cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Novel Technique for Fabricating Metalized Objects with Difficult Geometries

In the course of fabricating corrugated horn antennae a technique was developed to avoid certain geometric difficulties. Stereolithograpy, a form of 3D printing, had been employed to create a lightweight, cheap, plastic horn. However, it was found that it was difficult to plate metal into the corrugations of the plastic horn. To work around this, a technique was developed where in the corrugated horn would be produced by assembling a number of easy to plate, interlocking rings. The rings would be plated separately, assembled, and electroplated with an exoskeleton. The general technique could readily be applied to a large number of similarly difficult scenarios.
Relation extraction for inferring access control rules from natural language artifacts

With over forty years of use and refinement, access control, often in the form of access control rules (ACRs), continues to be a significant control mechanism for information security. However, ACRs are typically either buried within existing natural language (NL) artifacts or elicited from subject matter experts. To address the first situation, our research goal is to aid developers who implement ACRs by inferring ACRs from NL artifacts. To aid in rule inference, we propose an approach that extracts relations (i.e., the relationship among two or more items) from NL artifacts such as requirements documents. Unlike existing approaches, our approach combines techniques from information extraction and machine learning. We develop an iterative algorithm to discover patterns that represent ACRs in sentences. We seed this algorithm with frequently occurring nouns matching a subject--action--resource pattern throughout a document. The algorithm then searches for additional combinations of those nouns to discover additional patterns. We evaluate our approach on documents from three systems in three domains: conference management, education, and healthcare. Our evaluation results show that ACRs exist in 47% of the sentences, and our approach effectively identifies those ACR sentences with a precision of 81% and recall of 65%; our approach extracts ACRs from those identified ACR sentences with an average precision of 76% and an average recall of 49%.
Full-range public health leadership, part 1: quantitative analysis.

Background. Workforce and leadership development are central to the future of public health. However, public health has been slow to translate and apply leadership models from other professions and to incorporate local perspectives in understanding public health leadership. Purpose. This study utilized the full-range leadership model in order to examine public health leadership. Specifically, it sought to measure leadership styles among local health department directors and to understand the context of leadership local health departments. Methods. Leadership styles among local health department directors (n=13) were examined using survey methodology. Quantitative analysis methods included descriptive statistics, boxplots, and Pearson bivariate correlations using SPSS v18.0. Findings. Self-reported leadership styles were highly correlated to leadership outcomes at the organizational level. However, they were not related to county health rankings. Results suggest the preeminence of leader behaviors and providing individual consideration to staff as compared to idealized attributes of leaders, intellectual stimulation, or inspirational motivation. Implications. Holistic leadership assessment instruments, such as the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) can be useful in assessing public health leaders approaches and outcomes. Comprehensive, 360-degree reviews may be especially helpful. Further research is needed to examine the effectiveness of public health leadership development models, as well as the extent that public health leadership impacts public health outcomes.
Oxygen permeation through functionalized hydrophobic tubular ceramic membranes

Abstract The aim of our research is to identify improved means for the production of an O 2 saturated single-phase aqueous stream at the inlet to a fixed-bed catalytic reactor for the oxidative decomposition of organic contaminants within wastewaters produced aboard manned spacecraft. The method of oxygenation must be capable of stable long-term operation at reactor temperature (90–127 °C) in the absence of gravity. Membrane mediated O 2 saturation of the reactor influent has been used to eliminate the potential for two-phase flow related problems arising from the domination of gas–liquid phase separation in microgravity by surface (capillary) forces. However, current systems employing organic polymers lack high temperature operational capability and mechanical resilience. In the current study, we have investigated the use of hydrophobic ceramic membranes as improved media for the controlled dissolution of O 2 in a flowing aqueous stream. To improve oxygen selective mass transfer and inhibit water loss, the surface properties of tubular microporous α-Al 2 O 3 membranes were modified by silanization reactions to attach functional groups covering a range of hydrophobicity. Three straight-chain hydrocarbon functionalities were employed: butyl, dodecyl, and octadecyl silanes. In addition, a 10-carbon fluoroalkyl moiety was examined. O 2 permeation was monitored across the variously functionalized membranes using a coaxial tube-in-shell membrane contactor with a constant pressure of flowing gas on the shell side, and a recirculating water stream on the tube side. Oxygen mass transfer coefficients were derived from the time-dependent rise in O 2 saturation in the recirculating stream. The best performance was observed for the perfluorinated C 10 functionalized alumina membrane, with respect to both oxygen transfer rates and minimal water loss. Operational capability at elevated temperature was demonstrated.
Playing the Wrong PART: The Program Assessment Rating Tool and the Functions of the President's Budget

The extensive literature about the George W. Bush administration's Program Assessment Rating Tool (PART) has not emphasized an issue that appears quite clearly in interviews with senior Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and congressional staff. Budget analysis can pursue efficiency in two ways. One, the object of traditional analysis, involves assessing programs to understand the ratio of inputs to outputs within an agency, and thus the effects of more or less funding. Another approach, termed “budgeting for results,” measures program performance so as to allocate funding among programs in a way that increases total welfare. The second approach is much more difficult because it necessitates comparison of measures of unlike phenomena, requires expertise that often does not exist, and is more easily contested as invoking values rather than facts. Both congressional and OMB sources report concerns that PART weakened budget analysis by diverting resources from traditional analysis. If one goal of reformers is for the OMB to provide analysis that will influence Congress, the focus should be on strengthening the capacity to do traditional budget analysis.
Effect of shape of sulfide inclusions on anisotropy of inclusion spacings and on directionality of ductility in hot-rolled C-Mn steels

The effects of sulfur content (0.004 or 0.013 pct) and sulfide morphology (stringered or globular) on anisotropy of tensile ductility and Charpy shelf energy were investigated in a series of 0.1 and 0.2 pct carbon, 1.0 pct manganese steels. The effect of sulfide inclusions on fracture strain or Charpy shelf energy correlated with the projected area of inclusions per unit volume,Av, on a plane perpendicular to the tensile direction and the mean free distance between inclusions, λ, in a direction parallel to the tensile direction regardless of the amount or the shape of the inclusions or the test direction: longitudinal, transverse, or through-thickness. The magnitude ofAv is directly proportional to the volume fraction of inclusions and inversely proportional to the inclusion dimension parallel to the tensile direction. The mean free distance, λ, is inversely proportional toAv. Approximate relations were obtained for the nearest-neighbor distances between inclusions on the longitudinal, transverse, and through-thickness planes. These distances were incorporated into a model for ductile fracture based on an adaptation of a previously proposed criterion for the linkage of voids nucleated at second-phase particles. The agreement between the observed and predicted fracture strains for longitudinal, transverse, and through-thickness specimens of the steels studied is encouraging.
IR Mechanism of Crevice Corrosion for Alloy T-2205 Duplex Stainless Steel in Acidic-Chloride Media

The goal of this work was to test for the occurrence of the current X resistance (IR) voltage form of crevice corrosion in a corrosion-resistant alloy. Crevice corrosion occurred immediately (prior to a change in the solution composition) in alloy T-2205 duplex stainless steel exposed to an acidic-chloride media. This was indicated by the immediate, large (mA) measured current, large (0.5 V) measured electrode potential, E(x), profile and polarization curve on the crevice wall, and in situ visual observation of the corrosive attack on the part of the crevice wall that was in the active peak region of its polarization curve. Thus, these results show that the IR voltage and the resulting active peak E(x) values on the crevice wall were entirely responsible for stabilizing the crevice corrosion process in this spontaneously active metal/electrolyte system.
The weird tales, spicy detectives, and startling stories of Irish-America: Irish characters in American pulp magazines

The pulp magazines that dominated early twentieth-century American popular culture helped shape popular understandings of Irish-American identity. Several notable types of pulp hero (cowboy, detective, G-Man, masked hero) were defined in part by Irish stereotypes and counter-stereotypes. They played upon notions of the Irish as figures straddling the border between civilisation and savagery to evoke an image of a new kind of American who was well equipped for the rapidly changing and chaotic American century. Irish-American pulp stories often lack explicitly Irish cultural or historical references and instead focus on describing Irishness as a more generic Americanness. Similarly, the Irish-American character moved further from ethnic stereotype to become a generic masculine ideal. In several ways, the pulp magazines chronicle the formation of an assimilated Irish identity in the USA.
Fast Simulation of Open Queueing Systems

We describe a technique developed by the authors for fast simulation of open queueing networks. The technique takes advantage of the recursive nature of departure times of customers in various parts of the system. The event calendar is circumvented using these recursive relationships whenever possible. A framework for identifying these recursive aspects of a network is presented. The technique involves identifying the servers in the system at which flows merge or diverge. Knowledge about the merge and diverge points defines the dependency relationships a specific customer has with other customers at each point in the system. The concept of a system level is based on these dependency relationships.The technique is implemented in the object oriented language SmallTalk 80. The implementation utilizes Windows interfaces and allows graphical analysis of the simulation results. The implementation is shown to achieve significant reductions in execution time compared with the traditional discrete- event approach ...
Modulating neuromodulation by receptor membrane traffic in the endocytic pathway

Cellular responsiveness to many neuromodulators is controlled by endocytosis of the transmembrane receptors that transduce their effects. Endocytic membrane trafficking of particular neuromodulator receptors exhibits remarkable diversity and specificity, determined largely by molecular sorting operations that guide receptors at trafficking branchpoints after endocytosis. In this Review, we discuss recent progress in elucidating mechanisms mediating the molecular sorting of neuromodulator receptors in the endocytic pathway. There is emerging evidence that endocytic trafficking of neuromodulator receptors, in addition to influencing longer-term cellular responsiveness under conditions of prolonged or repeated activation, may also affect the acute response. Physiological and pathological consequences of defined receptor trafficking events are only now being elucidated, but it is already apparent that endocytosis of neuromodulator receptors has a significant impact on the actions of therapeutic drugs. The present data also suggest, conversely, that mechanisms of receptor endocytosis and molecular sorting may themselves represent promising targets for therapeutic manipulation.
Advancing the Practice of Nursing: Challenges and Opportunities for Nurses in the 21st Century

In the midst of chaos and disillusionment in health care, nurse anesthetists, midwives, clinical specialists, and nurse practitioners advance the practice of nursing. They are identified in state practice acts. Many have prescriptive privileges and are recognized as health care providers by Medicare, Medicaid, private insurance carriers, and managed care organizations. Whereas their professional and legal relationships with physicians differ from state to state, advanced practice nurses exist as legal, economic, and professional agents of change. In this post-health care reform period many physicians, discouraged by their loss of autonomy and income, are leaving the field. The author urges advanced practice nurses to lay a new agenda on policy tables to balance the focus on cost containment and profit margins. Borrowing the idea of Virginia Henderson that nurses and physicians need good heads, hands, and hearts, she emphasizes evidence-based practice, the value of the laying on of hands, and the importanc...
Functional food characteristics of potato cultivars (Solanum tuberosum L.): Phytochemical composition and inhibition of 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea induced breast cancer in rats

Effects of freeze-dried potato powder, prepared from baked potato with skin and incorporated into a purified diet, on the post-initiation phase of chemically induced breast carcinogenesis in rats, were evaluated for both dose dependence and variation in anticancer activity among cultivars. Associations among anticancer activity, select phytochemicals, and antioxidant capacity were investigated. No adverse effects were observed in rats fed diets containing between 5% and 50% (w/w) freeze-dried potato powder. While Russet Burbank potato (RB) (5%, w/w) had marginal effects on the carcinogenic response, feeding a range of dietary concentrations (12.5%, 25%, and 50%, w/w), of a red pigmented cultivar, cv. Mountain Rose (MR), with higher content of chlorogenic acid derivatives and anthocyanin content than RB, showed greater inhibition of carcinogenesis. Overall, MR-fed rats had a 23% reduction in cancer incidence (p = 0.009) and a 49% reduction in cancer multiplicity (2.1 vs. 4.0 cancers per rat, p = 0.004) with evidence of a dose dependent effect on cancer multiplicity. Evaluation of additional cultivars showed significant variation for anticancer activity that is likely to be sufficient to build upon for crop breeding and improvement.
New thermodynamic models and revised calibrations for the Ti-in-zircon and Zr-in-rutile thermometers

The models recognize that ZrSiO4, ZrTiO4, and TiSiO4, but not ZrO2 or TiO2, are independently variable phase components in zircon. Accordingly, the equilibrium controlling the Zr content of rutile coexisting with zircon is ZrSiO4 = ZrO2 (in rutile) + SiO2. The equilibrium controlling the Ti content of zircon is either ZrSiO4 + TiO2 = ZrTiO4 + SiO2 or TiO2 + SiO2 = TiSiO4, depending whether Ti substitutes for Si or Zr. The Zr content of rutile thus depends on the activity of SiO2 $$(a_{\text{SiO}_{2}})$$ as well as T, and the Ti content of zircon depends on $$a_{\text{SiO}_{2}}$$ and $$a_{\text{TiO}_{2}}$$ as well as T. New and published experimental data confirm the predicted increase in the Zr content of rutile with decreasing $$a_{\text{SiO}_{2}},$$ and unequivocally demonstrate that the Ti content of zircon increases with decreasing $$a_{\text{SiO}_{2}}$$ . The substitution of Ti in zircon therefore is primarily for Si. Assuming a constant effect of P, unit $$a_{\text{ZrSiO}_{4}},$$ and that $$a_{\text{ZrO}_{2}}$$ and $$a_{\text{ZrTiO}_{4}}$$ are proportional to ppm Zr in rutile and ppm Ti in zircon, [log(ppm Zr-in-rutile) + log $$a_{\text{SiO}_{2}}$$ ] = A1 + B1/T(K) and [log(ppm Ti-in-zircon) + log $$a_{\text{SiO}_{2}}$$ − log $$a_{\text{TiO}_{2}}$$ ] = A2 + B2/T, where the A and B are constants. The constants were derived from published and new data from experiments with $$a_{\text{SiO}_{2}}$$ buffered by either quartz or zircon + zirconia, from experiments with $$a_{\text{SiO}_{2}}$$ defined by the Zr content of rutile, and from well-characterized natural samples. Results are A1 = 7.420 ± 0.105; B1 = −4,530 ± 111; A2 = 5.711 ± 0.072; B2 = −4,800 ± 86 with activity referenced to α-quartz and rutile at P and T of interest. The zircon thermometer may now be applied to rocks without quartz and/or rutile, and the rutile thermometer applied to rocks without quartz, provided that $$a_{\text{SiO}_{2}}$$ and $$a_{\text{TiO}_{2}}$$ are estimated. Maximum uncertainties introduced to zircon and rutile thermometry by unconstrained $$a_{\text{SiO}_{2}}$$ and $$a_{\text{TiO}_{2}}$$ can be quantitatively assessed and are ≈60 to 70°C at 750°C. A preliminary assessment of the dependence of the two thermometers on P predicts that an uncertainty of ±1 GPa introduces an additional uncertainty at 750°C of ≈50°C for the Ti-in-zircon thermometer and of ≈70 to 80°C for the Zr-in-rutile thermometer.
The impact of anti-Vietnam demonstrations upon national public opinion and military indicators

In an attempt to assess the national impact of anti-war protest, 15 major anti-Vietnam demonstrations occurring in the United States from 1965 through 1971 were analyzed for their effects upon Gallup public opinion survey data, American troop strength, and American munitions expenditures. While weak and short-term counterproductive effects appeared for two opinion indicators, an equally likely conclusion is that the demonstrations had little or no lasting impact whatsoever. The possible reasons for this finding, and its social implications, are discussed.
Electromagnetic Effects and Layer Thickness Influence on Natural Characteristics of Multiferroics Composite Structure

Based on the elastic theory of anisotropic materials multilayers, using the finite element method, the dynamic characteristics are investigated for the composite structure which is composed of the electromagnetic multiferroic layer and isotropic metal layer. Firstly, the finite element model of the multilayers structure is built with shell and solid elements capable of contributing anisotropic materials. Then, based on the model analyses, the natural characteristics of the composite structure are obtained with considering the electric-magnetic-elastic effect and the layer thickness. It is also shown that the electromagnetic effects have a certain influence on the natural frequencies vibration patterns, and the thickness of the multiferroic layers has more important influence.
Stimulation of enzyme secretion from isolated pan- creatic acini by clostridium difficile toxin B

Abstract Exposure of isolated rat pancreatic acini to increasing concentrations (10 ng — 800 ng/ml) of toxin B from Clostridium difficile produced a biphasic effect on the rate of secretion of amylase, trypsinogen, and chymotrypsinogen. Whereas doses of toxin B from 10–30 ng/ml increased enzyme secretion by 15–20%, doses between 30 ng and 60 ng/ml showed a regression of this effect, whereafter the rate of secretion of amylase, trypsinogen, and chymotrypsinogen increased with increasing concentrations of the toxin. Toxin B concentration of 800 ng/ml enhanced amylase, trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen secretion by 119%, 185% and 195%, respectively, when compared with the basal level. Stimulation of enzyme secretion by toxin B was not affected by the presence of either actinomycin-D or cycloheximide, at a concentration which inhibited acinar RNA or protein synthesis by 80–90%. Although toxin B as well as CCK 8 , carbachol and secretin by themselves caused significant stimulation in amylase, trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen secretion from isolated pancreatic acini, toxin B together with either CCK 8 , carbachol or secretin produced no further augmentation in enzyme secretion than what was observed with the secretagogues alone. It is concluded that toxin B of Cl. difficile exerts a direct effect on pancreatic acinar cells as evidenced by stimulation of enzyme secretion.
Momentary distribution of forces under the foot.

Abstract The difference in distribution of forces between walking and running is compared in ten normal subjects. Our analysis of walking gait demonstrates the smooth progression of force distribution from heel strike through push-off with multiple areas of the foot utilized for balance throughout weight bearing. Running shifts weightbearing to the forefoot as the flexors of the foot decelerate the rate of impact and then provide the propulsive force necessary for push-off. Comparison of walking versus running demonstrates that the average duration of foot contact in ten subjects decreases from 0·47 ± 0·01 to 0·29 ± 0·02 sec. The pattern and rate of progression of weight distribution from one area of the foot to another also changes. The time interval from heel strike to first metatarsal head strike shortens by 75 per cent. The average duration and progression of forces in these ten subjects was then compared to several patients with either pes cavus, pes planus, or a tibio-fibular synostosis. Alterations in walking and running gait patterns seen on the cholesteric crystals demonstrated abnormal distribution of force consistent with their pathology.
Irreversible enzyme inhibitors. LXXXIX. candidate active-site-directed irreversible inhibitors of dihydrofolic reductase. X. derivatives of 2-amino-5-benzamidopropyl-4-pyrimidinol†

Since 2-amino-5-benzamidopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol (VII) was a reasonably good reversible inhibitor of dihydrofolic reductase, the benzamido group was substituted with p-bromomethyl (XVIIa), m-bromomethyl (XVIIIa), and p-bromoacetyl (XIXa) groups; these compounds, and the corresponding 6-phenylpyrimidines, were synthesized from the proper 2-amino-5-aminopropyl-4-pyrimidinol (V) by devising methods that were compatible with the high reactivity of the halogen. Compounds XVII-XIX showed in-activation of dihydrofolic reductase; the fact that p-nitrobenzyl bromide inactivated the enzyme as rapidly as XVII and XVIII and phenacyl bromide inactivated the enzyme as rapidly as XIX indicated that these inactivations proceeded by a random bimolecular mechanism and not the desired active-site-directed mechanism.
Optimisation of the posterior stabilised tibial post for greater femoral rollback after total knee arthroplasty—a finite element analysis

Femoral rollback after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is necessary for flexion beyond 90–100°. Femoral rollback in posterior cruciate substituting TKA occurs as a result of the interaction between the femoral cam and tibial post. The geometric design of the cam post mechanism determines the kinematics of rollback. The purpose of this study is to optimise the design of the femoral cam-tibial post articulation through finite element analysis and suggest various design parameters that would optimise femoral rollback. Modifications to the tibial post geometry without changing the relative post position or slope are made. Results are characterised in terms femoral rollback and pressure distribution at the tibial post. Small design modifications to the tibial post are seen to produce large changes in femoral rollback with relatively small accompanying increases in contact pressures at the tibial post.
An electron energy loss study of aluminum single crystals exposed to carbon monoxide

Abstract Aluminum single crystals of orientations {111}, {110}, and {100} were exposed at room temperature to carbon monoxide. The electron energy loss spectra of the exposed surfaces (> 20000 L) were essentially the same as those of clean surfaces. Since such spectra are very sensitive to small amounts of absorbate (e.g., 0.001 to 0.01 monolayer of oxygen), it is inferred that carbon monoxide does not adsorb on these clean low-order faces at room temperature. Similar results were obtained on polycrystalline and evaporated film samples. This finding contrasts with previous work on aluminum exposed to carbon monoxide.
The Role of Psychiatry and Psychology Collaboration in Pediatric Dermatology

Psychiatric issues inherently accompany dermatologic disease in children and adolescents. With body image issues being of paramount importance to adolescents, perceived flaws may be accompanied by depression, anxiety, or loss of usual functioning. Children and adolescents also often have difficulties with treatment compliance. Often medical professionals separate symptoms into physical versus psychosomatic. This differentiation is not a useful dichotomy, and interventions should be aimed at both physical and emotional needs simultaneously. A collaborative team approach with both dermatologist and psychiatrist/psychologist addressing physical and emotional symptoms is therefore favored for desirable results.
Comparison of the Efficacy of Cord Blood Mononuclear Cells (MNCs) and CD34+ Cells for the Treatment of Neonatal Mice with Cerebral Palsy

To compare the efficacy of cord blood mononuclear cells (MNCs) and CD34+ cells for the treatment of neonatal mice models with cerebral palsy (CP). CP model in neonatal mice was established by the ligation of carotid artery. Mice were randomly designated into MNCs group, CD34+ group, model group and control group (30 mice per group). MNCs and CD34+ cells were isolated from human umbilical cord blood. MNCs were transplanted into mice in the MNCs group and CD34+ cells into mice in the CD34+ group through the jugular vein, respectively. The body weight, histopathology, apoptosis-related gene expression, learning and memory, and motor function of mice in the four groups were compared. Compared with control group, the body weight of mice in model group was significantly lower (P < 0.05). In addition, the right hemisphere was significantly liquefied and voids were found in model mice, in which degeneration and necrosis were found by HE staining. Real-time quantitative fluorescent PCR showed elevated levels of apoptosis-related gene expression and learning and memory function, and motor function were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in model mice. In the MNCs group and CD34+ group, the weight of mice was significantly increased compared with the model group (P < 0.05). Moreover, neither liquefaction and voids in the hemispheres of mice were found in these two groups, nor degeneration and necrosis of cell. Meanwhile, levels of apoptosis-related gene expression were significantly lower than that of the model group (P < 0.05). Compared with the MNCs group, the expression of apoptotic gene TNF-α and CD40 was significantly lower (P < 0.05). Learning and memory function, and motor function of mice in the MNCs group and CD34+ group were significantly improved than the model group (P < 0.05), and the CD34+ group produced greater improvement than the MNCs group (P < 0.05). MNCs and CD34+ cells can reduce the degree of injury in the neonatal mice with CP. In addition, treatment with MNCs and CD34+ cells suppressed apoptotic gene expression and restored memory and motor function. The efficacy of CD34+ cells after separation and purification was more significant for the treatment of mice with CP.
Clock-model description of incommensurate ferroelectric films and of nematic-liquid-crystal films

The transmission electron micrographs of submicrometer-thick specimens of incommensurate barium sodium niobate obtained by Xiao-qing et al. exhibit textures with lines of disclinations ending in vertices of Friedel index m=+1. These are similar to those observed in nematic-liquid-crystal films with continuously degenerate boundary conditions. The nature of the vertices at which these lines meet permits us to examine the physical and topological basis for the equivalence of the two systems. A four-state clock model, in two dimensions, is shown to predict the observed structure.
Tectonic Controls on the Genesis and Distribution of Late Cretaceous, Western Interior Basin Hydrocarbon‐Seep Mounds (Tepee Buttes) of North America

Abstract Within the Western Interior Basin of North America, hundreds of small carbonate mounds associated with Late Cretaceous hydrocarbon emissions or seeps form the most extensively distributed occurrence of fossil seep mounds that is known, the Tepee Buttes. Analysis of the stratigraphic literature for the basin reveals that Tepee Butte formation occurred intermittently over a 10‐m.yr. period within a narrowly restricted paleogeographic region. The modern geographic distribution of the Tepee Buttes is constrained roughly to between 101°30 \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{stmaryrd} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{portland,xspace} \usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra} \usepackage[OT2,OT1]{fontenc} \newcommand\cyr{ \renewcommand\rmdefault{wncyr} \renewcommand\sfdefault{wncyss} \renewcommand\encodingdefault{OT2} \normalfont \selectfont} \DeclareTextFontCommand{\textcyr}{\cyr} \pagestyle{empt...
Synthesis of hepatitis B surface and core antigens in E. coli

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the cause of a debilitating and potentially fatal disease, and possibly also of primary hepato-cellular carcinoma1. A vaccine against hepatitis B would therefore be of considerable biomedical significance. One such vaccine, produced from the 22-nm particle form of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), has recently been found effective in clinical tests2, but being derived from the sera of chronic carriers, it is expensive and its supply limited. The application of recombinant DNA methods can, in principle, provide a limitless source of vaccine. HBV DNA has been cloned in bacteria and the genes coding for HBsAg and hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) identified3–5. Small amounts of both antigens have been synthesized in Escherichia coli3,6,7 and to enhance this synthesis we have constructed plasmids capable of expressing the genes for the antigens under the control of the efficient tryptophan (trp) operon regulatory region8. We describe here the construction of such recombinant plasmids which direct the synthesis of high levels of HBcAg and a β-lactamase: HBsAg fusion polypeptide.
Fourth Year of Subsurface Drip Irrigation Monitoring using Gem2 Electromagnetic Surveys, Powder River Basin, Wyoming

The National Energy Technology Laboratory and the U.S. Geological Survey are collaborating with BeneTerra LLC to comprehensively monitor a sub-surface drip irrigation (SDI) system at a site in the Powder River Basin (PRB) of Wyoming. Irrigation water for the SDI system is coalbed natural gas (CBNG) co-produced water. the study is being conducted at the Headgate Draw area, located approximately 17 km south of Arvada, Wyoming at the confluence of Crazy Woman Creek and the Powder River. the study site encompasses six alfalfa fields and covers an approximate area of 1.2 km2 (Figure 1). Subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) is an emerging technology being applied in the PRB basin for the beneficial use of CBNG co-produced water. the pre-treated CBNG waters are applied to the root zones of agricultural land to aid in irrigation. Water drains from the perforated laterals at a rate of 0.75 to 1.5 gallons per day. This style of irrigation is capable of applying two to three times more water on a particular site than traditional surface irrigation (Engle and others 2009a and b). the method is designed to minimize environmental impacts by parking potentially detrimental salts in the vadose zone. This research project investigates the transport and fate of the water and salts from the injected CBNG produced waters at the SDI site, adjacent to the Powder River. Ground, borehole, and helicopter electromagnetic conductivity surveys were conducted at the site prior to the installation of the SDI system (Sams and others 2008a and b; Smith and others, 2009). After the installation of the subsurface drip irrigation system, ground electromagnetic conductivity surveys have been performed quarterly (weather permitting). We summarize geophysical survey results from the first 4 years of a planned 5-year study of the SDI system.
Abstinence Incentive Effects in a Short-Term Outpatient Detoxification Program.

Despite being widely available, outpatient detoxification has limited efficacy as a stand-alone treatment. This study examined whether abstinence-contingent incentives would improve outcomes for patients entering outpatient opiate detoxification. Participants (N = 211) received a 100 US dollars voucher on the last day of detoxification either contingent on opiate and cocaine abstinence or noncontingently. Urine samples were collected at intake, on Wednesday, Friday (the last day of detoxification), and the following Monday. Among contingent-voucher participants, 31% were drug-free on Friday compared with 18% of noncontingent controls (Z = 2.4, p < .05). Few (12-13%) participants tested negative on Monday. Results support the ability of vouchers to produce modest improvements in abstinence initiation rates during brief detoxification but suggest that additional interventions are needed to sustain improvements.
Regular paper: A novel lift-off process using low-temperature PECVD silicon nitride for the fabrication of self-aligned gate GaAs MESFETs and InP MISFETs

A novel lift-off process for the fabrication of self-aligned gate GaAs MESFETs and InP MISFETs was developed using low-temperature plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) silicon nitride films. The gate areas of the GaAs MESFETs and InP MISFETs were defined by silicon nitride lift-off in a substitutional gate process so that the gate electrodes of the field effect transistors were automatically aligned with the source and drain areas. The lift-off of silicon nitride was made possible by characterizing PECVD silicon nitride at low temperatures and performing the silicon nitride deposition at 60^oC which was lower than the soft bake temperature of normal photoresist.
A stable organic phosphor for the vacuum ultraviolet

Abstract The relative fluorescence efficiency and refractive index of vacuum-evaporated p-sexiphenyl are presented. The substance is expected to have uses as a wave-shifter in the vacuu, ultraviolet.
Parenting Stress and Parenting Competence Among Latino Men Who Batter

This study examined predictors of parenting stress and competence within a sample of 43 immigrant Latino couples, in which some of the men had perpetrated abuse against their partners. It was hypothesized that more physical and psychological abuse perpetrated by men against their partners would be associated with higher parenting stress and lower parenting competence for fathers and mothers. Results indicated that parenting stress and competence for fathers and mothers were not uniform. Father's parenting stress was not related to the predictor variables, whereas mother's parenting stress was related only to physical abuse. Father's parenting competence was related to both physical and psychological abuse whereas mother's parenting competence was not related to the predictor variables. When comparing Latino fathers and Latina mothers, there were differences in parenting stress, with fathers experiencing less, but no differences in parenting competence.
On the deformation of networks of very stiff random chains existing in certain colloidal gels

The deformation of the random chains consisting of stiff particles which occur in gels of certain colloids is analyzed. The results of this analysis are used to obtain an expression for the elasticity modulus of infinite networks consisting of such chains. It is found that the shear modulus is proportional to the number of chains between crosslinks per unit of volume and to the average inverse length of the chains.
Biochemical Heterogeneity in Schizophrenia: Implications and Research Strategies of the State Dependency Model

Clinical heterogeneity in schizophrenia has limited interest unless we can validate it in terms of etiology, prognosis, or treatment response (Garver et al. 1988; Brown et al. 1990). Similarly, biochemical heterogeneity is not very interesting if it does not lead to etiological heterogeneity or clinical application. Traditional research strategies have been confounded by the fact that the study of schizophrenic patients is very difficult. The very nature of the disorder interferes with the patients’ willingness and ability to participate in research (and in clinical care). Therefore, most studies make use of cross-sectional study designs, based on the notion that the study variable is stable over time. The difficulties in replicating such findings are usually explained by invoking the heterogeneity in etiology hypothesis, which explains much but clarifies nothing.
Integrating Social Science into the Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Network: Social Dimensions of Ecological Change and Ecological Dimensions of Social Change

The integration of the social sciences into long-term ecological research is an urgent priority. To address this need, a group of social, earth, and life scientists associated with the National Science Foundation’s (NSF) Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Network have articulated a conceptual framework for understanding the human dimensions of ecological change for the LTER Network. This framework explicitly advocates that what is often divided into “natural” and human systems be considered a single, complex social-ecological system (SES). In this paper, we propose a list of core social science research areas, concepts, and questions; identify the need for multiscale investigatory frameworks crucial for implementing integrated research; and suggest practical approaches for integration. In sum, this paper is a general outline for empirical and cross-site research projects where investigators agree that bringing together social, biological, and earth scientists can lead to synthetic approaches and a unified understanding of the mechanisms regulating SES. Although the motivation for this goal is specific to the LTER Network and similar projects, we believe that the issues and ideas presented here are widely applicable to other interdisciplinary SES studies.
Monetary and Fiscal Interactions: Short-Run and Long-Run Implications

Monetary and flscal policy interact to determine macroeconomic outcomes. This paper models that interaction in a growing economy. Monetary policy is characterized by a Taylor rule. Fiscal policy is characterized by a marginal tendency to deflcits or surpluses. We address two questions: can flscal policy ensure macroeconomic stability when the monetary authority pegs the interest rate, and does the monetary authority have the ability to trade-ofi some sustained in∞ation for a long-run improvement in unemployment rates. (JEL E12, E32, E42)
Regularity of the Green Potential for the Laplacian with Robin Boundary Condition

Let Ω be a bounded Lipschitz domain in \( \mathbb{R}_n \) and let ν be the outward unit normal for Ω. For λ ∈ [0,∞], the Poisson problem for the Laplacian \( \Delta = \sum\limits_{i = 1}^n {\partial _i^2 } \) in Ω with homogeneous Robin boundary condition reads $$ \left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}c} {\Delta u = f\,{\rm in}\,\Omega } \hfill \\ {\partial _v u + \lambda \ {\rm Tr}\ u = 0\,{\rm on}\,\partial \Omega ,} \hfill \\ \end{array}} \right. $$ (23.1) where \( \partial _v u \) denotes the normal derivative of u on ∂Ω and Tr stands for the boundary trace operator. In the case when λ = ∞, the boundary condition in (23.1) should be understood as Tr u = 0 on ∂Ω. The solution operator to (23.1) (i.e., the assignment \( f \mapsto u \)) is naturally expressed as $$ G_\lambda f\left( x \right): = \begin{array}{*{20}c} {\int_\Omega {G_\lambda \left( {x,y} \right)f\left( x \right)dy,} } & {x \in \Omega } \\ \end{array}, $$ (23.2) where \( G_\lambda \) is the Green function for the Robin Laplacian. That is, for each \( x \in \Omega ,\ G_\lambda \) satisfies $$ \left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}c} {\Delta _y G_\lambda (x,y) = \delta _x (y),\,y \in \Omega ,} \hfill \\ {\begin{array}{*{20}c} {\partial _{v(y)} G_\lambda \left( {x,y} \right) + \lambda G_\lambda \left( {x,y} \right) = 0,} \hfill & {y \in \partial \Omega ,} \hfill \\ \end{array}} \hfill \\ \end{array}} \right. $$ (23.3) where \( \delta _x \) is the Dirac distribution with mass at x. The scope of this chapter is to investigate mapping properties of the operator \( \nabla \mathbb{G}_\lambda \) when acting on \( L_1 \left( \Omega \right) \) Lebesgue space of integrable functions in Ω. In this regard, weak-Lp spaces over Ω, which we denote by \( L^{p,\infty } (\Omega ) \) play an important role (for a precise definition see Section 23.2). The following theorem summarizes the regularity results for \( G_\lambda \) and \( \mathbb{G}_\lambda \) proved in this chapter.
The Optimality of Transmit Beamforming: A Unified View

The optimality of transmit beamforming for a multiple antenna system with partial/limited feedback is investigated and a single general necessary and sufficient condition for beamforming to achieve ergodic capacity is derived. The condition obtained is universal - applicable to all partial/limited feedback scenarios in all ergodic fading channel distributions regardless of the number of transmit/receive antennas or transmit power. Using the universal condition we explore the optimality of beamforming for the quantized mean feedback scheme, which unifies previous results for the separate cases of mean feedback and quantized feedback. Numerical results are provided to complement the analysis
TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR DEEP VENOUS THROMBOSIS

Once the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) has been established the focus shifts to management of the disease. The goals of acute treatment of DVT are several: arrest growth of the thrombus, dissolve or remove the thrombus, and prevent embolizations of the thrombus. Although these goals have remained constant, the initial management of DVT has undergone a series of evolutions during the past decade, affecting both acute treatment and disposition decisions. As this article discusses, emergency medicine is at the cutting edge of these changes.
Inflammation in the Alzheimer's disease cascade: culprit or innocent bystander?

The strongest known risk factors for late-onset Alzheimer disease (LOAD) remain a positive family history and the APOE e4 allele. van Exel and colleagues used these known risk factors to identify high- and low-risk samples of middle-aged persons in whom they compared levels of inflammatory and vascular risk factors. They observed that, compared with controls, middle-aged offspring of families with a parental history of LOAD had higher blood pressures, lower ankle-brachial indices (measure of peripheral atherosclerosis), and increased production of proinflammatory cytokines in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated whole blood samples, associations that were independent of APOE genotype. This study adds to the growing body of evidence linking inflammatory mechanisms to Alzheimer disease risk and, especially when considered in light of the recently described association of genetic variation in the complement receptor 1 (CR1) gene with LOAD, suggests that inflammatory biomarkers (whether causal or incidental) could be measured and perhaps used to risk-stratify middle-aged persons for early preventive and therapeutic interventions.
CHANGES INDUCED IN THE ADRENAL CORTICAL ZONES BY OVARIAN HORMONES

THAT THE FEMALE gonadic hormones influence the adrenal glands in rodents has been demonstrated for the female rat (Ellison and Birch, 1936; Anderson, 1934), mouse (Danner, 1938) and guinea pig (Allen and Bern, 1942). Changes in the adrenal cortex have also been noted during the reproductive cycle indicating a correlation between ovarian physiology and adrenal cortical functions (Anderson and Kennedy; 1932; Zalesky, 1934; Zuckerman, Bourne and Lewes, 1938). In all of these studies the initial effect of estrogen injection was a marked hypertrophy of the adrenal cortex. Similar treatment using progesterone yielded conflicting pictures with Clausen (1940) reporting an actual decrease in cortex while Selye, Brown and Collip (1936) and Selye (1940) noted no effect. Accepting the hypothesis presented by Bennett (1939) and Deane and Greep (1946) indicating specialized zones for active production of adrenocortical hormones, it is the purpose of this report to present data concerning the influence exerted by natura...
Characterization of a Hydrate–Dehydrate System with Critical Transitions in the Typical Range of Processing and Storage Conditions

The use of water in pharmaceutical processing, along with the ubiquitous presence of water in the environment make the study and characterization of pharmaceutical hydrates a subject of particular interest to the quality of the in-process material as well as on the performance of the final product. Many drug compounds produce crystalline hydrates. The temperature and humidity conditions used during the processing, handling and storage of pharmaceutical products has an important effect on the dynamics of hydration and dehydration pertaining to hydrate formation. The key to such dynamics is the energetics of the interaction of water with the drug molecule in forming the hydrate. Such an effect can be probed in practice through studies of hydration as a function of temperature and water activity. We present a case study where the energetics of hydration are such that the system can turn into one of three crystalline forms by small changes in temperature or relative humidity, near the typical ambient conditions. The example illustrates how characterization techniques can be integrated to create a phase diagram showing the conditions leading to different hydrated or dehydrated forms.
Efficiency-Induced Sales Increases and Worker Behavior

We use a model of information asymmetry and rent seeking to understand why management control becomes easier when a firm makes improvements that are translated into increasing sales. We show that increases in market share can lead to better information sharing if (1) workers make continuous improvements and (2) workers feel that they stand to share in the resulting expected changes in output, either monetarily or non-monetarily. In these circumstances the worker may reveal true productivity, trading off the reduced rents against the benefits of higher sales. This is an outcome not possible if the only control systems available to the firm are "sticks" such as outsourcing or shutting down. An element of a "carrot" however, reduces control problems when it is recognized that workers value monetary and non-monetary aspects of their job such as lifetime employment, reduced fear of layoffs and pride and job satisfaction in working for a more successful company.
Keynote Address or Invited Session

When presenters review the call for presentation proposals from different organizations, they typically have choices about the type of session they prefer to make. These sessions vary, not only in the length of time allocated but also with respect to the purpose. Each type of conference session at each venue has to be understood in order to maximize a prospective presenter’s success at that meeting. This chapter provides guidance in the major types of conference presentations: workshops/professional development, roundtables, posters, papers, symposia/panel discussions, distance/virtual presentations, and keynote addresses or other invited sessions.