cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On postponement strategies for product families with multiple points of differentiation

Several researchers have studied the benefits of product and process design that calls for delaying the differentiation of products. Previous research has focused on products having only one point of differentiation. However, in reality most product families have several points of differentiation. In this paper, we develop two models to study products with more than one point of differentiation. In each model, we examine the benefits of delayed differentiation at each of these points, and derive the necessary conditions when one type of delayed differentiation is more beneficial than the other. Our analysis indicates that demand variabilities, correlations and the relative magnitudes of the lead times play an important role in determining which point of differentiation should be delayed.
Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes Field Emission Properties: A Theoretical Study of the Effects of Cs

Carbon nanotubes-based materials appeal for explosive emission, in forming cathode plasma, of interest for high-power microwave tubes. Cs intercalation has demonstrated a significant reduction of the work function of carbon nanotubes, thus improving field emission properties. An understanding of the detailed adsorption effects is important because the current saturation is attributed, in part, to adsorption mechanisms. In this paper, we report a density functional theory study of the effects of Cs on field emission of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), as an example of an approach to be taken for a fundamental understanding of such properties.
Conduct Objectives in Teaching the Old Testament

assumption, the assumption that there should be conduct objectives in the teaching of the Old Testament. And at once, one is caught in controversy. There are those, doubtless, who would insist that there should be no conduct objectives. The Old Testament is a body of literature, to be taught like any other body of literature, and conduct objectives are as irrelevant to its teaching as they are to the teaching of the Iliad, or Beowulf, or Shakespeare. On the other hand, there are those who believe that the only proper objectives for any teaching are conduct objectives. Unless life is changed, no teaching has been done. For every lesson, you must write a lesson plan; in every plan you must clearly state your objective; and you must count that day lost in which you have made no contribution to the transformation of a soul.
Heart failure: Continuous-flow LVADs improve clinical outcomes.

A continuous-flow left ventricular assist device (LVAD) improved survival free from disabling stroke compared with a pulsatile LVAD, when used as destination therapy over a 2-year period in patients with advanced heart failure. Both devices improved patient quality of life. Continuous-flow devices are smaller, lighter, and more simple than pulsatile LVADs and have the potential to fulfill all the requirements of a permanently implanted blood pump.
THE ANTI-FERTILITY EFFECTS IN PREGNANT RATS OF A SINGLE INJECTION OF ESTRADIOL CYCLOPENTYLPROPIONATE

Sprague-Dawley female rats were injected subeutaneously with varying dosages of estradiol cyclopentylpropionate (ECP) on the morning that sperm were found in the vagina. The percentage of embryos missing at 9–11 days post coitum after a single injection of 1,5 or 10 μg of ECP was 19%, 66%, 97%, respectively. Deciduomata formation was inhibited in most animals that received 10 μg of ECP but was unaffected in those receiving 1 or 5 μg. The most significant effect of 10 μg ECP was to increase tubal and uterine motility so that the fertilized ova were expelled from the uterus by 48 hours post coitum. The effectiveness of 5 μg of ECP in accelerating ova transport varied from animal to animal. These results indicate that the rate of ova transport is an especially vulnerable process in the reproductive cycle for interrupting pregnancy in the rats.
A 375-mW Quadrature Bandpass $\Delta\Sigma$ ADC With 8.5-MHz BW and 90-dB DR at 44 MHz

A quadrature bandpass DeltaSigma ADC for a multistandard TV tuner achieves a total dynamic range of 90 dB over an 8.5-MHz passband centered on 44 MHz while consuming 375 mW. The fourth-order continuous-time ADC uses active-RC resonators configured in a modified feedforward architecture
Effects of a magnetic field and superconducting pairing on magnetic exchange in metals

Abstract The indirect exchange interaction between moments in a metal mediated by the conduction electrons is discussed. In a disordered normal metal owing to the long diffusion paths a magnetic field has an important effect on the second moment of the interaction. In a superconductor the interaction decreases exponentially with distance if the gap is isotropic but is a power law if the gap has nodes. For singlet pairing the interaction has the Heisenberg form while for triplet pairing it depends on the symmetry of the gap function.
Phylogenetic Systematics of the Mesa Mints: Pogogyne (Lamiaceae)

Abstract Pogogyne (Lamiaceae) is a small genus of annual plants, occurring almost entirely in vernal pool habitats. To infer the phylogenetic relationships of this group, DNA sequence data from the trnQ-rps16 chloroplast spacer and both ETS and ITS nuclear regions were obtained from all seven extant species and several outgroups and analyzed using both parsimony and Bayesian phylogeny reconstruction methods. Ancestral state reconstructions were performed for morphological characters that have been used to separate groups within Pogogyne. This study indicates that subgenus Hedeomoides is monophyletic with good support and can be diagnosed by two apomorphies: a reduction in stamen number and a reduced corolla size. Subgenus Pogogyne is paraphyletic, but with poor support. Several clades within the genus Pogogyne have discrete biogeographic distributions. The Pogogyne genus clade has a relatively long stem lineage, but its crown clade has quite short branches. Our estimate for the mean divergence time of the...
An evaluation of alternative strategies for building networks of nature reserves

Abstract The challenge to maintain biodiversity with limited funding and personnel puts a premium on building reserve networks that maximize species number per area. Here I compare two alternative strategies suggested by the SLOSS debate (accumulating nature reserves from small-to-large (STL) or large-to-small (LTS) to the best possible network of reserves. The best network was determined by a computer program (BEST) which considered all possible combinations of reserves and then selected the subset that satisfied a specified selection criterion. Here, the selection criterion was that the subset included all target species in the smallest total area. In addition, I compared alternative strategies to a null model of randomly accumulated reserves. For ten data sets including a diversity of biotas (nonvolant mammals, bats, birds, reptiles, amphibians, ants, isopods and plants), I found STL and LTS strategies to be equivalent in maximizing species number per area. To include all target species, however, both strategies required much more area than the best possible network and, in most cases, more area than random accumulations of reserves. These results argue strongly against generic prescriptions for conserving biodiversity. Given empirical studies on the biota in question, analytical solutions such as presented here will serve as valuable tools for preserving biodiversity.
Shoulder MR arthrography of the posterior labrocapsular complex in overhead throwers with pathologic internal impingement and internal rotation deficit.

Purpose To determine if overhead-throwing athletes with internal impingement pain and internal rotation deficit have thickening of the posterior inferior labrocapsular complex on MR arthrogram images.
Effect of universal neonatal transcutaneous bilirubin screening on blood draws for bilirubin analysis and phototherapy usage

Effect of universal neonatal transcutaneous bilirubin screening on blood draws for bilirubin analysis and phototherapy usage
Romance, Politics, or Madness? John Paul Jones and the Countess of Selkirk

Beck's discovery of an inscription in a book, "United States Magazine," (Philadelphia, 1779) from John Paul Jones to the Countess of Selkirk, Scotland, sets off an interesting line of speculation as to what happened when on April 22, 1778 Johns entered the Earl of Selkirk's masion with the intention of looting it. The incident began a very strange relationship between Jones and the Countess.
Pipelined Non-strobed Sensing Scheme for Lowering BL Swing in Nano-scale Memories

Conventional strobed sense amplifiers (SA) have a fixed offset that dictates the minimum BL droop required during a memory read. BL droop is the major component of memory read delay and energy. In this paper we propose a novel non-strobed sensing scheme that can tradeoff BL droop with SA delay, allowing a memory to operate with lower BL droop, and thus lower energy. We demonstrate the sensing scheme on an 16KB SRAM. Lower BL swing results in 15% lower energy per read operation. The performance penalty due to higher SA delay is avoided by pipelining the SA delay into the next clock cycle. Thus, in addition to lower energy per read, a pipelined non-strobed SRAM is 52% faster than a conventional strobed SRAM and 26% faster than a pipelined strobed SRAM. This is the first work that demonstrates how BL droop can be traded-off with SA delay, enabling lower energy operation. We show the concept, circuit implementation, and simulation results in a commercial 45nm technology node.
Induction from a single instance: formation of a novel category.

Abstract This study examines whether preschoolers can use information from a known category to induce a characteristic attribute of a novel, contrasting category based on a single instance. We showed 32 four-year-olds three instances of a Given Category and one instance of a Target Category. These objects could vary along two attribute dimensions, such as color and shape. All instances of the Given Category shared identical values of one attribute (e.g., all were blue), but could have different values of the other attribute (e.g., a circle, a square, and a triangle). The single instance of the Target Category was different from the Given on both attribute dimensions (e.g., a red diamond). Children gave yes/no judgments as to whether additional objects were instances of the Target Category. There were two possible sources of information about the relevance of an attribute to classification: explicit (labeling) and implicit (variation in the Given Category). There were four conditions such that each source of information was either available or not. Both types of information were effective in eliciting inductions of the relevant kind of attribute and the characteristic value of this attribute in the novel category (explicit: p = .0004; implicit: p = .031). This suggests that children use an inductive bias that the instances of two related but distinct categories tend to be alike in the same way.
VATER association with female hypospadia

A six months old female infant was found multiple anomalies and repeatedly admitted to our hospital after birth. Esophageal atresia with distal tracheo-esophageal fistula and duodenal atresia was diagnosed by X-ray and completely surgically repaired. Echocardiography showed truncus arteriosus type Al with persistent ductus arteriosus. The hemodynamic status was temporally stabilized by B-T shunt creation. She had recurrent urinary tract infection. The renal echo showed severe right hydronephrosis and right ureter dilatation at birth which spontaneous regressed after subsequent follow-up. The VCUG showed that the urethral meatos located at anterior vaginal wall. We will present and discuss this rare urogenital condition- female hypospadia with VATER association.
IS SEGREGATION-BY-PARTICLE-TYPE A GENERIC MECHANISM UNDERLYING FINGER FORMATION AT FRONTS OF FLOWING GRANULAR MEDIA?

ABSTRACT The fronts of flowing granular media often manifest fingered patterns. For the case of a granular flow down an inclined plane, Pouliquen, Delour and Savage (1997) have proposed that such patterns are induced by the segregation of coarse irregularly shaped particles. Here, we consider a thin layer of a granular medium flowing within a cylinder that is rotated about its horizontal axis of symmetry. Our results show that—even when the medium is well-sieved and consists of nearly spherical grains—its leading edge may develop fingers. This suggests that, in general flow configurations, mechanisms other than segregation by particle type may be active in the instability of a straight front.
Characteristic energies of electronically desorbed ions from Rh(100)

Abstract The characteristic energy distributions associated with ESD ion desorption are presented for CO and O 2 adsorbed on Rh(100). Some initial results are also presented for coadsorption of oxygen and methane on Rh(100). Evidence is presented from ESD energy analysis which suggests formation of a loosely bound reaction product resulting from an oxygen-methane surface reaction.
Electrodeposition of Ag nanoparticles onto bamboo-type TiO 2 nanotube arrays to improve their lithium-ion intercalation performance

Bamboo-type TiO2 nanotube arrays prepared via anodic oxidation are modified with Ag nanoparticles by pulsed electrochemical deposition, for improved lithium-ion intercalation property as the anode material in lithium-ion batteries. Heat treatment converts as-formed nanotubes into anatase for Ag deposition. Bare and Ag-modified nanotubes are cycled at a current density of 800 μA cm−2 between 1.0 and 2.6 V (vs. Li/Li+). All Ag-modified nanotubes exhibit significantly improved or even doubled areal discharge capacities and better cycleability compared to bare nanotubes. Particularly, the nanotubes modified using 100 Ag deposition cycles deliver the highest initial discharge capacity of 199.6 μA h cm−2 and the largest final discharge capacity of 131.7 μA h cm−2 after 50 electrochemical cycles, while bare nanotubes exhibit an initial capacity of 93.5 μA h cm−2 and a final discharge capacity of 54.8 μA h cm−2. The former also exhibits 10 % higher capacity retention efficiency than the latter. In addition, an increase in the capacity of modified nanotubes is observed with more Ag deposition, but superfluous Ag content yields reduced capacities due to slower Li-ion transfer inside. Finally, kinetic characteristics of TiO2 nanotubes are explored using cyclic voltammetry to understand the origin of improvements in electrochemical properties of Ag-modified nanotubes.
Role of the central nucleus of the amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in experimentally-induced salt appetite

The contributions of the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) to salt appetite were evaluated with two treatments which induce sodium chloride (NaCl) ingestion. Cumulative 3 h intakes of 2% NaCl after sodium depletion using furosemide, or subcutaneous (s.c.) injections of yohimbine (YOH), were measured in male, Sprague-Dawley rats both before and after electrolytic lesions of the CeA or the BST. Before surgery, sham-lesion and lesion groups drank equivalent amounts of 2% NaCl in response to furosemide depletion and YOH treatment. After surgery, rats with sham lesions increased their intakes of 2% NaCl following YOH while rats with CeA or BST lesions showed significant decreases. Rats with CeA or BST lesions also showed significant decreases in their intake of 2% NaCl after furosemide depletion, while intakes of the sham lesion groups remained unchanged. Lesions of either nucleus virtually eliminated 24 h need-free salt intake. Before and after surgery, all groups drank equivalent amounts of water in response to s.c. angiotensin II and to s.c. hypertonic saline, indicating the lesions specifically affected salt appetite. The results indicate that the CeA and the BST may be important sites for processing inputs mediating salt appetite.
Vasopressor, diuretic, and natriuretic responses to angiotensins by the American eel, Anguilla rostrata

Administration of angiotensin usually produces dual effects in normotensive man and other mammals: antidiuresis and antinatriuresis in relatively small doses and natriuresis at higher doses. Infusions of angiotensin II-amide and semipurified natural eel angiotensin into freshwater-adapted and saline-loaded American eels, Anguilla rostrata, produced vasopressor, diuretic, and natriuretic responses. Increased glomerular filtration, as estimated from inulin clearances (CIN), apparently caused the diuresis. Diuresis occurred only after clear vasopressor doses of angiotensins. There was no clear correlation, however, between the increase in dorsal aortic pressure and the increase in CIN. Norepinephrine increased dorsal aortic pressure as did the angiotensins, but urine flow and CIN decreased. Marked natriuresis and kaliuresis accompanied angiotensin diuresis. Increases in Na and K excretion rates were well correlated with increases in CIN. The amount of Na filtered and reabsorbed increased, although the percentage of the filtered Na reabsorbed decreased. Natriuresis thus may reflect impaired “glomerulo-tubular balance,” that is, the renal tubules failed to reabsorb Na in proportion to the increased filtered Na load. There was no apparent difference in the mode and magnitude of renal responses to synthetic angiotensin II-amide and to natural eel angiotensin, when these were compared on the basis of equivalent vasopressor activities determined by rat bioassays.
Lepton energy distributions in heavy meson decays from QCD

Abstract We use the techniques of an effective field theory for heavy quark systems to calculate inclusive lepton energy distributions in heavy meson decays. Our approach is patterned after the operator product expansion analysis of R in e+ −e− annihilation and deep inelastic electroproduction. We extend the idea of an operator product expansion to a situation in which we match the physics from a T-product in the high energy theory to a set of local operators in the low energy effective heavy quark field theory. In leading order we reproduce the results of the parton model, but we can also describe the corrections systematically. We are led to the rather surprising conclusion that there are no nonperturbative corrections of order mbΛQCD to the average invariant mass-squared of the final hadronic state.
Experimental modal substructuring to estimate fixed-base modes from tests on a flexible fixture

Abstract Fixed boundary conditions are often difficult if not impossible to simulate experimentally, but they are important to consider in many applications. In principle, modal substructuring or impedance coupling approaches can be used to predict the fixed base modes of a system from tests where the system has some other boundary condition if the motion at the connection point can be measured, but this approach can be highly sensitive to imperfections in the experimental measurements. This work presents two alternatives that reduce the sensitivity to experimental errors, capitalizing on recent works where additional degrees of freedom are used to improve the robustness of substructure uncoupling. The system of interest is tested while mounted on a stiff fixture, where some modes of the fixture inevitably interact with those of the system of interest. The modes of the system–fixture assembly are extracted using a modal test and then a modal substructuring approach is used to apply constraints to eliminate the motion of the fixture. Two types of constraints are proposed, one based on the modes of the fixture and the other on a singular value decomposition of the fixture motion that was observed during the test. Neither approach requires an estimate of the displacements or rotations at the points where the system of interest is connected to the fixture. The methods are validated by applying them to experimental measurements from a simple test system meant to mimic a flexible satellite on a stiff shaker table. A finite element model of the subcomponents was also created and the method is applied to its modes in order to separate the effects of measurement errors and modal truncation. The proposed method produces excellent predictions of the first several modes of the fixed-base structure, so long as modal truncation is minimized. The proposed approach is also applied to experimental measurements from a wind turbine blade mounted in a stiff frame and found to produce reasonable results.
Current practices of driving restriction implementation for patients with brain tumors.

Brain tumors may impair functioning in several neuro-cognitive domains and interfere with sophisticated tasks, such as driving motor vehicles. No formalized national guidelines or recommendations for driving restrictions in patients with brain tumors exist in the US. We created and administered a 24 question survey to 1,157 US medical practitioners, mostly neurosurgeons, radiation oncologists, and medical oncologists, to identify their knowledge of local driving restriction laws and their practice patterns regarding driving restriction instructions to brain tumor patients. Response were collected from 251 (21.7%) and analyzed from 221 (19%) recipients. Seventy-one percent of the respondents indicated they discuss driving recommendations/restrictions with brain tumor patients, with 82% primarily basing this on seizure activity. Approximately 28% of respondents were unsure if they are required by their State’s motor vehicle licensing authority to report medically impaired drivers. Respondents felt that longer periods of restriction prior to re-evaluation are warranted in patients with malignant versus benign brain tumors and high versus low grade gliomas. Only 25% of respondents use formal, standardized testing to determine driving eligibility and approximately 31% address driving restrictions in every patient with a brain tumor. This survey highlights the lack of consensus regarding the responsibilities of physicians treating brain tumor patients in designing and enforcing driving restrictions. We propose that a panel of experts generate driving restriction guidelines to be used in conjunction with objective testing of motor and sensory impairment. These would aid practitioners in developing individualized driving restrictions for every brain tumor patient.
Studies in Refractive Index. I and II

In Part I four methods are described for measuring the refractive index of strongly absorbing liquids. The first two of these depend upon determination of the critical angle of reflection of monochromatic light at a glass-liquid interface. In the third, white light was reflected at angles near the critical angle and was then allowed to enter a spectrograph. Microdensitometer records were made of the resulting spectrograms. Peaks in the record correspond to maxima of the refractive index. In the fourth method the transmitted light was examined visually in a spectroscope. In Part II these methods have been applied to a saturated aqueous solution of potassium permanganate. As a result a dispersion curve was found with a strong anomaly centering about 5473A and in addition a series of minor anomalies corresponding to the banded structure of the absorption spectrum. It is concluded that the band at 5473A is that caused by the fundamental frequency of an electronic transition in the manganese atom.
Determination of 14 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Mainstream Smoke from Domestic Cigarettes

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of environmental pollutants created primarily from incomplete combustion of various organic materials including tobacco. Cigarette smoke is a complex mixture of various classes of compounds, including numerous PAHs, in both the mainstream and the sidestream smoke fractions. We measured the levels of 14 PAHs in mainstream smoke from unfiltered custom cigarettes made from individual tobacco types and 30 brands of domestic blended cigarettes using standardized smoking conditions, extraction from the Cambridge filter pads, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Differences in smoke PAHs from cigarettes with selected tobacco blends were identified and illustrate how blend composition contributes to the overall mainstream smoke PAH profile. The PAH levels varied among the different commercial cigarette brands, with the amount of total mainstream smoke PAHs ranging from 1 to 1.6 microg per cigarette. Under machine smoking conditions, the mainstream smoke from domestic cigarettes had individual PAHs ranging from benzo[k]fluoranthene at levels below 10 ng/cigarette to naphthalene at levels of around 500 ng/cigarette. Low delivery cigarettes smoked with blocked filter vent holes dramatically increased the mainstream smoke PAH deliveries with respect to their unblocked counterparts. Inhalation of PAHs and other harmful chemicals from cigarette smoke are unique as they represent a routine voluntary exposure to common environmental pollutants.
Acute and prolonged administration of glucocorticoids (methylprednisolone) does not affect plasma leptin concentration in humans.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of glucocorticoid administration on leptin in humans. DESIGN A 30 min i.v. infusion of methylprednisolone (METH, 125 mg) or placebo (PLAC) followed by 4 d of oral administration of METH (40 mg/d) or PLAC. Fasting plasma glucose, free-fatty acids (FFA), insulin and leptin concentrations were measured at baseline, 210 min after the beginning of the i.v. infusion and after 4 d of oral treatment. SUBJECTS Twenty healthy non-diabetic male volunteers (27 +/- 5 y, 72 +/- 9 kg, 20 +/- 7% body fat; means +/- s.d.) fed a weight maintenance diet and randomly assigned to METH (n = 10) or PLAC (n = 10) treatment. RESULTS At baseline, leptin was positively correlated with % body fat in the 20 subjects (r = 0.53; P < 0.02). Acute METH administration significantly increased fasting plasma glucose (P < 0.01), but had no effect on insulin, FFA or leptin concentrations as compared to PLAC. Prolonged METH administration significantly increased fasting plasma insulin P < 0.05), but had no effect on glucose, FFA or leptin concentrations as compared to PLAC. CONCLUSION These data suggest that in relatively lean individuals, the administration of therapeutic doses of methylprednisolone does not change plasma leptin concentration.
Interaction of Propanil with Insecticides Applied as Seed Treatments on Rice

Propanil (3, 4-dichloropropionanilide), an herbicide, interacted with certain carbamate and phosphate insecticides as seed treatments on rice. Chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides used as seed treatments did not interact with propanil. The interactions were characterized by leaf burn on seedling rice and subsequent yield loss.
Some Recent Advances and Unsolved Problems in the Culture of Marine Fish Larvae1

Successful rearing of marine fish larvae depends on numerous factors, but a suitable food supply in conjunction with reasonably good water quality are the two factors that are of greatest importance. Most newly hatched marine fishes have mouths that are too small to begin feeding on Artemia sp. nauplii, but some copepod nauplii, rotifers, mollusk larvae, and dinoflagellates provide suitable food. Size of food organisms and the food level maintained in rearing tanks are important for initiation of feeding and for subsequent growth and survival. Optimum rearing temperatures need to be determined for each species to assure that growth is rapid during the larval stage. Both growth and survival of fish larvae are enhanced when a phytoplankton bloom is maintained in the rearing system. Larvae grow and survive better in large culture tanks than in smaller ones. Little is known about optimum stocking densities of eggs and larvae in rearing systems. Abnormal development of larvae is a common occurrence and can be attributed to stresses of the rearing tank environment. Diseases and parasites may affect survival of eggs and larvae. Energy relations have been determined for egg and yolk sac larvae but similar research is required on advanced larval stages. The variability in egg quality that will result from artificial spawning procedures will also be a factor affecting subsequent rearing attempts.
Integration of New Organic Electro-Optic Materials into Silicon and Silicon Nitride Photonics and into Metamaterial and Plasmonic Device Structures

OEO materials are designed for self-assembly that enhances EO activity. Materials are also designed for controlled index of refraction, dielectric permittivity, optical transparency, thermal stability, photochemical stability, and processability.
The witness in the archive: Holocaust Studies/ Memory Studies

What has Holocaust Studies brought to the study of memory, and, conversely, how has theoretical work on the Holocaust been inflected by Memory Studies? Focusing on witness testimony, we argue that ...
Limits of resolution of genetic linkage studies: implications for the positional cloning of human disease genes

Positional cloning studies to identify disease genes are being carried out for many human genetic diseases. Such studies often include a genome-scan linkage analysis to identify the rough chromosomal location of a disease gene, fine structure genetic mapping to define and narrow the chromosomal interval in which the disease gene may be located, and physical mapping and gene identification in the genetically defined interval to clone the disease gene. During the planning of a positional cloning study, it is important to know that, if linkage is found, the genetic interval identified is likely to be sufficiently narrow to be dissected efficiently by methods of physical mapping and gene identification. Thus, we wish to know the limits of resolution of a genetic linkage study. In this paper, I determine for Mendelian diseases the distributions and moments of three measures of linkage resolution: (1) in a set of N chromosomes, the distance between the nearest crossovers that flank a disease locus, (2) the distance between the nearest genetic markers that flank the pair of flanking crossovers after a genome scan, and (3) the distance between the nearest flanking markers after additional randomly placed markers are generated and typed in an identified interval. These results provide explicit sample-size guidelines for future positional cloning studies of Mendelian diseases and make possible a more objective evaluation of whether a proposed positional cloning study is likely to be successful. I also briefly discuss the more difficult problem of linkage resolution for complex genetic diseases.
Hand-assisted laparoscopic splenectomy in patients with splenomegaly or prior upper abdominal operation.

Abstract Background. Laparoscopic splenectomy (LS) in patients with significant splenomegaly or prior upper abdominal operation is technically challenging with a high conversion rate to open operation. We hypothesized that hand-assisted laparoscopic splenectomy (HLS) in this setting would improve operative (OR) outcomes without impacting post-OR ileus, length of stay, morbidity, or mortality, compared with LS. Methods. All patients with splenomegaly (spleen weight ≥ 500 g) or prior upper abdominal operation undergoing LS or HLS between March 1996 and June 2001 were reviewed. Nonparametric continuous variables were expressed as median and intraquartile range with statistical significance determined by Wilcoxon rank sum test. Results. Of 41 patients reviewed, 22 underwent HLS, whereas 19 underwent LS. Median OR time for HLS was significantly less than for LS (161 minutes vs 212 minutes, P =.004). HLS was associated with a lower conversion rate (13.6% vs 36.8%, P =.08) and blood loss (325 mL vs 550 mL, P =.18) than LS, which approached statistical significance. HLS did not increase post-OR ileus, length of stay, morbidity, or mortality. Conclusions. HLS in patients with significant splenomegaly or prior upper abdominal operation significantly shortens OR time compared with LS without adversely impacting post-OR ileus, length of stay, morbidity, or mortality. In addition, HLS may be associated with a lower conversion rate and decreased blood loss. (Surgery 2002;132:689-96).
Estimation and testing of Euler equation models with time-varying reduced-form coefficients

Abstract This paper studies the estimation and testing of Euler equation models in the framework of the classical two-step minimum-distance method. The time-varying reduced-form model in the first step reflects the adaptation of private agents’ beliefs to the changing economic environment. The presumed ability of Euler conditions to deliver stable parameters indexing tastes and technology is interpreted as a time-invariant second-step model. This paper shows that, complementary to and independent of one another, both standard specification test and stability test are required for the evaluation of an Euler equation. As an empirical application, a widely used investment Euler equation is submitted to examination. The empirical outcomes appear to suggest that the standard investment model has not been a success for aggregate investment.
URIDINE DIPHOSPHATE HEXOSES IN LEUKOCYTES AND FIBROBLASTS OF CLASSIC GALACTOSEMICS AND PATIENTS WITH OTHER METABOLIC DISEASES

To examine uridine diphosphate hexose (UDPhexose) content of cells that have more complete metabolic patterns than erythrocytes, which have been commonly used in the study of galactosemia, the concentrations of uridine diphosphate galactose (UDPgalactose) and uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPglucose) were determined in white blood cells (WBC) and fibroblasts cultured from skin biopsies. Leukocyte UDPgalactose and UDPglucose values were determined in 60 normal individuals, 14 classic galactosemics, and 18 patients with other metabolic diseases on protein-restricted and low-lactose diets. There was no difference in the average concentration of these compounds between any of these groups. There was no relationship between age and WBC UDPhexose content or correlation of WBC and erythrocyte UDPhexose levels in the same blood specimens. WBC from galactosemic individuals differ from their red blood cells because the former do not show the low average UDPgalactose levels and abnormal UDPglucose to UDPgalactose ratio previously reported for erythrocytes from galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase-deficient individuals. Fibroblast cell lines from 10 normal and 10 galactosemic individuals, cultured and grown to confluence in glucose medium, also showed no difference in nucleotide sugar concentrations. Thus far, of the cell types easily available, red blood cells appear to be unique in showing an abnormality in nucleotide sugar metabolism. The fact that galactosemic fibroblasts demonstrate no abnormality in the concentration of these compounds suggests that the defective galactosylation that has been observed in galactosemic fibroblasts is not due to unavailability of UDPgalactose.
Broadened conductivity tensor and density of states for a superlattice potential in one, two, and three dimensions

We use a semiclassical method to calculate the conductivity tensor and density of states for independent electrons subject to a periodic potential along one direction. We incorporate into our model collision broadening due to impurities, temperature broadening, and an increase in spatial dimension due to free-electron motion perpendicular to the superlattice. We show that these three effects can all be put on an equal basis by convolving the one-dimensional unbroadened conductivity and density of states with the impurity spectral function, the Fermi-Dirac probability density function, and the one-dimensional free-electron density of states, respectively. We discuss the implications of our results for superlattice and quasi-one-dimensional field-effect transistors.
High temperature strength of Mo–Mo3Si–Mo5SiB2 molybdenum silicides

Abstract Ternary and quaternary intermetallic alloys consisting of the phases Mo 3 Si, Mo 5 SiB 2 (“T2”) and α-Mo (Mo solid solution) were fabricated by melting and casting as well as powder-metallurgy (PM). A newly developed PM technique allowed the fabrication of microstructures with a nearly continuous α-Mo matrix. The creep strengths were determined by slow compression testing at an initial strain rate of 10 −5 s −1 at temperatures ranging from 1200 to 1400 °C. Alloying with niobium improved the creep strength much more than alloying with tungsten. This result is rationalized in terms of the atomic size difference between Mo and Nb. Not only the composition but also the topology and scale of the microstructure had a pronounced influence on the creep strength. As expected, coarse microstructures with isolated α-Mo particles resulted in higher creep strengths than microstructures with a continuous α-Mo matrix.
Dual level intraframe coding for increased video telecommunication bandwidth

While digital video transmission and video conferencing methods have improved significantly over the last few years, the transmission of sign language for individuals who are deaf via this medium still remains a problem. Desktop video teleconferencing systems accommodate the bandwidth limitations of both analog and digital (ISDN) telephone channels by reducing the frame rate while preserving voice quality and only minimally degrading image quality. Sign language transmission requires fidelity to movement (consistent and high frame rate), and requires reasonable image quality only in the areas around the hands and face. This paper presents a dual-level compression approach which uses a newly developed technique to identify the hands and face from the remainder of each video frame. This allows for a very lossy, high compression of most of each frame, while retaining the visual quality necessary to identify hand shapes and read facial expressions. By taking advantage of this compression, additional bandwidth is recaptured to allow an acceptable frame rate that maintains the fidelity of human movement necessary to represent sign language.
An algorithm with constant execution time for dynamic storage allocation

The predictability of the computation time of program modules is very important for estimating an accurate worst-case execution time (WCET) of a task in real-time systems. Dynamic storage allocation (DSA) is a common programming technique. Although many DSA algorithms have been developed, they focus on the average execution time rather than the WCET, making it is very difficult to calculate their WCET accurately. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm called Half-Fit whose WCET can be calculated accurately. The algorithm finds a free block without searching on a free list or tree, allowing extra unusable memory called incomplete memory use. In a simulation following a queueing model of M/G//spl infin/, Half-Fit has the advantage over the binary buddy system of more efficient storage utilization. The binary buddy system is a conventional algorithm whose WCET can be calculated.
A bacterial extracellular DNA inhibits settling of motile progeny cells within a biofilm

In natural systems, bacteria form complex, surface-attached communities known as biofilms. This lifestyle presents numerous advantages compared with unattached or planktonic life, such as exchange of nutrients, protection from environmental stresses and increased tolerance to biocides. Despite such benefits, dispersal also plays an important role in escaping deteriorating environments and in successfully colonizing favourable, unoccupied habitat patches. The α-proteobacterium Caulobacfer crescentus produces a motile swarmer cell and a sessile stalked cell at each cell division. We show here that C. crescentus extracellular DNA (eDNA) inhibits the ability of its motile cell type to settle in a biofilm. eDNA binds to the polar holdfast, an adhesive structure required for permanent surface attachment and biofilm formation, thereby inhibiting cell attachment. Because stalked cells associate tightly with the biofilm through their holdfast, we hypothesize that this novel mechanism acts on swarmer cells born in a biofilm, where eDNA can accumulate to a sufficient concentration to inhibit their ability to settle. By targeting a specific cell type in a biofilm, this mechanism modulates biofilm development and promotes dispersal without causing a potentially undesirable dissolution of the existing biofilm.
Data, the last word: Keep “Data” for data

Marcia Neugebauer's letter (Eos, February 28, p. 129) is yet another reminder that we live in an age of declining literacy. As she correctly observes, the mistaken use of the word “data” for “numerical results” is now widespread, though her suggested solution may be misguided. I see no reason why those who are unable to use language properly should be rewarded with a special word unless it is intended to commemorate ignorance or enshrine slovenly habits o f thought in some novel way. Rather, I urge editors to sustain Neugebauer's preference for the use of existing language to clarify essential distinctions and I urge the rest of us to practice the good sense embodied in Jacque Barzun's essay, “On the Need of an Orderly Mind,” (by Willson Follett, in Modern American Usage, edited by Jacque Barzun, pp. 13–20, Hill and Wang, New York, 1966), or to adopt the trenchant advice of Schopenhauer in his essay “On Style,” in The Works of Schopenhauer, edited by Will Durant, pp. 507–521, Garden City Publishing Co., New York, 1928.
Vav3, a Rho GTPase Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor, Increases during Progression to Androgen Independence in Prostate Cancer Cells and Potentiates Androgen Receptor Transcriptional Activity

The progression of prostate cancer from androgen dependence to androgen independence is often accompanied by enhanced androgen receptor (AR) transcriptional activity. We observed a marked increase in the expression of Vav3, a Rho GTPase guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), during the progression of human prostate cancer LNCaP cells to the androgen-independent derivative, LNCaP-R1. GEFs activate Rho family GTPases by promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP. Reporter gene assays showed that Vav3 potentiated AR transcriptional activity, and knock down of Vav3 resulted in decreased AR transactivation. Vav3 also increased androgen-induced levels of prostate-specific antigen mRNA. Furthermore, Vav3 enhanced AR activity at subnanomolar concentrations of androgen. This finding is particularly relevant because low androgen levels may be present in prostate tissue of patients undergoing androgen deprivation therapy. Enhancement of AR activity by Vav3 required amino terminal activation function 1 (AF1) of AR; however, Vav3 did not interact with AR or increase AR levels. Neither GEF function nor the C-terminal domains of Vav3 were required for Vav3-mediated enhancement of AR activity; however, the pleckstrin homology domain was obligatory. These data show that Vav3 levels rise during progression to androgen independence and support continued AR signaling (even under conditions of low androgen) by a novel GEF-independent cross-talk mechanism.
Sufficient Conditions for the Existence of Zeno Behavior

In this paper, sufficient conditions for the existence of Zeno behavior in a class of hybrid systems are given; these are the first sufficient conditions on Zeno of which the authors are aware for hybrid systems with nontrivial dynamics. This is achieved by considering a class of hybrid systems termed diagonal first quadrant (DFQ) hybrid systems. When the underlying graph of a DFQ hybrid system has a cycle, we can construct an in finite execution for this system when the vector fields on each domain satisfy certain assumptions. To this execution, we can associate a single discrete time dynamical system that describes its continuous evolution. Therefore, we reduce the study of executions of DFQ hybrid systems to the study of a single discrete time dynamical system. We obtain sufficient conditions for the existence of Zeno by determining when this discrete time dynamical system is exponentially stable.
Stakeholder identification and assumption surfacing in small groups: an experimental study

The authors investigated the impact of a GDSS (group decision support systems) based on the stakeholder identification and assumption surfacing model for strategic planning impact analysis. A controlled laboratory experiment was used to compare the results of four-person groups which had GDSS support, comparable manual support, and no support. Measures were taken on decision outcomes (quality, time and satisfaction with the outcomes) and decision process variables (quantity of unique alternatives, distribution of individual participation, and satisfaction with the process). Observational data was recorded through the use of videotape of the sessions. Results of the experiment are presented. >
In vitro reactions of aflatoxin B1-adducted DNA

Abstract The chemical stability of aflatoxin B1 bound to calf thymus DNA was studied over a 48-hour exposure to phosphate buffers at pH 6.8-8.0 (37 degrees C). During this time, aliquots of the aflatoxin B1-modified DNA were acid-hydrolyzed and analyzed for the presence of 2,3-dihydro-2-(N7-guanyl)-3-hydroxyflatoxin B1, 2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxy-aflatoxin B1, and the tentatively identified, 2,3-dihydro-2-(N5-formyl-2',5',6'-triamino-4'-oxo-N5-pyrimidyl-3-hydroxyflatoxin B1 and 2,3-dihydro-2-(8,9-dihydro-8-hydroxy-N7-guanyl)-3-hydroxyaflatoxin B1. Initial experiments determined the stability of 2,3-dihydro-2-(N7-guanyl)-3-hydroxyaflatoxin B1 in DNA at levels of modification of one residue per 60 and 1500 nucleotides. The acid-hydrolysis products obtained from these modified nucleic acids were qualitatively similar, but their proportional concentrations were different. These quantitative differences were dependent upon both pH and the initial level of modification of the DNA. During the first 6 hr of incubation, under all conditions examined, the formation of 2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxyaflatoxin B1 was responsible for the initial decrease of the 2,3-dihydro-2-(N7-guanyl)-3-hydroxyaflatoxin B1 adduct in DNA. After 48 hr of incubation at pH 7.0, the major reaction of the modified DNA was depurination of the 2,3-dihydro-2-(N7-guanyl)-3-hydroxyaflatoxin B1 adduct. However, at pH 8.0, the predominant reaction product formed in 48 hr was the putative 2,3-dihydro-2-(N5-formyl-2',5',6'-triamino-4'-oxo-N5-pyrimidyl)-3-hydroxy-aflatoxin B1. The putative DNA-bound products resulting from the elimination of the positive charge in the imidazole ring of the aflatoxin-N7-guanine adduct [2,3-dihydro-2-(N5-formyl-2',5',6'-triamino-4'-oxo-N5-pyrimidyl)-3-hydroxy-aflatoxin B1 and 2,3-dihydro-2-(8,9-dihydro-8-hydroxy-N7-guanyl)-3-hydroxyaflatoxin B1] were found to be stable in DNA for at least 24 hr at both pH 6.8 and 7.4. Taken together with observed patterns of stability of aflatoxin B1 adducts in vivo, these observations strongly suggest the involvement of enzymatic repair processes in removal of the N7-guanyl adduct and also emphasize the possible biological significance of the stable imidazole ring-opened adduct.
Implicit affect in organizations

Our goal is to integrate the construct of implicit affect—affective processes activated or processed outside of conscious awareness that influence ongoing thought, behavior, and conscious emotional experience—into the field of organizational behavior. We begin by offering a definition and review of implicit processes, including implicit cognition, motivation and affect. We then draw upon recent empirical research in psychology and neuroscience to make the case for a three category framework of implicit affect: (1) implicit sources of affect (2) implicit experiencing of affect and (3) implicit regulation of affect. To demonstrate the use of this framework in organizational scholarship, we present illustrative examples from organizational behavior research that represent each category. Given the limited amount of research in the organizational domain, we focus on demonstrating how an implicit affect perspective might alter or extend theoretical perspectives about a variety of organizational phenomena. We then discuss methodological options and challenges for studying implicit affect within the organizational domain. In sum, we provide a theoretical and methodological roadmap as well as a call for action for understanding the role of implicit affective processes in organizational behavior.