cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accumulation and polysomal recruitment of transcripts in response to desiccation and rehydration of the moss Tortula ruralis

In a continuing effort to understand vegetative desiccation tolerance in poikilohydric plants we have isolated cDNA clones that represent transcripts involved in the response of the desiccation-tolerant moss Tortula ruralis to desiccation and rehydration. These clones were used in Northern analyses to determine the expression characteristics of the represented transcripts following the desiccation and rehydration of the moss gametophytes. The clones were classified into three groups; hydration, recovery and constitutive, according to their recruitment into polysomal fractions in response to the treatment
Intraoperative Application of Intraaortic Balloon Counterpulsation Determined by Clinical Monitoring of the Endocardial Viability Ratio

Abstract Persistent unrecognized subendocardial ischemia with development of subendocardial necrosis is a major cause of patient death following cardiopulmonary bypass. The lesion is caused by a discrepancy between the oxygen needs of subendocardial muscle and the available blood supply. If sole reliance is placed upon monitoring conventional vital signs, the more subtle factors contributing to decreased blood flow may go unrecognized. Reported studies have confirmed that the adequacy of subendocardial perfusion can be predicted by calculating the supply/demand ratio, defined as the ratio of the diastolic pressure-time index (DPTI) divided by the systolic pressure-time index (TTI). An analog computer was designed and built that measures the area under the systolic and diastolic component, calculates the DPTI/TTI ratio, and digitally displays the result as the endocardial viability ratio (EVR). The EVR was used to determine the adequacy of left ventricular subendocardial blood flow in 64 consecutive patients undergoing cardiac operations. Unidirectional intraaortic balloon counterpulsation (IABC) was utilized in 14 patients with 9 long-term survivors. The difference in mean EVR between survivors and nonsurvivors at the initiation of balloon support was statistically significant. Early application of unidirectional IABC when subendocardial ischemia persists following open cardiac procedures may prevent deterioration to subendocardial necrosis with subsequent morbidity or mortality.
Automatic construction of a minimum size motion graph

Motion capture data have been used effectively in many areas of human motion synthesis. Among those, motion graph-based approaches have shown great promise for novice users due to their ability to generate long motions and the fully automatic process of motion synthesis. The performance of motion graph based approaches, however, relies heavily on selecting a good set of motions used to build the graph. This motion set needs to contain enough motions to achieve good connectivity and smooth transitions. At the same time, the motion set needs to be small for fast motion synthesis. Manually selecting a good motion set that achieves these requirements is difficult, especially given that motion capture databases are growing larger to provide a richer variety of human motions. Therefore we propose an automatic approach to select a good motion set. We cast the motion selection problem as a search for a minimum size subgraph from a large motion graph representing the motion capture database and propose an efficient algorithm, called the Iterative Sub-graph Algorithm, to find a good approximation to the optimal solution. Our approach especially benefits novice users who desire simple and fully automatic motion synthesis tools, such as motion graph-based techniques.
Agriculture and biological conservation

Abstract Since its beginning about ten thousand years age, agriculture has spread steadily around the world to become a dominant form of land management on all continents. Agricultural practices have affected the welfare of many organisms other than the primary targets of its manipulations. Prior to the 1960's, with the slow rate at which new land was brought under cultivation, there was little concern about the relation between agriculture and conservation. Low intensity agricultural management systems allowed survival of nontarget economic species which also gave relatively higher value to their indirect benefits (recreational, aesthetic, economic). But the dramatic increase in intensity of management and capital investment in agriculture after World War II heralded in a new era in which the multiple use of the land declined as the intensity of management, and, hence, the value of the market crop, increased. Little attention has been paid to ways changes in agricultural practices might have beneficial consequences for conservation. Agricultural practices can be used as key experimental variables and as laboratories to provide conservation biology with systems to investigate many ecological processes. The goal of the discussion is to provide an overview of conservation biology and agriculture and the relationships that could help determine how agricultural objectives and practices could be modified to enhance the conservation of biological resources for the long-term viability of agriculture. Traditional and modern technological practices both can contribute to the development of new systems. A provisional classification of organisms is offered to assist in the analysis of the interactions between agricultural practices and the organisms. Agricultural systems are classified into monoculture, mixed farming, pastures and rangelands, forestry, intensive animal production systems, and integrated systems. An identification of key techniques and practices within each type of agriculture, the spatial scale of agriculture, lead to a clarification of how agricultural operations could be changed and how such changes would affect non-target species, management options, and research opportunities.
Vacuum fluctuations of a confined massive field in two dimensions

Abstract The zero-point energy of a massive scalar field confined to a two-dimensional M. I. T. bag model, is calculated. Since the cutoff sum over modes cannot be explicitly summed, the Green's function method, developed earlier, is applied. The Green's function is constructed by two different methods and the results compared. Divergences which occur when the cutoff is removed can be absorbed into a redefinition of the bag constant. The effect of the remaining finite piece of the zero-point energy on the bag energy spectrum is studied.
Some aspects of Saint Venant's principle

Abstract When self-equilibrating tractions act on an edge of a rectangle, the stresses decay exponentially with distance from the loaded edge. This decay is illustrated for a number of important cases. Results are also given for the half plane loaded by self-equilibrating edge tractions. In this case the stresses decay as integral powers of the distance. The paper concludes with an illustration of the effect on the maximum stress of the rapidity of shear traction variation.
DEVELOPMENT OF NONINVASIVE VELOCITY FLOW VIDEO URODYNAMICS USING DOPPLER SONOGRAPHY. PART II: CLINICAL APPLICATION IN BLADDER OUTLET OBSTRUCTION

AbstractObjectives: We have developed a totally noninvasive urodynamic technique based on the concept of Doppler sonography, which was tested in men with and without bladder outlet obstruction.Materials and Methods: An ultrasonic image directed Doppler system with a 3.75 MHz. micro-convex electro-probe was operated transperineally using a specially devised remote control robotic holder. Uroflow rates from the urethral meatus were also measured with a flowmeter. The color Doppler ultrasound image and digital flow velocity data were processed by a personal computer. Color scale data were analyzed by customized software. Multiple rectangle sample volumes could be set in any size in any position, and the resulting color encoded data were averaged. Calculation was performed every 0.5 second and a flow velocity curve in the region of interest was obtained. A total of 12 men, 6 without (controls) and 6 with bladder outlet obstruction, were evaluated by conventional pressure flow study and the new Doppler ultraso...
Desorption of halogenated organics from model solids, sediments, and soil under unsaturated conditions. 1. Isotherms.

The mechanisms controlling desorption rates from soils and sediments were investigated by measuring TCE desorption kinetics from model solids, sediments, and soil under unsaturated conditions at 100% relative humidity. A new experimental methodology enabled measurement of desorption rates over more than 7 orders of magnitude and revealed that intraparticle pores of molecular dimensions may be responsible for the slow release of sorbed contaminants. Desorption kinetics proceeded on two distinct time scales, and all solids had both a fast and slowly released fraction. The amount of slow desorbing TCE was found to depend on the initial vapor concentration, but not in direct proportion. At TCE vapor concentrations near saturation, the fast fraction comprised the majority of the sorbed TCE and required less than 10 min for desorption, whereas the slow desorbing fraction was released over periods of months to years. Although model solids with uniform pore and particle sizes were used, a pore diffusion model was not adequate to describe both the fast and slow desorbing fractions. The measured physical properties of the solids were not useful for making a priori predictions and, in comparisons among the solids, did not correlate with the amount and the rate of slowly released TCE.more » The Freundlich isotherm exponents correlated with the fraction of slowly released TCE, but isotherm nonlinearity was not sufficient to account for the dual rate behavior. 27 refs., 18 figs., 5 tabs.« less
SU-E-J-190: A Possible Non-Typical Measurement in Dynamic Contrast MRI for Brain Tumor Therapy Response Evaluation.

Purpose: Dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) MRI technique can be used for braintumor therapy response evaluation. However, the typical modeling (Eqs.1) is sometimes problematic in the vicinity of tumor due possibly to the disrupted microvascular environment associated with the disease. The example is well illustrated in Fig.1B, where some MRItime series curves (TSC) keep increasing beyond the baseline value after some time points, which is theoretically prohibited in the typical modeling. This behavior is not related to other systemic error such as motion or system instability, which can be verified by the steady TSC from a CSF region (Fig.1C).To improve the utility of DSC‐MRI even in the problematic, but highly interested, regions of the brain, the non‐complying TSC was assumed legitimate and its increase rate, linked to the degree of contrast's leakage, was analyzed.Methods: DSC‐MRI (with manually injected multihance, 0.2 ml/kg) was applied for high grade braintumor before and after radiation therapy. The scan technique was based on T2*‐weighted PRESTO implemented on a Philips 1.5T scanner. The analysis of TSC was performed using an in‐house software developed in MATLAB. Results: The TSCs from several regions of interest (ROI) were obtained (Fig.1). Before radiation therapy, those from ROIs A and C increase beyond the baseline after about 60 frame that coincides with the passage of contrast in other complying TSC. The slope of increasing TSC was determined as shown in Figs. 1B and 1D. After therapy (Fig 1D), the compliance of TSC in ROI C to the typical modeling was quite improved and the degree of leakage shown as slope, as well as the area of leakage (Fig 2), decreased after the therapy, suggesting the therapy possibly repaired the leakage. Conclusion: A non‐typical measurement was introduced to improve DSC‐MRI's utility in the braintumor therapy monitoring. American Cancer Society Institutional Research Grant/Upstate Cancer Research Institute
A single-point mutation converts the highly amyloidogenic human islet amyloid polypeptide into a potent fibrillization inhibitor

Aggregation and amyloid formation play critical roles in a range of human diseases including type 2 diabetes. Islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP or amylin) is responsible for amyloid formation in type 2 diabetes. In vitro, IAPP is one of the most amyloidogenic naturally occurring polypeptide sequences known. Thus the development of effective inhibitors of IAPP amyloid formation is extremely challenging. We demonstrate that a single-point mutant, I26P, converts IAPP from a highly amyloidogenic polypeptide into a potent inhibitor of amyloid formation. The mutant exerts pronounced effects on amyloid fibril formation by wild-type IAPP even at an equimolar ratio. Fluorescence detected thioflavin-T binding assays, circular dichroism, and transmission electron microscopy demonstrate that the I26P inhibits amyloid formation by wild-type IAPP, lengthening the lag phase by almost 20 fold and reducing significantly the amount of aggregated material generated. The potential mode of action of the inhibitor is discussed.
Cattle generalise visual cues from the pen to the field to select initial feeding patches

Abstract Free-grazing ruminants forage in environments containing multiple levels of complexity; the forage selection process operates at the landscape scale, when selecting feeding sites, and at the plant part level when selecting actual bites. Pen trials have shown that livestock associate visual cues with feeding sites, however, no field study has shown that animals generalise from training with visual cues in pens in order to choose feeding sites in the field. Our study tested nine beef heifers’ ability to generalise a learned visual cue association to select feeding sites in a rangeland setting offering a novel forage, Lehmann lovegrass (LL). Initially, animals were trained to associate high quality feed with a visual cue during pen trials. We then tested animal response to the cue before and after they gained 14-day grazing experience with LL. Two identical field experiments (i.e., novel, before animals had experienced foraging LL versus familiar, after the animals had 14-day grazing experience with LL) were conducted over 3-day periods. Each experiment consisted of 27, 10-min trials. Animals were tested in plots containing high quality (HQ) and low quality (LQ) LL patches. For each trial, one of three randomly selected scenarios was presented: (1) the visual cue was placed in the HQ patch, (2) the visual cue was placed in the LQ patch, or (3) no visual cue was placed in either patch. Dependent variables were first patch-type chosen, bite rate in each patch, and number of observations of grazing in each patch. Cue presence influenced initial patch choice, bite rate, and grazing tallies within patch type. Heifers took 212 more HQ bites than LQ bites when the cue was placed in the HQ patch ( P P P
Enzymatic Digestion of Eye and Brain Tissues of Sockeye and Coho Salmon and Dusky Rockfish Commercially Harvested in Alaska

Potential feed ingredients with high lipid content were made by enzymatic digestion followed by centrifugation of eye tissue from dusky rockfish (Sebastes ciliatus), coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), and sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), and brain tissue from sockeye salmon. Supernatant fractions contained significant levels of docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid and were essentially pure triacyglycerides. For the digest of sockeye salmon brain tissue, the lipids were mainly composed of phospholipids (74%) and sterols (22%). Assays for amino acid profiles and mineral content of the precipitant layers were also performed.
Heterogeneous and catalytic uptake of ozone on mineral oxides and dusts: A Knudsen cell investigation

[1] The uptake of ozone on various mineral powders has been studied using a Knudsen cell apparatus at T = 296 K. Samples included α-Al2O3, α-Fe2O3, SiO2, China loess and Saharan sand. Reactive uptake coefficients, γBET, were measured for the various particles and found to be 8 ± 5 × 10−5 for α-Al2O3, 1.8 ± 0.7 × 10−4 for α-Fe2O3 and 5 ± 3 × 10−5 for SiO2. The authentic dust samples were found to have γBET values of 2.7 ± 0.9 × 10−5 for China loess and 6 ± 3 × 10−5 for Saharan sand. Variations in the reactivity of the Saharan sand were observed as a function of sample treatment. Under the conditions of this study, heterogeneous uptake of ozone is catalytic and results in the destruction of ozone.
A software tool for the automatic synthesis of minimally restrictive liveness enforcing supervisory policies for a class of general Petri net models of manufacturing- and service-systems

We consider liveness enforcing supervisory policies (LESPs) for a class of Petri net (PN) structures that model automated manufacturing systems that are prone to livelocks. This class is identified by the property that the existence of an LESP for an instance initialized with a marking implies the existence of an LESP when the same instance is initialized with a larger marking. If a minimally restrictive LESP prevents the occurrence of a transition at some marking for an instance, then every LESP for the instance should prevent the occurrence of the transition for the same marking. There is a unique minimally restrictive LESP for a PN that has an LESP. After reviewing the relevant theory, this paper describes the implementation details of a procedure for the automatic synthesis of the minimally restrictive LESP for any instance from the aforementioned class.
Poly(ethylene glycol) ligands for high-resolution nanoparticle mass spectrometry.

Measurements of the core and ligand monolayer compositions of small gold nanoparticles (NPs) using electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry were performed by incorporating ionization tags, methoxy penta(ethylene glycol) thiolate ligands (-S-PEG), into the ligand monolayers via ligand exchange. During ESI, alkali metal ions (M+) coordinate to the -S-PEG ligands and give the NPs positive charge. Atomically precise, high-resolution measurements show unequivocally that the NP composition is Au25(ligand)18. The predominant ions, M4Au25(ligand)183+ and M5Au25(ligand)184+, have 1− charge on the core. Because ligand exchange is a statistical process, there is a distribution of mixed-monolayer exchange products, which is reflected in the mass spectra.
Susceptibility of cerebellar granule neurons from GM2/GD2 synthase-null mice to apoptosis induced by glutamate excitotoxicity and elevated KCl: rescue by GM1 and LIGA20.

Our previous study showed an impaired regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis in cultured cerebellar granule neurons (CGN) from neonatal mice lacking GM2, GD2 and all gangliotetraose gangliosides, due to disruption of the GM2/GD2 synthase (GalNAc-T) gene. In the presence of depolarizing concentration (55 mM) K+, these cells showed persistent elevation of intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) leading to apoptosis and cell destruction. This was in contrast to CGN from normal littermates whose survival was enhanced by high K+. In this study we demonstrate that glutamate has the same effect as K+ on CGN from these ganglioside-deficient knockout (KO) mice and that apoptosis in both cases is averted by exogenous GM1. Even more effective rescue was obtained with LIGA20, a semi-synthetic derivative of GM1. LC50 of glutamate in the KO cells was 3.1 μM, compared to 46 μM in normal CGN. [Ca2+]i measurement with fura-2 revealed no difference in glutamate-stimulated Ca2+ influx between the 2 cell types. However, reduction of [Ca2+]i following application of Mg2+ was significantly impaired in the mutant CGN. The rescuing effects of exogenous GM1 and LIGA20 corresponded to their ability to restore Ca2+ homeostasis. The greater potency of LIGA20 is attributed to its greater membrane permeability with resultant ability to insert into both plasma and nuclear membranes at low concentration (≤1μM); GM1 at the same concentration was incorporated only into the plasma membrane and required much higher concentration to influence Ca2+ homeostasis and CGN viability. Published in 2004.
THE CONSUMER RECOVERY VISION: Will It Alleviate Family Burden?

Research on families of people with severe mental illness has identified significant caregiving burden. Although professional interventions generally assume that families have a major role in the client's progress, the focus of the consumer movement on recovery through empowerment, peer supports, and consumer-run services may have important, as yet unquantified, effects. Keeping in mind the functional heterogeneity of individuals with mental illness, it is suggested that consumer emphasis on autonomy may provide the major relief for family burden.
Erratum to: Differential distribution of dystrophin and β-spectrin at the sarcolemma of fast twitch skeletal muscle fibers

We used double label immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy to examine the organization of β-spectrin and dystrophin at the sarcolemma of fast twitch myofibers in the Extensor Digitorum Longus (EDL) of the rat. Both β-spectrin and dystrophin are concentrated in costameres, a rectilinear sarcolemmal array composed of longitudinal strands and transverse elements overlying Z and M lines. In contrast, intercostameric regions, lying between these linear structures, contain significant levels of dystrophin but little detectable β-spectrin. The dystrophin-associated proteins, syntrophin and β-dystroglycan, are also concentrated at costameres but, like dystrophin, are present in intercostameric regions as well. Dystrophin is present at costameres and intercostameric regions in fast twitch muscles of the mouse but is absent from all regions of the sarcolemma in the mdx mouse, which lacks dystrophin. Areas of the sarcolemma near myonuclei also contain dystrophin without β-spectrin, consistent with the idea that the distribution of dystrophin at the sarcolemma is not dependent on β-spectrin. We conclude that dystrophin is present under all areas of the sarcolemma. The increased fragility of the sarcolemma in patients with Duchennes muscular dystrophy may be explained in part by the absence of dystrophin not only from costameres, but also from intercostameric regions.
A Review Of Technology For Detection Of Explosives

Approximately 2000 cases of illegal use of explosives take place every year in the U.S. Many of these are probably not preventable. However it is now possible to detect explosives in particular situations or scenarios where importance or vulnerability are high. Some of the possible characteristics or signatures of explosives that might make them more detectable are reviewed--particularly vapors and compositions. An example is given of the transport of explosive vapors through baggage to show the magnitude of the detectables and the uncertainties involved. A number of technologies that have been applied and some that are under investigation are presented. Progress has been made in increasing the sensitivity of instruments to detect some commercial explosives. The plasma chromatograph is technically the most promising device for routine explosive vapor detection because of its potential high sensitivity, specificity and ability to sense for a number of explosive vapors simultaneously.© (1977) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A multi-objective approach for the prediction of loan defaults

Credit institutions are seldom faced with problems dealing with single objectives. Often, decisions involving optimizing two or more competing goals simultaneously need to be made, and conventional optimization routines/models are incapable of handling the problems. This study applies the Fuzzy Simplex Generic Algorithm (a multi-objective optimization algorithm) in generating decision rules for predicting loan default in a typical credit institution. Empirical results show that the best indicators of default status are observed when repayment capacity and owners equity are low and the working capital is either low or high. Also, the two worst rule indicators are low repayment capacity, high owners' equity and medium working capital or medium repayment capacity, low owners' equity and high working capital.
Polarity suppressors defective in transcription termination at the attenuator of the tryptophan operon of Escherichia coli have altered rho factor.

Abstract Transcription termination factor rho purified from the polarity suppressor strains psu1, psu2 and psu4 is demonstrably different from wild-type rho. Rho factor from the mutant strains is more heat labile than wild-type rho. In addition, the ratio of transcription termination activity (Roberts, 1969) to RNA-dependent ATPase activity (Lowery-Goldhammer & Richardson, 1974) is reduced for all three suppressor strains; at ATPase levels where wild-type rho causes maximal inhibition of transcription (65%), psu1, psu2 and psu4 rho factors inhibit transcription 25, 50 and 15%, respectively. psu4 rho activity has altered chromatographic properties on DEAE-cellulose and sediments more slowly in glycerol gradients than does wild-type rho. Since psu1 and psu2 are defective in regulation of transcription termination at the tryptophan ( trp ) operon attenuator (Korn & Yanofsky, 1976), we conclude that rho factor is essential for normal regulation at the trp attenuator. These results also indicate, in agreement with the findings of de Crombrugghe et al. (1973), Richardson et al. (1975), Ratner (1976) and Franklin & Yanofsky (1976) that rho-mediated transcription termination is the principal cause of mutational polarity.
The Crisis of the Imamate and the Institution of Occultation in Twelver Shi ism: A Sociohistorical Perspective

The formative period of Imami Shiʿism from the mid-8th century to the mid-10th century remains obscure in many respects. This study is an attempt to organize the historical information about the period around a central problematic: the twin crisis of the nature of the Imamate and the succession to this office. The crisis of the Imamate and the efforts to resolve it serve as a focal point for constructing a conceptually coherent overview of these two formative centuries from a sociohistorical perspective. This perspective requires that the endeavors to create a stable system of authority in Imami Shiʿism be considered in the context of the social change and politics of the early ʿAbbasid era: ʿAlid–ʿAbbasid relations, massive conversion of the population of Iran to Islam, and the dialogue and competition between Shiʿism and other contemporary religious and intellectual trends and movements. Our approach suggests a new periodization of the early history of Imami Shiʿism.
Response of panels to oscillating shock waves

As a missile or aircraft accelerates at transonic speeds, shock waves that oscillate imposing severe structural loading form about the vehicle. Experimental evidence suggests that shocks can oscillate at discrete frequencies, and this is chosen as the principal theoretical model. Theory is formulated for the response of a flat rectangular simply supported panel to sinusoidally oscillating shocks. Initially, an approximate solution is found that is valid only for limited‐shock‐oscillation amplitudes, particularly for higher modes. This theory predicts that each mode can be excited by a forcing frequency equal to the resonant frequency ω and by the subharmonic ω/2; the theory also predicts first‐mode dynamic‐amplification factors of up to 25 for typical panel damping. An “exact” solution using Bessel functions is also formulated in which no restriction is placed on shock‐oscillation amplitudes, and it is shown that each mode can actually be excited by an infinite number of subharmonic frequencies ω/2, ω/3, ...
Morphogenesis of microsclerotia and sasakii-type sclerotia in Rhizoctonia solani, anastomosis group 1, intraspecific groups IA and IB

Soybean plants with Rhizoctonia web blight ( Rhizoctonia solani , anastomosis group 1) were collected from fields in Louisiana. Microsclerotia were isolated from diseased tissues and cultured on 2 % water agar. Initiation and development of microsclerotia are described using optical and scanning electron microscope techniques. A lateral growth type of development was observed for microsclerotia which was different from the loose growth type observed for sasakii-type sclerotia. Microsclerotia arose vertically from growing points out of main hyphae. The growing point stopped developing vertically after differentiating seven or eight levels of lateral side branches. These branches became continuously interwoven until the sclerotia reached full size. One growing point from one main hypha was involved in the formation of a single microsclerotium. The relationship between microsclerotia and sasakii-type sclerotia is discussed.
Ultra-Compact Imaging Spectrometer (UCIS) for In-Situ Planetary Mineralogy: Laboratory and Field Calibration

The Ultra-Compact Imaging Spectrometer (UCIS) is a miniature telescope and spectrometer system intended for mapping terrain mineralogy over distances from 1.5 m to infinity with spatial sampling of 1.35 mrad over a 30° field, and spectral sampling of 10 nm in the 600-2500 nm range. The core of the system has been designed for operation in a Martian environment, but can also be used in a terrestrial environment when placed inside a vacuum vessel. We report the laboratory and field calibration data that include spatial and spectral calibration, and demonstrate the use of the system.
Constitution and Qua Objects in the Ontology of Music

Musical Platonists identify musical works with abstract sound structures but this implies that they are not created but only discovered. Jerrold Levinson adapts Platonism to allow for creation by identifying musical works with indicated sound structures. In this paper I explore the similarities between Levinson's view and Kit Fine's theory of qua objects. Fine offers the theory of qua objects as an account of constitution, as it obtains, for example, between a statue and the clay the statue is made out of. I argue that Fine's theory does not adequately characterize the constitution relation and that the problems it faces extend to Levinson's account of musical works as indicated structures. I develop an alternative theory of constitution, based on the notion of being made out of. This approach to constitution enables me to offer an account of musical works as abstract objects that are constituted by sound structures. I argue that my account has several advantages over the Levinson/Fine approach.
Flow measurements in a nozzle guide vane passage with a low aspect ratio and endwall contouring

The vast number of turbine cascade studies in the literature has been performed in straight-endwall, high-aspect-ratio, linear cascades. As a result, there has been little appreciation for the role of, and added complexity imposed by, reduced aspect ratios. There also has been little documentation of endwall profiling at these reduced spans. To examine the role of these factors on cascade hydrodynamics, a large-scale nozzle guide vane simulator was constructed at the Heat Transfer Laboratory of the University of Minnesota. This cascade is comprised of three airfoils between one contoured and one flat endwall. The geometries of the airfoils and endwalls, as well as the experimental conditions in the simulator, are representative of those in commercial operation. Measurements with hot-wire anemometry were taken to characterize the flow approaching the cascade. These measurements show that the flow field in this cascade is highly elliptic and influenced by pressure gradients that are established within the cascade. Exit flow field measurements with triple-sensor anemometry and pressure measurements within the cascade indicate that the acceleration imposed by endwall contouring and airfoil turning is able to suppress the size and strength of key secondary flow features. In addition, the flow field near the contoured endwall differs significantly from that adjacent to the straight endwall.Copyright © 2000 by ASME
Evidence for ribosome scanning during translation initiation of mRNAs in transformed plant cells

The recent development of methods for transforming plant cells has permitted testing of the Kozak ribosome scanning hypothesis of translational initiation in plant cells. The experiments described in this paper provide a direct demonstration that an extra translational initiation signal decreases the level of Tn5 neomycin phosphotransferase II enzyme produced in transformed plant cells. Removal of the extra AUG results in an improved chimeric kanamycin resistance gene that expresses a five-fold increase in selectable resistance and assayable enzyme without an increase in stable mRNA levels. This is the first evidence suggesting that the Kozak’s model of ribosome scanning for mammalian translation initiation applies to plant cells.
Coronary blood flow measurement by the Kety-Schmidt method using antipyrine.

Abstract The Kety-Schmidt method of measuring coronary blood flow using radioactive iodoantipyrine as the indicator has been used in man after cardiopulmonary bypass and other states. However, the validity of this method has not been established. We found the method to be both precise and accurate in measuring left ventricular coronary flow in normal dogs. The highest precision of coronary blood flow measurement by this method was obtained by using only the successive 15 or 30 sec coronary sinus and arterial samples that gave the best exponential fit. This usually fell within the first 3 min of antipyrine infusion.
Development of a scoring system for the early diagnosis of equine neonatal sepsis

A sepsis scoring system was developed and tested prospectively in a blind study of 190 neonatal foals admitted to the University of Florida Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital's neonatal intensive care unit. The system used 14 readily available historical, clinical or laboratory variables and weighted each item to arrive at a sepsis score. The score was found to have a sensitivity of 93 per cent, a specificity of 86 per cent, positive accuracy rate of 89 per cent and negative accuracy rate of 92 per cent. The sepsis score was far more sensitive and specific for infection, even in very early cases, and had fewer false positive and false negative values than did any parameter taken individually.
Energy Aware Algorithmic Engineering

In this work, we argue that energy management should be a guiding principle for design and implementation of algorithms. Traditional complexity models for algorithms are simple and do not aid in design of energy-efficient algorithms. In this work, we conducted a large number of experiments to understand energy consumption for algorithms. We study the energy consumption for popular vector operations, matrix operations, sorting, and graph algorithms. We observed that the energy consumption for any given algorithm depends on the memory parallelism the algorithm can exhibit for a given data layout in the RAM with variations up to 100% for many popular algorithms. Our experiments validate the asymptotic energy complexity model presented in a companion paper [1] and brings out many practical insights. We show that reads can be more expensive in terms of energy than writes, and different data types can lead to different energy consumption. Our most important result is a theoretical and experimental quantification of the impact of parallel data sequences on energy consumption. We also observe that high memory parallelism can also increase energy consumption with multiple concurrent access sequences. We use insights from our experiments to propose algorithmic engineering techniques for practical energy efficient software.
A search theoretic model of productivity, science and innovation

Building on macroeconomic research on technology searches in response to diminishing technological opportunities, we develop an industry-level search theoretic model of productivity, knowledge sources, and innovation. We argue that increasing the use of science in technology development increases the novelty of ideas in the innovation search distribution and thus increases the likelihood of finding productivity improvements. We also propose that this relationship will hold outside the traditional science-based industries (pharmaceuticals, chemicals), and that there is no similar relationship between productivity and non-science patents. Random effect analyses of 32 US manufacturing industries during 1985–1997 support these hypotheses.
Sociolinguistic Research on Language Diversity in the American Southwest and Its Educational Implications.

IRST OF ALL, let us point out that, as far as languages themselves are considered, it is not always realized that the Southwest is the nation's largest area of linguistic diversity-only equalled by the multilingual concentrations in larger cities of the Northeast and Midwest (also present here).' There are an estimated 10 million Mexican-Americans, mostly bilingual, in the fivestate area of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California, and Colorado, as well as numerous other ethnic groups. Of vital concern to us are the relationships of the languages as they serve the needs of the communication networks in this region as a whole, and in the various communities and "small groups" to which individuals belong. These relationships are, as is the case in virtually every multilingual area of the globe, marked by some sort of balance, equilibrium, and accommodation.
Quantum Yang-Mills on the two-sphere

We obtain the quantum expectations of gauge-invariant functions of the connection on a principalG=SU(N) bundle overS 2. We show that the spaceA/g m of connections modulo gauge transformations which are the identity at one point is itself a principal bundle over ΩG, based loops in the symmetry group. The fiber inA/g m is an affine linear space. Quantum expectations are iterated path integrals first over this fiber then over ΩG, each with respect to the push-forward toA/g m of the measure s-S(A) DA.S(A) denotes the Yang-Mills action onA. There is a global section ofA/g m on which the first integral is a Gaussian. The resulting measure on ΩG is the conditional Wiener measure. We explicitly compute the expectations of a special class of Wilson loops.
Disarmament Movements in the United States

ment sought a bilateral agreement to halt nuclear weapons buildups. On both continents the Reagan administration's rhetoric, regularly hostile to the Soviet Union and occasionally suggesting that nuclear wars could be fought and won, contributed to popular anxiety. These movements, like other popular movements, had inadequate funding and largely volunteer leadership. They had to create or revive organizations capable of sustaining public interest in complex disarmament issues. Large street demonstrations were followed by intensive lobbying with executive and legislative leadership over deployment decisions in Europe and over the freeze resolution and funding for new weapons systems in the United States. In 19831985 the NATO deployment proceeded and the Reagan administration won a series of close Congressional freeze and funding votes. On the other hand, the Reagan administration altered its rhetoric and its position on arms control, and in 1985 was involved with the Soviet Union in several levels of arms control negotiations and in a summit conference. Disarmament movements of the 1980s are the latest in a succession of peace movements and other popular movements seeking reforms within democratic societies. In the United States the parallel drawn most frequently is between the current disarmament movement and the abolitionist movement of the 19th century. Abolitionist groups campaigned against slavery for the three decades prior to the Civil War of 18611865. Subsequent popular movements included the women's suffrage movement and the Prohibitionist (anti-liquor) movement of the early 20th century. Recent popular movements have focused on civil rights for black Americans, opposition of the Vietnam war, consumer and environmental issues, women's rights, and the opposition to changes in social policies associated with the anti-abortion and Fundamentalist Christian movements. Several of these, for example the civil rights movement in 1955-1965, had enormous impact on public policy. Of the American peace movements, the most effective was the movement in the early 1960s against atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons (Chatfield 1973; DeBenedetti 1980; Marchand 1972; Wittner 1969). The American disarmament movement
SO YOU DIDN'T GET THE JOB … NOW WHAT DO YOU THINK? EXAMINING OPPORTUNITY‐TO‐PERFORM FAIRNESS PERCEPTIONS

Although the last 10 years have witnessed an increased recognition of the importance of procedural fairness in selection contexts, most empirical research has focused on job relevance as the primary influence on fairness perceptions. There is reason to believe, however, that “opportunity-to-perform” (OTP) perceptions are also an important aspect of fairness perceptions and become particularly important following negative feedback (i.e., not receiving a job offer). Using both qualitative and quantitative data from a large sample of applicants to an agency of the U.S. government (N= 754), we examine (a) how OTP relates to fairness judgments, (b) how receiving negative feedback affects this relationship, (c) differences in OTP across a variety of different selection methods, and (d) determinants of OTP perceptions. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses confirmed that OTP was an important predictor of overall procedural fairness and was the single most important procedural rule after receiving negative feedback. Practical implications of this pattern, the obtained differences in OTP across assessments, and results regarding the determinants of OTP are discussed.
The Minimization and Decomposition of Interface State Machines

There is a well-recognized need for accurate timing-verification tools that account for the functional behavior of component interfaces, and thereby do not traverse false sequential and combinational paths. Such tools, however, are susceptible to an exponential increase in task complexity as circuit-size and functional-complexity of component interfaces increase. The viability of accurate timing verifiers, therefore, hinges on their ability to efficiently analyze the smallest subset of circuit behaviors, while verifying timing characteristics of the overall space of behaviors. This paper presents theoretical results that address this issue for the timing-verification of circuits composed of interacting state machines.
Cyclic scheduling to minimize inventory in a batch flow line

This paper addresses the problem of determining a cyclic schedule for batch production on a flow line. We assume a constant supply of raw materials and a constant demand for all finished goods. Material that has completed processing at one stage is transferred to the next stage in small transfer batches. Inventory may be held before the line, at the end of the line, or between any pair of adjacent stations. The objective is to find a sequence of production and a cycle length that minimize the average cost per unit time of holding inventory. A linear programming formulation is given that determines the optimal cycle length and finishing times for a given set of sequences, one for each machine. Two heuristics are presented for finding near-optimal sequences: one is applicable to the special case of a two-machine flow line; the others are applicable to an m-machine line and focus on different aspects of the problem (e.g., cycle stock or work-in-process inventory). From a computational study, we have observed that: 1) permutation schedules, i.e., schedules with the same sequence on all machines, are nearly always optimal, 2) the heuristics produce near optimal solutions, 3) the batching decision, i.e., the choice of cycle length, is substantially more significant than the sequencing decision for minimizing inventory costs.
Architecture-Independent dynamic information flow tracking

Dynamic information flow tracking is a well-known dynamic software analysis technique with a wide variety of applications that range from making systems more secure, to helping developers and analysts better understand the code that systems are executing. Traditionally, the fine-grained analysis capabilities that are desired for the class of these systems which operate at the binary level require tight coupling to a specific ISA. This places a heavy burden on developers of these systems since significant domain knowledge is required to support each ISA, and the ability to amortize the effort expended on one ISA implementation cannot be leveraged to support other ISAs. Further, the correctness of the system must carefully evaluated for each new ISA. In this paper, we present a general approach to information flow tracking that allows us to support multiple ISAs without mastering the intricate details of each ISA we support, and without extensive verification. Our approach leverages binary translation to an intermediate representation where we have developed detailed, architecture-neutral information flow models. To support advanced instructions that are typically implemented in C code in binary translators, we also present a combined static/dynamic analysis that allows us to accurately and automatically support these instructions. We demonstrate the utility of our system in three different application settings: enforcing information flow policies, classifying algorithms by information flow properties, and characterizing types of programs which may exhibit excessive information flow in an information flow tracking system.
The fragmentation of cosmic-ray nuclei in interstellar hydrogen

In order to calculate the effects of traversal of interstellar matter on the charge spectrum of the cosmic radiation it is necessary to have values for the fragmentation parameters of nuclei of each element into all lighter elements. Most of these values have not been experimentally determined. As a consequence, they have been calculated from a semi-empirical mass spallation relation designed to fit the available partial cross-sections obtained from radio chemical determinations. This calculation has attempted to take into account the conditions that are peculiar to the cosmic ray problem. Values of the parameters are given for three characteristic energies and a comparison is made with the sparce experimental data. The effects of using these parameters in a calculation of the extrapolation of the charge spectrum through interstellar space are shown for some representative cases.