cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synchrotron radiation detectors for tagging electrons

Abstract The design of two synchrotron radiation detectors, one using a barium fluoride (BaF 2 ) crystal and the other using a bismuth germanate (BGO) crystal, is described, and test results are presented. The detectors have been used to tag positrons or electrons in a secondary beamline at Fermilab. BaF 2 has a decay time of 0.6 ns, so it can be used in higher intensity beams that BGO, which has a decay time of 300 ns.
Making communication research matter: what do patients notice, what do patients want, and what do patients need?

Abstract Objective To explore limitations of current communication theory by considering different perspectives of researchers, clinicians, patients and teachers of communication. Method Theory development based on limitations of the current communication research literature due to inconsistencies between patient reports and observed communication behavior. Results While researchers focus on the mechanics and techniques of communication, patients seek relationships in which they experience trust, the right amount of autonomy, caring, and expertise. Patients’, physicians’, and communication experts’ perspectives do not always define the same problems and often point to different solutions. Conclusions In addition to studying clinician behaviors and patient perceptions of care, communication research should focus on five additional factors: what patients notice, want and need, and how their perspectives differ from those of physicians and researchers; the context, including illness severity and type and family influences; how complex health systems facilitate and impede communication; patients’ influences on physician communication behavior; and habits of mind that promote attentive care.
Reoperation after arterial switch: a 27-year experience.

Background The long-term outcome and spectrum of reoperation after the arterial switch operation (ASO) has not been fully defined, and there are limited data in the literature. We reviewed our institutional experience with reoperation(s) after ASO. Methods Between January 1984 and January 2012, 32 patients (23 male) underwent reoperation(s) after ASO. Anatomy included simple transposition of the great arteries in 14, complex transposition of the great arteries in 14, and Taussig-Bing in 4. Mean age was 6.7 ± 1.4 years at first operation and 10.8 ± 13.4 years at the second operation. Isolated pathology was present in 11 (34.3%) and multiple pathologies in 21 (65.6%). Abnormalities at first reoperation were right-sided pathology in 18 (56.3%), left-sided pathology in 10 (31%), coronary artery in 3 (9%), mitral valve in 3 (9%), residual ventricular septal defect in 4 (12.5%), and recoarctation in 2 (6.3%). It was the second reoperation in 12 and the third reoperation in 3 patients. Results The first reoperation included pulmonary artery patch plasty in 18, aortic valve operation in 8 (4 valve replacement, 3 root replacement, and 1 repair), pulmonary valve replacement in 4, coronary artery bypass grafting in 3, and mitral valve repair in 3. Multiple reoperations occurred in 15 patients, comprising right-sided procedures (11), left-sided (2), and other (2). Pulmonary artery reconstruction occurred earlier than neoaortic intervention (5.4 ± 6.8 vs 13.8 ± 7.7 years, p Conclusions The most common indication for reoperation after ASO is right-sided pathology, followed by neoaortic root pathology. Late survival after ASO is excellent and risk of late reoperation is low. Life-long medical surveillance is required.
DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF DCMU ON THE LIGHT-INDUCED ABSORBANCE CHANGES AT 518 nm, H+ UPTAKE AND CYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION IN ISOLATED CHLOROPLASTS

The light-induced absorbance change at 5 18 nm in isolated chloroplasts was interpreted by Witt et al. [l] as the expression of an electric potential across the chloroplast membrane. Hauska et al. [2] showed that under conditions of complete inhibition of the pH rise, both ATP formation and the 5 18 shift are retained. However, correlation between the 5 18 shift and ATP formation was criticized by Neumann et al. [3]. The purpose of this communication is to describe conditions under which cyclic ATP formation is almost completely inhibited while the extent of the light induced absorbance change at 5 18 nm and H+uptake have not been altered.
Wnt Signaling Positions Neuromuscular Connectivity by Inhibiting Synapse Formation in C. elegans

Nervous system function is mediated by a precisely patterned network of synaptic connections. While several cell-adhesion and secreted molecules promote the assembly of synapses, the contribution of signals that negatively regulate synaptogenesis is not well understood. We examined synapse formation in the Caenorhabditis elegans motor neuron DA9, whose presynapses are restricted to a specific segment of its axon. We report that the Wnt lin-44 localizes the Wnt receptor lin-17/Frizzled (Fz) to a subdomain of the DA9 axon that is devoid of presynaptic specializations. When this signaling pathway, composed of the Wnts lin-44 and egl-20, lin-17/Frizzled and dsh-1/Dishevelled, is compromised, synapses develop ectopically in this subdomain. Conversely, overexpression of LIN-44 in cells adjacent to DA9 is sufficient to expand LIN-17 localization within the DA9 axon, thereby inhibiting presynaptic assembly. These results suggest that morphogenetic signals can spatially regulate the patterning of synaptic connections by subdividing an axon into discrete domains.
Total Hip Arthroplasty Using Highly Cross-Linked Polyethylene in Patients Younger Than 50 Years With Minimum 10-Year Follow-Up

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the relatively long-term outcomes in 50 patients (54 hips) younger than 50years of age who underwent total hip arthroplasty using highly cross-linked polyethylene (HXLPE) liners. With a minimum follow-up of 10years, mean age at time of surgery was 38.9years (range, 15–50years). Survivorship was 100%. There was no radiographic evidence of osteolysis or component loosening. Mean steady-state femoral head penetration rate was 0.020±0.0047mm/yr. Clinical outcomes were excellent, with mean Harris hip score of 91.2 (range, 72–99) points at final follow-up.
Modeling and simulation of two-dimensional consolidation for thermoset matrix composites

A finite element method is developed to solve two-dimensional consolidation problems for composites manufacturing. The consolidation governing equations, one for solid stress and one for fluid pressure, are derived using a local volume averaging approach, and the two equations are strongly coupled. A special anisotropic, hyperelastic constitutive equation is developed for the solid stress. This equation matches Gutowski's model for consolidation transverse to the fibers, and has a high stiffness parallel to the fibers. An updated Lagrangian method is used to solve the equations, using implicit time integration and a successive substitution method. The code is applied to several case studies to explore two-dimensional consolidation effects. A free edge affects the thickness profile during consolidation, but the final thickness can still be uniform. This effect is substantial in the region close to the edge, and it propagates progressively from the edge toward the center. Simulations were also performed for laminates that bend to form a corner. The corner is thicker than the flat region after consolidation. Wiggles, similar to fiber buckling, arise at low values of shear modulus when using a male mold. Large values of the solid shear modulus cause the corner effect to extend far into the adjacent flat region. The length of the flat region also affects the consolidation of the corner.
Give the Emperor a Mirror: Toward Developing a Stakeholder Measurement of Organizational Transparency

The concept of organizational transparency has vaulted to prominence in recent years. While the virtues of transparency have been tied to trust and credibility, there have been no efforts to measure this abstract concept. Guidelines exist to help organizations be more transparent, but the real test is how stakeholders perceive an organization's transparency. This paper focuses on developing a stakeholder measurement of organizational transparency. Factor analyses, structural equation models, and reliability alphas on the measurement items indicate the instrument measures three transparency reputation traits (integrity, respect for others, openness) and four transparency efforts (participation, substantial information, accountability, and secrecy).
Documentation: A Functional Rationale

This article describes a practical rationale for the use of documentation in technical or business reports and articles based on a definition of documentation which emphasizes its role in providing support for theses. Stressing the “evidential” aspect of documentation, and the importance of “verifiability,” the article shows how the concept of documentation is relevant to both primary and secondary research reporting. Advantages which follow from this approach are pointed out. The approach described is one formulated for and currently being used in technical and business writing courses at Auburn University.
Magnetic studies on Kilauea Iki lava lake, Hawaii

Ground surveys made during August, 1961, show large vertical magnetic intensity anomalies associated with the partly lava filled crater of Kilauea Iki. A vertical magnetic variation of 11,600 gammas occurs along a north-south profile across the crater, the maximum being on the north rim of the crater and the minimum on the south edge of the encrusted lava lake below the south rim. An east-west profile shows less vertical magnetic variation, with lake-surface measurements 1500 to 2500 gammas lower than measurements on the east rim of the crater.
Morphological development during platinum/gallium arsenide interfacial reactions

The diffusion path and reaction kinetics of Pt/GaAs diffusion couples were investigated in the temperature range 400 to 1000° C using optical metallography, electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In all cases the formation of two phases, Pt3Ga and PtAs2, was observed. A layered structure Pt/Pt3Ga/ PtAs2/GaAs was observed in the temperature range 400 to 450° C and again between 700 and 800° C. However, in the intermediate temperature range from 450 to 650° C a two-phase mixture was observed with the sequence Pt/Pt3Ga/(Pt3Ga, PtAs2)/GaAs. This two-phase microstructure resulted in faster reaction rates than would have been predicted from the layered kinetics. The reversion from the agglomerate two-phase to a layered microstructure between 650 and 675° C may be explained by a rapid rate of grain coarsening in the two-phase microstructure at high temperature. This return to a planar morphology resulted in a substantial decrease in reaction rate with increasing temperature.
Distinct seismic anisotropy at the centre of the Earth

Abstract Although arrival times of PKP DF (or PKIKP) phases from epicentral distances between 120° and 173° are consistent with an anisotropy model obtained from a joint inversion of normal-mode and body-wave data, PKP DF measurements from nearly antipodal distances (between 173° and 180°) exhibit deviations from this model. We demonstrate that this behaviour is coherent, and that the characteristics associated with these data are still those of transverse isotropy. We also perform a systematic search for the location of the symmetry axis. Results suggest that the axis may be significantly tilted away from the geographic pole; however, higher-quality data are required to draw a firm conclusion. Inversion of the data with the symmetry axis at the geographic pole yields a model of anisotropy that is considerably different from that of the inner-core between 300 and 1220 km radius. These observations imply that there is a seismically distinct region at the centre of the Earth with radius of about 300 km.
Can Service Learning Enhance Student Understanding of Social Work Research

Abstract The social work profession has become increasingly concerned about student indifference toward research and the scarcity of practitioner-initiated contributions to the field's present, and potential future knowledge base. Social work educators are seeking innovative teaching methods to promote student interest in, and understanding of research by requiring students to concurrently apply knowledge and skills acquired in the classroom with problems presently encountered by community practitioners. To generate student appreciation and enthusiasm for research, a service learning component was introduced in an undergraduate social work research methods course in collaboration with a local social service organization whose director served as the course's co-instructor. Outcomes from a post-study suggest that the course elements might make research less intimidating and more interesting, while making it more applicable to the real world.
A Unique High Duty Factor Series Hard-Tube Moduiator for Use in the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility

The design criteria for the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility (LAMPF) specifies an initial capability for 6% duty factor (DF), 16.7-mA peak beam current (1-mA average) with provisions for eventual operation at a 12% DF, 8.3-mA peak beam current (also 1-mA average). The first four accelerator cavities in LAMPF will be of the Alvarez type operating at 201.25 MHz and each having a Q of approximately 50,000. This combination of frequency and Q, together with the overdrive provisions built into the rf systems dictate a cavity fill time of 200 ?sec. If this 200 psec is added to the ultimate design of 12% DF beam, (1000 psec pulse, 120 Hz), it is found that a 14.4% DF rf system (1200 psec pulse, 120 Hz) is necessary to satisfy the ultimatd design limits of IAMPF. The last three of the four Alvarez cavities require approximately 3-MW peak rf power each at the afore-mentioned 14.4% ultimate DF. This power must be controlled over a dynamic range of approximately 30% during the usable part of the pulse while maintaining a cavity field amplitude tolerance of ± 1.5%. The system must also be capable of overdriving the Alvarez cavity approximately 30% during turn-on to enhance the cavity field pulse rise time. This then dictates an overall control range of about 50%, i. e., (2-4 Mw) for the rf modulator system. The 201.25-MHz rf systems in LAMPF will use a series hard-tube modulator for control of rf power.
Esthetics: the orthodontic-periodontic restorative connection

As we complete the 20th and progress into the 21st century, orthodontists worldwide are experiencing a gradual but significant change in their practices. The number of adult patients has increased substantially. Although adults cooperate better than adolescents, they present a different set of challenges for the orthodontist. Adults may have worn or abraded teeth, uneven gingival margins, missing papillae, and periodontal bone loss, all of which can jeopardize the esthetic appearance of the teeth after bracket removal. This article will discuss the solutions for managing these challenging orthodontic-periodontic-restorative situations to produce a more ideal esthetic result.
A quantitative analysis of the activation and inactivation kinetics of HERG expressed in Xenopus oocytes.

1The human ethera-go-go-related gene (HERG) encodes a K+o channel that is believed to be the basis of the delayed rectified current, IKr, in cardiac muscle. We studied HERG expressed in Xenopus oocytes using a two-electrode and cut-open oocyte clamp technique with [K+]o of 2 and 98 mm. 2The time course of activation of the channel was measured using an envelope of tails protocol and demonstrated that activation of the heterologously expressed HERG current (IHERG) was sigmoidal in onset. At least three closed states were required to reproduce the sigmoid time course. 3The voltage dependence of the activation process and its saturation at positive voltages suggested the existence of at least one relatively voltage-insensitive step. A three closed state activation model with a single voltage-insensitive intermediate closed state was able to reproduce the time and voltage dependence of activation, deactivation and steady-state activation. Activation was insensitive to changes in [K+]o. 4Both inactivation and recovery time constants increased with a change of [K+]o from 2 to 98 mm. Steady-state inactivation shifted by ∼30 mV in the depolarized direction with a change from 2 to 98 mm K*o 5Simulations showed that modulation of inactivation is a minimal component of the increase of this current by [K+]o, and that a large increase in total conductance must also occur.
Targeted disruption of the ubiquitous CNC‐bZIP transcription factor, Nrf‐1, results in anemia and embryonic lethality in mice

The CNC‐basic leucine zipper (CNC‐bZIP) family is a subfamily of bZIP proteins identified from independent searches for factors that bind the AP‐1‐like cis ‐elements in the β‐globin locus control region. Three members, p45‐Nf‐e2, Nrf‐1 and Nrf‐2 have been identified in mammals. Expression of p45‐Nf‐e2 is largely restricted to hematopoietic cells while Nrf‐1 and Nrf‐2 are expressed in a wide range of tissues. To determine the function of Nrf‐1, targeted disruption of the Nrf‐1 gene was carried out. Homozygous Nrf‐1 mutant mice are anemic due to a non‐cell autonomous defect in definitive erythropoiesis and die in utero .
Constitutive synthesis of insulin-like growth factor-II by primary osteoblast-enriched cultures from fetal rat calvariae.

While a number of osteotropic hormones regulate insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) synthesis in osteoblast-enriched (Ob) and intact bone cultures, their direct effects on IGF-II production are still unresolved. For example, cAMP stimulators, such as PTH and prostaglandin E2, increase Ob IGF-I transcript and polypeptide levels within the first 24 h of treatment, but have no effect on IGF-II expression. To examine the possibility that other circulating factors could directly modify IGF-II synthesis by osteoblasts, primary rat Ob cultures were briefly treated with a number of polypeptide and steroid hormones known to regulate bone metabolism. Prepro-IGF-II steady state transcripts were assessed by Northern blot analysis, and immunoreactive polypeptide levels (iIGF-II) were examined by RIA. Predominant prepro-IGF-II transcripts of 3.7 kilobases were readily detected in quiescent Ob cultures, and constitutive iIGF-II levels were approximately 2-7 nM throughout the first 24 h of culture. GH, placental lactoge...
Dense Structure Inference for Object Classification in Aerial LIDAR Dataset

We present a framework to classify small freeform objects in 3D aerial scans of a large urban area. The system first identifies large structures such as the ground surface and roofs of buildings densely built in the scene, by fitting planar patches and grouping adjacent patches similar in pose together. Then, it segments initial object candidates which represent the visible surface of an object using the identified structures. To deal with sparse density in points representing each candidate, we also propose a novel method to infer a dense 3D structure from the given sparse and noisy points without any meshes and iterations. To label object candidates, we build a tree-structure database of object classes, which captures latent patterns in shape of 3D objects in a hierarchical manner. We demonstrate our system on the aerial LIDAR dataset acquired from a few square kilometers of Ottawa.
The Late Developmental Pattern of Mu Transposon Excision Is Conferred by a Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S–Driven MURA cDNA in Transgenic Maize

The MuDR element responsible for Mutator activities in maize encodes two genes, mudrA and mudrB. Each encodes multiple transcripts hypothesized to regulate, directly or indirectly, the unique late timing and switch in transposition mechanism during maize development. mudrA, which encodes the MURA transposase, is unstable in bacterial plasmids, a technical problem solved by using phage M13 as a vector to prepare DNA for biolistic transformation. In transgenic maize, a single 2.7-kb mudrA cDNA predicted to encode an 823-amino acid protein is sufficient to catalyze late somatic excisions, despite removal of the native promoter, alternative transcription start sites, known introns, polymorphic 5' and 3' untranslated sequences, and the mudrB gene. These results suggest that post-translational regulation confers Mu excision timing. The transgene is active in lines containing silencing MuDR elements. This suggests that endogenous MuDR transposons do not measurably immunize the host against expression of a homologous transgene.
Killing the messenger: new insights into nonsense-mediated mRNA decay.

Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is one of many quality control mechanisms developed by cells to maintain the metabolic status quo. The cell’s objective in this case is to destroy mRNA species that contain premature termination codons (PTCs) so that only full-length proteins are produced. Targeted destruction of proteins that misfold as a result of missense mutations (those that result in substitution for amino acids in the protein) and NMD are ancient and evolutionarily conserved strategies to protect the cell from mutations (or errors in transcription) that could yield truncated, potentially hazardous proteins. Eukaryotes as diverse as yeast, Caenorhabditis elegans, and humans employ a limited and overlapping array of proteins that cooperate to destroy mRNA species harboring PTCs. The site of mRNA destruction and the mechanisms by which the cell recognizes premature, as opposed to the constitutive, termination codons have been the objects of intense scrutiny and continuing debate over the last decade and a half. In that time, seven C. elegans genes have been identified that are essential for NMD (named smg-1 through smg-7). Three of these have yeast homologs and the same three genes have human homologs, although the human repertoire is larger than that in yeast (Table ​(Table1)1) as a result of gene duplication. Some additional genes have been identified in yeast as involved in the NMD pathway, but their homologs in mammalian cells and C. elegans have not been extensively explored (see Table ​Table11). Table 1 Nonsense-mediated decay genes and their chromosomal location, putative function, and homologies to yeast and worm genes
Exploring the theories and consequences of self-assessment through ethical inquiry

Abstract The authors argue that writing studies has not explored the ethical implications of using self-evaluations in classroom and large-scale writing assessment. Postmodern ethics does not attempt to provide moral answers to practices or activities but rather strives to explore and uncover hidden assumptions and unarticulated implications. Its focus is on the process of inquiry, not on determining the rightness or wrongness of individual practices. Using this postmodern ethical framework, the authors explore portfolio cover letters, reflective essays, self grading, and self-placement as depicted in college composition literature. They demonstrate a process of ethical inquiry that dovetails with validity inquiry, arguing that both types of research are necessary—although often missing—in the literature on self-assessment.
Chorioamnionitis does not affect fetal urine production in patients with premature rupture of membranes.

The objective of this study was to evaluate fetal urine production rate in patients with premature rupture of membranes in the presence or absence of chorioamnionitis and to determine its clinical ...
Novel all-optical flip-flop using semiconductor optical amplifiers in innovative frequency-shifting inverse-threshold pairs

All-optical digital sequential logic reduces the expense and bit rate constraints associated with optical-electronic-optical (OEO) conversion in telecommunications. Two semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) are directly coupled by connecting the output of each to the input of the other. This new configuration provides positive feedback to create a logical NOT or inverse for complete logic. An inverted optical threshold improves the quality of bit modulation. At the same time, frequency shifting allows improvement in the quality of the optical carrier. The SOA pair is analyzed in closed form to show that the positive feedback provides an output-input slope steeper than –1, allowing connection of two pairs to form a flip-flop. Two SOA pairs are cross-connected by connecting the output of each pair to the input of the other, to construct a novel R-S flip-flop. Closed form analysis shows, for the first time, that there is an unstable state and two stable states forming bistability for this configuration. Simulation demonstrates setting and resetting the reset-set (R-S) flip-flop at more than 5 Gbps. Agreement between closed form analysis and numerical simulation provides verification of the validity of the results obtained.
Applying reconfigurable hardware to the analysis of multispectral and hyperspectral imagery

Unsupervised clustering is a powerful technique for processing multispectral and hyperspectral images. Last year, we reported on an implementation of k-means clustering for multispectral images. Our implementation in reconfigurable hardware processed 10 channel multispectral images two orders of magnitude faster than a software implementation of the same algorithm. The advantage of using reconfigurable hardware to accelerate k-means clustering is clear; the disadvantage is the hardware implementation worked for one specific dataset. It is a non-trivial task to change this implementation to handle a dataset with different number of spectral channels, bits per spectral channel, or number of pixels; or to change the number of clusters. These changes required knowledge of the hardware design process and could take several days of a designer's time. Since multispectral data sets come in many shapes and sizes, being able to easily change the k-means implementation for these different data sets is important. For this reason, we have developed a parameterized implementation of the k-means algorithm. Our design is parameterized by the number of pixels in an image, the number of channels per pixel, and the number of bits per channel as well as the number of clusters. These parameters can easily be changed in a few minutes by someone not familiar with the design process. The resulting implementation is very close in performance to the original hardware implementation. It has the added advantage that the parameterized design compiles approximately three times faster than the original.
The Irritation of Architecture

Abstract A century ago, Adolf Loos articulated a unique sensibility regarding function and posed the controversial idea that architecture is not an art. Fifty years later, Theodor Adorno, who supported many of Loos' opinions, contended that Loos' argument in this respect was critically insufficient because it lacked dialectical depth. The following discussion intends to demonstrate that Loos' thought was dialectical in the fashion Adorno believed legitimate. To do so, it is necessary to consider Loos' built works as a way of thinking complementary to his written ideas.
Averaging Principles for a Diffusion-Scaled, Heavy-Traffic Polling Station with K Job Classes

This paper provides heavy traffic limit theorems for a polling station serving jobs from K exogenous renewal arrival streams. It is a standard result that the limiting diffusion-scaled total workload process is semimartingale reflected Brownian motion. For polling stations, however, no such limit exists in general for the diffusion-scaled, K-dimensional queue length or workload vector processes. Instead, we prove that these processes admit averaging principles, the natures of which depend on the service discipline employed at the polling station. Parameterized families of exhaustive and gated service disciplines are investigated. Each policy under consideration has K stochastic matrices associated with it—one for each job class—that describe the transition of the workload vector while a given job class is being polled. These matrices give rise to K probability vectors that are vertices of a K - 1-simplex. Loosely speaking, each point of this simplex acts as an instantaneous lifting operator, converting th...
Frequent loop detection using efficient nonintrusive on-chip hardware

Dynamic software optimization methods are becoming increasingly popular for improving software performance and power. The first step in dynamic optimization consists of detecting frequently executed code, or "critical regions." Most previous critical region detectors have been targeted to desktop processors. We introduce a critical region detector targeted to embedded processors, with the unique features of being very size and power efficient and being completely nonintrusive to the software's execution-features needed in timing-sensitive embedded systems. Our detector not only finds the critical regions, but also determines their relative frequencies, a potentially important feature for selecting among alternative dynamic optimization methods. Our detector uses a tiny cache-like structure coupled with a small amount of logic. We provide results of extensive explorations across 19 embedded system benchmarks. We show that highly accurate results can be achieved with only a 0.02 percent power overhead, acceptable size overhead; and zero runtime overhead. Our detector is currently being used as part of a dynamic hardware/software partitioning approach, but is applicable to a wide variety of situations.
The trait of human language: lessons from the canal boat children of England

To fully understand human language, an evolved trait that develops in the young without formal instruction, it must be possible to observe language that has not been influenced by instruction. But in modern societies, much of the language that is used, and most of the language that is measured, is confounded by literacy and academic training. This diverts empirical attention from natural habits of speech, causing theorists to miss critical features of linguistic practice. To dramatize this point, I examine data from a special population––the canal boat children of early twentieth century England––whose language developed without academic influence, but was evaluated using instruments designed primarily for academic use. These data, taken together with related research, suggest that formal instruction can convert language from a purely biological trait that was selected, to a talent that was instructed, while altering the users of language themselves. I then review research indicating that formal instruction can also mask or distort inter-sexual differences in the social applications of language, a significant handicap to evolutionary theorizing. I conclude that if biological theories of language are to succeed, they must explain the spontaneous speaking practices of naturally behaving individuals.
Power-scaling of optically-pumped semiconductor lasers

ABSTRACT Power-scaling of optically pumped semiconductor lasers (OPSLs) using a resonator with multiple OPS chips is demonstrated. With a 3-chip cavity and intra-cavity second harmonic generation, we obtain 55W of TEM 00 mode output at 532 nm and 66 W in multi-transverse mode. In addition, we describe the design of a periodic dynamically stable resonator that allows scaling to more than 4 chips and dem onstrate that the output power scales with the number of chips in the cavity. Keywords: Green lasers, TEM 00 mode solid state lasers, optically pumped semiconductor lasers, vertical external cavity surface emitting laser, dynamically stable periodic resonator 1. INTRODUCTION High-power diode-pumped CW lasers are frequently used as pump sources for solid-state lasers. For instance, green lasers emitting up to 18W at 532 nm are now routinel y used for pumping short-pulse Ti:Sapphire oscillators. Since the demand for higher power from these pumps is sure to continue, methods for power-scaling are of interest. OPSLs are especially interesting pump sources since the lasing wavelength may be controlled by design of the quantum well gain structure and can therefore be tailored to match virtually any absorption band of solid state gain media. Furthermore, they can produce high output power with low noise and excellent beam quality
Neonatal Asymmetric Crying Facies: A New Look at an Old Problem:

Neonatal asymmetric crying facies, described 75 years ago, is a clinical phenotype resembling unilateral partial peripheral facial nerve paralysis, with an incidence of approximately 1 per 160 live births. The cause is either facial nerve compression or faulty facial muscle and/or nerve development. Spontaneous resolution is expected with the former, but not necessarily with the latter etiology. Approximately 10% of the developmental cases have associated major malformations. Mandibular asymmetry and maxillary-mandibular asynclitism (non-parallelism of the gums) are frequently overlooked visual clues to nerve compression. Ultrasound imaging of facial muscles and electrodiagnostic testing may be useful for differential diagnosis and management.
Stimulation by Proinsulin of Expression of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type-I in Endothelial Cells

In patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, concentrations in plasma of insulin and its precursors, proinsulin and split proinsulin, are increased. Because increased concentrations of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) occur also, we hypothesized that proinsulin and split proinsulin may augment endothelial cell PAI-1 expression, thereby potentially attenuating endogenous fibrinolysis and accelerating atherosclerosis. Proinsulin increased PAI-1 activity in conditioned media of endothelial cells as did split proinsulin, paralleled by increased expression of PAI-1 mRNA. These effects of proinsulin were not dependent on its conversion to insulin nor on its interactions with the insulin receptor. The proinsulin stimulation of PAI-1 expression was not attenuated by either anti-insulin receptor antibodies or a 100-fold excess of insulin. Furthermore, proinsulin-mediated increases in PAI-1 expression were not inhibited by a 500-fold excess of insulinlike growth factor I. In addition, inhibition of tyrosine kinase, which mediates many of the diverse effects of insulin and insulinlike growth factor I, did not attenuate the effect of proinsulin. These results indicate that proinsulin augments PAI-1 expression, potentially contributing to vasculopathy in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
The initial fusion pore induced by baculovirus GP64 is large and forms quickly.

The formation of the fusion pore is the first detectable event in membrane fusion (Zimmerberg, J., R. Blumenthal, D.P. Sarkar, M. Curran, and S.J. Morris. 1994. J. Cell Biol. 127:1885-1894). To date, fusion pores measured in exocytosis and viral fusion have shared features that include reversible closure (flickering), highly fluctuating semistable stages, and a lag time of at least several seconds between the triggering and the pore opening. We investigated baculovirus GP64-induced Sf9 cell-cell fusion, triggered by external acid solution, using two different electrophysiological techniques: double whole-cell recording (for high time resolution, model-independent measurements), and the more conventional time-resolved admittance recordings. Both methods gave essentially the same results, thus validating the use of the admittance measurements for fusion pore conductance calculations. Fusion was first detected by abrupt pore formation with a wide distribution of initial conductance, centered around 1 nS. Often the initial fusion pore conductance was stable for many seconds. Fluctuations in semistable conductances were much less than those of other fusion pores. The waiting time distribution, measured between pH onset and initial pore appearance, fits best to a model with many (approximately 19) independent elements. Thus, unlike previously measured fusion pores, GP64-mediated pores do not flicker, can have large, stable initial pore conductances lasting up to a minute, and have typical lag times of < 1 s. These findings are consistent with a barrel-shaped model of an initial fusion pore consisting of five to eight GP64 trimers that is lined with lipid.
Structure of the mammalian ribosome-channel complex at 17A resolution.

The co-translational translocation of proteins into the endoplasmic reticu- lum (ER) lumen and the biogenesis of membrane proteins require ribo- some binding to a membrane channel formed by the Sec61p complex. We now report the 17 Astructure of a mammalian ribosome - channel complex derived from ER membranes. Atomic models of the ribosomal subunits were aligned to the programmed ribosome from Thermus thermophilus, to provide a common reference frame. The T. thermophilus ribosome, and by extension all known high resolution subunit models, were then docked within our map of the ribosome - channel complex. The structure shows that the ribosome contains a putative tRNA in the exit site, and a comparison with a non-programmed, yeast ribosome suggests that the L1 stalk may function as a gate in the tRNA exit path. We have localized six major expansion segments in the large subunit of the vertebrate ribosome including ES27, and suggest a function for ES30. The large ribosomal subunit is linked to the channel by four connec- tions. We identified regions in the large subunit rRNA and four proteins that may help form the connections. These regions of the ribosome probably serve as a template to guide the assembly of the asymmetric translocation channel. Three of the connections form a picket fence that separates the putative translocation pore from the attachment site of an additional membrane component. The ribosome -channel connections also create an open junction that would allow egress of a nascent chain into the cytosol. At a threshold that is appropriate for the entire complex, the channel is rather solid and the lumenal half of the putative transloca- tion pore is closed. These data suggest that the flow of small molecules across the membrane may be impeded by the channel itself, rather than the ribosome - channel junction. q 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved
Efficacy of Vetiver Oil and Nootkatone as Soil Barriers Against Formosan Subterranean Termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

Vetiver oil and its components nootkatone and cedrene were assessed as sand treatments for their efficacy to disrupt food recruitment by Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki. Termites were required to tunnel through sand treated with vetiver oil, nootkatone, cedrene, or untreated sand to reach a food source. Results showed that sand treated with vetiver oil or nootkatone disrupted termite tunneling behavior. As a consequence, after 21 d, wood consumption and termite survival were significantly lower compared with cedrene-treated or untreated sand treatments. Sand treated with vetiver oil or nootkatone at 100 μg/g substrate were effective barriers to termites.
GPER1-mediated IGFBP-1 induction modulates IGF-1-dependent signaling in tamoxifen-treated breast cancer cells.

Tamoxifen, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, is a commonly prescribed adjuvant therapy for estrogen receptor-α (ERα)-positive breast cancer patients. To determine if extracellular factors contribute to the modulation of IGF-1 signaling after tamoxifen treatment, MCF-7 cells were treated with IGF-1 in conditioned medium (CM) obtained from 4-OHT-treated MCF-7 cells and the accumulation of phospho-Akt (S473) was measured. CM inhibited IGF-1-dependent cell signaling and suggesting the involvement of extracellular factors (ie. IGFBPs). A significant increase in IGFBP-1 mRNA and extracellular IGFBP-1 protein was observed in 4-OHT-treated MCF-7 cells. Knockdown experiments demonstrated that both GPER1 and CREB mediate IGFBP-1 induction. Furthermore, experiments showed that 4-OHT-dependent IGFBP-1 transcription is downstream of GPER1-activation in breast cancer cells. Additionally, neutralization and knockdown experiments demonstrated a role for IGFBP-1 in the observed inhibition of IGF-1 signaling. These results suggested that 4-OHT inhibits IGF-1 signaling via GPER1 and CREB mediated extracellular IGFBP-1 accumulation in breast cancer cells.
Abstract 52: Temporal Regulation Of Cardiac Cytokine Expression in Response to Chronic β-Adrenergic Receptor Stimulation

Chronic catecholamine stimulation of β-adrenergic receptors (βAR) is ultimately deleterious during heart failure (HF). While alterations in cytokines contribute to HF pathogenesis and βAR have been demonstrated to regulate cytokines in different models of HF, a comprehensive understanding of this relationship is lacking. Thus, we sought to characterize the impact of chronic βAR signaling on cardiac cytokine expression in vivo. C57BL/6 mice underwent infusion with vehicle or isoproterenol (Iso; 3 mg/kg/day) via minipumps for 1 or 2 weeks and cardiac function was monitored via echocardiography. At study termination, hearts were excised and assessed for changes in hypertrophy, fibrosis and apoptosis, each of which were enhanced by Iso. Expression of cardiac transcripts were assessed via whole transcriptome analysis, where 780 and 689 transcripts were significantly altered at 1 and 2 weeks of Iso, respectively, with only 115 transcripts regulated similarly between the two cohorts. Significant changes in cytokine transcript expression was observed in response to chronic Iso and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) predicted the involvement of additional upstream cytokine regulators potentially regulated by Iso. Transcriptome results and IPA predictions were confirmed via qRT-PCR. A cytokine array also confirmed temporally-distinct alterations in the expression of 42 cytokines at the protein level. Differential alterations in cytokine expression resulting from 1 versus 2 weeks of Iso infusion suggest that cytokine-directed therapies may have distinct temporally-dependent consequences on cardiac function and survival under conditions of chronic catecholamine stress.
Competition Law in Hungary: Harmonization Towards E.U. Membership

The paper gives an overview about the development of modern Hungarian competition law. It presents how the Europe Agreements' harmonization clause and Article 62 mirroring the competition rules of the E.C. Treaty had an impact on legislation and the evolving practice of the Hungarian Competition Authority. The Hungarian Constitutional Court challenged the applicability of the Implementing Rules of Article 62 EEA leading to the adoption of a new set of competition rules broadly in line with the approach European Economic Area.
Violence and Warfare among Hunter-Gatherers

Nearly 60 years ago, the publication of Elizabeth Marshall Thomas's book, The Harmless People (1959), helped create an enduring image of living hunting and gathering peoples. Her book, along with t...
Disease and Deceit in Béroul’s Roman de Tristan

Beroul’s Roman de Tristan presents readers with the various processes of “seeming,” a boundary situated between the materialized artifact of the factual, and the artificial paradigm of fiction, stressing, above all, the “made-ness” of truth. One of the most profound moments of rupture in Beroul’s poem comes during Yseut’s escondit (her legal response to charges of adultery) to King Mark at Mal Pas, where truth is reified against notions of criminality and disease, and is constructed, like written histories, in the spaces between memory and amnesia. Yseut’s escondit is exculpatory in its focus on the spectacle of the deformed body of the leper-Tristan; the leper-Tristan becomes emblematic of the ways in which narratives are deployed as truth when they only have the appearance of truth, shifting the truth-claim toward a process of reading and interpretation rather than speech act.
Regulation of glycolytic metabolism during long-term primary culture of renal proximal tubule cells

Adequate oxygenation was a major factor regulating the induction of glycolytic metabolism in primary cultures of rabbit renal proximal tubule cells during short-term (less than 1 day) and long-term (1-7 day) culture. As measured by cellular lactate content, glucose consumption, and lactate dehydrogenase activity, less glycolytic metabolism was induced in cultured cells that were constantly aerated than in cells that were held stationary. When oxidative metabolism is supported by providing 2-10 mM heptanoate (HEP) as a metabolic substrate glycolytic metabolism further decreased during short-term, but not long-term culture. Cellular proliferation did not play a major role in regulating the induction of glycolytic metabolism, since glycolytic metabolism increased before cell growth had occurred, did not decline once logarithmic cell growth had ceased, and was stimulated less by cell growth than by inadequate oxygenation. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and alkaline phosphatase, representative markers of gluconeogenic and brush-border membrane enzyme activities, respectively, declined during culture regardless of culture conditions or the presence of HEP. Therefore, glycolytic metabolism can be effectively minimized by constantly aerating cultured proximal tubule cells and can be further reduced by the addition of HEP during short-term culture.
Integrating Educational Modules for Children with Chronic Health and Dental Issues: Premise for Community-based Intervention Framework in Developing Country

This paper consolidated the developmental initiatives and principles of two major researches conducted regarding children with disabilities in the Philippines that focused on chronic health and dental issues using the independent studies of Licuan (2009) and Laguilles (2008) as take-off point to recommend a Community-based Intervention Framework in a developing country. Given the two consolidated studies, this paper conceptualized and recommended a framework to enhance the services for children with disabilities in the country targeting children who are prone to having health complications that are chronic and dental in nature for application in the grassroots or primary level of the country’s health care and educational delivery systems which is community-based and school-based given feasibility for application at the preparatory basic education and special education levels as well as at the smallest unit of the Philippine community – the barangay. The study looked into the present demographics of children with chronic health and dental issues utilizing the Province of Cavite as the micro-represented research locale. Together with the profile review, the respondents’ access to health and education services were reviewed vis’ a vis’ the nature and implications analyses of their condition, family profile and economic status. All of these variables were factored-in to develop the framework that included the developmental guidelines, paradigm and new educational module frames that will be used as recommended platform for a succeeding study that will yield to the development and validation of completed educational modules. This in turn will be distributed and used by the families of children with chronic health and dental health conditions as well as the barangay health workers and concerned teachers to improve the quality of life of children with such conditions with the intent of instructional materials utilization not later than the year 2017 using the Province of Cavite as benchmark locale in the Philippines.