cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sex differences in the expression of cell adhesion molecules on microvesicles derived from cultured human brain microvascular endothelial cells treated with inflammatory and thrombotic stimuli

There are sex differences in risk for stroke and small vessel ischemic disease in the brain. Microvesicles (MV) derived from activated cells vary by cell of origin and the stimulus initiating their release. MV released from cells activated by inflammatory and thrombotic factors have the potential to disrupt endothelial cells of the brain microvasculature. Therefore, experiments were designed to identify sex differences in the phenotype of MV released from cultured human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) in response to inflammatory and thrombotic stimuli. Cultured HBMEC derived from 20- to 30-year-old male and female donors were treated for 20 h with medium supplemented with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα; 20 ng/ml), thrombin (THR; 2 U/ml), or vehicle (i.e., control). MV were isolated from the conditioned media by high-speed centrifugation and quantified by digital flow cytometry by labeling with fluorophore-conjugated primary antibodies against PECAM-1, integrin αvβ3, ICAM-1, E-selectin, or MCAM. In addition, temporal uptake of labeled MV into control HBMEC was examined by confocal microscopy. Under control conditions, male HBMEC released fewer MV expressing each antigen, except for PECAM-1, than female cells (P < 0.05). Neither TNFα nor THR reduced cell viability. However, TNFα induced apoptosis in female and male cells, whereas THR increased apoptosis marginally only in male cells. TNFα increased expression of all antigens tested on MV in male cells, but only increased expression of integrin αvβ3, ICAM-1, and E-selectin on MV from female cells. THR increased expression of PECAM-1, ICAM-1, and MCAM-1 on MV from male but not female cells. MV were internalized and localized to lysosomes within 90 min after their application to HBMEC. There are sex differences in expression of cell adhesion molecules on MV released from HBMEC under control conditions and upon activation by TNFα or THR. MV taken up by unstimulated HBMEC may impact the integrity of the brain microvasculature and account, in part, for sex differences in vascular pathologies in the brain.
THE ROLE OF LACTIC ACID IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights the role of lactic acid in the development of biochemistry. Some of Severo Ochoa's early work was on enzymatic lactate formation in heart muscle and brain and on the role of DPN and diphosphothiamin as coenzymes, all published between 1937 and 1942. Lactic acid was recognized early—nearly 200 years ago—as one of the important end products of bacterial and animal metabolism. The study of the mechanism of its formation led to great advances in biochemistry and physiology. On comparing lactic and alcoholic fermentation, it became clear that there is a basic plan in nature common to many different organisms. The well-known Swedish chemist and apothecary, Karl Wilhelm Schede, demonstrated that the acidity of sour milk was due to an acid that he was able to isolate and that was later named appropriately milk or lactic acid. Configurationally muscle lactic acid belongs to the L-series, that is, it has the same configuration on carbon 2 as the reference substance L-glyceraldehyde.
A temporal analysis of safety drivers taking back control in public roadway automated driving trials

In 2019, industry is in the testing stages of level 4 SAE/NHTSA automated vehicles. While in testing, L4 vehicles require a safety driver to monitor the driving task at all times. These specially t...
Learnt dynamics generalizes across tasks, datasets, and populations

Differentiating multivariate dynamic signals is a difficult learning problem as the feature space may be large yet often only a few training examples are available. Traditional approaches to this problem either proceed from handcrafted features or require large datasets to combat the m >> n problem. In this paper, we show that the source of the problem---signal dynamics---can be used to our advantage and noticeably improve classification performance on a range of discrimination tasks when training data is scarce. We demonstrate that self-supervised pre-training guided by signal dynamics produces embedding that generalizes across tasks, datasets, data collection sites, and data distributions. We perform an extensive evaluation of this approach on a range of tasks including simulated data, keyword detection problem, and a range of functional neuroimaging data, where we show that a single embedding learnt on healthy subjects generalizes across a number of disorders, age groups, and datasets.
Measuring the transmission matrix of a scattering medium using epi-fluorescence light

Abstract There are several methods to focus light behind a scattering medium, but very few use fluorescence light as feedback and can be used without access to the distal side of the scatterer. Among all the wave-front shaping techniques, retrieving the transmission matrix of a scattering material is the only one that allows for focusing on multiple spots after a single set of measurements. Here we propose a method to retrieve the transmission matrix of a scatterer using fluorescence light as feedback without access to the distal side. The advantage of this method is that it allows focusing on the whole field of view after a single matrix measurement without access to the distal side of the sample, making it suitable for reflection epi-illumination geometry microscopy.
A Reconfigurable Spectrum-Compressing Receiver for Non-Contiguous Carrier Aggregation in CMOS SOI

This article demonstrates a signal processing technique for receiving non-contiguous RF channels by concurrently mixing several RF bands to adjacent IF channels. Consequently, channel selection does not require local oscillator tuning and the proposed receiver (RX) can switch channels in less than 25 ns. The RX chip operates over a frequency range of 100 MHz–1.4 GHz and demonstrates an out-of-band rejection of 49 dB and a measured RX sensitivity of −86 dBm, which is the lowest measured for $N$ -path-based RXs. The chip was fabricated in a 45-nm RF silicon-on-insulator (SOI) CMOS process and occupies an active area of 0.55 mm2 with the power consumption of 23.1 mW when operating at 1 GHz. The chip performance is verified with over-the-air measurement of two transmitted signals 80 MHz apart that are received simultaneously with a 10-MHz analog-to-digital converter (ADC) at an error vector magnitude (EVM) around −20 dB. The measured dynamic range for EVM less than −20 dB is better than 86 dB for a QPSK constellation.
Improved Antitumor Efficacy of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells that Secrete Single-Domain Antibody Fragments

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is effective in the treatment of cancers of hematopoietic origin. In the immunosuppressive solid tumor environment, CAR T cells encounter obstacles that compromise their efficacy. We developed a strategy to address these barriers by having CAR T cells secrete single-domain antibody fragments [variable heavy domain of heavy chain antibodies (VHH) or nanobodies] that can modify the intratumoral immune landscape and thus support CAR T-cell function in immunocompetent animals. VHHs are small in size and able to avoid domain swapping when multiple nanobodies are expressed simultaneously—features that can endow CAR T cells with desirable properties. The secretion of an anti-CD47 VHH by CAR T cells improves engagement of the innate immune system, enables epitope spreading, and can enhance the antitumor response. CAR T cells that secrete anti–PD-L1 or anti–CTLA-4 nanobodies show improved persistence and demonstrate the versatility of this approach. Furthermore, local delivery of secreted anti-CD47 VHH-Fc fusions by CAR T cells at the tumor site limits their systemic toxicity. CAR T cells can be further engineered to simultaneously secrete multiple modalities, allowing for even greater tailoring of the antitumor immune response.
Factors Associated with Restricted, Repetitive Behaviors and Interests and Diagnostic Severity Level Ratings in Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior and interests (RRBIs). With the latest update to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, a severity level rating is assigned to the two core features of ASD (American Psychiatric Association in Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 5 American Psychiatric Association Washington, D.C., 2013). Previous studies have identified factors associated with RRBI severity; however, the relationship among RRBIs, adaptive functioning, and diagnostic severity level remains unclear. The present study investigated whether adaptive functioning and parent-reported ASD symptoms predict RRBI severity in young children with ASD. Additionally, a fine-grained analysis was conducted to examine the factors associated with diagnostic severity level ratings. Several significant associations were found. Study findings and implications for assessment and treatment of RRBIs are discussed.
Memristor Based Neuromorphic Adaptive Resonance Theory for One-Shot Online Learning and Network Intrusion Detection

As computer networks become more advanced, the necessity for reliable intrusion detection at extreme efficiency has vastly increased. Thus, in this work we present a one shot learning system capable of online learning for network intrusion detection. Adaptive resonance theory is implemented in custom low power memristor-based neuromorphic hardware. The system is capable of discriminating with existing knowledge to learn incrementally. The winner take all circuitry is implemented with a capacitor and CMOS timing circuit that finds the winning neuron and controls the weight update for only the winning neuron. The time required to find a winning neuron was determined to be in the nanosecond range. The performance of the system was evaluated on both previously known and zero-day datasets. The detection accuracy using zero-day packets is 99.97%, and 99.99% for the known attacks. Furthermore, the system was tested using various vigilance parameters and learning rates. The variation of threshold voltage across the capacitor was also investigated to observe the effect on learning and detection accuracy.
The ecology of terrestrial eDNA: Its state, transport, and fate on aboveground surfaces

Environmental DNA (eDNA) has become a valuable tool for monitoring species of concern or site biodiversity, including expanded use of surveys designed to detect fully terrestrial species. However, if aboveground terrestrial eDNA surveys are to be widely adopted, it is necessary to first understand how terrestrial conditions affect the state, transport, and ultimate fate (or ‘ecology’) of terrestrially deposited eDNA. Many of the processes that affect eDNA’s state, transport, and fate in aquatic environments may not be applicable in aboveground systems, warranting an exploration of the terrestrial processes that likely do affect eDNA. Here we explore ecology terrestrial eDNA through a series of experiments exploring the optimal filter pore size for eDNA collection, how eDNA is affected by rain events, and its degradation rate under different solar radiation conditions. We found that the capture concentration of intracellular eDNA was not significantly affected by an increase in filter pore size, suggesting there is a wide range of viable pore size options for targeting intracellular eDNA. We also found extracellular eDNA degrades more rapidly than intracellular forms when exposed to solar radiation, indicating the latter is a more viable target for collection. Finally, we identified that rainfall or mist will remove most terrestrial eDNA present on vegetation substrate. This study provides researchers and managers key insights into successfully designing and carrying out terrestrial eDNA surveys that maximize detection probability and reduce production of false positive survey results.
Adsorption of iodine from aqueous solutions by aminosilane-grafted mesoporous alumina

Abstract Adsorptive removal of iodine from aqueous waste streams is an efficient way of minimizing the environmental footprints associated with radioactive species, however, developing highly efficient, durable, adsorbents is key to this technique’s success. Here, we investigated the iodine adsorption performance of aminosilane-grafted mesoporous alumina using various aminosilanes, including 3-Aminopropyl-triethoxysilane (APS), N-methylaminopropyl-trimethoxysilane (MAPS), and 3-N,N-dimethylaminopropyl-trimeth-oxysilane (DMAPS). The successful incorporation of amine moieties within the mesopores of alumina was confirmed by FTIR and elemental analysis. From the iodine adsorption tests, Al-APS, Al-MAPS and Al-DMAPS exhibited capture capacities of 124, 223 and 241 mg/g, respectively, while the bare alumina had a capacity of 107 mg/g. Assessing the iodine adsorption front on the Al-DMAPS sample revealed sharp adsorption kinetics from 0 to 4 h followed by a gradual increase from 4 to 24 h, indicating that the aminated Al2O3 had high affinity towards the contaminate. Increasing the Al-DMAPS loading from 30 to 50 wt% revealed only a 4% enhancement in iodine adsorption capacity, implying that the lower aminosilane concentration was optimal. The equilibrium uptake and kinetics of iodine adsorption over aminosilane-grafted mesoporous alumina were represented by Langmuir and pseudo-second-order models, respectively. Meanwhile, the leach test results revealed that amine grafting moderately enhanced the material’s ability to permanently trap iodine for safe geological disposal, however, further waste consolidation is required to improve the iodine retention in these adsorbents.
Predictive descriptors in machine learning and data-enabled explorations of high-entropy alloys

Abstract Located at the intersection of intriguing material phases and potentially superior mechanical properties, high-entropy alloys (HEAs) have been gaining increasing interest across academia and industry, in particular for high temperature applications. The extremely vast compositional space (~1012 possibilities) for these complex metallic alloys require rigorous predictive strategies to scavenge the expansive realm of unexplored alloy composition-processing-structure–property landscape. Enabled by the advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning methods, data-driven exploration of HEAs are burgeoning, not only for the discovery of new materials but also for predicting properties that are challenging to measure using experiments or require resource and time-intensive computations. Nevertheless, success of such data-enabled models in delivering accurate estimates of microstructures and properties depend on the choice of appropriate descriptors that suitably represent the underlying structural and transport mechanisms. This review provides a synopsis of the contemporary and effective data-centric methods employed to examine HEAs, with special emphasis on the selection and role of feature descriptors. We highlight some of the current challenges with these approaches that the computational materials community is facing, and offer recommendations to address them.
Ultralight: Commercializing Lightweight Backpacks for Long-Distance Hiking

In 1994, American outdoor adventurers Ray and Jenny Jardine completed the Pacific Crest Trail, a long-distance hiking trail in Washington, Oregon, and California, carrying remarkably light packs. R...
“It Would Be Nice to Know I’m Allowed to Exist:” Designing Ideal Familial Adolescent Messages for LGBTQ Women’s Sexual Health

Memorable messages, or messages people recall for a long period of time and identify as influential in identity development or behavioral assessment, provide a framework to address both adolescent ...
Safe cigarettes

For decades, the tobacco industry has promoted myths of relative product safety to reduce consumer anxieties and sustain markets. Waves of litigation that deemed the tobacco industry financially and morally culpable for smoking disease also exposed internal company documents demonstrating that claims about product safety (e.g., “light” cigarettes) were strategically misleading. In the US, the tobacco industry now engages with public health via a different set of strategies than in the past, including corporate social responsibility claims and a renewed emphasis on potentially safer cigarettes. In this article, I examine some economic and ethical paradoxes of these contentious strategies, focusing on Philip Morris’s unlikely support of legislation granting the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulative authority over tobacco products. The company’s engagement with public health is a means of limiting corporate liability, deflecting risk assumption for smoking disease onto consumers, and broadening harm reduction approaches to enable the tobacco industry's competition with the pharmaceutical industry’s medicinal nicotine products.
Arguing about social distancing and family relationships

With the COVID-19 pandemic, families are having to coordinate their behaviors to face new challenges, such as negotiating the social distancing measures that the family will or will not take in the...
Motivation beliefs, emotions, leisure time physical activity, and sedentary behavior in university students: A full longitudinal model of mediation

Abstract Discrete emotions produce predictable response tendencies, yet there is limited understanding about their potential to mediate relations between motivation beliefs and leisure time physical activity (LTPA) and sedentary behavior. The current study investigates self-reported moderate LTPA, vigorous LTPA, and sedentary behavior as measured by the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire using control – value theory of achievement emotions (CVTAE) with a full longitudinal mediation design. A total of 586 young adults (Mage = 19.44, SD = 1.43) completed 1485 time-specific reports of LTPA, sedentary behavior, PA enjoyment, LTPA boredom, and control and value beliefs toward PA across three waves of data collection. Structural equation modeling was used to systematically disentangle direct and indirect relations over time. Neither enjoyment nor boredom mediated relations between participants’ control and value beliefs and moderate LTPA, vigorous LTPA, or sedentary behavior; however, boredom did negatively predict vigorous LTPA. There were reciprocal relations between control beliefs and moderate LTPA as well as value beliefs and PA enjoyment. The final model did not support relationships posited by CVTAE for LTPA or sedentary behavior. However, theoretically grounded CVTAE constructs explained substantive amounts of variance in moderate and vigorous LTPA but not sedentary behavior.
Computation in Local Rings

Many questions in algebraic geometry involve a study of local properties of varieties, that is, properties of a single point, or of a suitably small neighborhood of a point. For example, in analyzing V(I) for a zero-dimensional ideal I ⊂ k[x 1,..., x n ], even when k is algebraically closed, it sometimes happens that V(I) contains fewer distinct points than the dimension d = dim k[x 1,..., x n ]/ I. In this situation, thinking back to the consequences of unique factorization for polynomials in one variable, it is natural to ask whether there is an algebraic multiplicity that can be computed locally at each point in V(I), with the property that the sum of the multiplicities is equal to d. Similarly in the study of singularities of varieties, one major object of study are local invariants of singular points. These are used to distinguish different types of singularities and study their local structure. In §1 of this chapter, we will introduce the algebra of local rings which is useful for these both types of questions. Multiplicities and some first invariants of singularities will be introduced in §2. In §3 and §4, we will develop algorithmic techniques for computation in local rings parallel to the theory of Grobner bases in polynomial rings.
The Need for a New Type of Sustainability Research

Chapter 11 provides a starting point for discussing the methodological implications from my ethical analysis for sustainability research. I shortly refer to the literature on the topic and recent methodological conceptions, such as sustainability science, post-normal science, transdisciplinarity, or mode2 science. I argue that these conceptions have mainly focused on four aspects: (1) the integration of several disciplines, (2) the integration of science and society, (3) the reference to localness, time, and uncertainty, and (4) action and problem orientation. All these aspects are without doubt of importance for the design of sustainability research. However, I argue that the ethical dimension of sustainability has been neglected, and important implications for sustainability research have not been recognized. In particular, the ethical meaning of science itself in regard to sustainability has rarely been considered so far. In contrast, I aim to draw conclusions from the specific characteristics of the inherent ethical dimension of sustainability for the adequate design of sustainability research.
Financial Analysis of Timber Investments

Timber is part of the investment portfolio of a wide range of investors. Traditional forestry investors include farmers who own forest land and the large forest products firms that have purchased forest land to grow timber, usually to supply large pulp and paper mills. Over the last few decades, many new investors have inherited, purchased, or otherwise acquired timberland. These are often passive investors, not actively involved in timber management. However, like all economic actors, they are either directly or indirectly concerned with the returns to timber production. Both passive and active timberland investors have alternative investment vehicles for their scarce capital. Common analytical frameworks can be applied to timber and nontimber assets to help investors assess these alternative asset classes.
Lebesgue Measurable Functions

If f ∈ L1([-π, π],λ) and for n in ℤ, \( {c_{n}} = {\left( {2\pi } \right)^{{ - 1}}}\int_{{ - \pi }}^{\pi } {f\left( x \right)} {e^{{inx}}}dx \), then \( {\sigma _{N}}\left( f \right):x \mapsto {\left( {N + 1} \right)^{1}}\sum\nolimits_{{k - 0}}^{N} {\left( {\sum\nolimits_{{n = - k}}^{k} {{C_{n}}{e^{{inx}}}} } \right)} \) is the average of the first N + 1 partial sums S k , k = 0,1,..., N, of the Fourier series for f. If f ∈ L1(R, λ), then \( {\sigma _{N}}\left( f \right):x \mapsto {\left( {N + 1} \right)^{1}}\sum\nolimits_{{k - 0}}^{N} {\left( {\sum\nolimits_{{n = - k}}^{k} {{C_{n}}{e^{{inx}}}} } \right)} \) is the Fourier transform of f.
Marriage, Biology, and Gender

This essay responds to Professor Courtney Joslin’s treatment of marriage-equality opponents’ “responsible procreation” argument in her article, "Marriage, Biology, and Federal Benefits". Joslin addresses the argument’s central premise, which she labels “biological primacy” — the notion, “that the government’s historic interest in supporting marriage and marital couples is to isolate and specially support families with biologically related children.” Through a historical account of the extension of federal benefits to biologically unrelated children, Joslin exposes that premise as myth, rather than reality. In this response, I use Joslin’s historical analysis as a window into biological primacy’s normative stakes and supplement her compelling historical case with a normative claim. While my analysis applies in significant ways to biological primacy writ large, I specifically target what Joslin terms the “biological preferentialism” claim, which suggests, “that the government can limit benefits to families with biological children because these families are simply superior.” I argue that while this claim is viewed as a natural outgrowth of the responsible procreation argument, it is in fact rooted in an extant argument for dual-gender parenting. Biological preferentialism repackages an otherwise outmoded argument in seemingly neutral and innocuous terms. By using biological parenting as code for male–female parenting, the argument cleverly conceals and yet invariably rests on traditional gender scripts associated with marriage and the family. Biological preferentialism, in other words, functions as a way to neutralize yet preserve positive and normative arguments about sex roles — arguments that have been rejected in both family law and constitutional law.
Behavioral improvement after chronic administration of coenzyme Q10 in P301S transgenic mice

Coenzyme Q10 is a key component of the electron transport chain which plays an essential role in ATP production and also has antioxidant effects. Neuroprotective effects of coenzyme Q10 have been reported in both in vitro and in vivo models of neurodegenerative diseases. However, its effects have not been studied in cells or in animals with tau induced pathology. In this report, we administered coenzyme Q10 to transgenic mice with the P301S tau mutation, which causes fronto-temporal dementia in man. These mice develop tau hyperphosphorylation and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. Coenzyme Q10 improved survival and behavioral deficits in the P301S mice. There was a modest reduction in phosphorylated tau in the cortex of P301S mice. We also examined the effects of coenzyme Q10 treatment on the electron transport chain enzymes, the mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. There was a significant increase in complex I activity and protein levels, and a reduction in lipid peroxidation. Our data show that coenzyme Q10 significantly improved behavioral deficits and survival in transgenic mice with the P301S tau mutation, upregulated key enzymes of the electron transport chain, and reduced oxidative stress.
On the complexity of the most general undirected firing squad synchronization problem

We show that if a minimal-time solution exists for a fundamental distributed computation primitive, synchronizing arbitrary undirected networks of finite-state processors, then there must exist an "extraordinarily fast" O(D5E) algorithm in the RAM model of computation for exactly determining the diameter D of an arbitrary unweighted undirected graph with E edges. The proof is constructive. At present we know eight variations of the firing squad synchronization problems whose solutions are known but whose minimal-time solutions are not known. Our result essentially completes the program outlined in [3] to show that it is highly unlikely for there to exist minimal-time solutions for these variations.
Management of gynecologic oncology emergencies

Gynecologic malignancies are the third most common cancer among women in the United States. Because of often subtle early findings, the diagnosis may not be made before the widespread dissemination of the disease. The Emergency Department physician will commonly encounter a woman with vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, or a symptomatic abdominal mass. In this article, we have described the epidemiology, recognized patterns of spread, and associated findings of gynecologic tumors. The proper Emergency Department evaluation and management of these problems is emphasized with guidelines for the timing of referrals and consultation with the gynecologic oncologist. The treatment of gynecologic malignancies is often complicated and responsible for Emergency Department visits. The various modalities are addressed according to the organ systems affected and include sections on postoperative problems, gastrointestinal complaints, urologic complications of therapy, radiation therapy and its complications, with an emphasis on the most serious complications necessitating either careful outpatient management or hospital admission. As cost-containment pressure grows, we have included sections on chemotherapy and total parenteral nutrition, both of which are becoming common outpatient events for the cancer patient. 28 references.
Longitudinal links between spanking and children's externalizing behaviors in a national sample of White, Black, Hispanic, and Asian American families.

This study examined whether the longitudinal links between mothers’ use of spanking and children’s externalizing behaviors are moderated by family race/ethnicity, as would be predicted by cultural normativeness theory, once mean differences in frequency of use are controlled. A nationally representative sample of White, Black, Hispanic, and Asian American families (n = 11,044) was used to test a cross-lagged path model from 5 to 8 years old. While race/ethnic differences were observed in the frequency of spanking, no differences were found in the associations of spanking and externalizing over time: Early spanking predicted increases in children’s externalizing while early child externalizing elicited more spanking over time across all race/ethnic groups.
Integration of high-resolution seismic and aeromagnetic data for earthquake hazards evaluations: An example from the Willamette Valley, Oregon

Abstract Aeromagnetic and high-resolution seismic reflection data were integrated to place constraints on the history of seismic activity and to determine the continuity of the possibly active, yet largely concealed Mount Angel fault in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. Recent seismic activity possibly related to the 20-km-long fault includes a swarm of small earthquakes near Woodburn in 1990 and the magnitude 5.6 Scotts Mills earthquake in 1993. Newly acquired aeromagnetic data show several large northwest-trending anomalies, including one associated with the Mount Angel fault. The magnetic signature indicates that the fault may actually extend 70 km across the Willamette Valley to join the Newberg and Gales Creek faults in the Oregon Coast Range. We collected 24-fold high-resolution seismic reflection data along two transects near Woodburn, Oregon, to image the offset of the Miocene-age Columbia River Basalts (CRB) and overlying sediments at and northwest of the known mapped extent of the Mount Angel fault. The seismic data show a 100-200-m offset in the CRB reflector at depths from 300 to 700 m. Folded or offset sediments appear above the CRB with decreasing amplitude to depths as shallow as were imaged (approximately 40 m). Modeling experiments based on the magnetic data indicate, however, that the anomaly associated with the Mount Angel fault is not caused solely by an offset of the CRB and overlying sediments. Underlying magnetic sources, which we presume to be volcanic rocks of the Siletz terrane, must have vertical offsets of at least 500 m to fit the observed data. We conclude that the Mount Angel fault appears to have been active since Eocene age and that the Gales Creek, Newberg, and Mount Angel faults should be considered a single potentially active fault system. This fault, as well as other parallel northwest-trending faults in the Willamette Valley, should be considered as risks for future potentially damaging earthquakes.
High-performance inertial measurements using a redundant array of inexpensive gyroscopes (RAIG)

Orientation estimates derived from gyroscopes are limited in quality by the noise and bias characteristics of the sensors. Presently, there is a large gap in price and performance between high-end fiber-optic gyroscopes and inexpensive MEMS gyroscopes. In this paper, we propose using a redundant array of inexpensive gyroscopes (RAIG) in order to obtain significant improvements in performance. A naive analysis predicts that n gyros should reduce angular rate measurement noise by a factor of √n. In this paper, we describe our custom array of 72 gyros which we use to evaluate the empirical scaling performance. This evaluation includes comparisons between several standard filtering and bias estimation algorithms. In addition, we propose a principled algorithm that exploits non-linear dynamics, significantly improving performance.
I remember...it was December.

William Osler is quoted as saying, “Nothing will sustain you more potently than the power to recognize in your humdrum routine, as perhaps it may be thought, the true poetry of life—the poetry of the commonplace, of the plain, toil-worn woman, with their loves and their joys, their sorrows and their griefs.”1 A family physician reflects how he continues to derive sustenance from having cared for a dying woman and her family over several home visits in his earliest years of private practice. The author’s memory of these house calls continues to reinforce his love for medicine. Today, when physicians are overburdened with countless numbers of interruptions, requirements, and measures we are reminded that one of the things which can maintain our passion for medicine is in realizing that caring for others is the focus of our sacred vocation. By appreciating the impact we have on the lives of those less fortunate, we may find meaning in our own lives.
Long-term photo and charged particle response of Si surface-barrier photodiodes☆

Abstract The photoresponse and reflectivity of new (∼ one month) and aged (18 years) silicon surface-barrier photodiodes have been measured over the photon wavelength range from 365–700 nm (3.4−1.8 eV). The photodiodes studied have either no gold film over the sensitive surface, or a thin (∼ 1−10 nm) gold film. The photodiodes are operated in the reverse-bias mode at room temperature. The local steady-state photoresponse of both types has been measured over the sensitive area (2.5 cm 2 ) and the pulse response of the photodiodes to incident α-particles and α-particle induced light pulses from a Csl crystal has measured as a function of gold film thickness. The results of these studies are reported and show that over the wavelength range studied, silicon photodiodes with no gold film need no initial photon calibration and serve as reliable steady-state photon flux calibration detectors for periods at least as long as 18 years, with no photon calibration being required during this time. All that is required is a measurement of the reflectivity of the photodiode (which changes with time) at the time of its use for a photon flux measurement. In addition, these studies show that photodiodes with gold film thickness ⩾ 7.5 nm have a photosensitivity for both steady-state photon fluxes and photon pulses which changes by less than ∼ 5% over a time period of 12 years, and serve as excellent charged particles detectors exhibiting stable charged-particle response over this same time period.
Diels-Alder Reactions of Lignin-Derived Quinones

Abstract The Diels-Alder reactions of methoxy-p-benzoquinone and 2,6-dimethoxy-p-benzoquinone, which may be obtained from lignin and lignin model compounds, and of o-quinones (4-methyl, 4-acetyl, and 4-(l-hydroxyethyl)-o-benzoquinone) were investigated using 2,3-dimethylbutadiene, isoprene and styrene as dienes. Dimethylbutadiene and isoprene were found to be effective reactants, resulting in the generation of several Diels-Alder addition products. Loss of the methoxyl group and the side chain were observed under certain conditions. Reactions of the p-benzoquinones went more smoothly than the reactions of the o-quinones, and product yields were generally higher. Higher yields of anthraquinone products were obtained from 2,6-dimethoxy-p-benzoquinone than from methoxy-p-benzoquinone.
Processing of organic electro-optic materials: solution-phase assisted reorientation of chromophores

Organic EO materials, sometimes called EO polymers, offer a variety of very promising properties that have improved at remarkable rates over the last decade, and will continue to improve. However, these materials rely on a “poling” process to afford EO activity, which is commonly cited as the bottleneck for the widespread implementation of organic EO material-containing devices. The Solution Phase-Assisted Reorientation of Chromophores (SPARC) is a process that utilizes the mobility of chromophores in the solution phase to afford acentric molecular order during deposition. The electric field can be generated by a corona discharge in a carefully-controlled gas environment. The absence of a poling director during conventional spin deposition forms centric pairs of chromophores which may compromise the efficacy of thermal poling. Direct spectroscopic evidence of linear dichroism in modern organic EO materials has estimated the poling-induced order of the chromophores to be 10-15% of its theoretical maximum, offering the potential for a manyfold enhancement in EO activity if poling is improved. SPARC is designed to overcome these limitations and also to allow the poling of polymeric hosts with temporal thermal (alignment) stabilities greater than the decomposition temperature of the guest chromophore. In this report evidence supporting the theory motivating the SPARC process and the resulting EO activities will be presented. Additionally, the results of trials towards a device demonstration of the SPARC process will be discussed.
Periodic alternating gaze deviation associated with schizencephaly and optic nerve hypoplasia.

A 3-year-old girl presented with alternating horizontal gaze deviations lasting 20 to 30 seconds interspersed with brief 5- to 10-second periods of normal ocular motility. She had schizencephaly and optic nerve hypoplasia. This is the first case description of the entity of periodic alternating gaze deviation with these disorders. CASE REPORT A 3-year-old girl was referred for visual evaluation because of trouble following objects. Her mother stated that she could not remember ever taking a picture of her daughter when her eyes were aligned in the primary position. She noted that they were consistently directed in either right gaze or left gaze. She was diagnosed with schizencephaly by prenatal ultrasound and postnatal magnetic resonance imaging. She was severely delayed physically and cognitively and she could not walk without assistance. She was the product of an uncomplicated Cesarean delivery. Medications included polyethylene glycol for constipation and levothyroxine for hypothyroidism. Family history was unremarkable. There was no history of seizures. The examination showed difficulty fixating and following especially when the eyes were deviated in eccentric gaze. She blinked to threat only from her left visual field and mostly when her eyes were moving between either eccentric positions of gaze. Extraocular motility showed full conjugate eye movements without strabismus. Her eyes appeared forced into either extreme right or left gaze and this would last 20 to 30 seconds before they would drift to primary position for 5 to 10 seconds and then move into the opposite eccentric horizontal eye position. The eyes never deviated up or down. During the periods of eccentric gaze, she would turn her head in a contraversive manner to maintain fixation at objects in front of her. In the interictal period, she would manifest some nystagmus that beat either to the left or to the right, whichever direction that the eyes were pointing. This appeared similar to end-gaze nystagmus. During these interictal periods, she would have normal optokinetic and vestibular responses, but not during the gaze deviations when there were no responses. Eyelids were normal and face was symmetric with good eyelid closure. There was no proptosis present clinically. Pupils were equal and briskly reactive, but there was a left afferent pupillary defect. Ocular media were clear OU. Funduscopy revealed bilaterally hypoplastic nerves without pallor (Figure 1). She was alert and had minimal speech output, and muscle tone was normal throughout. Orthotics were in place on her lower extremities. Her MRI scan demonstrated a large left lateral ventricle that communicated with a subarachnoid space through the posterior parietal lobe (Figure 2). There was ectopic gray matter lining the ventricle.
Legs bend: why dynamic angiography is important.

Klein and colleagues (1) have their patients bend knees during angiography and confirm suspicions that leg arteries bend too. But their meticulous three dimensional image reconstruction and analysis is critically important in understanding the consequences of mechanical treatment for femoropopliteal artery disease. One remarkable finding by Klein and colleagues is that the popliteal artery in these patients shortens (along its centerline) up to 25% during knee bending. Other groups have described similar conformational changes in the iliofemoral (2) and femoropopliteal (3) arteries during hip and knee flexion respectively. Flexion points can be surprisingly far from the joint itself, so positioning stents centimeters “above” the joint does not necessarily spare the stent from bending and compression. Moreover, conventional straight-leg angiography and conventional anatomic landmarks do not anticipate the stress imparted on stents and stent-tissue junctions during daily activities including walking (4) and squatting (5). Arterial geometry changes during motion should be put into context of varying demand and flow conditions of the skeletal muscles and vascular tree. Perhaps more comprehensive analysis of exercise and rest structure and flow using magnetic resonance imaging (6)or ultrasound might provide insight into femoropopliteal atherosclerosis genesis and evolution, early and late healing after percutaneous intervention, and impact on exercise. The geometric findings of this study remind us that contemporary stenting of the femoropopliteal artery, especially around and below the adductor hiatus, remains an unproven (7) and even unfavorable long-term option. Despite two decades of innovation, femoropopliteal artery obstruction remains a rich target for developing novel biological and mechanical treatments. As Klein and colleagues’ work suggests, interventionists should not consider these arterial segments only during a static straight-leg condition, but also during the extensive bending, shortening, twisting, and multifocal kinking that occurs off the interventional table. Dynamic angiography might help.
An inverse solution for torque-free axisymmetric rigid body dynamics, with a test for non-precessional motion

The rotational motion of a torque-free axisymmetric rigid body is precession. This motion has been expressed analytically in the literature given the body's initial orientation and rotational dynamics parameters, i.e. inertia ratio and initial angular velocities or precession parameters. The inverse problem of deriving these dynamics parameters given orientation in time has been implemented numerically but has not yet been solved analytically. If a rigid body is precessing, and its orientation with respect to an arbitrary inertial frame is provided at three equally spaced points in time such that the rotational motion is not undersampled, an analytical inverse solution is presented for the precession rate, relative spin rate, coning angle and angular velocities; if the precessional motion is due to inertial axisymmetry and torque-free motion, the inertia ratio is also derived. Additionally, an analytical methodology is presented to test for non-precessional motion. These techniques are applicable to various problems in space science and astronomy, where non-precessional motion or the rotational dynamics parameters of this type of rigid body must be accurately derived from its orientation or relative orientation in time.
Gaussian random fields

Two results on Gaussian random fields are presented. The first characterizes the unit Gaussian random field by a strong independence property and the second determines Gaussian random fields that are generated by stochastic processes.
The Effect of Interpersonal Trust And Participativeness on Union Member Commitment

Unionized employees have their commitment courted by both their employer and union. They can form a commitment to both, or only one, or neither. It is difficult to predict which commitment might form. It is hypothesized that interpersonal trust and participation attitudes will explain the levels of union commitment formed by union officials. Multiple regression equations and a structural equation model were used to test these hypotheses. Interpersonal trust had a positive yet non-significant effect on union commitment. Participation attitudes had a significant, negative effect on union commitment, opposite that of the hypothesized relationship. The hypotheses are only partially supported.
Host-symbiont interactions.I. The lectins of legumes interact with the O-antigen-containing lipopolysaccharides of their symbiont Rhizobia

Abstract A specific interaction between the O-antigen-containing lipopolysaccharides of Rhizobia and the lectins of their legume hosts has been demonstrated. The lectins have been purified from the seeds of four legumes and the lectins covalently attached to Agarose. The lipopolysaccharides were isolated from the four Rhizobial symbionts of the legumes. These four lipopolysaccharides were passed through the four lectin columns. In each case, the lipopolysaccharide from a Rhizobium interacts with the lectin column of its symbiont but not with the other lectin columns.
Fate of acetone in water

Abstract The physical, chemical, and biological processes that might affect the concentration of acetone in water were investigated in laboratory studies. Processes considered included volatilization, adsorption by sediments, photodecomposition, bacterial degradation, and absorption by algae and molds. It was concluded that volatilization and bacterial degradation were the dominant processes determining the fate of acetone in streams and rivers.
chi((3)) squeezed vacuum generation without a Sagnac interferometer.

We show that an intense linearly polarized pulse propagating in a nonbirefringent fiber squeezes the perpendicularly polarized vacuum fluctuations through cross-phase modulation. Unlike the generation of squeezed vacuum through self-phase modulation, the mechanism discussed here does not require the use of a nonlinear Sagnac interferometer to separate the pump from the squeezed vacuum.
Genomics: massively parallel sequencing.

A sequencing system has been developed that can read 25 million bases of genetic code — the entire genome of some fungi — within four hours. The technique may provide an alternative approach to DNA sequencing. The race is on for a big prize: the job of providing the world's DNA sequencing laboratories with the successor to the ‘Sanger-based’ technology that gave us the first wave of genome sequences. One technology in the frame is that produced by 454 Life Sciences Corporation of Branford, Connecticut. Today's technology reads 67,000 base pairs per hour; this new approach is 100 times faster, reading 6 million base pairs per hour. The improved performance results from using picolitre-sized chemical reactors, enhanced light-emitting sequencing chemistries and complex informatics. Further miniaturization of the system is planned. Such leaps in technology may one day make it possible to analyse an individual's genome before designing therapy: the ultimate in personalized medicine.
Synthesis of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes, magnetic nanotubes, and magnetic CNTs for cellular growth and detection

The paper describes the synthesis of vertically aligned CNTs and the development of magnetic nanotube substrates for biological applications. The vertical alignment of the CNTs on a silicon substrate for the use in biological sensor systems has been explored. The preliminary experiments to determine the binding and growth of biological samples with CNTs have been described. The potential to use the CNTs as electrode for elctrical stimulation is explored. The growth of magnetic nanotubes and the possibility of utilizing them as scaffold for cellular growth is demonstrated. The paper also described the sythesis and development of the magnetic carbon nanotubes, combining the salient features of the CNTs and MNTs. All the nanotubes are optically charaterizd using SEM and TEM techniques. The magentization of the nanotubes are evaluated using the VSM. Cellular binding is determined using SEM and flourescent microscopy images.