cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Power analysis for beach surveys of marine debris

In the US, a monitoring programme is being planned to evaluate national trends in beach litter. Power analysis was used to determine if the programme had a high probability of detecting a specified effect. We compared the use of a repeated measures model and a one-way analysis of variance model to investigate the power of detecting a 20% linear decrease in litter on beaches over a 5-year period, with power of 0.84 or more, a Type I error rate of 0.05, and quarterly sampling. We used the average coefficient of variation and, for the repeated measures model, average autocorrelations as estimates of model parameters. Common debris items typically had positive autocorrelations and use of the repeated measures model produced sample size estimates smaller than those from the analysis of variance model. Sample size estimates critically depend on reliable estimates of the mean, variance, and covariance of debris items of interest.
Effect of an airway education program on prehospital intubation.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of an airway education program (AEP) on prehospital intubation. Setting: University-based air medical program Methods: Retrospective review of 372 consecutive intubations for 3 years before and 3 years after the institution of an AEP. Descriptive statistics were used and comparisons were made using chi-square analysis. Results: Intubation success rate was 170/180 (94%) for the preAEP group and 186/192 (97%) for the postAEP group (P > 0.05). Neuromuscular blockade (NMB) was used in 113/180 (63%) of preAEP intubations and 145/192 (76%) of postAEP intubations (P < 0.01). NMB without sedation decreased from 62/113 (55%) in the preAEP group to 12/145 (8%) in the postAEP group (P < 0.001). Cricothyrotomy rate decreased from 10/180 (6%) in the preAEP group to 3/192 (2%) in the postAEP group (P < 0.05). Failed intubation rate in nonarrested patients during the 6-year period was 10/154 (6%) in patients receiving no medications or partial rapid sequence intubation (RSI) compared with 3/184 (2%) in patients who had full RSI (P < 0.025). Conclusion: Establishment of an AEP resulted in an increase in NMB for intubation, a dramatic decrease in the use of NMB without sedation, and a decrease in cricothyrotomy rate. The rate of intubation failure in nonarrested patients was higher in those who received no medications or partial RSI compared with full RSI.
Comment on Faber's analysis of Jocasta's suicide in "Oedipus Rex".

Faber (1970) has analyzed the suicidal behavior in Sophocles' plays and noted that it illustrates the psychodynamics of suicide as proposed by Freud. An individual is angry at someone but unable to express the anger, and so turns it inward onto himself. For example, Oedipus, prior to enucleating himself, seems intent on killing Jocasta. When he finds her dead, his frustrated anger is turned inward onto himself. Faber interprets Jocasta's suicide in the same way. Jocasta is in "desperate passion" and "cries aloud to Laius," her first husband. Faber sees Jocasta as reproaching Laius for his role in the tragedy and for abandoning her. Jocastn's suicide is motivated in part by the frustrated anger toward her dead husband. The thesis of this note is that the motivation for Jocasta's suicide may be open to an alternative interpretation. As Faber himself has noted, not all of Sophocles' suicides fit the pattern (Antigone, for example). It will be argued here that Jocasta may not fit the pattern either. The Greek original is by no means clear. "6py i j Xpwpiy" (Storr, 1912) means to indulge one's emotion, and this emotion may be any violent emotion. Though commonly anger, it could just as well be anguish. "Kahei" means to call by name and carries no connotation of emotion. Jocasta calls out to Laius, therefore, not necessarily in anger bur possibly in anguish and helplessness. Laius was her first love, husband, and the one to whom she turned for support in her youth. In this time of distress, she turns to him again. Laius cannot join her to give her support, but she can join him through death. Her reunion fantasy (Greenberg, 1964) becomes a reunion. Suicide is particularly common after loss (MacMahon B: Pugh, 1965), a fact noted by Freud. Jocasta has lost two husbands, the first through murder and the second when he proved to be her son. This second loss may re-activate the trauma of the first and may be sufficient to propel1 her toward that relatively rare event-the taking of one's own life.
Job challenge as a motivator in a principal–agent setting

Abstract We analyze the tradeoff between monetary and non-monetary incentives in a principal–agent framework where the principal chooses job-challenge (job-design) to provide non-monetary incentives. We capture the construct of job-challenge as a motivator based on Atkinson (1958). In: Atkinson, J.W. (Ed.), Motires in Fantasy, Action and Society, Van Nostrand, Princeton, NJ. Specifically, more challenging jobs reduce the probability of success but increase the marginal productivity of the agent's effort. This provides the agent with a sense of accomplishment from which the agent derives utility. We show that there are three effects of job-challenge when we consider information asymmetries. The substitution effect arises because non-monetary incentives can be used to substitute for monetary incentives. The risk effect arises because job challenge can be used to impose some of the risk needed to mitigate the impact of hidden-action, rather than having to impose risk through monetary incentives which could be costlier to the principal. The informativeness effect arises because the final outcome is more informative on the hidden-action of the agent and thus less risk needs to be imposed through the monetary incentives than in a model that does not feature job-challenge. The cost to the principal of designing challenging jobs arises from the decreased expected output.
Serum Cortisol, Plasma Free Fatty Acids, and Urinary Catecholamines as Indicators of Complications in Acute Myocardial Infarction

Levels of serum cortisol, plasma free fatty acids (FFA), and urinary catecholamines were collected in 31 patients with acute myocardial infarction on the day of admission to the coronary care unit (samples obtained from 15 patients with diseases other than myocardial infarction were considered as controls). These values were correlated with the presence or subsequent development of left ventricular failure, arrhythmias, shock, or death. Sixteen of 17 infarction patients without the above complications had cortisol levels less than 20 µg%; 10 of 12 patients with complications had higher cortisol levels. All of the infarction patients without complications had plasma FFA levels less than 1100 µEq/liter, while six of nine patients with complications had levels of 1100 µEq/liter or higher. Fourteen of 16 patients without complications had urinary catecholamines less than 12.5 µg%, while seven of 10 patients with complications had levels greater than this. Of interest were a few patients without complications ...
Utility of vocal formant spacing for monitoring sandhill crane subspecies

Three migratory subspecies of sandhill crane (Grus canadensis) occur in North America: greater (G. c. tabida), Canadian (G. c. rowani), and lesser (G. c. canadensis). These subspecies vary clinally in size from the large tabida to the small canadensis. All 3 subspecies co-occur during the nonbreeding season, but field identification is challenging and census efforts typically do not even attempt to distinguish them. We developed a novel method to determine the subspecies composition of nonbreeding sandhill crane populations using formant spacing in vocalizations. Each note in a crane vocalization is comprised of several formants, or energy peaks in the frequency spectrum. Formant spacing is inversely proportional to the length of the sound-emitting tube, or trachea. Analysis of formant-spacing distributions for tabida and canadensis revealed that tabida has reduced formant spacing, as predicted based on its larger body size and correspondingly larger trachea. Comparisons of these subspecies-specific formant-spacing distributions to formant-spacing distributions from calls recorded at 2 crane wintering areas in New Mexico, USA, showed that the wintering crane populations of the Middle Rio Grande Valley and the Lower Rio Grande Valley contain strikingly different proportions of the globally rare tabida (75.5% and 5.6%, respectively). These findings are concordant with crane subspecies composition estimates derived from hunter check stations in New Mexico. Formant-spacing provides an indirect, noninvasive method of estimating body-size distributions that has several practical advantages. We expect it to be most useful when body-size classes have limited overlap, as is the case with New Mexico sandhill crane populations. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Ductal carcinoma in situ treated with breast-conserving surgery and radiotherapy: a comparison with ECOG study 5194.

BACKGROUND: Recent data from Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Study 5194 (E5194) prospectively defined a low-risk subset of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) patients where radiation therapy was omitted after lumpectomy alone. The purpose of the study was to determine the ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR) in DCIS patients who met the criteria of E5194 treated with lumpectomy and adjuvant whole breast radiation therapy (RT). METHODS: A total of 263 patients with DCIS were treated between 1980 and 2009 who met the enrollment criteria for E5194: 1) low to intermediate grade (LIG) with size >0.3 cm but 3 mm (n = 196), or 2) high grade (HG), size 3 mm (n = 67). All patients were treated with lumpectomy and whole breast RT with a boost to a median total tumor bed dose of 6400 cGy. Standard statistical analyses were performed with SAS (v. 9.2). RESULTS: The average follow-up time was 6.9 years. The 5-year and 7-year IBTR for the LIG cohort in this study was 1.5% and 4.4% compared with 6.1% and 10.5% in E5194, respectively. The 5-year and 7-year IBTR for the HG cohort was 2.0% and 2.0% in this study compared with 15.3% and 18% in E5194, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Adjuvant whole breast radiation therapy reduced the rate of local recurrence by more than 70% in patients with DCIS who met the criteria of E5194 (6.1% to 1.5% in the LIG cohort and 15.3% to 2% in the HG cohort). Additional follow-up is necessary given that 70% of IBTRs occurred after 5 years. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Targeted gene mutation approaches to the study of anxiety-like behavior in mice.

Studying the behavioral phenotypes of transgenic and gene knockout mice is a powerful means to better understand the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders and ultimately improve their treatment. This paper provides an overview of the methods and findings of studies that have tested for anxiety-related behavioral phenotypes in gene mutant mice. In the context of improving the side effect burden of benzodiazepines, gene targeting has been valuable for dissociating the functional roles (i.e., anxiolytic, sedative, amnestic) of individual GABA(A) receptor subunits. Supporting the link between abnormalities in CRH function and anxiety, CRH overexpressing transgenic mice and CRH-R2 receptor knockout mutants have displayed significantly increased anxiety-like behavior, while CRH-R1 receptor knockout mice have shown an anxiolytic-like phenotype. Consistent with an important role for the serotonergic system in anxiety, 5-HT1(A) receptor deficient mice have consistently exhibited heightened anxiety-like behavior, while the evidence from 5-HT1(B) and 5-HT2(C) deficient mice remains somewhat equivocal. Mutant mice lacking either of the monoamine degrading enzymes, MAOA or COMT, have shown a number of behavioral and neurological effects, including alterations in anxiety-like behavior. With enhanced spatial and temporal control over gene mutations, in combination with an improved battery of behavioral tests, gene mutant mice will provide an increasingly valuable tool for understanding the neural substrates of anxiety.
Effects of ethanol on the primitive streak stage mouse embryo

Recent studies of mouse models have suggested that malformations associated with the fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) are caused by the effects of ethanol on early embryos during gastrulation and neurulation. A study of Xenopus laevis embryos showed that exposure of gastrula stage amphibian embryos to ethanol inhibits migration of the mesodermal cells, causes formation of small neural plates, and subsequently causes hypoplastic craniofacial malformations in tadpoles. We now report effects of ethanol on the primitive streak stage mouse embryos. An ethanol solution (25%) was injected intraperitonealy twice into mice of 6.5-7.0 days of pregnancy at a dose of 0.015 ml/gm of body weight. Histological and morphometric examinations of 7.5-day embryos, 20 hr after the second injection, showed that the epiblast layer was disorganized and shrunk with formation of many blebs. In addition, formation of the mesodermal cell layer was retarded in the ethanol-treated embryos, suggesting that exposure of gastrula stage embryos to ethanol causes similar abnormalities in mouse and Xenopus embryos. These results suggest that the inhibition of the morphogenetic movements during gastrulation may be the primary effect of ethanol in causing major craniofacial malformations of FAS.
Age-related differences in GSH-shuttle enzymes in NO2- or O3-exposed rat lungs.

Abstract The effect of age on changes in glutathione (GSH)-shuttle enzyme activities in rat lungs following a 72-hr exposure to NO2 (14 ppm) or O3 (approximately 0.9 ppm) was investigated. Exposed animals survived and were in the adaptive recovery phase at sacrifice. Glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase levels were significantly elevated in young adult or older rats (maternal nursing or normal) and, to a lessor degree, in weanlings. Enzyme levels of neonates remained essentially unchanged and their lungs showed minimal morphological injury. At 50 ppm NO2, neonates also exhibited significant elevations in all three enzyme levels. The comparative unresponsiveness of neonates to short-term, lowlevel exposure to NO2 or O3, together with other observations, indicate that the relative importance of the GSH-shuttle in protecting lungs against injury requires further investigation.
Evolutionary history of a multigene family: An expressed human β-tubulin gene and three processed pseudogenes

Abstract A 3′ untranslated region subclone from a human β-tubulin cDNA clone has been used to dissect the human β-tubulin multigene family. Four different β-tubulin sequences were obtained. One consists of an expressed gene that yields two mRNA species of 1.8 kb and 2.6 kb as a consequence of alternative polyadenylation sites. The three remaining β-tubulin sequences are all intronless pseudogenes, each containing a 3′ poly(A) tract downstream from the poly(A) signal, and each flanked by a different short direct repeat. Two of these sequences were derived by integration into the host germ line of cDNA copies of the 1.8 kb mRNA; the third was derived from the 2.6 kb mRNA. Comparison of the functional and nonfunctional sequences suggests that the integration events took place 4, 10, and 13 million years ago. We anticipate that, in multigene families where germ-line expression occurs, a significant portion of sequences will be accounted for by pseudogenes generated via an RNA intermediate.
Truncated gamma-glutamyl carboxylase in rambouillet sheep.

A flock of Rambouillet sheep was examined because of increased lamb mortality due to ineffective hemostasis at parturition. Decreased activities of coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X, and severely reduced hepatic c-glutamyl carboxylase activity with adequate vitamin K 2,3 epoxide reductase activity was determined. 1,21 Parenteral vitamin K1 supplementation did not improve vitamin K- dependent coagulation factor activities in 3 affected lambs. Affected lamb c-glutamyl carboxylase deoxyribonucleic acid was sequenced, and 4 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs 2-5) of the c- glutamyl carboxylase gene were identified. Single nucleotide polymorphism-4 results in an arginine to stop codon (UGA) substitution, which prematurely terminates the peptide at residue 686 (R686Stop). This genotype (GATT/GATT) has a strong association with the coagulopathy observed in clinically affected lambs, P , 0.001. The frequency of SNP-3 in exon 11 (R486H) within the MARC 1.1 database is high in the US sheep population overall. Gamma-glutamyl carboxylase activity in hepatic microsomes from a SNP-3 homozygous lamb lacking the SNP-4 mutation (GACC/GACC) was similar to control sheep homozygous for arginine at 486 and also lacking SNP-4 (TGCC/TGCC), indicating that the R486H does not measurably impact c-glutamyl carboxylase activity. The remaining two SNPs (2 and 5) are located within non-coding intron sequences. These 4 SNPs allowed for determining the genotype associated with the observed fatal coagulopathy. Screening for the premature truncation (SNP-4) based on the presence of a Bbv I restriction site in clinically normal lambs but not in the homozygous affected lambs allows for detection of the heterozygous state (GATT/GACC), because carrier animals are clinically normal.
The Temporal Dynamics of Childhood Economic Deprivation and Children's Achievement

Economic deprivation during childhood adversely affects achievement in adolescence and early adulthood. Economically disadvantaged children tend to achieve less than their more advantaged peers on a variety of measures of educational and socioeconomic achievement. Researchers recognize that what matters for achievement is not merely exposure to economic deprivation during childhood but also the temporal dynamics of deprivation. Recent studies have found that the effects of childhood economic disadvantage on achievement depend on the timing of deprivation (early childhood versus middle or late childhood), the sequencing of deprivation (whether family income is rising or falling), and the overall duration of exposure to deprivation. In this article, I describe conceptual and methodological advances in understanding the temporal dynamics of childhood economic disadvantage, and address the implications of these improvements for our knowledge of how deprivation affects children's achievement.
Investigating the biology of alpha herpesviruses with MS-based proteomics

Viruses are intracellular parasites that can only replicate and spread in cells of susceptible hosts. Alpha herpesviruses (α-HVs) contain double-stranded DNA genomes of at least 120 kb, encoding for 70 or more genes. The viral genome is contained in an icosahedral capsid that is surrounded by a proteinaceous tegument layer and a lipid envelope. Infection starts in epithelial cells and spreads to the peripheral nervous system. In the natural host, α-HVs establish a chronic latent infection that can be reactivated and rarely spread to the CNS. In the nonnatural host, viral infection will in most cases spread to the CNS with often fatal outcome. The host response plays a crucial role in the outcome of viral infection. α-HVs do not encode all the genes required for viral replication and spread. They need a variety of host gene products including RNA polymerase, ribosomes, dynein, and kinesin. As a result, the infected cell is dramatically different from the uninfected cell revealing a complex and dynamic interplay of viral and host components required to complete the virus life cycle. In this review, we describe the pivotal contribution of MS-based proteomics studies over the past 15 years to understand the complicated life cycle and pathogenesis of four α-HV species from the alphaherpesvirinae subfamily: Herpes simplex virus-1, varicella zoster virus, pseudorabies virus and bovine herpes virus-1. We describe the viral proteome dynamics during host infection and the host proteomic response to counteract such pathogens.
Combustion characteristics of nanoaluminum, liquid water, and hydrogen peroxide mixtures

An experimental investigation of the combustion characteristics of nanoaluminum (nAl), liquid water (H2O(l)), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) mixtures has been conducted. Linear and mass-burning rates as functions of pres- sure, equivalence ratio (Φ), and concentration of H2O2 in H2O(l) oxidizing solution are reported. Steady-state burning rates were obtained at room temperature using a windowed pressure vessel over an initial pressure range of 0.24 to 12.4 MPa in argon, using average nAl particle diameters of 38 nm, Φ from 0.5 to 1.3, and H2O2 con- centrations between 0 and 32% by mass. At a nominal pressure of 3.65 MPa, under stoichiometric conditions, mass-burning rates per unit area ranged between 6.93 g/cm 2 s( 0% H2O2) and 37.04 g/cm 2 s (32% H2O2), which corresponded to linear burning rates of 9.58 and 58.2 cm/s, respectively. Burning rate pressure exponents of 0.44 and 0.38 were found for stoichiometric mixtures at room temperature containing 10 and 25% H2O2, respectively, up to 5 MPa. Burning rates are reduced above ∼5 MPa due to the pressurization of interstitial spaces of the packed reactant mixture with argon gas, diluting the fuel and oxidizer mixture. Mass burning rates were not measured above ∼32% H2O2 due to an anomalous burning phenomena, which caused overpressurization within the quartz sample holder, leading to tube rupture. High-speed imaging displayed fingering or jetting ahead of the normal flame front. Localized pressure measurements were taken along the sample length, determining that the combus- tion process proceeded as a normal deflagration prior to tube rupture, without significant pressure buildup within the tube. In addition to burning rates, chemical efficiencies of the combustion reaction were determined to be within approximately 10% of the theoretical maximum under all conditions studied. © 2008 The Combustion Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Synthesis of Hetarenoindanone Based on Selenium Dioxide‐Promoted Direct Intramolecular Cyclization.

Formation of hetarenoindanone (II) from 2-methyl thiochromone derivative (I) follows a cascade reaction sequence involving an intramolecular Friedel—Crafts reaction and subsequent oxidation by selenous acid which is generated from selenium dioxide and water through Riley allylic oxidation.
Spatial-Frequency Adaptation and Afterimages

The contribution of afterimages to spatial-frequency adaptation was studied by comparing a number of different fixation paradigms designed to maximize or minimize afterimages. While it is clear that adaptation is not an afterimage artifact, nevertheless afterimages are produced at low spatial frequencies and can considerably distort the results of adaptation experiments unless steps are taken to eliminate them.
Effects of varenicline on abstinence and smoking reward following a programmed lapse.

Introduction Varenicline (Chantix®) is an efficacious first-line medication for smoking cessation. Studies suggest that one mechanism by which varenicline facilitates sustained smoking abstinence is by reducing the likelihood of relapse to smoking when a lapse, or slip, occurs during a quit attempt. The present study extends this line of research by conducting a prospective laboratory study to examine the relapse prevention effects of varenicline following a programmed lapse. Methods Daily smokers (N = 47) completed a 5-week outpatient study in which they were randomized to receive varenicline or placebo. The first week was a medication induction period that was immediately followed by a 4-week quit attempt. A programmed lapse (2 cigarettes smoked in the laboratory) occurred on the second day of the quit attempt. Results Participants receiving varenicline were slower to relapse and had greater total abstinence rates following lapse exposure. Participants in the varenicline group rated lapse cigarettes lower on measures of reward and intoxication and showed increased behavioral economic demand elasticity for cigarettes (reduced cigarette purchasing at higher prices) compared with those receiving placebo. Conclusions These results demonstrate a relapse prevention effect of varenicline following smoking lapse exposure and suggest that an attenuation of reward from smoking and the blunting of subjective effects of smoking may underlie and/or contribute to this effect.
Vibron Solitons: A Semiclassical Approach

The central topic of interest in this conference revolves around the soliton mechanism first proposed by Davydov and Kislukha [1] as a means of transporting energy in molecular (mainly biological) aggregates. The last few years have seen a large amount of activity in this area, and this workshop has gathered many of the principals in the discussion. The study of the Frohlich Hamiltonian [2] which is the starting point of the Davydov theory has become quite sophisticated and has overcome many of the restrictive assumptions that were necessarily introduced when the subject began. Thus, this conference has served to clarify many questions involving the effects of quantum fluctuations (since most theories are semiclassical), the meaning of localization when the tendency of a translationally invariant system is to delocalize wave functions, the effect of temperature on the stability of the Davydov soliton, and questions surrounding the soliton lifetime. On a more subtle level, much insight has been gained into the precise meaning of the approximations made at various historical stages of the subject, a case in point being the various variational principles that have been used to derive equations of motion for the Davydov system. The considerable theoretical advances do not yet unequivocally answer the question of the possible importance of soliton mechanisms in the transport of biological energy since the starting model in most theories (one-dimensional Frohlich Hamiltonian) may be well removed from what goes on in real proteins. However, if the model is indeed appropriate, then the weight of the evidence suggests that at least in the α-helix soliton transport at room temperature (or even at low temperatures) should not play an important role (cf. Brown et al., this volume). Most of these issues and references to the work leading to our current understanding can be found throughout these proceedings.
The treble ladder revisited: why do engineers lose interest in the dual ladder as they grow older?

Earlier research by the authors showed that when asked about their preferred career track, older engineers and scientists overwhelmingly chose interesting project assignments over promotion–based tracks. The proportion preferring either technical ladder or managerial careers declined steadily with age. That study, being cross–sectional in nature, had all of the limitations of cross–sectional studies. In particular, it left the question of whether the age–related differences were really the product of aging or whether they might be a generational or cadre effect. In the present study, 84 respondents from the original study were asked their career preferences again, nine years later. Responses at the two points in time were analysed and compared. These were found to shift in the directions predicted by the original study, thus favouring an aging over a generational hypothesis. Promotion or its absence, has a significant effect on career preference, albeit not always in the direction that one would predict. Other individual attitudes toward work and task preferences are found to be remarkably stable over time.
Sexual Desire Discrepancy

Sexual desire discrepancy is a mismatch between an individual and his or her partner’s level of sexual desire. Due to the number of factors that influence the ebb and flow of individual sexual desire, desire discrepancy is a common experience at one time or another in long-term romantic relationships. Although this is a common experience, the research in this area has found consistent links between greater desire discrepancy and lower sexual and relationship satisfaction, indicating a need to find ways to modulate issues of sexual desire discrepancy. Little research has examined sexual desire discrepancy in sexually diverse couples or in clinical populations, and this is an important area for future research efforts. This paper reviews the importance of definitions and measurement of discrepant sexual desire, findings in the role of gender and sexual orientation, and the impact of sexual desire discrepancy on sexual and relational outcomes. Additionally, the treatment of sexual desire discrepancy and future directions necessary to expand this area of research are covered.
William H. Rehnquist: Nixon's Strict Constructionist, Reagan's Chief Justice

This chapter examines William Rehnquist and his constitutional arguments and jurisprudence in the context of the conservative critique of the Warren Court. Rehnquist's appointment to the Court by President Richard Nixon was, almost by accident, the one full realization of Nixon's goal of placing a "strict constructionist" on the bench, one who possessed both the intellectual capacity and jurisprudential ambition to rollback the work of the Warren Court. Similarly, Rehnquist's elevation to Chief Justice appropriately symbolized the Reagan administration's conservative constitutional ambitions, which Rehnquist had anticipated and shaped. Rehnquist's jurisprudence evidences a distrust of judicially enforced individual rights that do not have strong foundations in the constitutional text and its historical origins, while giving broader scope to the Court to act as an arbiter between the other branches of the national government and between the state and federal governments.
Implications of Customers’ Interest in Nutrition for the Restaurant Industry

This study investigated the link between active interest in nutrition and the requirements for marketing benefits that customers place on restaurant management. Multiple discriminant analysis was used to relate nutrition group membership to requirements for 30 restaurant benefits at lunchtime. The segment high in nutrition interest expressed a stronger desire for a formal dining atmosphere, higher requirements for the human elements of dining, and more interest in a menu featuring low-calorie foods, but a lower demand for large quantities of food.
Insights into the mechanics of fault-propagation folding styles

Fault-propagation folds are common structures that accommodate crustal shortening in various compressional settings worldwide. Motivated by the wide range of geometries observed for fault-propagation folds, we investigated the role played by mechanics in the variations observed for this structural class. Detailed structural measurements of a series of 15 fault-propagation folds from the Niger Delta, Argentina, and southeastern Asia reveal several relationships between aspects of the structural geometries. We found that the decrease in displacement updip along the fault is well approximated by a linear trend that has a relatively consistent slope, and that this gradient remains constant for increasing total displacement. This suggests that the faults propagate self-similarly, consistent with a range of kinematic models that have been used to describe them. Additionally, we observed that uplift has contributions both from rigid translation along a dipping fault and folding, and that the values observed for many natural structures lie between those predicted by the trishear and kink-style models, such as fixed-axis and constant-thickness fault-propagation folding. Finally, we found that fault-propagation folds exhibit a range of fault dips, with many structures having fault dips coincident with those characteristic of fault-bend folds, while another group is characterized by significantly higher fault dips. By developing a series of discrete-element mechanical models, we found that mechanical layering plays a first-order role in the development of different styles of fault-propagation folding. Homogeneous materials produce trishear-like fault-propagation folds, while strongly layered materials produce structures more similar to the kink-style kinematic models. Comparison with the observations from natural structures indicates that these mechanical models reproduce the observed trends, and that most natural structures fall between these two styles of models. This suggests that trishear and the kink-style (fixed-axis and constant-thickness) fault-propagation folding models may be thought of as end members on a continuum of possible fault-propagation folding geometries that are largely dictated by the degree of mechanical layer anisotropy in the stratigraphy. Finally, we suggest that fault steepening in highly anisotropic models may develop due to strain localization in tightly folded structural forelimbs.
Social Networks and Psychopathology Among Substance Abusers

The authors studied the social networks and psychopathology of 168 patients with diagnoses of substance abuse. Small network size was correlated with higher scores on the Modified Michigan Alcohol-Drug Screening Test, higher symptom reports on the SCL-90 and the Beck Depression Inventory, and more observed psychopathology according to the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Larger network size was correlated with better functioning according to the Global Assessment Scale and DSM-III axis V. The authors conclude that such symptom complexes as paranoia and phobia may undermine the social networks of substance abusers more than such symptom complexes as anxiety and depression.
Image Retrieval Algorithm Research Based on Region Feature Fusion

At present,the image retrieval is existing on the based on single feature such as color,texture,shape,spatial relationships and so on. Aimed at the limitation,it proposes a new image retrieval algorithm which is integrated color and local textural feature based on color image segmentation. Through the experiment,it shows this method is better than single feature retrieval.
An Optimized Injectable Hydrogel Scaffold Supports Human Dental Pulp Stem Cell Viability and Spreading

Introduction. HyStem-C™ is a commercially available injectable hydrogel composed of polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA), hyaluronan (HA), and gelatin (Gn). These components can be mechanically tuned to enhance cell viability and spreading. Methods. The concentration of PEGDA with an added disulfide bond (PEGSSDA) was varied from 0.5 to 8.0% (w/v) to determine the optimal concentration for injectable clinical application. We evaluated the cell viability of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) embedded in 2% (w/v) PEGSSDA-HA-Gn hydrogels. Volume ratios of HA : Gn from 100 : 0 to 25 : 75 were varied to encourage hDPSC spreading. Fibronectin (Fn) was added to our model to determine the effect of extracellular matrix protein concentration on hDPSC behavior. Results. Our preliminary data suggests that the hydrogel gelation time decreased as the PEGSSDA cross-linker concentration increased. The PEGSSDA-HA-Gn was biocompatible with hDPSCs, and increased ratios of HA : Gn enhanced cell viability for 14 days. Additionally, cell proliferation with added fibronectin increased significantly over time at concentrations of 1.0 and 10.0 μg/mL in PEGDA-HA-Gn hydrogels, while cell spreading significantly increased at Fn concentrations of 0.1 μg/mL. Conclusions. This study demonstrates that PEG-based injectable hydrogels maintain hDPSC viability and facilitate cell spreading, mainly in the presence of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins.
Unusual Presentation of Metastatic Ovarian Carcinoma as an Enlarged Intramammary Lymph Node

Metastasis to the breast most commonly arises from a contralateral primary breast malignancy; however, metastatic disease can also result from extramammary malignancies by hematogenous or lymphatic dissemination. This case report reviews an unusual presentation of primary ovarian carcinoma with metastasis to an intramammary lymph node.
Psychosis following traumatic brain injury and cannabis use in late adolescence.

BACKGROUND: Both cannabis and traumatic brain injury (TBI) pose risks on the developing brain, including a potential increased vulnerability for developing psychosis. Recent reports detail an upward trend in both adolescent cannabis use and the concentration of THC, the most potent psychoactive component in cannabis. Similarly, it is estimated that 1.7 million Americans incur a TBI each year. Previously trivialized as a minor nuisance, attitudes towards TBIs are changing as researchers and the public recognize TBIs' possible long-lasting sequelae. CASE REPORT: Two cases are presented of adolescent patients with histories of TBI and self-reported heavy, recreational cannabis use who developed symptoms of psychosis. DISCUSSION: Similar neuronal signaling pathways involved in cannabis ingestion and TBI recovery, specifically CB1 receptors of the endocannabinoid system, as well as the allostatic load model provide context for the two presented cases. Given the cases and theories presented, we believe that cannabis use may act as a neurological stressor and risk factor for psychosis outweighing its possible benefits as a therapeutic solution for pain in late adolescent and young adult populations. SIGNIFICANCE: The presented cases provide further support for the compounded risk of developing psychosis following TBI and cannabis use. (Am J Addict 2016;XX:1-3). Language: en
Evolution and Determinants of OFDI

The aim of the present chapter is to discuss the evolution and patterns of outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) from Brazil. More specifically, we will address the driving forces of FDI from a dual perspective. First, we assess the role of home-market economic performance. This is still highly complex, particularly for the case of emerging multinational companies (MNCs). Second, we will address the effects of the host country on OFDI, particularly by estimating the role of economic performance and distance. The chapter provides qualitative and empirical assessments of the impacts of economic and institutional factors on the patterns of OFDI.
Elementary School Teachers Constructing Teacher-of-Science Identities

In US elementary schools and especially in early grades, there is a heavy emphasis on English language arts, often to the exclusion of other subjects, such as science and social studies (Crocco & Costigan, 2007). This, coupled with many elementary school teachers seeing themselves as more “literacy people” rather than “science people,” encouraged us to conceive of a project Integrated Science Literacy Enactments (ISLE) that aimed to develop, enact, and study integrated scienceliteracy teaching and learning in urban elementary school classrooms (Varelas & Pappas, 2013).
Theme Poster Session: Hypercalciuria

Hypercalciuria, defined as an elevated daily rate of urinary Ca excretion that results in a higher average prevailing urinary-Ca concentration, is one of the risk factors for Ca oxalate/apatite precipitation, stone nucleation, and stone growth. The additional Ca appearing in the urine might be the consequence of: a) defective renal-tubular reabsorption of filtered Ca with compensatory augmentation of intestinal absorption of dietary Ca and bone remodeling; b) a primary increase of intestinal Ca absorption, either dependent on or independent of 1,25(OH)2D; c) accelerated bone remodeling or increased net-bone resorption; or d) some more-generalized acceleration of Ca transport involving all of these processes. The theme poster discussion devoted to hypercalciuria in relationship to nephrolithiasis included active discussion of 11 reports of studies addressing these issues as well as the role of urinary oxalate excretion and of urinary citrate excretion.
Active Learning and Other Instructional Management Issues

“Learning is not a spectator sport,” declare Arthur Chickering and Zelda Gamson, coauthors of a 1991 work entitled Applying the Seven Principles for Good Practice in Undergraduate Education. “Students do not learn much just by sitting in classes listening to teachers, memorizing pre-packaged assignments, and spitting out answers,” they argue. Rather, “they must talk about what they are learning, write about it, relate it to past experiences, apply it to their daily lives. They must make what they learn part of themselves.”1
MPEG4 video streaming over mobile ad-hoc networks

Real-time multimedia over wireless links is constrained by the time-varying characteristics of the wireless channel. We demonstrate the implementation details of MPEG4 video streaming over an IEEE 802.11b based wireless LAN in ad-hoc mode. Experimental studies investigating issues in secure video streams are also shown.
Leading Staff Development from the Bottom Up: Penn State Libraries In-Service Days

When Pennsylvania State University Libraries’ administration invited library staff to take leadership in planning an in-service day, what resulted was a rich training experience for both participants and planners, one that has become institutionalized. Now approaching its twelfth year, University Libraries’ Discovery Day continues to grow and develop. This author recounts the genesis and growth of the annual event and articulates the valuable outcomes of staff training and development.
Microscopic Aspects of Adhesion: Recent Trends and Prospects

Abstract Strictly speaking, adhesion is an interfacial phenomenon and if the events at the interface can be understood then this information can be used to tailor the interface. However, it should be noted that the practical adhesion (e.g. of films and coatings) depends on interfacial interactions plus a number of other factors. So the study of interfaces is necessary and important but by no means sufficient. Most commonly when one speaks of coating adhesion, he is referring to adhesion in the mechanical sense (force or the work required to disrupt the coating); whereas the term “resist adhesion” as used in lithography has special meaning and it will also be discussed. in the last decade or so, the availability of sophisticated surface analytical tools has been a boon in understanding adhesion on a microscopic level. Particularly, ESCA * and inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy (IETS) have been very helpful in unravelling interfacial interactions, and examples will be cited to illustrate their usefulness. the areas for future research include, inter alia , microscopic understanding of the effect of moisture in disrupting otherwise “healthy” bonds.
Inheritance and Composition

There are numerous natural hierarchies in the real world. Also we, human beings, have created many systems that have hierarchies. In hierarchies, sometimes things flow from top to bottom, and at some other times, things propagate from bottom to top.
Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy Versus Surgery for Early Lung Cancer Among US Veterans.

Background Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) has been proposed as a potential alternative to surgery for early lung cancer, although we lack well-powered prospective randomized data comparing these treatments, and existing studies suffer from incomplete information on confounders that can bias results. Here, we evaluated the comparative effectiveness of surgery and SBRT in lung cancer treatment using a large extensively detailed database from the Veteran's Affairs system. Methods We identified veterans with biopsy-proven clinical stage I non-small cell lung cancer diagnosed between 2006 and 2015 from within the Veteran's Affairs Informatics and Computing Infrastructure. We compared cancer-specific survival among patients receiving lobectomy, sublobar resection, or SBRT using univariable and multivariable competing risk analyses. Multivariable analyses adjusted for confounders including preoperative pulmonary function, smoking status, comorbidity, and staging workup procedures. Results In all, 4,069 patients were included (449 SBRT, 2,986 lobectomy, 634 sublobar resection). Unadjusted analysis found higher immediate postprocedural mortality in the surgery groups compared with the SBRT group. The multivariable analysis considering long-term survival found higher cancer-specific mortality for SBRT compared with lobectomy (subdistribution hazard ratio 1.45, 95% confidence interval: 1.09 to 1.94, p = 0.01), although no survival difference between SBRT and sublobar resection (subdistribution hazard ratio 1.25, 95% confidence interval: 0.93 to 1.68, p = 0.15). Conclusions Among a large cohort of early stage lung cancer patients, we found that lobectomy had improved survival compared with SBRT, although we found no survival difference between sublobar resection and SBRT. Despite these findings, the potential for unmeasured confounding remains and prospective randomized trials are needed to better compare these treatment modalities.
Double-Ring Resonator Optical Gyroscopes

A double-ring fiber resonator consists of two coplanar rings of approximately equal lengths closed upon themselves and coupled together with a 3 × 3 coupler. This coupled resonator exhibits transmission spectra more complex than a single-ring resonator, including one or two resonances per free spectral range, depending on the length mismatch between rings. Analytical expressions are derived for the rotation sensitivity of such a structure used as a gyroscope based on the Sagnac effect. Numerical simulations show that with suitable wavelength biasing of the probe laser, the rotation sensitivity is the maximum when the coupling constant is equal to the round-trip loss of each ring, and when the length mismatch is equal to λ /2 [mod. λ ] for planar couplers and zero [mod. λ ] for triangular couplers . An interesting property of this structure is that for any value of the mismatch there is a coupling constant that maximizes the sensitivity, and this maximum sensitivity depends weakly on the length mismatch. The reason is that changing the mismatch redistributes the light intensity between the two rings, but it essentially does not change the number of times light recirculates around the two rings combined, to which the sensitivity is proportional. However, if the probe-laser frequency is locked to one of the rings and the coupling constant kept fixed at its optimum value, independent thermal fluctuations of the length of the second ring will cause significant variations in the sensitivity. It is shown that when all three parameters are optimized (length mismatch, coupling, and probe wavelength), the transmission of the double-ring resonator takes the exact form of that of a single-ring resonator of equal loss and length, and that it also has exactly the same rotation sensitivity.
Effect of Surface Charge and Hydrophobicity on Phospholipid-Nanoparticle Corona Formation: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study

Abstract Using coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations, we find that a combination of nanoparticle (NP) surface charge and hydrophobicity lead to three different kinds of corona structures formed by dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and dipalmitoylphosphatidic acid lipids, namely monolayer-coated, bilayer-coated, and attached-bicelles. Within this CG model, a charge neutral NP forms a bilayer-coated corona only when the NP is strongly hydrophilic with contact angle θ 20°, a positive or negative zeta potential in excess of ~60 mV is needed to form a bilayer corona. Less charged NPs form monolayers with lipid tails completely covering the NP for θ > 70°, and bicelles attached only to a small fraction of the NP surface form for more moderately hydrophilic NPs (20°