cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Local Research Catalyzes National Surgical Planning Comment on "Global Surgery - Informing National Strategies for Scaling Up Surgery in Sub-Saharan Africa".

In 2015 the Lancet Commission on Global Surgery (LCoGS) argued that surgical care is important to national health systems along with the economic viability of countries. Gajewski and colleagues outlined how the Commission’s blueprint has been implemented in sub-Saharan Africa, including two funded research projects that were integrated into national surgical plans. Here, we outline how the five processes proposed by Gajewski and colleagues are critical to integrate research, policy, and on-the-ground implementation. We also propose that, moving forward, the most pressing adjunct in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) may be a better characterization of rural surgical practices through rigorous research along with models that enable lessons to inform national policy.
High-grade transformation of papillary cystadenocarcinoma with p16 immunoreactivity arising from the base of tongue

Abstract Papillary cystadenocarcinoma (PCC) is a rare malignant salivary gland neoplasm that accounts for less than 0.2% of primary salivary gland tumors. These tumors are characterized by the presence of invasive cystic and ductal structures and well-defined papillary endophytic projections with or without mucin production. PCC are generally low-grade indolent tumors with relatively low rate of regional lymph node metastasis. Since malignant tumors are rare, we report a case of papillary cystadenocarcinoma at the base of tongue with focal high-grade transformation and p16 positive immunoreactivity in an 80-year-old male.
The residential leaseholder’s interest in construction operations

The owner of residential long leasehold can be significantly affected by construction operations to the building, whether during its initial construction or its subsequent repair, renovation or improvement. This paper aims to consider how a leaseholder has an interest in such construction operations and the extent to which this is taken into consideration in their procurement.,The paper is a general review of how construction law interfaces with property law interests, rights and obligations in the case of a residential leaseholder. The first part of the paper outlines the issues raised by construction operations. The second part of the paper queries the efficacy of any right of redress the leaseholder might have in respect of construction defects. The third part considers the limited nature of the leaseholder’s right to be consulted about construction operations. The paper is predominantly doctrinal in approach, although it references socio-legal research. The paper also contrasts the English law position with Australia.,The paper concludes that leaseholders have limited input into the procurement of construction operations despite their interest in them. Property law can be used to regulate construction law operations.,To date, the literature dealing specifically with the position of leaseholders, consultation obligations and construction operations has been limited. This paper brings together property law and construction law in analysing the findings of the Hackitt Report into the Grenfell Tower disaster.
Solar surfaces: A bad idea or tomorrow’s mainstream application?

Solar cells can be built directly into the things around us, but they generally aren’t. Is it a missed opportunity? In the early days of photovoltaic (PV) research, a mainstream opinion envisioned the future of PV as building-integrated and that utility-scale installations would be anomalies. As an example, in 1994, PowerLight introduced a solar roofing tile system, touting it as saving money (avoiding the cost of installing a conventional roof) while integrating PV into an attractive roof. However, today, utility-scale PV accounts for more than half of the world’s PV installations, and building-integrated PV (BIPV) is a niche market (with most rooftop systems being “buildingapplied” rather than “building-integrated”). This motivates the question: “Was integrating PV into the desired product a bad idea or is it an idea whose time has not yet come?” Many things have changed since the 1990s including microinverters and other power electronics, PV with lower temperature coefficients, and demonstration of PV as an accepted technology so that it is not such a risk to builders, potentially giving a fresh opportunity. In this article, we explore the potential value of integrating PV into surfaces and the challenges to achieving that value.
Human Safety and Pharmacokinetics Study of Orally Administered Icariin: Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial:

Preclinical literature suggests that icariin, a flavonoid found in Epimedium, may have potential for medical and psychiatric conditions. The objective of this study was to examine the safety, toler...
Ecosystem hydrologic and metabolic flashiness are shaped by plant community traits and precipitation

Abstract Understanding the hydrologic and carbon cycling consequences of precipitation variability in dryland ecosystems requires improved appreciation and accounting of how above- and belowground biophysical processes differ in their response to rainfall. Our objective was to contrast the sensitivity of dryland ecosystem evapotranspiration (ET), gross ecosystem productivity (GEP), and ecosystem respiration (Re) in response to inter- and intra-annual precipitation variability in a nearby grassland, savanna, and shrubland ecosystems in southeastern Arizona. To do this, we modified the Richards-Baker index, which quantifies the flashiness of a stream’s hydrograph, to calculate analogous indices of ecosystem hydrologic and metabolic flashiness. In this way, ecosystem flashiness describes the frequency and rapidity of short-term fluctuations in H2O and CO2 exchange in response to precipitation while preserving the sequence of day-to-day variation in fluxes using tower-based time-series of daily averaged ET, GEP and Re. We calculated annual hydrologic, GEP, and Re flashiness (fET, fGEP and fRe respectively) using 6 years of daily-averaged fluxes estimated from eddy covariance. In contrast to our prediction, annual fGEP was consistently greater than annual fRe. Furthermore, we predicted that increasing rooting depth would correlate with a decline in annual fET and fGEP. In fact, annual fGEP was similar between the grassland, savanna, and shrubland. Whereas the response of annual fET and fGEP to annual precipitation was plant community dependent and generally declined with increasing rainfall, annual fRe did not vary in response to precipitation. The effect of late summer storms on fGEP was plant community dependent such that shrubland fGEP and fRe strongly declined in response to rainfall whereas grassland and savanna fGEP was relatively unresponsive. Conceptually similar to hydrologic flashiness, ecosystem flashiness may provide an additional lens through which to observe the influence of resource availability, shifts in community composition, and disturbance on ecosystem hydrologic and carbon cycling.
Telemedicine Facilitation of Transfer Coordination From Emergency Departments.

Study objective Interhospital transfers are costly to patients and to the health care system. The use of telemedicine may enable more efficient systems by decreasing transfers or diverting transfers from crowded referral emergency departments (EDs) to alternative appropriate facilities. Our primary objective is to describe the prevalence of telemedicine for transfer coordination among US EDs, the ways in which it is used, and characteristics of EDs that use telemedicine for transfer coordination. Methods We used the 2016 National Emergency Department Inventory–USA survey to identify telemedicine-using EDs. We then surveyed all EDs using telemedicine for transfer coordination and a sample of EDs using telemedicine for other clinical applications. We used a multivariable logistic regression model to identify characteristics independently associated with use of telemedicine for transfer coordination. Results Of the 5,375 EDs open in 2016, 4,507 responded to National Emergency Department Inventory–USA (84%). Only 146 EDs used telemedicine for transfer coordination; of these, 79 (54%) used telemedicine to assist with clinical care for local admission, 117 (80%) to assist with care before transfer, and 92 (63%) for arranging transfer to a different hospital. Among telemedicine-using EDs, lower ED annual visit volume (odds ratio 5.87, 95% CI 2.79 to 12.36) was independently associated with use of telemedicine for transfer coordination. Conclusion Although telemedicine has potential to improve efficiency of regional emergency care systems, it is infrequently used for coordination of transfer between EDs. When used, it is most often to assist with clinical care before transfer.
How to Create Your Own Framework

This chapter describes several techniques to create new frameworks. Not every situation will have an off-the-shelf method ready for use. Even this book, which lists over 120 frameworks, does not cover every situation to be encountered. As such, one needs to know how to create custom solutions that are fit for purpose. Designing a new framework is a form of innovation and one can apply these principles to many situations. Energy strategists will encounter new problems where no framework exists to manage it. The strategists will need to analyze the system properties of the problem and try to craft their own boutique solution. As energy strategy, climate management, and sustainability are still fields in their infancy, there is still a strong demand for new tools.
Security Culture: Surveillance and Responsibilization in a Prisoner Reentry Organization:

As they have become increasingly common, prisoner reentry organizations have become a topic of interest to ethnographers, particularly those focused on race crime and justice. Reentry organizations...
Endovascular Therapy Is Effective Treatment for Focal Stenoses in Failing Infrapopliteal Grafts

METHODS: This is a retrospective review of endovascular procedures to preserve graft patency. Data were derived from a registry of catheter-based procedures for peripheral artery disease and review of records and angiographic images. Of 1554 arteriograms performed from 2006 to 2012, there were 44 interventions in 35 patients for failing bypass vein grafts to infrapopliteal target vessels. The first intervention for each patient was used in this analysis. Duplex ultrasound scanning (DUS) was routinely used within 30 days and at 3-6 month intervals for graft surveillance.
Design as aesthetic education: On the politics and aesthetics of learning environments:

The article, speaking from the double perspective of media history and political aesthetics, discusses the impact of behaviourism and early computer technology on the design of learning environment...
Lithium-Ion Batteries

Battery management is crucial for safe and efficient use of numerous kinds of electronics such as smartphones and laptops, and electric vehicles. Among several chemical materials used for electrodes of lithium-ion batteries, Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) has several attractive features as an active material in lithium-ion batteries such as thermal safety, high energy, and power density. LFP and other common active materials show unique charge–discharge characteristics due to an underlying crystallographic solid–solid phase transition. Electrochemical models for lithium-ion batteries with single phase materials do not allow to capture these unique characteristics and thus a mathematical description of phase transitions needs to be added to these models. Electrochemical models are of interest for the design of accurate estimation algorithms in battery management systems. Estimation algorithms based on these models provide visibility into operating regimes that induce degradation enabling a larger domain of operation, therefore increasing the performance of the battery in terms of energy capacity, power capacity, and fast charge rates. Electrochemical model-based estimation is challenging for several reasons. First, measurements of lithium concentrations outside specialized laboratory environments are impractical. Second, the concentration dynamics are governed by coupled and nonlinear partial differential algebraic equations (PDAE). Finally, the only measurable quantities (voltage and current) are related to dynamic states through a nonlinear function.
The Rise and Demise of the Absolute Dominion Doctrine for Groundwater

We live in a world with ever-greater water shortages. Shortages are driven by a combination of factors: growing human populations; increasing per capita water usage; and accelerating climate disruption. In coping with these shortages, groundwater will play a central role, if only because the greater part of fresh water on the planet Earth is found underground. As a result, we see greater and greater attention—including legal attention— given to groundwater across the United States. In many respects this is be-
The Case for a New Classification System for Summer Camps Based on Variation in Their Physical, Social, and Activity Structuring.

The camp community understands that participation in camp produces a variety of impacts; what is less understood are the causal mechanisms leading to outcomes. In the past, research on the camp experience treated causal mechanisms as monolithic; this commentary argues that a weakness in existing camp research is the assumption that “camp” is “camp” and that there is a lack of attention to how components of camp interact to produce valued developmental outcomes. Using two indices from complementary fields (Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment [HOME] and Healthy Sports Index [HSI]) as exemplars, a framework exploring variation in the elements of tri-dimensional offerings between camps is proposed. What the HOME index and HSI have established in other fields is what the camp community could have: a tool that initially helps researchers examine how the structural variations within and between individual camps may eventually help explain the quality and strength of outcomes for campers and counselors. Subscribe to JOREL
Safety and Efficacy of Telehealth Medication Abortions in the US During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

This cohort study examines the safety and efficacy of fully remote, asynchronous medication abortion care during the COVID-19 pandemic.
AN EVALUATION OF THE PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY OF EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURAL LAND DURING THE BERIOD (1981-2000)

The research aimed at studding the change that occurred on the productive efficiency of agricultural land in the various districts by comparing various classifications during the period (1981-2000) in order to assess the plans and program of soil improvement which help to guide farmers to the best use of their land to achieve the best cropping pattern from the point of view of the farmers and the society. As shedding light on the changes of the areas of the various production categories in the classification of 1986-1990 as compared with its counterpart of 1981-1985 of 1986-1990 as compared with its counterpart of 1981-1985 it was clear that the production changes of land resource were negative in the 1980th as the area of deterioration was 4.23 million feddan representing about 67% of the total cultivated area in that period. The ameliorated area in the same period was about 680 thousand feddan representing about 11% of the total cultivated area. The production changes were positive during the first period in the 1990th (1991-1995) as the deteriorated area was about 465 thousand feddan representing about 11% of its counterpart in the 1980th, while the seconded period in the 1990th (1996-2000) whereas negative as the area of deterioration was 958 thousand feddan representing about 23% of its counterpart in the 1980th. On the other side the improved area during the first and second period in the 1990th was 3.4, 1.6 million feddan respectively. Which representing about 5005, 235% of its counterpart in the 1980th respectively. The results of the research showed that policies of soil conservation and amelioration in the 1990th (1991-1995), (1996-2000) lead to the increase of the cultivated area by about 1.1 million feddans and 465 thousand feddan of the standard productivity respectively, as compared with 223 thousand feddan of the standard productivity in the 1980th, representing about 20%, 48% of its counterpart during the first and second period in the 1990th. As for the effect of productivity decline results showed that policies of soil improvement lead to unsuitable and undesirable effects on the cultivated area which lead to decline of 1.4 million feddan of the standard productivity in the 1980th, as compared with a decline of 121, 347 thousand feddan of the standard productivity during the first and second period in the 1990th respectively, representing about 9%, 25% of its counterpart in the 1980th. The research recommended to continue to activating the policies of soil conservation and amelioration to realize sustainable development of land resources and its reflections on agricultural export promotion and increasing the farm income and the national income.
Protooncogene Expression in Lymphoid Cells

The transformation of mammalian cells results, at least in part, from alterations in normal cellular genes known as protooncogenes. Approximately 40 protooncogenes have been identified to data based on (1) their homology to the transforming genes of particular retroviruses (abl, erb-A, erb-B, ets, fes/fps, fgr, fms, fos, mos, myb, myc, L-myc, N-myc, raf/mil, Ha-ras, Ki-ras, rel, ros, ski, sis, src, yes); (2) apparent involvement in nonrandom chromosomal translocations associated with various malignancies (bcl-1, bcl-2); (3) activation by retroviral integration involving a promoter/enhancer insertion mechanism (int-1, int-2, mlvi-l, mlvi-2, mlvi-3, pim-1, pim-2); (4) association with products of the transforming genes of particular DNA tumor viruses such as SV40 (p53); or (5) their ability to transform a susceptible target cell line, 3T3 fibroblast cells, following DNA-mediated gene transfer (B-lym, T-lym, neu, N-ras, tx-1, tx-2, tx-3, tx-4). Through alterations in their coding sequences, regulation of their expression, or both, these genes presumably have the potential to contribute to the neoplastic process—although this remains to be formally demonstrated for many of these purported protooncogenes (see Refs. 1, 4, 10, 20, 29 for review).
From Working Arm to Wetback: The Mexican Worker and American National Identity, 1942-1964

This thesis explores America’s treatment of the Mexican worker in the United States between 1942 and 1964, the years in which an international guest worker agreement between the United States and Mexico informally known as the Bracero Program was in place, and one in which heightened fears of illegal immigration resulted in Operation Wetback, one of the largest deportation programs in U.S. history. The Mexican worker’s experience during the bracero era brings to light core traits of American national identity, such as xenophobia and ethnocentrism, that today obstruct the United States’ ability to resolve its currently conflicted relationship with the Mexican worker.
Structural and functional characterization of monomeric soluble P-selectin and comparison with membrane P-selectin

P-selectin is an adhesion receptor for leukocytes on thrombin-activated platelets and endothelial cells. It contains a NH2-terminal carbohydrate-recognition domain, an epidermal growth factor motif, nine consensus repeats, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic tail. We expressed two soluble forms of P-selectin, one truncated after the ninth repeat (tPS) and the other lacking the transmembrane domain due to alternative RNA splicing (asPS). When visualized by electron microscopy, each was a monomeric rod-like structure with a globular domain at one end, whereas membrane P-selectin (mPS) from platelets formed rosettes with the globular domains facing outward. Sedimentation velocity and equilibrium studies confirmed that tPS and asPS were asymmetric monomers, whereas mPS was oligomeric. HL-60 cells adhered to immobilized tPS and asPS, although less efficiently than to mPS. 125I-Labeled tPS and asPS bound to approximately 25,000 sites/neutrophil and approximately 36,000 sites/HL-60 cell with an apparent Kd of 70 nM. Treatment of HL-60 cells with O-sialoglycoprotease eliminated the binding sites for asPS. We conclude that 1) P-selectin is a rigid, asymmetric protein; 2) monomeric soluble P-selectin binds to high affinity ligands with sialylated O-linked oligosaccharides on leukocytes; and 3) oligomerization of mPS enhances its avidity for leukocytes.
Transport Systems for Alanine, Serine, and Glycine in Escherichia coli K-12

At least two transport systems serve for the entry of alanine, glycine, and serine into Escherichia coli. One of these systems serves mainly for glycine, d-alanine, and d-serine and to some extent for l-alanine, whereas the second serves for l-alanine and perhaps l-serine. These two transport systems have been characterized by kinetic studies and by inhibition analysis. Reciprocal plots for l-alanine entry are distinctly biphasic, giving rise to Km values of about 2 and 27 μM. The major route of glycine entry can be described by a single Km value of about 4 μM. A higher Km value for glycine of around 70 to 100 μM shows that other routes of entry may serve at high concentrations of amino acid. The glycine, d-serine and d-alanine transport system is defective in a d-serine-resistant mutant, strain EM1302. The mutation, dagA, is recessive in dagA/dagA+ merodiploids and is 7 to 12% linked by phage P1 transduction to the pyrB locus of E. coli. E. coli with the dagA mutation are unable to utilize d-alanine as a carbon source, providing an additional basis for selecting such mutants. The remaining l-alanine uptake in dagA mutants is subject to inhibition by l-serine, l-threonine, and l-leucine. It is also sensitive to osmotic shock treatment and repressed by growth of the cells on l-leucine. It appears from a comparison of the properties of the second l-alanine system with those of the leucine, isoleucine, and valine system (LIV system) that the LIV system also serves for the transport of l-alanine and l-threonine and perhaps l-serine.
EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT PROBLEMS IN THE POSTSOVIET SPACE

The current global crisis can only be achieved through a more educated society. The EC’s innovation strategy is the expansion of the capacity of human resources in innovative activity; and the creation of knowledge and its practical application has an important role in knowledge management. The implementation of this strategy in the former-Soviet space is complex and has significant deficiencies. Production and dissemination of knowledge is characteristic of the former-Soviet countries, and is less focused on its practical use for a variety of reasons, among which the most important problems of mentality and language barriers still remain. The elimination of the abovementioned is available by means of creation of the right educational policy and knowledge management system. The most successful companies “understand” that the rejection of knowledge management would be an expensive cost for them. The paper analyzes the development of modern state education and shows the connection between education and development of knowledge management. The author also investigated basic education development problems and cause-effective relationship based on knowledge management and conceptual model of knowledge management is presented. In the final part of the paper the author gives education-related recommendations for problem solution in the former-Soviet space.
Growth, developmental and stress responses of larvae of the clouded sulphur butterfly Colias eriphyle to repeated exposure to high, sub-lethal temperatures

The optimal temperature at which an organism grows and develops is commonly correlated with latitude and elevation; however, the maximum temperature for physiological performance often is not. This makes performance at temperatures between the optimum and the maximum of particular interest. Temperature can influence long-term performance (growth and development), as well as short-term performance (heat shock protein) responses differentially. In the present study, two populations of the clouded sulphur butterfly Colias eriphyle Edwards that differ in elevation, thermal regime and optimal and maximum temperatures are studied to quantify their responses to repeated, sub-lethal heat treatments early in development (second instar). Heat treatments accelerate development during the second to fourth instars in both populations initially, although this effect disappears by pupation. Heat treatment decreases pupal mass in the lower elevation population, suggesting that repeated exposure to high temperatures early in development may reduce final size and fecundity in this population. Heat shock protein gene (hsp70) expression levels in the lower elevation (1633 m a.s.l.) population are highest 24 h after the start of the heat treatment and then the fall to pre-exposure levels by 36–72 h, suggesting a rapid response to stressful temperatures. By contrast, heat treatment has no significant effect on pupal mass in the higher elevation (2347 m a.s.l.) population. This population has higher levels of hsp70 expression overall but constant expression levels, suggesting that the temperature treatments used are insufficient to elicit a heat stress response. Overall, the effects of repeated exposure to sub-lethal high temperatures early in development on growth, final size and gene expression differ between populations that differ in thermal sensitivity.
Dysplasia in Barrett Esophagus Implications for Chemoprevention

BACKGROUND Dysplasia in Barrett esophagus is a premalignant condition that is associated with an increased risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma. Unfortunately, clinical investigation aimed at prevention of progression to malignant disease has been hampered by the variable prevalence of dysplasia reported in the literature. The objective of the current study was to more accurately determine the prevalence of dysplasia among individuals with Barrett esophagus who would be available for enrollment in a chemoprevention trial. METHODS The pathology archives of 3 institutions were reviewed over a 5-year period for all reports of diagnoses of Barrett esophagus. Surgical cases, malignancies, and duplicate or referral cases were excluded from the analysis. RESULTS A total of 790 cases of Barrett esophagus were identified. Of these, 37 (4.7%) were cases of low-grade dysplasia (LGD), and 20 (2.5%) were cases of high-grade dysplasia. The University of Michigan Medical Center (Ann Arbor, MI) diagnosed 18 cases of LGD, Henry Ford Hospital (Detroit, MI) diagnosed 15 cases of LGD, and Brigham and Women's Hospital (Boston, MA) diagnosed 4 cases of LGD in patients with Barrett esophagus over the 5-year study period. CONCLUSIONS The confirmed low prevalence of cases of LGD will affect the design of future clinical trials of chemopreventive interventions for Barrett esophagus. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
SOME FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS OF SOLIDIFICATION IN A SUPERCOOLED MELT

A model of dendritic growth in both supercooled pure and alloy melts is presented. In a pure melt, dendrite morphology is determined by the value of the dimensionless parameter sigma = 2 alpha (L)d(o)/sq Rr(t) whereas, in an alloy melt it is determined by the parameter sigma = 2 lambda (c)D(L)/sq Rr(t). The application of the above analysis to cylindrical and spherical growth morphologies obtained in highly supercooled melts has been discussed. An upper and lower bound for the particle or tip radius in this case has been obtained in terms of the growth rate and the initial bath supercooling.
News Shocks, Price Levels, and Monetary Policy

This paper presents a model in which improvement in the future TFP is, on impact, associated with increases in consumption, stock prices, and real wages, and decreases in GDP, investment, hours worked, and inflation. These predictions are consistent with empirical findings of Barsky and Sims. The model features research and development, sticky nominal wages, and the monetary authority responding to inflation and consumption growth. Empirically, the proposed policy rule fits the actual Federal Funds rate as closely as an alternative policy rule responding to inflation and GDP growth. Theoretically, it nicely reduces distortion due to the nominal wage stickiness. JEL Classification: E00, E30, E52; Key Words: news shock, R&D, inflation, sticky wages, monetary policy
When Labels Mask Oppression: Implications for Teaching Psychiatric Taxonomy to Mental Health Counselors

Mental health counseling programs have an ethical responsibility to teach students to think about the sociopolitical context in which behaviors become understood as symptoms of mental disorders. Elaborating on this idea, the author discusses the importance of critical thinking and of adopting a reflective comportment when mental health counselors are engaged in the process of psychiatric diagnosis. Specific suggestions for helping mental health counselors in training develop critical thinking skills and apply them to psychiatric diagnosis are identified.
Parallel Multilevel Algorithms for Multi-Constraint Graph Partitioning

Sequential multi-constraint graph partitioners have been developed to address the load balancing requirements of multi-phase simulations. The efficient execution of large multi-phase simulations on high performance parallel computers requires that the multi-constraint partitionings are computed in parallel. This paper presents a parallel formulation of a recently developed multi-constraint graph partitioning algorithm. We describe this algorithm and give experimental results conducted on a 128-processor Cray T3E. We show that our parallel algorithm is able to efficiently compute partitionings of similar edge-cuts as serial multi-constraint algorithms, and can scale to very large graphs. Our parallel multi-constraint graph partitioner is able to compute a three-constraint 128-way partitioning of a 7.5 million node graph in about 7 seconds on 128 processors of a Cray T3E.
Polymerization of hemoglobin S: Quinary interactions of Glu-43(β)

Abstract Hemoglobin S (HbS) Hoshida and three substituted forms of HbS Hoshida (the substituents being on the amide nitrogen of Gln-43(β)) have been prepared by the amidation of Glu-43(β) of HbS with ammonia, methylamine, glycine ethyl ester, and galactosamine. The O2 affinity of HbS is increased slightly on amidation of Glu-43(β). All the four amidated derivatives exhibited nearly the same oxygen affinity. On the other hand, the influence of amidation on the solubility exhibits some sensitivity to the chemical nature of the substituent on the Gln-43(β). The solubility of HbS Hoshida (a case with no substitution on Gln-43(β)), and the methyl-substituted derivatives are about 33 and 36% higher than that of HbS. The solubility of the HbS modified with the glycine ethyl ester or galactosamine is increased to 41 and 47%, respectively. The first derivative UV spectra of HbS Hoshida and its methyl derivative reflect very little perturbations in their α1β2 interface as compared with that of HbS, whereas the amidated derivatives with larger substituents on Gln-43(β) reflected noticeable differences. Thus, the increase in the solubility and the oxygen affinity of HbS on the amidation of Glu-43(β) is primarily a consequence of the loss of the negative charge at 43(β), a residue proximal to the α1β2 interface. The copolymerization studies of amidated HbS with HbA, and HbS with amidated HbA demonstrate that cis Glu-43(β) is the “active” residue. This assignment is discrepant with the earlier implication of a trans configuration for this residue in the polymer (Edelstein, S. J. (1981) J. Mol. Biol. 150, 557-575). However, it is consistent with the solution studies of Nagel et al. (Nagel, R. L., Bookchin, R. M., Johnson, J., Labie, D., Wajcman, H., Isaac-Sodeye, W. A., Honig, G. R., Schiliro, G., Crookstan, J. H., and Matsutomo, K.(1979) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 76, 670-672) and McCurdy et al. (McCurdy, P. R., Lorkin, P. A., Casey, R., Lehmann, H., Uddin, D. E., and Dickson, L. G.(1974) Am. J. Med. 57, 665-760).
Housing on the Nebraska Indian reservations

Thanks to a recent study, there is a good overview of the various policies and programmes as they relate to housing for American Indians. However, there is no comparable study showing how such policies and programmes take effect at the local, reservation level. ’ Consequently, this paper will be an attempt to give the reader a view of federal housing policies and programmes at the reservation level, with special reference to the three reservations in the State of Nebraska.
The process of designing interior textile products & the influence of Design for the Environment (DfE)

This study examined the processes involved in the design of interior textile products, with emphasis upon processes undertaken by designers’ who are committed to a Design for the Environment (DfE) orientation. Handfield et al. (IEEE TEM 48:189–208, 2001) model of product design and development provided a context by which to explore inclusion of environmental performance criteria within the design process. Data were collected through interviews with twelve professional designers of interior textile products. Analyses revealed six themes or stages in the design process for interior textile products: resources and research, consumer need and trend identification, inspiration, creative exploration, product samples, and design completion. DfE-oriented designers and conventional designers did not differ in their narratives regarding design process however, the focus and scope of decision-making within each theme or stage allowed for an additional component to the DfE-oriented design and development process of interior textile products.
Military recruit training as an environmental context affecting expectancies for control of reinforcement

Marine Corps recruit training was selected as an ideal environment in which to study expectancy changes associated with intense psychological and physical demands. Life experiences, demographic and aptitude factors, and training unit environments were examined for their effects on locus of control expectancies. In all, 556 male Marine recruits were administered a locus of control scale and a measure of previous life experiences upon their arrival at the training site. In addition, demographic, aptitude, and performance data were obtained from training unit archives. Training unit environments were classified according to unit attrition rate and used as a three-level blocking factor in analyses of expectancy change. As hypothesized, pretraining expectancies were significantly associated with past life experiences and were related to success in training. Expectancy changes were significantly influenced by training unit environments, as recruits in high attrition units became more external while those in low and medium attrition units became more internal, particularly if they had high levels of previous negative life experiences. The nature of training unit environments is discussed, along with the beneficial aspects of the rigors of training for particular populations.
Mechanism responsible for release of toxin by Metarrhizium spores in mosquito larvae.

Abstract Digestion of Metarrhizium anisopliae spores is responsible for the release of encapsulated fungal toxins into the gut of mosquito larvae. The onset of symptoms of intoxication and subsequent death of the larvae is correlated with the total number of spores digested by the larvae. The necessity for the target insect to actively ingest and digest spores before intoxication can occur suggests that methods utilizing the pathogenicity rather than the toxicity of Metarrhizium are more promising for use in the biological control of insects.
Share repurchases and institutional supply

Abstract Consistent with the predictions of Brennan and Thakor's (1990) model of shareholder preferences, we find that, on average, institutional shareholders are net sellers during share repurchases. After controlling for liquidity provision and characteristics investing, we find that a one standard deviation increase in share repurchases during a given quarter is associated with a 0.11 standard deviation decrease in institutional investor demand. We estimate that 37% of the inverse relation is attributed to institutional investors executing liquidity provision strategies, 8% is explained by institutions reacting to the investment characteristics signaled by a repurchasing firm. We attribute the majority, 55%, to the information asymmetry between institutions and individual investors. This work is one of the first to exploit the SEC mandate requiring firms to report the actual number of shares they repurchase each quarter, beginning in 2004. Using actual number of shares repurchased, we find evidence of institutional investors increasing their selling as firms increase their repurchasing. This finding is robust to models of endogeneity and autocorrelation in share repurchases and institutional investor trading.
The Diffuse Interstellar Cloud Experiment (DICE): opto-mechanical design

We have designed a sounding rocket payload to perform high resolution far ultraviolet (FUV) spectroscopy. The payload will contain a modified Rowland spectrograph, achieving resolution (λ/δ λ) of 60,000 by adding a magnifying secondary optic. We will use this instrument to observe two stars on opposing sides of the Local Bubble wall. Obtaining spectra of the O VI doublet in absorption towards these stars will provide new insight into the processes governing hot gas near the cavity wall.
Group Analysis of Masses and Spins in Curved Space-Time: Cosmological and Experimental Consequences

Recent developments in spontaneously broken gauge theories as well as in group analysis of masses and spins in curved space-time indicate that rest masses may change as a function of cosmic time. Such as effect is incompatible with standard cosmological models. A set of cosmological models that incorporate mass variation is introduced. These cosmological models are shown to be fully compatible with the group analysis, yielding exactly the same formula; they are used therefore as a theoretical testing ground for the hypothesis of mass variation. The following consequences of this hypothesis are obtained: (1) Cosmological red-shifts are shown to correspond to a contracting, rather than expanding, universe. (2) The effects of mass variation on planetary orbits are calculated; they are not precluded by the data. Conclusive experimental evidence is expected within a few years.
The Moving Plane Inhomogeneity Boundary with Transformation Strain

Within the context of linear elastodynamics, the radiated fields (including inertia) for a plane inhomogeneous inclusion boundary with transformation strain (or eigenstrain), moving in general motion under applied loading, have been obtained on the basis of Eshelby’s equivalent inclusion method, by using the strain field of a moving homogeneous inclusion boundary previously obtained. This dynamic strain field, obtained from the dynamic Green’s function (for an isotropic material), is unique, and has as initial condition the limit of the spherical Eshelby inclusion, as the radius tends to infinity, which is the minimum energy solution for the half-space inclusion. With the equivalent dynamic eigenstrain (which is dependent on the velocity of the boundary), the radiated fields for the inhomogeneous plane inclusion boundary can be obtained, and from them the driving force on the moving boundary can be computed, consisting of a self-force (which is the rate of mechanical work (including inertia) required to create an incremental region of inhomogeneity with eigenstrain), and of a Peach-Koehler force associated with the external loading. While for an expanding plane homogeneous inclusion boundary the Peach-Koehler force is independent of the boundary velocity, in the case of an inhomogeneous one it is not.
Modeling vibrational spectra of amino acid side chains in proteins: Effects of chloride and bromide counterions on ethylguanidino vibrational frequencies

Ethylguanidinium salts in nonpolar medium offer a model of arginine side chains in halorhodopsin, a chloride transport agent. Identification of halide-sensitive vibrational modes may make possible a more detailed understanding of the environments of the arginine in biological systems. We report studies of the effects on the structure and vibrational spectra of the guanidinium cation arising from alkyl substitution, the presence of the counterion, and immersion in a polarizable medium. We used restricted Hartree–Fock and the Becke–Perdew 86 implementation of density functional theory, expressed in a 6-31 G* Gaussian basis, which give slightly differing accounts of the strength of interaction with the counterion and the structural consequences of the counterion on the guanidino core. We represented the solvent by the Onsager self-consistent reaction field, a cavity-continuum model. The medium moderated the counterion effects in a plausible way. We carried out density functional calculations on the vibrational spectrum of ethylguanidinium chloride and bromide and isotopic variants. Calculated frequencies for ethylguanidinium chloride and bromide closely match experimental data on CN stretching modes and approximate the small observed shifts arising from halogen substitution. Frequencies for isotopically substituted species reflect the direction and relative magnitudes of known substituted species. Our estimates of 2D- and 15N-isotopic shifts suggest that there are vibrational modes which, for suitably substituted arginine systems, will be usefully diagnostic of their environment. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 74: 291–297, 1999
ION-MOLECULE CHEMISTRY OF BF3 IN CLUSTERS : MASS SPECTROMETRIC AND AB INITIO COMPUTATIONAL STUDY OF BNF3N-1+

Boron trifluoride clusters are formed in a supersonic expansion and ionized by electron impact. The resulting ion distribution is analyzed by time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The only consistently observed, extended series of peaks in EI of BF3 clusters is BnF3n-1+. Ab initio modeling of these ions informs our speculation regarding their internal structure and ion−molecule chemistry involved in their formation. Formation of B2F5δ+ is computationally predicted to occur in all of the cluster ions we observe (n = 2−8) except B3F8+. BF4δ- units are evident in the predicted structure of B8F23+.
A new technique for jointly optimizing gate sizing and supply voltage in ultra-low energy circuits

Mobile applications with battery lifetimes on the order of thousands of days have placed stringent energy requirements on circuits. In this paper, we propose a new energy optimization technique for ultra-low energy circuits operating in the subthreshold regime. Our technique uses simultaneous gate sizing and supply voltage scaling to reduce energy. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our technique on benchmark circuits and offer insight on the roles of the timing distribution and wire capacitance in determining the achievable energy reductions.
Trends in cellular and cordless communications

The evolution of wireless information networks is traced from the present first generation systems to next century's third generation. The third generation is envisioned as a unified wireless access replacing the diverse and incompatible second-generation networks with a single means of wireless access to advanced information services. Four issues are examined: the goal a network is designed to achieve, network architecture, radio transmission technology, and the control channels that make it possible for wireless terminals and the remainder of the network to coordinate their operations. In the framework of these issues, present networks are described; the properties of four second-generation networks, GSM, IS-54, CT2, and DECT, are cited; and early work in progress at the Rutgers WINLAB is described. The latter is a packet-reservation multiple-access scheme that can be viewed as a combination of TDMA and slotted ALOHA. >
Regional brain expression of serotonin transporter mRNA and its regulation by reuptake inhibiting antidepressants

Regional expression and antidepressant drug-induced regulation of mRNA encoding the serotonin (5-HT) transporter were studied in rat brain. While 5-HT transporter mRNA is abundantly expressed in the midbrain raphe complex, lower concentrations were also found in frontal cortex, hippocampus, and neostriatum using a combination of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Southern hybridization, and sequence analysis. Long-term administration of antidepressants which inhibit 5-HT reuptake, but not monoamine oxidase inhibitors or 5-HT receptor agonists, decrease 5-HT transporter mRNA steady-state concentrations. Based on these observations, we conclude that (1) mRNA coding for the 5-HT transporter is present in several brain areas associated with ascending HT pathways, and (2) chronic treatment with reuptake inhibiting antidepressants may be associated with regulation of the 5-HT transporter at the level of gene expression which may contribute to the neuroadaptive mechanisms that likely underlie their therapeutic efficacy.
Possibility of relative position sensing by using double phase-conjugate resonators

Abstract We propose and analyze the possibility of using double phase-conjugate resonators as linear relative-position sensors. Such position sensors are linear analogs to ring laser gyros, but require optical phase conjugation for their operation. In principle,a position sensor as proposed allows measurement of the linear position of a platform relative to an inertial frame in which an optical standing wave has been established. The relative position sensing is based on the inertial nature of the electromagnetic radiation.
An ethidium-induced double helix of poly(dA)-poly(rU)

Equilibrium dialysis, relaxation kinetic, melting, and continuous variation mixing experiments on complexes of poly(dA) and poly(rU) demonstrate that ethidium induces conversion of a 1:1 mixture of these homopolymers (at one molar salt and 19 degrees C) from a three stranded to a two stranded helix. This is the first demonstration of a double helix of poly(dA)-poly(rU) in solution.
Effect of dissipative aerodynamic torque on satellite rotation.

An analysis is given of the effect on the rotation of a satellite of torque caused by differences in the velocities with respect to the atmosphere of different portions of the rotating satellite body. This torque causes secular variations in the magnitude of the satellite angular momentum, precession rate, spin rate, and coning angle. Approximate expressions are developed for these quantities as functions of time for a satellite having the shape of a slim circular cylinder, and a criterion is given for the evolution of the rotational motion into pure tumble or pure spin. The method of analysis is applicable to satellites of other shapes having two of the principal moments of inertia equal.
Hormonally-regulated neuron death in the avian brain

Abstract Birdsong is a sexually dimorphic behavior and neuronal populations contributing to song usually are larger in males than in females. Gonadal steroids establish these sex differences in part by promoting neuron survival during an early sensitive period, thereby preserving neural circuits for song behavior. Also, in at least one species gonadal hormones are implicated in the seasonal death and replacement of song-related neurons that accompanies the yearly restructuring of song. In this review the role of neuron death in establishing and reorganizing the song system is discussed, and an attempt is made to understand how sexual differentiation may utilize and/or interact with trophic effects exerted by afferents and efferent targets.