cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Biography, Teacher Education, and Organizational Socialization on the Perspectives and Practices of First‐year Physical Education Teachers: Case Studies of Recruits with Coaching Orientations

Abstract To‐date, there has been little longitudinal research of Physical Education Teacher Education (PETE) recruits' perspectives and practices which has been informed and guided by occupational socialization theory. The purpose of this study was to discover the impact of one university's core PETE program, developed from the knowledge base on effective teaching, on the perspectives and practices of two first‐year teachers and to examine how this impact was mediated by organizational socialization and the teachers' biographies. Data collection techniques employed were passive participant observation, formal and informal interviewing, and document analysis. Results indicated that despite being subjected to poor physical education themselves, entering PETE with coaching orientations, and facing restrictive school socialization tactics and other workplace influences, these teachers struggled to innovate the physical education programs at their schools.
Inhibition of protein kinase C by a synthetic peptide corresponding to cytoplasmic domain residues 828-848 of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein.

Abstract This report describes the inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) by a synthetic peptide corresponding to a viral sequence expressed in mammalian cells. The peptide corresponds to cytoplasmic domain residues 828–848 of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (gp41), and it inhibits Ca2+- and phosphatidylserine (PS)-dependent phosphorylation of synthetic peptide substrates and histone by purified PKC with IC50 values ranging from 9 to 32 μM. Although previously described pKC-inhibitory synthetic peptides corresponding to sequences expressed in mammalian cells are also effective against the phosphorylation of synthetic peptide substrates, they fail to affect PKC-catalysed phosphorylation of potent protein substrates such as histone. This may limit their usefulness as inhibitors of PKC-catalysed protein phosphorylation in cellular systems. PKC activation is a major contributing factor in multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer. Our observation that the synthetic peptide gp41(828–848) inhibits pKC-catalysed phosphorylation of a protein substrate suggests the potential value of expressing the viral sequence gp41(828–848) in cancer cells as a novel in vitro model system of MDR reversal.
Regeneration of central catecholamine fibers in young and aged rat brain

Catecholamine histofluorescence patterns were examined in brains of young and aged rats, 1 to 14 days following neurosurgical transection of the medial forebrain bundle. At all ages examined, two phenomena were observed: degeneration of nerve fibers and vigorous regrowth of catecholamine-containing fibers in the lesion site. Regenerated catecholamine fibers invaded the area of scarred tissue. This invasion of the scarred area implies that the robust plasticity of catecholaminergic pathways, known to exist in young animals, persists in aged brain.
College Entrance Examination Board Scholastic Aptitude Test Scores as a Predictor for College Freshman Mathematics Grades.

The purpose of this study was to determine the predictive validity of the CEEB SAT scores in the prediction of grades earned by a randomly chosen sample of 142 women in freshman mathematics at Longwood College. Data consisted of SAT-V, SAT-M, and SAT-T scores and the grade earned in freshman mathematics for 706 female students who entered Longwood College in August, 1973. The SAT-T and the SAT-M scores yielded substantial correlations of .63 and .62 with earned grades in freshman mathematics. There was a .48 correlation between SAT-V scores and earned grades in freshman mathematics. All correlations were statistically significant beyond the .01 level.
The toxic effects of trinitrotoluene (TNT) and its primary degradation products on two species of algae and the fathead minnow

Abstract The effects of alpha trinitrotoluene (alpha TNT) and its primary degradation product (TNTcc), commonly referred to as “pink water”, were determined on members of two trophic levels. The growth responses of the algae Selenastrum capricornutum and Microcystis aeruginosa were examined through static bioassays. Death and behavioral responses of the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) were determined using a proportional diluter. Alpha TNT and TNTcc were both more toxic to the fathead minnow than to either species of alga. Five and 15 mg l−1 alpha TNT inhibited S. capricornutum and M. aeruginosa growth, respectively. TNTcc inhibited S. capricornutum growth at concentrations above 9 mg l−1; it was lethal to M. aeruginosa at 50 mg l−1, but stimulated growth at lower concentrations. The 96-h lc 50 values based on the death response of the fathead minnow to alpha TNT and TNTcc were 2.58 and 1.60 mg l−1, respectively. The 96-h ec 50 values based on the behavioral responses were 0.46 and 0.64 mg l−1, respectively. There was no response to concentrations of 0.05 mg l−1 alpha TNT and 0.07 mg l−1 TNTcc.
Preliminary investigation of the effect of electrical nonuniformities on frame current distribution of coal-fired MHD generator

The effect of electrical nonuniformities on frame currents in a diagonal conducting wall generator is examined by comparing three-dimensional calculations with experimental data. It is found that variations of frame current are much stronger at the cathode side than at the anode side. Large local changes may occur in the frame currents that have little correlation with the overall performance. Frame currents flowing counter to the normal flow were predicted by the three-dimensional calculations and observed experimentally. This behavior is attributed to leakage through polarized slags. For three-electrode frame configurations, calculations show current conservation and predict the tendency as well as the magnitude of frame currents observed experimentally.
Finiteness theorems for algebraic groups over function fields

We prove the finiteness of class numbers and Tate–Shafarevich sets for all affine group schemes of finite type over global function fields, as well as the finiteness of Tamagawa numbers and Godement’s compactness criterion (and a local analogue) for all such groups that are smooth and connected. This builds on the known cases of solvable and semi-simple groups via systematic use of the recently developed structure theory and classification of pseudo-reductive groups.
Superheating phenomena in absorbing microdroplets irradiated by pulsed lasers

The authors describe the results of recent droplet superheating experiments following excitation by pulsed lasers. Under low-irradiance excitation by either a short-pulse (0.4 microsecond(s) ec) or a long pulse (10 microsecond(s) ec) CO2 laser, two superheating thresholds may be identified, the deformation and disintegration thresholds. For higher-irradiance excitation by a Nd:YAG laser (pulse length approximately 10 nsec), the authors report observation of an evaporative instability in laser-irradiated microdroplets. The threshold behavior of these phenomena is discussed and a qualitative description of the effects is given.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
18F-FDG MicroPET Imaging Detects Early Transient Response to an IGF1R Inhibitor in Genetically-Engineered Rhabdomyosarcoma Models

Background Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) and embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS) are among the most common and most treatment resistant soft tissue sarcomas of childhood. Here, we evaluated the potential of 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) as a marker of therapeutic response to picropodophyllin (PPP), an IGF1R inhibitor, in a conditional mouse model of ARMS and a conditional model of ERMS/undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS).
Grain boundary properties of hot pressed zinc oxide varistors

The electrical and microstructural properties of hot pressed ZnO varistors, before and after a heat treatment at 1,000 C, are studied. The as-hot pressed samples are found to exhibit ohmic current (I) -- voltage (V) behavior and low resistivity ([approximately]32 [Omega] cm). Contrarily, the same samples (i.e., hot pressed) display non-ohmic I-V behavior and high resistivity ([approximately]3 [times] 10[sup 8] [Omega] cm) after a heat treatment at 1,000 C for 2 hrs in air. The dramatic changes, observed after heat treatment, in the electrical properties of hot pressed samples are found to be attributed to the variation in the microstructural parameters such as average dihedral angle and the distribution profile of the additives in the grain boundary regions.
Cumulative impacts of mountaintop mining on an Appalachian watershed

Mountaintop mining is the dominant form of coal mining and the largest driver of land cover change in the central Appalachians. The waste rock from these surface mines is disposed of in the adjacent river valleys, leading to a burial of headwater streams and dramatic increases in salinity and trace metal concentrations immediately downstream. In this synoptic study we document the cumulative impact of more than 100 mining discharge outlets and approximately 28 km2 of active and reclaimed surface coal mines on the Upper Mud River of West Virginia. We measured the concentrations of major and trace elements within the tributaries and the mainstem and found that upstream of the mines water quality was equivalent to state reference sites. However, as eight separate mining-impacted tributaries contributed their flow, conductivity and the concentrations of selenium, sulfate, magnesium, and other inorganic solutes increased at a rate directly proportional to the upstream areal extent of mining. We found strong linear correlations between the concentrations of these contaminants in the river and the proportion of the contributing watershed in surface mines. All tributaries draining mountaintop-mining-impacted catchments were characterized by high conductivity and increased sulfate concentration, while concentrations of some solutes such as Se, Sr, and N were lower in the two tributaries draining reclaimed mines. Our results demonstrate the cumulative impact of multiple mines within a single catchment and provide evidence that mines reclaimed nearly two decades ago continue to contribute significantly to water quality degradation within this watershed.
Effects of dolichol on membrane permeability

Small vesicles containing the tetra-anionic fluorescent probe calcein were prepared by sonication of mixtures of plant phosphatidylethanolamine, plant phosphatidylcholine, and dolichol. Following chromatography, the isolated vesicles were found to retain entrapped calcein over the temperature range of 15 to 40 degrees C. Utilizing an assay measuring the fluorescence quenching of entrapped calcein by cobalt ions, the presence of dolichol in the membranes was found to promote the permeability of the phospholipid bilayers to the divalent cation. The permeability was shown to be dependent on temperature with an increase in rate of 17-fold between 15 and 35 degrees C although the plant phospholipids used in these experiments have no known phase transition within this temperature range. The incorporated dolichol was distributed uniformly throughout the vesicle population. Similar vesicles prepared from phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine without added dolichol, from phosphatidylcholine alone, or with phosphatidylcholine and dolichol were far less permeable to the divalent cation under the same assay conditions. These results demonstrate that dolichols have significant effects on the permeability properties of phospholipid bilayers that contain phosphatidylethanolamine.
Distinct visual working memory systems for view-dependent and view-invariant representation.

Background How do people sustain a visual representation of the environment? Currently, many researchers argue that a single visual working memory system sustains non-spatial object information such as colors and shapes. However, previous studies tested visual working memory for two-dimensional objects only. In consequence, the nature of visual working memory for three-dimensional (3D) object representation remains unknown. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, I show that when sustaining information about 3D objects, visual working memory clearly divides into two separate, specialized memory systems, rather than one system, as was previously thought. One memory system gradually accumulates sensory information, forming an increasingly precise view-dependent representation of the scene over the course of several seconds. A second memory system sustains view-invariant representations of 3D objects. The view-dependent memory system has a storage capacity of 3–4 representations and the view-invariant memory system has a storage capacity of 1–2 representations. These systems can operate independently from one another and do not compete for working memory storage resources. Conclusions/Significance These results provide evidence that visual working memory sustains object information in two separate, specialized memory systems. One memory system sustains view-dependent representations of the scene, akin to the view-specific representations that guide place recognition during navigation in humans, rodents and insects. The second memory system sustains view-invariant representations of 3D objects, akin to the object-based representations that underlie object cognition.
DDT and Related Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Residues on Alfalfa Hay Exposed to Drying by Sunlight, Ultraviolet Light, and Air

Abstract Alfalfa, sprayed with large concentrations of DDT [2,2- bis (p-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane], was air dried in the dark, dried in sunlight, and dried under ultraviolet lamps. No changes occurred to the DDT in the dark treatment, except 49% of the original residue was lost during the drying process. On the fourth day of the ultraviolet lamp treatment, DDD [2,2- bis ( p -chlorophenyl) -1,1-dichloroethane] was formed from the DDT, but no change occurred with the DDE [2,2- bis ( p -chlorophenyl) -1,1 - dichloroethylene] present; and 67% of the total original residue was lost during the drying process. On the sixth day of the sunlight treatment, DDD was formed from the DDT, but no change occurred with the DDE present; and 72% of the total original residue was lost during the drying process.
Lincomycin- and clindamycin-associated colitis.

Lincomycin- and clindamycin-associated colitis is a recently described entity with a variable clinical course. A spectrum of colonic mucosal abnormalities are seen, ranging from a colitis that is endoscopically indistinguishable from ulcerative colitis to a mucosa containing numerous cream colored, adherent plaques. Awareness of this syndrome is important if confusion with other types of inflammatory bowel disease is to be avoided.
Comment on the recoupled wave functions of four-quark mesons

A phase inconsistency in Jaffe's recoupled wave functions for certain $S$-wave four-quark mesons is corrected.
Managing a product family under stochastic technological changes

Abstract This paper characterize a decision framework by which a firm can manage generational product replacements under stochastic technological changes. First, we characterize an optimal threshold-based product replacement policy that maximizes the firm's expected total profit for a finite planning horizon. With this policy, the firm should optimally replace its current product when the performance gap of the product is above a threshold. Upon each product replacement, we also show that the firm should adopt the latest technology for the new product. Second, using stochastic ordering concepts, we quantify the negative impact from the accelerated technological changes on the expected total profit. Finally, we provide an analytical example based on a consumer choice model and characterize a technology follower's joint product replacement and pricing decisions upon the arrival of each innovation from a technology leader.
An in vitro study of microleakage of pit and fissure sealants in the presence of occlusal forces.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of load on microleakage of pit and fissure sealants. In the first phase of the study load of maximal force (F = 880 N) on central and peripheral enamel was applied. Three groups of ten specimens were tested for microleakage. Group A no application of load, Group B application of load on the central pit of the tooth, and Group application of load on the peripheral enamel 2.5 mm away from the margin of the tooth, at the level of dentinoenamel junction. The results of that study showed significant increase of microleakage on the peripheral sealed enamel, as well as enamel microcracks. So, in the phase II sixty wisdom teeth were sealed with Ultra seal XT plus and load of different magnitude was applied on the peripheral enamel. The specimens were thermocycled for 500 cycles at 5°C and 55°C with a dwell of 30 seconds at each temperature prior to load application. Six groups of ten specimens were tested for microleakage under load. The force was applied at th...
Exact analysis of aerosol deposition during steady breathing

Abstract Using a trumpet lung model, a transport equation is derived for an aerosol breathed into and out of the human airways. The partial differential equation is solved exactly using the method of characteristics. From this solution, the deposition of particles along the airways is obtained for steady breathing with and without pause. The total and regional depositions for particle sizes ranging from 0.01 μm to 10 μm aerodynamic diameter are calculated for Weibel's lung model, and they compare satisfactorily with the existing experimental data. The effects of the rest lung volume and breathing pattern on the total and regional depositions are also determined in order to explain the observed intersubject variability. Comparison between the present results with that recommended by the Task Group on Lung Dynamics shows that the present pulmonary deposition is considerably lower. while the tracheobronchial deposition differs only slightly.
Medicinal plants and appalachia

Plant materials from Appalachian forests have been used in the manufacture of drugs since early colonial times, and the collection of these wild medicinal plants has been an important source of supplemental income for residents of Appalachia for several generations. However, collecting has diminished greatly over the past 25 to 30 years. This decrease in the amount of materials harvested has been due to changing social patterns, decreases in plant populations, and-to a limited extent-increased imports from abroad. In Appalachia, the population has migrated from rural to urban areas. At the same time, blue-collar employment has increased, and those who remained in the rural areas are reluctant to work in the fields and forests. These changing social patterns have contributed to the decline in medicinal plant harvesting. Past over-harvesting has reduced plant populations materially, so collections are more difficult and less profitable. Ginseng, once common in the mountains, is scarce now, and only isolated plants are found. A number of genera have suffered a similar fate. Technological changes in the area also have played a role. The bark of certain trees, like black cherry and pine, used in cough remedies, was once harvested by hand, but it is now produced in quantity as a byproduct from lumber mills. Foreign imports of medicinal plants have been increasing, although exact figures are not readily available. In 1965, imports of botanical drug materials in three categoriesnatural crude drugs of vegetable origin, natural advanced drugs of vegetable origin, and drug compounds of vegetable origin-totaled over 13 million pounds, with a value of $5,832,706 (16). India was our leading
A Vehicle for Empowering Frontline Human Service Workers: Family Development Credentialing—It’s Not Just Training!

If the goal of empowerment in human services is to be met, strategies for addressing worker powerlessness as well as limited knowledge and skills in using empowerment-based practices are desperately needed. Family Development Credentialing uses education as a tool by which frontline workers can be empowered themselves while simultaneously learning key tenets of empowerment practice. This study used a quasi-experimental pretest/posttest comparison group design to measure change in psychological empowerment in workers. Key findings revealed that workers involved with Family Development Credentialing experienced increased psychological empowerment at all levels of change in conditions of empowerment in the agency environment (p < .05; R2 = .27).
Psychology as a Humanity

Psychology can be considered a humanity as well as a science. This paper examines distinctions between the humanities and the sciences and suggests five characteristics of a humanity. After reviewing previous pleas to broaden the perspective of psychology, three examples are provided of psychology as a humanity. Finally, the impact that this view might have on teaching and research is discussed.
Drifting in the wind: leeway error in shipdrift data

Abstract Much of our knowledge of the large scale pattern of surface velocity in the oceans comes from historical shipdrift velocity data. One concern about these data is the possibility of a substantial systematic error due to leeway, the downwind sideslip of ships through the water normal to their steered courses. The leeway error is investigated here both theoretically and observationally and its magnitude is estimated for the tradewind region of the North Atlantic. The goal is to correct and improve the shipdrift velocity data set. Leeway was calculated from the difference between surface currents measured on two intersecting tracklines, one nearly aligned with the mean wind direction, the other nearly normal to the wind. The residual current is ascribed to leeway. The estimated magnitude of leeway was found to be 3.5±0.4 cm/sec in a region of 5.9 m/s winds. Expressed as a percentage of the mean wind velocity this leeway is 0.60±0.09%. For the general case of ship lines oriented randomly with respect to the wind, leeway would be around half of the above values. Errors of this size are usually much smaller than the mean surface currents, except in regions of slow currents and fast winds like the North Equatorial Current—Trade Wind region of the North Atlantic.
GOGrapher: A Python library for GO graph representation and analysis

Background The Gene Ontology is the most commonly used controlled vocabulary for annotating proteins. The concepts in the ontology are organized as a directed acyclic graph, in which a node corresponds to a biological concept and a directed edge denotes the parent-child semantic relationship between a pair of terms. A large number of protein annotations further create links between proteins and their functional annotations, reflecting the contemporary knowledge about proteins and their functional relationships. This leads to a complex graph consisting of interleaved biological concepts and their associated proteins. What is needed is a simple, open source library that provides tools to not only create and view the Gene Ontology graph, but to analyze and manipulate it as well. Here we describe the development and use of GOGrapher, a Python library that can be used for the creation, analysis, manipulation, and visualization of Gene Ontology related graphs.
Interleukin-4 fails to inhibit interferon-γ-induced activation of human colostral macrophages

IL-4 abrogates the IFN-gamma-mediated activation of peripheral blood monocytes (M. Lehn, W. Y. Weiser, S. E. Engelhorn, S. Gillis, and H. G. Remold, 1989, J. Immunol. 143, 3020). In contrast, in colostral macrophages IL-4 fails to inhibit IFN-gamma-induced increase of H2O2 production and of antileishmanial activity. Flow cytometric analysis shows that the number of IL-4 receptors (IL-4R) is 2.4 times higher on colostral macrophages than on peripheral blood monocytes and that 23% of the colostral macrophages have detectable IL-4R in contrast to 2% of the blood monocytes. Thus, colostral macrophages are functionally different from peripheral blood monocytes in their response to IL-4 and in the numbers of IL-4R. This difference could reflect specific requirements for their protective performance in the neonatal intestine.
BASICITIES OF CYCLOALKYLAMINES : BAEYER STRAIN THEORY REVISITED

Abstract A new, accurate NMR titration method was utilized to determine relative basicities in four solvents of the two norbornylamines 2 and a series of cycloalkylamines 3–15 , as well as some sec -alkyl amines. Cyclopentylamine ( 5 ) and cyclohexylamine ( 6 ) are substantially more basic than the small rings 3–4 and slightly less basic than the medium rings 7–11 , with cyclooctylamine ( 8 ) the most basic. The large rings 12–15 are significantly less basic than 6 . The basicities reflect CCC angles, hybridization, and also solvation. These results and their relationship to Baeyer strain theory are discussed.
A GPSS problem and solution

One of the reasons I enjoyed Schriber's, "Simulation Using GPSS" so much when I first read it was that it contains short examples of non-trival language usage. I appreciated the way the language blocks were made use of. I felt I learned alot on how to really use the language. This note is written in this vain. It is based on a real modelling problem that was presented to me. In this note I have only taken those aspects of the problem that show the structure of the GPSS program that I wish to emphasis. Think about how you might solve it.
Role of transmethylation reactions in cellular motility and phagocytosis.

The chemotactic responses of such eukaryotic cells as human polymorphonuclear leukocytes, monocytes and guinea pig macrophages require transmethylation reactions mediated by S-adenosyl methionine. Inhibition of methylation with inhibitors of adenosine deaminase plus adenosine and homocysteine produces as much as a 92% depression of chemotactic responsiveness. While the exact transmethylation reactions required for leukocyte chemotaxis are unknown, alterations of phospholipid methylation appear to be involved. Chemotactic agonists, but not antagonists, depress the methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine in chemotactically responsive cells. Immune phagocytosis, on the other hand, does not depress phospholipid methylation. It is speculated that occupancy of chemotactic factor receptors by chemotactic agonists alters the phospholipid composition, and thus biophysical properties, of newly synthesized membrane at local sites surrounding the receptors. Such asymmetrical alteration of leukocyte membranes may be necessary for sustained polarized locomotion.
User Interface Design for a Radiological Imaging Workstation

The diagnostic workstation serves as the radiologist's interface to the PACS and is intended to ultimately supersede the film alternator as the radiologist's principal tool for image reviewing, reporting, and consulting. At the University of Washington, we have developed a personal computer-based, single-screen, radiological imaging workstation and two supporting user interfaces. The first interface, RadUI I, used pictorial directories to offer the user a quick visual overview of a single patient study. In addition, it made available a variety of image processing functions through a mouse-based, menu-driven user interface. A second user interface was motivated by our belief that the display of images, rather than image processing, is the fundamental issue in workstation design for radiological viewing. The RadUI II user interface supports the tiled display of up to 4 independent, virtual display monitors on a single physical screen. Both interfaces are based on a hybrid alternator-filmstrip conceptual model. This paper describes the two user interfaces and reports the results of an evaluation designed to study the effectiveness of the alternator-filmstrip model.
EXPERIMENTAL PRODUCTION OF NECROTIZINC ENTEROCOLITIS IN NEW-BORN GOATS

To determine if there might be a relationship between oral feedings and necrotizing enterocolitis, 30 newborn goats were divided into 3 groups and fed 3 separate formulae. Ten received mother's milk, ten received mother's milk dialyzed to raise its osmolarity to 1.5 times normal and 10 received a standard 20 calorie/oz. commercial formula. Half of the goats in each formula group were artificially colonized with E. Coli. No animal fed unmodified mother's milk developed any significant abnormality. All of the goats fed hypertonic mother's milk developed diarrhea; 6 had milena; 8 had emesis. In this study group mucosal necrosis was seen in all animals at post mortem examination and 4 of the 5 animals colonized with E. Coli developed pneumatosis intestinalis. All of the newborn goats deprived of mother's milk died of sepsis. These studies suggest that both mucosal damage and colonization with gas-forming bacteria are necessary for the development of necrotizing enterocolitis. One pathway leading to mucosal damage may be the ingestion of hypertonic formula.
Comparison of Artificial White Spots by Microradiography and Polarized Light Microscopy

This work compared lesions produced by three artificial caries systems with natural white spot lesions using both polarized light microscopy and microradiography. The three systems employed were the acidified gelatin gel, diphosphonate surface dissolution inhibitor, and a partially saturated buffer system. When we compared the natural white spot lesions with the artificial caries-like lesions, we found that the acidified gel system reproduced the classical histological zones most frequently. All systems showed a radiopaque surface layer overlying a radiolucent body of the lesion. This radiopaque layer could not be equated with the negatively birefringent surface zone seen in polarized light.
Embodiment in brain-computer interaction

With emerging opportunities for using Brain-Computer Interaction (BCI) in gaming applications, there is a need to understand the opportunities and constraints of this interaction paradigm. To complement existing laboratory-based studies, there is also a call for the study of BCI in real world contexts. In this paper we present such a real world study of a simple BCI game called MindFlex®, played as a social activity in the home. In particular, drawing on the philosophical traditions of embodied interaction, we highlight the importance of considering the body in BCI and not simply what is going on in the head. The study shows how people use bodily actions to facilitate control of brain activity but also to make their actions and intentions visible to, and interpretable by, others playing and watching the game. It is the public availability of these bodily actions during BCI that allows action to be socially organised, understood and coordinated with others and through which social relationships can be played out. We discuss the implications of this perspective and findings for BCI.
Language disorder in a right‐hander after occlusion of the right anterior cerebral artery

A right-handed woman developed left hemiparesis and a language disturbance. At autopsy, there was infarction in the territory of the right anterior cerebral artery, involving, among other structures, the supplementary motor area. This brain region has been considered to play a role in speech, but whether the language disorder that follows its destruction is truly aphasic is controversial. Our patient does not answer that question, but if her disturbed language is viewed as aphasic, she represents the fourth autopsy case of "crossed aphasia in a dextral" and the first, with or without autopsy, after right anterior cerebral artery occlusion.
Molecular Mechanisms of Dental Enamel Formation

Tooth enamel is a unique mineralized tissue in that it is acellular, is more highly mineralized, and is comprised of individual crystallites that are larger and more oriented than other mineralized tissues. Dental enamel forms by matrix- mediated biomineralization. Enamel crystallites precipitate from a supersaturated solution within a well-delineated biological compartment. Mature enamel crystallites are comprised of non-stoichiometric carbonated calcium hydroxyapatite. The earliest crystallites appear suddenly at the dentino-enamel junction (DEJ) as rapidly growing thin ribbons. The shape and growth patterns of these crystallites can be interpreted as evidence for a precursor phase of octacalcium phosphate (OCP). An OCP crystal displays on its (100) face a surface that may act as a template for hydroxyapatite (OHAp) precipitation. Octacalcium phosphate is less stable than hydroxyapatite and can hydrolyze to OHAp. During this process, one unit cell of octacalcium phosphate is converted into two unit cell...
The heterogeneous integration of optical interconnections into integrated microsystems

Emerging techniques for integrating optoelectronic (OE) devices, analog interface circuitry, RF circuitry, and digital logic into ultra-mixed signal systems offers approaches toward and demonstrations of integrated optical interconnections in electrical microsystems. As rising data rates dictate the use of optical interconnections and interfaces at increasingly smaller distances, optical interconnections stand at a threshold of opportunity for pervasive implementation if cost-effective integration process technology and performance can be implemented. Heterogeneous integration is one approach toward the integration of compound semiconductor OE devices, Si CMOS circuits, and organic materials. Heterogeneous integration approaches, which utilize dissimilar materials which can be independently grown and optimized, and are subsequently bonded together into an integrated system, are particularly attractive methods for creating high-performance microsystems. This paper describes a variety of optical interconnections integrated into microsystems using thin film heterogeneous integration. Thin film heterogeneous integration is attractive from the standpoint that the topography of the integrated microsystem can remain flat to within a few microns, substrates which are often optically absorbing are removed, both sides of the thin film devices can be processed (e.g., contacted, optically coated), and three-dimensionally stacked structures can be implemented. Demonstrations of interconnections using thin film heterogeneous integration technology include an integrated InGaAs/Si CMOS receiver circuit operating at 1 Gbps, an InGaAs thin film photodetector bonded onto a foundry Si CMOS microprocessor to demonstrate a single chip optically interconnected microprocessor, smart pixel emitter and detector arrays using resonant cavity enhanced P-i-N photodetectors bonded on top of per-pixel current controlled oscillators and resonant cavity enhanced light emitting diodes integrated onto digital to analog converter gray-scale per-pixel driver circuitry, and photodetectors embedded in waveguides on electrical interconnection substrates to demonstrate chip-to-chip embedded waveguide interconnections.
Comparative expression analysis of the phosphocreatine circuit in extant primates: Implications for human brain evolution

While the hominid fossil record clearly shows that brain size has rapidly expanded over the last ~2.5 M.yr. the forces driving this change remain unclear. One popular hypothesis proposes that metabolic adaptations in response to dietary shifts supported greater encephalization in humans. An increase in meat consumption distinguishes the human diet from that of other great apes. Creatine, an essential metabolite for energy homeostasis in muscle and brain tissue, is abundant in meat and was likely ingested in higher quantities during human origins. Five phosphocreatine circuit proteins help regulate creatine utilization within energy demanding cells. We compared the expression of all five phosphocreatine circuit genes in cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and skeletal muscle tissue for humans, chimpanzees, and rhesus macaques. Strikingly, SLC6A8 and CKB transcript levels are higher in the human brain, which should increase energy availability and turnover compared to non-human primates. Combined with other well-documented differences between humans and non-human primates, this allocation of energy to the cerebral cortex and cerebellum may be important in supporting the increased metabolic demands of the human brain.
Walking patterns change rapidly following asymmetrical lower extremity loading.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the amount of time needed for individuals to become well accommodated to asymmetrical changes in lower extremity inertial properties. Participants walked at 1.57 m s−1 during four separate data collection sessions over the period of eight days. On days 1 and 7, participants completed a 60 min treadmill protocol consisting of both overground (motion and ground reaction force recorded) and treadmill (vertical ground reaction force recorded) walking. On day 1, 1.95 kg was attached distally to one shank prior to the start of the 60 min treadmill protocol and was not removed until day 7. On day 7, the load was permanently removed prior to the 60 min treadmill protocol. On days 2 and 8 participants completed three overground walking trials and walked on the treadmill for approximately 5 min. Stance and swing time asymmetries appeared immediately and were complete following initial assessment after the load was attached. Net joint moments at the knee and hip were altered and continued to change beyond initial exposure to the load, but these changes were complete within 5 min. Overall, results suggest that changes in walking symmetry due to asymmetrical lower extremity loading are immediate and complete within 5 min of exposure to the load. We recommend that at least 5 min of walking or other normal activity be used to accommodate individuals to novel asymmetrical lower extremity loading.
Evaluation of scatter compensation strategies and their impact on human detection performance in Tc-99m myocardial perfusion imaging

Human-observer receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) results with clinical patient studies indicate that ordered-subset expectation-maximization (OSEM) reconstructions with a combination of corrections for attenuation, scatter, and distance-dependent resolution (DDR) significantly improves perfusion defect detection accuracy over filtered back-projection (FBP) images with no compensation. A recent Monte Carlo study has also shown that for scatter correction (SC) in particular, selection of an appropriate strategy can impact cardiac uniformity. The spatial domain based effective source scatter estimation (ESSE) technique was shown to provide more robust performance in improving cardiac uniformity than the triple-energy window (TEW) method. In this work, we investigate if further improvements in observer performance could be obtained by using the ESSE method of SC instead of the currently employed TEW SC, in combination with attenuation correction (AC) and resolution compensation (RC). We evaluated the effectiveness of the ESSE method to provide additional improvements in image quality objectively by using human-observer ROC studies on clinically acquired patient acquisitions. Results indicate that both ESSE and TEW SC in combination with AC and RC provide significantly higher detection accuracy than FBP with no compensation for the overall detection of coronary artery disease (CAD) as well as in localizing perfusion defects in the left anterior descending (LAD) and left circumflex (LCx) territories. Comparing, the two implementations of SC evaluated in this study, we note that the ESSE method resulted in larger aggregate areas under the ROC curve (A/sub z/) in each case. However, a statistically significant improvement over TEW correction was only observed in the LAD territory. This indicates that SC implemented with the ESSE and TEW methods were close in terms of their improvement in detection accuracy for perfusion defects in the clinical images of this investigation, with the ESSE method arguably being slightly better. However, the clinical implementation of ESSE will be hampered by its longer computing time.
Orientation discrimination independent of retinal matching by blowflies.

Blowflies, Phaenicia sericata, can be trained to discriminate in a learning paradigm in which one of the two visual cues is positively rewarded. Retinotopic matching of a learned visual image to the same retinal location from viewing to viewing has been hypothesized to underlie visual pattern learning and memory in insects. To address the theory of retinotopic matching, a detailed analysis was made of the flies' body orientations during learned discriminations between +45 degrees and −45 degrees gratings. Initial approaches to the positive rewarded visual cue did not originate from the same spatial location within the behavioral arena with respect to the visual cues; thus, individual flies approached the positive cue from a different vantage point from trial to trial. During initial approaches to the rewarded visual cue, the distributions of body angles with respect to the cue were different from trial to trial for each individual. These data suggest that Phaenicia sericata can learn a visual pattern with one eye region and later recognize the same pattern with another eye region. Thus, retinotopic matching is not necessary for the recognition of pattern orientation in the experimental paradigm used here. The average amount of head turning in the yaw plane was too small to compensate for the changes in body orientation exhibited by the flies. Flies view the visual patterns with distinct retinal regions from trial to trial during orientation discrimination.
Auto- and heterostereotyping in Pakistani, French, and American college students

Abstract The stereotypes of four groups of college students including Pakistanis, French, and Americans in the United States and France were examined in light of the amount of contact each group had with the stimulus cultures. Significant differences appeared in the content of the stereotypes held by these groups, as well as tendencies to see others (regardless of ethnic group) in a particular way. The results also suggest that autostereotypes (beliefs about one's own group) are as variable as heterostereotypes and that the amount of contact with another culture strongly influences both. The context in which cross-cultural contacts took place seemed to be an important variable.
Actin and Myosin: Control of Filament Assembly

Actin filaments, assembled from highly purified actin from either skeletal muscle or Dictyostelium amoebae, are very stable under physiological ionic conditions. A small and limited amount of exchange of actin filament subunits for unpolymerized actin or subunits in other filaments has been measured by three techniques: fluorescence energy transfer, incorporation of 35S-labelled actin monomers into unlabelled actin filaments, and exchange of [14C]ATP with filament-bound ADP. A 40 kDa protein purified from amoebae destabilizes these otherwise stable filaments in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Myosin purified from Dictyostelium amoebae is phosphorylated both in the tail region of the heavy chain and in one of the light chains. Phosphorylation appears to regulate myosin thick-filament formation.
Ultrafast X-ray Lasers Illuminate Airborne Nanoparticle Morphology

The world’s first hard x-ray FEL (XFEL), the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) is operational, steadily producing mJ energy, <75 fs pulses of 1.5 A x-rays (1012 photons per pulse), a billion times more intensity than any other X-ray source. XFELs have stimulated the shift from the use of x-rays to probe periodic structures, such as crystals, to imaging non-periodic structures using ultrabright x-ray pulses shorter than the time for required for the onset of damage. The international community has embraced the potential as additional XFELs are currently being constructed in Japan, Italy and Germany with many more already planned or in construction elsewhere. Here the recent efforts to extend x-ray microscopy to the nanoscale for airborne particles using diffract-and-destroy methods are reviewed. Projecting current experimental results to future facilities suggests that gains of more than 104 in data acquisition rates are possible by 2020. This projection emphasizes the need for the development of fast x-ray detectors, infrastructure investments to handle the rapid data rate and storage requirements, as well as the appropriate training of scientists to handle data interpretation. Further improvements in particle delivery methods are also necessary, in particular to reduce sample consumption and to provide orthogonal data channels for each individual particle imaged. The projected growth of single particle CXDI data rates show great promise for the field. However, to achieve the resolution required to solve many scientific problems tractable with single-shot imaging, improvements in the absolute number of photons per pulse in a given area are still necessary.
Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacology of Trimetrexate

Trimetrexate represents one of a number of new antimetabolites that have been studied in malignant, rheumatological and infectious disease. Methotrexate, the classical antifolate agent, is active in a broad spectrum of clinical settings, but its use is limited by pre-existing or acquired cellular resistance. Trimetrexate is an agent that does not require uptake by the folate carrier transport system, a major mechanism of cellular resistance both in vitro and in vivo.
A microcomputer system for monitoring and analysing oxyhemoglobin saturation during sleep.

A computerized data acquisition and analysis routine was developed to quantitate respiratory disturbances [1,2] in sleeping patients. Polysomnographic recordings of patients consisted of electroencephalograms, electro-occulograms, submental electromyograms, air flow at the nose and mouth, esophogeal pressure, and oxyhemoglobin' saturation (SaO2). SaO2, a physiological effect of ventilatory airflow, was sampled every two seconds and stored on disk' during the night's study for subsequent analysis. Wild points in the data file can be marked so that they will be skipped during analysis. Patient polysomnographs were scored manually for sleep stage by a sleep technician. A file was then created containing the scored sleep information with time marks corresponding to each change in sleep stage during the study. An analysis routine used this file to develop indices of sleep apnea, severity for combinations or specific stages of sleep. These indices were: 1. (A) number of oxyhemoglobin desaturation episodes per hour; 2. (B) average maximum desaturation per episode; and 3. (C) desaturation index, the product of (A) and (B). A graph was plotted showing cumulative sleep time at given SaO2 values [4]. The degree of sleep apnea can be determined using these indices.
Agent-based coalition formation in disaster response applications

We present an agent-based coalition formation approach for disaster response applications. We assume that agents are operating in a dynamic and dangerous environment, and they need to form convoys to efficiently traverse unsafe areas and randez-vous at task locations. We assume a dynamic model of multilevel coalition formation where agents can dynamically join and leave the convoy, and the goals of the convoy (as reflected in its physical path and schedule) is determined by its current members. We demonstrate our approach in a simulation study located in the environment of New Orleans in the hurricane Katrina aftermath.