cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Density and Speed of Sound Measurements of Jet A and S-8 Aviation Turbine Fuels

The density and speed of sound were measured for three samples of aviation jet fuel A and a synthetic fuel (S-8) derived from the Fischer−Tropsch process. Measurements of density and speed of sound were carried out at ambient pressure (83 kPa) with a rapid characterization instrument from 278.15 to 343.15 K. Density measurements of the compressed liquids ranged from 270 to 470 K with pressures to 30 MPa. A total of 529 experimental points are reported. The density measurements are correlated within 0.1% with a modified Tait equation, and adiabatic compressibilities are derived from the density and speed of sound data at ambient pressure.
Composite image formation in z-shimmed functional MR imaging.

.efficiency, since multiple acquisitions are required to form a single composite image free of static field effects. To date, an analysis of the formation of composite images using multiple z-shim acquisitions has not been presented. This work compares 3 strategies for forming composite images. True versus false positive rates of activation detection, are considered, in addition to the time efficiency using theory, computer simulations, and fMRI studies. Theory The magnetization in the slice select direction, M,,(z), in the presence of a field inhomogeneity gradient Gzi is given, by M&z) = M(Z)e-i~F The exponential term describes the phase dispersion across the slice that leads to signal loss. This phase may be re-wound with the appropriate compensation gradient offset, G,, on the slice select rephase lobe for the z-gradient. If multiple images are collected each with a different gradient offset then each image will compensate for a different amount of phase dispersion. Multiple acquisitions are needed to form a single image compensated everywhere. Time constraints limit the number of offsets that can be collected to 2 or 3. Adjacent acquisitions may be combined to form compensated composite images a number of ways. Two simple methods are maximum intensity projection (MIP) and the square root of the sum of squares (SSQ). The MIP approach is defined as I camp =max{Gc1,Gc2,Gc3~...~Gc~}
Chemoselective immobilization of biomolecules through aqueous Diels-Alder and PEG chemistry.

Aqueous Diels–Alder chemistry combined with a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) spacer was used to immobilize a diverse group of biomolecules onto a solid surface. Briefly, α, ω linear PEG conjugates were synthesized containing cyclopentadiene in the α position and either biotin, lactose, or protein A in the ω position. Linkers were coupled to N-maleimide (EMC)-functionalized glass substrates, and surface immobilization of biomolecules was confirmed by confocal fluorescence imaging.
Computing adrenal uptakes with compact, fixed-size regions.

In planar nuclear medicine imaging of the adrenal gland, there are three requirements for an uptake determination: finding the region of interest, subtracting 'background', and converting cps to/tCi:. A computer program that covers each requirement is outlined. The region of interest is determined by a nearest-neighbor region-growing technique. It starts from an operator-chosen center, searches for the hottest pixeis, and terminates when a fixed-size region is found. If the resulting region is unacceptable, recourse to a second level of searching, which produces a more compact region, is possible. Background from underlying and overlying tissue is estimated from the average counts/pixel in a narrow "ring' surrounding the adrenal. Conv.~rsion to/~Ci is carried out by use of a calibration equation which requires a value for the adrenal depth. This ,ralue may be obtained from a lateral view. The program is available in listing form. For use with a Medical Data Systems A 2 computer, files can be transferred directly. Parameters which should be changed for the use of the program with another .~unera-coilimator system are noted.
Esthetic Use of a Free Gingival Autograft to Cover an Amalgam Tattoo: Report of Case

Amalgam tattooing of the labial gingiva in the maxillary anterior region can be extremely disfiguring to a patient with a high lip line. A case is described in which a palatal gingival autograft was performed.
The Philippine Refugee Processing Center: a case study

: The sociopolitical and linguistic context of the Philippine Refugee Processing Center makes it an interesting case study for those interested in formal language testing. This paper will examine the status of language testing in two ESL training programs in the Refugee Processing Center. We will also focus on three issues related to formal language testing: (1) what are the purposes of formal language tests according to various interest groups, (2) why there was resistance to formal language testing, and (3) what were some alternative forms of language assessment used in the two training programs.
An analysis of cracks emanating from a circular hole in unidirectional fiber-reinforced composites

An analytical method is developed for cracks emanating from a circular hole in an off-axis unidirectional fiber-reinforced composite. The method which is formulated by using conservation laws of elasticity and fundamental relationships in anisotropic fracture mechanics, provides a convenient and accurate means to examine the complicated crack behavior, when used in conjunction with a suitable numerical scheme such as the finite element method. The formulation is eventually reduced to a system of linear algebraic equations of mixed-mode stress intensity factors. Fracture parameters, describing crack-tip deformation and fracture in the composite, are obtained explicitly. Effects of material anisotropy and crack/hole geometry are examined also. Of particular interest are the energy release rates associated with crack extension; their values are evaluated for various cases. Results show that mixed-mode stress intensity factors and energy release rates associated with the cracks emanating from a hole change very appreciably with fiber orientation in the composite. K sub 1 and G increase monotonically with increasing theta; but K sub 2 reaches its maximum at theta = 45 deg, and then decreases gradually as theta increases further.
Crosslinking in keratins. I. Theory for solubility on simultaneous chain scission and crosslink cleavage

For a crosslinked polymer with a uniform molecular weight distribution we derive expressions for the amount soluble after any amount of crosslink cleavage or chain scission. Two closed-form results are obtained. One is an approximate form based on the formalism of Charlesby and is usable for most needs. The other, based on a degradation distribution from Montroll and Simha, is exact but rather more cumbersome. We compare numerical results from each approach.
Environmental legacy: the impact of the manufactured gas industry in the United States

Levels of concern over the air and water impacts of U.S. industrial wastes have existed for over a century. A focus on land contamination is a more recent development but also has earlier antecedents. Air, water, and land pollution were a matter of societal concern, even though they were not necessarily identified as “environmental” effects, and information about them can be found in a variety of reports and court cases. This paper will examine the pollution effects of the manufactured gas industry—an industry that was widely distributed in cities and towns throughout the nation in the period from approximately 1825–1950.
Evidence that human histidine triad nucleotide binding protein 3 (Hint3) is a distinct branch of the histidine triad (HIT) superfamily.

Abstract Human Hint3 (hHint3) has been classified as a member of the histidine triad nucleotide (Hint) binding protein subfamily. While Hint1 is ubiquitously expressed by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, Hint3 is found only in eukaryotes. Previously, our laboratory has characterized and compared the aminoacyl-adenylate and nucleoside phosphoramidate hydrolase activity of hHint1 and Escherichia coli hinT. In this study, hHint3-1(Ala36) and its single nucleotide polymorphism, hHint3-2 (A36G variant), were cloned, overexpressed, and purified. Steady-state kinetic studies with a synthetic fluorogenic indolepropinoic acyl-adenylate (AIPA) and with a series of fluorogenic tryptamine nucleoside phosphoramidates revealed that hHint3-1 and hHint3-2 are adenylate and phosphoramidate hydrolases with apparent second-order rate constants ( k cat / K m ) ranging from 10 2 to 10 6 s − 1 M − 1 . Unlike hHint1, hHint3-1 and hHint3-2 prefer AIPA over tryptamine adenosine phosphoramidate by factors of 33- and 16-fold, respectively. In general, hHint3s hydrolyze phosphoramidate 370- to 2000-fold less efficiently than hHint1. Substitution of the potential active-site nucleophile, His145, by Ala was shown to abolish the adenylate and phosphoramidate hydrolase activity for hHint3-1. However, 0.2–0.4% residual activity was observed for the H145A mutant of hHint3-2. Both hHint3-1 and hHint3-2 were found to hydrolyze lysyl-adenylate generated by human lysyl-tRNA synthetase (hLysRS) by proceeding through an adenylated protein intermediate. hLysRS-dependent labeling of hHint3-1 and hHint3-2 was found to depend on His145, which aligns with the His112 of the Hint1 active site. The extent of active-site His145-AMP labeling was shown to be similar to His112-AMP labeling of hHint1. In contrast to all previously characterized members of the histidine triad superfamily, which have been shown to exist exclusively as homodimers, wild type and the H145A of hHint3-1 were found to exist across a range of multimeric states, from dimers to octamers and even larger oligomers, while wild type and the H145A of hHint3-2 exist predominantly in a monomeric state. The differences in oligomeric state may be important in vivo , because unlike tetracysteine-tagged Hint1, which was found along linear arrays exclusively in the cytoplasm in transfected HeLa cells, tagged Hint3-1 and Hint3-2 were found as aggregates both in the cytosol and in the nucleus. Taken together, these results imply that while Hint3 and Hint1 prefer aminoacyl-adenylates as substrates and catalytically interact with aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, the significant differences in phosphoramidase activity, oligomeric state, and cellular localization suggest that Hint3s should be placed in a distinct branch of the histidine triad superfamily.
Left heart studies in mitral stenosis with special reference to intracardiac phonocardiography.

Abstract 1. 1. A study was made of 33 patients with mitral valve disease by means of left and right heart catheterization, conventional phonocardiography and intracardiac phonocardiography of the right and left heart. The intracardiac phonocardiogram was recorded by the electronic method from the catheter used for recording pressures. Fourteen cases were operated upon, and 2 of them were examined at autopsy. The severity of the diagnosis was confirmed by the surgeon. 2. 2. A minor delay (10 milliseconds) was found in the vibrations of the intracardiac phonocardiogram over those of the external phonocardiogram. These are inherent in the method used. 3. 3. The intracardiac phonocardiogram proved of great utility in identifying the murmurs, their point of origin, their phase and mechanism. Greater amplitude of the third or fourth sound, and of the opening snap, was often found. 4. 4. A comparative study of the intracardiac sounds and pressures revealed that the first sound is delayed over the point of crossing of the ventricular and atrial pressures, and that the opening snap is delayed over the point of crossing of the atrial and ventricular pressures, confirming data already gathered in an experimental study. 5. 5. The first sound of the left side of the heart often followed that of the right side. This was particularly evident in cases with atrial fibrillation after a short diastole, and was true only in severe mitral stenosis. This confirms previous statements by others. 6. 6. Even though a relationship was found between Q-1 and 2-OS, respectively, and both the values of the left atrial mean pressure and the left atrial-left ventricular diastolic gradient, this relation was not as close as stated by previous authors, possibly because their data were based on right heart catheterization alone or catheterization plus surgical findings.
Surface morphology of mouse and rat thymic lymphocytes: An in situ scanning electron microscopic study

The present paper deals with a scanning electron microscopic investigation which was undertaken in order to make a direct study of geometrical conformations of thymocytes, to determine the effect of external mechanical forces and finally to analyse the relation of the cell surface morphology to the differentiation and release of thymocytes into circulation. Thymocytes in situ revealed a striking polyhedral configuration with distinct edges and angles that permit a close orientation of cells in a minimum space. This conformation is probably acquired under the influence of forces in the microenvironment of the cells. The immature thymocytes in the cortex were smooth surfaced and constituted a homogeneous population with regards to surface morphology except for slight variations in the size and angles of various facets of the polyhedra. A minority of the cell population occupying the medulla, however, exhibited a departure in possessing surface undulations and stubby protuberances. Thymocytes isolated in suspension and those in postcapillary venules of thymus did not show the polyhedral shape characteristic of the cells in thymic tissue. They were always rounded, with their surfaces often exhibiting undulations or microvilli The variations observed in situ are discussed in light of external mechanical forces, cell surface characteristics and the inherent properties of differentiating thymocytes.
Glutamate and Dopamine in Nucleus Accumbens Core and Shell: Sequence Learning Versus Performance

Abstract This study sought to determine whether neurochemical changes associated with chronic postweaning lead (Pb) exposure, namely, enhanced dopamine (DA) activity and/or blockade of NMDA function in nucleus accumbens (NAC), underlie the learning impairments also associated with this Pb regimen, and whether core or shell subregions of nucleus accumbens would be more important to such effects. If so, then mimicking these neurochemical changes in normal (control) rats should reproduce these Pb-induced learning impairments. For this purpose, the effects of DA (20–80 μ g), the non-competitive NMDA antagonist MK-801 (1.0–2.5 μ g) or DA + MK -801 (40+1.0, 80+2.5 μ g) were infused in core or shell of nucleus accumbens in normal rats and effects on a multiple schedule of repeated learning (RL) and performance (P) evaluated. In core, MK-801 mimicked the effects of Pb exposure, selectively reducing RL accuracy with no corresponding changes in P accuracy, an effect derived from an increased frequency of perseverative errors. DA produced non-specific changes, reducing accuracy levels in RL and P components. Accuracy and rate effects of DA could be reversed by concurrent administration of the higher MK-801 dose. In shell, MK-801, primarily the lower dose, reduced accuracy in both the RL and P components, while DA did not produce any systematic effects. Collectively, these results point to a greater importance of core as compared to shell in the mediation of learning of spatial sequences, and suggest that inhibition of glutamatergic NMDA function may play a critical role in the selective learning impairments associated with chronic low level Pb exposure.
Antitoxic Immunity in Experimental Cholera: Comparison of Immunity Induced Perorally and Parenterally in Mice

Mice fed single, moderate doses of highly purified, relatively nontoxic antigenic equivalents of the enterotoxin (exotoxin) of Vibrio cholerae developed serum antibodies and became resistant to intraintestinal challenge with live vibrios and to the lethal effect of cholera toxin administered iv. The same antigens--choleragenoid, procholeragenoid, and formalin toxoid-were also effective when administered parenterally, but there were inversions of the relative activity of the antigens depending on the route of challenge; furthermore, the antigens may have side effects. The study clearly suggests that it may prove feasible and advantageous to immunize man against cholera by the oral route. It was also observed that orally administered toxin causes experimental cholera in mice. This may be a useful means of bioassay of the toxin, although it is difficult to demonstrate intestinal immunity to a bolus toxin challenge.
Function over form? Assessing the left atrium in heart failure

This editorial refers to ‘Left atrial function measured by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in patients with heart failure: clinical associations and prognostic value’, by P. Pellicori et al . on page doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehu405 The understanding of heart failure (HF) haemodynamics has traditionally focused on left ventricular (LV) structure and function, with the left atrium being viewed simply as a passive transport chamber that empties into the left ventricle. Over the last decade, there has been increasing recognition of the importance of left atrial (LA) structure and function in the pathophysiology of HF. LA volume was first to be established as a biomarker integrating the magnitude and duration of LV diastolic function, and a predictor of cardiovascular outcomes in HF. More recently, LA function has emerged as a novel determinant of clinical status and outcomes in HF, and perhaps an even more robust prognostic marker than LA volume ( Table 1 ). View this table: Table 1 Clinical significance of left atrial function in heart failure Pellicori et al . have now explored the prognostic relevance of one summary measure of LA function—LA emptying fraction (LAEF)—by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in HF.1 In this single-centre study of 759 patients with suspected HF and in sinus rhythm undergoing cardiac MRI, LAEF was lower on average among 664 patients with the confirmed diagnosis of HF. Lower LAEF correlated with larger LA maximal and conduit volumes, smaller LA reservoir volume, lower LV and right ventricular (RV) ejection fraction, greater LV and RV remodelling, and higher circulating N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels. Over a median follow-up of 3–4 years, LAEF, but not LA volume, was independently associated with incident HF hospitalization, cardiovascular mortality, all-cause mortality, and …
Distinct carbohydrate components of influenza virus glycoproteins in smooth and rough cytoplasmic membranes.

Abstract The incorporation of [ 3 H]glucosamine and [ 3 H]fucose into influenza virus hemagglutinin polypeptides in smooth and rough cytoplasmic membrane fractions was studied. Glucosamine was associated with the polypeptides in both fractions, whereas fucose label was incorporated into the polypeptides in smooth membranes, but not in rough membranes.
mRNA populations during wing development in the silkmoth Antheraea polyphemus.

Abstract Pupal wing tissue of the American silkmoth Antheraea polyphemus has been used as a model system to study 20-hydroxyecdysone and juvenile hormone control of cuticle protein synthesis. Juvenile hormone does not affect either the content or rate of synthesis of RNA and protein of the wing tissue, both of which show linear increases during the first few days of hormonal treatment. Based on the fractionation of total RNA on oligo-dT columns the percent of mRNA remains the same throughout development after both hormone treatments. However, both the amount of poly-A+ RNA in the wing tissue, and its content of poly-A show considerable increases as a function of development. The products of translation of the various poly-A+ RNA populations in the cell-free wheatgerm system have been analyzed by one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and fluorography. Qualitative changes occur during the first 24 h; the production of a mRNA coding for a protein of approx. 40 000 dalton is stimulated and the production of a mRNA coding for a protein of 29 000 dalton is greatly reduced. Only a few differences are observed between samples from the 2 hormone treatments. Over the next 5–15 days of development mainly quantitative changes are observed. Juvenile hormone application results in quantitative changes in specific mRNAs, but no new mRNAs unique to juvenile hormone action are observed. The data are consistent with the concept that in altering the epidermal developmental program, juvenile hormone is apparently modulating the action of 20-hydroxyecdysone.
Abstract B89: The influence of race/ethnicity on facility use and postsurgical hospitalization among Medicare beneficiaries with breast cancer

Background: Racial disparities in treatment and mortality among cancer patients are well documented, although some literature suggests that African Americans and Caucasians have similar mortality when treated in similar facilities. Racial differences in the types of facilities used for cancer care and the how intermediate outcomes may influence mortality are not well understood. The main goal of the project is to understand how women with breast cancer differ by race/ethnicity in their utilization of surgical facilities and to examine whether post-surgical hospitalization differs by race/ethnicity and facility characteristics. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included women with an incident breast cancer found in SEER-Medicare linked data (1998-2006). We examined race/ethnicity in relation to the following breast cancer surgical facility characteristics : nurse-bed ratio, breast cancer volume, rural/urban, teaching status, Disproportionate Share Hospital (DSH), status as a National Cancer Institute (NCI) Cancer Center, and membership in Cooperative Oncology Groups. We also developed logistic regression models to test the relations between race/ethnicity, facility characteristics, and hospitalization within 60 days of breast cancer surgery, while adjusting for other factors. Results: A total of 72,198 women with breast cancer attended an average of 1,046 facilities for breast cancer surgery from 1998-2006 and included 14,096 with a post-surgical hospitalization. Significant racial/ethnic differences in types of facilities used for breast surgery were seen. More African American women attended facilities with a nurse: bed ratio Conclusions: Significant differences by race are seen in the types of facilities used by women for breast cancer surgery. Both race/ethnicity and facility characteristics are associated with increased odds of post-surgical complications following breast cancer surgery. Differential use of certain types of facilities in relation to race, is likely to contribute to disparities in outcomes among women with breast cancer. Citation Information: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010;19(10 Suppl):B89.
pitfalls in evaluation of photosensitizing agents: An example with q‐switch II dye

Photosensitizing agents potentiating laser therapy should have limited toxicity, no mutagenicity, stable spectral characteristics, and acceptable solubility when administered in vivo. Q-Switch II dye (QII) has been shown by others to be an effective chromophore for photodynamic therapy at 1051 nm in fibroblast cell culture. The objective of this study was to determine the spectral stability of QII in biological media and then to localize QII after administration in vivo. Spectral evaluation was performed between 250 and 1100 nm
A Real-Time Scheme for Validation of an Auto-regressive Time Series Model for Power System Ambient Inter-area Mode Estimation

A lattice time series model may be used to estimate the inter-area electromechanical modes of a power system from measured synchrophasor data. The accuracy of these estimates is sensitive to the order of the model. This paper describes a methodology for real-time, order-recursive whiteness testing of the prediction errors. This hypothesis testing methodology may be used in conjunction with the lattice mode-meter algorithm to validate the model in real-time. Results are presented on a model of the western North American power system.
Happiness in Herodotus

In conversation with Croesus, Herodotus' Solon makes two important points about human happiness: a) any human life is filled with change, so a person's happiness cannot be evaluated properly until he or she has died; b) the rich and powerful are as subject to change as anyone else. This paper explores, first, how often and in what ways rich and powerful barbarians and Greeks fail to achieve happiness in the Histories and, secondly, the ways in which the conditions of human life for everyone, rich and poor, slave and free, male and female, as H. depicts them, really do fall far short of the seven kinds of happiness achieved, Solon says, by the otherwise unknown Tellus of Athens. Five of these kinds of happiness are ‘Odyssean’ and involve adequate health and prosperity, with surviving descendants, in a flourishing city. Two might rather be called ‘Iliadic,’ because they involve gaining kleos through a glorious death. Herodotus, however, redefines that kleos so that it comes not only from death in battle but...
Multiphonon-assisted tunneling through deep levels: A rapid energy-relaxation mechanism in nonideal quantum-dot heterostructures.

The presence of a deep-level trap coupled to a quantum-dot heterostructure is shown to provide a rapid energy-relaxation pathway through which electrons may thermalize. A capture process is considered whereby a free conduction-band electron is captured into the ground conduction-band state of a quantum dot by multiphonon-assisted tunneling through the trap. As an example calculation, transition rates for a 5 nm radius ${\mathrm{In}}_{0.5}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{0.5}$As/GaAs quantum dot coupled to the defect M1 are calculated as a function of separation between the quantum dot and the deep level. For separations less than \ensuremath{\approxeq}10 nm these rates are found to be in excess of ${10}^{10}$ ${\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ at 4.2 K. The result suggests that the presence of point defects may serve to enhance the luminescence efficiency of quantum-dot material. The physical situation described in this paper could only arise if the spatial distribution of defects were strongly correlated with that of the quantum-dot structures, e.g., through formation of interface states or point defects as a consequence of the growth process. With this caveat, the proposed mechanism may possibly explain the failure to observe a significant phonon bottleneck effect in recent work on ${\mathrm{In}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{\mathit{x}}$As quantum-dot structures [e.g., Appl. Phys. Lett. 64, 2815 (1994)].
Assessment of functional status and quality of life in claudication

Background Treadmill walking is commonly used to evaluate walking impairment and efficacy of treatment for intermittent claudication (IC) in clinical and research settings. Although this is an important measure, it does not provide information about how patients perceive the effects of their treatments on more global measures of health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Methods PubMed/Medline was searched to find publications about the most commonly used questionnaires to assess functional status and/or general and disease-specific HRQOL in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) who experience IC. Inclusion criteria for questionnaires were based on existence of a body of literature in symptomatic PAD. Results Six general questionnaires and seven disease-specific questionnaires are included, with details about the number of domains covered and how each tool is scored. The Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36-item questionnaire and Walking Impairment Questionnaire are currently the most used general and disease-specific questionnaires at baseline and after treatment for IC, respectively. Conclusions The use of tools that assess functional status and HRQOL has importance in both the clinical and research areas to assess treatment efficacy from the patient's perspective. Therefore, assessing HRQOL in addition to treadmill-measured walking ability provides insight as to the effects of treatments on patient outcomes and may help guide therapy.
Oxidized low-density lipoproteins inhibit endothelial cell proliferation by suppressing basic fibroblast growth factor expression.

Background—Hyperlipidemia inhibits proliferation of endothelial cells (ECs) in culture and angiogenesis in vivo and in arterial explants. Elucidation of the mechanisms may suggest novel therapies against atherosclerosis. Methods and Results—Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) expression and mitogenic effects were assessed in bovine aortic ECs incubated with oxidized LDL (ox-LDL). Compared with native LDL and lipoprotein-free controls, ox-LDL reduced bFGF mRNA levels in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, 100 μg/mL producing a maximum reduction of 40% to 50% within 24 to 48 hours. There were commensurate reductions in intracellular and extracellular bFGF concentrations, DNA and total RNA syntheses, and cell replication. FGF receptor 1 and β-actin mRNA levels were unchanged. Ox-LDL accelerated bFGF mRNA degradation in actinomycin D–treated cells. However, inhibition of bFGF expression by ox-LDL was attenuated by cyclohexamide, indicating a requirement for continuous new protein synthesis for postt...
Virtual Reality Technology: A New Tool for Personnel Selection

The purpose of this article is to introduce virtual reality technology as a potential tool for personnel selection in organizations. We describe virtual reality technology, its hardware and software requirements, and some current applications. Then we propose specific types of job knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics (KSAOs) particularly suitable to being assessed using virtual reality technology. We emphasize KSAOs that hold the greatest promise in terms of yielding greater validity than more commonly used selection techniques. We hope the present article will stimulate and guide future empirical research on the potential of virtual reality technology as a personnel selection tool.
The Ascent of Channels with Memory

One of the great mysteries of neuroscience is why neurons express so many different types of ion channels with such wide-ranging expression heterogeneity. In this issue of Neuron, Garden and colleagues add a new piece to this puzzle by demonstrating that the "memory" of various functional maps in regions of the medial entorhinal cortex resides in conductance gradients of two types of ion channels expressed in layer II stellate neurons.
Longitudinal effects of hope on depression and anxiety: A latent variable analysis.

This study tested the prospective effects of hope on depression and anxiety using a longitudinal design. A sample of 522 college students completed self-report measures of hope, depression, and anxiety at three time points, with 1-month delays between administrations. Structural equation modeling was employed to test two cross-lagged panel models of the reciprocal effects of the Agency and Pathways components of hope on depression and anxiety. Results indicated statistically significant negative effects for the Agency component of hope on later depression but no unique effect of the Pathways component of hope on depression. Likewise, Agency showed a statistically significant negative effect on later anxiety, but again Pathways had no significant influence on anxiety. In both cases, neither depression nor anxiety demonstrated any longitudinal effects on either the Agency or Pathways components of hope. Implications of these findings are discussed, along with potential directions for future research.
TV Ads on saturday morning children's programming—what's new?

American children are spending more time watching television than ever before. In 1985, the Nielsen Company estimated that children in the 6to 11-year-old age group watch approximately 26 hours of TV per week (1). On a yearly basis, this amounts to more time than they spend in school. Excessive television viewing has been linked to increased between-meal snacking, consumption of foods that are not nutritious, and attempts by children to influence their parents' food purchases (2). In a recent study (3), Dietz and Gortmaker suggested a causal relationship between TV viewing and obesity in children. Several studies (4-9) have highlighted the impact that television food ads have on consumer buying and eating habits. In particular, Gussow (4) and Brown (9) examined the food advertising during children's television programming in the 1970s, and both researchers concluded that the advertising did not promite good eating habits or good health. Since the 1970s, Americans have purportedly become more health conscious. Yet, in a 1986 study (10), Dietz estimated that 25 to 30% of 6to 11-year-old children are obese. Because of the recently proposed association between TV viewing and obesity in children, it seemed timely to examine the current advertising on children's TV programs and compare it to the previously reported data in order to determine what, if any, changes have occurred in the last decade.
Citizenship versus ethnicity: The role of institutions in shaping identity choice

This paper examines the role that political institutions play in inducing or subduing ethnic identification. I provide a formal model of ethnic identification as a function of institutional design and social context that focuses on one question: what kinds of institutions will induce individuals to identify with the state rather than along ethnic lines? Among other things, the model offers predictions about when political institutions are capable of inducing a national identity. I conclude with an application of the model to the question of institutional design in Iraq. The model provides one explanation for why a period of low Sunni representation in Iraqi government would increase sectarianism, and why a more proportional Iraqi parliament may not remedy the problem.
Granuloma inguinale (venereum) in the female

Definition. GranuIoma inguinaIe (venereum) is a chronic specific infection chieff y of the skin and subcutaneous tissues, and in the femaIe primariIy invoIves the externaI genitalia or the inguina1 region. Less frequentIy the vagina or the cervix is the primary site of the disease. The causa1 organism is beIieved to be the Donovan body. The disease is probabIy venerea1 in origin and occurs most commonIy in the coIored race. Etiology. It is generaIIy accepted that the Donovan body is the causative agent. SeveraI investigators, however, beIieve it is due to a baciIIus beIonging to the mucosus capsuIatus group of FriedIander. McIntosh’ claims to have grown this organism on various ordinary cuIture media, but this couId not be substantiated by Dienst, GreenbIatt and Sanderson who have been unabIe to cuhivate the Donovan bodies in spite of the fact that on severa occasions they fortunateIy obtained the organism free from any type of bacteria from unruptured pseudo-buboes. They are convinced that the organism is not a bacterium. De Monbreun and Goodpasture recovered the Donovan bodies from artificiaIIy infected monkeys. One of us (R. B. G.) has succeeded in transmitting the disease from one patient to another with recovery of the organism in a pure state from the inoculated person one month and two months afterwards. The disease is thought to be venerea1 because the primary Iesion most often appears on the genitaha, and onIy during the period of active sex rife of its victims. Individual susceptibiIity, uncIeanIiness and race are important etioIogic factors. It is possibIe that the disease may be transmitted by some insect vector, but this has never been proved. Pathology. Pund and GreenbIatt* summarize the pathoIogy thus: “GranuIoma venereum reveaIs in the pure or unmixed cases a uniform histoIogic picture. The essentia1 features are (a) the massiveness of the celIuIar reaction in which the Iuxuriant granuIation tissue is surcharged with pIasma ceIIs; (b) the relative and conspicuous paucity of Iymphocytes; (c) the diffuse sprinkIing of poIymorphonucIear Ieucocytes, with foca1 coIIections in the superficies and papiIIae; (d) the pronounced margina epitheIia1 proIiferation simuIating earIy epithehomatous changes; and (e) the pathognomonic Iarge mononucIear celIs scattered in various numbers throughout the granuIation tissue. (Fig. I.) “The pathognomonic celI is specific for granuIoma venereum. The reIativeIy Iarge size of the ceI1, the diameter of which varies from 25 to go microns, and the many intracytopIasmic cysts flied with deepIy stained bodies are its cardina1 features. Donovan bodies are round or rod-Eke and are grouped peripheraIIy within the cysts
Absorption of water by plants

This review is concerned primarily with the nature and origin of the forces bringing about movement of water from soil or other media surrounding roots into the conducting elements of the xylem, and with those internal and external factors which affect the rate of such movement. Absorption of water is not an independent process, but is closely related to other processes included in the domain of plant water relations. The rate of water intake is markedly affected by the rate of transpiration and by the extent and condition of the root systems. It is also affected by such environmental factors as the available moisture content of the soil, soil temperature, soil aeration, and to a lesser extent by the kind and concentration of ions in the soil. Some phases of the work discussed in this review naturally are incomplete and do not permit formulation of definite conclusions concerning certain aspects of the absorption problem. Where the writer has drawn conclusions or made generalizations they seem to be those most justifiable on the basis of the available evidence. It is realized, however, that as knowledge of these processes increases it may be necessary to modify some of the present conclusions. It is impossible to cite all the literature, but most of the papers cited have bibliographies in which the reader can locate other papers dealing with any particular phase of the field.
Giant cell tumor of uterus resembling osseous giant cell tumor: case report and review of literature.

Osteoclast-like giant cells (OLGCs) are multinucleated cells of histiocytic lineage and have been identified in a wide array of neoplasms. In the uterus, they have most frequently been reported in association with leiomyosarcomas. This article describes a case of an osteoclast-like giant cell–rich uterine tumor that was essentially indistinguishable at the morphologic and immunophenotypic levels, from typical giant cell tumor of bone. This is the first example of such a case that has been reported in the uterus to the authors’ knowledge.
Prediction of orthodontic band sizes from selected teeth

Abstract An attempt was made to predict orthodontic band sizes from the band sizes of certain key teeth. In order to accomplish this, a study was designed to relate individual teeth to each other from a tooth size measurement. Various studies which had looked at tooth size from a mesiodistal standpoint were discussed. Some of these studies had observed a correlation between one tooth and another within the same individual. We decided to examine tooth circumference as a prediction. Fifty-three patients about to undergo active orthodontic treatment were selected for this study. Band sizes, which are really circumferential measurements, were recorded on prepared forms by the orthodontists involved in the study. A statistical correlation was made between the band sizes of certain key teeth in the dental arch and the remainder of the teeth in an attempt to simplify the selection of the preformed bands for a given patient. These data were subjected to additional analysis to determine whether an appropriate tooth could be used as the independent variable in predicting the band sizes for the remaining teeth. It was concluded from this study that the band size for the second premolar was sometimes significantly related to the band size for the canine and lateral incisor and only generally related to the band size for the central incisors. There appears to be a strong relationship between right and left counterparts. Finally, band size correlations were higher in the maxillary arch than in the mandibular arch. Other analyses were made from our data. Band size figures were examined for sex differences in case of predictability, with no significant differences being found. When the data were compared for intra-arch relationships, a very high correlation was observed between left and right band sizes. An experienced orthodontist could probably do as well as these prediction models. Still, these models may be useful in training dental auxiliary personnel in band selection.
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiphene) (PEDOT)-Modified Anodes: Reduced Methanol Crossover in Direct Methanol Fuel Cells

A new method to reduce methanol crossover in fuel cells is presented. This approach relies on coating an anode gas diffusion layer with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), which is achieved by an electropolymerization method. Methanol permeability through commercially available gas diffusion layers was reduced from 4.5 × 10−5 to as low as 1.8 × 10−6 cm2 s−1. The use of the polymer increased the specific resistance from 0.07 to as high as 2.5 Ω cm2. Fuel cell testing demonstrated a positive shift in cell voltage of about 70 mV in the low current density region of the polarization curves.
Reactions of adjacent substituents on polymer chains: Combinatorial consequences of the mechanism

This paper deals with a statistical problem arising from the pairwise reaction of immediately adjacent substituents along the backbone of a linear polymer chain. The possibility arises that a given substituent becomes unavailable for reaction as a result of the reaction of its nearest neighbors on either side. Previous treatments of this problem have not explicitly taken the consequences of the reaction mechanism into account. In this paper, it is shown that the expected number of unreacted substituents remaining after exhaustive pairwise reaction is a function of the reaction mechanism. For example, in the case of the chain model adopted here, which corresponds to a perfectly regular head-to-tail vinyl halide (-CH2-CHX-), we show that the fraction of halide atoms remaining after exhaustive removal is equal to 0.1233. The result is compared with results obtained from previous work.
Altered spinal motion in low back pain associated with lumbar strain and spondylosis.

Study Design We present a patient-specific computer model created to translate two-dimensional (2D) fluoroscopic motion data into three-dimensional (3D) in vivo biomechanical motion data. Objective The aim of this study is to determine the in vivo biomechanical differences in patients with and without acute low back pain. Current dynamic imaging of the lumbar spine consists of flexion–extension static radiographs, which lack sensitivity to out-of-plane motion and provide incomplete information on the overall spinal motion. Using a novel technique, in-plane and coupled out-of-plane rotational motions are quantified in the lumbar spine. Methods A total of 30 participants—10 healthy asymptomatic subjects, 10 patients with low back pain without spondylosis radiologically, and 10 patients with low back pain with radiological spondylosis—underwent dynamic fluoroscopy with a 3D-to-2D image registration technique to create a 3D, patient-specific bone model to analyze in vivo kinematics using the maximal absolute rotational magnitude and the path of rotation. Results Average overall in-plane rotations (L1–L5) in patients with low back pain were less than those asymptomatic, with the dominant loss of motion during extension. Those with low back pain also had significantly greater out-of-plane rotations, with 5.5 degrees (without spondylosis) and 7.1 degrees (with spondylosis) more out-of-plane rotational motion per level compared with asymptomatic subjects. Conclusions Subjects with low back pain exhibited greater out-of-plane intersegmental motion in their lumbar spine than healthy asymptomatic subjects. Conventional flexion–extension radiographs are inadequate for evaluating motion patterns of lumbar strain, and assessment of 3D in vivo spinal motion may elucidate the association of abnormal vertebral motions and clinically significant low back pain.
Complex Langevin simulation of non-abelian flux integrals☆

Abstract We apply complex Langevin techniques to calculate averages with non-positive “probability”. Some integrals inspired by the flux calculations in SU(2) lattice gauge theory are successfully simulated.
A FRAMEWORK FOR FAILURE RECOVERY IN A MANUFACTURING CELL

The maturity level of an automated manufacturing system can be measured by the failure-recovery capability of the system. This paper addresses the unique characteristics of failure-recovery problems in manufacturing cells, suggests a framework to cope with the problems, and presents a recovery strategy. Opportunistic and incremental problem-solving concepts of a blackboard architecture are adopted for building the framework. A case-based strategy has been developed, which uses both heuristic knowledge and historical information to resolve the cause of failures in diverse situations. An example of tool breakage is presented which illustrates the concepts of the above-mentioned framework and strategy. Prototype software has been implemented in the object-oriented language Smalltalk-80 for this purpose.
The Challenges of Political Instruction in a Post-9/11 United States

In the decade since the attacks of September 11th, the political climate in the United States has become increasingly intolerant of opposing viewpoints. This climate, made nearly ubiquitous by 24-hour news cycles and increased exposure to political media, poses quite a challenge to teachers wishing to broach political topics as part of their curriculum. This article highlights a few of the issues secondary educators will face when engaging in political instruction and offers practical, research-based solutions to these issues.
K-SHELL CORRELATION-STATE SPECTRA IN FORMAMIDE

Abstract Carbon, nitrogen and oxygen K-shell correlation-state spectra give detailed qualitative confirmations of predictions by Basch. This prototypical study, with 1s holes on three different elements, shows that π-π * excitations are differentially stabilized according to the location of the 1s hole.
Assessment of NSF application benchmarks on SGI Altix machines and Cray Opteron cluster

The National Science Foundation released a set of application benchmarks that would be a key factor in selecting the next-generation high-performance computing environment. These benchmarks consist of six codes that require large amount of memory and work with large data sets. Here we study the complexity, performance and scalability of these codes on three SGI machines: a 512-processor Altix 3700, a 512-processor Altix 3700/BX2 and 512-processor dual-core based Altix 4700; and a 128-processor Cray Opteron cluster interconnected by the Myrinet network. We evaluated these codes for two different problem sizes using different numbers of processors. Our results show that some of these codes scale up very well as we increase the number of processors while others scaled up poorly. Also, one code achieved about 2/3 of the peak rate of an SGI Altix processor. Moreover, the dual-core system achieved comparable performance results to the single-core system.