cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Insights from People’s Experiences with AI: Privacy Management Processes

Given the lack of interview-based research in the Artificial Intelligence (AI) literature, we conducted 15 semi-structured interviews about people’s experiences with AI. From those interviews, many important themes emerged and we focused this paper on people’s experiences with privacy violations. We used the Communication Privacy Management Theory (CPM) to analyze distancing behaviors (avoidance or withdrawal) resulting from Boundary Turbulence (privacy violations) with people’s voice-activated phones and Google Search. Through this analysis, we found evidence that distancing behaviors may 1.) be able to transfer from one device to another; and 2.) not depend on the trustworthiness of a particular device or application company. This paper concludes with recommendations for applying the CPM framework more intentionally and rigorously to people’s experiences with voice-activated systems.
Literacy Practices of Refugee Families: Collaborative Case Studies

There is limited research concerning literacy practices of Syrian and Burmese refugee students and their families in the U.S. To help address this gap, drawing upon New Literacy Studies, this quali...
Olympic Games Home Field Advantage: Country Cohort Analysis

This paper presents evidence on whether Olympic host country athletes experience a home field advantage, using a novel approach that studies cohorts of athletes who compete in multiple Olympic Games. Olympedia’s comprehensive data set spanning Athens 1896 to PyeongChang 2018 is used. An Olympic team with 100 athletes is estimated to win 4.4 more medals, including 2.6 more gold medals, when competing at home. The home field advantage is stronger for subjective sports.
Utilization of chronic lung disease treatment before the respiratory syncytial virus season as palivizumab prophylaxis qualifier in the American Academy of Pediatrics Guidelines.

Guidelines from the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend palivizumab immunoprophylaxis for children with CLD in their second year of life if they continue to need treatment within 6 months before the RSV season. The utilization patterns of treatment (chronic corticosteroid therapy, diuretic therapy, or supplemental oxygen) are not well understood. We examined variations in CLD treatment for ten consecutive 20-day segments preceding RSV season onset. Among infants and children with CLD (n = 19,026), 35.2% received one or more medical treatments for CLD any time within 200 days before entering the second RSV season: 8.6%, 3.2%, and 29.7% received supplemental oxygen, diuretics, and corticosteroids, respectively. Utilization decreased as infants’ age increased with corticosteroids surpassing oxygen and diuretics. To avoid the capture of intermittent use of corticosteroids for acute infections, we found requiring a minimum of 45 days cumulative exposure was reasonable to determine chronic use.
Comparisons with Methods for Genetic Transformation

Genetic transformation was discovered long before the discovery of transfection; and an imposing body of information about genetic transformation has since been built up. It seems apparent that much of this information is relevant to the investigation of transfection, since there are evident similarities between the two phenomena. The major similarities are that both phenomena require the entry of macromolecular nucleic acid into the cell and the genetic expression of this nucleic acid following its entry.
Quality of life and metastatic breast cancer: the role of body image, disease site, and time since diagnosis.

Purpose Too little is understood about the quality of life (QoL) concerns of patients diagnosed with advanced disease. While body image has been found to be consistently important for women with early-stage breast cancer, the impact of body image on women with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) is less frequently studied. This cross-sectional study aimed to identify factors affecting QoL in a sample of patients diagnosed with MBC, with particular attention to body image, disease site, and time since diagnosis. Methods In total, 113 women diagnosed with MBC completed two QoL scales (EORTC QLQ30; EORTC BR23) as part of a larger study. Clinical characteristics were obtained via medical record review. Demographics, disease characteristics, and clinical factors were examined. Results Time since diagnosis and location of metastases were found to affect patients’ QoL, and most strikingly, this effect often differed for those with higher and lower body image. Body image appears to remain highly influential even for those living with a shortened life expectancy. Conclusions These findings indicate that the development of QoL support should more carefully consider patients diagnosed with MBC and the unique sets of body concerns that affect this population.
Observations of Altered Intracellular Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PP-Ribose-P) in Human Disease

An intricate system of interrelated control mechanisms regulate biochemical reaction sequences. Metabolic pathways are controlled not only by specific activity and inherent kinetic properties of enzymes in the pathway but also by the intracellular concentration of certain essential substrates, activators or inhibitors. PP-ribose-P is an essential substrate of purine, pyrimidine and pyridine biosynthesis. The intracellular concentration of PP-ribose-P represents a balance between its synthesis by PP-ribose-P synthetase and its utilization which is catalyzed by several different phosphoribosyltransferase (PRT) enzymes as well as non-specific phosphatases. Alterations in the rate of synthesis or degradation of PP-ribose-P, whether drug induced or secondary to an inborn error, could potentially change the intracellular concentration of this compound.
Green Globs: A Microcomputer Application for Graphing of Equations.

, This paper outlines the development of an activity that uses the bomputergs unique capabilities to provide students with a meaningful and highly motivating experience with the graphing of equations. The basic design of the game calls for the computer to display a coordinate grid on which it graphs, any equations that are typed in by the student. Thirteen "Green Globs," each about .7 units in diameter, are scattered about the grid. The goal of the game is to explode all of the green globs by bitting them with graphs specified by typing in equations, If a shot misses the expected targets, diagnostic feedback is provided to debug the ideas used. The game is scored using an algorithm which encourages cleverly planned shots and provides a wide range of achievable scores. The decision to exclude the,possibility of trigonometry functions in favor of other options is discussed. A _provision of the game allows 'students to view any of en op scoring gates and see what shots and strategies the top players have used. Highlights of classroom use of Green Giobs are provided, including descriptions of techniqaes used by some of the more advanced students. One reference is cited. (CBC)
Dietary, supplement, and adipose tissue tocopherol levels in relation to prostate cancer aggressiveness among African and European Americans: The North Carolina‐Louisiana Prostate Cancer Project (PCaP)

Background Controversies remain over the safety and efficacy of vitamin E (i.e., α-tocopherol) supplementation use for the prevention of prostate cancer (CaP); however, associations of different tocopherol forms and CaP aggressiveness have yet to be examined. Methods This study examined whether food intake of tocopherols, vitamin E supplement use, and adipose tissue biomarkers of tocopherol were associated with CaP aggressiveness among African-American (AA, n = 1,023) and European-American (EA, n = 1,079) men diagnosed with incident CaP. Dietary tocopherols were estimated from a food frequency questionnaire, supplement use from questionnaire/inventory, and biomarkers from abdominal adipose samples measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were estimated from logistic regression comparing high-aggressive CaP to low/intermediate aggressive CaP, adjusting for covariates. Results Dietary intakes of α-and δ-tocopherol were related inversely to CaP aggressiveness among EAs [OR (95%CI), highest versus lowest quartile: α-tocopherol, 0.34 (0.17–0.69), Ptrend = 0.006; δ-tocopherol, 0.45 (0.21–0.95) Ptrend = 0.007]. Inverse associations between dietary and supplemental α-tocopherol and CaP aggressiveness were observed among AAs, though these did not reach statistical significance [OR (95%CI), highest versus lowest quartile: dietary α-tocopherol, 0.58 (0.28–1.19), Ptrend = 0.20; supplemental α-tocopherol, 0.64 (0.31–1.21) Ptrend = 0.15]. No significant association was observed between adipose tocopherol levels and CaP aggressiveness [OR (95%CI), highest versus lowest quartiles of α-tocopherol for EAs 1.43 (0.66–3.11) and AAs 0.66 (0.27–1.62)]. Conclusions The inverse associations observed between dietary sources of tocopherols and CaP aggressiveness suggests a beneficial role of food sources of these tocopherols in CaP aggressiveness. Prostate 75:1419–1435, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Law and the Shaping of American Foreign Policy: The Twenty Years' Crisis

This piece follows up on an earlier article, which will be published this April in the NYU Law Review. In both pieces, I argue that American foreign policy during the first half of the 20th century - much of which was directed and conceived by lawyers - was deeply influenced by the legal culture of the time. That legal culture, which I call "classical legal ideology," carried with it a set of assumptions about how law arose, why it had effective force, and how it related to social order. I suggest that this legal culture powerfully implied that US foreign policy should reject traditional balance of power strategies and instead rely on international law and legal institutions to maintain global order. The earlier article considered how classical legal ideology influenced US foreign policy through 1920. This article carries the story into the 1920's and early 1930's, when the United States rose to pre-eminent international standing. It was also the period that marks the greatest disaster in American diplomatic history: our refusal to assume necessary strategic obligations condemned the globe to the catastrophe of World War II. Lawyers and legal ideology played a crucial role in this refusal. I also suggest at the end of the article that trends in the "new international law" scholarship, which integrate international relations theory into legal analysis, threaten to duplicate the ideology of the early 20th century, and thus could lead to the same result. I hope, then, that in light of current events, my piece is not only historical but also extremely timely.
SpyShield: preserving privacy from spy add-ons

Spyware infections are becoming extremely pervasive, posing a grave threat to Internet users' privacy. Control of such an epidemic is increasingly difficult for the existing defense mechanisms, which in many cases rely on detection alone. In this paper, we propose SpyShield, a new containment technique, to add another layer of defense against spyware. Our technique can automatically block the visions of untrusted programs in the presence of sensitive information, which preserves users' privacy even after spyware has managed to evade detection. It also enables users to avoid the risks of using free software which could be bundled with surveillance code. As a first step, our design of SpyShield offers general protection against spy add-ons, an important type of spyware. This is achieved through enforcing a set of security policies to the channels an add-on can use to monitor its host application, such as COM interfaces and shared memory, so as to block unauthorized leakage of sensitive information.We prototyped SpyShield under Windows XP to protect Internet Explorer and also evaluated it using real plug-ins. Our experimental study shows that the technique can effectively disrupt spyware surveillance in accordance with security policies and introduce only a small overhead.
Diagnostics and Communications in Vehicle Control Systems Using Smart Power ICs

This paper presents techniques for fault protection, diagnosing faults and obtaining bidirectional communication between various vehicle loads and microcontrollers (MCUs) in vehicle electronic systems through the use of power ICs (integrated circuits) with embedded sensors. The power handling capability of these devices combined with integrated circuit design allows considerable simplification of printed circuit board layout and reduction in electronic module size while providing the possibility of sophisticated communications with the MCU.
Crossing the Creek: The Literary Friendship of Zora Neale Hurston and Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Anna Lillios Year: 2010 Pages: 216 Publisher: University Press of Florida ISBN: 978-0-8130-3500-0 (hard cover).
Expanding Policy Options for Immigrant Integration

The integration of vast numbers of migrants into European countries from North Africa and the Middle East continues pose challenges for policy makers. The many differences between these immigrants and the native population can make assimilation difficult. In order to increase trust and social cohesion between citizens and migrant populations, various forms of multicultural and assimilatory policies have been enacted with mixed success. This study challenges the usefulness of the current way people think about integration ideologies, namely as a choice between assimilation and multiculturalism. I hypothesize that we can better analyze public attitudes about integration by conceptualizing integration as a continuum of possibilities arranged along a scale of overall permissiveness. Using this continuum, we can entertain new and more effective ideologies as policy options. My field research conducted surveys with native-born citizens in the Netherlands and Belgium to gather information about the appeal and usefulness of these new integration ideologies. This paper finds evidence that the more moderate ideologies of interculturalism and “liberalism as identity” create stronger feelings of trust toward immigrant while minimizing in-group projection. Furthermore, in Belgium, interculturalism is seen as more desirable to the respondents than the current more extreme policies of multiculturalism and assimilation.
The information regularization framework for semi-supervised learning

In recent years, the study of classification shifted to algorithms for training the classifier from data that may be missing the class label. While traditional supervised classifiers already have the ability to cope with some incomplete data, the new type of classifiers do not view unlabeled data as an anomaly, and can learn from data sets in which the large majority of training points are unlabeled. Classification with labeled and unlabeled data, or semi-supervised classification, has important practical significance, as training sets with a mix of labeled an unlabeled data are commonplace. In many domains, such as categorization of web pages, it is easier to collect unlabeled data, than to annotate the training points with labels. This thesis is a study of the information regularization method for semi-supervised classification, a unified framework that encompasses many of the common approaches to semi-supervised learning, including parametric models of incomplete data, harmonic graph regularization, redundancy of sufficient features (co-training), and combinations of these principles in a single algorithm. We discuss the framework in both parametric and non-parametric settings, as a transductive or inductive classifier, considered as a stand-alone classifier, or applied as post-processing to standard supervised classifiers. We study theoretical properties of the framework, and illustrate it on categorization of web pages, and named-entity recognition. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Transition: Old Wine in New Bottles

The transition movement of the 1980s was preceded by two similar movements: (a) the career education movement in the 1970s and (b) the work/study movement in the 1960s. These three movements are described and compared to provide an historical context for understanding current problems and issues regarding transition. Some broad social issues, such as educational reform, are then examined to illustrate the potential influence of such issues on the future development of policy that will affect the transition movement.
Alignment limit of the NMSSM Higgs sector

The Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model (NMSSM) with a Higgs boson of mass 125 GeV can be compatible with stop masses of order of the electroweak scale, thereby reducing the degree of fine-tuning necessary to achieve electroweak symmetry breaking. Moreover, in an attractive region of the NMSSM parameter space, corresponding to the \alignment limit" in which one of the neutral Higgs fields lies approximately in the same direction in field space as the doublet Higgs vacuum expectation value, the observed Higgs boson is predicted to have Standard- Model-like properties. We derive analytical expressions for the alignment conditions and show that they point toward a more natural region of parameter space for electroweak symmetry breaking, while allowing for perturbativity of the theory up to the Planck scale. Additionally, the alignment limit in the NMSSM leads to a well defined spectrum in the Higgs and Higgsino sectors, and yields a rich and interesting Higgs boson phenomenology that can be tested at the LHC. Here, we discuss the most promising channels for discovery and present several benchmark points for further study.
Support to decision makers: the use of recursive simulation to support decisionmaking

Recursive simulation is the technique of having simulated decisionmakers themselves use simulation to inform decisionmaking. In past research, these recursive simulation runs have evaluated the possible outcomes given that a decision was made one way or the other, allowing a simulated commander to consider the consequences of the alternatives. However, this allows only a reactive benefit, since the issue must first be framed in terms of a decision to be made. This paper explores other possibilities. It raises issues of how to represent the information about the future from projections not tied to a specific decision. Also considered is how the explicit details of what is projected might be conveyed back to the current planning context in order to make possible proactive actions.
Global convergence of a class of collinear scaling algorithms with inexact line searches on convex functions

Ariyawansa [2] has presented a class of collinear scaling algorithms for unconstrained minimization. A certain family of algorithms contained in this class may be considered as an extension of quasi-Newton methods with the Broyden family [11] of approximants of the objective function Hessian. Byrd, Nocedal and Yuan [7] have shown that all members except the DFP [11] method of the Broyden convex family of quasi-Newton methods with Armijo [1] and Goldstein [12] line search termination criteria are globally and q-superlinearly convergent on uniformly convex functions. Extension of this result to the above class of collinear scaling algorithms of Ariyawansa [2] has been impossible because line search termination criteria for collinear scaling algorithms were not known until recently. Ariyawansa [4] has recently proposed such line search termination criteria. In this paper, we prove an analogue of the result of Byrd, Nocedal and Yuan [7] for the family of collinear scaling algorithms of Ariyawansa [2] with the line search termination criteria of Ariyawansa [4].
Volatile compounds in roasted and boiled Chinese chestnuts (Castanea molissima)

Abstract The flavor extract components of roasted and boiled Chinese chestnuts, which have not been studied prior to this report, were determined by capillary gas-chromatography with a mass selective detector. Volatile compounds were identified with a NBS 43K.1 mass spectra library by PBM (Probability Based on Matching) search. A total of 119 peaks were detected in the sample from roasted chestnuts; among these 33 were identified (4 hydrocarbons, 6 alcohols, 1 aldehyde, 6 ketones, 7 acids, 2 esters, 4 furans, 1 pyrrole, 1 pyrone and 1 pyranone). In the sample from boiled chestnuts 129 peaks were detected and 30 identified (6 hydrocarbons, 5 alcohols, 4 aldehydes, 2 ketones, 5 acids, 1 ester, 4 furans, 1 pyrazine, 1 pyrane and 1 pyranone).
Lactate oxidative capacity in different types of muscle.

Abstract The capacity of different types of muscle homogenates to oxidize lactate (2.0 to 10.0 mM) under state 3 conditions was determined in the context of their maximal pyruvate oxidative capacity. Both cardiac and fast-oxidative-glycogenolytic (FOG) muscle oxidized 10 mM lactate at approximately 100% of their respective capacities to maximally oxidize pyruvate (2.5 mM); whereas slow-oxidative (SO) and fast-glycogenolytic (FG) skeletal muscle oxidized lactate at 78% and 63% of their respective capacities for pyruvate. The lactate oxidation correlated with (a) pyruvate and NADH oxidation and (b) the gross lactate dehydrogenase heart type isozyme profile in the different muscle types. These results suggest that different muscle types possess quantitatively and qualitatively different capacities for metabolizing lactate.
Relation of Callous-Unemotional Traits to Length of Stay Among Youth Hospitalized at a State Psychiatric Inpatient Facility

We examined the association of callous-unemotional (C/U) traits with length of psychiatric hospitalization among two samples each with 50 participants: a group of 7–11 year-olds (39 males and 11 females) receiving services on a children’s unit, and a group of 12–17 year-olds (27 males and 23 females) receiving services on an adolescent unit. Our analyses focused on the additionally predictive value of C/U traits above and beyond the influence of pre-established risk factors for length of stay, including age, gender, ethnicity, overall levels of functioning and psychopathology, and the diagnosis of a Conduct Disorder or Oppositional Defiant Disorder. In both samples, hierarchic regression analyses indicated that C/U traits were associated with longer lengths of stay, whereas none of the previously identified risk factors were significant. The discussion of these results focuses on the importance of developing non-coercive and non-confrontational therapeutic treatment regimens for youth with C/U traits receiving inpatient psychiatric services.
Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma mimicking diffuse large cell lymphoma: A case report

Follicular dendritic cell sarcomas (FDCSs) are rare tumors arising from follicular dendritic cells in lymphoid tissue. Fewer than 20 cases have been described in the English-language literature. We describe the second case of an FDCS with primary liver involvement. The initial diagnosis was lymphoma, and appropriate treatment was prescribed. After the initial treatment failed, additional biopsy samples were obtained. Standard pathologic analysis and immunophenotyping for a panel of monoclonal antibodies were performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue and frozen sections. The pathologic findings were consistent with FDCS, and the specimens showed some of the characteristic pathologic features suggestive of this tumor, including multinucleation and a spindle pleomorphic morphology. The tumor cells were positive for S-100 protein, CD45, CD14, and vimentin. Because of its morphological characteristics, FDCS can be confused with other neoplastic entities, such as lymphomas and other solid tumors.
CHARACTERIZATION OF FRETTING DAMAGE AT TI-6AL-4V INTERFACES IN POINT CONTACT

The aim of this study is to characterize the baseline fretting behavior of Ti-6Al-4V on Ti-6Al-4V in point contact. The displacement amplitudes span the partial slip, mixed fretting, and gross slip fretting regimes. Surface cracks are only observed when the displacement amplitude is near the transition between partial and gross slip regimes.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Process Mean Shift Detection Using Prediction Error Analysis

Autocorrelation in 100 percent measurement data results in false alarms when the traditional control charts, such as X and R charts, are applied in process monitoring. A popular approach proposed in the literature is based on prediction error analysis (PEA), i.e., using time series models to remove the autocorrelation, and then applying the control charts to the residuals, or prediction errors. This paper uses a step-function type mean shift as an example to investigate the effect of prediction error analysis on the speed of mean shift detection. The use of PEA results in two changes in the 100 percent measurement data: (1) change in the variance, and (2) change in the magnitude of the mean shift. Both changes affect the speed of mean shift detection. These effects are model parameter dependent and are obtained quantitatively for AR (1) and ARMA(2,1) models. Simulations and examples from automobile body assembly processes are used to demonstrate these effects. It is shown that depending on the parameters of the AMRA models, the speed of detection could be increased or decreased significantly.
Identifying Stimuli in the Natural Environment That Control Verbal Responses

When a learner is taught a new response, the stimuli that influence its display often are unknown. These stimuli alter the probability of occurrence of the response. That is, when they are present, the response occurs; when they are absent, it does not occur. By identifying the stimuli that influence the probability of newly acquired responses, interventionists may program for their generalization more effectively and efficiently. In the present study, 2 students who were moderately retarded were taught to label a coin. Eight environmental stimuli that were present during training were identified. The effect of each stimulus on the occurrence of the response was assessed prior to and after training by presenting the remaining seven stimuli and altering only the target stimulus. The results demonstrated that by altering one stimulus at a time, responding continued uninterrupted. For 1 of the 2 learners, however, responding was disrupted by altering two stimuli simultaneously. The implications of these find...
Active Control of International Space Station Experiment Rack Shelf Simulator Vibrations

This research involves the application of methods to actively control the vibrations of an experiment rack shelf. The rack shelf is constructed from a solid rectangular plate restrained along segments of the short sides and is designed to be similar to the experiment rack shelves used in the International Space Station (ISS). Those shelves are subject to vibrations that may adversely affect experiments. Piezoelectric actuators have been proposed as a solution for controlling the rack shelf vibrations. In this work, a two-dimensional asymmetric piezoelectric actuator model is developed first. Then, a Ritz expansion method is employed to derive the Equations of Motion for the active structure with discontinuous boundary conditions. Modal parameters from this analytical solution as well as from experiment modal analysis are used to determine the modal input factors for the piezoelectric actuators. Two control strategies, modal control and collocated output feedback control, are studied with Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) control law. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed control concepts in controlling the first two flexural vibration modes at frequencies below 400 Hz.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
A production forecasting model for gas wells

Predicting the performance of gas wells has always been of considerable importance to the natural gas industry. The accurate determination of the future production rates from gas wells, however, requires a great number of data which are not often available. This paper introduces a forecasting method which can provide reliable estimates of future production rates based on the limited data. This method has the advantage of considering a number of parameters and conditions which are usually ignored in other forecasting methods. They include well damage, line pressure changes, installation of a compressor, and the number of producing wells. The forecasting method has been developed based on a general model which accounts for the variations of pressure-dependent gas properties as well as non-linear laminar gas flow in the porous media (non-Darcy flow). The model has been evaluated against the actual production data from several gas wells and has been found to be very reliable.
The pseudo melting potential effect

Abstract Melting of an ice sample containing either preferentially incorporated NH 4 + ions or preferentially incorporated Cl − ions does not generate an electric potential. However, a potential is produced if melting of ice containing preferentially incorporated NH 4 + ions commences soon after freezing is stopped. This potential is termed the pseudo melting potential and is a remnant of the freezing potential.
Atomic-Absorption Spectroscopy—A Critical Review:

Atomic-absorption spectroscopy is reviewed as an analytical technique. The effect of recent instrumental advances on analytical procedures is reported. It is now possible to determine every metal and semimetal for which lamps have been made. Analytical procedures by atomic absorption are generalized and limitations of the technique stated. The various instrumental techniques for metal analysis are compared to show for what purposes atomic absorption is useful. Applications in various analytical fields are mentioned briefly.
Experimental study of human interpretation of computer-generated image data

Despite human familiarity with the natural environment, the issue of vision--cognition and perception of objects is still a dominant variable in human performance assessment; especially in real-time, safety-oriented domains such as airport security. In this paper, we present some experimental results that seek to uncover how people interpret computer generated image data at different threshold modes. The results obtained are useful for training airport inspectors or pilots on how to recognize objects in different environments.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Piezo1, a mechanically activated ion channel, is required for vascular development in mice

Mechanosensation is perhaps the last sensory modality not understood at the molecular level. Ion channels that sense mechanical force are postulated to play critical roles in a variety of biological processes including sensing touch/pain (somatosensation), sound (hearing), and shear stress (cardiovascular physiology); however, the identity of these ion channels has remained elusive. We previously identified Piezo1 and Piezo2 as mechanically activated cation channels that are expressed in many mechanosensitive cell types. Here, we show that Piezo1 is expressed in endothelial cells of developing blood vessels in mice. Piezo1-deficient embryos die at midgestation with defects in vascular remodeling, a process critically influenced by blood flow. We demonstrate that Piezo1 is activated by shear stress, the major type of mechanical force experienced by endothelial cells in response to blood flow. Furthermore, loss of Piezo1 in endothelial cells leads to deficits in stress fiber and cellular orientation in response to shear stress, linking Piezo1 mechanotransduction to regulation of cell morphology. These findings highlight an essential role of mammalian Piezo1 in vascular development during embryonic development.
Rotifers in Lake Bassenthwaite

IT may be of some interest to readers of NATURE to call attention to the fact that during the warm days of June 16–18, the beautiful Rotifer Asplanchna priodonta was to be found in the surface waters of Lake Bassenthwaite, Cumberland, in very great abundance. After dragging a small tow-net through the water from a row-boat for twenty minutes, the water collected in the bottle attached to the end of the net was perfectly turbid with the multitude of these animals, interfering very materially with the observation of the other constituents of the plankton. Observations taken by Mr. Ashworth in different parts of the lake in the early morning, mid-day and the evening, proved that they were not present merely in a localised cloud, but distributed in immense numbers all over the lake, from the surface to a depth of ten feet or more.
An assessment of the annual mass balance of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in Narragansett Bay

Narragansett Bay is a relatively well-mixed, high salinity coastal embayment and estuary complex in southern New England (USA). Much of the shoreline is urban and the watershed is densely developed. We have combined our data on C, N, and P inputs to this system, on C, N, and P accumulation in the sediments, and on denitrification with extensive work by others to develop approximate annual mass balances for these elements. The results show that primary production within the bay is the major source of organic carbon (4 times greater than other sources), that land drainage and upstream sewage and fertilizer are the major sources of N, and that landward flowing bottom water from offshore may be a major source of dissolved inorganic phosphorus. Most of the nutrients entering the bay arrive in dissolved inorganic form, though DON is a significant component of the N carried by the rivers. About 40% of the DIN in the rivers is in the form of ammonia. Sedimentation rates are low in most of Narragansett Bay, and it appears that less than 20% of the total annual input of each of these elements is retained within the system. A very small amount of C, N, and P is removed in fisheries landings, denitrification in the sediments removes perhaps 10–25% of the N input, and most of the carbon fixed in the system is respired within it. Stoichiometric calculations suggest that some 10–20% of the organic matter formed in the bay is exported to offshore and that Narragansett Bay is an autotrophic system. Most of the N and P that enters the bay is, however, exported to offshore waters in dissolved inorganic form. This assessment of the overall biogeochemical behavior of C, N, and P in the bay is consistent with more rigorously constrained mass balances obtained using large living models or mesocosms of the bay at the Marine Ecosystem Research Laboratory (MERL).
Plasma self-bias and ion acceleration in the madhex helicon source

Summary form only given. Helicon and magnetized radio-frequency (RF) plasmas have been studied for some time. It is often claimed that the ion acceleration observed in these sources is due to double layers. Recently strong (160 V) time averaged self-bias has been observed in MadHeX1, resulting in a large potential difference between the plasma source and expansion regions2, has piqued our interest to further examine and fully realize the ion acceleration process. The modified MadHeX experimental facility consists of a 120 cm long, 10 cm inner diameter Pyrex tube attached to a stainless steel expansion chamber, which is 60 cm long and 45 cm in diameter (expansion ratio RE = 4.5) with an axial magnetic field, variable up to 1.2 kG at the source region that can be operated in flat or nozzle field configurations. An 18 cm long, 12 cm diameter half-turn double-helix antenna is used to excite helicon waves in the source. A new double magnetic mirror and an additional magnetic coil placed between the transition region between plasma source and expansion chamber are used to increase plasma ionization rate and reduce ion-electron recombination and neutral reflux in the expansion region. The effect of RF power, magnetic field strength and gas flow rate on the plasma parameters including electron temperature, density, plasma potential and ion beam acceleration are explored by probe diagnostics (Langmuir probe, emissive probe and retarding potential analyzer) and non-invasive optical techniques (laser induced fluorescence and optical emission spectroscopy). The role of substantial RF fluctuations in the plasma potential and the upstream end-plate boundary condition are addressed. The effect of the electron energy distribution that may include substantial tails on plasma self-bias and the ion beam formation and acceleration is examined by optical emission spectroscopy and cross-checked with the results via using a retarding potential analyzer. Also, its effect on the ion energy distribution is verified by using argon 668 nm laser induced fluorescence.
Nuclear Access and Action of Notch In Vivo

The Drosophila Notch (N) gene encodes a conserved single-pass transmembrane receptor that transduces extracellular signals controlling cell fate. Here, we present evidence that the intracellular domain of Notch gains access to the nucleus in response to ligand, possibly through a mechanism involving proteolytic cleavage and release from the remainder of the protein. In addition, our results suggest that signal transduction by Notch depends on the ability of the intracellular domain, particularly the portion containing the CDC10 repeats, to reach the nucleus and to participate in the transcriptional activation of downstream target genes.
Longitudinal Noninvasive Imaging of Progesterone Receptor as a Predictive Biomarker of Tumor Responsiveness to Estrogen Deprivation Therapy

Purpose: To investigate whether longitudinal functional PET imaging of mammary tumors using the radiopharmaceuticals [ 18 F]FDG (to measure glucose uptake), [ 18 F]FES [to measure estrogen receptor (ER) levels], or [ 18 F]FFNP [to measure progesterone receptor (PgR) levels] is predictive of response to estrogen-deprivation therapy. Experimental Design: [ 18 F]FDG, [ 18 F]FES, and [ 18 F]FFNP uptake in endocrine-sensitive and -resistant mammary tumors was quantified serially by PET before ovariectomy or estrogen withdrawal in mice, and on days 3 and 4 after estrogen-deprivation therapy. Specificity of [ 18 F]FFNP uptake in ERα + mammary tumors was determined by competition assay using unlabeled ligands for PgR or glucocorticoid receptor (GR). PgR expression was also assayed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results: The levels of [ 18 F]FES and [ 18 F]FDG tumor uptake remained unchanged in endocrine-sensitive tumors after estrogen-deprivation therapy compared with those at pretreatment. In contrast, estrogen-deprivation therapy led to a reduction in PgR expression and [ 18 F]FFNP uptake in endocrine-sensitive tumors, but not in endocrine-resistant tumors, as early as 3 days after treatment; the changes in PgR levels were confirmed by IHC. Unlabeled PgR ligand R5020 but not GR ligand dexamethasone blocked [ 18 F]FFNP tumor uptake, indicating that [ 18 F]FFNP bound specifically to PgR. Therefore, a reduction in FFNP tumor to muscle ratio in mammary tumors predicts sensitivity to estrogen-deprivation therapy. Conclusions: Monitoring the acute changes in ERα activity by measuring [ 18 F]FFNP uptake in mammary tumors predicts tumor response to estrogen-deprivation therapy. Longitudinal noninvasive PET imaging using [ 18 F]FFNP is a robust and effective approach to predict tumor responsiveness to endocrine treatment. Clin Cancer Res; 21(5); 1063–70. ©2014 AACR .
Optical model of a next-generation instrument for monitoring atmospheric energetics from space

A new Monte-Carlo ray-trace (MCRT) environment has been created and used for the conceptual design of a next- generation radiometer for monitoring atmospheric energetics form space. A multi-band, two-mirror reflecting telescope illuminating an array of thermal detectors is under active consideration as a follow-on to the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System instruments. Future instruments must provide narrower spectral resolution without concomitant sacrifices in radiometric accuracy and spatial resolution. Strategies are under study for obtaining tow or more spectral channels from a single telescope without significant optical cross-talk between channels. Differential filtering based on different combinations of interference filters will be used to achieve spectral separation. Filters are potential thermal noise sources because they may absorb and re-radiate varying amounts of power in response to changes in scene spectral radiance. The MCRT design environment is used here to study the optical performance of a candidate instrument.
Breaking of Progressive Internal Gravity Waves: Convective Instability and Shear Instability*

Abstract The breaking of a monochromatic two-dimensional internal gravity wave is studied using a newly developed spectral/pseudospectral model. The model features vertical nonperiodic boundary conditions that ensure a realistic simulation of wave breaking during the wave propagation. Isopycnal overturning is induced at a local wave steepness of sc = 0.75–0.79, which is below the conventional threshold of s = 1. Isopycnal overturning is a sufficient condition for subsequent wave breaking by convective instability. When s = sc, little primary wave energy is being transferred to high-mode harmonics. Beyond s = 1, high-mode harmonics grow rapidly. Primary wave energy is more efficiently transferred by waves of lower frequency. A local gradient Richardson number is defined as Ri = −(g/ρ0)(dρ/dz)/ζ2 to isolate convective instability (Ri ≤ 0) and wave-induced shear instability (0 < Ri < 0.25), where dρ/dz is the local vertical density gradient and ζ is the horizontal vorticity. Consistent with linear wave theor...
Evidence-Based Models of Integrated Management of Depression in Primary Care

A variety of epidemiologic studies has demonstrated the high prevalence of depressive disorders in primary care [1–4]. Indeed, by patient preference, the majority of treated depressive episodes are in primary care practices [5,6]. This is particularly true for older persons [7,8]. Accordingly, it is not surprising that primary care clinicians place a high priority on recognizing and treating their depressed patients [9,10]. However, formidable obstacles impede appropriate treatment and the prevention of relapse or recurrence, including time pressures, the inclination of both clinicians and patients to focus on presenting symptoms and acute problems, the limits of reimbursement, and the lack of well-organized mental health systems capable of consulting about and treating patients in most primary care settings [9–13]. In response to these obstacles, first-generation health services research has produced multifaceted interventions. The interventions with collaborative care, inwhich an on-sitemental health specialist and the primary care clinician shared the care of depressed patients, most successfully overcame many of
TRAPEDS: producing traces for multicomputers via execution driven simulation

Trace-driven simulation is an important aid in performance analysis of computer systems. Capturing address traces for these simulations is a difficult problem for single processors and particularly for multicomputers. Even when existing trace methods can be used on multicomputers, the amount of collected data typically grows with the number of processors, so I/O and trace storage costs increase. A new technique is presented in this paper which modifies the executable code to dynamically collect the address trace from the user code and analyzes this trace during the execution of the program. This method helps resolve the I/O and storage problems and facilitates parallel analysis of the address trace. If a trace stored on disk is desired, the generated trace information can also be written to files during execution, with a resultant drop in program execution speed. An initial implementation on the Intel iPSC/2 hypercube multicomputer is detailed, and sample simulation results are presented. The effect of this trace collection method on execution time is illustrated.
Facilitating Behavioral Change in Voice Therapy: The Relevance of Motivational Interviewing

Purpose The purpose of this article is to present an exploration of some of the issues surrounding adherence to vocal behavioral change in voice therapy within the context of Motivational Interview...
Scene representations in parahippocampal cortex depend on temporal context

Human perception is supported by regions of ventral visual cortex that become active when specific types of information appear in the environment. This coupling has led to a common assumption in cognitive neuroscience that stimulus-evoked activity in these regions only reflects information about the current stimulus. Here we challenge this assumption for how scenes are represented in a scene-selective region of parahippocampal cortex. This region treated two identical scenes as more similar when they were preceded in time by the same stimuli compared to when they were preceded by different stimuli. These findings suggest that parahippocampal cortex embeds scenes in their temporal context to determine what they represent. By integrating the past and present, such representations may support the encoding and navigation of complex environments.
Untreated atrial fibrillation in the United States of America: Understanding the barriers and treatment options

Atrial fibrillation is the most commonly treated arrhythmia in the United States of America. Stroke is the most devastating consequence of atrial fibrillation. For decades, warfarin has been the most recommended treatment for patients with atrial fibrillation at risk for stroke and systemic emboli. However, many patients at risk are not treated with anticoagulants. Several reasons exist, including physician underestimation of patient stroke risk, physician overestimation of bleeding risk, and patients’ reluctance to take chronic warfarin due to the difficulties of this medication in relation to its pharmacokinetics and interactions with food and other medications. Risk scores have helped to better define patient risks and benefits from chronic anticoagulation. Novel anticoagulants (NOACs) have improved the ability for patients to be compliant with anticoagulation.
The myriad essential roles of microRNAs in cardiovascular homeostasis and disease

According to the World Health Organization, cardiovascular disease accounts for approximately 30% of all deaths in the United States, and is the worldwide leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Over the last several years, microRNAs have emerged as critical regulators of physiological homeostasis in multiple organ systems, including the cardiovascular system. The focus of this review is to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge of the molecular mechanisms contributing to the multiple causes of cardiovascular disease with respect to regulation by microRNAs. A major challenge in understanding the roles of microRNAs in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease is that cardiovascular disease may arise from perturbations in intracellular signaling in multiple cell types including vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells, cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts, as well as hepatocytes, pancreatic β-cells, and others. Additionally, perturbations in intracellular signaling cascades may also have profound effects on heterocellular communication via secreted cytokines and growth factors. There has been much progress in recent years to identify the microRNAs that are both dysregulated under pathological conditions, as well as the signaling pathway(s) regulated by an individual microRNA. The goal of this review is to summarize what is currently known about the mechanisms whereby microRNAs maintain cardiovascular homeostasis and to attempt to identify some key unresolved questions that require further study.
Self-folding origami membranes

I consider the collapse of a freely-hinged membrane consisting of rigid triangular shapes under the influence of specific, local interactions and a global bending stress. In the absence of the applied stress, the film collapses via a symmetry-breaking process. An external bending stress applied to the collapsing sheet dramatically orients the collapsing domains, giving local control over the mechanical properties of the collapsed sheet, just as an external field would in a magnet.