cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some Factors Affecting Egg Size in the Domestic Fowl

Abstract ALTHOUGH egg size is an inherited and fixed characteristic of the individual bird, there remains a certain amount of variation in size of eggs produced by any one female. Some of these variations are due to environmental and others to physiological factors. Investigators have shown that there are seasonal fluctuations in egg size; that eggs of pullets increase in size during the early period of production; and that intensity of production, sexual maturity, feed, and body weight may have some effect on egg size. Jull (1924) has shown that increase in size of yolk is directly proportional to the increase in the size of the body. Asmundson (1931) reported that the amount of albumen secreted by the oviduct was to some extent dependent on the size of the bird and also the size of the oviduct. Atwood (1923) has shown that the position of the egg within the clutch affects . . .
School Counselor Selection: A Systematic Approach

This article presents an objective-based model for the selection of counselors. The model places emphasis on a systematic approach, with staff involvement and clear objectives for the process, and includes suggestions for avoiding ineffective behaviors based on traditional approaches.
Performance of a thinned back-illuminated CCD coupled to a confocal microscope for low-light-level fluorescence imaging

This paper describes the results of coupling a Tektronix TK512 CCD imager to a Technical Instruments K2Bio Nipkow disk real-time confocal microscope. The characteristics of the selected TK512 CCD imager are as follows: the chip is a thinned, back-illuminated device which has an anti-reflection coating. The quantum efficiency of the device is 86.4 at 400 nm. The CCD imager is a TK512, silicon CCD which is sensitive from the UV to the near-IR. The sensor is a full-frame area imager, with CCDs fabricated using a buried channel, three-level polysilicon gate process with very high charge-transfer efficiency ($2 0.9999) and low dark current. Low noise on-chip amplifiers provide and interface to external preamplifiers with readout noise typically
Update on and Advances in Assessment and Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents.

Most child psychologists would agree that treating anxiety disorders in children is extremely challenging at times but also rewarding. This article provides an updated look at assessment strategies and promising psychosocial treatment techniques for children with 3 common anxiety disorders: separation anxiety disorder, social phobia, and generalized anxiety disorder. The need for comprehensive diagnostic evaluations is highlighted through information on the wide range of assessment procedures and instruments available to practicing psychologists interested in treating anxious youth. In addition, a treatment approach shown to be empirically efficacious for treating anxious children, cognitive-behavioral therapy, is described. We provide practical examples of assessment and treatment techniques for clinical practice. Tables are included that can serve as useful quick references for the 3 areas covered.
Quantum reactive scattering calculations of Franck—Condon factors for the photodetachment of H2F− and D2F− and comparisons with experiment

Abstract The nuclear Franck—Condon factor for the photodetachment processes H(D)2F− +hv→H(D)2+F+e−, H(D)F+H(D)+e− for J=0 has been calculated using the S-matrix Kohn variational method for reactive scattering on the T5a potential energy surface. The positions of peaks in the spectra of our theoretical calculations are in excellent agreement with those found in the recent experiment of Weaver and Neumark. The width of the main peak in the spectrum of H2F− matches perfectly with the experimental one, but the width of the main peak for the D2F− is narrower than the experiment.
The language arts program in the schools

Books reviewed James Moffett, Teaching the Universe of Discourse. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1968, pp. ix+215. Paper, $2.75. James Moffett, A Student‐Centered Language Arts Curriculum, Grades K‐6. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1968; pp. xx+274. $4.50. A Student‐Centered Language Arts Curriculum, Grades K‐13. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1968; pp. xxvii+503. $7.25.
Hyperpolarization of substantia gelatinosa neurons evoked by μ-, κ-, δ1-, and δ2-selective opioids

Abstract With whole-cell recordings of substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurons from rat spinal cord slices, we investigated the effects of bath application of highly selective δ 1 , δ 2 , κ and μ opioid agonists on membrane potential and conductance. Each agonist was applied at 0.5 to 1 μmol/L and evoked robust hyperpolarizations and conductance increases in a subset of neurons. The response magnitude means were similar across agonists at several concentrations; no excitatory effects were observed. Nine of 55 (16%) were hyperpolarized by δ 1 opioids, 2 of 45 (4%) by δ 2 , 8 of 59 (14%) by κ, and 35 of 67 (52%) by μ opioids. To test the hypothesis that SG neurons may be hyperpolarized by multiple opioid subtype agonists, we applied 2, 3, or 4 selective agonists to individual neurons. Most neurons were hyperpolarized only by μ opioids; however, a minority were hyperpolarized by multiple subtype-selective agonists. These results indicate that δ 1 - and δ 2 -selective opioids can also evoke robust hyperpolarizations in spinal SG neurons, that the relative abundance of hyperpolarizing responses was μ ⪢ δ 1 ≃ κ > δ 2 , and that some SG neurons can be hyperpolarized by more than 1 opioid subtype-selective agonist. These powerful inhibitory postsynaptic responses likely contribute to analgesia evoked by spinally and systemically administered opioid subtype-selective agonists. © 2002 by the American Pain Society
Private and Public Economic Incentives for the Control of Animal Diseases: The Case of Anthrax in Livestock

Summary This study examined the roles of the public and private sectors as economic components of anthrax control with direct reference to the 2005 anthrax outbreak in livestock in North Dakota. Anthrax is an endemic disease in North Dakota, which often causes disease outbreaks in livestock, leading to economic losses to the livestock industry. The economic incentives and interests behind public and private control of an anthrax outbreak are investigated. Anthrax management is most effective with the participation of public and private firms. As anthrax is an infectious disease, its control also brings positive economic externalities, which are not accounted for in a producer’s decision to protect animals. Therefore, public programs designed to control the disease must be implemented. The government can change producer response to anthrax by setting up policies and incentives that encourage their participation. However, these interventions must encourage compliance and not discourage producers from actively taking part in anthrax management. Producers have economy-based interests and personal reasons for controlling anthrax in their farms. The main reason behind government intervention is to provide assurance to the public who consume livestock products. Another reason is to assist producers and veterinarians, and to achieve biosecurity and biosafety objectives. The contribution of each animal healthcare partner in making anthrax management a success in North Dakota is discussed.
Management of lower urinary tract infections and cystitis.

The normally pristine urinary tract with its smooth glycosalated epithelium performs in an excellent manner to conduct urine from the kidneys and store it in the bladder reservoir and performs an efficient emptying when appropriate with minimal perception by the man or woman host. Defense mechanisms against assault by microorganisms include good hydrodynamic properties of emptying, mucus production, white blood cell mobilization, and inactivating antibodies. Nevertheless, a myriad of conditions can disturb this equilibrium and allow the man or woman to become susceptible to bacterial colonization and eventual invasive infection. Urinary tract infections account for millions of office visits and time lost from work each year as well as occasional hospitalization. Appropriate management of these infections is necessary for a satisfying resolution and to prevent future episodes of urinary tract infection.
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator in human eccrine sweat.

The presence of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) in human eccrine sweat has not been reported previously. Clean sweat was obtained from the upper trunk and arms of subjects which had been painted with white petrolatum to minimize epidermal contamination. Sweat was concentrated ×50 by ultrafiltratlon, and its PA activity determined by the two-step assay method (conversion of plasminogen to plasmin with the subsequent assay of plasmin activity using the substrate S-2251), PA activity was detectable in nine of 17 subjects by this method, which probably represents an underestimate of the true activity because of possible loss of the enzyme during concentration. Scraped (crude) sweat samples contained less PA activity. Sephacryl S-200 gel chromatography of the PA-positive pooled sweat showed a major peak of PA activity at Mr 55,OOO. Gelatin-polyacrylamide enzymography revealed a major PA band at Mr 55,000 and a minor band at 33,000. Sweat PA activity was 94% inhibited by epidermal PA inhibitor and anti-uPA IgG, but not by anti-tPA IgG. We conclude that the PA activity in sweat is derived from the sweat gland and is most likely of the urokinase type. The physiological significance of sweat uPA remains to be determined.
Identification of a novel gene, CIA6, required for normal pyrenoid formation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii possesses a CO2-concentrating mechanism (CCM) that allows the alga to grow at low CO2 concentrations. One common feature seen in photosynthetic organisms possessing a CCM is the tight packaging of Rubisco within the cell. In many eukaryotic algae, Rubisco is localized to the pyrenoid, an electron-dense structure within the chloroplast. In order to identify genes required for a functional CCM, insertional Bleomycin resistance (BleR) mutants were generated and screened for growth on minimal medium under high CO2 conditions (5% CO2 in air) but only slow or no growth under very low CO2 conditions (0.01% CO2 in air). One mutant identified from this screen was named cia6. Physiological studies established that cia6 grows poorly on low levels of CO2 and has an impaired ability to accumulate inorganic carbon. The inserted BleR disrupted a gene encoding a protein with sequence similarity to proteins containing SET domain methyltransferase, although experiments using overexpressed CIA6 failed to demonstrate the methyltransferase activity. Electron microscopy revealed that the pyrenoid of cia6 mutant cells is highly disorganized. Complementation of the mutant restored the pyrenoid, the ability to grow under low-CO2 conditions, and the ability to concentrate inorganic carbon. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction data from a low-CO2 induction time-course experiment demonstrated that the up-regulation of several CCM components is slower in cia6 compared with the wild type. This slow induction was further confirmed at the protein level using western blots. These results indicated that CIA6 is required for the formation of the pyrenoid and further supported the notion that the pyrenoid is required for a functional CCM in C. reinhardtii.
Applying machine learning to model management in decision support systems

Abstract Model management systems have become increasingly important in handling complicated decision problems in decision support systems (DSS). Aiming at overcoming the weaknesses of currently used model management systems, we present a new framework of model management system which is capable of performing model manipulation more effectively. The new approach incorporates machine learning to acquire model manipulation knowledge, stored in the form of schemata, and to refine these acquired schemata. In addition, we also address two issues that have so far been overlooked in the DSS literature: (1) to refine existing model representations as more experiences are accumulated and (2) to create model selection heuristics adaptive to the DSS environment.
Malaria and the cell cycle

The current model of cell cycle control features a succession of active cyclin-CDK (cyclin-dependent kinase) complexes, where accumulation of each successive cyclin leads to activation of its associated kinase. Cell fusion experiments have shown that nuclei sharing common cytoplasm progress through the cell cycle in synchrony. During schizogony of Plasmodium falciparum, nuclear division occurs asynchronously, and thus cannot be regulated by synthesis and accumulation of cyclins in the cytoplasm. We suggest that schizonts must have a ready pool of cyclins for activating all stages of the cycle, and that the cell cycle is regulated independently in each nucleus.
Statistical Characterization of Ultrasonic Additive Manufacturing Ti/Al Composites

Ultrasonic additive manufacturing (UAM) is an emerging solid-state fabrication process that can be used for layered creation of solid metal structures. In UAM, ultrasonic energy is used to induce plastic deformation and nascent surface formation at the interface between layers of metal foil, thus creating bonding between the layers. UAM is an inherently stochastic process with a number of unknown facets that can affect the bond quality. In order to take advantage of the unique benefits of UAM, it is necessary to understand the relationship between manufacturing parameters (machine settings) and bond quality by quantifying the mechanical strength of UAM builds. This research identifies the optimum combination of processing parameters, including normal force, oscillation amplitude, weld speed, and number of bilayers for the manufacture of commercially pure, grade 1 titanium+1100-O aluminum composites. A multifactorial experiment was designed to study the effect of the above factors on the outcome measures ultimate shear strength and ultimate transverse tensile strength. Generalized linear models were used to study the statistical significance of each factor. For a given factor, the operating levels were selected to cover the full range of machine capabilities. Transverse shear and transverse tensile experiments were conducted to quantify the bond strength of the builds. Optimum levels of each parameter were established based on statistical contrast trend analyses. The results from these analyses indicate that high mechanical strength can be achieved with a process window bounded by a 1500 N normal force, 30 μm oscillation amplitude, about 42 mm/s weld speed, and two bilayers. The effects of each process parameter on bond strength are discussed and explained.
Suppression of Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE) by Extraction During Pumping (EDP) in the Large Aperture Multi-Pass Amplifiers

We demonstrate the existence of the severe losses due ASE and ability EDP technique to suppress it and parasitic lasing. The optimal conditions that can deliver up to kJ level energy with existing technology are presented.
Neurotrophin activation of NFAT-dependent transcription contributes to the regulation of pro-nociceptive genes

Nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) play key roles in the development of inflammation-induced hyperalgesia by triggering the expression of pro-nociceptive genes within primary afferent and spinal neurons. However, the mechanisms by which neurotrophins elicit gene expression remain largely unknown. Recently, neurotrophins have been shown to activate members of the calcineurin (CaN)-regulated, nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFATc) family of transcription factors within brain. Thus, we hypothesized that NFATc transcription factors couple neurotrophin signaling to gene expression within primary afferent and spinal neurons. In situ hybridization revealed NFATc4 mRNA within the dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord. In cultured dorsal root ganglion cells, NGF triggered NFAT-dependent transcription in a CaN-sensitive manner. Further, increased BDNF expression following NGF treatment relied on CaN, thereby suggesting that NGF regulates BDNF transcription via activation of NFATc4. Within cultured spinal cells, BDNF also activated CaN-dependent, NFAT-regulated gene expression. Interestingly, BDNF stimulation increased the expression of the pro-nociceptive genes cyclooxygenase-2, neurokinin-1 receptor, inositol trisphosphates receptor type 1, and BDNF itself, through both NFAT-dependent and NFAT-independent transcriptional mechanisms. Our results suggest that regulation of pro-nociceptive genes through activation of NFAT-dependent transcription is one mechanism by which NGF and BDNF signaling contributes to the development of persistent pain states.
Five new galactolipids from the freshwater microalga Porphyridium aerugineum and their nitric oxide inhibitory activity

Chemical investigation of the freshwater rhodophyte microalga Porphyridium aerugineum led to the isolation of five new galactolipids, namely, (2S)-1-O-eicosapentaenoyl-2-O-arachidonoyl-3-O-β-d-galactopyranosylglycerol (1), (2S)-1-O-eicosapentaenoyl-2-O-linoleoyl-3-O-β-d-galactopyranosylglycerol (2), (2S)-1-O-arachidoyl-2-O-palmitoyl-3-O-(β-d-galactopyranosyl-6-1α-d-galactopyranosyl)-glycerol (6), (2S)-1-O-eicosapentaenoyl-2-O-arachidoyl-3-O-(β-d-galactopyranosyl-6-1α-d-galactopyranosyl)-glycerol (7), and (2S)-1-O-eicosapentaenoyl-2-O-linoleoyl-3-O-(β-d-galactopyranosyl-6-1α-d-galactopyranosyl)-glycerol (8) together with five known galactolipids. The stereo-structures of all new galactolipids were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses and both enzymatic and chemical degradation methods. This is the first report of galactolipids from P. aerugineum. The newly isolated galactolipids showed strong and dose-dependent nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activity against lipopolysaccharide-induced NO production in RAW264.7 macrophage cells. Both galactolipids 1 and 2 possessed stronger NO inhibitory activity than N G-methyl-l-arginine acetate salt, a well-known NO inhibitor used as a positive control. Further study suggested that these galactolipids inhibit NO production through downregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression.
One-Dimensional Diffusion of Li in Rutile

The diffusion of interstitial Li in rutile (Ti${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$) was measured over a temperature range of 80-360\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, utilizing the optical absorption associated with the Li impurity as a measure of its concentration. Diffusion was found to be strongly anisotropic with diffusion coefficient $D$ perpendicular to the $C$ axis smaller than $D$ parallel by a factor of at least ${10}^{8}$ up to 550\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. $D$ parallel was accurately described by $D={D}_{0}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{Q}{\mathrm{KT}}}$ with $Q=0.330\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003$ eV and ${D}_{0}=0.295\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.028$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/sec (95% confidence limits). Concentrations and solubility of Li in rutile were measured approximately using chemical analysis; a solubility limit of 2.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{19}$/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ at room temperature was obtained. Lattice distortion and other impurities strongly inhibit Li diffusion. Possible explanations for apparent deviations from Fick's law are suggested, based on the assumption that the optical absorption associated with Li doping is conduction electrons.
Serotonin transporter protein (SLC6A4) allele and haplotype frequencies and linkage disequilibria in African- and European-American and Japanese populations and in alcohol-dependent subjects

The SLC6A4 locus encodes the serotonin transporter, which in turn mediates the synaptic inactivation of the neurotransmitter serotonin. Two PCR-formatted polymorphisms at this locus have been described, the first of which is a variable number tandem repeat located in exon 2, and the second a repeat sequence polymorphism located in the promoter region. The latter polymorphism alters transcriptional activity of SLC6A4, and has been reported to be associated with anxiety and depression-related traits. We studied allele frequencies, and computed haplotype frequencies and linkage disequilibrium measures, for these two polymorphisms in European-American, African-American, and Japanese populations, and in a set of alcohol-dependent European-American subjects. Allele frequencies for both systems showed variation, with significant differences overall for each system, and significant differences between each pair of populations for both systems. Linkage disequilibrium also varied among the populations. There were no significant differences in allele or haplotype frequencies between the European-American population samples and alcohol-dependent subjects. The population differences demonstrate a potential for population stratification in association studies of either of these SLC6A4 polymorphisms. If genetic variation at this locus really is associated with behavioral variation, these results could reflect either different behavioral adaptations in different populations, or random genetic drift of a behaviorally important but selectively neutral polymorphism.
Building resilience through interlocal relations: Case studies of polar bear and walrus management in the Bering Strait

Abstract Arctic coastal communities in the Bering Strait region of Alaska (USA) and Chukotka (Russia) share a close relationship with their natural environments that can be characterized as a social–ecological system. This system is complex, featuring changing ecosystem conditions, multiple jurisdictions, migratory animal populations, and several cultures. We argue that linkages between communities in both countries enhance the effectiveness of transborder polar bear and walrus conservation. We find that locally embedded bilateral institutions can provide effective management venues that persist despite slow or lacking processes of international law because they provide a better fit between rules for managing and the true system state.
Self-help manual for agoraphobia: A preliminary report of effectiveness

The efficacy of a client-conducted treatment package for agoraphobia, using a self-treatment manual, was evaluated in a multiple baseline across subjects design. Six severe female agoraphobics were treated with a self-help manual for 4, 6, 8, or 10 weeks. During this period, they worked alone without any therapist direction. They then received 4, 6, or 8 weeks of therapist-directed home-based treatment. Cognitive restructuring and graduated in vivo exposure comparised the strategies in both conditions. Results indicated that the self-help manual was not effective. Subjects experienced motivational difficulties in that they did not perform the in vivo exposure practice required by the manual. The same treatment then conducted by the therapist proved moderately effective with most clients. These results suggest that many agoraphobics may not be treatable by self-help manuals.
Interferon-α regulation of lymphocyte function in systemic lupus erythematosus

Interferon (IFN) production and responsiveness are abnormal in some patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The present investigation was designed to further delineate these abnormalities of IFN response. The response to IFN-α was determined in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) using the natural killer (NK) cell assay, the concanavalin A (Con A)-induced T-cell proliferation assay, and the pokeweed mitogen (PWM) blastogensis system. The average NK cell activity was impaired in SLE patients (19.7 ± 3.8 LU107 cells; n = 22) compared to 24 normal controls (45.6 ± 7.2 LU107 cells; n = 24) (P 0.1). Thus, the defect in IFN response in SLE appeared to be confined to the NK cell system, but was not present in the other assay systems. To determine if the impaired IFN response might be secondary to impaired release of natural killer cytotoxic factor (NKCF) induced by IFN, NKCF was generated from PBMC in the presence of IFN. IFN-induced NKCF release was markedly impaired in SLE (8.9 ± 11.7%) relative to normal controls (22.3 ± 11.2%) (P < 0.05). IFN-induced release of NKCF in SLE also closely correlated with IFN-induced NK enhancement (r = .83, P < 0.05). No depletion of NK cells was noted using the monoclonal antibody HNK-1. Thus, this study demonstrates for the first time that the insensitivity to IFN in SLE is not a universal lymphocyte defect but appears to be isolated to the NK cell which is functionally abnormal.
Expansions for two-dimensional back-scattering from a semi-infinite medium with refractive index greater than unity

Abstract Two-dimensional scattering from a semi-infinite medium with a refractive index greater than unity is investigated. The incident radiation is collimated and normal to the surface of a pure scattering medium. The spatial variation of the incident radiation is characterized by a spatial frequency. Expansions valid for small spatial frequencies are developed and used to find solutions valid for large optical distances from an incident Gaussian-shaped laser beam. Expressions for the back-scattered intensity and flux are presented. Also, the solution for a strongly anisotropic phase function which is composed of a spike in the forward direction superimposed on an otherwise isotropic phase function is expressed in terms of the isotropic results.
Synchronization of pancreatic islet oscillations by intrapancreatic ganglia: A modeling study

Plasma insulin measurements from mice, rats, dogs, and humans indicate that insulin levels are oscillatory, reflecting pulsatile insulin secretion from individual islets. An unanswered question, however, is how the activity of a population of islets is coordinated to yield coherent oscillations in plasma insulin. Here, using mathematical modeling, we investigate the feasibility of a potential islet synchronization mechanism, cholinergic signaling. This hypothesis is based on well-established experimental evidence demonstrating intrapancreatic parasympathetic (cholinergic) ganglia and recent in vitro evidence that a brief application of a muscarinic agonist can transiently synchronize islets. We demonstrate using mathematical modeling that periodic pulses of acetylcholine released from cholinergic neurons is indeed able to coordinate the activity of a population of simulated islets, even if only a fraction of these are innervated. The role of islet-to-islet heterogeneity is also considered. The results suggest that the existence of cholinergic input to the pancreas may serve as a regulator of endogenous insulin pulsatility in vivo.
Leiomyoma of the urethra and bladder.

Leiomyomas are benign tumors of smooth muscle origin occurring throughout the genitourinary system, most commonly in the renal capsule. Bladder and urethral leiomyomas are uncommon, with approximately 200 reported cases to date. Although bladder leiomyoma accounts for less than 1% of bladder tumors, it is the most common benign soft tissue neoplasm of the bladder. The etiology and pathogenesis of these tumors are unclear, although some have hypothesized a hormonal influence, a concept supported by reports of enlargement during pregnancy and shrinkage after delivery, as well as demonstration of the presence of estrogen receptors by immunohistochemistry in 1 case. 1
High temperature creep in polycrystalline AIN-SiC ceramics

Polycrystalline dense ceramic specimens containing 75 mol % AIN-25 mol % SiC and 60 mol % AIN-40 mol % SiC were subjected to creep deformation in bending at elevated temperatures. Over the range of temperatures and stresses investigated, the creep rate was found to vary linearly with stress indicative of diffusional creep. Creep was found to be thermally activated with activation energy in the range from 175 kcal mol−1 to 219 kcal mol−1. Electron microscopic observation indicated that crack like cavities formed near the tensile surfaces during creep.
Rett Syndrome and Menstruation

Abstract Objective Describe the experience that girls with Rett syndrome have with menstruation including menstrual hygiene, dysmenorrhea, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), and attempts at treatment. Design Anonymous web-based survey. Setting Convenience sample recruited from Rett syndrome LISTSERV in July of 2009. Participants Mothers of girls with Rett syndrome between the ages of 10–25 who have had at least one menses. Main Outcome Measures Prevalence, frequency, and severity of dysmenorrhea and PMS; hygiene concerns; and treatments attempts and perceived effectiveness. Results Dysmenorrhea and PMS are common problems among young women with Rett syndrome. Despite their frequency and severity they do not routinely limit activities. Multiple treatment attempts are common. Hormonal contraception is used mostly for menstrual cycle control with oral contraceptive pills the most commonly used method. Conclusions Young women with Rett syndrome have standard symptoms of dysmenorrhea and PMS as well as autism spectrum specific PMS symptoms. Hormonal contraception is commonly used for menstrual management.
Urban population density: a comment.

The poor results obtained with certain members of the quadratic gamma family is shown to be due to a specification error in most of the members of that family. By choosing a more admissible travel-cost function, the displaced quadratic gamma function is derived, which does not contain this specification error.
Correlation between presumed sinusitis-induced pain and paranasal sinus computed tomographic findings

Background The correlation between facial and/or head pain in patients clinically suspected of having sinusitis and actual localized findings on sinus computed tomographic (CT) imaging are poorly understood. Objective To prospectively evaluate the relationship of paranasal sinus pain symptoms with CT imaging. Methods Two hundred consecutive patients referred by otolaryngologists and internists for CT of the paranasal sinuses participated by completing a questionnaire immediately before undergoing CT. Three radiologists blinded to the patients' responses scored the degree of air/fluid level, mucosal thickening, bony reaction, and mucus retention cysts using a graded scale of severity (0 to 3 points). The osteomeatal complexes and nasolacrimal ducts were also evaluated for patency. Bivariate analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between patients' localized symptoms and CT findings in the respective sinus. Results One hundred sixty-three patients (82%) reported having some form of facial pain or headache. The right temple/forehead was the most frequently reported region of maximal pain. On CT imaging the maxillary sinus was the most frequently involved sinus. Bivariate analysis failed to show any relationship between patient symptoms and findings on CT. Patients with a normal CT reported a mean 5.88 sites of facial or head pain versus 5.45 sites for patients with an abnormal CT. Conclusions Patient-based responses of sinonasal pain symptoms fail to correlate with findings in the respective sinuses. CT should therefore be reserved for delineating the anatomy and degree of sinus disease before surgical intervention.
Bilateral Integration of Sensorimotor Signals during Pedalinga

A paradigm with independent cranks allows the legs to be loaded independently without causing a loss of balance, thus allowing neuronal interlimb coupling during a locomotor task to be studied in humans. Independent, pattern-generating elements controlling each limb cannot explain muscle coordination of pedaling because one-legged and two-legged pedaling coordination differ even when the mechanics of the tasks are identical. Even though no change in muscle excitation was necessary to pedal with one leg, subjects increased flexion-phase muscle activity (biceps femoris [BF]; rectus femoris [RF]; and tibialis anterior [TA]) and crank torque generation during one-legged pedaling compared to two-legged pedaling. In the present study, it was hypothesized that the sensorimotor state of the contralateral leg during extension is important in generating the ipsilateral flexion-phase muscle excitation typical of two-legged pedaling.
The structure of wall-pressure fluctuations in turbulent boundary layers with adverse pressure gradient and separation

Space–time correlations and frequency spectra of wall-pressure fluctuations, obtained from direct numerical simulation, are examined to reveal the effects of pressure gradient and separation on the characteristics of wall-pressure fluctuations. In the attached boundary layer subjected to adverse pressure gradient, contours of constant two-point spatial correlation of wall-pressure fluctuations are more elongated in the spanwise direction. Convection velocities of wall-pressure fluctuations as a function of spatial and temporal separations are reduced by the adverse pressure gradient. In the separated turbulent boundary layer, wall-pressure fluctuations are reduced inside the separation bubble, and enhanced downstream of the reattachment region where maximum Reynolds stresses occur. Inside the separation bubble, the frequency spectra of wall-pressure fluctuations normalized by the local maximum Reynolds shear stress correlate well compared to those normalized by free-stream dynamic pressure, indicating that local Reynolds shear stress has more direct influence on the wall-pressure spectra. Contour plots of two-point correlation of wall-pressure fluctuations are highly elongated in the spanwise direction inside the separation bubble, implying the presence of large two-dimensional roller-type structures. The convection velocity determined from the space–time correlation of wall-pressure fluctuations is as low as 0.33U0 (U0 is the maximum inlet velocity) in the separated zone, and increases downstream of reattachment.
Production Of Electronic Consumer Goods

All organizations, whether they are involved in the creation of goods or services, perform three functions that are necessary for the organization’s survival. These three functions are finance/accounting, marketing, and production/operations. This paper will focus on contributions that each of these three functions would make for a producer of electronic production/operations and on consumer goods. An area that has become increasingly important to a company’s success is E-commerce. The Internet has revolutionized how an organization can operate with regards to its interaction with customers and suppliers.
Location-based augmented reality on mobile phones

The computational capability of mobile phones has been rapidly increasing, to the point where augmented reality has become feasible on cell phones. We present an approach to indoor localization and pose estimation in order to support augmented reality applications on a mobile phone platform. Using the embedded camera, the application localizes the device in a familiar environment and determines its orientation. Once the 6 DOF pose is determined, 3D virtual objects from a database can be projected into the image and displayed for the mobile user. Off-line data acquisition consists of acquiring images at different locations in the environment. The online pose estimation is done by a feature-based matching between the cell phone image and an image selected from the precomputed database using the phone's sensors (accelerometer and magnetometer). The application enables the user both to visualize virtual objects in the camera image and to localize the user in a familiar environment. We describe in detail the process of building the database and the pose estimation algorithm used on the mobile phone. We evaluate the algorithm performance as well as its accuracy in terms of reprojection distance of the 3D virtual objects in the cell phone image.
Directional asymmetry in responses of local interneurons in the crayfish deutocerebrum to hydrodynamic stimulation of the lateral antennular flagellum.

SUMMARY We have recorded spiking responses from single, bimodally sensitive local interneurons (Type I) in the crayfish deutocerebrum to hydrodynamic and odorant stimuli flowing in two directions past the lateral antennular flagellum. Changing the direction of seamless introductions (meaning, with minimal variations of fluid velocity magnitude) of odorant flow past the flagellum, from proximal→distal to distal→proximal, did not consistently affect the dose-dependent responses of Type I neurons. By contrast, changing the direction of an abruptly initiated flow of water (or odorant) past the flagellum resulted in consistently larger numbers of spikes in response to this hydrodynamic stimulation when the flow direction was proximal→distal. This response asymmetry is discussed in relation to its possible relevance regarding antennular flicking behavior. The putative involvement of flagellar hydrodynamic receptors, the beaked hairs, and the hydrodynamic flow asymmetries they are exposed to, are examined theoretically in the accompanying paper.
Optimal vector transform for vector quantization

The vector transform has previously been proposed for vector quantization image coding. It is intended for decorrelating intervector dependency and preserving intravector dependency. The present authors study optimally such a transform. It is found that the optimal vector transform in the above senses, with the first-order Gaussian Markov model, does not exist unless the overall correlation matrix has an intervector and intravector decomposition structure. This is especially true for vectors formed by blocks of pixels. Then, a necessary and sufficient condition is derived for general vectors on the existence of their optimal vector transforms. >
Absorption of amniotic fluid by amniochorion in sheep

Swallowing of amniotic fluid and lung fluid inflow were eliminated in 10 chronically instrumented fetuses. The urachus was ligated, and fetal was urine drained to the outside. At the beginning and ...
Practical aspects of imputation-driven meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies

Motivated by the overwhelming success of genome-wide association studies, droves of researchers are working vigorously to exchange and to combine genetic data to expediently discover genetic risk factors for common human traits. The primary tools that fuel these new efforts are imputation, allowing researchers who have collected data on a diversity of genotype platforms to share data in a uniformly exchangeable format, and meta-analysis for pooling statistical support for a genotype-phenotype association. As many groups are forming collaborations to engage in these efforts, this review collects a series of guidelines, practical detail and learned experiences from a variety of individuals who have contributed to the subject.
Admirals versus Generals: The War Aims of the Imperial German Navy, 1914–1918

The recent controversy over Germany's war aims during World War I has centered primarily around the positions taken by the Kaiser, the Foreign Office, and the army high command. The views of the navy have been largely neglected. This is unfortunate because the navy was, in a way, the status symbol of the German Empire. It was not, like the various armies, a divisive, particularist force, but rather a national Reich institution—the “melting pot” of Germany. It flew the Imperial black-white-red banner, was funded by the Reichstag, had a state secretary in the Imperial cabinet under the chancellor, recruited its officer cadets from all the German states and cities, trained them in the national naval school at Murwik, and swore an oath of allegiance to the German Kaiser. Yet as the junior service, the navy struggled to escape from the shadow of the Prussian army and to establish its own identity. The issue of war aims provided it with just such an opportunity.
Faceted defects in GaAs epitaxial layers

Abstract Ramp-like, faceted defects are observed in epitaxial GaAs layers grown on slightly misoriented {100} GaAs substrates. Detailed examination of these defects reveals that they are formed as a result of inhibited etching and growth. The inhibitor appears to be a foreign material present on the substrate surface prior to epitaxial growth.
Synthesis and solution dynamics of [Cp(CO)2Fe]2(CH=CH2)+BF4−, a μ-(η1:η2) vinyl complex not containing a metal-metal bond

Abstract Treatment of FpCHCH2 with the Lewis acid precursor Fp(THF)+BF4− affords the stable, fully characterized μ(η1:η2) vinyl complex (Fp-CHCH2)Fp+BF4− (3) [Fp  Fe(CO)2(η5-C5H5)]. Its IR and 1H, 13C NMR spectral data are consistent with an unsymmetrical 3p-complex [as established for vinyl ether compounds Fp(CH2=CHOR)+] between Fp-CHCH2 and the second Fp group, in which positive charge is extensively delocalized over both iron centers. The spectroscopically distinct Fp centers interchange, although this μ-vinyl ligand oscillation is very slow on the NMR time scale at room temperature. Results of 1H NMR magnetization transfer studies (using both spin saturation transfer and inversion transfer experimental procedures with the Cp resonances) converge on a first-order exchange rate constant kAB = 0.045–0.049 s− at 25°C. The calculated ΔG‡ = 19.3 kcal/mol is 2–3 kcal/mol greater than the estimated minimum ΔG‡ value for the known μ-vinyl compound [Cp(CO)Fe]2(μ-CO)(μ-η1:η2-CHCH2+ (1) that retains an iron-iron bond.
Proceedings of the 1st ACM workshop on Virtual machine security

Welcome to the 1st Workshop on Virtual Machine Security (VMSec)! In these proceedings, you will find the 7 papers presented at VMSec Workshop, held on October 31st at George Mason University in conjunction with the ACM Conference on Computer & Communications Security. This workshop aims to bring together leading researchers and practitioners in the fields of virtualization and security to present the latest work on these topics. This year we had 20 submissions and we decided to accept six (6) full papers and one (1) short paper. A program committee of 11 experts reviewed and discussed the papers. Each paper received at least 3 reviews from the PC members with most of the papers having 4 reviews in total. Some of the papers were very controversial and were discussed in detail by the PC members after the end of the review process. The final decisions were made based on those discussions. VMSec is the first workshop to deal exclusively with virtual machine security. Virtualization has seen an explosion in growth in deployment, implementations, and applications. In addition, it seems that virtualization holds unique properties that make it attractive for security including isolation, compartmentalization, live state capture, and replay. In the past, virtualization has been used to study malicious software as well as to prevent malicious software infection. We believe that the large-scale use of virtualization offers new opportunities and challenges regarding security. We hope that this workshop will provoke fruitful discussions for researchers and practitioners, from both industry and academia.
Design modeling of high-efficiency p/sup +/-n indium phosphide solar cells

A parametric study of p/sup +/-n indium phosphide solar cells has been conducted using the PC-1D computer program. The effect of base doping on cell efficiency has been studied, and it is found that cell efficiency is a maximum for impurity concentrations around 10/sup 17/ cm/sup -3/. The variation of minority-carrier diffusion length as a function of base doping has been included. Using realistic values of electronic and material parameters, cell efficiencies in excess of 24% AM0 (25 degrees C) are predicted. >
Policing, drugs, and the homicide decline in New York City in the 1990s

This research reassesses the role of policing and drugs in the sharp homicide decline in New York City in the 1990s. Drawing on theoretical arguments about “broken windows” policing and lethal violence associated with the diffusion of crack cocaine, we estimate the effects of measures of misdemeanor arrests and cocaine prevalence on homicide rates with pooled, cross-sectional time-series data for 74 New York City precincts over the 1990–1999 period. The results of mixed regression models reveal a significant negative effect of changes in misdemeanor arrests and a significant positive effect of changes in cocaine prevalence on changes in total homicide rates. Additional analyses of homicide disaggregated by weapon indicate that the effects of misdemeanor arrests and cocaine prevalence emerge for gun-related but not for non-gun-related homicides. Overall, the research generally supports influential interpretations of the homicide decline in New York City but also raises questions about underlying mechanisms that warrant more inquiry in future research.
CORR Insights®: Is Single-stage Revision According to a Strict Protocol Effective in Treatment of Chronic Knee Arthroplasty Infections?

This CORR Insights ® is a commentary on the article “Is Single-stage Revision According to a Strict Protocol Effective in Treatment of Chronic Knee Arthroplasty Infections?” by Haddad and colleagues available at: DOI: 10.1007/s11999-014-3721-8. The author certifies that he, or any member of his immediate family, has no funding or commercial associations (eg, consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article. All ICMJE Conflict of Interest Forms for authors and Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research® editors and board members are on file with the publication and can be viewed on request. The opinions expressed are those of the writers, and do not reflect the opinion or policy of CORR ® or the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons®. This CORR Insights® comment refers to the article available at DOI: 10.1007/s11999-014-3721-8.
Biomarkers for Diagnosis of Candidal Infections

Candidemia and invasive candidiasis are associated with significant mortality, in part because of inadequate diagnostic tests. The current gold standard is blood culture, which is negative in 50% of cases. As such, development of novel diagnostics is a top priority. In Europe, studies of combined mannan antigen and anti-mannan antibody detection assays have demonstrated sensitivity of 71–100% and specificity of 86–93%. In the United States, there is more experience with (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan detection as a broad-spectrum assay for fungal pathogens. Sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing invasive candidiasis have ranged widely in studies (47–95% and 76–100%, respectively). Nucleic acid detection assays such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are potentially powerful tools that are now approaching the clinic. Overall, optimized PCR assays have sensitivities and specificities for candidemia and proven or probable invasive candidiasis that exceed 90%. Studies to determine the precise clinical roles of non–culture-based diagnostics are in progress.
Quickest change detection in distributed sensor systems

In the conventional formulation ofthe change- point detection problem, there is a sequence ofobservations whose distribution changes at some unknown point in time, and the goal is to detect this change as quickly as possi- ble, subject to false alarm constraints. It is known that in the case where the observations are independent and iden- tically distributed (iid) and the change point is modeled as a geometrically distributed random variable, the Shiryaev detection procedure minimizes the expected detection delay, subject to a constraint on thefalse alarmpmbabilify In this paper; we present effective decentralized detection proce- dures for the multi-sensor situation where the information available for decision-making is distributed across a sef of sensors. We present asymptotically optimal procedures for two scenarios. In the prst scenario, fhe sensors send quantized versions of their observations to afusion center where the change detection is pedormed based on all the sensor messages. In the second scenario, the sensors per- form local change detection using ShiryaPv-Roberrs proce- dures and send theirfinal decisions to thefusion centerfor combining. We show that our decentralized pmcedures for latter scenario have the samefirst order asymptotic perfor- mance as the centralized Shiryaev-Roberts procedure that has access to all of the sensor observations. We also present numerical results for a simple example involving Gaussian observations.