cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modification of the integral isoconversional method to account for variation in the activation energy

Integral isoconversional methods may give rise to noticeable systematic error in the activation energy when the latter strongly varies with the extent of conversion. This error is eliminated by using an integration technique that properly accounts for the variation in the activation energy. The technique is implemented as a modification of the earlier proposed advanced isoconversional method [Vyazovkin, S. J Comput Chem 1997, 18, 393]. The applications of the modified method are illustrated by simulations as well as by processing of data on the thermal decomposition of calcium oxalate monohydrate and ammonium nitrate. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 22: 178–183, 2001
EXPERIMENTS ON CHARGE-CHANGING COLLISIONS OF LITHIUM IONIC AND ATOMIC BEAMS

Beams of Li/sup +/ ions accelerated to kinetic energies in the range 10 to 475 kev were brought into charge equilibrium in the gases H/sub 2/, He, and N/ sub 2/ and the fractional amounts of Li/sup -/, Li/sup 0/, Li/sup +/, Li/sup +2/, and Li/sup +3/ measured. Because of the r elatively large amount of Li/sup -/ in an equilibrated beam below 40 kev in energy in propane and nitrous oxide, limited investigations were carried out in these gases. The anomalously large Li/sup +2/ yield in helium at Li/sup 7/ energies below 100 kev was noted. By holding each separated charged constituent successively in an orbit in a magnetic field, admitting gas. and observing the bcam attenuation, the total cross section for all charge-changing collisions was observed. Through application of the differential equations for growth or decay of a charged component, certian individual charge-changing cross sections can be deduced from these observed sums. Values are given for ( sigma /sup -//sub 10/ + sigma /sup -//sub 11/), sigma / sub 01/, sigma /sub 10/, sigma /sub 12/, sigma /sub 21/, and ( sigma /sub 32/ + sigma /sub 31/) in H/sub 2/, He, and N/sub 2/ target gases throughoutmore » the energy range. Upper limits can be assigned to sigma /sup -//sub 01/ sigma /sup -//sub 11/, sigma /sub 13/. and sigma /sub 23/. Use of data on ss/sup -//sub 11/ in H/ sub 2/ from other sources provides values of sigma /sup -//sub 01/ in that gas. Values for sigma /sub 21/ for Li/sup +2/ in helium gas, compared at common velocities with sigma /sub 10/ for He/sup +/ in helium and sigma /sup -//sub 01/ for H/sup 0/ in helium , show the exchange nature of the He/sup +/He interaction compared to that of the other isoelectronic structures. (auth) and DELTA nu (T) = 1516.701396 plus or minus 0.000030 Mc/sec. These results are based on a value of the hyperfine splitting of Cs/sup 133/ which is taken to be DELTA nu (Cs/sup 133/) = 9192.631840 Mc/sec. These measurements were made in various buffer gases that caused a shift in the observed hyperfine splitting, and the results given represent extrapolations to zero pressure. The pressure shifts were measured for hydrogen in argon, neon, helium, and molecular hydrogen and were measured for deuterium and tritium in argon and neon. The assigned limits of error represent the range of disagreement of the zero-pressure extrapolations in the differert buffer gases. (auth)« less
Rapid-turnaround characterization methods for MRAM development

Magnetic random access memory (MRAM) technology, based on the use of magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs), holds the promise of improving on the capabilities of existing charge-based memories by offering the combination of nonvolatility, speed, and density in a single technology. In this paper we review rapid-turnaround methods which have been developed or applied in new ways to characterize MRAM chips at various stages during processing, with particular emphasis on the MTJs. The methods include current-in-plane tunneling (CIPT), Kerr magnetometry, vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), and conducting atomic force microscopy (CAFM). Use of the methods has enabled rapid learning with respect to the materials used for the MTJs, as well as tuning of the MTJ geometry in terms of size and shape and of the patterning methods employed. Examples of the use of each of the methods are presented along with interpretation of the data via critical operating parameters.
Rates for Vehicle Loans: Race and Loan Source

A household's vehicle purchases are among its largest expenditure outlays. Moreover, unlike housing purchases, which a typical household may make once or twice over a lifetime, a house? hold may well buy several cars over the same interval. The magnitude and relative frequency of vehicle purchases suggest that differential treatment by race in the vehicle market may have important implications for differences in wealth and financial well-being by race. Yet, whereas a robust literature in economics has studied virtu?
Local institutions and lake management

The emergence and behaviour of local institutions are of increasing interest as managers, policy-makers and communities assess the potential for these institutions to supplement conventional resource management approaches. Lake associations are local organizations that address management issues using informal and voluntary strategies and stress stakeholder participation. Insights from the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) Framework are applied to advance our understanding of the capacity of these local institutions to contribute to lake management. The lake associations of Maine, USA, are the focus of our empirical work. A database describing natural and human features of 2602 Maine lakes was assembled to support a probit model of lake association presence/absence. The lake database was combined with a survey-based database to develop ordered probit models of success at managing five issues. Lake association presence was positively correlated with resource characteristics, including prior lake impairment, presence of public boat launches and recreational fisheries, and lower levels of surrounding forest and agricultural land cover; and institutional characteristics, including multiple political jurisdictions and organized territories and participation in collaborative lake monitoring programs. Across multiple issues, lake association management success was positively correlated with the level of attention given to a specific issue. These results offer guidance on how to better integrate the informal approaches of local institutions with more formal, regional government-based management approaches and reveal the need for further research of what issues these stakeholder-engaged institutions are best suited to address.
Alternative uses of lithium in psychiatry.

Abstract Review of the literature permits the following provisional conclusions about investigational uses of lithium: (1) Alone or combined with an antipsychotic agent, it appears to benefit some schizophrenic patients; (2) it may be of some value in schizoaffective disorder, particularly in prophylaxis; (3) given the inconsistent reports, it does not seem useful for tardive dyskinesia; (4) it does not appear particularly useful overall for premenstrual syndrome (PMS) but may be effective in a subgroup of PMS patients; (5) it may have a beneficial role in the treatment of alcoholism; (6) studies have shown a favorable effect on aggression in institutionalized or younger patients; and (7) the outcomes for attention deficit disorder are mixed.
Spontaneous and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity by human T cell subpopulations

Abstract Human peripheral blood non-T cells, T cells and their subpopulations (Tmu, Tgamma, Tphi, Tgamma-depleted cells, and Tmu-depleted cells) were assayed for their capacity to mediated spontaneous lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity (SLMC) or natural killer activity against K562 tumor cell line and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against chicken erythrocytes coated with antibody. Non-T cells, unseparated T cells, Tgamma cells, and Tmu-depleted (Tgamma-enriched) cells were found to have both SLMC (NK activity) and ADCC. Tmu, Tphi, and Tgamma-depleted cells had minimal or no SLMC and ADCC activity. This study demonstrates that SLMC and ADCC activity in T cells is mediated by Tgamma cell subpopulations. These two cytotoxic reactions were either mediated by two distinct subsets of Tgamma cells or by a single effector cell using two different mechanisms.
Enhancing the Role of Inlining in Effective Interprocedural Parallelization

The emergence of multi-core architectures makes it essential for optimizing compilers to automatically extract parallelism for large scientiA"Â¨A c applications composed of many subroutines residing in different A"Â¨A les. In lining is a well-known technique which can be used to erase procedural boundaries and enable more aggressive loop parallelization. However, conventional in lining cannot be applied to external libraries where the source code is not available, and when overly applied, it can degrade the effectiveness of compiler optimizations due to excessive code complexity. This paper highlights some obstacles we encountered while applying conventional in lining combined with automatic loop parallelization using the Polaris optimizing compiler and presents a new approach, annotation-based in lining, to effectively overcome these obstacles. Our experimental results show that the annotation-based in lining approach can eliminate negative impact of conventional in lining while enhancing the effectiveness of interprocedural parallelization for a majority of applications from the PERFECT benchmark suite.
Visual masking and unconscious processing: differences between backward and simultaneous masking?

Visual maskingproced ures are considered to have great potential for studying information processing that occurs outside of consciousness. Unfortunately, effects that indicate processing of maskedword stimuli have been both difficult to obtain and, once obtained, difficult to replicate. The present seven experiments failed to obtain an effect of lexicality (word vs. nonword targets) on detection that was recently reported by Doyle and Leach (1988). Whereas Doyle and Leach had used backward binocular masking, most ofthe present experiments used simultaneous dichoptic masking. Doyle(1990) recently suggested that the effect of lexicality on detection (coupled with an effect ofknowledge ofresults, which was also not obtained in the present research) could explain why Greenwald, Klinger, and Liu (1989) found no evidence for detectability of masked words that were nevertheless analyzed semantically. The differences of thepresent findings from those of Doyle and Leach (1988) not only confirm the uncertainty of generalizing across masking procedures, but also indicate that Greenwald et aL ’s “detectionless processing” interpretation remains viable
The clinical presentation of Fusobacterium-positive and streptococcal-positive pharyngitis in a university health clinic: a cross-sectional study.

Background Pharyngitis guidelines focus solely on group A β-hemolytic streptococcal infection. European data suggest that in patients aged 15 to 30 years, Fusobacterium necrophorum causes at least 10% of cases of pharyngitis; however, few U.S. data exist. Objective To estimate the prevalence of F. necrophorum; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; and group A and C/G β-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis and to determine whether F. necrophorum pharyngitis clinically resembles group A β-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis. Design Cross-sectional. Setting University student health clinic. Patients 312 students aged 15 to 30 years presenting to a student health clinic with an acute sore throat and 180 asymptomatic students. Measurements Polymerase chain reaction testing from throat swabs to detect 4 species of bacteria and signs and symptoms used to calculate the Centor score. Results Fusobacterium necrophorum was detected in 20.5% of patients and 9.4% of asymptomatic students. Group A β-hemolytic streptococcus was detected in 10.3% of patients and 1.1% of asymptomatic students. Group C/G β-hemolytic streptococcus was detected in 9.0% of patients and 3.9% of asymptomatic students. Mycoplasma pneumoniae was detected in 1.9% of patients and 0 asymptomatic students. Infection rates with F. necrophorum, group A streptococcus, and group C/G streptococcus increased with higher Centor scores (P Limitations The study focused on a limited age group and took place at a single institution. Asymptomatic students-rather than seasonal control participants-and a convenience sample were used. Conclusion Fusobacterium necrophorum-positive pharyngitis occurs more frequently than group A β-hemolytic streptococcal-positive pharyngitis in a student population, and F. necrophorum-positive pharyngitis clinically resembles streptococcal pharyngitis. Primary funding source University of Alabama at Birmingham and the Justin E. Rodgers Foundation.
Optimizing Dynamic Resource Allocation

We present a formulation, solution method, and program acceleration techniques for two dynamic control scenarios, both with the common goal of optimizing resource allocations. These approaches allocate resources in a non-myopic way, accounting for long-term impacts of current control decisions via nominal belief-state optimization (NBO). In both scenarios, the solution techniques are parallelized for reduced execution time. A novel aspect is included in the second scenario: dynamically allocating the computational resources in an online fashion which is made possible through constant aspect ratio tiling (CART).
Characteristics of Salter's cam for extracting energy from ocean waves

The performance of Salter's cam as an energy extractor from ocean waves is studied numerically on the basis of linear theory of surface waves and floating bodies. Quantities of engineering interest such as efficiency, induced motion and reaction forces are presented and discussed both for fixed and for partly constrained cam shafts.
Analysis of Tilting Effects and Geometric Non-Uniformities in Micro-Hydrostatic Gas Thrust Bearings

The MIT microengine rotors are supported by hydrostatic gas journal and hydrostatic gas thrust bearings. Due to the low length-to-diameter ratio of the devices, the thrust bearings play an important role in providing sufficient tilting stiffness to resist any tilting motion about the spinning axis of the rotor. The performance of the thrust bearings can be influenced by geometric nonuniformities such as thrust bearing clearances and orifice diameters and profiles which arise in the process of microfabrication. To enable stable high speed operation of the micro-devices, it is important to quantify these effects. Furthermore, a thrust bearing analysis tool needs to be developed that is able to explore different thrust bearing arrangements and configurations. In this work, an analytical model is established for analyzing the effects of rotor tilt and geometric non-uniformities in micro-hydrostatic gas thrust bearings for application to microturbomachinery. A previously developed model (Teo and Spakovszky [1]) is generalized and extended for application to thrust bearings with orifices arranged in non-axisymmetric configurations. As a consequence of rotor tilt or geometric non-uniformities, the flow through individual orifices of the thrust bearing becomes non-uniform. The orifice flows are in turn coupled to the hydrostatic pressure field in the thrust bearing pad, and a Green’s function approach is adopted to solve the coupled system. The hydrodynamic thrust bearing forces induced by the pumping action of the rotor rotation are determined by solving the Reynolds equation. The model is able to predict thrust bearing tilting stiffness and variations in the thrust bearing mass flow rates as a function of rotor tilting angle for a variety of orifice arrangements. The model can be applied to analyze the effects of non-uniformities in orifice diameter and the presence of clogged orifices on tilting and the concomitant reduction in tilting stiffness. In addition, the effects of orifice taper are analyzed using an influence-coefficient technique for 1-D compressible flows. Results obtained for various taper ratios are presented and discussed. The model serves as a useful tool for specifying design tolerances during the fabrication of micro-hydrostatic gas thrust bearings and is used in the experiments to estimate the tilting angle of the rotor during operation.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Over-Expression of Copper/Zinc Superoxide Dismutase in the Median Preoptic Nucleus Attenuates Chronic Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension in the Rat

The brain senses circulating levels of angiotensin II (AngII) via circumventricular organs, such as the subfornical organ (SFO), and is thought to adjust sympathetic nervous system output accordingly via this neuro-hormonal communication. However, the cellular signaling mechanisms involved in these communications remain to be fully understood. Previous lesion studies of either the SFO, or the downstream median preoptic nucleus (MnPO) have shown a diminution of the hypertensive effects of chronic AngII, without providing a clear explanation as to the intracellular signaling pathway(s) involved. Additional studies have reported that over-expressing copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD), an intracellular superoxide (O2·−) scavenging enzyme, in the SFO attenuates chronic AngII-induced hypertension. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that overproduction of O2·− in the MnPO is an underlying mechanism in the long-term hypertensive effects of chronic AngII. Adenoviral vectors encoding human CuZnSOD (AdCuZnSOD) or control vector (AdEmpty) were injected directly into the MnPO of rats implanted with aortic telemetric transmitters for recording of arterial pressure. After a 3 day control period of saline infusion, rats were intravenously infused with AngII (10 ng/kg/min) for ten days. Rats over-expressing CuZnSOD (n = 7) in the MnPO had a blood pressure increase of only 6 ± 2 mmHg after ten days of AngII infusion while blood pressure increased 21 ± 4 mmHg in AdEmpty-infected rats (n = 9). These results support the hypothesis that production of O2·− in the MnPO contributes to the development of chronic AngII-dependent hypertension.
Identification and characterization of the Cecropin antibacterial protein gene locus in Drosophila virilis.

Cecropin is a type of antibacterial peptide that is synthesized in response to infection and has been characterized in many insect species and one mammal. The Cecropin locus of Drosophila melanogaster also contains the gene Andropin, which has been identified only in this species and encodes a male-specific antibacterial peptide. As a first step in studying the molecular evolution of the cecropin and andropin genes among Drosophila species, we have isolated genomic clones that cover the Cecropin locus in Drosophila virilis. The cloned region totals approximately 25 kb, within which a 9-kb fragment contains four cecropin genes and one pseudogene. All four genes have a high level of sequence homology to D. melanogaster Cecropin, about 80% identity in the coding regions, and the intron positions are conserved. As in D. melanogaster and other insects, κB-related cis-regulatory elements are found upstream of these cecropin genes. An Andropin-related sequence was not identified in D. virilis; however, genome Southern hybridizations suggest that Andropin-related sequences are present in at least the melanogaster species subgroup. Analysis of 19 insect cecropin genes identifies a common ancestral Cecropin before the divergence of Diptera and Lepidoptera. In addition, D. melanogaster and D. virilis can be identified by monophyletic clades for Cecropin. In contrast, the Lepidopteran species show polyphyletic relationships for duplicated cecropin genes.
Acid-soluble nucleotides of bovine lens and cornea.

Abstract 1. 1. The following nucleotides were identified in extracts of bovine lens and corneal epithelium: DPN, AMP, GMP, UMP, IMP, ADP, UDPAG, UDPG, ATP, GTP, and UTP. 2. 2. A large concentration of IMP was found in corneal epithelium extracts. In addition, a large UDPG fraction was noted in the lens extracts.
Similar discriminative-stimulus effects of D-amphetamine in women and men.

Abstract The results of controlled non-human animal and human laboratory studies are mixed regarding whether women and men respond differently to stimulant drugs. In order to assess potential gender differences in the effects of d -amphetamine, we conducted a retrospective analysis of six studies conducted in our laboratory that used identical procedures and measures. Thirteen women and fourteen men learned to discriminate 15 mg oral d -amphetamine. After acquiring the discrimination (i.e., ≥ 80% correct responding on 4 consecutive sessions), the effects of a range of doses of d -amphetamine (0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 15 mg) alone and in combination with other drugs, were assessed. Only data from sessions in which d -amphetamine was administered alone were included in this analysis. d -Amphetamine functioned as a discriminative stimulus and dose-dependently increased drug-appropriate responding. Women and men did not differ in their ability to discriminate d -amphetamine. Women and men differed on participant-ratings of high (women men) and sluggish (women d -amphetamine.
A service-based SLA (Service Level Agreement) for the RACF (RHIC and ATLAS computing facility) at brookhaven national lab

The RACF provides computing support to a broad spectrum of scientific programs at Brookhaven. The continuing growth of the facility, the diverse needs of the scientific programs and the increasingly prominent role of distributed computing requires the RACF to change from a system to a service-based SLA with our user communities. A service-based SLA allows the RACF to coordinate more efficiently the operation, maintenance and development of the facility by mapping out a matrix of system and service dependencies and by creating a new, configurable alarm management layer that automates service alerts and notification of operations staff. This paper describes the adjustments made by the RACF to transition to a service-based SLA, including the integration of its monitoring software, alarm notification mechanism and service ticket system at the facility to make the new SLA a reality.
Optimization of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy

Cardiac resynchronization is now an accepted and widespread therapy for patients with left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction. However, there are still a significant number of patients that do not appear to gain benefit, and this is currently the focus of a great deal of research. Contemporary resynchronization devices allow manipulation of both atrioventricular (AV) and ventricular-to-ventricular (VV) delays and there is evidence that optimization of these delays has a positive effect on hemodynamics. However, there are many ways that optimization can be performed and there is little consensus on how, if at all, it should be incorporated into clinical practice.
Effect of hematocrit on solute removal during high efficiency hemodialysis

The effect of changing hematocrit (Hct) on solute removal during high efficiency hemodialysis was evaluated in 12 patients. In five subjects, Hct was raised by recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) treatment, and in the other seven by blood transfusion. Solute removal was assessed by measuring: (1) whole blood (kb), blood water (kbw) and dialysate (kd) clearances; (2) the amount of solute in the spent dialysate; (3) the fractional decrement of serum solute concentration achieved by hemodialysis; and (4) urea kinetics, including kt/V and protein catabolic rate (PCR). The results showed that increasing the Hct did result in a slight reduction in some solute clearances. The decrement, however, was minor (5 to 8%), whereas the rise in Hct was marked (55 and 65%) in the transfused and EPO-treated groups, respectively. More importantly, linear regression analysis of kd/kb ratios versus Hct indicated that a rise of Hct from 20 to 40% would reduce creatinine and phosphate clearance by 8 and 13%, respectively. By contrast, assessment of the absolute amount of solute removed in the spent dialysate failed to detect differences between the two study periods. Additionally, a rise in Hct also did not affect urea kinetic parameters including kt/V and PCR. Based on these data, it appears prudent to increase hemodialysis prescription by 10 to 15% when Hct is raised to near 40% to avoid excessive retention of molecules with slow transcellular movement.
Representation of orientation in the somatosensory system.

In this paper we discuss how orientation is represented and transformed in the somatosensory system. Information about stimulus orientation plays an important role in sensory processing. In touch it provides critical information about how stimuli are positioned on the hand, which is important for grasping and lifting objects. It also provides important information about tactile shape. Psychophysical studies show that humans have a high capacity to discriminate the orientation of shapes and gratings indented into the finger pad. Further, these studies demonstrate that orientation discrimination is a reliable and stable method for assessing tactile spatial acuity. Neurophysiological studies suggest that orientation information is processed by the slowly adapting type 1 (SA1) afferent system. While orientation is poorly represented in the responses of individual afferent fibers, it is well represented in the population response properties of peripheral SA1 afferents and in the responses of central neurons in the primary (S1) and secondary (S2) somatosensory cortex. In S2, neurons with orientation selective and orientation non-selective responses tend to have large receptive fields that span multiple pads on multiple digits. Neurons in S2 that are orientation selective have similar tuning functions on different finger pads. These neurons may provide position-invariant responses or may be responsible for integrating features across hands, which is important for haptic object recognition of large shapes from the hand. Neurophysiological studies in trained animals show that the responses of about 85% of the neurons in S2 are affected by the animals focus of attention and that attention to the orientation of a bar modifies both the mean firing rate (i.e. gain) of neurons encoding orientation information and the degree of synchronous firing between pairs of neurons.
Histone deacetylase inhibitors differentially stabilize acetylated p53 and induce cell cycle arrest or apoptosis in prostate cancer cells

In LNCaP prostate cancer cells CG-1521, a new inhibitor of histone deacetylases, alters the acetylation of p53 in a site-specific manner. While p53 is constitutively acetylated at Lys320 in LNCaP cells, treatment with CG-1521, stabilizes the acetylation of p53 at Lys373, elevating p21 (and inducing cell cycle arrest). Treatment with CG-1521 also promotes Bax translocation to the mitochondria and cleavage, and apoptosis. TSA stabilizes the acetylation of p53 at Lys382, elevating p21 levels and inducing cell cycle arrest, but does not induce Bax translocation or apoptosis. In LNCaP cells CG-1521, but not TSA, promotes the rapid degradation of HDAC2. These data suggest that the acetylation of p53 at Lys373 is required for the p53-mediated induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, while acetylation of p53 at Lys382 induces only cell cycle arrest. In p53(-/-) PC3 cells both compounds induce p21 and cell cycle arrest, but not Bax translocation or apoptosis, suggesting that both compounds can also induce p21 through a p53-independent mechanism.
Evaluation and selection of an antivirus and content filtering software

Organizations and individuals today need to have a comprehensive virus protection policy to face the growing threats of the Internet computer viruses. Given the rise in micro viruses within the last three years many organizations have adopted a proactive management approach to the problem by installing an antivirus and content filtering software in order to identify and prevent computer viruses threats. Due to availability of many antivirus and content filtering software, their evaluation and selection requires a multiple criteria decision‐making method. The purpose of this paper is to apply the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), a well‐known multiple criteria decision making method, which is designed for decisions that require integration of quantitative and qualitative data, to evaluate and select an antivirus and content filtering software.
Growth mechanisms to explain the primary and secondary habits of snow crystals

Abstract By estimating the diffusion field adjacent to growing snow crystals and using a variety of ice crystal growth data, it is shown that most observations of snow crystal habits above -22°C are explained by dislocation-promoted growth at small sizes and low supersaturations, but otherwise layer nucleation controls the growth habits in agreement with the Knight-Frank theory. The formation of capped columns, crown crystals, and hollowed crystals, and the growth rates of needles and dendrites also fit predictions of the theory. The analysis suggests that dendrites at water saturation retain small facets at their growing tips. Below -22°C, the available data together with predicted trends of the edge energy show that spiral steps and layer nucleation can explain why both tabular and columnar forms grow at the same temperature but different supersaturations. Other growth mechanisms that were proposed in the past, such as step speed variations, surface phase transitions and adatom migration across crystal ...
Generating human-like motion for robots

Action prediction and fluidity are key elements of human-robot teamwork. If a robot's actions are hard to understand, it can impede fluid human-robot interaction. Our goal is to improve the clarity of robot motion by making it more human-like. We present an algorithm that autonomously synthesizes human-like variants of an input motion. Our approach is a three-stage pipeline. First we optimize motion with respect to spatiotemporal correspondence (STC), which emulates the coordinated effects of human joints that are connected by muscles. We present three experiments that validate that our STC optimization approach increases human-likeness and recognition accuracy for human social partners. Next in the pipeline, we avoid repetitive motion by adding variance, through exploiting redundant and underutilized spaces of the input motion, which creates multiple motions from a single input. In two experiments we validate that our variance approach maintains the human-likeness from the previous step, and that a social partner can still accurately recognize the motion's intent. As a final step, we maintain the robot's ability to interact with its world by providing it the ability to satisfy constraints. We provide experimental analysis of the effects of constraints on the synthesized human-like robot motion variants.
National Bureau of Standards Atomic Data Centers: review of recent and imminent publications

Abstract The past, present and near future compilations and bibliographics of atomic data by the three data centers of the National Bureau of Standards are reviewed. They include the topics of atomic transition probabilities, wavelengths, energy levels, and collision cross-sections. All but the last are prepared at the Gaithersburg, MD, site while cross-sections are compiled at the Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics (JILA) at Boulder, CO. Only brief remarks regarding the JILA work are given to call attention to this activity.
A Switching Surge Transient Recording Device

A switching surge transient recording device has been designed, built, and tested which serves as a continuous, unattended monitor of power system switching transients. Rather than reproduce the transient waveform, the recorder senses and records the positive and negative peak magnitudes of the transient to within a 4.0 per unit overvoltage limit, the maximum positive and maximum negative rates of rise of voltage within the limits of 20 to 2000 ?S front time, and the instantaneous voltage level at the time of transient occurrence. The basic operation of the recorder is described and a portion of the data obtained during laboratory and field tests is presented.
Overview of the Papers: Why is Linear Thinking so Dominant?

A remarkable feature of the set of papers in this issue is the consistent pattern of tending to deal with non-linear situations as if they are linear that is shown by students widely differing in age and educational systems, and studying various topics within mathematics. Methodological issues about the difficulty of interpretation of student behavior, and the need to avoid attributing more rationality than is warranted, are raised. Suggestions about educational steps that could be taken to avoid an over-dependence on linearity are made.
Performance of a mathematical model to forecast lives saved from HIV treatment expansion in resource-limited settings.

Background. International guidelines recommend HIV treatment expansion in resource-limited settings but funding availability is uncertain. We evaluated the performance of a model that forecasts lives saved through continued HIV treatment expansion in Haiti. Methods. We developed a computer-based mathematical model of HIV disease and used incidence density analysis of patient-level Haitian data to derive model parameters for HIV disease progression. We assessed the internal validity of model predictions and internally calibrated model inputs when model predictions did not fit the patient-level data. We then derived uncertain model inputs related to diagnosis and linkage to care pretreatment retention and enrollment on HIV treatment through an external calibration process that selected input values by comparing model predictions to Haitian population-level data. Model performance was measured by fit to event-free survival (patient level) and number receiving HIV treatment over time (population level). Results. For a cohort of newly HIV-infected individuals with no access to HIV treatment the model predicts median AIDS-free survival of 9.0 years precalibration and 6.6 years postcalibration v. 5.8 years (95% confidence interval 5.1-7.0) from the patient-level data. After internal validation and calibration 16 of 17 event-free survival measures (94%) had a mean percentage deviation between model predictions and the empiric data of <6%. After external calibration the percentage deviation between model predictions and population-level data on the number on HIV treatment was <1% over time. Conclusions. Validation and calibration resulted in a good-fitting model appropriate for health policy decision making. Using local data in a policy model-building process is feasible in resource-limited settings.
Neurocognition as a predictor of response to evidence-based psychosocial interventions in schizophrenia: What is the state of the evidence?

Abstract Impairment in functional status is a hallmark of schizophrenia that has been linked to deficits in aspects of neurocognition (e.g., attention, memory, and problem-solving). A growing number of evidence-based behavioral interventions have been developed to address impairment in functional status, yet the relationships between these interventions and neurocognitive impairment are not well-understood. We conducted a synthetic, critical literature review of studies of performance on neurocognitive tests as a predictor of response to evidence-based behavioral treatment in schizophrenia. Behavioral treatments were selected based on the Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT; Dixon et al., 2010) recommendations for practice and areas of emerging interest. Comprehensive searches of PsychINFO and MEDLINE/PUBMED databases identified 20 relevant studies. Results revealed that: (1) attention and memory measured at study entry were most frequently linked to proximal measures of progress in social skill training programs, (2) composite measures of neurocognitive function, as well as attention, memory and problem-solving, were linked to progress in work therapy and supported employment programs, and comprehensive, integrated programs of psychosocial rehabilitation, while (3) baseline impairment on neurocogntive tests was not shown to limit progress in treatment studies of cognitive–behavioral therapy. The relevance of these findings for clinical practice and future research is discussed.
Preterm premature rupture of the membranes: A risk factor for the development of abruptio placentae

A retrospective study of 298 patients with preterm premature rupture of the membranes managed expectantly during a 3-year period investigated the association between preterm premature rupture of the membranes and abruptio placentae. Expectant management was associated with the development of abruptio placentae in 19 of these 298 patients (6.3%). The prevalence of abruptio placentae in the entire population during the same 3-year period was 2.7%, whereas in patients without preterm premature rupture of the membranes it was 2%. None of the patients developed clinical or laboratory evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation and no infection (maternal or neonatal) was noted among the patients who had abruptio placentae. Patients with preterm premature rupture of the membranes and severe oligohydramnios (largest pocket less than 1 cm) seem to be at particular risk for developing this complication. These data suggest that abruptio placentae should be considered as one of the possible risks of expectant management in preterm premature rupture of the membranes.
Dehydration melting at the top of the lower mantle

The high water storage capacity of minerals in Earth's mantle transition zone (410- to 660-kilometer depth) implies the possibility of a deep H2O reservoir, which could cause dehydration melting of vertically flowing mantle. We examined the effects of downwelling from the transition zone into the lower mantle with high-pressure laboratory experiments, numerical modeling, and seismic P-to-S conversions recorded by a dense seismic array in North America. In experiments, the transition of hydrous ringwoodite to perovskite and (Mg,Fe)O produces intergranular melt. Detections of abrupt decreases in seismic velocity where downwelling mantle is inferred are consistent with partial melt below 660 kilometers. These results suggest hydration of a large region of the transition zone and that dehydration melting may act to trap H2O in the transition zone.
Using Existential Themes in Couples Counseling Addressing the “Why” as Well as the “How”

This article demonstrates the use of existential themes in couples counseling. Existential theory in understanding the etiology and maintenance of problem behavior in couples is discussed, with par...
Refining measures of adventure recreation involvement

Abstract The purpose of this study was to further our understanding of adventure recreation by expanding on the work of Ewert and Hollenhorst (1989). In this study, level of enduring involvement of Whitewater kayaking participants was the dependent variable, frequency of participation, skill level, experience, social orientation, environmental preference, psychological outcomes, perceived risk, locus of control, and sensation seeking were the independent variables. The level of enduring involvement was predicted by skill level, psychological outcomes, gender, frequency of participation, and perceived risk. This article relates development of measures and operationalization of variables. These findings have implications for developing future adventure recreation behavior models and for understanding the social and psychological aspects of Whitewater kayaking.
Continuously tunable, precise, single frequency optical signal generator

To realize a genuine CW optical frequency synthesizer, a continuously tunable single-frequency CWlaser has been employed to track precisely any arbitrary component of a wide bandwidth phase-stabilized optical comb. We demonstrate experimentally two fundamental aspects of optical frequency synthesis, namely, precise setting of the laser frequency at an arbitrary pre-determined value, and continuous tuning of the laser frequency with the digital precision known in radio frequency synthesis. A typical computer-automated search-and-lock procedure finishes on oneminute time scale.
Validation of a multidimensional assessment of parenting styles for low-income African-American families with preschool children

Abstract This study examined the construct and concurrent validity of the Parenting Behavior Questionnaire-Head Start (PBQ-HS), a modification of the PBQ ( Hart, Nelson, Robinson, Olsen, & McNeilly-Choque, 1998 ), with low-income African-American families with preschoolers. The study also investigated whether parenting styles differed by caregiver characteristics. The sample included 465 primary caregivers of urban Head Start children. Factor analyses yielded Active–Responsive, Active–Restrictive, and Passive–Permissive parenting dimensions. Concurrent validity data on Limit-Setting, Warmth, and Directiveness revealed similarities between the Active–Responsive and Active–Restrictive dimensions and Baumrind’s authoritative and authoritarian dimensions, respectively. The Passive–Permissive dimension and Baumrind’s permissive style differed. Low education levels and single parenthood were associated with Active–Restrictive and Passive–Permissive parenting. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Kinase inhibition that hinges on halogen bonds.

A major challenge for the discovery of protein kinase inhibitors is to identify potent, selective, and novel pharmacophores. In this issue, Fedorov et al. (2011) describes KH-CB19, an ATP-competitive inhibitor of cdc2-like kinase that interacts with the ATP hinge region through a halogen-bonding motif.
TU‐F‐17A‐05: Calculating Tumor Trajectory and Dose‐Of‐The‐Day for Highly Mobile Tumors Using Cone‐Beam CT Projections

Purpose: Cone-beam CT (CBCT) projection images provide anatomical data in real-time over several respiratory cycles, forming a comprehensive picture of tumor movement. We developed a method using these projections to determine the trajectory and dose of highly mobile tumors during each fraction of treatment. Methods: CBCT images of a respiration phantom were acquired, where the trajectory mimicked a lung tumor with high amplitude (2.4 cm) and hysteresis. A template-matching algorithm was used to identify the location of a steel BB in each projection. A Gaussian probability density function for tumor position was calculated which best fit the observed trajectory of the BB in the imager geometry. Two methods to improve the accuracy of tumor track reconstruction were investigated: first, using respiratory phase information to refine the trajectory estimation, and second, using the Monte Carlo method to sample the estimated Gaussian tumor position distribution. 15 clinically-drawn abdominal/lung CTV volumes were used to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed methods by comparing the known and calculated BB trajectories. Results: With all methods, the mean position of the BB was determined with accuracy better than 0.1 mm, and root-mean-square (RMS) trajectory errors were lower than 5% of marker amplitude. Use of respiratory phase information decreased RMS errors by 30%, and decreased the fraction of large errors (>3 mm) by half. Mean dose to the clinical volumes was calculated with an average error of 0.1% and average absolute error of 0.3%. Dosimetric parameters D90/D95 were determined within 0.5% of maximum dose. Monte-Carlo sampling increased RMS trajectory and dosimetric errors slightly, but prevented over-estimation of dose in trajectories with high noise. Conclusions: Tumor trajectory and dose-of-the-day were accurately calculated using CBCT projections. This technique provides a widely-available method to evaluate highly-mobile tumors, and could facilitate better strategies to mitigate or compensate for motion during SBRT.
Effect of in vitro and in vivo colchicine treatments on pollen production and fruit set of melon plants obtained by pollination with irradiated pollen

Haploid/doubled haploid (DH) technology can aid plant breeding programs by accelerating production of homozygous lines, provided enough viable DH progeny can be obtained from diverse haploid genotypes. In cases where there is a low frequency of spontaneous doubling, chromosome doubling procedures are required to achieve fecundity. We produced 63 parthenogenetic melon plantlets via pollination with γ-irradiated pollen, cloned them by nodal cuttings, and tested the effects of in vitro and in vivo colchicine treatment on survival, ploidy, pollen production, and fruit recovery. The most effective procedure was in vitro exposure of 3 cm shoot tip explants to 500 mg/l colchicine for 3 h. This treatment gave 83% survival of explants and 26% conversion to diploidy. Fruit recovery rate was 60% among plants with good pollen production. In vivo exposure of the tops of young plants to 5000 mg/l for 2 and 4 h yielded some fruits but also resulted in less survival and more morphological abnormalities. Strategies for recovery of progeny from parthenogenetic melon plants are recommended. To our knowledge, this study represents the first comprehensive study of recovery of fruits and viable seeds from parthenogenetic melon plants.
“The Purity of Truth”: Nineteenth-Century American Women Physicians Write about Delicate Topics

Abstract This article examines the strategies nineteenth-century American women physicians used to maintain a respectable ethos when writing about human sexuality and reproduction. In order to make these topics appropriate for women, women physicians strove to alter the connotations surrounding sex, insisting that readers view it from a scientific, socially conscious, pure standpoint. The popularity of these texts suggests that women were active in shaping the scientific and social discourse surrounding “delicate” subjects.
Experimental Study of Spin Fluctuations in a One-Dimensional Antiferromagnet

An experimental study of nuclear relaxation in the low-temperature antiferromagnetic regime of $N$-methyl phenazinium tetracyanoquinodimethan (NMP) (TCNQ) is presented. The data are characterized by a relatively weak temperature dependence; the extrapolated zerotemperature rate is finite and of the same magnitude as the rate at $T\ensuremath{\gtrsim}\frac{J}{{k}_{B}}$. These results are in good agreement with predictions based on the fermion representation for the spin-\textonehalf{} antiferromagnet in one dimension. The conventional Boson assumption, on the other hand, leads to a predicted rate off by four orders of magnitude in comparison with experiment. The experimental measurements of ${T}_{1}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ thus strongly suggest fermion-like excitations in the spin-\textonehalf{} one-dimensional antiferromagnet.
Unconditional Convergence in Manufacturing

Unlike economies as a whole, manufacturing industries exhibit strong unconditional convergence in labor productivity. The article documents this at various levels of disaggregation for a large sample covering more than 100 countries over recent decades. The result is highly robust to changes in the sample and specification. The coefficient of unconditional convergence is estimated quite precisely and is large, at between 2–3% in most specifications and 2.9% a year in the baseline specification covering 118 countries. The article also finds substantial sigma convergence at the two-digit level for a smaller sample of countries. Despite strong convergence within manufacturing, aggregate convergence fails due to the small share of manufacturing employment in low-income countries and the slow pace of industrialization. Because of data coverage, these findings should be as viewed as applying to the organized, formal parts of manufacturing.