cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vapor stem bubbles dominate heat transfer enhancement in extremely confined boiling

Abstract Boiling has long been sought as the heat dissipation mechanism for a wide variety of compact thermal management applications owing to low-resistance heat transport, high heat flux limits, and surface isothermalization. This work aims to elucidate the thermofluidic transport mechanisms of boiling in extremely confined gaps through experimental measure of the temporal evolution of heat fluxes and surface temperatures during deionized water boiling, as well as high-speed visualization of bubble formation. The flow visualizations reveal small residual pockets of vapor, termed ‘stem bubbles’ herein, that remain on the boiling surface through a pinch-off process where vapor escapes through the edges of the confined heated region. These stem bubbles act as seeds for vapor growth in the next phase of the boiling process. These bubbles dictate the boiling performance for extremely confined boiling as defined based on a dimensionless ratio of the gap spacing to capillary length ( B o ≤ 0.35 - 0.5). This conclusion is supported by the enhanced thermal response of the surface compared to nucleate boiling. Because activation of nucleation sites is not required for stem bubble boiling, phase change occurs at a reduced surface superheat at a given heat flux compared to nucleate boiling. Criteria for the dimensionless confinement gap spacing are identified to harness this improved heat transfer rate of the stem bubble boiling regime. This new understanding of boiling in extremely confined gaps offers a new direction to design compact two-phase thermal management solutions through using the unique enhancements provided by the vapor stem bubble boiling regime.
Correlations between clinical signs and corneal cytology in feline eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis

Author(s): Lucyshyn, Danica R; Vernau, William; Maggs, David J; Murphy, Christopher J; Leonard, Brian C | Abstract: ObjectiveTo assess correlations between clinical and cytological features of feline eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis at the time of cytological diagnosis.Animals studiedFifteen client-owned, domestic breed cats (18 eyes) examined between 2007 and 2019.ProceduresAn electronic search and medical record review of cats diagnosed with feline eosinophilic keratitis or keratoconjunctivitis (FEK) based on clinical examination findings and eosinophils detected on corneal cytology were conducted. Clinical severity was graded using a modified version of a previously validated semiquantitative preclinical ocular toxicology scoring (SPOTS) system. Clinical grades were assigned following review of clinical images and medical record descriptions, and cytological grades were assigned following review of archived corneal cytology slides. Correlations were analyzed for significance using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient.ResultsHigher total corneal scores correlated with higher total conjunctival scores, but not with total fluorescein scores. Small lymphocyte scores correlated negatively with scores for collagen degeneration or mineralization. Globule leukocytes, a unique cell type not previously described in ocular cytology, were identified in 4 of 18 cytological samples. Higher globule leukocyte scores were correlated with higher scores for mast cells or plasma cells. Specimens with lower eosinophil scores had higher globule leukocyte scores.ConclusionsLarge variability was detected in the cytological characteristics and clinical features of FEK-affected cats. This is the first report of globule leukocytes being identified in ocular cytology from any species. The role of globule leukocytes in the etiopathogenesis and progression of FEK remains unknown and warrants further investigation.
Chronic disabling postpartum headache after unintentional dural puncture during epidural anaesthesia: a prospective cohort study.

Abstract Background Unintentional dural puncture with an epidural needle complicates approximately 1% of epidural anaesthetics and causes an acute headache in 60–80% of these patients. Several retrospective studies suggest an increased risk of chronic headache. We assessed the relationship between unintentional dural puncture and chronic disabling headache, defined as one or more functionally limiting headaches within a 2-week interval ending 2, 6, and 12 months postpartum. Methods In this prospective observational study, parturients who experienced unintentional dural puncture were matched 1:4 with control patients. Patients completed questionnaires regarding characteristics of headache and back pain pre-pregnancy, during pregnancy, immediately postpartum, and at 2, 6, and 12 months postpartum. The primary outcome was prevalence of disabling headache in the past 2 weeks, assessed at 2 months postpartum. Secondary outcomes included prevalence and characteristics of headache and back pain at these time points. Results We enrolled 99 patients. At 2 and 6 months postpartum, the prevalence of disabling headache was greater among patients with unintentional dural puncture than matched controls (2 months, 74% vs 38%, relative risk 1.9, 95% confidence interval 1.2–2.9, P=0.009; 6 months, 56% vs 25%, relative risk 2.1, 95% confidence interval 1.1–4.0, P=0.033). There was no difference in the prevalence of back pain at any time point. Conclusions Our prospective trial confirms retrospective studies that chronic headache is more prevalent among women who experienced unintentional dural puncture compared with controls who received uncomplicated neuraxial anaesthesia. This finding has implications for the. patient consent process and recommendations for long-term follow-up of patients who experience unintentional dural puncture.
Asymmetrical meridional expansion of bright clouds from Saturn's 2010 great white storm

Abstract Saturn's recurring great white storms play an important role in modifying its atmosphere. In 2010, such a storm with clouds encircling the planet occurred in the northern hemisphere. An interesting phenomenon of this storm is that the associated bright clouds expanded asymmetrically with respect to latitude, such that the southern boundary of the bright clouds moved ~2.7 times as far as the northern boundary during an 8-month period. Based on the wind and temperature fields retrieved from the Cassini visible and infrared observations, we explore the mechanism behind this asymmetrical expansion. Our analysis shows that the northern edge, which quickly stopped moving, coincides with the largest meridional gradient of the quasi-geostrophic potential vorticity (PV) in the region of interest, which is coincident with the strongest jet in the region, suggesting this forms an effective barrier to meridional transport, much like a polar vortex. In contrast, the storm's southern edge, which kept moving, passed through weaker PV gradients and jets. For the threshold value of the meridional gradient of PV needed to form an effective barrier to meridional transport in Saturn's mid-latitude upper-troposphere, we estimate lower and upper bounds of ~2.1 × 10−11 m−1 s−1 and ~3.6 × 10−11 m−1 s−1.
A dietary score representing the overall relation of men’s diet with semen quality in relation to outcomes of infertility treatment with assisted reproduction.

Abstract: Objective To examine the impact of men’s diet on outcomes of infertility treatment with assisted reproductive technology (ART) using an empirical score representing the relation of diet with semen quality. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Fertility center at an academic medical center. Patients We included 296 men (688 semen samples) to identify an empirical dietary pattern and 231 couples (406 ART cycles) to investigate the association of this diet pattern with ART outcomes. Intervention Men’s diet was assessed at baseline using a validated questionnaire. An empirical dietary pattern reflecting the overall relation of diet with semen quality was identified using reduced rank regression. Main outcome measures The primary outcome was live birth per treatment cycle. Secondary outcomes were fertilization, implantation, and clinical pregnancy. Results Men had a median baseline age and BMI of 36.8 years and 26.9 kg/m2, respectively. Although the empirical diet pattern was significantly associated with all semen parameters, the empirical diet score was not related to any clinical outcome of infertility treatment following ART. The adjusted probabilities of relevant clinical outcomes in the lowest and highest quartile of the empirical score were 0.62 (0.50-0.73) and 0.55 (0.45-0.66) for implantation; 0.57 (0.46-0.69) and 0.50 (0.40-0.61) for clinical pregnancy; and 0.49 (0.37-0.62) and 0.36 (0.25-0.48) for live birth. Analyses excluding couples with a diagnosis of male factor infertility and, separately, excluding ICSI cycles yielded similar results. Conclusions A dietary score representing the overall association of diet with semen quality parameters was not associated with ART outcomes.
Computing the exponential of matrices

The following differential equation plays a fundamental role in the study of dynamical systems and linear systems: x/spl dot/=Ax; x(0)=x/sub 0/; 0/spl les/t</spl infin/, where x and x/sub 0/ are n-vectors and A is an nxn matrix of complex constants. The theoretical solution to this equation is given by x(t)=e/sup tA/x/sub 0/. In this paper, we discuss an algebraic method for computing e/sup tA/ and give explicit formular for n=3.
Historical Writing, Speaking, and Listening using Informational Texts in Elementary Curricula

0 0 1 180 1031 Eastern Illinois University 8 2 1209 14.0 Normal 0 false false false EN-US JA X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Cambria; mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} State and national initiatives have accentuated the significance of distinct instructional procedures and content. The (re)emphasis includes a strong focus on informational texts and diverse literacies, including writing, speaking, and listening. In short, history and social studies content will likely have a more prominent position within English/reading curricula. Beginning in the elementary grades, the required cognitive tasks foster historical thinking in age-appropriate ways. Students are to evaluate multiple texts representing diverse perspectives of the same event or era. Teachers, however, are not provided with practical curricular guides. To guide elementary educators, this research scrutinizes potential curricular supplements and proffers content area literacy strategies that cohere with state and national initiatives. Specifically, we evaluated various tradebooks (both literature and informational texts), located relevant primary source material, and provided instructional procedures that facilitate students’ historical thinking through writing, speaking, and listening. We focused on Amelia Earhart and Abraham Lincoln because of their important historical contributions.
Medieval Manuscript Evidence Versus Modern (Mis)Interpretation: Diu Klage

The grandiose Middle High German heroic epic, the Nibelungenlied, composed around 1200 and copied in a large number of manuscripts far into the early sixteenth century, concludes with the tragic observation that all of the Burgundian and Hunnish heroes in the epic have become victims of their destiny: the warriors are all dead, and nothing remains to be done with their history but to sum up the events leading to this Armageddon. The subsequent lamentations and mourning, however, do not receive the poet's real attention, for he has assigned barely three stanzas to the final consideration of what has taken place, and why this horrible battle had to rage against all reason and human values. In no more than two lines the poet mentions that the sole survivors, King Attila and his liegeman Dietrich, began to cry (2377, 3f.), joined by their friends and relatives. In the last but one stanza we hear that all the men's honor was lost through their death, and that the survivors experienced deep grief and pain (2378, If.). The glamorous court festival to which the Burgundians had been invited has been terribly crushed, and there is no reason to feel joy (2378, 3f.). Finally, the poet admits that he has nothing else to tell, since all that happened after the last Burgundian had succumbed to his destiny was that knights and ladies cried, along with the squires and the dead warriors' friends (2379, 2f.). In other words, the Nibelungenlied poet sees his function only in retelling what happened in the lives of the Burgundians and the Huns, almost in the vein of a chronicler. Once no more facts are to be reported, he also finishes his account: "herewith the story has come to an end" (2379,4).
Slater, Eliot Trevor Oakeshott

Eliot Trevor Oakeshott Slater (1904–1983) was an English psychiatrist and genetic researcher, founding editor of the British Journal of Psychiatry, and founder of the first Medical Research Council Psychiatric Genetics Unit. Keywords: psychiatric genetics; schizophrenia; manic-depressive psychosis; twins; Nazi eugenics; neurosis
Effect of exogenous dehydroepiandrosterone upon the fetoplacental biosynthesis of estrogens and its effect upon uterine blood flow in the term pregnant ewe

The fetoplacental unit of the ewe is capable of increasing the biosynthesis of estrogens following the exogenous administration of DHEA to the fetus. The maximum concentrations of estrogens appeared approximately 30 minutes after the administration of DHEA. Uterine blood flow in the pregnant ewe increased approximately 90 minutes after the maximum concentrations of estrogens were noted. The administration of DHEA to the nonpregnant, ovariectomized ewe did not elicit estrogen biosynthesis or changes in uterine blood flow. Isotope experiments in the pregnant ewe demonstrated the incorporation of DHEA into urinary estradiol.
The WISC-IV Integrated

Publisher Summary The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Fourth Edition (WISC-IV) Integrated represents a combination of the revision and re-standardization of the WISC-III contents with updated and re-standardized process assessment tasks and procedures drawn from the WISC-III as a Process Instrument (PI). The WISC-IV Integrated incorporates the core and supplemental subtests along with 12 additional Process Approach Subtests and multiple process approach procedures for enhancing the collection of clinically relevant information from the performance of selected subtests. Combination of the WISC-III revision and WISC-III PI revision into the WISC-IV Integrated provides clinicians with a comprehensive set of flexible tools for characterizing in greater detail a child's cognitive strengths and weaknesses. The conceptual basis for the WISC-IV Integrated grew out of the belief that the clinical utility of intellectual assessment procedures lies in their ability to accurately characterize the cognitive strengths and weaknesses of a child in order to better understand how to provide meaningful instruction for that child. With plans for the revision of the WISC-III PI to progress in tandem with the revision of the WISC-III, the integration of the process approach components of the WISC-PI into the overall framework of the WISC-IV (to form the WISC-IV Integrated) was deemed the most sensible means of enhancing the clinical utility of the WISC-IV.
Two Stock Portfolio Choice with Capital Gain Taxes and Short Sales

In this paper, we study the consumption-portfolio problem of an investor who faces realized capital gain taxes in a two stock setting with short sales. The investor finances consumption and a time of death bequest by trading in a money market and two stocks that he can short sell subject to margin constraints and a shorting the box restriction. When the correlation between the two stocks is low, the investor's optimal strategy is similar to the case of one risky asset with the notable exceptions that the investor may optimally hold an undiversified equity position. At higher levels of correlation, tax trading costs lead to significantly different trading strategies. With short sale restrictions, it is common for the investor to hold an undiversified equity portfolio. With short selling, the trading strategy is dramatically different. The investor is induced to short equity under two different incentives. The first incentive is an imperfect form of shorting the box used to reduce the aggregate equity exposure while the second incentive is a trading flexibility strategy. Under the trading flexibility incentive, the investor shorts stock while holding a positive aggregate equity position even when the current portfolio has no embedded gains. By doing so, the investor uses the tax loss selling option embedded in the short position to offset gains in the larger long stock position when rebalancing. This trading flexibility incentive also leads to the investor holding less equity when older in contrast to the two stock case with no short sales and the previously studied one stock case.
Economic experiment data: A primer on the use of time of day electricity pricing data

131 The set of recently conducted time-of-day electricity pricing experiments provide a major source of economic experiment data. This study provides a primer on the issues in the use of this data and describes in detail the five most prominent experiments conducted in Southern California, Los Angeles, Wisconsin, Connecticut, and North Carolina. Among the issues considered are various strategies for handling large diverse data sets and the presence of missing values. The particular data set discussed has been employed in the transference of experimental results to utilities that have not conducted such an experiment. The data set is in the forum of a series of SAS2 type data sets for each utilities' experiment. Large scale social and economic experiments are rare. However, researchers who are interested in the analysis of such experiments for the opportunity they provide to assess individual behavior under partially controlled conditions should consider the extensive stock of publicly available data that has been col­ lected from the series of electricity pricing experiments conducted in the US over the last ten years. This paper concerns the issues involved in the use of elec­ tricity data in general and provides detailed information on the characteristics of data available from five of the most prominent time-of-use (TOU) electricity pricing experiments. 3 Of interest are the specific issues raised by the nature of electricity usage and price data and the general problems associated with the construction of hierarchical data files which can be matched across dissimilar datasets.
Distribution and density of substance P receptors in the feline gastrointestinal tract using autoradiography

Autoradiography was used to localize and quantify substance P receptors in the feline gastrointestinal tract. The specific binding of 125I-Bolton Hunter substance P was determined in the esophagus, lower esophageal sphincter, antrum, pylorus, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ileocecal sphincter, and colon. Competitive binding studies indicated that substance P binding sites or NK-1 receptor sites were demonstrated. The concentration of NK-1 receptors was greatest in the distal half of the gastrointestinal tract, with the highest concentrations in the proximal colon. The circular muscle layer contained the greatest amount of substance P binding. The location and density of binding sites for substance P may be important in understanding the relative importance of both the pharmacological responses to this neuropeptide and the immunohistochemical evidence of the peptide at different sites in the intestine.
Flank patch pigmentation and behavior of the jewel fish, Hemichromis bimaculatus

The behavior and flank patch pigmentation of jewel fish, Hemichromis bimaculatus , were recorded during dummy presentations. Adult males exhibited a capacity for rapid changes in intensity of such pigmentation. The intensity of pigmentation was categorized into one of three conditions: black, gray, and light. Assumption of the light patch condition was associated with a courtship response to the dummy and assumption of the black patch condition with an aggressive response. It is suggested that the condition of the flank patch could be used as a general indicator of a fish's internal state and thus might function in intraspecific communication.
Cortisol effect on protein synthesis and ribonucleic acid polymerase activity in rat thymus

Abstract The time course for cortisol to effect a decrease in the amount of soluble (extractable) thymic nuclear RNA polymerase activity was determined. Decreases in soluble polymerase activity were compared with the cortisol-mediated inhibition of [ 3 H]leucine ([ 3 H]leu) incorporation into cells and cell fractions. [ 3 H]leu incorporation into total cell protein was inhibited by cortisol before measurable effects on extractable nuclear RNA polymerase were detected. Cortisol inhibition of [ 3 H]leu incorporation into protein of nuclear extract (soluble at pH = 8.0) and protein associated with sucrose gradient purified RNA polymerase lagged behind [ 3 H]leu incorporation into total cell protein but preceded the decrease in extractable RNA polymerase activity. These data suggest that the decrease in extractable RNA polymerase seen 12 hr after cortisol treatment is due, at least in part, to a decreased synthesis of the enzyme. The decrease in RNA polymerase activity, however, does not occur early enough to explain the marked inhibition of protein and RNA synthesis seen early (3 hr) after cortisol injection.
The utility of fine needle aspiration in the diagnosis of melanoma metastatic to lymph nodes

Background: Prompt and accurate diagnosis of melanoma metastatic to the lymph nodes is important with respect to prognosis and treatment. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the utility and diagnostic reliability of fine needle aspiration (FNA) of enlarged nodules in lymph node basins in patients with melanoma. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 46 patients with melanoma who under-went a total of 56 FNAs of palpable nodules in lymph node basins. Results: Of the 56 FNAs, 24 showed melanoma, 26 did not demonstrate melanoma, five were inadequate, and one gave inconclusive but suspect results. Findings were confirmed by open biopsy ( n = 35) or clinical follow-up ( n = 21). Fifty of 56 FNAs (89%) yielded a definitive diagnosis (sensitivity/specificity = 100% in these 50). Conclusion: FNA biopsy of enlarged palpable nodules in nodal basins in patients with melanoma is accurate, rapid, and cost-efficient. An algorithm for management of patients with melanoma who have palpable nodes is provided.
Influence of the angiotensinogen gene on the ovulatory capacity of mice.

Abstract Objective: The tissue-bound ovarian renin-angiotensin system (OVRAS) is critically involved in ovulation in humans and rodents. Mice with disruption and overexpression of the angiotensinogen gene ( Agt ) have been previously generated. We investigated the influence of varying Agt gene expression on the ovulatory capacity and early embryonic development in mice. Design: Observational study of genetically altered mice and their response to a superovulation protocol. Setting: Academic research institution. Animal(s): Mice with varying copy numbers of Agt (one copy: n=48; two copies: n=51; three copies: n=20; four copies: n=24). Intervention(s): Superovulation protocol, oocyte culture. Main Outcome Measure(s): Number of oocytes harvested, early embryonic development of zygotes, evaluation of ovarian histology, serum estradiol measurements. Result(s): The mean number of oocytes harvested was greatest in wild-type mice (two copies of Agt , 39.9 ± 14) with a reduction of ovulatory capacity in mice overexpressing Agt (three copies [34.8 ± 11.7] and four copies [31.2 ± 12.4], P = .026). Mice with one copy of Agt showed a slight decrease of ovulatory capacity compared to wild-type mice (35.8 ± 15.2, P = .29). Ovarian histology, serum estradiol levels, and early embryonic development were independent of the Agt genotype. Conclusion(s): Overexpression of Agt was associated with reduced ovulatory capacity, but with none of the other parameters that were evaluated. These findings support an important role of the ovarian renin-angiotensin system in the process of follicular rupture.
Clinical experience with the Smeloff-Cutter aortic valve prosthesis: An 8-year follow-up study

Abstract A total of 46 patients who survived aortic valve replacement with the present model Smeloff-Cutter prosthesis between 1968 and 1973 were followed up postoperatively. All patients received oral anticoagulant therapy. The average age at implantation was 44 ± 13 (mean ± standard deviation) years; 36 patients were male and 10 were female. The valve damage was caused by rheumatic disease in 19 (41 percent), infective endocarditis in 14 (30 percent), congenital heart disease in 7 (15 percent) and other factors in 6 (13 percent). Late death occurred in eight patients (17 percent). All available patients were followed up until December 1976. During the 8 years of follow-up study, seven patients, including four heroin addicts, had postoperative endocarditis (15 percent); five of the seven had cerebral involvement, possibly from septic emboli. Four patients were reoperated on; three had active endocarditis and one had a high transvalve pressure gradient. The mean follow-up time was 4.9 years per patient. Of the 38 living patients, 33 have functional improvement and are still being followed up. Only one patient had a bland embolism to a systemic artery. No ball variance or other types of material failure have been detected. Although the chronic aspects of valve disease remain after prosthetic valve replacement, the Smeloff-Cutter aortic prosthesis deserves strong consideration when selecting a rigid prosthesis for aortic valve replacement.
Therapeutic trial of silicone in peptic ulcer.

In a controlled double-blind trial of the therapeutic effectiveness of silicone in patients with duodenal ulcer, the silicone tested was shown to be slightly less effective than placebo medication. The relatively good early response of chronically recurring ulcer disease appeared to be due to the emotional impact of “a new treatment of ulcers.”
Concept of a Volume of Distribution and Possible Errors in Evaluation of This Parameter

To be pharmacokinetically correct, an estimate of the volume of distribution must establish a volume of a fictitious single compartment at a steady state of equilibrium and therefore independent of the role of metabolism and excretion. It has been shown previously that it is mathematically and physiologically more correct to conceive the body as exhibiting the properties of at least a two-compartmental rather than a single-compartmental model, which necessitates careful definition of the instant in time when the steady state (ss) of equilibrium exists. A mathematical relationship between the volume of distribution at steady state and those estimated by often used but incorrect methods is presented. Experimental data on acetylsalicylate, salicylate, griseofulvin, and several barbiturates are presented. The pharmacokinetic significance of these data is discussed.
Applications of q-Taylor theorems

We establish two new q-analogues of a Taylor series expansion for polynomials using special Askey-Wilson polynomial bases. Combining these expansions with an earlier expansion theorem we derive inverse relations and evaluate certain linearization coefficients. Byproducts include new summation theorems, new results on a q-exponential function, and quadratic transformations for q-series.
Structure and conformation of bipolar tetraether lipid membranes derived from thermoacidophilic archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius as revealed by small-angle X-ray scattering and high-pressure FT-IR spectroscopy

The phase behavior, conformation, and structure of bipolar tetraether liposomes composed of the polar lipid fraction E (PLFE) isolated from the thermoacidophilic archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius have been studied by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and high-pressure Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) at pD 2.15. The SAXS data on PLFE multilamellar vesicles in 85 wt % D 2 O showed two orders of lamellar Bragg reflections over the temperature range 5-75 °C. The lamellar repeat distances d indicate three lamellar regions: 5-50 °C (d, ∼49-50 A), 50-60 °C (∼50-54 A), and 60-74 °C (∼54-56 A). The 4-A increase in d-spacing from 50 to 60 °C is probably due to an increase in hydration at the PLFE polar headgroups and/or a stretch of the polar headgroups toward the bulk aqueous phase. At 74-75 °C, a lamellar-to-cubic phase transition occurs. The reciprocal spacings of the cubic phases correspond to the coexistence of the inverse bicontinuous cubic phases Q I I D and Q I I P with lattice constants of 105 and 82 A, respectively. At atmospheric pressure, the vibrational frequency of the CH 2 symmetric stretching mode showed transitions at ∼46-48, 61, and 74 °C, in agreement with the SAXS data. The overall 2 cm - 1 increase in wavenumber between 61 and 74 °C indicates a transition from a rigid, gellike lipid conformation to a chain conformation with considerable disorder, as expected from cubic phases which appear above ∼74 °C. The pressure dependence (up to 15 kbar) of the symmetric CH 2 stretching vibrational wavenumber at various temperatures has also been examined. A variety of new gellike phases are observed at elevated pressures, showing again a rich polymorphism in PLFE liposomes. The most prominent pressure-induced transition involves a ∼2 cm - 1 increase in wavenumber, which appears at 8.0 kbar at 60 °C, 8.4 kbar at 43 °C, and 10.8 kbar at 20 °C, giving an unusual negative dT/dp value. The possible source of this anomaly has been discussed in terms of the temperature attenuation of the hydrogen bond network in the polar headgroup region.
Differential ICAM-1 Isoform Expression Regulates the Development and Progression of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) functions in leukocyte trafficking, activation, and the formation of the immunological synapse. ICAM-1 is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily of adhesion proteins, which share a similar structure of repeating Ig-like domains. Many genes in this family, including ICAM-1, show alternative splicing leading to the production of different protein isoforms, although little functional information is available regarding the expression patterns, ligand interactions, and functions of these isoforms, especially those arising from the ICAM-1 gene. In this study, we show using different lines of mutant mice (Icam1tm1Jcgr and Icam1tm1Bay) that alterations in the expression of the alternatively spliced ICAM-1 isoforms can significantly influence the disease course during the development of EAE. Icam1tm1Jcgr mutant mice, unlike Icam1tm1Bay mutants, do not express isoforms containing the Mac-1 binding domain and had significantly attenuated of EAE. In contrast, Icam1tm1Bay mice developed severe EAE in both active and adoptive transfer models compared to both Icam1tm1Jcgr and wild type mice. We also observed that T cells from Icam1tm1Bay mice displayed increased proliferation kinetics and produced higher levels of IFN-γ compared to Icam1tm1Jcgr and wild type mice. Thus, our investigations show that the alternatively spliced ICAM-1 isoforms are functional, and play key roles during the progression of CNS inflammation and demyelination in EAE. Furthermore, our findings suggest that these isoforms may also play key roles in controlling the development of inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis, possibly through differential engagement with ICAM-1 ligands such as Mac-1.
Marriage, family, and property in India: the Hindu Succession Act of 1956

The Hindu Succession Act of 1956, one of the first laws relating to property and family enacted by the newly independent government of India, remains in the final analysis an anti-women piece of legislation. This article explores the reasons that forced the hand of the new post-colonial state in that direction. There had been, from the early nineteenth century, a small but influential section of Indian reformers who had argued in favour of granting property rights to women: wives, widows and married daughters. Dr B.R. Ambedkar, one of the chief framers of the Hindu Code Bills, of which the Succession Act was part, as well as Jawaharlal Nehru, the country's first prime minister, were also strong proponents of women's property rights. Why then were their endeavours defeated in the final legislation? Through an analysis of the debates around the Hindu Succession Act, I argue that the anti-woman nature of the law was inextricably linked to the modernization of Indian families. The latter did not necessarily i...
Transcatheter treatment for systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt obstruction in infants and children.

Systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt occlusion is a life-threatening complication in patients with shunt-dependent pulmonary blood flow. In the current era, the definitive diagnosis of shunt obstruction, and interventions to re-establish shunt patency are performed in the catheterization laboratory, rather than the operating room. This review summarizes the various transcatheter techniques used by the interventionalist to re-establish flow through occluded shunts. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Spinal muscular atrophy type 1: management and outcomes.

Our objectives were to describe survival, hospitalization, speech, and outcomes related to respirator needs for spinal muscular atrophy type 1 (SMA1) patients, using noninvasive or tracheostomy ventilation. From 65 SMA patients referred to our clinic since 1996, we chose 56 SMA1 patients who developed respiratory failure before age 2 years. Patients either had tracheostomy tubes (group A), or used noninvasive ventilation and assisted coughing; a previously reported extubation protocol (group B) was used as needed. Sixteen patients underwent tracheostomy at 10.8 +/- 5.0 months of age, 33 were in group B, and 7 others died without life-support interventions. Compared to group B, group A patients had fewer hospitalizations until age 3 years, but more after age 5, and 15 of 16 lost all spontaneous breathing tolerance posttracheostomy and could not speak. One group A patient died at 16 months of age, and the others were 73.8 +/- 57 months of age (the oldest was 19 years old). Two group B patients died at 6 and 13 months, respectively, whereas the other 31 were 41.8 +/- 26.0 months (and up to 8.3 years) old. Three of 31 in group B required high-span positive inspiratory pressure plus positive end-expiratory pressure (PIP + PEEP) continuously with minimal tolerance for breathing on their own, and 4 could not communicate verbally.In conclusion, SMA type 1 children can survive beyond 2 years of age when offered tracheostomy or noninvasive respiratory support. The latter is associated with fewer hospitalizations after age 5 years, freedom from daytime ventilator use, and the ability to speak.
Use of prescribed burning for managing natural and historic resources in Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park, USA

The purpose of this study was to provide the National Park Service with quantitative information regarding the effect of fire on fuel loads and pest species such asLonicera japonica, Ligustrum sinense, andRhus radicans.
From Holter Monitors to Automatic Defibrillators: Developments in Ambulatory Arrhythmia Monitoring

In 1961, Holter reported a design of a tape recorder that acquired and stored electrocardiographic (ECG) signals from ambulatory patients. This made long-term monitoring of patients in their day-to-day environments possible. The next generation of devices employ microcomputer circuits for automatic interpretation of cardiac arrhythmias. Implantable pacemaker also show some arrhythmia interpretation capability. A special case is the automatic implantable defibrillator which recognizes the ventricular fibrillation signal. We present here the details of the original Holter recorder, the microcomputer-based arrhythmia monitor, and the automatic implantable defibrillator. In conjunction with the historic account of these developments, we present the current techniques of ambulatory ECG signal acquisition, processing, arrhythmia detection, and performance evaluation of automated arrhythmia detectors.
Limit theorems for records from discrete distributions

Abstract Weak and strong functional limit theorems are obtained for record values and record epochs in a sequence of independent random variables with common distribution F . The emphasis is on the case in which F is concentrated on the non-negative integers. For contrast, the well-known case of continuous F is also considered. Analogues of results obtained earlier by Resnick, de Haan and the author for continuous F are presented here for F concentrated on the non-negative integers. Also is investigated under which circumstances the latter case is so close to the continuous F case that the resulting limit theorems are the same.
Visible Teaching: Moving from a Solitary Practice to a Community Endeavor

“Web 2.0” technologies are emerging as tools to enhance community and collaboration in scientific research. We believe that these tools will play a similar role in the practice of teaching by helping us to move from individual teaching spaces to community teaching spaces. By sharing and discussing our day-to-day successes, failures, experiments, innovations, and standard practices with the community using “Web 2.0” technologies, we believe that we can move to a model where teaching is visible. By engaging in Visible Teaching, we can build on the creative potential of our colleagues to improve the overall practice of teaching.
Preferential Accumulation of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) Larvae in Response to Adenine Nucleotides and Derivatives

Culex quinquefasciatus Say larvae exhibited a strong affinity for adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine monophosphate (AMP), and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP); a moderate affinity for adenosine and ribose; but were indifferent to either adenine or phosphate (KH2PO4). Competition studies in which larvae were offered two different molecules indicate that ATP and AMP are the two most preferred.
Evaluation of a high grain protein QTL from Triticum turgidum L. var. dicoccoides in an adapted durum wheat background

Grain protein concentration (GPC) is an important component of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) quality. The 'Langdon'-Triticum turgidum L. var. dicoccoides chromosome 6B substitution line [LDN(DIC-6B)] contains the high GPC quantitative trait locus "QGpc.ndsu.6Bb." We evaluated the effect of this quantitative trait locus on GPC, grain yield, and other agronomic traits in an adapted durum wheat background, verified its location on chromosome 6B and determined its relationship to the GPC locus previously identified. A recombinant inbred population consisting of 110 lines segregating for high GPC was developed from the LDN(DIC-6B) with two doses of adapted germplasm. This population was evaluated in the field for GPC at two locations in 1995, and for GPC, grain yield, and other agronomic characteristics at three locations in 1996. Segregation analysis for GPC showed a bimodal distribution, indicating a single genetic factor or a tightly linked gene cluster controlling high GPC. This high GPC locus was insensitive to environmental conditions. Grain protein concentration was not correlated with plant height, but was loosely correlated with grain yield and heading date. Quantitative trait locus analysis using simple regression and interval mapping procedures identified a locus flanked by Xcdo365 and Xmwg79 on chromosome 6B as having a major effect on GPC. This high GPC locus, which explained up to 72% of the phenotypic variance, accounted for a 15 g kg-1 increase in average GPC. Selection for the two markers flanking the GPC QTL would be highly effective in introgressing this QTL into durum wheat breeding programs.
Pregnancy despite ovarian insufficiency in a patient with breast cancer

Future fertility is a concern for many young breast cancer survivors. Secondary amenorrhea occurs frequently during or soon after oncologic treatment. Return of menstruation and serum biomarkers are not absolute predictors of future fertility. We report a case of a 28 year old gravida 0 with recurrent Stage IIB invasive ductal breast carcinoma who managed to conceive twice despite showing clinical and biochemical signs of decreased ovarian reserve following treatment with chemotherapy and radiation. This case illustrates the potential for fertility in a patient with breast cancer despite chemotherapy-related amenorrhea and undetectable anti-Mullerian hormone levels. It exemplifies the imprecise nature of all clinical tests used to predict future fertility in breast cancer patients post-treatment. It should remind all providers to be careful in basing recommendations for childbearing on these surrogate endpoints.
Congenital Taillessness in Cattle

Summary Taillessness, a rare congenital defect of cattle, has been observed in 25 animals sired by registered bulls of the Angus, Ayrshire, Guernsey, Hereford, Holstein, Jersey, Milking Shorthorn, and Shorthorn breeds. The dams of the tailless animals included descendants from one or more of these or from the Brown Swiss breeds. In females, taillessness occasionally is accompanied by anterior and dorsal misplacement of the vulva and anus, concave rump, and stiffness of the rear legs. In males, the defect may be accompanied by misplaced or atretic anus, concave rump, and stiffness of the rear legs. Malformations of the vertebral column appear to be variable. The defect was noted in more than twice as many females as males. Defective animals were from older dams, most of which had not been reported to have had malformed offspring previously. Tailless animals seem unlikely to occur, on the average, more often than once in every 3,000 births, and may occur as infrequently as once in every 20,500 births. Although the defect seems to be of little significance, there is some slight evidence for the supposition of a hereditary basis for the defect in the Holstein breed.
Intracellular Succinylation of 8-Chloroadenosine and Its Effect on Fumarate Levels

8-Chloroadenosine (8-Cl-Ado) is a ribosyl nucleoside analog currently in phase I testing for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). 8-Cl-Ado activity is dependent on adenosine kinase and requires intracellular accumulation of 8-Cl-Ado as mono-, di-, and tri-phosphates. In the current study with four mantle cell lymphoma cell lines, we report a new major metabolic pathway for 8-Cl-Ado intracellular metabolism, the formation of succinyl-8-chloro-adenosine (S-8-Cl-Ado) and its monophosphate (S-8-Cl-AMP). 8-Cl-AMP levels were highly associated with S-8-Cl-AMP levels and reached a steady-state prior to the secondary metabolites, 8-Cl-ATP and S-8-Cl-Ado. Consistent with fumarate as a required substrate for formation of succinyl-8-Cl-adenylate metabolites, the S-8-Cl-adenylate concentrations in multiple cell lines were associated with fumarate loss. The distribution of metabolites was also altered using the energy metabolism modifiers, metformin and oligomycin. The rates of succinyl-8-Cl-adenylate metabolism were enhanced by increasing the intracellular fumarate concentrations after metformin co-treatment. In addition, the S-8-Cl-AMP concentrations were increased after acute inhibition of ATP synthase by oligomycin. We conclude that 8-Cl-Ado metabolism not only affects intracellular purine metabolism; 8-Cl-Ado conversion to succinyl analogs ties its metabolism to the citric acid cycle by reduction of the fumarate pool.
Human epidermal growth factor receptor signaling contributes to tumor growth via angiogenesis in her2/neu-expressing experimental Wilms' tumor.

Abstract Background: The human epidermal growth factor family (HER) members play a significant role in the mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition during renal tubulogenesis. HER misexpression has been linked also to loss of growth control, invasiveness, and promotion of angiogenesis in breast cancers and other human malignant tumors Methods: The authors screened Wilms' tumor samples and derived cell lines for expression of her2/ neu , which was detected in both unfavorable and favorable histology tissues. Xenografts were implanted in mice using her2/ neu (+) and her2/ neu (−) cell lines and the effect of specific blockade tested using monoclonal anti-her2/ neu antibody. Results: Blocking antibody suppressed tumor growth in her2/ neu (+) but not her2/ neu (−) experimental Wilms' tumor. In addition, antibody exposure resulted in suppression of tumor angiogenesis but no decrease in tumor cell proliferation in her2/ neu (+) xenografts. Conclusions: Her2/ neu contributes to the growth of some Wilms' tumors, and an important mechanism of its action is promotion of angiogenesis.
MR Evaluation of Breast Implants

This article describes the rationale and indications for breast implant-related magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, alone or in combination with breast cancer-related MR imaging. Basic silicone chemistry, implant styles, and normal appearances of breast implants are described. The various presentations of breast implant rupture are described, and a 4-point staging scheme for intracapsular rupture is reviewed. Finally, a discussion of what the reviewing physician needs to know is presented, both before breast implant MR examinations are requested and afterward, when results are reported.
Haemoglobin synthesis in Bueonoa confusa (Hemiptera)

Abstract Incorporation of labelled precursors to haeme and protein (δ-aminolevulinic acid and amino acids, respectively) by cultures of Buenoa confusa tissues, followed by acrylamide gel electrophoresis of proteins in the culture media, indicates that Hb is synthesized and assembled by ‘tracheal cells’ of the abdomen.
Non-equilibrium radiative processes in the atmospheres of the giant planets

Abstract In the case of Jupiter at least, there is a strong possibility that some of the visible sunlight absorbed is converted by a fluorescent or cyclic process into infrared quanta distributed differently in frequency from that for equilibrium processes. In this case, the monochromatic temperatures reported by some observers may be significantly higher than the translational temperature of the gas from which the radiation emerges. Some of the perplexing observations which might be explained by such processes are the observation by Murray et al. (1964a, b) of a strong enhancement of 8–14 μm emission in the vicinity of the shadows of Jupiter's satellites II and III and the observation of a strong 7.7 μm methane emission peak in Jupiter's spectrum by Gillett et al. (1969).
Free radical formation from organic hydroperoxides in isolated human polymorphonuclear neutrophils

We have demonstrated with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) that organic hydroperoxides are decomposed to free radicals by both human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and purified myeloperoxidase. When tert-butyl hydroperoxide was incubated with either PMNs or purified myeloperoxidase, peroxyl, alkoxyl, and alkyl radicals were trapped by the spin trap 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO). In the case of ethyl hydroperoxide, DMPO radical adducts of peroxyl and alkyl (identified as alpha-hydroxyethyl when trapped by tert-nitrosobutane) radicals were detected. Radical adduct formation was inhibited when azide was added to the incubation mixture. Myeloperoxidase-deficient PMNs produced DMPO radical adduct intensities at only about 20-30% of that of normal PMNs. Our studies suggest that myeloperoxidase in PMNs is primarily responsible for the decomposition of organic hydroperoxides to free radicals. The finding of the free radical formation derived from organic hydroperoxides by PMNs may be related to the cytotoxicity of this class of compounds.