cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding MCP-MOD dose finding as a method based on linear regression.

MCP-MOD is a testing and model selection approach for clinical dose finding studies. During testing, contrasts of dose group means are derived from candidate dose response models. A multiple-comparison procedure is applied that controls the alpha level for the family of null hypotheses associated with the contrasts. Provided at least one contrast is significant, a corresponding set of “good” candidate models is identified. The model generating the most significant contrast is typically selected. There have been numerous publications on the method. It was endorsed by the European Medicines Agency. The MCP-MOD procedure can be alternatively represented as a method based on simple linear regression, where “simple” refers to the inclusion of an intercept and a single predictor variable, which is a transformation of dose. It is shown that the contrasts are equal to least squares linear regression slope estimates after a rescaling of the predictor variables. The test for each contrast is the usual t statistic for a null slope parameter, except that a variance estimate with fewer degrees of freedom is used in the standard error. Selecting the model corresponding to the most significant contrast P value is equivalent to selecting the predictor variable yielding the smallest residual sum of squares. This criteria orders the models like a common goodness-of-fit test, but it does not assure a good fit. Common inferential methods applied to the selected model are subject to distortions that are often present following data-based model selection.
Current indications for transplantation: stratification of severe heart failure and shared decision-making

Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome that results from structural or functional cardiovascular disorders causing a mismatch between demand and supply of oxygenated blood and consecutive failure of the body's organs. For those patients with stage D HF, advanced therapies, such as mechanical circulatory support (MCS) or heart transplantation (HTx), are potentially life-saving options. The role of risk stratification of patients with stage D HF in a value-based healthcare framework is to predict which subset might benefit from advanced HF (AdHF) therapies, to improve outcomes related to the individual patient including mortality, morbidity and patient experience as well as to optimize health care delivery system outcomes such as cost-effectiveness. Risk stratification and subsequent outcome prediction as well as therapeutic recommendation-making need to be based on the comparative survival benefit rationale. A robust model needs to (I) have the power to discriminate (i.e., to correctly risk stratify patients); (II) calibrate (i.e., to show agreement between the predicted and observed risk); (III) to be applicable to the general population; and (IV) provide good external validation. The Seattle Heart Failure Model (SHFM) and the Heart Failure Survival Score (HFSS) are two of the most widely utilized scores. However, outcomes for patients with HF are highly variable which make clinical predictions challenging. Despite our clinical expertise and current prediction tools, the best short- and long-term survival for the individual patient, particularly the sickest patient, is not easy to identify because among the most severely ill, elderly and frail patients, most preoperative prediction tools have the tendency to be imprecise in estimating risk. They should be used as a guide in a clinical encounter grounded in a culture of shared decision-making, with the expert healthcare professional team as consultants and the patient as an empowered decision-maker in a trustful safe therapeutic relationship.
Is the Tax Expenditure Concept Still Relevant

The term tax expenditure refers to departures from the normal tax structure designed to favor a particular industry, activity, or class of persons. Most budget experts view the tax expenditure budget as a useful tool in managing the size and scope of the federal government, but a growing contingent of conservative critics has raised questions about the concept. The paper examines tax expenditure measurement issues, the debate about their relevance and new measures tentatively explored by the Bush Administration's budget, the way tax expenditure estimates are used in the U.S., and how they might be made more useful.
Boundary Value Problems in 1 + 1 and in 2 + 1, the Dressing Method, and Cellular Automata

We summarize some recent results obtained in collaboration with Santini, Sung, Zakharov, Manakov, Papadopoulou and Saridakis, regarding: (a) The linearization of a Direchlet problem of the Nonlinear Schrodinger on the half-line. (b) The existence of dromions for the Davey-Stewartson I. (c) Rigorous aspects of the direct and inverse problem for an N × N hyperbolic system. (d) A certain generalization of the dressing method. (e) The use of dressing method to characterize invariant solutions. (f) The existence of coherent structures in a large class of soliton cellular automata.
Radiation Exposure During Ureteroscopy

Use of fluoroscopy during ureteroscopy increases the risk of radiation exposure to the urologist and patient. Radiation entrance dosages were measured at skin level in 37 patients, and at the neck, trunk and finger of the urologist, and neck and trunk of the circulating nurse. Radiation exposure time was measured in 79 patients, and was related to the purpose of the procedure and the type of ureteroscope used, whether rigid or flexible. Exposure could be minimized by decreasing the fluoroscopy time. A portable C-arm fluoroscopy unit with electronic imaging and last image hold mode should be used to minimize exposure time. Lead aprons and thyroid shields should be used by the urologist and other personnel in the endoscopy room.
Traditional Immune-Modulating Drugs

The subject of traditional immune modulating drugs is potentially vast. However, only a small number of these drugs are commonly used by dermatologists. This chapter addresses the key mechanisms of how the majority of inflammatory skin diseases are treated, and discusses six systemic drugs from four drugs groups: (1) calcineurin inhibitors: cyclosporine; (2) antimetabolites/purine analogues: azathioprine and mycophenolate mofetil; (3) antimetabolites/folate antagonists: methotrexate and dapsone; (4) alkylating agents: cyclophosphamide; and (5) lysosomotropic agents: hydroxychloroquine. This classification scheme is a reasonable way to categorize the drugs, although it should be noted that several of these drugs have additional mechanisms of action that differ from the above categories. Furthermore, it is not realistic to discuss all available immune-modulating drugs; several notable drug groups not covered in this chapter include retinoids and interferons.
High-dose glucocorticoids for the treatment of ipilimumab-induced hypophysitis is associated with reduced survival in patients with melanoma.

Background It remains unclear whether high doses of glucocorticoids have a negative impact on the efficacy of checkpoint inhibitors. To control for the potential association between immune-related adverse events (irAEs) and improved survival, this study examined a unique cohort of patients who had the same irAE treated with varying glucocorticoid doses. Methods In total, 98 patients with melanoma who had ipilimumab-induced hypophysitis were identified retrospectively in the Partners Healthcare system using an automated electronic medical record query tool. Patients with melanoma who received ipilimumab at Massachusetts General Hospital without developing hypophysitis were listed in an actively maintained institutional patient database. Glucocorticoid doses for patients with hypophysitis were categorized as low dose (LD) or high dose (HD). Survival analyses were performed for patients who received ipilimumab monotherapy. Results Both overall survival (OS) and the time to treatment failure were significantly longer in the LD group compared with the HD group (hazard ratio, 0.24; P = .002 and 0.28, P = .001, respectively). Median OS and the time to treatment failure were not reached in the LD group and were 23.3 and 14.5 months, respectively, in the HD group. All patients who had hypophysitis had improved OS compared with patients who did not have hypophysitis (median, 28.2 vs 9.5 months; P = .0003). This advantage was maintained in the HD group versus the nonhypophysitis group (P = .02). Radiologic and endocrinologic outcomes and symptom resolution did not differ in the LD group versus the HD group. Conclusions Among patients with melanoma who had ipilimumab-induced hypophysitis, those who received higher doses of glucocorticoids had reduced survival. This is the first study to demonstrate a potential negative effect of high glucocorticoid doses on the efficacy of checkpoint inhibitors after an irAE. These findings have potential implications for the management of other irAEs.
RNase HIII Is Important for Okazaki Fragment Processing in Bacillus subtilis.

ABSTRACT RNA-DNA hybrids are common in chromosomal DNA. Persistent RNA-DNA hybrids result in replication fork stress, DNA breaks, and neurological disorders in humans. During replication, Okazaki fragment synthesis relies on frequent RNA primer placement, providing one of the most prominent forms of covalent RNA-DNA strands in vivo. The mechanism of Okazaki fragment maturation, which involves RNA removal and subsequent DNA replacement, in bacteria lacking RNase HI remains unclear. In this work, we reconstituted repair of a linear model Okazaki fragment in vitro using purified recombinant enzymes from Bacillus subtilis. We showed that RNase HII and HIII are capable of incision on Okazaki fragments in vitro and that both enzymes show mild stimulation by single-stranded DNA binding protein (SSB). We also showed that RNase HIII and DNA polymerase I provide the primary pathway for Okazaki fragment maturation in vitro. Furthermore, we found that YpcP is a 5′ to 3′ nuclease that can act on a wide variety of RNA- and DNA-containing substrates and exhibits preference for degrading RNA in model Okazaki fragments. Together, our data showed that RNase HIII and DNA polymerase I provide the primary pathway for Okazaki fragment maturation, whereas YpcP also contributes to the removal of RNA from an Okazaki fragment in vitro. IMPORTANCE All cells are required to resolve the different types of RNA-DNA hybrids that form in vivo. When RNA-DNA hybrids persist, cells experience an increase in mutation rate and problems with DNA replication. Okazaki fragment synthesis on the lagging strand requires an RNA primer to begin synthesis of each fragment. The mechanism of RNA removal from Okazaki fragments remains unknown in bacteria that lack RNase HI. We examined Okazaki fragment processing in vitro and found that RNase HIII in conjunction with DNA polymerase I represent the most efficient repair pathway. We also assessed the contribution of YpcP and found that YpcP is a 5′ to 3′ exonuclease that prefers RNA substrates with activity on Okazaki and flap substrates in vitro.
The Next Step in Educational Program Budgets and Information Resource Management: Integrated Data Structures.

AbstractThe data requirements for a program-oriented budgeting (POB) system stem from all spheres of an educational environment. To assist in the process of integrating these spheres as a POB data need, this article presents a theoretical information resource management (IRM) model. The purpose of an IRM system is to integrate, manage, and control the data contained in a school system’s information system. A properly designed IRM can provide POB decision-makers with reports that contain data from all spheres of the educational environment. Concluding remarks and several propositions are noted concerning integrated data structures.
Radiocarbon dating the end of urban services in a late Roman town

The fall of the Roman Empire was a much bigger deal than a generalissimo’s deposition in 476 CE of Romulus Augustus (a child puppet ruling the empire’s impoverished western half), an event memorized by generations of high schoolers. Recent research has uncovered a big, complex story that still features barbarian migrations and massive religious conversion. But archaeologists have also been unearthing the economic transformations of the age, including dislocation, impoverishment, and urban decline in the western provinces in the 400s, and simultaneous dynamic economic growth and booming cities in the richer, more populous eastern half of the Roman Empire during what Holy Land archaeologists term the Byzantine period. Most specialists now consider the later Roman Empire to have been a going concern into the 600s. Written evidence continues too to grow. New online resources capture hitherto unnoticed, often anonymous, Latin and Greek written records documenting topics like the later Roman Empire’s slave society (1). Robust chronological typologies of the changing, ubiquitous, and nearly indestructible late Roman ceramic tablewares ( i ) allow archaeologists to date cheaply (and down to the century or less) different layers of their excavations, and ( ii ) enable new chronotypologies of even more common cooking and transport vessels that expand the evidence every site yields on the crucial question of chronology: When did all of this come to an end? Discarded ceramics provide a first, rough layer of dating for the rapid growth and cessation of the landfill mounds that ringed Elusa, one of the flourishing Byzantine farm towns of the Negev desert, offering a proxy measure for their economic trajectory. But a new study in PNAS by Bar-Oz et al. (2) seeks to pinpoint a turning point in the decline of late Roman or Byzantine urbanism through radiometric dating of trash heaps. The Negev agro-cities were one of … [↵][1]1Email: sohpchair{at}fas.harvard.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Accurate Monte Carlo Uncertainty Analysis for Multiple Measurements of Microwave Systems

Uncertainty analysis of microwave electronic measurements enables the quantification of device performance and aides in the development of robust technology. The Monte Carlo method is commonly used to attain accurate uncertainty analyses for complicated nonlinear systems. Combining multiple similar measurements, each with a Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis, allows one to incorporate the uncertainty given by their spread. In this paper, we compare two Monte Carlo sampling methods, illustrate that one method reduces the bias of averaged quantities, show how this impacts computed uncertainties, and highlight microwave applications for which this corrected method can be applied.
Laws About Transparent School Vaccination Reporting: Public Health Context and Ethics

In response to a recent surge in vaccine exemptions for school-aged children, advocacy for transparency regarding school vaccination rates has gained momentum in the sphere of public policy and legislation. We explore the public health context for transparency-focused school vaccination reporting laws and recent legislative successes and failures. We then provide an ethical analysis of policy that mandates publicly accessible, granular reporting of school vaccination rates.The ethical justification for this type of policy is robust. Although there is no evidence demonstrating its effects on public health, transparent school vaccination reporting has the potential to enhance individual and public decision-making, especially concerning the protection of children with compromised immune systems. This policy also offers the benefit of preserving the autonomy of parents who choose not to vaccinate their children.Policymakers in all states should support passage of this type of legislation along with other effective vaccination policies, including evidence-based vaccine education for parents who seek exemptions and reimbursement for clinicians who provide vaccine-related counseling.
Salmonella Mesenteric Lymphadenitis Causing Septic Peritonitis in Two Dogs

This report describes two cases of Salmonella mesenteric lymphadenitis leading to septic peritonitis in two young dogs. The cases were similar in presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and length of hospitalization. Both cases presented with clinical signs of vomiting, abdominal pain, and fever and were treated successfully via surgical debridement, omentalization, and antibiotic therapy. Both cases grew multi-drug resistant Salmonella spp. with resistance to ampicillin sulbactam, which is a common empiric antibiotic choice for cases of canine septic peritonitis. In both cases, the source of Salmonella is proposed to be the raw diet that preceded the septic peritonitis diagnosis. While Salmonella mesenteric lymphadenitis has been reported in humans and pigs, to the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of Salmonella mesenteric lymphadenitis in dogs.
Thyroid Dermopathy Treatment of the Foot in the Setting of Graves Hyperthyroidism.

Abstract Graves’ hyperthyroidism is one of the most common autoimmune diseases, caused by autoantibodies acting against the thyrotropin receptor. Extra-thyroid manifestations include ophthalmopathy, acropachy, and dermopathy, which accounts for 4% to 13% of clinical presentations. This is a case study of a 55-year-old female who presented with recurrent soft tissue mass formation over the dorsal right foot. The patient underwent a soft tissue mass excisional biopsy and the pathology report revealed a soft tissue mass secondary to thyroid dermopathy. Given her history of soft tissue recurrence and previous diagnosis, the patient underwent both excisional biopsy and radiation treatment with success. After 1 year of follow-up, the patient had completely healed without complication. This case demonstrates a multidisciplinary approach for clinical diagnosis and treatment.
The Role of Personality in Shaping Pandemic Response: Systemic Sociopolitical Factors Drive Country Differences

The current study utilizes the current COVID-19 pandemic to highlight the importance of accounting for the influence of external political and economic factors in personality public health research...
Navigating inferior vena cava filters in invasive cardiology procedures: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND Transfemoral venous access (TFV) is the cornerstone of minimally invasive cardiac procedures. Although the presence of inferior vena cava filters (IVCFs) was considered a relative contraindication to TFV procedures, small experiences have suggested safety. We conducted a systematic review of the available literature on cardiac procedural success of TFV with IVCF in-situ. METHODS Two independent reviewers searched PubMed, EMBASE, SCOPUS, and Google Scholar from inception to October 2020 for studies that reported outcomes in patients with IVCFs undergoing TFV for invasive cardiac procedures. We investigated a primary outcome of acute procedural success and reviewed the pooled data for patient demographics, procedural complications, types of IVCF, IVCF dwell time, and procedural specifics. RESULTS Out of the 120 studies initially screened, 8 studies were used in the final analysis with a total of 100 patients who underwent 110 procedures. The most common IVCF was the Greenfield Filter (36%), 60% of patients were males and the mean age was 67.8 years. The overall pooled incidence of acute procedural success was 95.45% (95% confidence interval = 89.54-98.1) with no heterogeneity (I2 = 0%, p = 1) and there were no reported filter-related complications. CONCLUSION This systematic review is the largest study of its kind to demonstrate the safety and feasibility of TFV access in a variety of cardiac procedures in the presence of IVCF.
P-002: Real-world observations and practical considerations of subcutaneous daratumumab administration in multiple myeloma

Background Subcutaneous daratumumab (dara-SC) has several advantages over intravenous daratumumab (dara-IV). It has significantly shorter administration time, lower rates of systemic reactions, and smaller administration volume, while maintaining comparable efficacy and safety. Its fixed dosing allows for easier preparation. At our institution, standard approach is to monitor for 4h following the initial dara-SC dose for those at high risk for systemic reactions, defined as no prior dara use, treatment break ≥90d, or any prior history of reactions. We also administer montelukast and fexofenadine for the first 2 doses of dara-SC in addition to the usual standard pre-medications. Herein, we share our experience with dara-SC use in both dara-naive and dara-exposed patients in order to gain practical insight, such as optimal monitoring duration, considerations for transitioning between dara-IV and dara-SC, and the place of therapy for dara-IV based on adverse events (AEs). Methods Between June 2020 and June 2021, patients who received at least one dose of dara-SC were identified and their record was reviewed for any systemic reactions, hypersensitivity medication use, and patient reported AEs. Results Since June 2020, our dara-SC drug use increased from 38% to 91% of all doses. There were 208 patients who received at least 1 dose of dara-SC. Of 208 patients, 99 (47.6%) were dara-naive and 109 (52.4%) had prior dara exposure – either transitioning from dara-IV on schedule or had dara-IV as a past line of therapy. We identified 124 patients who met the criteria for 4h post dara-SC injection monitoring: dara-naive (79.8%), treatment break ≥90d (18.5%), or prior history of reactions (1.6%). Only 5 experienced systemic reactions, representing 4% among those at high risk. All reactions were mild requiring minimal intervention and occurred following the first dara-SC dose. Onset of reactions and type of intervention during the 4h monitoring window were: hypotension (2h; fluid), nausea/vomiting (2.5h; hypersensitivity medications), and sinus tachycardia (4h), while 2 patients had transient chest pressure/tightness at home (1 within 24h, 1 between 1-6d following the dose). Eleven patients (5%) receiving dara-SC converted back to dara-IV, with AEs being the most common reason. Diarrhea, fatigue, and injection site reactions were among the most frequent patient-reported AEs. When transitioning back to dara-IV, a 90min rapid infusion rate was used if >4 prior dara doses were given. No infusion-related reactions were observed. Conclusion The introduction of dara-SC has significantly improved patient experience. We observed a lower rate of systemic reactions compared to previous reports of 10% with first dose of dara-SC. This may be partly due to our strengthened pre-medication strategy. Opportunities exist to further improve and apply practical considerations when administering dara-SC. Based on our results, shortening on-site monitoring time may be feasible.
Markets and Mortality: Economics, Dangerous Work, and the Value of Human Life

1. The economics of risk and the risk of economics 2. The theory of compensating wage differentials 3. Putting a value on human life 4. The real world of occupational safety and health 5. Alternative theories of risk, wages, and the labour market 6. New policies to promote safety and equity in the workplace.
Acrylamide disrupts elemental composition and water content of rat tibial nerve. II. Schwann cells and myelin.

Abstract The effects of subchronic and subacute acrylamide (ACR) intoxication on elemental composition (Na, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Mg) and water content of Schwann cell body cytoplasm and myelin were assessed in rat tibial nerve. Electron probe X-ray micro-analysis demonstrated that, in control rats, peripheral nerve glia and myelin exhibited highly characteristic distributions of elements and water and that ACR intoxication was associated with disruption of this normal subcellular distribution. When rats were intoxicated with ACR by either the oral (2.8 m m in drinking water for 15, 22, 30, and 60 days) or the intraperitoneal (50 mg/kg/day ×5 and 10 days) route, an exposure-dependent loss of cytoplasmic Na, K, P, Cl, Mg, and water regulation was detected in Schwann cell cytoplasm. Maximum development of elemental deregulation occurred after 30 days of oral ACR exposure and 10 days of ip treatment. The cytoplasmic elements involved and their corresponding quantitative changes were similar regardless of the route of ACR intoxication. Analysis of myelin revealed that both oral and parenteral ACR exposure caused early, persistent increases in dry weight Na, P, and water content. However, Cl dry weight concentrations were increased by oral exposure and decreased by ip ACR injection. Results of this study indicate that ACR intoxication is associated with a significant disturbance of subcellular element and water distribution in tibial nerve Schwann cells and myelin. The pattern of elemental disruption is typical of reversible cell damage and, therefore, Schwann cell injury might play a role in the expression of ACR neurotoxicity.
Understanding Scientific Applications for Cloud Environments

Distributed systems and their specific incarnations have evolved significantly over the years. Most often, these evolutionary steps have been a consequence of external technology trends, such as the significant increase in network/bandwidth capabilities that have occurred. It can be argued that the single most important driver for cloud computing environments is the advance in virtualization technology that has taken place. But what implications does this advance, leading to today’s cloud environments, have for scientific applications? The aim of this chapter is to explore how clouds can support scientific applications. Before we can address this important issue, it is imperative to (a) provide a working model and definition of clouds and (b) understand how they differ from other computational platforms such as grids and clusters. At a high level, cloud computing is defined by Mell and Grance [1] as a model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. We view clouds not as a monolithic isolated platform but as part of a large distributed ecosystem. But are clouds a natural evolution of distributed systems, or are they a fundamental new paradigm? Prima facie, cloud concepts are derived from other systems, such as the implicit model of clusters as static
Software Measurement: A Visualization Toolkit for Project Control and Process Improvement

Project visualization quality systems and criteria and standards life cycle processes project object classes size effort development time productivity quality reliability verification and validation testing usability usability testing project attribute monitoring and prediction association (PAMPA). Appendices: PAMPA object classes PAMPA users manual.
DNA replication in synchronized cultured mammalian cells: V. The temporal order of synthesis of component α DNA during monkey DNA synthesis induced by SV40 virus☆

Abstract Purified simian virus 40 (SV40) was used to induce host DNA replication in contact-inhibited monolayer cultures of African green monkey kidney cells. Approximately 20% of the nuclear DNA of these cells is the simple sequence, component α DNA (Maio, 1971) . At the beginning of DNA synthesis induced by SV40 viral infection, the average ratio of the specific radioactivity of component α DNA to that of bulk DNA was 0.18. Similar low specific activity ratios are observed early during the DNA synthetic period following the trypsin release of monkey cells from contact inhibition. These results indicate that when host DNA replication is induced by SV40 viral infection, component α DNA synthesis does not shift to precede the replication of bulk DNA.
Energetics of oscillating lifting surfaces by the use of integral conservation laws

The energetics of oscillating lifting surfaces in two and three dimensions is calculated by the use of integral conservation laws in inviscid incompressible flow for general and harmonic transverse oscillations. Wing deformations are prescribed as a function of time and total thrust is calculated from the momentum theorem, and energy loss rate due to vortex shedding in the wake is calculated from the principle of conservation of mechanical energy. Total power required to maintain the oscillations and hydrodynamic efficiency are also determined. In two dimensions, the results are obtained in closed form. In three dimensions, the distribution of vorticity on the lifting surface is also required as input to the calculations. Therefore, unsteady lifting-surface theory must be used as well
Just Roll with It? Rolling Volumes vs. Discrete Issues in Open Access Library and Information Science Journals

INTRODUCTION Articles in open access (OA) journals can be published on a rolling basis, as they become ready, or in complete, discrete issues. This study examines the prevalence of and reasons for rolling volumes vs. discrete issues among scholarly OA library and information science (LIS) journals based in the United States. METHODS A survey was distributed to journal editors, asking them about their publication model and their reasons for and satisfaction with that model. RESULTS Of the 21 responding journals, 12 publish in discrete issues, eight publish in rolling volumes, and one publishes in rolling volumes with an occasional special issue. Almost all editors, regardless of model, cited ease of workflow as a justification for their chosen publication model, suggesting that there is no single best workflow for all journals. However, while all rolling-volume editors reported being satisfied with their model, satisfaction was less universal among discrete-issue editors. DISCUSSION The unexpectedly high number of rolling-volume journals suggests that LIS journal editors are making forward-looking choices about publication models even though the topic has not been much addressed in the library literature. Further research is warranted; possibilities include expanding the study’s geographic scope, broadening the study to other disciplines, and investigating publication model trends across the entire scholarly OA universe. CONCLUSION Both because satisfaction is high among editors of rolling-volume journals and because readers and authors appreciate quick publication times, the rolling-volume model will likely become even more prevalent in coming years.
An institution-based view of IPR protection

Abstract There is a great deal of frustration regarding the lack of progress on intellectual property rights (IPR) protection in China. This article leverages the historical episode in most of the 19 th century during which the United States was the leading IPR violator. Great Britain as the superpower of the time sought but failed to convince the United States to improve IPR protection. Advancing an institution-based view of IPR protection, I argue that both the U.S. refusal to protect foreign IPR in the 19 th century and the current Chinese lack of enthusiasm to meet U.S. demands on IPR protection are rational. However, if history is any guide, the future outlook is not depressing. In 1891, the United States voluntarily agreed to protect the IPR of foreign works, because the U.S. economy became sufficiently developed and U.S. IPR started to be pirated elsewhere. Drawing lessons from this episode of history, I predict that IPR protection will significantly improve when Chinese IPR are widely pirated by foreign violators outside of China.
On the use of L X-ray fluorescence for bone lead evaluation

The use of L X-ray fluorescence for the determination of the concentration of Pb in human bone has been reported in the literature. A critique of the utility of the method and the shortcomings as an analytical approach in the evaluation of human exposure to Pb are addressed.
Gasoline price volatility and the elasticity of demand for gasoline

Abstract We examine how gasoline price volatility impacts consumers' price elasticity of demand for gasoline. Results show that volatility in prices decreases consumer demand for gasoline in the intermediate run. We also find that consumers appear to be less elastic in response to changes in gasoline price when gasoline price volatility is medium or high, compared to when it is low. Moreover, we find that when we control for variance in our econometric model, gasoline price elasticity of demand is lower in magnitude in the long run.
Silicon Carbide Transistors for IC Design Applications up to 600 °C

Low power Silicon Carbide (SiC) devices and Integrated Circuits (ICs) in conjunction with SiC or Aluminum Nitride (AlN) sensing elements will enable sensing functions in high temperature environments up to 600 °C where no silicon based devices or circuits have been able to survive in that temperature range. In power electronics applications, existence of low power SiC devices and IC technologies will significantly aid the development of high power density power modules in which total weights and cooling systems sizes are reduced. This paper will be evaluating the performances of the fabricated low power SiC device candidates (JFET and BJT) for SiC-based analog ICs design for high temperature and power electronics applications.
Water Quality in Relation to Survival of Brook Trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill)

Abstract Periodic water analyses and simultaneous observations on the survival of various groups of test fish made in Honnedaga Lake during 1960 and 1961 indicated a relationship between water quality and trout survival. Periods of high acidity and heavy metals content, during the summer, were coincident with heavy mortality of brook trout from a hard-water and a soft-water hatchery; trout from a second hard-water hatchery, which contained zinc in its water supply, survived transfer to Honnedaga Lake. Chemical analyses of 30 nearby Adirondack lakes revealed two lakes of lower salinity, two of higher acidity, and one with a heavy metals content equal to that of Honnedaga. No other lakes exhibited the combined features of very low salinity, high acidity, and relatively high heavy metals content.
Interrupted anticipation after a service failure: The role of olfactory sensation on expected pleasure, taste enjoyment, consumption, and repatronage intentions

When consumers are highly charged with the anticipation of indulging in a pleasurable eating experience, a service failure that threatens to deny them the opportunity to satisfy their appetitive goals produces an “interrupted anticipation.” This study demonstrated that among those whose eager anticipation was interrupted by an unexpected service failure, food aroma tended to reinforce unpleasant feelings and generally negate the positive emotional boost normally expected from a positive olfactory cue. This resulted in significantly lower levels of expected pleasure, taste enjoyment, quantity of food consumed, and repatronage intentions. In contrast, for those whose anticipation was not interrupted, the food aroma exposure significantly enhanced the positivity of the consumer's service experience. When service failures lead to interrupted anticipation, service recovery efforts may sometimes prove to be ineffective in restoring the positive feelings of customers. Implications for theory development and managerial practice are also discussed.
Random utility representation of binary choice probabilities: a new class of necessary conditions

Abstract Marshalk conjectured that binary, symmetric choice probabilities Pij had a representation P ij = P{U i ⩾ U j } (i≠j), where Ui, Uj are random variables, if and only if P ij + P jk + P ki ⩽ 2. Starting from a counterexample of McFadden and Richter ((1970), unpublished manuscript), this note establishes the necessity of an additional condition.
Prediction of Minimum Flash Point Behaviour for Binary Mixtures

Flash point is a primary property used to determine the fire and explosion hazards of a liquid. Minimum flash point behaviour (MFPB) is exhibited when the flash point of a mixture is below the flash points of the individual components. The identification of this behaviour is critical, because a hazardous situation results from taking the lowest component flash point value as the mixture flash point. Even for experimental measurements, an estimate of the mixture flash point is needed. A procedure to estimate the flash point of binary mixtures is discussed. Predictions for the aqueous mixtures methanol–water and ethanol–water are presented and compared with experimental values as well as for the flammable mixtures octane–ethanol and octane-1-butanol, which exhibit MFPB. Quantum chemical calculation methods such as COSMO-RS and theoretical methods such as UNIFAC were evaluated for the prediction of MFPB mixtures.
Rhesus TRIM5α Disrupts the HIV-1 Capsid at the Inter­Hexamer Interfaces

TRIM proteins play important roles in the innate immune defense against retroviral infection, including human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1). Rhesus macaque TRIM5α (TRIM5αrh) targets the HIV-1 capsid and blocks infection at an early post-entry stage, prior to reverse transcription. Studies have shown that binding of TRIM5α to the assembled capsid is essential for restriction and requires the coiled-coil and B30.2/SPRY domains, but the molecular mechanism of restriction is not fully understood. In this study, we investigated, by cryoEM combined with mutagenesis and chemical cross-linking, the direct interactions between HIV-1 capsid protein (CA) assemblies and purified TRIM5αrh containing coiled-coil and SPRY domains (CC-SPRYrh). Concentration-dependent binding of CC-SPRYrh to CA assemblies was observed, while under equivalent conditions the human protein did not bind. Importantly, CC-SPRYrh, but not its human counterpart, disrupted CA tubes in a non-random fashion, releasing fragments of protofilaments consisting of CA hexamers without dissociation into monomers. Furthermore, such structural destruction was prevented by inter-hexamer crosslinking using P207C/T216C mutant CA with disulfide bonds at the CTD-CTD trimer interface of capsid assemblies, but not by intra-hexamer crosslinking via A14C/E45C at the NTD-NTD interface. The same disruption effect by TRIM5αrh on the inter-hexamer interfaces also occurred with purified intact HIV-1 cores. These results provide insights concerning how TRIM5α disrupts the virion core and demonstrate that structural damage of the viral capsid by TRIM5α is likely one of the important components of the mechanism of TRIM5α-mediated HIV-1 restriction.
UV laser photodamage to whole lenses

Lenses from rat or calf were exposed in vitro to UV radiation from a nitrogen laser operated at 337·1 nm or from an excimer laser operated at 308 nm. Visible light transmission was monitored during calf lens irradiations at 308 nm and found to decrease. Proteins were extracted from the irradiated rat or calf lenses, separated into water soluble and insoluble fractions, and analysed using SDS-PAGE. Comparison of these gels with dark controls showed that, following photolysis, there was loss of polypeptide material in the 20–30 kDa region and concomitant formation of polymers at 40 and 60 kDa, and at >100 kDa in calf lenses (308 nm irradiation) and rat lenses (337·1 nm irradiation) in vitro. In addition, there was evidence for formation of lower molecular weight polypeptides at 10 kDa in the protein from irradiated rat lenses. The rat SDS-PAGE gels were challenged against anti-calf gamma crystallin serum. There was clear evidence that the polymeric material, in the water insoluble protein fraction from the 337·1 nm photolysed rat lenses was derived in part from gamma crystallin. The macromolecular changes detected in these photolysed rat and calf lens proteins were similar to those previously reported to accompany aging in the human lens. Biochemical changes of the type observed in UV irradiated rat and calf lenses may be responsible for the loss of visible light transmission seen in calf lenses.
Charged fermion correlation functions in a lattice scalar-fermion model with global chiral U(1) symmetry

Abstract We construct a charged vectorial field in the global limit of a U(1) chiral lattice gauge theory and, using the hopping parameter expansion, calculate its propagator. We show that the doubler modes are removed and that it is possible to tune a bare Yukawa-like coupling to obtain a finite mass for this field in the continuum limit. Related results are given for the propagators of chiral fermions.
Angiotensin, carbachol and water deprivation: acquisition of the straight-alley approach response.

Summury.-The acquisition of the straight-alley approach response for water was studied among four motivational states: 23-hr. and 15-hr. water deprivation and carbachol and angiotensin brain stimulation of the lateral septal nucleus and subfornical organ. All subjects acquired the straight-alley response with the fastest speeds seen among 23-hr. water-deprived rats. These results support other findings that centrally induced drug conditions, like natural deprivation conditions, will support the acquisition of operant behaviors in rats. In recent years it has become evident that drinking in the rat may be affected by the injection of particular chemicals into the brain (Levitt, 1971). It is not clear, however, whether intracranial injections of dipsogens induce biochemical changes at the neural level which reflect the consequences of natural water deprivation. One approach to clarification of the uncertainties surrounding drinking following natural deprivation versus drinking induced by chemical injection of dipsogens has been to compare the behaviors of animals in a variety of experimental situations following chemical stimulation of the brain and natural deprivation. Khavari and Russell (1766) showed that injections of carbachol (a cholinergic agonist) into the rat's brain maintained a straight-alley approach response that was acquired on a 23%-hr. water-deprivation schedule. Since there was no difference in the consummatory responses following deprivation and brain stimulation, it was suggested that the direct application of cholinergic agonists to the brain has effects on neural processes and on behavior which are similar to the effects of water deprivation. Later studies have indicated that similar behavioral data can be obtained from brain-stimulated and waterdeprived rats when the amount of water consumed is equated for the respective experimental conditions (Johnson & Fisher, 1973a, 1773b; Krikstone & Levitt, 1974; Rolls, Jones, & Fallows, 1972). The present study attempted to extend the results of Khavari and Russell (1966) by comparing neural loci previously not tested with injections of two types of central dipsogens as they will support the acquisition of the straightalley approach response. The neural loci were the lateral septal nucleus and the subfornical organ; the dipsogens were carbachol and angiotensin. Each of these centrally elicited conditions was compared to 15-hr. and 23-hr. water deprivation in the straight alley.
Influence of lung volume on phrenic, hypoglossal and mylohyoid nerve activities.

Abstract In decerebrate, paralyzed cats, ventilated by a servo-respirator in accordance with phrenic nerve activity, we examined the influence of lung volume on the activities of the phrenic, hypoglossal and mylohyoid nerves. When lung inflation was briefly withheld, the durations of inspiration (T I ) and expiration (T E ) and the activities of all three nerves increased. The relative increase in hypoglossal activity greatly exceeded that of phrenic activity and was apparent earlier in the course o f inspiration. This hypoglossal response was enhanced by hypercapnia and isocapnic hypoxia. The responses of mylohyoid activity were quite variable: withholding lung inflation augmented insipiratory activity in some cats, but expiratory discharge in others. Sustained increases in end-expiratory lung volume were induced by application of 3–4 cm H2O of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). Steady-state PEEP did not influence nerve activities or the breathing pattern. Bilateral vagotomy increased T I , T E and the activities of all three nerves. No response to withholding lung inflation could be discerned after vagal section. The results provide further definition of the influence of vagally mediated, lung volume dependent reflexes on the control of upper airway muscles. These reflexes are well suited to relieve or prevent upper airway obstruction.
The contribution of statistical uncertainty and test anxiety to speech disruption

The present study examined the hypotheses that (a) there is a curvilinear relation between speech disruption and estimated uncertainty, and (b) there is no relation between speech disruption and levels of test anxiety. Ninety college undergraduates, classified on the basis of the Achievement Anxiety Test as high, medium, and low anxious, read aloud a set of passages ranging from a zero (most uncertain) to a seventh (least uncertain) order of statistical approximation to English. Speech disruption was scored in terms of a modification of Mahl's categories of non-Ah speech disturbances. An analysis of variance and trend analysis were used to test the hypotheses. The analyses yielded significant linear, quadratic and cubic components of the uncertainty trend, thus supporting the first hypothesis. A significant monotonic relationship was also found between levels of test anxiety and number of non-Ah disturbances. Thus, the second hypothesis was not confirmed. It was concluded that both uncertainty and anxiety play a role in the occurrence of speech disruption although a comparative evaluation of the relative influence of each is limited by the conditions of the experiment.
Exploratory study to decrease postprandial anxiety: Just relax!

Objective: Critical first steps in the treatment of anorexia nervosa (AN) include re-nutrition and weight restoration, both highly anxiety provoking for patients. We explored the impact of progressive muscle relaxation (PMR), guided imagery (GI), self-directed relaxation (SR), and control (C) on reducing postprandial anxiety in 64 females with AN. Method: Participants began the study upon hospital admission. They received relaxation training after lunch for 15 days. Pre- and post-session anxiety and treatment acceptability ratings were made daily. Results: Although all conditions improved relaxation and decreased anxiety, feelings of fullness, and thoughts about weight, the three active conditions significantly reduced anxiety and increased relaxation more than C (p < .0001). Participants significantly enjoyed the three active treatments, were more likely to recommend them to a friend, and were more likely to use either PMR or GI again versus C (p < .0001). Conclusion: Relaxation may be a valuable component for reducing postprandial anxiety in AN. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2008
Reaction Rate Prediction via Group Additivity, Part 2: H-Abstraction from Alkenes, Alkynes, Alcohols, Aldehydes, and Acids by H Atoms

The objective of this series of investigations is to develop procedures for predicting thermodynamically consistent generic rate rules for abstraction, addition, and isomerization reactions based o...
Distance-Dependent Electronic Interactions Across DNA Base Pairs: Charge Transport, Exciton Coupling, and Energy Transfer

The π-stacked bases of B-DNA constitute a helical ruler present nowhere else in nature. When two chromophores are placed at the ends of a base-pair domain with fixed orientations of their transition dipole moments, insertion of an additional base pair between the chromophores increases the distance between the chromophores by ca. 3.4 A and the angle between their transition dipoles by ca. 36°. The consequences of these changes on the dynamics and efficiency of photoinduced charge transport and upon exciton-coupled circular dichroism and fluorescence resonance energy transfer are discussed.