cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
INHIBITORY EFFECT OF AMITROLE ON SCENEDESMUS QUADRICAUDA.

The multiplication of the alga Scenedesmus quadricauda is inhibited by Amitrole (3-amino-1, 2,4triazole). This inhibition is reversed by addition of adenine to the growth medium. An electronmicroscopic study has been made of the cytological changes which accompany the inhibition by Amitrole and the subsequent reversal. In the presence of Amitrole the cells accumulate a large quantity of starch which is lost very rapidly as soon as the Amitrole block is released and cell multiplication is resumed.
Early human pulp reactions to full crown preparations

Fifteen human teeth, to be extracted for orthodontic or prosthetic reasons, were prepared for full crowns with rotary instruments at speeds varying from 5,000 to 150,000 rpm. Without further treatment, the teeth were extracted, sectioned and examined microscopically. Full crown preparation of a tooth subjects the pulp to much irritation. Pressure, temperature elevation and vibrations damage the pulp. Pulp reactions were much less severe when the teeth were prepared at speeds of from 50,000 to 150,000 rpm, provided copious quantities of water were used.
Factors Associated with Drug Treatment Entry Patterns Among Hispanic Women Injection Drug Users Seeking Treatment

SUMMARY This paper examines patterns of drug treatment entry and factors that are associated with these patterns among 1,849 Hispanic women injection drug users (IDUs). The data analyzed originates from a statewide drug-treatment database covering seven years, 1996–2002. Through the use of logistic regression analyses, the study identified significant differences in predisposing, need and enabling factors in the use of detoxification only, residential treatment, or methadone maintenance. Compared to other Hispanics, Puerto Rican women were 40 percent less likely to use only detoxification services and one and a half times more likely to use methadone maintenance. Having health insurance was an especially important factor associated with methadone treatment utilization. Two of the most important factors associated with residential treatment use were history of mental health services utilization and involvement with the criminal justice system. This article discusses specific social work practice implicatio...
Shift-share analysis: further examination of models for the description of economic change

Abstract Shift-share is a widely-used technique for the analysis of regional economies. As a methodology, shift-share is comprised of traditional accounting-based models, Analysis of Variance models, and information-theoretic models. The purpose of this paper is to present and demonstrate the usefulness of two probabilistic forms of shift-share models. These highly flexible variance partitioning methods are but one example of the broader class of models used in the analysis of aggregate, tabular data within planning, geography and regional science. Further, probabilistic shift-share provides a major advance over traditional accounting-based methods because it allows the researcher to quantitatively test hypotheses about changes in employment or value added by region or sector. Also, the casting of shift-share analysis in this light offers proof of the adequacy of these models.
Optical Nonlinearities Using Tapered Optical Fibers in Rubidium Vapor

Sub-wavelength diameter tapered optical fibers suspended in rubidium vapor can allow ultralow-power nonlinearities that may have applications in photonic quantum information processing. Here we experimentally investigate saturation of the relevant atomic transitions with ultralow-power fields.
The Importance of Space in Primitive Kinship

J ULIAN S. HUXLEY has recently written (1955:13-14) that when a type of investigation "has yielded the main crop of answers that it could be expected to provide, it is time to ask another kind of question.... " Huxley's comment is particularly appropriate to analyses of primitive kinship, which seem to be in danger of reaching a kind of methodological dead-end. Something valuable might well be gained if more emphasis were given to spatial and behavioral considerations than to the twin concepts of lineage and descent, which have hitherto received the greatest attention. More, rather than fewer approaches are needed for, as Murdock has so wisely stated in a discussion of nomenclature alone, "No single factor or simple hypothesis can account for all observable effects" (1949:126). Although Rivers long ago noted (1924:52) so many dramatic examples of fatherhood and motherhood based on social conventions rather than on procreation and childbirth that he reached the conclusion "that blood relationship is quite inadequate as a means of defining kinship," there still remain anthropologists among us who use phrases like "fake lineages" to describe constellations of kindred that are based on notions other than those of actual or fictitious descent from common ancestors. Apparently, ethnocentrism has not yet been completely eradicated from the work of some analysts of primitive kinship. The fact is sometimes overlooked that even in the United States, where references to "blood relationship" are exceedingly common, many women give birth in hospitals and are hazy or unconscious at the actual moment of parturition. Accordingly, they have no means of identifying the very offspring to whom they have given birth. In all such cases, if one speaks with the starkest of realism, kinship ties are not established until some attendant presents a newly-born infant to a recently-delivered woman. The latter is thereupon assumed to be the mother of the child and it is further assumed that her husband is the baby's father. These assumptions doubtless coincide with biological reality in the great majority of cases in our society, but the point remains that when, under such circumstances, we speak of consanguineous or genetic connections, we are really dealing with a set of culturally determined conventions which may conceivably have nothing at all to do with blood or genes.2 There is no reason why we should take if for granted that primitive peoples, among whom the amount of biological knowledge and the conditions of conception and childbirth are likely to be quite different from ours, must necessarily make the same assumptions regarding kinship that we do. Another factor pertinent to the present discussion revolves about the fact that a kinship system everywhere unfolds to a neonate as he grows up. Central to his acceptance of relatives, unless he is deliberately taught otherwise, are certain patterned forms of behavior on the part of other people toward him.
Seasonal Features of Zooplankton Assemblages in the Nearshore Area of Southeastern Lake Michigan

Abstract Zooplankton in a nearshore area in southeastern Lake Michigan displayed strong seasonal and depth-related trends in abundance (#/m 3 ) during the period 1971 to 1977. Depth-related assemblages defined by principal component analysis varied with season. From mid-spring to mid-autumn, zooplankton assemblages were strongly related to water depth. In general, zooplankton were least abundant in the inner region (5–10 m) where small organisms such as nauplii, Asplanchna spp., and Bosmina longirostris and epibenthic organisms such as Eurytemora affinis dominated. Zooplankton were most abundant between 20 and 30 m, with a peak July 1972–1977 mean density of 87,000/m 3 . Larger zooplankton, including Cyclops spp., Diaptomus spp., Daphnia spp., and Eubosmina coregoni dominated the outer region (20–50 m). During autumn, the inner region was dominated by cladocerans while the outer region was dominated by copepods. After thermal stratification disappeared in late autumn and before the thermal bar moved beyond the survey area in early spring, zooplankton tended to occur in higher densities in the shallow depths of the survey area. Also, in contrast to the mid-spring to mid-autumn period, zooplankton occurred in similar compositions over the survey grid. Factors implicated in producing seasonal differences in abundance patterns include temperature regimes, phytoplankton standing stocks, and predation by fish and invertebrates.
Glucocorticoid therapy in ocular herpes simplex

ibstract. In the absence of controlled clinical studies comparing stromal herpes simplex keratitis managed with and without glucocorticoids, the controversy surrounding this subject continues. In this pair of articles, Dr. Ostler emphasizes the danger of glucocorticoid suppression of host immune defenses which inhibit herpes simples replication, while Drs. Pavan-Langston and Abelson emphasize the danger of allowing stromal and endothelial inflammation to produce permanent structural alteration. Dr. George Waring presents a summary statement, suggesting therapeutic guidelines based on these two articles. (Sun Ophthalmol 23:35-48, 1978)
Interferon alpha-2b

This article contains general information about the cytokine interferon alpha-2b (IFN-α2b). This protein is known to induce potent and diverse biological effects, and it has been clinically used to develop antiinfective, antitumor, and immunomodulatory drugs. Also, the pure protein or more stable derivatives, as well as in combination with other drugs, have been widely used for the treatment of chronic diseases. The semisynthetic derivatives obtained through the chemical reaction of pegylation are known as the pegylated forms of IFN-α2b.
HgTe-CdTe SUPERLATTICES

We report on a theoretical study of the electronic properties of HgTe-CdTe superlattices. The band gap as a function of layer thickness, effective masses normal to the layer plane and tunneling length are compared to the corresponding (Hg, Cd)Te alloys. We find that the superlattice possesses a number of properties that may make it superior to the corresponding alloy as an infrared material.
A DYNAMIC TRAFFIC ASSIGNMENT MODEL WITH TRAFFIC-FLOW RELATIONSHIPS

Abstract Conventional traffic assignment methods assume that the origin-destination (OD) demand is uniformly distributed over time to estimate the traffic pattern. This assumption does not hold for modeling peak periods of congestion in which the OD demand is time varying. In this paper, we present a dynamic traffic assignment model with traffic-flow relationships based on a bi-level optimization framework. Our assignment variable is the number of vehicles present on a link during a time step, rather than traffic flow, which is used in static assignment. Using the modified Greenshields speed-density relationship, we derive a link-cost function that is monotonically nondecreasing and convex with respect to density. To capture traffic dynamics, we use short time-steps. The model prevents violations of the first-in-first-out (FIFO) condition using constraints on the distances moved by vehicles during each time step. A solution algorithm which resembles a Stackelberg leader-follower problem is presented, and numerical results from networks of different sizes demonstrate that the proposed model performs satisfactorily.
Personality and labor force participation across the life course: A longitudinal study of women's careers

The influences on and consequences of women's labor force experience are examined using data from members of the Berkeley longitudinal studies born between 1920 and 1929. In adolescence, these women were overwhelmingly oriented toward marriage and family rather than career, yet more than two-thirds eventually spent substantial time in the paid labor force. Consistent labor force participation was lower for women who had been attractive, outgoing, feminine, self-confident, and status seeking in their high school years. High labor force participation, however, was associated with increases in self-confidence, status seeking, assertiveness, and intellectual investment between adolescence and later adulthood. The demographic correlates of labor force participation changed over the life course: as family responsibilities diminished in the later middle years, both family composition and husband's occupational status decreased in importance, while the importance of a woman's own education level and her husband's expected retirement income increased.
Bayes and empirical Bayes procedures for comparing parameters

Abstract The number of successes out of the total number of trials is observed for each of a set of N independent binomial experiment's and the associated success probabilities are compared. Ranking procedures for comparing these success probabilities are constructed under circumstances where the number of trials for each of the experiments may differ by a large amount. A loss function is constructed that represents an appropriate measure of distance between a given ranking of the success probabilities and their true ranking. Bayes and empirical Bayes procedures based on this loss function are proposed and compared with “adapted ranking procedures” that arise through Bayes, empirical Bayes, or maximum likelihood estimation of the success probabilities. Bayes and empirical Bayes ranking procedures are shown to be transitive. Empirical Bayes ranking procedures are shown to arise from maximizing a function of the prior parameters that measures the amount of confidence enjoyed by various Bayes procedures. The...
Managed care. What is its impact on nursing education and practice

Market forces present the nursing profession with an urgency to prepare gerontological nurses to assume significant roles in the managed care industry. An understanding of the current managed care environment underscores the need for training. Nurses require a "managed care" skill-set encompassing a firm grasp of the organization, financing, delivery, and policy implications of managed care as well as advanced practice clinical skills and a sound business orientation. The importance of the consumer as a significant player in managed care is highlighted.
Recent advances and future trends in SOI for RF applications

In recent years, RFCMOS on Silicon-on-Insulator has rapidly evolved as a mainstream technology for switches used in wireless applications. Requirements of lower insertion loss, better isolation and better linearity have driven RFCMOS-SOI roadmap. R on *C off , a key figure-of-merit for switch application, has scaled from > 300fs to on *C off , along with their limitations
Compulsory schooling laws and school crime

Extensive literature demonstrates that compulsory schooling laws improve educational attainment, well-being, civic involvement, and labour market outcomes. However, at-risk youth incapacitated to schools may impact the learning environment and school safety. The purpose of this article is to study whether raising the minimum dropout age (MDA) requirement above 16 increases crime committed within US public high schools. A difference-in-difference estimation exploits changes in state-level MDA laws over time and indicates that schools in states that raise their MDA requirement to 18 incur more overall crime relative to schools in states that do not, while no effect on overall crime is identified when the MDA requirement is raised to 17. Furthermore, these effects persist for 4 years after passage and more intensely in metropolitan areas. Coupling this research with existing literature suggests that when the MDA requirement is raised to 18, only a small portion of the observed reduction in juvenile crime is ...
Media, Interpersonal Discussion, and Electoral Choice:

Scholars of voting behavior have considered party identification, issue positions, and candidate images as key determinants of vote choice. Previous research, however, has not resolved whether the strength of the vote determinants differs across individual voters, depending on patterns of political communication during the course of an election campaign. Research has found both that television news stresses candidates’ character rather than policy issues and that political discussion is usually between people who hold similar political beliefs. Based on previous literature, this study hypothesizes that frequent television news viewers are more likely to rely on their perception of candidate image to make an electoral choice, whereas voters who frequently talk to others about politics are more likely to vote on the basis of party identification. National survey data support these hypotheses. Implications for future political communication effects research are discussed.
Miscellaneous vasculitic syndromes including Behçet's disease and central nervous system vasculitis.

Behcet's disease is a chronic, relapsing, inflammatory process with clinical features of aphthous oral and genital ulcerations, uveitis, cutaneous vasculitis, arthritis, and central nervous system involvement. Large-vessel vasculitis, thrombophlebitis, and gastro-intestinal ulcerations may occur. As in other rheumatologic diseases, a genetic predisposition coupled with a triggering event leads to alterations in immune function and response, with variable clinical disease manifestations. Mononuclear cell activation and cytokine release, neutrophil chemotaxis, and humoral immune response with elevations of circulating immune complexes contribute to the pathogenesis of Behcet's disease. Vasculitis and vascular involvement are highlighted. There is no single diagnostic test for Behcet's disease. Treatment is comprised of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents and, in selected individuals, anticoagulation. Isolated central nervous system vasculitis or noninfectious primary (granulomatous) angiitis of the central nervous system is reviewed briefly. This condition is rare, predominantly affects young women, and includes symptoms of headache, weakness, and confusion. Characteristically, erythrocyte sedimentation rate is normal, serologic studies are negative, and cerebral angiography shows multifocal and segmental vascular narrowing and beading. Typical histopathology is granulomatous in less than 50% of patients, followed by necrotizing or lymphocytic vasculitis, or both, often with thrombosis. Treatment with immunosuppressive agents improves symptoms and outcome.
Determination of electrode kinetics by corrosion potential measurements: Zinc corrosion by bromine

An attractive way of determining the electrode kinetics of very fast dissolution reactions is that of measuring the corrosion potential in flowing solutions. This study analyses a critical aspect of the corrosion potential method, i.e., the effect of nonuniform corrosion distribution, which is very common in flow systems. The analysis is then applied to experimental data for zinc dissolution by dissolved bromine, obtained at a rotating hemispherical electrode (RHE). It is shown that in this case the current distribution effect is minor. However, the results also indicate that the kinetics of this corrosion system are not of the classical Butler-Volmer type. This is explained by the presence of a chemical reaction path in parallel with the electrochemical path. This unconventional corrosion mechanism is verified by a set of experiments in which zones of zinc deposition and dissolution at a RHE are identified in quantitative agreement with model predictions. The practical implications for the design of zinc/bromine batteries are discussed.
Driving decision making with data

This case study illustrates the power that data can have on successful planning, decision making, cultural change, and results.
Changes in C-reactive protein predict insulin sensitivity in severely obese individuals after weight loss surgery.

The production of inflammatory mediators by abdominal adipose tissue may link obesity and insulin resistance. We determined the influence of systemic levels of interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein on insulin sensitivity after weight loss via Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Severely obese individuals (n 5 15) were evaluated at baseline and at 6 months after surgery. Insulin sensitivity was determined by frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance testing at the same time points. Visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue volumes were quantified by computed tomography. Interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein were measured by enzyme-linked immunoassay in plasma and in adipose tissue biopsies. Correlation analysis was used to determine associations between insulin sensitivity and other outcome variables. Significance was set at P < 0.05. Plasma interleukin-6 concentrations were significantly correlated to the IL-6 content of subcutaneous adipose tissue (r = 0.71). At 6 months postsurgery, subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue volumes were significantly reduced (34.7% and 44.1%, respectively) and insulin sensitivity had improved by 160.9%. Significant longitudinal correlations were found between insulin sensitivity and plasma C-reactive protein (r = 20.61), but not plasma interleukin-6 at 6 months. These findings offer insights that link obesity and insulin resistance via the activity of inflammatory mediators.
Seismic waves increase permeability

Earthquakes have been observed to affect hydrological systems in a variety of ways--water well levels can change dramatically, streams can become fuller and spring discharges can increase at the time of earthquakes. Distant earthquakes may even increase the permeability in faults. Most of these hydrological observations can be explained by some form of permeability increase. Here we use the response of water well levels to solid Earth tides to measure permeability over a 20-year period. At the time of each of seven earthquakes in Southern California, we observe transient changes of up to 24 degrees in the phase of the water level response to the dilatational volumetric strain of the semidiurnal tidal components of wells at the Pinon Flat Observatory in Southern California. After the earthquakes, the phase gradually returns to the background value at a rate of less than 0.1 degrees per day. We use a model of axisymmetric flow driven by an imposed head oscillation through a single, laterally extensive, confined, homogeneous and isotropic aquifer to relate the phase response to aquifer properties. We interpret the changes in phase response as due to changes in permeability. At the time of the earthquakes, the permeability at the site increases by a factor as high as three. The permeability increase depends roughly linearly on the amplitude of seismic-wave peak ground velocity in the range of 0.21-2.1 cm s(-1). Such permeability increases are of interest to hydrologists and oil reservoir engineers as they affect fluid flow and might determine long-term evolution of hydrological and oil-bearing systems. They may also be interesting to seismologists, as the resulting pore pressure changes can affect earthquakes by changing normal stresses on faults.
Ethanol inhibits NMDA-activated current but does not alter GABA-activated current in an isolated adult mammalian neuron.

The effects of ethanol (EtOH) on membrane ion currents activated by N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were studied under voltage-clamp conditions in isolated sensory neurons within hours of being dissociated from adult rats. The amplitude of the ion current activated by NMDA was decreased in the presence of 2.5–100 nM EtOH (IC50, 10 mM or 0.05% EtOH), a concentrating range that produces intoxication. The amplitude of the GABA-activated Cl− current, on the other hand, was not significantly affected by this concentration range of EtOH. The observations suggest that some of the neural and cognitive impairments associated with EtOH intoxication may result from inhibition of the NMDA-activated ion current.
Subretinal fibrosis and choroidal neovascularization in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome.

· Background: To describe clinical findings of subretinal fibrosis and choroidal neovascularization in patients with Vogt-Koyanagi- Harada (VKH) syndrome. · Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 75 medical records of patients with VKH seen at the National Eye Institute, Bethesda, Maryland between 1978 and 1996. Recorded data included age, gender, race, duration of disease, extraocular manifestations, best-corrected visual acuity, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, retinal examination, retinal photographs and fluorescein angiograms. We sought features that correlated with the visual outcome. · Results: Thirty of 75 (40%) patients developed subretinal fibrosis. Eleven patients (14.7%) had choroidal neovascularization. Presence of subretinal fibrosis was associated with a longer duration of the disease (42.6 vs 19.1 months, P=0.07). Patients with subretinal fibrosis had worse visual acuity than those without subretinal fibrosis (26.2 vs 57.3 ETDRS letters read, P<0.001) after adjusting for duration of disease (P=0.021), degree of vitreous haze (P=0.074), and use of immunosuppressive therapy (P=0.008). · Conclusions: Presence of subretinal fibrosis in patients with VKH is associated with a poor visual prognosis. The diagnosis of choroidal neovascularization and subretinal fibrosis presents a challenge in the management of this disease.
High-strain-rate behavior of maraging steel linear cellular alloys: Mechanical deformations

Abstract The high-strain-rate deformation response of 25% dense linear cellular alloy (LCA) structures made from high-strength high-toughness maraging 250 steel is investigated. Constitutive parameters for the Johnson–Cook strength model for this steel are determined and validated by correlating final and transient deformation states obtained from experiments on solid maraging 250 steel cylinders impacting a rigid high-strength steel anvil, with those predicted using AUTODYN-3D Lagrangian based finite element simulations. The constitutive parameters are then used to predict the deformation response of a 9-cell waffle-design LCA under axial impact against a rigid anvil. Experiments performed on the LCA structure under the same impact conditions reveal that the qualitative deformation response correlates well with simulations, indicating the unique response of the LCA structures is well captured by the validated Johnson–Cook model parameters.
Servo System for Automatic Dose Control

Circuitry has been designed and constructed such that conveyor motion past a scanned Linear Accelerator beam is automatically regulated as a function of average beam current. Using this, the ratio of average current to conveyor speed can be held constant, thereby eliminating beam current variation as a source of error in irradiation processing. In the system, the ratio of current to conveyor speed is computed, multiplied by a factor inversely proportional to the scan height, and displayed on a digital voltmeter. The current signal is derived from a secondary emission monitor within the accelerator, while the conveyor speed is sensed by a tachometer coupled with the conveyor drive assembly. The beam scan is detected by a pair of adjustable sensor bars which are perpendicular to the plane of scan.
A microcomputer-based controller for a single-phase, 2 HP DC motor drive

This paper describes a microcomputer-based controller for a single-phase, 2-HP DC motor drive. Hardware, software, and systems aspects are discussed. Alternative control algorithms are presented. Results of system operation are given.
Introduction: Progress in Research on the Geography of Crime

The research presented in this article provides an accurate narrative of the historical evolution of the geography of crime, including its major ideological controversies. It further gives credit to geographers whose works have gained considerable respect in other academic communities. Additionally, it aims to convince geographers that they have potentially very valuable contributions to make to the study of crime. The final and most important point that this narrative is trying to make is that geography's intellectual territory has become attractive to other disciplines and fields embracing the geography and spatial analysis of crime.
What is the association of essential fatty acid status with cystic fibrosis

Reflexion sur le role de l'alteration de la composition des acides gras sur les fonctions cellulaires avec pour consequence la deterioration de la fonction pulmonaire dans la fibrose kystique
Criminal conduct subgroups of “aging out” foster youth

Subgroups of adolescents drawn from the Midwest Study of the Adult Functioning of Former Foster Youth were identified on the basis of cluster analysis of self-reported criminal behavior: Cluster 1: No Criminal Activity (n = 204), Cluster 2: Moderate Criminal Conduct (n = 300), Cluster 3: Extensive Criminal Involvement (n = 87), and Cluster 4: Group Fighting (n = 139). Logistic regression analysis revealed higher proportions of foster youth with alcohol and drug diagnoses, male gender, out of school status, and limited caregiver closeness in each of the groups in which there was evidence of significant criminal conduct (Clusters 2, 3, & 4) in comparison to the no criminal activity group (Cluster 1). The same variables contributed to discrimination between the cluster subgroup with the most serious and pervasive pattern of criminal conduct (Cluster 3) and the two with less extensive criminal involvement (Clusters 2 & 4). Current findings and those of G. R. Cusick, M. E. Courtney, J. Havlicek & N. Hess (2010), help in identifying the differing needs of youth aging out of the child welfare system and should be useful in informing development of targeted interventions.
Regional decline of coral cover in the Indo-Pacific: timing, extent, and subregional comparisons.

Background A number of factors have recently caused mass coral mortality events in all of the world's tropical oceans. However, little is known about the timing, rate or spatial variability of the loss of reef-building corals, especially in the Indo-Pacific, which contains 75% of the world's coral reefs. Methodology/Principle Findings We compiled and analyzed a coral cover database of 6001 quantitative surveys of 2667 Indo-Pacific coral reefs performed between 1968 and 2004. Surveys conducted during 2003 indicated that coral cover averaged only 22.1% (95% CI: 20.7, 23.4) and just 7 of 390 reefs surveyed that year had coral cover >60%. Estimated yearly coral cover loss based on annually pooled survey data was approximately 1% over the last twenty years and 2% between 1997 and 2003 (or 3,168 km2 per year). The annual loss based on repeated measures regression analysis of a subset of reefs that were monitored for multiple years from 1997 to 2004 was 0.72 % (n = 476 reefs, 95% CI: 0.36, 1.08). Conclusions/Significance The rate and extent of coral loss in the Indo-Pacific are greater than expected. Coral cover was also surprisingly uniform among subregions and declined decades earlier than previously assumed, even on some of the Pacific's most intensely managed reefs. These results have significant implications for policy makers and resource managers as they search for successful models to reverse coral loss.
The right ventricle under pressure: evaluating the adaptive and maladaptive changes in the right ventricle in pulmonary arterial hypertension using echocardiography (2013 Grover Conference series).

The importance of the right ventricle (RV) in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) has been gaining increased recognition. This has included a reconceptualization of the RV as part of an RV–pulmonary circulation interrelated unit and the observation that RV function is a major determinant of prognosis in PAH. Noninvasive imaging of RV size and function is critical to the longitudinal management of patients with PAH, and continued understanding of the pathophysiology of pulmonary vascular disease relies on the response of the RV to pulmonary vascular remodeling. Echocardiography, in particular the newer echocardiographic measurements and techniques, allows easy, readily accessible means to assess and follow RV size and function.
Joint receipt and Thaler's hedonic editing rule

Abstract We consider a rule of ‘hedonic editing’ suggested by R.H. Thaler and others to describe how people evaluate the joint receipt of two separate quantities of a real variable x . Let U be a continuous and increasing utility function on x . We refer to x ≥0 as a gain , x ≤0 as a loss , fix U (0)=0, and denote by x ⊕ y the joint receipt of x and y . The hedonic editing rule says that U(x ⊕y) = max {U(x + y), U(x) + U(y)} so that U ( x ⊕ y ) is the larger of the utility of the integrated sum of x and y , and the sum of the utilities of x and y considered separately. The paper explains structures of U constrained by hedonic editing. Two main cases are analyzed. Case (I) assumes that U is concave in gains and convex in losses. Case (II) assumes that U is concave separately in gains and in losses. Each main case divides into six subcases according to the limiting relations among the slopes of U at ±0 and ±∞. These partition the behavior of U in the mixed ( x >0, y The paper also axiomatizes the cases with assumptions about ( R , ⊕, ≥) from which a suitable U can be constructed. Each main case uses a few axioms satisfied by all its subcases. Special axioms are then invoked for the different subcases.
Einstein 's connection in terms of* g λμ

The solution of Einstein ’s equation in terms of the tensorgλμ has been given byHlavatý, Mishra, andTonnelat in various forms. The main purpose of the present paper is to obtain the explicitly expressed tensorial solution of Einstein ’s equationin terms of the tensor*gλμ defined by (1.5a), for all the classes and all the possible indices of inertia. In the present paper we shall proceed as follows. First, we introduce some necessary results obtained byHlavatý andMishra, and study the algebraic relations between two tensorgλμ and*gλμ. Since a procedure shows that the investigation of the connectionΓ λμ ν is reduced to that of the tensorS λμ ν , we then derive two systems of linear equations ofS λμ ν , which will be solved for all four classes and all the possible indices of inertia. Finally, we bring about the solution of Einstein ’s equation.
Spousal violence: Police officer attitudes and arrest response

On the 15 propositions, three propositions were found to support the general hypothesis. The findings indicate that as police officers showed an increase in attitudes supporting spousal violence the following occurred: (a) “frequent calls for police assistance from the household” became less important to police officers who were deciding to arrest; (b) “Jail overcrowding” became more important to police officers who were deciding not to arrest; and (c) “participant’s first encounter with the police” became more important to police officers who were deciding not to arrest. The other 12 propositions did not support the general hypothesis which suggested that the priority of all extralegal factors would relate to the ABUSE score.
A rational approach to the evaluation and treatment of the infected patient in the intensive care unit

Critically ill patients are at increased risk of acquiring nosocomial infections. A thorough clinical evaluation and the selection of appropriate diagnostic techniques are important elements in the evaluation of these patients. Nonetheless, this selection process can be difficult because of the wide spectrum of disease that is seen in the ICU and the lack of standardized studies that have evaluated the different diagnostic methods that are available. Many different antimicrobials are available for the treatment of ICU-acquired infections. Most antimicrobial regimens have not been evaluated in large-scale, prospective, randomized trials. Until this information is available, the clinician must make an effort to be familiar with the different clinical and epidemiologic variables that can be used to stratify patients at the moment of selecting antimicrobial therapy. The information provided in this article, used in association with good clinical judgment, will help the critical care physician provide optimal initial management of the infected patient in the ICU.
Neutron spectroscopic studies of the adsorption and decomposition of C2H2 and C2H4 on Raney nickel

Incoherent neutron inelastic scattering has been applied to the study of the chemisorption of C2H2 and C2H4 on Raney nickel (a high surface area nickel powder) as a function of temperature. Surface vibrational spectra of the adsorbed layer obtained through neutron scattering demonstrate that at 150 K C2H2 adsorbs molecularly on the nickel surface. Ethylene, however, is more reactive. Even at 120 K there is some C2H4 decomposition. In addition, perdeuteroethylene coadsorbed with atomic hydrogen undergoes isotopic exchange at 120 K. As the temperature is raised to 275 K both hydrocarbons decompose. The vibrational spectra of the molecularly adsorbed species are similar to those observed on flat Ni(111) single crystal surfaces with EELS. However, the decomposition process at higher temperature is not simply related to results reported on either flat or stepped Ni(111) surfaces. We conclude that the dominant influence of steps (or other defect structures) on high surface area nickel powders is to lower the activation energy for dissociation.
A theoretical model for the performance of bubble-column reactors used for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

Abstract A theoretical model is presented for describing the performance of bubble-column reactors used for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. The model accounts for axial dispersion in both the gas and liquid phases, and for non-uniform distribution of catalyst. The influence of H 2 and CO concentrations in the liquid phase on the stoichiometry and kinetics of the synthesis and water-gas-shift reactions are treated rigorously. Calculations have been carried out to illustrate the influence of transport parameters on syngas conversion and axial distribution of reactants and products. Comparisons are also made with recently reported experimental results, to demonstrate the capability of the model to predict the dependence of the syngas conversion and H 2 CO consumption ratio on feed composition and velocity.
The Heart of Patient-Centered Care

This article examines the multiple aspirations and practices subsumed under the rubric "patient-centered care." Clarifying the term's meaning is essential to understanding its impact on policy discourse and health care.
Annotated national wetland plant species data base

The development of palnt bases will not solve all wetland problems, but this development does represent a positive and rational approach toward a logical solution to many of the specific problems facing wetland managers and administrators today. The objectives of the data bases are: 1. To collect, summarize, and make easily accessible what is known about all plants that are found in all the wetland systems, of this country and to effectively document their frequency of occurrence in those wetland systems. 2. To more precisely allow a user to know when a wetland/non-wetland decision on either an individual plant species or community is either objective or subjective and thus a policy rather than a biological decision. 3. To standarize the definition of wetland to enable the most efficient and consistent management and administration of the wetland resources of this country.
Serotypic characterization of outer capsid spike protein VP4 of vervet monkey rotavirus SA11 strain

The vervet monkey rotavirus SA11, a prototype strain of group A rotaviruses, has been shown to possess VP7 serotype 3 specificity but its neutralization specificity with regard to the other outer capsid protein VP4 has not been elucidated. We thus determined its VP4 specificity by two-way cross-neutralization with guinea pig antiserum prepared with a single gene substitution reassortant that had only the VP4-encoding gene from the simian rotavirus SA11 strain and remaining ten genes from human rotavirus DS-1 strain (G serotype 2). The SA11 VP4 was related antigenically in a one-way fashion to rhesus monkey rotavirus MMU18006 VP4 (a P5B strain) and marginally to human and canine rotavirus VP4s with P serotype 5A specificity. In addition, the SA11 VP4 was shown to be distinct antigenically from those of other known P serotypes (1-4, and 6-11) as well as those of uncharacterized equine, lapine, and avian rotavirus strains. The SA11 VP4 is thus proposed for classification as a P5B serotype.
Development of non-destructive methods to evaluate oyster quality by electronic nose technology

The effectiveness of two electronic nose (e-nose) systems to assess the quality of oysters was studied on live oysters stored at 4 and 7°C for 14 days. E-nose data were correlated with a trained sensory panel evaluation by quantitative description analysis and with aerobic plate count. Oysters stored at both temperatures exhibited varying degrees of microbial spoilage, with bacterial load reaching 107 CFU/g at day 7 for 7°C storage. Cyranose 320 e-nose system was capable of generating characterized smell prints to differentiate oyster qualities of varying age (100% separation). The validation results showed that Cyranose 320 can identify the quality of oysters in terms of storage time with 93% accuracy. Comparatively, the correct classification rate for VOCcheck e-nose was only 22%. Correlation of e-nose data with microbial counts suggested Cyranose 320 was able to predict the microbial quality of oysters. Correlation of sensory panel scores with e-nose data revealed that e-nose has demonstrated potential as a quality assessment tool by mapping varying degrees of oyster quality.
Evaluation of molecular strategies to develop a live dengue vaccine.

Abstract Background: Millions of individuals are estimated to become infected with dengue virus each year, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. Mortality is low but infection can lead to a severe form of dengue, characterised by haemorrhage and shock. A safe and effective vaccine against dengue is still not available. Objective: To use the successful construction of dengue type 4 virus (DEN4) cDNA, which yields infectious RNA transcripts, to provide a new approach to the development of safe and effective dengue vaccines. Study design: The 3′ and 5′ noncoding (NC) regions of the genome were targeted to construct DEN4 deletion mutants, because the sequences in these regions are thought to play an important role in the regulation of viral replication. DEN4 cDNA was also employed to construct a viable chimeric virus with dengue type 1, 2 or 3 antigenicity, by substitution of heterotypic structural protein genes. Results: Most viable mutants, recovered from the cDNA constructs, were partially restricted for growth in simian cells as analysed by plaque morphology assay and viral yield analysis. Several 3′ NC deletion mutants which exhibited a range of growth restriction in cell culture were further evaluated for infectivity and immunogenicity in rhesus monkeys. Occurrence and duration of viraemia were reduced for these deletion mutants, compared to the wild type DEN4. Analysis of antibody response to infection in rhesus monkeys also indicated that some of these mutants were attenuated. These DEN4 deletion mutants represent promising live dengue vaccine candidates that merit further clinical evaluation. Chimera DEN1/DEN4 or DEN2/DEN4 which expresses DEN1 or DEN2 antigenicity were also used to infect monkeys. Most monkeys immunised with these chimeric viruses, singly or in combination, developed high titres of neutralising antibodies and were protected against homotypic wild type DEN1 or DEN2 challenge. Conclusions: DEN4 and its derived chimeric viruses of other three dengue serotype specificity, that contain appropriate attenuating mutations, have a potential use in a tetravalent live vaccine against dengue.
Making universal health insurance work in Massachusetts.

High U.S. health costs have been one of the main barriers to enacting universal access to care in recent decades. It is therefore surprising that Massachusetts, with the nation's highest per capita health spending, last year promised health insurance to all citizens. Declaring that “the access of residents of the Commonwealth to basic health care services is a natural, essential, and unalienable right” protected by the Massachusetts Constitution, the new health law, Chapter 23 of the Acts of 1988, legislates a promise that insurance be offered to all by 1 April 1992. The law was the product of almost three years of bargaining. One closely involved person said this was “the most controversial and heavily fought battle in the past 25 years in the Massachusetts State House.” Deals had to be struck. Perhaps the most important of the law's compromises is embodied in its title: “An Act to Make Health Security Available to All Citizens of the Commonwealth and to Improve Hospital Financing.” Obtaining the votes for the law's universal access provisions required promising Massachusetts hospitals substantially higher revenues.
Genetic interaction between YPT6 and YPT1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Ypt6p, the yeast homologue of human RAB6, is required for protein trafficking at elevated temperatures. Biochemical data provide evidence that Ypt6p plays a role in an early step(s) of the secretory pathway: from ER to Golgi, or from cis to medial Golgi, or both. Here we show that overexpression of YPT1 suppresses the growth and secretion defects of a ypt6 temperature-sensitive (ts) strain. SLY1-20, encoding a dominant mutant allele that suppresses the lethal effect of YPT1, also suppresses the growth defect of a ypt6 ts strain. Conversely, SSD1, isolated as a suppressor of ypt6 ts, can suppress the growth defect of a ypt1 ts allele. These data suggest that Ypt6p has some redundant function with Ypt1p. However, overexpression of Ypt6p is toxic to a ypt1 ts strain, although it does not affect the growth of wild-type cells, suggesting that Ypt6p may sequester proteins shared with Ypt1p. This genetic evidence confirms the conclusion that Ypt6p is involved in an early step of the secretory pathway. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Environmental drivers of demographics, habitat use, and behavior during a post-Pleistocene radiation of Bahamas mosquitofish (Gambusia hubbsi)

A fundamental goal of evolutionary ecology is to understand the environmental drivers of ecological divergence during the early stages of adaptive diversification. Using the model system of the post-Pleistocene radiation of Bahamas mosquitofish (Gambusia hubbsi) inhabiting blue holes, we used a comparative field study to examine variation in density, age structure, tertiary (adult) sex ratio, habitat use, as well as adult feeding and social behaviors in relation to environmental features including predation risk, interspecific competition, productivity (e.g. chlorophyll a, zooplankton density), and abiotic factors (e.g. salinity, surface diameter). The primary environmental factor associated with ecological differentiation in G. hubbsi was the presence of piscivorous fish. Gambusia hubbsi populations coexisting with predatory fish were less dense, comprised of a smaller proportion of juveniles, and were more concentrated in shallow, near-shore regions of blue holes. In addition to predation risk, the presence of a competitor fish species was associated with G. hubbsi habitat use, and productivity covaried with both age structure and habitat use. Feeding and social behaviors differed considerably between sexes, and both sexes showed behavioral differences between predator regimes by exhibiting more foraging behaviors in the absence of predators and more sexual behaviors in their presence. Males additionally exhibited more aggressive behaviors toward females in the absence of predators, but were more aggressive toward other males in the presence of predators. These results largely matched a priori predictions, and several findings are similar to trends in other related systems. Variation in predation risk appears to represent the primary driver of ecological differentiation in this system, but other previously underappreciated factors (interspecific competition, resource availability) are notable contributors as well. This study highlights the utility of simultaneously evaluating multiple environmental factors and multiple population characteristics within a natural system to pinpoint environmental drivers of ecological differentiation.