cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Material and design considerations of FBGA reliability performance

Abstract FBGA package reliability is usually assessed through the conventional approaches of die attach and mold compound material optimization. However, with the rapid changes and fast-moving pace of electronic packaging and the introduction of new soldermask and core materials, substrate design has also become a critical factor in determining overall package reliability. The purpose of this paper is to understand the impact design and soldermask material of a rigid substrate on overall package reliability. Three different soldermask patterns with a matrix of different die attach, mold compound, and soldermask materials are assessed using the moisture sensitivity test (MST). Package reliability is also assessed through the use of temperature cycling (T/C) at conditions “B” and “C.” For material optimization, three different mold compounds and die attach materials are used. Material adhesion between different die attach materials and soldermask materials are obtained through die shear performed at various temperatures and preset moisture conditions. A study correlating the different packaging material properties and their relative adhesion strengths with overall package reliability in terms of both MST and T/C performance was performed. Soldermask design under the die pads was found to affect package reliability. For example, locating vias at the edge of the die is not desirable because the vias acts as initiation point for delamination and moisture-induced failure. Through die shear testing, soldermask B demonstrated higher adhesion properties compared to soldermask A across several packaging materials and enhanced the overall package reliability in terms of both MST and T/C performance. Both MST JEDEC level 1 and the T/C of “B” and “C” at 1000 cycles have been achieved through design and package material optimization.
A Case Study: Student Political Civic Leadership Development In a Higher Education Coordinating Board

The role of college student leaders in higher education has historically been limited to on-campus student government and extra-curricular programs. However, as campuses became more inclusive of the student voice, a number of states expanded civic opportunities to include system and state-level governing and coordinating board positions. This case study explores the nature of political civic leadership development framed in the relational model through the perceptions of the Student Advisory Board members on their development as civic leaders. The central research question is, How does the experience at the Student Advisory Board create meaning to Board members in their [political] civic leadership development? The findings exhibit students’ leadership development in three dimensions: I – understanding oneself as a leader; you – understanding others’ leadership backgrounds and ideas; and we – working as a team to accomplish group goals. The case study creates an understanding of the meaning that public po...
Degradation of DNA by cysteine.

Abstract Exposure of DNA solutions to cysteine resulted in degradation of the polydeoxynucleotide. This reaction was inhibited by Na2 EDTA and by sodium citrate. Methylcysteine, mercaptoethanol, serine, and homocysteine did not exhibit this degradative effect. Preincubation of cysteine resulted in a more rapid rate of degradation thus suggesting that a product formed during incubation was responsible for the observed effects.
LTD driven fast Z-pinch for propulsion

Summary form only given. This paper will discuss a set ODE's that are based on Kirchoff's voltage and current laws coupled with a dynamic model of wire array implosion to demonstrate the potential of a Linear Transformer drivers (LTD) as the primary pulse power generator for a Z-pinch magneto-inertial fusion (MIF) using Lithium Deuteride wire array as propulsion system. Based on recent vehicle design studies produced by NASA and UAH, and emerging physics insights in the open literature, magneto-inertial fusion (MIF) appears to represent a leading approach for low cost light weight development of fusion reactors for in-space propulsion. The goal is to present a combined circuit model for a LTD driven Lithium Deuteride wire array Z-pinch accelerator. This model will help to determine the viability of LTD driven Lithium Deuteride wire array for a break even fusion driven propulsion device and to highlight the areas that still need work done on them before the concept is used on its first space flight.
Relation of Brachial Artery Reactivity to Nitroglycerin and Heart Rate Recovery Following Exercise in Healthy Male Volunteers

The parasympathetic nervous system facilitates peripheral arterial vasodilation and is also responsible for a decrease in heart rate immediately after exercise (heart rate recovery [HRR]). The relation among parasympathetic tone measured by HRR after exercise, endothelium-mediated vasodilation, and nitroglycerin-mediated vasodilation (determined with brachial artery ultrasound) was assessed in 25 healthy young men. One-minute HRR was nonsignificantly related to endothelium-mediated vasodilation (r = -0.35, p = 0.08) but was significantly related to nitroglycerin-mediated vasodilation (r = -0.63, p = 0.0008), a finding that persisted after adjustment for heart rate at rest, insulin resistance, lipid variables, and blood pressure. This suggests that parasympathetic tone may be inversely related to the responsiveness of arterial smooth muscle to nitrates in healthy humans.
Spinodal Decomposition in Fe — 32Cr

Spinodal decomposition in iron-chromium alloys has been studied for various compositions and aging temperatures by several workers using small angle neutron scattering. The data of the present study and that of previous workers are reviewed in order to better define the coexistence curve of this system as well as to provide an experimental basis for comparison with current nonlinear theories of spinodal decomposition. Regarding the coexistence curve, it is argued that the qualitative changes in the scattering pattern with composition and aging temperature are consistent with the experimentally determined boundary, rather than those calculated for this system. Quantitative analysis of the kinetic development of scattering from Fe-32Cr samples allows direct comparison with predictions of nonlinear theories of spinodal decomposition. The time dependence of the position of the peak maximum has been given by several theories as t−. The value of o found for Fe-32Cr increased with increasing aging temperature, extrapolating near the value of 1/6 at the estimated spinodal temperature.
Multiple wavelength infrared cameras and their biomedical applications

There have been substantial advances in multiple wavelength infrared imaging systems that can measure emissivity and temperature of surfaces. Multiplewavelength measurements can be done (1) using an array of detectors, each sensitive to a different range of photon energies; (2) using a tunable filter in front of a broad-band infrared detector; or (3) by using a focal plane array of tunable detectors. In choosing a multiplewavelength infrared camera for biomedical research or for clinical practice, the parameters of importance include cost, spectral resolution, spatial resolution, and response time. For many biological systems the assessment of infrared emissivity and/or fluorescence must be done simultaneously with the temperature measurement, because these parameters may rapidly change independently from each other. In addition to providing accurate absolute temperature readings in any thermological study, the measurement of emissivity and fluorescence and the display of their spatial distribution can be especially helpful in dermatology, dermatological oncology, dermatological pharmacology (assessment of pharmacokinetics and of diaphoretic excretion of drug metabolites), skin toxicology, burns management, assessment of radiation overexposure and microtelecalorimetry of cells, micro-organisms and tissue cultures. The measurement of light induced cutaneous vasoconstriction pose novel biomedical research problems that require the use of multiplewavelength cameras. In addition to the use of more sophisticated cameras, precision clinical telethermometry requires a better controlled environment. One must take into account infrared fluorescence, photoreflectance and light induced vasoconstriction all of which are induced by environmental illumination.
Determination of sulfur in fossil fuels by isotope dilution electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

The determination of S by solution nebulization quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is difficult because of interferences from oxygen dimer ions. The large 16O2+ ion current from the solvent water is a serious interference at 32S, the most abundant of the four isotopes, and precludes its measurement. The isotopic composition of S varies in nature as a consequence of natural mass fractionation; therefore, high accuracy isotope dilution mass spectrometric (IDMS) determination of sulfur requires that the ratio of 32S/34S be measured, for the two isotopes represent over 99% of natural sulfur. In this work, electrothermal vaporization was used to generate a water-free aerosol of the sample. Non-solvent sources of oxygen were investigated and the spectral background minimized. Further reduction of the oxygen dimer was achieved by using nitrogen as an oxygen-scavenger in the argon plasma. The isotope ratio of 32S/34S was used for the determination of S by IDMS. The repeatability of the 32S/34S ratio in terms of the relative standard error (95% confidence level) of 6 replicate measurements of the spiked and the unspiked samples was about 0.3% and 0.7%, respectively. The detection limit of the method was 4 ng g−1. Sulfur in two fossil fuel reference materials was measured and the results were in good agreement (within 0.3%) with those obtained by the more precise thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) method.
Coupling of Density and Spin Fluctuations to Quasiparticles in a Fermi Liquid

The general interaction between quasiparticles and particle-hole excitations in a neutral Fermi system at $T=0$ is investigated. Density and spin-density fluctuations and collective modes are treated on an equal basis. Use is made of Ward identities to relate the vertex function $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ to the quasiparticle self-energy $\ensuremath{\Sigma}$, and logarithmic corrections to the self-energy are obtained. The coefficients of the logarithmic terms are calculated analytically in terms of known Landau parameters.
Characterization of folate transport mediated by a low pH route in mouse L1210 leukemia cells with defective reduced folate carrier function

Abstract Folate influx at low pH was characterized in MTX r A cells, an L1210 mouse leukemia cell line with a functional defect in the reduced folate carrier. Folic acid influx in MTX r A cells was negligible at pH 7.5, increased 13-fold as the pH was decreased to 6.0, and was indistinguishable from that in L1210 cells. In contrast, while methotrexate (MTX) influx in MTX r A cells at pH 6.0 was 15-fold higher than at pH 7.5, in L1210 cells it was decreased by half. Influx of MTX, folic acid, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate and 5-formyltetrahydrofolate in MTX r A cells was increased at pH K t of 2.65 and 0.56 μM, and a V max of 0.45 and 0.083 nmol/g dry wt/min, respectively. MTX influx mediated by the low pH transporter was insensitive to the anionic composition of the transport buffer and affected minimally (∼20%) by Na + substitution. The anion transport inhibitors sulfobromophthalein, diisothiocyanatostilbene disulfonic acid, and acetamidoisothiocyanatostilbene disulfonic acid were not effective inhibitors of the low pH route. MTX transport at low pH did not increase in MTX r A-R16 cells, an MTX r A derivative with 10-fold overexpression of the reduced folate carrier (RFC) due to transfection with RFC1 cDNA. Inhibition of reduced folate carrier activity with acetamidoisothiocyanatostilbene disulfonic acid resulted in identical MTX influx in L1210, MTX r A, and MTX r A-R16 cells at pH 5.5. Finally, low pH-mediated MTX influx was reduced by energy inhibitors and partially inhibited by ionophores (nigericin > monensin ≫ valinomycin). The data indicate that L1210 and MTX r A cells express similar activities of a low pH folate transporter that has properties distinct from, and independent of, the reduced folate carrier.
Corticothalamic feedback and sensory processing

Although nearly half of the synaptic input to neurons in the dorsal thalamus comes from the cerebral cortex, the role of corticothalamic projections in sensory processing remains elusive. Although sensory afferents certainly establish the basic receptive field properties of thalamic neurons, increasing evidence indicates that feedback from the cortex plays a crucial role in shaping thalamic responses. Here, we review recent work on the corticothalamic pathways associated with the visual, auditory, and somatosensory systems. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that sensory responses of thalamic neurons result from dynamic interactions between feedforward and feedback pathways.
Collective Tree Spanners in Graphs with Bounded Parameters

In this paper we study collective additive tree spanners for special families of graphs including planar graphs, graphs with bounded genus, graphs with bounded tree-width, graphs with bounded clique-width, and graphs with bounded chordality. We say that a graph G=(V,E) admits a system of μ collective additive tree r -spanners if there is a system $\mathcal{T}(G)$of at most μ spanning trees of G such that for any two vertices x,y of G a spanning tree $T\in\mathcal{T}(G)$exists such that d T (x,y)≤d G (x,y)+r. We describe a general method for constructing a “small” system of collective additive tree r-spanners with small values of r for “well” decomposable graphs, and as a byproduct show (among other results) that any weighted planar graph admits a system of $O(\sqrt{n})$collective additive tree 0-spanners, any weighted graph with tree-width at most k−1 admits a system of klog 2 n collective additive tree 0-spanners, any weighted graph with clique-width at most k admits a system of klog 3/2 n collective additive tree $(2\mathsf{w})$-spanners, and any weighted graph with size of largest induced cycle at most c admits a system of log 2 n collective additive tree $(2\lfloor c/2\rfloor\mathsf{w})$-spanners and a system of 4log 2 n collective additive tree $(2(\lfloor c/3\rfloor +1)\mathsf {w})$-spanners (here, $\mathsf{w}$is the maximum edge weight in G). The latter result is refined for weighted weakly chordal graphs: any such graph admits a system of 4log 2 n collective additive tree $(2\mathsf{w})$-spanners. Furthermore, based on this collection of trees, we derive a compact and efficient routing scheme for those families of graphs.
"Bicarbonate resistant" metabolic acidosis in association with ethylene glycol intoxication.

A case of massive ingestion of ethylene glycol is described. The clinical characteristics of this disorder such as persistent metabolic acidosis and oxaluria as well as changes in serum osmolality that may accompany ingestion of certain toxins are emphasized. The rapid clearance of ethylene glycol from the blood during hemodialysis is noted and the use of ethyl alcohol to block metabolic conversion of ethylene glycol to oxalic acid, which is also a toxin, is described. The importance of early diagnosis and therapy is stressed.
Sudden cardiac death: We are not there yet.

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) remains the leading cause of mortality in developed nations, despite significant advances over the past half-century [1]. Major practice-changing advances have included improved identification of coronary artery disease (CAD) risk factors, aggressive prevention of CAD, improved treatment of acute coronary syndromes (ACS), recognition of some rare but high-risk genetic causes of ventricular arrhythmias (VAs), and the use of implantable cardioverter–defibrillators (ICDs). Significant impacts also have been made by the presence of automated external defibrillators in public places, and large public educational campaigns on basic and advance cardiopulmonary resuscitation. In this issue of the Journal, Mitrani and Myerburg [2] have comprehensively but concisely described recent developments in the understanding, prevention, and treatment of SCD. These developments range widely in their context, and include changes in the definition of SCD, recognition of epidemiologic trends, the evolution of SCD mechanisms, and developments in specific clinical conditions, genetic mutations, or polymorphisms. The authors also discuss the increasing recognition of the intricacies of post-cardiac arrest care, which should differ based on the duration of the arrest, i.e., time elapsed before the return of spontaneous circulation. The aim of this brief editorial is to place these developments in the overall context of where we are in the identification of risk, prevention, and treatment of SCD, and where we need to be, to make an impact on this enigmatic societal problem.
Robot singularity rate control with phantom d.o.f. strategy

Singularity is an inherent problem and an important obstacle to be overcome in robotic kinematics. When it is near a singular configuration, a robot loses one or more degrees of freedom (d.o.f.), and joint velocities approach infinitely leading to control instability. A strategy for stabilizing robot rate control near or at a singularity (degenerate) configuration using phantom d.o.f. is proposed. The phantom d.o.f. is considered as part of a robot kinematic velocity model and is activated only when the joint velocity exceeds its limit or at singularity configurations. A numerical illustration of singularity control of a 5-d.o.f. robot is discussed. >
Restriction site variation in the chloroplast genomes of the monogenomic Triticeae

Restriction site variation in the chloroplast has been useful in discerning relationships among diploid wheat taxa and their polyploid descendants. Data are beginning to accumulate on the perennial taxa as well. The level of variation within the tribe is low, but each genomic group studied to date can be distinguished by at least one unique restriction site, which can serve as a marker for the cytoplasm. There is little phylogenetically useful variation, so cladograms of the tribe are poorly resolved and unstable. However, a distinctive deletion links the chloroplasts of Pseudoroegneria libanotica, Ps. stipifolia. Elytrigia repens, and Dasypyrum villosum.
Synthesis and structural characterization of (THF)3Na{(SnC6H3–2,6-Trip2)2} (Trip=C6H2-2,4,6-i-Pr3): effects of cation–anion association on Sn–Sn multiple bonding

The synthesis and structural characterization of the contact ion-pair species (THF) 3 Na{(SnC 6 H 3 –2,6-Trip 2 ) 2 } ( 1 ) are described. The compound 1 was synthesized by the reduction of Sn(Cl)C 6 H 3 –2,6-Trip 2 with sodium anthracenide in THF. Its UV–vis and EPR spectra are very similar to those previously reported for the solvent separated ion pairs [K(THF) 6 ] [(SnC 6 H 3 –2,6-Trip 2 ) 2 ] and [K(dibenzo–18–crown–6)(THF) 3 ] [(SnC 6 H 3 –2,6-Trip 2 ) 2 ]. The X-ray crystal structure of 1 reveals an Sn–Sn distance 2.8107(13)A and an Na–Sn bond length of 3.240(7)A with C–Sn–Sn angles of ca. 98°. The Sn–Sn distance and tin geometry are very similar to those previously observed. These similarities lead to the conclusion that the Sn–Sn bonding is affected only in a minor way by sodium coordination. Crystal data at 130 K with CuK α ( λ =1.54178A) radiation; 1 , a =22.142(5), b =15.845(4), c =23.425(7)A, β =107.83(2)°, Z=4, monoclinic, space group C 2/ c , R 1=0.0615 for 4872 ( I =2 σ ( I )) data.
Neonatal caffeine exposure and seizure susceptibility in adult rats.

Summary: Early developmental exposure to caffeine in rats results in changes in brain excitability that persist to adulthood. The mechanism of these alterations is un- known. To identify potential neurotransmitter systems involved, we exposed neonatal rats to caffeine and determined seizure thresholds for chemoconvulsants active at different CNS receptors in the adult animal. Rats were unhandled (NH) or received by gavage (0.05 m1/10 g) either vehicle (water) or caffeine (15–20 mg/kg/day) for postnatal days 2–6.At age 70–90 days, each rat was infused intravenously (i.v.) with picrotoxin (PIC), bicucul-line (BIC) [convulsants acting at the γ-aminobutyric acid/ benzodiazepine (GABA/BDZ) receptor], pentylenetetra-zol [PTZ, possibly acting at both GABA/BDZ and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors], caffeine (acting at adenosine receptors), strychnine (STR, acting at glycine receptors), or kainic acid (KA, acting at the NMDA receptor).Seizure thresholds were analyzed as a function of neonatal treatment and sex. Thresholds for caffeine, PTZ, PIC, and KA were increased as a function of neonatal caffeine exposure (p = 0.01, 0.02, 0.02, and 0.005, respectively).The thresholds for BIC and STR were not altered. There were also gender differences in seizure susceptibility. Thresholds for seizures produced by BIC, caffeine, PIC, and STR were higher in females (p = 0.005, 0.0005, 0.0001, and 0.0001, respectively), but were not different for seizures caused by PTZ. These results suggest that early developmental exposure to caffeine affects later seizure susceptibility. Moreover, some of these effects are gender specific.
Multiple comparisons of k binomial proportions

Comparisons of k independent binomial proportions are studied. Piegorsch (1991) compared the Studentized-range implementation of the Wald interval and the Bonferroni-adjusted interval, both of which performed poorly for small values of the true proportions. Agresti et al. (2008) showed that adding one pseudo observation of each type in forming the Wald interval, along with the Studentized-range implementation, greatly improved the performance. A new two-stage method of multiple comparisons (global test followed by pairwise tests) is proposed. For the pairwise tests, three procedures are proposed, which are the LSD type, modified LSD, and inverse-sine based. Simulation studies show that the new procedures have relatively high power and that the modified LSD and inverse-sine based procedures maintain the familywise error rate near the nominal level.
The 55 K specific heat anomaly in palladium hydride

A specific heat anomaly in PdH and PdD has been observed by Aston et al. (1957) close to 55 K. Its position was found to be independent of hydrogen concentration and its magnitude to be linear in hydrogen concentration. Ferguson's (1965) and Brodowsky's (1972) explanations of the anomaly are shown to be unsatisfactory. This is true also for the detailed mechanical statistical model proposed by Staford and McLellan (1974) for interstitial solid solutions of hydrogen in transition metals. It is shown that Gopal's (1966) simple Schottky model of specific heat anomaly, which considers a system of several levels with Boltzmann statistics, provides much better agreement with experiment than the more elaborate models, both in magnitude and in predicting a linear dependence on hydrogen concentration.
Sex Differences on a Measure of Self-Esteem: Theoretical Implications

Summary The hypotheses of this study of sex differences on a measure of self-esteem are as follows: 1) the scales good, nice, generous, pleasant, dependable, honest, and active will group together to form the outer esteem dimension of the semantic differential; 2) the scales strong, leader, powerful, confident, curious, inventive, sharp, and active will group together to form the inner esteem dimension of the semantic differential; 3) males will score significantly higher than females on the inner esteem dimension of the semantic differential; 4) females will score significantly higher than males on the outer esteem dimension of the semantic differential; 5) there will be a significant difference between the scoring patterns of males and females on the two dimensions of the semantic differential after controlling for the effects of race and social desirability. The sample of 442 sixth through eighth grade students consisted of two subsamples made heterogeneous on race, geographic location, and type of sch...
Pulse stimulated radiation from a plasma involving the second harmonic of the gyrofrequency

Abstract If a plasma is excited by two short pulses at the gyrofrequency and its second harmonic, respectively, with a time separation τ, a radiation maximum is predicted to occur at the gyrofrequency a time τ after the second pulse.
Synchrocyclotron Improvement Programs

A number of groups are engaged in improvement of synchrocyclotrons in order to increase beam current and improve extraction efficiency and beam precision. This paper reviews the major problems involved in such improvements and the solutions contemplated by the several groups. Goals are beams of 10?a or more with extraction efficiency of at least 50% and a tenfold gain in spatial and energy definition of the beams.
Pessoa 2.0: a controller synthesis tool for cyber-physical systems

We introduce PESSOA 2.0, a tool that automatically synthesizes controllers for cyber-physical systems based on correct-by-design methodology. PESSOA 2.0 accepts a cyber-physical system represented by a set of smooth differential equations and automata and a specification in a fragment of Linear Temporal Logic that is expressive enough to describe interesting properties but simple enough to avoid Safra's construction. It outputs, if possible, a controller for the system that enforces the specification up to an abstraction parameter. We report on examples illustrating the expressiveness of the fragment and the controllers synthesized by the tool.
How many plates

Herein I address the current number of plates, the number there should be, and whether there is a pattern in the plate mosaic. Related issues are the optimal sizes and shapes of plates and spacings of ridges, trenches, and transform faults. Similar questions arise in studies of foams, bubble rafts, buckyballs, mudcracks, columnar jointing, the tessellation of spheres, and the planforms of convection. In sphere-covering problems, and in dynamic problems, pentagons replace the familiar hexagons. The “ground” state of plate tectonics on a homogeneous planet may involve ∼12 plates with five nearest and five next-nearest neighbors. The plate mosaic may be a self-organized network of plates and force chains, which are readily reorganized by stress changes. This paper starts with the premise that the mosaic may have simple and surficial explanations rather than convective or plutonic causes. The study of the tessellation of Earth can be called “platonics” to distinguish it from the idea that the lithosphere necessarily mirrors the planform of mantle convection.
Group mentoring: a story of transition for undergraduate baccalaureate nursing students.

Summary Background Group mentoring has been endorsed as an effective method of supporting novice professionals across disciplines. In one university, faculty revised the undergraduate nursing curriculum to include a group mentoring course as a requirement of students during the four semesters they are enrolled in the nursing program. Objectives The purpose of this study was to explore the lived experience of undergraduate nursing students participating in a group mentoring course. Design This study used a hermeneutic interpretive phenomenological method. Setting and Participants Data were collected from 22 undergraduate nursing students enrolled in group mentoring courses at a private Midwestern university in the United States. Methods At the end of each semester of mentoring, students provided written responses to five open-ended questions about their experiences of participating in the mentoring courses. Results Four themes emerged: conversation, communication, connection, and cohesion. Conclusion Group mentoring was an effective way to support nursing students as they transitioned from undergraduate student to novice professional nurse.
In vivo patellofemoral contact mechanics during active extension using a novel dynamic MRI-based methodology.

Summary Objectives To establish an in vivo , normative patellofemoral (PF) cartilage contact mechanics database acquired during voluntary muscle control using a novel, dynamic, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging-based, computational methodology and validate the contact mechanics sensitivity to the known sub-millimeter methodological accuracies. Design Dynamic cine phase-contrast and multi-plane cine (MPC) images were acquired while female subjects ( n = 20, sample of convenience) performed an open kinetic chain (knee flexion-extension) exercise inside a 3-T MR scanner. Static cartilage models were created from high resolution three-dimensional static MR data and accurately placed in their dynamic pose at each time frame based on the cine-PC (CPC) data. Cartilage contact parameters were calculated based on the surface overlap. Statistical analysis was performed using paired t -test and a one-sample repeated measures ANOVA. The sensitivity of the contact parameters to the known errors in the PF kinematics was determined. Results Peak mean PF contact area was 228.7 ± 173.6 mm 2 at 40° knee angle. During extension, contact centroid and peak strain locations tracked medially on the femoral and patellar cartilage and were not significantly different from each other. At 25°, 30°, 35°, and 40° of knee extension, contact area was significantly different. Contact area and centroid locations were insensitive to rotational and translational perturbations. Conclusion This study is a first step towards unfolding the biomechanical pathways to anterior PF pain and osteoarthritis (OA) using dynamic, in vivo , and accurate methodologies. The database provides crucial data for future studies and for validation of, or as an input to, computational models.
Global sustainability versus the Malthusian-Darwinian dynamic: a reply to Rull.

Although the comments by Rull are interesting [1], they miss the intent and main point of our paper [2], which are to show how the Malthusian–Darwinian dynamic (MDD) applies to global human ecology and may limit viable sustainability options. Rull is correct that many of the facts and interpretations presented in our paper have been made by others. We are aware of and have cited most of these across our various human macroecology papers [3–5]; it is important to also realize that Science & Society Forum pieces in TREE are capped at 15 references, and thus this work cannot and should not be seen as a comprehensive review of the subject.
ECONOMIC BOUNDARIES OF HEALTH POLICY : FACTORS INFLUENCING 1993-1994 REFORM PROPOSALS

This article offers a theoretical framework for understanding the crisis of U.S. health care system and the mainstream debate on restructuring health care financing and delivery subsystems. The author argues that the crisis of the health care system is a cause and a consequence of the long cycle of structural changes in the U.S. economy since World War II. The article distinguishes between the level and the rate of growth of health care expenditures. It is possible to moderate the level of health care expenditure by adopting measures in the direction indicated by the historical experience of other advanced capitalist economies. However, in the long term the rate of growth of health care costs will exceed the rate of growth of gross domestic product, thus any attempt to limit it will result in deterioration in the quantity and quality of health care services. The 1993-1994 mainstream debate is revisited to show how these proposals were a part of the overall effort to resolve the long-term problems of the U.S. economy. The defeat of the Clinton plan was due to its concerns with efficiency of the health care system in the face of the demand by a majority of the U.S. capitalist class to cut costs.
Effect of bilateral and unilateral grafts on the incidence of rejections in keratoconus.

We studied results of 124 keratoplasties in 100 keratoconus patients; 61 men and 39 women varying in ages from 11 to 69 years with an average age of 30 years. Twenty-four patients had bilateral grafts with a 27% incidence of rejection, and 76 patients had unilateral grafts with a 13% incidence of rejection (P less than .01). Data analysis of the first year after the graft of first eyes and subsequent years after the graft of first and second eyes, however, revealed a nearly fourfold increase of rejections following second grafts, with a 17% increased chance of rejection for the first graft after the second was implanted. Only two of the bilateral and two of the unilateral grafts were irreversibly lost because of graft reaction. The major complication was the formation of posterior subcapsular cataract, which occurred in approximately 32% of the patients. The final postkeratoplasty visual acuities were significantly improved. In the patients who did not develop a cataract, 86% achieved visual acuity of 6/12 (20/40) or better. In the patients who did develop cataracts, 68% achieved visual acuity of 6/12 (20/40) or better.
Capital, Constant Capital and the Social Division of Labor

This paper builds upon the analysis of constant capital as a social relation. It begins by developing the relationship between constant capital and the social divi sion of labor. Next, it investigates the manner in which Marx has treated this subject. To do so, it discusses the alternative perspectives of commodity production as a se quence of processes and as a composite of parallel pro cesses. Based on this discussion, it attempts to reconstruct Marx's use of these two approaches. Then it discusses why the category of constant capital cannot be aggregated and why the theory of the deterministic falling rate of profit must be rejected. The following section introduces Marx's theory of the devalorization of capital in order to show its relationship with the theory of the falling rate of profit. Finally, the paper discusses the relationship between cons tant capital and primitive accumulation.
Growth of a-plane AlN on r-plane sapphire by plasma source molecular beam epitaxy

We report the epitaxial growth of a-plane AlN on r-plane sapphire (Al2O3) substrates with an AlN nucleation layer. The AlN film is identified to be non polar and of a-plane orientation (110) which follows the r-plane Al2O3. The epitaxial films of thickness 0.34 μ were grown at low temperature (650 °C) by Plasma Source Molecular Beam Epitaxy (PSMBE). Initially we deposited a thin (50 A) buffer layer of AlN on a 3 inch r-plane sapphire substrate at 400 °C in argon/nitrogen plasma followed by a 10 min annealing at 650 °C. The reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) method was used for in situ structural characterization during the growth process. The a-plane growth has been confirmed by ex situ high resolution X-ray diffraction (XRD). Only the a-plane reflection peak appears at 2θ = 59.5o. The surface morphology of the films was examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Optical properties of the films have been studied using reflection spectroscopy in the 175–3300 nm wavelength range. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Steady-state kinetics of the overall oxidative phosphorylation reaction in heart mitochondria. Determination of the coupling relationships between the respiratory reactions and miscellaneous observations concerning rate-limiting steps

The linear sequence of steps involved in the oxidation of extramitochondrial succinate by O2 in bovine heart mitochondria was examined by a steady-state kinetic method to determine whether or not freely diffusible intermediates occur between the various inhibitor-sensitive steps. The kinetic method is based on the facts (1) that if two inhibitor-sensitive steps within a sequence are linked by a freely diffusible intermediate, inhibition of one will make the other less rate limiting in the overall reaction and thus will increase the amount of inhibitor of the other step required for half-maximal inhibition of the overall reaction, and (2) that if the two steps are not linked in this manner, inhibition of one will make the other more rate limiting and thus will decrease the amount of inhibitor of the other required for half-maximal inhibition. These two types of "coupling relationships" between steps were designated as "sequential" and "fixed," respectively. The results indicate the existence of freely diffusible intermediates (sequential coupling relationships) between the succinate transport and succinate dehydrogenase reactions, between the succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome bc1 reactions, and between the cytochromes bc1 and aa3 reactions. Uncoupling respiration from phosphorylation results in the coupling relationship between the bc1 and aa3 reactions becoming partially fixed. This change is accompanied by marked decreases in the degrees to which the bc1 and aa3 reactions limit the overall reaction and appears to account for the large uncoupler-induced releases of inhibition at the levels of the bc1 and aa3 reactions observed previously by others. It is suggested that cytochrome c is the freely diffusible intermediate between the bc1 and aa3 reactions and that the uncoupler-induced changes occur as a result of formation of functional and highly efficient supercomplexes between cytochrome c and the cytochromes bc1 and aa3 complexes.
Integrated high-speed GaAs MSM photodetector and polyimide channel waveguide array for board-level data communication

A demonstration of hybrid integration of a 1 X 12 metal- semiconductor-metal (MSM) photo-detector array and polyimide channel waveguides via 45 degree(s) total-internal-reflection micro-coupler is reported here. MSM photo-detector array was fabricated on a semi-insulated GaAs wafer. The two-layer polyimide waveguide array was constructed using Ultradel 9120D for core and Ultradel 9020 for lower cladding layer. The photodetectors are integrated to operate in the conventional vertical illumination mode. We have measured the external quantum-efficiency and 3 dB bandwidth of the integrated MSM photo-detectors to be 0.4 A/W and 2.648 GHz, respectively. The aggregate 3 dB bandwidth of the 12-channel integrated system is 32 GHz.
Discrimination Among Temporal Patterns of Stimulation in a Computer Model of a Coelenterate Nerve Net

A simulation study is reported of the spread of excitation in a digital computer model based quite realistically on a coelenterate nerve net. The question posed is whether an elementary nervous system with randomly distributed properties can discriminate between time patterns of stimuli at the same average frequency. Forty-four temporal patterns of stimulation, each composed of seven stimuli in the same total period of time were applied to each of nine simulated nerve nets with each of eleven different distributions of four rates of decay of facilitation. The results may be summarized as follows:
Anorexia nervosa: framework for early identification and intervention.

Anorexia nervosa, an eating disorder that is reaching epidemic proportions in this society, is discussed from a historical perspective. Criteria for diagnosing the disorder, factors contributing to its development, and the prognosis and current treatment strategies are discussed. A model for professional nursing intervention that focuses on consciousness raising, education, and referral for treatment is presented.
Neonatal pattern vision: a predictor of future mental performance?

The visual fixation responses of 33 high-risk neonates to patterned stimuli were rated as normal, suspect, or abnormal in an attempt to predict future intellectual performance. For comparison purposes, a neurologic examination was also administered. Follow-up studies based on autopsies and neurologic and psychological testing agreed with the neonatal visual preference ratings in 27 cases, but with the neurologic examination ratings in only 22 cases. This preliminary study suggests that neonatal visual testing is a promising technique for evaluating brain integrity in the newborn period.
Changes in Telomerase Activity and Telomere Length during Human T Lymphocyte Senescence

Abstract It has been proposed that telomeres shorten with every cell cycle because the normal mechanism of DNA replication cannot replicate the end sequences of the lagging DNA strand. Telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein enzyme that synthesizes telomeric DNA repeats at the DNA 3′ ends of eukaryotic chromosomes, can compensate for such shortening, by extending the template of the lagging strand. Telomerase activity has been identified in human germline cells and in neoplastic immortal somatic cells, but not in most normal somatic cells, which senesce after a certain number of cell divisions. We and others have found that telomerase activity is present in normal human lymphocytes and is upregulated when the cells are activated. But, unlike the immortal cell lines, presence of telomerase activity is not sufficient to make T cells immortal and telomeres from these cells shorten continuously during in vitro culture. After senescence, telomerase activity, as detected by the TRAP technique, was downregulated. A cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) cell line that was established in the laboratory has very short terminal restriction fragments (TRFs). Telomerase activity in this cell line is induced during activation and this activity is tightly correlated with cell proliferation. The level of telomerase activity in activated peripheral blood T cells, the CTL cell line, and two leukemia cell lines does not correlate with the average TRF length, suggesting that other factors besides telomerase activity are involved in the regulation of telomere length.
Skylight polarization patterns at dusk influence migratory orientation in birds

Over 100 animal species are known to be able to perceive the plane of polarization of linearly polarized light; most of these are arthropods but several molluscs and vertebrates, including man, share this ability1,2. At least five aquatic vertebrates (three fish, a salamander and a larval frog) are capable of oriented movement based on the E-vector of linearly polarized light3–9. Pigeons (Columba livia) have been conditioned to discriminate between rotating and stationary polarized light and between widely separated stationary E-vectors10,11, but the behavioural significance of this ability remains unknown. I report here that the migratory orientation of the white-throated sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis), a nocturnal migrant, is affected by manipulations of the axis of skylight polarization. These data provide the first evidence that polarized light may be a relevant cue in migratory orientation.
Humoral Immunity After Splenorenal Artery Bypass

Splenorenal artery bypass is not an uncommon procedure for correctable renal hyper tension. Although it is well known that the removal of the spleen greatly impairs humoral immunity, no data exist regarding the humoral response after a splenorenal artery bypass. The purpose of this study was to assess the humoral response to an intravenous bolus of sheep erythrocytes in Sprague-Dawley rats after they underwent a splenorenal artery bypass.Sixteen male, retired breeder, Sprague-Dawley rats (weight 400 to 450 g) were divided into three groups and successfully studied. The first six rats were the control group and underwent sham operations consisting of a midline laparotomy followed by primary closure. The second group (n=6) underwent splenectomies with suture ligation of the splenic artery at the hilum. A splenic artery to left renal artery bypass was performed on the rats in the last group (n=4). After recovery, the rats were given an intravenous bolus of sheep erythrocytes via direct cannulation of the fem...
PATTERNS OF RELIGIOUS MOBILITY AMONG BLACK AMERICANS

Using data from the National Survey of Black Americans (NSBA) and the General Social Survey (GSS), this study tests hypotheses distilled from two competing perspectives on black religious mobility....
Quantitation and identification of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons by liquid chromatography and multiwavelength absorption spectrometry

This paper describes the combined use of liquid chromatographic separation with multiwavelength absorption detection for the quantitation and identification of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Quantiative results are presented for three- and four-component mixtures with complete and partial separation. Qualitative data are presented for a twelve-component synthetic mixture and for extracts from a filter used to collect particulate emissions from a biomass-gasifier system. It is shown that multiwavelength data-processing methods commonly applied to absorption spectra can be applied with significant advantage to second-derivative spectra. Results indicate that significant improvements can be achieved by the use of different wavelength ranges for different components in mixtures. Detection limits for single-component samples varied between 3 and 11 μg l−1 for eleven hydrocarbons and the scatter about calibration plots for mixtures was in the range of 0.05 to 0.4 μg ml−1. The identities of all twelve components in the synthetic mixture were confirmed and nineteen components were identified in the sample from the biomass gasifier filter.
My Theological Reflection with Karl Rahner: Rupture, Discontinuity . . . Incomprehensible Mystery

In this essay, the author reflects on the personal experience of the loss of his spouse, a reflection inspired and informed by the faith and theology of Karl Rahner. With death, it is not that a “new” time has begun, but that time itself has ended. And yet that mutual love as spouses continues. Life following the death of a spouse presents itself as an empty nothingness. But God, incomprehensible mystery, is our beginning. Our lives are filled with rupture and discontinuity not as evidence of a missing or absent God, but that we are not God.
Simultaneous stochastic simulation of daily precipitation, temperature and solar radiation at multiple sites in complex terrain

Abstract Stochastic generation of daily precipitation, maximum temperature, minimum temperature and solar radiation, simultaneously at a collection of stations in a way that preserves realistic spatial correlations, is described and illustrated. The procedure is a generalization of the familiar Richardson `WGEN' approach in that the same basic model structure and local parameter sets are used. The precipitation model is extended to multiple sites by driving the local models with spatially correlated random numbers. The nonprecipitation variables are generated using a high-dimensional autoregression that is a direct extension of the conventional formulation. The necessary spatial correlations for both components are specified as functions of horizontal and vertical distances between stations so that the procedure can be applied to arbitrarily located station networks, for example at a set of regular gridpoints. Results are illustrated for a network of 62 stations in an area of varied terrain in the western United States.
On characterizing equilibria of economies with externalities and taxes as solutions to optimization problems

We characterize equilibria of general equilibrium models with externalities and taxes as solutions to optimization problems. This characterization is similar to Negishi's characterization of equilibria of economies without externalities or taxes as solutions to social planning problems. It is often useful for computing equilibria or deriving their properties. Frequently, however, finding the optimization problem that a particular equilibrium solves is difficult. This is especially true in economies with multiple equilibria. In a dynamic economy with externalities or taxes there may be a robust continuum of equilibria even if there is a representative consumer. This indeterminacy of equilibria is closely related to that in overlapping generations economies.