cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Causes, risk factors, and costs associated with ninety-day readmissions following primary total hip arthroplasty for femoral neck fractures.

Abstract Introduction Risk factors associated with primary THA readmissions have not yet been thoroughly analyzed when stratified by underlying indication. Given that a majority of THAs are done electively in the context of osteoarthritis (OA), it remains to be explored whether or not THAs performed non-electively in the trauma setting have different readmission patterns. Therefore, the aims of this study were to identify: 1) causes of readmissions; 2) patient-related risk-factors for readmissions; and 3) costs associated with the reasons for readmissions. Materials and methods Patients who sustained a femoral neck fracture and underwent primary THA from 2005 to 2014 were identified. Those subsequently readmitted within 90-days following the procedure comprised the study cohort whereas those not readmitted served as the comparison cohort. Primary outcomes included identifying causes of readmissions, identifying patient-related risk-factors associated with readmissions and determining healthcare expenditures associated with the different readmission etiologies. A regression analysis was used to calculate the odds (OR) for readmissions. A p-value less than 0.01 was considered to be statistically significant. Results The regression model demonstrated the greatest patient-related risk factors included: electrolyte and fluid disorders (OR: 1.80, p Conclusion Orthopaedic surgeons should identify and optimize pre-operative management of patient-related risk factors that increase readmissions following primary THA for femoral neck fractures. Additionally, pulmonary-related causes of readmission lead to the highest costs of care. Level of Evidence III.
ON THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN REDUCTIVE AND NONREDUCTIVE PHYSICALISM

Abtract: This article argues that the debate between reductive and nonreductive physicalists is best characterized as a disagreement about which properties are natural. Among other things, natural properties are those that characterize the world completely. All physicalists accept the “completeness of physics,” but this claim contains a subtle ambiguity, which results in two conceptions of natural properties. Reductive physicalists should assert, while nonreductive physicalists should deny, that a single set of low-level physical properties is natural in both of these senses. This way of drawing the distinction succeeds where previous approaches have failed and illuminates why the debate about reductionism is important.
Electrical Force Effects on Spray Cooling

Initial results are reported for the effects of electrical body forces on heat transfer performance of an instrumented spray cooling experiment. Heat transfer performance is documented for ranges of electrode voltage, spray volume flow rate, and heater power level using a Thick Film Resistor heater. The heat transfer coefficient increases with increased spray flow rate, and also increases somewhat versus heat flux. Without the electrical body forces, different brass and PVC spray nozzles show significant variation in spray cooling performance (order of ±5-15%) whenever the nozzle is realigned. Changing the nozzle-to-heater spacing results in similar performance variations. Initial Kelvin force electrode designs show no improvement in heat transfer performance using FC-72, while a Coulomb force electrode geometry and a second-generation Kelvin force electrode design both show modest but consistent improvements (order of 10% in heat flux; order of 5% for Nusselt number) using HFE-7000.
Abstract 11313: Expression of Mitochondrial Fusion Proteins is Increased Within Hibernating Myocardium Following CABG

Background: We have shown that expression of mitochondrial electron transport proteins is reduced 4 weeks following bypass surgery (CABG). In this study, we tested whether the expression of mitochondrial fusion proteins (Opa1) and mitofusins (Mfn 1&2), as an indicator of early recovery of the mitochondrial proteome, is increased post-CABG. Methods: Nine pigs underwent placement of a constrictor on the LAD artery and had reduced function at 12 weeks. Four pigs underwent off-pump revascularization with a left internal mammary artery graft beyond the LAD stenosis (+CABG). Patent grafts were confirmed by CTA post-CABG. Five hibernating pigs without CABG served as comparisons (-CABG). Data were compared to 5 SHAM-operated controls (Con) without LAD constrictor. Prior to sacrifice, blood flows by μspheres were determined during dobutamine (40 μg/kg/min). Post-sacrifice, the content of mitochondrial fusion proteins and nuclear-bound PGC1α was determined by westerns. Results: In the +CABG Group, blood flows durin...
Improving digital halftones by exploiting visual system properties

The visibility of quantization noise in digital halftones can be predicted from psychological data on spatial and temporal contrast sensitivity. Simple models of the visual system can be incorporated into halftoning algorithms to minimize the visibility of the resulting artifacts. Filter-based algorithms may be customized to match the error filter to human contrast sensitivity under known viewing conditions. The relative insensitivity of the visual system to high frequency chromatic modulation allows visible luminance noise to be reduced at the expense of additional (but invisible!) chromatic noise. The techniques are easily extended to three dimensions for displays which can be modulated in time such as CRTs and flat panel displays. >
Preservation of radiation recovery factor in frozen marrow.

Injection of mouse bone marrow preserved in 15% glycerol at --80 deg C for six weeks was shown to be quantitatively similar to injections of fresh marrow in inducing recovery in mice after lethal irradation. The effect of the preservation procedure on subsequent rates of DNA synthesis was determined in vitro for both preserved human marrow and preserved mouse marrow. Results indicate the preservation procedure is satisfactory for the maintenance of viability in human marrow. (C.H.)
Use of Health Care Services and Access Issues by Type of Health Plan: Findings from the EBRI/MGA Consumer Engagement in Health Care Survey

This paper examines the impact of plan type, medical homes, and income on use of health care services. It also examines differences in the use of health services within the CDHP population. Data from the 2005-2007 EBRI/Commonwealth Fund Consumerism in Health Care Survey and the 2008-2012 EBRI/MGA Consumer Engagement in Health Care Survey are used for the analysis. In 2012, 26-40 percent of respondents reported some type of access-to-health-care issue for either themselves or family members. Individuals in consumer-driven health plans (CDHPs) and high-deductible health plans (HDHPs) were more likely than individuals with traditional coverage to report access issues. Findings from the survey indicate that individuals in HDHPs were more likely than individuals with traditional coverage to report that they or family members did not fill prescriptions or skipped doses to make the medication last longer or that they delayed or avoided getting health care due to cost. Overall, 40 percent of those in an HDHP reported some type of access issue, compared with 26 percent among those with traditional coverage. Nearly 4 in 10 (38 percent) of those with a CDHP reported some type of access issue, statistically higher than those with traditional coverage. Individuals in households with less than $50,000 in annual income were more likely than those in households with $50,000 or more in annual income to report access issues. Very few differences in access issues were found by whether employers contributed to the account, but access issues were found by the level of contribution. Length of time with the account had an impact on access issues, with 2012 being the first year where it was found that more years with the account were more likely to be associated with access issues. Overall, individuals in HDHPs and CDHPs were more likely than those with traditional coverage to report access issues, both for those with and without medical homes. The PDF for the above title, published in the June 2013 issue of EBRI Notes, also contains the fulltext of another June 2013 EBRI Notes article abstracted on SSRN: “What a Sustained Low-yield Rate Environment Means for Retirement Income Adequacy: Results From the 2013 EBRI Retirement Security Projection Model.®”
Ethylene Glycol-Induced Alteration of Conidial Germination in Neurospora crassa

Abstract In nutrient medium containing 3.22 M ethylene glycol or glycerol, conidia of Neurospora crassa grow as single cells, without forming the germ tubes characteristic of normal morphological germination. Ethylene glycol is more effective than glycerol in producing this response. After growth in ethylene glycol medium for a suitable time, the cells are easily disrupted by an abrupt decrease in osmotic pressure. Osmotic disruption yields intact nuclei and mitochondria, although mitochondrial fractions obtained in this way show significantly reduced concentrations of cytochromes c + c1, as compared to those observed for comparable fractions obtained from vegetative hyphae. Cell cultures gradually adapted to lower concentrations of the glycol show a much higher degree of synchrony in the formation of germ tubes than do untreated conidia.
UMLS-Query: a perl module for querying the UMLS.

Abstract The Metathesaurus from the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) is a widely used ontology resource, which is mostly used in a relational database form for terminology research, mapping and information indexing. A significant section of UMLS users use a MySQL installation of the metathesaurus and Perl programming language astheir access mechanism. We describe UMLS -Query, a Perl module that provides functions for retrieving concept identifiers, mapping text -phrases to Metathesaurus concepts and graph traversal in the Metathesaurus stored in a MySQL database. UMLS -Query can be used to build applications for semi -automated sample annotation, terminology based browsers for tissue sample databas es and for terminology research . We describe the results of such use s of UMLS -Query and present the module for others to use. Introduction and Background The Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) is a 20 year old project to aid the development of systems that help researchers retrieve and integrate electronic biomedical information from a variety of sources. The UMLS consists of 1) a Metath esaurus which inter -connects over 100 biomedical vocabularies, 2) the Semantic Network and 3) the SPECIALIST lexicon. Of these three resources, the Metathesaurus is the most widely use d resource. The UMLS Metathesaurus is a very large (1.37 million concep ts), multi -purpose, and multi -lingual vocabulary database that contains information onbiomedical and health related concepts, their various names, and the relationships among them. The Metathesaurus is unique in terms of providingalternative names and vi ews of the same concept and identifying relationships between different concepts based on a union of the content from multiple source vocabularies.According to the last UMLS user survey of 2677 licensees (1427 of whom responded)
The Hip in Cerebral Palsy

The care of the hip in children with cerebral palsy is an ongoing challenge. Interventions need to be physiologically based and well timed. Early management will prevent future complications in both the ambulatory and nonambulatory child with cerebral palsy. Evaluation management and treatment of the hips in cerebral palsy will be discussed in this article.
Neurosteroids modulate calcium currents in hippocampal CA1 neurons via a pertussis toxin-sensitive G-protein-coupled mechanism.

The inhibition of Ca2+ channel currents by endogenous brain steroids was examined in freshly dissociated pyramidal neurons from the adult guinea pig hippocampal CA1 region. The steady-state inhibition of the peak Ca2+ channel current evoked by depolarizing steps from -80 to -10 mV occurred in a concentration-dependent manner with the following IC50 values: pregnenolone sulfate (PES), 11 nM; pregnenolone (PE), 130 nM; and allotetrahydrocorticosterone (THCC), 298 nM. THCC, PE, and PES depressed a fraction of the Ca2+ channel current with a maximal inhibition of 60% of the total current. However, substitution of an acetate group for the sulfate group on PES resulted in a complete loss of activity. Progesterone had no effect (4% inhibition at 100 microM). Intracellular dialysis of PES had no effect on the Ca2+ current; concomitant extracellular perfusion of PES showed normal inhibitory activity, suggesting that the steroid binding site can only be accessed extracellularly. Analysis of tail currents at -80 mV demonstrated that THCC and PES slowed the rate of Ca2+ current activation and deactivation with no change in the voltage dependence of activation. Inhibition of the Ca2+ channel current by THCC and PES was voltage dependent. THCC primarily inhibits the omega-conotoxin (CgTX)-sensitive or N-type Ca2+ channel current. PE was nonselective in inhibiting both the CgTX- and the nifedipine (NIF)-sensitive Ca2+ channel current. These neurosteroids had no effect on the CgTX/NIF-insensitive current. In neurons isolated from pertussis toxin (PTX)-treated animals by chronic intracerebroventricular infusion (1000 ng/24 hr for 48 hr), the Ca2+ channel current inhibition by PES, PE, and THCC was significantly diminished. Intracellular dialysis with GDP-beta-S (500 microM) also significantly diminished the neurosteroid inhibition of the Ca2+ channel current. Intracellular dialysis with the general kinase inhibitors H-7 (100 microM), staurosporine (400 nM), and a 20 amino acid protein kinase inhibitor (1 microM) also significantly prevented the THCC and PES inhibition of the Ca2+ channel current. Intracellular dialysis with the more specific inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC), the pseudosubstrate inhibitor (PKCI 19–36) (1–2 microM) and bisindolylmaleimide (1 microM) significantly diminished the THCC and PE inhibition of the Ca2+ channel current. Rp- cAMP (100 microM), a specific inhibitor of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), had no effect on the THCC and PE inhibition of the Ca2+ current.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Disowning Knowledge: Hamlet's Burden of Proof

I n speaking of a “burden of proof” in Hamlet I refer of course to Hamlet's declared purpose in simultaneously testing the Ghost's honesty and Claudius's conscience by means of the play-withinthe-play, which stages the story of murder by poisoning. At the same time I allude to the problem of skepticism that has prompted me in each of my amateur forays into Shakespeare, finding, so far, in the cases of Lear, and of Othello, and of Coriolanus, and of Leontes, that tragedy is the result, and the study, of a burden of knowledge, of an attempt to deny the all but undeniable (it may begin, or seem to, as a simple wish to test it) – that a loving daughter loves you, that your imagination has elicited the desire of a beautiful young woman, that however exceptional you may be you arc a member of human society, that your children are yours. Lives are founded on such truths, yet something about their acknowledgment – a different thematic something in each case – can seem more horrible to these lives than the denial and disappearance of the world. In turning to the surprising place of skepticism in Hamlet's burden, it is important to me to repeat: the burden of my story in spinning the interplay of philosophy with literature is not that of applying philosophy to literature, where so-called literary works would become kinds of illustrations of matters already independently known.
Objectively Quantifying Radiation Esophagitis With Novel Computed Tomography–Based Metrics

Purpose To study radiation-induced esophageal expansion as an objective measure of radiation esophagitis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with intensity modulated radiation therapy. Methods and Materials Eighty-five patients had weekly intra-treatment CT imaging and esophagitis scoring according to Common Terminlogy Criteria for Adverse Events 4.0, (24 Grade 0, 45 Grade 2, and 16 Grade 3). Nineteen esophageal expansion metrics based on mean, maximum, spatial length, and volume of expansion were calculated as voxel-based relative volume change, using the Jacobian determinant from deformable image registration between the planning and weekly CTs. An anatomic variability correction method was validated and applied to these metrics to reduce uncertainty. An analysis of expansion metrics and radiation esophagitis grade was conducted using normal tissue complication probability from univariate logistic regression and Spearman rank for grade 2 and grade 3 esophagitis endpoints, as well as the timing of expansion and esophagitis grade. Metrics' performance in classifying esophagitis was tested with receiver operating characteristic analysis. Results Expansion increased with esophagitis grade. Thirteen of 19 expansion metrics had receiver operating characteristic area under the curve values >0.80 for both grade 2 and grade 3 esophagitis endpoints, with the highest performance from maximum axial expansion (MaxExp1) and esophageal length with axial expansion ≥30% (LenExp30%) with area under the curve values of 0.93 and 0.91 for grade 2, 0.90 and 0.90 for grade 3 esophagitis, respectively. Conclusions Esophageal expansion may be a suitable objective measure of esophagitis, particularly maximum axial esophageal expansion and esophageal length with axial expansion ≥30%, with 2.1 Jacobian value and 98.6 mm as the metric value for 50% probability of grade 3 esophagitis. The uncertainty in esophageal Jacobian calculations can be reduced with anatomic correction methods.
The magmatic Rayleigh number and time dependent convection in cooling lava lakes

Estimates of the Rayleigh number are necessary for determining the thermal and dynamic states of convecting magma. Calculation of a temperature based Rayleigh number, Ra/sub T/, is complicated by the thermal coupling that exists between an intrusion and its host. However, the typically greater thermal resistance of the host regime compared to that of convecting magma can allow the host to control heat flux from a magma chamber in a manner somewhat independent of the state of convection in the chamber. In a system where heat flux is controlled rather than temperature, a heat flux based Rayleigh number, Ra/sub F/, is a more natural parameter to employ, although it has not been used in most magmatic convection models. While the insulating properties of the host regime tend to reduce the value of the thermal Rayleigh number, whether temperature or flux based, this value can be very large compared to any critical value of the Rayleigh number that might exist. The quantity Ra/sub F/ is used to obtain useful relationships for estimating the thermal and kinematic regime in magma. Conservative models of a cooling lava lake, which include temperature dependent viscosity, show that convection will be vigorous enough to circulate phenocrysts.more » However, the time dependent nature of magmatic convection and the tendency of whole body convection to vanish before crystallization is complete severely complicate any attempt to infer convective amplitudes from the observed distribution of crystals ''frozen'' into the interior of the body. copyright American Geophysical Union 1987« less
Nonlinear boundary value problems for the circular membrane

Existence and uniqueness theorems are proved for two boundary value problems for the axisymmetric deformation of a circular membrane subjected to normal pressure. The nonlinear Foppl membrane theory is employed. The shooting method is used to establish these results. It is also shown that if the edge is free to move in the plane of the membrane then a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a unique solution is that the pressure is self-equilibrating.
Selected alternative training techniques in HRD

Over the years a number of training techniques and procedures have been developed that are not part of the mainstream but are believed by some to have utility for organisations trying to enhance human performance. This article discusses four of these alternative techniques - subliminal self-help, mental imagery and practice, meditation, and Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) - and examines the contributions of each from a scientific perspective. With the exception of mental practice, there is a paucity of data to demonstrate convincingly whether these alternative techniques promote or enhance individual or organisational effectiveness. It is concluded that effective professional practice depends on scientifically derived research results.
Proton and carbon-13 nmr studies of delpheline, 8,9-methylenedioxylappaconitine and dictyzine

Abstract Unambiguous proton and carbon-13 nmr assignments for the norditerpenoid alkaloids (1), 8,9-methylenedioxylappaconitine (2) and dictyzine (3) were accomplished through detailed analysis of the DEPT, COSY, fixed evolution HETCOR, NOESY and selective INEPT techniques. This work corrects previous assignments for 1–3.
Selecting a set of simultaneous courses of action when imprecision is involved

Abstract In the present work, we consider the situation where a number of experts report their opinion to a decision maker on how viable some sets of courses of actions are. The courses of action belonging to the same set are to be performed simultaneously. In addition, the reporting is imprecise. That is, the experts who provide information and decision support services report the strength of their opinion relative to some set, rather than explicitly specifying which set of courses of action should be taken. On the other hand, the decision maker must make a one-shot decision; i.e., once a course of action has been performed, it is final. The decision maker, in addition, may have his own opinions and prejudices which, in this model, are considered as additional experts. Based on information that is received sequentially, the decision maker proceeds to eliminate alternate actions until the final decision remains. We use a belief structure over fuzzy sets to describe the model.
Family cohesion and children's behavior problems: A longitudinal investigation

We examine the association of family cohesion and conflict with childhood behavior problems. A stratified random sample of 823 children was evaluated at ages 6 and 11 years. Mothers rated the family environment at age 6 using the Family Environment Scale. Mothers and teachers rated children's behavior problems at ages 6 and 11, using the Child Behavior Checklist and the Teacher Report Form, respectively. Multiple regression analysis, applying generalized estimating equations, was used. Although results varied between mothers' and teachers' data, they converged in identifying family cohesion as a factor in children's mental health. Family cohesion, as rated by mothers, had a beneficial effect on children's internalizing and attention problems, as rated by both mothers and teachers, that was stable over time. The study highlights an important relationship between family cohesion and children's internalizing and attention problems.
Time and Quantum Theory: A History and A Prospectus

In this paper I am concerned with analyzing in detail how ideas and expectations regarding the role of time in quantum theory arose and evolved in the early years of quantum mechanics (from 1925-27). The general theme is that expectations which seemed reasonable from the point of view of matrix mechanics and Dirac's q-number formalism became implausible in light of Dirac-Jordan transformation theory, and were dashed by von Neumann's Hilbert space formalism which came to replace it. Nonetheless, I will identify two concerns that remain relevant today, and which blunt the force of Hilgevoord's (2005) claim that the demand that time feature as an observable arose as the result of a simple conceptual error. First, I advocate the need for event time observables, which provide a temporal probability distribution for the occurrence of a particular event. Second, I claim that Dirac's use of the extended phase space to define time and (minus the) energy as conjugates is not subject to Pauli's theorem. I also argue that the need to define these event time observables leads to a novel motivation for considering Dirac's extended state space.
Sterols in species of Pythium

Analysis by gas chromatography revealed the presence of small amounts of squalene, but not lanosterol nor ergosterol in Pythium paroecandrum, P. ultimum, P. graminicola, and P. arrhenomonas. However, when acetate-14C was used as a precursor for sterols, even squalene was not found in P. graminicola. The deficiency in the sterol synthesizing mechanism may therefore be at or before the squalene forming step. Both squalene and ergosterol were present in the mycelium of Rhizoctonia solani, as shown by both gas chromatography and by the incorporation of acetate-14C into ergosterol. The absence of ergosterol in Pythium and its presence in Rhizoctonia is consistant with the resistance to the antibiotic filipin of Pythium species and the sensitivity of R. solani.
Encapsulation of Proteins in Bulk and Thin Film Sol-Gel Matrices

This paper considers the nature of the interactions between the sol-gel derived inorganic matrix and a specific biomolecule, cytochrome c. Optical absorption and impedance spectroscopies are used to characterize the influence of synthesis conditions on the protein's stability and conformation within the silica matrix. In some instances, encapsulation within the sol-gel matrix provides stabilization. For example, protein denaturation is reversible and aggregation is prevented. Moreover, the drying process does not negatively affect the protein; it is possible to regenerate the aged gel state by rehydration. The flexibility of the sol-gel process enables high quality cytochrome c-doped SiO2 thin films to be prepared. These films possess the characteristic reactivity and chemical function of cytochrome c in solution.
The effect of mannitol on intracranial pressure in relation to serum osmolality in a cat model of cerebral edema

To determine whether intravenous mannitol administration reduces intracranial pressure (ICP) in a cat model of brain edema by changing serum osmolality. Prospective, controlled study. Pediatric intensive care unit laboratory in a university hospital. Intraparenchymal ICP monitors were placed in 12 adult cats which subsequently underwent 60 min of continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration with countercurrent dialysis (CAVH-D), using sterile water with potassium chloride as a dialysate. The ultrafiltrate was replaced with a hypotonic solution causing a rapid reduction in serum osmolality while maintaining a euvolemic state. In six cats (control group) no further interventions were instituted, while in the six other cats (mannitol group) 1 g/kg mannitol was administered intravenously immediately after CAVH-D had been discontinued. ICP was monitored continuously, and serum osmolality was determined at 15-min intervals during CAVH-D and for 30 min thereafter. ICP increased significantly in both the control and mannitol groups during 60 min of CAVH-D. After CAVH-D, ICP was reduced in the mannitol group while ICP remained significantly higher in the control group. An inverse linear correlation was demonstrated between serum osmolality and ICP values in the control group throughout the experiment, as well as during the first 60 min in the mannitol group. However, no such correlation existed in the mannitol group after mannitol administration, as no significant changes in serum osmolality were observed while a marked reduction in ICP values occurred. Mannitol is effective in reducing increased ICP in this model of euvolemic brain edema. However, 15 min after mannitol administration, no relationship between a continued decrease in ICP and a change in serum osmolality could be established. We postulate that the beneficial effect on ICP by mannitol outlasts its possible instantaneous and short-lived effect on serum osmolality.
E-cigarettes and cancer patients

The increasing popularity and availability of electronic cigarettes (i.e., e-cigarettes) in many countries have promoted debate among health professionals as to what to recommend to their patients who might be struggling to stop smoking or asking about e-cigarettes. In the absence of evidence-based guidelines for using e-cigarettes for smoking cessation, some health professionals have urged caution about recommending them due to the limited evidence of their safety and efficacy, while others have argued that e-cigarettes are obviously a better alternative to continued cigarette smoking and should be encouraged. The leadership of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer asked the Tobacco Control and Smoking Cessation Committee to formulate a statement on the use of e-cigarettes by cancer patients to help guide clinical practice. Below is this statement, which we will update periodically as new evidence becomes available.
Risk perceptions regarding ticks and Lyme disease: A national survey

Abstract Background Lyme disease (LD) is caused by the tickborne bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi and, in 2000, accounted for >90% of all reported cases of vectorborne illness in the United States. Aside from anecdotal and indirect evidence, little empirical evidence exists regarding what the U.S. public knows, says, or does about preventing LD. Objectives To examine knowledge, perceptions, and practices regarding prevention of tick bites and LD. Methods In 1998, a random-digit-dial frame was used to collect a cross-sectional sample ( n =1500) from the 48 coterminous states plus the District of Columbia, and an over-sample ( n =250) from six states with the highest incidence of LD. Results Forty percent of respondents reported doing something to avoid being bitten by ticks. Less than half (41%) used insect repellent. Ninety-two percent of those who had heard about LD stated their likelihood of ever getting the disease was ≤50 on a 100-point scale (mean=29; standard deviation, 23.5). Being somewhat to very concerned about being bitten by ticks was strongly associated with taking preventive measures (odds ratio, 8.34; 95% confidence interval, 6.29–11.06). Conclusions Having seen ticks, being concerned about being bitten, perceiving insect repellent to be effective, having heard about LD, and knowing someone who had LD are the factors most predictive of specific tick-bite preventive behaviors ( p
Differences in High School and College Students' Basic Knowledge and Perceived Education of Internet Safety: Do High School Students Really Benefit from the Children's Internet Protection Act?.

The Children's Internet Protection Act (CIPA; 2000) requires an Internet filtering and public awareness strategy to protect children under 17 from harmful visual Internet depictions. This study compared high school students who went online with the CIPA restriction and college students who went online without the restriction in order to investigate differences in basic knowledge and perceived education of Internet safety protection strategies. The two groups differed in Internet use at school but did not differ in their Internet use at home, their knowledge of Internet safety, and their Internet education experiences. Findings suggest that CIPA is associated with a decrease in high school students' Internet use at school but does not appear to have a beneficial effect on their knowledge of Internet safety or opportunities for Internet safety education. Applied implications of using a filtering strategy in schools but not in home settings as a means of improving knowledge and awareness of Internet safety issues are discussed.
Collision-induced rotational transitions in electronically excited states: the application of dipole-type selection rules to SO2 (Ã1A2)

Abstract Collision-induced rotational energy transfer from selected J ', K ' a levels of electronically excited SO ∗ 2 (A 1 A 2 , E-band) has been monitored by the pressure dependence of rotationally resolved fluorescence emission. “Propensities” for collision-induced transitions of Δ K ' a = +1 or Δ K ' a = −1 occur with state-to-state cross sections of ≈ 50 A 2 , obeying dipole-type selection rules.
OPTIMIZATION OF A FIXED-VOLUME OPEN GEOMETRY TRAPPED ION CELL FOR FOURIER TRANSFORM ION CYCLOTRON MASS SPECTROMETRY

Abstract Several open cylindrical trapped ion cells of fixed volume but varying electrode dimension are evaluated for the Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry experiment. In closed geometry cells the z-axis dimension is increased to form elongated cells with reduced radial electric field. In contrast, the aspect ratio for open cells can be increased without increasing the overall cell volume, an important consideration when magnetic field homogeneity is a concern. The increase in aspect ratio is achieved by reducing the relative dimensions of the trap electrodes with respect to the excitation and detection electrodes. The radial electric field magnitude for a fixed-length open cell with aspect ratios ranging from 0.84 to 1.60 is evaluated both theoretically and experimentally. Experimental frequency shifts for fixed-volume cells are reduced from −74.3 to −18.1 Hz V−1, a 411% reduction, by increasing the aspect ratio of an open cell from 1.20 to 1.60 respectively. As an alternative to the present standard open cell with electrodes of equal length, an elongated open cell geometry is optimized for maximized well depth (ion capacity) and minimized radial electric field.
A female malady? Women at the South Carolina Lunatic Asylum, 1828-1915.

Au XIX e siecle, la demence est consideree comme une maladie feminine a la fois dans la realite institutionnelle et dans la representation culturelle car les femmes sont les plus nombreuses dans les asiles; a cette epoque, on pense que la folie est liee a l'appareil reproducteur de la femme
Paradox of Globalization: New Arab Publics? New Social Contract?

AbstractBecause social media is playing an irrefutable role in the Arab Spring uprisings the central question in this article is to what extent Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in general, and social media in specific, are contributing to the democratization of the public sphere and shifting the monopoly on agenda setting in the Arab Gulf, particularly in the case of Bahrain? How will these technologies continue to shape contentious politics in the Middle East and will their utility for democratizing and expanding the public sphere persist in the aftermath of the Arab Spring? Or will the increasing liberalization of media and freedom of expression that had preceded the Arab Spring experience a repressive backlash as authoritarian states attempt to clamp down on social and traditional media—or even harness them for their own purposes as seen by Facebook intimidation campaigns against activists in Bahrain last Spring. Finally—using the lens of social movement theory—what repertoires of contention and political opportunity structures will pro-democracy activists use to keep their campaigns alive? Activists in the Gulf have not only incorporated the ICTs into their repertoire, but have also changed substantially what counts as activism, what counts as community, collective identity, democratic space, public sphere, and political strategy. Ironically this new technology has succeeded in reviving and expanding the practice of discursive dialog that had once characterized traditional tribal politics in the Arabian Peninsula.
Effectiveness of Early Screening for Externalizing Problems: Issues of Screening Accuracy and Utility

Accurate, early screening is a prerequisite for indicated interventions intended to prevent development of externalizing disorders and delinquent behaviors. Using the Fast Track longitudinal sample of 396 children drawn from high-risk environments, the authors varied assumptions about base rates and examined effects of multiple-time-point and multiple-rater screening procedures. The authors also considered the practical import of various levels of screening accuracy in terms of true and false positive rates and their potential costs and benefits. Additional research is needed to determine true costs and benefits of early screening. However, the results indicate that 1st grade single- and multiple-rater screening models effectively predicted externalizing behavior and delinquent outcomes in 4th and 5th grades and that early screening is justified.
Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone: Regional Distribution in Rat Brain

A sensitive and specific radioimmnunoassay has been used to measure the distribution of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in rat brain. All areas of brain tested, except cerebellum, contained readily measurable amounts of TRH. The hypothalamus contained only 31.2 percent of the total brain content of TRH. These results support recent suggestions of central actions for TRH in addition to its hypophysiotropic functions.
The effect of crystal structure upon the activity of iron in steam gasification

A previous publication reported on the behavior of iron particles supported upon graphite in a hydrocarbon/steam environment. That work concentrated on the temperature range above ca. 1273 K. Catalytic behavior for the same system in the temperature range from room temperature to 1273 K is the subject of this note. Experimental procedures are the same in both studies. Kinetic studies were made using controlled-atmosphere (transmission) electron microscopy (CAEM). In summary, it has been observed that ..gamma..-Fe/sup 0/ is less active than ..cap alpha..-Fe/sup 0/ in the gasification of graphite in a steam/hydrocarbon atmosphere. This effect may be due to differences in carbon solubility, rate of carbon diffusion, or H/sub 2//H/sub 2/O adsorption between the two phases. Additional experimental work is planned to probe the importance of these properties. 8 references.
Chaotic Seismic Faulting with a Mass-spring Model and Velocity-weakening Friction

We present a systematic analysis of the dynamical behavior introduced by fault zone heterogeneities, using a simple mass-spring model with velocity-weakening friction. The model consists of two sliding blocks coupled to each other and to a constant velocity driver by elastic springs. The state of this system can be characterized by the positions of the two blocks relative to the driver. Symmetry stabilizes the system and generates only cyclic behavior. For an asymmetric system where the frictional forces for the two blocks are not equal, the solutions exhibit chaotic behavior. The transition from stable cyclic behavior to chaos is characterized by the period-doubling route to chaos. Lyapunov exponents are computed to quantify the deterministic chaos and to locate the onset of the chaotic evolution in parameter space. In many examples of deterministic chaos, chaotic behavior of a low-order system implies chaos in similar higher order systems. Thus, our results provide substantial evidence that crustal deformation is an example of deterministic chaos.
Up in the Rocky Mountains: writing the Swedish immigrant experience

Jennifer Eastman Attebery Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 2007 232 pp., $20.00, ISBN 978‐0‐8166‐4768‐2 In Up in the Rocky Mountains, Jennifer Eastman Attebery uses perspectives from fol...
Computational Study of the Aminolysis of 2-Benzoxazolinone

Three possible mechanisms (zwitterionic, neutral stepwise, and neutral concerted) of the ring-opening reaction of 2-benzoxazolinone (BO) upon aminolysis with methylamine were studied at the B3LYP/6-31G* level. In the gas phase, the neutral concerted mechanism is shown to be most favorable, which proceeds via a rate-determining barrier of 28−29 kcal/mol. The transition state, CTS, associated with this barrier is a four-centered one, where 1,2-addition of the N−H bond of methylamine to the C−O single bond of BO ring occurs. The rate-determining barrier of the neutral stepwise pathway is found to be ca. 42 kcal/mol. The inclusion of solvent effects by a polarizable continuum model (PCM) does not change the conclusions based on the gas-phase study; the barrier at CTS is reduced to 20, 20, and 22 kcal/mol in water, ethanol, and acetonitrile, respectively.
Neuroenhancement strategies for psychiatric disorders: rationale, status quo and perspectives

With the growing mechanistic understanding of higher brain functions like learning and memory, vigilance and social cognition, new pharmacological approaches for the treatment of psychiatric disorders arise. Substances used as neuroenhancers for the improvement of cognitive or emotional functions in healthy subjects might provide novel pharmacological opportunities in psychiatry. Intriguingly, drugs like modafinil, d-cycloserine or oxytocin have shown significant improvements in key symptoms in several psychiatric disorders. When used as augmentation strategies, they could either directly interfere with psychopathological impairments or improve response to other treatment modalities like psychotherapy or psychopharmacological drugs. While initial studies yielded promising results, further research on beneficial or adverse effects is required.
De Novo Mutations Producing Unstable Hemoglobins or Hemoglobins M

Hemoglobins M and unstable hemoglobins cause clinical syndromes that are transmitted in autosomal dominant fashion. Pedigrees of 50 probands with de novo mutations producing unstable Hb disease or Hb M disease were compiled. Cases were ascertained (1) by screening the relevant literature published from 1950 through 1980 and (2) through personal communication. Additional pedigree data on several published cases were collected, and a depository containing all available information rekated to de novo Hb mutants was established. The 50 probands were born in 14 countries between 1922 and 1976. Paternity was tested in 36% of the cases, and no instance of false paternity was noted.
Nanoparticle-based artificial RNA silencing machinery for antiviral therapy

RNA interference is a fundamental gene regulatory mechanism that is mediated by the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). Here we report that an artificial nanoparticle complex can effectively mimic the function of the cellular RISC machinery for inducing target RNA cleavage. Our results show that a specifically designed nanozyme for the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) can actively cleave HCV RNA in a sequence specific manner. This nanozyme is less susceptible to degradation by proteinase activity, can be effectively taken up by cultured human hepatoma cells, is nontoxic to the cultured cells and a xenotransplantation mouse model under the conditions studied, and does not trigger detectable cellular interferon response, but shows potent antiviral activity against HCV in cultured cells and in the mouse model. We have observed a more than 99% decrease in HCV RNA levels in mice treated with the nanozyme. These results show that this nanozyme approach has the potential to become a useful tool for functional genomics, as well as for combating protein-expression-related diseases such as viral infections and cancers.
Evaluating Services for Kinship Care Families: A Systematic Review

Abstract Despite their needs, kinship care families receive less support and fewer resources than other foster care families. This study systematically reviews thirteen studies that evaluated services and programs for kinship caregivers and children. Studies evaluating the effectiveness of the Kinship Navigator Program, financial assistance, support services, and training/educational programs were identified and reviewed. The Levels of Evidence-Based Intervention Effectiveness (LEBIE) scale was used to evaluate the research designs. The findings indicate that although positive results are shown for enhanced well-being and permanency outcomes of children and kinship caregivers, the rigor of the research designs are low, making it difficult to draw any firm conclusions about the effectiveness of these programs. Recommendations for child welfare practice and future research include the need to develop services for informal caregivers and particular racial/ethnic groups. In addition, more rigorous research designs and qualitative research should be conducted to support the effectiveness or social validity of the services and to inform evidence-based practice.
The Calibration of Infrared Prism Spectrometers

A search has been made for sharp absorption maxima suitable for calibrating infrared prism spectrometers at closely spaced intervals. A set of such points, corrected and tested, is presented together with traces showing the appearance of the calibration spectra, and the conditions for reproducing them. Suitable points are included for SiO2, LiF, CaF2, NaCl, KBr, and CsBr prisms.
The Blackett Memorial Lecture 18 November 1997

It is argued that movement toward the ‘control’ aspects of management should be effected to expand OR/MS activities beyond their present (almost exclusive) emphasis on ‘planning’ functions. This will involve increasing the amount of empirical-inferential approaches to research (based on ex-post data) as one way to help bring this about. Examples of such empirical-inferential research activities in OR/MS are supplied by reference to the early (founding) work of PMS Blackett and others on high-level policy problems during World War II. Extensions to the control function are evidenced in the work of Robert Fetter and others in the development of Diagnostic Related Groups on which the Prospective Payment Systems are based with large and important impacts on the health care delivery systems in the USA as well as other countries. Other examples covered include the use of OR concepts in the early ‘turnaround’ of Federal Express from failure to success. Other new methods will nevertheless be needed to extend and improve presently available OR/MS approaches. Some of these possibilities are illustrated with Data Envelopment Analysis. Ways to combine DEA with commonly used statistical methods are described to show how new and old methods may be combined to further enhance their power and range. Similar relations of DEA to other OR/MS approaches are now being studied, some of which are presently occurring with ‘fuzzy sets’ and ‘multiple objective programming.’
Management of ruptured dissecting intracranial aneurysms in infants: report of four cases and review of the literature

Intracranial cerebral aneurysms in the pediatric population are infrequent, and those occurring in infants less than 1 year old are extremely rare. Of intracranial aneurysms in children, dissecting aneurysms are the most common type seen. While spontaneous dissecting aneurysms usually present with ischemia, hemorrhage can also occur. A retrospective review of our patients revealed that from July 1, 2007 to June 30, 2012, four infants were treated for ruptured distal dissecting intracranial aneurysms at Texas Children’s Hospital. Mycotic aneurysms and collagen vascular disorder were excluded in all four cases. All patients presented in our series presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage, and three had intraventricular hemorrhage. All patients underwent conventional catheter angiography for diagnosis. All patients in this series were managed in the acute or subacute period with surgical or endovascular trapping without distal bypass procedures. All four patients tolerated sacrifice of the parent vessels feeding these distal aneurysms well. We describe the presentation and management of these rare cases and then review the current literature on the management of these dissecting aneurysms in infants.