cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINANTS OF LEVEL OF PULMONARY FUNCTION

Measurements of level of pulmonary function (one second forced expiratory volume (FEV1) and forced expiratory flow between the 25% and 75% volume points (FEF 25-75)) were obtained on members of 404 nuclear families living in East Boston, Massachusetts in 1974. These families were ascertained through a random sample of children aged 5-9 years. Measurements were obtained on family members on three separate occasions during a 5-year period. These data were subjected to the techniques of path analysis to study the relative contributions of heredity and environment to individual levels of pulmonary function. Genetic heritability was found to be consistent through time (41-47%) and was the same for parents and their children. Common familial environmental effects on level of pulmonary function explained 1-4% of the variability in children and 11-28% in adults. Furthermore, we were able to confirm prior epidemiologic analysis of these data which have demonstrated an effect of maternal smoking on the level of pulmonary function in their children.
The Exaggerated Effects of Advertising on Turnout: The Dangers of Self-Reports

Political Scientists routinely rely on self-reports when investigating the effects of political stimuli on behavior. An example of this is found in the American politics work addressing whether campaign advertising mobilizes voters. Findings appear to vary by methodology and are based on varying degrees of self-reports; yet, little attention is paid to the furtive complications that arise when self-reports are used as both dependent and independent variables. In this paper, I demonstrate and attempt to account for the correlated yet unobservable errors that drive self-reports of advertising exposure and political behavior. The results are from a randomized survey experiment involving approximately 1500 respondents. Before the2002elections,Ishowedaprofessionallydeveloped,non-partisan,get-out-thevote advertisement to a random subset of a randomly drawn national sample via televisions in their own homes. The analysis shows a great divide between the true effect (using assigned treatment and validated vote) and results using respondent recall of these activities.
Expression of nitric oxide synthase type 3 in reflux-induced esophageal lesions.

BACKGROUND: The expression of endothelial constitutive nitric oxide synthase (NOS3) by squamous dysplasia and carcinomas of the head and neck has previously been described. We sought to compare NOS...
Comparison of simple vs. performance-based fall prediction models: data from the National Health and Aging Trends Study

OBJECTIVE: To compare the predictive ability of standard falls prediction models based on physical performance assessments with more parsimonious prediction models based on self-reported data. DESIGN: We developed a series of fall prediction models progressing in complexity and compared area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) across models. SETTING: National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS), which surveyed a nationally-representative sample of Medicare enrollees (age ≥65) at baseline (Round 1: 2011-12) and one-year follow-up (Round 2: 2012-3). PARTICIPANTS: 6056 community-dwelling individuals who participated in Rounds 1 and 2 of NHATS. MEASUREMENTS: Primary outcomes were one-year incidence of "any fall" and "recurrent falls". Prediction models were compared and validated in development and validation sets, respectively. RESULTS: A prediction model that included demographic information, self-reported problems with balance and coordination, and previous fall history was the most parsimonious model that optimized AUC for both any fall (AUC=0.69, 95% CI 0.67-0.71) and recurrent falls (AUC=0.77, 95% CI 0.74-0.79) in the development set. Physical performance testing provided marginal additional predictive value. CONCLUSION: A simple clinical prediction model that does not include physical performance testing could facilitate routine, widespread falls risk screening in the ambulatory care setting. Language: en
Impaired Neurogenic Cerebrovascular Control and Dysautoregulation After Stroke

Cerebral autoregulation was tested in 32 patients with various anatomical locations and stages of ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) was raised or lowered in a standard manner by the use of head-up tilting (induced hypotension) and head-down tilting (induced hypertension). Any impairment of cerebral autoregulation was analyzed quantitatively by the ratio of the change in cerebral blood flow (CBF) over the change in CPP. There was significant correlation between the degree of dysautoregulation whether CPP was increased or decreased. An inverse correlation was shown between the degree of dysautoregulation and the duration after the ischemic episode during both induced hypotension and hypertension. Patients with brainstem lesions including those with transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) showed a greater impairment of autoregulation which persisted longer than those with hemispheric lesions. Patients with severe cerebral hemispheric infarction showed greater impairment of autoreg...
Diagnosis of natural rubber latex allergy: Multicenter latex skin testing efficacy study

Abstract Background: No characterized diagnostic natural rubber latex skin testing material is licensed for use in the United States. Objective: We have conducted a multicenter clinical skin testing study to document the safety and diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of a candidate Hevea brasiliensis nonammoniated latex (NAL) extract. These data are intended to support the licensing of this reagent for the diagnosis of latex allergy in high-risk populations. Methods: Three hundred twenty-four subjects (304 adults and 20 children) were classified by their clinical history as having latex allergy (LA group, 124 adults and 10 children) or having no latex allergy (NLA group, 180 adults and 10 children). All subjects provided blood samples and then received sequential puncture skin tests (PSTs) at 1, 100, or 1000 μg/mL protein with a bifurcated needle and NAL (Greer Laboratories) from Malaysian Hevea brasiliensis (clone 600) sap. A 2-stage glove provocation test was used to clarify latex allergy status of individuals with positive history/negative PST result and negative history/positive PST result mismatches. Results: Twenty-four subjects (15%) originally designated as having LA on the basis of their initial clinical history were reclassified to the NLA group on the basis of a negative glove provocation test result. Of the 134 subjects with LA, 54 (40%) were highly sensitive to latex, with a positive PST result at 1 μg/mL NAL. The Greer NAL reagent produced a positive PST rate (sensitivity) of 95% and 99% in subjects with LA at 100 μg/mL and 1 mg/mL, respectively. The negative PST rate (specificity) in 190 subjects with a negative history with the NAL extract at 100 μg/mL and 1 mg/mL was 100% and 96%, respectively. Immediately after the PST, mild systemic reactions (mainly pruritus) were recorded in 16.1% of the adults in the LA group and 4.4% of the adults in the NLA group. No reactions required treatment with epinephrine. Only mild delayed reactions were observed in 9.6% (LA group) and 2.8% (NLA group) of subjects 24 to 48 hours after PST. Mean wheal and erythema diameters measured in the 10 children in the LA group with spina bifida at 100 μg/mL and 1 mg/mL were similar to those observed in the adults in the LA group, suggesting that children are not at increased risk for systemic reactions compared with adults. Conclusions: A suggestive clinical history is necessary but not sufficient for a definitive diagnosis of IgE-dependent latex allergy. These data support the safety and diagnostic efficacy of the Greer NAL skin test reagent at 100 μg/mL and 1 mg/mL for confirmatory PSTs. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998;102:482-90.)
Late radiation injury following hyperfractionated craniospinal radiotherapy for primitive neuroectodermal tumor

Abstract Purpose: To document the late radiographic change following hyperfractionated craniospinal radiotherapy for primitive neuroectodermal tumor. Methods and Materials: We reviewed long-term MRI scans on 21 patients with standard risk and high risk primtive neuroectodermal tumor treated with hyperfractionated radiotherapy following surgical resection. High risk patients also received adjuvant chemotherapy. Long-term scans were defined as scan obtained at least 1 year from diagnosis. Clinical follow-up data was available on all patients. Results: Twelve of 21 patients had MRI evidence of necrosis, telangiectasia, white matter changes, basal ganglia change, or cerebral atrophy consistent with radiation injury. No patient required treatment for the radiographic change. Conclusions: Slightly over half of the patients had evidence of long-term radiation effect following craniospinal axis radiotherapy. However, no patient had frank clinical symptoms related to the radiographic findings.
Homeoboxes in cnidarians

Homeoboxes have previously been documented from various phyla of triploblastic, coelomate and pseudocoelomate, animals. We report here the first homeoboxes from cnidarians, a phylum of diploblastic organisms thought to occupy a near-basal position in metazoan phylogeny. We have sequenced three partial (77 bp) fragments of Antennapedia (Antp) class homeoboxes from the hydroids Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus and Eleutheria dichotoma. A pair of fragments, Cnox-2-Hs and Cnox-2-Ed, from the two species differ in nucleotide sequences but have identical derived amino acid sequences. A gene tree produced by parsimony analysis shows that these two fragments cluster within the Antp homeobox lineage. The third fragment, Cnox-1, clusters as a sister group of the other Antp class homeoboxes.
Leaf processing in a woodland stream

Summary Detritus processing by a small woodland stream is analysed by following the loss of weight of 10 g, single species accumulations of riparian leaves. The daily loss rates are expressed as exponential coefficients after the data are fitted by least squares. Comparisons are made between two sites on a small hardwater trout stream during two seasons. Leaf processing rates form a continuum from a low of 0.5%/day to a high of 2.0%/day. Differences between species of leaf are observed, but significant differences between fall and winter processing and between the two sites are not. The response of the invertebrate community to differences in leaf species is investigated using controlled, artificial streams where significant differences in the effect of the invertebrates are related to the ability ofthe leaf to be processed. Evidence suggests that differential invertebrate colonization of leaf packs is a function of microbial colonization and conditioning. The data are used to develop a general scheme of leaf pack processing.
Using Audio-Cued Self-Monitoring for Students With Severe Behavior Disorders

Abstract The impact of a behavioral self-control (BSC) procedure with audio-cued self-monitoring (that consisted of self-assessment and self-recording) on academic time on task and spelling acquisition of three elementary-aged students with severe behavior disorders, was investigated during daily spelling study sessions. Time on task was recorded by observers, and spelling aquisition was defined as the percentage of words spelled correctly on daily oral quizzes and periodic written tests. A multiple-baseline-across-subjects design demonstrated that (a) the 2 students who used audio-cued self-monitoring more than doubled their time on task, whereas the 3rd student remained dependent on the teacher's verbal cues to increase his time on task; (b) oral spelling accuracy increased substantially for 1 student, minimally for another, and only when cuing modifications were implemented for the 3rd student; and (c) all 3 students increased the percentage of correctly spelled words on written tests (response general...
Impact of sniffer deployment on indoor localization

The demand for location based applications including network intrusion detection has grown tremendously lately. However, location determination of indoor mobile users is challenging because of the complexities of the indoor radio propagation characteristics. A radio-frequency (RF) based indoor localization system, like ARIADNE, typically operates by first constructing a lookup table mapping the radio signal strength at different known locations in the building, and then a mobile user's location at an arbitrary point in the building is determined by measuring the signal strength at the location in question and searching the corresponding location from the above lookup table. Usually, the mobile user's signal strength is measured by three or more sniffers mechanically deployed inside the building. Obviously, the sniffers position configuration and the number of available sniffers greatly affect the localization performance. This paper presents experimental results that explore the impact of the sniffers deployment on the localization based on the ARIADNE system. The results demonstrate that the triangular deployment and extra available sniffers generally generate better localization performance
The outcome of infants younger than 6 months requiring ventilation for pneumonia caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Introduction The outcome of young infants (<6 months) being ventilated for respiratory failure caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) has not been recorded. Patients and Methods A descriptive study of children <6 months admitted to the PICU from 1 February 1999 to 31 December 2005 with MTB causing respiratory failure. Results Seventeen infants were ventilated for respiratory failure caused by MTB: ten had ventilatory respiratory failure and seven had hypoxic failure. An index case was found in 47%. All chest radiographs (CXRs) were highly suggestive of tuberculosis. MTB was cultured in 15 cases. In the other two cases MTB was confirmed by histopathology. The median duration of ventilation was 6 days (range: 1–35 days) with a median PaO2/FiO2 of 85 and ventilatory index of 58. Transthoracic glandular enucleation was required to facilitate extubation in six babies. All the infants survived. At 6-month follow-up 35% had a normal CXR and all were asymptomatic. One child had CXR changes suggestive of bronchiectasis but was asymptomatic. Conclusion The outcome of infants <6 months ventilated for respiratory failure caused by MTB is very good if TB is recognized timeously and appropriate management started. The diagnosis of TB in these infants can be made with a high index of suspicion and careful evaluation of the CXR. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2008; 43:505–510. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Exploring Parameter Constraints on Quintessential Dark Energy: the Inverse Power Law Model

We report on the results of a Markov chain Monte Carlo analysis of an inverse power law (IPL) quintessence model using the Dark Energy Task Force (DETF) simulated data sets as a representation of future dark energy experiments. We generate simulated data sets for a $\ensuremath{\Lambda}\mathrm{CDM}$ background cosmology as well as a case where the dark energy is provided by a specific IPL fiducial model, and present our results in the form of likelihood contours generated by these two background cosmologies. We find that the relative constraining power of the various DETF data sets on the IPL model parameters is broadly equivalent to the DETF results for the ${w}_{0}\ensuremath{-}{w}_{a}$ parametrization of dark energy. Finally, we gauge the power of DETF ``stage 4'' data by demonstrating a specific IPL model which, if realized in the universe, would allow stage 4 data to exclude a cosmological constant at better than the $3\ensuremath{\sigma}$ level.
Sensitivity of classroom observation systems: Measuring teacher effectiveness

AbstractClassroom-based measures of teaching effectiveness may be collected at a variety of levels including a macro (teacher-to-group) or a micro (teacher-to-student) level. This study examined correspondence between these two levels of measurement using (a) multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) of extreme groups and (b) whole-sample cluster analysis procedures. Mixed results were found. The MANOVA indicated limited correspondence between macro and micro measures of teaching effectiveness. Cluster analysis, however, failed to show any significant correspondence between macro and micro measures of teaching effectiveness. Instead, results suggested that macro measures tended to separate more effective teachers from all others, whereas micro measures were more useful for separating less effective teachers from all others. These outcomes are discussed in terms of their implications for the purposes of teacher observation, as well as the use to which measurement data are used.
Gravitational and Dispersive Mixing in Aquifers

Analytical techniques are developed to describe the mixing between two fluids of different density in a confined aquifer, in which one fluid is introduced to the aquifer by well recharge. The immiscible displacement process in radial flows is analyzed and the effects of longitudinal and lateral dispersion are included using a boundary layer approximation. The theoretical results demonstrate the effect of hydrodynamic dispersion in retarding gravity segregation due to density differences. The theoretical results are compared with observations of aquifer mixing in a radial flow laboratory model. During recharge, excellent agreement between the theoretical predictions and experimental results is found. Theoretical predictions of recovery efficiency during a recharge-storage-withdrawal cycle show trends similar to those observed, but are somewhat lower than those observed. Direct theoretical predictions of recovery efficiency are developed for an immiscible system.
Variability Assessment of California Infectious Bronchitis Virus Variants

On the basis of the data from the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, 1444 infectious bronchitis (IB) cases were diagnosed between 1997 and 2012. Epidemiologic analyses demonstrated two major IB virus (IBV) outbreak peaks, affecting mainly 35-to-49-day-old broiler chickens. California variant 1737 (CA1737) and California variant 1999 (Cal 99) IBV types were the most prevalent genotypes during the analyzed period. To further understand the increased prevalence of these genotypes, we assessed and compared the variability of the S1 gene hypervariable region of CA1737 and Cal 99 with the variability of IBV strains belonging to the Massachusetts 41 (M41) and Arkansas (Ark) types during serial passages in embryonated chicken eggs. On the basis of the S1 nonsynonymous changes, seven different subpopulations were detected in M41. However, the predominant population of the field strain M41 before passages continued to be predominant throughout the experiment. In contrast, Ark passaging resulted in the detection of 13 different subpopulations, and the field sequence became extinct after the first passage. In IBV Cal 99, eight different subpopulations were detected; one of these became predominant after the second passage. In CA1737, 10 different subpopulations were detected. The field strain major sequence was not detected after the first passage but reappeared after the second passage and remained at low levels throughout the experiment. Compared with M41 and Ark, Cal 99 and CA1737 showed intermediate variability.
Risk Factors for Childhood Obesity in an Urban Public School Population

AbstractPhysical inactivity and excessive consumption of high-calorie foods and beverages are believed to be responsible for the rapid increase in the prevalence of childhood obesity in this country. Based on demographic, activity, and dietary data collected from 2054 students (aged 6–17 years), overweight students had heavier parents, lower family income, lower maternal educational levels, and were less likely to live in a family who owned their home. Students who watched television and/or played video games often had a higher risk of being overweight (odds ratio [OR] 1.74 and 1.72 respectively, p < .005) than those who rarely or never participated in these activities. Our study showed that consumption of regular soft drinks was not related to the prevalence of childhood obesity. However, students who drank diet soft drinks sometimes or often had a higher prevalence of overweight (OR 1.83, p < .01) than those who rarely or never drank diet soft drinks. These findings confirm that children who watched TV ...
Functions, Regulation, and Therapeutic Implications of the ATR Checkpoint Pathway

The ATR (ATM and rad3-related) pathway is crucial for proliferation, responding to DNA replication stress and DNA damage. This critical signaling pathway is carefully orchestrated through a multistep process requiring initial priming of ATR prior to damage, recruitment of ATR to DNA damage lesions, activation of ATR signaling, and, finally, modulation of ATR activity through a variety of post-translational modifications. Following activation, ATR functions in several vital cellular processes, including suppression of replication origin firing, promotion of deoxynucleotide synthesis and replication fork restart, prevention of double-stranded DNA break formation, and avoidance of replication catastrophe and mitotic catastrophe. In many cancers, tumor cells have increased dependence on ATR signaling for survival, making ATR a promising target for cancer therapy. Tumor cells compromised in DNA repair pathways or DNA damage checkpoints, cells reliant on homologous recombination, and cells with increased replication stress are particularly sensitive to ATR inhibition. Understanding ATR signaling and modulation is essential to unraveling which tumors have increased dependence on ATR signaling as well as how the ATR pathway can best be exploited for targeted cancer therapy.
The study on snxiety status and influencing factors among people living with HIV/AIDS

Objective To explore anxiety status and its relevant factors in people living with HIV/AIDS(PLWHA),and provide the basis for the caring countermeasure.Methods General condition questionnaire and self-rating anxiety scale(SAS) were used in the survey.One hundred and forty-four people living with HIV/AIDS were conducted face to face survey at AIDS VCT clinics,Panyu district,Guangzhou city.Results Among the 144 PLWHA,total crude SAS(32.19 ± 6.91) is higher than the national norm,difference statistically significant(t=3.919,P0.01).the overall incidence of anxiety is 17.36%(25/144),AIDS patients and people living with HIV are 20.00%(9/45) and 16.16%(16/99),respectively.In the SAS standard total,AIDS patients,over 50-years-old,and those with confirm HIV infection within 1 years,antiviral treatment period within 1 years,and CD4 cell counts less than 200/mm3,were significantly suffer high anxiety(P0.05).Logistic analysis found that gender,age,and confirmation of infection are the main influence factors of anxiety of PLWHA.People over 50 years old have 7.8 times higher risk of anxiety than less than 50 years old.Conclusion Anxiety status of PLWHA more serious than the general population.The follow-up care should strengthen the mental construction,improve its anxiety,and improve the quality of life.
Predicting charitable donations using social media

We study the relationship between chatter on social media and observed actions concerning charitable donation. One hypothesis is that a fraction of those who act will also tweet about it, implying a linear relation. However, if the contagion is present, we expect a superlinear scaling. We consider two scenarios: donations in response to a natural disaster, and regular donations. We empirically validate the model using two location-paired sets of social media and donation data, corresponding to the two scenarios. Results show a quadratic relation between chatter and action in emergency response case. In case of regular donations, we observe a near-linear relation. Additionally, regular donations can be explained by demographic factors, while for a disaster response social media is a much better predictor of action. A contagion model is used to predict the near-quadratic scaling for the disaster response case. This suggests that diffusion is present in emergency response case, while regular charity does not spread via social network. Understanding the scaling behavior that relates social media chatter to physical actions is an important step in estimating the extent of a response and for determining social media strategies to affect the response.
Speech Language Pathology: Supports to Communication

While language and communication are a vital part of being a human being, people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) have significant challenges in receptive and expressive communication. This chapter outlines the components of language, speech and communication difficulties, the circumstances under which referral can and should be made for a speech and language assessment, and what support to expect from a speech and language pathologist. The earlier in life that services and support can be provided to a child with speech, language and communication difficulties, the more likely it is that services will result in success. To accomplish this, it is also important to understand the relationship between language, communication and behavior and how augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) can be used to assist in the development of skills for communication.
Macrofauna using intertidal oyster reef varies in relation to position within the estuarine habitat mosaic

Oyster reefs are important components of marine ecosystems and function as essential habitat for estuarine species; however, few studies have simultaneously compared natural intertidal reefs to more well-studied seagrass meadows and marsh habitats. We investigated habitat use within an estuarine mosaic consisting of intertidal oyster reef (Crassostrea virginica), seagrass (Halodule wrightii), and marsh edge (Spartina alterniflora) habitats in Corpus Christi Bay, Texas. Oyster sampling units (OSUs) were deployed within intertidal oyster reef, and modified throw traps were used to collect macrofauna inhabiting the OSU and other adjacent vegetated habitats. Habitat arrangement and proximity as it relates to macrofaunal density, species richness, and community composition were also evaluated by comparing communities in oyster reef within the oyster reef complex, oyster reef adjacent to a seagrass complex, and oyster reef adjacent to marsh edge. Higher macrofaunal densities and species richness were observed within oyster reefs compared to seagrass and marsh edge. Oyster reef also supported a distinct community, while seagrass and marsh shared similar species composition and richness. The highest densities of macrofauna were collected on oyster reefs near seagrass and oyster reef located within the oyster reef complex. These results indicate the importance of intertidal oyster reefs to macrofauna and that reef location within the estuarine mosaic influences density and community assemblages. These findings are important because in many areas there are large efforts to restore oyster reef in estuarine systems, and for these programs to be successful, it is necessary to understand the functional roles and linkages among habitats.
Loss of mDia1 Mediates the Development of Del(5q) MDS through Upregulation of the Innate Immune Response and Induction of Neutropenia

Abstract mDia1, the diaphanous homolog 1 of Drosophila in mouse, is a formin protein involving in the linear actin polymerization. Recently, our group reported that patients with del(5q) myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) showed a significantly decreased mDia1 expression. Mice with mDia1 deficiency developed age related hematologic features mimicking human MDS. In these mice, CD14 is aberrantly overexpressed on granulocytes, which sensitized the innate immune response upon the lipopolysaccharide(LPS) injection. Importantly, chronic LPS injection accelerated the development of MDS (Keerthivasan et al Blood 2014). Here we report that 1) the mDia1 knockout (KO) mice also have a hypersensitive innate immune response to damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs), which can be partially blocked by CD14/Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4) signaling pathway inhibitors. This is significant since release of DAMPs from necrotic or senescent cells is a common age-related phenomenon. DAMPs are also detected in cancers including MDS. Thus our study may shed lights on how the deregulated innate immune responses get involved in the pathogenesis of MDS in a more pathophysiologically relevant etiology. 2) mDia1 KO mice have an increased Gr1/Mac1 expression on the granulocytes in peripheral blood. We demonstrate that the expression levels of Gr1/Mac1 were not changed in bone marrow granulocytes, suggesting a specific up-regulation of Gr1/Mac1 levels on circulating granulocytes in mDia1 knockout mice. Mac-1, as the predominant β2 integrin on granulocytes, plays key roles in the adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelium, and regulates the cell adhesion, migration, and chemotaxis. In this respect, the mDia1 knockout mice develop serve neutropenia, which could be due to the upregulation of Gr1/Mac1 and increased binding of the cells to intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Finally, we revealed the mechanism of Gr1/Mac1 upregulation by showing that loss of mDia1 significantly affected the endocytosis of Gr1 and Mac1 on granulocytes, however, the mRNA levels of Gr1 and Mac1 were not affected. Taken together, these studies reveal a significance of loss of mDia1 in the pathogenesis of del(5q) MDS through upregulation of innate immune response and accelerated granulocyte clearance. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Current Tobacco-Smoking and Neural Responses to Infant Cues in Mothers

SYNOPSISObjective. Smoking has a detrimental impact on maternal physical health and exposes children to secondhand smoke, but the extent to which it affects maternal brain and behavior is not well-known and may have implications for parent and child development. We examined how current smoking status might relate to maternal neural responses to infant cues using event-related potentials. Design. Current smoking (n = 35) and non-smoking (n = 35) mothers viewed photographs of emotional infant faces while electroencephalography was simultaneously recorded. Results. The latency of the face-specific N170 event-related potential component was delayed in smoking mothers compared to non-smoking mothers, and the P300 was differentiated by smoking status. Conclusions. Postpartum smoking is associated with event-related potential measures that may reflect modulation of infant face perception in motherhood.
The Product of Nature Doctrine in the Myriad Saga II

In June 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court decided Association for Molecular Pathology et al. v. Myriad Genetics, Inc., et al., holding that “a naturally occurring DNA segment is a product of nature and not patent eligible merely because it has been isolated, but cDNA is patent eligible because it is not naturally occurring”. This case note gives an overview of the U.S. Supreme Court's decision, which is focused on the product of nature doctrine, and discusses its implications for the implementation of the criterion of isolation to DNA sequences and the United States Patent and Trademark Office's long-standing practice of granting patents on isolated DNA sequences (author's headnote).
Nomenclatural Acts: homonymy in the Ascidiacea (Tunicata) and proposed nomina nova

In a revision of 4356 species and sub species of the class Ascidiacea, 15 were found to be homonyms for which nomina nova are proposed in this paper. The paper refers only to the nomenclature of these entities; and their taxonomy is not discussed here.
Lawrenceville’s Artistic Enclave

In this chapter, I draw on field and survey data, and secondary sources to demonstrate that the artistic enclave that emerged in Lawrenceville exemplifies and illustrates an artistic creative class enclave. I start by providing a brief overview and discussion of the neighborhood’s geographical characteristics, local historical context, and emergence as a community constituted by arts based gentrification. I then demonstrate that its artistic enclave has been centered on the activities of artists and, especially, artist/entrepreneurs who have morphed bohemian and bourgeois practices and values, and have welcomed, marketed to, and collaborated with members of a larger creative class. Such collaboration has enabled this enclave to achieve long-term sustainability by securing live/work and commercial space, integrating art and commerce, maintaining alternative venues, acquiring community owned artist housing, and securing a stable artistic scene. I proceed to discuss the views of local artists and other community residents pertaining to the question of whether or not Lawrenceville’s artistic enclave is bohemian, offer my own comments on this matter, and summarize my reasons for designating this enclave as an artistic creative class enclave.
The Collaboration Debate: Finding Our Way through the Maze: Moving Forward into the Future: A Response to Erchul (1999).

Abstract Arguments that William Erchul (1999) presented in response to my comprehensive literature review (Gutkin, 1999) of collaborative versus directive consultation are considered. Critical points of agreement (the distinction between collaborative and directive consultation is a “false dichotomy”), disagreement (suggestions to rely exclusively on “scientific” definitions while ignoring the “daily” meanings of research terminology), and partial agreement (selected aspects of five “consistent findings” pertaining to consultant and consultee leadership behaviors that I delineated in my prior article) are identified and analyzed. An expanded model of “rapprochement” is presented in response to Erchul's recommendation to incorporate explicitly the dyadic elements of consultation interactions. Additional issues pertaining to terminology and to interpersonal influence and power, and a rationale for singling out Erchul's seminal research investigations are discussed. It is hoped that this paper, in conjunction with my original literature review and Erchul's response, will help to advance our understanding of relational behaviors pertaining to school-based consultation.
Layout based Monte-Carlo simulation (LBMCS) for complex back end of line (BEOL) design rule study

While BEOL process/integration stride to explore new technologies to support scaling needs, BEOL design rules are hindering design scaling due to the increasing process complexity. A design rule calculation tool that can consider all relevant process variation and calculate certain failure rate under the combination of these variation is in great need. In this paper, we introduce a Layout Based Monte Carlo Simulation (LBMCS) tool for this purpose and demonstrate three use cases. The first case is the “bird beak” fail where sharp angle may form when via is placed near metal above inner vertex due to Self-Aligned Via process. LBMCS can help to predict the fail rate considering all variations while analytical prediction is almost impossible. The second case is via contact size failure that involves 5 process steps. While the complex calculation can be easily handled, we show that the LBMCS outputs can help to analyze and determine the most sensitive Process Assumption (PA), which can help to improve the yield and Design for Manufacturing (DfM) optimization. The third case is to help resolving competing rules in a design arc. We propose a new design check-off flow based on LBMCS that goes beyond design rules.
Science Pathways in Education

Curators: Behind the Scenes of Natural History Museums . By Lance Grande. 2017. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. (ISBN: 978-0-226-19275). Hardcover $35.00. Have you ever wondered how museum curators get into the business, what they do day to day, and how they manage such great collections of materials? If you answered yes to any of these questions, then this is the book for you. Lance Grande takes us on his journey from humble beginnings to that fateful day when a friend gave him a preserved fish fossil that began his love of collections. That gift set him on a path even he likely could not have anticipated. Suddenly the curiosity that had been in him as a child was reawakened, and he shifted majors to Geology. From that day forward he was hooked (so to speak) and began working at the Natural History …
Electric Field Echoes and Storage in Piezoelectric Semiconductors

The nonlinear interaction between propagating strain waves and uniform electric fields in piezoelectric semiconductors gives rise to a variety of interesting phenomena. These can be separated into parametric backward wave processes and acoustically induced charge transfer storage effects. The latter are analogous to the storage of phase holograms.
Personal Reflection: Lessons from My Students and Other Reflections on SoTL.

Excerpt: As I sit here in my office ‘chair,’ both literally and figuratively, I am reflecting on my relationship with the scholarship of teaching and learning. My thoughts wander to influences on my career in SoTL, the impact SoTL has had on my professional life, the dilemmas in the field that I continue to ponder, ways we advocate for and support SoTL work, and my hopes for the future of SoTL. As I write this, it occurs to me that I have been directly involved in SoTL for 25 years—a quarter of a century! This fact makes me feel both a little bit ‘old’ and very joyful. I confess that, initially, I stumbled into SoTL rather than having made a conscious, wellthought-out decision or choice to engage in SoTL; these would come later. I entered the field of SoTL through my discipline and local institution; making national-international and cross-inter-disciplinary connections would also come later.
Troubling histories: Re-viewing documentary production and surveillance through the Freedom of Information Act:

This article examines the variety of risks that critical independent filmmakers have confronted to expose government abuses. It considers the threats to the documentarians and their documents, as t...
Preventing false discovery of heterogeneous treatment effect subgroups in randomized trials

Heterogeneous treatment effects (HTEs), or systematic differences in treatment effectiveness among participants with different observable features, may be important when applying trial results to clinical practice. Current methods suffer from a potential for false detection of HTEs due to imbalances in covariates between candidate subgroups. We introduce a new method, matching plus classification and regression trees (mCART), that yields balance in covariates in identified HTE subgroups. We compared mCART to a classical method (logistic regression [LR] with backwards covariate selection using the Akaike information criterion ) and two machine-learning approaches increasingly applied to HTE detection (random forest [RF] and gradient RF) in simulations with a binary outcome with known HTE subgroups. We considered an N = 200 phase II oncology trial where there were either no HTEs (1A) or two HTE subgroups (1B) and an N = 6000 phase III cardiovascular disease trial where there were either no HTEs (2A) or four HTE subgroups (2B). Additionally, we considered an N = 6000 phase III cardiovascular disease trial where there was no average treatment effect but there were four HTE subgroups (2C). In simulations 1A and 2A (no HTEs), mCART did not identify any HTE subgroups, whereas LR found 2 and 448, RF 5 and 2, and gradient RF 5 and 24, respectively (all false positives). In simulation 1B, mCART failed to identify the two true HTE subgroups whereas LR found 4, RF 6, and gradient RF 10 (half or more of which were false positives). In simulations 2B and 2C, mCART captured the four true HTE subgroups, whereas the other methods found only false positives. All HTE subgroups identified by mCART had acceptable treated vs. control covariate balance with absolute standardized differences less than 0.2, whereas the absolute standardized differences for the other methods typically exceeded 0.2. The imbalance in covariates in identified subgroups for LR, RF, and gradient RF indicates the false HTE detection may have been due to confounding. Covariate imbalances may be producing false positives in subgroup analyses. mCART could be a useful tool to help prevent the false discovery of HTE subgroups in secondary analyses of randomized trial data.
Faculty/librarian collaborations enhance doctoral student success: Strategies for retention and graduation

D octoral study is perhaps the most rigorous educational experience anybody can have. In higher education, a great amount of effort has been focused on increasing retention and graduation rates of undergraduate students. Yet, there has been little discussion about effective qualitative measures for retaining and graduating doctoral students. This neglect masks the reality that doctoral student attrition rates in the United States have been problematic for several years. A meta-analysis conducted in 2001 showed that about 50% to 71% of doctoral candidates in the humanities did not complete their degrees. 1
Effects of intravenous anesthesia of ketamine combined with caudal block of ropivacaine on stress response in children with inguinal hernia

Objective To explore the effects of intravenous anesthesia of ketamine combined with caudal block of ropivacaine on stress response in children with inguinal hernia. Methods 82 cases of inguinal hernia in Baoding Children's hospital from November 2015 to December 2017 were randomly divided into control group and study group. The control group received intravenous anesthesia of ketamine, and the study group received intravenous anesthesia of ketamine combined with caudal block of ropivacaine. The levels of stress response index [cortisol, interleukin-6 (IL-6)] before anesthesia (T1), 10 min after anesthesia (T2), immediately after operation (T3), and 8 hours after operation (T4), dose of ketamine, time of awakening, scores of pain (FLACC) and restlessness during the awakening period (AS) 5, 60 and 120 minutes after operation and the incidence of adverse reactions of two groups were compared. Results The levels of serum cortisol and IL-6 in T1 in the two groups were higher than those in T2, but the study group was lower than the control group (P<0.05). The levels of serum cortisol and IL-6 in T3 and 4 in the two groups were lower than those in T2, and the study group was lower than the control group (P<0.05). The dosage of ketamine in the study group was less than that in the control group, and the time of awakening was shorter than that in the control group (P<0.05). The scores of FLACC and AS in the study group were lower than those in the control group at 5, 60, and 120 minutes after operation (P<0.05). The incidence of vomiting (7.32%), restlessness (12.20%) and lethargy (9.76%) in the study group were lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion Intravenous anesthesia of ketamine combined with caudal block of ropivacaine in the operation of children with inguinal hernia can reduce the dosage of ketamine, shorten the time of awakening, reduce the degree of stress reaction during the operation, and reduce the postoperative pain and restlessness. Besides, it can reduce the incidence of adverse reactions. Key words: Hernia, inguinal; Ketamine; Intravenous anesthesia; Ropivacaine; Stress response
Magnetic pumping model for energizing superthermal particles applied to observations of the Earth's bow shock.

Energetic particle generation is an important component of a variety of astrophysical systems, from seed particle generation in shocks to the heating of the solar wind. It has been shown that magnetic pumping is an efficient mechanism for heating thermal particles, using the largest-scale magnetic fluctuations. Here we show that when magnetic pumping is extended to a spatially-varying magnetic flux tube, magnetic trapping of superthermal particles renders pumping an effective energization method for particles moving faster than the speed of the waves and naturally generates power-law distributions. We validated the theory by spacecraft observations of the strong, compressional magnetic fluctuations near the Earth’s bow shock from the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission. Given the ubiquity of magnetic fluctuations in different astrophysical systems, this mechanism has the potential to be transformative to our understanding of how the most energetic particles in the universe are generated. Energetic particle generation is an important component of a variety of astrophysical systems. Here, the authors show when magnetic pumping is extended to a spatially-varying magnetic flux tube, magnetic trapping of superthermal particles renders pumping an effective energization method for particles moving faster than the speed of the waves.
Incorporation of DNA methylation into eQTL mapping in African Americans

Epigenetics is a reversible molecular mechanism that plays a critical role in many developmental, adaptive, and disease processes. DNA methylation has been shown to regulate gene expression and the advent of high throughput technologies has made genome-wide DNA methylation analysis possible. We investigated the effect of DNA methylation in eQTL mapping (methylation-adjusted eQTLs), by incorporating DNA methylation as a SNP-based covariate in eQTL mapping in African American derived hepatocytes. We found that the addition of DNA methylation uncovered new eQTLs and eGenes. Previously discovered eQTLs were significantly altered by the addition of DNA methylation data suggesting that methylation may modulate the association of SNPs to gene expression. We found that methylation-adjusted eQTLs which were less significant compared to PC-adjusted eQTLs were enriched in lipoprotein measurements (FDR = 0.0040), immune system disorders (FDR = 0.0042), and liver enzyme measurements (FDR = 0.047), suggesting a role of DNA methylation in regulating the genetic basis of these phenotypes. Our methylation-adjusted eQTL analysis also uncovered novel SNP-gene pairs. For example, our study found the SNP, rs11546996, was associated to PNKP. In a previous GWAS, this SNP was associated with primary biliary cirrhosis although the causal gene was thought to be SPIB. Our methylation-adjusted method potentially adds new understanding to the genetic basis of complex diseases that disproportionally affect African Americans.
Methods of Stable-Isotope-Assisted Protein NMR Spectroscopy in Solution

The scope of this review, which is abbreviated from Stockman and Markley (1989) will be limited to 2H-, 13C-, and 15N-assisted NMR spectroscopy of proteins in solution. Since hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen are ubiquitous in proteins, the procedures presented here are applicable to any protein. Elegant reviews covering NMR spectroscopy of less predominant atoms in proteins have appeared recently: 19F (Ho et al., 1985), 31P (Gorenstein et al., 1989), 113Cd (Summers, 1988). Techniques utilizing stable-isotope-assisted solid state NMR spectroscopy will not be discussed here.
Unique challenges of segmentation and differentiation for higher education

In the numerous studies of segmentation for higher education marketing, the primary focus has been on segmenting students. In fact, universities serve a diverse audience that includes parents, empl...
Electron paramagnetic resonance of lanthanides.

Abstract Many applications of lanthanides exploit their electron spin relaxation properties. Double electron-electron measurements of distances are possible because of the relatively long relaxation times of Gd3+. Relaxation enhancement measurements of distance are possible because of the much shorter relaxation times of other lanthanides. Magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents use the long relaxation time of the S-state Gd3+ ion, and NMR shift reagents use the fast relaxation of selected other lanthanides. Other than Gd3+ and the isoelectronic Eu2+ ion, spin relaxation of the lanthanides is so fast that their EPR spectra can be observed only in the liquid helium temperature range. In this chapter the EPR properties of each of the lanthanides is briefly summarized, with an emphasis on electron spin relaxation.