cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultrastructural observations on Endogonaceae (Zygomycetes): Endogone pisiformis

Sporocarp morphology and zygospore ontogeny of Endogone pisiformis were examined with light and electron microscopy. Sporocarps consist of a peridium of thick-walled, dextrinoid, tapering hyphae which enclose a gleba of zygosporangia and thick- and thin-walled hyphae. Zygosporangia develop from the fusion of paired, apposed gametangia. The zygosporangial wall consists of a thin outer layer which is disrupted by the much thicker, expanding inner zygosporangial wall layer, within which the zygospore develops. Young zygospores are irregular in shape and have thin walls. As the zygospore wall increases in thickness, it remains closely associated with the wall of the parent zygosporangium and becomes more globose to ovoid in shape. Zygosporangial and zygospore walls at all stages of development contrast in staining properties with both light and electron microscopy. Gametangial septa are multiperforate, and glebal hyphae have infrequent septa with single, central perforations. Young zygospores contain apparent glycogen, which is generally absent in mature spores, and the sporoplasm contains two types of lipid globules which differ in their staining properties.
CEREBROVASCULAR RISK FACTORS, ARTERIOLAR SCLEROSIS, AND COGNITIVE DECLINE IN THE KENTUCKY APPALACHIAN “STROKE-BELT”

OF THESIS CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE RISK FACTORS, ARTERIOLAR SCLEROSIS, AND COGNITIVE DECLINE IN THE KENTUCKY APPALACHIAN “STROKE-BELT.” The relationship between cerebrovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and cognitive impairment or dementia has been widely studied with significant variability in findings between groups. We hypothesized that chronic small vessel injury in the form of arteriolar sclerosis, measured quantitatively using MRI to measure total white matter hyperintensity (WMH) volumes, would identify specific association of CVD risk factors and patterns of cognitive decline, associated with mild cognitive impairment of the cerebrovascular type, that represent the core features of vascular cognitive impairment in our cohort. A Cross-sectional analysis of clinical and quantitative MRI data on 114 subjects with normal cognitive function (n=52) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI; n=62) was performed. Quantitative total WMH volumes were examined in relation to potentially causative CVD risk factors and resultant test scores across cognitive domains using linear regression models adjusted for age, gender, and education. Among CVD risk factors analyzed, age (p< 0.001), education (p= 0.003), hypertension (p= 0.012), and hyperlipidemia (p= 0.008) demonstrated the strongest associations with WMH volumes. Conversely, diabetes, smoking, history of heart attacks, atrial fibrillation, and history of stroke that have shown associations with CVD pathology on imaging in other studies were not statistically associated with increased WMH in this cohort. WMH volumes were associated with decrease performance on the Trial Making Test type A & B and long delayed free recall on the California Verbal Learning Test. Our findings suggest similarities and yet differences in comparison to other studies. Hypertension and hyperlipidemia appear to represent common shared risks across geographically disparate groups. Our findings, like others, suggest CVD pathology impact processing speed and executive function and provide further evidence for CVD effects on short-term memory in those at risk for cognitive decline and the future development of dementia in our cohort.
JCL roundtable: Managing lipid disorders in patients with HIV

The HIV-AIDS epidemic has provided one of the more challenging problems in treatment of infectious diseases. As antiretroviral drugs made a very marked improvement in controlling the immunodeficiency state and patients gained in their longevity, the concern with lipid abnormalities came to the fore. The initial drugs produced a form of metabolic syndrome accompanied by very elevated plasma triglyceride concentrations. Furthermore, the drugs used to control the virus were often metabolized in a manner that interfered with lipid lowering drug therapy. The antiviral agents have improved in many respects and the experience in managing the lipid disorders has added greatly to our ability to control these problems as well. This roundtable discussion has been conducted with 4 physicians who have been involved in management of large cohorts of patients with HIV infection and who have had a special interest in reduction of vascular disease risk.
Effect of Habitat Complexity on Predator—Prey Relationships: Implications for Black Mangrove Range Expansion into Northern Gulf of Mexico Salt Marshes

ABSTRACT The tropically associated black mangrove (Avicennia germinans) is experiencing a climate-induced range shift and expanding into salt marshes of northern Florida, southern Louisiana and most recently, Horn Island, MS. To date, little is known about how black mangroves function as nursery habitat for important fishery species such as shrimps or how their increase may affect survival of such species. The main objective of our study was to determine habitat preference and survival rates of common, economically important penaeid shrimps in the presence and absence of the increasingly abundant tropical predator, the gray snapper (Lutjanus griseus). We also examined the effects of habitat identity and structure on juvenile white shrimp (Litopenaeus setiferus) and brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus) behavior, using preference experiments in indoor mesocosms both with and without the predatory gray snapper. Results showed that shrimp prefer Spartina over Avicennia with or without predation risk. Surviv...
Synthesis of Trialkylhydroxylamines by Stepwise Reduction of O-Acyl N,N-Disubstituted Hydroxylamines: Substituent Effects on the Reduction of O-(1-Acyloxyalkyl)hydroxylamines and on the Conformational Dynamics of N-Alkoxypiperidines.

The influence of the electron-withdrawing azide group on the reduction of O-(1-acyloxy-ω-azido)hydroxylamines by triethylsilane in the presence of boron trifluoride etherate is studied and found to increase with increasing proximity to the reaction site, suggesting that the reaction proceeds by way of aminoxocarbenium ion intermediates. The ability to carry azides through the reaction sequence affords O-(ω-azidoalkyl-N,N-dialkylhydroxylamines thereby making such functionality available for use in click chemistry. A series of 4-substituted N-alkoxypiperidines were prepared and studied by variable temperature NMR spectroscopy leading to the conclusion that the rate-determining step in the stereomutation of such piperidines is the piperidine ring flip and not nitrogen inversion or rotation about the N–O bond. The process of N–O bond rotation only becomes rate determining when in the presence of pervasive steric hindrance as is the case with the N-alkoxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidines.
Switchgrass Compositional Variations Arising from Spatial Distribution and Legume Intercropping

ABSTRACTDue to genetic diversity within and among switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), there may be genotype x environment and management-induced differences among secondary cell walls. Consequently, two separate experiments were conducted to determine feedstock variance using near-infrared spectrometry (NIRS). One experiment tested legume-intercrops [red clover (RC; Trifolium pratense), crimson clover (CC; Trifolium incarnatum), hairy vetch (HV; Vicia villosa), and partridge pea (PP; Chamaechrista fasciculata)], nitrogen (N) fertilization (0, 67, and 135 kg-N ha−1), and location impacts on characteristics. The second one determined on-farm bale variance within and across locations. Clustering NIRS data indicated that chemical signatures differed among locations and N-levels, but less so among intercrops. Results suggest that homogeneity may vary within a region responsible for supplying biomass to a biorefinery. Thus, conversion efficiencies and enzymatic requirements for ethanol production may be affected. C...
Modeling ionospheric phase noise for NISAR mission data

This paper presents a global ionospheric error model that was developed for the upcoming L-band NASA ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) mission. The approach is combining statistical models with empirical data analysis to arrive at global error predictions. The model enables an assessment of capabilities and performance of the NISAR system by providing ionospheric phase noise estimates globally and as a function of environmental conditions. The physical background of the model is introduced and error prediction results are presented.
Anterior versus posterior approaches for thoracic disc herniation: Association with postoperative complications.

Abstract Objective Thoracic disc herniations (TDH) represent 1.5–4% of all intervertebral disc herniations. Surgical treatment can be divided into anterior, lateral and posterior approaches and is an area of contention in the literature. Available evidence consists mostly of single-arm, single-institutional studies with limited sample sizes. The objective of this study is to investigate 30-day surgical outcomes following excision of TDH utilizing a national surgical registry. Patients and Methods The American College of Surgeons - National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) was queried for cases that underwent anterior (thoracotomy or thoracoscopy), lateral (extracavitary or costotransversectomy) or posterior (transpedicular or laminectomy) surgery for a primary diagnosis of TDH between 2012 and 2015. Results A total of 388 patients (48% females) were included in the analysis. An anterior approach was used in 65 patients, lateral approach in 34, transpedicular approach in 90 and laminectomy in 199. Overall, baseline demographics and clinical characteristics were similarly distributed between the four procedure groups. Patients undergoing an anterior approach spent, on average, 2–3 more days in the hospital compared to the other groups (p Conclusion Anterior approaches had longer LOS and higher, although not statistically significant, complication rates. No difference was found with regard to discharge disposition. In light of these findings, surgeons should weigh the risks and benefits of each surgical technique during tailoring of decision making.
Examination of trends of radiopharmaceutical usage at Mayo Clinic- Rochester

2116 Objectives : The purpose of this study was to compile and evaluate the trends in radiopharmaceutical use within Mayo Clinic from 1990 to present. Once the data was collected, possible trend explanations were developed and researched. Looking at the trends of the past 15 years will allow us to improve our services and/or adjust the focus of our future practice. Methods : Data for each radiopharmaceutical was collected using the nuclear pharmacy computer database, acquiring the number of doses per year. The data was placed into a spreadsheet and graphs were made. Examining and discussing the observed trends with nuclear medicine physicians, radiologists, as well as nuclear medicine technologists we developed possible explanations for the changes. The fields of this study that we focused on were bone, kidney, heart, lung, brain, In-111 pentrtreotide and PET scanning. Results : It was found that bone scans have decreased since 1993 (17%), the proposed reason is testing of prostate-specific antigen levels in prostate cancer patients. Kidney scans have shown a 67% decrease with time as other modalities, such as MRI and ultrasound advanced in this area. MRI angiography is better for renal artery stenosis anatomy. Ultrasound is equally effective for captopril renography, but its ease and low cost make it more widely used. The cardiac procedures have dramatically increased from 1990 until 2000, by 184%, but have shown a slight decrease between 2000 and 2004, down 3%. This was explained by the increased use of echocardiogram due to the ease of scheduling this procedure. The number of lung scans performed has been decreasing since 1995 (52% from 1995-1999). This is likely due to the introduction of the spiral-computed tomography. However, in recent years there has been an increase (66% between 1999-2004), this increase is due to a specific procedure at this facility. Brain scans have increased in the past years (166% between 1990-2004) due to the diagnostic use in epilepsy and Alzheimer’s disease. The use of In-111 pentrtreotide has increased 1,600% since its first use in 1993. The PET data has shown a rise in PET procedures beginning in 2001 (602%). This correlates to the July 2001 national Medicare coverage policy being extended. Conclusions : The trends for bone, lung, and kidney scans have been decreasing due to advances in other modalities. This allows us a chance to evaluate our imaging advances. Cardiac imaging has shown an increase, although this increase is fading due to advances in alternative procedures. Brain and lung scans have shown positive possibilities due to new protocols developed. In-111 pentrtreotide have shown substantial increase since it was first developed. PET imaging has shown dramatic growth due to approvals and reimbursements.
Precise Control of Quantum Confinement in Cesium Lead Halide Perovskite Quantum Dots via Thermodynamic Equilibrium

Cesium lead halide (CsPbX3) nanocrystals have emerged as a new family of materials that can outperform the existing semiconductor nanocrystals due to their superb optical and charge-transport properties. However, the lack of a robust method for producing quantum dots with controlled size and high ensemble uniformity has been one of the major obstacles in exploring the useful properties of excitons in zero-dimensional nanostructures of CsPbX3. Here, we report a new synthesis approach that enables the precise control of the size based on the equilibrium rather than kinetics, producing CsPbX3 quantum dots nearly free of heterogeneous broadening in their exciton luminescence. The high level of size control and ensemble uniformity achieved here will open the door to harnessing the benefits of excitons in CsPbX3 quantum dots for photonic and energy-harvesting applications.
A Historical Perspective of Cardiovascular Devices and Techniques Associated with the University of Minnesota

The University of Minnesota has a unique history relative to advances in cardiovascular research, surgery, and the development of medical devices. Interestingly, the completion of this textbook coincides with two important anniversaries in cardiovascular medicine and engineering at the university. First, it was 50 years ago, in 1958, upon the request of Dr. C. Walton Lillehei, that the first wearable, battery-powered pacemaker was designed and built by Earl Bakken (Medtronic, Inc.) and used on a patient. Second, 30 years ago, in 1978, the first human heart transplantation was performed at the university. In this chapter, we will review some of this history and how it has led to the creation of a dynamic medical device industry in the state of Minnesota.
Contemporary trends and outcomes of thrombolytic therapy for acute lower extremity ischemia

ObjectiveAcute limb ischemia is a common vascular emergency requiring immediate intervention. Thrombolysis has been widely utilized for acute limb ischemia; the purpose of this study is to analyze ...
An efficient algorithm to enumerate sets with fallbacks in a kidney paired donation program

Kidney paired donation is a partial solution to overcoming biological incompatibility preventing kidney transplants. A kidney paired donation (KPD) program consists of altruistic or non-directed donors (NDDs) and pairs, each of which comprises a candidate in need of a kidney transplant and her/his willing but incompatible donor. Potential transplants from NDDs or donors in pairs to compatible candidates in other pairs are determined by computer assessment, though various situations involving either the donor, candidate, or proposed transplant may lead to a potential transplant failing to proceed. A KPD program can be viewed as a directed graph with NDDs and pairs as vertices and potential transplants as edges, where failure probabilities are associated with each vertex and edge. Transplants are carried out in the form of directed cycles among pairs and directed paths initiated by NDDs, which we refer to respectively as cycles and chains. Previous research shows that selecting disjoint subgraphs with a view to creating fallback options when failures occur generates more realized transplants than optimal selection of disjoint chains and cycles. In this paper, we define such subgraphs, which are called locally relevant (LR) subgraphs, and present an efficient algorithm to enumerate all LR subgraphs. Its computational efficiency is significantly better than the previous, more restrictive, algorithms.
Does Depleting Self-Control Result in Poorer Vigilance Performance?

Objective:To investigate whether depleting self-control prior to vigilance results in a steeper vigilance decrement.Background:The resource-control theory of vigilance asserts that an inherent bias...
Shaping the far-zone intensity, degree of polarization, angle of polarization, and ellipticity angle using vector Schell-model sources

Abstract This paper presents a method to control both the shape and polarization of a beam in the far field using a vector Schell-model source. Given a desired far-zone beam shape and polarization, and applying Fourier and statistical optics theory, we derive the requisite second-order moments of said source, discuss what aspects of the far-zone beam can be controlled, and develop a step-by-step procedure for synthesizing the required random vector field instances. We validate this approach with Monte-Carlo wave-optics simulations. The results are found to be in very good agreement with the desired far-zone beam characteristics. The beam-shaping technique developed in this paper will find use in optical trapping, optical communications, directed energy, remote sensing, and medical applications.
Indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase 1 deletion promotes Theiler's virus–induced seizures in C57BL/6J mice

OBJECTIVE Viral encephalitis increases the risk for developing seizures and epilepsy. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (Ido1) is induced by inflammatory cytokines and functions to metabolize tryptophan to kynurenine. Kynurenine can be further metabolized to produce kynurenic acid and the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor agonist quinolinic acid (QuinA). In the present study, we sought to determine the role of Ido1 in promoting seizures in an animal model of viral encephalitis. METHODS C57BL/6J and Ido1 knockout mice (Ido1-KO) were infected with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to evaluate hippocampal expression of proinflammatory cytokines, Ido1, and viral RNA. Body weights and seizure scores were recorded daily. Elevated zero maze was used to assess differences in behavior, and hippocampal pathology was determined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Infected C57BL/6J mice up-regulated proinflammatory cytokines, Ido1, and genes encoding the enzymatic cascade responsible for QuinA production in the kynurenine pathway prior to the onset of seizures. Seizure incidence was elevated in Ido1-KO compared to C57BL/6J mice. Infection increased locomotor activity in Ido1-KO compared to C57BL/6J mice. Furthermore, the occurrence of seizures was associated with hyperexcitability. Neither expression of proinflammatory cytokines nor viral RNA was altered as a result of genotype. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed increased hippocampal pathology in Ido1-KO mice. SIGNIFICANCE Our findings suggest that Ido1 deletion promotes seizures and neuropathogenesis during acute TMEV encephalitis.
Reducing Pressure Injuries in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit

This quality improvement project used the Model for Improvement including the Plan-Do-Study-Act cycle of change framework to educate pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) nurses on risk factors for pediatric pressure injuries and prevention strategies, improve turning compliance for PICU patients, and implement an electronic trigger to order nutrition consultations on all patients with a Braden Q score less than 16. The quality improvement project decreased preventable patient harm to PICU patients by decreasing the pressure injury incidence rate from 8% to 3% in the 6-week time period.
A “Pura Vida” Summer in Costa Rica

Upon returning to the Memphis airport on the third of July 2011, having been out of the country for a month, the thirteen other students from Arkansas State University and I were exhausted, ready to see our loved ones, and to eat anything other than rice and beans. It was a bittersweet feeling to be home. We had just completed a study abroad program in the extraordinarily beautiful country of Costa Rica.
Gender differences in cognitive impairment among the old and the oldest-old in China.

AIM To examine gender differences in the prevalence of cognitive impairment across two age cohorts in China: the old (aged 65-79 years) and the oldest-old (aged 80-116 years). METHODS The Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey with waves from 2008 to 2011 was used (N = 13 586). Regression analysis was used to model the gender effects on baseline cognitive function and onset of cognitive impairment. Independent variables included demographics, socioeconomic status (SES), social network, leisure activities and functional disabilities. RESULTS Among the oldest-old, women (32.9%) were twice as likely as men (15.7%) to have cognitive impairment. For the old, women (2.2%) were only slightly more likely than men (1.9%). Regression models showed the oldest-old women having a significantly higher risk of cognitive impairment than men (P < 0.001), even after adjusting for independent variables. No significant gender differences were found among the old cohort. SES, social network and leisure activities appeared to affect gender differences, especially among the oldest-old. Of the independent variables examined, the gender effects were reduced the most when incorporating SES for both age cohorts. CONCLUSIONS For the oldest-old, gender differences in cognitive impairment could be due to differences in SES between men and women. The old cohort showed no statistically significant gender difference at this time; however, we should follow this old cohort for their future potential gender differences in the prevalence of cognitive impairment. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19: 586-592.
Epitaxial growth and atomic arrangement in Fe2CrO4 on crystal symmetry matched (001) MgAl2O4

The authors report on the chemical, structural, and optical properties of molecular beam epitaxy synthesized thin films of multifunctional Fe2CrO4 on (001)-oriented MgAl2O4 (MAO). Substrate temperatures near 500 °C are required to obtain smooth films with an out-of-plane lattice parameter consistent with the 3.8% compressive strain induced by the film and substrate lattice mismatch. Mg diffusion from the MAO substrate is kinetically suppressed up to 500 °C. They discuss antiphase boundaries in symmetry matched epitaxial systems. This research provides new insight into the epitaxial growth and crystalline properties of crystal symmetry matched Fe2CrO4/MAO(001) heterostructures.The authors report on the chemical, structural, and optical properties of molecular beam epitaxy synthesized thin films of multifunctional Fe2CrO4 on (001)-oriented MgAl2O4 (MAO). Substrate temperatures near 500 °C are required to obtain smooth films with an out-of-plane lattice parameter consistent with the 3.8% compressive strain induced by the film and substrate lattice mismatch. Mg diffusion from the MAO substrate is kinetically suppressed up to 500 °C. They discuss antiphase boundaries in symmetry matched epitaxial systems. This research provides new insight into the epitaxial growth and crystalline properties of crystal symmetry matched Fe2CrO4/MAO(001) heterostructures.
Estimation of multimode pump reliability in radiation environment using Monte Carlo simulation

High powered optical amplifiers (HPOAs) are a key subassembly in free-space optical communication systems. As these free-space optical communications systems are being introduced into space applications, it is critical to assess the impact of the radiation environment present in space on the reliability of these systems. One key component in HPOAs is multimode laser diodes, which are used to pump gain fibers in the HPOA. The reliability of these laser diodes is very dependent on optical output power, with increases in optical power causing dramatic reductions in lifetime. At the same time, radiation darkening is a well-known problem that reduces the efficiency in HPOAs operating in environments with high radiation levels. We use Monte Carlo simulation to evaluate the impact of radiation darkening on the reliability of multimode pump ensembles over time. At radiation fields related to geostationary earth orbits (2 to 5 krad / year) radiation effects reduce multimode pump lifetime by a factor of 7-220 under typical use conditions. Use of redundant pumps operating under derated conditions can mitigate the impact of radiation.
The Lonidamine Derivative H2-Gamendazole Reduces Cyst Formation in Polycystic Kidney Disease

ABSTRACT Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a debilitating renal neoplastic disorder with limited treatment options. It is characterized by the formation of large fluid-filled cysts that develop from kidney tubules through abnormal cell proliferation and cyst-filling fluid secretion driven by cAMP-dependent Cl− secretion. We have examined the effectiveness of the indazole carboxylic acid, H2-gamendazole (H2-GMZ), a derivative of lonidamine, to inhibit these processes and cyst formation using in vitro and in vivo models of ADPKD. H2-GMZ was effective in rapidly blocking forskolin-induced, Cl−-mediated short-circuit currents in human ADPKD cells at 1 μM and it significantly inhibited both cAMP- and EGF-induced proliferation of ADPKD cells with an IC50 of 5-10 μM. Western blot analysis of H2-GMZ-treated ADPKD cells showed decreased phosphorylated ERK and hyperphosphorylated Rb levels. H2-GMZ treatment also decreased ErbB2, Akt, and Cdk4, consistent with inhibition of the chaperone Hsp90, and reduced the levels of the CFTR Cl− channel. H2-GMZ-treated ADPKD cultures contained a higher proportion of smaller cells with fewer and smaller lamellipodia and decreased cytoplasmic actin staining, and they were unable to accomplish wound closure even at low H2-GMZ concentrations, consistent with an alteration in the actin cytoskeleton and decreased cell motility. Studies using mouse metanephric organ cultures showed that H2-GMZ inhibited cAMP-stimulated cyst growth and enlargement. In vivo, H2-GMZ (20mg/kg) was effective in slowing postnatal cyst formation and kidney enlargement in the Pkd1flox/flox:Pkhd1-Cre mouse model. Thus, H2-GMZ treatment decreases Cl− secretion, cell proliferation, cell motility, and cyst growth. These properties, along with its reported low toxicity, suggest that H2-GMZ might be an attractive candidate for treatment of ADPKD.
EM and Power SCA-Resilient AES-256 Through >350× Current-Domain Signature Attenuation and Local Lower Metal Routing

Mathematically secure cryptographic algorithms, when implemented on a physical substrate, leak critical “side-channel” information, leading to power and electromagnetic (EM) analysis attacks. Circuit-level protections involve switched capacitor, buck converter, or series low-dropout (LDO) regulator-based implementations, each of which suffers from significant power, area, or performance tradeoffs and has only achieved a minimum traces to disclosure (MTD) of $10M$ till date. Utilizing an in-depth white-box model, this work, for the first time, focuses on signature suppression in the current domain, which provides an $Attenuation^{2}$ enhancement in MTD, leading to orders of magnitude improvement in both power and EM side-channel analysis (SCA) immunities. Using a combination of current-domain “signature attenuation” (CDSA) along with local lower level metal routing, the critical correlated information in the crypto current is significantly suppressed before it reaches the supply pin. Especially, to prevent the EM leakage from its source (metal layers carrying the correlated crypto current acting as antennas), this work embraces lower level metal routing of the CDSA embedding the crypto-IP so that the signature becomes highly suppressed before it passes through the higher metal layers (which radiates significantly) to connect to the external pin. The 65-nm CMOS test chip contains both protected and unprotected parallel AES-256 implementations, running at a clock frequency of 50 MHz. Test vector leakage assessment (TVLA) on the protected CDSA-AES, demonstrated with on-chip measurements for the first time, shows that the higher level metal layers leak significantly more compared with the lower level metal routing. Correlational power and EM analysis (CPA/CEMA) attacks on the unprotected implementation were able to extract the secret key within $8k$ and $12k$ traces, respectively, while the protected CDSA-AES could not be broken even after $1B$ encryptions for both power and EM SCA, evaluated both in the time and frequency domains, showing an improvement of $100\times $ over the prior state-of-the-art countermeasures with comparable power and area overheads.
Geosocial Networking Application Use Among Sexual Minority Adolescents

The following clinical scenario is a composite case that illustrates clinically important phenomena based on several patients.
RADIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS OF DENTIGEROUS CYSTS WITH CHOLESTEROL GRANULOMA

BACKGROUND Dentigerous cysts are common benign odontogenic cysts.1 A dentigerous cyst is characterized by an epithelium attachment that is associated with the crown of an unerupted tooth and appears radiographically as a well-defined radiolucency.2,3 The dentigerous cyst may be a cholesterol granuloma histopathologically when it is associated with numerous cholesterol clefts with foam cells, foreign body giant cells, and macrophages filled with hemosiderin.4 Cholesterol granuloma often occurs in the middle ear and may be found in other sites.5 There are very few reported cases of cholesterol granuloma in the jaws. CASE REPORT We present 4 cases of dentigerous cysts with cholesterol granuloma. All 3 lesions were in the mandible. The first patient was a 34-year-old man who had a lesion in his right mandibular ramus. The second patient was a 45-year-old man with a lesion in the left posterior mandible. The third patient was a 77-year-old man with 2 lesions in the posterior mandible bilaterally. The lesions were mostly well defined. Three were unilocular and one multilocular with sclerotic margins, suggestive of peripheral bone reaction to a possible inflammatory process. The histopathologic diagnosis of these cases was dentigerous cyst with cholesterol granuloma. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS The pathogenesis of cholesterol granuloma is still unclear.4 Cholesterol granuloma may form because of either possible disruption of ventilation and/or improper drainage and hemorrhage into a closed cavity.5 Cholesterol granuloma could lead to the expansion of the lesion and may have a leading role in cyst growth. The formation of large cholesterol crystals causes a foreign body reaction that releases macrophages and multinucleated giant cells. The cholesterol granulomas resist the action of phagocytes and continue to release inflammatory and bone resorptive products that may lead to expansion along with aggressive radiographic features.
Historical reflections on the book Epidemiologia & Saúde: Fundamentos, Métodos, Aplicações.

, consisting of seven parts, 63 sections, and comprising 98 collaborators, is different from all the epidemiology textbooks available in any of the languages I can read.Briefly, the seven parts of the book cover:(1) History (of the world and of Brazil) and phi-losophy (epistemology, concept of risk);(2) Methodology (measurements of occurrence of health events and principal study designs);(3) Epidemiological data analysis (regression models, multilevel, structural, and complex ap-proaches, and meta-analyses);(4) Applications of epidemiology by levels of or-ganization (molecular, genetic, clinical, environ-mental, social, and “ethno-epidemiological”);(5) Applications of epidemiology across the live course (childhood, adolescence, adulthood, ag-ing);(6) Specific health problems (infectious, respi-ratory, and cardiovascular diseases, cancer, vio-lence, addiction, mental, oral, occupational, nu-tritional, reproductive and sexual);(7) Application of epidemiology to public health, health policy and economics, and concluding with a section entitled
Omission of Right Hemicolectomy May be Safe for Some Appendiceal Goblet Cell Adenocarcinomas: A Survival Analysis of the National Cancer Database.

BACKGROUND Appendiceal goblet cell adenocarcinomas (GCC) are rare tumors with clinical behavior between classic carcinoids and adenocarcinomas. Current guidelines recommend right hemicolectomy for all GCCs. PATIENTS AND METHODS The National Cancer Database was retrospectively queried for appendiceal GCCs undergoing appendectomy or right hemicolectomy between 2004 and 2016. Demographics, tumor characteristics, and post-operative outcomes were collected. The primary outcome was overall survival, which was examined by surgical type and tumor T stage. Multivariate logistic regression was utilized to identify predictors of survival. RESULTS In total, 1083 GCCs were included, and 81.8% underwent right hemicolectomy. Mean age was 57 years, and 89% were White. Patients undergoing hemicolectomy had higher T-stage tumors (66.6%/14.4% T3/T4 vs. 55.8%/8.1%, p < 0.001). Lymph node positivity increased with T stage (1.1%, 2.1%, 9.9%, and 29.1% for T1-T4). GCCs undergoing colectomy were more frequently moderately or poorly differentiated (16.7%/9.0% vs. 12.2%/6.6%, p = 0.011). Appendectomy surgical margins were positive in 17.3% (3.4% hemicolectomy, p < 0.001). In T3/T4 tumors, a significant survival benefit at 5 years was observed in patients undergoing colectomy as compared with appendectomy (85.4% vs. 82.0%, p = 0.028). On multivariate analysis, lymph node positivity markedly decreased survival overall for the entire cohort (HR 7.58, p < 0.001) and for T3/T4 tumors (HR 7.63, p < 0.001). In patients with T3/T4 tumors, there was a trend towards improved survival with right hemicolectomy (HR 0.42, p = 0.068). CONCLUSION Omitting right hemicolectomy can be considered for select T1/T2 appendiceal GCCs with negative appendectomy margins, given low rates of lymph node metastases and lack of survival benefit with right hemicolectomy.
Partial Information Target Defense Game

We formulate a scenario in which an autonomous defender is tasked with intercepting an intruder that tries to reach a circular target region. This is a variant of the target defense problem proposed by Isaacs as a pursuit-evasion game. Unlike the original target guarding problem and its various extensions, we consider the effect of partial information by imposing sensing limitation to the robots. We analyze the game by decomposing it into three game phases: deployment, asymmetric information, and engagement phase. Focusing on a particular parameter regime, we propose a simple defender strategy together with the lower bound on the probability that it wins the game. The defender strategy in each phase is constructed so that the subsequent phase starts in a desired initial configuration. The proposed problem is rich in terms of the parameter regimes that it contains, and thus is expected to be a useful platform in exploring effective control policies.
Clean room microbiome complexity impacts planetary protection bioburden.

BACKGROUND The Spacecraft Assembly Facility (SAF) at the NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory is the primary cleanroom facility used in the construction of some of the planetary protection (PP)-sensitive missions developed by NASA, including the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover that launched in July 2020. SAF floor samples (n=98) were collected, over a 6-month period in 2016 prior to the construction of the Mars rover subsystems, to better understand the temporal and spatial distribution of bacterial populations (total, viable, cultivable, and spore) in this unique cleanroom. RESULTS Cleanroom samples were examined for total (living and dead) and viable (living only) microbial populations using molecular approaches and cultured isolates employing the traditional NASA standard spore assay (NSA), which predominantly isolated spores. The 130 NSA isolates were represented by 16 bacterial genera, of which 97% were identified as spore-formers via Sanger sequencing. The most spatially abundant isolate was Bacillus subtilis, and the most temporally abundant spore-former was Virgibacillus panthothenticus. The 16S rRNA gene-targeted amplicon sequencing detected 51 additional genera not found in the NSA method. The amplicon sequencing of the samples treated with propidium monoazide (PMA), which would differentiate between viable and dead organisms, revealed a total of 54 genera: 46 viable non-spore forming genera and 8 viable spore forming genera in these samples. The microbial diversity generated by the amplicon sequencing corresponded to ~86% non-spore-formers and ~14% spore-formers. The most common spatially distributed genera were Sphinigobium, Geobacillus, and Bacillus whereas temporally distributed common genera were Acinetobacter, Geobacilllus, and Bacillus. Single-cell genomics detected 6 genera in the sample analyzed, with the most prominent being Acinetobacter. CONCLUSION This study clearly established that detecting spores via NSA does not provide a complete assessment for the cleanliness of spacecraft-associated environments since it failed to detect several PP-relevant genera that were only recovered via molecular methods. This highlights the importance of a methodological paradigm shift to appropriately monitor bioburden in cleanrooms for not only the aeronautical industry but also for pharmaceutical, medical industries, etc., and the need to employ molecular sequencing to complement traditional culture-based assays. Video abstract.
Cytochrome P450 ω-Hydroxylases in Inflammation and Cancer

Cytochrome P450-dependent ω-hydroxylation is a prototypic metabolic reaction of CYP4 family members that is important for the elimination and bioactivation of not only therapeutic drugs, but also endogenous compounds, principally fatty acids. Eicosanoids, derived from arachidonic acid, are key substrates in the latter category. Human CYP4 enzymes, mainly CYP4A11, CYP4F2, and CYP4F3B, hydroxylate arachidonic acid at the omega position to form 20-HETE, which has important effects in tumor progression and on angiogenesis and blood pressure regulation in the vasculature and kidney. CYP4F3A in myeloid tissue catalyzes the ω-hydroxylation of leukotriene B4 to 20-hydroxy leukotriene B4, an inactivation process that is critical for the regulation of the inflammatory response. Here, we review the enzymology, tissue distribution, and substrate selectivity of human CYP4 ω-hydroxylases and their roles as catalysts for the formation and termination of the biological effects of key eicosanoid metabolites in inflammation and cancer progression.
A Reversible Association of Bovine Carbonic Anhydrase with Milk Xanthine Oxidase

Bovine carbonic anhydrase (carbonate hydro-lyase, EC 4.2.1.1) was observed to act as a powerful competitive inhibitor of the reduction of cytochrome c by xanthine oxidase. Carbonic anhydrase did not compete with the substrates of xanthine oxidase or with electron acceptors other than cytochrome c. Ki for carbonic anhydrase was influenced by changes in dielectric constant, ionic strength, and pH in a manner which suggested that its interaction with xanthine oxidase was primarily based on electrostatic forces. Neither sulfonamide inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase nor the removal of zinc from carbonic anhydrase interfered with its ability to compete with cytochrome c, but heat denaturation completely destroyed its inhibitory capacity. A variety of proteins chosen at random were found unable to inhibit the reduction of cytochrome c by xanthine oxidase, and carbonic anhydrase did not inhibit the reduction of cytochrome c by microsomal reduced triphosphopyridine nucleotide-cytochrome c reductase. Human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase B did not substitute for the mixed bovine carbonic anhydrase. Ki for carbonic anhydrase was invariant with temperature in the range from 24.5° to 51°. The value of ΔF° for the association of carbonic anhydrase with xanthine oxidase was -11.7 kcal per mole, and the corresponding value of ΔS° was +59 e.u. per mole. The binding of 1 molecule of carbonic anhydrase appeared capable of preventing the binding of somewhat more than 1 molecule of cytochrome c to xanthine oxidase.
Effect of oxytocin on follicle-stimulating and luteinizing plasma concentrations in postmenopausal women.

Abstract A decrease in plasma follicle-stimulating hormone as determined by radioimmunoassay was observed following the intravenous administration of 10 I.U. of synthetic oxytocin. Luteinizing hormone concentrations as measured by radioimmunoassay were not affected in a consistently similar manner. The possible significance of these observations is discussed.
The Role of Network Processors in Active Networks

Network processors (NPs) implement a balance between hardware and software that addresses the demand of performance and programmability in active networks (AN). We argue that this makes them an important player in the implementation and deployment of ANs. Besides a general introduction into the relationship of NPs and ANs, we describe the power of this combination in a framework for secure and safe capsule-based active code. We also describe the advantages of offloading AN control point functionality into the NP and how to execute active code in the data path efficiently. Furthermore, the paper reports on experiences about implementing active networking concepts on the IBM PowerNP network processor.
Polymerization of α-ethylbenzyl chloride

α-Ethylbenzyl chloride was polymerized at −100° in ethylchloride with AlCl3 catalyst. The polymer obtained was crystalline with a melting point at about 95°C. A maximum degree of polymerization of approximately 80 was achieved within one hour, and longer reaction times caused a decrease in molecular weight and a narrowing of the molecular weight distribution. NMR analysis indicated that the polymer is highly stereoregular and, in analogy to poly-α-methylbenzyl, most likely isotactic.
Information Theoretic Approach for Knowledge Engineering and Intelligent Machines

Hierarchically Intelligent Control Systems are composed of three levels arranged according to the principle of Increasing Intelligence with Decreasing Precision. Their "intelligence" in performing and executing complex well-defined tasks is directly related to the derivation of a compatible measure that associates the intelligence of the higher levels with the precision of execution of the lower levels. Entropies, conditional entropies, and entropy-rates from n-dimensional information theory are concepts and measures well adapted for the study of these systems. A mathematical programming algorithm utilizing one step ahead entropies is used to approximate the optimal solution of the intelligent machine problem.
Inflation and Welfare in Retail Markets: Prior Production and Imperfectly Directed Search

This paper considers the effect of monetary policy and inflation on retail markets: goods are dated and produced prior to being retailed; buyers direct their search on price and general quality; buyers’ match-specific tastes are private information. Sellers set the same price for all buyers, some of whom do not value the good highly enough to buy it. The market economy is typically inefficient as a social planner would have the good consumed. Under free entry of sellers, the Friedman rule is optimal policy. When the upper bound on the number of participating sellers binds, moderate levels of inflation can be welfare improving.
Rapid, highly structured meridional winds and their modulation by non migrating tides: Measurements from the Streak mission

[1] Measurements of the Earth's low latitude thermosphere returned by the ionization gauge on the Streak mission are reported and discussed. The measurements are of the amount of gas rammed into the sensor by its passage through the thermospheric medium. They were obtained in the dusk sector in the altitude range 130–330 km and are shown to be strongly structured by the geomagnetic field. Similarities to the structure of the equatorial ionization anomaly are discussed. The structure is interpreted as being due to rapid (several hundred meters per second) meridional winds having an antisymmetric pattern with respect to the geomagnetic equator. The measurements are interpreted in light of results from other missions and are shown to fit well with ideas based on complementary measurements from the Dynamics Explorer 2 mission discussed as the Equatorial Temperature and Wind Anomaly. Several features of these winds are described and discussed, including their altitude dependence, how they form convection cells that extend to high latitude, and how the wind amplitudes vary with geographic longitude with an apparent wavenumber one variation. The latter characteristic is shown to be consistent with being the signature of tidal variations observed by others. Approximate calculations utilizing published values for the pertinent parameters are used to show that heating from the dissipation due to ion drag within the ionospheric F region is a dominant driver of the inferred winds.
First Measurement of the Atomic Electric Dipole Moment of Ra 225

Researchers have devised a new technique to look for evidence of a permanent electric dipole moment in atoms, which would signal new physics.
Flexible voice/data platforms for commercial aircrafts

The availability of new semiconductor technologies has resulted in numerous new services in commercial aircrafts that were unheard of as recent as five years ago. These services support the needs of providing airline with individual voice/data communications in addition to the standard services of entertainment. The ability for an airline passenger to establish air-to-ground voice communications, and/or to connect via a data port to the enterprise network or other on-ground network and exchange information at virtually all times has become a compelling need for many people. This paper describes the usage of advanced integrated communications controllers in applications that support or enhance the existing on-going efforts that provide each airline passenger with individual voice and data communication services to connect to any desired location, on a global basis.
Effects of histone acetylation on chromatin topology in vivo.

Abstract Recently a model for eukaryotic transcriptional activation has been proposed in which histone hyperacetylation causes release of nucleosomal supercoils, and this unconstrained tension in turn stimulates transcription (V. G. Norton, B. S. Imai, P. Yau, and E. M. Bradbury, Cell 57:449-457, 1989; V. G. Norton, K. W. Marvin, P. Yau, and E. M. Bradbury, J. Biol. Chem. 265:19848-19852, 1990). These studies analyzed the effect of histone hyperacetylation on the change in topological linking number which occurs during nucleosome assembly in vitro. We have tested this model by determining the effect of histone hyperacetylation on the linking number change which occurs during assembly in vivo. We find that butyrate treatment of cells infected with simian virus 40 results in hyperacetylation of the histones of the extracted viral minichromosome as expected. However, the change in constrained supercoils of the minichromosome DNA is minimal, a result which is inconsistent with the proposed model. These results indicate that the proposed mechanism of transcriptional activation is unlikely to take place in the cell.