cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adults and children. Differences in response with similar therapeutic regimens.

Twenty-three adult patients (ages greater than 15 years) and 75 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia were treated with similar intensive, sequential cytotoxic protocols (L-2). The adult patients have a lower remission rate (78%) than the children (98%). The duration of remission and the length of survival are also shorter in adults. The incidence of central nervous system (CNS) relapse in adults (27.7%) is higher than in children (7.1%) suggesting that prolonged prophylactic intrathecal methotrexate as given to the children is more effective than the schedule used for adults where intrathecal methotrexate was given only in the first 2 months of therapy. The low incidence of CNS involvement in children on the L-2 protocol compares favorably with other series reported using a combination of cranial irradiation and intrathecal methotrexate. In both adults and children there seemed to be a higher incidence of CNS involvement in patients with initial white blood cell counts greater than 25,000 cells/mm3.
Same- and cross-sex friends: Implications for interaction and social skills

Abstract Sex cleavages in toddler peer groups were investigated in two studies. In the first study, playmate preferences and initiations and responses to friends were examined. Three types of initiations and their responses were examined during the free play of 46 toddlers in day care centers. A preference for same-sex playmates was strongest in the oldest girls. Boys tended to ignore or refuse girls' initiations when the initiations took the form of specific requests to play a game compared with a more general approach. Friendships tended to be made with members of the same sex. However, children having same- and opposite-sex friends were less likely to initiate and respond to friends on the basis of sex. Children with fewer same-sex preferences initiated more games. In the second study, cross-sex friendships in 329 early toddlers, late toddlers, and preschool children were examined. Some children in all age groups had cross-sex friends, but the number decreased with age. Children with cross-sex friends appeared more socially skilled than children without cross-sex friends.
Computational studies of transients in packed tubular chemical reactors

Concentration and temperature transients in a packed-bed tubular chemical reactor were calculated from mathematical models in order to detemine the effects upon the reactor dynamics of several phenomena. The phenomena studied are the thermal capacity of the packing, the resistance to heat flow between the packing and the fluid, the coupling of temperature and concentration through the rate of chemical reaction, axial fluid mixing, radial fluid mixing, and the loss of heat at the wall. Three mathematical models were used: a two-dimensional finite-stage model, a one-dimensional finite-stage model, and a one-dimensional first-order differential model. The chemical reaction considered in these models was an exothermic, homogeneous, liquid phase, second-order reaction. Machine calculations of transients following step changes in feed temperature or concentration showed that only the first three phenomena were important. It was also found that concentration transients in some cases initially moved in the direction leading away from the final steady state or overshot the final steady state. Further, a concentration node point was found to exist in the reactor under some circumstances. The one-dimensional models considered were shown to be simple but quantitatively and conceptually useful.
Ultrastructural observations of growth hormone (STH) cells of anterior pituitary glands of partially hepatectomized rats

Ultrastructural changes in pituitary growth-hormone cells were observed in partially hepatectomized rats. The hepatectomies were carried out during the afternoon after 3 p.m. The animals were sacrificed by decapitation at midnight at intervals of 32, 80, and 104 hours after the operation.
Ponderomotive force and ion energy distributions in an rf sheath.

The incident-ion energy distribution in a collisionless radio-frequency (rf) sheath is derived analytically for a general electric-field configuration in the high-frequency regime. The analysis is based on a two-time-scale asymptotic expansion of the ion equation of motion, where the ratio of the ion transit frequency ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{\mathrm{tr}}$ to the rf frequency \ensuremath{\omega} is assumed to be small. It is shown that the ``ponderomotive force'' due to the rf modulation of the electric field exerts a retarding effect on the ion motion, counteracting the dc-bias field. The results obtained here are applicable to rf-discharge-based process tools used in microelectronics fabrication, where the conditions of low collisionality and high rf frequency are usually satisfied.
Using Hybrid Methods to Refine a Complete Atomic Structure of the Human Integrin αIIbβ3 Ectodomain into a Low-Resolution Electron Microscopy Map of the Intact Receptor in Nanodiscs

The platelet integrin αIIbβ3 receptor plays a crucial role in thrombosis and hemostasis. A full-length atomic structure of the receptor is required to fully understand ligand binding and signaling. Guided by a 20.5 A low-resolution electron microscopy (EM) map of the intact receptor in phospholipid bilayer nanodiscs, we used a combination of molecular dynamics flexible fitting (MDFF) and steered MD methods to refine a complete atomic structure of the human αIIbβ3 ectodomain into the EM maps. The complete ectodomain was built using the closed αIIbβ3 crystal structure and ab-initio methods to reconstruct missing loops. Several landmarks guided the MDFF, including binding of mAbs to specific domains as revealed by negative stain images. The characteristic shape of the αIIb β-propeller and the mAb binding sites furnished the basis for fitting the αIIb β-propeller and the β3 βI and PSI domains into the map. Reasoning that the electron density adjacent to the bilayer must fit distal segments of the integrin legs, we steered the corresponding crystallographic regions towards the section of the map immediately above the nanodisc. The adjacent β3 EGF-4 and EGF-3 domains were steered towards the higher density regions in the lower part of the map, whereas a final MDFF run allowed optimal fitting of the β3 EGF-1 and EGF-2, and the αIIb thigh domains into the remaining electron density. Our predicted model structure of the αIIbβ3 ectodomain shows that the headpiece is oriented away from the lipid bilayer and, in sharp contrast to the crystal structure, that the lower legs are not straight, parallel, and adjacent; rather they show definite bends and join only when near the bilayer.
SU‐FF‐T‐47: A Study of Homogeneity Parameters in Low Dose Rate Interstitial Brachytherapy

Purpose: In this work we investigate four homogeneity parameters to determine a suitable parameter for dose homogeneity optimization.Method and Materials: A new version of the Adjoint‐based Greedy Heuristic (GH) 3D optimization algorithm is used to generate treatment plans for low dose rate prostate brachytherapy. Treatment plans are generated for seed‐strengths varying from range 0.2mCi to 1mCi for I‐125 BEST 2301 seed model. Each plan is designed for 98% target coverage. Four main homogeneity parameters‐Conformation number (CN), Dose non‐uniformity ratio (DNR), Uniformity index (UI) and Homogeneity index (HI) are quantified and analyzed against varying seed strengths. The local homogeneity parameter is defined as the value of a homogeneity parameter at any instant as the seeds are added during the treatment plan optimization process. Results: An analysis of the final values of the homogeneity parameters using varying seed strengths reveal a strong relation between the CN and the seed strength used in an implant. The HI, UI and DNR parameters fluctuate greatly. Using a fixed source strength, a study of the local CN reveals that, as seeds are added, the CN increases to a maximum value and then decreases as more seeds are added. Conclusion: Based on our study, homogeneity parameters such as HI, UI or DNR can be useful in a dose homogeneity‐optimization routine using a pre‐decided source‐activity. An optimization routine can also aim at searching for optimum activity of the seeds to be used in an implant. For such an optimization routine CN based parameter (viz. CN/DNR) can be useful.
Unusual presentation of hemochromatosis as isolated metacarpophalangeal joint osteoarthritis: a case report.

Background Hemochromatosis, North America’s most prevalent genetic disorder, tends to present with an insidious onset and subtle, yet characteristic findings. Patients tend to present with both constitutional symptoms and end-organ effects.
Quantitative thin-layer chromatography of neutral lipids using semi-specific colorimetric and titrimetric techniques

Abstract Quantitative thin-layer chromatography of standard and tissue neutral lipids was accomplished by eluting the separated lipids from the silica gel and utilizing semi-specific colorimetric and titrimetric methods. Reproducibility was good and recoveries of the various neutral lipids were between 94–101%. Silica gel blank readings were reduced to low values by special washing of the silica gel.
A role for alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid GluR1 phosphorylation in the modulatory effects of appetitive reward cues on goal-directed behavior

Alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptor regulation has been shown to be critically involved in synaptic plasticity underlying learning and memory. This regulation occurs through trafficking of the receptor and modulation of the receptor's channel properties, both of which depend on protein phosphorylation. Using homologous recombination (knock-in) techniques we targeted two phosphorylation sites on the AMPA-GluR1 receptor: the Ser831 site, phosphorylated by calcium calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II/protein kinase C, and the Ser845 site, phosphorylated by protein kinase A. Mice with mutations that prevented phosphorylation at one or both of these sites were tested on a single-outcome Pavlovian-instrumental transfer task often used to assess the acquisition of incentive motivation by cues for food reinforcement. Mice were separately trained to associate a Pavlovian cue with food and to perform an instrumental lever-press response to earn that same reward. During a transfer test, the cue was presented while the mice were lever-pressing under extinction conditions. Whereas wild-type control mice showed substantial enhancement of lever-pressing when the cue was presented (i.e. showed Pavlovian-instrumental transfer), mice with mutations at both of these phosphorylation sites showed no evidence of such transfer. By contrast, mice with either serine site mutated alone showed normal transfer. These results suggest critical roles for GluR1 phosphorylation pathways in a form of incentive learning that can play an important part in regulating normal motivated behavior as well as maladaptive behaviors such as addiction and eating disorders.
CD4 T‐lymphocyte determinations on whole blood specimens using a single‐tube three‐color assay

We evaluated a flow cytometric method for determining the proportion of CD4-positive T lymphocytes in whole blood using a single three-color tube containing fluorochrome-labeled CD45, CD3, and CD4. Various ways of gating this sample were evaluated and results were compared with data obtained in our standard six-tube, two-color assay gated on light scatter parameters. Excellent correlation was found between the three-color analysis using a CD45/side scatter gate and the standard two-color analysis with a light scatter gate. This single-tube three-color test is a promising assay for monitoring CD4+ T-lymphocytes. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.1
Effects of p-chloroamphetamine, a serotonin-depleting drug, on the median eminence and pituitary pars intermedia.

p-Chloroamphetamine (PCA), an agent known to cause depletion of levels of brain serotonin in rodents, was administered to rats in three sequential injections (10 mg/kg) to study effects on the hypothalamic median eminence and pituitary gland. One week following the initial sequence of injections of PCA, light and electron micrographs revealed degenerate fibers in the outer zone of the median eminence. Lower drug doses or single 10-mg/kg doses did not lead to morphologic changes. Neuronal processes located in the pituitary intermediate lobe appeared normal, although there was a significant increase in the numbers of secretory granules contained within intermediate lobe cells of drug-treated rats, as compared to controls. Fluorometric analysis of levels of catecholamine and indoleamine showed a decrease in serotonin in median eminence and pons-medulla, but no change in that of the pituitary. Levels of dopamine and norepinephrine remained unchanged after PCA treatment. The data suggest that fibers affected in the median eminence contain serotonin. Processes in the intermediate lobe may be resistant to the serotonin-lowering effects of PCA observed in brain tissue. In addition, PCA may directly affect granule release from pituitary cells, or may alternatively act on hypothalamic regions which affect the release of intermediate lobe cell hormones.
Synthesis and Characterization of a New Ternary Transition Metal Nitride, FeWN2, from the Transition Metal Oxide Precursor, FeWO4

The ternary nitride, FeWN2, has been synthesized via ammonolysis of the transition metal tungstate, FeWO4. FeWN2 is hexagonal with a unit cell of a = 2.8724(1) A and c =10.973(4) A. Rietveld refinements were performed in the space group P3-1C with Rwp=9.91%, and Rp=7.23%. The structure consist of alternating octahedrally coordinated iron-nitrogen layers and trigonal prismatically coordinated tungsten-nitrogen layers. Mossbauer data at 250K indicates an isomer shift δ=0.85 and shows no quadrupole splitting, which is consistent with the octahedral iron coordination in the proposed structure.
Duality determination of isoscalar meson-nucleon couplings

Abstract It is shown that the suppression of nucleon Born term contributions to finite energy sum rules for isoscalar meson-nucleon amplitudes is possible if and only if the ηNN coupling is weak and the fNN, ωNN couplings conserve helicity. A duality prediction for the diffractive pp → pN ∗ (1400) cross section is shown to be in good agreement with experiment.
Characterization of a gas burner to simulate a propellant flame and evaluate aluminum particle combustion

This study details the characterization and implementation of a burner designed to simulate solid propellant fires. The burner was designed with the ability to introduce particles (particularly aluminum) into a gas flame. The aluminized flame conditions produced by this burner are characterized based on temperature and heat flux measurements. Using these results, flame conditions are quantified in comparison to other well-characterized reactions including hydrocarbon and propellant fires. The aluminized flame is also used to measure the burning rate of the particles. This work describes the application of this burner for re-creating small-scale propellant flame conditions and as a test platform for experiments that contribute to the development of a particle combustion model, particularly in propellant fires.
Enhancing communication and collaboration through integrated internet and intranet architecture

When it comes to enhancing collaboration and communication in an organization, particular types of technologies with different properties, frameworks and platforms are used to accomplish different types of tasks. These technologies are often disconnected and require separate maintenance and coordination. This system leads to more complex processing and communication that creates confusion in collaboration. It is also time consuming, have little or no flexibility and accumulates data overhead. To address these issues, we propose a new Integrated Internet and Intranet (I3) architecture, information flow models and optimization techniques to streamline the communication and enhance the collaboration. With an efficient Big Data processing design and optimization techniques, we reduce the complexity and enhance the computer-human interaction. Our implementation of this architecture in a non-profit international organization showed significant improvement in communication and collaboration by reducing the number of emails, duplicates of documents, man-hours, and number of steps for each task.
CP-99,711: a non-peptide glucagon receptor antagonist

Abstract CP-99,711, identified in a screening program, displaces [125I]-glucagon from its rat liver receptor. We describe here the synthesis of this compound and its characterization as a functional glucagon receptor antagonist.
Mapping of chloroplast genes involved in chloroplast ribosome biogenesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Chloroplast gene mutations which confer antibiotic resistance on chloroplast ribosomes of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii have been tested for allelism and mapped by recombination analysis of progeny from biparental zygote clones. Thirty-one independently isolated streptomycin resistant mutants have chloroplast ribosomes which are resistant to this drug in an assay based on misreading of isoleucine in response to a poly U template, and comprise one nuclear and four chloroplast gene loci. Four mutants resistant to spectinomycin, and three mutants resistant to neamine and kanamycin, which have chloroplast ribosomes resistant to their respective antibiotics in poly U directed phenylalanine incorporation, appear to map in a single chloroplast gene locus. Representative alleles of this nr/spr locus, the four streptomycin resistance loci, and two chloroplast gene loci for erythromycin resistance, have been analyzed in a series of parallel crosses to establish the following map order for these seven genes in the chloroplast genome: er-u-la-er-u-37-nr-u-2-1/spr-u-1-H-4-sr-u-2-23-sr-u-2-60-sr-u-sm3-sr-u-sm2. These seven genes may constitute a ribosomal region within the chloroplast genome of Chlamydomonas comparable to the ribosomal gene clusters in bacteria.
Application of a Multi-Objective Optimization Method to Provide Least Cost Alternatives for NPS Pollution Control

Nonpoint source (NPS) pollutants such as phosphorus, nitrogen, sediment, and pesticides are the foremost sources of water contamination in many of the water bodies in the Midwestern agricultural watersheds. This problem is expected to increase in the future with the increasing demand to provide corn as grain or stover for biofuel production. Best management practices (BMPs) have been proven to effectively reduce the NPS pollutant loads from agricultural areas. However, in a watershed with multiple farms and multiple BMPs feasible for implementation, it becomes a daunting task to choose a right combination of BMPs that provide maximum pollution reduction for least implementation costs. Multi-objective algorithms capable of searching from a large number of solutions are required to meet the given watershed management objectives. Genetic algorithms have been the most popular optimization algorithms for the BMP selection and placement. However, previous BMP optimization models did not study pesticide which is very commonly used in corn areas. Also, with corn stover being projected as a viable alternative for biofuel production there might be unintended consequences of the reduced residue in the corn fields on water quality. Therefore, there is a need to study the impact of different levels of residue management in combination with other BMPs at a watershed scale. In this research the following BMPs were selected for placement in the watershed: (a) residue management, (b) filter strips, (c) parallel terraces, (d) contour farming, and (e) tillage. We present a novel method of combing different NPS pollutants into a single objective function, which, along with the net costs, were used as the two objective functions during optimization. In this study we used BMP tool, a database that contains the pollution reduction and cost information of different BMPs under consideration which provides pollutant loads during optimization. The BMP optimization was performed using a NSGA-II based search method. The model was tested for the selection and placement of BMPs in Wildcat Creek Watershed, a corn dominated watershed located in northcentral Indiana, to reduce nitrogen, phosphorus, sediment, and pesticide losses from the watershed. The Pareto optimal fronts (plotted as spider plots) generated between the optimized objective functions can be used to make management decisions to achieve desired water quality goals with minimum BMP implementation and maintenance cost for the watershed. Also these solutions were geographically mapped to show the locations where various BMPs should be implemented. The solutions with larger pollution reduction consisted of buffer filter strips that lead to larger pollution reduction with greater costs compared to other alternatives.
The mössbauer effect: A potentially ideal probe into Brownian motion

We calculate the Mossbauer spectrum of nuclei embedded in spheres of radius on the order of 1 μm which are suspended in a liquid. We demonstrate that the Mossbauer effect is an ideal means for testing the deductions based upon a generalized Langevin equation which takes into account the effects of acceleration memory on the force and torque of the liquid on a sphere and for studying, generally, the detailed statistical dynamical behavior of Brownian particles. The spectrum is expressed in terms of an integral over an integrand consisting of standard functions. Experimental desiderata are discussed and a list of sample experimental parameters given.
Molecular Probe Techniques for the Identification of Reductants in Sediments: Evidence for Reduction of 2-Chloroacetophenone by Hydride Transfer

The reduction of 2-chloroacetophenone (2-CAP) was examined in anoxic sediment slurries from both freshwater and marine sources. The reduction of 2-CAP produces acetophenone via electron transfer and 2-chloro-1-phenylethanol (2-CPE) via hydride transfer. Experimental results demonstrate that 2-CAP is an effective probe molecule for distinguishing and quantifying reductive transformations occurring by electron transfer and hydride transfer in anaerobic sediments. These results varied among the sediments examined, with freshwater sediments generating more 2-CPE (hydride transfer product) than the marine sediments. Enantiomeric excess of (R)-2-CPE (over the (S)-enantiomer) demonstrated that reduction by hydride transfer is enantioselective, providing direct evidence that the source of hydride is a chiral reductant. Temperature studies demonstrate that increasing temperature eliminates the production of 2-CPE, further evidence for an enzyme-mediated pathway.
Measurements of exclusive semileptonic decays of D mesons

Abstract Using a sample of integrated luminosity 1.68 fb−1 collected with the CLEO-II detector at the Cornell Electron Storage Ring, we measure the branching ratios for the dominant exclusive semileptonic decays D → K l ν and D → K ∗ l ν , using charged and neutral D mesons. We also make a precise measurement of the vector form factor for the decay D 0 → K − l + ν , using a sample of 2700 events.
Arsenic speciation in Chinese brake fern by ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography–inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy

Ion-pair reverse-phase HPLC–inductively coupled plasma (ICP) MS was employed to determine arsenite [As(III)], dimethyl arsenic acid (DMA), monomethyl arsenic (MMA) and arsenate [As(V)] in Chinese brake fern (Pteris vittata L.). The separation was performed on a reverse-phase C18 column (Haisil 100) by using a mobile phase containing 10 mM hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) as ion-pairing reagent, 20 mM ammonium phosphate buffer and 2% methanol at pH 6.0. The detection limits of arsenic species with HPLC–ICP-MS were 0.5, 0.4, 0.3 and 1.8 ppb of arsenic for As(III), DMA, MMA, and As(V), respectively. MMA has been shown for the first time to experimentally convert to DMA in the Chinese brake fern, indicating that Chinese brake fern can convert MMA to DMA by methylation.
Early warning infectious disease surveillance.

This article discusses how border states have worked to enhance their surveillance capabilities and to improve their existing public health infrastructure, and how they have coordinated those efforts with neighboring Mexican states and Canadian provinces.
Effects of Telepresence Light Height and Ambient Light on Glare and Appearance

This research investigated whether the amount of telepresence fill light required for a well-lit appearance was enough to cause discomfort glare. Thirty participants adjusted the output of two fill lights, one in front of them (focusing on discomfort), and one in front of the remote telepresence user (focusing on appearance). Ambient light levels (48–71 lux, 118–130 lux, 269–281 lux) and fill-light positions (top of display, 30.5 cm higher) were varied. For all conditions, the amount of light required to produce a pleasing portrayal was greater than the point of discomfort. The mean discomfort threshold was the same for all ambient light conditions (663.46 cd/m2, 8.44 lux at 2.44 m). The amount of light that produced a well-lit appearance was about the same for dim and moderate ambient light (3,348.65 cd/m2, 51.61 lux at 2.44 m), but lower for bright (1,204.47 cd/m2, 17.81 lux at 2.44 m). Raising the light did not affect discomfort, but did require more light for a well-lit portrayal. Technology providers...
Impartiality and interpersonal comparisons of variations in well-being

The moral imperative requiring “equal treatment of equal claims,” or impartiality, is defined in the frameworks of Harsanyi's aggregation and impartial observer theorems as an axiomatic restriction of the underlying moral value judgments. The implications of impartiality for the functional form of the corresponding social welfare functions are derived and are shown to entail interpersonal comparison of variations in well-being. The argument is illustrated with examples.
Aluminum, Titanium Boride, and Nitride Films Sputter-Deposited from Multicomponent Alloy Targets Studied by XPS

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS or ESCA), combined with argonion sputter depth profiling, has been employed for the characterization of aluminum, titanium boride, and nitride films deposited by dc-magnetron sputtering from multicomponent alloy targets. The XPS results show that metallic Al, TiB2, and TiN films are formed by this method. However, depth profile results indicated substantial oxide contamination as high as 30 atomic % throughout the bulk of the films. Given the gross oxide contamination, multicomponent alloy target materials appear to be unsuitable for producing high-quality metal/metallic films for applications where electrical conductivity is a critical requirement.
A comparative study of phenolic acids associated with cell walls and cytoplasmic extracts of host and non-host roots for AM fungi.

Carrots (Daucus carota L.) are a ubiquitous host for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi whereas sugar beets (Beta vulgaris L.) are a non-host. Root cultures were used to compare the constitutive phenolic compounds associated with the cell wall or present in the cytoplasm of the host and non-host. Phenolic acids were released from purified cell walls by alkaline hydrolysis and were separated and identified by HPLC, TLC and u.v. absorption spectra analyses. Two phenolic acids unique to carrot root cell walls were identified as p-hydroxybenzoic acid (p-HBA) and vanillic acid. Sugar beet root cell walls had ferulic acid as major constituent and contained several unique phenyl propanoids which were not identified. Caffeic acid was found only in the cytoplasm of carrot roots and was present in the conjugated form (chlorogenic acid). The sugar beet cytoplasm also contained several unidentified hydroxycinnamic acid-type phenolics which were not found in carrot roots.
Using a robot proxy to create common ground in exploration tasks

In this paper, we present a user study of a new collaborative communication method between a user and remotely-located robot performing an exploration task. In the studied scenario, our user possesses scientific expertise but not necessarily detailed knowledge of the robot's capabilities, resulting in very little common ground between the user and robot. Because the robot is not available during mission planning, we introduce a robot proxy to build common ground with the user. Our robot proxy has the ability to provide feedback to the user about the user's plans before the plans are executed. Our study demonstrated that the use of the robot proxy resulted in improved performance and efficiency on an exploration task, more accurate mental models of the robot's capabilities, a stronger perception of effectiveness at the task, and stronger feelings of collaboration with the robotic system.
Thermodynamics of capillary adhesion between rough surfaces.

According to the Dupre equation, the work of adhesion is equal to the surface energy difference in the separated versus the joined materials minus an interfacial energy term. However, if a liquid is at the interface between two solid materials, evaporation or condensation takes place under equilibrium conditions. The resulting matter exchange is accompanied by heat flow, and can reduce or increase the work of adhesion. Accounting for the energies requires an open-system control volume analysis based on the first law of thermodynamics. Depending on whether evaporation or condensation occurs during separation, a work term that is negative or positive must be added to the surface energy term to calculate the work of adhesion. We develop and apply this energy balance to several different interface geometries and compare the work of adhesion to the surface energy created. The model geometries include a sphere on a flat with limiting approximations and also with an exact solution, a circular disc, and a combination of these representing a rough interface. For the sphere on a flat, the work of adhesion is one half the surface energy created if equilibrium is maintained during the pull-off process.
CONGRESSIONAL VOTING ON SUPERFUND - SELF-INTEREST OR IDEOLOGY

Many allege that Superfund is a pork-barrel program that serves self-interested federal legislators. An earlier empirical study found that Superfund cleanup priorities and expenditures were not dictated by congressional committee influence, but rather largely by public interest concerns. Despite this apparent denial of classic distributive politics, it is important to recognize that pork also can arise from legislators voting to expand programs when their constituents stand to benefit disproportionately. This study examines important House and Senate votes on Superfund for their correspondence to theories of congressional self-interest and ideology. On the whole, and despite its theoretical appeal as a potentially-classic pork-barrel program, congressional voting on Superfund is found to represent legislator's environmental and liberal ideologies as much as (if not more than) narrowly-defined self-interest. Along with the results of a previous study, this should be taken as evidence that Superfund has not consistently been a typical pork-barrel program, and that its rapid expansion and legislative support must be explained by other factors, including its symbolic environmental appeal.
Effects of nifedipine on coronary reactive and exercise induced hyperaemia

The effects of nifedipine on coronary vasodilation were studied during reactive hyperaemia after a transient coronary occlusion and during active hyperaemia associated with graded treadmill exercise. Studies were performed in 10 chronically instrumented dogs in which left circumflex coronary artery flow was measured with an electromagnetic flowmeter and myocardial oxygen extraction was determined from indwelling aortic and coronary sinus catheters. Thirty minutes after administration of nifedipine (10 micrograms.kg-1 iv), when coronary blood flow, arterial pressure, and heart rate had returned to control values, the vasodilatation following a 10 s coronary occlusion was significantly blunted, so that reactive hyperaemia blood flow debt repayment (mean(SEM)) was reduced from 387(39)% during control conditions to 270(33)% after nifedipine (p less than 0.05). In contrast, nifedipine did not alter the coronary vasodilatation that occurred in response to graded treadmill exercise so that the increase in coronary blood flow during exercise was not different from the control response. Thus, although nifedipine blunted ischaemic coronary vasodilatation during reactive hyperaemia, it did not alter coronary vasodilatation during active hyperaemia resulting from physiological increases of myocardial oxygen consumption.
Using Military Deployments and Job Assignments to Estimate the Effect of Parental Absences and Household Relocations on Children’s Academic Achievement

Military deployments and job assignments provide an opportunity to estimate the impact of parental absences and household relocations on children’s academic achievement. Combining U.S. Army personnel data with children’s standardized test scores from Texas, I find that parental absences adversely affect children’s test scores by a tenth of a standard deviation. Likewise, household relocations have modest negative effects on children’s test scores. Both parental absences and household relocations have the greatest detrimental effect on test scores of children with single parents, children with mothers in the army, children with lower‐ability parents, and younger children.
Maternally derived measles immunity in era of vaccine-protected mothers*

Measles hemagglutinin-inhibiting and neutralizing antibody titers are lower in women young enough to have been immunized by vaccination than in older women. In the children of both young and older mothers the antibody is concentrated 1.7-fold across the placenta, and the child's initial titer remains proportional to that of its mother. The transferred antibody is diluted by the baby's growth and degraded with a mean half-life of 48 days. By 81/2 months of age, 95% of the children of the mothers born since 1963 would have become susceptible to measles and responsive to immunization; the same level of susceptibility is not reached by children of mothers born before 1958 until 111/2 months of age. Among the offspring of younger mothers, a small group remains, about 2% of the total, with titers high enough to provide protection for 12 months, and these children would be poorly served if the age for vaccination were reduced for all. However, selective early vaccination of children of young mothers who have low antibody titers would eliminate an important focus of measles susceptibility.
The influence of microslip on vibratory response, part I: A new microslip model

Abstract A new, physically motivated, continuous microslip model of friction is developed for analyzing the dynamic response of frictionally damped structures in which the friction interface is subjected to high normal loads. By using this model with a single-degree-of-freedom oscillator it is found that incorporating the effects of partial slip of the friction interface can result in significant reductions of the resonant response with respect to that of a system in which only gross slip is allowed. Comparisons with experimental results are presented in a companion paper [1].
Interaction of bleomycin and hyperthermia--results of a clinical pilot study.

In vitro and animal studies indicate that concomitant administration of Bleomycin and hyperthermia result in a dramatic potentiation of cytotoxic (anti-tumor) activity. This effect takes place at temperatures above 42 degrees C. A Phase I/II pilot study has been conducted to assess the clinical feasibility of concomitant Bleomycin-hyperthermia application. Eligible patients were those with measurable tumors persistent or recurrent following treatment with conventional modalities including full dose radiotherapy. The protocol required placement of at least two interstitial catheters for continuous monitoring of temperature. Skin probes were also used and thermal mapping of all catheters was required. The therapeutic aim was minimal tumor temperature of 43 degrees C +/- .5 degrees C, the maximal normal tissue temperature was not to exceed 45 degrees C. Pretreatment evaluation included pulmonary function studies and arterial blood gases. Bleomycin was administered within 1 hour prior to initiation of hyperthermia at the dose of 15 units/m2. Twelve patients received therapy according to this protocol. Eight presented with carcinomas of the head and neck area, 4 with adenocarcinoma of the breast. Complete response was recorded in 4, partial in 6 patients. Rapid tumor lysis occurred in 2 patients. Reaction of the normal skin and subcutaneous tissues were mild in all cases and ranged from erythema to mild fibrosis. Three patients experienced pulmonary toxicity, only one of which was severe enough to cause cessation of therapy. Early clinical experience with thermochemotherapy using Bleomycin in heavily pretreated patients indicates a promising response rate and acceptable tolerance. Further studies of Bleomycin-hyperthermia alone and in combination with other modalities including radiotherapy appear warranted.
Interactions of Salmonella with host cells: Encounters of the closest kind

Microbial pathogens have evolved a rich array of virulence factors to engage their hosts in very complex interactions (1). These interactions are aimed at gaining access to the host, avoiding its defense mechanisms, multiplying within it, and ultimately moving on to a new host. The complexity and fine-tuning of the strategies used by these microorganisms is particularly evident in pathogens that have sustained long-standing associations with their hosts. In these cases, the forces of evolution have shaped the terms of these encounters to secure the survival of both the host and the microbial pathogen. In fact, for many microbial pathogens the infected host constitutes their only “home” because the process of host adaptation has precluded them from the possibility of exploring other niches. Thus, it should come as no surprise that these microorganisms have “learned” very well how to manipulate the basic cellular functions of their hosts. The most recent example of such manipulation is presented in this issue of the Proceedings where Norris et al. (2) demonstrate that the Salmonella protein SopB is an inositol phosphate (InsP) phosphatase.
Tetracycline in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. A double blind controlled study.

Mycoplasmas have been implicated as etiologic agents in rheumatoid arthritis and it has been suggested that tetracycline, which inhibits the growth of these organisms, is beneficial in the treatment of this disease. To test this hypothesis, 27 patients with classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis were selected from three university hospital arthritis clinics and assigned at random to treatment for one year with either tetracycline 250 mg/day or a placebo. The results demonstrated no significant benefit from tetracycline therapy.
Solid Solution Precursors to Gadolinia-Doped Ceria Prepared via a Low-Temperature Solution Route

The conditions for the high-yield preparation of two crystalline solid solution precursors to high-purity gadolinia-doped ceria (GDC) powder have been systematically investigated. Cerium−gadolinium solid solution formate and carbonate precursors were obtained directly from solution in crystalline form with small particle size, and their decomposition behavior was determined. The morphology of the precursor crystals and the GDC powders obtained by their decomposition were found to be influenced by the reactants, reaction temperature, and the reaction method. The GDC powders were easily densified, and the measured ionic conductivities are comparable to the best literature data.
Gas-Phase Ion Dynamics and Chemistry

While the physical chemistry of gas-phase ions has its roots in traditional mass spectrometry, the growth of the field during the past two decades can be attributed to the development and application of new experimental and theoretical techniques. Among these are guided ion beams for investigating ion−molecule reactions at very low translational energies, ion chromatography in which an ion’s electronic state or geometrical structure can be determined and selected, pulsed field ionization/zero kinetic energy photoelectron spectroscopy with ±0.1 meV resolution for determining ionization energies and ion vibrational frequencies, and multiphoton ionization and photoelectron−photoion coincidence methods for state selecting ions in uni- and bimolecular ionic reactions. The results from all of these studies have been greatly enhanced by concomitant advances in ab initio molecular orbital methods which provide heats of formation, structures, and vibrational frequencies of stable ion structures as well as transiti...
Confocal mosaicing microscopy of basal-cell carcinomas ex vivo: progress in digital staining to simulate histology-like appearance

Confocal mosaicing microscopy enables rapid imaging of large areas of fresh tissue, without the processing that is necessary for conventional histology. Using acridine orange (1 milliMolar, 20 seconds) to stain nuclei, basal cell carcinomas were detected in fluorescence confocal mosaics of Mohs surgical excisions with sensitivity of 96.6% and specificity of 89.2%. A possible barrier toward clinical acceptance is that confocal mosaics are based on a single mode of contrast and appear in grayscale, whereas histology is based on two (hematoxylin for nuclei, eosin for cellular cytoplasm and dermis) and appears purple-and-pink. Toward addressing this barrier, we report progress in developing a multispectral analytical model for digital staining: fluorescence confocal mosaics, which show only nuclei, are digitally stained purple and overlaid on reflectance confocal mosaics, which show only cellular cytoplasm and dermis, and digitally stained pink, to mimic the appearance of histology. Comparison of digitally stained confocal mosaics by our Mohs surgeon to the corresponding Mohs histology shows good correlation for normal and tumor detail. Digitally stained confocal mosaicing microscopy may allow direct examination of freshly excised tissue and serve as an adjunct for rapid pathology at-the-bedside.
Spin transitions in a small Si quantum dot

We investigated electron transport through an ultrasmall Si quantum dot. The B dependence of energy levels is dominated by the Zeeman shift, allowing us to measure the spin difference between two successive ground states directly. Combined with the ability to change the number of electrons N in the dot between 0 and 30, we are able to map the spin of the dot as a function of N and B. The dot becomes spontaneously polarized at $N=6$ with a large spin change $\ensuremath{\Delta}S=3/2,$ demonstrating the essential features of spin blockade. Surprisingly, for $Ng20,$ the transitions with $\ensuremath{\Delta}Sg1/2$ do not lead to the suppression of the corresponding peaks at low temperatures.
On the Interaction of Radiation with Matter and on Fluorescent Exciting Power

The interaction of radiation and matter is discussed on the basis of Einstein's theory. The distribution of energy in an enclosure containing quantized particles is indeterminate unless there is thermal or other non-radiative interaction between the particles; the latter process is therefore essential to the production of the black-body distribution. Fluorescence cannot lower the entropy of the system.Exciting power for fluorescence.---No sharp distinction can be drawn between thermal emission and fluorescence. If ${\ensuremath{\psi}}_{\mathrm{yx}}$ is the fluorescence of frequency ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{y}$ excited by radiation of frequency ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{x}$ and if ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{x}$, ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{y}$, ${u}_{x}$, ${u}_{y}$ are the corresponding absorption coefficients and black-body densities, respectively, then on certain assumptions ${\ensuremath{\psi}}_{\mathrm{yx}}=\frac{k{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{x}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{y}{u}_{y}}{{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{x}}$, $k$ being independent of ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{x}$ and ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{y}$. Much more general assumptions lead to: $\frac{{\ensuremath{\psi}}_{\mathrm{yx}}}{{\ensuremath{\psi}}_{\mathrm{xy}}}=\frac{{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{y}{u}_{y}}{{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{x}{u}_{x}}$. These equations ought to apply to gas fluorescence, and it is quite possible that the latter may hold generally for liquids and solids and the former in those cases where the shape of the fluorescence band does not vary with the exciting frequency. The equations agree with the few data in existence.
A randomized clinical trial of CPI-1189 for HIV-associated cognitive-motor impairment.

Background: CPI-1189 is a compound with antioxidant properties that blocks tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) effects in animal models. It has neuroprotective properties in model systems for HIV-associated neurotoxicity and thus is a candidate for neuroprotective therapy in humans with HIV-associated CNS disease. Objective: To assess the tolerability and safety of CPI-1189 in treating HIV-associated cognitive–motor impairment. Methods: Sixty-four subjects with mild to moderate HIV-associated cognitive–motor impairment were randomized to receive either placebo or 50 or 100 mg daily of CPI-1189 in addition to optimal HIV therapy. Subjects were followed prospectively in a double-masked study for 10 weeks. The primary assessment was tolerability and safety of the compound. Secondary objectives examined neuropsychological and functional change associated with this treatment. Results: The study compound was well tolerated, with 91% of CPI-1189-treated subjects and 76% of placebo-treated subjects completing the trial. Skin rash was seen equally in placebo and active arms, but the only study withdrawals due to skin rash occurred in CPI-1189-treated subjects (n = 2). One subject developed a cataract on drug (100 mg/day). CD4 lymphocyte counts and plasma HIV viral load remained stable in all groups throughout the trial. No significant treatment effects were observed on the change in composite Z -scores for eight neuropsychologic measures (NPZ-8). The Grooved Pegboard Test (nondominant) showed improved performance with CPI-1189 at 100 mg/day ( p = 0.01), but no other neuropsychometric or functional measures demonstrated significant improvement. Conclusions: CPI-1189 was well tolerated in HIV subjects with cognitive–motor disorder. This study was not powered to conclusively determine efficacy and showed no consistent treatment-associated improvement in cognitive or functional measures.
Wide bandgap HBT on crystalline silicon using electron-blocking PEDOT:PSS emitter

Heterojunction bipolar transistors in silicon using a narrow band gap base (e.g. Si/SiGe/Si) are well known and have been in production for many years. However a wide bandgap emitter on silicon has proved elusive (Fig 1(a)). Recently it has been shown that heterojunctions between crystalline silicon and organic semiconductors such as PEDOT or P3HT can block electrons from entering the organic [1, 2]. In this work we used the Si/PEDOT heterojunction to demonstrate a HBT with an organic semiconductor wide bandgap emitter, and a crystalline silicon base.