cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Natural history of hepatocellular carcinoma after stereotactic body radiation therapy

To determine the long-term natural history of size change in SBRT-treated HCC to identify an imaging biomarker to help assess treatment response. This was a retrospective cohort study of consecutive HCCs treated with SBRT from January 2008 to December 2016 with either 2 years post-treatment MRI follow-up or post-treatment resection histology. Size, major features for HCC, and mRECIST and LI-RADS v.2018 treatment response criteria were assessed at each post-treatment MRI. Local progression, distant progression, and survival were modeled with Kaplan Meier analyses. 56 HCCs met inclusion criteria. Mean baseline HCC diameter was 30 mm (range: 9–105 mm). At 3 months, 76% (N = 43) of treated HCCs decreased in size (mean reduction: 8 mm, range: 5–99 mm) and 0% (N = 0) increased in size. By 24 months, 11% (N = 5) had increased in size and were considered local progression. APHE remained in 77% (43/56) at 3 months, 38% (19/50) at 12 months, and 23% (11/47) at 24 months. mRECIST-defined viable disease was observed in 77% (43/56) at 3 months and 20% (9/47) at 24 months. LI-RADS v.2018 criteria identified viable or equivocal disease in 0% at 3 months and 10% (5/47) at 24 months. Gradual loss of APHE and slow decrease in size are normal findings in HCCs treated with SBRT, and persistent APHE does not indicate viable disease. mRECIST is not accurate in the assessment of HCC after SBRT due to an overreliance on APHE to define viable disease. Increasing mass size or new nodular APHE at the treatment site may indicate local progression.
The influence of prescribed burning and wildfire on lidar-estimated forest structure of the New Jersey Pinelands National Reserve

Prescribed burning is a common land management tool used to reduce fuels, emulate the effects of wildfire and increase heterogeneity in fire-prone ecosystems. However, the forest structure created by prescribed burning is likely to be dissimilar to that produced by wildfire. We used three-dimensional estimates of canopy bulk density (CBD) from lidar data to explore the relationship between fire type, number of burns and fuel structure/forest structure in the New Jersey Pinelands National Preserve, USA. We found that in areas of previous prescribed fires, as the number of fires increased, the understorey (1–2 m) exhibited a slight decrease in CBD, while the upper canopy (15–23 m) had higher values of CBD for ≥4 fires, though these differences were not statistically significant. However, an increasing number of wildfires was associated with a statistically significant increase in CBD in the mid-storey (3–7 m) and a decrease in CBD in the canopy (≥8 m). These results have important implications for forest resource managers because they indicate that prescribed burning reduces ladder fuels that lead to torching and crown fires, but it does not replicate the structure created by wildfire.
Phylogenetic, Morphological, and Pathogenic Characterization of Alternaria Species Associated With Fruit Rot of Mandarin in California

Alternaria rot caused by Alternaria species is one of the major postharvest diseases of mandarin fruit in California. The aims of this study were to identify these Alternaria species via phylogenetic analyses and morphological characteristics and test their pathogenicity on mandarin. Decayed mandarin fruits exhibiting Alternaria rot symptoms were collected from three citrus fruit packinghouses in the Central Valley of California. In total, 177 Alternaria isolates were obtained from decayed fruit and preliminarily separated into three groups representing three species (A. alternata, A. tenuissima, and A. arborescens) based on the colony characterization and sporulation patterns. To further identify these isolates, phylogenetic analysis was conducted based on DNA sequences of the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2), plasma membrane ATPase (ATPase), and Calmodulin gene regions in combination with morphological characters. Of the 177 isolates, 124 (70.1%) were identified as A. alternata, and 53 (29.9%) were A. arborescens. The isolates initially identified as A. tenuissima based on the morphological characteristics could not be separated from those of A. alternata in phylogenetic analysis and thus considered A. alternata. Pathogenicity tests showed that both Alternaria species were pathogenic on mandarin fruit at both 5°C and 20°C. Our results indicated that two Alternaria species, A. alternata and A. arborescens, were responsible for Alternaria rot of mandarin fruit in California, with A. arborescens causing fruit rot on mandarin being reported for the first time.
INTERPHASE PRECIPITATION BEHAVIORS OF NANOMETER-SIZED CARBIDES IN A Nb-Ti-BEARING LOW-CARBON MICROALLOYED STEEL

High strength low alloy steels utilize chemical composition design of low carbon content and are microalloyed with Nb, V and Ti, or other additions, such as Mo and B, etc. The increase of strength is attributed to grain refinement strengthening, solid-solution strengthening, dislocation strengthening and precipitation hardening.Moreover, the precipitation hardening attracts more and more attentions. However, the detailed results on the sheet spacing, inter-particle spacing, crystallography, composition and the nucleation site of the interphase precipitation carbides in Nb-Ti containing steels have not been reported as yet. In this work, the microstructure, mechanical properties and precipitation behaviors in a low carbon Nb-Ti microalloyed steel were investigated using the dilatometer and TEM. The results show that the interphase precipitation can be observed for different isothermal temperatures and the sheet spacing, inter-particle spacing and size of the interphase precipitation carbides are refined by lowing isothermal temperature. The characteristic sheets of interphase precipitation carbides were identified as planar and curved. The planar sheets of interphase precipitation carbides have been analyzed and found to be parallel with{011},{012},{013}and {035} planes of ferrite. Moreover, the interphase precipitation carbides which have been determined to be(Nb, Ti)C have a Na Cl-type crystal structure with a lattice parameter of 0.434 nm and obey the Baker-Nutting(B-N) orientation relationship with respect to ferrite matrix. The contribution of the interphase precipitation hardening to the yield strength of the experiment steel has been estimated above 300 MPa, based on the Orowan mechanism.
Physical Therapy Interventions in a Patient with Nontraumatic Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury Secondary to Metastatic Lung Cancer: A Case Report.

Background and Introduction: Individuals with dual cancer and spinal cord injury diagnoses present unique challenges to rehabilitation teams. This case report describes the modification of a physic...
Recognizing Seizures and Epilepsy: Insights from Pathophysiology

This chapter provides a brief overview of seizures and epilepsy, with emphasis on pathophysiological mechanisms that determine seizure generation and how these differ from the mechanisms underlying paroxysmal neurologic events that are not epileptic in nature. Detailed discussion about the pathophysiology of epilepsy can be found in numerous reviews, so the question arises: why consider this topic in a book that focuses on the practical approach to seizure management? There are two major reasons. First, the choice of antiepileptic drug (AED) is often crucially dependent on the seizure type or epilepsy syndrome, and hence an understanding of the underlying pathophysiology can direct medication choice. Second, burgeoning knowledge of epilepsy genetics is revealing more and more syndromes with specific mutations that determine the seizure phenotype, sometimes suggesting drugs that should or should not be selected. In this chapter, important terms are defined, and some basics of seizure pathophysiology are discussed as an aid for the practicing physician. It is important to recognize that epilepsy is not a singular disease, but is heterogeneous in terms of clinical expression, underlying etiologies, and pathophysiology. Definitions
Expression of three distinct families of calcium-activated chloride channel genes in the mouse dorsal root ganglion

Objective A calcium-activated chloride current (IClCa) has been observed in medium-sized sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG). Axotomy of the sciatic nerve induces a similar current in the majority of medium and large diameter neurons. Our aim is to identify the molecule(s) underlying this current. Methods Using conventional and quantitative RT-PCR, we examined the expression in DRG of members of three families of genes, which have been shown to have IClCa current inducing properties. Results We showed the detection of transcripts representing several members of these families, i.e. chloride channel calcium-activated (CLCA), Bestrophin and Tweety gene families in adult DRG, in the normal state and 3 d after sciatic nerve section, a model for peripheral nerve injury. Conclusion Our analysis revealed that that mBest1 and Tweety2 appear as the best candidates to play a role in the injury-induced IClCa in DRG neurons.
Recent developments in scaling output energy from erbium-based lasers and their uses as pump sources for MWIR & LWIR OPOs

TEM/sub 00/ Q-switched outputs of >100 mJ at 2.94 /spl mu/m was generated using a dual rod oscillator. The output from the laser was used to pump ZGP, CdSe, and AgGaSe/sub 2/ OPOs to generate output in the 3.5-12 /spl mu/m spectral regions.
H2O2‐Diffusion Through Liposomes

The toxicity of H2O2 suggests that it readily diffuses through cell membranes. The present paper demonstrates via a chromogenic peroxidase reaction that H2O2 can cross the lipid bilayer membrane without affecting the cell wall's integrity. In this demonstration, the chromogen ABTS was encapsulated with horseradish peroxidase into ovolecithin multilamellar liposomes. Upon the addition of dilute H2O2, the color was generated exclusively within the intact liposomes. Related results were observed with the AAP/DHBS chromogenic couple; however, this system is complicated by the small holes created by the phenol DHBS in the liposomal wall.
The periodically forced Droop model for phytoplankton growth in a chemostat

It is proved that the periodically forced Droop model for phytoplankton growth in a chemostat has precisely two dynamic regimes depending on a threshold condition involving the dilution rate. If the dilution rate is such that the sub-threshold condition holds, the phytoplankton population is washed out of the chemostat. If the super-threshold condition holds, then there is a unique periodic solution, having the same period as the forcing, characterized by the presence of the phytoplankton population, to which all solutions approach asymptotically. Furthermore, this result holds for a general class of models with monotone growth rate and monotone uptake rate, the latter possibly depending on the cell quota.
Positron excess, luminous-dark matter unification and family structure

It is commonly assumed that dark matter may be composed of one or at most a few elementary particles. PAMELA data present a window of opportunity into a possible relationship between luminous and dark matter. Along with ATIC data the two positron excesses are interpreted as a reflection of dark matter family structure. In a unified model it is predicted that at least a third enhancement might show up at a different energy. The strength of the enhancements however depends on interfamily mixing angles.
Digital noise spectroscopy system and its application to solar cells

A creative combination of hardware and software has produced a new digital noise spectroscopy system. It provides a low cost, user-friendly, rapid, non-destructive and non-invasive capability to acquire noise spectra. Thorough testing showed that the system has a very low noise floor (3×10−17 V2/Hz), as well as a broad frequency range (1 to 105 Hz). The system has been applied to survey solar cells with a variety of materials and geometries. In particular, we acquired noise spectra from (a) single junction Si and GaAs solar cells and (b) triple-junction solar cells that were heavily irradiated with 3 MeV protons. The results should make it possible to determine characteristics of solar cells, for example, trap densities, from the spectra. Later work will compare noise spectroscopy with normal means of characterizing solar cells.
Evaluation and Management of Small Renal Masses: Looking Beyond the Tumor Margin

In an effort to preserve renal function, nephron-sparing approaches such as partial nephrectomy are now routinely performed for the treatment of small renal masses (SRMs). To date, several groups have studied the utility of examining the renal parenchyma contained beyond the tumor margin of partial nephrectomy specimens for histopathologic evidence of non-neoplastic disease processes. The diagnosis of progressive renal disease through the study of this tissue allows for early medical intervention with possible further preservation of renal function. In this review, we discuss the management of SRMs with an emphasis on the emerging role of evaluating tumor specimens for non-neoplastic pathologic abnormalities. We believe that the thorough study of tissue contained beyond the tumor margin of partial nephrectomy specimens is the next step in preserving renal function and improving survival for patients with SRMs.
Comparison of six different ultrasonographic methods for predicting lethal fetal pulmonary hypoplasia.

Abstract Nomograms of six different ultrasonographic fetal parameters were established by studying uncomplicated, singleton pregnancies, with well-established dates, between 16 and 40 weeks of gestation. The studied parameters could reflect fetal lung mass and included the following: chest circumference (CC), chest area (CA), chest area minus heart area (CA - HA), chest circumference/abdominal circumference ratio (CC x 100/AC), chest area/heart area ratio (CAMA), and chest area minus heart area divided by chest area ratio [(CA - HA) x 100/CA]. The effect of ruptured membranes on these six ultrasonographic parameters was assessed by studying patients who had premature rupture of the membranes of
Race, Class, and the Packaging of Harlem

In the 1970s and early 1980s, patterns of divestment dotted Harlem's landscape with abandoned buildings and the urban blight this engenders. With government subsidies, many of these properties have been refurbished and are now occupied by African American professional homeowners. Overall, capital investment in housing property is up and businesses are taking an interest in a community that was previously avoided. This article looks at the impact of gentrification in Central and West Harlem, New York. It identifies key actors and institutions involved in facilitating this transformation, examines social relations among black professional residents, and considers how these may be informed by class and race inequalities. This article is also critical of theoretical and ethnographic approaches to African American life that mythologize the middle class, erase the working class, and fail to acknowledge fragmentation in both groupings. It concludes with a brief discussion of some of the responses to this researc...
Efficacy of psychosocial interventions in cancer care: Evidence is weaker than it first looks

With increasing sophistication, successive reviews find weaker evidence for the efficacy of psychosocial interventions to reduce distress among cancer patients. However, these appraisals may still be overly positive because of reviewers’ uncritical acceptance of flaws in the design, analysis, and reporting of the results of such trials. Using randomized trials from high-impact journals, we show confirmatory bias, selective reporting of the most favorable of multiple outcome measures, suppressing of null results in subsequent citations of trials, and dropping of data for patients least likely to benefit from intervention. The conclusion that typical cancer patients do not benefit from interventions to reduce distress is strengthened when these endemic problems with the literature are taken into account. Required registering of the details of clinical trials and adherence to CONSORT reduces but does not eliminate bias in the literature.
Cytotoxicity of pomegranate polyphenolics in breast cancer cells in vitro and vivo: potential role of miRNA-27a and miRNA-155 in cell survival and inflammation

Several studies have demonstrated that polyphenolics from pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) are potent inhibitors of cancer cell proliferation and induce apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and also decrease inflammation in vitro and vivo. There is growing evidence that botanicals exert their cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory activities, at least in part, by decreasing specificity protein (Sp) transcription factors. These are overexpressed in breast tumors and regulate genes important for cancer cell survival and inflammation such as the p65 unit of NF-κB. Moreover, previous studies have shown that Pg extracts decrease inflammation in lung cancer cell lines by inhibiting phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PI3K)-dependent phosphorylation of AKT in vitro and inhibiting the activation of NF-kB in vivo. The objective of this study was to investigate the roles of miR-27a–ZBTB10–Sp and miR-155–SHIP-1–PI3K on the anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activity of pomegranate extract. Pg extract (2.5-50 μg/ml) inhibited growth of BT-474 and MDA-MB-231 cells but not the non-cancer MCF-10F and MCF-12F cells. Pg extract significantly decreased Sp1, Sp3, and Sp4 as well as miR-27a in BT474 and MDA-MB-231 cells and increased expression of the transcriptional repressor ZBTB10. A significant decrease in Sp proteins and Sp-regulated genes was also observed. Pg extract also induced SHIP-1 expression and this was accompanied by downregulation of miRNA-155 and inhibition of PI3K-dependent phosphorylation of AKT. Similar results were observed in tumors from nude mice bearing BT474 cells as xenografts and treated with Pg extract. The effects of antagomirs and knockdown of SHIP-1 by RNA interference confirmed that the anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic effects of Pg extract were partly due to the disruption of both miR-27a–ZBTB10 and miR-155–SHIP-1. In summary, the anticancer activities of Pg extract in breast cancer cells were due in part to targeting microRNAs155 and 27a. Both pathways play an important role in the proliferative/inflammatory phenotype exhibited by these cell lines.
Solvent-Dependent Surface Plasmon Response and Oxidation of Copper Nanocrystals

We report the synthesis of monodisperse colloidal copper nanocrystals and subsequent solvent-dependent oxidation to form copper(I) oxide nanoparticles. The oxidation process was monitored by optical spectroscopy in the visible spectrum with the Cu nanocrystals exhibiting a surface plasmon feature that was replaced over time by an excitonic feature corresponding to the band gap of the Cu2O nanocrystals. The initial intensity of the copper plasmon was strongly dependent on the properties of the solvent used to form the nanocrystal dispersion; solvents with π-bonds significantly reduced (by >3-fold) the plasmon intensity and this effect was attributed to electron sharing between the solvent and the copper surface. The damped plasmon only recovered to its solvent-independent intensity once the nanocrystal surface oxidized and eliminated the solvent−Cu surface interactions. Solvents without π-bonds induced only a very small damping of the plasmon, and at longer time scales all solvents caused similar changes i...
Testing the Accuracy, Usefulness, and Significance of Probabilistic Choice Models: An Information-Theoretic Approach

Disaggregate demand models predict the choice behavior of individual consumers. But while such models predict choice probabilities 0 <p < 1, they must be tested against 0, 1 choice behavior. This paper uses information theory to derive three complementary tests that help analysts select a "best" disaggregate model. "Usefulness" measures the percentage of uncertainty entropy explained by the information the model provides. It provides theoretic rigor and intuitive appeal to the commonly used likelihood ratio index and leads to important practical extensions. "Accuracy" is a new two-tailed normal test that determines whether the 0, 1 observations are reasonable under the hypothesis that the model is valid. "Significance" is the standard chi-squared test to determine whether a null model can be rejected. This paper also extends the information test to examine the relationships among successively more powerful null hypotheses. For example, in a logit model one can quantify 1 the contribution due to knowing aggregate market shares, 2 the incremental contribution due to knowing choice set restrictions, and 3 the final incremental contribution due to the explanatory variables. Further extensions provide "explanable uncertainty" measures applicable if choice frequencies are observed. Market research and transportation analysis empirical examples are given.
Interpretation of second Born amplitudes in electron capture

Exact second Born amplitudes for $1s\ensuremath{-}1s$ electron capture are presented and interpreted in terms of contributions from intermediate states off the energy shell and on the energy shell. The classical model of Thomas corresponds to two-step scattering via one particular on-shell intermediate state. In the high-velocity limit for $1s\ensuremath{-}1s$ capture, this on-shell intermediate state of the Thomas model accounts for one-half of the total cross section, i.e., the second Born cross section. The other half comes from off-energy-shell intermediate states near the on-shell Thomas state. Above 5 MeV both the off-shell and on-shell amplitudes have a simple structure near the Thomas peak. Below 1 MeV, contributions from a broader range of intermediate states are evident in the amplitudes. Although the contribution from the Thomas state is not large below 1 MeV, other second Born effects are significant.
Has angiogenesis been invited to the PPARty

Abstract P. M. Barger. Has Angiogenesis Been Invited to the PPARty? Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology (2002) 34, 713–716.
Parameters of open-close-clench cycles in children

The results of this study indicate that the latency and silent periods of OCC cycles do not vary among groups representing distinct dentitional stages. The mean latency period durations obtained from the OCC cycles of the subjects in this study ranged from 16.6 to 19.5 msec and demonstrated the smallest SD of all parameters measured. The mean silent period durations ranged from 11.6 to 15.4 msec. Since the neurophysiologic responses do not vary, the reflex elicited by tooth contact in OCC cycles is not based on tooth form or quantity. The results further indicate that, with the exception of the latency period of the anterior temporal muscles, the activities of the right and left components of the masticatory muscles examined are significantly correlated to each other during OCC cycles. This suggests a role for the anterior temporal muscle in bringing about adjustments of the masticatory system in the intercuspal position.
Rheumatoid arthritis: Perioperative management of biologics and DMARDs

Abstract Objective Arthroplasty remains prevalent for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but outcomes are not equivalent to patients with osteoarthritis, and complications including infection are increased. The objective of this article is to review the current evidence supporting perioperative medication management. Challenges are discussed such as continuing potent disease-modifying therapy (DMARDs) and biologics, which may increase infection risk, versus withholding these medications, which may result in disease flares. Methods Published literature regarding arthroplasty in RA has been reviewed and discussed. Results Some DMARDs such as methotrexate and hydroxychloroquine appear safe in the perioperative period. Anti-TNFα biologics should be withheld due to increase in infection risk, while the impact of rituximab and abatacept on infection risk has not been as clearly defined. Conclusion This article provides an overview of arthroplasty in RA, summarizes the evidence supporting perioperative medication management including corticosteroids, and identifies areas where further study is needed.
Effect of compressive strain on the performance of p-type quantum well infrared photodetectors

A detailed study of the performance of compressively strained p-type III-V quantum well infrared photodetectors (p-QWIPs) is presented in this work. Three device structures composed of InGaAs/GaAs, InGaAs/AlGaAs, and InGaAs/AlGaAs/GaAs for normal incidence absorption have been fabricated and analyzed, with the results being compared with similar reported unstrained p-QWIPs. In all three QWIP structures, the quantum well layers are under biaxial compressive strain ranging from -0.8 to 2.8 percent, while the barrier layers are lattice matched to the substrate. The detection peaks of the quantum well infrared photodetectors ranged from 7.4 micrometers to 10.4 micrometers . The detectors utilized the bound-to-continuum, bound-to-quasi- bound, and step bound-to-miniband intersubband transitions for infrared detection. The results showed that responsivities of up to 90 mA/W and detectivities from 109 to over 1010 cm (root) Hz/W are achieved under moderate applied bias and at reasonable operating temperatures, demonstrating the viability of the strained layer p-doped quantum well infrared photodetectors for staring focal plane array applications.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Equivalent-Circuit Modeling of Nonradiative Surface Plasmon Energy Transfer Along the Metallic Nanowire

An analytical methodology for establishing an equivalent-circuit network of nonradiative surface plasmon (SP) energy transport along the metallic nanowire (MNW) is presented. To find out the passive elements for MNW, the SP dispersion and damping relation through modified Bessel function electromagnetic (EM) field expansion was derived, thus demonstrating the low-pas transmission-line (TL) model. Specifically, the low-pass TL parameters, such as series impedance (Z) and shunt admittance ( Y) can be calculated based on the lumped-element model and harmonic-voltage (current) distribution. Furthermore, the equivalent-circuit parameters, such as resistance (R), inductance (L), capacitance (C) and conductance (G), are obtained by employing the finite difference (FD) discretization method such as T-cell RLCG networks. These equivalent-circuit elements can be verified by the HSPICE circuit simulation and 3-D scattered finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. Finally, the parallel MNWs are modeled as equivalent-circuit networks by using the electrostatic coupling.
On the Cost of Knowledge of Mobility in Dynamic Networks

In this paper, an information-theoretic framework is developed for characterizing the minimum cost, in bits per second, of tracking the motion state information, such as locations and velocities, of nodes in dynamic networks. The minimum-cost motion-tracking problem is formulated as a rate-distortion problem, where the minimum cost is the minimum rate of information required to identify the network state at a sequence of tracking time instants within a certain distortion bound. The formulation is general in that it can be applied to a variety of mobility models, distortion criteria, and stochastic sequences of tracking time instants. Under the Gauss-Markov mobility model, lower bounds on the information rate of tracking the motion state information of nodes in dynamic networks are derived, where the motion state of a node is 1) the node's locations only, or 2) both its locations and velocities. The results are then used to analyze the protocol overhead of geographic routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks. The minimum overhead incurred by maintaining the geographic information of the nodes is characterized in terms of node mobility, packet arrival process and distortion bounds. This leads to precise mathematical description of the observation that, given certain state-distortion allowance, protocols aimed at tracking motion state information (such as geographic routing protocols) may not scale beyond a certain level of node mobility.
FACTORS INFLUENCING DOSAGE DEVIATION AND ATTRITION IN PLACEBO TREATED NEUROTIC OUTPATIENTS

Abstract Data from a group of 538 placebo-treated neurotic outpatients who had participated in drug trials involving both anti-anxiety and antidepressant agents were analyzed in an effort to identify characteristics associated with failure to adhere to prescribed placebo dosage and with failure to complete a 4 week treatment program. The total patient sample contained 302 Completers, 74 Deviators, and 162 Dropouts. Adherence to treatment protocol was more frequent in private practice than in clinic patients and in patients more favorably positioned with regard to social status, stability, and advantage. It was argued that Treatment Setting differences are due in part to differences between clinic and private practice patients in socio-economic level and to both patient and physician attitudes engendered by this difference. The frequency of adherence to protocol was unrelated to social status within treatment settings. Employed patients tended to adhere more closely to protocol than unemployed patients, irrespective of the setting in which they received treatment and irrespective of their socio-economic level. Finally, adherence to protocol was more common in patients who had received more limited amounts of previous drug treatment. Dropping out of treatment was more likely to occur in patients who experienced high levels of insomia in a symptom context dominated by anxiety rather than depression. Treatment response in Dropouts was less positive than that of either Deviators or Completers. There was also some indication that patients who drop out from placebo treatment tend to be younger than those who do not. Patients who deviated from prescribed placebo dosage, but who completed a full 4 week course of treatment, were less well liked by their treating physicians, but were also evaluated as less hostile and less irritable than were patients in the other 2 treatment status groups. Evidence was presented that hostility level and physician liking for the patient play contrasting roles in the Completer and Deviator groups. The implications of these findings for both the practitioner and the researcher were briefly considered.
Tin-mesoporphyrin in the Treatment of Severe Hyperbilirubinemia in a Very-low-birth-weight Infant

Tin-mesoporphyrin (SnMP) is a competitive inhibitor of microsomal heme oxygenase (the rate-limiting enzyme in the heme catabolic pathway). It was administered as a single intramuscular dose at 46 hours of life to a very-low-birth-weight infant with severe hemolytic hyperbilirubinemia who had been awaiting an exchange transfusion. This case documents the effective elimination of the need for an exchange transfusion in a very-low-birth-weight infant and is a confirmation of the experience of others for the use of SnMP in reducing bilirubin production.
Cloning of senescent cell-derived inhibitors of DNA synthesis using an expression screen.

We here describe a rapid and simple expression screen method that has allowed us to isolate cDNAs coding for inhibitors of DNA synthesis from senescent human diploid fibroblasts. The assay involved transient transcriptional overexpression of a gene product encoded by a cDNA in a proliferating cell, on the assumption that this would be sufficient to block DNA synthesis in a short-term assay using tritiated thymidine autoradiography. Three cDNAs, referred to as senescent cell-derived inhibitors (sdi), that exhibit DNA synthesis-inhibitory activity when introduced into young cycling cells, were successfully identified. Expression of one of the cDNAs, sdi 1 , increased 10- to 20 fold in senescent compared with young cells and the increase in RNA closely paralleled the onset of the senescent phenotype and loss of cell proliferation, sdi 1 expression was also increased in young cells made nondividing (quiescent) by deprivation of growth factors or contact inhibition. Following serum stimulation, RNA levels of sdi 1 in quiescent cells were initially increased, but then declined to low levels just prior to the entry of the cells into S phase. In contrast, RNA levels of sdi 1 in senescent cells failed to decline, suggesting a role for this gene in maintaining the senescent phenotype. The sdi 1 gene has been mapped to the p arm of chromosome 6.
Universal Distribution of Centers and Saddles in Two-Dimensional Turbulence

The statistical properties of the local topology of two-dimensional turbulence are investigated using an electromagnetically forced soap film. The local topology of the incompressible 2D flow is characterized by the Jacobian determinant $\ensuremath{\Lambda}(x,y)\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\frac{1}{4}({\ensuremath{\omega}}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{2})$, where $\ensuremath{\omega}(x,y)$ is the local vorticity and $\ensuremath{\sigma}(x,y)$ is the local strain rate. For turbulent flows driven by different external force configurations, $P(\ensuremath{\Lambda})$ is found to be a universal function when rescaled using the turbulent intensity. A simple model that agrees with the measured functional form of $P(\ensuremath{\Lambda})$ is constructed using the assumption that the stream function, $\ensuremath{\psi}(x,y)$, is a Gaussian random field.
The new landscape of protein ubiquitination

Proteome-wide identification of ubiquitination events reveals their functional classes and identifies substrates for ubiquitin ligases.
Atrial thrombosis, abnormal electrocardiograms and sudden death in mice due to copper deficiency

Approximately 20 years ago a diet high in lard and sucrose was described that produced extensive cardiovascular damage in adult mice. Atrial thrombosis, myocardial necrosis and sudden death were frequent. These experiments were repeated as closely as possible; the adverse effects were prevented by a drinking solution containing 10 μg copper/ml. Lack of copper also was associated with anemia, cardiac enlargement and abnormal electrocardiograms. Bradycardia, coupled beats, ectopic ventricular foci, premature atrial beats and prolonged PR interval were found. Lack of copper had no effect on cholesterol in plasma. The results may be germane to ischemic heart disease and the thrombotic susceptibility of women who use oral contraceptives or are pregnant frequently, because copper metabolism is altered in these conditions.
A two-component spherical factorization of the Klein-Gordon and Kramers equations☆

Abstract We present an alternative to Dirac's factorization of the K-G equation, and obtain a two-component, first-order wave equation for m≠0 spin - 1 2 particles. Applied to the Coulomb potential it reproduces precisely the Dirac-Coulomb energies.
Differential effects of charybdotoxin on the activity of retinal ganglion cells in the dark- and light-adapted mouse retina

Patch-clamp recordings were made from retinal ganglion cells in the mouse retina. Under dark adaptation, blockage of BKCa channels increases the spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) and light-evoked On-EPSCs, while it decreases the light-evoked Off inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs). However, under light adaptation it decreases the light-evoked On-EPSCs, the spontaneous IPSCs and the light-evoked On- and Off-IPSCs. Blockage of BKCa channels significantly altered the outputs of RGCs by changing their light-evoked responses into a bursting pattern and increasing the light-evoked depolarization of the membrane potentials, while it did not significantly change the peak firing rates of light-evoked responses.
On the scaling properties of low power wireless links

We study the time-scaling characteristics of low-power wireless communication at the physical and link layers. We observe that links are bursty at many time scales: the packet reception rate (PRR) varies regardless of the length of the time scale considered. Using wavelet analysis, we find that RSSI variations in many wireless sensor network (WSN) links are consistent with statistical self-similarity but not with long range dependence, which can explain burstiness at many scales. We relate RSSI variance to the probability that the physical layer is consistent with self-similarity. Current simulation models and protocols do not take these characteristics into account, leading to inaccurate simulation and sub-optimal protocol performance.
Genetic algorithm and expectation maximization for parameter estimation of mixture Gaussian model phantom

We present a new approach for estimating parameters of Gaussian mixture model by Genetic Algorithms (Gas) and Expectation Maximization (EM). It has been shown that Gas is independent of initialization parameters. In this work we propose combination of Gas and EM algorithms (GA-EM) for learning Gaussian mixture components to achieve accurate parameter estimation independent of initial values. To assess the performance of the proposed method, a series of Gaussian phantoms, based on modified Shepp-Logan method, were created. In this phantom, each tissue segment presents a Gaussian density function that its mean and variance can be controlled. EM, Gas and GAs-EM were employed to estimate the tissue parameters in each phantom. The results indicate that EM algorithm, as expected is heavily impacted by the initial values. Coupling Gas with EM not only improves the overall accuracy, it also provides estimates that are independent of initial seed values. The proposed method offers a solution for accurate and stable solution for parameter estimation in for Gaussian mixture models, with higher likelihood of achieving global optimal. Obtaining such accurate parameter estimation is a key requirement for several image segmentation approaches, which rely on a priori knowledge of tissue distribution.
Analysis of methylthiohydantoins of amino acids by gas-liquid chromatography of their trimethylsilyl derivatives.

Abstract A procedure is described for the analysis of methylthiohydantoins of amino acids from the Edman degradation of proteins and peptides by gas-liquid chromatography of their trimethylsilyl derivatives. The procedure is applicable to the methylthiohydantoins of all the amino acids commonly found in proteins with the exception of arginine, which did not yield a volatile derivative, and hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine, which were not investigated. Chromatographic separation is achieved in a single run with only one unresolved pair, which can be separated by a supplementary procedure requiring only 4.5 min.
Sustaining Innovations through Lead Teacher Learning: A Learning Sciences Perspective on Supporting Professional Development.

There is a rich history of researchers developing curricular materials aimed at enhancing student learning in American classrooms. Though many of these innovations have been successful on a small scale, institutionalizing them so they become part of a district's instructional culture has been a challenge. As large districts try to scale up and sustain the use of successful innovations, they are faced with the task of supporting many teachers with varied levels of experience with the materials on an ongoing basis. This article describes our efforts within a mature district–university partnership to build the district's capacity for providing this support. In this effort, university researchers have participated with district curriculum specialists in a workcircle to support district lead teachers as they plan and conduct professional development around reform‐based curriculum materials. Our approach has been to build on the classroom expertise of the lead teachers by providing them with access to theoretic...
Biotechnology at low Reynolds numbers

The shrinking of liquid handling systems to the micron and submicron size range entails moving into the area of small Reynolds numbers. The fluid dynamics in this regime are very different from the macroscale. We present an intuitive explanation of how the different physics of small Reynolds numbers flow, along with microscopic sizes, can influence device design, and give examples from our own work using fluid flow in microfabricated devices designed for biological processing.
MARTYITE, A NEW MINERAL SPECIES RELATED TO VOLBORTHITE: DESCRIPTION AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURE

Martyite, Zn 3 (V 2 O 7 )(OH) 2 ·2H 2 O, a new mineral species from the Blue Cap mine, near La Sal, San Juan County, Utah, U.S.A., is named for its discoverer, Joe Marty, of Salt Lake City, Utah, who is also responsible for the discovery of three other new minerals from the same area. Martyite formed from post-mining leaching and oxidation of V–U oxide replacements of organic matter. It occurs as thin yellow-orange to red-orange plates and flakes with a rounded or irregular outline, up to 0.01 mm thick and 1 mm long, typically in irregularly intergrown mats and rosette-like clusters. The mineral has a pale yellow-orange streak, an adamantine luster, a Mohs hardness of about 3, and two cleavages, {001} perfect and {110} good. The measured density is 3.37(3) g/cm 3 , and the calculated density is 3.375 g/cm 3 . It is optically uniaxial (+), ω 1.797(3), e 1.806(3), and distinctly pleochroic: O >> E. Electron-microprobe analyses provided: ZnO 46.93, CoO 2.39, CaO 0.58, MgO 0.03, V 2 O 5 39.47, H 2 O 12.06 (calc.), total 101.46% which, based on V = 2 apfu and sufficient H for charge balance, yields (Zn 2.66 Co 0.15 Ca 0.05 )(V 2 O 7 )(OH) 1.72 ·2.23H 2 O. Martyite is hexagonal, P 3 m 1, a 6.0818(4), c 7.1793(10) A, V 229.97(4) A 3 , Z = 1. Its atomic structure [ R 1 = 1.84% for F o > 4σ( F o )] consists of edge-sharing sheets of Zn–O octahedra parallel to (001) linked in the c direction by divanadate (V 2 O 7 ) groups. The open space in the resulting framework is occupied by H 2 O molecules. The structure of martyite is topologically identical to that of volborthite, Cu 3 (V 2 O 7 )(OH) 2 ·2H 2 O. The Jahn–Teller distortion of one of the two non-equivalent Cu–O octahedra in volborthite results in a monoclinic symmetry. These minerals may have applications as molecular sieve materials.
The design of a peptide sequence to inhibit HIV replication: a search algorithm combining Monte Carlo and self-consistent mean field techniques

We developed a search algorithm combining Monte Carlo (MC) and self-consistent mean field techniques to evolve a peptide sequence that has good binding capability to the anticodon stem and loop (ASL) of human lysine tRNA species, tRNALys3, with the ultimate purpose of breaking the replication cycle of human immunodeficiency virus-1. The starting point is the 15-amino-acid sequence, RVTHHAFLGAHRTVG, found experimentally by Agris and co-workers to bind selectively to hypermodified tRNALys3. The peptide backbone conformation is determined via atomistic simulation of the peptide-ASLLys3 complex and then held fixed throughout the search. The proportion of amino acids of various types (hydrophobic, polar, charged, etc.) is varied to mimic different peptide hydration properties. Three different sets of hydration properties were examined in the search algorithm to see how this affects evolution to the best-binding peptide sequences. Certain amino acids are commonly found at fixed sites for all three hydration sta...
P- and E-selectin-deficient mice are susceptible to cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Abstract We examined brain sections from P- and E-selectin-deficient mice (−/−) and their nontransgenic littermates (+/+) after focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) tissue injury. There was no difference in the subsequent infarct volume after 3 h of ischemia and 21 h of reperfusion. These data indicate that selectin-independent mechanisms mediate tissue injury after a prolonged period of transient focal ischemia.
Massive Lernaea cyprinacea Infestations Damaging the Gills of Channel Catfish Polycultured with Bighead Carp

Abstract During June and July 1998, at least three Arkansas fish farms polyculturing bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis with channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus suffered major losses of catfish associated with massive infestations by the crustacean parasite Lernaea cyprinacea. The channel catfish had few adult Lernaea attached to their skin, but there were 8–50 Lernaea copepodids on the surface of each catfish gill filament. The copepodids were found grazing on the gill tissue, and their feeding activity was associated with gill damage including epithelial hyperplasia, telangiectasis, and hemorrhage. Bighead carp in the same ponds were reported to have had numerous adult Lernaea on their skin but did not die during the epizootic. It is possible that the filter-feeding apparatus of the carp captured the copepodids, thus preventing heavy infestation of the gill filaments. Lernaea copepodids have not been implicated previously in fish losses resulting from parasite damage to the gills. The loss of catfi...
Fast neutron capture by vanadium and titanium

Abstract Fast neutron capture cross sections of 51 IV and 10 Ti have been measured by the activation method as a function of neutron energy between about 150 keV and 1·7 MeV. These cross sections were measured relative to both the 235 U( n,f ) cross section and the 197 Au( n, γ ) 198 Au cross section. Neutrons were produced by the 7 Li( p, n ) 7 Be reaction from a Van de Graaff accelerator. The uncertainties on the absolute activation cross sections are ±8·5 per cent for 51 V and ±9·9 per cent for 50 Ti and were evaluated with the aid of a computer code which is described. A complete error analysis is given. The data have been compared with calculations based upon the statistical compound nucleus model of nuclear reactions. The significant feature of the measured reactions is the sizeable fluctuations of the cross section about a smooth average which cannot be described by the theoretical calculations. Possible explanations for this observed structure are given.
The Effect of Feeding β‐2‐Thienylalanine on Phenylalanine Metabolism in the Rhesus Monkey*

Summary: β-2-thienylalanine, which is known to inhibit phenylalanine absorption in the intestine and to promote its excretion by the kidney, was fed to two infant Rhesus monkeys as a supplement to milk, for 240 days in a dosage of 0.75 g per kg. Two other infant monkeys received the same dose of β-2-thienylalanine plus phenylalanine 3 g per kg. These monkeys were compared with four infant animals that received phenylalanine 3 g per kg as a supplement, and a group that was fed milk alone. No adverse effect on growth or development by the β-2-thienylalanine feeding was noted. One of the monkeys which received β-2-thienylalanine with phenylalanine was not protected against the high blood phenylalanine and suffered neurological damage. The other monkey fed this combination did not appear to suffer any brain damage. However, brain damage was found in all four monkeys fed phenylalanine alone. It is concluded that β-2-thienylalanine is worthy of further study in the treatment of phenylketonuria.
Majority rule when voters like to win

Abstract I analyze symmetric majority rule voting equilibria when voters wish to elect the better candidate and to vote for the winner. When voters care only about the winning candidate (the standard formulation) a unique responsive equilibrium exists. The addition of a desire to win creates multiple equilibria, some with unusual properties. In most of these equilibria information is not aggregated effectively, and I uncover the novel possibility of negative information aggregation in which information aggregated in equilibrium is used to select the worse rather than the better candidate. I then characterize the efficiency of optimal equilibria as the population becomes large and show that a discontinuity arises in the information aggregation capabilities of the majority rule voting mechanism: in elections without a dominant front-running candidate the better candidate is almost surely elected, whereas in races with a front-runner information cannot be effectively aggregated in equilibrium.