cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Friction and wear of tribofilms formed by zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate antiwear additive in low viscosity engine oils

Abstract Friction and wear characteristics of low viscosity SAE 5W-20 engine oils containing different amounts of phosphorus were studied using two different test devices. One was a laboratory high frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR) testing new and used oils at low and elevated temperatures. A direct acting mechanical bucket (DAMB) sliding valvetrain bench test apparatus was used to measure the friction and wear performances of fresh engine oils containing 0, 0.05 and 0.1 wt% phosphorus for a cam lobe rubbing against a tappet insert. The tester was coupled with a radioactive tracer machine (RTM). The results show that in the region of low phosphorus concentration, friction is inversely correlated to temperature. The friction coefficient slightly drops with increasing temperature and increases with increased phosphorus concentration at elevated temperatures. Significant wear is produced at phosphorus concentrations lower than 0.02 wt% at most temperatures. Friction and wear are reduced with the addition of supplemental antiwear additives. MoDTC reduces wear more effectively than ZnDTC in the presence of ZDDP.
Gathering Evidence for Validity during the Design, Development, and Qualitative Evaluation of Thermochemistry Concept Inventory Items

Assessment instruments developed specifically for chemistry classrooms have increased in number over the past decade. In the design, development, and evaluation of these instruments, the chemical education community has adopted many of the practices and standards used by the greater assessment communities. Methodologies for creating new assessment instruments now include collecting broad evidence for the validity of the uses and interpretations of data derived from an assessment instrument. The focus of this study is the design, development, and qualitative evaluation of concept inventory items for the Thermochemistry Concept Inventory (TCI). Qualitative research studies were used to obtain feedback from the primary stakeholders of the TCI. Evidence for content and response process validity are provided and used as arguments against the two threats to validity: construct underrepresentation and construct-irrelevant variance. In addition, a determination of the most important thermochemical topics taught i...
Natural history of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the elderly

The prognosis of patients diagnosed as having hypertrophic cardiomyopathy at advanced age has not been well defined. This study details follow-up information obtained for 95 patients initially diagnosed as having hypertrophic cardiomyopathy at age ≥65 years. Seventy-five percent of patients were symptomatic, as defined by the presence of chest pain, dyspnea or syncope, and the mean ventricular septal thickness was 20 mm. The median duration of follow-up study was 4.2 years. The survival rate at 1 and 5 years was 95% and 76%, respectively, which was not significantly different from that of an age- and gender-matched control group. Of patients presenting with New York Heart Association functional class I or II dyspnea, only 18% progressed to class III or IV during the follow-up period. However, patients presenting with class III dyspnea had a 1 year mortality rate of 36%, significantly higher than that of control subjects (p l 0.003). Of the echocardiographic variables, indexed left atrial size was most strongly associated with reduced survival (p l 0.008). These results suggest that the prognosis of elderly patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is generally favorable. Certain clinical and echocardiographic variables appear to be of use in identifying patients with a less favorable prognosis.
The roles of scene gist and spatial dependency among objects in the semantic guidance of attention in real-world scenes.

Abstract A previous study (Vision Research 51 (2011) 1192–1205) found evidence for semantic guidance of visual attention during the inspection of real-world scenes, i.e., an influence of semantic relationships among scene objects on overt shifts of attention. In particular, the results revealed an observer bias toward gaze transitions between semantically similar objects. However, this effect is not necessarily indicative of semantic processing of individual objects but may be mediated by knowledge of the scene gist, which does not require object recognition, or by known spatial dependency among objects. To examine the mechanisms underlying semantic guidance, in the present study, participants were asked to view a series of displays with the scene gist excluded and spatial dependency varied. Our results show that spatial dependency among objects seems to be sufficient to induce semantic guidance. Scene gist, on the other hand, does not seem to affect how observers use semantic information to guide attention while viewing natural scenes. Extracting semantic information mainly based on spatial dependency may be an efficient strategy of the visual system that only adds little cognitive load to the viewing task.
Probe design for implantable fluorescence-based sensors

Fluorescent chemical sensors are being developed for in vivo use in quantification of important physiological species. Design of an optical probe for delivery of excitation radiation and collection of light emitted from subcutaneous fluorescent sensors is a critical step in developing reliable measurement methods. This paper outlines the use of Monte Carlo simulations of light propagation in estimating the radial distribution of light emitted from the sensor as well as tissue fluorescence. A discussion of how the results of such models can be used to optimize probe geometry for maximum signal-to-noise is presented. Sensitivity of the simulation to layer thickness, tissue optical properties, and sensor composition are detailed. Simulation output is also compared with experimental results and progress in development of one potential sensor system is presented.
Maturation of the rat fetal thyroid.

Maturation of the rat fetal thyroid was studied with the aid of I131 and of fluorescence and electron microscopy. The I131 concentration of the fetal gland increased exponentially from day 17 to day 20 of gestation and was related to the weight of the fetus (and presumably the weight of the thyroid) and also to the quantity of I131 accumulated by the fetus. In the 17-day gland, thyroglobulin or immunologically similar material was sparsely present in the incipient lumens of some cell clusters. With maturation, this material increased and was also observed within follicular cells on days 18 to 19 of gestation. On day 20, the specifically reacting material was present in the follicular lumens and was absent from the cytoplasm of follicular epithelium. Ultrastructurally, the earliest thyroid cells examined were replete with all the organelles found in the more mature epithelium. No direct correlation could be made between the cytoplasmic structures and the presence of thyroglobulin, although the granular endoplasmic reticulum was most likely the organelle responsible for synthesis of thyroglobulin. Thyroglobulin or a precursor was found in fetal thyroid cells before measurable quantities of I131 were concentrated and before cytoplasmic droplets appeared.
Studies on Na and K Balance in Bartter's Syndr.

This report concerns two children, one male and one female, fifteen and seven years old respectively, diagnosed as Bartter's Syndrome. A sodium and potassium balance was done in each one of these two patients under the next conditions 1) Basal situation;2) overload of ClNH4 at a dose of 200 mEq/m2; 3) spironolaotone at a dose of 3 mgrs/kg/24; 4) Clk at 10 mEq/Kg/24h; 5) Clk at 10 mEq/kg/24h(Case 1)and 7 mEq/Kg/24h (Case 2), plus ClNa at a dose of 4 mEq/Kg/24h; 6) ClK, 7 mEq/Kg/24h, plus ClNa, 4 mEq/Kg/24h plus Mg glueonate, 6 mEq/Kg/24h. During each one of these periods, a daily control of plasma, urinary and intraerithrocyte Na and K concentration was done, as well as on daily food intake and faecal excretion; acidbase balance control was also done. 1. It has been possible to us, to demonstrate the existence of a Na loss syndrome in these two patients. 2.- Under ClK overload, these two patients reached the higher plasma K concentration with positive potassium balance, proving, although incompletely, the negative sodium, balance existing previously. 3.- In our experience, it seems that the positivation of the Na balance benefits the potassium balance, in both patients. 4.- We can't prove clearly the biogenetic effect of Mg on Na and K metabolism; but we can suppose it, at least, in one of these two patients.
Social Functionalism in the Secondary School Curriculum and its Implications for the Modern Foreign Languages

Author's Summary— Social usefulness, now first among the demands in American secondary education, means for the curriculum close correspondence with social actualities, broad coverage of the areas of social life, and positive contribution to social reform. Modern foreign languages must meet this demand convincingly if their status in the curriculum is to be maintained or improved.
Growth Hormone and Leukemia

With improved survival of children with cancer, attention has focused on late effects of therapy. Among the most clinically bothersome of these is short stature, seen in children in whom cranial radiation has induced growth hormone (GH) deficiency. Some of these children (notably those with a history of acute lymphocytic leukemia or brain tumor) have been treated with and benefited from supplemental GH.
A method for mass collection of wasp venoms.

A method is described by which it is possible to mass collect the pure venoms from certain stinging Hymenoptera other than the honey bee, Apis mellifera L. Yields up to 12 mg per nest were obtained. With proper management, continuous “milkings” from the same nest are possible.
Shallow donor surface impurity levels in Si and Ge

Abstract A previously published variational method for calculating shallow surface impurity levels was extended to include arbitrary orientations of the effective mass ellipsoid relative to the surface. Numerical results appropriate to shallow donors on (100), (110), and (111) surfaces in Si and Ge are given. The results show that the energies are rather strongly dependent on the orientation of the mass ellipsoid.
Effects of quitting smoking on EEG activation and attention last for more than 31 days and are more severe with stress, dependence, DRD2 A1 allele, and depressive traits

Changes in physiology and attentional performance associated with smoking abstinence were characterized in 67 female smokers during low-stress and high-stress conditions. Abstinence was associated with decreases in cognitive performance, heart rate, and electroencephalographic (EEG) activation but with no change in serum estradiol or progesterone. Effects of quitting showed no tendency to resolve across the 31 days of abstinence. EEG deactivation and heart rate slowing were greater during a math task (high stress) than during relaxation (low stress). Individuals high in trait depression or nicotine dependence or with at least one dopamine D 2 receptor A1 allele experienced greater EEG deactivation following abstinence, especially in the right hemisphere during the stressful task. Thus, findings support the situation × trait adaptive response model of abstinence effects and emphasize the value of multiple dependent measures when characterizing abstinence responses.
Action pattern of Valencia orange PME de-esterification of high methoxyl pectin and characterization of modified pectins

Valencia pectinmethylesterase (PME) fractions, B-PME, containing 36 and 13 kDa protein bands and U-PME, containing a 36 and 27 kDa protein bands, were used to de-esterify original pectin (O-Pec) from 73% degree of esterification (%DE) to 63% (B-Pec) and 61% DE (U-Pec), respectively. Most O-Pec eluted from ion exchange chromatography at low salt concentration and a smaller component eluted at higher ionic strength. B-Pec and U-Pec eluted as one broad peak at higher ionic strength. PME modification did not change molecular weight: O-pectin (134,000 g/mol), U-Pec (133,850 g/mol), and B-Pec (132,250 g/mol). The NMR signal of GG and GGG increased after modification, whereas the signal of EE and EEE decreased. The negative zeta-potential increased with pH for all pectins. U-PME and B-PME created differently modified pectins that vary in degree and length of multiple attacks and fraction of the pectin population that was modified.
The role of current velocity in structuring eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) meadows

Measurements of velocity profiles, bathymetry, and surface sediment characteristics across eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) meadows yielded information on community development processes and functional attributes of this ecosystem. Height/length ratios of the meadows were positively correlated with tidal current velocity. Low, medium, and high current regimes were separated by surface current velocities of approximately 50 and 90 cm s−1. Z. marina can tolerate approximately 120–150 cm/sec current velocities in the areas studied. Per cent silt-clay and organic matter content of the surface sediments are negatively associated with shear velocity, suggesting that meadows in high current areas are sources while meadows in low current areas are sinks of autochthonous detritus. Current velocity maintains seagrass meadows at different equilibrium levels (relative climaxes). We theorize these different equilibrium levels provide unequal habitat utilization potentials for the associated faunal community.
Direct conversion flat panel detector for region-of-interest angiography

Minimally invasive image-guided interventions require very high image resolution and quality, specifically over regions-of-interest (ROI) crucial to the procedure. An ROI high quality image allows limited patient radiation deposition while permitting rapid frame transfer rates. Considering current developments in direct conversion Flat Panel Detectors (FPD), advantages of such an imager for ROI angiography were investigated. The performance of an amorphous-selenium based FPD was simulated to evaluate improvements in MTF and DQE under various angiographic imaging conditions. The detector envisioned incorporates the smallest pixel size of 70 mm, reported to date, and a photoconductor thickness of 1000 mm to permit angiography. The MTF of the FPD is calculated to be 60% at the Nyquist frequency of 7.1 lp/mm compared to 6% for a previously reported CsI(Tl)-based ROI CCD camera. The DQE(0) of the FPD at 0.7 mR and 70 kVp is 74% while for the CCD camera is 70%. At 7.1 lp/mm, the FPD's DQE is 26% while for the CCD camera it is 12%. Images of an undeployed stent with 70 mm pixel mammography FPD prototype, compare favorably with images acquired with the CCD camera. Thus a practical direct flat-panel ROI detector with both improved performance and physical size is proposed.
Microdynamics of a precision deployable optical truss

This paper presents the results of an experimental study of the nanometer-level mechanics of a precision deployable structure. The test article is a single bay of a deployable truss, which has both a high structural efficiency (stiffness to mass ratio), and high packaging efficiency. Illustrative data are presented which assess the suitability of the test article for use as an optical support structure, or optical bench. The results show new and unusual microdynamics, namely viscoelasticity and harmonic distortion. However, the structure otherwise exhibits an elastic, stable response within the nanometer-level resolution of the test apparatus. These results are the first experimental evidence that a high efficiency, joint dominated deployable structure might be suitable for optical applications. To the extent this supposition holds true for other structures, these results may have significant implications for the architecture of planned deployable optical spacecraft missions.
Intrinsic Chiroptical Response and Its Mediation by Extrinsic Perturbations

The technique of Cavity Ring-Down Polarimetry (CRDP) will be discussed, with special emphasis directed towards elucidation of nonresonant and resonant chiroptical properties under rarified conditions, as well as attendant implications for canonical condensed-phase measurements.
Production and respiration in the 1989 North Atlantic spring bloom: an analysis of irradiance-dependent changes

Gross and net O2 production rates at 47°N, 20°W over 13 days during the 1989 JGOFS North Atlantic (Spring) Bloom Experiment were measured. Gross O2 production was measured by H218O uptake or calculated from 14C assimilation, and net O2 production was measured by Winkler titration. Production versus irradiance PB(I) curves were constructed from gross O2 production rates (determined with in situ incubations) normalized to chlorophyll a concentration for the five days of highest total irradiance. Magnitudes of PmB, α and β were high during the bloom. Chlorophyll-normalized gross O2 production, integrated over the euphotic zone, was observed to be linearly related to integrated incident irradiance. This linear trend can be simulated with an algorithm using average values of PmB, α and β parameters. 24 h O2 respiration rates for each day appeared to consist of two components: one proportional to the production rate and involving respiration of carbon fixed during the same day's photoperiod, and the other independent of the production rate and respired carbon fixed prior to the day's photoperiod. Integrated over time and depth, these respiration components were of comparable magnitude, and together equalled about 60% of gross O2 production. POC turnover times ranged from two days for near-surface waters up to about two weeks at the base of the euphotic zone.
Endoscopic pituitary surgery: An early experience

Background As an element of a minimally invasive management approach, we had developed an endonasal endoscopic transsphenoidal technique for the treatment of pituitary tumors. Initially, four patients were operated on via a sublabial, transseptal approach using a fiberoptic rigid endoscope in conjunction with the operating microscope. Encouraged by that experience, our subsequent 11 patients had undergone endonasal endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery without the use of a retractor or speculum. Methods Our group of patients included nine females and six males, with an age range of 17-88 years (median: 43 years). There were four microadenomas, four intrasellar macroadenomas, three macroadenomas with suprasellar extension, three invasive macroadenomas involving the cavernous sinus with suprasellar extension, and one metastatic adenocarcinoma. Results Thirteen patients with pituitary adenomas experienced resolution of their symptoms postoperatively. One patient with a recurrent prolactinoma responded partially following surgery and subsequently underwent gamma knife radiosurgery. Two patients were treated with postoperative fractionated radiation therapy, one for residual pituitary adenoma in the cavernous sinus, and the other for metastatic adenocarcinoma, respectively. The first patient, treated via an endonasal endoscopic approach for biopsy of the metastatic adenocarcinoma, developed postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak that was successfully managed with endoscopic packing of a fat graft. Conclusions The endonasal endoscopic transsphenoidal approach facilitates faster postoperative recovery by the avoidance of traditional incision and postoperative nasal packing. It offers a panoramic view of the sphenoid sinus and excellent visualization of the sellar and suprasellar structures with increased illumination and magnification. Such visualization provides the potential for more complete tumor resection, as well as a better chance of preserving pituitary function and avoiding neurovascular injury.
Synthesis and characterization of a cellular membrane affinity chromatography column containing histamine 1 and P2Y1 receptors: A multiple G-protein coupled receptor column

A cellular membrane affinity chromatography (CMAC) column has been created using cellular membrane fragments from a 1321N1 cell line stably transfected with the P2Y1 receptor. The CMAC(1321N1P2Y1) column contained functional P2Y1 and histamine 1 receptors, which independently bound receptor-specific ligands. The data obtained with the CMAC(1321N1P2Y1) column demonstrate that multiple-G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) columns can be developed and used to probe interactions with the immobilized receptors and that endogenously expressed GPCRs can be used to create CMAC columns. The results also establish that the histamine 1 receptor can be immobilized with retention of ligand-specific binding.
ORIGIN OF CHAOS IN A TWO-DIMENSIONAL MAP MODELING SPIKING-BURSTING NEURAL ACTIVITY

Origin of chaos in a simple two-dimensional map model replicating the spiking and spiking-bursting activity of real biological neurons is studied. The map contains one fast and one slow variable. Individual dynamics of a fast subsystem of the map is characterized by two types of possible attractors: stable fixed point (replicating silence) and superstable limit cycle (replicating spikes). Coupling this subsystem with the slow subsystem leads to the generation of periodic or chaotic spiking-bursting behavior. We study the bifurcation scenarios which reveal the dynamical mechanisms that lead to chaos at alternating silence and spiking phases.
Meaning and life purpose: the perspectives of post-transplant women.

Abstract Purpose A descriptive, exploratory study was conducted to examine perceptions and meanings assigned to the experience of end-stage heart failure and transplant surgery in female recipients. Methods Data was collected from 33 female heart transplant recipients from a heart transplant clinic using quantitative and qualitative methods. Women completed the Life Attitudes Profile and Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist and participated in a semi-structured interview. Results Women on average had a meaning score of 30.64 ± 8.32 (range, 10-43) and a life purpose score of 40.12 ± 13.78 (range, 17-63). The participants reported high levels of anxiety, depression, and hostility. Women expressed feelings of fear and lack of control related to their heart disease and transplant; however, they also described optimism, faith, acceptance, altruism, self-transcendence, self-fulfillment, and changing life goals as strong motivators for recovery. Conclusion Women experience emotional distress as much as and beyond 5 years after heart transplantation. Their sense of meaning and life purpose is relatively high and is positively informed by several motivating factors that serve as coping resources throughout the recovery process.
Application of satellite remote sensing data to the monitoring of global resources

With their global access, remote sensing satellites provide a unique vantage point for global monitoring of Earth resources. Several nations are moving toward acquiring long-term data records for use in operational decision making. This talk will discuss how satellite remote sensing can contribute to the monitoring of global resources. Example of current and future applications will be shown.
Projection-based second order perturbation theory

Abstract Reactor analysis represents a typical example of a complex engineering system that is described by multi-scale and multi-physics nonlinear models with many input parameters and output responses. Obtaining reference solutions to these models is computationally expensive which renders impractical their repeated executions for engineering-oriented studies such as design optimization, uncertainty quantification, and safety analysis. To overcome this challenge, sensitivity analysis based on first-order perturbation theory has been widely used in the reactor analysis community to estimate changes in responses of interest due to input parameter variations. Although perturbation theory has been rigorously developed over the past four decades in order to extend its applicability to estimate higher order variations, engineering applications have primarily focused on first-order perturbation theory only. This is because the computational overhead of higher order perturbation theory are often overwhelming and do not justify the development effort required for their implementation. This manuscript further develops a recently introduced higher order approach to estimate second order variations. The objective is to demonstrate that first-order perturbation theory can be employed in practical engineering calculations to estimate higher order variations. The applicability of the introduced approach is analyzed with TSUNAMI-2D for typical lattice physics calculations.
Temperature Stabilization of BST Thin Films: A Critical Review

A review of the temperature stability issues associated with BaxSr1−xTiO3 (BST) thin films and a summary of innovative materials designs, and novel process science solutions which serve to help mitigate this temperature sensitivity is presented. The experimental results from the literature and from our own work are reviewed; the correspondence between the theoretical results and the measured properties of tunable materials is critically analyzed; and reasons for discrepancy between literature results are discussed. Particular emphasis is concentrated on tunable phase shifters and filters to enable phased array antennas, radars and other advanced communications devices. This critical review provides the foundation to spawn new materials research solutions to further enable the development of BST films for microwave device applications.
Effects of Nebulized Morphine Sulfate on the Exercise Tolerance of the Ventilatory Limited COPD Patient

We have shown previously that the administration of morphine (0.8 mg/kg) to patients with COPD increases the VO2max by 19.3 percent. A recent study demonstrated that the administration of low-dose nebulized morphine (approximately 2 mg) increased the endurance time of patients with severe lung disease by 1 min (35 percent) with few systemic side effects. This double-blind crossover study evaluated the effects of various doses of nebulized morphine (0, 1, 4, and 10 mg) on the exercise tolerance and the psychologic status of COPD patients. In the present study, eight COPD patients (FEV1 = 0.90 +/- 0.26 L, workload max = 76 +/- 29 W, VO2max = 950 +/- 264 ml, VEmax = 34 +/- 7 L), who were ventilatory limited were tested on four separate days. On each testing day, the patients underwent incremental exercise testing and psychologic testing before and 45 min after receiving the nebulized solution. The mean changes (+/- SD) in the exercise test results after each of the four different regimens were as follows: [table: see text] Although there tended to be larger increases in the workload, VO2max, and VEmax after the largest dose of morphine, none of the changes was statistically significant. Likewise, there were no significant differences in spirometry, resting metabolic measurements, or psychologic test scores after the four different regimens. We conclude that aerosolized morphine in the doses used in this study has no significant beneficial effect on the exercise tolerance of patients with COPD.
Enhancing security of real-time applications on grids through dynamic scheduling

Real-time applications with security requirements are emerging in various areas including government, education, and business. However, conventional real-time scheduling algorithms failed to fulfill the security requirements of real-time applications. In this paper we propose a dynamic real-time scheduling algorithm, or SAREG, which is capable of enhancing quality of security for real-time applications running on Grids. In addition, we present a mathematical model to formally describe a scheduling framework, security-sensitive real-time applications, and security overheads. We leverage the model to measure security overheads incurred by security services, including encryption, authentication, integrity check, etc. The SAREG algorithm seamlessly integrates security requirements into real-time scheduling by employing the security overhead model. To evaluate the effectiveness of SAREG, we conducted extensive simulations using a real world trace from a supercomputing center. Experimental results show that SAREG significantly improves system performance in terms of quality of security and schedulability over three existing scheduling algorithms.
Model driven security analysis of IDaaS protocols

Offloading user management functions like authentication and authorization to identity providers is a key enabler for cloud computing based services. Protocols used to provide identity as a service (IDaaS) are the foundation of security for many business transactions on the web and need to be thoroughly analyzed. While analysis of cryptographic protocols has been an active research area over the past three decades, the techniques have not been adapted to analyze security for complex web interactions. In this paper, we identify gaps in the area and propose means to address them. We extend an important belief logic (the so-called BAN logic) used for analyzing security in authentication protocols to support new concepts that are specific to browser based IDaaS protocols. We also address the problem of automating belief based security analysis through a UML based model driven approach which can be easily integrated with existing software engineering tools. We demonstrate benefits of the extended logic and model driven approach by analyzing two of the most commonly used IDaaS protocols.
POLICY GOALS FOR EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION AND UNDERGRADUATE RETENTION

The warnings of declining education infrastructure offered by the National Commission on Excellence in Education in 1983 and the proposals for revitalizing education provided in national policy initiatives such as Goals 2000 provide powerful arguments for the systematic study of undergraduate retention and graduation. This article develops a system to monitor and facilitate institutional decisionmaking designed to improve student success and reduce attrition. The methodology may serve as a prototype to be adopted by colleges or universities across the country and help to inform national education planning and policymaking.
Age-Related Differences in Maintenance of Balance During Forward Reach to the Floor

Background. Downward reaching may lead to falls in older adults, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. This study assessed differences between younger and older adults in postural control and losses of balance when performing a forward reach to the floor in 2 possible real-world situations, with and without full foot contact with the floor.
Tailoring interfacial oxide for polysilicon bit-cell contacts and emitters with in situ vapor HF interface cleaning and polysilicon deposition in a 4 Mbit BiCMOS fast static RAM

A cluster-tool-based technique for in situ vapor HF cleaning, ultrathin oxide growth and polysilicon deposition is compared to conventional processing in forming polysilicon emitters and polysilicon bit-cell contacts in a 4-Mb/0.5- mu m BiCMOS fast static RAM (FSRAM) process. The in situ processing techniques involve removing native oxide with vapor HF, optionally growing several monolayers of thermal interfacial oxide and depositing a polysilicon film using a load-locked multichamber cluster tool. The authors have examined the capability of this process for producing low bit-cell contact resistance while tailoring bipolar gain through the use of a thin interfacial oxide. Results are reported which indicate that the control achieved with cluster tool processing provides greater flexibility in simultaneously optimizing the performance of the polysilicon emitters and bit-cell contacts. >
Nose thyself: individuality in the human olfactory genome

A recent study using cell-based assays together with an olfactory psychophysical survey in humans has established a link between a genetic polymorphism in an odorant receptor and variability in perception of the smell of the steroid androstenone.
Impact of two types of complete pelleted, wild ungulate feeds and two pelleted feed to hay ratios on the development of urolithogenic compounds in meat goats as a model for giraffes.

Summary Urolith formation has been documented in giraffes and goats. As research in giraffes poses logistical challenges, 16 buck goats were used as a model. The impact of two commercially available, pelleted feeds used for giraffes, ADF-16 and Wild Herbivore (WH), as well as the impact of alfalfa hay and pellet proportions (20% hay:80% pellets, 80P or 80% hay:20% pellet, 20P) on the formation of urolithogenic precursors in goat urine was accomplished in a 2 × 2 factorial balance study. Complete diets contained 0.60, 0.32, 0.35 and 0.26% phosphorus (P) with calcium:P ratios of 1.60, 4.16, 3.06 and 5.23, for 80P-ADF-16, 20P-ADF-16, 80P-WH and 20P-WH respectively. Total faeces and urine were collected over two 5-day periods to assess N and mineral balance. Fresh urine samples were collected and evaluated microscopically for urolithic crystal content. Urinary nitrogen (N) was lower and N retention was higher in goats fed 80P diets (p 8) for all treatments. Urinary P concentration, a risk factor for urolithiasis, was highest (p ≤ 0.06) in the 80P-ADF-16 treatment (0.38 vs. 0.01, 0.02 and 0.04 mg/dl for 20P-ADF-16, 80P-WH and 20P-WH respectively), reflecting its highest dietary P level. Further investigation is recommended to determine the long-term effects of these diets on urolithogenic compound formation.
Errakina: Pastoral Fire Use and Landscape Memory In the Basque Region of the French Western Pyrenees

People in the French Western Pyrenees have used fire for millennia in order to shape and manage landscapes. This history has left cultural and ecological legacies that both reflect and ensure the relative persistence of landscape patterns and processes. In this paper I draw on ethnographic research, ethnohistorical evidence, and Bayesian spatial analyses of historical fire use locations and land use maps to shed some light on human-firelandscape dynamics in the Pyrenees for the years 1830 to 2011. I show how cultural and ecological legacies reflect a self-organized fire management regime that emerges from fire use driven by the production goals of individual households. I frame the self-organizing dynamic inherent in Pyrenean pastoral fire use as ‘‘landscape memory.’’ This conclusion has implications for the future direction of fire-related conservation policy for the Pyrenees and for analogous systems characterized by self-organized land management regimes.
Androgen Modulation of Foxp1 and Foxp2 in the Developing Rat Brain: Impact on Sex Specific Vocalization

Sex differences in vocal communication are prevalent in both the animals and humans. The mechanism(s) mediating gender differences in human language are unknown, although, sex hormones, principally androgens, play a central role in the development of vocalizations in a wide variety of animal species. The discovery of FOXP2 has added an additional avenue for exploring the origins of language and animal communication. The FOXP2 gene is a member of the forkhead box P (FOXP) family of transcription factors. Prior to the prenatal androgen surge in male fetuses, we observed no sex difference for Foxp2 protein levels in cultured cells. In contrast, 24 hours after the onset of the androgen surge, we found a sex difference for Foxp2 protein levels in cultured cortical cells with males having higher levels than females. Furthermore, we observed the potent nonaromatizable androgen dihydrotestosterone altered not only Foxp2 mRNA and protein levels but also Foxp1. Androgen effects on both Foxp2 and Foxp1 were found to occur in the striatum, cerebellar vermis, and cortex. Immunofluorescence microscopy and coimmunoprecipitation demonstrate Foxp2 and the androgen receptor protein interact. Databases for transcription factor binding sites predict a consensus binding motif for androgen receptor on the Foxp2 promoter regions. We also observed a sex difference in rat pup vocalization with males vocalizing more than females and treatment of females with dihydrotestosterone eliminated the sex difference. We propose that androgens might be an upstream regulator of both Foxp2 and Foxp1 expression and signaling. This has important implications for language and communication as well as neuropsychiatric developmental disorders involving impairments in communication.
Computational Model for Cell Migration in Three-Dimensional Matrices

Although computational models for cell migration on two-dimensional (2D) substrata have described how various molecular and cellular properties and physiochemical processes are integrated to accomplish cell locomotion, the same issues, along with certain new ones, might contribute differently to a model for migration within three-dimensional (3D) matrices. To address this more complicated situation, we have developed a computational model for cell migration in 3D matrices using a force-based dynamics approach. This model determines an overall locomotion velocity vector, comprising speed and direction, for individual cells based on internally generated forces transmitted into external traction forces and considering a timescale during which multiple attachment and detachment events are integrated. Key parameters characterize cell and matrix properties, including cell/matrix adhesion and mechanical and steric properties of the matrix; critical underlying molecular properties are incorporated explicitly or implicitly. Model predictions agree well with experimental results for the limiting case of migration on 2D substrata as well as with recent experiments in 3D natural tissues and synthetic gels. Certain predicted features such as biphasic behavior of speed with density of matrix ligands for 3D migration are qualitatively similar to their 2D counterparts, but new effects generally absent in 2D systems, such as effects due to matrix sterics and mechanics, are now predicted to arise in many 3D situations. As one particular sample manifestation of these effects, the optimal levels of cell receptor expression and matrix ligand density yielding maximal migration are dependent on matrix mechanical compliance.
Feature selection based on mutual information criteria of max-dependency, max-relevance, and min-redundancy

Feature selection is an important problem for pattern classification systems. We study how to select good features according to the maximal statistical dependency criterion based on mutual information. Because of the difficulty in directly implementing the maximal dependency condition, we first derive an equivalent form, called minimal-redundancy-maximal-relevance criterion (mRMR), for first-order incremental feature selection. Then, we present a two-stage feature selection algorithm by combining mRMR and other more sophisticated feature selectors (e.g., wrappers). This allows us to select a compact set of superior features at very low cost. We perform extensive experimental comparison of our algorithm and other methods using three different classifiers (naive Bayes, support vector machine, and linear discriminate analysis) and four different data sets (handwritten digits, arrhythmia, NCI cancer cell lines, and lymphoma tissues). The results confirm that mRMR leads to promising improvement on feature selection and classification accuracy.
Cold-formed steel lipped and plain angle columns with fixed ends

Abstract The objective of this study is to explore the significant post-buckling reserve in global buckling that has been observed in tests on cold-formed steel angle columns, and to provide design guidance for locally slender cold-formed steel lipped and plain angle columns with fixed end boundary conditions. Global buckling modes are generally regarded to have no post-buckling reserve, and indeed all column design curves, including those used in North America for cold-formed steel columns limit the strength to 0.877Pcre (where Pcre is the global buckling load) or lower. However, tests conducted on cold-formed steel angles by Young (2004,2005) [1] , [2] demonstrate capacities significantly in excess of Pcre – an observation usually reserved for local-plate buckling modes, which due to transverse membrane resistance are known to have significant post-buckling reserve. In this work, specific attention is paid to the impact of end boundary conditions, with emphasis on warping (longitudinal) deformations. Utilizing nonlinear collapse analysis with shell finite element models, and existing testing, alternatives to current design methods are explored. New design procedures are recommended for strength prediction of cold-formed steel angle columns with fixed end boundary conditions.
Dark matter and dark radiation

We explore the feasibility and astrophysical consequences of a new long-range U(1) gauge field ("dark electromagnetism") that couples only to dark matter, not to the Standard Model. The dark matter consists of an equal number of positive and negative charges under the new force, but annihilations are suppressed if the dark matter mass is sufficiently high and the dark fine-structure constant α is sufficiently small. The correct relic abundance can be obtained if the dark matter also couples to the conventional weak interactions, and we verify that this is consistent with particle-physics constraints. The primary limit on a comes from the demand that the dark matter be effectively collisionless in galactic dynamics, which implies α ≾ 10^(-3) for TeV-scale dark matter. These values are easily compatible with constraints from structure formation and primordial nucleosynthesis. We raise the prospect of interesting new plasma effects in dark matter dynamics, which remain to be explored. This proceedings is based on the work presented originally in.(1)
Vertical mixing schemes in the coastal ocean: Comparison of the level 2.5 Mellor‐Yamada scheme with an enhanced version of the K profile parameterization

[1] The performance of two vertical mixing parameterizations in idealized continental shelf settings is analyzed to assess in what aspects and under what conditions they differ. The level 2.5 Mellor-Yamada turbulence closure (M-Y) is compared with an enhanced version of the K profile parameterization (KPP), which has been appended to include a representation of the bottom boundary layer. The two schemes are compared in wind-driven one- and two-dimensional shallow ocean settings to examine differences in (1) the surface boundary layer response, (2) the response when surface and bottom boundary layers are in close proximity, and (3) the response when the horizontal advective effects of a coastal upwelling circulation compete with the vertical mixing processes. The surface boundary layer experiments reveal that M-Y mixes deeper and entrains more than KPP when the pycnocline beneath the wind-mixed layer is highly stratified and mixes less when it is weaker. This is related to the role of vertical diffusion of turbulent kinetic energy in M-Y and the nature of the interior shear mixing parameterization of KPP. In shallow water when surface and bottom boundary layers impinge on each other, the stronger mixing at the interface produced by KPP can lead to much more rapid disintegration of the pycnocline. The two-dimensional upwelling circulation experiments show that the two schemes can produce quite similar or significantly different solutions in the nearshore region dependent on the initial stratification. The differences relate to the stronger suppression of turbulence by M-Y under the restratifying influence of horizontal advection of denser water in the bottom boundary layer.
A non-sequence-specific requirement for SMN protein activity: the role of aminoglycosides in inducing elevated SMN protein levels

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is caused by homozygous loss of the survival motor neuron (SMN1) gene. In virtually all SMA patients, a nearly identical copy gene is present, SMN2. SMN2 cannot fully compensate for the loss of SMN1 because the majority of transcripts derived from SMN2 lack a critical exon (exon 7), resulting in a dysfunctional SMN protein. Therefore, the critical distinction between a functional and a dysfunctional SMN protein is the inclusion or the exclusion of the exon 7 encoded peptide. To determine the role of the 16 amino acids encoded by SMN exon 7, a panel of synthetic mutations were transiently expressed in SMA patient fibroblasts and HeLa cells. Consistent with previous reports, the protein encoded by SMN exons 1-6 was primarily restricted to the nucleus. However, a variety of heterologous sequences fused to the C-terminus of SMN exons 1-6 allowed mutant SMN proteins to properly distribute to the cytoplasm and to the nuclear gems. These data demonstrate that the SMN exon 7 sequence is not specifically required, rather this region functions as a non-specific 'tail' that facilitates proper localization. Therefore, a possible means to restore additional activity to the SMNDelta7 protein could be to induce a longer C-terminus by suppressing recognition of the native stop codon. To address this possibility, aminoglycosides were examined for their ability to restore detectable levels of SMN protein in SMA patient fibroblasts. Aminoglycosides can suppress the accurate identification of translation termination codons in eukaryotic cells. Consistent with this, treatment of SMA patient fibroblasts with tobramycin and amikacin resulted in a quantitative increase in SMN-positive gems and an overall increase in detectable SMN protein. Taken together, this work describes the role of the critical exon 7 region and identifies a possible alternative approach for therapeutic intervention.
Graphical test for robust stability with distributed delayed feedback

The performance of a nominally designed state feedback control for a linear systems is analyzed in the case that the information, available at time t for feedback, consists of a functional of the state over the interval [t−T,t]. Sufficient conditions are given for the stability and asymptotic stability, independent of the matrix valued weight functions on the delay-perturbed state. These sufficient conditions, obtained via the Lyapunov-Krasovskii theory, revolve around the existence of some positive definite matrix functions satisfying certain Riccati-type differential equations. Connections are made with the theory of robust control and its frequency domain criteria. New graphical criteria akin to the Nyquist criterion are derived to obtain the delay perturbation margin.
Clinical attributes and surgical outcomes of angiocentric gliomas

Angiocentric gliomas (AG) are exceedingly rare low-grade neoplasms which often present in the form of intractable epilepsy within younger patients. The current study extensively reviews all reported cases which were pathologically verified as AG in the literature to analyze clinical attributes and surgical outcomes of this neoplasm. There were 88 patients with AG reported in the literature consisting mostly of pediatric cases. The sex distribution consisted of 45 males and 36 females with the remaining seven cases not documenting sex. The average age of initial diagnosis was 16years with almost half of all diagnosed patients being within the first decade of life. In cases where extent of resection was reported, gross total resection (GTR) was achieved in 54 patients, subtotal resection (STR) in 16, and biopsy only in three. Post-operative complications were transient and only occurred in three patients with no reports of death following surgery. Only five cases reported tumor recurrence on follow-up. Eight patients had seizure recurrence post-operatively and GTR offered improved rates of seizure control when compared to STR (p=0.0005). Nearly half of the cases of AG are diagnosed within the first decade of life and they usually manifest with intractable seizures. GTR appears to offer better seizure control in the post-operative period. Surgical resection is the mainstay therapy for AG as post-operative complications and tumor recurrence remain uncommon. Since the number of reported cases is limited, future studies with longer follow-up periods will help elaborate more long-term outcomes.