cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Light Intensity on Sockeye Salmon Fry Migratory Behavior and Predation by Cottids in the Cedar River, Washington

Abstract We examined the relationship between light intensity, migratory behavior of sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka fry, and predation by cottids Cottus spp. We tested the hypothesis that above-natural intensities of nighttime light would increase cottid predation of sockeye salmon fry. In circular tank experiments under controlled laboratory conditions, we tested the ability of cottids to prey on sockeye salmon fry under six different light intensities using minimal water circulation to separate the effect of the migratory behavior of fry from the ability of cottids to capture them. We found that cottids preyed most effectively in complete darkness, whereas the lowest predation occurred at the brightest light intensity. We next tested the predation ability of cottids at four light intensities in a pair of artificial streams to simulate more natural conditions. In experiments without cottids, the majority of fry passed quickly through the artificial streams under complete darkness, but as light intensi...
MEMS Thermal Sensors to Detect Changes in Heat Transfer in the Pre-Atherosclerotic Regions of Fat-Fed New Zealand White Rabbits

Real-time detection of pre-atherosclerotic regions remains an unmet clinical challenge. We previously demonstrated the application of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) to detect changes in convective heat transfer in terms of sensor output voltages in the zone of flow reversal in an in vitro stenotic model. We hereby demonstrated changes in sensor output voltages in the pre-atherosclerotic regions in the New Zealand White rabbits fed on hypercholesterolemic diet (HD). After 8 weeks, we observed that mean output voltages (V ave) were similar in the distal aortic arch, thoracic, and abdominal aortas in the normal standard diet (ND) group, consistent with an absence of atherosclerosis. In HD group, V ave increased in the distal aortic arch (HD: V ave = 1.05 ± 0.04 V; ND: V ave = 0.12 ± 0.01 V, n = 3, p < 0.05) and in the thoracic aortas (HD: V ave = 0.72 ± 0.06 V; ND: V ave = 0.13 ± 0.024 V, n = 3, p < 0.05), consistent with the histological presence of pre-atherosclerosis. Despite HD diet, V ave magnitudes were similar to ND group in the abdominal aortas (HD: V ave = 0.14 ± 0.003 V; ND: V ave = 0.14 ± 0.004 V, n = 3), corroborating histological absence of pre-atherosclerosis. Hence, MEMS thermal sensors provide a new approach to detect changes in convective heat transfer in the pre-atherosclerotic regions.
Polypharmacy and the Geriatric Patient

The older adult population is increasing and with it, the risk of polypharmacy. Multiple physicians treating one patient, increasing comorbidities, and an increase in the variety of drugs available contribute to the adverse effects of polypharmacy on the elderly patient. Application of Beers criteria, appropriate therapeutic drug monitoring, and careful, periodic review of the patient's medication list will assist with preventing the sometimes lethal complications of polypharmacy.
Cranial vasculature in zebrafish forms by angioblast cluster-derived angiogenesis

Formation of embryonic vasculature involves vasculogenesis as endothelial cells differentiate and aggregate into vascular cords and angiogenesis which includes branching from the existing vessels. In the zebrafish which has emerged as an advantageous model to study vasculogenesis, cranial vasculature is thought to originate by a combination of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis, but how these processes are coordinated is not well understood. To determine how angioblasts assemble into cranial vasculature, we generated an etsrp:GFP transgenic line in which GFP reporter is expressed under the promoter control of an early regulator of vascular and myeloid development, etsrp/etv2. By utilizing time-lapse imaging we show that cranial vessels originate by angiogenesis from angioblast clusters, which themselves form by the mechanism of vasculogenesis. The two major pairs of bilateral clusters include the rostral organizing center (ROC) which gives rise to the most rostral cranial vessels and the midbrain organizing center (MOC) which gives rise to the posterior cranial vessels and to the myeloid and endocardial lineages. In Etsrp knockdown embryos initial cranial vasculogenesis proceeds normally but endothelial and myeloid progenitors fail to initiate differentiation, migration and angiogenesis. Such angioblast cluster-derived angiogenesis is likely to be involved during vasculature formation in other vertebrate systems as well.
Spectroscopic measurement of interlayer screening in multilayer epitaxial graphene

The substrate-induced charge-density profile in carbon face epitaxial graphene is determined using nondegenerate ultrafast midinfrared pump-probe spectroscopy. Distinct zero crossings in the differential transmission spectra are used to identify the Fermi levels of layers within the multilayer stack. Probing within the transmission window of the SiC substrate, we find the Fermi levels of the first four heavily doped layers to be, respectively, 360, 215, 140, and 93 meV above the Dirac point. The charge screening length is determined to be one graphene layer, in good agreement with theoretical predictions.
Eating Disorders Among Urban and Rural African American and European American Women

Abstract It is alleged that eating disorders are nonexistent in African American women and that eating disorder symptomatology occurs predominantly among White middle class women (Kumanyika, Wilson, & Guilford-Davenport, 1993; Smolak & Striegel-Moore, 2001). This research attempted to identify differences in eating disorder symptomatology in African American and White American women. An eating disorder is a disability because it can damage the person physically, emotionally and socially. It can be undetected for years and society may reinforce the hidden disorder by being complimentary regarding the thin appearance of the person. The Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) was used to measure psychological traits and symptom clusters associated with the understanding and treatment of eating disorders (Garner, 1990). Measures of self-esteem, depression and coping were also examined. Findings indicated differences between African American and White women on the Ineffectiveness scale of the EDI, differences between ...
Effect of Bandwidth Knowledge of Results on Movement Consistency

Summary.-The effect of "bandwidth" knowledge of results (KR) , given only if the subject's response is outside of a certain movement-time bandwidth, on learning and performance of a rapid elbow-flexion movement was examned. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three feedback groups, a 5 $6 bandwidth group (BWS), a 10% bandwidth group (BWlO), or a control group (KR), who received knowledge of results on every trial. Subjects moved a light, horizontal, aluminum lever through 60" in 200 msec., for 100 acquisition trials with KR given depending on group and 25 transfer trials without KR (transfer phase). Although the subjects in the BWlO group received knowledge of results fewer times during acquisition, they showed less within-subject variability than the BW5 and KR groups on the uansfer test which suggests that giving KR abour a relatively large bandwidth enhances movement consistency. One of the goals of motor skill instructors is to maximize performance and retention of skilled behavior for their srudents. A common approach is for the instructor to provide practice, while giving the student information about whether or not the goal was achieved (knowledge of results, KR). One decision the instructor must make concerns the frequency of providing such knowledge. Should it be given after each attempt or on an intermittent schedule, or only after gross errors in performance? Research using simple positioning responses suggests that the greater the absolute frequency of KR (the total number of KRs provided) the better the learning and retention of the motor skill (Newell, 1974). However, in studies contrasting different relative frequencies of KR (the percentage of trials on which KR is provided), with absolute frequency fixed, differences in scores are noted. During acquisition, learning is directly related to the percentage of trials on which KR is given (Annett, 1959; Taylor & Noble, 1962). But during transfer when KR has been withdrawn, scores are inversely related to the relative frequency of KR (Ho & Shea, 1978; Taylor & Noble, 1962). That is, the groups given a smaller percentage of KR trials during acquisition performed better than groups with a greater percentage of such trials. The implication for training intended to maximize long-rerm retention in positioning tasks would appear to be to give a KR on a relatively small number of practice trials during acquisition, but enough so the task is learned.
Automated recognition of cell phenotypes in histology images based on membrane- and nuclei-targeting biomarkers

Three-dimensional in vitro culture of cancer cells are used to predict the effects of prospective anti-cancer drugs in vivo. In this study, we present an automated image analysis protocol for detailed morphological protein marker profiling of tumoroid cross section images. Histologic cross sections of breast tumoroids developed in co-culture suspensions of breast cancer cell lines, stained for E-cadherin and progesterone receptor, were digitized and pixels in these images were classified into five categories using k-means clustering. Automated segmentation was used to identify image regions composed of cells expressing a given biomarker. Synthesized images were created to check the accuracy of the image processing system. Accuracy of automated segmentation was over 95% in identifying regions of interest in synthesized images. Image analysis of adjacent histology slides stained, respectively, for Ecad and PR, accurately predicted regions of different cell phenotypes. Image analysis of tumoroid cross sections from different tumoroids obtained under the same co-culture conditions indicated the variation of cellular composition from one tumoroid to another. Variations in the compositions of cross sections obtained from the same tumoroid were established by parallel analysis of Ecad and PR-stained cross section images. Proposed image analysis methods offer standardized high throughput profiling of molecular anatomy of tumoroids based on both membrane and nuclei markers that is suitable to rapid large scale investigations of anti-cancer compounds for drug development.
Medical Decision-Making Capacity: High Stakes, Complex, and Fluid

In “Assessing Decision-Making Capacity in the Behaviorally Nonresponsive Patient With Residual Covert Awareness,” Peterson and colleagues (2013) argue that if we had adequate tests for medical deci...
Exchange of Hydrogen Atoms Between BH4 in LiBH4

We report here boron-11 and hydrogen NMR measurements of the lifetime of BH4 units in molten LiBH4, with respect to hydrogen exchange. A well-resolved 11B pattern of B−H J-couplings yields a lower ...
Technology-enabled chronic disease management in under-resourced environments

With the large international effort directed against malaria, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, and water-borne illnesses comes the inevitable emergence of chronic diseases as a major worldwide health threat. Management of chronic illness requires a partnership of the person with the illness and the healthcare establishment in an ecosystem of information flow. Remote biosensors in a ubiquitous computing environment provided by mobile phones allows the constant participation of the person with the illness in his or her own health care by providing communications and disease indicators simultaneously and at low cost. The addition of a geographic information system allows the aggregation of individual data into a picture of the epidemiology of the illness and its control, thus facilitating regional and national health planning at low cost without compromising individual privacy. The dissemination of such a system is a complex political and social task with great potential benefit for improving individual and societal quality of life while reducing the cost burden of chronic disease.
Capturing Multiscalar Feedbacks in Urban Land Change: A Coupled System Dynamics Spatial Logistic Approach

In this paper we ask two questions: Does a multiscalar urban land-change model that couples a region-scale system dynamics model with a local-scale spatial logit model better predict the amount of urban land change than either model alone? Does a multiscalar urban land-change model that couples regional and local-scale factors better predict the spatial patterns of urban land change than a standalone local-scale spatial logit model? To examine these questions, we develop a coupled system dynamics spatial logit (CSDSL) model for the Pearl River Delta, China, that incorporates region-scale population and economic factors with local-scale biophysical and accessibility factors. In terms of predicting the amounts of urban land change, the CSDSL model is 15% and 18% more accurate than the standalone spatial logit and system dynamics models, respectively. In terms of predicting the spatial pattern of urban land change, the CSDSL model slightly outperforms the spatial logit model as measured by four spatial patte...
How stable is an astronomical clock that can trigger mass extinctions on Earth

The periodicity in mass extinctions observed in the fossil record1,2 may be driven by an astronomical clock consisting of a companion star to the Sun3,4. Each perihelion passage of the companion star would result in an enhanced rate of arrival of comets in the inner planetary system, some of which could collide with the Earth and perturb the atmosphere strongly enough to cause a catastrophic extinction of many, if not most, species5,6. A similar periodicity has been observed in the cratering rate on the Earth7,8. On Earth, the dating of both mass extinctions and crater formation is subject to observational uncertainties. In the heavens, too, we should not expect the ‘double star clock’ to be perfect, because of the influence of the galactic tidal force field and the perturbations of passing stars. On the basis of orbit calculations reported below, I expect the irregularity in the period of revolution over the past 250 Myr to be at least 10%, and more likely around 20%. This suggests that even completely accurate dating of mass extinctions and crater impacts should not be expected to yield perfectly sharp peaks in the power spectrum of a Fourier analysis.
The Role of Physical Education in the Promotion of Youth Physical Activity.

Physical education can be a powerful influence on promoting youth physical activity (PA). This review describes correlates of youth PA, examines how these factors have been targeted in physical education (PE) based interventions, and makes suggestions for PE pedagogy to promote PA. Perceived physical competence, enjoyment of PA, intention, direct help and support from parents and significant others, and opportunities to be active were consistently associated with youth PA. The large-scale PE-based PA promotion programs that were successful in increasing out-of-school PA applied a pedagogical framework targeting variables associated with motivation (i.e., perceived competence, enjoyment of PA, self-determination). PE based interventions should continue to address the nature of activities, but also utilize pedagogy that promotes psychological determinants of student motivation.
Ground penetration radar using free-electron maser

We propose an airborne ground penetration radar that detects small buried objects. Earth electrical characteristics are discussed. Radar frequency is considered to penetrate 30 cm into typical ground and bandwidth is selected to achieve 5 cm range resolution in typical ground. A tunable free-electron maser allows adjustment to cope with earth variability. Frequency is selected to provide narrow enough beams so that clutter no longer dominates. The effects of clutter is reduced by beamforming with an array along the wing and by using a synthetic aperture antenna in the flight direction. The wiggler of the free-electron maser is modified to operate at low enough frequencies to provide adequate earth penetration. Pulse shaping or signal chirp provides the bandwidth at the frequency selected. We make an approximate prediction of signal to noise to show feasibility. Finally we discuss post processing to distinguish objects of interest from clutter.
Stromal Anti-Apoptotic Androgen Receptor Target Gene c-FLIP in Prostate Cancer

Purpose: The tumor microenvironment significantly influences prostate cancer progression. Androgen receptor exerts its effect through downstream target genes to regulate prostate cancer cell proliferation. The c-FLIP gene was recently shown to be an androgen receptor target gene. c-FLIP is an inactive homologue of caspase-8 and, thus, it inhibits the death receptor mediated apoptosis pathway. c-FLIP over expression was shown to accelerate the progression of prostate cancer cells to androgen independence. We evaluated the role of c-FLIP expression in stromal cells in prostate cancer development.Materials and Methods: We examined c-FLIP expression in 53 androgen dependent and 21 androgen independent prostate cancer stromal cells by immunohistochemical analysis. The effects of c-FLIP over expression in stromal cells on the growth and invasion of LNCaP and PC3 prostate cancer cells were determined in indirect coculture systems.Results: At the androgen dependent stage the stromal c-FLIP level was increased in ...
A clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 16 patients with small intestinal leiomyosarcoma. Limited utility of immunophenotyping.

Clinicopathologic data including immunophenotypic expression of 16 new cases of small intestinal leiomyosarcoma are presented. Patient age ranged from 27 to 87 years (mean, 61 years) with a 2.2:1 male-female ratio. Eighty-eight percent of tumors occurred distally, i.e., in the jejunoileum. Considerable histologic heterogeneity was noted including epithelioid, myxoid, and sclerotic variants. Stratification by histologic grade suggests important clinical subsets. Only in grade I tumors is surgical extirpation alone potentially curative. Grade II tumors are associated with meaningful survival usually measured in years, however, nearly all patients can be expected to die from their tumors. Grade III sarcomas are fully malignant and rapidly progressive: except for one case with limited follow-up, all patients with Grade III sarcomas died of disease with a mean survival of only nine months (median, 2 months). Immunostaining with antibodies directed against vimentin, muscle-specific actin, desmin, and S-100 protein were performed. Only antivimentin was uniformly reactive. Sixty-three percent of cases tested showed actin immunoreactivity, and no tumors revealed immunohistochemically detectable desmin or S-100 protein. Although many small bowel stromal sarcomas appear "poorly differentiated" by immunohistochemical methods presently available, that they are indeed leiomyosarcomas seems most likely from their intramural location and light histologic study. The limited utility of immunophenotyping and the importance of histologic grading are stressed.
A finite element model for the dissolution of corrosion pits in the presence of fluid flow

Simulation of the dissolution of an active corrosion pit in the presence of fluid flow was carried out with the use of finite element techniques. The model included multiple species in solution, reaction equilibria and transport by diffusion, convection and migration. The mathematical model was used to examine the effect of fluid flow on the pitting of nickel in neutral chloride solution. The pit dissolution rate was found to decrease with increasing flow owing to potential field effects. The capabilities demonstrated in this paper represent a significant advancement in the modelling of pitting corrosion phenomena.
Use of The Double Balloon Enteroscope System to Complete Incomplete Colonoscopy

Experienced endoscopists routinely achieve a cecal intubation in 95% to 98% of cases. Incomplete colonoscopies can be due to stenosis and looping of the endoscope in the sigmoid colon or other colonic segments. Several techniques have been used to resolve incomplete colonoscopy successfully, including the use of pediatric colonoscopes, adult or pediatric variable stiffening colonoscopes, or an overtube to stabilize the sigmoid colon and therefore facilitate the passage of the colonoscope. Double-balloon enteroscopy has recently been shown to be a useful method to examine the colon in patients with previously failed attempted colonoscopy.
Machining damaged surface hydrodynamic (DSH) spall target assemblies used in high energy compression physics experiments

Summary form only given. Targets were designed and manufactured to simulate a damaged surface in a series of high energy density (HED) experiments. The simulated damaged surface was a zero strength epoxy powder of nominally 1 mum and 5 mum diameter tungsten particles. This design feature introduced a number of manufacturing issues such as two precision grooves in the target wall and glide planes (upper and lower), alignment slots in the upper glide plane, developing the zero strength tungsten powder surface, a cryogenic interference fit, and a precision surface finish. Custom tooling, fixturing, and unconventional machining methods were utilized to mitigate manufacturing issues and are described in the poster. The targets were fielded at the Nevada Test Site (NTS) on the Atlas pulse power machine.
Leiomyosarcoma of urinary bladder.

Abstract A retrospective analysis of 5 cases of primary leiomyosarcoma of the bladder seen during 1958 through 1978 revealed that segmental resection is curative in selected cases but that more extensive extirpation may be warranted, depending on the stage of the disease. Radiation therapy had no effect on regional disease. Early diagnosis and aggressive surgical therapy arc important.
The role of organization hierarchy in technology adoption at the workplace

Popular social networking sites have revolutionized the way people interact on the Web, enabling rapid information dissemination and search. In an enterprise, understanding how information flows within and between organizational levels and business units is of great importance. Despite numerous studies in information diffusion in online social networks, little is known about factors that affect the dynamics of technological adoption at the workplace. Here, we address this problem, by examining the impact of organizational hierarchy in adopting new technologies in the enterprise. Our study suggests that middle-level managers are more successful in influencing employees into adopting a new microblogging service. Further, we reveal two distinct patterns of peer pressure, based on which employees are not only more likely to adopt the service, but the rate at which they do so quickens as the popularity of the new technology increases. We integrate our findings into two intuitive, realistic agent-based computational models that capture the dynamics of adoption at both microscopic and macroscopic levels. We evaluate our models in a real-world dataset we collected from a multinational Fortune 500 company. Prediction results show that our models provide great improvements over commonly used diffusion models. Our findings provide significant insights to managers seeking to realize the dynamics of adoption of new technologies in their company, and could assist in designing better strategies for rapid and efficient technology adoption and information dissemination at the workplace.
History of childhood sexual abuse and general psychopathology

Reported history of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) was correlated with general measures of psychopathology on the SCL-90-R in a sample that included inpatients with borderline personality disorder (BPD), inpatients with major depression, and a nonpatient control group. When subjects who reported abuse were compared with those who did not, scores for the Global Severity Index (GSI) and all subscales of the SCL-90-R, except for the obsessive-compulsive and somatization subscales, were significantly higher. When only those subjects who reported CSA were studied and when specific measures of CSA were the independent variables and SCL-90-R subscales were the dependent variables, scores on the hostility, interpersonal sensitivity, and paranoia subscales of the SCL-90-R were significantly higher. Because a large proportion of the sample consisted of borderline patients, and because both the specific measures of CSA and the borderline diagnosis could predict similar SCL-90-R subscale results, a series of stepwise regressions were performed. In the first regression, diagnosis, gender, and specific measures of CSA were the predictor variables and SCL-90-R subscale scores were the dependent variables; in the second regression, SCL-90-R subscales and specific measures of CSA were the predictor variables and diagnosis was the dependent variable. Interpersonal sensitivity was the only significant predictor of the borderline diagnosis. We suggest that, at least in some cases, interpersonal sensitivity may be the constitutional/environmental substrate on which traumatic experiences interact to arrive at the borderline diagnosis.
Fluorescence Spectrum Of Rhodamine 6G Under Shock Compression

The feasibility of employing the peak shift of the fluorescence spectrum of rhodamine 6G in an ethanol solution as a time-resolved measure of pressure for shock wave studies is demonstrated for low stresses (below 20 kbar). The results of the shock experiments are in good agreement with previous hydrostatic measurements. No effects of temperature were observed in tests to 330 K under ambient pressure, or in the comparison of static and shock data. A time resolution of approximately 80 ns was achieved with a 100 μ.m thick sample, and using a cw Argon laser as the excitation source. Higher time resolution should be possible with pulsed excitation and a thinner sample cell.
Christian Heresy and Jewish Polemic in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries

The suggestion that there was meaningful contact between Christian heretics and Jews during the middle ages is entirely plausible, quite significant, and generally unproved. That the existence of heresy had some impact upon the status of medieval Jews is, of course, beyond question. Inquisitorial proceedings aimed at heretics affected not only crypto-Jews (whether real or alleged) but members of the established Jewish community as well. Jews were accused of harboring heretics, encouraging them, and even of leading orthodox Christians into heresy. On several important occasions, procedures usually directed against heretical works were turned against the Talmud, the works of Maimonides, and certain sections of the Jewish liturgy. By the end of the middle ages, Jews were very well aware of the Church's lack of affection for heretics.
The intestinal epithelium and its neoplasms: genetic, cellular and tissue interactions.

The Min (multiple intestinal neoplasia) strain of the laboratory mouse and its derivatives permit the fundamental study of factors that regulate the transition between normal and neoplastic growth. A gene of central importance in mediating these alternative patterns of growth is Apc , the mouse homologue of the human adenomatous polyposis coli ( APC ) gene. When adenomas form in the Min mouse, both copies of the Apc gene must be inactivated. One copy is mutated by the nonsense Apc allele carried in heterozygous form in this strain. The other copy can be silenced by any of several mechanisms. These range from loss of the homologue bearing the wild–type Apc allele; to interstitial deletions surrounding the wild–type allele; to intragenic mutation, including nonsense alleles; and finally, to a reduction in expression of the locus, perhaps owing to mutation in a regulatory locus. Each of these proposed mechanisms may constitute a two–hit genetic process as initially posited by Knudson; however, apparently the two hits could involve either a single locus or two loci. The kinetic order for the transition to adenoma may be still higher than two, if polyclonal adenomas require stronger interactions than passive fusion. The severity of the intestinal neoplastic phenotype of the Min mouse is strongly dependent upon loci other than Apc . One of these, Mom1 , has now been rigorously identified at the molecular level as encoding an active resistance conferred by a secretory phospholipase. Mom1 acts locally within a crypt lineage, not systemically. Within the crypt lineage, however, its action seems to be non–autonomous: when tumours arise in Mom1 heterozygotes, the active resistance allele is maintained in the tumour (MOH or maintenance of heterozygosity). Indeed, the secretory phospholipase is synthesized by post–mitotic Paneth cells, not by the proliferative cells that presumably generate the tumour. An analysis of autonomy of modifier gene action in chimeric mice deserves detailed attention both to the number of genetic factors for which an animal is chimeric and to the clonal structure of the tissue in question. Beyond Mom1 , other loci can strongly modify the severity of the Min phenotype. An emergent challenge is to find ways to identify the full set of genes that interact with the intestinal cancer predisposition of the Min mouse strain. With such a set, one can then work, using contemporary mouse genetics, to identify the molecular, cellular and organismal strategies that integrate their functions. Finally, with appropriately phenotyped human families, one can investigate by a candidate approach which modifying factors influence the epidemiology of human colon cancer. Even if a candidate modifier does not explain any of the genetic epidemiology of colon cancer in human populations, modifier activities discovered by mouse genetics provide candidates for chemopreventive and/or therapeutic modalities in the human.
Occupation surfaces sealed by the Avellino eruption of Vesuvius at the Early Bronze Age village of Afragola in southern Italy: A micromorphological analysis

This paper reconstructs the use of space and defines activity areas within a single hut (Hut 8) at the Early Bronze Age village of Afragola (southern Italy). The village, consisting of a number of huts and other structures, was covered by approximately 1m of volcanic ash during the eruption of Vesuvius in 3550 ± 20BP. Thirteen samples were collected from inside the hut to analyze the spatial variability in sedimentary characteristics among three areas of Hut 8—the apsidal, central, and entrance areas. The micromorphological analysis revealed details about the occupation surface and its relationship to features and material remains in the hut not apparent in the field. The apsidal area was probably used for storage but not of solids, as no significant quantities of organic material were found. The central area contains a small oven, calcareous ash from fires, and organic material composed of charred remains and bone fragments and was likely used for small-scale household tasks. A possible connection exists between the lithics and the microstratigraphic sequencing in the area west of the oven, suggesting that people congregated there to perform specific tasks. The entrance area contains highly compacted and heterogeneous sediments that were brought in from outside. Notable is the paucity of anthropogenic materials found inside the hut, especially given the remarkable preservation offered by the thick cover of volcanic ash. We hypothesize that Hut 8 was not occupied long enough to produce a large amount of debris or that it had limited indoor activities and was thoroughly cleaned. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Vertebrate neural cell-fate determination: Lessons from the retina

Postmitotic neurons are produced from a pool of cycling progenitors in an orderly fashion during development. Studies of cell-fate determination in the vertebrate retina have uncovered several fundamental principles by which this is achieved. Most notably, a model for vertebrate cell-fate determination has been proposed that combines findings on the relative roles of extrinsic and intrinsic regulators in controlling cell-fate choices. At the heart of the model is the proposal that progenitors pass through intrinsically determined competence states, during which they are capable of giving rise to a limited subset of cell types under the influence of extrinsic signals.
Influence of three sediment types on copper toxicity to the polychaete Neanthes arenaceodentata

Adult male Neanthes arenaceodentata were exposed to 0.10±0.015 mg l-1 copper in the seawater of a continuous-flow bioassay system in the presence of a sand, a mud, a mixture of the sand and mud, and no sediment, to assess the influence of sediment type on Cu-induced mortality. The sediment type did influence mortality. The time to 50% mortality was 7.8 days without sediment, 36.5 days with sand, 54.5 days with the mixture, and 50.0 days with mud. There was no threshold Cu body burden that caused death. The mean Cu concentration per gram of N. arenaceodentata (≤24 h after death) without sediment was 270 μg, in sand 994 μg, in the mixture 1047 μg, and in mud 1464 μg. The differences in the toxic responses are discussed.
Location monopolies and prison phone rates

Abstract Prisoners incarcerated in state correctional facilities are often limited to making operator-assisted collect calls to their families and associates. Prison phone services are supplied by a single carrier who receives an exclusive service contract through a procurement auction conducted by the state's Department of Corrections (DOC). To win the auction, a firm must offer the highest “kickback” or “site commission” to the DOC, which in turn is passed-on to the recipients of prison collect calls – typically family members – in the form of higher rates. The recipients have little choice but to pay these inflated rates since there is no other alternative for maintaining contact with their incarcerated loved one. Some states have attempted to alleviate the burden of excessive prison collect call rates by changing the methodology used to asses site commissions. The purpose of this study is to empirically evaluate the efficacy of these reforms. The empirical results suggest that the cost of receiving IntraLATA prison collect calls is approximately 41% higher in those states that impose site commissions based as a percentage of the carriers’ ex post revenues relative to those states that impose fixed commissions ex ante . The results are shown to be highly robust with respect to model specification, estimation technique, and control for outliers.
Data analysis and statistical tests for near-infrared functional studies of the brain

We show some limitations of the standard t test when used together with typical data processing methods in functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy of the brain to assess the significance of multiple correlated points. We studied the occurrence of errors type I (that is the occurrence of false positive points) when typical processing methods are applied to time series of normal random numbers and to time series of simulated baseline systemic fluctuations. Since the results of the two studies are very similar we concluded that normal random numbers can be used to assess the occurrence of error type I due to certain algorithms of data processing. In order to decrease the occurrence of false positive points we propose to use some modified stepwise Bonferroni procedures, among which we studied the performance of Dubey/Armitage-Parmar algorithm. The results of the algorithm are shown for both simulated and experimental data.
Aptamers directed to HIV-1 reverse transcriptase display greater efficacy over small hairpin RNAs targeted to viral RNA in blocking HIV-1 replication

RNA molecules can be powerful inhibitors of HIV-1 replication. To determine the relative efficacy of siRNAs and RNA aptamers, a direct comparison of three anti-HIV reverse transcriptase aptamers and three shRNAs targeted to HIV-1R3b was made. U6 promoter-driven anti-HIV genes were delivered into CEMx174 cells via a retroviral vector, and transduced cells were sorted out via green fluorescent protein function and challenged with HIV. The results show that, at low virus input, shRNAs can block HIV as efficiently as aptamers. When expressed in target cells, both classes of inhibitors blocked early events of reverse transcription, suggesting they are both able to access intracellular reverse transcription complexes. However, at higher multiplicities of infection (m.o.i. of 50), while the aptamers could efficiently inhibit HIV replication, shRNAs did not. RNase protection assays indicated similar steady-state levels or nucleocytoplasmic distribution showing that the differential efficacy was not a reflection of intracellular concentration. The higher potency of anti-RT aptamers could be due to their ability to inhibit two successive rounds of reverse transcription owing to their unique ability to be encapsidated into virion particles. Furthermore, anti-RT aptamers expressed in T cells afforded protection against high-dose infection by chimeric RT-SHIV viruses.
Was ocean acidification responsible for history's greatest extinction?

[1] Two hundred fifty million years ago, the world suffered the greatest recorded extinction of all time. More than 90% of marine animals and a majority of terrestrial species disappeared, yet the cause of the Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB) dieoff remains unknown. Various theories abound, with most focusing on rampant Siberian volcanism and its potential consequences: global warming, carbon dioxide poisoning, ocean acidification, or the severe drawdown of oceanic dissolved oxygen levels, also known as anoxia. To narrow the range of possible causes, Montenegro et al. ran climate simulations for PTB using the University of Victoria Earth System Climate Model, a carbon cycle-climate coupled general circulation model.
Liquid-Mediated Reversible Thermal Interface for Satellite Thermal Management

Ability to establish and break thermal contacts in a reversible manner is important in a wide range of applications. These include active thermal conductance control for bolometers [1], pulsed thermoelectric cooling [2], chip scale atomic clocks, and thermal energy harvesting, and thermally reconfigurable networks for satellite thermal management [3]. The last is particularly interesting as it potentially has significant near- as well as long-term technical impact.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
PERCEIVED ENVIRONMENTAL UNCERTAINTY AS A MEDIATOR OF EXPECTANCY THEORY PREDICTIONS: SOME PRELIMINARY FINDINGS

Expectancy theory has been tested in a variety of research settings with somewhat mixed results. One possible explanation for the sometimes low predictive ability of the model is the presence of environmental uncertainty. It was hypothesized that the greater the perceived environmental uncertainty, the greater the uncertainty regarding expectancy estimates. Hence, the predicted relationship between the level of motivation and job performance was expected to vary with the level of perceived uncertainty. Empirical results are presented supporting the hypothesis.
Pretreatment fertility counseling and fertility preservation improve quality of life in reproductive age women with cancer.

BACKGROUND: The post-treatment quality of life (QOL) impacts of receiving precancer-treatment infertility counseling and of pursuing fertility preservation have not been described in large-scale studies of reproductive age women with cancer. METHODS: In total, 1041 women who were diagnosed between ages 18 and 40 years responded to a retrospective survey and reported whether they received infertility counseling before cancer treatment and whether they took action to preserve fertility. Five cancer types were included: leukemia, Hodgkin disease, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, breast cancer, and gastrointestinal cancer. Validated QOL scales were used: the Decision Regret Score, the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), and the brief World Health Organization QOL questionnaire. RESULTS: Overall, 560 women (61%) who received treatment that potentially could affect fertility were counseled by the oncology team, 45 (5%) were counseled by fertility specialists, and 36 (4%) took action to preserve fertility. Pretreatment infertility counseling by a fertility specialist and an oncologist resulted in lower regret than counseling by an oncologist alone (8.4 vs 11.0; P < .0001). The addition of fertility preservation (6.6 vs 11.0; P < .0001) also was associated with even lower regret scores than counseling by an oncologist alone. Further improvements also were observed in SWLS scores with the addition of fertility specialist counseling (23.0 vs 19.8; P = .09) or preserving fertility (24.0 vs 19.0; P = .05). CONCLUSIONS: Receiving specialized counseling about reproductive loss and pursuing fertility preservation is associated with less regret and greater QOL for survivors, yet few patients are exposed to this potential benefit. Women of reproductive age should have expert counseling and should be given the opportunity to make active decisions about preserving fertility. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
14N nuclear quadrupole resonance in carbazoles

Nitrogen-14 nuclear quadrupole resonance frequencies at 77 K are reported for a series of carbazole compounds including N-vinylcarbazole. Differences in charge distribution between pyrrole and carbazole are explained on the basis of delocalization of pi electrons. Effects of the aldehyde and vinyl groups on charge distribution are discussed. Sigma bond polarization between the pyrrole nitrogen and the nitroso nitrogen toward the pyrrole nitrogen exists in N-nitrosocarbazole.
Purified rations and the importance of folic acid in mink nutrition.

Summary1. Purified rations have been successfully employed in studying nutritional requirements of adult mink. 2. Feeding highly purified vitamin B complex free rations of varying protein levels supplemented with thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, pantothenic acid and choline produced a severe deficiency in 10 to 13 weeks. The characteristic symptoms are given. 3. The administration of synthetic folk acid to 8 mink at the time of severe deficiency symptoms resulted in an immediate recovery, whereas 3 mink not receiving folic acid died. 4. Preliminary observation indicates the existence of another factor present in liver distinct from the known vitamins which is seemingly necessary for maintenance of body weight and hemoglobin regeneration.
Management of isolated neck deformity

Rejuvenative surgery for isolated neck deformities can be fulfilling procedure for patients and surgeons. With precise understanding of the anatomy of the anterior neck, proper patient selection, and sound surgical execution, consistent and attractive postoperative outcomes can be expected in every case (Figs. 9, 10).
The existence of a threshold stress during creep of a Ti-53.4 mol.% Al alloy

Abstract Analysis of recent experimental creep data for a Ti-53.4 mol.% Al alloy suggests the increase in the value of the stress exponent and activation energy for creep observed as the applied stress decreases can be explained by a single deformation mechanism that takes into account the existence of a threshold stress.
A closer look at nursing documentation on paper forms: Preparation for computerizing a nursing documentation system

A small scale documentation analysis was conducted to explore the medical and surgical nursing content of the patient record at a large teaching hospital affiliated with Partners Healthcare System (PHS), in preparation for a computerized documentation system. Through this study, we identified a number of problems associated with the paper record that require resolution in the new computerized system, including elimination of documentation redundancy, areas where more structure is needed to properly capture data on nursing practice, and various design considerations to support a more complete and accurate documentation of nursing care.
THE EFFECT OF HETEROGENEOUS DRAG REDUCING SURFACTANT IN DRAG AND HEAT TRANSFER REDUCTION IN CRUDE OIL SYSTEMS

Pilot scale experiments have been performed to study the effect of a heterogeneous surfactant into the drag and heat transfer coefficient in crude oil pipelines. The effects of surfactant concentration, pipe diameter, Reynolds number and temperature were studied in this research program. An extensive set of data was obtained for heat transfer and friction coefficients for a heterogeneous surfactant known as MDR-2000. A wide range of Reynolds numbers were covered and experiments were conducted for many different Prandtl numbers. All drag and heat transfer reduction experiments were performed in the same installation using the same measurement techniques which facilitates the assessment of the trends caused by the various parameters studied. Typical results showed that the friction coefficient was reduced by half at the optimum concentration. While, the heat transfer coefficient was reduced even more dramatically.
A modeling approach to aid in designing robotized manufacturing cells

This article describes an approach for modeling the work cycle of robotized manufacturing cells. The approach incorporates the logic of GERT networks and the computational techniques of recursion models, but extends these fundamental concepts to provide a resource-based model of cell operations. Since the approach gives approximate estimates of performance, accuracy is evaluated in comparison with simulation results. A comprehensive, but hypothetical, example is given to describe use of the model as an aid in cell design. Typical applications involve “what if” studies to evaluate end-of-arm effectors, cell layout, a limited supply of tooling, equipment capabilities (e.g., speeds), and sequence of operations in cells employing one or more robots.
Stability and electronic structures of Cu x S solar cell absorbers

Cu x S is one of the most promising solar cell absorber materials that has the potential to replace the leading thin-film solar cell material Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 for high efficiency and low cost. In the past, solar cells based on Cu x S have reached efficiency as high as 10%, but it also suffers serious stability issues. To further improve its efficiency and especially the stability, it is important to understand the stability and electronic structure of Cu x S. However, due to the complexity of their crystal structures, no systematic theoretical studies have been carried out to understand the stability and electronic structure of the Cu x S systems. In this work, using first-principles method, we have systematically studied the crystal and electronic band structures of Cu x S (1.25 &#60; x= 2). For Cu 2 S, we find that all the three chalcocite phases, i.e., the low-chalcocite, the high-chalcocite, and the cubic-chalcocite phases, have direct bandgaps around 1.3–1.5 eV, with the low-chalcocite being the most stable one. However, Cu vacancies can form spontaneously in these compounds, causing instability of Cu 2 S. We find that under Cu-rich condition, the anilite Cu1.75S is the most stable structure. It has a predicted bandgap of 1.4 eV and could be a promising solar cell absorber.