cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Fractional Intersection Number of a Graph

An intersection representation of a graph G is a function f : VOGU!2 S (where S is any set) with the property that uv A EOGU if and only if fOuUV fOvU0 h. The size of the representation is jSj. The intersection number of G is the smallest size of an intersection representation of G. The intersection number can be expressed as an integer program, and the value of the linear relaxation of that program gives the fractional intersection number. This is in consonance with fractional versions of other graph invariants such as matching number, chromatic number, edge chromatic number, etc. We examine cases where the fractional and ordinary intersection numbers are the same (interval and chordal graphs), as well as cases where they are wildly dierent (complete multipartite graphs). We find the fractional intersection number of almost all graphs by considering random graphs.
Development of a Unit Incorporating Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis Into the Classroom

Abstract Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is an accepted, simple, non-invasive method for estimating body composition. Adolescents deal with concerns of body weight and body image on a daily basis. Addressing these concerns can provide educators with a teachable moment that may spark interest to enter the profession of dietetics. Data show that incorporating hands-on experiences into the classroom promotes scientific thinking and arouses and maintains the interest and curiosity of young people. The purpose of this project was to determine the effectiveness and acceptance of an instructional unit that incorporates BIA and its underlying electrical principles and the profession of dietetics into the classroom of 7 th , 8 th , and 9 th grade students. A module was developed intertwining the above mentioned topics. The module was field tested along with an evaluation component regarding acceptance of such a unit to young people. Evaluation of the cognitive information presented was completed verbally within the presentation. Twenty subjects participated in the field test. Subjects were participants attending a conference for middle school aged females at a Midwestern university. The evaluation tool was analyzed by computing frequencies and averages of Likert-type responses. Among the participants, 18 out of 19 (95%) responded that the workshop helped them understand what dietetics is about. In addition, 15 out of 19 (79%) answered that the workshop taught them some of the underlying electrical principles of BIA, and 15 out of 19 (79%) found the workshop to be interesting. Nine of the eleven (82%) written comments on the evaluation tool were positive. Based on the positive results from the field testing, the presentation was developed into a complete instructional unit. Overall, the field-testing and development of the instructional unit was found to be effective. Incorporating BIA's electrical principles into an instructional unit for middle school adolescents has a promising future.
Room-Temperature Spin Crossover Observed for [(TPyA)FeII(DBQ2-)FeII(TPyA)]2+ [TPyA = Tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine; DBQ2- = 2,5-Di-tert-butyl-3,6-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinonate]

Dinuclear [(TPyA)FeII(DBQ2-)FeII(TPyA)](BF4)2 possesses extensive π−π interactions between the FeII dimers that give rise to a two-dimensional supramolecular sheet structure. The magnetic susceptibility shows a room-temperature spin-crossover behavior; however, thermal hysteresis is not observed.
Research Note: An Analysis of Cruise Ship Impact on Local Hotel Demand — An Event Study in Charleston, South Carolina

This study examines cruise passenger demand for hotel accommodation in Charleston, South Carolina, prior to embarkation and after debarkation. The findings reveal that cruise passengers are significant drivers of room night demand around embarkation and debarkation. In addition, cruise passenger demand for room nights was not isolated to non-tourist districts of the greater metropolitan area, suggesting that a cruise from Charleston was coupled with a short vacation. This research is particularly important to destination managers, port authorities, municipalities and other stakeholders as they examine and negotiate the frequency, type and timing of passenger cruise service that provides the most positive benefit for the community
HIGH TEMPERATURE 1H NMR IN a-Si : H

Pulsed NMR measurements of 1H have been employed to study the chemical bonding and diffusion of hydrogen atoms in hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si : H) films at elevated temperatures (20-530°C). The spin-lattice relaxation time T1 is observed to go through a sharp drop above ~400°C. The previously observed low temperature T1 minimum near 30K is essentially unaffected by annealing at temperatures up to ~500°C where over 50% of the hydrogen has evolved.
The Design of VLSI Design Methods

The Mead-Conway VLSI design and implementation methodologies were deliberately generated to be simple and accessible, and yet have wide coverage and efficiency in application. An overview is given of the methods used to "design the design methodology." We sketch the results and the status of these methods, and of the associated infrastructure of university courses, computer network communities, silicon implementation systems, and silicon foundries in the United States. Building on this context, we present newly evolving knowledge concerning the principled design of design methods. Revisiting the Mead-Conway experiences to illustrate specific concepts, we consider how the properties of particular systems of knowledge, methods, and infrastructure affect the rates and extents of knowledge generation, diffusion, convergence, displacement, and integration.
Evidence of antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic superexchange interactions in bulk TbMn(1-x)Cr(x)O(3).

Powder samples of solid solution TbMn1?xCrxO3 (0???x???1) were synthesized via a facile solution route. The substitution of non-Jahn?Teller active Cr3+ for Mn3+ in TbMnO3 was found to decrease the unit cell volume and orthorhombic distortion. TbMn1?xCrxO3 with low Cr content (x???0.33) exhibited magnetic behavior similar to the pure TbMnO3 sample. However, ferromagnetic-like Mn?Cr interactions were introduced in these samples and maximum magnetic field coercivity and remanence were found at x???0.33. For x?0.5, signatures of a canted G-type antiferromagnetic ordering similar to pure TbCrO3 were observed. The Mn3+/Cr3+ spins rotate from parallel to the a-axis to parallel to the c-axis with increasing Cr content. Based on the magnetization results, a magnetic phase diagram for bulk solid solution TbMn1?xCrxO3 has been proposed for the first time.
Gamma-ray astronomy at the highest energies

Abstract One of the major astronomical discoveries of the past decade has been the detection of gamma rays of energy in excess of 0.1 TeV from a variety of galactic sources. These detections were made with ground-based telescopes using the earth's atmosphere as the detecting medium. The sources detected include the Crab Nebula (a 940 year old supernova remnant), some millisecond radio pulsars (rotating neutron stars), and binary X-ray sources (close-binaries systems containing accreting neutron stars).
Syntaxin-4 Defines a Domain for Activity-Dependent Exocytosis in Dendritic Spines

Changes in postsynaptic membrane composition underlie many forms of learning-related synaptic plasticity in the brain. At excitatory glutamatergic synapses, fusion of intracellular vesicles at or near the postsynaptic plasma membrane is critical for dendritic spine morphology, retrograde synaptic signaling, and long-term synaptic plasticity. Whereas the molecular machinery for exocytosis in presynaptic terminals has been defined in detail, little is known about the location, kinetics, regulation, or molecules involved in postsynaptic exocytosis. Here, we show that an exocytic domain adjacent to the postsynaptic density (PSD) enables fusion of large, AMPA receptor-containing recycling compartments during elevated synaptic activity. Exocytosis occurs at microdomains enriched in the plasma membrane t-SNARE syntaxin 4 (Stx4), and disruption of Stx4 impairs both spine exocytosis and long-term potentiation (LTP) at hippocampal synapses. Thus, Stx4 defines an exocytic zone that directs membrane fusion for postsynaptic plasticity, revealing a novel specialization for local membrane traffic in dendritic spines.
Interactions Between Cyclosporine and Newer Antidepressant Medications

The favorable safety profile of the newer antidepressant drugs recently introduced has lead to their increased use in transplant recipients. These new agents are a chemically diverse group of compounds that have selective serotonin reuptake inhibitory properties. Most of these medications inhibit one or more hepatic microsomal cytochrome p450 isoenzymes. Because cyclosporine is metabolized predominantly by CYP3A3/4 isoenzymes, inhibition of this system can lead to the buildup of toxic levels. Two case reports of cyclosporine toxicity attributable to interactions with the novel antidepressants nefazodone and fluvoxamine are presented. The serum creatinine and whole blood cyclosporine levels were found to be elevated at a routine clinic visit. Although it was subsequently possible to reduce the dose of cyclosporine by between 33% and 50%, the frequency of blood draws and consultations was greatly increased in both patients over several weeks, resulting in considerable patient anxiety. Interestingly, both nefazodone and fluvoxamine are known to potently inhibit the CYP3A3/4 isoenzymes. It is concluded that the introduction of a novel antidepressant to a cyclosporine-treated allograft recipient may be complicated by cyclosporine toxicity. Intensive monitoring of the serum creatinine and cyclosporine level is indicated under such circumstances, with dose reductions performed as indicated.
ON THE FLOATING POINT PERFORMANCE OF THE i860™ MICROPROCESSOR

The i860 microprocessor is a pipelined processor that can deliver two double precision floating point results every clock. It is being used in the Touchstone project to develop a teraflop computer by the year 2000. With such high computational capabilities it was expected that memory bandwidth would limit performance on many kernels. Measured performance of three kernels showed performance is less than what memory bandwidth limitations would predict. This paper develops a model that explains the discrepancy in terms of memory latencies and points to some problems involved in moving data from memory to the arithmetic pipelines.
Elastic and viscoelastic behavior of chiral materials

Chiral materials are not invariant to inversions: there is a distinction between right- and left-handed material. Material properties such as piezoelectricity and pyroelectricity, represented by tensors of odd rank, can only occur in chiral materials. Chiral effects in elasticity cannot be expressed within classical elasticity since the modulus tensor, which is fourth rank, is unchanged under an inversion. We consider effects of chirality in elastic materials described by a generalized continuum representation, specifically Cosserat elasticity. Analysis of several configurations discloses a chiral material to generate reaction moments when compressed as a slab. A chiral plate bent to hyperbolic shape is predicted to exhibit size effects from the Cosserat characteristic length, and a shear force from the chirality. This analysis can be used for the interpretation of experiments on compliant chiral materials, in particular the evaluation of the elastic constants. Viscoelastic chiral solids are examined in the context of the correspondence principle.
Higher derivative explicit one step methods for non‐linear dynamic problems. Part I: Design and theory

A new higher order explicit one step scheme is presented for use in the solution of a certain class of non-linear problems in structural dynamics. The generalized scheme covers some recently developed multistep algorithms as well as some new one step methods with improved numerical properties. A weighted residual approach is used which contains new aspects for design of single step algorithms. Accuracy and stability are investigated for linear and non-linear systems. Algorithms with higher accurary than the central difference method are developed and optimized to minimize the reduction in the stability limit.
Power-factor correction of resistance-welding machines by series capacitors

THE problem of power-factor correction of resistance-welding machines is of current interest because of their widespread and rapidly growing application. In addition, new and improved methods of capacitor production have diminished the cost of capacitors to a point where it now becomes economically feasible to apply them in many cases where previously the cost was prohibitive.
Hydrogen Adsorption, Absorption, and Desorption at Palladium Nanofilms formed on Au(111) by Electrochemical Atomic Layer Deposition (E-ALD): Studies using Voltammetry and In Situ Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

Pd nanofilms were grown on Au(111) using the electrochemical form of atomic layer deposition (E-ALD). Deposits were formed by repeated cycles of surface-limited redox replacement (SLRR). Each cycle produced an atomic layer of Pd, allowing the reproducible formation of Pd nanofilms, with thicknesses proportional to the number of cycles performed. Pd deposits were formed with up to 30 cycles, in the present study, and used as a platform for studies of hydrogen sorption/desorption as a function of thickness. The SLRR cycle involved the initial formation of an atomic layer of Cu by underpotential deposition, followed by its galvanic exchange with PdCl42– ions at open circuit. The first three cycles were studied using in situ electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM), which showed a consistent morphology from cycle to cycle and the monatomic steps indicative of layer-by-layer growth. Cyclic voltammetry was used to study the hydrogen sorption/desorption properties as a function of thickness in 0.1 ...
Do Xenopus oocytes have a heat shock response

Abstract Xenopus oocytes have been reported to respond to heat shock in a unique fashion by inducing the translation of preformed mRNA encoding the 70,000-Da heat shock protein (hsp70). We have reexamined Xenopus oocytes for this response by analyzing [35S]methionine-labeled oocyte proteins synthesized at ambient (22°C) and at heat shock (35°C) temperatures. Our objective was to use this response in studies directed at understanding how inactive messages are selected for translation. We found no evidence for the induction of hsp70 in completely defolliculated heat-shocked stage 6 oocytes, although they do appear to synthesize constitutively a 70-kDa protein which is a member of the hsp70 complex of proteins. Defolliculated oocytes were also found to be thermotolerant in vitro. Unfertilized eggs, naturally defolliculated at ovulation, also failed to induce detectable hsp70 synthesis after heat shock. In contrast, fibroblasts and the approximately 1000 follicle cells comprising the theca and follicular layers surrounding each oocyte have a classic heat shock response regulated at the transcriptional level. The hsp70 synthesized by stressed follicle cells was not transported into oocytes. We suggest that oocytes in general may represent an exception to the apparent universality of the heat shock response.
Constructing illness: how the public in eight Western nations respond to a clinical description of "schizophrenia".

Abstract According to classic and contemporary social theory, the community is crucial to how individuals respond to the onset of health problems. Cultural response to symptoms provides the foundation for lay diagnosis; offers a gauge for marking individual and societal health literacy; and reflects the cultural embeddedness of modern medical knowledge. Using data collected between 2004 and 2007 from the Stigma in Global Context – Mental Health Study (SGC-MHS) on the recognition of schizophrenia from vignettes describing individuals meeting DSM-IV criteria, we examine the nature and correlates of lay diagnosis. Focusing on Western societies in the SGC-MHS, we ask three questions regarding problem recognition in Bulgaria ( N = 255), Cyprus ( N = 253), Germany ( N = 382), Hungary ( N = 352), Iceland ( N = 291), Spain ( N = 327), Great Britain ( N = 289), and the United States ( N = 449): (1) What is the cross-national variation in recognition of schizophrenia as a mental illness? (2) Is lay diagnosis associated with individuals’ socio-demographic characteristics and/or their evaluation of underlying causes? (3) Are lay diagnoses likely to shape the nature and direction of the illness career? We find lay diagnosis of “mental illness” to be high across these Western nations with some, though modest, difference across countries. Variation for the more specific diagnosis of “schizophrenia” is greater, though fairly consistent in country ordering. Lay diagnoses are shaped most consistently by attributions, inconsistently by socio-demographics, and generally associated with respondents’ treatment recommendations and expected outcomes. In light of assumptions about public beliefs and knowledge that often underlie research, community efforts, clinical programs, and health policy, these findings suggest that a greater understanding of the complexities of lay diagnosis is warranted.
Chemical effects on X-ray K emission spectra of calcium in various compounds

A systematic investigation of the chemical effects on the calcium X-ray K emission spectra from 32 chemical compounds was carried out using a two-crystal X-ray spectrometer. The observed chemical shifts of the Ca Kα1,2, Kα3,4, Kβ1,3 and Kβ5 lines relative to the respective lines from CaF2 varied in the range +0.06 to +0.30, +0.09 to +0.32, −0.06 and +1.1 to +3.2eV, respectively. A certain dependence on the nature of surrounding groups was found in these shifts. The profile changes in the Ca Kβ5 and Kβ bands from all compounds were discussed by subdividing them roughly into three types, depending upon their characteristic features.
Felony court processing in an urban county: Coping with a “limited capacity to punish”

The findings from earlier research suggest that courts adapt to prison overcrowding through the increased use of charge reductions and felony probation. Analyses with data aggregated from an urban county district court in Texas for each year from 1978 to 1988 did not support those earlier findings. During a period of unprecedented prison and court overloads, charge reductions and the probability of probation decreased, and sentences to state prisons increased. Average prison terms, however, decreased in length. The discussion in this article considers the implications of these findings for strict enforcement attempts and deterrence goals, in the context of what Pontell (1984) has called “a limited capacity to punish.”
Triggering a Cell Shape Change by Exploiting Preexisting Actomyosin Contractions

Apical constriction changes cell shapes, driving critical morphogenetic events, including gastrulation in diverse organisms and neural tube closure in vertebrates. Apical constriction is thought to be triggered by contraction of apical actomyosin networks. We found that apical actomyosin contractions began before cell shape changes in both Caenorhabitis elegans and Drosophila. In C. elegans, actomyosin networks were initially dynamic, contracting and generating cortical tension without substantial shrinking of apical surfaces. Apical cell-cell contact zones and actomyosin only later moved increasingly in concert, with no detectable change in actomyosin dynamics or cortical tension. Thus, apical constriction appears to be triggered not by a change in cortical tension, but by dynamic linking of apical cell-cell contact zones to an already contractile apical cortex.
Collaborative virtual rehabilitation system with home treatment integration

Patient adherence to home exercise regimens, critical in achieving ideal treatment outcomes for physical therapy, is typically poor. Further, therapists lack quantitative data to review a patient's performance. In this work, we propose a virtual rehabilitation system for home exercise with continuous monitoring and quantitative performance measurements packaged with a fun and engaging interface. The solution is a complete feedback loop where the physical therapist and patient make shared decisions about appropriate regimens, patients use a sensor-enabled gaming interface at home to perform exercises, quantitative data is fed back to the therapist, and the therapist is able to properly adjust the regimen and give reinforcing feedback and social support. The system aims to address the multi-factorial nature of poor adherence and to apply appropriate behavior change models and persuasive feedback mechanisms. In addition, it will capture critical objective data that will help to guide therapy practices on both the individual and community level.
Factoring the coherence matrix: patterning of the frequency-specific covariance in a multichannel EEG.

Current methods in research on the electrophysiology of human information processing include high speed quantification of EEG signals from multiple electrodes. The data from each electrode comprise a time series, from which the frequency information can be extracted through Fourier analysis. A problem in this research is appropriately handling the large amount of data in such a way that the topographic patterning of the electrical activity can be related to differential usage of brain regions during specific forms of cognition. We illustrate how factor analysis can be applied to describe the regional patterning of covariance in the spectral information of a multichannel EEG. Rotated factors delineate distinct patterns of electrophysiological activity across the head. Coherence factors show good replicability over repeated observations, and lateralized effects of cognitive activity are observed in the factor loadings. Further applications of this method are discussed, including some suggestions relevant to applying confirmatory, hypothesis testing factor analyses.
Root Biomass, Water‐Use Efficiency, and Performance of Wheat–Rye Translocations of Chromosomes 1 and 2 in Spring Bread Wheat ‘Pavon’

Positive performance is reported for centric translocations of chromosome 1 of rye (Secale cereale L.) in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Objectives were to determine the effects of short arm translocations of rye chromosome 1 (1RS) derived from 'Kavkaz' winter wheat, in 'Pavon' spring wheat background, on root biomass, water-use efficiency, and agronomic performance. Pavon and its translocations were evaluated in glasshouse pot experiments in 1997 and 1998 and in field experiments in 1999 and 2000 under well-watered and droughted treatments. The 1RS translocations in Pavon delayed maturity, reduced plant height in some cases, and increased root biomass. Association between root biomass and grain yield was significant under droughted and under well-watered conditions. The 1RS translocations increased grain yield and grain weight, especially under well-watered field conditions. The overall mean grain yield was 4.066 Mg ha -1 for Pavon, 4.895 Mg ha -1 for 1RS.1AL, 4.503 Mg ha -1 for 1RS.1BL, and 4.632 Mg ha -1 for 1RS.1DL. The 1RS translocations, in general, were more tolerant to field environmental stresses than Pavon. These results encourage the development and use of the 1RS.1AL and 1RS.1DL translocations in wheat breeding programs.
Maintaining wildlife habitat in southeastern Alaska: implications of new knowledge for forest management and research.

Abstract We review results and implications from recent wildlife studies that followed from the 1997 Tongass Land Management Plan (TLMP) and identify information needs and directions for research, development, and application. Sustained population viability of wildlife species was identified as a major issue in the TLMP planning process. Several species were identified as management indicator species, and research was conducted to determine their potential sensitivity to forest management. Southeastern Alaska was found to be a region with an especially high degree of endemism in its small mammal fauna, principally because of the combination of its archipelago geography combined with highly dynamic glacial history. Two species of endemic small mammals selected for demographic study, however, appeared to be less dependent on old-growth forests than had been suspected at the time TLMP was written: the northern flying squirrel ( Glaucomys sabrinus ) because of relatively high suitability of noncommercial, low-volume, mixed-conifer forest; and the southern red-backed vole ( Clethrionomys gapperi ) because of relatively high suitability of precommercially thinned young-growth forest. The northern goshawk ( Accipiter gentilis ) was found to be problematic for “management indicator” status because of logistical difficulties involved in monitoring this relatively rare, highly mobile species that frequently changes nest sites. Sampling protocols were developed for marbled murrelet ( Brachyramphus marmoratus ), although murrelet populations do not appear to be in trouble on the Tongass. The conservation strategy of TLMP for American marten ( Martes americana ) appeared to be sound on Chichagof Island where marten have been studied intensively, but implications for the rest of southeastern Alaska were unclear without further work. Studies of the Alexander Archipelago wolf ( Canis lupus ligoni ) indicated that population density of black-tailed deer ( Odocoileus hemionus ) and road access (to wolf hunters) were the predominant factors affecting wolf productivity and mortality, respectively. Finally, studies of bird community response to timber-harvest alternatives to clearcutting indicated that although creation of forest “edge” may increase nest predation rates, the actual response depends on a broad array of factors and is highly variable. We suggest that research, development, and application focus on plant and animal communities and management of vegetation to achieve specific objectives for wildlife habitat. We suggest that such efforts emphasize silviculture of second-growth forests, understanding old-growth reserves, distribution of endemic small mammals, and alternatives to clearcutting. Models for evaluating black-tailed deer habitat and populations are needed for subsistence-hunting management, and some work needs to be directed at interactions between tourism and selected wildlife species.
Building the news media agenda on the environment: a comparison of public relations and journalistic sources

Abstract Critics have accused public relations practitioners of providing materials to journalists that promote an environmental backlash agenda and lack news value. This content analysis study compares two types of information subsidies provided to members of the Society of Environmental Journalists: public relations materials mailed to members and news tipsheets put together by SEJ for the use of their members. Results suggest that although the critics’ charges have some merit, the preponderance of materials promoting a backlash agenda stem from just a few public relations sources. Additionally, although the news tipsheets possessed more overall news value, the public relations materials possessed more overall news utility for journalists.
Polymer contribution to the thermal conductivity and viscosity in a dilute solution (Fraenkel Dumbbell model)

The phase-space kinetic theory for polymeric liquid mixtures is used to obtain an expression for the polymer contribution to the thermal conductivity of a nonflowing, dilute solution of polymers, where the polymer molecules are modeled as Fraenkel dumbbells. This theory takes into account three mechanisms for the energy transport: diffusion of kinetic energy (including the Ottinger-Petrillo term), diffusion of intramolecular energy, and the work done against the intramolecular forces. This paper is an extension of previous developments for the Hookean dumbbell model and the finitely-extensible dumbbell model. A comparison among the dumbbell results suggests that the thermal conductivity increases with chain stiffness. In addition, the zero-shear-rate viscosity and first normal-stress coefficient are also given for the Fraenkel dumbbell model.
Unusual Giant Syringomyelia with Neurocutaneous Melanosis

A two year old male presented with feeding intolerance and lethargy. Mother had normal delivery with term baby. The patient denied previous trauma or recent weight loss. Physical examination revealed neurocutaneous melanosis (NCM) over lower back side of body and no signs of peripheral motor deficit or abnormal reflexes. Hematological investigations showed no abnormality. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging found a large, cystic cavity that was eccentric in the cervicothoracic spine extending from C3 to L1. Suboccipital decompressive craniectomy, bilateral C1 laminectomy, and occipital duraplasty were done. J Nepal Paediatr Soc 2014;34(3):250-251 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v34i3.11165
Photo-Crosslinked Poly(ε-caprolactone fumarate) Networks: Roles of Crystallinity and Crosslinking Density in Determining Mechanical Properties.

Abstract We present a material design strategy of combining crystallinity and crosslinking to control the mechanical properties of polymeric biomaterials. Three polycaprolactone fumarates (PCLF530, PCLF1250, and PCLF2000) synthesized from the precursor polycaprolactone (PCL) diols with nominal molecular weights of 530, 1250, and 2000 g mol−1, respectively, were employed to fabricate polymer networks via photo-crosslinking process. Five different amounts of photo-crosslinking initiator were applied during fabrication in order to understand the role of photoinitiator in modulating the crosslinking characteristics and physical properties of PCLF networks. Thermal properties such as glass transition temperature (Tg), melting temperature (Tm), and degradation temperature (Td) of photo-crosslinked PCLFs were examined and correlated with their rheological and mechanical properties.
Roton Second Sound

Second-sound propagation is considered, both when collisions between elementary excitations do and when they do not conserve total number. Simple expressions are derived for the velocity in each case. Assuming number conservation in roton-roton collisions, the velocity of roton second sound is found to be $\frac{3kT}{{p}_{0}}$, where ${p}_{0}$ is the momentum at the roton minimum.
Gauge Invariance, Finite Temperature, and Parity Anomaly in D = 3

The effective gauge field actions generated by charged fermions in QED_3 and QCD_3 can be made invariant under both small and large gauge transformations at any temperature by suitable regularization of the Dirac operator determinant, at the price of parity anomalies. We resolve the paradox that the perturbative expansion is not invariant, as manifested by the temperature dependence of the induced Chern-Simons term, by showing that large (unlike small) transformations and hence their Ward identities are not perturbative order preserving. Our results are illustrated through concrete examples of field configurations, where the interplay between gauge and parity anomalies is also exhibited.
Lattice animal specific heats and the collapse of branched polymers

The specific heat of one lattice animal is computed using a new Monte Carlo approach. The specific heat exhibits a peak near the collapse transition temperature derived by Derrida and Herrmann. There is also a secondary, low temperature peak which appears to be associated with a roughening transition.
Therapeutic Antibody Gene Transfer: An Active Approach to Passive Immunity

Advances in gene transfer approaches are enabling the possibility of applying therapeutic antibodies using DNA. In particular gene transfer in combination with electroporation is promising and can result in generating in vivo antibody concentrations in the low therapeutic range. However, several important problems need to be dealt with before antibody gene transfer can become a valuable supplement to the current therapies. As antibody production following gene transfer is difficult to control, the danger of inducing autoimmune conditions or uncontrollable side effects occurs in cases in which autologous antigens are targeted. It is suggested that the most promising area of application therefore appears to be infectious disease in which heterologous antigens are targeted and concerns for long-term antibody exposure are minimal. Finally, genes encoding fully human antibodies will enhance long-term expression and decrease problems linked to immunogenicity.
Leadership ratings for male and female military cadets

Ratings of leadership ability for 1096 male and 91 female cadets at the U.S. Military Academy (West Point) were examined for gender differences. Males were rated significantly higher than females for two of the three rating periods. Correlates of these ratings were examined in an effort to explore the meaning of such ratings for males and females. For both male and female cadets, situationally specific correlates of leadership ratings were identified. Physical ability and performance were most highly correlated with leadership ratings during summer training camp, while academic ability and performance were most highly correlated with these ratings during the academic year. These correlations were generally higher for females than for males. The value of such information to organizational newcomers and the means by which such information might be transmitted to them were discussed.
Electron microscope observations on the shell gland mucosa of calcium-deficient hens (Gallus domesticus).

Calcium-deprivation of three weeks duration causes marked degenerative changes in the shell gland mucosa of the laying hen. The height of the columnar epithelium decreases, but the secretory granules in the columnar epithelial cells and the cilia on the apical cells of the columnar epithelium are preserved. The tubular glands decrease in size and number. The microvilli surrounding the tubular gland lumen disappear. The cytoplasm of the tubular gland cell contains autophagic vacuoles (cytolysomes) and large pigment accumulations, presumably lipofuscin. The changes are due to dietary calcium deficiency, apparently mediated by decreased sex steroid secretion and decreased stimulation of the oviduct. These changes are totally reversible, since the fine structure of the shell gland mucosa of calcium-deprived hens returned to a normal laying diet does not show any signs of degeneration and is identical with the fine structure of the shell gland mucosa of the laying control birds.
Efficiency comparison of tri-generating HTFC to conventional hydrogen production technologies

Abstract This study compares the production of hydrogen with high temperature fuel cells (HTFCs) that tri-generate power, heat and hydrogen to distributed and centralized steam methane reformation (SMR) supply chains. The defined supply chain steps of hydrogen production include: production, treatment, distribution, storage, dispensing and use. Different technologies for each step in the supply chain have been analyzed from an energy standpoint, resulting in ten different supply chain scenarios. Results show that liquefaction of hydrogen is the most energy intensive of all the treatment processes and that it is only effective for long delivery distances. When the energy required for the hydrogen treatment (i.e., liquefaction, compression) is included, it is shown that compressed gas hydrogen at 200 bar is the least energy intensive for delivery distances shorter than 84 km if transported by diesel truck. For distances longer than 84 km, 500 bar compressed hydrogen is more efficiently transported than at 200 bar compressed hydrogen. For distances larger than 550 km, liquefied hydrogen is more efficiently distributed than compressed hydrogen at 500 bar. Results show that the highest supply chain efficiency corresponds to distributed hydrogen production via tri-generating HTFC (∼76%) followed by centralized SMR with 500 bar compressed hydrogen distribution (∼71%). The lowest supply chain efficiency values correspond to distributed SMR plants (∼60%) and centralized SMR with transportation of hydrogen in liquid form (
From twistor string theory to recursion relations

Witten's twistor string theory gives rise to an enigmatic formula [1] known as the ``connected prescription'' for tree-level Yang-Mills scattering amplitudes. We derive a link representation for the connected prescription by Fourier transforming it to mixed coordinates in terms of both twistor and dual twistor variables. We show that it can be related to other representations of amplitudes by applying the global residue theorem to deform the contour of integration. For six and seven particles we demonstrate explicitly that certain contour deformations rewrite the connected prescription as the Britto-Cachazo-Feng-Witten representation, thereby establishing a concrete link between Witten's twistor string theory and the dual formulation for the $S$ matrix of the $\mathcal{N}=4$ SYM recently proposed by Arkani-Hamed et al. Other choices of integration contour also give rise to ``intermediate prescriptions.'' We expect a similar though more intricate structure for more general amplitudes.
AGE, CRIMINAL CAREERS, AND POPULATION HETEROGENEITY: SPECIFICATION AND ESTIMATION OF A NONPARAMETRIC, MIXED POISSON MODEL*

This article addresses three issues that are central to the criminal career debate. First, is the life course of individual offending patterns marked by distinctive periods of quiescence? Second, at the level of the individual, do offending rates vary systematically with age? In particular, is the age-crime curve single peaked or flat? Third, are chronic offenders different from less active offenders? Do offenders themselves differ in systematic ways? Using a new approach to the analysis of individual criminal careers—based on nested, mixed Poisson models in which the mixing distribution is estimated nonparametrically—we analyze a panel data set that tracks a sample of males for more than 20 years. Our results provide empirical evidence in support of some features of criminal propensity theory and some in support of conventional criminal careers theory. In support of latent-trait criminal propensity theory, the individual-level average offense rate (per unit of time) varies as a function of observable individual-level characteristics and unobservable heterogeneity among individuals, and the age trajectory of the offense rate is generally single peaked rather than flat. On the other hand, in support of conventional criminal careers theory, models that incorporate a parameter that permits periods of active as well as inactive offending across age have greater explanatory power than those that do not. In addition, the nonparametric, discrete approximation to the population distribution of unobservable heterogeneity in the individual-level mean offense rate facilitates identification of four classes of offenders—nonoffenders as well as individual-level characteristics that are unique to each group. Problems of theoretical explanation and empirical generalizability of these results are described.
iRODS policy sets as standards for preservation

Digital data have a life cycle, of which preservation represents one stage. A traditional life cycle corresponds to creation of a collection, sharing of data, publication of data, and preservation of data. Data management at each stage can be represented by a set of policies and procedures that represent the consensus of a broad user community. In this view, preservation corresponds to the policies and procedures that are required for future users to understand the properties that have been maintained within a collection. Policy-based data management systems support policy evolution, making it possible to include preservation policies within a standard framework that is capable of supporting the evolution of policies across all stages of the data life cycle. An example is the iRODS integrated Rule-Oriented Data System, http://irods.diceresearch.org.
Expression of prostaglandin E2 synthases in mouse postnatal cortical neurons.

Eicosanoids and the enzymes associated with their metabolism play an active role in the neuroinflammatory process that is often a hallmark of neurodegenerative disorders. Cerebral cortical neurons constitute a highly affected cell population in neurologic disorders. To obtain a cellular model to analyze prostaglandin action and metabolism in cortical neurons, we developed postnatal neuronal cultures from mouse cortex in a serum-free medium. Cultured cortical cells were highly enriched in neurons containing only 5 ′2% glial cells. The cultures were assayed for expression of several protein markers of neuronal maturity: synaptic markers (synapsin I and synaptophysin) and glutamate receptor subunits (NMDA receptor 1 and glutamate receptor 1). The protein expression of eicosanoid-metabolizing enzymes, including cyclooxygenase-2 and microsomal and cytosolic PGE 2 synthases, was investigated as well. Postnatal neurons successfully survived for a long term (up to 40 days) in vitro in serum-free media, as characterized by the expression of synapsin I, synaptophysin, and microtubule-associated protein 2. Glutamate receptor subunit expression increased over time in cultures, with the highest levels at 15 days. Enzymes involved in the eicosanoid metabolism followed a distinct pattern of expression, suggesting potential regulation of PGE 2 synthesis with time in cultures under basal conditions. Use of postnatal brain cultures offers several advantages, especially regarding degree of neuronal maturation, use of postnatal pups instead of pregnant mice, and potentially increased clinical relevance in models of neuroinflammation processes and prostanoid cellular neurobiology.
Encephalitis in the pediatric population.

1. Stephen J. Falchek, MD* 1. *Division of Pediatric Neurology, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children/Thomas Jefferson University, Wilmington, DE, and Philadelphia, PA. * Abbreviations: ADEM: : acute disseminated encephalomyelitis CEP: : California Encephalitis Project CNS: : central nervous system CPP: : cerebral perfusion pressure CSF: : cerebrospinal fluid HSV: : herpes simplex virus IVIG: : intravenous immune globulin MS: : multiple sclerosis PCR: : polymerase chain reaction WNV: : West Nile virus Management of encephalitis, which can be fatal, requires understanding of a broad range of causative agents, pathophysiologic mechanisms, clinical syndromes, and outcomes. After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Know the many causes of encephalitis, including infectious, parainfectious, and noninfectious disorders. 2. Recognize the clinical features of encephalitis. 3. Be able to conduct a diagnostic investigation of a patient with encephalitis by using clinical and laboratory criteria. 4. Know the anticipated clinical course of different types of encephalitis. 5. Be familiar with the modalities used to treat encephalitis. 6. Understand the factors that influence the outcome in a patient who has encephalitis. The broad definition of the term “encephalitis,” that is, inflammation of the brain , necessitates acknowledgment of the enormous inclusivity of the topic. The most common interpretation of the term implies a direct invasion of the brain by an infectious pathogen, most commonly, viral, fungal, or parasitic. The topic also includes examples of meningitis mediated by bacteria or other agents, which can produce extrameningeal symptoms such as lethargy or seizures, in which case, the combined term “meningoencephalitis” is used. There are also many examples of encephalitis not due to direct central nervous system (CNS) infections. Inflammatory processes due to an acute or chronic illness can result in an acute immune-mediated encephalitis, such as acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), lupus cerebritis, and paraneoplastic syndromes. Agents or conditions that produce slowly progressive CNS symptoms, such as tertiary syphilis or “slow viruses” (the prion protein encephalopathies), also are considered examples of encephalitis. Table 1 lists only a limited number of the many pathogens and pathologic conditions that can cause either acute or subacute encephalitis. In this discussion, …
TU‐C‐BRA‐08: Can We Ignore Angular Acceleration and Deceleration Caused by Gantry Angular Speed Modulation in Volumetric Modulated Radiation Therapy

Objective: VMAT optimizes both MLC apertures and MU weights simultaneously. Additionally, VMAT uses a substantially higher gantry angle sampling frequency than DAO to better model the continuously moving source. VMAT achieves a desirable intensity modulation through a synergistic combination of MLC aperture, dose rate, and gantry angular speed modulations. Unlike conventional rotational techniques, VMAT requires the gantry to accelerate and decelerate frequently to deliver a given angular dose rate (MU/degree). This could potentially become a source of dosimetric error. In this study, we investigated the potential dosimetric effects of gantry angular acceleration and deceleration in VMAT delivery. Materials and Methods: A commercial phantom, MapPHAN with MapCHECK, was scanned on a CT scanner with a slice thickness of 3 mm and a matrix size of 512×512. The acquired CTimages were transferred to our in‐house VMAT TPS for treatment planning. A VMAT plan with 180 control points and 360° gantry rotation was computed. On a Varian Trilogy CLINAC, the VMAT plan was delivered to the phantom six times with six different maximum dose rates: 600, 500, 400, 300, 200, and 100 MU/min, respectively. The measured dose distribution with 600 MU/min was used as the baseline for comparison purpose. Results: We found that there were observable dose differences in the dose map between the measured dose distributions for 600 MU/min and 100 MU/min. These dose discrepancies covered an extensive area, but were mainly concentrated in the PTV, i.e., in the high dose and high dose gradient regions. The dose differences ranged from –2 ∼ 6 cGy. Conclusions: For a few fractions, this difference may be trivial. But for dose escalation cases, the accumulative dose differences could be significant and should not be ignored.
Thoracoscopic retrieval of foreign bodies after penetrating chest trauma

Video-assisted thoracic surgery or thoracoscopy has proved to be valuable in many settings in thoracic surgery. The use of video-assisted thoracic surgery in trauma has been limited, especially with respect to penetrating trauma. We report the use of thoracoscopy to remove intrathoracic fragments of glass and avert the need for a thoracotomy.
A data mining analysis of RTID alarms

Abstract IBM's emergency response service provides real-time intrusion detection (RTID) services through the Internet for a variety of clients. As the number of clients increases, the volume of alerts generated by the RTID sensors becomes intractable. This problem is aggravated by the fact that some sensors may generate hundreds or even thousands of innocent alerts per day. With an eye towards managing these alerts more effectively, IBM's data mining services group analyzed a database of RTID reports. The first objective was an approach for characterizing the “normal” stream of alerts from a sensor. Using such models tuned to individual sensors, we then developed a methodology for detecting anomalies. In contrast to many popular approaches, the decision to filter an alarm out or not takes into consideration the context in which it occurred and the historical behavior of the sensor it came from. Our second objective was to identify all the different profiles of our clients. Based on their history of alerts, we discovered several different types of clients, with different alert behaviors and thus different monitoring needs. We present the issues encountered, solutions, and findings, and discuss how our results may be used in large-scale RTID operations.