cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative trait locus mapping for ethanol teratogenesis in BXD recombinant inbred mice.

Background Individual differences in susceptibility to the detrimental effects of prenatal ethanol (EtOH) exposure have been demonstrated. Many factors, including genetics, play a role in susceptibility and resistance. We have previously shown that C57BL/6J (B6) mice display a number of morphological malformations following an acute dose of EtOH in utero, while DBA/2J (D2) mice are relatively resistant. Here, we present the results of quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping for EtOH teratogenesis in recombinant inbred strains derived from a cross between B6 and D2 (BXD RIs). Methods Pregnant dams were intubated with either maltose-dextrin or 5.8 g/kg EtOH on day 9 of gestation (GD9). On GD 18, dams were sacrificed and fetuses and placentae were removed. Placentae and fetuses were weighed; fetuses were sexed and examined for gross morphological malformations. Fetuses were then either placed in Bouin's fixative for subsequent soft-tissue analyses or eviscerated and placed in EtOH for subsequent skeletal examinations. QTL mapping for maternal weight gain (MWG), prenatal mortality, fetal weight (FW) at c-section, placental weight (PW), and several morphological malformations was performed using WebQTL. Results Heritability for our traits ranged from 0.06 for PW to 0.39 for MWG. We found suggestive QTLs mediating all phenotypes and significant QTLs for FW and digit and rib malformations. While most QTL regions are large, several intriguing candidate genes emerged based on polymorphisms between B6 and D2 and gene function. Conclusions In this first mapping study for EtOH teratogenesis, several QTLs were identified. Future studies will further characterize these regions. Identification of genes and epigenetic modifications mediating susceptibility to the teratogenic effects of alcohol in mice will provide targets to examine in human populations.
Geochronology of age-progressive volcanism of the Oregon High Lava Plains : implications for the plume interpretation of Yellowstone

[1] The High Lava Plains province (HLP) is a late Cenozoic bimodal volcanic field at the northern margin of the Basin and Range province in southeastern Oregon that hosts a westward younging trend of silicic volcanism that crudely mirrors northeastward migration of silicic volcanism along the Yellowstone–Snake River Plain (YSRP) trend. We present 40Ar/39Ar ages for 19 rhyolite domes, 5 rhyolite ash flow tuffs, and 34 basaltic lavas from the HLP. The previously identified trend of westward migration of HLP rhyolites is confirmed. The rate of propagation is ∼33 km/m.y. from 10 to 5 Ma, slowing to ∼13 km/m.y. after 5 Ma. The duration of silicic volcanism at any locus is ∼2 m.y. Three older HLP dacite domes yielded ages of ∼15.5 Ma. Basalts are not age progressive. We identify several episodes of increased basaltic activity at 7.5–7.8, 5.3–5.9, and 2–3 Ma, with the younger episode likely continuing into the Recent. The HLP and YSRP trends emerged from the axis of middle Miocene basaltic volcanism of the Columbia River and Steens basalts. We propose a model in which (1) Miocene flood basalts and widespread silicic rocks are the result of emplacement of a plume head near the craton margin, enhanced by flow up a topographic gradient along the base of the lithosphere at the craton margin; (2) the HLP trend is the result of westward flow originating at the craton margin; and (3) the YSRP trend is the trace of the motion of the North American plate over the tail of the plume.
Thin Oxynitride Films Prepared by Low Pressure Rapid Thermal Chemical Vapor Deposition

Thin silicon oxynitride (Si-O-N) films have been deposited using low pressure rapid thermal chemical vapor deposition (RTCVD) with silane (SiH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ammonia (NH3) as the reactive gases. Structural analysis coupled with a study of deposition conditions indicate that an increase in NH3/N2O flow rate ratios leads to an increased N/O atomic ratio and a decreased Si-O-N deposition rate. Thin film (55-75A) polySi/Si-N-O/Si capacitors and transistors were fabricated for NH3/N2O flow rate ratios from 20% to 100%. Some of the films were subjected to a post deposition anneal at 950°C for 15 seconds in both argon and oxygen. Capacitance voltage measurements indicate a mid-gap interface trap density of ≤. 6 × 1010 eV−1cm−2 for all the films independent of both nitrogen content and post deposition annealing conditions. The transconductance was studied as a function of NH3/N2O flow rate ratio and decreasing peak gm values but improved high field degradation was observed for increased nitrogen content. This is consistent with previous work on nitrided oxides and suggests that the films are under tensile stress. Hot carrier stress at maximum substrate current was performed with the Si-O-N films displaying larger threshold voltage shifts when compared to furnace Si02 indicating the possible existence of hydrogen related traps.
Acoustic and perceptual measurements of prosody production on the profiling elements of prosodic systems in children by children with autism spectrum disorders

Prosody production atypicalities are a feature of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), but behavioral measures of performance have failed to provide detail on the properties of these deficits. We used acoustic measures of prosody to compare children with ASDs to age-matched groups with learning disabilities and typically developing peers. Overall, the group with ASD had longer utterance durations on multiple subtests on a test of prosodic abilities, and both the ASD and learning disabilities groups had higher pitch ranges and pitch variance than the typically developing group on one subtest. Acoustic differences were present even when the prosody was used correctly. These findings represent differences in the fine details of the acoustic output beyond its functional interpretation in both clinical groups.
3D Display Using Passive Optical Scatterers

A new class of 3D displays uses a digital projector and a cloud of passive optical scatterers etched in a glass cube with laser-induced damage.These inexpensive devices can be used to display simple 3D objects, extend videogames to three dimensions, and create 3D avatars. Over the past century, researchers have worked vigorously to create a device that can display realistic high-resolution 3D content. As an offshoot of that, we are developing an inexpensive class of volumetric displays that can present certain types of 3D content, including simple 3D objects, extruded objects, and 3D surfaces that appear dynamic when projected with time-varying images, at relatively low resolution. Our displays use a simple light engine and a cloud of passive optical scatterers. The basic idea is to trade off the light engine's 2D spatial resolution to gain resolution in the third dimension. One way to achieve such a tradeoff is to use a stack of planar grids of scatterers where no two stacks overlap each other with respect to the light engine's projection rays.
United States Perceptions of Latin America, 1850-1930: A "New West" South of Capricorn?

The new pathfinders the failure of the railroads in the Southern Cone the lack of "Western-style" developers in the Southern Cone the new fact-finders.
Muscle function in avian flight: achieving power and control

Flapping flight places strenuous requirements on the physiological performance of an animal. Bird flight muscles, particularly at smaller body sizes, generally contract at high frequencies and do substantial work in order to produce the aerodynamic power needed to support the animal’s weight in the air and to overcome drag. This is in contrast to terrestrial locomotion, which offers mechanisms for minimizing energy losses associated with body movement combined with elastic energy savings to reduce the skeletal muscles’ work requirements. Muscles also produce substantial power during swimming, but this is mainly to overcome body drag rather than to support the animal’s weight. Here, I review the function and architecture of key flight muscles related to how these muscles contribute to producing the power required for flapping flight, how the muscles are recruited to control wing motion and how they are used in manoeuvring. An emergent property of the primary flight muscles, consistent with their need to produce considerable work by moving the wings through large excursions during each wing stroke, is that the pectoralis and supracoracoideus muscles shorten over a large fraction of their resting fibre length (33‐42%). Both muscles are activated while being lengthened or undergoing nearly isometric force development, enhancing the work they perform during subsequent shortening. Two smaller muscles, the triceps and biceps, operate over a smaller range of contractile strains (12‐23%), reflecting their role in controlling wing shape through elbow flexion and extension. Remarkably, pigeons adjust their wing stroke plane mainly via changes in whole-body pitch during take-off and landing, relative to level flight, allowing their wing muscles to operate with little change in activation timing, strain magnitude and pattern.
Ultralow Power Silicon Modulators

We discuss recent results in low-energy (0.9fJ/bit) high-speed (25Gb/s) electro-optically stabilized microdisk modulators. The combined results of highly efficient modulation and electro-optic thermal compensation represent a major step towards single-digit femtojoule-class communications.
A Commentary on Entrepreneurship and Economic Development (Ed. Wim Naudé)

Interest in the study of entrepreneurship has flourished among scholars in recent years. This research has brought to light, among other things, the important role of entrepreneurship and innovation in economic growth. We know that innovative entrepreneurs - those who bring new products and processes to the market - are disproportionately responsible for the breakthrough or ‘disruptive’ innovations that change our daily lives and allow for the rapid improvement in standards of living that developed countries have experienced over the past century, and also disproportionately responsible for job growth in industrialized economies. While we have learned much about the effects of entrepreneurship, many of the mechanisms of change remain open for research.The role of entrepreneurship in the economic growth of developing countries is certainly even more complex. Studies of this topic often look to history for answers, following the development path of industrialized or growing nations to find the ‘secret sauce’ for their success. Just as innovative entrepreneurial activity is vital to the ongoing growth of developed countries, innovation and entrepreneurship are essential components to a developing economy’s long-term growth. This is the topic of the recent UNU-WIDER book Entrepreneurship and Economic Development, edited by Wim Naude. This article provides some perspective on this contribution.
Failure of phenosulfazole to influence the course of infection with murine poliomyelitis virus in mice.

ConclusionsPhenosulfazole had no demonstrable effect on the course of infection with murine SK poliomyelitis virus in mice.
California Field and Laboratory Studies on Relapsing Fever

Seven other cases have been reported to the California State Department of Public Health; six were infected outside of California, but were diagnosed here. The seventh case was a laboratory infection contracted in California. The field investigations herein reported deal with three of these foci of infection and with the rodent reservoirs of T. recurrentis. The experimental laboratory studies discuss certain phases in the comparison of rodent and human strains of spirochetes which have been isolated.
Development of SRM 2907 Trace Terrorist Explosives Simulants for the Detection of Semtex and Triacetone Triperoxide

Effective and accurate detection of trace explosives is crucial in the effort to thwart terrorist explosives attacks. A National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standard reference material (SRM) has been developed for the evaluation of trace explosives detectors that sample by collection of residue particles using swiping or air filtration. SRM 2907 Trace Terrorist Explosives Simulants consists of two materials individually simulating the residues of the plastic explosive Semtex [for pentaerytritol tetranitrate (PETN)] and the improvised explosive triacetone triperoxide (TATP). Unique challenges were encountered in the development of these materials, including the selection of suitable inert substrates, material preparation, thermal stability testing, and analytical method development. Two independent analytical methods based on liquid chromatography with ultraviolet absorbance and mass spectrometric detection, LC-UV and LC/MS, respectively, were developed and used to certify the mass fractions of PETN and TATP. These materials were further evaluated for their suitability on a field swipe-sampled trace explosives detectors based on ion mobility spectrometry (IMS).
The prevalence of dental caries among primary and middle school students in Dahua Yao Autonomous County of Guangxi in 2012

[Objective]To understand the prevalence of dental caries among primary and middle school students in minority county of Guangxi,provide a reference for students' oral hygiene in the future.[Methods]According to the national survey plan,the students in primary schools,middle schools and high schools in Dahua Yao Autonomous County received the physical examination.Meanwhile,the student health records were established.[Results]The physical examination was conducted in 53.98% of primary and middle school students and all high school students.The students received the physical examination accounted for 66.02% of all students in this county,while primary school students accounted for 58.59%,middle school students accounted for 73.13%,and high school students accounted for 93.71%.The overall prevalence of dental caries was 41.45%,and the prevalence of primary school students,middle school students and high school students was 51.94%,27.68% and 28.26%,respectively.There was a significant difference in prevalence of dental caries between urban and rural students(χ2=72.88,P0.05).The average caries of students were 2.7.[Conclusion]Except primary school students,the overall prevalence of students in Dahua Yao Autonomous County is lower than that in Guangxi,so the prevention and control of dental caries among primary school students should be strengthened.
Maximal vascular conductance in right ventricular myocardial circulation

With acutely increasing right ventricular (RV) hypertension, failure eventually occurs because of RV ischemia. This study examines the effects of RV hypertension on the diastolic right coronary cir...
LRP-1 Pathway Targeted Inhibition of Vascular Abnormalities in the Retina of Diabetic Mice

ABSTRACTPurpose: The cell surface LDL (low-density lipoprotein) receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1) is important for lipid transport and several cell signaling processes. Human apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a ligand of LRP-1. We previously reported that a short peptide (apoEdp) mimicking the LRP-1 binding region of apoE prevents hyperglycemia-induced retinal endothelial cell dysfunction in vitro. The in-vivo outcome of apoE-based peptidomimetic inhibition of LRP-1 in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy is unknown.Methods: Six months after streptozotocin induction of diabetes, male C57Bl/6 mice were intravitreally inoculated with apoEdp in a controlled release formulation. On the 15th day post-apoEdp treatment, mouse retinas were harvested to examine (1) blood–retinal–barrier (BRB) permeability by Evans blue dye, inflammatory leukostasis by concanavalin staining of leukocytes and LRP-1 pathway-related protein expression by Western blot analysis and gelatin zymography.Results: Intravitreal apoEdp treatment of...
Experimental investigation into the substitution mechanisms and solubility of Ti in garnet

Garnet is a common and important mineral in metamorphic systems, but the mechanisms by which it incorporates Ti—one of the major elements in the crust—are not well constrained. This study draws upon garnets synthesized at a range of temperatures and pressures to understand Ti solubility and the substitution mechanisms that govern its incorporation into garnet at eclogite and granulite facies conditions. Garnets from these synthesis experiments can incorporate up to several wt% TiO 2 . Comparison of Ti content with deficits in Al and Si in garnet indicates that Ti is incorporated by at least two substitution mechanisms ( VI Ti 4+ + VI M 2+ ↔ 2 VI Al 3+ , and VI Ti 4+ + IV Al 3+ ↔ VI Al 3+ + IV Si 4+ ). Increasing Ti solubility is correlated with increasing Ca and Fe/Mg ratios in garnet, clinopyroxene and melt. The complexity of the substitution mechanisms involved in Ti solubility in garnet makes practical Ti-in-garnet thermobarometry infeasible at present. However, a model fit to Ti partitioning between garnet and melt can be used to predict melt compositions in high-grade metamorphic systems. Additionally, the solubility and substitution mechanisms described here can help explain the presence of crystallographically aligned rutile needles in high-grade metamorphic systems.
Post-Grazing Compositional Analysis of an Anthropogenically Altered Northern Fescue Grassland in Northwestern Montana

Abstract Recognizing successional recovery gradients following release from disturbance is important for sustainable land management. To evaluate the recovery and transitions of vegetation post disturbance there needs to be a chronology of community succession. This study in northwestern Montana evaluated the composition of recognized plant communities and proposes successional recovery pathways of the native grassland following release from livestock grazing. Initial surveys were completed 15 years after grazing ended. Inventories of 16 herbaceous vegetation communities indicate that litter depth was the only statistically significant factor related to community composition (P = 0.03) and, importantly, was highly correlated with non-native species canopy cover (r = 0.904). The lack of litter was correlated with the persistence of three climax species (r = 0.736). Comparisons with published grassland community descriptions indicated the intermontane grasslands in this refuge are part of two Northern Fescu...
Filtering of Signals Distorted by Sensor Nonlinearity

Abstract A framework for addressing sensor issues that are related to nonlinearity is considered. When a signal is picked up by a nonlinear sensor, the high amplitude part of the signal is distorted by nonlinearity and the low amplitude part of the signal is indistinguishable from sensor noise. The distorted sensed signal may no longer represent the original input signal due to the presence of high and low frequency foreign spikes in its frequency spectrum. This situation poses a challenging problem: Would it be possible to uniquely extract the original information from the distorted sensed signal? A treatment to this problem is given and algorithms to recover the original signal from the sensed signal are presented. Simulation and experimental results are presented to validate the proposed recovery scheme.
The Transmission of Xenon-133 Through Activated Charcoal Adsorber Beds

Experimental data of Cantelow on the time-dependent transmission of 133Xe in air flowing steadily through fixed beds packed with activated charcoal adsorbent are reinterpreted on the basis of a dis...
Securing extraocular muscles in strabismus surgery: biomechanical analysis of knot-tying technique

Background The safe and precise reattachment of extraocular muscles requires a technical approach that minimizes any opportunity for the muscle to slip intraoperatively or postoperatively while minimizing surgical risk. Biomechanical testing can provide important quantitative information about the tensile properties of different knot configurations that may inform surgical technique. Methods A precision digital force gauge was used to assess the tensile strength created by different knot tying techniques and configurations in human sclera using 6-0 polyglactin 910 suture. Results The mean tensile strengths of the first knot throw formed with either one, two, or three loops, with widely separated scleral tunnels, were 5 g, 10 g, or 27 g, respectively. When the scleral tunnels are closely spaced in a “cross-swords” fashion, the mean strength of a first throw made with two loops increased to 385 g. If a first throw with two conventional loops was cinched against one of the scleral tunnels or a reversed first loop is used, the mean tensile strength increased to 112 g or 381 g, respectively, even with widely spaced scleral tunnels. Conclusions Proper cinching or minor modification of the first knot throw provides excellent tensile strength, even with short, widely spaced scleral tunnels, comparable to that achieved with the technically more demanding crossed swords technique. Conventional, noncinched first throws are prone to slip at low force when scleral tunnels are widely separated, though the resistance increases as the number of loops increases.
PERFORMANCE OF HARD DISK DRIVES IN HIGH NOISE ENVIRONMENTS

Digital information stored in rotational media, such as hard disk drives (HDD) needs to be reliable and readily accessible. Although various studies have been performed on the modal analysis of HDDs and the noise emitted during operation, few researchers have addressed the effects noise can have on the performance of HDDs. Analysis performed by Siemens Corporation, IBM and Tyco Fire Protection Products shows that HDDs are sensitive to external disturbances such as tones, broadband noise with tones, and broadband signals. This paper focuses on identifying the critical frequency ranges and the levels of noise where the performance of the drives reduces. A series of tests has been performed using filtered noise in one-third octave frequency bands at sound pressure levels ranging from 80 dB to 130 dB (re 20 mPa) in an anechoic chamber. A detailed description on the test set-up along with the methodology of testing has been provided. Read/write speeds have been used to measure HDD performance. A completely random read/write workload with varied data packet size has been incorporated through a custom LabVIEW program. Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) drives have been used for the analysis. General trends in performance curves of enterprise HDD, laptop drives, helium filled HDD and non-helium filled HDDs are shown. HDD performance is shown to be sensitive to sound pressure levels as low as 85 dB (re 20 mPa) at some frequencies and the frequency range from 4 kHz to 10 kHz has been found to be most sensitive to HDDs performance.
The History, Pitfalls, and Promise of Licensure in the Field of Behavior Analysis

As the field of behavior analysis joins the regulatory fray of state licensure, this chapter examines the impetus of such laws, the elements of an effective law, the features of a disruptive law, and when and whether licensing of behavior analysts makes sense.
Optimal Parallel Algorithms for Solving Tridiagonal Linear Systems

We consider the problem of solving tridiagonal linear systems on parallel distributed-memory machines. We present tight asymptotic bounds for solving these systems on the Loge model using two very common direct methods : odd-even cyclic reduction and prefix summing. For each method, we begin by presenting lower bounds on execution time for solving tridiagonal linear systems. Specifically, we present lower bounds in which it is assumed that the number of data items per processor is bounded, a general lower bound, and lower bounds for specific data layouts commonly used in designing parallel algorithms to solve tridiagonal linear systems. Moreover, algorithms are provided which have running times within a constant factor of the lower bounds provided. Lastly, the bounds for odd-even cyclic reduction and prefix summing are compared.
A High-Throughput Real-Time Imaging Technique To Quantify NETosis and Distinguish Mechanisms of Cell Death in Human Neutrophils

Neutrophils play a key role in host defenses and have recently been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases by various mechanisms, including formation of neutrophil extracellular traps through a recently described distinct form of programmed cell death called NETosis. Techniques to assess and quantitate NETosis in an unbiased, reproducible, and efficient way are lacking, considerably limiting the advancement of research in this field. We optimized and validated, a new method to automatically quantify the percentage of neutrophils undergoing NETosis in real time using the IncuCyte ZOOM imaging platform and the membrane-permeability properties of two DNA dyes. Neutrophils undergoing NETosis induced by various physiological stimuli showed distinct changes, with a loss of multilobulated nuclei, as well as nuclear decondensation followed by membrane compromise, and were accurately counted by applying filters based on fluorescence intensity and nuclear size. Findings were confirmed and validated with the established method of immunofluorescence microscopy. The platform was also validated to rapidly assess and quantify the dose-dependent effect of inhibitors of NETosis. In addition, this method was able to distinguish among neutrophils undergoing NETosis, apoptosis, or necrosis based on distinct changes in nuclear morphology and membrane integrity. The IncuCyte ZOOM platform is a novel real-time assay that quantifies NETosis in a rapid, automated, and reproducible way, significantly optimizing the study of neutrophils. This platform is a powerful tool to assess neutrophil physiology and NETosis, as well as to swiftly develop and test novel neutrophil targets.
Thermal boundary conductance of the MOS 2 -SiO 2 interface

We investigate heat conduction across the interface of a monolayer semiconductor and its supporting substrate using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. For the first time, we show that for the interface between MoS2 and SiO2, thermal boundary conductance (TBC) is 15.5 ± 1.5 MWK−1m−2. The TBC is found to increase proportionally with the strength of the van der Waals interactions and is largely independent of temperature between 200 and 400 K. We also find that bi- and tri-layer MoS 2 on SiO 2 have somewhat higher TBC compared to single-layer MoS 2 on SiO 2 . We compare the TBC simulation results with experimental data from Raman thermometry, finding close agreement between simulation and experiments.
The faces of local TV news in America: youth, whiteness, and gender disparities in station publicity photos

AbstractTV news is a visual medium that requires its on-air journalists to look good, but a history of lawsuits and survey research suggests that this burden is spread unevenly. Critics charge that women are expected to look younger and sexier, and minority broadcasters are held to a White standard of beauty. This project investigated the reality behind those complaints by examining the faces of on-air journalists working for local stations in the US according to race, gender, and attractiveness. The resulting content analysis of more than 400 online publicity photos suggests that a certain look dominates for men and for women and that the range of appearance standards is wider for men than women.
Visualizing Battery Reactions and Processes by Using In Situ and In Operando Microscopies

Summary Based on traditional electronic, X-ray, and optical microscopies, novel tools and methodologies have been developed to monitor batteries in situ or in operando . This review surveys the recent development of several types of in situ and in operando microscopy and their utilization in studying batteries. The article is organized mainly by the in situ and in operando techniques used (X-ray microscopy, electron microscopy, scanning probe microscopy, etc.) rather than the chemical reactions that govern battery behavior. We compare different methodologies to illustrate their advantages and disadvantages in the study of different systems and problems and, at the end of the article, discuss generalized principles for the selection of methodologies and possible future directions.
Emotional clarity and attention to emotions in cognitive behavioral group therapy and mindfulness-based stress reduction for social anxiety disorder.

We examined (1) differences between controls and patients with social anxiety disorder (SAD) in emotional clarity and attention to emotions; (2) changes in emotional clarity and attention to emotions associated with cognitive-behavioral group therapy (CBGT), mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), or a waitlist (WL) condition; and (3) whether emotional clarity and attention to emotions moderated changes in social anxiety across treatment. Participants were healthy controls (n = 37) and patients with SAD (n = 108) who were assigned to CBGT, MBSR, or WL in a randomized controlled trial. At pretreatment, posttreatment, and 12-month follow-up, patients with SAD completed measures of social anxiety, emotional clarity, and attention to emotions. Controls completed measures at baseline only. At pretreatment, patients with SAD had lower levels of emotional clarity than controls. Emotional clarity increased significantly among patients receiving CBGT, and changes were maintained at 12-month follow-up. Emotional clarity at posttreatment did not differ between CBGT and MBSR or between MBSR and WL. Changes in emotional clarity predicted changes in social anxiety, but emotional clarity did not moderate treatment outcome. Analyses of attention to emotions were not significant. Implications for the role of emotional clarity in the treatment of SAD are discussed.
Antimicrobial Resistance Among Epidemiologically Important Gram-Positive Bacteria

The emergence of antimicrobial resistance among clinically relevant bacteria has resulted in profound changes in the approach to treatment of infections caused by these pathogens. This chapter will focus on three epidemiologically important gram-positive bacteria: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus species. Common infections due to these organisms, common resistance mechanisms, and available treatment options will be reviewed.
Epicenter and epicentral-axis motion of a three-dimensional half-space

Ideally, this chapter would be devoted to a three-dimensional treatment of Lamb’s problem for a point load suddenly applied at the surface of a transversely isotropic elastic half-space. For an isotropic solid, the surface displacements for this problem were first successfully treated by Pekeris [48]. In the analysis of Pekeris, the Lame parameters λ and µ of the solid were assumed to be equal. This assumption permitted an easy solution of the Rayleigh cubic equation, but was not actually crucial to the mathematical technique employed. Pekeris gave a closed form solution for the surface displacements when the applied point loading was normal to the half-space. Although both the normal and tangential components of the surface displacement vector were found explicitly, the tangential component (unlike the normal component) required elliptic integrals of the first and third kinds for its description. The corresponding problem for a transversely isotropic half-space, in which the surface is normal to the axis of material symmetry, has been studied by Ryan [67]. Ryan discusses the wave front shape and singularities in the interior of the solid and gives graphical results for the surface displacements. Unfortunately the three-dimensional version of Lamb’s problem for a transversely isotropic solid does not (in contrast with the two-dimensional problem treated in Chapter 4) admit an explicit solution for surface displacements. Ryan uses numerical integration to evaluate the integral expressions for both components of the surface displacement vector.
The Human-Animal Bond Over the Lifespan: A Primer for Mental Health Professionals

Abstract Within this introductory chapter, an explanation will be given highlighting the significance of the human-animal bond (HAB). Specifically, within this chapter, emphasis will be presented providing a clear definition of HAB. Attention will also be given to discuss the theoretical underpinnings of why these relationships are so valued.
EFFECT OF COMPREHENSIVE STRATEGIC DECISION-MAKING AND LONG-TERM ORIENTATION ON THE ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF DAIRY CO-OPERATIVES IN KENYA

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of comprehensive strategic decision-making and long-term orientation on the organizational performance of dairy co-operatives in Kenya. Methodology: The study adopted the positivist research philosophy and descriptive correlational research design. The population of the study consisted of 198 executive directors/managers of active dairy co-operatives in eight counties in the Mt. Kenya region. A sample size of 184 was drawn using stratified random sampling, and data was collected using self-administered questionnaires. The data was then analyzed using descriptive statistics of frequency, mean, and standard deviation. Additionally, inferential data analysis methods of Pearson’s correlation, ANOVA, and multiple linear regression were used to test the hypotheses. Results : The multiple linear regression results indicated that long-term orientation significantly predicted revenue per customer, b = 9.85, t (141) = 3.35, p <.05 and product innovation, b = 1.56, t (141) = 1.43, p < .05. It was also found that revenue per customer explained 49.7% of the variance, ( R 2 = .497, F (5, 125) = 13.27, p < .05, while ROA explained 29.4 %, ( R 2 = .294, F (5, 123) = 9.06, p < .05. Product innovation explained 41.2% of the variance, ( R 2 = 0.412, F (9, 120) = 9.35, p < .05. In relation to the moderating variable, the regression results revealed that market orientation significantly predicted revenue per customer, b = 1.64, t (141) = 7.66, p < .05; ROA, b = 2.14, t (141) = 3.35, p < .05; and product innovation, b =1.89, t (141) = .53, p < .05. It was also found that revenue per customer explained 49.7% of the variance, ( R 2 = .497, F (5, 125) =13.27, p < .05, while ROA explained 29.4 %, and product innovation explained 41.2%. However, the results showed that market orientation did not significantly moderate the relationship between corporate governance and organizational performance. Comprehensive strategic decision-making was not significant in explaining revenue per customer, ROA, and product innovation. Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: While previous studies on corporate governance of co-operatives have relied largely on agency theory and shareholder wealth maximization, this study was based on stewardship theory to show its effect on the organizational performance of dairy co-operatives. The inclusion of market orientation as a moderating variable is of great interest to academia in establishing a better link between corporate governance of co-operatives and similar agricultural enterprises, and their performance. The co-operative sector, other social enterprises and the government of Kenya will benefit from this study as its results can help identify the areas for governance policy development as well as regulatory legislation needed by the sector so as to improve dairy farming for the farmers and the national economy as a whole.
Constructivism as a Theory of Learning Versus Constructivism as a Prescription for Instruction

Constructivism1 has long been recognized as a useful theory of learning in which learners build mental representations by engaging in appropriate kinds of active cognitive processing during learning. It is tempting to also view constructivism as a prescription for instruction in which learners must be behaviorally active during learning. While accepting constructivism as a theory of learning, this chapter examines what is wrong with this view of constructivism as a prescription for instruction. In particular, the thesis of this chapter is that it is inappropriate to assume that active cognitive learning requires teaching methods that promote hands-on behavioral activity during learning-such as discovery methods. Similarly, it is inappropriate to assume that passive instructional methods-such as multimedia presentations-cannot promote active cognitive learning. In this introduction, I explore the constructivist teaching fallacy by drawing on a distinction between high cognitive activity during learning (which according to constructivist learning theory leads to deeper learning) and high behavioral activity during learning (which according to a constructivist teaching theory leads to deeper learning). Second, the chapter reviews exemplary research on when active instructional methods lead to passive cognitive learning (i.e., high behavioral activity and low cognitive activity), including ways that discovery methods can fail. Third, the chapter reviews exemplary research concerning when passive instructional methods lead to active cognitive learning (i.e., low behavioral activity and high cognitive activity), including ways of designing multimedia lessons that promote active learning. Overall, constructivism can be successful as a theory of active learning but not as a prescription for active instruction.
Fibrous dysplasia of the ethmoid sinus

Fibrous dysplasia of bones comprising the paranasal sinuses is well recognized. Depending on the anatomic areas of the skull involved by this neoplasm, a combined approach for surgical removal may be necessitated. A case of a patient with fibrous dysplasia of the ethmoid sinus, possibly the first reported case of such change in the ethmoid bone itself, is presented. A two-stage, combined otolaryngologicneurosurgical craniofacial resection was the method of treatment.
Buzzing away the pain: Using an electric toothbrush for vibration anesthesia during painful procedures

Many dermatologic procedures are painful and traumatic, for both pediatric patients and providers alike. Vibration anesthesia has recently been discussed as an effective method for reducing pain associated with injections, but some vibration machines can be cost prohibitive for providers. We describe how to employ an electric toothbrush as an inexpensive and effective option to provide vibration anesthesia during painful pediatric procedures.
Correction to: Association between inflammation and systolic blood pressure in RA compared to patients without RA

Following publication of the original article [1], it has come to our attention that we did not appropriately convert the units for CRP from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from mg/dL to mg/L. In this study, NHANES was considered the general population cohort for this study; interestingly, the correction resulted in changes to a broader range of CRP values in NHANES from 0.01 to 18.0 mg/dL to 0.10 to 180.0 mg/L.
Understanding Response to Immunotherapy Using Standard of Care and Experimental Imaging Approaches

Immunotherapy has emerged as a standard of care in the treatment of a wide variety of malignancies, and it may be used in combination with other treatments including surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. However, a patient’s imaging response to immunotherapy can be confounded by a variety of factors, including the appearance of pseudoprogression or the development of immune-related adverse events. In these situations, the immune response itself can mimic disease progression, potentially causing confusion in assessment and determination of further treatment. To address these challenges, a variety of approaches have been proposed to improve response assessment. First, revised definitions of response criteria, accounting for the appearance of pseudoprogression, can improve specificity of assessment. Second, advanced image processing including radiomics and machine learning analysis can be used to further analyze standard of care imaging data. In addition, new molecular imaging techniques can be used to directly interrogate immune cell activity or study aspects of the tumor microenvironment. These approaches have promise for improving the understanding of the response to immunotherapy and improving patient care.
Service Function Chain Mapping in Fog Networks

Network function virtualization (NFV) uses commodity servers to run “softwarized” networking device functions and replace costly, proprietary hardware systems. This paradigm is now being used to build and deploy highly-customized service function chains (SFC) for clients. However most related studies have only considered function placement in cloud-based networks. There is now a growing need for NFV service chaining in more specialized fog networks to support users with stringent delay and localized contextual data needs. Hence this letter presents novel fog-based SFC mapping schemes that take into account delay, bandwidth, and node resource parameters.
Fixed-Dose Netupitant and Palonosetron for Chronic Nausea in Cancer Patients: A Double-Blind, Placebo Run-in Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial.

Abstract Context No clinical trials have examined the effect of netupitant/palonosetron (NEPA) on chronic nausea in patients with cancer. Objectives In this pilot randomized trial, we assessed the efficacy of NEPA and placebo on chronic nausea. Methods This double-blind, parallel, randomized trial enrolled patients with cancer and chronic nausea for at least 1 month, intensity ≥4/10 and not on moderately or highly emetogenic systemic therapies. Patients started with a placebo run-in period from days 1 to 5; those without a placebo response proceeded to the double-blinded phase between days 6 to 15 (NEPA: placebo 2:1 ratio). The primary outcome was within-group change in average nausea over the 24 hours on a 0–10 numeric rating scale between day 5 and 15. Results Among the 53 enrolled patients, 46 proceeded to placebo run-in and 33 had blinded treatment (22 NEPA and 11 placebo). We observed a statistically significant within-group improvement in nausea numeric rating scale between day 5 and 15 in the NEPA group (mean change, −2.0; 95% CI, −3.1 to −0.8) and the placebo group (mean change, −2.3; 95% CI, −3.9 to −0.7). A complete response was achieved in 8 (38%) patients in the NEPA group and 2 (20%) in the placebo group by day 15. No grade 3–4 toxicities were attributed to NEPA. There were no statistically significant between-group differences for the primary/secondary outcomes. Conclusions NEPA and placebo were associated with similar magnitude of within-group improvement in chronic nausea without significant between-group differences (Clinicaltrials.gov NCT03040726).
Wild Yet Tasty: A Guide to Edible Plants of Eastern Kentucky

Dan Dourson and Judy Dourson. 2019. Wild Yet Tasty: A Guide to Edible Plants of Eastern Kentucky. (ISBN-13: 978-1-94-966903-9, pbk) The University Press of Kentucky, 663 S. Limestone St., Lexington, Kentucky 40508-4008, U.S.A. (Orders: kentuckypress.com). $14.95 US, 44 pp., 29 line drawings, 6" × 9".
To Err is Human, to Audit Divine: A Critical Assessment of Canada’s AI Directive

In recent years, an increasing number of global governments have been quietly incorporating automated decision-making systems into their governance processes. The potential efficiency gains from these systems are easy to see. However, their broader impact on core government functions is much less clear, not least because of a broader lack of transparency in how they are being rolled out, and a dearth of public discussion around how they should be used responsibly. In April 2019, Canada's federal government passed the Directive on Automated Decision-Making, with the goal of supporting transparency and public accountability around the adoption of automated decision-making technologies. This paper analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of the Directive on Automated Decision-Making in the context of broader challenges around the use of automated decision-making systems, and provides substantive recommendations for improvement. Ultimately, while the Directive's transparency provisions are a game-changer in supporting public policy debates in this space, there is still room for improvement, particularly in expanding the scope of application and in supporting a specific and meaningful procedure to facilitate complaints or feedback from individuals or communities impacted by automated systems, including a formal process to raise concerns about biased or otherwise problematic results being returned.
Mending the Vehicle Aftermarkets: A Call to Halt OEMs' Harm to Consumers

This paper argues that the FTC should take action to protect the right to repair cars and light trucks. Through legal and policy investments that stretch back half a century, lawmakers have given consumers a right to repair their cars and light trucks and kept the aftermarkets for parts and service of those vehicles separate from the fore markets for those vehicles. Of late, the right to repair has been undermined by a host of practices engaged in by certain automakers, including the practice of obtaining design patents on collision parts, entry into exclusive supply agreements with certain component manufacturers, limits certain parts to use on specific vehicles (i.e., VIN burning), and steering consumers to particular facilities through the use of onboard information systems. The FTC should investigate and put an end to these practices.
The Bar Admission Process, Gatekeeper or Big Brother: An Empirical Study

Bar examiners face the challenge of determining which applicants to practice law possess the moral fitness, mental stability and proper character necessary to be competent lawyers. What are the appropriate questions on bar applications to provide bar examiners with sufficient information to screen out unfit and unstable potential attorneys? Do questions on mental health treatment reveal information that helps predict current and future ability to practice law? Are questions about substance abuse and treatment relevant in order to prevent attorney misconduct? Should inquiry of criminal misconduct be restricted to criminal convictions or should information about arrests alone be permitted, and should a time frame be placed on such investigations? Are there certain behaviors or conduct in an applicant's past that are red flags in predicting present and future misconduct? Does the burden of proof fall on the bar applicant to prove moral fitness or should it be placed on the shoulders of bar examiners to demonstrate unfitness? Does federal discrimination law protecting the disabled prevent scrutiny into a bar applicant's past history of mental illness and substance abuse, or are certain limits placed on the scope and relevancy of the inquiry?The empirical data contained in this article is submitted to serve as a backdrop for purposes of elaboration and comparison. Forty-eight states' bar applications were reviewed in order to determine the type of questions asked for the purpose of screening out persons who bar committees believed were not morally fit or mentally stable to practice law in their state. The Bar Survey focused on four major areas of inquiry, including an applicant's history of in-patient psychiatric hospitalization and out-patient mental health treatment, substance abuse and treatment, educational misconduct, and criminal conduct. In addition, data was collected and analyzed in the areas of a bar applicant's armed forces discharge, marital status, financial condition, involvement in a law suit and employment discharge. Additionally, the status of "conditional admission" of a bar applicant with a history of unethical behavior or emotional instability is explored. Finally, recommendations as to proper bar application questions are proposed for adoption by state bar examiners.
Edematous Smooth Plaques

The clinical differential diagnosis of edematous plaques includes urticaria (acute or chronic), and with lesser frequency urticarial vasculitis, urticarial pemphigoid, Sweet syndrome, neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis (NEH), erythema multiforme (EM), fixed drug eruption (FDE) , tumid lupus, and polymorphous light eruption (PMLE).