cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Examining the role of racism in the risky alcohol use behaviors of black female college students.

ABSTRACTObjective: This study explores the impact racism has on the drinking behaviors of Black college women. Little is known about Black college women's experience of racism and the impact racism has on their psychological wellbeing and drinking behaviors. The current study fills a gap in our understanding of the role racism plays in the risky drinking behavior of Black college women. Participants: 469 Black college women ages 18–29 were sampled from 8 colleges and universities across the US, in 3 waves from December 2014-August 2017. Results: Findings suggest that general life stress and perceived racism are significantly associated with alcohol use among Black college women. However, only increased experiences of racism increase Black college women's engagement in risky drinking. Conclusions: The findings of this study serve as an entry point for a more nuanced assessment of stressors among Black college women that may inform drinking behaviors in this population.
IMPACTS OF SYNTHETIC LIQUID FUEL DEVELOPMENT FOR THE AUTOMOTIVE MARKET

This study has investigated the environmental, social, economic, and institutional impacts of producing synthetic fuels derived from coal and oil shale. From discussions with energy industry sources, the study concluded that the blending of synthetic and natural crude oils is a more realistic option than the independent development of a separate synthetic fuels industry. The study, therefore, focused on the resource—to-synthetic crude portion of the process chain because differences from present practice would be most evident there.
In vitro accuracy and precision studies comparing direct and delayed analysis of the ethanol content of vapor.

In vitro accuracy and precision studies were conducted using silica gel, magnesium perchlorate, and indium encapsulation breath collection tubes in conjunction with three infrared breath ethanol analyzers (BAC Verifier, Intoxilyzer 5000, and Intoximeter 3000), the Breathalyzer 900A, and the GC Mark IV. Statistical analyses revealed good accuracy and precision and correlation between direct and delayed vapor ethanol analyses for each combination of instruments and collection devices (range = 0.000 to 0.250 g/210 L, N = 42/instrument, r greater than 0.99). Delayed vapor ethanol analysis utilizing each instrument and collection device combination appears to predict satisfactorily original vapor ethanol concentrations. Language: en
Internal or External Physician—Patient Relationships, A Response to Clements

In her thoughtful discussion, Professor Clements exaggerates our disagreement by considering topics I did not discuss. I confined my discussion to relations between individual primary-care physicians and individual patients without a life-threatening disease. Consequently, I made no claims about, nor do I wish to here pursue, what she calls “stand-in situations,” patients who are terminally ill or have seriously life-threatening diseases, policy analysis for the allocation of health resources, or professional self-regulation with respect to health policy, research, or academic freedom.
Head for the Hills? Geography, State Capacity, and Civil War

This article expands on the conventional discourse relating geographic factors – mountainous terrain and noncontiguous territory – to civil war onset. In addition to their direct effects on the strategic and tactical logic of insurgency, I argue these factors affect state capacity, as measured by tax capacity, and exert an indirect effect through this channel. Because tax capacity proxies bureaucratic and administrative capacity as well as material resources, it conditions the decision to rebel more than military capacity per se. Using fixed effect vector decomposition models, I find a negative relationship between both mountainous terrain and noncontiguous territory and state capacity. Subsequently, I find state capacity is strongly and negatively associated with civil war onset, though this relationship appears only with longer than conventional temporal lags. The cumulative (direct indirect effect mediated by state capacity) of geography is anywhere from 22 to 59 percent larger than its direct effect.
Code Transformation: From XML to Stylized HTML

The fourth of the six Digital Humanities assignments, Code Transformation, is presented in this chapter, beginning with a brief introduction to digital editing and archiving as a computational method of great interest to humanities programmers. The assignment description (written in a form and with a point-of-view suitable to be copied and pasted into materials given directly to students), required support files and resources, skills utilized in the assignment (which include additional algorithm development, designing and implementing branching statements, and using code to write code output), assignment management techniques and issues (mostly involved with helping students learn how to use an iterative workflow to attack a difficult problem), atomic code for the assignment (a small transformation of a classic novel exercise), expected output from student submitted work in this assignment, and variations for a number of student skill levels are provided.
2018 Hans O. Mauksch Address: Service Sociology for a Better World: A Critical and Imperative Strategy for Teaching and Learning in Sociology:

Service sociology is a critical strategy for teaching and learning in sociology. Even beyond that, service sociology is an imperative for communicating the value of our discipline to our students a...
Generating Broadened UV Pulses for Ultrafast Nonlinear Experiments

Broadened UV pulses are generated and used in Fourier transform two-dimensional electronic-vibrational spectroscopy to study vibronic couplings in a solar cell sensitizing dye.
Is Racism a Tactic? Reflections on Susceptibility, Salience, and a Failure to Prevent Violent Racist Extremism.

Humans are intrinsically susceptible to extremist ideologies. A more humanizing approach to education would help us both to reduce prejudice toward others and to recognize our own human vulnerability to racism and other fundamentally destructive worldviews. Reflecting on the lessons learned from an outburst of violent racist extremism two decades ago and insights from the field of teaching and learning about the Holocaust, the author argues that our individual susceptibility and institutional vulnerability to extremism allow doctrines like racism to be effective not just as an ideology that persuades others but also as a tactic that makes various identity categories more salient. White Americans, for example, need not feel persuaded by racist rhetoric for it to be successful; as long as the category of “race” becomes more salient and they feel positioned by racial rhetoric, it may have achieved its aim.
Economic and Environmental Advantages of Renewable-based Microgrids over Conventional Microgrids

Distributed generation is one of the best and most practical ways to achieve power supply reliability. Yet, the best method to maximize this benefit is by utilizing the distributed energy resources within smart microgrids, where these resources, and nearby loads are efficiently controlled via the “Microgrid Controller,” which consists the heart of a microgrid. Distributed energy resources could be any type of generation from a typical fossil-fueled generator to the most recent form of a renewable energy generation system. The objective of this study is to highlight the economic superiority of renewable-energy-based microgrids over the traditional microgrids, utilizing only conventional fossil-fuel-based energy resources. This is in addition to the resulting environmental benefit of avoiding large amounts of CO 2 emissions. Simulation results for the four case studies prove the economic feasibility of renewable-based microgrids over diesel- generator-based microgrid in all cases. The economic analysis shows that including renewable energy systems within the microgrids reduced the Net present cost (NPC) of the conventional microgrid in this study by up to 44%. The chosen disparate locations for the smart microgrids are Yuma/AZ/USA, Boston/MA/USA, Ma'an/Jordan, and Plymouth/England.
Antidote for bromethalin poisoning.

Dear Editor, We read with great interest the recent Special Report by Dr. Coppock (Can Vet J 2013;54:557–558), on the deadly consequences of accidental ingestion by veterinary patients of bromethalin rodenticide, a commonly used potent, long-acting (days) neurotoxin for which no known antidote exists (1,2). However, given the hydrophobic (lipid-soluble) characteristics of bromethalin (log P, 6.78), we propose that intravenous or intraosseous administration of lipid emulsion using a well- established protocol (aka Lipid Rescue) could be a therapeutic option for veterinary patients with bromethalin toxicosis and should be initiated as soon as possible at point-of-care (3). Intravenous administration of commercially available lipid emulsion (e.g., Intralipid® 20%; a parenteral nutritional supplement approved worldwide) is a relatively new, safe, and efficacious treatment modality for severe cardiovascular and neurological toxicity provoked by accidental and intentional poisoning with lipophilic drugs (3). This emerging intervention is already used successfully in dogs, cats, and other animals poisoned by iver-mectin, moxidectin, permethrin, baclofen, lidocaine, and other lipophilic drugs (4,5). Treated animals often exhibit prompt recovery with no reported acute adverse events nor long-term sequelae (4,5). Although the exact mechanism(s) of action underlying the salutary effects of lipid emulsion in the CNS of these cases is uncertain (3), it is possible that the circulating lipid emulsion entraps bromethalin (viz, the “lipid sink”) and then shuttle it to other sites for catabolism and excretion from the body. At the cellular level, free fatty acids released from lipid emulsion could also rescue mitochondria from the toxic effects of bromethalin in the CNS by inhibiting mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening thereby promoting recovery of veterinary patients (1–3). Finally, we encourage healthcare providers who treat bromethalin-intoxicated veterinary patients with lipid emulsion to report their experience in the literature.
Digitally fabricated aesthetic enhancements and enrichments

In this paper, we explore digitally fabricated aesthetic enhancements and modifications of the body as well as digitally fabricated fauna habitats. We will address how we utilize speculative works through our bio inspired digitally fabricated designs via two of our most recent projects: {skin} D.E.E.P. and in silico et in situ. Through these two projects we explore cultural implications of the intersection of technology and biologically inspired art/design. Technology has provided an ever increasing amount of data which has facilitated the way data can be used in aesthetic explorations. Technology can redefine the human experience by enhancing our senses, experiences, and forms of expression. In our work {skin} D.E.E.P., we explore these ideas via augmentation through wearables and biomimetic expressions on the skin through digitally fabricated prosthetics. {skin} D.E.E.P. employs temporary biomimetic skin patterns via wearable 3D printed exoskeletons. The first series of this work mimics the patterns and textures of animal skin via ephemeral impressions onto human skin. Taking inspiration from shedding snakeskin, we shed the outer layer by removing the 3D printed prosthesis. The epidermis retains the negative imprint of the prosthetic mimicking the look of serpent skin. The dermis reestablishes the smooth form of the human skin as it heals itself within the hour, erasing the ephemeral imprint, symbolically representing rebirth and renewal. Investigating the ephemeral aesthetic of textured patterns on human skin will not by any means provide a solution to an engineering problem, yet acts as a larger philosophical basis to conduct a discussion about the possibilities of blending bio inspired designs. The manifestation of data into physical form occurs via digital fabrication in our most recent series in silico et in situ: fauna habitats in the age of voxels, where we aim to create a new ecosystem for animals and to potentially augment their habitat. The habitats include pollinator waterers, spider habitats (in form of glow up rings) and turtle basking platforms. This project pushes forward with a new piece—the development of a 20-foot avian sculpture that will solely exist to support the habitat of the Chimney Swift species. The Chimney Swift is a near-threatened bird species in the US. in silico et in situ investigates the interplay of art, nature and technology by contextualizing sculptural works and placing these sculptures into nature. The project serves as a breeding ground for a larger dialogue about nature, culture, human intervention, design art and technology. Providing the artwork in the public sphere, barrier free in nature, fosters this discourse.
SECTION 4-1 – pBR322

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses pBR322, which is is a 4,362-bp double-stranded DNA plasmid cloning vehicle designed to allow simple and rapid preparation of cloned recombinant DNA fragments. It contains two antibiotic resistance genes, an origin of replication, and a variety of useful restriction sites for cloning or subcloning restriction fragments. pBR327 is identical to pBR322, except that it is missing all nucleotides between 1,427 and 2,516. These sequences are deleted to reduce the size of the cloning vector and to eliminate sequences, which interferes with the expression of cloned DNA in eukaryotic cells. pBR322 and pBR322-derivative plasmids are very common plasmid vectors. These plasmid cloning vectors confer antibiotic resistance when E. Coli—deficient in the resistance genes—are successfully transformed. The two antibiotic resistance genes possess unique cloning sites for the insertion of DNA fragments. Opening the plasmid with an RE and inserting a compatible DNA segment with DNA ligase inactivates this resistance gene. Selection is achieved by growing and plating the transformed cells in the presence of the other antibiotic.
Abstract 3464: Vitamin D supplementation to improve doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in triple negative breast cancers

Doxorubicin (Dox) is a first-line treatment for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), which lacks the molecular targets for hormone or growth factor therapy. Although highly effective as a chemotherapeutic agent, Dox induces severe side effects including cardiotoxicity that can cause patients to stop treatment early and impact the long-term health of patients in remission. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are the predominant contributing factor to Dox-induced cardiotoxicity. Here, we sought to use the antioxidant vitamin D to provide a cardioprotective environment to prevent or reduce cardiotoxicity in a mouse model of TNBC. Supplementation with vitamin D (10,000 IU/kg) in chow for two weeks significantly increased the active vitamin D metabolite (25(OH)VD3) in plasma from 61.2 ± 4.5 nM (Mean ± SEM) to 85.0 ± 6.3 nM (P Citation Format: Kevin J. Lee, Griffin Wright, Leigh Ann Wiggins, Michele Schuler, Natalie R. Gassman. Vitamin D supplementation to improve doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in triple negative breast cancers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 3464.
Shetland Sheep and Azorean Wheat: Atlantic Islands as Provisioning Centers, 1400-1550

This essay examines the role of Atlantic islands as food production and maritime provisioning centers during early European expansion into the Atlantic basin, roughly 1400-1550. It offers an overvi...
Patient-Reported Outcomes of Robotic vs Laparoscopic Ventral Hernia Repair With Intraperitoneal Mesh: The PROVE-IT Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance Despite rapid adoption of the robotic platform for ventral hernia repair with intraperitoneal mesh in the United States, there is no level I evidence comparing it with the traditional laparoscopic approach. This randomized clinical trial sought to demonstrate a clinical benefit to the robotic approach. Objective To determine whether robotic approach to ventral hernia repair with intraperitoneal mesh would result in less postoperative pain. Design, Setting, and Participants A registry-based, single-blinded, prospective randomized clinical trial at the Cleveland Clinic Center for Abdominal Core Health, Cleveland, Ohio, completed between September 2017 and January 2020, with a minimum follow-up duration of 30 days. Two surgeons at 1 academic tertiary care hospital. Patients with primary or incisional midline ventral hernias of an anticipated width of 7 cm or less presenting in the elective setting and able to tolerate a minimally invasive repair. Interventions Patients were randomized to a standardized laparoscopic or robotic ventral hernia repair with fascial closure and intraperitoneal mesh. Main Outcomes and Measures The trial was powered to detect a 30% difference in the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS-11) on the first postoperative day. Secondary end points included the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Pain Intensity short form (3a), hernia-specific quality of life, operative time, wound morbidity, recurrence, length of stay, and cost. Results Seventy-five patients completed their minimally invasive hernia repair: 36 laparoscopic and 39 robotic. Baseline demographics and hernia characteristics were comparable. Robotic operations had a longer median operative time (146 vs 94 minutes; P < .001). There were 2 visceral injuries in each cohort but no full-thickness enterotomies or unplanned reoperations. There were no significant differences in NRS-11 scores preoperatively or on postoperative days 0, 1, 7, or 30. Specifically, median NRS-11 scores on the first postoperative day were the same (5 vs 5; P = .61). Likewise, postoperative Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System 3a and hernia-specific quality-of-life scores, as well as length of stay and complication rates, were similar. The robotic platform adds cost (total cost ratio, 1.13 vs 0.97; P = .03), driven by the cost of additional operating room time (1.25 vs 0.85; P < .001). Conclusions and Relevance Laparoscopic and robotic ventral hernia repair with intraperitoneal mesh have comparable outcomes. The increased operative time and proportional cost of the robotic approach are not offset by a measurable clinical benefit. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03283982.
Trends in Complications Among Benign Hysterectomy Patients in Relation to BMI

Study Objective To evaluate complication rates and length of stay over time in relation to BMI to assess for improvements in care given the increasing need to take care of obese women. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database. Patients or Participants Strict criteria were used to include planned benign hysterectomies without confounding concomitant procedures from 2010 to 2018. Interventions Chi-squared analysis was used to analyze the relationship between complications (wound, length of stay, readmission, etc) and time stratified by BMI categories using CDC criteria and type of hysterectomy (abdominal, laparoscopic, or vaginal). Measurements and Main Results 204,111 hysterectomies met inclusion criteria. Overall length of stay decreased overtime from 1.7 days in 2010-2011 to 1.4 days in 2017-2018 (p 40 undergoing abdominal hysterectomy who had a decrease in overall complication rate from 16.5% in 2010-210 to 12.5% in 2017-2018 (p=0.01). Prolonged length of stay (greater than 2 days) decreased overtime for normal weight, overweight, and Class 1-3 obese women specifically for abdominal and laparoscopic hysterectomies (p Conclusion Irrespective of hysterectomy type and BMI, length of stay is decreasing without differences in readmission rates. Overall, complications rates do not demonstrate significant change overtime. Further analysis is required to determine if this trend will continue and how outcomes can be improved for obese patients.
Determining Adequacy: How Courts are Redefining Their States' Responsibility for Educational Finance, Goals, and Accountability

This article examines the educational adequacy state court decisions, highlighting the similarities and differences among them in order to provide more clarity to the meaning of the term educational "adequacy." The article goes beyond the common conception of adequacy as an education finance movement, wherein state courts order their legislatures to provide sufficient funds to offer the opportunity for a basic quality education to all students in the state, by identifying three main components in adequacy decisions: funding, goals, and accountability. Although education finance is clearly the primary focus of the adequacy decisions, the educational goals and accountability requirements that are included in several of the decisions provide a more complete picture of the elements necessary for a state to provide an adequate education to its children. Therefore, this article addresses all three components and identifies the factors the courts have found to be important in deciding these cases.
Psychotic symptoms in mass shootings v. mass murders not involving firearms: findings from the Columbia mass murder database

BACKGROUND Mass shootings account for a small fraction of annual worldwide murders, yet disproportionately affect society and influence policy. Evidence suggesting a link between mass shootings and severe mental illness (i.e. involving psychosis) is often misrepresented, generating stigma. Thus, the actual prevalence constitutes a key public health concern. METHODS We examined global personal-cause mass murders from 1900 to 2019, amassed by review of 14 785 murders publicly described in English in print or online, and collected information regarding perpetrator, demographics, legal history, drug use and alcohol misuse, and history of symptoms of psychiatric or neurologic illness using standardized methods. We distinguished whether firearms were or were not used, and, if so, the type (non-automatic v. semi- or fully-automatic). RESULTS We identified 1315 mass murders, 65% of which involved firearms. Lifetime psychotic symptoms were noted among 11% of perpetrators, consistent with previous reports, including 18% of mass murderers who did not use firearms and 8% of those who did (χ2 = 28.0, p < 0.01). US-based mass shooters were more likely to have legal histories, use recreational drugs or misuse alcohol, or have histories of non-psychotic psychiatric or neurologic symptoms. US-based mass shooters with symptoms of any psychiatric or neurologic illness more frequently used semi-or fully-automatic firearms. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that policies aimed at preventing mass shootings by focusing on serious mental illness, characterized by psychotic symptoms, may have limited impact. Policies such as those targeting firearm access, recreational drug use and alcohol misuse, legal history, and non-psychotic psychopathology might yield more substantial results.
Pneumopericardium after Laparoscopic Hernia Repair Presents with ST-segment Changes: A Case Report.

Author(s): Galindo, Demi; Martin, Emily; Franzen, Douglas | Abstract: Introduction: Although rare, iatrogenic cases of pneumopericardium have been documented following laparoscopic surgery and mechanical ventilation. Electrocardiogram (ECG) changes, including ST-segment depressions and T-wave inversions, have been documented in cases of pneumopericardium, and can mimic more concerning causes of chest pain including myocardial ischemia or pulmonary embolism.Case Report: This unique case describes a patient who presented with chest pain and ST-segment changes on ECG hours after a laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair and who was found to have pneumopericardium.Conclusion: While iatrogenic pneumopericardium is often self-limiting and rarely requires intervention, it is critical to differentiate pneumopericardium from other etiologies of chest pain, including myocardial ischemia and pulmonary embolism, to prevent unnecessary intervention.
Are knowledge ascriptions sensitive to social context

Plausibly, how much is at stake in some salient practical task can affect how generously people ascribe knowledge of task-relevant facts. There is a metaphysical puzzle about this phenomenon, and an empirical puzzle. Metaphysically: there are competing theories about when and how practical stakes affect whether it is correct to ascribe knowledge. Which of these theories is the right one? Empirically: experimental philosophy has struggled to find a stakes-effect on people’s knowledge ascriptions. Is the alleged phenomenon just a philosopher’s fantasy? I propose a new psychological account of when and why people’s knowledge ascriptions are sensitive to stakes. My hypothesis is motivated by empirical research on how people’s judgements are sensitive to their social context. Specifically, people’s evaluations are sensitive to their ‘psychological distance’ from the scenarios they are considering. When using ‘fixed-evidence probes’, experimental philosophy has found that what’s at stake for a fictional character in a made-up scenario has little or no effect on how participants ascribe knowledge to them. My hypothesis predicts this finding: the scenarios are too ‘psychologically distant’ to participants. Our empirical puzzle is resolved: the stakes-effect often present in the wild won’t be present in vignette studies. (This illustrates a widespread problem with X-phi vignette studies: if people might judge differently in other social contexts, we can’t generalize from the results of these experiments. That is, vignette studies are of doubtful ‘external validity’.) The hypothesis also resolves our metaphysical puzzle. It predicts that people do not ascribe knowledge in a way deemed correct by any of the standard philosophical views, namely classical invariantism, interest-relative invariantism, and contextualism. Our knowledge ascriptions shift around in the way that’s most useful for social beings like us, and this pattern in our judgements can only be endorsed by a genuinely relativist metaphysics for knowledge.
The thymus: General concepts on embryology, anatomy, histology and immunohistochemistry.

Abstract A fundamental aspect that is commonly overlook when assessing thymic tumors is the normal histology and immunohistochemical features of the normal thymus. Given the fact that most epithelial tumors occur in the adult population, it is only rarely that we are confronted with assessing normal immunohistochemistry of the thymus. However, we consider that such knowledge is of utmost importance is assessing pathological conditions including epithelial tumors or tumors of other lineages. Therefore, in this writing we have concentrated our efforts in providing an overview of the embryology and anatomy of the thymus as well as putting the normal histology and immunohistochemistry in perspective when assessing pathological conditions.
Open neural tube defects in COVID-19 pandemic: An analysis of 26 neonatal patients in a tertiary care center

Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has severely affected and disrupted medical practice all over the world since December 2019 till date. This has affected the pediatric surgical practice in general and neurosurgical practice in particular. An analysis of 26 neonatal patients with open neural tube defects who underwent surgery in the neurosurgery department at the King Edward VII Memorial Hospital (KEM), Mumbai during the period of March 2020 till December 2020 is presented. The cumulative experience and challenges encountered in the comprehensive management of these cohort of patients in the difficult period of the pandemic is discussed in accordance with relevant literature on the subject.
Molecular Pathogenesis of Retinal and Choroidal Vascular Diseases

There are two major types of ocular neovascularization that affect the retina, retinal neovascularization (NV) and subretinal or choroidal NV. Retinal NV occurs in a group of diseases referred to as ischemic retinopathies in which damage to retinal vessels results in retinal ischemia. Most prevalent of these are diabetic retinopathy and retinal vein occlusions. Subretinal and choroidal NV occur in diseases of the outer retina and Bruch's membrane, the most prevalent of which is age-related macular degeneration. Numerous studies in mouse models have helped to elucidate the molecular pathogenesis underlying retinal, subretinal, and choroidal NV. There is considerable overlap because the precipitating event in each is stabilization of hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) which leads to upregulation of several hypoxia-regulated gene products, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), angiopoietin 2, vascular endothelial-protein tyrosine phosphatase (VE-PTP), and several others. Stimulation of VEGF signaling and suppression of Tie2 by angiopoietin 2 and VE-PTP are critical for sprouting of retinal, subretinal, and choroidal NV, with perturbation of Bruch's membrane also needed for the latter. Additional HIF-1-regulated gene products cause further stimulation of the NV. It is difficult to model macular edema in animals and therefore proof-of-concept clinical trials were done and demonstrated that VEGF plays a central role and that suppression of Tie2 is also important. Neutralization of VEGF is currently the first line therapy for all of the above disease processes, but new treatments directed at some of the other molecular targets, particularly stabilization of Tie2, are likely to provide additional benefit for subretinal/choroidal NV and macular edema. In addition, the chronicity of these diseases as well as the implication of VEGF as a cause of retinal nonperfusion and progression of background diabetic retinopathy make sustained delivery approaches for VEGF antagonists a priority.
Neural System Imbalances and the Consequence of Large Brain Injuries

It is reported that while addressing a group of graduating college students, Dr. Seuss related some advice from Uncle Terwillinger concerning the art of eating popovers. Dr. Seuss noted that it was Uncle Terwillinger’s suggestion that “to eat these things, you must exercise great care. You may swallow down what is solid, . . . but you must spit out what is air!” Given the range of beliefs concerning the consequences of brain injury, it appears that students of recovery of function may also need to heed Uncle Terwillinger’s sage counsel. For example, at one extreme there are those who believe that the organization of the nervous system is quite stable, so that the behavioral consequences of neural injury are determined by whether or not what is spared can function normally. At the other extreme there are those who believe that the nervous system is quite plastic, so that the behavioral consequences of neural injury depend on whether or not neural centers will reorganize and function vicariously. There should be little surprise that such extreme positions have set the boundaries of fertile soil in which considerable debate and controversy can germinate and be nurtured. And understandably so, since the consequences of brain injury will necessarily define the mechanisms of recovery of function as well as how we should best proceed to understand and ultimately facilitate these mechanisms.
The School of Peano

In July 1899, Tommaso Boggio graduated ‘with high honors’ in pure mathematics and in the fall he became university assistant for projective and descriptive geometry. He was another addition to the ‘school’ of Peano. In 1932, Ugo Cassina gave a list of 45 Italians who belonged to the school of Peano. (This list is given in the appendix.) In this chapter the careers of seven of Peano’s early followers are described briefly. At the turn of the century these seven were perhaps the most committed to Peano’s programs and most of them have already been mentioned several times. They are: Vailati, Castellano, Burali-Forti, Padoa, Vacca, Pieri, and Boggio.
Hard-wired experience

In McFarlane and Brenner, Madden and Wachsmuth's exchange, something interesting is lost in the noise about assemblage that I aim to excavate here. McFarlane's paper makes a case for the importance...
Examination of polypeptide substrate specificity for Escherichia coli ClpB

Enzyme-catalyzed protein unfolding is essential for a large array of biological functions, including microtubule severing, membrane fusion, morphogenesis and trafficking of endosomes, protein disaggregation, and ATP-dependent proteolysis. These enzymes are all members of the ATPases associated with various cellular activity (AAA+) superfamily of proteins. Escherichia coli ClpA is a hexameric ring ATPase responsible for enzyme-catalyzed protein unfolding and translocation of a polypeptide chain into the central cavity of the tetradecameric E. coli ClpP serine protease for proteolytic degradation. Further, ClpA also uses its protein unfolding activity to catalyze protein remodeling reactions in the absence of ClpP. ClpA recognizes and binds a variety of protein tags displayed on proteins targeted for degradation. In addition, ClpA binds unstructured or poorly structured proteins containing no specific tag sequence. Despite this, a quantitative description of the relative binding affinities for these differe...
Enzyme activity in cryobiological systems. Studies on glycolytic enzymes and low temperature-induced glycerol accumulation in hymenoptera.

Summary Studies of the biochemistry of low temperature-induced glycerol accumulation in adult insects of the order Hymenoptera have been undertaken. An examination of the characteristics of glycerol buildup in the adult carpenter ant C. pennsylvanicus has been made in conjunction with studies designed to examine the low temperature characteristics of their glycolytic enzymes. Glycerol accumulation commences immediately upon cold stress; the buildup induced by a range of temperatures from +4 to −3°C is quite uniform, and the polyol is distributed quite uniformly throughout the insect's body. Glycogen levels have been found to decrease when glycerol accumulates, suggesting that it may be a precursor of the polyol. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase purified from extracts of Camponotus and A. mellifera (honeybee) show kinetic characteristics different from the yeast and mammalian forms of the enzyme. Most importantly, the insect enzymes display a cooperativity of inactivation at 0°C in the presence of ATP that is not shown by yeast and mammalian enzymes. This property of the insect enzymes allows for low temperature activity under conditions which inactivate the yeast and mammalian enzymes. A definite relationship between known hibernation character and cold-induced glycerol accumulation was also found to exist in 14 species of ichneumon wasps. This observation strongly suggests that glycerol accumulation plays an important role in the overwintering process of this group of insects.
An Inference Model and a Tree-Structured Multicomputer System for Large Data-Intensive Logic-Bases

This paper presents an inference model suitable for data-intensive logic-bases. Such a model is well suited for parallel processing and does not involve any redundant data processing. The implementation of such a model on a tree-structured multicomputer system is also presented. Such a structure is very suitable for the implementation of the proposed model since the basic operations encountered in such a model can be effectively supported by the tree structure.
Evaluating the effectiveness of tree visualization systems for knowledge discovery

User studies, evaluations, and comparisons of tree visualization systems have so far focused on questions that can readily be answered by simple, automated queries without needing visualization. Studies are lacking on the actual use of tree visualization in discovering intrinsic, hidden, non-trivial and potentially valuable knowledge. We have thus formulated a set of tree exploration tasks not previously considered and have performed user studies and analysis to determine how visualization helps users to perform these tasks. In our study, we evaluated three systems: RINGS (a node-link representation), Treemap (a containment representation), and Windows Explorer. Our findings suggest a few ways that tree visualization helps users to perceive different aspects of hierarchical structured information. We then explain how these visual representations are able to trigger human perception to make these discoveries.
Longitudinal Data Analysis Using Structural Equation Models

When determining the most appropriate method for analyzing longitudinal data, you must first consider what research question you want to answer. In this book, McArdle and Nesselroade identify five basic purposes of longitudinal structural equation modeling. For each purpose, they present the most useful strategies and models. Two important but underused approaches are emphasized: multiple factorial invariance over time and latent change scores. The book covers a wealth of models in a straightforward, understandable manner. Rather than overwhelm the reader with an extensive amount of algebra, the authors use path diagrams and emphasize methods that are appropriate for many uses.
Innate vs. Adaptive: PD-L1-mediated immune resistance by melanoma

Oncogenic driver mutations in several tumor types promote constitutive PD-L1 expression, a crucial ligand in PD-1-mediated tumor immune escape. Our studies in melanoma suggest a different mechanism–one of “adaptive immune resistance” in which PD-L1 expression is primarily driven by cytokine induction and is independent of BRAF mutational status.
Factor XI assembly and activation on human umbilical vein endothelial cells in culture.

Biotin-FXI optimally bound to HUVEC in the presence of 40 nM high molecular weight kininogen (HK) and 7 M Zn 2+ . There was little specific FXI binding in the absence of added HK and at concentrations of Zn 2+
Microbial community profiles of the colon from steers differing in feed efficiency

Ruminal microbial fermentation plays an essential role in host nutrition, and as a result, the rumen microbiota have been a major focus of research examining bovine feed efficiency. Microbial communities within other sections of the gastrointestinal tract may also be important with regard to feed efficiency, since it is critical to the health and nutrition of the host. The objective of this study was to characterize the microbial communities of the colon among steers differing in feed efficiency. Individual feed intake (FI) and body weight (BW) gain were determined from animals fed the same ration, within two contemporary groups of steers. Four steers from each contemporary group within each Cartesian quadrant were sampled (n = 16/group) from the bivariate distribution of average daily BW gain and average daily FI. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicons were sequenced from the colon content using next-generation sequencing technology. Within the colon content, UniFrac principal coordinate analyses did not detect any separation of microbial communities, and bacterial diversity or richness did not differ between efficiency groups. Relative abundances of microbial populations and operational taxonomic units did reveal significant differences between efficiency groups. The phylum Firmicutes accounted for up to 70% of the populations within all samples, and families Ruminococcaceae and Clostridiaceae were highly abundant. Significant population shifts in taxa were detected, including the families Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Sphingomonadaceae, and the genera Butyrivibrio, Pseudobutyrivibrio, Prevotella, Faecalibacterium and Oscillospira. This study suggests the association of the colon microbial communities as a factor influencing feed efficiency at the 16S level.
An ex vivo evaluation of efficacy of refrigerated canine plasma.

Objectives To determine thawing times of fresh frozen plasma (FFP), and to evaluate the activity of hemostatic proteins (coagulation factors V, VII, VIII, IX, X, and fibrinogen), clotting times (prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time), and sterility of canine plasma stored refrigerated. Design Prospective laboratory-based study. Setting Veterinary teaching hospital blood bank. Interventions Phase 1: Six units of canine FFP were retrieved from the blood bank and thawed individually in a warm water bath. Time for thaw was recorded in minutes and reported as mean ± SD. Phase 2: One unit of fresh whole blood was collected from 9 dogs and processed routinely. Resulting plasma was divided into 2 aliquots, 1 stored as refrigerated plasma (RP) and 1 as frozen plasma. Samples from the RP were taken at 0, 1, 5, 7, and 14 days and from the FFP at days 0 and 14 for determination of clotting factor activity (V, VII, VIII, IX, and X and fibrinogen) and clotting times. Coagulation factors and clotting times were analyzed using a mixed effects linear model for ANOVA, comparing changes over time as well as differences between groups. For all comparisons, a P value of <0.05 was considered significant. Batch bacterial aerobic and anaerobic cultures of the RP samples were submitted on days 7 and 14 and from the frozen plasma on day 14. Measurements and Main results Time to thaw for FFP units was 34.7 ± 1.38 minutes. Refrigerated storage resulted in significant decreases in the activity of all clotting factors and a subsequent prolongation in clotting times. However, no values were outside of the reference interval. All bacterial cultures yielded no growth. Conclusions Refrigerated storage results in only minor loss of coagulation factor activity in canine plasma. The use of RP, therefore, may be a viable option in high-volume veterinary hospitals for rapid correction of coagulopathy in critical care patients.
Maternal Brown Fat Metabolism Returns to Control Level by Four Weeks Postweaning in Rats

We studied body composition, white and brown adipose tissue cellularity, lipoprotein lipase activity and metabolic enzyme activity in three groups of rats: nonpregnant controls, lactating dams and nonlactating dams (i.e., dams not permitted to suckle their young). Nine to 11 rats in each group were killed on d 12 postpartum (study d 34) and on d 40 postpartum (study d 62). During lactation, brown fat citrate synthase, beta-hydroxyacylCoA dehydrogenase (HOAD) and lipoprotein lipase activities were significantly lower in the lactating than in the nonlactating dams or virgin controls. Although the nonlactating dams had their pups removed within 24 h after delivery, by d 12 postpartum citrate synthase and HOAD activities were significantly lower than those of nonpregnant controls. By the end of the study there were no differences among the three groups except in the case of HOAD. HOAD activity in the lactation group was significantly lower than in the nonlactation group. White fat cell number in the parametrial depot was significantly increased in the nonlactation groups by d 12 postpartum. In the lactation group, increased white fat cell number in this depot was detectable at d 40 postpartum, when carcass fat stores and fat cells had been repleted. These results demonstrate that both lactating and nonlactating dams undergo cellular hyperplasia, at least in the parametrial depot. This may predispose them to obesity. Also, decreased brown fat metabolism in the nonlactating dams may be contributing to their significantly greater carcass fat content at d 12 postpartum.
Basic Mechanisms of Single Cell Discharge in the Cerebral Cortex

RESUME Les observations ci-dessus permettent de comparer les mecanismes du potentiel de decharge de fibres musculaires individuelles et ceux de neurones corticaux individuels. L'auteur en conclut que la decharge de la cellule individuelle dans le cortex cerebral est determinee par deux mecanismes: 1 Un mecanisme intrinseque, comme celui manifeste par l'instabilite du potentiel de la membrane au repos ou par des potientels d'oscillation rythmique qui sont probablement en rapport avec l'etat electro-chimique ou metabolique du neurone. Une decharge epileptique du cortex cerebral provient probablement d'un changement dans l'etat metabolique (13) ou d'un trouble du mecanisme intrinseque de quelques-uns des neurones corticaux. Le mecanisme intrinseque peut aussi ětre trouble par d'autres facteurs differents tels qu'une lesion de la membrane cellulaire, un changement dans les composants chimiques de l'entourage, ou bien encore, par stimulation electrique directe. Toutefois, ces facteurs n'existent pas lors de fonction physiologique normale du cerveau. 2 Un mecanisme extrinseque comme celui observe en certaines cas lors de petits potentiels se repteant a des intervalles irreguliers et, en d'autres as, lors d'hyperpolarisation du neurone postsynaptique, dependant entierement de l'activite des cellules presynaptiques.
The control of metamorphosis in the kissing bug.

![Figure][1] Sir Vincent B. Wigglesworth (1899–1994) was the father of insect physiology and more particularly of insect endocrinology. He published some 264 papers (26 of them in the Journal of Experimental Biology ) on many different aspects of insect physiology, and all but 18 of his
Safety culture as an ongoing process: Culture surveys as opportunities for enquiry and change

Abstract In their efforts to enhance performance and use resources efficiently the nuclear power industry, along with many other industries, has turned to the improvement of ‘culture’. This paper presents an example of one department at a nuclear power plant that faced an apparent problem with its safety culture. This department responded in a creative way that opened up possibilities for self-assessment and learning. In particular, although members of the department used a safety culture survey as a key part of self-assessment, the survey was understood to be an entry point into group interviews and collective discussions with change implications. The safety culture project revealed some surprises about the safety culture and work culture of the plant. In an atmosphere of mostly positive improvements following an earlier crisis, there were some issues that needed management attention. The safety culture survey and group interviews found that safety was not understood consistently and comprehensively, com...
Surface orientation of cholanoic acids from suppression of polarographic maxima

Suppression of polarographic maxima to 50% of the original height indicates that from solutions in the concentration range between 1 and 10 × 10−6M, bile salts are adsorbed at the surface of the dropping mercury electrode. Adsorption increases in the sequence monohydroxy < dihydroxy < trihydroxy sterols. Protonation of the carboxylate group has little effect. All evidence indicates that adsorbed cholanoates are oriented with the hydrophobic portions of rings B and C towards the mercury surface. The small difference in suppressing ability between the 7α- and 7β-isomer at −0.2 V (oxygen maximum) also indicates predominance of the interaction of mercury with the hydrophobic skeleton. The difference at −1.2 V (zinc maximum) indicates a different orientation at negatively charged interface. Suppression of polarographic maxima offers information on adsorbability at concentrations several orders of magnitude lower than CMC.