cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
II. Quantum Density Matrix Description of Nonextensive Systems

A description of nonextensive systems based on the Tsallis generalization of the Boltzmann-Gibbs (BG) formalism is given in terms of quantum density matrix. After developing reasons for using the density matrix description as well as generalizations of the BG-formalism in the first section, we formulate the theory of quantum entangled states and information theory in the second section. In the third section, the maximum Tsallis entropy principle with given normalized q-mean value constraints is developed in detail, leading to quantum statistical mechanics of nonextensive systems. In the fourth section, time-dependent unitary dynamics is given. Here, the Green function theory as well as linear response theory are described in detail. A brief description of nonunitary (Lindblad) dynamics is outlined in the fifth section. In the final section, open problems and possible resolution are discussed as concluding remarks. In eight Tables, the summaries of the various sections are given with a view to give intercomparison of the present developments with the familiar ones found in the literature. In Appendix, several forms of the q-Kullback-Leibler entropy are given in seeking a guide to introduce invariance principles in the theory of nonextensive Tsallis entropy.
Numerical Analysis in Fracture Mechanics

Recent developments in four numerical techniques in structural mechanics, which are used to extract fracture parameters for linear elastic, nonlinear and dynamic fracture mechanics, are reviewed. Primary emphasis is placed on the finite element methods for determining two- and three-dimensional (2-D and 3-D) stress intensity factors in linear elastic fracture mechanics. Crack opening displacements (COD) and J-integrals for 2-D, stable crack growth, ductile fracture, and use of elastic finite element method in its generation mode for obtaining dynamic elastic fracture parameters are discussed. The second topic is the finite difference method for analyzing the elasto-dynamic and elastic-plastic dynamic states in fracturing 2-D and 3-D problems. The third topic is the boundary element method which has evolved into a practical tool for numerical analysis in 3-D linear elastic fracture mechanics. The final topic is the updated alternating technique, which was merged with a 3-D finite element code and together with a break-through in its analytical formulation, has become a cost-effective numerical technique in solving part and complete elliptical crack problems in 3-D linear elastic fracture mechanics. Comparisons between the J-integral of a 3-point bend specimen, the stress intensity factor for a surface flaw specimen and the dynamic stress intensity factor of a fracturing dynamic tear test specimen obtained by various investigators are made.
Disability Discrimination Law: The Impact on Legal Education and the Legal Profession

Disability discrimination law affects every lawyer, even those who do not plan to represent clients with disabilities or practice in the area of discrimination law. It also affects every law school and every institution of law, from the courts to federal governmental agencies. It affects gatekeepers to legal practice - the Law School Admission Council and the state bar admission authorities. It applies to areas of concern for the American Bar Association accreditation process and the Association of American Law Schools membership requirements. The fortieth anniversary of the beginning of federal policy prohibiting discrimination on the basis of disability is a good time to reflect on the impact on legal education and the legal profession.
Towards intelligent integration of heterogeneous information sources

Current methodologies for information integration are inadequate for solving the problem of integration of large scale, distributed information sources (e.g. databases, free-form text, simulation etc.). The existing approaches are either too restrictive and complicated as in the “federated” (global model) approach or do not provide the necessary functionality as in the “multidatabase” approach. We propose a hybrid approach combining the advantages of both the federated and multidatabase techniques which we believe provide the most feasible avenue for large scale integration. Under our architecture, the individual data site administrators provide anaugmented export schemaspecifying knowledge about the sources of data (where data exists), their structure (underlying data model or file structure), their content (what data exists), and their relationships (how the data relates to other information in its domain). The augmented export schema from each information source provides an intelligent agent, called the “mediator”, knowledge which can be used to infer information on some of the existing inter-system relationships. This knowledge can then be used to generate a partially integrated, global view of the data.
Will, Anterior Cingulate Cortex, and Addiction

What part of the brain modulates our behavior to ensure that we participate in beneficial actions such as receipt of a reward? In her Perspective, [Peoples][1] explains new work ([Shidara and Richmond][2]) that pinpoints certain neurons in the anterior cingulate cortex that encode reward expectancy and modulate behavior to ensure receipt of the reward. Understanding the neural pathways that govern reward expectancy may lead to better treatments for drug addiction. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/296/5573/1623 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/296/5573/1709
Binary matrices and checkerboard distributions of birds in the Bismarck Archipelago

Aim We examine a presence–absence matrix of the avifauna of the Bismarck Archipelago, for which the concept of competitively driven community assembly rules was formulated, to determine whether data support widespread competitive determination of geographical distributions. Location Bismarck Archipelago. Methods We obtained occurrences of 154 land and freshwater bird species on 31 islands. We calculated the observed number of checkerboards for all species pairs, for congeneric species pairs and for pairs of species within guilds, and employed randomization techniques to detect unusual co-occurrence patterns. Results Compared with random expectations, there are excesses of checkerboard pairs within both genera and defined guilds, but a detailed examination shows that competition is a cogent possible explanation in few instances. For many checkerboard pairs, species are not widely interspersed but are regionally allopatric, which probably reflects historical biogeography and dispersal limitation. Most congeneric and intraguild checkerboards include a species classified as a supertramp; when supertramps are omitted, there are 11 congeneric checkerboards and four intraguild but heterogeneric checkerboards. Main conclusions In isolation, presence–absence matrices provide limited insight into the role of competition in structuring bird communities of the Bismarcks. A major problem is disentangling historical geography and colonization history of the archipelago from the present-day ecology of the species. Examination of observed checkerboards from a geographically explicit perspective and with knowledge of colonization routes suggests that many checkerboards are likely to result, at least in part, from historical biogeography and supertramps. Although species may be forced into supertramp status by competition, other factors (e.g. habitat preference) may be causal, and biogeographical distributions alone cannot distinguish between causes.
Graph methods for predicting the function of chemical compounds

Finding chemical compounds that can be used to treat a certain disease has long been a focus of the biomedical research. Using traditional laboratory approaches, scientists have to test numerous chemical compounds in order to find a drugable compound. Computational methods can speed up this screening process. We compared various computational methods that predict the function of chemical compounds. The global similarity methods used graph kernels to enumerate and compare various structural components in compounds. The local similarity methods looked for common subgraphs that drugable compounds share. We evaluated these two categories of methods using five benchmark datasets from the National Cancer Institute database. Our results showed that the MinMax Tanimoto kernel was better than other graph kernels in predicting the function of chemical compounds. Our results also showed that local similarity methods outperformed the global similarity, which suggested that local substructures played a pivotal role in the function of chemical compounds. We explored different ensemble methods to integrate the predictions from global and local similarity methods. Our results showed that combining global and local similarity methods significantly improved the prediction performance, which indicated that the global and local similarity methods complemented each other in comparing structural similarity. Our ensemble method achieved better performance than other state-of-the-art methods in direct comparisons.
Humidity selection by thermoregulating grasshoppers

1. 1.|To make the most effective use of evaporative cooling, an insect must be in an environment of the lowest humidity. 2. 2.|To test the hypothesis that, at temperatures requiring evaporative cooling, grasshoppers were able to select such a favourable environment, we observed the selection of, and time spent in dry (RH ⩽ 5%) or humid (RH ⩾97%) alternative chambers of a shuttle box at a range of temperatures from 28 to 50°C, in two species, Schistocerca americana and Romalea microptera. 3. 3.|Below 45°C, both species tended to remain in the chamber in which they began the trial; above 48°C, they all selected the arid chamber. 4. 4.|These findings suggest that grasshoppers can select the environment best for maintaining their body temperature below lethal levels but do not necessarily mean that they can actually sense relative humidity.
Motivation and class mobility in england: longitudinal evidence of a causal relationship

Relationships between motive to avoid failure and long-term occupational social class mobility were examined. Individuals low in motive to avoid failure, operationalized as test anxiety, were upwardly mobile in social class level of occupational attainment from 1966 to 1985; individuals high in motive to avoid failure were not. A cause-effect relationship was inferred; a strong avoidance motive inhibited upward occupational class mobility. The data suggest that individuals with high motive to avoid failure reach a ceiling occupational class level at a relatively early age whereas individuals with low motive to avoid failure continue longer to achieve further upward mobility. Implications of motive causality are discussed.
Lower bounds on the ground-state energy and necessary conditions for the existence of bound states: The few-body problem

We consider a particle in a three-dimensional potential V(r) or in a one-dimensional potential V(x). We use a Green's-function approach to show that for many V's of interest one can obtain a necessary condition for the existence of a bound state below a specified energy that is somewhat stronger than the usual condition; furthermore, results can be obtained for V(r)\ensuremath{\ne}V(r), under some special restrictions, which utilize an integral containing only one, not two, Green's functions.
Homophily in online dating: when do you like someone like yourself?

Psychologists have found that actual and perceived similarity between potential romantic partners in demographics, attitudes, values, and attractiveness correlate positively with attraction and, later, relationship satisfaction. Online dating systems provide a new way for users to identify and communicate with potential partners, but the information they provide differs dramatically from what a person might glean from face-to-face interaction. An analysis of dyadic interactions of approximately 65,000 heterosexual users of an online dating system in the U.S. showed that, despite these differences, users of the system sought people like them much more often than chance would predict, just as in the offline world. The users' preferences were most strongly same-seeking for attributes related to the life course, like marital history and whether one wants children, but they also demonstrated significant homophily in self-reported physical build, physical attractiveness, and smoking habits.
Accrued Damage and Remaining Life in Field Extracted Assemblies Under Sequential Thermo-Mechanical Loads

Field deployed electronics may accrue damage due to environmental exposure and usage after finite period of service but may not often have any macro-indicators of failure such as cracks or delamination. A method to interrogate the damage state of field deployed electronics in the pre-failure space may allow insight into the damage initiation, progression, and remaining useful life of the deployed system. Aging has been previously shown to effect the reliability and constitutive behavior of second-level leadfree interconnects. Prognostication of accrued damage and assessment of residual life can provide valuable insight into impending failure. In this paper, field deployed parts have been extracted and prognosticated for accrued damage and remaining useful life in an anticipated future deployment environment. A subset of the field deployed parts have been tested to failure in the anticipated field deployed environment to validate the assessment of remaining useful life. In addition, some parts have been subjected to additional know thermo-mechanical stresses and the incremental damage accrued validated with respect to the amount of additional damage imposed on the assemblies. The presented methodology uses leading indicators of failure based on micro-structural evolution of damage to identify accrued damage in electronic systems subjected to sequential stresses of thermal aging and thermal cycling. Damage equivalency methodologies have been developed to map damage accrued in thermal aging to the reduction in thermo-mechanical cyclic life based on damage proxies. The expected error with interrogation of system state and assessment of residual life has been quantified. Prognostic metrics including α-λ metric, sample standard deviation, mean square error, mean absolute percentage error, average bias, relative accuracy, and cumulative relative accuracy have been used to compare the performance of the damage proxies.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Why organizations adopt some human resource management practices and reject others: An exploration of rationales

This article explores reasons why organizations adopt or reject human resource practices. Four theoretical approaches are brought to bear on this issue. According to the economic approach, organizations adopt HR practices that are economically beneficial to them. Similarly, the alignment approach views firms as adopting HR practices if these practices are aligned with strategic objectives. In contrast, the decision-making approach invokes a constrained-ra-tionality model of managerial judgment, and the diffusion approach attributes the adoption/rejection decision to institutional pressures that encourage imitation. Literature in these areas is reviewed and the implications for HR research and practice are discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparison of Muon-Proton and Electron-Proton Inelastic Scattering

Measurements of the differential cross section for the inelastic scattering of 12-GeV/c muons on protons are reported. These measurements cover a kinematic range of $|{q}^{2}|$ (the square of the four-momentum transferred from the lepton) up to 4.0 ${(\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/\mathit{c})}^{2}$ and of muon energy losses ($\ensuremath{\nu}$) up to 9.0 GeV. Only the scattered muon is observed in an optical spark-chamber apparatus. The data are compared with electron-proton inelastic scattering, and analyzed in terms of possible lepton form factors and anomalous interactions. $\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{-}p$ inelastic scattering is found to exhibit the same mild $|{q}^{2}|$ behavior as does $e\ensuremath{-}p$ inelastic scattering. No experimentally significant deviation from the predictions of muon-electron universality has been found. If the ratio of muon to electron inelastic cross sections is parametrized by the form ${(1.0+\frac{|{q}^{2}|}{\ensuremath{\Lambda}_{D}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}})}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$, we find with 97.7% confidence that ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{D}g4.1$ GeV/c. The muon-proton cross sections on the average are slightly smaller than the electron-proton cross sections. This observation is not experimentally significant because such a difference might be caused by systematic errors, but this observation is used to speculate as to the most fruitful direction for future experiments.
Iris pigmentation (melanin) in idiopathic dystonic syndromes including torticollis

Iris pigmentation was evaluated in 153 Caucasian patients with torticollis and other focal, segmental, or generalized dystonias of unknown cause. Since these disorders are rare in non-Caucasians, it was hypothesized that a relationship might exist between decreased melanin metabolism, reflected by iris pigmentation, and a genetic predisposition to these disorders of voluntary movement. Patients were separated into two groups on the basis of iris pigmentation. Compared to control groups, there was a statistically significant reversal in the ratio of patients with light eyes versus dark eyes. Further comparisons were made in two groups of patients with drug-induced nonparkinsonian dyskinesias; no significant correlation was found between their dyskinetic syndrome and iris pigmentation. Data concerning race, ethnic origin, and other disorders of the basal ganglia support the hypothesis that there may be genetic predilection in individuals whose metabolic pathways produce less systemic melanin.
Pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, plasma protein binding and disposition of nalidixic acid in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

1. The pharmacokinetics, disposition and bioavailability of nalidixic acid were examined in Rainbow Trout following i.v. and per os administration (5 mg/kg). 2. Nalidixic acid was biexponentially eliminated from plasma following i.v. dosing (t1/2 alpha = 0.06 h, t1/2 beta = 23.0 h). The volume of distribution (Vss) and total body clearance (Clb) were 964.7 ml/kg and 31.5 ml/kg/h, respectively. 3. In vitro plasma protein binding was specific and saturable over a range of concentrations from 0.43 microM to 20.0 mM. Binding was approx. 26% at kinetically relevant plasma concentrations. 4. Apparent oral bioavailability was determined to be > 100%, suggesting that nalidixic acid was largely bioavailable and non-linear pharmacokinetics were evoked. 5. Oral studies demonstrated the highest 14C nalidixic acid equivalent concentrations in bile, intestine and liver. Muscle contained intermediate concentrations but among all organs accounted for the greatest total amount of drug (12.2% of dose). Mass balance studies demonstrated composite values for per cent of dose administered of 23.7, 18.8, 8.5, 10.0, 7.4 and 2.3% for 1, 2, 3, 6, 9 and 15 days, respectively. 6. A glucuronic acid conjugate of nalidixic acid was identified by n.m.r. and mass spectral analysis as the single primary metabolite.
Comparative Assessment of Batch Reactors for Scalable Hydrogen Production

A new concept of a variable volume batch reactor, CO2/H2 active membrane piston (CHAMP), is introduced for scalable hydrogen production for portable and distributed applications. The conceptual design and operating principles of the CHAMP reactor are discussed, aiming at precise control of residence time and optimal performance. A simplified reactor model is formulated, and the operation of the idealized reactor is numerically simulated. In the ideal limit of no heat or mass transfer limitations, the hydrogen yield rate and efficiency of the CHAMP reactor are shown to exceed that of a comparable, traditional continuous-flow (CF) design. In the presence of transport limitations, the relative performance enhancement enabled by the CHAMP reactor is even greater. Additionally, the transient nature of the CHAMP reactor makes it particularly suited for applications with varying power demands, such as in transportation, and its stackable design makes it highly scalable across a wide range of power requirements.
Change in the Mental Health Field

An analysis of the current roles of the federally funded community mental health center and the public mental hospital suggests that despite the rhetoric about a community mental health revolution, the mental health field has yet to undergo significant change. Ideological, political, economic, and structural barriers-characteristics of the field itself-impede such change outside, inside, and across the centers and hospitals. Recent court decisions on patients' rights, however, have the potential for moving the field into a period where “bold new action” actually can occur.
Structural characterization of a zinc(II) complex of a tris(oxime)amine ligand

The ligand tris(1-propan-2-onyl oxime)amine (TRISOXH3) binds to zinc(II) acetate as a tridentate N3 donor, with a third oxime group remaining unbound and extending into the crystal lattice. The crystal structure shows a distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry around the zinc center. An intramolecular hydrogen bonding interaction between a coordinated oxime donor and an oxygen of a bound acetate is observed. This structure is similar to that of a previously reported zinc(II) complex of a related bis(oxime)amine ligand. However, the structure of Zn(TRISOXH3)(OAc)2 is different in ligand coordination mode and metal coordination number from those of the previously reported complexes Ni(TRISOXH3)Cl2 or [Ni(TRISOXH3)(NO3)(H2O)]NO3.
Stabilization of divalent californium in crystalline strontium tetraborate

The divalent oxidation state of californium (Cf) has been stabilized in crystalline SrB4O7. The ability to generate this less-stable oxidation state in an oxide matrix is significant. Factors promoting this stabilization have been determined. Access to this divalent state and those of many other lanthanide and actinide elements via a rather straightforward laboratory procedure now facilitates their study and characterization.
Thermal Performance of Aluminum and Glass Beer Bottles

Aluminum beer bottles recently have been introduced as an alternative to traditional glass bottles or aluminum cans. Advertisements claim that the new aluminum bottles keep beer “colder longer” than glass bottles. Because the thermal conductivity of aluminum is over 150 times that of typical soda-lime glass, and because the bottle wall is thinner, this claim appears counterintuitive. In this investigation, the thermal performance of commercially available aluminum and glass beer bottles was examined using experimental, analytical, and computational methods. It was found that when exposed to ambient air, glass and aluminum bottles perform in a nearly identical manner with respect to keeping their contents cold. Each bottle showed an approximately 15°C temperature rise over a 2.7-hour period. Heat transfer is controlled by natural convection and thermal radiation at the outer bottle surface; hence, the difference in thermal conductivity between the bottles has no significant impact on the temperature transi...
Racial differences in caregiving patterns, caregiver emotional function, and sources of emotional support following traumatic brain injury.

OBJECTIVE Compare white and African American caregivers of people with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) regarding caregiving patterns, emotional function and life satisfaction, and preferred supports. DESIGN Prospective, observational study; 1, 2, or 5 years post-TBI. SETTING Six TBI model systems. PARTICIPANTS Two hundred fifty-six caregivers (195 white and 61 African American). MEASURES Brief Symptom Inventory-18, Satisfaction With Life Scale. RESULTS Races differed as to kinship patterns, with more white caregivers including spouses and more African Americans including "other relatives." African Americans spent significantly more time in direct caregiving, and reported more depression. African American TBI survivors were significantly more disabled than whites, which appeared to account for emotional function differences. Whites were more likely to use professional services for emotional support. CONCLUSION Across races, TBI caregiver emotional health is affected by the functional level of the survivor. African American caregivers may be at risk for worse emotional consequences due to worse survivor outcomes, yet may underutilize professional services.
HEARING IN MICE VIA GSR AUDIOMETRY.

Hearing in mice has been difficult to measure behaviorally. With GSR as the basic tool, the sensitivity curve to pure tones in mice has been successfully outlined. The most sensitive frequency-inte...
Unexpected relationships between bacteriophage lambda hypothetical proteins and bacteriophage T4 tail-fiber proteins.

Summary Hypothetical lambda protein ORF314 shows significant homology with the carboxyl end of phage T4 tail-fiber protein gp37. Homology can also be demonstrated between hypothetical lambda protein ORF194 and a fragment of bacteriophage T4 protein gp38. This sequence homology is also reflected in the genomic sequences of these two phages.
Thoracoscopic Partial Lung Resection in Patients With Severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Preliminary Report

Objective: To determine if patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can tolerate thoracoscopic partial lung resection. Design: Patients with non—small-cell lung cancers were selected from 583 cases undergoing laser treatment. The parameters studied included sex, age, tumor size, spirometry (forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1 second), operating time, operative mortality rate, postoperative ventilatory time, and length of hospital stay. The follow-up period varied from 4 to 30 months. Setting: A private community hospital with nationwide referrals. Patients: Nine consecutive patients (five men, four women) were found to have lung cancer before (four patients) or at (five patients) surgery. Their mean (±SD) age was 71.2±3.8 years; tumor size, 3.3±1.6 cm; forced vital capacity, 2.04±0.50 L (49.7%±10.2%); and forced expiratory volume in 1 second, 0.66±0.11 L (22.2%±5.5%). Interventions: With patients under general anesthesia with one-lung ventilation, the tumor was resected and coexisting diffuse bullae were treated by a contact neodymium:YAG laser. Four patients received adjuvant therapies: chemotherapy, one; radiation and chemotherapy, one; radiation, one; and brachytherapy, one. Main Outcomes: All patients tolerated surgery; there were no deaths. Mean (±SD) operating time was 4.9±1.4 hours; postoperative ventilatory time, 10.3±6.8 hours; and length of hospital stay, 15.2±13.2 days. Results: One patient died of disease progression 4 months after surgery. There was one local recurrence and one distant metastasis. Four patients remained free of tumors. Conclusion: Patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can tolerate thoracoscopic partial lung resection but an effort should be made to reduce local recurrence. (Arch Surg. 1994;129:940-944)
Pneumothorax secondary to perforation of sequential bronchi by suction catheters

Abstract The Savvage Rate of infants with respiratory distress syndrome has improved remarkably since ventilatory support reached a high degree of sophistication. 1 Despite technical refinements, approximately 25% of those infants who require assisted ventilation will experience a tension pneumothorax. 2–4 Air leaks are frequently unavoidable because of the high pressures and volumes necessary to ventilate the poorly compliant lungs of these infants. The major cause of pneumothorax is a consequence of peribronchial air (pulmonary interstitial emphysema) which dissects along the bronchi and eventually breaks into the pleural cavity. 5 We now report another mechanism of pneumothorax in the neonate. Most infants on a respirator require an indwelling endotracheal tube; repeated suctioning is essential to maintain patency of these tubes. In small infants, the distance between the carina and the lung parenchyma is short. In the past year in our institution, we have recognized four separate instances, in three patients, of pneumothorax secondary to perforation of segmental bronchi by suction catheters. In this communication, we will describe this unexpected cause of pneumothorax and propose guidelines for safe endotracheal suctioning in small infants.
Cyclic changes in the ampulla of the rat oviduct

Rats with regular 5-day estrous cycles were sacrificed on different days of the cycle and the ampullae of their oviducts were excised, fixed in glutaraldehyde, stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, and examined using electron microscopy. Since the ampullae undergo changes in their gross morphology during each estrous cycle, an attempt was made to correlate those changes in morphology with cyclic changes in ultrastructure of the cells and with cyclic physiological events. During the course of the estrous cycle, there were changes in the relative numbers of secretory and ciliated cells in the ampullae; secretory cells increased in numbers at estrus, became the dominant cell type at metestrus, and became rare at diestrus-1, a day on which ciliated cells prevailed. On the remaining days of the cycle both cell types were evident with more secretory cells seen at diestrus-2 and more ciliated cells seen at proestrus. The secretory cells exhibited two phases of secretion, one in which vesicles were seen to bleb from their surfaces at estrus and another in which dense granules accumulated at the apices of the cells at metestrus, only to disappear by the following day. Evidence of fluid resorption between the days of estrus and metestrus was seen. The days in which the secretory cells of the ampullae exhibited morphological changes indicative of increased activity, the days of estrus and metestrus, were the days in which oocytes can be found in that portion of the oviducts.
IgG on Infants' B Lymphocytes: Enhanced Binding of IgG by IgM‐Bearing Lymphoid Cells in Early Childhood

IgM/IgD-bearing lymphocytes (B cells) from children in the first few weeks of life were found to also have surface IgG, unlike most normal adult B cells. The IgG was loosely bound to the lymphocyte surface and was partially or completely removed by incubation at 37 degrees C or by trypsinization. When F(ab')2 antisera were employed, very few infant B cells had surface IgG, although the IgM staining was similar to that obtained with the native antisera. IgM/IgD-positive cells bound IgG anti-Rh-coated (Ripley) erythrocytes, unlike most adult B lymphocytes. Capping experiments suggested that an Fc receptor on the cells could be redistributed by the anti-IgM-surface IgM complex. These data indicate that, during infancy, B-lymphocyte receptors for IgG are of altered affinity, frequency, or availability compared with adult B-lymphocyte Fc receptors and resemble the Fc receptors found on "third population" (Fc + Ig-) mononuclear cells and monocytes.
Numerical solution of neutral functional differential equations by Adams methods in divided difference form

A variable step and variable order algorithm for the numerical solution of neutral functional differential equations is described. This general purpose algorithm is based on the variable step formulation of the Adams methods represented in divided difference form. The Adams-Bashforth and Adams-Moulton methods are implemented in predictor-corrector mode. The detection of derivative discontinuities relies on the estimates of the local discretization errors. The restarting of the integration at each discontinuity point relies on the step size and order changing strategy based on the estimates of the local discretization errors. This algorithm reduces the overhead cost by implementing the Adams methods in divided difference form. This algorithm increases the reliability and efficiency by obtaining asymptotically correct estimates of the local discretization errors for the lower adjacent orders without any extra function evaluation by using local extrapolation. The results from three test examples are presented.
Experimental and numerical investigations on microstereolithography of ceramics

Microstereolithography (μSL) uses laser light to solidify UV-curable resin mixed with concentrated ceramic powders. During the μSL process, the light scattering from the particle suspension is found to significantly influence the fabrication resolution in both lateral and depth dimensions which are critical for the complex three-dimensional (3D) microfabrication. In this work, we performed Monte Carlo simulations and experimental studies to understand the detailed microscale optical scattering, chemical reaction (polymerization), and their influence on critical fabrication parameters. As a result, it was found that due to the scattering, the fabricated line is wider in width and smaller in depth compared with polymeric fabrication at the same condition. The doping technique that we used substantially reduced the light scattering, which in turn enhanced the fabrication precision and control. In addition, the experimental values of curing depth and radius agreed reasonably well with the theoretical modeling...
Ubiquitination of p21Cip1/WAF1 by SCFSkp2: substrate requirement and ubiquitination site selection.

Multiple proteolytic pathways are involved in the degradation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21Cip1/WAF1. Timed destruction of p21Cip1/WAF1 plays a critical role in cell-cycle progression and cellular response to DNA damage. The SCFSkp2 complex (consisting of Rbx1, Cul1, Skp1, and Skp2) is one of the E3 ubiquitin ligases involved in ubiquitination of p21Cip1/WAF1. Little is known about how SCFSkp2 recruits its substrates and selects particular acceptor lysine residues for ubiquitination. In this study, we investigated the requirements for SCFSkp2 recognition of p21Cip1/WAF1 and lysine residues that are ubiquitinated in vitro and inside cells. We demonstrate that ubiquitination of p21Cip1/WAF1 requires a functional interaction between p21Cip1/WAF1 and the cyclin E−Cdk2 complex. Mutation of both the cyclin E recruitment motif (RXL) and the Cdk2-binding motif (FNF) at the N terminus of p21Cip1/WAF1 abolishes its ubiquitination by SCFSkp2, while mutation of either motif alone has minimal effects, s...
DAYCENT and its land surface submodel: description and testing

Abstract A land surface submodel was developed for the daily version of the CENTURY ecosystem model (DAYCENT). The goal of DAYCENT to simulate soil N 2 O, NO x , and CH 4 fluxes for terrestrial ecosystems determined the structure and processes represented in the land surface model. The land surface model was set up to simulate daily dynamics of soil water and temperature from a multi-layered soil system (0–1, 1–4, 4–15, 15–30 cm, etc.) and included surface runoff and above field capacity soil water dynamics during intense rainfall events and snowmelt into frozen soils. The comparison of the simulated soil water content (0–10 cm) with observed data from four sites was quite favorable (squared correlation coefficient— γ 2 =0.87, 0.65, 0.86 and 0.58) and the simulated results were comparable for the soil temperature model ( r 2 =0.92 and 0.95 for minimum and maximum 10 cm soil temperatures). Detailed soil water and temperature data during snowmelt time periods and following rainfall events are needed to fully evaluate the performance of the water flow model.
Anxiety and plasma free fatty acids (FFA)

Abstract Anxiety-fear and not hostility, as measured by an objective method using the content analysis of five-minutes of speech, can mobilize plasman free fatty acids (FFA) from fat stores in fasting subjects. The average rise in plasma FFA 20 minutes after beginning to speak is significantly correlated (positively) with the average anxiety scores derived from these speech samples. On three different days this psychochemical correlation is absent when examined a second time within 25 minutes after a previous assessment of anxiety from a speech sample. The relationship between the arousal of emotions and changes in plasma FFA levels has been explored by a number of investigators. It has been demonstrated that FFA levels increase in response to external stress, e.g., before examinations or surgery 1 ; in response to hypnotic suggestion 2 ; in reaction to the pain of a venipuncture or the request to speak extemporaneously for five minutes 3,4 . Gottschalk et al. 4 have noted a peak increase in FFA values occuring 15–20 minutes after speaking extemporaneously five minutes and also a maximal correlation between FFA and anxiety-fear occuring about 20 minutes after such verbal behavior. Moreover, a significant correlation has been reported 5 between anxiety assessed by content analysis of dream reports and the amount of change occuring in plasma FFA during the first 15 minutes of dreaming, dream-time being ascertained by the rapid eye movement (REM) method 6,7 . We report here a further investigation of the temporal relationship between anxiety and plasma FFA under conditions of minimal stress involving only the experimental subjects' experiencing a venipuncture and talking extemporaneously for five minutes at two specified times during each experimental session.
A simple velocity sweep Mössbauer drive

Abstract An easily constructed velocity sweep Mossbauer spectrometer system is described which minimizes the problems associated with electronic feedback mechanisms. The drive is inexpensive and is constructed from commonly available materials.
In vivo evaluation of copper-64-labeled monooxo-tetraazamacrocyclic ligands

Copper-64 (T(1/2)=12.7 h; beta(+): 0.653 MeV, 17.4%; beta(-): 0.578 MeV, 39%) has applications in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and radiotherapy, and is conveniently produced on a biomedical cyclotron. Tetraazamacrocyclic ligands are the most widely used bifunctional chelators (BFCs) for attaching copper radionuclides to antibodies and peptides due to their relatively high kinetic stability. In this paper, we evaluated three monooxo-tetraazamacrocyclic ligands with different ring sizes and oxo group positions. H1 [1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclotridecan-11-one], H2 [1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecan-5-one] and H3 [1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclotridecan-2-one] were radiolabeled with (64)Cu in high radiochemical yields under mild conditions. The three (64)Cu-labeled complexes are all +1 charged, as determined by their electrophoretic mobility. While they demonstrated >95% stability in rat serum out to 24 h, both biodistribution and microPET imaging studies revealed high uptake and long retention of the compounds in major clearance organs (e.g., blood, liver and kidney), which suggests that (64)Cu dissociated from the complexes in vivo. Of the three complexes, (64)Cu-2(+), which has a cyclam backbone (1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane), exhibited the lowest nontarget organ accumulation. The data from these studies may invalidate the candidacy of the monooxo-tetraazamacrocyclics as BFCs for copper radiopharmaceuticals. However, the data presented here suggest that neutral or negatively charged Cu(II) complexes of tetraazamacrocyclic ligands with a cyclam backbone (tetradecane) are optimal for copper radiopharmaceutical applications.
Distribution of growing points in DNA of bacteriophage T4

Abstract The distribution of growing points in replicating bacteriophage T4 DNA was studied by labeling phage-infected bacteria for a short time with 5-bromouracil and determining the length of DNA sections of modified density. At 25 °C, DNA synthesis starts at ten minutes after infection. Growing points accumulate thereafter at the rate of three per bacterium per minute until 30 minutes. After that time the number remains constant at 60 per bacterium. Intracellular phage particles start to appear at 40 minutes. Growing points move along the DNA at the constant speed of 0.05 molecular length per minute in the presence of bromouracil, and 0.08 length per minute in the presence of thymidine. The steady-state rate of DNA synthesis and phage production in thymidine is 4.5 molecular equivalents per bacterium per minute. This result checks fairly well with the expected rate of 60 × 0.08 = 4.8 molecular equivalents per minute. The number of growing points per molecular equivalent of DNA is 1.0 to 1.5 at all times up to 40 minutes after infection, when the number decreases owing to the accumulation of non-replicating mature phage DNA. However, growing points are not uniformly distributed within the replicating DNA structure. They are clustered, with distances of only 0.15 to 0.19 phage DNA length between them, as measured from the time required to generate DNA that is density labeled in both strands during prolonged incubation in bromouracil. Therefore, in any given replicating DNA structure, successive growing points must start at the same single site, which is itself not duplicated, at least not during the early stages of phage DNA synthesis.
Glycosylated hemoglobin in dogs: precision, stability, and diagnostic utility

The precision and stability of the ion exchange chromatography assay for canine glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA(1)) were examined. The coefficient of variation (CV) of within-run replicate assays was 1.3 to 2.6%; the CV of between-run duplicate assays was 3.1%. The mean HbA(1) content in 44 healthy dogs was 7.1% (SD = 1.1%, range = 5.1-9.7%). Paired aliquots of 12 blood samples were stored at 4 degrees C and 25 degrees C, and HbA(1) was measured on the day of collection and at 3, 5, and 7 days after collection. In the blood stored at 4 degrees C, no significant increase in the HbA(1) content was seen. No significant increase in HbA(1) content was found in the blood stored at 25 degrees C after 3 days, but dramatic increases were observed after 5 and 7 days of storage. No significant difference was observed in the HbA1 content in heart blood collected 18 hours after death from 9 dogs kept at 25 degrees C. The HbA(1) content was measured in 10 hospitalized diabetic dogs. Five of the dogs had received no insulin and all 5 had elevated HbA(1) values. The other 5 dogs had received insulin for 1 to 9 months; 2 of the 5 had increased HbA(1) content. The HbA(1) content was determined periodically for 9 months in one diabetic dog and it declined from 14% to 8.2%.
Autoradiographic analysis of amino acid uptake by the gill of Mytilus

Autoradiography was used to examine the influence of lateral ciliary activity on the pattern of leucine uptake into isolated gill tissue from the mussel,Mytilus californianus. Metachronal activity of the lateral cilia, normally absent in the in vitro gill, was reestablished by application of 10 μM 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). This treatment produced a 5–7 fold stimulation in the rate of leucine uptake into isolated gills. The treatment with 5-HT did not, however, affect the fractional incorporation of leucine into alcohol insoluble vs alcohol soluble material. Autoradiograms of gills treated with 5-HT showed extensive labelling of frontal, lateral, and abfrontal surfaces of gill filaments compared to the control condition in which label was largely confined to the frontal region of the gill. Quantitative analyses of the autoradiograms revealed a 4-fold increase in the number of silver grains over lateral and abfrontal surfaces compared to control gills. Autoradiograms of gills from intact mussels exposed to3H-leucine showed a pattern of silver grain deposition similar to that observed in in vitro gills treated with 5-HT. It is concluded that the capacity for amino acid transport exists in cells from the frontal, lateral, and abfrontal surfaces of gill filaments, butaccess to dissolved substrates by transport sites on lateral and abfrontal surfaces is dependent upon lateral ciliary activity.
An Experimental Study of Ductile Failure Under Multi-Axial Loading

Recent experimental investigations show that most models are not able to capture the ductile behavior of metal alloys in the entire triaxiality range, especially at low triaxiality. Modelers are moving beyond stress triaxiality as the dominant indicator of material failure and developing constitutive models that incorporate shear into the evolution of the failure model. Available data that cover low triaxiality range are rare and a series of critical experiments is needed. Here, experiments of smooth thin as well as notched tubular specimens of Al6061-T651 under combined tension-torsion loading were conducted. This provides a very basic set of data for phenomenological models. A full-field deformation technique, digital image correlation (DIC), was applied to these tests to allow measurement of the field deformation, including the notched area. The microstructural features of the tested specimens were characterized to better understand the different failure mechanisms which led to ductility variation in the aluminum alloy.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Seasonal variation and latitudinal distribution of the instability of two-level quasi-geostrophic waves in horizontal shear

The instability of a simplified, combined baroclinic-barotropic, two-level quasi-geostrophic model is investigated. The results are applied to the observed mean zonal wind, which varies with season and latitude, by approximating the sphericity of the earth by infinite tangent ?-planes. Maximum instability is found to exist in winter at about 37° N, for zonal wave number 7, changing to zonal wave number 6 in higher middle latitudes and to lower zonal wave numbers in polar latitudes. The latitudinal and spectral bands of instability shrink gradually from winter through spring, reach a minimum in summer, and gradually widen in fall. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1973.tb00608.x
Updating Aristotle, freytag & campbell with lakoff and frames: Designing interactive narratives in games

This paper discusses approaches to teaching parts of the foundations of interactive narrative for the design of interactive media and games in a course offered to undergraduate New Media and Game Design students. The course is offered to upper division students, most of whom are in the Game Design degree in the School of Interactive Games and Media at the Rochester Institute of Technology. While traditional approaches to understanding narrative structure and analysis, grounded in theories of drama, myth and cinema, such as Aristotle's Poetics and Campbell's Hero with a Thousand Faces, are valuable and it is important for students to be familiar with this body of thought and practice, a growing body of empirical research and theory can help us understand the neurological basis for cognition, interaction design and narrative structure. Rather than viewing framing and metaphors as purely cinematic or poetic devices, for example, we can understand how they represent the encoding and representation of knowledge and a mechanism for automaticity in comprehension. These theories also provide a framework for analysis of media and interaction and a growing set of tools for designing user experience by basing our analytical and design tools and methodologies more firmly on empirical research. For example, how does one translate fairly abstract ideas and emotions into the procedural mechanics of the underlying systems upon which we implement interaction designs? Do we have predictive models that facilitate our ability to conduct research related to the design, implementation and effects of interactive media and games? As a beneficial side effect, learning about the power and automaticity of these cognitive processes might also help inoculate both students and faculty against the abusive use of neuroscience as it is incorporated into games, marketing, public relations and political propaganda. The paper will look application of the theories of frames and metaphors by Goffman [1], Fillmore [2] and Lakoff & Johnson [3].
Novel OCT Contrast Agent Based on Suspensions of Plasmon Resonant Nanoparticles

To improve OCT to yield better anatomical and functional imaging, an appropriate contrast agent was developed using tunable plasmon resonant structures of gold. Spectral and morphological characterization and imaging examples using tissue phantoms are presented.