cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An update on approaches to the development of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3) vaccines

Abstract RSV and PIV3 are responsible for about 30% of severe viral respiratory tract disease leading to hospitilization of infants and children. For this reason, there is a need to develop vaccines effective against these viruses. Since these viruses cause severe disease in early infancy, vaccines must be effective in the presence of maternal antibody. Currently, several strategies for immunization against these viruses are being explored including peptide vaccines, subunit vaccines, vectored vaccines (e.g., vaccinia-RSV or adenovirus-RSV recombinants), and live attenuated virus vaccines. The current status of these approaches is reviewed. In addition, the immunologic basis for the disease potentiation seen in vaccinees immunized with formalin-inactivated RSV during subsequent RSV infection is reviewed. The efficacy of immunization in the presence of maternal antibody is discussed. Much progress for a RSV and PIV3 vaccine has been made and successful immunization against each of these pathogens should be achieved within this decade.
Factors Regulated Nitrification in Primary and Secondary Succession

A six—point primary sere developed on sand dunes and a four—point secondary sere developed on old fields were studied to examine the regulation of nutrification in succession. Soils from sites along the seres were incubated in funnel—microlysimeters leached weekly with NH4Cl and other nutrient solutions. Nitrate output in soils from the youngest sites along the primary sere was rapidly simulated by NH4+—N additions. Nitrification in soils from all four sites of the secondary sere was also stimulated by added ammonium. Added NH4+—N had no effect on the last primary sere site; in this CaCO3 was the only treatment that stimulated potential nitrification. The possibility that labile inhibitors of nutrification were present in these sites was assessed by applying soil, litter, and whole—leaf washings, and whole—leaf and litter extracts to incubated soils. Soils amended with oxidizable carbon and pH—buffer solutions served as controls. Clear evidence for ecologically meaningful allelochemical inhibition of nitrification was found only in some subsites in the next—to—last site of the primary sere, which in previous incubations had had higher rates of nitrate production than any other site along this sere. No evidence for inhibition was found in the secondary sere. The effects of moisture and temperature on the rates of nutrification in these sites were also investigated. Results suggested that laboratory incubations may overestimate relative field rates of nutrification for early primary sere sites. Nitrification appears to be controlled by ammonium availability in at least the first four sites of the primary sere and perhaps the fifth. Allelochemical inhibition may also be important in this fifth site. A lag in nitrification that is counteracted by CaCO3 is an important regulator of nitrification in the last site. In the secondary sere NH4+—N availability appears to control nitrification in all sites.
On certain atomic integrals involving products of rij

Abstract The application of Fourier transform techniques has been used to reduce certain atomic integrals, involving products of r ij terms with Slater 1 s orbitals, to convenient forms for computation. Integrals of this type with the r ij products r 12 r 23 , r 12 r 23 r 34 , r 12 r 23 r 31 , r 12 r 23 r 31 r 34 , and r 12 r 23 r 34 r 41 have been treated in this paper.
Heterogeneous Propellant Combustion

Inearlierworkithasbeenshownthatspheresofvarioussizescanberandomlypackedtosimulatethemorphology ofammoniumperchlorate (AP)/binderheterogeneouspropellants.Amodelisnowformulated in whichpropellants dee nedinthiswaycanbeburnt,allowingforcompletecouplingbetweenthegas-phasephysics,thecondensed-phase physics, and the unsteady nonuniform regression of the propellant surface. The gas-phase kinetics is represented by a two-step model with parameters e tted to experimental data for the one-dimensional combustion of pure AP and the one-dimensional combustion of a e ne-AP/binder blend. In the discussion of the pure AP e ts, the issue of intrinsic instabilities arises, and these are explored using nonlinear direct numerical simulation and a numerical linear-stability strategy. Results for two-dimensional heterogeneous burning show that surface regions where the AP and binder can mix regress more rapidly than those dominated by AP; local extinction can occur where the binder dominates. Time variations in the integrated e ux-based equivalence ratio are shown to be large. Variations in the average burning rate with pressure are consistent with the (three-dimensional ) experimental record. Nomenclature cp = specie c heat D1;2 = reaction rate constants dj = diameter of the jth particle class E = activation energy f = surface function M = mass e ux Nj = number in the jth particle class n1;2 = pressure exponents in the reaction rates
VENTILATORY MECHANICS AND STRENGTH IN SUBJECTS PARALYZED AFTER POLIOMYELITIS.

SUMMARY A study was made of the restrictive defect of lower motor neurone respiratory disease to aid in understanding the difference of this physiologic dysfunction from obstructive defects and from other types of restrictive defects such as those due to pulmonary fibrosis or to pneumonectomy. The timed vital capacity expressed as a percentage of the patients' own vital capacity was found to be within normal limits in these patients in contrast to obstructive dysfunction where the reduction is disproportionately greater than the reduction in vital capacity, and in contrast to other types of restrictive dysfunction where the reductions are more nearly equal. Thus this timed vital capacity was distinctly more helpful than the maximal breathing capacity which is usually much reduced. The maximal mid-tidal inspiratory and expiratory maximal pressures were markedly decreased in the severely involved patients studied here; use of a "calibrated leak" while determining these maximal pressures was found helpful also in estimating the respiratory "effort" made by the patient. The finding that passive deflations tended to be of more "laminar" type in paralyzed patients than in normal subjects was discussed and the finding of Ferris and Beals confirmed as to the high respiratory elastance (low compliance) and normal respiratory resistance in this disease.
Local Cerebral Glucose Utilization During Development and Aging of the Fischer-344 Rat

: Local cerebral glucose utilization was measured in brain regions of awake Fischer-344 rats. Measurements were taken in 15 regions of 1-month-old rats, and 19 regions of 3-, 12-, 24-, and 34-month-old rats. Between 1 and 3 months, glucose utilization tended to increase in all brain regions; statistically significant increases occurred in seven regions. Between the ages of 3 and 12 months, glucose utilization decreased significantly in 12 regions. The greatest reductions (25% or more) occurred in the striatum, inferior colliculus, and pons, but the hypothalamus and thalamus, nucleus accumbens, and septum showed no statistically significant change. Cerebral glucose utilization did not change between 12 and 24 months or between 24 and 34 months of age. The results demonstrate a rise in cerebral glucose utilization with development from 1 to 3 months, a decline between 3 and 12 months, and a constancy in the second and third years that does not reflect reported senescence-associated neurochemical and morphological cerebral changes.
Hydrogen reduction studies of members of the system MgFe2−xCrxO4

Abstract Members of the system MgFe 2−x Cr x O 4 with x = 0, 0.22, and 0.4 were prepared and were reduced in hydrogen at 450°C for various times up to 80 hours. The stability of these phases in a hydrogen atmosphere is compared to the reducibility of pure Fe 2 O 3 under comparable conditions and the reduction products are studied by x-ray analysis.
Role of non-governmental organizations in combating illegal wildlife–pet trade in Peru

Abstract Illegal trade in wild animals for pets is a global conservation and animal-welfare concern. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) with different philosophical perspectives toward wildlife work to decrease illegal trade at international and national levels. Our objective was to examine the efforts of conservation and animal-welfare NGOs working to decrease illegal wildlife–pet trade for domestic markets in Peru. We identified 28 NGOs potentially engaged in reducing the trade, and conducted semi-structured interviews with ≥1 representative from each (N = 33 interviews). Only five NGOs, each with a strong dual-perspective toward wildlife that prioritized both wildlife populations and individual wild animals, demonstrated high effort to decrease illegal wildlife–pet trade. These dual-perspective NGOs incorporated anti-trade efforts in all four work categories we identified (i.e., outreach, advocacy, development, and husbandry). Using thematic analysis of interview transcripts, we determined that dual-perspective interviewees were motivated to combat the trade by concern for individual animals and populations—in essence, their moral pluralism. Overall, interviewees considered the government lax with enforcement of wildlife legislation. Interview data suggest that the dual-perspective NGOs’ persistent efforts have decreased illegal wildlife–pet trade in two regions of Peru. We recommend that stakeholders and governments searching for collaborators to help curb illegal trade consider approaching NGOs with programs involving conservation of wildlife populations and individual wild animal welfare. We urge the scientific community to evaluate the effectiveness of strategies under different ecological and socio-economic conditions to assist on-the-ground efforts to decrease illegal wildlife–pet trade.
Efficacy of Benzocaine as an Anesthetic for Sahnonid Fishes

Abstract Benzocaine was tested in the laboratory to determine the effective concentrations for anesthetizing juvenile chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and rainbow trout O. mykiss (formerly Salmo gairdneri). Tests were conducted at three water temperatures, in waters ranging from very soft to very hard, and with groups of rainbow trout from 5 to 47 cm long and chinook salmon 20 cm long. Effective concentrations were defined as those that rendered the fish fully handleable in 3 min or less, allowed recovery of most fish within 10 min, and caused no mortality after 15-min exposures. Concentrations of 25–45 mg/L anesthetized both species over the entire range of conditions tested. Although efficacy was essentially unrelated to species or water quality, it was related to water temperature and size offish; the concentrations of benzocaine required were highest at the lowest water temperatures and for the largest fish.
Ventricular tachycardia in healing canine myocardial infarction: Evidence for multiple reentrant mechanisms

Prior studies have demonstrated that unimorphic VT, sometimes due to epicardial reentry, can be induced in healing canine MI; however, the characterization of the types of reentry involved has differed among prior studies. The purpose of this study was to further characterize the spectrum of epicardial reentrant circuits during induced VT in experimental canine MI. Experimental MI was created by total occlusion of the LAD in dogs. Five days later, programmed stimulation was used to induce VT, which was mapped on the epicardium using a combination of vector and isochronal techniques. Pathological analysis was used to determine regions of transmural MI. Epicardial reentrant circuits were identified in eight dogs. The mean cycle length of induced VT was 212 +/- 32 ms. In 3 of 8 experiments, a region of transmural MI was present, which formed at least a portion of a central zone of block around which reentrant impulses circulated. In five experiments, reentry was functional in nature, although the characteristics of the region of functional conduction block were variable. Long lines of functional block, short lines of block with slow conduction transverse to fiber orientation, and leading circle reentry were each observed in different experiments. Although a zone of slow conduction was identified in seven of the experiments, slow conduction transverse to fiber orientation appeared crucial in maintaining reentry in only three experiments. Multiple reentrant mechanisms of VT may be present in this single canine infarction model. Although a zone of slow conduction is usually present, the characteristics of the region of block are highly variable. However, epicardial reentry accounted for only a minority of induced arrhythmia episodes.
Sorbitol, myo-inositol and sodium-potassium ATPase in diabetic peripheral nerve.

Slowing of nerve conduction, a hallmark of both experimental and human diabetic neuropathy, is improved or corrected by aldose reductase inhibitors such as sorbinil Animal experiments suggest that a myo-inositol-related defect in nerve sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) is responsible for the acute reversible slowing of nerve conduction in diabetes mellitus. This myo-inositol-related defect is at present viewed as a cyclic metabolic defect. Aldose reductase inhibitors have been shown to restore to normal both the myo-inositol content and the sodium-potassium ATPase activity of nerve. This suggests that the acute effects of aldose-reductase inhibitors on nerve conduction in both diabetic animals and human patients may be modified by the correction of an underlying myo-inositol-related defect of nerve sodium-potassium ATPase. Furthermore, this myoinositol-related defect may contribute to other biochemical, functional and structural abnormalities of diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
Hemodynamic changes mimicking a vasodilator drug response in the absence of drug therapy after right heart catheterization in patients with chronic heart failure.

We suspected that patients with severe chronic heart failure may show hemodynamic changes after cardiac catheterization in the absence of drug therapy that could complicate assessment of the hemodynamic effects of new vasodilator and inotropic agents. To evaluate this phenomenon prospectively, hemodynamic variables were measured in 21 patients with heart failure 30 min and 2, 6, 24, and (in 12 patients) 48 hr after right heart catheterization, during which time therapy was not altered. During the first 2 hr we noted a significant increase in cardiac index and decreases in left ventricular filling pressure, mean arterial pressure, mean right atrial pressure, and systemic vascular resistance (p less than .01); a further decline in left ventricular filling pressure was noted over the next 24 hr, after which all hemodynamic variables remained stable. The magnitude of these hemodynamic changes resembled the effects of many established vasodilator drugs and was further enhanced after meals. These data indicate that hemodynamic improvement may be observed without any therapeutic intervention during the course of invasive studies in patients with severe chronic heart failure; such changes may lead investigators to attribute efficacy to ineffective drug therapy. To minimize the occurrence of such responses, we recommend that intravascular catheters be inserted the day before drug evaluation and that hemodynamic measurements be made with patients in a postprandial state.
Chemokine and chemokine receptor expression during colony stimulating factor-1-induced osteoclast differentiation in the toothless osteopetrotic rat: a key role for CCL9 (MIP-1γ) in osteoclastogenesis in vivo and in vitro

Osteoclasts differentiate from hematopoietic precursors under systemic and local controls. Chemokines and receptors direct leukocyte traffic throughout the body and may help regulate site-specific bone resorption. We investigated bone gene expression in vivo during rapid osteoclast differentiation induced by colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1) in Csf1-null toothless (tl/tl) rats. Long-bone RNA from CSF-1–treated tl/tl rats was analyzed by high-density microarray over a time course. TRAP (tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase)–positive osteoclasts appeared on day 2, peaked on day 4, and decreased slightly on day 6, as marrow space was expanding. TRAP and cathepsin K mRNA paralleled the cell counts. We examined all chemokine and receptor mRNAs on the arrays. CCL9 was strongly induced and peaked on day 2, as did its receptor, CCR1, and regulatory receptors c-Fms (CSF-1 receptor) and RANK (receptor activator of nuclear factor κB). Other chemokines and receptors showed little or no significant changes. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry revealed CCL9 in small, immature osteoclasts on day 2 and in mature cells at later times. Anti-CCL9 antibody inhibited osteoclast differentiation in culture and significantly suppressed the osteoclast response in CSF-1–treated tl/tl rats. While various chemokines have been implicated in osteoclastogenesis in vitro, this first systematic analysis of chemokines and receptors during osteoclast differentiation in vivo highlights the key role of CCL9 in this process.
Non-thermal plasma-assisted NOx reduction over alkali and alkaline earth ion exchanged Y, FAU zeolites

Abstract The catalytic activities of a series of alkali and alkaline earth cation exchanged Y, FAU zeolites were investigated in the non-thermal plasma-assisted NO x reduction reaction using a simulated diesel engine exhaust gas mixture. The catalytic activity of the Y, FAU zeolite showed significant variations with both the nature of the charge compensating cation, and the method of catalyst preparation. Our results show that conventional multiple solution ion exchange is insufficient to prepare the most active catalyst for the given cationic form. The highest NO x conversion level was achieved over a Ba-Y, FAU which was prepared by a multiple ion exchange method, in which each solution ion exchange step was followed by a high temperature calcination. A systematic change in the catalytic activity was observed as a function of the charge density around the charge compensating cation. For both catalyst series (alkali and alkaline earth ion exchanged Y, FAU), the specific activity decreased with increasing electrostatic field around the charge compensating cation. The large difference in the NO x reduction activity at a given e / r ratio, however, may suggest different reaction mechanisms for the two sets of catalysts. Indeed, there is a noticeable difference in the product distribution (selectivity) for the alkali and alkaline earth series of catalysts. Our results also reveal that extreme care must be taken when catalytic activities are compared for seemingly similar materials. We found that two base zeolite materials with identical Si/Al ratios, obtained from the same manufacturer but from different synthesis batches show significantly different catalytic behavior.
Digital capture for automated scanner workflows

The use of scanners and other capture devices to incorporate film- and paper-based materials into digital workflows is an important part of "digital convergence", or the bringing of paper-based and electronic documents together into the same electronic workflows. The diversity of captured information-from text and mixed-type documents to photos, negatives, slides and transparencies-requires a combination of document analysis techniques to perform, automatically, the segmentation, classification and workflow assignment of the scanned images. We herein present technologies that provide fast ( 95% job accuracy) capture solutions for all of these input content types. These solutions offer near real-time capture that provides automated workflow capabilities to a repertoire of scanning hardware: scanners, all-in-one devices, copiers and multifunctional printers. The techniques used to categorize the documents, perform zoning analysis on the documents, and then perform closed loop quality assurance on the documents are presented.
A Test of Transmission/Disequilibrium for Quantitative Traits in Pedigree Data, by Multiple Regression

The transmission/disequilibrium (TD) test (TDT), proposed, by Spielman et al., for binary traits is a powerful method for detection of linkage between a marker locus and a disease locus, in the presence of allelic association. As a test for linkage disequilibrium, the TDT makes the assumption that any allelic association present is due to linkage. Allison proposed a series of TD-type tests for quantitative traits and calculated their power, assuming that the marker locus is the disease locus. All these tests assume that the observations are independent, and therefore they are applicable, as a test for linkage, only for nuclear-family data. In this report, we propose a regression-based TD-type test for linkage between a marker locus and a quantitative trait locus, using information on the parent-to-offspring transmission status of the associated allele at the marker locus. This method does not require independence of observations, thus allowing for analysis of pedigree data as well, and allows adjustment for covariates. We investigate the statistical power and validity of the test by simulating markers at various recombination fractions from the disease locus.
Catecholamine-containing neurons in cultures of fetal rat hypothalamus: distribution, morphology, and maturation.

The distribution, morphology, and maturation of catecholamine (CA) neurons have been studied in hypothalamic explants from late-gestation rats. CA-containing neurons were identified using the glyoxylic acid technique. CA-containing processes were present from all hypothalamic areas except the preoptic region. Several fiber types were identified. CA neurons in vitro resemble CA neurons in adult hypothalamus. This tissue culture system may be useful in the study of a number of properties of hypothalamic CA neurons.
Developmental disorders of vision

This review of developmental disorders of vision focuses on a few of the many disorders that disrupt visual development. Given the enormity of the human visual system in the primate brain and complexity of visual development, however, there are likely hundreds or thousands of potential types of disorders affecting high-level vision. The rapid progress seen in developmental dyslexia and Williams syndrome demonstrates the possibilities and difficulties inherent in researching such disorders, and the authors hope that similar progress will be made for congenital prosopagnosia and other disorders in the near future.
Handling intrusion and DDoS attacks in Software Defined Networks using machine learning techniques

Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is an emerging concept that intends to replace traditional networks by breaking vertical integration. It does so by separating the control logic of network from the underlying switches and routers, suggesting logical centralization of network control, and allowing to program the network. Although SDN promises more flexible network management, there are numerous security threats accompanied with its deployment. This paper aims at studying SDN accompanied with OpenFlow protocol from the perspective of intrusion and Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks and suggest machine learning based techniques for mitigation of such attacks.
The effects of taxing foreign investment income

During the last U.S. Presidential campaign, the choice of a system for taxing the foreign source income of U.S.-based corporations re-emerged as an important policy issue. Currently, the U.S. system allows a credit against the firm’s corporate income tax liability for taxes paid to foreign governments.’ A major change in the total tax liability of U.S. firms would result from the acceptance of proposals to replace the tax credit by a tax deduction. Previous attempts in Congress to so modify the current tax treatment of multinational firms have met with little success despite the efforts of organized labor and the support given by economists’ studies. One reason for the attention focused on foreign investment taxation is the feeling of many experts that a higher tax can increase U.S. national income.’ Also of major importance in debates over U.S. tax policy is the assumption of most participants that higher taxation of foreign source income, tending to restrict capital outflows, will raise the return to labor at the expense of capital in addition to the gain to labor expected from the increase in national income. Since the debate has now reopened, it is important to examine the generality of conditions under which these conclusions hold. It is particularly interesting that, despite a voluminous literature demonstrating that an abundance of capital in the U.S. is not a major determinant of foreign investment, the studies which have gained major attention in the debate on taxation treat the multinational firm as simply a
Vitellogenesis in the Fruit Fly, Drosophila melanogaster: Antagonists Demonstrate that the PLC, IP3/DAG, PK-C Pathway is Triggered by Calmodulin

In Drosophila melanogaster M. (Diptera: Drosophilidae), a phospholipase-C to proteininase-C signal cascade leads to the endocytic uptake of yolk precursor molecules. The data suggest that D. melanogaster has a phospholipase-C/proteinkinase-C signaling pathway similar to that previously shown to be required for vitellogenesis in the milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus Dallas (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae). Calmodulin, derived from epithelial cells and transported to the oocytes via gap junctions, may trigger this pathway. To investigate this, a series of known antagonists to various elements of the pathway were used. W-7 (which prevents calmodulin binding to phospholipase-C), U-73122 (which prevents activation of phospholipase-C), verapamil (which blocks Ca(2+) release by IP3), HAG (which blocks diacylglycerol), and staurosporine (which inactivates proteinkinase-C) were each shown to inhibit endocytosis, thereby blocking formation of nascent yolk spheres.
On Absorbance Measurements in Spatially Inhomogeneous Fields

The measured absorbance of a spatially inhomogeneous sample may be strongly affected by the relative spatial distribution of the absorbing medium and the optical beam. The measured absorbance is, in general, not the average of local absorbances across the beam, except when the maximum range of local absorbance values across the entire field is small (<0.1 AU). The measured transmittance of an optically inhomogeneous field is equal to the average transmitance only if incident intensity is everywhere uniform. The general problem is outlined and is illustrated by examples of transient spectroelectrochemical experiments monitoring the time course of reactant consumption or product generation as they traverse a thin optical beam parallel to the electrode.
Second language acquisition and CS1

This paper presents an empirical study of the relative effectiveness of two teaching methods used in CS1 classrooms. While the teaching methods are nothing new, the results of the study are an important contribution to the body of computer science education literature. The research design should also be of interest in that it demonstrates how statistical significance can be achieved with a relatively small sample by using the naturally occurring groups that we have as course sections.The teaching methods studied here were having students write programming assignments from scratch versus having them add to or modify existing well-written, well-documented programs. The results are perhaps not surprising. After controlling for certain factors, the statistical analysis showed that students who added to program templates as programming assignments scored better on the comprehensive examination and had higher overall course averages than their counter parts who wrote programs from scratch. This idea is firmly based in cognitive psychology and teachers of language use a similar method extensively. Reading increases vocabulary, aids in concept retention, and improves writing skill.
Regenerative multipass beam breakup in two dimensions

In this paper, a formula, describing the threshold of regenerative multipass beam breakup (BBU) for a single dipole higher-order mode with arbitrary polarization in a two-pass accelerator with a general-form, $4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}4$ recirculation matrix, is derived. A new two-dimensional BBU code is also introduced. To illustrate specifics of the BBU in two dimensions, the formula is used to calculate the threshold in several cases including two-dimensional uncoupled optics, reflecting optics, and rotating optics. The analytical results are compared to results of simulations obtained with the new code. A mathematical relation between transfer matrices between cavities of the accelerating structure and recirculation matrices for each cavity, which must be satisfied in order to successfully suppress the BBU by reflection or rotation in several cavities, is presented.
Review of Water chemistry by Mark M. Benjamin

Aquatic Chemistry by Strumm and Morgan is a standard text in this field and as such is an excellent book. For undergraduates, however, it may be too advanced for use as a first textbook. Dr. Benjamin has attempted to address that problem in his work. Water Chemistry starts with an overview of some physical/ chemical concepts. This chapter could be extremely useful to students who have had their last chemistry course well before taking a course in water chemistry. Chapter 2 discusses chemical thermodynamics in some depth. The author prides himself on providing more than basic coverage of this subject. He argues that students have problems with thermodynamics due to texts not going into the subject in sufficient detail. Chapters 3–5 and 7–10 apply the concepts that were introduced in the first two chapters to specific types of chemical reactions. Chapter 6 discusses currently available software which can be used to solve chemical equilibrium problems. Dr. Benjamin avoids recommending specific software packages, but does prefer the MINEQL family of programs. Intended as an undergraduate textbook, Water Chemistry could also be used by professionals wanting an understanding of chemical processes related to water and wastewater treatment. The book is readable and logically organized. Chapters 1 and 2 may be more useful to students than to professionals already familiar with the more basic concepts covered there. There is an index at the back of the book. Appendix A has thermodynamic data and equilibrium constants. Equations used throughout the book are compiled in Appendix B. Each equation given is referenced to the text in which it is presented in the main body of the book. This allows you to find an equation easily. It also allows you to quickly read how and where that equation should be applied. This section would be particularly useful to professionals who need quick access to practical information on the job. Dr. Benjamin has done an outstanding job of taking a difficult subject and making it accessible to undergraduates and others looking for a basic understanding of water chemistry.
Analysis of cell wall sugars in the pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus and the saprophyte Aspergillus nidulans

Sugars from cell walls of Aspergillus fumi- gatus and Aspergillus nidulans were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. The walls of both fungi contain similar levels of glucose, galactose, and mannose. A. fumigatus walls contain 50% less N- acetylglucosamine than A. nidulans walls. In addi- tion, N-acetylgalactosamine is present at low levels in the walls of A. fumigatus and absent in the walls of A. nidulans.
Corticotropin releasing hormone stimulation test and nocturnal cortisol levels in normal children.

ABSTRACT: This study examined hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning in a group (n = 25) of very carefully screened normal children with considerable attention to issues of adaptation and procedural stress. The subjects (mean age 10.3 ± 1.6 y) were selected as “supernormal” controls as a part of a large psychobiologic study of childhood depression. After careful acclimatization over 24 h, the subjects underwent all-night sampling of plasma cortisol every 20 min, then the following evening had a corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) stimulation test (using human CRH). Human CRH resulted in a rapid stimulation of adrenocorticotropin and cortisol. Adrenocorticotropin levels increased from 6.8 ± 3.5 (± SD) pmoI/L (30.7 ± 16.1 pg/dL) to a peak of 11.6 ± 5.5 pmol/L (52.9 ± 24.8 pg/mL) at 15 min with return to baseline levels by 60 min. Cortisol levels increased from 131.4 ± 59.7 nmol/ L (4.8 ± 2.2 Mg/dL) to a peak of 427.0 ± 113.5 nmol/L (15.5 ± 4.1 Mg/dL) at 30 min with return to baseline by 120 min. The cortisol peak was significantly greater (p < 0.05) in boys [474.6 ± 129.7 nmol/L (17.2 ± 4.7 ng/dL)] than in girls [366.9 ± 52.4 nmol/L (13.3 ± 1.9 ng/dL, p < 0.05)]. Age, body mass index, and pubertal status were not significantly related to hypothalmic-pituitary-adrenal axis measures. Nocturnal cortisol reached a nadir at 160 ± 60 min after sleep onset (0102 h) and a peak 480 ± 60 min after sleep onset (0612 h). Nocturnal cortisol levels were significantly (positively) correlated with human CRH-stimulated cortisol (r = 0.56, p = 0.004). There was also significant correlation between sleep continuity and nocturnal cortisol (Spearman rho = −0.55, p = 0.005) and between sleep continuity and human CRH-stimulated cortisol (Spearman rho = −0.53, p = 0.008). These significant correlations across different stress measures indicate the importance of individual (subject) differences in patterns of stress response. These results also highlight the need to consider procedural, subjective, and psychologic factors when conducting tests measuring stress hormone levels in children.
Adaptive Tracker Field-of-View Variation Via Multiple Model Filtering

Adaptive estimation using multiple model filtering is investigated as a means of changing the field of view as well as the bandwidth of an infrared image tracker when target acceleration can vary over a wide range. The multiple models are created by tuning filters for best performance at differing conditions of exhibited target behavior and differing physical size of their respective fields of view. Probabilistically weighted averaging provides the adaptation mechanism. Each filter involves online identification of the target shape function, so that this algorithm can be used against ill-defined and/or multiple-hot-spot targets. When each individual filter has the form of an enhanced correlator/linear Kalman filter, computational loading is very low. In contrast, an extended Kalman filter processing the raw infrared data directly and assuming a nonlinear constant turn-rate dynamics model provides superior tracking capability, especially for harsh maneuvers, at the cost of a larger computational burden.
Power quality enhancement by coordinated operation of thyristor switched capacitor and optimal reclosing of circuit breakers

This study proposes a new method of power quality enhancement by using the combined operation of thyristor switched capacitor (TSC) and optimal reclosing of circuit breakers in a multi-machine power network. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method, its performance is compared with that of the combined operation of thyristor-controlled braking resistor (TCBR) and optimal reclosing of circuit breakers. The total kinetic energy-based optimal reclosing method is considered. To analyse the effectiveness of the proposed technique, the IEEE nine-bus power system model is considered. Both balanced and unbalanced temporary and permanent faults at different locations in the power system model are considered. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed TSC together with the optimal reclosing method performs well. Moreover, the performance of the proposed method is better than that of the combination of TCBR and the optimal reclosing method.
Molybdenum and Tungsten Contents of Five CRPG and Eight ANRT Geochemical Reference Materials

Mo and W have been determined in five CRPG and eight ANRT geochemical reference samples by spectrophotometric - zinc dithiol procedures. Although data are lacking for adequate comparisons on most samples, our data for tungsten in GIT-IWG MA-N and GIT-IWG BE-N are very near the presently proposed values.
Seepage into drifts with mechanical degradation

Seepage into drifts in unsaturated tuff is an important issue for the long-term performance of the potential nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Drifts in which waste packages will potentially be emplaced are subject to degradation in the form of rockfall from the drift ceiling induced by stress relief, seismic, or thermal effects. The objective of this study is to calculate seepage rates for various drift-degradation scenarios and for different values of percolation flux for the Topopah Spring middle nonlithophysal (Tptpmn) and the Topopah Spring lower lithophysal (Tptpll) units. Seepage calculations are conducted by (1) defining a heterogeneous permeability model on the drift scale that is consistent with field data, (2) selecting calibrated parameters associated with the Tptpmn and Tptpll units, and (3) simulating seepage on detailed degraded-drift profiles, which were obtained from a separate rock mechanics engineering analysis. The simulation results indicate (1) that the seepage threshold (i.e., the percolation flux at which seepage first occurs) is not significantly changed by drift degradation, and (2) the degradation-induced increase in seepage above the threshold is influenced more by the shape of the cavity created by rockfall than the rockfall volume.
Biclonal and hypodiploid multiple myeloma

Plasma cell DNA and RNA content was measured by flow cytometry of acridine orange-stained bone marrow cells from 72 untreated patients with multiple myeloma. Biclonal or hypodiploid DNA stemlines were identified in 10 patients, nine of whom had a low RNA content and did not have response to chemotherapy. Biclonal tumors often showed atypical myeloma protein changes with chemotherapy, suggesting that one clone was reduced whereas the other remained unchanged. These findings suggest a genetic basis for the resistance of low RNA tumors to chemotherapy.
Rules of thumb: British history and ‘imperial culture’ in nineteenth and twentieth-century Britain1

Abstract This paper examines the traditions of both British imperial and British domestic historiography and calls for a re-mapping of both so that the so-called separate spheres of ‘home’ and ‘away’ may be brought back into the same fields of debate. Its central claim is that imperial ideology and its effects were not phenomena ‘out there’. Empire was not a singular place; nor did ‘home’ exist in isolation from it. In spite of the polarization, which has been characteristic of their historiographies, their relationship was dialectic rather than dichotomous. These insights, while derived in part from new trends inside British history itself, owe both their theoretical rigor and their self-avowedly political concerns to post-colonial and feminist historiographical work, which together insist on the desacralization of ‘Britain’ proper.
Capacity considerations for multiplexed holographic optical data storage

The capacity of volume holographic data storage depends on the multiplexing efficiency of input holographic data arrays or pages. We compare this page-packing capacity of two common approaches: angle, and wavelength multiplexing. For maximal page packing the angular separation between the reference and signal beam incidence in the angle and wavelength multiplexing methods should be 90 degree(s) and 180 degree(s), respectively. We find that in these optimal arrangements both methods can multiplex a similar number of paraxial data-page signals, which is comparable to conceptual storage capacity limits derived from considerations of resolution in three-dimensions. In practice, the high number of multiplexed data pages predicted here will be compromised by material-related noise sources.
Reorganization of tropical climate during El Niño : A weak temperature gradient approach

Abstract The applicability of a weak temperature gradient (WTG) formulation for the reorganization of tropical climate during El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events is investigated. This idealized dynamical framework solves for the divergent portion of the tropical circulation by assuming a spatially homogeneous perturbation temperature profile and a mass balance constraint applied over the tropical belt. An intermediate-level complexity model [the Quasi-Equilibrium Tropical Circulation Model (QTCM)] configured with the WTG assumptions is used to simulate El Nino conditions and is found to yield an appropriate level of tropospheric warming, a plausible pattern of precipitation anomalies in the tropical Pacific source region of El Nino, and a gross precipitation deficit over the Tropics outside the Pacific (hereafter the “remote Tropics”). Additional tests of the WTG framework with La Nina forcing conditions and enhanced greenhouse gas concentrations support its applicability. However, the ENSO respons...
Linear Programming and Response Surface Methodology to Optimize Surimi Gel Texture

A formulation optimization study was conducted on surimi gels prepared with starch, and/or raw egg white employing the stepwise method (SM), linear programming (LP), and response surface methodology (RSM). At 78% moisture, the greatest gel strengthening and reduction of expressible moisture occurred at 8% starch, 6% egg white, or a combination of 5% starch and 5% egg white for SM, 5.33% starch and 4.33% egg white for LP, and 3.5% starch and 5% egg white for RSM. RSM resulted in gels with the greatest strength (compressive and penetration forces), followed by LP and SM. The RSM enabled more accurate prediction of textural behavior of final product at various ingredient combinations than the SM or LP.
Social Stratification and Political Power

Contemporary studies of political power have often been based on the belief that the major determinants in the struggle for power may be ascertained by analyzing the social stratification of a society. This belief is supported by the following series of more or less tacit assumptions: The ideas and actions of men are conditioned by their social and economic position in society. When large number of individuals occupy a comparable social position, they may be expected to think and act alike. They are likely to share social and economic interests which are promoted—in competition or conflict with other social groups—through political organization and interest-representation. Hence, a study of politics should be concerned with the social composition of the members and leaders of different political organizations; this kind of knowledge will provide a clue to the power which such organizations can exert and to the political goals which their leaders are likely to pursue.I wish to examine the relation between stratification and politics in four respects:(1) How did Marx deal with the problem of social stratification and political power?(2) What insight into the relation between stratification and politics can be gained from retrospective investigations?(3) Does a knowledge of social stratification enable us to understand the development of totalitarian movements and their conquest of power?
Assessing the Effects of Families for Safe Dates, a Family-Based Teen Dating Abuse Prevention Program

Abstract Purpose To examine the effects of a family-based teen dating abuse prevention program, Families for Safe Dates , primarily on outcomes related to testing the conceptual underpinnings of the program including (1) factors motivating and facilitating caregiver engagement in teen dating abuse prevention activities, and 2) risk factors for teen dating abuse, and secondarily on dating abuse behaviors. Methods Families were recruited nationwide using listed telephone numbers. Caregivers and teens completed baseline and 3-month follow-up telephone interviews (n = 324). Families randomly allocated to treatment condition received the Families for Safe Dates program including six mailed activity booklets followed-up by health educator telephone calls. Results There were significant ( Conclusions Modifications to the program are warranted, but overall, the findings are very favorable for the first family-based teen dating abuse prevention program to be evaluated.
Diffusion of dissolved carbonate in magmas: Experimental results and applications

The diffusivity of dissolved carbonate in sodium aluminosilicate (60% SiO2, 30% Na2O, 10% Al2O3) and iron-free “basalt” melts was measured by a 14C thin-source tracer technique at conditions of combined high temperature and high pressure, ranging from 800°C to 1350°C and 0.5 to 18 kbar for the simple melt and 1350° to 1500°C at 15 kbar for the haplobasalt melt. The two melts have similar dissolved carbonate transport properties, expressed for the simple system at 0.5 kbar by: Dcarbonate=3.559exp(−46,600/RT) The pressure dependence at 1200°C is given by: Dcarbonate=4.13×10−7exp(−11.02P/RT) The activation energy of 46.6 kcal/mole is low relative to expected values for small, highly-charged cations, suggesting that the actual diffusing species is a larger carbonate anion. This interpretation is supported by the 11 cm3/mole activation volume, which corresponds to twice the molar volume of oxygen anions. Because the 14C diffusion gradients conform quite well to a constant-diffusivity, thin-source model, there can be no strong dependence of carbonate diffusivity upon dissolved carbonate content, at least in the 0–0.2 wt.% range represented by the experimental profiles. Carbonate diffusion is markedly different from previously determined systematics for water, being 1–2 orders of magnitude slower in granitic magmas and considerably faster in basalts. This difference can result in diffusional fractionation of CO2 and H2O in magmas, which may be most significant in small-scale processes such as growth of vapor bubbles and formation of some types of glass inclusions in phenocrysts. The new data also place constraints on the rate at which CO2-dominated fluid bubbles can actually grow. Under more or less isothermal conditions at ∼ 10 kbar, the growth rate is on the order of 1 mm/day, depending upon the degree of supersaturation in CO2. When combined with knowledge of initial CO2 contents of magmas and observed characteristics of dispersed bubbles (e.g., in ocean-floor basalt glasses), the diffusivity data may expedite the reconstruction of magma decompression paths.
Time domain beam loading studies of the booster and AGS

The authors summarize a study of transient beam loading of the AGS (Alternating Gradient Synchrotron) accelerating cavities due to the injection of a triad (three bunches) from the booster/accumulator into the AGS orbit. The analysis is extended to include the injection of three additional booster pulses. A summary of the time progression of the beam-induced phase shifts and energy transfer due to the sequential injection of 1, 2, 3, and 4 booster pulses is presented and tabulated. >
Applying TAM to e-services adoption: the moderating role of perceived risk

Consumer adoption of e-services is an important goal for many service providers, however little is known about how different consumer segments perceive and evaluate them for adoption. The technology acceptance model (TAM) explains information systems evaluation and adoption, however the Internet-delivered e-services context presents additional variance that requires supplemental measures to be added to TAM. This research extends TAM to include a perceived usage risk main effect and also tested whether perceived risk moderated several of TAM's relationships. Results indicate that higher levels of perceived risk deflated ease of user's effect and inflated subjective norm's effect on perceived usefulness and adoption intention.