cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamically consistent decompression: Implications for lower mantle composition

Estimates of the composition of the lower mantle are commonly obtained by a process of adiabatic decompression, in which zero-pressure mantle parameters are determined with a least squares fit of an equation of state to mantle densities. We show that this procedure may lead to biased estimates of the zero-pressure density and compressibility of the mantle. The bias can be eliminated or minimized by subjecting the equation of state fit to a thermodynamic constraint at zero pressure. Such inversions provide equations of state that are compatible with the lower mantle as well as the thermal properties of selected mineral models. We used this method to evaluate assemblages containing (Mg, Fe)SiO3 perovskite and (Mg, Fe)O, with Fe/(Fe+Mg) ratios as high as 0.2. Thermodynamic systematics were used to place bounds on the Anderson-Gruneisen parameter δs for perovskite. We find a fairly large range of acceptable models for the composition of the lower mantle. They range from uppermantle-like compositions to assemblages that are enriched in both Si and Fe relative to the upper mantle. However, a pure perovskite lower mantle, whether enriched in Fe or not, seems improbable. Small Fe enrichments of the order of 1%, given density contrasts across the 670-km discontinuity that are probably insufficient to prevent convective mixing of the upper and lower mantles. We therefore suggest that unless the mantle is homogeneous in its major oxide components, the lower mantle is likely to be enriched in Fe by at least several percent.
Small ball estimates for Brownian motion and the Brownian sheet

Small ball estimates are obtained for Brownian motion and the Brownian sheet when balls are given by certain Holder norms. As an application of these results we include a functional form of Chung's LIL in this setting.
Performance results of the simplex algorithm for a set of real-world linear programming models

This paper provides performance results using the SPERRY UNIVAC 1100 Series linear programming product FMPS to solve a set of 16 real-world linear programming problems. As such, this paper provides a data point for the actual performance of a commercial simplex algorithm on real-world linear programming problems and shows that the simplex algorithm is a linear time algorithm in actual performance. Correlations and performance relationships not previously available are also provided.
Abnormal Hue‐Angle change of the gemstone tanzanite between CIE illuminants d65 and a in CIELAB color space

The blue-to-purple color appearance change observed in some rare specimens of the gemstone tanzanite between daylight and incandescent light is contrary to the hue-angle change calculated between CIE illuminants D65 and A in CIELAB color space. This abnormal calculated hue-angle change for tanzanite can be corrected by using the spectral sensitivity functions of the three kinds of cone photoreceptors to directly calculate color. This study suggests that the cone spectral sensitivity functions are more fundamental in color calculations than the CIE color-matching functions.
Ultrafast Dynamics of Porphyrins in the Condensed Phase: II. Zinc Tetraphenylporphyrin†

Femtosecond spectroscopic studies of zinc tetraphenylporphyrin (ZnTPP) in benzene and dichloromethane are reported, combining both fluorescence up-conversion and transient absorption measurements. The purpose is to investigate the initial electronic and vibrational relaxation of the S_1 and S_2 excited states, in a system in which interference from solvent rearrangement is insignificant as evidenced by the small Stokes shift in the fluorescence. Excitation of the low-lying singlet excited state (S_1) results in nanosecond relaxation, while excitation to S_2, the Soret band, leads to multiple electronic and vibrational relaxation time scales of S_2 and S_1 populations, from hundreds of femtoseconds to tens of picoseconds. The systematic and detailed studies reported here reveal that the Soret fluorescence band decays with a lifetime in benzene of 1.45 ps for excitation at 397 nm, while emission monitored at the same wavelength, but for two-photon 550 nm excitation, decays biexponentially with 200 fs and 1.0 ps time constants. In addition, the Soret fluorescence decay lifetime for 397 nm excitation is distinctly longer than the rise time of S_1 fluorescence for the same excitation, which varies with wavelength. These observations are consistent with the model presented here in which the Soret band structure consists of absorption from S_0 to two manifolds of states with distinct electronic and vibrational couplings to S_1 and higher electronic states. To compare with literature, we also measured the S_2 lifetime in dichloromethane and found it to be 1.9 ps, a lengthening from its value in benzene. However, the transient fluorescence intensity is greatly reduced. These observations in dichloromethane provide evidence of an ultrafast (<100 fs) channel for electron transfer from ZnTPP to dichloromethane for a subset of excited molecules in favorably oriented contact with the solvent, that is, a bifurcation of population. Finally, solvent-induced vibrational relaxation of the S_1 population following internal conversion from S_2 occurs over a range of time scales (picoseconds to tens of picoseconds) depending on the wavelength (fluorescence or transient absorption), and the observed rate indeed changes with solvent.
Small business incubators in the USA: a historical review and preliminary research findings

Purpose – The aim of this study was to discuss the historical evolution of business incubators from 1959 to the present. Three cohort periods were defined: 1959-1979, 1980-1999 and 2000-2012. The business characteristics of corporate mission, plans and strategies, leadership/management, staff competence and expertise, facilities and resources and technology were described for each generation. Design/methodology/approach – The approach of this research was to gain an understanding of potential best practices and study what has been characteristically significant in small business incubators over the past 50 years. Findings – The historical study findings indicate that the basic premise of business incubators remained unchanged across time. The idea of nurturing a new and fledgling business until it can manage on its own, much like an incubator does for premature and newborn babies, still provides the impetus for business incubators today. However, business characteristics have evolved and grown more sophis...
Feasibility of a computerized intervention for offenders with substance use disorders: a research note

Objectives Despite evidence that treatment is effective in reducing recidivism among inmates with substance use problems, scarce resources mean that few of those in need of treatment actually receive it. Computerized substance abuse interventions could be used to expand access to treatment in prisons without placing an undue burden on resources. The major aim of the study was to compare treatment conditions in terms of their service utilization, skills acquisition, and treatment satisfaction.
Reflection Measurement Problems Arising from Haze

Irreproducibility in some reflection measurement methods arises from the observance of the haze component of reflection (non-regular-specular, non-Lambertian). Because of the haze component, the measured reflection is sensitive to the apparatus configuration. We show the effects of detector lens aperture and detector distance on the measurement of the reflected luminance. Only for detectors with small subtense angles can reproducibility be assured when haze reflection is nontrivial.
The Expert Snare as an Influence Tactic: Surf, Turf, and Ballroom Demonstrations of Some Compliance Consequences of Being Altercast as an Expert

Two experiments provide evidence for a newly discovered influence tactic termed the expert snare. In the expert snare, alter—the target of influence—is cast into the role of “expert.” In that role, alter attempts to maintain status by putting on the trappings of expertise, avoiding embarrassing disclosures, and accepting absurd proposals deemed necessary to uphold the role. Surfers, Frisbee players, and recreational dancers were altercast as experts in their respective domains. Relative to controls, such “experts” were more likely to support absurd proposals within their domain of expertise such as requiring surfboard bellies to be painted yellow with purple polka dots and students to take an orientation course on the non-existent activities of Tanzimat Frisbee and root dancing.
Cognitive Remediation for Schizophrenia: A Review of Recent Findings

Schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders are characterized by deficits in neurocognition. Deficits in domains such as attention, memory, executive functions, and speed of processing, as well as early perceptual processes, typically appear early in the course of the disorder and remain stable over time. Cognitive deficits can cause serious impairments in community functioning (i.e., work, independent living, and social relationships). For this reason, cognitive remediation (CR) is increasingly utilized to improve neurocognition. The empirical support for CR for adults with chronic schizophrenia is encouraging and growing. CR approaches are suitable for widespread dissemination and have been the focus of the majority of recent empirical research in psychoses. There are two broad categories of computerized CR approaches: those that target higher-level cognitive processes, and those that target neuroplasticity using basic auditory and visual processing. Research currently supports the efficacy of both higher-level and neuroplasticity-based CR for improving targeted cognitive domains; however, there is more consistent support for higher-level approaches in terms of generalization to untrained cognitive domains and functional outcomes. To achieve functional outcomes, CR combined with skills training or other psychosocial rehabilitation approaches is likely the most effective approach. The majority of CR interventions allow difficulty to be individually adjusted, which is an important therapeutic feature, and some provide an array of modules to allow personalized interventions. Several CR interventions appear to have durable treatment benefits, but more research is needed to clarify whether booster sessions, pharmacological augmentation, or other treatments should routinely be incorporated into treatment plans.
RANBP2 and CLTC are involved in ALK rearrangements in inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors (IMTs) are rare soft tissue tumors occurring primarily in children and young adults. ALK gene rearrangements have been identified in this neoplasm, with fusion of the ALK gene at 2p23 to a number of different partner genes. Metaphase cytogenetic analyses of these tumors have been relatively few, however, and may help to identify additional variant partners. We report on an IMT from a 2-year-old boy with a karyotype of 45,XY,der(2)inv(2)(p23q12)del(2)(p11.1p11.2),-22. FISH showed ALK-RANBP2 fusion in this tumor. The breakpoint was cloned and the fusion was confirmed, making this the third reported case of IMT with ALK-RANBP2 fusion. In addition, we identified the ALK fusion partner in a previously reported IMT with t(2;17)(p23;q23) as CLTC, a gene reported to be involved in four other IMTs, and showed that the breakpoint involved a novel ALK-CLTC fusion. FISH evaluation of nine other IMTs identified CLTC as the fusion partner in one additional case, but RANBP2 was not involved in the remaining eight IMTs, suggesting that the variant partners involved in ALK rearrangements in IMTs are diverse.
Ultraviolet high-gain harmonic-generation free-electron laser at BNL

We report the first experimental results on a high-gain harmonic-generation (HGHG) free-electron laser (FEL) operating in the ultraviolet. An 800 nm seed from a Ti-Sapphire laser has been used to produce saturated amplified output at the 266 nm third-harmonic. The results confirm the advantages of the HGHG FEL: stable central wavelength, narrow bandwidth and small pulse energy fluctuation. The harmonic output at 88 nm, which accompanies the 266 nm radiation, has been used in an ion pair imaging experiment in chemistry.
Carcinoembryonic antigen localization in benign and malignant transitional epithelium

Transitional epithelium from 30 cases, including transitional cell carcinoma of various grades and stages, carcinoma in situ, cystitis cystica, and glandularis, as well as normal bladder epithelium, was studied for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) content by the immunoperoxidase technique. The results indicate that CEA is present in normal transitional epithelium and that its level frequently decreases in transitional cell carcinoma. These results are related to the findings in studies of urinary CEA excretion. Cancer 47:899–905, 1981.
Variation-aware study of BJT-based capacitorless DRAM cell scaling limit

The scaling limit of the BJT-based capacitorless DRAM cell is investigated via 3-D process and device simulations, accounting for systematic and random sources of variation. The cell design and operating voltages are optimized at each gate length, following a constant electric field methodology. Retention time decreases with gate length, so that the scaling limit is expected to be 16.5 nm or 13 nm, depending on the application.
Reactions of the jilted consumer

Abstract Differential promotion strategies are a vital relationship marketing tool that is advantageous to both the company and the targeted customer. However, a differential approach means some customers do not fare as well as others. The customers who get the lesser deals are the focus of this study. How does a customer react when they learn another customer received a better deal? How should the provider respond when this imbalance is obvious to the customer? Fairness theory is utilized to address these research questions. The study includes an experiment featuring hypothetical scenarios. MANOVA results reveal that a proactive, upfront strategic response can mitigate the negative effects of differential promotion strategies in terms of fairness perceptions and behavioral outcomes.
A Strategy for Deploying Secure Cloud-Based Natural Language Processing Systems for Applied Research Involving Clinical Text

Natural language processing (NLP) of clinical text offers great potential to expand secondary use of high-value electronic health record (EHR) data, but a barrier to adopting NLP is the high total cost of operation, driven mainly by the costs and limited availability of technical personnel in applied health research settings. To overcome this barrier we propose a cloud-based service systems model by which entire NLP systems deployed in the cloud are cloned and provided to the adopting institution for their exclusive and unlimited use. Useful algorithms that perform various information extraction and classification tasks are built in to the NLP system. A rationale and model for cloud-deployed NLP is presented and the inherent data security and patient privacy issues it raises addressed. Both technical and socio-institutional security issues are discussed in the context of the unique challenges associated with processing highly regulated clinical text in an unconventional computing environment. Results of a June 2010 survey of Institutional Review Board (IRB) managers in applied research settings are presented. Survey questions address IRB managers' readiness to approve research projects involving cloud-based NLP technologies. Useful next steps and information needs are presented in the conclusion.
Air pollution requires multipollutant analysis: the case of Santiago, Chile

In many ways, air pollution control presents itself as a textbook example for cost-benefit analysis. Air quality certainly is a public good in the sense that it can be enjoyed by one without excluding the other, so there certainly is a role for government in weighing trade-offs and guiding resource use. This study breaks new ground in presenting a decision-oriented, multipollutant cost-benefit analysis while highlighting the simplifications and assumptions required to attain this goal.
Phylogenetic Analysis Shows That the OXA b-Lactamase Genes Have Been on Plasmids for Millions of Years

The OXA genes encode a class of b-lactamases that confer resistance to a wide range of b-lactam antibiotics. To determine whether the diversity of the OXA b-lactamases is the result of recent or ancient events, and to determine whether mobilization of the OXA genes from chromosomes to plasmids occurred recently or long ago, we have constructed a Bayesian phylogeny of the OXA b-lactamase genes. Analysis of that phylogeny shows that much of the diversity is the result of ancient events and that the OXA genes were mobilized from chromosomes to plasmids on at least two independent occasions that occurred millions of years ago. That observation contradicts the commonly held impression that mobilization of antibiotic resistance genes is strictly the result of modern use of antibiotics.
Simultaneous activation of mouse main and accessory olfactory bulbs by odors or pheromones

It is generally believed that the main olfactory system processes common odors and the accessory olfactory system is specifically for pheromones. The potential for these two systems to respond simultaneously to the same stimuli has not been fully explored due to methodological limitations. Here we examine this phenomenon using high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to reveal simultaneously the responses in the main (MOB) and accessory olfactory bulbs (AOB) to odors and pheromones. Common odorants elicited strong signals in the MOB and weak signals in the AOB. 2-Heptanone, a known mouse pheromone, elicited strong signals in both the MOB and AOB. Urine odor, a complicated mixture of pheromones and odorants, elicited significant signals in limited regions of the MOB and large regions of the AOB. The fMRI results demonstrate that both the main and the accessory olfactory systems may respond to volatile compounds but with different selectivity, suggesting a greater integration of the two olfactory pathways than traditionally believed.
Neonatal Bilirubin Nomogram: A Tool to Facilitate Practical Application of AAP Guidelines for Management of Hyperbilirubinemia in Healthy Term Newborns. † 970

Neonatal Bilirubin Nomogram: A Tool to Facilitate Practical Application of AAP Guidelines for Management of Hyperbilirubinemia in Healthy Term Newborns. † 970
Insulation Systems for Cryogenic Cable

The measured dissipation factor and breakdown strength of certain dielectric materials impregnated with cryogenic liquids suitable for cryogenic cable application are presented. The separate and combined influence of different factors which affect dielectric loss and breakdown strength are discussed.
Critical velocities and phase slips in superfluid 4 He flow through a 2×2 μm aperture

Ac measurements of the critical velocity behavior of superfluid4He flow through a 2×2 μm square aperture in a 0.1 μm thick titanium foil have been made at temperatures between 0.36 and 2.10 K at frequencies which vary with temperature from 19 to 11 Hz. Single 2π phase slips are clearly resolved over the entire temperature range. These slips define a critical velocity that decreases nearly linearly with increasing temperature. Whereas below 1.0 K the width of the observed critical velocity distribution is relatively temperature independent, above 1.0 K it decreases linearly with temperature toward zero near Tλ. We also observe a smaller, less temperature-dependent, transient critical velocity induced by high drive levels.
PAPILLARY THYROID CANCER IN CHILDREN

Papillary thyroid cancer has been reported in large numbers of children from regions close to the Chernobil nuclear explosion. The papillary thyroid cancer in these children has been reported to be more aggressive than are similar tumors arising in other settings. To examine the effect of previous radiation therapy on aggressiveness of childhood papillary thyroid cancer, we examined the records of 90 children (66 girls and 24 boys) less than 17 years of age receiving primary surgical treatment for papillary thyroid cancer at the Mayo Clinic between 1940 and 1990. 21 patients (23%) had received previous radiation therapy-usually comprising low-dose external beam radiation for benign conditions such as thymic enlargement. Median followup was 30 years.
Testing New PSA Subforms to Enhance the Accuracy of Predicting Cancer Risk and Disease Outcome in Prostate Cancer

Featured Article: Lilja H, Christensson A, Dahlen U, et al. Prostate-Specific Antigen in Serum Occurs Predominantly in Complex with α1-Antichymotrypsin. Clin Chem 1991;37:1618–25.1 Prostate-specific antigen (PSA),2 a kallikrein-like serine protease, is one of the most abundant proteins secreted by the prostate into seminal fluid (1). In the early 1990s, when the study reported in the paper presented here was initiated, serum testing for PSA was coming into widespread use as a means of testing for prostate cancer. Nevertheless, several aspects of PSA in serum remained puzzling; notably, different assays yielded up to 4-fold differences in measured serum PSA concentrations, despite standardization against PSA from seminal fluid. Before our investigation, PSA in seminal fluid was known to occur as active monomeric peptidase (1), but the nature of PSA in blood remained unclear. We speculated that release of catalytic PSA into an abundance of protease inhibitors in blood could prompt PSA to form inhibitor complexes, similar to the way the digestive enzyme trypsin from the pancreas forms enzyme-inhibitor complexes with α1-antitrypsin in blood. A search for interactions between PSA and a panel of common protease inhibitors in serum allowed us …
Tri-n-butylphosphate/CO2 and acetone/CO2 phase behaviors and utilities in capillary supercritical-fluid chromatography

Abstract Because the phase behavior of the mobile phase must be known before conclusions from supercritical-fluid chromatography (SFC) can be considered reliable, the phase behaviors of tri- n -butylphos-phate/C0 2 and acetone/CO 2 were thoroughly determined in a variable-volume view cell at conditions applicable to SFC (0–20 mol % modifier, 25–140 °C, and 80–415 atm). The chromatographic utilities of the binary fluids were determined with test compounds (condensed tannins and steroids). Although the UV-absorbance detector base-line rise was severe with acetone/CO 2 , chromatographic performance was not compromised. Standard base-line correction methods were used to produce conventional-looking chromatograms. The chromatographic performance with tri- n -butylphosphate/CO 2 was unsatisfactory (erratic retention). Static restrictors (integral, frit, crimped Pt/Ir, linear, and valves) produced erratic flow. Heating the restrictors to 250–400 °C did not improve performance. Reasons for the compromise in chromatographic performance are proposed.
Risk management in uncapacitated facility location models with random demands

In this paper we consider a location-optimization problem where the classical uncapacitated facility location model is recast in a stochastic environment with several risk factors that make demand at each customer site probabilistic and correlated with demands at the other customer sites. Our primary contribution is to introduce a new solution methodology that adopts the mean-variance approach, borrowed from the finance literature, to optimize the ''Value-at-Risk'' (VaR) measure in a location problem. Specifically, the objective of locating the facilities is to maximize the lower limit of future earnings based on a stated confidence level. We derive a nonlinear integer program whose solution gives the optimal locations for the p facilities under the new objective. We design a branch-and-bound algorithm that utilizes a second-order cone program (SOCP) solver as a subroutine. We also provide computational results that show excellent solution times on small to medium sized problems.
Mixed Chloride/Amine Complexes of Dimolybdenum(II,II). 2. Reactions of Mo2Cl4(NHEt2)4 with Monodentate and Bidentate Phosphines. New Type of Compounds Mo2Cl4(diphosphine)4

The complex Mo(2)Cl(4)(NHEt(2))(4) (1) undergoes facile substitution reactions of the amine ligands by phosphines to give compounds with the same core structure, Mo(2)Cl(4)(phosphine)(4), where the phosphine is PMe(3) (2), PMe(2)Ph (3), PHEt(2) (4), dmpm (bis(dimethylphosphino)methane) (5), or dmpe (1,2-bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane) (6). Complexes of the type M(2)X(4)L(4) are well-known with monodentate ligands, but there is no previous crystallographically verified example of the M(2)X(4)L(4) type of compound in which L is a potentially bidentate ligand acting as a unidentate ligand. Mo(2)Cl(4)(eta(1)-dmpm)(4) (5) can be isolated in good yield as the kinetic product of the substitution reaction at room temperature. When a solution of 5 in THF is heated, transformation into the more stable compound Mo(2)Cl(4)(m-dmpm)(2) (7) takes place. Mo(2)Cl(4)(eta(1)-dmpe)(4) (6) is stable in solution in the presence of free phosphine and can be detected by NMR. Over time it converts to a polymeric material which precipitates from the solution. For dppm (bis(diphenylphosphino)methane) (8) and dppa (bis(diphenylphosphino)amine) (9), only products of the stoichiometry Mo(2)Cl(4)(diphosphine)(2) were obtained. The crystal structures of the complexes 4 and 5 have been investigated by X-ray diffraction. The crystallographic parameters for them are as follows: for 4, orthorhombic space group Pbcn with a = 7. 6015(8) A, b = 20.120(8) A, c = 19.070(6) A, and Z = 4; for 5, hexagonal space group P6(4)22 with a = 12.396(1) A, c = 21.960(2) A, and Z = 3. Both structures have a Mo(2)Cl(4)P(4) core where the phosphorus atoms are trans one to another on each metal center. The Mo-Mo distances of 2.137(1) A (4) and 2.137(1) A (5) are consistent with quadruple bonding.
RELATION OF REPORTS OF SEXUAL ABUSE TO SCORES ON SELF-DEFEATING PERSONALITY SCALE

Szrmmary.-One of the suggested antecedents of a pattern of self-defeating behavior has been the experience of sexual abuse. In this study 146 male and 129 female college students self-reported whether they had experienced sexual abuse using Russell's (1983) Sexual Abuse Lnte~ew Schedule. Thirty-nine men and 73 women selfreported in the affirmative. For both men and women, the abused groups had sign&candy higher scores on Schdl's 1990 Self-defeating Personality Scale. Results were related to other research, e.g., lsler and Schill's 1995 work which showed scores on the Self-defeating scale were also correlated with scores on measures of bulimia and dissociative experiences. To study individuals who repeatedly engage in a variety of self-defeating behaviors, Schd (1990) developed the Self-defeating Personality Scale. The items in the scale are based on the DSM-111-R criteria for hagnosing the (then) provisional Self-defeating Personality Disorder. While this disorder is not listed in DSM-N, engaging in research to understand why people manifest patterns of self-defeating behavior is std an important endeavor. One of the factors suggested in DSM-111-R as predisposing an individual to develop a pattern of self-defeating behavior is having been sexually abused. The present study was undertaken to estimate the relation between these two variables. METHOD Subjects were 146 male and 129 female volunteers from introductory and advanced psychology courses. They include majors and non-majors. Their mean age was 22 yr. Seventy six percent of the sample was white, 17.5% African-American, and 6.5% other. To judge whether subjects had experienced sexual abuse, they were asked to complete the Russell Sexual Abuse Interview Schedule (Russell, 1983). There are 14 questions on this inventory which ask subjects to self-report (answer yes or no) whether they ever experienced any unwanted sexual advances. The behaviors specified include having had someone expose their genitals, had someone try or succeed in having any lund of sexual intercourse against your will, touch their genitals against you, touch your genitals or breasts against your will, feel you,
Hypotheses on cell provisioning in eumenid wasps

Eumenid wasps usually provision female offspring with more food than male offspring. One hypothesis to explain these differences is based on different rates of oogenesis for female and male producing eggs. A second hypothesis assumes that female wasps can co-ordinate the amount of provisions and sex of the egg deposited within a single cell. These two hypotheses lead to mutually exclusive predictions. Data from two species of wasps make it possible to reject the first hypothesis.
Diagnostic yield of sequential routine EEG and extended outpatient video-EEG monitoring

Abstract Objective To investigate the diagnostic yield of outpatient video-EEG monitoring (OVEM) in patients with suspected but unconfirmed epilepsy. Methods OVEM data, comprised of 20-min video-EEG (REEG) followed by 4h of video-EEG monitoring (EXM), from 179 consecutive patients were retrospectively analyzed. Three diagnostic categories were defined: localization-related epilepsy (LRE), generalized epilepsy (GE), and nonepileptic seizures (NES). Outcome measures were: frequency of events; diagnostic yield of entire OVEM; relative yields of REEG alone and EXM after nondiagnostic REEG; EXM diagnostic rate (yield of EXM after nondiagnostic REEG/yield of entire OVEM). Results Habitual events occurred in 14 (8%) and 25 (15%) patients during REEG and EXM, respectively. Overall, OVEM was diagnostic in 90/179 patients (50%): LRE 21%; GE 15%; NES 15%. REEG alone was diagnostic in 49/179 patients (27%): LRE 7%; GE 13%; NES 7%. After nondiagnostic REEG, the subsequent EXM was diagnostic in 41/130 patients (32%): LRE ( n =24); GE ( n =2); NES ( n =15). The EXM diagnostic rate ( 95% confidence interval ) was 0.65 ( 0.47–0.80 ) for LRE, 0.08 ( 0.01–0.25 ) for GE, and 0.56 ( 0.35–0.75 ) for NES. Conclusions OVEM is useful in establishing and classifying epilepsy. Compared to REEG, EXM is relatively more beneficial in the diagnosis of LRE and NES rather than GE. Significance This study outlines the benefits of extended outpatient video-EEG monitoring after nondiagnostic routine EEG.
Application of the significant structures theory to plastic crystals

Abstract The significant structures theory as developed for liquids by Eyring, Ree and collaborators is shown to be applicable also to the plastic crystal state. The properties of CBr4 (in the plastic crystal state) were calculated and compared with the experimental data. The calculations were performed on a digital computer using, without alteration, a program developed for the liquid state.
Broken When Entering: The Stigmatization of Goodness and Business Ethics Education

We propose that some of our students are socialized with destructive thinking toward ethics and virtue that distorts their mind-sets long before they enter our classrooms. Students are exposed to a...
High-energy laser-summator based on Raman scattering principle

This paper is a summary of the history, theory, and develop- ment efforts of summator, an all-in-one device that coherently combines multiple high-power laser beams, lowers the beam divergence, and shifts the wavelength based on stimulated Raman scattering principle in USSR from early 1960s to late 1970s. This was a part of the Terra-3 program, which was an umbrella program of highly classified high-energy laser weapons development efforts. Some parts of the Terra-3 program, speci- fically the terminal missile defense portion, were declassified recently, including the information on summator development efforts. © 2012 Society
Acetylation of Histones and Transcription-Related Factors

The state of chromatin (the packaging of DNA in eukaryotes) has long been recognized to have major effects on levels of gene expression, and numerous chromatin-altering strategies-including ATP-dependent remodeling and histone modification-are employed in the cell to bring about transcriptional regulation. Of these, histone acetylation is one of the best characterized, as recent years have seen the identification and further study of many histone acetyltransferase (HAT) proteins and their associated complexes. Interestingly, most of these proteins were previously shown to have coactivator or other transcription-related functions. Confirmed and putative HAT proteins have been identified from various organisms from yeast to humans, and they include Gcn5-related N-acetyltransferase (GNAT) superfamily members Gcn5, PCAF, Elp3, Hpa2, and Hat1: MYST proteins Sas2, Sas3, Esa1, MOF, Tip60, MOZ, MORF, and HBO1; global coactivators p300 and CREB-binding protein; nuclear receptor coactivators SRC-1, ACTR, and TIF2; TATA-binding protein-associated factor TAF(II)250 and its homologs; and subunits of RNA polymerase III general factor TFIIIC. The acetylation and transcriptional functions of these HATs and the native complexes containing them (such as yeast SAGA, NuA4, and possibly analogous human complexes) are discussed. In addition, some of these HATs are also known to modify certain nonhistone transcription-related proteins, including high-mobility-group chromatin proteins, activators such as p53, coactivators, and general factors. Thus, we also detail these known factor acetyltransferase (FAT) substrates and the demonstrated or potential roles of their acetylation in transcriptional processes.
New investment, old challenges. Land deals and the water constraint in African agriculture

Foreign investment in agricultural land acquisition in sub-Saharan Africa has been viewed primarily as driven by a set of linked ‘crises’: in financial capital markets, in security of energy and food supply, and in global environmental governance. This paper argues that a focus on the ‘buyers’ of land risks overlooking the dynamics that operate on the side of the land ‘sellers’. Accordingly, the first part of the paper argues that it is important to view the current ‘land grab’ as the latest stage in a longer historical process of competition for control of land and other natural resources by different ‘domestic’ economic and political actors within African countries. While such struggles are often characterised as the ‘state versus the peasantry’, with the state acting on behalf of ‘urban elites’, the paper argues that processes of accumulation and associated enclosure of natural resources need to be examined more critically in specific contexts if the role and impact of foreign capital investment are to...
Managing arsenic in GaAs fab wastewater

The unprecedented demand for gallium arsenide integrated circuits presents manufacturers with a significant challenge, to maintain compliance with wastewater discharge limits for arsenic. Violating this limit can result in fines, interruption of operations, and even criminal liability. Recent action in the US regulatory arena suggests that this limit is likely to decrease dramatically in the near future. Consequently, management of this aspect of gallium arsenide manufacturing could have a significant impact on sustaining fab operations. The characteristics of typical arsenic-contributing wastewater streams are described as well as the processes and associated chemistry employed in conventional arsenic treatment. A brief overview of advanced and emerging technologies is presented as well as some of the results of recent evaluations in the Motorola "CS1" wastewater treatment operations.
The Dorsal Raphe Modulates Sensory Responsiveness during Arousal in Zebrafish

During waking behavior, animals adapt their state of arousal in response to environmental pressures. Sensory processing is regulated in aroused states, and several lines of evidence imply that this is mediated at least partly by the serotonergic system. However, there is little information directly showing that serotonergic function is required for state-dependent modulation of sensory processing. Here we find that zebrafish larvae can maintain a short-term state of arousal during which neurons in the dorsal raphe modulate sensory responsiveness to behaviorally relevant visual cues. After a brief exposure to water flow, larvae show elevated activity and heightened sensitivity to perceived motion. Calcium imaging of neuronal activity after flow revealed increased activity in serotonergic neurons of the dorsal raphe. Genetic ablation of these neurons abolished the increase in visual sensitivity during arousal without affecting baseline visual function or locomotor activity. We traced projections from the dorsal raphe to a major visual area, the optic tectum. Laser ablation of the tectum demonstrated that this structure, like the dorsal raphe, is required for improved visual sensitivity during arousal. These findings reveal that serotonergic neurons of the dorsal raphe have a state-dependent role in matching sensory responsiveness to behavioral context.
Hospital hypoglycemia: not only treatment but also prevention.

Objective: To propose a strategy, applicable on general hospital wards, for prevention of hypoglycemia in hospitalized patients. Results: Although the mortality rate among hospitalized patients with hypoglycemia has been shown to be 22.2 to 27% in series that included patients with diabetes, some investigators have shown that hypoglycemia is not an independent predictor of mortality. Outside the critical care setting, the comparative risks of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia and the relationship of hospital hypoglycemia to intensification of glycemic control have not been determined. The reported incidence of hospital hypoglycemia ranges from 1.2% for hospitalized adults to 20% for nonpregnant patients with diabetes admitted without a metabolic emergency. Among patients receiving antihyperglycemic therapy, the literature describes precipitating events--usually a sudden change of caloric exposure-- and predisposing conditions for hypoglycemic episodes. Conclusion: Hospital hypoglycemia is predictable, and it...
Optimal adaptive precoding for frequency-selective Nagakami-m fading channels

DMT transmissions with optimal power and bit loading are suitable for wired-line applications but have high complexity when it comes to wireless time-varying environments. Adaptive modulation on the other hand, assumes that training sequences are available to provide an accurate estimate of the channel parameters, while the channel statistics allow one to evaluate the average performance. Random channel modeling is a powerful tool for assessing wireless systems performance, but can be also be instrumental in optimizing the modulation. We develop optimal loading strategies for frequency selective fading, assuming OFDM modulation and by modeling the channel impulse response as an FIR filter whose taps are Nagakami-m correlated fading processes. The design minimizes the BER for a given average transmit power. Channel statistics need to be updated at a very slow rate when compared to the exact channel status information (CSI), which reduces complexity of our adaptive OFDM scheme compared to a standard DMT approach. This also alleviates the need of training and allows us to incorporate partial channel knowledge in the design. Interestingly, our derivations identify the optimal solution for the limiting case where the channel transfer function is exactly known at both transmitter and receiver.
A LOOK AT CONTENT BIAS IN IQ TESTS

Sexual and racial biases persist even in the face of legal sanctions. While the past century has seen females and nonwhites enfranchised, their equality has yet to be realized. Pejorative stereotypes abound in present-day society, fostering and maintaining discriminatory attitudes. While the more obvious forms of discrimination have been outlawed by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and by Title IX of the Educational Amendment Act of 1972, more subtle forms of discrimination have yet to be eradicated. In the arena of educational assessment, one potential form of subtle bias may exist in the content of IQ test items. Although research has substantiated the existence of bias in achievement test item content (Donlon, Ekstrom, Lockheed & Harris, 1977; Tittle, McCarthy & Steckler, 1974) and performance differences (Donlon et al., 1977; Strassberg-Rosenberg & Donlon, 1975), research on IQ test bias has been limited to performance (Jencks, Smith, Acland, Bare, Cohen, Gintis, Heyns & Michelson, 1972; Jensen, 1971; Laosa, 1977; Samuda, 1975). Perhaps a reason that so much more research has been done on bias in test performance than in test item content relates to the relative ease with which performance bias can be detected. Disparities in mean IQ scores are straightforward. However, differences in the ways which stereotypes are depicted in test items require clear definitions of a biased representation. In addition to assessing the extent to which individual items are stereotyped, an analysis of content bias in IQ tests requires measurement of the frequency with which members of different races and sexes appear. Although stereotyping can be readily identified on an item by item basis, the cumulative effects of disproportionate sexual and racial representations are not apparent until the test is considered in its entirety. Regardless of whether item content bias affects subsequent test performance, the issues of sexual and racial stereotyping and disproportionate representations warrant scrutiny in and of themselves. Just as blatant forms of bias have no place in education, more subtle forms are equally intolerable even if they do not in turn effect performance. To the extent that test items are biased, they foster inappropriate and inaccurate perceptions. Considering the widespread use and respectability of IQ tests, it becomes important to ask: To what extent do test items accurately represent the distribution of sexes and races, and to what extent are members of these groups stereotyped?
A Two-Layer Key Establishment Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks

In a large scale sensor network, it is infeasible to assign a unique Transport Layer Key (TLK) for each pair of nodes to provide the end-to-end security due to the huge memory cost per node. Thus, conventional key establishment schemes follow a key predistribution approach to establish a Link Layer Key (LLK) infrastructure between neighboring nodes and rely on multihop paths to provide the end-to-end security. Their drawbacks include vulnerability to the node compromise attack, large memory cost, and energy inefficiency in the key establishment between neighboring nodes. In this paper, we propose a novel key establishment scheme, called LAKE, for sensor networks. LAKE uses a t-degree trivariate symmetric polynomial to facilitate the establishment of both TLKs and LLKs between sensor nodes in a two-dimensional space, where each node can calculate direct TLKs and LLKs with some logically neighboring nodes and rely on those nodes to negotiate indirect TLKs and LLKs with other nodes. Any two end nodes can negotiate a TLK on demand directly or with the help of only one intermediate node, which can be determined in advance. As for the LLK establishment, LAKE is more secure under the node compromise attack with much less memory cost than conventional solutions. Due to the location-based deployment, LAKE is also energy efficient in that each node has direct LLKs with most neighbors without spending too much energy on the establishment of indirect LLKs with neighbors through multihop routing.
Issues for Construction of 300-mm Fab

The cost of constructing and tooling a semiconductor facility, which is currently more than $1 billion, is expected to double by the year 2000, driving semiconductor chip manufacturers to adopt strategies to minimize cost to maximize the return on investment. What seems to be an inevitable transition to the larger, 300-mm wafer will have a widespread impact with massive economic implications. Preliminary tool designs and process approach standards suggest increased automation of material handling and storage systems, increases in utility consumption, tool height and weight requirements, and schedule compression. Moreover, the contamination sensitivity of the 300-mm wafer might require modification in the fab construction protocol, which in turn could affect labor productivity. Such changes will have a significant impact on construction methods, materials, and management techniques. This paper discusses the key areas in which research is necessary, focusing mainly on issues that have the maximum impact on design and construction of 300-mm fabs. While not providing solutions, this paper is intended to act as a catalyst for further research as 300-mm technology moves closer to becoming a reality.
Characterization of hyperfine‐shifted 1H resonances in oxidized and reduced putidaredoxin, an Fe2S2 ferredoxin from Pseudomonas putida

Hyperfine-shifted 1H resonances in the two accessible oxidation states of putidaredoxin (Pdx), an Fe2S2 ferredoxin from Pseudomonas putida, were observed and their temperature dependence and relaxation times measured using rapid-recycle NMR methods. As with other Fe2S2 ferredoxins, the hyperfine-shifted resonances observed in oxidized (Fe3+−Fe3+) Pdx exhibit anti-Curie behavior, their signals moving away from the diamagnetic region with increasing temperature. The hyperfine-shifted resonances of reduced Pdx (Fe3+−Fe2+) exhibit Curie-type behavior, and closely resemble the appearance and behavior of the hyperfine shifted resonances of human ferredoxin (HFdx), with which Pdx shares significant sequence and functional homology. Electron self-exchange is slow on the 1H chemical shift time-scale, as half-reduced samples of Pdx exhibit hyperfine-shifted resonances characteristic of both forms.
In Vivo Assessment of the Effects of Ginsenoside Rb1 on Intimal Hyperplasia in ApoE Knockout Mice

Objective This study investigated the effects of ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1) on injury-induced intimal hyperplasia in ApoE knock out (ApoE –/–) mice. We also examined the value of an ultrasound micro-image system in dynamic monitoring of lumen diameter and flow velocity. Methods After guide wire injury of the distal left common carotid artery (CCA), ApoE–/– mice were treated with intraperitoneal infusion of normal saline (NS), homocysteine (Hcy), ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1), or Hcy+Rb1 for 4 wk. Bilateral CCA luminal diameters and flow velocities were measured with an ultrasound micro-image system before surgery and weekly afterwards. Following the final ultrasound, CCAs were harvested and analyzed for intima-medium thickness ratios. Results Progressive reduction in luminal diameters and increase in flow velocity of the injured left distal CCA segment were observed using ultrasound micro-imaging system in all groups compared with the relatively stable left proximal CCA and right CCA. The NS and Hcy groups had significantly higher degree of diameter reduction compared with the Rb1 and Rb1+Hcy groups. The ultrasound findings were consistent with histology analyses at 4 wk post-op. Conclusions The study suggested that Rb1 attenuated the effects of Hcy on injured carotid arteries of ApoE –/– mice. The study also showed that ultrasound micro-image system was a reliable tool in monitoring luminal reduction after injury in a murine model. This study establishes a fundamental step of in vivo monitoring of the therapeutic effects of agents in a murine model without sacrificing the animals.