cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interplanetary flux enhancements: Comparison with cometary models and observations

Interplanetary field enhancements (IFE's) are unusual nearly symmetric increases in the strength of the interplanetary magnetic field lasting tens of minutes to hours. Examples of interplanetary field enhancements are compared with MHD models and with the data obtained by the ICE spacecraft at Giacobini-Zinner. These comparisons suggest that the varying properties of IFE's are due to the fact that some events are due to passages in front of the nucleus, others in the near tail and yet others in the distant tail.
Polarization effects aboard the Space Interferometry Mission

For precision displacement measurements, laser metrology is currently one of the most accurate measurements. Often, the measurement is located some distance away from the laser source, and as a result, stringent requirements are placed on the laser delivery system with respect to the state of polarization. Such is the case with the fiber distribution assembly (FDA) that is slated to fly aboard the Space Interferometry Mission (SIM) next decade. This system utilizes a concatenated array of couplers, polarizers and lengthy runs of polarization-maintaining (PM) fiber to distribute linearly-polarized light from a single laser to fourteen different optical metrology measurement points throughout the spacecraft. Optical power fluctuations at the point of measurement can be traced back to the polarization extinction ration (PER) of the concatenated components, in conjunction with the rate of change in phase difference of the light along the slow and fast axes of the PM fiber.
Student Roles and Mathematical Competence in Two Contrasting Elementary Classes.

This article focuses on a group of elementary students and their mathematics experiences in two classes. The two classes featured mathematics lessons that were organised in contrasting ways. The purpose of this article is to examine students’ views of their experiences in these different mathematics classes. Through a focus on identity and competence, the analysis presents insights in relation to how students make sense and talk about what competence entailed in the different classes of which they are members. A number of attempts have been made to describe mathematics classrooms that emphasise understanding and inquiry and are at the same time consistent with reform recommendations (e.g., Ball, 1993; Brown, Collins, & Duguid, 1989; Lampert, 1990; Cobb, McNeal, Yackel, & Wood, 1992; National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, 1989, 1991, 2000; Richards, 1991). Such descriptions have collectively emphasised a shift to mathematics classrooms as learning communities rather than merely a collection of individuals. In these reformaligned and inquiry-based classrooms, discussions focus on students’ thinking and attempt to unpack relationships among quantities and concepts in relation to different algorithms. Participation structures in such classrooms are more complex with students posing questions, providing justifications, making conjectures, and offering alternative explanations (Ball, 1993; Ball & Cohen, 1999; Lampert, 1990). Students, in such classrooms, are expected to explain their thinking and interpretations as they solve mathematical tasks and justification rests heavily on explaining one’s reasoning and the rationales for procedures. Clearly, reform recommendations have called for dramatic changes that have implications for all aspects of mathematics classrooms. One of these implications is a shift in students’ roles in mathematics classrooms. Reform recommendations require students to engage in learning in different ways, as compared to their roles with more traditional instruction. Some argue that being successful in reform-based, inquiry classrooms demands different forms of knowledge and of participation to which some students have access and others do not (Lubienski, 2000; Zevenbergen, 1996). The multiple communities of which students are members, including the classroom, have implications for students’ access to these different ways of participating. At the same time, others indicate the potential of reform practices in addressing issues of differential achievement and persistence in mathematics learning (Boaler, 1997). With this continuing debate, many in mathematics education have emphasised the need for examining the ongoing consequences of reform recommendations for students’ learning of mathematical ideas and development
Interrelationships of Hyperinsulinism and Hypertriglyceridemia in Young Patients with Coronary Heart Disease

Fasting serum lipid levels, glucose tolerance, and immunoreactive insulin concentrations of 50 young patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and 30 control subjects were evaluated to study the interrelationships of these metabolic factors. Abnormalities in one or more of these factors could be shown in 90% of the patients and 20% of the control subjects. Thirty-four of the 50 patients had elevated cholesterol or triglyceride levels, or both, 30 had abnormally elevated or delayed insulin responses after glucose, and 17 had abnormal glucose tolerance. A significant correlation existed between serum triglyceride and insulin concentrations. When insulin levels were reduced by phenformin, triglyceride concentrations fell toward normal. These findings indicate that carbohydrate, insulin, and lipid abnormalities are rather prevalent in patients with CHD. Excessive insulin secretion secondary to mild glucose intolerance probably induces hepatic synthesis of triglycerides and hypertriglyceridemia. Dietary alter...
Validation of a nine-dimensional measure of drinking motives for use in clinical applications: The desired effects of drinking scale.

The Desired Effects of Drinking (DEOD) is a 36-item, 9-subscale, self-report measure assessing reasons for drinking, concerning three general motives for alcohol use: Coping, Social, and Enhancement. These subscales include Negative Feelings, Self-esteem, Relief, Positive Feelings, Social Facilitation, Assertion, Drug Effects, Sexual Enhancement, and Mental effects. As part of the COMBINE study, scores from the nine DEOD subscales, along with additional information about alcohol consumption and consequences, were incorporated into personalized client feedback as part of a motivational enhancement intervention and as a guide for the development of a plan for treatment and change. With responses from a clinical sample of 572 individuals seeking alcohol treatment, the 9-subscale structure of the instrument was substantiated through a second-order confirmatory factor analysis, revealing moderately large to large factor loadings and good indices of model fit. A third-order factor analysis indicated these nine subscales adequately represented the three drinking motives. It is suggested these three general motives for alcohol use, which may be more distinctly delineated into the nine dimensions reflected in the DEOD structure, can be used clinically to help plan appropriate interventions and facilitate behavior change.
Cadmium is an inducer of oxidative stress in yeast

The heavy metal cadmium is a carcinogen in long-term rodent studies and is a suspect human carcinogen. Cadmium scores negative in the Ames Salmonella mutagenicity assay and in most other short-term genotoxicity assays, but induces deletions in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We have investigated whether cadmium induces an oxidative stress in S. cerevisiae which may be responsible for its recombinagenic activity. The free radical scavenger N-acetylcysteine blocked toxicity and recombination induced in S. cerevisiae by cadmium. Yeast strains deficient in the antioxidant defense enzymes superoxide dismutase or gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase were hypersensitive to cadmium toxicity. Cells grown in the absence of oxygen were more resistant to cadmium. An intracellular free radical-sensitive reporter compound was activated in S. cerevisiae exposed to cadmium. Toxicity or recombination induced by the mutagenic carcinogen methyl methanesulfonate were unaffected in any of the above experiments. These results suggest that the toxicity and recombinagenic activity of cadmium in S. cerevisiae is caused by oxidative stress.
Antiproton-impact ionization of H, He and Li

Time-dependent close-coupling methods based on the expansion of one- and two-active-electron wavefunctions in spherical harmonics are used to calculate antiproton-impact single-ionization cross sections for H, He and Li. The single active electron cross sections are found to be in fair agreement with previous calculations and experiment for H and in good agreement with previous calculations for Li. However, the single active electron cross sections for He are found to be considerably larger than current and the previous two active electron cross sections, other calculations and experiment. It appears that electron correlation effects play a significant role in antiproton-impact ionization of He.
Lower bound on complexity of optimization of continuous functions

This paper considers the problem of approximating the minimum of a continuous function using a fixed number of sequentially selected function evaluations. A lower bound on the complexity is established by analyzing the average case for the Brownian bridge.
The genetics of susceptibility to diabetes

Cet article synthese presente et analyse les travaux ayant pour sujet le determinisme genetique du developpement du diabete insulino-dependant. La relation entre le locus DQ des antigenes d'histocompatibilite de classe II et le developpement de la maladie est etudiee
Outbred embryos rescue inbred half-siblings in mixed-paternity broods of live-bearing females

Females commonly mate with more than one male, and polyandry has been shown to increase reproductive success in many species. Insemination by multiple males shifts the arena for sexual selection from the external environment to the female reproductive tract, where sperm competition or female choice of sperm could bias fertilization against sperm from genetically inferior or genetically incompatible males. Evidence that polyandry can be a strategy for avoiding incompatibility comes from studies showing that inbreeding cost is reduced in some egg-laying species by postcopulatory mechanisms that favour fertilization by sperm from unrelated males. In viviparous (live-bearing) species, inbreeding not only reduces offspring genetic quality but might also disrupt feto-maternal interactions that are crucial for normal embryonic development. Here we show that polyandry in viviparous pseudoscorpions reduces inbreeding cost not through paternity-biasing mechanisms favouring outbred offspring, but rather because outbred embryos exert a rescuing effect on inbred half-siblings in mixed-paternity broods. The benefits of polyandry may thus be more complex for live-bearing females than for females that lay eggs.
Ontogenetic shift from facilitation to competition in a desert shrub

Summary 1 Spatiotemporal responses to habitat conditions are important components of plant population and community dynamics. Plant stage or size is a common predictor of plant performance for a range of ecological conditions, including responses to neighbours. Plant response to local conditions varies from seedling establishment through to senescence, with strong implications for population regulation. 2 I investigated size-dependent responses to near adult neighbours among a uniquely quantitative sample of mapped juvenile and adult bur-sage (Ambrosia dumosa), a common shrub in the Colorado Desert of California. 3 Analyses of juvenile establishment and survival for two 5-year census periods from 1984 to 1989 and 1989 to 1994 determined that germination and survival was greater for juveniles located under adults compared with away from adults. However, analyses of neighbour effects on growth of plants from the 1984 cohort showed that near adult neighbours improved juvenile growth over the 10-year interval from 1984 to 1994, but reduced adult growth. 4 A size-dependent, ontogenetic shift occurs because neighbouring adult plants significantly improve the demographic performance of juveniles, but diminish that of larger established plants. 5 The ontogenetic niche shift may be a useful framework to describe such differential responses of juvenile and adult plants. The utility of this framework is that responses to spatial and temporal variability in the environment are clearly demonstrated through ontogenetic constraints on plant performance, which provide an alternative mechanism of coexistence within and between species.
Prediction of the clearing temperatures of a series of liquid crystals from molecular structure

A quantitative structure−property relationship (QSPR) investigation was performed to develop a mathematical link between molecular structure and the clearing temperature of a series of structurally related liquid crystals. Molecular structures were encoded by a series of numerical descriptors encoding information regarding size, shape, and the ability to participate in intermolecular interactions. A genetic algorithm feature selection routine was utilized to select high-quality subsets of these descriptors for use in computational neural network models. A successful 10-descriptor model was developed using 318 compounds with a root-mean-square error of 5.4 K for the clearing temperature for the compounds in an external prediction set not used in model development.
Cervical lymphadenopathy secondary to rhabdomyosarcoma presenting as Horner syndrome in an infant

A 4-week-old boy with left ptosis, anisocoria, and a mass on his left hand was diagnosed with Horner syndrome. The diagnosis precipitated a work-up for a possible malignant etiology. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated enlarged left cervical and axillary lymph nodes. A biopsy of the hand lesion confirmed embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, but a biopsy of the axillary lymph node was negative. Mechanical pressure by noncancerous enlarged lymph nodes is hypothesized to cause the Horner syndrome.
A comparison of some of the physical and chemical properties of the phosphocylycerate mutases from human erythrocytes

Summary The molecular weights of both phosphoglycerate mutases from human erythrocytes have been critically examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and by exclusion chromatography. The data indicate that native monophospholycerate mutase (mw ≈ 56–57,200) is larger than bisphosphoglycerate mutase (mw ≈ 54–54,400) by approximately 2–3,000 g per mole. Despite differences in mass, amino acid analyses show that each enzyme is strikingly similar in compasition. Thus, the values obtained for two-thirds of the residues in both proteins are either identical or nearly idential. Moderately disparate values, however, are found for lysine, threonine, glutamic acid, proline, glycine, alanine, and leucine. Of the two proteins, the monomutase is the slightly more hydrophobic, while the dimutase is the more acidic. In accord with compositional analyses, density gradient electrofocusing shows that the isoelectric points of bisphosphoglycerate and monophosphoglycerate mutase are 4.9 and 6.2, respectively. The results presented in this paper and elsewhere suggest that an extensive degree of homology exists between both red cell enzymes.
Voltammetry of monomeric and dimeric oxorhenium(V) complexes of Schiff base ligands N,N′-ethylenebis(acetylacetone)diimine, N,N′-ethylene(salicylidene)diimine and N,N′-phenylenebis(salicylidene)diimine

Abstract The electrochemical study of six Schiff base complexes of oxorhenium(V) of the general formula Re2O3L2 and ReOClL (L=N,N′-ethylenebis(acetylacetone)diimine (acacen), N,N′-ethylene(salicylidene)diimine (salen) and N,N′-phenylenebis(salicylidene)diimine (salphen)) was undertaken. In non-aqueous media the oxorhenium(V) monomers exhibit an equilibrium in solution (between forms ReOClL and [ReOL]++Cl−), the position of the equilibrium dependent on L. A one-electron reduction and one-electron oxidation are observed, followed by a fast chemical reaction, resulting in decomposition of the complex. The μ-oxo dimeric complexes underwent a two-electron reduction followed by decomposition to an electroinactive product. Successive one-electron oxidations of each rhenium in Re2O3L2 were observed. Each electron-transfer step was coupled to a chemical reaction; the generation of [Re2O3L2]+ was followed by the cleavage of the μ-oxo bond and formation of mono-oxo species. This reaction was much slower than the decomposition which followed generation of [Re2O3L2]2+.
A 5-HT3 receptor agonist induces neurally mediated chloride transport in rat distal colon

Having previously demonstrated that serotonin (5HT)-induced chloride secretion in rat distal colon is mediated at both neural and nonneural receptors, we isolated the neural component of this response by adding the selective 5-HT3 receptor agonist, 2-methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine (2Me5HT), to in vitro sheets of rat distal colon with intact neural plexuses. Rats were sacrificed, and the distal colon excised, opened, cut into sections and mounted, all layers intact, as flat sheets in Ussing chambers under short-circuited conditions. 2Me5HT induced a prompt, significant (P < 0.01), concentration-dependent rise in short-circuit current (Isc; EC50 6.2 μM); 50 μM 2Me5HT decreased both net sodium and chloride absorption (-0.1 ± 0.5 and -2.1 ± 0.8 μEq/cm2 · hr, respectively); the difference (2.0 ± 0.8 μEq/cm2 · hr) in these changes was not statistically different from the rise in Isc (1.5 ± 0.3 μEq/cm2 · hr). Since the only significant change inunidirectional flux was the rise in electrogenic CI- secretion (P < 0.01), the ΔIsc induced by 2Me5HT may be used as a measure of electrogenic chloride secretion induced by the agonist. The rise in Isc induced by 2Me5HT was abolished by both 0.2 μM tetrodotoxin and 0.1 μM ICS 205-930 (a 5-HT3 antagonist) but was not inhibited by 1.0 M atropine, 100 μM hexamethonium, 10 μM phentolamine, 10 μM propranolol, 10 μM 5-HTP-DP (a 5-HT1p antagonist), or 0.1 μM ketanserin (a 5-HT2 antagonist). These results indicate that 2-methyl-5-HT is a highly selective agonist for neurally based 5-HT3 receptors in this model. Since 2Me5HT-stimulated secretion is inhibited by neither adrenergic nor cholinergic antagonists, it is likely that the secretomotor neurotransmitter for this transport change is a neuropeptide.
Generation and confinement of plasmas in tokamak systems

The tokamak field configuration is based on plasma current flowing along a predominantly toroidal magnetic field. The joule dissipation associated with this current heats the plasma ions to typical temperatures of about 1 keV. Auxiliary heating by means of neutral atom beams has been used to raise the ion temperature to about 6 keV; high-frequency wave heating appears equally promising. The magnetohydrodynamic stability of the tokamak has been demonstrated experimentally for values of /? (ratio of mean plasma pressure to magnetic pressure) up to 3%, confirming theoretical expectations of stable reactor operation. Ion-energy confinement is found to be close to the optimal theoretical prediction. Electron-energy confinement is anomalous, but its observed scaling is compatible with a moderate-sized tokamak reactor. The principal remaining plasma physics problem is believed to be the control of 9impurity9 ions associated with wall interactions and with the burn-up of deuterium-tritium fuel.
‘The Internet Is Magic’: Technology, Intimacy and Transnational Families

Drawing on multi-sited ethnography and qualitative research, I argue that the visual register in particular modes of communication technology like Skype and Facebook ushers in a different quality of relationships for transnational families. Most participants in this study are undocumented immigrants unable to return to their families for long periods of time because of legal consequences that will ban them from coming back and working in the USA. On the other hand, their families in the Philippines cannot visit the USA without proper documentation. The economic necessity of working abroad and legal conditions deter family reunification. Consequently, since these families are separated their only means of sustaining their relationships is through communication technology. The new mediums of communication, given their innovations in visuality, frequency and access to one another’s digital lives, present complicated issues as well as different forms of intimacy for members in a transnational family.
Alzheimer's disease and the modified role of the neurologist in today's healthcare environment

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a global priority public health problem, such that health ministries worldwide and medical education sectors alike need to prioritize resources for dementia research, education, and treatment. Many American opinion leaders in neurology hold to the maxim that the rising incidence and prevalence of AD in an aging population will create an increasing demand for the services of neurologists. With managed care on the march, however, a declining workload for practicing neurologists is far more likely, because until 2010 the number of neurologists will continue to expand more rapidly than the increasing burden of illness. Reform of medical education in support of the World Health Organization "Health for All" initiative can provide all physicians with a population-based perspective and a sense of social mission that encourages appropriate utilization of specialized resources and personnel. In the era of managed care, neurologic education should be broadened into the domain of mental illness to increase practice opportunities for graduating residents as behavioral neuroscientists. The capacity of AD referral centers to thrive in a cost-conscious managed care environment is crucially dependent on the ability and willingness of office-based neurologists with managed care contracts to make appropriate patient referrals to such centers. Neurologists who question the capacity of primary care physicians to provide the full range of specialized services should likewise question the quality of tertiary care carried out in a community framework of service provision.
Private justice and the folkloric community in the world of Italian Americans

(2002). Private justice and the folkloric community in the world of Italian Americans. Lit: Literature Interpretation Theory: Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 201-223.
NATURALIZING TRANSCENDENCE IN THE NEW COSMOLOGIES OF EMERGENCE

. Recent discourse on emergence within the natural sciences offers a superior alternative to traditional notions of transcendence. Emergence is a term of common parlance in the natural sciences. It designates moments when various systems develop an internal dynamic that generates an entirely new level of complexity, a qualitatively different mode of existence that cannot simply be reduced to its constituent parts. To the natural scientist, emergence is an expression of transcendence without reference to final causality or central organizing principle. Autopoietic emergence is more congruent with contemporary understandings of the universe than the traditional anthropomorphizing concept of teleological design. In this article I offer both an interpretation of emergence as a new category for the interpretation of divinity and an explanation for traditional anthropomorphism rooted in contemporary cognitive sciences.
Liquid-xenon time-projection chamber for gamma rays in the MeV region: development status

The feasibility of a large volume Liquid Xenon Time Projection Chamber (LXe-TPC) for three dimensional imaging and spectroscopy of cosmic gamma ray sources, was tested with a 3.5 liter prototype. The observation of induction signals produced by MeV gamma rays in liquid xenon is reported, with a good signal-to-noise ratio. The results represent the first experimental demonstration with a liquid xenon ionization chamber of a nondestructive readout of the electron image produced by point-like charges, using a sense wire configuration of the type originally proposed in 1970 by Gatti et al. An energy resolution as good as that previously measured by the millimeter size chambers, was achieved with the large prototype of 4.4 cm drift gap.
Human Aspects in Process Improvement

This paper intends to compare two major process improvement programs, Re-engineering and Total Quality Management (TQM), with the focus of human aspects. Reengineering is a result-focused and IT technology-centered approach for radical process change. Lack of employment involvement usually results in unexpected resistance to such process innovation. On the other hand, TQM focuses on continuous improvement with using all available human and capital resources. In addition to customer, TQM emphasizes both management and employee involvement for constant incremental improvement. The human-centered strategy emphasizes the value of people in process improvement. From the human aspect, these two programs are complementary. The emphasis of human value also rebuilds the paradigm of process evolvement from short-term innovation to a long-term improvement.
Cat and mouse

New findings show that ERAAP, an endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase involved in antigen processing, helps mice survive encounters with a feline-derived parasite.
Hierarchical nanofabrication of microporous crystals with ordered mesoporosity.

Zeolite nanocrystals with three-dimensionally ordered mesoporous structures are important for designing molecularly accessible and selective catalysts. With a single zeolite synthesis procedure, uniform nanocrystals and crystal zeolites with ordered imprinted mesoporosity can now be obtained.
The Acetylene-Ethylene Assay for N2 Fixation: Laboratory and Field Evaluation

The methodology, characteristics and application of the sensitive C(2)H(2)-C(2)H(4) assay for N(2) fixation by nitrogenase preparations and bacterial cultures in the laboratory and by legumes and free-living bacteria in situ is presented in this comprehensive report. This assay is based on the N(2)ase-catalyzed reduction of C(2)H(2) to C(2)H(4), gas chromatographic isolation of C(2)H(2) and C(2)H(4), and quantitative measurement with a H(2)-flame analyzer. As little as 1 mumumole C(2)H(4) can be detected, providing a sensitivity 10(3)-fold greater than is possible with (15)N analysis.A simple, rapid and effective procedure utilizing syringe-type assay chambers is described for the analysis of C(2)H(2)-reducing activity in the field. Applications to field samples included an evaluation of N(2) fixation by commercially grown soybeans based on over 2000 analyses made during the course of the growing season. Assay values reflected the degree of nodulation of soybean plants and indicated a calculated seasonal N(2) fixation rate of 30 to 33 kg N(2) fixed per acre, in good agreement with literature estimates based on Kjeldahl analyses. The assay was successfully applied to measurements of N(2) fixation by other symbionts and by free living soil microorganisms, and was also used to assess the effects of light and temperature on the N(2) fixing activity of soybeans. The validity of measuring N(2) fixation in terms of C(2)H(2) reduction was established through extensive comparisons of these activities using defined systems, including purified N(2)ase preparations and pure cultures of N(2)-fixing bacteria.With this assay it now becomes possible and practicable to conduct comprehensive surveys of N(2) fixation, to make detailed comparisons among different N(2)-fixing symbionts, and to rapidly evaluate the effects of cultural practices and environmental factors on N(2) fixation. The knowledge obtained through extensive application of this assay should provide the basis for efforts leading to the maximum agricultural exploitation of the N(2) fixation reaction.
Taylor ballistic impact modelling applied to deformation and mass loss determinations

Abstract Taylor utilized a wave propagation model to analyze the deformation behavior of a ductile cylinder impacting a rigid surface end-on. The Taylor analysis is used to produce simple well behaved models of penetrator and plate deformation due to ballistic impact. In addition, penetrator mass loss by erosion and shear mechanisms is modelled. It is shown that dynamic stress-strain data obtained in a variety of ways can be represented by bi-linear stress-strain relationships. Dynamic yield strengths and work-hardening coefficients for several materials are found to correlate with the Brinell hardness number.
Prevalence and implications of diastolic dysfunction after subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Introduction: Electrocardiographic changes, troponin release, and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction have been described after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Little is known about the occurrence of diastolic dysfunction in this setting. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of diastolic dysfunction and its association with cardiac outcomes after SAH. Methods: SAH patients were prospectively enrolled into the study, and echocardiographic, clinical, chest X-ray, and cardiac troponin I data were obtained on days 1, 3, and 6 after enrollment. Each echocardiogram included Doppler recordings of mitral inflow and pulmonary venous flow. For each study, diastolic function was categorized as normal, impaired relaxation, pseudonormal, or restrictive. The relationships between diastolic dysfunction and pulmonary edema-elevated cardiac troponin I and left ventricular contractile dysfunction were quantified using both univariate and multivariate statistical methods. Clinical predictors of diastolic dysfunction were defined by multivariate logistic regression. Results: Of 223 enrolled subjects, 207 had technically adequate Doppler data. Diastolic dysfunction was observed in 71% of subjects. The prevalence of diastolic versus systeolic dysfunction in 44 patients with pulmonary edema was 91 versus 37%, respectively (p=0.001). After multivariate statistical adjustment, diastolic dysfunction remained a significant predictor of pulmonary edema (odds ratio [OR] 3.34, 95% CI=1.05−10.59). Diastolic dysfunction also was associated with troponin release (p=0.02). A history of hypertension and increasing age were predictive of diastolic dysfunction. Conclusion: Diastolic dysfunction is common after SAH. It is associated with history of hypertension and older age and may explain the development of pulmonary edema in many SAH patients.
Sex Difference in Cognitive Response to Antipsychotic Treatment in First Episode Schizophrenia

We extend the investigation of cognitive sex differences in schizophrenia in a novel way by grouping cognitive tests according to the direction of the typical sex difference, an approach used in studies of hormonal effects on behavior in other clinical conditions. Additionally, we explore how performance on these ‘male’ and ‘female’ tests changed following antipsychotic treatment. Seventy patients with a first hospitalization for schizophrenia or schizophreniform disorder completed cognitive tests before antipsychotic treatment and approximately 5 weeks after treatment. Thirty-nine healthy comparison subjects completed the tests at similar intervals. Primary outcome variables were composite scores on cognitive tests that in normative studies favor males over females (‘male’ tests) or favor females over males (‘female tests’). Overall, patients performed more poorly than healthy individuals. The expected pattern of sex differences was found on the composite test scores, with an advantage for females on ‘female’ tests and an advantage for males on ‘male’ tests. Female patients showed a greater improvement on ‘female’ tests and a decrease in performance on ‘male’ tests following treatment. Although male patients did not perform significantly better after treatment on ‘female’ tests, they did improve on non-motor ‘male’ tests of visuospatial skills. Future studies of the neurocognitive effects of antipsychotic treatment may need to take potential sex differences in cognitive response into account.
The synthesis and cytotoxicity of fructose-1-SNAP, a novel fructose conjugated S-nitroso nitric oxide donor

Abstract An efficient synthetic strategy has been developed for the synthesis of a novel fructose conjugated S-nitroso nitric oxide donor, fructose-1-S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine. This compound showed similar cytotoxicity as the first generation fructose-SNAP, fructose-2-SNAP. A 5- and 26-fold increased cytotoxicity was observed compared to glucose-2-SNAP and SNAP against DU-145 human prostate cancer cells in vitro.
Multilevel optimization in the design of a high-performance GaAs microcomputer

Multilevel optimization in the design of an instruction cache for a high-performance GaAs microprocessor is discussed. The performance of the system is maximized by concurrently considering the interrelationships of (1) the time of flight of signals across the multichip module on which the processor and cache chips are mounted, (2) the clocking scheme that synchronizes these signals, and (3) the size of the cache. These three design issues are normally considered independently because they arise in different abstraction levels. Design automation tools developed to facilitate this multilevel optimization are described. This process, applied to various subsystems, has been used to gain substantial performance improvement in the GaAs microcomputer. >
Erratum to: Ambulatory blood pressure status in children: comparing alternate limit sources

The online version of the original article can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00467-011-1972-0 .
Multivariable Loop-Shaping in Bilateral Telemanipulation

This paper presents an architecture and control methodology for obtaining transparency and stability robustness in a multivariable bilateral teleoperator system. The work presented here extends a previously published single-input, single-output approach to accommodate multivariable systems. The extension entails the use of impedance control techniques, which are introduced to render linear the otherwise nonlinear dynamics of the master and slave manipulators, in addition to a diagonalization multivariable loop shaping technique, used to render tractable the multivariable compensator design. A multivariable measure of transparency is proposed based on the relative singular values of the environment and transmitted impedance matrices. The approach is experimentally demonstrated on a three degree-of-freedom scaled telemanipulator pair with a highly coupled environment. Using direct measurement of the power delivered to the operator to assess the system’s stability robustness, along with the proposed measure of multivariable transparency, the loop-shaping compensation is shown to improve the stability robustness by a factor of two and the transparency by more than a factor of five.
Binary Error Probability Due to an Adaptable Fading Model

The received signal is assumed to consist of a fading replica of the original signal plus Gaussian noise. An adaptable fading model is constructed as follows. First, a certain short-term fading distribution (Rayleigh, singular or Rice) is assumed. Then the mean power of this short-term distribution is allowed to possess a long-term variation. The statistics of this variation are assumed to be describable by some gamma distribution. This suffices to derive the binary element error probabilities for a number of receiver types. Particular emphasis is placed on the noncoherent FSK. The performance of more significant ideal receivers is displayed in analytical and graphical forms. Let us select a fixed value of signal-to-noise ratio, possibly a large number. It is shown that the choice of a single parameter suffices to give any error probability up to the extreme value of one half. Such a channel, therefore, can be arbitrarily bad, no matter what the signal-to-noise ratio. It is conjectured that the effects of this peculiar fading, possibly more than the non-Gaussian character of atmospheric noise, may be chiefly responsible for intolerable error rates on fading high frequency radio circuits. For the purpose of utility, it should be noted that the nonfading shortterm model is mathematically most tractable.
Gender differences in voluntary cough sound spectra demonstrated by an inverse power law analysis

During a voluntary cough, sound is generated within the airways of the lung and then travels through the upper respiratory tract before exiting the body through the oral cavity. For this reason the cough sound contains important information concerning both the sound source and the structure and function of the airways. The spectrum of a cough sound pressure wave has been shown to be composed of a broadband of frequencies which result from a complex process that follows a 1/f/sup /spl beta// power law relationship. A 1/f/sup /spl beta// power law function is a characteristic of one over f noise. Preliminary studies indicate that there are significant differences in the exponent /spl beta/ of cough sound power spectra between men and women control subjects. It seems likely that dissimilarities in the organization and size of the airways between genders may account for these differences.
Convergence behavior of high-resolution finite element models of trabecular bone

The convergence behavior of finite element models depends on the size of elements used, the element polynomial order, and on the complexity of the applied loads. For high-resolution models of trabecular bone, changes in architecture and density may also be important. The goal of this study was to investigate the influence of these factors on the convergence behavior of high-resolution models of trabecular bone. Two human vertebral and two bovine tibial trabecular bone specimens were modeled at four resolutions ranging from 20 to 80 microns and subjected to both compressive and shear loading. Results indicated that convergence behavior depended on both loading mode (axial versus shear) and volume fraction of the specimen. Compared to the 20 microns resolution, the differences in apparent Young's modulus at 40 microns resolution were less than 5 percent for all specimens, and for apparent shear modulus were less than 7 percent. By contrast, differences at 80 microns resolution in apparent modulus were up to 41 percent, depending on the specimen tested and loading mode. Overall, differences in apparent properties were always less than 10 percent when the ratio of mean trabecular thickness to element size was greater than four. Use of higher order elements did not improve the results. Tissue level parameters such as maximum principal strain did not converge. Tissue level strains converged when considered relative to a threshold value, but only if the strains were evaluated at Gauss points rather than element centroids. These findings indicate that good convergence can be obtained with this modeling technique, although element size should be chosen based on factors such as loading mode, mean trabecular thickness, and the particular output parameter of interest.
Exploring the Intersection of Partner Stalking and Sexual Abuse

This study examined a range of sexually abusive acts women with protective orders against violent partners experienced using three groups: (a) women who never experience stalking or rape by the violent partner; (b) women who experienced stalking but who had never been raped by the violent partner; and (c) women who were stalked and raped by the violent partner. Findings suggest that women in violent relationships experienced a wide range of sexually abusive experiences and that there is a significant association of partner stalking and partner sexual abuse beyond rape. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.
Suicide Attempts Among Gay and Bisexual Men: Lifetime Prevalence and Antecedents

Objectives. We examined lifetime prevalence of suicide attempts and psychosocial correlates in a large population-based sample of men who have sex with men (MSM). Methods. A telephone probability sample of US urban MSM (n = 2881) were interviewed between November 1996 and February 1998. Results. Twenty-one percent had made a suicide plan; 12% had attempted suicide (almost half of those 12% were multiple attempters). Most who attempted suicide made their first attempt before age 25. Although prevalence of parasuicide (i.e., attempted suicide) has remained constant across birth cohorts, mean age at initial attempts has declined. Conclusions. MSM are at elevated risk for suicide attempts, with such risk clustered earlier in life. Some risk factors were specific to being gay or bisexual in a hostile environment.
Teaching Struggling Readers: Capitalizing on Diversity for Effective Learning

In order to meet the unique academic needs of each student it is important that teachers value the differences each child brings to the classroom. Literacy teachers routinely focus on academic differences such as known literacy items (i.e., knowing letters and words) and reading strategies (i.e., knowing how to solve difficulties in reading), but they do not always capitalize on other differences that can greatly affect learning such as differences in previous literacy experiences, differences in language and communicative practices, and differences in personal passions and interests. Responsive teaching involves recognizing and capitalizing upon the vast range of differences that students bring to classrooms. It is crucial that teachers attend to all of these differences.
An Observation on Marine Sedimentation Rates during the Pleistocene

The following events appear to have occurred simultaneously (within the experimental errors of the age measurements) around 100,000 years ago: the last high stand of sea level; the temperature peak of the last interglacial stage; and a change in the rates of sedimentation in certain open ocean deposits. The sedimentation rates were greater during the warm interglacial period than during the cooler glacial periods.
Studies of frog oviducal jelly secretion. II. Cytology of secretory cycle.

Electron microscopy reveals that the secretory glandular cells of the oviduct of Rana pipiens contain granules which may develop from small vesicles with smooth membranes. The latter may represent dispersed Golgi elements, although cytochemical reactions fail to reveal a localized Golgi complex within these cells. Individual granules enlarge throughout the growing season without fusing with other granules. The mature cell is packed with granules, each of which possesses uniquely an interior electron-dense (dense) part and an electron-lucid shell enclosed by a smooth membrane. The dense part first appears as a condensed body. As growth proceeds, the dense component branches to form a net-like pattern within the granule. When the granule has attained its mature size, the dense component appears to revert to a condensed pattern again. Cytoplasmic granules which are observable by light microscopy after staining with toluidine blue at pH 4.0 apparently correspond to the dense component seen in the electron microscope.
Filamentous organisms in ulcerated intestinal type carcinoma of the stomach: an aid to biopsy diagnosis

Examination of the base of ulcerated gastric carcinomas in Okinawa, Austria and the USA revealed a variable infection with fungi and a thus far unidentified filamentous bacterial organism. These latter organisms were only found in ulcerated carcinomas, and never in diffuse carcinomas of the stomach or in benign gastric lesions. Recognition of these organisms in necrotic material from gastroscopic biopsies of an ulcer base without tissue from the ulcer margin permits the diagnosis of associated carcinoma.
Liking Obama and Romney (on Facebook)

Experimental design of college students "liking" Presidential candidates during the 2012 general election.Examined changes in political information efficacy, external efficacy, and political engagement at 3 time points.No significant difference between groups (President and Control) existed over time.Suggests that "liking" candidates is insufficient to increase engagement and efficacy during an election. Existing research on the effect of social media use on political behavior has yielded mixed results to date, demonstrating the importance of research examining the effects of varying types of social media communication on political behavior. The experiment reported in this study provides valuable insights into the role of social media in elections. A longitudinal experiment was conducted to assess the effect Facebook use in the 2012 Presidential election had on political information efficacy, external efficacy, and political engagement. Results suggested that while political information efficacy and engagement increased over time, it was not related to following candidates on Facebook.
Absolute orientation-dependent TiN(0 0 1) step energies from two-dimensional equilibrium island shape and coarsening measurements on epitaxial TiN(0 0 1) layers

Abstract In situ high-temperature (1030–1223 K) scanning tunneling microscopy was used to determine the equilibrium shapes of two-dimensional TiN vacancy islands on atomically smooth terraces of epitaxial TiN(0 0 1) layers. Inverse Legendre transformations of the equilibrium island shapes yield relative step energies as a function of step orientation within an orientation-independent scale factor λ, the equilibrium chemical potential of the island per unit TiN molecular area. We then use quantitative TiN(0 0 1) adatom island coarsening measurements to determine λ and, hence, absolute orientation-dependent step energies β and step stiffnesses β . For 〈1 1 0〉 and 〈1 0 0〉 steps on TiN(0 0 1), we obtain: β 1 1 0 =0.21±0.05 eV/A, β 1 0 0 =0.25±0.05 eV/A, β 1 1 0 =0.9±0.2 eV/A, and β 1 0 0 =0.07±0.02 eV/A. From the β values, we calculate kink formation energies e 1 1 0 =0.40±0.2 eV and e 1 0 0 =0.11±0.1 eV based on the unrestricted terrace-step-kink model.
An examination of the results of the EVIDENCE, INCOMIN, and phase III studies of interferon beta products in the treatment of multiple sclerosis☆

Abstract Background : Three interferon (IFN) beta products are currently available for the treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS). Each of these agents showed effectiveness in the treatment of MS in the respective randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled Phase III trials. However, there have been no randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials directly comparing the efficacy and safety of these formulations. Objective : The objective of this article was to compare the results of available comparative studies with the results of the pivotal Phase III trials of each IFN beta product. Methods : BIOSIS, Current Contents/Clinical Medicine, and MEDLINE were searched for English-language articles published from 1996 to the present comparing the efficacy and safety of IFN beta formulations in the treatment of MS. Search terms included interferon beta 1a, interferon beta 1b , and multiple sclerosis . Articles or abstracts that reported the results of Phase III trials or studies directly comparing IFN beta formulations in the treatment of relapsing or relapsing-remitting MS were included in the review. Results : Seven head-to-head studies were identified that directly compared the efficacy of IFN beta products in the treatment of MS. Two of these studies— INCOMIN (Independent Comparison of Interferon) and EVIDENCE (Evidence for Interferon Dose-Effect: European-North American Comparative Efficacy)— found significant differences in clinical efficacy between IFN beta products, whereas the remaining studies showed equal clinical efficacy between products. Conclusion : Inconsistencies within and between the results of the reviewed studies suggest that clinicians should use caution in interpreting the findings of the INCOMIN and EVIDENCE comparative trials.