cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of pattern and texture gradient on slant and shape judgments

The experiment reported was designed to explore the relationship between gradient of texture and monocular slantshape perception. The effects of instructional set and order of slant and shape judgments were studied in interaction with four patterns differing in regularity of texture. Judgments of slant and shape were made by the same Ss for all patterns at 20°, 45°, 60°slant for slant judgments and 0°, 20°, 45°, 60° for width judgments. There were three instructional groups. Within each group one half of the Ss made slant judgments first, the other half shape judgments first. For all patterns, accurate perception of the slant of patterned material resulted in increased compensation in width judgments. Apparent width was found to be a function of pattern and also subject to instructional manipulation.
Attitudes and feelings of criminal Justice Personnel toward the mentally ill

The present study compared the attitudes and feelings of law-enforcement, corrections, parole and probation personnel, and college students toward mental illness. Modified versions of the Criminally Insane Scale (Khanna, Pratt, & Gardiner, 1962) and Attitudes Toward Mental Illness Scale (Cohen & Struening, 1962) were used in assessing these attitudes. Law-enforcement and corrections personnel tended to believe many of the stereotypic causes of mental illness, while the college students based their views on more current thinking. In addition, law-enforcement and corrections personnel indicated greater fear of the criminally insane than the other two groups. Possible causes and ramifications of these differences are discussed.
Geostatistical description of the spatial distribution of Limonius californicus (Coleoptera : Elateridae) wireworms in the northwestern United States, with comments on sampling

A geostatistical description of the spatial distribution of Limonius californicus (Mannerheim) wireworms is presented, as are unbiased estimates of spatial dependence for different sampling scales, patterns, and areas. The spatial structure was usually described by the spherical model, indicating an aggregated spatial arrangement. Localized discontinuity was >0.48 at scales of 5, 10, and 20 m and increased with scale. Spatial dependence occurred at a range of 66 m. Stratified hexagonal sample patterns generally gave more accurate summary statistics, parameter estimates, and r2 values for theoretical spatial models than did random sampling. With few exceptions, summary statistics for the subsampling patterns reasonably estimated those for the complete 309-sample grid. However, perception of the spatial structure deteriorated with reduced samples. Frequency distributions estimated by Poisson and negative binomial k distributions gave similar interpretations as the geostatistical analyses. However, geostatistical analysis is a true spatial analysis and yields information on spatial distribution, whereas traditional “spatial dispersion” methods only infer association from frequency distributions.
Evolutionarily significant units in natural enemies: Identifying regional populations of Aphidius transcaspicus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) for use in biological control of mealy plum aphid

Abstract Understanding the genetic structure of a natural enemy in its native range may provide important information for biological control practitioners by aiding the identification of populations that might exhibit local adaptations to environmental conditions or organisms with which they interact. The parasitoid wasp Aphidius transcaspicus is being investigated as a candidate biological control agent for the invasive mealy plum aphid, Hyalopterus pruni, in California, USA. For A. transcaspicus collected from throughout the Mediterranean and Middle East, mitochondrial sequence data (COI) revealed two major clades, one widespread throughout the sampled range, and another restricted to the eastern Mediterranean. Microsatellite data provided greater resolution, revealing five regional population clusters associated with Spain and northwest Africa, Italy, the eastern Mediterranean, Iran, and Pakistan, respectively. Within these clusters, parasitoids exhibited some geographic structure (FSC = 0.16), but between-cluster genetic structure was much more substantial (FCT = 0.45). Geographic or environmental barriers to gene flow, rather than isolation by distance alone, are likely to be important determinants of population structure in A. transcaspicus, and population clusters are isolated to such an extent that they may differ in their utility for biological control. The presence of a population localized to Spain and northern Africa corresponds to a similar subdivision observed in Hyalopterus pruni that was the probable source of invasion into California. A focus on parasitoids from this region may prove useful for biological control of this pest of dried plum and pluot in California.
Ductular carcinoma of the breast. Serum antibodies to tumor‐associated antigens

Serum antibodies to tumor-associated antigens of breast carcinoma have been studied by indirect immunofluorescence in 109 patients with breast carcinoma and 125 controls, including age/sex matched normal individuals, patients with nonmalignant disease, and patients with malignant disease other than breast cancer. We report here that sera of a large proportion of patients with ductular carcinoma of the breast have antibodies to cell surface and/or intracellular antigens of autologous tumor cells and include evidence that the antigens are absent from a considerable range of normal and other types of malignant tissues. In addition to testing of control sera, specificity of the reacting antibodies was investigated further by testing of sera with normal breast tissue and the absorption of sera from breast cancer patients with various normal tissues and cancer cells. The significance of the findings in breast cancer is discussed.
Evaluation of the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of ritodrine when administered as a loading dose

Abstract Inhibition of labor during the intrapartum period has been suggested as a method of managing acute fetal distress. In such cases, rapid tocolysis is desirable but, in high doses, β-adrenergic-receptor agonists, such as ritodrine, may cause severe maternal hypotension that could aggravate the existing fetal distress, We undertook the present study to establish a safe infusion protocol for ritodrine that achieves high plasma concentration rapidly. Twelve nonpregnant female volunteers received, on separate days, three infusions of ritodrine, that is, 1, 2, and 3 mg, during a 2-minute period. The peak plasma concentration measured by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection averaged 37, 74, and 100 ng/ml after the 1, 2, and 3 mg doses, respectively. Ritodrine concentrations decreased rapidly and with the 3 mg dose the ritodrine concentration was only 14 ng/ml after 15 minutes. The elimination phase half-life of ritodrine averaged 6.11 hours. None of the doses significantly affected systolic blood pressure but ritodrine increased heart rate and the plasma glucose level and decreased diastolic blood pressure and the plasma potassium concentration. Even at the highest infusion rate, the maximal changes in cardiovascular and metabolic variables were short-lived and clinically modest; heart rate increased 29 bpm, diastolic blood pressure decreased 8 mm Hg, glucose level increased 26 mg/dl, and potassium concentration decreased 0.6 mEq/L. These data indicate that high plasma concentrations of ritodrine can be achieved rapidly without serious side effects.
Novel lacZ-based recombination vectors for mammalian cells.

Abstract We have constructed two sets of Escherichia coli lacZ-based vectors for use in studies of general mitotic recombination, both in somatic mammalian cells grown in culture and in transgenic animals. The vectors use two mutant copies of the E. coli lacZ gene as their recombination substrates and contain a neo gene for selection of stable transformants. In one vector, pLrec, an SV40 promoter drives lacZ, while the other vector, pArec, utilizes a human non-muscle β-actin promoter for lacZ expression. Gene conversions, unequal sister chromatid exchanges and reciprocal exchanges between the two lacZ genes result in expression of β-galactosidase, which can be detected in situ by histochemical staining. These vectors yield rates and frequencies of mitotic intrachromosomal recombination in human and rodent cell lines which are similar to rates reported using conventional recombination vectors. Molecular analysis of recombinational events involving the lacZ-based vectors can be carried out on genomic DNA isolated from clonally expanded populations and individual LacZ+ cells and cell clusters can be analyzed using PCR amplification. These reporter gene-based vectors may facilitate the study of recombination in cells with limited proliferative capacities, allow for analysis of both products of an unequal sister chromatid exchange, and permit in situ detection of recombination in the tissues of transgenic animals.
Writing New Japan in Sugamo, 1948-1952 The Allied Occupation and Conflicted Democracy

This article examines the Sugamo Shimbun (the Sugamo Weekly News), written by Sugamo prisoners between 1948 and 1952 during the Allied occupation of Japan, in broader domestic and international political contexts. The prisoners questioned the legitimacy of both Allied and Japanese authorities as the United States initiated its Cold War strategies with Japanese government support. The newspaper demonstrates that the concept of “democracy” as promoted by the Allies during their occupation of Japan came into question around the time of the Korean War in 1950. Nonetheless, the prisoners’ sense of responsibility in World War II was not impartial. By examining the prisoners’ voices in the Sugamo Shimbun and the power dynamics inside the prison, this article focuses on where the prisoners’ sense of guilt originated—as a result of the prison’s correctional programs—and how the voices of the prisoners more or less reflected national and international politics of that time.
Aggressive muscular non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Abstract Primary muscle lymphoma is a relatively rare manifestation of lymphoma, and its presentation can be similar to other inflammatory or neoplastic causes of muscle enlargement. Its appearance on PET has as yet been unreported. We report a patient who presented with right lower extremity and left deltoid swelling whose subsequent PET scan demonstrated remarkably aggressive primary muscle lymphoma with diffuse involvement in multiple, separate muscle groups.
Policing and Human Rights in the Post‐Holocaust 21st Century

In recent years, violations of human rights law have increasingly been perceived in a new light as perpetrators of war crimes and genocide are more often held accountable for their crimes. Influenced by precedents set at the Nuremberg trials, the development of International Criminal Tribunals, and by the recent approval of the International Criminal Court, law enforcement officials are under increasing pressure to identify and arrest human rights violators. This is an important development since the success of these recent international initiatives depends upon the ability to effectively enforce these statutes. International human rights law will ultimately fail unless appropriate and effective means of apprehending violators are implemented. Given the fact that law enforcement agencies have often been the worst perpetrators of genocide and other violations, it is increasingly clear that police are crucial to the success or failure of many post‐Holocaust legal developments. This paper explores historical...
Suppression of flow boiling nucleation

A simple model is presented for estimating the ratio of the maximum to minimum cavity radius required for ebullition in two-phase flow with heat transfer. The resulting dimensionless parameter, r max /r min , is demonstrated to correlate flow boiling nucleation site density. As the convective heat transfer associated with bulk turbulence in two-phase flow is enhanced, r max → r min , and the probability of finding surface cavities whose radii lie between r max and r min is reduced. Thus, active nucleation sites become deactivated. A vertical flow boiling facility was fabricated in which the nucleation suppression point can be measured. Experiments conducted for mass flux ranging from 183-315 kg/m 2 -s and inlet quality ranging from 0-0.151, along with data available from the literature, suggest that r max /r min is the leading order dimensionless parameter on which the complete suppression of nucleation sites depends.
Religion and American Attitudes Toward Islam and an Invasion of Iraq

This paper analyzes, in the wake of 9/11, the religious basis of American responses to removing Saddam Hussein, invading Iraq, and perceiving Islam as a violent religion, by using national survey data gathered just several months prior to the actual invasion. There was overwhelming agreement among Americans that the only way to disarm Iraq was to remove Saddam Hussein. Nevertheless, despite this general consensus, responses to the removal of Hussein still clearly were colored by religious factors. Religious factors also shaped support for invading Iraq and views of Islam as a violent religion. The important effects of religion on such issues hold even in light of multivariate analyses, as religious variables tended to rival political variables and usually exceeded socio-demographic variables in explaining differences on such issues.
Protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocytes XXII: A heat stable dialyzable factor (EIF-1∗) modulates Met-tRNAf binding to EIF-1

Abstract The peptide chain initiation factor EIF-1 forms a ternary complex, Met-tRNA f ·EIF-1·GTP in the absence of Mg ++ and the preformed complex is stable to Mg ++ . However, with homogeneous preparations of EIF-1, addition of Mg ++ during the initial formation of the ternary complex strongly inhibits the complex formation. A heat stable dialyzable factor (EIF-1 ∗ ) which mostly remains associated with the high molecular weight protein complex, EIF-2 (TDF) during purification of the peptide chain initiation factors, has been purified using a phenol extraction procedure. EIF-1 ∗ restores the Met-tRNA f binding activity of EIF-1 in the presence of 1 mM Mg ++ ; in the presence of EIF-1 ∗ , Met-tRNA f binding by EIF-1 shows a sharp Mg ++ optimum around 1 mM. EIF-1 ∗ is heat stable, alkali stable, dialyzable and pronase sensitive. The same EIF-1 ∗ preparation also strongly inhibits Met-tRNA f binding to EIF-1 in the absence of Mg ++ and stimulates protein synthesis in a mRNA-dependent rabbit reticulocyte lysate system.
Akt-mediated cardiomyocyte survival pathways are compromised by Gαq-induced phosphoinositide 4,5-bisphosphate depletion

Expression of the wild type alpha subunit of Gq (GqWT) in cardiomyocytes induces hypertrophy, whereas a constitutively active G alpha q subunit (GqQ209L) induces apoptosis. Akt phosphorylation increases with GqWT expression but is markedly attenuated in cardiomyocytes expressing GqQ209L or in those expressing GqWT and treated with agonist. A membrane-targeted Akt rescues GqQ209L-expressing cardiomyocytes from apoptotic cell death. In contrast, leukemia inhibitory factor fails to activate Akt or promote cell survival in these cells. Association of Akt and PDK-1 with the membrane is also diminished in GqQ209L-expressing cardiomyocytes. Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3), the primary regulator of Akt, increases significantly in GqWT-expressing cells but not in cardiomyocytes expressing GqQ209L. Levels of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), the immediate precursor of PIP3, are also markedly lower in GqQ209L-expressing compared to control cells. Expression of a GqQ209L mutant that has diminished capacity to activate phospholipase C does not decrease PIP2 or Akt or induce apoptosis. In transgenic mice with cardiac G alpha q overexpression, heart failure and increased cardiomyocyte apoptosis develop during the peripartal period. Akt phosphorylation and PIP2 levels decrease concomitantly. Our findings suggest that an Akt-mediated cell survival pathway is compromised by the diminished availability of PIP2 elicited by pathological levels of Gq activity.
X-ray laser research at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Nova laser facility

We describe our optical-laser-pumped x-ray laser program. Our long-term goal is to develop and utilize a fully coherent, gigowatt-power-level sub-44-A laser. To this end we have been studying the characteristics of the exploding-foil amplifier coupled with various inversion schemes: Ne-like and Ni-like collisional excitation as well as H-like three-body recombination. Most of our experimental results to date are for the Ne-like schemes; we have observed ~15 laser transitions in Se, Y, and Mo having wavelengths from 26.3 to 10.6 nm. Output power to at least 1 MW has been observed for the Se J = 2 to 1 lines at 20.6 and 20.9 A along with geometrical divergence patterns for the beam. We have also observed time-dependent beam refraction from these amplifiers and have been able to demonstrate double-pass amplification by using a multilayer mirror operated at normal incidence. Future plans for improving beam coherence and producing lasing at wavelengths shorter than 44 A are discussed.
Isolation of Different Agrobacterium Biovars from a Natural Oak Savanna and Tallgrass Prairie

Populations of agrobacteria in excess of 105 CFU/g were recovered from 12 soil and root samples obtained from the Allison Savanna, Minn., a natural oak savanna and tallgrass prairie which has never been disturbed agriculturally. Of 126 strains picked randomly from selective media, 54 were identified as Agrobacterium spp. Biovar 2 strains predominated (35 of 54), but these strains were distributed into three phenotypically distinct subgroups. Of the remaining Agrobacterium strains, four were biovar 1-2, one was biovar 1, and none were biovar 3. The last 14 Agrobacterium strains formed a homogeneous group which differed biochemically from the hitherto reported biovars. Opine utilization (coded for by genes on the tumor-inducing plasmid in pathogenic Agrobacterium spp.) by these agrobacteria was limited to two biovar 2 strains. In contrast, 10 nonfluorescent gram-negative strains utilized either nopaline or octopine as the sole carbon and nitrogen source. There may be a need to reexamine the source and role of opines in the terrestrial environment because (i) all of these opine utilizers were isolated from an environment free of crown gall, the only known terrestrial source of opines, and (ii) 83% of the opine utilizers were not Agrobacterium spp. Images
Salmonellae Recovery Following Oral and Intravenous Inoculation of Laying Hens

Abstract Eggs have gained a reputation as being a source of salmonellae. Given that some hens are exposed to salmonellae, it is important to determine what the risk might be to human health. White Leghorn hens were inoculated with Salmonella typhimurium, since this organism is often mentioned as being a common isolate from eggs and egg products. The hens were inoculated either orally or intravenously via the basalic vein of the wing. The oral inoculation of S. typhimurium did not result in contamination of the egg shells or contents (yolk and albumen) even though the organisms were eliminated with the feces. Intravenous injection did not lead to fecal shedding of salmonellae nor could the organism be isolated from the shell or the egg contents.
Air-Gap Transmission Lines on Organic Substrates for Low-Loss Interconnects

The fabrication of low-loss transmission line structures with an air dielectric layer is described. The channels are characterized at low frequency (10 and 100 kHz) using capacitance and loss tangent and at high frequency (500 MHz to 10 GHz) using -parameter measurements. The incorporation of an air gap resulted in structures with effective dielectric constants between 1.5-1.8 and significantly lower loss tangents. The fabrication technique could be used to create more complicated air gap transmission line structures for use in monolithic microwave integrated circuits.
Procedure placement using temporal ordering information

Instruction cache performance is very important to instruction fetch efficiency and overall processor performance. The layout of an executable has a substantial effect on the cache miss rate during execution. This means that the performance of an executable can be improved significantly by applying a code-placement algorithm that minimizes instruction cache conflicts. We describe an algorithm for procedure placement, one type of code-placement algorithm, that significantly differs from previous approaches in the type of information used to drive the placement algorithm. In particular, we gather temporal ordering information that summarizes the interleaving of procedures in a program trace. Our algorithm uses this information along with cache configuration and procedure size information to better estimate the conflict cost of a potential procedure ordering. We compare the performance of our algorithm with previously published procedure-placement algorithms and show noticeable improvements in the instruction cache behavior.
Performance Benchmarking for Graphene Nanoribbon, Carbon Nanotube, and Cu Interconnects

Physics-based equivalent circuit models are presented for armchair and zigzag graphene nanoribbons (GNRs), and their conductances have been benchmarked against those of carbon nanotubes and copper wires. Atomically thick GNRs with smooth edges can potentially have smaller resistances compared with copper wires with unity aspect ratios for widths below 8nm and stacks of non-interacting GNRs can have substantially smaller resistivities compared to Cu wires.
Spatially resolved self-sensing of strain and damage in carbon fiber cement

Spatially resolved self-sensing of strain and damage has been shown in carbon fiber cement under flexure by three-point bending. This involves measurement of the one-dimensional distribution of the DC electrical resistance by the use of surface electrical contacts on the bottom (tension) and top (compression) surfaces. For a span of 290 mm, a spatial resolution of 5 mm has been attained. The bottom surface resistance, which increases reversibly with strain and increases irreversibly with damage, is a more effective indicator of strain and damage (in combination) than the top surface resistance, the oblique resistance or the through-thickness resistance for spatially resolved self-sensing. For sensing without spatial resolution, the oblique resistance is the most effective indicator. For sensing with distinction between strain and damage, the top surface resistance is the most effective indicator.
Probabilistic optimality in long-term energy sales

This article introduces a graphic methodology that makes it possible to compare over a wide range of probabilities the revenues that a generator obtains using different policies to decide how much energy to sell under long-term contracts and how much on the spot market. Examples are provided based on results for the Colombian Power System.
Grain-Boundary Chemistry and Intergranular Stress Corrosion of Iron Alloys in Calcium Nitrate

Abstract Intergranular corrosion and stress-corrosion measurements have been made on Fe alloys in calcium nitrate at 60°C. Tests were conducted on material with grain-boundary chemistries ranging f...
Acupuncture and acupressure for the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.

Purpose To examine the formal and informal health care beliefs, behaviors, and practices of nurse practitioners (NPs). Data Sources A self-administered questionnaire with primarily closed-ended format was distributed over a 3-day period to a convenience sample of 321 NPs attending a national NP conference. Conclusions The overall health status and health practices of NPs were found to be fairly good, but there was room for improvement, particularly with regard to nutrition, health responsibility, physical activity, and stress management. Implications for Practice Respondents were more likely to self-diagnose and self-treat minor illnesses and largely received their primary health care from physicians. The majority of NPs indicated a willingness to receive health care from an NP; however, the nonavailability of NPs restricted this option.
An acoustooptic-phased-array antenna beamformer for multiple simultaneous beam generation

An acoustooptic-phased-array antenna beamformer with N multiple simultaneous beam generation capability is experimentally demonstrated using a single channel acoustooptic device driven by a signal of frequency f/sub C/, and an acoustooptic device with N channels driven by signals with frequencies f/sub C/+f/sub 1/, . . ., f/sub C/+f/sub N/, respectively. f/sub 1/, . . ., f/sub n/, . . ., f/sub N/ control the carrier and phase values of the N independent beam generation signals, n being the beam number. Using f/sub C/=60 MHz, and N=2, 0-2 pi phase control is achieved using f/sub n/=0-460 kHz. A dynamic range of 54.5 dB at 1 MHz and carrier-to-noise of 113.4 dB/Hz at 1 MHz is measured for a 120 MHz carrier. One-dimensional transmit/receive antenna beam scanning can be provided by this system. >
New Era for Health Care and Genomics

We witness the tremendous advances in sequencing technologies and dramatic reduction of the sequencing costs. Fast and cheaper Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies will generate unprecedentedly massive (millions of individuals) and highlydimensional (dozens or even hundreds of millions) genomic and epigenomic variation data that allow nearly complete evaluation of genomic and epigenomic variation including common and rare variants, insertion/deletion, CNVs, mRNA by sequencing (RNA-seq), microRNA by sequencing (mRNA-seq), methylation by sequencing (methylationseq) and Chip-seq [1]. This will provide not only invaluable information on fully understanding the role of human genomic and epigenomic variation and its role in complex clinical phenotypes and evolution, but also powerful tools for clinical genomics: diagnosis of disease, classification of disease subtypes, prediction of clinical outcomes, characterization of disease progression, management of health care and development of treatments, and morphological evolution.
New Approach to Developing Conceptual Cost Estimates for Highway Projects

Developing a reliable project cost estimate is a challenge for any state highway agency (SHA), especially at the conceptual stage. A conceptual estimate is defined in this paper as the estimate prepared at the point at which only 30% of the design is complete. This paper describes a statistical approach to producing a reliable conceptual cost estimate when few project design details have been finalized and many assumptions still form the basis of the estimate. This approach used an analysis similar to the program evaluation and review technique (PERT), which is more commonly used in project scheduling, to assign certainty factors to cost estimates. The approach uses a combination of historical bid data for major roadway items whose quantities can be estimated early in the development process and historical percentages for other major components of the project, called allowance and contingency factors. The paper focuses on (1) the methodology developed to analyze the historical bid data; (2) the analysis o...
The radiative properties of electrically-small antennas

The radiative properties of electrically-small antennas are examined using the theory given by Wheeler, Chu, and Harrington. This theory predicts fundamental limitations on the bandwidth of such antennas. Some approximations are made in the theory; these approximations are examined. Several electrically-small antenna designs are evaluated in terms of how close they come to attaining the predicted fundamental limit of bandwidth. Also, the ideas upon which these designs are based are discussed. Finally, a technique for the measurement of the radiation and and the radiation efficiency of electrically-small antennas is reviewed and discussed with emphasis on the accurate separation of conduction and radiation losses. >
The Rise of Homeschooling as a Modern Educational Phenomenon in American Protestant Education

This chapter examines both the history and practice of homeschooling. The author first focuses on the foundational philosophy and historical foundations of homeschooling. The chapter first addresses the practice of homeschooling among the early American settlers. Then the nation’s industrialization and the movement away from homeschooling becomes the focus. John Dewey argued that industrialization should naturally cause the parent’s role to decrease and the teacher’s importance to surge. Many Evangelical Christians and other believers felt uncomfortable with Dewey’s emphasis on the role of the teacher at the expense of the prominence of the parent in training children. With the removal of the Bible and voluntary prayer out of the public schools in 1962 and 1963, Evangelical Christians increasingly looked to alternatives to the public schools. The author examines how key individuals and books by these people contributed to the growth of the homeschool movement. Among these are included Kohl’s book The Open School, and the works of John Holt, and Raymond and Dorothy Moore. The author also examines research that indicates that homeschooled children test at two grade levels ahead of their public school counterparts and are generally as psychologically well adjusted as these students. The chapter also examines what is probably the most interesting aspect of homeschooling, that is unlike any other schooling practice, the academic achievement of these children appears unrelated to their socioeconomic status. This relationship is ideal and has gained the attention of a myriad of social scientists.
Sleep: Learning and Memory

Over the last four decades, an impressive number of studies have shown that sleep confers a beneficial effect on learning and memory. There is now strong evidence in both humans and animals to support the hypothesis that separate sleep states are differentially involved in different steps of memory consolidation. Research on the mechanisms of sleep regulation has elucidated how neurochemical and molecular activities of our brain are tightly regulated by the different states of sleep. This article explains the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which sleep is involved in the consolidation of memory.
Mobilizing place: Examining mobility, identity, and boundary in the politics of Asian carp

The movement of Asian carp species through connected river systems is a transboundary challenge for actors seeking to reduce their impacts. In this paper, I use “place” as an analytical lens, focusing on how concepts of mobility, identity, and boundary emerged as critical elements in the public framing of Asian carp problems and solutions. Drawing upon in-depth interviews as well as newspaper, policy, and media documents, I discuss how Asian carp policy discourses have centered on protecting Minnesota’s inland lakes or “Sky blue waters” from invasive Asian carp moving up the Mississippi River. Advocacy groups in Minnesota view Asian carp as threatening the place-based Minnesota “lake culture” and have used that discourse to motivate and mobilize public support. Consequently, management activities have focused on creating boundaries in the Mississippi River to deflect Asian carp movement into Minnesota lakes, which emerge as the places of primary concern and value. Ultimately, exploring the mobility of Asian carp and the ways actors mobilize in response illuminates the critical role of place in understanding the politics of Asian carp in the Upper Mississippi River.
Congenital lobar emphysema and tension emphysema.

• The diagnosis of congenital lobar emphysema requires contrast-enhanced computed tomographic imaging.
Die verfassunggebende Gewalt, die verfassungändernde Gewalt und die Revolution

Revolutionen sind erfolgreiche Aufstande. Wenn solche Aufstande fehlgeschlagen sind, sind ihre Urheber mit seltenen Ausnahmen wegen Hochverrats hingerichtet worden. Der Hochverrat wird gewohnlich verstanden als ein Versuch, die bestehende Ordnung umzusturzen. Die verfassunggebende Gewalt steht in enger Beziehung zur Revolution. Zwar gehen nicht alle Revolutionen von einer konstituierenden Gruppe aus, wie Locke und Rousseau anzunehmen geneigt waren. Die konstituierende Gruppe ist Trager der Gewalt, mittels der sie eine Verfassung einzufuhren sucht. Viele Revolutionen schaffen jedoch keine Verfassung. Wir sind in unserer Zeit selbst Zeuge einer ganzen Reihe von Revolutionen gewesen, die nichts anderes bewirkt haben, als eine Verfassung zu zerstoren. Aber jedesmal, wenn eine konstituierende Gruppe aktiv wird, lost sie eine Revolution (oder wenigstens einen Aufstand) aus.
Layer-by-Layer Films with Bioreducible and Nonbioreducible Polycations for Sequential DNA Release

Layer-by-layer (LbL) films containing cationic polyelectrolytes and anionic bioactive molecules such as DNA are promising biomaterials for controlled and localized gene delivery for a number of biomedical applications including cancer DNA vaccine delivery. Bioreducible LbL films made of disulfide-containing poly(amido amine)s (PAAs) and plasmid DNA can be degraded by redox-active membrane proteins through the thiol–disulfide exchange reaction to release DNA exclusively into the extracellular microenvironment adjacent to the film. In order to better understand the film degradation mechanism and nature of the released species, the bioreducible film degradation is studied by atomic force microscopy, fluorescence, and dynamic light scattering in solutions containing a reducing agent. The PAA/DNA LbL film undergoes fast bulk degradation with micrometer-sized pieces breaking off from the substrate. This bulk degradation behavior is arrested by periodic insertions of a nonbioreducible poly(ethylenimine) (PEI) la...
Ecology of Case-Bearing Moths (Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae) in a New England Salt Marsh

The natural history, oviposition, feeding behavior, and parasitism of Coleophora caespititiella Zeller and C. cratipennella Clemens in a Rhode Island salt marsh are described. C. cratipennella is univoltine and feeds only on the rush Juncus gerardi Loisel. C. caespititiella is bivoltine; the spring generation larvae feed on J. gerardi and the fall generation larvae feed on the annual Salicornia europaea L. This is the first report of bivoltinism in this genus and the first report of a single Coleophora species feeding on plants in these two plant families. In J. gerardi monocultures, oviposition frequency increased with increasing flowering culm density and flower density per culm. In S. europaea monocultures, oviposition frequency initially increased with plant density, but moths appear to be satiated by high-density S. europaea stands. Overall, larvae infested 22% of the J. gerardi seed capsules and reduced seed set in these infested capsules by 60%. C. caespititiella larvae consumed from 4 to 25% of the seeds of S. europaea . Larvae were rarely seen to move from the flowering culm or plant where they were first encountered. Eighteen percent of C. cratipennella larvae and 10% of first-generation C. caespititiella larvae were parasitized by an unidentified ichneumonid wasp. Because these moths feed on two plant species with known asymmetric competitive interactions and consume more seeds of the dominant competitor ( J. gerardi ), the moths may mediate the competitive interactions between J. gerardi and S. europaea .
Efficiency Analysis of Quantum Well Lasers using PICS3D

The performance of multi-quantum well (MQW) laser diodes is often limited by loss mechanisms.
Antimicrobial resistance and virulence of Enterococcus faecalis isolated from retail food.

Although enterococci are considered opportunistic nosocomial pathogens, their contribution to foodborne illnesses via dissemination through retail food remains undefined. In this study, prevalence and association of antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors of 80 Enterococcus faecalis isolates from retail food items were investigated. The highest rates of resistance were observed for lincomycin (73 of 80 isolates, 91%) and bacitracin (57 of 80 isolates, 71%), and lower rates of resistance (≤40%) were found for chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, flavomycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, nitrofurantoin, penicillin, and tylosin. Overall resistance to antimicrobials was low for most isolates tested. Of the virulence factors tested, the majority of isolates were positive for ccf (78 of 80 isolates, 98%), efaAfs (77 of 80, 96%), and cpd (74 of 80, 93%). Isolates also commonly contained cob (72 of 80 isolates, 90%) and gelE (68 of 80, 85%). Very few isolates contained cylMBA (12 of 80 isolates [15%] for...
Fertility in Puerto Rico: An Ecological Study

This research is directed toward an investigation of the relationship between certain socio-demographic factors and fertility. The chief source of data for this study is the U.S. Census of Population, 1960, Puerto Rico. Ecological correlations are used to describe the association between the socio-demographic variables and the overall cumulative fertility rate for the 75 municipios in Puerto Rico. Ecological correlations show that the cumulative fertility of Puerto Rican women is associated with measures of income, education, labor force status, population, and journey to work. The highest correlations are found for the income and education variables. The findings indicate that the traditional inverse relationship between fertility, income and education obtains in Puerto Rico.
Congenital atresia and stenosis of the intestine

During the period between 1946 and 1996, 59 patients of intrinsic duodenal obstruction and 67 of intrinsic jejunoileal obstruction were treated in our institute. Analysis of data obtained from the patients revealed that the duodenal obstruction was the most successfully treated by diamond-shaped duodenoduodenostomy, jejunal obstruction by resection of the dilated oral blind end, tapering jejunoplasty and ileal obstruction by resection of the dilated blind end and anastomosis or ileostomy in case with peritonitis. Associated anomalies in duodenal obstruction, anastomotic malfunction and postoperative short bowel syndrome in jejunal obstruction and complicated peritonitis in ileal obstruction were the most effective as prognostic factors.
Domino Fragmentations in Traceless Directing Groups of Radical Cascades: Evidence for the Formation of Alkoxy Radicals via C–O Scission

Direct evidence for the formation of alkoxy radicals is reported in radical cascades using traceless directing groups. Despite the possibility of hydrogen abstraction in the fragmenting step, followed by loss of R-OH, β-scission is preferred for the formation of alkoxy radicals. For the first time, the C-O radical was intermolecularly trapped using a silyl enol ether. Various C–X fragmenting groups were explored as possible traceless directing groups for the preparation of extended polyaromatics. Computational evidence shows that a combination of aromatization, steric and stereoelectronic effects assists the fragmentation to alkoxy radicals. Additionally, a new through-space interaction was discovered between O and Sn in the fragmentation as a specific transition state stabilizing effect.
Herbrand's Theorem

This chapter focuses on Herbrand's theorem. By definition, a valid formula is a formula that is true under all interpretations. Herbrand developed an algorithm to find an interpretation that can falsify a given formula. However, if the given formula is indeed valid, no such interpretation can exist and his algorithm will halt after a finite number of trials. Herbrand's method is the basis for most modern automatic proof procedures. By definition, a set S of clauses is unsatisfiable if and only if it is false under all interpretations over all domains. When the atom set A of a set S of clauses is infinite, any complete semantic tree for S will be infinite. A complete semantic tree for S corresponds to an exhaustive survey of all possible interpretations for S . If S is unsatisfiable, then S fails to be true in each of these interpretations. A semantic tree T is said to be closed if and only if every branch of T terminates at a failure node.
Distinct biogeographical patterns of marine bacterial taxonomy and functional genes

Aim While paradigms of macroecology are challenged by the high rates of reproduction, dispersal and horizontal gene exchange of bacterial communities, environmental DNA sequencing makes community profiles accessible. We test fundamental hypotheses of macroecological theories, showing that both taxonomic and functional classifications have distinct biogeographical variation across distance and environments depending on trophic composition. Location Studies spanning the global oceans. Methods Taxonomic and functional profiles were obtained from metagenomes and were compared across oceanographic regions and tested for patterns of co-occurrence. The influences of sampling method (filter size), environmental variables and geographical distribution were compared with distance-based linear models to test predictors of taxonomic and functional composition. Macroecological drivers were compared with bacterial community structure to test four biogeographical hypotheses: (1) no biogeographical patterns, (2) community structure reflects environmental dissimilarity, (3) community structure reflects distance, (4) community structure reflects environment and distance. Results Bacterial families were clustered into four trophic groups – phototrophic, oligotrophic, eutrophic and copiotrophic – by changes in abundance across oceanographic regions and co-occurrence with core functions. Changes in community composition were best modelled by longitude for free-living communities and dissolved oxygen for mixed communities of free-living and particle-associated bacteria. Both microhabitat and community assignment had an impact on biogeographical patterns, with taxonomic compositions following our hypotheses 2 and 4 and functional gene compositions following hypotheses 3 and 4. Main conclusions We described four trophic groups adding to the current dichotomy of the classification of marine bacteria as oligotrophic or copiotrophic. Taxonomic composition of mixed communities reflected environmental differences but not geographical distance, whereas functional gene composition in free-living communities was independent of environmental dissimilarity and reflected geographical distance. Patterns of biogeography in bacterial communities differed depending on the description of taxa or function. Therefore, we developed a new paradigm for bacterial ecology which shows that some aspects of bacterial evolution depend on trophic complexity, history and current environmental conditions.
Excessive Early Mortality Drives Poor Long Term Outcomes Among Older Patients With Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma: A Population Study

Background Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma (cHL) is a highly curable malignancy in young adults. Most of the information available on natural history and management of cHL comes from series and clinical trials in young patients. There is limited information on the outcomes of older patients with cHL Methods We analyzed the characteristics and outcomes of a large contemporary cohort of cHL patients ≥ 65 years diagnosed in the US and reported to the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results program (SEER-18). Inclusion criteria consisted of diagnosis of cHL as first malignant neoplasm, year of diagnosis 2000-2010, known stage and known race. Cases reported from death certificate or autopsy only were excluded. Information retrieved contained age at diagnosis, year of diagnosis, race, sex, histological subtype, stage, presence of extra-nodal disease and survival time. Characteristics of cHL in patients ≥ 65 years (older) were compared to those Results There were 20815 cases of cHL reported during the period with median follow up of 48 months, including 2884 (13.8%) cases in older patients. Older patients were more likely to present with extra-nodal disease (4.7% vs. 2.2%, P Conclusion cHL has distinct presentation and far worse prognosis in older patients with excessive early ( Download : Download high-res image (22KB) Download : Download full-size image Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Sodium Chloride Enhances Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus Production in a Serum-Free Suspension Manufacturing Platform Using the Herpes Simplex Virus System

The increase in effective treatments using recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors has underscored the importance of scalable, high-yield manufacturing methods. Previous work from this group reported the use of recombinant herpes simplex virus type 1 (rHSV) vectors to produce rAAV in adherent HEK293 cells, demonstrating the capacity of this system and quality of the product generated. Here we report production and optimization of rAAV using the rHSV system in suspension HEK293 cells (Expi293F) grown in serum and animal component-free medium. Through adjustment of salt concentration in the medium and optimization of infection conditions, titers greater than 1 × 1014 vector genomes per liter (VG/liter) were observed in purified rAAV stocks produced in Expi293F cells. Furthermore, this system allowed for high-titer production of multiple rAAV serotypes (2, 5, and 9) as well as multiple transgenes (green fluorescent protein and acid α-glucosidase). A proportional increase in vector production was ob...
Post-exceptionalism and corporate interests in US agricultural policy

This paper examines post-exceptionalism in US food and agriculture policy. Using data on lobbying activity and campaign contributions, we find that corporations and organizations representing the b...
Oxygen permeability of collagen shields.

The oxygen permeability (Dk) of ten 24-hr collagen shields was measured directly by polarographic methodology at approximately 2 hr of hydration. Edge and boundary effects were included in the calculations. Dk was found to be approximately 26 X 10 " cm ml O2/sec ml mmHg at 35°C. Mean water content of the shields was 65.7% (SD = 1.0%) as measured by a hand refractometer. Therefore, the projected oxygen transmissibility of collagen shields is expected to be compatible with normal corneal metabolism. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 31:334-338,1990 Corneal epithelial metabolism is dependent on atmospheric oxygen reaching the corneal surface through the tears. 1 Acute corneal hypoxia induces metabolic changes in the corneal epithelium, 2 stromal swelling, 3 and physical changes in the endothelial mosaic. 4 Chronic hypoxia may lead to microcysts, 5 decreased sensitivity, 6 thickness, 7 and adhesion 8 - 9 in the epithelium; thinning of the stroma; 7 and polymegathism 10 of the corneal endothelium. However, Mauger and Hill have shown that increased oxygen transmissibility of a contact lens may lead to improved epithelial healing." Collagen shields have been introduced as an alternative to bandage soft contact lenses. l213 We reported recently on the oxygen transmissibility (Dk/L), water content, and thickness of three types of collagen shields, 14 but did not directly determine the oxygen permeability (Dk) of the materials. Because the collagen shields are intended to dissolve while in place on the cornea over a period of time (12, 24, and 72 hr), the measurements we made referred to initial hydrated parameters. We found that the Dk/L all three types of collagen shields was similar to that of hydrogel lenses of the same water content (63%) and thick