cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deciding how to decide: dynamic routing in artificial neural networks

We propose and systematically evaluate three strategies for training dynamically-routed artificial neural networks: graphs of learned transformations through which different input signals may take different paths. Though some approaches have advantages over others, the resulting networks are often qualitatively similar. We find that, in dynamically-routed networks trained to classify images, layers and branches become specialized to process distinct categories of images. Additionally, given a fixed computational budget, dynamically-routed networks tend to perform better than comparable statically-routed networks.
Improving the Use of Evidence-Based Instructional Practices for Paraprofessionals:

Coaching has been shown to improve the use of evidence-based instructional practices (EBIPs), but relatively few studies have been conducted to assess the effectiveness of coaching for adults belon...
Kentucky Bluegrass Divot Resistance as Affected by Cultivar, Trinexapac-ethyl, and Soil Cultivation

Athletic fields constructed with a high percentage of sand rely on the presence of above- and belowground turfgrass biomass to provide surface stability to athletes. As turfgrass plants are worn away during field use, their stabilizing effect is lost, increasing the potential for divoting. Excessive divoting results in poor footing and may increase the potential for athlete injury. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the effects of two trinexapac-ethyl (TE) treatment regimes and one cultivation procedure on the divot resistance, tiller density, belowground biomass, and turfgrass ground cover of nine Kentucky bluegrass (KBG) (Poa pratensis L.) cultivars under varying levels of simulated traffic. Trinexapac-ethyl (0.17 kg a.i. ha⁻¹) was applied every 28 d from either May–July or May–October. The cultivation treatment, which consisted of a combination of vertical mowing 1.3 cm below the soil surface and core cultivation, occurred in the spring of each year. Traffic was applied starting in late summer using a Brinkman traffic simulator. Treatments and KBG cultivars were evaluated for divot resistance by measuring the length of divots created using the head of a golf pitching wedge attached to the end of a weighted pendulum. Differences in divot resistance among KBG cultivars increased as traffic level intensified. The application of TE from May–July reduced divot length most relative to the control both years of the experiment (18 and 7% in 2006 and 2007, respectively). Tiller density and belowground biomass were increased by May–July application of TE by 9 and 8%, respectively, compared to the control. The application of TE from May–October and the cultivation treatment each reduced divot size in one of the two years. Results indicate that on fall-use KBG athletic fields with little to no play during the spring and summer, applying TE from May–July can increase divot resistance.
Direct Evidence on the Informational Properties of Earnings in Loan Contracts

Using a sample of firms that disclose the realizations of earnings used for determining covenant compliance in loan contracts, we provide direct evidence on the informational properties of earnings used in the performance covenants included in debt contracts. We find that the earnings measure used in performance covenants does not exhibit asymmetric loss timeliness and has significantly greater cash flow predictive ability than GAAP measures of earnings. We suggest that these results reflect the idea that contracting parties design accounting rules for performance covenants to enhance their efficacy as “tripwires.”
Melting and thermal ablation of a silver film induced by femtosecond laser heating: a multiscale modeling approach

The femtosecond laser pulse heating of silver film is investigated by performing quantum mechanics (QM), molecular dynamics (MD), and two-temperature model (TTM) integrated multiscale simulation. The laser excitation dependent electron thermophysical parameters (electron heat capacity, electron thermal conductivity, and effective electron–phonon coupling factor) are determined from ab initio QM calculation, and implemented into TTM description of electron thermal excitation, heat conduction, as well as electron–phonon coupled thermal energy transport. The kinetics of atomic motion is modeled by MD simulation. Energy evolution of excited electron subsystem is described by TTM in continuum. The MD and TTM are coupled by utilizing the effective electron–phonon coupling factor. Laser heating with varying laser fluences is systematically studied to determine the thresholds of homogeneous melting and ablation. The thermal ablation induced by rapid expansion of locally and excessively superheated silver is reported. This paper provides a basis for interpreting the phase-change process induced by laser heating, and facilitates the advancement of femtosecond laser pulse processing of material.
Partial Regularity for Type Two Doubly Nonlinear Parabolic Systems

We consider weak solutions v : $${U \times (0, T ) \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{m}}$$ of the nonlinear parabolic system $${D\psi({v}_{t} ) = {\rm div} DF({D}_{v}),}$$ where $${\psi}$$ and F are convex functions. This is a prototype for more general doubly nonlinear evolutions which arise in the study of structural properties of materials. Under the assumption that the second derivatives of F are Holder continuous, we show that D2v and vt are locally Holder continuous except for possibly on a lower dimensional subset of $${U \times (0, T )}$$ . Our approach relies on two integral identities, decay of the local space-time energy of solutions, and fractional time derivative estimates for D2v and vt.
Seiberg-Witten geometries for Coulomb branch chiral rings which are not freely generated

Coulomb branch chiral rings of $$ \mathcal{N}=2 $$ SCFTs are conjectured to be freely generated. While no counter-example is known, no direct evidence for the conjecture is known either. We initiate a systematic study of SCFTs with Coulomb branch chiral rings satisfying non-trivial relations, restricting our analysis to rank 1. The main result of our study is that (rank-1) SCFTs with non-freely generated CB chiral rings when deformed by relevant deformations, always flow to theories with non-freely generated CB rings. This implies that if they exist, they must thus form a distinct subset under RG flows. We also find many interesting characteristic properties that these putative theories satisfy which may behelpful in proving or disproving their existence using other methods.
The effect of meeting rates on matching outcomes

We extend the classic matching model of Choo and Siow (J Polit Econ 114(1):175–201, 2006) to allow for the possibility that the rate at which potential partners meet affects their probability of matching. We investigate the implications for the levels and supermodularity of the estimated match surplus.
Millisecond-Scale Motor Encoding in a Cortical Vocal Area

Studies of motor control have almost universally examined firing rates to investigate how the brain shapes behavior. In principle, however, neurons could encode information through the precise temporal patterning of their spike trains as well as (or instead of) through their firing rates. Although the importance of spike timing has been demonstrated in sensory systems, it is largely unknown whether timing differences in motor areas could affect behavior. We tested the hypothesis that significant information about trial-by-trial variations in behavior is represented by spike timing in the songbird vocal motor system. We found that neurons in motor cortex convey information via spike timing far more often than via spike rate and that the amount of information conveyed at the millisecond timescale greatly exceeds the information available from spike counts. These results demonstrate that information can be represented by spike timing in motor circuits and suggest that timing variations evoke differences in behavior.
INFLUENCE OF IMPACTION FORCE AND SUPPORT COMPLIANCE ON INITIAL TAPER STABILITY

Introduction In hip arthroplasty, it has been shown that assembly of the femoral head onto the stem remains a non-standardized practice and differs between surgeons [1]. Pennock et al. determined by altering mechanical conditions during seating there was a direct effect on the taper strength [2]. Furthermore, Mali et al. demonstrated that components assembled with a lower assembly load had increased fretting currents and micromotion at the taper junction during cyclic testing [3]. This suggests overall performance may be affected by head assembly method. The purpose of this test was to perform controlled bench top studies to determine the influence of impaction force and compliance of support structure (or damping) on the initial stability of the taper junction. Materials and Methods Test Specimens Testing was performed on 36mm +5mm CoCr heads combined with prototype Ti6Al4V locking taper analogs both machined with approximately a 5.67o taper angle. To minimize sample variation, the locking taper analogs were dimensionally matched with CoCr femoral heads to maintain a uniform angle difference. Prior to testing, samples were cleaned with isopropanol and allowed to dry. Effect of Peak Force Magnitude Testing was performed on a rigid setup where a 10N preload was applied to the femoral head axially. Heads were assembled with loads ranging from 2kN–10kN using an impaction tower and seating loads were recorded at a collection rate of 273kHz. After assembly, tensile loads were applied until the taper junction was fully disassembled and distraction loads were recorded at a collection rate of 500Hz. Effect of Damping 40 durometer rubber pads were placed underneath the trunnions as well as to the striking surface of the impaction tower to simulate compliance in the supporting structure and the surgical instruments. Aside from the added damping, testing was performed identical to the rigid setup tests. Results Taper stability (as assessed by disassembly forces) increased linearly with peak assembly force with an R2 value of 0.95 for both rigid and compliant groups (Figure 1). On average a 46% larger input energy was required in the compliant group to achieve a comparable impaction force to the rigid group (Figure 2). However, the correlation between the assembly load and distraction force was not affected. Discussion As shown in previous studies, impact force has a large effect on initial taper stability. An interesting finding in this study was that system compliance has a large effect on the applied assembly force. The addition of a compliant setup was intended to simulate a surgical scenario where factors such as the patient9s leg positioning, patient mass, surgical instruments, and surgical approach may influence the resulting compliance due to the dissipation of impaction energy and reducing the applied impaction force. Based on test results, surgical procedure as well as patient variables may have a significant effect of initial taper stability. For any figures or tables, please contact authors directly (see Info & Metrics tab above).
Early National Dissemination of Abiraterone and Enzalutamide for Advanced Prostate Cancer in Medicare Part D.

Introduction:Abiraterone and enzalutamide were approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 2011 and 2012 to treat men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Most men with mCRPC are > 65 years of age and thus eligible for Medicare Part D. We conducted a study to better understand the early dissemination of these drugs across the United States using national Medicare Part D data.Methods:We evaluated the number of prescriptions for abiraterone and enzalutamide by provider specialty and hospital referral region (HRR) using Medicare Part D and Dartmouth Atlas data. We categorized HRRs by abiraterone and enzalutamide prescriptions, adjusted for prostate cancer incidence, and examined factors associated with regional variation using multilevel regression models.Results:Among providers who wrote the majority of prescriptions for abiraterone or enzalutamide in 2013 (n = 2,121), 87.5% were medical oncologists, 3.3% were urologists, and 9.2% were other provider specialties. Among prescribe...
Tensor SVD: Statistical and Computational Limits

In this paper, we propose a general framework for tensor singular value decomposition (tensor singular value decomposition (SVD)), which focuses on the methodology and theory for extracting the hidden low-rank structure from high-dimensional tensor data. Comprehensive results are developed on both the statistical and computational limits for tensor SVD. This problem exhibits three different phases according to the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In particular, with strong SNR, we show that the classical higher-order orthogonal iteration achieves the minimax optimal rate of convergence in estimation; with weak SNR, the information-theoretical lower bound implies that it is impossible to have consistent estimation in general; with moderate SNR, we show that the non-convex maximum likelihood estimation provides optimal solution, but with NP-hard computational cost; moreover, under the hardness hypothesis of hypergraphic planted clique detection, there are no polynomial-time algorithms performing consistently in general.
Urinary Kallikrein Excretion After Renal Transplantation. Relationship to Hypertension, Graft Source, and Renal Function

From the Departments of Medicine, Veterans Administration Medical Center, and the University of California, San Diego, and San Francisco, California. This work was supported by the Veterans Administration and by a grant HL-25,457 from the National InstiMes of Health. Requests for reprints should be addressed to Dr. Daniel T. O’Connor, Nephrology/l 1 l-H, Veterans Administration fvtedical Center, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, California 92161. Manuscript accepted February 23, 1982. The role of the renal kallikretn-kinin system in the pathogenests of hypertension and various forms of renal dysfunction after human renal transplantation has been assessed by measurement of urinary kallikrein activity in 41 renal transplant recipients. The urinary tosyl arginine methyl e&erase assay was used. The urinary kallikrein in these patients appeared to originate from the transplanted kidney and not their own diseased kidneys. Twenty-three recipients had hypertension (mean blood pressure 156 f 3199 f 2 mm Hg) and excreted less kalllkretn (4.0 f 1.2 versus 12.5 f 4.0 esterase units [EU] per 24 hours, p <0.05) than their 18 normotenstve counterparts (mean blood pressure 132 f 2177 f 1 mm Hg, both p <O.Ol). Subjects with renal complications of transplantatton (acute tubular necroets [ATN], nine patients, or acute rejectton [Aft], eight pattents) also excreted less kallikrein than the 28 subjects without such complications (3.4 f 0.9 versus 10.3 f 2.7 EW24 hours, p <0.02). Among those with acute renal complications, subjects with ATN excreted less kalllkrein than those wtth AR (1.3 f 0.3 versus 5.7 f 1.7 EW24 hours, p <0.02). Cadaver graft rectpients excreted less kallikrein than living related donor graft reciptents (2.1 f 0.4 versus 13.0 f 3.5 Elf/24 hours, p <O.Ol), perhaps reflecting their higher blood pressures (mean systolic pressure 151 f 3 versus 140 f 3 mm Hg, p <0.04), relativeiy impaked renal function (creatinine clearance values 42 f 8 versus 82 f 5 ml/mtn, p <0.04), and higher incidence of ATN (nine cases versus none). The katllkrein-kinin system may be involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension and some forms of renal dysfunction after renal transplantation.
Maximum average degree and relaxed coloring

Abstract We say a graph is ( d , d , … , d , 0 , … , 0 ) -colorable with a of d ’s and b of 0 ’s if V ( G ) may be partitioned into b independent sets O 1 , O 2 , … , O b and a sets D 1 , D 2 , … , D a whose induced graphs have maximum degree at most d . The maximum average degree, m a d ( G ) , of a graph G is the maximum average degree over all subgraphs of G . In this note, for nonnegative integers a , b , we show that if m a d ( G ) 4 3 a + b , then G is ( 1 1 , 1 2 , … , 1 a , 0 1 , … , 0 b ) -colorable.
Tumor Markers in Advanced Nonseminomatous Testicular Cancer

The serum levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), alphafetoprotein (AFP), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were measured in 62 men with advanced nonseminomatous germ-cell testicular tumors. The HCG level was elevated in 64%, the AFP level in 67%, and the LDH level in 62%, including three of the six men with normal levels of the other two markers. At least one of these three markers was elevated in 91% of patients. Sustained or rising levels of HCG or AFP always were accompanied by persistent or recurrent tumor. Carcinoembryonic antigen was found not to be a useful marker in testicular cancer. Patients whose tumors contained yolk-sac elements always had elevated AFP levels, and patients with choriocarcinoma always had elevated levels of HCG. However, absence of these histologic types did not preclude elevations of the respective markers. Tumor markers are indispensable in the management of patients with testicular cancer, and several markers must be measured repeatedly if the greatest percentage of patients is to benefit.
Transurethral Resection of Prostate and Bladder Tumors

Endoscopic surgery of the prostate and bladder can be accomplished safely, efficiently, and economically, using outpatient or abbreviated-stay procedures. Local anesthetics rather than more traditional spinal or general techniques may also be used. Guidelines and techniques are described.
CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Scanning for Regulatory Elements Required for HPRT1 Expression via Thousands of Large, Programmed Genomic Deletions

The extent to which non-coding mutations contribute to Mendelian disease is a major unknown in human genetics. Relatedly, the vast majority of candidate regulatory elements have yet to be functionally validated. Here, we describe a CRISPR-based system that uses pairs of guide RNAs (gRNAs) to program thousands of kilobase-scale deletions that deeply scan across a targeted region in a tiling fashion ("ScanDel"). We applied ScanDel to HPRT1, the housekeeping gene underlying Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, an X-linked recessive disorder. Altogether, we programmed 4,342 overlapping 1 and 2 kb deletions that tiled 206 kb centered on HPRT1 (including 87 kb upstream and 79 kb downstream) with median 27-fold redundancy per base. We functionally assayed programmed deletions in parallel by selecting for loss of HPRT function with 6-thioguanine. As expected, sequencing gRNA pairs before and after selection confirmed that all HPRT1 exons are needed. However, HPRT1 function was robust to deletion of any intergenic or deeply intronic non-coding region, indicating that proximal regulatory sequences are sufficient for HPRT1 expression. Although our screen did identify the disruption of exon-proximal non-coding sequences (e.g., the promoter) as functionally consequential, long-read sequencing revealed that this signal was driven by rare, imprecise deletions that extended into exons. Our results suggest that no singular distal regulatory element is required for HPRT1 expression and that distal mutations are unlikely to contribute substantially to Lesch-Nyhan syndrome burden. Further application of ScanDel could shed light on the role of regulatory mutations in disease at other loci while also facilitating a deeper understanding of endogenous gene regulation.
Compositional and structural modifications in ternary bismuth chalcogenides and their thermoelectric properties

Based on the versatile combination of PbQ- and Bi 2 Q 3 -type (Q = S, Se, Te) fragments, we explored new compounds in the Pb/Bi/Se ternary system. The new class of compounds, Pb 5 Bi 6 Se 14 , Pb 5 Pb 12 Se 23 , and PbBi 8 Se 13 are homologues with different combination of alternating Bi 2 Se 3 - and PbSe-type layers. α- and β-Pb 6 Bi 2 Se 9 were obtained in different synthetic conditions and the former is isostructural to heyrovskyite (Pb 6 Bi 2 S 9 ) while the latter is a NaCl-type cubic phase. Pb 5 Bi 6 Se 14 shows a power factor of 11.2 μW/cm·K 2 with electrical conductivity of 657 S/cm and thermopower of -131 μV/K at 271 K. The most significant characteristic of this material is the extremely low thermal conductivity of less than 1.0 W/m·K at room temperature. On the basis of these properties, a preliminary doping study for Pb 5 Bi 6 Se 14 with Sn, Sb, and SbBr 3 as dopants was undertaken and the results are presented in this report.
Migration and job change: a multinomial logit approach

Abstract A multinomial logit model of residence and job change is developed and estimated. Both housing demand and job search characteristics are found to be significant determinants of the decision to migrate. It is also found that both equilibrium and disequilibrium forces induce migration and job change. Finally, the data do not appear to be ordered with respect to job and residence change contingencies with the exception of changing neither job nor residence relative to all other contingencies.
Swing Contracts With Dynamic Reserves for Flexible Service Management

The increasing penetration of variable energy resources in modern electric power systems requires additional flexibility in reserve provision to maintain reliable and efficient grid operations. However, full recognition and appropriate compensation of this flexibility is difficult to ensure within current power market designs due to rigidity in reserve definitions and requirements. This paper proposes a new mixed-integer linear programming formulation for the optimal clearing of a day-ahead market based on swing contracts with dynamically updated regulation reserve zones. Five-bus and 30-bus test cases are used to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed new market design.
Better directors or distracted directors? An international analysis of busy boards

Abstract This study examines the effect of busy directors and boards on the value of a set of non-U.S. firms from 1999 to 2012. We find that busy directors and boards are a global phenomenon, but that national culture helps to explain the cross-sectional variation in director and board busyness. Firms with busy boards exhibit lower market-to-book ratios and reduced profitability, but this effect is reversed for younger firms. We conclude that the advising ability of these networked directors is most useful for younger firms. A demographic analysis shows that multiple directorships are positively associated with firm performance and education, but negatively associated with female directors.
Microtubule Tip Tracking by the Spindle and Kinetochore Protein Ska1 Requires Diverse Tubulin-Interacting Surfaces

Summary The macromolecular kinetochore functions to generate interactions between chromosomal DNA and spindle microtubules [1]. To facilitate chromosome movement and segregation, kinetochores must maintain associations with both growing and shrinking microtubule ends. It is critical to define the proteins and their properties that allow kinetochores to associate with dynamic microtubules. The kinetochore-localized human Ska1 complex binds to microtubules and tracks with depolymerizing microtubule ends [2]. We now demonstrate that the Ska1 complex also autonomously tracks with growing microtubule ends in vitro , a key property that would allow this complex to act at kinetochores to mediate persistent associations with dynamic microtubules. To define the basis for Ska1 complex interactions with dynamic microtubules, we investigated the tubulin-binding properties of the Ska1 microtubule binding domain. In addition to binding to the microtubule lattice and dolastatin-induced protofilament-like structures, we demonstrate that the Ska1 microtubule binding domain can associate with soluble tubulin heterodimers and promote assembly of oligomeric ring-like tubulin structures. We generated mutations on distinct surfaces of the Ska1 microtubule binding domain that disrupt binding to soluble tubulin but do not prevent microtubule binding. These mutants display compromised microtubule tracking activity in vitro and result in defective chromosome alignment and mitotic progression in cells using a CRISPR/Cas9-based replacement assay. Our work supports a model in which multiple surfaces of Ska1 interact with diverse tubulin substrates to associate with dynamic microtubule polymers and facilitate optimal chromosome segregation.
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Activity is Required for Type I Interferon Production

Recognition of nucleic acids results in the production of type I IFNs, which activate the JAK/STAT pathway and promote the expression of IFN-stimulated genes. In a search for modulators of this pathway, we discovered an unexpected requirement for cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) in the production of type I IFN following nucleic acid sensing and virus infection. Inhibition of CDK activity or knockdown of CDK levels leads to a striking block in STAT activation and IFN-stimulated gene expression. CDKs are not required for the initial nucleic acid sensing leading to IFN-β mRNA induction, nor for the response to exogenous IFN-α/β, but are critical for IFN-β release into culture supernatants, suggesting a posttranscriptional role for CDKs in type I IFN production. In the absence of CDK activity, we demonstrate a translational block specific for IFN-β, in which IFN-β mRNA is removed from the actively translating polysomes, while the distribution of other cellular mRNAs or global translation rates are unaffected. Our findings reveal a critical role for CDKs in the translation of IFN-β.
Global Multi-Method Analysis of Affinities and Cooperativity in Complex Systems of Macromolecular Interactions

Cooperativity, multi-site and multi-component interactions are hallmarks of biological systems of interacting macromolecules. their thermodynamic characterization is often very challenging due to the notoriously low information content of binding isotherms. We introduce a strategy for the global multi-method analysis of data from multiple techniques (GMMA) that exploits enhanced information content emerging from the mutual constraints of the simultaneous modeling of orthogonal observables from calorimetric, spectroscopic, hydrodynamic, and biosensing experiments. We describe new approaches to address statistical problems that arise in the analysis of dissimilar data sets. The GMMA approach can significantly increase the complexity of interacting systems that can be accurately thermodynamically characterized.
Cheap fights, credible threats: The future of armed drones and coercion

Drones are considered poor coercion tools: They cannot operate in contested airspace and they offer low-cost fights instead of more credible, costly signals. However, this article finds that techno...
Nanofluidic rocking Brownian motors

Control and transport of nanoscale objects in fluids is challenging because of the unfavorable scaling of most interaction mechanisms to small length scales. We designed energy landscapes for nanoparticles by accurately shaping the geometry of a nanofluidic slit and exploiting the electrostatic interaction between like-charged particles and walls. Directed transport was performed by combining asymmetric potentials with an oscillating electric field to achieve a rocking Brownian motor. Using gold spheres 60 nanometers in diameter, we investigated the physics of the motor with high spatiotemporal resolution, enabling a parameter-free comparison with theory. We fabricated a sorting device that separates 60- and 100-nanometer particles in opposing directions within seconds. Modeling suggests that the device separates particles with a radial difference of 1 nanometer.
Personalized regression enables sample-specific pan-cancer analysis.

Motivation In many applications, inter-sample heterogeneity is crucial to understanding the complex biological processes under study. For example, in genomic analysis of cancers, each patient in a cohort may have a different driver mutation, making it difficult or impossible to identify causal mutations from an averaged view of the entire cohort. Unfortunately, many traditional methods for genomic analysis seek to estimate a single model which is shared by all samples in a population, ignoring this inter-sample heterogeneity entirely. In order to better understand patient heterogeneity, it is necessary to develop practical, personalized statistical models. Results To uncover this inter-sample heterogeneity, we propose a novel regularizer for achieving patient-specific personalized estimation. This regularizer operates by learning two latent distance metrics-one between personalized parameters and one between clinical covariates-and attempting to match the induced distances as closely as possible. Crucially, we do not assume these distance metrics are already known. Instead, we allow the data to dictate the structure of these latent distance metrics. Finally, we apply our method to learn patient-specific, interpretable models for a pan-cancer gene expression dataset containing samples from more than 30 distinct cancer types and find strong evidence of personalization effects between cancer types as well as between individuals. Our analysis uncovers sample-specific aberrations that are overlooked by population-level methods, suggesting a promising new path for precision analysis of complex diseases such as cancer. Availability and implementation Software for personalized linear and personalized logistic regression, along with code to reproduce experimental results, is freely available at github.com/blengerich/personalized_regression.
Gaze and the Control of Foot Placement When Walking in Natural Terrain.

Summary Human locomotion through natural environments requires precise coordination between the biomechanics of the bipedal gait cycle and the eye movements that gather the information needed to guide foot placement. However, little is known about how the visual and locomotor systems work together to support movement through the world. We developed a system to simultaneously record gaze and full-body kinematics during locomotion over different outdoor terrains. We found that not only do walkers tune their gaze behavior to the specific information needed to traverse paths of varying complexity but that they do so while maintaining a constant temporal look-ahead window across all terrains. This strategy allows walkers to use gaze to tailor their energetically optimal preferred gait cycle to the upcoming path in order to balance between the drive to move efficiently and the need to place the feet in stable locations. Eye movements and locomotion are intimately linked in a way that reflects the integration of energetic costs, environmental uncertainty, and momentary informational demands of the locomotor task. Thus, the relationship between gaze and gait reveals the structure of the sensorimotor decisions that support successful performance in the face of the varying demands of the natural world. Video Abstract
Adaptive genome duplication affects patterns of molecular evolution in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Genome duplications are important evolutionary events that impact the rate and spectrum of beneficial mutations and thus the rate of adaptation. Laboratory evolution experiments initiated with haploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae cultures repeatedly experience whole-genome duplication (WGD). We report recurrent genome duplication in 46 haploid yeast populations evolved for 4,000 generations. We find that WGD confers a fitness advantage, and this immediate fitness gain is accompanied by a shift in genomic and phenotypic evolution. The presence of ploidy-enriched targets of selection and structural variants reveals that autodiploids utilize adaptive paths inaccessible to haploids. We find that autodiploids accumulate recessive deleterious mutations, indicating an increased susceptibility for nonadaptive evolution. Finally, we report that WGD results in a reduced adaptation rate, indicating a trade-off between immediate fitness gains and long-term adaptability.
Here We Come

Hoo-ee, this is one fistful of revolution you are holding in your hand right now. This is a live transmission from the wrecking crew. They are dynamiting the campus accumulation machine and sharing the video. They’re publishing inflammatory infographics and launching manifestos from the occupation. This is the full cookbook. Don’t read it. Unless you can handle the truth.
Hydrogen storage in metal–organic frameworks

New materials capable of storing hydrogen at high gravimetric and volumetric densities are required if hydrogen is to be widely employed as a clean alternative to hydrocarbon fuels in cars and other mobile applications. With exceptionally high surface areas and chemically-tunable structures, microporous metal–organic frameworks have recently emerged as some of the most promising candidate materials. In this critical review we provide an overview of the current status of hydrogen storage within such compounds. Particular emphasis is given to the relationships between structural features and the enthalpy of hydrogen adsorption, spectroscopic methods for probing framework–H2 interactions, and strategies for improving storage capacity (188 references).
Measurable rigidity of the cohomological equation for linear cocycles over hyperbolic systems

We show that any measurable solution of the cohomological equation for a Holder linear cocycle over a hyperbolic system coincides almost everywhere with a Holder solution. More generally, we show that every measurable invariant conformal structure for a Holder linear cocycle over a hyperbolic system coincides almost everywhere with a continuous invariant conformal structure. We also use the main theorem to show that a linear cocycle is conformal if none of its iterates preserve a measurable family of proper subspaces of Rd. We use this to characterize closed negatively curved Riemannian manifolds of constant negative curvature by irreducibility of the action of the geodesic flow on the unstable bundle.
Fueling Peter's Mill: Mikhail Lomonosov's Educational Training in Russia and Germany, 1731-1741

This article, the second in a series about the Russian scientist Mikhail Lomonosov (1711–1765), traces his education from his arrival in Moscow in 1731 to study at the Slavic-Greco-Latin Academy, through his admission to the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences in 1736, to his trip abroad to complete his educational studies from 1736 to 1741. Lomonosov’s story during this time opens a vista on the introduction of modern physics and modern science into Russia. Michael D. Gordin has argued that Peter the Great’s plans to Westernize Russia were more broadly conceived than he is usually credited, with ambitions that exceeded mere utilitarian and pragmatic goals. Lomonosov’s career trajectory is a good example, illustrating how different aspects of the Petrine vision intersected with and reinforced each other. The article ends with Lomonosov’s return to Russia from Germany in 1741, an important landmark in the growth of the Academy and of Russian science.
Congressional influence as a determinant of subprime lending

Abstract We apply unique loan level data from New Century Financial Corporation, a major subprime lender, to explore whether attributes and committee assignments of Congressional Representatives were associated with access to and pricing of subprime mortgage credit. Research findings indicate enhanced credit access at discounted prices among borrowers represented by Congressional leaders and by members of the House Financial Services Committee. Black borrowers in districts represented by Congressional leaders also were more likely to obtain subprime mortgage credit. We do not find evidence of adverse performance differentials among the politically directed loans. Our results conform to those of Agarwal et al. (2014) in documenting preferential treatment of constituents in congressional districts represented by members of the House Financial Services Committee. Research findings provide new insights into the political geography of the subprime crisis and suggest gains to trade between subprime lenders and targeted Congressional Representatives in the extension and pricing of subprime mortgage credit.
Creation and Validation of Tool to Assess Resident Competence in Neonatal Resuscitation.

Abstract Background The American Board of Pediatrics requires that pediatricians be able to initiate stabilization of a newborn. After residency, 45% of general pediatricians routinely attend deliveries. However, there is no standard approach or tool to measure resident proficiency in newborn resuscitation across training programs. In a national survey, we found a large variability in faculty assessment of the amount of supervision trainees need for various resuscitation scenarios. Objective documentation of trainee performance would permit competency-based decisions on the level of supervision required and facilitate feedback on trainee performance. Methods A simplified tool was created following the Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP) algorithm, with emphasis on communication, leadership, knowledge of equipment, and initial stabilization. To achieve content validity, the tool was evaluated by the NRP steering committee. To assess internal structure of the tool, we filmed 10 simulated resuscitation scenarios, 9 of which contained errors. Experienced resuscitation team members used the tool to assess performance of the team leader in the videos. To evaluate the response process, the tool was used to assess experienced resuscitators in real time at academic and non-academic sites. Results The NRP steering committee approved the tool, providing evidence of content validity. Performance of the team leader in the simulated videos was assessed by 16 evaluators using the tool. There was an intraclass coefficient of 0.86, showing excellent agreement. There was no statistical difference in scores between 102 resuscitations led by experienced resuscitators at academic and nonacademic hospitals (P = .98), which demonstrates generalizability. Conclusions The tool we have developed to assess performance in initiating newborn resuscitation shows evidence of construct validity based on assessment of content and internal structure (interobserver agreement, response processes, and generalizability).
Distributional role of monetary policy under limited credit access

Abstract The paper explores the redistributive effects of a monetary policy shock in a limited participation framework with limited credit access. Expansionary monetary policy redistributes consumption from traders to non-traders. This redistribution is the largest when only financial market participants have a choice between multiple means of payments while non-participants do not. Welfare analysis reveals that the effectiveness of monetary policy on the economy is the greatest when all agents (financial market participants and nonparticipants) can choose from alternative means of payment in a financially segmented model. The model is calibrated to the US economy for quantitative analysis.
A note on the asymptotics of the number of O-sequences of given length

Abstract We look at the number L ( n ) of O -sequences of length n . Recall that an O -sequence can be defined algebraically as the Hilbert function of a standard graded k -algebra, or combinatorially as the f -vector of a multicomplex. The sequence L ( n ) was first investigated in a recent paper by commutative algebraists Enkosky and Stone, inspired by Huneke. In this note, we significantly improve both of their upper and lower bounds, by means of a very short partition-theoretic argument. In particular, it turns out that, for suitable positive constants c 1 and c 2 and all n > 2 , e c 1 n ≤ L ( n ) ≤ e c 2 n log n . It remains an open problem to determine an exact asymptotic estimate for L ( n ) .
Generating Good Generators for Inductive Relations

Property-based random testing (PBRT) is widely used in the functional programming and verification communities. For testing simple properties, PBRT tools such as QuickCheck can automatically generate random inputs of a given type. But for more complex properties, effective testing often demands generators for random inputs that belong to a given type and satisfy some logical condition. QuickCheck provides a library of combinators for building such generators by hand, but this can be tedious for simple conditions and error prone for more complex ones. Fortunately, the process can often be automated. The most prominent method, narrowing, works by traversing the structure of the condition, lazily instantiating parts of the data structure as constraints involving them are met.
Rethinking dopamine as generalized prediction error.

Midbrain dopamine neurons are commonly thought to report a reward prediction error (RPE), as hypothesized by reinforcement learning (RL) theory. While this theory has been highly successful, severa...
SIMD-X: Programming and Processing of Graph Algorithms on GPUs

With high computation power and memory bandwidth, graphics processing units (GPUs) lend themselves to accelerate data-intensive analytics, especially when such applications fit the single instruction multiple data (SIMD) model. However, graph algorithms such as breadth-first search and k-core, often fail to take full advantage of GPUs, due to irregularity in memory access and control flow. To address this challenge, we have developed SIMD-X, for programming and processing of single instruction multiple, complex, data on GPUs. Specifically, the new Active-Compute-Combine (ACC) model not only provides ease of programming to programmers, but more importantly creates opportunities for system-level optimizations. To this end, SIMD-X utilizes just-in-time task management which filters out inactive vertices at runtime and intelligently maps various tasks to different amount of GPU cores in pursuit of workload balancing. In addition, SIMD-X leverages push-pull based kernel fusion that, with the help of a new deadlock-free global barrier, reduces a large number of computation kernels to very few. Using SIMD-X, a user can program a graph algorithm in tens of lines of code, while achieving 3?, 6?, 24?, 3? speedup over Gunrock, Galois, CuSha, and Ligra, respectively.
Overall survival of transplant eligible patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: comparative effectiveness analysis of modern induction regimens on outcome

Overall survival (OS) of multiple myeloma has improved remarkably over time, with the recent Intergroupe Francophone du Myelome (IFM) 2009 randomized trial reporting a 4-year OS rate of approximately 82% in patients receiving modern therapy. However, survival estimates from clinical trials may overestimate outcomes seen in clinical practice even with the adjustment for age and other key characteristics. The purpose of this study was to determine the OS of myeloma patients seen in routine clinical practice who resembled the cohort studied in the IFM 2009 trial. A second goal was to conduct a brief comparative effectiveness analysis of bortezomib, lenalidomide, dexamethasone, and other major induction regimens used during the study period. We studied all patients with myeloma 65 years of age and younger, seen at the Mayo Clinic between January 1, 2010 and August 31, 2015, who had a stem cell harvest performed within 12 months of initial diagnosis. Patients with baseline serum creatinine >2 mg/dL were excluded. Five hundred and eighteen patients were studied. The 4-year OS rate was 82.3%, comparable to results achieved in the contemporaneous IFM randomized trial. The 4-year OS rates for standard and high-risk myeloma were 86.3% and 68.2%, respectively.
Team Incentives and Bonus Floors in Relational Contracts

Teamwork and team incentives are increasingly prevalent in modern organizations. Performance measures used to evaluate individuals' contributions to teamwork are often non-verifiable. We study a pr...
Supportive and mitigating factors associated with financial resiliency and distress

The associations between and among general human capital, financial management behavior, and social capital with an individual's financial position following bankruptcy are examined in this study. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, the significance of each type of capital or practice associated with two separate measures of financial well‐being following bankruptcy are estimated. Results indicate that individuals who possess higher levels of general human capital, social capital, and normative financial management behavior are significantly more likely to both recover financially following bankruptcy, as well as experience lower levels of financial distress when compared to individuals with similar amounts of nonfinancial capital. Study results suggest that postbankruptcy education programs should encourage human and social capital development in addition to financial education as a means to increase the likelihood of financial wealth accumulation following bankruptcy. Implications for financial planners include the consideration of clients' general human capital and social capital when seeking to mitigate potential shocks to client's financial capital. Full Text Available Here: https://doi.org/10.1002/cfp2.1023
Stakeholder Identification and Salience After 20 Years: Progress, Problems, and Prospects

To contribute to the continuing challenge of explaining how managers identify stakeholders and assess their salience, in this article, we chronicle the history, assess the impact, and evaluate the ...
Proceedings of the 2007 ACM workshop on Privacy in electronic society

These proceedings contain the papers selected for presentation at the sixth ACM Workshop on Privacy in the Electronic Society, held in association with the 14th ACM Computer and Communications Security Conference, October 29, 2007, in Alexandria, VA (USA). In response to the call for papers, 48 papers were submitted to the workshop. These papers were evaluated on the basis of their significance, novelty, and technical quality. Each paper was reviewed by at least three members of the program committee. The program committee meeting was held electronically. Nine papers were selected for long presentation at the workshop, and seven were selected for short presentation. Papers received correspondingly long or short space in the proceedings as well. The goal was to accommodate as many interesting and high-quality papers as possible given the available time.
Influence of RTA parameters on residual stress and stress gradient of multilayered LPCVD polysilicon film

This paper reports the experimental results of examining the residual stress and stress gradient of LPCVD multilayered polysilicon film according to various rapid thermal annealing (RTA) in a nitrogen atmosphere. In particular the stress gradient of multilayered polysilicon film ranging from -17.1 to +1.5 MPa//spl mu/m as the RTA processing time increased could be reduced to nearly zero by selecting the appropriate RTA time. The mechanism responsible for this dependence was examined by using both experimental data and material analysis using secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It is concluded that the shift of the stress gradient is mainly caused by the thin nitrided layers at surface and interface of multilayered polysilicon film.