cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Systematics of Moths in the Genus Catocala (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). V. Neotypification of Names in the Nearctic Fauna

Abstract Nine previously published neotype designations in the noctuid moth genus Catocala are reviewed for compliance with the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Eight of the designations are found to have not fulfilled one (75.3.2) of the seven qualifying conditions of Article 75.3 when these were originally published, and are redesignated herein. The eight Catocala names involved are connubialis Guenee, dollii Beutenmuller, grotiana Bailey, irene Behr, micronympha Guenee, stretchii Behr, texanae French and walshii Edwards. The ninth neotype designation, for calphurnia Henry Edwards, is considered valid as originally published.
Can normal knee kinematics be restored with unicompartmental knee replacement

Background: Unicompartmental replacement can be an alternative to tibial osteotomy in younger, active patients with unicompartmental knee disease. In unicompartmental replacement, the other compartments and knee ligaments are largely untouched. Therefore, it was hypothesized that the knee kinematics
Barrier and Mechanical Properties of Starch-Clay Nanocomposite Films

ABSTRACT The poor barrier and mechanical properties of biopolymer-based food packaging can potentially be enhanced by the use of layered silicates (nanoclay) to produce nanocomposites. In this study, starch-clay nanocomposites were synthesized by a melt extrusion method. Natural (MMT) and organically modified (I30E) montmorillonite clays were chosen for the nanocomposite preparation. The structures of the hybrids were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Films were made through casting using granulate produced by a twin-screw extruder. Starch/MMT composite films showed higher tensile strength and better water vapor barrier properties than films from starch/I30E composites, as well as pristine starch, due to formation of intercalated nanostructure. To find the best combinations of raw materials, the effects of clay content (0–21 wt% MMT), starch sources (corn, wheat, and potato), and amylose content (≈0, 28, 55, 70, 100%) on barrier and mechanical properties ...
Tides on the Newfoundland grand banks

Abstract Tidal analyses of bottom pressure data are presented for 8 sites on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. The principal diurnal and semidiurnal constituents are qualitatively similar to the charts compiled by Godin (1980) but there are quantitative differences. Five of the gauges were moored on the 400‐m isobath and results from these sites are used to specify the outer boundary conditions for a numerical model of five constituents. The model results are compared with data from the three shelf stations and coastal gauges with agreement to 0.01 m for elevation and 7 degrees for phase. Intercomparisons for tidal currents were less favourable but it is shown that the discrepancy in predicting the path of a passive drifter would be O(100 m). This is substantially less than typical errors associated with iceberg prediction models.
Brain administration of leptin causes deletion of adipocytes by apoptosis.

Leptin, produced in adipocytes, works through the central nervous system (CNS) to modulate food intake and energy expenditure, resulting in rapid loss of body fat depots. It is now shown that this process includes adipocyte apoptosis. Adipocyte deletion by apoptosis occurred after intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of leptin in rats. Adipose tissue of leptin-treated rats demonstrated characteristic features of apoptosis, including internucleosomal fragmentation of genomic DNA, elevated levels of DNA strand breaks and a reduction in total DNA content and cellular volume. These apoptotic features were absent in control and pair-fed rats and in other tissues of leptin-treated rats.
Acute Hemorrhagic Hypotension and its Effect on the Pulmonary Clearance of Helium Instilled into the Rabbit Colon

ABSTRACT. The study investigates the effect of acute and incremental post hemorrhagic hypotension on pulmonary clearance of helium (CHe) introduced into the colon. Eighteen New Zealand White rabbits were cannulated and connected to a respirator at constant minute ventilation. A helium mass spectrometer was used to monitor airway gas. After 30 min stabilization, 10 ml/kg of helium were injected rectally while CHe and mean aortic blood pressure (BPm) were continuously monitored. Control animals (group 1, n=5) achieved constant CHe (0.8-3.0 μl/kg/min) by 20 min, with CHe and BPm continuing unchanged over a 90- min period. Group 2 animals (n=5) underwent acute blood loss of 12 ml/kg with reinfusion after 30 min. Group 3 animals (n=8) underwent incremental blood loss of 4 ml/kg up to a maximum of 28 ml/kg without reinfusion. Two animals in group 3 had electromagnetic flow probes placed around their distal abdominal aortae. At 12 ml/kg blood loss, group 2 and 3 animals experienced falls in BPm of 46 and 58% along with simultaneous falls in CHe of 33 and 53%, respectively. These changes were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Reinfusion (group 2) caused initial parallel increases in CHe and BPm. However, CHe remained elevated as BPm returned to baseline, a finding consistent with colonic reperfusion hyperemia. At blood loss of more then 12 ml/kg (group 3), BPm and electromagnetic flow stabilized while CHe continued to decrease. Under these conditions CHe appeared to reflect shunting of intestinal blood flow away from the mesenteric bed. These data indicate that CHe responds predictably to alterations in BPm, and may thus provide a sensitive yet noninvasive measure of disturbances in intestinal blood flow.
Cost identification of abdominal aortic aneurysm imaging by using time and motion analyses.

PURPOSE: To compare the costs of performing helical computed tomographic (CT) angiography with three-dimensional rendering versus intraarterial digital subtraction angiography (DSA) for preoperative imaging of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A single observer determined the variable direct costs of performing nine intraarterial DSA and 10 CT angiographic examinations in age- and general health–matched patients with AAA by using time and motion analyses. All personnel directly involved in the cases were tracked, and the involvement times were recorded to the nearest minute. All material items used during the procedures were recorded. The cost of labor was determined from personnel reimbursement data, and the cost of materials, from vendor pricing. The variable direct costs of laboratory tests and using the ambulatory treatment unit for postprocedural monitoring, as well as all fixed direct costs, were assessed from hospital accounting records. The total costs were determined for e...
Sudden cardiac death: the major challenge confronting contemporary cardiology.

In the industrially developed countries, sudden cardiac death is the leading cause of death. It was recognized at the dawn of recorded history and even depicted in Egyptian relief sculpture from the tomb of a noble of the Sixth dynasty approximately 4,500 years ago. Sudden cardiac death has left no age untouched. Sparing neither saint nor sinner, it has burdened man with a sense of uncertainty and fragility. The enormity of this problem demands attention. In the United States, sudden cardiac death claims about 1,200 lives daily, or approximately one victim every minute. It is the leading cause of death among men aged 20 to 64 years, accounting for 32 percent of the fatalities in this group. Nearly 25 percent of persons dying suddenly have had no prior recognized symptoms of heart disease.The excess of widows observed in retirement communities is accounted for by the three- to fourfold greater incidence of sudden cardiac death among men. Sudden death in old age might be a blessing rather than a scourge, but instead it frequently explodes a man's life at its prime, at a median age of only 59 years. The medical profession has sensed the issue but has largely ignored sudden death as a problem amenable to solution. This indifference has not been the result of a lack of interest or concern but a reflection of the belief that sudden cardiac death was the inevitable culmination of coronary atherosclerosis. Because sudden death was unpredictable and afflicted the apparently healthy subject outside the hospital, the physician considered it an act of fate before which he was largely helpless. The advent of the coronary care unit has promoted a reassessment of this complex problem. It has become clear that sudden death is not the inexorable culmination of advanced coronary atherosclerosis but instead is the result of ventricular fibrillation and therefore is readily reversible. 7,8 If ventricular fibrillation were only the consequence of severe coronary atherosclerosis, once reversed it would promptly recur. However, patients treated for ventricular fibrillation seldom have recurring episodes, and they usually recover and survive for long periods. 9,10 The new concept that ventricular fibrillation is an electrical accident suggests that its cause is not anatomic and thereby contributes to the growing interest in redefining the basis for sudden death and developing methods for its containment. Until recently our inability to deal with sudden cardiac death has not been due to a gap in the application of knowledge but to a gap in knowledge itself. The purpose of this review is to indicate how much we know and to sketch the path of possible further progress.
Brain mitochondrial citrate synthase and glutamate dehydrogenase: differential inhibition by fatty acyl coenzyme A derivatives.

Organic acidemia is found in several metabolic encephalopathies (e.g., hepatic and valproate encephalopathies, Reye's syndrome, and hereditary organic acidemias). Although fatty acids are known to be neurotoxic, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. It has been hypothesized that one mechanism underlying fatty acid neurotoxicity is the selective inhibition of rate-limiting and/or regulated tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and related enzymes by fatty acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) derivatives. To test the hypothesis, this study has examined the effects of several fatty acyl-CoAs on citrate synthase (CS) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) in brain mitochondria. At levels higher than 100 µM, butyryl-CoA (BCoA; a short-chain acyl-CoA; IC50 ∼ 640 µM), octanoyl-CoA (OCoA; a medium-chain acyl-CoA; IC50 ∼ 436 µM), and palmitoyl-CoA (PCoA; a long-chain acyl-CoA; IC50 ∼ 340 µM) inhibited brain mitochondrial CS activity in a concentration-related manner. However, these fatty acyl-CoAs were less effective inhibitors (IC50 values for OCoA, DCoA, and PCoA being ∼ 1260, 420, and 720 µM, respectively) of brain mitochondrial GDH activity. Compared to the other three acyl-CoAs investigated, BCoA was a very poor inhibitor of GDH. These results demonstrate that fatty acyl-CoAs are inhibitors of brain mitochondrial CS and GDH activities only at pathological/toxicological levels. Thus, the fatty acyl-CoA inhibition of brain mitochondrial CS and GDH is unlikely to assume major pathophysiological and/or pathogenetic importance. Nevertheless, the results are consistent with the hypothesis that one mechanism underlying fatty acid neurotoxicity is the selective inhibition of rate-limiting and/or regulated tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and related enzymes by fatty acyl-CoAs.
Determination of Affinity Constants and Response Factors of the Noncovalent Dimer of Gramicidin by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry and Mathematical Modeling

The dimerization of gramicidin, a 15-residue membrane peptide, in solution can be viewed as a model for protein-protein interactions. We reported previously that the dimer can be observed when electrosprayed from organic solvents and that the abundances of the dimer depends on the dielectric constant of the solvent. Here, we report an effort to determine an affinity constant for the dimerization of gramicidin by using gas-phase abundance. Two issues affecting the determination are the electrospray-induced dissociation of the dimer and discrimination in the electrospray of the dimer compared with the monomer. Other methods developed for the purpose of determining affinity from mass spectral abundance do not address the dissociation of the complex in the gas phase or can not be applied for cases of low affinity constant, Ka. We present a mathematical model that uses the ratio of the signal intensities of the dimer and the monomer during a titration. The model also incorporates the dissociation and an electrospray ionization-response factor of the dimer for extracting the affinity constant for the dimerization of gramicidin. The dimerization constants from the new method agree within a factor of two with values reported in the literature.
The Origin of Myopain:: An Integrated Hypothesis of Focal Muscle Changes and Sleep Disturbance in Patients with the Fibromyalgia Syndrome

Objectives: Current ideas regarding the pathogenesis of the fibromyalgia syndrome espouse 2 major theories, the central and the peripheral. Herein a review of both theories is presented and an attempt made to integrate several apparently unrelated observations into a coherent hypothesis. Results: The peripheral component of musculo-skeletal in fibromyalgia is generally considered to arise in muscle. However no global muscle defect has ever been demonstrated. On the other hand several studies have suggested focal muscle changes in terms of: reduced high energy phosphates, scattered red-ragged fibers, focal changes in oxygen tension and repetitive "contraction bands." These changes may result from muscle micro-trauma [MMT]-a universal experience after unaccustomed exercise. MMT causes a disruption of the sarcolemmal membrane leading to an influx of Ca++ ions and contraction of the involved units-the cause of the papable band? ATP dependent Ca++ pumps attempt to correct the influx and in the process deplete ...
Chemical vapor synthesis (CVS) of tungsten nanopowder in a thermal plasma reactor

Abstract Nanosized tungsten powder was synthesized by a thermal plasma process using ammonium paratungstate (APT) as the precursor. The injected precursor was vaporized in the plasma flame and the subsequent reduction of the vaporized precursor produced nanosized tungsten powder. The effects of H 2 concentration, plasma torch power, and the flow rate of plasma gas on the product properties were investigated and particle size was determined. From the results, nanosized tungsten powder of particle size less than 50 nm was obtained by the thermal plasma process.
Value Change and Postmaterialist Politics The Case of West Germany

The West German Green party has been the first significant predominantly postmaterialist party in Western Europe. Its voters are young, urban, and highly educated. This has led many observers to co...
The Samaritans at Shechem

An expedition under the writer's archaeological direction and sponsored by Drew University, McCormick Theological Seminary and the American Schools of Oriental Research completed its fourth season of excavation at Tell Balâtah, the ancient Shechem, in 1962. The site lies at the eastern opening between Mts. Ebal and Gerizim, forty-one miles north of Jerusalem. The earlier Sellin expedition had reported two strata of Hellenistic settlement at the site, though the date and extent of the occupation were not clarified. The Drew-McCormick Expedition has been particularly concerned with the Hellenistic occupation for two reasons: (1) The opportunity to clarify an obscure age in the cultural history of Palestine and especially to develop a ceramic typology, with chronologically fixed points, so that a more precise means of dating may be available for the archaeology of the period; (2) the problem of the historical meaning of the Hellenistic ruins at Shechem.
The Discovery of a Novel R-phycoerythrin from an Antarctic Red Alga

A novel biliprotein, named R-phycoerythrin IV, has been discovered. It absorbs blue light better than any other known red algal biliprotein. The protein was found in Phyllophora antarctica, a benthic macroalga, which grows beneath the coastal waters of McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Fluorescence emission and fluorescence excitation polarization spectroscopy demonstrated that R-phycoerythrin IV behaved as a typical R-phycoerythrin in the functioning of energy migration and has an emission maximum at 577 nm. The circular dichroism (CD) spectrum of the chromophores was compared with visible absorption spectrum, and both were deconvoluted. This process showed the energy states of various individual chromophores. The molecular weight of the protein suggested a α6β6γ polypeptide structure, and far UV CD studies revealed polypeptides with highly α-helical secondary structures. Dynamic light scattering indicated that the protein had a 5.54 nm radius, and its shape was nonspherical. R-phycoerythrin was also purified from a second benthic Antarctic red alga, Iridaea cordata. Its spectroscopic properties were similar to those of some R-phycoerythrins from nonpolar regions. The unique spectroscopic properties of R-phycocerythrin IV may help enable the alga to occupy its niche deeper in the water column than the red alga that has the typical R-phycoerythrin.
Absolute elastic differential scattering cross sections for electron impact on carbon dioxide in the intermediate energy region

Absolute elastic differential scattering cross sections (DCS) for electron impact on carbon dioxide in the electron impact range 20-100 eV and angular range 20-120' are reported. The results are obtained using a relative flow technique in which the DCS of CO2 is compared with that of helium at each energy and angle. The authors present both the absolute values of the DCS of CO2 and the ratios DCS(CO2)/DCS(He).
Heterogeneity of reactive astrocytes

Astrocytes respond to injury and disease in the central nervous system (CNS) with a process referred to as reactive astrogliosis. Recent progress demonstrates that reactive astrogliosis is not a simple all-or-none phenomenon, but is a finely gradated continuum of changes that range from reversible alterations in gene expression and cell hypertrophy, to scar formation with permanent tissue rearrangement. There is now compelling evidence that reactive astrocytes exhibit a substantial potential for heterogeneity at multiple levels, including gene expression, cell morphology, topography (distance from lesions), CNS regions, local (among neighboring cells), cell signaling and cell function. Structural and functional changes are regulated in reactive astrocytes by many different potential signaling events that occur in a context dependent manner. It is noteworthy that different stimuli of astrocyte reactivity can lead to similar degrees of GFAP upregulation while causing substantially different changes in transcriptome profiles and cell function. Thus, it is not possible to equate simple and uniform measures such as cell hypertrophy and upregulation of GFAP expression with a single, uniform concept of astrocyte reactivity. Instead, it is necessary to recognize the considerable potential for heterogeneity and determine the functional implications of astrocyte reactivity in a context specific manner as regulated by specific signaling events.
Compensating bends in a 16-base-pair DNA oligomer containing a T3A3 segment: A NMR study of global DNA curvature

DNA curvature but no single model has been able to explain all the experimental data. An intriguing observation is that AnTn segments ligated in phase exhibit retarded migration in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) but TnAn segments do not. We have determined a high-resolution structure of a 16 base-pair DNA oligomer [d(CGAGGTTTAAACCTCG)2] containing a T3A3 tract. The refinement included residual dipolar coupling (RDC) restraints. A radius of curvature, Rc, analysis was used to measure the overall bending in the molecule. A plot of the helical axis reference points showed a sigmoidal shape indicating a discontinuity at the central TpA step in the overall curvature. Because of the length of the 16mer it was possible to accurately measure Rc for the two halves of the molecule centered about the TpA step. The Rc for the overall molecule (Rc=128 nm) is large, i.e. a low overall magnitude of global bending, whereas the Rc for the two halves of the molecule (Rc=72 nm) is small indicating a much larger magnitude of localized bending. However the direction of bending in the two halves is in partial opposition leading to cancellation of the overall bending. This indicates that TnAn-containing DNA sequences are strongly and multiply bentmore » locally, but are nearly straight globally which is consistent with PAGE results. The RDC refined structure lacked anomalous features present in NOE-only structures indicating the RDC and NOE measurements have a different sensitivity to conformational dynamics at the central TpA step. Because of its increased length and refinement using RDC restraints, the structure of the 16mer reported here provides new insight into the structural origins of the enigmatic PAGE behavior of AnTn and TnAn tracts and the large amplitude, slow base dynamics observed at TpA steps.« less
Tailoring Technique of Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy to Tumor Characteristics

Purpose: We use a tailored approach to laparoscopic partial nephrectomy based on tumor depth of penetration and proximity to the renal sinus. We evaluated differences in perioperative outcomes to determine the value of this paradigm.Materials and Methods: The surgical approach to hilar clamping and tumor bed management during laparoscopic partial nephrectomy included no clamp or suture, clamp with no suture, and clamp and suture. The end points assessed retrospectively were differences in perioperative, pathological and complication outcomes among these groups.Results: Our surgical paradigm was used in 174 patients, including no clamp or suture in 36, clamp with no suture in 25, and clamp and suture in 113. Compared to the other patients those with a clamp and suture procedure were older with larger and deeper tumors that were closer to the renal sinus-collecting system and more likely to be malignant. Operative time was shortest in the no clamp or suture group and in the 2 clamp groups warm ischemia and ...
Effects of plane of nutrition and season of birth on the age and body weight at puberty of British Friesian heifers

1. Four groups of British Friesian heifers born in April (no. = 30), July (no. = 29), October (no. = 30) 1977 and January 1978 (no. =27) were allocated to one of six treatments (planes of nutrition) at a mean age of 91 days. From 91 to 365 days of age heifers on treatments 1 to 5 were given individually, according to body weight, a proprietary pellet to 126 days of age, and thereafter a diet of dried lucerne and barley. Heifers on treatments 1 and 2 were fed at the same rate whereas heifers on treatments 3 to 5 were fed at successively higher rates. Heifers on treatment 6 were fed ad libitum the proprietary pellets to 126 days of age and thereafter a 'barley beef diet. Mean live-weight gains between 91 and 365 days of age for treatments 1 and 2 combined and 3 to 6, respectively, were 0·58, 0·68, 0·75, 0·82 and 1·06 kg/day. 2. Plasma progesterone concentrations were determined twice weekly in each animal. Puberty was assumed to have occurred 2 days before the start of the first period in which the progesterone concentration exceeded 1μg/1 for at least 10 days. 3. There was no significant difference between treatments in mean body weight at puberty (242 kg), but age at puberty (347, 305, 288, 301 and 239 days for treatments 1 and 2 combined and 3 to 6, respectively) was inversely related to rate of live-weight gain between 91 and 365 days of age. However, within each treatment group the fastest growing heifers reached puberty at the same age but at a heavier body weight than the slowest growing heifers. 4. There were significant seasonal effects on age and body weight at puberty. The most rapidly reared animals (treatment 6) born in January and April were, on average, 52 days younger and 54 kg lighter at puberty than those born in July and October, but the effects of season of birth in other treatments were different. 5. There was no significant difference between treatments in the number of conceptions (mean 0·67) achieved at first service by an Aberdeen Angus bull introduced when the heifers were 350 days of age.
A new rapid titration method for determining the halogen ratio of Wijs solution and of iodine monochloride

The free iodine in Wijs solution is titrated directly, in strong hydrochloric acid solution, with standard potassium iodate solution. From this titration and the usual sodium thiosulfate titration for total halogen, the iodine/chlorine ratio is calculated. Results agree closely with those obtained by the longer chlorine-water method of Lopes. The halogen ratio of reagent grade iodine monochloride, a convenient material from which to prepare Wijs reagent directly, is also determined by the new titration method.
Similarity forms for ground-source surface-layer diffusion

Past work on analyzing ground-source diffusion data in terms of surface-layer similarity theory is reviewed; these analyses assume that Σz/L orh/L is a function of u*x/ūL (where h = Q/ū ∫ χ dy). It is argued that an alternative scaling, h*/L versus x/L, is nearly as universal in that it is very weakly influenced by surface roughness, except for a modest influence in the free convective case (h* = Q/u* Σ χ dy); the advantage of this scaling is that it eliminates the need to reassess ū as vertical diffusion progresses. The Prairie Grass data set is adjusted for the difference in source and sampling heights, and is plotted with this scaling. Simple analytic equations are suggested that fit the resultant data plots for stable and unstable conditions, and suggestions are made towards practical application of these results.
Audio-taped flooding in outpatient treatment of somatic complaints

Abstract Two tape-recorded flooding scenarios were used to deal with phobic responses accompanied by incapacitating somatic problems in the treatment of an outpatient. Remission of the somatic problems was accompanied by increased assertive behaviors and led to discontinuance of the anti-anxiety medications. Treatment gains were maintained at one-month and one-year follow-ups.
Impression Cytology: Recent Advances and Applications in Dry Eye Disease

Impression cytology (IC) allows cells to be harvested from the ocular surface noninvasively. Superficial layers of the epithelium are removed by application of cellulose acetate filters or Biopore membranes, and the cells can be subsequently analyzed by various methods, depending on the objective of the investigation or pathology involved. IC techniques are easily learned, can be performed in an outpatient setting, and cause virtually no discomfort to the patient. IC facilitates the diagnosis of ocular surface disorders, including, among others, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, ocular surface squamous neoplasia, and ocular surface infections. During the past decade, IC has been used increasingly to assist in diagnosis of ocular surface disease, improve our understanding of the pathophysiology of ocular surface disease, and provide biomarkers to be used as outcome measures in clinical trials. Dry eye disease is one area in which IC has contributed to significant advances.
What Is a Computer Program

(1981). What is a Computer Program? The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 88, No. 3, pp. 185-188.
School Physical Education: The Pill Not Taken

Physical education programs in schools have the potential to promote healthy, active lifestyles by providing children with some of their recommended physical activity, increasing their physical fitness levels, and teaching them generalizable movement and behavioral skills. If “exercise is medicine,” physical education is the pill not taken. Numerous barriers, including limited curriculum time allocations, low subject status, and inadequate resources hinder physical education from playing a major role in providing and promoting physical activity. This article profiles physical education as it relates to physical activity, describes its current status from both historical and contextual standpoints, and concludes with recommendations for improving it.
Multiplexed gold nanorod array biochip for multi-sample analysis

Optical transduction of biological bindings based on localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of gold nanorods (GNRs) is attractive for label-free biosensing. The aspect ratio (AR) dependence of LSPR band maxima inherently provides an ideal multiplex mechanism. GNRs of selected sizes can be combined to ensure distinct plasmon peaks in absorption spectrum. Monitoring the spectral shift at the dedicated peaks allows for simultaneous detection of the specific analyte. Here, we first transformed the GNR's multiplexed biosensing capability to a robust chip-based format. Specifically, nanorods of AR 2.6 and 4.5 were assembled onto thiol-terminated substrates, followed by functionalization of respective antibodies to construct a GNR multiplex biochip. As a model system, concentrations of human IgG and rabbit IgG were simultaneously measured by correlating red-shifts at distinct resonance peaks caused by specific target binding. The calibration curves exhibited linear relationship between the spectral shift and analyte amount. The sensing performance in multi-analyte mode correlated nicely with those for single analyte detection with minimal cross-reactivity. Moreover, mixed GNRs can be deposited in controllable array pattern on the glass chip to analyze numerous samples at the same time. Each GNRs dot functioned independently as a multiplexed plamonic sensor. Coupled with microplate reader, this GNR nanoarray chip can potentially result in large scale assay of samples concurrently while for each sample, a multi-analyte detection simultaneously if desired. The concept shown in this work is simple and versatile that will definitely be a new paradigm in high-throughput protein biochip development in the era of nano-biosensing.
Review of high power density superconducting generators: Present state and prospects for incorporating YBCO windings

This work focuses on the development of high power density generators for airborne applications by bridging the chasm between generator and high temperature superconducting (HTS) wire developmental efforts. Benefits of HTS power generation include improved efficiency, thermal management reduction, improved power handling, reduced life cycle costs, and size and weight reduction. Superconducting generator development from the 1970s is outlined, and the basic types of ac synchronous generators are described. The benefits of HTS conductors in general and HTS coated conductors in particular are discussed. Critical issues for the employment of HTS coated conductors are then considered and recommendations made for enhancements to the HTS coated conductor for implementation in the more advanced superconducting power generators.
Interstratification in Vermiculite

Vermiculite (Libby, Mont.) was ground in a Waring blender in a 1 m NaCl solution and, after removal of excess electrolyte, the clay fraction was separated by sedimentation. The clay was predominantly vermiculite: X-ray diffraction patterns of Ca-saturated and oriented specimens showed an intense and sharp 15 A and a weak 25 A diffraction maxima and their integral orders. The intensity of the 25 A reflection, attributed to regularly interstratified layers of vermiculite (15 A) and mica (10 A), was less than 20% of the 15 A peak. Additions of varying amounts of potassium or cesium, ranging from 10% to 100% of exchange capacity, to Ca-saturated clay showed that the collapse of the vermiculite lattice proceeds through a 1:1 regular interstratification of a 15 A and a 10 A lattice. Successive additions increased the 25 A diffraction peak at the expense of the 15 A reflection until the entire sample was interstratified. Further additions of K (or Cs) reduced the intensity of the 25 A reflection and produced a 10 A reflection until the entire sample was collapsed to 10 A and no 25 A reflection was recorded. These observations point out that under certain environmental conditions, the diagenetic formation of micas from vermiculite may proceed through an interstratification of the two in a manner analogous to weathering of biotite to vermiculite through an interstratified stage. One-dimensional Fourier synthesis from the intensities of the 00l diffraction maxima of the interstratified mixture was carried out. In addition, a mechanism for the formation of the interstratified mixture was postulated: the replacement of Ca by K (or Cs) in one layer reduces the effective negative charge on the adjacent layer. Consequently, the K cannot replace the Ca in this but replaces the Ca in the next layer forming the interstratified mixture.
Cortistatin modulates the expression and release of corticotrophin releasing hormone in rat brain. Comparison with somatostatin and octreotide

Cortistatin (CST) is an endogenous neuropeptide characterized by remarkable structural and functional resemblance to somatostatin (SST), both peptides sharing the ability to bind and activate all five SST receptor subtypes. Evidence is also available showing that CST exerts biological activities independently from SST, perhaps via the activation of specific receptors that remain to be fully characterized at present. Here we have investigated the effects of CST on the gene expression and release of corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) from rat hypothalamic and hippocampal explants; moreover, we compared the effects of CST with those of SST and octreotide (OCT) in these models. We found that: (i) CST inhibits the expression and release of CRH from rat hypothalamic and hippocampal explants under basal conditions as well as after CRH stimulation by well known secretagogues; (ii) SST does not modify basal CRH secretion from the hypothalamus or the hippocampus, while it is able to reduce KCl-stimulated CRH release from both brain areas; (iii) OCT inhibits both basal and KCl-induced CRH secretion from rat hypothalamic explants, while it has no effect on CRH release from the hippocampus, either under basal conditions or after stimulation by high K(+) concentrations; (iv) at variance with CST; SST and OCT have not effect whatsoever on veratridine-induced CRH release from the hypothalamus. In conclusion the present findings provide in vitro evidence in support of the hypothesis that CST plays a role in the regulation of endocrine adaptive responses to stress.
Development of Cholinergic Traits in the Quail Ciliary Ganglion: Expression of Choline Acetyltransferase-like Immunoreactivity

The avian ciliary ganglion is a parasympathetic ganglion derived from the neurol crest whose neurons provide cholinergic innervation to the eye. Here, we describe the time course of appearance and the morphology of cholinergic cells in the ciliary ganglion, as assessed by antibodies against choline acetyltransferase. Choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity was first observed in 5.5-day-old quail embryos, 1 day after condensation of the ciliary ganglion. Both the intensity of choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity and size of the choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive cells increased with ganglionic age. By 12 days, a second population of choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive cells, possibly corresponding to choroid neurons, was observed whose cells were smaller and less intensely stained than earlier differentiating choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive cells. The percentage of choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive cells was initially high, constituting approximately 50% of the total cell population. As a function of time, the proportion of cholinergic cells decreased, probably due to proliferation of non-neuronal cells and naturally-occurring cell death. Our results confirm the existence of two morphologically distinct populations of cholinergic neurons in the avian ciliary ganglion and demonstrate that these neuronal subpopulations express choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity at different times in development. Because choroid neurons innervate their targets later than ciliary neurons, this finding is consistent with the hypothesis that target interactions regulate expression of choline acetyltransferase.
Sociotechnology: Science, technology, and the human condition: The impact of science and engineering on citizens is great, despite their questionable impact on social institutions

While technology has been clearly beneficial to many people, it has been of dubious value in improving man's social condition. Government, personal, and family relations are not better ? and may even have deteriorated ? since the advent of sophisticated technologies. What follows is a broad overview of science and technology-directed change in the human condition in the United States. The intent is not to be exhaustive but rather to stimulate thought and debate.
INVERSE EMULSION POLYMERIZATION OF ACRYLAMIDE: POLYMERIZATION KINETICS AND PROCESS DEVELOPMENT

ABSTRACT Inverse emulsion polymerization confers the benefits of emulsion polymerization kinetics — rapid polymerization rates combined with high polymer molecular weights — on water-soluble polymers, particularly polyacrylamide and its copolymers and derivatives, and allows easy dissolution of the polymer in water by inversion of the latex. The mechanism and kinetics of the inverse emulsion polymerization of acrylamide in o-xylene containing Tetronic 1102 emulslfier and benzoyl peroxide initiator are described, particularly the formation of 10-200nm multiple emulsion droplets resulting from the particulate emulsifier, and their effect on the polymerization process
Nashville's experience with commission government

Nashville's commission government, designed to perpetuate a group in power, is marked for destruction.
Temporal regulation of cuticle synthesis during development of Caenorhabditis elegans

The pattern of cuticle protein synthesis during development of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been studied using NaH14CO3. Both pulse-labeling and pulse-chase-labeling experiments indicate that synthesis of cuticle components occurs at high levels during the molting periods and at much reduced rates during the intermolt periods. No such discontinuous pattern is observed for the synthesis of total noncuticle macromolecules during development. The soluble and insoluble proteins of the cuticle, which comprise the inner and outer cuticle layers, respectively, follow similar patterns of synthesis during the two molts examined. At each molt the structural components of the cuticle account for approximately 10% of the total macromolecules labeled by NaH14CO3. No evidence is found for reuse of cuticle material between successive developmental stages of C. elegans.
Matrix isolation studies of photochemical and thermal reactions of 3- and 5-membered cyclic hydrocarbons with CrCl2O2.

The matrix isolation technique has been combined with infrared spectroscopy and theoretical calculations to characterize the products of the photochemical and thermal reactions of cyclopentadiene, cyclopentene, cyclopentane, and cyclopropane with CrCl2O2. While initial twin jet deposition of the reagents led to no visible changes in the recorded spectra, product bands were observed following irradiation with light of λ > 300 nm. The irradiation was shown to lead to oxygen atom transfer to the five-membered rings, forming complexes between cyclic alcohol derivatives and CrCl2O. For the cyclopentadiene and cyclopentene systems, complexes between cyclic ketone derivatives and CrCl2O were also observed. For cyclopropane, a ring-opening oxidation reaction followed by fragmentation was observed for the first time, forming the H2C═O—CrCl2O complex and C2H4. In the room temperature thermal (merged jet) reactions between CrCl2O2 and cyclopentadiene, cyclopent-3-enone was observed. At the higher temperatures, 150 a...
Adaptive control of decentralized systems: Known subsystems, unknown interconnections

One of the common assumptions in control of large interconnected systems is that models of subsystems are to a large extent known to a designer, and an essential modeling uncertainty resides in the interconnections. Current decentralized adaptive control schemes take no advantage of this fact. In this paper an algorithm is presented in which adaptation of local feedback gains is in the a direction which compensates for the unknown interconnections, while exploiting the knowledge about the sub-systems. As a result, we broaden considerably the class of interconnected systems for which decentralized adaptation is feasible.
Ice Recrystallization in Ice Cream: Interactions Between Sweeteners and Stabilizers

Abstract Recrystallization in ice creams that were made with various combinations of four sweeteners [20 DE (dextrose equivalent) corn syrup solids, 42 DE corn syrup solids, sucrose, and high fructose corn syrup], and four stabilizers (gelatin, locust bean gum, xanthan gum, and carrageenan) was investigated. Ice creams were stored at three different temperatures (–5.2, –9.5, and –15°C). For a given stabilizer, both storage temperature and sweetener type influenced recrystallization rate. For a given temperature, rates were lowest for ice creams made with 20 DE corn syrup solids and the highest for ice creams made with high fructose corn syrup at all storage temperatures. The effects of stabilizers on ice recrystallization rate were more pronounced in combinations of either lower temperature (–15°C) and lower freezing point temperature when high fructose corn syrup or sucrose was used or higher temperature (–5.2°C) and higher freezing point temperature when 20 DE corn syrup solids was used. Overall, carrageenan and locust bean gum were most effective in retarding ice crystal growth, but not in all cases. Xanthan gum and gelatin retarded ice recrystallization only at –15°C and when combined with sucrose or high fructose corn syrup.
Interaction and Interfacial Tension between Aluminum Alloys and Molten Salts

The interaction between liquid aluminum and molten salts was studied by metal loss and electrochemical methods. The polarization curves for Al and Used Beverage Container (UBC) alloy in molten salts show that the corrosion rate of UBC is higher than that of pure Al, and the corrosion rate is higher in the equimolar NaCl-KCl + 5%NaF salt melt than in equimolar NaCl-KCl molten salt. It was found that magnesium in aluminum alloys dissolves preferentially into these molten salts. This can be rationalized by the more negative free energy of MgF 2 , or the lower electrode potential E Mg/Mg 2+ compared to E Al/Al 3+. The metal loss in molten salts increases with time and addition of fluorides. It was found that the metal loss in molten salt was inversely related to the metal and molten salt interfacial tension. Finally, the Girifalco and Good model was used to calculate the interfacial tension between UBC alloy and molten salts based on an interaction parameter calculated from the interfacial tensions between pure aluminum and molten salts. The predicted values are in reasonable agreement with the measured values of interfacial tension.
Participatory design in community computing contexts: tales from the field

As technology becomes more embedded in our daily lives, there is a great deal of hope about the use of information technology to achieve positive community outcomes like increasing access to local information, promoting civic engagement, and creating avenues for collaboration and communication. While these technologies provide opportunities for community groups to achieve their own goals, most community computing studies describe community members in fairly passive ways as users of existing systems rather than as meaningful contributors to the design process. The Civic Nexus project is a three year participatory design project that involves working with community groups to increase their capacity to solve local community problems through the use of leading edge computing tools. Our view of participatory design is one in which community members take control of the design process in terms of both directing what should be done and maintaining the technology infrastructure. In this paper, we describe our process of participatory design with three community groups and present associated challenges for designers engaging in participatory design in community computing contexts.
Distribution of optical scattering properties in four beef muscles

The objective of this study was to determine the influence of the mechanisms regulating tenderness on optical scattering properties of beef. Optical scattering properties of four beef muscles with different amounts of connective tissue and varying sarcomere lengths across a range of aging periods were determined. The optical scattering coefficient of beef muscles were measured based on a diffusive fitting of spatially resolved reflectance measurements. As a reference to beef tenderness, Warner-Bratzler shear forces were also measured in this study. Variation in muscle composition resulted in a range of optical scattering properties across muscles. Our results implied that connective tissue and sarcomere structure have different effects on the optical scattering properties of muscle. In addition, proteolysis of muscle proteins significantly changes the optical scattering properties. These results provide useful information in understanding the originations of optical scattering in beef.
Statistical behavior of ten million experimental detection limits

Abstract Using a lab-constructed laser-excited fluorimeter, together with bootstrapping methodology, the authors have generated many millions of experimental linear calibration curves for the detection of rhodamine 6G tetrafluoroborate in ethanol solutions. The detection limits computed from them are in excellent agreement with both previously published theory and with comprehensive Monte Carlo computer simulations. Currie decision levels and Currie detection limits, each in the theoretical, chemical content domain, were found to be simply scaled reciprocals of the non-centrality parameter of the non-central t distribution that characterizes univariate linear calibration curves that have homoscedastic, additive Gaussian white noise. Accurate and precise estimates of the theoretical, content domain Currie detection limit for the experimental system, with 5% (each) probabilities of false positives and false negatives, are presented.
An adaptive recursive LMS filter

An adaptive, recursive, least mean-square-digital filter is heuristically derived that has the computational simplicity of existing transversal adaptive filters, with the additional capability of producing poles in the filter transfer function. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate its capability.
Parquet Diagrams and Local Moment Formation

The parquet-diagram technique is used to include vertex corrections in a model of local moment formation self-consistently. A Curie-law susceptibility is found in an approximation valid at high temperatures.
The Role of the Substrate Lipid in Processive Glycan Polymerization by the Peptidoglycan Glycosyltransferases

The peptidoglycan glycosyltransferases (PGTs) catalyze the processive polymerization of a C55 lipid-linked disaccharide (Lipid II) to form peptidoglycan, the main component of the bacterial cell wall. Our ability to understand this reaction has been limited due to challenges identifying the appropriate substrate analogues to selectively interrogate the donor (the elongating strand) and acceptor (Lipid II) sites. To address this problem, we have developed an assay using synthetic substrates that can discriminate between the donor and acceptor sites of the PGTs. We have shown that each site has a distinct lipid length preference. We have also established that processive polymerization depends on the length of the lipid attached to the donor.