cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of a series resonant converter pulse width-modulated or current-controlled for low switching loss

Pulse width modulation (PWM) and current-controlled switching are applied to a full-bridge series resonant converter to regulate the output from no load to full load with low switching loss and with a narrow range of frequency variation. Drive strategies, control law, component stress, and other steady-state functions are analyzed for both switching modes. The range of frequency variation of the resulting switching scheme is narrower than that of a normal square-wave drive. It is noted that the advantages of low switching stress and narrow band frequency variation can be extended over the entire range of voltage gain or load by combining PWM with current-controlled switching. >
Nonatherosclerotic ischemic heart disease

Atherosclerosis predominates as the pathologic lesion in coronary artery disease. Less commonly, other nonatherosclerotic etiologic processes involve the coronary arteries, with or without symptoms. This chapter explores the nonatherosclerotic etiologies of coronary artery disease, from spontaneous and device-induced vasospasm to spontaneous coronary artery dissection, vasculitis, embolism, aneurysm, and microcirculatory coronary disease to the impact of chest irradiation, heart valve transplants, congenital conditions, and cocaine use.
Debate: Limitations on universality: the "right to health" and the necessity of legal nationality

Background The "right to health," including access to basic healthcare, has been recognized as a universal human right through a number of international agreements. Attempts to protect this ideal, however, have relied on states as the guarantor of rights and have subsequently ignored stateless individuals, or those lacking legal nationality in any nation-state. While a legal nationality alone is not sufficient to guarantee that a right to healthcare is accessible, an absence of any legal nationality is almost certainly an obstacle in most cases. There are millions of so-called stateless individuals around the globe who are, in effect, denied medical citizenship in their countries of residence. A central motivating factor for this essay is the fact that statelessness as a concept is largely absent from the medical literature. The goal for this discussion, therefore, is primarily to illustrate the need for further monitoring of health access issues by the medical community, and for a great deal more research into the effects of statelessness upon access to healthcare. This is important both as a theoretical issue, in light of the recognition by many of healthcare as a universal right, as well as an empirical fact that requires further exploration and amelioration.
Review: Toward an integrated evolutionary understanding of the mammalian placenta

The placenta is fundamentally important for the success of pregnancy. Disruptions outside the normal range for placental function can result in pregnancy failure and other complications. The anatomy of the placenta varies greatly across mammals, as do key parameters in pregnancy such as neonatal body mass, length of gestation and number of offspring per pregnancy. An accurate understanding of the evolution of the mammalian placenta will require at minimum the integration of anatomical, developmental, physiological, genetic, and epigenetic data. Currently available data suggest that the placenta is a dynamic organ that has evolved rapidly in a lineage specific manner. Examination of the placenta from the perspective of human evolution shows that many anatomical features of the human placenta are relatively conserved. Despite the anatomical conservation of the human placenta there are many recently evolved placenta-specific genes (e.g. CGB, LGALS13, GH2) that are important in the development and function of the human placenta. Other mammalian genomes have also evolved specific suites of placenta-expressed genes. For example, rodents have undergone expansions of the cathepsin and prolactin families, and artiodactyls have expanded their suite of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins. In addition to lineage specific birth and death of gene family members, the pattern of imprinted loci varies greatly among species. Taken together, these studies suggest that a strategy reliant upon the sampling of placentally expressed and imprinted genes from a phylogenetically diverse range of species is appropriate for unraveling the conserved and derived aspects of placental biology.
THE EVOLUTION OF SEXUAL SIZE DIMORPHISM IN THE HOUSE FINCH. V. MATERNAL EFFECTS

The phenotype of a mother and the environment that she provides might differentially affect the phenotypes of her sons and daughters, leading to change in sexual size dimorphism. Whereas these maternal effects should evolve to accommodate the adaptations of both the maternal and offspring generations, the mechanisms by which this is accomplished are rarely known. In birds, females adjust the onset of incubation (coincident with the first egg or after all eggs are laid) in response to the environment during breeding, and thus, indirectly, determine the duration of offspring growth. In the two house finch (Carpodacus mexicanus) populations that breed at the extremes of the species' distribution (Montana and Alabama), females experience highly distinct climatic conditions during nesting. We show that in close association with these conditions, females adjusted jointly the onset of incubation and the sequence in which they produced male and female eggs and consequently modified the growth of sons and daughters. The onset of incubation in newly breeding females closely tracked ambient temperature in a pattern consistent with the main- tenance of egg viability. Because of the very different climates in Montana and Alabama, females in these populations showed the opposite patterns of seasonal change in incubation onset and the opposite sex bias in egg-laying order. In females with breeding experience, incubation onset and sex bias in laying order were closely linked regardless of the climatic variation. In nests in which incubation began with the onset of egg laying, the first-laid eggs were mostly females in Montana, but mostly males in Alabama. Because in both populations, male, but not female, embryos grew faster when exposed to longer incubation, the sex-bias produced highly divergent sizes of male and female juveniles between the populations. Overall, the compensatory interaction between the onset of incubation and the sex-biased laying order achieved a compromise between maternal and offspring adaptations and contributed to rapid morphological divergence in sexual dimorphism between populations of the house finch breeding at the climatic extremes of the species range.
Computer-aided detection of breast cancer: a cost-effectiveness study.

Purpose: To analyze the cost-effectiveness of adding computer-aided detection (CAD) to a screening mammography program. Materials and Methods: A Markov model was developed to compare three hypothetical groups of women aged 40–79 years. The first group was composed of women undergoing mammographic screening without CAD; the second, of women undergoing mammographic screening with CAD; and the third, of women undergoing observation without screening. Cost-effectiveness was expressed as the marginal cost per year of life saved (MCYLS). MCYLS was calculated for screening mammography with CAD compared with screening mammography alone and for screening mammography alone compared with observation. Sensitivity analyses were performed by varying the cost of CAD, the rates of cancer detection with CAD, and the stage distribution of breast cancers diagnosed with CAD. Results: Adding CAD to a mammographic screening program resulted in a MCYLS of $19 058. The MCYLS of screening mammography alone compared with observati...
Orexin A (hypocretin 1) injected into hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and spontaneous physical activity in rats

In humans, nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) increases with positive energy balance. The mediator of the interaction between positive energy balance and physical activity is unknown. In thi...
A REVISION OF THE DYADIC ADJUSTMENT SCALE FOR USE WITH DISTRESSED AND NONDISTRESSED COUPLES: CONSTRUCT HIERARCHY AND MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALES

The existing research on the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS) indicated that there were problems with some of the subscales and individual items. This study was designed to improve the instrument by following the standards of construct hierarchy. Through previous research and the analyses in this study, the subscales were found to contain some items that were homogeneous and others that were more heterogeneous. This problem was corrected by selecting out items that were homogeneous; 7jirst-order scales were created which were combined to create the 3 second-order concepts of consensus, satisfaction, and cohesion. With a sample of distressed and nondistressed couples, a series of confirmatory factor analyses was conducted. The factor analyses provided evidence for the construct validity of the new structure of the Revised DAS (RDAS) with the distressed, nondistressed, and total samples of this study, as well as with the sample from Spanier and ThompsonS (I 982) study. Additional analyses correlating the RDAS with another popular
Coded MIMO systems with modulation diversity for block-fading channels

We propose a new coded multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) scheme based on modulation diversity technique for block-fading channels. The proposed scheme can achieve both full spatial multiplexing and full diversity of N t N r F, i.e., the product of the number of transmit antennas N t , receive antennas N r and fading blocks F. The design concatenates a channel code with a space-time code. The channel code is responsible for time diversity and the space-time code is employed to provide space diversity. Since the modulation diversity technique enables full space diversity and full spatial multiplexing at the cost of increased processing complexity at the receiver, sphere decoding is employed to reduce the detection computation. Simulation results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed schemes in MIMO block-fading channels.
Postembryonic Growth and Morphological Variability in Turbanella mustela (Gastrotricha, Macrodasyida)

The macrodasyid gastrotrich Turbanella mustela was studied by light microscopy and analyzed for postembryonic growth and variation. Growth was characterized by a positive relationship between the length of the body and the lengths of the pharynx and intestine, widths of the head and body, and diameter of the buccal capsule. Evidence of early growth in many of these structures is indicated by strong positive correlations between their dimensions and body length in the smallest size class. It is hypothesized that early and rapid growth of the buccal capsule and pharynx may be of particular importance in the trophic ecology of the species. An analysis of the relative proportions of the alimentary structures to one another throughout ontogeny is thought to be of limited taxonomic importance, but may be of significance in understanding the evolution of the phylum. Ontogenetic variation in metric and meristic features does not affect species identification and juveniles appear as miniature forms of the adult. Juveniles have fewer adhesive tubules than adults and ontogeny contributes to a significant increase in the number of lateral, caudal and dorsal adhesive tubules. Early meristic development may represent an adaptation to rigorous beach conditions, and increase anchorage and adhesion in species common to high-energy beaches. Further, ontogenetic variation in the number of adhe- sive tubules may contribute to intraspecific differences in the distribution of Turbanella mustela and affect the species' susceptibility to passive dispersal by wave action. J. Morphol. 237:117-126, 1998. r 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Quintuple α-Globin Gene: A Novel Allele in a Sudanese Man

Multiple α-globin repeats have previously been discovered in humans and other mammals. A quintuple α-globin gene (αα/ααααα) was found in a Sudanese male undergoing evaluation for microcytosis.
A MAP estimate that maximizes entropy&#8212;An alternative interpretation for an autoregressive model

It is shown here that when extrapolation of a sequence of data with unknown statistics is performed under two optimization constraints, viz. maximizing the entropy and maximizing the a posteriori (MAP) probability density function (PDF) of the unknown sample, the resulting estimate is the same as that of an Autoregressive (AR) model. This leads to the conclusion that the estimate from an AR model is optimum in the sense that it is the MAP estimate which maximizes entropy.
Role of Prefrontal and Parietal Cortices in Associative Learning

Two studies were performed that compared a "Paired" condition in which participants studied paired associates with a "Generated" condition in which participants completed word fragments to produce paired associates. In both tasks, participants were responsible for memory of the material either studied or generated. The experiments revealed significant differences between the responses of a predefined prefrontal region and a predefined parietal region. The parietal region responded more in the Generated condition than the Paired condition, whereas there was no difference in the prefrontal region. On the other hand, the prefrontal region responded to the delay between study and test in both the Paired and Generated conditions, whereas the parietal region only responded to delay in the Generated condition. This pattern of results is consistent with the hypothesis that the parietal region is responsive to changes in problem representation and the prefrontal region to retrieval operations. An information-processing model embodying these assumptions was fit to the blood oxygen level-dependent responses in these regions.
Disruption of genes in the retinoid cascade may explain the microscopic neuroblastoma in a fetus with de novo unbalanced translocation (3;10)(q21;q26)

Abstract Myotonic dystrophy (DM) is a dominant neuromuscular disease that results from an unstable CTG-repeat expansion in the 3' UTR of the myotonin kinase gene at 19q13.3. This repeat is normally polymorphic with a trimodal distribution reflecting 5-, 11-17-, and 19-30-repeat-length alleles. An absolute association between expanded CTG alleles and the 1-kb insertion allele of an intragenic polymorphism in Caucasians has led to the proposal that the 5-repeat allele gives rise to alleles of 19-30 repeats, from which expanded alleles are derived, a transition not involving the 11-17-repeat alleles. A survey of eight global populations confirms the stability of the 11-17-repeat alleles but shows disociation between the 1-kb insertion polymorphism and both the 5- and 19-30-repeat-length alleles. These data indicate more than one ancestral allele from which expanded alleles are derived and suggest that widely variable population frequencies of DM may reflect distinct frequencies of such predisposed alleles.
Conexiones entre las concepciones de nuestra persistencia diacrónica y de la temporalidad de axiología

The relation between the problem of the temporality of value and the problem of our diachronic persistence has virtually not been explored so far. However, the analysis of these questions can shed light on each other in an interesting way. This paper argues that an explanation of the connections between the asymmetry of our attitudes towards the future and the past and the question of our diachronic persistence is possible without begging the question in any way.
DNA‐Catalyzed Lysine Side Chain Modification

Catalyzing the covalent modification of aliphatic amino groups, such as the lysine (Lys) side chain, by nucleic acids has been challenging to achieve. Such catalysis will be valuable, for example, for the practical preparation of Lys-modified proteins. We previously reported the DNA-catalyzed modification of the tyrosine and serine hydroxy side chains, but Lys modification has been elusive. Herein, we show that increasing the reactivity of the electrophilic reaction partner by using 5'-phosphorimidazolide (5'-Imp) rather than 5'-triphosphate (5'-ppp) enables the DNA-catalyzed modification of Lys in a DNA-anchored peptide substrate. The DNA-catalyzed reaction of Lys with 5'-Imp is observed in an architecture in which the nucleophile and electrophile are not preorganized. In contrast, previous efforts showed that catalysis was not observed when Lys and 5'-ppp were used in a preorganized arrangement. Therefore, substrate reactivity is more important than preorganization in this context. These findings will assist ongoing efforts to identify DNA catalysts for reactions of protein substrates at lysine side chains.
Con: Randomized controlled trials (RCT) have failed in the study of dialysis methods

All progress in dialysis methods was made in research presented in case reports, case-control studies and other observational studies. On the contrary, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) did not bring any valuable results. Comparison of the value of peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis (HD) in RCTs was not completed because of recruitment problems. Four RCTs in HD did not provide any useful data. The worst example was the National Cooperative Dialysis Study, which committed a Type II statistical error rejecting the time of dialysis as an important factor determining the quality of dialysis. This study also provided the basis for the establishment of the Kt/V index as a measure of dialysis adequacy. This index was accepted by the HD community, having been established in a sacrosanct RCT, led to short dialysis, and possibly higher mortality in the USA. The second trial (the HEMO study) committed a Type III statistical error asking the wrong question and did not bring any valuable results, but at least it did not lead to deterioration of dialysis outcomes in the USA. The third, the Frequent Hemodialysis Network Trial Group, did not bring forth any valuable results, but at least confirmed what was already known. The fourth, the Frequent Hemodialysis Network Nocturnal Trial, committed a Type II statistical error because of tremendous recruitment problems leading to an inadequate number of subjects. Moreover, the study methodology was absolutely unreliable.
EFFECT OF ACTINOMYCIN D ON RNA SYNTHESIS AND ANTIBODY FORMATION IN THE ANAMNESTIC RESPONSE IN VITRO.

Antibody synthesis in anamnestic lymphoid cells, measured by incorporation of leucine-C14 into specific antibody, was inhibited at moderate concentrations of actinomycin D. This was accompanied by marked inhibition of synthesis of RNA as measured by incorporation of H3-cytidine monophosphate. However, at low concentrations of actinomycin D, antibody synthesis was unaffected or even increased while RNA synthesis continued to be inhibited. The results obtained suggest that messenger RNA for antibody synthesis, either because it is relatively stable or present in excess, does not become a limiting factor until its synthesis is maximally inhibited. Puromycin, an inhibitor of amino acid coupling, abolished antibody synthesis in low concentration. 6-Mercaptopurine had no effect on the synthesis of antibody or RNA even at high concentration. The data obtained support the view that antibody synthesis follows pathways similar to those utilized for the formation of other types of proteins.
Models of Excitation–Contraction Coupling in Cardiac Ventricular Myocytes

Excitation-contraction coupling describes the processes relating to electrical excitation through force generation and contraction in the heart. It occurs at multiple levels from the whole heart, to single myocytes and down to the sarcomere. A central process that links electrical excitation to contraction is calcium mobilization. Computational models that are well grounded in experimental data have been an effective tool to understand the complex dynamics of the processes involved in excitation-contraction coupling. Presented here is a summary of some computational models that have added to the understanding of the cellular and subcellular mechanisms that control ventricular myocyte calcium dynamics. Models of cardiac ventricular myocytes that have given insight into termination of calcium release and interval-force relations are discussed in this manuscript. Computational modeling of calcium sparks, the elementary events in cardiac excitation-contraction coupling, has given insight into mechanism governing their dynamics and termination as well as their role in excitation-contraction coupling and is described herein.
Matching-Pursuits Dissimilarity Measure for Shape-Based Comparison and Classification of High-Dimensional Data

In this paper, a new matching pursuits dissimilarity measure (MPDM) is presented that compares two signals using the information provided by their matching pursuits (MP) approximations, without requiring any prior domain knowledge. MPDM is a flexible and differentiable measure that can be used to perform shape-based comparisons and fuzzy clustering of very high-dimensional, possibly compressed, data. A novel prototype based classification algorithm, which is termed the computer aided minimization procedure (CAMP), is also proposed. The CAMP algorithm uses the MPDM with the competitive agglomeration (CA) fuzzy clustering algorithm to build reliable shape based prototypes for classification. MP is a well known sparse signal approximation technique, which is commonly used for video and image coding. The dictionary and coefficient information produced by MP has previously been used to define features to build discrimination and prototype based classifiers. However, existing MP based classification applications are quite problem domain specific, thus making their generalization to other problems quite difficult. The proposed CAMP algorithm is the first MP based classification system that requires no assumptions about the problem domain and builds a bridge between the MP and fuzzy clustering algorithms. Experimental results also show that the CAMP algorithm is more resilient to outliers in test data than the multilayer perceptron (MLP) and support-vector-machine (SVM) classifiers, as well as prototype-based classifiers using the Euclidean distance as their dissimilarity measure.
Frequency domain four-wave mixing spectroscopy of temperature and optical-intensity-dependent relaxation in CdSSe microcrystallite-doped glass

We describe cw frequency-domain nonlinear laser spectroscopy results obtained in the study of relaxation in glasses doped with microcrystallites of CdSSe. Measurements are made as a function of temperature and optical intensity, using low-intensity cw optical excitation. The results are interpreted based on the assumption that the dynamics of the nonlinear response in this material is controlled by traps.
Effect of Varying Dietary Zinc Intake of Weanling Mouse Pups during Recovery from Early Undernutrition on Tissue Mineral Concentrations, Relative Organ Weights, Hematological Variables and Muscle Composition

Because growth is an early sign of zinc (Zn) deficiency in young animals, it is often assumed that the occurrence of normal growth indicates adequate Zn status. In an earlier study we found that both marginal (10 micrograms Zn/g) and low (5 micrograms Zn/g) dietary Zn intake resulted in altered composition of gain in mouse pups that had been previously undernourished (L) from d 10 to 21 of suckling and rehabilitated from d 21 to 40 with high protein recovery diets. Therefore we examined several tissues, organs and biochemical measures to identify other variables that might be sensitive to either marginal or low dietary Zn intake in mice. After undernutrition in the suckling animal, liver Zn concentrations were lower; they normalized when the pups were subsequently fed recovery diets irrespective of dietary Zn intake (5-110 micrograms Zn/g). Bone Zn was 30% lower in pups fed low Zn, and 30% higher in pups given Zn-supplemented recovery diets (110 micrograms Zn/g) compared with controls (40 micrograms Zn/g). Thus bone Zn concentration was highly correlated with dietary Zn intake and lower liver Zn was highly correlated with undernutrition. Most organs of L pups recovered in proportion to body weight; the exceptions were brain, kidney and gastrocnemius muscle. At d 21 or 40, brain weight was most conserved and kidney weight was stunted during either protein or Zn deprivation. Gastrocnemius muscle weight in L pups was stunted to a much greater degree than other tissues, although proximate analysis showed muscle composition was similar among groups. These data support previous reports that adequate dietary Zn is essential for optimal recovery from early undernutrition.
The role of immunohistochemistry in the evaluation of gynecologic pathology: a single institutional experience

Although morphology is the cornerstone of diagnostic pathology, it may be necessary to apply ancillary techniques, including immunohistochemistry (IHC) to resolve diagnostic problems. To provide some insights into IHC use in gynecologic (gyn) surgical pathology, we reviewed our institutional experience in using IHC during a 1-year period. A total number of 487 markers were ordered on 203 cases (2.4 markers/case). These 203 represented 4.8% of the 4216 gyn cases that were accessioned during the study period. Immunohistochemistry was used in 22 (9.3%) of 236 vulvar, 13 (9.2%) of 142 vaginal, 92 (5.9%) of 1557 cervical, 59 (3.5%) of 1698 uterine, 1 (0.3%) of 311 fallopian tube, and 16 (6.9%) of 232 ovarian specimens. The most common markers were p16 (n = 125), Ki-67 (n = 69), and p53 (n = 59). Immunohistochemistry proved to be a valuable tool in separating benign from dysplastic or malignant categories, or to increase diagnostic certainty in the latter category, in 131 (65%) of the 203 cases where IHC was requested, and 3.1% of all 4216 gyn cases examined. In the other 72 cases, IHC was utilized to histotype carcinomas, to define a site of origin for an established malignancy, or to assess the expression of predictive markers. Among 6 pathologists, years of practice and time spent on gyn service significantly affected IHC use, with less use with more than 10 years of practice and more than 10 weeks/year of service. This study documents IHC use at a tertiary care academic center and contributes data to define benchmarks for expected IHC use.
Effect of feeding Saccharomyces Cerevisiae on performance of dairy cows during summer heat stress

Effects of feeding a culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to lactating cows on their lactational performance during heat stress were determined. Multiparous Holstein cows (n = 723) calving during the summer months from two dairy farms were randomly assigned to a diet containing no yeast culture (control; n = 361) or 30 g/d of a S. cerevisiae yeast culture (YC; n = 362) fed from 20 to 140 d in milk (DIM). Cows were milked twice daily and the production of milk and milk components was measured every 2 weeks. Dry matter (DM) intakes from 6 pens were measured daily and pen temperature and humidity were evaluated hourly from June to November. Rectal temperature was measured in 88 cows (22/treatment/farm), once weekly, and blood was sampled from a subset of 120 cows at 58 and 100 DIM for measurements of plasma glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, 3-OH-butyrate, insulin, and urea N concentrations. Daily temperature, humidity and the temperaturehumidity index in the study pens did not differ between treatments, and rectal temperature of cows in the control and YC treatments differed with days postpartum. Intake of DM was similar between diets, but cows fed YC produced 1.2 kg/d more milk, more milk true protein, solids-not-fat and lactose than that produced by control
The prognosis of young women with breast cancer.

Five-year survival rates for women under thirty who develop breast cancer are not substantially different from rates in older women (Table 1). Yet, the 5-year, or even IO-year, survival rate as an index of treatment efficacy is particularly vulnerable to criticism when it is applied to the young, for whom a normal life expectancy may be almost ten times 5 years. Therefore, late recurrences, second cancers, and treatment complications become of greater importance.
Techniques for gene transfer into neurons

To illuminate the function of the thousands of genes that make up the complexity of the nervous system, it is critical to be able to introduce and express DNA in neurons. Over the past two decades, many gene transfer methods have been developed, including viral vectors, liposomes and electroporation. Although the perfect gene transfer technique for every application has not yet been developed, recent technical advances have facilitated the ease of neuronal gene transfer and have increased the accessibility of these techniques to all laboratories. In order to select a transfection method for any particular experiment, the specific advantages and disadvantages of each technique must be considered.
Mobile element scanning (ME-Scan) identifies thousands of novel Alu insertions in diverse human populations

Alu retrotransposons are the most numerous and active mobile elements in humans, causing genetic disease and creating genomic diversity. Mobile element scanning (ME-Scan) enables comprehensive and affordable identification of mobile element insertions (MEI) using targeted high-throughput sequencing of multiplexed MEI junction libraries. In a single experiment, ME-Scan identifies nearly all AluYb8 and AluYb9 elements, with high sensitivity for both rare and common insertions, in 169 individuals of diverse ancestry. ME-Scan detects heterozygous insertions in single individuals with 91% sensitivity. Insertion presence or absence states determined by ME-Scan are 95% concordant with those determined by locus-specific PCR assays. By sampling diverse populations from Africa, South Asia, and Europe, we are able to identify 5799 Alu insertions, including 2524 novel ones, some of which occur in exons. Sub-Saharan populations and a Pygmy group in particular carry numerous intermediate-frequency Alu insertions that are absent in non-African groups. There is a significant dearth of exon-interrupting insertions among common Alu polymorphisms, but the density of singleton Alu insertions is constant across exonic and nonexonic regions. In one case, a validated novel singleton Alu interrupts a protein-coding exon of FAM187B. This implies that exonic Alu insertions are generally deleterious and thus eliminated by natural selection, but not so quickly that they cannot be observed as extremely rare variants.
Psychiatric diagnoses, ‘thought styles’, and ex post facto fact fallacies

Living in two-way, dialogical relations with our surroundings, rather than in monological, one-way causal relations with them, means that we can no longer treat ourselves as inquiring simply into a world of objective ‘things’ already existing in the world around us. We need to see ourselves instead as always acting ‘from within’ a still-in-process world of flowing streams of intermingling activities affecting us as much, if not more, than we can affect them. In such a world as this, instead of discovering pre-existing things in our inquiries, we continually bring such ‘things’ into existence. So, although we may talk of having discovering certain nameable ‘things’ in our inquiries, the fact is, we can only see such ‘things’ as having been at work in people’s activities after they have performed them. This, I want to argue, is also the case with all our diagnostic categories of mental distress – thus to see the ‘things’ they name as the causes of a person’s distress is to commit an ex post facto fact falla...
Syntheses of 1 → 3 branched isocyanate monomers for dendritic construction

The synthesis of a novel series of 1 → 3 C-branched, isocyanate-based building blocks (monomers) useful for the rapid construction of dendritic architectures is reported. More specifically, the preparation of di-t-butyl 4-isocyanato-4-[(t-butoxycarbonyl)ethyl]-1,7-heptanedioate (3), 4-isocyanato-4-(3-acetoxypropyl)-1,7-diacetoxyheptane (7a), 4-isocyanato-4-[3-(benzyloxy)propyl]-1,7-di(benzyloxy)-heptane (7b), 4-isocyanato-4-[3-(t-butyldimethylsiloxy)propyl]-1,7-bis(t-butyldimethylsiloxy)heptane (7c), 4-isocyanato-1,7-bis[N-(t-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-4-[3-(N-(t-butoxycarbonyl)amino)propyl]heptane (7d), 5-isocyanato-1,9-dicyano-5-(4-cyano-2-oxabutyl)-3,7-dioxanonane (9), and dimethyl 6-isocyanato-6-(4-carbomethoxy-2-oxabutyl)-4,8-dioxaundecanedioate (11), via treatment of the corresponding amines with triphosgene, is described. Characteristic features of each monomer include a triad of protected functionality connected to a single, air-stable isocyanate moiety. Isocyanate stability is postulated to arise from...
A General Equilibrium Approach to the Analysis of Monetary and Fiscal Policies

We construct a general equilibrium model of an open economy and develop a computational technique for deriving a market-clearing solution to the model. The model allows for disaggregated commodities, taxes, and tariffs. It includes a government that is an active participant in the economy as a producer of public goods. The main innovation of the paper is to incorporate financial assets. Current general equilibrium models that do permit the inclusion of non-neutral financial assets are unable to cope with large numbers of commodities and differentiated taxes.
Security for Future Payments: Narrated Multi-Media Electronic Lessons

These electronic essays discuss methods that credit lenders and credit sellers use to secure future payments of debts, i.e. credit payments. Three of the topics that are covered - mortgages, Article 9 secured transactions, and suretyship promises – are tested heavily on the bar exam. The fourth topic, credit default swaps, is not generally tested on the bar. However, credit default swaps are worthy of analysis because they played a major role in the near-collapse of the world's economy in 2008. There are about thirty individual electronic essays in this overall set of electronic essays, and about thirty accompanying graphics-only versions of these e-essays. The electronic essays themselves are .swf files and can be watched/listened to on Windows PC’s or Macs. These files, which are 10-15 megs in size, are filled with media, including music and narration. The graphics only versions of the essays are ppt files. They too can can be viewed on Windows PC’s or Macs. These ppt files are 2-3 megs in size. This set of electronic essays on Security for Future Payments coordinates with other sets of lessons in an overall group of electronic essays on selected topics in USA Business law. A copy of this electronic lesson can be found online.
Hydrofluoric acid burns.

Hydrofluoric acid is used in a variety of industries and poses a considerable medical hazard. The dual mechanism of injury makes hydrofluoric acid burns among the most severe and lethal seen. Prompt treatment with copious irrigation, iced benzethonium or benzalkonium soaks, calcium gluconate gel application and calcium gluconate injections may well prove to be lifesaving. Language: en
Discovery of a new repeat family in the Callithrix jacchus genome

We identified a novel repeat family, termed Platy-1, in the Callithrix jacchus (common marmoset) genome that arose around the time of the divergence of platyrrhines and catarrhines and established itself as a repeat family in New World monkeys (NWMs). A full-length Platy-1 element is ∼100 bp in length, making it the shortest known short interspersed element (SINE) in primates, and harbors features characteristic of non-LTR retrotransposons. We identified 2268 full-length Platy-1 elements across 62 subfamilies in the common marmoset genome. Our subfamily reconstruction and phylogenetic analyses support Platy-1 propagation throughout the evolution of NWMs in the lineage leading to C. jacchus Platy-1 appears to have reached its amplification peak in the common ancestor of current day marmosets and has since moderately declined. However, identification of more than 200 Platy-1 elements identical to their respective consensus sequence, and the presence of polymorphic elements within common marmoset populations, suggests ongoing retrotransposition activity. Platy-1, a SINE, appears to have originated from an Alu element, and hence is likely derived from 7SL RNA. Our analyses illustrate the birth of a new repeat family and its propagation dynamics in the lineage leading to the common marmoset over the last 40 million years.
Relationship factors in skin self-examination among couples

Objective Individuals may be more motivated to adopt health-promoting practices if they consider the benefits of these behaviours for their close relationships. The goal of this study was to use the interdependence theory to evaluate the role of relationship factors in skin self-examination (SSE). Design The study adopted a cross-sectional survey design. Methods One hundred and eighty-four married couples aged 50 years and older completed measures of skin cancer worry, SSE benefits, SSE barriers, relationship-centred motivations for SSE, discussions about SSE, and SSE practices in the past year. Results Couples who discussed SSE with one another were more likely to engage in it. Couples who adopted a relationship-centred motivation for SSE were more likely to discuss SSE, and, ultimately, engage in SSE. One partner's beliefs were associated with the other partner's SSE. Women who adopted a relationship-centred motivation for SSE had husbands who discussed SSE more and also had husbands who were more likely to conduct SSE. Men who adopted a relationship-centred motivation for SSE did not have wives who reported that they discussed SSE more with their husbands and/or wives who were more likely to conduct SSE. These findings suggest that wives’ relationship beliefs and discussions with their husbands may have a stronger association with their husbands’ SSE practices than the associations between husbands’ relationship beliefs and discussions with their wives’ SSE practices. Conclusions Behavioural interventions may benefit from encouraging couples to discuss SSE and consider the benefits of SSE for their relationship and for their spouse's health. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Previous studies have shown that people are more motivated to adopt health-promoting behaviours if they consider the benefits of such behaviours for their close relationships. However, little is known about the role of the marital relationship in the engagement in skin self-examination (SSE) practices. What does this study add? This study builds on prior research evaluating the role of relationship factors in cancer screening and surveillance practices. Couples who discuss SSE with one another are more likely to engage in it. Couples who consider the benefits of engaging in SSE for their relationship are more likely to discuss skin examinations and engage in them.
Comparative Ultrastructure of the Compound Eye of the Wild, Laboratory-Reared, and Irradiated Mediterranean Fruit Fly, Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae)

The compound eye of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), was found to consist of ca. 3,000 ommatidia, each composed of a dioptric apparatus overlying a cluster of eight retinula cells. A cross-section of the cell cluster reveals an open rhabdom structure with a superior R7 central cell and an inferior R8 central cell similar to that of other cyclorrhaphous Diptera. Each ommatidium has a pair of primary pigment cells and 12 shared longitudinal pigment cells. The dimensions and histology of all ommatidial components are described briefly. Various ultrastructural differences occur between wild and laboratory-reared flies. Laboratory-reared, particularly pupal-irradiated, flies have ommatidia comprised of less tightly packed retinula cells, and rhabdomeres that are consistently smaller, occasionally absent, and more peripherally distributed within the ommatidial cavity than those in wild flies. The R7 rhabdomere is sometimes expanded into a bulb at the level of the Rl-7 nuclei in laboratory-reared flies, but not in wild flies. Ommatidial cavities of laboratory-reared flies are enlarged and often contain inclusions not present in wild flies. The cytoplasmic density and concentrations of large lipid globules is reduced in the longitudinal pigment cells of laboratory-reared flies. The pattern of increasing ultrastructural deviation from the wild condition in laboratory-reared and irradiated flies is consistent with, and indeed provides a basis for, explaining a pattern of decreasing spectral sensitivity (wavelengths 350 to 750) found electroretinographically for flies obtained from the same samples.
The Progressive Politician as a Diplomat: The Case of John Lind in Mexico

In August, 1913, President Woodrow Wilson made one of his numerous attempts to remold Mexico in the image of the United States by sending a special executive agent, John Lind, to hasten the political demise of Provisional President Victoriano Huerta. Having refused Huerta diplomatic recognition because he achieved power by military coup d'etat, Wilson instructed Lind to insist that Huerta arrange an armistice with the Constitutionalists, the revolutionaries who had risen in rebellion rather than accept the usurper's rule. Free elections, in which Huerta was not to be a candidate for President, were to follow the armistice. Following his Anglo-Saxon instincts, Wilson assumed that, if all parties abided by the results of the elections, a constitutionally legitimate government would be installed and the source of Mexico's revolutionary strife would thereby be eliminated.
Accuracy of Pre-Hospital Identification of Stroke (P04.059)

Objective: Determine accuracy of emergency medical service (EMS) identification of stroke. Background Activation of stroke systems by EMS may expedite time to intervention for stroke patients. Gropen et al. reported on sensitivity and impact of EMS identification of stroke. We additionally explored specificity and predictive values (PV) of EMS and emergency department (ED) evaluations. Design/Methods: We reviewed records of all patients transported by EMS to the Loyola University ED between 10/1/2010 and 6/30/2011. EMS impressions, ED physician diagnosis (DX), and neurology discharge diagnosis (DDX) were compared to determine sensitivity, specificity, and PV of EMS and ED identification of stroke. For patients with EMS impression of stroke, or DDX of stroke, additional parameters explored included: age, iv tPA administration, Cincinnati Stroke Scale (CSS), NIHSS, and time from ED arrival to neurology consult. Results: 5300 EMS patient records were included: 84 had EMS impression of stroke, with 49 true positives (TP), 35 false positives (FP), 47 false negatives (FN), and 5169 true negatives (TN); sensitivity was 51.04%, specificity 99.33%, positive PV 58.33%, and negative PV 99.10% (p Conclusions: EMS identifies stroke with high specificity, though lesser sensitivity. Pre-hospital stroke team activation may therefore help in decreasing the time to treatment. Improving the sensitivity of EMS and ED identification of stroke is needed for early identification of additional possible stroke patients. Disclosure: Dr. Wild has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kim has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hyman has nothing to disclose. Dr. Venizelos has nothing to disclose. Dr. Cichon has nothing to disclose. Dr. Schneck has nothing to disclose.
Case 3: Neonate Presenting with Acute Liver Failure and Shock

A 37-6/7-week-gestation male infant born via vaginal delivery is transferred to our institution on day 13 after birth for acute liver failure (ALF). The pregnancy was complicated by poor prenatal care, maternal depression triggered by partner infidelity, and upper respiratory symptoms 3 weeks before delivery. Maternal temperature of 39.4°C was noted 6 days before delivery, which was accompanied by a diagnosis of pyelonephritis and Trichomonas vaginitis. Prenatal laboratory values were negative, and no history of genital lesions was found. Labor was induced because of preeclampsia, with artificial rupture of membranes occurring 1 hour before delivery. The infant was discharged home on day 2 but was described as a “quiet” infant who rarely awoke to feed. On day 7, the patient had an isolated fever, with a temperature of 38.3°C that self-resolved and did not receive medical attention. On day 11, the infant exhibited a high-pitched cry and subsequently became apneic and floppy. He was admitted to an outside hospital, where he was noted to be hypothermic, with a temperature of 33.6°C; he had apnea requiring intubation and hypotension requiring dopamine. Workup revealed multiorgan failure, including ALF and renal dysfunction with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Laboratory findings were notable for an aspartate aminotransferase of 10,648 U/L (177.8 μkat/L), alanine aminotransferase of 2,196 U/L (36.7 μkat/L), international normalized ratio of 9.4, fibrinogen of less than 60 mg/dL (1.7 μmol/L), and platelets of 60 × 103/μL (60 × 109/L). Treatment …
A 54-Year-Old Man Presenting With an Abnormal Abdominal CT Scan 8 Months After Double Lung Transplant

A 54-year-old man who had undergone bilateral sequential lung transplant for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis was admitted to the hospital for further evaluation of an abnormal abdominal CT scan. Three months previously a gastrojejunostomy tube had been placed after he was found to have evidence of silent aspiration with oral intake. At a recent clinic visit, he denied abdominal pain or problems with the feeding tube. He described frequent diarrhea since placement of the feeding tube.
Sales Management Control Systems: An Information Dependent Model

An information-dependent view of management suggests that the sales management style, whether bureaucratic, professional, or output-only, depends upon the quality, quantity and kind of information available about the marketing environment. While writers generally agree on the techniques of sales management and the environmental variables involved, the linkages of contingency selection are unclear and call for research.
Establishment of right ventricle-hypoplastic pulmonary artery continuity without the use of extracorporeal circulation

A technique that allows establishment of continuity between the right ventricle and the hypoplastic pulmonary confluence without the use of extracorporeal circulation in patients with pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect has been applied successfully in six consecutive patients. Exposure is achieved by an anterolateral thoracotomy through the left third intercostal space. A Dacron tubular graft of appropriate size is anastomosed to the hypoplastic but confluent pulmonary artery bifurcation. A fine, stranded, steel wire is passed through the anterior wall of the outflow portion of the right ventricle so that a 2 to 3 cm loop lies in the right ventricular cavity. The proximal end of the nonvalved tubular graft is anastomosed to the epicardial surface of the right ventricle around the exit points of the wire. The ventricular incision is achieved by sawing through the right ventricular wall with the wire as one would with a Gigli saw. No systemic heparinization is used. Six consecutive patients have undergone this procedure. All had confluent but hypoplastic pulmonary arteries of 6, 5, 5, 3, 3, and 4 mm in diameter. There were no surgical deaths. Average blood loss was 366 ml, and all patients had an increase in peripheral arterial oxygen saturation. All patients underwent postoperative cardiac catheterization and angiography. All patients had patent conduits and pulmonary arteries that had increased in diameter. Advantages of the procedure are avoidance of the median sternotomy, which may simplify future closure of the ventricular septal defect: simplification of an effective technique which, under extracorporeal circulation, is complicated by profuse collateral flow that tends to obscure the operative field and distend the heart; minimal bleeding resulting from avoidance of systemic heparinization, which in these very cyanotic patients can lead to severe bleeding diathesis; and a possible decrease in the surgical risk.