cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The mating system and male mating success of the Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana) in Florida

The mating system of the Virginia opossum, a solitary, nocturnal marsupial, was studied over a period of two years in north–central Florida. There were two mating seasons each year, both lasting about four weeks and starting in mid-January and late April, respectively. Radio-tracking males and females revealed that, independent of body size, males doubled their home ranges during these periods to include an average of 5.9 females within their new ranges. Females were visited regularly and, on the night of oestrus, males directly competed for access to the female. Dominance and hence mating success was strongly related to body mass but not age. Dominant males weighed on average 3.18 kg (N = 20) compared to 2.65 kg of unsuccessful males. The largest of the competing males was successful in 20 of 23 cases involving at least two competitors. Individual male mating success varied from zero to three matings during a breeding season, but the range was probably underestimated. Mate searching activities were costly, as most males lost weight during both mating seasons. Weight changes were a function of body mass, with males over 2.2 kg losing up to 23% in weight and smaller males gaining weight. There was also evidence that male breeding activities entailed a survival cost.
Ethinyl estradiol treats collagen-induced arthritis in DBA/1LacJ mice by inhibiting the production of TNF-α and IL-1β

We previously demonstrated the therapeutic effects of ethinyl estradiol (EE), an orally active estrogen and a component of birth control pills, in encephalitogenic autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In this study, we report the effectiveness of EE in treating collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) induced with bovine type II collagen (bCII) in DBA/1LacJ mice, a CIA susceptible strain. Both low and high doses of EE notably suppressed clinical and histological signs of CIA in a dose-dependent manner compared to vehicle-treated controls. Oral treatment with EE decreased proliferation and secretion of pro-inflammatory factors, TNF-alpha IFN-gamma, MCP-1 and IL-6 by bCII peptide-specific T cells, production of bCII-specific IgG2a antibodies, and mRNA for cytokines, chemokines and chemokine receptors in joint tissue. This is the first report demonstrating effective treatment of joint inflammation and clinical signs of CIA with orally administered ethinyl estradiol, thus supporting its possible clinical use for treating rheumatoid arthritis in humans.
Monte Carlo validation of the Dorfman-Berbaum-Metz method using normalized pseudovalues and less data-based model simplification

Rationale and Objectives Two problems of the Dorfman-Berbaum-Metz (DBM) method for analyzing multireader receiver operating characteristic (ROC) studies are that it tends to be conservative and that it can produce AUC estimates outside the parameter space — ie, greater than one or less than zero. Recently it has been shown that the problem of AUC (or other accuracy) estimates outside the parameter space can be eliminated by using normalized pseudovalues, and it has been suggested that less data-based model simplification be used. Our purpose is to empirically investigate if these two modifications — normalized pseudovalues and less data-based model simplification — result in improved performance. Materials and Methods We examine the performance of the DBM procedure using the two proposed modifications for discrete and continuous ratings in a null simulation study comparing modalities with respect to the ROC area. The simulation study includes 144 different combinations of reader and case sample sizes, normal/abnormal case sample ratios, and variance components. The ROC area is estimated using parametric and nonparametric estimation. Results The DBM procedure with both modifications performs better than either the original DBM procedure or the DBM procedure with only one of the modifications. For parametric estimation with discrete rating data, use of both modifications resulted in the mean type I error (0.043) closest to the nominal .05 level and the smallest range (0.050) and standard deviation (0.0108) across the 144 type I error rates. Conclusions We recommend that normalized pseudovalues and less data-based model simplification be used with the DBM procedure.
NERVOUS SYSTEM LESIONS IN INFANTS OF OPIATE DEPENDENT MOTHERS

Widespread illegal use of heroin and legal distribution of methadone have had vast effects on our society, and particularly on the pregnant woman and her newborn infant. Since 1969, 330 infants born of drug dependent women at PGH have been studied in conjunction with a comprehensive program of medical, addictive and social services. Neonatal mortality rate in this population was 5%; the highest rate was amongst those whose mothers received inadequate or no prenatal and addictive care (8%, 6%). Detailed neuropathological studies of ten of these infants, nine of whom died during the neonatal period, revealed eight categories of lesions, three of which were thought to bear some relationship to the maternal drug dependence period. These included: gliosis (5/10), foci of old infarction (4/10) and developmental brain retardation (3/10). Only minor microscopic brain malformations were found in three cases. Other lesions identified included those common to high risk neonates: germinal plate hemorrhages (7/10), acute brain necrosis with and without hemorrhage (5/10), germinal plate cysts (4/10) and focal subarachnoid hemorrhages (3/10). Two isolated examples of unique lesions consisting of vascular proliferation and arachnoidal proliferation (1/10), and a posterior poliomyelitis (1/10) completed the spectrum of abnormalities.
Clinical reactions and serologic response following inactivated monovalent influenza type B vaccine in young children and infants.

A monovalent, zonally purified, inactivated influenza B vaccine was administered to 29 children, 3 to 6 years of age, and 16 infants, 12 to 28 months of age, as a single dose of 0.25 ml containing 250 chick cell agglutinating units. The vaccine was both antigenic and well tolerated in the older group of preschool children, In the infant the vaccine was also antigenic but poorly tolerated clinically. Febrile reactions to 102° or greater were seen in 9 of the 16 infants, and two of these infants experienced a seizure following vaccination. The clinical reactions observed with the administration of influenza B vaccine in the dose used in this study would suggest significant limitations on its use in children under 3 years of age.
The structure and extinction of partially premixed flames burning methane in air

Results of experimental and numerical studies of counterflow, partially premixed, flames burning methane in air are reported. Experimental data is obtained for the temperature profile, the axial velocity profile, the concentration profiles of various stable species and the critical conditions of the flame at extinction. The results are compared with numerical calculations performed at conditions identical to those used in the experiment. Experimental measurements and numerical calculations show that partial premixing of the reactant streams of a counterflow diffusion flame makes the flame less resistant to stretch. In addition, numerical calculations show that the reaction zone of a partially premixed flame exhibits a diffusion flame and a premixed flame-like structure. Both results are consistent with previous asymptotic analyses of the structure of partially premixed flames.
Gender and Careers in City Management: A Case Study of the Career Paths of One Department's MPA Graduates

This article adds to the body of knowledge about city managers and council-manager form cities by determining why so few women are found in the ranks of city managers. Using graduates of the University of Kansas master of public administration (MPA) program as our sample, we find that women interested in city management careers face a paradox: Married women have a greater probability of becoming city managers. But if they marry and have children they face issues of relocation, child rearing, and parental care—all of which make it more difficult to get a city management job, not to mention doing that job with its typically higher time demands.
Relationships and Juvenile Offenders: The Effects of Intensive Aftercare Supervision

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of participation in the Intensive Aftercare Demonstration Project on relationships between youth and their service providers. Successful intensiv...
Methodology Update: Randomised Controlled Trials, Structural Models and the Study of Politics†

This paper explores how the combined use of Randomised Controlled Trials (RCTs) and Structural Models can improve the study of politics. We posit that randomized controlled trials can benefit from the insights provided by structural models, particularly for the type of questions posed in Political Science. Although structural models have been utilized scarcely in politics, the close relationship between theory and empirics required by structural models would help solving many of the current pitfalls of RCTs in political science. For instance, this approach can alleviate concerns of external validity often associated with experimental evidence. We finally present a real political science example to illustrate the implementation of this approach.
Knowledge-Based Functional-Symbol Understanding In Electronic Circuit Diagram Interpretation

The AUTORED system is a computer-based system for automatic reading of electronic circuit diagrams, which was developed several years ago. This paper presents some of our new results in AUTORED research. The design of AUTORED consists of two major components: automatic interpretation of electronic diagrams, and organization of interpretation results into a knowledge base for CAD applications. An electronic circuit diagram may be segmented into three parts which are the graphical functional symbols, the connection line segments, and the denotations. New techniques for extracting symbols and denotations from the circuit diagram are presented in this paper. These techniques are designed for junction and corner extraction, line segment tracing and linking, line segment classification, connection-line segment removal and blocking, symbol locating and denotation character grouping. A knowledge base is developed to facilitate the tracing, template-matching, and categorization processes.
Producing a Dietetics Recruitment Video

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To delineate the tasks for producing a recruitment video Recruitment of promising students into dietetics is important. A well produced video, an effective tool for recruitment, will assist students in making decisions in career and college selections. This paper presents the procedure of producing a recruitment video. The production team included a dietetic intern, dietetic internship director, media producer, and media technician. A focus group consisted of students from representative area high schools was used to determine the best approach to present the recruitment information. A time table was developed for the tasks of the project, which included writing the script, creating the story board, video tapping, editing, previewing, and the final production. The findings from the focus group was used to create the story board. Next, the scripts were written using references such as the existing videos from the university, the American Dietetic Association, and USDA. Clips from reference videos were incorporated for transition. The content of the video included an introduction into the world of dietetics and food availability and selection, admision requirements, and finally, the practice of dietetics. Graduates and dietetic interns gave their testimony. Shots of dietitians and foodservice managers at their work sites were also included. Editing was done, and after several previews, the final copy of a high audience impact and unique recruitment video was produced.
THE MANY FACES OF ORTHODOXY

Among Jews, the Orthodox have often seemed to stand out because of their putative adherence to halakha, the strict pathways of Jewish law. Compared to their more liberal counterparts, they have seemed singlemindedly dedicated to an unchanging tradition. Yet anyone who has looked more closely at those who since the nineteenth century have claimed to be "Orthodox" has quickly discovered that what appears from the distance of unfamiliarity to be one face turns out upon closer examination to have a variety of aspects. To put it another way, those walking along the halakhic path have not always agreed on precisely where it could take them. Some remained convinced that the old ways could lead to a new age while others trusted the tradition to be able to take them to the essential core of parochial Jewish life. In what follows, I shall try to sketch these various trands or faces of Orthodoxy. My efforts are not, strictly speaking historical. Others are far more competent in that area. Rather, I want to suggest a way of sociologically considering some of the history of Orthodoxy. A sense of the centrality and abiding value of Judaism and the Jewish community was from the beginning part of the reaction to the enlightenment and emancipation by Jews who in contrast to the Reformers were labelled "Orthodox." In the face of the changes occurring in the western world surrounding them, tradition-oriented Jews tried to hold onto what they considered the meaningful, divinely-inspired order of life that was represented in the term, "Torah." Yet it was precisely this effort, to hold onto the past in an atomosphere that championed change, that resulted in fundamental transformations of Orthodox Judaism. The realities of the new world order were undeniable. Even the miost
L-Infinity algebra morphisms and symmetric brace algebras

Morphisms of L-infinity algebras and symmetric brace algebras are studied. This is intended to be an expository note. Much of what is discussed here arose from joint work with M. Markl and from discussions with T. Kadeishvili. We wish to work primarily with symmetric brace algebras but will begin with brace algebras.
Optimization of composition for Al2O3/ P2O5-doped optical fiber

Aluminum has been suggested as an alternative to germanium for doping optical fibers fabricated using MCVD.1 The advantages of doping with AI2O3 Include elimination of both the layer structure and the center dip caused by thermodynamic equilibria which favor incomplete reaction of GeCl4 to GeO2 during deposit and conversion of GeO2 to GeO at elevated collapse temperatures.2 These features can adversely affect the multimode bandwidth,3 and the incomplete reaction also results in low doping efficiencies which lead to high material costs. AlCl3 is thermodynamically favored to react completely to form a stable oxide resulting in a smoother doping profile and lower materials cost because of complete incorporation efficiency. Unfortunately, Al2O3 as a dopant in SiO2 causes devitrification at concentrations exceeding 4 mol %. The addition of P2O6 has been shown to prevent this problem.4
Operation of a single mode external-cavity laser diode array near 780 nm

We have narrowed the spectral bandwidth of a commercial 2 W laser diode array to be less than 120 MHz near 780 nm. The external-cavity laser diode array system is a standard double-pass Littman–Metcalf configuration operating on a dominant single longitudinal mode.
Fine structure of the neurohemal areas associated with the hypophysis in the hagfish, Polistotrema stoutii

The structure of an anterior neurohemal area in the chiasmatic region of the diencephalic floor in the hagfish, Polistotrema stoutii, has been studied by light and electron microscopy, and compared with that of the neurohypophysis. This region, from which blood is carried to the neurohypophysis by a portal system described first by Gorbman and collaborators, has much in common with the median eminence of tetrapods: location, paraldehyde-fuchsin stainability, and axon terminals containing small vesicles, despite the absence of a relation with the adenohypophysis.
LANGUAGE AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR. Derek Bickerton. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1995. Pp. 180. $24.95 cloth, $14.95 paper.

Many will question Bickerton's claim that only humans are capable of mental engagement with anything but the immediate present. However, the heart of his argument—that language did not evolve as a development from high intelligence but is instead what allowed that intelligence to develop at all—is undeniably compelling. Under this conception, the emergence of language, not just intelligence, was what allowed humans to conquer the world. In support, Bickerton notes that the appearance of modern civilization was preceded by eons by cultural stasis during which hominid brains were nevertheless increasing vastly in size, which suggests that something besides mere brain power created modern man. He also notes that if human-like intelligence allowed world domination, then at least some animals should by now have developed it, even without language. Instead, only humans can profoundly alter their surroundings, which suggests that language, the trait most unequivocally unique to humans, is indeed the key to our hegemony. Bickerton even equates language and thought, arguing that their foundation upon the same syntax leaves no motivation to separate them, and considers both to evidence a layer of abstract representation unique to humans. In turn, he proposes that this layer is able to “observe” the lower layer, thus creating “consciousness.” The uniqueness of consciousness to humans is thus explained by its roots in a layer of representation unique to humans.
A phase I study evaluating the role of the anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibody cetuximab as a radiosensitizer with chemoradiation for locally advanced pancreatic cancer

Purpose (1) To determine the safety of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibody cetuximab with concurrent gemcitabine and abdominal radiation in the treatment of patients with locally advanced adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. (2) To evaluate the feasibility of pancreatic cancer cell epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) molecular profiling as a potential predictor of response to anti-EGFR treatment.
Towards achieving cross domain information sharing in a SOA-enabled environment using MILS and MLS technologies

Many Programs of Record are using Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) approaches and supporting technologies to realize net-centricity requirements. Furthermore, emerging solutions offer data sharing across adjacent security enclaves for these programs, including Cross Domain Joint Battlespace Infosphere (XJBI) by AFRL, Cross Domain Web Services Gateway by DISA, and the Cross Domain Collaborative Information Environment and Collaboration Gateway by the Joint Forces Command (JFCOM). While these solutions address the specific environment, it has proved insufficient to meet all the use cases of net-centricity requirements. This paper describes approaches that supplement the existing solutions by incorporating existing and emerging multi-domain technologies, primarily Multiple Independent Levels of Security (MILS) and Multi-Level Security (MLS).
Superheating and boiling of water in hydrocarbons at high pressures

Abstract The boiling of water drops superheated in some nonvolatile liquid n -alkanes was experimentally investigated at ambient pressures up to 4 MPa. It was found that boiling appeared to be initiated at the water-hydrocarbon interface by either growth of a single bubble or by streams of bubbles being released from the interface. The temperature at which boiling was first observed was found to be relatively insensitive to pressure, increasing only about 40 K over a 4 MPa change in pressure. A qualitative theory based on the homogeneous nucleation of bubbles within superheated liquids is used to explain the effect of boiling pressure on temperature. The two observed boiling modes are justified in terms of consideration of the surface and interfacial free energies of the water and hydrocarbon, and qualitative agreement between the measured and predicted variation of nucleation pressures with temperature is demonstrated. The information obtained was used to provide insight into the mechanism by which the disruptive combustion or ‘microexplosion’ of burning water-in-fuel emulsified droplets would be initiated in high pressure combustion applications.
The effect of Mg2+ on hepatic microsomal Ca2+ and Sr2+ transport

The ATP-dependent uptake of Ca2+ by rat liver microsomal fraction is dependent upon Mg2+. Studies of the Mg2+ requirement of the underlying microsomal Ca2+-ATPase have been hampered by the presence of a large basal Mg2+-ATPase activity. We have examined the effect of various Mg2+ concentrations on Mg2+-ATPase activity, Ca2+ uptake, Ca2+-ATPase activity and microsomal phosphoprotein formation. Both Mg2+-ATPase activity and Ca2+ uptake were markedly stimulated by increasing Mg2+ concentration. However, the Ca2+-ATPase activity, measured concomitantly with Ca2+ uptake, was apparently unaffected by changes in the Mg2+ concentration. In order to examine the apparent paradox of Mg2+ stimulation of Ca2+ uptake but not of Ca2+-ATPase activity, we examined the formation of the Ca2+-ATPase phosphoenzyme intermediate and formation of a Mg2+-dependent phosphoprotein, which we have proposed to be an attribute of the Mg2+-ATPase activity. We found that Ca2+ apparently inhibited formation of the Mg2+-dependent phosphoprotein both in the absence and presence of exogenous Mg2+. This suggests that Ca2+ may inhibit (at least partially) the Mg2+-ATPase activity. However, inclusion of the Ca2+ inhibition of Mg2+-ATPase activity in the calculation of Ca2+-ATPase activity reveals that this effect is insufficient to totally account for the stimulation of Ca2+ uptake by Mg2+. This suggests that Mg2+, in addition to stimulation of Ca2+-ATPase activity, may have a direct stimulatory effect on Ca2+ uptake in an as yet undefined fashion. In an effort to further examine the effect of Mg2+ on the microsomal Ca2+ transport system of rat liver, the interaction of this system with Sr2+ was examined. Sr2+ was sequestered into an A23187-releasable space in an ATP-dependent manner by rat liver microsomal fraction. The uptake of Sr2+ was similar to that of Ca2+ in terms of both rate and extent. A Sr2+-dependent ATPase activity was associated with the Sr2+ uptake. Sr2+ promoted formation of a phosphoprotein which was hydroxylamine-labile and base-labile. This phosphoprotein was in-distinguishable from the Ca2+-dependent ATPase phosphoenzyme intermediate. Sr2+ uptake was markedly stimulated by exogenous Mg2+, but the Sr2+-dependent ATPase activity was unaffected by increasing Mg2+ concentrations. Sr2+ uptake and Sr2+-dependent ATPase activity were concomitantly inhibited by sodium vanadate. In contrast to Ca2+, Sr2+ had no effect on Mg2+-dependent phosphoprotein formation. Taken together, these data indicate that Mg2+ stimulated Ca2+ and Sr2+ transport by increasing the Ca2+(Sr2+)/ATP ratio. However, in the case of Ca2+ at least, these data must be interpreted with caution since Ca2+ may inhibit the Mg2+-ATPase activity.
Mission Priorities of Community Colleges in the Southern United States

Community college leaders must articulate the adaptive challenges ahead if colleges are to respond to learner needs in a rapidly changing environment.
Corn-Based Ethanol Production and Environmental Quality: A Case of Iowa and the Conservation Reserve Program

Growing demand for corn due to the expansion of ethanol has increased concerns that environmentally sensitive lands retired from agricultural production and enrolled into the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) will be cropped again. Iowa produces more ethanol than any other state in the United States, and it also produces the most corn. Thus, an examination of the impacts of higher crop prices on CRP land in Iowa can give insight into what we might expect nationally in the years ahead if crop prices remain high. We construct CRP land supply curves for various corn prices and then estimate the environmental impacts of cropping CRP land through the Environmental Policy Integrated Climate (EPIC) model. EPIC provides edge-of-field estimates of soil erosion, nutrient loss, and carbon sequestration. We find that incremental impacts increase dramatically as higher corn prices bring into production more and more environmentally fragile land. Maintaining current levels of environmental quality will require substantially higher spending levels. Even allowing for the cost savings that would accrue as CRP land leaves the program, a change in targeting strategies will likely be required to ensure that the most sensitive land does not leave the program.
Mid-infrared opto-nanofluidics for label-free on-chip sensing

A mid-infrared opto-nanofluidics was developed using a Si-liquid-Si slot-waveguide. Through an optical-field enhancement with a direct interaction between the probe light and analyte, the detection sensitivity is increased by 50 times compared to evanescent-wave-sensing.
Do Fight the Tape

Winner-loser reversals appear to obtain in national bond market indexes. In testing periods subsequent to ranking periods, portfolios of the three bond market indexes with the lowest returns significantly outperform the past winner portfolios by 6.9% (in U.S. dollars) in one year. The loser portfolios significantly outperform the market by 5.0% a year. The results are robust for from two countries in each portfolio to five countries in each portfolio. This implies that to beat the market investors should invest in bond markets that did poorly in the past but avoid those that had excellent returns in the previous period.
Water vapor sorption of bovine and porcine submaxillary mucins.

Abstract Water vapor sorption isotherms were obtained on bovine and porcine submixillary mucin preparations. The reproducibility of the isotherms on porcine submixillary fractions indicated a definite denaturation process during each sorption-desorption cycle. This is interpreted as follows: The protein core of the porcine submaxillary mucin was accessible to water vapor. This was due to the uneven distribution of carbohydrate side chains on the protein core which left certain domains free of carbohydrate moieties. The bovine submaxillary mucin had high water sorption capacity and its isotherm showed a relatively good reproducibility. This indicates that the carbohydrate side chains were more evenly and densely distributed on the protein core of the bovine material than on the porcine material. The differences in sorptive capacities and retentive capacities are discussed.
Fat Elimination in Acute Renal Failure: Long-Chain vs Medium-Chain Triglycerides W. DRUML, M. FISHER, S. SERTL, ET AL American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 55:468–472, 1992

This study compared the metabolism of intravenously infused fat in patients with acute renal failure (ARF) vs that in healthy control subjects, using either a long-chain triglycerides (LCT) emulsion or a 50:50 mixture of LCT and medium-chain triglycerides (MCT). The test subjects consisted of seven medical intensive care unit patients who had developed ARF due to various causes (sepsis in two; postoperative pancreatitis, vascular surgery, acute interstitial nephritis, poststreptococcal nephritis, and drugs in one each). These patients were considered otherwise clinically stable and were all close to ideal body weight (109 ± 3% ideal body weight). Prior to this study, the patients had been on parenteral nutrition, which provided 130% of resting energy expenditure and consisted of amino acids (15%), glucose (55%), and LCT lipids (30%). The control subjects were six healthy volunteers of somewhat younger age (32 ± 7 years vs 51.9 ± 4.4 years in the study group) and similar weight (103 ± 5% ideal body weight)...
The Income Distribution as a Pure Public Good: A Response

I. Brown, Fane, and Medoff, 316. — II. Canterbery and Tuckman, 317. — III. Hochman, Rodgers, and Tullock, 318.
Ideology and Status of Sanskrit: Contributions to the History of the Sanskrit Language

The present volume is the outcome of a seminar on the Ideology and Status of Sanskrit held in Leiden under the auspices of the International Institute for Asian Studies. The book contains studies of crucial periods and important areas in the history of the Sanskrit language, from the earliest, Vedic and pre-Vedic periods, through the period in which the (restricted) use of Sanskrit spread over practically all of South (including part of Central) and Southeast Asia (sometimes referred to as the period of "Greater India"), up to the recent history of Sanskrit in India. The contributions of this volume are divided into three sections: (1) Origins and Creation of the "Eternal Language"; (2) Transculturation, Vernacularization, Sanskritization; (3) The Sanskrit Tradition: Continuity from the past or Construction from the present?
Labor Union Effects On Innovative Activity

Union rent-seeking is considered a tax on firm returns from investments in innovative activity. We examine this proposition by considering the responses of firms in a 1985 survey on R&D and product innovation. Consistent with our model, we find that innovative activity is significantly less important for union than for similar nonunion firms. We conclude that innovative activity may be an important route through which union rent-seeking affects the long-run performance of firms.
Some proton spin observables obtained in p-d elastic scattering at 500 and 800 MeV

Abstract Measurements of the spin transfer observables D NN , D SS , and D LS in p + d → p + d at 500 and 800 MeV are reported. In addition we have measured the polarization, P , and the asymmetry A y . The data were taken in the range 0.2 t c ) 2 . Comparison of the observables is made with the predictions of a relativistic multiple scattering model employing the results of a recent phase shift analysis of NN scattering data.
Synthesis and in vitro and in vivo activity of a hybrid composed of ricin B chain-barley ribosome-inactivating protein

In our continued studies on hybrid proteins for use as cytotoxins and possible suicide transport agents, we have begun to investigate the use of ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIP) isolated from grain. The RIP from barley has been purified to homogeneity by modifications of the methods of Roberts and Selitrennikoff and crosslinked to the binding subunit B of the seed toxin ricin (RTB). The resulting hybrid was purified by a combination of gel filtration and affinity chromatography on acid-washed Sepharose 4B. This model suicide transport agent was assayed in vitro against K-562 cells and was found to be cytotoxic in a dose-dependent manner (ID50 = 0.15 micrograms/ml). Lactose inhibited the toxicity of the hybrid, indicating that cytotoxicity was dependent on the cell binding property of the ricin B moiety. In addition, free RIP and free ricin B, either alone or in combination, were nontoxic over this concentration range. The in vivo effects of the RTB-RIP hybrid were assessed by pressure microinjection into the vagus nerves of rats. Injection of 0.18 to 6.5 micrograms of conjugate resulted in death of vagal sensory but not motor neurons after 3-17 days. The cytotoxic changes in vagal sensory neurons were identical to those previously observed with a variety of RIP toxins such as ricin.
The Interstates and the Cities: The U.S. Department of Transportation and the Freeway Revolt, 1966–1973

When construction began on the urban expressways of the new Interstate Highway System in the late 1950s, homes, businesses, schools, and churches began to fall before bulldozers and wrecking crews. Entire neighborhoods, as well as parks, historic districts, and environmentally sensitive areas, were slated for demolition to make way for new expressways. Highway builders leveled central city areas where few people had cars so that automobile owners from other places could drive to and through the city on the big, new roads. As one analyst of postwar America put it: “The desire of the car owner to take his car wherever he went no matter what the social cost drove the Interstate Highway System, with all the force and lethal effect of a dagger, into the heart of the American city.” In response, citizen activists in many cities challenged the routing decisions made by state and federal highway engineers. This Freeway Revolt found its first expression in San Francisco in the late 1950s, and eventually spread across urban America. By the late 1960s, freeway fighters began to win a few battles, as some urban expressways were postponed, cancelled, or shift ed to alternative route corridors.
Antenna Pattern Measurements Considerations

The requirements for the construction of two different types of antenna test sites are presented and discussed. The methods used currently for measuring the radiation patterns of antennas after installation are also discussed.
A coherence between the QBO and the amplitude of the Mauna Loa atmospheric transmission annual cycle

The transmission of direct solar radiation through the atmosphere above Mauna Loa, Hawaii, is shown to have a quasi-biennial cyclic component that is coherent with the well-known tropical stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO). The QBO-related signal in the 32-year transmission record is manifested as an oscillation in the amplitude of the annual cycle. The transmission annual cycle is known to be caused by seasonal transport of Asian continental dust to and over the island of Hawaii. Variations in water vapour and ozone are eliminated as possible influences in the transmission-QBO relationship, leaving aerosols as the source of the oscillation. The ultimate cause for the quasi-biennial signal in the transmission record is unknown. Small but cyclic modifications to the tropospheric energy budget occur as a result of the transmission variations. The magnitude of the energy budget variations are less than those typically expected to have a significant climatic impact.
A compact respiratory‐triggering device for routine microimaging of laboratory mice

A partial-body plethysmograph was developed for measuring the respiratory flow of anesthetized mice during routine microimaging experiments performed in the close confines of an 89-mm-diameter, vertical-bore magnet. Respiratory flow patterns were used for synchronizing conventional T2-weighted spin-echo imaging with the respiratory cycle, thereby, significantly reducing motion-induced artifacts and increasing observed liver lesion contrast.
Stimulated emission at the difference-frequency generation

We consider the stimulated emission process that occurs at the difference-frequency generation of a bichromatic field interacting with a three-level atom, where one of the laser fields is strong while the other is weak. It is shown that at the difference-frequency generation an induced peak occurs which can exhibit both gain and attenuation. Conditions under which this takes place are established and discussed herein.
Chemical-equilibrium model of optimal a-Si:H growth from SiH4.

Proposition d'un modele de croissance optimale de a-Si:H, base sur les reactions chimiques en volume impliquant les liaisons Si-Si et Si-H. La temperature de croissance optimale est determinee par l'equilibre entre la vitesse de diffusion de l'hydrogene et la vitesse de croissance de la couche
Responses of morphologically identified cortical neurons to intracellularly injected cyclic GMP

Abstract Cyclic nucleotides are thought to act as second messengers of neurotransmission inside central neurons, and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) has been postulated to act as a messenger for muscarinic, cholinergic transmission. Nonetheless, the action of cGMP has not yet been established in identified cortical neurons. We injected cGMP and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) intracellularly in neurons of the motor cortex of awake cats. Fifty-four percent of injected cells responded to cGMP and HRP with an increase in input resistance within 30 s after injection. None of a control group of cells injected with HRP without cGMP so responded. In cells receiving intracellular depolarizing current sufficient to produce repeated spike discharge at the time of injection, the increase in input resistance after cGMP persisted for as long as the cells could be held. There was no significant increase in firing rate after injection of cGMP. Cells responding to cGMP with an increased input resistance were identified as pyramidal cells of layer V. One inverted pyramidal cell of layer VI also showed an increase in input resistance in response to cGMP. Previous studies have suggested that muscarinic cholinergic agents produce an increased input resistance (thought to reflect a decreased potassium conductance) underlying an increased rate of discharge in neocortical neurons. Our results favor a dual action of muscarinic cholinergic transmission in mammalian cortical neurons—the increase in input resistance in layer V pyramidal cells mediated by cGMP, and the increase in rate of discharge mediated by other means.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WINGS OF A CADDICE-FLY GLOSSOSOMA AMERICANUM

The development of wings from imaginal discs has been carefully worked out in many forms of insect larvae. Marshall's important paper on te development of the wings of a caddis-fly, Hesperophylax ( Platyphylax ) designatus Walk. ( Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftlicheZoologie , Bd. CV, Heft 4, 1913) is almost the only literature dealing with this phenomenon in the Trichoptera.
From reactive to proactive and selective control: developing a richer model for stopping inappropriate responses

A better understanding of the neural systems underlying impulse control is important for psychiatry. Although most impulses are motivational or emotional rather than motoric per se, it is research into the neural architecture of motor response control that has made the greatest strides. This article reviews recent developments in the cognitive neuroscience of stopping responses. Most research of this kind has focused on reactive control—that is, how subjects stop a response outright when instructed by a signal. It is argued that reactive paradigms are limited as models of control relevant to psychiatry. Instead, a set of paradigms is advocated that begins to model proactive inhibitory control—that is, how a subject prepares to stop an upcoming response tendency. Proactive inhibitory control is generated according to the goals of the subject rather than by an external signal, and it can be selectively targeted at a particular response tendency. This may have wider validity than reactive control as an experimental model for stopping inappropriate responses.
Influence of curriculum type on student performance in the United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 and Step 2 exams: problem-based learning vs. lecture-based curriculum.

Introduction The results of the United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 and 2 examinations are reported for students enrolled in a problem-based and traditional lecture-based curricula over a seven-year period at a single institution. There were no statistically significant differences in mean scores on either examination over the seven year period as a whole. There were statistically significant main effects noted by cohort year and curricular track for both the Step 1 and 2 examinations. These results support the general, long-term effectiveness of problem-based learning with respect to basic and clinical science knowledge acquisition. Context This paper reports the United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 and Step 2 results for students enrolled in a problem-based and traditional lecture-based learning curricula over the seven-year period (1992–98) in order to evaluate the adequacy of each curriculum in supporting students learning of the basic and clinical sciences. Methods Six hundred and eighty-nine students who took the United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 and 540 students who took Step 2 for the first time over the seven-year period were included in the analyses. T-test analyses were utilized to compare students’ Step 1 and Step 2 performance by curriculum groups. Results United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 scores over the seven-year period were 214 for Traditional Curriculum students and 208 for Parallel Curriculum students (t-value = 1·32, P=0·21). Mean Step 2 scores over the seven-year period were 208 for Traditional Curriculum students and 206 for Parallel Curriculum students (t-value=1·08, P=0·30). Statistically significant main effects were noted by cohort year and curricular track for both the Step 1 and Step 2 examinations. Conclusion The totality of experience in both groups, although differing by curricular type, may be similar enough that the comparable scores are what should be expected. These results should be reassuring to curricular planners and faculty that problem-based learning can provide students with the knowledge needed for the subsequent phases of their medical education.
A new method for composite system annualized reliability indices based on genetic algorithms

This paper presents a genetic algorithms (GA) based method for state sampling of composite power system. Sampled states are used to assess annualized reliability indices. In the proposed method GA intelligently searches the enormous state space of a power system to find the most probable states contributing to system failure. Binary encoded GA is used to represent system states. Through its fitness function GA is able to trace failure states in a more intelligent manner than conventional methods. A linearized optimization load flow model is used for evaluation of sampled states. The model takes into consideration importance of load in calculating load curtailment at different buses in order to obtain a unique solution for each state. The full set of composite system adequacy indices and load bus indices is calculated. The proposed method is applied to a sample test system to be validated. Obtained results are compared with other conventional methods.
Seeing in Color: Jet Superstructure

A new class of observables is introduced which aims to characterize the superstructure of an event, that is, features, such as color flow, which are not determined by the jet four-momenta alone. Traditionally, an event is described as having jets which are independent objects; each jet has some energy, size, and possible substructure such as subjets or heavy flavor content. This description discards information connecting the jets to each other, which can be used to determine if the jets came from decay of a color-singlet object, or if they were initiated by quarks or gluons. An example superstructure variable, pull, is presented as a simple handle on color flow. It can be used on an event-by-event basis as a tool for distinguishing previously irreducible backgrounds at the Tevatron and the LHC.
Non-stationary drainage flows and motions in the cold pool

The initial formation of drainage flows and subsequent interaction with the cold pool are examined by contrasting winds measured with 2-sonic anemometers at three stations along a gentle slope for a 45-d observational period in late summer and early fall. On clear nights with weak winds, the station at the bottom of the slope experiences downslope flow only at the beginning of the evening, which quickly yields to light winds of variable direction after formation of a cold pool on the valley floor. A second station, several hundred metres up the slope, experiences drainage flow in the first part of the evening, which diminishes and yields to light and variable winds in the middle of the night as the influence of the cold pool deepens and engulfs the station. Drainage flow continues throughout the night at the third station located still farther up the slope and above the cold pool throughout the night. The interplay between the drainage flow, large-scale flow and submeso motions leads to frequent large shifts of wind direction. The character of the wind-direction variability differs substantially between the three stations. Large remaining uncertainties are noted.
B-cell epitopes as a screening instrument for persistent cow's milk allergy.

Abstract Background: Cow's milk is one of the most common causes of food allergy in the first years of life. We recently defined IgE-binding epitopes of all 6 major cow's milk proteins (α s1 -, α s2 -, β-, and κ-casein; α-lactalbumin; and β-lactoglobulin) and had some evidence suggesting that IgE antibodies from patients with persistent cow's milk allergy (CMA) recognize different epitopes on cow's milk proteins than do those from patients who were likely to outgrow their allergy. Objective: In this study we sought to assess whether recognition of IgE antibodies of certain epitopes of cow's milk proteins would clearly separate the patients with life-long CMA from those who will become clinically tolerant to cow's milk. Methods: According to the known IgE-binding regions of cow's milk proteins, 25 decapeptides of α s1 -casein, α s2 -casein, κ-casein, α-lactalbumin, and β-lactoglobulin, comprising the core epitopes, were synthesized on a cellulose-derivatized membrane. Sera from 10 patients with persistent CMA and 10 patients who subsequently outgrew their milk allergy were used to investigate the differences in epitope recognition. Results: Five IgE-binding epitopes (2 on α s1 -casein, 1 on α s2 -casein, and 2 on κ-casein) were not recognized by any of the patients with transient CMA but showed binding by the majority of the patients with persistent allergy. The presence of IgE antibodies against at least 1 of 3 epitopes (amino acid [AA] 123-132 on α s1 -casein, AA 171-180 on α s2 -casein, and AA 155-164 on κ-casein) identified all patients with persistent CMA. Conclusions: The presence of IgE antibodies to distinct allergenic epitopes of cow's milk proteins can be used as a marker of persistent CMA. Prospective studies are needed to investigate the usefulness of these informative epitopes in predicting life-long CMA in young children. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002;110:293-7.)
An investigation of health complaints and job stress in video display operations.

A questionnaire survey dealing with working conditions, job stress factors, health complaints, and psychological mood state was filled out by approximately 250 video display terminal (VDT) operator...
Temperature Dependences of the Quantum-Mechanical and Semi-Classical Spectral-Line Widths and the Separation 0 of the Impact and Non-Impact Regions for an Ar-Perturbed/K-Radiator System

Quantum-mechanical and semi-classical spectral-line shapes are computed at 𝑇=400, 800, and 1000&#x2009;K for the line core of the 5802&#x2009;&#xc5; line of the Ar-Perturbed/K-Radiator system. HWHMs (𝑤's) are measured from computed full spectral-line shapes. The final-state pseudopotential is for the 7𝑠2𝑆1/2 state, and the initial-state potential is for the 4𝑝2𝑃3/2,3/2 state. Three high-pressure (P) log(𝑤)&#x2014;versus&#x2014;log(𝑃) curves, corresponding to the non-impact region, intersect a similar set of low-P, impact-region curves at intersections, 𝑃0's. Similarly, for two sets of log(𝑤)&#x2014;versus&#x2014;log(𝑛) curves, which yield intersections, 𝑛0's, where 𝑛 is the perturber density. These 𝑛0's and 𝑝0's separate the two regions and represent the upper limits of the impact regions. A specific validity condition for the impact region is given by the equation 𝑛≤𝑛0. From an earlier spectroscopic, Fabry-Perot paper, 𝑤expt=0.021&#x2009;cm&#x2212;1 at 𝑇=400&#x2009;K and 𝑃=10 torr. Two theoretical values, 𝑤theor=0.025 and 0.062&#x2009;cm&#x2212;1 corresponding to two different pseudo-potentials, are reported. Two 𝑇-dependent figures are given, in which the first shows an increase in the impact region with 𝑇, based on 𝑃 as the basic parameter, and the second which shows a decrease in the impact region with 𝑇, based on 𝑛 as the basic parameter.