cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pressure-based Semi-analytical Solution of Radial Stokes Flows☆

Abstract A semi-analytical methodology is proposed and implemented to approximate the solution of the partial differential equations that model the radial Stokes flow between two parallel disks. Two traditional approaches for solving partial differential equations of mathematical physics, namely, eigenfunction expansions and Green's function representations, are used to obtain directly the pressure distribution for a variety of inflow boundary conditions. We combine these standard techniques with a functional analytic framework to propose a proper representation for the pressure. This methodology has been implemented first in a symbolic software (Mathematica ® ) and then numerically. We provide both validation of the methodology when an exact solution exists and comparison with a spectral element solver for a test case where inflow boundary conditions render the existence of a recirculation zone close to the entrance of the domain. We briefly discuss how to extend the methodology to handle the Navier–Stokes equation in radial flow—a subject that will be presented in detail in a following paper.
A Review of “Epistles of Inclusion: St. Paul's Inspired Attitudes”

This book is Graham Monteith's third on theology and disability, following Disability: Faith and Acceptance (Saint Andrews Press, 1987) and Deconstructing Miracles: From Thoughtless Indifference to...
Factors associated with exiting and reentry into out-of-home care under Community-Based Care in Florida

Abstract One of the major goals of the child welfare system emphasized by the Adoption and Safe Families Act (ASFA) has been to achieve permanency for children who are removed from their homes. In response to the demands to meet ASFA requirements the State of Florida began to reform its child welfare system via implementation of Community-Based Care (CBC). The goals of the study were to assess the ability of CBC to meet (ASFA) requirements and examine factors associated with undesired child welfare outcomes for children with different legal status. The results of multilevel Cox regression analysis indicated that among children whose parents' rights were not terminated younger children, children who came from single-parent families, and children with emotional problems were less likely to be discharged within 12 months. Children whose parents' rights were terminated were less likely to have a timely exit from out-of-home care if they were older and if they were African American. Age, minority status, length of stay in out-of-home care and both emotional and behavioral problems were found to be significantly associated with reentry into out-of-home care. However, the strongest predictor for reentry was reunification with a child's original family. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Spacetime averaged null energy condition

The averaged null energy condition has known violations for quantum fields in curved space, even when one considers only achronal geodesics. Many such examples involve rapid variation in the stress-energy tensor in the vicinity of the geodesic under consideration, giving rise to the possibility that averaging in additional dimensions would yield a principle universally obeyed by quantum fields. However, after discussing various procedures for additional averaging, including integrating over all dimensions of the manifold, we give here a class of examples that violate any such averaged condition.
Switching and hysteresis in quantum dot arrays

We investigated the low temperature transport properties of AlGaAs/GaAs quantum dot arrays. The coupling between dots and the electron density are controlled by a single gate covering the array. Below 1 K, the current - voltage (I - V) curves show multiple discontinuous jumps in the current, or `switching events', between different insulating and conducting states, which occur at gate-voltage and temperature dependent thresholds. Each single switching event is accompanied by hysteresis, and multiple switching events result in a hierarchy of hysteresis loops. A possible mechanism for this behavior, involving gate-to-dot tunneling, is discussed.
Sulfur induced fracture mode transition of nickel at cathodic potentials

The effect of grain boundary chemistry on the tensile ductility and fracture mode of nickel at cathodic potentials was investigated in the present study. Recent work has shown that the fracture behavior and ductility of iron at cathodic potentials is dependent on the concentration of sulfur at grain interfaces. A threshold sulfur content was identified above which the fracture mode changed from transgranular ductile rupture to intergranular fracture. The existence of this transition in iron supplements the growing amount of evidence linking grain boundary chemistry and intergranular hydrogen embrittlement. Indications that a similar relationship might exist for nickel prompted the present research.
Surface association of motile bacteria and apparent tortuosity values in packed column experiments

[1] Mathematical models used previously to obtain transport parameters from experimental investigations of bacterial transport in packed columns by Olson et al. (2005) yielded apparent tortuosity values that were an order of magnitude higher than expected for packed beds. The association of motile bacteria with solid surfaces of porous media, due to their swimming, contributed to the large apparent tortuosity values evaluated from packed column experiments; a modification of the transport equations to account for surface association yielded tortuosity values that were physically more reasonable. Although it was not possible to uniquely determine values of the kinetic parameters for surface association because of limitations with the experimental methods used by Olson et al., it was possible to constrain the range of values. A theoretical derivation of the mean residence time for swimming bacteria at a surface provided qualitative and quantitative support for including surface association terms in the transport model. This analysis shows that surface association can be a significant factor in modeling bacterial migration, and consideration of bacterial swimming properties such as run lengths and turn angles is important for predicting bacterial transport in saturated granular media typical of groundwater environments.
Electrochemistry: Metal-free energy storage

In flow batteries, energy is produced by passing solutions of 'electroactive' materials — often, metal salts — through an electrochemical cell. A non-metallic electroactive material opens the way to large-scale energy storage. See Letter p.195 Flow batteries differ from the conventional type in that the electro-active components of flow batteries are held in fluid form external to the battery itself, enabling such systems to store arbitrarily large amounts of energy. Flow batteries are therefore attractive as a potential means for regulating the output of intermittent sources of electricity such as wind or solar power. But an important limitation of most such systems is the abundance and cost of the electro-active materials. To overcome this limitation, Brian Huskinson and colleagues have developed an aqueous flow battery on the basis of inexpensive, non-metallic commodity chemicals, with the added advantage of enabling the tuning of key battery properties through chemical design.
A decade of international activities by US nurse faculty: A descriptive analysis

Abstract Background: In this era of increasing international awareness, few studies have revealed the contributions of US nurse faculty abroad. Purpose: Our purpose was to assess the scholarly activities, defined as teaching, research, consultation, and service, of US nurse faculty abroad from 1985 to 1995. Method: As part of a larger study (J Nurs Scholarsh 2000;32:415-20), nurse scholars were asked to describe their international work from 1985 to 1995. Nursing faculty (N = 2254) from all (N = 62) nursing doctoral programs active in 1995 were mailed an investigator-developed questionnaire via their institution. Finding: From 1010 responses, 247 scholars described 805 visits to 109 countries. US nurse faculty assisted in the introduction and continuation of university-based nursing education worldwide. Research activities were either site-specific to the country or related to general issues. Geographic regions differed in the number of visits they received and the type of scholarly activity undertaken. Conclusions: US nurse faculty were involved in diverse and widespread international nursing activities. Nurs Outlook 2002;50:144-51.
Using Earned Value Data to Detect Potential Problems in Acquisition Contracts

Government contractors report earned value information to government agencies in monthly contract performance reports. Though major differences may exist in the data between subsequent contract performance reports, we know of no government effort to detect these occurrences. The identification of major changes may locate and isolate problems and, thus, prevent million and billion dollar cost and schedule overruns. In this study, we illustrate a proof of concept approach to identify changes in the cost performance index and the schedule performance index that may indicate problems with contract performance. We find the intuitive detection algorithm identifies changes in the cost performance index and the schedule performance index that correspond to large changes in the Estimate at Complete from 1 to 12 months out. The ability to detect unusual changes provides decision-makers with warnings of potential problems for acquisition contracts.
Correlation of isotope shifts with |ψ(0)| 2 for actinide configurations*

We have used both Hartree-Fock functions and the pseudorelativistic HX functions of Cowan to examine the relationship between observed isotope shifts and s-electron densities at the nucleus for Cm, Am, Pu, and U. There are significant changes in relative electron densities when the relativistic correction is included which greatly improve the correlation between observed isotope shifts and electron density. The improvement is especially dramatic for those configurations which fit most poorly with HF values of |ψ(0)|2. The slope [S=ΔIS/Δ(4π|ψ(0)|tot2)] per unit effective mass difference is found to be nearly constant for the actinides considered. This allows prediction of isotope shifts for 252Cf-250Cf which have not been measured. Isotope shifts are also predicted for Cm, Am, Pu, and U configurations which have not yet been identified.
Extended transgene expression from a nonintegrating adenoviral vector containing retroviral elements.

We studied the effects of specific retroviral elements in a first-generation serotype 5 adenoviral (Ad5) vector, AdLTR2EF1α-hEPO. This vector contains 858 base pair (bp) [251-bp envelope sequence plus 607-bp long-terminal repeat (LTR)] from Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMLV), upstream of the human elongation factor-1α (EF1α) promoter and human erythropoietin (hEPO) cDNA, with the LTR sequence downstream of the polyadenylation signal. We compared expression of AdLTR2EF1α-hEPO with corresponding expressions of two conventional Ad5 vectors, AdEF1α-hEPO and AdCMV-hEPO, in vivo in submandibular glands in rats. Both the conventional vectors yielded low serum hEPO levels by day 7, and little change in hematocrits. In contrast, after receiving AdLTR2EF1α-hEPO, the rats showed elevated hEPO levels and hematocrits for 1–3 months. In vitro studies showed that the integration efficiencies of all the vectors were similar (~10−3). Approximately 0.1% of the vector genomes were present 1 year after delivery in the case of each of the three vectors, primarily as intact linear double-strand DNA. The unique results seen with AdLTR2EF1α-hEPO are partly because of LTR enhancer activity. However, other cis-acting activity, which is not immunomodulatory but nevertheless influences promoter methylation, appears to be involved. A vector such as AdLTR2EF1α-hEPO may prove useful in clinical applications in which extended, but not “permanent,” transgene expression is desirable.
On an extension of a lattice-continuous mapping with embeddability applications

It is well known that ifX andY are completely regularT2 spaces, then any continuous function,f, fromX toY, has a unique continuous extension,β(f), fromβX toβY, whereβX andβY are the Stone—Cech compactifications ofX andY, respectively. This function plays an important role in Stone—Cech Theory, especially in questions pertaining to embeddability.
Evaluation of tetramethylrhodamine and black hole quencher 1 labeled probes and five commercial amplification mixes in TaqMan® real-time RT-PCR assays for respiratory pathogens

Tetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA) and black hole quencher 1 (BHQ1) quenched probes and five one-step RT-PCR kits were evaluated in TaqMan real-time RT-PCR assays for detection of respiratory pathogens. The intra-assay variability of the BHQ1 probes were 1.2-2.8-fold lower than those of the TAMRA probes. All kits amplified the specific targets, but differed in their sensitivity by up to 3 orders of magnitude. The AgPath-ID kit provided the best overall performance for all assay targets.
Bayesian distributed lag models: estimating effects of particulate matter air pollution on daily mortality

A distributed lag model (DLagM) is a regression model that includes lagged exposure variables as covariates; its corresponding distributed lag (DL) function describes the relationship between the lag and the coefficient of the lagged exposure variable. DLagMs have recently been used in environmental epidemiology for quantifying the cumulative effects of weather and air pollution on mortality and morbidity. Standard methods for formulating DLagMs include unconstrained, polynomial, and penalized spline DLagMs. These methods may fail to take full advantage of prior information about the shape of the DL function for environmental exposures, or for any other exposure with effects that are believed to smoothly approach zero as lag increases, and are therefore at risk of producing suboptimal estimates. In this article, we propose a Bayesian DLagM (BDLagM) that incorporates prior knowledge about the shape of the DL function and also allows the degree of smoothness of the DL function to be estimated from the data. We apply our BDLagM to its motivating data from the National Morbidity, Mortality, and Air Pollution Study to estimate the short-term health effects of particulate matter air pollution on mortality from 1987 to 2000 for Chicago, Illinois. In a simulation study, we compare our Bayesian approach with alternative methods that use unconstrained, polynomial, and penalized spline DLagMs. We also illustrate the connection between BDLagMs and penalized spline DLagMs. Software for fitting BDLagM models and the data used in this article are available online.
ALDO: An Anomaly Detection Framework for Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks

Dynamic spectrum access has been proposed as a means to share scarce radio resources, and requires devices to follow protocols that use resources in a proper, disciplined manner. For a cognitive radio network to achieve this goal, spectrum policies and the ability to enforce them are necessary. Detection of an unauthorized (anomalous) usage is one of the critical issues in spectrum etiquette enforcement. In this paper, we present a network structure for dynamic spectrum access and formulate the anomalous usage detection problem using statistical significance testing. The detection problem is classified into two subproblems. For the case where no authorized signal is present, we describe the existing cooperative sensing schemes and investigate the impact of signal path loss on their performance. For the case where an authorized signal is present, we propose three methods that detect anomalous transmissions by making use of the characteristics of radio propagation. Analytical models are formulated for two special cases and, due to the intractability of the general problem, we present an algorithm using machine learning techniques to solve the general case. Our simulation results show that our approaches can effectively detect unauthorized spectrum usage with high detection rate and low false positive rate.
Reframing Social Entrepreneurship Impact: Productive, Unproductive and Destructive Outputs and Outcomes of the Milwaukee School Voucher Programme

AbstractThis paper initially seeks to problematize the common assumption that all social entrepreneurship impact is positive. No matter what social entrepreneurs and other powerful intermediaries subjectively believe or hope, assuming that social entrepreneurship is always productive a priori imposes significant limits on this budding field. In order to overcome this bias it is necessary to reframe how we approach and assess social entrepreneurship impact. Drawing from the economic entrepreneurship literature, this paper outlines a multi-dimensional framework to serve as a useful and preferable starting point for assessing social entrepreneurship. We then make use of this multi-dimensional lens to look closer at the impact of one case of social entrepreneurship, the school voucher programme in Milwaukee.
Estimating pyramid density of a random-textured surface by capacitance-voltage measurement of c-Si solar cells

Random surface texturing allows efficient light-trapping and therefore, is widely used in commercial c-Si PV technology. The geometry, periodicity, and interface characteristics of the texture greatly impact the efficiency of the c-Si solar cells, and thus, the ability to evaluate the texture `quality' in a time-and-cost effective manner without sophisticated metrology is desired. In this paper, we report a simple and efficient algorithm to estimate the pyramid density via standard capacitance-voltage measurement. We demonstrate that the overall capacitance of a random pyramid surface can be decomposed into three distinct capacitive components, and this decomposition can be used to estimate the pyramid density. We validate the algorithm by sampling the pyramid density of commercial c-Si solar cells and show that the density obtained from image analysis is consistent with the estimates suggested by the purposed model.
THE IMMUNOGENICITY OF ANTIGEN BOUND TO THE PLASMA MEMBRANE OF MACROPHAGES

Macrophages were cultured for several hours after a brief exposure to radio-iodinated keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Most of the hemocyanin taken up by the macrophages was rapidly catabolized and eliminated from the cell. A few molecules were retained on the plasma membrane of the cells for prolonged periods and were not subject to endocytosis and catabolism. These few molecules of hemocyanin bound to the plasma membrane were identified by observing the fixation of antibody fragments to macrophages at low temperature. The membrane-bound antigen, which could be removed by trypsin or EDTA, was of large molecular size, though heterogeneous. A great part of the immune responses of mice to hemocyanin bound to live macrophages could be abrogated by treatment of the macrophages in vitro with antibody or trypsin. Hence, most of the immunogenicity of hemocyanin bound to macrophages was attributed to the few molecules of antigen bound to the plasma membrane.
Lifted Inference Seen from the Other Side : The Tractable Features

Lifted Inference algorithms for representations that combine first-order logic and graphical models have been the focus of much recent research. All lifted algorithms developed to date are based on the same underlying idea: take a standard probabilistic inference algorithm (e.g., variable elimination, belief propagation etc.) and improve its efficiency by exploiting repeated structure in the first-order model. In this paper, we propose an approach from the other side in that we use techniques from logic for probabilistic inference. In particular, we define a set of rules that look only at the logical representation to identify models for which exact efficient inference is possible. Our rules yield new tractable classes that could not be solved efficiently by any of the existing techniques.
A simple single photomask process for fabrication of high-efficiency multicrystalline-silicon solar cells

The authors have developed a simplified process sequence for the fabrication of high-efficiency multicrystalline-silicon (mc-Si) solar cells. Photolithography is required only to define the evaporated metal gridlines. The authors use this fast turn-around, high-yield baseline process to evaluate different mc-Si materials and new processing procedures. The process uses a one-step emitter diffusion/drive-in and an aluminum-alloyed back surface field to provide a well-passivated cell with excellent blue and red response. Laser-scribed cell-isolation grooves are used to define both moderate-area (4, 4.6, or 10.5 cm/sup 2/) and large-area (42 cm/sup 2/) cells. They have observed minority carrier diffusion lengths of around 300 /spl mu/m in 1.4-/spl Omega/cm mc-Si material and have achieved efficiencies of 16.8% in 4.6-cm/sup 2/ cells. Large-area cell efficiencies in the same material have reached 16.4%.
Beam cleanup and image restoration with a photorefractive polymeric composite.

We demonstrate, for the first time to our knowledge, the use of a photorefractive polymeric composite to clean a phase-distorted laser beam and reconstruct a badly distorted image. Advantageous qualities including relatively high figures of merit, ease of processability, and low cost make this class of materials attractive when compared with their inorganic crystalline counterparts. In addition, we used four-wave-mixing and holographic techniques to obtain an internal diffraction efficiency of ∼31% at 54.5 V/μm and a two-beam-coupling gain coefficient of Γ = 17 cm-1 at 54.5 V/μm under our experimental conditions.
Monitoring the Electrophoretic Migration and Adsorption of Single Insulating Nanoparticles at Ultramicroelectrodes

The individual adsorption events of sub-μm silica and polystyrene spheres (310–530 nm in diam.) were detected by monitoring the blocking of redox mediator diffusion to Pt ultramicroelectrode (UME) substrates by the adsorbing spheres. Under the diffusion limited oxidation of FcMeOH and at low supporting electrolyte concentrations, the negatively charged spheres arrive at the electrode by electrophoretic migration. Sphere adsorption monitoring experiments consisted of long-time (1000–5000 s) chronoamperograms recorded in solutions with fM concentrations of spheres and different concentrations of supporting electrolyte. Trends in the heights of the step features with time reflect changing surface coverage of spheres, and coupled step features in the chronoamperograms suggest dynamic rearrangement of spheres on the surface. Numerical simulations of diffusion blocking at electrodes by adsorbing particles as well as mass transport of particles under migration were also performed, and show good agreement with th...
Synthesis of 14C-endosulfan from 2,3 14C-maleic anhydride

The insecticide endosulfan (5a,9a- 14C 6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepin-3-oxide) was prepared from 2,3 14C-maleic anhydride. The Diels-Alder reaction of maleic anhydride with hexachloro-cyclopentadiene yielded 1,4,5,6,7,7-hexachlorobi-cyclo [2.2.1] hept-5-ene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid anhydride. This anhydride was reduced to the corresponding carboxylic acid γ lactone with sodium boro-hydride which was further reduced to the diol (1,4,5,6,7,7-hexachloro-2,3-bis-(hydroxymethyl) bicyclo [2. 2. 1] hept-5-ene) with lithium aluminum hydride. The later compound was reacted with thionyl chloride in carbon tetrachloride to give endosulfan.
GENETIC CONSTRAINTS TO LIFE-HISTORY EVOLUTION IN THE PITCHER-PLANT MOSQUITO, WYEOMYIA SMITHII

Life-history theory relies heavily on the hypothesis that genetic tradeoffs among the components of fitness constrain their independent evolution and joint maximization. Herein we show that selection on preadult development time in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii, leads to a correlated response in cohort mean generation time but no correlated response in survivorship, fecundity, or cohort replacement rate. Lines selected for fast development achieve a higher capacity for increase (r,) than lines selected for slow development, independently of larval density. These results imply that tradeoffs due to underlying antagonistic pleiotropy affecting growth, development, survi- vorship, and reproduction are not necessary constraints to life-history evolution. Previous work with W. smithii has shown a positive genetic correlation between development time and a general, genetically coordinated diapause syndrome. We propose that the observed nontradeoffs among the components of r, may be subsumed into an even more fundamental tradeoff between performance during the summer generations and synchronization of development and reproduction with the changing seasons. Consequently, critical tests of genetic tradeoffs as a constraint to the independent evolution or simultaneous optimization of fitness components may need to consider the seasonal context.
Contact Explanations in Linguistics

Language contact has been invoked with increasing frequency over the past two or three decades as a, or the, cause of a wide range of linguistic changes. Historical linguists have (of course) mainly addressed these changes from a diachronic perspective ‐ that is, analyzing ways in which language contact has influenced lexical and/or structural developments over time. But sociolinguists, and many or most of the scholars who would characterize their specialty as contact linguistics, have focused on processes involving contact in analyzing synchronic variation. A few scholars have even argued that contact is the sole source of language variation and change; this extreme position is a neat counterpoint to an older position in historical linguistics, namely, that language contact is responsible only for lexical changes and quite minor structural changes. In this chapter I will argue that neither extreme position is viable. This argument will be developed through a survey of general types of contact explanations, especially explanations for changes over time, juxtaposed with a comparative survey of major causal factors in internally motivated language change. My goal is to show that both internal and external motivations are needed in any full account of language history and, by implication, of synchronic variation. Progress in contact linguistics depends, in my opinion, on recognizing the complexity of change processes ‐ on resisting the urge to offer a single simple explanation for all types of structural change. The structure of the chapter is as follows. Section 1 provides some background concepts and definitions, and sections 2 and 3 compare and contrast contact explanations with internal explanations of change. Section 4 is a brief conclusion that includes a warning about the need to be cautious in making claims about the causes of change ‐ both because in most cases no cause can be firmly established and because of the real possibility that multiple causes are responsible for a particular change.
Provider Perspectives on Adopting and Using Collaborative Consultation in Natural Environments

An exploratory case study was undertaken to investigate the perspectives and experiences of six early intervention providers as they adopted and implemented a collaborative consultation approach to...
A decision feed-back blind equalization algorithm based on a cluster formation technique

This paper proposes a decision feed-back blind equalization (DFBE) algorithm to reconstruct a QPSK constellation degraded by a stationary multipath channel and additive white Gaussian noise. The equalizer structure is composed of two filters, a feed-forward filter and a feed-back filter. The inputs to the feed-forward and feed-back filters are the received signal sequence and the detected symbols, respectively. Both filters are updated by a stochastic gradient algorithm in proportion to an estimated error based on a Gaussian cluster formation technique. During equalization, the QPSK symbol constellation is modeled as Gaussian clusters centered around the transmitted symbols. Both equalizer filters are updated to minimize the variance of the Gaussian clusters, thereby reconstructing the transmitted symbols. The blind nature of the DFBE algorithm makes it very attractive for mobile communications applications where the reliable transmission of signals through rapidly changing multipath fading channels with deep spectral nulls is a challenging problem yet to be resolved. >
A self-organized CMAC controller

A neural network structure that has been particularly successful in robotic control is the cerebellar model articulation controller (CMAC). In this paper, a CMAC network controller that uses self-organization through competitive learning is presented. The concept consists in applying the self-organizing characteristic of a Kohonen map to a CMAC neural network. This allows the CMAC network to organize its neurons efficiently. The approach can be applied on a simple two-link robot arm model which approximates the agonist-antagonist activity of muscles in the human arm. The CMAC and SOCMAC controllers can be trained to learn the behavior of a conventional PI controller, and comparative results are presented. The training procedures and the parameters that are involved in the design of the self-organizing CMAC (SOCMAC) controller are discussed. >
Dose dependent inhibition of REM sleep in normal volunteers by biperiden, a muscarinic antagonist

We tested the effect of biperiden (2, 4, and 8 mg per os 30 min before bedtime) on the polygraphically recorded sleep of normal volunteers (n = 8). Biperiden is a cholinergic, muscarinic receptor antagonist that may preferentially block the M1 receptor subtype. Compared with placebo, biperiden significantly prolonged rapid eye movement (REM) latency and suppressed REM sleep time and REM percentage in a dose-dependent manner. These REM suppressing effects of biperiden are similar to those previously reported with scopolamine and other nonselective muscarinic receptor antagonists. Because of uncertainties about the pharmacological specificity of biperiden, further studies are needed to determine the mechanism of action and the role of M1 receptors subtypes in the regulation of REM sleep.
The effectiveness of signal clipping for PAPR and total degradation reduction in OFDM systems

Signal clipping has been suggested as an effective peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction scheme for orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM). This paper analyzes clipped M-ary differentially encoded phase-shift keying (M-DPSK) OFDM. The impact of input power backoff (IBO) of a nonlinear power amplifier (PA) is evaluated. An effective PAPR reduction scheme should provide one of the two equivalent enhancements: 1) a reduced error floor at a given backoff, or 2) a reduced required IBO to achieve a target BER. The later is addressed by determining the total degradation (TD) of the system at various IBO. By this measure, it is shown that clipping is ineffective. Moreover, it is shown that clipping PAPR reduction doesn't improve the spectral broadening caused by the PA. The linearity of the amplifier is viewed at various backoff ratios, defined as K = IBO/PAPR. Since K is best viewed statistically, so is the linearity of the PA. As a side note, the formula suggested by A. J. Cann (1980) is shown to be equivalent to the often referenced Rapp solid-state PA model
Investigation of the structure of the few body kaonic nuclei using the method of hyperspherical functions in momentum space

The kaonic clusters KNN and KNNN are studied within the method of hyperspherical functions in the momentum representation. Binding energies and widths of three- and four-body nuclear quasibound states are calculated by employing realistic NN potentials and the energy dependent chiral KN interaction, as well as a phenomenological KN potential. The comparison of the results of calculations obtained in the framework of the variational method, Faddeev, Faddeev-Yakubovsky equations, and method of hyperspherical functions in configuration space are discussed.
Full-wavefield inversion of wide-aperture SH and Love wave data

SUMMARY Reverse-time linearized inversion is implemented for synthetic wide-aperture SH and Love wave data, including multiple reflections, to estimate the S-wave velocity in a two-dimensionally inhomogeneous medium. Complete wide-aperture wavefields, in which triplications, pre- and post-critical reflections, and surface waves (Love waves) are present, can be imaged by reverse-time inversion to estimate the SH velocity distribution. The algorithm operates on common-source gathers and involves cross-correlation of the source and recorded wavefields to define the steepest descent direction to update the velocity at each point on a finite-difference grid. Effects of noise can be reduced by stacking information from different sources.
Resistance factor-mediated spectinomycin resistance.

Of 100 natural isolates of drug-resistant enteric bacteria, 51 were resistant to spectinomycin (Spc) and 46 contained transferable R factors mediating Spc resistance. All SpcR R factors mediated streptomycin and bluensomycin resistance and were fi+ type. Extracts of R-SpcR strains adenylated Spc, dihydrospectinomycin, actinamine, streptomycin, and bluensomycin in vitro in the presence of adenosine triphosphate and Mg++. Results of genetic and biochemical studies support the hypothesis that these reactions are mediated by a single enzyme.
Tunable optical transversal filters based on a Gires-Tournois interferometer with MEMS phase shifters

We present tunable optical filters based on a modified Gires-Tournois interferometer. The back reflection plane of the interferometer is replaced with a one-dimensional micromirror array for phase modulation. Using Gaussian beam optics, we show that the transfer function of the device has the form of the transversal filter in digital signal processing. The design and analysis techniques of conventional digital filters can, therefore, be adapted to tunable optical filters. Both the amplitude and phase of the transfer function can be controlled by reconfiguring the micromirrors. Application examples in dispersion compensation and variable bandwidth bandpass filtering are discussed and experimentally demonstrated.
Acute appendicitis confined to the appendiceal tip : evaluation with graded compression sonography

Focal appendicitis at the tip of the appendix has not been emphasized in the sonographic literature. We present the sonographic findings in four patients with pathologically confirmed acute appendicitis confined to the appendiceal tip. In all four patients, the base of the appendix had a normal appearance with maximal outer diameters measuring 4 to 6 mm. However, the inflamed tip was focally enlarged, measuring greater than 7 mm. The importance of a careful survey of the entire length of the appendix is emphasized to avoid a false-negative examination.
Pineal Gland and Ocular Influences on Turkey Breeder Hens 2. Body Weight, Feed Intake, and Egg Characteristics

Abstract Yearling Large White turkey breeder hens underwent pinealectomy (PX), bilateral ocular enucleation (EX), or both and were then photo-induced into reproductive activity. During the subsequent 20-week reproductive period, data were recorded for body weight, change in body weight, feed intake, egg weight, eggshell thickness, and percent settable eggs. A significant interaction between PX and EX treatments did not occur for any of the parameters of this study. Absolute body weight, feed intake, shell thickness, and percent settable eggs were not significantly affected by PX during the study, but PX significantly increased egg weights. Feed intake was significantly reduced by EX, but other parameters were not affected. Both PX and EX reduced body weight losses typically observed in breeder hens during an in-season egg laying cycle. It was concluded that the pineal gland and the eyes can influence body weight changes, egg size, or feed intake in breeder turkey hens during a reproductive cycle.
On Van Der Waerden's Nowhere Differentiable Function

(1984). On Van Der Waerden's Nowhere Differentiable Function. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 91, No. 5, pp. 307-308.
Correlating structure with thermal properties for a series of 1-alkyl-4-methyl-1,2,4-triazolium ionic liquids.

Thermal properties (Tm and Td) are reported for a series of 1-alkyl-4-methyl-1,2,4-triazolium ionic liquids where the alkyl chain length R and anion [X–] were varied. The highest melting transitions were observed when a longer alkyl chain or smaller anion was employed. Thermal stability was the greatest when anions with weak hydrogen bonding capability were used. Correlations were also made between 1H NMR chemical shift values in acetone-d6 and the hydrogen bonding capability of the anion.
Investigation on capacity building of health education institutions in Nantong city

[Objective]To know the present situation of health education institutions in Nantong city,reinforce the capacity building of health education institutions.[Methods]By field investigation and consulting the related documents,and combined with the Statistical report of health education(mainly included statistical data in 2009 and 2010),the basic situation,human resources and vocational work of institutions were investigated.[Results]In Nantong city,all of 10 local health education institutions were set in CDC,there were 12 full-time staff,and without any health education professionals.There were 3 independent departments,belonging to different departments,and the average financial allocation were 3.2 million Yuan.By 2010,49 professional technique trainings were performed in basic institutions,and about 4093 people were trained.There were 3 columns which jointly managed with TV station,and total duration was 79 hours.There were 4 columns which jointly managed with broadcasting station,and total duration was 75 hours.There were 4 columns which jointly managed with newspaper office.There were 261 reports of activities by different media.234 consulting lectures were conducted,publicity materials were released for 71times,and about 5480 000 pieces of 71 kinds of materials were made independently.[Conclusion]Health education and health promotion system still need to be further optimized and perfected.The talents and funds are the main reasons that restrict the development of health education and the health promotion.The capacity building of basic health education institutions should be strengthened urgently.
Computation and Analysis of the Reflectance of Magnetized Plasma to Electromagnetic Wave

In order to study the mechanism of plasma cloak for craft,the total wave energy reflectance of the interface between magnetized plasma before conductor plate and atmosphere or vacuum can be calculated by applying the equivalent input impedance method.The study result is that reflection characteristics can be affected by electron numerical density,incidence wave frequency,collision frequency of plasma and magnetic intensity.Magnetic field will reduce wave energy reflectance obviously only when the electron numerical density and collision frequency of plasma are at appropriate value.
APPLICATION OF FUZZY CLOSENESS DEGREE IN RESERVOIR RECOGNITION

A neural network recognition method is established based on fuzzy closeness degree by combination of non-symmetric closeness degree in mathematics and neural network to overcome deviated interpretation which is resulted from losing information when tactics analysis is conducted by the maximum belonging rules in well logging interpretation. Practical interpretation of ling pan oilfield indicates the method will greatly improve the effect of interpretation
Induced cardiomyocytes from non-myocytes for cardiac repair

As the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide,heart disease is characterized as the significant loss of cardiomyocytes and impaired cardiac function due to the limited regenerative capacity of adult myocardium. Regenerative therapies that replace damaged myocardium could restore the cardiac function and benefit millions of patients annually. Recent advances in direct reprogramming have provided powerful tools for heart regeneration.Direct reprogramming of the resident cardiac fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes can circumvent many of the issues that stem cell-based therapies have in clinical application. In this review we will discuss the progress,approaches,clinical application and challenges in the field of cardiac reprogramming.
Form and function of fungal and oomycete effectors

Abstract Plants are able to recognize conserved features of potential microbial invaders and mount an active defense in most cases. Over the course of evolution, a number of these microbes including plant pathogenic fungi and oomycetes have evolved means through the secretion of small molecules (effectors) to block these defenses and promote virulence. In recent years, research has uncovered a wealth of knowledge regarding how effectors function within the plant cell to promote disease. Function of effectors ranges from altering plant cellular metabolic pathways and signaling cascades, RNA silencing, anti-microbial inhibition, and interfering with recognition machinery. The importance of understanding effector function has given rise to a new area of research termed effectoromics, which in this review refers to high-throughput studies to elucidate the function of a large number of candidate effector genes. Effectoromics research has led to the identification of a number of effectors with redundant function, indicating that pathogenic fungi and oomycetes contain effectors that are individually dispensable but functionally redundant that act synergistically to promote disease.
State and Redistributive Development in India

States in the developing world play an essential role in moulding patterns of development. The Indian state is no exception. Over time, the state in India has shifted from a reluctant pro-capitalist state with a socialist ideology to an enthusiastic pro-capitalist state with some commitment to inclusive growth. This shift has significant implications for the possibility of development with redistribution in India. On the one hand, state’s warm embrace of capital has been accompanied by higher rates of economic growth. Since the levels of inequality in India are not enormously skewed, say, in comparison to Latin America, the recent growth acceleration is bound to be poverty reducing. Moreover, growth boosts public revenues that, in principle, could be channelled to the poor. On the other hand, however, the state-capital alliance for growth is leading to widening inequalities along a variety of dimensions: city vs the countryside; across regions; and along class lines, especially within cities. Not only does rapid economic growth then not benefit as many of the poor as it could if inequalities were stable, but the balance of class power within India is shifting decisively towards business and other property-owning classes. This creates the possibility of an even more unequal development in the future. An important question then arises: can democracy and activism of the poor modify this dominant pattern of development?
Cholesterol Efflux from Cells in Culture: Studies with Lipid-Free Acceptors, Reconstituted Particles and Whole Serum

The movement of cholesterol from cells to acceptor lipoproteins is the first step in the process of reverse cholesterol transport. Both cellular factors and the characteristics of the acceptors modulate the rate at which the cholesterol molecules leave the cell and are picked up by the extracellular acceptors. To gain more information on the factors that influence the efficiency of various acceptors we have conducted a series of studies using acceptor particles of increasing complexity. The simplest system consisted of lipid-free apolipoprotein (apo) Al or synthetic peptides. Increasing complexity was produced when these peptides were reconstituted into disc-like structures composed of phospholipid and the different peptides. The last, and most complex, experimental cholesterol efflux system was one in which whole human serum was added to cells. In all of the studies we have quantitated the release of radiolabeled cholesterol from the cells. In the studies using lipid-free peptides or reconstituted particles the release of the labeled cholesterol reflects the net movement of cholesterol from cells to acceptors, since the acceptors were initially free of cholesterol and no significant cholesterol influx could occur. In the studies using whole serum, the quantitation of labeled cholesterol efflux does not predict the net change in cell cholesterol content since influx would be occurring from a variety of lipoproteins in the serum.
The Argentine Silent Majority: Middle Classes, Politics, Violence, and Memory in the Seventies. By Sebastián Carassai. (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2014. Pp. xiii, 357. $25.95.)

How 1970s nonmilitant and apolitical Argentine middle‐class citizens thought and felt about the increasing political violence shaking the country and how they remember it are the subjects of this e...
Age and volcanic stratigraphy of the Eocene Siletzia oceanic plateau in Washington and on Vancouver Island

Geophysical, geochemical, geochronologic, and stratigraphic observations all suggest that the basalts that underlie western Oregon and Washington (USA), and southern Vancouver Island (Canada) form a coherent terrane of Eocene age, named Siletzia. The total volume of basalt within Siletzia is comparable to that observed in large igneous provinces and several lines of evidence point toward the terrane’s origin as an accreted oceanic plateau. However, a thick sequence of continentally derived turbidites, named the Blue Mountain unit, has long been considered to floor the northern part of the terrane and its presence has led to alternative hypotheses in which Siletzia was built on the continental margin. We present new high-precision U-Pb zircon dates from silicic tuffs and intrusive rocks throughout the basaltic basement of northern Siletzia, as well as detrital zircon age spectra and maximum depositional ages for the Blue Mountain unit to help clarify the volcanic stratigraphy of this part of the terrane. These dates show that northern Siletzia was emplaced between 53.18 ± 0.17 Ma and 48.364 ± 0.036 Ma, similar to the age and duration of magmatism in the central and southern parts of the terrane. Turbidites in the basal Blue Mountain unit have maximum depositional ages as young as 44.72 ± 0.21 Ma and are distinctly younger than the basaltic basement that forms Siletzia. This age relationship implies that they were thrust under the terrane after 44.72 ± 0.21 Ma along one or more enigmatic faults. The younger age for these sedimentary rocks no longer requires construction of Siletzia on the continental margin, and we consider our revised stratigraphy to provide further support for the origin of the terrane as an accreted oceanic plateau.