cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The LSAT, US News & World Report, and Minority Admissions Special Challenges and Special Opportunities for Law School Deans

The advent of US News & World Report ranking of law schools has brought a great deal of judging to the world of legal education. Prospective students, employers, and many others have come to judge law schools based on this ranking number. Unfortunately, this judging is not based on an understanding of what the ranking information may or may not mean, and the ranking number itself, is certainly not knowledge about a law school's quality. The US News purported measure of quality leaves out the important value of diversity as well as other important values. The under representation of African-Americans in legal education and the legal profession has been recognized as a significant concern. Efforts from many sectors are underway to address that under representation. One of the major challenges to increasing diversity, however, is the tension between improving or monitoring national law school rankings as a goal and increasing diversity as a goal. These challenges are especially difficult for law school deans. This article explores this issue. The article provides an overview of the ranking system and the weight of LSAT scores in that system and explains the disparate impact this weight has on minority applicants. It describes the special situation with respect to this issue in light of the diverse constituencies that law school deans work with and report to and what makes law school deans different than deans in other academic units. These constituencies include faculty members; central administration (president/provost/boards of trustees); alums; donors, supporters, and development officers; students; applicants; admissions staff; accreditation and membership organizations; university counsel; and the media. The article suggests the special opportunity that a law school dean has in educating constituencies about the limitations of ranking, so that these constituencies would have a better understanding that overemphasis of rankings can have on diversity. It provides some specific suggestions for audiences and means for this educational process. The dean's leadership role provides an opportunity to recognize the unique role of legal education as gatekeeper to the leadership of America. Deans who recognize that opportunity and use their positions to meet the challenge will play an important role in our nation's economic and social development.
Ontogeny of the mammalian insulin receptor. Studies of human and rat fetal liver plasma membranes.

Abstract Insulin binding to human fetal plasma liver membranes was studied in preparations segregated into three pools according to length of gestation: 15–18 weeks (Pool A), 19–25 weeks (Pool B), and 26–31 weeks (Pool C). Receptor numbers, calculated by extrapolation of Scatchard plots to the X axis, increased from 25 × 1010 sites per 100 μg protein in the youngest group (Pool A) to 46 × 1010 sites per 100 μg protein in Pool B. No further increase in receptor number was seen in Pool C. The affinity constant for insulin at tracer concentrations, K e (“empty site”), was 1.53 × 108 M−1 in Pool A and was only slightly higher than K f (“filled site”). K e was higher in Pool B, 1.75 × 108 M−1, and in Pool C reached a value of 5.63 × 108 M−1. In Pool C K f was 2.3 × 108 M−1. Insulin binding of liver plasma membranes from rat fetuses aged 14, 16, 18, and 21 (term) days and adults was also studied. Maximum binding capacity tended to increase with gestational age and was 130 × 1010 sites per 100 μg protein at term, which was in excess of that found in adult rats (89–90 × 1010). In addition, K e increased from 0.75 × 108 M−1 at 14 days to 3.02 × 108 M−1 at term, a value higher than that found in pregnant and nonpregnant adults. Dissociation of insulin in the presence of high concentrations of insulin was significantly enhanced in tissues from 18-day and term fetuses and adults, but not in membranes from fetal rats aged 14 and 16 days. These data appear to indicate that site-site interactions are not present in early fetal existence. These changes in insulin binding with increased length of gestation are not ascribable to changes in relative proportions of hematopoietic and parenchymal tissue. Human fetal plasma liver membranes demonstrated elevated insulin binding with increased gestational age, but comparison of fetal and adult liver could not be done. However, newborn human infants have been shown to have a higher capacity for binding insulin to circulating monocytes than adults. Also, human fetuses apparently lack the capability to diminish monocyte receptors in the presence of hyperinsulinemia. These experiments show that an increase in insulin receptor binding capacity and affinity also occurs in the liver of the rat fetus at term as compared to the adult rat. The reasons and mechanisms underlying enhanced capacity for insulin binding by fetal and newborn members of human and rodent species are not known.
Data-parallel functional programming

This paper describes an implementation scheme that maps sequences (lists) in the functional language FP onto a data-parallel SIMD multiprocessor. The mapping is dynamic (i.e., self-organizing at run-time via an atom vector) and is transparent to the programmer. Furthermore, as the problem size and the capability of the architecture increases, the method described will proportionally scale the degree of parallelism. The authors chose FP as the application language because it is a simple yet expressive language and because FP allows one to create functional forms that yield highly-parallel computations when applied to lists representing matrix or vector data. The target architecture is a MasPar MP-1 with 16 K processors. >
Incentives and Disincentives for the Use of OpenCourseWare

This article examines Utah residents’ views of incentives and disincentives for the use of OpenCourseWare (OCW), and how they fit into the theoretical framework of perceived innovation attributes established by Rogers (1983). Rogers identified five categories of perceived innovation attributes: relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability, and observability. A survey instrument was developed using attributes that emerged from a Delphi technique with input from experts in the OCW field. The survey instrument was sent to 753 random individuals between 18 and 64 years of age throughout Utah. Results indicated that the greatest incentives for OCW use were the following: (a) no cost for materials , (b) resources available at any time , (c) pursuing in depth a topic that interests me , (d) learning for personal knowledge or enjoyment , and (e) materials in an OCW are fairly easy to access and find . The greatest disincentives for OCW use were the following: a) no certificate or degree awarded , (b) does not cover my topic of interest in the depth I desire , (c) a lack of professional support provided by subject tutors or experts , (d) a lack of guidance provided by support specialists , and (e) the feeling that the material is overwhelming . The authors recommend that institutions work to transition some OCW users into degree-granting paid programs as well as adopt a marketing campaign to increase awareness of OCW. Additionally, OCW websites should make their content available to recommendation engines such as ccLearn DiscoverEd, OCW Finder, or OER Recommender and should reciprocally link to one or more of these sites.
Commentary: The Complementarity of Intrapsychic and Intersubjective Dimensions of Social Reality

This comment revisits the pioneering work of George Devereux in arguing for a reintegration of ethnographic and psychological perspectives in anthropology. The focus is not on an epistemological fusion of these different perspectives but on methodological strategies whose measure of value may be practical, aesthetic, or interpretive, depending on the researcher's interests and the research subject's own concerns. [George Devereux, psychoanalytic anthropology, phenomenological anthropology]
Flame‐Fusion of Synthesis of Several Types Silicate Structures

The flame-fusion technique is feasible for the growth of many anhydrous silicates. Successful syntheses were accomplished in four of the five classes of the general structural classification of silicates. There are several advantages for this type of growth technique, and an ideal opportunity is presented thereby for controlled experimentation in the study of natural and artificial crystalline structures, solid-solution series, and the effects of minor additions.
PIXE analysis of GaAs and ZnSe

Abstract The optoelectronic compounds of GaAs and ZnSe are difficult to analyze by PIXE (particle-induced X-ray emission) due to the strong absorption of the As and Se K α X-rays. As part of a program to investigate optoelectronic materials using ion beam techniques, we have explored the possibility of using the high sensitivity of PIXE to check these materials for stoichiometry and dopant concentrations. The K α X-ray intensity ratios of Ga to As and Zn to Se have been investigated using H beams of 0.5 to 2.5 MeV and He beams of 1.0 to 2.5 MeV. The variation in the X-ray intensity ratio with beam energy and target thickness is modelled in terms of the cross section for X-ray production and the absorption coefficients of the X-rays in the target. The results of this model show the experimental conditions that must be satisfied in order that the X-ray intensity ratios are not strongly affected by X-ray absorption; and therefore, the conditions necessary for accurate analysis. To demonstrate this, four 1 μm Al x Ga 1− x As-on-GaAs samples were analyzed and gave results in agreement with those obtained by differential reflectivity.
An Analysis of Vortices Embedded within a Quasi-Linear Convective System Using X-Band Polarimetric Radar

AbstractOn 2 April 2010, a developing quasi-linear convective system (QLCS) moved rapidly northeastward through central Oklahoma spawning at least three intense, mesoscale vortices. At least two of these vortices caused damage rated as category 0 to 1 on the enhanced Fujita scale (EF0–EF1) in and near the town of Rush Springs. Two radar networks—the National Weather Service Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler network (WSR-88D) and the Engineering Research Center for Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of the Atmosphere (CASA) radar network—collected high spatial and temporal resolution data of the event. This study is an in-depth polarimetric analysis of mesovortices within a QLCS. In this case study, the storm development and evolution of the QLCS mesovortices are examined. Significant findings include the following: 1) The damage in Rush Springs was caused by a combination of the fast translation speed and the embedded circulations associated with QLCS vortices. The vortices’ relative winds nearly negate...
Measurement of the infrared refractive index of sapphire as a function of temperature

A complete and independent method is used to measure the infrared refractive index of sapphire, both e-ray and o-ray, as a function of temperature and frequency. The technique combines single frequency and broadband measurements. The refractive index at the wavelength 3.39micrometers is measured using a prism and the minimum deviation method. A laser interferometer and an etalon of the material are then used to measure the thermo-optic coefficient also at 3.39micrometers . A broadband FTIR spectrometer is used to measure the transmittance spectrum of the etalon and then a fringe counting method is applied to obtain the frequency dependent refractive index. The technique is applied to sapphire over the temperature range from room temperature to 600 degree(s)C and wavelength range from 1 to 5micrometers . High accuracy is demonstrated. The errors of this experimental approach are analyzed.
Increases in the rate of methanol oxidation through the coadsorption of different anions : Theory and experiment

A theory is presented that describes an enhancement in the rate of the electrochemical oxidation of methanol. Replacing a fraction of the original electrolyte with a more inhibiting one causes the enhanced rate. Results from experiments conducted on the electrochemical oxidation of methanol at Pt are also presented. In the experiments, a fraction of the original supporting electrolyte, perchloric acid, was replaced with tetrafluoroboric acid. Although the fluoroborate anion is more inhibiting than the perchlorate anion, the replacement caused an increase in the rate of the oxidation of methanol. Previous results and results presented here provide evidence that surface reorganization, basicity, participation of anions in reactions, or a more efficient removal of surface bonded CO are highly unlikely to be the fundamental cause of the increased rate of methanol oxidation. A mathematical description of methanol oxidation coupled to anion adsorption reveals that an enhanced rate of oxidation can be achieved if forces between unlike surface anions are stronger than the forces between like surface anions. A sufficient condition for enhancement is derived, which consists of a relation between the anion adsorption coefficients and the parameter representing the interactions between unlike surface anions.
Intratask distractibility in hyperkinetic and nonhyperkinetic children.

Previous laboratory studies that have either introduced extraneous environmental stimulation or tested children in cubicles have failed to provide support for the common clinical notion that hyperkinetic children are highly distractible. Based on the Rosenthal and Allen (1978) proposal, distractibility was investigated by introducing irrelevant information within the task context. Intratask distractibility was examined by comparing the performance of hyperkinetic and nonhyperkinetic children on a speeded classification task. Errors were measured for responses to slides containing either zero, constant, one varying, or two varying irrelevant stimulus dimensions. Dimensional salience of the three dimensions used in the study was measured for each child. The data indicate that hyperkinetics made more errors than nonhyperkinetics when constant irrelevant or two varying irrelevant dimensions were presented, but the two groups made equal errors when there was no irrelevant information presented within the stimulus array. No group differences in distractibility were found when the irrelevant dimension was low salience. It was concluded that salience of distractors presented within the task context may be useful in specifying the particular task conditions in which hyperkinetic children exhibit high distractibility.
Enpassant: an environment for evaluating massively parallel array architectures for spatially mapped applications

Although massively parallel arrays for spatially mapped applications have been proposed since the 1950s42 and built since the 1960s,12 there have been very few systematic empirical studies that cover more than a small fraction of the design space. The problems have included the lack of a test suite of non-trivial application codes; inadequate language support; the difficulties of balancing evaluation performance with flexibility; and balancing test suite portability with accuracy of evaluation. We describe an environment that addresses these problems. A realistic workload including a series of applications currently being used as building blocks in vision research has been constructed. Both flexibility in architectural parameter selection and simulation efficiency are maintained with a novel new technique that combines virtual machine emulation with trace-driven simulation. The trade-off between fairness to diverse target architectures and programmability of the test suite is addressed through the use of operator and application libraries for a small set of critical functions. We also present examples of the type of results we are obtaining, including the effects of changing ALU designs and datapath widths, finding critical points in register set and cache sizes, the benefits of various types of router networks, and the performance cost of processor virtualization.
Chip Surface Damage Induced by Internal Stress of Lead–ON–Chip (Loc) Packages

In lead-on-chip (LOC) packaging technology, the lead fingers are attached directly to the surface of the chip using a double-side adhesive tape. This method of chip attachment naturally concerns with regards to stress on the polyimide coated chip surface. Device failure related to fracture in the passivation layers and the Al-Si metal has been observed in temperature cycle tests. The dominant issue is polyimide cracking due to mechanical stress caused by internal stress of LOC packages. To investigate the effect of polyimide characterization, devices were fabricated with different polyimides. The degree of polyimide cracking was determined with scanning electron microscope (SEM) technique. The polyimides were characterized with chemicals, tensile measurement tester, thermal analyzer, fourier transform infrared spectroscope (FTIR), computer simulation and various package-level reliability tests. The results of the characterization and an explanation of the primary factors affecting chip surface damage are presented in this paper.
Minimizing Tardiness on a Single Processor with Sequence Dependent Setup Times: A Simulated Annealing Approach

Abstract In today's fast-paced Just-In-Time and mass customization manufacturing in a sequence-dependent setup environment, the challenge of making production schedules to meet due-date requirements is becoming a more complex problem. Unfortunately, much of the research on operations scheduling problems has either ignored setup times or assumed that setup times on each machine are independent of the job sequence. This paper considers the problem of minimizing tardiness, a common measure of due-date performance, in a sequence-dependent setup environment. Simulated annealing was used to solve the sequencing problem, and its performance was compared with random search. Our experimental results show that the algorithm can find a good solution fairly quickly, and thus can rework schedules frequently to react to variations in the schedule. The algorithm is invaluable for ‘on-line’ production scheduling and ‘last-minute’ changes to production schedule. The results of this research also suggest ways in which more complex and realistic job shop environments, such as multiple machines with a higher number of jobs in the sequence, and other scheduling objectives can be modeled. This research also investigates computational aspects of simulated annealing in solving complex scheduling problems.
Development of arteriosclerosis.

Abstract Atherosclerosis is regarded as a polyetiologic, polypathogenetic family of closely related vascular lesions. Current ideas about the evolution of arterial fatty streaks in children into atherosclerotic plaques of adult type are discussed. Fatty streaks in children appear to be equally prevalent and severe in all populations. Only in certain populations do they evolve into significant adult lesions. This evolution occurs during young adulthood. In some cases, the entire development of plaques occurs during adult life. The meaning of these findings for the concept of atherosclerosis as a disease of pediatric origin and in relation to the prevention of atherosclerotic disease in the general population is discussed.
Response of Nitrification and Nitrifying Bacteria in Mine Spoil to Urea or Ammonium Sulfate

Reclaiming lands mined for lignite in east Texas requires large inputs of N fertilizers. However little is known about the relative effects of NH 4 + -N vs. urea-N on nitrifying bacteria and rates of nitrification in soils undergoing reclamation. We conducted a field study to determine nitrification potentials, enumerate nitrifying bacteria and to determine the relationship between the two in mixed-overburden. Newly leveled and 1- to 8-yr-old spoils near Fairfield, TX, were fertilized with 244 kg N ha -1 of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 (AS) or urea and concentrations of NH 4 + , NO 2 - , and NO 3 - in the overburden were monitored. Nitrification potentials and most probable numbers (MPN) of NH 4 + - and NO 2 - -oxidizing bacteria were measured. Nitrification potentials were lowest in fresh spoil and increased with age of site. Nitrification rates at the 1-yr-old site were equivalent to those at an adjacent unmined site. Nitrification of NH 4 + -N and urea-N occurred at similar rates in the field (means 2.6 and 2.7 mg NO 3 - -N kg -1 soil d -1 , respectively) but there tended to be more NO 3 - in spoil fertilized with urea. Nitrifiers regained pre-mining levels within one year ranging from log 10 MPN 3 to 6 g -1 . Nitrifiers were least abundant at the fresh site (log 10 3) but were similar at the other sites ranging from log 10 5 to 6. Numbers of nitrifying bacteria and nitrification potentials were highly correlated (r = 0.75 to 0.94). Urea and AS produced similar responses for the parameters measured, indicating urea to be as suitable an N source as AS in the reclamation process.
Avoidance and Management of Complications of Total Parenteral Nutrition

Total parenteral nutrition therapy can be life-saving for specific groups of patients, but is not without risks. Complications that may occur are divided into three groups: mechanical, infectious, and metabolic. While mechanical complications related to central venous catheter placement can be minimized by the skill and experience of the operator, infectious and metabolic complications, such as hyperglycemia and electrolyte abnormalities, are more likely to be decreased by careful observation and monitoring of the patient. Certain guidelines, which are presented here, should be followed to prevent such complications, while problems that may occur should be recognized and treated promptly.
State of Detonation Stability Theory and Its Application to Propulsion

We present an overview of the current state of detonation stability theory and discuss its implications for propulsion. The emphasis of the review is on the exact or asymptotic treatments of detonations, including various asymptotic limits that appear in the literature. The role that instability plays in practical detonation-based propulsion is of primary importance and is largely unexplored, hence we point to possible areas of research both theoretical and numerical, that might help improve our understanding of detonation behavior in propulsion devices. We outline the basic formulation of detonation stability theory that starts from linearized Euler equations, describe the algorithm of solution, and present an example that illustrates typical results.
Reaction of ethyl (2Z)-cyano-6-methoxyquinolin-2(1H)-ylidene-ethanoate (L) with rhenium carbonyls: Structural and computational studies on the rhenium(I) compound cis-BrRe(CO)4L

Abstract The reaction of the heterocycle ethyl (2Z)-cyano-6-methoxyquinolin-2(1 H )-ylidene-ethanoate ( L ) with different rhenium carbonyls to give cis -BrRe(CO) 4 L ( 1 ) is reported. X-ray crystallography reveals that the heterocyclic ligand coordinates to the rhenium center via the nitrile moiety and cis to the bromine group in 1 . Compound 1 has been characterized in solution by IR and NMR (1D and 2D) spectroscopy, and the complete assignment of the 1 H and 13 C NMR resonances associated with the coordinated heterocycle established. The redox properties and the bonding in 1 have been explored by cyclic voltammetry and DFT calculations, respectively. The mechanism for the formation of 1 , starting from BrRe(CO) 5 and L , has been studied computationally, and the cis product is computed to be 16.8 kcal/mol more stable than trans -BrRe(CO) 4 L.
Finite element mesh for a complete solution of a problem with a singularity

Abstract It is well known that the stress field at the tip of a crack in an elastic body exhibits a singularity. In this paper, a complete elastic solution for a center cracked plate loaded under uniform tension is obtained by a finite element plane-stress analysis using constant strain elements. No a priori assumptions about the form of the stress singularity are required. The numerical results are compared with the exact analytic solution. It is shown that a particular mesh arrangement in which the size of the elements decreases in a geometric series as the crack tip is approached yields stress and strain fields which are accurate over the entire plate, even at distances very close to the crack tip. The effects of changes in mesh arrangements on the accuracy of the solution are considered. The computations are carried out on the CRAY-1 computer and the advantages of vectorization are discussed for this problem.
Statistical Properties of the Sea

The long‐time behavior of weakly interacting random waves on the ocean surface is shown to be a solvable theoretical problem. Asymptotic closures are obtained for both the free and forced cases.
Comprehension of Plans of Care by Hispanic Families with Infants in Two California Intensive Care Nurseries: How Informed is the “Informed Consent”? • 169

Comprehension of Plans of Care by Hispanic Families with Infants in Two California Intensive Care Nurseries: How Informed is the “Informed Consent”? • 169
Using the Machiavellianism Instrument to Predict Trustworthiness in a Bargaining Game

Game-theoretic experiments have revealed substantial individual differences where the game allows for off-equilibrium behavior such as trust and reciprocity. We explore the personality psychology and decision making literatures and conclude that these individual differences are likely to be mediated by differential emotional arousal. We argue that Christie and Geis's Machiavellianism scale (Mach-IV) is an instrument that allows the identification of types who vary in cooperativeness. We use that test to predict the behavior of participants in a two-person one-shot constituent game in which subjects face a choice between trust and distrust, and between reciprocation (trustworthiness) and defection. We find that the Mach-IV scale does not predict trusting behavior. It does, however, predict reciprocity. Over one half of those who score low to average on the scale reciprocate trust. High scorers overwhelmingly defect when it is to their advantage to do so.
Trade show: who, what, why

Although trade shows are a major portion of the marketing mix in the industrial marketplace, second only to personal selling and above advertising, very little has been researched on their function in industrial marketing. This paper reports the results of an extensive business survey of trade show usage, presents results, compares results to previous studies, provides analyses of the results, and recommendations to businesses to increase efficiency of trade show performance. Study indicates that few companies engage regularly and extensively in international trade shows, although most see the need. Also reports that the evidence suggests that some international companies generate as much as 70 per cent of their annual sales at trade fairs.
Detecting water hazards for autonomous off-road navigation

Detecting water hazards for autonomous, off-road navigation of unmanned ground vehicles is a largely unexplored problem. In this paper, we catalog environmental variables that affect the difficulty of this problem, including day vs. night operation, whether the water reflects sky or other terrain features, the size of the water body, and other factors. We briefly survey sensors that are applicable to detecting water hazards in each of these conditions. We then present analyses and results for water detection for four specific sensor cases: (1) using color image classification to recognize sky reflections in water during the day, (2) using ladar to detect the presence of water bodies and to measure their depth, (3) using short-wave infrared (SWIR) imagery to detect water bodies, as well as snow and ice, and (4) using mid-wave infrared (MWIR) imagery to recognize water bodies at night. For color imagery, we demonstrate solid results with a classifier that runs at nearly video rate on a 433 MHz processor. For ladar, we present a detailed propagation analysis that shows the limits of water body detection and depth estimation as a function of lookahead distance, water depth, and ladar wavelength. For SWIR and MWIR, we present sample imagery from a variety of data collections that illustrate the potential of these sensors. These results demonstrate significant progress on this problem.
Heat- and mass-transport in aqueous silica nanofluids

Using the transient hot wire and pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance methods we determined the thermal conductivity and the solvent self-diffusion coefficient (SDC) in aqueous suspensions of quasi-monodisperse spherical silica nanoparticles. The thermal conductivity was found to increase at higher volume fraction of nanoparticles in accordance with the effective medium theory albeit with a smaller slope. On the other hand, the SDC was found to decrease with nanoparticle volume fraction faster than predicted by the effective medium theory. These deviations can be explained by the presence of an interfacial heat-transfer resistance and water retention by the nanoparticles, respectively. We found no evidence for anomalous enhancement in the transport properties of nanofluids reported earlier by other groups.
Gender Schemas, Gender Roles, and Expressive Writing: Toward a Process-focused Model

Range and Jenkins (2010) timely and compelling review of Pennebaker’s (1989, 1993) Expressive Writing Paradigm (EWP) provides a valuable framework for conceptualizing the role of gender-related variables in EWP studies, and for examining these variables in the context of gender schema theory, social role theory, and gender socialization theory. This comment contributes to Range and Jenkins efforts by integrating their analysis with: 1) findings regarding multimodal assessment of individual differences and outcomes; and 2) process-focused studies of participants’ responses to different psychological assessment tools. When multimodal assessment procedures are coupled with experimental manipulations that differentially impact different measures, researchers’ understanding of the benefits of trauma writing will increase and the efficacy of disclosure interventions in applied settings will be enhanced.
Numerical Simulation of Rain Scavenging on Large Release of Water-Soluble Gases

A depth-integrated numerical model GP_Rain was developed to calculate the behavior of neutrally buoyant, highly soluble gases subjected to scavenging by rain. A neutrally buoyant release of hydrogen fluoride is used to illustrate the use of the model. The GP_Rain model was developed in two steps. The part without rain scavenging is based on AFTOX, a Gaussian puff/plume model. Then a first-order decay term for rain scavenging, which was developed by assuming a homogeneous rain field, was added to the concentration calculation for the puff. The model can predict the maximum release distance for a certain concentration limitation and a two-dimensional plume with or without rain.
TOPOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF FIXATION-RELATED UNITS IN THE DORSOMEDIAL FRONTAL CORTEX OF THE RHESUS MONKEY

Abstract Most cells in the dorsomedial frontal cortex of the rhesus monkey had activity related to saccadic eye movement andlor visual fixation. This activity changed depending upon the position of a fixation target, which suggested coding for the target location in spatial coordinates. Further analysis of such activity revealed a topographical distribution of neurons: neurons in the rostral part of the area were more active with eyes to the contralateral position, while those in the caudal part were more active with eyes to the ipsilateral position; also, cells in the medial part of the area had higher activity with a downward fixation position, whereas those in the lateral part had higher activity with an upward fixation position. This distribution of units was in agreement with the map of termination zones of saccadic eye movements evoked by electrical stimulation of the same area. These observations provide evidence for the hypothesis that the dorsomedial frontal cortex is organized in spatial coordinates and is involved in specifying the position of visual fixation.
Statistical Data Filtering and Aggregation to Hour Totals of Intelligent Transportation System 30-s and 5-min Vehicle Counts

For traffic analysts who rely on traditional traffic monitoring data from state and local transportation departments, Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) count, speed, and occupancy data are a largely untapped resource. As with most data, however, ITS data are not immune to outliers, missing values, and other anomalies, which can be time-consuming and costly in data analysis. Furthermore, because ITS data are recorded at intervals as short as 20 s, the tasks of archiving and disseminating them are substantial. Therefore, before ITS data are applied in traditional traffic analysis problems, and before archiving and disseminating them, their fitness for traditional uses should be demonstrated, and methods should be established for ensuring their fitness. Traffic counts from ITS installations in Orlando, Florida, and Long Island, New York were examined. Methods were developed for (a) filtering out data values beyond credible limits and runs of the same value too long to be credible and (b) dealing with z...
Geometry and the Infinite: An Interdisciplinary Mathematics Course.

ABSTRACT An interdisciplinary course centered on mathematical ideas (involving infinity and geometry) is described. The course was developed by the authors, both mathematicians, as a vehicle for engaging students in learning about mathematical ideas that are rarely found in the general undergraduate curriculum. The course was offered to honors students from various majors in a once-per-week format, using group discussion, exploration activities, lectures, student presentations and a research paper.
Choices in recreational water quality monitoring: new opportunities and health risk trade-offs.

With the recent release of new recreational water quality monitoring criteria, there are more options for regulatory agencies seeking to protect beachgoers from waterborne pathogens. Included are m...
The role of chloride ion in photosynthesis III. The effect of artificial electron donors upon electron transport

4- to more than 10-fold acceleration of the Hill reaction (electron acceptor: indophenol dyes, ferricyanide, FMN, etc.) by Cl− is consistently observed over a wide range of pH (5.7–8.3) when EDTA-uncoupled chloroplasts are used as experimental material. Using such highly Cl−-sensitive chloroplasts the effect of Cl− was examined on the photooxidation of reducing agents which are capable of donating electrons to Photosystem II. No Cl− effect is observed on the photooxidation of hydroxylamine (at substrate level with indophenol dye as electron acceptor) or of ascorbate (FMN as acceptor). These observations strongly suggest that Cl− acts near the water-splitting end of Photosystem II. High concentrations of ammonia and methylamine, like low concentrations of hydroxylamine, block water splitting on the oxidizing side of Photosystem II. Apparently the unprotonated forms of simple amines act as a specific inhibitor at a point near the site of Cl− involvement. Upon removal of Cl− the steady-state fluorescence yield of chloroplasts is markedly and reversibly depressed. However, the addition of a substrate level of hydroxylamine obliterates the Cl− effect on fluorescence and the yield becomes higher than in the presence of Cl− alone. These observations are discussed in connection with the site of Cl− involvement and with the current model of the chloroplast fluorescence quenching mechanism.
TiO2 nanotube arrays for photocatalysis: Effects of crystallinity, local order, and electronic structure

To furnish insight into correlations of electronic and local structure and photoactivity, arrays of short and long TiO2 nanotubes were synthesized by electrochemical anodization of Ti foil, followed by thermal treatment in O2 (oxidizing), Ar (inert), and H2 (reducing) environments. The physical and electronic structures of these nanotubes were probed with x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and synchrotron-based x-ray absorption spectroscopy, and correlated with their photocatalytic properties. The photocatalytic activity of the nanotubes was evaluated by monitoring the degradation of methyl orange under UV-VIS light irradiation. Results show that upon annealing at 350 °C all as-anodized amorphous TiO2 nanotube samples partially transform to the anatase structure, with variations in the degree of crystallinity and in the concentration of local defects near the nanotubes' surface (∼5 nm) depending on the annealing conditions. Degradation of methyl orange was not detectable for the as-anodized ...
Child Abuse and Children With Handicaps

A review of the factors contributing to parental physical abuse of children with handicaps is presented following a brief overview of the general pyitbtem of child abuse in the United States. Parental child abuse was found to be a response to an interaction of variables within the parent, child, and envimnment. These variables were found to be associated with many characteristics of families who had children with handicaps. Also, characteristics of abused children were faund to be similar to characteristics of many children with handicaps. Finally, children with handicaps were faund to be at considerable risk for abuse and, in fact, were dispmpoortionately represented in child abuse samples. Intervention methods and imp lications far educators are also discussed.
Complex systems: Cooperative network dynamics

Nested, or hierarchically arranged, mutualisms allow ecosystems to support more species than they otherwise would. But in this and other contexts, the growth of such networks could carry a heavy price. One of the abiding questions of ecology is how so many species can exist given that they are competing with one another for resources. Theories of biodiversity have in the main assumed that species interact randomly with each other or have ignored inter-species interactions. Recent work, however, has shown that the interactions between species aren't a free-for-all, but are highly structured or even nested. Bastolla et al. look at the mutualistic networks between plants and animals and find that the 'nestedness' of mutualistic interactions acts to minimize competition and enhance biodiversity. Nested networks seem to occur in many biological and social contexts, suggesting that the results are relevant in a wide range of fields — from biology to banking.
Nontraditional Sonographic Pearls in Estimating Gestational Age

Accurate gestational dating is one of the most important assessments obstetrical providers make in pregnancy, given that all of the various management strategies are dependent on knowing where the patient is in gestation. In addition to traditional biometry, ancillary biometric and nonbiometric measurements can help narrow the biologic variability between fetuses. Moreover, one can employ these nontraditional measurements both in late gestation to assist in determining appropriate gestational age and fetal lung maturity, and in other specific clinical situations—such as oligohydramnios, in which compression of the fetal head and abdomen can lead to difficulty in obtaining an accurate biparietal diameter and abdominal circumference. This chapter focuses on nontraditional fetal ultrasound measurements, including the transverse cerebellar diameter, fetal foot length, ratios of biometric and nonbiometric measurements, epiphyseal ossification centers, amniotic fluid volume, placental grading, and other miscellaneous markers in the context of evaluating a fetus with possible intrauterine growth restriction.
Effects of anesthetics and septal lesions and stimulation on 3H-acetylcholine formation in rat hippocampus

Abstract The rate of 3H-acetylcholine (ACh) formation from i.v. injected 3H-choline was studied in the rat hippocampus after various treatments which alter the activity of cholinergic septal-hippocampal neurons. Administration of pentobarbital and placement of acute septal lesion reduced the formation of 3H-ACh but did not change 3H-choline content. Chloral hydrate administration reduced the formation of 3H-ACh and also increased 3H-choline content. The chloral hydrate induced increase in 3H-choline occurred also in animals with chronic septal lesions. Electrical stimulation of the septum caused an increase in both 3H-ACh and 3H-choline. Chronic septal lesion caused a reduction in both radioactive and endogenous ACh, but did not affect radioactive or endogenous choline. These findings suggest that there are multiple pools of choline in the brain and that the precursor pool for ACh synthesis is difficult to measure. Overall, the parameter that best correlated with chrolinergic activity was the level of 3H-ACh. Possible mechanisms, for this finding are discussed.
Soybean Growth Response to Low Rates of Nitrogen Applied at Planting in the Northern Great Plains

ABSTRACT Cool and wet soils at the time of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] planting in the northern Great Plains may reduce early crop growth and retard nitrogen (N) fixation. Application of N as starter fertilizer may increase initial growth of soybean, but may also negatively impact N fixation when environmental conditions improve. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of low rates of N applied at planting on soybean N fixation and crop growth in the northern Great Plains. A field experiment (2000–2002) was established within a two-year corn [Zea mays (L.)] soybean rotation using a split-plot design with four replications. Whole plots were no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) and the split plots were starter fertilizer (two sources × four rates) treatments. Nitrogen sources were either ammonium nitrate (AN) or urea (UR) each applied at 0, 8, 16, and 24 kg N ha−1. Biomass in both 2000 and 2001 growing seasons increased significantly with increasing N rate at both growth stage...
Corrosion at the Nanoscale: The Case of Silver Nanowires and Nanoparticles

Metal nanostructures, such as nanoparticles and nanowires, have been proposed as building blocks for several applications in nanofabrication and nanoelectronics. However, even when atmospheric corrosion is common in metals, there is a lack of information about the stability of those nanostructures against such phenomenon. Therefore, we decided to study the atmospheric corrosion of silver nanowires and nanoparticles synthesized by the polyol method using poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) as the capping agent by different techniques, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). After synthesis and purification, the silver nanostructures were deposited on different substrates and exposed to laboratory air at ambient conditions. The structural changes in the samples were monitored by TEM as a function of time for a period of time of 24 weeks. Our results demonstrated that these silver nanostructures are susceptible to atmospheric corrosion and that, in most cases, a ...
Colorization using edge-preserving smoothing filter

Colorization is the process of replacing a scalar value stored at each pixel of a grayscale image or film by a vector in a multidimensional color space. Mapping between scalar and color is therefore not unique, and colorization is ambiguous in nature and requires some amount of human interaction or external information. This paper presents a new method of interactive colorization by introducing a new concept to the bilateral filter. We adopt the bilateral filter as a range weights filter (bilateral filter without Gaussian spatial domain), and we show that the Nikolaou filter is equivalent to the range weights bilateral filter, but has better behavior near the edges. In our algorithm, the user selects grayscale image regions by directly painting these regions; the user does not need to paint over the whole object. Each selection can be automatically expanded from the user’s paint brush and aligned with the object boundary. Robustness and quality of the results obtained over a collection of several challenging images demonstrate the efficiency of this new method for some difficult cases, such as human faces or images with confusing lighting.
An Energy Prediction Clustering Hierarchy for Wireless Sensor Networks

For the sake of using the energy more effectively in wireless sensor networks, an arithmetic based on energy prediction clustering hierarchy (EPCH) was proposed. In EPCH, the cluster-head node could predict the energy information of each node accurately by the energy packets sent from other nodes. Depending on the energy prediction, the selection of next new cluster-head node was determined. The experiment simulated the behavior of sensor nodes in terms of energy consumption using the arithmetic we have proposed. We analyzed the performance of EPCH, and compared it with other cluster-based arithmetic where there is no energy prediction used. Simulation results show that EPCH outperform them in balancing the energy consumption and prolonging the lifetime of wireless sensor networks.
Reactions of pentafluorosulfanyl isocyanate with NR3 and PR3 compounds; Preparation and characterization of novel compounds SF2NC(O)NHC(O)OCH3 and 1,4-SF5NHC(O)OC6H4OH

Abstract The reaction of Pentafluorosulfanyl Isocyanate, SF5NCO, with tertiary amines has led to 1:1 adducts which have been shown to be zwitterionic in nature by infrared and NMR spectroscopy. These adducts are far less thermally stable than the analogous fluorosulfonyl derivatives recently reported by Appel and Montenarch1. The reaction of SF5NCO with triphenyl- phosphine gave some evidence for the zwitterionic derivative, but the product could not be isolated even when SF5NCO was used in excess. Recently we have also isolated from the reaction of SFE2NC(O)NCO with methanol, and from the reaction of SF5NCO with hydroquinone. Both of these novel compounds were unexpected. The physical properties of , SF2NC(O)NHC(O)OCH3, and 1,4-SF5NHC(O)OC6H4OH, prepared during this study, will be discussed in detail.
Nanometer-resolved spatial variations in the Schottky barrier height of a Au/n-type GaAs diode.

Nanometer-resolved lateral variations in the Schottky barrier height (SBH) formed at a chemically prepared Au/n-type GaAs interface were measured using ballistic-electron-emission microscopy (BEEM). The spatial profile and the statistical distribution of the SBH's thus obtained were compared to current-voltage (IV) and capacitance-voltage (CV) characteristics of the same metal-semiconductor contact. This comparison showed that the macroscopic SBH obtained from the IV measurements can be successfully interpreted using the parallel conduction model applied to the BEEM-derived distribution, if the effect of thermionic field emission is included. The SBH obtained from the CV measurements is greater than the mean value obtained from BEEM measurements by nearly the image-force lowering expected for a Au/GaAs diode.
Effects of pH, Temperature, and Reactant Molar Ratio on l-Leucine and d-Glucose Maillard Browning Reaction in an Aqueous System

The effects of pH, temperature, and reactant molar ratios on l-leucine and d-glucose Maillard browning reaction in an aqueous system were studied. At pH 9 and 10, glucose consumption rate increased with time for all temperatures and molar ratios. At 100 °C and pH 9 and 10, samples with excess leucine had higher mean values for color than the mean color values for samples using glucose/leucine ratios of 1:1 or 2:1. At 122.5 °C and pH 9 and 10, samples with glucose/leucine ratios of 1:2 had a significantly higher rate of glucose loss than samples containing glucose/leucine ratios of 2:1 and 1:1 at the corresponding pH. Temperature and the initial pH of the sample were positively correlated with glucose loss (r = 1.0 and 0.85, respectively). Typically, sample browning rate was greater at 122.5 °C than at 100 °C. Browning rate was positively correlated with pH (r = 0.94). Keywords: Maillard browning; kinetics; l-leucine; d-glucose