cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Common sense and intelligent user interfaces

There is a mutually beneficial relationship between user interfaces and common sense reasoning and acquisition. Common sense knowledge enables interfaces to better understand and to be more grounded in the world of the user, thus improving the user's overall experience with the interface. This would not be possible without large sources of common sense knowledge, which likewise benefit from intelligent interfaces designed to make the knowledge acquisition processes more productive and enjoyable for the contributor. These two complementary interface types and their interaction are explored in this workshop.
Comparison of lake phytoplankton models and loading plots1

The log-log plot of areal nutrient loading rates and depth of lakes is derived from dynamic phytoplankton model equations. When phytoplankton biomass is the relevant variable, it is not possible to predict biomass directly from the plots. The intercept of such plots is a complex interaction of biomass, detention time, total phosphorus, and sinking rate. Only under an assumption of constant ratio between biomass and total nutrient can the biomass be extracted from the intercept. Simplified plots of lake eutrophication should be used for predictive purposes with caution.
STUDIES ON THE RELATIONSHIP OF 5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE AND THE ENTEROCHROMAFFIN CELL TO ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK IN MICE

Protection against anaphylactic shock in mice by reserpine has been shown to be a delayed phenomenon, probably not dependent upon a direct effect of reserpine. The release and depletion of catechol amines by reserpine show little likelihood of being responsible for protection because these substances are in themselves protective against anaphylactic shock, while β-TM 10, a drug which interferes with their release is not. Since L-α-methyl dopa and reserpine both deplete serotonin, and since both protect against anaphylactic shock, it is proposed that serotonin depletion is responsible for the protection. Enterochromaffin substance is depleted in anaphylactic shock. It is also depleted by reserpine and serotonin, both of which protect against anaphylactic shock when given prior to challenge with antigen. The amount of enterochromaffin substance seems to correlate with susceptibility to anaphylactic shock. The behavior of animals undergoing anaphylactic shock and the effect of shock on body temperature is similar to the effects on behavior and temperature of treatment with reserpine, which is known to release serotonin. The effect of monoamine oxidase inhibition on animals undergoing anaphylactic shock is also similar to the effect of monoamine oxidase inhibition on animals given reserpine. These results are consistent with the views that the release of serotonin is causally related to anaphylactic shock in mice and that serotonin is accumulated in the chromogenic material of the enterochromaffin cell.
Assessment of circuit capability and preparation of rating sheets

The need to work power systems harder using the best knowledge of its capability is central to the objectives of the National Grid Company (NGC) Technology and Science Division (UK). This objective must be balanced by appropriate work on the impact of loading regimes on the life expectancy and maintenance requirements of the power system. This paper describes the development of a unified circuit rating process allowing for the separate characteristics of every power system item in the circuit and the automation of that process using a Critical Unit Program (CUP) written in LOTUS 123. The program is being used to create circuit rating sheets which were previously manually produced in less consistent formats. An example of the output of the CUP system is given. The intention of this work is to enable NGC to operate its power systems harder within the limits set by normal design temperatures. Operators also require guidance on fault current ratings.
Direct kinetics study of the CH3C(O)O2 + NO reaction using chemical ionization mass spectrometry

A direct measurement of the CH3C(O)O2 + NO gas-phase reaction rate coefficient over the temperature range 200−402 K was made using chemical ionization mass spectrometric detection of the CH3C(O)O2 reactant. A significant temperature dependence was observed, and a temperature dependent expression of k(T) = (8.1 ± 1.3) × 10-12 exp{(270 ± 60)/T} cm3 molecule-1 s-1 was determined. The 298 K rate coefficient, k = (2.0 ± 0.3) × 10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1, agrees well with results from previous indirect measurements. NO2, CH3, and CO2 were positively identified as products originating from the reaction. The question of whether CH3 and CO2 are direct products of the reaction or result from the thermal decomposition of CH3C(O)O could not be answered. The 298 K rate coefficients for the reactions of SF6-, I-, and O3- with CH3C(O)O2 were measured to be ( ) × 10-10, ( ) × 10-10, and ≥2 × 10-10 cm3 molecule-1 s-1, respectively.
Mitral restenosis: An uncommon cause of recurrent symptoms following mitral commissurotomy

Abstract Of 226 patients undergoing mitral commissurotomy, 163 had both preoperative and early postoperative cardiac catheterizations. Forty-five of these 163 patients had a late postoperative catheterization because of persistent or recurrent symptoms. Restenosis of the mitral valve after successful commissurotomy was found in 5 of the 45 patients. Commoner causes of residual or recurrent symptoms were residual mitral stenosis (16 patients), residual stenosis and operatively induced mitral regurgitation (15 patients) and cardiac abnormalities unrelated to the mitral valve (9 patients). Thus, mitral restenosis has been documented by left heart catheterization for the first time, but restenosis has been found to be an uncommon cause of symptomatic deterioration after mitral commissurotomy.
Less invasive ventilation in extremely low birth weight infants from 1997 to 2011: survey versus evidence

Evidence for target values of arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2), CO2, and pH has changed substantially over the last 20 years. A representative survey concerning treatment strategies in extremely low-birth-weight infants (ELBW) was sent to all German neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) treating ELBW infants in 1997. A follow-up survey was conducted in 2011 and sent to all NICUs in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. During the observation period, NICUs targeting SaO2 of 80, 85, and 90 % have increased, while units aiming for 94 and 96 % decreased (all p < 0.001). Similarly, NICUs aiming for pH 7.25 or lower increased, while 7.35 or higher decreased (both p < 0.001). Furthermore, more units targeted a CO2 of 50 mmHg (7.3 kPa) or higher (p < 0.001), while fewer targeted 40 or 35 mmHg (p < 0.001). Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) was used in 80.2 % of NICUs in 2011. The most frequently used ventilation modes were synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV) (67.5 %) and intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) (59.7 %) in 1997 and SIMV (77.2 %) and synchronized intermittent positive pressure ventilation (SIPPV) (26.8 %) in 2011. NICUs reporting frequent or always use of IPPV decreased to 11.0 % (p < 0.001). SIMV (77.2 %) and SIPPV (26.8 %) did not change from 1997 to 2011, while high-frequency oscillation (HFO) increased from 9.1 to 19.7 % (p = 0.018). Differences between countries, level of care, and size of the NICU were minimal. Conclusions: Target values for SaO2 decreased, while CO2 and pH increased significantly during the observation period. Current values largely reflect available evidence at time of the surveys.
An Inductive Search System: Theory, Design, and Implementation

An automated information system that can accept requests for information and, in response, selects and ranks by probability of satisfaction the names of those people who can answer the input queries is described. This information system (called Helpnet) is based on new probabilistic design principles, which were previously proposed (but never implemented) for the document retrieval problem. Helpnet has now been implemented on an IBM Personal Computer. The theoretical design principles used for Helpnet and the computer programs used by this implementation of Helpnet are discussed. Also, a preliminary sensitivity analysis is presented, which looks at the question of how input errors influence the rankings at the output. The probabilistic design principles used in Helpnet can be applied to a much larger class of similar situations, which we call "inductive search" situations.
An assessment of the systematic, phylogenetic and biogeographic relationships of Siwalik hipparionine horses

ABSTRACT A study of the major collections of Siwalik hipparionines has resulted in the recognition of two supra-specific groups that we refer to “Cormohipparion” (Sivalhippus) and ?Hipparion s.s. The “Cormohipparion” (Sivalhippus) group is the more abundant one in the Siwaliks, and includes at least three species: “Cormohipparion” (Sivalhippus) theobaldi, “Cormohipparion” (Sivalhippus) sp. and “Cormohipparion” (Sivalhippus) perimense. The ?Hipparion group is monospecific and includes the species ?Hipparion antelopinum. In attempting to ascertain the phylogenetic relationships of these horses we have found no sound basis for falsifying the hypothesis that Old World hipparionine Groups 1–4 are monsophyletic. We derive both Groups 2 and 3 from Group 1. Group “4” is polyphyletic, with part of the original hypodigm most probably referable to Group 2. The “Cormohipparion” (Sivalhippus) group is distantly related to early Vallesian Group 1 hipparionines of probable south Asian origin, and may in turn include the...
Electrically excitable mechanical resonant mode shapes in the electro-optic ceramic PLZT7/65/35

Abstract In this article we present results concerning electrically excitable mechanical resonant mode shapes of a virgin disc specimen of the electro-optic ceramic PLZT7/65/35. The measurements are made with a dual-beam displacement laser interferometer system capable of determining simultaneously the displacements of opposite points of the surfaces of the disc. It is shown that mechanical resonances with only nodal rings are resonances in the classical sense, whereas those with nodal diameters (nodal rings may or may not be present) are not. The quadrature components of the displacements of the latter exhibit mode shapes as predicted within the framework of the theory of linear elasticity, but their in-phase components exhibit mode shapes having entirely disparative features. In particular, the nodal diameters are not diameters with zero displacements.
Boyle in Seventeenth-Century Context

The past decade has seen a proliferation of works on the different contexts that influenced the thought of Robert Boyle. It is quite likely that these studies will become even more numerous given the publication of the new edition of Boyle's works by Michael Hunter and Edward B. Davis (14 vols., Pickering and Chatto, 2000) that not only corrects earlier editions but also includes previously unpublished material and copious annotations that identify references made in Boyle's works. In the two volumes to be reviewed here, Hunter's collection of essays focuses on Boyle's moral, religious, and social milieu whereas Anstey's monograph is concerned with developing an account of Boyle's ties to a medieval and early modern metaphysical context. Hunter, in a series of eight previously published and three new essays, makes extensive use of manuscript sources (some of which are appended to the essays) in order to "reveal a rather different image of Boyle from the suave and sophisticated one which has come down to us" (p. 4). The early chapters delve into details of Boyle's private life and the latter ones focus on concerns about his public image. All of the chapters are organized around the theme of Boyle's "scrupulosity" that Hunter argues is displayed both in Boyle's interest in casuistry and in his experimental science. After a discussion of these themes in his introductory chapter, Hunter describes Boyle's intellectual development from early moralist and essayist to practicing experimentalist in an essay from 1995, "How Boyle Became a Scientist." The next three chapters, on what Hunter terms Boyle's "dysfunctionalism," serve as a way to counter the prevalent idea of Boyle as "a paragon of civility and moderation with a clear and
Citrulline utilization in Crithidia.

It was early noted in growth studies (Kidder and Dutta, 1958) that the trypanosomid flagellate Crithidia fasciculata could utilize citrulline, but not ornithine, as a replacement for arginine . A somewhat more efficient use of citrulline than arginine suggested that citrulline might be contributing directly to reactions other than just the production of arginine for protein synthesis . This report presents evidence for the production of argininosuccinic acid as an intermediate in arginine production from citrulline and for the contribution of the ureide carbon of citrulline, presumably as carbamyl phosphate, for pyrimidine ring synthesis . Incorporation studies were made with growing cultures and with cell-free sonicates of Crithidia fasciculata . Citrulline-ureido-14C (0.25 ~1 curies/ml) replaced arginine in the medium of Kidder and Dutta (1958) and Triton WR1339 replaced Tween . After 40 hrs growth (500 ml culture) the cells were harvested by centrifugation, washed three times in cold 0.02 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7 .4) and the protein precipitated with cold 10% trichloracetic acid (TCA) . The precipitate was washed successively with hot TCA, cold TCA, 95% ethanol, hot 95% ethanol:ether (3:l) and ether . Hydrolysis of the protein was accomplished by refluxing with 6 N HCl for 24 hrs . After filtration the filtrate was dried over NaOH vacua, in the amino acids redissolved and dried twice and finally taken up in 25 ml of water . Aliquots were applied to Whatman No. 1 paper
Structure of a mammalian ryanodine receptor

Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) mediate the rapid release of calcium (Ca2+) from intracellular stores into the cytosol, which is essential for numerous cellular functions including excitation–contraction coupling in muscle. Lack of sufficient structural detail has impeded understanding of RyR gating and regulation. Here we report the closed-state structure of the 2.3-megadalton complex of the rabbit skeletal muscle type 1 RyR (RyR1), solved by single-particle electron cryomicroscopy at an overall resolution of 4.8 A. We fitted a polyalanine-level model to all 3,757 ordered residues in each protomer, defining the transmembrane pore in unprecedented detail and placing all cytosolic domains as tertiary folds. The cytosolic assembly is built on an extended α-solenoid scaffold connecting key regulatory domains to the pore. The RyR1 pore architecture places it in the six-transmembrane ion channel superfamily. A unique domain inserted between the second and third transmembrane helices interacts intimately with paired EF-hands originating from the α-solenoid scaffold, suggesting a mechanism for channel gating by Ca2+. Using electron cryomicroscopy, the closed-state structure of rabbit RyR1 is determined at 4.8 A resolution; analysis confirms that the RyR1 architecture consists of a six-transmembrane ion channel with a cytosolic α-solenoid scaffold, and suggests a mechanism for Ca2+-induced channel opening. Muscle contraction is regulated by the concentration of calcium ions in the cytoplasm of muscle cells. Ryanodine receptors (RyR) release Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to induce muscle contraction. Dysfunction of these channels contributes to the pathophysiology of important human diseases including muscular dystrophy. Three papers in this issue of Nature report high-resolution electron cryomicroscopy structures of the 2.2 MDa ryanodine receptor RyR1. Efremov et al. report the structure of rabbit RyR1 at 8.5 A resolution the presence of Ca2+ in a 'partly open' state, and at 6.1 A resolution in the absence of Ca2+ in a closed state. Zalk et al. report the rabbit RyR1 structure at 4.8 A in the absence of Ca2+ in a closed state. And third, Yan et al. report the structure of rabbit RyR1 bound to its modulator FKBP12 at a near-atomic resolution of 3.8 A. These papers reveal how calcium binding to the EF-hand domain of RyR1 regulates channel opening and facilitates calcium-induced calcium release. The authors also note that disease-causing mutations are clustered in regions of the channel that appear to be critical for normal channel function.
A perturbative description of non-adiabatic effects in methoxy vibrations

Non-adiabatic couplings between the quasi-diabatic ground states, used to describe the vibrations of the methoxy (CH3O) radical, are investigated. The vibrations of the state are known to be strongly influenced by Jahn–Teller couplings. These couplings are often modelled in a quasi-diabatic electronic state representation. There is an additional non-adiabatic coupling between these states. This latter coupling is elucidated and its effects are quantified using the Van Vleck perturbation theory. The origins of the non-adiabatic coupling are assumed to arise via interactions of the degenerate ground state with the lowest lying excited electronic state. The resulting three-state electronic Hamiltonian is developed to approximately describe the rocking vibrations of methoxy. It is shown that minor changes to the implementation of the Van Vleck transformations enable one to highlight the role of the non-adiabatic coupling in a straightforward manner. These couplings are found to lead to shifts of the order of ...
Procedures for the use of neonatal rats in surgical research

Abstract The investigator using neonatal rodents in surgical research often encounters a variety of technical challenges such as the inhibition of maternal cannibalism, the coding of individual littermates, choice of anesthetics and meeting anesthetic overdose emergencies, the selection of injection and phlebotomy sites, and postoperative growth retardation. This communication describes procedures in use for overcoming these difficulties and emphasizes, wherever possible, nonpharmacological approaches to the surgical manipulation of very young animals and to their postoperative support.
Symbolic substitution applications to image processing

Optical hardware for symbolic substitution is under serious consideration for parallel optical computing applications. Symbolic substitution replaces chosen patterns of ones and zeros in a binary array with other chosen patterns of ones and zeros. Implemented with specialized substitution rules, symbolic substitution can be applied to the processing of imges that are represented in binary form. Important operations investigated in this paper are (1) nonlinear filtering operations applied to shapes (morphological transformations, including erosion, dilation, opening, closing) and (2) linear filtering operations applied to binary digital representations of continuous-tone images. Examples presented include a nonlinear noise-removal operation, thresholding, a gradient operator, and convolution. The results of an engineering study of system complexity for linear filtering operations are also presented.
Attention enhances contrast sensitivity at cued and impairs it at uncued locations

Transient covert attention increases contrast sensitivity at the target location with an informative spatial cue. Here we explored whether an uninformative spatial cue (50% valid with two possible locations) also increases contrast sensitivity and whether contrast sensitivity is altered at the uncued location as compared to the neutral condition. For all four observers, transient covert attention had both a benefit and a cost: it enhanced contrast sensitivity at the cued location and impaired contrast sensitivity at the uncued location at both parafoveal and peripheral positions. These results are consistent with the idea of limited resources, and indicate that transient attention helps control the expenditure of cortical computation.
An examination of the heats of formation for HFCO and HClCO molecules

Abstract Ab initio molecular orbital calculations with split-valence plus polarization and diffuse basis sets extended by Moller—Plesset theory up to fourth order (including single, double, triple, and quadruple excitation) and spin annihilation have been performed to examine the heats of formation for HFCO and HClCO molecules from isodesmic reaction schemes. The heat of formation of HFCO has been calculated as −93.8 ± 1.5 kcal mol −1 and that of HClCO as −45.5 ± 1.5 kcal mol −1 .
Biotransformation of two-line silica-ferrihydrite by a dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing bacterium: Formation of carbonate green rust in the presence of phosphate

The reductive biotransformation of two Si-ferrihydrite coprecipitates (1 and 5 mole % Si) by Shewanella putrefaciens, strain CN32, was investigated in 1,4-piperazinediethanesulfonic acid-buffered media (pH ∼7) with lactate as the electron donor. Anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate, an electron shuttle, was present in the media. Experiments were performed without and with PO43− (P) (1 to 20 mmol/L) in media containing 50 mmol/L Fe. Our objectives were to define the combined effects of SiO44− (Si) and P on the bioreducibility and biomineralization of ferrihydrites under anoxic conditions. Iron reduction was measured as a function of time, solids were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction and Mossbauer spectroscopy, and aqueous solutions were analyzed for Si, P, Cl− and inorganic carbon. Both of the ferrihydrites were rapidly reduced regardless of the Si and P content. Si concentration had no effect on the reduction rate or mineralization products. Magnetite was formed in the absence of P whereas carbonate green rust GR(CO32−) ([Fe(6−x)IIFeIIIx(OH)12]x+(CO32−)0.5x · yH2O) and vivianite [Fe3(PO4)2 · 8H2O], were formed when P was present. GR(CO32−) dominated as a mineral product in samples with <4 mmol/L P. The Fe(II)/Fe(III) ratio of GR(CO32−) varied with P concentration; the ratio was 2 in 1 mmol/L P and approached 1 with 4- and 10 mmol/L P. Green rust appeared to form by solid-state transformation of ferrihydrite. Media P and Si concentration dictated the mechanism of transformation. In the 1 mole % Si coprecipitate with 1 mmol/L P, an intermediate Fe(II)/Fe(III) phase with structural Fe(II) slowly transformed to GR with time. In contrast, when ferrihydrite contained more Si (5 mole %) and/or contained higher P (4 mmol/L), sorbed Fe(II) and residual ferrihydrite together transformed to GR. Despite similar chemistries, P was shown to have a profound effect on extent of ferrihydrite reduction and biotransformations while that of Si was minimal.
Evaluation of Some Orthopaedic Materials

Mechanical properties of some orthopaedic products—Alpha—plast, Barplasty, CFB, and Durament were evaluated. After polymerising into plaques, test samples were ma chined into coupons. Notched specimens were fractured under tension using the IN- STRON. Fracture toughnesses, fracture energies and tensile stresses were subsequently calculated. Fractography revealed that toughness and fracture energy correlated with duc tility and cohesion. Tougher materials tended to show more transgranular fracture, though the intergranular mode was also observed. The KEVEX unit indicated Zr and some Si was present. Dispersed non-spherical particles were also seen in SEM micrographs. Tough nesses and energies were lower than those reported earlier [1] . Voids, incoherent inter faces, larger notch widths, and lubrication by filler particles could result in lowered yield stress and toughness. The method of preparation, initial particle size distribution, and ac tivating agents also affect properties [2-5].
A microfluidic shadow imaging system for the study of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans in space

This article reports on a miniaturized shadow imaging device for the investigation of the behavioral effects of spaceflight on the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, a widely used model organism for the experimental study of genetics, development, radiobiology, as well as behavior and aging. Severe volume and power constraints for the design of satellite payloads indicate the need to miniaturize of space biology experiments and measurement systems. To address this issue, an integrated shadow imager has been developed. It consists of a polycarbonate microculture chamber with a volume of 4 μL that supports cultures of C. elegans worms in liquid media. Gas exchange is enabled through a gas-permeable membrane forming the top of the chamber. Shadow images are acquired with a CMOS video camera chip attached to the bottom of the microchamber. Image artifacts due to diffraction at the worm bodies are reduced by decreasing illumination wavelength and object/camera distance. As an alternative to video acquisition, the filtered video output signal is used to determine worm activity, yielding a system that allows image acquisition in combination with a low-bandwidth activity measurement. Using the described system, the activity of C. elegans as a function of ambient temperature was measured. The nematodes were found to show an increase in stroke frequency with temperature. Data obtained by manual counting of worm strokes and the video signal showed good correlation. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of maintaining and monitoring C. elegans in a microfluidic environment.
Protection of heart under hypothermia with acetylcholine arrest.

Conclusions1. Total circulatory occlusion alone does not slow the rate of the normother-mic or hypothermic heart. 2. Intracoronary acetylcholine will profoundly decrease the cardiac rate in the occluded heart. The duration of this effect is short at normal body temperatures but quite prolonged during hypothermia (24–27°C). 3. Intracoronary atropine readily reverses the acetylcholine effect on the heart. 4. Cardiac slowing or arrest affords an added protection to the hypothermic heart during total circulatory occlusion.
The Mexican Axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum: Its Biology and Developmental Genetics, and Its Autonomous Cell-lethal Genes

SYNOPSIS. The Mexican axolotl, a neotonous salamander, has found widespread use as an experimental animal for studies in embryology and physiology. The convenience with which the axolotl can be maintained as a laboratory animal and the high quality of the eggs it produces contribute to its popularity in laboratory research. A large array of mutant genes has been recognized in the axolotl. These genes affect one or another process during development of the organism, and have provided a basis for carrying out research in developmental genetics. Approximately three dozen mutant genes in the axolotl are known. These genes have been grouped into 5 different categories which reflect, for the most part, the developmental stage at which the mutant phenotype can first be recognized. One group of mutant genes, the autonomous cell-lethals, is discussed in detail. These genes share the common feature that homozygous embryos cannot be rescued by parabiosis with normal embryos. In addition, grafts of mutant tissue ( e.g. , gill or limb primorida) do not survive on normal hosts. These genes probably are responsible for metabolic or regulatory defects which affect all cells and tissues in the organism. The mutant phenotypes and potential usefulness of these genes are discussed in detail.
MAF mediates crosstalk between Ras-MAPK and mTOR signaling in NF1

Mutations in the neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) tumor suppressor gene are common in cancer and can cause resistance to therapy. Using transcriptome analysis we identified MAF as an NF1- regulated transcription factor and verified MAF regulation through RAS/MAPK/AP-1 signaling in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) cell lines. MAF was also downregulated in human MPNST. Acute re-expression of MAF promoted expression of glial differentiation markers in MPNST cells in vitro, decreased self-renewal of embryonic precursors and transiently affected tumor cell phenotypes in vitro by increasing MPNST cell death and reducing metabolic activity and anchorage-independent growth. Paradoxically, chronic MAF overexpression enhanced MPNST cell tumor growth in vivo, correlating with elevated pS6 in vitro and in vivo. RAD001 blocked MAF-mediated tumor growth, and MAF regulated the mTOR pathway through DEPTOR. MAPK inhibition with NF1 loss of function is predicted to show limited efficacy due to reactivation of mTOR signaling via MAF.
A real‐time manufacturing/assembly system performance evaluation and control model with integrated sensory feedback processing and visualization

The aim of this paper is to introduce a real‐time performance evaluation and control model, for the purpose of reducing cost and improving the quality, and the real‐time responsiveness of manufacturing/assembly systems and enterprises that host them. In order to make the approach practical, networking solutions with integrated sensory feedback processing and visualization methods are illustrated. In this paper we summarize the core concepts of our method and demonstrate some quality industrial solutions.
Living with a child at risk for psychotic illness: The experience of parents coping with 22q11 deletion syndrome: An exploratory study

but a majority of parents indicated that the risk of psychotic illness was their greatest source of anxiety. Looking at how predictive information affects those who receive it is an important adjunct to the development of genetic testing; the experience of these families suggests that in order to use the information to improve outcomes or modify risk it is necessary to receive it in the context of ongoing support and access to resources. ! 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Theory of ion—molecule collisions: Effect of the induced dipole—induced dipole potential on ion—molecule capture rate constants

Abstract A classical theory for ion—molecule interactions is developed which takes into account the induced dipole—induced dipole potential energy. Theoretical capture collision rate constants obtained using the theory are slightly greater than Langevin predictions for thermal energies at 300 K. The theoretical rate constant increases considerably as relative kinetic energy increases for collisions involving ions with large polarizabilities.
Developing a stakeholder-assisted agile CONOPS development process

Concepts of Operations (CONOPS) are documents describing the characteristics and intended usage of proposed and existing systems. They provide information about the requirements and future desired states the project aims to achieve. We reviewed 22 recent CONOPS from government and private sector institutions to ascertain the current approach to CONOPS development. Based on the CONOPS review and research literature, we highlight three key areas, stakeholder involvement, shared mental models, and visualization, through which the development process may be improved. Moreover, we suggest that the development process itself may be transformed into an agile process that addresses current shortcomings in the key areas. To do so, we propose an agile CONOPS development process conducted through three iteration-driven phases and present corresponding research and commercial tools that may be leveraged at each phase. As such, putting this agile process into effect may reduce development time, improve effectiveness, and change the perception of the CONOPS from a burdensome documentation procedure to an invaluable resource throughout the system lifecycle. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Structure of the lipopolysaccharide antigenic O-chain produced by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 4 (ATCC 33 378).

The structure of the antigenic O-polysaccharide part of the S-type lipopolysaccharide produced by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 4 has been determined by periodate oxidation, methylation, partial hydrolysis, and 1H- and 13C-n.m.r. spectroscopy. The O-polysaccharide structure has a branched-tetrasaccharide repeating unit, (----3)-beta-D-Galp-(1----4)-[beta-D-Glcp-(1----3)]-beta-D-GalpNAc- (1----4)-alpha-L-Rhap-(1-)n. The structure resembles that of the lipopolysaccharide O-chain of A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 7, and their common epitopes may account for the apparent serological cross-reactivity observed between the two serotypes when incompletely adsorbed, anticapsular-typing sera are used.
Alkaline urea solubilization, two-dimensional electrophoresis and lectin staining of mammalian cell plasma membrane and plant seed proteins

Abstract Plasma membranes, isolated from Chinese hamster ovary cells and seed proteins from Arachis hypogaea (L.) were analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Polypeptides were solubilized without employing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), using in its place 5 m m K2CO3 and 9.5 m urea. After addition of dithiothreitol and the nonionic detergent Nonidet P-40, more than 95% of the total protein remained in the supernatant fraction after the preparation was centrifuged at 100,000 g. The solubilization was comparable to that achieved with boiling SDS solution. This soluble material could be used directly for either isoelectric focusing or nonequilibrium pH gradient electrophoresis in narrow bore, tubular, polyacrylamide gels crosslinked by means of N,N′-diallyltartardiamide. Up to 750 μg of protein could be analyzed in one such 3 mm gel. Electrophoresis in polyacrylamide slab gels containing SDS was used for separations in the second dimension. The method allows large amounts of both basic and acidic insoluble proteins to be solubilized and then analyzed without employing SDS as a solubilizing agent. Classes of glycoproteins on the gels were detected by incubating with small volumes of 125I-lectins in heat-sealed plastic bags. CHO cells contain several high molecular weight acidic glycoproteins that bind wheat germ agglutinin, but which do not stain with Coomassie blue. Several of the storage polypeptides in peanut seeds were also shown to bind wheat germ agglutinin and are probably, therefore, glycoproteins containing N-acetyl d -glucosamine.
Recurrent hemorrhage after western diamondback rattlesnake envenomation treated with crotalidae polyvalent immune fab (ovine)

Introduction. Recurrent coagulopathy has been observed in patients after rattlesnake envenomation treated with Crotalidae Polyvalent Immune Fab (ovine) [FabAV]. While recurrent coagulopathy is well documented in the literature, clinically significant sequelae have not been reported. We present a case of recurrent thrombocytopenia after western diamondback envenomation treated with FabAV, resulting in an extensive recurrent local hemorrhage. Case Report. A 24-year-old male presented to our emergency department several hours after western diamondback envenomation. He sustained bites to both hands and the right flank by leaning over his pet “snake enclosure.” On presentation, the patient was hypotensive, tachycardic, and thrombocytopenic with a platelet count of 17/nl. Antivenom therapy was initiated according to the standard FabAV protocol. However, sixteen hours after completion of the recommended FabAV infusion, the patient experienced a recurrent thrombocytopenia with a dramatic seventeen point drop in h...
On constraint sets of infinite linear programs over ordered fields

This paper provides a characterization of extreme points and extreme directions of the subsets of the space of generalized finite sequences occurring as the constraint sets of semi-infinite or infinite linear programs. The main result is that these sets are generated by (possibly infinitely many) extreme points and extreme directions. All results are valid over arbitrary ordered fields.
Characterization of Distant Enhancers and Promoters in the Albumin-α-Fetoprotein Locus during Active and Silenced Expression

The albumin and α-fetoprotein genes are adjacent and express closely related serum proteins. Both genes are strongly expressed in fetal liver, primarily through activation by distant enhancers, but the AFP gene selectively undergoes developmental silencing. We used chromatin immunoprecipitation to study enhancers and promoters during active and silenced gene expression. In adult phenotype cells, the silenced AFP gene was actively repressed at the promoter and two proximal enhancers, characterized by the absence of coactivators and acetylated histone 4, and the presence of corepressors and K9-methylated histone 3. Specific transcription factors, TBP, and RNA polymerase II were all detected on both active and silenced genes, indicating that both states were actively regulated. Surprisingly, promoter-specific factors were also detected on enhancers, especially with reduced chromatin shearing. Under these conditions, an enhancer-specific factor was also detected on the albumin promoter. Association of promoter- and enhancer-specific factors was confirmed by sequential immunoprecipitation. Because no binding was detected on intervening segments, these promoter-enhancer associations suggest looping.
A small angle neutron scattering study of worm-like micelles

The structure of a cationic worm-like micelle at two concentrations, dilute and semi-dilute in aqueous solution, was studied by a combination of small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and light scattering. It is found that the shape of the micelles can be best described as a rod with a large aspect ratio. SANS data were determined for the systems under shear. For the semi-dilute solution, we observed that the scattering pattern became anisotropic, as expected. Anisotropy was observed in the dilute solution, but only after a threshold shear rate was exceeded. Details of the anisotropic patterns, moreover, depended on the micelle concentration.
Application of computerized infrared and Raman spectroscopy to conformation studies of casein and other food proteins

The ability of modern biotechnology to produce new or modified proteins has outpaced current understanding of the relationship between protein structure and protein function. Resolution-enhanced infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy are excellent non-destructive techniques for investigating the secondary structure of proteins under a wide variety of conditions. The techniques yield rapid, reliable estimates of the proportion of helical structure, β-strands, and turns of proteins in solution, as gels, or as solids. These methodologies can also detect subtle variations in protein conformation that frequently occur upon change of the biomolecular environment. In particular, it is possible to study structural changes which arise from alterations in pH, ionic strength, nature of solvent, and from interactions with other molecules or ions, such as another protein or Ca2+ ions. The first part of this paper will briefly review various important aspects of the techniques. The subsequent part describes application to structural problems of casein and other food proteins.
Sex-Role Attitude Change and Reporting of Rape Victimization, 1973–1985

This article examines the relationship between sex-role attitude change and female victims' reports of rape incidents to police in an analysis of time-series data from national attitude surveys of college freshmen and adults, and from annual victimization surveys. Declining support for traditional sex-role attitudes among both college women and men is strongly related to an increase in the proportion of rapes by nonstranger assailants that were reported to police from 1973 to 1985. However, victims' reports of rapes by strangers are more closely related to offenders' use of weapons during sexual assaults. These findings and other evidence against alternative explanations suggest that the cultural bases for “rape myths” have eroded during the 1970s and 1980s, and that broader definitions of rape have contributed to increased reporting of certain forms of sexual assault to police.
DNA replication and repair reactions relevant to the AHS.

© 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 19:190–191, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20082
The Cost-Reward Model of Helping Behavior: A Nonconfirmation1

A field experiment was designed to test several predictions derived from the Piliavin and Piliavin cost-reward model of helping behavior. Female and male subjects' reported intent to help a hemophiliac in a nearby hospital was unrelated to the costs for helping, the costs for not helping, and the order in which the subjects received the costs' manipulations. The obtained rates of helping were also unrelated to whether or not subjects reported having donated previously. Failure to obtain the predicted results is discussed.
Extending Gerontological Research Through Linking Investigators' Studies to Public-Use Datasets

Purpose: Public-use datasets can extend data collected by individual investigators in various ways: making external comparisons, providing additional data on individual respondents, and creating internal comparison groups. The authors describe the advantages and limitations of these methods and practical and conceptual issues in combining investigator-initiated and public-use datasets. Design and Methods: These issues are illustrated with a study of functional decline among 674 patients following hospitalization for hip fracture that was augmented with data from a public-use dataset, the Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly (EPESE). Results: By creating an internal comparison group of EPESE respondents, frequency matched to hip fracture patients on age, sex, and baseline functional limitations, the authors formed a single dataset and performed multivariable analyses of factors associated with functional decline. Implications: Gerontological research may benefit by applying these methods to program evaluations and longitudinal analyses of health outcomes with numerous public-use datasets.
Isolation and characterization of the Arabidopsis organ fusion gene HOTHEAD

The outer epidermal plant cell wall and cuticle play an important role in regulating both abiotic and biotic interactions between the plant and its environment. In addition to acting as a protective barrier that limits water loss, the effects of detrimental irradiation and invasion by pathogens, the epidermis also offers an interface that is inert to interactions between organs and ensures proper separation and expansion of organs at the growing points of the plant. Here, we describe the molecular cloning and characterization of HOTHEAD (HTH), a gene required to limit cellular interactions between contacting epidermal cells during floral development. HTH is a member of a small gene family in Arabidopsis and encodes an enzyme related to a group of FAD-containing oxidoreductases that have been described in several other species. Characterization of 11 independently derived mutant alleles suggests that key amino acids are shared between these related groups of enzymes and identify a cluster of other functionally important residues that are highly conserved only within the Arabidopsis gene family. Our findings add this new type of enzyme to a growing list of enzymes that have been shown to be involved in regulating post-genital organ fusion. Expression analysis of the HTH gene shows that it is expressed in all tissues tested, including roots, and is not epidermis-specific. Furthermore, the sequence data unequivocally show that none of the alleles isolated are epigenetic alleles as suggested by genetic behavior previously observed at this locus.
Enlargement of the ampullary gland and seminal vesicle, but not the prostate in int-2/Fgf-3 transgenic mice.

Expression of the int2/Fgf-3 gene occurs during normal embryonic development and is associated with mammary cancer in mice. Overexpression of this gene under the control of the mouse mammary tumor virus long terminal repeat (MMTV-LTR) in males was reported to result in prostatic enlargement. In this report male Fgf-3-overexpressing mice were shown to have enlarged ampullary glands, seminal vesicles, and ductus deferens; there was extensive epithelial hyperplasia in the ampullary glands and seminal vesicles. The prostates of these animals were of normal size and histology. The transgene was expressed in all of the enlarged organs, which are derived exclusively from the Wolffian duct. Male secondary sex organs derived from the urogenital sinus, e.g., the ventral prostate, coagulating gland, and bulbourethral glands, were normal and did not express the MMTV-LTR-driven Fgf-3 transgene. A dorsolateral prostate was also morphologically normal but did express the transgene. This study underscores the importance of careful organ identification in transgenic models in which gross organ enlargement or distortion occurs. It also highlights the heterogeneity of the response to Fgf-3 among the secondary sex organs and even within the prostate itself.
Recognition of DNA by Fur: a Reinterpretation of the Fur Box Consensus Sequence

Ferric uptake repressor (Fur) proteins regulate the expression of iron homeostasis genes in response to intracellular iron levels. In general, Fur proteins bind with high affinity to a 19-bp inverted repeat sequence known as the Fur box. An alignment of 19 operator sites recognized by Bacillus subtilis Fur revealed a different conserved 15-bp (7-1-7) inverted repeat present twice within this 19-bp consensus sequence. We demonstrated using electrophoretic mobility shift assays that this 7-1-7 inverted repeat comprises a minimal recognition site for high-affinity binding by Fur. The resulting revised consensus sequence is remarkably similar to a related 7-1-7 inverted repeat sequence recognized by PerR, a Fur paralog. Our analysis of the affinity and stoichiometry of DNA binding by B. subtilis Fur, together with a reinterpretation of previously described studies of Escherichia coli Fur, supports a model in which the 19-bp Fur box represents overlapping recognition sites for two Fur dimers bound to opposite faces of the DNA helix. The resulting recognition complex is reminiscent of that observed for the functionally related protein DtxR. Like Fur, DtxR contains a helix-turn-helix DNA-binding motif, recognizes a 19-bp inverted repeat sequence, and has a typical DNase I footprint of ∼30 bp. By envisioning a similar mode of DNA recognition for Fur, we can account for the internal symmetries noted previously within the Fur box, the tendency of Fur to extend into adjacent regions of DNA in a sequence-selective manner, and the observed patterns of DNA protection against enzymatic and chemical probes.
Certainty of Arrest and Crime Rates for Major Felonies: A Research Note:

A recent investigation by Tittle and Rowe (1974) examining the deterrent effect of the certainty of arrest on felony rates in Florida is briefly summarized and critiqued. Examination shows their analysis to suffer from serious theoretical and methodological limitations. To extend their investigation and thus better understand the deterrent effect of arrest we examine the relationship between arrest rates and offense rates for cities and counties of Florida for seven major felonies. Analysis lends general support to the deterrence argument, but shows that the effect of arrest is not uniform for each offense, with different levels of arrest (certainty of apprehension) required to reduce rates for different crimes.
TIP49, but not TRRAP, modulates c-Myc and E2F1 dependent apoptosis

We previously described two nuclear cofactors, TRRAP and TIP49, that have functional roles in Myc-mediated oncogenesis. We have now expanded the analysis of these Myc-associated cofactors to investigate their roles in apoptosis and cell proliferation. Although TRRAP and TIP49 are both essential for transformation, TIP49 modulates c-Myc-mediated apoptosis whereas disruption of TRRAP activity has no apparent effect on apoptosis. We extended our analysis of TIP49 to show that it also binds to the E2F1 transactivation domain and modulates both transforming and apoptotic activities. These results indicate that individual cofactors differentially potentiate c-Myc and E2F1 functions.