cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RESPONSE TO CARBON MONOXIDE BY GEOGRAPHIC VARIANTS IN ACACIA FARNESIANA

A B S T R A C T Differences in degree of defoliation in CO-air mixtures were shown by geographic variants in Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd., a widespread, weedy, pantropic, leguminous tree. Laboratorygerminated seedlings from MazatlAn (MAME-1), Sinaloa, Mexico, showed greater sensitivity to a CO gradient than plants from Point Tuna (PORO), Puerto Rico. Seedlings of both strains grown under a light intensity of 200 ft-c showed greater sensitivity to CO than those grown under 1,800 ft-c. When intact plants of 17 geographic variants grown at low-light intensities were exposed to 2%Fo CO in air, 11 strains (Mexico,8; Texas, 1; California, 1; Guatemala, 1) showed almost complete defoliation. The other six strains-from Brazil, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, 1Ttaly, Algeria, and Michoac4n, Mexico-showed defoliation averaging from 23 to 70%. The significance of the CO-defoliation response is difficult to explain in terms of the natural distribution of A. farnesiana. It is suggested that this response may be correlated with some biochemical process of adaptive significance. GEOGRAPHIC variants in Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. being studied at the Plant Ecology Research Laboratory differ in several parameters, but the most bizarre difference is one shown by exposure to low concentrations of carbon monoxide. While certain strains show nearly total leaf loss after 24-hr exposure to CO, other strains show little or no defoliation. First observed as a result of accidental exposure to CO, the geo
Dietary grape seed extract ameliorates symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease in IL10-deficient mice

Grape seed extract (GSE) is a by-product of the wine industry, with abundant polyphenolic compounds known for their anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects. Using IL10-deficient mice (IL10KO), here we showed that GSE (1% of dry feed weight) ameliorated inflammatory bowel disease indices, increased colonic goblet cell numbers and decreased myeloperoxidase levels in the large intestine. Concomitantly, GSE supplementation attenuated inflammation, decreased the expression of pore forming tight junction protein claudin2, and increased levels of Lactobacilli and Bacteroides in the gut microbiota of IL10KO mice. In summary, our study shows that GSE has protective roles on inflammatory bowel disease through altering gut inflammation, tight junction protein expression, and gut microbiota composition.
A self-regulatory framework for message framing☆

After several decades of research on message framing, there is still no clear and consistent answer to the question of when emphasizing positive or negative outcomes in a persuasive message will be most effective. Whereas early framing research considered the type of recommended behavior (health-affirming vs. illness-detection) to be the determining factor, more recent research has looked to individual differences to answer this question. In this paper, we incorporate both approaches under a single framework. The framework describes the multiple self-regulatory levels at which a message can be framed and predicts when framing at each level will be most effective. Two central predictions were confirmed across four studies: (1) messages describing the pleasures of adhering to the recommended behavior are most effective for recipients in a promotion focus (who are concerned with meeting growth needs), whereas messages describing the pains of not adhering are most effective for recipients in a prevention focus (who are concerned with meeting safety needs), and (2) the content of an advocacy message is essential, as different topics induce different regulatory orientations. By showing that different message content can induce a promotion or prevention focus, past findings and theories can be accommodated within the proposed framework, and a single set of self-regulatory principles can be used to understand message framing.
Some Problems of Our Natural Sciences

The reductionistic materialism reintroduced into Western thought during the Enlightenment was taken up by several scientists and philosophers in the middle of the 19th century, including Comte and Marx. They all had, of course, strong political interests and convictions. According to their theories, man is simply a machine, and his life and behavior are governed by the laws of physics, which are deterministic. Their ideas, which also had political implications, were largely abandoned in our century. Early in the century it was recognized that the area of physics is very restricted—the first physics book I read said “atoms and molecules may exist but this is irrelevant from the point of view of physics.” Chemistry was, at that time, entirely separate from physics. As a result of the achievements of quantum mechanics, this has changed completely and it is fair to say that, fundamentally, chemistry is now part of physics, but of course, only fundamentally. However, the phenomena of life, the existence of emotions, pain, pleasure, desires, are still entirely outside the area of physics. We do not know whether the description of these phenomena of life will ever become truly united with physics. We can hope that this will happen even if we admit that this is not now the case, and that the basic idea of materialism is not now valid, and was much less valid when that idea was proposed. The hope that it becomes valid is very much supported by the past success of the fundamental unification of chemistry and physics.
Use of the Box-Jenkins method to evaluate the physiologic responses of normal and CNS-injured premature infants to environmental sound

Abstract Sound levels in the NICU are sufficient to trigger obligatory autonomic responses for very low birth weight infants. The patterns of autonomic responses may yield valuable clues to the ability of the individual infant to interact with the environment. In this study, brain-injured premature infants had an exaggerated and prolonged physiologic response to environmental sound that is significant particularly in light of the recommendations of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) for sound reduction in the NICU. These subtle autonomic responses are frequently unrecognized by clinicians and may interfere with optimal development in both normal and CNS-injured premature infants. The Box-Jenkins method, which analyzed complex, sequential, and interdependent variables, was able to detect normal and brain-injured premature infants’ autonomic response patterns to sound, which would otherwise not be clinically apparent.
Use of total grain-size distributions to define bed erosion and transport for poorly sorted sediment undergoing simulated bioturbation

Abstract Flume experiments were conducted using poorly sorted beds made to resemble those glacial deposits that blanket the Antarctic seafloor today. Flow within the flume was gradually increased over 2 cm s −1 increments up to 20 cm s −1 . An initial run was made without altering the bed, and two additional runs were made in which the bed was mechanically mixed in order to simulate bioturbation. Initial and efficient transport of a given size particle was determined using total grain-size distribution data for samples taken from the residual bed, from trays placed at different elevations above the floor of the flume, and from the water column. Using this method, we were able to measure the current velocities at which initial movement occurred, as well as relate different modes of transport for given size ranges to current velocity. Without mixing the bed, current velocities greater than 16 cm s −1 were required to initiate particle movement, but because the bed became armored, this initial movement was not reflected in the total grain-size distribution of the bed. With mixing, a residual bed containing little silt and clay was produced at velocities of only a few centimeters per second. Once fines were removed from the bed, sand-sized material began to move by either traction or saltation. A curve relating current velocity to sediment transport by bed load (traction and saltation), intermittent suspension, and suspension is presented. The results of our flume experiments demonstrate how sorted sediments are presently being derived from cohesive, often overcompacted, poorly sorted glacial sediments on high-latitude continental shelves where measured current velocities are less than 20 cm s −1 (the Antarctic seafloor, for example). Furthermore, we have gained important information about the true meaning of grain-size data as it relates to current velocity. Mean grain size, sorting, and skewness reflect not only current velocity, but also the efficiency with which the bed was mixed. Therefore, attempts to reconstruct paleovelocity using only these parameters may be meaningless.
Do Community Colleges Hire Their Own

This study utilized content analysis to analyze the prior work experiences of newly hired public community college presidents. The purpose was to determine if community colleges hire their own for their top leadership roles. A total of 102 new community college presidents were hired between 2010 and 2012 across the United States. Data were collected through the public Internet, which included vitas, resumes, biographies, and media communications of new community college presidents. Content analysis was used to analyze these documents to determine prior work experiences and education levels of the presidents. The results of the study indicated that a large majority of community colleges hire presidents who have extensive community college insider experience.
Tests for neuroplasticity in the anuran retinotectal system.

Abstract Mapping of retinotectal projections in the tree frog Hyla regilla was carried out by both behavioral and electrophysiological recording techniques following tectal ablations, with and without optic nerve regeneration. Scotomata produced by unilateral and bilateral half tectum ablations and by unilateral rectangular midtectal excisions were found to remain essentially unaltered in all cases through recovery periods up to 334 days. Similarly, electrophysiological mapping of the rostral half tectum separated by Gelfilm implants from the caudal tectum for up to 191 days yielded a normal rostral visual field. The stability of the retinotectal projection in adult Hylidae observed in these experiments contrasts with the plastic readjustments obtained in young goldfish in which the retinotectal system is still probably growing and presumably capable of field regulation. The results are taken to support the original explanatory model for developmental patterning of retinotectal connections in terms of selective cytochemical affinities between retinal and tectal neurons.
Influence of the electronic structure on the titanium-vanadium-hydrogen phase diagram☆☆☆

Abstract Calculations have been carried out for cubic TiH 2 and VH 2 and the tetragonally-distorted TiH 2 in an attempt to explain the phase diagram of the TiVH system. The calculations demonstrate that the distortion is caused by the existence of degenerate states at the Fermi level, degeneracy of which is lifted by the tetragonal distortion- -an example of the Jahn-Teller effect in a metal. The effect of varying vanadium concentration and varying hydrogen concentration on the position of the phase boundaries is discussed in terms of the calculated results.
Inductive influences of epimorphin on endothelial cells in vitro.

Abstract Epimorphin is known as a mesenchymal factor involved in epithelial morphogenesis. This protein has, however, a curious nature in that only certain of its molecules are transported to extracellular regions after having undergone complex conformational changes. In the present study, we generated an N-terminally modified recombinant epimorphin fragment as a substitute for the extracellular epimorphin and examined in detail how this polypeptide affects cellular behavior in a model cell system. As immunohistochemical studies revealed that epimorphin is abundant in regions close to endothelial cells in venulae, we chose endothelial cells as the model cell and investigated the influence of this polypeptide on their cellular behavior in vitro. The recombinant epimorphin guided the endothelial cells to align themselves in tandem and to present a branched morphology in the three-dimensional culture system. We also discovered that the endothelial cells were induced to secrete several cytokines, including those involved in angiogenesis, and were suppressed in terms of proliferation by this molecule. These results suggest that epimorphin has a regulatory role in the activation of endothelial cells and is active in supporting the resulting cellular arrangement.
Characteristics of particulate matter emissions from toy cars with electric motors

Aerosol emissions from toy cars with electric motors were characterized. Particle emission rates from the toy cars, as high as 7.47 × 107 particles/s, were measured. This emission rate is lower than other indoor sources such as smoking and cooking. The particles emitted from toy cars are generated from spark discharges inside the electric motors that power the toy cars. Size distribution measurements indicated that most particles were below 100 nm in diameter. Copper was the dominant inorganic species in these particles. By deploying aerosol mass spectrometers, high concentrations of particulate organic matter were also detected and characterized in detail. Several organic compounds were identified using a thermal desorption aerosol gas chromatography. The mass size distribution of particulate organic matter was bimodal. The formation mechanism of particulate organic matter from toy cars was elucidated.Implications: A possible new source of indoor air pollution, particles from electric motors in toy cars,...
Fuzzy image correspondence correction

We explore the use of fuzzy logic techniques to create an Image Correspondence Correction System. Image Correspondence Correction is important for applications such as Surveillance, Terrain Database Collection, Exploration and Map Building which often require the comparison of image data potentially from different sources or taken at different times and in varying conditions. Difficulties arise due to mis-registration of the data as well as artifacts introduced from discrete image properties. This work attempts to apply a fuzzy-type scheme to reduce the effects of these problems. Results of this system are compared to those achieved by a previous non-fuzzy system.
Detection of prostate cancer on histopathology using color fractals and Probabilistic Pairwise Markov models

In this paper we present a system for detecting regions of carcinoma of the prostate (CaP) in H&E stained radical prostatectomy specimens using the color fractal dimension. Color textural information is known to be a valuable characteristic to distinguish CaP from benign tissue. In addition to color information, we know that cancer tends to form contiguous regions. Our system leverages the color staining information of histology as well as spatial dependencies. The color and textural information is first captured using color fractal dimension. To incorporate spatial dependencies, we combine the probability map constructed via color fractal dimension with a novel Markov prior called the Probabilistic Pairwise Markov Model (PPMM). To demonstrate the capability of this CaP detection system, we applied the algorithm to 27 radical prostatectomy specimens from 10 patients. A per pixel evaluation was conducted with ground truth provided by an expert pathologist using only the color fractal feature first, yielding an area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) curve of 0.790. In conjunction with a Markov prior, the resultant color fractal dimension + Markov random field (MRF) classifier yielded an AUC of 0.831.
The limited ability of inferior petrosal sinus sampling with corticotropin-releasing hormone to distinguish Cushing's disease from pseudo-Cushing states or normal physiology.

To determine whether petrosal sinus sampling is useful to distinguish patients with mild or intermittent Cushing's disease from normal subjects and individuals with pseudo-Cushing states, we performed bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling for ACTH before and after the administration of CRH in 7 eucortisolemic volunteers, 8 hypercortisolemic patients with pseudo-Cushing states, and 40 patients with ACTH-dependent Cushing's disease whose urinary free cortisol excretion was within the range found in patients with, pseudo-Cushing states (< 1000 nmol/day; < 360 micrograms/day). The ACTH level, the ratio of the inferior petrosal sinus ACTH to the peripheral venous ACTH concentration (the IPS:P ratio), and the greater ratio of right to left or left to right petrosal sinuses (the R:L ratio) were compared in patients with and without Cushing's disease. Maximal petrosal ACTH values were significantly elevated in patients with Cushing's disease compared to patients with pseudo-Cushing states before CRH administ...
Plasma etching of magnetic multilayers — effect of concurrent UV illumination

Abstract The etch products of magnetic materials such as NiFe and NiFeCo are not volatile in conventional plasma etching processes, but can be removed from the surface by ion-assisted desorption under high density plasma conditions. We have found that NiFeCo, CrSi and TaN, components of multilayer structures for magnetic random access memories, display enhanced etch rates in Cl2/Ar Inductively Coupled Plasmas with concurrent UV illumination during etching. No enhancement was observed when CO/NH3 plasma chemistries were employed. The enhanced etch rates correlate well with the presence of fewer chlorinated residues remaining on the surface, indicating more efficient desorption of the metal chloride etch products.
BOUNDARY CONDITION MODEL FOR PROTON-PROTON SCATTERING

A boundary condition model for proton-proton scattering, which features potential tails, was found to yield a good description of the p-p data up to 310 Mev. The boundary conditions were applied at the same radius for all states of a given spin angular momentum. Preliminary values of the boundary conditions were obtained by inward stepwise calculations of the wave functions for each state. The boundar condition method was also tried with the one-pion exchange potential in the outer region. (M.C.G.)
Cortical bone loss and measurements of the second metacarpal bone: II. Hypodense bone in postwar Guamanian children

Hand-wrist radiographs from 326 Guamanian children (180 boys and 146 girls) were evaluated for total width, medullary width, length, and combined cortical thickness of the second metacarpal. Bone measurements as well as standing height and weight were compared to similar published data from U.S. mainland black, white, and Mexican-American children. The results demonstrated that the second metacarpal bones of Guamanian boys and girls of all age groups (5–17 years) have a narrower width and shorter length with less combined cortical thickness than any of the other groups. Guamanian children also weighed less and were of shorter stature than their black, white, or Mexican-American counterparts. These results agree closely with those comparisons between Guamanian and U.S. mainland white adults published earlier. It is not possible from the present data to ascertain whether these differences were due to genetic variability or nutritional deficiency.
On and beyond O2 binding: hemoglobin and myoglobin revisited.

The past decade of our laboratory's investigations into some aspects of heme proteins at first glance may seem marginal to the primary biological function of these proteins in O2 binding and transport. But in fact, understanding long-range electron transfer mechanisms and the participation of hemoglobin and myoglobin in the generation of oxidative stress may provide relevant new biochemical insights.
Acute cadmium exposure inactivates thioltransferase (Glutaredoxin), inhibits intracellular reduction of protein-glutathionyl-mixed disulfides, and initiates apoptosis

Oxidative stress broadly impacts cells, initiating regulatory pathways as well as apoptosis and necrosis. A key molecular event is protein S-glutathionylation, and thioltransferase (glutaredoxin) is a specific and efficient catalyst of protein-SSG reduction. In this study 30-min exposure of H9 and Jurkat cells to cadmium inhibited intracellular protein-SSG reduction, and this correlated with inhibition of the thioltransferase system, consistent with thioltransferase being the primary intracellular catalyst of deglutathionylation. The thioredoxin system contributed very little to total deglutathionylase activity. Thioltransferase and GSSG reductase in situ displayed similar dose-response curves (50% inhibition near 10 micrometer cadmium in extracellular buffer). Acute cadmium exposure also initiated apoptosis, with H9 cells being more sensitive than Jurkat. Moreover, transfection with antisense thioltransferase cDNA was incompatible with cell survival. Collectively, these data suggest that thioltransferase has a vital role in sulfhydryl homeostasis and cell survival. In separate experiments, cadmium inhibited the isolated component enzymes of the thioltransferase and thioredoxin systems, consistent with the vicinal dithiol nature of their active sites: thioltransferase (IC(50) approximately 1 micrometer), GSSG reductase (IC(50) approximately 1 micrometer), thioredoxin (IC(50) approximately 8 micrometer), thioredoxin reductase (IC(50) approximately 0.2 micrometer). Disruption of the vicinal dithiol on thioltransferase (via oxidation to C22-SS-C25; or C25S mutation) protected against cadmium, consistent with a dithiol chelation mechanism of inactivation.
In vitro response of cells from three patients with hairy cell leukemia to a recombinant leukocyte interferon.

Mononuclear cells from the peripheral blood of two patients and from the spleen of one patient, all of whom had hairy cell leukemia, were cultured with a recombinant human leukocyte interferon (RDα2-IFN). The IFN was added at concentrations of 10, 100, 1,000, and 10,000 IU/ml, and the cells were cultured for 1, 3, and 7 days. A cytocidal effect of IFN was observed only on cultured cells from the spleen at day 7. Electron-microscopic observations demonstrated that RDα2-IFN induced the formation of tubuloreticular structures (TRSs) and annulate lamellae (ALs) in hairy cells, as well as in co-isolated non-leukemic cells, from all three patients. Ultrastructural examination revealed a close proximity between ALs and TRSs in co-isolated non-leukemic cells. A variability with respect to the induction of TRSs in hairy cells was observed among the three patients. In two of the three patients, the percentage of hairy cells with TRSs increased with the duration of incubation and with the dose of IFN. In the third patient, few hairy cells showed TRSs after 7 days of incubation with IFN. Our findings indicate that leukemic hairy cells may be heterogenous in their response to IFN.
WITHDRAWN: Prestorage leukoreduction does not increase hemolysis of stored red cell concentrates.

The Publisher regrets that this article was an accidental duplication of an article that has already been published in Transfus Apher Sci, 36 (1) 17 – 22, doi:10.1016/j.transci.2006.09.007 . The duplicate article has therefore been withdrawn.
Optimum phase ratio in the triple jump

The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a method to determine the optimum phase ratio that yields the longest actual distance for a given triple jumper. Two hypotheses were tested: (a) for any given triple jumper, the greater the gain in the vertical velocity the greater the loss in the horizontal velocity; and (b) there is no single optimum phase ratio for all triple jumpers. Kinematic data were collected for four elite male triple jumpers. It was found that the loss in the horizontal velocity during a support phase has a significant positive linear correlation with the gain in the vertical velocity during the same support phase. The slope of the regression line was referred to as the horizontal-to-vertical velocity conversion factor. Based on this relationship, an optimization model for the longest actual distance was developed to determine the optimum phase ratio for each of the four subjects. The optimization results showed that there was an optimum phase ratio for the longest actual distance for each triple jumper. The results of a validity test showed that the model predicted the actual distance with a degree of fair accuracy. The results of sensitivity analysis showed that the optimum phase ratio for a given athlete was a function of the horizontal-to-vertical velocity conversion factor and the horizontal velocity at the touchdown of the hop. These results support the two hypotheses of this study.
Examining access to addiction treatment: Scheduling processes and barriers

This paper reports on the phone scheduling systems that patients encounter when seeking addiction treatment. Researchers made a series of 28 monthly calls to 192 addiction treatment clinics to inquire about the clinics' first available appointment for an assessment. Each month, the date of each clinic's first available appointment and the date the appointment was made were recorded. During a 4-month baseline data collection period, the average waiting time from contact with the clinic to the first available appointment was 7.2 days. Clinics engaged in a 15-month quality improvement intervention in which average waiting time was reduced to 5.8 days. During the course of the study, researchers noted difficulty in contacting clinics and began recording the date of each additional attempt required to secure an appointment. On average, 0.47 callbacks were required to establish contact with clinics and schedule an appointment. Based on these findings, aspects of quality in phone scheduling processes are discussed. Most people with addiction seek help by calling a local addiction treatment clinic, and the reception they get matters. The results highlight variation in access to addiction treatment and suggest opportunities to improve phone scheduling processes.
Age Determination of the Male Os Pubis

An extensive (n = 739) sample of well-documented male pubic bones was examined for age-related features. Using the traditional aging methods, Todd's system was found to over-age and both the Todd and the McKern-Stewart systems did not account for age variability seen in advanced pubic bone patterns. Based on a 5-year interobserver error study, certain categories in each system were collapsed because observers could not consistently differentiate between them by morphological pattern. The traditional and the modified versions were than analyzed using linear regression analysis. All approaches perform poorly when the entire sample is used. Truncation strategies to eliminate older individuals result in substantial improvement. The traditional Todd system and its modified form are found to be the best systems. When implementation is considered, a modified Todd six-phase system is recommended.
The Effects of Environmental Regulations on Foreign Direct Investment

Abstract This paper employs a conditional logit model to estimate the effects of state environmental regulations on foreign multinational corporations' new plant location decisions from 1986 to 1993. The relationship between site choice and state environmental regulations is explored, using four measures of regulatory stringency. We find evidence that heterogeneous environmental policies across states do matter.
Concussive Brain Injury Enhances Fear Learning and Excitatory Processes in the Amygdala

Background Mild traumatic brain injury (cerebral concussion) results in cognitive and emotional dysfunction. These injuries are a significant risk factor for the development of anxiety disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder. However, because physically traumatic events typically occur in a highly emotional context, it is unknown whether traumatic brain injury itself is a cause of augmented fear and anxiety. Methods Rats were trained with one of five fear-conditioning procedures ( n = 105) 2 days after concussive brain trauma. Fear learning was assessed over subsequent days and chronic changes in fear learning and memory circuitry were assessed by measuring N -methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits and glutamic acid decarboxylase, 67 kDa isoform protein levels in the hippocampus and basolateral amygdala complex (BLA). Results Injured rats exhibited an overall increase in fear conditioning, regardless of whether fear was retrieved via discrete or contextual-spatial stimuli. Moreover, injured rats appeared to overgeneralize learned fear to both conditioned and novel stimuli. Although no gross histopathology was evident, injury resulted in a significant upregulation of excitatory N -methyl-D-aspartate receptors in the BLA. There was a trend toward decreased γ-aminobutyric acid-related inhibition (glutamic acid decarboxylase, 67 kDa isoform) in the BLA and hippocampus. Conclusions These results suggest that mild traumatic brain injury predisposes the brain toward heightened fear learning during stressful postinjury events and provides a potential molecular mechanism by which this occurs. Furthermore, these data represent a novel rodent model that can help advance the neurobiological and therapeutic understanding of the comorbidity of posttraumatic stress disorder and traumatic brain injury.
Image-based Modeling of the Lateral Axes of a Scanning Probe Microscope

Abstract In order to enable high-speed operation of scanning probe microscopes (SPMs), a dynamic model of the SPM's lateral nanopositioner is typically required (e.g for model inverse feedforward control). One of the primary difficulties associated with developing such models is the availability of nanoposition sensors, especially in very high resolution systems. In order to overcome this problem, a method capable of finding models of the individual SPM nanopositioner axes using only the SPM's imaging capabilities is presented. Specifically, images of a calibration sample acquired using a spiral scan trajectory are analyzed to determine frequency response information for the SPM's lateral positioning axes. The method is presented, followed by simulation results that show the feasibility of the approach.
Evolution of patterns of streamwise vorticity in the turbulent near wake of a circular cylinder

High-image-density particle image velocimetry allows characterization of the instantaneous patterns of streamwise vorticity ω x over the cross-section of the near wake of a circular cylinder, and the manner in which they evolve with streamwise distance. Emphasis is on the Reynolds number Re = 10 x 10 3 , for which the Kelvin-Helmholtz (K-H) mode in the separating shear layers has a streamwise wavelength much smaller than that of the Karman mode. Consequently, the corresponding spanwise wavelength between ω x concentrations increases substantially from its value in the separating shear layer to a larger one in the near wake. This streamwise evolution is defined by spatial correlations of patterns of instantaneous ω x and interpreted with the aid of the quasi-two-dimensional topology of the wake in the base region of the cylinder. The principal features of the phase-averaged topology are foci of the initially formed Karman vortices and a saddle point between them. Immediately downstream of this saddle, remarkably coherent patterns of ω x concentrations are evident ; they have a wavelength approximately equal to the cylinder diameter. Moreover, larger-scale spanwise distortion eventually occurs. This distortion exhibits several modes ; the most severe is a nearly discontinuous variation of patterns of ω x .
crooked legs encodes a family of zinc finger proteins required for leg morphogenesis and ecdysone-regulated gene expression during Drosophila metamorphosis

Drosophila imaginal discs undergo extensive pattern formation during larval development, resulting in each cell acquiring a specific adult fate. The final manifestation of this pattern into adult structures is dependent on pulses of the steroid hormone ecdysone during metamorphosis, which trigger disc eversion, elongation and differentiation. We have defined genetic criteria that allow us to screen for ecdysone-inducible regulatory genes that are required for this transformation from patterned disc to adult structure. We describe here the first genetic locus isolated using these criteria: crooked legs (crol). crol mutants die during pupal development with defects in adult head eversion and leg morphogenesis. The crol gene is induced by ecdysone during the onset of metamorphosis and encodes at least three protein isoforms that contain 12-18 C 2H2 zinc fingers. Consistent with this sequence motif, crol mutations have stage-specific effects on ecdysone-regulated gene expression. The EcR ecdysone receptor, and the BR-C, E74 and E75 early regulatory genes, are submaximally induced in crol mutants in response to the prepupal ecdysone pulse. These changes in gene activity are consistent with the crol lethal phenotypes and provide a basis for understanding the molecular mechanisms of crol action. The genetic criteria described here provide a new direction for identifying regulators of adult tissue development during insect metamorphosis. SUMMARY
From Research to Social Improvement: Understanding Theories of Intervention

Social science research can inform the complex and uncertain work of moving toward effective social change on three levels: by describing and analyzing the problems that practitioners confront, by identifying better outcomes for individuals and society, and by illuminating strategies of intervention that practitioners can use to move toward better outcomes. This article offers a conceptual framework for analyzing strategies of intervention, which the author uses to examine U.S. mental health policy between 1948 and 1963. In this case, strong understanding of intervention strategies proved very useful to practitioners attempting to make major social changes in the face of overwhelming obstacles. The example shows that understanding intervention requires different social science tools and ideas than understanding social problems. It also shows that social scientists and practitioners alike may find it valuable to think more systematically about intervention. Shortly after World War II, a few psychiatrists who worked in the U.S. federal government attempted to turn the practice of mental health care in an entirely new direction, away from specialized, state-run mental institutions and toward outpatient care in community facilities. They had a brief, vague mandate, received very limited funding and no authority from the Congress, pursued an unpopular cause on behalf of stigmatized beneficiaries, and confronted politically powerful, entrenched interests in state governments. The attainment of their goals seemed far away. Nevertheless, these federal officials stimulated and directed real change in the social realities of interest to them and launched a revolution in mental health care. This case of the leaders of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) in 1948 illustrates the relationships between social science research and practice that this article will address. I will discuss social science theories that are
Simulated long-term temperature and dissolved oxygen characteristics of lakes in the north-central United States and associated fish habitat limits

Water temperatures and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations in lakes are related to climate. Temperature and DO in 27 lake classes (3 depth classes x 3 surface area classes x 3 trophic states) were simulated by numerical models with daily weather data input. The weather data used are from the 25-yr period 1955-1979. The lakes and the weather are representative ofthe north-central U.S. Daily profiles ofwater temperature and DO concentrations were computed and several temperature and DO characteristics extracted from this information base. Temperature and minimum oxygen requirements for good growth of cold, cool, and warm water fish were then applied to determine the length of the good-growth periods and the relative lake volumes available for good growth. All characteristics are presented in graphical form using lake surface area, maximum lake depth, and Secchi depth as independent variables. The surface area and maximum depth were combined in a lake geometry ratio which is a relative measure of the susceptibility of a lake to stratification ; Secchi depth was retained as a measure of lake transparency and trophic state. To determine an effect of latitude, we investigated a southern and northern region separately. The effect of climate change due to a projected doubling of atmospheric CO 2 was investigated by applying the output from the GISS 2 x CO 2 global circulation model to the lake models.
Transcriptomic Response of Listeria monocytogenes to Iron Limitation and fur Mutation

Iron is required by almost all bacteria, but concentrations above physiological levels are toxic. In bacteria, intracellular iron is regulated mostly by the ferric uptake regulator, Fur, or a similar functional protein. Iron limitation results in the regulation of a number of genes, especially those involved in iron uptake. A subset of these genes is the Fur regulon under the control of Fur. In the present study, we have identified Fur- and iron-regulated genes in Listeria monocytogenes by DNA microarray analysis using a fur mutant and its isogenic parent. To identify genes regulated exclusively in response to iron limitation, the whole-genome transcriptional responses to the iron limitation of a fur mutant and its isogenic parent were compared. Fur-regulated genes were identified by comparing the transcriptional profile of the parent with the transcriptional profile of the isogenic fur mutant. Our studies have identified genes regulated exclusively in response to iron and those that are negatively regulated by Fur. We have identified at least 14 genes that were negatively regulated directly by Fur. Under iron-limited conditions, these genes were upregulated, while the expression of fur was found to be downregulated. To further investigate the regulation of fur in response to iron, an ectopic fur promoter-lacZ transcriptional fusion strain was constructed, and its isogenic fur and perR mutant derivatives were generated in L. monocytogenes 10403S. Analysis of the iron limitation of the perR mutant indicated that the regulation of genes under the negative control of Fur was significantly inhibited. Our results indicate that Fur and PerR proteins negatively regulate fur and that under iron-limited conditions, PerR is required for the negative regulation of genes controlled by Fur.
Symptoms of striatofrontal dysfunction contribute to disability in geriatric depression.

Objective. To examine whether symptoms of striatofrontal dysfunction contribute to disability in geriatric depression. Design. Cross-sectional evaluation of the relationship of specific cognitive impairments, psychomotor retardation, severity of depression, and medical burden to impairment of instrumental activities of daily living. Setting. Inpatient and outpatient services of a psychiatric university hospital located in a suburban metropolitan area. Patients. One hundred and fifty elderly psychiatric inpatients and outpatients with major depression and cognitive function ranging from normal to moderate dementia. Measures. Psychomotor retardation was evaluated with the Hamilton retardation item and executive dysfunction was assessed with the initiation/perseveration (IP) domain of the Dementia Rating Scale. Disability, severity of depression and medical burden were assessed with the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Index of the Multilevel Assessment Instrument, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale—Geriatric, respectively. Results. In the entire sample (N = 150) and in the non-demented subjects (N = 101), stepwise regression analyses revealed that IP and psychomotor retardation were associated with IADL impairment. Additionally, a ‘striatofrontal component’, which consisted of IP and psychomotor retardation was also significantly associated with IADL impairment in the whole sample, as well as in the non-demented patients. Conclusion. Clinical symptoms and neuropsychological findings associated with striatofrontal dysfunction contribute to disability in depressed elderly patients. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An asperity interaction machining theory of friction

Abstract The understanding of friction for the simple case of two surfaces contacting under the influence of a normal force is a complicated problem for which there is currently no definitive answer. In this paper a brief review of previous models is given and the similarity of the static and dynamic conditions of asperity interaction to those of the machining process is shown. A new model of the friction process based upon a three-zone model of machining is proposed and the effects of material, normal load and velocity calculated based upon machining information obtained at low feeds. The new theory of friction is able to predict approximate values of μ and to account for its change as a function of material and sliding velocity. It can also explain the change in μ that occurs when normal force conditions increase to cause interfacial seizure.
Preparation and Characterization of Cu2Zn(GexSn1-x)Se4 Thin-films from Sputtered Elemental Precursors

Thin-film absorber layers for photovoltaics have attracted much attention for their potential for low cost per unit power generation, due both to reduced material consumption and to higher tolerance for defects such as grain boundaries. Cu2ZnGeSe4 (CZGSe) comprises one such material system which has a near-optimal direct band gap of 1.6 eV for absorption of the solar spectrum, and is made primarily from earth-abundant elements. CZGSe metallic precursor films were sputtered from Cu, Zn, and Ge onto Mo-coated soda lime glass substrates. These were then selenized in a two-zone close-space sublimation furnace using elemental Se as the source, with temperatures in the range of 400 to 500 C, and at a variety of background pressures. Films approximately 1-1.5 µm thick were obtained with the expected stannite crystal structure. Next, Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTSe), which has a direct band gap of 1.0 eV, was prepared in a similar manner and combined with CZGSe as either compositionally homogeneous or layered absorbers. The compositional uniformity of selenide absorbers made by selenizing compositionally homogeneous Cu-Zn-Ge-Sn precursor layers was determined and the band gap as a function of composition was investigated in order to demonstrate that the band gap is tuneable for a range of compositions. For layered Cu-Zn-Ge/Cu-Zn-Sn precursor films, the composition profile was measured before and after selenization to assess the stability of the layered structure, and its applicability for forming a band-gap-graded device for improved current collection.
Dibiphytanyl Ether Lipids in Nonthermophilic Crenarchaeotes

The kingdom Crenarchaeota is now known to include archaea which inhabit a wide variety of low-temperature environments. We report here lipid analyses of nonthermophilic crenarchaeotes, which revealed the presence of cyclic and acyclic dibiphytanylglycerol tetraether lipids. Nonthermophilic crenarchaeotes appear to be a major biological source of tetraether lipids in marine planktonic environments.
Multiple sclerosis. The problem of incorrect diagnosis.

• Various neurologic disorders may be diagnosed incorrectly as multiple sclerosis (MS) since there is no test that is entirely specific for the disease. We report ten patients who met clinical criteria for probable or definite MS and who were given incorrect diagnoses. All of the patients were subsequently shown to have alternative diagnoses, three of which were directly treatable. From these illustrative cases, five characteristics were identified that alerted us to the possibility of an alternative diagnosis. We have called these characteristics "red flags," and suggest that they may be useful as features casting doubt on the diagnosis of MS if used judiciously in conjunction with clinical diagnostic criteria.
Muscle Plasticity and Ankle Control After Repetitive Use of a Functional Electrical Stimulation Device for Foot Drop in Cerebral Palsy

Background/Objectives. The primary goal was to determine whether repetitive functional electrical stimulation (FES) for unilateral foot drop increases tibialis anterior (TA) muscle size compared with an untreated baseline and the contralateral side in cerebral palsy (CP). Secondary goals were to determine whether positive changes in muscle size and gait, if found, accumulated during the 3 intervals during which participants used the device. FES devices differ from traditional orthoses that often restrict muscle activation and may exacerbate weakness, promote continued dependence on orthoses, or precipitate functional decline. Methods. Participants were 14 independent ambulators with inadequate dorsiflexion in swing, with a mean age of 13.1 years, evaluated before and after the 3-month baseline, 1-month device accommodation, 3-month primary intervention, and 3-month follow-up phases. The FES device (WalkAide) stimulated the common fibular nerve to dorsiflex the ankle and evert the foot while monitoring use...
Dynamics of Diastolic Sounds Caused by Partially Occluded Coronary Arteries

The aim of this project is to improve the detection of coronary occlusions using an approach based on the recording and analysis of isolated diastolic heart sounds associated with turbulent blood flow in occluded coronary arteries. The nonlinear dynamic analysis method based on approximate entropy has been proposed for the analysis of diastolic heart sounds. A commercially available electronic stethoscope was used to record the diastolic heart sounds from patients diagnosed with or without coronary artery disease (CAD) based on their coronary angiography examination. The nonlinear dynamical analysis (approximate entropy) measures of the diastolic heart sounds recorded from 30 patients with coronary occlusions and ten normal subjects were estimated. Results suggest the presence of the high nonlinear (approximate entropy) values of diastolic heart sounds associated with CAD ( p < 0.05). This approach led to a sensitivity of 77%, a specificity of 80%, and an overall accuracy of 78%. As a summary, 23 out of 30 abnormal patients and eight out of ten normal patients were correctly detected.
Did Unexpectedly Strong Economic Growth Cause the Oil Price Shock of 2003–2008?

Recently developed structural models of the global crude oil market imply that the surge in the real price of oil between mid 2003 and mid 2008 was driven by repeated positive shocks to the demand for all industrial commodities, reflecting unexpectedly high growth mainly in emerging Asia. We evaluate this proposition using an alternative data source and a different econometric methodology. Rather than inferring demand shocks from an econometric model, we utilize a direct measure of global demand shocks based on revisions of professional real gross domestic product (GDP) growth forecasts. We show that forecast surprises during 2003–2008 were associated primarily with unexpected growth in emerging economies (in conjunction with much smaller positive GDP-weighted forecast surprises in the major industrialized economies), that markets were repeatedly surprised by the strength of this growth, that these surprises were associated with a hump-shaped response of the real price of oil that reaches its peak after 12–16 months, and that news about global growth predict much of the surge in the real price of oil from mid 2003 until mid 2008 and much of its subsequent decline. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.