cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of the organophosphate insecticide malathion on very young chick embryos: malformations detected by histological examination.

This histological study sought to determine the nature and incidence of developmental abnormalities induced by one of the reportedly least teratogenic of insecticides injected into very young chick embryos. Using techniques to assure rapid contact between injectant and embryo, eggs incubated for 24, 48, or 72 hr were injected with corn oil or 125 μg-4.0 mg malathion. The embryos were recovered 48 hr later, paraffin-embedded, serially cross-sectioned, and examined in detail. Structures affected (and the nature of the defects) were as follows: (1) wing level notochord and spinal cord (folded or undulated); (2) trunk/leg level spinal cord (variously, neural folds unfused, roof infolded, canal partitioned, etc.); (3) eye (lens misshapen or severely thinned, optic cup incompletely invaginated); (4) diencephalon (epiphysis bifurcated or off-center, supernumerary outgrowths); (5) cardiovascular structures (atrium and major blood vessels enlarged); and (6) tailbud (curled into hindgut: ourentery). Overall incidence was both dose- and age-related, doubling for each doubling of dose and tripling for each 24 hr less age at exposure. For most (not all) individual structures, incidence was greatest when exposed at 24 hr and nil at 72 hr. Severity of effect was not consistently doseor age-dependent. We conclude that (1) contrary to previous reports, 24- to 72- hr embryos are highly vulnerable to insecticide exposure, with the youngest the most vulnerable, and (2) many of the defects detected may be attributed to either of two mechanisms: failure in formation of the supportive sheath, or factors that cause epithelial morphogenesis (e.g., microtubules, microfilaments, extracellular material, cell-to-cell adhesion mechanisms). Previous observations that 1- to 3-day embryos are relatively unresponsive to insecticides are probably artifactual owing to imprecise techniques.
Is active psychosis neurotoxic

Positive symptoms of psychosis disrupt mentation. Do they also engineer brain cell death and deterioration? This hypothesis is currently popular as an explanation of the duration of untreated psychosis effect in early schizophrenia. The clinical and neurobiological evidence for its validity is visited and found wanting. Synaptic plasticity, not neurotoxicity, appears to be the mediating process.
THE ULTRASTRUCTURAL BASIS OF STARLING'S LAW OF THE HEART. THE ROLE OF THE SARCOMERE IN DETERMINING VENTRICULAR SIZE AND STROKE VOLUME.

Abstract The relation of the ultrastructure of heart muscle to ventricular function has been discussed. The fact that the length of the sarcomere, the unbiquitous unit of contraction, is a function of muscle length allows the formulation of a sarcomere length-tension curve. This forms the ultrastructural basis of “Starling's law of the heart.” The limits of sarcomere shortening are discussed (2.2 to 1.5 μ), and the normal range of contraction under afterloaded conditions has been delimited (2.1 to 1.7 μ), thus allowing for a 20 per cent sarcomere shortening. It has been shown that this 20 per cent sarcomere shortening accounts for the ventricular muscle shortening necessary to explain known ventricular performance in the cat, dog, and man. On this basis, it has been suggested that the initial size of the ventricle required to produce a given stroke volume depends on the structural and functional limits of the sarcomere.
Consistency of symptom clusters among advanced cancer patients seen at an outpatient supportive care clinic in a tertiary cancer center.

Objective:Advanced cancer patients often develop severe physical and psychological symptom clusters (SCs), but limited data exist on their consistency or severity after an outpatient interdisciplinary team consultation led by palliative care specialists. The primary aim of the study was to determine the consistency and severity of SCs in advanced cancer patients in this setting.Method:A total of 1373 patients with advanced cancer who were referred to The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center's Outpatient Supportive Care Center between January 2003 and October 2008 with a complete Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS; 0–10 scale) occurred at initial and first follow-up visit were reviewed (median 14 days, range 1–4 weeks). We used a Wilcoxon signed-rank test to determine whether symptoms changed over time, and a principal components factor analysis with varimax rotation to determine SCs at baseline and at first follow-up. The number of factors calculated was determined based upon the number of eigenvalues.Results:The patients' ratings of the following symptoms (mean, SD) at the initial and follow-up visits, respectively, were: fatigue 6.2 (2.3) and 5.7 (2.5, p < 0.0001), pain 5.4 (2.9) and 4.6 (3, p < 0.0001), nausea 2.2 (2.8) and 2.0 (2.6, p < 0.0001), depression 3.0 (2.9) and 2.5 (2.7, p < 0.0001), anxiety 3.4 (3.0) and 2.8 (2.8, p < 0.0001), drowsiness 4.8 (3.1) and 4.4 (3.1, p < 0.0001), dyspnea 3.0 (2.9) and 2.7 (2.8), p < 0.0001), loss of appetite 4.2 (2.7) and 3.9 (2.7, p < 0.0001), sleep disturbances 4.2 (2.6) and 3.8 (2.6, P < 0.0001), and well-being 4.3 (2.5) and 3.9 (2.3, p < 0.0001). Cluster composition differentiated into physical (fatigue, pain, nausea, drowsiness, dyspnea, and loss of appetite) and psychological (anxiety and depression) components at the initial visit, and these two SCs were consistent upon follow-up.Significance of results:We conclude that SCs remain constant between baseline and near-term follow-up but that the severity of those symptoms lessened during that interval. This knowledge may allow palliative care teams to provide more targeted and higher-quality care, but further studies are needed.
Mathematical Theorizing versus Mathematical Metaphorizing: A Commentary on Rudolph

Science may benefit from aesthetically pleasing and intellectually stimulating mathematical metaphors. To make them into mathematical theories, however, one has to complement them by links to well-defined theoretical primitives in turn linked to well-defined empirical procedures and observable phenomena. Rudolph’s (2006) mathematical metaphors for psychological time are fascinating, but the mathematical rigor with which they can be described does not compensate for the conspicuous lack of both theoretical and operational clarity in the notions these metaphors are supposed to pertain to, including the very notion of psychological time
Technology application to assist young survivors with fertility concerns.

Objectives To provide an overview of the relationship of communication technology with cancer and fertility concerns; a brief description of one example of a project for young breast cancer survivors; a profile of women who participated in the project; and a consideration of the future role of oncology nurses in developing and utilizing technology to address cancer and fertility concerns. Data Sources Literature, experiential original data. Conclusion Communication technology provides an ever increasing array of tools, but it is the oncology nurse who is in a pivotal position to maximize the benefits that patients realize through the use of such supportive technologies. Implications for Nursing Practice Oncology nurses are in a pivotal position to assure that communication technologies are appropriately used to provide access to evidence-based information about cancer and fertility.
Measuring Constituency Ideology in U.S. House Districts: A Top-Down Simulation Approach

One of the most intractable problems associated with studying representation in the U.S. House of Representatives involves the measurement of district-level constituency opinion. In measuring constituency opinion in House districts, scholars have relied on a number of alternative approaches, including the use of demographic variables, small-sample estimates of public opinion, presidential election results, referenda data, and “bottom-up” simulated opinion. In this article we develop an innovative “top-down” simulation of House district opinion that provides more reliable and valid measures of House district ideology. We model state-level ideology (as measured by Erikson, Wright, and McIver 1993) as a function of various demographic and political variables found at both the state and House district levels, and then use the estimates from the state-level model to generate predicted ideology scores for each House district during the 1980s and 1990s. Our findings suggest that the top-down simulated measure is a valid indicator of House district ideology that can be used in a number of research venues.
The discovery of susceptibility genes for mental disorders

Research on the genetic basis of mental disorders crossed a major watershed this summer. For the first time, specific genes have been discovered that influence susceptibility to schizophrenia, a psychosis that affects nearly 1% of people throughout the world and accounts for about 2.5% of health-care costs (1). In this issue of PNAS, Chumakov and colleagues (2) describe a new human gene, G72 , on chromosome 13q34 that interacts with the gene for d-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) on 12q24 to regulate glutaminergic signaling through the N- methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor pathway. Using traditional positional cloning techniques of linkage and linkage disequilibrium, they show that both of these genes are associated with increased susceptibility to schizophrenia. Therefore, this is the first discovery of a specific gene that also provides a pathogenic molecular mechanism that can account for the major symptoms of a psychiatric disorder. Similarly, two other groups reported this summer that the gene dysbindin on 6p22.3 (3) and the gene neuregulin 1 on 8p (4) also influence susceptibility to schizophrenia and may operate via the same NMDA mechanism. Each of these gene discoveries came from association analysis targeting chromosomal regions first identified by linkage analysis. The success of groups working on three different chromosomal regions of interest confirms the effectiveness of traditional positional cloning techniques in complex mental disorders. Consequently, these results justify optimism for future progress in unraveling complex disorders in which there is interaction among multiple genetic and environmental variables. However, it is important to recognize both the strengths and the limitations of the genetic and functional strategies used by Chumakov and colleagues (2). It is also important to recognize the continuing significance of the prior work that laid the foundation for these particular experiments. Twin and adoption studies demonstrated that susceptibility to schizophrenia is strongly …
Dynamic creation: extending the radical Austrian approach to entrepreneurship

We develop a new perspective on entrepreneurship as a dynamic, complex, subjective process of creative organizing. Our approach, which we call ‘dynamic creation’, synthesizes core ideas from Austrian ‘radical subjectivism’ with complementary ideas from psychology (empathy), strategy and organization theory (modularity), and complexity theory (self-organization). We articulate conjectures at multiple levels about how such dynamic creative processes as empathizing, modularizing, and self-organizing help organize subjectively imagined novel ideas in entrepreneurs’ minds, heterogeneous resources in their firms, and disequilibrium markets in their environments. In our most provocative claim, we argue that entrepreneurs, by imagining divergent futures and (re)combining heterogeneous resources to create novel products, drive far-from-equilibrium market processes to create not market anarchy but market order. We conclude our exposition of each dynamic creative process by offering one possible direction for future...
A technique for estimating phytoplankton division rates by using a DNA-binding fluorescent dye1

Phytoplankton division rates were estimated by following time-course changes in DNA using a DNA-specific fluorescent dye. The method is simple, inexpensive, and rapid. A technique using a light bottle minus dark bottle method is described for estimating division rates of phytoplankton samples in natural waters.
Impact of pelvic osteotomy on the incidence of inguinal hernias in classic bladder exstrophy.

Abstract Background/purpose The high prevalence of inguinal hernias in the bladder exstrophy population is well documented. The authors' aim is to determine whether pelvic osteotomy reduces the incidence of primary and recurrent inguinal hernias in patients with classic bladder exstrophy. Methods Using an institutionally-approved database, patients who underwent immediate or delayed primary bladder closure between 1974 and 2012 were identified and stratified by the use of pelvic osteotomy at the time of closure. Data were analyzed using Fisher's exact test and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results One hundred thirty-six patients were identified with a median follow up of 8years. The incidence of inguinal hernias following closure was 25% in the osteotomy group versus 46% in the non-osteotomy group ( p =0.017). Osteotomy was associated with a significant decrease in recurrence of inguinal hernias amongst patients who underwent previous repair (17% versus 47%, osteotomy versus non-osteotomy, p =0.027) and the development of primary inguinal hernias in whom initial groin exploration was negative (20% versus 39%, p =0.029). Osteotomy and female sex were associated with a decreased rate of inguinal hernia development after bladder closure while age at closure was not. Conclusions Pelvic osteotomy at the time of exstrophy closure decreases the likelihood of primary or recurrent inguinal hernia development.
Temperature and Shear Susceptibility of a Nonpetroleum Binder as a Pavement Material

Most bituminous binders used for pavement materials are derived from fossil fuels, specifically crude petroleum. Nowadays, technical and economic prospects exist in using biorenewable resources to produce biobinders. Biobinders can be used in three ways to decrease the demand for crude petroleum-derived bituminous binders: direct alternative binder (100% replacement), bitumen extender (25% to 75% bitumen replacement), and bitumen modifier (<10% bitumen replacement). Applicability of developing biobinders from oakwood-based bio-oils to be used as a direct alternative has been investigated through studying the rheological properties. Temperature and shear rate (rate of loading) of biobinders and modified biobinders play major roles in changing the viscosity of bio-oils. The rheological properties of oakwood bio-oils have been investigated and compared with those of bitumen binders, to study the applicability of producing biobinders. Temperature and shear susceptibilities have been studied through measuring ...
Open Left Colectomy

Surgical resection remains the foundation for curative treatment of colon cancer. A proper oncologic resection comprises: (1) a complete en bloc removal of the tumor along with any extracolonic involvement, (2) clear proximal, distal, and radial margins, and (3) an adequate clearance of loco-regional lymph nodes. The manner in which the resection is performed may vary, e.g., laparoscopic vs. robotic vs. open, but the principles remain the same.
Management of Periorbital Cellulitis in the 21st Century

Periorbital cellulitis can be a serious infection and must be promptly recognized and treated. Due to vaccines and antibiotic use in the twentieth century, the microbiologic spectrum of bacteria causing infections in the periorbital area in the twenty-first century is different from 10–15 years ago. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcal aureus (MRSA) infections are now a common entity and are aggressive. Clinical examination and computed tomographic (CT) scans are the two important aspects of properly evaluating patients with infections. A combination of medical antibiotic therapy and surgical intervention is often needed to appropriately treat these infections, especially in teenagers and adults.
Identifying barriers, perceptions and motivations related to healthy eating and physical activity among 6th to 8th grade, rural, limited-resource adolescents

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to enable community members to discuss their perceptions of eating habits and physical activity in relation to sixth, seventh, and eighth graders, and reveal facilitators and barriers to healthy eating behavior and physical activity engagement. Design/methodology/approach – Nine focus groups, which included six groups from sixth, seventh, and eighth graders, two parents’ groups, and one teachers’ group, were conducted in a middle school in southwest Kansas. Individual influences, social influences, and larger contextual influences on early adolescent health were assessed by discussing behaviors, personal characteristics, and environmental factors, based on the Socio-Ecological Model (SEM). Findings – Adolescent participants’ knowledge regarding healthful foods was limited. Taste and appearance were the two leading factors that contributed to food choices. Responses from adolescents, parents, and teachers all indicated difficulties when introducing new and healthful f...
Growth, reproduction, and sexual dimorphism in Thomomys bottae pocket gophers

Genetic and demographic characteristics of a population of Thomomys bottae pocket gophers were studied in the central coastal ranges of California from 1976–1983, using both kill-trapping and live-trapping techniques. The widely accepted view that male pocket gophers continue to grow throughout their life does not account for the large variation in male body size observed in this, and other, populations. In particular, heavier adult males were not necessarily older than lighter adult males, and some juveniles reached weights by four months of age that were greater than 35 percent of all adult males. A prime component of the variation in adult male body size probably stems from differential individual growth rates. The degree of closure of sutures of the postero-basal cranium is used to distinguish age classes, the calendar ages of which are based on known-age individuals. Although it was common for females to breed within the season of their birth (within three months of age), males did not breed until the following season, at a minimal age of six to nine months.
New Prominence of Tax Basis in Estate Planning

In this article, Caron and Soled discuss how section 1014(b)(6) offers a bridge for taxpayers to maximize the tax basis they have in their assets. Whether Congress should retain this anachronistic provision is an open issue. The authors explain the historical background of section 1014(b)(6), demonstrate the potential income tax savings from applying it, and outline several planning strategies to achieve those savings.
Trace element distribution among rock-forming minerals in Black Hills migmatites, South Dakota: A case for solid-state equilibrium

Proterozoic migmatites in the Black Hills, South Dakota, were examined to determine if partitioning of trace elements hosted by rock-forming minerals between melanosomes and leucosomes preserves residue-melt equilibrium that was presumably established during partial melting of pelitic lithologies. Granitic leucosomes in the Black Hills, as is often the case elsewhere, have positive Eu anomalies, are highly enriched in Sr and Ba, and are depleted in Rb and Cs relative to granites derived by partial melting of metapelites. Distributions of these trace elements between melanosomes and leucosomes cannot be simulated using mineral-melt distribution coefficients. A metamorphic reaction-progress method is used to demonstrate that the distributions approach mineral-mineral equilibrium rather than mineral-melt equilibrium. Application of published diffusion data for the relevant elements in feldspars shows that solid-state equilibrium is unlikely to have been established during subsolidus cooling. Instead, it is suggested that partial melts maintained chemical equilibrium with melanosomes during crystallization that lead to the migmatites.
Multiple factor analysis on job burnout of primary staff of center for disease control and prevention

Objective To understand the status of job burnout of primary staff of a center for disease control and prevention( CDC) and explore the relationship between job characteristics and job burnout. Methods 245 staff from a primary CDC were investigated. The survey included the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey( MBI-GS) and items that explored demographic characteristics and job characteristics. Results The overall detection rate of the job burnout was 58. 65%. The rates of mild,moderate and severe level burnout were 33. 2%,19. 2% and 6. 3% respectively. There were significant associations between job burnout and age,title,job level,daily working hours,the proportion of the repetitive jobs working time( P 0. 05). Conclusion Job burnout detection rate was high in staff of this CDC. And the job burnout situation was not optimistic. The personnel who undertake long daily working hours,repetitive works and more loads of works would suffer severe job burnout.
Thromboxane and prostacyclin changes during cardiopulmonary bypass with and without pulsatile flow.

Nonpulsatile cardiopulmonary bypass, in patients with coronary artery disease, produces a significant increase in thromboxane, a potent platelet aggregant and putative coronary vasoconstrictor. Pulsatile flow may decrease the incidence of perioperative infarction and the hormonal stress response to bypass. This study assessed the effect of pulsatile blood flow on plasma thromboxane and prostacyclin profiles during cardiopulmonary bypass by serial measurement of their stable metabolites, thromboxane B2 (TxB2) and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α (6-keto-PGF1α). Two groups of eight patients each were studied before, during, and after cardiopulmonary bypass. Eight patients had routine (nonpulsatile) bypass and eight had pulsatile flow. In the nonpulsatile group, the TxB2 concentration significantly increased during bypass (65 ± 39 to 1,224 ± 306 pg/ml, p
Primary pulmonary amyloidosis. Report of two cases.

Two differing examples of primary parenchymal nodular amyloid of the lung are reported. Both cases were proved by biopsy of the lung lesion as well as extensive evaluation for evidence of generalized amyloidosis. Review of the literature reveals 35 previously reported cases which fit the same description. Amyloidosis is a benign condition, usually causing no symptoms, requiring no treatment, but generally requiring biopsy for diagnosis. Pathological and roentgenologic characteristics are reviewed, and studies to establish its primary and localized nature are recommended. The etiology is not clear. The differential diagnosis includes a variety of metastatic neoplasms, granulomatous diseases, metastatic lung abscesses, multiple pulmonary hamartomas, bronchopneumonia, and infections.
Why Not Parties in Russia?: Parties and Party Substitutes : Determining the Balance

Whether a political system becomes fully a party system depends upon factors that give parties a competitive edge over party substitutes in a given country's electoral markets. Chapter 4 has already shown how Russia's patrimonial communist legacy combined with its transition path to produce party substitutes that were capable of withstanding or even eliminating competition from parties in struggles for Russia's most important electoral offices. As Chapters 1 and 2 made clear, however, the answer does not end with initial capital allocations, since these can be expected to grow or shrink depending on how they are used and to be used differently as new technologies or opportunities develop. How, then, can we explain the persistence of party substitutes as major players and the consequent inability of parties to close out the electoral market over time? Can the same answer also make sense of the indications in 2005 that parties were in fact gaining some ground? And can this explanation further account for the major reforms announced during the Putin era that appeared aimed at ending Russia's partial party system and establishing party dominance? The answers to all of these questions, it is argued, can be found in the broad institutional context that defines both the market itself and the abilities of different actors to intervene in and regulate the market.
Bedienung des NMR-Spektrometers

In diesem Kapitel wollen wir einige der praktischen Gesichtspunkte fur die Bedienung des NMR-Spektrometers betrachten. Abschnitt 9.1. beschreibt die Einstellungen des Instruments, die zur Gewinnung von Routine-Protonenresonanzspektren benotigt werden. Die verbleibenden Abschnitte befassen sich mit einigen weniger routinemasigen, anspruchsvolleren Prozeduren, wie z. B. Bestimmung und Optimierung der Homogenitat des Magnetfeldes und des Auflosungsvermogens des Instruments, Integration der Spektren und Eichung des Spektrometers.
Measuring the Multicultural Dispositions of Preservice Teachers

Claims abound in the research literature regarding multicultural teacher dispositions, including how to foster them in teacher preparation programs. However, measures of multicultural dispositions of teachers that (a) capture the range of conceptually rich constructs and (b) demonstrate strong psychometric properties are not represented in the literature. In this article, we discuss the iterative development and psychometric properties of the Multicultural Teacher Dispositions Scale (MTDS), a survey of 15 items designed to assess three dispositions/factors: Meekness, Social Awareness, and Advocacy. We analyze responses from 372 preservice teachers in three samples and analytic phases, and discuss factor and item analytic results from the final phase. Results demonstrate strong support for Meekness, though moderate support for Social Awareness and Advocacy. We discuss limitations, implications for measure refinement, and eventual use for research and practice improvement.
Brain tumors. Part 2.

The treatment of brain tumors usually begins with surgery for diagnosis or excision. Subsequent comprehensive care may involve cooperation between neurosurgeons, neurologists, neuroradiologists, neuropathologists, radiation therapists, and oncologists
Discovering News Frames: An Approach for Exploring Text, Content, and Concepts in Online News Sources

The Internet is a major source of online news content. Current efforts to evaluate online news content including text, storyline, and sources is limited by the use of small-scale manual techniques that are time consuming and dependent on human judgments. This article explores the use of machine learning algorithms and mathematical techniques for Internet-scale data mining and semantic discovery of news content that will enable researchers to mine, analyze, and visualize large-scale datasets. This research has the potential to inform the integration and application of data mining to address real-world socio-environmental issues, including water insecurity in the Southwestern United States. This paper establishes a formal definition of framing and proposes an approach for the discovery of distinct patterns that characterize prominent frames. The authors' experimental evaluation shows the proposed process is an effective approach for advancing semi-supervised machine learning and may assist in advancing tools for making sense of unstructured text.
Montreal's Strategy for Hot Days: Evaluating the Effectiveness of One City's Heat Action Plan.

Hot days can be deadly, 1 so public health officials seek to mitigate their effects through heat action plans. These plans have been widely adopted, but little is known about how effective they really are at reducing the public health burden of high temperatures. A new study quantifies the effectiveness of one city’s plan for handling heat. 2
Preliminary Evaluation of the Fossomatic Somatic Cell Counter for Analysis of Individual Cow Samples in a Central Testing Laboratory1

This study evaluated the feasibility of using the Fossomatic somatic cell counter in the Dairy Herd Improvement Association (DHIA). DHIA utilizes preserved milk samples which have usually been stored for 1–5 days. Milk samples were stored for various periods, up to 7 days, and were preserved with (a) dichromate at 5 C, (b) dichromate at ambient temperatures, or (c) without dichromate at 5 C. These samples were evaluated with the Fossomatic and compared to direct microscopic cell counts (DMC) of these same milks when fresh. The best storage scheme was dichromate preservation at 5 C. The correlation between Fossomatic (FOM) at 7 days and DMC was .96. The regression equation was FOM = 20 + 1.11 (DMC). Analysis of variance of treatments 1 and 2 was significantly different (P < .01) with treatment 1 (dichromate at 5 C) having lower mean counts and a high correlation with DMC. Results were not sufficiently different, however, to appreciably change the evaluation of an individual cow's mastitis status. Treatment...
Storage Quality of Brown Rice as Affected by Packaging with and without Carbon Dioxide

Shelled brown rice (100 g/bag) was packed in regular plastic bags in air, in laminated film (nylon-EVA) bags in air, and in laminated bags plus CO2. Samples of each were stored in the dark at 4 C and at 24 C, and samples were removed after 1, 3, 5 and 7 months for analysis of odor changes, free fatty acids, total microbial counts, total lipolytic fungi and bacteria, lipid peroxides and gas chromatographic volatiles profiles. Brown rice in laminated bags plus CO2 was more stable under refrigerated conditions than at ambient temperatures. However, at 24-C storage there was no consistent significant decrease in free fatty acids, lipid peroxides and volatile compounds in these bags compared to the other types of packing. Laminated bags seem to have had an adverse effect on total microbial populations at both 4 and 24 C. Selection of either type of package for brown rice would be governed by end use, storage time and conditions.
Physical activity and sedentary behavior of US immigrant versus non-immigrant adolescents: findings from the NEXT Generation Health Study data

Objective: This study examined associations of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) with adolescents’ immigration status and language spoken at home and with friends.Methods: Particip...
Modern System Design Using Memristors

Since memristors have recently come to the forefront of the computer architecture field, the majority of the research is still in its infancy. The most popular application for memristors is memories, namely crossbars, but preliminary work has shown their use in logic circuits too. This work explores two approaches to memristor logic, IMPLY operations and MAD gates. While IMPLY has been successfully demonstrated and popularized in previous works, it suffers from long latencies and destructive operations. MAD gates have been shown to overcome these issues, offering a lower area and lower latency alternative. These two approaches are described, implemented, and analyzed against each other and other proposed approaches to memristor logic. Both methodologies are then presented in the context of a crossbar, showing how IMPLY and MAD operations can be performed on memory cells. It is shown that they offer improved logic-in-memory implementations over alternative proposed works. Lastly, general considerations when designing memristor-based circuits are discussed and future directions of research are motivated.
Evaluation of markers for CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) in colorectal cancer by a large population-based sample

1790 Background: The CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP or CIMP-high) with extensive promoter methylation is a distinct phenotype in colorectal cancer. However, a choice of markers for CIMP has been controversial. A recent extensive investigation has selected five methylation markers (CACNA1G, IGF2,NEUROG1, RUNX3 and SOCS1) as surrogate markers for epigenomic aberrations in tumor. The use of these markers as a CIMP-specific panel needs to be validated by a large independent dataset. Design: We collected 920 colorectal cancers from two large prospective cohort studies. Utilizing MethyLight assays, we quantified DNA methylation in eight CIMP-specific markers {CACNA1G, IGF2, NEUROG1, RUNX3, SOCS1, plus CDKN2A (p16), CRABP1 and MLH1}. We determined microsatellite instability (MSI) status and sequenced KRAS and BRAF. Results: A CIMP-high cutoff was set at ≥6/8 or ≥5/8 methylated promoters, based on BRAF and KRAS mutation frequency spectra in MSI-high and microsatellite stable (MSS) tumors. Table shows sensitivity, specificity and concordance rates of a single marker-based CIMP diagnosis against the 8-marker CIMP panel. All but two very specific markers [MLH1 (98% specific) and SOCS1 (93% specific)] demonstrated ≥87% sensitivities and ≥80% specificities. Based on the data, the eight markers were ranked in order as: RUNX3, CACNA1G, IGF2, MLH1, NEUROG1, CRABP1, SOCS1 and CDKN2A. A panel of markers including at least RUNX3, CACNA1G, IGF2 and MLH1 could serve as a sensitive and specific marker panel for CIMP-high. Conclusion: Our results indicate overall good concordance in methylation patterns and good performance of all of the 8 markers. Table. Sensitivity & Specificity of Each Marker for Diagnosis of CIMP-High in 920 Colorectal Cancers Sensitivity = “(the number of CIMP-high cases positive for a given marker) / (the number of all CIMP-high cases)”. Specificity = “(the number of CIMP-low/0 cases negative for a given marker) / (the number of all CIMP-low/0 cases)”.
Selecting the appropriate psychotherapies for individuals with traumatic brain injury: What works and what does not?

Background When traditional psychotherapy is provided to patients with traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), the primary focus is on treating mood changes such as depression, anxiety or anger. However, traditional psychotherapeutic methods developed specifically for mood changes fall short when treating most TBI patients. In large part, this is because the psychological adjustment difficulties that most TBI patients face are linked to life-altering changes that are interwoven with permanent physical, cognitive, and social sequelae. In addition, mood changes in TBI patients are also caused by vocational and financial losses. Objective The sudden onset of these unfamiliar and interdependent problems necessitates a psychotherapeutic approach that acknowledges the inherent challenges of coping with multiple life-altering changes. For patients who experience a shattered sense of self, interventions need to be explored to make life meaningful following a TBI. Methods An existentially-oriented approach is introduced in the following steps: (1) identifying pre-injury future expectations, (2) examining how the TBI has altered these expectations, (3) grieving the loss of the expected future, and (4) developing a realistic future that is existentially meaningful. Results Pivotal gains are achieved when patients rebuild their lives according to their own core values. Conclusion TBI patients can benefit from existential psychotherapy.
Expected Utility Theory and the Experimentalists

The experimental evidence against expected utility theory is, on balance, either uninformative or unconvincing. When one modifies the experiments to mitigate these criticisms the evidence tends to support traditional theory.
The emergency medicine evaluation and management of the patient with cirrhosis.

Abstract Background Cirrhosis is a significant cause of death in the U.S. and has a variety of causes, most commonly Hepatitis C and alcohol. Liver fibrosis and nodule formation result in significant complications due to portal system hypertension. There are several deadly complications emergency physicians must consider. Objective of the review Provide an evidence-based update for the resuscitation of decompensating cirrhotic patients and an overview of cirrhosis complications. Discussion Cirrhosis is a common condition in the U.S. and leads to several deadly complications. The disease develops from liver fibrosis, elevating portal pressures and modifying patient hemodynamics. Cirrhosis results in significant anatomic and physiologic modifications involving the gastrointestinal, cardiopulmonary, neurologic, renal, immunologic, and hematologic systems. The disease can be divided into compensated and decompensated states, with decompensation associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Complications include variceal hemorrhage, ascites, increased risk of bacterial infection, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP), hepatic encephalopathy, hepatorenal syndrome, hepatopulmonary syndrome, umbilical hernia, and hepatic hydrothorax. Resuscitation including airway and circulation measures is paramount in these patients, and several new techniques are offered for the approach to intubation and resuscitation for patients with severe cirrhosis. Conclusions Decompensating cirrhotics may require extensive resuscitation, and knowledge of the evaluation and management of complications associated with cirrhosis can improve care for patients with severe liver disease.
Thickness dependence of the quantum Hall effect in films of the three-dimensional Dirac semimetal Cd3As2

Low-temperature magnetotransport studies are reported for (112)Cd3As2 films grown on (111)CdTe by molecular beam epitaxy as a function of the Cd3As2 film thickness. All films show Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations. An even-integer quantum Hall effect is observed for films thinner than 70 nm. For the thinnest films, the bulk is gapped and transport at low temperatures occurs only via the gapless, two-dimensional states. The lowest Landau level is reached at ∼10 T, and the longitudinal resistance nearly vanishes at the plateaus in the Hall resistance. The results are discussed in the context of the current theoretical understanding of topological surface states in three-dimensional Dirac semimetals.
Correction to: Early Life Stress and Childhood Aggression: Mediating and Moderating Effects of Child Callousness and Stress Reactivity

The article "Early Life Stress and Childhood Aggression: Mediating and Moderating Effects of Child Callousness and Stress Reactivity", written by Dominika A. Winiarski, Melissa L. Engel, Niranjan S. Karnik and Patricia A. Brennan, was originally published electronically on the publisher's internet portal (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10578-018-0785-9) on 13 February 2018 without open access.
Laurette McMechan (1878–1970): “Mother of Anesthetists”

Laurette van Varseveld McMechan (1878-1970) was married to Francis Hoeffer McMechan (1879-1939), who organized the International Anesthesia Research Society and was the editor of the first journal for physician and dentist anesthetists. Although she was not a physician, she made vital contributions to the development of worldwide organized anesthesia and its journals. These were most evident after her husband became severely disabled in 1911, when Laurette McMechan worked closely with him on his efforts to organize the practice of anesthesiology and create a scholarly journal for the specialty. After his death, she continued to serve our profession for another 17 years, serving as assistant executive secretary-editor of the International Anesthesia Research Society and its journal, Current Researches in Anesthesia and Analgesia. Her life was dedicated to the profession of anesthesia. A memorial tribute labeled her "the mother of anesthetists," a title she deserved.
Silicon Optical Phased Array with Grating Lobe-Free Beam Formation Over 180 Degree Field of View

Using index-mismatched waveguides, we demonstrate the first optical phased array with half-wavelength emitter pitch. We show operation without grating lobes over an entire 180° field of view and beam formation up to 60° off-axis.
Ambient ammonia synthesis via palladium-catalyzed electrohydrogenation of dinitrogen at low overpotential.

Electrochemical reduction of N2 to NH3 provides an alternative to the Haber−Bosch process for sustainable, distributed production of NH3 when powered by renewable electricity. However, the development of such process has been impeded by the lack of efficient electrocatalysts for N2 reduction. Here we report efficient electroreduction of N2 to NH3 on palladium nanoparticles in phosphate buffer solution under ambient conditions, which exhibits high activity and selectivity with an NH3 yield rate of ~4.5 μg mg−1Pd h−1 and a Faradaic efficiency of 8.2% at 0.1 V vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode (corresponding to a low overpotential of 56 mV), outperforming other catalysts including gold and platinum. Density functional theory calculations suggest that the unique activity of palladium originates from its balanced hydrogen evolution activity and the Grotthuss-like hydride transfer mechanism on α-palladium hydride that lowers the free energy barrier of N2 hydrogenation to *N2H, the rate-limiting step for NH3 electrosynthesis.
A Hypothetical Mechanism for Fat-Induced Rodent Hepatocarcinogenesis

The regulation of fat metabolism in higher eukaryotes appears to be intimately associated with the activities of a family of recently identified nuclear receptors called ‘peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors’ (PPAR). In 1990, Issemann and Green1 reported the cloning of a mouse steroid receptor superfamily member that they characterized as a peroxisome proliferator-responsive transcription factor. The steroid receptor family of genes consists of a group of ligand-activated DNA transcription factors that bind regulatory sequences upstream of their target gene(s) resulting in the activation or repression of specific gene transcription.2–4 Subsequently it has been shown that PPAR is a small family of genes with reports of at least α, β and γ isoforms in mouse,5,6 Xenopus,7 rat8 and humans.9,10 An examination of PPAR regulatable promoters suggest this receptor family is intimately involved in fat metabolism including their breakdown,11,12 storage13 and synthesis.14 The complexity of the PPAR activation pathway has been substantially enhanced by the demonstration that PPAR DNA binding is linked to heterodimerization with a member of the retinoid X (RXR) family of receptors,15 and more recent PPAR transcription studies in yeast where it was demonstrated that PPAR activity is contingent upon both RXR and perhaps other mammalian cell-specific factor(s).16 The RXR family of receptors appear to be a point of convergence for several members of the intracellular receptor superfamily of genes17–19 and play a critical role in the transcriptional events associated with these receptors. All of the data accumulated to date clearly implicate PPAR-regulated events in the homeostasis of fats and suggest they may serve as viable targets for drug intervention and regulation of fat metabolism.
Adaptive Decomposition of Highly Resolved Time Series into Local and Non-Local Components

ABSTRACTHighly time-resolved air monitoring data are widely being collected over long time horizons in order to characterize ambient and near-source air quality trends. In many applications, it is desirable to split the time-resolved data into two or more components (e.g., local and regional) for apportionment and mitigation purposes. While there may be increased information content in highly time-resolved data, the temporal resolution may also increase entropic effects on the data, thereby dramatically clouding the very information sought in time-resolved data. Specialized methods such as filtering may be required to extract the underlying information content. Constrained and Adaptive Decomposition of Time Series (CADETS) is a new method that can help carve out components of time series based on the content of the frequencies present in the time series. CADETS is also a flexible approach that allows the user to choose the bifurcation point with minimal negative impacts. Using this algorithm, we demonstrate that a time series signal may be decomposed into two useful and interpretable signals that can help identify aspects that may otherwise be hidden or distorted. Using the output from the CADETS algorithm, we show that ultrafine particles (30–100 nm) collected near a major highway may be split into a 64:36 ratio of highly varying (local) and slowly varying (regional) components, meanwhile identical measurements at a background location were estimated to split into a 56:44 local versus regional ratio.
High-Resolution Structural Characterization of a New Adeno-associated Virus Serotype 5 Antibody Epitope toward Engineering Antibody-Resistant Recombinant Gene Delivery Vectors.

Adeno-associated virus serotype 5 (AAV5) is being developed as a gene delivery vector for several diseases, including hemophilia and Huntington's disease, and has a demonstrated efficient transduction in liver, lung, skeletal muscle, and the central nervous system. One limitation of AAV gene delivery is preexisting neutralizing antibodies, which present a significant challenge for vector effectiveness in therapeutic applications. Here, we report the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and image-reconstructed structure of AAV5 in complex with a newly generated monoclonal antibody, HL2476, at 3.1-A resolution. Unlike other available anti-AAV5 capsid antibodies, ADK5a and ADK5b, with epitopes surrounding the 5-fold channel of the capsid, HL2476 binds to the 3-fold protrusions. To elucidate the capsid-antibody interactions, the heavy and light chains were sequenced and their coordinates, along with the AAV5 viral protein, assigned to the density map. The high resolution of the complex enabled the identification of interacting residues at the 3-fold protrusions of the capsid, including R483, which forms two hydrogen bonds with the light chain of HL2476. A panel of AAV5 variants was generated and analyzed by native dot immunoblot and transduction assays. This identified variants with antibody escape phenotypes that maintain infectivity.IMPORTANCE Biologics based on recombinant AAVs (rAAVs) are increasingly becoming attractive human gene delivery vehicles, especially after the approval of Glybera in Europe and Luxturna in the United States. However, preexisting neutralizing antibodies against the AAV capsids in a large percentage of the human population limit wide-spread utilization of these vectors. To circumvent this problem, stealth vectors must be generated that are undetectable by these antibodies. This study details the high-resolution characterization of a new antigenic region on AAV5, a vector being developed for numerous delivery applications. The structure of AAV5 complexed with HL2476, a novel antibody, was determined by cryo-EM to 3.1-A resolution. The resolution of the density map enabled the identification of interacting residues between capsid and antibody and the determinants of neutralization. Thus, the information obtained from this study can facilitate the generation of host immune escape vectors.
All-Around Package Security Using Radio Frequency Identification Threads

There is a need to secure packages that can provide non-contact detection of package tampering using an approach that is simple and low cost. We expect this solution to provide an all-around tamper detection along all sides and edges of a package which is lacking in current solutions. In this paper, we propose novel radio-frequency identification (RFID) threads, which can be wrapped around an entire package covering all sides and edges. In RFID threads, long flexible silver conductive threads serve as feed lines from the RFID chip to the dipole antenna. Opening of the package leads to breaking of the feed lines, which shuts off the radiation from the antenna and results in loss of signal at an RFID reader thus providing wireless tamper detection. This paper presents fabrication of such RFID threads and validation of 100% tamper detection of several packages.
Greek Influences on Roman Dowry Law

Classical and Hellenistic Greek laws and dowry practices were generally more progressive and provided more protections for wives than early Roman marriage law and practice. Roman dowry law then wit...