000 feet beyond the boundaries of parks and schools. We apply a theoretical framework that argues that geographic/spatial awareness is often subject to affective responses. Our hypothesis suggests that, in the absence of clear costs/benefits and without explicit cues concerning the complexity of the spatial environment, voters' abilities to place self-interested votes become more susceptible to affect and symbols. Our models support this idea: partisan, ideological, and affective determinants dominate the model, while geographic self-interest is unrelated to voting behavior on Proposition 83. Related Articles:“Citizen Trust, Political Corruption, and Voting Behavior.” (2010) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2010.00267.x/abstract “Community Policing, Trust, and Muslim Communities in Relation to “New Terrorism.” (2010) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2010.00258.x/abstract “Moral Values and Vote Choice in the 2004 U.S. Presidential Election.” (2007) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2007.00058.x/abstract Related Media: Video Clip: “Jessica's Law Dilemma: Homeless Sex Offenders.” (ABC7News 2010) http://abclocal.go.com/kgo/story?section=news/iteam&id=7245220 Este articulo usa tecnicas relativamente nuevas (SIG, regresion espacial) para proveer un contraargumento a la hipotesis del elector racional en estudios previos en democracia directa (e.g., Lupia 1994). Aplicamos estos metodos a informacion electoral en relacion a las implicaciones espaciales de la Proposicion 83, una iniciativa de California en 2006 que establecio restricciones de residencia para personas sentenciadas por delitos sexuales a mantener una distancia de 600 metros de los limites de parques y escuelas. Aplicamos un marco teorico donde argumentamos que la conciencia geografica/espacial esta sujeta a respuestas afectivas frecuentemente. Nuestra hipotesis sugiere que, en la ausencia de costos/beneficios explicitos y sin una indicacion clara acerca de la complejidad espacial del entorno, la habilidad de los electores para votar en su propio interes se vuelve mas susceptible a emociones y simbolos. Nuestros modelos apoyan esta idea: determinantes partidistas, ideologicos y afectivos dominan el modelo, mientras que interes individual geografico no esta relacionado al comportamiento electoral en la Proposicion 83.
Modeling and LQR control of salinity in the Mekong Delta

In this paper, we study salinity transport in a section of the Mekong Delta river system in the Tra Vinh district of Vietnam. A combined linear state space model is developed for the shallow water flow and salinity transport in the presence of a sluice gate crossing the river. A Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) optimal control method is used to derive the gate closure rate that can minimize salinity intrusion from the sea and associated costs due to loss of farming and transportation revenue. Results are verified via simulations.
Laser Ablation of Titanium: The Experimental Study on Ablation Rate and Plasma Plume Size

Nanosecond laser ablation of titanium in air has been studied experimentally. The measured ablation depth at different pulse numbers indicates an incubation effect for the first ∼10 pulses. Compared with steel, the experiments show a larger plasma plume size and lower plume ignition threshold for titanium. The experimental measurements provide very useful information for the further study and practical applications of laser titanium micromachining.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Stimulation by serum of 32P incorporation into the phospholipids of Ehrlich ascites cells.

Ehrlich ascites cells adapted for suspension culture were incubated with 32P043- in a Krebs-Ringer- HEPES (N-2-hydroxyethyl-piperazine-N'-2-ethanesul- fonate) buffer with or without 5% calf serum. Specific activity was determined for cellular (y-3ZP)ATP, total phos- pholipids, and the individual phospholipids fractionated by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. Serum stimu- lated the incorporation of 32P into the phosphatides with a 2- %fold increase in specific activity of phosphatidylcho- line and phosphatidylethanolamine. Phosphatidylinositol showed a moderate increase. Phosphatidic acid showed an increase that could be accounted for by a parallel small increase in the specific activity of precursor (y-32P)- ATP. The effect of serum could be discerned as early as 10 min after its addition. Complete inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide or puromycin did not inter- fere with the serum stimulation of 32P incorporation into lipids, indicating that the serum effect is not depend- ent on synthesis of new protein. Incubation with palmitic acid caused a marked increase of phosphatidylinositol specific activity, little change in specific activity of phospha- tidic acid but a tripling of its total amount, and no changes in the other phosphatides. Oleic acid caused only a small increase in phosphatidylinositol specific activity and no significant changes in the other lipids.
Quantifying wetland methane emissions with process-based models of different complexities

Abstract. Bubbling is an important pathway of methane emissions from wetland ecosystems. However the concentration-based threshold function approach in current biogeochemistry models of methane is not sufficient to represent the complex ebullition process. Here we revise an extant process-based biogeochemistry model, the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model into a multi-substance model (CH4, O2, CO2 and N2) to simulate methane production, oxidation, and transport (particularly ebullition) with different model complexities. When ebullition is modeled with a concentration-based threshold function and if the inhibition effect of oxygen on methane production and the competition for oxygen between methanotrophy and heterotrophic respiration are retained, the model becomes a two-substance system. Ignoring the role of oxygen, while still modeling ebullition with a concentration-based threshold function, reduces the model to a one-substance system. These models were tested through a group of sensitivity analyses using data from two temperate peatland sites in Michigan. We demonstrate that only the four-substance model with a pressure-based ebullition algorithm is able to capture the episodic emissions induced by a sudden decrease in atmospheric pressure or by a sudden drop in water table. All models captured the retardation effect on methane efflux from an increase in surface standing water which results from the inhibition of diffusion and the increase in rhizospheric oxidation. We conclude that to more accurately account for the effects of atmospheric pressure dynamics and standing water on methane effluxes, the multi-substance model with a pressure-based ebullition algorithm should be used in the future to quantify global wetland CH4 emissions. Further, to more accurately simulate the pore water gas concentrations and different pathways of methane transport, an exponential root distribution function should be used and the phase-related parameters should be treated as temperature dependent.
An Exploration of Rule Configuration Effects on the Ethical Decision Processes of Advertising Professionals

This study explores the ethical perceptions of advertising professionals regarding two child-oriented television advertising issues: deceptive messages and host selling. Differences in ethical evaluative and decision processes are investigated for both issues, using two evaluative rules. The results indicate that variations in advertisers’ ethical judgments and ethical intentions are affected by the type of rule(s) used during the evaluative process, and by the degree to which the rules are embraced. The article concludes with recommendations for advertising management and implications for future research.
Mask and format: operators for editing and formatting

String-processing and editing operators have been notably absent from most high-level general-purpose programming languages. With the exception of the "substring" function, all formating of character strings and numbers has been done via I/O statements. In order to use the editing capabilities of these statements internally, language designers have resorted to such awkard techniques as "core to core I/O" in Fortran, or PUT STRING in PL/I. Two operators currently used with the SYMBOL-2R computer system eliminate this difficulty and provide an excellent method of editing and formatting both numbers and character strings.
Adverse Events in Connective Tissue Disease–Associated Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Objective Patients with connective tissue disease (CTD)–associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) have a poorer prognosis compared to those with idiopathic PAH, but little is known about the differences in treatment-related adverse events (AEs) and serious adverse events (SAEs) between these groups. This study was undertaken to characterize these differences.
Kinetic models for pressure response to volume change in tetanized isolated heart

Pressure responses to step changes in volume in the tetanized, isolated ferret heart were similar to tension responses to step changes in length in constantly activated, isolated cardiac muscle. It was hypothesized that kinetic models, homogeneous to those used to represent cross-bridge dynamics in muscle, would serve to represent pressure/volume dynamics in the LV chamber. Two models were investigated: one involving a single cyclic conversion of pressure generating units and another involving two cyclic conversions. These models were used to recreate observed pressure responses to both step and ramp changes in volume. It was found that the two-cycle model performed significantly better than the one-cycle model. >
Ethnic Variation in Environmental Belief and Behavior: An Examination of the New Ecological Paradigm in a Social Psychological Context

We use national-level data to test a modified version of Stern, Dietz, & Guagnano’s causal model of environmental belief and behavior. We focus mainly on ethnic variation in environmental belief, a...
Pregenomic comparative analysis between bordetella bronchiseptica RB50 and Bordetella pertussis tohama I in murine models of respiratory tract infection.

We describe here a side-by-side comparison of murine respiratory infection by Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella bronchiseptica strains whose genomes are currently being sequenced (Tohama I and RB50, respectively). B. pertussis and B. bronchiseptica are most appropriately classified as subspecies. Their high degree of genotypic and phenotypic relatedness facilitates comparative studies of pathogenesis. RB50 and Tohama I differ in their abilities to grow in the nose, trachea, and lungs of BALB/c mice and to induce apoptosis, lung pathology, and an antibody response. To focus on the interactions between the bacteria and particular aspects of the host immune response, we used mice with specific immune defects. Mice lacking B cells and T cells were highly susceptible to B. bronchiseptica and were killed by intranasal inoculation with doses as low as 500 CFU. These mice were not killed by B. pertussis, even when doses as high as 105 CFU were delivered to the lungs. B. bronchiseptica, which was highly resistant to naive serum in vitro, caused bacteremia in these immunodeficient mice, while B. pertussis, which was highly sensitive to naive serum, did not cause bacteremia. B. bronchiseptica was, however, killed by immune serum in vitro, and adoptive transfer of anti-Bordetella antibodies protected SCID-beige mice from B. bronchiseptica lethal infection. Neutropenic mice were similarly killed by B. bronchiseptica but not B. pertussis infection, suggesting neutrophils are critical to the early inflammatory response to the former but not the latter. B. bronchiseptica was dramatically more active than B. pertussis in mediating the lysis of J774 cells in vitro and in inducing apoptosis of inflammatory cells in mouse lungs. This side-by-side comparison describes phenotypic differences that may be correlated with genetic differences in the comparative analysis of the genomes of these two highly related organisms.
Meteorite 3-D synchrotron microtomography: Methods and applications

Methods of synchrotron X-ray computed microtomography (XRCMT) are described, which allow nondestructive, high spatial and contrast resolution imaging of the density structures of meteorites and their components in three dimensions. Images of bulk chondrites (to one cubic centimeter in size) reveal compound chondrules, chondrule/matrix volumetric ratios, metal and sulfide distribution, petrofabrics, and 3-D chondrule and calcium-aluminum inclusion (CAI) sizes and shapes. Images of separated chondrules and CAIs reveal void spaces, mineral intergrowth textures, and the true locations of crystal rims and cores, at resolutions to <8 cubic micron/volume element. Images of achondrites reveal mineral fabrics and crystal zoning. Lunar glass spherules can be searched for phenocrysts bearing deeply sourced melt inclusions. A companion DVD and URL contain images for classroom and research use. Numerical techniques for quantification of X-ray computed microtomography (XRCMT) data and its potential applications are discussed. Three- dimensional X-ray images of meteorites provide a way to discover components of interest and to precisely slice samples to expose these components with minimal damage and loss of material. Three- dimensional studies of petrographic features (size, shape, texture, and modal abundance) of chondrites and their components, as well as other meteorites, have definite advantages over standard 2-D studies using randomly sliced thin sections.
Reproduction and Feeding Behavior of Myzus persicae on Four Cereals

Green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), does not overwinter outdoors in Minnesota; it arrives each spring on low-level jet streams from the south. After arrival, anholocylic reproduction occurs on numerous herbaceous species, including many common weeds, before movement to potato, Solanum tuberosum L. In investigating aphid feeding behavior on barrier crops, we observed winter wheat, Triticum aestivum L., colonized by green peach aphid. The Northern Great Plains grows 94,000 ha of potatoes and 20.5 million ha of small grain cereals each year, the latter potentially providing an early emerging and widely distributed green peach aphid host to influence early season potato colonization. Life tables statistics indicated green peach aphid had its highest reproductive potential among cereals on winter wheat, with rye (Secale cereale L.) > barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) > oats (Avena sativa L.). Green peach aphid was found to colonize barley, rye, and winter wheat, but not oats. Mean generation time, net reproductive rate, doubling time, and finite rate of increase were significantly different between host plants. Electrical penetration graph technique indicated mean nonpenetration duration by green peach aphid was significantly different among plant species, and significantly longer on winter wheat than on the other cereals. Mean xylem phase duration was not significantly different among plant species but sieve element salivation was of longest duration on potato. Phloem sap ingestion (E2) was also significantly different among plant species with longest E2 duration on winter wheat. This study demonstrates that this aphid can effectively use key cereals at the vegetative stage.
Modulation of Murine Lymphocyte Mitogen Responses by Glycerol-Teichoic Acid

Glycerol-teichoic acid (GTA) showed a modulatory effect on the in vitro response of murine splenocytes to the mitogens concanavalin A (Con A) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as measured by incorporation of 3H-thymidine. GTA inhibited the response to Con A when added prior to addition of the mitogen, while addition 24 hr after had no significant effect on the response. The degree of suppression was dose dependent in a range from 0.1-5 microgram GTA/culture. The spleen cell response to LPS was enhanced by GTA when added prior to the mitogen. Peak enhancement occurred at 1-2 microgram GTA/culture, depending on the time of addition. GTA added 24 hr after LPS produced no significant effect on mitogenesis. Addition of GTA alone to spleen cell cultures produced a slight suppression of DNA synthesis and was toxic at 10 microgram/culture if incubated at least 66 hr. GTA is bound to murine spleen cells as indicated by decreased passive hemagglutination inhibition activity of culture supernates.