cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-Temperature Wetting of Sapphire by Aluminum

Sessile drop studies of molten aluminum on single-crystal sapphire substrates were conducted to investigate the effects of atmosphere on contact angle, substrate reactions, and interfacial crystal growth. Unlike previous investigations performed briefly in a vacuum environment in a temperature range within 600°C of the aluminum melting point, these experiments were conducted at higher temperatures (1200° to 1600°C) and at 1-atm total pressure over longer experimental times to more closely approach equilibrium conditions. A continuously flowing buffered gas system utilizing high-purity metered mixtures of hydrogen and helium in combination with a thoria ceramic electrolyte sensor were employed to achieve variations of the oxygen partial pressure from 10−19 to 10−15 atm while continuously maintaining the total pressure at 1 atm. At constant temperature, it was found that neither the oxygen partial pressure nor the crystallographic orientation of the sapphire substrate had a significant effect on the observed contact angles. A continuous decrease of acute contact angles and a single reaction ring characterized the 8-h experiments without the alternating spreading and contracting behavior repeatedly reported in the literature. This phenomenon can be attributed to the lower rate of metal evaporation and interfacial reaction at the higher total gas pressure and yet extremely low oxygen partial pressure of these experiments. Profilometric analysis of sapphire substrates subsequent to the removal of the quenched sessile drops indicates a reduction in metal–solid interaction due to the closer approach to equilibrium than in previous studies. An epitaxial orientation with respect to the substrate was observed in α-alumina crystallite formation at the metal–ceramic interface. Experimental evidence suggests that it was formed by a nucleation and growth process during the cooling period.
Three estimates of the word span and their stability over the adult years

Abstract Three estimates of the immediate word span were compared in groups of men representing each decade between the ages of 20 and 69 years. No systematic change with age was found in free recall or in partial recall requiring the reproduction of the unrepeated word in lists of four to seven items. When the instruction was to report the entire list but leave the unrepeated word last, performance steadily deteriorated with age. Mean success in recall decreased on three criteria, and error by false terminal placement increased from each decade to the next. The results support the hypothesis that capacity to perform simultaneously two such operations as sub-vocal rehearsal of one item and vocal enumeration of the other items shrinks with the advancing years. This interpretation of the findings agrees with other observations about age-related changes in perceptual-motor skills and cognitive capacity, and indicates the manner in which an increased propensity to forgetfulness with the advancing years origin...
Green mulch decomposition and nitrogen release from leaves of two Inga spp. in an organic alley-cropping practice in the humid tropics

Inga edulis Mart and Inga samanensis Uribe are promising yet little studied legume trees for use in agroforestry on acidic soils. The objective of this study was to analyze the decomposition and N release processes of green mulch from these species. Litterbags filled with leaves from each species were placed on the ground in an organic maize (Zea mays L.) alley-cropping experiment at the time of maize sowing and collected every 2 weeks over a 20 week period, and measured for dry matter, N, hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin content. Three types of models were applied to the data, according to the characteristics of each component, to analyze the decomposition dynamics of whole leaves and leaf components: a negative exponential decay function, an inverted Michaelis‐Menten function, and a linear regression. Initial decay of I. samanensis mulch was faster than I. edulis mulch. However, the recalcitrant fraction was about half of the initial litter mass in both Inga spp. Hemicellulose disappeared almost completely from the litter during the 20week incubation period, while no significant lignin decay occurred. After a slow start, cellulose partially decayed following linear kinetics. The half-life of labile N, estimated as a Michaelis‐Menten parameter, was 10 weeks in I. samanensis and ca. 24 weeks in I. edulis litter. Polyphenol content was significantly higher in I. edulis. Litter of I. edulis and I. samanensis may be classified as ‘lowquality’ and ‘medium-quality’ mulch, respectively. Due to the relatively large recalcitrant mulch fraction, both Inga spp. may promote C sequestration and long-term N accumulation in soil. q 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
An on-road motor vehicle emissions inventory for Denver: an efficient alternative to modeling

Emission inventories from mobile sources have traditionally been obtained through computational modeling. This method, however, has intrinsic shortcomings in that the factors used incorporate only a limited amount of real-world observations. The agreement between model predictions and measurements has often been poor. Recently, a fuel-based method ofobtaining on-road emissions inventories has been developed. This technique calculates emission f in grams of pollutant per unit of fuel used (kg, gallons or l) from remote sensing measurements. Combining these factors with fuel use data, available from tax records, results in a fuel-based emission inventory. This method for obtaining emission inventories is very economical and an ideal alternative for locations lacking the resources to develop an emissions model. We have used this routine to calculate CO, HC and NO on-road running exhaust emissions inventories for the Denver Metropolitan area during several years when the enhanced I/M program has been in place. These calculations indicate a continually decreasing inventory over the 6 yr study period. The calculations are also compared with results from the recent MOBILE6 model. The modeled inventories are 30–70% higher, 40% lower, and 40–80% higher for CO, HC and NO, respectively. r 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
THE CONSTITUENTS IN NORMAL URINE PRODUCING THE HYPERGLYCEMIA PREVIOUSLY ATTRIBUTED TO PROLAN

Bohm (1) reported that the intravenous injection of 100 units of prolan in rabbits caused a hyperglycemia which appeared in 20 minutes and lasted for 90 minutes. These findings were confirmed by Eidelsberg (2). If these observations were valid, this phenomenon could be utilized as a test for pregnancy. After our investigation was under way, Dingemansc and Kober (3) reported that, while the intravenous injection of their crude preparation of prolan caused a hyperglycemia, massive doses (as much as 1000 units per kg.) of a highly purified prolan caused a slight hypoglycemia. These studies have been concerned with a search for the hyperglycemic agents contained in normal urine which in our estimation explain the results reported by other investigators when crude prolan was injected. Normal adult male and female rabbits (2.5 to 5 kg.) were used. Initial blood samples were taken from the marginal ear vein, the various substances with possible hyperglycemic action were injected, and then analyses were made on s...
Beyond the observer’s paradox: the audio-recorder as a resource for the display of identity:

Instead of viewing the ‘observer’s paradox’ or the presence of ‘tape-affected speech’ as a methodological problem that spoils ‘natural’ data, in this article, I advocate exploring the opportunities...
Tracking control of permanent magnet brushless DC motors using partial state feedback

This paper uses an observed backstepping procedure to design a position and velocity tracking controller for permanent magnet brushless DC motors. A semiglobal exponential stability result is obtained for the motor position and velocity tracking error given an exact nonlinear model of the electromechanical system and measurements of the motor position and velocity. >
A Low-Noise Thermistor Bridge for Use in Calorimetry

A precision thermistor bridge and thermistor is described for use in a thermal titration calorimeter or a high-speed stopped- or continuous-flow calorimeter of the Roughton type. These are compared and evaluated with regard to several other types of detectors, including the platinum resistance thermometer, thermocouple, transistor thermometer, and capacitance thermometers. At this time the best detection for our purpose seems to be a specially constructed 20-100 kΩ thermistor used in conjunction with a new ac lock-in amplifier bridge. The sensitivity of the system is equivalent to a peak-to-peak noise of 25 x 10-6 °C, with a 100-ms time constant and 1 µW power dissipation in the thermistor. Long-term drift of the bridge, without an oven, was 1 x 10-6 °C/min.
Detecting unauthorized software execution in SDR using power fingerprinting

Software-defined radios (SDRs) are able to adapt to unforeseen circumstances with a simple software update. This ability reduces development and maintenance time, but it also makes them susceptible to malicious software attacks. An exploit in SDR can potentially expose sensitive information or disrupt critical communications infrastructure. It is crucial for the success of SDR to develop adequate mechanisms to maintain execution integrity and reduce the impact of compromised systems. A novel approach called power fingerprinting has been proposed as an effective solution to provide independent integrity assessment in SDR. Power fingerprinting relies on monitoring the dynamic power consumption and using pattern recognition to detect any deviations from authorized code execution. In this paper, we present the results of two feasibility experiments performed on a basic commercial radio platform to evaluate the applicability of power fingerprinting in security areas. The results demonstrate the ability of power fingerprinting to discriminate between the execution of test code involving encrypted and unencrypted transmissions.
Efficacy of preoperative biliary tract decompression in patients with obstructive jaundice.

• Fifty consecutive matched patients with benign or malignant biliary tract obstruction were compared to determine the efficacy of preoperative percutaneous biliary drainage (PBD). Twenty-five patients underwent PBD for an average of nine days before operation; 25 patients underwent percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTHC) followed immediately by operation. Serum bilirubin levels before PTHC were 16.5±7.6 mg/dL and 14.9±7.6 mg/dL in PBD and non-PBD groups, respectively. Serum bilirubin levels decreased to 6.5±6.2 mg/dL preoperatively in patients having PBD. One week after operation, bilirubin levels were 4.2 ±4.3 mg/dL and 9.0±5.2 mg/dL in the PBD and non-PBD groups, respectively. Major morbidity (sepsis, abscess, renal failure, or bleeding) occurred in two patients (8%) having PBD and in 13 patients (52%) without PBD. One patient (4%) with PBD, and five patients (20%) without PBD, died. The mean hospital stay was shorter for the PBD group. Preoperative PBD reduces operative mortality and morbidity and results in a more rapid resolution of hyperbilirubinemia during the postoperative period. (Arch Surg1984;119:703-708)
On the use of the inverse electrocardiogram leads.

This viewpoint expresses reservations about using the inverse (or negative) aVR lead in the so-called Cabrera limb lead sequence and the implementation of inverse representations of any of the other 12 standard electrocardiographic leads. Instead, the author proposes that in patients with suspected acute coronary syndromes and a nondiagnostic electrocardiographic results, electrocardiography be repeated ("double electrocardiography"), with the V 1 to V 6 electrodes used to record leads V 3 R, V 4 R, V 7 to V 9 to the left of the spine, and V 9 R to the right of the spine to aid in triaging patients to the appropriate management.
Radiation testing of optical fibers for a hot-cell photometer

The potential of in-line photometers for monitoring separation processes in future nuclear fuel reprocessing facilities is considered. Fiber optics will be used to transmit light to the photometer cell and return the attenuated intensity to a photodetector, allowing removal of all the electronics from high radiation zones. In support of photometer development, commercially available fibers form three different manufacturers were tested in a /sup 60/Co gamma field at a dose rate of 7.25*10/sup 4/ rad/h. The fibers were large-diameter (1000 mu m), silica core fibers. Two fibers had a doped silica cladding, one fiber had a polymer cladding. Of the fiber specimens tested the silica-clad fibers had lower attenuations for a given dose than did the polymer-clad fiber. At a 8*10/sup 7/ rad total accumulated dose, the fiber with the lowest radiation-induced loss had attenuations of 1.3 dB/m at a wavelength of 405 nm, 1.6 dB/m at 632 nm, and 0.3 dB/m at 905 nm. >
The Change Masters: Organizational Development in a State Archives

For archival institutions to maximize productivity and efficiency and create well-balanced work environments for the individuals within those institutions, archivists must begin to focus more seriously and intently on the organizational processes and management style of their institutions. This article suggests that the management technique of organizational development be considered as an optimal alternative to more traditional management styles, particularly autocratic management styles. The author discusses organizational development in the context of an archival institution which, for a period of time, implemented the organizational development theory. The article concludes that unless the managers and individuals of an institution are truly committed to a progressive and humanly responsive management approach that values the processes of the organization and the development of the employee, archival institutions may remain mired in their own management deficiencies, thereby affecting the ultimate goa...
Receptors, channels, and signalling in the urothelial sensory system in the bladder.

Micturition requires a complex neural control system to coordinate the activities of the urinary bladder, urethra, and urethral sphincters. The specific identity of the mechanical sensor is not known, but considerable interest exists in the contribution of transient receptor potential channels to the mechanosensory functions of the urothelium. These channels could be novel targets for potential therapies that are intended to modulate micturition function.
Isospectral Problem of Locally Symmetric Spaces

The purpose of this note is to provide answers to two questions raised by Prasad and Rapinchuk in their study of isospectral symmetric spaces.
Collaborative Preparation of K-12 Teachers and Graduate Students in Nanoscience Research and Education.

A 2010 Report to the President from the Council of Advisors on Science and Technology calls for “research and development to create “well-designed and validated examples of comprehensive, integrated instructional materials” for K-12 education. The Center for Functional Nanoscale Materials (CFNM) at Clark Atlanta University (CAU) and the Center for Science Education at Emory University have partnered in a program that provides a collaborative experience between CAU graduate students and Atlanta area high school and middle school teachers. The partnership expands Emory’s PRISM (Problems and Research to Integrate Science and Mathematics) program, a NSF Graduate Teaching Fellows in K-12 Education (GK-12) program. We believe that personal and experiential collaboration between these stakeholders in materials education provides even more substantial and tangible benefits. PRISM aims to stimulate reflection, by providing teachers and graduate students (PRISM Fellows) with an opportunity to lead in producing knowledge about pedagogical practice in STEM areas. By direct linkage with pedagogic theory, teaching practice can be subjected to continuous improvement, and it is anticipated that participants will catalyze change in both the educational and research communities. CFNM/PRISM Program ensures that both categories of Fellows participate in professional development activities designed to propagate active learning pedagogies and reflective practice during an annual Summer Institute. Teachers are immersed in a content-rich nano- and materials science research environment, while the graduate fellows have the opportunity during the subsequent academic year to assist with instruction in local schools. Thirteen graduate students and seventeen teachers have participated in the CFNM/PRISM Program over the course of five years. Teams were formed that comprised a teacher, a CAU faculty researcher and a graduate student. Each team tackled a nanoscience research problem during a summer project, developed problem-based learning (PBL) and investigative case-based learning strategies that integrate grade-appropriate science and math content, and implemented the cases in middle school and high school classrooms. The program has been preliminarily evaluated using online written attitudinal surveys and interviews with participants. Most striking among our observations is that teachers report an enhancement of their science process skills, including an increased ability to design and implement experiments for their students. Correspondingly, graduate students report a better understanding of the importance and practice of mentoring, as well as improved ability to articulate complex scientific concepts to lay audiences. Finally, since the student body at CAU and in these Atlanta area school systems is predominantly of African American heritage, the project also contributes to diversification of the Nation’s scientific enterprise.
An Unreported Specimen of the Whale, Balaenoptera physalus

A whale 63 feet long, unpresented to science since its capture in 1897 on the shores of Long Beach, California, is herein, identified as Balaenoptera physalus . The author, with the gratifying aid of Miss Anita Daugherty of the California State Fish and Game laboratories at Terminal Island, has found his drawings and photographs of the subject specimen to compare favorably with those of True (Smithsonian Contr. Knowledge, 33, 1904). This specimen became available to me for study in May, 1955, at Colorado Lagoon in Long Beach, when I was employed by the city to reassemble and preserve the skeleton. Overall length of skull is 4775.2 mm.; total width at …
Prediction of Adsorption Properties of Cyclic Hydrocarbons in MOFs Using DFT-Derived Force Fields

We present an extension of previous methods that derive transferable force fields to describe the adsorption of small molecules in zeolites based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations to examine the adsorption of C8 cyclic hydrocarbons in metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). We use our DFT-based force field to predict the adsorption properties of these molecules in MOFs where dispersion governs adsorption properties using grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations. We observe that DFT-derived force fields provide moderately more accurate predictions compared to generic force fields for single-component adsorption in these systems. We find that generic force fields can give qualitative agreement with experiments for binary selectivities, which could eventually be useful for materials screening purposes. We also assess the influence of factors such as framework relaxation due to guest adsorption on these calculations and find that these effects can produce significant changes in the simulated bina...
Multilayer ITO/VO 2 /TiO 2 thin films for control of solar and thermal spectra

Abstract In this study, a multilayer thin film of ITO/VO 2 /TiO 2 was investigated for simultaneous control of the solar and thermal spectra with potential application as an energy-efficient coating for windows in built environments. The functions for these layers were: low emissivity, thermochromism, and anti-reflectance in the visible region. Films were deposited using reactive magnetron sputtering and characterized with scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV–vis–NIR spectrophotometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results demonstrate that relatively high luminous transmittance, low emissivity, and favorable thermochromism can be achieved for a film with a transition temperature centered at 52 °C with a hysteresis width of 18 °C. This shows that an advancement of the previous state of the art can be made by restricting the Scherrer grain size of the VO 2 layer to 92 nm.
Gastrointestinal Issues in Liver Disease

Gastrointestinal (GI) complications of cirrhosis are frequent in patients who require intensive care support and are often the primary indication for intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Perhaps the most worrisome GI complication for the intensivist is variceal hemorrhage. Bleeding from esophageal or gastric varices represents a life-threatening event for cirrhotic patients and provides management challenges for the ICU team. Nonvariceal GI bleeding, impaired GI motility, and malnutrition also provide significant challenges for the intensivist. This article reviews GI issues that present in critically ill cirrhotic patients and their management in the acute setting.
PHENOL RED EXCRETION AND TRYPAN BLUE UPTAKE IN LEAD NEPHROPATHY OF THE RAT

Ratten entwickeln bei chronischer Bleivergiftung eine schwere Nephropathie, bei der Kerneinschlusse in vielen Zellen der proximalen Tubuli ein wesentlicher Befund sind. Diese Einschlusse enthalten RNS, Proteine, maskierte Lipoide, sparliche Kohlenhydrate und, wie radiohistographisch gezeigt werden konnte, Blei (Aufnahme von Pb210). Es ist daher anzunehmen, das diese Einschlusse das Ergebnis einer Reaktion zwischen Blei und Nucleolarsubstanz und Vorlaufern der Ribosomen darstellen. Um abzuklaren, ob der Verlust von Nucleloarsubstanz die aktive Transport-funktion des Cytoplasmas beeintrachtigt, wurden die Ausscheidung von Phenolrot und die Vitalspeicherung von Trypanblau morphologisch an chronisch bleivergifteten Ratten untersucht. Dabei hat sich ergeben, das die Zellen mit sehr grosen Kerneinschlussen und aufgequollenem, granularem Cytoplasma die einzigen sind, die die Farbstoffe schlecht oder gar nicht transportieren. Theorien uber die Wirkung des Bleis auf die Zelle, und zwar einerseits sein mitosehemmender Effekt, andererseits seine carcinogene Wirkung, werden diskutiert.
Management of plateau iris syndrome with cataract extraction and endoscopic cyclophotocoagulation

Plateau iris configuration describes an anatomic abnormality in which large or anteriorly positioned pars plicata push the iris root forward, thereby narrowing the anterior chamber angle. Plateau iris syndrome (PIS) is diagnosed if the angle remains occludable, either spontaneously or pharmacologically, after iridotomy. PIS has traditionally been treated with chronic pilocarpine or laser peripheral iridoplasty. A series of 9 eyes of 6 patients with PIS, diagnosed by dark room provocative testing and ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) following iridotomy, underwent cataract extraction and endoscopic cyclophotocoagulation (ECP). The ciliary body was treated for a median of 180° (range of 120-360°). Post-ECP, the angles in areas treated with ECP were open with corresponding flattened ciliary processes on UBM, while the angles remained occludable in quadrants untreated by ECP despite lens extraction. The mean follow-up time post-ECP was 73.7 ± 34 months (range 11-122 months). The mean IOP was reduced from a baseline of 25.2 ± 10.9 mm Hg on 3.4 ± 1.0 IOP lowering medications to a mean IOP of 17.1 ± 5.3 mm Hg (p < 0.05) on 1.9 ± 1.5, (p < 0.01) medications at last visit. There were no cases of chronic inflammation, eye pain, decreased vision, retinal detachment, or hypotony. Lens extraction and ECP offers an alternative treatment option for patients with PIS, which may directly address the underlying anatomic abnormality leading to angle closure in PIS.
After the War: A New Science and Old Controversies

A few years ago, the historian of anthropology, George W. Stocking, Jr., as he surveyed the history of his discipline, asked: ‘What happened to race?’1 For more than a hundred years the division of the human species into biological races had seemed of cardinal significance to scientists. Race explained individual character and temperament, the structure of social communities, and the fate of human societies. In fact the commitment to typological races often appeared to have been deeper, because psychologically more necessary or satisfying, than the commitment to revolutionary changes in science itself. At times this commitment to race subtly modified the reception and interpretation put upon new biological theories. At the very least, belief in the fixity, reality and hierarchy of human races — in the chain of superior and inferior human types — had shaped the activities of scientists for decades.
Initiating Research: Whose Question? Whose Benefit? Whose Knowledge?

As an Australian friend and I walked in Melbourne’s Arboretum on the way to an outdoor family tea, she said something like: “You know, Americans are known for the way they ask so many questions. Would you mind asking a few questions of my family that I haven’t had the nerve to ask?” And when we joined her family, I gorged on her brother-in-law’s freshly baked scones, clotted cream, and apricot jam, enjoying that vestige of surface culture of commonwealth people while choking on those questions that would have otherwise flowed out in unprompted tumbles. I had no idea that it was so American to articulate any old question that was on one’s mind, that some Australians perceived us as bold, perhaps rude, though my Australian friend would never have said that. At that moment in the arboretum, I realized that modes of question asking are culturally inscribed and, subsequently, I found that I was a better researcher when I asked as few questions as possible.
A New Approach in Applying Systems Engineering Tools and Analysis to Determine Hepatocyte Toxicogenomics Risk Levels to Human Health

Abstract There is an increasing backlog of potentially toxic compounds that cannot be evaluated with current animal-based approaches in a cost-effective and expeditious manner, thus putting human health at risk. Extrapolation of animal-based test results for human risk assessment often leads to different physiological outcomes. This article introduces the use of quantitative tools and methods from systems engineering to evaluate the risk of toxic compounds by the analysis of the amount of stress that human hepatocytes undergo in vitro when metabolizing GW76471 over extended times and concentrations. Hepatocytes are exceedingly connected systems that make it challenging to understand the highly varied dimensional genomics data to determine risk of exposure. Gene expression data of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα)2 binding was measured over multiple concentrations and varied times of GW7647 exposure and leveraging mahalanombis distance to establish toxicity threshold risk levels. The app...
Reassessing carrier status for dystrophinopathies

The cloning of the DMD gene, and the identifications of mutations in it as the cause of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), makes a compelling story that is aptly told elsewhere.1 The locus—the largest in the human genome—consists of 79 exons, distributed over 2.5 million nucleotides on the X chromosome, which are assembled into a complementary DNA (cDNA) of around 14 kb encoding the predominant muscle isoform of the dystrophin protein.2 The size of the gene, and the number of exons, had historically made mutation analysis challenging. For more than a decade, the standard clinical assay was a multiplex PCR test that amplified sequences from a limited number of exons; nevertheless, because it included exons within the deletion hotspots of the gene, this method could confirm the presence of mutations in up to 98% of boys with exonic deletions.3,4
Early Decompressive Hemicraniectomy Optimizes Highest Rehabilitation Potential in Patients with Acute Malignant Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) Syndromes (P1.219)

Objective: Explore pertinent short term clinical predictors for the highest potential of functional recovery with acute rehabilitation in patients who present with malignant MCA syndromes requiring decompressive hemicraniectomy. Background: Early decompressive hemicraniectomy in malignant middle cerebral artery (MCA ) syndrome is shown to improve long term clinical outcomes in patients. Longer hospitalization and ventilator days expose patients to increased risk of complications. Methods: This is a retrospective review of 53 patients with acute ischemic malignant MCA strokes who underwent decompressive hemicraniectomy. We quantified midline shifts on brain imaging obtained prior to surgery. The primary objective was identifying patient factors leading to acute rehabilitation compared to other discharge outcomes including long term acute care facilities (LTAC), subacute nursing facilities (SNF), or expiration. Results: Comparing those meeting the primary objective to the remaining patients, the mean age was younger (46 vs 55 years old), mean midline shift smaller (7.3 vs 9 mm), least days on ventilator (1.5 vs 7.6 days), and shorter mean length of stay (16 vs 19 days). Conclusions: Younger patients presenting with malignant MCA syndromes receiving decompressive hemicraniectomies at smaller midline shifts are observed to achieve less ventilator days, reduced hospital length of stay and discharge with optimal rehabilitation potential. Disclosure: Dr. Sheikhi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dani has nothing to disclose.
Evidence of Query Theory as a Tool to Assist Restrained Eaters.

Objectives Using theories from decision-making and behavioral economics, we conducted a study to improve understanding of the decisions of Restrained Eaters. We identified Restrained Eaters via the Revised Restraint Questionnaire. Methods One hundred two (N = 102) participants were each randomly assigned to an endowment condition and asked to list their thoughts about 2 products. Results We found a significant interaction of endowment and thoughts on decisions. Research findings suggest the behavior of Restrained Eaters depends upon both endowment and thoughts, and that they exert self-control beyond food decisions. Conclusions This work suggests decisions Restrained Eaters make can be manipulated via endowment and how they are instructed to structure their thoughts.
Binder jetting advanced ceramics for metal-ceramic composite structures

Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) are a class of materials combining two dissimilar materials (e.g., metal & ceramic) that when combined, provide unique properties including low density, high specific strength, high specific modulus, high thermal conductivity, and wear resistance and can be used in range of applications including high-temperature applications, structural applications, and can act as crack arrestors in fatigue applications. However, MMCs are not widely adopted due to their high cost and are limited in the geometrical configuration of the ceramic cores (e.g., extrusion, tiles, stochastic foams, etc.). In this work, the authors proposed a novel process protocol that takes advantage of the geometrical freedom offered by Additive Manufacturing (AM). Specifically, the authors look to print a complex ceramic structure from precursor powders via Binder Jetting AM technology to incorporate into a bonded sand mold and the subsequently casted metal matrix. The manufacturing process for creating a successful MMC is divided into two distinct steps: i) determination of the printing parameters, pre-and-post sintering ceramic characterization, and ii) molding, casting, and testing MMCs. Through sintering experiments, a sintering temperature of 1375 ∘C was established for the ceramic insert (70 % cordierite). Upon printing and sintering the ceramic, three-point bend tests showed the MMCs had less strength than the matrix material likely due post-processing and geometrical effects, effects of gravity casting, and relatively high porosity developed in the body. It was found that the ceramic metal interface had minimal mechanical interlocking and chemical bonding limiting the strength of the final MMCs. Furthermore, the authors provide directions for future work on how to successfully utilize the proposed manufacturing process to create printed MMCs with more effective properties.
Activity Recognition for Persons With Stroke Using Mobile Phone Technology: Toward Improved Performance in a Home Setting

Background: Smartphones contain sensors that measure movement-related data, making them promising tools for monitoring physical activity after a stroke. Activity recognition (AR) systems are typically trained on movement data from healthy individuals collected in a laboratory setting. However, movement patterns change after a stroke (eg, gait impairment), and activities may be performed differently at home than in a lab. Thus, it is important to validate AR for gait-impaired stroke patients in a home setting for accurate clinical predictions. Objective: In this study, we sought to evaluate AR performance in a home setting for individuals who had suffered a stroke, by using different sets of training activities. Specifically, we compared AR performance for persons with stroke while varying the origin of training data, based on either population (healthy persons or persons with stoke) or environment (laboratory or home setting). Methods: Thirty individuals with stroke and fifteen healthy subjects performed a series of mobility-related activities, either in a laboratory or at home, while wearing a smartphone. A custom-built app collected signals from the phone’s accelerometer, gyroscope, and barometer sensors, and subjects self-labeled the mobility activities. We trained a random forest AR model using either healthy or stroke activity data. Primary measures of AR performance were (1) the mean recall of activities and (2) the misclassification of stationary and ambulatory activities. Results: A classifier trained on stroke activity data performed better than one trained on healthy activity data, improving average recall from 53% to 75%. The healthy-trained classifier performance declined with gait impairment severity, more often misclassifying ambulatory activities as stationary ones. The classifier trained on in-lab activities had a lower average recall for at-home activities (56%) than for in-lab activities collected on a different day (77%). Conclusions: Stroke-based training data is needed for high quality AR among gait-impaired individuals with stroke. Additionally, AR systems for home and community monitoring would likely benefit from including at-home activities in the training data. [J Med Internet Res 2017;19(5):e184]
Effect of prepartum exercise, pasture turnout, or total confinement on hoof health

Lameness is a major welfare concern in the dairy industry, and access to physical activity during the dry period may improve hoof health. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of forced exercise, pasture turnout, or total confinement of dry cows on horn growth and wear and sole thickness. Twenty-nine primiparous and 31 multiparous, pregnant, nonlactating Holstein (n = 58) and Jersey-Holstein crossbred (n = 2) dairy cows were assigned to either total confinement (n = 20), exercise (n = 20), or pasture (n = 20) treatments at dry-off using rolling enrollment from January to November 2015. Cows were managed with a 60-d dry period (58.5 ± 5.4 d) divided into far-off (dry-off to 2 wk before parturition) and close-up periods (2 wk before projected parturition). Cows were housed in a naturally ventilated, 4-row freestall barn at the University of Tennessee's Little River Animal and Environmental Unit (Walland, TN) with concrete flooring and deep-bedded sand freestalls. Cows assigned to confinement remained in the housing pen. Exercise cows were walked for a targeted 1.5 h at 3.25 km/h, 5 times/wk until calving. Pasture cows were turned out for a targeted 1.5 h, 5 times/wk until calving. Hoof growth and wear and sole thickness of the rear hooves were measured on d 2 and 44, relative to dry-off. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Cranial and caudal horn wear was greater for exercise cows than confinement and pasture cows. Exercise cows experienced more equal rates of horn growth and wear cranially. Confined cows tended to increase sole thickness from d 2 to 44, relative to dry-off. Frequent, short duration exercise on concrete did not impair the hoof health of late-gestation dry cows. Further, exercise may improve overall hoof health, potentially improving cow welfare.
Predictive Tool for Design and Analysis of ARGET ATRP Grafting Reactions

Solving a comprehensive, yet simple, reaction model for describing the activators regenerated by electron transfer (ARGET)–atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) reaction cascade, we show that the molar ratios of transition metal catalyst to initiator and reducing agent to catalyst are critical parameters in the ARGET ATRP mechanism, with optimal values on the order of 0.1:1 and 10:1, respectively. The model also predicts an optimal molar ratio of reducing agent to initiator of 1:1. The ARGET ATRP reaction cascade is extremely complex with many adjustable species concentrations and reaction parameters. The effect of varying any of these parameters on the resulting temporal conversion trajectory of the polymerization is not straightforward. This analysis greatly simplifies the process allowing one to select the proper conditions to optimize the reaction and could save much effort, time and money. These results have severe implications when grafting polymer chains from surfaces, since the amount of sur...
Case 6: Vexed Volunteers

On the eve of the biggest volunteering day of the year, an over-stretched volunteer administrator must balance the sudden demands of a high-profile community sponsor with the established organizational norms and policies she worked hard to develop. In this case, Handy and Russell focus on the difficulties of balancing multiple stakeholders against the backdrop of one of the most difficult tasks of nonprofit organizations, volunteer coordination. Questions of whether donors, of time and money, can or should be treated equally in the eyes of the organization are introduced.
Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes Among Women Who Conceive on Antiretroviral Therapy

Background Adverse pregnancy outcomes for women who conceive on antiretroviral therapy (ART) may be increased, but data are conflicting. Methods Human immunodeficiency virus-infected, nonbreastfeeding women with pre-ART CD4 counts ≥400 cells/μL who started ART during pregnancy were randomized after delivery to continue ART (CTART) or discontinue ART (DCART). Women randomized to DCART were recommended to restart if a subsequent pregnancy occurred or for clinical indications. Using both intent-to-treat and as-treated approaches, we performed Fisher exact tests to compare subsequent pregnancy outcomes by randomized arm. Results Subsequent pregnancies occurred in 277 of 1652 (17%) women (CTART: 144/827; DCART: 133/825). A pregnancy outcome was recorded for 266 (96%) women with a median age of 27 years (interquartile range [IQR], 24-31 years) and median CD4+ T-cell count 638 cells/μL (IQR, 492-833 cells/μL). When spontaneous abortions and stillbirths were combined, there was a significant difference in events, with 33 of 140 (23.6%) in the CTART arm and 15 of 126 (11.9%) in the DCART arm (relative risk [RR], 2.0 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.1-3.5]; P = .02). In the as-treated analysis, the RR was reduced and no longer statistically significant (RR, 1.4 [95% CI, .8-2.4]). Conclusions Women randomized to continue ART who subsequently conceived were more likely to have spontaneous abortion or stillbirth, compared with women randomized to stop ART; however, the findings did not remain significant in the as-treated analysis. More data are needed on pregnancy outcomes among women conceiving on ART, particularly with newer regimens.
Resident and Attending Physicians’ Perceptions of Patient Access to Provider Notes: Comparison of Perceptions Prior to Pilot Implementation

Background: As electronic health records have become a more integral part of a physician’s daily life, new electronic health record tools will continue to be rolled out to trainees. Patient access to provider notes is becoming a more widespread practice because this has been shown to increase patient empowerment. Objective: In this analysis, we compared differences between resident and attending physicians’ perceptions prior to implementation of patient access to provider notes to facilitate optimal use of electronic health record features and as a potential for patient empowerment. Methods: This was a single-site study within an academic internal medicine program. Prior to implementation of patient access to provider notes, we surveyed resident and attending physicians to assess differences in perceptions of this new electronic health record tool using an open access survey provided by OpenNotes. Results: We surveyed 37% (20/54 total) of resident physicians and obtained a 100% response rate and 72% (31/44 total) of attending physicians. Similarities between the groups included concerns about documenting sensitive topics and anticipation of improved patient engagement. Compared with attending physicians, resident physicians were more concerned about litigation, discussing weight, offending patients, and communicated less overall with patients through electronic health record. Conclusions: Patient access to provider notes has the potential to empower patients but concerns of the resident physicians need to be validated and addressed prior to its utilization.
Fuzzy Set Theory Utility for Database and Information Systems

Information systems are often thought of as encompassing database systems as well as information retrieval systems [4]. Fuzzy set theory has had a significant impact in all of these systems. For both areas various fuzzy set representations for imprecise data have been utilized. Additionally fuzzy matching approaches have been applied in database querying and information retrieval.
Synchronic Biotransformation of 1,4-Dioxane and 1,1-Dichloroethylene by a Gram-Negative Propanotroph Azoarcus sp. DD4

Bioremediation of 1,4-dioxane is strongly challenged by the concurrent contamination of chlorinated solvents, particularly 1,1-dichloroethylene (1,1-DCE), a potent inhibitor of archetypic 1,4-dioxane degraders (e.g., Pseudonocardia and Mycobacterium). Vegetative growth and aggregation behavior of these Gram-positive Actinomycetes also hinder their field application. A new Gram-negative bacterium Azoarcus sp. DD4 was isolated from an activated sludge sample. Notably, DD4 can sustain the concurrent co-oxidation of 1,4-dioxane and 1,1-DCE using propane as the primary substrate without observable formation of clumps. Microcosm assays prepared with source zone groundwater samples from a contaminated site indicated DD4 can efficiently remove dioxane, with the concentration decreasing from an initial value of 10.4 mg/L to <0.4 μg/L within 14 days of incubation. Removal of 1,4-dioxane was partially inhibited when an excessive amount of 1,1-DCE (3.28 ± 0.19 mg/L) was artificially spiked into the microcosms but sig...
Maneuvering Target Tracking Using LOS and Fuzzy Input Estimator

The performance of maneuvering target tracking relies on the extraction of useful information about the target state from the observations, and the key factors focus on the suitable target models and the filters. A usable maneuvering target tracking technique is proposed in this paper. The line-of-sight (LOS) dynamic equations of interceptor–target are modified for the target model and the azimuth angle, elevation angle and the relative range between the radar and the target can be detected by the radar system fixed on the ground. A fuzzy input estimator based on Kalman filter and input estimation method is developed in which the fuzzy logic theory is used to accelerate the estimator tracking speed to the signal input. Three different filters are used to combine with the modified LOS target model for the verification and comparison. Besides, the proposed algorithm is compared with two different target tracking techniques. Simulation results prove the modified LOS target model is practical and the developed fuzzy input estimator can increase the estimation precision. The proposed algorithm has the least estimation error of target position compared with the other two different target tracking techniques.
Botulinum Toxin Therapy in Joint and Bone Problems – Emerging Literature Radiates Hope

Animal studies have shown that local injection of botulinum toxins improves pain behavior via blocking the release of pain transmitters and modulators. In human, carefully designed studies comparing the effect of local injection of botulinum toxins with placebo (salt water) have demonstrated efficacy of toxin injection in relieving the pain of chronic osteoarthritis, local pain of tennis elbow, chronic pain after knee surgery and knee pain related to tightness of lateral thigh muscles.
Vascular Cell Responses to Changes in Potassium Concentration

Several laboratories have sought explanations for the apparent protective effects of diets containing high levels of potassium, beginning nearly 40 years ago. This laboratory began from the hypothesis that consuming high levels of dietary potassium results in elevation of extracellular potassium concentration, which inhibits the function of cells involved in formation of vascular lesions associated with cardiovascular diseases. The most common and clinically significant forms of vascular pathology are associated with two types of lesions: the atherosclerotic lesion and the one found in neointimal proliferative conditions that follow vascular injury. We evaluated the effects of changes in potassium concentration that could result from alterations in dietary intake on the functions of vascular cell types that give rise to these two types of lesions.
Subterranean Spaces and Female Subversion in Walpole’s CASTLE OF OTRANTO

Horace Walpole’s The Castle of Otranto certainly appears to be no feminist tract; Hippolita announces the dominant patriarchal system at work in the novel when she declares to her two female charge...
Impact on USAF tuberculosis detection and control program given a low facility tuberculosis prevalence rate.

Isoniazid prophylaxis is a major part of the U.S. Air Force tuberculosis (TB) screening program and is closely tied to the efforts to eliminate TB. If a facility has a low prevalence rate of TB and there is no sound epidemiological evidence to rule out a false-positive TB skin test, a higher threshold for what constitutes a positive reaction in a given population may be appropriate. Criteria for preventive treatment in Air Force Instruction 48-115, para 3.4.2 and 3.4.5, should be expanded to incorporate the positive-predictive rate of the tuberculin skin test as recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.