cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anterior lingual mandibular salivary gland defect: Evaluation of twenty-four cases

Lingual mandibular salivary gland defects in the posterior part of the mandible are not uncommon. Analogous defects in the anterior region, however, are rare, and the four new cases presented in this report bring the total number of reported cases up to 24. The purpose of the present study was to review and analyze the clinical, radiographic, and histologic features of the previously reported cases together with those of the present study. The majority of these defects were located in the cuspid and/or premolar area and were diagnosed in men in their fifth and sixth decades of life. Almost all defects contained normal salivary gland tissue. The differential diagnosis, treatment, and pathogenesis of these defects are discussed.
A NOISE EQUIVALENT BANDWIDTH APPROACH TO OBTAIN REDUCED ORDER MODELS FOR POWER SYSTEM EXCITATION CONTROL

ABSTRACT In this paper the concept of noise equivalent bandwidth is used to obtain reduced order models of power system excitation control over a specified frequency range. The criteria for measuring the efficacy of the reduced model, consists of maintaining the fidelity of the dynamic behavior of the system variables in time domain. For this reason the performance of the reduced model is compared with that of the exact model via simulation on a 3-machine power system. The reduced order models are used when excitation control is incorporated in the transient energy function method of direct transient stability assessment of power systems [1]. The reduced order models provide a fairly accurate representation of the detailed models and reduce computational burden. This feature of the reduced order models is of significance in on-line security analysis of power systems.
Employment separation and health insurance coverage

Abstract We study the interrelationship between employment separation and insurance coverage. We first document that employment separation is associated with large reductions in insurance coverage, even conditioning on underlying tastes for insurance. We then show that reducing the cost of insurance through state laws mandating continued access to employer-provided health insurance for the non-employed increases the likelihood of having insurance after separating from a job by 6.7%. These mandates also increase the number of individuals who separate and the total amount of time spent jobless. Finally, at least some of this increased non-employment appears to be spent in productive job search as the availability of continuation coverage is related to significant wage gains among those who separate from their jobs.
Research in rock deformation: Report of the Second Rock Deformation Colloquium, 1989 AGU Spring Meeting

In response to the considerable interest expressed at the first Rock Deformation Colloquium held at the Fall 1988 AGU meeting in San Francisco, a second dinner meeting was held on Monday evening, May 8, 1989, at the Omni Hotel in Baltimore. The principal business items were a report by Steve Kirby (U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, Calif.) concerning the meeting the previous day of the rock deformation steering committee and an after dinner presentation by Steve Freiman of the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Gaithersburg, Md., entitled “The Environmental Effects on Subcritical Crack Growth.” Kirby reported that a technical committee for rock deformation has been established within the Tectonophysics Section of AGU; the steering committee will attempt to establish constructive working relations with allied societies and disciplines, such as ceramics, metallurgy, materials science, structural geology, and surface science. Brian Evans of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, Terry Tullis of Brown University in Providence, R.I., and Harry Green of the University of California at Davis agreed to be a subcommittee to propose a name for the technical committee, for discussion at the next steering committee meeting to be held before the 1989 Fall AGU meeting. Green also agreed to investigate the possibility of convening a special session at the Fall Meeting on the nature and mechanism of deep-focus earthquakes. (The session is Deep Slab Deformation and Faulting, T21B and T22A, organized by Harry and Ken Creager of the University of Washington, Seattle; it will be all day on Tuesday, December 5.)
Lasers for Lidar Applications

A brief overview is made of recent progress and current status of lasers for atmospheric lidarapplications. Emphasis is placed on recent developments in high-power or high PRF, fixed wavelength lasers. Improvements in solid-state (Ho, Nd, Tm), diode-pumping, CO2 and Dyelasers are covered, along with advances in new solid-state laser materials, non-linear opticalmaterials for OPO and frequency conversion, Raman shifting techniques, and recent advancesin better modeling of energy transfer dynamics in multi-level sensitized solid-state lasers.
Key Characteristics of Major Depressive Disorder Occurring in Childhood, Adolescence, Emerging Adulthood, and Adulthood:

This article summarizes characteristics of major depressive disorder (MDD) in the Oregon Adolescent Depression Project, using data from 816 participants (56% female; 89% White). Contrasting four developmental periods (childhood, 5.0–12.9 years of age; adolescence, 13.0–17.9; emerging adulthood, 18.0–23.9; adulthood, 24–30), we examine MDD incidence/recurrence, gender, comorbidity, duration, and suicide attempts across periods. MDD first incidence was lower in childhood compared to subsequent periods and higher in emerging adulthood than in adulthood. Cumulative incidence was 51%. Recurrence was lower during childhood than remaining periods, which did not differ. Female gender predicted first-incident MDD in all four periods but was unassociated with recurrence. Comorbidity rates were comparable across periods. MDD duration was greater in childhood than in remaining periods. Suicide attempt rates were significantly higher during adolescence than during either emerging adulthood or adulthood. Depression res...
Piecewise growth curve modeling approach for longitudinal prevention study

Abstract Conventional growth curve modeling typically involves a single growth profile to represent changes in an outcome variable across time. This study applies an alternative growth curve model with multiple profiles to incorporate multiple developmental stages from which longitudinal data have been obtained. Identifying and modeling the multiple transitional stages involved in repeated measures are both theoretically and empirically important in longitudinal study. A longitudinal data set obtained from a substance use prevention study was used as an example to illustrate this application. The data contained a total of 50 junior high schools (23 control and 27 program schools) observed for seven waves crossing junior high school and high school stages, with the prevalence rate of monthly cigarette use as the outcome measure. Comparisons showed that the piecewise growth curve models incorporating multiple stages demonstrated significant improvement on model fitting compared to the single-piece growth curve model. Results showed marginal prevention effects in the junior high school stage but not in the high school stage. Piecewise growth curve models offer more both substantively and analytically appropriate model specification and flexibility in incorporating transitional periods in studying changes across time.
Compensatory enlargement of human coronary arteries during progression of atherosclerosis is unrelated to atheroma burden: serial intravascular ultrasound observations from the REVERSAL trial

Aims On the basis of the evidence from autopsy studies, it is accepted that compensatory enlargement (remodelling) of coronary arteries during progression of atherosclerosis diminishes once atheroma burden (cross-sectional area stenosis) reaches ∼40%. Our aim was to evaluate whether atheroma burden is a limiting factor for coronary arterial remodelling using in vivo serial intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). Methods and results From the cohort of the Reversal of Atherosclerosis with Aggressive Lipid Lowering (REVERSAL) trial, we identified 210 focal coronary lesions at baseline IVUS. Of these, 128 lesions that had an increase in atheroma area at the 18-month follow-up IVUS were included in the analysis. Lesions were matched at baseline and follow-up. The increase in external elastic membrane (EEM) area for each mm2 increase in atheroma area was not significantly different in lesions with <40 and ≥40% atheroma burden at baseline (1.62 vs. 1.28 mm2, P =0.30). There were no correlations between atheroma burden at baseline and change in EEM ( r =0.02, P =0.86) or change in lumen ( r =0.04, P =0.64) areas. Conclusion Assessment of coronary arterial remodelling by serial IVUS revealed that compensatory remodelling is not limited by atheroma burden. Atheroma burden is not a determinant of arterial enlargement during the progression of atherosclerosis.
Model averaging and muddled multimodel inferences

Three flawed practices associated with model averaging coefficients for predictor variables in regression models commonly occur when making multimodel inferences in analyses of ecological data. Model-averaged regression coefficients based on Akaike information criterion (AIC) weights have been recommended for addressing model uncertainty but they are not valid, interpretable estimates of partial effects for individual predictors when there is multicollinearity among the predictor variables. Multicollinearity implies that the scaling of units in the denominators of the regression coefficients may change across models such that neither the parameters nor their estimates have common scales, therefore averaging them makes no sense. The associated sums of AIC model weights recommended to assess relative importance of individual predictors are really a measure of relative importance of models, with little information about contributions by individual predictors compared to other measures of relative importance based on effects size or variance reduction. Sometimes the model-averaged regression coefficients for predictor variables are incorrectly used to make model-averaged predictions of the response variable when the models are not linear in the parameters. I demonstrate the issues with the first two practices using the college grade point average example extensively analyzed by Burnham and Anderson. I show how partial standard deviations of the predictor variables can be used to detect changing scales of their estimates with multicollinearity. Standardizing estimates based on partial standard deviations for their variables can be used to make the scaling of the estimates commensurate across models, a necessary but not sufficient condition for model averaging of the estimates to be sensible. A unimodal distribution of estimates and valid interpretation of individual parameters are additional requisite conditions. The standardized estimates or equivalently the t statistics on unstandardized estimates also can be used to provide more informative measures of relative importance than sums of AIC weights. Finally, I illustrate how seriously compromised statistical interpretations and predictions can be for all three of these flawed practices by critiquing their use in a recent species distribution modeling technique developed for predicting Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) distribution in Colorado, USA. These model averaging issues are common in other ecological literature and ought to be discontinued if we are to make effective scientific contributions to ecological knowledge and conservation of natural resources.
Screening, Testing, or Personalized Medicine: Where do Inherited Thrombophilias Fit Best?

Inherited thrombophilias present an opportunity to review population-based screening paradigms. Inherited thrombophilias are a group of complex conditions, and women who carry mutations in implicated genes have an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes as well as venous thromboembolism. That asymptomatic carriers are at risk of manifesting phenotypes moves these conditions out of the traditional molecular genetic "screening" paradigm. Like most complex disorders, residual risk remains after molecular testing for thrombophilia, and the magnitude of this risk has not been quantified. Family and personal history are important factors to consider when providing personal risk assessment to patients. Overall, "testing" for thrombophilias according to a personalized medicine model is more appropriate than population "screening" as performed in other mendelian genetic conditions.
Three-dimensional interaction of crazes and micro-shearbands in PC-SAN microlayer composites

The three-dimensional interaction of crazes and micro-shearbands in co-extruded microlayer sheets with 49 alternating layers of polycarbonate (PC) and styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN) was investigated as a function of the relative layer thickness. The deformation processes were observed when microspecimens were deformed under an optical microscope. Deformed specimens were sectioned and examined further in the transmission electron microscope. Two types of craze were observed in the SAN layers: surface crazes initiated at a strain of about 1.8% and gradually lengthened to a maximum of 70 μm when they were arrested by micro-shearbands at 4.2% strain, while tunnel crazes appeared above 4.2% strain and rapidly grew through the entire SAN layer. Surface crazes did not prevent yielding and stable neck propagation, while tunnel crazes were responsible for fracture prior to neck formation. The density of surface crazes relative to tunnel crazes increased as the PC-SAN ratio increased or as the strain rate decreased. The surface crazes stimulated micro-shearbanding in both PC and SAN layers. After micro-shearbands initiated in the PC layers where the craze impinged on the PC-SAN interface, they propagated rapidly along the edges of the craze. As they overtook the craze tip, the micro-shearbands penetrated through the PC-SAN interface and continued around the craze tip to entirely engulf the craze. This terminated craze growth, and further strain in the SAN layer was accommodated by shear deformation.
LEAF INITIATION CORRELATES WITH TIME OF MAXIMAL SENSITIVITY OF THE SDP XANTHIUM (ASTERACEAE) TO DARK INTERRUPTION

The hypothesis was tested that the well-known maximal sensitivity to a light break at or near the middle of the dark period of short-day plant Xanthium is correlated with a specific stage of leaf initiation. Samples were collected at various hours before and during noninductive 6-hr dark periods. Lengths of leaf primordia were calculated from serial transverse sections. The reproducible results confirmed that leaf initiation occurred at or near middark under the 18:6 hr light: dark growing conditions. The author suggests the working hypothesis that for a light break to be effective in nullifying the effect of a "long" night in photoperiodically sensitive plants, the light must react with a specific early stage of leaf initiation. A striking feature of many plants that can be induced to flower by photoperiodic treatment is the negation of the dark period by a light break (LB) given during the dark period. An LB is often most effective when given "somewhere near the middle" of the dark period (as VincePrue, 1975, p. 79, summarized the literature). The shortday plant (SDP) Xanthium exhibits this phenomenon to an unusual degree and has been investigated often as a result ever since Hamner and Bonner reported it in 1938. A brief, low intensity LB near the middle of a 16-hr night can completely nullify the inductive effect ofthe long night in Xanthium (Salisbury and Bonner, 1956). In the more than half-century since Hamner and Bonner's discovery, many aspects of Xanthium's floral physiology have been investigated, including attempts to explain the changing sensitivity to LBs during the inductive
A Hybrid Approach to Feature Recognition Using Approximate and Partial Exact CAD Models

Several CAD system independent feature recognition techniques have been developed to drive manufacturing applications. Commercial implementations of these techniques require translating CAD models using STEP or other neutral file formats. With large CAD models found in some application domains; e.g., powertrain machining, corresponding STEP files are also large. This leads to large processing times. Another approach is to use lightweight formats such as STL or VRML. Here, complete & accurate parameter extraction is difficult because these formats approximate surfaces as tessellations. This paper discusses a new methodology for feature recognition, in which a VRML file is used for feature identification. To some extent, parameters of faces with simple surface-types are recovered from the tessellated model. If identified features consist of faces whose parameters are not recovered from the tessellated model, a partial STEP file translation is used for extracting exact parameters. This CAD system independent algorithmic development and implementation reduces the amount of data exported to neutral files, thus leading to more efficient feature recognition.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Stopped-flow study of anesthetic effect on water-transport kinetics through phospholipid membranes. Interfacial versus lipid core ligands.

Abstract We have compared ligand effects between polar and apolar anesthetic molecules upon water transport across phospholipid membranes by kinetic analysis of the osmotic swelling rate, using a stopped-flow technique. Chloroform and 1-hexanol were used as interfacial ligands, and carbon tetrachloride and n-hexane were used as their counterparts, representing lipid core action. Because anesthetics transform the solid-gel membrane into a liquid-crystalline state, and because phospholipid membranes display an anomaly in permeability at the phase transition, dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles were studied at temperatures above the main phase transition to avoid this anomaly. All these molecules increased the osmotic swelling rate. However, a significant difference was observed in the activation energy, ΔEp, between polar and apolar molecules; ΔEp was almost unaltered by the addition of polar molecules (chloroform and 1-hexanol), whereas it was decreased by apolar molecules (carbon tetrachloride and n-hexane). The obtained results were analyzed in terms of the dissolution-diffusion mechanism for water permeation across the lipid membrane. It is suggested that polar molecules affect water permeability by altering the partition of water between the membrane interior and water phase, and apolar molecules affect it by altering both the partition and the diffusion of water within the membrane interior.
Not all feedback stabilized hyperbolic systems are robust with respect to small time delays in their feedbacks

We present two examples of hyperbolic partial differential equations which are stabilized by boundary feedback controls and then destabilized by small delays in these controls. We show that in a general case, when the controls are distributed, stabilized hyperbolic systems possess nontrivial periodic solutions if small time delays are introduced into their feedbacks. We also indicate by means of an example that the general case of this phenomenon is harder to demonstrate for boundary control problems.
Bridging environmental mixtures and toxic effects

BRIDGES is a bioanalytical tool that combines passive sampling with the embryonic zebrafish developmental toxicity bioassay to provide a quantitative measure of the toxicity of bioavailable complex mixtures. Passive sampling devices (PSDs), which sequester and concentrate bioavailable organic contaminants from the environment, were deployed in the Willamette and Columbia Rivers within and outside of the Portland Harbor Superfund site in Portland, Oregon. Six sampling events were conducted in the summer and fall of 2009 and 2010. PSD extracts were analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds and screened for 1201 chemicals of concern using deconvolution reporting software. The developmental toxicity of the extracts was analyzed using the embryonic zebrafish bioassay. BRIDGES provided site-specific, temporally resolved information about environmental contaminant mixtures and their toxicity. Multivariate modeling approaches were applied to paired chemical and toxic effects data sets to help unravel chemistry-toxicity associations. Modeling demonstrated a significant correlation between PAH concentrations and the toxicity of the samples and identified a subset of PAH analytes that were the most highly correlated with observed toxicity. Although this research highlights the complexity of discerning specific bioactive compounds in complex mixtures, it demonstrates methods for associating toxic effects with chemical characteristics of environmental samples.
The role of thyroid resection during reoperation for persistent or recurrent hyperparathyroidism

Abstract Background. The role of “blind” thyroid lobectomy in the surgical management of patients with persistent or recurrent primary hyperparathyroidism is not known. We reviewed our experience with reoperation for hyperparathyroidism to determine the utility of blind thyroid resection in this setting. Methods. From 1982 to 1995, 269 patients underwent reoperation for hyperparathyroidism at our institution. All patients had biochemical confirmation of hyperparathyroidism and underwent noninvasive and if necessary invasive localization studies. Patients who underwent thyroid lobectomy in an attempt to extirpate the hyperfunctioning parathyroid gland form the basis of this report. Results. Thirty-two of 269 patients (12%) underwent thyroid lobectomy to remove a parathyroid gland. Intrathyroidal parathyroids were confirmed in 19 of 32 patients (59%). In 18 of 19 patients (94%), preoperative or intraoperative ultrasonography correctly identified an intrathyroidal lesion, suspicious for a parathyroid. Only 1 of 6 patients (17%) undergoing a blind thyroidectomy had an intrathyroidal gland identified. Ultrasonography had a sensitivity of 95% and a negative predictive value of 99.5% in detecting an intrathyroidal parathyroid gland. Conclusions. The prevalence of an intrathyroidal parathyroid gland in our series is low (19 of 269, 7%). Ultrasonography can be used reliably to select patients for thyroid resection, reducing the need to perform a blind thyroid lobectomy and avoiding the potential morbidity of thyroid resection in this clinical setting.
A new Green's function for the wake potential calculation of the SLAC S-band constant gradient accelerating section

Abstract The behavior of the longitudinal wake fields excited by a very short bunch in the SLAC S-band constant gradient accelerating structures has been studied. Wake potential calculations were performed for a bunch length of 10 μ m using the author's code to obtain a numerical solution of Maxwell's equations in the time domain. We have calculated six accelerating sections in the series (60-ft) to find the stationary solution. While analyzing the computational results we have found a new formula for Green's function. Wake potentials, which are calculated using this Green's function are in amazingly good agreement with numerical results over a wide range of bunch lengths. Green's function simplifies the wake potential calculations and can be easily incorporated into the tracking codes. This is very useful for beam dynamics studies of the linear accelerators of LCLS [1] and FACET [2] .
Single Molecule Fluorescence Assay of Alpha Synuclein Dimerization

The aggregation of α-Synuclein (α-Syn) is linked to Parkinson's disease. The mechanism of early aggregation steps and the effect of pathogenic single-point mutations remain elusive. We report here a single molecule fluorescence study of α-Syn dimerization and the effect of pathological single point mutations. Specific interactions between covalently immobilized fluorophore-free α-Syn monomers on a substrate and fluorophore-labeled monomers diffusing freely in solution were observed using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. The results showed that WT α-Syn dimers adopt two types of dimers, type 1 and type 2. The lifetimes of type 1 and type 2 dimers were determined to be 197 ± 3 ms and 3334 ± 145 ms, respectively. All three single point mutations, A30P, E46K and A53T, increased the lifetime of type 1 dimer as well as enhanced the relative contribution of type 2 dimer in the overall population with type 1 dimer being the major fraction. The kinetic stability of type 1 dimers (expressed in terms of lifetimes) had the following order A30P (693 ± 14 ms) > E46K (292 ± 5 ms) > A53T (226 ± 6 ms) > WT (197 ± 3 ms). More stable, type 2 dimers had lifetimes in the range of several seconds. The strongest effect, observed for the A30P mutant, resulted in a lifetime 3.5 times higher than WT for type 1 dimer. Moreover, the stability of WT dimers at pH 5 (938 ± 15 ms) was substantially enhanced compared with that at neutral pH. Our data suggests that α-Syn dimers are heterogeneous, and single-point mutations and acidic pH promote dimerization as evidenced by longer lifetimes. It also suggests that heterogeneity of the α-Syn dimerization could give rise to different aggregation pathways.
Short-term exposure to an odor increases its subsequent preference in preweanling rats: A descriptive profile of the phenomenon

Five experiments assessed the change in preference for an ambient odor after a brief period of exposure to that odor. Three minutes of exposure to a novel odor consistently increased subsequent preference for that odor. This effect occurred in preweanling rats 10 and 15 days of age even though, relative to the nest, the conditions of exposure were probably aversive tactually and thermally. There was relatively little variation in this effect between the ages of 10 Days postnatal and adulthood and over exposure durations ranging between 3 and 81 min. Substantial retention of this exposure effect was found for the 10-day-old rat, with no decline in induced preference over a 24-hr period. The effect was unchanged by brief familiarization with the testing situation, but was eliminated by prior aversive experience with the testing situation. These results have implications for the design and interpretation of experiments that test learning and memory of odors, and emphasize generally the facility of the developing rat for processing olfactory information.
Relationship between altered structure and photochemistry in mutant reaction centers in which bacteriochlorophyll replaces the photoactive bacteriopheophytin

Qy-excitation resonance Raman (RR) spectra are reported for two mutant reaction centers (RCs) from Rhodobacter capsulatus in which the photoactive bacteriopheophytin (BPhL) is replaced by a bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) molecule, designated beta. The pigment change in both mutants is induced via introduction of a histidine residue near the photoactive cofactor. In one mutant, L(M212)H, the histidine is positioned over the core of the cofactor and serves as an axial ligand to the Mg+2 ion. In the other mutant, F(L121)H/F(L97)V, the histidine is positioned over ring V of the cofactor, which is nominally too distant to permit bonding to the Mg+2 ion. The salient observations are as follows: (1) The beta cofactor in F(L121)H/F(L97)V RCs is a five-coordinate BChl molecule. However, there is no evidence for the formation of a Mg-His bond. This bond is either much weaker than in the L(M212)H RCs or completely absent, the latter implying coordination by an alternative ligand. The different axial ligation for beta in the F(L121)H/F(L97)V versus L(M212)H RCs in turn leads to different conformations of the BChl macrocycles. (2) The C9-keto group of beta in F(L121)H/F(L97)V RCs is free of hydrogen bonding interactions, unlike the L(M212)H RCs in which the C9-keto of beta is hydrogen bonded to Glu L104. The interactions between other peripheral substituents of beta and the protein are also different in the F(L121)H/F(L97)V RCs versus L(M212)H RCs. Accordingly, the position and orientation of beta in the protein is different in the two beta-containing RCs. Nonetheless, previous studies have shown that the primary electron transfer reactions are very similar in the two mutants but differ in significant respects compared to wild-type RCs. Collectively, these observations indicate that changes in the conformation of a photoactive tetrapyrrole macrocycle or its interactions with the protein do not necessarily lead to significantly perturbed photochemistry and do not underlie the altered primary events in beta-type RCs.
Virus particles in chloroplasts of plants infected with the U5 strain of tobacco mosaic virus.

Abstract Electron microscopy revealed clusters of tubular particles in most of the chloroplasts in Turkish tobacco leaves infected with the U5 strain of tobacco mosaic virus. The tubular morphology corresponded to that of the axial coil of RNA in virions of TMV. Labeling experiments with ferritin antibodies indicated the presence of a capsid of viral protein around the clearly stained RNA. When chloroplasts were extracted from plants infected with U5-TMV and induced to swell in a hypotonic medium, their loss of virions as seen with the electron microscope was correlated with an increase in the infectivity of the ambient medium. No equivalent clusters of virions were seen in chloroplasts of plants infected with the U1 strain of TMV. The infectivity recovered from subcellular fractions composed predominantly of chloroplasts was markedly higher from plants infected with U5-TMV than from plants infected with U1-TMV.
Distribution of mutagenic activity in petroleum and petroleum substitutes

Abstract Several petroleum crude oils and shale- and coal-derived petroleum substitutes have been fractionated by chemical class and the fractions have been tested for mutagenic activity. Crude petroleum substitutes tend to exhibit greater mutagenicities than do petroleum crude oils but the mutagenicity is reduced to comparable levels in low-boiling distillates and samples which have been hydrotreated. The mutagenicity is caused by alkaline and neutral constituents of the petroleum substitutes, but only neutral constituents for the petroleum crudes. The mutagenic components constitute less than ten per cent of the mass of the samples.
Single step screening of monoclonal antibodies against interferon-γ-induced surface molecules on human monocytes

Abstract Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) activation of human monocytes in vitro results in enhanced phagocytosis and cellular cytotoxicity. These enhanced effector functions are attributable, at least in part, to increased expression of recognition molecules on the plasma membrane. In this article we report a rapid screening procedure for the primary selection of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) which bind to cell surface molecules, the expression of which is increased or decreased by IFN-γ. The procedure is based on flow cytometric analysis of mixed cell populations. Mouse mAbs were prepared using human monocytes cultured for 40 h with 400 U/ml of IFN-γ as the immunogen. The hybridoma supernatants were screened using mixtures of six cell populations, some of which were pretreated with IFN-γ for 40 h. Cells included in the mixture were chosen for their distinctive light scatter profiles. mAbs of interest were identified by preferential binding to monocytes and increased or decreased binding to monocytes treated with IFN-γ. This procedure allowed us to screen several hundred clones per day, and to immediately eliminate mAbs that bound to B cells, T cells, neutrophils, and several cell lines. We selected ten mAbs which bound to surface molecules on monocytes that were modulated by IFN-γ. Further characterization of five of the initial ten mAbs revealed that mAb γMθ 22.2 and mAb γMθ 197.1 bind to the high affinity Fc receptor for IgG (FcγRI). mAb γMθ 28.3 appears to bind to a class II histocompatibility antigen and mAb γMθ 150.3 and mAb γMθ 195.18 appear to have binding patterns to human leukocytes and cell lines which are distinct from previously described mAbs. This rapid and specific procedure for screening mAbs has broad application for selecting mAbs that are specific for any given cell type and/or for surface molecules that are modulated by any cytokine and other hormone.
Red palm oil suppresses the formation of azoxymethane (AOM) induced aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in Fisher 344 male rats.

Abstract Red palm oil (RPO) contains significant levels of carotenoids and Vitamin E. In this experiment we compared the inhibitory effects of RPO (7% and 14% levels) and soybean oil (7% and 14%) on azoxymethane (AOM) induced aberrant crypt foci (ACF). Thirty-two male Fisher 344 rats were randomly assigned to four groups. Two groups received AIN-93G control (C) diet containing 7% and 14% soybean oil (SBO), respectively. Groups 3 and 4 received a treatment diet consisting of 7% and 14% RPO, respectively. The rats received subcutaneous injections of AOM at 16 mg/kg body weight at 7 and 8 weeks of age. At 17 weeks of age rats were killed by CO2 asphyxiation. Numbers of ACF (mean ± SE) in the proximal and distal colon were: 39.9 ± 0.9, 53.8 ± 2.8, 26.0 ± 3.0, 27.5 ± 1.5 and 118.2 ± 1.7, 125.6 ± 3.2, 41 ± 7, 52.3 ± 1.8 in rats fed 7% SBO, 14% SBO, 7% RPO and 14% RPO, respectively. The results of this study showed that RPO reduced the incidence of AOM induced ACF and may therefore have a beneficial effect in reducing the incidence of colon cancer.
Sustainable Urban Forms Their Typologies, Models, and Concepts

This article identifies sustainable urban forms and their design concepts. In addition, it addresses the question of whether certain urban forms contribute more than others to sustainability. A thematic analysis has been used to coop with the vast body of sustainable development and environmental planning literature. The analysis identifies seven design concepts related to sustainable urban forms: compactness, sustainable transport, density, mixed land uses, diversity, passive solar design, and greening. Moreover, it identifies four types of sustainable urban forms: the neotraditional development, the urban containment, the compact city, and the eco-city. Finally, this article proposes a Matrix of Sustainable Urban Form to help planners in assessing the contribution of different urban forms to sustainability.
Enhancing the activity of insulin at the receptor interface: crystal structure and photo-cross-linking of A8 analogues.

The receptor-binding surface of insulin is broadly conserved, reflecting its evolutionary optimization. Neighboring positions nevertheless offer an opportunity to enhance activity, through either transmitted structural changes or introduction of novel contacts. Nonconserved residue A8 is of particular interest as ThrA8 → His substitution (a species variant in birds and fish) augments the potency of human insulin. Diverse A8 substitutions are well tolerated, suggesting that the hormone−receptor interface is not tightly packed at this site. To resolve whether enhanced activity is directly or indirectly mediated by the variant A8 side chain, we have determined the crystal structure of HisA8-insulin and investigated the photo-cross-linking properties of an A8 analogue containing p-azidophenylalanine. The structure, characterized as a T3R3f zinc hexamer at 1.8 A resolution, is essentially identical to that of native insulin. The photoactivatable analogue exhibits efficient cross-linking to the insulin receptor...
Treatment of Cognitive-Communicative Disorders Following Blast Injury

Abstract Purpose: Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) following exposure to a blast is the signature injury of Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) and Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF). The purposes of thi...
Advancing Our Understanding of Posttraumatic Growth by Considering Event Centrality

Research on posttraumatic growth (PTG) has been plagued by inconsistencies and small effect sizes. We hypothesized that relationships between PTG and other psychological variables would become stronger and more consistent with expectations when we limited analyses to only adverse events construed as central to one's identity. The results supported the hypothesis. Comparing our results to those from a recent meta-analysis on PTG, the relationships between PTG, depression, and positive affect were stronger when examining only events central to identity. Additionally, previously nonsignificant correlations with anxiety, global distress, and physical health became significant in the expected directions. Lastly, a formerly puzzling positive correlation between PTG and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms became nonsignificant. In stark contrast, limiting analyses to only events meeting the DSM-IV A1 criterion did not produce similar results. Future PTG studies should exclude events that fail to cause ...
Impact-Parameter Dependence of K-Shell Ionization Probabilities for 150 keV Protons on a Titanium Target

Absolute impact-parameter dependence of K-shell ionization probabilities of Ti has been measured for 150-keV protons by a coincidence measurement between the characteristic X-rays and the scattered protons. Comparison of the measured K-vacancy production probabilities with predictions from the low energy SCA (semiclassical Coulomb approximation) shows reasonable agreement for 150-keV proton-on-Ti system.
An improved one-pot procedure for the preparation of [11C-carbonyl]-WAY100635.

Abstract A simple one-pot procedure for the preparation of [ 11 C-carbonyl]-WAY100635, a potent 5HT1A receptor antagonist, was developed. The procedure involves the trapping of 11 CO 2 in a tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution of cyclohexylmagnesium chloride, elimination of excess Grignard reagents with anhydrous HCl, reaction with SOCl 2 , and the reaction of the resulting acid chloride with WAY100634 (2 mg) and triethylamine (20 μL) in THF. The total synthesis time is 45 min. Starting from 1326 ± 173 mCi of 11 CO 2 , the average amount of [ 11 C-carbonyl]-WAY100635 ( n=40) at end-of-synthesis (EOS) was 30 ± 13 mCi (2.3% radiochemical yield), or 148 ± 61 mCi (11%) at end-of-bombardment (EOB). The radiochemical purity was >99%, and the specific activity was 3.6 ± 1.9 Ci/μmol (EOS, n=40), or 21.3 ± 9.8 Ci/μmol at EOB. This method is reliable and flexible for routine clinical studies.
Redefining the Genetics of Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68 via Transcriptome-Based Annotation

Summary Viral genetic studies typically focus on large open reading frames (ORFs) identified during genome annotation (ORF-based annotation). Here we describe tools for examining viral gene expression nucleotide by nucleotide across the genome. Using these tools on the 119,450 base pair (bp) genome of murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (γHV68) allowed us to establish that γHV68 RNA expression was significantly more complex than predicted from ORF-based annotation, including over 73,000 nucleotides of unexpected transcription within 30 expressed genomic regions (EGRs). Approximately 90% of this RNA expression was antisense to genomic regions containing known large ORFs. We verified the existence of previously undefined transcripts in three EGRs and determined which parts of the transcriptome depend on protein or viral DNA synthesis. This study redefines the genetic map of γHV68, indicating that herpesviruses contain significantly more genetic complexity than predicted from ORF-based genome annotations, and provides alternative tools and approaches for viral genetic studies.
Aesthetic Success in Classical Music: A Computer Analysis of 1935 Compositions

To further elucidate the basis of aesthetic success in classical music, data on 8992 themes were aggregated into 1935 compositions by 172 composers from the Renaissance to the present day. Aesthetic success was gauged via compositional popularity and ratings of aesthetic significance and audience accessibility, while aesthetic attributes were assessed by melodic originality and originality variation as determined by a computer content analysis of melodic structure. The results demonstrate that the probability of a work being performed and recorded is a function of aesthetic attributes and melodic content, with direct and indirect effects of artistic, biographical, and historical conditions. Aesthetic taste is thus not arbitrary but lawful, for it is grounded in the intrinsic qualities of a piece which in turn reflect the state of the composer at the time of composition.
Cardiac PET: microcirculation and substrate transport in normal and diseased human myocardium.

The development and validation of quantitative assay techniques for the noninvasive study of human myocardium has opened up new avenues for the study of the normal and diseased human heart’s physiology. Measurements of regional myocardial blood flow, which delineates nutrient rather than coronary blood flow, has enabled the exploration of the coronary microcirculatory physiology under normal and abnormal conditions. It permits the study of pharmacologic effects and of cardiovascular disease on the coronary resistance and capillary perfusion. If combined with metabolic assay techniques, the transcapillary exchange of substrates in oxygen can be quantified and changes imposed by physiologic interventions and substrate metabolism being measured. These study approaches further serve to characterize changes in response to reductions in coronary blood flow as well as altered states of potentially reversible contractile function. It is anticipated that further studies with PET will clarify at the microcirculatory level the changes associated with ischemia, post-ischemic stunning and myocardial hibernation. Further, it offers the possibility to measure potentially beneficial effects of therapeutic interventions or, alternatively, to provide a rationale for novel therapeutic approaches.
Grazing impacts on Mars: A record of lost satellites

Over 170 grazing impact craters, representing more than 5% of the total crater population of the ridged plains of Mars, can be identified on the basis of the elongate shape of the crater and the resulting pattern of ejecta deposits. These craters appear to occur along great circles, of which the more recent are in an east-west direction while the older ones are in more northerly directions. The large number and common impact directions of craters are interpreted as due to satellites whose orbits decayed with time. The locations of the projected orbital axes on the Martian surface indicate that the geographic poles of Mars were originally located at lower latitudes. The estimated combined mass of grazing impactors would form a satellite at least 225 km in diameter. These results may provide new clues as to the origin of Phobos and Deimos.
Laser processing of amorphous silicon for large-area polysilicon imagers

Pulsed excimer-laser processing of amorphous silicon on non-crystalline substrates allows for the fabrication of high-quality polysilicon materials and thin-film transistors (TFTs). Under optimized processing conditions, these polysilicon TFTs have high mobilities, sharp turn-on, low off-state leakage currents and good spatial uniformity. These improved parameters, particularly the low off-state leakage currents and good uniformity, enable, not only displays, but also the more demanding flat-panel imaging arrays to be fabricated in polysilicon, and results on an imager are presented.
Influences on Urbanism: A Test of Predictions from Three Perspectives

Predictions from the determinist, compositional/systemic, and subcultural perspectives concerning effects on five “urbanism” variables—anonymity, tolerance, alienation, community social bonds, and deviant/unconventional behavior—are tested using individual level analog measures based on data from a three-state survey. Interpretation of the results in terms of the relative strength of the three perspectives depends upon how one conceptualizes their implications. This diversity of interpretational options underlines the imprecision of each of the three perspectives. Ambiguous elements are identified and it is argued that if the three perspectives were more fully specified and synthesized, it would move us toward a genuine and more adequate theory of urbanism.
A review of FK506: A new immunosuppressant agent for the prevention and rescue of graft rejection

Summary The bulk of information on FK506 as immunosuppressive therapy comes from studies of liver transplant patients. In this patient population, graft and patient survival rates with FK506 are similar to those of CsA-based regimens. However, FK506 is superior to CsA for preventing graft rejection and reducing the severity of rejection. FK506 has also been especially useful as rescue therapy in patients experiencing refractory rejection. As a rescue agent, FK506 is already indispensable in our treatment arsenal, warranting government approval and licensing. Similar efficacy has been seen in preliminary studies of kidney and heart recipients. Clearly, more randomized, well-controlled trials are needed, particularly in non-liver transplant recipients in whom present information is incomplete. In the two multicenter liver transplant trials, the incidence of toxicity was higher with FK506 than with CsA-based regimens. However, this may reflect a lack of experience with FK506. When dosages were lowered later in the trial, the incidences of nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity were considerably decreased. Further, infection was generally less in the FK506 group, which may reflect a lower dosage of corticosteroids. In summary, FK506 seems to be a useful addition to the available immunosuppressive therapies used for prevention of graft rejection in transplant patients and for the treatment of uncontrollable rejection. It is associated with a high degree of efficacy with an acceptable safety.
The Nature of Weak Mg II Absorbing Structures

We consider geometries and physical models for weak low-ionization absorbers based on the relative incidence of low- and high-ionization systems. We present a survey of weak low-ionization systems in 35 high-resolution HST STIS quasar spectra, sometimes supplemented by Keck HIRES and HST FOS data. We found 16 metal-line systems, with low- and/or high-ionization absorption detected. Weak low-ionization absorbers trace an abundant population of metal-enriched regions. Models show that these systems have a ~10 pc region of higher density gas and a ~1 kpc region that represents a lower density, higher ionization phase. The goal of our survey was to compare systems detected in low- and/or high-ionization gas. All but 1 of the 10 weak low-ionization systems have a related high-ionization phase. In three cases the high-ionization gas has only a single component, kinematically centered on the low-ionization absorption, and the other six cases have additional high-ionization components offset in velocity. The high-ionization absorption in weak low-ionization systems has similar kinematic structure to that in high-ionization-only systems. There are just six systems with only a high-ionization phase, as compared to the nine systems with both low- and high-ionization phases. We conclude that filamentary and sheetlike geometries are favored, due to the relatively small observed cross section of high-ionization-only systems. Our statistical arguments suggest that although low-ionization absorbers are not closely associated with luminous galaxies, they arise in their immediate environments within the cosmic web.