cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The development and evaluation of a thermally-desorbable miniature passive dosimeter for the monitoring of organic vapors.

A thermally desorbable passive dosimeter for organic vapors has been developed in conformity with theoretical and practical aspects of passive dosimeter design. The device was optimized for low sample loadings which result from short-term and/or low concentration level exposure. Laboratory evaluation of this device for factors critical to the performance of passive dosimeters included the following: desorption efficiency, capacity, sensitivity, accuracy and precision, concentration level, environmental conditions (e.g., air face velocity, relative humidity) and sample stability during short and long periods of time. This device has been shown to operate in accordance with theoretically predicted performance and should be adequate for short-term exposure limits and/or low concentration monitoring of organic vapors in the workplace.
Immunocytochemical localization of androgen receptors in human skin using monoclonal antibodies against the androgen receptor

Androgen receptors were localized in cryostat sections of human skin using monoclonal antibodies to the human androgen receptor. Bound antibodies were detected using biotinylated rabbit anti-rat IgG, peroxidase-conjugated streptavidin, and diaminobenzidine as chromogen. In the neonatal foreskin, antibody to androgen receptor bound to keratinocytes in the epidermis and to fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells in the dermis. Immunohistochemical staining was stronger in nuclei than in cytoplasm. This staining was specific, because there was no significant staining when antibody to the androgen receptor was replaced with IgG from nonimmunized rats or with buffer, or when antibody to androgen receptor was incubated, prior to immunostaining, with a trp E-human androgen-receptor fusion protein used as immunogen. Incubation of androgen receptor antibody with trp E alone did not affect staining. Androgen-receptor antibody also bound to keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells in skin from adult men and women. Skin from the scalp, nose, lip, back, and chest gave positive staining for androgen receptor. Antibody to androgen receptor also bound to the coil and ductal cells of eccrine glands, external root sheath of hair follicles, epithelium in the hair bulb, dermal papilla cells, and sebocytes. There was no significant binding to adipocytes, collagen, or stratum corneum. These results show that androgen receptor is present in cells that are known to be targets for androgens and also in cells in which the biologic effects of androgens are yet to be characterized.
Sputtering properties of copper-lithium alloys at reactor-level temperatures and surface erosion rates☆

Previous experiments on copper-lithium alloys at temperatures up to 250 °C and with erosion rates of 0.01–0.1 monolayer/s for 3 keV Ar+ bombardment have shown that in the electric and magnetic field environment of a magnetic-confinement fusion reactor, it is possible to maintain a lithium overlayer which will significantly reduce the copper erosion rate. We have extended these experiments to the reactor-relevant regime of 350–400 °C, with erosion rates approaching one monolayer/s (1.5 keV Ar+ bombardment at 2.1× 1014/cm2s., normal incidence). By comparison with the lower-fluxexperiments, it is found that radiation damage effects start to dominate both the surface concentration and depth profile of the lithium. The subsurface region of enhanced lithium concentration is broadened, while the surface concentration is not depleted as rapidly per incident ion as in the low-flux case. The time-dependent lithium depth profile is calculated using a computer code developed at Argonne which includes both Gibbsian segregation and radiation-induced effects. The experimental results are compared with these calculations. It is found that the sputtering behavior of the copper-lithium alloys is highly dependent on the mass and energy spectrum of the incident particles, the sample temperature, subsurface structure, and the partial sputtering yields of the alloy components.
Transport-morphology relationships in segmented polybutadiene polyurethanes: 2. Analysis

Abstract An analysis of the transport properties in a series of segmented polybutadiene polyurethanes described in Part 1 is presented in terms of the effective medium theory (EMT) and simple transport models involving ordered microstructures. The 75 wt% hard segment (HS) sample is assigned a dispersed morphology of soft segment (SS) spheres in a glassy matrix of hard segment. A lamellar morphology is indicated at 55 wt% HS by all methods of analyses: TEM, SAXS and transport models. Based on sorption studies and the results from SAXS, cylindrical domains of hard segment in a rubbery matrix of soft segment are believed to exist in the dilute range ( wt %) of hard segment content. Complex sorption kinetics indicate the inadequacy of Fick's law to describe the transport in copolymer samples of rubbery and glassy materials. Relaxational effects dominate the transport of CO 2 in polybutadiene polyurethanes. In this case, a simple transport model using EMT involving coupled diffusion and relaxation is used to describe the anomalous sorption kinetics.
Flow-induced nonequilibrium thermodynamics of lamellar semicrystalline polymers

Abstract In this work we present a first attempt to quantify the effect of flow deformation on the microstructure of semicrystalline polymers. This necessitates bridging the macroscopic flow length scale with the microscopic (segment) length scale of the semicrystalline structure. To achieve this connection we developed a hierarchical approach where a thermodynamically consistent macroscopic constitutive equation is interfaced with a microscopic lattice-based Monte Carlo (MC) simulation of the polymer chain conformation. We first illustrate this approach in a two-dimensional (2D) “toy” application where the 2D equivalent of a macroscopic constitutive equation based on reptation theory is applied to describe the chain deformation and extended free energy in the amorphous bulk phase. The values for the derivative of the free energy with respect to the mean segment orientation tensor, calculated for a planar extensional flow, are then used as an extended nonequilibrium thermodynamic forcing term. This is added in a traditional Metropolis Monte Carlo scheme, developed for a 2D lattice representation of a lamellar semicrystalline polymer, to drive the flow-induced microstructure. Significant flow-induced changes are calculated, steadily increasing as the Weissenberg number increases. We subsequently extend these ideas further in a much more realistic three-dimensional (3D) application where the information for the thermodynamics of the bulk amorphous phase under a uniaxial extensional flow is extracted from a macroscopic network model, such as that of Phan-Thien and Tanner (PTT), connecting the free energy to the second moment of the end-to-end distance of a multisegment chain. Through a series of 3D nonequilibrium Monte Carlo simulations of both the amorphous and the semicrystalline microscopic morphologies, it is shown that the interaction of the flow-induced deformation with the semicrystalline microstructure is nonlinear: the amorphous interlamellar structure changes significantly from its corresponding homogeneous bulk amorphous state, even far away from the crystalline interface. Our approach allows for a quantitative estimation of this effect on both thermodynamic quantities, like the extended microscopic free energy, as well as various statistics of the chain conformations.
FORCAST: The "First Light" Instrument for SOFIA

ABSTRACT FORCAST has been selected to be the first light U.S. science instrument aboard SOFIA. FORCAST will offer dual channel imaging in discrete filters at 5 - 25 microns and 30 - 40 microns, with diffraction-limited imaging at wavelengths > 15 microns. FORCAST will have a plate scale of 0.75 arcsec per pixel, giving it a 3.2 arcmin x 3.2 arcmin FOV on SOFIA. We give a status update on FORCAST, including filter configuration for SOFIAs early science phase; anticipated in-flight performance; SOFIA facility testing with FORCAST; ground-based testing performance at Palomar Observatory; performance of its new dichroic beamsplitter; and a preliminary design of the in-flight calibration box. Keywords: Infrared cameras, blocked impurity band detectors, diamond turned optics 1. INTRODUCTION The F aint O bject infra R ed CA mera for the S ofia T elescope (FORCAST) is a dual-channel, wide-field camera designed to perform imaging in the infrared from 5-40 P m. FORCAST will be a facility instrument on the S tratospheric O bservatory F or Infrared A stronomy (SOFIA). Our focus in this paper is to report updates in anticipated in-flight performance and recent laboratory performance, and to present results from FORCASTs second ground-based observing run on the Palomar 200-inch telescope. We begin with a very brief description of FORCAST; for a more detailed description of the instrument design, see Keller et al. (2002)
On the use of continuum mechanics to estimate the properties of nanotubes

Abstract In experimental and theoretical investigations of the properties of nanostructures, the equations of continuum beam theory are often used to interpret the mechanical response of nanotubes. In particular, Bernoulli–Euler beam bending theory is being utilized to infer the Young's Modulus. In this work, we examine the validity of such an approach using a simple elastic sheet model and show that at the nanotube scale the assumptions of continuum mechanics must be carefully respected in order to obtain reasonable results. Relations are derived for pure bending of nanotubes that show the explicit dependence of the “material properties” on system size when a continuum cross-section assumption is made. Two alternate approaches are proposed that provide a more reliable scheme for property extraction from experiments.
Ethane oxidation and pyrolysis from 5 bar to 1000 bar: Experiments and simulation

An extensive experimental study of ethane oxidation and pyrolysis has been conducted in the high pressure shock tube at UIC covering reflected shock pressures from 5–1000 bar, reaction temperatures up to 1550 K and stoichiometric (Φ = 1), fuel rich (Φ = 5), and pyrolytic mixtures. The experimental data has been used to develop a single model that can simulate the whole dataset very well and is the first ethane model capable of simulating experimental results over such an extensive range of pressure, temperature, and stoichiometry. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 37: 306–331, 2005
Orbital and Spin Magnetization in Fe-Co, Fe-Ni, and Ni-Co

The effective electronic orbital contribution ${M}_{0}$ and the effective electronic spin contribution ${M}_{s}$ to the spontaneous magnetization ${M}_{t}$ for binary alloys of Fe, Co, and Ni are determined from Scott's measured magnetomechanical ${g}^{\ensuremath{'}}$-factors using the relations $\frac{{M}_{0}}{{M}_{t}}=\frac{(2\ensuremath{-}{g}^{\ensuremath{'}})}{{g}^{\ensuremath{'}}}$ and $\frac{{M}_{s}}{{M}_{t}}=\frac{2({g}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{-}1)}{{g}^{\ensuremath{'}}}$ where ${g}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ is assumed to be independent of the strength of the magnetic field and the temperature. It is believed that $\frac{{M}_{0}}{{M}_{t}}$ has several-fold greater accuracy when determined from the ${g}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ factors than when determined from ferromagnetic-resonance $g$ factors. In terms of the Bohr magneton ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$, the orbital magnetic moments for the pure elements at 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K are: for iron, $(0.0918\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0033){\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$ (4.22% of ${M}_{t}$); for cobalt, $(0.1472\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0034){\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$ (8.81% of ${M}_{t}$); and for nickel, $(0.0508\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0012){\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$ (8.92% of ${M}_{t}$). The ${M}_{s}$ values for the fcc phases of the alloys agree well with those reported by Meyer and Asch from their $g$-factor data. For these alloys, ${M}_{0}$ is much more sensitive to the crystalline structure than ${M}_{s}$ and ${M}_{t}$ are. The relationship ${g}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{-}1}+{g}^{\ensuremath{-}1}=1$ holds for Fe-Ni and Fe-Co alloys (with the exception of one point) within the accuracy of the $g$-factor measurements (\ensuremath{\sim}0.1-1.0%).
Time-window-based filtering method for near-surface detection of leakage from geologic carbon sequestration sites

We use process-based modeling techniques to characterize the temporal features of natural biologically controlled surface CO2 fluxes and the relationships between the assimilation and respiration fluxes. Based on these analyses, we develop a signal-enhancing technique that combines a novel time-window splitting scheme, a simple median filtering, and an appropriate scaling method to detect potential signals of leakage of CO2 from geologic carbon sequestration sites from within datasets of net near-surface CO2 flux measurements. The technique can be directly applied to measured data and does not require subjective gap filling or data-smoothing preprocessing. Preliminary application of the new method to flux measurements from a CO2 shallow-release experiment appears promising for detecting a leakage signal relative to background variability. The leakage index of ±2 was found to span the range of biological variability for various ecosystems as determined by observing CO2 flux data at various control sites for a number of years.
Decomposition with branch-and-cut approaches for two-stage stochastic mixed-integer programming

Decomposition has proved to be one of the more effective tools for the solution of large-scale problems, especially those arising in stochastic programming. A decomposition method with wide applicability is Benders' decomposition, which has been applied to both stochastic programming as well as integer programming problems. However, this method of decomposition relies on convexity of the value function of linear programming subproblems. This paper is devoted to a class of problems in which the second-stage subproblem(s) may impose integer restrictions on some variables. The value function of such integer subproblem(s) is not convex, and new approaches must be designed. In this paper, we discuss alternative decomposition methods in which the second-stage integer subproblems are solved using branch-and-cut methods. One of the main advantages of our decomposition scheme is that Stochastic Mixed-Integer Programming (SMIP) problems can be solved by dividing a large problem into smaller MIP subproblems that can be solved in parallel. This paper lays the foundation for such decomposition methods for two-stage stochastic mixed-integer programs.
Dating Rock Varnishes by the Cation Ratio Method with PIXE, ICP, and the Electron Microprobe

The measurement of rock varnish cation-ratios [(K+Ca)/Ti] and barium is evaluated by analyzing the same varnish scrapings with PIXE, inductively coupled plasma, neutron activation and wavelength dispersive electron microprobe. Results among these different methods are generally similar for ratios, but absolute concentrations differ in part due to uncertainties associated with weighing small samples. Barium concentrations are typically less than 1 % by weight; higher concentrations can be found in varnishes with depressions eroded into the varnish by fungi and lichens, and later infilled with aeolian detritus often including barium sulfate. Since these infilled hollows are known to produce anomalous varnish cation ratios, high barium values can, therefore, be used as an indicator that a sample is inappropriate for cation-ratio dating. The glacial chronology at Pine Creek, California, is revised in light of new data and a better understanding of variables influencing varnish chemistry.
Social presence as a predictor of satisfaction within a computer‐mediated conferencing environment

Abstract Based on the GlobalEd inter‐university computer conference, this study examined how effective “social presence” is as a predictor of overall learner satisfaction in a text‐based medium. The stepwise regression analysis converged on a three‐predictor model revealing that social presence (the degree to which a person is perceived as “real” in mediated communication), student perception of having equal opportunity to participate, and technical skills accounted for about 68% of the explained variance. Social presence alone contributed about 60% of this variance, suggesting that it may be a very strong predictor of satisfaction. Reliability data on the social presence scale is provided. The results also indicated that participants who felt a higher sense of social presence enhanced their socio‐emotional experience by using emoticons to express missing nonverbal cues in written form. These findings have implications for designing academic computer conferences where equal attention must be paid to desig...
Biogeochemical cycling in an organic-rich coastal marine basin. 6. Temporal and spatial variations in sulfate reduction rates

Rates of sulfate reduction were measured over a 3 year period in the anoxic nearshore sediments of Cape Lookout Bight, North Carolina, using both a tube incubation method and a 35S-sulfate direct injection technique. The methods yielded similar depth-integrated rates over the upper 30 cm ranging from less than 10 mol SO=4 · m−2 · y−1 in winter to greater than 50 mol SO=4 · m−2 · y−1 in summer. There were also seasonal changes in the Arrhenius activation energies for the sulfate reduction rates indicating that the assumption that Ea is constant with temperature is not always valid. The time averaged annual turnover rate for all three years was 20.4 (±11.4) mol SO=4 · m−2 · y−1. Surface rates ranged seasonally from less than 0.01 to over 3 mM SO=4 · d−1 between winter and summer, respectively. A subsurface rate maximum was observed to develop during the summer months which accounted for 28 percent of the annual depth integrated sulfate reduction rate. Subsurface rate maxima are the result of changes in the chemistry (substrate type and/or concentration) and the microbiology in the sediments. The possibility of the subsurface maximum being an artifact of the 35S method is also discussed. However, the sulfate reduction rates compare well with previous measurements of the carbon sediment-water plus burial fluxes and with a depth integrated CO2 production rate modelled from a ΣCO2 concentration profile from the same site.
Effect of carbon addition on the single crystalline magnetostriction of Fe-X (X=Al and Ga) alloys

The effect of carbon addition on the magnetostriction of Fe–Ga and Fe–Al alloys was investigated and is summarized in this study. It was found that the addition of carbon generally increased the magnetostriction over binary alloys of Fe–Ga and Fe–Al systems. The formation of carbide in the Fe–Ga–C alloys with a composition near D03 phase region decreased the magnetostriction drastically. Fe–Al–C and Fe–Ga–C alloys responded differently to thermal treatments; the magnetostriction in the quenched Fe–Al–C alloys is equal to or slightly lower than that of the slow cooled as is observed in binary Fe–Al alloy; in contrast, the magnetostriction is generally higher in quenched Fe–Ga–C alloys than slow cooled condition, consistent with the behavior of binary alloys of Fe–Ga. A significant increase in magnetostriction between 25% and 165% depending on the phase region in Fe–Ga–C alloys by quenching was observed in the A2+D03 two-phase region and D03 single phase region.
On the equations governing the perturbations of the Schwarzschild black hole

A coherent self-contained account of the equations governing the perturbations of the Schwarzschild black hole is given. In particular, the relations between the equations of Bardeen & Press, of Zerilli and of Regge & Wheeler are explicitly established.
Usefulness of computed tomography perfusion in treatment of an acute stroke patient with unknown time of symptom onset.

A 43-year-old Caucasian male with history of mechanical mitral valve was found down outside a recreational park shortly after daybreak. Examination on arrival to the emergency department revealed altered mental status, right hemiplegia, forced leftward gaze, and complete aphasia. Patient was ineligible for tissue plasminogen (TPA) therapy due to unknown time of symptom onset. Computed tomography angiogram (CTA) revealed occlusion of the left middle cerebral artery (MCA) with acute thrombus (Figure 1). Computed tomography perfusion scan (CTP) revealed a large ischemic penumbra with no evidence of infarcted brain tissue (Figure 2). The patient was taken for emergent endovascular therapy with successful retrieval of left MCA thrombus. The patient had almost complete resolution of symptoms with a pre-discharge National Institute of Health Stroke Scale of 1. History prior to discharge revealed that the patient was non-compliant and had been off of his warfarin therapy for months prior to the stroke. The patient was discharged home on warfarin and statin therapy. Figure 1 Transverse (left) and coronal (right) computed tomography angiogram demonstrating abrupt cutoff of the left middle cerebral artery at the site of the thrombus (marked by arrows). Figure 2 Computer-generated perfusion map demonstrating the region of the left cerebral hemisphere (CBF) with decreased cerebral blood flow and prolonged mean transit time (MTT) (marked by arrows). Note that this region of the brain has normal cerebral blood volume ... Acute stroke patients with unknown time of symptom onset are traditionally excluded from acute interventional therapy due to increased rates of fatal intracranial hemorrhage when patients with infarcted brain are treated with TPA or endovascular therapy beyond the recommended time windows.1,2 CTP of the brain is a rapid means of distinguishing between viable and non-viable brain tissue.3 Early in the course of stroke, there is prolonged mean transit time (MTT), decreased cerebral blood flow (CBF), and equal or greater cerebral blood volume (CBV) in ischemic areas of the brain. As brain tissue infarcts, both the CBF and CBV decrease. Assessment of differences between CBF and CBV in areas of brain with prolonged MTT allows one to determine both the size of the stroke as well as the amount of salvageable brain tissue. CTP has the potential to guide acute stroke interventional therapy in patients with unknown time of symptom onset.
Age- and Gender-Related Differences in Mitochondrial Oxygen Consumption and Calcium With Cardioplegia and Diazoxide

Background We have recently shown that the cardioprotection afforded by cardioplegia is affected by age and gender and is less effective in the aged female rabbit heart compared with the aged male rabbit heart. We hypothesized that these differences were due to age and gender-specific modulation of mitochondrial oxygen consumption and mitochondrial free matrix calcium ([Ca 2+ ] Mito ) content occurring during early reperfusion. Methods To test this hypothesis, 104 male and female rabbit hearts, mature (15 to 20 weeks) and aged (>32 months), were subjected to Langendorff perfusion. Control hearts were perfused for 75 minutes. Global ischemia hearts were underwent 30 minutes of equilibrium, 30 minutes of global ischemia, and 15 minutes of reperfusion. Cardioplegia (potassium/magnesium) ± diazoxide was infused 5 minutes before global ischemia. Mitochondria were isolated from left ventricular tissue and used for the measurement of oxygen consumption and [Ca 2+ ] Mito . Results Mitochondrial oxygen consumption was significantly increased in the mature and aged female hearts in all treatment groups ( p p 2+ ] Mito ( p 2+ ] Mito in mature and aged males ( p Conclusions These results demonstrate that mitochondrial oxygen consumption and [Ca 2+ ] Mito are modulated by age and gender and play an important role in the differences observed between mature and aged male and female response to global ischemia and the cardioprotection afforded by cardioplegia ± diazoxide.
Designing an optical bendloss sensor for clinical force measurement

In current physical medicine, specific manual forces are applied to patients for diagnosis, treatment, and evaluation, but these forces remain largely qualitiative. No universal tool exists to measure these forces and display them in real-time. To provide real-time quantitative feedback to clinicians, we have developed a disposable glove with a force sensor embedded in the fingertips or palm. The sensor is based on the fiberoptic bendloss effect whereby light intensity from an infrared source is attenuated as the fiber is bent between a series of corrugated teeth. The sensor fabricated has a very low profile (10 × 7 × 1 mm) and has demonstrated high sensitivity, accuracy, range, and durability. Forces as low as 0.1 N and up to 90 N have been measured with high signal to noise ratios. Good agreement with theoretical predictions of bendloss has been demonstrated. Current trials have obtained data from 20 ACL reconstruction patients demonstrating a significant increase in range of motion recovery for patients who consistently stretch at home over those who do not.
New Control Techniques for Extraction of Bevalac Beams

Beams of accelerated heavy ions can now be delivered as one-second-long DC pulses with minimal fluctuations in instantaneous flux. Pulse duration can be held constant to within 1% while keeping a high non-varying extraction efficiency which minimizes pulse-to-pulse position shift in the extracted beam. In addition, differing beam intensities over several orders of magnitude can be delivered. Computer adjustment of all measurement and control devices results in linear operation over three orders of magnitude of beam intensity. Control of beam structure is accomplished by a unique combination of dual slope integrators and phase forward "predictive" circuits in the feedback loop.
Rapid-staged strategy for concomitant critical carotid and left main coronary disease with left ventricular dysfunction: IABP use

Abstract Background . Few reports address the high-risk patient population with concomitant critical carotid and left main coronary disease with left ventricular dysfunction. To decrease the risks involved with the simultaneous and traditional staged surgical approaches, we developed a rapid staging strategy using an intraaortic balloon pump. Methods . Between 1992 and 1996, 20 patients presented with a high-risk "triad" defined by greater than 70% stenosis of the left main coronary artery, ejection fraction less than 0.30, and greater than 90% stenosis of the internal carotid artery. An intraaortic balloon pump was placed immediately before carotid endarterectomy under angiographic guidance. Less than 24 hours later (mean, 18 hours) coronary artery bypass grafting was performed, and the intraaortic balloon pump was removed the day of coronary artery bypass grafting in all cases (total IABP duration, Results . Eighteen patients (18/20) were extubated on the day of coronary artery bypass grafting (mean, 12 hours). Sixteen patients (16/20) were transferred from the intensive care unit within 48 hours, with total hospital stay ranging from 6 to 12 days (mean, 8 days). There were no 30-day postoperative deaths, myocardial infarctions, or neurologic, vascular, bleeding, or other major complications. At a mean 29.4-month follow-up, there were two noncardiac deaths and no neurologic events. Six-month, 1-year, and 2-year follow-up ultrasounds showed all operative carotid arteries remained patent. Conclusions . A rapid staged procedure with angiographically guided placement of the intraaortic balloon pump was safe and effective in this very high risk patient population. It may be an option to decrease the risks involved with simultaneous operations and increase the efficiency and safety of "traditional" staged carotid and coronary artery bypass grafting procedures.
The 1362 AD Öræfajökull eruption, Iceland: Petrology and geochemistry of large-volume homogeneous rhyolite

Abstract The ice-covered Oraefajokull stratovolcano is composed mostly of subglacial pillow lava and hyaloclastite tuff, ranging from basalt to rhyolite. A large devastating plinian eruption in 1362 AD produced 10 km 3 (2 km 3 DRE) rhyolitic ash and pumice from a vent within the summit caldera, with fallout mainly towards ESE. The ejected rhyolite magma with 0.5–1% crystals of oligoclase, fayalite, hedenbergite, ilmenite and magnetite was remarkably homogenous throughout the eruption. A 1.8 m thick tephra section on the SE flank of the volcano has 14 recognizable units. The tephra is dominated by fine-grained vesicular glass with bubble wall thickness of 1–5 μm. The high and even vesiculation of the glass indicates fast magma ascent and explains the extreme mechanical fragmentation within the eruptive column. The grain-size distribution indicates time-variable intensity of the plinian eruption with three evenly spaced phases of maximum fragmentation. An initial vent-clearing explosion produced phreatomagmatic debris with up to 35% lithic fragments. The low abundance ( A conservative estimate of 20–40 km 3 for the total volume of the magma reservoir is based on the erupted volume of highly differentiated and homogeneous rhyolite. The 365-year period between 1362 and a minor benmoreitic eruption in 1727, and the absence of currently detectable magma reservoirs in the crust below Oraefajokull show that differentiated crustal magma chambers feeding large plinian eruptions can be established and disappear on a 100–500 year timescale.
Acute ischemic stroke--are hemodynamic variables predictive of outcome after systemic thrombolysis?

Acute ischemic stroke—are hemodynamic variables predictive of outcome after systemic thrombolysis?
Assured Information Sharing Life Cycle

This paper describes our approach to assured information sharing. The research is being carried out under a MURI 9Multiuniversiyt Research Initiative) project funded by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR). The main objective of our project is: define, design and develop an Assured Information Sharing Lifecycle (AISL) that realizes the DoD's information sharing value chain. In this paper we describe the problem faced by the Department of Defense and our solution to developing an AISL System.
Optical-Fiber Raman Probe with Low Background Interference by Spatial Optimization

A Raman probe was set up with optical fibers and a graded refractive index (GRIN) lens. It was found that the Raman background arising from optical fiber was spatially dependent, while normal Raman (NR) scattering, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), and surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS) were spatially independent. Spatial optimization was carried out to minimize the background interference of the optical fiber Raman probe with the use of benzoic acid as a test sample. The best configuration of the probe could also be applied to both SERS and SERRS. SER spectra of p-nitrophenol (1.0 × 10-3 M) and SERR spectra of methyl red (1.0 × 10-6 M) were obtained with the use of this probe to check its performance.
Classroom note: On postulates of a group

A semigroup G is a group if it has a left identity and every element has a left inverse. The purpose of this note is to weaken this condition further in two different ways.
ARNOLD FLAMES AND RESONANCE SURFACE FOLDS

Periodically forced planar oscillators are often studied by varying the two parameters of forcing amplitude and forcing frequency. For low forcing amplitudes, the study of the essential oscillator dynamics can be reduced to the study of families of circle maps. The primary features of the resulting parameter plane bifurcation diagrams are “(Arnold) resonance horns” emanating from zero forcing amplitude. Each horn is characterized by the existence of a periodic orbit with a certain period and rotation number. In this paper, we investigate divisions of these horns into subregions — different subregions corresponding to maps having different numbers of periodic orbits. The existence of subregions having more than the “usual” one pair of attracting and repelling periodic orbits implies the existence of “extra folds” in the corresponding surface of periodic points in the Cartesian product of the phase and parameter spaces. The existence of more than one attracting and one repelling periodic orbit is shown to be generic. For some of the families we create, the resulting parameter plane bifurcation pictures appear in shapes we call “Arnold flames”. Results apply both to circle maps and forced oscillator maps.
An application model for computer assisted design and manufacturing using a product evaluation and selection system

Abstract This paper describes a Product Evaluation and Selection System for Computer Aided Design and Manufacturing (CM) that correlates user needs to system specifications. A recommendation report ranks the CM in descending order of their correlations to user needs. Implications for users, consultants and vendors are discussed and illustrated.
Dynamics of double-barrier resonant tunnelling structures

A time-dependent Schrodinger equation is solved numerically for a double-barrier, quantum-well resonant tunnelling structure (RTS), such as modelling a semiconductor heterostructure, by the fast Fourier transform method. Results are shown for a resonance tunnelling structure with barriers doped by a negative δ-function potential (δ-potential) which broadens the widths of the resonances and in turn decrease the electron dwell times. The strength of the δ-function can be such that it may form bound states in the barrier regions, but the states bound to the δ-potential are very shallow. For this study, the δ-potentials are replaced by equivalent barriers of different heights and widths. It is found that for a certain strength of the δ-potential or parametric value of a barrier with an equivalent effect in the RTS, there are three resonance states very close together. The squares of the wave functions trapped in the well region for the states oscillate in time for a broad wave packet in k-space, whereas the wave function trapped in the whole structure decays exponentially. The oscillating part resembles quantum beats.
Ischemic arm pain and the nonnarcotic analgesic mefenamic acid, N-(2,3-Xylyl)anthranilic acid

Ischemic arm pain has been successfully utilized in 10 male and 10 female adult subjects in screening Ponstan and aspirin in comparison with placebo. In a double-blind approach, both drugs administered at approximately 8.5 mg/kg showed essentially the same capability for significantly raising pain threshold based not only upon the absolute work done P < 0.01, but upon the time required to do the work P < 0.05. While no significant difference in potency was noted between Ponstan and aspirin at these dosage levels and by this technique, it is important to point out that this drug is more effective than acetophenetidin or APC combinations based upon earlier work by this author (Williams, 1959). Thus, the place of Ponstan as an important new analgesic agent is without question.
SERUM BILE ACIDS IN PROTRACTED DIARRHEA OF INFANCY

Measurement of 4 glycine conjugated fasting serum bile adds (μmol/1) by radioimmunoassay in 9 Infants with protracted diarrhea showed values for cholylglycine 2.81 ± 3.13 (N=0.2-0.9), chenodeoxycholylglycine 2,55 ± 4.04 (N=0.05-0.2), deoxycholylglycine 0.15 ± 0.19 (N=0.08-0.7), sulfolithocholylglycine 0.31 ± 0.24 (N=0.07-0.3). Hyperbilirubinemia was absent in all infants. Other conventional tests of hepatic function were normal or showed minimal abnormalities. Six infants had secondary monosaccharide intolerance. The raised levels of serum bile acids were not related to i.v. alimentation which was administered to 3 of the 9 infants. The raised serum bile acid values were similar to those found in other hepatic disorders characterized by cholestasis (Gastroenterology 71:919, 1976). Older children with chronic inflammatory bowel disease showed normal values for serum bile acids. These findings suggest that hepatic dysfunction is commonly present in protracted diarrhea of infancy. It is possible that endotoxins are adversely affecting hepatocyte function. The long term effects of these observations are unknown. Measurement of serum bile adds are a sensitive indicator of disturbed hepatic function.
Scaling behavior of the fully differential cross section for ionization of hydrogen atoms by the impact of fast elementary charged particles

Ionization of hydrogen atoms by the impact of fast charged particles can be accurately treated theoretically using simple two-center wave functions to describe the scattering system both initially and finally. For the final state, we use a continuum distorted wave (CDW) that contains the product of three Coulombic distortion factors (one for each two-body interaction), hence it is called the 3C wave function. This CDW (3C) wave function is ideal for studying fast collisions since it is asymptotically correct in all asymptotic domains of momentum space for all configurations of the three particles in coordinate space [S. Jones and D. H. Madison, Phys. Rev. A $62,$ 42 701 (2000)]. Coulomb distortion in the entrance channel is provided by an eikonal initial state (EIS), and this CDW-EIS approximation, introduced by Crothers and McCann [J. Phys. B $16,$ 3229 (1983)], has proven to be the most accurate perturbative method ever devised within a two-state approximation. The first fully differential cross sections for ion-atom ionization in the CDW-EIS approximation are presented. In addition, by considering projectiles of different mass and charge, it will be shown that although the charge of the projectile is important, the mass of the projectile plays virtually no role in the vast majority of fast ionizing collisions.
A Pressurized Tank Car Inspection System for Railroad Transportation Security

Pressurized rail tank cars transport large volumes of volatile liquids and gases throughout the country, much of which is hazardous and/or flammable. Our group is developing a trackside inspection system for these tank cars. It consists of five narrow frequency band pressure sensors with center frequencies of 40 and 75 kHz, a broad band microphone for sound normalization and three video cameras. In addition, a 5 cm times 5 cm NaI(Tl) radiation detector provides radiological data on the passing trains every 60 seconds. During operation, an audio frequency spectrum is associated with each frame of the video camera as the train passes by the system at normal speeds, and the spectra are inspected for high frequency sounds associated with leaks. A 10 m tall tower houses the system positioned approximately 10 m from the center of a rail line and siding located in Bowling Green, KY (USA). The system is controlled by a website and server located at the tower and the Internet connection utilizes WiFi (802.11 g) radios.
Scheduling manufacturing systems in an agile environment

Abstract Producing customized products to respond to changing markets in a short time and at a low cost is one of the goals in agile manufacturing. To achieve this goal customized products can be produced using an assembly-driven product differentiation strategy. The successful implementation of this strategy lies in efficient scheduling of the system. However, little research has been done in addressing the scheduling issues related to assembly-driven product differentiation strategies in agile manufacturing. In this paper, scheduling problems associated with the assembly-driven product differentiation strategy in a general flexible manufacturing system are defined, formulated, and solved. The manufacturing system consists of two stages: machining and assembly. At the machining stage, multiple identical machines produce parts. These parts are then assembled at the assembly stage to form customized products. The products to be produced in the system are characterized by their assembly sequences that are represented by different digraphs. The scheduling problem is to determine the sequence of products to be produced in the system so that the maximum completion time (makespan) is minimized for any given number of machines at the machining stage. The scheduling problems discussed in this paper have not been solved in the literature. The originality of the paper lies in defining and formulating the problems in the context of agile manufacturing and developing optimal and near-optimal for solving them. The heuristic algorithm solves the scheduling problem in two steps. First, an optimal aggregate schedule is determined by solving a two-machine flowshop problem. Next, the optimal aggregate schedule is decomposed by solving a simple integer programming formulation model. The computational experiment shows that the heuristics provide optimal and near-optimal solutions to the scheduling problems.
Effects of vibrissae removal on methamphetamine-induced damage to rat somatosensory cortical neurons

Repeated methamphetamine (mAMPH) damages forebrain monoamine terminals and causes degeneration of nonmonoaminergic cell bodies in rat primary somatosensory cortex (S1). These degenerating cortical neurons can be labeled with the fluorochrome dye Fluoro-Jade (FJ) and are found almost exclusively in layers II/III and IV of the vibrissae representation in S1. Within S1, layer IV is organized into discrete, anatomically identifiable units termed barrels, each of which receives information from a single whisker. We previously reported that mAMPH-damaged neurons in S1 were located within the whisker barrels, suggesting that the prolonged mAMPH-induced whisking contributes to S1 neuronal injury. Here, we investigate effects of vibrissae removal on mAMPH-induced damage to S1 neurons. Rats were anesthetized and vibrissae were trimmed from either the left, right, or neither side of the snout. The next day they were given four injections of either saline (1 ml/kg, s.c.) or mAMPH (4 mg/kg, s.c.) at 2-h intervals. Three days later, cortical sections were processed for FJ histochemistry. The hemivibrissotomy produces a hemispheric asymmetry in FJ-positive neurons in barrel cortex, with fewer damaged neurons contralateral than ipsilateral to whisker removal. Taken together with the demonstration that acute injection of this dose of mAMPH induces the immediate early gene zif/268 and Fos protein in barrel cortex, these data suggest that the prolonged behavioral activity involving the vibrissae contributes to the mAMPH-induced damage to S1 neurons. Thus, some of the injurious effects of drugs may depend on afferent activity occurring as a result of the abnormal behaviors evoked by their administration.
A Comparative Analysis of Commonly Used Benchmarks in Racial Profiling: A Research Note

Developing an appropriate benchmark to estimate the population of individuals exposed to police observation is the most important methodological consideration in racial profiling research. This article compares data on stops generated by police officers using the three most common benchmarks in racial profiling research—population, field observations, and accident records—and finds only slight differences in the results. In addition, the article outlines the relative advantages and disadvantages of each benchmark and offers suggestions to future researchers.
The production of chromosomal alterations by β-lapachone an activator of topoisomerase I

Summary The frequencies of chromosomal aberrations and sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE) after exposure to β-lapachone, an activator of mammalian topoiomerase I, were studied in Chinese hamster cells. A dose-dependent increase in the frequencies of SCE was observed in continuous treatments with β-lapachone. Chromatid-type aberrations were obtained in cells exposed to β-lapachone for one cell cycle but also in cells exposed during the G2 phase of the cell cycle, with a marked induction of exchange-type aberrations for both treatment schedules. We therefore propose that activation of topoisomerase I by β-lapachone results in the production of chromosomal alterations. The cell cycle dependence of β-lapachone clastogenic effects strongly suggests a mechanism for the formation of chromosomal aberrations after this drug closely resembling the one observed for the topoisomerase I inhibitor, camptothecin.
RFID Standardization for Logistics Applications -- Status Quo and Challenges from the Automotive Industry's Perspective

Standardization remains an ongoing challenge for RFID adoption in many application domains. Although progress has been made in recent years, areas remain where standards are lacking or where several standards are competing. In this paper we focus on automotive logistics. We discuss recent developments and remaining challenges for standards development and adoption in the automotive industry.
Are people being screened for colorectal cancer as recommended? Results from the National Health Interview Survey

Abstract Background. The evidence is now compelling that colorectal cancer incidence and mortality can be reduced by screening, and medical organizations recommend regular screening among persons of average risk aged 50 years or older. We sought to determine whether appropriate screening has become more widespread now that consensus over its value has been achieved. Methods. We analyzed data from the 1992 and 1998 National Health Interview Survey, an in-person survey of a nationally representative sample of the U.S. population. Persons aged ≥50 years (4428 in 1992, 12,629 in 1998) were questioned about their use of colorectal cancer screening. Results. Self-reported use of fecal occult blood testing and proctoscopy increased slightly from 1992 to 1998. In 1998, however, only an estimated 22.9% of Americans aged ≥50 years had been screened with either the home-administered fecal occult blood testing in the past year or proctoscopy within 5 years. Nearly half of fecal occult blood testings were performed with a sample taken during an in-office physical examination rather than with the recommended home kit. Conclusion. Most eligible persons are still not meeting the screening recommendations for colorectal cancer. Education is needed for both the public and health care providers to increase their compliance with current guidelines.
Optimal control of two parallel infinite-server queues

The problem of the optimal admission and routing of customers to a network of two infinite server queues in parallel is considered. The service times in the two queues are exponential with a common rate. The arrival process is Poisson. There is a nonnegative cost associated with rejecting a customer and a cost of holding a customer in each queue. This holding cost is a nondecreasing convex function of the number of customers in that queue and is different for each queue. It is shown that the optimal control policy has admission monotonicity and routing monotonicity properties. >
Patterns of space and habitat use by northern bobwhites in South Florida, USA

The manner by which animals use space and select resources can have important management consequences. We studied patterns of habitat selection by northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) on Babcock-Webb Wildlife Manage- ment Area, Charlotte County, Florida and evaluated factors influencing the sizes of their home ranges. A total of 1,245 radio-tagged bobwhites were monitored for 19,467 radio days during 2002-2007. The mean (±1 SE) annual home range size, estimated using the Kernel density method, was 88.43 (±6.16) ha and did not differ between genders. Winter home ranges of bobwhites (69.27±4.92 ha) were generally larger than summer home ranges (53.90±4.93 ha). Annual and winter home ranges were smaller for bobwhites whose ranges contained food plots compared to those that did not; however, the presence of food plots did not influence summer home ranges. We used distance-based methods to investigate habitat selection by bobwhites at two scales: selection of home ranges within the study site (second-order selection) and selection of habitats within home ranges (third-order selection). Acrossboth scales, bobwhitesgenerally preferred food plots and dry prairie habitat and avoided wet prairies and roads. This pattern was generally consistent between genders and across years. Our data indicate that management practices aimed at increasing and maintaining a matrix of food plots and dry prairie habitat would provide the most favorable environment for bobwhites.