cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hedgerow barriers and other reduced-risk controls for managing Oriental fruit moth, Grapholitha molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in apples

Management of Oriental fruit moth, Grapholitha molesta (Busck), in apple using an ‘Enhanced Integrated Pest Management (IPM)’ program comprised of a hedgerow barrier, pheromone-based mating disruption and reduced-risk [non-organophosphorous (OP) or carbamate] insecticides was investigated over a 5-year period. The barrier was comprised of a planting of three rows of hybrid poplar, Populus deltoides Bartr.×Populus nigra L., one row of Italian alder, Alnus cordata L. (nectar reward), and one row of white pine, Pinus strobus L. The hedgerow completely surrounded the perimeter of the apple orchard and was treated with garlic and a low rate of pyrethroid insecticide in 4 of the 5 years. The Enhanced IPM program significantly reduced G. molesta populations as measured by moth captures in pheromone traps. Captures of G. molesta were significantly higher in apple orchards treated with OP and carbamate insecticides, ‘Conventional IPM’, and either not surrounded by the hedgerow or with the barrier present but not treated with the repellent compounds. To explain these differences in G. molesta control, and the potential non-lethal effect of hedgerow barriers on G. molesta orchard colonization, we studied the adult vertical movement in a traditional unsprayed standard apple orchard at three different heights: 0.95, 1.95 and 3.20 m, respectively. In the overwintering generation at a height of 0.95 and 1.95 m, the mean number of moths captured per sampling period was 14.64 and 14.84, respectively, and only 2.95 at 3.20 m. However, the number of individuals captured in the second and third generations was not significantly different at the three different heights. Fruit damage evaluated before ‘June drop’ closely corresponded to the distribution of moths captured during the overwintering generation. Fruit damage at a height of 1.95 and 3.20 m was 5.8 and 3.5%, respectively. These results indicated that G. molesta is a weak flyer and that hedgerow barriers exerted some influence in the colonization of the orchard by limiting the free movement of adults from the overwintering generation. Thus, hedgerow barriers seem to limit early migration and establishment of G. molesta in the orchard. This in turn may reduce the size of the following generations and makes subsequent control easier under the Enhanced IPM program.
Statistics of sequence-structure threading.

Abstract The past two years have seen the rapid development of new recognition methods for protein structure prediction. These algorithms ‘thread’ the sequence of one protein through the known structure of another, looking for an alignment that corresponds to an energetically favorable model structure. Because they are based on energy calculation, rather than evolutionary distance, these methods extend the possibility of structure prediction by comparative modeling to a larger class of new sequences, where similarity to known structures is recognizable by no other means. The strength of the evidence they offer should be judged by objective statistical tests, however, so as to rule out the possibility that favorable scores arise from chance factors such as similarity of length, composition, or the consideration of a large number of alternative alignments. Calculation of objective p-values by analytical means is not yet possible, but it would appear that approximate values may be obtained by simulation, as they are in gapped, global sequence alignment. We propose that the results of threading experiments should include Z-scores relative to the composition-corrected score distribution obtained for shuffled and optimally aligned sequences.
Spectral and polarimetric analysis of hyperspectral data collected by an acousto-optic tunable filter system

Analysis of data collected during a ground-based experiment of an acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) hyperspectral imaging system shows potential for utilizing this technology for feature identification. The unique capability of an AOTF system to simultaneously acquire two orthogonally poiarized images allows both spectral and polarimetric characterizafion of ground features. The AOTF sensor used in the experiment operated over a wavelength range from 0.5 1 to 0.77 microns, collecting two differently polarized images for each of 33 bands. The experiment data images selected for analysis contain camouflaged military equipment deployed in a desert background. The Spectral Image Processing System (SIPS) software package was used for data correction and spectral analysis. Processing the AOTF data required geometric correction in addition to removing the solar and atmospheric effects. Two methods of spectral analysis are addressed in this research. The first method assesses the spectral analysis accomplished using the Spectral Angle Mapper utility in SIPS. The other method illustrates the spectral information gained through band ratioing a combination of carefully selected bands which highlights a particular target within a scene. Comparison of images created by the difference between polarizations for each band provides the basis for polarimetric analysis of the data. Finally, an algorithm developed to combine the information provided by spectral and polarimetric analysis shows how features within a scene can be distinguished from the background. Results show that AOTF hyperspectral technology has potential to enhance current military intelligence collection capability.
Quantitative in vitro kinase reaction as a guide for phosphoprotein analysis by mass spectrometry.

A simple calculation using the radioactive decay of (32)P incorporated into a protein during in vitro kinase reactions is described that allows the overall stoichiometry of phosphorylation for the substrate protein or peptide to be calculated. Prior to using techniques such as diagnostic ion scanning to identify the molecular weight of an unknown phosphopeptide in a complex mixture followed by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) to locate the phosphorylated residue within the phosphopeptide, such calculations are predictive of the chances for successful characterization by these methods. An example of estimating the stoichiometry of peptide phosphorylation will be presented along with calculations that predict when adequate phosphopeptide is present in any given spot on the thin-layer chromatography (TLC) plates used for two-dimensional phosphopeptide (2DPP) mapping to allow extraction and complete characterization by MS/MS.
F2 Screen Variations and Associated Statistics

The F2 screen is a flexible methodology used to estimate the frequency of resistance alleles (R) in an insect population. We have developed several alternative protocols, along with the associated statistics, to conduct an F2 screen with mated or unmated individuals, random and nonrandom mating of F1 adults, and the screening of multiple lines together in the F2 screen. Our protocols describe how to perform and analyze an F2 screen starting with unmated P1 as an alternative to mated females. A randomly mated population of > or = 50 F1 adults should be sufficient to detect R alleles > 99% of the time. If nonrandom mating occurs in the F2 screen, it is most likely to be positive assortative mating, and this would improve the probability of detecting an R allele. Pair mating the F1 adults greatly increases costs of the screen while providing a small, but negligible improvement in detecting R alleles. The number of screens may be reduced by more than two-thirds by screening multiple lines together. These methodological variants show the F2 screen to be much more robust than originally described.
U.S. PUBLIC DIPLOMACY AND RELIGION IN THE MUSLIM WORLD

The power and policies of the United States generate a high level of resentment overseas, especially in the Muslim world. Despite the numerous attempts by policy analysts to address the public dipl...
Compton Scattering and ρ 0 Photoproduction at High Energies

A recently proposed model for high-energy vector-meson photoproduction is extended to Compton scattering. The predicted differential cross section is in agreement with experiment in both shape and magnitude.
The fractal arrangement of hydrated cement paste

Abstract Data from small-angle X-ray scattering experiments are used to determine the fractal types and dimensions of hydrated portland cement pastes over a range of length scales. The larger-scale, 200–1500 A, geometry at most degrees of water saturation is found to be that of a rough surface fractal. The smaller-scale, 30–200 A, geometry is found to be a mass fractal in saturated pastes. This geometry changes gradually with drying, and becomes a rough surface fractal at saturations less than about 50%. Completely oven dried pastes are found to have a considerably altered geometry.
Polymerization of Lactide with Zinc and Magnesium β-Diiminate Complexes: Stereocontrol and Mechanism

A series of zinc(II) and magnesium(II) alkoxides based upon a β-diiminate ligand framework has been prepared. [(BDI-1)ZnOiPr]2 [(BDI-1) = 2-((2,6-diisopropylphenyl)amido)-4-((2,6-diisopropylphenyl)...
Some Empirical Results on Variance Ratios under Permutation in the Completely Randomized Design

Abstract Normal theory and permutation bases exist for the variance ratio tests employed in the analysis of randomized experiments. Analytic and empirical evidence indicates good agreement of the probability of a Type I error and of power for variance ratio tests under these two bases. The agreement is, however, affected by the properties of the basic data which are permuted. In the present study, basic data sets possessing various combinations of skewness, kurtosis, and number of observations were employed to study the effects of these factors upon this demonstrated agreement. The empirical results indicate that for the completely randomized design the agreement of either size or power under these two bases is good over a reasonable range of skewness and kurtosis of the basic data. Only extremely leptokurtotic basic data sets affect this agreement and this can be offset somewhat by increased sample size.
Fortress-Churches of Languedoc: Architecture, Religion and Conflict in the High Middle Ages

Fortress-Churches of Languedoc traces the changing relationship between military and religious realms as expressed in architecture across medieval Europe. The scholarship of medieval architecture has traditionally imposed a division between military and ecclesiastical structures. Often, however, medieval churches were provided with fortified enclosures, crenellations, iron-barred doors and other elements of defence, demonstrating the strong link between Church and state, and the military and religious realms. In her study of fortress-churches, Sheila Bonde focuses on three twelfth-century monuments in southern France - Maguelone, Agde and Saint-Pon-de-Thomiere, which are among the earliest examples of the type. She analyses her archaeological surveys of these structures, and also re-examines their documentation, which is here presented both in the original Latin and in English translations. The book also explores the larger context of fortification and authority in twelfth-century Languedoc and examines the dynamics of architectural exchange and innovation in the Mediterranean at a moment of critical historical importance.
Athletic identity, descriptive norms, and drinking among athletes transitioning to college

College student-athletes are at risk for heavy alcohol consumption and related consequences. The present study evaluated the influence of college student and college athlete descriptive norms and levels of athletic identity on drinking and related consequences among incoming college students attending two universities (N=1119). Prior to the beginning of their first year of college, students indicating high school athletic participation completed assessments of athletic identity, alcohol consumption, drinking-related consequences, and normative perceptions of alcohol use. Estimations of drinking by college students and student-athletes were significantly greater than self-reported drinking. Athletic identity moderated associations among gender, perceived norms, drinking, and related consequences. Athlete-specific norms had a stronger effect on drinking among those reporting higher levels of athletic identity, and higher levels of athletic identity exclusively protected males from experiencing drinking-related consequences. Implications of the role of athletic identity in the development of social norms interventions targeted at high school athletes transitioning to college are discussed.
Seasonal prevalence of mosquitoes collected from light traps with notes on malaria in the Republic of Korea, 2004

Adult mosquito surveillance was conducted during 2004 at 29 US military installations and training sites located in six provinces in the Republic of Korea. Adult mosquitoes were collected in New Jersey light traps and Magnet traps from 1 May through 15 October to determine threshold levels to initiate pesticide applications and to identify malaria infection rates at selected army installations and training sites. A total of 89 206 adults (78 454 [87.9%] females and 10 752 [12.1%] males) comprising 20 species (including five members of the Anopheles Hyrcanus Group) and belonging to seven genera were collected. The most common species collected were members of Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles (49.4%) and Anopheles sinensis Wiedemann complex (39.1%), followed by Culex pipiens Coquillett (6.1%) and Aedes vexans nipponii (Theobald) (4.2%). Trap indices varied widely for species over their range, due in part to geographical distribution and degree of association with urban communities.
Researching workplace homicide: an assessment of the limitations of the Supplementary Homicide Reports

Much of the research undertaken on workplace homicide relied on data from media accounts, investigative files, and records from victimized organizations. Empirical analysis of these types of events was considered using data from the Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR), but this data set presents limitations for such research. This study attempted to accomplish the following: document in greater detail the known limitations; identify any additional limitations; and make recommendations that will enhance this data base and/or the evolving National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS) for this type of research. The SHR was searched for information on several high profile workplace homicide incidents. Notable cases of workplace homicide were found missing. Moreover, examples of improper or inadequate victim-offender relationship descriptors and/or circumstance descriptors were found with regard to other notable workplace homicide incidents. This latter problem resulted in event descriptions that prevented the identification of workplace homicide cases in the database.
Factors responsible for the differential procoagulant effects of diverse plasminogen activators in plasma

Abstract This study was designed to define the procoagulant effects of different plasminogen activators in recalcified plasma. Accordingly, a two-stage assay procedure was developed in which citrated plasma was recalcified and incubated for 1–7 min with streptokinase (SK), urokinase (UK), or tissue-plasminogen activator (t-PA). An aliquot of this first-stage plasma was added to second-stage plasma; procoagulant activity was measured as the acceleration of the clotting time compared with that in control first-stage plasma to which plasminogen activators had not been added. With this procedure, second-stage clotting times were significantly accelerated after activation of plasminogen compared with those in control plasma and were shortest with 1000 i.u./ml SK. The presence of increased thrombin activity in the recalcified citrated plasma was verified by measurement of increased concentrations of fibrinopeptide A, which were inhibited by addition of I U/ml hirudin or or U/ml heparin to plasma during incubation with the plasminogen activators. Activation of factor X was induced in plasma incubated with SK. The rate of activation of factor X was increased when thrombin was elaborated. Induction of procoagulant activity was found to be dependent on depletion of α 2 -antiplasmin and on the presence of plasmin activity in plasma, and could be inhibited by aprotinin. Thus, procoagulant activity in response to pharmacologic activation of plasminogen is dependent on plasmin-mediated activation of factor X, and subsequent activation of prothrombin.
Ribbon ℝ-trees and holomorphic dynamics on the unit disk

Let Δ ⊂ ℂ denote the unit disk, viewed as a model for the hyperbolic plane. Under rescaling, Δ takes on the appearance of a tree, with an additional ribbon structure coming from the cyclic ordering of its ends.In this paper, we show that branched coverings of ribbon trees naturally compactify the space of proper holomorphic maps f : (Δ, 0) → (Δ, 0), and use the structure of these ribbon trees to describe the limiting moduli of f.
Stress levels and depressive symptoms in NICU mothers in the early postpartum period.

AbstractObjective: This study examined whether particular maternal and infant factors can identify mothers at risk for increased stress upon admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).Methods: Eighty-five mothers of preterm infants (25–34 weeks gestation) were assessed using the Parental Stressor Scale (PSS:NICU) and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) within 3.24 ± 1.58 d postpartum. Hierarchical linear regression models were used to determine the extent to which maternal stress is influenced by individual factors.Results: Fifty-two percent of mothers experienced increased stress (PSS:NICU score ≥3) and 38% had significant depressive symptoms (EPDS score ≥10). Stress related to alterations in parental role was the most significant source of stress among NICU mothers. Distance from the hospital and married marital status were significant predictors for stress related to alterations in parental role (p = 0.003) and NICU sights and sounds (p = 0.01), respectively. Higher stress levels ...
Injuries Missed by Limited Computed Tomographic Imaging of Patients With Cervical Spine Injuries

Study objective It has been prominently suggested that computed tomographic (CT) imaging is unnecessary in evaluating patients who have one of a number of specific index cervical spine injuries identified on plain radiographs. We seek to evaluate this recommendation by examining how frequently patients with these index cervical spine injuries have additional secondary injuries that are missed on plain radiography. Methods We identified all patients in the National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization Study (NEXUS) cervical spine data set who had an index cervical spine injury identified by plain radiography. We reviewed all radiographic studies done on each of these patients, including CT, to determine whether any patient sustained additional cervical spine injuries not visualized on plain radiographs. Results Of 818 patients with cervical spine injuries in NEXUS, 224 had one of these index cervical spine injuries diagnosed on plain film radiography. Eighty-one of these 224 patients (36.2%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 29.9% to 42.8%) had at least 1 secondary injury that was not identified on plain radiography. A noncontiguous spinal injury was found in 22 of these 81 patients (27.2%; 95% CI 17.9% to 38.2%) with multiple cervical spine injuries. Conclusion More than a third of patients who had one of the index cervical spine injuries sustained a secondary injury that was not diagnosed by plain radiography, and approximately one fourth of the patients with multiple cervical spine injuries have a noncontiguous spinal injury. Guidelines about the necessity for CT scanning in such patients should be reconsidered.
Bird species diversity captured by protected areas in the Andes of Colombia: a gap analysis

Formed by three Andean ranges and two peripheral elements, the complex mountainous system of Colombia harbours a diverse avifauna (.1,500 spp.) characterized by high large-scale beta diversity and endemism. In these mountains there are 25 protected areas covering c. 3.5 million hectares but not all ecosystems are adequately represented. We conducted an analysis of representation of bird species in these protected areas for eight subregions of the Colombian mountains by means of a comparison between potential and recorded faunas in each area. Potential faunas were compiled by considering the distribution of species across the subregions, their elevational ranges, and the elevational extent covered by each protected area in each subregion. Analyses were performed separately for all species and for migrant species, with an emphasis on threatened species. Bird inventories are lacking for nine of the protected areas. Existing inventories have representation values of 4-91% for all species, and 3-72% for migrant species. Assuming that all potential species occur within protected areas, representation values for the subregions were high (74-100%) but may be as low as 26% when representation values are estimated using recorded species only. For most Andean subregions representation decreased with decreasing elevation, revealing a lack of protected areas at lower elevations. In addition, 31 threatened species (26% of total), which mainly occur at lower elevations and in adjacent lowlands, are not covered by protected areas. Thus, although birds are relatively well protected by the system of reserves in the mountains of Colombia, signifi- cant gaps remain, particularly for threatened species.
The impact of foreign trade on the Czechoslovak economic reforms of the 1960s

emergence of economic pragmatism in socialist states. Some, notably Hungary and Poland, experimented with the introduction of elements of the market into their economies (economic pragmatism). Others, such as the GDR and Bulgaria, remained committed to Soviet-type centrally planned economies (economic orthodoxy). Two basic arguments are offered in the literature to explain this variation. The first is purely economic in character. Lowenthal proposes that there was a conflict between the ideological goals of these regimes and the spontaneous social evolution which occurred as a result of the moderisation that they desired. Eventually the regimes stopped pushing for further revolutionary changes 'because the cost of further imposed transformations to the regime itself, in terms of economic strength and international power, [was] seen by the regime as prohibitive'.' Thus, Lowenthal views the emergence of economic pragmatism as the inevitable result in a struggle between incompatible utopian and developmental goals. In this type of approach, domestic economic variables such as the level of development, the size of the country, and openness to the international economy are considered to be important determinants of the emergence of economic pragmatism. However, there are two problems with Lowenthal's theory. First, it is virtually non-falsifiable since it offers no hypotheses about the timing of the process. Second, it does not explain variations in the reform experience of socialist states which are counter to what one would expect if it were true. As the Hungarian economist Tamas Bauer observes, 'a small country with a mature economy like the GDR has insisted on merely perfecting its existing economic mechanism, while less-developed Hungary and less-developed, considerably larger Poland have set out to reform theirs'.2 The second argument about the emergence of economic pragmatism emphasises the role of domestic political factors. Comisso focuses on the role of leadership choice: 'While the interaction of state structures and changing empirical conditions establishes an agenda and an arena for collective choice, then what changes are made are the product of how leaders capture power and what they wish to do with it'.3 Thus, Comisso emphasises that leaders may or may not choose to adopt economic pragmatism and that their choice will depend upon domestic political factors and their
Local Electronic Structure around a Single Kondo Impurity

The local electronic structure due to the adsorption of Co on Cu111 is studied using an embedded cluster model, in which the crystal background is taken into account via an effective density functional theory (DFT)-based potential. This approach goes beyond the usual single-impurity Anderson model, where the ground state consists of a singly occupied impurity whose moment is compensated by the background conduction electrons. Ab initio correlated wave function calculations for the embedded cluster provide an alternative picture for this ground state and indicate that the quenching of the Co magnetic moment is due to the formation of metal-metal bonds with the Cu substrate. Low-lying excitations are also studied within the embedding model, and our results are discussed in the context of scanning tunneling microscopy experiments (Manoharan, H. C.; Lutz, C. P.; Eigler, D. M. Nature 2000, 403, 512), which find a sharp tunneling resonance localized in the vicinity of the Co adatom.
Robustness analysis for MIMO systems with unstructured uncertainties

This paper studies the relationship between the structured singular value and the Nyquist robust stability margin as applied to uncertain MIMO systems. The two stability criteria are evaluated for an open-loop unstable chemical reactor plant that has two inputs and two outputs. This numerical analysis gives an empirical demonstration of the relationship between the two stability margins and further research is targeted towards obtaining an analytical expression for some general classes of uncertainties.
How evaporating carbon nanotubes retain their perfection

We present a mechanism of high-temperature sublimation of carbon nanotubes that does not destroy their ordered makeup even upon significant loss of mass. The atoms depart to the gas phase from the pentagon-heptagon dislocation cores, while the bond disruption is immediately repaired, and the 5|7 seamlessly propagate through the lattice. This explains a broad class of unsettled phenomena when at high temperature or under radiation the nanotubes do not become amorphous but rather shrink in size nearly flawlessly.
Design-time performance evaluation of thermal management policies for SRAM and RRAM based 3D MPSoCs

3D-ICs hold significant promise for future generation multi processor systems-on-chip due to their potential for increased performance, decreased power, heterogeneous integration, and reduced cost over planar ICs. However, the vertical integration of these structures exacerbates the heat dissipation and run-time thermal management issues. There have been a number of design- and run-time thermal management policies proposed, but few focus on examining overall system performance. Additionally, the heterogeneity of 3D-ICs allows for the integration of novel technologies, such as resistive random access memories (RRAMs), which offer higher density and lower power than traditional CMOS memory technologies. Our work presents a flexible design-time simulation framework to evaluate system performance and thermal profiles of 3D MPSoCs. We utilize this framework to study the effect of three dynamic thermal management policies (air-cooled load balancing, liquid-cooled load balancing, and air-cooled DVFS) on system performance and die temperature for multi-tiered 3D MPSoCs utilizing SRAM and RRAM-based L2 caches. We find that RRAM-based caches lower overall average maximum temperatures by 120 K and 24 K for air and liquid cooling systems, respectively (when compared to SRAM-based caches), at a worst-case performance delay of 47% and best-case delay of 13% for the parallel shared-memory benchmarks studied.
Optimizing and tuning the fast multipole method for state-of-the-art multicore architectures

This work presents the first extensive study of single-node performance optimization, tuning, and analysis of the fast multipole method (FMM) on modern multi-core systems. We consider single- and double-precision with numerous performance enhancements, including low-level tuning, numerical approximation, data structure transformations, OpenMP parallelization, and algorithmic tuning. Among our numerous findings, we show that optimization and parallelization can improve double-precision performance by 25× on Intel's quad-core Nehalem, 9.4× on AMD's quad-core Barcelona, and 37.6× on Sun's Victoria Falls (dual-sockets on all systems). We also compare our single-precision version against our prior state-of-the-art GPU-based code and show, surprisingly, that the most advanced multicore architecture (Nehalem) reaches parity in both performance and power efficiency with NVIDIA's most advanced GPU architecture.
Comments on the noise equivalent source in the Langevin technique

The concept of the "noise equivalent source" in the Langevin equation description of fluctuations in nuclear reactors is reexamined within the framework of the Markov assumption to clarify the ambiguity in the recent literature concerning different interpretations of the Schottky formula. Particular attention is paid to the calculation of the cross power spectral density of two out-of-core detectors to elucidate the effect of the detection process on the observed power spectral densities.
Semi-supervised learning using greedy max-cut

Graph-based semi-supervised learning (SSL) methods play an increasingly important role in practical machine learning systems, particularly in agnostic settings when no parametric information or other prior knowledge is available about the data distribution. Given the constructed graph represented by a weight matrix, transductive inference is used to propagate known labels to predict the values of all unlabeled vertices. Designing a robust label diffusion algorithm for such graphs is a widely studied problem and various methods have recently been suggested. Many of these can be formalized as regularized function estimation through the minimization of a quadratic cost. However, most existing label diffusion methods minimize a univariate cost with the classification function as the only variable of interest. Since the observed labels seed the diffusion process, such univariate frameworks are extremely sensitive to the initial label choice and any label noise. To alleviate the dependency on the initial observed labels, this article proposes a bivariate formulation for graph-based SSL, where both the binary label information and a continuous classification function are arguments of the optimization. This bivariate formulation is shown to be equivalent to a linearly constrained Max-Cut problem. Finally an efficient solution via greedy gradient Max-Cut (GGMC) is derived which gradually assigns unlabeled vertices to each class with minimum connectivity. Once convergence guarantees are established, this greedy Max-Cut based SSL is applied on both artificial and standard benchmark data sets where it obtains superior classification accuracy compared to existing state-of-the-art SSL methods. Moreover, GGMC shows robustness with respect to the graph construction method and maintains high accuracy over extensive experiments with various edge linking and weighting schemes.
Life History, Environment, and Deme Extinction in the Chinese Mantid Tenodera aridifolia sinensis (Mantodea: Mantidae)

Abstract We studied four demes of the Chinese praying mantid, Tenodera aridifolia sinensis Saussure, in southwestern Virginia for periods ranging from one to six growing seasons to determine life history parameters and population dynamics of this introduced univoltine species. Survival from egg hatch to imago averaged 5%, but there was no significant relationship between initial and adult densities, both of which were highly variable within and among demes. The lowest survival rates (including two deme extinctions) occurred in years where precipitation during the first 2 mo after egg hatch was >50% below a 30-yr mean. Most mortality occurs during the juvenile stadia as a function of food limitation; therefore, dry conditions may have exacerbated this condition. Fecundity was not related to density of adults, but females that were food limited had lower fecundities than those not food limited. Replacement rate, R, averaged ≈1.0 but also was highly variable and was not a significant predictor of densities i...
The Effects of Local Workplace Smoking Laws on Smoking Restrictions and Exposure to Smoke at Work.

We provide new evidence on the effects of workplace smoking restrictions by studying more than 100 local smoking ordinances in Ontario, Canada from 1997-2004. We advance the literature by examining local (as opposed to state or provincial) laws in a quasi-experimental framework and by explicitly testing for effects on worksite compliance and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). We show that the local laws significantly increased workplace smoking restrictions for blue collar workers, and among this group the laws (and, by implication, workplace smoking bans) reduced ETS exposure by 28-33 percent. We find smaller and insignificant estimates for other workers.
A new livebearing fish, Heterandria tuxtlaensis, from Lake Catemaco, Veracruz, Mexico (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae)

A new species of poeciliid fish, Heterandria tuxtlaensis sp. n., is described from Lake Catemaco in southern Veracruz, Mexico. Based on traditional and geometric morphometrics, H. tuxtlaensis differs most substantially from its likely sister species H. bimaculata in possessing short dorsal and caudal fins, a short dorsal fin base composed of fewer fin rays, a more shallow body, and a relatively small basicaudal spot restricted to the area above the mid lateral line. Description of this new species brings the number of known endemics in Lake Catemaco to six. This high level of endemicity complements genetic and geological findings suggesting the lake is ancient and well separated from surrounding fish populations.
Endovascular recanalization of internal carotid artery occlusion in acute ischemic stroke

BACKGROUND: Endovascular therapy (ET) of internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis is equivalent to carotid endarterectomy for stroke prevention; however, patients with ICA occlusion and acute symptoms are traditionally not candidates for ET. We report our experience in endovascular recanalization of acute stroke patients with ICA occlusion. PATIENTS AND TECHNIQUES: We reviewed our registry for acute stroke patients treated with ET who had (1) ICA occlusion by digital subtraction angiography (thrombolysis in myocardial ischemia=0) with location of type II (above ophthalmic artery involving M1 or A1 but not both) or type III (proximal to the ophthalmic artery but distal to the bifurcation); (2) acute stroke symptoms from the index lesion presenting 3 hours after onset of symptoms; (3) minimal ischemic changes on brain CT scan (less than one third of the MCA territory); (4) attempted ET. Neuroradiologists reviewed angiograms for thrombolysis in cerebral infarction. A blinded vascular neurologist reviewed postprocedural brain imaging for Alberta Stroke Program Early CT (ASPECT) scoring. Outcome scales were assessed. RESULTS: We identified 14 patients, 10 of whom were men (mean age, 58 ± 14 years; median age, 54 years; age range, 40–74 years). There were 8 left ICA occlusions, 3 type II; and 6 right ICA occlusions, one type II. Median baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was 17 (range, 11–25; mean, 18 ± 4.9). Mean time to ET was 389 ± 103 minutes (median, 306 minutes; range, 197–1290 minutes). Immediate recanalization occurred in 64%. Decrease in expected stroke volume by brain imaging occurred in 50% with mean ASPECT score of 4 ± 2.9 (median, 3; range, 0–8; 21% ≥ 8). Two hemorrhages occurred, one symptomatic; 3 patients died. Good outcome was achieved in 64% of cases. CONCLUSION: Endovascular therapy of carotid occlusion in hyperacute stroke patients is feasible and may help to reduce stroke volume and increase good outcome in some patients.
Analysis of on-chip inductance effects for distributed RLC interconnects

This paper introduces an accurate analysis of on-chip inductance effects for distributed RLC interconnects that takes the effect of both the series resistance and the output parasitic capacitance of the driver into account. Using rigorous first principle calculations, accurate expressions for the transfer function of these lines and their time-domain response have been presented for the first time. Using these, a new and computationally efficient performance optimization techniques for distributed RLC interconnects has been introduced. The new optimization technique has been employed to analyze the impact of line inductance on the circuit behavior and to illustrate the implications of technology scaling on wire inductance. It is shown that reduction in driver output resistance and input capacitance with scaling can make deep submicron designs increasingly susceptible to inductance effects if global interconnects are not scaled. For scaled global interconnects with increasing line resistance per unit length, as prescribed by the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors, the effect of inductance on interconnect performance actually diminishes.
Public debt, secular stagnation and functional finance

Fiscal policy and public debt may be required to maintain full employment and avoid secular stagnation. This conclusion emerges from a range of different models, including OLG specifications and stock‐flow consistent (post‐) Keynesian models. One of the determinants of the required long‐run debt ratio is the rate of economic growth. Low growth leads to high debt, and empirical correlations between growth and debt may reflect this causal effect of growth on debt, rather than negative effects of debt on growth. A second result relates directly to austerity policies. The level of government consumption and the structure of taxation influence the required debt ratio and, paradoxically, austerity policies are counterproductive on their own terms: cuts in government consumption lead to an increase in the required level of debt.
Whose Ear to Bend? Information Sources and Venue Choice in Policy-Making

Important conceptualizations of both interest groups and bureaucratic agencies suggest that these institutions provide legislatures with greater information for use in policy-making. Yet little is known about how these information sources interact in the policy process as a whole. In this paper we consider this issue analytically, and develop a model of policy-making in which multiple sources of information – from the bureaucracy, an interest group, or a legislature's own in-house development – can be brought to bear on policy. Lobbyists begin this process by selecting a venue – Congress or a standing bureaucracy – in which to press for a policy change. The main findings of the paper are that self-selection of lobbyists into different policy-making venues can be informative per se, and that this self-selection can make legislatures prefer delegation to ideologically distinct bureaucratic agents over ideologically close ones. Changes within the FederalTrade Commission during the 1970s are reinterpreted in the context of our model.
Improving the Nephrology Match: the Path Forward

The Fellowship Match process was designed to provide applicants and program directors with an opportunity to consider all their options before making decisions about post-residency training. In a Match, applicants can choose the programs that best suit their career goals, and program directors can consider all candidates before preparing a rank order list. The Match is a contract, requiring obligations of both programs and applicants to achieve success, ensure uniformity, and standardize participation.
Coupled thermal stress simulations of ductile tearing

Predictions for ductile tearing of a geometrically complex Ti-6Al-4V plate were generated using a Unified Creep Plasticity Damage model in fully coupled thermal stress simulations. Uniaxial tension and butterfly shear tests performed at displacement rates of 0.0254 and 25.4 mm/s were also simulated. Results from these simulations revealed that the material temperature increase due to plastic work can have a dramatic effect on material ductility predictions in materials that exhibit little strain hardening. This occurs because the temperature increase causes the apparent hardening of the material to decrease which leads to the initiation of deformation localization and subsequent ductile tearing earlier in the loading process.
The Effects of Proteasome Inhibitors on Bone Remodeling in Multiple Myeloma

Bone disease is a characteristic feature of multiple myeloma, a malignant plasma cell dyscrasia. In patients with multiple myeloma, the normal process of bone remodeling is dysregulated by aberrant bone marrow plasma cells, resulting in increased bone resorption, prevention of new bone formation, and consequent bone destruction. The ubiquitin-proteasome system, which is hyperactive in patients with multiple myeloma, controls the catabolism of several proteins that regulate bone remodeling. Clinical studies have reported that treatment with the first-in-class proteasome inhibitor bortezomib reduces bone resorption and increases bone formation and bone mineral density in patients with multiple myeloma. Since the introduction of bortezomib in 2003, several next-generation proteasome inhibitors have also been used clinically, including carfilzomib, oprozomib, ixazomib, and delanzomib. This review summarizes the available preclinical and clinical evidence regarding the effect of proteasome inhibitors on bone remodeling in multiple myeloma.
The Vitamin A Content of Fresh and Stored Shell Eggs

ABSTRACT THE vitamin A content of fresh and stored shell eggs has been determined as part of a study of changes in composition occurring when shell eggs are kept in cold storage. Egg yolk is one of the better food sources of vitamin A, one egg furnishing 4 to 16 percent of the daily requirement (Boucher, 1941). Any losses of vitamin A from such a rich dietary source is of importance nutritionally. Large numbers of eggs are stored for extended times, and so-called fresh eggs are usually several days old before they are eaten. According to previous work from this laboratory, eggs stored for 12 months lost 18 percent of the niacin (Evans et al., 1951a), 51 percent of the vitamin B6 (Evans et al., 1951b), 14 percent of the riboflavin (Evans et al., 1952a), 8 percent of the pantothenic acid (Evans et al., 1952b), 27 percent of the folic acid . . .
Large-eddy simulations of sound due to turbulence mixing inside an ejector

AIAA and CEAS, Aeroacoustics Conference, 2nd, State College, PA, May 6-8, 1996 Large-eddy simulations of sound and flow fields generated by turbulence mixing inside an ejector nozzle are carried out. A circular ejector configuration with a single-element primary nozzle is adopted here. The Favre-filtered Navier-Stokes equations with the Smagorinsky sub-grid scale model are solved by a high-accuracy finite difference scheme to study both the turbulence flow and the sound fields. Nonreflecting acoustics and instabitity boundary conditions are used at the inlet as well as the exit of the ejector to eliminate the nonphysical reflections. (Author)
Nano-scale Conductive Films for High Performance Fine Pitch Interconnect

In this paper, a novel nano-scale conductive film which combines the advantages of both traditional anisotropic conductive adhesives/films (ACAs/ACFs) and nonconductive adhesives/films (NCAs/NCFs) is introduced and developed for next generation high performance ultra-fine pitch packaging applications. This novel interconnect film possesses the properties of electrical conduction along the z-direction with relatively low bonding pressure (ACF-like) and the ultra-fine pitch (< 100 nm) capability (NCF-like). Unlike typical ACF which requires 1–5 vol% of conductive fillers, the novel nano-scale conductive film only needs less than 0.1 vol% conductive fillers to achieve good electrical conductance in the z direction. The nano-scale conductive film also allows a lower bonding pressure than NCF to achieve a much lower joint resistance (over two orders of magnitude lower than typical ACF joints) and higher current carrying capability. With low temperature sintering of nano-silver fillers, the joint resistance of the nano-scale conductive film could be as low as 10−5 Ohm, even lower than the NCF and lead-free solder joints. The reliability of the nano-scale conductive film after high temperature and humidity test (85°C/85%RH) was also improved compared to the NCF joints. As such, a high performance, fine pitch conductive film was developed.
Reproduction of Bacteria from the Large Bodies of B. funduliformis

The significance of large round bodies which develop in various bacterial cultures was discussed in a preceding paper.1 The germination of the large bodies usually produces a peculiar growth which in appearance and morphology is similar to the pleuropneumonia group of organisms. Observations of certain cultures suggest that this is not the only way in which the large bodies germinate; they may reproduce also bacteria of usual shape and size. The development of bacteria inside the large bodies was clearly visible in one instance in a colon bacillus culture.2 The observation of a B. funduli-jormis strain in which this process occurred regularly and could be reproduced at will allowed a more thorough study of it.Transformation of bacteria into large swollen forms is a characteristic property of B. fundulifomis. In the first strain which was studied, the germination of the large bodies produced pleuropneumonia-like colonies which could be propagated in pure culture. In a second strain, under certain condition...
Modeling the effects of microscale fabric complexity on the anisotropy of the Eagle Ford Shale

AbstractMicroscale fabric influences the elastic properties of rock formations. The complexity of the microscale fabric of shale results from composition, platy clay minerals, kerogen, and their preferred orientation patterns. This microscale fabric is also the likely cause of the elastic anisotropy of the rock. In this paper, we have developed a comprehensive three-step rock-physics approach to model the anisotropic elastic properties of the Upper Eagle Ford Shale. We started with anisotropic differential effective medium modeling, followed by an orientation correction, and then a pressure adjustment. This method accounts for the microscale fabric of the rock in terms of the complex composition, shape, and alignment of clay minerals, pore space, and kerogen. In addition, we accounted for different pressure-dependent behaviors of P- and S-waves. Our modeling provides anisotropic stiffnesses and pseudologs of anisotropy parameters. The modeling results match the log measurements relatively well. The clay c...
A REACTIVE POWER/VOLTAGE OPTIMIZATION BASED ON FUZZY LINEAR PROGRAMMING

In general the traditional reactive power/voltage optimization is such a single objective optimization problem in which the decrement of active transmission power loss and the restraint of the least control variables are not considered at the same time, besides, the voltage constraints which are called as the soft constraint is not considered while the voltage constraint is processed. To solve this problem the fuzzy linear programming algorithm is led in and the mathematical model is derived by which the fuzzy multi-objective constraint can be transformed into crisp single objective constraint. The results of calculation examples show that the relation among the decrement of transmission losses, the restraint of the number of control variables and to ensure the voltage margin at the nodes can be well coordinated by fuzzy linear programming algorithm. Under the premise of adjustment of finite control variables the violated voltage can be corrected, the transmission losses can be decreased, meanwhile specified margins for all nodes can be ensured.