cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some social network differences between women choosing home and hospital birth.

Western Region. Dutt, G. R., C. F. Hutchinson, and M. A. Garduno (eds.) 198 1 Rainfall Collection for Agriculture in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions. London: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau. Fontana, Bernard L. 1960 The Use and Abuse of Land on the San Xavier Indian Reservation. Paper presented at a meeting of the University of Arizona Committee on Indian Affairs, held at the San Xavier Indian Reservation, December 9. 1964 The Papago Tribe of Arizona. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 1974 Man in Arid Lands: The Piman Indians of the Sonoran Desert. In Desert Biology, Vol. 11. G. W. Brown, Jr., ed. Pp. 489-528. New York: Academic Press. 1981 Of Earth and Little Rain: The Papago Indians. Flagstaff, AZ. Northland Press. 1983 History of the Papago. In Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. X. Pp. 137-148. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. Frasier, Gary W. (ed.) 1975 Proceedings of the Water Harvesting Symposium, Phoenix, Arizona, March 26-28, 1974. Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Region. Frasier, Gary W. 1981 Development of Water for Grazing Management. In Proceedings, the Range Beef Cow Symposium VII. Rapid City, South Dakota, December 7-9. Hackenberg, Robert A. 1972 Restricted Interdependence: The Adaptive Pattern of Papago Indian Society. Human Organization 3 l(2): l 13-126. 1983 Pima and Papago Ecological Adaptations. In Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. X. Pp. 16 1-177. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. Hoben, Allan 1984 Agricultural Decision Making in Foreign Assistance: An Anthropological Analysis. In Agricultural Decision Making: Anthropological Contributions to Rural Development. Peggy Barlett, ed. Pp. 337-369. Orlando, FL: Academic Press. Hollett, Kenneth J., and Joanne M. Garrett 1984 Geohydrology of the Papago, San Xavier, and Gila Bend Reservations, Arizona, 1978-1 98 1. Tucson, A2: Geological Survey. Kelly, William H. 1963 The Papago Indians of Arizona: A Population and Economic Study. Tucson, A2: University of Arizona Press. Lowe, C. H., and D. E. Brown 1973 The Natural Vegetation of Arizona. Phoenix: Arizona Resources Information System. Lucero, Joseph M. 1974 Range and Livestock Report to the Papago Council. Sells, AZ: Bureau of Indian Affairs, Papago Agency. Nabhan, Gary, Kenneth Vogler, Jo Ann Murashige, Oliver Chadwick, and Charles Hutchinson 1982 Application of Remote Sensing in Evaluation of Floodwater Farming on the Papago Indian Reservation. Tucson: Office of Arid Lands Studies, University of Arizona. Officer, James E. 197 1 Arid Lands Agriculture and the Indians of the American Southwest. In Food, Fiber and the Arid Lands. William G. McGinnies, Bram J. Goldman and Patricia Paylore, eds. Pp. 47-78. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. Some Social Network Differences Between Women Choosing Home and Hospital Birth
Vapor phase release of alkali species in the combustion of biomass pyrolysis oils

Abstract For the first time, emission of alkali vapor species from biomass is being directly observed, under combustion conditions, by molecular beam mass spectrometry. The free jet sampling system cools the products of combustion extremely rapidly with little condensation, making it possible to identify the alkali species that are active in high-temperature vapor transport. Recent results are discussed in light of the mechanisms of release and the implications for the use of biomass in gasification and combustion systems. The paper also includes a substantial review of literature relative to alkali in biomass and its behavior vis-a-vis coal.
Closed-cell foams produced from sputter-deposited aluminum

Sputter deposited aluminum containing argon was melted to produce foam, both in the earth's gravitational field and in a zero-gravity space environment. Experiments leading to trapping of up to 270 ppm argon sputtering gas in pure aluminum during high-rate dc triode sputter deposition are discussed. Conduct of the melting experiments and design of the furnace used are described. Metallography; an analysis of bubble size, distribution, and morphology; and a preliminary description of the kinetics are also presented.
Genecology of Holodiscus discolor (Rosaceae) in the Pacific Northwest, U.S.A.

An important goal for land managers is the incorporation of appropriate (e.g., locally adapted and genetically diverse) plant materials in restoration and revegetation activities. To identify these materials, researchers need to characterize the variability in essential traits in natural populations and determine how they are related to environmental conditions. This common garden study was implemented to characterize the variability in growth and phenological traits relative to climatic and geographic variables of 39 Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim. accessions from locations throughout the Pacific Northwest, U.S.A. Principal component analysis of 12 growth and phenological traits explained 48.2% of the observed variability in the first principal component (PC-1). With multiple regressions, PC-1 was compared to environmental values at each source location. Regression analysis identified a four-variable model containing elevation, minimum January temperature, maximum October temperature, and February precipitation that explained 86% of the variability in PC-1 (r2= 0.86, p < 0.0001). Spatial analysis using this regression model identified patterns of genetic diversity within the Pacific Northwest that can help guide germplasm selection (i.e., seed collections) for restoration and revegetation activities.
Pore structure and interconnectivity of CdS aerogels and xerogels by hyperpolarized xenon NMR

Metal chalcogenide aerogels and xerogels are unique materials that combine semiconducting nanostructures with porosity and are thus of interest for photocatalysis and sensing. To assess the feasibility for applications dependent on molecular transport, the pore structure and interconnectivity in CdS aerogels and xerogels were probed by a combination of conventional techniques and hyperpolarized (HP) 129Xe NMR. HP 129Xe NMR of the aerogels was consistent with two distinct types of accessible pores (adsorption sites), and 2-D EXSY NMR data suggest that these are connected. In contrast, a single resonance of low intensity with a temperature dependence consistent with the dissolution of Xe within a polymer matrix, that is, transport facilitated at high temperatures due to chain motion, is observed in xerogels. 13C NMR and thermal gravimetric analysis data reveal the presence of residual organics in both xerogels and aerogels, but a relatively higher proportion in the former, due, in part, to the surfactant us...
Radiologic features of a pyrophosphate-like arthropathy associated with long-term dialysis

In a series of 28 long-term dialysis patients with musculoskeletal complaints, the radiologic findings in six cases resembled those occurring in the arthropathy of idiopathic calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition (CPPD) disease. These findings included osteophytes, subchondral cysts, and cartilage loss in the metacarpophalangeal joints, patellofemoral joints, wrists, and shoulders. Chondrocalcinosis was present in three of the six cases. There were no significant differences in renal function or levels of serum calcium, phosphorus, iron, ferritin, aluminum, or parathormone between these patients and a control group matched for sex and age. Long-term dialysis may be associated with a metabolic arthritis similar to the arthritis which occurs in CPPD deposition disease. The etiology may include deposition of CPPD crystals, hydroxyapatite, or other calcium-containing substances in joints, or it may be related to a number of dialysis-induced metabolic abnormalities.
The Role of Tangential Migration in the Establishment of Mammalian Cortex

In the developing nervous system, neurons are generated at sites distant from their ultimate location. In the vertebrate CNS, neurons utilize distinct migration strategies to reach their ultimate residence. This review discusses the contribution of tangential migration to the architectural development of the cerebral cortex and cerebellum.
The Thermal Conversion of 1, 5, 9‐Triynes into Arenes: [2 + 2 + 2]‐Cycloadditions or Sigmatropic Rearrangements?

The complete manuscript of this communication appears in: Angew. Chem. Suppl. 1982, 1545. DOI:10.1002/anie.198215450
QM/MM analysis suggests that Alkaline Phosphatase (AP) and nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase slightly tighten the transition state for phosphate diester hydrolysis relative to solution: implication for catalytic promiscuity in the AP superfamily.

Several members of the Alkaline Phosphatase (AP) superfamily exhibit a high level of catalytic proffciency and promiscuity in structurally similar active sites. A thorough characterization of the nature of transition state for different substrates in these enzymes is crucial for understanding the molecular mechanisms that govern those remarkable catalytic properties. In this work, we study the hydrolysis of a phosphate diester, MpNPP–, in solution, two experimentally well-characterized variants of AP (R166S AP, R166S/E322Y AP) and wild type Nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (NPP) by QM/MM calculations in which the QM method is an approximate density functional theory previously parametrized for phosphate hydrolysis (SCC-DFTBPR). The general agreements found between these calculations and available experimental data for both solution and enzymes support the use of SCC-DFTBPR/MM for a semiquantitative analysis of the catalytic mechanism and nature of transition state in AP and NPP. Although phosp...
Geometric algorithms on an ellipsoid earth model

This paper outlines some geometric algorithms that are used in Microsoft SQL Server for processing geospatial data in a way that is independent of any cartographic projection.
Impact of pore microstructure evolution on polarization resistance of Ni-Yttria-stabilized zirconia fuel cell anodes

Abstract Temperature induced degradation in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) Ni-YSZ anodes was studied using both impedance spectroscopy and three-dimensional tomography via Focused Ion Beam–Scanning Electron Microscopy. A 100 h anneal at 1100 °C caused a 90% increase in cell polarization resistance, which correlated with the observed factor of ∼2 reduction in the electrochemically active three-phase boundary (TPB) density. The TPB decrease was caused by a significant decrease in pore percolation, and a reduction in pore interfacial area due to pores becoming larger and more equiaxed. The anneal caused no measurable change in average Ni particle size; Ni coarsening was apparently highly constrained in these anodes due to the relatively large YSZ volume fraction and low pore volume.
Healthcare related open source software innovations: diffusion patterns and early adopter influence

The role of information technology in healthcare is receiving great attention owing to its ability to reduce costs, improve quality of healthcare and create distinct advantages for users. Open source software offers a viable alternative for expensive proprietary software for many small and medium organisations. In this paper, we focus on two important questions: a) What are the types of diffusion patterns for healthcare related to open source software? b) What is the influence of early adopters on the rate of diffusion of healthcare related open source software innovations? Our findings suggest that the widely used Bass model explains the diffusion of healthcare open source software innovations. In addition, we find four distinct takeoff patterns in the diffusion curves helping us understand the heterogeneity in the diffusion patterns. Finally, we find strong empirical evidence in support of the influence of early adopters on the diffusion process.
MiR-21 Enhances Melanoma Invasiveness via Inhibition of Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases 3 Expression: In Vivo Effects of MiR-21 Inhibitor

Metastatic melanoma is the most aggressive form of this cancer. It is important to understand factors that increase or decrease metastatic activity in order to more effectively research and implement treatments for melanoma. Increased cell invasion through the extracellular matrix is required for metastasis and is enhanced by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3 (TIMP3) inhibits MMP activity. It was previously shown by our group that miR-21, a potential regulator of TIMP3, is over-expressed in cutaneous melanoma. It was therefore hypothesized that increased levels of miR-21 expression would lead to decreased expression of TIMP3 and thereby enhance the invasiveness of melanoma cells. miR-21 over-expression in the melanoma cell lines WM1552c, WM793b, A375 and MEL 39 was accomplished via transfection with pre-miR-21. Immunoblot analysis of miR-21-overexpressing cell lines revealed reduced expression of TIMP3 as compared to controls. This in turn led to a significant increase in the invasiveness of the radial growth phase cell line WM1552c and the vertical growth phase cell line WM793b (p < 0.05), but not in the metastatic cell lines A375 or MEL 39. The proliferation and migration of miR-21 over-expressing cell lines was not affected. Reduced expression of TIMP3 was achieved by siRNA knockdown and significantly enhanced invasion of melanoma cell lines, mimicking the effects of miR-21 over-expression. Treatment of tumor cells with a linked nucleic acid antagomir to miR-21 inhibited tumor growth and increased tumor expression of TIMP3 in vivo in 01B74 Athymic NCr-nu/nu mice. Intra-tumoral injections of anti-miR-21 produced similar effects. This data shows that increased expression of miR-21 enhanced the invasive potential of melanoma cell lines through TIMP3 inhibition. Therefore, inhibition of miR-21 in melanoma may reduce melanoma invasiveness.
Effect of LY53857, a selective 5HT2 receptor antagonist, on 5HT-induced increases in cutaneous vascular permeability in rats

Abstract Both serotonin and histamine increased cutaneous vascular permeability in rats; however, serotonin was approximately 100-fold more potent than histamine. LY53857 (0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg, i.p.), a selective 5HT 2 receptor antagonist, blocked serotonin- but not histamine-induced increases in cutaneous vascular permeability. The alpha 1 receptor antagonist, prazosin, did not significantly affect increases in vascular permeability produced by serotonin. These data extend previous studies with LY53857 by further documenting its selectivity as a 5HT 2 receptor antagonist. In addition, these results with a selective 5HT 2 receptor antagonist provide evidence that 5HT 2 receptor activation may be the predominent mechanism associated with vascular permeability changes induced by serotonin.
The Cdk1–APC/C cell cycle oscillator circuit functions as a time-delayed, ultrasensitive switch

Frog embryonic cell cycles are driven by oscillations in the activity of cyclin B–Cdk1. This complex activates the E3 ligase APC/CCdc20, which in turn causes cyclin B degradation, creating a negative feedback loop. Yang and Ferrell combine experimentation and mathematical modelling to demonstrate that the loop functions as a time-delayed ultrasensitive switch that promotes robust oscillations.
US elections and monthly stock market returns

Using monthly market returns over a period of 104 years, we investigate possible relationships between stock market performance and various occurrences in American elections. Unlike most prior studies, we find little relationship between the two. In the relatively few cases where we do find statistically significant relationships, the degree of explanatory power is quite small. Specifically, market returns do not appear to vary based on partisan control of the government, a result that is robust to the inclusion or exclusion of macroeconomic control variables. Further, the often-discussed “second-half” effect, which predicts higher returns during the second half of a given presidential term, turns out to be both weaker and less straightforward than is commonly believed. Overall, neither election results nor the election cycle appears to offer much help in predicting stock market returns.
Calculation of Seal Capacity from Porosity and Permeability Data: ABSTRACT

Porosity and permeability measurements can be used to calculate oil columns trapped by grain-size changes. Calculations can be useful when capillary pressure measurements are not available. Calculations are based on two major assumptions: (1) the rocks are water wet; and (2) mean effective grain size and pore size may be determined from average porosity and permeability. The first assumption is widely applicable; the second assumption has been tested and found to be reliable over a wide range of porosities and permeabilities for sandstones. Important in the calculations is that interfacial tension does not decrease to low values under subsurface conditions of higher temperatures and pressures but remains at a relatively large value of 30 dynes/cm for both gas and oil. Calculations of oil column based on porosity and permeability data are particularly useful in evaluation of hydrodynamic flow as a trapping mechanism. Once hydrostatic or capillary-pressure oil column has been estimated, the effects of hydrodynamic flow can be evaluated as in independent variable. In many simple stratigraphic traps, the amount of oil trapped by hydrodynamic flow greatly exceeds that which can be trapped by capillary-pressure differences alone. Studies of Recluse Muddy and Kitty Muddy fields in the Powder River basin of Wyoming indicate that hydrodynamic flow makes up a major part of the trapping element for the hydrocarbon column. Such examples show that downdip hydrodynamic flow can be an effective trapping mechanism in basins where reservoir systems are subject to recharge by meteoric waters. End_of_Article - Last_Page 900------------
Momentum-dependent diffusive particle acceleration in modified shock fronts

In the presently derived analytic solutions of the steady transport equation for diffusive particle acceleration in a modified, planar shock front having free escape boundaries, the fluid velocity profile through the shock transition decreases monotonically between the upstream and downstream boundaries. The spatial diffusion coefficient's spatial dependence is linked to that of the fluid velocity profile. Attention is given to the solution corresponding to monoenergetic particle injection at the shock front, with free particle escape at finite distances both upstream and downstream of the shock. The accelerated particle spectrum is dominated at high energies by an exponential cutoff, due to the competition between acceleration by the first-order Fermi mechanism and particle loss through the free escape boundaries.
Studies on experimental malignant nerve sheath tumors maintained in tissue and organ culture systems. II. Electron microscopy observations.

Explants from seven nerve sheath tumors (four cranial and three spinal) induced in rats by transplacental ethylnitrosourea were grown on collagen-coated coverslips and in organ culture systems, using sponge foam matrices and Millipore filter platforms. Their sequential morphological features in vitro were compared to those of a human acoustic Schwannoma maintained in similar culture systems. The original experimental tumors were either undifferentiated or poorly differentiated malignant Schwannomas. In cultures on collagen-coated coverslips the explants demonstrated cellular features that were considerably more anaplastic than those of the human acoustic Schwannoma. On the other hand, in organ culture systems, in which viable cultures were maintained up to 82 days, many of the experimental tumor explants exhibited progressive differentiation, with nuclear palisading, increasing whorl formation and abundant reticulin fibers, and their pattern of histological organization came therefore closely to resemble that of the cultured acoustic Schwannoma. Unlike the latter, however, the cultured experimental tumors infiltrated the sponge foam matrices, a feature that mimicked the invasive character of the original tumors in vivo. Included normal ganglion cells remained demonstrable in the cultures up to 69 days in vitro.
The effect of TTX-activity blockade and total darkness on the formation of retinotopy in the goldfish retinotectal projection.

In the normal goldfish, neighboring retinal ganglion cells terminate in one small tectal locus to produce the precise retinotopy characteristic of this projection. This can be directly demonstrated by labeling neighboring ganglion cells with small “spot” injections of WGA-HRP, which yield a single small patch of product at the retinotopically appropriate part of the tectum. When the optic nerve is crushed, label from these spot injections was previously found to be widely dispersed during the early phase of regeneration. With time, label subsequently condensed, typically into several discrete patches reminiscent of ocular dominance columns. In this study, we tested whether the formation of these patches required impulse activity by injecting tetrodotoxin (TTX) into the eye during regeneration. We found that impulse blockade completely inhibited the formation of discrete patches while permitting considerable condensation of the label. This implies that these patches are generated by activity but that some map “refinement” utilized cellular processes that are activity independent. This activity-independent condensation progressed at a noticeably slower rate than the equivalent condensation seen with activity, thus suggesting that activity normally participates as a “helper factor,” even though it is not strictly required. Since the formation of discrete patches during regeneration provides a sensitive measure of activity-dependent refinement, this was used to further address two controversial questions concerning the role of impulse activity. One is whether there is a chronologically defined critical period for activity-dependent refinement. This was tested by blocking impulse activity for 2 to 4 months, much longer than the activity-dependent refinement is thought to last, and then permitting activity to resume. We found that multiple patches were formed following this period of late activity, thus indicating that synaptic plasticity extends for several months beyond the supposed critical period. The other question was whether spontaneous retinal activity was sufficient for activity-dependent ordering. To test this, fish were kept in constant darkness during optic nerve crush and labelled with retinal spot injections at various times during regeneration. Condensation of label with the final formation of multiple patches formed at about the same time as fish with normal visual experience. This implies that the amount and extent of correlation of spontaneous activity in retina is adequate for driving activity-dependent refinement.
Noninvasive delivery of gene targeting probes to live brains for transcription MRI

We aimed to test the feasibility of detecting gliosis in living brains when the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is disrupted. We designed a novel magnetic resonance (MR) probe that contains superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION, a T2 susceptibility contrast agent) linked to a short DNA sequence complementary to the cerebral mRNA of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) found in glia and astrocytes. As a control, we also used a sequence complementary to the mRNA of β-actin. Our objectives are to demonstrate that this new probe, SPION-gfap, could be delivered to the brain when administered by eyedrop solution to the conjunctival sac. We induced BBB leakage by puncture wound, global cerebral ischemia, and cortical spreading depression in C57BL6 mice; 1 day after probe delivery we acquired T2* MR images and R2* (R2*=1/T2*) maps using a transcription MRI technique in live mice. We found that the SPION-gfap probe reported foci with elevated signal in subtraction R2* maps and that these foci matched areas...
The medical outcomes study.

To the Editor. —Given the complexity of the health care system and its interaction with patients, studies such as the MOS are prone to methodological weaknesses. Dr Greenfield and colleagues 1 candidly identify a number of significant flaws. However, the authors fail to identify one additional source of variance that may further confound their findings. Both the physician and patient groups were assigned to systems of care (eg, HMO, independent practice association [IPA], or fee for service [FFS]) as of the mid to late 1980s. 2 However, as managed care has matured in each of the three study cities, a significant number of physicians and their patients are likely to have moved from one system to another during the 7 years for which outcome data were collected. In addition, the MOS predates the arrival of point-of-service plans, which would cloud the assignment of patients to any system of care. Finally,
Identification of serine 205 as a site of phosphorylation on Pax3 in proliferating but not differentiating primary myoblasts.

Pax3, a member of the paired class homeodomain family of transcription factors, is essential for early skeletal muscle development. Previously, others and we have shown that the stability of Pax3 is regulated on a post-translational level. Evidence in the literature and from our laboratory suggests that phosphorylation, a common form of regulation, may play a role. However, at present, the sites of Pax3 phosphorylation are not known. We demonstrate here the first evidence that Pax3 exists as a phosphoprotein in proliferating mouse primary myoblasts. Using an in vitro kinase assay, deletion, and point mutant analysis, we conclusively identify Ser205 as a site of phosphorylation. The phosphorylation of Ser205 on endogenously expressed Pax3 was confirmed in vivo using antibodies specific for phosphorylation at Ser205. Finally, we demonstrate for the first time that the phosphorylation status of endogenous Pax3 changes rapidly upon the induction of myogenic differentiation. The presence of phosphorylation in a region of Pax3 important for mediating protein–protein interactions, and the fact that phosphorylation is lost upon induction of differentiation, allow for speculation on the biological relevance of phosphorylation.
Linear time invariant minimax filtering

Abstract The problem of filtering a signal from a linear time invariant system with white Gaussian observation and unknown driving noise bounded at each instant of time is considered. We review the minimax filter of Johansen and Berkovitz–Pollard for the double integrator. While their solution is very elegant, the optimal filter is infinite dimensional. In a previous paper we showed that nearly the same performance can be achieved by a two dimensional filter and we generalized their approach to other linear time invariant systems. In this paper we show how to design nearly optimal filters for any linear time invariant system.
An evaluation of the Aberrant Behavior Checklist for children under age 5

Severe problem behaviors such as self-injury and aggression are frequently observed in young children under age 5 with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). Although early identification of problem behavior is critical to effective intervention, there are few standardized measures available that identify severe problem behavior in this population. The Aberrant Behavior Checklist-Community (ABC-C; Aman & Singh, 1994) is a rating scale that measures the severity of a range of problem behaviors commonly observed in individuals with IDD. While it has been used with children under 5, investigations into the fit of the ABC-C for this population are sparse. The purpose of the present study was to report on ABC-C scores in a sample of 97 children under age 5 with problem behavior. Analyses included evaluating differences in scores between age groups, comparing sample norms to established norms for older children, and conducting a confirmatory factor analysis. Results indicated differences in mean scores based on age with younger children generally scoring higher on some subscales of the ABC-C. Furthermore, the original 5-factor structure of the ABC-C was not fully supported. In general, the ABC-C may over- or underestimate behavior problems in younger children; therefore more extensive investigation into the utility of the ABC-C for children under age 5 is warranted.
Nuclear Reactions in Stellar Evolution

(3). Apart from the stars of the main sequence, there is known a large class of stars having very high luminosities but possessing much lower effective temperatures (that is, much greater radii) than the stars of the main sequence of the same luminosities. In the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram these so-called red giants form a rather irregularly distributed group on the upper right side of the main sequence. Because of anomalously large radii these red giants possess very low densities, and the estimated central temperatures are considerably lower than those for the stars of the main sequence (for typical red giants the central densities can be as low as 5 × 10-7 gm./cm.3, and central temperatures less than 1 × 104°C.). Thus it is clear at once that the energy production in these stars cannot be due to the same nuclear reaction as in the stars of the main sequence, and we have to look for reactions taking place at an appreciable rate at much lower temperatures than the carbon-nitrogen cycle. From Table I [p. 575] we see that the nuclei which can be responsible for the energy production at lower temperatures are the isotopes of heavy hydrogen, lithium, beryllium and boron, and, using the data of this table together with formula (1), it is easy to estimate at which temperatures these different processes will be of importance. Then, using the homology transformations, we can calculate the location of stars with different energy-producing reactions in the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram8.
Extraction of characteristic music textures (eigen-textures) via graph spectra and eigenclusters

There exists a great diversity in the area of automatic audio segmentation since audio can be segmented based on various desirable aspects. However, the instances of texture change are not equally as important for all applications than the texture itself. Typically, audio can contain a variety of textures and some of them are often repeating. Thus, only the texture change instant is not sufficient for complete characterization of given audio since it lacks the ability to judge similar textures discontinuous in time. The accurate identification of characteristic textures is crucial for many applications like classification, indexing, browsing and summarization. In this paper, graph spectra and graph eigenclusters are proposed as a scalable technique for extracting predominant textures or eigentextures in a given musical audio and has yielded encouraging results. This approach not only makes segmentation more tractable and scalable but also helps in modeling given audio in terms of graphical structure, which is more perceptually revealing.
Soil and crop management effects on soil quality indicators

People are becoming more aware that our soil resources are as vulnerable to degradation as air or water, but criteria are needed to learn how soil quality is changing. Our objectives in this review are: (1) to illustrate that interactions between human and natural factors determine soil quality; (2) to identify indicators that can be used to evaluate human-induced effects on soil quality; and (3) to suggest soil and crop management strategies that will sustain or improve soil quality. The physical, chemical, and biological processes and interactions within the soil are critical factors affecting all indicators of soil quality. The biological processes are especially important because they provide much of the resiliency or buffering capacity to ameliorate stress. Presumably, no single soil or crop management practice will guarantee improved soil quality, but conservation tillage, cover crops, and crop rotations are practices that may be effective. Alley or narrow-strip cropping may facilitate adoption of several of those agronomic practices and increase temporal and spatial diversity across the landscape. To maintain or possibly improve soil quality and simultaneously address a growing waste disposal problem, we suggest that urban lawn and newspaper waste be evaluated as carbon sources. We conclude that the most critical factor, regardless of the soil and crop management strategy, is to recognize that carbon is an essential element for improving soil quality in the U.S. and around the world.
Marbury's Unfulfilled Promise: Government Benefits and the Rule of Law

Given the centrality of rule of law principles to the constitutional order, we have never been entirely comfortable with current legal doctrines which leave basic rule of law safeguards for government benefits, such as welfare, licensing, and government employment, dependent upon legislative or administrative discretion, just because the interest at issue is a governmentally created one. Under current doctrines, a legislature can preclude the application of the Due Process Clause by declining to create an entitlement to a government benefit and, under the Court's current Article III jurisprudence, it can foreclose judicial review of administrative benefit decisions, except perhaps for constitutional issues. An extensive historical analysis of both due process and judicial review doctrine reveals that the contingent character of current rule of law jurisprudence results from the Supreme Court's relatively recent decision to adopt a rights-based approach to rule of law rather than a duty-based approach which is also suggested in many of the Court's earlier decisions. A duty-based approach reflects the Hohfeldian nature of duties as the counterpart of legal rights. This duality would permit courts to separate the analysis of whether a person has a substantive right to a given interest from the analysis of whether the government's treatment of that interest is subject to legal standards that public officials have a duty to observe. Under a duty-based approach, it is the presence of a legal duty that triggers the application of due process and the availability of judicial review. The duty-based approach eliminates the current contingent nature of rule of law because it requires rule of law protections whenever government officials are subject to legal standards and requires legislatures to establish such legal standards except where the Constitution permits standardless political discretion. Further, because due process and Article III judicial review are both necessary to ensuring that government officials obey applicable legal standards, both are constitutionally mandated. Nevertheless, while the duty-based approach creates a more stable constitutional foundation for rule, it does not require wholesale changes in current practice or wholesale rejection of historical precedents.
The Book of Enoch and Paradise Lost

For many years it has been the accepted belief that ‘from the fourth century of our era’ the Book of I Enoch ‘gradually passed out of circulation, and became lost to the knowledge of Western Christendom’ until 1773, ‘when an Ethiopic version of the work was found in Abyssinia by Bruce.’ It is doubtless true that I Enoch was not in any exact sense known to Europe until the return of Bruce, but the belief that he was the first to ‘discover’ the book or its Ethiopic translation appears erroneous. This discovery had been made approximately two centuries before 1773. In his widely read Relation of a Journey George Sandys informs the reader that in a mountain fastness theAbissens or A Ethiopians…have…the goodliest Librarie of the world: where many bookes that are lost with vs, or but meerely mentioned, are kept entire: as hath bin lately reported by a Spanish Frier that hath seene them, if we may beleeue him: amongst which, they say, are the oracles of Enoch (with other mysteries that escaped the Flood, ingrauen by him vpon pillars) and written in their vulgar language.
Involvement of AMP-activated protein kinase in glucose uptake stimulated by the globular domain of adiponectin in primary rat adipocytes

Adiponectin is an abundant adipocyte-derived plasma protein with anti-atherosclerotic and insulin-sensitizing properties that suppresses hepatic glucose production and enhances glucose uptake into skeletal muscle. To characterize the potential effects of adiponectin on glucose uptake into adipose cells, we incubated isolated epididymal rat adipocytes with the globular domain of recombinant adiponectin purified from an E. coli expression system. Globular adiponectin increased glucose uptake in adipocytes without stimulating tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor or insulin receptor substrate-1, and without enhancing phosphorylation of Akt on Ser-473. Globular adiponectin further enhanced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake at submaximal insulin concentrations and reversed the inhibitory effect of tumor necrosis factor-α on insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Cellular treatment with globular adiponectin increased the Thr-172 phosphorylation and catalytic activity of AMP-activated protein kinase and enhanced the Ser-79 phosphorylation of acetyl CoA carboxylase, an enzyme downstream of AMP kinase in adipose cells. Inhibition of AMP kinase activation using two pharmacological inhibitors (adenine 9-β-d-arabinofuranoside and compound C) completely abrogated the increase in glucose uptake stimulated by globular adiponectin, indicating that AMP kinase is integrally involved in the adiponectin signal transduction pathway. Coupled with recent evidence that the effects of adiponectin are mediated via AMP kinase activation in liver and skeletal muscle, the findings reported here provide an important mechanistic link in the signaling effects of adiponectin in diverse metabolically responsive tissues.
Effects of repeated prescribed fires on the structure, composition, and regeneration of mixed-oak forests in Ohio

Abstract This study quantifies prescribed fire effects at four sites in southern Ohio, from 1995 to 2002. Each site had three treatment units: an unburned control, a unit burned 2× (1996 and 1999), and a unit burned 4× (1996–1999). Vegetation plots were stratified by an integrated moisture index (IMI) into xeric, intermediate, and mesic classes. Prior to treatments, oak (Quercus spp.) and hickory (Carya spp.) comprised 74–83% of basal area among sites but shade-tolerant species (e.g., Acer rubrum) were abundant in the midstory and completely dominated the sapling layer. Fires were conducted in March and April. Fire intensity, estimated by temperature-sensitive paints, was highest on the 2× burn units. Fires had little effect on large tree (>25 cm DBH) density and stand basal area. By contrast, the density of small trees (10–25 cm DBH) was reduced by 31% on 2× burn units and by 19% on 4× burn units. “Fire-induced” mortality (i.e., mortality on burn units above that of unburned units) for the most common species of small trees was: A. rubrum = 33%; Quercus alba = 17%; Carya spp. = 13%; Nyssa sylvatica = 10%; Acer saccharum = 4%; Quercus prinus = 2%. Sapling density was reduced by 86% on burn treatments. Despite reduced small tree and sapling densities on burned units, canopy openness, estimated by hemispherical photography, remained low ( 30 cm height) indicated no significant differences in the abundance of oak + hickory nor that of shade-tolerant seedlings among fire treatments. For most vegetation response variables, fire effects tended to be similar among IMI classes. The application of fire alone, without partial harvesting, failed to improve oak regeneration consistently. However, given that two fires reduced stand density, the longer term application of periodic fire, coupled with natural gap dynamics, may still be a feasible management strategy for improving the sustainability of oak forests where harvesting is not permitted or desired.
Task planning and project management using Petri nets

The demand for effective project management increases as the complexity and cost of a project grown. This paper introduces an interactive project management approach based on the Petri net to overcome the limitations of network diagrams. In the Petri net based approach, the project manager does fine tuning of the planning and scheduling with the resource constraints embedded in the plan representation. The Petri net controller maintains three plan representations. The reference, monitor and predictor Petri nets. These three nets are configured with the resource database to form a feedback loop such that the controller can monitor and control the project online. This structure is applicable to the control of more general discrete event dynamic systems as well as the project management problem. In case no admissible control action can be found, the manager turns to the rescheduling/replanning mode to generate a new plan and schedule.
High speed image processing via SLM/CCD devices

A generic optoelectronic computational element composed of a spatial light modulator (SLM) coupled to a charge-coupled device (CCD) detector array on a cell-by-cell basis is presented. Using a light source and a programmable transformation unit in a feedback arrangement, the structure exploits the parallelism inherent in optics to perform high-speed image processing. A few applications involving the implementation of high- and low-pass filtering and skeletonization algorithms are presented. >
Effect of Audio-Visual Alerts on Situation Awareness and Workload in a Net-Centric Warfare Scenario

The goal of net-centric warfare (NCW) is to give soldiers an information advantage that leads to a war-fighting advantage. However, the inherent nature of NCW systems is often quite complex and dynamic, which leads to impaired situation awareness (SA) and heightened levels of mental workload for the human operator. The following study investigated the moderating effects of automated audio-visual alerts on user SA and perceived workload while using a net-centric warfare system. Twenty-six participants observed battlefield scenarios on a simulation of the common NCW system, Force XXI Battle Command Brigade and Below (FBCB2), and were required to pay attention and remember critical events (e.g., the appearance of an enemy unit). The system was presented with or without an automated alerting aid that provided combined auditory and visual alerts when certain critical events occurred (i.e., System to Help Implement and Empower Leader Decisions; SHIELD). Results revealed that contrary to current assumptions the ...
Photoperiodism and Age as Factors Affecting the Protein Requirements of Laying Pullets

Abstract THE manipulation of dietary protein levels to provide minimal intakes of essential amino acids by laying pullets during various phases of the laying period is a complex problem involving, among other factors, the genetic constitution of the pullets (Deaton and Quisenberry, 1965), the level of egg output (Bray et al., 1965), body weight of the pullets (Sharpe et al., 1965), environmental temperature (Bray and Gesell, 1961), the caloric density of the diet (Frank and Waibel, 1960) and changes in the balance of essential amino acids that occur coincident with the manipulation of dietary protein level (Bray, 1960). Several reports, including those of Owings (1964) and Quisenberry (1965), indicate that the level of dietary protein may be reduced as the level of egg output declines during the laying period. Contrary to these reports, Bray and Morrissey (1962) found that 12 and 18 percent protein corn-soya diets supported equal egg outputs only . . .
Rational Choice and Environmental Deterrence in the Retention of Mandated Drug Abuse Treatment Clients

Length of treatment stay is consistently associated with positive posttreatment outcomes in the rehabilitation of drug-abusing offenders. However, past retention research centered on the examination of individual-level determinants to the exclusion of environmental predictors. In this study, the authors propose a rational choice framework in which treatment retention is viewed as a decision-making process that involves calculation of costs and benefits of remaining in treatment. Environmental factors not directly related to the treatment process are theorized to either reward or punish the course of action taken by each treatment client. Retention data from 1,984 drug-abusing felons diverted for long-term residential treatment were analyzed to test the hypotheses that criminal sanctions against drug offenses, violence in local drug markets, and lack of legitimate job opportunities act as deterrents against premature termination of treatment. Results corroborated the criminal sanction and unemployment hypotheses, but not the violence hypothesis. These findings highlight the necessity of reinforcing perceptions of arrest risks and job prospects during treatment. The study concludes with some clinical recommendations.
Coping with Paradoxes of Risk Communication: Observations and Suggestions1

The maturation of the field of risk communication has resulted in several manuals, a National Research Council review, a Society for Risk Analysis subgroup, and critics. Critics Pieter-Jan Stalen and Rob Coppock, and Harry Otway and Brian Wynne, have pointed out that much risk communication is impractical or paradoxical. In this letter, the author supports many of the criticisms of these critics, but also discusses errors and omissions in their viewpoints that he feels will inhibit progress in effective risk communication. Topics discussed are motivations for risk communication, the practicality of advice, the audience for risk communication, credibility, and whose interests are best served by risk communication. The purpose of this essay is therefore to spur further debate on the issue of risk communication. 13 refs.
Review and recommendations for the modelling of acoustic scattering by fluid-like elongated zooplankton: euphausiids and copepods

Acoustic echo sounders are commonly used to survey zooplankton. An essential element in the methods is the acoustic scattering model, which relates acoustic echo data to meaningful biological parameters such as size and numerical density. Because of the importance of scattering models, there has been much development of models of increasing sophistication. With the increase in sophistication is an associated improvement in accuracy, but possibly at the cost of increased effort in implementing the model. Thus the practical question is which model provides sufficient accuracy for the scientific problem of interest. This paper presents a modelling study using a wide range of models, ranging from simple to complex representation of the animals, a synthesis of previously published laboratory scattering data from a variety of sources, and laboratory data presented for the first time. The focus is on fluid-like zooplankton (i.e., animals that do not support shear waves) with examples specific to euphausiids, shrimp, and copepods. The simplest model is the sphere with homogeneous material properties while the most complex is a high-resolution digitized form of each zooplankton taking into account surficial roughness and inhomogeneities of the material properties. The results show that there are conditions under which very simple, easy-to-use models can be used with reasonable accuracy while there are other conditions where the more complex models must be used.
Ten-year follow-up of helium ion therapy for uveal melanoma

One hundred sixty-four patients with uveal melanoma were treated with helium ion irradiation prior to May 1984, and the data were analyzed in June 1989. Most uveal melanomas were large, with a mean tumor thickness of 6.5 mm; approximately 60% of the patients had tumors that extended anterior to the equator. A complete follow-up was obtained for all patients. One hundred twelve patients were alive at the time of this report; 18% of the patients developed clinical and laboratory evidence of metastases and eventually died of widespread tumor. Eighty-four percent of eyes were retained. Data were analyzed with a number of parametric and nonparametric techniques. Larger tumors and those located in close proximity to the optic nerve and fovea had a higher incidence of most complications, especially visual loss.