cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biologically inspired oxidation catalysis

The development of processes for selective hydrocarbon oxidation is a goal that has long been pursued. An additional challenge is to make such processes environmentally friendly, for example by using non-toxic reagents and energy-efficient catalytic methods. Excellent examples are naturally occurring iron- or copper-containing metalloenzymes, and extensive studies have revealed the key chemical principles that underlie their efficacy as catalysts for aerobic oxidations. Important inroads have been made in applying this knowledge to the development of synthetic catalysts that model enzyme function. Such biologically inspired hydrocarbon oxidation catalysts hold great promise for wide-ranging synthetic applications.
A Comparison of White-Winged Dove Zenaida asiatica Densities Estimated During Morning and Evening Surveys

Abstract Surveying bird populations through visual observation is generally limited to morning. The focus on morning surveys is based on the reasonable assumption that detection is more likely when...
Killing, Letting Die, and the Morality of Abortion

abstract David Boonin, in his A Defense of Abortion, argues that abortions that involve killing the foetus are morally permissible, even if granting for the sake of argument that the foetus has a right to life. His primary argument is an argument by analogy to a ‘trolley case’. I offer two lines of counterargument to his argument by analogy. First, I argue that Boonin's analogy between his trolley case and a normal unwanted pregnancy does not hold. I revise his trolley case in light of my objections. Second, I argue that Boonin's arguments for the permissibility of killing, when applied to this revised trolley case — and by extension, typical unwanted pregnancies — do not succeed in justifying killing.
Preparation of Optically Active Secondary Amines by Thermal Decomposition of (Methylbenzyl)urea Analogs: Absolute Configuration of (+)‐ and (−)‐Mecamylamine. Preliminary Communication

Thermolysis of the (α-methylbenzyl)urea diastereoisomers 4 and 5 of (±)-mecamylamine ((±)-1) and 6 and 7 of (±)-1-noreseroline O-methyl ether ((±)-3) in refluxing alcohol afforded optically pure amines in high yield, besides optically pure carbamates of (α-methylbenzyl)amine which can be recycled. The absolute configuration of (−)-mecamylamine hydrochloride ((−)-1 · HCl) was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis.
Bayes extraction of component failure information from boolean module test data

When the components of a bench-tested module contribute to its functioning in Boolean fashion, a Bayes approach allows extracting component failure rate information from module perform-ance data.
Why do ALTE infants not die in SIDS

Aim: To compare known risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) amongst infants with apparent life threatening events (ALTE) with their matched controls, and ALTE infants who subsequently died of SIDS with infants surviving an ALTE. Methods: Questionnaires with replies were obtained from 58 ALTE infants and 56 sex and age matched ALTE control infants. 244 SIDS cases and 868 SIDS controls were used as comparison. Results: The incidence of ALTE was found to be 1.9% among SIDS controls, but 7.4% among infants who later on died of SIDS. The parents sought medical advice in 0.9%vs 3.7%. ALTE infants did not differ from their matched controls. In the ALTE group 13.3% of the survivors had the combination of prone sleeping and maternal smoking compared with 33.3% of those who became SIDS victims. Conclusions: Our results show some major differences between the ALTE infants and SIDS victims not supporting that these conditions belong to the same entity. However, we cannot exclude the possibility that there is a subpopulation of ALTE infants who did not die in SIDS due to that they were sleeping on the back and not exposed to nicotine.
Inhibition of Antigen-induced Pulmonary Eosinophilia and Neutrophilia by Selective Inhibitors of Phosphodiesterase Types 3 or 4 in Brown Norway Rats

Abstract Summary: Rolipram, a phosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE4)-selective inhibitor, has been demonstrated to inhibit antigen-induced pulmonary eosinophilia in guinea pigs and monkeys, suggesting that PDE4-selective inhibitors could be useful for treating asthma. Although the rat is used extensively in preclinical drug development, a pulmonary antiinflammatory effect of PDE4 inhibition has not been demonstrated in this species. Therefore, we examined the effects of rolipram, CI-930 (PDE3-selective inhibitor), zaprinast (PDE5-selective inhibitor) and aminophylline on antigen-induced pulmonary inflammatory cell influx in Brown Norway rats. Two weeks after sensitization rats were exposed to aerosolized ovalbumin and 24 h later bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed for determinations of total cell counts and cell type differentials. The resulting 10-fold increase in total cell counts was due primarily to an increase in eosinophils (from 0.06 to 11.0 × 10 6 ) and neutrophils (from 0.02 to 12 × 10 6 ). Rolipram, CI-930 and aminophylline, given p.o. before and after antigen challenge, each completely inhibited eosinophil influx, with B.I.D. ED 50 values of 0.5, 0.4 and 39 mg/kg, respectively. Rolipram, CI-930 and aminophylline each completely inhibited neutrophil influx as well, with B.I.D. ED 50 values of 0.1, 0.5 and 20 mg/kg, respectively. Denbufylline and milrinone (10 mg/kg p.o.) also inhibited eosinophil and neutrophil influx, consistent with PDE4 and PDE3 inhibition as the mechanisms of action of rolipram and CI-930, respectively. In contrast, zaprinast was inactive at 0.3-30 mg/kg. However, the β 2 agonist salbutamol greatly inhibited antigen-induced pulmonary eosinophilia and neutrophilia, with p.o. B.I.D. ED 50 values of 2.1 and 2.3 mg/kg, respectively, indicating that drugs which increase intracellular cAMP levels by one of several mechanisms can inhibit antigen-induced pulmonary inflammation in rats. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that PDE4 inhibitors produce pulmonary antiinflammatory effects in rats. Furthermore, these results suggest that PDE3 inhibitors also can produce pulmonary antiinflammatory effects in vivo.
Variable expression of coxsackie-adenovirus receptor in thyroid tumors : Implications for adenoviral gene therapy

Adenoviral gene therapy represents a novel approach for the treatment of aggressive thyroid carcinomas. Both coxsackie-adenovirus receptor (CAR) and integrins have been shown to be the major determ...
Biotic responses to low-concentration urban road runoff

AbstractA major effect of urbanization on streams is the input of stormwater (SW) runoff from impervious surfaces. This water may contain excess nutrients, heavy metals, and other organic contaminants. These inputs are potential stressors or stimulants for algae, invertebrates, and fish within the aquatic community. We conducted a controlled experiment in mesocosms (∼1300-L tanks) to evaluate the effect of SW quality on different trophic levels. SW runoff was collected before it entered Little Black Creek, which is a tributary draining an urbanized subcatchment in western Michigan. The captured runoff was used to create the following treatments: 0% SW (control, n = 4), 50% SW (n = 4), or 100% SW (n = 4). Nested within each mesocosm were exclosure treatments containing different combinations of algae, snails (Physa sp.), and fish (pumpkinseed: Lepomis gibbosus). SW did not have an overall effect on algal biomass or metabolic activity in the mesocosms. Algal community composition in the 0% SW treatmen...
Partition of deformation and anelastic energies in multiple impacts in copper

Response of a copper specimen to a large number of impacts by a single indenter was investigated. Work hardening produced during the first few impacts was studied based on measurements of impact parameters. Analysis of the energy distribution during impacts indicated that a large portion of the energy is expended in anelastic effects. Study of the subsurface microstructure showed a dislocation cell structure similar to the cell structure developed in fatigued materials. Finite element analysis of the stress distribution during quasi-static indentation suggests that one of the possible mechanism's contribution to material removal is a fatigue-like tensile-compression cyclic loading.
Testing for local species saturation with nonindependent regional species pools

Identifying the factors controlling local community structure is a central problem in ecology. Ecologists frequently use regression to test for a nonlinear saturating relationship between local community richness and regional species pool richness, suggesting that species interactions limit the number of locally coexisting species. However, communities in different regions are not independent if regions share species. We present a Monte Carlo test for whether an observed local-regional richness relationship is significantly different from that expected when regions are nonindependent and species interactions do not limit community membership. We illustrate this test with data from experimental microcosm communities. A conventional F-test suggests a significant saturating relationship between realized community richness and species pool richness. However, the Monte Carlo test fails to reject the null hypothesis that species interactions do not affect community richness. Strong species interactions do not necessarily set an absolute upper limit to the number of locally coexisting species.
Theory and applications of difference equations and discrete dynamical systems

The book Theory and Applications of Difference Equations and Discrete Dynamical Systems, edited by Ziyad AlSharawi, Jim Cushing and Saber Elaydi, features selected contributions from the 19th Inter...
Evidence for involvement of tyrosine phosphorylation in taxol-induced apoptosis in a human ovarian tumor cell line

Abstract Taxol is an antineoplastic agent with significant activity against ovarian as well as breast cancer. To investigate mechanisms by which taxol exerts its cytotoxic action, taxol-induced apoptosis, characterized by morphologic changes and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, was examined in a human ovarian tumor cell line. Time-dependent morphologic changes, characteristic of apoptosis, were observed over the same time as the appearance of internucleosomal DNA fragmentation. The specific protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors genistein and herbimycin A, and the ATP depletion agent sodium azide, interfered with taxol-induced DNA fragmentation and clonal cell death. Based on a quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction technique, bcl -2 α oncogene expression was decreased in conjunction with taxol-induced DNA fragmentation, and this decrease could be blocked by genistein. These results strongly implicate protein tyrosine phosphorylation as an event that mediates apoptosis and, thus, the antitumor activity of taxol in ovarian cancer.
Intravascular ultrasound for intracranial angioplasty and stent placement: technical case report.

OBJECTIVE: Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) imaging has been used extensively in coronary artery interventions and has provided invaluable information for the understanding and treatment of coronary arterial disease. We present here the first description, to our knowledge, of IVUS-guided intracranial arterial interventions in the clinical setting. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: Two patients underwent intracranial angioplasty and stent placement with the assistance of IVUS for the evaluation of their lesions. One patient underwent stenting to treat an occlusive dissection of the left internal carotid artery that occurred during arteriovenous malformation embolization. Another patient underwent angioplasty and stenting for high-grade restenosis of a basilar artery atherosclerotic lesion. RESULTS: Both patients underwent successful revascularization procedures. The patient with the dissection had a small intraventricular and parenchymal hemorrhage documented by computed tomography 4 hours after treatment, but did not develop hydrocephalus or further hemorrhage. Both patients did well clinically and had no permanent neurological deficits. IVUS provided important information in terms of lesion evaluation, stent selection, and stent placement in each case. CONCLUSION: IVUS of the intracranial circulation may assist the performance of intracranial angioplasty and stenting. It provides useful information that can affect clinical decisions. It may prove to be a valuable tool in clinical use and enhance our understanding of vascular disease of the intracranial circulation, as it has in the coronary circulation.
Testing Latent Mean Differences Between Observed and Unobserved Groups Using Multilevel Factor Mixture Models

When assessing latent mean differences, researchers frequently do not explore possible heterogeneity within their data sets. Sources of differences may be functions of a nested data structure or heterogeneity in the form of unobserved classes of observations defined by a difference in factor means. In this study, the use of multilevel structural equation models in combination with factor mixture models (FMMs) for assessing latent mean differences is discussed. Interpretation of single- and multilevel model parameter estimates when comparing latent means for observed and unobserved groups is demonstrated using a large-scale data set in which students are clustered within schools. Methodological dilemmas are discussed, and directions for future research with respect to multilevel FMMs are suggested.
Flow Differentiation in Igneous Dikes and Sills: Profiles of Velocity and Phenocryst Concentration

Mechanical interactions between phenocrysts during magma flow give rise to a grain-dispersive pressure. During intrusion into a dike or sill, in the absence of forces other than those of grain interaction, the grain-dispersive pressure must be constant across the flow width. As a result, the concentration of phenocrysts must decrease toward the walls to offset the increase in the velocity gradient as the walls are approached. This mechanism has been offered as an explanation for the observed rapid but gradational increases in content from phenocryst-poor margins to a phenocryst-rich center, especially in picritic dikes and sills. A relation for the grain dispersive pressure is solved together with the momentum equation of fluid flow, utilizing an empirical relation for the apparent viscosity of the phenocryst suspension. Solutions for steady flow between parallel walls demonstrate pluglike velocity profiles as well as phenocryst-concentration increases toward the center away from the walls. The velocity is nearly the maximum value within the central half of the flow. Therefore very strong pseudoplastic non-Newtonian behavior of the magma need not be assumed to explain the observed phenocryst concentration variations.
Buckling of multicomponent elastic shells with line tension

We explore the effects of line tension on the shape of two component elastic shells. Segregation between components with different elastic properties combined with the subtleties related to the spherical topology leads to a rich variety of shapes. They range from irregular polyhedra at weak segregation to Janus-like morphologies with spherical and buckled regions coexisting on the same shell for large values of the line tension. We use Monte Carlo simulations to map a detailed phase diagram as a function of the relative fraction of the two components, the ratio of their bending rigidities, and the strength of the line tension.
Lorentzian line shape due to an inhomogeneous size distribution without relaxation

In this paper, it is demonstrated that a Lorentzian line shape is predicted for a resonance interacting with a bath of equally spaced levels, even in the sparse, low density of states limit, if one performs an inhomogeneous average over the position of the bath states relative to the bright state. The implication for the spectroscopy of molecules in helium nanodroplets and possibly other samples with a significant size distribution is that coupling of excitations to phonons can lead to Lorentzian shaped transitions entirely from inhomogeneous broadening with no population relaxation in the sample.
Primary combined immunodeficiency resulting from defective transcription of multiple T-cell lymphokine genes.

Abstract The circulating T lymphocytes of a female child with recurrent opportunistic infections were normal in number and phenotype but exhibited poor proliferation and decreased synthesis of the T-cell growth factor interleukin (IL) 2 in response to mitogens. Recombinant IL-2 fully restored the proliferative responses of her T cells, suggesting that her poor immune function was related to IL-2 deficiency. Northern blot analysis of total cellular RNA from the patient's T cells revealed markedly decreased levels of IL-2 mRNA of normal size. In addition, mRNA levels of other lymphokines selectively expressed by T cells, which include IL-3, IL-4, and IL-5, were either severely depressed or absent. The levels of interferon gamma mRNA were moderately decreased, while those of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, a lymphokine the production of which is not restricted to T cells, were unaffected. The decreased level of lymphokine mRNA in the patient's T lymphocytes was not from enhanced catabolism but resulted from a diminution in the transcription rate of the affected lymphokine genes. Normal transduction via the T-cell receptor/CD3 complex of biochemical signals necessary for the initiation of lymphokine gene transcription indicated that the defect was distal to the membrane signal-transducing apparatus. The defect is hypothesized to involve a T-cell-specific trans-acting regulatory factor required for transcription of the affected lymphokine genes.
High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Hydrocortisone Drug Substance, Tablets, and Enema

Methods for the analysis of hydrocortisone drug substance, tablets, and enema were developed using adsorption high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This HPLC system was shown to be capable of isolating hydrocortisone from its degradation products, synthesis precursor, and related corticosteroids. The accuracy, precision, and linearity of the HPLC assay methods and their applicability to commercial products has been demonstrated.
Stable enols from Grignard addition to 1,2-diesters: serendipity rules

Abstract The temperature-dependent formation of a remarkably stable enol from the reaction of EtMgBr with a 1,2-diester was accidentally discovered. This compound was spectroscopically characterized (1H and 13C NMR, IR), and both methyl carbonate and trimethylsilyl ether derivatives were prepared. A mechanism for the selective formation of the stable enol ester and its corresponding keto form was suggested, and the kinetic stability of the enol was also documented. The generality of the observation of such a stable enol ester was demonstrated with the use of other Grignard reagents, and also other 1,2-diesters. The reaction of EtMgBr with a series of 1,2-amide esters also produced stable enol amides. The remarkable stability of the enol esters was attributed to the steric hindrance present in the aryl ester moiety of these compounds, and further studies will address the origin of this effect.
Cytotoxicity of Polypropylene Fumarate Nanocomposites used in Bone Tissue Engineering

This study investigates cytotoxicity of the poly(propylene fumarate) nanocomposites reinforced with onedimensional (single-walled carbon nano tubes (SWCNT), multi-walled carbon nano tubes (MWCNT)) and twodimensional (single-walled graphene oxide nanoribbons (SWGONR), multi-walled graphene oxide nanoribbons (MWGONR) and graphite oxide nano-platelets (GONP)) carbon nanomaterials, fabricated for bone tissue engineering applications. PPF was synthesized using a two-step reaction of propylene glycol and fumaric acid [1]. SWGONRs and MWGONRs were synthesized via longitudinal unzipping of SWCNTs and MWCNTs, respectively [2]. GONPs were synthesized using a modified Hummer's method [3]. PPF nanocomposites were prepared by dispersing nanomaterials at concentrations yielding maximum mechanical reinforcement, as determined previously [4]. Cytotoxicity of PPF nanocomposites was evaluated against NIH3T3 mouse fibroblasts using presto blue assay. Results indicate that PPF nanocomposites, at all nanomaterial-loading concentrations, do not illicit acute cytotoxicity. PPF nanocomposites containing 0.1% MWGONRs ellicit minimal cytotoxicity (~97%viability) while PPF nanocomposites containing 0.1wt% GONP is slightly more toxic (~82% viability).
Hemolysis by complement and cold-reacting antibodies: time and temperature requirements.

The time and temperature requirements of certain steps involved in hemolysis of normal human red cells by cold-reacting antibodies and normal human serum were examined by means of techniques that measure the amount of antibody and the fourth (C4), third (C3), and fifth (C5) component of complement bound to red cell membranes. For all cold-reacting antibodies, the greatest degree of lysis was obtained in bithermic reactions with the first phase at temperatures 15° or below, and the second phase at 37°. For anti-I antibodies, only antibody and C1 are fixed at temperatures below 15°, and the fixation of C4 and C3 to the membrane occurs during warming. C4 but not C3 is fixed at temperatures below 15° when the reaction is initiated by the Donath-Landsteiner antibody. During warming, antibody and C1 elute. No C4 and C3 are fixed after the temperature reaches 37° and the amount of “active” C3 diminishes rapidly with continued incubation at 37°. C5 is rapidly fixed during warming from 15° to 37° and for a short time at 37°, but the hemolytic activity of C5 is unstable. Thus these cold-reactive antibody-mediated complement reactions occurring on human red cells in human serum must occur during and very shortly after the warming phase. If the rate of change of temperature is prolonged during the warming phase, greater C3 fixation and hence more lysis occurs.
Dynamic Modeling and Soil Mechanics for Path Planning of the Mars Exploration Rovers

To help minimize risk of high sinkage and slippage during drives and to better understand soil properties and rover terramechanics from drive data, a multidisciplinary team was formed under the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) project to develop and utilize dynamic computer-based models for rover drives over realistic terrains. The resulting tool, named ARTEMIS (Adams-based Rover Terramechanics and Mobility Interaction Simulator), consists of the dynamic model, a library of terramechanics subroutines, and the high-resolution digital elevation maps of the Mars surface. A 200-element model of the rovers was developed and validated for drop tests before launch, using MSC-Adams dynamic modeling software. Newly modeled terrain-rover interactions include the rut-formation effect of deformable soils, using the classical Bekker-Wong implementation of compaction resistances and bull-dozing effects. The paper presents the details and implementation of the model with two case studies based on actual MER telemetry data. In its final form, ARTEMIS will be used in a predictive manner to assess terrain navigability and will become part of the overall effort in path planning and navigation for both Martian and lunar rovers.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Viscoelastic Effects in the Performance of Dynamically Loaded, Short Journal Bearings

Influence des effets viscoelastiques sur les performances d'un palier court soumis a des efforts dynamiques
Guns in the Afternoon

Sam sat in the far corner of the bar, his sweat-marked Stetson hanging on a wooden peg above his head. The whiteness of his forehead ended abruptly just above his eyebrows. His face was wrinkled and dark from years in the prairie sunshine. He sat motionless, leaning against the timbered wall behind him, his chair angled so he could see across the whole room. Only his eyes were moving as he watched men playing card games at several tables, noisily arguing every hand, four miners drinking whiskey in complete silence at the other end of the long mahogany bar, and the women in tight skimpy dresses serving whiskey to the men at the tables. People who didn’t know him sometimes had trouble meeting Sam’s gaze—blue eyes washed out from the blazing prairie sun. Sam glanced at a distant corner of the barroom where a man played a piano. The man was old, with the beginnings of a beard that probably wouldn’t turn into anything. He wasn’t much of a piano player, either. The Irish tune he played was barely audible above the complaints of the crowd. He had taken off his hat and upended it on the upright some time before, but no coins gleamed inside the black crown. Sam’s eyes kept coming back to a young man playing cards with some of the older cowhands. That kid, Sam thought, he still seemed a kid even though he was grown up now. That kid had a moustache, it was thin and scraggly and looked new and he wore a Colt 45 in a holster. The revolver was well cared for; the pearl handle gleamed in a shaft of sunlight that raked across the room. Matthew, Sam thought. Matthew’s life hasn’t been easy. He had always lived with his mother in …
Risk factors for treatment default in close contacts with latent tuberculous infection.

OBJECTIVE 1) To characterize risk factors for non-completion of latent tuberculous infection treatment (LTBIT), and 2) to assess the impact of LTBIT regimens on subsequent risk of tuberculosis (TB). METHODS Close contacts of adults aged ⩾15 years with pulmonary TB were prospectively enrolled in a multi-center study in the United States and Canada from January 2002 to December 2006. Close contacts of TB patients were screened and cross-matched with TB registries to identify those who developed active TB. RESULTS Of 3238 contacts screened, 1714 (53%) were diagnosed with LTBI. Preventive treatment was recommended in 1371 (80%); 1147 (84%) initiated treatment, of whom 723 (63%) completed it. In multivariate analysis, study site, initial interview sites other than a home or health care setting and isoniazid preventive treatment (IPT) were significantly associated with non-completion of LTBIT. Fourteen TB cases were identified in contacts, all of whom initiated IPT: two TB cases among persons who received ⩾6 months of IPT (66 cases/100 000 person-years [py]), and nine among those who received 0-5 months (median 2 months) of IPT (792 cases/100 000 py, P < 0.001); data on duration of IPT were not available for three cases. CONCLUSION Only 53% (723/1371) of close contacts for whom IPT was recommended actually completed treatment. Close contacts were significantly less likely to complete LTBIT if they took IPT. Less than 6 months of IPT was associated with increased risk of active TB.
Acute behavioral effects of MK-801 in the mouse

The acute effects of 0.05 mg/kg MK-801 on spatial learning and memory in male mice were studied using a modified hole board food search task. Dose-response sensorimotor and activity tests suggested that this dose of MK-801 did not induce significant nonassociative effects. Mice were trained on the hole board using a massed trials protocol to learn the location of a hole baited with a food reward among four corner holes. Retention was tested 24 h later. Mice were split into two groups matched according to acquisition scores. The following week, mice injected with 0.05 mg/kg MK-801 30 min before being trained to a different baited hole were significantly impaired in acquiring a new baited hole location compared to saline-treated mice, although retention performance was unaffected. The same result was found in another experiment in which treatments were crossed over, and a different version of the task was used. However, in another experiment, 0.05 mg/kg MK-801 did not impair performance when the hole board task was well learned.
Passions Within Reason: The Strategic Role of the Emotions

The "Me" generation has justified itself by appealing to social scientists who see selfishness as the only rational basis for action. But what are we to make of selfless acts in business, personal life, even politics? In this provocative book, Robert Frank shows us that looking out for Number One may require that we look out for others, too. He finds his evidence in our emotional acts. Like the blush on telling a lie, they can serve as hard-to-fake signals of a commitment to social values. We recognize these signs; we know people we trust; and if we can identify trustworthy fellows we can reject those who do not merit our faith.
Practical CSF Cytology (CD-ROM)

Practical CSF Cytology (CD-ROM) By Harald Von Kluge, Stefan Isenmann, Hans J. Kuehn, Martin M. Kluska, Valentin Wieczorek, Otto W. Witte New York: Thieme Publishers [CD-ROM] 2008. $49.95 USD This interactive CD-ROM is intended for neurologists, neuropathologists, cytopathologists, and other laboratory practitioners. There is a single-screen introduction text with a list of cell types and descriptions, and a brief (18 figures with short explanatory legends) example section, but the majority of the images are found in the exercises, a 140-question interactive self-examination with …
Basic principles in surgical oncology

To talk about basic principles in surgical oncology, I need to explain how I arrived at them, how my experiences in surgery led me to espouse them, and how I became foolhardy enough to inflict them on you! As a psychology major at Amherst College, I only went to medical school to be a psychiatrist, but my exposure to surgery was so exciting that I considered changing plans. However, while attracted to surgery, I was also fearful of its demands. At a weekend visiting my parents, the husband of one of mother's best friends talked about how he had picked a challenging and preoccupying career to be sure that he was constantly engaged, challenged, and free of boredom. That brief snatch of conversation somehow helped convince me to launch into surgery. Little did I realize how engrossing it could become! After Cornell Medical School I wound up at the Tufts
Concise route to the key intermediate for divergent synthesis of C7-substituted fluoroquinolone derivatives

A concise route to ethyl 7-bromo-1-cyclopropyl-6,8-difluoro-4-quinolone-3-carboxylate has been developed. This compound is a key intermediate for divergent synthesis of various C7-substituted fluoroquinolones, a group of potent topoisomerase II inhibitors with promising clinical applications.
Charge control in a model biphenyl molecular transistor.

We study charge control in a gated 4,4‘-biphenyl diradical molecular transistor using ab initio density functional theory calculations. I−V curves and intrinsic gate capacitances were derived. We find charge control in this transistor to be strongly affected by polarization of the σ-states of the molecule, leading to strong electrostatic coupling of the internal potentials to the source and drain electrodes, and relatively weak coupling to the gate. We suggest that this spatially dependent and anisotropic polarization is an essential element in the operation of molecular transistors.
Estimating Holstein Lactation Curves with a Gamma Curve

Abstract Milk production records of healthy Holstein cows were analyzed with the model: Yi = β 1 t i β 2 e − β 2 ti + ∈ i where Y i is milk production in kilograms at a specific time (t i ) in months. The parameters in this model were estimated with the techniques of intrinsically nonlinear regression. The milk production data came from four lactations of 36 cows and single lactations of 37 other cows which had completed at least one lactation. Production was collected monthly except that weekly means were used during the first 2 mo for the latter group. The first and third coefficients \( β ˆ 1 and β ˆ 3 \) were lower for lactation 1 than for later lactations, i.e., estimated curves were lower and flatter for the first lactation than for later ones. Variances of deviations from the estimated curves were approximately equal after the 1st mo of lactation indicating that intrinsically nonlinear regression was the appropriate approach. Although coefficients varied for individual cows, most lactations were estimated closely by a gamma curve; coefficients of determination were close to 1.0 for means of cows but were not as consistent for individual cows. This technique allows statistical comparison of lactation curves of experimental groups of cows. This technique may be useful to extend incomplete lactation records, to compare daughters of sire groups, and to compare production of cows receiving different nutritional or physiological treatments.
Plutonium and americium export to the north-east Pacific Ocean by Columbia River runoff

Between July 1978 and July 1979, monthly samples of water collected near the mouth of the Columbia River were analyzed for Pu and Am to budget the annual quantity of these radionuclides exported to the adjacent coastal zone. During this period, approximately 70mCi of 239, 240Pu and 17 mCi of 241Am were carried by the river to the ocean. From the depositional history of a fine-grained sediment core raised from within the Columbia River estuary, an estimated 4–8 Ci of 239, 240Pu and 1–2 Ci of 241Am have entered the north-east Pacific Ocean by river transport since the late 1950s. This input would have increased the transuranic inventories in adjacent coastal sediments by at most 2·5 times those expected as a result of direct atmospheric fallout.
Embracing Complexity and Seeking Simplicity in Interpersonal Relationships: A Defense of the Subordination-Reactivity Hypothesis

In the target article (Wanic and Kulik 2011), we proposed in the subordination-reactivity hypothesis that women’s (typically) subordinate role in marital relationships renders them physiologically more vulnerable to martial conflict, which may explain partly the finding that marriage generally benefits the health of men more than women. In that article, we noted that our hypothesis should be considered in conjunction with other ‘non-mutually exclusive’ relationship processes that also may contribute to the greater health benefit of marriage for men. The accompanying commentaries take issue with our article on the grounds that a) interpersonal relationships and health are multidimensional and complex; b) our subordination-reactivity hypothesis diverges from existing interpersonal theory and research; and c) it is “almost always” unwise to “pit” one explanation or theory against another. In this response we argue a) the indisputable point regarding the complexity of interpersonal relationships and health does not challenge the validity of our hypothesis; b) our hypothesis, as stated, is not logically inconsistent with the prior interpersonal theory and research cited, and c) there is considerable value to pitting explanations against each other when possible, and arguments to avoid doing so are at odds with fundamental scientific practices.
CORRELATION OF RADIONUCLIDE AND ULTRASOUND STUDIES WITH BIOPSY FINDINGS FOR DIAGNOSIS OF RENAL TRANSPLANT REJECTION

The diagnosis of early renal transplant rejection is of the utmost importance to the transplant recipient. Unfortunately, such a diagnosis is often extremely difficult to make. In an attempt to clarify this issue we retrospectively evaluated 35 patients with the presenting diagnosis of rejection for the correlation of comparable radionuclide (RN) and ultrasound (US) examinations with biopsy findings. In 21 patients with heavy interstitial mononuclear cell infiltration, 22 of 23 serial RN studies within forty-eight hours of biopsy were positive for rejection. Only 3 of 14 comparable US studies were positive for rejection. When examinations performed within approximately fourteen days were evaluated, 7 of 11 RN studies were positive for rejection, while 2 of 9 comparable US studies were positive for rejection. However, in 14 patients with mild or no interstitial cellular infiltration, only 6 of 13 RN studies were positive, while all 4 US examinations were negative. In the group evaluated at approximately two weeks, 2 of 6 RN studies were positive, while 0 of 5 US studies were positive. We conclude that the serial RN study is more sensitive than US examination for the diagnosis of acute rejection. US, however, proved valuable in the identification of transplant complications (i.e., fluid collections, ascites, and hydronephrosis).
Providing written feedback on students’ mathematical arguments: proof validations of prospective secondary mathematics teachers

Mathematics teachers play a unique role as experts who provide opportunities for students to engage in the practices of the mathematics community. Proof is a tool essential to the practice of mathematics, and therefore, if teachers are to provide adequate opportunities for students to engage with this tool, they must be able to validate student arguments and provide feedback to students based on those validations. Prior research has demonstrated several weaknesses teachers have with respect to proof validation, but little research has investigated instructional sequences aimed to improve this skill. In this article, we present the results from the implementation of such an instructional sequence. A sample of 34 prospective secondary mathematics teachers (PSMTs) validated twelve mathematical arguments written by high school students. They provided a numeric score as well as a short paragraph of written feedback, indicating the strengths and weaknesses of each argument. The results provide insight into the errors to which PSMTs attend when validating mathematical arguments. In particular, PSMTs’ written feedback indicated that they were aware of the limitations of inductive argumentation. However, PSMTs had a superficial understanding of the “proof by contradiction” mode of argumentation, and their attendance to particular errors seemed to be mediated by the mode of argument representation (e.g., symbolic, verbal). We discuss implications of these findings for mathematics teacher education.
DSASync: managing end-to-end connections in dynamic spectrum access wireless LANs

Wireless LANs (WLANs) have been widely deployed as edge access networks that provide the important service of Internet access to wireless devices. Therefore, performance of end-to-end connections to/from such WLANs is of great importance. The advent of Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) technology is expected to play a key role in improving wireless communication. With DSA capability, WLANs opportunistically access licensed channels in order to improve spectrum-usage efficiency and provide better network performance. In this paper, we identify the key issues that impact end-to-end connection performance when a DSA-enabled WLAN is integrated with the wired cloud. We propose a new network management framework, called DSASync, to mitigate the identified performance issues. DSASync achieves this objective by managing the connections at the transport layer as a third-party supervisor and targets both TCP streams and UDP flows. DSASync requires no modifications to the network infrastructure or the existing network stack and protocols while ensuring transport protocol (TCP or UDP) semantics to be obeyed. It mainly consists of a combination of buffering and traffic-shaping algorithms to minimize the adverse side-effects of DSA on active connections. DSASync is evaluated using a prototype implementation and deployment in a testbed. The results show significant improvement in end-to-end connection performance, with substantial gains on QoS metrics like goodput, delay, and jitter. Thus, DSASync is a promising step toward applying DSA technology in consumer WLANs.
Endocrine response to exercise in young and old horses

Six young (mean + s.e., 5.3 +/- 0.8 years, 445 +/- 13 kg bwt) and 6 old (22.0 +/- 0.4 years, 473 +/- 18 kg bwt) Standardbred and Thoroughbred mares were used to test the hypothesis that age would alter the endocrine response to exercise. All of the mares were unconditioned but accustomed to the laboratory, to standing quietly and running on a treadmill, and to the standardised incremental exercise test (SET) used in the experiment. Two weeks prior to the experiment, each horse underwent a SET to determine maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and the speeds to be used in the actual experiment. A second graded exercise test (GXT) was performed without instrumentation for the measurement of plasma renin activity (PRA) and the plasma concentrations of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), arginine vasopressin (AVP), aldosterone (ALDO), and endothelin-1 (ET-1). Blood samples (30 ml) were collected at rest and at the end of each one minute step of the exercise test. Plasma concentrations of hormones were measured using radioimmunoassay kits. There were no differences (P > 0.05) between old vs. young mares for resting PRA (2.2 +/- 0.3 vs. 1.5 +/- 0.3 ng/ml/h), or the plasma concentrations of ANP (10.0 +/- 0.9 vs. 10.7 +/- 0.6 pg/ml); AVP (0.7 + 0.7 vs. 1.4 +/- 0.4 pg/ml); ALDO (39.2 +/- 10.3 vs. 22.7 +/- 4.6 pg/ml); or ET-1 (0.23 +/- 0.04 vs. 0.18 +/- 0.03 pg/ml). Exercise significantly increased PRA and the concentrations of ANP, AVP, and ALDO in both groups of horses; however, ET-1 was not altered (P > 0.05) by exercise in either group. There were differences (P < 0.05) between means obtained from the old and young groups for PRA (5.4 +/- 0.6 vs. 3.9 +/- 0.8 ng/ml/h and the concentrations of ANP (14.5 +/- 2.3 vs. 26.5 +/- 9.0 pg/ml), AVP (13.6 +/- 0.3 vs. 26.1 +/- 13.9 pg/ml, and ALDO (76.8 +/- 22.0 vs. 41.5 +/- 4.9 pg/ml) measured in samples obtained at the speed eliciting VO2max. These data suggest that older horses have an age-altered endocrine response to exercise.
Heterogeneous expectations and the demand for money and financial assets in an exchange economy

Abstract An unresolved problem is to explain adequately the role of money as an alternative to barter in a dynamic exchange economy. In particular, liquidity preference explanations fail to motivate, or to identify explicitly the productive ‘services’ of money. In this paper, information about exchange opportunities is assumed to be imperfect and unevenly distributed. Money is shown to have ‘peculiar’ properties which make it an asset of wide-spread social value. Thus, this paper blends the imperfect information approach of Brunner and Meltzer (1972) with the explicit analysis of liquidity preference of Tobin (1958).
Gender variation in the identification of Mexican children's psychiatric symptoms.

We test empirically how caregiver reports of DSM-IV symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) vary by child 's gender in a sample of 206 middle-class Mexican children, ages 6–12 years. Objective measures of children's hyperactive and inattentive behavior, derived from ethological observation and activity monitoring, are used as a control in regression analyses. When these objective measures of behavioral differences are taken into account, teachers ascribe more inattention symptoms to boys than girls. Parents, by contrast, do not display a significant gender difference in identification of children's ADHD symptoms. This study provides an empirical demonstration that children's ADHD symptoms can be, but need not always be, reported differently based on cultural models expecting behavioral differences. In this case, child's gender influences the way psychiatric symptoms are ascribed to them by some, but not all, groups of involved social actors. [ADHD, gender, culture, symptoms, psychiatric disorders, Mexico]
Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) include hypertension, coronary heart disease (CHD), acute myocardial infarction (MI), heart failure (HF), sudden death, peripheral vascular disease, and stroke. The high risk of CVD in individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM) was recognized more than 30 years ago in the Framingham Study [1], and since then other large epidemiologic trials have confirmed these findings [2,3]. In the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study, 20% of the individuals with type 2 DM developed CVD over 10 years of follow-up [4]. The pathophysiologic mechanisms responsible for CVD in individuals with DM are complex and multifactorial. Increasing attention is being focused on the constellation of risk factors (dyslipidemia, elevated blood pressure and blood glucose, and obesity) known as the ‘‘metabolic syndrome,’’ because these factors predict not only the development of CVD, but also type 2 DM [5]. Diabetes is associated with the presence of oxidized, small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which is atherogenic, and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and increased triglyceride levels. Although traditional risk factors play a role, other factors, such as microalbuminuria, elevated levels of homocysteine, vascular inflammation, and hemostatic abnormalities, also have an important contribution to the development of CVD in individuals with DM [6]. Hypertension is seen in most individuals with type 2 DM and contributes to the risk of CHD, stroke, and HF. Chronic HF causes substantial morbidity in individuals with DM, including both exertional limitation and
Victim-offender mediation in Canada: The impact of an emerging social work intervention

Four victim-offender mediation programs in Canada were evaluated. Victims and offenders who participated in mediation were significantly more likely to be satisfied than similar victims and offende...
Ordered entry and random choice conveyors with multiple Poisson inputs

This paper investigates the steady-state behaviour of two and three channel conveyors. There are N types of arrivals, each type is governed by an independent Poisson distribution. Two types of queue disciplines were considered, ordered entry (OE), and service in random order (SIRO). The system's measures of performance were developed.
Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of products from the progoitrins in crambe and rapeseed meals.

Abstract A gas chromatographic procedure was developed for analysis of products from the aglucon moiety of the progoitrins. Conditions were found for the chromatography of prepared mixtures of: 1-cyano-2-hydroxy-3-butene, diastereomers of 1-cyano-2-hydroxy-3,4-epithiobutane, 5-vinyloxazolidine-2-thione, and 3-hydroxypent-4-enethionamide. Quantitation was obtained by relating the experimentally determined response of each compound to that of methyl palmitate added as an internal standard. Equivalent chain length values were determined for assistance in identification of the compounds from unknown sources. Analytical data are reported for the progoitrin content of defatted seed meal of B. napus and seven species of the Crambe genus when assayed by the gas chromatographic procedure.
Investigating the discriminant validity and differentiating capability of the garos sexual behavior index

Abstract The Garos Sexual Behavior Index (GSBI) was developed to measure constructs associated with disorders of sexual frequency and control. The scale consists of 70 items representing four clearly defined factors: Discordance, Sexual Obsession, Permissiveness, and Sexual Stimulation. The present study indicates that the measure shows acceptable degrees of discriminate validity, and it correlated as expected with constructs such as impulsivity, sensation seeking, self-esteem, and depression. The authors present results of two discriminant functions (to determine the measure's differentiating capability) and of MANOVA analysis (to determine whether significant differences existed between various groups responding to items on the Index). Results from each of these studies are reported and discussed.