cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Early detection and referral

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a devastating progressive interstitial lung disease (ILD) with no known cause or cure, is the most common and deadly of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. With a median survival of 3–5 years following diagnosis, IPF is characterized by a progressive decline in lung function and quality of life in most patients. Vigilance among clinicians in recognizing IPF early in the disease course remains critical to properly caring for these patients, as this provides the widest range of management options. When IPF is suspected, a multidisciplinary evaluation (MDE) by a clinician, radiologist and pathologist with ILD expertise should occur, as this improves diagnostic agreement in both community and academic settings. When community MDE is not possible, or diagnostic doubt exists, referral to an ILD center should be considered. ILD center referral may also provide access specialized care, including clinical trials and lung transplantation, and should be considered for any patient with an established diagnosis of IPF.
RATIONALE AND METHODOLOGY FOR DEPLOYING AXIOMATIC DESIGN IN INTERDISCIPLINARY CAPSTONE DESIGN COURSES

Capstone design courses require balanced attention to structured design processes as well as development of high quality design solutions. Process elements are commonly built into these courses through intermediate deliverables such as progress reports, design reviews, design reports, and forums for displaying prototypes as well as hardware. Despite this formal structure, steady evolution of design quality is not assured. Personal interaction with instructors, mentors, and clients is needed to evaluate intermediate designs and focus team efforts on design deficiencies as well as on promising design features. Clarification of functional requirements, determination of optimal design parameters, and implementation of viable solutions often requires considerable instructor and design team iteration. Design intent behind instructor feedback given at these junctures is not immediately obvious to many students. This paper outlines the rationale behind selecting and the methodology for deploying axiomatic design as a primary tool in an interdisciplinary design course. The selection of axiomatic design was based on 1) limited bandwidth for the introduction of new tools, 2) the desire to facilitate communication about design attributes between students and instructors, and 3) to provide continuity of application between various phases of the design process.
Ethnicity identification from face images

Human facial images provide the demographic information, such as ethnicity and gender. Conversely, ethnicity and gender also play an important role in face-related applications. Image-based ethnicity identification problem is addressed in a machine learning framework. The Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) based scheme is presented for the two-class (Asian vs. non-Asian) ethnicity classification task. Multiscale analysis is applied to the input facial images. An ensemble framework, which integrates the LDA analysis for the input face images at different scales, is proposed to further improve the classification performance. The product rule is used as the combination strategy in the ensemble. Experimental results based on a face database containing 263 subjects (2,630 face images, with equal balance between the two classes) are promising, indicating that LDA and the proposed ensemble framework have sufficient discriminative power for the ethnicity classification problem. The normalized ethnicity classification scores can be helpful in the facial identity recognition. Useful as a "soft" biometric, face matching scores can be updated based on the output of ethnicity classification module. In other words, ethnicity classifier does not have to be perfect to be useful in practice.© (2004) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Optimizing polynomial solvers for minimal geometry problems

In recent years polynomial solvers based on algebraic geometry techniques, and specifically the action matrix method, have become popular for solving minimal problems in computer vision. In this paper we develop a new method for reducing the computational time and improving numerical stability of algorithms using this method. To achieve this, we propose and prove a set of algebraic conditions which allow us to reduce the size of the elimination template (polynomial coefficient matrix), which leads to faster LU or QR decomposition. Our technique is generic and has potential to improve performance of many solvers that use the action matrix method. We demonstrate the approach on specific examples, including an image stitching algorithm where computation time is halved and single precision arithmetic can be used.
A Growth and Remodeling Approach to AAA Modeling: Feasibility and Initial Insights

While the advancement and widespread use of medical imaging have greatly aided in the diagnosis of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs), many questions remain regarding the natural progression of AAAs and most importantly predicting their likelihood of rupture — an event carrying a mortality rate of over 80% [1]. Current guidelines recommend surgical intervention when the aneurysm achieves a diameter of 5.5 cm [2]; however, it has been documented by at least one study of 161 consecutive patients that approximately 10% of AAA ruptures occur in aneurysms measuring 5 cm or less [3]. It is also unknown how many surgically repaired aneurysms may not have proceeded to rupture in a patient’s lifetime. For this reason, there is much interest in identifying better predictors of rupture risk than diameter alone.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Radiative Decay of Surface Plasmons on Nonspherical Silver Particles

We have studied the radiation emitted by electron-bombarded silver particles. Electron micrographs have shown that the particles, obtained by heating thin (5 nm) silver films, were oblate (flattened) with minor axes aligned along the substrate normal. The characteristic wavelength obtained by bombarding these particles with 15 keV electrons was found to vary with angle of photon emission. We have modeled this wavelength shift as a result of the mixture of radiation from dipole and quadrupole surface plasmon oscillations on oblate spheriods. Experimental observations of the energy, polarization, and angular distribution of the emitted radiation are in good agreement with theoretical calculations.
Inhibition of acyl coenzyme A:Lysolecithin acyltransferases by local anesthetics, detergents and inhibitors of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases

Abstract Acyl coenzyme A:lysolecithin acyltransferase plays a major role in regulating the amount of lysolecithin in cell membranes. The acyltransferase activity in microsomal preparations from rat liver, rat heart and rabbit gastric mucosa is inhibited by a series of tertiary amine local anesthetics, detergents, and some inhibitors of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases. Aspirin and indomethacin cause elevated lysolecithin/lecithin ratios in the stomachs of mice after oral administration. Inhibition of acyltransferase activity in microsomal preparations by local anesthetics correlates with reported anesthetic potencies at approximately 1 100 reported therapeutic dosages. In BHK-13 cells acyltransferase activity is inhibited at 1 3 to 1 10 the concentrations that have been reported to cause alterations in the mobility and topography of cell surface receptors.
Nonchromatographic Radioimmunoassay of Plasma 11-Deoxycortisol, for Use in the Metyrapone Test, with Polyethylene Glycol as the Precipitant

We have developed a simple, reliable radioimmunoassay for plasma 11-deoxycortisol. The method does not require chromatography but instead makes use of a simple extraction procedure which, in combination with the antibody characteristics, is highly specific for the metyrapone test. Polyethylene glycol was used to separate free and antibody-bound steroid. The smallest amount measurable is 15 pg (2.0 µg/ liter of plasma). The method is shown to be precise and accurate. Intra-assay precision of the method for two plasma pools was 26.7 ± 2.5 µg/ liter (CV = 9.4%) and 61.2 ± 3.7 µg/ liter (CV = 6.0%). The respective inter-assay precision was 27.0 ± 1.7 µg/ liter (CV = 6.3%) and 59.9 ± 2.3 µg/ liter (CV = 3.8%). The validity of the assay was further verified by evaluating the plasma 11-deoxycortisol response to metyrapone administration. The relative simplicity of the method and the commercial availability of all reagents, including antisera, makes this radioimmunoassay procedure practical for use in clinical laboratories.
An information-theoretic and game-theoretic study of timing channels

This paper focuses on jammed timing channels. Pure delay jammers with a maximum delay constraint, an average delay constraint, or a maximum buffer size constraint are explored, for continuous-time or discrete-time packet waveforms. Fluid waveform approximations of each of these classes of waveforms are employed to aid in analysis. Channel capacity is defined and an information-theoretic game based on mutual information rate is studied. Min-max optimal jammers and max-min optimal input processes are sought. Bounds on the min-max and max-min mutual information rates are described, and numerical examples are given. For maximum-delay-constrained (MDC) jammers with continuous-time packet waveforms, saddle-point input and jammer strategies are identified. The capacity of the maximum-delay constrained jamming channel with continuous-time packet waveforms is shown to equal the mutual information rate of the saddle point. For MDC jammers with discrete-time packet waveforms, saddle-point strategies are shown to exist. Jammers which have quantized batch departures at regular intervals are shown to perform well. Input processes with batches at regular intervals perform well for MDC or maximum-buffer-size-constrained jammers.
The interval between a septic stimulus and hypoxia/reoxygenation affects cytokine elaboration by murine peritoneal macrophages

Abstract The critically ill patient is commonly exposed to various physiological insults. The authors have previously shown that in vivo hypoxia/reoxygenation (HR) alters the pattern of cytokines elaborated by murine peritoneal macrophages given a septic stimulus. In this study they sought to determine whether the interval between a septic stimulus and HR affected the release of inflammatory mediators by macrophages. Adult CBA-strain mice were injected intraperitoneally with 10 μg of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). On day 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 after LPS injection, animals were exposed to 16 hours of hypoxia followed by 2 hours of reoxygenation. Harvested peritoneal macrophages were restimulated in vitro with 2.5 μg/mL LPS or left unstimulated. Culture supernatants collected at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 hours after LPS injection were assayed for tumor necrosis factor (TNF), prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ), and nitric oxide (NO) production. Macrophage-derived mediator production peaked when HR occurred 3 days following LPS injection ( P
Radiocarbon and stable isotope geochemistry of organic matter in the Amazon headwaters, Peruvian Andes

[1] We used δ13C, δ15N, and Δ14C to determine the sources of riverine organic matter in the Pozuzo River, a tributary of the Pachitea River located in the mountainous headwaters of the Amazon. Particulate organic matter (POM) Δ14C decreased downstream, suggesting that young organic matter (OM) introduced in small headwaters is respired preferentially in rivers or is diluted downstream with older material. The δ13C and δ15N of POM in headwater rivers were heterogeneous and also isotopically distinct from the main stem, suggesting that differences in landscape processes in small catchments impact the concentration and composition of POM in streams. The δ13C of dissolved organic matter (DOM) closely mirrored that of POM in the headwaters, with an apparent decoupling of dissolved and particulate OM in the river main stem. The δ13C of POM sampled in 2004 had a much different relationship with altitude than observed during previous years: In 2004, a very dry year, we observed enrichment from the headwaters to the main stem, and the opposite pattern in 2002, when rain fell heavily throughout the sampling campaign. This suggests that during dry conditions, in-stream processes (such as resuspension or photosynthesis) may control riverine POM composition as opposed to terrestrial processes, which dominate during high runoff. Thus a decrease in runoff in Andean headwaters could result in less terrestrial POM transfer to rivers in the Andes foothills and lowland Amazon with a corresponding decrease in aquatic CO2 evasion.
A nerve cuff technique for selective motor control

A nerve cuff technique is described for selective activation of individual motor fascicles within a multifascicular peripheral nerve trunk. Preliminary results from numerical modeling and experimental testing of the technique are presented. Of the four electrode configurations considered, longitudinal tripolar dots with transverse field steering were most effective in yielding selective activation of the motor axons within a desired superficially placed nerve trunk fascicle. >
The scientific basis for psychotherapeutic interventions with older adults : An overview

Findings from reviews of outcome studies indicate that therapy is effective with older adults. The contextual, cohort-based, maturity, specific-challenge model (CCMSC) is used to organize an overview of findings from scientific gerontology. These findings suggest that some adaptations are needed when working with older adults, but that these changes are more often due to cohort-differences, context effects, and presenting problems rather than to the age of the client. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 55: 927–934, 1999.
Evolution of hypercarnivory: the effect of specialization on morphological and taxonomic diversity

The effects of specialization on subsequent morphological evolution are poorly under- stood. Specialization has been implicated in both adaptive radiations that result from key inno- vations and evolutionary ''dead ends,'' where specialized characteristics appear to limit subse- quent evolutionary options. Despite much theoretical debate, however, empirical studies remain infrequent. In this paper, we use sister-group comparisons to evaluate the effect of morphological specialization to a particular ecological niche, hypercarnivory, on subsequent taxonomic and mor- phological diversity. Six sets of sister groups are identified in which one clade exhibits hypercar- nivorous characteristics and the sister clade does not. Comparison results are summed across the categories ''hypercarnivore'' and ''sister group.'' We also evaluate whether increasing degrees of specialization are correlated with decreasing phenotypic variation. Results presented here indicate that specialization to hypercarnivory has no effect on taxonomic diversity, but a strong effect on subsequent morphological diversity related to the jaws and dentition, and that increasing special- ization does not correlate with morphological diversity except in the most specialized saber- toothed taxa, which exhibit higher variance than less specialized morphs, possibly due to selection on other characteristics.
Research in a Virtual Astronomy Department

The SARA Observatory at Kitt Peak in Arizona is the research focus for six universities in the southeastern U.S. Over two dozen faculty participate in this “virtual astronomy department.” The lessons learned in the SARA project apply not only to the preservation of existing small telescopes, but also to the development of new facilities.
Resolving Libel Disputes Out of Court: The Libel Dispute Resolution Program

The chapter begins with a description of an experimental, voluntary program for resolving media libel disputes out of court and explains why the program was created. The chapter then focuses on the findings of an empirical study that examined parties’ reactions to the program and the factors that affected its use. Parties’ interest in using the ADR program was influenced by their lawyers’ recommendations regarding the program, which were affected by the lawyers’ familiarity with and attitudes toward ADR. Parties’ motives and objectives for the litigation also affected their willingness to use the program. The stage of litigation also played a role. Difficulties getting parties to the table are discussed, as are features that might broaden the appeal of an ADR program.
Finanzanwendungen in der IBM

Die IBM Corporation ist in uiber 120 Landern mit mehr als 300.000 Mitarbeitern tatig. Der Umsatz im Geschaftsjahr 1986 belief sich auf etwa 51 Mrd. US $. Der Umsatz der IBM Deutschland lag im letzten Jahr bei 12 Mrd. DM.
Efficacy of PPARγ therapy on glucose and fatty acid metabolism in muscle, brown adipose tissue, heart, and liver of obese type 2 diabetic rats

1123 Objectives Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is attributed to systemic disturbances in metabolism characterized by impaired insulin action in peripheral tissues. In the current work, preclinical PET imaging with [18F]FDG and [11C]Palmitate in conjunction with kinetic modeling was utilized to identify disturbances in glucose and fatty acid (FA) metabolism and to monitor the effect of PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone (RGZ) in liver, heart, muscle, and brown adipose tissue. Methods Small-animal PET was performed on Lean Zucker (ZL) and Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats assigned to these groups: Controls, age 14wks, no treatment (NT), 1) ZL (N=6), 2) ZDF (N=6); 3) ZDF age 19wks, NT (N=6); and 4) “Treatment group”, ZDF rats treated with 4 mg/kg/day RGZ for 5 weeks (14wks to 19wks) (N=6). A separate group of ZL and ZDF rats (N=4) were used to characterize arterial and portal vein kinetics and to reconstruct liver dual input function. Animals were fasted overnight prior to imaging. The imaging session began with a 20-minute acquisition with [11C]Palmitate followed by a 60-minute [18F]FDG. In each session, 5-6 arterial whole-blood samples were obtained for substrate levels and metabolite analysis. A two compartment kinetic model was used for [18F]FDG and [11C]Palmitate in muscle, brown fat and liver, and a four compartment model for [11C]Palmitate was used in the heart. Results Glucose uptake was impaired in brown fat, muscle, and heart tissues of ZDF rats compared to leans, while RGZ treatment increased glucose uptake compared to untreated ZDF rats. No differences were found in glucose metabolism in the liver. FA uptake decreased, but FA flux increased in brown fat and skeletal muscle of ZDF rats. RGZ treatment resulted in increased uptake of FA in brown fat, but decreased uptake and utilization in liver, muscle and heart. Conclusions Our data indicate tissue-specific mechanisms for glucose and FA disposal as well as differential action of the insulin-sensitizing RGZ to normalize substrate handling. Research Support This work was supported by NIDDK Grant 5R01DK085298.
P3.409* Sexual health in the Adult Film Industry (AFI): Environmental Barriers and Facilitators of Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) Transmission

Background Adult film is a legal form of sex work in the U.S. that places performers at heightened risk of acquiring an STI. However, very little public health research exists on the environmental factors that influence STI transmission in the AFI. Methods We explored the nature of the AFI’s STI risk environment in semi-structured in-depth interviews (N = 28) with performers, producers, directors and key informants from December 2012 through February 2013. Recruitment was conducted via purposive and snowball sampling. Interviews took place in-person and via phone. Data were analysed using an inductive approach in Atlas-ti . Results Participants described facilitators and barriers to STI transmission at the policy, economic, and social levels. On the policy level, mandatory STI testing and exclusion from work based on a positive test were perceived as largely effective in preventing STIs. However, some participants believed the required panel missed prevalent STIs (e.g. herpes) and modes of transmission (e.g. oral, anal). Unless required by the production company, condom use was rare, and no formal mechanisms existed for notifying partners of an STI. On the economic level, performers’ earnings increased with number of sexual partners and riskier sexual acts. Most performers had no health insurance, paying out-of-pocket for STI testing and treatment. Due to the AFI’s unsteady payment structure, many performers engaged in sexual escorting to supplement income. On the social level, seasoned performers felt empowered to advocate for their preferences regarding sexual practises and partners on set. However, fear of losing work, compounded by competition among performers, could put newer performers at greater risk for an STI. Although most performers preferred not to use condoms on set, participants described implicit and explicit pressure from producers and directors towards non-condom use. Conclusion This study highlights important characteristics of the AFI environment that could be targeted for STI prevention interventions.
On the nature of inus conditionality

L'A. propose un amendement a la definition de la causalite selon J. Mackie, pour qui une cause est une partie insuffisante mais necessaire d'une condition qui est elle-meme non necessaire mais suffisante (INUS condition): A est une condition INUS d'un resultat P, si et seulement si, pour un X et Y quelconques, (AX ou Y) est une condition necessaire et suffisante de P et A est une condition necessaire de PX, mais A n'est pas une condition suffisante de P et X n'est pas une condition suffisante de P.
Designing a Deeply Digital Science Curriculum: Supporting Teacher Learning and Implementation with Organizing Technologies

This paper examines the impacts of technology (e.g., Chromebooks, Google Drive) on teacher learning and student activity in the development and implementation of a deeply digital high school biology unit. Using design-based implementation research, teachers co-designed with researchers and curriculum specialists a student-centered unit aligned to the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) that utilizes classroom technology. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected to understand the barriers that inhibit the implementation of a digital curriculum as well as the extent that teachers engage in the design process and begin to make shifts in their practice. We found that through the co-design process teachers began to shift their knowledge of NGSS, technology implementation, and adapted to tensions and barriers inherent in the process.
Across-sectional survey on brucellosis infection among exposed workers in Dawu County of Xiaogan City from 2012-2013

[Objective]To study the status of brucellosis infection among exposed workers in Dawu County of Xiaogan City,provide scientific basis for predicting the epidemic trend of brucellosis and developing the control measures.[Methods]By using the Rose Bengal plate agglutination test(RBPT) and the standard tube agglutination test(SAT),the serological detection was conducted among workers engaged in farming,trading,slaughter and veterinarian. The epidemiological investigation was performed in exposed workers.[Results]A total of 220 exposed workers received the detection and investigation from 2012-2013,and 18 were positive for brucellosis,with the detection rate of 8.18%.17 of 18 patients were raisers in self-employed animal husbandry,with the detection rate of 11.18%. Among 15 investigated townships,the brucellosis infection was found in 6 townships. The infectious rate in over 40 year-old age group was higher,and there was no significant difference between gender groups. [Conclusion] The brucellosis infection has been found among livestock breeding workers in Xiaogan City, and the risk factor of spread is infected livestock. It is necessary to take related intervention and control measures.
Side effects on application of antibiotics to pediatrics and their causal analysis

This article discussed some adverse reaction of common antibacterials in pediatric applications in recent years.It was expounded and analyzed in detail that the adverse reaction of antibacterials occurred variously;and the theoretical viewpoint was put forward that occurrences of adverse reaction were attributed to the particularities of individual agents of antibiotics rather than done to antibiotic classes.
A Distributed Recurrent Network Contributes to Temporally Precise Vocalizations

How do forebrain and brainstem circuits interact to produce temporally precise and reproducible behaviors? Birdsong is an elaborate, temporally precise, and stereotyped vocal behavior controlled by a network of forebrain and brainstem nuclei. An influential idea is that song premotor neurons in a forebrain nucleus (HVC) form a synaptic chain that dictates song timing in a top-down manner. Here we combine physiological, dynamical, and computational methods to show that song timing is not generated solely by a mechanism localized to HVC but instead is the product of a distributed and recurrent synaptic network spanning the forebrain and brainstem, of which HVC is a component.
Self-Care for Health in Rural Hispanic Women at Risk for Postpartum Depression

To determine factors that affect self-care of rural Hispanic women at risk for postpartum depression (PPD). This study was a descriptive cross-sectional design based on the key concepts of Orem’s Self-care Deficit Nursing theory. Data were collected from 223 Hispanic postpartum women residing in Mecca, North Shore, and Thermal in California by an interviewer-administered survey. Four instruments were utilized: Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) for PPD, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support for social support, Duke University Religion Index (DUREL) for spirituality, and Self Rated Abilities for Health Practices for self-care. The prevalence of women at risk for PPD was about 43 %. Social support, spirituality, and self-care ability were significantly correlated in women with PPD. Social support was a strong factor in predicting self-care ability for ‘Nutrition’, ‘Psychological well-being’, ‘Exercise’, and ‘Responsible Health Practices’ in the rural Hispanic women at risk for PPD. The study findings can enable nurses and healthcare professionals to develop effective tailored interventions to assist rural Hispanic women’s abilities to perform self-care for health, and in particular, during the postpartum period.
When Separatists Separate

The aftermath of the New Bethel Incident was mixed for the RNA. On one hand, the overt repressive activity exerted at the anniversary and that experienced afterward galvanized the black community around the dissident organization as a group of African Americans trying to improve their situation had been treated coercively by the U.S. government – something that blacks in Detroit (and throughout the United States) were quite familiar with by that time. At a level not previously experienced, this situation brought all types of individuals and organizations to speak on the RNA’s behalf, including C. L. Franklin (the pastor of the church that hosted the ill-treated RNA meeting) and even the NAACP (although there was clearly no love lost between the two organizations). As the white police department and their supporters slandered and seriously questioned the black judge Crockett, who had participated in freeing New Bethel attendees arrested after the raid, the black community was brought closer to the RNA, if only in an awkward moment of mutual hostility toward anglos with guns. On the other hand, the overt and covert repressive activity of and following the event led to a series of problems for the RNA. For example, there was a national search for the killer of one police officer and the shooter of another within the organization, which increased government scrutiny and harassment of members. According to newspaper articles and government committee testimony, the RNA was subject to a wide variety of domestic spying, including physical surveillance and informants. Later, there was a series of trials for those allegedly involved in the shootings, that is, Alfred Hibbitt (or Alfred 2x; slave name: Sam Love, an RNA member from Detroit), Rafael Viera (an RNA member from New York), and Clarence Fuller (an RNA member from Detroit). As if this were not enough, on the heels of these events, Robert F. Williams (the exiled president of the RNA) finally came back to Detroit on September 7, 1969. Although it was believed by many that his return would assist the RNA, shoring up its connections with other black organizations and compelling greater coherence around one of, if not the most prominent, black nationalist leaders in the United States, his return was actually highly disappointing and a bit divisive as he became consumed with the details of his potential extradition to North Carolina on an earlier kidnapping charge. With the realization that Williams would not lead the RNA, a series of events occurred that would significantly cripple the dissident organization, leading to Imari Obadele’s suspension as well as the development of a faction dividing the RNA between the two Obadele brothers, who differed in their approaches regarding what should be done.
Domain-Specific Partitioning of Uterine Artery Endothelial Connexin43 and Caveolin-1

Uterine vascular adaptations facilitate rises in uterine blood flow during pregnancy, which are associated with gap junction connexin (Cx) proteins and endothelial nitric oxide synthase. In uterine artery endothelial cells (UAECs), ATP activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase in a pregnancy (P)-specific manner that is dependent on Cx43 function. Caveolar subcellular domain partitioning plays key roles in ATP-induced endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation and nitric oxide production. Little is known regarding the partitioning of Cx proteins to caveolar domains or their dynamics with ATP treatment. We observed that Cx43-mediated gap junction function with ATP stimulation is associated with Cx43 repartitioning between the noncaveolar and caveolar domains. Compared with UAECs from nonpregnant (NP) ewes, levels of ATP, PGI2, cAMP, NOx, and cGMP were 2-fold higher (P<0.05) in pregnant UAECs. In pregnant UAECs, ATP increased Lucifer yellow dye transfer, a response abrogated by Gap27, but not Gap 26, indicating involvement of Cx43, but not Cx37. Confocal microscopy revealed domain partitioning of Cx43 and caveolin-1. In pregnant UAECs, LC/MS/MS analysis revealed only Cx43 in the caveolar domain. In contrast, Cx37 was located only in the noncaveolar pool. Western analysis revealed that ATP increased Cx43 distribution (1.7-fold; P=0.013) to the caveolar domain, but had no effect on Cx37. These data demonstrate rapid ATP-stimulated repartitioning of Cx43 to the caveolae, where endothelial nitric oxide synthase resides and plays an important role in nitric oxide-mediated increasing uterine blood flow during pregnancy.
Inhibition of demethylase KDM6B sensitizes diffuse large B-cell lymphoma to chemotherapeutic drugs

Histone methylation and demethylation regulate B-cell development, and their deregulation correlates with tumor chemoresistance in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, limiting cure rates. Since histone methylation status correlates with disease aggressiveness and relapse, we investigated the therapeutic potential of inhibiting histone 3 Lys27 demethylase KDM6B, in vitro, using the small molecule inhibitor GSK-J4. KDM6B is overexpressed in the germinal center B-cell subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and higher KDM6B levels are associated with worse survival in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with R-CHOP. GSK-J4-induced apoptosis was observed in five (SU-DHL-6, OCI-Ly1, Toledo, OCI-Ly8, SU-DHL-8) out of nine germinal center B-cell diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cell lines. Treatment with GSK-J4 predominantly resulted in downregulation of B-cell receptor signaling and BCL6. Cell lines expressing high BCL6 levels or CREBBP/EP300 mutations were sensitive to GSK-J4. Our results suggest that B-cell receptor-dependent downregulation of BCL6 is responsible for GSK-J4-induced cytotoxicity. Furthermore, GSK-J4-mediated inhibition of KDM6B sensitizes germinal center B-cell diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells to chemotherapy agents that are currently utilized in treatment regimens for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
Preface to Part II Ernest’s Reflections on Theories of Learning

Philosophy has always maintained an intricate relationship with mathematics. It was also implicitly accepted that the philosophical positions of a bearer influence his/her view on mathematics and its teaching, which leads us into the domain of beliefs theory. However the centrality of philosophy and its intricate relationship to theory development in mathematics education only came about two decades ago when Paul Ernest and Hans-Georg Steiner each independently became aware of the importance of epistemological issues that impact the teaching and learning of mathematics.
Student learning trends in a freshman-level introductory engineering course

Because a freshman-level introductory engineering course is typically one of few courses used in fulfilling a broad set of technical and non-technical program learning outcomes (i.e. for ABET accreditation purposes), a significant challenge involved in designing and teaching such courses is to cover a broad array of topics in a way that is engaging and beneficial to students. We revamped the freshman-level introductory engineering course at CSU-East Bay to better suit this purpose, and in this work, we focused on obtaining a deeper understanding of student learning across a set of six technical and non-technical concepts. We evaluated the relationship between student performance on each concept with the students' final course performance, and found that students who perform well on the technical concepts generally have better final course performance. We also investigated how performance on each concept affects performance on other concepts. We found that there is significant correlation between performances across a couple of concepts, and lack of significant correlation between most other concepts. This suggests that there are concept-specific tools and skillsets allowing students to attain proficiency in each concept, and learning the tools and skillsets for one concept may not benefit performance on other concepts. Students also performed significantly better on the non-technical concepts compared to the technical concepts. Deeper understanding of the difficulties facing the students in the technical concepts would benefit students in future iterations of the course.
Native American Landscapes in the Eastern United States

This chapter concentrates upon providing an overview of the history of interactions between Native Americans and European settlers, summarizing the impacts upon the indigenous population, their cultural landscape, and their current status and population distribution. Noting epidemics and genocide that depopulated North America at the time of first European contact and subsequent relocations of certain tribes, much of the Native American landscape remains only in archaeological ruins. Platform mounds, effigy mounds, burial mounds and other earthworks, and waste middens, together with indigenous crops and numerous toponyms are the most prominent and widespread Native American features within that part of the United States from the Mississippi River Valley eastward. The role of small remnant Indian populations exerting their sovereignty to create a new landscape financed by casinos and tax exempt shops is discussed. Contemporary cultural landscape features are reviewed, and the changing Seminole Indian landscape is described.
Evaluation of Cerebrospinal Fluid Mononuclear Cells Obtained from Children with Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia: Advantages of Combining Cytomorphology and Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase

Sixty cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were obtained from 28 children with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) positive acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). Cell morphology was evaluated using Wright's stained cytocentrifugation prepared slides. The presence of nuclear TdT was detected by an immunofluorescent (IF) assay. Evaluation of CSF mononuclear cells using these two methods simultaneously allowed us to differentiate between leukemic and nonleukemic pleocytosis. Agreement between cytomorphology and TdT in identifying CNS lymphoblasts was found in 55 of 60 samples. Seventy-two per cent of the TdT-positive samples were obtained from children with CSF cell counts less than 10 WBC/ram3. We recommend that these two methods be used in conjunction when evaluating CSF mononuclear cells from children with TdT positive ALL.
Defect chemistry and electrical properties of garnet-type Li7La3Zr2O12

Garnet-type cubic Li7La3Zr2O12 exhibits one of the highest lithium-ion conductivity values amongst oxides (up to ∼2 mS cm−1 at room temperature). This compound has also emerged as a promising candidate for solid electrolytes in all-solid-state lithium batteries, due to its high ionic conductivity, good chemical stability against lithium metal, and wide electrochemical stability window. Defect chemistry of this class of materials, although less studied, is critical to the understanding of the nature of ionic conductivity and predicting the properties of grain boundaries and heterogeneous solid interfaces. In this study, the electrical properties of nominally undoped cubic Li7La3Zr2O12 are characterized as a function of temperature and pO2 using a suite of AC impedance and DC polarization techniques. The formation of ionic defects and defect pairs as well as their impact on the transport properties are discussed, and a Brouwer-type diagram is constructed.
Abstract 06: Long-term Blood Pressure Variability Throughout Young Adulthood and Mid-life Cerebrovascular Structure and Function: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study

Introduction: In addition to average blood pressure (BP) values, BP variability has been suggested to be associated with lower cognitive function. It is unclear how long-term BP variability through...
Polyelectrolyte-Assisted Oxygen Vacancies: A New Route to Defect Engineering in Molybdenum Oxide.

The presence of oxygen vacancy sites fundamentally affects physical and chemical properties of materials. In this study, a dipole-containing interaction between poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) PDDA and α-MoO3 is found to enable high-concentrations of surface oxygen vacancies. Thermal annealing under Ar resulted in negligible reduction of MoO3 to MoO3–x with x = 0.03 at 600 °C. In contrast, we show that the thermochemical reaction with PDDA polyelectrolyte under Ar can significantly reduce MoO3 to MoO3–x with x = 0.36 (MoO2.64) at 600 °C. Thermal annealing under H2 gas enhanced the substoichiometry of MoO3–x from x = 0.62 to 0.98 by using PDDA at the same conditions. Density functional theory calculations, supported by experimental analysis, suggest that the vacancy sites are created through absorption of terminal site oxygen (Ot) upon decomposition of the N–C bond in the pentagonal ring of PDDA during the thermal treatment. Ot atoms are absorbed as ionic O– and neutral O2–, creating Mo5+-vO· and Mo...
O-Regioselective Synthesis with the Silver Salt Method.

The excellent O-regioselectivity of the glycosidation of the ambident 2-O-substituted 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) via the silver salt method is computationally investigated at the MP2/6-311++G(2d,p):DZP/...
Longitudinal association between eating frequency and hemoglobin A1c and serum lipids in diabetes in the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study

BACKGROUND Few studies have evaluated the prospective association of eating frequency with HbA1c levels and cardiovascular disease risk markers among youth with diabetes. OBJECTIVE To examine the 5-year longitudinal association of eating frequency with HbA1c and serum lipid levels among youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D) or type 2 diabetes (T2D). METHODS One-thousand and forty-nine youth (≥10-year old) with incident T1D (n = 821) or T2D (n = 228) who participated in the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study were included. Eating frequency (≤3, 4-5, or 6-10 times/d) measured at baseline and follow-up visits was related to HbA1c and serum lipid levels measured repeatedly over 5 years. RESULTS Increased eating frequency was associated with larger increases in HbA1c among youth T1D. For example, for youth with T1D who ate ≤3 times/d at the outset and ate 6-10 times/d 5 years later, the longitudinal model predicted greater absolute increases in HbA1c (2.77%); whereas for youth with T1D who ate 6-10 times/d at the outset and ate ≤3 times/d 5 years later, the model predicted lesser absolute increases in HbA1c (1.33%). Eating frequency was not associated with changes in serum lipid levels among youth with T1D or T2D. CONCLUSIONS Youth with T1D who increased their eating frequency vs those who decreased it had larger increases in HbA1c over 5 years.
Nanomaterials for X-Ray Nanochemistry

This chapter discusses several topics related to the nanomaterials used in X-ray nanochemistry. The first topic is nanomaterials employed in enhancement measurements. Nanomaterials are discussed based on their size, shape, aggregation, and complexity. Surfactants and surface reactions related to surfactants on the surface of nanomaterial is discussed as the second topic. Three categories of reactions are proposed and described, and at least three types of reactions are associated with the first category of reactions linking surfactants to nanomaterials. Nanomaterials characterization methods are briefly discussed.
Lower Spine Volumetric Bone Density in Patients With a History of Epidural Steroid Injections.

Context Epidural steroid injections (ESIs) are a common, effective treatment of lumbar radiculopathy and sciatica. Although the negative skeletal effects of oral glucocorticoids are well established, little is known about the impact of ESI on bone quality. Objective To investigate the relationship between ESI exposure and volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) at the lumbar spine (LS) using central quantitative CT. Design Retrospective study. Setting University hospital outpatient facility. Patients All patients had CT scans of the LS between 2011 and 2016. Cases received at least three ESIs prior to the date of CT (n = 121). Controls were matched for age and sex (n = 121). Main outcome measures Cumulative ESI dose was calculated. vBMD was measured at T12 through L5 using QCT Pro phantomless software (MindWays). Results Mean age of subjects was 65 ± 14 years, and 49% were women. Median number of ESIs was 4 (range: 3 to 16). Median cumulative ESI dosage was 340 mg of triamcinolone or equivalent (range: 150 to 1400 mg). Compared with controls, ESI subjects had lower vBMD at each vertebral level. Higher cumulative dose was associated with lower mean vBMD at T12 to L5 (r = -0.22, P = 0.02). Conclusions Greater cumulative ESI dose was related to lower vBMD at the LS. To our knowledge, this is the first study to measure vBMD in patients treated with ESIs. Prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings and to help identify the best strategies for preventing bone loss in this population.
The CLN025 decapeptide retains a β-hairpin conformation in urea and guanidinium chloride

The conformational stability of the β-hairpin miniprotein, CLN025, a variant of chignolin in which the N- and C-terminal glycines are replaced by tyrosines, in various concentrations of guanidinium chloride (GdmCl) and urea was examined by molecular dynamics simulations and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectropolarimetry. The peptide maintains its β-hairpin conformation in GdmCl and urea solutions. In GdmCl, Gly7 influences the turn to reduce the number of Asp3-Gly7 H-bonds and the Tyr1-Trp9 H-bond is lost. The structure of the peptide is less stable in 3 M GdmCl than in water or 6 M GdmCl, because the number of Asp3-Thr8 and Tyr1-Tyr10 H-bonds are reduced and the Tyr2 side chain moves away from the Pro4 and Trp9 side chains and toward the Tyr10 side chain. This reduces the number of Tyr2-Pro4 CH-π interactions and Tyr2-Trp9 and Tyr1-Tyr10 aromatic-aromatic (Ar-Ar) interactions and increases the number of Tyr2-Tyr10 Ar-Ar interactions. In 6 M GdmCl at 300 and 333 K, the number of Tyr1-Tyr10 and Asp3-Thr8 H-bonds increases, but fewer structures have Tyr2-Pro4 CH-π and Tyr1-Tyr10 and Tyr2-Trp9 Ar-Ar interactions. In urea, Gly7 is in a mixture of β-turn and random meander structures and the number of Asp3-Thr6 and Tyr1-Tyr10 H-bonds are reduced as are the number of Tyr2-Pro4 CH-π interactions and Tyr1-Tyr10 and Tyr2-Trp9 Ar-Ar interactions. In 4 M urea, a shorter turn places Gly7 into the β-sheet region and Tyr10 is pushed out into the solvent. In 8 M urea, the number of Asp3-Glu5 H-bonds is increased and the β-sheet is lost, but the electrostatic interaction between the charged termini is restored and a cation-π interaction between the indolyl ring of Trp9 and the positively charged N-terminus is formed. In 8 M urea at 333 K, the β-hairpin conformation is almost lost. The structure of CLN025 is stable, because the weakly polar interactions and H-bonds maintain the β-hairpin conformation in the various environments. CLN025 should not be considered a miniprotein, because it lacks a well-defined tertiary structure, it is resistant to denaturation, it does not have an increased heat capacity near its melting temperature, and the structures near and above the melting temperature retain a β-hairpin conformation.
Conceptualization and Treatment of Childhood-onset Schizophrenia

Publisher Summary This chapter delineates conceptualization and treatment of childhood-onset schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is the most severe of functional mental disorders. Individuals suffering from schizophrenia experience deficits and dysfunctions in cognition, affect, behavior, and interpersonal relations. Treatment of individuals with schizophrenia makes up the majority of the expense. Indirect costs, such as lost productivity for patients and their family members, have been estimated at many times as mere direct costs. Schizophrenia with onset before age 14 is rare, it may be particularly costly to society due to its early onset, potential for severe dysfunction over a longer time period, and greater direct and indirect costs. Childhood- and adult-onset schizophrenia appears to represent the same illness or set of illnesses. Examination of treatment efficacy studies with adult schizophrenics, research on course in childhood- onset schizophrenia, and conceptualization using vulnerability stress models provide some guidance for developing treatment approaches with this population. Finally, management of schizophrenia in youth generally requires a range of resources and treatment providers.
Workload Modeling and Traffic Generation

In this chapter, we present two main topics: traffic characteristics of the input traffic used in this study, and the models developed for this traffic to represent the application workloads and network characteristics. This chapter is organized as follows: in Section 3.1 we give detailed analyses for the traffic characteristics of the two sets of input traffic mixes – UNC and IBM - that we use as input for all our experiments for traffic generation. In Section 3.2 we discuss the Tmix traffic generation system used for all our experiments in this study. In Sections 3.3 and 3.4 we develop the six different connection structure models (application workloads) for TCP connections and the seven different round trip time models (network characteristics) for emulating the end-to-end paths.