cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Relation Between Distant Individuals in Geographically Structured Populations.

Abstract The equilibrium structure of a population distributed continously and homogeneously in an infinite habitat is investigated. The analysis is confined to a single locus in the absence of selection, and every mutant is assumed to be new to the population. Asymptotic expressions are derived for the probability that two homologous genes separated by a given distance are the same allele for a migration function which decays at least exponentially in three dimensions and for one with an infinite variance in one dimension. In the second case, the heterozygosity in the population is also calculated.
The Effect of Piracy on Markets for Consumer Transmutation Rights

We have shown in a previous study that selling content-transmutation rights to consumers increases total surplus of both producers and consumers of digital products. Our results were conditional on the absence of piracy. There has been some research on the effect of online piracy in traditional content markets that do not consider consumer transmutation. Some claim that piracy damages producers surplus because it causes decline of music sales. At the same time, others claim that piracy, under certain conditions, has beneficial effects on production of digital products and increases profitability. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether piracy can damage the benefits related to the introduction and exchange of consumer modification rights. As a first step, we consider a market with a strong form of piracy and show that the presence of extreme piracy destroys the producers profit and that all surplus is transferred to consumers. In addition to causing lost sales piracy in markets with transmutation damages the markets information and coordination function.
Later Life Education in the 1990s Increasing Involvement and Continuing Disparity

Objectives. We examine age differences in adults’ participation in, perceived barriers to, and institutional support for educational activities provided by schools, businesses, and community organizations in the 1990s. Methods. We conduct descriptive and logistic regression analyses on a sample of respondents aged 30 to 74 from the National Household Education Surveys. Results. Adult education participation rates increased for all ages over the 1990s, but gains were proportionately largest among people in later phases of the life course. Although age was a weaker predictor of engaging in educational activities at the end of the 1990s than it was at the beginning of the decade, older adults continue to be less likely than younger ones to participate in education and training provided by businesses and schools. Some of this age discrepancy occurs because employers are more likely to provide financial support for training to younger employees. Older adults, however, are less likely than younger adults to perceive obstacles to their participation in education and training. Discussion. Although age-graded roles of student, worker, and retiree are becoming increasingly blurred, Americans’ pursuit of education at the end of the twentieth century was still guided by age-related role expectations.
A Discussion on the Errors in the Surface Heat Fluxes Simulated by a Coupled GCM

Abstract This paper contrasts the sea surface temperature (SST) and surface heat flux errors in the Tropical Pacific simulated by the University of California, Los Angeles, coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation model (CGCM) and by its atmospheric component (AGCM) using prescribed SSTs. The usefulness of such a comparison is discussed in view of the sensitivities of the coupled system. Off the equator, the CGCM simulates more realistic surface heat fluxes than the AGCM, except in the eastern Pacific south of the equator where the coupled model produces a spurious intertropical convergence zone. The AGCM errors are dominated by excessive latent heat flux, except in the stratus regions along the coasts of California and Peru where errors are dominated by excessive shortwave flux. The CGCM tends to balance the AGCM errors by either correctly decreasing the evaporation at the expense of cold SST biases or erroneously increasing the evaporation at the expense of warm SST biases. At the equator, errors in...
Plumage Dimorphism in the Reddish Egret: Does Plumage Coloration Influence Foraging Habitat Use and Tactics?

Abstract One possible explanation for the evolution of white plumage in herons is an adaptive advantage for foraging. Under this hypothesis, white plumage is cryptic to aquatic prey; thus white-plumaged birds may be more prone to forage in deep water habitats, where they would be cryptic, using passive foraging tactics. Dark-plumaged birds foraging in shallow water habitats, where they are presumably more visible, use active tactics. These hypotheses were tested by investigating choice of water depth and choice of foraging tactics by conducting paired foraging observations between color morphs within the plumage dimorphic Reddish Egret (Egretta rufescens). Water was divided into four depths classes: deep (>15 cm), intermediate (5-15 cm), shallow (1-5 cm), and mudflat (<1 cm). There was no difference in time spent in different water depth classes between the two color morphs of the Reddish Egret. However, there was a significant interaction between color morph and depth of water for time spent actively for...
Translational Regulation by Adenovirus Virus-Associated I RNA

Adenoviruses are DNA-containing viruses that comprise a large group, with subgroup isolates from humans, monkeys, dogs, cattle, rodents, and birds.1 There are over 30 human serotypes.2 Serotypes 3, 4, 7, and 14 are associated with acute respiratory illness, whereas serotype 8 is associated with epidemic keratoconjunctivitis. Serotypes 1, 2, 5, and 6 are associated with latent respiratory infections, in which viruses persist for months or years after initial infection.3 These viruses are often isolated from long-term cultures of tonsil and adenoid tissues. Huma serotypes 2 and 5 are also the best studied because they grow well in tissue culture. Serotypes 12, 18, and 31 are most often isolated from feces and do not appear to maintain a persistent infection. Only certain human adenovirus serotypes have been shown to significantly induce malignant tumors in newborn rodents, although all serotypes tested have the potential to transform cultured rodent cells.
pi NN form factor from QCD sum rules.

QCD sum rules are used to calculate the {ital q}{sup 2} dependence of the {pi}{ital NN} coupling {ital g}{sub {pi}{ital NN}}({ital q}{sup 2}) in the spacelike region 0.5 GeV{sup 2}{approx_lt}{ital q}{sup 2}{approx_lt}1.5 GeV{sup 2}. We study the Borel sum rule for the three point function of one pseudo- scalar and two nucleon currents up to order 4 in the operator product expansion. The Borel transform is performed with respect to the nucleon momenta, whereas the momentum {ital q}{sup 2} of the pseudoscalar vertex is kept fixed at spacelike values. The results can be well fitted using a monopole form with a cutoff mass of about {Lambda}{sub {pi}}{approx}800 MeV.
Influence of Surface Modification and the pH on the Release Mechanisms and Kinetics of Erlotinib from Antibody-Functionalized Chitosan Nanoparticles

mAb-functionalized nanoparticles have shown great promise in targeting payload to specific cancer cells. However, very little information is available about the effect of such surface modification on the release of the loaded drug from these nanoparticles. The effects of surface modification by mAb on the release of erlotinib from chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) were investigated using various mathematic models. Fickian diffusion was elucidated to be the main mechanism of release of erlotinib from nonfunctionalized CNPs irrespective of the pH. In contrast, a strong pH influence was observed in the release of erlotinib from the mAb-functionalized nanoparticles. The lack of a single model to definitely describe the release mechanism coupled to the slow release of erlotinib from antibody-functionalized CNPs in comparison to the nonfunctionalized CNPs strongly suggests that the diffusion pathway of erlotinib was being interfered with by the antibody coupled to the surface of CNPs.
IP Protection Games: Does Technology Type Matter For Entrepreneurial Behavior?

This paper builds on an analytical tool for studying entrepreneurship in a new classical general equilibrium framework. The entrepreneurial economy model takes the consumer-producer economy model and makes explicit the role of the entrepreneur. This paper uses it to study entrepreneurial behavior when assumptions regarding contract enforcement and intellectual property rights can be violated. An extended form game involving an entrepreneur and a trading partner is presented. Results show that different subgame perfect equilibria arise depending on whether the venture idea (innovation) is production specific or a general purpose technology. Furthermore, depending on the type of technology, different mechanisms for intellectual property (IP) protection are desirable, in terms of total social utility. This has implications for the way IP laws are crafted and why (one-size-fits-all) patent laws have come under fire. The results give some foundation for the intuition on both sides of the patent law debates. It makes precise when stronger IP protections may be needed to help entrepreneurs and trading partners out of a prisoners type dilemma versus when these laws may not be necessary.
Accelerating molecular property calculations with nonorthonormal Krylov space methods

We formulate Krylov space methods for large eigenvalue problems and linear equation systems that take advantage of decreasing residual norms to reduce the cost of matrix-vector multiplication. The residuals are used as subspace basis without prior orthonormalization, which leads to generalized eigenvalue problems or linear equation systems on the Krylov space. These nonorthonormal Krylov space (nKs) algorithms are favorable for large matrices with irregular sparsity patterns whose elements are computed on the fly, because fewer operations are necessary as the residual norm decreases as compared to the conventional method, while errors in the desired eigenpairs and solution vectors remain small. We consider real symmetric and symplectic eigenvalue problems as well as linear equation systems and Sylvester equations as they appear in configuration interaction and response theory. The nKs method can be implemented in existing electronic structure codes with minor modifications and yields speed-ups of 1.2-1.8 in typical time-dependent Hartree-Fock and density functional applications without accuracy loss. The algorithm can compute entire linear subspaces simultaneously which benefits electronic spectra and force constant calculations requiring many eigenpairs or solution vectors. The nKs approach is related to difference density methods in electronic ground state calculations and particularly efficient for integral direct computations of exchange-type contractions. By combination with resolution-of-the-identity methods for Coulomb contractions, three- to fivefold speed-ups of hybrid time-dependent density functional excited state and response calculations are achieved.
Determination of urea in swimming pool water on line

Objective:To seek a simple,accurate and sensitive method for determination of urea in swimming pool water.Methods:Urea in swimming pool has been detected by flow injection analysis(FIA).Results:The detection limit was 2.9 μg/L and the linear range of standard curve 0.01～1.0 mg/L(r=0.99992).The relative standard deviation and recovery rate were 1.8%～8.2% and 88.2%～108%,respectively.Conclusion:The method is simple,sensitive,rapid and accurate.
Assessment on Immunization Program After Earthquake in Pengzhou City

Objective To have a comprehensive understanding of the immunization program after May-12 earthquake in Pengzhou City, for post-disaster rehabilitation, reconstruction and further regulation of the immunization work on the basis of information provided. Methods In accordance with the extent of the affected towns,stratified random sampling method was used. A total of nine towns were selected as survey sites. Comprehensive analysis was made based on data collected from field survey,materials and reports etc. Results In 9 towns,the average immunization full-time staff is 1.44,part-time staff 1.89,and personnel with certificate vaccination post 2.89. The average immunization room is 3.11,ordinary refrigerators 1.44, freezers 3.33, 5.22 frozen package, and a set of ultra-violet disinfection equipment. Average monthly routine immunization is carrying out 1.56 times, 4.88 days. The rate of vaccination card is 86.67%, the rate of vaccination card loss 6.84%, the rate of vaccination certificate 97.41%,and the rate of vaccination certificate loss 16.35%. The vaccination certificate to fit in with the card is 68.42%. The inoculation rate of original vaccines in new immunization program is about 60%.Conclusion Based on the results of low in full-time staff,equipment,number of times to carry out vaccination premonth,valcination card rate,and qualified vaccination rate as were as gaps in children immunization,the immunization management should be strengthened.
Propagation of Electromagnetic Wave and Transformations of Fields in Moving Multi-layer Medium

Lorentz transformations and the relation of electromagnetic fields in isotropic dielectric medium were used to deduce the propagation characteristics of electromagnetic wave in local static reference frame when the medium move alone the arbitrary direction.The transformations of electromagnetic fields and Poynting's vector power density on the interface of a moving multi-layer medium were discussed in detail.
Regulation of glucose metabolism by norepinephrine in conscious dogs.

The effects of norepinephrine (NE) at levels present in the circulation and synaptic cleft during stress on glucose metabolism were examined in overnight-fasted conscious dogs with fixed basal levels of insulin and glucagon. Plasma NE rose from 132 +/- 14 to 442 +/- 85 pg/ml and 100 +/- 20 to 3,244 +/- 807 pg/ml during 3 h of low (n = 6) and high (n = 5) NE infusion, respectively. Plasma glucose and glucose production rose only with high NE infusion (from 108 +/- 4 to 159 +/- 15 mg/dl and 2.78 +/- 0.24 to 3.41 +/- 0.38 mg.kg-1.min-1, respectively). NE infusion caused dose-dependent net hepatic lactate consumption, but net hepatic alanine uptake fell only with high NE infusion (31%). Alanine conversion to glucose rose by 67 +/- 13, 136 +/- 20, and 412 +/- 104%, and intrahepatic gluconeogenic efficiency rose by 42 +/- 27, 299 +/- 144, and 212 +/- 21% with saline and with low and high NE infusion, respectively. In conclusion, NE enhances gluconeogenesis by stimulating peripheral precursor release, by increasing substrate movement into the hepatocyte, and by increasing intrahepatic gluconeogenic efficiency. However, only the higher NE levels affected glucose metabolism profoundly enough to stimulate glucose production and to elevate the glucose level.
On the Development and Application of Quantitative Methods in Nuclear Reactor Regulation

Developpement et application de 2 methodes quantitatives pouvant etre utilisees dans la prise de decision sur la delivrance d'un permis de construire d'une centrale nucleaire
SU-F-T-99: Data Visualization From a Treatment Planning Tracking System for Radiation Oncology

Purpose: A treatment planning process tracker database with input forms and a TV-viewable display webpage was developed and implemented in our clinic to collect time data points throughout the process. Tracking plan times is important because it directly affects the patient quality of care. Simply, the longer a patient waits after their initial simulation CT for treatment to begin, the more time the cancer has to progress. The tracker helps to drive workflow through the clinic, while the data collected can be used to understand and manage the process to find and eliminate inefficiencies. Methods: The overall process steps tracked are CT-simulation, mark patient, draw normal contours, draw target volumes, create plan, and review/approve plan. Time stamps for task completion were extracted and used to generate a set of clinic metrics, among which include average time for each step in the process split apart by type of treatment, average time to completion for plans started in a given week, and individual overall completion time per plan. Results: Trends have been tracked for fourteen weeks of clinical data (196 plans). On average, drawing normal contours and target volumes is taking 2–5 times as long as creating the plan itself. This is potentially an issue because it could mean the process is taking too long initially, and it could be forcing the planning step to be done in a short amount of time. We also saw from our graphs that there appears to be no clear trend on the average amount of time per plan week-to-week. Conclusion: A tracker of this type has the potential to provide insight into how time is utilized in our clinic. By equipping our dosimetrists, radiation oncologists, and physicists with individualized metric sets, the tracker can help provide visibility and drive workflow. Funded in part by CPRIT (RP140105).
Novel Exergy-wise predictive control of Internal Combustion Engines

Exergy is an effective metric to evaluate the performance of energy systems. Exergy analysis has been extensively used to study and understand loss mechanisms of Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs). However knowledge from exergy analysis has not been used for control of ICEs. This paper presents the first application of exergy-based control to ICEs. In this paper, an exergy model is developed for an advanced ICE with low temperature combustion mode that has higher efficiency compared to conventional diesel and spark ignition engines. The exergy model is based on quantification of the Second Law of Thermodynamic (SLT) and irreversibilities which are not identified in commonly used First Law of Thermodynamics (FLT) analysis. An optimal control method is developed based on minimizing irreversibilities and exergy losses. The new controller finds the optimum combustion phasing at every given engine load to minimize exergy destruction/loss. Application of the new developed control algorithm is demonstrated for a Combined Heat and Power (CHP) case study. The results show that by using the exergy-based optimal control strategy, the engine output power and exhaust exergies are maximized.
Foreign Portfolio versus Foreign Direct Investment Flows: Are They So Different?

Many emerging economies in Asia and elsewhere have been faced with sharply volatile capital flows, mainly driven by sharp booms and busts in foreign portfolio and short-term bank flows, together referred to as “mobile capital”. In contrast, FDI flows have remained remarkably stable (see Chapter 20). The policy focus on this “mobile capital” has tried to limit such flows via capital account restrictions or through prudential measures, or by ensuring that the central bank holds enough low-yielding liquid assets (i.e. foreign exchange reserves) to cover possible sudden withdrawals.
Introduction to Linear Equations and Matrices

This chapter presents an introduction to linear equations and matrices. Systems of linear equations have many applications. They are found in economics, social sciences, medicine, the biological and physical sciences, and mathematics.The chapter uses the Gaussian elimination method to solve such systems. This method is studied not only because it has historical significance, but also because it is the basis for the best direct methods for programming a computer to solve linear systems. A finite collection of linear equations in the variables x 1 , x 2 ,…, x n is called a system of linear equations, or more simply a linear system. A solution of a linear system is a sequence of numbers t 1 , t 2 ,…, t n that is a solution of each of the linear equations simultaneously. A system of two linear equations in two unknowns can have no solutions, one solution, or infinitely many solutions. A system with no solutions is called inconsistent; a system with at least one solution is called consistent.
Ageing: Dietary protection for genes

Dietary restriction is known to extend lifespan in many species. It has now been shown to reduce DNA damage and extend lifespan in mice modelling human DNA-repair disorders. See Letter p.427 Dietary restriction is well established as an intervention that can extend lifespan and delay many signs of ageing in numerous species, but the underlying mechanisms remain unresolved. Jan Hoeijmakers and colleagues have examined the effects of dietary restriction in two mouse models with defective DNA repair that develop signs resembling those seen in human progeroid syndromes, which cause children to age at an accelerated rate. Strikingly, a dietary restriction of 30% substantially increased lifespan in both models and mice on the restricted diets maintained more neurons and better motor function than controls. In particular, the authors suggest DNA-repair-deficient Ercc1Δ/− mice as an effective model for the study of the effects of dietary restriction and for testing therapeutic interventions.
A Practical Platform for On-Line Genetic Programming for Robotics

There is growing interest in on-line evolution forautonomous robots. On-line learningis critical to achieve high levels of autonomy in the face of dynamic environments, tasks, and other variable elements encountered in real world environments. Although a number of successes have been achieved with on-line evolution, these successes are largely limited to fairly simple learning paradigms, e.g. training small neural networks of relatively few weights and in simulated environments. The shortage of more complex learning paradigms is largely due to the limitations of affordable robotic platforms, which tend to be woefully underpowered for such applications.
Lung carcinoma progression and survival versus amino- and carboxyl-parathyroid hormone-related protein expression

Expression of the carboxyl PTHrP region of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is a positive prognostic indicator in women with lung cancer, but amino PTHrP is a negative indicator in other lung cancer patients. This project investigated whether PTHrP could be expressed as predominantly amino PTHrP or carboxyl PTHrP in individual lung carcinomas. It also assessed domain-specific effects on cancer progression and patient survival. PTHrP immunoreactivities were analyzed versus survival in a human lung cancer tissue microarray (TMA). Growth was compared in athymic mice for isogenic lung carcinoma xenografts differing in expression of amino and carboxyl PTHrP domains. In the TMA, 33 of 99 patient tumors expressed only one PTHrP domain, while 54 expressed both. By Cox regression, the hazard ratio for cancer-specific mortality (95% confidence interval) was 2.6 (1.28–5.44) for amino PTHrP (P = 0.008) and 0.6 (0–2.58) for carboxyl PTHrP (P = 0.092). Xenografts of H358 lung adenocarcinoma cells that overexpressed amino PTHrP grew twice as fast as isogenic low PTHrP tumors in athymic mice, but growth of tumors expressing amino plus carboxyl PTHrP was not significantly different than growth of the control tumors. In summary, the presence of amino PTHrP signifies worse prognosis in lung cancer patients. In mouse xenografts, this effect was abrogated if carboxyl PTHrP was also present. Amino PTHrP and carboxyl PTHrP can vary independently in different lung carcinomas. Carboxyl PTHrP may temper the stimulatory effect of amino PTHrP on cancer progression.
Teaching trainees how to critically evaluate the literature - a crossover study at two pediatric residency programs.

The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of a concise, evidence based medicine curriculum in improving the knowledge of pediatric residents at two institutions.
Reviving a Drug for Tuberculosis

A compound called SMARt-420 renders ethionamide-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis fully susceptible. This compound inhibits a hitherto unknown repressor of a molecule necessary for ethionamide activation.
Individualizing dual antiplatelet therapy duration after percutaneous coronary intervention: from randomized control trials to personalized medicine.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Improved stent technologies have lead to reduced minimum durations of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) to prevent stent thrombosis. However, the anti-ischemic benefits seen in extended DAPT in both stent and non-stent related lesions have called into question the optimum duration of DAPT after stent placement.Areas covered: We review the evidence for varying durations of DAPT after drug eluting stent placement including for patients on oral anticoagulation; decision tools available for clinicians to optimize patient selection for extended therapy and insight into application of these risk assessment tools in clinical practice.Expert commentary: The use of risk assessment tools in optimizing DAPT duration after stent placement provides an opportunity for improved outcomes by means of a personalized approach to care while allowing clinicians to engage with patients in shared-decision making.
Cerebral Autoregulation: The Genetic Basis of The Myogenic Response (P04.046)

OBJECTIVE: Examine the role of a 2.4 Mbp region in the rat chromosome 1 (RNO1) on AR of CBF, myogenic response of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) and ischemic reperfusion (IR) injury in the brain. BACKGROUND: Cerebral blood flow (CBF) autoregulation (AR) is a homeostatic mechanism that maintains constant oxygen delivery to the brain despite fluctuations in cerebral perfusion pressure. Myogenic response is vital in maintaining AR, and it is impaired following stroke and traumatic brain injury and shifted to higher pressures in hypertension. The Fawn Hooded Hypertensive (FHH) rat, a genetic model of hypertension that is very susceptible to renal end organ damage, exhibits impaired myogenic response in afferent arterioles. DESIGN/METHODS: Rats that include (autoregulation (AR) + ) and exclude (AR - ) the 2.4Mbp region were bred transferring this region from Brown Norway (BN) RNO1 into the FHH rat genetic background. Laser Doppler flowmetry to study CBF autoregulation, vascular reactivity to measure myogenic response and transient- Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion studies to assess CBF perfusion were performed. RESULTS: AR of CBF was poor in FHH and FHH.1 BN AR - strains, but it was completely restored in AR + strains. MCA diameters of FHH rats increased from 140 + 14 to 157+18μm but decreased in FHH.1 BN AR + congenic strains from 137+ 5 to 94+ 7μm when transmural pressure was increased from 40 to 140mmHg. Transient occlusion of MCA reduced CBF by 80% in all strains. However, the hyperemic response following ischemia was significantly greater in FHH and AR - strains than that seen in AR + rats (AR - : 173 ± 11% versus AR + : 124 ± 5%). CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that there is a gene that plays a critical role in regulation of the myogenic tone in the 2.4Mbp region of RNO1. Transfer of this region from BN to FHH rats restores AR of CBF, vascular reactivity and reduces cerebral injury. Disclosure: Dr. Tullos has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pabbidi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Renic has nothing to disclose. Dr. Farley has nothing to disclose. Dr. Harder has nothing to disclose. Dr. Roman has nothing to disclose.
"She Calls Me by My Last Name": Exploring Adolescent Perceptions of Positive Teacher-Student Relationships.

Interpersonal relationships during adolescence can be powerful avenues for personal development. As school is a universal context for youth, positive teacher-student relationships (TSRs) are one po...
Consensus detection of a Gaussian underwater acoustic source by a distributed sensor network

Probabilistic data fusion is a well-established algorithmic approach to the detection of underwater acoustic sources by a distributed sensor network. Direct communication of all of the network nodes with a fusion center would provide optimal joint detection via summation of log-likelihood ratios (LLR’s) across the nodes. However, a network that relies on a single fusion center for data exfiltration is not robust to the loss of the fusion center. Distributed detection mediated by dynamic consensus algorithms, which have their roots in the broader system-theoretic discipline of dynamic state estimation, offers an alternative that is robust to node loss. The present work illustrates the application of dynamic consensus algorithms to the distributed detection of underwater acoustic sources, taking as an example the detection of a stationary, ergodic Gaussian source in a shallow-water waveguide by a network of vertical-array nodes. A general definition of consensus algorithms is followed by the construction of...
Decision making with visualizations: a cognitive framework across disciplines

Visualizations—visual representations of information, depicted in graphics—are studied by researchers in numerous ways, ranging from the study of the basic principles of creating visualizations, to the cognitive processes underlying their use, as well as how visualizations communicate complex information (such as in medical risk or spatial patterns). However, findings from different domains are rarely shared across domains though there may be domain-general principles underlying visualizations and their use. The limited cross-domain communication may be due to a lack of a unifying cognitive framework. This review aims to address this gap by proposing an integrative model that is grounded in models of visualization comprehension and a dual-process account of decision making. We review empirical studies of decision making with static two-dimensional visualizations motivated by a wide range of research goals and find significant direct and indirect support for a dual-process account of decision making with visualizations. Consistent with a dual-process model, the first type of visualization decision mechanism produces fast, easy, and computationally light decisions with visualizations. The second facilitates slower, more contemplative, and effortful decisions with visualizations. We illustrate the utility of a dual-process account of decision making with visualizations using four cross-domain findings that may constitute universal visualization principles. Further, we offer guidance for future research, including novel areas of exploration and practical recommendations for visualization designers based on cognitive theory and empirical findings.
Modeling coalescence of bubble clusters rising freely in low-viscosity liquids

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the results of a study of bubble interaction that provides new insights into the process. Bubble interaction in swarms is a complex process. Bubble clusters commonly form that coalesce more or less simultaneously into very large bubbles. Visual studies of pulsed swarms of 8-25 bubbles revealed a basic interaction mechanism fundamental to bubble coalescence and breakup. Groups of bubbles interact by moving in and out of clusters. This also accounts for bubble flow instability and the transition from bubbly to slug flow. A bubble contacts another only by following its wake to an overtaking collision. Coalescence or breakup occurs only after the collision, when one bubble is pulled into the near wake of the other. Interaction of three or more bubbles in clusters leads to increased coalescence rates. This chapter gives an analysis of the effects of clusters and presents several models for predicting bubble size distributions.
Function Space and Variational Methods

In the preceding chapters, specifically in Chapters 8 and 14, we were afforded opportunities to make comments on the relations between the concepts of function space and those of the calculus of variations. It seems worthwhile to return to these questions by examining certain of their aspects from somewhat different points of view. We first examine the so-called inverse problem, in which one looks for a functional whose critical points (i.e., extrema and saddle points) are the solutions of the given differential equation.
Cerebellar hemangioblastoma complicating pregnancy. A case report.

Background Cerebellar hemangioblastomas are unusual benign neoplasms that may go undetected for years. When associated with pregnancy, however, these tumors may undergo rapid expression and promote progression of symptomatology. Case A 28-year-old woman with ataxia and left-sided weakness was diagnosed with cerebellar hemangioblastoma in the second trimester of pregnancy following repeated hospital admissions for nausea and vomiting. Surgical removal was uneventful, and she delivered vaginally at term. Conclusion Cerebellar hemangioblastomas, although rare, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of persistent nausea and vomiting when accompanied by an abnormal neurologic examination.
Cell-penetrating penta-peptides and Bax-inhibiting peptides: protocol for their application.

The first series of Cell Penetrating Penta-peptides (CPP5s) were discovered as cytoprotective penta-peptides designed from the Bax inhibiting domain of Ku70. Bax is an inducer of programmed cell death and Ku70 is a multifunctional protein maintaining genomic stability and protecting cells from death by inhibiting the cytotoxic activity of Bax. Since these peptides bind and inhibit Bax, they are named Bax Inhibiting Peptides (BIPs). The second series of CPP5s were developed by mutating BIP’s amino acid sequences to abolish the Bax binding activity. These peptides were used as negative control peptides to evaluate the Bax inhibiting activity of BIPs. CPP5s are able to enter cells when they are added to the culture medium. The mechanism of cell entry of CPP5s is not yet understood. Numerous studies showed that BIP rescued cells from cytotoxic stresses both in cell culture and animal model, suggesting the therapeutic potential of BIP. Both BIPs and non-cytoprotective CPP5s did not show significant toxicity even at 1.6 mM concentration in cell culture. Our recent study suggests that CPP5s has the protein transduction activity, though only Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) has been tested as a cargo protein. If CPP5s can deliver wide range of cargo molecules into the cell, CPP5s may be utilized as non-toxic drug delivery tool. In this article, we describe our laboratory’s protocols of how to synthesize, store, and apply CPP5s for the examination of their activities of cell penetration and cytoprotection.
Aerial Channel Prediction and User Scheduling in Mobile Drone Hotspots

In this paper, we investigate the aerial wireless channel, where a moving drone is deployed to stream content to a set of mobile clients on the ground over a small cell size. Experimental traces collected over more than twenty flights with multiple clients suggest that drone mobility in lateral or vertical path leads to time-selective and frequency-selective wireless channel for a low-altitude drone. The resulting aerial wireless channel can be predicted reasonably well when we model the channel based on the constructive and destructive interference patterns between the line-of-sight path and other propagation paths via nearby reflectors. We propose a novel channel prediction approach to predict the subcarrier SNRs for all clients as drone moves and a novel scheduling approach to select the subset of clients that maximize the network utility using the predicted SNRs. We have implemented the proposed approach on a commodity 802.11n chipset and evaluated in the field over twenty flights, each serving up to 17 live clients. Experiments demonstrate, for the first time, the feasibility of tracking and predicting the aerial Wi-Fi channel, resulting in up to a 56% increase in overall throughput as compared to the conventional 802.11n hotspot, while maintaining fairness across clients.
Optimization Model to Determine Critical Budgets for Managing Pavement and Safety: Case Study on Statewide County Roads

AbstractThis study develops a model that combines pavement and safety management system to utilize the resources more efficiently. Sometimes decision makers and road engineers need to estimate crit...
Abstract P162: Gout and Risk for Incident Heart Failure, Coronary Heart Disease and Stroke: The REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study

Background: Gout has been associated with a higher risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke in some but not all prior studies. There are few data available on the risk for incident heart fa...
Sclerostin and WNT-5a gingival protein levels in chronic periodontitis and health.

Background and objective Wnt signaling pathways regulate osteoblast differentiation and bone formation and are associated with inflammatory responses driven by innate and adaptive immunity via the NF-κB pathway. The aim of this study was to compare the levels of sclerostin (SOST), WNT-5a, and TNF-α between chronic periodontitis and periodontally healthy sites and determine their value as diagnostic markers of chronic periodontitis. Material and methods In a cross-sectional assessment 25 chronic periodontitis cases and 25 periodontally healthy controls were selected upon clinical and radiographic periodontal evaluation. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was collected cross-sectionally from diseased and healthy sites in periodontitis patients and from healthy sites in each control subject. In a subgroup analysis, ten patients with generalized moderate and severe chronic periodontitis and ten generalized periodontally healthy individuals were included. The protein levels of SOST, WNT-5a, and TNF-α in GCF were measured by sandwich ELISA. The Shapiro-Wilk test was utilized to assess the normality of the distribution and non-parametric comparisons were performed. Results The protein levels of SOST were significantly higher in the generalized moderate and severe chronic periodontitis subgroup when compared to the generalized healthy (P = 0.002), while the WNT-5a and TNF-α GCF total amounts were similar (P > 0.05). Diseased sites in the periodontitis patients exhibited significantly higher total protein levels of WNT-5a than in healthy sites (P = 0.017), whereas no differences were detected for SOST and TNF-α (P > 0.05). The total protein levels of SOST, WNT-5a, and TNF-α in GCF were similar in periodontitis and non-periodontitis patients (P > 0.05). Conclusions Sclerostin and WNT-5a gingival protein levels demonstrated a high diagnostic value for generalized moderate and severe chronic periodontitis, while a low accuracy was detected for localized chronic periodontitis.
Strongly-coupled aeroelastic free-vortex wake framework for floating offshore wind turbine rotors. Part 1: Numerical framework

Abstract This two-part paper presents the integration of the free-vortex wake method (FVM) into an aeroelastic framework suitable to model the rotor-wake interactions engendered by floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT) rotors in operation. Part 1 of this paper introduces the numerical development and validation of an aeroelastic framework. Because no experimental aeroelastic benchmarks exist for FOWTs, a series of validation studies are conducted against the rotor aerodynamic and structural performance of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) 5-MW reference wind turbine. Part 2 of this paper focuses on the modeling of different aeroelastic operational conditions of FOWTs. Numerical results of the current framework captures consistently the aerodynamic rotor performance, such as power, thrust, and torque of wave-induced pitching FOWTs. In addition, the presented aeroelastic framework captures additional information about the power, thrust, and torque fluctuations due to the out-of-phase blade passing frequency and corresponding blade deflections. The fidelity of the presented framework showcases, for the first time, an FVM-based aeroelastic method capable of carrying out investigations on rotor-wake interactions and relevant aeroelastic phenomena of FOWTs.
Finding fear and loathing in Las Vegas

Casinos serve as the proverbial devil on the shoulder to strengthen the convictions – and addictions – of those who have succumbed to the controlling mechanisms of casino culture, and the tangentia...
Understanding PV Polymer Backsheet Degradation through X-ray Scattering

Understanding how photovoltaic (PV) module backsheet polymers age and degrade in response to environmental stresses is important for designing polymers that can maintain their structural integrity after decades of outdoor use. X-ray scattering is a powerful technique for exploring backsheet polymer structure at the angstrom- (wide-angle, WAXS) and nanometer- (small-angle, SAXS) length-scales. We present the use of SAXS and WAXS to study pristine and aged polymer backsheets. The structural insight from these techniques can be used to compare the degradation induced by accelerated testing with the degradation seen in field-aged PV materials.
Border Gateway Protocol Anomaly Detection Using Neural Network

Having reliable and stable connectivity to the Internet dramatically depends on how Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) can avoid bad-behaviour events by detecting them on time. Despite a lot of efforts have gone into detecting BGP anomalies during the last decade, it is still a challenging issue due to emerging new abnormal behaviours both from the attackers and network misconfigurations. In this work, we propose a Neural Network classifier to detect the abnormal BGP events caused by worm attacks in the network. The results show that our method outperforms the previous work in both generality and accuracy.
Aluminum Nitride Combined Overtone Resonators for the 5G High Frequency Bands

This work presents a new acoustic MEMS resonator technology, dubbed Aluminum Nitride (AlN) Combined Overtone Resonator (COR), capable of addressing the filter requirements for the 5G high frequency bands in the 6-40GHz range. The COR exploits the multimodal excitation of two higher-order Lamb waves ( $2^{\mathbf {nd}}$ and $3^{\mathbf {rd}}$ order Asymmetrical Lamb Waves) in a suspended thin-film AlN plate to transduce a 2-dimensional vibration mode with high electromechanical coupling coefficient $k_{t}^{2}$ (up to 1.9%) and quality factor $Q>1100 $ at twice the frequency of a fundamental thickness-extensional mode in the same structure. Analytical and finite-element method (FEM) models are developed to describe the working principle of the COR technology and predict the achievable $k_{t}^{2}$ , Q and lithographic frequency tunability. An 8.8 GHz COR prototype was fabricated showing a high $k_{t}^{2}~\sim ~0.3$ % (using a simple top-electrode-only configuration with a 2-mask process) and a groundbreaking $Q\sim {1100}$ which is the highest ever achieved among piezoelectric resonators above 6 GHz. The $f - Q$ product $\sim 1\times 10 ^{\mathbf {13}}$ is the highest among all demonstrated piezoelectric resonators with metallic coverage >50%. Additionally, the capability of the COR technology to deliver contiguous filters with bandwidths between 355 and 592 MHz (aggregated BW >2GHz) in the mmWave spectrum, with relaxed lithographic requirements, is demonstrated by FEM. [2019-0229]
Overcoming the practical challenges of applying steinmetz circuit design to mitigate voltage unbalance using distributed solar PV

Abstract Due to the high penetration of distributed solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, it is expected that voltage unbalance will become more severe in distribution systems. In this paper, we develop approaches to control the reactive power injections of PV inverters to reduce voltage unbalance without affecting their real power injections. Our past work developed a feedback controller that leveraged Steinmetz circuit design to compute reactive power injections. In this paper, we extend this approach to cope with a number of practical considerations, namely, inverter reactive power limits, noisy/erroneous measurements, and delayed inputs in the presence of time-varying load and PV generation. Using the IEEE 13-node feeder as an illustrative example, we demonstrate the issues that arise when the original controller is used in practical scenarios and show that the ehanced controller can effectively mitigate voltage unbalance in these scenarios.
College students’ preferences for information on self-initiated sexually transmitted infection testing:

Objective:The purpose of this study was to identify preferences for content, method of delivery and frequency of information to encourage self-initiated sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing...
The Role of Race and Ethnicity in Parental Ethnic-Racial Socialization: A Scoping Review of Research

Over the past 35 years, ethnic-racial socialization (ERS) has been a widely studied topic in psychological and cultural research. Most popular among the populations that ERS research centers are Black/African American families and youth. However, a small, but emerging body of research on the ERS processes of other racial/ethnic groups suggest that ERS is not limited to Black/African American families. Recently, scholars have begun to ask more critical questions regarding the differential effects of ethnic-racial socialization on non-Black youth’s psychological development. Therefore, the current review of research draws together studies on Black/African American, Biracial, Latinx, Asian American, and White American families to demonstrate the role of racial/ethnic group identification in soliciting the exchange of ERS messages from parents to children. The methodology used to execute this review follows a modified framework which includes four key phases of searching and selecting appropriate studies. From three multidisciplinary and psychological databases, 24 studies were selected based on the inclusion criteria set by the researcher. The studies discussed in this scoping review all revealed how racial/ethnic group identification solicits the exchange of ERS messages from parents to children in some way.
Long-Term Outcomes of Acute Osteoarticular Infections in Children.

Background: Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis (OM) and septic arthritis require immediate diagnosis and treatment by an interdisciplinary team of pediatric infectious disease specialists and pediatric orthopedic surgeons. Adverse outcomes such as growth disturbance, bone deformity, and chronic infections have been described in older studies. However, there is only little known about long-term follow-up of patients of the last two decades. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate subjective and objective long-term outcomes of these children with osteoarticular infections treated in the millennial years. Methods: Cross-sectional study performed in two pediatric centers including patients admitted for OM and/or SA between 2005 and 2014 and follow-up consultations in 2019. Patients with symptoms of ≤2 weeks duration at initial presentation were contacted. Subjective outcomes were assessed by standardized interview, objective outcomes by clinical examination. Medical charts were used to extract data from the initial presentations. Statistical analysis was performed by non-parametric tests and Fisher's exact test. Results: Of 147 eligible patients 77 (52%) agreed to participate, of which 68 (88%) had an interview and physical examination and 9 (12%) an interview only. Thirty-three (39%) had OM, 26 (34%) SA, and 21 (27%) combined OM/SA. Median (IQR) age at follow-up was 13.3 (10.5-18.0) years with a median (IQR) follow-up of 7.1 (6.1-8.6) years. Persistent complaints including pain, functional differences and scar paresthesia, reported by 21 (28%) patients, were generally mild and only 3 (5%) required ongoing medical care. Objective sequelae including pain, limited range of motion, unilateral axis deformity or asymmetric gait were found in 8 (12%) participants. Older age, female sex, joint involvement, surgical intervention, persistent fever, and C-reactive protein elevation were associated with adverse clinical outcome. Conclusions: Adverse outcomes were observed in a considerable number of patients, most of which were minor, and only few required ongoing medical care. Long-term follow up is advisable for patients with risk factors identified during the initial presentation. This study was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03827980).