cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Educational principles of community-based education.

Much of medical education remains teacher centered, as exemplified by the continued emphasis on lectures. Increasingly, however, the importance of the learner is being recognized and acknowledged in medical school curricula. The distinction between teaching and learning is also an issue for graduate medical education ; accreditation bodies focus on programs and teaching, and credentialing bodies determine whether individuals have accomplished sufficient learning. The true mission of teaching is to facilitate learning, and adult learning is enhanced by four elements : respect, building on previous experiences, immediacy of application, and the opportunity to practice. These elements should be considered when designing educational experiences in the community. Educational planning includes five steps, represented by the mnemonic GNOME : goals, needs assessment, objectives, methods, and evaluation. Goals are broad aspirations, which are refined by the learners' needs to specific, measurable objectives. Methods are selected to match the objective, and evaluation determines whether the objectives were achieved. The results of the evaluation serve as another needs assessment, and the process continues until the goals are achieved. Throughout the process, the primary focus should be on the resident, with the program in a supporting role.
THE MECHANISM OF ACTIVE CEREBRAL IMMUNITY TO EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS I. INFLUENCE OF THE RATE OF VIRAL MULTIPLICATION

Continued serial brain-to-brain passage of strains of W.E.E. virus in mice has yielded variants which kill mice with increased rapidity. Their rate of multiplication in the mouse brain has been found to be correspondingly increased. At 1 hour after intracerebral inoculation of various amounts of W.E.E. virus, only 3.5 to 10 per cent of the expected amount of virus was recovered from the infected brains. In infected mouse brains, the period of active viral multiplication was preceded by a latent phase which lasted a considerably shorter time in the case of a "fast" than in that of a "slow" variant. In brains inoculated with various amounts in excess of minimal lethal doses the rates of multiplication tended to converge with the result that the maximum titer was reached after about the same period of time. After inoculation of smaller amounts, the rates of viral multiplication tended to parallel each other. Vaccinated mice may be fully resistant to maximal intracerebral doses of a slowly multiplying strain while they are not at all or only partly protected against a rapidly multiplying one derived from it. This difference is demonstrable even though fast and slow variants are, as far as can be tested, serologically identical. The difference in response may be masked if animals are immunized with relatively large doses of vaccine. The bearing of these findings on certain practical problems has been pointed out.
Development of a Communication Curriculum for Emergency Medicine Residents

Background: The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education requires residency training programs to develop methods to teach and assess communication skills in residents to ensure competence as a practitioner. In response, we piloted a communication curriculum for emergency medicine residents. We describe the curriculum and suggest future directions for development based on the strengths and weaknesses of residents' performance and their reactions to the curriculum. Description: Twenty-six residents in a 3-year program at a university-affiliated county hospital participated. Curriculum components were an introductory session, a single standardized patient encounter using a locally written, unvalidated checklist assessing residents' communication skills, a videotape-facilitated self-assessment, and a private feedback session. Evaluation: Residents demonstrated greatest strengths in basic interpersonal skills and efficient information gathering and greatest weakness in empathy. Residents rated the ...
Upper limit for stratospheric HBR using far‐infrared thermal emission spectroscopy

An upper limit is measured for stratospheric HBr from three balloon flights. The observations were made with the FIRS-2 far-infrared Fourier transform spectrometer. The 1sigma upper limits from the 1988, 1989, and 1990 balloon flights are 13 pptv at 35 km, 7 pptv at 32 km, and 3 pptv at 31 km, respectively. Combining all 3 flights, the weighted average 1sigma upper limit for HBr is 4 pptv at 32 km. This value is significantly smaller than the only other previously published spectroscopic value of 20 +/- 7 pptv (2sigma), but is consistent with a theoretical estimate which predicts roughly 0.4 pptv at this altitude.
Nanowire coating by plasma processing

We present a plasma-based method for the deposition of hydrogenated amorphous carbon films on metallic nanowires. Gold nanowires in mixture with silica nanospheres are introduced in a capacitively coupled radio-frequency Ar plasma where they become trapped to form a dusty plasma. Isopropanol is introduced in the plasma where it reacts to produce an amorphous film of hydrogenated carbon that deposits on the suspended nanowires and nanoparticles. The films deposited in this manner range up to about 50 nm, depending on the deposition time. Many nanowires have coatings that exhibit a high degree of fidelity, even around complex surface features such as broken and jagged edges. Film deposition on nanowires is more rapid than deposition on particles, a result that is attributed to their different charging characteristics. Observed nonuniformities in film thickness are discussed in terms of spatial distribution of the deposition rate.
Deterministic built-in test pattern generation for high-performance circuits using twisted-ring counters

We present a new approach for built-in test pattern generation based on the reseeding of twisted-ring counters (TRCs). The proposed technique embeds a precomputed deterministic test set for the circuit under test (CUT) in a short test sequence produced by a TRC. The TRC is designed using existing circuit flip-flops and does not add to hardware overhead beyond what is required for basic scan design. The test control logic is simple, uniform for all circuits, and can be shared among multiple CUTs. Furthermore, the proposed method requires no mapping logic between the test generator circuit and the CUT; hence it imposes no additional performance penalty. Experimental results for the ISCAS benchmark circuits show that it is indeed possible to embed the entire precomputed test set in a TRC sequence using only a small number of seeds.
Cover Picture: A Microscopic, Continous, Optical Monitor for Interstitial Electrolytes and Glucose (ChemPhysChem 2/2003)

The cover picture shows one possible path of evolution of glucose sensing from a potentiometric glucose electrode through an analogous optical detector to a microscopic in vivo glucose monitor. An optical multisensing bar (called the “sliver sensor”) is being developed in Prof. Miklos Gratzl's laboratory at Case Western Reserve University, to support NASA's Space program. The tiny sliver contains color-changing compartments that respond to pH, K+, and glucose levels in the interstitial fluid under the skin surface. The sliver, once inserted into the skin parallel to the surface, will be interrogated by a watchlike device placed on top of the skin. Reference compartments (only one being shown on the cover) will be used to subtract color changes due to skin absorption and scattering, so that the real color of the actual sensing pads can be reconstructed. The approach is an example of very simple telemetry across the skin. Since no wires or optical fibers cross the skin, no risk of track infection exists.
On the wind force needed to dislodge a drop adhered to a surface

The dislodging by dynamic pressure forces of a drop adhered by surface tension to a plane is considered. The method involves the numerical solution of the integrodifferential equation describing the drop shape and the obtaining of the critical Weber number as a function of contact angle hysteresis. The study assumes high-Reynolds-number free-streamline separation from the drop.
THE EFFECT OF CARBON DIOXIDE ON THE SPECIFIC VOLUME OF SEAWATER1

Carbon dioxide gas was dissolved in samples of natural seawater and artificial seawater containing no boric acid, and the changes in volume of the solutions were measured. In natural seawater of 35‰ salinity at 23°C the computed density increased with decreasing pH by 0.009 σt units for a pH change from 8.7 to 7.5. The changes in volume at lower pH values gave 33.4 cm3 mole−1 for the partial molal volume of dissolved molecular carbon dioxide. In the artificial seawater of 35‰ salinity at 23°C the partial equivalent volume of the bicarbonate ion minus that of the carbonate ion was 22.5 cm3 equiv−1. Values for the partial equivalent volume of the carbonate ion relative to that of the chloride ion and for the volume change for the solution of calcium carbonate in seawater were estimated.
Use of genetic improvement in biological control

Abstract Genetic improvement is an ancient concept that has been applied to silkworms and honey bees. Improvement of biological control agents has been discussed but fears of laboratory deterioration and inadvertent selection of the laboratory-selected biological control agent restricted interest in this potential tool. A case of field efficacy in a biological control agent that had undergone laboratory selections is described. The phytoseiid mite Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt) is the most important predator of spider mites in deciduous orchards and vineyards in western North America. It acquired resistance to organophosphorus (OP) insecticides and sulfur through field selection. Strains resistant to carbaryl-OP and permethrin-OP pesticides were obtained through laboratory selection and crosses. The genetics of these resistances are known and all, except for permethrin resistance, are determined by major semi-dominant genes. Permethrin resistance is polygenically determined. Laboratory-selected predator strains established, survived relevant pesticides in the field, multiplied, dispersed, overwintered, and had a measurable impact on spider mites in small plots in apple, pear, and almond orchards in California, Washington, and Oregon. During 1981, carbaryl-OP and permethrin-OP resistant M. occidentalis were released into commercial almond orchards in the San Joaquin Valley of California. Two massproduction schemes, and several release methods were tested. Orchards were monitored in 1982 to determine if the released predators were effective in controlling spider mites, and whether acaricide usage could be reduced or eliminated. Permanent establishment of these genetically improved predators in commercial orchards is the goal. Genetic improvement of biological control agents is time consuming, expensive compared to classical importation, and requires substantial knowledge. It may be useful, in particular, for natural enemies of pests which are widely distributed, or for inundative releases into greenhouses. Biological control agents other than phytoseiids and traits in addition to pesticide resistance should be considered for genetic improvement.
Three-dimensional, minimum-time turns for a supersonic aircraft

Altitude, bank angle and thrust program for minimizing time required by supersonic aircraft to turn through specified heading angle and reach required energy
An Improved Upper Bound for the Sum-free Subset Constant

We show that the optimal constant in Erdý os’ sum-free subset theorem cannot be larger than 11/28 ≈ .393.
Anion identification via complexation with meso-octamethylcalix(4)pyrrole and detection using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.

: The routine identification of controlled substances and adulterants during forensic chemistry analysis often involves the identification of counter ions or salt forms present in an exhibit. Here, the use of the compound meso-octamethylcalix(4)pyrrole (C4P) during salt-form identification analysis is presented. C4P is a commercially-available, anion-binding agent that can be reacted with a controlled substance or adulterant, resulting in the sequestration of anionic species, usually present as counter ions to the active ingredient. Formation of noncovalent complexes between the cyclic host C4P compound and anionic guests is investigated using electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry (ESI–MS). Complexes with chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate, and acetate are readily observed and mass spectrometry analysis provides identification via molecular weight characterization. Chloride and bromide complexes are also characterized by the isotopic distribution of their molecular ions. Formation of host–guest complexes is not observed for sulfate and phosphate salts, presumably due to steric hindrance and energetically unfavorable conditions.
Synthesis of optimal 1-hot coded on-chip controllers for BIST hardware

The authors present a procedure for merging on-chip controllers for BIST (built-in self-test) circuitry to reduce hardware overhead. Instead of starting with one minimal state assignment and then performing state, input, and output encoding, one picks the 1-hot code state assignment and implicitly searches the space of minimum prime compatible state covers to obtain an optimal merged controller. This procedure uses knowledge of the greatest lower bounds on states, arcs, next-state, and the output logic of the merged controller to prune the search space. >
Remediating Academic Difficulties Through Strategy Training: The Acquisition of Useful Knowledge:

Learning strategies are discussed in the context of a theory that distinguishes between declarative and procedural knowledge, and between inert and useful learning. The acquisition of useful, declarative knowledge can be facilitated by learning strategies that help students select, organize, integrate, and elaborate important ideas. However, useful, procedural knowledge is more likely to result from pattern acquisition and practice strategies. Learning strategies for self-motivation can facilitate the acquisition of both declarative and procedural knowledge. Strategies for useful learning can be devised by teachers and taught in classrooms.
Photon Upconversion and Photocurrent Generation via Self-Assembly at Organic-Inorganic Interfaces.

Molecular photon upconversion via triplet–triplet annihilation (TTA-UC), combining two or more low energy photons to generate a higher energy excited state, is an intriguing strategy to surpass the maximum efficiency for a single junction solar cell (<34%). Here, we introduce self-assembled bilayers on metal oxide surfaces as a strategy to facilitate TTA-UC emission and demonstrate direct charge separation of the upconverted state. A 3-fold enhancement in transient photocurrent is achieved at light intensities as low as two equivalent suns. This strategy is simple, modular and offers unprecedented geometric and spatial control of the donor–acceptor interactions at an interface. These results are a key stepping stone toward the realization of an efficient TTA-UC solar cell that can circumvent the Shockley–Queisser limit.
Heat-activated persulfate oxidation of PFOA, 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate, and PFOS under conditions suitable for in-situ groundwater remediation

PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid) oxidation (0.121-6.04 μM) by heat-activated persulfate was evaluated at 20-60 °C with 4.2-84 mM [Formula: see text] and in the presence of soluble fuel components to assess feasibility for in-situ remediation of groundwater. 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid/sulfonate (6:2 FTSA) and PFOS (perfluorooctanesulfonic acid) persulfate oxidation was also evaluated in a subset of conditions given their co-occurrence at many sites. High performance liquid chromatography electron spray tandem mass spectrometry was used for organic analysis and fluoride was measured using a fluoride-specific electrode. PFOA pseudo-1st order transformation rates (k1,PFOA) increased with increasing temperature (half-lives from 0.1 to 7 d for 60 to 30 °C) sequentially removing CF2 groups ('unzipping') to shorter chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and F(-). At 50 °C, a 5-fold increase in [Formula: see text] led to a 5-fold increase in k1,PFOA after which self-scavenging by sulfate radicals decreased the relative rate of increase with more [Formula: see text] . Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene did not affect k1,PFOA even at 40 times higher molar concentrations than PFOA. A modeling approach to explore pathways strongly supported that for 6:2 FTSA, both the ethyl linkage and CF2-CH2 bond of 6:2 FTSA oxidize simultaneously, resulting in a ratio of ∼25/75 PFHpA/PFHxA. The effectiveness of heat-activated [Formula: see text] on PFOA oxidation was reduced in a soil slurry; therefore, repeated persulfate injections are required to efficiently achieve complete oxidation in the field. However, PFOS remained unaltered even at higher activation temperatures, thus limiting the sole use of heat-activated persulfate for perfluoroalkyl substances removal in the field.
First Record of the Palearctic Root Weevil Otiorhynchus porcatus (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae) in The United States and Additional Records of Other Adventive Weevils Occurring on the Isles of Shoals (Maine and New Hampshire)

The Palearctic root weevil Otiorhynchus porcatus (Herbst) (Curculionidae: Entiminae) is recorded for the first time in the United States on Appledore Island, Isles of Shoals, Maine. A summary of other published North American records of this immigrant species is given. Also included are distribution records for 16 other adventive weevils collected on five of the nine islands comprising the Isles of Shoals. These 16 species are Perapion curtirostre (Germar), Cosmobaris scolopacea Germar, Ceutorhynchus erysimi (Fabricius), Ceutorhynchus obstrictus (Marsham), Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus (Marsham), Rhinoncus pericarpius (Linnaeus), Tychius meliloti Stephens, Tychius stephensi Schonherr, Barypeithes pellucidus (Boheman), Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabricius), Trachyphloeus bifoveolatus (Beck), Donus zoilus (Scopoli), Hypera meles (Fabricius), Hypera rumicis (Linnaeus), Larinus planus (Fabricius), and Magdalis barbicornis Latreille.
Gene Targeted Mouse Models of Adrenomedullin Signaling

Adrenomedullin (AM) is a 52 amino acid, multifunctional peptide that circulates in the plasma and can exert a multitude of biological effects through an autocrine/paracrine action. AM signaling represents a non-classical and pharmacologically-tractable paradigm in G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling. We have generated and characterized genetic knockout mouse models for all currently known genes involved in AM signaling: AM, calcitonin receptor-like receptor, receptor activity modifying proteins 2 and 3. Using a comparative phenotyping approach, we have elucidated several conserved phenotypes which support essential biological functions of AM that are mediated through CLR and RAMP2. In contrast, divergent phenotypes between the different mouse lines support the exciting notion that the receptor-RAMP paradigm is more broadly applicable to GPCRs beyond AM signaling. In this way, we hope to continue to define the function of AM signaling system in health and disease with the ultimate goal of identifying conditions in which the pharmacological or genetic modulation of AM signaling through receptor-RAMP interactions may be beneficial to human health.
Planning in Discrete and Continuous Spaces: From LTL Tasks to Robot Motions

Enabling robots to accomplish sophisticated tasks requires enhancing their capability to plan at multiple levels of discrete and continuous abstractions. Toward this goal, the proposed approach couples the ability of sampling-based motion planning to handle the complexity arising from high-dimensional robotic systems, nonlinear dynamics, and collision avoidance with the ability of discrete planning to handle discrete specifications. The approach makes it possible to specify tasks via Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) and automatically computes collision-free and dynamically-feasible motions that enable the robot to carry out assigned tasks. While discrete planning guides sampling-based motion planning, the latter feeds back information to further refine the guide and advance the search. Sampling is also used in the discrete space to shorten the length of the discrete plans and to expand the search toward new discrete states. Experiments with high-dimensional dynamical robot models performing various LTL tasks show significant computational speedups over related work.
Modeling the use of air-injection for emissions reduction in a direct-injected diesel engine

This study investigates the effect of air-injection during the late combustion period produced by an air-cell on emissions from a direct injected diesel engine. The engine considered is a Caterpillar 3401 test engine which was modeled with an air-cell included as part of the piston geometry. A version of the KIVA-II code with updated submodels for diesel combustion and emissions was modified to allow for geometries with walls interior to the domain. This modified version of KIVA-II was then used to model an air-cell equipped diesel engine for four different air-cell configurations. Of the four air-cell configurations simulated, one proved successful in reducing the predicted engine emissions by more than a factor of two while simultaneously reducing NOx by a slight amount, thus moving the engine off its particulate-NOx tradeoff curve defined by varying the fuel injection timing. This air-cell configuration demonstrates that air-injection during the late combustion period can be effective at reducing engine emissions. The other three air-cell configurations simply moved the engine along its particulate-NOx tradeoff. However, this study highlights potential difficulties for designing an air-cell equipped engine. Namely, the large effect produced by the interaction of the turbulence and the in-cylinder flow in the proximity ofmore » the air-cell inlet on the overall operation of the air-cell.« less
A phenomenological approach to the correspondence between composite systems and elementary particles

The Goldberger-Treiman relation is re-examined, based on a model in which pion is composed of a nucleon pair. As to the self-interaction of nucleon field, only the invariance under the local gauge transformations in isospace and in chiral isospace is assumed. The relation can be reproduced to a fairly good approximation by a correspondence between a composite system and an elementary particle. The correspondence is phenomenological and not firmly established yet, but expected to shed some light on the correspondence problem because an important difference between a composite system and an elementary particle is revealed through the analysis. This is an attempt to understand field-theoretically the powerful working hypotheses, the current algebra and the hypothesis of partially conserved axial-vector current, although some phenomenological arguments are unavoidable in settling a correspondence relation between a composite system and an elementary particle. If we are contented with some approximations or some special types of interactions, we can consider various kinds of correspondences between composite systems and elementary particles. Two examples of such correspondence methods are explained in the Appendices.
Real-time transient instability monitoring and determination for large-scale AC/DC interconnected power system using synchronized phasor measurements

In this paper, a real-time transient instability detection system is proposed to determine the transient instability using wide-area phasor measurements. The proposed system incorporates determination of oscillation tie lines and real-time transient instability detection. Oscillation tie lines can be identified immediately after the system being subjected to a large disturbance according to the coherent groups of generators and system network topology. Then, system transient state is evaluated by a novel criterion in real-time with the crucial measurements. The used measurements during the post-disturbance are extracted from the huge number of PMUs data updated timely and can represent the transient status of a system. The proposed approach is examined on a practical AC/DC interconnection power system. The obtained results indicate the efficiency of the transient instability detection system for determining the transient unstable status.
A Substitute for Dupin's Indicatrix

(1917). A Substitute for Dupin's Indicatrix. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 24, No. 10, pp. 456-462.
Study on the ULV spray application for the control of Aedes albopictus

Objective To realize the efficacy of "Duo-Fei-Ke" emulsion which main component was permithrin against Aedes albopictus.Methods The biological assay in the lab and the effect test in the field.Results In recommended dosage,the KT_(50) of Muti-fly-killer emulsion on Culex quinquefasciatus lab strain and Aedes albopictus wild strain were 1.437 7 min.and 2.727 2 min separately,both 24-hour-mortality were 100%.There was no significant difference of the KT_(50) on Cx.quinquefasciatus lab strain between "Duo-Fei-Ke" emulsion and Resigen used as control(U=0.326 4,P0.05).ULV spray was used as adults of Ae.albopictus control in a large area by the recommended dosage,the killing rates were 97.2% and 99.1% separately.Conclusion "Duo-Fei-Ke" emulsion had high efficiency,low toxicity,non-stimulation,non-unhappy odor and wide adaptation for spray appliances.The performance of "Duo-Fei-Ke" had reached the level of same product type abroad.It was suitable for the vector control indoor or outdoor,especially in urban area where had high density in population.
The sociocognitive determinates of HIV/AIDS prevention behaviors among baby boomers

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is steadily increasing among the baby boom population. Among this population, there is a gap between knowledge and behavioral choices. HIV risk perception is multifaceted and shaped by different sociodemographic factors. Baby boomers’ perception of risk and sociocognitive determinates that impact their decision to practice safe sex was examined using a correlational study design. A hierarchical multiple linear regression (HMLR) model from 48 participants aged 50–70 living in the South revealed that level of education, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) prevention behavioral skills, and HIV prevention information predicted the intent to practice safe sex. Findings account for 58.3% of the total amount of the variance explained by the two model predictors. The results are consistent with findings in the literature that suggest older adults who have more HIV prevention information and behavioral skills are more inclined to practice safe sex.
Personalized/Precision Medicine, Pharmacy Compounding, Laboratory Developed Tests, and In Vitro Companion Diagnostic Devices

This “Research Compliance” column discusses new FDA guidances, notably that personalized/precision medicine will require a different approach to regulatory oversight and participation of clinical research professionals to gather the evidence to guide the future use of drugs and devices targeting the person, and not just the diagnosis.
Immunogenicity of Subcellular Fractions from Yeast Cells of Histoplasma capsulatum

We have previously demonstrated a high degree of protection in mice immunized with partially purified ribosomes and ribosomal protein from H. capsulatum. In order to define more precisely the nature of the protective antigen(s), we have further investigated the immunogenicity of different subcellular fractions from yeast cells of H. capsulatum. The ribosomes and a membrane-rich cytoplasmic fraction from Histoplasma protected 90-100% of the immunized mice against a lethal challenge with yeast cells of H. capsulatum. The ribosomes incorporated 14C-L-phenylalanine in a poly U directed cell-free protein synthesizing system and could be dissociated into 40 and 60S subunits. Significant but somewhat lower levels of protection were obtained with the mitochondrial fractions. In contrast, only 30-50% protection was observed with cell wall preparations and 20-40% protection with microsomal and ribosomal supernates. High levels of protective immunity were observed when mice were immunized with combination of suboptimal doses of ribosomes and cell walls. Immunization with ribosomes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans in combination with Histoplasma cell walls did not elicit significant protection against H. capsulatum, indicating the specific nature of the immune response. These results demonstrate that ribosomes and membrane-rich cytoplasmic fractions are the major protective cellular constituents of Histoplasma. Furthermore, the combination of purified immunogenic subcellular constituents in the ritht proportion may provide a safe and effective veccine against histoplasmosis.
Bovine sera used in the manufacture of biologicals: current concerns and policies of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration regarding the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.

Since 1993, consistent with its statutory responsibility to ensure that regulated products are safe, pure, and free of > the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has requested that, with certain exceptions, bovine-derived materials from animals born in or residing in countries where bovine spongiform encephalopathy has occurred, should not be used to manufacture products intended for humans. FDA's Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER) has specifically recommended that serum used to produce biologicals be obtained from sources > The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) has prohibited importation of such serum for use in products. FDA staff are aware that bovine blood, including foetal blood, and placental tissues and fluids that might contaminate foetal serum have not been found to contain the infectious agent of BSE, and that those tissues are considered by most authorities to have little risk for transmitting disease to humans or animals. However, studies of BSE have been limited in size and sensitivity, and several experimental studies of scrapie and CJD in rodents found their blood to be infectious. In addition, a recent unpublished study of BSE (requiring confirmation) reported finding infectivity in the bone marrow of cattle. Possible transmission of BSE from cows to calves, although unlikely to constitute a major mode for maintaining the BSE outbreak, has also not been rigorously ruled out. Considering the special nature of biological products, especially of vaccines intended for widespread use in children, it seems prudent for U.S. regulatory authorities to continue current conservative policies that discourage or prohibit the use of bovine serum from countries with BSE.
Radiologic Techniques in the Diagnosis of CNS Infections

The radiologic diagnosis of CNS infections remains a challenge. CT scan findings, though admittedly nonspecific to a large extent, assume great diagnostic significance when considered in conjunction with clinical and laboratory findings. MRI is expected to show abnormalities in the earlier stages of these infections.
[Infantile spasm associated with 5q14.3 microdeletion syndrome: clinical and genetic characterization of a core family].

Objective To characterize the clinical feature of a child with infantile spasm, karyotype and molecular cytogenetic analyses were performed to investigate the cause of disease and choose a suitable prenatal diagnostic method for the couple with the child. Method Routine G-banding was performed to analyze the karyotype of the patient and her parents, and molecular karyotyping was performed using SNP array. Confirmation and segregation studies were performed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Result The patient presented with severe psychomotor retardation, epilepsy, muscular hypotonia, stereotypic behavior and facial phenotype characterized by bulging forehead, cupid-bow upper lip, large ears with prominent lobes and pronounced occipital protuberance. Subdural collection of fluid was shown in cranial CT scan, and frequent interictal epileptiform discharges and hypsarrhythmia was shown in EEG monitoring. Routine G-banding revealed a normal female karyotype. A 2.03 Mb deletion in 5q14.3 including MEF2C gene was revealed using SNP array, and the patient′s molecular karyotype was arr 5q14.3 (87 538 430-89 565 757) ×1. FISH with locus-specific probe RP11-293L20 from the deleted region on metaphase preparations of the patient and her parents confirmed the de novo occurrence of the deletion. Conclusion The microdeletion of 5q14.3 was the cause of infantile spasm in the patient. FISH confirmed the de novo occurrence of the microdeletion. SNP array should be chosen as prenatal diagnostic method for the couple with the child. Key words: Spasms, infantile; Epilepsy; Genetics; Karyotyping
A 20-Site Comparison of Transition-in-Place Versus Traditional Transitional Housing Programs

Transition-in-Place (TIP) is a housing model being piloted in the veterans affairs transitional housing program, Grant & Per Diem (GPD). This observational 20-site study compares characteristics and outcomes of 488 clients in TIP and 10,388 clients in traditional GPD programs. TIP participants were younger, better educated, healthier, and reported higher employment income than traditional GPD participants. Adjusting for these differences, TIP participants were more likely to have their own housing and reported higher employment and public support income at program exit, although the differences were small. These results inform use of the TIP model as a public health intervention.
High-resolution riparian vegetation mapping to prioritize conservation and restoration in an impaired desert river

In highly impaired watersheds, it is critical to identify both areas with desirable habitat as conservation zones and impaired areas with the highest likelihood of improvement as restoration zones. We present how detailed riparian vegetation mapping can be used to prioritize conservation and restoration sites within a riparian and instream habitat restoration program targeting 3 native fish species on the San Rafael River, a desert river in southeastern Utah, United States. We classified vegetation using a combination of object-based image analysis (OBIA) on high-resolution (0.5 m), multispectral, satellite imagery with oblique aerial photography and field-based data collection. The OBIA approach is objective, repeatable, and applicable to large areas. The overall accuracy of the classification was 80% (Cohen's κ = 0.77). We used this high-resolution vegetation classification alongside existing data on habitat condition and aquatic species' distributions to identify reaches' conservation value and restoration potential to guide management actions. Specifically, cottonwood (Populus fremontii) and tamarisk (Tamarix ramosissima) density layers helped to establish broad restoration and conservation reach classes. The high-resolution vegetation mapping precisely identified individual cottonwood trees and tamarisk thickets, which were used to determine specific locations for restoration activities such as beaver dam analogue structures in cottonwood restoration areas, or strategic tamarisk removal in high-density tamarisk sites. The site prioritization method presented here is effective for planning large-scale river restoration and is transferable to other desert river systems elsewhere in the world.
Insider Threat Detection Using Stream Mining and Graph Mining

Evidence of malicious insider activity is often buried within large data streams, such as system logs accumulated over months or years. Ensemble-based stream mining leverages multiple classification models to achieve highly accurate anomaly detection in such streams even when the stream is unbounded, evolving, and unlabeled. This makes the approach effective for identifying insider threats who attempt to conceal their activities by varying their behaviors over time. This paper applies ensemble-based stream mining, unsupervised learning, and graph-based anomaly detection to the problem of insider threat detection, demonstrating that the ensemble-based approach is significantly more effective than traditional single-model methods.
Historical and Contemporary Global Methane Cycling

Methane (CH4) has been studied as an atmospheric constituent for more than 200 years. However, the first modern measurements of atmospheric CH4 concentration were made by using the infrared absorption and estimated an atmospheric concentration of 2.0 ppmv in 1948. The development of gas chromatography (GC) and the flame ionization detector (FID) in the 1950s led to observations of vertical CH4 distributions in the troposphere and stratosphere , and to establishment of time-series sampling programs starting from 1979. Results from these sampling programs led to suggestions that similar to atmospheric CO2, the concentration of atmospheric CH4 has been increasing. The data indicated that the atmospheric CH4 concentration has increased almost exponentially from 722 ± 4 ppb at the onset of Industrial Revolution in 1750 to 1650 ppb by mid 1980s when global CH4 emissions monitoring started. The current (2015) global annual surface mean abundance is 1845 ± 2 ppb, and a relative abundance of 256% compared to 1750. The mean annual absolute increase during the last 10 years is estimated at 6 ppb CH4 yr−1. The role of CH4 as one of the greenhouse gas (GHG) causing global warming stimulated further research on sources and sinks of CH4, which is emitted from a variety of sources, both of natural and anthropogenic origin. Natural sources account for about 40% of the total, while anthropogenic emissions contributing 60% of the global emissions. The anthropogenic sources fall under the main categories of agriculture, energy, waste, and industry. CH4 is also of interest to microbiologists, but findings from microbiology have entered the larger context of the global CH4 budget only recently. CH4 is the most abundant hydrocarbon in the atmosphere, and its increase by a factor of 2.5 since the Industrial Era has raised concerns due to the potential effects on atmospheric chemistry and climate. It plays important roles in atmospheric chemistry and the radiative balance of the Earth. Stratospheric oxidation of CH4 provides a means of introducing water vapor above the tropopause. The CH4 also reacts with atomic chlorine in the stratosphere, forming HCl, a reservoir species for chlorine. Some 90% of the CH4 entering the atmosphere is oxidized through reactions initiated by the OH radical, mostly in the troposphere. These reactions are important in controlling the oxidation state of the atmosphere. The CH4 absorbs infrared (IR) radiation in the troposphere and is an important GHG. On per mole basis, CH4 is more effective a GHG than CO2. Current atmospheric burden is estimated at 4954 ± 10 Tg CH4, with the annual increase estimated at 14 ± 3 Tg CH4 yr−1 from both natural (36.3%) and anthropogenic (63.7%) sources.
Semiconductor Quantum Dots as Photocatalysts for Controlled Light-Mediated Radical Polymerization

Light-mediated radical polymerization has benefited from the rapid development of photoredox catalysts and offers many exceptional advantages over traditional thermal polymerizations. Nevertheless, the majority of the work relies on molecular photoredox catalysts or expensive transition metals. We exploited the capability of semiconductor quantum dots (QD) as a new type of catalyst for the radical polymerization that can harness natural sunlight. Polymerizations of (meth)acrylates, styrene, and construction of block copolymers were demonstrated, together with temporal control of the polymerization by the light source. Photoluminescence experiments revealed that the reduction of alkyl bromide initiator by photoexcited QD is the key to this light-mediated radical polymerization.
Introduction: From Innovation to Change

We asked a number of colleagues to comment on the difficulties involved in moving the exam issue from the realm of innovation to that of systemic change. Following are comments by Herbert Lin, Mary Nakhleh, Susan Nurrenbern, and Arthur Ellis
Phalloplasty Flap-Related Complication

This article focuses on flap-related complications after creation of a neophallus for transgender individuals. It outlines the most frequently used flaps for this procedure and how flap-related complications can affect the overall outcome of the phalloplasty. With surgeons staging the procedure in different stages, it is important to understand the different strategies and the implication a flap-related complication can have on the end result and how it may be prevented.
Examining the Leadership Styles in Saudi Arabia: Why Saudi Women Can and Must Help Run the Schools?

The role of women in the position of leadership in Saudi Arabia has limitedly been researched. Studies have shown that women have limitedly represented in the position of leadership in society, particularly in the executive managerial positions. From the research study done, it is apparent that only 15% of women are in the workforce, a clear evident that women are lowly represented in leadership position. Saudi women are assertively seeking for professional career and higher education. However, the patriarchy system embraced in Saudi Arabia has placed women at a greater disadvantaged position. Even though the government has considerably increased the accessibility of higher education to learners, the patriarchy mentality has continued to impede women from participating in various leadership positions. Women in leadership are highly critical in positively influencing student’s learning. Female students who see women in leadership are likely to feel encouraged to work hard to rise to such positions. This study explores the opportunities and obstacles that Saudi women have to pursue managerial positions. Specifically, the study sought to ascertain how inclusion of women in educational, as well as, educational leadership would impact learning of student in Saudi Arabia, in addition to justifying why women can and must run the schools.
Overcoming Inherent Resistance to Proteasome Inhibitors in Head and Neck Cancer: Challenges and New Approaches

Advanced stage head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a relatively common human malignancy that generally carries a poor prognosis. Despite the in vitro sensitivity of HNSCC cells to proteasome inhibitors, clinical testing of bortezomib in HNSCC patients has encountered obstacles of inherent resistance and adverse toxicities. To combat these difficulties, current efforts are focused on developing strategies that co-target the proteasome and other key signaling pathways. In addition, new proteasome inhibitors are being developed which exhibit reduced side effects in patients. This chapter will review our current understanding of the pathology and biology of HNSCC, findings from preclinical studies of proteasome inhibitors in HNSCC models, results from early-stage clinical testing of proteasome inhibitors in HNSCC patients, and the unique opportunities for proteasome targeting in human papillomavirus-positive HNSCC.
Coaching im Umgang mit Medien

»...ah ah bel- zu be- bewerkstelligen« — Wer dies am Morgen unter Zeitdruck in die Kamera spricht, lauft Gefahr, sich selbst am Abend im Fernsehen so zu erleben, zusammen mit Hunderttausenden anderer Zuschauer, etwa mit Kunden, Arbeitskolleginnen und Vorgesetzten, die darauf zuruckkommen werden. Ein Medienauftritt bedeutet dreifache Belastung:
Estimating Volume and Count

This chapter introduces the reader to fundamental issues that arise when applying the Monte Carlo method to solving a commonly encountered problem in numerical computation. In its most basic form the problem is to evaluate the volume of a bounded region in multi-dimensional euclidean space. The more general problem is to evaluate the integral of a function on such a region. The Monte Carlo method often offers a competitive and sometimes the only useful solution to the problem. The appeal of the Monte Carlo method arises when the shape of the region of interest makes solution by analytical methods impossible and, in the case of the more general function integration, when little is known about the smoothness and variational properties of the integrand, or what is known precludes the applications of alternative numerical evaluation techniques.
Postoperative Pneumonia Prevention in Pulmonary Resections: A Feasibility Pilot Study.

Background Pneumonia after pulmonary resection occurs in 5% to 12% of patients and causes substantial morbidity. Oral hygiene regimens lower the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonias; however, the impact in patients undergoing elective pulmonary resection is unknown. We conducted a prospective pilot study to assess the feasibility of an oral hygiene intervention in this patient cohort. Methods Patients undergoing elective pulmonary resection were prospectively enrolled in a single-arm interventional study with time-matched controls. Participants were asked to brush their teeth with 0.12% chlorhexidine three times daily for 5 days before their operations and 5 days or until the time of discharge after their operations. Patients were eligible if they had known or suspected lung cancer and were undergoing (1) any anatomic lung resection or (2) a wedge resection with forced expiratory volume in 1 second or diffusing capacity of lung for carbon monoxide less than 50% predicted. Results Sixty-two patients were enrolled in the pilot intervention group and compared with a contemporaneous cohort of 611 patients who met surgical inclusion criteria. Preoperative adherence to the chlorhexidine toothbrushing regimen was high: median 100% (interquartile range: 87% to 100%). Postoperatively, 80% of patients continued toothbrushing, whereas 20% declined further participation. Among those who participated postoperatively, median adherence was 86% (interquartile range: 53% to 100%). There was a trend toward reduction in postoperative pneumonia: 1.6% (1 of 62) in the intervention cohort versus 4.9% (30 of 611) in the time-matched cohort (p = 0.35). The number needed to treat to prevent one case of pneumonia was 30 patients. Conclusions This pilot study demonstrated patients can comply with an inexpensive perioperative oral hygiene regimen that may be promising for reducing morbidity (Clinical Trials Registry: NCT01446874).