cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The scattering of elementary probes from nuclei at medium energy: A new look at the nucleus

Abstract A summary of the essential elements in the single scattering description of electron, pion, and proton-nucleus scattering is presented and some indication of the usefulness of these single scattering ideas in describing experimental data is given. The purpose is to delineate the basic spectroscopic features of the three reactions and provide a basis for the discussion of new information on nuclear structure that is being obtained through their use. Most notable is the observation of new spin-flip modes of nuclear excitation. Both low and high spin excitations of this type have been observed and the data is providing us with the first definitive measure of the spin-dependent coupling in nuclei over a wide range of multipolarity. Also interesting are the observation of large proton-neutron differences and new instances of Coulomb mixing in select nuclear transitions and the potential for gaining accurate information on neutron distributions in nuclear ground states and strongly correlated low lying collective excitations. Some comments on the current status of the search for manifestations of precritical phenomena in inelastic electron and proton scattering are also made.
Racial Residential Segregation in Urban America

There are numerous causes and consequences of racial residential segregation in American metropolitan areas, and a long-standing literature is filled with debates about them. We provide an overview of the trends and patterns regarding racial residential segregation, focusing primarily on blacks and whites. We pay special attention to the competing arguments about race and class in the context of residential stratification. We then discuss the many causes of residential segregation, and its social and economic consequences. After the overview, we identify key gaps in the literature. We discuss three broad substantive areas of research that expand the study of racial residential segregation: (i) the everyday experiences of race, class, and gender disadvantage as they are related to segregation; (ii) contemporary immigration streams and their impact on black-white residential dynamics; and (iii) the power of political-economic forces to transform residentially segregated spaces, with a particular emphasis on processes related to gentrification and home mortgage lending.
The distribution of melanosomes in larvae reared from normal and from pigmentless eggs of Xenopus laevis.

The distribution of pigment granules or melanosomes in tadpoles of Xenopus laevis reared from phenylthiourea (PTU)-induced pigmentless eggs is compared with the distribution of melanosomes in tadpoles from normal eggs. Some animals from each group were raised in a solution of PTU. It is concluded that melanosomes observed in the central nervous system, liver, epidermis, oral sucker, gut, notochord, and early eye of normal larvae originate in the oocyte. Those in the brain ventricles become engulfed by macrophages. Melanosomes do not appear in these tissues of early tadpoles reared from pigmentless eggs; however, pigment is later synthesized in dermal, meningeal, and peritoneal melanocytes as in the normal larvae. Since the synthesis of new melanin is blocked in embryos reared in PTU, tadpoles derived from pigmentless eggs and reared in PTU are completely devoid of melanosomes.
Volvulus without malposition—a single-center experience

Abstract Background This is a single-center case series about the rare condition of volvulus without malposition and/or malrotation (VWM) in preterm babies. We focus on diagnostic difficulties, and our results should help to distinguish VWM as a distinct entity different from classical volvulus and segmental volvulus. Materials and methods Medical chart review of infants with VWM from 2003–2012 was used. Results A total of 15 patients were identified. All of them had volvulus in the absence of intestinal malposition or other associated intestinal pathologies. All patients were born prematurely. Emergency laparotomy was necessary in all 15 patients. Two groups were identified. Group 1 includes four patients with typical signs of meconium obstruction of prematurity (MOP). Small bowel resection was only necessary in one of these four patients, all survived without residual intestinal lesions. Group 2 consists of 11 patients without signs of MOP—small bowel resection and temporary enterostomy were necessary in all these children. Four patients presented with pneumatosis intestinalis on the abdominal plain film, suggesting necrotizing enterocolitis. Although two infants died, the survivors showed complete recovery. Conclusions VWM is a distinct disease of prematurity. When associated with MOP, VWM has a favorable outcome of treatment. In contrast, VWM occurring in the absence of signs of meconium obstruction requires small bowel resection. VWM primarily affects the top of the midgut (ileum). Because of absent malposition, presentation of VWM may be uncharacteristic. Pneumatosis intestinalis in advanced VWM may lead to diagnostic difficulties and a delay in treatment.
Reforms, Research and Variability: A Reply to Lois Weiner

Lois Weiner (2003) argues that the research reports from High Performance Learning Communities (HPLC) were biased because of the close working relationships between the researchers and the leaders of the Community School District Two (CSD2) reform. Contrary to any claims otherwise, this relationship was quite open and acknowledged. The intent of the HPLC investigation was always to link scholars and practitioners in a new form of research and development in which scholars became problem-solving partners with practitioners. There are important issues about how to profitably conduct such “problem-solving” research. These issues are worth substantial attention from the communities of researchers and practitioners as collaborative research/practice partnerships proliferate. Serious studies of such partnerships are needed, going well beyond the anecdotal attacks offered by Weiner in her article.
Standardized Seidel test to evaluate different sutureless cataract incision configurations.

Purpose To compare aqueous outflow and India ink inflow to evaluate clear corneal incisions (CCIs). Setting Wilmer Eye Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Methods Two 25-gauge needles connected to a salt solution bag and to a digital manometer were inserted through the limbus of human donor corneas 120 degrees apart from each other. Three 2.75 mm wide incisions were created in a different third of each cornea as follows: single-plane 1.50 mm tunnel length, single-plane 3.00 mm tunnel length, and 2-step 3.00 mm tunnel length. The Seidel test was evaluated at 5 intraocular pressures (IOPs) in the physiologic range. A masked observer evaluated the recorded tests. With a preset 10 mm Hg IOP, India ink was applied to the incision site and a sudden IOP fluctuation induced. India ink influx was outlined and measured by planimetry. Results With the 1.5 mm single-plain incisions, all 6 globes showed inflow and outflow. With the 3.0 mm single-plain incisions, all 6 globes showed inflow and 2 showed outflow by the Seidel test. With the 3.0 mm 2-step incisions, 2 globes showed inflow and 3 had positive Seidel test results. Area and length of inflow were statistically significantly greater with the 2 single-planed incisions than with the 2-step incisions. Conclusion This human ex vivo model showed that wound deformation produced during Seidel testing might not be an accurate way to predict the risk for bacterial invasion in the early postoperative period. Financial Disclosure No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Challenges and constraints : AU's critical assignment in Darfur : feature

In the wake of heightened media and political pressure about the Darfur humanitarian catastrophe, the African Union (AU) hurriedly deployed its monitors in Darfur, to be augmented later by a protection force to safeguard the monitors, albeit without adequate pre-deployment and logistic assessment. Without doubt, the Darfur crisis has become the AU's major preoccupation for the past year. The deployment of the African Mission in Sudan (AMIS) since June 2004 has presented many challenges to the AU and its partners. A restrictive mandate, inadequate troops to cover Darfur, serious operational, logistical and capacity shortfalls have combined in an inextricable way to present the AU's mission to some observers as spineless and ineffective. The UN and partners have acknowledged the lead role of the AU in Darfur, and have been very supportive with assistance in these critical deficient areas. How the AU will take advantage of this favourable environment and optimise the benefits from its partners will be crucia...
Numerical study of pattern formation following a convective instability in non-Boussinesq fluids.

We present a numerical study of a model of pattern formation following a convective instability in a non-Boussinesq fluid. Many of the features observed in convection experiments conducted on CO 2 gas can be reproduced by using a generalized two-dimensional Swift-Hohenberg equation. The formation of hexagonal patterns, rolls, and spirals is studied, as well as the transitions and competition among them
A reexamination of the chorioallantoic placental membrane of a shrew, Blarina brevicauda: resolution of a controversy.

The allantoic placenta of shrews has been classified as hemochorial, endotheliochorial and endothelioendothelial. Recent confusion has centered on the persistence of an intermediate cellular layer within the interhemal membrane and on its identity. Conflicting interpretations assert, (1) that the intermediate layer represents a continuous trophoblastic lamina (endotheliochorial placenta), or (2) that it consists of a discontinuous “maternal symplasma,” the trophoblast having disappeared early in development (endothelioendothelial placenta). Utilizing thin plastic sections for light microscopy and electron microscopy we find that the disputed intermediate layer comprises an exceedingly thin, but continuous layer of syncytiotrophoblast, and that the shrew placenta is indeed endotheliochorial. However, the interhemal membrane displays a most unusual organization. The trophoblast is sieve-like in that it is honeycombed with interstitial (extracellular) spaces which open freely at both its surfaces. Into these channels project numerous processes of the maternal endothelium, and where these contact trophoblast close junctions are often apparent; in rare instances endothelial processes were seen to penetrate to the fetal surface of the trophoblast, but not through its well-defined basal lamina. Maternal endothelium and trophoblast are separated by an irregular space filled with a dense amorphous material, but it lacks fibrillar components normally found in basal membrane. Peculiarities of the hypertrophied maternal endothelium include an abundance of oriented cytoplasmic fibrillar elements, moderate endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes, and a marked alignment of mitochondria against the basal cell membrane. Hypertrophied fetal mesenchymal cells often intervene between the fetal endothelium and the rest of the interhemal membrane. Seldom does either abut directly against the basal lamina of the trophoblast; they are usually separated from it by a welter of cytoplasmic processes from both elements, which project into the fetal interstitial space. The fetal endothelial cells are somewhat hypertrophied, and their external processes, like those of the mesenchymal cells, often contain glycogen. Peculiarly, the fetal endothelium lacks a basal lamina. The mesenchymal cells display all the usual ultrastructural characteristics of protein synthesizing cells and appear highly active. Functional implications of the organizational peculiarities of the interhemal membrane are discussed.
Short-chain fatty acids and thyroid hormone interact in regulating enterocyte gene transcription.

Abstract Background: Enterocyte differentiation is known to be regulated by a variety of extracellular compounds, among which are triiodothyronine (T 3 ) and the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Because several SCFAs are known to induce histone hyperacetylation, and T 3 action has been recently linked to chromatin structure, we sought to investigate the interplay between SCFAs and T 3 in regard to the enterocyte differentiation marker, intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP). Methods: Caco-2 cells were transiently transfected with a reporter construct containing 2.4 kb of the human IAP gene 5' flanking region (IAP 2.4 CAT). Cotransfections were carried out with and without thyroid hormone receptor-1 (TRβ-1) or histone deacetylase-1 (HDAC-1) expression plasmids. Cells were treated with 5 mmol/L SCFAs (propionic, butyric, valeric, or caproic acids as propionate, butyrate, valerate, or caproate, respectively), with and without 10 nmol/L T 3 . Reporter gene activity was measured and the level of histone acetylation assessed by means of acid-urea-triton (AUT) gel assays. Results: TRβ-1 cotransfection caused a marked decrease in IAP reporter gene activity, which is consistent with the well-known phenomenon of ligand independent repression (LIR), whereas T 3 treatment reversed the LIR and caused further reporter gene activation. Treatment with SCFAs similarly resulted in a complete blockage of LIR, and, in fact, turned the TRβ-1 into a transcriptional activator, even in the absence of T 3 . Concomitant treatment with T 3 and butyric acid produced an additive effect on IAP transactivation. In contrast, cotransfection with HDAC-1 attenuated the effects of SCFAs on IAP gene activation. AUT gel studies demonstrated histone hyperacetylation in response to SCFA treatment. Conclusion: One or more DNA cis-elements in the human IAP gene mediate ligand independent repression by the TRβ-1, an effect that can be entirely reversed by those SCFAs that induce histone hyperacetylation. In addition T 3 and SCFAs can act in concert to induce IAP gene transcription, demonstrating an important link between triiodothyronine and histone hyperacetylation in regard to enterocyte-specific gene expression. (Surgery 1999; 126:293-8.)
Initial outcomes of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in morbidly obese adolescents.

Abstract Background Adolescent obesity is an epidemic in the United States, leading to significant morbidity. Because the impact of laparoscopic bariatric surgery in this population is not as well delineated as in adults, we examined the short-term outcome of adolescents undergoing laparoscopic Roux-en- Y gastric bypass at our institution. Methods The medical records of patients ≤18 years of age who had undergone laparoscopic Roux-en- Y gastric bypass for morbid obesity from 1999 to June 2005 were reviewed. The outcome variables examined included preoperative body mass index, percent of excess weight lost for those with at least 3 months of follow-up, length of hospital stay, postoperative morbidity and mortality, changes in comorbid conditions, and effects of surgical weight loss on quality of life. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean. Results Eleven patients (seven girls and four boys) had undergone laparoscopic Roux-en- Y gastric bypass. The mean follow-up was 11.5 ± 2.8 months (range 3–32). The average patient age was 16.5 ± 0.2 years, and the average body mass index was 50.5 ± 2.0 kg/m2. The average number of comorbidities was 5.3, 70% of which improved or resolved postoperatively. No mortalities resulted. Of the 11 patients, 1 had early postoperative bleeding and 2 developed a marginal ulcer. The quality-of-life surveys obtained from 9 patients reflected an overall improvement in self-esteem, social functioning, and productivity in school or the workplace. Conclusions The initial data suggest that laparoscopic gastric bypass is an effective weight loss treatment for morbidly obese adolescents.
Astrocyte glutamate transport: Review of properties, regulation, and physiological functions †

Rapid removal of glutamate from the extracellular space is required for the survival and normal function of neurons. Although glutamate transporters are expressed by all CNS cell types, astrocytes are the cell type primarily responsible for glutamate uptake. Astrocyte glutamate uptake also plays a role in regulating the activity of glutamatergic synapses. Lastly, release of glutamate from astrocytes, via transporter reversal and other routes, can contribute to glutamate receptor activation. This review examines the mechanisms of astrocyte glutamate uptake and release, with particular focus on high-affinity Na+-dependent transporters. Transporter regulation, energetics, and physiological roles are discussed. GLIA 32:1–14, 2000. Published 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Electron heat transport in improved confinement discharges in DIII-D

In DIII-D [J. L. Luxon and L. G. Davis, Fusion Technol. 8, 441 (1985)] tokamak plasmas with an internal transport barrier (ITB), the comparison of gyrokinetic linear stability (GKS) predictions with experiments in both low and strong negative magnetic shear plasmas provide improved understanding for electron thermal transport within the plasma. Within a limited region just inside the ITB, the electron temperature gradient (ETG) modes appear to control the electron temperature gradient and, consequently, the electron thermal transport. The increase in the electron temperaturegradient with more strongly negative magnetic shear is consistent with the increase in the ETG mode marginal gradient. Closer to the magnetic axis the Te profile flattens and the ETG modes are predicted to be stable. With additional core electron heating, FIR scattering measurements near the axis show the presence of high k fluctuations (12 cm−1), rotating in the electron diamagnetic drift direction. This turbulence could impact electr...
Empirical-based probabilistic upper bounds for urgent computing applications

Scientific simulation and modeling often aid in making critical decisions in such diverse fields as city planning, severe weather prediction and influenza modeling. In some of these situations the computations operate under strict deadlines, after which point the results may have very little value. In these cases of urgent computing, it is imperative that these computations begin execution as quickly as possible. The special priority and urgent compute environment (SPRUCE) is a framework designed to enable these high priority computations to quickly access computational grid resources through elevated batch queue priority. However, participating resources are allowed to decide locally how to respond to urgent requests. For instance, some may offer next-to-run status while others may preempt currently executing jobs to clear off the necessary nodes. However, the user is still faced with the problem of resource selection - namely, which resource (and corresponding urgent computing policy) provides the best probability of meeting a given deadline? This paper introduces a set of methodologies and heuristics aimed at generating an empirical-based probabilistic upper bound on the total turnaround time for an urgent computation. These upper bounds can then be used to guide the user in selecting a resource with greater confidence that their deadline will be met.
Information Worker Tools Selection, Adoption and Evaluation: Lessons from Software Development history

Information Worker Productivity and Quality - the bugbear of the IT department today - is not agreed upon, and it is challenged on every front. Key books and papers of late have averred that if the Productivity Paradox has been fixed, then we now have a situation where no differential gain from IT processes and tools can be garnered, so we might as well concede the point. Patently false, but what we lack is a set of valid metrics to demonstrate the value of our expenditures. This paper describes a selection, adoption, and evaluation structure that the author has used for software tools in a variety of companies over the past fifteen years. The lessons that emerge are quite useful for IT groups who seek to build truly valuable and utilized environments today.
Wavefront engineering for mid-infrared and terahertz quantum cascade lasers [Invited]

We review our recent work on beam shaping of mid-infrared (mid-IR) and terahertz (THz) quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) using plasmonics. Essentials of QCLs are discussed; these include key developments, the operating principle based on quantum design, and beam quality problems associated with laser waveguide design. The bulk of the present paper is focused on the use of surface plasmons (SPs) to engineer the wavefront of QCLs. This is achieved by tailoring the SP dispersion using properly designed plasmonic structures, in particular, plasmonic Bragg gratings, designer (spoof) surface plasmon structures, and channel polariton structures. Using mid-IR and THz QCLs as a model system, various functionalities have been demonstrated, ranging from beam collimation, polarization control, to multibeam emission and spatial wavelength demultiplexing. Plasmonics offers a monolithic, compact, and low-loss solution to the problem of poor beam quality of QCLs and may have a large impact on applications such as sensing, light detection and ranging (LIDAR), free-space optical communication, and heterodyne detection of chemicals. The plasmonic designs are scalable and applicable to near-infrared active or passive optical devices.
Images, Mistrust, and Missed Opportunities

Those familiar with Deborah Larson's previous work (Larson 1985) will not be surprised to learn that her most recent book, Anatomy of Mistrust, is theoretically ambitious, substantively interesting, and meticulously researched. In a narrow sense the book draws on political psychology to help us understand foreign policy decision making, but seen more broadly it also speaks to the larger and more central issues of international conflict and cooperation. The most fundamental question posed is one of the most basic and recurring issues in the history of social analysis: why do actors often make decisions and behave in ways that prevent the achievement of mutually desirable outcomes? It is a question as old and familiar as Rousseau's "stag hunt." Specifically, in Anatomy of Mistrust Larson examines why, at critical junctures during the Cold War, the United States and Soviet Union missed opportunities to resolve outstanding issues to the benefit of both sides. She concludes that ingrained images of the enemy often created levels of mistrust that proved difficult to overcome. Larson largely succeeds in making her case, but along the way her analysis raises as many questions as it answers. In looking at the history of U.S.-Soviet relations during the Cold War, Larson focuses on several "missed opportunities" in which the United States and the Soviet Union apparently failed to seize the chance to reach agreements on critical issues. Thus, the concept of "missed opportunities" provides the focus for much of her analysis. This being the case, Larson faces at least three basic tasks. First, she needs to offer a clear conceptualization of the notion of a "missed opportunity" so that we can tell when a missed opportunity did or did not occur. Second, she must demonstrate that the situations on which she focuses were in fact missed opportunities. Third, she must persuasively demonstrate that mistrust was a critical (although not necessarily the sole) reason for the failure to capitalize on these opportunities. At the outset of Anatomy of Mistrust, Larson offers a concise conceptualization of "missed opportunities": A missed opportunity for agreement is a situation in which there was at least one alternative that the parties to a conflict preferred or would have preferred to nonagreement. In other words, the two sides' preferences and interests were at some point compatible and overlapping. (p. 2, emphasis added) Although this definition seems straightforward, upon seeing how it is applied in Larson's analysis of the cases, we find considerable ambiguity. Most significant, Larson identifies certain cases as missed opportunities even though the actual policy preferences of U.S. and Soviet leaders did not overlap. Two of the situations that Larson identifies as missed opportunities illustrate this point: the inability to
Lest we forget thee ...: The under- and over-representation of Black and Latino youth in California higher education and juvenile justice institutions

Youth of color are dramatically under-represented in California institutions of higher education. Conversely in California and nationwide, African American and Latino youth are disproportionately over-represented at every major decision point in the juvenile justice system [Leiber, M. (2002). Disproportionate Minority Confinement (DMC) of youth: An analysis of state and federal efforts to address the issue. Crime and Delinquency, 48(1), 3-45]. We offer a conceptual framework seeking a deeper understanding of the connections between youth socialization and two major social control institutions in America: the juvenile justice system and the educational system. We suggest that in order to understand fully the interconnections between the under-representation of African Americans in higher education and their over-representation in the juvenile justice system, a broader exploration of the common macro- and micro-structural factors shared by these institutions is required. We argue that race-ethnic inequities result from discriminatory state policies, institutional practices and gatekeeper decision-making. This paper suggests that without key reforms, which financially reprioritize education, rehabilitation, and youth in general, the distorted representation of youth of color in public institutions will persist. The conclusion offers several measures that if implemented will help achieve realistic change within institutions of higher education and criminal justice.
Planning-Level Model for Assessing Pedestrian Safety

Crash prediction models are useful tools for identifying locations that have a higher risk of crashes and for prioritizing projects. The focus of this study was on developing macroscopic or planning-level models for pedestrian safety. Although such efforts have been undertaken, they have generally focused on specific cities or counties with census tracts as the unit of the analysis. This study analyzed a larger study area (the state of Florida) at a finer spatial resolution (census block groups instead of tracts). Four models were developed to determine the crash frequency for each census block group. The models were for total crashes, severe and fatal crashes, fatal crashes, and nighttime crashes. The estimated models captured the effects of several socioeconomic, transportation, land use, and contextual variables. The results generally reaffirmed past findings about the relationship between crashes and socioeconomic, transportation, and land use characteristics. However, the models in this study capture...
On the strength of Ramsey's theorem for pairs

We study the proof–theoretic strength and effective content of the infinite form of Ramsey's theorem for pairs. Let RTkn denote Ramsey's theorem for k–colorings of n–element sets, and let RT<∞n denote (∀k)RTkn. Our main result on computability is: For any n ≥ 2 and any computable (recursive) k–coloring of the n–element sets of natural numbers, there is an infinite homogeneous set X with X″ ≤T 0(n). Let IΣn and BΣn denote the Σn induction and bounding schemes, respectively. Adapting the case n = 2 of the above result (where X is low2) to models of arithmetic enables us to show that RCA0 + IΣ2 + RT22 is conservative over RCA0 + IΣ2 for Π11 statements and that RCA0 + IΣ3 + RT<∞2 is Π11-conservative over RCA0 + IΣ3. It follows that RCA0 + RT22 does not imply BΣ3. In contrast, J. Hirst showed that RCA0 + RT<∞2 does imply BΣ3, and we include a proof of a slightly strengthened version of this result. It follows that RT<∞2 is strictly stronger than RT22 over RCA0.
Acomni: an alternative smart thermostat interface to aid end users to visualize energy and cost tradeoffs

Home energy made up nearly 25% of all energy consumed in the US in 2010, and 31% of this energy is estimated to come from home heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. Currently, the inputs available to a homeowner (temperature set points) make it difficult, if not impossible, to understand the long-term energy consumption and/or cost. This paper presents Acomni, a smart thermostat that enables users to immediately visualize these energy/temperature tradeoffs, and make well informed decisions. Moreover, users are provided with the ability to specify a cost constraint and the Acomni thermostat will provide users with an optimized set point schedule to achieve these constraints.
Oil and state capitalism: government-firm coopetition in China and India

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the domestic sources of the internationalization of national oil companies (NOCs) in China and India. It argues that – counter to notions of state-led internationalization – the going abroad of NOCs reflects a pattern of ‘coopetition,’ i.e., the co-existence of cooperation and conflict between increasingly entrepreneurial NOCs and partially supportive and interventionist home governments. In China, the state has predominantly assumed the role of resource supplier, rarely stepping in as a veto player. In India, the NOC–government relationship has been more adversarial, with the state intervening more often as a veto player than its Chinese counterpart and only slowly emerging as a resource supplier. These patterns of internationalization can be explained by how two major trends have been playing out in the two countries: (1) the marketization of NOCs, and (2) the reform of the governance of overseas investments. The findings matter to theory and policy. First, they unpack the re...
Special Report: Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 124 S.Ct. 1354, 158 L.Ed.2d 177 (2004)

Is Crawford a major "sea change," "paradigm shift," etc., with respect to the confrontation clause? Conversely, is Crawford merely a decision that moves collateral incriminating custodial statements against penal interest as well as grand jury testimony and interlocking confessions from declarants who do not testify at trial subject to cross-examination and were not subject to prior cross-examination by the same criminal defendant from the "presumptively unreliable" and thus "presumptively inadmissible" category firmly into the "always inadmissible" category? Finally, is Crawford far less than a "sea change," "paradigm shift," etc., but in practice, whether intended or not, more than a mere decision designed to accomplish what Lilly failed to do? It is suggested that with the fullness of time the latter will be the ultimate interpretation of Crawford. Clearly Crawford's most significant impact, apart from grand jury testimony, interlocking confessions, and collateral inculpating statements against penal interest, and excited utterances, will come with respect to any hearsay statement not admitted pursuant to a firmly rooted hearsay exception, i.e., admitted pursuant to Fed.R.Evid. 807 or a comparable state rule or statute employing an "equivalent circumstantial guarantees of trustworthiness" standard, a "sufficient safeguards of reliability," etc., requirement for admissibility. With respect to such non-firmly rooted statements, formal statements to government officials elicited by ex parte examination or interrogation of victims of child physical and sexual abuse will comprise the single largest category of statements that will be denied admissibility.
Growth of Metallurgical Engineering at the University of Oklahoma

The growth at O.U. was achieved with a minimum of federal support and in spite of heavy professional commitments on the part of the faculty (Fig. 1). This paper briefly discusses enrollment patterns in metallurgy programs in general and describes efforts aimed at increasing enrollments, particularly at the University of Oklahoma.
The Long-Run 'Cost' of Tax Cuts

Some recent analyses have claimed that the 75-year cost of extending the 2001 and 2003 tax cuts is as large as the funding imbalances in Social Security and Medicare. This article takes a critical look at these analyses and finds them flawed and misleading. Previous analyses have relied on extreme assumptions about the acceptable level of future taxes and, as a result, have overstated the long-run revenue costs of extending the tax cuts, likely by a factor of 10 or more. The long-run cost of extending the tax cuts is not remotely comparable to the long-run imbalances in the leading entitlement programs.
Integration of Biological Therapies in Locally Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer

The current biological agents available have demonstrated significant efficacy and an acceptable toxicity profile in the metastatic setting as well as in the second-line setting. It is unlikely that oral TKI therapy will be instigated as maintenance therapy given the recent results of two cooperative group trials. Preclinical data have indicated that oral TKI therapy also appears to have the potential to act as a radiation sensitizer, and may have a role in the chemoradiotherapy portion of stage III treatment. The use of monoclonal antibodies to target the EGFR is also an area of active interest. The fact that preliminary evidence indicates that these monoclonal antibodies can be combined with chemotherapy without a significant increase in toxicity is promising and these agents may have a role in treatment of systemic disease. The synergy between radiation therapy and monoclonal antibodies directed at EGFR may improve local-regional therapy in stage III disease. The activity of bevacizumab in combination with standard chemotherapy and in the second-line setting in a select group of patients is also quite promising. The integration of these agents into current treatment paradigms for locally advanced disease is currently being explored in many cooperative group and institutional phase II trials, and the results of these trials are eagerly awaited.
Identification of bovine sperm acrosomal proteins that interact with a 32-kDa acrosomal matrix protein

Mammalian fertilization is accomplished by the interaction between sperm and egg. Previous studies from this laboratory have identified a stable acrosomal matrix assembly from the bovine sperm acrosome termed the outer acrosomal membrane-matrix complex (OMC). This stable matrix assembly exhibits precise binding activity for acrosin and N-acetylglucosaminidase. A highly purified OMC fraction comprises three major (54, 50, and 45 kDa) and several minor (38-19 kDa) polypeptides. The set of minor polypeptides (38-19 kDa) termed "OMCrpf polypeptides" is selectively solubilized by high-pH extraction (pH 10.5), while the three major polypeptides (55, 50, and 45 kDa) remain insoluble. Proteomic identification of the OMC32 polypeptide (32 kDa polypeptide isolated from high-pH soluble fraction of OMC) yielded two peptides that matched the NCBI database sequence of acrosin-binding protein. Anti-OMC32 recognized an antigenically related family of polypeptides (OMCrpf polypeptides) in the 38-19-kDa range with isoelectric points ranging between 4.0 and 5.1. Other than glycohydrolases, OMC32 may also be complexed to other acrosomal proteins. The present study was undertaken to identify and localize the OMC32 binding polypeptides and to elucidate the potential role of the acrosomal protein complex in sperm function. OMC32 affinity chromatography of a detergent-soluble fraction of bovine cauda sperm acrosome followed by mass spectrometry-based identification of bound proteins identified acrosin, lactadherin, SPACA3, and IZUMO1. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis also demonstrated the interaction of OMC32 with acrosin, lactadherin, SPACA3, and IZUMO1. Our immunofluorescence studies revealed the presence of SPACA3 and lactadherin over the apical segment, whereas IZUMO1 is localized over the equatorial segment of Triton X-100 permeabilized cauda sperm. Immunoblot analysis showed that a significant portion of SPACA3 was released after the lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC)-induced acrosome reaction, whereas the IZUMO1 and lactadherin polypeptides remain associated to the particulate fraction. Almost entire population of bovine sperm IZUMO1 relocates to the equatorial segment during the LPC-induced acrosome reaction. We propose that the interaction of OMC32 matrix polypeptide with detergent-soluble acrosomal proteins regulates the release of hydrolases/other acrosomal protein(s) during the acrosome reaction.
Fatigue of Alumina Short Fiber / Aluminium Alloy Composites

Cyclic bending fatigue tests were performed on alumina short fiber reinforced JIS AC8A alloys, to examine the effects of volume fraction of fibers and nonfibrous inclusions (shots) on the S-N curve. Fatigue limit stress rose with increasing volume fraction of fibers and the effect of shots was very small when shots content was less than 0.1%. Cyclic fatigue crack propagation was also measured on the composites. The sensitivity of the composites to pre-crack increased greatly with increasing volume fraction of fibers.
Electroclinical Subtypes of Cingulate Epilepsy

Investigators from the Cleveland Clinic, and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, studied consecutive cases of cingulate gyrus epilepsy identified retrospectively from their epilepsy databases from 1992 to 2009.
Managerial Discretion, Matching, and the Market

We investigate two similar, but distinct benchmarks in financial reporting, that expenses match the revenues they generate, and that revenues and expenses produce earnings that are value relevant. To investigate how well these may be achieved in practice, we study a managerial choice subject to discretion, and important to earnings: depreciation. Estimating firm-specific real and counterfactual depreciation policies using the time series of capital expenditures and reported depreciation expenses, we find two core results. First, there is a matching-market gap, which means that these two important benchmarks cannot be simultaneously achieved by a single earnings measure or accounting standard. Second, we find that current reporting practice is more aggressive than what either reporting benchmark would dictate, consistent with managerial discretion.
Elastic and inelastic scattering of polarized protons from 206 Pb near isobaric analog resonances

Excitation functions have been measured for the elastic and inelastic scattering of polarized protons from $^{206}\mathrm{Pb}$ at ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\mathrm{lab}}=120\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 135\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 150\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, \mathrm{and} 165\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ in the energy range ${E}_{\mathrm{p}}=14.25\ensuremath{-}18.00$ MeV. Excellent fits to the elastic scattering data were obtained using a parametrized background and the isobaric analog resonances of 35 states in $^{207}\mathrm{Pb}$ (the "parent states") with ${E}_{x}=2.3\ensuremath{-}5.7$ MeV; spinparity assignments and resonance parameters were determined for all of these isobaric analog resonances. The data for inelastic scattering to the first excited state (${2}^{+}$, 0.803 MeV) were described using a distorted-wave Born approximation background and the same isobaric analog resonances; good fits to the data were obtained by varying only the inelastic partial width amplitudes. A set of spectroscopic amplitudes was then found, for both the single-particle and the particle-core components of the parent states, by comparing the best-fit resonance parameters with those given by model calculations. The internal consistency of this set was verified by using sum rules. The spectroscopic amplitudes are compared with those given by simple weak-coupling model predictions; there is considerable disagreement, probably because too few configurations were used in the theoretical calculations.
Recovery From a Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Patient and Spouse Perspectives

This second article of a two-part case study focuses on the experiences of a patient and his spouse (caregiver) when a neurological trauma occurs. It is the personal account when A.B. survived a ve...
Nanoemulsions of cancer chemopreventive agent benzyl isothiocyanate display enhanced solubility, dissolution, and permeability.

Benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), a compound found in cruciferous vegetables, is an effective chemopreventive agent. The objective of this study was to develop nanoemulsion formulations for the oral delivery of BITC. Optimized oil-in-water BITC nanoemulsions were prepared by a spontaneous self-nanoemulsification method and a homogenization–sonication method. Both nanoemulsions entrapped high amounts of BITC (15–17 mg/mL), with low polydispersity and good colloidal stability. The BITC nanoemulsions showed enhanced solubility and dissolution compared to pure BITC. These formulations markedly increased the apical to basolateral transport of BITC in Caco-2 cell monolayers. The apparent permeability values were 3.6 × 10–6 cm/s for pure BITC and (1.1–1.3) × 10–5 cm/s for BITC nanoemulsions. The nanoemulsions were easily taken up by human cancer cells A549 and SKOV-3 and inhibited tumor growth in vitro. This work shows for the first time that BITC can be formulated into nanoemulsions and may show promise in enhancin...
La prova della razza: cultura giuridica e razzismo in Italia negli anni trenta

In the array of books that address the contours of racism, racial ideology and racial policy under fascism, this book stands out as a lawyer’s book written about legal culture and the emergence of ...
Optimization of Aerosol Jet Printing for High-Resolution, High-Aspect Ratio Silver Lines

Aerosol jet printing requires control of a number of process parameters, including the flow rate of the carrier gas that transports the aerosol mist to the substrate, the flow rate of the sheath gas that collimates the aerosol into a narrow beam, and the speed of the stage that transports the substrate beneath the beam. In this paper, the influence of process parameters on the geometry of aerosol-jet-printed silver lines is studied with the aim of creating high-resolution conductive lines of high current carrying capacity. A systematic study of process conditions revealed a key parameter: the ratio of the sheath gas flow rate to the carrier gas flow rate, defined here as the focusing ratio. Line width decreases with increasing the focusing ratio and stage speed. Simultaneously, the thickness increases with increasing the focusing ratio but decreases with increasing stage speed. Geometry control also influences the resistance per unit length and single pass printing of low-resistance silver lines is demons...
UV-Induced DNA Interstrand Cross-Linking and Direct Strand Breaks from a New Type of Binitroimidazole Analogue.

Four novel photoactivated binitroimidazole prodrugs were synthesized. These agents produced DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs) and direct strand breaks (DSB) upon UV irradiation, whereas no or very few DNA ICLs and DSBs were observed without UV treatment. Although these four molecules (1–4) contain the same binitroimidazole moiety, they bear four different leaving groups, which resulted in their producing different yields of DNA damage. Compound 4, with nitrogen mustard as a leaving group, showed the highest ICL yield. Surprisingly, compounds 1–3, without any alkylating functional group, also induced DNA ICL formation, although they did so with lower yields, which suggested that the binitroimidazole moiety released from UV irradiation of 1–3 is capable of cross-linking DNA. The DNA cross-linked products induced by these compounds were completely destroyed upon 1.0 M piperidine treatment at 90 °C (leading to cleavage at dG sites), which revealed that DNA cross-linking mainly occurred via alkylation of dGs....
Transport of Gaseous 14C in a Partially Saturated, Fractured, Porous Medium

We predict the transport of 14C from the proposed nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain using a porous medium model. Use of this model is justified if the Peclet number, which indicates equilibrium between gas in fractures and liquid in rock pores, is much less than unity. For the assumed release rates, maximum predicted concentrations of 14CO2 in rock near the ground surface are comparable to the USNRC limit for unrestricted areas. Furthermore, dilution near the ground surface as the 14CO2 enters the atmosphere will lower the concentrations by several orders of magnitude. Travel times from the repository to the surface are predicted to be hundreds to thousands of years. For a wide range of the parameters, the release rate from the source has negligible effect on the maximum concentrations at the ground surface.
Carbon Dioxide-Selective Membranes for High-Pressure Synthesis Gas Purification

The CO2-selective facilitated transport membranes based on cross-linked poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and sulfonated polybenzimidazole (SPBI) matrixes were synthesized and characterized for high-pressure synthesis gas purification. The cross-linked PVA-based membranes showed CO2/H2 selectivity higher than 30 and CO2 permeability as high as close to 1000 barrers for a membrane thickness of 15–30 μm at a feed pressure of 220 psia, which are desirable for the intended gas purification. The SPBI-based membranes generally showed lower separation performance because of their lower hydrophilicity. The cross-linked PVA-based membranes showed the best separation performance at 106 °C. However, the SPBI-1 copolymer-based membranes exhibited the best separation performance at 100 °C because of also their lower hydrophilicity.
505 AMINOLEVULINIC ACID-BASED PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY IN CUTANEOUS ONCOLOGY AND COSMETIC DERMASURGERY.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the use of topically applied aminolevulinic acid (ALA), in conjunction with a light sensitizer, to generate reactive oxygen species in the skin. Currently, the only FDA-approved indication for ALA-based PDT is for the treatment of actinic keratoses. However, through a review of the medical literature, it has been found that dermatologists and dermasurgeons alike have, through off-label uses, expanded the possibilities for treatment of a variety of conditions, which include cutaneous oncology and cosmetic dermasurgery. These off-label uses of ALA-PDT include photorejuvination and the treatment of Barrett9s esophagus, Paget9s disease, acne vulgaris, psoriasis, sebaceous gland hyperplasia, rosacea, and hirsutism.
AC Corona Characteristics of Multi-split Wire Based on UHV Corona Cage

In order to study AC line corona characteristics and electromagnetic environment of ultra-high voltage(UHV) transmission lines,it is necessary to obtain the corona characteristic parameters of different types of multi-split wire.The authors introduced the test methods and principles of corona effects based on ultra-high-voltage cage,analyzed and processed the relative data to get wire's audible noise power density and radio interference excitation function,and compared the data with the existing foreign from corona characteristics empirical formula to prove the validity of the test data.Moreover,the AC corona characteristics were analyzed with different influencing factors such as different weather,different sub-wire radius,different spacing distance,etc.to ensure the economy,energy saving,and environmental protection for ultra-high voltage transmission engineering.
The Persistence of Extramedullary Leukemic Infiltrates during Bone Marrow Remission of Acute Leukemia

Leukemic cell infiltrates were found at autopsy in the tissues of 10 of 15 patients with acute leukemia dying during "complete bone marrow remission." The kidney was the most common site of leukemic cell infiltrates followed by the liver, testes, bowel, lung, central nervous system, and lymph nodes. These findings indicate that leukemic cells are not completely eradicated by current chemotherapy even in patients in whom no leukemic cells can be identified in the bone marrow. The distribution of residual leukemic cells demonstrates that the central nervous system is not the only reservoir of leukemic cells in patients during bone marrow remission.