cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physics of the Granular State

Granular materials display a variety of behaviors that are in many ways different from those of other substances. They cannot be easily classified as either solids or liquids. This has prompted the generation of analogies between the physics found in a simple sandpile and that found in complicated microscopic systems, such as flux motion in superconductors or spin glasses. Recently, the unusual behavior of granular systems has led to a number of new theories and to a new era of experimentation on granular systems.
Phase margin revisited: phase-root locus, bode plots, and phase shifters

In learning undergraduate controls, one of the most abstract and confusing concepts is that of phase margin (PM). One frustration is the difficulty in conceptualizing what physical process could produce the pure phase shift referred to in the definition of PM. Another frustration occurs when simple second-order formulas given for PM do not work in practice. Finally, when resonances occur, there may be multiple gain-crossover frequencies, and which one to use to compute the PM may be unclear. This paper offers visualizations and explanations that students have found helpful in learning about PM-both its evaluation and its application. The phase-root locus (PRL) plot reveals the effect of adding phase in the same way that conventional gain root locus shows the effects of adding gain. The PRL ultimately leads to a definition of PM involving phase shifting that results in physical (real-coefficient) systems, unlike the usual abstract Nyquist plot rotation. This definition of PM suggests a simple, effective compensator design method for improving PM via phase shifters, a solution illustrated by numerical examples. These materials can either be presented in lectures or assigned as supplementary readings and may inspire student projects.
COVALENT IMMOBILIZATION OF BOVINE PHOSPHOLIPASE A2

Bovine phospholipase A 2 (PPLA 2 ) was immobilized onto controlled pore glass (CPG) beads using four different immobilization methods. PPLA 2 was immobilized directly to CPG using glutaraldehyde without and with reduction by sodium bomhydride (PP1 and PP2). Whey protein isolate was directly immobilized to CPG as a spacer followed by immobilization of PPLA 2 without and with reduction (PP3 and PP4). Immobilized enzyme samples were characterized with respect to total amount of protein immobilized, activity with a fluorescent substrate and stability over 3 weeks. Among the methods, PP2 and PP4 showed the highest enzyme activity. All methods but PP2 showed a significant decrease in enzyme activity over 3 weeks. Enzyme immobilized by two methods (PP2 and PP4) were compared with soluble enzyme for the hydrolysis of egg phospholipids. Soluble and immobilized enzyme (PP4) resulted in similar free fatty acid values.
Prolonged Apnea of Prematurity Treatment with Continuous Airway Distending Pressure Delivered by Nasopharyngeal Tube

Five premature infants experiencing frequent episodes of apnea and bradycardia were treated with continuous positive airway pressure deliv ered by nasopharyngeal tube. A significant de crease in the frequency and severity of apneic spells was observed. Premature withdrawal from end expiratory pressure resulted in an increase in both the incidence and the duration of the apneic episodes. We suggest that hypoventilation and a reduced functional residual capacity (FRC) are related to the development of prolonged apnea. Expansion and stabilization of FRC with small amounts of end expiratory pressure appears to be beneficial.
Distribution of the lithium ion in endocrine organs of the rat

Abstract Lithium ions accumulated consistently in the pituitary and thyroid of rats at concentrations significantly greater than in plasma. There was also a significant, although lower, accumulation of Li + in the adrenal gland. No accumulation of lithium ion was noted in the testis or in the ovary. The possible significance of these findings with regard to some of the side effects of lithium carbonate treatment is discussed.
Inhibition of Apoptosome Formation by Suppression of Hsp90β Phosphorylation in Tyrosine Kinase-Induced Leukemias

Constitutively active tyrosine kinases promote leukemogenesis by increasing cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis. However, mechanisms underlying apoptotic inhibition have not been fully elucidated. In many settings, apoptosis occurs by mitochondrial cytochrome c release, which nucleates the Apaf-1/caspase-9 apoptosome. Here we report that the leukemogenic kinases, Bcr-Abl, FLT3/D835Y, and Tel-PDGFRbeta, all can inhibit apoptosome function. In cells expressing these kinases, the previously reported apoptosome inhibitor, Hsp90beta, bound strongly to Apaf-1, preventing cytochrome c-induced Apaf-1 oligomerization and caspase-9 recruitment. Hsp90beta interacted weakly with the apoptosome in untransformed cells. While Hsp90beta was phosphorylated at Ser 226/Ser 255 in untransformed cells, phosphorylation was absent in leukemic cells. Expression of mutant Hsp90beta (S226A/S255A), which mimics the hypophosphorylated form in leukemic cells, conferred resistance to cytochrome c-induced apoptosome activation in normal cells, reflecting enhanced binding of nonphosphorylatable Hsp90beta to Apaf-1. In Bcr-Abl-positive mouse bone marrow cells, nonphosphorylatable Hsp90beta expression conferred imatinib (Gleevec) resistance. These data provide an explanation for apoptosome inhibition by activated leukemogenic tyrosine kinases and suggest that alterations in Hsp90beta-apoptosome interactions may contribute to chemoresistance in leukemias.
Controlled hypotension for spinal surgery

Controlled, deliberate hypotension during anesthesia for major spinal surgery reduces intraoperative blood loss and transfusion requirement. Hypotension may be achieved with increased doses of volatile anesthetic agents or by continuous infusion of vasodilating drugs. Safe application of this technique requires knowledge of the physiology of hemorrhagic shock and close intraoperative monitoring to avoid vasoconstriction and end-organ ischemia.
Influence of anterior pituitary hormones on the corticosteroid-binding globulin in the rat.

Corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) activity of rat serum was determined by multiple equilibrium dialysis using corticosterone- 4-14C at 37 C. Hypophysectomy did not significantly alter the CBG activity of male rats, but decreased markedly that of female animals. The maximum effect of hypophysectomy in the female rat was observed after 9 days and continued through the 24th day after operation; it was followed by a gradual lessening of the response. The injection of a rat anterior pituitary suspension into hypophysectomized female rats increased the CBG activity toward the level of the sham controls. The administration of either growth hormone, prolactin, Iuteinizing hormone or a human pituitary gonadotropin preparation did not alter the CBG activity when compared with that of hypophysectomized controls. Thyroidstimulating hormone, however, enhanced the binding activity compared to that of shamhypophysectomized animals. It was concluded that the hypophysial factor controlling CBG is the thyroid-stimulati...
Bcl10 and methylation of fatty acids: a future therapeutic target for Type 2 diabetes?

result in increased hepatic de novo lipo genesis through excessive FA delivery to the liver [11]. Interestingly, a single bout of exercise in young insulin resistant individuals can partly reverse this phenomenon by decreasing de novo lipogenesis and hepatic triglyceride synthesis, indicating that skeletal muscle insulin resistance represents a therapeutic target for the prevention of NAFLD in individuals prone to developing the metabolic syndrome [12].
An Analysis of Student Self-Assessment of Online, Blended, and Face-to-Face Learning Environments: Implications for Sustainable Education Delivery

Online delivery has the potential to offer significant benefits in achieving multiple goals related to sustainable education. For example, students from a variety of backgrounds can access educational opportunity, allowing for vast dissemination of education. In addition, the methods employed in online learning are generally much lower in carbon intensity, providing an added operational benefit to online education. Beyond these stated benefits, we must also identify what components of online education are deemed effective from the student’s perspective. This article summarizes a recent study conducted by the authors on overall student self-assessment of learning at a major online university, and compares these results with general pedagogical assumptions regarding the perceived benefits of online learning. The goal is to highlight what factors students find important in ensuring quality learning outcomes in the online learning environment. The extension of this work is to link successful components of online delivery to the general achievement of sustainability in education delivery methods.
Evolution of microstructure and shear-band formation in α-hcp titanium

The evolution of the microstructure generated by high strain-rate plastic deformation of titanium was investigated. A testing geometry generating controlled and prescribed plastic strains under an imposed stress state close to simple shear was used; this testing procedure used hat-shaped specimens in a compression Kolsky bar which constrains the plastic deformation to a narrow region with approximately 200 Ixm width. Within this band, localization sets in, initiated at geometrical stress concentration sites, at a shear strain of approximately 1.4. The shear-band widths vary from 3 to 20 Ixm and increase with plastic strain. High strain-rate deformation induces, at lower plastic strains (7 < 1.4), planar dislocation arrays and profuse twinning in titanium. In the vicinity of the shear band, elongated cells are formed, which gradually transform into sub-grains. The break-up of these sub-grains inside the band leads to a microstructure composed of small grains ( ~ 0.2 txm) with a relatively low dislocation density. The combined effects of plastic strain and temperature on the microstructural recovery processes (dynamic recovery and recrystallization) are discussed. The experimental results are compared with predictions using a phenomenological constitutive equation and parameters obtained from compression experiments conducted over a wide range of strain rates. The experimental results indicate that the formation of shear bands occurs in two stages: (a) instability, produced by thermal softening and the enhancement of the thermal assistance in the motion of dislocations; (b) localization, which requires softening due to major microstructural changes (recovery and recrystallization) in the material. The calculated temperature rises required for instability and localization are 350 K and 776 K, respectively. Whereas instability may occur homogeneously throughout the entire specimen, localization is an initiation and propagation phenomenon, starting at geometrical (stress concentration sites) or microstructural inhomogeneities and propagating as a thin (3-20 ixm) band.
Gas-Liquid Chromatography of Salicylate Metabolites

A gas-liquid chromatographic separation of the methyl ester-methyl ether derivatives of acetylsalicylic acid, salicylic acid, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, and 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzoic acid is described. Separations were carried out at 155° on a column packed with 5% SE-30 on diatomaceous earth. A hydrogen-flame ionization detector was used.
Induction of resistance of Salmonella typhimurium to environmental stresses by exposure to short-chain fatty acids

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), which are widely used as food preservatives and are also present in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of animals at high concentrations, may play a role in the persistence of Salmonella typhimurium in the environment. To test the hypothesis, S, typhimurium was adapted to SCFA for 1 h and the % survivors against various stress conditions was determined. For adaptation, the SCFA mixtures at the concentrations found in small (SI) and large intestine (LI) were used. The % survivors against extreme acid (pH 3.0), high osmolarity (2.5 M NaC1), and reactive oxygen (20 mM H 2 O 2 ) was greatly increased by exposure to SCEA LI, but to a much less extent by SCFA SI. The results suggest that encountering SCFA by S. typhimurium in the large intestine of the host food animal or food materials treated with them may increase the persistence of S.typhimurium in food animal pre-and postharvest production by enhancing overall stress resistance.
Muscle glycogen accumulation after endurance exercise in trained and untrained individuals

Hickner, R. C., J. S. Fisher, P. A. Hansen, S. B. Racette, C. M. Mier, M. J. Turner, and J. O. Holloszy. Muscle glycogen accumulation after endurance exercise in trained and untrained individuals. ...
"Health consequences associated with frequent wheezing in adolescents without asthma diagnosis." K. Yeatts, K. Johnston Davis, D. Peden and C. Shy. Eur Respir J 2003; 22: 781-786.

Statement from the editor : In November 2003, the European Respiratory Journal published an article entitled “Health consequences associated with frequent wheezing in adolescents without asthma diagnosis” [1]. It was subsequently brought to our attention that another article by two of the same authors, “Health consequences for children with undiagnosed asthma-like symptoms,” had been published in the Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (now JAMA Pediatrics ) [2]; the National Library of Medicine has decided that these two articles represent duplicate publication, and both articles have …
Effects of Varying Mass on Wave Reflections during Wave Variable Teleoperation

The wave variable method allows for stable bilateral teleoperation in the presence of time delay. However, the appearance of transient oscillations, known as wave reflections, affect teleoperation performance when using the wave variable method. The frequency characteristics of these wave reflections have been previously considered to be primarily related to the time delay across the communication channel. In this paper we show that the frequency characteristics of wave reflections are also affected by changes to the mass of the teleoperated system. We propose a wave-variable-based controller that diminishes the effects of wave reflections as the slave dynamics changes during teleoperation. Simulation results using our proposed method is compared to the traditional wave variable method.
Application and Evaluation of Anti-Notch Antibodies to Modulate Notch Signaling

In recent years, several groups have reported the development of antibodies that inhibit or activate Notch signaling. Modulatory antibodies are valuable experimental tools that permit specific targeting of individual Notch receptor homologs (in contrast to pan-Notch-receptor inhibitors like gamma-secretase inhibitors), and show promise as therapeutic agents. Typically, Notch responsive luciferase reporter assays are used to validate and characterize modulatory antibodies. We describe detailed methods for performing dual luciferase-based signaling assays to read out modulation of Notch activity by antibodies designed to inhibit/activate signaling.
Experimental Investigation of the Nature of the Magnetoresistance Effects in Pd-YIG Hybrid Structures

In bilayers consisting of Pd and yttrium iron garnet (Y(3)Fe(5)O(12) or YIG), we observe vanishingly small room-temperature conventional anisotropic magnetoresistance but large new magnetoresistance that is similar to the spin Hall magnetoresistance previously reported in Pt-YIG bilayers. We report a temperature dependence study of the two magnetoresistance effects in Pt-YIG bilayers. As the temperature is decreased, the new magnetoresistance shows a peak, whereas the anisotropic magnetoresistance effect starts to appear and increases monotonically. We find that the magnetoresistance peak shifts to lower temperatures in thicker Pd samples, a feature characteristic of the spin current effect. The distinct temperature dependence reveals fundamentally different mechanisms responsible for the two effects in such hybrid structures.
The intravascular survival of transfused canine Pelger-Huet neutrophils and eosinophils.

1. A case history of the Pelger-Huet leukocyte anomaly in the dog is presented. The trait appears similar to that observed in humans and rabbits. 2. Disappearance from the circulation of transfused Pelger-Huet neutrophils was exponential with a T1/2 value of 4.8 hours. 3. Transfused PelgerHuet eosinophils rapidly disappeared from the circulation with a T1/2 value approaching 30 minutes.
Surgical management of pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect and multiple aortopulmonary collaterals

Pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect and multiple aortopulmonary collaterals is a form of complex congenital heart disease that is the subject of continued controversy. Disagreement exists regarding the appropriateness of surgical therapy, the timing of operation, and the optimal techniques for repair (1,2). The reason for these differences centers around the diversity of morphologic and consequent physiologic forms with which this defect presents. The relatively small number of patients and large number of subgroups make meaningful comparison between differing treatment strategies difficult. We present here the approach to these patients that is currently employed at UCLA Medical Center.
SU-F-J-103: Assessment of Liver Tumor Contrast for Radiation Therapy: Inter-Patient and Inter-Sequence Variability

Purpose: To determine the variation in tumor contrast between different MRI sequences and between patients for the purpose of MRI-based treatment planning. Methods: Multiple MRI scans of 11 patients with cancer(s) in the liver were included in this IRB-approved study. Imaging sequences consisted of T1W MRI, Contrast-Enhanced T1W MRI, T2W MRI, and T2*/T1W MRI. MRI images were acquired on a 1.5T GE Signa scanner with a four-channel torso coil. We calculated the tumor-to-tissue contrast to noise ratio (CNR) for each MR sequence by contouring the tumor and a region of interest (ROI) in a homogeneous region of the liver using the Eclipse treatment planning software. CNR was calculated (I_Tum-I_ROI)/SD_ROI, where I_Tum and I_ROI are the mean values of the tumor and the ROI respectively, and SD_ROI is the standard deviation of the ROI. The same tumor and ROI structures were used in all measurements for different MR sequences. Inter-patient Coefficient of variation (CV), and inter-sequence CV was determined. In addition, mean and standard deviation of CNR were calculated and compared between different MR sequences. Results: Our preliminary results showed large inter-patient CV (range: 37.7% to 88%) and inter-sequence CV (range 5.3% to 104.9%) of liver tumor CNR, indicating great variations in tumor CNR between MR sequences and between patients. Tumor CNR was found to be largest in CE-T1W (8.5±7.5), followed by T2W (4.2±2.4), T1W (3.4±2.2), and T2*/T1W (1.7±0.6) MR scans. The inter-patient CV of tumor CNR was also the largest in CE-T1W (88%), followed by T1W (64.3%), T1W (56.2%), and T2*/T1W (37.7) MR scans. Conclusion: Large inter-sequence and inter-patient variations were observed in liver tumor CNR. CE-T1W MR images on average provided the best tumor CNR. Efforts are needed to optimize tumor contrast and its consistency for MRI-based treatment planning of cancer in the liver. This project is supported by NIH grant: 1R21CA165384
Asian American Cookbooks as Autobiographies

Dale Talde's Asian-American: Proudly Inauthentic Recipes from the Philippines to Brooklyn and Roy Choi's L.A. Son: My Life, My City, My Food constitute a new breed of cookbooks by Asian Americans t...
Gastric Bypass Surgery Produces a Durable Reduction in Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and Reduces the Long-Term Risks of Congestive Heart Failure.

Background Obesity and its association with reduced life expectancy are well established, with cardiovascular disease as one of the major causes of fatality. Metabolic surgery is a powerful intervention for severe obesity, resulting in improvement in comorbid diseases and in cardiovascular risk factors. This study investigates the relationship between metabolic surgery and long‐term cardiovascular events. Methods and Results A cohort of Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGB) patients was tightly matched by age, body mass index, sex, Framingham Risk Score, smoking history, use of antihypertension medication, diabetes mellitus status, and calendar year with a concurrent cohort of nonoperated control patients. The primary study end points of major cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, stroke, and congestive heart failure) were evaluated using Cox regression. Secondary end points of longitudinal cardiovascular risk factors were evaluated using repeated‐measures regression. The RYGB and matched controls (N=1724 in each cohort) were followed for up to 12 years after surgery (overall median of 6.3 years). Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed a statistically significant reduction in incident major composite cardiovascular events ( P =0.017) and congestive heart failure (0.0077) for the RYGB cohort. Adjusted Cox regression models confirmed the reductions in severe composite cardiovascular events in the RYGB cohort (hazard ratio=0.58, 95% CI=0.42–0.82). Improvements of cardiovascular risk factors (eg, 10‐year cardiovascular risk score, total cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein, systolic blood pressure, and diabetes mellitus) were observed within the RYGB cohort after surgery. Conclusions Gastric bypass is associated with a reduced risk of major cardiovascular events and the development of congestive heart failure.
Comparative Study of Polymer Dissolution Techniques for Electrospinning

Abstract A systematic investigation was performed to compare the electrospinnability of aqueous polyethylene oxide (PEO) solutions prepared using ultrasonication and mechanical stirring. A series of experiments with fixed electrospinning parameters was used to investigate the changes in solution viscosity, nanofiber deposition area and nanofiber morphology with respect to their solution processing method and polymer concentration. This work puts emphasis on the variations related to the solution properties rather than the electrospinning parameters. The viscosity of each solution showed that the viscosity of ultrasonically processed solutions was significantly lower compared to mechanically stirred solutions with the same polymer concentration. The difference is primarily related to the chain scission induced by sonication of the polymer– leading to a significant effect on their electrospinnability. The transition from beads to nanofibers for each solution was identified by studying the morphology using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). For mechanically stirred PEO solutions, nanofibers were successfully electrospun beginning with a polymer concentration of 6 wt% up to 8 wt%. The concentration ranges for producing nanofibers was between 8 wt% and 12 wt% for solutions prepared by ultrasonication. The study was further extended to investigate the electrospinnability of PEO solutions mixed with 2 wt% silicon carbide (SiC) nanoparticles. Nanocomposite nanofibers electrospun from PEO-SiC solutions exhibited an increase in continuous nanofibers with increasing concentration of the solutions. The results show that ultrasonic processing can be used to prepare the polymer solutions for electrospinning, which can reduce the processing time significantly and process a solution at higher concentration, compared with the conventional mechanical mixing.
An Examination Of The Recovery Value Of Various Restbreak Durations For An Analytical Task

This study investigated the impact of restbreak duration upon the recovery patterns of subjects engaged in an analytical task. Eighteen males engaged twice in a five hour analytical task. The subjects received restbreaks every hour. The duration of the restbreaks was 5, 10, or 15 minutes. The results found that the restbreak duration was a significant factor in the recovery patterns of the subjects.
Fractals and Multifractals

During the third century BC, Euclid and his students introduced the concept of space dimension which can take positive integer values equal to the number of independent directions. A smooth line has dimension 1, a smooth surface has dimension 2 and our space (seen at large scales) has dimension 3.
Effect of Vitamin C on Reactive Oxygen Species Formation in Erythrocytes of Sickle Cell Anemia Patients

Background: Sickle cell patients produce more reactive oxygen species (ROS) than healthy individuals, leading to increased cell membrane damage. Theoretically, reducing ROS formation would preserve red cell membranes of sickle cell patients. Vitamin C is a powerful anti-oxidant capable of inhibiting ROS formation in a variety of situations, by functioning as an electron donor to reduce molecular oxygen. This study aimed to determine whether Vitamin C reduced ROS formation in sickle red cells. Methods: 27 homozygous (HbSS) patients were recruited from the outpatient clinics of Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria, and annex at the Sickle Cell Foundation, Lagos, Nigeria. Demographic information and EDTA patient blood samples were collected. The test group were red cells preincubated in 80uM and 100uM Vitamin C concentrations before stressing with tertbutylhydroperoxide. These were compared to stressed matched controls preincubated in phosphate buffered saline. Cell staining was done with CellRox Orange followed by flow cytometry to quantify ROS. Results: ROS count for Vitamin C pre-treated red cells was significantly lower than matched controls (p Conclusion: Vitamin C reduced ROS formation in HbSS cells. Future studies should focus on a role for Vitamin C as a safe, cheap addition to maintenance therapy of sickle cell patients. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Approach to Complications of Ventricular Assist Devices: A Clinical Review for the Emergency Provider.

Abstract Background Heart failure is a major public health problem in the United States. Increasingly, patients with advanced heart failure that fail medical therapy are being treated with implanted ventricular assist devices (VADs). Objective This review provides an evidence-based summary of the current data for the evaluation and management of implanted VAD complications in an emergency department context. Discussion With a prevalence of >5.8 million individuals and >550,000 new cases diagnosed each year, heart failure is a major public health problem in the United States. Increasingly, patients with advanced heart failure that fail medical therapy are being treated with implanted VADs. As the prevalence of patients with VADs continues to grow, they will sporadically present to the emergency department, regardless of whether the facility is a designated VAD center. As a result, all emergency physicians must be familiar with the basic principles of VAD function, as well as the diagnosis and initial management of VAD-related complications. In this review, we address these topics, with a focus on contemporary third-generation continuous flow VADs. This review will help supplement the critical care skills of emergency physicians in managing this complex patient population. Conclusions The cornerstone of managing the unstable VAD patient is rapid initiation of high-quality supportive care and recognition of device-related complications, as well as the identification and use of specialist VAD teams and other resources for support. Emergency physicians must understand VADs so that they may optimally manage these complex patients.
Integration and Transformation: A Study of the Sun and the Moon Depicted in the Imagery of Fuxi and Nüwa

The present research focuses on the depiction of the sun and moon in the imagery of Fuxi and Nuwa during the Han and Wei-Jin periods. Through typological and iconographical approaches, it proposes four primary modes in terms of the ways in which the sun and the moon are combined with Fuxi and Nuwa. It contributes to the current field by providing new perspectives for readdressing some issues that remain underexplored. First, it challenges the over-absolute identification of the earliest representation of Fuxi and Nuwa in a pair, and that of Changyi and Xihe, another set of paired deities recorded to be in close relation to the celestial world, in Western Han mural tombs from the Luoyang area, and instead suggests a shift of focus to the recognisable distinctions in visual details, such as the chronological sequence of the application of the first and second modes in the Luoyang Han tomb paintings, and the masculine appearances of both the deities depicted in the Western Han Qianjingtou tomb. Further examinations of the development and dissemination of each mode through the Han and Wei-Jin eras reveals complicated interactions between different regions and exchanges of motif with other forms of imagery. The local tradition of depicting Fuxi and Nuwa, together with that of the depiction of the sun and moon in Nanyang, has been incorporated into the formation of the sun and moon in anthropomorphic representations in the Southwest. Finally, this research proposes that it is more significant to organise the surviving materials through the development and context of each visual element represented in the scene, rather than making an absolute identification based on scattered evidence.
Marketing Bridges the Maker-User Gap: Highly competent men are needed to sell in a buyer's market

In the decade following World War II, marketing in the chemical industry played a secondary role to research, engineering, and manufacturing as the industry concentrated its efforts on building ., plants and making products to satisfy the large pent-up demand. In short, for a prolonged period a seller's market existed. During this period the industry encouraged promising technical graduates to pursue careers in research, manufacturing, and engineering. Out of this grew the image that a technical graduate entering marketing was less competent and less important than his colleagues who pursued careers where they "could use their technical training." In the mid-fifties, the chemical industry moved from a seller's to a buyer's market. Customers began to demand better products, more technical service, and lower prices. Business was awarded to companies that were perceptive in understanding their customer's needs and skillful in using the entire resources of the company in filling these needs. The situation cal...
Design Thinking: A Creative Approach to Problem Solving:

Design thinking—understanding the human needs related to a problem, reframing the problem in human-centric ways, creating many ideas in brainstorming sessions, and adopting a hands-on approach to p...
2292 How to Build a High Fidelity Model for Teaching Perineal Laceration Repair

Video Objective Train the trainer: Hands on creation in less than 10 minutes an anatomically accurate simulation model for repair of third and fourth degree obstetric lacerations Setting 1. Create in less than 10 minutes an anatomically accurate high fidelity simulation model using beef tongue and beef intestine and craft supplies in order to teach the repair of third and fourth degree obstetric lacerations to obstetrics and gynecology residents. 2. Understand the anatomy of the perineum and anal sphincter as illustrated by this simulation model. 3. In the setting of insufficient training in ob/gyn residencies regarding 3rd and 4th degree obstetric laceration repairs and assuring competence in this area by the time residents graduate, simulation models have become increasingly relevant. This video aims to provide residency program directors and educators with a detailed step-by-step hands-on creation in less than 10 minutes of an anatomically correct high fidelity simulation model using beef tongue and beef intestine along with easily obtained craft supplies which can be used for teaching OB/GYN residents third and fourth degree obstetric laceration repairs Interventions n/a Conclusion The video provides an easily made (within 10 minutes) anatomically accurate high fidelity model utilizing beef tongue and beef intestine along with easily obtained craft supplies that can be used to teach the correct techniques for third and fourth degree repairs for obstetric lacerations.
Migration Diplomacy and Policy Liberalization in Morocco and Turkey

This article examines the 2013 migration policy liberalizations in Morocco and Turkey in order to understand whether predominantly “human rights-centric” or “diplomatic” factors influenced domestic...
The Effect of Maximum Daily Temperature on Outdoor Violence

Although temperature aggression theory maintains that a high temperature engenders more aggressive behavior by irritating individuals, routine activity theory asserts that violent crime increases a...
Mykola Khvyl’ovyy, Dmytro Dontsov, and the Transgressive Symbiosis of Communist and Nationalist Visions for a Revolutionary Ukrainian Literature

Despite the tense geopolitical situation in interwar Eastern Europe, Ukrainian litterateurs at first elided the physical and ideological boundaries guarded by state authorities on either side of the Polish-Soviet border. Cultural leaders on the far right and far left, separated by a chasm of fear and loathing, nevertheless read andresponded to one another’s works. In some cases, representatives of the two sides shared common influences, beliefs, and aesthetic ideals, and even took the risk of signalling their admiration for the theories and creative accomplishments of sworn enemies in the opposing camp, favourably invoking “foreigners” to serve opposing agendas. Amid the relative openness, fluidity, and experimentalism that characterised the first (i.e. pre-Stalinist) half of the interwar period in Ukraine, few regarded nationalism and socialism, or even Bolshevism, as mutually exclusive concepts. Rather, there were synergies and points of contact between the two. Examining the public interaction of the Communist writer Mykola Khvyl’ovyy (1893–1933) and the nationalist literary critic Dmytro Dontsov (1883–1973), I argue that the Ukrainian cultural and political ferment of the 1920s was transgressive in two senses. Firstly, it cut across the political boundaries of party membership and citizenship that divided Ukrainians into Soviet and non-Soviet, socialist and nationalist. Secondly, it defied expectations of ideological purity and loyalty at a time of growing but not yet insurmountable hostility. The result was a symbiosis of right and left-wing agitation, in both Soviet Ukraine and south-eastern Poland, for a revolutionary, anticolonial, and modernist Ukrainian literature.
Sensitive spin seeks single magnon

A quantum dot has been used to detect a single excitation among the tens of thousands of atomic nuclear spins comprising it. This result is an important step towards treating nuclear spins as a quantum memory rather than a troublesome source of noise.
Chondrocytic and pharmacokinetic properties of Phlpp inhibitors

Abstract Objective The pleckstrin homology domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatases (Phlpp1/2) were recently identified as potential therapeutic targets for cartilage regeneration in osteoarthritic joints. Phlpp inhibitors NSC 117079 and NSC 45586 increase chondrocyte proliferation and matrix production, but the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of these compounds are not known. Design Chondrocytic effects of Phlpp inhibitors, NSC 117079 and NSC 45586, were measured by western blotting of Phlpp substrates, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) assays, and transcriptomic assays. Liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy assays were established to measure NSC 117079 and NSC 45586 in vitro and in vivo. The effects of NSC 117079 and NSC 45586 on articular cartilage structure in vivo after intra-articular injection were determined by histology. Results The Phlpp inhibitors NSC 117079 and NSC 45586 were highly stable in vitro and stimulated GAG, Sox9, proteoglycan 4 and collagen 2 production in maturing but not more differentiated chondrocytes in vitro. Both molecules reduced Phlpp1/2 levels and suppressed matrix degradation to functionally extend their inhibitory effect on these phosphatases. In vivo, NSC 117079 was eliminated from the bloodstream within 4 ​h after intravenous injection, while NSC 45586 was eliminated in 8 ​h and had a higher volume distribution. Both molecules increased articular cartilage area on lateral and medial tibial plateaus and femoral condyles by 15% in C57Bl/6 mice between four and five weeks of age. Conclusion These data advance our understanding of how Phlpp inhibitors promote and preserve cartilage formation and provide a basis for understanding their safety and activity in vivo.
Mucosal ouabain and Na+ inhibit active Rb+(K+) absorption in normal and sodium-depleted rat distal colon.

Abstract To determine the effect of mucosal sodium and mucosal ouabain on active Rb + (K + ) absorption, unidirectional and net 86 Rb + fluxes were measured under voltage-clamp conditions in the distal colon of normal and sodium-depleted rats. The role of mucosal sodium (independent of serosal sodium) was evaluated in a model of Rb + (K + ) absorption in which serosal ouabain markedly enhanced active Rb + (K + ) absorption. In normal rats, mucosal sodium was a competitive inhibitor of Rb + (K + ) absorption, and Rb + (K + ) absorption consisted of a mucosal sodium-sensitive component and a mucosal sodium-insensitive component. Further, mucosal ouabain almost completely inhibited the mucosal sodium-insensitive component but did not affect the mucosal sodium-sensitive component. In sodium-depleted rats, both mucosal sodium-sensitive and mucosal sodium-insensitive fractions of Rb + (K + ) absorption were also identified. Aldosterone markedly stimulated the mucosal sodium-sensitive component (1.68 ± 0.15 vs. 0.60 ± 0.10 μEq · h −1 · cm −2 ) but not the sodium-insensitive component (0.88 ± 0.09 vs. 0.64 ± 0.06 μEq · h −1 · cm −2 ) component of Rb + (K + ) absorption; however, in contrast to normal animals, mucosal sodium in sodium-depleted animals was a noncompetitive inhibitor of Rb + (K + ) absorption. The mucosal sodium-insensitive component of Rb + (K + ) absorption in sodium-depleted animals was substantially inhibited by mucosal ouabain, but the mucosal sodium-sensitive component, unlike that in normal animals, was partially inhibited by mucosal ouabain. These studies indicate that the characteristics of the Rb + (K + ) absorptive process in sodium-depleted animals differ significantly from those present in normal animals, suggesting that aldosterone induces an Rb + (K + ) absorptive mechanism not present in normal animals.
Autism Spectrum Disorder

The Primer on Autism Spectrum Disorder provides a quick yet comprehensive overview of clinically-relevant topics related to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) for the medical or mental health student, trainee, or recent graduate who seeks efficient learning. Chapters are designed to give an overview of a topic area in real time while on a rotation; while studying for professional board examinations in primary care, pediatrics, neurology or psychiatry; or even during preparation for a presentation or discussion scheduled to occur the next day. The sections include Background and Diagnostic Assessment, Etiology, Treatment, and Other Care Delivery Services and Perspectives, with each chapter written by an internationally recognized expert in the field. The chapters on diagnosis and treatment are written from a practical "how to" perspective. Those on etiology are written with the clinician in mind. These clinically-focused chapters include one or more vignettes that present simulated patient cases designed to highlight teaching points related to each chapter's content area. The book ends with a chapter written by family members of individuals with ASD and another written by an adult with ASD that illustrate the human impact these disorders have on day-to-day lives, hopes, and dreams. At the end of each chapter, "Key Points" for summarizing the intended take home messages of each author/authors are listed.
Effects of repeated scaling and root planing and/or controlled oral hygiene on the periodontal attachment level and pocket depths in beagle dogs. II. Bacteriological findings.

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of initial and/or repeated subgingival scaling with or without controlled oral hygiene on the level of periodontal attachment and pocket depth in Beagle dogs. furthermore, the effect of repeated scaling on the progression of naturally developed periodontitis was to be determined. At baseline, and at 1,6,12,24 and 36 months clinical parameters for plaquen deposits (PII), calculus (CI), gingival health (GI) periodontal attachment from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) and pocket depth were recorded by the same examiner. Eight healthy Beagles, 3 1/2–6 years of age with moderate naturally developed periodontal desease were divided into experimental and control animals. In the experimental group, 4 dogs received a thorough scaling and root planing at the start of the experiment. thereafter the experimental dogs were subjected to daily toothbrushing and a rubber cup and pumice prophylaxis every two weeks. The remaining 4 control dogs were not subjected to any oral hygience measures. Two quadrants diagonally opposed in each animal (experimentaal and control) were scaled and root planed every six months. In the experimental group a significant increase in attachment level was maintained throughout the study. Initial scaling followed by oral hygiene reduced pocket depth singificantly and pocket reduction was maintained over the three year period. Repeated scaling did not influence the mainternance of the attachment level or the reduction in pocket depth in the experimental group. The control animals continued to lose attachment and pocket depth increased during the study. Scaling every six months without oral hygience resulted in loss of attachment and increase in pocket depth, although the rate of attachment loss was retarded. It is concluded that following initial scaling conticuous removal of bacterial plaque is essential for the maintenance of periodontal attachment. In moderate periodontal disease the levels of attachments may be maintained without surgical therapy.
Architecture and Analysis of Fast Packet Switches Based on Time-Multiplexed Photonic Fabrics

This paper proposes and evaluates two fast packet switching architectures based on time-division multiplexed integrated photonic fabrics. The architectures are targeted towards low-latency inter-node switching and intra-node routing in high-speed networks. The inter-node switch achieves output packet queueing via asynchronous time-division multiplexing a strictly-nonblocking photonic fabric. Buffer behavior is analyzed at both input and output stages to.determine the effect of varying the switching bandwidth on the performance metrics (delay, throughput, and packet loss probability). Analysis is performed for finite switch dimensions by obtaining upper and lower bounds on the packet loss at input. The dependence of finite output buffer latency and overflow probability on the normalized switching bandwidth is examined. The intra-node trunk traffic router consists of a passive optical coupler followed by an active routing stage. For this architecture, both synchronous and asynchronous time-division multiplexing modes are modeled and analyzed to obtain expressions for corresponding packet buffering delay and total switching latency. The router is shown to saturate at the waiting time singularity of its input (or output) buffers, given by the ratio of the switching bandwidth to the dimension.
Economic Competitiveness of Bioenergy Production and Effects on Agriculture of the Southern Region

The economic competitiveness of biobased industries is discussed by comparing the South relative to other regions of the United States and biomass as a feedstock source relative to fossil fuels such as coal and petroleum. An estimate of the biomass resource base is provided. Estimated changes in the agricultural sector over time resulting from the development of a large-scale biobased industry are reported, and a study on the potential to produce electricity from biomass compared with coal in the southern United States is reviewed. A biobased industry can increase net farm income and enhance economic development and job creation.
Donald Dexter Van Slyke (1883–1971): An Oral Biography

At the start of the 20th century, clinical chemistry emerged into its own space on the mosaic of medical practice. The pattern of its future growth and development took shape during the first two decades of the new century. Before that time, the United States had played no role in the growth or development of clinical chemistry, but at the turn of the century important work began in the US. One of the names that dominated this period was that of Donald Dexter Van Slyke. His systematic explorations on blood and urine led to practical and clinically applicable methods of analysis based on a new approach to methodology: analysis of small volumes of biological fluids. Using colorimetric and gasometric techniques, his work influenced the practice of medicine and played a major role in guiding the direction of clinical chemistry for the remainder of the century. I met Donald Van Slyke in August 1960 at the Fourth International Congress on Clinical Chemistry in Edinburgh, Scotland. I had presented a paper at an afternoon session after an earlier paper by Dr. Van Slyke. During a break for afternoon tea, a friend and I spotted Dr. Van Slyke sitting alone at a table and asked if we could join him. He welcomed us and started to tell us about his visits to various laboratories on the Continent before the Congress, especially about his reception at a laboratory in Germany. When introduced to the supervisor, he was greeted by shock and surprise: “Ach, du lebst noch!” (What! You’re still alive?), she exclaimed. Van Slyke could barely suppress his laughter. He thought this was a very funny story! This history, dealing mainly with Donald Van Slyke’s career at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York, is derived from the transcript of a 5-h …
Rotating Gas and the Shapes of Radio Sources

The power for a strong extragalactic radio source comes from deep within the nucleus, but the extended radio structure is clearly related to the larger-scale properties of the galaxy in which it lives. Very large sources are found in elliptical rather than spiral galaxies, and big galaxies have stronger radio sources than small ones. The narrow jets mapped in weaker radio galaxies do not expand with a constant opening angle, but become better focussed along their length, suggesting that they are confined by an external pressure. This paper discusses how the rotation of a radio galaxy affects the distribution of gas within it, and consequently the radio structure in elliptical and Seyfert galaxies. A model is proposed which leads to a specific prediction, relating the width of radio jets to the rotation speed of the galaxy in which they lie.
1444 OPTIMAL THERMAL MANAGEMENT FOR LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANTS NURSED UNDER HIGH-POWER RADIANT WARMERS

Radiant warmers positioned over open bed platforms provide continuous thermal maintenance while allowing ready access to critically ill infants. There are no studies defining a thermoneutral temperature using high-output radiant warmers servocontrolled to anterior abdominal wall skin temperature (Tabd). To determine thermoneutral temperature, 17 low birthweight infants recovering from respiratory distress syndrome (BW 1.28 ± .25 kg, EGA 30.7 ± 1.9 wk, age at study 7.5 ± 3.7 days) (mean ± SD) were studied. Oxygen consumption (VO2, ml/kg/min) was measured continuously using open-circuit technique for 90 minute study periods at 35.5°, 36.5° and 37.5° C servocontrolled TaoH. Mean skin (Tsk) and rectal temperatures (TR), heart rate (HR bpm) and % sleep time were also monitored. Results are summarized below. Nine infants had TR > 37.5° and 3 had TR ≥ 38.0° when servocontrolled to Tabd 37.5°C. There was a trend to decreased activity at higher temperatures. 36.5°C was a well-tolerated Tabd control-point with a minimal VO2 without risk of core hyperthermia. A control-point of 37.5°C should not be used because of the risk of hyperthermia.