cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incarcerated Medial Epicondyle Fractures With Elbow Dislocation: Risk Factors Associated With Morbidity.

Background Incarcerated medial epicondyle fractures in association with elbow trauma are rare and an absolute indication for intervention. Because of the infrequent nature, outcomes following this injury are not well documented. We studied a large cohort of these injuries to determine factors associated with functional outcomes. It was hypothesized that a greater duration between initial presentation and time of surgery would lead to poorer outcomes. Methods A total of 32 patients aged 18 and under who underwent surgical treatment for an incarcerated medical epicondyle fracture at a level-1 pediatric trauma center from 2003 to 2015 were identified. All patients had a confirmed diagnosis of an incarcerated medial epicondyle at surgery. Medical records and radiographs were reviewed to determine the patient demographics, mechanism of injury, preoperative neurological symptoms, time of primary presentation, time of elbow reduction, and time to surgical intervention. Postoperative outcomes, including pain, range of motion, and ulnar nerve symptoms, were also collected. The Roberts outcome score was determined for each subject. Results A radiographically confirmed elbow dislocation was identified in 25 subjects. The mean age at injury was 13.2 years (range, 7.3 to 17.8 y). Initial presentation was at a referring institution in 30 patients (94%). First closed reduction attempt of the ulnohumeral joint occurred in the emergency room in 24 subjects (75%); of these 7 subjects (22%) had a first reduction attempted in the emergency room at our institution, 2 patients experienced first elbow reduction during surgical intervention. The median time from first presentation to surgery was 21.9 hours (interquartile range, 15 to 40). Fourteen subjects displayed preoperative ulnar nerve symptoms. Of these, 9 subsequently reported postoperative ulnar nerve symptoms. There was no effect of time to surgical intervention on the Roberts outcome scores at follow-up, nerve symptoms, symptomatic hardware, or need for second surgery to remove hardware. There were 16 subjects with excellent outcomes, 13 with good outcomes, 3 with fair outcomes, and 0 with poor outcomes (based on the Roberts criteria). Conclusions Incarcerated medial epicondyle fractures are commonly associated with ulnar nerve symptoms; however, they are not associated with a significant rate of other complications. There was no increased risk of complications in subjects who had a longer duration between initial presentation and surgery. This suggests that, while the presence of an incarcerated medial epicondyle fracture is certainly an indication for timely operative intervention; the injury in isolation does not need to be considered emergent. Other factors including neurovascular status and ability to achieve joint reduction may still necessitate emergency operative care. Level of evidence Level IV-therapeutic study, case series.
Religious Education for Generating Hope.

A 19-year-old is caregiver to her heroin-addicted mother while maintaining the home they own. Her desire is to become something more so she can start her own business in the community. She knows sh...
A SIMPLE PAIN SCALE FOR FIELD COMPARISON OF HYMENOPTERAN STINGS

A scale is described for reporting the painfulness of stings received from aculeate hymenoptera under uncontrolled conditions. The applicability and limitations of the scale are discussed, and exam...
Identifying Modes of User Engagement with Online News and Their Relationship to Information Gain in Text

Prior work established the benefits of server-recorded user engagement measures (e.g. clickthrough rates) for improving the results of search engines and recommendation systems. Client-side measures of post-click behavior received relatively little attention despite the fact that publishers have now the ability to measure how millions of people interact with their content at a fine resolution using client-side logging. In this study, we examine patterns of user engagement in a large, client-side log dataset of over 7.7 million page views (including both mobile and non-mobile devices) of 66,821 news articles from seven popular news publishers. For each page view we use three summary statistics: dwell time, the furthest position the user reached on the page, and the amount of interaction with the page through any form of input (touch, mouse move, etc.). We show that simple transformations on these summary statistics reveal six prototypical modes of reading that range from scanning to extensive reading and persist across sites. Furthermore, we develop a novel measure of information gain in text to capture the development of ideas within the body of articles and investigate how information gain relates to the engagement with articles. Finally, we show that our new measure of information gain is particularly useful for predicting reading of news articles before publication, and that the measure captures unique information not available otherwise.
LARC: Learning Activity-Regularized Overlapping Communities Across Time

Communities are essential building blocks of complex networks enjoying significant research attention in terms of modeling and detection algorithms. Common across models is the premise that node pairs that share communities are likely to interact more strongly. Moreover, in the most general setting a node may be a member of multiple communities, and thus, interact with more than one cohesive group of other nodes. If node interactions are observed over a long period and aggregated into a single static network, the communities may be hard to discern due to their in-network overlap. Alternatively, if interactions are observed over short time periods, the communities may be only partially observable. How can we detect communities at an appropriate temporal resolution that resonates with their natural periods of activity? We propose LARC, a general framework for joint learning of the overlapping community structure and the periods of activity of communities, directly from temporal interaction data. We formulate the problem as an optimization task coupling community fit and smooth temporal activation over time. To the best of our knowledge, the tensor version of LARC is the first tensor-based community detection method to introduce such smoothness constraints. We propose efficient algorithms for the problem, achieving a $2.6x$ quality improvement over all baselines for high temporal resolution datasets, and consistently detecting better-quality communities for different levels of data aggregation and varying community overlap. In addition, LARC elucidates interpretable temporal patterns of community activity corresponding to botnet attacks, transportation change points and public forum interaction trends, while being computationally practical---few minutes on large real datasets. Finally, LARC provides a comprehensive \em unsupervised parameter estimation methodology yielding high accuracy and rendering it easy-to-use for practitioners.
Judgments about Crime and the Criminal

“An eye for an eye” is the historical precursor to the principle “Let the punishment fit the crime.” However widespread this view of justice, modern law prescribes that the punishment for a crime, or more generally the response to a crime, be based on the nature of the offender as well as on the nature of the crime. The means of achieving this goal has both negative and positive components. Negatively, there are proscriptions against dealing with offenders solely on the basis of their crime. For example, judges are enjoined from using a “fixed and mechanical approach,” such as imposing the same sentence for a given offense (Heinz, Heinz, Senderowitz,&Vance, 1976, pp. 22-23). Positively, the use of discretion is considered an essential element in the administration of justice (e.g., Davis, 1971). Thus, the criminal justice system necessarily works through the application of individual human judgment to unique cases.
Learning-Based test programming for programmers

While a diverse array of approaches to applying machine learning to testing has appeared in recent years, many efforts share three central challenges, two of which are not always obvious. First, learning-based testing relies on adapting the tests generated to the program being tested, based on the results of observed executions. This is the heart of a machine learning approach to test generation. A less obvious challenge in many approaches is that the learning techniques used may have been devised for problems that do not share all the assumptions and goals of software testing. Finally, the usability of approaches by programmers is a challenge that has often been neglected. Programmers may wish to maintain more control of test generation than a "push button" tool generally provides, without becoming experts in software testing theory or machine learning algorithms, and with access to the full power of the language in which the tested system is written. In this paper we consider these issues, in light of our experience with adaptation-based programming as a method for automated test generation.
Vaginal Urethra, Clitoral Hypertrophy and Accessory Phallic Urethra: A Rare Syndrome of Female Pseudohermaphroditism

AbstractThe rare syndrome of idiopathic female pseudohermaphroditism with vaginal urethra, clitoral hypertrophy and accessory phallic urethra is commonly associated with urinary tract obstruction. We report a new case and discuss the characteristic features. The embryogenesis of this condition seems to involve complex interactions between the mullerian duct and urogenital sinus rather than hormonal causes. Treatment is aimed at correcting the masculinized appearance of the genitalia and relieving the frequently present urinary obstruction.
Long-term quality of life after ablation of atrial fibrillation the impact of recurrence, symptom relief, and placebo effect

Objectives We sought to determine the relationship between atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation efficacy, quality of life (QoL), and AF-specific symptoms at 2 years. Background Although the primary goal of AF ablation is QoL improvement, this effect has yet to be demonstrated in the long term. Methods A total of 502 symptomatic AF ablation recipients were prospectively followed for recurrence, QoL, and AF symptoms. Results In 323 patients with 2 years of follow-up, 72% achieved AF elimination off antiarrhythmic drugs (AADs), 15% achieved AF control with AADs, and 13% had recurrent AF. The physical component summary scores of the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 increased from 58.8 ± 20.1 to 76.2 ± 19.2 (p Conclusions AF ablation produces sustained QoL improvement at 2 years in patients with and without recurrence. AF-specific symptom assessment more accurately reflects ablative efficacy.
Mapping the Mental Health of Residents After the 2013 Boston Marathon Bombings

Postdisaster mental health is typically assessed and treated on an individual basis. Ecological assessments, however, can be a more cost-effective means to identify and promote mental health after a disaster. In this study, the spatial patterning of acute stress scores, probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and fears and worries among a representative sample of Boston metropolitan area participants (N = 788) was examined using data collected 2-4 weeks to 2 years after the 2013 Boston Marathon bombings. Findings indicate significant clustering of acute stress scores, Moran's I = 0.24, z = 2.91, p = .004; fears and worries, Moran's I = 0.25, z = 2.39, p = .017; and probable PTSD at Wave 2, Moran's I = 0.49, z = 5.16; p < .001, and at Wave 5, Moran's I = 0.26, z = 2.51, p = .012, in the Boston metropolitan area, with high distress clusters found near downtown Boston and the attack site. These results suggest that disaster mental health is not uniformly distributed across space. Instead, patterns emerge to identify persons and neighborhoods at risk for poor mental health outcomes.
Governance of agricultural value chains: Coordination, control and safeguarding

Abstract The governance of agricultural value chains other than those that are export oriented has not been well understood. A case in point is agricultural value chains in India, which are characterized by the dominance of the informal sector, lack of standardization, and local policy dynamics. The complex interactions among actors in such value chains are not explained in the existing literature, which focuses on standardized, cross-border trade. The nature of coordination, control, and interdependence in local agricultural value chains is distinct, varies with the commodity, and is closer to a network system. A study of six commodity-specific sub-sectors, namely milk, rice, poultry meat, cotton, potato, and sugarcane, found that all consisted of relatively informal markets and were non-retailer-trader-driven. Governance of these value chains is often riddled with overlapping and contradictory roles of actors. However, with the increasing trend of markets being controlled by organized players, a shift towards a buyer-driven market is expected in the future. In such a context, policy-makers should safeguard the interests of smallholder producers.
Postfire population dynamics of a fire-dependent cypress

Tecate cypress (Hesperocyparis forbesii) is a rare species restricted to four metapopulations in southern California, USA and a few isolated populations in northern Baja California, Mexico. It is a closed-cone, fire-dependent tree of conservation concern due to an increase in human-caused wildfires that have shortened the interval between fires in many of their populations. In 2003, the Mine/Otay Fire burned 70% of the Tecate cypress on Otay Mountain in San Diego County, California providing an opportunity to evaluate the immaturity risk of this species and to examine its recruitment, survivorship, and reproductive maturity over a 14-year period from 2004 to 2017. Sixteen sites were established in burned stands of Tecate cypress with prefire ages that ranged from 7 to 53 years old. After 14 years, the overall density of Tecate cypress was still higher than before the fire, however, the areal extent of the species decreased due to the loss of locations where either there was low cone production or fire intensity was too high. The immaturity risk for this species, while a function of prefire stand age, is confounded by other factors including the reproductive capacities of trees based on their density and size and the climatic variables affecting their growth over time. The future management of Tecate cypress and other fire-dependent species requires a knowledge of all factors impacting their immaturity risk, as well as an understanding of the potential fire–climate interactions that may impact their persistence in a future of climate change and altered fire regimes.
Learning to Scaffold Science Academic Language: Lessons from an Instructional Coaching Partnership

Engagement in meaningful and authentic science learning requires students to access not only the science content and practices but also the academic language required to talk and write within science classrooms. This academic language creates a challenge within science classrooms as for many students this language differs from their everyday language. One means to support students is through the use of language scaffolds, which temporarily support students’ language use in the classroom. Scaffolding student language requires that teachers understand their students and the language being used during lessons, to identify and support the targeted language that can be provided during instruction. Regrettably, many teachers struggle to make their language expectations clear for themselves or their students, and in turn, prioritize content instruction over language instruction. Science teachers and science teacher educators must continue to explore ways to identify language expectations, as well as strategies to scaffold language, in order to support student science language use. To that end, this study sought to examine the successes and challenges an elementary science teacher experienced while planning and implementing science academic language scaffolds, through his participation in an instructional coaching partnership. Findings show successes in articulating language expectations and using point-of-need scaffolds, while challenges were experienced related to balancing content and language instruction, as well as the use of scaffolds that focused on narrow language use. Implications for teachers and teacher educators interested in supporting science language are also discussed.
SRSF3-Regulated RNA Alternative Splicing Promotes Glioblastoma Tumorigenicity by Affecting Multiple Cellular Processes

Misregulated alternative RNA splicing (AS) contributes to the tumorigenesis and progression of human cancers, including glioblastoma (GBM). Here, we showed that a major splicing factor, serine and arginine rich splicing factor 3 (SRSF3), was frequently upregulated in clinical glioma specimens and that elevated SRSF3 was associated with tumor progression and a poor prognosis for patients with glioma. In patient-derived glioma stem-like cells (GSC), SRSF3 expression promoted cell proliferation, self-renewal, and tumorigenesis. Transcriptomic profiling identified more than 1,000 SRSF3-affected AS events, with a preference for exon skipping in genes involved with cell mitosis. Motif analysis identified the sequence of CA(G/C/A)CC(C/A) as a potential exonic splicing enhancer for these SRSF3-regulated exons. To evaluate the biological impact of SRSF3-affected AS events, four candidates were selected whose AS correlated with SRSF3 expression in glioma tissues, and their splicing pattern was modified using a CRISPR/Cas9 approach. Two functionally validated AS candidates were further investigated for the mechanisms underlying their isoform-specific functions. Specifically, following knockout of SRSF3, transcription factor ETS variant 1 (ETV1) gene showed exon skipping at exon 7, while nudE neurodevelopment protein 1 (NDE1) gene showed replacement of terminal exon 9 with a mutually exclusive exon 9'. SRSF3-regulated AS of these two genes markedly increased their oncogenic activity in GSCs. Taken together, our data demonstrate that SRSF3 is a key regulator of AS in GBM and that understanding mechanisms of misregulated AS could provide critical insights for developing effective therapeutic strategies against GBMs. SIGNIFICANCE: SRSF3 is a significant regulator of glioma-associated alternative splicing, implicating SRSF3 as an oncogenic factor that contributes to the tumor biology of GBM.
Using Estimates of the Output Productivity Ratio (SDp) to Improve the Accuracy and Managerial Acceptance of Utility Analysis Estimates

This study compared nursing supervisors' percentile estimates (15th, 50th, and 85th) of staff nurse performance made in terms of dollar value and two alternative metrics—output (number of patients cared for) and staffing (number of nurses required to staff a unit). Of the three estimation procedures, nursing supervisors were most confident in the accuracy of their output-based estimates and least confident in the accuracy of their dollar value-based estimates. Estimates of the standard deviation of performance as a percentage of mean performance (SDp) ranged from 19% for the staffing-based estimate to 29% for the output-based estimate. Contrary to expectations, dollar value-based SDp estimates were only minimally correlated with staffing- and output-based SDp estimates. I conclude that allowing supervisors to make percentile estimates in terms of familiar metrics has potential value for improving the accuracy and managerial acceptability of utility analysis.
Behind the Barbed Wire Fence

Civilian employees on military bases are hardly given attention in literature on military basing, particularly in the context of the U.S. presence in Japan. Most of these employees are Japanese nationals, but a large number of them are returnees, who have returned to Okinawa—their birthplace—in the 1970s to the early 1980s. While these workers have become part of the U.S. presence in the prefecture, these individuals occupy a rather contentious position in Okinawan society—they are Japanese nationals, but of part-Okinawan and part-Filipino parentage. Their presence in these military bases points to the migrations that occurred starting in the post-war period between Okinawa and the Philippines. This phenomenon also calls to mind the significance of ethnicity as cultural capital in return migration.
Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in the Multiple Ligament Injured Knee

Multiligamentous knee injuries are challenging to treat and diagnose. Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injuries are commonly found in the constellation of injuries included in a multiligamentous knee injury and are caused by a posteriorly directed force on the proximal tibia with relation to the femoral condyles. A thorough history and physical examination should be performed to evaluate for associated neurovascular injuries and associated ligamentous, chondral, or bony injuries. Nonsurgical management is reserved for patients who are critically ill or have very low activity demands. Surgical reconstruction is recommended for most patients with multiligamentous knee injuries. The PCL reconstruction can be undertaken with several different graft options and reconstruction techniques, including the transtibial, arthroscopic tibial inlay, and open tibial inlay approach. The literature has a paucity of data regarding outcomes among the various reconstructive options, so the optimal surgical technique has not been established.
Allosteric regulation of Thioesterase Superfamily Member 1 by free fatty acids and lysophosphatidylcholine

Abstract Non-shivering thermogenesis occurs in brown adipose tissue to generate heat in response to cold temperatures. Thioesterase superfamily member 1 (Them1) is transcriptionally upregulated in brown adipose tissue upon cold exposure and suppresses thermogenesis to conserve energy reserves. Them1 hydrolyzes long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs, preventing their use as fuel for thermogenesis. Them1 contains a C-terminal StAR-related lipid transfer domain (StarD) with unknown ligand or function. By complementary biophysical approaches, we show that StarD binds to long-chain fatty acids, products of Them1’s enzymatic reaction, as well lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), which activate thermogenesis in brown adipocytes. Certain fatty acids stabilize the StarD and allosterically enhance Them1 catalysis of acyl-CoA, whereas 18:1 LPC destabilizes and inhibits activity, which we verify in cell culture. Additionally, we demonstrate that the StarD functions to localize Them1 near lipid droplets. These findings define the role of the StarD as a lipid sensor that allosterically regulates Them1 activity and localization.
Racial differences in time to treatment for melanoma.

Background Longer time from diagnosis to definitive surgery (TTDS) is associated with increased melanoma-specific mortality. Although black patients present with later-stage melanoma and have worse survival than non-Hispanic white patients, the association between race and TTDS is unknown. Objective To investigate racial differences in time to melanoma treatment. Methods Retrospective review of the National Cancer Database (2004-2015). Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the association of race with TTDS, controlling for sociodemographic/disease characteristics. Results Of the 233,982 patients with melanoma identified, 1221 (0.52%) were black. Black patients had longer TTDS for stage I to III melanoma (P .05 for both). When sociodemographic characteristics were controlled for, black patients had over twice the odds of having a TTDS between 41 and 60 days, over 3 times the odds of having a TTDS between 61 and 90 days, and over 5 times the odds of having a TTDS over 90 days. Racial differences in TTDS persisted within each insurance type. Patients with Medicaid had the longest TTDS (mean, 60.4 days), and those with private insurance had the shortest TTDS (mean, 44.6 days; P Conclusions Targeted approaches to improve TTDS for black patients are integral in reducing racial disparities in melanoma outcomes.
Suture Stabilization of Open Physeal Fractures of the Great Toe Distal Phalanx (Seymour Fracture).

Background Open physeal fractures of the distal phalanx of the hallux are analogous to Seymour fractures of the hand. When missed, these injuries can result in long-term sequelae including infection, pain, nail deformity, and physeal arrest. Nevertheless, there is a paucity in the literature regarding optimal surgical treatment for these challenging injuries. We present a novel technique and case series for suture-only stabilization of Seymour fractures of the great toe. Methods Billing records were used to identify all children aged 18 years or younger who underwent operative treatment open distal phalanx fracture of the hallux with an associated nail bed injury. Electronic medical records and plain imaging were reviewed to identify mechanism of injury, surgical technique, results, complications, and follow-up. Results Five boys with a mean age of 10.3 years (range, 5 to 13 y) met inclusion criteria. Forty percent (2/5) of injuries were missed by the initial treating providers. Only 2 patients presented to our institution primarily; 60% (3/5) patients were transferred from other facilities. The mechanism of injury was variable but generally involved "stubbing" the toe. The mean time from injury to surgical treatment was 2.6 days (range, 0 to 6 d). Median follow-up was 2 months (range, 1 to 96 mo). No patient complications (including infection) or reoperations were reported. On follow-up imaging, no physeal bars were evident on patients treated with suture-only technique. Conclusions Seymour fracture of the hallux are uncommon, and there is frequently a delay in both presentation and diagnosis. Providers should have increased suspicion for these injuries when a physeal fracture of the great toe is associated with bleeding or nail bed injury. Currently, no consensus exists for treatment of these injuries. Suture-only stabilization represents a simple, reliable alternative to pin fixation. Level of evidence Level IV-retrospective case series.
SUMMER, a shiny utility for metabolomics and multiomics exploratory research.

Cellular metabolites are generated by a complex network of biochemical reactions. This makes interpreting changes in metabolites exceptionally challenging. To develop a computational tool that integrates multiomics data at the level of reactions. Changes in metabolic reactions are modeled with input from transcriptomics/proteomics measurements of enzymes and metabolomic measurements of metabolites. We developed SUMMER, which identified more relevant signals, key metabolic reactions, and relevant underlying biological pathways in a real-world case study. SUMMER performs integrative analysis for data interpretation and exploration. SUMMER is freely accessible at http://summer.salk.edu and the code is available at https://bitbucket.org/salkigc/summer .
Data for Dynamic evolution of the MutS family in animals: multiple losses of MSH paralogues and gain of a viral MutS homologue in octocorals

MutS is a key component of the Mismatch Repair (MMR) pathway. Members of the MutS family of proteins are present in bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes, and viruses. Six MutS homologues (MSH1-6), have been identified in yeast, three of which function in nuclear MMR, while MSH1 has been associated with mitochondrial DNA repair. MSH1 is believed to be lacking in animals, potentially reflecting the loss of MMR in animal mitochondria, and correlated with higher rates of mitochondrial sequence evolution. An intriguing exception has been found in octocorals, a group of marine animals from phylum Cnidaria, which encode a MutS-homologue (mtMutS) in their mitochondrial genome. It has been suggested that this protein functions in mitochondrial DNA repair, which would explain some of the lowest rates of mitochondrial sequence evolution observed in this group. To place the acquisition of mtMutS in a functional context, we investigated the evolution of the whole MutS family in animals. Our study confirmed the acquisition of octocoral mtMutS by horizontal gene transfer from a giant virus. Surprisingly, we found orthologues of yeast MSH1 in all hexacorals (the sister group of octocorals) and several sponges and placozoans. By contrast, MSH1 orthologues were lacking in octocorals, medusozoan cnidarians, ctenophores, and bilaterian animals. Furthermore, while we were able to identify MSH2 and MSH6 in all animals, MSH4, MSH5, and, especially, MSH3 were missing in multiple species. Overall, our analysis reveals a dynamic evolution of MSH family in animals, with multiple losses of MSH1, MSH3, some losses of MSH4 and MSH5, and a gain of octocoral mtMutS.
Minimally Invasive Necrotic Bone Washing Improves Bone Healing After Femoral Head Ischemic Osteonecrosis: An Experimental Investigation in Immature Pigs.

BACKGROUND Ischemic osteonecrosis of the femoral head produces necrotic cell debris and inflammatory molecules in the marrow space, which elicit a chronic inflammatory repair response. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of flushing out the necrotic cell debris and inflammatory proteins on bone repair in a piglet model of ischemic osteonecrosis. METHODS Osteonecrosis of the femoral head of the right hindlimb was induced in 12 piglets by tying a ligature tightly around the femoral neck. One week after the surgery, 6 animals were treated with a percutaneous 3-needle bone washing procedure and non-weight-bearing (NWB) of the right hindlimb (wash group). The total saline solution wash volume was 450 mL per femoral head. Serial wash solutions were collected and analyzed. The remaining 6 animals were treated with NWB only (NWB group). At 8 weeks after the surgery, the femoral heads were assessed using radiography, micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), and histological analysis. In addition, we compared the results for these piglets with our published results for 6 piglets treated with multiple epiphyseal drilling (MED) plus NWB without bone washing (MED group). RESULTS Necrotic cells and inflammatory proteins were present in the bone wash solution collected 1 week after ischemia induction. The protein and triglyceride concentrations decreased significantly with subsequent washing (p < 0.005). At 8 weeks after ischemia induction, the wash group had a significantly higher bone volume than the MED or NWB group (p < 0.0001). Histological bone-formation measures were also significantly increased in the wash group compared with the MED group (p = 0.002) or NWB group (p < 0.0001) while macrophage numbers were significantly decreased in the wash group. CONCLUSIONS The percutaneous 3-needle procedure flushed out cell debris and inflammatory proteins from the necrotic femoral heads, decreased osteoclasts and macrophages, and increased bone formation following induction of ischemic osteonecrosis. CLINICAL RELEVANCE We believe that this is the first study to investigate the concept of washing out the necrotic femoral head to improve bone healing. The minimally invasive procedure may be useful to improve the necrotic bone environment and bone repair following ischemic osteonecrosis.
Electrochemical ion insertion from the atomic to the device scale

Electrochemical ion insertion involves coupled ion–electron transfer reactions, transport of guest species and redox of the host. The hosts are typically anisotropic solids with 2D conduction planes but can also be materials with 1D or isotropic transport pathways. These insertion compounds have traditionally been studied in the context of energy storage but also find extensive applications in electrocatalysis, optoelectronics and computing. Recent developments in operando, ultrafast and high-resolution characterization methods, as well as accurate theoretical simulation methods, have led to a renaissance in the understanding of ion-insertion compounds. In this Review, we present a unified framework for understanding insertion compounds across timescales and length scales ranging from atomic to device levels. Using graphite, transition metal dichalcogenides, layered oxides, oxyhydroxides and olivines as examples, we explore commonalities in these materials in terms of point defects, interfacial reactions and phase transformations. We illustrate similarities in the operating principles of various ion-insertion devices, ranging from batteries and electrocatalysts to electrochromics and thermal transistors, with the goal of unifying research across disciplinary boundaries. Electrochemical ion insertion is rapidly emerging as a powerful materials design strategy. This Review discusses how ion insertion enables reversible transformation and switching of physico-chemical properties, the role of defects and interfacial reactions, and opportunities for ultrafast ionic control.
Why are there so few (or so many) circulating coronaviruses

Despite vast diversity in non-human hosts and conspicuous recent spillover events, only a small number of coronaviruses have been observed to persist in human populations. This puzzling mismatch suggests substantial barriers to establishment. We detail hypotheses that might contribute to explain the low numbers of endemic coronaviruses, despite their considerable evolutionary and emergence potential. We assess possible explanations ranging from issues of ascertainment, historically lower opportunities for spillover, aspects of human demographic changes, and features of pathogen biology and pre-existing adaptive immunity to related viruses. We describe how successful emergent viral species must triangulate transmission, virulence, and host immunity to maintain circulation. Characterizing the factors that might shape the limits of viral persistence can delineate promising research directions to better understand the combinations of pathogens and contexts that are most likely to lead to spillover.
Stochastic Geometry for Wireless Networks

Covering point process theory, random geometric graphs and coverage processes, this rigorous introduction to stochastic geometry will enable you to obtain powerful, general estimates and bounds of wireless network performance and make good design choices for future wireless architectures and protocols that efficiently manage interference effects. Practical engineering applications are integrated with mathematical theory, with an understanding of probability the only prerequisite. At the same time, stochastic geometry is connected to percolation theory and the theory of random geometric graphs and accompanied by a brief introduction to the R statistical computing language. Combining theory and hands-on analytical techniques with practical examples and exercises, this is a comprehensive guide to the spatial stochastic models essential for modelling and analysis of wireless network performance.
Canonical Equation K55 for Normalized Spectral Functions of a Product of Two Independent Nonsymmetric Random Matrices

Thus, we have seen that we can find a canonical equation for many classes of random matrices. Nevertheless, there exist some classes of random matrices for which it is very difficult to apply our methods. In this chapter, we meet the first example of random matrices, namely, the product of two independent random matrices with independent entries. This class of random matrices is rather difficult for our analysis, but, due to the developed theory of random matrices, we show how one can overcome these difficulties.
Rationale for Studies of Consumer Food Preferences

Publisher Summary This chapter aims to guide the uninitiated in consumer food preferences research, to forewarn the enthusiast of the many difficulties confronting the investigator, to point out the errors commonly made in drawing unwarranted inferences from market surveys, and to stimulate research along fruitful lines in methodology. Specifically, the chapter centers attention on the non-sampling problems in contrast to the sampling problems. The statisticians have made great strides and are in good agreement as how best to design surveys that will yield, within calculable error limits, estimates of the population. The chapter presents a forthright discussion of the sampling problems. The subject matter of this contribution is restricted to a consideration of the problems of measuring preferences for various qualities of any stated food rather than preferences for different foods. Emphasis has been laid on the problems of evaluating preferences for the various quality factors, for example, size, color, flavor, and other factors. Two general types of preference surveys have been recognized (a) those intended to evaluate the status of consumer preferences and (b) those intended to search out and evaluate the influence of forces that have shaped the existing preferences and which might cause or are causing them to change.
Environmental analysis using integrated GIS and remotely sensed data - Some research needs and priorities

This paper discusses some basic scientific issues and research needs in the joint processing of remotely sensed and GIS data for environmental analysis. Two general topics are treated in detail: (1) scale dependence of geographic data and the analysis of multiscale remotely sensed and GIS data, and (2) data transformations and information flow during data processing. The discussion of scale dependence focuses on the theory and applications of spatial autocorrelation, geostatistics, and fractals for characterizing and modeling spatial variation. Data transformations during processing are described within the larger framework of geographical analysis, encompassing sampling, cartography, remote sensing, and GIS. Development of better user interfaces between image processing, GIS, database management, and statistical software is needed to expedite research on these and other impediments to integrated analysis of remotely sensed and GIS data.
Empirically Supported Training Approaches: The Who, What, and How of Disseminating Psychological Interventions

Cucciare, Weingardt, and Villafranca (2008) provide a review of the training literature and discuss the benefits of blended learning. Their discussion highlights the complex nature of training empirically supported treatments and identifies a number of decisions to be made when devising training approaches. In this way, their review emphasizes the how of training: how does an instructor teach treatment providers to optimize learning? The current commentary extends this discussion by describing the who and what of training to discuss what training components might be most useful for which potential clinicians.
Explosives Analysis in the Environment

The interest in analytical procedures for explosives residues in environmental media steadily increases as more and more formerly utilized military sites are certified and converted to full- or part-time civilian use. Careful statistical studies have clearly demonstrated that analyses based on randomly collected “grab” samples of soils frequently produce a false picture of the extent of explosives contamination. Well-designed sampling plans, which employ multiple samples taken from small areas and which consider the distribution of the soil particles, are mandatory for understanding the true extent of contamination. Because site remediation is such a costly venture, there is a strong need for analytical procedures which are capable of quantitating explosives in soil and groundwater samples quickly and accurately, using equipment and methods which may be operated reliably by nontechnical personnel. For that reason, scientific interest is gradually moving away from the completely laboratory-based, statistically validated, and highly technical standardized methods, such as high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC) and their mass spectroscopic analogs, towards the many fieldable analytical techniques. Some of these, such as ion mobility spectrometry and the various magnetic resonance techniques, are still in their infancy; their potential and utility are still to be fully developed. Others, such as the colorimetric and enzyme-based field test kits, have been fully tested and, in some cases, have been adopted as standard methods themselves. Still others, such as the various mass spectrometric methods, involve highly technical equipment which must be simplified before it can be used routinely in the field. However, the extreme sensitivities characteristic of these state-of-the-art instruments partially offset the need for extensive operator training. A variety of mass spectrometric techniques may yet be used routinely for explosives residue analysis in the field. Some of these new methods may be used in, or even be derived from, forensic applications.
The physics of harmonic injection in a TWT

By studying solutions to the S-MUSE model an approximate 1-D nonlinear multifrequency TWT model, we have identified physical mechanisms for cases of harmonic injection. We highlight the structure of the solutions to S-MUSE, and comment on the mechanism whereby intermodulation products are generated. Then we use the structure of the solutions to identify the mechanism for harmonic injection in a 3IM example and in ECM application.
Structure and function of KH domains

The hnRNP K homology (KH) domain was first identified in the protein human heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP K) 14 years ago. Since then, KH domains have been identified as nucleic acid recognition motifs in proteins that perform a wide range of cellular functions. KH domains bind RNA or ssDNA, and are found in proteins associated with transcriptional and translational regulation, along with other cellular processes. Several diseases, e.g. fragile X mental retardation syndrome and paraneoplastic disease, are associated with the loss of function of a particular KH domain. Here we discuss the progress made towards understanding both general and specific features of the molecular recognition of nucleic acids by KH domains. The typical binding surface of KH domains is a cleft that is versatile but that can typically accommodate only four unpaired bases. Van der Waals forces and hydrophobic interactions and, to a lesser extent, electrostatic interactions, contribute to the nucleic acid binding affinity. 'Augmented' KH domains or multiple copies of KH domains within a protein are two strategies that are used to achieve greater affinity and specificity of nucleic acid binding. Isolated KH domains have been seen to crystallize as monomers, dimers and tetramers, but no published data support the formation of noncovalent higher-order oligomers by KH domains in solution. Much attention has been given in the literature to a conserved hydrophobic residue (typically Ile or Leu) that is present in most KH domains. The interest derives from the observation that an individual with this Ile mutated to Asn, in the KH2 domain of fragile X mental retardation protein, exhibits a particularly severe form of the syndrome. The structural effects of this mutation in the fragile X mental retardation protein KH2 domain have recently been reported. We discuss the use of analogous point mutations at this position in other KH domains to dissect both structure and function.
Survival Differences by Race/Ethnicity and Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status in Adolescents and Young Adults Diagnosed with Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma.

Purpose: Lymphoid malignancies are among the most common cancers diagnosed in adolescents and young adults (AYAs). However, little is known about the factors affecting survival in AYAs with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). We evaluated if survival differs by race/ethnicity and neighborhood socioeconomic status in AYAs with NHL. Methods: AYAs aged 15–39 diagnosed with incident NHL during 1990–2010 at Kaiser Permanente Southern California (KPSC), a large managed care organization, were identified. Demographic information and cancer characteristics were obtained from KPSC's cancer registry. Mortality data were obtained from California and national death files. Patients were followed from NHL diagnosis to 5 years postdiagnosis or 12/31/2012, whichever came first. Multivariable Cox model was used to evaluate the association between race/ethnicity, neighborhood income/education level, and mortality, adjusting for age, gender, stage, year of diagnosis, and histology subtype. Results: A total of 718 AYAs with NHL were...
Chimerical Corporate Governance and Board Failure: A Modest Proposal to Eliminate the Traditional Role of the Board of Directors in Publicly Traded Corporations

The principal thesis of this paper is: the expectations for the role of the board of directors is based on historical conditions that no longer apply; those out-of-date expectations laid the foundation for legal standards of care that effectively render boards unaccountable to the shareholders; such that the combination of outdated expectations and relatively meaningless standards of care render the boards of directors of large, publicly traded corporations unnecessary and superfluous, beyond serving in a limited advisory capacity. To support this thesis, this paper first traces the historical development of corporations and the evolution of boards of directors and their legal standards of care to shed light on how modern laws and attitudes toward corporations and their boards developed. This paper then addresses the role of the board in the modern corporation, highlighting shortcomings and dysfunctions of boards of directors. The final part of this paper provides a foundation for the argument that, despite repeated calls for reform, the status quo of passive boards remains the norm, buttressing the argument there is no practical need for boards of directors in large publicly traded corporations, beyond merely an advisory role.
Personality traits and their relationship to traffic violations.

There is a relationship between personality traits of enlisted personnel at one midwest Air Force Base and their frequency of moving violations. The 52 individuals who received one or two moving violations were more emotionally stable than the 33 nonoffenders and the 18 chronic offenders. Discriminant analysis showed significant differences between the personality characteristics of the occasional offender and the other two groups, but none between the chronic offender and the non-offender. The personality characteristics of the chronic offender resembled those of Zelhart's alcoholic offender and Dunbar's "accident-prone" individual. Additional research using a more heterogenous sample might make possible identification of the high-frequency traffic violator by means of personality characteristics measured after his first offense. /Author/SRIS/
Who Bears the Greatest Burden of Aggressive Treatment of Indolent Prostate Cancer

Abstract Purpose The long-term prostate cancer-specific survival for patients initially managed with active surveillance for low-risk prostate cancer ranges from 97% to 100%. We characterized factors that are associated with aggressive treatment with radical prostatectomy or radiation for indolent prostate cancer (defined as screening-detected, low-risk disease). Methods The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program was used to extract a cohort of 39,803 men diagnosed with prostate-specific antigen–detected, low-risk prostate cancer (clinical category T1c, Gleason score ≤6, and prostate-specific antigen Results The rate of aggressive treatment among all men with indolent prostate cancer was 64.3%. Greater rates of aggressive treatment were experienced by men with high socioeconomic status, Caucasian men, and married men ( P P P P Conclusions Although men with high socioeconomic status, Caucasian men, and married men often receive the highest quality health care and have the best outcomes for many cancers, it seems that they are most at risk for the avoidable potential harms of aggressive treatment of indolent prostate cancer. Future policy should encourage more stringent guidelines for deferred treatment and culturally and sociodemographically competent counseling of active surveillance.