cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physical Activity Efficacy and Effectiveness Among Older Adults and Minorities

The objective of this study was to consider efficacy and effectiveness of physical activity for the prevention and management of NIDDM among minorities and older adults of the U.S. Relevant population trends and projections are discussed, followed by a review of the efficacy of physical activity based on theoretical, prospective cohort, and intervention studies. With few empirical studies available, the assessment of effectiveness is largely theoretical and focuses on potentially important issues for future studies among older adults and minorities. Efficacy studies have shown that moderate-intensity physical activity is associated with a one- to two-thirds lower incidence of NIDDM over 4-14 years and 15-20% lower glycosylated hemoglobin over 3-4 months among people with NIDDM. With physical inactivity prevalence at 60-70%, much work remains to be done to improve physical activity effectiveness. In the most vulnerable populations, physician referral and community involvement structured around stage of change and self-efficacy theories are suggested as the most promising approaches to promoting physical activity adoption and maintenance. Effectiveness or demonstration studies that test and build on stage of change, self-efficacy, and other concepts of physical activity promotion and outcomes would likely prove to be highly valuable investments for public health.
Modeling spatial and temporal variation in motion data

We present a novel method to model and synthesize variation in motion data. Given a few examples of a particular type of motion as input, we learn a generative model that is able to synthesize a family of spatial and temporal variants that are statistically similar to the input examples. The new variants retain the features of the original examples, but are not exact copies of them. We learn a Dynamic Bayesian Network model from the input examples that enables us to capture properties of conditional independence in the data, and model it using a multivariate probability distribution. We present results for a variety of human motion, and 2D handwritten characters. We perform a user study to show that our new variants are less repetitive than typical game and crowd simulation approaches of re-playing a small number of existing motion clips. Our technique can synthesize new variants efficiently and has a small memory requirement.
The Judicial Theory of a Reasonable Public Servant

Contemporary theory of the constitutionally reasonable public servant, established by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1982 in Harlow v. Fitzgerald, is measured in reference to clearly established constitutional or statutory rights that a reasonable person would have known. In this article, the author seeks to elucidate the evolving contours of the objective reasonableness standard and examines how federal courts have applied it. To gain a firsthand impression of how public officials challenged in federal courts are measuring up to the objective reasonableness standard, the author provides a snapshot of 449 recent court cases selected from two federal circuits, the Eighth and the District of Columbia circuits. He concludes that public officials in these two circuits have fared very well under the standard of objective reasonableness. The flip side is that aggrieved individual citizens must carry a heavy burden to protect their constitutional rights.
Development of steroid-induced lordosis in female guinea pigs: Effects of different estradiol and progesterone treatments, clonidine, and early weaning

The ability of developing ovariectomized (OVX) guinea pigs to display lordosis following a variety of steroid treatments which are behaviorally effective in adults was examined. Females OVX at 11 days of age did not display lordosis at 20 days of age, following treatment with several dose combinations of estradiol benzoate (EB, 10-50 micrograms) and progesterone (0.5-5 mg). By 30 days of age, 25% of the animals responded to EB plus progesterone, and by 40 days of age, adult-typical responses were observed. The developmental profile of responsiveness to steroids was not altered by varying the age at OVX, or by allowing pups to remain with a lactating mother. OVX females given estradiol (E2) implants did not exhibit progesterone-facilitated lordosis earlier than those treated with EB: however, the former group did show an unusually high incidence of progesterone-independent lordosis at 40 days of age. Twenty-day-old females also did not respond behaviorally to discrete pulses of E2 followed by progesterone, a treatment which was very effective in adults. Finally, lordosis was not facilitated in EB-primed, 20-day-old females by the alpha-noradrenergic agonist, clonidine, a treatment which was effective in adult females. These data illustrate a variety of conditions under which juvenile female guinea pigs do not exhibit steroid-induced lordosis. Since 20-day-old, EB-treated females also did not exhibit clonidine-facilitated lordosis, incomplete development of the central steroid-responsive and/or noradrenergic systems may contribute to the inability to display steroid-induced estrous behavior at this age.
Reprint of: Growth of nacre in abalone: Seasonal and feeding effects

Abstract The processes of aggregation of mineral and organic materials to the growing surfaces in red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) are analyzed. The flat pearl implantation method is used to observe the transient stages of calcium carbonate deposition, the structure of the organic interlayer, and the steady-state growth of aragonite tiles. The morphology of the organic interlayer is characterized by scanning electron microscopy. These results enable a realistic depiction of the formation of the terraced cones that comprise the principal biomineralization mechanism in this gastropod. In all cases, the growth initiated through spherulites, followed by tile formation. The transient stage with spherulitic formation was shorter at higher temperature; this is indicative of a greater activity of the animal at 21 °C. The growth rate in a normally fed gastropod was found to be higher compared with one provided with limited food. The effect of water temperature (seasonal) was also established, with growth proceeding faster in the summer (T ~ 21 °C) than in winter (15 °C). The structures of the organic interlayer and of the epithelium are revealed by scanning electron microscopy.
Missing Data in the Forensic Context

Missing survey data are difficult to present in court. This paper reflects testimony prepared and given by the authors in a case alleging that the New Jersey State Police were differentially stopping and arresting blacks at the southern end of the New Jersey turnpike. A Bayesian technique with informative priors is used to examine the sensitivity of the inference to the missing data.
Colloidal processing of powder for reliable ceramics

Abstract Interparticle forces can be controlled by barriers formed around particles (clouds of ions and/or chem-adsorbed molecules) that produce repulsive forces to counter the persistent, attractive van der Waals forces. How these forces control the mechanical properties of powder compacts, saturated with a liquid, is new and critical to new forming technologies being developed for more reliable ceramics.
Coordination of Lip Muscle Activity by 2-Year-Old Children During Speech and Nonspeech Tasks

This investigation was designed to quantify the coordinative organization of lip muscle activity of 2-year-old children during speech and nonspeech behaviors. Electromyographic (EMG) recordings of ...
Model selection: A Lagrange optimization approach

This paper proposes an adaptive model selection criterion with a data-driven penalty term. We treat model selection as an equality constrained minimization problem and develop an adaptive model selection procedure based on the Lagrange optimization method. In contrast to Akaike's information criterion (AIC), Bayesian information criterion (BIC) and most other existing criteria, this new criterion is to minimize the model size and take a measure of lack-of-fit as an adaptive penalty. Both theoretical results and simulations illustrate the power of this criterion with respect to consistency and pointwise asymptotic loss efficiency in the parametric and nonparametric cases.
Activation of branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase in isolated hepatocytes by branched-chain α-ketoacids☆

The effects of branched-chain alpha-ketoacids on flux through and activity state of the branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex were studied in hepatocytes prepared from chow-fed, starved, and low-protein-diet-fed rats. Very low concentrations of alpha-ketoisocaproate caused a dramatic stimulation (50% activation at 20 microM) of alpha-ketoisovalerate decarboxylation in hepatocytes from low-protein-fed rats. alpha-Keto-beta-methylvalerate was also effective, but less so than alpha-ketoisocaproate. alpha-Ketoisocaproate did not stimulate alpha-ketoisovalerate decarboxylation by hepatocytes from chow-fed or starved rats. To a smaller degree, alpha-keto-beta-methylvalerate and alpha-ketoisovalerate stimulated alpha-ketoisocaproate decarboxylation by hepatocytes from low-protein-fed rats. The implied order of potency of stimulation of flux through branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase was alpha-ketoisocaproate greater than alpha-keto-beta-methylvalerate greater than alpha-ketoisovalerate, i.e., the same order of potency of these compounds as branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase inhibitors. Fluoride, known to inhibit branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase phosphatase, largely prevented alpha-ketoisocaproate and alpha-chloroisocaproate activation of flux through the branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase. Assay of the branched-chain alpha-ketoacid complex in cell-free extracts of hepatocytes isolated from low-protein-diet-fed rats confirmed that alpha-ketoacids affected the activity state of the complex. Branched-chain alpha-ketoacids failed to activate flux in hepatocytes prepared from chow-fed and starved rats because essentially all of the complex was already in the dephosphorylated, active state. These findings indicate that inhibition of branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase activity by branched-chain alpha-ketoacids is important for regulation of the activity state of hepatic branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase.
Creatine kinase role in anaphase chromosome movement.

Creatine kinase catalyses the conversion of ADP and phosphoryl creatine into ATP and creatine. In skeletal muscle a non-mitochondrial isoenzyme of creatine kinase has a major role in regulating the energy supply for muscle contraction by maintaining the ATP pools at relatively constant levels1,2. Recently, this enzyme has been localized by immunofluorescence techniques on intermediate filaments and stress fibres in interphase cells3 and in mitotic spindles of dividing tissue culture cell lines, including the PtK1 cell line4,5 and has been found to co-purify with spindles isolated from dividing sea urchin eggs6 and with muscle cell nuclei7. Here I have used permeabilized PtK1 cells to investigate the possibility that creatine kinase may be involved in regulation of spindle energy metabolism by lysing cells in medium containing phosphoryl creatine. I find that spindle elongation will continue in these conditions, provided ADP is also present in the lysis medium. This finding is consistent with my previous demonstration that spindle elongation is the ATP-requiring step during anaphase8,9 and is a direct demonstration that creatine kinase may have a role in mitosis analogous to that observed during skeletal muscle contraction.
The Model Muddle in Co-Corrections:

Shifting correctional philosophies and institutional policies have contributed to what psychiatrist Humphry Osmond calls the “model muddle.” The present article, based on analysis and speculation of a few investigations in the field of sexually integrated prisons (co-corrections), finds that co-correctional institutions suffer from a unique muddle of programmatic and nonprogrammatic models that clash over institutional goals to value the male-female relationship on the one hand and to serve system needs on the other.
Improvements in the computation of balances and localization of commercial losses of electric energy in 0.38-kV networks

An example of four 0.38-kV overhead distribution lines fed from a 10/0.4-kV transformer substation of the Grodno Electrical Networks (Belarus’) and supplying electricity to a cottage area is used for analyzing energy balances and commercial losses in the networks. It is shown that the reliability of such analysis can be ensured by the use of modern software and electronic energy meters recording a retrospective of half-hourly intervals of active and reactive electric energy.
Creep cavitation under interfacial segregation

Abstract Creep cavitation under interfacial solute segregation is considered using a kinetic approach. During cavity nucleation, a varying degree of interfacial segregation can result from different diffusivities of the species. Normally, intergranular cavitation follows the saddle point path for which an explicit solution of the nucleation rate can be obtained. When the mobility of solute atoms is extremely low, however, equilibrium segregation and the saddle point may never be reached; for this case, an approximate solution is obtained. In both cases, the nucleation rate is obtained as the product of an activation energy term and an effective diffusivity term. The activation barrier of the former is influenced strongly by the segregation, whereas the latter is essentially the geometric mean of the diffusivities of the solute and solvent species. This effective diffusivity is different from that for the cavity growth rate. The present analysis is extended to interfacial segregation in interstitial solid solutions for which an analogy with the pressurization effect on cavitation is found. The implication of the analysis to creep cavitation is discussed, and its relation to the environmental effect on decohesion considered by Rice, Hirth, and Asaro is demonstrated.
Relation of lava compositions to volcano size and structure in El Salvador

Abstract Most of the lavas at the nine volcanic centers along the volcanic front of El Salvador are basalts, basaltic andesites and andesites. The compositional variation within and among these centers can be explained by fractionation processes within the crust. Cognate gabbroic inclusions found in the lavas have appropriate mineralogy (plagioclase, olivine, magnetite and augite) to be cumulates formed by fractional crystallization. Two main variation trends occur, depending on the proportion of plagioclase removal. The more common, or normal, trend has a high (> 55%) proportion of plagioclase being removed. A less common, Al-rich, trend has a low (40%) proportion of plagioclase being removed. The Al-rich trend is found only at volcanoes that lack large negative Bouguer gravity anomalies. These volcanoes are unlikely to have large shallow magma chambers and fractionation probably occurs deeper in the crust where plagioclase removal is inhibited. The incompatible element (Na 2 O, K 2 O, Rb, Ba) contents of lavas vary systematically with the volume of the volcanic centers. At the same level of SiO 2 , large volcanic centers have higher incompatible element contents than small volcanic centers. This suggests that open system fractionation in a periodically refilled chamber is the controlling factor. The large difference in Ba contents of lavas between eastern (low) and western (high) El Salvador suggests a difference in the mantle source region.
Effect of Solvent Condition on the Dynamic Response of Polymer Brushes

The frictional response of two opposing polymer brushes subjected to steady shear was studied as a function of solvent condition and degree of compression using the Surface Forces Apparatus (SFA). The brushes were made by preferential adsorption of polyvinylpryridinepolystyrene (PVP-PS) block copolymers adsorbed onto atomically smooth surfaces from a dilute solution of toluene. Extremely parallel lateral motion was imparted to one surface and the response was detected at the opposing brush-covered surface. When the brushes were bathed in a good solvent, it was necessary to strongly compress the layers in order to observe frictional forces transmitted between the surfaces. However, when the solvent was changed to a near-theta solvent, large frictional forces were measured at weaker compressions. The onset of these frictional forces occurred at distances comparable to the distance at which the opposing layers contact one another and rapidly increase as the brushes are compressed. Arguments are advanced that this behavior is attributable to frictional interactions between the polymer chains and the solvent.
Solution to the mass spectrometry challenge.

This iconic equation leads to a very delicate understanding of the concept of mass, since it states that mass cannot be defined in the absence of energy. According to this, changes in energy will result in changes in mass, so isomers (species composed of the same numbers and types of atoms) will have different masses if their formation energies are different. In 2002, Allan G. Marshall et al discussed the capabilities of high resolution ion cyclotron mass spectrometry [2]. In this article, the authors noted that the ΔE=Δmc relationship leads directly to a mass difference between ions that have identical chemical formulae but different formation energies, such as cisor trans-1,2dichloroethene. Thismeans that, in principle, mass spectrometry can be used to distinguish between chemical isomers. For FSSF and F2S=S, the formation enthalpy difference of ∼11 kJ mol equates to ∼0.1 nDa: m 1⁄4 E c2 1⁄4 11 kJ mol 1 2:998 108m s 1 ð Þ 6:023 1023mol 1 1⁄4 2:0 10 37kg ffi 1:2 10 10Da
The generality of transfer: Effects of age and similarity of training and transfer tasks

Abstract Two experiments were conducted investigating the extent to which transfer of training would take place. The Ss were trained to attend to a particular dimension (color or form) of a set of stimuli and were then presented with a transfer problem. For half the Ss the transfer problem was an intradimensional (ID) shift, and for the remaining half an extradimensional (ED) shift, with the ID-ED difference then being used as an index of the magnitude of transfer. Previous data had indicated that preschool and kindergarten children did not effectively transfer learned attention responses from one task to another if the formats of the two problems were different. Experiment I investigated the hypothesis that older children would show broader patterns of transfer. However, the patterns obtained with second and fifth graders were extremely similar to those obtained with younger children. In Exp. II, it was found that transfer did take place across different task formats if the stimuli remained the same from training to transfer. The data were discussed in terms of the role of contextual cues, or context markers, in the origical acquisition of information and the subsequent transfer (use) of that information.
Selecting creative people for sales positions

Abstract Creativity is an important, yet an often overlooked attribute for industrial selling success. This article examines creativity within this context and offers a number of specific recommendations for sales managers as they engage in campus recruiting.
The fate of helium under the conditions on a neutron star surface

Abstract We have studied the helium plasma in the hypernetted-chain approximation considering both short-ranged internuclear and long-ranged Coulomb interactions. The optimal two-particle wave function has been determined in HNC/0 and HNC/4 approximations. The two-particle distribution functions, which have been calculated in various orders of HNC/n approximations (n = 0, 4, 5), are used to determine the pycnonuclear triple-alpha-fusion rate in the density regime 108 ⩽ ϱ ⩽ 1010 g/cm3. The effect of this rate on the crust evolution of an accreting old neutron star is discussed. Our calculation supports the idea that the helium liquid undergoes a phase transition to stable 8Be matter at densities ϱ ≈ 3 × 109 g/cm3 as the plasma induced screening potential then becomes strong eno ugh to bind the 8Be ground state.
Microwave Imaging Reflectometry from concept to construction: The role of modeling and laboratory characterization in diagnostic development

Summary form only given. Microwave Imaging Reflectometry (MIR) is a novel and ambitious application of reflectometry with a potential to revolutionize the diagnosis of tokamak plasma phenomena1, particularly electron density fluctuations. By adapting the principles of 2D millimeter wave imaging which have done so much to advance heterodyne radiometry through the development of ECE Imaging, MIR promises to provide the experimentalist with a truly unique dataset and new opportunities for exploring the polarization and 2D structure of turbulence, the physics of acoustically coupled instabilities, and the evolution of shear flows whose influence may dominate the confinement properties of high performance tokamak discharges.
Pyroxenes in Serra de Mage - Cooling history in comparison with Moama and Moore County

Thin sections and single grains of pyroxenes from the Serra de Mage feldspar cumulate eucrites were studied by X-ray crystallography, electron microprobe and optical techniques. It was concluded that the pyroxene crystallized as pigeonite. On cooling augite was exsolved along (001) and inverted to hypersthene, with exsolution of (100) augite from hypersthene during continued slow cooling. The estimated original bulk composition of the pigeonite pyroxene is Wo10En51Fs39. The compositional data, textural relations, and existence of P2 sub 1 ca hypersthene suggest very low cooling (about 0.0004 deg C/year) below 800 deg. The Serra de Mage augite lamellae were found to be as thick or thicker than those of Moore County and Moama meteorites.
Normal repair of DNA single-strand breaks in patients with ataxia telangiectasia

The repair of DNA single-strand breaks induced by X-rays or bleomycin was investigated in diploid fibroblasts isolated from normal individuals and from patients with ataxia telangiectasia by the technique of alkaline elution. No difference was observed between these cell strains in the rate of rejoining of DNA strand breaks induced by low or moderate doses of X-rays or by treatment with bleomycin. Owing to the sensitivity of the technique employed, the possibility that ataxia telangiectasia cells are deficient in DNA single-strand break repair appears unlikely.
Fueling transcriptional silencing with Gas1

Within eukaryotic cells, chromatin is separated into two main types based on cytological staining: euchromatin and heterochromatin. The less dense form, euchromatin, is the more transcriptionally active form and is generally gene rich. The tightly compacted form, heterochromatin, is relatively gene poor and silences transcription of most, if not all, genes within this chromatin domain (1). Despite being poor in genes, heterochromatin is important for the maintenance of genome stability, because heterochromatin facilitates assembly of centromeres and prevents recombination at repetitive DNA sequences (2). Moreover, heterochromatin also plays an important regulatory role during development and has been implicated in the aging process. Many genes have been identified as being important for the formation and maintenance of heterochromatin in organisms ranging from yeast to humans. In this issue of PNAS, Koch and Pillus (3) bring to light a surprising role for Gas1, a glucanosyltransferase involved in cell wall biogenesis, in transcriptional silencing in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
The breast cancer susceptibility allele CHEK2*1100delC promotes genomic instability in a knock-in mouse model

Allelic variants of CHEK2 contribute to an elevated risk for human breast cancer and possibly other cancer types. In particular, the CHEK2*1100delC polymorphic variant has been identified as a low-penetrance breast cancer susceptibility allele in breast cancer families with wild type BRCA1 and BRCA2. To better understand the molecular basis by which this allele increases risk for disease, we have generated a mouse in which the wild type CHEK2 (Chk2 in mouse) allele has been replaced with the 1100delC variant. Mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) derived from these mice have an altered cell cycle profile in which a far greater proportion of cells are in S-phase and in G2 (4N) compared with wild type cells. The mutant cells show signs of spontaneous genomic instability as indicated by polyploidy and an increase in DNA double strand breaks.
Atypical clinical features of pediatric appendicitis.

Background The diagnosis of appendicitis remains challenging in children. Delays in diagnosis, or misdiagnosis, have important medical and legal implications. The typical, or classic, presentation of pediatric appendicitis has been modeled after adult disease; however, many children present atypically with subtle findings or unusual signs. Objectives To determine the frequency of atypical clinical features among pediatric patients with appendicitis and to investigate which atypical features are the strongest negative predictors for appendicitis among patients being evaluated for appendicitis. Methods Children and adolescents with suspected appendicitis were enrolled over 20 consecutive months. Pediatric emergency physicians completed standardized data collection forms on eligible patients. Final diagnosis was determined by pathology or follow-up telephone call. Typical and atypical findings were defined strictly a priori. Results Seven hundred fifty-five patients were enrolled. The median age was 11.9 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 8.5, 14.9 yr); 36% of patients were diagnosed with appendicitis. Among patients with appendicitis, the most common atypical features included absence of pyrexia (83%), absence of Rovsing's sign (68%), normal or increased bowel sounds (64%), absence of rebound pain (52%), lack of migration of pain (50%), lack of guarding (47%), abrupt onset of pain (45%), lack of anorexia (40%), absence of maximal pain in the right lower quadrant (32%), and absence of percussive tenderness (31%). Forty-four percent of patients with proven appendicitis had six or more atypical characteristics. The median number of atypical features for patients with proven appendicitis was five (IQR: 4.0, 7.0). The greatest negative predictors, on the basis of likelihood ratios, were as follows: white blood cell count (WBC) of <10,000 per cubic millimeter (likelihood ratios [LR], 0.18), absolute neutrophil count (ANC) of <7,500 per cubic millimeter (LR, 0.35), lack of percussive tenderness (LR, 0.50), lack of guarding (LR, 0.63), and no nausea or emesis (LR, 0.65). Conclusions Appendicitis in pediatric patients is difficult to diagnose because children present with a wide variety of atypical clinical features. Forty-four percent of patients with appendicitis presented with six or more atypical features. Two atypical features are the strongest negative predictors of appendicitis in children: WBC of <10,000 per cubic millimeter and an ANC of <7,500 per cubic millimeter.
Some Experiments with Salts of Heavy Metals as Fixatives

Heavy metal salts mostly in 0.5M concentration were used for tissue fixation and for albumin and gelatin precipitation. Tissues from dog, cat, and rabbit were stained in acid and basic stains. It was found that the atomic weight of the cation of the salt influenced its precipitating power. Penetration was either uniform or non-uniform and the resulting shrinkage generalized or cellular. Tissue hardening or high precipitating efficacy of a given salt did not always give good tissue preservation, but well preserved tissue was necessarily firm after fixation and fixed by a salt with a high precipitating efficacy. The mordanting effects of the fixatives were arbitrarily classified into three types: isomordants, basic mordants, and acid mordants.
Improved Camshift with adaptive searching window

Camshift is widely used real-time algorithm in video target tracking field. The size of searching window (SW) is a key factor of Camshift, and bigger or smaller size of SW will both decrease the real-time feature of Camshift. In this paper, a accelerated Camshift with adaptive searching window (ACASW) was proposed. Firstly the meanshift process and computational cost (CC) were modeled, and the relationship between the size of SW and CC was analyzed quantificationally, then the optimized size of SW was deduced, which was used in the proposed algorithm. From the experimental results it can be seen that, compared to the traditional Camshift with fixed EW, the proposed algorithm can reduce the computing time effectively, which improve the real-time feature of the algorithm.
A growth curve analysis of parent training outcomes: examining the influence of child risk factors (inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity problems), parental and family risk factors.

Background: Parent training is one of the most effective treatments for young children with conduct problems. However, not every family benefits from this approach and approximately one-third of children remain in the clinical range at follow-up assessments. Little is known about factors affecting treatment outcome for young children. Method: Hierarchical linear modeling methods were used to examine the effects of child attentional risk factors (inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity problems), parental and familial risk factors upon the efficacy of a parent training program to decrease boys’ conduct problems. Mothers of 81 boys, four to seven years of age, exhibiting conduct problems attended a parent training program (The Incredible Years) which lasted 22 to 24 weeks. Treatment effectiveness was assessed at one month and one year post treatment by means of independent home observations, parent and teacher reports. Results: Results indicated significant decreases in observations of mothers’ negative parenting interactions with their children and decreases in their conduct problems according to mother reports and independent observations at home. Boys with elevated ratings of attentional problems in addition to conduct problems showed similar benefits from the parent training program as the boys who did not have attentional problems. Conclusion: This study suggests that parent training is equally effective for boys with both conduct problems and attentional problems as it is for boys with conduct problems without these attentional problems. In fact, boys rated in the Borderline or Clinical range for attentional problems evidenced a greater decrease in externalizing behavior problems as rated by their mothers. Surprisingly, the predictor variables of depression, stress, and socioeconomic status were not significant contributors at either initial status or growth over time whether outcomes were measured by child conduct problems or parenting interactions.
Embryogenesis of Xyleborus ferrugineus (Fabr.). (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) II. Developmental rates of male and female embryos.

The developmental rates of male and female embryos of Xyleborus ferrugineus were compared by charting for each sex the mean age for each of ten discrete morphological stages of embryogenesis from pole cell exclusion to eclosion. Male and female embryos developed synchronously from stage 1 (which begins with pole cell exclusion) through stage 4 (which ends with the completion of germ band extension and metamerization). After stage 4 and throughout the remainder of embryogenesis, the mean ages per morphological stage of male embryos were significantly greater than those for female embryos. The expected physiological consequences of a haploid genome in the male embryo as compared to a diploid condition in the female embryo are discussed as the possible basis for the persistent lag observed in male developmental rate after stage 4.
Cracking and damage in a notched unidirectional fiber-reinforced brittle matrix composite

Results of four-point bend tests on notched beams of a laminated unidirectional fiber-reinforced glass matrix composite are presented. The failure sequence has been established through in situ examination. The dominant damage mode is a mixed-mode, split crack that runs parallel to the predominant fiber directions. The crack interacts with and crosses over imperfectly aligned fibers. The resulting bridging tractions are sufficient to cause the critical strain energy release rate to increase substantially as the crack extends. Several other damage modes are also observed. These include mode I (tensile) matrix cracks bridged by fibers, mode II (shear) cracks, and compressive damage at the loading points.
STRATEGIES FOR ASSESSING EARLY-MIDDLE (PLIENSBACHIAN-AALENIAN) JURASSIC CYCLOCHRONOLOGIES

There are a number of fundamental problems in assessing the astronomically forced cyclostratigraphy of the Jurassic Period. First, Jurassic geochronology is not well constrained, due to a general s...
Research on Race and Ethnic Relations Among Community College Students

Considerable research has been conducted in the past two decades on race and ethnic relations among community college students. The atheoretical underpinnings of this research have led to vague and...
Recent Advances in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn

Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) is a clinical syndrome characterized by failure of the lung circulation to achieve or sustain the normal drop in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) at birth. Past laboratory studies identified the important role of nitric oxide (NO)-cGMP signaling in the regulation of the perinatal lung circulation, leading to the development and application of inhaled NO therapy for PPHN. Although inhaled NO therapy has improved the clinical course and outcomes of many infants, pulmonary hypertension can be refractory to inhaled NO, suggesting the need for additional approaches to severe PPHN. To develop novel therapeutic strategies for PPHN, ongoing studies continue to explore basic mechanisms underlying the pathobiology of PPHN in experimental models, including strategies to enhance NO-cGMP signaling. Recent studies have demonstrated that impaired vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling may contribute to the pathogenesis of PPHN. Lung VEGF expression is markedly decreased in an experimental model of PPHN in sheep; inhibition of VEGF mimics the structural and functional abnormalities of PPHN, and VEGF treatment improves pulmonary hypertension through upregulation of NO production. Other studies have shown that enhanced NO-cGMP activity through the use of cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitors (sildenafil), soluble guanylate cyclase activators (BAY 41-2272), superoxide scavengers (superoxide dismutase), and rho-kinase inhibitors (fasudil) can lead to potent and sustained pulmonary vasodilation in experimental PPHN. Overall, these laboratory studies suggest novel pharmacologic strategies for the treatment of refractory PPHN.
Geomorphic response of an Appalachian Valley and Ridge stream to urbanization

Human-induced changes to the channel and 18·6 km2 catchment of Second Creek, in Knox County, Tennessee (USA), have included deliberate channel realignment, channelization of some reaches in culverts or cement-lined channels, the addition of coarse particles, and intentional and unintentional changes in catchment hydrology. Field observations and measurements made between 1997 and 2001 showed active adjustment of the stream channel. Channel bank erosion is the dominant adjustment, but aggradation also occurs. One change following urbanization is an increase in bed particle size due to the addition of particles of anthropogenic origin. Such particles constitute 2–21 per cent of particles sampled at eight sites along the stream, and their D50 exceeds the D50 of natural particles at five of the sites. The downstream portion of the catchment has been urbanized for more than 150 years, but urbanizing activity has continued throughout the catchment, occurring not as a discrete perturbation, but as a set of disturbances with varying spatial and temporal scales. Spatial patterns of erosion and deposition in the channel are complex and do not show an upstream–downstream trend. Effective, although unintended, decoupling of the most manipulated reaches has hindered the propagation of changes in channel morphology and channel materials in this urbanized stream system. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
COOPERATION BETWEEN CD4+ AND CD8+ T CELLS: When, Where, and How*

Concepts of cell-cell interactions in adaptive immunity have alternated between the simple and the complex. The notion that one population of small, circulating lymphocytes is responsible for adaptive immunity was sequentially supplanted by the concept of separate T and B lymphocyte populations that cooperate to produce IgG antibody responses, by a three-cell model in which a myeloid APC initiates these cooperative lymphoid responses, by the recognition of T cell subsets, and by the idea that CD8+ T cell subset responses to graft antigens depend on CD4+ T cell subset activity. Simplicity was reintroduced with the revelation that CD8+ T cells can act independently of CD4+ T cells against acute viral infections. The pendulum has swung again toward complexity with recognition of the distinct and conjoint contributions of innate stimuli, APCs, NK and NKT cells, Tregs, and CD4+ helper T cells to CD8+ T cell behavior during acute and chronic infections or as memory cells. The renewed appreciation that multiple, sometimes rare cell types must communicate during cell-mediated immune responses has led to questions about how such interactions are orchestrated within organized lymphoid tissues. We review recent advances in deciphering the specific contribution of CD4+ T cells to physiologically useful CD8+ T cell responses, the signals involved in producing acute effectors versus long-lived memory cells, and the mechanisms underlying the cell-cell associations involved in delivery of such signals. We propose a model based on these new findings that may serve as a general paradigm for cellular interactions that occur in an inflamed lymph node during the initiation of immune responses.
EFFECTS OF PATERNITY AND MATE AVAILABILITY ON MATE SWITCHING IN HOUSE WRENS

Abstract We studied within-season mate switching in House Wrens (Troglodytes aedon) from 1998 to 2000. Males initiated mate switching, but mate switching was not related to the male's paternity in the first brood, his body condition, or his breeding experience. Males were more likely to switch mates when unmated females were nearby. Males that switched mates sired a similar number of young as males that stayed with the same mate, and, thus, males did not appear to benefit directly from switching mates. In contrast, half of the females that were deserted did not find a second mate during the breeding season, and, thus, incurred a reproductive cost. Efectos de la Paternidad y Disponibilidad de Pareja sobre el Cambio de Parejas en Troglodytes aedon Resumen. Estudiamos el cambio de pareja dentro de una misma estacion reproductiva en Troglodytes aedon entre 1998 y 2000. Los machos iniciaron el cambio de pareja, pero este cambio no estuvo relacionado con la paternidad del macho en la primera nidada, ni con su c...
Newborn Screening: A National Snapshot with Implications for Emergency Preparedness

Objective To conduct a nationwide survey of the methods used in newborn screening (NBS) programs to notify birthing centers, pediatricians, and parents of the results of NBS tests in every state and territory. Study design State and territory NBS program representatives were identified and contacted via e-mail. Each state or territory responded to a survey asking questions about their methods (eg, telephone, e-mail, surface mail) for reporting normal, borderline, and abnormal results. Results With 100% of states and territories responding, a broad array of reporting methods were identified with substantial variability between states for delivering NBS test results to the responsible entities. Mail, telephone, and facsimile were the predominant reporting methods. The majority of states and territories did not have Web-based reporting methods. Conclusions State-to-state variability complicates NBS laboratory backup in the event of catastrophic failure and makes emergency preparedness difficult. The most common reporting methods (surface mail, telephone) do not account for likely interruption of infrastructure and the urgent need for abnormal result reporting for patients evacuating their community. Harmonization between states in their reporting methods via Web-based methods should be developed.
Respiratory Alkalosis: A Quick Reference

This article serves as a quick reference for respiratory alkalosis. Guidelines for analysis and causes, signs, and a stepwise approach are presented.
Mifepristone Decreases Depression-Like Behavior and Modulates Neuroendocrine and Central Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical Axis Responsiveness to Stress

Glucocorticoid dyshomeostasis is observed in a proportion of depressed individuals. As a result, glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonists are currently being tested as potential anti-depressants. The current study was designed to test the efficacy of mifepristone, a GR antagonist, in mitigating behavioral, neuroendocrine and central nervous system (CNS) responses to an acute stressor. Adult male rats were treated for 5 days with mifepristone (10 mg/kg) and then exposed to the forced swim test (FST). Treatment with mifepristone decreased immobility and increased swimming (but not climbing) behavior in the FST, consistent with anti-depressant action. In addition, mifepristone dampened the ACTH response to FST exposure. In the CNS, mifepristone increased c-Fos expression in all subdivisions of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and decreased neuronal activity in some subdivisions of the hippocampus including the CA2, CA3, and hilus region of the dentate gyrus in animals exposed to FST. In contrast, mifepristone increased neuronal activity in the ventral subiculum (output region of the hippocampus) and decreased c-Fos expression in the central amygdala (CeA) in animals exposed to FST. These data suggest that anti-depressant efficacy and perhaps HPA dampening properties of RU486 are related to alterations in key limbic circuits mediating CNS stress responses, resulting in enhanced stress inhibition (via the mPFC and ventral subiculum) as well as decreased stress excitation (central amygdala). Overall the data suggest that drugs targeting the glucocorticoid receptor may ameliorate stress dysfunction associated with depressive illness.
THE UTILITY OF LIPID BIOMARKERS AS PALEOENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS

The goal of many geologists is to determine and understand the environmental conditions under which sediments were deposited. Paleontologists can use the known physiological, biological, and environmental limitations of flora and fauna found within a sedimentary unit to help elucidate the paleoenvironment in which those organisms once lived. As powerful as this tool is, however, there are limitations. In the Archean and Proterozoic, most organisms were microscopic, unmineralized, and morphologically simple prior to the radiation of metazoans. This means that, unlike the Phanerozoic, the preservation of fossils is relatively rare in the Precambrian, and hence, determining their biological affinity is often difficult. Additionally, many macroscopic organisms can live over a broad range of temperatures, so it can be difficult to pinpoint relatively small changes in climate using traditional paleontology. Finally, macroscopic organisms do not usually live in extreme environments, but waters too anoxic, sulfidic, acidic, basic, or saline for them can still support microorganisms. In fact, almost every type of environment on Earth, no matter how extreme, hosts microbial communities. Exploring these sorts of extreme environments can be of special interest, as environmental change is often cited as the impetus behind faunal turnover or mass extinctions (e.g., Hallam, 1987, 1989; Burger and Lynch, 1995; Jablonski and Sepkoski, 1996; Patzkowsky et al., 1997; Droser et al., 2000; Wignall, 2001; Brenchley et al., 2003). The identification of lipid biomarkers can be a powerful technique to augment traditional paleontology. This branch of organic geochemistry involves the isolation and identification of geolipids, the preserved remnant of molecules originally synthesized by organisms. All living organisms produce lipids, primarily as components of their …
Factors Associated with Readiness to Stop Smoking among Patients in Treatment for Alcohol Use Disorder

The Timing of Alcohol and Smoking Cessation (TASC) Study is a randomized controlled trial that examines the optimal timing of intervention for nicotine dependence in patients with alcohol use disorders. A cross-sectional analysis of baseline characteristics of study participants was used to identify characteristics associated with readiness of patients in intensive treatment for alcohol abuse or dependence to quit smoking. Baseline characteristics of 499 subjects enrolled in the TASC trial were analyzed. Readiness to quit was assessed by two self-rated measures: being in the preparation/action stages of change and scoring at least an 8 on the Contemplation Ladder. Univariate analyses showed a higher prevalence of African-Americans and other minorities than Caucasian, among participants planning to quit in the next month (p = 0.005). There were no other differences between groups. Participants in the preparation/action stages of change experienced significantly lower rates of current (p = 0.011) and past (p = 0.014) major depressive disorder and displayed significantly less current depressive symptoms on the Beck Depression Inventory (p = 0.008). Patients with Contemplation Ladder ratings between 8 and 10 showed similar results. Logistic regression models consistently confirmed that the degree of depression was negatively associated with the intention to quit, but different models suggested that increasing age, shorter duration of smoking history, race other than white, and a greater number of past quit attempts were positively associated with readiness to quit. Among patients in intensive treatment for alcohol use disorders who smoke, a history of depressive disorder and depressive symptoms predict less interest in quitting smoking.
Acute and Fractionated Exposure to High-LET 56Fe HZE-Particle Radiation Both Result in Similar Long-Term Deficits in Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis

Astronauts on multi-year interplanetary missions will be exposed to a low, chronic dose of high-energy, high-charge particles. Studies in rodents show acute, nonfractionated exposure to these particles causes brain changes such as fewer adult-generated hippocampal neurons and stem cells that may be detrimental to cognition and mood regulation and thus compromise mission success. However, the influence of a low, chronic dose of these particles on neurogenesis and stem cells is unknown. To examine the influence of galactic cosmic radiation on neurogenesis, adult-generated stem and progenitor cells in Nestin-CreERT2/R26R-YFP transgenic mice were inducibly labeled to allow fate tracking. Mice were then sham exposed or given one acute 100 cGy 56Fe-particle exposure or five fractionated 20 cGy 56Fe-particle exposures. Adult-generated hippocampal neurons and stem cells were quantified 24 h or 3 months later. Both acute and fractionated exposure decreased the amount of proliferating cells and immature neurons rel...