cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Supersymmetry and the spontaneous breaking of a U(1) gauge factor

We investigate a supersymmetric theory with an extra U(1) gauge symmetry surviving down to low energies. The extra U(1) is assumed to originate from an E{sub 6} grand unified theory (GUT). We show that if one assumes universal soft supersymmetry-breaking scalar masses at the GUT scale, and requires the mass of the additional U(1) gauge boson to satisfy phenomenological bounds, then the conditions for electroweak symmetry breaking will provide stringent restrictions on the allowed parameter space of such a theory. We also determine the masses of standard as well as exotic sfermions and find that it is possible for the latter to be lighter than the former. An interesting specific observation is that a light top squark is difficult to accommodate with an extra U(1) gauge symmetry. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Fragmentation in Madracis mirabilis (Duchassaing and Michelotti): how common is size-specific fragment survivorship in corals?

Fragmentation is an important asexual mode of reproduction for many coral species and other marine invertebrates. General life history theory and models of coral fragmentation predict that intra- and inter-specific variation in fragment size should be positively related to survival and inversely related to dispersal distance. To test these predictions I examined fragmentation in the Caribbean branching coral Madracis mirabilis, which produces relatively small fragments. The effects of intra-specific variation in fragment size on fragment survival and dispersal in M. mirabilis were examined by following the fate of 60 labeled fragments for 11 months at three sites. Fragment dispersal distance was limited (generally <20 cm), was not significantly related to fragment size, and varied among sites, being greatest at a shallow forereef site. Although the smallest fragments displayed the lowest survivorship (≈50%), there was no apparent increase in survivorship with size among larger fragments (i.e., those 5–15 cm in length), and there was no overall significant relationship between fragment size and survivorship. In contrast, fragment survivorship varied greatly among sites (29–81%), being the highest at two forereef sites (10 and 20 m depth) and lowest at a lagoon site with high sedimentation (10 m depth). Although natural fragments of M. mirabilis are smaller than almost any other known fragmenting coral species, they can have a high rate of survivorship in forereef environments. The results of this and other studies do not support the predicted general inter- and intra-specific relationships between fragment size and survivorship and suggest that fragment survivorship is highly context and species specific, and is also greatly influenced by factors other than fragment size.
Mucosal wave measurement and visualization techniques.

Organized vibration of the vocal folds is critical to high quality voice production. When the vocal folds oscillate, the superficial tissue of the vocal fold is displaced in a wave-like fashion, creating the so called “mucosal wave”. Because the mucosal wave is dependent on vocal fold structure, physical alterations of that structure cause mucosal wave abnormalities. Visualization and quantification of mucosal wave properties have become useful parameters in diagnosing and managing vocal fold pathology. Mucosal wave measurement provides information about vocal fold characteristics that cannot be determined with other assessment techniques. Here, we discuss the benefits, disadvantages, and clinical applicability of the different mucosal wave measurement techniques, such as electroglottography (EGG), photoglottography (PGG), and ultrasound and visualization techniques that include videokymography (VKG), stroboscopy, and high-speed digital imaging (HSDI). The various techniques and their specific uses are reviewed with the intention of helping researchers and clinicians choose a method for a given situation and understand its limitations as well as its potential applications. Recent applications of these techniques for quantitative assessment demonstrate that additional research must be conducted to realize the full potential of these tools. Evaluations of existing research and recommendations for future research are given to promote both the quantitative study of the mucosal wave through accurate and standardized measurement of mucosal wave parameters and the development of reliable methods with which physicians can diagnose vocal disorders.
Imprecise object models: a key to conceptualizing knowledge based management systems

Abstract In this paper we describe an integration of fuzzy sets and conceptual modeling. The conceptual model, entitled the ‘Extended Object Model’ (XOM) is presented with its defined schema. Imprecision is integrated into the XOM via basic data types as well as in their abstractions. The XOM model is then used in designing the conceptual schema of Knowledge Based Management Systems (KBMS). A KBMS Developing Environment (KBMSDE) is proposed on the basis of that schema. Ways of implementing imprecision in KBMSDE are then discussed.
NASA/General Electric Engine Component Improvement Program

The Engine Component Improvement (ECI) Program has been initiated in connection with projects designed to reduce the impact of the world-wide energy crisis in the area of aviation. The two parts of the ECI program have the overall objective to identify and quantify the sources and causes of CF6 engine performance deterioration, and to reduce the fuel consumption of CF6 engines through the development and the incorporation of various performance improvement concepts. The CF6 high-bypass turbofan engine was selected as a basis for this effort, since it is expected to be a significant fuel user in commercial revenue service for the next 15 to 20 years. The first part of the ECI program represents the initial step in an effort to achieve a goal of five percent reduction in fuel usage for CF6 engines in the 1979-82 time period. The first performance improvement concept selected is an improved efficiency fan blade. Other improvements are related to a short core exhaust system and an improved high pressure turbine.
Algorithms for fully automated three-dimensional particle tracking velocimetry

A three-dimensional Particle Tracking Velocimetry (3-D PTV) technique has been developed to provide time-resolved, three-dimensional velocity field measurements throughout a finite volume. This technique offers many advantages for fundamental research in turbulence and applied research in areas such as mixing and combustion. The data acquired in 3-D PTV is a time sequence of stereo images of flow tracer particles suspended in the fluid. In this paper, the implementation of the technique is discussed in detail, as well as the results of an extensive statistical investigation of the performance of the algorithms. The technique has been optimized to allow fully automatic processing of long sequences of image pairs in a computationally efficient manner, hereby providing a viable, practical tool for the study of complex flows.
The Effects of Cooperative Goal Structures and Cooperative Models on LD and Nld Students

This study assessed the impact of individual goal structures, cooperative goal structures, and cooperative goal structures combined with exposure to cooperative models on the achievement, interpers...
Applicaton of blends and side chain Si-O copolymers as high-etch-resistant sub-100-nm e-beam resists

Recently, there is significant interest in using chemically amplified (CA) resists for electron beam (E-Beam) applications including mask making, direct write, and projection printing. CA resists provide superior lithographic performance in comparison to traditional non CA E-beam resists in particular high contrast, resolution, and sensitivity. Due to the electron scattering effect and the image collapse problem, thinner imaging layer is desirable. Sufficient etch selectivity is needed to compensate reduced resist thickness. Therefore, there is a need to have a high etch resistant resist system which can survive Cr etch (Cl2/O2RIE etchant) process in mask making. For device making, the thin film bilayer approach needs a resist that can withstand O2 etch for image transfer to the underlayer. We have found Si-O containing polymer has the etch characteristics for both applications. In the first approach, using a blend of KRS-XE and silsesquioxane polymer, we have been able to resolve resist images down to 50nm with etch rate 20% slower than conventional novolak I- line resist systems. In the second approach, we have investigated the copolymer of vinyl phenol and acrylate siloxy silane systems. Superior litho performance and etch properties have been observed. In this presentation, we will discuss the chemistry, the miscibility in blends, etch characteristics and lithographic performance of these resist systems.
Model-based fault diagnostics of nonlinear systems using the features of the phase space response

Abstract A novel algorithm is presented in this paper for the diagnostics of nonlinear systems based on the idea of estimating the parameters of the system using features of the nonlinear response. The method combines statistical features of the nonlinear response and capabilities of artificial neural networks in data fitting with the objective of estimating the parameters of a defective nonlinear system. New features extracted from the density distribution of position and velocity signals are introduced to characterize the complex topologies of the phase plane response in periodic and multi-periodic domains. A nonlinear pendulum is used for experimental validation of the procedure. The results show that, with appropriately selected features of the response, the parameters of the nonlinear system can be estimated with an acceptable accuracy.
Toward a more viable model of grieving and consequences for older persons

Abstract Most theories of grieving derive from Sigmund Freud and Erich Lindemann's understanding of mourning and include two assumptions: (a) Grieving is time limited; the process should be completed or resolved after a year or two; and (b) The main task of grieving is to achieve “decathexis.” One should detach oneself from emotional ties to the deceased so as to be able to form new relationships. This study presents evidence that these assumptions are flawed and that modern theories of grieving fall short of explaining the complicated reality of the mourning process. An alternative model is presented arguing that when a “high-grief” death occurs, a griever may be able to adapt and adjust to loss, but the grieving continues indefinitely. Implications of this model for older grievers are explored.
Dimensions of adolescent rebellion: Risks for academic failure among high- and low-income youth

The central question addressed in this study was whether upper class, suburban teenagers can engage in various problem behaviors and still maintain adequate academic grades, because of environmental safety nets, unlike their low-income, inner-city counterparts. Three problem behavior dimensions were assessed among tenth graders, that is, substance use, delinquency, and low school engagement. Academic achievement was assessed in terms of grades across four major subjects. Variable-based analyses indicated unique links with grades for self-reported delinquency and school disengagement in high- and low-income samples, but for substance use only among the former. Person-based analyses showed that in both schools, grades were clearly compromised among youth with disturbances in all three problem domains. In addition, in the suburban school only, grades were low in the cluster characterized chiefly by high substance use. Results are discussed in terms of stereotypes regarding risks (or lack thereof) stemming from families' socioeconomic status; implications for theory and interventions are also considered.
An evolutionary algorithm approach to generate distinct sets of non-dominated solutions for wicked problems

Many engineering design problems must optimize multiple objectives. While many objectives are explicit and can be mathematically modeled, some goals are subjective and cannot be included in a mathematical model of the optimization problem. A set of alternative non-dominated fronts that represent multiple optima for problem solution can be identified to provide insight about the decision space and to provide options and alternatives for decision-making. This paper presents a new algorithm, the Multi-objective Niching Co-evolutionary Algorithm (MNCA) that identifies distinct sets of non-dominated solutions which are maximally different in their decision vectors and are located in the same non-inferior regions of a Pareto front. MNCA is demonstrated to identify a set of non-dominated fronts with maximum difference in decision vectors for a set of real-valued problems.
Concentration non-uniformities and averages in flow-through spectrophotometric measurements

Abstract The use of a spectrophotometer in a flow-through configuration to measure an `averaged' solute concentration, under conditions where local non-uniformities in concentration are present, is investigated in a tubular flow system. Various definitions of an `averaged' concentration are possible, and which of these, if any, most closely approximates the one that is actually measured is studied. Numerical solutions of the convection–diffusion equation without reaction are compared to experimental results using different analytes under a range of steady laminar-flow conditions. The cross-sectionally averaged concentration from numerical simulations is found to underestimate measurements consistently, whereas a flux-weighted averaged concentration yields surprisingly good agreement with measured values.
Trapping of Hydrogen Absorbed in Aluminum during Corrosion

Abstract A model for hydrogen capture in aluminum during aqueous corrosion is presented, incorporating near-surface trapping of H atoms at vacancies produced by metal dissolution. Vacancy-hydrogen interactions are described by a simple non-interacting thermodynamic model incorporating binding of multiple H atoms at vacancies, with energetics derived from first-principles calculations. At large absorption rates, submicron-thickness near-surface layers containing elevated vacancy-hydrogen defects concentrations are predicted, consistent with prior experimental observations. The defect layers arise because of the high sensitivity of the vacancy-hydrogen defect concentration to hydrogen chemical potential, owing to interactions of multiple H atoms with vacancies. Vacancy-hydrogen interactions therefore lead to self-concentration of hydrogen near corroding surfaces, at levels orders of magnitude higher than the H interstitial concentration. The elevated hydrogen concentration explains observations of hydride formation during corrosion, and may be relevant to hydrogen-based microscopic degradation mechanisms. The model predictions are quantitatively consistent with results of hydrogen permeation experiments.
Reversal of morphine tolerance by a compound with NPFF receptor subtype-selective actions.

Abstract Neuropeptide FF (NPFF) modulates opiate actions. It has pro-nociceptive effects, primarily through the NPFF receptor 1 subtype, and anti-nociceptive effects, primarily through the NPFFR2 subtype. AC-263093 is a small l, organic, systemically active molecule that was previously shown to functionally activate NPFFR2, but not NPFFR1. It was hypothesized that AC-263093 would attenuate morphine tolerance. Rats were tested for radiant heat tail-flick latency before and after 5 mg/kg morphine sulfate s.c. They were then rendered morphine-tolerant by continuous subcutaneous infusion of 17.52 mg/kg/day morphine sulfate. On the seventh day of infusion, they were retested for analgesia 10 and 20 min after 5 mg/kg morphine sulfate s.c. Tolerance was indicated by reduction of morphine analgesia from the pre-infusion test. Fifty minutes prior to morphine challenge, rats received either 10 mg/kg i.p. AC-263093 or injection vehicle alone. AC-2623093-treated rats had far smaller tolerance scores than control rats. This drug effect was significant, p = 0.015. The same dose of AC-263093 had almost no analgesic effect in non-tolerant, saline-infused rats. In vitro experiments revealed that AC-263093 had equal affinity for NPFFR1 and NPFFR2, and functionally inactivated NPFFR1, in addition to its previously shown ability to activate NPFFR2. Thus, altering the balance between activation of NPFF receptor subtypes may provide one approach to reversing opiate tolerance.
Age-dependent micronuclear deterioration in Tetrahymena pyriformis, syngen 1

Abstract In the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis , syngen 1, senescence is marked both by mitotic and meiotic cytogenetic irregularities of the micronucleus (germinal nucleus) and by an increased frequency of cell death. Full vigor can be restored through the age-dependent process of genomic exclusion, which in prematurely senescent clones C ★ , A ★ III and A ★ V results in the replacement of defective micronuclei but not in the development of new macronuclei (somatic nuclei). After a period of normal behavior, which lasts about 40 fissions in C ★ and 100 fissions in A ★ III and A ★ V, the new micronucleus placed in the same cytoplasm as the old macronucleus again becomes defective and the rejuvenated clone again shows signs of senescence. The origin of these defective micronuclei is traced to action of the old macronucleus. It is suggested that the time course of aging is regulated through the accumulation of unrepaired damage to the micronuclear genetic material.
Self-Esteem Among Young Adults: Differences and Similarities Based on Gender, Race, and Cohort (1990–2012)

The major purpose of this study was to examine the joint effects of race and gender on the self-esteem of young adults. Data came from a large sample of undergraduate students (N = 7,552; 2,785 men and 4,767 women) enrolled at a Midwestern U.S. University over the period 1990–2012. Consistent with prior research, we found that men had higher self-esteem than women and that Blacks had higher self-esteem than Whites, Hispanics, and Asians. The analyses, however, revealed that the gender differences in self-esteem were not found among Blacks and that the higher self-esteem of Blacks relative to other races was greater among women than among men. The effects of race and gender did not change controlling for social class and other demographic variables, did not differ across domains of self-esteem, and were not affected by period of time. This study deepens our knowledge of social group differences in self-esteem, providing evidence that the higher self-esteem of men (relative to women) and of Blacks (relative to other races) persisted across the past two decades.
Postbuckling and vibration of shear deformable flat and curved panels on a non-linear elastic foundation

This study deals with the postbuckling and vibration behavior of flat and shallow curved panels resting on a Winkler linear/non-linear elastic foundation. The considered plate/shell structural model is based on a higher-order shear deformable theory and encompasses a number of effects such as transverse shear, geometric non-linearities and the initial geometric imperfection. Special emphasis is given to the influence played by Winkler's foundation moduli as well as by the previously mentioned effects upon the postbuckling and vibrational response in the pre/postbuckling ranges and a number of pertinent conclusions are outlined.
Chronology of dry fogs in Italy, 1374-1891

A chronology and some comments about the occurrence of ‘dry fogs’ i.e. clouds of volcanic aerosols trapped in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) are reported. The dry fogs have severely affected the biosphere, and they also had local climatic effects affecting the terrestrial albedo. In the most severe cases the fog persisted for months and obscured the sun, in the lesser ones a mist persisted for a few days and the sun was seen as ‘weak’ and the moon with a red halo. The volcanic aerosols were trapped in the PBL in the warm season, when the atmosphere is particularly stable over the relatively cold Mediterranean waters and the Azores Anticyclone causes the absence of winds.
View-invariance learning in object recognition by pigeons depends on error-driven associative learning processes.

A model hypothesizing that basic mechanisms of associative learning and generalization underlie object categorization in vertebrates can account for a large body of animal and human data. Here, we report two experiments which implicate error-driven associative learning in pigeons’ recognition of objects across changes in viewpoint. Experiment 1 found that object recognition across changes in viewpoint depends on how well each view predicts reward. Analyses of generalization performance, spatial position of pecks to images, and learning curves all showed behavioral patterns analogous to those found in prior studies of relative validity in associative learning. In Experiment 2, pigeons were trained to recognize objects from multiple viewpoints, which usually promotes robust performance at novel views of the trained objects. However, when the objects possessed a salient, informative metric property for solving the task, the pigeons did not show view-invariant recognition of the training objects, a result analogous to the overshadowing effect in associative learning.
On representations for joint moments using a joint coordinate system

In studies of the biomechanics of joints, the representation of moments using the joint coordinate system has been discussed by several authors. The primary purpose of this technical brief is to emphasize that there are two distinct, albeit related, representations for moment vectors using the joint coordinate system. These distinct representations are illuminated by exploring connections between the Euler and dual Euler bases, the "nonorthogonal projections" presented in a recent paper by Desroches et al. (2010, "Expression of Joint Moment in the Joint Coordinate System," ASME J. Biomech. Eng., 132(11), p. 11450) and seminal works by Grood and Suntay (Grood and Suntay, 1983, "A Joint Coordinate System for the Clinical Description of Three-Dimensional Motions: Application to the Knee," ASME J. Biomech. Eng., 105(2), pp. 136-144) and Fujie et al. (1996, "Forces and Moment in Six-DOF at the Human Knee Joint: Mathematical Description for Control," Journal of Biomechanics, 29(12), pp. 1577-1585) on the knee joint. It is also shown how the representation using the dual Euler basis leads to straightforward definition of joint stiffnesses.
Theravada Buddhism and political engagement among the Thai-Lao of North East Thailand: the Bun Phra Wet ceremony

The Thai-Lao of North East Thailand (lsan), the major ethnic group in a core area of the Red Shirt movement, have long expressed concern with the well-being of the muang - now nation-state - in which they reside. This paper explores the proposition that the moral foundations for continuing po­ litical engagement at the muang level are explicitly stated in the annual Theravada Buddhist festival, the Bun Phra Wet, celebrated in almost every Thai-Lao village. Moreover, these concerns also involve appropriate actions by the people to correct the systems in which they live.
Trial by Fire: Surviving the Job Talk Q&A

There is a common misconception among graduate students regarding the purpose of the job interview. Many seem to treat the interview as if it were designed to identify and hire outstanding graduate students. Indeed, over the course of their brief interaction with a prospective hire, faculty strive to reassure themselves of the candidate's intelligence, training, and scholarly potential. But underlying all these, I would like to argue, is a persistent concern: Will this candidate make for a good colleague? This is the primary purpose of the interview: Identifying and hiring prospective peers.
PakD, a putative p21-activated protein kinase in Dictyostelium discoideum, regulates actin.

Proper regulation of the actin cytoskeleton is essential for cell function and ultimately for survival. Tight control of actin dynamics is required for many cellular processes, including differentiation, proliferation, adhesion, chemotaxis, endocytosis, exocytosis, and multicellular development. Here we describe a putative p21-activated protein kinase, PakD, that regulates the actin cytoskeleton in Dictyostelium discoideum. We found that cells lacking pakD are unable to aggregate and thus unable to develop. Compared to the wild type, cells lacking PakD have decreased membrane extensions, suggesting defective regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. pakD− cells show poor chemotaxis toward cyclic AMP (cAMP) but normal chemotaxis toward folate, suggesting that PakD mediates some but not all chemotaxis responses. pakD− cells have decreased polarity when placed in a cAMP gradient, indicating that the chemotactic defects of the pakD− cells may be due to an impaired cytoskeletal response to cAMP. In addition, while wild-type cells polymerize actin in response to global stimulation by cAMP, pakD− cells exhibit F-actin depolymerization under the same conditions. Taken together, the results suggest that PakD is part of a pathway coordinating F-actin organization during development.
Comparison of three regularized solution techniques in a three-dimensional inverse radiation problem

Inverse methods provide a good alternative to traditional trial-and-error methods for design of thermal systems. The inverse boundary condition estimation problem in radiating enclosures involves the solution of an ill-posed system that requires regularization to obtain a reasonable physical solution. This study compares three regularized solution techniques that can be used in the inverse boundary condition estimation problems in a three-dimensional radiating enclosure. The regularized solution techniques covered in this study are the conjugate gradient method, bi-conjugate gradient method and truncated singular value decomposition.
CHOLINERGIC ANTAGONISTS AND REM SLEEP GENERATION

In this study we extended our observations on the role of M1 and M2 muscarinic receptors in mediating the cholinergic induction of REM sleep. Cats were chronically implanted with sleep recording electrodes and microinjections of Ringer's or muscarinic antagonists followed by the relatively specific M2 muscarinic agonist, cis-methyl-dioxolane (cisdioxo), were made into the medial pontine reticular formation (mPRF). The microinjection of Ringer's followed by cisdioxo significantly increased REM sleep percentage. Atropine, a mixed muscarinic receptor antagonist, administered before cisdioxo blocked the REM sleep increase while pirenzepine, a selective M1 muscarinic antagonist, did not block the cisdioxo-induced increase in REM sleep. Gallamine, a nicotinic and a putative M2 antagonist, tended to inhibit the cisdioxo-induced increase in REM sleep. These results support the hypothesis that the cholinergic stimulation-induced REM sleep in the medial pontine reticular formation is mediated by a non-M1 muscarinic receptor subtype.
On Directionality and the Structure of the Verb Phrase: Evidence from Nupe

Abstract. We propose a movement account of why some verb phrases seem to be head-final in the Nupe language whereas others seem to be head-initial. Several converging arguments are given that verbs come before their complements in the underlying structure. Apparent counterexamples come from the presence of identifiable functional heads within the verb phrase structure that attract NPs to their specifier position. Two such heads are distinguished: Agro0, which attracts an NP nonlocally for purposes of licensing accusative Case, and Infin0, which attracts the closest NP to check an EPP feature regardless of whether it is Case marked. We briefly compare our analysis to remnant movement analyses to sharpen the typology of leftward movement in natural language. We conclude that the success of Kayne's (1994) approach to word order depends on uncovering and cataloging the triggers of these movements.
Vaccination protects B cell-deficient mice against an oral challenge with mildly virulent Toxoplasma gondii

Abstract Prior studies have demonstrated that B cells are important components of protection in vaccinated mice challenged intraperitoneally with a highly virulent type I strain of Toxoplasma gondii parasites. However, it is not known whether B cells are required for vaccinated mice to successfully resist a more physiologically relevant challenge infection with a mildly virulent type II strain of T. gondii. To investigate that question, we vaccinated B cell-deficient C57BL/6 (μMT) mice with an attenuated strain of T. gondii and challenged them with a potentially lethal oral dose of type II T. gondii cysts. Vaccinated μMT mice survived the challenge as well as vaccinated B6 controls, controlled parasites equally well in critical tissues, produced equivalent levels of mRNA for several type 1 cytokines, and exhibited comparably mild histopathology. Thus, a vaccine can protect against infection with a mildly virulent type II strain of T. gondii in the absence of a B cell-dependent immune response.
Answers to 20 Questions About Interrater Reliability and Interrater Agreement

The use of interrater reliability (IRR) and interrater agreement (IRA) indices has increased dramatically during the past 20 years. This popularity is, at least in part, because of the increased role of multilevel modeling techniques (e.g., hierarchical linear modeling and multilevel structural equation modeling) in organizational research. IRR and IRA indices are often used to justify aggregating lower-level data used in composition models. The purpose of the current article is to expose researchers to the various issues surrounding the use of IRR and IRA indices often used in conjunction with multilevel models. To achieve this goal, the authors adopt a question-and-answer format and provide a tutorial in the appendices illustrating how these indices may be computed using the SPSS software.
Laminar and cellular distribution of AMPA, kainate, and NMDA receptor subunits in monkey sensory–motor cortex

In situ hybridization histochemistry and immunocytochemistry were used to examine lamina- and cell-specific expression of glutamate receptor (GluR) mRNAs and polypeptide subunits in motor and somatosensory cortex of macaque monkeys. Radioactive complementary RNA (cRNA) probes were prepared from cDNAs specific for α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxozolepropionate (AMPA)/kainate (GluR1–GluR4), kainate (GluR5–GluR7), and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA; NR1, NR2A–NR2D) receptor subunits. AMPA/kainate and NR1, NR2A, and NR2B receptor transcripts show higher expression than other transcripts. All transcripts show lamina-specific patterns of distribution. GluR2 and GluR4 mRNAs show higher expression than do GluR1 and GluR3 mRNAs. GluR6 transcript expression is higher than that of GluR5 and GluR7. NR1 mRNA expression is much higher than that of NR2 mRNAs. NR2C subunit expression is very low except for a very distinct band of high expression in layer IV of area 3b. Immunocytochemistry, using subunit-specific antisera and double labeling for calbindin, parvalbumin, or α type II Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMKII-α), allowed identification of cell types expressing different subunit genes. GluR1 and GluR5/6/7 immunoreactivity is found in both pyramidal cells and gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) cells; GluR2/3 immunoreactivity is preferentially found in pyramidal cells, whereas GluR4 immunoreactivity is largely restricted to GABA cells; NMDA receptor subunit immunoreactivity is far greater in excitatory cells than in GABA cells. The density of expression of AMPA/kainate, kainate, and NMDA receptor subunit mRNAs differed within and across the architectonic fields of sensory–motor cortex. This finding and the lamina- and cell-specific patterns of expression suggest assembly of functional receptors from different arrangements of available subunits in specific neuronal populations. J. Comp. Neurol. 407:472–490, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Blood flow and pressure relationships which determine VO2max.

The role of O2 delivery in regulating VO2max has been studied in an isolated gastrocnemius-plantaris muscle preparation contracting in situ; recent data addressing this issue are presented. VO2 increases nonlinearly with stimulation frequency reaching a peak at 5 twitches.s-1 or 1 tet.s-1 (200 ms trains, 50 imp.s-1). Further increases in stimulation frequency result in a lower VO2. Measured VO2 maxima are less than predicted VO2 capacity, and peak VO2 during tetanic contractions is greater than that during twitches. Above 150 imp.min-1, VO2 is directly related to the level of blood flow attained as VO2/Q (arterial-venous O2 difference) is fixed by some unknown mechanism. Increasing blood flow, with a pump, during 1.s-1 tetanic contractions increases O2 diffusive conductance and peak VO2. When O2 delivery is reduced, ischemic hypoxia appears to result in more rapid reductions in muscle performance than hypoxic hypoxia because of decreases in perfusion pressure and Q. 31P-NMR studies reveal that reductions in creatine phosphate and energy charge are similar between ischemia and hypoxia suggesting a common regulator, O2. We conclude that VO2max is limited by O2 delivery as a result of a limited and uneven distribution of muscle blood flow. These limitations appear secondary to mechanical restraints imposed by contraction duty cycle and vascular compression.
A note on elasticity of substitution functions

Given a production function (or equivalently, a cost function), the Allen-Uzawa elasticity of substitution functions are uniquely determined. The converse, however, is not true. The purpose of this note is to characterize the class of production functions with identical sets of elasticity of substitution functions. We do this indirectly by characterizing the class of cost functions with given identical sets of elasticity of substitution functions. In terms of the cost function C(Y, p), where Y is the quantity of output and p is the vector of prices, the Allen-Uzawa elasticity of substitution functions are given by
Effects of Item Arrangement, Sex of the Subject, and Test Anxiety on Cognitive and Self-Perception Scores in a Nonquantitative Content Area.

Previous research using an examination with a quantitative emphasis revealed a significant sex effect and an item arrangement x sex interaction for a cognitive variable (number right) and an item a...
Fracture Toughness Measurement of Chromium Nitride Films on Brass

Two methods of measuring the fracture toughness of films are critically examined using well-characterized films of CrN and Cr 2 N ∼6 μm in thickness bonded to brass. The first method invokes a model developed by Beuth and Klingbeil in which the film fracture stress is related to the fracture energy through an expression that accounts for work hardening of the substrate. The second method is to directly measure the displacement field around the crack tip using electron-beam moire and, subsequently, to estimate the crack-tip stress intensity factor using full-field-displacement equations. The films are prepared by magnetron sputtering on brass substrates heat-treated at various temperatures, thereby altering the microstructure and, hence, the substrate yield stress. Unexpectedly, the same films deposited on various substrates lead to very different in-plane compressive residual stresses. The effect on crack-driving force is discussed, and a comparison between these two methods is made. Both techniques agree reasonably well and reveal that CrN exhibits a higher toughness than Cr 2 N.
Synthesis of lariat ether carboxylic acids based on dibenzo-16-crown-5

Synthetic routes to forty-seven dibenzo-16-crown-5 compounds with pendant carboxylic acid groups are reported. When taken together with previously described lariat ether carboxylic acids, these new compounds provide several series with systematic structural variations including changes in the identity and attachment site(s) of one or more lipophilic groups and the length of the spacer that connects the carboxylic acid group to the polyether framework.
Linear helicopter trackers using attitude measurements

This paper investigates the benefits of using Euler angle and rotor angle information in addition to position information in tracking maneuvering helicopters. The tracking problem as addressed here involves estimating present position and predicting the future position of a highly maneuvering target helicopter. The results of a theoretical error variance analysis indicate that trackers using helicopter mathematical models that include translational, fuselage-attitude, and rotor-angle dynamics have lower position, velocity, and acceleration error variances than conventional trackers. Frequency responses of trajectory prediction errors display lower prediction errors for the trackers using attitude and rotor angle information as compared to conventional trackers. Furthermore, simulations have shown that a tracker using attitude and rotor-angle information would null trajectory prediction errors (following a helicopter maneuver) substantially faster than conventional trackers. A large remaining problem for target trackers is the inability to predict accurately future trajectories when the aircraft is undergoing jinking maneuvers. Nonetheless, the use of attitude information in helicopter trackers helps reduce these trajectory prediction errors.
Autism and dyslexia: A spectrum of cognitive styles as defined by minicolumnar morphometry

There is a continuum of cognitive styles amongst humans, defined by differences in minicolumnar numbers/width and arcuate/commissural white matter connectivities. Specifically, it is the connectivity within and between modular cortical circuits that defines conditions such as autism and developmental dyslexia. In autism, a model of local hyperconnectivity and long-range hypoconnectivity explains many of the behavioral and cognitive traits present in the condition, while the inverse arrangement of local hypoconnectivity and long-range hyperconnectivity in dyslexia sheds light on that condition as well. We propose that the cognitive styles present in autism and developmental dyslexia typify the extremes of a minicolumnar spectrum in humans.
Overexpression of Kinase-Associated Phosphatase (KAP) in Breast and Prostate Cancer and Inhibition of the Transformed Phenotype by Antisense KAP Expression

Accumulating evidence suggests that phosphatases play an important role in regulating a variety of signal transduction pathways that have a bearing on cancer. The kinase-associated phosphatase (KAP) is a human dual-specificity protein phosphatase that was identified as a Cdc2- or Cdk2-interacting protein by a yeast two-hybrid screening, yet the biological significance of these interactions remains elusive. We have identified the KAP gene as an overexpressed gene in breast and prostate cancer by using a phosphatase domain-specific differential-display PCR strategy. Here we report that breast and prostate malignancies are associated with high levels of KAP expression. The sublocalization of KAP is variable. In normal cells, KAP is primarily found in the perinuclear region, but in tumor cells, a significant portion of KAP is found in the cytoplasm. Blocking KAP expression by antisense KAP in a tetracycline-regulatable system results in a reduced population of S-phase cells and reduced Cdk2 kinase activity. Furthermore, lowering KAP expression led to inhibition of the transformed phenotype, with reduced anchorage-independent growth and tumorigenic potential in athymic nude mice. These findings suggest that therapeutic intervention might be aimed at repression of KAP gene overexpression in human breast and prostate cancer.
Kill Vehicle Guidance and Control Sizing For Boost-Phase Intercept

This paper addresses some of the guidance and control issues involved in enabling an air-launched interceptor carrying a highly maneuverable kinetic kill vehicle to perform an exoatmospheric intercept of a boosting threat missile capable of traveling many thousands of kilometers. The paper takes the reader through the first iteration of the multi-iteration design process in order to show how much divert and acceleration are required by the kinetic kill vehicle to hit the target. Simplified examples are presented to indicate how conventional guidance and filtering techniques can be used as a starting point in the iterative design process for this important problem in missile defense. More advanced guidance and filtering techniques can be used in subsequent iterations to more accurately size the kinetic kill vehicle and improve system performance and robustness.
Charitable contributions and intergenerational transfers

Abstract This paper investigates the effects of bequest taxes and the income of children on the lifetime charitable contributions of parents. Using matched income tax records for parents and children, the results show a positive elasticity of 0.6 for contributions with respect to the tax price of bequests. The paper also finds that the income of children affects the amount that parents contribute to charity. The results show a positive elasticity of up to 0.14 for contributions by parents with respect to the income of children, implying that when children are better off, parents are likely to increase charitable giving.
Spectral narrowing in a dual Volume Bragg Grating Ti:Sapphire oscillator

Spectral narrowing of Ti:sapphire down to two longitudinal modes has been achieved in the 3 W pump power range and 200 mW output using a compact design. Further improvements leading to single mode operation are discussed.
Initial Experience with Alcohol Septal Ablation Using a Novel Magnetic Navigation System

Objectives: We compared the use of magnetically assisted intervention (MAI) with conventional guidewire techniques to perform alcohol septal ablation (ASA) in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). Background: Treatment of symptomatic patients with HOCM using ASA has been established as an effective therapy. However, in many cases cannulaton of the septal artery can be technically challenging. Recently, a magnetically directed guidewire system has been developed to assist in navigation in difficult percutaneous interventions. By directing the guidewire to the septal branch, this system has potential to shorten the procedure time and increase success and safety of ASA in patients with HOCM. Methods: From October 2004 through October 2006, 44 consecutive patients underwent ASA using MAI with the Niobe® system (Stereotaxis, Inc., St. Louis, MO). We compared these patients to 29 age- and gradient-matched cases using conventional techniques performed by an operator with >100 prior cases. Results: All procedures were successful. Both the MAI and conventional groups had improved symptoms, exercise times, and reduced gradients compared with baseline. One dissection occurred in the conventional group. Although there were no aggregate differences in acute or 3-month clinical outcomes, the time required for guidewire cannulation of the septal branch decreased progressively with increasing experience (third tertile vs first tertile (3 [1.25–4.75 vs 10.5 [6–17] minutes, P = 0.004) compared with the conventional group (6 [2–10.25] minutes, P = 0.075 vs third tertile), suggesting a learning curve for MAI. Conclusions: MAI has the potential to improve wiring time and outcomes of HOCM patients undergoing ASA.
Husbandry Methods for Pocket Gophers

Abstract Described husbandry practices for pocket gophers are rare. Antiquated practices do not satisfy current husbandry standards, requiring investigators to modify methods to meet the needs of their research. We report techniques for housing Baird's pocket gopher (Geomys breviceps) that sustain health of captives, encourages natural behaviors, and meet necessary husbandry requirements. Twenty-six G. breviceps were housed at the University of Arkansas at Little Rock over an 18-month period. A diet consisting of fresh vegetation promoted apparently normal development, and parasitic treatments were effective. Individuals were housed within simulated tunnel systems constructed of multiple cages and plastic tubing and allowed to structure their environment with a combination of topsoil, Bermuda hay, and pine wood chips. Animals readily adapted to this caging system, which can be easily disassembled and sanitized for routine maintenance. Given the effectiveness of these techniques at sustaining G. breviceps,...
Photonic crystal enhanced cytokine immunoassay

Photonic crystal surfaces are demonstrated as a means for enhancing the detection sensitivity and resolution for assays that use a fluorescent tag to quantify the concentration of an analyte protein molecule in a liquid test sample. Computer modeling of the spatial distribution of resonantly coupled electromagnetic fields on the photonic crystal surface are used to estimate the magnitude of enhancement factor compared to performing the same fluorescent assay on a plain glass surface, and the photonic crystal structure is fabricated and tested to experimentally verify the performance using a sandwich immunoassay for the protein Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α). The demonstrated photonic crystal fabrication method utilizes a nanoreplica molding technique that allows for large-area inexpensive fabrication of the structure in a format that is compatible with confocal microarray laser scanners. The signal-to-noise ratio for fluorescent spots on the photonic crystal is increased by at least five-fold relative to the glass slide, allowing a TNF-α concentration of 1.6 pg/ml to be distinguished from noise on a photonic crystal surface. In addition, the minimum quantitative limit of detection on the photonic crystal surface is one-third the limit on the glass slide — a decrease from 18 pg/ml to 6 pg/ml. The increased performance of the immunoassay allows for more accurate quantitation of physiologically relevant concentrations of TNF-α in a protein microarray format that can be expanded to multiple cytokines.
Measuring contraceptive use patterns among teenage and adult women.

unintended pregnancy associated with patterns of long-term contraceptive use. Moreover, no studies of long-term contraceptive use have compared teenagers and adult women. Given these limits, it is all the more troubling that researchers seldom validate measures of contraceptive use. With the exception of contraceptive failure analyses, studies often assess risk factors related to poor contraceptive use, but fail to demonstrate that their measures actually predict risk of unintended pregnancy. In this article, data from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) are used to address these issues by introducing a new measure—contraceptive use pattern—that takes into account nonuse, sporadic use or consistent method use over a period of many months. This measure is validated by examining the association between contraceptive use pattern and subsequent unintended pregnancy and comparing the results to the relationship between use pattern and contraceptive use at first intercourse.
A noetherian example

Kaplansky asked if in a Noetherian domain the intersection of two height 2 primes must contain a non-zero prime. This paper presents a counterexample. Some positive results are given in [2]. The construction in the example proper considerably simpli-fies the argument of [3-Theorem 2.5]. We assume familiarity with [1, Section 1-5].
Vibrational spectra of some phosphine sulfides and their Cu(I) complexes

Abstract The i.r. and Raman spectra of five phosphine sulfides and their complexes [Cu L 3 ] Y where L = Me 3 PS, Et 3 PS, (isopropyl) 3 PS, PH 3 PS and (Me 2 N) 3 PS and Y = BF 4 − or ClO 4 − and the complexes (CuMe 3 PS X ) n . ( X = Cl, n = 3; X = Br, I , n ≠ 3) have been measured. A discussion of the relative position of the phosphorus-sulfur stretching frequency for various ligands is given. A correlation has been made between the phosphorus-sulfur stretching frequency, its shift upon coordination to Cu(I), and the copper-sulfur stretching frequency. Isotopic substitution ( 63,65 Cu and 35,37 Cl) has been utilized to aid in assignment of the copper-sulfur and copper-chlorine stretching frequencies.