cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Behavoral ecology and social organization of a dendrobatid frog (Colostethus inguinalis)

1. A population ofColostethus inguinalis, a small diurnally active frog, was studied along a stream in seasonal tropical forest on Cerro Campana, Panama, from January through November 1976. Females laid eggs on land and carried up to 40 tadpoles on their backs to water. Tadpoles remained on their mothers' backs for up to 9 days. Sexual maturity was reached about 4–6 months after metamorphosis. 2. Some females produced two clutches in 11 months. The average interval between clutches was 133 days. Reproduction occurred in every month except April, with a peak in May and June, the beginning of the wet season. Reproduction decreased in the wettest months. 3. C. inguinalis has three vocalizations: an advertisement call, an encounter call used to challenge territorial intruders, and a close-range encounter call given just before an attack. The first two are given only by males, the last by females as well. 4. Agonistic behavior included postural displays, chases, attacks, and wrestling. Encounters between same sex individuals were more likely to end in wrestling than those between males and females. Males were more effective than females in repelling intruders without physical contact. 5. Courtship was prolonged and involved closerange vocal, visual, and tactile interactions between males and females. 6. The behavior and spatial organization of males and females changed seasonally. Both sexes defended small territories near pools in the dry season, although males remained in one place longer than most females. In the wet season, males defended widely dispersed territories ten times the size of dry season territories. Females were more mobile and seldom defended territories for more than a few days at a time. Dry season territories appeared to provide access to moist retreats and feeding sites in short supply. Large male wet season territories were used for feeding, shelter, courtship, and mating. 7. Both males and females defended territories against frogs of other species, but only encounters between maleC. inguinalis and maleColostethus pratti were frequent. Most of these occurred in the dry season, when the two species competed for the same retreats. There is some evidence that the two species can perceive each other's vocalizations.
High-Latitude Filtering in Global Grid-Point Models

Abstract Latitude-longitude grid-point models with explicit time schemes require filtering of unstable short waves at high latitudes to avoid the use of prohibitively short time steps. Using a shallow water model and a Rossby–Haurwitz wave as an initial condition, an examination of the effect of several filtering procedures on the numerical solution is performed. It is found that ad hoc filtering techniques can cause spurious energy and momentum transfers to occur which ultimately affect the solution at all latitudes. These spurious transfers are related to a nonconservation of vorticity under the pressure gradient force as well as to a nonconservation of the irrotationality of the gradients of the streamfunction and velocity potential in finite difference form. Conserving the curl of the gradients of the scalar quantities defined by the heights, the streamfunction and the velocity potential is crucial in order to prevent vorticity and divergence source terms from being generated new the poles. In this pa...
Cytodifferentiation of secretory cells in the sublingual gland of the prenatal rat: A histological, histochemical and ultrastructura study

Sublingual and submandibular glands were prepared for light and electron microscopy, and for histochemical staining with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), Alcian Blue (AB) or both (AB-PAS). Between 15 and 17 days post-conception, the sublingual gland undergoes active morphogenesis from a single, solid bud into a branched glandular tree. At 18 days the first overt signs of secretory differentiation appear in the formation of cells with three kinds of secretion granules; that is, electron-dense serous granules, empty-looking mucous granules with fine thread-like substructures, and granules which have the general appearance of mucous granules but also contain an internal, electron-dense core (“mixed” granules). During the period from 18 to 20 days, all three types of granulated cells increase in number, with mucous cells predominating, and they all border directly on the acinar lumina, in seemingly random combinations in different acini. This diversity is reflected in the histochemical staining, since most acini and cells are both PAS- and AB-positive, but a substantial minority stain only with PAS, indicating that they contain serous granules. By comparison, all secretory cells in the submandibular gland stain with PAS but not with AB after the initial appearance of secretory granules at 18 days. From 20 days to birth (at 22 days), the cells with mixed granules disappear, while the cells with serous granules become fewer in number and displaced to the peripheral outpocketings of the acini. As a result of these changes, the general organization in the newborn is similar to that in the adult, i.e., purely mucous acini with serous demilunes.
The transition to chip-level optical interconnects

The increasing bandwidth demands of computing chips have spawned significant research into chip-scale photonic interconnects. We review the DARPA-sponsored efforts at the inter- and intra-chip interconnect levels and highlight the key challenges to be addressed.
Inhibition of expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and induction of cell death in radioresistant human prostate adenocarcinoma cell line (PC-3) by methyl jasmonate.

Hormone refractory human prostate cancer cell lines are known to be radioresistant, a feature attributed to their ability to induce anti-apoptotic proteins of the Bcl-2 family when exposed to radiation. We investigated whether pro-apoptotic compounds such as methyl jasmonate, a plant stress hormone, can counteract the radiation-induced anti-apoptotic mechanism in a human prostate cancer cell line PC-3. Significant (p < 0.05) increase in cytotoxicity was observed in the combined treatment groups compared to single treatments with methyl jasmonate or γ-radiation. Treatment of irradiated PC-3 cells with methyl jasmonate resulted in suppression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein and elevation of caspase-3 activity. Our results showed increased apoptosis in the combined treatment group as compared to the irradiated group or the untreated control. In summary, methyl jasmonate suppressed the radiation-induced Bcl-2 expression and enhanced the radiation sensitivity of human prostate cancer cells.
Finite element solution of the vector wave equation using divergenceless basis functions

In order to treat three-dimensional or two-dimensional scatterers that are anisotropic or illuminated by an obliquely incident excitation, the vector wave equation is required. The author describes a finite-element solution of the vector wave equation for scattering from two-dimensional bodies, in order to explore differences in the numerical treatment of scalar and vector equations. A novel feature of the method presented is the use of divergenceless basis functions to represent the transverse electromagnetic fields. To illustrate the accuracy of the approach, a homogeneous, circular cylinder illuminated by a TE plane wave is considered. Numerical results from two scatterer models are compared to the exact solutions. >
Original formulation of the finite element method

Following a brief summary of the 1952 state of the art of structural analysis, the paper describes the circumstances that led to the formulation of the finite element method by members of the Structural Dynamics Unit at the Boeing Airplane Company. It is noted that the central feature of the procedure that was developed is the evaluation of the stiffness properties of structural elements based on assumed sets of displacement interpolation functions. As originally applied, the method used direct stiffness assembly to establish the structure stiffness; then the analysis was performed by the displacement method.
An Inquiry into the Evolutionary Status and Apparent Identity of San Hunter-Gatherers

An attempt is made to reconcile a popular view of the Bushmen or San of southern Africa with reality. Following an analysis of the assumed relationships of living hunter-gatherers with their Pleistocene forebears and modern neighbors, the identity of the San is explored using archaeological and historical evidence. Finally an alternative view of modern San, consistent with this evidence, is proposed.
Mortal Leadership in Homer's Odyssey

Troy has fallen and the Greeks are victorious. Odysseus can now return home to his family and kingdom, but he will not get there for ten years. His "odyssey" portrays the qualities of mortal leadership—leadership that must be ethical even though exercised in an imperfect world where decisions may literally mean life and death. The struggles of Odysseus' wife, Penelope, display leadership tested by ordeal. The struggles of Odysseus and Penelope illustrate the characteristics of quality leadership.
Squamoid Cyst of Pancreatic Ducts: A Case Series Describing Novel Immunohistochemistry, Cytology, and Quantitative Cyst Fluid Chemistry

Squamoid cyst of pancreatic ducts (SCPD) is a benign pancreatic cyst often misdiagnosed preoperatively as a mucinous cyst. The histopathologic features are well described but the cytology and quantitative fluid chemistry profiles from fine-needle aspiration have not been reported. This case series discusses the cytology and cyst fluid chemistry profiles in 2 SCPDs and describes morphologic and immunohistochemical features that have not been previously reported. Fine-needle aspiration of 2 SCPDs yielded acellular debris lacking mucin or exfoliated squamous cells. Two cysts had elevated fluid carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and amylase levels. Positive immunohistochemical staining included cytokeratin 5/6, pCEA, synaptophysin, and chromogranin (both focal). MUC2 and MUC5AC showed negativity in all cases, while PAX8 showed negative nuclear staining. An accurate preoperative diagnosis of SCPD is potentially difficult in the setting of elevated fluid CEA levels, and acellular cytology as a mucinous cyst cannot ...
IN THE WAKE OF LATONA: THETIS AT STATIUS, ACHILLEID 1.198–216

At Thetis undisonis per noctem in rupibus astans, quae nato secreta velit, quibus abdere terris destinet, huc illuc divisa mente volutat. 200 proxima, sed studiis multum Mavortia, Thrace; nec Macetum gens dura placet laudumque daturi Cecropidae stimulos; nimium opportuna carinis Sestos Abydenique sinus. placet ire per artas Cycladas; hic spretae Myconosque humilisque Seriphos 205 et Lemnos non aequa viris atque hospita Delos gentibus... qualis vicino volucris iam sedula partu iamque timens, qua fronde domum suspendat inanem; providet hic ventos, hic anxia cogitat angues, hic homines: tandem dubiae placet umbra, novisque 215 vix stetit in ramis et protinus arbor amatur. (Achilleid 1.198–207; 212–16)
Use of soil nitrogen parameters and texture for spatially-variable nitrogen fertilization

Recent studies have demonstrated the potential importance of using soil texture to modify fertilizer N recommendations. The objective of this study was to determine (i) if surface clay content can be used as an auxiliary variable for estimating spatial variability of soil NO3–N, and (ii) if this information is useful for variable rate N fertilization of non-irrigated corn [Zea mays (L.)] in south central Texas, USA across years. A 64 ha corn field with variable soil type and N fertility level was used for this study during 2004–2007. Plant and surface and sub-surface soil samples were collected at different grid points and analyzed for yield, soil N parameters and texture. A uniform rate (UR) of 120 kg N ha−1 in 2004 and variable rates (VAR) of 0, 60, 120, and 180 kg N ha−1 in 2005 through 2007 were applied to different sites in the field. Distinct yield variation was observed over this time period. Yield and soil surface clay content and soil N parameters were strongly spatially structured. Corn grain yield was positively related to residual NO3–N with depth and either negatively or positively related to clay content depending on precipitation. Residual NO3–N to 0.60 and 0.90 m depths was more related to corn yield than from shallower depths. The relationship of clay content with soil NO3–N was weak and not temporally stable. Yield response to N rate also varied temporally. Supply of available N with depth, soil texture and growing season precipitation determined proper N management for this field.
Isolation and Characterization of the Cytoplasmic Droplet in the Rat

A method for isolating mature and immature cytoplasmic droplets from rat sperm in the epididymis has been developed by taking advantage of the preferential adherence of sperm flagella to dry glass wool. Acid and alkaline phosphatase, 13-galactosidase, 13-glucosidase, aryl sulfatase A and B, DNAase, acid and alkaline protease, and hyaluronidase activities were investigated in both the immature and the mature droplets. In all cases, the activity in the immature droplets was greater than in the mature droplets. Both mature and immature droplets were able to synthesize inositol from glucose with considerably greater synthesis taking place in the immature droplet. These observations are consistent with the suggestion that the droplet is important in sperm maturation in the epididymis, possibly through its role in inositol synthesis and metabolism.
Creativity and instructional technology: Great potential, imperfectly studied

Abstract There is little direct empirical evidence to support a conclusion that the use of technology inhibits or enhances either the inculcation of creativity or the creative responses on the part of the learner. Indirect evidence from studies of educational technology, conducted without special reference to creativity, is also unpersuasive. Educational technology can be described in terms of two sets of functions: information processing functions , including storage, transmission, access, manipulation, and presentation and display; and educational process functions , including managing the educational experience, provision of feedback and testing, simulation, abstraction, and replication. Creativity involves dimensions of originality, integrated proficiency, ability to see possibilities, risk taking, aesthetic taste, and evaluation. Used with skill in an appropriate strategy, technology can provide tools with which the teacher can better structure the learning environment and shape the interaction so that creativity results. Whether that potential is being achieved, however, cannot be determined with confidence without better research, in which the phenomena of interest are better grounded in theory and more accurately and reliably described and measured.
Infrared stability of de Sitter space: Loop corrections to scalar propagators

We compute 1-loop corrections to Lorentz-signature de Sitter-invariant 2-point functions defined by the interacting Euclidean vacuum for massive scalar quantum fields with cubic and quartic interactions. Our results apply to all masses for which the free Euclidean de Sitter vacuum is well-defined, including values in both the complimentary and the principal series of SO(D,1). In dimensions where the interactions are renormalizeable we provide absolutely convergent integral representations of the corrections. These representations suffice to analytically extract the leading behavior of the 2-point functions at large separations and may also be used for numerical computations. The interacting propagators decay at long distances at least as fast as one would naively expect, suggesting that such interacting de Sitter invariant vacuua are well-defined and are well-behaved in the IR. In fact, in some cases the interacting propagators decay faster than any free propagator with any value of M{sup 2}>0.
Development of the Orohypopharyngeal Cavity in Normal Infants and Young Children

Abstract Objective: To study the growth of the oropharynx and hypopharynx in infants and young children by measuring the lengths of the segments between nasopharyngeal valve and tongue base, tongue base and arytenoids, and arytenoids and upper esophageal sphincter. These measurements will be used as references for developing manofluoroscopy to study deglutition in infants and young children. Patients and Methods: Twenty-three children (14 boys, 9 girls) between birth and 4 years of age were prospectively studied. All children had near normal growth parameters and were free of medical illnesses or other major medical conditions that are known to influence the pharyngeal cavity. Lateral videofluoroscopy was used to assess the pharyngeal structures during breathing. All images were digitally recorded and analyzed using a computer program designed specifically for this study. Results and Conclusions: Statistically significant correlations were found between the age or height of the patient and the distance fr...
γ-Tubulin Overexpression in Sertoli Cells In Vivo: I. Localization to Sites of Spermatid Head Attachment and Alterations in Sertoli Cell Microtubule Distribution

Sertoli cells play a number of roles in supporting spermatogenesis, including structural organization, physical and paracrine support of germ cells, and secretion of factors necessary for germ cell development. Studies with microtubule disrupting compounds indicate that intact microtubule networks are crucial for normal spermatogenesis. However, treatment with toxicants and pharmacologic agents that target microtubules lack cell-type selectivity and may therefore elicit direct effects on germ cells, which also require microtubule-mediated activities for division and morphological transformation. To evaluate the importance of Sertoli cell microtubule-based activities for spermatogenesis, an adenoviral vector that overexpresses the microtubule nucleating protein, γ-tubulin, was used to selectively disrupt microtubule networks in Sertoli cells in vivo. γ-Tubulin overexpression was observed to cause redistribution of Sertoli cell microtubule networks, and overexpression of a γ-tubulin-enhanced green fluorescent protein fusion protein was observed to localize to the site of elongate spermatid head attachment to the seminiferous epithelium.
Prevention of transplant coronary artery disease by prenylation inhibitors

Background In this study we systematically dissect the prenylation pathway to better define the mechanism behind statin inhibition in chronic allograft rejection in heart transplants, or transplant coronary artery disease (TCAD). Methods Utilizing a murine heterotopic heart transplant model, animals received daily treatments of either statin or selective isoprenoid blockade inhibitors to block the four major downstream branches of the mevalonate pathway. TCAD was assessed by morphometric analysis at Day 52. Graft-infiltrating cells, cytokine production, smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration and endothelial cell MHC II expression were detected on Day 7. Results Atorvastatin and two prenylation inhibitors, NE-10790 and manumycin A, significantly reduced TCAD lesions compared with untreated animals. Perillyl alcohol treatment resulted in a trend toward decreased luminal narrowing. Finally, zaragozic acid (cholesterol blockade only) did not alter TCAD severity. Statins and prenylation inhibitors reduced inflammatory cell allograft recruitment, but did not always correlate with TCAD reduction. Cytokine production was decreased in recipient spleens in all treatment groups. Both in vitro and in vivo IFN-γ–stimulated MHC II expression was decreased in a dose-dependent manner in the atorvastatin, perillyl alcohol and NE-10790 groups. In vitro smooth muscle cell proliferation was decreased in all treatment groups. Finally, in vitro smooth muscle cell migration was decreased in the atorvastatin, NE-10790 and manumycin A groups only. Conclusions FPT and GGPT-2 (inhibition) are the key enzymes in the HGM-CoA reductase pathway and most influential in TCAD prevention. TCAD reduction is most closely related to smooth muscle cell migration, but not its anti-inflammatory properties.
Primary lung large cell carcinoma metastatic to the vulva: a case report and review of the literature

Abstract Background . Metastatic cancer to the vulva is a rare diagnosis and is estimated to account for 5–8% of all vulvar cancers. Case . A 57-year-old postmenopausal woman was referred for the evaluation of a new vulvar mass. CT scan of the pelvis demonstrated a 4 × 6 cm lobular mass of the left labia. An outpatient excisional biopsy revealed a poorly differentiated large cell carcinoma with prominent necrosis and focal perineural invasion consistent with a bronchogenic carcinoma. A subsequent PET scan of the chest revealed a large primary lung carcinoma confirmed by CT-guided biopsy that was identical to the vulvar tumor. Conclusion . This case represents the only literature described primary lung carcinoma presenting as a vulvar metastasis.
MemX: Virtualization of Cluster-Wide Memory

We present MemX -- a distributed system that virtualizes cluster-wide memory to support data-intensive and large memory workloads in virtual machines (VMs). MemX provides a number of benefits in virtualized settings: (1) VM workloads that access large datasets can perform low-latency I/O over virtualized cluster-wide memory; (2) VMs can transparently execute very large memory applications that require more memory than physical DRAM present in the host machine; (3) MemX reduces the effective memory usage of the cluster by de-duplicating pages that have identical content; (4) existing applications do not require any modifications to benefit from MemX such as the use of special APIs, libraries, recompilation, or relinking; and (5) MemX supports live migration of large-footprint VMs by eliminating the need to migrate part of their memory footprint resident on other nodes. Detailed evaluations of our MemX prototype show that large dataset applications and multiple concurrent VMs achieve significant performance improvements using MemX compared against virtualized local and iSCSI disks.
Randomized instruction set emulation to disrupt binary code injection attacks

Binary code injection into an executing program is a common form of attack. Most current defenses against this form of attack use a 'guard all doors' strategy, trying to block the avenues by which execution can be diverted. We describe a complementary method of protection, which disrupts foreign code execution regardless of how the code is injected. A unique and private machine instruction set for each executing program would make it difficult for an outsider to design binary attack code against that program and impossible to use the same binary attack code against multiple machines. As a proof of concept, we describe a randomized instruction set emulator (RISE), based on the open-source Valgrind x86-to-x86 binary translator. The prototype disrupts binary code injection attacks against a program without requiring its recompilation, linking, or access to source code. The paper describes the RISE implementation and its limitations, gives evidence demonstrating that RISE defeats common attacks, considers how the dense x86 instruction set affects the method, and discusses potential extensions of the idea.
Variance amplification in channel flows of strongly elastic polymer solutions

This paper identifies a new mechanism for amplification of stochastic disturbances in channel flows of strongly elastic polymer solutions. For streamwise constant flows with high elasticity numbers μ and non-vanishing Reynolds numbers Re, the O(µRe3) scaling of the variance amplification is established using singular perturbations techniques. This demonstrates that large variances can be maintained in stochastically driven flows occurring in weak inertial/strong elastic regimes. Mathematically, the amplification arises due to nonnormality of the governing equations and, physically, it is caused by the stretching of the polymer stresses by the background shear. The reported developments provide a possible route for a bypass transition to ‘elastic turbulence’ and suggest a novel method for efficient mixing in micro-fabricated straight channels.
Fast medial-axis approximation via Max-Margin pushing

Maintaining clearance, or distance from obstacles and sampling efficient enough configurations on the medial axises are a vital component for successful motion planning. Maintaining high clearance often creates safer paths for robots. Having bias for sampling on medial axis also offers higher possibility to find a path in complex environment where the feasible configuration space only occupies a small proportion of the whole space. Inspired by the similarity between medial axis and max-margin scheme in optimization, especially in Support Vector Machine, we propose a new method to quickly construct the medial axis for the motion planning environment both in low and high dimensional space. However, directly applying the SVM classification on the large volume of uniformly sampled configurations suffers from huge computation and the medial axis is usually not the real medial axis due to SVM's optimization function's tolerance to the mis-classification. Instead, we show a method that can quickly push any configuration to the medial axis by using the characteristics of the Max-Margin's optimization function. Experiments in low and high dimensional space and comparisons with other medial-axis motion planning algorithm are shown.
Mathematisch-statistische Analyse laborchemischer Daten bei Cholestase

Das Syndrom der Cholestase, auch Obstruktions-, Verschlus- oder Stauungsikterus genannt, entsteht bei Storung der Galleausscheidung. Als fur Cholestase typische Laborparameter gelten eine Erhohung des veresterten Bilirubins, der alkalischen Phosphatase und des Cholesterins im Serum. In neuerer Zeit wird die hohe Spezifitat des Lipoprotein X fur den Nachweis von Cholestase betont [6, 9].
The Effect of Precession of the Earth’s Axis of Rotation on the Motion of an Artificial Satellite

The problem of making allowance for the motion of the equatorial plane on the motion of an artificial satellite is treated by formulating the equations for the variation of elements in an inertial system, in which the ecliptic at an arbitrary date is used as x y plane. The result obtained by Goldreich (1965) is confirmed. Inclinations near 0° or 90° require special consideration, but it is shown that they are not exceptional.
Effect of weight loss on operational lung volumes and oxygen cost of breathing in obese women.

Effect of weight loss on operational lung volumes and oxygen cost of breathing in obese women
Cell-free reconstitution of Fas-, UV radiation- and ceramide-induced apoptosis.

Abstract Cell-free systems are valuable tools for the dissection of complex cellular processes. Here we show that cytoplasmic extracts from cells exposed to anti-Fas antibody or UV radiation contain an activity capable of reproducing morphological changes typical of apoptosis in nuclei added to these extracts, as well as internucleosomal cleavage of DNA and proteolysis of a protein known to be cleaved during the apoptosis of intact cells. Extracts from control cell populations were inactive in this respect. These effects were partly blocked by the addition of purified Bcl-2 protein or a competitive inhibitor peptide of interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme to the extracts. Furthermore, apoptotic activity was induced in cytoplasmic extracts from untreated cells by the addition of ceramide, a lipid second messenger implicated recently in apoptosis signaling. These extracts should prove highly useful in the dissection of molecular events that occur during apoptosis.
Effectiveness of Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Locally Advanced Bladder Cancer

PurposeGiven that randomized trials exploring adjuvant chemotherapy for bladder cancer have been underpowered and/or terminated prematurely, yielding inconsistent results and creating an evidence gap, we sought to compare the effectiveness of cystectomy versus cystectomy plus adjuvant chemotherapy in real-world patients.Patients and MethodsWe conducted an observational study to compare the effectiveness of adjuvant chemotherapy versus observation postcystectomy in patients with pathologic T3-4 and/or pathologic node-positive bladder cancer using the National Cancer Data Base. We compared overall survival using propensity score (–adjusted, –stratified, –weighted, and –matched) analyses based on patient-, facility-, and tumor-level characteristics. A sensitivity analysis was performed to examine the impact of performance status.ResultsA total of 5,653 patients met study inclusion criteria; 23% received adjuvant chemotherapy postcystectomy. Chemotherapy-treated patients were younger and more likely to have p...
Exposing compassion fatigue and burnout syndrome in a trauma team: a qualitative study

Compassion fatigue (CF) and burnout syndrome (BOS) are identified in trauma, emergency, and critical care nursing practices. The purpose of this qualitative study was to measure CF and BOS in a trauma team and allow them to share perceptions of related stress triggers and coping strategies. Surveys to measure CF and BOS and a focus group allowed a trauma team (12 practitioners) to share perceptions of related stress triggers and coping strategies. More than half scored at risk for CF and BOS. Stress triggers were described as situation (abuse, age of patient) versus injury-related. Personal coping mechanisms were most often reported. Both CF and BOS can be assessed with a simple survey tool. Strategies for developing a program culturally sensitive to CF and BOS are provided.
Development of Autumn Populations of Cereal Aphids., Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) and Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (Homoptera: Aphididae) and Their Effects on Winter Wheat in Washington State

Planting winter wheat in early September is a common practice in much of eastern Washington. A number of agronomic benefits are associated with planting early, but there is also a higher risk of cereal aphids infesting the crop with early planting. Caged experiments were conducted in the field during two crop seasons (1979–1980, 1981–1982) to assess population development and direct feeding effects of two cereal aphids, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) and Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), on winter wheat planted in early September and infested during the two-leaf, four-leaf, and two-tiller stages of development. Aphids were introduced at a rate of two to four per plant per species and allowed to feed uninterrupted until cold weather ended their activity in November. Data taken were: plant height, heads per plant, root and foliage weights, test weight, and grain yield. R. padi , singly or in combination with S. graminum , was generally more prolific than S. graminum . The largest aphid populations encountered were on wheats infested initially at the two-leaf stage. Injury to wheat was highest where aphid infestations started at the two-leaf stage, intermediate to none at the four-leaf stage, and none at the two-tiller stage. Mixed populations on two-leaf wheats caused the greatest damage, followed by pure populations of R. padi. S. graminum generally caused the least damage.
Processing and Properties of Gamma+Laves Phase in-situ Composite Coatings Deposited via Magnetron Sputtering

Recent research efforts have established that Laves phase reinforced gamma titanium aluminides (i.e. γ + Laves) offer significant potential as oxidation resistant coating in high-temperature structural applications and as wear-resistant coatings for cutting tools. In this study, TiAlCr coatings were magnetron sputtered from a Ti-51Al-Cr alloy target onto various substrates. The microstructure, hardness, and stress behavior of the as-deposited and annealed coatings have been investigated.
Cardiolipin blood tests in syphilis.

Cardiolipin is a complex phosphatide acid discovered in 1941 by Mary Pangborn of Albany, New York, while she was studying the alcoholic extract of beef heart in search of the single substance which gives this extract its antigenic qualities. Although it was subsequently purified and studied in 1942 and 1945, it was not until 1947 that she reported the tentative formula of cardiolipin and its approximate chemical composition. On alkaline hydrolysis it yields oleic and linoleic acids plus a polyester of glycerophosphoric acid and glycerol. Cardiolipin has not as yet been synthesized, but it is apparently a single chemical substance, reproducible as such. Alone it is not antigenic, requiring lecithin and cholesterol for antigenicity. All three of these substances are, however, quite reproducible,'so that presumably, within the limits of the reagin-antigen circle, we are a long stride nearer serologic Utopia. This can be true, however, only if the new antigen stands up under the critical light of clinical trial.
PHOSPHOGLUCOMUTASE GENE DUPLICATIONS IN CLARKIA (ONAGRACEAE) AND THEIR PHYLOGENETIC IMPLICATIONS.

Duplications of nuclear genes encoding six enzymes of glycolysis and associated metabolic pathways have been described in Clarkia (Onagraceae). These include cytosolic phosphoglucose isomerase (Pgi) (Gottlieb, 1977; Gottlieb and Weeden, 1979), chloroplast and cytosolic triose phosphate isomerase (Tpi) (Pichersky and Gottlieb, 1983), chloroplast and cytosolic 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6Pgd) (Odrzykoski and Gottlieb, 1984), and alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) (Gottlieb, 1974). The taxonomic distributions of several of these duplications have served to clarify phylogenetic relationships within the genus because of the very high probability that they have had unique origins. The duplicated cytosolic Pgi provided evidence to unite four of the seven sections containing diploid species into a monophyletic assemblage (Gottlieb, 1983; Lewis, pers. comm. [paper presented in 1980 at ICSEEB II, Vancouver, BC]). Previously, the four sections, which are morphologically and cytologically diverse, had been thought to be derived from different ancestral Clarkias (Lewis and Lewis, 1955). The duplication of chloroplast Tpi appears to be restricted to Clarkia, whereas that of the cytosolic Tpi has been identified in nearly all genera of the Onagraceae. Both 6Pgd duplications are present throughout Clarkia except that four species have lost a duplicate gene encoding cytosolic 6PGD and two of these species have also lost one encoding the plastid 6PGD. The differential loss of the two 6Pgd duplications revealed an unsuspected phylogenetic relationship, which was recently confirmed by restriction-enzyme analysis of their chloroplast DNAs (Sytsma and Gottlieb, 1986a). The present paper describes two more duplications of genes in Clarkia that encode the chloroplast and cytosolic isozymes of phosphoglucomutase (PGM; EC 2.7.5.1). PGM catalyzes the interconversion of glucose1-phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate, an essential reaction that links Calvin cycle metabolism with starch metabolism in the chloroplast and with sucrose metabolism in the cytosol. Diploid plants generally have two isozymes of PGM, one in the chloroplasts and one in the cytosol (Muhlbach and Schnarrenberger, 1978; Simcox and Dennis, 1978; Gottlieb, 1982). Both isozymes are monomeric and are coded by independent nuclear genes. Genetic analyses of PGM have been carried out in Pinus (Guries and Ledig, 1978), tomato (Tanksley, 1979), pea (Weeden and Gottlieb, 1980), Brassica oleracea (Arus and Orton, 1983), and Pellaea andromedifolia (Gastony and Gottlieb, 1985). Pgm duplications have previously been documented in Capsicum annuum (Tanksley, 1984), Camellia japonica (Wendel and Parks, 1982), and maize (Stuber and Goodman, 1983), and in Layia (Asteraceae) and related genera of its subtribe Madiinae (Gottlieb, 1987).
Oxytetracycline Residues in Surplus Honey, Brood Nest Honey, and Larvae After Medication of Colonies of Honey Bees, Apis mellifera , with Antibiotic Extender Patties, Sugar Dusts, and Syrup Sprays

Oxytetracyline hydrochloride (OTC) degraded in brood nest honey and surplus honey by 4 weeks after cessation of medication of colonies of honey bees, Apis mellifera L., with sugar dusts or syrup sprays. No OTC residues were found in either brood nest honey or surplus honey from colonies treated with 2 antibiotic extender patties, nor in larvae from colonies treated by any of the 3 methods.
Thermal pressure in MgO and MgSiO3 perovskite at lower mantle conditions

The behavior of the thermal pressure, P TH , in MgO and MgSiO 3 perovskite is investigated at lower mantle conditions using first-principles lattice dynamical calculations based on density functional perturbation theory. In both cases, P TH is a slowly varying function of volume: it decreases linearly with compression at low temperatures but shows a slight non monotonical trend at high temperatures. Because P TH strongly increases with increasing temperature, its volume-induced variations at high temperatures (above 1000 K) can be neglected to a good approximation. It is possible to estimate the thermal equations of state of these minerals at typical lower mantle temperatures only with the knowledge of the measured P TH vs. temperature data at ambient pressure and isothermal compression data at ambient temperature. The coefficient of thermal expansion for MgO at high pressures and temperatures obtained in this manner agrees well with the first-principles predictions and available experimental data.
Three-Dimensional Integration of Graphene via Swelling, Shrinking, and Adaptation

The transfer of graphene from its growth substrate to a target substrate has been widely investigated for its decisive role in subsequent device integration and performance. Thus far, various reported methods of graphene transfer have been mostly limited to planar or curvilinear surfaces due to the challenges associated with fractures from local stress during transfer onto three-dimensional (3D) microstructured surfaces. Here, we report a robust approach to integrate graphene onto 3D microstructured surfaces while maintaining the structural integrity of graphene, where the out-of-plane dimensions of the 3D features vary from 3.5 to 50 μm. We utilized three sequential steps: (1) substrate swelling, (2) shrinking, and (3) adaptation, in order to achieve damage-free, large area integration of graphene on 3D microstructures. Detailed scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and electrical resistance measurement studies show that the amount of substrate swelling as well as the...
Selective visceral angiography in the diagnosis and treatment of gastroduodenal hemorrhage.

Angiography enables the radiologist to complement the gastroenterologist and surgeon in the diagnosis and therapy of gastrointestinal hemorrhage. The combination of endoscopy and angiography makes it possible to quickly and accurately localize bleeding, to convert many emergency situations to elective procedures, and occasionally, to provide therapy via relatively noninvasive procedures.
Subgingival irrigation instruction and utilization in dental hygiene curricula.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to assess subgingival irrigation instruction in accredited dental hygiene programs in the United States; specifically, the number of programs providing instruction; teaching methods used; delivery systems taught didactically and/or clinically; the amount of student clinical experience provided; clinical patient selection criteria; and specific irrigation solutions used. METHODS A 17-item questionnaire was mailed in January 1989 to 197 accredited dental hygiene programs. Frequency distributions were used to describe the data. RESULTS A response rate of 85% (N = 167) was obtained after two mailings. One hundred twenty-four dental hygiene programs (74%) provide subgingival irrigation information in their curriculum. Data revealed that although student experiences with subgingival irrigation delivery agents and systems vary greatly, a majority of schools teach the utilization of chlorhexidine delivered via motorized irrigation systems. Students who provide subgingival irrigation usually do so in selected areas for specific patients. CONCLUSIONS Results from the survey indicate that a majority of dental hygiene programs provide some form of subgingival irrigation instruction, although educational content, experience, and placement of instruction within the two-year curricula varied. Based on these findings, dental hygiene educators may elect to develop standards for teaching subgingival irrigation in their programs.
Clinical aspects of amebiasis.

Human infection with Endamoeba histolytica or, more rarely, with Dient­ amoeba fragilis may produce manifestations of amebiasis. From a clinical point of view, the disease states eneountered in our general population and in the "ear­ rier," or asymptomatic cyst passer, are of import in a study of the propagation of the disease. Amebiasis as it existed in the past or as it is known in tropical areas, and the severe amebic states occurring in nutritionally depleted persons and in victims of prison compounds, are not pertinent to the present discussion. However, the prevalence of the disease, the occurrence of recent epidemics, ameba phobia , diagnostic confusion, reports of intractability and therapeutic advances all present problems that demand elucidation in the light of our present knowledge of the disease. Toward this end, the questions of most critieal interest and authoritative replies thereto will be presented instead of a didactie review of the subject. 1. Q. How prevalent is alllebiasis, and of what significance are these reports of incidence insofar as alllebic dysentery and alllebic cOlllplica­ tions are concerned?
The Synthesis of Nanostructured Pure-Phase Catalysts by Hydrodynamic Cavitation

Publisher Summary The synthesis of materials by hydrodynamic cavitational processing in a Microfluidizer resulted in a large variety of catalysts in the form of nanometer-sized grains. The grains are agglomerated into particles of 100 nm to a few microns. The process provides higher purity than classical synthesis in the preparation of catalysts containing several metal ions. The technique offers a good route to the synthesis of homogeneous solid solutions of complex catalysts where one attempts to understand the relationship between ion modification of a host and catalytic performance. Although no commercial-scale quantities of catalysts have been fabricated using the Worchester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) cavitational materials process to the available knowledge, the process is capable of synthesizing a wide range of industrially important complex catalysts using currently manufactured equipment. An additional benefit from this type of commercial synthesis is the fact that the consistency of catalysts fabricated in this way is very high, resulting in very reliable and reproducible batches of catalysts. Thus, the fabrication of a variety of currently used commercial catalysts, where synthesis reproducibility is a problem, might be consistently conducted using the cavitational process.
Small-Scale Approaches for Evaluating Biomass Bioconversion for Fuels and Chemicals

A bio-based industry relies on multiple components, including biomass feedstock, conversion technology, as well as distribution of final products. Significant strides have been made in conversion technologies during the past three decades whereas feedstock development has been expanding more recently to include development of dedicated feedstocks as well as use of residues and wastes from existing industries. This chapter describes the types of tests needed to evaluate feedstock for bioconversion to products with an emphasis on pretreatment and fermentation. Critical to using these technologies to evaluate new feedstocks is reproducibility and reliability of these tests. Approaches to evaluate both greenhouse and field-grown biomass sources on a small scale are described in greater detail than typically available in the literature to assist researchers in developing routine, repeatable tests to identify improved feedstock sources or modifications in bioconversion processes dictated by new feedstocks.
Ketogenic Diet in Treatment of Epileptic Aphasia

Three children, ages 9, 12 and 14 years, with acquired epileptic aphasia refractory to treatment with antiepileptic drugs, ACTH and prednisone, responded to the ketogenic diet for 12 to 26 months, in a trial at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, and University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, PA.
Detection of reactive aldehyde biomarkers in biological samples using solid-phase extraction pre-concentration and liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection

Reactive aldehyde species are important byproducts of lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress due to their role in the secondary damage caused by traumatic events such as epileptic seizures and brain injury. In this study, a liquid chromatography/fluorescence method was developed to determine 4-hydroxynonenal, acrolein, and malondialdehyde in urine samples. These analytes react with dansylhydrazine to produce fluorescent dansyl derivatives with experimentally determined excitation and emission wavelengths of 250 and 550 nm, respectively, which were dependent on the organic composition of the mobile phase. Using a solid-phase extraction pre-concentration method prior to LC-FL resulted in limits of detection ranging from 6 nM to 200 nM for the three compounds. This method was then demonstrated for the detection of the compounds in urine samples. The method was then applied to the analysis of rat urine samples obtained following a chemically induced seizure. A statistically significant increase in acrolein concentration was observed. There was no change in 4-hydroxynonenal concentration, and the results for malondialdehyde were inconclusive. The method will be applied in the future to monitor lipid oxidation in different brain regions using microdialysis sampling during epileptic seizures.
Carbapenem MICs in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella Species Producing Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases in Critical Care Patients from 2001 to 2009.

Extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) -producing Enterobacteriaceae are increasing in prevalence worldwide. Carbapenem antibiotics are used as a first line of therapy against ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae. We examined gastrointestinal colonization of carbapenem-resistant-ESBLs (CR-ESBL) among a cohort of critical care patients. In this cohort of patients, we cultured for ESBL-producing Klebsiella spp. and Escherichia coli and then performed MIC susceptibility testing for imipenem, doripenem, meropenem, and ertapenem on the patient9s first isolate. MLST was performed on isolates that were ESBL producing and carbapenem resistant. Among all ICU admissions, 4% of the admissions were positive for an ESBL-positive surveillance culture and 0.64% had a positive CR-ESBL. Among the patient9s first ESBL positive E. coli or Klebsiella spp. surveillance culture, 11.2% were carbapenem resistant. In this cohort of patients, ST 14, ST15, ST42, and ST 258 were the dominant sequence types with ST15 and ST258 steadily increasing in prevalence from 2006 to 2009. Patients colonized by CR-ESBL were significantly more likely to receive anti-pseudomonal, and anti-MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ) therapy prior to ICU admission compared to patients colonized by carbapenem-susceptible ESBLs. They were also significantly more likely to have received a cephalosporin, or carbapenem antibiotic compared to patients colonized by carbapenem-susceptible ESBLs. In conclusion, in a cohort of patients residing in intensive care units within the United States, we found 10% of the isolates were resistant to at least one carbapenem antibiotic. The continued emergence of carbapenem-resistant ESBLs is of significant concern as infections due to these organisms are notoriously difficult to treat.