cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Linguistics of Brand Interactivity: Communicating Brand Personality, Sentiment, and Emotionality on Facebook: An Abstract

In the current social media marketing milieu, organizations are continuing to recognize the importance of concurrently managing brands, brand-consumer relationships, and brand communications while accounting for the transparency and openness incumbent of modern communication platforms (i.e., Facebook, Twitter, Google +, etc.). Organizations are not the only entities cognizant of the benefits and challenges of interacting with consumers in digital environments. At the heart of relationships are the interactions or communications between individual parties; this holds for brand relationships (Berne 1964; Fournier 1998). Research on branding has illustrated the importance of brand relationships on organizational success and longevity (Aaker 1991) and brand equity (Aaker 1997; Fournier 1998; Hollebeek 2011; Keller 2001). Fournier (1998) suggests that brand-consumer relationships are formed similarly to those formed with people, and social media is facilitating brand-consumer contact and making it easier for brands and consumers to interact.
2016-2019 Cumulative Supplement to Donald Earl Childress III, Michael D. Ramsey & Christopher A. Whytock, Transnational Law and Practice (2015)

This is the Fall 2016 Supplement for Donald Earl Childress III, Michael D. Ramsey & Christopher A. Whytock, Transnational Law and Practice (2015). Highlights include excerpts of the Supreme Court’s decision in RJR Nabisco Inc. v. European Community involving extraterritorial application of the RICO statute; discussion of new Supreme Court and appellate court decisions on foreign sovereign immunity; new developments regarding Alien Tort Statute litigation; and an update on the ongoing dispute involving claims against Chevron, Inc. by Ecuadorian plaintiffs.Instructors using the Childress, Ramsey & Whytock casebook are authorized to distribute this supplement to their students for classroom use.
Ethnic and Cultural Considerations

Abstract The purpose of this chapter is to introduce the reader to ethnic and cultural considerations in the context of anxiety in ethnic minority youth. As our society becomes increasingly ethnically, linguistically, and culturally diverse, there is a growing awareness of the influence of culture on psychological dimensions related to behavior, affect, and cognition. An individual’s culture can influence the meaning and expression of symptomatology and this is relevant in the context of cultural concepts of distress which are ethnic and cultural group specific. We discuss anxiety symptomatology and disorders as well as individual and family factors that impact anxiety in youth. Culture-related factors such as socioeconomic status, acculturation, and stigma as they relate to anxiety are also reviewed. Additionally, we discuss assessment considerations as well as treatments that have been used with ethnic minority youth. We end with offering practical recommendations that can be useful for practitioners and clinical researchers.
Improved synthesis of the thiophenol precursor N-(4-chloro-3-mercaptophenyl)picolinamide for making the mGluR4 PET ligands

Abstract Recently [11C]mG4P012 (previously [11C]KALB012 and presently named as [11C]PXT012253 by Prexton Therapeutics) had been used as a biomarker during the preclinical development of a potential therapeutic drug, PXT0002331 (an mGluR4 PAM), for PD and l -dopa-induced dyskinesia. [11C]mG4P012 was shown to be a promising PET radioligand for mGluR4 in the monkey brain and for further development in human subjects. However, the previously reported multi-step synthesis of the thiophenol precursor suffered from low yields and difficult workup procedures. To support the translational research of [11C]mG4P012 and the other potential applications, we have developed a new route for synthesis of the thiophenol precursor and optimized the reaction conditions. The synthesis of N-(4-chloro-3-mercaptophenyl)picolinamide from 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene has been greatly improved from 8% to 52% total yield with easy handling and in gram scales.
Note: t for Two (Clusters)

The computation for cluster analysis is done by iterative algorithms. But here, a straightforward, non-iterative procedure is presented for clustering in the special case of one variable and two groups. The method is univariate but may reasonably be applied to multivariate datasets when the first principal component or a single factor explains much of the variation in the data. The t method is motivated by the fact that minimizing the within-groups sum of squares is equivalent to maximizing the between-groups sum of squares, and that Student’s t statistic measures the between-groups difference in means relative to within-groups variation. That is, the t statistic is the ratio of the difference in sample means, divided by the standard error of this difference. So, maximizing the t statistic is developed as a method for clustering univariate data into two clusters. In this situation, the t method gives the same results as the K-means algorithm. K-means tacitly assumes equality of variances; here, however, with t, equality of variances need not be assumed because separate variances may be used in computing t. The t method is applied to some datasets; the results are compared with those obtained by fitting mixtures of distributions.
Segmented flows of viscous threads in microchannels

Hydrodynamic interactions between droplets and high-viscosity fluid threads are investigated in microchannels. A complementary approach is adopted where the thread size is varied for diverse droplet concentrations to help reveal a range of basic fluid structures.
Large-eddy simulations of supersonic rectangular jets including screech

Large-eddy simulations (LES) are used to study supersonic jet screech, an aeroacoustic resonance phenomenon found in non-ideally expanded jets. This work specifically analyses screech generation for an under-expanded cold jet exhausted from a converging-diverging rectangular nozzle. With an aspect ratio of 4:1, the nozzle has a design Mach number of 1.44 and was previously tested at Florida State University. The simulations are performed with the compressible flow solver, “CharLES,” developed by Cascade Technologies. The meshes are generated based on the computation of Voronoi diagrams and contain around 40 to 120 × 106cells, targeting a few set points close to maximum screech. The far-field acoustics are obtained using a permeable Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings formulation in the frequency domain. In the noise spectra, screech tones are detected at various observer locations. At the specific tonal frequency, a spatially modulating standing wave pattern is observed in the near-field flow data, which possibly results from the partial interference between oppositely moving hydrodynamic and acoustic waves. Using the LES data, a modal form for the partial standing wave pattern can be obtained. Furthermore, a more in-depth stability analysis can provide insights on the origins and effects of these coherent features associated with screech.Large-eddy simulations (LES) are used to study supersonic jet screech, an aeroacoustic resonance phenomenon found in non-ideally expanded jets. This work specifically analyses screech generation for an under-expanded cold jet exhausted from a converging-diverging rectangular nozzle. With an aspect ratio of 4:1, the nozzle has a design Mach number of 1.44 and was previously tested at Florida State University. The simulations are performed with the compressible flow solver, “CharLES,” developed by Cascade Technologies. The meshes are generated based on the computation of Voronoi diagrams and contain around 40 to 120 × 106cells, targeting a few set points close to maximum screech. The far-field acoustics are obtained using a permeable Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings formulation in the frequency domain. In the noise spectra, screech tones are detected at various observer locations. At the specific tonal frequency, a spatially modulating standing wave pattern is observed in the near-field flow data, which possibly re...
Teaching on the Front End: Gathering all Educators Interested in Web and Mobile Design and Development

Front-end development skills are a practical necessity for creating impactful "real-world" systems. Yet universities don't often prioritize skills-focused courses such as web or mobile development that teach students to design and implement user-facing systems. We believe our curricula should include these skills and stacks, and that they are a key practice through which foundational CS concepts are applied. While other technology areas have research- or education-focused conferences, front-end programming and design skill-sets are mostly relegated to professional conferences where little time is focused on education. Currently there is no way for people teaching web and mobile development in higher education to easily connect. This BoF will gather as-of-yet unconnected instructors in these areas. We will discuss questions of practice, and share expertise and support around how to best teach these user-focused skills. How can you and your students keep up with rapid changes to programming languages such as JavaScript or Swift? Should teaching focus on a particular framework such as React or Vue (or something else)-and if so which one? What is the role of "no code" tools (e.g., Webflow, Bubble.io) in teaching front-end development? Should you teach front-end courses like a traditional CS course or like a code bootcamp? How can you integrate foundational skills in your web and mobile development courses? Does your department want to teach these practical skills, but lacks the resources, faculty or knowledge to do so? Let's share and discuss.
Abstract IA25: Tumor-intrinsic drivers of response and resistance to checkpoint blockade in MRD tumors

Tumors with mismatch repair deficiency are highly sensitive to checkpoint blockade. We will examine the mechanism of this sensitivity and also discuss mechanisms of treatment failure in tumors with this genotype. Citation Format: Luis A. Diaz. Tumor-intrinsic drivers of response and resistance to checkpoint blockade in MRD tumors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; 2019 Nov 17-20; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2020;8(3 Suppl):Abstract nr IA25.
Multitarget Activities of Inositol and Inositol Hexakisphosphate

Multiple health beneficial effects have been shown for inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) and its parent compound myo-inositol (Ins) in animal and human studies. However, the most striking is their consistent and reproducible anticancer effect, actively investigated and demonstrated in various experimental models during the last decades. Key molecular targets for cancer are PI3K/Akt, MAPK, PKC, AP-1 and NF-κB. Reduced burden of chemotherapy side-effects in cancer patients receiving IP6 alone or in combination with Ins, have been reported. However, modulation of both insulin resistance and cancer by Ins and IP6 have been indicated, and therefore there is a need for specific, randomized clinical trials and further mechanistic studies.
Alleviation of Metabolic Endotoxemia by Milk Fat Globule Membrane: Rationale, Design, and Methods of a Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled, Crossover Dietary Intervention in Adults with Metabolic Syndrome.

Background Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) is a phospholipid-rich component of dairy fat that might explain the benefits of full-fat dairy products on cardiometabolic risk. Preclinical studies support that MFGM decreases gut permeability, which could attenuate gut-derived endotoxin translocation and consequent inflammatory responses that impair cardiometabolic health. Objectives To describe the rationale, study design, and planned outcomes that will evaluate the efficacy of MFGM-enriched milk compared with a comparator beverage on health-promoting gut barrier functions in persons with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Methods We plan a double-blind, randomized, crossover trial in which people with MetS will receive a rigorously controlled eucaloric diet for 2 wk that contains 3 daily servings of an MFGM-enriched bovine milk beverage or a comparator beverage that is formulated with nonfat dairy powder, coconut and palm oils, and soy phospholipids. Compliance will be monitored by assessing urinary para-aminobenzoic acid that is added to all test beverages. After the intervention, participants will ingest a high-fat/high-carbohydrate meal challenge to assess metabolic excursions at 30-min intervals for 3 h. Nondigestible sugar probes also will be ingested prior to collecting 24-h urine to assess region-specific gut permeability. Intervention efficacy will be determined based on circulating endotoxin (primary outcome) and glycemia (secondary outcome). Tertiary outcomes include: gut and systemic inflammatory responses, microbiota composition and SCFAs, gut permeability, and circulating insulin and incretins. Expected results MFGM is expected to decrease circulating endotoxin and glycemia without altering body mass. These improvements are anticipated to be accompanied by decreased gut permeability, decreased intestinal and circulating biomarkers of inflammation, increased circulating incretins, and beneficial antimicrobial and prebiotic effects in the gut microbiome. Conclusions Demonstration of improvements in gut barrier functions that limit endotoxemia and glycemia could help to establish direct evidence that full-fat dairy lowers cardiometabolic risk, especially in people with MetS.The clinical trial associated with this article has been registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03860584).
Black race may be associated with worse overall survival in renal cell carcinoma patients.

Abstract Objective To examine socio-demographic and treatment variables in an attempt to identify factors associated with survival differences between black and white patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Patients and Methods We identified 79,618 white and 10,604 black patients diagnosed with RCC in the National Cancer Database. We compared the distribution of socio-demographic, presentation and treatment variables between Blacks and Whites and then utilized a multivariable cox proportion hazards regression model to evaluate the contribution of differences in these variables to disparities in overall survival (OS). Results Black patients were younger (60 vs. 63 years, P Conclusion Our study indicates that black patients present at a younger age and with lower stage RCC, but have worse OS. Blacks experienced disparities in socio-demographic characteristics, clinical presentation, treatment-related factors, and had an independently increased hazard of death.
K-12 STEM Education: An Overview of Perspectives and Considerations

Over the last two decades, discussions, rhetoric, recommendations, and policies regarding STEM education have escalated among businesses and industry, policy makers, think tanks, and educators around the world. STEM education is cast as pivotal in increasing productivity, prosperity, and global competitiveness; as a lynchpin in addressing current and future socio-geo-political-economic challenges; as a panacea for filling shortages in workforce pipelines. In this commentary, we discuss the emergence of STEM acronym, its variants, and the rhetoric surrounding STEM that drives educational policy. We examine more closely the integration of STEM and present an example of how in our own work, we have begun to clarify the characteristics of integrated STEM that guide our projects. We summarize some of the research studies in the emerging field of integrated STEM that document its benefits and reflect on the opportunities afforded STEM educators for future research. This commentary is by no means exhaustive, but is intended to instigate thought, reflection, and progress regarding the nascent state of integrating the STEM disciplines.
Relation of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Based Arterial Signal Enhancement to Markers of Peripheral Artery Disease

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is associated with impaired lower extremity function. We hypothesized that contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (CE-MRI) based arterial signal enhancement (SE) measures are associated with markers of PAD. A total of 66 participants were enrolled, 10 were excluded due to incomplete data, resulting in 56 participants for the final analyses (36 PAD, 20 matched controls). MR imaging was performed postreactive hyperemia using bilateral thigh blood-pressure cuffs. First pass-perfusion images were acquired at the mid-calf region with a high-resolution saturation recovery gradient echo pulse sequence, and arterial SE was measured for the lower extremity arteries. As expected, peak walking time (PWT) was reduced in PAD patients compared with controls (282 [248 to 317] sec, vs 353 [346 to 360] sec; p = 0.002), and postexercise ankle brachial index (ABI) decreased in PAD patients but not in controls (PAD: 0.75 ± 0.2, 0.60 [0.5 to 0.7]; p <0.001; vs Controls: 1.17 ± 0.1, 1.19 [1.1 to 1.2]; p = 0.50). Intraclass correlation coefficients were excellent for inter- and intraobserver variability of arterial tracings (n = 10: 0.95 (95%-confidence interval [CI]: 0.94 to 0.96), n = 9: 1.0 (CI: 1.0 to 1.0). Minimum arterial SE was reduced in PAD patients compared with matched controls (128 [110 to 147] A.U. vs 192 [149 to 234] A.U., p = 0.003). Among PAD patients but not in controls the maximum arterial SE was associated with the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), a marker of renal function (n = 36, s = 1.37, R2 = 0.12, p = 0.025). In conclusion, CE-MRI first-pass arterial perfusion is impaired in PAD patients compared with matched controls and associated with markers of lower extremity ischemia.
Group II GBCM Can Be Used Safely for Imaging in Stage 4/5 CKD Patients: PRO

Primum non nocere ; few things speak louder in medicine. It seems so simple. But it is also too easy to hide behind these three powerful words. The truth is, we put patients at risk every day, but we try to do so with close attention to risk versus benefit. The benefit of gadolinium is obvious, but the risk has changed as gadolinium has changed over the last 20 years. In the following, I will argue that risk is minimal, and that gadolinium-based contrast media can be used safely for imaging in patients with stage 4/5 CKD. But first, let’s review some background. Gadolinium-based contrast media (GBCM) for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been available since the late 1980s. Radiographic studies with MRI and GBCM provided improved imaging for many conditions compared with studies that used iodine-based contrast media (IBCM). Because the combination of MRI with GBCM was considered to be safe and, specifically, did not have the concerns of anaphylaxis and AKI that may be seen with IBCM, GBCM imaging became extremely popular, with millions of uneventful studies being performed every year. Thus, it is rather surprising that it took almost a decade for reports to emerge of a debilitating, chronic, fibrosing, skin condition in patients with ESKD. By 2000, it was realized that the disease was not limited to skin and this entity was entitled nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF), describing its systemic involvement and its association with kidney failure. It still took six more years before this potentially fatal condition was linked to exposure to gadolinium, almost 20 years after GBCM MRI studies became available (1). Once the association of NSF with GBCM was made, in 2007, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a “black-box warning” for patients with “severe kidney insufficiency” (2). Although reports of …
Acoustic effects of face masks on speech signals

Face masks muffle speech and make communication more difficult, especially for people with hearing loss. This study examines the acoustic attenuation caused by different face masks, including medical, cloth, and transparent masks, using a head-shaped loudspeaker and a live human talker. The results suggest that all masks attenuate frequencies above 1 kHz, that attenuation is greatest in front of the talker, and that there is substantial variation between mask types, especially cloth masks with different materials and weaves. Transparent masks have poor acoustic performance compared to both medical and cloth masks. Most masks have little effect on lapel microphones, suggesting that existing sound reinforcement and assistive listening systems may be effective for verbal communication with masks.
A note on multigrid preconditioning for fractional PDE-constrained optimization problems

Abstract In this note we present a multigrid preconditioning method for solving quadratic optimization problems constrained by a fractional diffusion equation. Multigrid methods within the all-at-once approach to solve the first order optimality Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) systems are widely popular, but their development have relied on the underlying systems being sparse. On the other hand, for most discretizations, the matrix representation of fractional operators is expected to be dense. We develop a preconditioning strategy for our problem based on a reduced approach, namely we eliminate the state constraint using the control-to-state map. Our multigrid preconditioning approach shows a dramatic reduction in the number of CG iterations. We assess the quality of preconditioner in terms of the spectral distance. Finally, we provide a partial theoretical analysis for this preconditioner, and we formulate a conjecture which is clearly supported by our numerical experiments.
The Justice System and Young Adults With Substance Use Disorders.

Young adults’ heightened vulnerability to substance use disorders (SUD) corresponds with their disproportionate representation in the criminal justice system. It is paramount that the justice system systemically recognize young adults as a group with distinct developmental needs and align reform efforts with advancements made in medical and public health fields to better address the needs of justice-involved young adults with SUD. This article warns against reliance on the justice system for engaging young adults with SUD in treatment and presents 4 principles that were developed by a workgroup participating in a longitudinal meeting of experts sponsored by Boston Medical Center’s Grayken Center for Addiction. The goal of the principles is to support and guide policy and practice initiatives for developmentally appropriate justice responses to young adults with SUD. The article also reviews the evidence that underlies these principles and offers policy and practice considerations for their implementation.
Autonomous Navigation and Obstacle Avoidance of a Snake Robot with Combined Velocity-Heading Control

This paper presents combined velocity-heading control of a planar snake robot for the autonomous navigation and obstacle avoidance in a simulation environment. The kinematics and dynamics of the snake robot were derived using the articulated-body algorithm without considering the non-holonomic constraints. A double-layer controller was designed to control both heading direction and average velocity through joint motion control. We adopted a rule-based expert system for autonomous navigation while avoiding obstacles/restricted-areas. The guidance commands were realized by two proportional controllers that use feedback of the estimated speed and heading of the robot. To validate the combined velocity-heading controller, a series of simulations were carried out for a snake robot with 6 links (8 DOF). The autonomous navigation and obstacle-avoidance algorithms provided the commands to follow the desired trajectories. The simulation results showed the effectiveness of the controller in following the desired heading directions and achieving targeted velocities with small errors to reach the goal position by avoiding obstacles.
Clinal variation in phenological traits and fitness responses to drought across the native range of California poppy

Abstract Increased aridity, associated with climate change, is predicted worldwide in the coming decades. Species persistence in the face of climate change is thought to be influenced by plasticity, potential for adaptation, and dependence on non-climatic factors, but their relative importance has rarely been quantified. We investigated 13 populations of Eschscholzia californica (California poppy) distributed across a fourfold gradient in annual precipitation. In a greenhouse, plants received precipitation treatments approximating the wettest and driest sites, crossed with the presence and absence of soil inoculum from their collection location. We documented clinal variation across populations; plants from southern populations (arid sites) emerged later, flowered earlier, had shorter growing seasons, higher mean fitness, higher reproductive effort, and were more drought tolerant than plants from northern populations (mesic sites). A second experiment demonstrated clinal variation in biomass allocation, with higher root allocation in northern populations. We found no evidence of adaptive phenological plasticity to drought; instead, the drought treatment decreased fitness and growing season length (maladaptive phenological plasticity) more for plants from mesic than arid sites. Individuals grown with home soil inoculation produced 10% more biomass than when grown in common garden soil; however, the influence of soil was small relative to the 13-fold variation across populations in fitness responses to drought. Our results suggest that restoration efforts involving California poppy may benefit from assisted gene flow; sourcing seeds from arid parts of the species range may improve individual fitness and population persistence of this iconic species in the face of future climate change.
Multi-Generational Review of Oncologic Tumors in a Family With TP53 Mutation Presenting With a Pediatric Patient With Osteosarcoma and Lung Acinar Adenocarcinoma

TP53 mutation, Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS), is a syndrome that leads to a hereditary cancer predisposition. Here we describe the case of a 13-year-old male who presented with osteosarcoma, family history of LFS, who developed a second primary tumor of the lung. No other similar cases have been reported. After this osteosarcoma diagnosis, he had pre-operative imaging, which included a positron emission tomography (PET) combined with CT (PET/CT) chest. This revealed a subpleural nodule in the lung of unclear etiology. After completing initial therapy, a repeat chest CT showed that the nodule persisted. Pathology revealed an acinar adenocarcinoma. This tumor is not common in pediatric LFS patients.
A robotic system for real-time analysis of inhaled submicron and microparticles.

Vitamin E acetate (VEA) has been strongly linked to outbreak of electronic cigarette (EC) or vaping product use-associated lung injury. How VEA leads to such an unexpected morbidity and mortality is currently unknown. To understand whether VEA impacts the disposition profile of inhaled particles, we created a biologically inspired robotic system that quantitatively analyzes submicron and microparticles generated from ECs in real-time while mimicking clinically relevant breathing and vaping topography exactly as happens in humans. We observed addition of even small quantities of VEA was sufficient to alter size distribution and significantly enhance total particles inhaled from ECs. Moreover, we demonstrated utility of our biomimetic robot for studying influence of nicotine and breathing profiles from obstructive and restrictive lung disorders. We anticipate our system will serve as a novel preclinical scientific research, decision-support tool when insight into toxicological impact of modifications in electronic nicotine delivery systems is desired.
Charge - Field Interactions in Cell Membranes and Electroconformational Coupling: Theory for the Interactions Between Dynamic Electric Fields and Membrane Enzymes

Free energy can be transduced from nonstationary electric fields to drive the synthesis of ATP or the formation and maintenance of concentration gradients across membranes. Even electrically silent reactions can be driven against equilibrium by the nonlinear interaction between a dynamic electric field and a membrane enzyme. There are two conditions necessary for an enzyme to transduce free energy in an external field to its output reaction. First, some conformational changes within the catalytic cycle of the enzyme must involve the intramolecular movement of charge or a change in the dipole moment of the enzyme. Second, the affinity of the enzyme for substrate must be much different than the affinity for product. Based on these concepts, we will compare the kinetic requirements which optimize a protein for transduction of free energy with those which optimize a protein for rapid catalysis. This model serves to bridge the classical chemiosmotic mechanism for free energy transduction, with models based on energy dependent enzyme conformational changes. Our electroconformational coupling model explains free energy transduction in terms of the molecular mechanisms of enzyme catalysis.
Motility and Chemotaxis of Rhizobium meliloti in Soil

The spreading of Rhizobium meliloti strains in various autoclaved soils was measured by using simple modifications of established techniques. Behavioral mutants were used to demonstrate that efficient spreading requires active motility and chemotaxis. The rate of spreading was affected by physical or chemical differences among soils and by changes in water content.
Ronald Reagan and the Rise of Large Deficits: What Really Happened in 1981

In the battle over Ronald Reagan's legacy, the events of 1981 are prominent. Critics contend that the large deficits of the 1980s were Reagan's fault: the product of an irresponsible plan to cut taxes and increase defense founded upon economic assumptions that were obviously over optimistic. The critics are wrong. Because budget projections in early 1981 called for massive surpluses, it was possible, based upon the data then known, to cut taxes, increase defense, and still balance the budget. Regarding the economic forecast, the Reagan package of projections were, at most, only mildly more optimistic than other forecasts at the time. Neither Reagan nor other forecasters thought throughout 1981 that the country was on the verge of the worst recession since the Great Depression. This recession drastically reduced inflation, benefitting America, while producing the budget deficits that only recently have ended.
Protecting a Moving Target: Addressing Web Application Concept Drift

Because of the ad hoc nature of web applications, intrusion detection systems that leverage machine learning techniques are particularly well-suited for protecting websites. The reason is that these systems are able to characterize the applications' normal behavior in an automated fashion. However, anomaly-based detectors for web applications suffer from false positives that are generated whenever the applications being protected change. These false positives need to be analyzed by the security officer who then has to interact with the web application developers to confirm that the reported alerts were indeed erroneous detections. In this paper, we propose a novel technique for the automatic detection of changes in web applications, which allows for the selective retraining of the affected anomaly detection models. We demonstrate that, by correctly identifying legitimate changes in web applications, we can reduce false positives and allow for the automated retraining of the anomaly models. We have evaluated our approach by analyzing a number of real-world applications. Our analysis shows that web applications indeed change substantially over time, and that our technique is able to effectively detect changes and automatically adapt the anomaly detection models to the new structure of the changed web applications.
A Comparison between Two Monte Carlo Codes on Determination of Transient Chemical Yields

Monte Carlo computer codes have been independently developed at several laboratories for performing calculations of the radiolysis of water. The different codes involve a wide variety of models and related assumptions in treating the many physical and chemical processes that occur. Because few detailed aspects of such computations can be directly checked by experiment, it is important to make comparisons of various predicted microscopic distributions. In this paper we compare results obtained with the codes developed at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Both codes were used to calculate the spatial distributions of various radical species in spurs along the tracks of energetic electrons. Similarities and differences in the results of this preliminary study are shown. Additional work is planned.
High-power picosecond photolysis of simple organic molecular gases

High power picosecond ultraviolet pulses from a Nd:YAG modelocked laser were used to induce a visible emission from a variety of gaseous organic molecules. We report the observation of electronically excited C2, CH, CN, and H fragments. The spectral characteristics and time development of the emitting species are highly dependent upon the structure of the parent molecules.
Complications are reduced with a protocol to standardize timing of fixation based on response to resuscitation

Our group developed a protocol, entitled Early Appropriate Care (EAC), to determine timing of definitive fracture fixation based on presence and severity of metabolic acidosis. We hypothesized that utilization of EAC would result in fewer complications than a historical cohort and that EAC patients with definitive fixation within 36 h would have fewer complications than those treated at a later time. Three hundred thirty-five patients with mean age 39.2 years and mean Injury Severity Score (ISS) 26.9 and 380 fractures of the femur (n = 173), pelvic ring (n = 71), acetabulum (n = 57), and/or spine (n = 79) were prospectively evaluated. The EAC protocol recommended definitive fixation within 36 h if lactate <4.0 mmol/L, pH ≥7.25, or base excess (BE) ≥−5.5 mmol/L. Complications including infections, sepsis, DVT, organ failure, pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and pulmonary embolism (PE) were identified and compared for early and delayed patients and with a historical cohort. All 335 patients achieved the desired level of resuscitation within 36 h of injury. Two hundred sixty-nine (80 %) were treated within 36 h, and 66 had protocol violations, treated on a delayed basis, due to surgeon choice in 71 %. Complications occurred in 16.3 % of patients fixed within 36 h and in 33.3 % of delayed patients (p = 0.0009). Hospital and ICU stays were shorter in the early group: 9.5 versus 17.3 days and 4.4 versus 11.6 days, respectively, both p < 0.0001. This group of patients when compared with a historical cohort of 1443 similar patients with 1745 fractures had fewer complications (16.3 versus 22.1 %, p = 0.017) and shorter length of stay (LOS) (p = 0.018). Our EAC protocol recommends definitive fixation within 36 h in resuscitated patients. Early fixation was associated with fewer complications and shorter LOS. The EAC recommendations are safe and effective for the majority of severely injured patients with mechanically unstable femur, pelvis, acetabular, or spine fractures requiring fixation.
Critic: a knowledge-based program for critiquing circuit designs

Critic is a knowledge-based system that looks for errors or 'bad design style' in circuit designs. Critic takes as input a description of a circuit and a knowledge-base that describes a particular design-style and technology. The knowledge base consists of: process and design-style constants, a set of primitive descriptions, a set of structure descriptions, and error-checking rules. Critic uses the information in the knowledge base to find structures and errors in the circuit. The errors can range from easily recognizable errors such as a transistor bulk being connected to the wrong supply or a static gate having nonequal rise and fall times to hard-to-recognize errors, such as those dealing with charge sharing, timing, and testability. Critic is integrated with the Berkeley CAD system, has an interactive graphical input and feedback, is easy to use, and has a firm separation between the knowledge-base and program internals. >
Mushroom Magic: Analysis of Metals in a Familiar Food

Evidence suggests that student engagement in the material they are studying correlates well with better learning outcomes, and instrumental analysis modules structured to reflect student interests are of wide significance. The analysis of levels of dietary (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn) and undesirable (Cd and Pb) metals in commercially available and wild mushrooms forms the basis for an atomic absorption experiment. The dietary metals are routinely found at levels that are easy to detect by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy, and both lead and cadmium are often found at detectable levels. Students are always more satisfied when the metals they are testing are readily quantifiable, and their “discovery” of toxic metals in a familiar food is an excellent way to promote further inquiry.
Mass Term Variations in the Dirac Hydrogen Atom

The extended quaternion algebra allowstwo forms for the Dirac equation mass term. We show that the definition of angular momentum in the relativistic hydrogen atom suggests that either is physically allowed, but not a combination of both. A combination of both mass termscould still give the usual mass term in the nonrelativistic limit as is shown.
Deriving global climate sensitivity from palaeoclimate reconstructions

To assess the future impact of anthropogenic greenhouse gases on global climate, we need a reliable estimate of the sensitivity of the Earth's climate to changes in radiative forcing. Climate sensitivity is conventionally defined as the equilibrium surface temperature increase for carbon dioxide doubling, ΔT2x. Uncertainties in cloud processes spread general circulation model (GCM) estimates of this parameter over the range 1.5< ΔT2x <4.5°C (refs 1, 2). An alternative to model-based estimates is in principle available from the reconstruction of past climates3–6, which implicitly includes cloud feedback. Here we retrieve the sensitivity of two palaeoclimates, one colder and one warmer than present, by independently reconstructing both the equilibrium surface tem-perature change and the radiative forcing. Our results yield ΔT2x = 2.3 ±0.9 °C. This range is comparable with estimates from GCMs and inferences from recent temperature observations and ocean models7,8. Future application of the method to additional climates in the geological record might constrain climate sensitivity enough to narrow the model uncertainties of global warming predictions.
EMERGING IN THE IMAGE OF GOD TO KNOW GOOD AND EVIL

. Found in the Primeval History in Genesis, the biblical concepts of the “image of God” and the “knowledge of good and evil” remain integral to Christian anthropology, especially with regard to the theologoumena of “fall” and “original sin.” All of these symbols are remained important and appropriate descriptors of the human condition, provided that contemporary academic theological anthropology engages in constructive dialogue with the natural and social sciences. Using Paul Ricoeur's notion of “second naivete experience,” I illustrate the hermeneutical significance of contemporary bio-cultural or socio-biological evolutionary theory for reformulating these concepts of Christian anthropology today.
Tetrodotoxin-Sensitive Sodium Current in Native Xenopus Oocytes

Depolarization of oocytes of Xenopus laevis usually elicits mainly passive currents, and a calcium-dependent chloride current. However, oocytes obtained from some donors show, in addition, a transient inward current on depolarization to potentials beyond ca. - 40 mV. This current is abolished by tetrodotoxin at submicromolar concentrations, and is prolonged by veratrine; thus, it probably arises through sodium channels of a type similar to those found in nerve and muscle cells. However, the kinetics of the sodium currents varied between oocytes from different donors; this result suggests that genes encoding different sodium channels may be expressed in oocytes from different donors. The presence of these native channels may complicate experiments to study the expression of exogenous sodium channels encoded by foreign messenger RNAs injected into the oocyte.
TRH: mediator of prolactin in the prostate?

Abstract Thanks to our preoccupation with androgen ablative therapy, no significant progress has been made in combating prostate cancer (PCa) in 50 years. Also, there have been only limited advances in medical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The intent of this essay is to explore the mode of participation of prolactin (Prl) in prostatic physiology in the hope that such knowledge will reveal new avenues through which both BPH and PCa can be opposed-even prevented. An especially novel aspect of this study is the recognition of the presence and androgen- and prolactin-dependent concentration of the tripeptidel thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in prostatic tissue. It is hypothesized that, whereas TRH is the hypothalamic stimulus of hypophyseal Prl secretion, it may, in the prostate, serve as the mediator of Prl's independent and androgen-dependent controls of the gland's growth and function. Through an overview of these relationships, methods are suggested both for their study and for their adaptation to early detection and prevention of imminent pathogenesis.
Effect of Relative Humidity on the Chemical Composition of Secondary Organic Aerosol Formed from Reactions of 1-Tetradecene and O3

The chemical composition of secondary organic aerosol formed in an environmental chamber from ozonolysis of 1-tetradecene in humid and dry air was determined using a thermal desorption particle beam mass spectrometer (TDPBMS). The major products are α-hydroxytridecyl hydroperoxide and bis(α-hydroxytridecyl) peroxide in humid air and symmetric C26 and asymmetric C14 secondary ozonides in dry air. The hydroperoxide is formed by reaction of stabilized Criegee biradicals with water vapor, and the peroxide (a peroxyhemiacetal) is formed by subsequent reaction of the hydroperoxide with tridecanal. The secondary ozonides are formed by reactions of stabilized Criegee biradicals with tridecanal and formaldehyde. Tridecanoic acid was also observed in both experiments. These compounds have very low vapor pressures and are stable on the 3-h time scale of the environmental chamber experiments. When collected aerosol was analyzed by gas chromatography, the hydroperoxides, peroxides, and secondary ozonides thermally dec...
DNA nucleoside composition and methylation in several species of microalgae

Total DNA was isolated from 10 species of microalgae, including representatives of the Chlorophyceae (Chlorella ellipsoidea, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and Monoraphidium minutum), Bacillariophyceae (Cyclotella cryptica, Navicula saprophila, Nitzschia pusilla, and Phaeodactylum tricornutum), Charophyceae (Stichococcus sp.), Dinophyceae (Crypthecodinium cohnii), and Prasinophyceae (Tetraselmis suecica). Control samples of Escherichia coli and calf thymus DNA were also analyzed. The nucleoside base composition of each DNA sample was determined by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. All samples contained 5-methyldeoxycytidine, although at widely varying levels. In M. minutum, about one-third of the cytidine residues were methylated. Restriction analysis supported this high degree of methylation in M. minutum and suggested that methylation is biased toward 5[prime]-CG dinucleotides. The guanosine + cytosine (GC) contents of the green algae were, with the exception of Stichococcus sp., consistently higher than those of the diatoms. Monoraphidium minutum exhibited an extremely high GC content of 71%. Such a value is rare among eukaryotic organisms and might indicate an unusual codon usage. This work is important for developing strategies for transformation and gene cloning in these algae. 46 refs., 1 fig., 2 tabs.
The genetics of gender and the effects of gender on floral characters in gynodioecious Phacelia linearis (Hydrophyllaceae)

The evolution of gynodioecy depends in part on the location (nucleus or cytoplasm) ofgender-determining genes. Characters genetically correlated with gender also can be important in the evolution of this sexual system. For example, gender differences in the costs of flowers affect the potential for resource compensation by females for the loss of male function. This paper reports the genetics of gender and the nature of secondary sex characters of flowers in Phacelia linearis (Hydrophyllaceae), a gynodioecious annual in which females exhibit substantial compensation. A single nuclear gene has a major effect on gender, recessive homozygotes being male-sterile, but not all the data can be explained by this or other simple inheritance models. In nature, hermaphrodites have wider corollas than females and begin to flower slightly later than females. In a common environment, gender effects on corolla size are modified by genetic background and/or maternal effects. Hermaphrodite flowers have 15% greater dry biomass than female flowers, but similar ovule number and nectar sugar production. Hermaphrodite and female flowers differ in the linear dimensions and biomass allocation of several floral organs. In particular, the androecia and corollas of female flowers are smaller than those of hermaphrodite flowers, both in absolute terms and relative to the size of the rest of the flower. Corolla size reduction could be an important source of resources for compensation by females. The sexual system in which hermaphroditic and female individuals coexist is called gynodioecy (Darwin, 1877). In theory, under most modes of nuclear gender inheritance, the expected lifetime seed production of females
Evaluation of a Twin Screw Pump for Use in High Gas Volume Fraction Flows

The use of multiphase pumps on gas and oil wells which have Gas Volume Fractions (GVF) between 50 and 100% have been shown to have practical applications[1]. A single multiphase pump can replace a separation system, gas compressor, and liquid pump. This can significantly reduce installation cost, maintenance cost, and the space occupied by the system. By reducing the well head pressure, additional production can also be obtained. This work investigates the ability of a 200 hp, 635 gpm twin screw pump designed for use as a multiphase pump to operate over a range of gas volume fractions, inlet pressure, pressure rise, and operating speed. GVF’s from 50% to 100% are considered with inlet pressures from 15 to 100 psig. The pump pressure rise is varied from 50 to 300 psig for operating speeds of 900, 1350, and 1800 rpm. The working fluids for this evaluation are air and water. Each are separately measured prior to injection into the pump inlet. Electrical power consumed along with pressure and temperature measurements across the pump allow the evaluation of pump efficiency, hydraulic performance, volumetric efficiency, and effectiveness (reduction in hydraulic efficiency from pure liquid performance).Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Measurement of Cn2 Profiles from Weather Radar and other Microwave Signals & Conversion to VIS/NIR Cn2 Profiles

Paper describes a novel method for measuring smaller-scale atmospheric turbulence on an arbitrary path. This method permits ability to remotely measure and range the intensity of turbulence and associated refractive structure constant at any wavelength.