cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A basis for the design of a multiattribute heuristic for single resource project scheduling

Abstract Two important characteristics of a project network are the network's topology and the amount of resources available. Most published project scheduling procedures take one or both of these two characteristics into account. Project scheduling procedures that are robust over variations of network characteristics are desirable. The degree of robustness is generally gauged by one or more measures of performance. The objective of this paper is to compare a set of priority rules that are useful for a single resource project scheduling problem. The set of networks suggested by Patterson (1973) is used along with the set of performance measures proposed by Khattab and Choobineh 1991. The result of this comparison allows one to design a multiattribute heuristic for a single resource project scheduling problem.
Effect of Filler Geometry on the Conduction of Isotropically Conductive Adhesives

The effect of the geometry of conductive fillers on the conduction of conductive adhesives is studied. 3-D microstructure models of conductive adhesives are built to describe the positions and connections of the conductive fillers. Both rectangular flakes and spherical particles are studied. The total resistance of conductive adhesive is calculated by solving the resistor network formed by all particle connections. The method of full factorial design at two levels is used, and the geometric parameters are set at high and low level to study their effects on the resistivity of the conductive adhesive. Pareto chart of standardized effects of factors are examined for different configurations. Factors with significant effects are found. Main effect plots are used to study how significant factors affect the resistivity. Monte Carlo simulations are used for each configuration. Radius mean has the most significant effect for spherical particles, while the alignment angle is most significant for flakes.© 2005 ASME
Algorithm 876: Solving Fredholm Integral Equations of the Second Kind in Matlab

We present here the algorithms and user interface of a Matlab program, Fie, that solves numerically Fredholm integral equations of the second kind on an interval [a,b] to a specified, modest accuracy. The kernel function K(s,t) is moderately smooth on [a,b] ×[a,b] except possibly across the diagonal s = t. If the interval is finite, provides for kernel functions that behave in a variety of ways across the diagonal, that is, K(s,t) may be smooth, have a discontinuity in a low-order derivative, have a logarithmic singularity, or have an algebraic singularity. Fie also solves a large class of integral equations with moderately smooth kernel function on [0, ∞ ).
Arteriograms of the palatine arteries in normal and cleft palate dogs

Arteriography was used to study the arterial distribution of the hard and soft palate in dogs with and without cleft palate. Selective catheterization of the maxillary arteries produced arteriograms of the palatine arteries. Surgical exposure of the left common carotid artery or the right femoral artery was used for entry into the arterial system. The control dogs demonstrated a normal number of foramina (one on each side) with cross communication of the terminal arteries. The presence of additional foramina on the left side of the cleft as compared with the right side indicates the possibility of greater vascularity unilaterally. These findings may be of clinical significance.
Globalization of Chagas Disease: A Growing Concern in Nonendemic Countries

Chagas disease, caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Central and South America. Initial infection and ensuing chronic infection often go undetected in the human host. High seroprevalence of T. cruzi infection is well documented in endemic areas. Designated as “a neglected tropical disease” by the World Health Organization, rural economically disadvantaged and marginalized populations in endemic countries traditionally have the highest rates of infection. As economic hardship, political instability, and the search for opportunity spur migration of infected humans from endemic to non-endemic areas of the world, blood bank data have documented rising seroprevalence of T. cruzi in traditionally nonendemic areas. In these areas, T. cruzi is transmitted through blood transfusion, organ transplantation, and maternal-fetal mechanisms. Increasing awareness of large numbers of infected immigrants in nonendemic countries, and the medical care they require, has focused attention on the need for strategic programs for screening affected populations, education of healthcare providers, and provision of necessary medical services for those infected. Physicians in nonendemic countries should be able to recognize signs and symptoms of acute and chronic Chagas disease as migration and globalization increase the burden of disease in non-endemic areas.
Singular boundary value problems

In this chapter we shall provide existence criteria for the nonnegative solutions of the one-dimensional Dirichlet boundary value problem $$ \begin{gathered} y'' - \mu q\left( t \right)f\left( {t,y} \right) = 0,0 < t < 1 \hfill \\ y\left( 0 \right) = a \geqslant 0,y\left( 1 \right) = 0. \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ (7.1) where the nonlinearity is singular at y = 0, t = 0 and t = 1. We shall begin with the case μ =-1, a = 0 and allow f to change sign. Four very general results will be proved. Then we shall assume f (t, y) ≥ 0, i.e. the positone problem and improve some of these results. Next we shall consider the case µ >0, a > 0, f(t, y) ≥ 0, i.e. the semi-positone problem and offer a sharper existence theorem. We shall also present two existence theorems for the nonnegative solutions of the singular mixed boundary value problem $$\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {\frac{1}{{p\left( t \right)}}{{{\left( {p\left( t \right)y'} \right)}}^{\prime }} + q\left( t \right)f\left( {t,y} \right) = 0,0 < t < 1} \\ {\mathop{{\lim }}\limits_{{t \to {{0}^{ + }}}} p\left( t \right)y'\left( t \right) = 0 = y\left( 1 \right)} \\ \end{array}$$ (7.2)
Electric field recording on the sea floor with short span instruments.

Oceanic electric fields originate from (1) induction by magnetic pulsations in the ionosphere, (2) water motions across the earth's field and (3) electrochemical processes associated with sea floor materials and with tissues of marine organisms. Precise recording of these signals is difficult because of (1) their small size, and (2) a large and unavoidable noise occurs at the contact points between sea water and measuring devices.The spectrum P of average natural electric activity at the sea floor in the band 10-3 to 10+1 cph roughly follows the trend P=kf-1, f=frequency, k centered at 10-2 μV2 m-2. The noise spectrum of typical Ag-AgCl electrode pairs P′ on the sea floor environment approximates k′= 10-1 μV2 with tenfold variations in both directions. Thus, achieving a 101 signal to noise ratio requires an electrode separation of 10 meters. Even so, the unavoidable electrode voltage mismatch, typically 102 to 103 μV, fatally eradicates the signal datum unless considerably longer lines area used.Rejection of electrode bias and noise to allow short electrode separations can be done by physically inverting the electrodes positions, which is most practically achieved with rotating instruments, or (2) by switching back and forth the sea water connections between electrodes and the salt bridge pipes which perform electrical contact with the ocean. A method to achieve this “water chopping” is described.Examples of ionospheric and barotropic velocity signals recorded on the sea floor with 5m span instruments and presented.
Tipología de los orígenes de los sufijos españoles

Since the publication in 2002 of our Diccionario etimologico de los sufijos espanoles , it is now possible for the first time to classify all Spanish suffixes according to their origins, that is, according to the processes through which they were coined. After reviewing briefly the few works that have been dedicated to the origins of suffixes, and clarifying the distinction between authentic suffixes and nonsuffixal final elements, I offer an etymological classification of the former according to the various genetic categories to which they belong.
Development of a novel spectrometric-based temperature probe and the investigation of atomic cloud generation in a tungsten coil atomizer

A new two-element atomic emission temperature probe is developed and applied to gas phase temperature determinations in both a tungsten coil atomizer and an air/acetylene flame. Results are comparable to the traditional Sn two-line method, with variances as low as 0.08%. The spectrometric-based thermometer is composed of a handheld spectrometer, a fiber optic and a laptop computer. The method is an interesting alternative for a wide range of applications due to its simplicity, portability and high temperature capabilities. Its spatial resolution is especially desirable for spectroscopic studies. An updated version of the Sn two-line method is used to determine the temperature profile of a tungsten coil atomizer and study processes involved in atomic cloud generation in both atomic absorption and atomic emission spectrometry. Tungsten coil atomizers present significant temperature gradients and spectrometric methods based on them are critically dependent on some interrelated parameters such as gas phase temperatures, protecting gas composition, and ultimately, atomizer positioning relative to the detector. Sn atomic absorption, and Li and Cr atomic emission profiles were determined and compared with the atomizer temperature profile. Elements determined by atomic emission are more dependent on gas phase temperatures while Sn absorption signal is more dependent on the reducing atmosphere provided by H2 molecules present in the protecting gas mixture. Cr presents higher emission signals in a H2-rich, more reducing environment, whereas Li is less dependent on both temperature and protecting gas composition. Those results reflect Li lower excitation energy and Cr refractory characteristics.
Aeroelastic control using V-stack piezoelectric actuator and Q-parameterized system identification

Aeroelastic control of flutter by means of trailing edge surfaces can be a very effective method, providing that the actuation system is capable of generating suffcient force and displacement over the bandwidth of interest. This effort describes the mechanical design aspects of a flap actuation system using V-stack piezoelectric actuator and Q-parameterization technique for identifying the plant at supercritical speeds. A flap actuation mechanism that takes advantage of the shape of the actuator (V) was designed. In order to validate the actuation concept the actuator was integrated into a NACA 0015 typical section that was tested in the wind tunnel at Duke University. An initial nominal controller was designed to stabilize the typical section for a limited range of speeds above the open-loop flutter boundary. The technique of Q-parameterization was then used to parameterize the unstable system as a function of stable systems, each derived from the nominal controller. Operating in closed loop, flutter was suppressed at the speed it occurred in open loop, and the flutter boundary was extended by more than 50%.
The oersted and the gauss

For more than 50 years there have been two schools of thought concerning magnetic quantities. The first of these maintains that induction and field are quantities of the same physical nature, and that permeability is a mere number, not a physical quantity. The second of these maintains that induction, field, and permeability are quantities, each of a different physical nature. For many years the first of these was in the lead and still has many ardent supporters. During the past ten or more years the second of these has been in the ascendency and has received the support of the International Electrotechnical Commission and the Symbols Units and Nomenclature Committee.
Finite-sum approximations to cubic Brillouin-zone integrals

Techniques are given for representing a periodic function of cubic symmetry in terms of a sum over a finite set of orthogonal functions. General results for cubic lattices are tabulated in a form convenient for use in computation. The accuracy of an approximation may be improved systematically by augmenting an approximate set of points. The special points of Chadi and Cohen occur as a case in which the periodic function is evaluated at a sublattice of points. Other sublattices may also be used. Such sets of points are found to be in the spirit of the original Baldereschi special points because certain orthogonal functions in the expansion are identically zero for all sublattice points.
Controlled Gating of a Hemicarcerand by Disulfide−Dithiol Interchange

Introduction of a disulfide unit into the linker of a hemicarcerand creates a new way to control the entry and exit of guests. When the disulfide bond is reduced to two thiols, the "gate" opens, and guests can freely enter the hydrophobic core of the hemicarcerand. However, when the gate is closed, the host must be heated in the presense of excess guest in order for complexation to result. Several novel hemicarceplexes of this type have been synthesized. Molecular mechanics calculations are employed to explore the differing stabilities and ease of complexation of these host-guest complexes.
The murine COMP (cartilage oligomeric matrix protein) promoter contains a potent transcriptional repressor region

Abstract Objective A subgroup of patients with pseudoachondroplasia (PSACH) and multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED) have been found to harbor mutations within the cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) gene. These two diseases are autosomal dominant disorders that are characterized by an early onset of osteoarthritis (OA). The COMP gene is expressed primarily in chondrocytes in articular cartilage as well as in tendon and ligament. Therefore, control over tissue specific COMP expression may be an important aspect in cartilage biology. To begin an analysis of the regulation of COMP expression, we have cloned, sequenced and characterized the entire genomic clone for mouse COMP that includes the COMP promoter. Methods and Results The COMP coding region spans 19 exons over approximately 8.4kb of DNA. The arrangement and size of the exons have a remarkable similarity to those of the human COMP genomic sequence, indicating a significant degree of genomic conservation. Analysis of a 453 basepair region of the putative COMP promoter reveals two strong transcriptional repressor elements located between position −356 and −304 and between −251 and −180, relative to the start site for transcription. These repressor elements down-regulate transcription from the promoter in a broad spectrum of cell lines. Removal of the repressor DNA sequence from the COMP promoter leads to significant enhancement in transcriptional activity, indicating that this region acts in a dominant manner to transcriptional activators located more proximal to the start site of transcription. This region also represses transcription when linked to a heterologous promoter. Conclusions This repressor region probably down-regulates transcription from the COMP promoter in vivo . It may help to repress transcription of COMP in non-cartilaginous tissues and/or may aid in the expression of COMP to the appropriate level in tissues such as cartilage, tendon and ligament.
Analyzing promotions of racial/ethnic minority CEOs

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to understand the conditions under which racial/ethnic minorities are promoted to top leadership positions in American corporations. In addition to testing the glass cliff theory for racial/ethnic minorities, the paper also develops and test two additional theoretical mechanisms: bold moves and the savior effect. While the glass cliff theory predicts racial/ethnic minorities will be promoted to struggling firms, the bold moves theory predicts the opposite, that racial/ethnic minorities will be promoted to strong firms. The savior effect predicts that minority CEOs will be replaced by white male leaders if firm performance struggles during their tenure. Design/methodology/approach – This paper relies on conditional logistic regression to analyze all CEO transitions among Fortune 500 companies over a 15-year period. Findings – Consistent with the bold moves thesis but contrary to the predictions of glass cliff theory, the results suggest that racial/ethnic minorities a...
A new signal sequence trap using alkaline phosphatase as a reporter

Secreted and transmembrane proteins are critical to the cell-cell interactions governing normal development and carcinogenesis. To facilitate the identification of such molecules, we have developed a novel signal sequence trap that uses human placental alkaline phosphatase as a reporter. Libraries from mouse prostate and human prostatic carcinoma were constructed to test the PST (peptide signal trap) system, resulting in the identification of several secreted and transmembrane proteins.
Time-resolved fluorescence techniques: methods and applications in biology

Abstract Modern time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy affords detection and accurate quantification of fluorescence intensity decays as short as a few picoseconds. The method allows for measurements of dynamic events in the picosecond-nanosecond time frame. It is therefore especially useful for the study of macromolecular structure and dynamics, in particular for evaluating predictions from molecular dynamics simulations.
Facilitating flexible multihop communication via spectrum leasing

Spectrum leasing for cooperation is a promising paradigm that motivates relaying participation of non-altruistic nodes. It prescribes the trade where the node is rewarded for its relaying role with a fraction of source's bandwidth. Proposed spectrum leasing schemes typically involve hard decision at the source, whether to completely rely on the relay or preserve the whole bandwidth for itself. This approach can pose limitations in multihop networks, with the source refusing to share its bandwidth with multiple nodes on its route, and instead choosing to transmit directly to its destination. The benefits for both the source and potential relays would thus be lost. In this paper, we propose a two-hop spectrum leasing scheme that enables the source to employ the relay only to an extent it finds beneficial, preserving the remaining bandwidth for its direct transmission, if necessary. Unlike the previous mechanisms, the proposed scheme is based on explicit interaction and negotiation about the leased bandwidth. Stackelberg game is used to model this interaction. Comprehensive analysis for the proposed scheme and numerical results demonstrate significant benefits for all the participating nodes.
A pressure-sinkage model for small-diameter wheels on compactive, deformable terrain

Abstract Traditional terramechanics theorems utilize pressure-sinkage models based on the assumption that the contact area between a tire and soil can be approximated as a flat plate. Examples include work by Bernstein–Goriatchkin, Bekker, Reece, and Ishigami. Recently, the authors have demonstrated that (1) this assumption does not hold for wheels with a diameter less than approximately 50 cm and (2) an improved diameter-dependent pressure-sinkage model can yield more accurate results. Further improvements to the pressure-sinkage model for small diameter wheels are presented here that account for both wheel width and diameter on compactive soils. Results from 125 pressure-sinkage tests using 35 wheel geometries on a clay/silt mix are presented. X-ray images of sub-surface soil deformation are used to visually validate the model.
Three-dimensional modeling of shock initiation of heterogeneous explosives

The basic processes in the shock initiation of heterogeneous explosives have been investigated theoretically using a model of a cube of nitromethane containing 91 cubic air holes. The interaction of a shock wave with the density discontinuities, the resulting hot spot formation and interaction, and the buildup to propagating detonation were computed using three-dimensional numerical Eulerian hydrodynamics with Arrhenius chemical reaction and accurate equations of state. The basic process in the desensitization of a heterogeneous explosive by preshocking witha shock pressure too low to cause propagating detonation was numerically modeled.
Cradle-to-cradle stewardship of drugs for minimizing their environmental disposition while promoting human health. II. Drug disposal, waste reduction, and future directions.

Since the 1980s, the occurrence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) as trace environmental pollutants, originating primarily from consumer use and actions rather than manufacturer effluents, continues to become more firmly established. The growing, worldwide importance of freshwater resources underscores the need for ensuring that any aggregate or cumulative impacts on (or from) water supplies are minimized. Despite a paucity of effects data from long-term, simultaneous exposure at low doses to multiple xenobiotics (particularly non-target-organism exposure to PPCPs), a wide range of proactive actions could be implemented for reducing or minimizing the introduction of PPCPs to the environment. Most of these actions fall under what could be envisioned as a holistic stewardship program--overseen by the health care industry and consumers alike. Significantly, such a stewardship program would benefit not just the environment--additional, collateral benefits could automatically accrue, including the lessening of medication expense for the consumer and improving patient health and consumer safety. In this article (the second of two parts describing the "green pharmacy") I focus on those actions and activities tied more closely to the end user (e.g., the patient) and issues associated with drug disposal/recycling that could prove useful in minimizing the environmental disposition of PPCPs. I also outline some recommendations and suggestions for further research and pose some considerations regarding the future. In this mini-monograph I attempt to capture cohesively for the first time the wide spectrum of actions available for minimizing the release of PPCPs to the environment. A major objective is to generate an active dialog or debate across the many disciplines that must become actively involved to design and implement a successful approach to life-cycle stewardship of PPCPs.
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor as a prototype neuroprotective factor against HIV-1-associated neuronal degeneration.

Patients with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection develop a broad spectrum of motor impairments and cognitive deficits, which follow or parallel cellular loss and atrophy in their brains. The viral envelope glycoprotein 120 (gp120) has been suggested to be a causal agent of neuronal loss. Therefore, reducing gp120 neurotoxicity may prevent neuronal degeneration seen in these patients. Here, we describein vitro andin vivo experimental evidence that gp120 toxicity can be reduced by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a naturally occurring peptide that has been shown to block neurotoxin and trauma-induced neuronal injury. Moreover, we review the survival promoting properties of BDNF and the issues concerning its delivery into the brain, in an attempt to explain the rationale for exploring BDNF as a prototype trophic factor for a therapy to reduce neuronal cell death in HIV-1 infected patients.
The Chemistry of Cyclic Hydrazides. IX. The Synthesis and Alkylation of 1,2‐Disubstituted‐Perhydropyridazine‐3,6‐Diones

The synthesis of 1,2-disubstituted perhydropyridazine-3,6-diones in high yield is described. The reaction of succinic anhydride and 1,2-dialkylhydrazines leads to N,N′-dialkyl-3-carboxypropionhydrazides which are converted to 1,2-dialkylperhydropyridazine-3,6-diones in refluxing xylene or polyphosphoric acid. The reaction of 1,2-diarylhydrazines with 3-carbomethoxypropionyl chloride and hydrolysis of the resulting N,N′-diaryl-3-carbomethoxypropionhydrazides yields N,N′-diaryl-3-carboxypropionhydrazides. Cyclization of these acid-hydrazides in thionyl chloride at low temperature affords the corresponding 1, 2-diarylperhydropyridazine-3,6-diones. The alkylation of 1,2-dipropyl-perhydropyridazine-3,6-dione in various base-solvent systems with methyl and isopropyl iodide is reported.
Simultaneous binding of heparin and platelet factor-4 to platelets: further insights into the mechanism of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is mediated by antibody against complexes of platelet factor-4 (PF4) and heparin. Although it has been assumed that these complexes bind to platelets and provide a target for the antibody, this has never been demonstrated. Furthermore, there is evidence suggesting that heparin-PF4 complexes do not bind to platelets. We have analyzed the effect of each ligand on the platelet binding of the other. We particularly focused on the result when heparin and PF4 are in equimolar concentration because we had previously shown that this was the condition under which HIT-IgG increased on the platelet surface. We found that when the molar concentration of PF4 approximates or exceeds that of heparin, the ligands bind simultaneously to the cells and HIT-IgG binds also. However, when heparin is in molar excess, both PF4 binding and HIT-IgG binding are diminished. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that heparin-PF4 complexes bind via their heparin component to heparin binding sites on the platelet membrane rather than by their PF4 component to PF4 sites. The conditions promoting the binding of the complexes also lead to binding of HIT-IgG.
Nitrogen fixation in annual and perennial legume-grass mixtures across a fertility gradient

Background and aims The selection of legume species and species mixtures influences agroecosystem nitrogen (N) and carbon cycling. We utilized a fertility gradient to investigate the effects of plant species interactions on biological N fixation of an annual and perennial legume in response to shifting soil resource availability.
1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D-mediated orchestration of anticancer, transcript-level effects in the immortalized, non-transformed prostate epithelial cell line, RWPE1

Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer mortality among US men. Epidemiological evidence suggests that high vitamin D status protects men from prostate cancer and the active form of vitamin D, 1α,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D) has anti-cancer effects in cultured prostate cells. Still, the molecular mechanisms and the gene targets for vitamin D-mediated prostate cancer prevention are unknown. We examined the effect of 1,25(OH)2D (+/- 100 nM, 6, 24, 48 h) on the transcript profile of proliferating RWPE1 cells, an immortalized, non-tumorigenic prostate epithelial cell line that is growth arrested by 1,25(OH)2D (Affymetrix U133 Plus 2.0, n = 4/treatment per time and dose). Our analysis revealed many transcript level changes at a 5% false detection rate: 6 h, 1571 (61% up), 24 h, 1816 (60% up), 48 h, 3566 (38% up). 288 transcripts were regulated similarly at all time points (182 up, 80 down) and many of the promoters for these transcripts contained putative vitamin D response elements. Functional analysis by pathway or Gene Set Analysis revealed early suppression of WNT, Notch, NF-kB, and IGF1 signaling. Transcripts related to inflammation were suppressed at 6 h (e.g. IL-1 pathway) and suppression of proinflammatory pathways continued at later time points (e.g. IL-17 and IL-6 pathways). There was also evidence for induction of anti-angiogenic pathways and induction of transcripts for protection from oxidative stress or maintenance of cell redox homeostasis at 6 h. Our data reveal of large number of potential new, direct vitamin D target genes relevant to prostate cancer prevention. In addition, our data suggests that rather than having a single strong regulatory effect, vitamin D orchestrates a pattern of changes within prostate epithelial cells that limit or slow carcinogenesis.
Effect of prostaglandin inhibition on glomerular filtration rate in normal and uremic rabbits.

Abstract Studies were performed to assess the effect of alterations in prostaglandin biosynthesis on glomerular filtration rate in rabbits with normal renal function and after surgical reduction of renal mass. In normal animals, the administration of either of two cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors resulted in a 53% reduction in urine prostaglandin E excretion, but no change in creatinine clearance. Creatinine clearance rates were almost 71% lower in the uremic animals when compared to the animals with normal renal function. Despite the reduction in renal mass, urine prostaglandin E excretion rates in the uremic animals were over twice that seen in normal rabbits. When factored by either glomerular filtration rate or remaining renal mass, urine prostaglandin E excretion rates in uremic rabbits when compared to normal animals were increased more than 9-times and 4-times respectively. Administration of cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors in the uremic animals resulted in a 71% decrease in urine prostaglandin E excretion and, unlike the non-uremic animals, a 53% fall in creatinine clearance. These findings suggest that intact renal prostaglandin biosynthesis is a necessary factor in the homeostatic adaptive mechanisms which maintain the glomerular filtration rate in animals with decreased renal mass.
Morphology of the tongue in the tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus (Reptilia: Lepidosauria), with comments on function and phylogeny

The morphology and histology of the tongue in Sphenodon punctatus are described and used to infer function and to determine character state polarities in lepidosaurs. The tongue lacks an anterior notch and is covered with filamentous papillae, including specialized gustatory papillae containing taste buds. Lingual glands are restricted to mucocytes covering the papillae. Three intrinsic tongue muscles are identified and shown to be discrete fiber systems and not merely elaborations of the M. hyoglossus. These muscles interact with a connective tissue skeleton, particularly three septal planes, to cause changes in tongue shape. Tongue protrusion is probably caused by hyoid protraction and contraction of posterior genioglossus fibers; retraction by hyoid retraction, hyoglossus contraction, and contraction of anterior genioglossus fibers. It is argued that taste is important in prey discrimination and possibly in courtship. Vomeronasal function is probably mediated by inhalation and not tongue movement. Insertion of genioglossus fibers into the buccal floor is a derived feature of lepidosaur tongues. Derived features of squamate tongues include an anterior bifurcation, a divided genioglossus comprising medial and lateral portions, ventral transverse and circular muscle fiber systems around the hyoglossus, and the presence of a median septum. The tongue of the squamate family Iguanidae shares many plesiomorphic features with Sphenodon.
Evolution of the Solar Nebula. VI. Mixing and Transport of Isotopic Heterogeneity

Meteoritical studies have shown that the solar nebula was basically well mixed, as shown by the homogeneity of many isotopes of refractory elements. However, isotopic anomalies in certain elements, such as the short-lived isotope 26Al, imply the presence of either spatial or temporal heterogeneity. Spatial heterogeneity could result from the injection of short-lived isotopes into the solar nebula following their production in a supernova or from spraying these isotopes across the nebula's surface following their production by solar flares and transport outward by an X-wind. If the nebula was thoroughly mixed soon after the introduction of spatially heterogeneous 26Al, producing a homogeneous spatial distribution of 26Al, then the measured abundances of 26Al would provide a chronometer for early solar system processes. For these reasons and others it is important to understand the efficiency of mixing and transport processes in the solar nebula. Here we study mixing and transport in fully three-dimensional models of gravitationally unstable disks that are likely to occur during the phase when planetesimal growth is beginning. The three-dimensional models show that isotopes that are sprayed onto an annular region of the surface of a disk around 9 AU remain remarkably concentrated after ~103 yr, in spite of mixing by convection, which transports material between the surface and midplane on timescales of ~30 yr, and radially inward and outward as well. Mixing caused by a generic turbulent viscosity dominates only when ? ? 0.01, implying that the effective ? of the convective motions and gravitational torques is ? ~ 10-3. The three-dimensional models show that spatial heterogeneity can persist in a disk evolving by gravitational torques for significant periods, even in the most dynamically active region. This period, ~103 yr, is similar to the timescale for presolar dust grains to coagulate while settling to the midplane and growing to centimeter size. If such solids can be preserved and incorporated into chondrites, then it is conceivable that some observed isotopic anomalies could have been derived from a spatially heterogeneous nebula.
Occupational asbestos exposure and mesothelioma risk in Los Angeles county: Application of an occupational hazard survey job‐exposure matrix

We evaluated the newly available National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) National Occupational Hazard Survey (NOHS) job exposure matrix (JEM) by considering mesothelioma risk from asbestos exposure. We applied this system (NOHS-JEM) to the Los Angeles County Cancer Surveillance Program (CSP) to see how many cancer cases could be assigned asbestos exposure and how asbestos exposure affected mesothelioma risk. Using the same CSP data, our "experts" classified asbestos exposure simply by occupation and industry. Both exposure classifications were divided into low and high; the NOHS-JEM by the number of exposed people per couplet, and ours by judgements of intensity. Odds ratios (OR) for mesothelioma risk for low and high asbestos exposure for the NOHS-JEM were 2.0 (95% C.I. 1.2-3.4) and 2.5 (95% C.I. 1.2-4.8). For ours, corresponding risks were 1.6 (95% C.I. 1.1-2.4) and 6.3 (95% C.I. 2.5-15.1). Our system was able to assign more cases to couplets then the NOHS-JEM (35,895 to 22,369). Three limitations of the NOHS-JEM were that many occupation-industry couplets were not classified at all, many couplets associated with past asbestos exposure (before the 1972-1974 NOHS survey) were not classified as asbestos exposure, and no assessment of intensity was made. These limitations may apply to other exposures and should be carefully considered before the NOHS-JEM is applied to other case-control studies.
A study of data fusion in Cayley graphs G(s/sub n/,p/sub n/)

In this paper, we examine a method for the fusion of ranked data in the context of a Cayley graph. We investigate this Cayley graph model for optimization of fusion by rank combination. We outline a method of data fusion by combination of weighted rankings. Information systems are represented as nodes in a Cayley graph. Our goal is to determine a metric of diversity and performance in this graph in order to build a model for optimizing fusion by rank combination. We use the Kendall distance between nodes in the Cayley graph of the symmetric group S/sub n/ as a measure of performance. In doing so we demonstrate that in S/sub 6/ there is a quadratic relationship between the weights of the fusion of two information systems and the performance of the fusion in our abstract space. From such a relationship we propose a set of functions for extrapolating optimal fusion weights in the symmetric group S/sub n/.
Interpreting hydrogen-induced fracture surfaces in terms of deformation processes: A new approach

Interpreting topological features on fracture surfaces in terms of the underlying deformation processes has traditionally been based on assumed knowledge of the processes and mechanisms with no direct correlation being established. By using a combination of high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy and focused-ion beam machining to enable investigation by transmission electron microscopy of the microstructure immediately beneath the surface, correlation of developed structure with the topology of the fracture surface becomes possible. Using this methodology, features on hydrogen-induced fracture surfaces that appear flat at low resolution under SEM are revealed to be decorated with fine-scale undulations that are associated with an underlying dense arrangement of dislocations. The formation of this microstructure and the fracture surface are discussed in terms of hydrogen embrittlement models, with the conclusion reached that the surface formation can be understood within the framework of the enhanced plasticity model of hydrogen embrittlement establishing the conditions that favor the formation of the observed surface features.
Variable structure observer with a boundary-layer for correlated noise/disturbance models and disturbance minimization

We present a design methodology for state estimation of nonlinear stochastic systems and measurement models with coloured noise processes. The method is based on the extension of variable structure observer schemes. The deterministic versions of these results are also included, a new approach for obtaining the required parameters in the observer design is provided, together with the design of a dynamic feedback controller to minimize the effect of known waveform-type disturbances with unknown magnitudes and arrival times. Two simulation examples illustrate the design procedures.
Bayesian semi-supervised learning with support vector machine

Abstract This paper introduces a Bayesian semi-supervised support vector machine (Semi-BSVM) model for binary classification. Our semi-supervised learning has a distinct advantage over supervised or inductive learning since by design it reduces the problem of overfitting. While a traditional support vector machine (SVM) has the widest margin based on the labeled data only, our semi-supervised form of SVM attempts to find the widest margin in both the labeled and unlabeled data space. This enables us to use some information from the unlabeled data and improve the overall prediction performance. The likelihood is constructed using a special type of hinge loss function which also involves the unlabeled data. A penalty term is added for the likelihood part constructed from the unlabeled data. The parameters and penalties are controlled through nearly diffuse priors for objectivity of the analysis. The rate of learning from the unlabeled data is reflected through the posterior distribution of the penalty parameter from the unlabeled data. This formulation provides us with a control on how much information should be extracted from the unlabeled data without hurting the overall performance of our model. We have applied our model on three simulation data sets and five real life data sets. Our simulation study and real life data analysis show considerable improvement in prediction quality for our semi-supervised learning over supervised learning methods when we have a high learning rate from the unlabeled data. This phenomenon is particularly evident in cases when the amount of unlabeled data is very large compared to the available labeled data.
Albumin and globulin circulation in experimental ascites; relative rates of interchange between plasma and ascitic fluid studied with C14-labeled proteins.

Plasma containing carbon14-labeled albumin and globulin, obtained by feeding ϵ-C14 D,L.-lysine to a donor dog, has been injected intravenously and intraperitoneally into recipient dogs with experimental ascites. The circulation and interchange of total plasma protein between circulating blood and ascitic fluid have been confirmed and the participation of both albumin and globulin in this interchange has been demonstrated. Labeled albumin tends to reach equilibrium in plasma and ascitic fluid in a shorter period of time (1 to 2 days) than does globulin (2 or more days), after administration of labeled plasma by either route. Evidence is presented that the rate of transfer of albumin across the peritoneal membrane is at least three times faster than that of globulin in terms of weight.
Splenomegaly at a United States County Hospital: Diagnostic Evaluation of 170 Patients

ABSTRACT: Splenomegaly was studied at a municipal teaching hospital in an 11-year retrospective review. The 170 patients were classified into six diagnostic groups. The associated clinical and laboratory features were tested for statistical association (X 2 ), to determine predictive values. Hepatic diseases caused 36% of the splenomegaly; hematologic, 35%; infectious diseases (ID), 16%; inflammatory, 5%; primary splenic, 4%; and other, 3%. The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) occurred in 54% of patients with ID. Hematologic diseases were significantly associated (P
Effects of Heat Treatments on the Ethylene Forming Enzyme System in Papayas

Heat inactivation studies were conducted on the ethylene-forming enzyme system (EFE) in papayas. Heat inactivation of the papaya EFE was biphasic and both phases followed first order kinetics. The activation energies E, for the thermal inactivation of the heat resistant (HR) and the heat susceptible (HS) EFEs were 68.3 and 51.2 Kcal/ mole, respectively. The thermodynamic constants for the heat inactivation of both EFEs were; enthalapy, 5 1.2 kcal/mole for HS and 66.7 kcal/mole for HR; free energy, 22.5 kcal/mole for HS and 23.3 kcal/mole for HR; entropy, 87.2 cal/deg-mole for HS and 137.8 call degmole for HR. The heat resistant EFE appeared to compromise about 25% of the total EFE activity. Commercial heat treatments used for quarantine treatments affected mainly the heat susceptible portion which comprised the remaining 75% of the total EFE activity.
New Silicon-Carbon Materials Incorporating Si4C Building Blocks

Novel precursor chemistry and ultrahigh-vacuum chemical vapor deposition have been used to deposit Si1-y C y th in films on (001) Si substrates. Films with carbon compositions ranging up to 20 at. % were deposited at substrate temperatures of 600–750°C using interactions of C(SiH3)4 or C(SiH2Cl)4 (C-H free precursors incorporating Si4C tetrahedra) and SiH4 gas mixtures. The composition of the resulting materials was obtained by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry including carbon resonance analysis. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy were used to provide microstructural and bonding information respectively. The effect of precursor chemistry on the composition and structure of the materials is discussed.
In support of the assumptions at the foundation of Deming's management theory

Abstract Hillmer and Karney [J. Qual. Manage. 2 (1997) 171.] have formulated 15 axioms as a basis of Deming's theory of management and utilized these axioms to derive Deming's 14 points. This paper makes a case for the feasibility of the theory, which is based on these axioms, by articulating how the axioms are consistent with existing theories, known research results, empirical evidence, and observed phenomena. Establishing these links addresses the fit of Deming's theory with observation to increase the confidence of managers, scholars, and researchers in its relevance, in its predictive ability, in its conclusions, and in its usefulness as a guide for decision making. Further, such a case helps clarify the issues in the paradigm debate about the practicality and usefulness of Deming's theory for managing an organization.
Factors Influencing Accuracy of Colloidal and Macromolecular Properties Measured by Field-Flow Fractionation

Although it is widely recognized that field-flow fractionation (FFF) can be used to measure numerous properties of macromolecular and colloidal components (as well as to separate the components), no systematic work has been done to evaluate the factors controlling the accuracy of FFF measurement. To fill the void, measurement errors are first divided into two basic classes: (1) those arising from shortcomings in the theoretical retention models that allow properties to be deduced from measured retention times and (2) experimental errors in retention time measurements and in system parameters that enter the final calculations of properties. With regard to (1), progress is outlined in improving retention models to account for steric effects, particle−wall interactions, viscosity gradients, and so on. For (2), equations are derived for estimating the relative error δp/p in arbitrary property p resulting from a given error in experimental parameter Ei. It is found that δp/p is inversely proportional to the s...
Preparation and thermoelectric properties of some arsenopyrite phases based on RuSb2−2xTe2x and RuSb2−2xSe2x solid solutions

Abstract The synthesis and some properties of several arsenopyrite phases based on RuSb 2−2 x Te 2 x and RuSb 2−2 x Se 2 x solid solutions is reported. The existence of solid solutions with the arsenopyrite structure in the RuSb 2 x61-1 Te 2 x system for 0.25 x 2−2 x Se 2 x , system, no series of solid solutions was found, and only the RuSbSe phase was prepared in single phase form. In an effort to assess the potential of these materials for thermoelectric applications, electrical resistivity, Seebeck coefficient, and thermal conductivity were measured between 300 and 1000 K. Low thermal conductivity values were achieved for the ternary and quaternary compositions investigated, about five times lower than those obtained for binary compounds such as IrSb 2 and CoSb 2 at room temperature. In these materials, scattering of the phonons by electrons transferred between mixed valence ions accounts for the low thermal conductivity observed. Despite these low values, the samples are characterized by low carrier mobility and high electrical resistivity values, resulting in thermoelectric figures of merit lower than state-of-the-art thermoelectric materials.
Cardioprotective Effects of Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockade with Olmesartan on Reperfusion Injury in a Rat Myocardial Ischemia‐Reperfusion Model

We determined the effects of olmesartan on infarct size and cardiac function in a rat ischemia/reperfusion model. Rats underwent 30 min of left coronary artery (CA) occlusion followed by 2h of reperfusion. In protocol 1, the rats received (by i.v.) 1 mL of vehicle at 10 min after CA occlusion (Group 1, n = 15); olmesartan (0.3 mg/kg) at 10 min after CA occlusion (Group 2, n = 15); 1 mL of vehicle at 5 min before CA reperfusion (Group 3, n = 15); or olmesartan (0.3 mg/kg) 5 min before CA reperfusion (Group 4, n = 15). In protocol 2, the rats received (by i.v.) 1 mL of vehicle at 5 min before CA reperfusion (Group 5, n = 21); or olmesartan (3 mg/kg) at 5 min before CA reperfusion (Group 6, n = 21). Systemic hemodynamics, left ventricular (LV) function, LV ischemic risk zone, no-reflow zone, and infarct size were determined. In protocol 1, olmesartan (0.3 mg/kg) did not affect blood pressure (BP), heart rate, LV ± dp/dt or LV fractional shortening during the experimental procedure, and did not alter no-reflow or infarct size. In protocol 2, olmesartan (3 mg/kg) significantly reduced infarct size to 21.7 ± 4.1% from 34.3 ± 4.1% of risk zone in the vehicle group (P = 0.035), but did not alter the no-reflow size. Prior to CA reperfusion, olmesartan (3 mg/kg) significantly reduced mean BP by 22% and LV ±dp/dt, but did not affect heart rate. At 2h after reperfusion, olmesartan significantly decreased heart rate by 21%, mean BP by 14%, and significantly increased LV fractional shortening from 54.1 ± 1.4% to 61.3 ± 1.6% (P = 0.0018). Olmesartan significantly reduced myocardial infarct size and improved LV contractility at a dose (3 mg/kg) with systemic vasodilating effects but not at a lower dose (0.3 mg/kg) without hemodynamic effects.