cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Generation of Formal Requirements from Structured Natural Language

[Motivation] The use of structured natural languages to capture requirements provides a reasonable trade-off between ambiguous natural language and unintuitive formal notations. [Problem] There are two major challenges in making structured natural language amenable to formal analysis: (1) associating requirements with formulas that can be processed by analysis tools and (2) ensuring that the formulas conform to the language semantics. [Results] FRETISH is a structured natural language that incorporates features from existing research and from NASA applications. Even though FRETISH is quite expressive, its underlying semantics is determined by the types of four fields: scope, condition, timing, and response. Each combination of field types defines a template with Real-Time Graphical Interval Logic (RTGIL) semantics. We present an approach that constructs future and past-time metric temporal logic formulas for each template compositionally, from its fields. To establish correctness of our approach we have developed a framework which, for each template: (1) extensively tests the generated formulas against the template semantics and (2) proves equivalence between its past-time and future-time formulas. Our approach has been used to capture and analyze requirements for a Lockheed Martin Cyber-Physical System challenge. [Contribution] To the best of our knowledge, this is the first approach to generate pure past-time and pure future-time formalizations to accommodate a variety of analysis tools. The compositional nature of our algorithms facilitates maintenance and extensibility, and our extensive verification framework establishes trust in the produced formalizations. Our approach is available through the open-source tool fret.
Numerical Analysis of Flow Phenomena in a Centrifugal Pump Impeller of Low Specific Speed

This paper aims to provide a numerical method approach to centrifugal pump manufacturers in Pakistan. Nowadays Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is widely used to investigate the flow through turbomachines. In this research, centrifugal pump impeller of low specific speed ( $N_{q}=10.5$ ) is numerically investigated to study the flow phenomena and achieve better hydraulic performance through parametric analysis. The shear stress transport (SST) turbulence model is employed to solve 3-D steady RANS equations using CFD solver CFX (ANSYS). The volute hydraulic losses are calculated by loss coefficients predicted by Gulich [1] using Engineering Equation Solver (EES) program. The CFD results show the trend validated with the test data. Two design parameters blade wrap angle and outlet blade angle are considered as design parameter which greatly affect the hydraulic performance (head and efficiency). Additionally, a three-dimensional Rayleigh-Plesset model is also applied to investigate the cavitation (two-phase) flow inside the pump. The inlet blade angle is chosen as a design parameter to resist the cavitating flow inside the pump.
Profile of upper extremity strength and function in division 1 collegiate athletes.

Abstract Objectives To profile shoulder strength and functional test scores in collegiate athletes across various sports. Design Cross-sectional. Setting Pre-participation physical screens for varsity athletes at a Division I university. Participants 476 healthy Division 1 collegiate athletes (270 males; 27 varsity sports). Main outcome measures Two trials of each 1. Isometric peak force (PF) using hand-held dynamometry for shoulder internal rotation (IR), external rotation (ER), and forward elevation (FE) in kg; 2. Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test (CKCUEST), quantified by number of touches. Results PF values (mean(SD), dominant/non-dominant) for females were: IR = 8.7(2.6)/8.7(6.2); ER = 8.2(2.5)/7.9(2.5); FE = 8.0(2.5)/8.0(2.7); CKCUEST scores were 21.8(3.9). PF values for males were: IR = 12.0(3.8)/11.9(3.6); ER = 10.7(3.4)/10.7(3.5); FE = 10.7(3.5)/10.4 (3.5); CKCUEST scores were 26.0(4.1) touches. Conclusions Normative values should be used as an athlete’s baseline for the CKCUEST. This may help target athletes who are at a higher risk of upper extremity injury and help with goals or return to sport readiness during the rehabilitation process.
After Eat, Pray, Love: Tourism, Orientalism, and cartographies of salvation:

This article examines certain kinds of travel and tourism as extensions of colonial and examples of neocolonial forms of Orientalist engagement between the global North and global South. Focusing o...
Endovascular Creation of Arteriovenous Fistulas

The Fistula First Breakthrough Initiative was created to promote arteriovenous fistula creation in patients requiring long-term hemodialysis. Arteriovenous fistulas have been shown to demonstrate greater patency rates and fewer complications than dialysis grafts. Traditionally, arteriovenous fistulas are surgically created and require maturations times which prevent their immediate use. New technology is now available that allows for non-surgical creation of arteriovenous fistulas as well as decreased necessary maturation periods.
Skepticism and Elegance

Jonathan Vogel has argued in support of an explanationist response to skepticism in several works. Central to this explanationist response is the fact that our non-skeptical view of the world (the Real World Hypothesis, RWH ) is a better explanation of our experiences than its skeptical rivals. Despite the plausibility of this response to skepticism, it is not without its critics. Recently, Matthew Gifford has argued that Vogel’s response has problems on two fronts. First, Gifford argues that Vogel’s strategy for showing that the RWH is a better explanation than its skeptical rivals fails. Second, he argues that if Vogel’s strategy does succeed, then it accomplishes too much—it removes skeptical doubts when it should not. I argue that Gifford is mistaken on both accounts.
Name Search Puzzle: Learning Cultural Competence Through a Programming Lab

The efforts for incorporating cultural competence in computer science curriculum will not only benefit the retention of marginalized students, but also, more importantly, educate students with a better understanding of diversity, equity, and inclusion issues. This poster describes a programming lab for learning string matching algorithms and gaining knowledge of cultural competence at the same time. Specifically, this lab requires students to search a group of names from a word search puzzle and then order these names based on various naming conversions from different cultures. Overall, this poster demonstrates an example of infusing cultural competence into a programming lab.
The Use of blood urea nitrogen concentration as an indicator of protein status in cattle

Measuring blood urea nitrogen (UN) concentration in ruminants has become a common technique for monitoring protein status both in livestock production research and the clinical environment. The technique is used world-wide and although there is a plethora of reports on values obtained under various conditions, caution should be given to interpretation of blood UN data due to the number of variables which can affect blood UN values. This is especially true when factors other than nutrition, such as health of the animal and physiological state or stage of production are involved. The advent of rapid and inexpensive automated analytical procedures, use of UN and other metabolic indicators is expected to continue in the future. Best use of this information can only be made with an understanding and consideration of the various factors that affect these metabolic parameters. The following is intended to be a useful overview of these factors and the practice of using blood UN concentration as an indicator of protein status in cattle.
Issues of Social Movement Ethics, Privacy, Accessibility, and Inclusiveness in Mediated Networks

Most users of digital media do not realize that when they engage online, they leave a digital footprint, which raises the question as to where the boundaries are regarding public safety and individual privacy. Often when a government or corporation harvests an individual’s data they are doing so without “informed consent,” which raises the question of ethics for government surveillance programs. Looking at the ethics of algorithms, this chapter investigates the tensions that exist between governments, corporations and activists engaged in cloud protesting. Concerns are raised in the chapter regarding the lack of understanding among many who create algorithms that through machine learning take on a life of their own. The chapter extends the discussion of ethics to consider how scholars engaged in social movement research have to walk a fine line between objective observers and participants in social movements. The chapter also considers the ethical challenge put forth by societies to provide accessibility and inclusivity on digital media platforms. The issue of accessibility and inclusiveness in mediated networks is addressed through a case study of disability vloggers on YouTube and the Disability Network on Facebook.
Cannabis and complementary/alternative self-treatment approaches for symptom management among African American persons living with HIV

Persons living with HIV (PLWH) experience symptoms from disease progression and side effects of antiretroviral treatment. This study examines in African American PLWH (N = 259) commonly-endorsed symptoms, types and self-rated efficacy of therapies for symptom alleviation. Analyses were stratified by gender (n = 178 males, n = 81 females) and cannabis use typology: non-users (n = 90), mostly recreational use (n = 46), mixed recreational/therapeutic use (n = 51), or mostly therapeutic use (n = 72). Females reported greater severity for pain, fatigue, depression, weight change and tingling in extremities, but there were no gender differences for ratings of poor sleep, anxiety, poor appetite, or headache. Both marijuana (used therapeutically by females more than males) and medication(s) were among the 3 top methods for managing pain, poor sleep, anxiety, and headache. Marijuana was most often used for poor appetite, and medications for depression. Perceived efficacy of self-treatment approaches was moderately good. Among African American PLWH, symptom severity was higher for females and for therapeutic users of cannabis. Marijuana and medicine were often used to self-treat symptoms, but many participants did nothing. These results highlight the need for careful evaluation and management of symptoms in this underserved population.
Aperture total internal reflection (A-TIR) for contact angle measurement

Recently, aperture total internal reflection (A-TIR) was proposed to characterize the microdroplet patterns, such as the coverage fraction of the droplet, by placing the aperture just in front of the detector in classical total internal reflection (TIR). However, the reflection from the curved liquid-air interface was simulated using simple two-dimensional modeling, causing inaccuracy in A-TIR measurement. In addition, the reflectance dependency on the aperture size and the working distance of the aperture was not investigated, hindering its applications. In this study, the simulation based on three-dimensional (3-D) ray tracing with Fresnel equation modeling was successfully developed and verified to explain the internal reflection from the curved droplet liquid-air interface. With this developed 3-D modeling, A-TIR characteristics were explored using the parameters of the aperture size and the working distance of the aperture as well as the droplet surface coverage fraction, which shows a good agreement between the experiment and the simulation. Furthermore, it was for the first time demonstrated that the droplet contact angle can be effectively determined by obtaining the droplet thickness from the analytic quadratic solution by subtracting the measured reflectance at the two different sized apertures and using the spherical profile relation. Low contact angles in the range of 1∼ 15° were determined experimentally for the micro- and macro-sized droplets with a droplet diameter of 70 ∼ 7000 µm by the measured thickness of 1 ∼ 450 µm using A-TIR and compared with Fizeau interferometry and side-view imaging to show a good agreement. The simulation shows that A-TIR can be a new optical diagnostic tool to measure the contact angles 0 ∼ 90° regardless of the droplet diameter by adjusting the aperture size and the working distance. In addition, A-TIR can effectively determine the small contact angles less than 5°, even ultrasmall contact angles less than 1° for the submicron thickness, not requiring the complicated microscope setup. Thus, we can observe a sessile droplet's drastic contact angle change during wetting phenomena from 90° to 0° on the same A-TIR setup. Additionally, A-TIR can be used for a single or an array of micro or nanodroplets with a microscope objective by reducing the laser beam size and scanning methodology.
Small pseudospark switches

Summary form only given. Compact pulsed power technologies require small switches with high hold-off voltages (20/spl sim/30 kV) and reasonable discharge current (several kA) for applications that include plasma ignition and compact repetitive pulsed power sources. The pseudospark has intrinsic advantages in geometry and housekeeping that make it a candidate for compact applications. In this work, an initial design for a compact pseudospark switch with 12.7 mm o.d. glass envelope, is reported. The total switch size was reduced by more than one order of magnitude relative to previously published versions of the switch, primarily by decreasing the switch cross section area by a factor of 9. Hold-off voltage with respect to operation pressure in the switch self-breakdown condition has been studied. A broad operation range, from 100 mTorr to 1000 mTorr, was measured with the hold-off voltage staying almost constant at 20 kV in Helium. Operation as an optical-triggered pseudospark (or BLT) switch, with UV light incident on the back of the cathode surface, was also studied. The current rise rate was measured to be 1/spl times/10/sup 11/ A/s with a switch hold-off voltage of 17 kV and discharge current of 3.3 kA when triggered by a laser beam of 266 nm with an optical energy less than 30 mJ. Higher dI/dt and higher discharge current can be obtained by reducing the circuit inductance and by increasing the charging capacitance.
Ultrasonic Signal Competition Between Male Wax Moths

Pair formation in the lesser wax moth, Achroia grisella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is effected by male ultrasonic signals that are attractive to receptive females within 1-2 m. The males typically aggregate in the vicinity of the larval food resource, honeybee colonies, and signal for 6-10 h each night. Females are known to choose males on a relative basis and evaluate primarily three signal characters: signal rate (SR), loudness (peak amplitude; PA), and asynchrony interval (AI), a temporal feature reflecting the time interval between signals produced by the left and right tymbals. We conducted a series of experiments to investigate whether and how A. grisella males modify their signals in the presence of neighboring signalers. When separated by <40 cm, males increase their SRs by 3-6% upon perceiving a neighbor's signals, but they do not alter their PAs or Als. Increased SRs continue for 5-10 min and are more pronounced in males that are silent at the time they perceive their neighbor. By increasing its SR, a male improves the likelihood of matching or exceeding its neighbor's SR and may thereby compete more effectively for local females. SR increases are energetically demanding, though, and their brief duration and occurrence primarily at the beginning of signaling bouts may be the most prudent allocation of a male's limited energy reserves.
Expression of activation antigens by T cells infiltrating basal cell carcinomas.

The association of T lymphocytes and dendritic cells with the stromal mononuclear cell response to basal cell carcinomas has led to speculation that cellular immunity may, in part, regulate the growth and development of this neoplasm. It has not been established, however, whether these T cells are functionally competent, or simply coincidental bystanders. We examined the immunologic phenotypes of mononuclear cells in 32 lesions of basal cell carcinoma obtained from 26 patients. The majority of infiltrating mononuclear cells were T cells that were equally distributed between the helper/inducer (Leu 3a + ) and cytotoxic/suppressor (Leu 2a + ) sub-types; a minority of cells were dendritic and expressed Leu 6 antigen. Virtually all T cells and dendritic cells were HLA-DR + , and many (>30%) of the T cells expressed antigens consistent with stages of ongoing activation (T9, T10). TS2/7, a novel monoclonal antibody recently documented to identify activation-specific sub-components of 210/165/130 kD glycoprotein complex present on the surface of mitogen- or alloantigen-stimulated human T cells, was also used. Greater than 50% of the T cells observed were TS2/7 + These observations provide in situ immunomorphologic evidence of stromal T cell activation in association with basal cell carcinomas, and suggest a role for active and ongoing cellular immune mechanisms as a determinant of local biological behavior of this neoplasm.
On the complexity of equivalence between recursive and nonrecursive Datalog programs

In a previous paper, we have proved tight complexity bounds for the equivalence of recursive and nonrecursive Datalog programs: triply exponential time in general and doubly-exponential space for linear programs. In this paper, we show that under realistic restrictions on the classes programs under consideration, equivalence of recursive and nonrecursive programs can be less intractable; for the classes of programs we consider the complexity of equivalence ranges from NP to co-NEXPTIME.
Cancer chemotherapy – ribonucleases to the rescue

Ribonucleases, once dismissed as uninteresting digestive enzymes, have been shown to have remarkable biological activities. Onconase®, from the Northern leopard frog, is currently in clinical trials as a cancer chemotherapeutic. Recent research has revealed some key factors responsible for the cytotoxicity of ribonucleases, and may lead to a new class of drugs.
Furthering the Theoretical Discussion of the Journey of Transformation: Foundations and Dimensions of Transformational Learning in Educational Technology

This article builds on the research-based model of the “journey of transformation” to further analyze its theoretical foundation and details. This model provides a framework for understanding how educators, as adult learners themselves, may experience perspective transformations in their perspective and practice of teaching and learning. Using the model as a focus for professional development creates opportunities for emancipatory learning, bridges the literature and research of adult learning and professional development in educational technology, and offers an integrated model of transformational learning theory with unique dynamics. Implications include those for understanding educators, transformational theory, application to the professional development of educators, and future research.
Behavioral changes in bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) as indicators of sublethal effects of metals

The development of rapid, yet sensitive toxicity testing methods is needed for the establishment of water quality standards to protect aquatic life. A technique using changes in the behavior of bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) was utilized to evaluate the impact of five sublethal levels of a cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) mixture. The technique proved very sensitive and various changes in behavior occurred at the lowest metal levels used; 21 ug Cd per liter and 99 ug Zn per liter. Coughs, yawns, partial jerks and jerk swimming were especially sensitive indicators of elevated metal levels. The frequency, but not the form, of eight of the nine behaviors quantified changed significantly with increasing metal levels.
Observations on Photosystem II mutants of Scenedesmus: Pigments and proteinaceous components of the chloroplasts

Abstract Nine mutants of the green alga, Scenedesmus obliquus , which are blocked in the Photosystem II portion of photosynthesis were analyzed for possible deletion or alteration of (1) various components of the photosynthetic electron transport system, (2) of chloroplast lipids, (3) of total chlorophyll or of the chlorophyll a /chlorophyll b ratio, and (4) of their content of carotenes and carotenoids. No changes in content or activity of ferredoxin, ferredoxin-NADP + reductase, plastocyanin, cytochrome c -552, and the membrane-bound b -type or c -type cytochromes were observed. The most consistent differences noted between the mutant strains and the wild-type strain were in the molar ratio of chlorophyll/plastoquinone A, the total chlorophyll content, and a decreased content of α- and β-carotene with a concomitant increase of carotenoids. The loss of Photosystem II activity in these mutant strains, as observed either with whole cells or with isolated chloroplast fragments, may be accounted for by their decreased content of plastoquinone A. Their decreased chlorophyll content and altered carotene/xanthophyll ratio also suggests possible alteration of chloroplast membrances resulting in increased internal oxidation of the photosynthetic pigments.
Spatial identity awareness: Towards secure collaborative environments

This paper describes a scheme for enhancing collaboration by tracking users in a 3-D space and mapping their identities to a shared user interface. Spatial identity information is defined to characterize and transfer user identity and spatial features between devices. It fills the gap between physical access control and data access control, where the spatial relationship between user and device is concerned.
Centromere inactivation and epigenetic modifications of a plant chromosome with three functional centromeres

A chromosome with two functional centromeres is cytologically unstable and can only be stabilized when one of the two centromeres becomes inactivated via poorly understood mechanisms. Here, we report a transmissible chromosome with multiple centromeres in wheat. This chromosome encompassed one large and two small domains containing the centromeric histone CENH3. The two small centromeres are in a close vicinity and often fused as a single centromere on metaphase chromosomes. This fused centromere contained approximately 30% of the CENH3 compared to the large centromere. An intact tricentric chromosome was transmitted to about 70% of the progenies, which was likely a consequence of the dominating pulling capacity of the large centromere during anaphases of meiosis. The tricentric chromosome showed characteristics typical to dicentric chromosomes, including chromosome breaks and centromere inactivation. Remarkably, inactivation was always associated with the small centromeres, indicating that small centromeres are less likely to survive than large ones in dicentric chromosomes. The inactivation of the small centromeres also coincided with changes of specific histone modifications, including H3K27me2 and H3K27me3, of the pericentromeric chromatin.
On the action of the symmetric group on the free lie algebra and the partition lattice

Abstract The Free Lie Algebra over an alphabet A , denoted here by LIE[ A ], is the smallest subspace of the linear span of the A -words which contains the letters and is closed under the bracket operation [ f , g ] = fg − gf . A permutation σ acts on words by replacing each occurrence of the letter a i by a σ i . This action linearly extends to LIE[ A ]. We are concerned here with the action of the symmetric group S n on the subspace of LIE[ A ] which is the linear span of bracketings of words which are permutations of the letters of the alphabet. It follows from the work of Hanlon, Stanley, and Joyal that this action and the action of S n on the top homology of the partition lattice Π n induce similar representations (up to tensoring with the alternating character). It follows from the work of Garsia and Stanton that the action on the homology is similar to the action on a suitably defined top portion of the Stanley-Reisner ring. In this paper we derive a direct combinatorial proof of the similarity of these three actions by choosing natural bases in each of these three spaces and comparing the matrices corresponding to the simple reflections.
Azimuthal prism effect with partially blocked vortex-producing lenses.

We report a new effect in which the diffraction from a partially blocked angular phase pattern occupying half of the input plane produces a partial vortex output pattern that is rotated by 90° compared with the input. The energy is sent into a different quadrant of the output plane from the input plane. The rotation direction depends on whether the angular phase pattern is clockwise or counterclockwise. When we combine clockwise and counterclockwise angular phase patterns on separate horizontal halves of the input plane, we create an interference effect in one half of the output plane, while the other half remains dark.
Global instability and bifurcation in beams composed of rock-like materials

Abstract The behavior of strain-softening structures in relation to their overall load-displacement response is examined as a stability problem of the global system. The prototype structure studied is the simple beam under three, four and five-point bend. It is demonstrated that fracture problems do not require geometric or material nonlinearity to produce instability—the size and shape of a structure that fails by fracture are the important factors that control the system. In addition, some geometries, for example the four and five-point-bend beams, may develop different crack configurations such that a bifurcation in the global equilibrium of the structure is possible. Experiments and analyses indicate that size, slenderness, constraint and symmetry of the deformed beam must be considered in predicting the post-failure response.
Transition metal ions in silicate melts—I. Manganese in sodium silicate melts

Abstract Optical absorption spectra obtained on glasses quenched from sodium silicate melts show Mn 3+ to be the dominant species for melts heated in air and Mn 2+ to be the dominant species for melts heated at Po 2 = 10 −17 bar. The absorption spectrum of Mn 3+ consists of an intense band at 20,000cm −1 with a 15,000cm −1 satellite possibly arising from the Jahn-Teller effect. The independence of the spectrum from melt composition and the high band intensity is offered as evidence for a distinct Mn 3+ complex in the melt. The spectrum of Mn 2+ is weak and many expected bands are not observed. A two-band luminescence spectrum from Mn 2+ has been tentatively interpreted as due to Mn 2+ in interstitial sites in the network and Mn 2+ coordinated by non-bridging oxygens.
The Impact of Time and Planning Orientation on an Individual's Recreational Shopper Identity and Shopping Behavior

We propose a model in which the consumer's time orientation (past, present, and future) influences planning orientation (impulsiveness and prudence), which in turn affects the consumer's recreational shopper identity (RSI), and general behaviors, such as browsing and socializing, and specific shopping behaviors, such as time and dollars spent on clothing. The findings of the structural equation modeling indicate that present time orientation influences impulsiveness and prudence, whereas past and future orientation only influences prudence. Further, impulsiveness influences RSI, which in turn influences all shopping behaviors. The findings have implications for managers for selecting segmentation, communication, and merchandising strategies.
Optimal approximation of sparse hessians and its equivalence to a graph coloring problem

We consider the problem of approximating the Hessian matrix of a smooth non-linear function using a minimum number of gradient evaluations, particularly in the case that the Hessian has a known, fixed sparsity pattern. We study the class of Direct Methods for this problem, and propose two new ways of classifying Direct Methods. Examples are given that show the relationships among optimal methods from each class. The problem of finding a non-overlapping direct cover is shown to be equivalent to a generalized graph coloring problem—the distance-2 graph coloring problem. A theorem is proved showing that the general distance-k graph coloring problem is NP-Complete for all fixedk≥2, and hence that the optimal non-overlapping direct cover problem is also NP-Complete. Some worst-case bounds on the performance of a simple coloring heuristic are given. An appendix proves a well-known folklore result, which gives lower bounds on the number of gradient evaluations needed in any possible approximation method.
Clinical discriminations and neuropsychological tests: An appeal to bayes' theorem

Neuropsychological tests are routinely used to make clinical judgements regarding the classification, diagnosis, or prediction of subject variables. The accuracy of those decisions depends on the discriminant validity of the tests used. The traditional method of validating psychological tests by comparing the mean test scores of reference groups is often unrelated to actual clinical discriminations. Alternative measures based on Bayesian probabilities are reviewed, with specific application to neuropsychological assessment.
Photoluminescence in the band crossover region of AlxGa1−xAs

Abstract Transitions occurring In the band crossover region of AlxGa1−xAs were examined using photoluminescence. The transitions observed occur at higher energies and at lower intensities than expected. These results suggest that the accepted conduction band edge relationships do not hold true within the band crossover region, where the L, X and Γ conduction band minima approach the same energy values. It is proposed that an indirect transition is responsible for the observed photoluminescence response.
Duverger's Hypothesis, the Run-Off Rule, and Electoral Competition

I analyze a model of electoral competition with entry under the run-off rule. I consider both two- and multiple-party systems. The principal result is that two-party systems may prove stable under the run-off rule: I show that a continuum of equilibria exists in which only two parties enter and subsequent entry is deterred. This finding conflicts with the accepted wisdom on the run-off rule encapsulated by Duverger's Hypothesis. The results of the model are then reconciled with Duverger's Hypothesis and a more precise formulation is proposed.
The Textile Industry in Southeast Asia, 1400-1800

This study of Southeast Asia's regional and native textile trade highlights the transitional patterns of textile use in sixteenth and seventeenth century Banjarmasin, an important Borneo coast port-polity in that era's international pepper trade. Cloth was a multi-purpose commodity bearing rich indigenous legacy that served as the point of reference for revised political, economic, and cultural transactions. In the new order that was emerging, upstream and downstream regularized their interactions and shared in a common cultural bond that was defined by cloth. This was a locally meaningful response to the changing economic circumstances of the seventeenth century, and was only in part a reaction to an increasingly assertive European presence in the eastern Indonesian archipelago.
Measuring what matters: Key rehabilitation outcomes

If you ask rehabilitation professionals to tell you about one of their very successful clients, you will learn about an individual who, despite significant disability, is an active productive member of society, well integrated into the community, and satisfied with a high quality of life. But the field of rehabilitation does not typically measure successful outcomes in terms of clients’ active productive participation in their community or their quality of life. Instead, our very thick medical records document medical stabilization, the extent of residual impairment, and a fairly precise quantification of the assistance an individual requires to perform a myriad of activities of daily living (ADL) like eating, bathing, transferring, bladder control, memory, and mobility. Measures that quantify a client’s achievements in, work, school, home, and communitythe very factors that we intuitively identify in defining successful rehabilitation outcomes-are not routinely employed. Most rehabilitation professionals and their constituents would prefer to define success in more global terms, if only adequate measures of community integration and quality of life were available. It is the thesis of this lecture that more attention should be given to measuring what matters: the full breadth of rehabilitation outcomes, including successes achieved in the community as well as skills mastered in the rehabilitation hospital. To accomplish this, greater conceptual clarity is needed to articulate and differentiate the outcomes of rehabilitation, valid measures are needed to quantify these outcomes, and the practical commitment is needed to use and interpret them.
The action of chlorpromazine on the electrodermal response in the cat.

Abstract Chlorpromazine (0·02–2·50 mg/kg. i.v.) was found to have a dose-dependent depressant action on the electrodermal response evoked by either central brainstem or reflex stimulation in chloralose-anaesthetized cats. Responses elicited by reflex, midbrain. and pontine stimulation were significantly reduced at a lower dose of chlorpromazine (0·10 mg/kg) than were responses evoked by stimulation of either the hypothalamus or the medulla (0·50 mg/kg). Chlorpromazine did not inhibit the postganglionic peripherally evoked response in the doses administered.
NONINVASIVE DIAGNOSIS OF SUCROSE INTOLERANCE IN CHILDHOOD BY INTERVAL BREATH HYDROGEN DETERMINATION

Elevated breath hydrogen levels resulting from colonic bacterial fermentation of nonabsorbed carbohydrate identifies disaccharidase deficiency in adults. This principle was validated in children with sucrose intolerance by interval breath sampling using a nasal prong, thus permitting simple, noninvasive collection of expired air for H2 analysis by gas chromatography. Six symptomatic children (ages 6-11 yrs) with congenital sucrose intolerance (4 proven sucrase deficient by jejunal biopsy and 2 sibs) were compared with 6 normal controls (ages 5-8 yrs) and 2 children with biopsy-proven acquired sucrase deficiency now clinically well (ages 3 and 10). Expired air was collected before and at 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 min after orally administered sucrose (2 gmAg; max 50 gm). Peak H2 excretion was significantly elevated in sucrose intolerant patients: 114±63 (meant S.D.) parts per million above baseline (Δppm), versus 2±2 Δppm (p<0.001) in controls and patients who had recovered. Best discrimination occurred at 90 minutes post-ingestion (range 28-203 vs. 0-3 Δppm). Breath H2 determination provides a sensitive, reliable means for detection of sucrose malabsorption. The nasal prong technique permits convenient application of this methodology to young children, and offers the opportunity to screen, diagnose, and evaluate therapy for malabsorption of specific carbohydrates in the pediatric age group.
Workflow management and resource discovery for an intelligent grid

A computational grid provides coordinated and transparent access to computing resources for grid users. Workflow management and resource discovery are two important functions of an intelligent grid. Workflow management refers to automatic workflow creation and coordinated workflow execution, and resource discovery facilitates resource allocation and claiming. In this paper we discuss workflow management and resource discovery in an intelligent grid environment.
In vivo biotransformation and biliary excretion of 1-14C-acrylonitrile in rats.

1-14C-Acrylonitrile (VCN) was given orally to rats, 27% of the given dose was excreted in bile in 6 h. When 1-14C-VCN was given to overnight fasted or cobaltous chloride treated rats, a significant increase in the biliary excretion occurred. Pretreatment of rats with phenobarbital produced no change, while diethyl maleate pretreatment significantly decreased the portion of the dose excreted in bile in 6 h. Four metabolites of 1-14C-VCN have been isolated from the collected bile, and characterized. The two major biliary metabolites were found to be glutathione (GSH) conjugates of VCN, indicating the importance of GSH in VCN biotransformation.
Non-inductive Production of ST Plasmas with Washer Gun Sources on the Pegasus Toroidal Experiment

Formation of tokamak-like plasmas via electrostatic helicity injection in the ultra-low aspect ratio Pegasus Toroidal Experiment is reported. Two low-impurity, high-current (1 kA) washer gun current sources have been installed in the lower divertor region. These initially drive current along helical field lines produced by the applied toroidal and vertical fields. At sufficiently low values of externally applied vertical field, the poloidal field generated by the plasma is large enough to cause a poloidal flux reversal. In these cases the plasma relaxes into a tokamak-like configuration. Discharges with I ϕ≈ 30 kA are produced with less than 2 kA of injected current. These discharges exhibit features indicative of tokamak plasmas, including reversal of poloidal flux at the center column, strong vacuum field deformation, increased current decay times, increased core heating, and characteristic MHD modes common to other helicity-injection-driven toroidal devices.
Numerical modeling of single-layer electroactive polymer mirrors for space applications

Thin-film mirrors are attractive for large aperture, lightweight optical system and microwave antennas operating in micro-gravity space. The surface shape of these deployable thin film structures requires control to a precision range that depends on the specific applications. For optical systems, such surfaces need to be deployed and refined in the range of submicrons. Electroactive polymers (EAP) are potential candidates for making such thin film materials. Generally, EAPs are produced in thin film form with electrodes on their major surfaces. Depending on the reflectivity of the electrodes and surface roughness of the polymer they can also be produced with mirror finishes. A controllable mirror made of single-layer EAP mirror is proposed in this paper. An analytical solution of required voltage/strain distribution for forming a parabolic mirror from a planar film is presented. Calculations show a single layer film made of currently available EAP has the capability to control the focus distance of a 2-m mirror from infinity to 1.25 m. The results are verified by FEM model.
Microstructure in rapid gravity channel flow

Abstract Numerical simulations were conducted for two-dimensional disks in an inclined channel. These flows produced slugs or regions along the channel characterized by the occurrence of densely packed groups of flowing disks. These groups of particles or slugs were in a continual state of change as they enlarged or shrunk in length. The nonuniformity of the flow or occurrence of slugs increased as the disks were made more inelastic. The length of these slugs and the frequency of their occurrence were studied in terms of their dependence upon the length of channel between the periodic boundaries in the flow simulation, slope of the channel and the material properties of the disks.
Association tests through combining p-values for case control genome-wide association studies

Abstract To detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are associated with a common disease in a case control genome-wide association study (GWAS), powerful yet robust tests are desirable. Current available robust approaches in this area are mainly based on the optimal trend tests for some specific genetic models, such as recessive, additive, multiplicative, and dominant models. In this paper, we propose a class of robust association tests through combining p -values obtained by partitioning the 2 by 3 contingency table of the SNP data. Through simulation study and application to real data, we show that the proposed tests are powerful and robust. They provide alternative association tests for GWAS.
Ascorbic acid: what do we really no?

the human cutaneous circulation has emerged as a potential representative vascular bed for investigating mechanisms of microvascular dysfunction in clinical populations. Microvascular dysfunction, including a loss of nitric oxide-dependent vasodilation, is one of the earliest pathological changes
X-LINKED ADRENOLEUKODYSTROPHY (ALD): HORMONAL AND CLINICAL FINDINGS DURING DIETARY ERUCIC-TRIOLEATE THERAPY

X-linked ALD is characterized by primary adrenal insufficiency, demyelination and accumulation of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA). VLCFA have a toxic effect on adrenocortical cell by increasing cell membrane microviccosity, leading to decreased ability to respond to ACTH (Whitcomb RW et al. J Clin invest 81:185·188, 1988). The regimen of VLCFA restricted diet supplemented with a mixture of oleic and erucic acid (GTEO) determined, for the first time, a normalisation of plasma VLCFA levels in ALD patients. Thus the data suggest that the pathological changes affecting the nervous and endocrine system may be delayed, or even arrested, in these patients. We now report the effects on the clinical course of ALD of this therapeutic approach in 18 patients treated with dietary-GTOE supplementation up to 5 years. There was no effect on the clinical course in patients with childhood and adolescent ALD assessed by neurological, neuropsycological, and neuroadiological (NMI) evaluations. Patients with adrenomyeloneropathy and presymptomic did not exhibit progression of the disease. All but 3 patients had hyposdrenalism. Plasma eldosterone levels were reduced and PRA was increased. Interestingly, normalisation of VLCFA levels in these patients resulted in an increase of aldosterone (M±SD: 112.3±94.6 vs 379.2±12.1 pg/ml, p<0.05) and a reduction of PRA levels form 10.2±7.6 to 5.1±2.8 ng/ml/h, confirming that VLCFA excess has a direct toxic effect on the adrenals whereas other factors are more likely involved in the determination of the pathological changes in the nervous system.
Exploring factors of media characteristic influencing flow in learning through virtual worlds

This study aims to find out factors of media characteristic which are considered to influence flow in learning through virtual worlds. One hundred ninety eight elementary students who are eleven to twelve years old participated in this study. After the exploratory factor analysis, to extract media characteristics of virtual worlds, seventy-eight elementary students who are eleven years old were used in the analysis of exploring relationships between factors influencing flow. The results of this study show that distinct media characteristics of virtual worlds affecting engagement were labeled 'interactivity', 'representational fidelity', 'immediacy of communication', 'consistency', and 'persistence' after the exploratory factor analysis. Another result of this study is that the media characteristics are positively correlated: when students effectively recognize media characteristics, the level of flow is also high. In addition, virtual worlds' characteristics have a significantly consistent predictability on learners' flow, which is consistent with previous research that demonstrated media characteristics were a critical factor for influencing engagement. Lastly, factors of media characteristics such as 'immediacy of communication,' 'consistency' and 'persistence' are related to flow, but don't have an influence on causality, so it is difficult to assert that these factors predict learner's engagement. However, other factors such as 'interactivity' and 'representational fidelity' are significant factors that predict flow in learning through virtual worlds.
Some remarks on multivariate Chebyshev polynomials

Abstract Several generalizations of the Chebyshev polynomials in one variable to Chebyshev polynomials in several variables are presented.
Immunoglobulin gene diversification

Three processes alter genomic sequence and structure at the immunoglobulin genes of B lymphocytes: gene conversion, somatic hypermutation, and class switch recombination. Though the molecular signatures of these processes differ, they occur by a shared pathway which is induced by targeted DNA deamination by a B cell-specific factor, activation induced cytidine deaminase (AID). Ubiquitous factors critical for DNA repair carry out all downstream steps, creating mutations and deletions in genomic DNA. This review focuses on the genetic and biochemical mechanisms of diversification of immunoglobulin genes.
Present and future evolution of advanced breast cancer therapy

Although the introduction of novel therapies and drug combinations has improved the prognosis of metastatic breast cancer, the disease remains incurable. Increased knowledge of the biology and the molecular alterations in breast cancer has facilitated the design of targeted therapies. These agents include receptor and nonreceptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (epidermal growth factor receptor family), intracellular signaling pathways (phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase, AKT, mammalian target of rapamycin) angiogenesis inhibitors and agents that interfere with DNA repair (poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors). In the present review, we present the most promising studies of these new targeted therapies and novel combinations of targeted therapies with cytotoxic agents.
Inflammation-induced changes in the iron concentration and total iron-binding capacity of the intraocular fluids of rabbits

Changes in iron (Fe) concentration and total-iron-binding capacity (TIBC) of the intraocular fluids were measured during endotoxin-induced ocular inflammation in rabbits over a 3-week time course. In the aqueous humor, both Fe and TIBC increased to peak levels 24 h after intravitreal injection of endotoxin (10 ng) and gradually decreased to baseline levels by 3 weeks. In the uninflamed eye, the TIBC of the aqueous was only 23% saturated. During inflammation the TIBC became more highly saturated over time, reaching 50% at 3 weeks. In the vitreous humor the picture was more complicated due to the presence of slight hemorrhage. Noncellular Fe and TIBC increased to peak levels by 7 days, while TIBC approached 100% saturation. Both returned to baseline by 21 days. The influx of the partially saturated plasma protein transferrin through disrupted blood-ocular barriers most likely accounts for the increased TIBC in the inflamed eye and could provide some protection against the potentially harmful effects of Fe arising from tissue necrosis and hemolysis subsequent to hemorrhage. Under conditions of the model of inflammation studied here, the TIBC was not exceeded at any time during the 3 weeks. However, with more severe and long-lasting inflammation or when there is greater hemorrhage, the TIBC could be exceeded. This could lead to greater, and perhaps irreversible, damage to ocular tissues.