cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fast Co-Simulation of Transformative Systems with OS Support

Transformative applications are a class of dataflow computation characterized by iterative behavior. The problem of partitioning a transformative application specification to a set of available hardware (HW) and software (SW) processing elements (PEs) and derivation of a job execution order (scheduling) on them has been quite well studied, but the problem of obtaining fast simulation of these applications poses different constraints. In this paper, we propose an efficient framework for a symmetric multi-processor (SMP) simulation host to achieve fast HW/SW co-simulation for transformative applications, given the partition solutions and the derived schedulers. The framework overcomes the limitations in existing Linux SMP kernel and requires only a reasonable amount of modifications to it. We also present a heuristic algorithm which effectively assigns simulation tasks to the processors on the simulation host, considering both average job simulation time on each processor and other simulation overhead. Our experiments show that the algorithm is able to find satisfactory suboptimal solutions with very little computation time. Based on the task assignment solution, the simulation time can be reduced by 25% to 50% from the obvious but naive approach.
Time-lapse imaging of saline-tracer transport in fractured rock using difference-attenuation radar tomography

[1] Accurate characterization of fractured-rock aquifer heterogeneity remains one of the most challenging and important problems in groundwater hydrology. We demonstrate a promising strategy to identify preferential flow paths in fractured rock using a combination of geophysical monitoring and conventional hydrogeologic tests. Cross-well differenceattenuation ground-penetrating radar was used to monitor saline-tracer migration in an experiment at the U.S. Geological Survey Fractured Rock Hydrology Research Site in Grafton County, New Hampshire. Radar data sets were collected every 10 min in three adjoining planes for 5 hours during each of 12 tracer tests. An innovative inversion method accounts for data acquisition times and temporal changes in attenuation during data collection. The inverse algorithm minimizes a combination of two functions. The first is the sum of weighted squared data residuals. Second is a measure of solution complexity based on an a priori space-time covariance function, subject to constraints that limit radarattenuation changes to regions of the tomograms traversed by high difference-attenuation ray paths. The time series of tomograms indicate relative tracer concentrations and tracer arrival times in the image planes; from these we infer the presence and location of a preferential flow path within a previously identified zone of transmissive fractures. These results provide new insights into solute channeling and the nature of aquifer heterogeneity at the site. INDEX TERMS: 0910 Exploration Geophysics: Data processing; 0915 Exploration Geophysics: Downhole methods; 1829 Hydrology: Groundwater hydrology; 1832 Hydrology: Groundwater transport; 1894 Hydrology: Instruments and techniques; KEYWORDS: radar tomography, fractured rock, ground-penetrating radar, geophysics, hydrogeophysics
Presidential Vetoes: An Event Count Model

We argue that past models of presidential veto behavior have not ade quately conceptualized the fundamental nature of the dependent variable—a count of the total number of vetoes per unit of analysis. Conse quently, ordinary least squares techniques have been employed when more appropriate statistical estimation techniques are warranted. Further, past conceptualization (and measurement) of theoretically relevant varia bles have masked important relationships such as the importance of a bi cameral legislature. We show that rigorous consideration of research methodologies provides theoretical insights obscured by relying on more traditional approaches. Finally, this investigation updates understanding of the veto process through the first year of the Clinton administration.
The central nucleus of the rat amygdala: in vitro intracellular recordings

Membrane properties of neurons from the central nucleus of the rat amygdala (ACe) were analyzed using intracellular current-clamp recordings from in vitro coronal slices of adult rat amygdala. Two types of neurons were identified and classified according to their accommodation characteristics and the nature of their afterhyperpolarizations (AHP). Type A neurons represented 74% of the population and were identified by a lack of accommodation and a medium-AHP (m-AHP) in response to transient (100 ms) depolarizing current injection. The m-AHP was defined by a fast decay time constant with a mean tau AHP = 113.6 ms. In both Type A and Type B ACe cells the m-AHP can be reduced with cadmium and rubidium. Type B neurons represented 26% of the population and were identified by the presence of accommodation and a long duration slow-AHP (s-AHP) following the m-AHP. The s-AHP was defined by a slow decay time constant with a mean tau AHP = 1.7 s. The s-AHP was similar to the AHP mediated by IAHP, a long duration calcium-dependent, noradrenaline-sensitive current present in hippocampal neurons. In Type B cells, the s-AHP was reduced by cadmium and noradrenaline. There was no significant difference between Type A and B ACe neurons in passive electrical properties such as the membrane input resistance (RiA = 113 M omega, RiB = M omega), and the membrane time constant (tau A = 15 ms, tau B = 16 ms). However, there was a statistically significant difference in the resting membrane potentials of Type A and B ACe neurons (RMPA = -67 mV; RMPB = -63 mV). These data suggest that the characteristic active membrane properties displayed by Type A and Type B neurons will determine the ability of each type to integrate and encode neuronal information.
On-line parameter estimation of PMDC motors using binary-valued speed measurements

Establishing real-time models for permanent magnet direct current (PMDC) motors is of importance for capturing authentic dynamic behavior of the systems to improve control performance, robustness, and diagnosis. Sensor types play an essential role in such an endeavor, affecting system costs, reliability, estimation accuracy, and control strategies. In this paper we develop an estimator that can be used to estimate the model parameters of PMDC motors using binary-valued speed measurements. A typical linearized model structure of PMDC motors is used as a benchmark platform to demonstrate the technology. The input/output relationship between the input voltage and the output speed is modeled by a suitable regression structure for binary system identification. Periodic input dithers are employed to identify the speed of the motor and to estimate the unknown parameters of the system. Simulations are performed to illustrate the utility of the technology. The advantage of this work is to support on-line estimation using cheaper and low-complexity binary sensors with guaranteed estimation accuracy.
The impact of short stature on health-related quality of life in children with chronic kidney disease.

Objectives To compare the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and short stature (SS) with that of children with CKD and normal height (NH), to evaluate the impact of catch-up growth and growth hormone (GH) use on HRQoL, and to describe the concordance of perceptions of HRQoL between children with SS and NH and their parents. Study design Four hundred eighty-three children and/or parents enrolled in the multicenter Chronic Kidney Disease in Children study who had completed the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (Version 4.0) on at least 2 Chronic Kidney Disease in Children study visits composed this substudy population. Participants were dichotomized into NH or SS groups. The demographic characteristics that varied at baseline (sex, glomerular filtration rate, and parent education) were controlled for in the main analysis evaluating the impact of catch-up growth and use of GH on HRQoL. Results Multivariate modeling (controlling for confounding variables) revealed a significant association between both catch-up growth and GH use on parent–proxy reports of child physical functioning ( P P Conclusion The finding that height gains and GH use are associated with increases in physical and social functioning by parent report provides additional support for interventions to improve height in children with CKD. The importance of evaluating both the parent and child perceptions of HRQoL is supported by our results.
Peer group membership of young women with cancer

Abstract Described here is the influence of peer group membership on the adaptive behavior of 100 women hospitalized with gestational trophoblastic disease. Little attempt was made to screen these patients from reality. They went where they wanted and saw what they wanted with few barriers. They were deliberately educated about their disease to insure their participation in its treatment. Although such an approach led in the long run to confidence in staff and cooperation in treatment, it was nevertheless at first shocking and overwhelming. Individual casework treatment was necessary especially when The Group was threatened by an individual's anxiety or an individual was threatened by The Group's anxiety. While The Group served as a supportive device and functioned well in reducing day by day stresses, it was not a problem-solving device and had to relinquish responsibility when treatment was needed. The support of The Group was consciously encouraged and utilized when it served as an added strength for the patient. The Group's limitations were recognized and its actions supplemented when necessary.
An elementary proof of the polar factorization of vector-valued functions

We present an elementary proof of an important result of Y. Brenier [Br1, Br2], namely, that vector fields in ℝd satisfying a nondegeneracy condition admit the polar factorization (*) u(x)=▽ψ(s(x)), where ψ is a convex function and s is a measure-preserving mapping. Brenier solves a minimization problem using Monge-Kantorovich theory; whereas we turn our attention to a dual problem, whose Euler-Lagrange equation turns out to be (*).
Rosette piezotransducers for damage detection

The purpose of this paper is to present a new type of a rosette piezotransducer. This type of a piezotransducer can generate and sense complex strain fields containing more damage-related information. Concept feasibility and its importance is demonstrated experimentally and numerically?through the analysis of a simple closed-form model. To the best knowledge of the authors, this is the first attempt to develop and test a rosette piezotransducer.
Electrical conductivities of polypyrrole reacted with dopant solutions

Polypyrrole was prepared by chemical methods (in water by mixing a solution of pyrrole with an oxidizing solution of FeCl3) and by electrochemical methods. FTIR spectroscopy was used for determining the structure and reaction mechanisms. The main aims were first to prepare some conductive polymers by applying new, efficient, and effective methods to obtain high percent conversions and then to obtain maximum conductivity for each polymer by varying the reactant concentrations. After finding the most effective reactant concentrations, and adjusting molar ratios to improve the conductivity to higher values, the system was treated with different dopants such as ClO4 - ion, I2, and p-toluene sulfonic acid sodium salt. For each dopant-monomer system, the most effective dopant concentration has been determined.
Identifying and Addressing Rogue Servers in Countering Internet Email Misuse

Digital forensics is important in solving Internet security problems. However, in terms of improving security, its usefulness may have been hampered by the limitation of law enforcement and by a distrust, anti-establishment sentiment in the Internet. For digital forensics to work with (not against) security measures, a check and balance mechanism is needed. We have proposed a trust management framework that incorporates accountability to be such a mechanism. It is for servers in the Internet to set their security goals beyond protecting themselves, and to augment their services with accountability. Users or peer servers who trust and use a service shall be protected, and governed, not by their or even the server's own security measures, but by the collectively established accountability. To address email misuse this way, we have considered facilitating digital forensics in two requirements of accountability, namely, identification and attestation. We also considered how the authorization and retribution requirements of accountability can work with digital forensics to deter and provide a recourse to fix wrongdoing, to achieve the goal of accountability, hence security. In this paper, we analyze an email trace to show that unilateral identifying and addressing in countering email misuse such as spam are coarse and the effectiveness is greatly limited by the human-shield effects, i.e., we have to accept more spam in order to avoid collateral damages. However, by making trust and accountability explicit, some of those mixed senders (servers sent both ham and spam) can be rehabilitated to change behavior. With a proper trust and interaction mechanism aiming to achieve the readiness for e-discovery, we believe legitimate mail servers will distinguish themselves in upholding accountability. We can then bilaterally and multilaterally further identify and address those rogue servers.
Whole body hyperthermia: a potent radioprotector in vivo.

Abstract Interleukin-1 has been reported to be an effective radioprotective agent in mice subjected to lethal doses of irradiation. Production of Interleukin-1 can be increased by whole body hyperthermia. Therefore, whole body hyperthermia was assessed for its efficacy in protecting the lethal effects of ionizing radiation in DBA/2 mice. One hour of 40°C ± 0.2 whole body hyperthermia given 20 hr before 900 cGy total body irradiation protected 100% of DBA/2 mice from an LD 100/16 radiation dose (dose of irradiation that killed 100% of the mice in 16 days). Lethal doses of total body irradiation produced profound monocytopenia, decreased cellularity of thymus, spleen, and bone marrow, and suppressed Interleukin-1 production. Interleukin-1 production was determined using the thymocyte proliferation assay. Whole body hyperthermia accelerated recovery of blood leukocytes by up to 5 days post-total body irradiation in DBA/2 mice. Thymocytes, spleen, and bone marrow cells were activated by whole body hyperthermia, as assessed by the cell's response to Concanavalin A. This was accompanied by accelerated Interleukin-1 generation. Our results provide the first evidence that whole body hyperthermia acts as a potent radioprotector in vivo , effects that may be mediated by Interleukin-1.
Demonstration of a relaxin receptor and relaxin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation in human lower uterine segment fibroblasts

To elucidate the mechanism of relaxin action, we studied the binding characteristics of human relaxin and its effects on intracellular concentrations of cAMP and tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins in a model system of human cervix, human lower uterine segment fibroblasts. Human relaxin labeled with 125I bound specifically to a single class of high-affinity relaxin binding sites, distinct from insulin receptors, with a mean (+/-SEM) dissociation constant (Kd) of 4.36 +/- 1.7 x 10(-9) M and a mean of 3220 +/- 557 binding sites per cell in human lower uterine segment fibroblasts. Relaxin, in quantities that were shown previously to stimulate intracellular levels of cAMP in other cell types, had no effect on intracellular levels of cAMP in human lower uterine segment fibroblasts even in the presence of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methyl-xanthine (IBMX). Incubation of the cells with relaxin caused a significant increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of a protein with an apparent Mr of approximately 220 kDa in these cells. In concert with results of recent studies that demonstrated that the Mr of the relaxin receptor is approximately 220 kDa, our data suggest that the phosphorylated protein is likely to be the relaxin receptor.
Two-Dimensional Smectic Ordering of Linear DNA Chains in Self-Assembled DNA-Cationic Liposome Mixtures

We report a synchrotron x-ray scattering study of linear DNA chains and cationic liposome mixtures which spontaneously self-assemble into a coupled two-dimensional (2D) smectic phase of DNA chains imbedded between lipid bilayers of a 3D smectic phase. The DNA peak is quantitatively described by anisotropic exponentially decaying chain-chain correlations. The measured interchain compressibility modulus $B(d)$ as a function of the interhelical spacing $d$ of the 2D smectic, with $25ldl60\AA{}$, is not described by hard core repulsions but, rather, is dominated at larger spacings $dg35\AA{}$ by long-range electrostatic repulsions.
Attenuation of Hypertension by Insulin-Sensitizing Agents

Epidemiological and clinical evidence document an association between hypertension and resistance to insulin-stimulated glucose uptake.1 Insulin-resistant individuals also tend to have increased plasma concentrations of triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and decreased concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. These associations have been observed in individuals with type II diabetes and in obese people. In addition, depending on methodologies and criteria for its definition, insulin resistance is present in 16% to 40% of nonobese individuals with essential hypertension and in normotensive individuals who are at increased risk for developing hypertension.1 2 Insulin resistance may be associated with salt sensitivity of blood pressure.3 4 5 Insulin resistance has also been observed in both genetic and acquired rat models of hypertension, eg, the Dahl salt-sensitive (Dahl S) rat, spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), Milan hypertensive rat, and rats with sucrose or fructose feeding.1 However, insulin-stimulated glucose uptake is normal in both the one-kidney, one clip hypertensive rat and the two-kidney, one clip hypertensive rat, suggesting that insulin resistance is not an invariable consequence of elevated arterial pressure.6 7 Although a number of putative mechanisms have been proposed, it is unclear whether insulin resistance and/or hyperinsulinemia actually cause hypertension.1 Insulin itself is a vasodilator, and in normal subjects, insulin infusions along with sufficient glucose to prevent hypoglycemia cause vasodilation, not vasoconstriction.8 Individuals with insulinoma do not have an increased prevalence of hypertension,9 although in this situation hyperinsulinemia is primary and is not due to insulin resistance. In a variety of circumstances, increasing insulin sensitivity and/or reversal of hyperinsulinemia is associated with a concomitant reduction of arterial pressure. For example, blood pressure may be lowered and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake may be augmented by increased physical activity and in obese individuals by weight loss.10 11 12 Somatostatin infusion has …
A time-domain analysis of intracardiac electrograms for arrhythmia detection.

DICARLO, L.A., ET AL.: A Time-Domain Analysis of Intracardiac Electrograms for Arrh5rthmia Detection. The analysis of intracardiac electrogram morphology has been proposed as a complementary method for accurate discrimination between sinus rhythm fSRj, supraventricuiar dysrhythmias, and ventricular dysrhythmias by automatic antitachycardia and cardioverter defibrillator devices. In this study, the performance of a traditional time-domain method for surface electrocardiogram interpretation—Correlation Waveform Analysis [CWA) and a newJy developed technique—Bin Area Method (BAM) were used to analyze unfiltered intraatriaJ and intraventricular electrograms obtained from 47 patients during routine cardiac electrophysiology studies. Nineteen patients had 31 distinct, sustained, monomorphic ventricular tachycardias (VTsj induced; 13 patients had paroxysmal bundle branch block of supraventricuiar origin (BBBJ induced; 19 patients had retrograde atrial activation during ventricular overdrive pacing. Three patients were common to two or more groups. Using a best fit electrogram alignment, both CWA and BAM distinguished VT from SR in 28/31 cases (90%j, BBB from SR in 15115 patients {100%), and anterograde from retrograde atrial activation in 19/19 patients {100%}. We conclude that the use of time-domain techniques that are independent of amplitude and baseline fluctuations appear to be reliable for discrimination of retrograde atrial activation, paroxysmal BBB, and VT from SR using intracardiac electrograms. Reduction of computational time and power constraints, without sacrificing reliable dysrhythmia discrimination, is possible. These features may make real-time morphology analysis of intracardiac electrograms feasible for automatic antitachycardia and cardioverter-defibrillator devices. (PACE, Vol. 14, February, Part II 1991] arrhythmia analysis, computer recognition of arrhythmia
Ethanol inhibits human osteoblastic cell proliferation

The habitual consumption of alcoholic beverages is clearly associated with low bone mass and an increased prevalence of skeletal fractures. Microscopic analysis of skeletal tissue from alcoholic patients reveals reduced osteoblast number and suppressed bone formation activity with a relative sparing of resorptive indices. The decreased number of osteoblasts observed in alcoholic subjects results from either impaired proliferation or accelerated senescence. Polyamines and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the rate-limiting enzyme for polyamine synthesis, are essential for cell proliferation in a variety of cell types. To determine if the adverse effect of ethanol on osteoblast number involves modulation of polyamine biosynthesis, we examined the effect of ethanol on parameters of cell growth and ODC activity in a human osteoblast-like osteosarcoma cell line (TE-85). Ethanol markedly impaired DNA synthesis and cell proliferation in a dose-dependent fashion, but alkaline phosphatase activity (a marker of differentiated osteoblast function) remained intact, and accelerated apoptosis was not evident. Thus, the reduced osteoblastic cell number was a result of a direct effect on proliferative processes rather than a nonspecific toxic effect of ethanol to accelerate cell death. Induction of ODC activity was impaired in ethanol-exposed cell cultures in a dose-dependent fashion that paralleled the antiproliferative effects. Finally, supplemental polyamine administration substantially improved DNA synthesis in ethanol-exposed UMR 106-01 cell cultures. These data confirm a direct inhibitory effect of ethanol on osteoblast proliferation without overt cellular toxicity that may, in part, explain the reduced bone mass observed in those who consume excessive amounts of alcohol.
Critique of Ground Wire Theory

The paper consists of three parts, I?Induced Potentials, II?Direct Hits, and III?Other Effects. The work of previous investigators is briefly reviewed, and the limitations of their premises pointed out. Under Part I a generalized theory of ideal ground wires is offered, which takes into account the law of cloud discharge, the distribution of bound charge, and the formation of traveling waves. It is found that the protective ratio is independent of these factors. A more extensive theory taking the additional factors of successive reflections and tower resistance into account is then developed. Part II discusses the probability of a line's being hit, and applies a method for computing the effect of successive reflections to the calculation of potentials on the line and ground wires. Curves of these potentials at successive towers, and as functions of tower resistances and of time, are given. Part III discusses the effect of ground wires on attenuation, telephone interference, zero phase sequence reactance, corona, and the reduction in surge impedance due to the introduction of extra ground wires. There are three mathematical appendixes. In Appendix I, Maxwell's electrostatic and electromagnetic coeficients are reviewed, and the theory of traveling waves on any number of parallel wires is developed, including the behavior of these waves at rather general transition points. While this extension to the theory of traveling waves was developed incidental to the study of ground wire theory, it is believed to be of considerable interest and value on its own account.
Aerosol chemical composition in New York state from integrated filter samples: Urban/rural and seasonal contrasts

[1] Filter samples have been collected and analyzed for chemical composition at a number of sites in New York state for more than 2 years. Because of the broad focus of the New York Environmental Protection Agency Supersite program, these sites include remote, rural, and urban sites in midsized and large cities. Calculated blanks and laboratory reported minimum detection limits (MDLs) for all measured species are presented. Data are averaged by location and season and presented for six sites throughout New York state. Data are presented for PM2.5 mass, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium and carbon, and selected metals and groups of trace elements. An approximate ion balance of the major inorganic ionic species is also calculated, which shows a predominately negative ion balance with the rural and remote sites being the most negative. In addition to chemical composition values in mass per unit volume (reported to ambient conditions), we also calculate ratios of the mass concentration values for five sites referenced to our site that is closest to background, Whiteface Mountain in the Adirondacks. By computing base ratios for the various chemical components and ratios of ratios referenced to mass concentrations, we can provide some insight into the sources of these chemical components relative to the sources of PM2.5 mass. The ratio of ratios analysis indicated that sulfate and potassium are the most regional species considered and that EC and some metal species have the strongest urban (especially New York City) sources.
Impaired left ventricular relaxation during pacing-induced ischemia.

Rapid atrial pacing was performed in 15 patients at the time of cardiac catheterization. The results indicate that tachycardia may produce incomplete left ventricular relaxation in patients with disorders characterized by ischemia, but not in those with a normal left ventricle. This phenomenon was characterized by (1) a decrease in the peak negative value for first derivative of left ventricular pressure (dP/dt), which was used in the study as an index of left ventricular relaxation rate, (2) an increase in left ventricular diastolic pressure, and (3) a decrease in left ventricular internal diameter. These findings suggest that ventricular relaxation is an important determinant of left ventricular diastolic pressure-volume relations and that an impairment of ventricular relaxation may be partly responsible for the apparent decrease in left ventricular diastolic compliance observed during pacing-induced angina pectoris.
An Improved Synthesis of 2,2′-Dimercaptobiphenyl

Abstract The preparation of transition-metal thiolato complexes as synthetic biomimics1 has led to a resurgent interest in the synthesis of organic thiols and their derivatives. The compound 2,2′-dimercaptobiphenyl, 1, offers interesting possibilities as a ligand, and it has been used recently to displace iron-sulfur clusters from low molecular-weight Fe-S proteins.2 The two previous preparations for 1 require a coupling reaction of diazonium salts.3,4 Overall yields of 10%3 and 30%4 are made even less attractive by the need to precipitate copper by-products with H2S after the coupling step.
Invariant distribution on strange attractors in highly dissipative systems

Abstract We obtain analytically by an iterative procedure the equilibrium invariant distribution for a class of strange attractors in highly dissipative systems. The zeroth order distribution is found by solving the phase-averaged Markov equation. Repeated iterations over the map yield the higher order distributions that reveal successively finer structures. The analytical results have been compared quantitatively to numerical results for the Zaslavskii map.
Homing of Cancer Cells to the Bone

A variety of tumor cells preferentially home to the bone. The homing of cancer cells to the bone represents a multi-step process that involves malignant progression of the tumor, invasion of the tumor through the extracellular matrix and the blood vessels and settling of the tumor cells in the bone. Gaining a greater understanding as to the mechanisms used by cancer cells in these processes will facilitate the design of drugs which could specifically target the homing process. In this review we will discuss the properties of tumor cells and the bone microenvironment which promote homing of a cancer cell to the bone. We will highlight the different steps and the molecular pathways involved when a cancer cell metastasize to the bone. Since bone is the major home for hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), we will also highlight the similarities between the homing of cancer and HSC to the bone. Finally we will conclude with therapeutic and early detection strategies which can prevent homing of a cancer cell to the bone.
A Diary Study of Daily Perceived Mistreatment and Alcohol Consumption in College Students

A 30-day college student diary study examined daily perceptions of mistreatment, state ego-depletion, and evening alcohol consumption. We found that on days college students reported being ego-depleted, the more negative mistreatment experiences they reported during the day the more they drank that evening. In addition, negative mistreatment experiences were positively related to binge drinking on days students were high in ego-depletion but were negatively related to binge drinking on days students were low in ego-depletion. Perceiving mistreatment leads to increased drinking only on days that people do not have the cognitive resources to cope with being discriminated against more adaptively.
The relationship of tryptophan and albumin in the acute burn patient: preliminary observations

INTRODUCTION ONE of the most significant metabolic derangemerits in the acute burn patient is the sharp decrease in albumin synthesis and reversal of the a lbumin :g lobu l in ratio. This change in albumin heralds the severity of the insult and the catabolic phase, and when the albumin : globulin ratio reverts to normal and increased albumin occurs, the anabolic phase and repair is commenced. It has been demonstrated experimentally that the amino acid tryptophan has a direct influence on the stimulation of albumin synthesis in the liver. Therefore, it was postulated that if the tryptophan intake of the acute burn patient could be adequately supplemented in the diet, then albumin synthesis might be increased and the anabolic phase expedited. In the acute burn, albumin is diminished because of its loss to the interstitial spaces, decreased synthesis by the liver, a negative state of degradation and synthesis and skin losses. It is thought that the skin contains most of the albumin outside of the vascular system. The plasma contains 30-40 per cent of the moveable plasma. Albumin is important to the body and is frequently used by the burn therapist as a prime indicator of inadequate body repair or successful recovery of the burn patient. The chief functions of albumin are: to create homeostasis between the intravascular and extravascular fluids, to carry metals (zinc), ions, amino acids, enzymes and hormones and as a source of nitrogen. Albumin is manufactured in the liver by the hepatocyte at the rate of 12-14 g per day and its half-life is about 20 days. Nutrition is probably Complete amino acids ~ / ~ mi nus tryptophan ( ~ )
A “grand possible”: Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s translations of Aeschylus’sPrometheus bound

Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806–1861), one of the most enduring Victorian poets, published two distinct translations of Aeschylus'sPrometheus Bound over a span of seventeen years. While best remembered for her meditations on love inSonnets from the Portuguese and on the poet's vocation in her blank verse novelAurora Leigh, she had an abiding love for and extensive knowledge of classical languages and writers, especially Greek. The first translation ofPrometheus Bound, with a preface and end notes, was published anonymously in 1833. Shortly after its publication, Barrett Browning expressed reservations on the grounds that it was a literal translation and therefore did not do justice to Aeschylus's or English poetry. The substantially rewritten second translation was first published in her 1850 edition ofPoems and revised in both the 1853 and 1856 editions. This consideration of the composition and publication history of the translations examines Barrett Browning’s study of Greek, the influence of Hugh Stuart Boyd and Robert Browning, her impressions of Aeschylus and Prometheus, and her views on the practice of translation in light of the place of Greek learning, the reception of Aeschylus, and theories of translation in nineteenth-century England.
The ultrastructure of mouse lung fine structure of the capillary endothelium.

Abstract The endothelium of mouse lung capillaries has been studied with the electron microscope. The endothelium is continuous even in its thin portions. It contains in its cytoplasm numerous small vesicles, endoplasmic reticulum with adhering dense particles, and filamentous mitochondria. At least some of the inner mitochondrial structures are tubular rather than lamelliform. The plasma membranes of adjoining endothelial cells are distinct, and no “terminal bars” can be recognized with certainty.
The Ferroxidase Activity of Yeast Frataxin

Frataxin is required for maintenance of normal mitochondrial iron levels and respiration. The mature form of yeast frataxin (mYfh1p) assembles stepwise into a multimer of 840 kDa (α48) that accumulates iron in a water-soluble form. Here, two distinct iron oxidation reactions are shown to take place during the initial assembly step (α → α3). A ferroxidase reaction with a stoichiometry of 2 Fe(II)/O2 is detected at Fe(II)/mYfh1p ratios of ≤0.5. Ferroxidation is progressively overcome by autoxidation at Fe(II)/mYfh1p ratios of >0.5. Gel filtration analysis indicates that an oligomer of mYfh1p, α3, is responsible for both reactions. The observed 2 Fe(II)/O2 stoichiometry implies production of H2O2 during the ferroxidase reaction. However, only a fraction of the expected total H2O2 is detected in solution. Oxidative degradation of mYfh1p during the ferroxidase reaction suggests that most H2O2reacts with the protein. Accordingly, the addition of mYfh1p to a mixture of Fe(II) and H2O2 results in significant attenuation of Fenton chemistry. Multimer assembly is fully inhibited under anaerobic conditions, indicating that mYfh1p is activated by Fe(II) in the presence of O2. This combination induces oligomerization and mYfh1p-catalyzed Fe(II) oxidation, starting a process that ultimately leads to the sequestration of as many as 50 Fe(II)/subunit inside the multimer.
Modeling and Torsional Vibration Analysis of Engine Cold-Test Stand Drivelines

Many large-scale engine manufacturers use cold-testing techniques to test engine assemblies for measuring transmission noise and diagnosing cylinder faults, valve-train and oil pump defects, which cannot be detected easily using traditional hot testing. Cold-testing is done by rotating the unfired engines by an external electrical drive and a driveline and analyzing the measured torque signal characteristics at various engine speeds. In this work, two different cold-test stands, which experience large torsional oscillations excited by various engine harmonics, are modeled. The excessive vibratory response of these stands not only makes the engine fault detection process difficult by degrading the measured torque signal, but can also cause structural failure. An appropriate driveline design is required to decrease the torsional vibration and noise levels and preserve the integrity of diagnostic signals. In an effort to prevent undesirable noise and vibration problems, models of engine cold-test stands are developed that involve modeling of driveline components, engine excitation model for cold-testing, and estimation of torsional vibratory response. The developed models are validated by comparing the model predictions with experimental responses. Model parameters that can help suppress the torsional resonances are determined using embedded sensitivity functions. It is shown that using a smaller-sized motor and a softer rubber coupling, the driveline torsional resonant frequencies excited during the speed sweep can be shifted out of the test range and the amplitudes can be decreased. The developed model is, therefore, used to help redesign the cold-test stand drivelines.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Characterization of the acute lactational response to trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid

Trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a potent inhibitor of milk fat synthesis in the dairy cow. The decrease in milk fat yield during abomasal infusion of CLA reaches a nadir after 3 to 5 d. The acute responses to CLA were evaluated using 4 cows in a crossover design. Cows were milked with the aid of oxytocin every 4h from -28 to 80h and every 6h from 86 to 116h relative to the initiation of abomasal CLA infusion. An initial priming dose of 7.5g of CLA was given at time zero followed by infusion of 2.5g every 4h for 72h. Plasma CLA reached a near-steady-state concentration by 4h, and initial plasma enrichments were greatest in the triglyceride and nonesterified fatty acid fractions. Milk CLA concentration peaked at 6h and reached steady state by 22h. At termination of the infusion, decreases in milk CLA concentration and yield and plasma CLA concentration were best fit by a reciprocal-linear function. Milk fat percentage decreased progressively after 2h and was significant by 14h. Milk fatty acid profile was initially unchanged, but between 18 and 36h after initiation of the CLA dose the proportions of fatty acids progressively shifted, resulting in an increase in fatty acids >C16 and a decrease in fatty acids <C16 by 38 to 46h. In contrast, changes in the desaturase index were immediate, with a significant decrease by 6h and a near-maximal decrease by 10h. Thus, stearoyl desaturase enzyme was more acutely responsive to CLA than other enzymes in milk fat synthesis. The initial decrease in milk fat synthesis involved an equal depression of short- and long-chain fatty acid pathways and was followed thereafter by a more pronounced decrease in the synthesis of de novo fatty acids.
Using Hydroacoustics to Understand Fish Presence and Vertical Distribution in a Tidally Dynamic Region Targeted for Energy Extraction

The use of tidal currents by fishes for movements to and from onshore spawning, foraging, and nursery grounds is well documented. However, fishes’ use of the water column in tidal currents frequently exceeding 1.5 m · s-1 is largely unknown. With growing interest in extracting energy from the tides, understanding animal use of these dynamic environments has become essential to determining environmental effects of tidal energy devices. To assess the effects of a tidal energy device on fishes, we used down-looking single-beam hydroacoustic technology to collect pre-deployment data on the presence and vertical distribution of fishes at a pilot project site and a control site in Cobscook Bay, ME. Twenty-four-hour stationary surveys were conducted in each season of 2010 and 2011. Relative fish density and vertical distribution were analyzed for variation with respect to site, year, month, and diel and tidal cycles. A seasonal pattern in fish density was apparent in both years at both sites, with maxima in spring and late fall. Fish density was generally highest near the sea floor. Diel changes in vertical distribution were frequently observed, but changes in distribution related to tidal cycle were inconsistent. Results from the project and control sites were very similar, demonstrating that the control site provides a reference for quantifying changes in fish density and vertical distribution related to the tidal device. This approach and baseline dataset will be used to compare hydroacoustic data collected at the project and control sites after device deployment.
Risk Factors for Recurrent Spontaneous Epistaxis

Abstract Objective To identify risk factors associated with spontaneous recurrent epistaxis. Patients and Methods This was a retrospective cohort study assessing patients in the Marshfield Clinic system diagnosed as having epistaxis between January 1, 1991, and January 1, 2011. There were 461 cases with at least 2 episodes of spontaneous epistaxis within 3 years and 912 controls with only 1 episode in the same time frame. More than 50 potential risk factors were investigated, including demographic features, substance use, nasal anatomical abnormalities, nasal infectious and inflammatory processes, medical comorbidities, medications, and laboratory values. A Cox proportional hazards regression modeling approach was used to calculate hazard ratios of epistaxis recurrence. Results Traditional risk factors for epistaxis, including nasal perforation, nasal septum deviation, rhinitis, sinusitis, and upper respiratory tract infection, did not increase the risk of recurrence. Significant risk factors for recurrent epistaxis included congestive heart failure, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and a history of anemia. Warfarin use increased the risk of recurrence, independent of international normalized ratio. Aspirin and clopidogrel were not found to increase the risk of recurrence. Few major adverse cardiovascular events were observed within 30 days of the first epistaxis event. Conclusion Congestive heart failure is an underappreciated risk factor for recurrent epistaxis. Hypertension and diabetes mellitus may induce atherosclerotic changes in the nasal vessels, making them friable and more at risk for bleeding. Patients with recurrent epistaxis may also be more susceptible to developing anemia. Physicians should promote antiplatelet and antithrombotic medication adherence despite an increased propensity for recurrent epistaxis to prevent major adverse cardiovascular events.
Correct Interpretation of Comprehensive Phosphorylation Dynamics Requires Normalization by Protein Expression Changes

The interpretation of quantitative phosphoproteomics studies is complicated because each differential phosphorylation event integrates both changes in protein expression and phosphorylation. Here we investigated this phenomenon by performing parallel comparisons of protein expression and phosphorylation in S. cerevisiae. In each of two experiments comparing yeast mutants bearing deletions in FUS3 or STE7 with their wild-type counterparts, we quantified over 4100 proteins, including all members of the yeast mating pathway. We also identified 12,499 unique phosphorylation sites in this work. We demonstrate the critical importance of controlling the protein-level false-discovery rate and provide a novel method to assess the accuracy of protein false-discovery rate estimates. For the first time, 96% of nonredundant phosphopeptide ratios could be calibrated by protein levels, allowing truly differential phosphorylation to be distinguished from altered protein expression. This revealed a starkly different view, with 25% of seemingly differential phosphopeptides now attributed to changes in protein expression. Combined protein expression and phosphorylation surveys uncovered both independent and concerted changes in protein expression and phosphorylation, while highlighting the partially redundant role of a second MAPK (Kss1) in the mating pathway.
Structural effects on the spin-state transition in epitaxially strained LaCoO 3 films

Using density-functional theory within the $\text{LSDA}+U$ method, we investigate the effect of strain on the spin state and magnetic ordering in perovskite lanthanum cobaltite, ${\text{LaCoO}}_{3}$. We show that, while strain-induced changes in lattice parameters are insufficient to stabilize a nonzero spin state, additional heteroepitaxial symmetry constraints---in particular the suppression of octahedral rotations---stabilize a ferromagnetic intermediate-spin state. By comparing with experimental data for the bulk material, we calculate an upper bound on the Hubbard $U$ value, and describe the role that the on-site Coulomb interaction plays in determining the spin-state configuration.
Mixing and detection of RF signals in fibre-optic magnetostrictive sensor

We report the first demonstration of the detection of magnetic fields at frequencies above 50 kHz in a fibre-optic magnetometer using a technique which employs mixing of the signal with the field from a local oscillator. A flat response from 0.1 Hz to near 1.0 MHz is shown.
Consciousness and intentionality in communication: A preliminary model and methodological approaches

Independent of the definitional controversy over whether communication requires intentionality, it is appropriate and necessary to view the intentional and unintentional transmission of messages as separate and very different phenomena. Even in the case of intentionally transmitted messages, however, much or most of what constitutes communication occurs without consciousness. This presents a bleak prognosis for the investigation of communication processes, since nonconscious operations are difficult to observe. Based upon a borrowed model which suggests certain conditions under which unconscious processes may become conscious, several research methods for investigating the unconscious components of intentional communication are derived and exemplified.
Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in chronically hyperammonemic rats: Effect of an acute ammonia challenge

The effects of chronic hyperammonemia on cerebral metabolism were studied in rats four and eight weeks after the construction of a portacaval shunt. Compared to sham-operated controls, shunted animals had increased arterial concentrations of ammonia and glutamine and decreased glutamate. Cerebral blood flow, measured by xenon 133 washout in animals lightly anesthetized with nitrous oxide, increased from a control of 91 +/- 5 (mean +/- SEM) to 139 +/- 20 ml per 100 gm tissue per minute after shunting for eight weeks; however, the cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen was not different from control four or eight weeks after the shunting procedure. Following intraperitoneal administration of a small ammonium acetate load (2.6 mmol/kg), eight-week portacaval animals consistently underwent a fall in cerebral blood flow and cerebral oxygen consumption and developed high-voltage slow waves in the electroencephalogram. Glutamine was produced by the brains of all groups of animals; the cerebral metabolic rate for glutamine was greater than control in eight-week portacaval rats, the only animals to show a net uptake of ammonia into brain. The findings suggest that increased cerebral sensitivity to ammonia, along with nonspecific effects of chronic portal-systemic shunting, may lead to uncoupling of cerebral blood flow and oxidative metabolism.
An IGBT with sustaining voltage determined by an integrated collector-gate clamp

An insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) with an integrated gate-collector clamp diode is discussed. This added feature provides protection from self-avalanche and provides a tight control of sustaining voltage over temperature. The on-chip integration of this feature eliminates two or more external components previously used in many applications. The device displays characteristics that are advantageous in applications such as automotive ignition drivers and industrial motor controls. >