cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Propagation and Decay of Forced and Free Baroclinic Rossby Waves in Off-Equatorial Oceans*

Baroclinic Rossby wave motions in the off-equatorial oceans are investigated with emphasis on how eddy dissipation can influence the propagation of the height anomalies when both the forced wave response to wind in the interior ocean and the free wave response originating along the ocean’s coastal and topographic boundaries are present. By explicitly estimating the decay scale for the long baroclinic Rossby wave, the authors show that the forced wave patterns at all off-equatorial regions appear to propagate westward at 2 cr, where cr is the phase speed of the long baroclinic wave. The presence of the boundary-generated, free Rossby waves in the low latitudes, however, reinforces the 1cr phase propagation in the combined height anomaly fields. Toward higher latitudes, this reinforcement weakens as the boundary-generated, free waves become highly dissipative; as a result, the forced wave motion becomes more dominant, which works to increase the apparent phase speed up to 2cr. In the subpolar regions where the annual baroclinic Rossby waves become evanescent, an apparent phase speed higher than 2cr is observed when an annual, standing wave response and a propagating wave response with an interannual frequency coexist. Stronger annual and interannual wind fluctuations over the Southern Hemisphere subpolar regions than over the Northern Hemisphere subpolar regions suggest that this coupling, and the phase speed higher than 2cr, are more likely to be detected in the Southern Hemisphere subpolar oceans.
The Power of Promoting Healthy Brands: Familiarity in Healthy Product Decision Making

This research investigates consumer decision making and brand commitment for brands promoted as “healthy.” The authors examine the relationship of brand familiarity to brand credibility, brand quality, purchase intentions, and brand commitment. The findings indicate that familiarity can help increase purchase intentions and brand commitment for healthy brands with low credibility. However, to go beyond a transactional exchange to one that is relational in nature, familiarity, credibility, and quality are all crucial for fostering brand commitment.
Increased Incidence of Hypovitaminosis D Among Patients Requiring Treatment for Cerebral Aneurysms.

Objective Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage management is hampered by our incomplete understanding of what variables promote aneurysm formation, growth, and rupture. Because hypovitaminosis D has been identified as a risk factor for other vascular diseases, we examined its association with cerebral aneurysms requiring treatment. Methods We retrospectively reviewed charts of patients with cerebral aneurysms with recorded 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels undergoing treatment at our institution from May 2010 to May 2015. We compared these patients with a group of patients without aneurysms. We used multivariable Poisson regression and backward elimination to identify factors associated with cerebral aneurysms, with a threshold P P Results Patients in the aneurysm group were older than those in the control group ( P = 0.001) and more likely to be female ( P = 0.004), to be tobacco users ( P P = 0.001), but ethnicity, body mass index, and diabetes rates did not differ. Vitamin D levels in the aneurysm group were lower than in the control group (23.3 ± 12.3 vs. 28.7 ± 14.1 ng/mL, P = 0.001), and the patients were more likely to be vitamin D deficient ( P = 0.028). Multivariable Poisson regression demonstrated that vitamin D level, tobacco use, age, and sex were significantly associated with aneurysms requiring treatment ( P P = 0.01). Conclusions Patients with cerebral aneurysms requiring treatment have a significantly higher incidence of hypovitaminosis D compared with patients in a control group.
Genome Reduction Uncovers a Large Dispensable Genome and Adaptive Role for Copy Number Variation in Asexually Propagated Solanum Tuberosum

Clonally reproducing plants have the potential to bear a significantly greater mutational load than sexually reproducing species. To investigate this possibility, we examined the breadth of genome-wide structural variation in a panel of monoploid/doubled monoploid clones generated from native populations of diploid potato (Solanum tuberosum), a highly heterozygous asexually propagated plant. As rare instances of purely homozygous clones, they provided an ideal set for determining the degree of structural variation tolerated by this species and deriving its minimal gene complement. Extensive copy number variation (CNV) was uncovered, impacting 219.8 Mb (30.2%) of the potato genome with nearly 30% of genes subject to at least partial duplication or deletion, revealing the highly heterogeneous nature of the potato genome. Dispensable genes (>7000) were associated with limited transcription and/or a recent evolutionary history, with lower deletion frequency observed in genes conserved across angiosperms. Association of CNV with plant adaptation was highlighted by enrichment in gene clusters encoding functions for environmental stress response, with gene duplication playing a part in species-specific expansions of stress-related gene families. This study revealed unique impacts of CNV in a species with asexual reproductive habits and how CNV may drive adaption through evolution of key stress pathways.
The Curious Case of Distributed Systems and Continuous Computing

As distributed systems progress, they seem to continually revisit older concepts. This article examines the various types and evolution of distributed systems, and predicts where they might be headed.
Consideration of treatment fidelity to improve manual therapy research.

Objectives: The purpose of this paper was to define treatment fidelity, review its use in health care research and suggest how it may be utilized in manual therapy research to improve the reliability and validity of the literature.Results: We offer an outline and a table of how manual therapy research may benefit from the concept of treatment fidelity.Discussion: While treatment fidelity is a newer concept, and has not been integrated into Physical Therapy or Manual Therapy research, when utilized, it can have positive effects on the reliability and validity of the techniques we evaluate.
"KIN RECOGNITION" AMONG SPADEFOOT TOAD TADPOLES: A SIDE-EFFECT OF HABITAT SELECTION?

Many animals modify their behavior toward unfamiliar conspecifics as a function of their genetic relatedness. A fundamental problem of any kin recognition study is determining what is being recognized and why. For anuran tadpoles, the predominant view is that associating with relatives is kin-selected because these relatives may thereby accrue benefits through increased growth or predation avoidance. An alternative view is that kin associations are simply a side-effect of habitat selection and thus do not represent attempts to identify kin per se. In the laboratory, spadefoot toad tadpoles (Scaphiopus multiplicatus) preferentially associated with unfamiliar siblings over unfamiliar nonsiblings, as do other anurans. However, same age tadpoles also were more likely to orient toward unfamiliar nonsiblings reared on the same food (familiar food) than toward unfamiliar siblings that were reared on unfamiliar food. These results, together with the results of previous tadpole kin recognition studies, suggest that tadpoles orient toward cues learned early in ontogeny, regardless of the cues' source. Tadpoles that preferentially associated with cues learned from their environment at birth would tend to be philopatric. Censuses of 14 natural ponds revealed that tadpole density remained greatest near oviposition sites until four days before metamorphosis. Tadpole philopatry may be advantageous: tadpoles restricted to their natal site had greater growth and survivorship than did their siblings restricted to randomly selected sites elsewhere within the same pond. Thus kin affiliative tendency observed in the laboratory in this and perhaps other species of anurans may be a byproduct of habitat selection. Since kin discrimination in animals is most commonly assayed as orientation toward kin, it follows that many examples of "kin recognition" may not represent true attempts to identify kin as such, but rather may reflect some other recognition system that is under entirely different selective pressures.
Xenon Feed System (XFS) for the Module M flight experiment

The Module M flight experiment is a joint Russian/U.S. program. The goals of the experiment are to demonstrate on-orbit spacecraft assembly from an orbiting space station, perform an orbit raise with high specific impulse, low power electric propulsion thrusters, and develop an experience base for new electric propulsion components and configurations. Moog has developed a single string, low cost, single flow rate xenon feed system that provides for tank to thruster flow regulation and telemetry. The heart of the Moog system revolves around pressure regulation and flow control. Development tests conducted at the component level validated both the pressure regulator and flow control device performance. Additionally, Moog was selected to provide the Hollow Cathode Assembly (HCA). The Moog/RMS design is based on the NASA Plasma Contactor, but reduces the total part number and was designed for rapid assembly. Introduction The Module M flight experiment is a joint Russian/U.S. program. The goals of the experiment are to demonstrate on-orbit spacecraft assembly from an orbiting space station, perform an orbit raise with high specific impulse, low power electric propulsion thrusters, and develop an experience base for new electric propulsion components and configurations. The Module M propulsion system consists of four model D-38 Thrusters with Anode Layer (TALs) in two assemblies, a power processing unit (PPU), and a xenon feed system (XFS). Each thruster pair operates with a common cathode. The PPU conducts cathode conditioning, controls thruster operations, communicates with and provides telemetry data to the spacecraft computer, and supplies power to the thrusters, the cathode and the XFS. Moog developed a single string, low cost, single flow rate xenon feed system that provides for tank to thruster flow regulation and telemetry. The major components of the XFS are the Propellant Management Assembly (PMA) and two orifice blocks, one located at each thruster pair. The PMA consists of four tanks, a pressure regulator, a solenoid isolation valve, and instruments for telemetry and thermal conditioning. The PMA supplies xenon flow to the orifice blocks which in turn provide the thrusters and cathode with regulated flow rates. A system schematic is shown in Figure 1. PRESSURE MANAGEMENT ASSEMBLY (PMA) Figure 1: Xenon Feed System Schematic * Project Engineer, AIAA Member ' Engineering Section Head Copyright © 1998 The American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc. All rights reserved. 1 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Effect of Acute Anoxia on the Economy of Effort Index in Man

SummaryThe effect of acute anoxia on the economy of effort index of Wiggers and Katz was studied on medical students by allowing them to rebreath decreasing oxygen mixtures and holding these mixtures at 14, 12 and 10% oxygen, respectively, long enough to record subclavian pulses and determine brachial blood pressures leisurely.In 20 subjects, the index increased during rebreathing of 14 and 12% oxygen; in 12, it increased further when the oxygen percent was reduced to 10; in 8 it began to show slight signs of decreasing. Three subjects showed no significant increase or a slight decrease. The possible use of the method in testing favorable and unfavorable responses of individuals to low barometric pressures is mentioned.
An investigation on unhealthy behavior and its related factors among high-school students in Shijingshan District of Beijing

Objective To investigate current status and characteristics of unhealthy behaviors among high school students to provide evidence for the relevant sectors to formulate preventative measures and policies.Methods A total of 1 232 students were recruited from three junior high schools and three senior high schools in district of Shijingshan,Beijing for on-site questionnaire survey on their unhealthy behaviors and its related factors during the past year.Results Unhealthy behaviors among high school students during the past year mainly included those of intentional or non-intentional injury(54.8%),alcohol drinking(43.2%),insufficient food intake,low calorie intake,low-fat food intake to lose weight or prevent weight gain(31.3%),serious traffic violation in bike riding(20.6%),trying to smoke(19.0%),suicidal-related behavior [suicidal idea,plan or action(16.7%)],trying self-inflict injury(14.8%),participating in gambling(15.3%),indulging in internet(11.9%),reading pornographic books or watching pornographic videos(10.4%),violating traffic rules in walking(8.9%),having sex with others(6.6%),not eating breakfast(4.1%),and so on.Conclusion Unhealthy behavior occur widely and popularly among high school students,to which no optimism tolerance should be allowed,and whatever schools,families or the society all should make their efforts to educate students with relevant measures to cultivate them good behaviors and life -styles in order to prevent or reduce unhealthy behavior-related factors for their healthy growth.
Using daily 30-min phase advances to achieve a 6-hour advance: circadian rhythm, sleep, and alertness.

Introduction A ground-based study was undertaken to determine whether circadian and sleep dysfunction could be avoided by "trickling in" a 6-h phase advance in sleep/wake schedule by 12 consecutive 30-min phase advances as per NASA's Appendix K. Methods We simulated a 16-d (384 h) mission for each of 10 subjects. Temporal cues and light levels approximated those experienced in space. All sleep periods were exactly 8 h. Before the study, for 14 d, subjects were required to live on a schedule with a 23:00 bedtime and 07:00 wake time. Laboratory sessions then started with a 4-d baseline segment on that schedule. The fourth night and the day following it were then taken as baseline. Repeated 30-min phase advances in bedtime were then required on each of the next 12 successive nights, resulting in an eventual movement of bedtimes to a 6-h phase-advanced position (bedtime: 17:00, wake time: 01:00). Polysomnographic sleep, circadian rhythms in urinary free cortisol, urinary volume (every void), and core body temperature (once per minute), and ratings of performance, mood, and alertness (five per day) were measured. Results While circadian dysfunction was largely avoided by trickling in the phase shift, there remained slight differences in phase between the endogenous circadian pacemaker and the imposed routine which disrupted sleep and daytime alertness. Conclusion Though statistically significant, the disruption was less than we observed from repeated 2-h phase delays reported in a 2004 ASEM paper. Evidence would thus seem to favor repeated 30-min phase advances over repeated 2-h phase delays.
Dyspareunia. Tracing the cause.

PreviewDifficult or painful sexual intercourse is a sensitive topic for most women. The causes range from inflammation of the vulva and interstitial cystitis to marital discord. To exclude an organic disorder, a detailed pelvic examination with good lighting and magnification is in order. Dr DeWitt describes the technique for meticulous examination and discusses the diagnoses that need to be considered.
Jezuitski kemiki v Habsburški monarhiji

Opisani so dosežki jezuitov iz Avstrijske in Ceske province, ki so objavljali knjige o kemiji. Posebej so izpostavljene njihove povezave z obmocjem danasnje Slovenije. Nakazane so smernice s katerimi so omogocili uren prodor idej o strukturi snovi jezuita Ruđerja Boskovica. Nepojmljivo hitro uveljavljanje Boskovicevih pristasev v Habsburski monarhiji je primerjano s podobno hitro uveljavitvijo kineticnih teorij atomov Slovenca Jožefa Stefana in z napol Slovenko porocenega Ludwiga Boltzmanna v istih zemljepisnih obmocjih.
Further testing of the bedding-plane-slip model for hydraulic-fracture opening using moment-tensor inversions

ABSTRACTMoment tensors are calculated by using the P-wave first motion peak amplitudes of 59 microseismic events with high signal-to-noise ratio. These events are from a surface microseismic data set gathered during hydraulic-fracture stimulation of the Marcellus gas shale in Washington County, Pennsylvania, USA. The majority of these 59 events have a horizontal nodal plane (± a few degrees) characteristic of a dip-slip/horizontal-slip moment tensor. If the horizontal nodal plane is an auxiliary, the vertical nodal plane has a pure dip-slip motion, which is inconsistent with the opening motion for vertical hydraulic fractures that enables proppant loading. This points to slip on horizontal nodal planes with the auxiliary vertical nodal planes aligned with the local maximum horizontal stress orientation as indicated by drilling-induced fractures in nearby vertical wells. These 59 microseismic events are caused by slip on horizontal mechanical discontinuities such as bedding planes during the opening of ver...
Verification of two-dimensional LBM-DEM coupling approach and its application in modeling episodic sand production in borehole

Abstract The lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is implemented in the Particle Flow Code (PFC) as a pore-scale CFD module and coupled with the particulate discrete element assemblage in PFC using an immersed boundary scheme. The implementation of LBM and LBM-PFC coupling is validated with the analytical solutions in a couple of hydrodynamics and fluid-particle interaction problems, i.e., the accuracy of LBM as a CFD solver is verified by solving channel flow driven by a pressure gradient for which the closed-form solution is also derived; the accuracy of LBM-PFC coupling is validated by solving flow across a cylinder, Taylor-Couette flow, Karman vortex street, and fluid flow through a cylinder array. To demonstrate potential applications of this coupling code, a perforation cavity subjected to axial fluid flush is then tested, showing that the collapse and reconstruction of sand arch in the perforation cavity can be reproduced in this coupling system. The developed system is ready for exploring more complicated physical issues involved in sand production.
Mechano-Acoustical Transformations

The mammalian auditory periphery is a complex system, many components of which are biomechanical. This complexity increases sensitivity, dynamic range, frequency range, frequency resolution, and sound localization ability. These must be achieved within the constraints of available biomaterials, biophysics, and anatomical space in the organism. In this chapter, the focus is on the basic mechanical principles discovered for the various steps in the process of transforming the input acoustic sound pressure into the correct stimulation of mechanoreceptor cells. The interplay between theory and measurements is emphasized. In this chapter we examine the underlying biophysics of acoustical and mechanical transformations of sound by the subcomponents of the ear. The subcomponents include the pinna, ear canal, middle ear, cochlear fluid hydrodynamics, and organ of Corti. Physiological measurements and the deduced general biophysics that can be applied to the input and output transformations by the different subcomponents of the ear are presented.
Analysis of a Reduced Parts Converter for Bipolar Excitation of an 8/6 Switched Reluctance Drive

Switched reluctance machines (SRM's) are leading candidates for many industrial and commercial applications. It has been proven that utilizing a bipolar excitation strategy will result in increasing torque production and decreasing torque ripple. However, utilizing an asymmetric bridge bipolar converter induces a cost increase in terms of the necessary power electronic devices; thus employing a reduced parts converter for bipolar excitation is advantageous. This work reports on the analysis and operational characteristics of a reduced parts converter topology for bipolar excitation of a 4-phase 8/6 SRM placing emphasis on basic control strategies, and converter losses with comparison to an asymmetric bridge bipolar converter.
Enhanced potency of bivalent small molecule gp41 inhibitors

Abstract Low molecular weight peptidomimetic inhibitors with hydrophobic pocket binding properties and moderate fusion inhibitory activity against HIV-1 gp41-mediated cell fusion were elaborated by increasing the available surface area for interacting with the heptad repeat-1 (HR1) coiled coil on gp41. Two types of modifications were tested: 1) increasing the overall hydrophobicity of the molecules with an extension that could interact in the HR1 groove, and 2) forming symmetrical dimers with two peptidomimetic motifs that could potentially interact simultaneously in two hydrophobic pockets on the HR1 trimer. The latter approach was more successful, yielding 40–60 times improved potency against HIV fusion over the monomers. Biophysical characterization, including equilibrium binding studies by fluorescence and kinetic analysis by Surface Plasmon Resonance, revealed that inhibitor potency was better correlated to off-rates than to binding affinity. Binding and kinetic data could be fit to a model of bidentate interaction of dimers with the HR1 trimer as an explanation for the slow off-rate, albeit with minimal cooperativity due to the highly flexible ligand structures. The strong cooperativity observed in fusion inhibitory activity of the dimers implied accentuated potency due to the transient nature of the targeted intermediate. Optimization of monomer, dimer or higher order structures has the potential to lead to highly potent non-peptide fusion inhibitors by targeting multiple hydrophobic pockets.
Social Capital and Public Health

Qualitative research is a broad umbrella term encompassing several specific methods and paradigms that rely on the collection, analysis and interpretation of non-statistical data. This is gathered principally through researcher-participant interaction and observation in real life settings (Whitley & Crawford, 2005). Qualitative research generally aims for depth rather than breadth in description and analysis, with researchers becoming closely acquainted with one particular community or study setting. The main methods utilized in qualitative research (either in conjunction or isolation) are interviews, focus groups and (participant) observation. These methods are particularly useful in accessing the lived day-to-day experience of the relevant population, allowing investigators to intimately explore and understand phenomena from a “native” point of view.
A variational method for love waves in nonhorizontally layered structures

abstract A variational principle for Love waves propagating in a layer with varying thickness overlying a half-space is formulated. By an averaging procedure, the wave modulation due to gradual variation of the thickness of the upper layer is found. The case of long-period Love waves is particularly examined and the wave number and amplitude modulation both for a monochromatic wave and for a transient wave train due to an impulsive source are determined. Moreover, the travel time for a certain phase in the wave train is determined. It is found that for well-dispersed wave trains the travel time is given by the phase velocity corresponding to the mean depth of the upper layer.
Post-training Inactivation of the Anterior Thalamic Nuclei Impairs Spatial Performance on the Radial Arm Maze.

The limbic thalamus, specifically the anterior thalamic nuclei (ATN), contains brain signals including that of head direction cells, which fire as a function of an animal’s directional orientation in an environment. Recent work has suggested that this directional orientation information stemming from the ATN contributes to the generation of hippocampal and parahippocampal spatial representations, and may contribute to the establishment of unique spatial representations in radially oriented tasks such as the radial arm maze. While previous studies have shown that ATN lesions can impair spatial working memory performance in the radial maze, little work has been done to investigate spatial reference memory in a discrimination task variant. Further, while previous studies have shown that ATN lesions can impair performance in the radial maze, these studies produced the ATN lesions prior to training. It is therefore unclear whether the ATN lesions disrupted acquisition or retention of radial maze performance. Here, we tested the role of ATN signaling in a previously learned spatial discrimination task on a radial arm maze. Rats were first trained to asymptotic levels in a task in which two maze arms were consistently baited across training. After 24hrs, animals received muscimol inactivation of the ATN before a 4 trial probe test. We report impairments in post-inactivation trials, suggesting that signals from ATN modulate the use of a previously acquired spatial discrimination in the radial-arm maze. The results are discussed in relation to the thalamo-cortical limbic circuits involved in spatial information processing, with an emphasis on the head direction signal.
Carrier Lifetimes of Iodine-Doped CdMgTe/CdSeTe Double Heterostructures Grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy

Iodine-doped CdMgTe/CdSeTe double heterostructures (DHs) have been grown by molecular beam epitaxy and studied using time-resolved photoluminescence (PL), focusing on absorber layer thickness of 2 μm. The n-type free carrier concentration was varied to ∼7 × 1015 cm−3, 8.4 × 1016 cm−3, and 8.4 × 1017 cm−3 using iodine as dopant in DHs. Optical injection at 1 × 1010 photons/pulse/cm2 to 3 × 1011 photons/pulse/cm2, corresponding to initial injection of photocarriers up to ∼8 × 1015 cm−3, was applied to examine the effects of excess carrier concentration on the PL lifetimes. Iodine-doped DHs exhibited an initial rapid decay followed by a slower decay at free carrier concentration of 7 × 1015 cm−3 and 8.4 × 1016 cm−3. The optical injection dependence of the carrier lifetimes for DHs was interpreted based on the Shockley–Read–Hall model. The observed decrease in lifetime with increasing n is consistent with growing importance of radiative recombination.
HOMENAJE A VERE GORDON CHILDE 1892 – 1987

Este homenaje fue publicado por Irving Rouse en American Antiquity, Vol. 24, No 1, Julio 1958.
The Spaces of Citizenship: Mapping Personal and Colonial Histories in Contemporary Italy in Igiaba Scego’s La Mia Casa È Dove Sono (My Home is Where I Am)

As Italy has changed from emigration country to immigration destination, the growing body of literature by migrant and second generation writers plays an important role in connecting discourses on race and national identity with the country’s increasing diversity and its colonial past. This essay investigates the 2010 memoir La Mia Casa E Dove Sono (My Home is Where I Am) by Igiaba Scego, the daughter of Somali immigrants, as life writing that responds to these changing demographics and, more broadly, to the migration trends affecting contemporary Europe. The self Scego constructs through her narration integrates her Roman identity and Somali background as the narrative returns colonial history to Italian public discourse and public space. I argue that by narrating the personal and historical in the context of Roman monuments and neighborhoods, Scego’s memoir challenges and redefines who can be “Italian,” modeling a more inclusive Italianita. I discuss the memoir in terms of its use of collective memory and its development of a narrative “I” that claims a position within a collective identity while challenging the exclusionary tendencies of that very group. This article was submitted to the European Journal of Life Writing on June 8th, 2016, and published on July 17th, 2017.
Deterministic Symmetry Breaking of Plasmonic Nanostructures Enabled by DNA-Programmable Assembly

The physical properties of matter rely fundamentally on the symmetry of constituent building blocks. This is particularly true for structures that interact with light via the collective motion of their conduction electrons (i.e., plasmonic materials), where the observation of exotic optical effects, such as negative refraction and electromagnetically induced transparency, require the coupling of modes that are only present in systems with nontrivial broken symmetries. Lithography has been the predominant fabrication technique for constructing plasmonic metamaterials, as it can be used to form patterns of arbitrary complexity, including those with broken symmetry. Here, we show that low-symmetry, one-dimensional plasmonic structures that would be challenging to make using traditional lithographic techniques can be assembled using DNA as a programmable surface ligand. We investigate the optical properties that arise as a result of systematic symmetry breaking and demonstrate the appearance of π-type coupled...
Cyber threat assessment via attack scenario simulation using an integrated adversary and network modeling approach

Existing research on cyber threat assessment focuses on analyzing the network vulnerabilities and producing possible attack graphs. Cyber attacks in real-world enterprise networks, however, vary significantly due to not only network and system configurations, but also the attacker’s strategies. This work proposes a cyber-based attacker behavior model (ABM) in conjunction with the Cyber Attack Scenario and Network Defense Simulator to model the interaction between the network and the attackers. The ABM leverages a knowledge-based design and factors in the capability, opportunity, intent, preference, and Cyber Attack Kill Chain integration to model various types of attackers. By varying the types of attackers and the network configurations, and simulating their interactions, we present a method to measure the overall network security against cyber attackers under different scenarios. Simulation results based on four attacker types on two network configurations are shown to demonstrate how different attacker...
Survey of Lady Beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in Sweet Corn Using Yellow Sticky Cards

Yellow cards coated with adhesive were used to survey for the presence, relative abundance and seasonal patterns of lady beetles in research and commercial fields of processing sweet corn in centra...
Molecular testing on endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) fine needle aspirates (FNA): Impact of triage

Background Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS)-guided fine needle aspiration (FNA) is performed to diagnose and stage lung cancer. Multiple studies have described the value of Rapid On-Site Evaluation (ROSE), but often the emphasis is upon diagnosis than adequacy for molecular testing (MT). The aim was to identify variable(s), especially cytology-related, that can improve MT. Methods A search for EBUS-FNAs with ROSE was conducted for lung adenocarcinomas or when this diagnosis could not be excluded. All such cases underwent reflex MT on cell blocks. The impact of cytology-related variables [i.e., number of pass(es), dedicated pass(es) directly into media, cytotechnologist (CT), laboratory technician (LT) and triage with 1 or >1 cytologist] was evaluated. The latter category was divided into Group A [ROSE, triage and slide preparation by cytopathologist (CP) and CT at start of the procedure] and Group B (ROSE only by CT or by CT/CP after start of procedure; triage and slide preparation by CT or clinical staff). The impact of all these variables on MT was assessed. Results A total of 100 cases were identified, and 79 had sufficient tissue for MT. Of all variables evaluated, MT was positively affected by performing a direct dedicated pass (P = 0.013) and ROSE by Group A (P = 0.033). Conclusions ROSE with appropriate triage, including performing a dedicated pass and proper slide preparation, improves MT, and this is enhanced by having >1 cytologist at the start of the procedure. In the era of personalized medicine, “adequate” should denote sufficient tissue for diagnosis and MT.
High impedance holographic metasurfaces for conformal and high gain antenna applications

We present simulated and experimental results from a conformal meta-antenna that was designed with a holographic-derived surface impedance for placement on a cylindrical surface. This class of antenna relies on the interaction between a surface wave generated by a simple radiator, e.g., a vertical monopole, and a spatially modulated surface impedance to generate high gain and predictable far-field radiation profiles. The surface impedance profile was formed using a distribution of sub-wavelength isotropic metal patches printed on a thin grounded dielectric substrate. An analysis of the meta-antenna radiative performance on both planar and cylindrical substrate geometries illustrates the importance of appropriately tailoring the surface impedance profile to account for the influence of curvature.
Industry 4.0 as a New Vector of Growth and Development of Knowledge Economy

The purpose of the work is to study the possibilities of formation of Industry 4.0 as a new vector of growth and development of knowledge economy by the example of modern Russia and to develop recommendations for their practical implementation. For this, the method of dynamics (horizontal and trend) analysis of time rows and correlation analysis are used. The indicator of development of knowledge economy is the corresponding index that is prepared by the World Bank. The vectors of growth and development of knowledge economy are share of innovations-active companies in the structure of entrepreneurship, number of developed completely new leading production technologies, and share of high-tech spheres in economy (as the indicator of development of the sphere of science and education) according to the Federal State Statistics Service. The author shows that knowledge economy, which was developing dynamically at the initial stage of its formation, has slowed down. The existing growth vectors—innovational entrepreneurship, high-tech spheres of economy, and the sphere of science and education—have depleted their potential and cannot ensure its further development. It is necessary to look for such vectors, of which the most perspective is Industry 4.0, as formation of Industry 4.0 leads to growth of knowledge economy: innovational development, increase of the values of indicators of socio-economic development of economic system, and increase of the role of intellectual component of economy—the sphere of science and education.
2D Au-Coated Resonant MEMS Scanner for NIR Fluorescence Intraoperative Confocal Microscope

The electrostatic MEMS scanner plays an important role in the miniaturization of the microscopic imaging system. We have developed a new two-dimensional (2D) parametrically-resonant MEMS scanner with patterned Au coating (>90% reflectivity at an NIR 785-nm wavelength), for a near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence intraoperative confocal microscopic imaging system with a compact form factor. A silicon-on-insulator (SOI)-wafer based dicing-free microfabrication process has been developed for mass-production with high yield. Based on an in-plane comb-drive configuration, the resonant MEMS scanner performs 2D Lissajous pattern scanning with a large mechanical scanning angle (MSA, ±4°) on each axis at low driving voltage (36 V). A large field-of-view (FOV) has been achieved by using a post-objective scanning architecture of the confocal microscope. We have integrated the new MEMS scanner into a custom-made NIR fluorescence intraoperative confocal microscope with an outer diameter of 5.5 mm at its distal-end. Axial scanning has been achieved by using a piezoelectric actuator-based driving mechanism. We have successfully demonstrated ex vivo 2D imaging on human tissue specimens with up to five frames/s. The 2D resonant MEMS scanner can potentially be utilized for many applications, including multiphoton microendoscopy and wide-field endoscopy.
Evaluating the Use of X-band Specific Attenuation for Rainfall Estimates Using Iowa XPol-5 Radar Scans over a Network of 25 Rain Gauges

We examine the use of specific attenuation A h at X-band for rainfall estimates obtained from the Iowa XPOL-5 radar at locations over 25 gauges for a 9-hour event during the NASA Iowa Flood Studies (IFloodS) field experiments. We derive the specific attenuation for each gauge from the attenuation correction procedures applied for the corresponding range profiles. We compare our method with the rain rates computed using the specific differential propagation phase K dp . Our results show that both methods yield a good agreement with the gauges but the A h -debased rainfall estimates have lower overall normalized bias than the ones obtained from K dp .
A Five-Year Evolution of a Student-led Elective on Health Disparities at The Alpert Medical School

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Medical students are often unprepared for social challenges in caring for safety net patients. We aim to evaluate and chronicle the evolution of a pre-clinical elective alongside medical disparities curriculum. DESIGN AND METHODS Medical students designed the course to supplement clinical training on care of vulnerable patients. From 2011-2015, there have been 80 first-year medical student participants, five cohorts of second-year course leaders, and two supporting faculty advisors for this 10-12 session evening elective. RESULTS Students (n=67) rated the course extremely highly (ranging from 4.4-4.6 on a five-point Likert scale). Medical students reported having significantly more knowledge of underserved populations after taking the course (difference=0.72, SE=0.16, P <0.001). Career interests and attitudes toward health disparities remained strong after taking the course. CONCLUSIONS This student-created elective equipped participants with improved knowledge in caring for underserved patients and contributed to the incorporation of health disparities in medical curriculum. [Full article available at http://rimed.org/rimedicaljournal-2016-10.asp].
Efficient simulation of turbulent diffusion flames in OpenFOAM using adaptive mesh refinement

Abstract We address the challenge of resolving wide spatial scale ranges in fire simulations through the development of a new OpenFOAM-based adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) computational capability for large eddy simulations of turbulent diffusion flames. The AMR approach provides increased resolution in localized regions based on user-defined criteria, resulting in a simulation that dynamically tracks fire spread and reduces computational cost compared to uniform and static mesh approaches. The new AMR-enabled solver, called diffusionFireFoam, is an extension of the fireFoam solver and incorporates dynamic meshing capabilities already available in OpenFOAM. We outline details of the new solver and demonstrate its basic functionality, accuracy, and computational efficiency for a small-scale methane pool fire verification case. We show that both first- and second-order statistics from the AMR simulation are in good agreement with results from a statically refined simulation that has the same fine-scale resolution, but a larger overall mesh. We then show for a larger-scale methane pool fire that an AMR simulation in diffusionFireFoam agrees with results from static mesh simulations, experiments, and prior computational studies. Once again, substantial computational savings are achieved, with roughly 5 times fewer grid cells in the AMR simulations than in prior static mesh simulations.
Adaptive trust-region algorithms for unconstrained optimization

In this paper, we propose two trust-region algorithms for unconstrained optimization. The trust-region algorithms minimize a model of the objective function within the trust-region, next update the...
Warning Systems and Risk Reduction

A probabilistic method is proposed to assess the efficiency of warning systems in terms of costs and risk reduction. This evaluation is based both on the quality of the signal and the human response to warnings. The quality of the signal is described by probabilities of correct warnings, Type I errors, and Type II errors. Human response depend on the memory that people have kept of past warnings and is described here by a Markov model. On our hypothetical example concerning a fume detector in a chemical plant, the results show that the optimum sensitivity is at an intermediate position between extreme levels.
Pulmonary and systemic hemodynamics are associated with myocardial injury in the acute respiratory distress syndrome.

BackgroundWhether right and left heart hemodynamics are associated with myocardial injury in the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is not known.MethodsWe performed a retrospective cohort s...
New Daily Persistent Headache-like Presentation Triggered by a Sudden Head Drop in a Patient With Myasthenia Gravis.

New daily persistent headache (NDPH) is a chronic primary headache disorder with a characteristic temporal profile of sudden onset headache that persists daily from the onset.12 The core diagnostic criteria for NDPH include clearly remembered onset of headache and persistence of daily headaches for >3 months3 Several predisposing factors including infectious illness, stressful life events, and surgical procedures have been described in approximately half the patients; however, the precise pathogenesis is not understood.1,2,4 This report describes NDPH-like presentation triggered by head drop in a patient with acute onset of myasthenia gravis (MG). The daily headaches persisted despite spontaneous remission of MG. Later, the patient developed recurrence of myasthenic symptoms, and the headache remitted after pyridostigmine was started.
The association between SAα2,3Gal occurrence frequency and avian influenza viral load in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and blue-winged teals (Spatula discors)

Individual heterogeneity in pathogen load can affect disease transmission dynamics; therefore, identifying intrinsic factors responsible for variation in pathogen load is necessary for determining which individuals are prone to be most infectious. Because low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIV) preferentially bind to alpha-2,3 sialic acid receptors (SAα2,3Gal) in the intestines and bursa of Fabricius in wild ducks (Anas and Spatula spp.), we investigated juvenile mallards (Anas platyrhyncos) and blue-winged teals (Anas discors) orally inoculated with A/northern pintail/California/44221–761/2006 (H5N9) and the virus titer relationship to occurrence frequency of SAα2,3Gal in the intestines and bursa. To test the natural variation of free-ranging duck populations, birds were hatched and raised in captivity from eggs collected from nests of free-ranging birds in North Dakota, USA. Data generated from qPCR were used to quantify virus titers in cloacal swabs, ileum tissue, and bursa of Fabricius tissue, and lectin histochemistry was used to quantify the occurrence frequency of SAα2,3Gal. Linear mixed models were used to analyze infection status, species, and sex-based differences. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the relationship between virus titer and SAα2,3Gal occurrence frequency. In mallards, we found high individual variation in virus titers significantly related to high variation of SAα2,3Gal in the ileum. In contrast to mallards, individual variation in teals was minimal and significant relationships between virus titers and SAα2,3Gal were not determined. Collectively, teals had both higher virus titers and a higher occurrence frequency of SAα2,3Gal compared to mallards, which may indicate a positive association between viral load and SAα2,3Gal. Statistically significant differences were observed between infected and control birds indicating that LPAIV infection may influence the occurrence frequency of SAα2,3Gal, or vice versa, but only in specific tissues. The results of this study provide quantitative evidence that SAα2,3Gal abundance is related to LPAIV titers; thus, SAα2,3Gal should be considered a potential intrinsic factor influencing variation in LPAIV load.
AKT: a key to RT?

In this issue of Blood, Kohlhaas et al report that constitutive activation of AKT is common in high-risk chronic lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL) and Richter transformation (RT), and demonstrate that genetic constitutive activation of AKT in B cells in the TCL1 mouse model of CLL drives transformation to an aggressive lymphoma. RT is the development of an aggressive lymphoma in the background of CLL, most typically diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, estimated to occur in 2% to 10% of patients. RT remains the greatest unmet need in CLL therapy in the era of targeted therapies, with poor response to treatment and very short overall survival, estimated at only 3.3 months in a recent multicenter retrospective study. Although some risk factors for developing RT are known, and include CLL with aberrant TP53, unmutated IGHV, NOTCH1 mutation, and stereotyped B-cell receptors, nonetheless most patients whose CLL has these features will not develop RT. Given the markedly worse outcome once RT develops, a major goal for the field must be to better predict which patients will develop this catastrophic event, and prevent it.
A Compact Cavity-Backed Tri-Band Antenna Design for Flush Mount GNSS ( L 1/ L 5) and SDARS Operations

This letter presents a unique compact cavity-backed tri-band antenna design for supporting simultaneous Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) ( L 1/ L 5) and Satellite Digital Audio Radio Service (SDARS) operations in a rooftop flush mount configuration. The cavity dimensions are 100 mm in diameter and only 9.35 mm in depth to meet a specific automobile manufacturer's physical dimension requirement. The achieved half-power realized gain bandwidths at L1, L5, and SDARS bands are 85, 54, and 250 MHz, respectively. This design consists of a bottom feeding board, a top GNSS board, and a middle SDARS board. All three boards are connected using vertical wires. The left-hand circular polarization (LHCP) SDARS element is a C-line coupled circular patch element that is excited via a novel traveling-wave proximity-coupling method that maximizes the passage of the out-of-band signals. The right-hand circular polarization (RHCP) dual-ring GNSS element is excited after the SDARS element using two orthogonal tapered-width proximity probes which are connected to two microstrip lines with different lengths for producing 90° phase difference at 1.4 GHz. The entire antenna assembly is connected to a single subminiature version A (SMA) connector. The design specifications and operating principles of the proposed antenna are discussed along with comparisons between the simulation and measurement performance obtained from a fabricated prototype.
Draft Genome Sequences of the Clinical Isolates Kp 23 and KPM 20.

ABSTRACT Klebsiella pneumoniae strains are capable of becoming resistant through multiple mechanisms. Here, we announce draft sequences for Kp 23, a clinical isolate with no plasmid-encoded β-lactamases, and KPM 20, a clinical isolate with no plasmid-encoded β-lactamases and no detectable OmpK35, OmpK36, or PhoE in the outer membrane.
The role of autophagy in metal-induced urogenital carcinogenesis.

Abstract Environmental and/or occupational exposure to metals such as Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), and Chromium (Cr) have been shown to induce carcinogenesis in various organs, including the urogenital system. However, the mechanisms responsible for metal-induced carcinogenesis remain elusive. We and others have shown that metals are potent inducers of autophagy, which has been suggested to be an adaptive stress response to allow metal-exposed cells to survive in hostile environments. Albeit few, recent experimental studies have shown that As and Cd promote tumorigenesis via autophagy and that inhibition of autophagic signaling suppressed metal-induced carcinogenesis. In light of the newly emerging role of autophagic involvement in metal-induced carcinogenesis, the present review focuses explicitly on the mechanistic role of autophagy and potential signaling pathways involved in As-, Cd-, and Cr-induced urogenital carcinogenesis.