cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laboratory Evaluation of the Use of Surfactants for Ground Water Remediation and the Potential for Recycling Them

The primary goal of this study was to develop a suitable experimental and laboratory methodology for investigating the efficiency of surfactants in removing hydrophobic contaminants from sand and the efficient recovery of used surfactant solutions for reuse. One of the goals of this study was to test the use of a hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) number as a suitable selection criterion. We used toluene as a model contaminant, Ottawa sand as a model porous medium, and six nontoxic, water-soluble anionic or nonionic surfactants with HLB numbers ranging from 12 to greater than 25. Four of the six surfactants were judged to be less suitable on the basis of their properties (less suitable HLB and surface tension), and on batch experiments using separatory funnel, shaker table, and centrifugation methods. The two most suitable surfactants were trideceth-19-carboxylic acid (TDCA), an anionic surfactant, and polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene block copolymer (POP-POE), a nonionic surfactant. These two surfactants were then used for sand column leach experiments, and two of the less suitable surfactants were also investigated to determine if HLB number and batch experiments satisfactorily predicted leaching effectiveness. In sand column experiments, an aqueous surfactant solution containing a mixture of 1% anionic and 1% nonionic surfactant in a 1.6% NaOH solution was the most effective in removing the toluene. Removal efficiency of alkylaryl ethoxylate carboxylic acid (AECA), which has an HLB number of 19, was only slightly less than for the chemically similar TDCA, but that of dioctyl sulfosuccinate (DOSS) with an HLB greater than 25 was much less effective. These results indicate that HLB number alone is not a perfect indicator of surfactant effectiveness for leaching hydrophobic contaminants because the chemical structure of the surfactant is also important. In the counter-current solvent extraction experiments designed to allow reuse of surfactants, the anionic surfactant solution (2% TDCA) was the most effectively recycled.
Age-related decline in cellular response to oxidative stress: links to growth factor signaling pathways with common defects

Accumulation of oxidative damage is believed to be a major contributor to the decline in physiologic function that characterizes mammalian aging, and recent studies suggest that how well you respond to acute oxidative stress is an important factor in determining longevity. Oxidant injury elicits a wide spectrum of responses ranging from proliferation to cell death. The particular outcome observed largely reflects the severity of the stress encountered and the relative degree of activation of various signal transduction pathways aimed at enhancing survival or inducing cell death. Herein we examine the relationship between pathways important in supporting cell survival in response to oxidant injury and those involved in regulating proliferation. We review evidence indicating that [Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 10 (1998) 248] common pathways are indeed involved in regulating these responses, and [Physiol. Rev. 82 (2002) 47] alterations in shared signaling events likely account for the age-related decline in the ability of cells to respond to both proliferative signals and oxidant stimuli.
A model for serials acquisition

A selection and acquisition procedure for identifying potentially relevent serial titles is described in a narrative fashion. The description focuses on a specialised collection in the area of health care systems. A journal monitoring system which identifies potentially relevant articles extracted from serial titles offers input into the selection and acquisition decision. An ex post facto examination of a compiled bibliography gives further insight into the decision process.
Transport in nonporous membranes

A theory is developed for isothermal, steady-state transport of solutes and solvents in nonporous membranes in the absence of electrical effects. The proposed equations, which include the effects of both concentration and pressure gradients, are used to analyze gas separations, ultrafiltration, solvent drag, and osmotic effects and negative anomalous osmosis.
Driving and epilepsy: the effects of medication.

In Reply.— The issue Dr Novak raises, the potential for antiepileptic medications to impair driving ability, has not received much attention in the medical literature. Antiepileptic medications at therapeutic doses would be unlikely to pose serious hazards for driving. Still, as with any medication, there is the potential for toxic side effects. Consequently, it seems wise for physicians to inform drivers with epilepsy of such potential problems, particularly when changes in treatment are made. In specific instances when an individual's driving ability is questioned, a driving performance test or a test of reaction time may be useful to determine whether a license should be issued. The risk of toxic effects may be minimized by attention to correct prescribing practices for antiepileptic drugs. In particular, we recommend regularly monitoring blood levels of antiepileptic medications, preferentially prescribing a nonsedating antiepileptic medication, and treating with a single antiepileptic medication whenever possible. As Dr
Money‐off coupons and the consumer: are they worth the effort?

Is the use of coupons a worthwhile practice for consumers? What defines a cost-effective money-off coupon user? In this study, the time cost of clipping and organizing grocery coupons is compared to actual savings received. Forty per cent of consumers did not reap savings at least equal to their time cost of coupon clipping. Cost-ineffective consumers are identified and compared to the cost-effective group on several demographic and shopping characteristics. Differences are discussed in relation to consumer economics and super-shopper role models.
NEONATAL HYPERTENSION FOLLOWING CLOSURE OF ABDOMINAL WALL DEFECTS

Four infants, two with omphaloceles and two with gastroschisis, developed sustained systemic hypertension following closure of their abdominal wall defects. Mean systolic blood pressure rose from a preoperative level of 70 mmHg to a peak postoperative level of 131 mmHg. Lower extremity blood pressures were not reduced. However, three infants had edema of the lower extremities. In all infants, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, intravenous pyelograms, and urinalyses were normal. Catecholamine levels in two infants were normal. Three infants had normal peripheral plasma renin activity (PRA) and iodohippurate renal scans. One infant had an elevated PRA associated with evidence of utero pelvic junction obstruction by renal scan. The duration of hypertension ranged from 12 days to 180 days (mean 89.5 days). Two infants were treated with hydrochlorothiazide and hydralazine, while in two, hypertension resolved spontaneously. The etiology of the hypertension remains unclear. Possible mechanisms include: 1) compression of the renal parenchyma and/or vasculature; and 2) pressure or traction on the splanchnic and/or pelvic nerve supply. Since the incidence of abdominal wall defects is roughly 1 per 2300 live births, hypertension secondary to surgical correction of this condition may not be uncommon.
Identification of Histidine 105 in the Β1 Subunit of Soluble Guanylate Cyclase As the Heme Proximal Ligand

Soluble guanylate cyclase isolated from bovine and rat lung is a heterodimeric hemoprotein composed of alpha1 and beta1 subunits. The heme binding region has been localized to residues 1-385 of the beta1 subunit [beta1(1-385)], while the catalytic site(s) have been localized to the C-terminal region of sGC. There are four conserved histidine residues in the heme binding region of sGC. H220 and H346 are conserved among all known sGC subunits (alpha and beta), while H105 and H134 are conserved only in the beta subunits (beta1 and beta2). Site-directed mutagenesis was used to individually change each of the conserved histidines in sGC beta1(1-385) to alanine or glycine, and the resulting mutants were expressed in E. coli. All of the mutants except for H105A and H105G had heme bound as isolated. Imidazole (Im) was able to rescue heme binding to H105G when added to the growth medium and purification buffers. The heme in H105G isolated in the presence of imidazole [H105G(Im)] was ferric and a mixture of 5-coordinate, high-spin and 6-coordinate, low-spin complexes. After reduction, the ferrous heme in H105G(Im) was 5-coordinate, high-spin as indicated by resonance Raman spectroscopy. When imidazole in H105G(Im) was exchanged with N-methylimidazole (MeIm), the Fe-N(Im/MeIm) stretching frequency was shifted from 221 to 212 cm-1. A shift of this magnitude is expected when the ligand is directly coordinated to the heme iron. All of the data are consistent with the conclusion that H105 in the beta1 subunit is the heme proximal ligand.
Transportation issues in nuclear medicine and the release of radioactivity into the environment

Large volumes of radioactive materials are shipped daily over the nation's highways, by air, and by other transportation modes for a variety of purposes. These shipments include those intended for nuclear medicine applications. Shipments are governed by the Federal Department of Transportation, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, and, for international shipments, the International Atomic Energy Agency. Knowledge of the regulations of these agencies is esential for maintenance of a viable radiation safety program. The use of radioactive materials is invariably accompanied by the potential for release of radioactivity into the environment. This potential is addressed in the recommendations and regulations of several voluntary and governmental agencies. Recently, new concepts have been introduced into these recommendations and regulations that use the concepts of "annual limit of intake," "committed effective dose equivalent," and "derived air concentrations." These concepts improve the applicability of present standards for the release of radioactive materials into the environment and for the protection of individuals from these materials.
Fluorometric behavior of a phenol fermentation

The fluorescence of a batch culture ofPseudomonas putida grown on phenol was investigated. A linear relationship was found between cell concentration and culture fluorescence during in the early exponential growth phase. Accumulation of a metabolite in the culture broth affects fluorescence by NADH consumption and inner filter effects. The fluorescence is also affected by changes in the metabolic activity of the cells. These effects during the course of the fermentation are discussed.
A Communicology of Culture: Handle With Care

This article presents a human(istic) view of the (inter)cultural level of communication that overcomes such limitations of the traditional social scientific approach as essentializing and reifying culture that do insufficient justice to (inter)subjective agency. Communicology is taken as a methodology for the analysis of culture as embodiment in the public domain, demonstrating the nondiscursive, spiritual, and constitutive nature of its agency. The process of formation of (inter)cultural consciousness is discussed as moving from the experienced to the experiencing to the experiencer to the experience, as such. The biosemiotic character of this process is highlighted. From this perspective, effective communication is conceptualized in terms of efficacy, viewed as the ability to take interactions with the Other as one's own cure, thus accomplishing a balancing act of signification. Finally, the role of culture and communicology is emphasized as the common ground of inter(cultural) communication—ontological...
A case-control family history study of depression in adolescents.

ABSTRACT Objective To examine whether depression aggregates in the families of depressed adolescents and to determine whether clinical features and/or comorbid syndromes in the depressed adolescents change the risk of psychopathology in relatives. Method Lifetime prevalence rates of psychopathology in the first-degree (n = 228) and second-degree (n = 736) relatives of 76 adolescents with major depressive disorder (MDD) and the first-degree (n = 107) and second-degree (n = 323) relatives of 34 normal control adolescents were assessed by the Family History-Research Diagnostic Criteria (FH-RDC) method using the parent/guardian as the family informant. Results Compared with the first-degree relatives of normal controls, the relatives of depressed adolescents had significantly higher lifetime rates of MDD (25% versus 13%) and “any” of the FH-RDC psychiatric disorders (53% versus 36%). The second-degree relatives of adolescents with MDD had significantly higher lifetime rates of FH-RDC “other” psychiatric disorder (12% versus 7%) and “any” of the FH-RDC psychiatric disorders (22% versus 15%) but not MDD (5% versus 6%) compared with the relatives of normal controls. The first-degree relatives of depressed adolescents who were also suicidal had increased lifetime rates of suicidal behavior which significantly cosegregated with MDD. Comorbid conduct disorder in the depressed adolescent was associated with increased rates of antisocial personality disorder in the first-degree relatives and also tended to cosegregate with MDD. Conclusions The current study provides further evidence for the familial aggregation of depression in adolescent-onset MDD. This study also suggests that the familial aggregation of nonaffective psychiatric disorders depends on the clinical features and comorbid syndromes present in the depressed adolescent proband.
Development and Significance of Dicarboximide Resistance in Sclerotinia minor Isolates from Commercial Lettuce Fields in California

ABSTRACT Three growth stages of each of 20 Sclerotinia minor isolates were tested for resistance to iprodione. Sclerotia and both vegetative and mature mycelium of each isolate were plated on potato-dextrose agar (PDA) amended with 0, 1, 5, 10, 25, and 100 µg of the fungicide per ml, and radial growth was measured. All wild-type field isolates were initially sensitive and did not grow in the presence of iprodione. However, fungicide resistance arose readily in vitro. All 20 isolates produced measurable growth (≥2 mm) on iprodione at 5 µg/ml after 2 weeks when started from mature mycelium, and 18 of 20 isolates produced measurable growth after 4 weeks when started from vegetative mycelium. In general, fungicide-resistant growth arose more frequently and mean colony diameters were significantly greater (P ≤ 0.05) with mature mycelium than with vegetative mycelium at all times and concentrations. In sclerotial germination tests, at least 1% of sclerotia germinated in 18 of 20 isolates after 2 weeks on iprodi...
Magnetic Hyperfine Modulation of Dye-Sensitized Delayed Fluorescence in an Organic Crystal

Magnetic fields were found to decrease rhodamine-$B$---sensitized delayed fluorescence in anthracene by up to 60% at 10 mTorr. An inverse but smaller effect was found on sensitized photoconductivity. The observations are explained in terms of a magnetic-field-dependent recombination of surface electrons and injected holes, with the field scale being fixed by hyperfine interactions.
Monitoring bruise age using visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy

The ability to determine the age of a bruise of unknown age mechanism is important in matters of domestic and child abuse and forensics. While physicians are asked to make clinical judgment on the age of a bruise using color and tenderness, studies have shown that a physicians estimate is highly inaccurate and in cases no better than chance alone. We present here the temporal progression of reflection spectrum collected from accidentally inflicted contusions in adult and child study participants with a synopsis of the observed phenomena. Reflection spectra collected using a portable fiber optic reflection spectrometer can track the increase in extravasated hemoglobin from trauma caused blood vessel rupture and subsequent removal of this hemoglobin occurring concurrent with an increase in the absorption attributed to the breakdown product bilirubin. We hypothesize that this time dependent pattern can be used to determine the age of an unknown bruise in an individual provided rate constant information for the patient can be determined in a controlled calibration bruise. Using reflection spectra to estimate bruise age can provide a rapid and noninvasive method to improve the ability of physicians in dating the age of a contusion.
Cytomegalovirus Glomerulopathy and Cytomegalovirus Interstitial Nephritis on Sequential Transplant Kidney Biopsies

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) nephropathy may be seen in kidney transplant biopsy specimens. We report a CMV-negative patient who received a kidney transplant from a CMV-positive donor and subsequently developed CMV glomerulopathy and CMV-associated interstitial nephritis, as observed in 2 sequential kidney biopsies. The first biopsy specimen showed CMV-positive endothelial cells in glomerular capillaries and CMV-infected monocytes in glomerular capillary lumens. The second biopsy specimen showed CMV-positive cells in the interstitium with associated lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate and tubular injury, but no evidence of direct CMV infection in tubular epithelial cells. Moreover, the second biopsy specimen showed persistent monocytes with cytoplasmic viral particles within glomerular capillary loops by electron microscopy. Our case shows that CMV glomerulopathy can be caused by direct CMV infection of glomerular capillary endothelial cells. CMV-positive circulating monocytes may play an important role in the different histopathologic manifestations of CMV nephropathy in kidney transplant grafts.
From Memory to Memorial: Representative Men in the Sculpture of Daniel Chester French

The civilized and genteel tone of art critic Adeline Adams captures a fading historical and cultural moment that she recovers in this memory of American beaux-arts sculpture, fitfully described in a contemporary exhibition brochure as employing “the classical or Renaissance figural type, stripped of idealization and infused with baroque exuberance in composition,” and “combined with a purely nineteenth-century insistence on accuracy in surface detail.” Despite this sculptural syncretism, Adams's assessment evokes the high civic and didactic role that American public sculpture played toward the end of the nineteenth century, and her memory is even more poignant given the fact that Daniel Chester French, born in 1850, would be dead within two years of her commentary. A modest and contemporary survey of his sculpture thus might help us understand the totalizing effect that the City Beautiful Movement held for a short time in terms of aesthetic urban planning. French ranked among Frederick Law Olmstead, Augustus Saint-Gaudens, and other architects and artists “to influence the heart, mind, and purse of the citizen,” as William H. Wilson simply puts it. Confronted by industry, urbanization, and immigrants, those harried and long-time residents of Adeline Adams's American urbs were reminded as they rounded street corners and ascended the steps of civic institutions that a kind of classical beauty and simplicity still existed, and that a small corps of artists and urban planners wanted to keep it that way.
Use of breakup time data and velocity history data to predict the maximum size of stable fragments for acceleration-induced breakup of a liquid drop

Abstract The mechanisms of acceleration-induced breakup of liquid drops are reviewed briefly. Data on acceleration-induced fragmentation of liquid drops have been collected from the literature and are presented on a consistent basis. Included are critical Weber number data, breakup time data, velocity history data and fragment size data. A triangular relationship based on the concept of a critical Weber number, breakup time data and velocity history data is presented which permits prediction of the maximum size of stable fragments.
Innovative tokamak DEMO first wall and divertor material concepts

ITER has selected Be as the first wall and C and W as the divertor surface materials. When extrapolated to the DEMO design, C and Be layers will not be suitable due to radiation damage. The remaining material, W, could also suffer radiation damage from helium ion implantation and experience blistering at the first wall and form submicron fine structure at the divertor. In this paper we introduce a new concept called the boron W-mesh (BW-mesh) in which B is infiltrated into a W-mesh. The goal is to use a thin coating of B to protect the W-mesh from helium ion damage and to maintain a sufficient amount of B to protect the W from transient events like edge localized modes (ELMs) and disruptions. Critical issues and corresponding development of this BW-mesh concept have been identified, including the need for real time boronization.
Status of the nuclear matrix in mature and embryonic chick erythrocyte nuclei

Abstract The adult chicken erythrocyte nucleus was found to lack an internal nuclear matrix: even milder extraction procedures resulted in the production of empty shells of pore complex-lamina together with loose aggregates of core histone. In contrast, rat liver nuclei showed a typical intranuclear salt-resistant skeleton. These results show that an internal matrix is not an obligatory nuclear component, and is not required for the spatial organization of chromatin. 5-day-old embryonic erythrocytes did, however, contain an interchromatinic nuclear matrix, suggesting a correlation between the presence of matrix structures, and nuclear ‘activity’.
The challenges of biofuels from the perspective of small-scale producers in Ohio

Increased interest in renewable fuels in the United States, such as biodiesel and ethanol, is mainly the result of higher cost for traditional fuels after years of low prices. A growing concern over oil imports from politically unstable parts of the world has also led people to seriously consider alternatives to gasoline. Despite this attention, there are issues that challenge the widespread acceptance of biofuels, including the availability of raw materials and food security concerns. Ohio is one of the most productive agricultural states in the country, able to contribute significant amounts of corn and soybeans, the main feedstock for biofuels. Even though Ohio is rich in the raw materials needed for biofuel production, it is still an endeavor that mainly involves small businesses that face numerous challenges. Some of these challenges are national in scope, while others are localized. Interviews with small-scale biofuels producers in Ohio identify some of the major political, economic, and perceptual hurdles confronting this fledgling industry.
Chain, layer, and self-penetrated copper dipyridylamine coordination polymers with conformationally flexible ring-based dicarboxylate ligands

Abstract Hydrothermal reaction of copper salts, 4,4′-dipyridylamine (dpa), and a conformationally flexible ring-based dicarboxylic acid has afforded a series of four new crystalline coordination polymer solids with different topologies and dimensionalities. {[Cu( c -14cdc)(dpa)]·H 2 O} n ( 1 , c -14cdc = cis -1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylate) shows interdigitated paddlewheel-dimer based [Cu( c -14cdc)] n chains with pendant dpa ligands. [Cu 2 ( t -14cdc) 2 (dpa)] n ( 2 , t -14cdc = trans-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylate) possesses {Cu 4 (OCO) 6 } linear tetrameric clusters linked into a very rare 8-connected ilc self-penetrated 3D net with 4 24 5.6 3 topology. The chain coordination polymer {[Cu( t -14cdc)(dpa)(Hdpa)](NO 3 )·3.5H 2 O} n ( 3 ) was obtained as a minor product in the synthesis of 2 . Use of a related dicarboxylate ligand with a rigid central ring and flexible carboxylate arms resulted in [Cu(1,4-phda)(dpa)] n ( 4 , 1,4-phda = 1,4-phenylenediacetate), which manifests a rippled (4,4) grid 2D net. Thermal properties of all new materials are presented. A variable temperature magnetic susceptibility study on 2 showed strong antiferromagnetic superexchange between the inner and outer copper atoms within the tetrameric clusters ( g = 2.19(2), J 1 = −154(2) cm −1 , J 2 ∼ 0 cm −1 ).
Converting Ethics into Reason: German Stem Cell Policy between Science and the Law

Since James Thomson of the University of Wisconsin, Madison, first isolated human embryonic stem cells in 1998, controversies over research with these cells have erupted in many countries, and some...
Tissue response to mechanical vibrations for “sonoelasticity imaging”

The goal of "sonoelasticity imaging" is to differentiate between normal soft tissues and hard lesions. This is done by measuring and then displaying the ultrasound Doppler spectrum of regions within tissues which are mechanically forced with low frequency (20-1000 Hz) vibrations. The resolution and sensitivity of the technique ultimately rest on the spatial resolution of ultrasound Doppler detection, the low frequency mechanical properties of tissues, and the vibration response of layered, inhomogeneous regions with hard tumor inclusions and complicated boundary conditions set by the presence of skin, bones and other regions. An initial investigation has measured some tissue stiffness parameters, and applied these in a NASTRAN finite element analysis to simulate a prostate tumor in the pelvic cavity. The measurements show a wide separation between the elastic modulus of tumors and soft tissues such as muscle and prostate. NASTRAN analyses show the ability to delineate regions of different elasticity based on the pattern of vibration amplitudes. The ability to change vibration frequency within the 100-300 Hz band seems particularly helpful in simulations and experiments which visualize small stiff inclusions in tissues. Preliminary results support the postulate that sonoelasticity imaging can provide useful information concerning tissue properties that are not otherwise obtainable.
Combined VM‐26 and cytosine arabinoside in treatment of refractory childhood lymphocytic leukemia

On the basis of previous findings at this institution, VM-26 and Cytosine Arabinoside (ara-C) were used in combination to treat 33 children with refractory acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). Chemotherapy was given by vein twice a week for four weeks at dosage of 300 mg/m2 for ara-C and 50, 75, 110, 165, or 200 mg/m2 for VM-26. Ten marrow remissions (nine complete and one partial) were induced, with hypotension (2/33) and bone marrow hypoplasia (20/33) the most significant side effects observed. Therapeutic responses were obtained with each dosage of VM-26 except 75 mg/m2; myelosuppression developed at all dosages, being most prolonged at 200 mg/m2. Ten of the 23 non-responders did not complete their planned courses of therapy. The significance of this information is that combinations of VM-26 and ara-C were effective in patients who were either in late stages of their leukemia or had never achieved an initial remission. All had been previously treated with prednisone, vincristine, daunomycin and L-asparaginase. In addition, seven of the 10 responders had previously received ara-C in other drug combinations. The use of VM-26 and ara-C in combination may be warranted for newly diagnosed patients who are at high risk for treatment failure with first-line drugs.
Optimal pest control in greenhouse production of ornamental crops

In this study, we develop a conceptual bioeconomic model of floriculture production with aesthetic benefits, wherein optimal decision rules depend on an intertemporal economic objective to maximize profits subject to economic and biological processes. Necessary conditions of the model identify optimal trajectories (e.g., simultaneous, single, or cycling controls) that define decision rules and economic thresholds for profit maximizing growers producing crops with aesthetic attributes. The necessary conditions also highlight intertemporal trade-offs between aesthetic benefits and expected future net benefits of arthropod stocks, which have important policy implications. The model is applied to the greenhouse production system of ivy geranium.
Effective threat detection for surveillance

Surveillance video and protocols are only as effective as the people who are doing the monitoring. Threats might be overlooked because they are rare. Our experiment tested in the security domain what others have found in the medical domain: that repeating a rare event to make it less rare will make it more likely to be remembered, and hence, to be able to be reported. Results of our experiment supported the hypothesis that repeating rare events will make them more likely to be detected. We also looked at the relationship between threat detection performance and age, perceived level of attention, and recording procedure time devoted to each threat. Our specific findings concerning these factors led us to suggest actionable protocols to improve security officers' threat detection performance in video and live surveillance. Airport, border, urban, and other types of security screeners might benefit from these recommendations.
Development of a fast-pneumatic sample transfer system for DT neutron activation analysis at the University of Michigan

The development of an automated pneumatic transfer system used to quickly acquire data from materials irradiated with a deuterium–tritium (DT) neutron generator is described in this paper. This system was designed to gather data on short-lived activation and fast-fission products, and was used to characterize the generator’s neutron field. The average sample transit time between irradiation and data acquisition is 363.9 ms at an average velocity of 30.92 m/s (101.3 ft/s). The neutron flux profile as a function of depth into the sample capsule is shown to decrease exponentially, having a maximum flux value of 5.662 × 108 ± 0.056 × 108 n/cm2 s. The average DT neutron energy in the system’s sample geometry was determined to be 14.250 ± 0.011 MeV using a unique zirconium–niobium “sandwich” technique. A flux surface equation is also presented as a function of accelerator voltage and deuterium beam current. Methods of analysis are discussed with a proof of a linear flux profile assumption for thin foils.
Acute arterial hypertension inhibits proximal tubular fluid reabsorption in normotensive rat but not in SHR.

The effect of acute arterial hypertension on proximal tubular fluid reabsorption was investigated in Sprague-Dawley rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) by measuring proximal tubular flow...
Quantum well and quantum dot research at the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL)

This paper reviews the work of several teams at ARL. In the first section a summary of the work done by the photovoltaic devices team is presented, the team is using quantum dots to enhance the efficiency of solar photovoltaic devices. We have discovered that doping the quantum dots is critical in enhancing the efficiency of the solar cells. In the quantum well arena we are developing type II SLS detector material for high performance focal plane array applications, so far we have observed that the minority carrier lifetimes have been short. This presents a major barrier towards the realization of high performance focal plane arrays. This paper discusses some of the details of type II SLS material studies as they pertain to minority carrier lifetime studies.
INCREASED RESISTANCE TO PNEUMOCOCCAL INFECTION IN FEMALE RATS AND DIETHYLSTILBESTEROL TREATED MALES

Female rats and males treated with diethylstilbesterol (DES) were more resistant to i.v. pneumococcal challenge than were untreated males. These observations may parallel the clinical findings. The i.v. LD50 in male rats for Pneumococcus Type 25 (Pn25) is 5×105 viable organisms. Challenge of female rats with this LD50 dose of the Pn25 resulted in a significantly lower mortality. Splenectomized male and female rats were challenged i.v. with the same numbers of viable pneumococci. All males died, while about one-half of the females survived. DES was given s.c., 0.5 to 1 mg per day for 5 days to male rats weighing about 200 gm, while similar control rats received cotton seed oil only, the vehicle for the DES. Body weight decreased about 35 gm by day 6. On day 8 DES treated males and controls were challenged i.v. with the LD50 dose of Pn25. Mortality in the DES treated males was comparable to that in females and was significantly different from mortality in cotton seed oil treated control males. In vitro phagocytic studies using the Pn25 as the test particle and two-way combinations of DES treated and normal cells and serum failed to reveal differences in cellular phagocytic activity or levels of serum opsonizing activity. In vivo DES was capable of producing changes in male rats which caused them to resemble females in their resistance to i.v. pneumococcal challenge.
Emulsions and microemulsions for ocular drug delivery

Ocular drug delivery through aqueous eye drops is the most common approach for administering ophthalmic drugs, in spite of the low residence time of a few minutes, which limits the bioavailability to less than 5 %. A number of drug delivery approaches have been explored to overcome the drawbacks of the aqueous eye drops including addition of colloidal particles to the eye drops. Emulsions and microemulsions are particularly appealing for delivering hydrophobic drugs to the cornea because of the possibility of loading the drugs in the oil particles. There are some other potential advantages such as the possibility of increasing the residence time through binding between the surfactant covered oil drops and the cornea, or through designing systems that undergo phase transition to a liquid crystalline system with high viscosity. Additionally, some researchers have dispersed microemulsions in contact lenses to further increase the residence time. The benefits of the emulsions and microemulsions listed above are at least partially offset by potential toxicity issues, and also formulation issues such as shelf life. Furthermore, issues related to the ocular physiology including tear biochemistry, and rapid tear turnover also sometimes limit the potential benefits of using microemulsions and emulsions. This review paper focuses on summarizing recent research on ophthalmic delivery through emulsions and microemulsions, with a particular focus on mechanistic and formulation issues.
Centrally administered neurotensin suppresses locomotor hyperactivity induced by d-amphetamine but not by scopolamine or caffeine.

The effects of intracisternally (i.c.) administered neurotensin (NT) on locomotor responses to scopolamine and caffeine, two psychomotor stimulants which do not depend on an intact mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system, were compared with the effects of the peptide on locomotion induced by d-amphetamine, which does depend on this DA system. Adult rats were injected intracisternally with 30 micrograms of neurotensin or vehicle. Immediately following these injections, the rats received intraperitoneal injections of either d-amphetamine (1, 2 or 3 mg/kg), scopolamine (0.25, 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 mg/kg), caffeine (5, 15, 30 or 50 mg/kg) or the appropriate vehicle. After a 10 min recovery period, interruptions of photocells by ambulatory and non-ambulatory behavior were recorded every 30 min for 2 hr. Analyses of variance indicate that d-amphetamine and caffeine significantly elevated locomotor and non-locomotor activity at every dose tested. Scopolamine elevated locomotor activity at every dose and non-locomotor activity at 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg. Statistical analysis revealed that neurotensin significantly suppressed the locomotor response to 2 and 3 mg/kg of d-amphetamine but did not suppress the locomotor responses to any dose of scopolamine or caffeine or the non-locomotor responses to any of the three stimulants tested. Behavioral ratings of stereotyped responses indicated that neurotensin altered none of these responses to any stimulant tested. These findings are consistent with previous behavioral and biochemical data which indicate that neurotensin modulates the activity of the mesolimbic, but not nigroneostriatal, DA system and moreover, demonstrate that neurotensin does not simply induce a non-specific impairment of locomotor activity.
Pretreatment of the Cells With Brefeldin A and Cycloheximide Differently Regulates Fas and TNF Stimulated Apoptosis.

INTRODUCTION. The activation of Fas and TNF receptor by ligands stimulates fast development of apoptosis in sensitive cells. The activation of these two-death domaincontaining receptors leads to the stimulation of very similar, but not identical proapoptotic pathways. The treatment with Fas ligand alone is enough to stimulate apoptosis, but TNF-stimulated apoptosis requires the co-treatment with TNF and suppressors of translation or transcription. Here we are reporting a new difference between activation of apoptosis with Fas ligand and TNF. The pretreatment of the cells for 2-3 hours with cycloheximide or brefeldin A makes the cells more sensitive to Fas-dependent apoptosis and more resistant to TNF-dependent apoptosis. The possible mechanism of this difference is discussed. METHODS. HeLa cells were pretreated with cycloheximide (4 μg/ml) or brefeldin A (2 μg/ml) before TNF (1ng/ml) or anti-Fas AB (dilution 1:6000) were added. The cells were fixed with formaldehyde after 6 hours of TNF or anti-Fas AB treatment. The apoptotic cells were analyzed with DAPI staining. For FACS analysis the cells were treated by Fas and TNFR1 antibodies and FITC labeled secondary antibodies. RESULTS. HeLa cells are very sensitive to TNF and Fas dependent apoptosis. They are dying after 10-12 hours of anti-Fas AB treatment, and after 6-7 hours of TNF/ cycloheximide combined treatment. But the pretreatment of HeLa cells for 3 hours with cycloheximide or brefeldin A (the drug, which destroys Golgi and suppresses protein trafficking and secretion) before the supplement of TNF or anti-Fas AB changes the sensitivity of HeLa cells to Fas- and TNF- dependent apoptosis. The pretreated cells become more sensitive to Fas -dependent apoptosis, but more resistant to TNF-dependent apoptosis (see Fig. 1 and 2 - light spots inside of the apoptotic cells correspond to the condensed chromatin).
Effects of self-induced ellipse rotation and self-focusing in a Q-switched laser cavity

An optical Kerr medium in a pulsed laser cavity can appreciably affect the pulsed laser output via self-induced ellipse rotation and self-focusing. Stretching of a Q-switched ruby laser pulse has been observed with either of these two effects. Transverse mode selection by self-focusing has also been seen. The results appear in good agreement with theoretical prediction.
Does a Filmic Writing of History Exist

Book reviewed in this article: Natalie Zemon Davis, Slaves on Screen: Film and Historical Vision
Teaching OO methodology in a project-driven CS2 course

After we adopted an objects-first approach in CS1, we had to redesign our CS2 and data structures courses. This paper reports on our efforts to develop a project-driven CS2 course that expands on the object-oriented methodology introduced in the CS1 course. We focused on using collections and base classes in meaningful, large-scale projects helping students understand why these classes are important before concentrating on implementation in the subsequent data structures and algorithms course. We also introduce the concepts of design patterns and frameworks. This paper focuses on the OO methodology developed in the course; a companion paper [6] deals with pedagogical issues in using our approach.
Habitats and tidal accessibility of the marine foods of dabbling ducks and brant in Boundary Bay, British Columbia

The role of birds in intertidal food webs is mediated by effects of tides on the habitat, distribution, and accessibility of food organisms. We studied effects of elevation, sediment characteristics, vegetation, and tidal cycles on waterfowl feeding and food organisms in Boundary Bay, British Columbia, Canada from September to March 1990–1992. Percent dry mass of esophageal contents was mainly Zostera japonica leaves (84%) for American wigeon (Anas americana Gmelin), and leaves of Z. japonica (57%) and Z. marina (41%) for brant (Branta bernicla L.). Northern pintails (A. acuta L.) and mallards (A. platyrhynchos L.) ate mostly the leaves, seeds, and rhizomes of Z. japonica (48 and 72%, respectively) and gastropods (12 and 28%). Green-winged teal (A. crecca L.) ate mainly amphipods (68%) and saltmarsh seeds (19%). The well-sorted fine sand (median 0.125 mm) to medium sand (0.25 mm), and the low organic carbon content (1.31±0.12% dry mass), did not appear to vary sufficiently along 2.1- and 2.6-km transects to affect macroinvertebrate distributions. Three habitat zones were recognized: (1) upper intertidal (sandflats); (2) mid-intertidal (largely monotypic Z. japonica); and (3) lower intertidal (mixed Z. japonica and Z. marina). These zones, although related to elevation, had greater influence on amphipod distributions than did elevation alone or detrital biomass. Biomass and numbers of most invertebrate foods of waterfowl were greatest in the eelgrass zones, with the upper elevational limit of Z. japonica occurring at about Mean Water Level (MWL). Accordingly, wigeon, pintails, and mallards fed mostly below MWL. Because of seasonal tidal cycles, daily accessibility of areas below MWL but within reach of surfacefeeding waterfowl decreased from a mean of 10.8 h in October to 9.6 h in December. In October only 10 d and <12 h available feeding time, whereas in December and January every day had <12 h available feeding time. Seasonal effects of tides on accessibility might limit sufficient feeding by some waterfowl species in intertidal areas, increasing their reliance on alternative feeding sites.
Orbiting lidar simulations. 2: Density, temperature, aerosol, and cloud measurements by a wavelength-combining technique.

A technique is described for combining several wavelength backscatter measurements to yield profiles of molecular density and temperature plus aerosol and cloud backscatter with associated error-bar profiles. Error sources include signal, transmission, calibration, conventional density, lidar density normalization, temperature or pressure estimation at a reference height, and backscatter wavelength-dependence estimation. Strong particulate contamination limits the technique to the cloud-free upper troposphere and above. Error bars automatically returned as part of the measurement show when such contamination occurs. Relative density (temperature) profiles have rms errors of 0.5–2% (1.2–2.5 K) in the nonvolcanic stratosphere and upper troposphere. The density profiles significantly improve aerosol retrievals. The fine vertical resolution of the temperature profiles would permit defining the tropopause to ∼0.5 km and higher wave structures to 1 or 2 km.
The effect of zinc and other divalent cations on the structure and function of human α2-macroglobulin

Zinc binding to human alpha 2-macroglobulin was studied to assess its involvement in the structure and function alpha 2-macroglobulin. Equilibrium dialysis experiments indicated multiple classes of zinc-binding sites, the one of highest affinity having a site number of 20 and a Kd value of 8 X 10(-7) M. Native alpha 2-macroglobulin and alpha 2-macroglobulin-trypsin complexes bound comparable amount of zinc. The proteinase inhibitory activity of alpha 2-macroglobulin was not affected by zinc binding at physiological concentrations nor by the removal of zinc by EDTA. Above 25 microM zinc, alpha 2-macroglobulin activity decreased, although binding of [125I]trypsin was not affected. When nondenaturing gel electrophoresis was performed, the preparation of alpha 2-macroglobulin migrated as half-molecules at increasing zinc concentration. Experiments with other divalent cations correlated decreases in alpha 2-macroglobulin activity with apparent dissociation of the alpha 2-macroglobulin tetramer in the presence of copper and mercury, but not barium, cadmium or nickel. While zinc binding to alpha 2-macroglobulin does not function in proteinase inhibition, it might be involved in zinc transport in vivo. At nonphysiological concentrations, zinc and other divalent cations are useful as probes of protein quaternary structure.
Recent trends in post-wildfire seeding in western US forests: costs and seed mixes

Broadcast seeding is one of the most commonly used post-fire rehabilitation treatments to establish ground cover for erosion control and mitigation of non-native plant species invasions. Little quantitative information is available on overall trends of post-fire seeding expenditures and seed mixes used over time in forested ecosystems in the western USA. We reviewed scientific articles, government publications and unpublished documents as well as USDA Forest Service Burned Area Reports to determine trends in post-fire seeding in forested ecosystems over time. Of 1164 USDA Forest Service Burned Area Reports, 380 contained information on seeding treatments conducted in forested ecosystems. A review of 40 papers and 67 Burned Area Reports reporting species seeded between 1970 and 2007 revealed a trend of increasing use of native species, annual cereal grains and sterile-grass hybrids, with natives dominating seed mixes. According to 380 Burned Area Reports with data on costs and area seeded, total post-fire seeding expenditures have increased substantially, averaging US$3.3 million per year spent on post-fire emergency seeding treatments in forested ecosystems that involved the Forest Service during the period 2000 to 2007 – an increase of 192% compared with the average spent during the previous 30 years. The percentage of the total burned area seeded averaged 21% in the 1970s, compared with only 4% between 2000 and 2007.
The Agency of “Triggering Mechanisms” as a Factor in the Organization of the Genocide Against the Armenians of Kayseri District

Using the notion of a “triggering mechanism” as a guidepost, this article details the sequence of events precipitated by the accidental explosion of a bomb a young Armenian was tinkering with in anticipation of a new round of massacres he hoped to obviate. The ensuing massive and indiscriminate arrests throughout the length and breadth of the district, the attendant use of a variety of methods of torture, and the eventual eradication of the bulk of the district's Armenian population through courts-martial, followed by serial executions through hanging, deportation, and massacre, are depicted and analyzed to demonstrate the exterminatory thrust of the ensemble of the counter-active governmental measures. The study concludes that the accidental explosion of the bomb was a welcome opportunity for the perpetrators, directed by the local leaders of the monolithic political party, the Committee for Union and Progress (CUP), to proceed with their pre-existing germinal plan of regional genocide.
Structure of precursor-bound NifEN: a nitrogenase FeMo cofactor maturase/insertase.

NifEN plays an essential role in the biosynthesis of the nitrogenase iron-molybdenum (FeMo) cofactor (M cluster). It is an α_2β_2 tetramer that is homologous to the catalytic molybdenum-iron (MoFe) protein (NifDK) component of nitrogenase. NifEN serves as a scaffold for the conversion of an iron-only precursor to a matured form of the M cluster before delivering the latter to its target location within NifDK. Here, we present the structure of the precursor-bound NifEN of Azotobacter vinelandii at 2.6 angstrom resolution. From a structural comparison of NifEN with des-M-cluster NifDK and holo NifDK, we propose similar pathways of cluster insertion for the homologous NifEN and NifDK proteins.