cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Meta-Analysis: The Effects of CBT as a Clinic- & School-Based Treatment on Students’ Mathematics Anxiety

The purpose of this meta-analysis was to examine the effects of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) interventions as a clinic-based treatment on students’ mathematics anxiety level. A total of 7 studies containing 14 effect sizes were selected for inclusion in the present meta-analysis. Results indicated that the overall effect size was moderate to strong (g = -0.76 with SD = 0.04). The implication from the present study is that CBT can be a useful intervention to reduce students’ mathematics anxiety.
Psychosocial risk factors and outcomes associated with suicide attempts in childhood: A retrospective study

Abstract Objective To examine factors differentiating individuals whose first suicide attempt was during childhood (ages 5–12 yrs) from those who first attempted suicide during adolescence (13–19 yrs) and during adulthood (≥20 yrs). Method A sample of 418 participants (ages 18–64 yrs) with a mood disorder and ≥1 lifetime suicide attempt was divided into three groups according to age of first suicide attempt (childhood: N = 43, adolescent: N = 149, adulthood: N = 226) and compared on demographics, childhood adversity, parental psychopathology, comorbid lifetime axis I diagnoses, self-harm and characteristics of first attempt. Results Participants in the Childhood Attempt group were more likely to report childhood adversity, parental alcohol use disorder and subsequent suicide attempts than the two other groups. They were also more likely to have a depressed mother, non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) during childhood and adolescence, lifetime PTSD and aggressive behavior than the Adulthood Attempt group. The Adolescent Attempt group had more childhood adversity, parental suicidal behavior, lifetime PTSD and NSSI during adolescence than the Adulthood Attempt group. The groups differed on methods of first attempt, and its lethality was related to age of attempt. Conclusions Early adversity and parental psychopathology are particularly prominent in those who make childhood suicide attempts, suggesting that this group may represent a suicidal behavior subtype.
SrSnO 3 Field-Effect Transistors With Recessed Gate Electrodes

Fabrication of gate-recessed SrSnO3 (SSO) metal-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MESFETs) with Ni Schottky gates is reported on bi-layer epitaxial SSO films with a thin heavily-doped cap layer. Devices with 0.5- $\mu \text{m}$ gate length showed enhancement-mode behavior with a saturation drain current, ${I}_{\text {DSAT}}$ , of 33 mA/mm and peak transconductance, ${g}_{\text {m,max}}$ , of 65 mS/mm. The ${g}_{\text {m,max}}$ value is a roughly $2\times $ improvement over control devices fabricated on single-layer films. Gate-recessed SSO MESFETs with Pt Schottky gates were also explored on the bi-layer films. Devices with 1- $\mu \text{m}$ gate length displayed ${I}_{\text {DSAT}} =133$ mA/mm and $g_{\text {m,max}} =73$ mS/mm, after thermal annealing.
Deep learning-empowered digital twin for visualized weld joint growth monitoring and penetration control

Abstract This paper presents an innovative digital twin to monitor and control complex manufacturing processes by integrating deep learning which offers strong feature extraction and analysis abilities. Taking welding manufacturing as a case study, a deep learning-empowered digital twin is developed as the visualized digital replica of the physical welding for joint growth monitoring and penetration control. In such a system, the information available directly from sensors including weld pool images, arc images, welding current and arc voltage is collected in pulsed gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW-P). Then, the undirect information charactering the weld joint geometry and determining the welding quality, including the weld joint top-side bead width (TSBW) and back-side bead width (BSBW), is computed/estimated by traditional image processing methods and deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) respectively. Compared with single image source, weld pool image or arc image, the CNN model performs better when taking the 2-channel composite image combined by both as the input and the state-of-the-art accuracy in BSBW prediction with mean square error (MSE) as 0.047 mm2 is obtained. Then, a decision-making strategy is developed to control the welding penetration to meet the quality requirement and applied successfully in various welding conditions. By modeling the weld joint cross section as an ellipse, the developed digital twin is visualized to offer a graphical user interface (GUI) for users perceiving the weld joint growth intuitively and effectively.
Efficacy of mindfulness-based relapse prevention in veterans with substance use disorders: Design and methodology of a randomized clinical trial.

Abstract Mindfulness based interventions have been shown to be efficacious in treating depression, anxiety, pain and substance use disorders (SUDs). Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention (MBRP) is an intervention that integrates cognitive-behavioral relapse prevention and mindfulness meditation practices, in an 8-week, manualized group intervention designed to treat SUDs by helping patients regulate negative emotional states and reactive behavior. This paper describes the rationale, study design and methodology of a two-site, randomized controlled trial comparing MBRP to 12-Step Facilitation (TSF) in military Veterans following completion of intensive outpatient treatment for SUDs. The 8 weeks of 90-min, group-based MBRP or TSF sessions are followed by 3-, 6- and 10-month follow-up period with assessments of alcohol/drug use, quality of life, depression, anxiety, mindfulness and other functional outcomes, such as employment. The primary hypothesis is that MBRP will be significantly better than TSF in promoting recovery and prevention of relapse to substance use in a military Veteran population. The secondary hypothesis is that MBRP will lead to greater improvements in quality of life, depression/anxiety, and functional outcomes, such as employment. This study is designed to provide information about the use of group-based MBRP as a relapse prevention strategy for military Veterans who have completed an intensive SUD clinical treatment program. Clinical Trial Identifier: NCT02326363
Perverse Results from Pharmaceutical Patents in the United States

In the United States, pharmaceutical patents have had a number of perverse and anticompetitive effects on the development and marketing of prescription drugs. Although some of these effects are unique to the United States, others have implications for patent policy across the world. Among the negative effects of drug patents are: (1) examples of misguided, anti-social, and anticompetitive promotion of patented drugs; (2) misguided incentives that push drug firms toward too much or too little research and development in critical areas: and (3) cartel-facilitating conduct linked to patent licenses or settlements of litigation involving drug patents. Some of these issues can be addressed directly through reforms in patent and competition law policy. There is, however, a need for a broader study of the role of patents in promoting drug research. That study should consider alternatives to the patent system, such as a prize system structured to supplement or partially replace patent rewards for pharmaceutical R&D.
The Role of Second Messenger Pathways in the Pathophysiology of Hyperapob and Premature Coronary Artery Disease

The development of coronary artery disease (CAD) results from the interplay of a variety of genetic and environmental factors. A number of risk factors for CAD have been described including elevated plasma levels of total cholesterol and its major carrier, low density lipoprotein (LDL), a low level of high density lipoprotein (HDL), hypertension, cigarette smoking, obesity, diabetes mellitus, physical inactivity and a diet high in total fat, saturated fat and cholesterol (1). Whether a high level of plasma triglyceride and its major carrier, very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) is an independent risk factor for CAD in controversial, but many patients with CAD have hypertriglyceridemia (2). However, all of these risk factors in aggregate account for only about 50 percent of the risk for developing CAD (3).
The Science of Polymer Molecules: Molecular weight and molecular weight distribution

Since the achievement of the physical properties characteristic of high polymers depends critically on molecular weight, it is most important to be able to define and measure this quantity. In this chapter definitions are taken up and basic concepts illustrated, largely by the example of step polymerization. The companion conclusions with respect to chain polymerization are necessarily deferred until the treatment of polymerization kinetics is undertaken (in Chapter 4). The subject of branching and crosslinking is also introduced. In the next chapter (Chapter 3) the various methods for measuring molecular weight are considered. Before proceeding, it is worth giving a brief overview of how certain key material properties depend on molecular weight. In doing so, no effects of molecular weight distribution are considered, only some broad generalizations that are based on average molecular weight are taken up. These properties naturally group themselves into three categories and the effect of molecular weight on each of them is different. The first category is what might be considered typical thermophysical properties such as melting point, heat capacity and, especially important, elastic properties. All of these have the characteristic that they ‘saturate’ with molecular weight. That is, they become independent of molecular weight as the latter increases. Figure 2.1 shows the melting points of alkane or paraffin crystals as chain length increases toward their high molecular weight counterpart, polyethylene.
The Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation and the Dog in the Night

Recent observational results on both the spectrum and the angular distribution of the cosmic microwave background radiation are reviewed, with special emphasis on null results or upper limits. “Is there any other point to which you would wish to draw my attention?” “To the curious incident of the dog in the nighttime.” “The dog did nothing in the nighttime.” “That was the curious incident,” remarked Sherlock Holmes. “The Silver Blaze”, by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
Antinuclear and anticytoplasmic antibodies: Concepts and misconceptions

Skin involvement is a common feature of several diseases in which circulating autoantibodies to nuclear and cytoplasmic antigens can be found. Patients with these diseases can be managed more efficiently if the physician is fully aware of the diagnostic and prognostic value of these various antinuclear and anticytoplasmic antibodies. The dermatologist, therefore, not infrequently, must face the bewildering task of ordering and interpreting the results of assays for an ever-increasing number of circulating autoantibodies. In this report, we have attempted to make this task less burdensome for the clinician by pointing out the basis for some of the confusion that has arisen in this area. The confusion has resulted primarily from a failure to recognize the limitations of the various assays involved.
Changing paradigms of genetic counseling

Genetic counseling, as a formal medical specialty, has been around since the 1970s. This article provides an overview of current genetic counseling providers and services while weaving in an historical perspective to illustrate how much the profession has evolved since then. We describe the current qualifications and work settings of genetic counseling providers and detail the components of genetic counseling sessions; collecting family history information, assessing risk, arranging genetic testing, and providing counseling. Lastly, we describe some family dilemmas and ethical issues that are unique or more intense in genetics and ponder the possible impact of increased genetic testing opportunities on future medical practices. Keywords: genetic counseling; genetic counselors; genetic testing; risk assessment; family dilemmas; ethical issues
Application of Next Generation Sequencing to Molecular Diagnosis of Inherited Diseases

Recent development of high throughput, massively parallel sequencing (MPS or next generation sequencing, NGS) technology has revolutionized the molecular diagnosis of human genetic disease. The ability to generate enormous amount of sequence data in a short time at an affordable cost makes this approach ideal for a wide range of applications from sequencing a group of candidate genes, all coding regions (known as exome sequencing) to the entire human genome. The technology brings about an unprecedented application to the identification of the molecular basis of hard-to-diagnose genetic disorders. This chapter reviews the up-to-date published application of next generation sequencing in clinical molecular diagnostic laboratories. We also emphasize the various target gene enrichment methods and their advantages and shortcomings. Obstacles to compliance with regulatory authorities like CLIA/CAP in clinical settings are also briefly discussed.
Prevention of Perioperative Renal Failure

Acute renal failure in the perioperative setting is a significant complication of anaesthesia and surgery. Preventive strate­gies may be considered the best strategy to prevent renal impairment and consequent renal failure. The anaesthesiologist must identify high risk patients preoperatively to prevent postoperative renal dysfunction along with optimizing intravascular volume status and cardiac output as well as renal function and avoiding nephrotoxins in the perioperative period. This can best be accomplished if the clinician understands the pathophysiological basis of the disease process.
A New Species of Rights

In the first week of Property I, my students and I encounter Pierson and Post, two nineteenth century sportsmen who covet the same fox in an "uninhabited wilderness" known today as Queens, New York.2 One man (Post) pursues the animal to near exhaustion; his rival (Pierson) lies in wait, then shrewdly fells the fox near the chase's end.3 The men's eventual dispute will involve the ownership of the dead creature's pelt, but before that, I focus my class's attention on the seconds before the kill. "At that moment," I ask, "who owns the fox?" "Post," will say one student. "The landowner," will suggest another, unsure of who that could possibly be. At last, showing either a blush or a smirk, someone will always say, "The fox?"
Numerical image manipulation and display in solar astronomy.

The paper describes the system configuration and data manipulation capabilities of a solar image display system which allows interactive analysis of visual images and on-line manipulation of digital data. Image processing features include smoothing or filtering of images stored in the display, contrast enhancement, and blinking or flickering images. A computer with a core memory of 28,672 words provides the capacity to perform complex calculations based on stored images, including computing histograms, selecting subsets of images for further analysis, combining portions of images to produce images with physical meaning, and constructing mathematical models of features in an image. Some of the processing modes are illustrated by some image sequences from solar observations.
CMV and inflammation contribute to decreased B cell vaccine response in the elderly (LYM6P.777)

We previously showed intrinsic age-related defects in the in vivo and in vitro B cell responses to the seasonal influenza vaccine. Serum antibody responses were associated with the in vitro B cell response to the vaccine, measured by AID (activation-induced cytidine deaminase). Both responses decrease with age and are significantly correlated. In order to develop predictive markers for a beneficial humoral immune response, we measured markers of systemic and B cell-intrinsic inflammation. We hypothesized that the increased pro-inflammatory status of the elderly (including CMV) would directly impact B cell function, thus impairing the capacity of the individual to respond to vaccination. Our results show that aged B cells themselves make TNF-α before vaccine challenge, which positively correlates with serum markers of inflammation, but negatively correlates with B cell function, measured by AID expression after B cell stimulation. From the last 2 years (2011/2012 and 2012/2013) we show that CMV seropositivity is associated with lower in vivo and in vitro vaccine responses in both young and elderly. Recent studies will also be presented on the CD4 and CD8 TEMRA shown to be associated with lower antibody response. Our results reveal new molecular mechanisms which contribute to reduced antibody responses in aging and suggest that these will have an impact for crucial development of effective vaccines to protect the elderly from infectious and other debilitating diseases.
The Millimeter/Submillimeter Spectrum and Rotational Rest Frequencies of MgCH3(X̃ 2A1)

The pure rotational spectrum of the free radical MgCH3( 2A1) has been measured in the laboratory for the first time using millimeter/submillimeter direct absorption spectroscopy. The molecule was made in a DC discharge by the reaction of magnesium vapor and dimethyl mercury. Ten rotational transitions of this species were observed in the range 176-374 GHz. MgCH3 is a symmetric top molecule with net spin angular momentum. Consequently, both K structure and spin-rotation interactions were observed in every rotational transition. The data were analyzed with a2A1 Hamiltonian and rotational, centrifugal distortion, and fine-structure parameters were accurately determined. These measurements will now enable a search for this radical in interstellar and circumstellar sources to be conducted using millimeter/submillimeter telescopes.
Thermonuclear runaway model

The nova outburst requires an energy source that is energetic enough to eject material and is able to recur. The Thermonuclear Runaway (TNR) model, coupled with the binary nature of nova systems satisfies these conditions. The white dwarf/red dwarf binary nature of novae was first recognized as a necessary conditions by Kraft. The small separation characteristic of novae systems allows the cool, red secondary to overflow is Roche lobe. In the absence of strong, funneling magnetic fields, the angular momentum of this material prevents it from falling directly onto the primary, and it first forms a disk around the white dwarf. This material is eventually accreted from the disk onto the white dwarf. As the thickness of this hydrogen-rich layer increases, the degenerate matter at the base reaches a temperature that is high enough to initiate thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen. Thermonuclear energy release increases the temperature which in turn increases the energy generation rate. Because the material is degenerate, the pressure does not increase with temperature, which normally allows a star to adjust itself to a steady nuclear burning rate. Thus the temperature and nuclear energy generation increase and a TNR results. When the temperature reaches the Fermi temperature, degeneracymore » is lifted and the rapid pressure increase causes material expansion. The hydrogen-rich material either is ejected or consumed by nuclear burning, and the white dwarf returns to its pre-outburst state. The external source of hydrogen fuel from the secondary allows the while process to repeat. 43 refs., 8 figs.« less
Monovalent ionophores inhibit acetylcholinesterase release from cultured chick embryo skeletal muscle cells.

Acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) is a glycoprotein that is released in large amounts from embryonic chick muscle in vivo and in vitro . We show in this paper that the ionophores that transport monovalent cations and divalent cations markedly affect the accumulation and release of ACHE. ACHE release can be stimulated by low levels of the calcium ionophore A23187 and inhibited by low levels of the carboxylic ionophores which transport monovalent cations. Release of ACHE is inhibited 50% by 0.1 µM Monensin, or 0.05 µM Nigericin and is stimulated maximally by 0.05-0.1 µM A23187. The inhibition of ACHE release by the ionophores and the accompanying accumulation of ACHE activity in the cell is rapid and reversible; the inhibition of ACHE release by the ionophores is not due to an overall inhibition of protein synthesis. The ionophores Monensin and Nigericin cause large membranous vesicles to appear in the vicinity of the muscle nucleii. These appear at ionophore concentrations that are 50 to 500 times lower than those previously reported to swell the Golgi of smooth muscle and immunoglobulin secreting cells. The possibility is raised that the membranous vesicles we observe after ionophore treatment are also derived from the golgi of skeletal muscle and represent sites of intracellular ACHE accumulation and transport. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to thank the University of Connecticut Electron Microscopy Facility for performing the electron microscopy. We would like to thank Ms. Patrice Favreau and Ms. Rita Laraia for their excellent technical assistance.
LINKAGE OF A KNOWN CHLOROPLAST GENE MUTATION TO THE UNIPARENTAL GENOME OF CHLAMYDOMONAS REINHARDII

Data are presented that associate three new markers with the uniparental linkage group in Chlamydomonas reinhardii. One of these, mutant 10-6C, is a genetic marker for the structural gene of the large subunit of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase. These results provide the first direct link between the uniparental gene map and the physical map of chloroplast DNA. The other two markers, Dr2 (DCMU resistant) and 8-36C (deficient in photosystem II activity), map to a single locus. The data suggest that mixing in zygotic chloroplasts may not be complete so that input genomes do not have equal opportunities to recombine. The data are not compatible with simple linear or circular maps but can be explained on the basis of the known physical structure of chloroplast DNA.
SDM: selective dynamic manipulation of visualizations

In this paper we present a new set of interactive techniques for 2D and 3D visualizations. This set of techniques is called SDM (Selective Dynamic Manipulation). Selective, indicating our goal for providing a high degree of user control in selecting an object set, in selecting interactive techniques and the properties they affect, and in the degree to which a user action affects the visualization. Dynamic, indicating that the interactions all occur in real-time and that interactive animation is used to provide better contextual information to users in response to an action or operation. Manipulation, indicating the types of interactions we provide, where users can directly move objects and transform their appearance to perform different tasks. While many other approaches only provide interactive techniques in isolation, SDM supports a suite of techniques which users can combine to solve a wide variety of problems.
Solving the Puzzle of Irredentism: Successful Nationalists and Ambivalent Kinfolk

For Kin or Country: Xenophobia, Nationalism, and War. Edited by Stephen M. Saideman, R. William Ayres. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008. 288 pp., $35.00 hardcover (ISBN-13: 978-0-231-14478-0). Why do some countries pursue, in the name of their ethnic brethren abroad, aggressive foreign policies toward other states and the restoration of lost territory, while other countries facing circumstances similarly conducive to irredentism do not? This book moves effectively toward answering this question and, in doing so, challenges much conventional wisdom on the topic of nationalism and the presumed mix of opportunities and constraints that shape the foreign policy behavior of states. The authors are respected scholars in the field of ethnic politics. Their analysis and manner of presentation are simultaneously sophisticated and accessible. Saideman and Ayres generate clear, testable hypotheses and operationalize key variables without burdening readers with social science jargon. Together they bring a wealth of academic knowledge and policy experience to bear on a timely and important topic. The main question that drives this text is why some countries pursue irredentist policies and others do not. By irredentism, the authors are referring to “territorial claims made by one state that are based on ethnic ties to a minority population that resides within another recognized state” (p. 45). Irredentism and the pervasiveness of less virulent forms of nationalism in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union famously dashed hopes that the post-Cold War era would be one of peace and prosperity …
Feeding Tubes: Three Perspectives

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tubes, or PEG tubes, look innocuous enough-narrow, plastic, pliable tubes, that when inserted into the stomach protrude approximately 3 to 5 inches and can be attached to a bag of liquid food. How can something so seemingly straightforward create so much controversy and evoke such intense emotion? It seems that part of the answer lies in the fact that nobody sees the same thing when they look at a feeding tube. This article will present three different views of gastrostomy tubes and challenge practitioners to think beyond traditional models.
Simple, efficient, and modular syntheses of polyene natural products via iterative cross-coupling.

This communication describes the discovery of air-stable and highly versatile B-protected haloalkenylboronic acid building blocks for iterative cross-coupling. These reagents enable the total synthesis of polyene natural products with extraordinary levels of simplicity, efficiency, and modularity. Specifically, all-trans-retinal, β-parinaric acid, and one-half of the amphotericin B macrolide skeleton were prepared using only the Suzuki−Miyaura reaction in an iterative manner to bring together collections of simple and readily accessible building blocks. In contrast to their boronic acid counterparts, the intermediate polyenylboronate esters are remarkably stable (to both column purification and storage), which is critical to their successful utilization. Moreover, the reactive boronic acids can be cleanly liberated using very mild aqueous base. These advances have enabled preparation of the longest polyene ever synthesized using the SM reaction. We additionally report, to the best of our knowledge, the fi...
Propyl ions and protonated cyclopropane as intermediates in the reaction of methyl cations with ethylene

Abstract The reaction of CH3+ with C2H4 has been studied by injecting CH3 + ions having a kinetic energy of 2.6 eV into a collision cell containing C2H4 at pressures in the range 0.25–2.5 millitorr. The major product of the reaction is C2H 3+, with C2H3+ and C3H5+ observed as minor products. No C3 H7+ ions are observed, but isotopic variants of the reaction using C2D4 and 13 CH3+ as reactants strongly suggest that the reaction proceeds via (CH3)2CH+ and (cyclo-C3H6H+ intermediates. The much shorter lifetime of the C3H7+* collision complexes in this study as compared with the analogous collision complex in the SiH3+/C2 H4 reaction is rationalized on the basis of the potential-energy profiles of the two reactions.
Mapping of evaporite deformation in a potash mine using ground penetrating radar: Upper Kama deposit, Russia

Abstract Understanding the deformation processes in potash mines is very important for safe mining, planning the methods of extracting the orebody, and the prevention of catastrophic water inflow. A variety of deformational structures are present in the Upper Kama potash deposit. Folding is a dominant and most common form of deformation of ductile evaporites (herein also referred to as salts). Brittle deformation occurs rarely but is of more significance from the perspective of mine safety because fractures affect the supporting capability of mine pillars and can provide passageway for water inflow. Continuous common offset ground penetrating radar (GPR) data were acquired in the potash mine operated by the Joint Stock Company (JSC) “Silvinit” to investigate a set of pre-existing fractures and related deformational structures. Open fractures, faults and folds were mapped using 2-D and 3-D GPR techniques. Detection of millimetric scale fractures was available due to high salt/air dielectric properties contrast and low background noise within uniform salt rock. FK filtering significantly improved fracture detection and imaging. A spatial model of one set of fractures was created using 3-D GPR imaging. Migration was applied to GPR data to obtain the true geometry of the strongly folded salt beds. The results of studies showed that GPR is capable of providing valuable information about deformation within the evaporite formations of the Upper Kama potash deposit.
The Effects of Various Factors on Air Cell Tremulosity

Abstract INTRODUCTION THE downgrading of eggs with tremulous air cells, which occurs during farm-to-store processing, has for some time been an economic problem to the poultry industry. Depending on the ultimate marketing location, tolerance in tremulosity varies; that is, the economic consequence of downgrading varies by states according to the magnitude in tremulosity which their shell egg marketing laws permit. Up to twenty-five percent downgrading of eggs with tremulous air cells occurs in some Northeastern States which permit no movement of the air cell in some grades. It is a generally accepted fact that transportation is the cause of tremulosity in air cells. A review of the literature provided no evidence of any reported work on the effects of various factors on air cell tremulosity. In this study, differing storage or holding conditions in temperature and percent relative humidity, and oiling, were examined to determine what effect, if any, these may…
The Endogenous Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator 27-Hydroxycholesterol Is a Negative Regulator of Bone Homeostasis

Osteoporosis is an important clinical problem, affecting more than 50% of people over age 50 yr. Estrogen signaling is critical for maintaining proper bone density, and the identification of an endogenous selective estrogen receptor (ER) modulator, 27-hydroxycholesterol (27HC), suggests a mechanism by which nutritional/metabolic status can influence bone biology. With its levels directly correlated with cholesterol, a new possibility emerges wherein 27HC links estrogen and cholesterol signaling to bone homeostasis. In these studies, we found that increasing concentrations of 27HC, both by genetic and pharmacological means, led to decreased bone mineral density that was associated with decreased bone formation and increased bone resorption. Upon manipulation of endogenous estrogen levels, many of the responses to elevated 27HC were altered in such a way as to implicate ER as a likely mediator. In a model of postmenopausal bone loss, some pathologies associated with elevated 27HC were exacerbated by the absence of endogenous estrogens, suggesting that 27HC may act both in concert with and independently from classic ER signaling. These data provide evidence for interactions between estrogen signaling, cholesterol and metabolic disease, and osteoporosis. Patients with high cholesterol likely also have higher than average 27HC, perhaps putting them at a higher risk for bone loss and fracture. More studies are warranted to fully elucidate the mechanism of action of 27HC in bone and to identify ways to modulate this pathway therapeutically.
Methods for primary concentration of viruses from water samples: a review and meta‐analysis of recent studies

Since the beginning of environmental virology in the mid-twentieth century, a key challenge to scientists in the environmental field has been how to collect, isolate and detect pathogenic viruses from water that is used for drinking and/or recreational purposes. Early studies investigated different types of membrane filters, with more sophisticated technologies being developed more recently. The purpose of this study was to look at the current state of the science of methods for the concentration of viruses from water. Several technologies were reviewed, and associated data were included in a meta-analysis which showed that electronegative filters, electropositive filters and ultrafilters are comparable in performance and that significant differences in recovery are due to virus type rather than filter type, water matrix or sample volume. This information is useful, as it will help to determine which method(s) should be used, particularly if there is a specific viral type being targeted for a particular study. In addition, it will be helpful when sampling different environmental water matrices and/or when budget allowance must be taken into consideration. Taken together, this will be useful in performing viral occurrence studies, which ultimately can help ensure safer water for both humans and the environment.
Heat conduction with nonlinear boundary condition

The paper is concerned with determination of the solution of the one-dimensional heat equation in a semi-infinite region subject to a nonlinear boundary condition at the surface. The exact solution is obtained and is expressed in infinite series. It is shown that the series is absolutely and uniformly convergent. Two special cases of Newton's cooling and of Stefan-Boltzmann's radiation at the boundary are discussed.
Strictureplasty in Diffuse Crohn’s Jejunoileitis

PURPOSE: As an alternative to resection, strictureplasty may allow for preservation of intestinal length and avoidance of short-bowel syndrome in patients with diffuse Crohn’s jejunoileitis. However, the long-term durability of the procedure and its safety have not been confirmed. The purpose of this study was to report our experience with strictureplasty for diffuse Crohn’s jejunoileitis. METHODS: Between 1984 and 1999, 123 patients underwent a laparotomy that included an index strictureplasty for diffuse jejunoileitis. Patient history, operative details, and postoperative morbidities were obtained by chart review. Nineteen patients (15 percent) were receiving total parenteral nutrition for short-bowel syndrome, and 81 (66 percent) were taking chronic steroids. Total number of strictureplasties performed was 701 (median, 5/patient). Seventy percent of patients underwent a synchronous bowel resection. Follow-up information was determined by personal or phone interviews. Recurrence was defined as the need for reoperation, and risk was calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Patients with diffuse jejunoileitis were also compared with 219 patients with limited small-bowel Crohn’s disease undergoing strictureplasty. RESULTS: The overall morbidity rate was 20 percent, with septic complications occurring in 6 percent. The surgical recurrence rate was 29 percent with a median follow-up period of 6.7 (range, 1–16) years. The recurrence rate in diffuse jejunoileitis patients did not differ from that seen in patients with limited small-bowel Crohn’s disease (P = 0.38). Short duration of disease and short interval since last surgery were significant predictors of accelerated recurrence (P = 0.008 and 0.04, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Strictureplasty is a safe and durable alternative to resection in diffuse Crohn’s jejunoileitis. Patients with a short duration of disease and short interval since last surgery are at higher risk for accelerated recurrence. Patients with diffuse jejunoileitis do not appear to be at higher risk for recurrence than patients with more limited Crohn’s disease.
The choice to text and drive in younger drivers: Behavior may shape attitude

Following a previous study that reported a large number of young adult drivers text and drive, the current study investigated this behavior by looking at patterns of use and driver assessment of the risk of the behavior. The data from the current study converge with and extended the previous work showing 70% of the 348 young adult drivers surveyed report initiating texts while driving while higher numbers reply to texts (81%) and read texts (92%) while driving. Additional drivers also report doing these behaviors, but only while stopped in traffic, showing only 2% never text and drive under any circumstances. The drivers indicated that they perceived these behaviors to be very risky and riskier than talking on a cell phone while driving, but perception of risk was a very weak predictor of behavior (for initiating texts) or had no effect on texting (for replying or reading texts while driving). In addition, a factor analysis of the perception of road conditions while texting revealed that making the choice to engage in texting (initiating) led drivers to perceive road conditions as being safer than if they replied to a text or read a text, suggesting that choosing to engage in the behavior itself changes attitudes toward risk.
Freud, Piaget and Macmurray: A theory of knowledge from the standpoint of personal relations

Abstract The following comparisons between Freud's and Piaget's concepts are proposed: eros drive = constructive assimilation = direction toward the object in the sense of love for newness and otherness; death drive = constrictive assimilation = direction away from or destruction of the object out of fear for self to preserve the system. Eros and assimilation drive combine in the developing object and symbol formation to transform personal relations and knowledge. These psychological theories are further confirmed by evolutionary considerations about human social relations and by Macmurray's philosophy of personal relations as the primary function of reason.
Effects of adsorbed organic and primary fouling films on bryozoan settlement

Marine primary fouling films, which consist of molecular organic and microbial components, have been reported to facilitate colonization of immersed surfaces by marine fouling organisms. Larvae of the cosmopolitan fouling bryozoan Bugula neritina (Linnaeus) were offered various substrata for attachment and metamorphosis. The materials were offered (a) after detergent washing, (b) after sorption of dissolved organic molecular films, and (c) after formation of primary films consisting of both microbial and adsorbed organic material. Wettability of the substrata by sea water was determined by contact angle measurements for each substratum. On washed substrata, attachment was favored with contact angles greater than ≈45° (cos contact angle <0.7). Adsorbed surface films had no effect on the low settlement of larvae on glass and high settlement on plastics. Microbial primary films, however, made glass attractive and plastics unattractive. These settlement preference changes did not correlate with the changes in wettability observed on these substrata. Dispersion of larvae over the settlement surface was random except on wettable surfaces coated with bacterial films, where settlement was strongly clustered (contagious).
Extending the unambiguous range of polyphase P4 CW radar using the robust symmetrical number system

Polyphase continuous waveform radar systems often use polyphase P4 modulation because of the periodic autocorrelation zero sidelobes and good Doppler tolerance. The P4's unambiguous detection range is equal to the number of subcodes within a code period. To extend the unambiguous detection range beyond a single-code period, this study develops a novel relationship between the polyphase P4 code and the robust symmetrical number system (RSNS) where the P4 phase values within the code period match the symmetrical residues within an RSNS sequence. By transmitting N≥2 coprime P4 code periods, the unambiguous range is extended by considering the paired values from each sequence. With this new approach, the unambiguous range is extended to the greatest length of combined coprime phase sequences that contain no repeated paired terms. The flexibility of the RSNS allows the unambiguous range to be extended using a fewer number of subcodes within each code period. The combined phase sequences also have an inherent integer Gray code property to control range detection errors. Examples are shown to demonstrate the feasibility of the approach and to compare the unambiguous detection range to that of a single P4 code period.
SUBCELLULAR CA2+ DISTRIBUTION WITH VARYING CA2+ LOAD IN NEONATAL CARDIAC CELL CULTURE

Recent work in our laboratory has investigated and modeled subcellular calcium compartmentation and Ca2+ movement under steady-state control conditions. This experimental study is directed to the further description and quantitation of cellular calcium compartmentation patterns and movements as correlated with contraction in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes in culture under a variety of calcium loading conditions. Compartmental contents were assessed after incubations in various [Ca2+]o, 0 Na+/1 mM Ca2+, and 10 microM ouabain/1.0 mM Ca2+ test solutions. The cellular components investigated include sarcolemmal bound, sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), and mitochondrial calcium. The results indicate that 1) sarcolemmal calcium binding is insensitive to changes in [Ca2+]o in the range tested (0.25-6.0 mM) while highly sensitive to changes in [Na+]i; 2) SR is sensitive to both changes in [Ca2+]o and [Na+]i and exhibits a maximum loading capacity of approximately 750 micromol Ca2+/kg dw; 3) in the [Ca2+]o range between 0.25 and 2.0 mM, contractile amplitude is proportional to SR content; 4) the mitochondria comprise a high-capacity calcium-containing compartment that is sensitive to changes in [Ca2+]o but does not reach saturation under the conditions tested (0.25-8.0 mM [Ca2+]o); 5) SR calcium is divided into at least two functionally discrete pools, one of which is available for release to the myofilaments during a normal ICa-triggered contraction and other of which is caffeine releasable but unavailable for release to the myofilaments during a normal triggered release; and 6) mitochondrial calcium serves as a reservoir of calcium capable of replenishing and/or augmenting SR stores with anywhere from 10% to 50% of mitochondrial calcium cycling through SR calcium compartments.
Unreachable code identification for improved line coverage

It is shown that line coverage during verification is significantly enhanced when applying efficient methods to remove unreachable code so that time is not spent developing a set of test vectors to cover unexecutable code. Identification of unreachable code through examination of arithmetic operations and branch constraints has previously only been achieved through local examination of surrounding instructions. In this paper a method for unreachable code identification is presented. The method models software arithmetic operations and conditions as a set of Boolean constraints for which reachability is determined using a satisfiability solver, and unreachable code can identified by considering all relevant instructions preceding it.
Hydrocortisone-acetylsalicylic acid synergism in gastric ulcerogenesis*

The influence of subcutaneous administration of acetylsalicylic acid and of stomach tube administration of hydrocortisone acetate on the gastric, glandular mucosa of the fasting rat has been investigated. It was found that both hydrocortisone acetate and acetylsalicylic acid induced typical, acute, gastric ulcers and hemorrhage, and that high doses of the compounds were synergistic when administered simultaneously. Statistical evaluation of ulcer indices indicated a linear, log dose-response relationship, and a similar ulcerogenic effect in both male and female rats treated with acetylsalicylic acid. A similar ulcerogenic effect in male rats was observed with the various dose levels of hydrocortisone acetate.
Asymmetry in semi-inclusive annihilation

Abstract Interference between one- and two-photon processes for e+e− annihilation into hadrons in a two-jet parton model leads to a charge asymmetry of detected final state hadrons along the directions of the incident leptons. The asymmetry near the lepton axis grows as 2 ln 2 1 2 θ - 4 ln 1 2 θ ln s/ΔE 2 , so that in spite of the O(α) suppression relative to the Born cross section, the asymmetry can amount to a 2% effect at θ = 2° for π± or K± inclusive measurements in a typical experiment. The precise size of the asymmetry depends on the parton charges. Our results are only meant to apply in the region ω ⩾ 0.5,where the parton model appears to be relevant at present experimental energies.
Determination of a Cu(110) surface contraction by leed intensity analysis

Abstract Normal incidence LEED intensity spectra from six symmetrically inequivalent diffraction beams from a clean Cu(110) surface are presented and analyzed. The analysis has employed the results of two distinct sets of dynamical LEED calculations, which differ only in the choice of the electron scattering potential. It is indicated by the analysis that the Cu(110) surface region is in lateral registry with the truncated bulk, the first atomic layer is contracted toward the second by 10.0 ± 2.5% relative to the bulk spacing, and the second to third layer spacing is within 2.5% of the bulk value. A discrepancy of unknown origin has been found between the experimental and calculated I – V proflies for three beams in the 60 eV region; however, this discrepancy does not appear to affect the crystallographic conclusions of the analysis.
Considerations in the Measurement of Testosterone in Saliva and Serum Using ELISA Procedures

Background: ELISA procedures are widely available and used for the measurement of saliva and blood (serum and plasma) testosterone. Suggestions for strong correlations between these two fluids have been made but differences in assay format, as well as in the collection procedures, storage, and processing of samples can influence results. Methods: The present study compared saliva and serum free testosterone concentrations in 20 healthy men (31.0±11.0 years; mean ± SD) using ELISA procedures. Men provided both a saliva and blood sample on the same day in the morning hours following an overnight fast. Special care was taken in the collection, storage, and processing of samples. Following complete thawing and mixing of samples, both fluids were analyzed in duplicate using commercially available ELISA kits, both prior to and following centrifugation. Results: Saliva testosterone values were 440.6±238.2 pg ·mL -1 and 348.8±210.0 pg ·mL -1 without and with centrifugation, respectively. Serum testosterone values were 9.0±4.2 pg ·mL -1 and 8.3±3.7 pg ·mL -1 without and with centrifugation, respectively. Conclusion: If utilizing ELISA procedures, saliva and serum testosterone values cannot be used interchangeably, at least when utilizing the ELISA procedures employed in the present study. This is evidenced by the approximate 10-100 times higher testosterone concentration in saliva as compared to serum. Moreover, processing samples via centrifugation leads to a significant (~23%) loss in testosterone in saliva, with a much smaller loss (~7%) in serum. Investigators and Short Research Article
Predicting the rate with which police officers are assaulted, injured, and killed.

From 1964-1990, the rates with which police officers were assaulted, injured, and killed were predicted by social indicators of violence and social disintegration. Language: en