cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Public Policy and the Future of Social Work in Long-Term Home Health Care

The history of long-term home health care (HHC) for aging persons in the United States is one of alternating successes and of dashed hopes for persons wishing to remain in their own homes during their last years. Personal issues and public policy issues are woven into a maze of challenges faced by individuals and families wrestling with the difficult choice of elder health care options. Some of the elements of choosing home health care options are presented, and a suggestion of fundamental reform that puts Medicare and Medicaid on the table is suggested as a means to develop a new framework for social work services in home health care.
Virtual Eyes Can Rearrange Your Body: Adaptation to Visual Displacement in See-Through, Head-Mounted Displays

Among the most critical issues in the design of immersive virtual environments are those that deal with the problem of technologically induced intersensory conflict and one of the results, sensorimotor adaptation. An experiment was conducted to support the design of a prototype see-through, head-mounted display (HMD). When wearing video see-through HMDs in augmented reality systems, subjects see the world around them through a pair of head-mounted video cameras. The study looked at the effects of sensory rearrangement caused by a HMD design that displaced the user's “virtual” eye position forward (165 mm) and above (62 mm) toward the spatial position of the cameras. The position of the cameras creates images of the world that are slightly downward and inward from normal. Measures of hand-eye coordination and speed on a manual pegboard task revealed substantial perceptual costs of the eye displacement initially, but also evidence of adaptation. Upon first wearing the video see-through HMD, subjects' pointing errors increased significantly along the spatial dimensions displaced (the y dimension, above-below the target, and z dimension, in front-behind the target). Speed of performance on the pegboard task decreased by 43% compared to baseline performance. Pointing accuracy improved by approximately 33% as subjects adapted to the sensory rearrangement, but it did not reach baseline performance. When subjects removed the see-through HMD, there was evidence that their hand-eye coordination had been altered. Negative aftereffects were observed in the form of greater errors in pointing accuracy compared to baseline. Although these aftereffects are temporary, the results may have serious practical implications for the use of video see-through HMDs by users (e.g., surgeons) who depend on very accurate hand-eye coordination.
The Economic Basis of Political Choice in French West Africa

Africans in French Tropical Africa have recently been called on to make several farreaching political decisions. Two basic questions have been at issue: the nature of the relationship between France and the African territories, and the nature of relations between the African territories themselves. On the first question, the Referendum of September 28, 1958 on the Constitution of the Fifth French Republic gave Africans the choice between total independence and internal autonomy within “The (French) Community.” With regard to their mutual relations, the territories which made up the federations of French West and French Equatorial Africa could remain tied together politically, or they could sever all formal political connections among themselves; in French African political terminology, the second issue has been whether or not the individual territories should form “primary federations.” The issue of total independence or internal autonomy within “The Community” was temporarily decided at the 1958 Referendum, when eleven of the twelve territories of French West and Equatorial Africa voted to remain with France, Guinea alone choosing immediate independence. Since then several members of “The Community” have initiated negotiations with France for the full transfer of sovereign powers to local African governments, and the indications are that all French-speaking West Africa will be fully independent within the near future. The outcome of the second question—political relations among the African territories–is not so clear. The trend up to now has been against the re-creation of primary federations.
Effect of head position on intraocular pressure in horses.

Objective—To evaluate the effect of head position on intraocular pressure (IOP) in horses. Animals—30 horses. Procedures—Horses were sedated with detomidine HCl (0.01 mg/kg, IV). Auriculopalpebral nerve blocks were applied bilaterally with 2% lidocaine HCl. The corneas of both eyes were anesthetized with ophthalmic 0.5% proparacaine solution. Intraocular pressures were measured with an applanation tonometer with the head positioned below and above heart level. The mean of 3 readings was taken for each eye at each position for data analysis. The effect of head position on IOP was assessed and generalized estimating equations were used to adjust for the correlation from repeated measures of the same eye and intereye correlation from the same horse. Results—Of the 60 eyes, 52 (87%) had increased IOP when measured below the heart level. A significant difference (mean ± SE, 8.20 ± 1.01 mm Hg) was seen in the mean IOP when the head was above (17.5 ± 0.8 mm Hg) or below (25.7 ± 1.2 mm Hg) heart level. No signifi...
Health Professionals' Attitudes and Use of Nipple Shields for Breastfeeding Women

Abstract Objective: No professional guidelines exist regarding nipple shield use for nursing women. This study was done to determine health professionals' most common reasons for and concerns regarding the use of nipple shields for breastfeeding women. Methods: In June and July 2009, a web-based anonymous survey was advertised via internet listservs to physicians and other allied health professionals specializing in breastfeeding management. Subjects were asked about their most common reasons for using nipple shields, their most common concerns about nipple shield use, and what they typically hear from breastfeeding women who have used nipple shields. Results: Four hundred ninety participants completed the survey, with 92% having used nipple shields in their practices. Ninety-five percent of respondents who were board-certified lactation consultants used shields versus 80% of those not board-certified, although those using nipple shields used them in the same manner. The most common reason to use nipple s...
Genetic Mechanisms Underlying the Pathogenicity of Cold-Stressed Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium in Cultured Intestinal Epithelial Cells

Salmonella encounters various stresses in the environment and in the host during infection. The effects of cold (5°C, 48 h), peroxide (5 mM H2O2, 5 h) and acid stress (pH 4.0, 90 min) were tested on pathogenicity of Salmonella. Prior exposure of Salmonella to cold stress significantly (P < 0.05) increased adhesion and invasion of cultured intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cells. This increased Salmonella-host cell association was also correlated with significant induction of several virulence-associated genes, implying an increased potential of cold-stressed Salmonella to cause an infection. In Caco-2 cells infected with cold-stressed Salmonella, genes involved in the electron transfer chain were significantly induced, but no simultaneous significant increase in expression of antioxidant genes that neutralize the effect of superoxide radicals or reactive oxygen species was observed. Increased production of caspase 9 and caspase 3/7 was confirmed during host cell infection with cold-stressed Salmonella. Further, a prophage gene, STM2699, induced in cold-stressed Salmonella and a spectrin gene, SPTAN1, induced in Salmonella-infected intestinal epithelial cells were found to have a significant contribution in increased adhesion and invasion of cold-stressed Salmonella in epithelial cells.
HSF1 Drives a Transcriptional Program Distinct from Heat Shock to Support Highly Malignant Human Cancers

Heat-Shock Factor 1 (HSF1), master regulator of the heat-shock response, facilitates malignant transformation, cancer cell survival, and proliferation in model systems. The common assumption is that these effects are mediated through regulation of heat-shock protein (HSP) expression. However, the transcriptional network that HSF1 coordinates directly in malignancy and its relationship to the heat-shock response have never been defined. By comparing cells with high and low malignant potential alongside their nontransformed counterparts, we identify an HSF1-regulated transcriptional program specific to highly malignant cells and distinct from heat shock. Cancer-specific genes in this program support oncogenic processes: cell-cycle regulation, signaling, metabolism, adhesion and translation. HSP genes are integral to this program, however, many are uniquely regulated in malignancy. This HSF1 cancer program is active in breast, colon and lung tumors isolated directly from human patients and is strongly associated with metastasis and death. Thus, HSF1 rewires the transcriptome in tumorigenesis, with prognostic and therapeutic implications.
Waveform Mapping and Time-Frequency Processing of DNA and Protein Sequences

Current state-of-the-art approaches for biological sequence querying and alignment require preprocessing and lack robustness to repetitions in the sequence. In addition, these approaches do not provide much support for efficiently querying subsequences, a process that is essential for tracking localized database matches. We propose a query-based alignment method for biological sequences that first maps sequences to time-domain waveforms before processing the waveforms for alignment in the time-frequency plane. The mapping uses waveforms, such as Gaussian functions, with unique sequence representations in the time-frequency plane. The proposed alignment method employs a robust querying algorithm that utilizes a time-frequency signal expansion whose basis function is matched to the basic waveform in the mapped sequences. The resulting WAVEQuery approach was demonstrated for both deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and protein sequences using the matching pursuit decomposition as the signal basis expansion. We specifically evaluated the alignment localization of WAVEQuery over repetitive database segments, and we demonstrated its operation in real-time without preprocessing. We also demonstrated that WAVEQuery significantly outperformed the biological sequence alignment method BLAST for queries with repetitive segments for DNA sequences. A generalized version of the WAVEQuery approach with the metaplectic transform is also described for protein sequence structure prediction.
VELARIZATION OF LABIAL, CODA STOPS IN SPANISH: A FREQUENCY ACCOUNT

In several varieties of spoken Spanish, word-medial, labial stops are articulated as velar stops (pepsi > pe[k]si). This work summarizes some previous attempts to explain this abrupt sound substitution. Then, building upon advances in phonotactic theory (e.g., Pierrehumbert, 1994) and patterns emergent from lexical representations (Bybee, 2001), this work presents a new theoretical perspective from which to examine the p > k phenomenon. Syllable-final, word-medial, velar stops (/g, k/) have a significantly higher token and type frequency than syllable-final, word-medial labial stops (/b, p/) in Spanish. As a result, the schema [..C VELAR $C..], and not [..C LABIAL $C..], emerges as a stronger, more productive schema, promoting the abrupt sound substitution LABIAL > VELAR.
TCP-M: multiflow transmission control protocol for ad hoc networks

Recent research has indicated that transmission control protocol (TCP) in its base form does not perform well in an ad hoc environment. The main reason identified for this behavior involves the ad hoc network dynamics. By nature, an ad hoc network does not support any form of quality of service. The reduction in congestion window size during packet drops, a property of the TCP used to ensure guaranteed delivery, further deteriorates the overall performance. While other researchers have proposed modifying congestion window properties to improve TCP performance in an ad hoc environment, the authors of this paper propose using multiple TCP flows per connection. The proposed protocol reduces the influence of packet drops that occurred in any single path on the overall system performance. The analysis carried out by the authors indicates a significant improvement in overall performance.
XXII.—Descriptions and records of bees.—LXXXV

(1912). XXII.—Descriptions and records of bees.—XLII. Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Vol. 9, No. 50, pp. 220-229.
The Maryland-Chesapeake Region

Sixteen of the 23 counties that make up Maryland, along with Baltimore City, have tidal waters (Figure 8.1). Chesapeake Bay, the Atlantic Ocean, and their tributaries provide the state with more than 4430 miles of shoreline on the bay alone, accounting for 1726 square miles of water. State waters include all tidal waters from the mean high tide mark to three miles offshore, and all nontidal waters to the normal high water mark, which were navigable as of April 28,1788, when Maryland ratified the United States Constitution. By this definition, state waters cover almost a fourth of Maryland’s total area of 12,327 square miles.
Qualitative reasoning with modelica models

Qualitative reasoning can play an important role in early stage design. Currently, engineers explore the design space using simulation models built in languages such as Modelica. To make qualitative reasoning useful to them, designs specified in their languages must be translated into a qualitative modeling language for analysis. The contribution of this paper is a sound and effective mapping between Modelica and qualitative reasoning. To achieve a sound mapping, we extend envisioning, the process of generating all relevant qualitative behaviors, to support Modelica's declarative events. For an effective mapping, we identify three classes of additional constraints that should be inferred from the Modelica representation thereby exponentially reducing the number of unrealizable trajectories. We support this contribution with examples and a case study.
Macro- and microscale particle size effects of soil on photovoltaic surfaces

The texture or patterning of soil on PV surfaces may influence light capture at various angles of incidence. Accumulated soil can be considered a micro-shading element, which changes with respect to AOI. While scattering losses at this scale would be significant only to the most sensitive devices, micro-shading could lead to hot spot formation and other reliability issues. Indoor soil deposition was used to prepare test coupons for simultaneous AOI and soiling loss experiments. A mixed solvent deposition technique was used to consistently deposit patterned test soils onto glass slides. Transmission decreased as soil loading and AOI increased. Highly dispersed particles are less prone to secondary scattering, improving overall light collection.
The Role of Chemicals in the General Insect Control Picture

When reference is made to chemical control of insects, we tend to think only of conventional insecticides. However, even with the alternate methods of controlling insects now used or being investigated, chemicals are likely to be involved in one way or another. For example, scientists engaged in research into the nature and cause of the resistance in plants to insects are finding that in some instances, at least, chemical substances deter insect attack or retard insect development (Beck and Stauffer 1957, Klun et al. 1967) ; thus research in this field may eventually provide valuable clues for the development of new types of insecticides. Even control of insects with pathogens may prove to be the result in part of the action of a chemical substance since Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner the only insect pathogen registered for use on crops, contains a chemical component that produces insecticidal action (Heimpel 1967). In addition, chemicals are involved in the sex attraction of many insects (Butenandt and Hecker 1961, Roller et at. 1966, Sekul and Cox 1965, Jones et al. 1966, Berger 1966, Jacobson 1965). Definite chemical substances are responsible for the attraction or the feeding responses of insects to certain host plants, and synthetic chemical lures are proving useful for the detection and control of a number of insects. Also, the interesting and important findings on insect hormones, a field receiving more and more attention in research programs, have to do with the discovery of the chemicals that regulate the development and behavior of insects. And, finally, the use of sterilization to control insects may require chemicals that produce sterility in the natural population or sterilize insects for release. Thus, though conventional chemical insecticides now play the most prominent role in the control of insects, other types of chemical agents will also probably be used in some of the most promising alternative methods of control.
Prospective comparison of risk factors and demographic and clinical characteristics of community-acquired, methicillin-resistant versus methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus infection in children.

Context.Community-acquired, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) infections in children are increasing in frequency for unknown reasons.Objectives.To compare the presence of risk factors for methicillin resistance between patients with CA-MRSA and community-acquired methicillin-susc
Automatic oil spill detection on quad polarimetric UAVSAR imagery

Oil spill on the water bodies has adverse effects on coastal and marine ecology. Oil spill contingency planning is of utmost importance in order to plan for mitigation and remediation of the oceanic oil spill. Remote sensing technologies are used for monitoring the oil spills on the ocean and coastal region. Airborne and satellite sensors such as optical, infrared, ultraviolet, radar and microwave sensors are available for remote surveillance of the ocean. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is used most extensively for oil-spill monitoring because of its capability to operate during day/night and cloud-cover condition. This study detects the possible oil spill regions on fully polarimetric Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle - Synthetic Aperture Radar (UAVSAR) images. The UAVSAR image is decomposed using Cloude-Pottier polarimetric decomposition technique to obtain entropy and alpha parameters. In addition, other polarimetric features such as co-polar correlation and degree of polarization are obtained for the UAVSAR images. These features are used to with fuzzy logic based classification to detect oil spill on the SAR images. The experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
CHAPTER 49 – Transforming growth factor β

An activity secreted in conditioned medium of transformed cells was found to promote the “transformed” phenotype of non-neoplastic reader cells, and was given the name transforming growth factor β (TGFβ). It was subsequently purified from human platelets, and cloned and sequenced from a human placental cDNA library. It does not promote oncogenic transformation, and was restrictive in terms of the protein's multifunctional biological activity. Early studies with TGFβ demonstrated that it was a potent inhibitor, rather than stimulator, of cellular proliferation in epithelial, and certain tumor cell lines, an inducer of chondriogenic differentiation, an immunosuppressor, and an inhibitor of myogenic differentiation. It also became apparent early on that TGFβ is a prototypic of a superfamily of growth, differentiation and morphogenic factors that now comprises over 50 members. These include the activins and inhibins, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), decapentaplegic product (DPP), Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS), and other TGFβs. More recent research has implicated a role for members of the MAPK signaling pathway, independently or in cross-talk with the Smads, as mediators of TGFβ. Light is being shed at a molecular level on the regulation, and integration of diverse signaling pathways which underlie the multifunctionality of this protein. The chapter discusses its structure, signal transduction pathway from receptor activation to regulation of gene expression, and its role in regulating apoptosis. Inside the nucleus Smad proteins interact with other DNA-binding proteins to regulate transcription of specific target genes thereby eliciting the many different effects of TGFβ.
Predicting Success in Neurology Residency (S27.003)

OBJECTIVE: To determine the components of a residency applicant9s record that best predict performance during Neurology residency. BACKGROUND: Few studies have investigated the relationship between resident background and performance in the ACGME competencies during residency. DESIGN/METHODS: Resident files (n = 224) from 1962 to 2011 from the Upstate Medical University Neurology Residency were reviewed. De-identified data were used to compare USMLE Step 1 scores and pre-residency interview scores with residency in-training examination (RITE) scores, competency-based 360 and attending evaluations during residency. Pearson coefficients and independent t-tests were calculated to assess the relationships between tests. RESULTS: USMLE 1 scores were positively correlated with RITE scores (p CONCLUSIONS: High USMLE scores correlated with higher levels of professionalism, MK, PC and RITE performance during residency. Candidates scored as “very good” or “exceptional” by faculty interviewers were less likely to be deemed clinically deficient, put on probation, or fired than candidates with lower interview scores. USMLE 1 and interview scores predict performance in professionalism, MK and PC during Neurology residency. Other measures are needed to predict performance in the SBP, PBL and ICS competencies. Disclosure: Dr. Halfman has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bradshaw has received research support from Cytokinetcs.
Rickettsiales : Treatment and Management of Human Disease

When a rickettsiosis is suspected, prompt empiric antibiotic therapy should be initiated. Clinical recognition is key to timely treatment. Early administration of effective antibiotics can quickly abate illness and prevent severe complications. Tetracyclines are the drug class of choice for all these infections, with doxycycline being the preferred agent. Where available, chloramphenicol can be used for spotted fever group rickettsioses, typhus group rickettsioses, and scrub typhus, but the drug is not effective for infections caused by Ehrlichia spp. and Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Other alternative agents are available, but their efficacy against the different genera of this order is not as generalizable as that of tetracyclines.
Holocene history of ‘non-native’ trees in Ireland

Previous studies focusing on the Holocene vegetation history of Ireland have suggested that the occasional occurrence of pollen of Abies, Acer, Carpinus, Fagus, Juglans, Picea, and Tilia can be best explained by sample contamination, reworking of older pollen, or long-distance transport. As a consequence these tree taxa are widely considered as ‘non-native’ to Ireland. The present study examines the currently available palynological evidence to test this assumption. Over 500 Holocene pollen records from across Ireland were examined for the occurrence of ‘non-native’ tree pollen types. A database was created to summarize the available evidence, using G.F. Mitchell's Irish pollen zones for biostratigraphic assignment. Over 38% of Irish pollen archives document the presence of ‘non-native’ tree pollen types during the Holocene. Pollen of Carpinus and Tilia was present during the Boreal period. Acer and Fagus pollen was first recorded for the Irish Neolithic, while Juglans pollen has been present since later prehistoric times. Abies and Picea pollen occur largely during the Afforestation period. The evidence presented here suggests that the occurrence of individual ‘non-native’ tree pollen in Holocene archives from Ireland cannot be simply explained by contamination, reworking, or long-distance transport. Although the pollen archives do not exhibit closed pollen curves or high pollen abundances prior to the Afforestation period, the large number of records from across the island provides evidence that ‘non-native’ trees formed part of the Holocene vegetation. Based on these findings, a revision of the phytogeographic status of the ‘non-native’ tree taxa is proposed. Carpinus and Tilia are considered as being native to Ireland, while Acer, Fagus, and Juglans represent archaeophytes. Abies and Picea are neophytes.
Content Validation of the Community College Student Success Program Inventory

ABSTRACTThis study reports on the content validation of the Community College Student Success Program Inventory (CCSSPI), a structured interview protocol for program personnel, designed to serve as a tool for researchers and practitioners alike to account for critical features of various types of student success programs in detailed and comparable ways across multiple sites. In all, 20 subject matter experts (SMEs) rated the relevancy and clarity of each item to ascertain essential program features. Content validity index (CVI) and scale-level index scores (S-CVI) were calculated. Results showed high to moderately high validity for items related to course goals, logistics, skills-focused curricular items, and academic and student services. Other contingent facets—collaborative and contextualized learning, co-curricular and community activities, ancillary instruction, and instructor role—were rated as less valid, depending on program goals. The instrument is recommended for use in multisite qualitative or ...
Elements, Instruments, and Menstruums: Boerhaave’s Imponderable Fire Between Chemical Masterpiece and Physical Axiom

The chapter examines Herman Boerhaave’s (1668–1738) influential account of fire and heat, expounded in his 1732 Elementa chemiae, in light of the changing relations between chemistry and natural philosophy during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. Going back to the 1660s and to Robert Boyle’s critique of chemical analysis and the nature of elements, the chapter explores the tensions and challenges inherent in Boerhaave’s view of elements and instruments—fire was both—as well as his ideas about menstruums and solution chemistry. Particular attention is paid to his consideration of fire as an imponderable agent of material change against the backdrop of mechanistic and materialistic trends in matter theory. The contributions of two chemists and members of the French Royal Academy of Sciences, Samuel Duclos (1598–1685) and Wilhelm Homberg (1652–1715), who developed theoretical and experimental programs employing burning lenses and mirrors, are evaluated as part of the story. These contextual reconstructionsillustrate the dynamics of change among diverging notions of elements, instruments, analysis, composition, and material change more generally, as these entities and categories straddled the shifting perimeters of the physical–chemical divide around the turn of the eighteenth century.
Adverse Outcomes and Prediction of Cardiopulmonary Complications in Elective Spine Surgery.

Study Design:Retrospective cohort study.Objectives:The purpose of this study was to report incidence of cardiopulmonary complications in elective spine surgery, demographic and surgical predictors,...
Long-time simulations with complex code using multiple nodes of Intel Xeon Phi Knights Landing

Abstract Modern partial differential equation (PDE) models across scientific disciplines require sophisticated numerical methods resulting in complex codes as well as large numbers of simulations for analysis like parameter studies and uncertainty quantification. To evaluate the behavior of the model for sufficiently long times, for instance, to compare to laboratory time scales, often requires long-time simulations with small time steps and high mesh resolutions. This motivates the need for very efficient numerical methods and the use of parallel computing on the most recent modern architectures. We use complex code resulting from a PDE model of calcium dynamics in a heart cell to analyze the performance of the recently released Intel Xeon Phi Knights Landing (KNL). The KNL is a second-generation many-integrated-core (MIC) processor released in 2016 with a theoretical peak performance of over 3 TFLOP/s of double-precision floating-point operations for which complex codes can be easily ported because of the x86 compatibility of each KNL core. We demonstrate the benefit of hybrid MPI+OpenMP code when implemented effectively and run efficiently on the KNL including on multiple KNL nodes. For multi-KNL runs for our sample code, it is shown to be optimal to use all cores of each KNL, one MPI process on every other tile, and only two of the maximum of four threads per core.
Neuromorphic Photonic Integrated Circuits

This paper reviews some recent progress in the field of neuromorphic photonics, with a particular focus on scalability. We provide a framework for understanding the underlying models, and demonstrate a neuron-like processing device—an excitable laser—that has many favorable properties for integration with emerging photonic integrated circuit platforms. On a systems level, we compare several proposed interconnection frameworks that allow for fully tunable networks of photonic neurons.
Vision for Public Health Practice in the Twenty-First Century: Target Improvement Areas

The vision presented here is a multifaceted one in that education, research, and implementation of public health knowledge and skills is an evolutionary process. At the turn of the twentieth century, could public health practitioners have predicted the great public health achievements we enjoy today? What will be the great public health achievements of the twenty-first century? This chapter highlights four key areas for which I propose public health educators and practitioners need to focus their effort and resources: public health services and systems research, interprofessional education, health impact assessment, and the integration of the public health and health-care systems. These are topic areas that are each worthy of whole texts devoted to their definition, utility, measurable outcomes, and potential implications on population health. My intent here is to offer an introduction to these relatively new areas for public health education and practice. Considered together, these public health areas integrate research, assessment, multidisciplinary collaboration, and a joining of systems to fulfill the public health mission. These are the “tools” of the twenty-first-century public health educator and practitioner. As we embark on a new era of health care in the USA, public health is an essential component, yet many health-care administrators and providers are unclear as to how to manage the health of their patient populations. I propose that public health and health-care professionals look to the “tools” presented herein as a vision or guide as they assess the efficiency and effectiveness of health-care delivery, evaluate accountability, while striving to improve quality of care, reduce costs, and ultimately contribute to healthy populations living in healthy communities.
Is EMTALA That Bad

An overview of the history of EMTALA and the controversy about its role in the American health care crisis. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Chemotaxonomy based on the polysaccharide composition of cell walls and capsules

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a chemotaxonomy based on the polysaccharide composition of cell walls and capsules. Comparison of the composition of polysaccharides that make up the cell wall and capsule of capsulated yeasts had a significant impact on the systematics and phylogeny of yeasts. This information has proven to be very valuable mainly at the generic and suprageneric level. As only a small number of studies have focused on the structural details of their constituent polysaccharides, the cell wall composition of additional species is often inferred from information obtained with related species. Most information based on chemical analyses has been derived from studies of cell walls from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and a few related ascomycetous species. It is often assumed that other multilaterally budding ascomycetous yeasts have a similar composition, although there is evidence from studies with cell wall lytic enzymes that there are quantitative as well as structural differences among the component polysaccharides of different species. Ascomycetous budding yeasts contain an alkali-insoluble acid-insoluble (β-(l→3)-glucan as the major structural component. Associated with this polysaccharide is a low proportion of an alkali-insoluble acid-soluble highly branched (β-(l→6)-glucan and an alkali-soluble β-(l→3)-glucan with a significant number of β-(l→6)-bonds in its branched structure.
Design of On-Site Treatment Systems in Caliche Soils

Caliche soils, weathered limestone soils of high calcium carbonate content and and low organic content, are common in regions with limestone sedimentary geology and arid to semi-arid climate. Currently, there are no standards other than hydraulic soil properties for the design and construction of on-site wastewater treatment systems in caliche soils. Experimental studies were performed to investigate biological transformation rates for organic carbon to inorganic carbon and organic nitrogen to nitrate, using four different caliche soils and the range of recommended hydraulic loading rates. The experimental results indicate that oxygen demanding materials readily decay over short distances in caliche soils. Efficiency of removal for TOC was >97%. However in three of the four caliche soils, nitrate concentrations were significantly higher than the background and the control cases. The high calcium carbonate content of the caliche soils leads to solutions well buffered with respect to pH and alkalinity. Nitrification rates are very rapid in these soils which are buffered at the optimum pH range for Nitrosomonas growth. The low organic carbon content of caliche soils results in low denitrification rates. Nitrate in the effluent is the limiting pollutant in the determination of appropriate loading rates, drain field area, and land requirements. Phosphate and metal aqueous concentrations are acceptably low and are limited by solubility control in the open system equilibrium model.
Comorbid hypertension and diabetes among U.S. women of reproductive age: Prevalence and disparities

Abstract Aims Diabetes is associated with significant pregnancy complications, which can be further exacerbated by comorbid hypertension. Racial/ethnic differentials in the burden of comorbid hypertension and diabetes among women of reproductive age have not been described. Methods Using Wave IV of the nationally representative National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), we analyzed survey and biological data from 6576 non-pregnant women who were aged 24–32 in 2007–2008. Hypertension and diabetes were identified by self-report of diagnosis and biological measurements taken during in-home interviews. We used logistic regression models to predict the presence of comorbid hypertension and diabetes and whether each was diagnosed. Results Over a third (36.0%) of women with diabetes had comorbid hypertension. Compared to non-Hispanic white women, more non-Hispanic black women had comorbid hypertension and diabetes (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 5.93, 95% CI 3.84–9.16), and, if comorbid, were less likely to have a diabetes diagnosis (aOR 0.03, 95% CI 0.007–0.1) or hypertension diagnosis (aOR 0.22, 95% CI 0.08–0.65). Conclusion Comorbid hypertension and diabetes are more common among non-Hispanic black women and less likely to be diagnosed, signaling disparities threatening maternal and child health among women with diabetes.
Microneedle-Based Delivery of Amphotericin B for Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

Current therapeutic options against cutaneous leishmaniasis are plagued by several weaknesses. The effective topical delivery of an antileishmanial drug would be useful in treating some forms of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Toward this end, a microneedle based delivery approach for the antileishmanial drug amphotericin B was investigated in murine models of both New World (Leishmania mexicana) and Old World (Leishmania major) infection. In the L. mexicana model, ten days of treatment began on day 35 post infection, when the area of nodules averaged 9–15 mm2. By the end of the experiment, a significant difference in nodule area was observed for all groups receiving topical amphotericin B at 25 mg/kg/day after application of microneedle arrays of 500, 750, and 1000 μM in nominal length compared to the group that received this dose of topical amphotericin B alone. In the L. major model, ten days of treatment began on day 21 post infection when nodule area averaged 51–65 mm2 in the groups. By the end of the experiment, there was no difference in nodule area between the group receiving 25 mg/kg of topical amphotericin B after microneedle application and any of the non-AmBisome groups. These results show the promise of topical delivery of amphotericin B via microneedles in treating relatively small nodules caused by L. mexicana. These data also show the limitations of the approach against a disseminated L. major infection. Further optimization of microneedle delivery is needed to fully exploit this strategy for cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment.
Mycophenolic Acid Area under the Curve Monitoring via Limited Sampling Strategy in Pediatric Heart Transplant Recipients

Purpose The study aim was to investigate exposure to mycophenolic acid (MPA), the active metabolite of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), after pediatric orthotopic heart transplantation (pOHT). Previous studies in pediatric kidney recipients demonstrated a relationship between MPA concentration and risk of rejection or hematologic side effects. The quantification of MPA in pOHT is not well established, and the relationship between a single-time-point-correlate and area under the curve (AUC) is lacking. We sought to assess the clinical individualization of MPA dosing after initiation of MPA AUC measurements in our patients. Methods Between April 2017 and September 2018, 81 pOHT were performed, from which 22 AUCs in 14 patients were collected via a 3 point limited sampling strategy. Indication for MPA measurement, MMF dose, frequency of dosage adjustment, and time from transplant were examined via retrospective chart review. The first year post pOHT biopsies are for concern of rejection based on frequent echocardiograms, or per DSAs, monitored at transplant and months 3, 6, and 12 thereafter. Results Median MPA AUC was 37.5 mg*h/L (range 14-216) at 61 days post-pOHT (range 11-4426). Median patient age was 10 years (range 46 days-16 years). Of 22 MPA AUCs collected, 12 warranted dosage adjustments for optimization. Within those, 9 patients' AUCs were re-measured post adjustment with 8 attaining goal range 30-60 mg*h/L. Median MMF dose was 500 mg/m^2, or 18.8 mg/kg, both twice daily. Fifty percent of all AUCs were for-cause indications: high-risk Epstein-Barr Virus donor positive, recipient negative (n=4); high-risk Cytomegalovirus donor positive, recipient negative (n=2); recent infections requiring systemic antimicrobials (n=4); and diagnosis of post transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (n=1). All but one (90.9%) of the for-cause AUC analyses merited dose adjustments. Three patients had baseline nausea; one displayed a supratherapeutic AUC. One reported nausea abatement following MMF decrease whereas two spontaneously resolved. Five reports of leukopenia were found, three with AUCs above 60 mg*h/L. All leukocyte levels normalized following MMF dosage reduction. Conclusion Patient specific tailoring of MMF via therapeutic drug monitoring of MPA AUC in pOHT may increase tolerability and diminish short and long term side effects of therapy.
Science, Technology, and Society Approaches to Fieldwork in Geography

Geographers who take a science, technology, and society (STS) approach to research recognize that the doing of science happens within particular social and historical contexts. Additionally, the pr...
Abstract P3053: Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Resistant Hypertension Participating in Cardiac Rehabilitation

Introduction: Phase 2 cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is a 36-session medically supervised exercise and educational program prescribed for patients with a variety of cardiovascular conditions. The bene...
TRIM39-RPP21 Variants (∆19InsCCC) Are Not Associated with Juvenile Idiopathic Epilepsy in Egyptian Arabian Horses

Juvenile idiopathic epilepsy (JIE) is an inherited disease characterized by recurrent seizures during the first year of life in Egyptian Arabian horses. Definitive diagnosis requires an electroencephalogram (EEG) performed by a veterinary specialist. A recent study has suggested that a 19 base-pair deletion, along with a triple-C insertion, in intron five of twelve (∆19InsCCC; chr20:29542397-29542425: GTTCAGGGGACCACATGGCTCTCTATAGA>TATCTTAAGACCC) of the Tripartite Motif-Containing 39-Ribonuclease p/mrp 21kDa Subunit (TRIM39-RPP21) gene is associated with JIE. To confirm this association, a new sample set consisting of nine EEG-phenotyped affected and nine unaffected Egyptian Arabian horses were genotyped using Sanger sequencing. There was no significant genotypic (P = 1.00) or allelic (P = 0.31) association with the ∆19InsCCC variant and JIE status. The previously reported markers in TRIM39-RPPB1 are therefore not associated with JIE in well-phenotyped samples. The ∆19InsCCC variant is a common variant that happens to be positioned in a highly polymorphic region in the Arabian breed.
Beyond Sex Differences: Predictors of Negative Emotions Following Casual Sex

Recently, much attention has been focused on understanding casual sex, or hooking up, among college students. The current study uses an adaptationist approach to go beyond sex differences in casual sex behavior, examining predictors of emotional reactions and including a community sample (39 females, 84 males) in addition to a typical college sample (103 females, 62 males). If males and females possess different emotional mechanisms designed to evaluate the consequences of sexual behavior, we would expect sex differences in emotional reactions as well as in motivations for engaging in casual sex. Individual differences in motivation may influence whether emotional reactions to casual sex are positive or negative. Early environmental cues of relationship stability may also have an impact on emotional responses. Results indicate that in addition to sex differences, factors such as early environmental cues of relationship instability, individuals’ motivation for engaging in casual sex, and the number of their casual sex partners contribute to the positive or negative nature of their response to casual sex experiences. In addition, results from the community sample suggest that there may be life stage-specific effects.
Serotonin syndrome from sertraline monotherapy

Abstract Serotonin syndrome (SS) is a rare, potentially life-threatening adverse drug reaction. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are among a number of pharmaceuticals that all contribute to SS, but SS caused by SSRI monotherapy is rare. We present a case of probable sertraline-induced SS. A 36-year-old male presented to the emergency department four times in one week with a constellation of autonomic and neuromuscular symptoms. He had been taking sertraline at a therapeutic dose for less than three months. Moderate SS was diagnosed using the Hunter criteria during the fourth visit, when it was seen that he had hyperreflexia and inducible ankle clonus. The patient’s symptoms resolved within 24 hours with lorazepam, intravenous fluids, and discontinuation of sertraline. In the emergency department it is important to have a high clinical suspicion for SS even if the patient is taking SSRI monotherapy at therapeutic doses.
Top management tournament incentives and credit ratings

This paper investigates whether the current level of tournament incentives for top executives is related to the firm’s future credit rating. Greater pay dispersion (our proxy for tournament incentives) has been found to be associated with both greater firm performance and greater firm riskiness. Taking the bondholders’ perspective, credit rating agencies would view increases in performance favorably and increases in riskiness unfavorably, leading to the empirical question of how pay dispersion affects a firm’s credit rating, if at all. We find strong evidence that pay dispersion is negatively associated with credit ratings. We also find that the negative impact of pay dispersion on credit ratings is stronger when firms have greater default risk. Finally, we find weak evidence that strong shareholder rights accentuate the negative relation between pay dispersion and credit ratings.
Predicting CD8+ T-cell infiltration in colorectal cancer using versican proteolysis across molecular profiles.

189Background: The clinical indications for immunotherapies continue to increase across cancer types. In colorectal cancer (CRC), there has been little progress in the use of these therapies outsid...
Running the gamut of high energy nuclear collisions

We present calculations of the bulk properties and multiparticle correlations in a large variety of collision systems within a hybrid formalism consisting of impact-parameter-dependent Glasma initial conditions, music viscous relativistic hydrodynamics, and urqmd microscopic hadronic transport. In particular, we study heavy ion collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), including $\text{Pb}+\text{Pb}$, $\text{Xe}+\text{Xe}$, and $\text{O}+\text{O}$ collisions, and $\text{Au}+\text{Au}$, $\text{U}+\text{U}$, $\text{Ru}+\text{Ru}$, $\text{Zr}+\text{Zr}$, and $\text{O}+\text{O}$ collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). We further study asymmetric systems, including $p+\text{Au}$, $d+\text{Au}$, $^{3}\mathrm{He}+\text{Au}$, and $p+\text{Pb}$ collisions at various energies as well as $p+p$ collisions at 0.5 and 13 TeV. We describe experimental observables in all heavy ion systems well with one fixed set of parameters, validating the energy and system dependence of the framework. Many observables in the smaller systems are also well described, although they test the limits of the model. Calculations of $\text{O}+\text{O}$ collisions provide predictions for potential future runs at RHIC and the LHC.
Towards a dual process model of foreign policy ideology

Research on foreign policy ideology indicates a two-dimensional structure with clear parallels to numerous dual-process psychological frameworks. In foreign affairs, as in domestic affairs, individual differ in their underlying motivation to both provide and protect, captured by the constructs of cooperative internationalism (CI) and militant internationalism (MI), respectively. Recent studies indicate that the former is associated with the values of self-transcendence (universalism in particular) and individualizing moral foundations, the latter with conservation values and binding moral foundations. CI and MI serve as foreign policy orientations that allow ordinary individuals to develop attitudes about specific foreign policy questions even without significant knowledge but also bias the interpretation of incoming information.
Funny Money: Philanthropic Giving and the Money Illusion:

This study argues that the size of philanthropic gifts is affected by donors’ perception of the value of their money. The essay examines aggregate giving to Bread for the World in former East Germa...