cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Need, demand, and external validity in dissemination of physical activity programs.

a p c c s n t c c a t i d C a o l g v here have been startling increases in the rates of Americans who are overweight and/or obese, engage in sedentary lifestyles, and do ot participate in physical activity. The resulting pidemic threatens to overwhelm a fragile healthcare ystem, and adversely affect the quality of life for tens f millions of Americans. Public health experts know hat action must be taken now to stem this epidemic, therwise millions more Americans will die premaurely, and for the first time in decades a new eneration will have an expected lifespan shorter han the previous generation. How do we reduce besity and increase physical activity? This supplement compiles perspectives from seven esearch groups that describe the experiences and hallenges inherent in studying the development, disemination, diffusion, and utilization of physical activity rograms.1–7 All the authors wrestle somewhat with efinitions: How to distinguish dissemination from iffusion,1–3 marketing from communication,4 and ublic from private systems.5 There is consensus that issemination is the purposive attempt to spread an nnovation while diffusion focuses more on unplanned doption.4 The authors also seem to be on the same age using Glasgow’s RE-AIM framework,8 in which it is cknowledged that dissemination/diffusion should be tudied within the context of measuring program reach nd efficacy and success measured against adoption, mplementation, and maintenance rates. The authors lso rely on Diffusion of Innovations theory extensively y emphasizing the need to understand the innovaion’s perceived characteristics, the considerable time it akes for innovations to diffuse, and the importance of istinguishing between early and late adopters.9 Furher, the authors also acknowledge the importance of ultilevel thinking and analysis as critical,3–5 even uggesting that organizations represent the network hrough which obesity prevention and physical activity romotion interventions get disseminated.3,4 The obesity epidemic in the United States has
Alterations in embryo development in progestogen-supplemented cows administered prostaglandin F2α

Abstract The objective was to examine effects of elevated prostaglandin F2α (PGF) on embryo development in cows supplemented with exogenous progestogen. Cows were artificially inseminated at estrus (Day 0) and a synthetic progestogen supplemented in the feed from Days 3 to 8. Cows were allotted randomly to receive either 15 mg PGF (TRT) or saline (CON) at 06:00, 14:00 and 22:00 h from Days 5 to 8. Blood samples were collected at 06:00 and 22:00 h from Days 5 to 8 for determination of progesterone and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2α (PGFM). Single embryos were recovered on Day 8, assigned a quality score, and stage of development recorded. Progesterone was lower from Days 5 to 8 in TRT versus CON cows (P=0.0001). Concentrations of PGFM from Days 5 to 8 were elevated in TRT compared to CON cows (P=0.0001). Embryo quality was reduced in TRT cows compared to CON cows (P=0.059). Percentage of embryos considered transferable was decreased by administration of PGF (P=0.003). Sixty-four percent of TRT embryos were retarded in development at Day 8, whereas 80% of CON embryos had developed to expanded blastocysts (P=0.003). In conclusion, treatment of progestogen-supplemented cows with PGF reduced quality and retarded development of embryos. Decreased fertility in conditions causing elevated concentrations of PGF may result from altered embryo development and quality.
Temperature-sensitive defect of type 2 poliovirus.

Abstract The temperature sensitivity of type 2 poliovirus, p712 Ch2ab, was investigated. The results show: (1) late, but not early, stages of infection are affected by elevated temperature; (2) extensive breakdown of viral RNA occurs at 40 °; (3) the products of translation at 40 ° are 14,000 molecular weight peptides; (4) formation of these peptides appears to be due to premature termination during translation.
Standardization of a blood transfusion service

Abstract 1. 1. A record is presented of 198 blood transfusions done at the Evanston Hospital in the year ending June 30, 1937. 2. 2. Suggestions are made for the administration of citrated blood. A method of typing and matching bloods is detailed. 3. 3. Record forms which have proved useful are reproduced here.
Assignment to Ambiguity: Work Performance in Cross-Cultural Technical Assistance

Most studies of technological, social, and cultural change focus on the variables in the target system which facilitate, impede, or modify the efforts and objectives of the change system.1 Moreover, most of the literature about the behavior of representatives (change agents) of the change system in cross-cultural technical assistance work roles has been prescriptive, speculative, anecdotal, or problem-oriented. The experience is not easily studied because of the world-wide distribution of the population, the attendant costs and difficulties, and the absence of theory specific to the behavioral dimensions involved.
The effects of the phyllolitorin analogue [desTrp3,Leu8]phyllolitorin on scratching induced by bombesin and related peptides in rats

Abstract Bombesin along with several closely related neuropeptides elicit scratching behavior when administered centrally. The first part of the study was designed to determine the antagonistic effects of a novel phyllolitorin analogue [desTrp3,Leu8]phyllolitorin (DTP) on scratching induced by three peptides (bombesin, neuromedin-C, and [Leu8]phyllolitorin). In addition, the binding affinity of each peptide for the bombesin receptor site was determined. DTP (30 μg) inhibited scratching induced by these peptides, but unlike the peptides, DTP had no affinity for the bombesin site, thereby suggesting that DTP is displaying physiological antagonism through an unknown mechanism.
Moving beyond methylphenidate and amphetamine: the ethics of a better "smart drug".

Dubljevic's case (2013) for an evidence-based regulatory scheme is compelling, but could be problematic when applied to other drugs with improved risk to benefit ratios. When applied to safer drugs...
Preliminary Mass Spectrometry of a Xenon Hollow Cathode

References 1Thomas, R. H., and Schetz, J. A., “Distributions Across the Plume of Transverse Liquid and Slurry Jets in Supersonic Air ow,” AIAA Journal, Vol. 23, No. 12, 1985, pp. 1892–1901. 2Inamura, T., Nagai, N., Watanabe, T., and Yatsuyanagi, N., “Disintegration of Liquid and Slurry Jets Traversing Subsonic Airstreams,” Proceedings of the Third World Conference on Experimental Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1993, pp. 1522– 1529. 3Inamura, T., and Nagai, N., “Spray Characteristics of Liquid Jet Traversing SubsonicAirstreams,” Journal of Propulsion and Power, Vol. 13, No. 2, 1997, pp. 250–256. 4Oda, T., Nishida, K., and Hiroyasu, H., “Characterization of Liquid Jet Atomization Across a High-Speed Airstream by Laser-Sheet Tomography,” Proceedings of the 6th InternationalConference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, Begell House, New York, 1994, pp. 624–631. 5Tsau, F., Elghobashi, S., and Sirignano, W. A., “Prediction of a Liquid Jet in a Gaseous Cross ow,” AIAA Paper 90-2067, July 1990. 6Wu, P.-K., Kirkendall, K. A., Fuller, R. P., and Nejad, A. S., “Breakup Processes of Liquid Jets in SubsonicCross ows,” Journalof Propulsionand Power, Vol. 13, No. 1, 1997, pp. 64–73. 7Clark, M. M., “Drop Breakup in a Turbulent Flow—I. Conceptual and Modeling Considerations,” Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 43, No. 3, 1988, pp. 671–679. 8Ibrahim, E. A., Yang, H. Q., and Przekwas, A. J., “Modeling of Spray Droplets Deformation and Breakup,” Journal of Propulsion and Power, Vol. 9, No. 4, 1993, pp. 651–654.
Changes in oxygen-haemoglobin affinity and myocardial function during extracorporeal perfusion in immature pigs:

An alteration in oxygen-haemoglobin affinity, as indicated by the partial pressure of oxygen at 50% haemoglobin saturation (P50), may theoretically affect oxygen delivery to the myocardium and, thus, alter myocardial tissue PO2 and possibly myocardial function. We studied the effect of changes in P50 on heart function, metabolism, and coronary sinus PO2 in 10 anaesthetized immature domestic pigs. To facilitate exchange transfusions and control of preload (left ventricular end diastolic pressure, LVEDP), afterload (mean arterial pressure), cardiac output, and heart rate, the animals were placed on right heart bypass. Stroke work (SW), myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO 2), coronary blood flow (CBF), arterial-coronary sinus O2 content difference (CaO2 -CcsO2), and P50 were measured with a control blood prime and after an exchange transfusion with blood having either a low (Group I) or high (Group II) affinity for oxygen. Results (Mean ± SEM, Control versus Test): P50 (mmHg) at 37°C and pH 7.4 increased in G...
Variations across agency types in perceptions of seriousness of family abuse

A statewide survey of criminal justice and social service agencies was analyzed to investigate the similarities and differences in responses to items tapping perceived seriousness of various types of family violence. Results showed that child abuse was consistently considered more serious and of higher priority than spouse abuse. Responses indicating concern for victims of spouse abuse in agency priorities were contradicted by the relatively low level of criminal sanctions advocated for spouse abuse and by low levels of interest in receiving training in the area of spouse abuse. Spouse abuse shelters were the only agencies consistently showing high priorities and high levels of involvement in spouse-abuse issues.
Fine structure of scolopidia in Johnston's organ of female Aedes aegypti compared with that of the male.

Abstract The Johnston's organ of the female mosquito, Aedes aegypti, has only three types of scolopidia: types A, B, and C. It lacks the type D scolopidium of the male's organ. The basic structure and the location of each type in the female are similar to the counterparts in the male's organ. A single scolopidium is composed of a scolopale cell, an envelope cell, a long cap, and a third sheath, in addition to the two electron-dense scolopales produced inside the cytoplasm of two satellite cells. Each scolopidium has either two (type A) or three (type B) sensory cells. A type C scolopidium, mononematic in contrast to the amphinematic types A and B scolopidia, has two sensory cells, a microtubular cap cell, two microtubular accessory cells, and a scolopale cell with an intracellular scolopale. Even though the female Johnston's organ has all the components of the male's organ except for the single type D scolopidium, the female's organ shows relatively poorer organization and development. The female has a smaller and thinner basal plate, shorter and thicker prongs, fewer type A sensory cells, and a shorter flagellar flange, in addition to the overall smaller size of the pedicel. The probable function of each scolopidial type is discussed, especially in connexion with the probable identification of a single auditory sensillum in the male.
Identification of novel Cry1Ac binding proteins in midgut membranes from Heliothis virescens using proteomic analyses

Proteins such as aminopeptidases and alkaline phosphatases, both glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol (GPI) anchored proteins, were previously identified as Cry1Ac binding proteins in the Heliothis virescens midgut. To identify additional toxin binding proteins, brush border membrane vesicles from H. virescens larvae were treated with phosphatidyl inositol phospholipase C, and released proteins were resolved by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Protein spots selected by their ability to bind Cry1Ac were identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry coupled to peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) and database searching. As in previous studies, H. virescens alkaline phosphatase was identified as a Cry1Ac binding protein. V-ATP synthase subunit A and actin were identified as novel Cry1Ac binding proteins in H. virescens. Additional toxin-binding proteins were predicted based on MS/MS fragmentation and de novo sequencing, providing amino acid sequences that were used in database searches to identify a phosphatase and a putative protein of the cadherin superfamily as additional Cry1Ac binding proteins.
Modeling of the first indirect effect: Analysis of measurement requirements

[1] We investigate the extent to which aerosol extinction is a suitable proxy for the aerosol affecting drop formation. First we use multiple realizations of a cloud model to investigate the sensitivity of cloud drop effective radius re to aerosol parameters (size distribution and composition) and dynamical parameters (updraft and liquid water content). In general, re is most sensitive to cloud liquid water, a parameter often ignored in indirect effect analyses. The relative importance of the other parameters varies for different conditions but aerosol concentration Na is consistently important. Updraft plays an increasingly important role under high aerosol loadings. A breakdown of the individual aerosol terms contributing to drop size change shows that use of aerosol extinction as a proxy for size distribution and composition tends to underestimate the magnitude of the first indirect effect. This may influence interpretation of current satellite and surface remote measurements of the indirect effect.
Reversible Oligomerization and Denaturation of the Chaperonin GroES

The chaperonin GroEL can assist protein folding and normally acts with the co-chaperonin GroES. These Escherichia coli proteins are encoded on the same operon, with GroES positioned first. In this report, we have investigated the reversible folding of GroES. Using fluorescence anisotropy of dansyl-labeled GroES, intrinsic fluorescence, bis-ANS binding, sedimentation velocity, and limited proteolysis, we show that GroES unfolds in a single, two-state transition. Importantly, intrinsic fluorescence and sedimentation velocity analyses show that GroES is capable of refolding and reassembling from a urea denatured state. The refolded GroES is fully active as shown by its ability to assist GroEL in the refolding of rhodanese. These results indicate that chaperonins may not require other chaperonins for successful folding/assembly. We also show that GroES is capable of assisting in the refolding/reassembly of fully denatured GroEL. The reversible folding of GroES coupled with the ability of GroES to assist the refolding/reassembly of GroEL suggest that the groE operon may be organized in a manner that provides a structural role in GroES/GroEL assembly as well as a functional role.
Income transfers, entrepreneurial effort, and the Coase theorem: The case for efficiency reconsidered

The Coase theorem asserts that private bargaining can overcome the difficulties posed by an externality situation and lead to a first-best allocative solution. For such idealized efficiency to be achieved, however, it is generally recognized that certain very special conditions must be met—including the assumption of zero transaction costs. In opposition to this view, the paper argues that the special simplifying conditions usually specified in the literature are not sufficient. Unless stringent supplementary conditions are introduced, private bargaining will not bring about a first-best solution. Indeed, if the standard assumptions are met but the supplementary conditions of the paper are not, government intervention in the externality case can be expected to produce a solution that is Pareto superior to the one generated by private bargaining.
Parental Attitudes and Preschool Children's Social Competence

Abstract The present study examined (a) the association between parental attitudes toward child rearing and preschool children's social competence and (b) the association among various aspects of social competence. Ss were 25 male and 22 female preschool children and their parents. Mothers' and fathers' attitudes on the Maryland Parent Attitude Survey were similar to each other but not associated with children's age or sex, except that combined parental Indulgence was greater for boys. In general, parental Indulgence and Protectiveness were associated with higher scores on measures of the child's self-concept, vocabulary, empathy, and altruism although not all correlations were significant. The children's vocabulary scores were positively correlated with their self-concept and empathy scores, and mothers' and fathers' ratings of child behavior were positively correlated, but most of the correlations among the social competence indices were nonsignificant. Apparently a weak association exists between paren...
Estimation using non-central hypergeometric distributions in combining 2×2 tables

Abstract We consider estimation of the overall log odds ratio and the between-study variance or heterogeneity variance from a series of independent 2 × 2 tables. The estimates are obtained using the conditional distributions of the tables with fixed marginal totals, specifically the non-central hypergeometric distribution, along with an assumed normal distribution of the true study-specific log odds ratios. The method presented differs from the traditional random effects meta-analysis approach for 2 × 2 tables in two respects. First, it does not assume a normal distribution for the observed within-study log odds ratio statistics; and second, it does not require estimation of the heterogeneity variance as a first step for estimation of the overall log odds ratio. Furthermore, the method directly provides an estimate of the heterogeneity variance and an associated standard error. Several real examples are discussed to illustrate the approach outlined in this paper, and to compare it with other common approaches.
Zinc Reversibly Inhibits Steroid Binding to Murine Glucocorticoid Receptor

Abstract Previous work has demonstrated that several transition metals and their anions, including cadmium, arsenite, and selenite, can inhibit glucocorticoid binding to glucocorticoid receptors in vitro. In this study, we demonstrated that in vitro zinc can also inhibit the binding of glucocorticoids to their receptor at relatively modest concentrations (10 to 100 μM). This inhibition was demonstrated in both crude and immunopurified receptor preparations and was reversible following removal of zinc. Inhibition could also be reversed by addition of the reducing agent dithiothreitol (DTT). This suggested that zinc might be acting by interacting with the vicinal dithiols in the steroid binding region of the receptor as previously described for other transition metals and anions. The ability of a biologically important trace metal to block steroid binding suggests a role for zinc in the regulation of glucocorticoid receptor-ligand interactions and may explain the ability of zinc to block glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis.
The eleventh commandment fellowship: A new religious movement confronts the ecological crisis

Abstract Edward Tiryakian, Thomas Robbins and Phillip Hammond, among others, have highlighted the role of new religious movements (NRMs) as reflectors of larger social trends and innovators of broad cultural change. This paper presents a case study of the Eleventh Commandment Fellowship, a subgroup of the Holy Order of MANS (an American NRM founded in 1968) that attempted to uncover and articulate an ethic of ecology from within the Judeo‐Christian tradition during the late 1970s and 1980s. I contend that these efforts both reflected the broader movement within North American Christian denominations to engage seriously the ecological crisis, and offered innovative theoretical and practical solutions to this crisis. The fellowship is also shown to have been instrumental in the formation of an international coalition of both religious and secular environmental groups.
Center-to-Limb Angle Dependence of Phases (v, δ|B|) Observed with the Michelson Doppler Imager

We test the hypothesis that phases between line-of-sight magnetic and velocity signals depend upon center-to-limb angle if the magnetic response to photospheric velocity perturbations is both magneto-acoustic and Alfvenic. The Michelson Doppler Imager observes two bipolar active regions. Sunspots exhibit the predicted shift toward phase angles of 0° at the limb. Phases for the first sunspot group are -100°, -55°, and -31° for data at center-to-limb angles of 14°, 41°, and 60°. Phases for the second sunspot group are -107°, -66°, and -14° for data at center-to-limb angles of 16°, 29°, and 57°. The systematic march from ≈-90° phase angles at disk center toward 0° at the limb could be interpreted that Alfven waves are more easily observed at the limb. Unexpectedly, leading sunspot phases split into positive and negative values as the far side sunspot fields turn away from the observer. This cannot be explained mathematically by the change of positive to negative field because phase angles are calculated using δ|B|. Consistent wave propagation direction, or motion guided by field lines, is implied since matter moving away from an observer along negative lines must simultaneously move toward the observer on positive lines to produce this result. Plage behavior is consistent with the observed splitting of phases in the leading sunspot. All plage phases are ≈-90° at disk center but split into positive and negative groups near the limb. Limbward plage phases are 17° for negative polarity and -95° for positive polarity. Field configurations calculated from the potential field model show phases differ between open loops, where outgoing waves could exist, and closed loops whose finite length may trap waves.
Computed tomography and ultrasonography in the diagnosis of calcified renal masses

The significance of radiographically visible calciumcontaining renal masses has been widely debated in the literature over the years. Calcium has been regarded as a sign of malignancy with certain prognostic value by some authors, whereas others have considered certain patterns of calcification as suggestive of a benign lesion. In 1905, Albrecht described an apple-sized renal cell carcinoma surrounded by a calcified fibrous capsule (1). Most of the subsequent literature has emphasized the differential diagnostic features of calcified renal masses. Lang stated that eggshell calcification in the periphery of a renal mass is more common in benign simple cysts and that the thickness and coarseness of the mural calcification is of some help in distinguishing neoplasms from benign cysts (2). However, Krieger et al. (3) and Kikkawa et al. (4) emphasized that ringlike peripheral calcification may be more frequent in renal cell carcinoma than previously described. Thus, it appears that little importance should be assigned to the location of calcification in relation to the mass. With the conventional diagnostic procedures, including excretory urography, nephrotomography, and angiography, calcified renal masses pose an unusual diagnostic challenge. However, with the modern diagnostic armamentaria, including ultrasound, cyst puncture with contrast cystogram, and computed tomography, the diagnostic dilemma of calcified renal masses may be resolved. In the last six months, five cases of calci-
Two Against Freud: Pinsky’s “Essay on Psychiatrists” in a Philosophical Context

This article offers a reading of Robert Pinsky’s “Essay on Psychiatrists” in the context of a contemporary theoretical work by Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, Anti-Oedipus . I do not use the philosophy of Deleuze and Guattari to make interpretive comments about poetry, to identify or articulate meanings. Rather I read Pinsky’s poem in the context of the philosophy, noting points of agreement between the two texts, areas where the poetry works as a supplement to the insights of the philosophy, places where the poetry offers grounds for criticisms of the philosophy and times where there might be irreconcilable differences in the two forms of critical response. Part of my intention in taking this approach to Pinsky, Deleuze and Guattari is to show, at a time when Freud’s worth is often strenuously doubted and his work more comfortably disparaged than at any time since its creation, the value of Freud as a cultural interlocutor.
On fractional Duhamelʼs principle and its applications

Abstract The classical Duhamel principle, established nearly 200 years ago by Jean-Marie-Constant Duhamel, reduces the Cauchy problem for an inhomogeneous partial differential equation to the Cauchy problem for the corresponding homogeneous equation. In this paper we generalize this famous principle to a wide class of fractional order differential-operator equations.
Early learning and memory in the preterm infant

A mobile conjugate reinforcement paradigm was used to assess differences in the acquisition and long-term retention of an operant response in young preterm and full-term infants of equivalent conceptional age. Infants received training on two days separated by 24 hours and a long-term retention session one week later. Full-terms successfully acquired the task in the first session but preterms did not show any significant increase in response rate from baseline until the second day of training. Both groups showed equivalent levels of immediate retention; however, only the full-terms demonstrated reliable long-term retention. Correlational analyses indicated that, regardless of term, long-term forgetting was related to neonatal measures of developmental risk. The data were discussed in terms of the similarities with previously reported ontogenetic changes in learning and memory of full-term infants with the implication being that preterms were more immature than the full-terms.
Equivalent Circuits of Transformers and Reactors to Switching Surges

THE CALCULATION of switching surges occasioned by circuit-breaker operations requires that transformers, reactors, generators, and other apparatus be replaced by their equivalent circuits. To be of much practical use these equivalent circuits must be simple, as well as reasonably exact. Great accuracy, however, is not required — a 20-per-cent departure from exact values being regarded as tolerable. But the approximate circuit must be very simple; for it is merely one element in a network which may consist of many other elements, all of which enter into the equations which describe the switching surge.
Isocon analysis of migmatization in the Front Range, Colorado, USA

Isocon analysis has been applied to five sets of leucosome, mafic selvages and immediately adjacent mesosome in the migmatites from a 15-m outcrop in the Colorado Front Range. The results show: (i) mafic selvages formed from the adjacent mesosome by loss of felsic components and therefore the mesosomes are indeed palaeosomes or protoliths; (ii) the leucosomes did not form in a closed system from the palaeosome (in which case the material lost from the palaeosome during selvage formation would become the leucosome). The observed volumes and compositions of leucosomes require that the present leucosome must contain some material in addition to the felsic components lost from the selvages. The materials that must be added are leucotonalitic to granitic in composition, varying greatly in K/(Na + Ca) ratio. The trend in leucosome composition can be reproduced by assuming that a metasomatic exchange, KNa + Ca, modified originally leucotonalitic leucosomes to more K-rich compositions. These leucosomes most likely formed by injection of silicate melts accompanied, or followed, by metasomatism. The trend of leucosome compositions in this study reflects the general trend in the leucosome compositions which have been published from other areas, indicating that the proposed mechanism can be applicable to other regional migmatites.
Optimum Timing for Insecticidal Control of the Nantucket Pine Tip Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

The most effective timing for control of the Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia Frustrana (Comstock), was determined by treating a series of plots with dimethoate on different dates in 1981 and 1982. The best control date in each of three generations was related to percent egg hatch, instars present, and location of larvae. Optimum control coincided with 70 to 80% egg hatch for generations 1 and 2. One application of dimethoate did not provide acceptable control in generation 3, but the lowest infestations occurred when application was made at ca. 55% egg hatch. Optimum times for control with dimethoate were similar in 1981 and 1982. Two applications of dimethoate in generation 3 gave good control. Preliminary tests of fenvalerate in 1982 showed that it provided better control than dimethoate and that it must be applied earlier than dimethoate for best results.
Space-based IR tracking bias removal using background star observations

This paper provides the results of a proposed methodology for removing sensor bias from a space-based infrared (IR) tracking system through the use of stars detected in the background field of the tracking sensor. The tracking system consists of two satellites flying in a lead-follower formation tracking a ballistic target. Each satellite is equipped with a narrow-view IR sensor that provides azimuth and elevation to the target. The tracking problem is made more difficult due to a constant, non-varying or slowly varying bias error present in each sensor's line of sight measurements. As known stars are detected during the target tracking process, the instantaneous sensor pointing error can be calculated as the difference between star detection reading and the known position of the star. The system then utilizes a separate bias filter to estimate the bias value based on these detections and correct the target line of sight measurements to improve the target state vector. The target state vector is estimated through a Linearized Kalman Filter (LKF) for the highly non-linear problem of tracking a ballistic missile. Scenarios are created using Satellite Toolkit(C) for trajectories with associated sensor observations. Mean Square Error results are given for tracking during the period when the target is in view of the satellite IR sensors. The results of this research provide a potential solution to bias correction while simultaneously tracking a target.
Ultra-low Levels of Terrestrial Ionization

NEHER has suggested1 that the approximate lower limit of the exposure rate resulting from soil radioactivity be taken as 1.4 µr./h, an unpublished value measured by Millikan in Manitoba. Subsequent surveys in Europe and the United States2,3 reported minimum values for the intensity of terrestrial ionization which averaged approximately 4.5 µr./h. Millikan's value was also less than that found in the exhaustive study by Hultqvist4, in which the lowest indoor gamma level, as measured in wooden houses, was about 5.5 µr./h.
Sterol 14α-Demethylase Cytochrome P450 (CYP51), a P450 in all Biological Kingdoms

The CYP51 family is an intriguing subject for fundamental P450 structure/function studies and is also an important clinical drug target. This review updates information on the variety of the CYP51 family members, including their physiological roles, natural substrates and substrate preferences, and catalytic properties in vitro. We present experimental support for the notion that specific conserved regions in the P450 sequences represent a CYP51 signature. Two possible roles of CYP51 in P450 evolution are discussed and the major approaches for CYP51 inhibition are summarized.
On the Emergence of Probability

The modern theory of probability is usually dated from the second half of the 17th century. The famous Pascal-Fermat correspondence of 1654 began a rapid advance in the subject, and by the completion of Jacob Bernoulli's Ars Conjectandi (published posthumously in 1713, but written and discussed long before) one can say that the subject has more or less fully emerged. This of course raises an important historical question: what factors are responsible for the sudden growth of the theory of probability? Why did it happen when it did? In this paper we will examine an answer to this question recently put forward by Ian Hacking. In his book The Emergence of Probability,1 Hacking proposes that the sudden development of the theory of probability is to be explained by an important conceptual change in the way people thought about chance and evidence. The claim, in brief, is that the modern theory of probability emerged when it did because it was not until the middle of the 17th century that we possessed the modern concept of probability. We believe that Hacking is wrong. After presenting an outline of his thesis and the principal arguments that he offers for it, we will show that Hacking's explanation for the sudden activity in the theory of probability cannot be correct, since many of the concepts that Hacking believes constitute the core of our modern notion of probability were present long before the mid- 17th century. We will argue instead for a different explanation, one that accounts for the history of the theory of probability without appeal to radical conceptual revolution.
Sleep Disturbances in Family Caregivers: An Overview of the State of the Science

Sleep disturbance is a prevalent and complex issue within the family caregiver population that affects the overall health of the caregivers themselves and their care recipients. However, there is limited evidence to support the efficacy of current practice and a lack of consensus regarding the optimal treatment protocol. This article will provide an overview of sleep research in family caregivers. It explores current trends in sleep research and identifies relevant conceptual and methodological issues, suggesting implications for further research and highlighting the need to improve sleep quality in the caregiver population.
Hemolytic activity of Rhizopus nigricans and Rhizopus arrhizus.

Rhizopus nigricans andR. arrhizus were cultured in modified Sabouraud broth and synthetic dextrose-glutamate medium for periods of two to eight weeks. The culture filtrates and extracts of fungous mats were examined for the presence ofin vitro hemolytic activity. The culture filtrates exhibited little hemolytic activity but all fungous mat extracts produced hemolysis of sheep, rabbit, guinea pig and human erythrocytes. Guinea pig erythrocytes were in general most readily hemolyzed and sheep erythrocytes least readily hemolyzed.
Immunological dysfunction during or after antiviral therapy for recurrent hepatitis C reduces graft survival

Introduction Pegylated interferon and ribavirin (PEG-IFN/RBV) therapy for recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplantation (LT) is associated with a lower sustained virological response (SVR) rate as well as more frequent side effects compared to non-transplant patients. We aimed to determine the incidence and clinical characteristics of LT recipients with recurrent hepatitis C who developed immunological dysfunction (ID) during or after PEG-IFN/RBV therapy and to assess its impact on patient and graft survival.
The threshold value for physiological action of ethylene on apple fruits

Summary In fruit picked at various stages of development and stored at 12°C, the threshold concentration of applied ethylene required to cause an increase in respiration decreased as the fruit matured. In young fruits 10 days elapsed between the application of 10 ppm ethylene (for the first 3 days) and an increase in respiration. By contrast, in mature fruit, close to the respiration climacteric, as little as 0°1 to 1 ppm ethylene induced an increase in respiration within a few days. Relatively massive production of ethylene and the development, in discs of peel taken from the fruit, of a malate effect (excess CO2 produced on addition of malate) occur some time after increase in respiration. The implications of these results in the control of the respiration climacteric are discussed.
Role of 2-hydroxyestrone in estrogen metabolism.

The importance of 2-hydroxyestrone as a product of the metabolism of estradiol in man is discussed. The substantial losses of this metabolite in the various stages of isolation from urine have been estimated.
Conceptual change and epistemological belief framework for web site credibility instruction

This paper describes instructional needs regarding Web-based instruction and reviews a line of research examining students' determinations of Web site credibility. It proposes a framework for instructional interventions that draws upon two research traditions - scientific conceptual change research and epistemological beliefs about Web-based information. Recommendations for instruction and research based upon this model are delineated.
Presentations of inverse monoids

Abstract The theory of generators and relations for groups is closely related to the geometry of certain digraphs with edges labeled from the generating set. Examples of this connection are provided by the Cayley graph of a group and the coset enumeration scheme of Coxeter. This paper introduces the author's recent work aimed at developing a theory of presentations of inverse monoids analogous to the theory of generators and relations for groups. We regard inverse monoids as a variety of type «2, 1, 0a and study presentations from this point of view. This paper is primarily concerned with the word problem for inverse monoid presentations. We develop the general construction of birooted, labeled digraphs associated with an inverse monoid presentation and show how they can be used to approach the word problem. We indicate several cases in which the word problem can be solved using these techniques.
The Raf signal transduction cascade as a target for chemotherapeutic intervention in growth factor-responsive tumors.

Abstract This review focuses on the Ras–Raf–mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signal transduction pathway and the consequences of its unregulation in the development of cancer. The roles of some of the cell membrane receptors involved in the activation of this pathway, the G-protein Ras, the Raf, MEK and ERK kinases, the phosphatases that regulate these kinases, as well as the downstream transcription factors that become activated, are discussed. The roles of the Ras–Raf–MEK–ERK pathway in the regulation of apoptosis and cell cycle progression are also analyzed. In addition, potential targets for pharmacological intervention in growth factor-responsive cells are evaluated.
Measuring Information Technology's Indirect Impact on Firm Performance

It has been recognized that the link between information technology (IT) investment and firm performance is indirect due to the effect of mediating and moderating variables. For example, in the banking industry, the IT-value added activity helps to effectively generate funds from the customer in the forms of deposits. Profits then are generated by using deposits as a source of investment funds. Traditional efficiency models, such as data envelopment analysis (DEA), can only measure the efficiency of one specific stage when a two-stage production process is present. We develop an efficiency model that identifies the efficient frontier of a two-stage production process linked by intermediate measures. A set of firms in the banking industry is used to illustrate how the new model can be utilized to (i) characterize the indirect impact of IT on firm performance, (ii) identify the efficient frontier of two principal value-added stages related to IT investment and profit generation, and (iii) highlight those firms that can be further analyzed for best practice benchmarking.
The Tyrosinase Gene and Oculocutaneous Albinism Type 1 (OCA1): A Model for Understanding the Molecular Biology of Melanin Formation

Through the last century there has been a steady progression in our understanding of the biology of melanin biosynthesis. Much of this work includes the analysis of coat color mutations of the mouse and albinism in man. Our understanding has been greatly enhanced in the last 10 years, as the molecular pathogenesis of albinism has been better understood. Different mutations of the tyrosinase gene (TYR) , and their association with oculocutaneous albinism type 1 (OCA1) has provided insight into the biology of tyrosinase, including protein trafficking and structure/function analysis. Several questions still remain, including cryptic mutations that affect tyrosinase activity and the minimum amount of pigment required for normal optic development. The next 10 years should prove just as exciting as the last.
Strain differences in feed efficiency measured as residual feed intake in individually reared rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)

The efficient use of feed for growth and meat production is important for all animal production industries including aquaculture. Residual feed intake (RFI) is an alternative measure of feed efficiency that has been widely used in livestock production. Residual feed intake was calculated as the difference between intake observed and intake predicted on the basis of a bioenergetics model; a low RFI indicates greater efficiency. Residual feed intake offers some advantages as a selection criterion for improving production efficiency over traditional feed efficiency statistics because it is not a ratio and it typically has a larger coefficient of variation. The RFI of individually reared rainbow trout progeny from six different genetic cross-types was examined for genetic variation. Proximate analysis and nitrogen retention were also evaluated to determine if differences in RFI correlate to differences in body composition and nutrient retention and varied by cross-type. Differences between cross-types indicated a genetic component for RFI, with the most efficient fish of approximately 160 g consuming 0.99 g less and inefficient fish consuming 0.05 g more feed per day than expected. Lower RFI was associated with higher growth rates (r=−0.38, P<0.05) and greater nitrogen retention (r=−0.82 P<0.001).
Abyssal hills in the central equatorial pacific: Sedimentation and stratigraphy

Abstract In the equatorial Pacific Ocean, fossiliferous Tertiary sediments commonly crop out on the deep-sea floor. The occurrence of such material does not have a consistent relationship to the surrounding topography. The quantitative description of radiolarian faunas from the Quaternary and Tertiary sediments can be used to indicate where sediments are being eroded, how they are mixed, and where they are being deposited. This technique has been applied to the study of a small area of abyssal hills in the central equatorial Pacific (the WAHINE area). Of the 38 cores taken in this area, 18 contain fossiliferous Tertiary sediments. The ages of these cores range from late Oligocene to middle Miocene. A hiatus separates the Quaternary and middle Tertiary section of cores. In areas where cores have very thin Quaternary sections, Tertiary sediments are probably being eroded. Quaternary sediments down slope from these areas contain abundant admixed Tertiary microfossils. At greater distances, the Radiolaria in admixed assemblages are more corroded. Using the quantitative descriptions of the fauna, each core can be ranked according to age. When core locations and age ranks are plotted on a map of the WAHINE area no discernible pattern is formed. Manganese nodules are more abundant where the measured slopes are steeper and fossiliferous Quaternary sediments thicker. To explain these observations it is proposed that small step faults became active in the WAHINE areas during the late Tertiary. On the hill slopes, terraces formed by the step faults act as local base levels. Recent sediments deposited on the slopes may be resuspended by benthic organisms and transported by bottom currents. However, instead of ultimately reaching the adjacent valleys, much of the sediment is trapped on these relatively flat portions of the slope. If moved about by abyssal organisms, manganese nodules would also tend to be concentrated on the terraces. Erosion and slumping, occuring in conjunction with small normal faults, could explain the range of Tertiary ages sampled and the pattern of outcrops in the WAHINE area. It appears that sediment accumulation in this area has not been sufficient to mask the effects of faulting, erosion, and lateral mixing. The model proposed for the WAHINE are may also apply to the entire region of Tertiary outcrops in the equatorial Pacific.
Polarographic and electrochemical studies of some aromatic and heterocyclic nitro compounds Part 9. Substitutent effects on protonation of the radical ArNO2H· and its reactions with hydroxylamino and nitroso compounds in buffered mixtures of water and DMF

Abstract Whereas in aqueous solutions the polarographic reduction of most nitrobenzenes occurs in a single four-electron step, in the presence of 20% or 40% dimethylformamide (DMF) separation of two waves can be observed. The decrease of the first reduction step from a four-electron to a one-electron process with increasing pH is attributed to a decrease in the rate of protonation of the radical ArNO 2 H · . The decrease from a four-electron to a one-electron wave has the shape of a dissociation curve with an inflexion point at pH = p K′ . The dependence of the values of p K′ on the electron-withdrawing substituents indicates the predominant role of adsorption on the rate of protonation of the radical ArNO 2 H · . The effects of a change in concentration of the co-solvent (DMF) on the values of p K′ are attributed to changes in the solvation energies of ArNO 2 H + 2 and ArNO 2 H · . The ratio of currents of the reduction of the nitro group in the forward sweep in cyclic voltammetry to those of the oxidation of the resulting arylhydroxylamine on the reverse sweep and to the peak current of the reduction of the nitro group on the second sweep indicate deactivation of the arylhydroxylamine at the electrode surface. The effects of electron-withdrawing substituents on such current ratios indicate the role of a surface reaction of arylhydroxylamine with an intermediate of the reduction of the nitro group, probably ArNO 2 H · .
Path Complexity of Logic Networks

The problem of measuring the structural complexity of logic networks is examined. A complexity measure π(N) is proposed which is the total number of input-output paths in an acyclic network N. π(N) is easily computed by representing network structure in matrix form. It is shown that simple upper bounds on the number of tests required by a combinational network N can be derived from π(N). These bounds are fairly tight when N contains little or no fan-out. The path complexity of combinational functions is defined and briefly discussed.
The right to say: the development of youth councils/forums within the UK

Article 12 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child makes explicit reference to children's right to say what they think about matters relating to the quality of their lives, and to have those opinions taken into account in accordance with their levels of competence and maturity. Despite the commitment of the UK Government to this and other similar initiatives designed to empower young people, a culture of non-participation is endemic within the UK in the context of environmental planning. Young people are seemingly invisible on the landscape. This paper reviews the case for children's active involvement in their environmental future and considers attempts to engage young people through an incipient structure of youth councils and forums.
Measuring Proteolysis in Cheddar Cheese Slurries: Comparison of Hull and Trinitrobenzene Sulfonic Acid Procedures

Abstract A modified trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid procedure was compared to the Hull method to determine the more sensitive procedure for detecting proteolysis in Cheddar cheese slurries. Slurries prepared from milled Cheddar cheese curd were sampled daily for 4 days. Each sample was assayed for trichloroacetic acid soluble tryptophan and tyrosine (Hull method) and for trichloroacetic acid soluble amino nitrogen (trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid procedure). A linear increase of soluble amino nitrogen over the 4 days was detected by the trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid method. However, the Hull procedure only detected a significant increase of soluble tryptophan and tryosine on the 3rd day. These results indicate that the trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid procedure is more suitable than the Hull procedure for detecting proteolysis in cheese slurry systems.