cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synergistic effect of low-frequency ultrasound and surfactants on skin permeability.

Low-frequency ultrasound (20 kHz) and surfactants have been individually shown to enhance transdermal drug transport. In this study, we investigated the synergistic effect of ultrasound and surfactants on transdermal drug delivery. Surfactants with different head group chemistries including anionic, cationic, and nonionic with varying tail lengths (8-16-carbon atoms) were studied. We found that surfactants possessing anionic and cationic head groups were more potent than those possessing nonionic head groups in increasing skin conductivity in the presence of ultrasound. Furthermore, for surfactants possessing the same head group, those with a 14-carbon tail length were found to be most effective in enhancing skin permeability. The data presented in this report show that ultrasound and surfactants synergistically enhance skin permeability. Two mechanisms are shown to play a role in this synergistic effect. First, ultrasound enhances surfactant delivery (enhanced delivery) into the skin and, second, ultrasound disperses surfactant (enhanced dispersion) within the skin. In general, surfactants that are potent enhancers by themselves are potent enhancers in the presence of ultrasound as well. We performed imaging experiments to assess the effect of ultrasound on delivery of a model permeant, sulforhodamine B, into the skin. These experiments show that ultrasound enhances surfactant delivery and dispersion in the skin.
A computational method for design sensitivty analysis of elastoplastic structures

Abstract Design sensitivity analysis of structural systems having elastoplastic material behavior is developed using the continuum formulation and its implementation into a finite element program is described. The main idea is to develop a computational procedure for design sensitivity analysis based on the response obtained by an incremental load approach for non-linear response analysis, where the elastoplatic (time-independent) constitutive model is employed to account for the plastic material behavior; i.e. kinematic hardening and isotropic hardening. Discontinuities in the design sensitivity coefficients are investigated and a procedure is proposed to alleviate them. The control/reference domain approach is used to treat shape and non-shape design variables simultaneously. The direct variation method is adopted for this path-dependent problem to obtain the design sensitivity expression for the response variables. Analytical examples are used to demonstrate the developed sensitivity procedure and gain insights for numerical implementation. The design sensitivity expression is discretized to implement it into a computer program using the isoparametric formulation of finite element analysis. Numerical examples are presented to calculate the design sensitivity coefficients and compare them with those using the central finite difference method.
Meiosis and ascospore development in Cochliobolus heterostrophus

Cochliobolus heterostrophus produces eight filiform ascospores per ascus, following meiosis and a postmeiotic mitosis. Early ascus development and nuclear divisions in C. heterostrophus resemble those of the prototypic Pyrenomycete Neurospora crassa. However, the two fungi differ in several important details owing to differences in ascus and ascospore shape, spindle pole body (SPB) behavior during spore delimitation, and ascospore development. In C. heterostrophus, the two spindles at meiosis II, and the four spindles at the postmeiotic mitosis are aligned irregularly, unlike the tandem or ladder rung-like orientation of spindles of N. crassa. Prior to ascospore delimitation, all eight nuclei reorient themselves and their SPB plaques migrate toward the base of the ascus. The SPB plaques facilitate demarcation of the lower end of each incipient ascospore. The filiform ascospores are uninucleate and unsegmented at inception but they become highly multinucleate, multisegmented, and helically coiled when mature. An account of ascus development, nuclear divisions, and ascospore delimitation and maturation is presented here and supported by a series of photomicrographs.
A new approach to digital breast tomosynthesis for breast cancer screening

Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) is being proposed as a replacement for conventional mammography for breast cancer screening. However, there are limitations to DBT that reduce its effectiveness for screening, principally, difficulty in imaging microcalcifications and increased reading times by radiologists. We propose a method to overcome these limitations. Our proposed method is to divide the total dose given to the patient unequally such that one projection uses at least half of the dose and the remaining dose is divided over the remaining projections. We assume that in screening with DBT, only a single view is obtained using twice the dose of a conventional mammogram. All the projection images are used in the reconstruction. The 2D projection image that received the highest dose is analyzed by a computer-aided detection (CADe) scheme for microcalcifications. The radiologist views the 3D image set, with mass CADe, principally to search for masses and the 2D image to search for clustered microcalcifications with CADe. Since the 3D image set is for mass detection, the image can be reconstructed using larger sized pixels. This will reduce computation time and image noise. In principle, radiologists can review the tomosynthesis slices faster since they do not have to search for microcalcifications. We believe that by producing both a high resolution, "standard" dose 2D image and a lower resolution 3D image set, both calcifications and masses can be optimally imaged and detected in a time efficient manner.
Litepath-: A computer model of an optical system

This paper discusses a computer model of a general spectroscopic optical system that gives the user freedom to analyze a wide variety of arrangements of optical surfaces between a light source and ...
Light narrowing of rubidium magnetic-resonance lines in high-pressure optical-pumping cells

We report on some unusual magnetic-resonance phenomena of optically pumped Rb vapor in high-pressure gas cells. When Rb-Rb spin exchange is the fastest spin-relaxation rate, we observe a considerable narrowing of the magnetic-resonance linewidths with increasing pump-laser power. The experimentally measured Rb magnetic-resonance linewidths are in excellent agreement with a theoretical model, which includes the processes of Rb-He and Rb-Xe spin destruction, Rb-Rb spin exchange, and Rb optical pumping.
Tissue-specific bioconcentration of the synthetic steroid hormone medroxyprogesterone acetate in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio).

Due to the wide spread occurrence of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), a pharmaceutical compound, in wastewater effluent and surface waters, the objectives of this work were to determine the tissue specific uptake and bioconcentration factor (BCF) for MPA in common carp. BCFs were experimentally determined for MPA in fish using a 14-day laboratory test whereby carp where exposed to 100 μg/L of MPA for a 7-day period followed by a depuration phase in which fish were maintained in dechlorinated tap water for an additional 7 days. MPA concentrations in muscle, brain, liver and plasma were determined by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). The results from the experiment indicate that MPA can accumulate in fish, however, MPA is not considered to be bioaccumulative based on regulatory standards (BCF ≥ 1000). Although MPA has a low BCF value in common carp, this compound may cause reproductive effects in fish at environmentally relevant concentrations.
Interpolation by integro quintic splines

Recently, Behforooz [1], has introduced a new approach to construct cubic splines by using the integral values, rather than the usual function values at the knots. Also he has established different sets of end conditions for cubic and quintic splines by using the integral values, see Behforooz [2-4]. In this paper, we will use the same techniques of [1] to construct integro quintic splines. Although by using the integral values we expected to face a more complicated process for our construction, it turned out that the matrix of the system of linear equations that produces the parameters became a diagonally dominant matrix and the process became very simple. The selection of the required end conditions for our integro quintic splines will be discussed. The numerical examples and computational results illustrate and guarantee a higher accuracy for this approximation.
Pharmacotherapy: Does selenium supplementation improve Graves ophthalmopathy?

A recent study of selenium supplementation in patients with mild Graves ophthalmopathy (GO) has demonstrated improvements in associated soft-tissue manifestations of the disease. The findings of this multicenter trial reveal a potential treatment option for the mild form of this vexing disease, which affects the majority of patients with GO.
Adaptive controller for multivariable delayed systems

ABSTRACT A self-tuning controller is presented for the control of multi-input-multi-output discrete systems with multiple time delays. It is established that under suitable offline choice of the performance weights the plant output deviations converge to zero even for non-minimum-phase systems.
The "Bleaching Syndrome": Implications of Light Skin for Hispanic American Assimilation

Light skin is an ideal in the United States because it is indicative of the dominant mainstream population. For Hispanic Americans whose skin reflects a range of colors, this causes distress. In their efforts to assimilate via a domination model, they are forced to internalize norms that conflict with that range. A result is the "bleaching syndrome, " manifested in the preference for light skin where applicable. The alternative causes them to su;ffer depression and other mental health disorders. Only by adhering to the internalization of nonns that idealize their population in toto can Hispanic Americans assimilate fully without incident.
Clinical immunology: Culprits with evolutionary ties.

The cellular organelles we know as mitochondria are thought to have originated as symbiotic bacteria. Indeed, the two use common mechanisms to trigger innate immune responses to injury and infection, respectively.
Small-Animal Research Imaging Devices

The scientific study of living animals may be dated to Aristotle's original dissections, but modern animal studies are perhaps a century in the making, and advanced animal imaging has emerged only during the past few decades. In vivo imaging now occupies a growing role in the scientific research paradigm. Imaging of small animals has been particularly useful to help understand human molecular biology and pathophysiology using rodents, especially using genetically engineered mice (GEM) with spontaneous diseases that closely mimic human diseases. Specific examples of GEM models of veterinary diseases exist, but in general, GEM for veterinary research has lagged behind human research applications. However, the development of spontaneous disease models from GEM may also hold potential for veterinary research. The imaging techniques most widely used in small-animal research are CT, PET, single-photon emission CT, MRI, and optical fluorescent and luminescent imaging.
Viscous and inviscid matching of three-dimensional free-surface flows utilizing shell functions

A methodology is presented for matching a solution to a three-dimensional free-surface viscous flow in an interior region to an inviscid free-surface flow in an outer region. The outer solution is solved in a general manner in terms of integrals in time and space of a time-dependent free-surface Green function. A cylindrical matching geometry and orthogonal basis functions are exploited to reduce the number of integrals required to characterize the general solution and to eliminate computational difficulties in evaluating singular and highly oscillatory integrals associated with the free-surface Green-function kernel. The resulting outer flow is matched to a solution of the Navier–Stokes equations in the interior region and the matching interface is demonstrated to be transparent to both incoming and outgoing free-surface waves.
Ectodermal and mesodermal cell death patterns in 6‐mercaptopurine riboside‐induced digital deformities

Intravenous injection of 5–20 mg/kg of 6-mercaptopurine riboside on the 11th day of rat gestation resulted in a high percentage of preaxial polydactyly of the hindlimb. The pathogenesis of this deformity was similar to that of other polydactyly-inducing drugs such as cytosine arabinoside and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine. Following drug induced cell death in the limb bud mesoderm, the normal pattern of physiological necrosis in the apical ectodermal ridge was disrupted. Subsequently, a zone of physiological necrosis within the preaxial mesoderm thought to be instrumental in controlling preaxial digitation was abolished. A speculative causal connection between these events is discussed.
Ethnic, gender, and age-related differences in patients with the metabolic syndrome

The metabolic syndrome is a clustering of cardiovascular risk factors and is associated with an increased risk of developing diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and kidney disease. Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated differences in prevalence by age, gender, and ethnicity. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome increases with age through the sixth decade of life among men and seventh decade among women. Most, but not all, studies reported a higher prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among women compared with men. Although the metabolic syndrome is more common among Mexican Americans compared with non-Hispanic whites and blacks, among men the metabolic syndrome is more common among non-Hispanic whites than non-Hispanic blacks; the reverse is true among women. Understanding the basic pathophysiology underlying the metabolic syndrome may help explain the age, gender, and ethnic differences in its prevalence and guide preventive and therapeutic efforts.
Importance of molecular shape in supercritical fluid chromatography using a porous glassy carbon adsorbent stationary phase

The effect of a solute's shape on retention using porous glassy carbon (PGC) as a stationary phase in supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) is described. A series of stilbene and stilbene-like molecules that have similar solvatochromic parameters but markedly different three dimensional configurations was used to explore the possible effects of molecule shape on PGC adsorption. The extent of π-π interactions between the solutes (stilbene and stilbene-like molecules) and the carbon surface was predominately controlled by the three-dimensional shape of the solutes. In every case the planarity of the solute correlated with the retention of the solute.
Nerve growth factor or IL-3 induces more IL-13 production from basophils of allergic subjects than from basophils of nonallergic subjects.

Abstract Background: Studies show that nerve growth factor (NGF) exhibits immunomodulatory activity. This neurotrophin is found at high levels in the serum of asthmatic individuals, is released during allergic reactions, and is reported to augment in vitro histamine and leukotriene C4 release by human basophils. Objective: Because basophils represent a substantial source of IL-4 and IL-13, we tested the effects of NGF on the secretion of these cytokines by cells prepared from allergic subjects and cells prepared from nonallergic subjects. Methods: Cytokine and histamine were measured in culture supernatants by ELISA and fluorimetry, respectively. Both real-time RT-PCR and conventional RT-PCR were used to measure IL-13 mRNA expression. NGF receptor expression was determined by 2-color flow cytometry. Results: Basophil suspensions from allergic subjects secreted some 2.5-fold greater levels of IL-13 when cultured with NGF than did cells prepared from normal control subjects. Flow cytometry revealed no significant differences in TrkA receptors on basophils to explain these findings. The levels of IL-13 secreted by the 2 groups of donors also differed when cells were activated with IL-3 but not when they were activated with anti-IgE antibody. Both NGF and IL-3 failed to induce IL-13 in cell cultures depleted of basophils, suggesting that the measurable IL-13 was indeed basophil-derived. Real-time RT-PCR showed an average induction of IL-13 message above medium control that was 4.3 (± 1.7)–fold with NGF and 8.9 (± 3.7)–fold with IL-3. Finally, NGF priming resulted in a remarkable enhancement of IL-13 induced by anti-IgE. This was significantly greater than the priming observed for either the IL-4 or histamine when this stimulus was used. Conclusion: NGF (like IL-3) can both directly stimulate IL-13 secretion and modulate IgE-mediated responses in basophils. Its enhanced effect on cells from allergic individuals raises the importance of this cytokine in the pathogenesis of allergic disease. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001;108:387-93.)
Sterols of Goniotrichum elegans

Abstract The sterol fraction was examined from cultures of the filamentous red alga Goniotrichum elegans. Brassicasterol accounted for nearly half of the total sterol and was accompanied by cholesterol (24%) as well as a number of minor components. This is the first record of brassicasterol as a major sterol in the Rhodophycophyta. The occurrence of this C28 major sterol may be of taxonomic importance in determining the relationship of the Goniotrichales to the other red algae of which have C27 major sterols.
Effects of feeding schedule on body condition, aggressiveness, and reproductive failure in group-housed sows.

A total of 208 sows and 288 gilts (PIC line C29) were used to determine the influence of feeding frequency (2 vs. 6 times/d, floor fed) on performance and welfare measurements on a commercial sow farm. Treatments consisted of feeding similar amounts of feed to each sow (2.5 kg) or gilt (2.05 kg) over 2 (0700 and 1530) or 6 times daily (0700, 0730, 0800, 1530, 1600, and 1630). There were 8 sows or 12 gilts in each pen. Gilts and sows were moved to pens 1 to 4 d after breeding. In sows, there were no differences (P > 0.10) in ADG, backfat change, or variation in BW. There was a trend (P 0.10) among treatments. Sows fed 6 times per day had increased vocalization during the morning (P 0.10) for gilts fed 2 or 6 times daily. Gilts fed twice daily had lower BW variation at d 42 (P 0.10) for reproductive performance, skin and vulva lesions, and feet and leg scores. In conclusion, there were few growth, farrowing, or aggression differences among gilts fed 2 or 6 times daily. This suggests that either feeding method is suitable for group-housed gilts. Among sows, feeding frequency resulted in few growth or farrowing performance differences. Feeding 6 times daily resulted in a small but significant reduction in skin and vulva lesions and structural problem scores while increasing vocalization. Increasing the feeding frequency from 2 to 6 times daily does not appear to have a negative or positive impact on performance or welfare of group-housed gilts and sows. Language: en
Free recall of complex pictures and abstracts words

Subjects freely recalled lists composed to abstract words, complex pictures, or both. The numbers of pictures and words were covaried. Presentation was mixed or blocked, and recall was completely free or blocked. Pictures were recalled much better than worsd. Recall proportion decreased when the list length was increased, whether the increase was accomplished by adding items of the same type (words to words or pictures to pictures) or the other type (words to picture or pictures to words). These list length effects were obtained regardless of blocking or mixing at presentation or test. A cuedependent retrieval model based on the SAM model ( J. G. W. Raaijmakers & R. M. Shiffrin, Psychological Review, 1981 , 88, 93–134) fits the data quite well. We demonstrate that the cross-modal effects of pictures and words are predictable if retrieval of pictures and words is accomplished by a single process, regardless of the memory representation of these types of items, as long as list context is stored with each item and used in retrieval.
The Campus and a Nation in Crisis: From the American Revolution to Vietnam

This work discusses campus relations during five crucial periods in American history -- the Revolution, the Civil War, World Wars I and II, and the Vietnam conflict.
Perceptual collaboration in Neem

The Neem Platform is a research test bed for Project Neem, concerned with the development of socially and culturally aware collaborative systems in a wide range of domains. In this paper we discuss a novel use of perceptual interfaces, applied to group collaboration support. In Neem, the multimodal content of human to human interaction is analyzed and reasoned upon. Applications react to this implicit communication by dynamically adapting their behavior according to the perceived group context. In contrast, perceptual interfaces have been traditionally, employed to handle explicit (multimodal) commands from users, and are as a rule not concerned with the communication that takes place among humans. The Neem Platform is a generic (application neutral) component-based evolvable framework that provides functionality that facilitates building such perceptual collaborative applications.
Poiesis of Possibility: The Ethnographic Sensibilities of Ursula K. Le Guin

SUMMARY This article explores some of the ways Ursula Le Guin (daughter of famed anthropologist Alfred L. Kroeber) uses ethnographic modes of writing and anthropological insights in her works of social science fiction. It is based on a close reading of her fiction and an e-interview with the author. While science fiction may seem a far cry from ethnography, careful attention to the critical functions of Le Guin's fiction can shed light on some of the underlying assumptions and implications of the ethnographic imagination and writing. As Le Guin herself has observed, anthropologists and novelists share common traits and often find themselves writing about similar things.
An Effective Regression Testing Approach for PHP Web Applications

Web applications change and are upgraded frequently due to security attacks, feature updates, or user preference changes. These fixes often involve small patches or revisions, but still, testers need to perform regression testing on their products to ensure that the changes have not introduced new faults. Applying regression testing to the entire product, however, can be very expensive, and often, companies cannot afford to do this because, typically, the turnaround time to release patches is expected to be short. One solution is focusing only on the areas of code that have been changed and performing regression testing on them. In this way, companies can provide quick patches more dependably whenever they encounter security breaches. In this paper, we propose a new regression testing approach that is applied to frequently patched web applications, considering security problems, and in particular, focusing on PHP programs. Our approach identifies the affected areas by code changes using impact analysis and generates new test cases for the impacted areas by changes using program slices considering both numeric and string input values. To facilitate our approach, we implemented a PHP Analysis and Regression Testing Engine (PARTE) and performed a controlled experiment using open source web applications. The results show that our approach is effective in reducing the cost of regression testing for frequently patched web applications.
Photosynthesis, carbohydrate storage and survival of a native and an introduced tree species in relation to light and defoliation

Summary Fraxinus uhdei (Wenz.) Lingelsh (tropical ash), a species introduced to Hawaii from Mexico, invades forests of the endemic tree Acacia koa A.Gray (koa). We examined physiological and morphological characteristics of koa and tropical ash to explore possible mechanisms that may facilitate invasion of koa forests by tropical ash. Seedlings of both species were grown in a greenhouse in three light treatments: 100% photosynthetic photon flux (PPF); 18% PPF; and 2% PPF inside the greenhouse. Light compensation point, maximum CO2 assimilation rate and dark respiration rate of seedlings differed significantly among light treatments, but were similar between species. A defoliation experiment indicated that tropical ash was better able to survive defoliation than koa, especially under high-light conditions. Tropical ash seedlings allocated more carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) to storage per unit PPF than koa seedlings. Total nonstructural carbohydrates were positively correlated with plant survival in both species. The patterns of C and N allocation associated with tropical ash seedlings favor their survival in high light, under intense herbivory and on sites where N availability is seasonal or highly variable. Variation in carbohydrate storage between koa and tropical ash greatly exceeded variation in photosynthetic performance at the leaf
Amiloride and SN-6 Suppress Audiogenic Seizure Susceptibility in Genetically Epilepsy-Prone Rats

Summary Aims We have recently reported that amiloride, a potent and nonselective blocker of acid-sensing ion channels, prevents the development of pilocarpine-induced seizures and status epilepticus. Amiloride is also known to suppress the activity of Na+/Ca2+ and Na+/H+ exchangers that have been implicated in the pathophysiology of seizures. Here, we evaluated the effects of amiloride, SN-6 (a potent blocker of Na+/Ca2+ exchangers) and zoniporide (a potent blocker of Na+/H+ exchangers) on acoustically evoked seizures (audiogenic seizures, AGS) in genetically epilepsy-prone rats (GEPR-3s), a model of inherited generalized epilepsy. Methods Male, six-week-old GEPR-3s were used. The GEPR-3s were tested for AGS susceptibility before and after treatment with various doses of amiloride, SN-6, and zoniporide (1, 3, 10, and 30 mg/kg; per os). Results We found that pretreatment with amiloride and SN-6 markedly reduced the incidence and severity of AGS in the GEPR-3s. In contrast, administration of zoniporide only minimally reduced the incidence and severity of AGS in the GEPR-3s. A combination of noneffective doses of SN-6 and zoniporide also suppressed AGS susceptibility in the GEPR-3s. Conclusions These findings suggest acid-sensing ion channels and the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger may play an important role in the pathophysiology of inherited AGS susceptibility in the GEPR-3s.
US Corporate Investment Over the Political Cycle

The investment behavior of US firms exhibits systematic variation over the political cycle. After controlling for investment opportunities, US firms reduce investment expenditures approximately 2.0% during Presidential election years, 5.3% during periods of single-party government, and 8.7% during Republican presidential administrations. Neoclassical investment theory has little to say about direct links between investment and the political environment. I show that the empirical results arise naturally in a model of investment under regulatory and political uncertainty, provided that (i) regulatory policy affects the cash flows of the firm, (ii) firms have flexibility over the scale of their investments and (iii) regulatory uncertainty resolves quickly.
The effects of muscle fatigue and movement height on movement stability and variability

Performing repetitive manual tasks can lead to muscle fatigue, which may induce changes in motor coordination, movement stability, and kinematic variability. In particular, movements performed at or above shoulder height have been associated with increased shoulder injury risk. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of repetitive motion-induced muscle fatigue on posture and on the variability and stability of upper extremity movements. Ten healthy subjects performed a repetitive task similar to sawing continuously until volitional exhaustion. This task was synchronized with a metronome to control movement timing. Subjects performed the sawing task at shoulder ("High") and sternum height ("Low") on two different days. Joint angles and muscle activity were recorded continuously. Local and orbital stability of joint angles, kinematic variability (within subject standard deviations), and peak joint angles were calculated for five bins of data spaced evenly across each trial. Subjects fatigued more quickly when movements were performed at the High height. They also altered their kinematic patterns significantly in response to muscle fatigue. These changes were more pronounced when the task was performed at the High height. Subjects also exhibited increased kinematic variability of their movements post-fatigue. Increases in variability and altered coordination did not lead to greater instability, however. Shoulder movements were more locally stable when the task was performed at the High height. Conversely, shoulder and elbow movements were more orbitally unstable for the High condition. Thus, people adapt their movement strategies in multi-joint redundant tasks and maintain stability in doing so.
Sinus ablation after endoscopic sinus surgery

A 3-year-old child was referred for a second opinion with a diagnosis of chronic sinusitis. She had undergone adenotonsillectomy at age 22 months. This procedure and prolonged antibiotic therapy failed to resolve signs and symptoms consistent with sinusitis. Computed tomographic (CT) evaluation revealed pansinusitis with normal anatomy. At age 2 years, the patient underwent bilateral endoscopic antrostomies and ethmoidectomies. Uncinectomies were described as part of the procedure. Continuing symptoms resulted in CT evaluation and revision endoscopic surgery 6 months later. CT and surgery disclosed normal anatomy with fibrous scarring. Again, anatomy was noted to be normal. Evaluation for allergy and immunologic deficiency were negative. Parenteral antibiotics did not improve the clinical course. Therefore, CT evaluation was sought after the second opinion, 9 months after the last surgery. This revealed bony ablation of maxillary and ethmoid sinuses with some pockets of soft tissue. Signs of chronic sinusitis continued 3 months later, and CT showed a similar picture. This interesting case study of functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) in a child with sinus ablation is discussed as to possible etiologies of this process (possibly iatrogenic) and current treatment dilemmas. Pediatric surgical techniques are reviewed.
Mechanisms of suppression by suppressor T cells

Mechanisms of immunosuppression by CD4(+)CD25(+) suppressor T cells have been addressed using many in vitro and in vivo conditions. However, those studies have not yielded a single mode of action. This review will discuss the mechanisms of suppression, which include the local secretion of cytokines such as TGF-beta and direct cell contact through binding of cell surface molecules such as CTLA-4 on suppressor T cells to CD80 and CD86 molecules on effector T cells. Suppression requires the appropriate colocalization of suppressor and effector T cells in different tissue and may involve the interference with T cell receptor signaling that triggers transcription factors important in regulating effector cell function.
Propagation of hydromagnetic waves in the magnetosphere

Hydromagnetic wave propagation in two-component magnetospheric cold plasma by using Clemmow- Mullaly-Allis diagram and derivation of motion equation for electromagnetic ray
Acute flexor tenosynovitis caused by gonococcal infection a case report

Summary Gonococcal infection of tendon synovial sheath is discussed. A case of acute gonococcal flexor tenosynovitis without joint involvement is presented.
Precision across the Analytical Measuring Range of a Quantitative Real-Time PCR Assay for Cytomegalovirus Detection among Three Clinical Laboratories

This study measured the precision of a quantitative laboratory-developed real-time PCR test for cytomegalovirus performed at three different clinical laboratories that use the same methodology. The overall standard deviation (adjusted for analyte level) was 0.18 log10 copies/ml, and there was no significant relationship between standard deviation and analytical measuring range.
Dissecting neural pathways for forgetting in Drosophila olfactory aversive memory

Recent studies have identified molecular pathways driving forgetting and supported the notion that forgetting is a biologically active process. The circuit mechanisms of forgetting, however, remain largely unknown. Here we report two sets of Drosophila neurons that account for the rapid forgetting of early olfactory aversive memory. We show that inactivating these neurons inhibits memory decay without altering learning, whereas activating them promotes forgetting. These neurons, including a cluster of dopaminergic neurons (PAM-β'1) and a pair of glutamatergic neurons (MBON-γ4>γ1γ2), terminate in distinct subdomains in the mushroom body and represent parallel neural pathways for regulating forgetting. Interestingly, although activity of these neurons is required for memory decay over time, they are not required for acute forgetting during reversal learning. Our results thus not only establish the presence of multiple neural pathways for forgetting in Drosophila but also suggest the existence of diverse circuit mechanisms of forgetting in different contexts.
ANICTERIC HEPATITIS IN KOREA: COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF ASYMPTOMATIC AND SYMPTOMATIC SERIES.

Summary A previous survey utilizing SGOT determinations for screening detected anicteric hepatitis by liver biopsy in about 1.5% of young, healthy appearing Korean soldiers. Their most frequent sign was hepatomegaly. Therefore, another 1666 clinically healthy soldiers were screened for hepatomegaly, and in 14 with such findings, liver biopsy revealed normal liver in 3, 1 case each with chronic active hepatitis of spotty necrotic and undetermined type, 4 instances of hepatitis suggestive of the spotty necrotic type and 5 of nonspecific reactive hepatitis. Since several of the soldiers with hepatitis had normal SGOT activity and would have been missed in the first survey, an additional incidence of 0.42% raises the total incidence of anicteric hepatitis in these Korean soldiers to about 2.0%. Laboratory and clinical examinations supplement each other in the detection of anicteric hepatitis. The observations in the asymptomatic soldiers were compared with another group of soldiers who had anicteric hepatitis with clinical symptoms referable to the liver, and similar histologic and laboratory findings were encountered in both groups. The histologic findings in the symptomless soldiers in this and in the previous study and in the symptomatic cases as well as the clinical observations suggest a spectrum of anicteric hepatitis from a mild, symptomless form to a more severe symptomatic form with the possibility of persisting activity. Although histologic features considered diagnostic of viral hepatitis were seen, and icteric viral hepatitis is endemic in Korea, the etiology of the described anicteric hepatitis is not established.
Ptiliola flammifera (Młynarski) reinstated as a species distinct from P. kunzei (Heer) (Coleoptera: Ptiliidae)

Ptiliola flammifera (Mlynarski) is recognised as a species distinct from P. kunzei (Heer). Apart from differences in the structure of the aedeagus, both species can be separated by the pronotal surface and the apical fringe of the elytra. The male of P. flammifera carries a distinct tuft of hairs on the metaventrite, absent in P. kunzei. Currently, P. flammifera is only known from Poland and the Netherlands. A key for the identification of all three Palaearctic Ptiliola species is presented. A lectotype is designated for Trichopteryx kunzei Heer, 1841.
Statistics of Random Wave Field

The effects of free surface fluctuations on the probability density function and spectrum of fluid particle velocities and pressure of a random gravity wave field are examined. The waves are assumed to be unidirectional, stationary, Gaussian, and in deep water. These are the usual assumptions of incompressible inviscid fluid and irrotational motion and wave. Expressions of the probability density function and spectrum of velocities and pressure are derived, and numerical results are obtained and presented graphically. Comparisons are made with the case in which the free surface fluctuations phenomenon is ignored. Results indicate that the quantities are all non-Gaussian. Pressure and horizontal velocity is unskewed and zero-mean. With and without the free surface fluctuations phenomenon considered, the spectra of the velocities and pressure differ appreciably; the difference being most pronounced at points above and around the mean water level.
Effect of Repeated Erythrocyte Transfusions on Subsequent Survival of Homologous Erythrocytes in Chickens.

SummaryRepeated intravenous injections of homologous erythrocytes, begun in the early neonatal period, later resulted in the inability of the recipients to destroy rapidly the same homologous erythrocytes. This behavior contrasted with that of control chickens from the same hatching, which uniformly and rapidly destroyed the same donor blood.
PAMAM dendrimer-induced aggregation of 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein.

The binding of the fluorescent polyanionic probe 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (CF) to various generations of dendrimers (G3–G7) was studied in buffered aqueous media by absorbance and fluorescence spectroscopy and by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Absorbance, fluorescence, and fluorescence anisotropy data were collected concurrently by using a multiwell plate format. Because ITC does not depend on the presence of a chromophore/fluorophore for measurement, it allowed the exploration of concentration ratios otherwise unattainable in the spectroscopy experiments. Qualitative dendrimer generational trends were observed and found to be consistent with dendrimer size and charge. However, a number of significant anomalies were found in the spectroscopic titration profiles, which led us to propose a binding model comprising multiple, concurrent binding regimes. The predictive value of the model was ascertained by construction of a binding simulation, which was consistent with the experimental results. Finally...
12.13 – Biomarker-Based Inferences of Past Climate: The Alkenone pCO2 Proxy

This chapter focuses on the stable carbon isotopic composition of alkenones designed to constrain ancient atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. These proxies, and others designed to detect similar signals, are becoming increasingly important as we strive to understand the Earth's climate sensitivity to CO 2 forcing and how it has changed through time.
Ideological Origins of the Right to Counsel

The defense counsel is a paramount actor in modern criminal trials, but this was not always the case. Indeed the allowance of counsel to felony defendants can be traced to only a few hundred years ago, a relatively modern innovation in the area of legal history. This essay examines the intellectual origins of the right to counsel, which it situates in the era of the English Revolution. Drawing on pamphlet literature, cases, and statutes from the Seventeenth-Century in both England and North America it argues that the right originated from a fear of unfairness brought on by a mistrust of the law among puritan reformers who worried that without the guiding hand of counsel defendants would be wrongly convicted. The right to assistance of counsel is found in nascent form in the Body of Liberties of Massachusetts Bay, which is the first Anglo-American legal code to remove the prohibition on defense counsel. Although initially opposed by the colony’s leaders the code reflected their desire to reform the Common Law and their attempt to blend religious law with English law. The intellectual origin of the right to counsel thus also represents the transatlantic circulation of legal ideas.
Family Therapy in Chinese Culture and Context: Lessons from Supervising Therapists-in-Training in China

Systemic family therapy as an essential paradigm for treating couples and families has gone global since its initial rise to popularity. According to researchers, China has signaled a strong desire for training in systemic family therapy. Even though this mode of mental health service is a foreign import to China, the surge in interest for Western psychotherapy for individuals and families grows by leaps and bounds. However there has been evolving conversations about the transportability of systemic family therapy from the West to the East. Using a qualitative focus group format, this study explored the experiences of sixteen Chinese couple and family therapists on their perspectives in adapting systemic family therapy concepts to the local Chinese context. Results reveal the interplay between the systems of the changing Chinese family structure and of the application of family therapy models that originated from the West must work harmoniously in order to enhance the goodness of the familial system within the evolving Chinese society in the 21st century.
Flexlab: Internet Based Controls Research

Abstract Since early in the 1990's, the control systems research group at Ohio University has been developing and operating a flexible-structure test facility called Flexlab, and the facility is now available for use via the World Wide Web. Using position and acceleration measurements, accurate state-space models of the structure have been derived. Further, using straightforward LQR methods, controllers showing significant performance benefits have been designed and implemented. The laboratory is available to professionals for testing new modelling and control design methods, and is also being incorporated into the course curriculum at Ohio University.
THE PEDAGOGY OF THE OPPRESSED: NORTH AMERICAN STYLE

In his introduction to Paulo Freire's Pedagogy of the Oppressed, Richard Shaull says: "It is Freire's conviction (now supported by a wide background of experience) that every human being, no matter how "ignorant" or submerged in the "culture of silence" he may be, is capable of looking critically at his world in a dialogue encounter with others. Provided with the proper tools for such encounter, he can gradually perceive his personal and social reality as well as the contradictions in it. In this process, the old, paternalistic teacher-student relationship is overcome. A peasant can facilitate this process for his neighbor more effectively than a "teacher" brought in from the outside. "Men educate each other through the mediation of the world." As this happens, the word takes on new power. It is no longer an abstraction or magic but a means by which man discovers himself and his potential as he gives names to things around him. As Freire puts it, each man wins back his right to say his own word, to name the world." This summary statement - and all of Freire's work - is very rich in material for those who would be "educators" - or revolutionaries - or even futurists. I am interested, however, in a very narrow part of it; what it might mean in a North American (rather than Freire's South American) context to refer to "a culture of silence," and "proper tools for a dialogical encounter," or to say, "men educate each other through the mediation of the world," "the word takes on new power," and especially, "each man wins back bis right to say his own word, to name the world." It is my contention, which I will develop in the pages that fol1ow, that, if it is accurate (as I believe) that a system in support of illiteracy is a necessary part of exploitation and oppression in South American society then also can it truly be said that, in North America, most people are systematically oppressed as a consequence of their inability to "read" and "write" in the dominant mediation technologies around them, namely, television, cinema, radio, phonograph records, and computers (or what I will now often call, "the media").
Introduction: Getting Theologians and Leaders Around the Table

Leadership and theology are important conversation partners. Theology is the study of God, with implications for everything including leadership. Theology as a discipline helps to unearth uncritical theology that may be formed in leaders or leadership systems. Leadership can remind theologians that leadership phenomena of following, systems, and teamwork are at play in multiple contexts. Because leadership seeks to learn from various disciplines, theology is another field that can contribute. Conversation presents an important practice because it does not deny beliefs and values, but affirms humility and mutual learning.
Perceptions of Teaching, Research, and Service Expertise, Workload, Organizational Support, and Satisfaction among U.S. Faculty Members’ Intent to Stay in Tier 1 or Tier 2 Organizations: A Structural Equation Model

All faculties in higher education are expected to be effective in their teaching and service activities. However, faculty in Tier 1 and Tier 2 academic organizations are further pressed to demonstrate productivity as researchers. The diverse demands of these faculty call attention to how they really view their work lives. Thus, we investigated the influence of perceptions of organizational processes and organizational support on work related factors among a national sample of faculty from different disciplines in Tier 1 and Tier 2 academic organizations. Participants were 539 faculty employees at academic organizations across the U.S. We used structural equation modeling to examine the direct effects of the aforementioned exogenous latent variables on various aspects of the academe and faculty membersâ€™ intent to stay in the academic organization. Further, we explored whether characteristics of the organization mediated the structural relations among organizational processes and support and intent to stay. Results revealed organizational support and processes to have direct effects on several of the factors within the academe, including intent to stay. Additionally, research expertise, workload, and satisfaction with work partially mediated the structural relations among organizational processes and support and intent to stay. Implications for organizational behavior and practice are also discussed. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.17.4.1
Thermocouple Calibration Program

The thermocouple calibration program at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) resides within the Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory (CSTL). As discussed in Chapter 5, CSTL is one of seven research laboratories at NIST. CSTL’s mission is to provide the chemical measurement infrastructure for enhancing the productivity and competitiveness of U.S. industry, assuring equity in trade, and improving public health, safety, and environmental quality. Such measurement technology is germane to industrial research and development, product application, improvements in the design and manufacturing of quality products, proof of performance, and marketplace transactions that include the successful entry of U.S. products into international markets.
Combined Source-Channel Coding for Wireless Transmission of H.263 Coded Video

With the current emphasis on wireless communications access within the telecommunications community, there has been increasing interest in wireless transmission of multimedia services and, in particular, digital video. However, a significant obstacle to providing a reasonable quality of service (QoS) in this situation is the associated high compression rate required for digital video transmission over typically bandwidth-limited wireless channels, such as the mobile radio channel. The resulting compressed bitstreams are rendered extremely sensitive to channel errors, which can be severe in representative wireless links due to fading, multipath and other channel impairments. In order to protect against these channel error effects, some form of forward error-control (FEC) coding must be employed. Appropriate FEC coding approaches must be carefully selected and implemented; an important requirement is that they must adequately protect the compressed information bitstream, according to the characteristics of the given channel, without excessive throttling of the source coding rate to accommodate the coding overheads.