cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A boundary condition for Guderley’s converging shock problem

The Guderley model of a self-similar imploding shock based on the group invariance of the flow equations is a powerful tool in understanding the behavior of converging shock waves. Two modifications described here improve the predictions of observable quantities in spherical-shock wave experiments. First, a noninfinite boundary condition is established by the isentropic release of the outer pressure. Second, a two-temperature system of ions and electrons allows description of higher temperatures while conserving energy and without perturbing the overall hydrodynamics of the solution. These modifications of the Guderley model improve the prediction of the observables in laser driven spherical shock experiments in reference to a one dimensional (1-D) hydrodynamics code.
Mortality Risk Score for Critically Ill Patients with Viral or Unspecified Pneumonia: Assisting Clinicians with COVID-19 ECMO Planning

Respiratory complications due to coronavirus have claimed hundreds of thousands of lives in 2020. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a life-sustaining oxygenation and ventilation therapy that may be used when mechanical ventilation is insufficient. While early planning and surgical cannulation for ECMO can increase survival, clinicians report the lack of a risk score hinders these efforts. We develop the PEER score to highlight critically ill patients with viral or unspecified pneumonia at high risk of mortality in a subpopulation eligible for ECMO. The score is validated across two critical care datasets, and predicts mortality at least as well as other existing risk scores.
Arts and cultural entrepreneurship

The topic of arts and culture in entrepreneurship holds great interest to scholars from many disciplines and to policymakers keen on “Creative Class” development and revitalizing local communities. Much research has explored the role of cultural amenities and milieu in fostering entrepreneurial activity. Having artists and cultural sector workers around provides fertile ground for entrepreneurship. Yet when one looks beyond the highly aggregated correlations and case studies of entrepreneurial artists, research on the roles played by arts workers and the creative sector as entrepreneurial agents remains underdeveloped. This special issue advances the entrepreneurship literature through a collection of articles that explore the entrepreneurial roles, natures, and practices of artists. These articles address fundamental questions about the roles of creativity, entrepreneurship, and psychology as well as more applied questions about the use and implications of online crowd funding platforms and how arts entrepreneurs adapt to their experiences and environments. The excellent work by the contributors to this special issue contributes to the literature with rigorous scholarship and set the stage for more to come.
49 In situ phenotypic analysis of T cells in the tumor microenvironment of a pre-clinical model of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by tissue sectioning and whole-mount immunofluorescence imaging

Background Understanding the interactions between tumor and immune cells is critical for improving current immunotherapies. Pre-clinical and clinical evidence has shown that failed T cell infiltration into lung cancer lesions might be associated with low responsiveness towards checkpoint blockade.1 For this reason, it is necessary to characterize not only the phenotype of T cells in tumor-bearing lungs but also their spatial location in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Multiplex immunofluorescence staining allows the simultaneous use of several cell markers to study the state and the spatial location of cell populations in the tissue of interest. Although this technique is usually applied to thin tissue sections (5 to 12 µm), the analysis of large tissue volumes may provide a better understanding of the spatial distribution of cells in relation to the TME. Here, we analyzed the number and spatial distribution of cytotoxic T cells and other immune cells in the TME of tumor-bearing lungs, using both 12 µm sections and whole-mount preparations imaged by confocal microscopy. Methods Lung tumors were induced in C57BL/6 mice by tail vein injection of a cancer cell line derived from KrasG12D/+ and Tp53-/- mice. Lung tissue with a diverse degree of T cell infiltration was collected after 21 days post tumor induction. Tissue was fixed in 4% PFA, followed by snap-frozen for sectioning. Whole-mount preparations were processed according to Weizhe Li et al. (2019) 2 for tissue clearing and multiplex volume imaging. T cells were labeled with CD8 and FOXP3 antibodies to identify cytotoxic or regulatory T cells, respectively. Tumor cells were labeled with a pan-Keratin antibody. Images were acquired using a Leica SP8 confocal microscope. FIJI3 and IMARIS were used for image processing. Results We identified both cytotoxic and regulatory T cell populations in the TME using thin sections and whole-mount. However, using whole-mount after tissue clearing allowed us to better evaluate the spatial distribution of the T cell populations in relation to the tumor structure. Furthermore, tissue clearance facilitates the imaging of larger volumes using multiplex immunofluorescence. Conclusions Analysis of large lung tissue volumes provides a better understanding of the location of immune cell populations in relation to the TME and allows to study heterogeneous immune infiltration on a per-lesion base. This valuable information will improve the characterization of the TME and the definition of cancer-immune phenotypes in NSCLC. References Teng MW, et al., Classifying cancers based on T-cell infiltration and PD-L1. Cancer Res 2015;75(11): p. 2139–45. Li W, Germain RN, and Gerner MY. High-dimensional cell-level analysis of tissues with Ce3D multiplex volume imaging. Nat Protoc 2019;14(6): p. 1708–1733. Schindelin J, et al, Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis. Nat Methods 2012;9(7): p. 676–82.
White Space(s) and the Reproduction of White Supremacy

In the past two decades, social scientists have begun to explicitly interrogate the racialized economic, political, cultural, and ideological mechanisms of social space. This work interrogates the ...
Firearm injuries in children: a missed opportunity for firearm safety education.

Background Surgeons frequently care for children who have sustained gunshot wounds (GSWs). However, firearm safety education is not a focus in general surgery training. We hypothesised that firearm safety discussions do not routinely take place when children present to a trauma centre with a GSW. Method A retrospective review of patients Results A total of 226 patients with GSWs were identified, 22% were unintentional and 63% were assault. Firearm safety discussions took place in 10 cases (4.4%). Firearm safety discussions were more likely to occur after unintentional injuries compared with other mechanisms (16.0% vs 1.3%, p Conclusion At a paediatric trauma centre, firearm safety discussions occurred in 4.4% of cases of children presenting with a GSW. There is a significant room for improvement in providing safety education interventions.
#SayHerName: Should Obstetrics and Gynecology Reckon with the Legacy of JM Sims?

Dr. James Marion Sims has been heralded as the “father of modern gynecology” for his groundbreaking surgical technique to repair post-partum vesicovaginal fistulas (VVF); however, the ethical concerns around his inhumane practices and the contributions of the enslaved women he refined his technique on are rarely recognized. Acknowledging the personal sacrifice of the enslaved women and addressing the truth behind the immoral practices of Sims, encourages reconciliation of the race-based medical atrocities of the past and sets the tone for moral, more equitable medical care moving forward.
The Most Important Skills Required by Local Public Health Departments for Responding to Community Needs and Improving Health Outcomes

In 2017, Public Health 3.0 was introduced, providing recommendations that expand traditional public department functions and programs. Operationalizing the framework requires that local health departments invest in the requisite professional skills to respond to their community's needs. The purpose of this paper is to determine the professional skills that are most important for local health departments to respond to large public health issues and challenges that are having a major impact on their communities. The study used a cross-sectional assessment of the education and training needs of local public health departments in Nebraska following the principles of practice-based systems research. The assessment was designed to assess the training and education needs of local health department staff members. The questions measured the perceived importance of and respondent's capacity across 57 core competencies for public health professionals modified from the Council on Linkages Between Academia and Public Health Practice. A total of 104 staff members from seven local health departments were requested to complete the assessment and 100% of the individuals responded to and completed the assessment. Twenty-eight skills were identified as the most important skills needed for local health departments. The skills were themed and categorized into four domains. (1) Data, Evaluation, and Quality Improvement, (2) Community Engagement and Facilitation, (3) Systems Thinking and Leadership, and (4) Policy and Advocacy. The results from this analysis provide direction to strengthen and transform the public health system into one that is connected, responsive, and nimble. Additionally, it also highlighted a glaring omission that Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion should be included as the fifth domain.
A case of catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: first report with advanced cardiac imaging using MRI.

This present case pertains to a 48-year-old woman with a history of antiphospholipid syndrome, who presented with progressive fatigue, generalized weakness, and orthopnea acutely. She had a prior diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome with recurrent deep vein thromboses (DVTs) and repeated demonstration of lupus anticoagulants. She presented in cardiogenic shock with markedly elevated troponin and global myocardial dysfunction on echocardiography, and cardiac catheterization revealed minimal disease. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was performed, which revealed findings of perfusion defects and microvascular obstruction, consistent with the pathophysiology of catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS). Diagnosis was made based on supportive imaging, including head magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealing multifocal, acute strokes; microvascular thrombosis in the dermis; and subacute renal infarctions. The patient was anticoagulated with intravenous unfractionated heparin and received high-dose met...
The Control of Cell Multiplication and Differentiation in Human Myelomonocytic Cells

To identify steps in the signal transduction pathway that lead to monocyte/macrophage maturation, we used human promyelocytic HL-60 cells that are either susceptible or resistant to such a differentiation induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13- acetate (PMA). Unlike the cells from susceptible cell lines, the PMA-resistant variants did not express the genes that code for the protein kinase C (PKC) β isozyme and a “δ-like” PKC. The resistant cells also exhibited an attenuated PMA-induced expression of the early response genes junB, c-fos, and c-jun. These results suggest that the signal transduction pathway that leads to PMA-induced differentiation in the HL-60 cell system requires specific PKC isozymes for the proper expression of the early response genes and ultimately for the expression of genes that define the mature state.
Prediction of retention indexes. IV. Chain branching in alkylbenzene isomers with C10-13 alkyl chains identified in a scintillator solvent.

Abstract Twenty solvent components in a commercial scintillator were identified by chromatography on polar and non-polar columns and by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as isomeric 1-(alkyl)m(alkyl)nbenzenes with formulae C16H26,C17H28,C18H30 and C19H32. These isomers occur in four clusters of chromatographic peaks representing ca. 6, 44, 34 and 16% of the total solvent mass. The retention indexes of the isomers are influenced by the lengths of the alkyl chains in the molecule, and their polarity and polarizability can affect the column difference, which is the difference between retention indexes on polar and non-polar columns. 1-Methylalkylbenzenes have higher retention indexes and larger column differences than the evenly distributed isomers, such as 1-butylhexyl-,1-pentylhexyl, 1-pentylheptyl- and 1-pentyloctylbenzene. The results demonstrate the effect of structural symmetry on the retention indexes of the isomers. This study shows that the ability to relate GC data and column differences to structures can facilitate the interpretation of GC-MS data in the structure identification of isomers.
Formation of Organic Compounds in Solid Bodies by Solar and Cosmic Proton Bombardment

The organic matter present in meteorites is generally considered to have been incorporated in the bodies at the time they were formed. Except for the possibility of biological origin, little consideration has been given to processes which might produce organic compounds after termination of gas-phase interactions in the solar nebula. It has been found that measurable quantities of both hydroxyl ions and hydrocarbons can be produced in solids by proton irradiation. Proton and deuteron energies between 0.5 and 1.5 MeV and total doses of approximately 1017 particles were used in the experiments. When solids such as diamond or silicon carbide are irradiated with protons or deuterons, some of the characteristic infrared absorption bands for hydrocarbons appear in their spectra. Hydroxyl ions and water can be produced in silicates by similar bombardment, and there is no reason to doubt that protons can react with nitrogen to produce N-H bonds. Thus far, experimental work has been limited to irradiation of pure crystalline substances. In meteorites, however, mixtures of carbon-, oxygen- and nitrogen-containing substances might react more readily under proton bombardment to produce complex organic molecules.
A Path-Based Distance for Street Map Comparison

Comparing two geometric graphs embedded in space is important in the field of transportation network analysis. Given street maps of the same city collected from different sources, researchers often need to know how and where they differ. However, the majority of current graph comparison algorithms are based on structural properties of graphs, such as their degree distribution or their local connectivity properties, and do not consider their spatial embedding. This ignores a key property of road networks since the similarity of travel over two road networks is intimately tied to the specific spatial embedding. Likewise, many current algorithms specific to street map comparison either do not provide quality guarantees or focus on spatial embeddings only. Motivated by road network comparison, we propose a new path-based distance measure between two planar geometric graphs that is based on comparing sets of travel paths generated over the graphs. Surprisingly, we are able to show that using paths of bounded link-length, we can capture global structural and spatial differences between the graphs. We show how to utilize our distance measure as a local signature in order to identify and visualize portions of high similarity in the maps. Finally, we present an experimental evaluation of our distance measure and its local signature on street map data from Berlin, Germany and Athens, Greece.
Characterization and Recognition of Point-Halfspace and Related Orders

We characterize four classes of geometric membership and containment orders-structurally and in terms of forbidden subposets-and present linear- or near linear-time recognition algorithms for each class. We also show that recognizing point-halfspace orders in ℝ2 is NP-hard for d≥2.
Involvement of single-stranded tails in homologous recombination of DNA injected into Xenopus laevis oocyte nuclei.

Abstract Homologous recombination of DNA molecules injected into Xenopus laevis oocyte nuclei is extremely efficient when those molecules are linear and have overlapping homologous ends. It was previously shown that a 5'----3' exonuclease activity in oocytes attacks injected linear DNAs and leaves them with single-stranded 3' tails. We tested the hypothesis that such tailed molecules are early intermediates on the pathway to recombination products. Substrates with 3' tails were made in vitro and injected into oocytes, where they recombined rapidly and efficiently. In experiments with mixed substrates, molecules with 3' tails entered recombination intermediates and products more rapidly than did molecules with flush ends. Molecules endowed in vitro with 5' tails also recombined efficiently in oocytes, but their rate was not faster than for flush-ended substrates. In most cases, the 5' tails served as templates for resynthesis of the 3' strands, regenerating duplex ends which then entered the normal recombination pathway. In oocytes from one animal, some of the 5' tails were removed, and this was exacerbated when resynthesis was partially blocked. Analysis by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of recombination intermediates from 5'-tailed substrates confirmed that they had acquired 3' tails as a result of the action of the 5'----3' exonuclease. These results demonstrate that homologous recombination in oocytes proceeds via a pathway that involves single-stranded 3' tails. Molecular models incorporating this feature are discussed.
It’s Not You, It’s Your (Old) Vagina: Osphena’s Articulation of Sexual Dysfunction

Released to an American market in 2013 the pharmaceutical drug Osphena was heralded as an innovative, hormone-free therapeutic option to cure two dysfunctions associated with menopausal women’s bodies: vaginal atrophy and dyspareunia. Yet a critical examination of the drug, its advertising, and associated discourses presents an opportunity to explore not only the medicalization of aging but also direct-to-consumer advertising’s role in perpetuating ideologies concerned with normalcy, normal bodies, normal sex, and normal gender performance. This project undertakes a critical feminist analysis of Osphena’s advertising campaign and the public’s response, incorporating Foucaultian theory and a bioethical perspective, and ultimately re-contextualizing them within medical discourses that highlight the pharmaceutical benefits associated with widespread adoption of the “deficiency” perspective that the drug perpetuates. I claim that the Osphena campaign is a clear contemporary illustration that the age-old rhetoric of women’s bodies as requiring medical intervention to resist aging is far from passe, and suggest that images and rhetoric of empowerment would be more readily accepted without relying upon dated and cliched depictions of female sexuality.
Parallel error tolerance scheme based on the hill climbing nature of simulated annealing

In parallelizing simulated annealing in a multicomputer, maintaining the global state S involves explicit message traffic and is a critical performance bottleneck. One way to mitigate this bottleneck is to amortize the overhead of these state updates over as many parallel state changes as possible. Using this technique introduces errors in the calculated cost C(S) of a particular state S used by the annealing process. Analytically derived bounds are placed on this error in order to assure convergence to the correct result. The resulting parallel simulated annealing algorithm dynamically changes the frequency of global updates as a function of the annealing control parameter, i.e., temperature. Implementation results on the Intel iPSC/2 are reported. >
Modeling of EMI emissions from microstrip structures with imperfect reference planes

This paper briefly describes an effort to use numerical modeling tools to simulate a PCB with a microstrip and understand the effect of improper microstrip design in terms of EMI emissions. Measurement data is used to first validate the model, then various microstrip designs are implemented, and their effects noted. This effort was part of an effort to develop a set of internal microstrip design guidelines which went far beyond the normal guidelines.
Comparison of Fluconazole and Ketoconazole in Experimental Murine Blastomycosis

Fluconazole, a new oral triazole antifungal agent, was tested against Blastomyces dermatitidis in vitro and in a murine model (pulmonary challenge) and compared with ketoconazole, an oral imidazole known to be effective against this agent in mice and in humans. Although fluconazole appeared less active than ketoconazole in vitro, in experiments involving 3 weeks of treatment and 2 months of observation, fluconazole was greater than 10 times as potent (mg/kg) in vivo against blastomycosis (prolongation of life). In the model neither drug was curative at the doses and regimens used. A possible explanation for the efficacy of fluconazole in vivo is its favorable pharmacokinetic profile (i.e., prolonged serum concentrations that exceeded the MIC for the pathogen after oral administration). Dosages of 100 mg/(kg.d) were tolerated for 3 weeks without evident toxicity.
Behavioral mediators of colorectal cancer screening in a randomized controlled intervention trial

Background Understanding mediators for behavioral change is important for the optimization of intervention strategies. This report examines mediators of change in the context of a randomized controlled intervention trial (Los Angeles, 2004–2009) that successfully increased colorectal cancer (CRC) screening among Filipino Americans.
Changes in Nitrogen Fixation Rates in Termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) Maintained in the Laboratory

Termites are host to symbiotic hindgut bacteria that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. We demonstrate that the eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), and R. virginicus (Banks) in the laboratory can regain and may exceed their original field rates of nitrogen fixation. Although these 2 species are common to our site, their identification was not confirmed because there were no alates. Termites collected during the moderate temperatures of April 1994 could maintain their original nitrogenase activity after 2 mo in the laboratory. Termites collected during the extreme cold weather of February 1994, exceeded their original nitrogen fixation rates by 67% after 4 mo in the laboratory. Length of time in the laboratory seemed to play no role in the ability of termites to fix nitrogen. However, initial environmental conditions affected the ability of termites to regain or exceed their original nitrogen fixation rates.
Thrombin and Tumor Necrosis Factor α Synergistically Stimulate Tissue Factor Expression in Human Endothelial Cells REGULATION THROUGH c-Fos AND c-Jun

Tissue factor is critically important for initiating the activation of coagulation zymogens leading to the generation of thrombin. Quiescent endothelial cells do not express tissue factor on their surface, but many stimuli including cytokines and coagulation proteases can elicit tissue factor synthesis. We challenged human endothelial cells simultaneously with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and thrombin because many pathophysiological conditions, such as sepsis, diabetes, and coronary artery disease, result in the concurrent presence of circulating inflammatory mediators and activated thrombin. We observed a remarkable synergy in the expression of tissue factor by thrombin plus TNFalpha. This was due to altered regulation of the transcription factors c-Jun and c-Fos. The activation of c-Jun was greater and more sustained than that obtained with either thrombin or TNFalpha alone. Thrombin-stimulated expression of c-Fos was both enhanced and prolonged by the concurrent presence of TNFalpha. These changes support the increased availability of c-Jun/c-Fos AP-1 complexes for mediating transcription at the tissue factor promoter. Transcription factors downstream of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases as well as changes in NFkappaB regulation were not involved in the synergistic increase in tissue factor expression by thrombin and TNFalpha. Thus, concurrent exposure of vascular endothelial cells to cytokines and procoagulant proteases such as thrombin can result in greatly enhanced tissue factor expression on the endothelium, thereby perpetuating the prothrombotic phenotype of the endothelium.
The political economy of international financial crisis : interest groups, ideologies, and institutions

Part 1 Introduction, Theoretical Overview, and Economic Background Chapter 2 Explaining Pre-Crisis Policies and Post-Crisis Responses: Coalitions and Institutions in East Asia, Latin America, and Eastern Europe Chapter 3 The Persistent Liberalizing Trend in Foreign Economic Policies: The Role of Dispersed Interest Groups, Policy Legacies, and Ideologies Chapter 4 The World Financial Crisis: Is There a Way Out? Are the IMF Prescriptions Right? Part 5 Comparative Case Studies Part 6 1. Southeast Asia Chapter 7 Thailand: Episodic Reform, Regulatory Incapacity, and Financial Crisis Chapter 8 Malaysia: Ethnic Cleavages and Controlled Liberalization Chapter 9 Indonesia: Cronyism, Indecisiveness, and Economic and Political Meltdown Part 10 2. East Asia Chapter 11 Japan: Prosperity, Dominant Party System, and Delayed Liberalization Chapter 12 South Korea: Democratization, Financial Crisis, and the Decline of the Developmental State Chapter 13 Taiwan: Sustained State Autonomy and a Step Back from Liberalization Part 14 3. Latin America Chapter 15 Mexico: Crises and the Domestic Politics of Sustained Liberalization Chapter 16 Brazil: Political Institutions and Delayed Reaction to Financial Crisis Chapter 17 Argentina: The Political Economy of Stabilization and Structural Reform Part 18 4. Central and Eastern Europe Chapter 19 Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic: National Identity and Liberalizing Consensus Chapter 20 Russia: Entrenched Post-Communist Elites Ride Out the Crisis Chapter 21 Bibliography Chapter 22 Appendix: Economic Indicators
Electron spin resonance studies of aryl-substituted cyclopolysilane anion-radicals

Abstract Several aryl-substituted cyclopolysilanes have been reduced to anion-radicals and have been studied by ESR spectroscopy. Compounds investigated were Si 5 Me 9 X (X  phenyl, biphenyl, p -Me 3 SiC 6 H 4 , p -MeC 6 H 4 ) and p -MeC 6 H 4 ) and Si 5 Me 9 SiMe 2 X (X  phenyl, p -Me 3 SiC 6 H 4 and p -Me 2 NC 6 H 4 ). The species have ESR spectra typical of delocalized cyclopentasilane anion-radicals except for biphenylnonamethylcyclopentasilane, which gives an ESR pattern indicating that the unpaired electron is mainly associated with the biphenyl ring system. An analysis of 1 H and 13 C hyperfine coupling constants for Si 5 Me 9 X −. suggests that the principal effect of the aryl substituents is inductive. The anion-radicals of Si 5 Me 9 SiMe 2 X decay to Si 5 Me 9 H −. , and the electronic nature of the aryl substituent has no major effect on the stability of the parent radical.
WT1 as a substrate of HtrA2: a potential pathway for therapeutic targeting by HtrA proteases.

Evaluation of: Hartkamp J, Carpenter B, Roberts SGE: The Wilms’ tumor suppressor protein wt1 is processed by the serine protease HtrA2/Omi. Mol. Cell 37, 159–171 (2010). WT1 is a transcription factor first cloned in 1990 as a tumor suppressor, and inactivating deletions and mutations in WT1 are found in childhood kidney Wilms’ tumor. The tumor suppressive role of WT1 is further supported by in vitro and in vivo studies in which ectopic expression of WT1 attenuated cell growth and tumor formation by promoting apoptosis through induction of proapoptotic proteins. However, WT1 is also reported to be overexpressed in adult cancer, and the functional significance of overexpression or de novo expression of WT in adult cancers is not clear, although WT1 in adult cancer may represent isoform-specific differences in WT1 function. A paper by Hartkamp et al. is discussed in this article, reporting the identification of Wilms’ tumor suppressor protein WT1 as a substrate of serine protease HtrA2 and the contribution o...
Surface charge and asbestos toxicity

ASBESTOS is a serious occupational and environmental hazard because of its fibrogenic and carcinogenic actions on the lung. Asbestos fibres exist in various physical forms, all of which are toxic. It is not known, however, which form is the most hazardous or which fibre property is the most important for inducing the toxic effects. It is thus important to examine relationships between the structure of the fibres and their biological activity. We have investigated the relationship between the surface charge and the haemolytic activity (ability to rupture the erythrocyte membrane) of asbestos. We report here that different forms of asbestos can be activated or inactivated by surface charge alterations.
The role of a posteriori victim information in judgments of blame and sanction

Information about a behavioral event that an observer possesses with certainty, but which an actor has to assess probabilistically (a posteriori information), strongly influences ascriptions of blame and sanction when the actor's behavior produces negative consequences. This finding was obtained in four experiments in which a victim was killed in an act of presumed self-defense. The first study demonstrated that a posteriori information indicating that the victim was an innocent person as opposed to a dangerous criminal led to heightened ratings of actor blame. The second and third studies replicated these findings (and extended them to sentence recommendations) and also indicated that this effects was due specifically to the victim's criminal nature rather than to a globally negative dispositional evaluation of the victim. The fourth study provided evidence that the effect of a posteriori information was based on subjects holding the actor up to a different standard of reasonable behavior rather than to inferences about the actor's perception of the situation.
Effects of Propagating Autographa californica Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus and Its Trichoplusia ni Variant in Different Hosts

When polyhedra of Autographa californica passaged several times in Spodoptera exigua were passaged in Trichoplusia ni , the size of the polyhedra increased considerably. In addition, these polyhedra contained more virions per cross section of polyhedral inclusion body (PIB), contained a greater mean and mode of nucleocapsids per virion, and were more virulent to neonate T. ni . The polyhedra of T. ni after several passages in T. ni were not altered in size when passaged in S. exigua . However, these polyhedra had more virions per cross section of PIB, had a greater mean and mode of nucleocapsids per virion, and were more virulent to neonate T. ni than were PIBs of T. ni produced in T. ni larvae.
Benjamin Rush and his friends on human nature.

The 18th century writers explored the nature of man and decided mankind was divided into six subdivisions. Studying man from a naturalistic viewpoint raised doubts about God's primary role, a questioning totally unacceptable to Benjamin Rush. Rush considered all of mankind as originating from God's original pair, but bearing a deficiency and vulnerability from their original sin. He viewed man as a physiologist, as a materialist, and as a monist. Modifying the Scottisch philosophers extensive faculty psychology, he accepted nine mental faculties and of these considered the moral sense essential. Rush and his friend, Thomas Jefferson, shared this belief which enabled them to be more optimistic than their friend John Adams who thought man to be driven by a need for distinction and thereby requiring control from a strong central government.
ApoA-I induced CD31 in bone marrow-derived vascular progenitor cells increases adhesion: implications for vascular repair.

Abstract Transgenic over expression of apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) the major structural apolipoprotein of HDL appears to convey the most consistent and strongest anti atherogenic effect observed in animal models so far. We tested the hypothesis that ApoA-I mediates its cardio protective effects additionally through ApoA-I induced differentiation of bone marrow-derived progenitor cells in vitro. This study demonstrates that lineage negative bone marrow cells (lin− BMCs) alter and differentiate in response to free ApoA-I. We find that lin− BMCs in culture treated with recombinant free ApoA-I at a concentration of 0.4 μM are twice as large in size and have altered cell morphology compared to untreated cells; untreated cells retain the original spheroid morphology. Further, the total number of CD31 positive cells in the ApoA-I treated population consistently increased by two fold. This phenotype was significantly reduced in untreated cells and points towards a novel ApoA-I dependent differentiation. A protein lacking its best lipid-binding region (ApoA-IΔ10) did not stimulate any changes in the lin−BMCs indicating that ApoA-I may mediate its effects by regulating cholesterol efflux. The increased CD31 correlates with an increased ability of the lin− BMCs to adhere to both fibronectin and mouse brain endothelial cells. Our results provide the first evidence that exogenous free ApoA-I has the capacity to change the characteristics of progenitor cell populations and suggests a novel mechanism by which HDL may mediate its cardiovascular benefits.
The descriptive case project for accounting information systems courses

Abstract A frequent requirement of the Accounting Information Systems course is that students complete a case project. Typically the project involves the analysis and design of all or part of an accounting information system. The most common types of projects involve the design of a system for a “real-world” organization or an “armchair” case, often provided in the course textbook. There are disadvantages associated with both of these types of cases. An alternative project, the descriptive case study, is proposed to overcome these disadvantages.
Generic constructors and eliminators from descriptions: type theory as a dependently typed internal DSL

Dependently typed languages with an "open" type theory introduce new datatypes using an axiomatic approach. Each new datatype introduces axioms for constructing values of the datatype, and an elimination axiom (which we call the standard eliminator) for consuming such values. In a "closed" type theory a single introduction rule primitive and a single elimination rule primitive can be used for all datatypes, without adding axioms to the theory.We review a closed type theory, specified as an Agda program, that uses descriptions for datatype construction. Descriptions make datatype definitions first class values, but writing programs using such datatypes requires low-level understanding of how the datatypes are encoded in terms of descriptions. In this work we derive constructors and standard eliminators, by defining generic functions parameterized by a description. Our generic type theory constructions are defined as generic wrappers around the closed type theory primitives, which are themselves generic functions in the Agda model. Thus, we allow users to write programs in the model without understanding the details of the description-based encoding of datatypes, by using open type theory constructions as an internal domain-specific language (IDSL).
Written Case Analyses and Critical Reflection.

Abstract Preparing teachers who are reflective requires a clear conception of what reflection is and the means to foster its development. It also requires a way to gauge that development. This study suggests that students' written analyses of dilemma-based cases can be used to do so. Multiple aspects of critical reflection are clearly apparent in students' analyses: prospective teachers recognize and acknowledge the perspectives of the multiple participants in the educational process, consider the consequences of action, and identify and clarify taken-for-granted assumptions in a variety of ways. Each lens provides different insight into students' ability to critically reflect.
Frequency asymmetry of sleep spindles associated with focal pathology

Focal cerebral lesions are often associated with voltage asymmetry of sleep spindles, usually with depressed voltage on the side of the lesion. In this report, we document a case in which a brain tumor was associated with a frequency asymmetry in addition to a voltage asymmetry of sleep spindles. The slower frequency spindles occurred on the side of the lesion.
Isolation of Cholesteryl Palmitate from Human Term Amniotic Fluid

Abstract The characterization of cholesteryl palmitate from human term amniotic fluid using thin layer chromatographic methods, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry is described.
Structure and Properties of Perfluoroalkylated Phthalocyanines. A Theoretical Study

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are performed on a series of peripherally substituted free-base and fluorinated zinc phthalocyanines, namely FnPcM (M = 2H, Zn; n = 16, 32, 48, 64). F16PcM, F32PcM, and F48PcM all prefer a planar skeletal structure of the metallomacrocycle core. In the case of F64Pc, F64PcZn remains planar but F64PcH2 is domed. The occurrence of a dome distortion appears to be related, at least in part, to the orientation of the isopropyl -C3F7 substituents as well as to the intermolecular (packing) interactions. The trends in the calculated results of the Pc2-–M2+ binding energy, polarizabilities, and electron excitation energies in H16PcM, F16PcM, and F64PcM are in agreement with the experimental observations, as are the geometrical features. It is further confirmed that the simpler F32PcM or F48PcM mimic the basic electronic properties of F64PcM.
Pair breaking as a probe of d-wave high-temperature superconductivity

A unified picture is obtained of the Cooper pair-breaking data by Cu-site Zn and Ni in Nd2−zCe z CuO4, La2−βSrβCuO4, Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8, Bi1.8Pb0.2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10, YBa2Cu3O7, and YBa2Cu4O8. The data are generally inconsistent with spin-fluctuation d-wave pairing mechanisms of superconductivity and with all two-dimensional cuprate-plane models. The data are consistent with superconductivity in the charge reservoirs.
Crystal and molecular structures of three trimethylamine-boron halide adducts: (CH 3 ) 3 NBCl 3 , (CH 3 ) 3 NBBr 3 , and (CH 3 ) 3 NBI 3

X-ray diffraction data from single crystals of the trimethylamine complexes of the three boron halides, BCl3, BBr3, and BI3, lead to aP21/m monoclinic cell containing two molecules for each complex. The unit cell dimensions area = 6·68(1),b = 10·247(3),c = 6·502(6) A, β =116·2(1)° (chloro);a = 6·86(1),b = 10·612(4),c = 6·737(6) A, β = 115·8(1)° (bromo);a = 6·92(2),b = 10·86(1),c = 7·147(6) A, β = 93·9(1)° (iodo). The structures were solved by three-dimensional sharpened Patterson functions and show only the chloro and bromo compounds to be isomorphous. Refinement of 662,718 and 954 observed reflexions for the chloro, bromo and iodo complexes, respectively, using anisotropic thermal parameters yielded conventionalR factors of 0·045, 0·087 and 0·054. The molecules are shown to possess a B—N dative bond, a staggered conformation, and effective 3m (C 3v) symmetry. Average C—N bond lengths are 1·52(1) A for all three complexes. Boronhalogen bond lengths average 1·864(4), 2·04(2) and 2·28(2) A, while B—N bond distances are 1·609(6), 1·60(2) and 1·58(3) A, respectively, for the chloro through iodo compounds. Bond angles are approximately tetrahedral with the C—N—C angle decreasing by several degrees in the Cl → Br → I series.
Tuberculosis of epididymis and testicle presenting as hydrocele

Abstract An eighty-four-year-old man had an enlarging, tender hydrocele. Hydrocelectomy was performed, and the pathologic report showed caseating granulomas. Ten days later the patient underwent an orchiectomy. Microscoipic sections showed multiple foci of caseous necrosis, multinucleated giant cells, and acid fast bacilli. A search for other foci of tuberculosis was nonproductive.
Evolving quantum computer algorithms

Computer science will be radically transformed if ongoing efforts to build large-scale quantum computers eventually succeed and if the properties of these computers meet optimistic expectations. Nevertheless, computer scientists still lack a thorough understanding of the power of quantum computing, and it is not always clear how best to utilize the power that is understood. This dilemma exists because quantum algorithms are difficult to grasp and even more difficult to write. Despite large-scale international efforts, only a few important quantum algorithms are documented, leaving many essential questions about the potential of quantum algorithms unanswered. These unsolved problems are ideal challenges for the application of automatic programming technologies. Genetic programming techniques, in particular, have already produced several new quantum algorithms and it is reasonable to expect further discoveries in the future. These methods will help researchers to discover how additional practical problems can be solved using quantum computers, and they will also help to guide theoretical work on both the power and limits of quantum computing. This tutorial will provide an introduction to quantum computing and an introduction to the use of evolutionary computation for automatic quantum computer programming. No background in physics or in evolutionary computation will be assumed. While the primary focus of the tutorial will be on general concepts, specific results will also be presented, including human-competitive results produced by genetic programming. Follow-up material is available from the presenter's book, Automatic Quantum Computer Programming: A Genetic Programming Approach, published by Springer and Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Diltiazem overdose : case report and review

We present a case of diltiazem overdose in which the patient ingested 4.2 grams in an apparent suicide attempt. He arrived in the emergency department two hours postingestion with a blood pressure of 60/40 torr and a heart rate of 62 beats/min in a junctional rhythm. Intervention included activated charcoal, gastric lavage, intravenous fluids, calcium (both chloride and gluconate), dopamine, and atropine with improvement in vital signs. Diltiazem levels were obtained and half-life calculated. This ingestion is one of the largest reported in the literature and is remarkable in that the patient recovered without pacing or other extraordinary measures. All eight previously published cases of diltiazem overdose, including all unpublished reports to the manufacturer, are reviewed and their management strategies examined. Successful treatment in which recovery has occurred in less than 48 hours, includes pressors, calcium, glucagon, pacing, and charcoal hemoperfusion. A strategy for emergency physicians to use when approaching this problem is suggested from the review.
Regulation of ovarian 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase by gonadotropin releasing hormone and its antagonist in vitro and in vivo

Abstract Hypothalamic gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and its analogs have been shown to regulate progestin production by ovarian granulosa cells treated with FSH and prolactin. The present study examines the direct modulation of an ovarian progesterone metabolizing enzyme by GnRH and its analogs in vitro and in vivo . Granulosa cells from hypophyseclomized, diethylstilbestrol-treated rats were cultured with GnRH or its analogs. After 2 days, cells were homogenized and 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20α-OH-SDH) activity was measured using a direct enzyme assay. GnRH stimulated 20α-OH-SDH activity in a dose-dependent manner with an ED 50 of 8.95 × 10 −9 M and a GnRH aganist ([des-Gly 10 , d -Lcu 6 , (N 2 Me)Leu 7 ,Pro 9 NHEt]GnRH) was shown to be 5.6 fold more potent than GnRH. The stimulatory effect of GnRH was inhibited by concomitant treatment with a GnRH antagonist ([ d -pGlu 1 , d -Phe 2 d -Trp 3,6 ]GnRH) with a half maximal inhibitory dose ratio of 3 1 ([antagonist]/[GnRH]). Time course studies indicated that 12 h of GnRH treatment were required to stimulate a measurable increase in enzyme activity. Cycloheximide treatment inhibited the GnRH action, suggesting that GnRH induces the synthesis of 20α-OH-SDH. Furthermore, treatment with GnRH and its analogs in hypophysectomizcd rats in vivo stimulated enzyme activity without affecting the K m of the enzyme, whereas the stimulatory effect of GnRH was blocked by concomitant treatment with a potent GnRH antagonist. These studies demonstrated that GnRH and its analogs may directly regulate the synthesis of ovarian 20α-OH-SDH in vitro and in vivo .
Ada compiler selection for embedded targets

Although mainframe Ada compilers have reached execution as well as reliability performance characteristics of languages such as FORTRAN, the same is not true of embedded system compilers. Finding a reliable cross-compiler for widely used and powerful micro-processors such as the Motorola 68000 family is extremely difficult, if not impossible. First quarter '87 cross-compiler users face many tough trade-offs and additional project costs due to time lost developing compiler work-arounds. Although the user community appreciates the technological challenges of building an Ada compiler, it is still faced with trying to use incomplete and somewhat unstable systems while trying to deliver efficient, ultra-reliable code. In order to help both vendors and users alike, this article presents a set of evaluation criteria that may be used in selecting an Ada compiler for embedded system applications. Given the progress made with mainframe compilers, the major focus is on robustness, reliability, run-time system, and cross-compiler tools.
Biochemical and Galvanic Skin Responses to Music Stimuli by College Students in Biology and Music

The purpose of this study was to examine biochemical and physiological responses to musical stimuli. Specifically, university music and biology students' plasma levels of norepinephrine, endorphin, and cortisol, and their galvanic skin responses were measured before and after listening to two different musical selections in an anechoic chamber and during controlled silence. The results indicated that biochemical variables changed significantly in both groups during listening to music but were not different during the controlled silence. These data suggest that music majors may listen more analytically to music. GSR responses were significantly higher for music majors than biology majors, and plasma cortisol increased in music students but decreased in biology students. Music which elicits specific emotions induces physiological changes which may be beneficial to relaxation and behavioral therapies.
Work surface for soluble plutonium

A three-dimensional work surface for aqueous plutonium is illustrated. It is constructed by means of estimating work as a function of the ambient pH and redox potential in a plutonium solution. The surface is useful for illustrating the chemistry of disproportionation reactions. Work expressions are easier to use than work integrals.