cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Of Starting Points and Destinations: Teacher Education and the Nature of Science

We began by arguing that the nature of science is often misrepresented in K-12 and tertiary (college) science education programs. As a result, most students preparing to become elementary and middle school teachers come into the teacher education program with unexamined beliefs about the nature of science. Scholarship in the history, philosophy, and sociology of science, over the past thirty years, has led to a post-positivist or constructivist understanding of science. This is a dramatic shift from the 19th century perspective. Because schooling has not kept pace with this change in the foundational disciplines, and also because what teachers believe about the nature of science influences their instructional planning and how they interact with children, teacher education programs should make instruction related to the nature of science a high priority.
Development of Application Function Blocks for Power-Hardware-in-the-Loop Testing of Grid-Connected Inverters

This paper presents standard Application Function Blocks (AFBs) for Power-Hardware-In-the-Loop (PHIL) testing of grid-connected inverters. The main objective is to develop standard AFBs that can be used as an interface between PHIL simulation and hardware. A critical feature of the AFBs is the ability to be reused and reconfigured with minimal effort for various PHIL tests. The PHIL interface includes five AFBs: power amplifier protection, PHIL interfacing compensation, analog output conditioning, analog input conditioning, and device under test (DUT) energy generation model. The design and development of each AFB is presented in detail for PHIL researchers. A test procedure is provided to aid in replicating the work and to guarantee safe operation. Experimental results of testing the battery and PV inverters demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed AFBs. A discussion on the reusability and reconfigurability of AFBs is presented, showing the value of using standard AFBs for accelerating the PHIL test.
Diabetic Foot Ulcer: Prevention, Management, and Controversies

The purpose of this review is to update the reader on current practices and new developments in caring for the patient with a diabetic foot ulcer. Surgical offloading may be superior to total contact casting but additional data is needed. Multidisciplinary care of the diabetic foot is effective at reducing amputations and reducing overall cost of care. Prevention of diabetic foot ulcers is most effective when diabetes and comorbidities are adequately managed and frequent foot care is performed by the patient daily and the clinician annually. Offloading is central to healing diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetic foot care is complex and requires a broad spectrum of medical, surgical, and orthotic specialists. When care occurs within a coordinated, multidisciplinary team, cost and outcomes improve.
Individual and Neighborhood Factors Associated with Undiagnosed Asthma in a Large Cohort of Urban Adolescents

Undiagnosed asthma adds to the burden of asthma and is an especially significant public health concern among urban adolescents. While much is known about individual-level demographic and neighborhood-level factors that characterize those with diagnosed asthma, limited data exist regarding these factors and undiagnosed asthma. This observational study evaluated associations between undiagnosed asthma and individual and neighborhood factors among a large cohort of urban adolescents. We analyzed data from 10,295 New York City adolescents who reported on asthma symptoms and diagnosis; a subset (n = 6220) provided addresses that we were able to geocode into US Census tracts. Multivariable regression models estimated associations between undiagnosed asthma status and individual-level variables. Hierarchical linear modeling estimated associations between undiagnosed asthma status and neighborhood-level variables. Undiagnosed asthma prevalence was 20.2%. Females had higher odds of being undiagnosed (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.25; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.13–1.37). Compared to White, non-Hispanic adolescents, Asian-Americans had higher risk of being undiagnosed (AOR = 1.41; 95% CI = 1.01–1.95); Latinos (AOR = 0.67; 95% CI = 0.45–0.83); and African-Americans/Blacks (AOR = 0.66; 95% CI = 0.52–0.87) had lower risk; Latinos and African-Americans/Blacks did not differ significantly. Living in a neighborhood with a lower concentration of Latinos relative to White non-Latinos was associated with lower risk of being undiagnosed (AOR = 0.66; CI = 0.43–0.95). Living in a neighborhood with health care provider shortages was associated with lower risk of being undiagnosed (AOR = 0.80; 95% CI =0.69–0.93). Public health campaigns to educate adolescents and their caregivers about undiagnosed asthma, as well as education for health care providers to screen adolescent patients for asthma, are warranted.
Extended-Release Amantadine for Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia.

INTRODUCTION Levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) is a significant impediment to the long-term use of levodopa for Parkinson's disease (PD). Relatively few studies exist that have described safe and effective therapy for LID. There is thus a significant need for therapy that can control LID to allow for greater sustainability of levodopa therapy. Amantadine extended release (ER) is currently the only FDA-approved medication for the treatment of LID. While other medications have demonstrated efficacy in treating the motor symptoms of PD, amantadine ER is the only one that has been shown, in several clinical trials, to reduce LID and reduce OFF time. Areas Covered: In this review, the authors present the findings of amantadine ER including its efficacy and safety. The authors also provide their expert perspectives on its use and its future prospects. Expert opinion: Several therapies are currently being used and studied for controlling LID, an unmet need in therapy for PD. Amantadine ER has potential to supplement levodopa therapy in PD and improve patient therapeutic outcomes.
POSTERIORLY INSERTED VITREOUS BASE: Preoperative Characteristics, Intraoperative Findings, and Outcomes After Vitrectomy.

Purpose To determine the preoperative characteristics, intraoperative and postoperative complications, and outcomes of eyes with posteriorly inserted vitreous base. Methods In this retrospective, observational, consecutive case series at 2 academic centers, 37 patients were studied who had posteriorly inserted vitreous base noted during vitrectomy. Posteriorly inserted vitreous base was defined as the insertion of the posterior hyaloid membrane being located posterior to the vortex veins. Fifteen eyes were analyzed in a histopathologic study of donor eyes to determine the average distance of the ora serrata from the vortex veins as this distance is uncertain. Results Posteriorly inserted vitreous base was identified during vitrectomy in 31 eyes with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (84%), 4 with macular hole (11%), 1 with vitreous hemorrhage, and 1 with epiretinal membrane. Adjunctive buckle was used in 24%; 54% had 360° laser. Average number of tears seen preoperatively in those with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment was 3.1. Thirty percent had new breaks identified intraoperatively. Forty-one percent had lattice degeneration; new breaks were found in 40% of eyes with lattice. Thirteen percent of rhegmatogenous retinal detachments developed proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Average distance from the ora serrata to the vortex veins was 7.6 mm. Conclusion Any eye undergoing vitrectomy may have posteriorly inserted vitreous base, but those with a high number of retinal breaks and lattice near the equator may be at highest risk. Redetachment and proliferative vitreoretinopathy still occur despite knowledge of the disorder and adjuvant treatments.
Abstract P147: Changes in Renal Function Precede the Development of Hypertension in Female Mice With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation, hypertension, renal injury, and cardiovascular disease. Kidney involvement is common to patients wi...
Understanding Wait Times in Rapid Re-Housing Among Homeless Youth: A Competing Risk Survival Analysis

Approximately 3.5 million youth experience homelessness in the United States. Assisting youth to exit homelessness as quickly as possible through various housing venues aims to prevent adverse health impacts that prolonged homeless experiences may have on youth. Rapid re-housing (RRH) is a recent, short-term, less costly housing option than permanent supportive housing that provides temporary housing supports and services to counter homelessness. Although previous literature indicates that youth are likely to achieve stable homelessness exits via RRH, the duration of wait times for youth and potential disparities in RRH waiting periods remain unclear. We used administrative data from 16 communities across the United States (N = 10,920) to gain a greater understanding about RRH wait times among homeless youth. In addition, we adopted a competing risk survival analysis to investigate potential disparities (i.e., race and ethnicity, gender, rurality, sexual orientation, and previous homelessness condition) in RRH wait times while taking into consideration the presence of other homelessness exit options (e.g., permanent supportive housing). Study results indicate that RRH is a common homelessness exit for homeless youth and is prioritized for youth assessed as mid-vulnerability, per commonly accepted assessment measures of youth vulnerability. However, youth who received RRH waited, on average, 131 days following their housing eligibility assessment. Furthermore, being a minor (i.e., 17 years old or younger), experiencing homelessness in rural communities, and lower engagement in homeless services (e.g., emergency shelters and transitional living programs) were all associated with lower probability of exiting into RRH over time, taking into account the possibility of other competing homelessness exits. Expansion of the short-term housing supports offered through RRH may be a promising strategy to counter homelessness among youth in a timely manner. However, such an expansion should also address the potential disparities underlying youths’ wait time to receive RRH in order to reduce prolonged homelessness experiences within this vulnerable population.
Incarcerated Women’s Perceptions of a Reproductive Life-Planning Class: A Qualitative Study

The study objective was to qualitatively explore experiences and perceptions of a reproductive life planning (RLP) class among women experiencing incarceration. Twelve focus groups were conducted w...
What do health providers and patients tweet about schizophrenia

AIM Twitter is the most commonly used social media forum in public health and is considered the radio of the internet. Many health providers utilize this media to disseminate health information. Patient use of social media for mental health topics encourages providers to disseminate quality information and to develop virtual collaborative learning environments. This study explored trends in health information exchanged by patients, doctors and health organizations about schizophrenia through analyses of tweets posted using the #schizophrenia. METHODS The likelihood that the information distributed by each user type was scholarly was assessed via qualitative and logistic regression analyses. Specifically, a sequential exploratory multimethod of data analysis guided this study with a sample of 981 tweets. RESULTS Most tweets focused on the improvement of schizophrenia literacy (n = 366) followed by personal experiences/motivational stories (n = 207) and biological explanations of the disorder (n = 158). Logistic regression results indicated that compared to doctors, patients were less likely to tweet with a scholarly source (OR = 0.481, CI = 0.311, .744; P < .001). All users were less likely to include a scholarly source when tweeting about schizophrenia literacy, personal/motivational experiences, campaign/organizational events or illness management in comparison to those who tweeted about biological explanations of schizophrenia. CONCLUSION Results suggest all users disseminated beneficial information that can increase public schizophrenia literacy and illness management, while connecting individuals to organizational events targeting this debilitating disorder. Health providers are encouraged to establish a presence on social media to share scholarly work with patients and promote prompt treatment for schizophrenia.
Examining Methectic Technical Communication in an Urban Planning Comic Book

Technical communication research has relied heavily on participatory, user-focused strategies as well as “participative”, posthuman frameworks. Both research methodologies have various strengths, y...
Rapid-cycle deliberate practice: death notification.

Background Death notification can be challenging for emergency medicine physicians, who have no prior established relationship with the patient or their families. The GRIEV_ING death notification curriculum was developed to facilitate the delivery of the bad news of a patient's death and has been shown to improve learners' confidence and competence in death notification. Rapid-cycle deliberate practice (RCDP), a facilitator-guided, within-event debriefing technique, has demonstrated an improvement in learners' skills in a safe learning environment. The aim of this study was to identify whether the use of this technique is an effective method of teaching the GRIEV_ING curriculum, as demonstrated by learners' improved confidence, cognitive knowledge and performance. Rapid-cycle deliberate practice (RCDP), a facilitator-guided within-event, debriefing technique, has demonstrated an improvement in learners' skills in a safe learning environment METHODS: A 4-hour pilot curriculum was developed to educate and assess residents on the delivery of death notification. The curriculum consisted of a pre-intervention evaluation, the intervention phase, and a post-intervention evaluation. The cognitive test, critical action checklist, and self-efficacy/confidence surveys were identical for both pre- and post-intervention evaluations. A Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to evaluate differences in scores between pre- and post-intervention groups. Results Twenty-two emergency medicine residents participated in the study. We observed an increase in median self-efficacy scores (4.0 [4.0-5.0], p ≤ 0.0001), multiple-choice GRIEV_ING scores (90.0 [80.0-90.0], p ≤ 0.0001) and performance scores for death notification (48.5 [47.0-53.0], p = 0.0303). Discussion The RCDP approach was found to be an effective method to train emergency medicine residents in the delivery of the GRIEV_ING death notification curriculum. This approach is actionable with few resources except for content experts trained in RCDP methodology and the application of the GRIEV_ING mnemonic.
Characterization of a Soft Gripper with Detachable Fingers through Rapid Evaporation

One way biological creatures exploit their soft tissues and muscles is to quickly adjust to their environments in a flexible manner. Artificial soft material actuators have been inspired by these complex motions and studied to mimic or even exceed these biological systems. A widely adopted soft actuation method is by controlling pressure changes inside a hollow structure through the use of pneumatic systems, where inflating the structure would cause it to deform in different directions depending on its geometrical design. Instead, this work investigated actuation by vaporizing embedded liquid in a soft structure. In particular, ultrasonic waves can be directed to excite the structure that is partially filled with a small amount of ethanol, whereby atomization ejects small droplets of vaporized ethanol into the chamber to inflate the overall structure. As compared to boiling, evaporation by ultrasonic atomization is much faster and occurs at a lower temperature. Furthermore, tethered tubes are unnecessary, since ultrasonic waves can propagate through the structure. Here, soft actuation through ultrasonic atomization was analyzed by comparing the results from both experiments and numerical models. In addition, a soft robotic gripper was designed and fabricated to hold onto various objects.
Vagus Nerve Stimulation Unequally Disturbs Circadian Variation of Cardiac Rhythms in Male and Female Rats

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a neurostimulation therapy for epilepsy and severe depression and has been recently shown to be effective for other conditions. Despite its demonstrated safety and efficacy, long-term and off-target effects of VNS remain to be fully determined. One of the complications reported in epilepsy is stimulation-induced sleep abnormalities. As epilepsy itself can impact sleep quality, contribution of VNS alone in such off-target effects remain mainly unknown. In this study, we analyzed data from long-term VNS experiments in rats to characterize effects of VNS on circadian rhythms derived from heart rate and heart rate variability (HRV). We have also explored possible sex differences in long-term effects of VNS on intrinsic biological rhythms. Compared with control animals, significant VNS-induced changes in circadian rhythms were observed particularly in female rats over 24h and 6h light cycles (1PM-7PM). These findings enhance our understanding of VNS contribution and biological sex role on sleep difficulties reported by using VNS therapy.
Shedding light in otolaryngology: A brief history on the surgical tools of visualization and access

Abstract Visualization and access. Historically, these have been the two major factors that have limited advancement in the field of Otolaryngology. No other surgical specialty deals with anatomical challenges quite like those presented by the structures of the head and neck. Otolaryngology is a field of dark cavities, complex and miniscule structures, and awkward angles. The aim of this article is to briefly explore how Otolaryngologists have historically met these challenges, with a specific focus on technological advancements in illumination, visualization, and access. From mirrors reflecting candlelight to fiberoptic illuminated scopes, from bamboo nasal speculums to Transoral Robotic Surgery (TORS), tracing the historical arc of these technologies highlights the innovative spirit that has come to define the field of Otolaryngology.
Blastocyst conversion rate and ploidy in patients with structural rearrangements

The primary objective of this study was to test the hypotheses that compared to IVF cycles undergoing preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) with or without testing for monogenic disorders (PGT-M), IVF cycles undergoing PGT for structural rearrangements (PGT-SR) will have (1) a poorer blastocyst conversion rate and (2) fewer usable blastocysts available for transfer. Secondarily, the study aimed to compare pregnancy outcomes among PGT groups. Retrospective cohort study including cycles started from January 1, 2012, to March 30, 2020, with the intent of pursuing PGT-A, PGT-A with PGT-M, and PGT-SR, with trophectoderm biopsy on days 5 or 6. A total of 658 women underwent 902 cycles, including 607 PGT-A, 216 PGT-A&M, and 79 PGT-SR cycles. When compared with the blastocyst conversion rate for the PGT-A group (59.4%), and after adjustment for patient age, total number of mature oocytes, BMI, and ICSI, there were no significant differences for either the PGT-A&M (69.7%, aRR 1.03, 95% CI 0.96–1.10) or PGT-SR (63.2%, aRR1.04, 95% CI 0.96–1.13) groups. Compared to the PGT-A group, the proportion of usable blastocysts was statistically significantly lower in the PGT-SR group: 35.1% versus 24.4% (aRR 0.57, 95% CI 0.46–0.71) and the PGT-A&M group: 35.1% versus 31.5% (aRR 0.68, 95% CI 0.58–0.81). Implantation, pregnancy, and miscarriage rates were equivalent for all groups. Patients with structural rearrangements have similar blastocyst development but significantly fewer usable blastocysts available for transfer compared to PGT-A testers. Nevertheless, with the transfer of a usable embryo, PGT-SR testers perform as well as those testing for PGT-A.
Biologische Bedeutung der Umweltstrahlungen

1927 hat Lazarus in einer gewagten Vision ein Bild des Menschen als Wanderer zwischen strahlenden Welten gezeigt. Dabei war er sich der Grenzen der damaligen Kenntnisse wohl bewust und lies alle Moglichkeiten der Existenz noch anderer Strahlen neben den damals bekannten (Rontgenstrahlen, radioaktive Strahlen, Hohenstrahlen) offen. Heute, 40 Jahre spater, steht das, was damals eine Vision war, wohlbegrundet und wesentlich erganzt als Wirklichkeit vor uns. Art, Energie und Entstehungsorte der verschiedenen Strahlenarten sind heute gut bekannt, und in bezug auf die Strahlendosen, die von diesen Strahlungen geliefert werden, liegen verlasliche Zahlen und Daten vor.
Chapter 14 Frontal Boundary Analysis In Size Exclusion Chromatography of Self-Associating Proteins

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the principles of large zone size exclusion chromatography (large zone SEC) as applied to the investigation of self-association of macromolecules, specifically proteins. This self-association is not only of fundamental scientific interest, but also has practical consequences with respect to protein purification and to maintenance of biological function. The recent development of recombinant DNA technology has made available substantial amounts of some proteins that were formerly available in very limited amounts. These recombinant proteins must be obtained in a state that is fully biologically active. In some cases proteins are active as monomers, but in others the active protein exists as a dimer or an oligomer. A variety of approaches are used to study the phenomenon of protein self-association. One approach is to dissociate an oligomeric protein by such means as detergents, pH adjustment, addition of salts, or by chemical modifications. Once dissociated, the resulting monomeric subunits can be characterized by determining the molecular weight. Another approach is to study the equilibrium that exists among complexes of various sizes in solution. Such physical methods as sedimentation equilibrium, analytical ultracentrifugation, calorimetry, and concentration difference spectrophotometry are used.
Herbicide-Resistant Crop Biotechnology: Potential and Pitfalls

Herbicide-resistant crops are an important agricultural biotechnology that can enable farmers to effectively control weeds without harming their crops. Glyphosate-resistant (i.e. Roundup Ready) crops have been the most commercially successful varieties of herbicide-resistant crops and have been planted on millions of hectares globally. These crops have brought substantial benefits including greater flexibility and efficiency in weed management operations, reduced environmental pollution from herbicides, and increased adoption of conservation tillage or no-tillage cropping systems. At the same time, an over reliance on the herbicide glyphosate has led to extensive problems with weed species that have evolved resistance to this herbicide. The commercial success of herbicide-resistant crops has also been correlated with consolidation in the agrichemical and seed industries, with declining investment in public agriculture research and extension, and with increasing farm size and specialization. These three interrelated socio-economic trends have made it increasingly difficult for farmers to counter herbicide-resistant weed challenges with integrated weed management practices that combine chemical, mechanical, and cultural techniques. Experience thus far therefore demonstrates that while herbicide-resistant crops can have substantial benefits for agriculture and the environment, it will be difficult to embrace this technology without foreclosing other options for sustainable weed management.
Data Communication and High Performance Computing

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses that the Grand Challenge problems are those scientific and engineering problems which, while not solvable with today's computers, are believed likely to yield to substantially more powerful supercomputers. It is generally believed that computers capable of delivering in excess of one teraflops are needed for such solutions. It discusses that data communication needs of many GC computations provide a discouraging view of our ability to effect such computations in the immediate future. Data communication takes several forms. For example, data must be transferred between each processor and its local memory, between the memories of different processors, and between processors and mass archival facilities, often at several levels. Data communication from processors to remote workstations may be essential for visualization. Also the final archive sites for output data may be remote from the center where a computation is performed. The chapter demonstrates that raw processing power alone is not the primary limiting factor for solving certain important Grand Challenge problems, and data output is identified as opposed to other forms of data communication, as the most severe limiting factor in many cases at the present time.
Acceleration of Satisfiability Algorithms by Reconfigurable Hardware

We present different architectures to solve Boolean satisfiability problems in instance-specific hardware. A simulation of these architectures shows that for examples from the DIMACS benchmark suite, high raw speed-ups over software can be achieved. We present a design tool flow and prototype implementation of an instance-specific satisfiability solver and discuss experimental results. We measure the overall speed-up of the instance-specific architecture that takes the hardware compilation time into account. The results prove that many of the DIMACS examples can be accelerated with current FPGA technology.
The Limitation on Political Activities: A Discordant Note in the Law of Charities

T HE twentieth century has seen the emergence of philanthropy as an institution of vast wealth and of far-reaching influence on the spiritual, cultural, intellectual, and physical life of American society. The private donor has been the architect of this development. He selects, in accordance with his own estimate of the public interest, the purposes to be served, and regulates the extent and duration of that service by the flow of his wealth. For its part in the process, government has played the indulgent parent, encouraging, subsidizing but rarely interfering except to forestall the grossest excesses. Society has no cause to complain. It has been repaid incalculable dividends for the privileges granted. Nevertheless, donor autonomy sustains a system which is something less than perfect in that all funds are not put to useful service. Some are dissipated on trivial or obsolete ventures, others remain inactive, and overall there is attrition through scatteration of insufficient funds among an infinite variety of purposes.' Could a more precise set of legal controls, assigning to government a greater responsibility in the shaping of charitable purposes, achieve a more efficient utilization of our philanthropic resources?
COMPARISON OF THE RADIOGRAPHIC AND TRACHEOSCOPIC APPEARANCE OF THE DORSAL TRACHEAL MEMBRANE IN LARGE AND SMALL BREED DOGS

The etiology and clinical significance of increased radiographic opacity along the dorsal margin of the tracheal lumen has long been debated. Most often, this opacity is attributed to redundancy of the dorsal tracheal membrane (DTM), a condition that occurs with tracheal collapse. We hypothesized that the underlying etiology of this radiographic opacity differs between small breed dogs with tracheal collapse and small or large breed dogs without tracheal collapse. The purpose of this prospective, cross-sectional study was to compare the radiographic appearance of an increased opacity within the trachea to tracheoscopy findings in a group of small and large breed dogs. A total of 17 small breed dogs and 16 large breed dogs were included. Of these, only one did not have a radiographically visible DTM. Small breed dogs were divided into groups with tracheal collapse (n = 8) and those without (n = 9) based on tracheoscopy. Tracheal collapse was absent in larger breed dogs, however both large and small breed dogs demonstrated inward invagination of the DTM. In dogs with tracheal collapse, the DTM occupied a larger percentage of the tracheal luminal height on radiographs and a larger percentage of tracheal circumference on tracheoscopy vs. dogs with an invaginated DTM on tracheoscopy and dogs with no collapse and no invagination of the DTM. Findings supported the hypothesis that increased radiographic opacity along the dorsal margin of the trachea arises from different etiologies in dogs with and without tracheal collapse.
Predicting juvenile recidivism: new method, old problems

This prediction study compared three statistical procedures for accuracy using two assessment methods. The criterion is return to a juvenile prison after the first release, and the models tested are logit analysis, predictive attribute analysis, and a Burgess procedure. No significant differences are found between statistics in prediction. Language: en
Regional Recurrence after Lymphadenectomy for Clinically Evident Lymph Node Metastases from Papillary Thyroid Cancer: A Cohort Study

Background The presence of lymph node (LN) metastases in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) has limited prognostic utility for predicting disease-specific survival. Pathologic features of the LNs beyond their presence and location do not factor into the AJCC staging system. Most LN metastases are microscopic. The natural history of patients with PTC and clinically evident LN metastases (CELNM) has not been well characterized.
Endoscopic necrosectomy of organized pancreatic necrosis: a currently practiced NOTES procedure

Background Endoscopic necrosectomy is now an established minimally invasive method for treatment of organized pancreatic necrosis.
Investigating the limits of polycrystal plasticity modeling

Abstract A material model which describes the rate-dependent crystallographic slip of FCC metals has been implemented into a quasistatic, large deformation, nonlinear finite element code developed at Sandia National Laboratories. The resultant microstructure based elastic–plastic deformation model has successfully performed simulations of realistic looking 3-D polycrystalline microstructures generated using a Potts-model approach. These simulations have been as large as 50,000 elements composed of 200 randomly oriented grains. This type of model tracks grain orientation and predicts the evolution of sub-grains on an element by element basis during deformation of a polycrystal. Simulations using this model generate a large body of informative results, but they have shortcomings. This paper attempts to examine detailed results provided by large scale highly resolved polycrystal plasticity modeling through a series of analyses. The analyses are designed to isolate issues such as rate of texture evolution, the effect of mesh refinement and comparison with experimental data. Specific model limitations can be identified with lack of a characteristic length scale and oversimplified grain boundaries within the modeling framework.
Rapid, low-cost photogrammetry to monitor volcanic eruptions: an example from Mount St. Helens, Washington, USA

We describe a low-cost application of digital photogrammetry using commercially available photogrammetric software and oblique photographs taken with an off-the-shelf digital camera to create sequential digital elevation models (DEMs) of a lava dome that grew during the 2004–2008 eruption of Mount St. Helens (MSH) volcano. Renewed activity at MSH provided an opportunity to devise and test this method, because it could be validated against other observations of this well-monitored volcano. The datasets consist of oblique aerial photographs (snapshots) taken from a helicopter using a digital single-lens reflex camera. Twelve sets of overlapping digital images of the dome taken during 2004–2007 were used to produce DEMs and to calculate lava dome volumes and extrusion rates. Analyses of the digital images were carried out using photogrammetric software to produce three-dimensional coordinates of points identified in multiple photos. The evolving morphology of the dome was modeled by comparing successive DEMs. Results were validated by comparison to volume measurements derived from traditional vertical photogrammetric surveys by the US Geological Survey Cascades Volcano Observatory. Our technique was significantly less expensive and required less time than traditional vertical photogrammetric techniques; yet, it consistently yielded volume estimates within 5% of the traditional method. This technique provides an inexpensive, rapid assessment tool for tracking lava dome growth or other topographic changes at restless volcanoes.
A preplanned approach to a storage allocating compiler

The preplanned approach to the storage allocation problem involves using a fixed method of analysis of a problem to produce an efficient computer program incorporating all necessary transfers of information within the multilevels of storage of the computer throughout the running of the object program. The initial description of the problem may be in any suitable source language (FORTRAN, ALGOL, etc.) but should not require any recognition of the limitations caused by the number, size, and speeds of the computer's storage devices (core, tape, disc, number of data channels, etc.) by the programmer. The object program produced should contain all necessary implementing instructions to utilize all of the computer's storage devices in such a manner as to minimize the cost of the program (i.e. maximize the speed of problem solving).
Straight-chain alkyl isocyanides open the distal histidine gate in crystal structures of myoglobin .

Crystal structures of methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl isocyanide bound to sperm whale myoglobin (Mb) reveal two major conformations. In the in conformer, His(E7) is in a “closed” position, forcing the ligand alkyl chain to point inward. In the out conformer, His(E7) is in an “open” position, allowing the ligand side chain to point outward. A progressive increase in the population of the out conformer is observed with increasing ligand length in P21 crystals of native Mb at pH 7.0. This switch from in to out with increasing ligand size also occurs in solution as measured by the decrease in the relative intensity of the low-frequency (∼2075 cm−1) versus high-frequency (∼2125 cm−1) isocyano bands. In contrast, all four isocyanides in P6 crystals of wild-type recombinant Mb occupy the in conformation. However, mutating either His64 to Ala, creating a “hole” to solvent, or Phe46 to Val, freeing rotation of His64, causes bound butyl isocyanide to point completely outward in P6 crystals. Thus, the unfavorable h...
Divalent metal 1,3-phenylenediacetate coordination polymers with rigid or flexible dipyridyl tethers: Chains, layers, and interpenetrated networks

Abstract Hydrothermal synthesis has afforded four divalent metal 1,3-phenylenediacetate (1,3-phda) coordination polymers containing different dipyridyl-type ligands. {[Cu(1,3-phda)(dpa)(H2O)]·H2O}n (1, dpa = 4,4′-dipyridylamine) exhibits a simple 2-D (4,4) rhomboid grid structure. {[Co(1,3-phda)(bpy)]·1.5H2O}n (2, bpy = 4,4′-bipyridine) also possesses a (4,4) layer structure, but with syn–syn bridged {Co2(OCO)2} dimeric kernels serving as 4-connected nodes. {[Co(H2O)4(3-bpmpH2)](1,3-phda)2·8H2O}n (3, 3-bpmp = bis(3-pyridylmethyl)piperazine) manifests cationic 1-D [Co(H2O)4(3-bpmpH2)]n4n+ chains linked into higher dimensionality by unligated 1,3-phda anions and curled tetrameric water molecule units. {[Ni(1,3-phda)(4-bpmp)(H2O)2]·2H2O}n (4, 4-bpmp = bis(4-pyridylmethyl)piperazine) has an underlying twofold interpenetrated 658 (cds) 3-D network topology. Variable temperature magnetic susceptibility studies revealed the presence of weak antiferromagnetic coupling and zero-field splitting (J = −1.65(4) cm−1 and D = 30.9(7) cm−1 with g = 2.20(1)) within the {Co2(OCO)2} dimers in 2.
Altered metabolic response prior to the development of hypertensive vascular disease.

Abstract An early pressor response to desoxycorticosterone, hitherto found only in hypertensive subjects, was obtained in a patient three months prior to the development of hypertensive vascular disease. The possibility is raised again that a metabolic factor may antedate the first signs of overt disease.
The Work-Family Connection: What Clinicians Need to Know

Clinicians can most effectively help today s couples and families when they understand and appreciate work-family conflicts, issues, and treatment implications. In this article, relevant information about the history of work-family relations, various types of work-centered families, typical patterns of work-family conflicts, and Issues in balancing personal, job, and family life are reviewed.
Expression of a retrovirus encoding human HPRT in mice

Transmissible retroviruses encoding human hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) were used to infect mouse bone marrow cells in vitro, and the infected cells were transplanted into mice. Both active human HPRT-protein and chronic HPRT-virus production were detected in hematopoietic tissue of the mice, showing transfer of the gene. These results indicate the possible use of retroviruses for somatic cell therapy.
What buyers like from salesmen

Abstract This study applies content analysis to determine the attributes or factors of salespeople that provide industrial purchasers with the greatest level of satisfaction. The results provide valuable information to industrial marketers in their selection of salespeople, developing sales training programs, and understanding buyer characteristics, as well as formulating and developing strategies.
Two-step epitaxial lateral overgrowth of a-plane GaN by MOCVD

We report on growth and characterization of epitaxial lateral overgrown (ELO) (112-0) a-plane GaN by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The ELO samples were grown using a SiO2 striped mask pattern consisting of 4 mm wide open windows and 10 mm or 20 mm wide SiO2 stripes. Different growth rates in Ga- and N-wings along with the wing tilt create a major obstacle for achieving a fully coalesced flat surface in ELO-GaN. To address this problem we have employed a two-step growth method that is able to provide a high height to width aspect ratio in the first growth step followed by enhanced lateral growth in the second step by controlling the growth temperature. Depending on the growth conditions, lateral growth rate of the wings with Ga-polarity were from 2 to 5 times larger than that of the N-polarity wings. We investigated the effects of growth parameters on wing tilt, which was observed to be ~0.25° from the Kikuchi lines using large angle convergent beam electron diffraction (LACBED) and accompanied by some twist (0.09°) between the two opposite wings. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results showed that the threading dislocation density in the resulting fully coalesced overgrown GaN was reduced from 4.2×1010 cm-2 in the window area to 1.0×108 cm-2 in the wing area, and that the wing areas contained relatively high density of basal stacking faults, 1.2×104 cm-1. The recombination of carriers/excitons localized at stacking faults was evident in far-field near bandedge photoluminescence (PL) measured at 10 K. Moreover, atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements revealed two orders of magnitude higher density of surface pits in window than in wing regions, which could be decorating dislocation termination on surface. Time-resolved PL measurements for the a-plane ELO-GaN samples revealed biexponential decays. The recombination times were significantly increased ( t1 =80 ps and t2 =250 ps) compared to the standard a-plane epitaxial layers (<45 ps), and ratio of the slow decaying component magnitude to the fast decaying one was more than 1.5, showing considerable reduction of nonradiative centers by lateral overgrowth. In addition, room temperature near-field optical microscopy studies revealed the improved optical quality in the wing regions of the overgrown GaN. As revealed from far-field PL, the band edge luminescence at room temperature was more than two orders of magnitude weaker than the yellow luminescence. Therefore, the overall spectrally integrated near field PL was collected, and its intensity was noticeably stronger in the wing areas with both Ga and N polarity. The much weaker emission at the windows and meeting fronts of the two opposite wings were consistent with the observations of high density of dislocations in the window regions and new defects originating at the meeting boundaries from TEM.
Preparation of 4-vinylphenol using pHCA decarboxylase in a two-solvent medium

An efficient synthesis of 4-vinylphenol (4-VP) from para-hydroxycinnamic acid (pHCA) that uses the enzyme para-hydroxycinnamic acid decarboxylase (PDC) in a two-phase aqueous−organic solvent has been developed. The 4-VP titer and catalyst productivity (17 g L-1; 1010 g 4-VP isolated g-1 catalyst) greatly exceed those for intact cells expressing PDC or calcium alginate bead-immobilized PDC-expressing cells in an aqueous buffer (5 g L-1; 4.4 to 64 g of isolated 4-VP per gram of catalyst). In this two-phase reaction design, the organic solvent (e.g., toluene) enabled continuous extraction of 4-VP into the organic phase and either its recovery as a crystalline solid with low color or its direct conversion to 4-acetoxystyrene.
Functionally distinct classes of complex phosphorus compounds in lake water1

Abstmct Complex phosphorus compounds were classified functionally according to the manner by which orthophosphate was released. Filtrable phosphorus compounds in two cutrophic lakes (East and West Twin lakes) and a humic bog (Crazy Eddie Bog) in northeastern Ohio wcrc fractionated by anion-exchange and gel-filtration chromatography. Fractions were analyzed for soluble reactive phosphorus and total dissolved phosphorus; absorbance at 400 nm was used as a measure of filtrable “yellow acids.” The cutrophic lakes contained numerous low molecular weight compounds which were resistant to low-dose ultraviolet irradiation but readily released orthophosphate upon treatment with alkaline phosphatase. Filtrable phosphorus compounds of the humic bog were predominantly high molecular weight, cochromatographed with the yellow acids in each fractionation procedure, and resisted enzyme hydrolysis, but released orthophosphate upon irradiation with low doses of ultraviolet light.
Origin of the Native American Steam Bath

A CONSIDERABLE confusion of terms reigns in ethnographic literature on the subject of the bath. The very name of this culture complex varies widely: sweat bath, steam bath, bath, sweat lodge, and sudatory are used, as well as others. Many authors have failed to distinguish between the direct fire sweat bath and the water vapor bath on the one hand, and between the plunge bath and the steam bath on the other hand. There are also such substantial variations as the ablution bath, the dry hot air bath, the cold water bath, and the hot water bath, which have escaped the notice of investigators. Also not much attention has been paid to the purpose of the bathers. Thus, only some types of bath pursue cleanliness of the body, immersion and the ablution bath belonging here. Other types do not take this objective into consideration at all; on the contrary, they contribute a great deal to the unclean condition of the body previously existing. Examples are the direct fire bath and the sweat lodge, which as a rule are not followed by ablution. There are also some types of bath the purpose of which is pleasurable sensation. Still other types are used with a religious aim, for esoteric rites, for medicinal treatment, or simply for social getting together, the cleanliness of the body, if any, being achieved only as a by-product.
Prevention of first overt episode of hepatic encephalopathy after TIPS: No easy task

Background/Aims Hepatic encephalopathy is a frequent event after transjugular-intrahepatic-portosystemic-shunt (TIPS), especially during the first months. Aim of this study was to compare two different treatments (lactitol 60 g/day, rifaximin 1200 mg/day) with no-treatment in the prevention of post-TIPS hepatic encephalopathy. Methods Seventy-five consecutive cirrhotics submitted to TIPS were randomized to receive either one of the above treatments or no-treatment. The main end-point was the occurrence of an episode of overt hepatic encephalopathy during the first month post-TIPS. Before the procedure and weekly thereafter the patients were evaluated by examining their mental status, asterixis, ammonia and trail-making-test Part-A (TMT-A). Results The three groups were comparable for age, sex, etiology, Child-Pugh-score, post-TIPS porto-systemic gradient, previous hepatic encephalopathy, basal values of ammonia and psychometric performance. Twenty-five patients developed hepatic encephalopathy (33%, CI 95%=22-45%). One-month incidence was similar in the three groups (P=0.97). Previous hepatic encephalopathy (Relative Hazard=3.79;1.27-11.31) and basal-TMT-A Z-score1.5 (RH=3.55;1.24-10.2) were predictors of post-TIPS encephalopathy at multivariate analysis. A <5 mmHg porto-systemic gradient was also significantly related to the occurrence of encephalopathy. Conclusions Our data show that treatment with lactitol or rifaximin is not effective in the prophylaxis of hepatic encephalopathy during the first month after a TIPS.
SNAREs and regulated vesicle exocytosis

Synaptic vesicle exocytosis—the basis for neurotransmitter release at nerve terminals—is at the heart of nervous system functioning. The molecular analysis of this special form of exocytosis was recently greatly stimulated by the finding that the key molecules in various intracellular vesicular transport steps, including neurotransmitter release, are conserved from yeast to man (1–3). Prompted by this generality of vesicular transport machinery Rothman and colleagues proposed a universal “docking and fusion particle” to explain vesicle docking and fusion at all locations, including synapses (4). The Rothman proposal, also called the SNARE hypothesis, identifies four key components: ( i ) a v esicle membrane protein named v-SNARE, ( ii ) a t arget membrane protein dubbed t-SNARE, ( iii ) a cytosolic protein required for membrane fusion N -ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein (NSF), and ( iv ) adaptors for NSF termed SNAPs (soluble NSF attachment proteins) (Fig. 1 a ). Vesicle docking is accounted for by the complementarity between the v- and t-SNAREs. The assembled v- and t-SNARE then acts as a receptor for the SNAPs, which in turn incorporates the fusion protein, NSF. The docking and fusion particle containing all four basic parts, thus formed, is called the SNARE complex. In this scheme, vesicle fusion is achieved by the energy liberated from the hydrolysis of ATP by NSF, which is an ATPase. By virtue of its simplicity the SNARE hypothesis has gained popularity and become a familiar term for those drawn to the intricacies of intracellular membrane traffic. The popularity, however, has also attracted intense scientific scrutiny to the SNARE hypothesis from every imaginable angle. This commentary provides a brief perspective on the docking and fusion particle as it applies to synapse function and places recent findings (5, 6) in context. ( a ) Schematic diagram indicating four essential components of the docking and fusion particle, also called the SNARE …