cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kechwa and Spanish Bilingual Grammars: Testing Hypotheses on Functional Interference and Convergence

This paper presents an exploratory study on cross-linguistic interference among indigenous Kechwa1–Spanish bilingual children (n=30) living in a language contact situation. Its preliminary findings show evidence of cross-linguistic interference between Kechwa desiderative progressive forms such as miku-naya-yka-n (eat-desprog-3) ‘S/he wants to/is about to eat’ and bilingual Spanish modal progressive structures such as esta queriendo comer ‘wants to/is about to eat’. The latter convey a desiderative/imminent aspectual meaning absent in the narratives of a comparison group of Spanish-dominant children (n=25). The paper focuses on showing how interference and convergence in functional features such as modal and aspect features are possible despite striking differences in the morphology of two languages spoken by a bilingual individual. It is argued that, as predicted by the Functional Interference Hypothesis and the Functional Convergence Hypothesis, functional features are the locus of language change, and that activation of functional features from language A in language B, under specific discourse conditions, may lead to convergence in some bilingual individuals. These preliminary findings underscore the need to study the relationship between knowledge of syntax and knowledge of discourse conditions in bilinguals as well as the ability displayed by some bilingual individuals to dissociate syntax from morphology.
The normal and abnormal red cell cytoskeleton: a renewed search for molecular defects

Abstract Biochemical and structural studies have provided remarkably detailed information regarding associations between red cell cytoskeletal proteins. These studies have enabled the mapping of several functional sites on the major red cell cytoskeletal protein spectrin, and have led to the proposal of a model of the red cell cytoskeleton. Several inherited abnormalities of red cells may soon be understood in light of these new findings.
Rheology of Concentrated Isotropic and Anisotropic Xanthan Solutions. 2. A Semiflexible Wormlike Intermediate Molecular Weight Sample

The rheology of a semiflexible wormlike xanthan sample (Fraction X2F2, Mw = 4.80 × 105 g/mol) has been studied in oscillatory and steady shear modes in aqueous NaCl (0.01, 0.1, 1.0 M) at polymer concentrations spanning the isotropic, biphasic, and fully anisotropic regimes. The rheological observables change with polymer weight fraction W and shear rate/frequency in much the same way as described in the companion paper for lower molecular weight sample X13F3 (Mw = 1.54 × 105 g/mol). This semiflexible, intermediate molecular weight sample is more readily aligned under the steady shear field than the rodlike, low molecular weight sample X13F3. For the anisotropic solutions, the steady shear viscosity η shows shear thinning behavior at high and low shear rate γ and shear thickening at intermediate γ, unusual behavior that is presumably linked to the negative first normal stress difference sometimes seen in lyotropic liquid crystalline systems. A plot against W of the crossover frequency ωc at which the los...
An Extended Analysis Method for Two-Pulse Tracer Logging

Radioactive tracer logs are commonly used logs for quantitative determination of injection profiles. In particular, the velocity-shot method is used for quantitative analysis. In this technique, the transit time for the passage of a slug of radioactive tracer material between two stationary detectors is measured. From such transit times, the velocity of the fluid is calculated at various depths in the wellbore, yielding an injection profile. The accuracy of the velocity-shot method, however, is diminished by variations in wellbore diameter or by fluid exiting the wellbore between detector locations. To increase the accuracy of radioactive tracer logging, the two-pulse method was developed. In wellbore-model experiments, pulses of a tracer material were injected into a fluid stream in a circular pipe with fluid exiting through perforations. The pulses were also monitored above and below abrupt diameter changes. The accuracies of the two-pulse and velocity-shot methods in a region of wellbore-diameter change or in a fluid-loss zone are compared on the basis of these experiments.
Lipid-protein interactions of erythrocyte membranes: Comparison of normal O,Rh(D) positive with the rare O,Rhnull

Abstract Phospholipase A 2 modification of lipid-protein interactions of normal O,Rh(D) positive erythrocyte membranes increased the fluorescence intensity of the membrane bound probe, 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate (ANS) and increased the N-1-[ 14 C]-ethyl maleimide ([ 14 C]-NEM) labeling of sulfhydryl groups in two proteins of molecular weight >200,000. In marked contrast, phospholipase A 2 modification of the rare phenotype O,Rh null membranes resulted in no significant increase in ANS fluorescence or labeling of sulfhydryl groups by [ 14 C] NEM. Since the O,Rh null erythrocytes demonstrated an increased osmotic fragility and decreased survival time, the fluorescence and sulfhydryl labeling data support the conclusion that hydrophobic bonding between β-fatty acid side chains and non-polar regions of asymmetric proteins is necessary for maintaining the native structure of the O,Rh(D) positive membrane. Comparative studies with phospholipase C or D implied that ionic bonding played a similar though less important structural role in both membranes.
A standardized technique for linear dye leakage studies: immediate versus delayed immersion times

Summary. A dye leakage study was performed in vitro to compare the extent of leakage into root canals obturated with gutta-percha following immediate versus delayed immersion in Indian ink. Sixty extracted human teeth with single canals were instrumented and obturated with gutta-percha and sealer. Each group of 20 teeth was then immersed in the ink either immediately after obturation or after a delay of 1 or 7 days. After 7 days in Indian ink, the teeth were rendered transparent by clearing, and the linear extent of ink penetration was measured with a stereomicroscope. Complete leakage was observed in the two positive control teeth, and no leakage was evident in the two negative controls. Statistical analysis of the results indicated that there was no significant difference in leakage between the three experimental groups.
Occult breast cancer and axillary mass.

Occult breast cancer presenting with axillary metastases is an unusual presentation and can be a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. A comprehensive work-up, including mammogram, sonogram, magnetic resonance imaging, and even pathologic examination of the mastectomy specimen may not disclose the primary tumor in up to one third of patients. Traditionally, occult breast cancer is treated with total mastectomy and axillary dissection, but accumulating data suggest that primary breast irradiation following axillary dissection may provide an equivalent survival with the advantage of breast conservation. Occult breast cancer patients are eligible for adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation as stage II/III node-positive patients would be treated. Overall, the prognosis for occult breast cancer is equivalent to or slightly better than staged counterparts with detectable primary breast tumors.
BLOOD LIPID LEVELS OF ADULT MEN ON VITAMIN D‐SUPPLEMENTED AND UNSUPPLEMENTED DIETS

A single blind study 57 days in length was conducted to determine the effect of dietary supplementation of vitamin D upon serum lipid levels of older men. The experimental group each received a capsule dose daily of 2000 IU of activated 7-dehydrocholesterol. The control group subjects each received a placebo. Fasting blood samples were taken on days 0, 28 and 57. The blood serum was analyzed for cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid content. Results supported the theory that low levels of vitamin D supplementation do have a depressing effect on blood serum cholesterol levels but little or no influence on serum triglyceride or phospholipid levels.
PHENOTYPIC CONSEQUENCES OF FORCING GERMINATION: A GENERAL PROBLEM OF INTERVENTION IN EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

Many evolutionary and ecological studies of plants with seed dormancy are plagued by design problems related to seed germination. On the one hand, traits of interest, especially life history traits like early growth rate or time to flowering, may not be independent of dormancy phenotype. On the other hand, germination-inducing treatments are likely to affect these traits of interest. Consequently, researchers often have had to use confounded designs without information about the consequences. To examine this problem, we studied how early growth in California poppy (Eschscholzia californica) is affected by treating seeds with giberellic acid (GA) to stimulate germination. The dose used was sufficient to slightly but significantly advance emergence time in treated seeds, but it appeared to cause variable growth responses among treated seeds. Experiments using GA to stimulate germination may thus be misleading, at least for the populations and dose studied. Perhaps more importantly, the experimental and statistical approach we used can be employed to study the effects of this confounded design for other doses and species.
Design of a flexible case-study instructional module for operating systems for information technology

Information Technology (IT) is grounded in applications of theoretical principles for solving problems using computing resources. IT instructors continually face the challenge of providing current technology experiences for their students in a rapidly evolving environment.This paper discusses the development of an instructional module which uses a model-based approach to present case studies of operating systems. The instructional design includes several key aspects. Firstly, a general operating system model is presented as a conceptual model for the instruction. An appropriate theoretical model for IT, as opposed to other computing disciplines or viewpoints, is proposed. Secondly, the structures of real operating systems, (Linux and WinXP), are presented as case studies. The case studies are related to the theoretical model and anchored to reality by using various software tools to show the instantiation of the theoretical concepts in the actual systems. Thirdly, learning effectiveness is enhanced by using a learn-expand-teach instructional design. An important issue within IT is the rapid evolution of the discipline. The implications of designing the module to cater for future changes in operating systems, using the learn-expand-teach approach, are discussed.
The ram accelerator - A chemically driven mass launcher

The ram accelerator, a chemically propelled mass driver, is presented as a viable new approach for directly launching acceleration-insensitive payloads into low earth orbit. The propulsion principle is similar to that of a conventional air-breathing ramjet. The cargo vehicle resembles the center-body of a ramjet and travels through a tube filled with a pre-mixed fuel and oxidizer mixture. The launch tube acts as the outer cowling of the ramjet and the combustion process travels with the vehicle. Two drive modes of the ram accelerator propulsion system are described, which when used in sequence are capable of accelerating the vehicle to as high as 10 km/sec. The requirements are examined for placing a 2000 kg vehicle into a 500 km orbit with a minimum of on-board rocket propellant for circularization maneuvers. It is shown that aerodynamic heating during atmospheric transit results in very little ablation of the nose. An indirect orbital insertion scenario is selected, utilizing a three step maneuver consisting of two burns and aerobraking. An on-board propulsion system using storable liquid propellants is chosen in order to minimize propellant mass requirements, and the use of a parking orbit below the desired final orbit is suggested as a means to increase the flexibility of the mass launch concept. A vehicle design using composite materials is proposed that will best meet the structural requirements, and a preliminary launch tube design is presented.
Structural health monitoring of wind turbine blades

As electric utility wind turbines increase in size, and correspondingly, increase in initial capital investment cost, there is an increasing need to monitor the health of the structure. Acquiring an early indication of structural or mechanical problems allows operators to better plan for maintenance, possibly operate the machine in a de-rated condition rather than taking the unit off-line, or in the case of an emergency, shut the machine down to avoid further damage. This paper describes several promising structural health monitoring (SHM) techniques that were recently exercised during a fatigue test of a 9 meter glass-epoxy and carbon-epoxy wind turbine blade. The SHM systems were implemented by teams from NASA Kennedy Space Center, Purdue University and Virginia Tech. A commercial off-the-shelf acoustic emission (AE) NDT system gathered blade AE data throughout the test. At a fatigue load cycle rate around 1.2 Hertz, and after more than 4,000,000 fatigue cycles, the blade was diagnostically and visibly failing at the out-board blade spar-cap termination point at 4.5 meters. For safety reasons, the test was stopped just before the blade completely failed. This paper provides an overview of the SHM and NDT system setups and some current test results.
Acute subdural hematoma after subdural punctures.

The subdural puncture is a simple procedure in which either a short 20-gauge spinal needle or preferably a blunt subdural needle is introduced into the subdural space at the lateral border of the anterior fontanel. The procedure is used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Complications are unusual. Matson1mentioned the possibility of a fistula if repeated taps were performed in the same location. Gutin et al2reported a cerebral convexity epidermoid tumor that occurred at the site of previous subdural taps. They thought that the tumor was the result of epidermis being carried on the needle and implanted at the time of the initial puncture. Other conceivable problems are meningitis or subdural empyema occurring after taps are done without proper attention to aseptic technique and seizures caused by penetration of the needle into the brain.3 We report a case in which an acute subdural hematoma, occurring after
Post-modern valence bond theory for strongly correlated electron spins

We give a pedagogical overview of our recently introduced electronic-structure method, Coupled Cluster Valence Bond (CCVB). We show that CCVB can be viewed as an approximation to the accurate, yet very expensive, Spin Coupled Valence Bond model (SCVB). Both of these models are intended for use on strongly correlated molecular systems, especially when the strong correlations are due to electron spin coupling. Using familiar ideas from electronic-structure theory, we provide definitions for these strong-correlation concepts. We show that CCVB and SCVB generally produce similar results, with more substantial discrepancies occurring for systems displaying electronic resonance. We conclude that CCVB is a useful, inexpensive alternative to SCVB.
Gastroesophageal Lacerations: A Fatal Complication of Closed Chest Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

A case of fatal gastrointestinal hemorrhage from gastric mucosal lacerations related to the closed chest cardiac compression of cardiopulmonary resuscitation is reported. Previous autopsy series suggest that gastroesophageal lacerations may occur in 12 percent of cases not surviving cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). In the presence of increasing out-of-hospital and lay-initiated resuscitation, recognition of this complication of closed chest compression seems to be of particular importance. Attention to the technique of chest compression and ventilation, including early intubation and gastric decompression, may help to minimize the incidence of gastric mucosal laceration occurring during CPR.
Radar measurements of concrete for nondestructive evaluation of dams

Remote monitoring of a deterioration process has been studied through radar measurements of laboratory size concrete specimens representing conditions of concrete dams. The investigation includes manufacturing of concrete specimens which model different deterioration stages of a dam, radar measurements, and imaging of the specimens. The specimens have a delamination filled with air or water, which represent different physical conditions of a deteriorating dam. The change of the returned signals from the specimens is related to the condition change inside the concrete. The results show the feasibility of using a radar for monitoring the condition change of concrete dams at a distance.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Patient self-report RADAI (Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease Activity Index) joint counts on an MDHAQ (Multidimensional Health Assessment Questionnaire) in usual care of consecutive patients with rheumatic diseases other than rheumatoid arthritis

Objective To analyze a patient self-report joint count from the Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease Activity Index (RADAI) on a Multidimensional Health Assessment Questionnaire (MDHAQ) in a cohort of consecutive patients seen in usual rheumatology care with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), osteoarthritis (OA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), and gout. Methods Each patient completed an MDHAQ, which included a RADAI, at each visit in one usual care setting. In order to include a physician measure, a random visit at which there was a recorded physician global estimate was selected for each of 465 patients (174 patients with RA, 75 with SLE, 113 with OA, 53 with PsA, and 50 patients with gout). The RADAI was analyzed for total scores (range 0–48), number of involved joint groups (range 0–16), and each specific joint group, and then compared in the 5 diagnostic groups to one another and to other MDHAQ measures and the Routine Assessment of Patient Index Data 3 (RAPID3). Results In patients with RA, SLE, OA, PsA, and gout, mean RADAI scores (range 0–48) were 12.4, 6.5, 10.1, 6.7, and 2.7, respectively. The mean numbers of involved joint groups (range 0–16) were 6.9, 3.8, 4.8, 4.5, and 1.7, respectively, and the median numbers were 6, 2, 4, 4, and 1, respectively. RADAI scores were correlated significantly with the physician global estimate, except in SLE, and at higher levels with the MDHAQ and RAPID3 scores in all diagnostic groups. Conclusion The RADAI self-report joint counts can be used to record self-report involvement of specific joints and joint groups in patients with SLE, OA, PsA, and gout, with minimal effort on the part of the rheumatologist.
Design and optimization of communication fabrics: an industrial perspective

Design of SoCs as well as general purpose client and server systems rely increasingly on integrating available IP cores such as processing cores, accelerators and memory blocks to improve energy efficiency, reduce time to market and/or cost. As a result, the communication fabric, i.e. the glue logic between the modules and IP blocks, becomes a critical component with significant implications on system-level power, performance and area. At the same time, if not designed carefully, fabric design can adversely impact the design time and functional correctness due to its complex distributed nature. Therefore, tools and methodologies that are aware of physical constraints (area, wire congestion), design quality (power, performance) and correctness (freedom of deadlocks and livelocks) are needed for efficient design space exploration and fabric generation and design. This tutorial will overview design and optimization of communication fabrics by using examples from both the high performance CMP and SoC domains. Design methodology and outstanding challenges will be illustrated using the xPLORE framework.
A pessimistic explanatory style is prognostic for poor lung cancer survival.

Background Several studies have demonstrated the importance of personality constructs on health behaviors and health status. Having a pessimistic outlook has been related to negative health behaviors and higher mortality. However, the construct has not been well explored in cancer populations. Methods Survival time of 534 adults who were diagnosed with lung cancer was examined. The patients had completed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory approximately 18.2 years before receiving their lung cancer diagnosis. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Optimism-Pessimism scores were divided into high (60 or more) and low scores ( Results At the time of lung cancer diagnosis, patients were at an average age of 67 years old; 48% of them were women, 85% had non-small cell lung cancer, 15% had small cell lung cancer, 30% were stage I, 4% were stage II, 31% were stage III/limited, and 35% were stage IV/extensive. Patients who exhibited a nonpessimistic explanatory style survived approximately 6 months longer than patients classified as having a pessimistic explanatory style. Conclusion Among lung cancer patients, those having a pessimistic explanatory style experienced a less favorable survival outcome, which may be related to cancer treatment decisions. Further research in this area is warranted.
Incorporating uncertainty into the parameters of a forest process model

Abstract ‘Process-based’ models have been advanced to incorporate current knowledge regarding forest processes explicitly into model structure, yet uncertainty regarding these processes is often omitted from parameter estimation. This problem reflects the fact that parameters have been traditionally viewed as constants. In process models this is often unrealistic, since physiological rates and morphological characteristics, which have known variation, are often parametrized. Reasonable estimates for parameters can, and should be, abstracted from the vast body of forestry literature, and formulated into probability distributions which reflect uncertainty in their potential value. Here probability distributions are estimated for 14 physiological or morphological parameters of Pipestem , a stand-level model of carbon allocation and growth for loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda ), based on an extensive review of published information. Investigation of parameters revealed a wide range of variation in accumulated knowledge regarding their value, and led to the development of generic parameters which may be transferrable to other similar models. Parameter uncertainty also appeared tractable in some cases and might be reduced through reformulation of the model. Some parameters investigated had known co-dependency on model variables or other parameters, and may be better expressed as dependent variables. This study was part of a larger study in which a Bayesian analysis was used to assess the uncertainty in the predictions of a forest growth model.
Efficacy and Safety of Sitagliptin for the Treatment of New-Onset Diabetes after Renal Transplantation

New-onset diabetes after transplantation (NODAT) is a common comorbidity after renal transplantation. Though metformin is the first-line agent for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, in renal transplant recipients, metformin is frequently avoided due to concerns about renal dysfunction and risk for lactic acidosis. Therefore, alternative first-line agents for the treatment of NODAT in renal transplant recipients are needed. Sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, has a low incidence of hypoglycemia, is weight neutral, and, in a small study, did not affect immunosuppressant levels. However, long-term sitagliptin use for the treatment of NODAT in kidney transplant recipients has not been studied. We retrospectively analyzed renal transplant recipients diagnosed with NODAT and treated with sitagliptin to assess safety and efficacy. Twenty-two patients were started on sitagliptin alone. After 12 months of followup, 19/22 patients remained on sitagliptin alone with a significant improvement in hemoglobin A1c. Renal function and immunosuppressant levels remained stable. Analysis of long-term followup (32.5 17.8 months) revealed that 17/22 patients remained on sitagliptin (mean hemoglobin A1c < 7%) with 9/17 patients remaining on sitagliptin alone. Transplant-specific adverse events were rare. Sitagliptin appears safe and efficacious for the treatment of NODAT in kidney transplant recipients.
Foliations with measure preserving holonomy

It has been known for some time that qualitative results concerning flows in the plane do not fully generalize, either to flows on arbitrary manifolds or to foliations of codimension one. On the other hand, in [11] it was shown that the Poincare-Bendixson Theorem can be generalized to foliations of codimension one provided that the leaves of the foliation satisfy a growth condition. In the classical situation of flows in the plane this condition is trivially satisfied. If a foliation comes from a finite dimensional Lie group action then the growth condition may be interpreted in terms of the ergodic properties of the group. Of course, for arbitrary foliations we do not necessarily have such a group action, but we do have a pseudogroup, called the holonomy pseudogroup, which acts transversely to the leaves. Growth conditions on the leaves can be interpreted as conditions on the holonomy pseudogroup which, in some cases, imply the existence of a measure which is invariant under the action of the pseudogroup. It is such invariant measures that capture the essence of the classical qualitative theory of flows on surfaces. The basic idea of using invariant measures to study qualitative aspects of foliations goes back to the rotation numbers of Poincare. A modern treatment of these notions for flows on metric spaces which clearly brings out the role of invariant measures is in Schwartzman [22]. This last work is based on Kryloff-Bogoliuboff [7] in which the space of invariant measures of a dynamical system is studied at length and is recognized to be a topological invariant of the dynamical system itself. Invariant measures have also appeared earlier in the qualitative study of foliations. Sacksteder [21] uses the notion of an invariant measure to describe the structure of smooth codimension one foliations having trivial holonomy groups, and Sinai [23] considers invariant measures for the foliations invariant under a transitive Anosov diffeomorphism. In both cases the invariant measures involved were "positive on open sets." Hirsch and Thurston [4] consider more general invariant measures for foliated bundles
Gate tuned transition to the insulating phase of one-dimensional electrons in high magnetic fields

Abstract We report experimental results on charge transport in a low disorder and low density one-dimensional electron system. We find a gate tuned transition to an insulating phase at high magnetic fields and conductance oscillations as a function of density in this B -induced insulating phase. A careful study of the temperature dependence and the current-voltage characteristics of these conductance oscillations is made and the results fit the recent theoretical model of one-dimensional Wigner solid.
Fibrin is a regulator of Schwann cell migration after sciatic nerve injury in mice

Fibrin, derived from the blood protein fibrinogen, is deposited in the sciatic nerve after injury and retards functional regeneration. Since Schwann cell migration is critical for remyelination of injured nerves, we investigated the effects of fibrin in this process. In vivo experiments showed that fibrin co-localizes with fibronectin deposition in the injured sciatic nerve. In vitro migration assays demonstrated that fibrin alone is not a permissive substrate for Schwann cell migration. Furthermore, migration assays of Schwann cells on mixed fibrin/fibronectin substrates showed that fibrin has a dose dependent inhibitory effect on Schwann cell migration on fibronectin. Our results show that fibrin, deposited in the sciatic nerve after injury, changes the composition of the extracellular matrix and inhibits Schwann cell migration. This negative effect of fibrin should be considered in the therapeutic application of biomaterials based on fibrin matrices.
A partial test of the impact of a casino on neighborhood crime

Ninety-six months of crime incident data were examined to determine the extent to which crime counts changed within the Philadelphia neighborhood of Fishtown after the opening of a new casino. Count modeling regression results indicate that the operation of the casino had no significant effect on violent street felonies, vehicle crime, drug crime or residential burglary in the surrounding community. Weighted displacement quotient analyses suggest that the operation of the casino may be associated with an increase in vehicle crime in the area surrounding the casino neighborhood, indicative of crime displacement. Drug and residential burglary offenses in the area surrounding the casino neighborhood decreased after the casino opened, suggestive of a diffusion of benefits possibly tied to a change in local police patrols. Net of unexamined police patrol changes and casino opening simultaneity effects, the current study is unable to identify a neighborhood level effect of the casino on crime. Additional research is necessary to examine localized effects of casinos on various offenses.
A critique of folded potential for heavy-ion scattering

Abstract We point out that folding models are not successful in predicting the strength of the real potential near the strong absorption radius which is required by elastic scattering data.
Some Feeding Habits of Moose in Yellowstone Park

Moose, most majestic of all deer, command attention at all times and in all places. It is not unusual in Yellowstone Park to see over one hundred people per hour stop along the highway during the height of the tourist season to observe this animal. Moose are considered one of the prime attractions there. Because of over-crowding of many species in a limited area and because of the obligation the Park Service has to the public, problems of wildlife management are particularly acute there. A complete monographic study of the moose with all of the intricate interrelationships is needed, but such a study would require years to complete. Considerable interest has been shown in the moose of the region since Shiras (1913) made the initial study of the Yellowstone moose (Alces americana shirasi Nelson). Murie (1934) studied the moose of Isle Royale from a more strictly ecological approach and stressed the feeding habits. This paper is a portion of a study made on the feeding behavior of the moose of Yellowstone Park. Field studies include June 20 to September 7, 1947; June 4 to September 10, 1948; May 30 to September 10, 1949. Yellowstone Park is located principally in the northwest corner of Wyoming. Except for some irregularities of boundary lines at the extreme northwest and northeast corners, the park extends into Montana 3.1 miles on the north and 2.05 miles into Montana and Idaho on the west. Willow Park and the adjacent Swan Lake Flat comprise the principal areas covered in this paper. These areas lie in a general north-south direction
Vibrotactile feedback of pose error enhances myoelectric control of a prosthetic hand

Advanced prosthetic hands offer the promise of great dexterity; however, myoelectric control techniques, successful with low degree-of-freedom prosthetics, are often set aside by amputees due to the lack of important sensations of touch and effort experienced in the interaction between prosthetic hand and task. In this paper, we explore the efficacy of various modalities of feedback (visual, tactile, visual and tactile, and none) conveying proprioceptive information, specifically the error in joint angles between a desired and actual pose of a virtual prosthetic hand. Our analysis of performance in achieving and maintaining a desired prosthetic hand pose indicates a significant effect of feedback condition, with visual and visual+tactile outperforming tactile alone and a no-feedback condition. Further, the combination of tactile and visual feedback does not seem to have significant drawbacks over visual feedback alone. For tasks that rely on proprioception in the absence of visual feedback, or when attention must be focused elsewhere, we see a performance benefit to the inclusion of tactile cueing, with no lags in reaction times or requirements for increased effort measured by muscle activation.
A New Method for Culturing Plasmodium falciparum Shows Replication at the Highest Erythrocyte Densities

Plasmodium falciparum replicates poorly in erythrocyte densities greater than a hematocrit of 20%. A new method to culture the major malaria parasite was developed by using a hollow fiber bioreactor that preserves healthy erythrocytes at hematocrit up to 100%. P. falciparum replicated equally well at all densities studied. This method proved advantageous for large-scale preparation of parasitized erythrocytes (and potentially immunogens thereof), because high yields ( approximately 10(10) in 4 days) could be prepared with less cost and labor. Concomitantly, secreted proteins were concentrated by molecular sieving during culture, perhaps contributing to the parasitemic limit of 8%-12% with the 3D7 strain. The finding that P. falciparum can replicate at packed erythrocyte densities suggests that this system may be useful for study of the pathogenesis of fatal cerebral malaria, of which one feature is densely packed blood cells in brain microvasculature.
Seismic Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Walls With Granular Infill

Reinforced concrete walls sandwiching granular infill may be used to enhance missile protection of selected facilities. Two behaviors complicate the seismic response of the assemblage of granular material contained by the two concrete wall elements. First, the granular material tends to settle when the walls pull apart in a breathing mode. This settling increases the lateral pressure acting on each wall, generating a set of forces that acts to spread the walls apart. Settling of the granular material combined with spreading of the walls results in breathing mode deformations that can occur in a ratcheting behavior, with the walls moving progressively further apart with each cycle of strong ground motion. Second, friction forces develop between the two walls and granular material. These forces may cause partial flexural coupling of the two walls (i.e., partial composite action). Soil mechanics solutions for lateral soil pressure acting in trenches are adapted to predict the lateral pressure of granular infill. The granular material is represented by a bilinear lateral response representing the active flow regime. The seismic response of granular infill concrete walls is studied using nonlinear finite element analysis. Simple structural models appropriate for routine seismic analysis that capture important aspects of the seismic response are proposed.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
The New Normalcy

In its summer 2001 issue, The Washington Quarterly published twelve global authors’ responses to the question, “In the ideal world, what role would you want the United States to perform with your country and region?” In this issue, three U.S. authors reply to them, particularly in light of the terrorist attacks on September 11… The summer 2001 “Through the Looking Glass” authors could not have anticipated the events of September 11. Yet they did anticipate tests of U.S. will and leadership that will now shape the final form of the world's new normalcy.
Nurse religiosity and spiritual care.

Aims To describe how the religiosity of Christian nurses motivates their practice and manifests during patient care, especially spiritual care. Background Nurses around the world are often religious. This religiosity inherently affects nursing practice. Ethical codes, however, direct that nurses ought to never proselytize their religion while caring for patients. Little is known about how the religion of nurses affects their nursing practice. Design Cross-sectional phenomenological study. Methods Data were collected during semi-structured interviews in 2009–2011 with 14 Christian nurses in the USA. Data were coded and thematically analysed after transcription. Findings Informants described how they approached patients with religious conversation or spiritual care interventions that were overtly Christian in nature. With some awareness of the potential for harm in presenting their Christian beliefs and practices, these nurses also observed for patient cues before raising religious discourse and maintained caution so as to respect patient autonomy. Religiosity also was a personal resource for these nurses as they cared for very ill patients. The following themes were described: religious determinants and influences, perceptions of divine promptings and protection, religious approaches to spiritual care, respecting patient spirituality/religiosity and religious preparation for daily work. Conclusion Understanding these religious motivations and religious spiritual care practices of Christian nurses provides evidence that can stimulate debate for policy makers and scholars. It can also inform educators teaching spiritual care and administrators supervising religious nurses.
Digital function following flexor tendon repair in Zone II: A comparison of immobilization and controlled passive motion techniques

The performance of 50 consecutive digits in 37 patients was analyzed following flexor tendon repair in Zone II. Twenty-five digits were managed by 3 1/2 weeks of immobilization followed by a program of gradually increased motion; 25 other digits by intermittent passive motion initiated within the first 5 days with active flexion commenced at 4 1/2 weeks. Results were graded according to the percentage of return of motion at the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints. There were four ruptures in the immobilization group with no excellent results, 12% being rated good, 28% fair, and 11% poor. In the digits managed by early mobilization there were 36% excellent, 20% good, 16% fair, 24% poor; there was one rupture in this group. Early passive motion appeared to be an effective technique to improve the results of flexor tendon repairs in this area.
Toward an Integrative Science of the Person

To build a science of the person, the most basic question was, and remains, how can one identify and understand the psychological invariance that distinctively characterizes an individual and that underlies the variations in the thoughts, feelings, and actions that occur across contexts and over time? This question proved particularly difficult because of the discrepancies that soon emerged between the expressions of consistency that were expected and those that were found. The resulting dilemma became known as the classic “personality paradox”: How can we reconcile our intuitions—and theories—about the invariance and stability of personality with the equally compelling empirical evidence for the variability of the person's behavior across diverse situations? Which is right: the intuitions or the research findings? In this chapter I review and discuss some of the advances made to answer this question since it was posed. These findings have allowed a resolution of the paradox, and provide the outlines for ...
Throughput and delay analysis of hybrid wireless networks with multi-hop uplinks

How much information can one send through a random ad hoc network of n nodes, if overlaid with a cellular architecture of m base stations? This network model is commonly referred to as hybrid wireless networks and our paper analyzes the above question by characterizing its throughput capacity. Although several research efforts related to throughput capacity exist in the area of hybrid wireless networks, most of these solutions under-explore the capacity analysis. Their results particularly indicate that one can realize only a less than log or no gain on capacity, as compared to pure ad hoc networks, when ?? scales slower than some threshold. This unsatisfying capacity gain is due to the fact that the base stations were not properly exploited while formulating the capacity analysis. Moreover, these research efforts also assume an one-hop wireless uplink between a node and its associated base station. Nevertheless, with those power-constrained wireless nodes, this assumption clearly indicates an unrealistic scenario. In this paper, we establish the bounds on capacity and delay by resolving the issues in existing efforts and at the heart of our analysis lies a simple routing policy known as same cell routing policy. Our findings particularly stipulate that whether m = O(n over log n) or Ω(n over log n), each node can realize a throughput that scales, sublinearly or linearly, with m. This is in fact a significant result as opposed to previous efforts which claims that if m grows slower than some threshold, the benefit of augmenting those base stations to the original ad hoc network is insignificant. Our analysis also shows that for a maximum per node throughput Λ(n,m), the average end-to-end delay in a hybrid network can be bounded by Θ(Λ(n,m)n over m), which has an inverse relationship to m.
Isolation in Digital Power Supplies Using Micro-Transformers

Digital power supplies have gained traction as they provide programmability, ease of use, and higher performance. Powerful modern processors can be leveraged to implement complex control algorithms that lead to higher efficiency and faster transient response. One of the major barriers in adopting digital control for isolated power supplies is the need to send digital rather than analog information across the isolation barrier. Traditional opto-couplers are typically of analog interface, and they are very slow and difficult to integrate. Micro-transformer based isolators, on the other hand, are very fast and can easily be integrated with many circuit functions including digital interfaces. This paper describes the circuit architecture for a 200MHz micro-transformer based isolator with 10nS propagation delay. Low propagation delay is desired to achieve maximum dynamic response for a close loop power supply. The micro-transformers can be further leveraged to provide isolated power that can be used as initial bias for the controller at the secondary side before the power converter is started in a case where secondary controller is used. How a single package quad channel isolator with 500mW isolated power can be used in a power converter with secondary controller will be discussed.
Explaining Changes in Walking and Bicycling Behavior: Challenges for Transportation Research

As issues of traffic congestion, obesity, and environmental conservation receive increased attention globally and in the US, focus turns to the role that walking and cycling can play in mitigating such problems. This enthusiasm has created a need for evidence on the degree to which policies to increase walking and cycling travel have worked. This paper outlines the important challenges researchers face in their attempts to produce credible evidence on walking and cycling interventions. It closes by discussing matters to consider in such research endeavors, including the importance of clear conceptualization, sound research design, measurement innovations, and strategic sampling.
Vocational Counseling and Interventions: An Exploration of Future ‘‘Big’’ Questions

This article in a series on the next ‘‘big’’ questions in vocational psychology focuses on vocational interventions. The author proposes three primary questions with the first question asking vocational psychologists to consider the role they are going to play in the delivery of effective vocational or work-related interventions. The second question also addresses effective interventions and concerns what interventions are most helpful to which clients and under what conditions. The final question proposed by the author concerns what are the cost/benefits ratios of career counseling or vocational interventions.
A compact RNA tertiary structure contains a buried backbone-K+ complex.

The structure of a 58 nucleotide ribosomal RNA fragment buries several phosphate groups of a hairpin loop within a large tertiary core. During refinement of an X-ray crystal structure containing this RNA, a potassium ion was found to be contacted by six oxygen atoms from the buried phosphate groups; the ion is contained completely within the solventaccessible surface of the RNA. The electrostatic potential at the ion chelation site is unusually large, and more than compensates for the substantial energetic penalties associated with partial dehydration of the ion and displacement of delocalized ions. The very large predicted binding free energy, , 2 30 kcal/mol, implies that the site must be occupied for the RNA to fold. These findings agree with previous studies of the iondependent folding of tertiary structure in this RNA, which concluded that a monovalent ion was bound in a partially dehydrated environment where Mg 2þ could not easily compete for binding. By compensating the unfavorable free energy of buried phosphate groups with a chelated ion, the RNA is able to create a larger and more complex tertiary fold than would be possible otherwise. q 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved
Sodium and Hypertension: Effect of Dietary Calcium Supplementation on Blood Pressure

Normotensive female Wistar Kyoto rats were studied to examine the effects of replacing drinking water with highly palatable saline solution at a concentration (0.5%) close to the maximum preferred concentration in these animals. A further group of animals was offered a calcium-supplemented diet in addition to substitution of drinking water with saline. Fluid consumption in animals drinking tap water was constant at between 35–40 ml/day throughout the six-month study period. In contrast, animals drinking 0.5% saline consumed 75–85 ml/day throughout the study period, irrespective of the calcium content of the diet. Voluntary consumption of these quantities of saline was associated with the development of a moderate hypertension, measured by tail cuff plethysmography, after two months of study. However, in animals consuming calcium-supplemented diets the hypertensive response disappeared after 3 months of study. Blood pressures were validated at the conclusion of the study by direct arterial cannulation and ...
Impact of Perineural Invasion in the Pathologically N0 Neck in Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma

ObjectivePatients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) undergo adjuvant radiation for pathologically high-risk features including positive nodal disease and extracapsular spread (ECS). ...
Electric and magnetic anomalies at the charge-density-wave transition in niobium-substituted vanadium diselenides

Abstract A systematic study has been made of the effect of niobium substitution on the CDW transition in VSe 2 , especially in the low-doping region. Transitions were monitored by measurements of static magnetic susceptibility, which has been found to be particularly sensitive for both onset and lock-in discontinuities, and by measurements on resistivity and Hall effect. Results, discussed in terms of the model of Chan and Heine and in terms of McMillan's phenomenological model, suggest that structural changes due to the presence of the niobium dopant lead to enchanced electron-phonon coupling thus raising the CDW onset temperature.