cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of the 'International Community' in Just War Tradition--Confronting the Challenges of Humanitarian Intervention and Preemptive War

Although the use of military force for humanitarian ends seems utterly divorced from the use of such force to combat terrorism, both uses answer to similar descriptions. Both appear to encourage nations that are not necessarily themselves under attack to set aside the reigning conventions of national sovereignty and territorial integrity for the overriding purposes of international law enforcement and protection of vulnerable noncombatants. Both involve offensive rather than purely defensive uses of military force. Both answer to criteria of justification that can be derived more readily from the normative moral principles of the classical just war tradition than from purely descriptive revisions of the 'legalist paradigm' in international relations, because the latter is deeply wedded by precedent to notions of sovereignty, territorial integrity, and a purely defensive use of military force. Most significantly, the justification for both kinds of military action depends essentially upon a notion of 'the ...
Transthoracic Revascularization for Brachiocephalic Occlusive Disease

Brachiocephalic occlusive disease is an uncommon but serious problem, particularly for patients with multiple vessels involved who require transthoracic reconstruction. From 1983 to 1990, the authors treated 10 such patients, who had complex stenotic and occlusive lesions and required transthoracic reconstruction of multiple brachiocephalic arteries. Five patients had symptoms of hemispheric transient ischemic attacks, 4 had upper extremity ischemic symptoms, and 3 had prior cerebrovascular accidents. All patients had complex chronic occlusive lesions that precluded extraanatomic recon struction in the neck. The ascending aorta was the proximal anastomotic site in all cases. Bypass grafting to two or more distal sites was performed in 3 patients and to a single site in 7 patients. An additional carotid thromboendarterectomy was performed in 4 patients. One patient suffered an irreversible hemispheric infarction on the third postoperative day due to carotid artery thrombosis ipsilateral to the aortoinnomin...
Large-scale multiple scattering problems

Two formulations of multiple scattering of SH waves are presented. The first is a formulation of a general two-dimensional multiple scatterer problem. This formulation is analytically exact and can be used to analyze wave scattering among arbitrary numbers of similar or dissimilar scatterers. The second is a methodology, called scatterer polymerization, that can be used for reducing an assemblage of actual scatterers to a lesser number of abstract scatterers, which can later be either further polymerized or used directly in the multiple-scattering analysis. These two formulations in combination can utilize computer memory more efficiently in deterministic analyses of large-scale multiple scattering problems.
New Structural Insights into Phosphorylation-free Mechanism for Full Cyclin-dependent Kinase (CDK)-Cyclin Activity and Substrate Recognition

Pho85 is a versatile cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) found in budding yeast that regulates a myriad of eukaryotic cellular functions in concert with 10 cyclins (called Pcls). Unlike cell cycle CDKs that require phosphorylation of a serine/threonine residue by a CDK-activating kinase (CAK) for full activation, Pho85 requires no phosphorylation despite the presence of an equivalent residue. The Pho85-Pcl10 complex is a key regulator of glycogen metabolism by phosphorylating the substrate Gsy2, the predominant, nutritionally regulated form of glycogen synthase. Here we report the crystal structures of Pho85-Pcl10 and its complex with the ATP analog, ATPγS. The structure solidified the mechanism for bypassing CDK phosphorylation to achieve full catalytic activity. An aspartate residue, invariant in all Pcls, acts as a surrogate for the phosphoryl adduct of the phosphorylated, fully activated CDK2, the prototypic cell cycle CDK, complexed with cyclin A. Unlike the canonical recognition motif, SPX(K/R), of phosphorylation sites of substrates of several cell cycle CDKs, the motif in the Gys2 substrate of Pho85-Pcl10 is SPXX. CDK5, an important signal transducer in neural development and the closest known functional homolog of Pho85, does not require phosphorylation either, and we found that in its crystal structure complexed with p25 cyclin a water/hydroxide molecule remarkably plays a similar role to the phosphoryl or aspartate group. Comparison between Pho85-Pcl10, phosphorylated CDK2-cyclin A, and CDK5-p25 complexes reveals the convergent structural characteristics necessary for full kinase activity and the variations in the substrate recognition mechanism.
Cell shape and increased free cytosolic calcium [Ca2+]i induced by growth factors

Abstract Growth factors stimulate DNA synthesis of neoplastic cells but not of non-neoplastic cells in suspension cultures. Similarly, growth ceases in dense monolayers of non-neoplastic cells, while crowded neoplastic cells continue to grow. The mechanism of these important phenotypic changes in unknown; the block in growth stimulation could occur in early events of signal transduction at the plasma membrane or in a late step in the final steps of gene activation and induction of DNA synthesis. One particular early intracellular event, [Ca2+]i increases, is in fact necessary for the induction of DNA synthesis in attached non-neoplastic Balb c 3T3 cell stimulated by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). We therefore used digital image analysis of intracellular Fura-2 fluorescence to determine whether PDGF can stimulate [Ca2+]i transients in suspension or in dense monolayer cultures of Balb c 3T3 cells. In dense cells (>8 × 104 cells/cm2) the basal [Ca2+]i and [Ca2+]i response to PDGF stimulation were both lower than those in sparser, more spread cells. PDGF also did not release internal stores of Ca2+ or produce Ca2+ influx in completely suspended cells. Remarkably, attachment alone, with minimal cell spreading, was enough to reinitiate the entire early signalling mechanism stimulated by PDGF. Thus, a block in PDGF-induced [Ca2+]i increases may contribute to the inability of PDGF to stimulate DNA synthesis in suspended non-neoplastic cells. This early block in signal transduction must be abrogated in neoplastic cells growing in suspension and dense monolayer cultures.
DXA-measured visceral adipose tissue predicts impaired glucose tolerance and metabolic syndrome in obese Caucasian and African-American women.

New methods to measure visceral adipose tissue (VAT) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) may help discern sex, race and phenotype differences in the role of VAT in cardiometabolic risk. This study was designed (1) to compare relationships of DXA-VAT, anthropometric and body composition variables with cardiometabolic risk factors in obese women; (2) to determine which variables most robustly predict impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and metabolic syndrome (MetSx); and (3) to determine thresholds for DXA-VAT by race. VAT mass (g) and volume (cm3) were measured in 229 obese (body mass index (BMI), 30–49.9) women aged 21–69 years of European-American (EA=123) and African-American (AA=106) descent using the CoreScan algorithm on a Lunar iDXA scanner. Linear regression modeling and areas under the curve (AUC of ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curves) compared relationships with cardiometabolic risk. Bootstrapping with LASSO (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) regression modeling determined thresholds and predictors of IGT and MetSx. DXA-VAT explained more of the variance in triglycerides, blood pressure, glucose and homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) compared with anthropometric and other body composition variables. DXA-VAT also had the highest AUC for IGT (0.767) and MetSx (0.749). Including race as a variable and the interaction between VAT and race in modeling did not significantly change the results. Thresholds at which the probability of developing IGT or MetSx was⩾50% were determined separately for AA women (IGT: 2120 cm3; MetSx: 1320 cm3) and EA women (IGT: 2550 cm3; MetSx: 1713 cm3). The odds for IGT or MetSx were fourfold greater with each standard deviation increase in DXA-VAT. DXA-VAT provides robust clinical information regarding cardiometabolic risk in AA and EA obese women and offers potential utility in the risk reduction interventions.
Nd and Sr isotope ratios and rare earth element abundances in Reykjanes Peninsula basalts evidence for mantle heterogeneity beneath Iceland

Post-glacial tholeiitic basalts from the western Reykjanes Peninsula range from picrite basalts (oldest) to olivine tholeiites to tholeiites (youngest). In this sequence there are large systematic variations in rare earth element (REE) abundances (La/Sm normalized to chondrites ranges from 0.33 in the picrite basalts to 1.25 in the fissure tholeiites) and corresponding variations in 143Nd/144Nd (0.51317 in the picrite basalts to 0.51299 in the fissure tholeiites). The large viaration in 143Nd/144Nd, more than one-third the total range observed in most ocean islands and mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB), is accompanied by only a small variation in 87Sr/86Sr (0.7031–0.7032). These 87Sr/86Sr ratios are within the range of other Icelandic tholeiites, and distinct from those of MORB. We conclude that the mantle beneath the Reykjanes Peninsula is heterogeneous with respect to relative REE abundances and 143Nd/144Nd ratios. On a time-averaged basis all parts of this mantle show evidence of relative depletion in light REE. Though parts of this mantle have REE abundances and Nd isotope ratios similar to the mantle source of “normal” MORB, 87Sr/86Sr is distinctly higher. Unlike previous studies we find no evidence for chondritic relative REE abundances in the mantle beneath the Reykjanes Peninsula; in fact, the data require significant chemical heterogeneity in the hypothesized mantle plume beneath Iceland, as well as lateral mantle heterogeneity from the Reykjanes Ridge to the Reykjanes Peninsula. The compositional range of the Reykjanes Peninsula basalts is consistent with mixing of magmas produced by different degrees of melting in different parts of the heterogeneous mantle source beneath the Reykjanes Peninsula.
Statistical analysis and design: from picoseconds to probabilities

Critical dimensions are scaling faster than our control of them. In addition to manufacturing variations, chip design has to deal with wear-out phenomena and dynamic changes in temperature or power-supply voltage. As a result, parametric delay variability is proportionately increasing with each new generation of technology, as is leakage power variability. Further, the number of independent and significant sources of variability is rapidly increasing. These effects present two key challenges: timing verification and robust design in the presence of uncertainties. This presentation will describe the role of statistical timing in addressing these challenges and the concomitant shift in chip design methodology from a deterministic to a probabilistic paradigm. The importance of correctly capturing correlations will be stressed. Different methods of statistical timing and their relative merits will be discussed. The diagnostics provided by statistical timers and the use of such diagnostics in targeting robust design will be presented.
Coagulant proteins and thrombin generation in synovial fluid: A model for extravascular coagulation

The coagulant content and thrombin generating potential of synovial fluid from patients with osteoarthritis were studied as a model of extravascular coagulation. The concentrations of individual coagulant proteins were partially correlated with their molecular weight. The levels of the very large coagulants factor V, factor VIII and von Willebrand factor antigen (vWF:ag) are less than 1% of the activities found in a normal pooled reference plasma while smaller coagulants including factors IX, XI and prothrombin range between 9 and 30%. The protease inhibitors antithrombin-III (AT-III) and Alpha-2 macroglobulin in synovial fluid were present at levels of 74% and 13% of plasma, higher than expected based on their molecular weights. Prothrombin was more rapidly activated by tissue thromboplastin than by aPTT reagent. The thrombin activity formed in synovial fluid decreased more rapidly than that formed in dilute plasma. The addition of recombinant factor VIII or bovine factor V to synovial fluid accelerated the thrombin production by APTT but not by tissue thromboplastin. Indicating that the low levels of factor VIII and factor V did limit the rate of thrombin production. The addition of specific antibodies to factor VIII or factor V strongly inhibited thrombin production by aPTT. These data confirm a roughly inverse relationship between the concentrations of coagulation proteins and their molecular weight in synovial fluid and indicate that thrombin can be generated in synovial fluid. The inactivation of thrombin in synovial fluid may be more dependent on antithrombin-III than in plasma because of the increased AT-III/alpha-2 macroglobulin ratio seen in synovial fluid.
AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE PREDICTORS OF EXECUTIVE CAREER SUCCESS

This study examined the degree to which demographic, human capital, motivational, organizational, and industrylregion variables predicted executive career success. Career success was assumed to comprise objective (pay, ascendancy) and subjective (job satisfaction, career satisfaction) elements. Results obtained from a sample of 1,388 U.S. executives suggested that demographic, human capital, motivational, and organizational variables explained significant variance in objective career success and in career satisfaction. Particularly interesting were findings that educational level, quality, prestige, and degree type all predicted financial success. In contrast, only the motivational and organizational variables explained significant amounts of variance in job satisfaction. These findings suggest that the variables that lead to objective career success often are quite different from those that lead to subjectively defined success.
Functional analysis of a recombinant PIII-SVMP, GST-acocostatin; an apoptotic inducer of HUVEC and HeLa, but not SK-Mel-28 cells

Disintegrins and disintegrin-like peptides interact with integrins and interfere with cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. A disintegrin-like snake venom gene, Acocostatin was cloned from the venom gland mRNA of Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix. Acocostatin belongs to the PIII-SVMP subfamily of disintegrin-like peptides. The recombinant acocostatin peptide was produced and purified as GST-fusion. The GST-acocostatin peptide, at 44 μg/mL, inhibited platelet aggregation by 30% in PRP and 18% in whole blood. In addition GST-acocostatin, at 220 μg/mL, inhibited SK-Mel-28 cell migration by 48%, but did not inhibit T24 cell migration. The GST-acocostatin peptide ability to induce apoptosis on HUVEC, HeLa, and SK-Mel-28 cells was determined using Annexin V-FITC and chromatin fragmentation assays after 24 h of treatment. At 5 μM GST-acocostatin peptide, 19.68%+/- 3.09 of treated HUVEC, and 35.86% +/- 2.05 of treated HeLa cells were in early apoptosis. The GST-acocostatin peptide also caused chromatin fragmentation of HUVEC and HeLa cells as determined by fluorescent microscopy and Hoechst staining. The GST-acocostatin peptide failed to induce apoptosis of SK-Mel-28 cells. We characterized the HUVEC, HeLa, and T24 integrin expression by flow cytometry, as the first step in determining GST-acocostatin binding specificity. Our results indicate that HUVEC express αv, αvβ3, αvβ5, α6, β1, and β3 integrin receptors. HeLa cells express α1, α2, α6, αv, αvβ5, and β1 integrin receptors. T24 cells express α1, α3, α6, αv, αvβ3, αvβ5, β1, β3, and β6 integrin receptors.
Rate of Formation and Osmolality of Oviductal Fluid in the Cycling Rat

Micro and ultramicro techniques were used to study the rate of formation and osmolality of oviductal fluid in anesthetized 4-day cycling rats. The highest rate of production of oviductal fluid was found during proestrus (84 nl/minute) and estrus (81 nl/minute) with the rate decreasing to 56 nl/minute on Day 1 of diestrus and to 32 nl/minute on Day 2 of diestrus. The osmolality of plasma and oviductal fluid did not vary throughout the estrous cycle. There was a small though highly significant (p less than .005) difference between paired plasma and oviductal fluid osmolalities. The results suggest that oviductal fluid formation in the rat involves both secretory and reabsorptive processes.
DEPRECIATION PROFILES AND DEPRECIATION POLICY IN A SPATIAL CONTEXT

This paper demonstrates that the treatment of depreciation in the federal tax code is nonneutral not only with respect to assets and industries, as demonstrated in a number of recent studies, but also with respect to location. Using a unique set of data for manufacturing plants in Los Angeles and Philadelphia, the paper shows that the 1981 Tax Act's reduction of equipment lives to five years is likely to create differences in effective tax rates and wedges between the sample metropolitan areas for groups of plants with the same two-digit industrial classification. These are attributable to spatial differences in corporate tax rates and the type and quality of assets used. The paper concludes by explaining how the results can be generalized to other sectors and metropolitan areas, and by noting some implications for policy.
Substitution reactions of metallic complexes of β,δ′,β″-triaminotriethylamine. VIII. Kinetics of acid hydrolysis reaction of the chlorobromo (β,β′,β″-triaminotriethylamine)cobalt(III) ion

Abstract The stoichiometry and kinetics of the acid hydrolysis reaction of Co(tren)ClBr − (tren = β,β′,β″-triaminotriethylamine) in 0.1 M HClO 4 have been investigated. In the acid hydrolysis process the data are consistent with two parallel reactions, probably due to the presence of two isomers in the reactant. One reaction is the release of Cl − in the α-isomer, and the other is the release of Br − in the β-isomer. The pseudo-first-order rate constants for these reactions in 0.1 M HClO 4 at 25.0°C were found to be 3.21 × 10 −3 sec −1 (k α ) and 3.38 × 10 −2 (k β ), respectively. Both rate constants were independent of the acid concentration below pH value 6, and independent of ionic strength from 0.10 to 0.15. Added sulfate ion accelerates the reaction rate. The activation enthalpies and entropies were calculated: ΔH α * = 18.3± 08 kcal mol −1 , ΔH β * = 16.0±0.2 kcal mol −1 ; and ΔS α * = −13.5±2.7 cal mol −1 deg −i , ΔS β * = −9.0±0.7 cal mol −1 deg −1 . The relative rate constants (k β /k α = 10) provide further evidence of the effect of steric strain and crowding on the reactivities of dihalo cobalt(III) tren complexes.
The quest for meaning: Religious affiliation differences in the correlates of religious quest and search for meaning in life.

Religious traditions are considered to provide their members with a way to integrate their experiences into a coherent, comprehensible whole; functioning as a meaning system. Given that religious traditions vary in certain ways, the meaning systems they provide to their members might also differ from one another. The present study was concerned with whether seeking existential meaning in religion and life is compatible with other expressions of religiousness across denominations. Using a multigroups application of path analysis, we investigated whether the relations of two forms of existential seeking, secular (search for meaning in life) and sacred (religious quest), with several religious and psychological well-being measures differed as a function of denomination in a sample of Catholic and Protestant young adults (Study 1; N 284) and a sample of Catholic, Evangelical, and Non-Evangelical Protestant young adults (Study 2; N 454). Although comparisons across studies are difficult because the “Protestant” category in Study 1 could have included both Evangelical and nonEvangelical Protestants, one consistent pattern did emerge: there were no denomination-based differences in any of the relations of search for meaning with any of the religiousness variables in either study. Also, in both studies, Catholics demonstrated a positive relation of search for meaning with religious quest and negative relations of search for meaning with presence of meaning in life and overall religiousness. Results for religious quest appeared unstable across studies, raising possible questions about its measurement qualities. Implications for the study of cultural and existential factors and religion are discussed.
Effect of soft segment molecular weight and 3-methyl side group on microstructural separation in polyurethane elastomers

Abstract The object of this study was to assess the effect of the chain length and of the pendant 3-methyl side group in the soft segment of polyurethane (PU) elastomers. In addition, the effect of annealing-quenching on the degree of microstructural segregation between the hard and soft segments was also investigated. The study employed electron spin resonance (ESR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Samples for ESR measurements were spin-labeled with the nitroxide probe, 4-hydroxy-2,2′,6,6′-piperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPOL), by reaction of an isocyanate group with the hydroxyl group of TEMPOL. The nitroxide label is therefore located at a chain end. The PU's were based on 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), poly(oxytetramethylene) glycols (PTMO), and hydroxyl-terminated random copolymers of tetrahydrofuran and 3-methyl-tetrahydrofuran (THF/Me-THF). Purified 1,4-butanediol (BD) was used as a chain extender. The elastomers made from higher molecular weight (MW) ...
Iodinated compounds in the serum, disappearance of radioactive iodine from the thyroid, and clinical response in patients treated with radioactive iodine.

THERE is general agreement that most of the organically bound radioiodine in the blood after therapeutic doses of I131 is comprised of thyroxine. The presence of significant amounts of butanol-insoluble organic iodine, diiodotyrosine, monoiodotyrosine (1), and triiodothyronine (2, 3) has been reported. It is not definitely known whether the appearance of any one, or all of these compounds results from the effects of radiation on the thyroid gland. It is the purpose of this report of work in progress to describe studies dealing with possible relationships between the iodinated compounds appearing in the serum, the rate of disappearance of the radioiodine from the thyroid, the amounts of radiation delivered to the gland, and the clinical response to therapy. METHODS Chromatographic fractionations of serum radioiodine extractable in n-butanol were made after 34 therapeutic doses of I131 in 31 patients. Most of the patients had Graves' disease, but 1 with toxic nodular goiter, 1 with metastatic thyroid cancer...
Bak Conformational Changes Induced by Ligand Binding: Insight into BH3 Domain Binding and Bak Homo-Oligomerization

Recently we reported that the BH3-only proteins Bim and Noxa bind tightly but transiently to the BH3-binding groove of Bak to initiate Bak homo-oligomerization. However, it is unclear how such tight binding can induce Bak homo-oligomerization. Here we report the ligand-induced Bak conformational changes observed in 3D models of Noxa·Bak and Bim·Bak refined by molecular dynamics simulations. In particular, upon binding to the BH3-binding groove, Bim and Noxa induce a large conformational change of the loop between helices 1 and 2 and in turn partially expose a remote groove between helices 1 and 6 in Bak. These observations, coupled with the reported experimental data, suggest formation of a pore-forming Bak octamer, in which the BH3-binding groove is at the interface on one side of each monomer and the groove between helices 1 and 6 is at the interface on the opposite side, initiated by ligand binding to the BH3-binding groove.
Management of extrapyramidal disease in the family medicine clinic

In extrapyramidal disease there is need for continuing care by the primary family physician over the years. The patient will need medication checks, emotional support, and be educated on how to perform tasks of everyday living. There is great emotional impact on the family. The family's understanding of medication and illness is essential in order to foster independence. Care of the chronically ill will become an increasing problem as the mean age of the population rises.
Activity of Alpha-1, 4-glucosidase in Furazolidone-Induced Glycogenosis

Abstract Furazolidone (FZ) at 700 and 800 p.p.m. was added to feed mixtures fed turkey poults two and three weeks posthatching, respectively, to induce acute experimental cardiomyopathy. Poults in the control pen received the same ration but without FZ. From EKG data obtained at 2, 4, and 5 weeks of age, control unaffected and experimental affected poults were selected for sacrifice. Poults were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and appropriate samples of hepatic tissue were removed for assays of activity of alpha-1, 4-glucosidase. Results indicate that enzyme activity in affected FZ-treated poults is similar to that in unaffected control poults. Lack of significant differences in activity of this lysosomal enzyme suggests that FZ-induced glycogenosis may be related to the adult form of idiopathic generalized glucogenosis, the etiology of which remains unidentified.
Deep Einstein X-ray imagery of the Small Magellanic Cloud

Deep Einstein IPC imagery of about 50 percent of the main body and 'wing' of the SMC has been obtained and analyzed. The four X-ray images have exposure times between 12,000 and 24,000 s and reveal a total of 25 X-ray sources. Twelve of these sources are new detections. Two, possibly three, sources with soft spectra may be newly discovered supernova remnants. The rest of the sources have harder spectra and intrinsic X-ray luminosities in the range log L(x) = 34.0-35.0 and are most likely stellar objects in the SMC. These luminosities are much lower than that found for typical Galactic X-ray binaries, and a factor of 100 larger than the range for 'normal' galactic O and B stars.
Text Entry on a Virtual Keyboard: Evaluating Shape and Experience Effects:

This research study examined the design of a virtual keyboard that can be used for text entry with a rotary controller, particularly for users who may differ in age and experience with a particular system. Features of a virtual keyboard that have been shown to affect the individual movement and visual search components of the text entry task were assessed for younger and older adult users. Participants entered words by finding and selecting individual letters with a rotary controller on a keyboard arranged alphabetically or following the standard QWERTY keyboard. Performance was examined across different levels of experience with the task. We found that experience independently interacted with shape, arrangement, and age group. Both age groups improved their entry time overall and at each measurement period, but older adults learned more slowly. Although performance improved for both arrangements, the Alphabetic arrangement was significantly faster. Neither shape was significantly faster, but results sugg...
The whale problem: A status report a book review and perspective

(1976). The whale problem: A status report a book review and perspective. Ocean Development & International Law: Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 389-411.
Axonal growth and organization of the mamillary nuclei of the newborn mouse in culture.

Axonal growth patterns of the mamillary configuration of the newborn mouse have been studied in 135 cultures up to 50 daysin vitro. The observations indicate that despite the loss of their entire extramamillary inflow and the absence of the normal target regions, the mamillary neurons survive; the mamillary tracts remain preserved and new growth sprouts at the point of the axonal transsection. A new fibre organization is established; the fibres grow around and richly ramify only within the nucleus or nuclear groups from which they derive, avoiding the infundibular nucleus. In explants of the mamillary region the bundles of the mamillary axons, the plexus of the lateral mamillary nucleus, the plexus of the central and lateral division of the medial mamillary nucleus and the commissural fibres appear similar to the respective formations in the intact animal which implies that they originate, at least partly, locally. Our findings suggest that the medial mamillary neurons have an inherent capacity, as do other nerve cells in culture, to survive axonal injury, to regenerate and to reorganize their fibre pattern.
Implicit 3D modeling and tracking for anywhere augmentation

This paper presents an online 3D modeling and tracking methodology that uses aerial photographs for mobile augmented reality. Instead of relying on models which are created in advance, the system generates a 3D model for a real building on the fly by combining frontal and aerial views with the help of an optical sensor, an inertial sensor, a GPS unit and a few mouse clicks. A user's initial pose is estimated using an aerial photograph, which is retrieved from a database according to the user's GPS coordinates, and an inertial sensor which measures pitch. To track the user's position and orientation in real-time, feature-based tracking is carried out based on salient points on the edges and the sides of a building the user is keeping in view. We implemented camera pose estimators using both a least squares and an unscented Kalman filter (UKF) approach. The UKF approach results in more stable and reliable vision-based tracking. We evaluate the speed and accuracy of both approaches, and we demonstrate the usefulness of our computations as important building blocks for an Anywhere Augmentation scenario.
Text-based measures of document diversity

Quantitative notions of diversity have been explored across a variety of disciplines ranging from conservation biology to economics. However, there has been relatively little work on measuring the diversity of text documents via their content. In this paper we present a text-based framework for quantifying how diverse a document is in terms of its content. The proposed approach learns a topic model over a corpus of documents, and computes a distance matrix between pairs of topics using measures such as topic co-occurrence. These pairwise distance measures are then combined with the distribution of topics within a document to estimate each document's diversity relative to the rest of the corpus. The method provides several advantages over existing methods. It is fully data-driven, requiring only the text from a corpus of documents as input, it produces human-readable explanations, and it can be generalized to score diversity of other entities such as authors, academic departments, or journals. We describe experimental results on several large data sets which suggest that the approach is effective and accurate in quantifying how diverse a document is relative to other documents in a corpus.
SAR imaging from partial-aperture data with frequency-band omissions

We consider the problem of wide-angle SAR imaging from data with arbitrary frequency-band omissions. We propose an approach that involves composite image formation through combination of subaperture images, as well as point-enhanced, superresolution image reconstruction. This framework provides a number of desirable features including preservation of anisotropic scatterers that do not persist over the full wide-angle aperture; robustness to bandwidth limitations and frequency-band omissions; as well as a characterization of the aspect dependence of scatterers. We present experimental results based on the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) "Backhoe Data Dome," demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Survival and Growth of Listeria monocytogenes on Lettuce as Influenced by Shredding, Chlorine Treatment, Modified Atmosphere Packaging and Temperature

The effects of shredding, chlorine treatment and modified atmosphere packaging on survival and growth of Listeria monocytogenes, mesophilic aerobes, psychrotrophs and yeasts and molds on lettuce stored at 5°C and 10°C were determined. With the exception of shredded lettuce which had not been chlorine treated, no significant changes in populations of L. monocytogenes were detected during the first 8 days of incubation at 5°C; significant increases occurred between 8 and 15 days. Significant increases occurred within 3 days when lettuce was stored at 10°C; after 10 days, populations reached 108-109 CFU/g. Chlorine treatment, modified atmosphere (3% O2, 97% N2) and shredding did not influence growth of L. monocytogenes. It was concluded that L. monocytogenes is capable of growing on lettuce subjected to commonly used packaging and distribution procedures used in the food industry.
Discretization of the Joule heating term for plasma discharge fluid models in unstructured meshes

The fluid (continuum) approach is commonly used for simulation of plasma phenomena in electrical discharges at moderate to high pressures (>10'smTorr). The description comprises governing equations for charged and neutral species transport and energy equations for electrons and the heavy species, coupled to equations for the electromagnetic fields. The coupling of energy from the electrostatic field to the plasma species is modeled by the Joule heating term which appears in the electron and heavy species (ion) energy equations. Proper numerical discretization of this term is necessary for accurate description of discharge energetics; however, discretization of this term poses a special problem in the case of unstructured meshes owing to the arbitrary orientation of the faces enclosing each cell. We propose a method for the numerical discretization of the Joule heating term using a cell-centered finite volume approach on unstructured meshes with closed convex cells. The Joule heating term is computed by evaluating both the electric field and the species flux at the cell center. The dot product of these two vector quantities is computed to obtain the Joule heating source term. We compare two methods to evaluate the species flux at the cell center. One is based on reconstructing the fluxes at the cell centers from the fluxes at the face centers. The other recomputes the flux at the cell center using the common drift-diffusion approximation. The reconstructed flux scheme is the most stable method and yields reasonably accurate results on coarse meshes.
Intracoronary ultrasound imaging: Correlation of plaque morphology with angiography, clinical syndrome and procedural results in patients undergoing coronary angioplasty

Objectives. This study was designed to establish the relation between ultrasound-derived atheroma morphology and the clinical, procedural and angiographie features of patients presenting for coronary angioplasty. Background. Intracoronary ultrasound imaging provides accurate dimensional information regarding arterial lumen and wall structures. Atheroma composition may also be assessed by ultrasound; however, only limited studies have been performed in patients. Methods. In 65 patients a diagnostic ultrasound imaging catheter or a combination imaging-angioplasty balloon catheter was used during coronary angioplasty to image both the lesion and the vessel segment just proximal to it (reference segment). Ultrasound images were analyzed for lumen, total vessel and plaque areas and were classified into five morphologic subtypes (soft, fibrous, calcific, mixed plaque and concentric subintimal thickening). These data were compared with angiographic morphologic features, procedural results and clinical angina pattern (stable vs. unstable). Results. Morphologic analysis of the ultrasound images obtained from the lesion correlated well with the clinical angina syndrome. Compared with patients with stable angina, patients with unstable angina had more soft lesions (74% vs. 41%), fewer calcified and mixed plaques (fibrotic, soft or calcific contponeats in one or more combinations [25% vs. 59%]) and fewer intralesional calcium deposits (16% vs. 45%) (all p < 0.01). There was no correlation between ultrasound and angiographic lesion morphologic characteristics for either the reference segment or the lesion. Ultrasound demonstrated greater sensitivity than angiography for identifying unstable lesions (74% vs. 40%). Dimensional analysis demonstrated a large plaque burden in the reference segments 145 ± 15% of total vessel area). Postangioplasty plaque burden was also high (62 ± 9%). There was a significant, but only fair correlation between lumen area determined by angiography and ultrasound for both the reference segment (r = 0.70, p < 0.001) and the postangioplasty lesion (r = 0.63, p < 0.05). Conclusions. Morphologic plaque classification by ultrasound is closely correlated to clinical angina but has little relation to established angiographie morphologic characteristics, Iatracoronary ultrasound imaging daring angioplasty identifies a large residual plaque burden in both the reference segment and the lesion. In the future, determination of plaque composition by intracoronary ultrasound may be important in selecting or modifying interventional therapeutic options.
Cytochemical Assay for Differential Respiratory Activity in Roots and Root Hairs

The study of the underground parts of plants is often difficult, and as a result roots are often treated as homogeneous physiological entities with respect to root respiration. In this study we demonstrate a partitioning of respiration within root tissues using nitro blue tetrazolium staining and an incident light optical system that permits detailed observations of intact roots. The assay is rapid and easy to perform, and reveals that respiratory activity in roots is not uniform in space and time. The results show that root hairs in particular may be regions of enhanced respiratory activity in some species or in certain developmental or physiological states. This fact has important implications for the role of root hairs in the overall respiratory budget of roots and the energetics of nutrient assimilation. The results suggest that root respiration studies should consider differential respiratory activities of root cell types within roots.
Concanavalin A as a probe of phosphomannan molecular structure.

Abstract The diploid yeast Hansenula holstii NRRL Y-2448 produces a highly viscous extracellular phosphomannan that does not interact with concanavalin A. Autohydrolysis of the polymer cleaves mannosyl α-l-phospho-6′-mannosyl links to yield mannose 6-phosphate-based oligosaccharides (90%) and a highly phosphorylated core polysaccharide (10%). The core polymer strongly interacts with concanavalin A. Intact phosphomannans produced by mucoid (NRRL Y-2154) and relatively non-mucoid (NRRL Y-2155) parent haploid strains are less viscous and interact with concanavalin A. Autohydrolysis of these polymers also gives rise to oligosaccharide and core phosphomonoesters. These mannan phosphate cores also strongly interact with concanavalin A. The intensities of phosphomannan interactions with concanavalin A likely reflect the extent to which reactive sites in the polymer cores are covered by nonreactive oligosaccharide polyphosphodiester branches.
A theoretical analysis of photoaddition reactions of hydroxylazoaromatic compounds and the related thione analogs with olefins

We examine the photoaddition of hydroxylazoaromatic compounds and related thione analogs with olefins. By examining the properties of the lowest lying singlet and triplet states, we conclude that the product distribution is best described by the unpaired spin density of the triplet state. This suggests that absorption of light by the aromatic is followed by conversion into the triplet, and this triplet is the active precursor. Since unrestricted molecular orbital calculations are easily performed on the lowest triplet of these aromatics, prediction of possible products is straightforward.
The role of horizontal impulses of the faulting continental slope in generating the 26 December 2004 tsunami

Abstract For a long time, people have believed that the vertical displacement of seafloor due to undersea earthquakes is the primary cause of tsunami genesis. However, seismically-inverted seafloor deformation of the 2004 Sumatra–Andaman earthquake shows that the total vertical displacement is not enough to have generated the powerful Indian Ocean tsunami. Based on the seismically-inverted data and a three-dimensional ocean general circulation model (OGCM), we show that the momentum force, transferred by the horizontal impulses of the faulting continental slope in that earthquake, has accounted for two thirds of the satellite-observed tsunami height and generated kinetic energy 5 times larger than the potential energy due to the vertical displacement. The asymmetric tsunami pattern, recorded by tide-gauges showing leading-elevation waves toward Sri Lanka and leading-depression waves toward Thailand, is best explained by the horizontally-forced mechanism. The same mechanism has also explained the March 2005 Nias earthquake and tsunami data, suggesting that the horizontal motions of faulting have played more important roles in tsunami genesis than previously thought.
Family Mental Health Care in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

The potential role of the neonatal intensive care nurse in mental health promotion is explored. The focus is upon assessment and intervention of families who are at risk for child abuse and future dysfunction. The importance of support systems during a crisis period is emphasized.
Mapping crop ground cover using airborne multispectral digital imagery

Empirical relationships between remotely sensed vegetation indices and canopy density information, such as leaf area index or ground cover (GC), are commonly used to derive spatial information in many precision farming operations. In this study, we modified an existing methodology that does not depend on empirical relationships and extended it to derive crop GC from high resolution aerial imagery. Using this procedure, GC is calculated for every pixel in the aerial imagery by dividing the perpendicular vegetation index (PVI) of each pixel by the PVI of full canopy. The study was conducted during the summer growing seasons of 2007 and 2008, and involves airborne and ground truth data from 13 agricultural fields in the Southern High Plains of the USA. The results show that the method described in this study can be used to estimate crop GC from high-resolution aerial images with an overall accuracy within 3% of their true values.
Therapy and outcome of Candida glabrata versus Candida albicans bloodstream infection

Candida glabrata is a common cause of bloodstream infection (BSI) and exhibits reduced susceptibility to antifungal agents. Those with C. glabrata BSI may therefore be at increased risk for a delay in receiving appropriate therapy and poor treatment outcome. We compared treatment and outcome of patients with C. glabrata to controls with Candida albicans BSI. Each patient with C. glabrata BSI from July 1997 through December 2004 was matched with a control patient infected with C. albicans. Appropriateness of therapy was defined using current guidelines, and the mortality end point was 30 days following the initial positive blood culture. Overall, 78% of patients received appropriate therapy (39/54 [72%] for C. glabrata versus 45/54 [83%] for C. albicans, P = 0.2). Crude 30-day mortality was high for both groups (41% for C. glabrata versus 44% for C. albicans, P = 0.7). There was no trend in mortality according to time of therapy initiation, but mortality was lower for those who received appropriate therapy (35% versus 71% for inappropriate therapy, P = 0.002). Twelve percent of patients received no antifungal therapy and contributed disproportionately to overall crude mortality. Strategies to decrease the incidence of untreated candidemia may favorably impact outcome.
Virtue and normalization: Oakeshott, Galston and the problem of a liberal personality

This article examines a tension within liberal theory by comparing the ideas of liberal virtue in the political theories of Michael Oakeshott and William Galston. On the one hand, liberal society is pluralistic, that is, individuals are free to pursue a variety of ends and purposes. Liberals also argue that liberalism requires a bond of shared characteristics to sustain social unity. Working through the conceptual paradigm of poststructuralism, I argue that Galston fails to resolve this problem as he constructs a liberal individuality that is ‘normalized’ or defined by conformist standards. Oakeshott, conversely, describes a non-normalizing liberalism in which individuals are linked by a common bond of virtue. I argue that these different outcomes spring from the fact that Galston justifies liberal freedom on the basis of ‘instrumentality’ or outcome-orientated considerations, whereas Oakeshott links liberalism with the value of non-instrumentality, or the intrinsic value of acting.
Drug discrimination studies

Opioid agonists and agonist/antagonists comprise a heterogeneous body of compounds that can be partitioned into at least three groups on the basis of their discriminative stimulus properties in several animal species: (1) stimulus effects similar to those of morphine or fentanyl and blocked completely by low doses of antagonists, such as naloxone and naltrexone; (2) stimulus effects similar to those of ethylketocyclazocine or nalorphine and blocked by higher doses of antagonists; (3) stimulus effects similar to those N-allylnormetazocine or phencyclidine and not blocked by antagonists. This diversity of stimulus properties is consistent with other evidence that multiple populations of receptors mediate the actions of opioids. In man, drugs in group 1 produce subjective effects that are entirely morphine-like and highly reinforcing whereas drugs in groups 2 and 3 produce dysphoric and psychotomimetic subjective effects. Thus, discriminative stimulus properties of opioids appear to reflect drug actions at the neuronal level that are directly relevant to potential for abuse in man.
Hands-on defibrillation: an analysis of electrical current flow through rescuers in direct contact with patients during biphasic external defibrillation

Background— Brief interruptions in chest compressions reduce the efficacy of resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Interruptions of this type are inevitable during hands-off periods for shock delivery to treat ventricular tachyarrhythmias. The safety of a rescuer remaining in contact with a patient being shocked with modern defibrillation equipment has not been investigated. Methods and Results— This study measured the leakage voltage and current through mock rescuers while they were compressing the chests of 43 patients receiving external biphasic shocks. During the shock, the rescuer’s gloved hand was pressed onto the skin of the patient’s anterior chest. To simulate the worst case of an inadvertent return current pathway, a skin electrode on the rescuers thigh was connected to an electrode on the patient’s shoulder. In no cases were shocks perceptible to the rescuer. Peak potential differences between the rescuer’s wrist and thigh ranged from 0.28 to 14 V (mean 5.8±5.8 V). The average leakage current flow...