cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exogenous 14C-urea distribution in Chimaeras

Abstract 1. 1. Tissue distribution of exogenous intracaudally administered 14 C-urea was measured in the Chimaera, Hydrolagus colliei , at time intervals from 15 min to 36 hr. The values obtained were compared with those from similar experiments with elasmobranchs and several teleosts. 2. 2. 14 C-urea in the ratfish sera exhibited a more variable, less constant rate of disappearance with time than that in the shark sera (Figs. 1 and 2). 3. 3. CSF/sera ratios were lower in the ratfishes than in the sharks after 1 hr (Figs. 1 and 2). 4. 4. The ratfish CSF patterns in time were also more variable. The ventricular and cistemal CSF patterns differed before 2hr; previous experiments demonstrated differences (prior to 2 hr) in EDF-CSF values in sharks. In elasmobranchs, by 3 hr, all these fluid 14 C-urea levels became equivalent, whereas the dis/min per mg protein level was still at variance in the ratfishes. 5. 5. Six other tissues measured included: the brain, which had very low values in the ratfish and shark, and the kidney, another organ system important in urea conservation, retention and balance, which showed both an interesting total distribution and time pattern of distribution. Kidney patterns were similar in the two groups; however, the ratfishes did not exhibit the very high tissue values reported for the elasmobranchs (Rasmussen, 1971) (Figs. 3 and 4). The similarity of these patterns is discussed in regard to the possible coincidental paths and relative importance of urea excretion in ratfishes and sharks.
Pharyngoesophageal reconstruction outcomes following 349 cases.

Background Pharyngoesophageal (PE) reconstruction is complex, with a diverse set of reconstructive considerations. This large series examines the impact of various defect characteristics and reconstructive modalities on outcomes. Patients and Methods A retrospective review identified 349 cases from 2000 to 2011. Patients were grouped according to defect extent and location. Groups were compared by comorbidities, flap type, donor and recipient site complications, postoperative diet, and tracheoesophageal speech. Results Of 349 cases, 193 (55.3%) PE defects were circumferential and 156 (44.7%) were partial. The majority of defects resulted from laryngopharyngectomy (72.5%), most reconstructed with the anterolateral thigh flap (60%). There were 15.5% total esophagectomies, all of which received supercharged jejunal flaps. Of 349 patients, 81 patients (23.2%) had recipient site complications and 51 patients (14.6%) had donor site complications. The fistula rate trended higher in circumferential defects (11 vs. 6%, p = 0.144), and the stricture rate was significantly higher (9.3 vs. 3.8%, p = 0.044). In total, 302 patients (86.5%) had an oral diet after reconstruction, 64 (18%) of whom required supplemental tube feeds. Among 147 patients (42%) who received tracheoesophageal puncture (TEP), 19 (12.9%) eventually failed. Approximately 87% of patients with TEPs achieved fluent speech. The 5-year survival was low for all groups, ranging from 0 to 35%. Conclusions PE reconstruction can be performed safely, and most patients will achieve functional speech and swallowing. Swallowing function is worse when the larynx is removed, and the stricture rate is higher with circumferential defects. Specific technical measures can reduce the rate of common complications. Level of Evidence The level of evidence of this article was level III.
Disordered eating among adolescents whose parents misuse alcohol : protective and risk factors

Studies show that children of alcoholics constitute an at-risk population. This study attempted to understand the impact of parental alcohol misuse on the disordered eating behaviors of children, based on a sample of 838 teenagers from alcohol-misusing parents in Minnesota. These teenagers had significantly higher prevalence rates of all the seven eating disordered symptoms that were studied. The study also identified a few protective factors: those who did not develop any of the disordered eating symptoms were more satisfied with their present weight and proud of their body. Further, they had less worry of being sexually abused and perceived that their schools were relatively alcohol-free.
The two-particle-inclusive cross section in e+e− annihilation at PETRA, PEP and LEP energies

Abstract We compare QCD theory with PLUTO and CELLO experimental results for the energy correlation function in e+e− annihilation. We also present expectations for this function at 94 GeV c.m. energy at SLC and LEP.
Influence of Porcine Muscle Structure on Its Lipid Accumulation During Growth

SUMMARY— To determine the influence of fascicular organization and disposition of muscle stroma on the deposition of interfascicular' lipids, six muscles representing two contrasting structural types were selected from each of five littermate pigs exsanguinated at different stages of growth. Looseness of fascicular organization, as determined subjectively by microscopic examination, generally paralleled the quantity of interfascicular lipid as determined by chemical analysis. In addition, the tendency for percentage of this lipid to increase with growth and maturity was generally more evident in the loosely organized muscles of the trunk and proximal segments of the forelimb than in the tightly bound, consolidated, fusiform muscles nearer the extremities.
Social Problems in Social Problems: The Theory and Method of Justice

En honneur du cinquantieme anniversaire de la SSSP, dont les membres s'engagent dans la recherche afin de promouvoir la justice sociale et de resoudre les problemes sociaux, l'A. procede a une revue des differents articles publies dans la revue de l'association, 'Social problems', afin de voir si cette mission a ete remplie, et comment elle a evolue. Pour chaque article, sont notes le sexe de l'auteur, les perspectives theoriques adoptees et les theories citees, le cadre national de l'etude, les methodes de recherche, le champ de l'etude, et les implications politiques eventuelles.
Properties of biopolymers from cross-linking whey protein isolate and soybean 11S globulin

Biopolymers were prepared by cross-linking whey protein isolate (WPI) and soybean 11S using transglutaminase. Electrophoretic pattern, solubility, emulsification, hydrophobicity and foaming properties of the biopolymers were determined. SDS-PAGE showed bands corresponding to high-molecular-weight components (MW>200 kDa). Biopolymer solubility was > 90% at pH 3 and below, and at pH 7 and above. Emulsifying properties of biopolymers were lower than those of WPI. The foaming capacity of the biopolymers (23.6 mL) and WPI/I IS mixture (22.7 mL) were similar to that of egg albumin (20.3 mL). The foaming stability of the biopolymers (122 min) was higher than that of WPI/11S mixture (33.7 min), and was similar to that of egg albumin (132 min).
Reduced size tunable power splitter implemented with ferroelectric parallel plate capacitor

Tunable lumped power splitter based on tunable parallel ferroelectric capacitor is proposed. The ferroelectric BST(barium strontium titanate) capacitor is fabricated on a sapphire substrate. The capacitance of this device has a tunability of 50% for an applied voltage of 5V. The performance of the power splitter is simulated with Agilent Technology ADS software tool. The lumped power splitter is fabricated on an FR-4 RF bread-board with discrete chip inductors and tunable capacitors. The maximum return loss frequency(notch frequency) of the power splitter can be tuned from 369 MHz to 626 MHz by applying a DC bias of 5V. Unlike p-n junction based power splitter, the tuning is independent of the polarity of the applied bias.
Fully-plastic crack propagation in stiffened plates

Abstract The detachment of a stiffener from a plate is described by the fully-plastic crack propagation in the web of a non-symmetric I-beam. The lower flange of the non-symmetric I-beam represents the effective plate width, which may peel away from the stiffener. By assuming a rigid, linear strain-hardening material, we distinguish between two responses of the lower flange depending on the load amplitude: deformation without crack growth and deformation with crack growth. The bifurcation point that marks the transition from a deformation without crack growth to deformation with crack growth is independent of the initial crack length, but depends on the relative magnitude of plastic modulus to the material flow stress, the specific work of fracture, and the relative size of the tear zone and width of the flange. A parametric study shows that bifurcation load increases approximately linearly with an increasing ratio of web to flange widths for some chosen material constants. The effective width of the stiffened plate is thus an important parameter in the detachment of the plate from the stiffener.
Pain Patients and Their Partners: The Role of Collusion in Chronic Pain.

The mystery of pain which is refractory to repeated medical and surgical intervention often becomes understandable upon examination of the chronic pain patient's family dynamics. Analogous to recent descriptions of dyadic patterns in depression, the chronic pain patient typically has a partner who performs a caretaking function. The caretaking role, while superficially appearing “helpful”, is in many cases extreme and contributory to the maintenance of the chronic pain role. The concept of collusion is used here to explain the formation and persistence of patient-caretaker dyads. Case material is presented to show how an examination of the chronic pain patient and his partner can alert the clinician to the presence of psychological factors in chronic pain.
Porter's (1980) Generic Strategies as Determinants of Strategic Group Membership and Organizational Performance

A multimethod, multivariate analysis of “intended” strategies provides empirical support for the presence of strategic groups based upon Porter's (1980) generic strategies. Variations in intraindus...
Primary astroglial cultures derived from several rat brain regions differentially express μ, δ and κ opioid receptor mRNA

Abstract The existence of opioid receptors within glial cell membranes has been proposed by several laboratories based on biochemical and radioligand binding data. The recent cloning of the μ, δ and κ receptors has enabled us to directly examine the issue of opioid receptor expression in rat brain astroglia by using solution hybridization/ribonuclease protection assays to analyze the total RNA obtained from primary cultures of cortical, striatal, cerebellar, hippocampal and hypothalamic astrocytes. The results indicate that all give glial cultures expressed μ, δ and κ receptor mRNA. The rank order of receptor mRNA abundance, expressed collectively across all five cultures, was determined to be δ ≥ κ ⪢ μ. An analysis of the glial distribution profile for each receptor type revealed that μ receptor mRNA levels were the most abundantly expressed in cortical cultures, while the greatest levels of δ receptor mRNA were found in the cortical and hypothalamic cultures, and significant κ receptor mRNA levels were produced by the cortical, hypothalamic and cerebellar cultures. Furthermore, the five glial cultures each expressed different levels of total opioid receptor (μ + δ + κ) mRNA. The rank order of total opioid receptor mRNA expression across different astroglial cultures was found to be cortex > hypothalamus > cerebellum = hippocampus > striatum. An analysis of the relative expression profiles for μ, δ and κ receptor mRNA within each culture revealed that all cultures manifested relatively high levels of δ and κ receptor mRNA, but relatively low levels of μ receptor mRNA. Generally, cortical, hippocampal and hypothalamic cultures were characterized by comparable levels of δ and κ receptor mRNA, and little, if any, μ receptor mRNA. However, striatal cultures were characterized by a high level of δ receptor mRNA which was approximately twice and four times that of the κ and μ receptor mRNA, respectively. In contrast, cerebellar cultures expressed predominantly κ receptor mRNA at a level which was almost twice that of the δ receptor mRNA, and expressed very little μ receptor mRNA. These data show that primary astroglial cultures not only express μ, δ and κ receptor mRNAs, but they do so in a manner dependent upon receptor type and brain region. This suggests a regional heterogeneity of astrocytes with respect to opioid receptor expression, a characteristic previously described only for neurons. Furthermore, it suggests the existence of an additional anatomical component in CNS opioid systems.
The gradient theory of phase transitions for systems with two potential wells

In this paper we generalise the gradient theory of phase transitions to the vector valued case. We consider the family of perturbationsof the nonconvex functionalwhere W:RN→R supports two phases and N ≧1. We obtain the Γ(L1(Ω))-limit of the sequenceMoreover, we improve a compactness result ensuring the existence of a subsequence of minimisers of Ee(·) converging in L1(Ω) to a minimiser of E0(·) with minimal interfacial area.
Isomer effect in the branching ratio of anions for thermal electron attachment to chlorinated phenols

Abstract The temperature dependence of the formation of negative ions from chlorinated phenols was studied. For all compounds, Cl− was produced and the intensity of the chloride ion increased with the increasing number of Cl atoms present in the molecule. For some of them, (M−HCl)−, (M−H)−, and M− (M: parent molecule) were also observed. The intensities of the fragment ions such as Cl− and (M−HCl)−, increased with the increasing temperature, though that of the parent anion decreased. There may be two mechanisms to produce (M−HCl)−. One is the HCl elimination of the hydroxylic hydrogen atom and the ortho-Cl atom. The other is the HCl elimination followed by the migration of the hydroxylic hydrogen atom to the ortho position for the 3,4- and 3,5-dichlorophenols. The branching ratio of [(M−HCl)−]/[Cl−] depends on the length of the HCl bond of the intermediate for the former mechanism.
Sutural amplitude of ammonite shells as a paleoenvironmental indicator

The Sutural Amplitude Index (SAI), obtained by measuring the maximum height of sutural elements and the length of the suture pattern on ammonoid shells, provides a useful indicator of relative habitat depth for ammonoids with similar shell morphotypes. A higher SAI indicates greater septal support for the shell wall against implosion under increased hydrostatic pressures in deeper waters. Relating the sutural amplitude indices of ammonites found in a well-studied depositional basin, such as the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway, to morphotype distributions illustrates the utility of this index in bathymetric interpretations. □Ammonoidea, sutures, Sutural Amplitude Index, Cretaceous, Greenhorn Cyclothem. Western Interior.
Conformation Change of Poly(dG-dC)•Poly(dG-dC) in Cationic Polyamine Liposome Complexes: Effect of Charge Density and Flexibility of Amine Chains in Headgroups

Identification of DNA conformations in delivery cargoes is important to understand the transfection mechanisms. Conformations of poly(dG-dC)•poly(dG-dC), as a model of DNA, were studied in two different cationic liposome complexes prepared from N-[1-(2,3-dioleyloxy)propyl]-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride (DOTMA) and N,NI,NII,NIII-tetramethyl-N,NI,NII,NIII-tetrapalmithyl spermine (TM-TPS) with a helper lipid, dioleoyl phosphotidylethanolamine (DOPE) by Raman microscopy. Characteristic spectral changes in guanine peaks and cytosine peaks of the poly(dG-dC)•poly(dG-dC) distinguished between the right-handed B-form and left-handed Z-form inside the cationic liposome complexes. The poly(dG-dC)•poly(dG-dC) in the TM-TPS/DOPE liposome undergoes the B−Z transition while no conformation change was observed in the poly(dG-dC)•poly(dG-dC) inside the DOTMA/DOPE liposome. Each multi-charged TM-TPS molecule contains four cationic nitrogen atoms in the headgroup. The DOTMA molecule with less cationic nitrogens does not...
The ultrastructure of neointima of canine infrarenal vena caval teflon prostheses

Abstract Long-term patency of infrarenal vena caval Teflon replacement prostheses was maintained in four of nine dogs by creating femoral arteriovenous fistulas and placing supporting metallic rings around the prostheses. The neointima of the long-term successful cases was studied by light and electron microscopy. The caval wall adjacent to the graft was used as a control for morphologic comparison. Despite the well-formed appearance of the neointima by gross and light microscopic examination, there was electron microscopic evidence of minimal progressive alterations in the neointima. Only minor ultrastructural differences between the endothelium of the graft and that of the control were noted.
Medical and nonmedical factors influencing utilization of delayed pushing in the second stage.

Objective To evaluate factors impacting selection to delayed pushing in the second stage of labor. Study Design This case-control study was a secondary analysis of a large retrospective cohort study. Cases included women who delayed pushing for 60 minutes or more in the second stage of labor. Controls began pushing prior to 60 minutes from the time of diagnosis of complete dilation. Demographic, labor, and nonmedical factors were compared among cases and controls. Logistic regression modeling was used to identify factors independently associated with delayed pushing. Results We identified 471 women who delayed pushing and 4819 controls. Nulliparity, maternal body mass index > 25, high fetal station at complete dilation, regional anesthesia use, and start of second stage during staffing shift change were independent factors associated with increased use of delayed pushing. On the other hand, black race and second-stage management during night shift were associated with lower odds of employing delayed pushing. Delayed pushing was more commonly employed in nulliparous women, but 38.9% of multiparous women also delayed pushing. Conclusion We identified multiple factors associated with use of delayed pushing. This study helps to define current patterns of second-stage labor management.
Neonatal Alcohol Exposure Impairs Contextual Fear Conditioning in Juvenile Rats by Disrupting Cholinergic Function

The context preexposure facilitation effect (CPFE) is a variant of context fear conditioning in which context preexposure facilitates conditioning to immediate foot shock. Learning about context (preexposure), associating the context with shock (training), and expression of context fear (testing) occur in successive phases of the protocol. The CPFE develops postnatally, depends on hippocampal NMDA receptor function, and is highly sensitive to neonatal alcohol exposure during the weanling/juvenile period of development [15,16]. The present study examined some behavioral and pharmacological mechanisms through which neonatal alcohol impairs the CPFE in juvenile rats. We found that a 5-min context preexposure plus five 1-min preexposures greatly increases the levels of conditioned freezing compared to a single 5-min exposure or to five 1-min preexposures (Experiment 1). Increasing conditioned freezing with the multiple- exposure CPFE protocol does not alter the neonatal alcohol-induced deficit in the CPFE (Experiment 2). Finally, systemic administration of 0.01 mg/kg physostigmine prior to all three phases of the CPFE reverses this ethanol-induced deficit. These findings show that impairment of the CPFE by neonatal alcohol is not confined to behavioral protocols that produce low levels of conditioned freezing. They also support recent evidence that this impairment reflects a disruption of cholinergic function [18].
Recent Trends in Gospel of Thomas Research (1991-2006): Part I, The Historical Jesus and the Synoptic Gospels:

This article, the first of a two-part series, reviews research between 1991 and 2006 dealing with the Gospel of Thomas. It focuses on two questions: (1) whether the Coptic sayings collection preserves material going back to the historical Jesus, and (2) whether it is dependent on the synoptic Gospels or attests to an independent line of tradition, relatively uninfluenced by the canonical texts. In connection with the former issue, the article observes that Thomas is little used in contemporary Jesus scholarship and seeks to elucidate reasons for this. As to whether or not the author of Thomas was privy to our synoptic gospels, scholarship has been undergoing an ever-deepening entrenchment of positions. This has not only resulted in a scholarly culture that resists making generalizations regarding Thomas???s origins, but has also provoked new approaches to explicating those origins. The article closes with suggestions for future study.
Cambrian and Lower Ordovician Stratigraphy in Bighorn Mountains and Associated Uplifts in Wyoming and Montana: ABSTRACT

New information concerning Cambrian and Lower Ordovician stratigraphy in Wyoming and Montana is derived from 26 measured sections in uplifts along a 430-mi trend from the Rawlins uplift on the south, through the Ferris Mountains, Rattlesnake Hills, Bighorn Mountains, Prior Mountains, Big Snowy Mountains, and Little Rocky Mountains on the north. Seas transgressed east-southeastward up a paleoslope of low regional relief but with several hundred feet of local relief. The sedimentary record consists of a series of lithotope belts each extending generally parallel with the shoreline. From the shore seaward the order is as follows: (1) sandstone, generally clean, medium- to coarse-grained, crossbedded and burrowed, deposited in beach, intertidal, and shallow subtidal zones; (2) sandstone, generally clean, fine-grained crossbedded, laminated and burrowed, deposited in the shallow subtidal zone; (3) sandstone, the same as (2) except a glauconitic greensand and may be interbedded with siltstone and shale; (4) siltstone, may be interbedded with fine-grained sandstone and shale; (5a) shale, usually burrowed, with micrite beds and nodu es, seaward from (4) in deeper water; (5b) shale and intraclast limestone conglomerates indicate shallower water and offshore intertidal zone environments; (6) laminated limestones, intraclast limestone conglomerates, and crinozoan calcarenites suggest an offshore shallow subtidal and intertidal environment. The faunal record begins with the Bathyuriscus-Elrathina Zone of medial Cambrian age and ends with the Bellefontia Zone of Early Ordovician age. Trilobites and brachiopods dominate the faunas but conodonts assume major importance in latest Cambrian and Early Ordovician time. Both faunal-zone boundaries and key beds are isochronous surfaces that form planes of correlation within lithotopes and across facies boundaries between lithotopes. The Bathyuriscus-Elrathina Zone and "lower" Bolaspidella Zone are of lithotopes (1) through (5). The "upper" Bolaspidella Zone reflects an abrupt east-southeastward shift in depositional environments and only lithotopes (3) through (5) are present. The Cedaria Zone is largely (4) and the Crepicephalus and Aphelaspis Zone are (5b). Seas withdrew after initial Aphelaspis Zone deposition and returned at about the beginning of the Elvinia Zone. Elvinia, Taenicephalus, Idahoia, and early Saukiella Zones are (5b) with the shale dominant at the base and limestone increasing upward. Late Saukiella, Mississquoia, and Bellefontia Zones are of lithotope (6). An unconformity variably truncates the section and younger strata lie on rocks ranging in age from Bellefontia Zone limestones in the Big Snowy Mountains to Bolaspidella Zone greensands in the Rawlins uplift. End_of_Article - Last_Page 914------------
Carbohydrate Metabolism and Sudden Death In Mice Heterozygous for the Y524S Mutation in RyR1

Mice with the Y524S mutation in ryanodine receptor (RyR1) exhibit increased sensitivity to heat-induced contractures, rhabdomyolysis and death. These mice have significantly elevated blood lactate levels after exposure to elevated environmental temperatures, suggesting an increased reliance on glycolysis. Consistent with increased carbohydrate utilization for glycolysis, post-heat challenge glycogen levels in the Y524S mice are very low. Acute treatment with 2-deoxyglucose (2-DOG), a glucose analog that inhibits glycolysis, dramatically improves survival of the Y524S heterozygous mice in response to heat challenge. Administration of 2-DOG decreases lactate levels, reduces carbohydrate oxidation, increases fatty acid oxidation and increases the activity of the pentose phosphate pathway in heat challenged Y524S mice. Our results suggest that increased reliance on glycolysis contributes to the heat induced sudden death in mice with the Y524S mutation in RyR1. The work is supported by NIH AR053349 to SLH.
Function and homeostasis of coper and zinc in mammals

Recently there has been great interest in the determination of levels of trace elements in biological systems. The goals of many researchers in this field have been: understanding the roles of micronutrients in biochemical processes and the evaluation of biological mechanisms that maintain tissue concentrations at relatively constants levels. The biochemical and physiological functions of the micronutrients copper and zinc have been reviewed with emphasis on factors, both endogenous and exogenous, associated with the maintenance of homeostatic levels in mammalian sera. Understanding the mechanisms affecting homeostasis will provide a background necessary for the application of data on serum trace minerals in the diagnosis and prognosis of disease states. The general roles of copper and zinc in animal nutrition may be understood by evaluating physiologic changes associated with deficiency states of these essential elements. Deficiencies are associated with antagonisms and interactions from other elements and from chelating organic compounds as well as with primary deficiencies due to insufficient dietary levels. Biochemical and physiochemical properties of copper and zinc biomolecules are discussed with primary emphasis on the forms of these metals in serum. Also discussed in detail, are the effects of disease, radiation exposure and environmental factors on serum and tissue copper and zinc levels.
Cytotoxicity of dental casting alloys pretreated with biologic solutions.

Abstract Statement of problem. Short-term (72-168 hours) in vitro tests are used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of dental casting alloys. The ability of these short-term tests to predict long-term in vivo cytotoxicity has been questioned. A procedure to accelerate the testing of casting alloys would be useful in predicting longer-term alloy cytotoxicity. Purpose. This study hypothesized that preconditioning casting alloys by soaking in a biologic liquid would change subsequent cytotoxicity by removing some elements. Preconditioning may be 1 method of accelerating short-term in vitro tests. Material and methods. Dental casting alloys were exposed to either saline, cell culture medium, or a saline/bovine serum albumin (BSA) solution for 72 hours before standard in vitro cytotoxicity testing. Six types of alloys were tested (n = 6): 5 Au-Ag-Cu-Pd alloys (single phase) and 1 Ag-Pd-Cu alloy (multiple phase). Teflon (Tf) samples served as a control. After preconditioning, alloys were placed in direct contact with Balb/c fibroblasts for 72 hours, after which cell viability was measured by succinic dehydrogenase activity (MTT method) relative to Tf controls (100% = no toxicity). Elements released into the preconditioning solutions were measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Cytotoxicities of preconditioned alloys and amounts of elemental release were compared with unconditioned alloys. Results. A preconditioning time of 72 hours was sufficient to change the cytotoxicity of the tested alloys. The alloys that were more cytotoxic initially became less cytotoxic after preconditioning. For all the alloys tested, except the Ag-Pd-Cu multiphase alloy, preconditioning with either the saline or the saline/BSA solution caused an increase in cellular activity, therefore the preconditioned alloys were less cytotoxic. The cell culture medium preconditioning solution had a variable effect, causing increased or decreased cellular activity depending on the alloy treated. Conclusion. Preconditioning of casting alloys decreased subsequent cytotoxicity. However, not all preconditioning solutions are equivalent. A preconditioning strategy may be useful in accelerating the short-term cytotoxicity test toward a longer-term result. (J Prosthet Dent 1999;81:591-6.)
Women are underrepresented in fields where success is believed to require brilliance.

Women’s underrepresentation in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields is a prominent concern in our society and many others. Closer inspection of this phenomenon reveals a more nuanced picture, however, with women achieving parity with men at the PhD level in certain STEM fields, while also being underrepresented in some non-STEM fields. It is important to consider and provide an account of this field-by-field variability. The Field-specific Ability Beliefs (FAB) hypothesis aims to provide such an account, proposing that women are likely to be underrepresented in fields thought to require raw intellectual talent—a sort of talent that women are stereotyped to possess less of than men. In two studies, we provide evidence for the FAB hypothesis, demonstrating that the academic fields believed by laypeople to require brilliance are also the fields with lower female representation. We also found that the field-specific ability beliefs of participants with college-level exposure to a field were more predictive of its female representation than those of participants without college exposure, presumably because the former beliefs mirror more closely those of the field’s practitioners (the direct “gatekeepers”). Moreover, the field-specific ability beliefs of participants with college exposure to a field predicted the magnitude of the field’s gender gap above and beyond their beliefs about the level of mathematical and verbal skills required. Finally, we found that beliefs about the importance of brilliance to success in a field may predict its female representation in part by fostering the impression that the field demands solitary work and competition with others. These results suggest new solutions for enhancing diversity within STEM and across the academic spectrum.
Two-loop renormalization of Potts spin-glass

The q-state Potts spin-glass (SG) with short-ranged random-exchange interaction is formulated field theoretically. The one-loop calculation [M.-c. Chang, Phys. Rev. B 28, 6592 (1983)] shows that the Potts SG transition is of first order when q\ensuremath{\ge}4 and for q=3 it is undetermined because the Potts SG fixed point is only marginally stable. The calculations are carried out to two-loop order with use of renormalized perturbation theory by means of minimal subtraction procedure. The results show that the three-state Potts SG fixed point is infrared stable, and we conclude that it is second-order transition. The critical exponents to order ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{2}$ (\ensuremath{\epsilon}=6-d) are given.
CRITICAL PROPERTIES OF RANDOM QUANTUM POTTS AND CLOCK MODELS

We study zero temperature phase transitions in two classes of random quantum systems---the $q$-state quantum Potts and clock models. For models with purely ferromagnetic interactions in one dimension, we show that for strong randomness there is a second order transition with critical properties that can be determined exactly by use of a renormalization group procedure. Somewhat surprisingly, the critical behavior is completely independent of $q$. For the $qg4$ clock model, we suggest the existence of a novel multicritical point at intermediate randomness. We also consider the $T\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}0$ transition from a paramagnet to a spin glass in an infinite-range model, and find $q$ independent exponents.
Time focusing of pulsed-source crystal analyzer spectrometers. Part II: practical expressions

We develop practical expressions for the focusing conditions of fully general crystal analyzer inelastic neutron scattering instruments having two-dimensionally extended sources (moderators), samples, analyzer crystals, and detectors. We show their relationships to focusing conditions for powder diffraction and single-crystal diffraction instruments. We demonstrate that geometries other than the traditional backscattering arrangement, using more general sample, analyzer, and detector orientation angles, can provide high resolution and offer potential advantages in design. The results apply to the use of mosaic as well as perfect single-crystal analyzers.
Effects of a Preventive Parenting Intervention for Divorced Families on the Intergenerational Transmission of Parenting Attitudes in Young Adult Offspring

This study evaluates whether the New Beginnings Program (NBP), a parenting intervention for divorced mothers, led to positive parenting attitudes in young adult offspring. Data were collected from 240 mothers (G1) and offspring (G2) at ages 9–12 and again in adolescence and young adulthood. Alternative theoretical models were tested to examine mediators of NBP effects on G2 parenting attitudes. Significant interactions between condition and baseline G1 parenting indicated that NBP improved G2's parenting attitudes for those exposed to poorer G1 parenting at program entry. Effects on G2 warm attitudes were partially mediated through program effects on G1 warm parenting. The implications of improving parenting attitudes in offspring who experience parental divorce on well-being in the next generation are discussed.
Proof without Words: Fair Allocation of a Pizza

(1994). Proof without Words: Fair Allocation of a Pizza. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 67, No. 4, pp. 267-267.
Ultrastructure of the accessory gland of the male mosquito, Aedes Aegypti (L.) (Diptera: CUlicidae)

Abstract We undertook a cytological study of the structure and secretory activity of male mosquito accessory glands in mature males, mated males and males that were mated and held for 3 days in the absence of females. This study has revealed that each of the 2 accessory glands of mature male Aedes aegypti is composed of a circular muscle sheath surrounding a single layer of columnar cells of 2 distinct types. These cells differ in the nature of the secretory material they contain; one type composed of a loose feltwork of electron dense fibers and the other a homogeneous, compact granular material. Evidence obtained from histological sections and fresh whole-mounts indicates that this material is released by a pinching-off of the apical portions of the columnar cells. We therefore conclude that secretion is of the apocrine type.
Problematized Narratives: History as Fiction in E. L. Doctorow's Billy Bathgate

Abstract E. L. Doctorow has made a career out of historical fiction, and he is renowned for both examining and rewriting the American past, most notably in the novel Ragtime. Such rewritings of history are possible because for Doctorow there is no fact or fiction, only narrative.
MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETIC EVIDENCE FOR THE PARALLEL EVOLUTION OF ROCK ECOMORPHS IN THE NEW ZEALAND ORB-WEAVING SPIDER WAITKERA WAITAKERENSIS (FAMILY ULOBORIDAE)

The genus Waitkera is the only New Zealand representative of the family Uloboridae and is known from a single species, Waitkera waitakerensis. This species is found in forests of the North Island, where it constructs orb-webs on understory vegetation. Rock outcrops in the Northland region support populations of W. waitkerensis comprised of larger individuals than those found elsewhere on the island, including those in surrounding forests. Parsimony analyses of DNA sequences from the mitochon- drial NADH dehydrogenase subunit ND1, using Siratoba refernes, another basal uloborid, as an outgroup, did not delineate these rock-dwelling populations as a monophyletic lineage that could be regarded as a distinct species. A TCS analysis leads to the same conclusion, suggesting that rock-dwelling populations represent independently evolved ecotypes. Northland populations of W. waitakerensis are phylogenetically basal; indicating that the species' range contracted northward during the Pleistocene and recolonized the remainder of the North Island.
Why have Criminal Law at All

The core punishments of the criminal law (deprivation of liberty or life) represent gravely serious assaults on the fundamental rights of persons, stigmatize and humiliate those persons, and typically cause those persons great personal unhappiness. Even when punishments are not actually inflicted on a particular individual, the possibility that they might be inflicted may be sufficient to generate enough fear in that individual to cause him to refrain from acting in ways he otherwise would have found desirable—a coercive curtailment of his liberty.
Localization and characterization of glutathione-s-transferase isozymes alpha, mu, and pi within the mouse vomeronasal organ

The nasal cavity of vertebrates contains a variety of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes that possess a broad range of substrate specificity ranging from metabolism of drugs, carcinogens, and steroid hormones, to dietary components and environmental pollutants. This investigation sought to localize the cellular expression and distribution of glutathione-s-transferase (GST) alpha, mu, and pi detoxifying enzymes, and to study GST activity toward different substrates in the mouse vomeronasal organ (VNO). Immunohistochemistry was used to identify GST alpha, mu and pi in the non-sensory and sensory layer of the VNO. Western blot analysis of cytosolic proteins revealed a qualitatively higher enzyme expression of GST alpha and mu in the main olfactory tissue (OE) in comparison to VNO tissue, whereas the GST pi isozyme was equally expressed in both. Total GST metabolism of 1-chloro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) revealed a higher activity level in the OE when compared to the VNO. In contrast, thin-layer chromatographic analysis of GST conjugation of the odorant, trans-2-hexenal (t-hex) (10 mM) showed more conjugate formed per unit protein in the VNO than the OE. The analysis of GST expression and enzyme activity within the VNO parallels the reported localization of phase I metabolizing enzymes and suggests that GST isozymes play independent roles that characterize multiple processes within VNO chemosensitivity.
Mathematics and Science Self-Concept: An International Investigation.

Using data from different countries, the author conducted an international investigation of the relationship between mean country mathematics and science self-concept and respective mean country achievement and geographic region. In addition, the relationship between self-concept and gender and age was compared for the different countries. Findings showed, at the student level, an overall positive relationship between achievement and self-concept in the countries investigated. However, at the country level, a negative relationship was found. Overall, there was a gender gap in favor of males and a developmental gap suggesting that mathematics and science self-concept decline as students grow older. Implications for mathematics and science education are discussed.
Risk Aversion and the Financial Accelerator

This paper studies the role of non-diversified risk and risk aversion for business cycles in a model with agency frictions. We extend the Bernanke, Gertler and Gilchrist(1999) financial accelerator framework where entrepreneurs are risk neutral to the case of entrepreneurs with constant-relative-risk-aversion preferences. In the presence of risk aversion, non-diversified idiosyncratic risk stabilizes business cycle fluctuations, especially in response to financial shocks.
Ablation of SP-A has a negative impact on the susceptibility of mice to Klebsiella pneumoniae infection after ozone exposure: sex differences

Background: Surfactant protein A (SP-A) enhances phagocytosis of bacteria, including Klebsiella pneumoniae, by alveolar macrophages. Ozone, a major air pollutant, can cause oxidation of surfactant and may influence lung immune function. Immune function may also be affected by sex-specific mechanisms. We hypothesized that ablation of SP-A has a negative impact on the susceptibility of mice to Klebsiella pneumoniae infection after ozone exposure, and that sex differences in the effect of ozone do exist. Methods: Male and female SP-A (-/-) mice on the C57BL/6J background were exposed to ozone or to filtered air (FA) used as a control and then infected intratracheally with K. pneumoniae bacteria. Survival rate was monitored during a 14-day period. In addition, protein oxidation levels and in vivo phagocytosis were checked 1 h after inoculation of PBS used as a sham control and after inoculation of K. pneumoniae bacteria in PBS, respectively. Results: We found: 1) ozone exposure followed by K. pneumoniae infection decreases survival and alveolar macrophage phagocytic function of SP-A (-/-) mice compared to filtered air exposure (p < 0.05), and females are more affected than males; 2) SP-A (-/-) mice (exposed either to ozone or FA) are more susceptible to infection with K. pneumoniae than wild type (WT) mice regarding their survival rate and macrophage phagocytic function; the phagocytic function of FA SP-A(-/-) is similar to that of ozone exposed WT. 3) ozone exposure appears to increase infiltration of PMNs, total protein, and SP-A oxidation in WT mice; infiltration of PMNs and total protein oxidation appears to be more pronounced in female mice in response to ozone; 4) ozone exposure increases SP-A oxidation in WT females significantly more than in males. Conclusion: Absence (i.e. ablation of SP-A in SP-A (-/-) mice) or reduction of functional activity of SP-A (i.e. oxidation of SP-A in WT mice) increases the susceptibility of mice to experimental pneumonia after ozone exposure, and in both cases females are more affected by ozone exposure than males.
The Diminishing Returns to the 2010 Human Development Index: Implications for Climate Policy and Sustainable Development

Human development, energy, and greenhouse gases are inherently linked under current technology constraints. An empirical comparison illustrates that nations with higher human development values (in terms of the United Nation’s Human Development Index (HDI)) contribute more carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions as a result of greater energy consumption. This finding seemingly places environmental sustainability at odds with advances in human development. However, the comparison also exposes the diminishing returns to HDI that accrue as emissions increase. If accurate, this relationship suggests that the developed world can make emission cuts without experiencing major set-backs in human well-being. It also suggests that under a global mitigation system, emission cuts in developed nations could enable emission increases in underdeveloped countries that result in major improvements to the human condition. Therefore, we investigate the diminishing returns to HDI in the context of sustainable climate policy design. We find that the saturation-like trend is inherent to development indicators and not driven by the functional form of the HDI. Also, the global trend is not consistently detected when the development pathways of individual nations are examined. Nevertheless, a clear relationship between CO2 and HDI emerges within the least developed nations, fourteen of which show consistent advances in HDI as emissions increase over time. These findings suggest that sustainable climate policy should not allocate emission rights away from these nations. Furthermore, most developed nations exhibit periods of HDI improvement while emissions decline, reinforcing the criticality of employing broader development measures beyond indicators of income for sustainable policy design.
A simple apparatus for generating stretched polyacrylamide gels, yielding uniform alignment of proteins and detergent micelles.

Compressed and stretched polyacrylamide hydrogels previously have been shown to offer a robust method for aligning proteins. A simple, funnel-like apparatus is described for generating uniformly stretched hydrogels. For prolate-shaped proteins, gels stretched in the direction of the magnetic field yield two-fold larger alignment than gels compressed to the same aspect ratio in this direction. Empirically, protein alignment is found to be proportional to (c−2.3) 2 [(do/dN) 3 -1], where do and dN are the diameters of the cylindrical gels before and after stretching, respectively, and c is the polyacrylamide weight fraction in percent. Low gel densities, in the 4–7% range, are found to have minimal effects on macromolecular rotational correlation times, τc, and no effect of the compression ratio on τc could be discerned over the range studied (do/dN ≤ 1.4). Application is demonstrated for a sample containing the first Ig-binding domain of protein G, and for a detergent-solubilized peptide.
Myeloid sarcoma: current approach and therapeutic options:

Myeloid sarcoma is a rare disease that can present as an isolated extramedullary leukemic tumor, concurrently with or at relapse of acute myeloid leukemia. Owing to the rarity of this disorder, most of the literature comprises small retrospective studies and case reports. The aim of this review is to summarize the current published data regarding the clinical presentation, morphological, cytogenetic and molecular features, prognosis and treatment of myeloid sarcoma.
Restless Kansas: Evidence of Structural Development in the Flatlands

Abstract The Phanerozoic structural development of Kansas is recorded by the stratigraphic and sedimentological evidence. The early Paleozoic was relatively quiet, but a major change in the structural regimen took place in the late Paleozoic as a result of events in adjacent areas. Structural development was mainly by vertical differential movement along faults defining rigid Precambrian basement blocks as they adjusted to the stress. These movements are recorded in the changes of sediment thickness over the fault blocks. Concurrently, as the basement blocks adjusted, seismites were triggered by paleoearthquakes. By mapping the occurrence of seismites vertically and laterally, conclusions can be made on the frequency and intensity of the paleoquakes. The occurrence of seismites formed by paleoquakes seemingly diminish with time, but this may be a function of suitable conditions for their formation and preservation. Subsequent structural movement in the Mesozoic and Tertiary was mainly regional tilting, ho...
Ant-based energy conservation for ad hoc networks

Nodes in ad hoc networks typically rely on battery energy. The wireless interface is one of the major drain on energy reserves of the nodes. Turning off network interfaces of idle nodes while maintaining effective network forwarding capacity is an effective energy conservation technique. In this paper, we describe the ant-based energy conservation (ABEC) mechanism to prolong network lifetime. By imitating the pheromom trail laying and following behavior of biological ants, ABEC allows nodes to alter the forwarding behavior of ant packets to control pheromone trail concentration when energy consumption needs to be reduced. These nodes safely turn off network interfaces while other nodes maintain pheromone trails to preserve network coverage and forwarding performance. We present the details of ABEC and evaluate its performance when it collaborates with AODV and an ant-based routing protocol. The results show that in comparison to AODV, ABEC successfully extends network lifetime by a factor of 2 to 3, while only slightly reducing network forwarding performance.