cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transporting Subgroup Analyses of Randomized Controlled Trials for Planning Implementation of New Interventions.

Subgroup analyses of randomized controlled trials guide resource allocation and implementation of new interventions by identifying groups of individuals who are likely to benefit most from the intervention. Unfortunately, trial populations are rarely representative of the target populations of public health or clinical interest. Unless the relevant differences between trial and target populations are accounted for, subgroup results from trials might not reflect which groups in the target population will benefit most from the intervention. Transportability provides a rigorous framework for applying results derived in potentially highly selected study populations to external target populations. The method requires that researchers measure and adjust for all variables that 1) modify the effect of interest and 2) differ between the target and trial populations. To date, applications of transportability have focused on the external validity of overall study results and understanding within-trial heterogeneity; however, this approach has not yet been used for subgroup analyses of trials. Through an example from the Iniciativa Profilaxis Pre-Exposicion (iPrEx) study (multiple countries, 2007-2010) of preexposure prophylaxis for human immunodeficiency virus, we illustrate how transporting subgroup analyses can produce target-specific subgroup effect estimates and numbers needed to treat. This approach could lead to more tailored and accurate guidance for resource allocation and cost-effectiveness analyses.
A Study of Social Network Messages During the COVID-19 Infodemic: Salient Features and the Propagation of Information Types

Amid a world of the COVID-19 pandemic, people often have turned to social media as a means of communicating and receiving information. Within existing social networks one can discover a wide range of messages that vary in sentiment, measure of helpfulness, and/or intended harm. In this paper, we measure the utility of Tweets based on their ability to propagate throughout the Twittersphere as well as the salient features that contribute to their successful propagation. In this work, we consider five types of Tweets that can be classified as: (1) Caution & Advice, (2) Doubt & Criticism, (3) Rumor & Counter-Rumors, (4) Generic Harm, and (5) Non-Situational Information. Our results suggest that, on average, Caution & Advice messages propagate fastest while messages classified as Generic Harm have the slowest propagation.
Small‐molecule Inhibitors of DNA Base Excision Repair

Cells rely on several DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) repair pathways to maintain the integrity of their genetic information, including DNA base excision repair (BER). BER involves the removal of a DNA base, damaged in some way by a chemical modification, and then subsequent repair to reconstitute the DNA. Inhibition of the proteins and enzymes that mediate BER can result in cell death, especially in actively dividing cells. As such, many of these enzymes are targets for pharmaceutical research to combat cancer and severe inflammatory ailments. Small molecules have been identified that inhibit at least three of the principal enzymes of BER: an enzyme that participates in the signalling of DNA damage, an endonuclease involved in processing an intermediate of BER and a DNA polymerase. This article focuses on the known BER enzyme inhibitors, many of which are pharmaceutical candidates in clinical trials to treat disease. Key concepts: Several small molecules have been developed that inhibit the enzymes involved in DNA base excision repair. Inhibition of DNA base excision repair can sensitize cells to DNA-damaging treatments. Inhibitors of the DNA base excision repair enzymes are being investigated as potential treatments for cancer and severe inflammation. Keywords: DNA repair; PARP; APE1; DNA polymerase β; cancer; chemotherapy
Coexistence of Wi-Fi and LAA-LTE: Experimental evaluation, analysis and insights

LTE-A as a cellular technology has gained tremendous importance in recent years due to its high data-rates and improved data access for mobile devices. Recently, utilizing the unlicensed band as a supplementary band for LTE-A is being considered to expand the capacity of mobile systems. License-assisted access using LTE (LAA-LTE) will thus operate in the unlicensed band, and will operate in a spectrum that overlaps with Wi-Fi, another popular unlicensed-band technology. The concern is that LAA-LTE and Wi-Fi are unlikely to have mechanisms to directly coordinate with each other to address channel-sharing issues. In this paper, we study the interference impact of LAA-LTE on Wi-Fi under various network conditions using purely experimental analysis in indoor environments. The following three questions are specifically considered in this paper: (1) What are the implications of LAA-LTE usage on Wi-Fi? (2) How should LAA-LTE or Wi-Fi be configured for Wi-Fi to be less impacted? (3) How should the LAA-LTE MAC protocol be designed to be gracefully co-exist with Wi-Fi? To answer the above questions, we present comprehensive experimental results and give insights based on the results.
Register Allocation, Renaming and Their Impact on Fine-Grain Parallelism

It is well known that renaming is an important tool for enhancing parallelization. However, at the fine-grain level renaming involves the addition of extra registers which may affect register allocation. Thus a tradeoff between register allocation and parallelism has to be made to optimize the code performance for fine-grain parallel machines (i.e. pipelined, VLIW's, superscalars). Because of the complexity involved, previous compilers have avoided making this tradeoff by separating register allocation from code reorganization (scheduling). Unfortunately, this separation' can lead to severe performance problems. We propose in this paper a new approach which circumvents these traditional problems while yielding an efficient implementation. Some benchmarks are used to illustrate the effect of our technique.
Industry and skill wage premiums in east Asia

This paper focuses on the estimation of skill/industry premiums and labor force composition at the national and sector levels in seven East Asian countries with the objective of providing a comprehensive analysis of trends in demand for skills in the region. The paper addresses the following questions: Are there converging or diverging trends in the region regarding the evolution of skill premiums and labor force composition? Are changes in skill premiums generalized or industry-related? How have industry premiums evolved? The analysis uses labor and household surveys going back at least 10 years. The main trends emerging from the analysis are: (a) increasing proportions of skilled/educated workers over the long run across the region; (b) generally increasing demand for skills in the region; (c) the service sector has become the most important driver of demand for skills for all countries (except Thailand); (d) countries can be broadly categorized into three groups in relation to trends and patterns of demand for skills (Indonesia, Philippines, and Thailand; Vietnam and China; and Cambodia and Mongolia); and (e) industry premiums have increased in three countries of the region (Philippines, Thailand, and Cambodia). These trends point to several policyimplications, including that governments should focus on policies promoting access to education to address the increasing demand for skills and/or persistent skill shortages; support general rather than specific curricula given broad-based increases in skill premiums in most countries; better tailor curriculum design and content and pedagogical approaches to the needs of the service sector; and target some social protection programs to unskilled workers to protect them from the"unequalizing"impact of education.
The Cytoplasm: No Longer a Well-Mixed Bag

Until the last decade or so, many intracellular signaling pathways were viewed as processes in which second messengers diffused uniformly through a well-mixed milieu of the cell’s cytoplasm to reach their targets. Although it was recognized that the cell’s interior was compartmentalized, this compartmentalization was believed to be largely defined by internal membranes, such as the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), and mitochondria. But like the joke about the person who has lost his keys in the dark but looks for them under the street lamp because the light is better, this view of the cytoplasm as a well-mixed milieu was less of a proven fact than a simplifying assumption. Over the last decade, advances in subcellular imaging have dramatically upset this view, so that now a high degree of compartmentalization of signaling pathways within the cytoplasm is considered the norm rather than the exception. It is now clear that the cytoplasm has a highly organized cytoskeleton and sophisticated molecular trafficking mechanisms that direct and tether proteins into macroaggregates at specific locations to facilitate localized signaling. The cytoplasm is now viewed as a system of microdomains with restricted diffusion (eg, hierarchical Ca2+ signaling) and direct channeling of substrates to enzymes (eg, protein kinases/phosphatases cascades). In the field of metabolism, subcellular compartmentation of energy production has been a well-accepted fact ever since mitochondria were identified as the engines driving aerobic high-energy phosphate production. In addition, glycolytic enzymes complexes are well-known to be associated with specific intracellular structures, such as the SR.1 On the flip side, however, energy consumption by the cell has traditionally been viewed as a fairly democratic process, with high-energy phosphates freely diffusing throughout the cytoplasm to be consumed wherever they are needed. In tissues with high energy requirements, such as muscle, the creatine …
Evidence-Based Dentistry and Clinical Implementation by Third-Year Dental Students

Over the last two decades, the concept of evidence-based medicine (EBM) has become the standard of medical care. Defined by Sackett et al. as "the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients," EBM recognizes that the practitioner should combine individual clinical expertise with the best available external evidence for optimal care. Consideration of the patient's needs and preferences is also an integral component of the clinical application. Dental educators have to account for the fact that not all dental treatment outcomes have been researched with randomized clinical trials. Dogmas in dentistry still exist regarding restorative treatments and methods taught to next generations of practitioners, while limited evidence is available. The purpose of this study was to determine how third-year dental students at one U.S. dental school select articles to provide supportive evidence related to treatment planning. The results show that knowledge provided in a three-week course in evidence-based dentistry (EBD) for first-year dental students was not efficiently applied when the students reached their third year. A significant percentage of the students perceived the use of literature as not beneficial for sustaining clinical aspects of a treatment plan, and they did not use appropriate tools to access best available resources. As a result of these findings, the article proposes incorporation of specific learning objectives related to EBD principles throughout the curriculum and a simplified method to search for best available evidence that has the advantage of not requiring knowledge and training in rigorous formulation of clinical questions.
New approach to effective field theories

A systematic discussion of effective field theories, describing a given subset of fields of a quantum field theory, is presented within the context of functional integration. Effective field theories are divided into two classes, natural and unnatural, according to certain independence properties of the counterterms of the theory, defined by minimal subtraction. Natural effective field theories allow independent renormalizations for two distinct mass scales of the theory. A set of constraints, which place restrictions on masses and external momenta, allow the effective field theory to be approximated by a local Lagrangian of dimension four. Predictions of the complete theory are compared with those of the local, effective theory in a domain where both are supposed to be valid. The separate renormalization-group improvement with respect to the two independent mass scales of a natural effective field theory is described. Special problems raised by the presence of massless Goldstone bosons are discussed. The general issues are illustrated by examples from scalar field theories in order to present the discussion simply.
Small is better: avoiding latency traps in virtualized data centers

Public clouds have become a popular platform for building Internet-scale applications. Using virtualization, public cloud services grant customers full control of guest operating systems and applications, while service providers still retain the management of their host infrastructure. Because applications built with public clouds are often highly sensitive to response time, infrastructure builders strive to reduce the latency of their data center's internal network. However, most existing solutions require modification to the software stack controlled by guests. We introduce a new host-centric solution for improving latency in virtualized cloud environments. In this approach, we extend a classic scheduling principle---Shortest Remaining Time First---from the virtualization layer, through the host network stack, to the network switches. Experimental and simulation results show that our solution can reduce median latency of small flows by 40%, with improvements in the tail of almost 90%, while reducing throughput of large flows by less than 3%.
Bias in the formulation of local government budget problems

Government budgets are premised on forecasts of revenues and expenditures. These forecasts are subject to both stochastic error and strategic manipulation. Circumstantial evidence in the budgeting literature and in the popular media suggest that government officials routinely bias the forecasts underlying budgets. The research reported here asked three primary questions: To what extent are budget forecasts systematically biased? Why? (Are fiscal and electoral variables systematically related to the magnitude and direction of the biases?) What political and ethical difference do the biases make? From the literature and an analysis of the incentives facing politicians and bureaucrats, we developed hypotheses about budget biases. These hypotheses were tested using time series data for the City of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (1941–1983); the City of San Diego, California (1950–1982); and the Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania) School District (1946–1983). In these locales over the periods examined, budgets were systematically pessimistic; revenues were underestimated and expenditures were overestimated. The fiscal and electoral factors hypothesized to account for this pessimism are, however, very mixed in their ability to explain the biases.
Common use in the general population of sexual enrichment AIDS and drugs to enhance sexual experience.

Background:We describe the prevalence of ever and current use of sexual enrichment aids and of using drugs to enhance the sexual experience, and correlates of that usage.Study Population:Participants in a random-digit dial survey conducted in the Seattle area between 2003 and 2004 among residents ag
Pathological changes associated with the inhalation of sodium zirconium lactate.

(1960). Pathological Changes Associated with the Inhalation of Sodium Zirconium Lactate. Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal: Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 297-300.
High temperature processing of pork : a review

Published September 1968. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
In vitro comparison of over-the-top and through-the-condyle anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions

Knee kinematics, during standard knee examination maneuvers, were measured on 15 fresh cadaveric knees in their normal state and after isolated sectioning of the anterior cruciate ligament using a six degree of freedom electrogoniometer. Proximal iliotibial band autografts were used to perform two anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions on the cadaveric knees: an over-the-top reconstruction and a through-the-condyle procedure. Both of these reconstructions reduced the abnormal anterior translation of the anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee seen in Lachman testing. However, neither reconstruction restored the normal anterior translation. In addition, other motions remained uncorrected: 1) the internal rotation due to internal torque at full extension; 2) coupled anterior translation during internal rotation at full extension; and 3) coupled medial translation with anterior translation in Lachman testing. There were no statistical differences noted in the joint kinematics created by either reconstruction.
The Metabolism of Androgens by Human Fibroblasts

In vitro studies have demonstrated that testosterone (T) is converted to dihydrotestosteorne (DHT) by skin and male accessory organs, and it has been postulated that DHT may be the intracellular biologic androgen of the target organ. In order to study androgen metabolism at the cellular level, fibroblasts cultured from human skin were incubated with radioisotopically labelled steroids in a NADH generating system. Both intact cells and subcellular fractions were studied. The metabolites were separated by paper chromatography and identified by reverse isotopic dilution. DHT was found to be a major metabolite. Eticholanolone was not found to be a metabolite, indicating no 5β reduction of ring A. Thus, the fibroblasts metabolized T and androstenedione (Δ4) in a manner similar to skin and male accessory organs. Preliminary data indicate that fibroblasts cultured from males and females formed comparable amounts of DHT in the same incubation time. However, there appeared to be a more rapid metabolism of T by female fibroblasts through the 17-oxo pathway to Δ4 and androsterone. The cytoplasmic fraction obtained after homogenization of fibroblasts and centrifugation at 800 g metabolized T to DHT, Δ4, androstanediol and androsterone. Fibroblasts offer a model for the study of cellular metabolism of androgens and will be useful in elucidating the causes of end organ resistance to androgens.
Effect of alterations in lipid packing order by hydrophobic solutes on the association state of protein assemblies in model membranes

The effects of two hydrophobic solutes which perturb lipid packing order, permethrin and allethrin, on the aggregated state of a lipid membrane-incorporated protein, bacteriorhodopsin (BR), have been determined by resonance energy transfer measurements. As temperature is increased from well below the main gel-fluid phase transition temperature (Tc) of the lipid, patches of aggregated BR dissociate into monomers, a few degrees below the Tc (M.P. Heyn, A. Blume, M. Rehorek and N.A. Dencher, Biochemistry 20 (1981) 7109; M.P. Heyn, R.J. Cherry and N.A. Dencher, Biochemistry 20 (1981) 840). Permethrin and allethrin were found to cause a decrease in the temperature of BR disaggregation which was associated with a decrease in the Tc of the lipid. In gel phase dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine at 25 degrees C, the pertubing effects of permethrin on lipid packing order were associated with a decrease in the average patch radius from 123 to 33 A. It is concluded that perturbation of lipid packing order by small hydrophobic molecules may alter the stability of protein assemblies in membranes.
Prospects for Japanese-Russian Trade Expansion in the Second Half of the 1990s

During the Soviet period, trade between the USSR and Japan was relatively unimportant, constituting approximately 2 percent of the Soviet Union's total foreign trade turnover. The composition of trade goods, moreover, was primitive. The USSR exported unprocessed raw materials in exchange for high value added industrial products. This paper examines the impact of Russia's fledgling transition on its trade with Japan and finds some hopeful developments. Although the volume of trade has contracted, Russian exports are reviving, the commodity structure is adjusting appropriately to changes in relative prices, and embodied factor content is import-capital-intensive as required by the Leontief variant of the Heckscher-Ohlin theory. The primary cloud blighting this performance is Russia's continuing inability to export its industrial goods.
Laser shadowgraphy, two-wavelength laser interferometry, schlieren imaging and optical emission spectroscopy diagnostics of laser induced plasmas in different phases and at phase boundaries

Summary form only given. Fast gating and high resolution laser shadowgraphy, two wavelength laser interferometry, Schlieren imaging and optical emission spectroscopy diagnostics were carried out to experimentally investigate pulsed 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser-induced breakdown plasma in air at 760 Torr1 and in liquid (water) and in liquid-metal phase boundaries. Three different experimental laser energies and pulse widths such as 170 mJ at 8 ns, 130 mJ at 7 ns and 65 mJ at 12 ns are studied. The laser pulses were focused down to a ~7 micron spot size in air and the resulting laser flux densities range from 4-14 TW/cm2. The detailed experimental arrangements and results will be presented. A 532 nm laser shadowgraphy coupled with high speed and high resolution image capturing diagnostics has been established to investigate spatiotemporal evolution and hydrodynamic behavior of the 1064 nm laser induced plasma and neutral density shock during the formation, expansion and collapsing stages. The active plasma lifetime through plasma self-luminescence measurements indicate variations from 200-500 ns for the three laser pulses. Shock propagation velocity and plasma volume for three laser pulse series indicate similarly shaped profiles at different expansion velocities. Early plasma expansion velocities of 20 km/s were measured and using Hugoniot relations the neutral shock pressures and temperatures were inferred and the results at the early plasma expansion stage were found to be over 1000 atmospheres and 4 eV. Laser induced plasma breakdown and its resulting shockwave generation and bubble formation in water was also investigated and characterized. The results of these investigations will be presented. Two wavelength laser interferometry based plasma density measurements will be presented. Plasma temperature measurements using optical emission spectroscopy diagnostics will be presented.
Importance of polarization in quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics descriptions of electronic excited states: NaI(H2O)n photodissociation dynamics as a case study.

Sodium iodide has long been a paradigm for ionic and covalent curve crossing and ultrafast nonadiabatic dynamics, and our interest lies in the influence of solvation on this process. The NaI(H 2 O) n photodissociation dynamics are simulated with the molecular dynamics with quantum transitions method. A quantum mechanics/ molecular mechanics (QM/MM) description is adopted for the NaI(H 2 O) n electronic states, in which a semiempirical valence bond approach is used to describe the NaI electronic structure, and a polarizable optimized potential for cluster simulations model is used to describe solute-solvent and solvent-solvent interactions. In contrast to previous work with a nonpolarizable MM model [Koch et al., J. Phys. Chem. A, 2006, 110, 1438], this approach predicts that the NaI ionic ground- to covalent first-excited-state Franck-Condon energy gaps reach a plateau by cluster size 16, in relatively good agreement with experiment and electronic structure calculations; this allows us to safely extend our previous simulations to larger cluster sizes, i.e., n > 4. The simulations suggest that the disappearance of the two-photon ionization probe signals observed in femtosecond pump-probe experiments of NaI(H 2 O) n , n ≥ 4, is due to the shift of the NaI curve-crossing region toward larger NaI internuclear separations because of solvent stabilization of the NaI ionic state. Further, the latter causes the adiabatic ground and excited states to acquire pure ionic and covalent character, respectively, by cluster 8, resulting in NaI ionic ground-state recombination or dissociation. To make a connection with electron transfer in solution, free energy curves have been generated as a function of a solvent coordinate similar to that of solution theory. Inspection of the free energy curves together with the results of excited-state simulations reveal that the electron-transfer process in clusters is not governed by the collective motion of the solvent molecules, as in solution, but that it rather proceeds along the NaI internuclear separation coordinate, as in the gas phase. In fact, solvation in small clusters mainly influences the nonadiabatic dynamics by modulating the NaI internuclear separation at which the ionic and covalent curve-crossing region occurs. Furthermore, the simulations show that electron transfer does not occur in the inverted regime, as predicted by the free energy curves, because of the extreme nonequilibrium nature of the NaI(H 2 O) n photodissociation process, and the rate of electron transfer increases with cluster size and increasing solvation. Overall, this work demonstrates the importance of including polarization in realistic excited-state simulations of NaI(H 2 O) n relaxation.
The Background of the Present Abortion Controversy

The present conflicting attitudes, values, and belief systems regarding public policies on abortion have long roots in the past. A greater understanding of these roots, especially of their variety and complexity in the nineteenth century in this country, can promote a clearer view of current issues. It is particularly illuminating to examine changing abortion policies in the context of religious, economic, medical, social, and political trends in various historical periods and from a feminist perspective. This article presents a brief analytic survey of these topics.
The Sex combs reduced gene of Drosophila melanogaster has multiple transcripts.

Abstract The Sex combs reduced (Scr) homeotic gene of Drosophila melanogaster specifies the development of structures within the most posterior head segment, the labium and the most anterior thoracic segment, the prothorax or Tl. Here, the structure of Scr and correct sequence of the SCR protein are presented. Scr encodes a 417-amino-acid DNA-binding protein with sequence similarity to the mouse homologues, HOXA5, B5 and C5. The greatest similarity is within the DNA-binding homeodomain (hdm); shorter conserved motifs are found near the N terminus and a region N-terminal to the hdm. As with most of the D. melanogaster homeotic genes, Scr has alternative exons.
Weber's sociology and Weber's personality

Of all the major authors sociologists like to claim for their discipline, Max Weber has proven to be the most intractable. The difficulties are partly intrinsic to his work, yet in no small measure they are also linked to the particular circumstances of his emergence as a figure of central importance for post-classical sociology. This rise to prominence owes a great deal to Talcott Parsons's groundbreaking effort aimed at consolidating sociological thought within the unitary framework of a selfconsciously synthetic, general, and comprehensive theory. This project obviously could not be all things to all people. The convergence hypothesis underlying The Structure of Social Action essentially had the effect of downplaying the extent to which Weber sided with the German historicists' profound rejection of Anglo-French positivistprogressivist-generalizing social science. Instead, he was made to come off as an author in the process of transcending the particularism of his national tradition toward a more universal position.
Conformational stability of ethyl chlorogermane from temperature-dependent FT-IR spectra of krypton solutions and r0 structural parameters of methyl chlorogermane and ethyl germane

Abstract The Raman spectra (3200–30 cm −1 ) of liquid and solid, and infrared spectra of gaseous and solid ethyl chlorogermane, CH 3 CH 2 GeH 2 Cl, have been recorded. Variable temperature (−105 to −150 °C) studies of the infrared spectra of the sample dissolved in liquid krypton have been carried out. From these data, the enthalpy difference has been determined to be 143±30 cm −1 (1.71±0.36 kJ mol −1 ), with the more stable form, the gauche conformer, which is consistent with the prediction from ab initio calculations at both the Hartree–Fock level and with electron correlation by the perturbation method to second order. It is estimated that 80% of the sample is in the gauche form at ambient temperature. A complete vibrational assignment is proposed for both the gauche and trans conformers based on infrared band contours, relative intensities, depolarization values, and group frequencies which is supported by normal coordinate calculations utilizing the force constants from the ab initio MP2/6-31G(d) calculations. The optimized geometries and conformational stabilities have also been obtained from ab initio calculations utilizing several different basis sets with full electron correlation by the perturbation method up to MP2/6-311+G(2d,2p). The r 0 adjusted structural parameters for methyl chlorogermane and ethyl germane have been obtained from a combination of the previously reported microwave rotational constants and ab initio predicted parameters. The results are discussed and compared to some corresponding results for several related molecules.
Comparing psychiatric symptoms among children of substance-abusing parents with different treatment histories

It appears that no studies to date have compared the psychiatric functioning of children of substance-abusing parents (COSs) across substance abuse treatment histories (e.g., inpatient, outpatient, and residential). Different treatment histories may reflect differences in the severity of drug use, degree of impairment, or drug of choice, which may result in different symptomatology among COSs. Moreover, this information may be important for family-based treatment and prevention planning. In this study, we examine psychiatric symptoms experienced by children whose parents have different addiction treatment histories. Eighty-one parents in treatment for a substance use disorder who had two–eight-year-old children completed an anonymous, computerized assessment. Respondents reported on their child’s symptomatology as well as their own treatment history and current substance use. Overall, children were remarkably similar in psychiatric functioning and demographic characteristics across parents’ treatment hist...
Morphology of alveolar lining layer

The extracellular alveolar lining layer (ALL), composed of both surface film and hypophase, is described under different conditions and fixatives. With primary osmium fixation of small blocks the ALL is not preserved. Lamellar and homogeneous osmiophilic bodies are scattered at random within alveoli. Occasionally the surface film remains within an alveolus but the hypophase is not seen. Poor preservation of the ALL is thought to be due to the limited ability of osmium to cross link proteins and to the mechanical deformation of the alveoli which inevitably accompanies the cutting of fresh lung into small blocks. This leads to the escape of alveolar air and a loss of the air-liquid interface. With primary glutaraldehyde fixation of the whole lung, the ALL is well preserved in many alveoli. The hypophase is mostly homogeneous but occasionally contains osmiophilic bodies and lattices. There are no lamellar and homogeneous osmiophilic bodies within the air space of the alveoli when the ALL is preserved, which suggests that primary osmium fixation of tissue leads to the dislodgement of these osmiophilic bodies from the hypophase. The electron densities of the surface film, the hypophase and the capillary fluid are alike in a given preparation but vary considerably with the concentration of the glutaraldehyde solution and the buffer vehicles used. It is pointed out that in phosphate-buffered preparations the hypophase, the basement membrane and the capillary fluid are highly electron-dense which makes difficult the localization of an electrondense tracers.
Evolutionary changes in microcomputer services and support

“I've got a quick question”.Those of us who have been working in microcomputer services and support for several years have heard this question asked many times. The question has remained the same but the users asking the question, as well as the answers, have not. Evolving technology and user sophistication now require the educational community to review their services and support programs.The Ohio State University has experienced dramatic changes in users and is attempting to respond to these changes. Users now expect and demand more services. Areas of concern include: public labs with a wider range of machines and longer hours; more varied site licenses; university resale and discount programs; hands-on workshops specifically designed for faculty and staff; residence hall microcomputing facilities; comprehensive networking of the university community; file transfer capabilities with numerous mainframes and microcomputers; and increased consultant awareness of new technology and software.This paper will outline the programs that are being implemented at The Ohio State University to facilitate these needs. Emphasis is to be placed on new techniques and the anticipated results.
Methods for gas-phase measurements of ozone, ozone precursors and aerosol precursors

Abstract The techniques currently available to measure the ambient atmospheric concentrations of O 3 , O 3 -precursors (including the odd-hydrogen free radicals), the oxidation products of these compounds, and gas-phase aerosol precursors are outlined below. This critical review focuses on the recent developments, and, in particular those developments that have been reported in the published literature since 1990. In general, the techniques are described in terms of the results of formal and informal comparisons of the techniques in measuring the compounds of interest in the ambient atmosphere. The article concludes with a brief discussion of calibration methods and standards and tests that should be routinely performed when measurements in ambient atmosphere are undertaken.
Regulatory processes and the development of cognitive representations.

Although the construct of regulation is usually applied to ongoing behavior, it also has implications for ongoing cognition and the development of cognitive representations. We propose that subcortical motivational systems influence cortical representations in two general ways. First, they regulate response processes, promoting a general selection of information to which the child is exposed. Second, motivational systems regulate attention, promoting a more selective stabilization of representations for motivationally relevant sources of information. Together with the environment, these regulatory processes shape the child's developing representations. Individual differences in these processes result in cortical representational systems that enhance the motivational systems* ability to detect relevant inputs and to guide behavior in light of them. Examples are provided that focus on fearful children, discussing how their self-representation may contribute to anxious psychopathology.
Dose-related action of estradiol on placental prostanoid prediction.

Prostanoids play an important role throughout all of pregnancy and during the initiation and progress of labor. The human placenta at term produces large quantities of prostanoids, yet little is known of the factors that regulate their biosynthesis. Herein, we report the effect of estradiol or estradiol and progesterone on the basal release of placental prostanoids from fresh human term placental explants using a perifusion system. The basal release of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha), thromboxane (TxB2) and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha (6-keto-PGF1 alpha) increased about 50% from the fifth to the ninth hour in culture, while the release of 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF (PGFM) remained constant and hCG release decreased. The dose-related effect of estradiol (20-2,000 ng/ml) in the perifusing medium starting at the fifth hour of perifusion (i.e., the zero treatment time) effected no change in the release of TxB2, PGF2 alpha, PGFM or hCG. A biphasic action on the release of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha was observed, i.e. it was significantly decreased when incubated with 20 ng/ml of estradiol, but effected an increase after exposure to 200 ng/ml. The concomitant addition of progesterone (2,000 ng/ml) with estradiol (200 ng/ml) significantly inhibited the stimulatory action of estradiol at this dose. The release of PGF2 was inhibited in a dose-related fashion with increasing dose of estradiol. The addition of progesterone with estradiol (2,000 and 200 ng/ml, respectively) reversed the inhibition of PGE2 by estradiol alone. These data demonstrate that physiologic levels of estradiol affect 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and PGE2 release from the human term placenta, but do not significantly alter production of TxB2, PGFM or hCG under these conditions.
Increased monoamine oxidase activity following repeated electroshock seizures

We Have recently reported that chronic electroconvulsive seizures (ECS) lead to a long-lasting increase (up to 6 weeks) in the activity of monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the brain of rats (Pryor and Otis, 1970). Other investigators have shown increased levels of norepinephrine (NE) and 5-HT, more rapid clearance of intracisternally-injected [3H]HNE (Kety, Javoy, Thierry, Julou and Glowinski, 1967), and increased tyrosine hydroxylase activity (Musacchio, Julou, Kety and Glowinski, 1969) at 24 h after a series of two ECS daily for 7 days. Together, these data suggest a sustained activation of the 5-HT and/or NE systems following chronic ECS. We now report the results of a series of experiments in which some of the potential variables that may be involved in the MAO response were investigated and that indicate some biochemical specificity of the response. In these experiments, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity was also assayed to assess possible nonspecific effects of repeated seizures on mitochondrial metabolism and catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) activity was determined to see if this extracellular degradative enzyme for NE was affected in the same way as MAO located intracellularly in the mitochondria.
Experimentally feasible green-light negative index metamaterial

We propose a novel green-light plasmonic negative index metamaterial (NIM). Underlying experimental data for the metal layers and the fabrication feasibility based on electron-beam lithography render the structure arguably the most promising in the literature to further scale the operating frequency of the NIMs to new record low visible wavelengths.
Overcoming humidity dependence of the chromium trioxide converter used in luminol-based nitric oxide detection

Abstract The surface-atmosphere exchange of gaseous NOx (NO+NO2) is commonly measured by chamber methods that employ a portable luminol-based NO2 detector. Detection of NO depends on its prior oxidation to NO2 by CrO3 with efficiency that depends on sample relative humidity. We found that inadequate drying of wet chamber air samples, and consequent changes in NO oxidation efficiency, often contributes to observed apparent shifts in the response of commercially available detectors in the field. Our instrument’s performance was improved when the water vapor gradient across its membrane dryer was enhanced by replacing the restrictor on the air inlet of the dryer’s shell with a desiccant column, and then increasing ambient air flow through the shell to approximately equal the sample air flow rate. We also demonstrated that pumice is the preferred CrO3 support material for luminol-based detection of NO in chamber air samples; advantages include low cost, superior physical properties, and the simplicity of fabricating a CrO3/pumice converter by the user.
ZEALOTS AND SICARII, THEIR ORIGINS AND RELATION

It has long been the common opinion that the Zealots were the party founded by Judas the Galilean — so Graetz and Jost, for instance, writing in the middle of the past century. Derenbourg, it is true, observed that the term ”Zealots” was not applied to the opponents of the Romans before the revolt, but when he came to the events of the revolt he made a descendant of Judas, Menahem, the leader of the Zealots and so apparently assumed the connection of the party with Judas. Schurer's adherence canonized the common opinion, and also the common description of the Sicarii as a more fanatical fraction of the party — though the sources contain nothing to suggest that the party had split before the Sicarii appeared. Hence, with only minor variations, Eduard Meyer, Bousset, Baron, and Yadin's account of the Zealots in Masada, to name only the largest studies.
Biological pacemakers: Ready for the clinic?

Biological pacemakers (BioP) have been created by both gene and cell therapy in animal models of human disease. Cellbased BioP have been developed by delivery of spontaneously-beating embryoid bodies derived from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) into the myocardium, or human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) “loaded”with pacemaker channel genes (HCN2) [1]. The translational potential of these two approaches has been limited for reasons described below. Somatic gene transfer with a single or combination of different ion channels, and more recently a human transcription factor (TBX18), have all been shown to create BioP activity in vivo [1–3]. The article by Boink et al. [4] summarizes the present state of BioP research, comparing studies from different investigators in the field and their potential to advancing to the clinic. The following important issues briefly discussed in the article merit further clarification when considering first-in-human BioP applications: (1) preferred biological agent, (2) patient selection, and (3) preferred delivery system.
MIXED ADSORPTION OF ETHYLENE AND NITROGEN ON TUNGSTEN.

Abstract Flash filament spectroscopy has been applied to mixed adsorption of nitrogen and ethylene on polycrystalline tungsten. The order of dosing was found to be critically important in determining whether nitrogen is adsorbed. With ethylene preadsorbed at either 95°K or 300°K no nitrogen is adsorbed; but, if nitrogen is preadsorbed, both nitrogen and ethylene adsorb with the resultant spectrum being approximately a composite of separate nitrogen and ethylene spectra. The surface chemistry of ethylene as reflected by adsorption, stability and hydrogenation activity is identical to that on a clean tungsten surface. The drastic shift in nitrogen adsorption with changing dosing sequence indicates that nitrogen is adsorbed on independent sites under the chemisorbed ethylene layer with nitrogen bonded in the surface and ethylene bonded to the surface. Preadsorbed nitrogen is perturbed by subsequent ethylene adsorption. The onset of β-nitrogen desorption is shifted ~ 300°K lower in temperature, and at the same time the amount of β-nitrogen in spectra resulting from adsorption at 95 °K is greatly enhanced over the amount resulting from nitrogen adsorption without ethylene at the same temperature. The total amount of nitrogen, however, is equal to the maximum amount obtained for a saturated dose at 300°K. It is suggested that the small amount of β-nitrogen resulting from a dose of nitrogen alone results from rapid pumping of desorbed nitrogen by the cold walls, and that an ethylene dose subsequent to nitrogen dosing neutralizes this pumping action.
Malaria: The vector as protector.

Malaria infections are not always lethal. One reason for this may be that transmission from mosquitoes creates malaria parasites that trigger a more protective mammalian immune response. See Letter p.228 Serial passage of the malaria parasite through rodents, primates or human hosts increases parasite virulence. The implication is that vector transmission modifies virulence, but direct evidence for this has been lacking. Here Jean Langhorne and colleagues demonstrate that mosquito transmission intrinsically modifies asexual blood-stage Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi, which in turn elicits altered host immune responses. The authors suggest that modification of Plasmodium in the mosquito vector may be the result of a combination of regulatory processes acting at multiple stages of the parasite life cycle. This work highlights the importance of the interactions between the vector, parasite and mammalian immune system in the pathogenesis of malaria. A thorough understanding of this triangular relationship may offer new options for vaccine design.
Chondromyxoid fibroma: a clinicopathologic study of 76 cases..

A study of 76 chondromyxoid fibromas affirms that it is a benign tumor, apparently of cartilaginous derivation, that is most likely to occur in adolescents and young adults. Although a wide skeletal distribution has been observed, the lesion most often affects major limb bones, especially the tibia. The characteristic but somewhat complex histologic range of this lesion, coupled with its benign appearance on roentgenograms, allows ready distinction from other tumors, most importantly chondrosarcoma. The lesion is somewhat more aggressive and considerably more likely to recur in young patients, but adequate local resection nearly always can forestall such recurrence. Malignant transformation is extremely improbable.
Multinational Corporations and Local Communities: A Critical Analysis of Conflict

As conflict between multinational corporations and local communities escalates, scholars, executives, activists, and community leaders are calling for companies to become more accountable for the impact of their activities on external stakeholders. In order for business to do so, managers must first understand the causes of conflict with local communities, and communities must understand what courses of action are available to challenge activities they deem harmful to their interests. In this article, I present a framework for examining the factors that contribute to multinational and community conflict including stakeholder power inequality, stakeholder perception gaps and cultural context. Moreover, I describe some of the ways that communities can increase their leverage in conflict situations.
Obesity and Sleep Apnea

Obesity is clearly becoming one of the most common medical comorbidities seen by the practicing anesthesiologist. In addition to affecting virtually every major organ system, it is frequently associated with obstructive sleep apnea. It is becoming evident to most practitioners that obstructive sleep apnea occurs much more frequently in clinical practice than formally diagnosed, and that this condition represents complex challenges for clinical care and decisions regarding postoperative monitoring and discharge status. In this issue of the Anesthesiology Clinics of North America, an excellent group of leaders in the field have contributed articles on issues of pathophysiology and practice management of this group of patients. We are fortunate to have Peter Rock as the Guest Editor for this issue. Peter is currently Professor of Anesthesiology and Medicine at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Vice-Chair of the Department of Anesthesiology. He is also the Medical Director of the Preoperative Evaluation Clinic, the Intermediate Surgical Care Unit, the Division of Critical Care Medicine, and Associate Director of the Operating Rooms. He has published 56 original articles and 33 book chapters, and this represents the second issue of the Anesthesiology Clinics of North America he has edited in the past 5 years. His background and Anesthesiology Clin N Am