cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
9 – Diagnostic Techniques

Publisher Summary This chapter outlines the description of simple, coarse methods that provide some estimate of the pulse duration. It reviews some of the measurement techniques, commonly used for recording pulse correlations. The techniques that lead to a complete characterization of the pulse amplitude and phase are also described. In the ultrafast optics, second harmonic generation (SHG) is the most widely used technique for recording second-order correlations. As it is a nonresonant process of electronic origin, the nonlinearity is fast enough to measure the pulses down to 10–14s duration. The techniques that are successfully used for shorter wavelengths include: the multiphoton ionization surface SHG, and the two-photon luminescence. The third-order processes such as the optical Kerr effect have been applied to the diagnostic of femtosecond (fs) UV pulses. These third-order correlations have the advantage of being sensitive to pulse asymmetry. The chapter concludes by discussing the singleshot instrument that is one of the first intensity autocorrelators for mode-locked lasers.
Special considerations in the assessment of catastrophic brain injury and determination of brain death in patients with SARS-CoV-2.

Abstract Introduction The coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic has led to challenges in provision of care, clinical assessment and communication with families. The unique considerations associated with evaluation of catastrophic brain injury and death by neurologic criteria in patients with Covid-19 infection have not been examined. Methods We describe the evaluation of six patients hospitalized at a health network in New York City in April 2020 who had Covid-19, were comatose and had absent brainstem reflexes. Results Four males and two females with a median age of 58.5 (IQR 47–68) were evaluated for catastrophic brain injury due to stroke and/or global anoxic injury at a median of 14 days (IQR 13–18) after admission for acute respiratory failure due to Covid-19. All patients had hypotension requiring vasopressors and had been treated with sedative/narcotic drips for ventilator dyssynchrony. Among these patients, 5 had received paralytics. Apnea testing was performed for 1 patient due to the decision to withdraw treatment (n = 2), concern for inability to tolerate testing (n = 2) and observation of spontaneous respirations (n = 1). The apnea test was aborted due to hypoxia and hypotension. After ancillary testing, death was declared in three patients based on neurologic criteria and in three patients based on cardiopulmonary criteria (after withdrawal of support (n = 2) or cardiopulmonary arrest (n = 1)). A family member was able to visit 5/6 patients prior to cardiopulmonary arrest/discontinuation of organ support. Conclusion It is feasible to evaluate patients with catastrophic brain injury and declare brain death despite the Covid-19 pandemic, but this requires unique considerations.
Comparison of Transradial vs Transfemoral Access in Neurovascular Fellowship Training: Overcoming the Learning Curve

Background The transradial access (TRA) is rapidly gaining popularity for neuroendovascular procedures as there is strong evidence for its benefits compared to the traditional transfemoral access (TFA). However, the transition to TRA bears some challenges including optimization of the interventional suite set-up and workflow as well as its impact on fellowship training. Objective To compare the learning curves of TFA and TRA for diagnostic cerebral angiograms in neuroendovascular fellowship training. Methods We prospectively collected diagnostic angiogram procedural data on the performance of 2 neuroendovascular fellows with no prior endovascular experience who trained at our institution from July 2018 until June 2019. Metrics for operator proficiency were minutes of fluoroscopy time, procedure time, and volume of contrast used. Results A total of 293 diagnostic angiograms were included in the analysis. Of those, 57.7% were TRA and 42.3% were TFA. The median contrast dose was 60 cc, and the median radiation dose was 14 000 μGy. The overall complication rate was 1.4% consisting of 2 groin hematomas, 1 wrist hematoma, and 1 access-site infection using TFA. The crossover rate to TFA was 2.1%. Proficiency was achieved after 60 femoral and 95 radial cases based on fluoroscopy time, 52 femoral and 77 radial cases based on procedure time, and 53 femoral and 64 radial cases based on contrast volume. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that the use of TRA can be safely incorporated into neuroendovascular training without causing an increase in complications or significantly prolonging procedure time or contrast use.
Accurate and Real-time Simulation of Rover Wheel Traction

Maintaining traction remains one of the challenges that space exploration rovers encounter while roving on Martian or Lunar deformable terrains. Such terrains consist of granular regolith under reduced gravity conditions. Real-time simulation of wheel-soil interactions, that accurately takes gravity effects into account, can improve rovers' online mobility control. The research problem investigated in this paper is the development of a machine learning-based wheel-on-soil simulation model. Machine learning enables efficient and fast mapping of simulation inputs to outputs, trained using high-fidelity (non-real-time) models validated by experiments. The training data is produced by a continuum method comprising a modern constitutive model, nonlocal granular fluidity (NGF), and a state-of-the-art numerical solver, material point method (MPM). Machine learning techniques, including graph network-based simulator (GNS) and principal component analysis (PCA), are proposed to learn efficient mappings. The important aspects that must be captured include the traction forces on the wheel and the behavior of the underlying granular flows. Hence, the experimental data includes force measured using an instrumented single-wheel testbed and subsurface soil motion observed with a high-speed camera and analyzed with optical flow.
Do You Still Trust Me? Human-Robot Trust Repair Strategies

Trust is vital to promoting human and robot collaboration, but like human teammates, robots make mistakes that undermine trust. As a result, a human’s perception of his or her robot teammate’s trustworthiness can dramatically decrease [1], [2], [3], [4]. Trustworthiness consists of three distinct dimensions: ability (i.e. competency), benevolence (i.e. concern for the trustor) and integrity (i.e. honesty) [5], [6]. Taken together, decreases in trustworthiness decreases trust in the robot [7]. To address this, we conducted a 2 (high vs. low anthropomorphism) x 4 (trust repair strategies) between-subjects experiment. Preliminary results of the first 164 participants (between 19 and 24 per cell) highlight which repair strategies are effective relative to ability, integrity and benevolence and the robot’s anthropomorphism. Overall, this paper contributes to the HRI trust repair literature.
Optimization of Electric-Field Grading Plates in a PCB-Integrated Bus Bar for a High-Density 10 kV SiC MOSFET Power Module

A finite element method (FEM) driven, automated numerical optimization technique is used to design field grading structures in a PCB-integrated bus bar for a 10 kV wirebondless silicon-carbide (SiC) MOSFET power module. Due to the ultra-high-density of the power module, and close proximity of the high-voltage power terminals, PCB embedded field grading structures are used to manipulate the high intensity electric field and reduce field crowding. Two PCBs are designed and built, one using a conventional, manual design approach, where design parameters are swept individually and the impact is assessed graphically, and one with the proposed optimization technique. The PCB developed with the proposed technique achieved a 30% higher partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV) and reduced the design cycle time from a few weeks to a few days. The problem formulation and cost function are scalable to allow for wide applicability in the design of other high-voltage, high-density systems.
Settlers, Liberty, and Empire: The Roots of Early American Political Theory, 1675-1775

Introduction: Jasper Maudit's 'instructions': the imperial roots of early American political theory Part I. Restoration and Rebellion: 1. English rights in an Atlantic world 2. The Glorious Revolution in America Part II. Empire: 3. Jeremiah Dummer and the defense of chartered government 4. John Bulkley and the Mohegans 5. Daniel Dulany and the natural right to English law 6. Richard Bland and the prerogative in pre-revolutionary Virginia Part III. Revolution: 7. In search of a unitary empire 8. The final imperial crisis Conclusion.
Mechanisms of Mediator Release from Inflammatory Cells

The inflammatory process is manifested by cell and tissue changes which are in large measure produced by mediating substances derived from various cells or plasma sources. The mediators have the general character that in the normal state they exist as precursors or are sequestered in sites where they are inactive. Stimuli which initiate the inflammatory response then activate or induce synthesis of the mediators or lead to their release. It is this release of mediators from cells which is the subject of this chapter.
Power, energy and thermal considerations in SSD-based I/O acceleration

Solid State Disks (SSDs) have risen to prominence as an I/O accelerator with low power consumption and high energy efficiency. In this paper, we question some common assumptions regarding SSDs' operating temperature, dynamic power, and energy consumption through extensive empirical analysis. We examine three different real high-end SSDs that respectively employ multiple channels, cores, and flash chips. Our evaluations reveal that dynamic power consumption of many-resource SSD is, on average, 5x and 4x worse than an enterprise-scale SSD and HDD, respectively. This work also addresses SSD overheating problem and power throttling issues, which result in significant performance degradation. Lastly, we offer an evidence that HW/SW optimization studies are needed to improve energy efficiency in future SSDs.
III. On the polarization of the zodiacal light

(1874). III. On the polarization of the zodiacal light. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 48, No. 315, pp. 13-21.
Is one selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor better than another

that paroxetine, fluoxetine, and sertraline hadsimilar efficacy for the treatment of depressive symptoms andimprovement in health-related quality of life. Although therewere no statistically significant differences when the mea-sures were analyzed individually, we noticed a pattern in theoutcomes that did not appear to be random.If there were indeed no differences among outcomes for the3medications,thentherelativepatternofoutcomesshouldhavebeendistributedrandomlyacrossmeasures;thatis,eachmedi-cation should have produced highest or best scores about asoften as each other medication. We tested the hypothesis ofrandom distribution of outcomes by ranking the medicationsinorderofthedegreeofimprovement(at3-and9-monthfollow-up) on each of the outcome measures. A combined analysis ofalloutcomes(theirTables2through5)isshowninthe
Chronic infections in pregnancy

Abstract In the study of the subject of chronic infections in obstetrics made in this paper, the records of 600 private cases with complete general histories and physical examinations have been reviewed and analyzed with regard to the incidence of such infections as revealed by examination and how these affect and are affected by pregnancy. The mouth and throat were examined by a good light and the chest bared for examination in every case. The kidneys were examined by hammer-percussion and palpation, and every two weeks, a microscopic and chemical examination of the urine was made.
The effects of cycling shoe stiffness on forefoot pressure.

Plantar pressure data were recorded in two different shoe types to determine the effect of cycling shoe stiffness on peak plantar forefoot pressure in cyclists. Two pairs of shoes of the same size and manufacturer, identical except for outsole material and stiffness, were tested. Shoe stiffness measurements were collected under controlled conditions and in two different configurations using a dynamic hydraulic tensile testing machine. Measurements of plantar pressure were done using Pedar capacitive-based sensor insoles while subjects pedaled in a seated position at a controlled power output. Power output was set at a constant value of 400 W across all subjects by a magnetic resistance trainer unit. The pressure distribution in carbon-fiber-composite shoes during cycling was compared to cycling shoes made with plastic soles. Carbon fiber shoes presented stiffness values 42% and 550% higher than plastic shoes in longitudinal bending and three-point bending, respectively. The shoes made with carbon fiber produced peak plantar pressures 18% higher than those of plastic design (121 kPa vs. 103 kPa, p = .005). Competitive or professional cyclists suffering from metatarsalgia or ischemia should be especially careful when using carbon fiber cycling shoes because the shoes increase peak plantar pressure, which may aggravate these foot conditions.
Fungal-strain-dependent alterations in the time course and mortality of chronic murine pulmonary blastomycosis.

Intratracheal injection of 10(4) conidia of Blastomyces dermatitidis strain M1-A into mice was shown in previous work to induce chronic pulmonary and disseminated infection with histopathologic features of chronic human blastomycosis. Furthermore, 10-fold variations in inoculum density produced marked changes in mean survival times (MSTs), i.e., 32 days at 10(6), 36 days at 10(5), 97 days at 10(4), and 172 days at 10(3). A second strain (M1-B) failed to induce death in this model. To assess fungal-strain-dependent virulence, we extended these previous studies to 11 additional human isolates. Groups of male BALB/cByJ mice (6 to 8 weeks old) were injected intratracheally with 10(4) conidia from each of the 13 strains; the mice were weighed weekly and monitored for mortality, and their lungs were examined histopathologically. Infection rate and mortality were 100% in all groups except for the M1-B inoculated mice. For strains M1-B and M1-A, MST and mortality curves were not significantly different from those observed in our previously reported experiments. Four different survival patterns were noted in infected mice. The shortest MSTs were produced by strains M2-E, M2-B, M2-K, M2-H, and M2-A (24, 26, 26, 27, and 31 days, respectively), and the longest MST was seen in animal groups inoculated with strains M2-J and M2-G (130 and 134 days, respectively). Strains M2-I, M2-F, and M2-D produced intermediate MSTs of 65, 79, and 80 days, respectively. The 107-day MST induced by M1-A did not differ from strain M2-C-induced MST but differed significantly from the MST produced by the other strains. Pulmonary histopathology was similar in all animals dying with blastomycosis. The wide spectrum in survival times was not related to differences in clinical status of the patient from whom the isolate had been obtained, to fungal inoculum viability, or to individual mouse weight at inoculation. Strain-dependent virulence factors present in these fungal isolates alter the disease course in inbred mice in a fashion similar to that induced by 10-fold inoculum variation of strain M1-A conidia. These 13 isolates of B. dermatitidis, 1 avirulent and 12 with differing levels of virulence, provide tools for future studies into the nature of fungal virulence determinants in chronic blastomycosis.
The Transcription Factor Mlc Promotes Vibrio cholerae Biofilm Formation through Repression of Phosphotransferase System Components

The phosphoenol phosphotransferase system (PTS) is a multicomponent signal transduction cascade that regulates diverse aspects of bacterial cellular physiology in response to the availability of high-energy sugars in the environment. Many PTS components are repressed at the transcriptional level when the substrates they transport are not available. In Escherichia coli, the transcription factor Mlc (for makes large colonies) represses transcription of the genes encoding enzyme I (EI), histidine protein (HPr), and the glucose-specific enzyme IIBC (EIIBCGlc) in defined media that lack PTS substrates. When glucose is present, the unphosphorylated form of EIIBCGlc sequesters Mlc to the cell membrane, preventing its interaction with DNA. Very little is known about Vibrio cholerae Mlc. We found that V. cholerae Mlc activates biofilm formation in LB broth but not in defined medium supplemented with either pyruvate or glucose. Therefore, we questioned whether V. cholerae Mlc functions differently than E. coli Mlc. Here we have shown that, like E. coli Mlc, V. cholerae Mlc represses transcription of PTS components in both defined medium and LB broth and that E. coli Mlc is able to rescue the biofilm defect of a V. cholerae Δmlc mutant. Furthermore, we provide evidence that Mlc indirectly activates transcription of the vps genes by repressing expression of EI. Because activation of the vps genes by Mlc occurs under only a subset of the conditions in which repression of PTS components is observed, we conclude that additional inputs present in LB broth are required for activation of vps gene transcription by Mlc.
Subchronic toxicity study of 1,4-dithiane in the rat.

Abstract In a 90-day study, CD strain rats were dosed with 1,4-dithiane by daily gavage at 0, 105, 210, and 420 mg/kg/day (30 rats/sex/dose) in order to calculate a suggested drinking water criterion. No overt toxicity, treatment-related mortality, or ophthalmologic changes were found. Treatment-related decreases were found in female amylase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, and reticulocyte count, and in LDH 1 in both sexes, in LDH 3 in the males, and in LDH 5 in both sexes. Treatment-related increases were found in female liver and in male kidney and male thymus weight. A treatment-related decrease in female brain weight was also found. Significant changes in organ weight of dosed animals compared to control organ weight were observed at the 105 mg/kg/day dose in the spleen of both sexes, female brain, and the male kidneys. Three organs showed compound-related anatomic changes: nose, liver, and kidney. Anisotrophic crystals of undertermined chemical composition were deposited in the olfactory nasal mucosa of both sexes. These crystals were not composed of 1,4-dithiane because 1,4-dithiane is very soluble in ethanol and would not have been present after the slide preparation process. The crystals were present in similar amounts in both sexes of the high and intermediate dose groups. In the low dose group, however, the crystals were present in greater amounts in the females. Crystals were not observed in the control animals. The other treatment-related anatomic abnormalities were eosinophilic cytoplasmic granulation of the convoluted renal tubule cells in the high dose males and minimal hypertrophy of the centrilobular region of the liver in the high dose females. The animal no-observed-effect-level was 105 mg/kg/day. This study reports a novel form of toxicity (deposition of anisotrophic crystals in the olfactory mucosa) from 1,4-dithiane administered by gavage. The chemical composition of the crystals and the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of 1,4-dithiane are unknown at present.
Unification with extended patterns

An extension of Miller's algorithm for β0-unification of typed λ-terms is presented. The extension considered is the addition of products and polymorphism to β0-unification; the new unification problem is termed β0π-unification. Miller's pattern restriction is generalized by allowing repeated occurrences of variables to appear as arguments to free function variables, provided such variables are prefixed by distinct sequences of projections. This extended pattern restriction has several applications, including the definition of higher-order explicit substitutions. The algorithm is verified to terminate, and is shown to be sound and complete.
Electrostatic contribution of serine phosphorylation to the Drosophila SLBP--histone mRNA complex.

Unlike all other metazoan mRNAs, mRNAs encoding the replication-dependent histones are not polyadenylated but end in a unique 26 nucleotide stem-loop structure. The protein that binds the 3' end of histone mRNA, the stem-loop binding protein (SLBP), is essential for histone pre-mRNA processing, mRNA translation, and mRNA degradation. Using biochemical, biophysical, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments, we report the first structural insight into the mechanism of SLBP-RNA recognition. In the absence of RNA, phosphorylated and unphosphorylated forms of the RNA binding and processing domain (RPD) of Drosophila SLBP (dSLBP) possess helical secondary structure but no well-defined tertiary fold. Drosophila SLBP is phosphorylated at four out of five potential serine or threonine sites in the sequence DTAKDSNSDSDSD at the extreme C-terminus, and phosphorylation at these sites is necessary for histone pre-mRNA processing. Here, we provide NMR evidence for serine phosphorylation of the C-terminus using 3 1 P direct-detect experiments and show that both serine phosphorylation and RNA binding are necessary for proper folding of the RPD. The electrostatic effect of protein phosphorylation can be partially mimicked by a mutant form of SLBP wherein four C-terminal serines are replaced with glutamic acids. Hence, both RNA binding and protein phosphorylation are necessary for stabilization of the SLBP RPD.
Third party roles in intimate partner violence incidents and their effects on police response in a statewide rural jurisdiction

Using police narratives and affidavits, as well as incident report forms, this paper examines the neglected research topic of third party involvement in intimate partner violence and reports findings that differ from previous research done on the subject as a secondary topic. After identifying two analytically distinct roles of third parties, those of complainant and eyewitness, the study finds that the presence of complainants and eyewitnesses alone has no effect on police arrest dispositions. However, arrest is increased significantly when eyewitnesses become complainants or provide sworn statements. Other mafor findings of the study were: (1) the importance of the heretofore disregarded role of family members as third party witnesses; (2) the relative insignificance of marital status among cohabiting victim-offender couples on reporting and disposition; (3) the relatively small percentage of witnesses who are victimized; and (4) the greater willingness of witnesses to provide sworn statements against offenders with past versus current relationships to the victim.
A distal external focus enhances novice dart throwing performance

The present study examined the effectiveness of distal versus proximal external foci of attention as a function of performers' preferences for a certain focus. We used a dart throwing task, and participants were instructed to direct their attention either to the target (distal focus) or the flight of the dart (proximal focus). Participants were asked to select their preferred focus after one trial under each focus condition without knowledge of results. Subsequently, all participants performed two 24-trial blocks, one under each condition, with focus order (preferred first vs. non-preferred) counterbalanced. Significantly more participants preferred the distal compared to the proximal focus. Also, dart throwing accuracy was generally enhanced when participants adopted a distal focus, regardless of focus order or preference. The present findings provide further evidence that the “distance” effect in attentional focus is a general phenomenon that does not depend on individual preferences.
The Statistical Measurement of the “Velocity of Circulation of Goods”

The notion of a "velocity of circulation of goods" and the desirability of measuring it statistically, 1.— The problem is identical with that of obtaining a statistical measure of the ratio of the physical volume of sales of goods to the physical volume of goods intended for sale, 6. — The "physical volume of sales of goods" and its possible substitutes, 6. — The "physical volume of goods intended for sale," and its various components, 21.— The possibility of using figures for "stocks" of commodities on hand as indicators of movements in the "velocity of circulation of goods," 29.— The great differences of opinion which exist with respect to the extent and the nature of the variations in the "velocity of circulation of goods" make the statistical measurement of this velocity imperative, 33.
Intelligent robot trends for factory automation

An intelligent robot is a remarkably useful combination of a manipulator, sensors and controls. The use of these machines in factory automation can improve productivity, increase product quality and improve competitiveness. This paper presents a discussion of recent economic and technical trends. The robotics industry now has a billion-dollar market in the U.S. and is growing. Feasibility studies are presented which also show unaudited healthy rates of return for a variety of robotic applications. Technically, the machines are faster, cheaper, more repeatable, more reliable and safer. The knowledge base of inverse kinematic and dynamic solutions and intelligent controls is increasing. More attention is being given by industry to robots, vision and motion controls. New areas of usage are emerging for service robots, remote manipulators and automated guided vehicles. However, the road from inspiration to successful application is still long and difficult, often taking decades to achieve a new product. More cooperation between government, industry and universities is needed to speed the development of intelligent robots that will benefit both industry and society.
Sequence Analysis of Exon 8 of MAO-A Gene in Alcoholics with Antisocial Personality and Normal Controls

Abstract Brunner et al. (1993, Science 262, 578–580) reported a family in which several males were affected by a syndrome of borderline mental retardation and abnormal behavior. Sequencing of exon 8 of the MAO-A gene revealed a mutation that results in a termination codon and was associated with the syndrome in the family. To determine the possible role of any mutation in exon 8 of the MAO-A gene in susceptibility to alcoholism associated with antisocial personality (ASP), we sequenced genomic DNA from 50 alcoholics and 50 normal controls. We detected only the point mutation at the position 941 (T → G). Additional samples of alcoholics and normal controls were also screened for this mutation and the mutation in exon 14 by PCR assays. Comparison of alcoholics with ASP to normal controls for both mutation frequencies in exons 8 and 14 was positive. However, the haplotype frequency differences in the above groups were borderline significant. The most common haplotype between these mutations and a (CA) n repeat marker in the gene was F 1 E 1 C 6 . The frequency differences between alcoholics with ASP and normal controls for this haplotype were significant ( P = 0.033). In TDT analysis, comparison of the overall haplotypes, transmitted to nontransmitted, was borderline significant. These data indicate that mutations in the MAO-A gene may play a role in the development of alcoholism associated with ASP.
Management objectives for ecological risk assessment-developments at US EPA

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is preparing supplemental guidance for its 1998 Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1998) to address planning for ecological risk assessment. To date, a work group has held three colloquia to identify what potential government and private-sector users want the guidance to address, commissioned six issue papers to explore various topics, and developed one paper internally. The papers, respectively, address examples of decision analysis, interested-party involvement, a comparison of several countries’ approaches to ecological risk management, high-risk ecosystems, ecosystem services, a private-sector approach to prioritization, and an EPA collaboration. All seven are presented here, along with an invitation for discussion and input.
Interpreting the CHARISMA study. What is the role of dual antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel and aspirin

The Clopidogrel for High Atherothrombotic Risk and Ischemic Stabilization, Management, and Avoidance (CHARISMA) study (N Engl J Med 2006; 354:1706-1717, J Am Coil Cardiol 2007; 49:1982-1988) assessed the effect of dual antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel (Plavix) and aspirin in patients at risk of atherothrombotic events. At a median of 28 months, the rate of the primary efficacy end point (a composite of myocardial infarction, stroke, and death from cardiovascular causes) was not significantly lower in the group receiving clopidogrel plus aspirin than in the group receiving placebo plus aspirin. However, one subgroup may have derived some benefit from the combination: those at higher risk owing to a history of myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, or symptomatic peripheral arterial disease.
Empowerment evaluation: theoretical and methodological considerations

Abstract This article presents a theoretical framework of empowerment evaluation, addresses methodological issues and suggests operational considerations for evaluators who wish to implement empowerment evaluation. The discussion of these issues reflects the authors experience in facilitating evaluations of human service programs so as to maximize participation by the users. The roots of empowerment evaluation extend to participation theory with the premise that the more participation in decision-making processes the participants have, the likelier they become to commit to and invest in the decisions. Empowerment evaluation provides evaluators with creative approaches to maximizing an evaluations usefulness, requiring them to play diverse roles as trainers, facilitators, advocates and co-liberators as prescribed by Fetterman, 1994 . Major benefits of empowerment evaluation include the increased relevance and utility of the evaluation and its tendency to empower the participants of the evaluation. The benefits of empowerment evaluation outweigh such limitations as the overemphasis of face validity and the longer time required for its implementation. These benefits are particularly important in the field of human services where the empowerment of consumers is critical.
Clearing the Misty Landscape: Teaching Students What They Didn't Know Then, but Know Now.

The central goals of teaching are to educate students about the course material and stimulate their intellectual development more generally. Yet faculty have few avenues to assess teaching effectiveness on these fronts, and students have few opportunities to reflect upon their own growth as scholars and citizens. This article details an exercise that can be used in the classroom to accomplish active reflection on the educational experience for both teachers and students. While the exercise described in this paper has been employed in a small advanced undergraduate seminar in sociology, it can be adapted for both larger classes and courses in other disciplines. This two-part exercise reinforces the value of investing in education, stimulates critical thinking, and encourages the retention of course material for students.
The relationship between employment and substance use among students aged 12 to 17

Abstract Purpose The full text of this article is available on JAH Online at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jahonline. To examine the association between employment status and substance use among students aged 12 to 17 years. Methods Secondary analysis of data from the 1995 and 1996 National Household Surveys on Drug Abuse was conducted. The survey is a primary source of data on licit and illicit drug use among noninstitutionalized Americans aged 12 years or older. Participants are interviewed at their places of residence. Multiple logistic regression procedures yielded estimated associations. Results About one in six adolescents reported both going to school and holding a job. Approximately one-fourth of students smoked cigarettes, and one-third consumed alcohol in the past year. An estimated 1.6% of students were current heavy cigarette smokers, and 2.6% were current heavy alcohol users. One-year prevalence estimates of any illicit drug use and heavy illicit drug use were 16.7% and 1.8%, respectively. Among students employed full time, prevalence estimates increased to 9.7% for heavy cigarette smoking, 13.1% for heavy alcohol use, 38.1% for any illicit drug use, and 5.0% for heavy illicit drug use. Logistic regression analyses supported relatively high rates of cigarette use, alcohol use, illicit drug use, and heavy substance use among working students. Mental health problems, especially externalizing behavioral syndromes, were found to coexist with the use and heavy use of substances. The observed associations varied somewhat by gender. Conclusions The workplace may be an appropriate venue for establishing substance use prevention and early intervention programs focused on younger workers, including adolescents who work part time.
A TECHNIQUE FOR RECORDING MIGRATORY ORIENTATION OF CAPTIVE BIRDS

The technique described in this paper eliminates the necessity of prolonged direct observation and bypasses the problem of expensive and cumbersome equipment. It thus provides a means of obtaining simultaneous records on moderately large samples of birds. To date the technique has been tested over 1,000 times both in the field and in planetaria. The authors wish to thank Helmut Mueller for assisting with the field tests, and Harrison B. Tordoff for commenting upon the manuscript. TECHNIQUE
Quinolinic acid evokes [3H]acetylcholine release in striatal slices: mediation by NMDA-type excitatory amino acid receptors.

Abstract Quinolinic acid evoked the release of [ 3 H]acetylcholine from striatal slices with an EC 50 of approximately 2 mM and an efficacy similar to that of N-methyl-D,L-aspartic acid. (±)-2-Amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid and (-)-2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid antagonized quinolinic acid-evoked release, while glutamate diethylester and 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid were ineffective as antagonists. Release of [ 3 H]acetylcholine evoked by quinolinic acid was strongly attenuated by the presence of magnesium (1.2 mM) in the medium. The results are consistent with the interaction of quinolinic acid with NMDA-type excitatory amino acid receptors on the striatal cholinergic interneurons.
Synthesis of a Stereoblock Polyketone through Ancillary Ligand Exchange

We report a new strategy for synthesis of stereoblock polymers involving ancillary ligand exchange during a living transition-metal-catalyzed polymerization. We have also demonstrated cooperativity between chain-end and site control mechanisms through ligand exchange. On the basis of these results, stereoblock copolymer synthesis was approached by first growing an isotactic segment with I-2, then switching on syndiotactic growth by displacing the bisoxazoline ligand from the Pd(II) catalyst with bipyridine. 18 refs., 1 fig.
WHICH FACULTY DEVELOPMENT METHODS REALLY WORK IN COMMUNITY COLLEGES? A REVIEW OF RESEARCH

The rates of participation in and the effectiveness of instructional development programs in community colleges were investigated in a review of recent research literature. Most of the research was conducted with large sample surveys of faculty or program directors. Rather than theoretically derived measures of teaching and learning behaviors, the dependent variables in most studies consisted of opinions about program effectiveness. The findings indicate that, thus far, few community college teachers participate effectively in instructional development programs, that the teachers most in need of development are the least likely to participate, and that the form of most development workshops has been rated unfavorably by faculty and favorably by program directors. The most effective instructional development methods are those that respect teachers' desires to be experts in specialized disciplinary knowledge with specific teaching skills. These methods include instructional center consultants, microteaching...
Fast valve for the national synchrotron light source

Abstract A prototype fast closing, all metal, UHV-compatible valve has been built to protect the NSLS storage rings from sudden vacuum failures which may occur in the experimental beam lines. When triggered, an area of 10×140 mm is covered by a spring-driven, guillotine type blade, which forms a high impedence to the inrushing gas. This fast closure ensures the protection of the ring vacuum from contamination before the slower UHV valve can be sealed off. Closing times of the order of 3–5 ms have been measured. The valve is triggered by a commercial solenoid, powered by a 16800 μF capacitor bank at 100 V. Because the valve is situated in a high radiation area, it is resettable by remote control.
Increased placental XIAP and caspase 3 is associated with increased placental apoptosis in a baboon model of maternal nutrient reduction.

Objective Our objective was to determine signaling molecules and apoptosis rate in the term placenta of a baboon model of maternal nutrient reduction (MNR). Study Design Female baboons were fed ad libitum for controls (n = 7) or 70% of control baboon diet (MNR; n=6) from 30-165 days of gestation with necropsy at 165 days of gestation. Placental tissues were collected and fixed for immunohistochemistry or snap frozen to measure extracellular signal-regulated kinases, protein kinase B, JUN NH 2 -terminal kinase, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein, and caspase 3. Placental villous apoptosis was determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated 2′-deoxyuridine 5′-triphosphate nick-end labeling and cytokeratin 18 cleavage. Results Compared with the control placentas, MNR placentas demonstrated reduced placental weight ( P P P P P Conclusion We conclude that placental apoptosis is increased in this baboon model of MNR at term and that the increase in X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein may be a protective mechanism against this apoptosis.
Exercise considerations for postmenopausal women with osteoporosis

Individuals with osteoporosis are at an increased risk of fracture due to a net loss of bone mass. The cellular mechanisms causing decreased bone mass are increased osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and/or decreased osteoblast-mediated bone formation. Clinical studies have shown that bone loss can be prevented by estrogen replacement therapy and calcium supplementation. Weight-bearing and strengthening exercise may also play a role in retarding bone loss in the postmenopausal woman, and it may even increase bone mass. The essential components of an exercise program include intensity, duration, frequency, and type of activity. Additional goals of a therapeutic exercise program are to improve flexibility and balance, and to prevent falls. Structure-function relationships in normal and osteoporotic bone and the effects of exercise on bone are reviewed. A rational approach for exercise strategies is discussed.
Relationship between provider volume and postoperative complications for bariatric procedures in New York State.

Background Although the number of bariatric procedures has grown recently, few studies have focused on the relationship between provider volume and outcomes among patients undergoing a bariatric procedure. Study design Using New York State's inpatient discharge database, we identified adults undergoing a bariatric procedure in New York State between January 1, 2003 and December 31, 2003 (n=7,868). Separate multivariable statistical models were constructed to examine the relationship between surgeon volume and hospital volume and postoperative complications (using surgeon volume cutpoints of 25, 50, 100, 150 and hospital volume cutpoints of 100, 125, 150, 200) while controlling for demographic characteristics and comorbidity. Results There was a considerably higher likelihood of postoperative complications among surgeons performing 100 or fewer bariatric procedures compared with those performing more than 100 procedures (odds ratio [OR]: 2.39, 95% CI: 1.59 to 3.59) and for those performing 150 or fewer procedures compared with those performing more than 150 procedures (odds ratio: 2.05, 95% CI: 1.29 to 3.25) after risk adjustment. Likewise, for each of the four hospital volume cutpoints, there was a notably higher likelihood of postoperative complications in the lower volume hospitals. Analyses of the interaction between surgeon and hospital volume indicated a markedly higher likelihood of postoperative complications among patients operated on by a low-volume surgeon (100 procedures or fewer) in a low-volume hospital (150 procedures or fewer) or a low-volume surgeon in a high-volume hospital than among patients operated on by a high-volume surgeon in a high-volume hospital. Conclusions The likelihood of postoperative complications from bariatric procedures is greater for patients with low-volume surgeons or in low-volume hospitals.
Non-replicating chromatin: its attachment to the nuclear membrane in mealy bugs.

Abstract The non-replicating heterochromatin in the polyploid testis sheath cells of third instar male mealy bugs was studied by means of electron microscopy. This non-replicating heterochromatin appears to have the same attachment to the nuclear membrane as the normally replicating heterochromatin of other cells. This finding suggests that attachment to the nuclear membrane is not sufficient to initiate DNA synthesis in eukaryotic cells.
Augmenting the kappa statistic to determine interannotator reliability for multiply labeled data points

This paper describes a method for evaluating interannotator reliability in an email corpus annotated for type (e.g., question, answer, social chat) when annotators are allowed to assign multiple labels to a message. An augmentation is proposed to Cohen's kappa statistic which permits all data to be included in the reliability measure and which further permits the identification of more or less reliably annotated data points.
International Faculty in American Universities: Experiences of Academic Life, Productivity, and Career Mobility

The increasing presence of international faculty members is validated using multiple data sources, and their professional experience is examined in terms of the perception of academic life, productivity, and career mobility.
Thermal effects in the overpressurization response of reinforced concrete containment

Abstract Analyses of the thermomechanical response of Sandia National Laboratories' 1:6-scale reinforced concrete containment are presented. Three temperature—pressure scenarios are analyzed to complete loss of the pressure integrity. These results are compared to the analysis of pressure alone, to assess the importance of thermal effects.
Commercial cosmetics and their role in the coloring of facial prostheses

I ndividual color characterization is important in the acceptance of an external facial prosthesis by a patient, as are comfort, lifelike shape, and symmetry. Fabrication of a facial prosthesis should include an accurate simulation of the proper Hue, Chroma, and Value inherent in the patient’s complexion, in addition to incorporation of accurate surface detail. Without these provisions, an otherwise satisfactory prosthesis will not gain patient acceptance. The complexion of the human face is dependent on several factors, which include basic skin color related to race; environmental exposure; temperatures; and individual chacteristics such as freckles, pigmented nevi, surface vascularity, and facial hair. However, natural complexions can be further altered by the use of cosmetics and skin-toning substances. Similarly, the surfaces of cured silicone facial prostheses may be modified with cosmetics. Recently, the cosmetic industry was consulted to determine the availability of materials that could be incorporated directly into transparent silicone prior to curing. Patients would benefit from the use of cosmetics on their remaining facial tissues that corresponded to the cosmetics used in coloring their prostheses. Contrast that results from the natural alteration of the patient’s complexion would be minimized, and the prostheses margins would be better masked.
Effect of epinephrine on urinary pH and electrolyte excretion in man.

THE effect of epinephrine and nor-epinephrine on the kidney is a subject which has received considerable attention for many years. Earlier, most interest was focused on the effect of these hormones on the vascular bed. More recently, studies of the electrolyte changes have appeared (1–4). It has been found that epinephrine and nor-epinephrine will cause a significant increase in the pH of the urine in rabbits (5); however, no such studies have been carried out in man. Ureteral catheterization in our clinic has revealed that the urine coming from the kidneys almost invariably has a higher pH than that of bladder urine. In cases in which patients have had an adrenergic reaction from instrumentation, this difference in pH has been as much as 2.5 pH units. The possible effect of epinephrine on urinary pH seems to be of more than academic interest. For instance, it has been shown that rabbits injected with hemoglobin will exhibit a physiologic increase in the pH of urine. This appears to prevent the precipitat...
Enhancement of Voltage Sensitivity of a cGMP-gated Channel

Activity of cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) cation channels underlies signal transduction in vertebrate visual receptors. These channels must be primarily activated by the binding of cGMP so that the activity of these highly specialized receptor channels be controlled by ligands in a finely graded manner required for transducing sensory stimuli of varying intensity. Significant voltage sensitivity of the channels would generate voltage-driven positive feedback and thus reduce the signal-transduction sensitivity. Indeed, the CNGA1 channel is only modestly voltage sensitive in low cGMP concentrations, and the voltage sensitivity vanishes with increasing cGMP concentration. We have found that loosening the attachment of the selectivity filter to the surrounding “pore shell” dramatically increases the channel's voltage sensitivity, which is independent of the positively charged residues in S4. Thus, proper attachment of the selectivity filter is essential to avoid significant, adverse voltage sensitivity in these channels.
Going International: What We Can Learn about International Strategy, Market Entry, and Resource Allocation from the Game of Go.

We identify three aspects of management particularly crucial in the environment of globalization: the formulation of international strategy; entry into foreign markets; and resource allocation. We advocate the board game Go as an aid to learning management amidst globalization. Our advocacy is based on drawing links between Go and each of the aspects of international management on which we focus. We do not assume that the reader is familiar with Go. Rather, we include explanation of the rules, which are quite simple. The complexity of the game arising from them, however, is as complex as the task of management amidst globalization.
ARTERIAL STIFFNESS IN NATIONAL COLLEGIATE ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION DIVISION I AMERICAN-STYLE FOOTBALL PLAYERS

Pre-hypertension and hypertension are prevalent and develop longitudinally in collegiate American-style football (ASF) players. The presence of arterial stiffness in ASF players, however, has not been studied. 50 freshmen ASF players from 2 programs were analyzed in the pre-season and compared to a