cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Roepke Lecture in Economic Geography—From Exploitation to Expropriation: Historic Geographies of Racialized Capitalism

Familiar, exploitation-centered conceptions of capitalism cannot explain its persistent entanglement with racial oppression. In their place, I suggest an expanded conception that also encompasses an ongoing but disavowed moment ofexpropriation. By thematizing that otherex, I disclose, first, the crucial role played in capital accumulation by unfree and dependent labor, which is expropriated, as opposed to exploited; and second, the equally indispensable role of politically enforced status distinctions between free, exploitable citizen-workers and dependent, expropriable subjects. Treating such political distinctions as constitutive of capitalist society and as correlated with thecolor line, I demonstrate that the racialized subjection of those whom capital expropriates is a condition of possibility for the freedom of those whom it exploits. After developing this proposition systematically, I historicize it, distinguishing fourregimes of racialized accumulationaccording to how exploitation and expropriation are distinguished, sited, and intertwined in each. I end by making the case for combined struggles against bothexesand against the larger social system that generates their symbiosis. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
Chlorophyll Fluorescence Better Captures Seasonal and Interannual Gross Primary Productivity Dynamics Across Dryland Ecosystems of Southwestern North America

DOE's Office of Science; NASA [NNH16ZDA001N]; USDA [58-0111-17-013]; DOE's Regional and Global Climate Modeling Program [DE-SC0016011]
Does bilingualism increase brain or cognitive reserve in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy

OBJECTIVE Bilingual healthy adults have been shown to exhibit an advantage in executive functioning (EF) that is associated with microstructural changes in white matter (WM) networks. Patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) often show EF deficits that are associated with WM compromise. In this study, we investigate whether bilingualism can increase cognitive reserve and/or brain reserve in bilingual patients with TLE, mitigating EF impairment and WM compromise. METHODS Diffusion tensor imaging was obtained in 19 bilingual and 26 monolingual patients with TLE, 12 bilingual healthy controls (HC), and 21 monolingual HC. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) were calculated for the uncinate fasciculus (Unc) and cingulum (Cing), superior frontostriatal tract (SFS), and inferior frontostriatal tract (IFS). Measures of EF included Trail Making Test-B (TMT-B) and Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System Color-Word Inhibition/Switching. Analyses of covariance were conducted to compare FA and MD of the Unc, Cing, SFS, and IFS and EF performance across groups. RESULTS In bilingual patients, FA was lower in the ipsilateral Cing and Unc compared to all other groups. For both patient groups, MD of the ipsilateral Unc was higher relative to HC. Despite more pronounced reductions in WM integrity, bilingual patients performed similarly to monolingual TLE and both HC groups on EF measures. By contrast, monolingual patients performed worse than HC on TMT-B. In addition, differences in group means between bilingual and monolingual patients on TMT-B approached significance when controlling for the extent of WM damage (P = .071; d = 0.62), suggesting a tendency toward higher performance for bilingual patients. SIGNIFICANCE Despite poorer integrity of regional frontal lobe WM, bilingual patients performed similarly to monolingual patients and HC on EF measures. These findings align with studies suggesting that bilingualism may provide a protective factor for individuals with neurological disease, potentially through reorganization of EF networks that promote greater cognitive reserve.
The participation of core stakeholders in the design of, and challenges to, the US Clean Power Plan

We examine the participation of stakeholders in the rule-making process leading to the design of the US Clean Power Plan (CPP), which was the cornerstone regulation developed during the Obama admin...
ALL Aboard - Universal Access for Small Ferries and Tour Boats

Background The US Census American Community Survey defines Ambulatory Disabled as those people over the age of five who have serious difficulties walking or climbing stairs. The 2010 census estimates there are approximately 30.6 million Americans with Ambulatory Disabilities. The Center for Disease Control estimates 2.2 million wheelchair users in the US, leaving 28.4 million Americans who are Ambulatory Disabled, but don’t use a wheelchair. I recently became a member of this group after a stroke impaired my left side. After a year of rehabilitation, I can walk with the assistance of a single cane, but have less utility of my left arm. Six months ago, I had recovered enough mobility to travel. One activity my wife and I enjoy is environmental tourism observing rare and unique species of flora and fauna. This has included whale, dolphin, and bird watching tours. The tours themselves were enjoyable, educational, and generally not too strenuous for the mobility impaired. One problem common to all of these tours was difficulty boarding and disembarking the boats used in the tours or small ferries used to get to the tour destination. Current Practice Embarkation gangways for small tour boats and ferries often consist of portable or permanent stairways that take the passenger up or down to a level that they can step across on or off the boat. Some adjustment may be needed for changes in water level or height above water of the entryway. The stairway may have two, more often one, or no railings. The ADA standards for large passenger ships do not apply to smaller tour or recreational boats. It often requires the physical assistance of one or two crew members to assist ambulatory disabled or elderly passengers on or off the boat. This not only can add trauma to an otherwise pleasant experience, but significantly slow the boarding and disembarkation times, as well as increase liability for the operator. Solution There is a need for an affordable universal boarding system for small tour boats, recreation boats, and ferries. It should be modular, portable, and adjustable to adapt to varying tides, water levels, dock or pier heights, boat freeboard, and berth location. It should have rails on each side that extend out over the boat deck, and a transition plate to bridge the gap from the gangway to the boat.
Functional Causes of Disturbed Gastric Function

The stomach is a reservoir placed between the esophagus and the small intestine. It allows short-term storage of food, initiates peptic digestion, and ensures a timely delivery of liquefied and partly digested nutrients to the small intestine. To better understand functional disorders of the stomach, it is necessary to have a good knowledge of gastric anatomy and physiology.
One-Hand Operated and Automatic Tourniquet

On the battlefield, a properly applied tourniquet can be an extremely effective means of controlling severe extremity wound hemorrhage. However, a great deal of confusion exists among soldiers, medics, and military medical officers on a number of tourniquet-related issues. What is an appropriate combat tourniquet? When is it appropriate to use a tourniquet? When and by whom should a tourniquet be removed? Under what conditions should a tourniquet not be released or removed? What are the most effective ways to increase limb salvage while using a tourniquet?
Drug Abuse by Children and Adolescents Perspectives on Incidence, Etiology, Assessment, and Prevention Programming

We would prefer to write about the concept of “substance use” rather than “drug abuse” because the latter two words are overly restrictive and heavily endowed with ephemeral political meaning. Cigarettes, for example, are rarely referred to as drugs; at least they do not evoke images of addiction, crime, or depravity. Yet cigarette smoking is clearly the foremost preventable cause of death in America (Califano, 1979). Moreover, the term “abuse” is especially problematic. No one, for example, has dispassionately distinguished it from “use”; witness the public penchant for speaking of the two-pack-a-day cigarette user versus the two-reefer-per-year marijuana abuser. Unfortunately, our preferred alternative concept of “substance use” is as imprecise as it is passion free; human beings also use substances, like air and water, that are irrelevant to this review. Finally, as authors we are acutely aware of our responsibility to keep the title of our chapter congruent with the titles in our reference list. Unsatisfactory as it is, “drug abuse” it shall be.
Self-compassion induction enhances recovery from social stressors: Comparing adults with social anxiety disorder and healthy controls.

Background and objectives: This study evaluates the process and consequence of inducing self-compassion during recovery from social performance stressors. Though interest in self-compassion as an i...
Learning an Order Preserving Image Similarity through Deep Ranking

Recently, deep learning frameworks have been shown to learn a feature embedding that captures fine-grained image similarity using image triplets or quadruplets that consider pairwise relationships between image pairs. In real-world datasets, a class contains fine-grained categorization that exhibits within-class variability. In such a scenario, these frameworks fail to learn the relative ordering between - (i) samples belonging to the same category, (ii) samples from a different category within a class and (iii) samples belonging to a different class. In this paper, we propose the quadlet loss function, that learns an order-preserving fine-grained image similarity by learning through quadlets (query:q, positive:p, intermediate:i, negative:n) where $p$ is sampled from the same category as q, i belongs to a fine-grained category within the class of $q$ and $n$ is sampled from a different class than that of q. We propose a deep quadlet network to learn the feature embedding using the quadlet loss function. We present an extensive evaluation of our proposed ranking model against state-of-the-art baselines on three datasets with fine-grained categorization. The results show significant improvement over the baselines for both order-preserving fine-grained ranking task and general image ranking task.
Cue-selective adaptation operates on a separable encoding of stereo and texture information

Abstract To perform accurate movements, the sensorimotor system must maintain a delicate calibration of the mapping between visual inputs and motor outputs. Previous work has focused on the mapping between visual inputs and individual locations in egocentric space, but little attention has been paid to the mappings that support interactions with 3D objects. In this study, we investigated sensorimotor adaptation of grasping movements targeting the depth dimension of 3D paraboloid objects. Object depth was specified by separately manipulating binocular disparity (stereo) and texture gradients. At the end of each movement, the fingers closed down on a physical object consistent with one of the two cues, depending on the condition (haptic-for-texture or haptic-for-stereo). Unlike traditional adaptation paradigms, where relevant spatial properties are determined by a single dimension of visual information, this method enabled us to investigate whether adaptation processes can selectively adjust the influence of different sources of visual information depending on their relationship to physical depth. In two experiments, we found short-term changes in grasp performance consistent with a process of cue-selective adaptation: the slope of the grip aperture with respect to a reliable cue (correlated with physical reality) increased, whereas the slope with respect to the unreliable cue (uncorrelated with physical reality) decreased. In contrast, slope changes did not occur during exposure to a set of stimuli where both cues remained correlated with physical reality, but one was rendered with a constant bias of 10 mm; the grip aperture simply became uniformly larger or smaller, as in standard adaptation paradigms. Overall, these experiments support a model of cue-selective adaptation driven by correlations between error signals and input values (i.e., supervised learning), rather than mismatched haptic and visual signals.
Motivating Students Beyond Course Requirements with a Serious Game

Educators are challenged to provide computer science students enough skills-based practice within the confines of a course. Yet it is also difficult to motivate students to spend additional time for further practice outside of course requirements. We are investigating games and gamification as methods for motivating students to engage in additional practice. In this paper, we report on the study of a fantasy-themed serious game to teach Ruby programming skills. We examine how well it motivated students to complete additional levels of the game than was assigned for course credit in an undergraduate Software Engineering course. Of the 185 student participants, 42.78% completed one or more optional game levels. These students spent more than twice as much time playing than their counterparts who only completed the mandatory game levels.
Adrenal morphology and associated comorbidities in congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

Objective Adrenonodular hyperplasia and tumour formation are potential long-term complications of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) with little known regarding the clinical implications. Our aim was to describe volumetric adrenal morphology and determine the association between radiological findings and comorbidities in adults with classic CAH. Design This was a cross-sectional study of 88 patients (mean age 29.2 ± 13 years, 47 females) with classic CAH seen in a tertiary referral centre. Methods CT imaging, performed at study entry or when reaching adulthood, was used to create 3-dimensional volumetric models. Clinical, genetic and hormonal evaluations were collected and correlated with adrenal morphology and tumour formation. Results Over one-third of the cohort was obese. 53% had elevated 17-OH-progesterone or androstenedione; and 60% had adrenal hyperplasia. Tumours included 11 myelolipomas, 8 benign adrenocortical adenomas, 1 pheochromocytoma and 50% of men had testicular adrenal rest tissue. CAH patients with adrenal hyperplasia had significantly higher number of comorbidities than those with morphologically normal adrenals (P = 0.03). Variables that positively correlated with adrenal volume included hypogonadal/oligomenorrhoeic status, hypertension, androstenedione, aldosterone, and triglyceride levels, and in women, low HDL and insulin resistance. Elevated aldosterone was observed in a subset of patients with simple virilizing CAH. Conclusions Adrenocortical hyperplasia is associated with a number of comorbidities, especially hypogonadism. Aldosterone production associated with adrenal enlargement may play a role in the development of metabolic risk factors. Further studies are needed to assess the long-term impact of the excess adrenal steroid milieu associated with adrenal enlargement to develop improved management strategies for CAH.
The Easter Sunday Bombings and the Crisis Facing Sri Lanka’s Muslims:

This paper primarily examines the Easter Sunday bombing plotted and executed by a group of Sri Lankan Muslims and post-war Sri Lankan conditions among Sri Lankan Muslims, also known as Moors. The a...
Abstract P495: Trends in Physical Activity Among US Older Adults With Heart Failure 2007-2016

Introduction: Heart failure (HF) is a growing public health problem which is the leading cause of hospitalization. About half of people who develop HF die within 5 years of diagnosis. Recent eviden...
Mild Neonatal Acidemia is Associated with Neonatal Morbidity at Term

Objective The aim of this study is to determine the association between mild acidemia (umbilical artery [UA] pH: 7.11–7.19) and neonatal morbidity in neonates at term. Study Design This is a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort of women admitted for labor at ≥37 weeks of gestation within a single institution from 2010 to 2015. Universal umbilical cord blood gas assessment was performed and validated. A composite neonatal morbidity index was created including respiratory distress, mechanical ventilation, meconium aspiration syndrome, suspected or confirmed sepsis, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, need for therapeutic hypothermia, seizures and death. The cohort was stratified by UA pH into normal (≥7.20), mild acidemia (7.11–7.19), acidemia (7.00–7.10), and severe acidemia (≤7.00). A subanalysis was also performed where neonates with UA pH between 7.11 and 7.19 were further stratified into two groups (7.11–7.14 and 7.15–7.19) to determine if mildly acidotic infants at the lower end of the pH range were at increased risk of morbidity. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the association between UA pH and neonatal morbidity. Results Among 6,341 participants, 614 (9.7%) had mild acidemia. These infants were more likely to experience morbidity compared with those with normal UA pH (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 2.14; [1.68–2.73]). Among neonates with mild acidemia, UA pH 7.11 to 7.14 was associated with increased risk of composite neonatal morbidity (aOR: 3.02; [1.89–4.82]), as well as respiratory distress and suspected or confirmed sepsis when compared with UA pH 7.15 to 7.19. Conclusion These data demonstrate that term neonates with mild acidemia at birth are at higher odds for short-term morbidity compared with neonates with normal UA pH. Furthermore, among neonates with mild acidemia, those with lower UA pH had worse neonatal outcomes than those with higher UA pH. This suggests that closer evaluation of neonates with UA pH higher than traditionally used could allow for earlier detection of morbidity and possible intervention. Key Points
Constant Power Load Analysis in Droop Controlled Microgrids for More Electric Aircraft Application

DC microgrids are proposed for the application of more electric aircraft (MEA) to feed DC loads existing in modern aircraft by means of DC sources. For stable parallel operation of DC sources, the droop control algorithm is employed. This control method manages power sharing among sources. There are different kinds of loads in the MEA application. The most frequent type of DC loads found in MEA is Constant Power Load (CPL). CPLs introduce instability to the system due to their intrinsic negative impedance. In this paper, small-signal model of the converter with CPL is derived. Then, the stable operation region of a DC microgrid according to different amounts of loads is studied. The behavior of CPLs in the utilization of the secondary controller is investigated and the correlation between secondary controller, droop controller, and CPLs is studied. Simulation and Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) results are used to validate the mathematical calculation.
Abstract 17189: Explaining the Deep Learning Black Box by Identifying Segments of the Single-Lead ECG Signal Used for Detection of Atrial Fibrillation

Introduction: Deep learning (DL) has proved effective for automatic identification of atrial fibrillation (AF) using single-lead ECG. Adoption and trust of DL by clinicians is limited by its black ...
DNR-Based Instruction in Mathematics: Determinants of a DNR Expert’s Teaching

This chapter examines the classroom implementation of a theoretical framework for the teaching and learning of mathematics—called DNR-based instruction in mathematics—focusing on characteristics of the implementation of DNR to help learners transition between proof schemes. Three episodes from a professional development program for middle and high school teachers are analyzed to reveal the teaching behaviors of an expert DNR instructor. Complexities highlighted include (1) how the instructor balanced the intended mathematical content with the learners’ current understandings, (2) the interplay of the questions whether a result holds and why it holds, and (3) how the instructor created intellectual need for new ideas. As a by-product, learning outcomes of this effort are also examined.
The Lost History of the Millionaire's Amendment

This piece excavates the history of the Millionaire’s Amendment, a short-lived provision of campaign finance law that played a significant role in Barack Obama’s successful 2004 Senate campaign. It argues that beyond the Amendment’s role in that single, fateful race, it supplies a useful test case for examining competing paradigms for regulating money in politics.
Consent to Sex: The Limits of Feminist Discourse and the Need for More Diverse Input

This essay invites the reader to revisit feminist writings that have influenced conceptions of consent to heterosexual sex. A bold declaration by feminist scholar Joan C. William can help to center the debate: “[M]y goal is not to deliver the truth but to inspire social change.” After considering the “heartbalm” regime-- an early and largely failed effort at sex regulation—the essay examines some famous assertions of women’s sexual vulnerability issued to justify new, heavy regulation: the fundamentality of rape (Susan Brownmiller), “dominance feminism” (Catharine MacKinnon), and related claims of women’s lack of agency (Robin West). These are set against rejoinders that whatever their power deficits in other areas, women are more powerful in the sexual realm than portrayed by the critics, and that real consent is both possible and more common than claimed. This will bring us to an evaluation of affirmative consent as a tool for determining consent. The essay goes on to emphasize the absence of reliable data on assault. While not denying the importance of confronting sexual assault on campus and elsewhere, this discussion notes the huge gap between the 1 in 5 sexual assault statistic famously cited by President Obama and the percentages recorded in the so-called university Clery reports. The author argues that the uncertainty of all these data, which bear heavily on notions of consent, militates against stereotyping college men as brutes, an argument buttressed by the report of four Harvard women law professors detailing what they consider shockingly unfair treatment of men in campus assault investigations. The final part of my critique focuses on the #MeToo-related demand (Deborah Tuerkheimer) that women should simply be believed in he said/she said cases. Analogizing rape to robbery—with no mention of their fundamental difference or concern about due process rights of men—this demand is premised on the idea that no one questions the actual occurrence of a claimed robbery. Drawing on such lines of argument, at least one highly placed academic asserts that defendants should not be believed because they, unlike their accusers, have a motive for concealing the truth. Evidence against such blanket belief from the trenches is provided by an experienced sexual assault investigator and former law school dean (Joan Howarth), who underscores the significant sexual ambivalence and confusion she found in many women complainants. The uncertainties exposed here argue strongly for carefully individualized treatment of consent, as opposed to mass social generalizations, in college sexual assault disputes. In closing, the author laments a characteristic that turns up in much feminist consent discourse: a tone of hostility and self-righteousness that allows virtually no room for male disagreement. The author suggests that this tone and this male absence tend to stunt and distort the understanding of campus sexual dynamics in legal academic scholarship.
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition and the cytoskeleton in bioengineered systems

The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is intrinsically linked to alterations of the intracellular cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix. After EMT, cells acquire an elongated morphology with front/back polarity, which can be attributed to actin-driven protrusion formation as well as the gain of vimentin expression. Consequently, cells can deform and remodel the surrounding matrix in order to facilitate local invasion. In this review, we highlight recent bioengineering approaches to elucidate EMT and functional changes in the cytoskeleton. First, we review transitions between multicellular clusters and dispersed individuals on planar surfaces, which often exhibit coordinated behaviors driven by leader cells and EMT. Second, we consider the functional role of vimentin, which can be probed at subcellular length scales and within confined spaces. Third, we discuss the role of topographical patterning and EMT via a contact guidance like mechanism. Finally, we address how multicellular clusters disorganize and disseminate in 3D matrix. These new technologies enable controlled physical microenvironments and higher-resolution spatiotemporal measurements of EMT at the single cell level. In closing, we consider future directions for the field and outstanding questions regarding EMT and the cytoskeleton for human cancer progression.
What are survivorship care plans failing to tell men after prostate cancer treatment

Background Survivorship care plans contain important information for patients and primary care physicians regarding appropriate care for cancer survivors after treatment. We describe the completeness of prostate cancer survivorship care plans and evaluate the concordance of follow-up recommendations with guidelines. Methods We analyzed 119 prostate cancer survivorship care plans from one academic and one community cancer center, abstracting demographics, cancer/treatment details, and follow-up recommendations. Follow-up recommendations were compared with the American Cancer Society (ACS), American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), and National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines. Results Content in >90% of plans included cancer TNM stage; prostate-specific antigen (PSA) at diagnosis; radiation treatment details (98% of men received radiation); and PSA monitoring recommendations. Potential treatment-specific side effects were listed for 82% of men who had surgery, 86% who received androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), and 97% who underwent radiation. The presence of posttreatment symptoms was noted in 71% of plans. Regarding surveillance follow-up, all guidelines recommend an annual digital rectal exam (DRE). No plans specified DRE. However, all 71 plans at the community site recommended at least annual follow-up visits with urology, radiation oncology, and primary care. Only 2/48 plans at the academic site specified follow-up visits. All guidelines recommend PSA testing every 6-12 months for 5 years, then annually. For the first 5 years, 90% of plans were guideline-concordant, 8% suggested oversurveillance, and 2% were incomplete. In men receiving ADT, ACS and ASCO recommend bone density imaging and NCCN recommends testosterone levels. Of 77 men on ADT, 1% were recommended bone density imaging and 16% testosterone level testing. Conclusions While care plan content is more complete for demographic and treatment summary information, both sites had gaps in reporting posttreatment symptoms and ADT-related testing recommendations. These findings highlight the need to improve the quality of information in care plans, which are important in communicating appropriate follow-up recommendations to patients and primary care physicians.
PUMAS: fine-tuning polygenic risk scores with GWAS summary statistics

Polygenic risk scores (PRSs) have wide applications in human genetics research, but often include tuning parameters which are difficult to optimize in practice due to limited access to individual-level data. Here, we introduce PUMAS, a novel method to fine-tune PRS models using summary statistics from genome-wide association studies (GWASs). Through extensive simulations, external validations, and analysis of 65 traits, we demonstrate that PUMAS can perform various model-tuning procedures using GWAS summary statistics and effectively benchmark and optimize PRS models under diverse genetic architecture. Furthermore, we show that fine-tuned PRSs will significantly improve statistical power in downstream association analysis.
Physician Referrals During Prenatal Care

Referrals are an important component of patient care, and have been increasing over time. During pregnancy, people have intensive contact with the healthcare system, but little is known about the involvement of different physicians for pregnant patients during this period. This study examines referral patterns during prenatal care visits. Using the 2006–2015 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and national birth certificate data, we estimate the number of referrals per pregnancy from prenatal care visits with OB/GYN and family medicine physicians. We use multivariable regression analysis to compare the probability of receiving a referral during a prenatal visit for visits with family medicine and OB/GYN physicians, controlling for visit, patient, and physician characteristics. Analyses are weighted to make results nationally representative. 224,335,436 prenatal visits over 19,893,015 pregnancies were included; 60% of these visits were covered by private insurance. On average, 0.3 referrals are made per pregnancy (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.22, 0.38). A prenatal visit with an OB was 5.5% points less likely to result in a referral than a visit with a family medicine physician, controlling for other characteristics. Referrals are relatively common in prenatal care, and are more commonly initiated by family medicine physicians than by OB/GYNs. Understanding the contribution of multiple clinicians to a pregnant person’s health during the prenatal period and how coordination among clinicians impacts care receipt is an important next step. As healthcare becomes more specialized, better understanding care teams of individuals during the perinatal period is important for improving prenatal care.
Purification and properties of the L-cysteinyl ribonucleic acid synthetase of bakers' yeast.

Abstract In this report a method is described for the purification of the l-cysteinyl-RNA synthetase of Bakers' yeast. The enzyme, which was purified approximately 710-fold, was shown to have a molecular weight of approximately 160,000, and did not contain activity for any of the amino acids commonly occurring in protein except l-cysteine. Optimum conditions for enzyme activity, such as substrate concentration, ion requirements, temperature, and pH were determined. Catalytic activity of the synthetase was not impaired by p-chloromercuribenzoate or iodoacetamide. These studies also show the effect of prior incubation of the cysteinyl-RNA synthetase at selected temperatures on the activation and transfer of cysteine to tRNA, and the effect of tRNA (normal and periodate-oxidized) on the activation reaction catalyzed by the previously incubated enzyme.
Fast Hierarchical Test Path Construction for Circuits with DFT-Free Controller-Datapath Interface

Hierarchical approaches address the complexity of test generation through symbolic reachability paths that provide access to the I/Os of each module in a design. However, while transparency behavior suitable for symbolic design traversal can be utilized for constructing reachability paths for datapath modules, control modules do not exhibit transparency. Therefore, incorporating such modules in reachability path construction requires exhaustive search algorithms or expensive DFT hardware. In this paper, we discuss a fast hierarchical test path construction method for circuits with DFT-free controller-datapath interface. A transparency-based RT-Level hierarchical test generation scheme is devised for the datapath, wherein locally generated vectors are translated into global design test. Additionally, the controller is examined through the introduced concept of influence tables, which are used to generate valid control state sequences for testing each module through hierarchical test paths. Fault coverage and vector count levels thus attained match closely those of traditional test generation methods, while sharply reducing the corresponding computational cost and test generation time.
El Concepto de Acción Colectiva (The Definition of Class Actions)

El articulo contiene una propuesta de conceptualizar las demandas colectivas desde una perspectiva comparada. Esto concepto es universal y puede ser aplicado en cualquier ordenamiento juridico.This paper is a proposal to conceptualize class actions from a comparative perspective. This concept is universal and may be applied in any legal system.
Synthetic Aperture Radar Image Formation in Reconfigurable Logic

This paper studies the implementation of polar format, synthetic aperture radar image formation in modern Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA's). The polar format algorithm is described in rough terms and each of the processing steps is mapped to FPGA logic. This FPGA logic is analyzed with respect to throughput and circuit size for compatibility with airborne image formation.
Pseudotyped vesicular stomatitis virus for analysis of virus entry mediated by SARS coronavirus spike proteins

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (CoV) contains a spike (S) protein that binds to a receptor molecule (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; ACE2), induces membrane fusion, and serves as a neutralizing epitope. To study the functions of the S protein, we describe here the generation of SARS-CoV S protein-bearing vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) pseudotype using a VSVdeltaG*/GFP system in which the G gene is replaced by the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene (VSV-SARS-CoV-St19/GFP). Partial deletion of the cytoplasmic domain of SARS-CoV S protein (SARS-CoV-St19) allowed efficient incorporation into the VSV particle that enabled the generation of a high titer of pseudotype virus. Neutralization assay with anti-SARS-CoV antibody revealed that VSV-SARS-St19/GFP pseudotype infection is mediated by SARS-CoV S protein. The VSVdeltaaG*/SEAP system, which secretes alkaline phosphatase instead of GFP, was also generated as a VSV pseudotype having SARS-CoV S protein (VSV-SARS-CoV-St19/SEAP). This system enabled high-throughput analysis of SARS-CoV S protein-mediated cell entry by measuring alkaline phosphatase activity. Thus, VSV pseudotyped with SARS-CoV S protein is useful for developing a rapid detection system for neutralizing antibody specific for SARS-CoV infection as well as studying the S-mediated cell entry of SARS-CoV.
Applied equine genetics

Genome sequencing of the domestic horse and subsequent advancements in the field of equine genomics have led to an explosion in the development of tools for mapping traits and diseases and evaluating gene expression. The objective of this review is to discuss the current progress in the field of equine genomics, with specific emphasis on assembly and analysis of the reference sequence and subsequent sequencing of a Quarter Horse mare; the genomic tools currently available to researchers and their implications in genomic investigations in the horse; the genomics of Mendelian and non-Mendelian traits; the genomics of performance traits and considerations regarding genetic testing in the horse. The whole-genome sequencing of a Quarter Horse mare has provided additional variants within the equine genome that extend past single nucleotide polymorphisms to include insertions/deletions and copy number variants. Equine single nucleotide polymorphism arrays have allowed for the investigation of both simple and complex genetic traits while DNA microarrays have provided a tool for examining gene expression across various tissues and with certain disease conditions. Recently, next-generation sequencing has become more affordable and both whole-genome DNA sequencing and transcriptome-wide RNA sequencing are methodologies that are being applied to equine genomic research. Research in the field of equine genomics continues to expand rapidly as the cost of genotyping and sequencing decreases, resulting in a need for quality bioinformatics software and expertise to appropriately handle both the size and complexity of these data.
The Malignant Cells of Walker Rat Sarcoma No. 338

It seems probable that all malignant cells differ cytologically from normal ones of the same type. Whether or not the malignancy is due to a permanent visible alteration of some specific part of the cell or to an invisible alteration which may or may not produce at times visible changes of varied character and degree is still to be ascertained. All sarcoma cells so far studied by the newer methods differ more or less from normal cells. For example, the malignant cells of the Crocker mouse sarcoma 180 (Lewis and Gey), the Walker rat sarcoma 1 (Lewis, Lewis and Lockwood), and the Jensen rat sarcoma (Carrel and Ebeling, Fell and Andrews, Hirschfeld and Klee-Rawidowicz) differ considerably from normal fibroblasts in several particulars: (1) the cells are as a rule larger, (2) the cytoplasm is denser and more granular, (3) the nucleus is larger, (4) nucleoplasm is more granular, and (5) the chromosome number is more varied than normal. The malignant cell of the Crocker rat sarcoma 10, on the other hand, differs but little from normal fibroblasts (Carrel, Carrel and Ebeling); the nucleus is a little larger and the cytoplasm more refringent than normal. It thus seems probable that the malignant cells of different sarcomas vary from ones that are scarcely distinguishable from normal to ones that are markedly different from normal. The malignant cells of the Walker sarcoma 338 can readily be recognized in cultures. They diverge more markedly from the normal cells than those of any sarcoma so far studied by us.
Mandatory Disclosure in the Market for Union Representation

For over sixty years, the National Labor Relations Board has followed the “laboratory conditions” doctrine in its regulation of representation elections. According to the doctrine, the Board must provide workers with an electoral “laboratory” in order to determine the “uninhibited desires” of the employees. Elections are vacated and conducted anew if the winning party violated the laboratory conditions. The laboratory conditions doctrine suggests an active and vigorous role for the Board in providing employees with the proper election environment. However, the Board’s regulation has largely focused on keeping out electoral impurities and has done little to make sure employees have enough information to make the most efficient decision. In this contribution to the symposium “Whither the Board? The National Labor Relations Board at 75,” I examine how the Board could use a mandatory disclosure regime to provide information to employees when making their representation decision. The essay first examines the extent to which critical information is already disclosed through the NLRA as well as the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act (LMRDA or Landrum-Griffin Act) and federal securities laws. The essay then outlines how the Board could pair this information with a limited scheme of information disclosure to provide a base level of election-related information to employees. The base level of disclosure will provide an informational foundation for employees in making their representation decisions.
Stanzen, Aufreiben und Bohren

Die Vertragsbedingungen schreiben meistens genau vor, welche Locher zu stanzen, welche vorzustanzen und aufzureiben oder welche zu bohren sind. Bei Hochbaukonstruktionen und untergeordneten Bruckenbauteilen konnen bis zu einer bestimmten Materialstarke die Locher sofort auf den endgultigen Durchmesser gestanzt werden. Es ist erforderlich, eine Hochstgrenze fur die bei diesem Verfahren zugelassene Materialstarke festzusetzen, weil starkeres Material beim Stanzen an den Lochrandern beschadigt wird, auserdem werden bei groseren Starken die Stanzstempel brechen. Im Bruckenbau werden die Locher der Haupttragteile und Anschlusse im allgemeinen auf einen kleineren Durchmesser vorgestanzt, um dann auf den vorgeschriebenen Lochdurchmesser aufgerieben zu werden. Zuweilen wird das Aufreiben der Locher auch fur die untergeordneten Teile vorgeschrieben. Bei groseren Materialstarken ist es notwendig, die Locher zu bohren, was zwar teurer als Stanzen und Aufreiben ist, aber das beim Stanzen, wie bereits erwahnt, unvermeidliche Beschadigen des Materials am Lochrande von vornherein vermeidet. Dieses beim Vorstanzen der Locher in Mitleidenschaft gezogene Material wird beim Aufreiben entfernt. Da das Aufreiben an der zusammengebauten Konstruktion geschieht, ergeben sich durchgehend glatte Lochwandungen, wahrend die einzeln gebohrten und dann ohne Aufreiben zusammengebauten Teile nicht so gut passende Locher aufweisen.
Heuristics-enhanced dead-reckoning (HEDR) for accurate position tracking of tele-operated UGVs

This paper introduces a new approach for precision indoor tracking of tele-operated robots, called "Heuristics-Enhanced Dead-reckoning" (HEDR). HEDR does not rely on GPS, or external references; it uses odometry and a low-cost MEMS-based gyro. Our method corrects heading errors incurred by the high drift rate of the gyro by exploiting the structured nature of most indoor environments, but without having to directly measure features of the environment. The only operator feedback offered by most tele-operated robots is the view from a low to the ground onboard camera. Live video lets the operator observe the robot's immediate surroundings, but does not establish the orientation or whereabouts of the robot in its environment. Mentally keeping track of the robot's trajectory is difficult, and operators easily become disoriented. Our goal is to provide the tele-operator with a map view of the robot's current location and heading, as well as its previous trajectory, similar to the information provided by an automotive GPS navigation system. This frees tele-operators to focus on controlling the robot and achieving other mission goals, and provides the precise location of the robot if it becomes disabled and needs to be recovered.
A static and dynamic finite element shell analysis with experimental verification

A system of finite element shell analysis codes, called SABOR/DRASTIC, is used to analyse a complex two-layered shell of revolution under static and dynamic asymmetric loads. The dynamic analysis is compared with experimentally measured response. In this linear elastic analysis, emphasis is placed on the inherent flexibility of the finite element method in modelling the complex structural geometry of a given test specimen. Static studies, which involve variations in important shell parameters, and dynamic studies, which provide a successful correlation with experiment, are used to illustrate both the detail and the generality with which shell analyses may now be performed with confidence.
Minimum Error Transmissions with Imperfect Channel Information in High Mobility Systems

One of the main challenges faced by communications in high mobility systems, such as unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), is the fast time-varying fading. This paper studies the optimum system design that can minimize the error probability of a high mobility wireless communication system with imperfect channel state information (CSI). We consider a system that employs pilot-assisted minimum mean square error (MMSE) channel estimation. The channel estimation error is usually non-negligible in high mobility systems and might have significant impacts on system performance. With asymptotic analysis, the channel estimation mean square error (MSE) is expressed as a closed-form expression of the percentage of pilot symbols in the transmitted symbols. An optimum receiver for systems with imperfect CSI and the corresponding symbol error rate (SER) are then derived by analyzing the statistical properties of the channel estimation error. The SER is expressed as an explicit function of a number of parameters, such as pilot percentage, maximum Doppler spread, and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), etc. The optimum pilot percentage that can minimize the SER is analytically identified, and the impacts of the imperfects CSI on the system performance are studied through both theoretical analysis and simulations.
How far is that by air? The derivation of an air: ground coefficient.

Abstract The objective of this study was to derive a simple equation to convert distances between air miles traveled by a helicopter and ground miles traveled by an ambulance. We performed a retrospective analysis of a convenience sampling of 245 “lights and sirens” ground ambulance transports between 1993 and 1997. Ground distances were recorded from odometer miles for each transport. Air miles were calculated using the Global Positioning System (GPS), measuring the distance in a straight line from the scene to the hospital. Air and ground distances were entered into a computerized spreadsheet, and the correlation coefficient and regression equation were derived. A simple approximation equation was developed and compared against the derived regression equation. There was a strong linear correlation between ground miles and air miles at virtually all distances studied (R = 0.932, R2 = 0.869). Regression analysis revealed the following relationship: Ground miles = 0.94 + 1.25 (air miles). This was simplified to an approximation of: Ground miles = 1.3 (air miles). The approximation equation yielded an answer within 1 mile of the regression equation for distances up to 40 air miles. It is concluded that in a mixed rural and urban EMS system, one may convert air and ground mileage estimates by using the simple relationship: Ground miles = 1.3 (air miles). This conversion coefficient may prove useful for EMS personnel in designing reasonable helicopter utilization policies, making accurate transport decisions and conducting research.
Crystallinity and Dissolution Rate of Tolbutamide Solid Dispersions Prepared by the Melt Method

The influence of cooling rate of solid dispersions prepared by the melt method was studied by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Tolbutamide was the model drug investigated, and the carriers included urea and polyethylene glycol 6000. Slow-cooled urea dispersions of tolbutamide demonstrated a complete lack of crystallinity, suggesting the formation of an amorphous material. The rapidly cooled dispersion showed peaks for urea and an absence of drug in the X-ray pattern, suggesting that a true molecular dispersion was formed. The X-ray patterns of rapid- and slow-cooled dispersions of tolbutamide and polyethylene glycol 6000 demonstrated that a physical mixture of drug and carrier resulted from both methods of dispersion preparation.
Quasiparticle interference on the surface of the topological crystalline insulator Pb 1 − x Sn x Se

Topological crystalline insulators represent a novel topological phase of matter in which the surface states are protected by discrete point group symmetries of the underlying lattice. Rock-salt lead-tin-selenide alloy is one possible realization of this phase, which undergoes a topological phase transition upon changing the lead content. We used scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) to probe the surface states on (001) Pb_(1−x)Sn_xSe in the topologically nontrivial (x=0.23) and topologically trivial (x=0) phases. We observed quasiparticle interference with STM on the surface of the topological crystalline insulator and demonstrated that the measured interference can be understood from ARPES studies and a simple band structure model. Furthermore, our findings support the fact that Pb_(0.77)Sn_(0.23)Se and PbSe have different topological nature.