cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Compulsive Buying Behavior and Its Relationship to Perceived Social Status Associated with Buying, Materialism, Self-Esteem, and Apparel-Product Involvement

Compulsive buyers are individuals who experience and routinely act on powerful, uncontrollable urges to purchase. The relationships that existed between compulsive buying behavior and perceived social status associated with buying, materialism, self-esteem, and apparel-product involvement for adults between the ages of 18 and 24 were investigated. This age range was selected because it is the average onset age of compulsive buying behavior. A convenience sample of 305 undergraduates completed a questionnaire that contained measures of compulsive buying, perceived social status associated with buying, materialism, self-esteem, and apparel-product involvement. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to analyze the data. The full regression model and the regression coefficients for all four of the predictor variables were statistically significant. The compulsive buying behavior of participants was negatively related to self-esteem and positively related to perceived social status associated with buying, materialism, and apparel-product involvement.
Community is not a Place but a Relationship1: Lessons for Organizational Development

The premise of this article is that organizations need to be “organized” differently if we want to re-invigorate the power of community in contemporary life. A central theme within the current reform movement toward restorative justice is the devolution of authority from formal governmental systems to community. In order to effectively socialize young people, communities and families must perform certain functions well. As more and more societal activities take place within organizations, we face the dilemma that the weakened communities create a demand for increasing involvement of public organizations in the life of the community. Yet modern organizations do not effectively perform functions unique to families and communities. Drawing on insights from a unique community-system partnership in restorative peacemaking circles, this paper argues we may need to reinvent our organizations so that they learn to behave as members of the community.
Assessing the risk of heritable gene mutation in mammals: Drosophila sex-linked recessive lethal test and tests measuring DNA damage and repair in mammalian germ cells

The former U.S. EPA OPPT tiered test scheme for heritable gene mutations included the Drosophila sex-linked recessive lethal (SLRL) test in which positive results triggered the mouse specific locus (MSL) test. However, review of available literature indicated that the evaluation of mutations in the germ cells of this insect is not a good predictor of the risk of heritable gene mutations in mammals. The database contained 29 compounds for which there were conclusive MSL test results in either spermatogonial and/or postspermatogonial cells. Results in the SLRL test were available for 27 of those compounds. Of the 24 SLRL-positive chemicals, only 13 (54%) induced heritable mutations in mice; the three SLRL-negative compounds were nonmutagenic in mouse germ cells. The overall concordance between the two tests was 59%. In contrast, results of unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS: 18 chemicals) and alkaline elution (AE: 14 chemicals) assays in rodent testicular cells following in vivo exposure correlated well with results in the MSL test (83% and 86%, respectively). MSL test results in spermatogonia and postspermatogonia were also compared separately to the SLRL, UDS, and AE assays. The concordances for the two cell types in the SLRL relative to the MSL test were 36% and 79%, respectively, indicating that the SLRL test is extremely poor in predicting heritable gene mutations in mammalian spermatogonia. Concordances for UDS and AE assays relative to MSL test results in spermatogonia (53% and 54%, respectively) and postspermatogonia (91% and 100%, respectively) were greater. Based on these analyses, the U.S. EPA OPPT has revised its tiered test scheme using assays for interaction with gonadal DNA (e.g., UDS and AE) in place of the SLRL test. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Design of two-dimensional recursive filters

Abstract The paper discusses a numerical algorithm for obtaining rational approximations to a given continuous function. This method offers the promise of a comprehensive solution to the problems of two-dimensional recursive digital filter design. This technique, called Chebyshev design, avoids the stability test inherent in present design methods.
Effects of Fetal Hemoglobin on Accurate Measurements of Oxygen Saturation in Neonates

Shyang-Yun Pamela K. Shiao, PhD, FAAN, RN Purpose: To examine the accuracy of oxygen saturation (SO2 )i nr elation to blood oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) measurements with the effects of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) determined and their oxyhemoglobin dissociation curves. Method: Twenty neonates with gestational ages ranging from 25 to 34 weeks, who had umbilical arterial or venous lines inserted, were investigated. Analyses were performed with 169 arterial and 41 venous blood samples from these infants by employing HbF- and HbA-mode (as controls) blood analyses, using a hemoximeter. Results: Without adjusting the effects of HbF when using HbA-mode analyses, mean SO2 measurements were elevated for 5% (±1.38) compared with the results of HbF-mode analyses, with 3.5% elevated HbCO levels for the total blood samples. With left-shifted oxyhemoglobin dissociation curves in neonates, for the critical values of oxygen tension values between 50 and 75 mm Hg, arterial HbO2 ranged from 94% to 96%, SaO2 from 97% to 98%, and SpO2 from 96% to 97% (compared to 85%–94% in healthy adults). Conclusions: The left-shifted oxyhemoglobin curves warrant the importance of accurate measurements of oxygenation status for neonates. Fetel hemoglobin determination is essential for accurate SO2 measurements and the assessment of proper oxygenation status in neonates. Key words: fetal hemoglobin, oxygen saturation
Domestic technologies: Cinderella and the engineers

Abstract Domestic technologies are seldom accorded their true significance either by engineers or sociologists, partly due to an undervaluing of the feminine and the private sphere. Drawing on recent feminist research the article examines the failure of designers and manufacturers to understand and respond to user needs. It shows how in neither Eastern nor Western Europe has domestic equipment been designed thoughtfully within appropriate technological systems, as a sensitive interface between household, community and environment. The sociology of technology too is shown to have neglected the technologies of everyday life, which should be the starting point of a technology policy.
Interfacial Structure and Dynamics of Siloxane Systems: PDMS−Vapor and PDMS−Water

Using a fully atomistic force field for polydimethylsiloxane developed by Smith et al. [J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 20340], we study the interfacial properties of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as well as its interactions with water. We determine the surface tension of methyl- and hydroxyl-terminated PDMS chains with lengths between 20 and 100 repeat units and find good agreement between simulation results and experimental observations. The width of the polymer liquid−vapor interface is shown to depend on both molecular weight and temperature. The surface tension and contact angle are determined for the PDMS−water binary system using several different geometries and calculation methods. At 300 K, the surface tension of roughly 41 mN/m and contact angle of ≈108° for chains with 100 repeat units are in excellent agreement with experimental data. The width of the interface in both the PDMS and water layers increases with temperature, although the computed widths are significantly smaller than the liquid−vapor w...
Carotenoids and Sexual Dichromatism in North American Passerine Birds

Sexual dichromatism and the extent of male carotenoid-derived plumage coloration in breeding season North American passerine birds was analyzed by phylogenetic statistical methods. Passerines as a whole and five passerine subclades were analyzed by both independent contrasts and simulation methods. In passerines as a whole, carotenoids and sexual dichroma- tism are positively correlated irrespective of analysis method. In three of the subclades, the correlations are significant by a clear majority of analysis methods. Neither melanin nor structur- ally derived colors show similar significant increases with dichromatism. Carotenoids are ob- tained by animals solely through the diet, whereas both melanins and structurally derived colors can be synthesized. The relationship between sexual dichromatism and the use of carotenoids in plumage suggests that sexual selection may have promoted the expression of a condition- dependent honest indicator of phenotypic quality.
General purpose representation and association machine part 1: Introduction and illustrations

Using lessons learned from error control coding, and multiple areas of life science, we propose a general purpose representation and association machine (GPRAM). GPRAM uses a versatile approach with hierarchical representation and association structures, each with different degrees of vagueness, over-completeness, and deliberate variation. GPRAM machines use vague measurements to do a quick and rough assessment on a task; then use approximated message-passing algorithms to improve assessment; and finally selects ways closer to a solution, eventually solving it. We illustrate concepts and structures using simple examples.
Language Ideology and the Mediation of Language Choice in Peer Interactions in a Dual-Language First Grade

In this article we explore some of the ways that language ideologies—shared beliefs about language forms and practices embedded in social conflicts over power—mediated the language choices of 4 girls in peer activities. These activities took place in the Spanish and English first-grade classrooms of a dual-language program that enrolled children whose home language was English and children whose home language was Spanish, all learning in both languages. Our analysis was grounded in sociocultural theory and ethnographic methods were used to collect data in the classrooms. We argue that these 2 classrooms were distinct language-learning contexts and that patterns in the children's language choices to speak English or Spanish were influenced by these contexts and, more particularly, by the mediating role of a dominant language ideology that privileges English. We also highlight the children's agency in relation to this ideology as they negotiated language choice in the multiple contexts in which their langua...
THE HISPANIC-AMERICAN BORDERLAND: DELIMITATION OF AN AMERICAN CULTURE REGION

ABSTRACT The vast majority of Hispanic-Americans, or people of mixed Spanish-Indian or Mexican descent, reside in an area of the southwestern United States which has come to be known as the “borderlands.”The literature concerning this sizable minority nowhere contains a satisfactory attempt to define the extent of the borderlands. Presented here is such an attempt. Based on population data, the borderland (used here in the singular) here delimited is considered to be the region of greatest Hispanic population concentration. The borderland is more than a population region. It is a culture region because of the intensity of a distinctive subculture, the longtime existence of Hispanic settlements, a rich Hispanic legacy, and the presence of Anglo-Americans who have been “Hispanicized.”
Somatostatin in the physiologic feedback control of thyrotropin secretion

Abstract The addition of an antiserum against Somatostatin (SRIF) to a culture of dispersed rat pituitary cells incubated in the presence of hypothalamic tissue enhances thyrotropin (TSH) secretion into the medium. This indicates that SRIF is normally secreted in amounts sufficient to affect TSH secretion and suggests that SRIF may be the agent responsible for the unexplained rapid termination of TSH secretion by thyrotrophs which have been activated by Thyrotropin Releasing Factor (TRF).
Global solvability of real analytic complex vector fields in two variables

Abstract This paper deals with the global solvability of a complex vector field with real analytic coefficients in two real variables. The vector field is assumed to satisfy the Nirenberg–Treves condition ( P ) for local solvability. Normal forms for the vector field near the one-dimensional orbits are obtained and a generalization of the Riemann–Hilbert problem is considered.
Integral inequalities resembling Copson's inequality

The present paper deals with two inequalities which resemble Copson's integral inequalities. From our theorems, we obtain two interesting corollaries.
Isolation and Characterization of a Naturally Occurring Stimulator of Citrulline Biosynthesis

THE synthesis of citrulline by preparations from mammalian liver requires the addition of ornithine, ammonia, bicarbonate ion, magnesium ion, adenosine triphosphate, and an appropriate derivative of glutamic acid1. Synthetic compounds which have been shown to be active in the latter capacity are the N-carbamyl, N-formyl, N-acetyl and N-chloroacetyl derivatives of L-glutamic acid1. These compounds have been shown to be catalytically active in the synthesis of carbamyl phosphate, an intermediate precursor of the carbamyl group of citrulline1–3.
Interplay between disorder and interactions in two dimensions

Abstract The interplay between Coulomb interactions and randomness has been a long-standing problem in condensed matter physics. Recent thermodynamic and transport experiments have shown that in clean two-dimensional electron systems, strong interactions between carriers lead to Pauli spin susceptibility growing critically at low electron densities. In the immediate vicinity of the metal–insulator transition (MIT), both the resistance and the effective interactions become temperature dependent and exhibit a fan-like spread as the MIT is crossed. A resistance-interaction flow diagram clearly reveals a quantum critical point.
Regional Multilateral Payments Arrangements

The need for special arrangements, 500. — Feasibility of organizing systems of multilateral payments, 502. — Fundamental problems, 503. — Clearing mechanisms: pooling type, 506. — Clearing mechanisms: multilateral offset or circuit type, 510. — The settlement of net balances, 513. — Multilateral clearing and the ERP, 516.
Effects of online bibliographic searching on scientists' information style

Industrial and academic users of online bibliographic searching over a year's time did not generally diminish their amount of use of other traditional manual means of information gathering activities. However, in comparison to less frequent users and nonusers, frequent users increased their reliance on librarians. Online users increased their appraisal of the adequacy of information services available to them, particularly as regards those aspects generally considered the primary benefits of online searching. Users positively increased their assessment of the utility of online searches to their work, and online bibliographic searching capability was subsequently adopted as a permanent feature in both the industrial and academic work settings.
A spectral form of the dispersion model in designs with arbitrarily unequal block sizes

Abstract Under a usual additive mixed model, a spectral decomposition is given to each observed vector Y from a class of block designs with arbitrarily unequal block sizes. As a result, an analysis of variance, in the sense defined by Graybill and Hultquist (1961) and Speed (1987), exist for such a design. The intrablock anova is discussed. Furthermore based on the dispersion structure, it is seen that the unbalancedness forces some useful information beyond the intrablock analysis, and even interblock comparisons. Let a group be a set of observations from the blocks of same sizes, a further decomposition of the spectral form provides an intergroup comparison which completes the anova of such designs.
EVALUATION OF AN in vitro TECHNIQUE FOR QUANTITATIVE ASSAY OF ADRENOCORTICAL SECRETION IN THE CALIFORNIA GROUND SQUIRREL

Experiments to determine whether in vitro secretion rates of adrenocortical glands reflect pre-existing in vivo secretory potentials were conducted using California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi). When the excised glands from ACTH-injected squirrels and from controls (untreated squirrels shot in the field) were incubated in ACTH-supplemented media, Cortisol production was significantly greater in the ACTH-injected squirrels. The rate of corticosterone production in glands from ACTH-injected squirrels— in contrast to the Cortisol relationships — was less than or equal to that from controls. The difference was significant in glands incubated without ACTH but not in those incubated with ACTH. Thus in vitro Cortisol production reflects in vivo production. The same may also be true for corticosterone if it can be shown that ACTH injection decreases corticosterone production.
Effect of gonadotropins on the ability of 5,6-dichloro-1-β-d-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB) to inhibit germinal vesicle breakdown in bovine oocytes

Abstract The transcriptional inhibitor, 5,6-dichloro-1-β- d -ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB), prevents germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) in bovine oocytes only in the presence of gonadotropins. The objectives of this study were to examine the ability of gonadotropins to facilitate transcriptional inhibition of GVBD in bovine oocytes and to examine the effect of gonadotropins on transcriptional inhibition of cumulus expansion. Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC) from 2 to 7 mm follicles were cultured in TCM-199 with 1 μg/ml estradiol, 50 μg/ml gentamicin and hormonal treatments for 20 to 24 h at 39 °C in 5% CO2 in air. After culture, COC were assessed for degree of cumulus expansion and oocytes were then denuded, fixed and stained to determine stage of meiosis. In the presence of LH and FSH the proportion of oocytes arrested at germinal vesicle (GV) stage was significantly increased with DRB treatment (58 vs 3% GV for LH/FSH + DRB vs LH/FSH-DRB; P
Roger Bacon on Equivocation

Many of the things in the world differ from one another to a substantial degree and yet we find ourselves often using one and the same word to refer to these objects. The result is sometimes confusing to those in attendance, especially when the truth value of an expression is affected. "I just saw the dog a moment ago" is a less than helpful response from a backyard astronomer having just looked at the dog-star when his neighbor has inquired about his own canine pet. And since the truth value of propositions plays a substantial role in the construction of sound deductive arguments, it is no wonder that Aristotle treated equivocation as one of the causes of deception that constitute an argument a fallacy.1 Interestingly, however, while Anselm made a great contribution in developing a theory of paronomy2 and 12th and 13th century logicians advanced the philosophy of language through their theories of the properties of terms, the theory of equivocation laid down by Aristotle was not altered in any significant way throughout the Middle Ages and, with one exception, his triple division of species of equivocation was tampered with only with great reserve. The exception was Roger Bacon who, having given a traditional expose once in 1252, returned to the question in 1267 and 1292 with a freshness which led to, in the words of Jan Pinborg, "an original systematization of possible changes [in signification] or equivocations, which has no medieval parallels."3 In this article I propose (Section I) to give a brief overview
Relationship between pulmonary artery hemodynamics and right ventricle function in pulmonary arterial hypertension using cardiovascular magnetic resonance

A comprehensive CMR exam was developed for evaluating right ventricle (RV) and pulmonary artery (PA), and was tested on 25 PA hypertension (PAH) patients. Standard non-CMR measurements were also collected. Comprehensive statistical analysis was conducted to study relationships between parameters, parameters’ significance, and data redundancy and reduction. The results showed strong correlations between most RV and PA parameters; and between most MRI parameters and gold standard PA pressure. In conclusion, RV and PA are coupled and affected in PAH. Both entities should be evaluated and interpreted together.
Sulfoaluminate-belite cement from low-calcium fly ash and sulfur-rich and other industrial by-products

Abstract The study describes the preparation and characterization of an environmentally friendly cement with performance characteristics similar to those of Portland cement, from a lime kiln bag house dust, a low-calcium fly ash, and a scrubber sludge. Promising preliminary results show the formation of relatively low-temperature phases calcium sulfoaluminate (4CaO·3Al2O3·SO3) and dicalcium silicate (2CaO·SiO2) at ∼1250°C if nodulized raw meal is used for clinker preparation and at 1175°C if powdered raw meal is used as compared to the ∼1500°C sintering temperature required for Portland cement. Phases of the developed cements were predicted using modified Bogue calculations. Isothermal calorimetric measurements indicate the hydration properties of the cements are comparable to ordinary Portland cement. Mechanical properties and microstructural evaluations also were carried out.
Necessary conditions for optimality of singular controls in systems governed by partial differential equations

In this paper, we present a method to obtain necessary conditions for optimality of singular controls in systems governed by partial differential equations (distributed-parameter systems). The method is based on the one developed earlier by the author for singular control problems described by ordinary differential equations. As applications, we consider conditions for optimality of singular controls in a Darboux-Goursat system and in control systems that describe chemical processes.
Ethylbenzene hydroxylation by cytochrome P450cam

The metabolism of ethylbenzene by cytochrome P450cam was analyzed by experimental and theoretical methods. The present experiments indicate that ethylbenzene is hydroxylated almost exclusively at the secondary ethyl carbon with about a 2:1 ratio of R:S product. Several molecular dynamics trajectories were performed with different starting conformations of ethylbenzene in the active site of P450cam. The stereochemistry of hydroxylation predicted from the molecular dynamics simulations was found to be in good agreement with the observed products.
Confusions Among Visually Perceived Consonants

Eighteen college students with normal hearing responded to the visual perception of initial and final consonants in an English-like phonetic environment in a test of the homopheny of consonant soun...
Tracking the sources and sinks of Antarctica's subglacial waterways

Deep beneath Antarctica's kilometers-thick layer of glacial ice is a complex network of rivers and lakes. Research suggests that this water may affect the flows of the southern continent's massive ice streams, though the nature of its effect remains unclear. Adding to scientists' understanding of Antarctica's subglacial hydrology, Christoffersen et al. studied five ice streams that flow into the Ross Sea.
Peasants on the Edge: Crop, Cult, and Crisis in the Andes

Peasants on the Edge: Crop, Cult, and Crisis in the Andes. William P. Mitchell. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1991. xii + 264 pp., photographs, figures, tables. $30.00 (cloth). ISBN 0–292–77637–3.
Research opportunities in information technology funding and system justification

This article reviews IT funding and system justification practice and research in two dimensions, previews papers in the special issue on ‘Information technology funding and system justification in the organization’, and identifies opportunities for research in IT funding. IT funding decisions have been hard problems for firms and, because IT investments are so pervasive, they have been very important. Here we review IT funding decisions and research about IT funding historically, using two dimensions, justification dynamism and justification evidence. Over time, the IT funding decisions have changed from static, one time events to iterative and even continuous efforts. Early IT funding decisions were based on finance and accounting models, but changes in the purposes of new systems have necessitated justification based on a variety of qualitative measures. We preview the six papers in the special issue, with an eye to introducing them to readers and also to looking for areas that represent opportunites for future IS research. Finally, we identify eight areas that should represent good opportunities for future research in IT funding and systems justification.
Audit: Use of the Laryngeal Mask Airway in Cataract Surgery

Objective: To audit the incidence of problems with placement of the laryngeal mask airway in patients undergoing general anaesthesia for cataract surgery, and the incidence of coughing on extubation. Setting: Operating theatres in Queen Elizabeth Hospital, King's Lynn. Patients: 173 consecutive patients presenting for cataract surgery under general anaesthesia. Results: Unsuitable placement of the laryngeal mask airway resulted in 22% requiring repositioning, 8.7% requiring changing to a different size and 2.9% requiring endotracheal intubation. On extubation, no coughing was observed in 91.9%, minimal coughing in 5.8% and paroxysmal coughing in 2.3%. Conclusions: Although the laryngeal mask airway required readjustment following initial insertion in about 30% of patients, an adequate airway was obtained in all but a few patients. The incidence of coughing was small. We advocate the use of the laryngeal mask airway as a safe technique for cataract surgery.
Supersymmetry in nuclear physics

Abstract Applications of supersymmetry considerations to problems in nuclear physics are briefly reviewed. A few, selected, examples are discussed, and it is shown that experimental evidence supports the occurrence of dynamic supersymmetries in nuclear spectra.
Rapid synthesis of oligoribonucleotides using 2′-O-(o-nitrobenzyloxymethyl)-protected monomers

Abstract A new, easily introduced protecting group for ribonucleoside 2′-hydroxyls, o-nitrobenzyloxymethyl, permits fast, effective solid phase synthesis of RNA.
Selective mono-claisen rearrangement of carbohydrate glycals. A chemical consequence of the vinylogous anomeric effect

Abstract The mono-Claisen rearrangement of carbohydrate glycals is demonstrated to by a synehtically useful and mechanistically significant reaction. Addition of per- O -acetyl glycal- tert -butyldimethylchlorosilane mixture to lithium diisopropylamide generated a bis (or tris)ketenesilylacetal which, upon heating, underwent smooth mono-Claisen rearrangement to provide a C -glycosyl compound after methylation. A second apparently similar Claisen rearrangement required significantly higher temperatures in all cases. Thus, similar hydroxy groups were differentiated without resort to selective protection. A stereoelectronic rationale based on the newly-introduced vinylogous anomeric effect (VAE) is put forth to explain the accelerated Claisen rearrangements of these glycals. Molecular orbital and resonance descriptions of the VAE are included, and the VAE is also used to rationalize ground-state conformational preferences of carbohydrate glycals. The C -glycosyl compounds produced by mono-Claisen rearrangement were suitable for Pd(0)-catalyzed allylic alkylations, providing an unusually facile entry into the pseudomonic acid-ring systems. A nine-step synthesis of a known precursor of pseudomonic acid C is reported.
Many task computing for multidisciplinary ocean sciences: real-time uncertainty prediction and data assimilation

Error Subspace Statistical Estimation (ESSE), an uncertainty prediction and data assimilation methodology employed for real-time ocean forecasts, is based on a characterization and prediction of the largest uncertainties. This is carried out by evolving an error subspace of variable size. We use an ensemble of stochastic model simulations, initialized based on an estimate of the dominant initial uncertainties, to predict the error subspace of the model fields. The dominant error covariance (generated via an SVD of the ensemble-generated error covariance matrix) is used for data assimilation. The resulting ocean fields are provided as the input to acoustic modeling, allowing for the prediction and study of the spatiotemporal variations in acoustic propagation and their uncertainties.The ESSE procedure is a classic case of Many Task Computing: These codes are managed based on dynamic workflows for the: (i) perturbation of the initial mean state, (ii) subsequent ensemble of stochastic PE model runs, (iii) continuous generation of the covariance matrix, (iv) successive computations of the SVD of the ensemble spread until a convergence criterion is satisfied, and (v) data assimilation. Its ensemble nature makes it a many task data intensive application and its dynamic workflow gives it heterogeneity. Subsequent acoustics propagation modeling involves a very large ensemble of short-in-duration acoustics runs.We study the execution characteristics and challenges of a distributed ESSE workflow on a large dedicated cluster and the usability of enhancing this with runs on Amazon EC2 and the Teragrid and the I/O challenges faced.
A CSP-based agent modeling framework for the Cougaar agent-based architecture

Cognitive agent architecture (Cougaar) is a Java-based architecture for large-scale distributed agent-based applications. A Cougaar agent is an autonomous software entity with behaviors that represent a real-world entity (e.g., a business process). A Cougaar-based model driven architecture approach, currently under development, uses a description of system's functionality (requirements) to automatically implement the system in Cougaar. The communicating sequential processes (CSP) formalism is used for the formal validation of the generated system. Two main agent components, a blackboard and a plugin, are modeled as CSP processes. A set of channels represents communications between the blackboard and individual plugins. The blackboard is represented as a CSP process that communicates with every agent in the collection. The developed CSP-based Cougaar modeling framework provides a starting point for a more complete formal verification of the automatically generated Cougaar code. Currently it is used to verify the behavior of an individual agent in terms of CSP properties and to analyze the corresponding Cougaar society.
Reassessing the use of vasodilators in heart failure

Heart failure is a growing epidemic that currently affects nearly 6 million people in the USA. Despite the well-documented hemodynamic abnormalities associated with the disease (e.g., elevated systemic vascular resistance), therapies that directly target these derangements have consistently failed to improve important clinical outcomes, unless they also act on the underlying pathophysiology of the disease (e.g., angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors). Numerous clinical trials of vasodilators in the treatment of heart failure have resulted in either neutral or negative outcomes suggesting that systemic vascular resistance may be an inappropriate target of therapy. The reasons for failure in these studies are manifold, including a poor understanding of vasodilator agents and their secondary effects, poorly designed studies that include a markedly heterogeneous patient population and a paucity of objective end points that may be used as targets of therapy, to name a few. Future studies of vasodilators wil...
Weak interactions and the kalbfleisch-fowler model of hadrons and leptons

Weak interactions are examined in a three-triplet model in which two triplets are leptons and the third is hadronic. Despite new muon decay modes, we preserve the Cabibbo relations between neutron, lambda and muon decay. Other properties are also discussed.
Does satisfaction moderate the association between alternative attractiveness and exit intention in a marketing channel

This study investigated the predicted moderating effect of satisfaction on the association between the attractiveness of the alternative relationship and exit intention in a marketing channel. The study used a variation of the Kenny and Judd structural equation technique proposed by the author. The results suggested that for channel customers with lower satisfaction, alternative attractiveness was positively associated with exit intention. When satisfaction was higher, however, alternative attractiveness had no association with exit intention. The implications of these results are discussed.
Jean-Léon Gérôme and Polychrome Sculpture: Reconstructing the Artist's Hierarchy of the Arts

This article offers an investigation of the motives behind Jean-Leon Gerome’s foray into sculpture towards the end of his career. By way of an exploration of Gerome’s treatment of the Pygmalion myth, so closely tied to artistic rivalry in the nineteenth century, the artist’s engagement with the paragone, or inter-arts rivalry, of the era is analysed. Consideration of polychrome’s status amongst theorists and critics of the time serves to contextualize the artist’s interest in the tradition. These avenues of inquiry lead to a conclusion regarding the artist’s own hierarchy of the arts.
A probabilistic approach for the construction of regional earthquake response spectra

Abstract Five scenario earthquakes plausible for the Los Angeles metropolitan region, and one numerical approximation of the 1994 Northridge Mw 6.7 event, provide the database of the proposed methodology that is applied for the construction of regional earthquake response spectra. The methodology involves two main stages of data compaction. In the first stage, the Karhunen–Loeve (K–L) decomposition of the excitation temporal covariance matrix is performed. In the second stage, the dominant eigenvectors are analytically approximated with Chebyshev polynomials, thus being converted from eigenvectors to eigenfunctions. This compact analytical representation of the nonstationary excitation data provides an exact closed-form solution for the nonstationary response of linear multi-degree-of-freedom systems. Furthermore, statistical inference analysis for the response variables is conducted, which leads to the construction of regional probabilistic response spectra based on the Log-Normal probability model for the response variables.
Single-word reading : behavioral and biological perspectives

R. Paul, Foreword. E.L. Grigorenko, Introduction. P.H.K. Seymour, Continuity and Discontinuity in the Development of Single-Word Reading: Theoretical Speculations. T.A. Nazir, A. Huckauf, The Visual Skill of "Reading". U. Maurer, B.D. McCandliss, The Development of Visual Expertise for Words: The Contribution of Electrophysiology. U. Goswami, Phonological Representations for Reading Acquisition Across Languages. L.B. Feldman, D. Basnight-Brown, The Role of Morphology in Visual Word Recognition: Graded Semantic Influences Due to Competing Senses and Semantic Richness of the Stem. L. Hart, C. Perfetti, Learning Words in Zekkish: Implications for Understanding Lexical Representation. J. Grainger, J.C. Ziegler, Cross-Code Consistency in a Functional Architecture for Word Recognition. B. Kessler, R. Treiman, J. Mullennix, Feedback Consistency Effects in Single-Word Reading. T.C. Pollo, R. Treiman, B. Kessler, Three Perspectives on Spelling Development. J.M. Keenan, R.S. Betjemann, Comprehension of Single Words: The Role of Semantics in Word Identification and Reading Disability. P.G. Simos, R. Billingsley-Marshall, S. Sarkari, A.C. Papanicolaou, Single-Word Reading: Perspectives From Magnetic Source Imaging. R.K. Olson, Genetic and Environmental Influences on Word-Reading Skills. C.L. Barr, J.M. Couto, Molecular Genetics of Reading. E.L. Grigorenko, Four "Nons" of the Brain-Genes Connection. S.B. Piasta, R.K. Wagner, Dyslexia: Identification and Classification. J.M. Royer, R. Walles, Fluency Training as an Alternative Intervention for Reading-Disabled and Poor Readers. S.J. Frost, R. Sandak, D. Moore, G.D. Porta, J.G. Rueckl, W.E. Mencl, K.R. Pugh, Neurobiological Studies of Skilled and Impaired Word Reading: An Update and Synthesis. J.S. Magnuson, Nondeterminism, Pleiotropy, and Single Word Reading: Theoretical and Practical Concerns.
Management of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 in adolescent and young women.

Abstract Study Objective To evaluate regression rates among adolescents (aged ≤21) with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2 managed expectantly and to determine factors associated with disease regression. Design Cohort study using a colposcopic database of 2,996 women seen between August 1999 and November 2005. Setting Colposcopy clinic in urban, tertiary care medical center. Participants Adolescents with CIN 2. Routine management consisted of two options: immediate treatment or repeat colposcopic evaluation in 6 months. Main Outcome Measures For those managed conservatively, regression was defined either as a subsequent normal colposcopy and/or biopsy and at least 2 smears read as negative for epithelial abnormality or at least 3 consecutive negative smears if repeat colposcopy was not performed. Demographic information, including age, was assessed to determine possible associations with disease regression. Results Of the 93 adolescents, 53 (57%) elected to undergo immediate treatment with a diagnostic excisional procedure, and 40 (43%) chose management with colposcopic follow-up. Of those treated, high-grade disease (CIN 2+) was found in 40 (75%). Of the 36 young women followed conservatively (4 were lost to follow-up), regression after a median follow-up time of 378 days was documented in 14 (39%). Of the 22 adolescents not fulfilling our criteria for regression, only 3 had evidence of CIN 2 or worse during follow-up. The remaining 19 had either CIN 1 or mildly abnormal cytologic results. Kaplan-Meier survival estimates indicated younger age (≤16 years) tended to be associated with decreased time to regression. Conclusion Based on significant regression of CIN 2 among adolescent women, primary management in this population should consist of cytologic and colposcopic follow-up.
Cloning and expression of the rabbit prostaglandin EP2 receptor

Background: Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) has multiple physiologic roles mediated by G protein coupled receptors designated E-prostanoid, or "EP" receptors. Evidence supports an important role for the EP 2 receptor in regulating fertility, vascular tone and renal function. Results: The full-length rabbit EP 2 receptor cDNA was cloned. The encoded polypeptide contains 361 amino acid residues with seven hydrophobic domains. COS-1 cells expressing the cloned rabbit EP2 exhibited specific [ 3 H]PGE2 binding with a Kd of 19.1± 1.7 nM. [ 3 H]PGE2 was displaced by unlabeled ligands in the following order: PGE 2 >>PGD 2 =PGF 2α =iloprost. Binding of [3H]PGE 2 was also displaced by EP receptor subtype selective agonists with a rank order of affinity consistent with the EP2 receptor (butaprost>AH13205>misoprostol>sulprostone). Butaprost free acid produced a concentration-dependent increase in cAMP accumulation in rabbit EP2 transfected COS-1 cells with a half-maximal effective concentration of 480 nM. RNase protection assay revealed high expression in the ileum, spleen, and liver with lower expression in the kidney, lung, heart, uterus, adrenal gland and skeletal muscle. In situ hybridization localized EP2 mRNA to the uterine endometrium, but showed no distinct localization in the kidney. EP2 mRNA expression along the nephron was determined by RT-PCR and its expression was present in glomeruli, MCD, tDL and CCD. In cultured cells EP2 receptor was not detected in collecting ducts but was detected in renal interstitial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. EP2 mRNA was also detected in arteries, veins, and preglomerular vessels of the kidney. Conclusion: EP2 expression pattern is consistent with the known functional roles for cAMP coupled PGE 2 effects in reproductive and vascular tissues and renal interstitial cells. It remains uncertain whether it is also expressed in renal tubules.
The Impact of Macrophage Nucleotide Pools on HIV-1 Reverse Transcription, Viral Replication, and the Development of Novel Antiviral Agents

Macrophages are ubiquitous and represent a significant viral reservoir for HIV-1. Macrophages are nondividing, terminally differentiated cells, which have a unique cellular microenvironment relative to actively dividing T lymphocytes, all of which can impact HIV-1 infection/replication, design of inhibitors targeting viral replication in these cells, emergence of mutations within the HIV-1 genome, and disease progression. Scarce dNTPs drive rNTP incorporation into the proviral DNA in macrophages but not lymphocytes. Furthermore, the efficacy of a ribose-based inhibitor that potently inhibits HIV-1 replication in macrophages, has prompted a reconsideration of the previously accepted dogma that 2′-deoxy-based inhibitors demonstrate effective inhibition of HIV-1 replication. Additionally, higher levels of dUTP and rNTP incorporation in macrophages, and lack of repair mechanisms relative to lymphocytes, provide a further mechanistic understanding required to develop targeted inhibition of viral replication in macrophages. Together, the concentrations of dNTPs and rNTPs within macrophages comprise a distinctive cellular environment that directly impacts HIV-1 replication in macrophages and provides unique insight into novel therapeutic mechanisms that could be exploited to eliminate virus from these cells.
Light and ultrastructural features of lymphoepithelial lesions of the salivary glands in Mikulicz's disease.

This investigation deals with the histogenesis of the so-called ‘epimyoepithelial islands’ in Mikulicz's disease of the major salivary glands and is based on light and electron microscopic sludy in six patients. The ‘epimyoepithelial islands’ represent collapsed acini prior to their complete involution and disappearance, the intraductal cellular proliferation, stratification and differentiation into luminal and peripheral myoepithelial cells with partial and complete obliteration of their lumina and finally, cord-like proliferation and formation of nests of residual pluripotential cells showing squamous metaplasia and occasional myoepithelial cell differentiation. A pink, homogenous and hyaline material on light microscopic examination is multilayered and extracellular and is in close association with the basal lamina when viewed with electron microscope.
Design, capabilities, and performance of the miniaturized airborne GPS receiver

The authors describe the design, functional capabilities, and performance characteristics of the DoD standard five-channel miniaturized (less than 3/8 ATR) airborne GPS (Global Positioning System) receiver. The details of the receiver's hardware and software architectures are presented, along with a description of its functional capabilities. In addition, performance data captured during both stationary and dynamic testing, with or without host vehicle aiding, and under jammed and unjammed conditions, are presented. >
Autonomous control of a scale model of a trailer-truck using an obstacle-avoidance path-planning hierarchy

A scale model of a tractor-trailer truck was developed as a testbed for control algorithms. The truck operates in autonomous or semi-autonomous modes. An on-board Pentium computer with a PC104 bus performs the computations and data collection. Various sensors and a wireless transceiver are on-board the truck. Our research focus has been in the autonomous control of vehicles using intelligent systems. For this document we have employed a multi-resolutional hierarchy to plan a path for the tractor-trailer truck. The hierarchy starts with a simple path then warps it around obstacles. The modular construction of the hierarchy allows more intelligent agents to perform some of tasks. The current system has some limitations as to the placement of obstacles, however, it is an extremely fast algorithm and is able to handle some motion of the obstacles.
Local economic development and cross‐border networks

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to apply a model of regional networks and governance to cross‐border cases for the purpose of identifying determinants that help local governments overcome barriers and promote interaction in border areas most susceptible to globalization realities, namely “old economy” manufacturing and industrial centers. It aims to draw together research from a variety of perspectives on regional networks and explore efforts by two local European communities and one local US community to respond to the challenges posed by the global economy by interviewing stakeholders in territories that have experienced significant deindustrialization.Design/methodology/approach – Interviews were conducted with local, regional and central government officials, as well as private sector actors, in the Italian region of the Marches and in the countries of Luxembourg and the USA.Findings – The study's preliminary findings show a range of networks across several arenas closely associated with econom...
Analysis and comparison of hot-potato and single-buffer deflection routing in very high bit rate optical mesh networks

The steady state behavior of regular two-connected multihop networks in uniform traffic under a hot-potato and a simple single-buffer deflection routing technique is analyzed for very high bit rate optical applications. Manhattan Street Network and ShuffleNet are compared in terms of throughput, delay, deflection probability, and hop distribution both analytically and by simulation. It is analytically verified that this single-buffer deflection routing technique recovers in both networks more than 60% of the throughput loss of hot-potato with respect to store-and-forward when packets are generated with independent destinations. This gain, however, decreases to below 40% when the average message length exceeds 20 packets. >
Flood prediction in the future: Recognizing hydrologic issues in anticipation of the Global Precipitation Measurement mission

[1] The planned Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission beckons hydrologists as an opportunity to improve flood prediction capability for medium to large river basins, especially in the underdeveloped world where in situ precipitation gauge networks are sparse. However, before the potential of GPM can be realized, there are a number of hydrologic issues that must be addressed. In particular, we argue that unless there is a shift in paradigm, the conventional assessment frameworks and metrics for estimation of precipitation from satellite sensors will remain inadequate for hydrologic purposes such as flood prediction. We also argue that greater emphasis must be placed on development of hydrologically relevant precipitation estimation algorithms and that this will require involvement of a broader cross section of the hydrologic community.
The Restatement As “New Rules”

Drafting a Restatement seems very distinct from rule-making, particularly the type engaged in by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), United Nations Commission on Trading Law (UNCITRAL) and the International Bar Association (IBA). This chapter demonstrates that, while many differences exist, there are also inescapable points of similarity. The Restatement is, inevitably, ushering in "new rules." These new rules will enable U.S. courts to make more systematic and consistent decisions regarding issues involving international arbitration agreements and awards. As a result, it will facilitate greater predictability, and consequently allow more careful planning by both foreign and domestic parties, and the counsel who represent them. This chapter proceeds in four parts. The first three parts compare, in turn, the objectives, constituencies and processes for adopting "new rules" in other contexts and in the Restatement project. The final part sketches a few substantive examples of the "new rules" implemented through the Restatement. Keywords:"new rules"; constituency; international arbitration; International Bar Association (IBA); International Chamber of Commerce (ICC); Restatement; U.S. court; UNCITRAL