cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Treatment of the Obese Child or Adolescent

The treatment objective of childhood obesity is the prevention or amelioration of obesity-related comorbidities. Without existing comorbidities, weight management goals may range from discontinuation of further weight gain to a modest weight loss, both of which decrease body mass index in the growing child. Treatment includes diet modification, increased activity and decreased sedentary behaviors, and behavior modification that changes obesity-causing behaviors and helps maintain a healthier lifestyle. Ideally, such approaches include a family member or caregiver.
Vehicle efficiency improvements, urban form, and energy use impacts

Abstract Through their effects on urban form, energy policies can induce complex feedbacks that influence their energy use impacts. Given the large and rapidly increasing share of global energy consumption occurring in cities, understanding the interactions between energy and urban form will be critical to ensure effective policies and avoid unintended consequences. In this study, we develop a theoretical framework to investigate these interactions. We focus in particular on the systemic impacts of improving vehicle fuel efficiency. We prove analytically that raising vehicle fuel efficiency induces a more compact urban form if households are underinvesting in efficiency, but a more sprawling urban form if efficiency is increased beyond the rational household optimum. In the former case, the urban form adjustment further reduces energy use in the transportation and residential sectors. In the latter case, the urban form adjustment increases vehicle travel, which offsets at least some of the direct reduction in transportation energy use stemming from the efficiency improvement (direct rebound). In addition, its larger homes demand more energy in the residential sector (indirect rebound). Our theoretical analysis is followed by numerical illustrations. Most generally, we highlight the presence and significance of urban form feedbacks for energy policy outcomes in cities.
Decoupling deISGylating and deubiquitinating activities of the MERS virus papain-like protease

Coronavirus papain-like proteases (PLPs or PLpro), such as the one encoded in the genome of the infectious Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) virus, have multiple enzymatic activities that promote viral infection. PLpro acts as a protease and processes the large coronavirus polyprotein for virus replication. PLpro also functions as both a deubiquitinating (DUB) and deISGylating (deISG) enzyme and removes ubiquitin (Ub) and interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) from cellular proteins. Both DUB and deISG activities are implicated in suppressing innate immune responses; however, the precise role of each activity in this process is still unclear due in part to the difficulties in separating each activity. In this study, we determine the first structure of MERS PLpro in complex with the full-length human ISG15 to a resolution of 2.3 A. This structure and available structures of MERS PLpro-Ub complexes were used as molecular guides to design PLpro mutants that lack either or both DUB/deISG activities. We tested 13 different PLpro mutants for protease, DUB, and deISG activitites using fluorescence-based assays. Results show that we can selectively modulate DUB activity at amino acid positions 1649 and 1653 while mutation of Val1691 or His1652 of PLpro to a positive charged residue completely impairs both DUB/deISG activities. These mutant enzymes will provide new functional tools for delineating the importance of DUB versus deISG activity in virus-infected cells and may serve as potential candidates for attenuating the MERS virus in vivo for modified vaccine design efforts.
Metabolomics of wheat grains generationally-exposed to cerium oxide nanoparticles.

Abstract This study investigated changes in metabolite compositions over three generation exposure of wheat (Triticum aestivum) to cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2-NPs) in low or high nitrogen soil. The goal was to determine if CeO2-NPs affects grains/seeds quality across generational exposure. Seeds from plants exposed for two generations to 0 or 500 mg CeO2-NPs per kg soil treatment were cultivated for third year in low or high nitrogen soil amended with 0 or 500 mg CeO2-NPs per kg soil. Metabolomics identified 180 metabolites. Multivariate analysis showed that continuous generational exposure to CeO2-NPs altered 18 and 11 metabolites in low N and high N grains, respectively. Interestingly, DNA/RNA metabolites such as thymidine, uracil, guanosine, deoxyguanosine, adenosine monophosphate were affected; a finding that has not been observed on DNA/RNA metabolites of plants exposed to nanoparticles. Nicotianamine, a metabolite playing crucial role in Fe storage in grains, decreased by 33% in grains continuously exposed for three generations to CeO2-NPs at high N soil. Notably, these grains also exhibited a concomitant decrease of 13–16% in Fe concentration. Together these changes suggest alterations in grain quality or implications in ecosystem processes (i.e., productivity, nutrient cycling, ecosystem stability) of progeny plants generationally-exposed to CeO2-NPs.
Secure Real-Time Heterogeneous IoT Data Management System

The growing adoption of IoT devices in our daily life engendered a need for secure systems to safely store and analyze sensitive data as well as the real-time data processing system to be as fast as possible. The cloud services used to store and process sensitive data are often come out to be vulnerable to outside threats. Furthermore, to analyze streaming IoT data swiftly, they are in need of a fast and efficient system. The Paper will envision the aspects of complexity dealing with real time data from various devices in parallel, building solution to ingest data from different IOT devices, forming a secure platform to process data in a short time, and using various techniques of IOT edge computing to provide meaningful intuitive results to users. The paper envisions two modules of building a real time data analytics system. In the first module, we propose to maintain confidentiality and integrity of IoT data, which is of paramount importance, and manage large-scale data analytics with real-time data collection from various IoT devices in parallel. We envision a framework to preserve data privacy utilizing Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) such as Intel SGX, end-to-end data encryption mechanism, and strong access control policies. Moreover, we design a generic framework to simplify the process of collecting and storing heterogeneous data coming from diverse IoT devices. In the second module, we envision a drone-based data processing system in real-time using edge computing and on-device computing. As, we know the use of drones is growing rapidly across many application domains including real-time monitoring, remote sensing, search and rescue, delivery of goods, security and surveillance, civil infrastructure inspection etc. This paper demonstrates the potential drone applications and their challenges discussing current research trends and provide future insights for potential use cases using edge and on-device computing.
Potential benefit of photovoltaic pavement for mitigation of urban heat island effect

Abstract Pavements in roadway and parking lots occupy large urban areas and contribute to the development of urban heat island (UHI). Photovoltaic (PV) pavement can use PV panels on conventional asphalt concrete (AC) pavement to harvest solar energy at light traffic conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the potential benefit of PV pavement to mitigate UHI effect. First, the heat transfer models for AC and PV pavements were developed. The pavement surface temperature and heat output from pavement surface to near-surface environment were then calculated that were used as the indicator of pavement contribution to UHI effect. A parametric study was conducted to analyze the influences of front glass and wind speed on thermal performance of PV pavement. Varying the thickness and transmittance of front glass have shown noticeable influences on pavement temperature, while the change of heat output is limited. Although the increase of average wind speed results in lower pavement temperatures, the heat output experiences slightly increase. The comparison of PV pavement and conventional AC pavement shows that PV pavement can decrease surface temperature by 3–5 °C in summer and generate 11–12% less heat output at various climate conditions.
How Integrated Anesthesia Communication Leads to Dependable IONM Data.

Many algorithms, checklists, and escalation pathways have been created to encourage perioperative teams to share a mental model and approach patient care as a team. Respecting and empowering the ma...
Concentric Push–Pull Robots: Planar Modeling and Design

Concentric push–pull robots (CPPR) combine the simplicity, miniaturization potential, and open lumen of concentric-tube robots with the kinematic advantages and stability of push–pull multibackbone designs. A CPPR segment is made from a pair concentric tubes with notches asymmetrically cut into their sides in opposing directions. The two tubes are attached to one another at their tips, and push–pull translation of the tube bases relative to each other changes the curvature along the length of the combined tube pair. Custom, variable-curvature shapes are possible by varying the notch parameters along the tubes. In this article, we present a planar, variable-curvature mechanics model for the actuated segment shape and a method for designing the notch pattern to achieve a desired planar, variable-curvature shape with maximal stiffness within specified strain limits. Experiments validate accuracy for various shapes, materials, and cross sections, showing that the design method achieves a variety of desired shapes. We also demonstrate a multisegment robot made from multiple tube pairs that can independently rotate and actuate, increasing the robot DOF.
The Seventh Forum on China-US Folklore and Intangible Cultural Heritage: Collaborative Work in Museum Folklore and Heritage Studies

A project report chronicles the Seventh Forum on China US Folklore and Intangible Cultural Heritage held on May 19–22, 2019 in Being, China. Organized within a binational cooperation project of the American Folklore Society and the China Folklore Society, the theme of the forum was Collaborative Work in Museum Folklore and Heritage Studies. In the report, some contexts for the gathering are noted, participants and organizations represented are discussed, and some general themes emerging from the conference are identified.
Characterization of Laser Ultrasonic Sources Using a Sagnac Interferometer

Knowledge of optimal conditions for laser generation of ultrasonic waves, as well as of the spatial and temporal parameters of the generated ultrasonic beams, is required for effective application of laser-based ultrasonic (LBU) techniques to NDE [1]. The work presented here employs a fiberized Sagnac interferometer to characterize a fiber-array based LBU system. The combined system can remotely generate and detect ultrasonic signals with energy concentrated within a selected narrow frequency band.
Chapter 8 Regulation of the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Channel by Protein Phosphorylatio

Publisher Summary Protein phosphorylation is one of the major regulatory mechanisms in the control of cellular metabolism and plays an important role in the regulation of ion channel function. The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor has been an excellent model system to study in detail the regulation of ion channels by protein phosphorylation. The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is a multisubunit (α 2 βγδ) neurotransmitter-dependent ion channel that has been shown to be phosphorylated on seven different sites by three different protein kinases in postsynaptic membranes isolated from Torpedo californica. Cyclic adenosine 3’,5’-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase phosphorylates the γ- and δ-subunits, protein kinase C phosphorylates the δ- and α-subunits, and the tyrosine-specific protein kinase phosphorylates the β-, γ-, and δ-subunits of the receptor. Phosphorylation of the γ- and δ-subunits of the purified nicotinic receptor by purified cAMP-dependent protein kinase in vitro dramatically increases the rate of desensitization of the receptor.
The impact of an external sodium diffusion source on the reliability of MOS circuitry

Data retention studies were conducted on nonvolatile devices exposed to an external sodium diffusion source (sodium bicarbonate). A time-to-failure model is presented and the kinetics of failure are discussed. In this mobile ion contamination study, the integrity of the passivation overcoat (PO) was identified as the major factor affecting data loss. Even under a heavy concentration of sodium (3 wt.% Na sol.), pinhole-free PO units baked at 300 degrees C were observed to fail due to intrinsic charge loss before sodium compensation of the floating gate occurred. Units which had anomalies in the PO were found to fail rapidly with localized regions of failing bits appearing as circular areas. These circles of failed bits were found to grow in radius with the square root of time. Arrhenius plots of the rate of circular growth yielded an average value of 1.8 eV for the activation energy. >
Maximum Likelihood Theory for Log-Linear Models

This chapter presents the basic theoretical results of fitting log-linear models by maximum likelihood. The level of mathematical sophistication is consider-ably higher than in the rest of the book. The presentation assumes knowledge of advanced calculus, mathematical statistics, and large sample theory. Although the results in this chapter are proven in a different manner than for regular linear models, the results themselves are quite similar in nature. The common linear structure of the two techniques leads to the well known analogies between them. A familiarity with log-linear models at the level of, say Fienberg (1980), is assumed.
Correlation between shock induced response duration and success of defibrillation

Although refractory period extension has been proposed as a basic mechanism for defibrillation, the relation between successful defibrillation and refractory period extension has not been determined. The authors tested the hypothesis that successful defibrillation correlates with longer shock induced responses compared with unsuccessful defibrillation. Sixty five episodes of fibrillation were induced in isolated rabbit hearts (n=5). After 10 seconds of fibrillation, defibrillation was attempted with 8 msec monophasic pulses (65% tilt) using epicardial patches. Action potentials were recorded with MAPs placed perpendicular to the shocking electrodes. Response duration measured from the beginning of the shock to maximal repolarization of the action potential was 96.5/spl plusmn/14 msec during successful defibrillation and 54/spl plusmn/25 msec during unsuccessful defibrillation (p >
Packing Measure and Dimension of Random Fractals

We consider random fractals generated by random recursive constructions. We prove that the box-counting and packing dimensions of these random fractals, K, equals α, their almost sure Hausdorff dimension. We show that some “almost deterministic” conditions known to ensure that the Hausdorff measure satisfies $$0 < H^\alpha (K) < \infty $$ also imply that the packing measure satisfies 0< $$0 < P^\alpha (K) < \infty $$ . When these conditions are not satisfied, it is known $$0 = H^\alpha (K)$$ . Correspondingly, we show that in this case $$P^\alpha (K) = \infty $$ , provided a random strong open set condition is satisfied. We also find gauge functions φ(t) so that the $$P^\Phi $$ -packing measure is finite.
Upper-Semicontinuity of Global Attractors for Reversible Schnackenberg Equations

Global asymptotic dynamics of a cubic-autocatalytic reaction-diffusion system, the reversible Schnackenberg equations, is investigated in this paper. A global attractor is shown to exist unconditionally for the semiflow of weak solutions with the Dirichlet boundary condition on a bounded domain of dimension . The upper semicontinuity (robustness) of the global attractors for the family of solution semiflows with respect to the reverse reaction rate as it converges to zero is proved by showing the uniform dissipativity and the uniformly bounded evolution of the union of global attractors under the bundle of reversible and nonreversible semiflows to overcome the hurdle of semisingular perturbation.
Crystal structure of 2-oxoisovalerate and dehydrogenase and the architecture of 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase multienzyme complexes

The family of giant multienzyme complexes metabolizing pyruvate, 2-oxoglutarate, branched-chain 2-oxo acids or acetoin contains several of the largest and most sophisticated protein assemblies known, with molecular masses between 4 and 10 million Da. The principal enzyme components, E1, E2 and E3, are present in numerous copies and utilize multiple cofactors to catalyze a directed sequence of reactions via substrate channeling. The crystal structure of a heterotetrameric (α2β2) E1, 2-oxoisovalerate dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas putida, reveals a tightly packed arrangement of the four subunits with the β2-dimer held between the jaws of a 'vise' formed by the α2-dimer. A long hydrophobic channel, suitable to accommodate the E2 lipoyl-lysine arm, leads to the active site, which contains the cofactor thiamin diphosphate (ThDP) and an inhibitor-derived covalent modification of a histidine side chain. The E1 structure, together with previous structural information on E2 and E3, completes the picture of the shared architectural features of these enormous macromolecular assemblies.
Growth and trends in digital curation research: The case of the international journal of digital curation

The growth of digital curation as a field of research has exploded in recent years. However, little work has been directed at the study of changes in the field, and no effort has been made to identify predominant trends and gaps in the research literature. This study examines the International Journal of Digital Curation (IJDC) over an eight-year period from its inception in 2006 to 2013. A total of 219 papers published in the IJDC was examined in terms of paper productivity, keywords in abstracts, authorship, citations received, and funding received. The preliminary results of this study found a steady upward trend in paper productivity. An overwhelming number of papers were coauthored papers from the United Kingdom and United States. The majority of the papers were cited more than once. Half the papers were supported by grants from federal government agencies.
Impacts of sea otter (Enhydra lutris) predation on commercially important sea cucumbers (Parastichopus californicus) in southeast Alaska

Sea cucumbers (Parastichopus californicus), which are an important commercial, subsistence, and ecological resource, are negatively affected by an expanding sea otter (Enhydra lutris) population in...
Das Innere des Ausseren: Ritual, Macht und historische Praxis bei den Ngaing in Papua New Guinea

Das Innere des Ausseren: Ritual, Macht und historische Praxis bei den Ngaing in Papua New Guinea. Wolfgang Kempf. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag, 1996. 277 pp.
Association of Legionnaires' disease and pregnancy

D u RI N G A RE c E NT epidemic of Legionnaires’ disease which occurred in Vermont between May and October of 1977, 32 confirmed and 24 highly probable cases were studied.’ The majority of cases occurred in patients with chronic underlying diseases such as cancer or chronic bronchitis, in cigarette smokers, and in the immunocompromised host. One of these patients became ill following a cesarean section.
The interpretation of intracellular measurements of membrane potential, resistance, and coupling in cells of higher plants

Results of microelectrode impalements of parenchymal cells of coleoptiles made in several different laboratories differ widely. The highest membrane potentials correlate with lower input resistance and the presence of intercellular coupling, whereas high input resistance seems to be associated with an absence of measurable coupling and possibly lower membrane potentials. In this paper we demonstrate that these results are consistent with (1) a tonoplast resistance several times greater than the input resistance of the cytoplasmic compartment, and (2) the presence of variable amounts of shunting introduced by insertion of the microelectrode through the cell membranes. The general consequences of this hypothesis are developed quantitatively. If the ideas are applicable to other tissues of higher plants-and on this point the evidence is still insufficient to judgeboth the design of experiments and the interpretation of measurements made with microelectrodes will have to be reevaluated.
Innovation Inhibitors in War: Overcoming Obstacles in the Pursuit of Military Effectiveness

AbstractWhat explains the pace at which militaries adopt new technology? We argue that the hierarchical structure and unique expertise requirements of military organizations combine to empower select individuals as ‘gatekeepers’ of innovation. These individuals acquire beliefs throughout their military careers regarding the nature and means of warfare that act to shape their attitudes towards new military innovations. By filtering, sidelining, and ignoring competing sources of advice and information, these officers actively inhibit the adoption of new, often advantageous, innovations. We develop this argument through the analysis of two cases: the delayed acquisition of breech-loading and repeating rifles by the Union Army during the American Civil War, and the failure of the US Army to adopt an adequate heavy-type tank in World War II.
Inhibition of fertilization in the rabbit by anti-acrosin antibodies

Rabbit acrosin was purified from detergent extract of epididymal spermatozoa by molecular-sieve Chormatography (Sephadex G-75) and Priflavin-Sepharose affinity chromatography. Affinity Purified rabbit acrosin (Specific activity = 63.7 U Per mg Protein) exhibited one major band (Mr = 36,000) on SDS-polyacrylamide-slab gel electrophoresis. Sheep werweantibodies, Preared against acid-glycerol-stabilized acrosin, were Fractionated sequentitally with 50 and 33% ammonium sulfate. Anti-acrosin immunoglobulins were specific for the acrosome as evidenced by indirect fluorescence lebeling, and they inhibited acrosin's proteolytic activity when essayed for their effect on fertilization invivo, antiacrosin-treated sperm produced the lowest persent fertility (7.1%) followed by preimmune y-globulins(69%), Krebs-ringer hosphate-glucose-serum(96.4%) Analysis of antibody-treated sperm revealed no significiant chang in their motility or agglutination patterns. Antiacrosin antibodies, therefore, can effectivily neutrlize acrosin and inhibit fertilization when placed at the site of sperm-egg interaction in vivo.
The Relationship Between Battered Women’s Causal Attributions for Violence and Coping Efforts

This study investigates the relationship between battered women's causal attributions for the violence they experience and their subsequent coping efforts. Causal attributions related to partner blame, excusing the violence, and the combination of partner blame and excusing the violence were regressed on six categories of coping strategies: placating, resistance, formal help source, informal help source, safety planning, and legal strategies. Of the 793 women approached outside of a battered women's shelter and the district court, 406 women completed the baseline measure. It was found that women who hold their partners accountable for abuse are more likely than women who excuse the violence to utilize more overall coping strategies. Also, women who blame their partners for the abuse utilize both more active and more public coping efforts. After accounting for the effects of ethnicity, violence severity, and excusing the violence, the percentage of blame attributions endorsed predicted informal (R( 2) = .077, p = .001) and safety planning (R(2) = .054, p = .014) strategies. After controlling for ethnicity, violence severity, and blaming, the percentage of excuse attributions predicted placating (R(2) = .103, p = .016) strategies.
RAPID TYPING OF NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS ISOLATES BY REPETITIVE ELEMENT-BASED PCR (rep-PCR) DNA FINGERPRINTING. † 1115

RAPID TYPING OF NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS ISOLATES BY REPETITIVE ELEMENT-BASED PCR (rep-PCR) DNA FINGERPRINTING. † 1115
Dynamic Presentation of Immobilized Ligands Regulated through Biomolecular Recognition

To mimic the dynamic regulation of signaling ligands immobilized on extracellular matrices or on the surfaces of neighboring cells for guidance of cell behavior and fate selection, we have harnessed biomolecular recognition in combination with polymer engineering to create dynamic surfaces on which the accessibility of immobilized ligands to cell surface receptors can be reversibly interconverted under physiological conditions. The cell-adhesive RGD peptide is chosen as a model ligand. RGD is fused to the C-terminus of a leucine zipper domain A, and this fusion polypeptide is immobilized on surfaces through a residue at the N-terminus. The immobilized RGD can be converted from a cell-accessible to a cell-inaccessible state by addition of a conjugate of poly(ethylene) glycol (PEG) and another leucine zipper domain B (B-PEG). Heterodimerization between A and B allows coimmobilization of the PEG, which shields RGD from access by cells. The shielded RGD can be converted back to a cell-accessible state by addition of nonimmobilized polypeptide A, which competes with the immobilized A for binding to B-PEG and removes B-PEG from the surface. This molecular design offers several advantages: the interconversion is reversible; the ligand remains immobilized during dynamic regulation so that cells are not exposed to the soluble form of the ligand that potentially has detrimental effects; the precision of the on/off states is assured by the molecular-level uniformity of the ligand and PEG coimmobilized through leucine zipper heterodimerization. The method can be readily adapted for dynamic regulation of other immobilized bioactive ligands of interest.
Object-oriented programming for engineering applications

The object-oriented programing (OOP) methodology is introduced as a means for improving the management of a complex engineering software. The drawbacks of existing engineering software development techniques are pinpointed. The basic concepts of the OOP methodology are interpreted in the context of engineering applications. The familiar concept of a matrix is used as an example to interpret the ideas presented. It is concluded that the OOP methodology facilitates the management of complex engineering software systems.
Identification of c-Src as the integral component of the cytosolic Ah receptor complex, transducing the signal of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) through the protein phosphorylation pathway☆

We have shown previously that 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) under cell-free conditions causes a significant rise in protein tyrosine kinase activity of cytosol from male guinea pig adipose tissue, and that such an effect of TCDD is Ah-receptor dependent. In the present study, we obtained evidence indicating that c-Src protein kinase is the protein kinase activated by TCDD and that this kinase is associated specifically with the Ah-receptor-complex proteins in cytosol from adipose tissue and liver of guinea pig and liver of C57BI/6J mouse, and in NIH 3T3 mouse fibroblast cells. Here, we present evidence that c-Src protein is functionally attached to the Ah-receptor (AhR) and is specifically activated upon ligand binding. This conclusion is based on several lines of evidence: (a) TCDD caused activation of protein tyrosine kinase activity when administered directly to purified Ah-receptor immunoprecipitate; (b) this stimulatory effect of TCDD was abolished when the cytosol was immunodepleted of c-Src protein or Ah-receptor protein by preincubating with anti-c-Src or anti-Ah-receptor antibody, followed by the addition of TCDD to the remaining portions of cytosol; (c) when Ah-receptor immunoprecipitate was incubated with TCDD, and the kinase(s) released to the supernatant was analyzed on autoradiography of two-dimensional (2D) electrophoresis, 32P-labeled c-Src protein was recognized; (d) the same 32P-labeled-phosphoprotein with M(r) = 60 kDa and pl = 6.1 was found in the immunoprecipitate with anti-c-Src antibody on 2D autoradiograms; (e) this same phosphoprotein disappeared when the supernatant of the Ah-receptor immunoprecipitate was immunodepleted of c-Src protein by anti-c-Src antibody; and (f) a structure-activity relationship study with TCDD and three dioxin-congeners revealed a rank order for their potency in activation of c-Src kinase activity to be identical to that of previously determined toxicity indices: i.e., TCDD > 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (1,2,3,7,8-PCDD) > 1,2,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (1,2,4,7,8-PCDD) > 2,7-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,7-DCDD). Consistent with these results, TCDD-induced c-Src kinase activity was abolished when c-Src immunoprecipitate's suspension was preincubated with 0.1 or 1 microM alpha-naphthoflavone (AhR blocker) for 10 min prior to the addition of TCDD. In addition, pretreatment of 3T3 fibroblast cells with 3-methylcholanthrene abolished TCDD-induced c-Src kinase activity in AhR-immunoprecipitate. We conclude that c-Src protein kinase is associated specifically with the AhR complex along with hsp90 in the cytosol of these cells and that upon ligand binding to the Ah-receptor subunit, c-Src is activated and released from the complex.
Sobolev equations for nonlinear dispersive systems

Global existence and stability results are obtained for a semifinear evolution equation of Sobolev type in a Banach space. The nonlinear term is assumed to be uniformly Lipschitz on each bounded set and to satisfy a dissipation-type inequality. Applications include various initial-boundary value problems for certain partial differential equations which have been used to model unidirectional long waves in nonlinear dispersive systems
Latest developments in the “killer robot” computer ethics scenario

men this paper was submitted to SIGCSE in August, the “Case of the Killer Robot” was a 100 page computer ethics scenario. Now, in December, it is nearly 200 pages and at least four more articles are planned. The expanded version has broader coverage of software engineering, ethics, professional issues and societal impact of computers. Consequently, the new version greatly expands the scope and intent of the first. I will describe the 100 page version in some detail and the new materials in lesser detail since the original reviewers of this paper did not know of the new materials.]
Effects of glucose, exogenous insulin, and carbachol on C-peptide and insulin secretion from isolated perifused rat islets.

Abstract Isolated perifused rat islets were stimulated with glucose, exogenous insulin, or carbachol. C-peptide and, where possible, insulin secretory rates were measured. Glucose (8–10 mm) induced dose-dependent and kinetically similar patterns of C-peptide and insulin secretion. The addition of 100 nm bovine insulin had no effect on C-peptide release in response to 8–10 mm glucose stimulation. The addition of 100 nm bovine insulin or 500 nm human insulin together with 3 mm glucose had no stimulatory effect on C-peptide secretion rates from perifused rat islets. Stimulation with carbachol plus 7 mm glucose enhanced both C-peptide and insulin secretion, and the further addition of 100 nm bovine insulin had no inhibitory effect on C-peptide secretory rates under this condition. Perifusion studies using pharmacologic inhibitors (genistein and wortmannin) of the kinases thought to be involved in insulin signaling potentiated 10 mm glucose-induced secretion. The results support the following conclusions. 1) C-peptide release rates accurately reflect insulin secretion rates from collagenase-isolated, perifused rat islets. 2) Exogenously added bovine insulin exerts no inhibitory effect on release to several agonists including glucose. 3) In the presence of 3 mm glucose, exogenously added bovine or human insulin do not stimulate endogenous insulin secretion.
Equivalence of 2 effective graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis regimens: Results of a prospective double-blind randomized trial

We have previously demonstrated a decrease in the incidence of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) with the addition of methotrexate (MTX) to cyclosporine (CSP) and prednisone (PSE) chemotherapy in patients with leukemia. We have now completed a prospective randomized trial comparing the 3-drug regimen (CSP/MTX/PSE, including 3 doses of MTX) to the standard 2-drug regimen (CSP/MTX, including 4 doses of MTX) to investigate the benefit of PSE used up front for the prevention of acute and chronic GVHD. In the trial, 193 patients were randomized and 186 were included in the final analysis. All patients received a bone marrow graft from a fully histocompatible sibling donor. The pre p a r a t o ry regimen consisted of fractionated total-body irradiation (fTBI) and etoposide in all but 13 patients, who received fTBI and cyclophosphamide. The patients were randomized to re c e i v e either CSP/MTX/PSE or CSP/MTX. The 2 groups were well balanced with respect to diagnosis, disease stage, age, d o n o r- recipient sex, and parity. In an intent-to-treat analysis, the incidence of acute GVHD was 18% (95% confidence interval [CI] 12-28) for the CSP/MTX/PSE group compared with 20% (CI 10-26) for the CSP/MTX gro u p (P = .60), with a median follow up of 2.2 years. Overall survival was 65% for those receiving CSP/MTX/PSE and 72% for those receiving CSP/MTX (P = .10); the relapse rate was 15% for the CSP/MTX/PSE group and 12% for the CSP/MTX group (P = .83). The incidence of chronic GVHD was similar (46% versus 52%; P = .38), with a follow-up of 0.7 to 6.0 years. Of interest, 21 patients went off study due to GVHD (5 in the CSP/MTX/PSE group and 16 in the CSP/MTX group [P = .02]), and 11 patients went off study because of alveolar hemorrhage (3 in the CSP/MTX/PSE group and 8 in the CSP/MTX group [P = .22]). The addition of PSE did not result in a higher incidence of infectious complications, bacterial (66% versus 58%), viral (77% versus 66%), or fungal (20% versus 20%), in those receiving CSP/MTX/PSE versus CSP/MTX, re s p e c t i v e l y. These data suggest that the addition of PSE was associated with a somewhat lower incidence of early posttransplantation complications but did not have a positive impact on the incidence of acute or chronic GVHD or event-free or overall surv i v a l .
Interacting mechanisms of impulsivity in bipolar disorder and antisocial personality disorder

Abstract Background Bipolar disorder and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) overlap in clinical characteristics and behavioral consequences. Impulsivity is prominent in both, but there is little information on how specific mechanisms of impulsivity differentiate, bridge, or underlie the disorders. Methods Subjects, all males, were controls (n = 46), bipolar disorder without cluster B personality disorder (n = 21), ASPD without bipolar disorder (n = 50), and bipolar disorder with ASPD (n = 16). Impulsivity measures were the Immediate Memory Task (IMT), a continuous performance test of response inhibition measuring ability to evaluate a stimulus before responding, and the Two-Choice Impulsivity Paradigm (TCIP), a choice between smaller-sooner and larger-later reward. Data were analyzed using general linear models analysis. Results Subjects with bipolar disorder had fewer IMT correct detections and slower reaction times than controls. Reaction times were faster with combined diagnoses than in bipolar disorder alone. TCIP responding in either diagnosis alone resembled controls, but was more impulsive in combined disorders. These differences persisted after correction for age and education, which had significant independent effects. In combined ASPD and bipolar disorder, increased reaction speed, impulsive response bias, and reward-delay impulsivity occurred independent of substance-use disorder history. Conclusions Impulsivity was increased in the combined disorders over either disorder alone. Results were consistent with at least partially distinct mechanisms of impulsivity in ASPD and bipolar disorder. Compensatory mechanisms for impulsivity in uncomplicated ASPD or bipolar disorder appear to be compromised or lost when the disorders are combined.
Development of Novel Targeted Agents in the Treatment of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains the second most common cause of cancer death and third most common form of cancer in men and women. Although the incidence and mortality of CRC have been declining over the past 2 decades in the United States, nearly 140,000 new cases and 51,000 deaths were still estimated to occur in 2010.(1) These decreases have resulted primarily from earlier detection of premalignant colorectal polyps through CRC screening and to a lesser degree from adjuvant chemotherapy. Four cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs and 3 biologic agents have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for CRC, but the contribution of each has been incremental and long-term survival of advanced disease remains poor. In addition, optimal populations for treatment with these agents remain to be fully characterized. Although the field of drug development in CRC was stagnant during a period of numerous large trials with approved agents, multiple new agents are currently in development. This review discusses molecular pathways and novel targeted agents in the treatment of CRC.
Long- and medium-chain fatty acid oxidation is increased in exercise-trained human skeletal muscle.

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation is enhanced by increased entry into the mitochondria with exercise training. Muscle was obtained from young ( approximately 24 years) sedentary (n = 13) and endurance-trained (n = 10) volunteers and oxidation studied by measuring (14)CO(2) production from labeled medium-chain (MCFA) or long-chain (LCFA) fatty acids in muscle homogenate preparations. LCFA (palmitate) oxidation was (P <.05) approximately 34% higher in the trained than sedentary subjects (26.9 +/- 3.0 v 17.8 +/- 1.3 nmol CO(2)/g x h). MCFA (octanoate) oxidation was also about 26% higher (P <.05) in the trained subjects (21.7 +/- 2.1 v 16.1 +/- 2.0 nmol CO(2)/g x h). To examine the roles of carnitine-mediated transport and mitochondrial content, we also measured carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT1), carnitine octanoyl transferase (COT), and citrate synthase (CS) activities. CPT1 and CS activity were significantly (P <.05) higher (approximately 25%) in the endurance-trained subjects; there was no difference in COT activity. These data suggest that adaptations at the level of CPT1 and processes distal to this step may contribute to increases in LCFA or MFCA oxidation with exercise training. In contrast, carnitine-mediated transport (COT) does not appear to contribute to an enhancement in MCFA oxidation with exercise training.
Eastern Europe since 1989

The author began working in Eastern Europe in connection with his project to study the impact of U.S. constitutionalism following the U.S. constitutional bicentennial in 1987. This led him to organize a conference on constitutionalism in Eastern Europe in 1990 and to collaborate in projects on the progress of constitutionalism in the region since that time. The question the author addresses is whether the constitutional promise apparent in 1989 and following has been fulfilled two decades later.
Dialyzer Reprocessing Using Heat

Reprocessing of used dialyzers with chemical disinfectants is practiced commonly in the United States and in some areas of Western Europe. Concern over residual toxic or allergenic agents has encourag
In vivo vibrometry inside the apex of the mouse cochlea using spectral domain optical coherence tomography

Sound transduction within the auditory portion of the inner ear, the cochlea, is a complex nonlinear process. The study of cochlear mechanics in large rodents has provided important insights into cochlear function. However, technological and experimental limitations have restricted studies in mice due to their smaller cochlea. These challenges are important to overcome because of the wide variety of transgenic mouse strains with hearing loss mutations that are available for study. To accomplish this goal, we used spectral domain optical coherence tomography to visualize and measure sound-induced vibrations of intracochlear tissues. We present, to our knowledge, the first vibration measurements from the apex of an unopened mouse cochlea.
Orientation Habit of Martensite

FOR many years, metallurgists have believed that martensite, the hardening constituent in iron-carbon alloys, forms along the octahedral {111} planes of austenite. In 1933, Mehl, Barrett, and Smith1 reported experimental results which they interpreted as verification of this assumption.
Renal Tumors in Young Adults

ABSTRACTPurpose: The clinical and pathological features of solid or complex cystic renal masses in young adults have not been defined. We present our experience with patients 17 to 45 years old with such renal masses to define the incidence of malignant vs benign lesions, familial tendencies and clinical outcomes.Materials and Methods: The medical records of all patients 17 to 45 years old who presented with a solid or suspicious complex cystic renal mass at 2 tertiary care hospitals between 1988 and 2002 were retrospectively reviewed. Pertinent clinical information was compiled, including age, gender, mode of presentation, renal function, year and type of surgery, pathological analysis and survival data.Results: There were 114 evaluable patients who underwent a total of 119 nephrectomies. Mean patient age was 37.1 years and males comprised 56.1% of the population. Twelve patients had familial renal cell carcinoma (RCC), the von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Mode of presentation for patients with sporadic disea...
A comparison of subcycling algorithms for bridging disparities in temporal scale between the fire and solid domains

Abstract This paper explores two subcycling algorithms for exchanging surface flux data over disparate time scales between a computational fluid dynamics fire simulation and a conduction heat transfer model. The study specifically aims to evaluate the adequacy of a traditional time-sampled algorithm in comparison to a proposed time-averaged algorithm. A numerical study is carried out on a steel beam exposed to a heptane pool fire. The subcycling algorithms are assessed based on accuracy and the rate of convergence. The results show that the time-averaged algorithm offers greater accuracy and converges more rapidly than the time-sampled algorithm due to its ability to provide an energy-equivalent representation of the fire boundary conditions. The improved convergence rate provided by the time-averaged algorithm allows the time step in the conduction heat transfer analysis to be relaxed significantly. Reducing the step size in the heat transfer model directly corresponds to significant time savings, which is of great importance in the analysis of large-scale systems.
How to make cooperation the optimizing strategy in a two‐person game

This paper demonstrates the existence of a partial tit‐for‐tat (matching) strategy which, when used by one player in an iterated “Prisoner's Dilemma” game, will induce a response of pure cooperation in the other player if that player behaves optimally. The minimum matching frequency of such a strategy is shown to be monotonically related to the Rapoport‐Chammah “Cooperation Index.”
The calcification pattern of deciduous teeth in miniature swine.

Abstract Thirty-eight foetuses of Pitman-Moore “miniature swine” were obtained at different ages in utero by caesarean section and stained with alizarin red S to show calcification. The time and sequence of calcification was noted for each tooth and the pattern of calcification within each dental arch as well. Initial calcification of teeth occurred in the same pattern reported for eruption of deciduous incisor and molar teeth in “miniature swine”. The number of calcification centres varied with different types of teeth. There were no separate calcification centres for mammelons. The time and sequence of calcification were noted for cusps of all teeth and differed somewhat from reports for teeth of domestic swine. The sequence of calcification of teeth within each arch was not from anterior to posterior as often generalized for mammals, but was a different, distinct pattern for each arch. The sequence of calcification within certain teeth exhibited similarities to reports for primates and man, indicating a possible basic genetic control of tooth formation for mammals in general.
Leadership and Adolescent Girls: A Qualitative Study of Leadership Development

This research investigated youth leadership experiences of adolescent girls who participated in a comprehensive feminist-based leadership program. This qualitative study utilized a grounded theory approach to understand changes that occurred in 10 female adolescent participants. The words of the participants revealed that initially they viewed leadership in traditional terms and were hesitant to identify themselves as leaders or to see themselves included within their concepts of leadership. Following the program their view of leadership expanded and diversified in a manner that allowed for inclusion of themselves within it. They spoke with greater strength and confidence and felt better positioned and inspired to act as leaders. Participants identified having examples of women leaders, adopting multiple concepts of leadership, and participating in an environment of mutual respect and trust as factors that contributed to their expanded conceptualization.
LOS MARAÑONES Y LA POLÉMICA DE LA CONQUISTA: RETÓRICA E IDEAS POLÍTICAS EN LA CARTA DE LOPE DE AGUIRRE A FELIPE II

During the summer of 1561 in Venezuela, the rebel Lope de Aguirre wrote several letters addressed to his political enemies on both sides of the Atlantic. The most important of these documents was the letter sent to Philip II, king of Spain. In this letter, Aguirre incorporated legal terminology while simultaneously adopting a burlesque and prophetic tone to effectively address the Spanish possession of America. Contrary to the predominant image of Aguirre as an irrational being in the documents and the historiography of that period, this paper shows the rhetorical logic of Aguirre´s famous letter. Therefore, the letter is best understood as an attempt to justify a political position.
Similarity between phospholipase C and the regulatory domain of protein kinase C.

Abstract We report that a 100 residue segment in the carboxy-terminus half of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C is similar to a segment in the amino-terminus half of protein kinase C. The computer-based comparison score is 9.5 standard deviations higher than that of 2500 comparisons of randomized sequences of these segments ( P = 10 -21 ), suggesting that the two segments have similar biological properties. Phospholipase C has a segment that is homologous to part of the non-catalytic domain of src kinase and other tyrosine protein kinases. The similarity of phospholipase C with protein kinase C, a serine/threonine kinase suggests that novel exon shuffling occurred among serine/threonine and tyrosine kinases and phospholipase C.