cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dealing with mixed type data by hierarchical clustering algorithm

This paper presented a new clustering method which could deal with mixed type data.Firstly,proposed an extended rough sets model based on concordance relation which relaxed the indiscernibility relation and tolerance relation.Secondly,redefined some concepts,such as the indiscernibility degree between two objects,the indiscernibility degree between two clusters,integrated approximation rate of the clustering result.Then,proposed a new hierarchical clustering algorithm to deal with mixed data.The algorithm not only could deal with the numerical type data as the other algorithms,but also could deal with the character type data and mixed type data.The experiment shows the method is feasible.
α Power Modulation and Event-Related Slow Wave Provide Dissociable Correlates of Visual Working Memory

Traditionally, electrophysiological correlates of visual working memory (VWM) capacity have been characterized using a lateralized VWM task in which participants had to remember items presented on the cued hemifield while ignoring the distractors presented on the other hemifield. Though this approach revealed a lateralized parieto-occipital negative slow wave (i.e., the contralateral delay activity) and lateralized α power modulation as neural correlates of VWM capacity that may be mechanistically related, recent evidence suggested that these measures might be reflecting individuals' ability to ignore distractors rather than their ability to maintain VWM representations. To better characterize the neural correlates of VWM capacity, we had human participants perform a whole-field VWM task in which they remembered all the items on the display. Here, we found that both the parieto-occipital negative slow wave and the α power suppression showed the characteristics of VWM capacity in the absence of distractors, suggesting that they reflect the maintenance of VWM representations rather than filtering of distractors. Furthermore, the two signals explained unique portions of variance in individual differences of VWM capacity and showed differential temporal characteristics. This pattern of results clearly suggests that individual differences in VWM capacity are determined by dissociable neural mechanisms reflected in the ERP and the oscillatory measures of VWM capacity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Our work demonstrates that there exist event-related potential and oscillatory correlates of visual working memory (VWM) capacity even in the absence of task-irrelevant distractors. This clearly shows that the two neural correlates are directly linked to maintenance of task-relevant information rather than filtering of task-irrelevant information. Furthermore, we found that these two correlates show differential temporal characteristics. These results are inconsistent with proposals that the two neural correlates are byproducts of asymmetric α power suppression and indicate that they reflect dissociable neural mechanisms subserving VWM.
The Ethical Conduct of Research: The Legacy of the Three Principles

This chapter examines the principles for the ethical conduct of research widely recognized in the United States. The contributions of H. Tristram Engelhardt, Jr. to the development of research ethics in the U.S. are examined. Special attention is given to the relationship among the principles and to different accounts of how to address conflicts among the principles, an issue Engelhardt addressed early in his career.
Automated detection of geological landforms on Mars using Convolutional Neural Networks

The large volume of high-resolution images acquired by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter has opened a new frontier for developing automated approaches to detecting landforms on the surface of Mars. However, most landform classifiers focus on crater detection, which represents only one of many geological landforms of scientific interest. In this work, we use Convolutional Neural Networks (ConvNets) to detect both volcanic rootless cones and transverse aeolian ridges. Our system, named MarsNet, consists of five networks, each of which is trained to detect landforms of different sizes. We compare our detection algorithm with a widely used method for image recognition, Support Vector Machines (SVMs) using Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) features. We show that ConvNets can detect a wide range of landforms and has better accuracy and recall in testing data than traditional classifiers based on SVMs. HighlightsFive Convolutional Neural Networks are used to classify landforms.The Neural Network is compared with an SVM classifier.The systems generates automated mapping of different landforms of interest.The system is shown to work with different landforms.
Chapter 8 – Biotechnological Implications: A Systems Approach

This chapter presents the environmental “implications” that can result from biotechnologies as a balance with the environmental “applications” discussed in Chapter 7. As such, the chapter provides ways to consider the risks to the environment when pursuing various societal objectives, including environmental cleanup, better medicines, and stable food supplies. The discussion includes the trade-offs and considerations involved in selecting and using plant incorporated protectants and other genetically engineered crops. Cheminformatics and computational tools to help identify potential risks are described, including approaches for building quantitative structure activity relationships using information about molecular descriptors. Various approaches are presented for characterizing and predicting risks from genetically modified organisms, including chemical and biological agents. The chapter also explores possible justice and ethics issues associated with biotechnologies.
CHAPTER 151 – PX Domains

The function of several PX domain-containing proteins is reasonably well understood, although the exact role fulfilled by the PX domain is not yet well defined. Tht phox proteins, after which the PX domain was named, are subunits of the NADPH oxidase, the heme-containing enzyme responsible for superoxide production and killing of microorganisms by phagocytic cells. In resting phagocytes, the inactive NADPH oxidase is separated into a set of cytoplasmic subunits including p47 phox , p67 phox , and p40 phox and a membrane-bound heme-containing flavocytochrome b558, which consists of gp91 phox and p22 phox . Upon phagocyte activation, the cytoplasmic components dock with the membrane-bound subunits to form a catalytically active enzyme that can transfer electrons from NADPH to oxygen to form reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide . PX domains join an expanding family of phosphoinositide-binding domains that includes C2 domains, PH domains, FYVE domains, ENTH domains, and tubby domains. The large differences in structure between these domains suggest that their lipid-binding function arose through the convergent evolution of different structures for the same biological function of lipid binding. It will be important for future work to further examine the structural foundation for lipid binding specificity by PX domains, and explore how their lipid-binding ability contributes to the overall function of PX domain-containing molecules.
Modification of energy bands of a dielectric crystal by pondermotive potential of Gaussian ultrashort laser pulse

Ultrafast modification of direct-gap parabolic energy bands of a dielectric crystal by high-intensity Gaussian ultrashort laser pulse is theoretically studied. Non-trivial dynamics of laser-driven Bloch oscillations of electrons result in formation of transient indirect bands.
Using fuzzy logic expert system for the estimation of the ARS-880 radar range

The article presents a fuzzy expert system designed to determine the possible radar range of the ARS-880. The aim of the project is to develop a fuzzy controller which will allow generating the ran...
Black silicon integrated aperture

This paper describes the incorporation of nanotextured black silicon as an optical absorbing material into silicon-based micro-optoelectromechanical systems devices to reduce stray light and increase optical contrast during imaging. Black silicon is created through a maskless dry etch process and characterized for two different etch conditions, a cold etch performed at 0°C and a cryogenic etch performed at − 110 ° C . We measure specular reflection at visible wavelengths to be 0.001 % at near-normal incidence for both processes, whereas the total diffuse scatter is 3 % and 1% for the cold and cryogenic processes, respectively. These surfaces exhibit less reflectivity and lower scatter than black velvet paint used to coat optical baffles and compare favorably with other methods to produce black surfaces from nanotextured silicon or using carbon nanotubes. We illustrate the use of this material by integrating a black silicon aperture around the perimeter of a deformable focus-control mirror. Imaging results show a significant improvement in contrast and image fidelity due to the effective reduction in stray light achieved with the self-aligned black aperture.
Solidification of Lead-Tin Alloy Droplets

1—The solidification of Pb-Sn alloy droplets (30 to 50 micron diam) was observed as a function of composition by a microscopic technique. 2—On the lead-rich side of the eutectic the initial solidification temperature, T i , is about 35° to 45°C below the liquidus, T, excepting that for pure lead5T m -T i = 80°. 3—On the tin-rich side of the eutectic T m -T i ≈ 60° to 75 °C excepting that for pure tin8 T m -T i = 110°. 4—In the lead-rich alloy a second temperature of abrupt solidification T f ≈ 160° and independent of composition was observed. It is, believed that T f is the initial solidification temperature of the tin-rich solution that remains liquid after the formation and growth of the lead-rich crystalline phase. 5—There is some evidence that the lead-rich crystalline phase has a mild catalytic effect on the formation of nuclei for the growth of the tin-rich solid solution.
Moses and Pharaoh's Magicians: A Discursive Analysis of the Qur'anic Narratives in the Light of Late Antique Texts and Traditions

This paper provides a comparative analysis of the Qur'anic narratives of Moses and Pharaoh's magicians and the Biblical narrative as transmitted through the targummim and Peshitta, and Jewish and C...
Psychosocial and health-related risk factors for depressive symptom trajectories among midlife women over 15 years: Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN)

Background Psychosocial and health-related risk factors for depressive symptoms are known. It is unclear if these are associated with depressive symptom patterns over time. We identified trajectories of depressive symptoms and their risk factors among midlife women followed over 15 years. Methods Participants were 3300 multiracial/ethnic women enrolled in a multisite longitudinal menopause and aging study, Study of Women's Health Across the Nation. Biological, psychosocial, and depressive symptom data were collected approximately annually. Group-based trajectory modeling identified women with similar longitudinal patterns of depressive symptoms. Trajectory groups were compared on time-invariant and varying characteristics using multivariable multinomial analyses and pairwise comparisons. Results Five symptom trajectories were compared (50% very low; 29% low; 5% increasing; 11% decreasing; 5% high). Relative to whites, blacks were less likely to be in the increasing trajectory and more likely to be in the decreasing symptom trajectory and Hispanics were more likely to have a high symptom trajectory than an increasing trajectory. Psychosocial/health factors varied between groups. A rise in sleep problems was associated with higher odds of having an increasing trajectory and a rise in social support was associated with lower odds. Women with low role functioning for 50% or more visits had three times the odds of being in the increasing symptom group. Conclusions Changes in psychosocial and health characteristics were related to changing depressive symptom trajectories. Health care providers need to evaluate women's sleep quality, social support, life events, and role functioning repeatedly during midlife to monitor changes in these and depressive symptoms.
Government Debt and Bank Leverage Cycle: An Analysis of Public and Intermediated Liquidity

Financial intermediaries issue the majority of liquid securities, and nonfinancial firms have become net savers, holding intermediaries' debt as cash. This paper shows that intermediaries' liquidity creation stimulates growth -- firms hold their debt for unhedgeable investment needs -- but also breeds instability through procyclical intermediary leverage. Introducing government debt as a competing source of liquidity is a double-edged sword: firms hold more liquidity in every state of the world, but by squeezing intermediaries' profits and amplifying their leverage cycle, public liquidity increases the frequency and duration of intermediation crises, raising the likelihood of states with less liquidity supplied by intermediaries. The latter force dominates and the overall impact of public liquidity is negative, when public liquidity cannot satiate firms' liquidity demand and intermediaries are still needed as the marginal liquidity suppliers.
WiSE: A System-Level Simulator for 5G Mobile Networks

With an increasing demand for new generation mobile networks, ITU Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) has set forth key technical performance requirements for the development of the IMT-2020 system, also known as the fifth generation (5G) system [1], and has started to invite submissions of candidate radio interface technologies for IMT2020 [2]. To ensure that IMT-2020's requirements can be met, the submitted candidate radio interface technologies will be evaluated by independent evaluation groups under the evaluation guidelines of Report ITU-R M.EIMT-2020. EVAL1 [3], where system -level simulation is employed as the major tool for the performance evaluation of various application scenarios.
A SOFTWARE PACKAGE FOR ELLIPTIC PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Publisher Summary This chapter describes a software package for elliptic partial differential equations. The FORTRAN software package uses explicit a priori inequalities and Chevyshev basis functions to compute approximate solutions of the Dirichlet, Neumann, and Robin boundary value problems for the constant coefficient second-order linear elliptic operator on rectangular domains. The package is best considered to be composed of a main program that calls a subroutine in which all the action occurs. The principal use of DRIVER is to set aside the proper storage for the matrices generated by the approximation method and allow the user to read in the coefficients of the elliptic operator, the ordered pairs that define the rectangle, and a logical variable that indicates the type of boundary value problem to be solved.
Use of pyrimidine pathway to produce mutant plants that fail to respond to wound induction

To understand how proteinase inhibitor genes, as a part of plant defense system, are activated following wounding, we have developed a molecular genetic approach to directly select for mutants blocked in wound response in Arcibidopsis thaliana. The wound-inducible promoter from the potato Proteinase Inhibitor II gene {pinl) was linked to a bacterial negative marker gene codA encoding for cytosine deaminase and transformed into Arcibidopsis thaliana. The cytosine deaminase activity was detected in the leaves of the transgenic plants (Tr349) induced by sucrose, ABA, methyl jasmonate and mechanical wounding. Methyl jasmonate was the best for the pinl induction in the seedlings among all the wound signal chemicals tested. Wild type seedlings had a dose-dependent sensitivity to 5FU. The seedlings were completely killed at a level of 100 |ig/mL and 130 |ig/mL 5FU for Arcibidopsis and N. tabacLim, respectively. 5FC at a concentration of 1 mg/mL had no effect on the seedlings of wild type of Arabidopsis or N. tabacum, or on Arabidopsis transgenic Tr349 seedlings without pinl induction. However, 5FC had a dose-dependent effect on the seedlings of transgenic Tr349 with the pinl induction by methyl jasmonate. No seedlings could survive above the concentration of 500 |J.g/mL 5FC. Homozygous Tr349 seeds were mutagenized by EMS. M2 seeds were collected and plated out on selective media containing 50 |J.g/mL kanamycin + 25 |jM methyl jasmonate + 500 |ig/mL 5FC. The 110 seedlings from M2 seeds survived on selective media. M3 seeds were collected and rescreened on selective media to eliminate false positives. Four M2 mutant lines that lost cytosine deaminase activity in M2 and M3 plants have been isolated. Because of the long timeframes involved in the work with transgenic plants several smaller projects were also conducted. Due to the success of these side projects, they are included in this thesis as separate chapters. To test whether the UMP synthase gene from D. discoideum functions in plants or not, the construct pm2-UMPS'^'' was prepared and transformed to N. tabacum. The expression of the UMPS^'' in the leaves of transgenic tobacco was detected in a wound-inducible manner in both mRNA and enzyme activity. The UMP/CMP kinase cDNA from Arabidopsis thaliana was isolated, expressed in E. coli and characterized. Site-directed mutagenesis studies showed that a glycine-rich conserved sequence (P-Ioop) played a role in ATP-binding and enzyme catalysis.
A Randomized Trial to Test Personalized Environmental Report Back to Reduce Lung Cancer Risk.

Background. More radon-related lung cancers occur among those exposed to tobacco smoke. Objectives. To test the effects of a personalized environmental report back intervention on change in stage o...
Study of relaxation behavior and processability of polybutadiene rubber composition

In this work, nickel-catalyzed high-cis 1,4-polybutadiene rubbers (PBR) with different molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, and Mooney relaxation time have been solution blended at diff...
Compensatory behaviors among racial and ethnic minority undergraduate women.

Limited research has examined prevalence rates of disordered eating across racial and ethnic groups. The current study aimed to assess the prevalence of compensatory behaviors across minority under...
Thoracoscopic Management of Benign Submucosal Tumors

Benign submucosal tumors of the esophagus are rare, with leiomyoma accounting for the majority of cases. Although the management of small asymptomatic benign submucosal tumors is debated, tumors that are symptomatic, large, or require a pathologic diagnosis to rule out malignancy should be removed, preferably by tumor enucleation. The thoracoscopic approach has been increasingly used for benign esophageal submucosal tumors and is similar to the open thoracotomy approach in many aspects without compromising successful exposure, mobilization, or tumor enucleation. Thoracoscopic enucleation has been demonstrated to be a technically feasible and safe alternative to the traditional thoracotomy, with shorter hospital stays, less postoperative pain, and no difference in functional outcomes.
An adaptive embedded architecture for real-time Particle Image Velocimetry algorithms

Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is a method of im-aging and analysing fields of flows. The PIV tech-niques compute and display all the motion vectors of the field in a resulting image. Speeds more than thou-sand vectors per second can be required, each speed being environment-dependent. Essence of this work is to propose an adaptive FPGA-based system for real-time PIV algorithms. The proposed structure is ge-neric so that this unique structure can be re-used for any PIV applications that uses the cross-correlation technique. The major structure remains unchanged, adaptations only concern the number of processing operations. The required speed (corresponding to the number of vector per second) is obtained thanks to a parallel processing strategy. The image processing designer duplicates the processing modules to distrib-ute the operations. The result is a FPGA-based archi-tecture, which is easily adapted to algorithm specifica-tions without any hardware requirement. The design flow is fast and reliable.
Increasing Fat Graft Retention in Irradiated Tissue after Preconditioning with External Volume Expansion.

Background Fat grafting is an adjuvant that may improve the quality of radiation-damaged tissue. However, fat grafting for volume restoration in irradiated sites may be less effective because of a poorly vascularized fibrotic recipient bed. External volume expansion has emerged as a potential technique to prepare the recipient sites for improved survival of grafted fat. The authors previously demonstrated increased vasculature with external volume expansion stimulation of irradiated tissues. The authors now hypothesize that external volume expansion's improvements in recipient-site vascularity will increase the volume retention and quality of fat grafts in fibrotic irradiated sites. Methods Athymic mice were irradiated until development of chronic radiation injury. Then, the irradiated site was stimulated by external volume expansion (external volume expansion group), followed by subcutaneous fat grafting. Grafts in an irradiated site without external volume expansion stimulation (irradiated control group) and grafts in a healthy nonirradiated (nonirradiated control group) site were used as controls. All grafts were monitored for 8 weeks and evaluated both histologically and by micro-computed tomography for analysis of volume retention. Results Hyperspectral imaging confirmed a 25 percent decrease in vascularity of irradiated tissue (irradiated control group) compared with nonirradiated tissue (nonirradiated control group). Grafts in the irradiated control group retained 11 percent less volume than grafts in the nonirradiated control group. The experimental external volume expansion group achieved a 20 percent (p = 0.01) increase in retained graft volume compared with the irradiated control group. Conclusions External volume expansion stimulation can mitigate the effects of irradiation at the recipient site and in turn help preserve fat graft volume retention. Possible mechanisms include increased vascularity, adipogenic conversion, and increased compliance of a fibrotic recipient site.
Chemical/straightening and other hair product usage during childhood, adolescence, and adulthood among African-American women: potential implications for health

Few studies have characterized life course hair product usage beyond ever/never. We investigated hair product use from childhood to adulthood, usage patterns in adulthood, and socioeconomic status (SES) correlates among African-American (AA) women. Using self-reported data from 1555 AA women enrolled in the Study of Environment, Lifestyle, and Fibroids (2010–2018), we estimated the usage frequency of chemical relaxer/straightener (≥twice/year, once/year, and rarely/never) and leave-in/leave-on conditioner (≥once/week, 1–3 times/month, and rarely/never) during childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Latent class analysis was used to identify patterns of adulthood usage of multiple hair products. SES was compared across latent classes. With a mean age of 33 ± 3.4 years, most women reported ever using chemical relaxers/straighteners (89%), and use ≥twice/year increased from childhood (9%) to adolescence (73%) but decreased in adulthood (29%). Leave-in/leave-on conditioner use followed the same pattern. Each of three identified latent classes reported frequent styling product use and infrequent relaxer/straightener use. Class One was unlikely to use any other products, Class Two moderately used shampoo and conditioner, and Class Three frequently used multiple product types (e.g., moisturizers and conditioners). Participants in the latter two classes reported higher SES. Ever/never characterization may miss important and distinctive patterns of hair product use, which may vary by SES.
Time-Reversed Particle-Vibration Loops and Nuclear Gamow-Teller Response

The nuclear response theory for charge-exchange modes in the relativistic particle-vibration coupling approach is extended to include for the first time particle-vibration coupling effects in the ground state of the parent nucleus. In a framework based on the effective meson-nucleon Lagrangian, we investigate the role of such complex ground-state correlations in the description of Gamow-Teller transitions in ^{90}Zr in both (p, n) and (n, p) channels. The particle-vibration coupling effects are calculated without introducing new parameters. We find that this new correlation mechanism is fully responsible for the appearance of the strength in the (n, p) branch. Comparison of our results to the available experimental data shows a very good agreement up to excitation energies beyond the giant resonance region when taking into account a phenomenological admixture of the isovector spin monopole transitions. The parent-daughter binding-energy differences are also greatly improved by the inclusion of the new correlations.
Hesitant to pull the trigger: how the perceived impact of guns on campus influences support or opposition to campus carry laws

A growing body of research has examined the factors that determine support for campus carry among campus populations, however, most have only focused on how demographic characteristics, campus safe...
Hicky’s Bengal gazette: the untold story of India’s first newspaper

James Augustus Hicky, the founder of the first newspaper published in the Indian subcontinent, has been a rather neglected figure in the historiography of early colonial India. Apart from the large...
Different forms of traumatic brain injuries cause different tactile hypersensitivity profiles.

ABSTRACT Chronic complications of traumatic brain injury represent one of the greatest financial burdens and sources of suffering in the society today. A substantial number of these patients suffer from posttraumatic headache (PTH), which is typically associated with tactile allodynia. Unfortunately, this phenomenon has been understudied, in large part because of the lack of well-characterized laboratory animal models. We have addressed this gap in the field by characterizing the tactile sensory profile of 2 nonpenetrating models of PTH. We show that multimodal traumatic brain injury, administered by a jet-flow overpressure chamber that delivers a severe compressive impulse accompanied by a variable shock front and acceleration-deceleration insult, produces long-term tactile hypersensitivity and widespread sensitization. These are phenotypes reminiscent of PTH in patients, in both cephalic and extracephalic regions. By contrast, closed head injury induces only transient cephalic tactile hypersensitivity, with no extracephalic consequences. Both models show a more severe phenotype with repetitive daily injury for 3 days, compared with either 1 or 3 successive injuries in a single day, providing new insight into patterns of injury that may place patients at a greater risk of developing PTH. After recovery from transient cephalic tactile hypersensitivity, mice subjected to closed head injury demonstrate persistent hypersensitivity to established migraine triggers, including calcitonin gene-related peptide and sodium nitroprusside, a nitric oxide donor. Our results offer the field new tools for studying PTH and preclinical support for a pathophysiologic role of calcitonin gene-related peptide in this condition.
Infarct Growth despite Endovascular Thrombectomy Recanalization in Large Vessel Occlusive Stroke.

Background and purpose Endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) has revolutionized large vessel occlusion stroke care. However, not all patients with good endovascular results achieve good outcomes. We sought to understand the clinical significance of magnetic resonance imaging defined infarct growth despite adequate reperfusion and identify associated clinical and radiographic variables. Methods History, presentation, treatments, and outcomes for consecutive EVT patients at a referral center were collected. Adequate reperfusion was defined as thrombolysis in cerebral infarction (TICI) score 2b-3. Region-specific infarct volumes in white matter, cortex, and basal ganglia were determined on diffusion-weighted imaging. Infarct growth was defined as post-EVT minus pre-EVT volume. Good outcome was defined as 90-day modified Rankin Scale ≤2. Results Forty-four patients with adequate reperfusion were identified with median age 72 years; 64% were women. Each region showed infarct growth: white matter (median pre-EVT 7 cubic centimeters [cc], post-EVT 16 cc), cortex (4 cc, 15 cc), basal ganglia (2 cc, 4 cc), total (20 cc, 39 cc). In multivariable regression, total infarct growth independently decreased the odds of good outcome (odds ratio = .946, 95% CI = .897, .998). Further multivariable analyses for determinants of infarct growth identified female sex was associated with less total growth (β = -.294, P = .042), TICI 3 was associated with less white matter growth (β = -.277, P = .048) and cortical growth (β = -.335, P = .017), and both female sex (β = -.332, P = .015) and coronary disease (β = -.337, P = .015) were associated with less cortical growth. Conclusions Infarct growth occurred despite adequate reperfusion, disproportionately in the cortex, and independently decreased the odds of good outcome. Infarct growth occurred while patients were hospitalized and may represent a therapeutic target. Potential determinants of region-specific infarct growth were identified that require confirmation in larger studies.
THE WHITE DWARFS WITHIN 25 pc OF THE SUN: KINEMATICS AND SPECTROSCOPIC SUBTYPES

We present the fractional distribution of spectroscopic subtypes, range and distribution of surface temperatures, and kinematical properties of the white dwarfs (WDs) within 25 pc of the Sun. There is no convincing evidence of halo WDs in the total 25 pc sample of 224 WDs. There is also little to suggest the presence of genuine thick disk subcomponent members within 25 pc. It appears that the entire 25 pc sample likely belongs to the thin disk. We also find no significant kinematic differences with respect to spectroscopic subtypes. The total DA to non-DA ratio of the 25 pc sample is 1.8, a manifestation of deepening envelope convection, which transforms DA stars with sufficiently thin H surface layers into non-DAs. We compare this ratio with the results of other studies. We find that at least 11% of the WDs within 25 pc of the Sun (the DAZ and DZ stars) have photospheric metals that likely originate from accretion of circumstellar material (debris disks) around them. If this interpretation is correct, then it suggests the possibility that a similar percentage have planets, asteroid-like bodies, or debris disks orbiting them. Our volume-limited sample reveals a pileup of DC WDs at the well-known cutoffmore » in DQ WDs at T {sub eff} ∼ 6000 K. Mindful of small number statistics, we speculate on its possible evolutionary significance. We find that the incidence of magnetic WDs in the 25 pc sample is at least 8% in our volume-limited sample, dominated by cool WDs. We derive approximate formation rates of DB and DQ degenerates and present a preliminary test of the evolutionary scenario that all cooling DB stars become DQ WDs via helium convective dredge-up with the diffusion tail of carbon extending upward from their cores.« less
Introduction to the Special Issue: Elitism, Populism, and School Choice

In modern times, loyalty to the nation state, particularly a relatively universal nation-state able to assimilate diverse groups like the U.S., what Amy Chua (2018) calls a “super-group,” tended to...
Assessing brain injury topographically using MR neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging in multiple sclerosis.

Background and purpose Axonal injury is a key player of disability in persons with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). Yet, detecting and measuring it in vivo is challenging. The neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI) proposes a novel framework for probing axonal integrity in vivo. NODDI at 3.0 Tesla was used to quantify tissue damage in pwMS and its relationship with disease progression. Methods Eighteen pwMS (4 clinically isolated syndrome, 11 relapsing remitting, and 3 secondary progressive MS) and nine age- and sex-matched healthy controls underwent a brain MRI, inclusive of clinical sequences and a multi-shell diffusion acquisition. Parametric maps of axial diffusivity (AD), neurite density index (ndi), apparent isotropic volume fraction (ivf), and orientation dispersion index (odi) were fitted. Anatomically matched regions of interest were used to quantify AD and NODDI-derived metrics and to assess the relations between these measures and those of disease progression. Results AD, ndi, ivf, and odi significantly differed between chronic black holes (cBHs) and T2-lesions, and between the latter and normal appearing white matter (NAWM). All metrics except ivf significantly differed between NAWM located next to a cBH and that situated contra-laterally. Only NAWM odi was significantly associated with T2-lesion volume, the timed 25-foot walk test and disease duration. Conclusions NODDI is sensitive to tissue injury but its relationship with clinical progression remains limited.
Challenging the clinically-situated emotion-deficient version of empathy within medicine and medical education research.

In this paper, we argue that the notion of a clinically-situated empathy (e.g. physician empathy), is potentially problematic as it perpetuates an emotion-deficient version of empathy within medicine and medicine education research. Utilizing classic and contemporary empathy theory from various social science disciplines, we discuss how empathy in the general sense differs conceptually from clinically-situated empathy—paying particular attention to the role of emotional contagion. To highlight this contrast, we draw upon Hojat et al.’s model of physician empathy and how this body of work reflects broader medical-cultural norms that problematize the role and impact of emotions within the clinical encounter. Alternatively, we present a more encompassing model of empathy drawing upon the fields of social-psychology and social-neuroscience in order to bring the notion of “feeling with” and emotional contagion more specifically, into medical education, medical education research, and medicine more generally.
Multivariate Fuzzy-Random Error Function Relied Neural Network Approximations

In this chapter we deal with the rate of multivariate pointwise and uniform convergence in the q-mean to the Fuzzy-Random unit operator multivariate Fuzzy-Random Quasi-Interpolation error function based neural network operators.
All TRAFs are not created equal: common and distinct molecular mechanisms of TRAF-mediated signal transduction

The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor associated factors (TRAFs) have emerged as the major signal transducers for the TNF receptor superfamily and the interleukin-1 receptor/Toll-like receptor (IL-1R/TLR) superfamily. TRAFs collectively play important functions in both adaptive and innate immunity. Recent functional and structural studies have revealed the individuality of each of the mammalian TRAFs and advanced our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms. Here, we examine this functional divergence among TRAFs from a perspective of both upstream and downstream TRAF signal transduction pathways and of signaling-dependent regulation of TRAF trafficking. We raise additional questions and propose hypotheses regarding the molecular basis of TRAF signaling specificity.
Detrusor contractility and overactive bladder in patients with cerebrovascular accident

Objectives: A retrospective analysis of urodynamic studies was conducted to investigate detrusor contractility following cerebrovascular accident. Methods: Fifty-seven patients (34 men and 23 women) who were rehabilitated following cerebrovascular accident were included in the analysis. Subjects with maximum contractile power values less than 10 W/m2 in men and 8 W/m2 in women, in the absence of bladder outlet obstruction, were defined as having detrusor underactivity. Results: A significantly lower maximum value of detrusor contractile power and a larger residual urine volume, particularly more prevalent in women than in men, appeared unexpectedly after cerebrovascular accident. Patients with underactivity had significantly lower maximum and average flow rates, lower contractile power, and an increased postvoid residual relative to their normal counterparts. The prevalence of underactivity was 35% in the men and 43% in the women. Furthermore, 67% of the men and 80% of the women with underactivity had overactive bladder symptoms. On the other hand, detrusor underactivity was observed in 8 (35%) of 23 overactive bladder patients in the men and 8 (42%) of 19 in the women. Conclusions: Post-cerebrovascular accident patients presented various patterns of detrusor contractility. Specific attention to the possible occurrence of detrusor underactivity in these patients is essential for the successful management of overactive bladder syndrome.
Scanning Electron Microscopy

In a scanning electron microscope (SEM) the image is formed in a cathode-ray tube synchronized with an electron probe as it scans the surface of an object.(1) The resulting signals are secondary electrons, backscattered electrons, characteristic x-rays, Auger electrons,* and photons of various energies (Figure 13.1).(2)
Medieval origins of corporate communication

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide corporate communication educators and practitioners with historical information about the origins of their field, so that they may have a greater understanding of their own roles in the continuum of communication theory and practice.Design/methodology/approach – Research into secondary and primary literature on the development of the medieval art of letter‐writing, ars dictaminis, frames an analysis of the career and influence of Thomas Sampson, a fourteenth‐century teacher of ars dictaminis and other business subjects. Sampson's textbook, Method of Letter‐writing, is compared to another example of the genre, The Principles of Letter‐writing, written some 250 years earlier by Anonymous of Bologna and published in a widely available current textbook.Findings – Compared to The Principles of Letter‐writing, Sampson's text is direct, concrete, and demonstrates a high degree of audience awareness. Instead of separating theory from practice, Sampson integrates t...
Greener Chelating Agents

Most water contains metal ions which can cause detrimental effects to chemical processes in the home and in industry. Metal ions in the environment are often controlled or removed by the use of chelating agents so as to prevent these effects. However, commonly used chelating agents are poorly biodegradable and concerns have been raised about their environmental effects. Considerable effort has gone into designing greener, more biodegradable alternatives, but as the reactivity of the alternatives is not the same as that of the original chelating agents, chemists have had to use their skill to find new, greener designs that are as effective without harming the environment. Keywords: chelating agents; chelants; water; laundry; safer chemicals; green chemistry
Non-Linear Scaling Normalization with Variance Retention

We present a non-linear method of scaling to achieve normalization of multiple variables. We compare this method to the standard linear scaling and the quantile normalization methods. We find our overall normalized distribution to be more representative of the original data set with regards to standard moments of individual variables. We also find our normalized results to have an overall lower standard deviation versus both the linear scaling and quantile normalization results for variables with similar distributions.
DETERMINATION OF SOMATIC MUTANT FREQUENCIES AT THE HPRT LOCUS IN T-LYMPHOCYTES FROM PRETERM INFANTS. † 394

DETERMINATION OF SOMATIC MUTANT FREQUENCIES AT THE HPRT LOCUS IN T-LYMPHOCYTES FROM PRETERM INFANTS. † 394
A performance interval for the micro-mainframe relationship for scientific and mathematical programming applications

Abstract The performances as measured in virtual CPU time of an IBM PC/XT and an 8 MHz compatible system are compared with a 3081D mainframe computer. The results are used to link the performance of a microcomputer to the family of IBM mainframes for scientific and mathematical programming applications. Through the use of the t -test, a 99% confidence interval is established to determine the expected performance of a microcomputer relative to the family of IBM mainframes. The test problems used in this study consisted of 14 zero-one goal programming problems found in the literature. The results of this study provide an improved basis for the micro-mainframe decision for larger scale scientific and mathematical programming applications.
Gradual Product Replacement, Intangible-Asset Prices and Schumpeterian Growth

The paper develops a general-equilibrium model of scale-invariant Schumpeterian (R&D-based) growth. New higher-quality products are discovered through stochastic and sequential R&D races in each industry. The market share of an R&D race winner increases gradually and is governed by an exponential deterministic process. The introduction of gradual (as opposed to instantaneous) product replacement sheds more light on the effects of the rate of technology diffusion on long-run growth and on long-run dynamics of intangible asset prices. An economy with faster product diffusion rates experiences higher long-run innovation rates, faster transitional growth, and is populated by younger firms. As the typical firm becomes older, the earnings yield (i.e., the inverse of the price earnings (P/E) ratio) increases and expected earnings growth declines. Younger firms have lower earnings, lower market shares, but higher P/E ratios and higher expected earnings growth associated with their higher potential market growth.
CHLORPROTHIXENE AND AMTTRIPTYLINEt: INTERACTION WITH THIOPENTONE, CIRCULATORY EFFECT AND ANTISIALOGOGUE EFFECT

Evaluation of the interaction of chlorprothixene and amitriptyline with thiopentone, in dogs, showed that both of these have pharmacological properties which cause delayed recovery from anaesthesia. This effect is particularly strong with chlorprothixene. The effect on the circulatory response to tilt was measured with these two drugs in young healthy male subjects, and both caused orthostatic hypotension, which was rather severe in the case of chlorprothixene, and mild with amitriptyline. Tests of antisialogogue activity with chlorprothixene, on the same subjects, showed that this drug was inactive in this respect, although it is reported to exert very strong anticholinergic effects on other organ systems.
Personal Journeys, Professional Paths: Persistence in Navigating the Crossroads of a Research Career

Persistence in a research career can be readily understood within the trainee models that have emerged from undergraduate and graduate instruction. These models offer a common language for discussing training processes, serve as guides for assessing trainee needs, promise to render training programs that are more comprehensive and attentive than are current programs to the factors that contribute to academic and scientific persistence, and enable us to measure with greater precision, internal consistency, and generalizability the elements that logically belong in research career development programs.
Focal nodular hyperplasia in oncology patients

Sir, A case of multiple focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) in a patient treated for stage III neuroblastoma was presented at the Midwest Society for Pediatric Radiology Meeting in September 2005 at Madison, Wisconsin. The patient received carboplatin, cyclophosphamide, Adriamycin, vincristine, cisplatin, and etoposide chemotherapy, right paraspinal thoracic irradiation, and stem cell bone marrow transplantation. Two years after initiation of retinoic acid therapy and 3 years after the diagnosis of neuroblastoma, numerous hepatic lesions (hyperdense on portal venous phase and isodense on delayed phase) were noted on surveillance CT imaging. Several new lesions were found on a short-term follow-up CT examination. This case complements the article by Joyner et al. [1] in Pediatric Radiology and allows some additional points: (1) other drugs may be implicated in the development of FNH, (2) chemotherapy-induced FNH may not necessarily be a late complication, and (3) knowledge of this complication may not necessarily obviate the need for biopsy. While many of the drugs used to treat this patient are associated with the development of FNH, retinoic acid should also be considered. The chemotherapeutic effect of retinoic acid is related to its promotion of cytodifferentiation and apoptosis. However, retinoic acid also has prothrombotic effects by inducing endothelial coupling of coagulation factors. Retinoic acid has been implicated in various thrombotic events including myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, venous thrombosis and stroke [2]. The time to development of FNH noted by Bouyn et al. [3] is 8.5 years for cytoreductive chemotherapy and 12.3 years for other chemotherapy. One of three cases presented by Joyner et al. occurred 3 years after diagnosis. The case presented here also occurred 3 years after diagnosis. While development of FNH is typically late, lesions can occur early and could be confused with metastatic disease. FNH can have many imaging appearances, and there is overlap with hepatic adenoma, hypervascular metastasis, and other hepatic malignancies [4]. While the diagnosis of FNH was suggested in the current patient, the lack of a central scar and the number of lesions resulted in a shortterm follow-up examination. The increase in the number of lesions on the follow-up examination was unsettling and resulted in confirmation of the diagnosis with biopsy. In conclusion, retinoic acid may be another drug implicated in development of FNH, chemotherapy-induced FNH may occur early, and biopsy may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis in atypical cases.