cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Reexamination of Effects of Reader- and Text-Based Factors on Priority Judgments in Expository Prose

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine the effects of text-based (text structure) and reader-based (prior knowledge) factors on judgments of importance of information in expository text. The effects were measured by (a) importance ratings and (b) written summaries. The study was a partial replication of Roller’s (1985) study, controlling for confounding effects of list order in the rating task, insufficient sample size, and possible copying effects in the written summary task. Roller’s materials about imaginary insects were administered to 132 undergraduate students assigned to prior knowledge (schema trained versus schema untrained) and text structure (elaborated versus unelaborated) conditions in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Significant main effects for both variables were found on the rating task; no significant effects were found for either variable on the written summary task. The results suggest that ratings may be the more sensitive measure of importance judgments.
Medical therapy for diabetes is associated with increased use of lower endoscopy.

Background Diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk of colorectal neoplasia and diabetes medications may further influence the risk. Observational studies of the effect of diabetes medications on colonic neoplasia may be biased if use of diabetes medications is associated with undergoing lower endoscopy. This study examined the association between diabetes therapies and use of lower endoscopy. Methods This retrospective cohort study included patients with diabetes in an integrated, prepaid health plan. The primary exposure variables were use of sulfonylureas, metformin, thiazolidinediones (TZDs), and insulin. The outcome measure was completion of a flexible sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy. Cox proportional hazards modeling, accounting for the time-varying nature of the medication exposures, was used to generate estimates of the relative hazard (HR) of lower endoscopy with different medications. Results The study included 44 169 patients followed for a mean duration of 4.2 years (SD = 2.5 years); 34% underwent at least one lower endoscopy. Patients who filled a diabetes medication prescription were more likely to undergo lower endoscopy (HR = 1.13, 95%CI 1.06–1.21). Compared to those taking only sulfonylureas, patients receiving sulfonylureas and metformin (HR = 1.12, 95%CI 1.06–1.18) or metformin alone (HR = 1.17, 95%CI 1.07–1.26) were more likely to undergo lower endoscopy. For all medications, new use was associated with undergoing lower endoscopy (p < 0.05 for all comparisons). Conclusions Diabetic patients receiving medications are more likely to undergo lower endoscopy than those on diet control alone, particularly in the first year after initiating a new medication class and if taking metformin. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Buffering intermittent renewable power with hydroelectric generation: A case study in California

Abstract Hydroelectric generation has the ability to buffer intermittent renewable generation. The objective of this paper is to explore the changing roles of hydropower and pumped storage dispatch in response to increasing renewable penetrations. A novel aggregate model of hydro resources in the state of California is used in conjunction with the Holistic Grid Resource Integration and Deployment model (HiGRID), a modeling tool that resolves hourly grid resource dispatch and management, to observe the impacts of increasing renewable penetration. The effects on the grid are explored by incrementally increasing the installed wind and solar capacity to meet the electric demand for California while re-dispatching hydro energy and capacity resources to balance the electrical power system. Increasing renewable generation results in increased periods of over generation, reducing the practical achievable renewable penetration. By adjusting the dispatch of hydropower to complement renewable generation a significant increase in the achievable renewable penetration can be implemented (8.0% for solar only, 2.2% for wind only and 2.8% for 50/50 mixture of wind and solar). Additionally, dispatching hydro to support renewables serves to increase the system-wide capacity factor, delay the onset of curtailment, and reduce the total curtailment at corresponding renewable penetrations.
Nutrient deprivation induces α-synuclein aggregation through endoplasmic reticulum stress response and SREBP2 pathway.

Abnormal accumulation of filamentous α-synuclein (α-syn) in neurons, regarded as Lewy bodies(LBs), are a hallmark of Parkinson disease (PD). Although the exact mechanism(s) underlying LBs formation remains unknown, autophagy and ER stress response have emerged as two important pathways affecting α-syn aggregation. In present study we tested whether cells with the tetracycline-off inducible overexpression of α-syn and accumulating α-syn aggregates can benefit from autophagy activation elicited by nutrient deprivation, since this approach was reported to effectively clear cellular polyglutamine aggregates. We found that nutrient deprivation of non-induced cells did not affect cell viability, but significantly activated autophagy reflected by increasing the level of autophagy marker LC3-II and autophagic flux and decrease of endogenous α-syn. Cells with induced α-syn expression alone displayed autophagy activation in an α-syn dose-dependent manner to reach a level comparable to that found in non-induced, nutrient deprived counterparts. Nutrient deprivation also activated autophagy further in α-syn induced cells, but the extent was decreased with increase of α-syn dose, indicating α-syn overexpression reduces the responsiveness of cells to nutrient deprivation. Moreover, the nutrient deprivation enhanced α-syn aggregations concomitant with significant increase of apoptosis as well as ER stress response, SREBP2 activation and cholesterolgenesis. Importantly, α-syn aggregate accumulation and other effects caused by nutrient deprivation were counteracted by knockdown of SREBP2, treatment with cholesterol lowering agent—lovastatin, or by GRP78 overexpression, which also caused decrease of SREBP2 activity. Similar results were obtained from studies of primary neurons with α-syn overexpression under nutrient deprivation. Together our findings suggested that down-regulation of SREBP2 activity might be a means to prevent α-syn aggregation in PD via reducing cholesterol levels
Cultural-Economic Nationalism And International Trade Policy

This article examines how cultural economic nationalism is affecting government and business policy toward international trade. The available data on the pattern of trade suggest that at least for television programs, films, books and international news there a high level of concentration. International trade in mass media products has obvious cultural relevance. The arguments for trade restrictions are based on four assumptions which include preserving a nation's cultural identity is desirable, educating a country's population correctly is desirable, free trade allows overconcentration and overspecialization in the production and control of culturally relevant products and services and that infant industries should be protected for cultural as well as economic reasons.
Capacity and dirty paper coding for Gaussian broadcast channels with common information

We consider a set of parallel, two-user scalar Gaussian broadcast channels, where the transmitter wishes to send independent information to each of the receivers and common information to both receivers. The capacity region of this channel is implicitly characterized in [A. El Gamal, (1980)]. Here, we provide an explicit characterization of the power and rate allocation schemes that achieve the boundary of the three-dimensional rate region. We also propose a dirty-paper coding achievable region for MIMO broadcast channels with common information.
Towards retrieval of forest cover density over snow from the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR)

Vegetation structure and density affect the dynamics of snow accumulation and ablation. Vegetation also affects our ability to estimate snow-covered area accurately from satellite-based sensors. The objective of this case study is to demonstrate how the angular pattern of reflectance from vegetation over snow can provide information on forest cover density. Imagery from the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer was acquired over north-central Colorado on 15 February 2002. Angular reflectance data were extracted from a variety of image locations and were analysed in conjunction with a digital elevation model and maps of forest cover density and forest cover type. The Rahman–Pinty–Verstraete semi-empirical parametric model was successfully used to simulate the angular patterns of reflectance. The model’s k parameter, a measure of reflectance anisotropy, was used to characterize the angular signatures of selected pixels. Results show distinct patterns of anisotropic reflectance that depend on density and cover type. Non-forested areas exhibit a bowl-shaped pattern ( k 1Ð0) for higher densities. However, the relationship between k and density does not hold for forest cover densities that approach 100%. For a density of 99%, the fir–spruce forest cover type has a distinct bowl shape and a k value of only 0Ð69. This is in agreement with previous work indicating that sub-pixel homogeneity (whether because of sparse vegetation cover or extremely dense vegetation cover) will result in k< 1Ð0. This preliminary study indicates from a qualitative standpoint that multi-angle reflectance data captures sub-pixel-scale information on forest cover density. Copyright  2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Human Capital Dimensions of Sustainable Investment: What Investment Analysts Need to Know

This paper identifies a number of questions that need to be answered if the growing interest in building investment portfolios of firms that follow socially and environmentally sustainable practices is to be successful in transforming the financial institutions and analysts from a liability to an asset in expanding the number of sustainable firms in the economy. Evidence from three decades of research on “high performance workplace practices” is reviewed that identifies what is required for firms to align human capital and financial strategies. A longer term research and education agenda is presented for answering the remaining open questions.
A sector-based dosimetric analysis of dose heterogeneity in high-dose-rate prostate brachytherapy

© 2015 American Brachytherapy Society. Purpose: High-dose-rate (HDR) prostate brachytherapy delivers a heterogeneous dose distribution throughout the prostate gland. There is however limited information regarding the spatial distribution of this dose heterogeneity. To this end, we analyzed the magnitude and location of intraprostatic dose heterogeneity in HDR prostate brachytherapy. Methods and Materials: Five consecutive prostate cancer patients treated with HDR were analyzed. Based on CT-simulation images, each prostate was divided into three sections (apex, base, and mid-gland). These were further subdivided into eight symmetrical sections to give a total of 24 sections. Dose-volume histograms were analyzed from V100-V200% for these 24 sections comparing the means of individual regions, left vs right, apex vs base vs mid-gland, lateral vs medial, and anterior vs posterior. A separate analysis on dose as a function of individual region volume was also performed. Results: Analyses comparing the 24 regions showed a maximum 62% difference (range, 21.9-83.9%) at V130% and 19.9% (1.9-20.8%) at V200%. Seven regions were significantly decreased and one significantly elevated from V130-V180% when compared with the mean. The means for lateral sections were 1.57-fold higher than medial sections from V110-V200% (. p < 0.0001). The dose at the base was significantly higher than the rest of the gland from V120-V200 (V150, 35.6±16.2% vs 20.9±13.1%, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: There is significant intra-prostatic dose heterogeneity in prostate HDR brachytherapy. This is most notable in the increased dose to base and lateral portions of the gland. Further studies are needed to determine the impact of heterogeneity on clinical outcomes.
Spin trapping evidence for the lack of significant hydroxyl radical production during the respiration burst of human phagocytes using a spin adduct resistant to superoxide-mediated destruction.

Failure to detect hydroxyl radical (.OH)-derived spin adducts of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide in electron spin resonance (ESR) spin trapping experiments has been offered as evidence for the lack of the endogenous capacity of stimulated human phagocytes (neutrophils, monocytes, and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM] to generate .OH. Recent reports that 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide spin adducts are unstable in the presence of superoxide-generating systems such as stimulated neutrophils has raised concerns regarding the sensitivity of spin trapping techniques for assessment of phagocyte free radical formation. Consequently, we have employed a new approach that uses the spin trap N-t-butyl-alpha-phenyl-nitrone (PBN) and dimethyl sulfoxide. In the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide and PBN, the formation of .OH via three different mechanisms in air-saturated aqueous solutions all yielded a single nitroxide species whose ESR peak amplitude remained stable in the presence of superoxide (.O2-). This nitroxide, which we have assigned as PBN/.OCH3, appears to be an oxygen-centered radical derived from the spin trapping of the reaction product of O2 and methyl radical. When neutrophils, monocytes, or MDM were stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate or opsonized zymosan in the presence of exogenous iron, catalase-inhibitable PBN/.OCH3 was the sole nitroxide detected. In the absence of exogenous iron, no nitroxide was observed, providing evidence for the lack of the endogenous capacity of neutrophils, monocytes, and MDM to generate .OH.
Defects in gliding motility in mutants of Cytophaga johnsonae lacking a high-molecular-weight cell surface polysaccharide.

Abstract We previously observed (W. Godchaux, L. Gorski, and E.R. Leadbetter, J. Bacteriol. 172:1250-1255, 1990) that two mutants (strains 21 and NS-1) of the gliding bacterium Cytophaga johnsonae that were totally deficient in motility-dependent colony spreading, movement of rafts (groups) of cells as observed with a microscope, and movement of polystyrene-latex spheres that attached to the cell surface (observed in wet mounts) were also deficient in a high-molecular-weight cell surface polysaccharide (HMPS) and suggested a role for that substance in gliding motility. Antisera have been prepared against the purified HMPS, and these were used to select mutants specifically and highly deficient in the polysaccharide. All five such mutants had rates of colony spreading and raft movement that were much lower than those of the parent strain, but the rate of increase in colony diameter was higher than that found for strains NS-1 and 21 (which do not undergo raft movement at all). Unlike these latter two strains, the HMPS mutants retained the ability to move polystyrene-latex spheres over their surfaces. Hence, HMPS deficiency results in defective motility but not nonmotility, and the HMPS deficiency cannot fully explain the phenotype of mutants 21 and NS-1; in these strains, gliding must be affected by additional biochemical lesions. The HMPS may, nonetheless, be advantageous in that it supports greater gliding speeds.
Implantable CMOS-based stimulator/reader design for retinal prosthesis

In a retinal prosthesis, digitized pixels of image are multiplexed and transmitted wirelessly, and received pixels are decoded and scanned on the probes array to stimulate the retina to reproduce the image. This paper presents an implantable CMOS-based 5/spl times/5 array retinal stimulator (RS), which receives time-multiplexed pixels of an image from a wireless receiver through only six interface wires irrespective of array size and scans them on the probes array to reproduce the image on the retina. RS doesn't need address to route the pixels. It is fabricated by MOSIS using 0.5/spl mu/m CMOS technology and is tested for its functionality as a stimulator as well as a reader and found working as expected. This paper also presents the design of serial to parallel converter (SPC), digital to analog current converter (DACC), and programmable biphasic current controller (BCC) necessary to process signal and generate biphasic current waveform for RS.
Matchete: paths through the pattern matching jungle

Pattern matching is a programming language feature for selecting a handler based on the structure of data while binding names to sub-structures. By combining selection and binding, pattern matching facilitates many common tasks such as date normalization, red-black tree manipulation, conversion of XML documents, or decoding TCP/IP packets. Matchete is a language extension to Java that unifies different approaches to pattern matching: regular expressions, structured term patterns, XPath, and bit-level patterns. Matchete naturally allows nesting of these different patterns to form composite patterns. We present the Matchete syntax and describe a prototype implementation.
Browse and discover: social file sharing in the enterprise

There is a growth in the popularity of social file sharing systems. This paper describes the design of Cattail, a social file sharing system for the enterprise. Through a 'Recent Events' stream, Cattail supports social navigation and exploratory search by inferring relevant social connections rather than purely relying on user-specified contacts. Social navigation is further supported through pivot browsing from a consolidated history of user actions on an individual's files. Through usage log analysis over an 8-month period, we found that Cattail's novel network inference and social navigation features enabled a net gain of clickthroughs. Interviews with users revealed that this led to increased discovery of relevant people and content. We conclude with a discussion of several possible enhancements to the system. Findings from our research provide a strong foundation for the design of social file sharing systems for enterprise settings.
Hearing in mole crickets (Orthoptera: gryllotalpidae) at sonic and ultrasonic frequencies

We have studied auditory responses in two species of mole cricket (Scapteriscus borellii and S. abbreviatus) to determine (1) whether they show sensitivity to ultrasound, (2) whether their hearing (at both low and high frequencies) is based on the same neural circuitry as that of true crickets, and (3) whether ultrasound sensitivity in different mole cricket species varies with their ability to fly. S. borellii are sensitive to ultrasonic frequencies. There is evidence of a segregation of frequency bands in prothoracic auditory neurons. There are two pairs of o neurons (ONs) with similar morphology to ON1 of true crickets. The two pairs of ONs differ in tuning. One pair has two sensitivity peaks: at the frequency of the calling song of this species (3 kHz), and in the ultrasonic range (25 kHz). The other pair lacks the high-frequency sensitivity and responds exclusively to frequencies in the range of the species song. These two types are not morphologically distinguishable. In S. abbreviatus, only one class of ON was found. S. abbreviatus ONs are narrowly tuned to the frequency of the species' calls. A T-neuron had the best ultrasonic frequency sensitivity in S. borellii. This cell showed a broad tuning to ultrasonic frequencies and was inhibited by low-frequency stimuli. A morphologically similar neuron was also recorded in S. abbreviatus, but lacked the high-frequency sensitivity peak of that in S. borellii. We also assessed the responses of flying S. borellii to ultrasound using field playbacks to free-flying animals. The attractiveness of broadcast calling song was diminished by the addition of an ultrasound signal, indicating that S. borellii avoid high-frequency sound. The results indicate that mole crickets process low-frequency auditory stimuli using mechanisms similar to those of true crickets. They show a negative behavioural response to high-frequency stimuli, as do true crickets, but the organization of ultrasound-sensitive auditory circuitry in mole crickets differs from that of true crickets.
Using a clone genealogy extractor for understanding and supporting evolution of code clones

Programmers often create similar code snippets or reuse existing code snippets by copying and pasting. Code clones---syntactically and semantically similar code snippets---can cause problems during software maintenance because programmers may need to locate code clones and change them consistently. In this work, we investigate (1) how code clones evolve, (2) how many code clones impose maintenance challenges, and (3) what kind of tool or engineering process would be useful for maintaining code clones.Based on a formal definition of clone evolution, we built a clone genealogy tool that automatically extracts the history of code clones from a source code repository (CVS). Our clone genealogy tool enables several analyses that reveal evolutionary characteristics of code clones. Our initial results suggest that aggressive refactoring may not be the best solution for all code clones; thus, we propose alternative tool solutions that assist in maintaining code clones using clone genealogy information.
Effects of photoperiods and melatonin on planarian asexual reproduction

Asexual planarians of the species Dugesia dorotocephala exhibit a distinct day-night rhythm of fissioning under the influence of normal photoperiod; fissioning occurs only at night. This rhythm is broken by continuous illumination, continuous darkness, or by decapitation. The fissioning rate increases when planarians are exposed to light for less than 1 hr/day or when they are decapitated. These results suggest that the planarian head, probably brain, releases a substance that inhibits fissioning, and that the synthesis and release of this substance are closely related to the environmental photoperiod. Furthermore, fissioning of decapitated planarians is suppressed by continuous treatment with melatonin in their culture water. Fissioning resumes when these are returned to normal culture water. Interestingly, fissioning occurs at night when decapitates are treated with melatonin in the daytime, while it is observed in the daytime with night-time melatonin treatment. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that melatonin release from brain mediates the influence of environmental photoperiods on fissioning.
An antibody loop replacement design feasibility study and a loop-swapped dimer structure

A design approach was taken to investigate the feasibility of replacing single complementarity determining region (CDR) antibody loops. This approach may complement simpler mutation-based strategies for rational antibody design by expanding conformation space. Enormous crystal structure diversity is available, making CDR loops logical targets for structure-based design. A detailed analysis for the L1 loop shows that each loop length takes a distinct conformation, thereby allowing control on a length scale beyond that accessible to simple mutations. The L1 loop in the anti-VLA1 antibody was replaced with the L2 loop residues longer in an attempt to add an additional hydrogen bond and fill space on the antibody-antigen interface. The designs expressed well, but failed to improve affinity. In an effort to learn more, one design was crystallized and data were collected at 1.9 {angstrom} resolution. The designed L1 loop takes the qualitatively desired conformation; confirming that loop replacement by design is feasible. The crystal structure also shows that the outermost loop (residues Leu51-Ser68) is domain swapped with another monomer. Tryptophan fluorescence measurements were used to monitor unfolding as a function of temperature and indicate that the loop involved in domain swapping does not unfold below 60C. The domain-swapping is not directlymore » responsible for the affinity loss, but is likely a side-effect of the structural instability which may contribute to affinity loss. A second round of design was successful in eliminating the dimerization through mutation of a residue (Leu51Ser) at the joint of the domain-swapped loop.« less
Cut-Sets in Zero-Divisor Graphs of Finite Commutative Rings

We examine minimal sets of vertices which, when removed from a zero-divisor graph, separate the graph into disconnected subgraphs. We classify these sets for all finite nonlocal commutative rings with identity.
Law and Order in an Emerging Democracy: Lessons from the Reconstruction of Kosovo’s Police and Justice Systems:

“Nation-building” is an increasingly frequent activity of Western governments and the United Nations, with Kosovo an important recent example. This study examines the reconstruction by the United Nations of Kosovo’s internal security infrastructure from 1999 to 2004. It analyzes United Nations and other activities to build democratic police and justice systems. Through a model of security reconstruction, it examines in detail the primary security challenges facing Kosovo, the specific efforts the United Nations made to address these challenges, the ultimate effectiveness of the reconstruction in establishing stability and rule of law, and the linkages between reconstruction efforts and democracy. It concludes with several lessons for improving the effectiveness of such efforts in the future.
TLRW: return of the read-write lock

TL2 and similar STM algorithms deliver high scalability based on write-locking and invisible readers. In fact, no modern STM design locks to read along its common execution path because doing so would require a memory synchronization operation that would greatly hamper performance.In this paper we introduce TLRW, a new STM algorithm intended for the single-chip multicore systems that are quickly taking over a large fraction of the computing landscape. We make the claim that the cost of coherence in such single chip systems is down to a level that allows one to design a scalable STM based on read-write locks. TLRW is based on byte-locks, a novel read-write lock design with a low read-lock acquisition overhead and the ability to take advantage of the locality of reference within transactions. As we show, TLRW has a painfully simple design, one that naturally provides coherent state without validation, implicit privatization, and irrevocable transactions. Providing similar properties in STMs based on invisible-readers (such as TL2) has typically resulted in a major loss of performance.In a series of benchmarks we show that when running on a 64-way single-chip multicore machine, TLRW delivers surprisingly good performance (competitive with and sometimes outperforming TL2). However, on a 128-way 2-chip system that has higher coherence costs across the interconnect, performance deteriorates rapidly. We believe our work raises the question of whether on single-chip multicore machines, read-write lock-based STMs are the way to go.
Vulnerability Discovery in Multi-Version Software Systems

The vulnerability discovery process for a program describes the rate at which the security vulnerabilities are discovered. Being able to predict the vulnerability discovery process allows developers to adequately plan for resource allocation needed to develop patches for them. It also enables the users to assess the security risks. Thus there is a need to develop a model of the discovery process that can predict the number of vulnerabilities that are likely to be discovered in a given time frame. Recent studies have produced vulnerability discovery process models that are suitable for a specific version of a software. However, these models may not accurately estimate the vulnerability discovery rates for a software when we consider successive versions, hi this paper, we propose a new approach for quantitatively modeling the vulnerability discovery process, based on shared source code measurements among multi-version software systems. Such a modeling approach can be used for assessing security risk both before and after the release of a version. The applicability of the approach is examined using two open source software systems, viz., Apache HTTP Web server and Mysql DataBase Management System (DBMS). We have examined the relationship between shared code size and shared vulnerabilities between two successive versions. We observe that vulnerabilities continue to be discovered for an older version because part of its code is shared by the newer and more popular later version. Thus, even when the installed base of an older version has declined, vulnerabilities applicable to it are still discovered. Our results are validated using the source code and vulnerability data for two major versions of Apache HTTP Web server and two major versions of Mysql DBMS.
Interannual variability of Alexandrium fundyense abundance and shellfish toxicity in the Gulf of Maine

Six years of oceanographic surveys of Alexandrium fundyense concentrations in the Gulf of Maine are combined with shellfish toxicity records from coastal monitoring stations to assess covariations of these quantities on seasonal to interannual time scales. Annual mean gulf-wide cell abundance varies by less than one order of magnitude during the time interval examined (1993–2002). Fluctuations in gulf-wide annual mean cell abundance and shellfish toxicity are not related in a consistent manner. This suggests that interannual variations in toxicity may be regulated by transport and delivery of offshore cell populations, rather than the absolute abundance of the source populations themselves. r 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Semiconductor Nanostructures: Nature’s Way

The accumulated evidence for the formation of semiconductor nanostructures via purely growth approaches on (i) nonplanar patterned substrates, (ii) planar high index surfaces having built-in corrugation, and (iii) planar low index substrates on which highly lattice mismatched overlayers forming 3D islands are grown, is analysed. It is shown that the central feature in common is the presence and role of surface and substrate stress tensors in impacting the kinetics of growth. It is argued that it is these stress tensors that provide the driving forces that underlie Nature’s way of controlling the formation of such nanostructures, including the potential for “self-organized” growth. New experimental results for vertically and laterally correlated InAs islands on GaAs(001) are presented to shed further light on the potential for “self-organized” growth. It is also shown that only those models and analytical formulations that account for the mechano- chemical migration, reaction, and incorporation kinetics have a chance of providing a meaningful description. As these are likely to be rather complicated and possibly mathematically intractable, large scale realistic computer simulations may be the only way to critically assess and understand Nature’s way of affecting synthesis of semiconductor nanostructures via purely growth techniques.
Evaluation of Fecal Enterococci Isolation Media to Indicate Fecal Pollution in Chlorinated Water

The selectivity of mEnterococcus and KF streptococcus agar for the isolation of fecal enterococci from chlorinated water were compared. Typical as well as atypical colonies were picked off and purified for identification. Neither mEnterococcus nor KF streptococcus agar, proved to be the ideal isolation medium as some 30 per cent of the colonies with a typical appearance were catalase and benzidine positive, Gram-positive cocci. Catalase and benzidine negative, Gram-positive cocci isolated on KF streptococcus agar were identified as: E. faecalis (6 per cent), E. faecium (7 per cent), E. gallinarum (2 per cent), E. casseliflayus or E. mundtii (17 per cent), E. avium (0.4 per cent), E. durans (0,2 per cent), 24 per cent could not be identified. Similar isolates on mEnterococcus agar, were identified as: E. faecalis (11 per cent), E. faecium (12 per cent), E. gallinarium (2 per cent), E. casieliflavus or E. mundtii (36 per cent), E. avium (1 per cent), and 9 per cent could not be identified. Results obtained indicate that the use of either mEnterococcus or KF streptococcus agar for the indication of fecal pollution in chlorinated water has limited value. Isolates have to be identified to species level to confirm the presence of fecal enterococci. This practice is time consuming and impractical for water quality control purposes.
Volcanic Ash Layers in the Miocene Lake Clarkia Beds: Geochemistry, Regional Correlation, and Age of the Clarkia Flora

Abstract We present chemical data for ash beds interbedded within mid-Miocene lacustrine sediment in the vicinity of Clarkia, north Idaho. The Clarkia lake beds are well known for their exceptional preservation of leaf and other fossils. The ash beds have a range of chemical compositions, indicating eruption from diverse sources located within different tectonic environments in western North America: the Yellowstone hotspot province, the Cascades volcanic arc, and potentially the Southwest Nevada Volcanic Field. A few ash beds can be correlated with tephra deposits of known age. These correlations indicate that the age of the Miocene Lake Clarkia deposits lies between 15.4 and 16.0 Ma. The lake formed when the ancestral St. Maries River was dammed by a flow of the Priest Rapids Member of the Wanapum Basalt (Columbia River Basalt Group), previously assigned an age of ∼ 15 Ma.
Digital chromoendoscopy utilization in clinical practice: A survey of gastroenterologists in Connecticut.

Digital chromoendoscopy utilization in clinical practice: A survey of gastroenterologists in Connecticut
Daily emotional states and emotional self-regulation strategies among high school students with different resilience levels

Objective:To explore the differences in daily emotional states and self-regulation strategies among high school students w ith high,intermediate,and low resilience. Methods: Totally 202 high school students w ere selected and divided into the high,intermediate,and low resilience groups( n = 87,61,54,respectively) according to the scores of the Resilience Scale for Chinese Adolescents( RSCA). There daily emotional state and emotional selfregulation strategies w ere measured w ith the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule( PANAS) and Emotion Regulation Questionnaire( ERQ) respectively. Analysis of covariance w ith covariate of gender w as conducted to test group differences in daily emotional states and self-regulation strategies for positive and negative emotions. Results: The students w ith high resilience reported higher PANAS positive affect scores than those w ith intermediate and low resilience [( 33. 3 ± 6. 2) vs.( 30. 8 ± 5. 2),( 29. 4 ± 6. 9); P 0. 001]. In contrast,students w ith low resilience reported higher PANAS negative affect scores than those w ith high and intermediate resilience [( 27. 5 ± 7. 7) vs.( 22. 3 ± 6. 0),( 24. 0 ± 7. 3); P 0. 001]. When experiencing positive emotions,the students w ith high resilience had higher ERQ rumination scores than those w ith low resilience [( 3. 4 ± 0. 6) vs.( 3. 0 ± 0. 8),P 0. 05],and higher ERQ revealing scores [( 3. 2 ± 0. 7) vs.( 3. 0 ± 0. 6),( 2. 8 ± 0. 9); P 0. 01] and low er ERQ suppression scores[( 1. 4 ± 0. 5) vs.( 1. 6 ± 0. 5),( 1. 8 ± 0. 8); P 0. 01] than those w ith low and intermediate resilience. When experenerving negative emotions,the students w ith high resilience had low er suppression scores than those w ith low and intermediate resilience [( 2. 2 ± 0. 7) vs.( 2. 5 ± 0. 6),( 2. 6 ± 0. 8); P 0. 05],w hile the students w ith low resilience had higher rumination scores than those w ith high and intermediate resilience [( 2. 1 ± 0. 7) vs.( 1. 8 ± 0. 5),( 1. 9 ± 0. 5); P 0. 001]. Conclusions: It suggests that students w ith different levels of resilience may have different daily emotional states and self-regulation strategies. Students w ith high resilience maybe tend to use rumination and revealing more frequently and suppression less frequently to regulate positive emotions. In comparison,they maybe use rumination and suppression less frequently to regulate negative emotions.
Good parents, bad parents: Rethinking family involvement in juvenile justice:

This article proposes a new theoretical model for studying family involvement in youth delinquency cases in juvenile court. It argues that before we can assess the family’s effect on case outcomes,...
Continuous solar wind forcing knowledge: Providing continuous conditions at Mars with the WSA-ENLIL + Cone model

Knowledge of solar wind conditions at Mars is often necessary to study the planet's magnetospheric and ionospheric dynamics. With no continuous upstream solar wind monitor at Mars, studies have used a variety of methods to measure or predict Martian solar wind conditions. In situ measurements, when available, are preferred, but can often be limited in continuity or scope, and so studies have also utilized solar wind proxies, spacecraft flybys, and Earth-Mars alignment to provide solar wind context. Despite the importance of solar wind knowledge and the range of methods used to provide it, the use of solar wind models remains relatively unutilized. This study uses the Wang-Sheeley-Arge (WSA)-ENLIL + Cone solar wind model to calculate solar wind parameters at Mars' orbital location to provide a new approach to determining solar wind conditions at Mars. Comparisons of the model results with observations by the MAVEN spacecraft indicate that the WSA-ENLIL + Cone model can forecast solar wind conditions at Mars as accurately as it has predicted them historically at the Earth, although at Mars the model systematically mispredicts solar wind speed and density, likely a result of magnetogram calibration. Particular focus is placed on modeling the early March 2015 interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) that interacted with Mars. Despite the complexity of the ICMEs, the model accurately predicted the speed and arrival time of the ICME-driven interplanetary shock, although it underpredicted other solar wind parameters. These results suggest that solar wind models can be used to provide the necessary general context of the heliospheric conditions to planetary studies.
Indirect coupling of an organic semiconductor to a d -orbital surface state

Adsorption of the organic semiconductor perylene tetracarboxylic dianhydride onto $\mathrm{Cr}(001)$ decreases the metal $d$-derived surface-state lifetime without causing a shift in its energy. This suggests an indirect electronic interaction that contrasts sharply with expectations of p-d electronic coupling based on direct chemisorption. Lifetime changes are measured with scanning tunneling spectroscopy as a function of temperature and quantified as arising from a molecule-induced increase in electron-electron scattering rate into bulk bands within Fermi-liquid theory. Adsorbate-induced effects extend far beyond the adsorption site of the molecule, decaying exponentially away with a characteristic length scale of $\ensuremath{\sim}2.4\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$, similar to the carrier mean free path in Cr.
Constraints to attracting new hotel workers: A study on industrial recruitment

Abstract The global hospitality and tourism industry is not only burdened with high turnover rates but also may soon be in the throes of a labor shortage. As such, a better understanding of industry employment perceptions has become a critical issue for hospitality managers. Of particular concern are the perceptions of those potential employees that do not have prior employment experience in the hospitality industry. Accordingly, the purpose of this research is to consider perceptions of hotel employment among the segment of the potential employee population that has no current or past experience working in hotels. Per the tenets of Constraint Theory, perceptions of pay, promotion opportunities, work-to-life conflict, and workplace-induced isolation are proposed to significantly affect potential employees’ attitudes toward hotel employment. In turn, these attitudes are proposed to affect both intention to apply for hotel work and the intention to recommend applying for hotel work to others.
How Do You Recognize and Treat Perioperative Anaphylaxis

A 60-year-old female is scheduled to have an elective umbilical hernia repair. Preoperative evaluation revealed a past medical history of hypertension, obesity, and well-controlled type II diabetes mellitus. Her home medications include lisinopril, 10 mg, once a day, and metformin, 1000 mg, twice a day. The surgical history includes 2 previous cesarean sections and an elective abdominoplasty done at an outside facility. The patient reported no history of complications associated with her prior anesthetic exposure and no history of allergies. Physical examination was relevant for a moderately obese female with good dentition and a Mallampati 2 airway. The patient was given an ASA classification of 2.
FOOD AND OTHER SOURCES OF PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS IN HOSPITALS. A REVIEW1

Persons entering a hospital are often more susceptible to infection than normal persons because of their debilitated condition. The hospital food supply is a potential source of infectious pathogenic microorganisms. Three infectious bacteria are of particular concern because of their ubiquitous nature and heartiness. They are Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. Transfer of microorganisms to patients via hospital food supplies can occur in three ways. First, pathogenic bacteria can be brought in on food itself. If food is not cooked, as is true of many fruits and some vegetables, bacteria can be transferred from the food to the patient. Second, food service personnel may be carriers of pathogenic organisms that can contaminate food and then be transferred to the patient via the food supply. Third, mishandling of food by improper or insufficient heating, refrigeration, or storage can result in foodborne illness. Beside food, bacteria that cause nosocomial infections can come...
Multilocus and multiregional phylogeny reconstruction of the genus Sarcophaga (Diptera, Sarcophagidae)

Abstract The flesh-fly genus Sarcophaga is extremely diverse and contains ca. 30% of the species in the family Sarcophagidae (∼3000 species). The phylogenetic position of the genus-group taxa Helicobia , Lipoptilocnema , and Peckia remains uncertain with respect to the hyperdiverse Sarcophaga , due to conflicting phylogenetic trees and insufficient sampling in recent studies. We present maximum-likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of 145 species of 48 subgenera of the genus Sarcophaga from all biogeographic regions based on the molecular markers COI, 28 D1–D3 expansion regions, EF1α, and white. Our analyses find ( Lipoptilocnema + Peckia ) as the sister group of the monophyletic Sarcophaga . The genus Helicobia is placed outside Sarcophaga . Our hypotheses suggest that the ancestor shared by Sarcophaga and its sister clade originated in the Neotropical region, and the subsequent range expansion might be related to the formation of the Isthmus of Panama. This study supports the monophyly of most of the subgenera of Sarcophaga included here, and it shows the evolution of this genus to be a rapid radiation occurring in the Nearctic region with a subsequent dispersal into the Old World. The subgeneric clusters within Sarcophaga are in agreement with the current classification, with only Mauritiella , Rosellea , Helicophagella , Liosarcophaga , and Sarcorohdendorfia being non-monophyletic. We also validate the monotypic condition of 10 subgenera.
Achieving Aesthetic Results by Using Laser in Minimally Invasive Dentistry Approach

The preservation of healthy human body and function for every patient should be the goal of all health practitioners. Dentistry is not an exception to this philosophy. In past few decades, the impr...
Assessing engineering students' demonstration of workplace competencies in experiential learning environments through internships and cooperative work experiences

This study investigated the relationships between supervisor assessments and internship students’ self-assessments for 15 workplace competencies, demonstrated in an internship or cooperative work environment. The 15 workplace competencies were developed by Iowa State University in collaboration with over 200 constituents comprised of Iowa State University COE alumni, engineering employers, COE faculty, partnering international faculty, and COE students, to provide clear, independent, and assessable measures for the eleven learning outcomes identified in the ABET Criterion 3 (a-k) outcomes. The study investigated workplace competency assessment data collected over ten years, commencing with the fall 2001 internship assessment term and concluding with the fall 2011 assessment term. The study used three separate methodologies to analyze workplace competency assessments in the COE. Part 1 analyzed data across the fifteen workplace competencies, and across ten programs in the College of Engineering, that have been involved with the workplace competency assessment of internship and cooperative students from the beginning of data collection in 2001. Supervisor assessment ratings were compared to internship student self-assessment ratings across the ten-year span from 200111using the non-parametric equivalent of the paired t-test; the Wilcoxon singed rank test for paired data. Part 2 of the study investigated the relationship between supervisor and student self-assessment data across assessment terms related to the 2001-05 and 2006-11 ABET accreditation cycles. The third part investigated how data tracking workplace competency strengths and weaknesses and ABET outcomes achievement percentages have changed between the assessment terms across accreditation cycles. Part 3 included an on-line survey
A demonstration of ST-hadoop: a MapReduce framework for big spatio-temporal data

This demo presents ST-Hadoop; the first full-fledged open-source MapReduce framework with a native support for spatio-temporal data. ST-Hadoop injects spatio-temporal awareness in the Hadoop base code, which results in achieving order(s) of magnitude better performance than Hadoop and SpatialHadoop when dealing with spatio-temporal data and queries. The key idea behind ST-Hadoop is its ability in indexing spatio-temporal data within Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS). A real system prototype of ST-Hadoop, running on a local cluster of 24 machines, is demonstrated with two big-spatio-temporal datasets of Twitter and NYC Taxi data, each of around one billion records.
Structural mechanism of iodine incorporation in As-Se-I glasses and its effects on physical properties

Abstract The structural evolution of ternary As x Se 100 − x − y I y glasses (x = 20, 30 and y = 10, 20) upon progressive substitution of Se with I is studied using a combination of high-resolution, two-dimensional 77 Se nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Raman spectroscopy. The results suggest that the As-Se bonds in the As-Se-Se linkages in these glasses are severed and terminated by As-I bonds with a concomitant increase in the relative fraction of Se-Se-Se linkages and, in the case of As 30 Se 70 − y I y glasses, also in the relative fraction of As-Se-As linkages. This structural modification decreases the average connectivity of the network and its packing efficiency, which are manifested in an increase in molar volume and fragility and a decrease in glass transition temperature T g and isothermal viscosity. Additionally, T g and fragility are found to be only a function of average coordination number regardless of chemical composition. When taken together, these results indicate a relatively homogeneous distribution of the I atoms in the glass structure in “mixed-anion” AsSe (3 − x) / 2 I x pyramidal units.