cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CHAPTER VII – ORGANIZATION OF STARCH GRANULES

Publisher Summary Starch granules range in size from sub-micron elongated granules of chloroplasts to the relatively huge oval granules of potato and canna. Semi-compound granules originate as two or more distinct granules, which then fuse together. Pseudo-compound granules, such as pea starch granules, start out as individual granules, which then develop several large cracks while remaining a single entity. These differences in size and shape make it possible to recognize most of the ordinary food and commercial starches. Starch granules contain small amounts of non-carbohydrate components—lipids, proteins, phosphate, and ash—that affect the behavior of starch in various applications. The tiny starch granules of chloroplasts are important as a temporary carbohydrate reserve and show diurnal synthesis and degradation. Native starch granules show growth rings when observed by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy of eroded granules, and transmission electron microscopy of thin sections, especially after chemical treatment. Starches that show prominent growth rings, such as potato starch, require high or saturating water levels for ring visibility.
Presenting Scientific Data

Pediatric and clinical psychologists’ presentations of scientific findings to their professional colleagues are important professional activities for several reasons: Presentations are a primary vehicle to disseminate research findings to one’s peers for critical review and constructive criticism. While a clear, cogent presentation can do much to enhance colleagues’ interest in one’s research, a problematic presentation can detract from otherwise well-designed and well-executed science. Presentations also provide a way to obtain feedback on ongoing work, to apprise colleagues of one’s research interests and progress, and to communicate the results of research to professional collaborators in medical and agency settings, which is important to sustain research-related collaborations (Drotar, 1995).
Transmutation of analytic and harmonic functions

Reciprocal transforms are constructed that link analytic functions in complex 3-space with harmonic functions whose angles are expressed as the spherical Euler variables in Euclidean 3-space. The representations are well suited to problems with multiple symmetry patterns along axes skewed relative to the standard spherical system. Special cases include the Bergman-Whittaker and Gilbert reciprocal integral transforms.
Common endocrinopathies in reproductive endocrinology

This chapter reviews two of the most common endocrinopathies in reproductive medicine and highlights the unique associations with reproductive outcomes that should be appreciated by the reproductive endocrine clinic.
An Examination of Public Housing in the United States after Forty Years

This article first briefly reviews the history of public housing in the United States since its inception in 1937, noting that growing obsolescence of public housing units, the deterioration of inner-city neighborhoods surrounding public housing projects, racial tensions, and inflation have aggravated public housing problems in recent years. Moreover, public housing tenants are no longer predominantly white, upwardly-mobile, two-parent, working-class families, but predominantly non-white, non-mobile, female-headed, lower-class families. The remainder of the article presents the findings of a 1978 field survey of public housing in the United States conducted by the Department of Housing and Urban Development in preparation for its Public Housing Urban Initiatives Program. This survey revealed the number of "troubled" projects and their major characteristics, identified and explained the principal variables causing these projects to be labeled "troubled," and, finally, assessed the impact of a variety of remedial intervention strategies proposed by HUD field office personnel. The author concludes that, in the balance, the positive aspects of the public housing program in the United States outweigh its negative features. There are problems with inconsistent regulations at the federal level, with site selection, with fraud and crime, with management-tenant relations, and with underfinancing, but the system has also responded fairly well over the past forty years to the demand for low-income housing and to changing tenant expectations in terms of the structure of public housing units and their amenities, besides incorporating new housing technologies and architectural styles. Since America's public housing program was launched in 1937, approximately 1.5 million units have been built at 10,000 projects which are managed by 2,700 public housing agencies and serve an estimated 3.5 million low-income persons (Jones, Kaminsky, and Roanhouse, 1979). The history of the program can be divided into three distinct periods: 1937-1948, 1949-1974, and 1975 to the present. When the Housing Act of 1937 was passed, 12 to 14 million persons were unemployed and millions more were working at depressed wages. At the same time, new housing starts had fallen to only ten percent of the pre-depression level so that substandard dwelling units constituted a large proportion of the total national housing stock. Consequently, the federal government's objective in the Housing Act of 1937 Dr. Huth was a Visiting Scholar in the Office of Policy Development and Research at the Department of Housing and Urban Development in Washington, D.C., from 1979-80.
Nurse anesthesia student’s personality characteristics and academic performance: A big five personality model perspective

Purpose: The purpose of this correlational research was to assess the association between the Five Factor Model (FFM) of personality traits and the grade point average (GPA) of students enrolled in a nurse anesthesia program (NAP). This research was conducted to identify a more objective way to evaluate a prospective students’ personality that correlates with academic success in a NAP. Methods: The Program Directors of students enrolled in NAPs throughout the United States were randomly contacted to assist with the data collection. The FFM of personality traits inventory and question requesting the student to self-report their GPA were then forwarded to the student. Results: Upon completion, the data was analyzed using SPSS 22.0. The results demonstrated a significant correlation, indicating that the dimensions of personality were significantly related to GPA. The dimensions of personality accounted for 12% of the variance in GPA. An examination of individual regression coefficients revealed that the personality trait, conscientiousness, was significantly and positively related to GPA. Conclusions: Nurse anesthesia admission committees can use this personality inventory to better guide them in selecting candidates for their program. Used in conjunction with the more traditional admissions criteria; NAPs can be better positioned to select students more objectively that will be successful in their program, hence leading to lower attrition rates.
Sex Differences in Veterans' Cardiovascular Health.

Abstract Background: In the U.S. civilian population, sex differences have been identified in cardiovascular health; these differences have been used to inform care. Our objective is to determine i...
Early and late auditory information processing show opposing deviations in aniridia.

Abstract Aniridia is a congenital disorder, predominantly caused by heterozygous mutations of the PAX6 gene. While ocular defects have been extensively characterized in this population, brain-related anatomical and functional abnormalities are emerging as a prominent feature of the disorder. Individuals with aniridia frequently exhibit auditory processing deficits despite normal audiograms. While previous studies have reported hypoplasia of the anterior commissure and corpus callosum in some of these individuals, the neurophysiological basis of these impairments remains unexplored. This study provides direct assessment of neural activity related to auditory processing in aniridia. Participants were presented with tones designed to elicit an auditory steady-state response (ASSR) at 22 Hz, 40 Hz, and 84 Hz, and infrequent broadband target tones to maintain attention during electroencephalography (EEG) recording. Persons with aniridia showed increased early cortical responses (P50 AEP) in response to all tones, and increased high-frequency oscillatory entrainment (84 Hz ASSR). In contrast, this group showed a decreased cortical integration response (P300 AEP to target tones) and reduced neural entrainment to cortical beta-band stimuli (22 Hz ASSR). Collectively, our results suggest that subcortical and early cortical auditory processing is augmented in aniridia, while functional cortical integration of auditory information is deficient in this population.
Mathematical Analysis of Combined Placental-Fetal Oxygen Transport

During contractions of labor, uterine blood flow varies directly with the strength and duration of the contraction (3,5,6). in addition to observations in sheep and dogs, radioangiographic studies have shown that in both monkeys and humans, placental intervillous blood flow is reianded in bySynchrony Will the atenine contractions of labor (2,13). Prolonged partial asphyxia resulting from strong oxytoxin induced contractions have been shown to produce varying degrees of brain damage in term monkey fetuses (11,12).
Beam-energy and collision-system dependence of the linear and mode-coupled flow harmonics from STAR

Abstract Recent measurements and hydrodynamic model calculations suggest that the higher-order flow coefficients ν4 and ν5 have two contributions: a linear contribution driven by the initial-state eccentricities, en, and a mode-coupled contribution derived from the lower-order eccentricity coefficients e2 and e3. Measurements of these two contributions to ν4 and ν5 provide crucial insights to discern initial-state models and to constrain the temperature-dependent specific shear viscosity, η/s, of the plasma produced in heavy-ion collisions. In this work, we have employed the two-subevents cumulant technique to provide the first beam-energy and collision-system dependence of the linear and mode-coupled contributions to the higher-order flow harmonics. Our results are shown and discussed for several centrality intervals for U+U collisions at s N N = 193 GeV , Au+Au collisions at s N N = 200 , and 54.4 GeV and Cu+Au collisions at s N N = 200 GeV . The results are compared with similar studies performed by the ALICE experiment at LHC.
Outcomes of Mechanical Circulatory Support Therapy for Cardiogenic Shock Associated with Late Allograft Failure after Heart Transplantation

Purpose Treatment of cardiogenic shock associated with late allograft failure after heart transplant (HT) is poorly characterized and infrequently reported. In this study, we examined the role of mechanical circulatory support (MCS) as a method to treat patients with severe late graft failure. Methods From 2000 - 2018, there were 1275 adult HT at our institution. Of those, 26 patients (2.0%) were identified who required MCS for cardiogenic shock due to late allograft failure. Patient demographics and outcomes were retrospectively reviewed. Results Median age of the cohort was 37.3 years (IQR: 17.3) and 69% were male. Median time from initial transplant to MCS was 2.9 years. At the time of shock, median hemodynamic values were as follows: CVP 18 mmHg, mean PA pressure 29 mmHg, PCWP 25 mmHg, and CI 1.87 L/min/m2. On echocardiogram, median LVEF was 25% and 77% of patients had moderate or severe right ventricular dysfunction. Seven patients (27%) had severe allograft coronary disease, while all remaining patients had chronic or acute worsening rejection. Initial MCS used included veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in 15 patients (58%), biventricular assist device in 10 patients (38%), and total artificial heart in 1 patient (4%). 8 patients underwent revision of MCS during the same hospitalization, on average 18 days after initial placement. While on MCS, the most common treatments for rejection were pulse dose steroids (69%), thymoglobulin (54%), and plasmapheresis (31%), with nearly all patients receiving combination therapy. Six patients (23%) weaned from MCS following medical therapy. Median duration of MCS was 33 days (IQR 55). Major morbidities included bleeding events in 39%, new renal replacement therapy in 23%, major infection in 27%, and stroke in 23%. Eight patients (31%) underwent re-heart transplant, all within one year of MCS, and survival for this cohort was 100% at 1 year. However, for those patients who were not offered re-transplant or who died while awaiting re-transplant, 1 year survival was only 22%, with 61% of deaths occurring in the hospital. Conclusion Late graft failure resulting in cardiogenic shock carries significant morbidity and mortality, despite use of contemporary MCS.
Dissecting GeoSparkSim: a scalable microscopic road network traffic simulator in Apache Spark

Researchers and practitioners have widely studied road network traffic data in different areas such as urban planning, traffic prediction and spatial-temporal databases. For instance, researchers use such data to evaluate the impact of road network changes. Unfortunately, collecting large-scale high-quality urban traffic data requires tremendous efforts because participating vehicles must install global positioning system(GPS) receivers and administrators must continuously monitor these devices. There have been some urban traffic simulators trying to generate such data with different features. However, they suffer from two critical issues (1) Scalability: most of them only offer single-machine solution which is not adequate to produce large-scale data. Some simulators can generate traffic in parallel but do not well balance the load among machines in a cluster. (2) Granularity: many simulators do not consider microscopic traffic situations including traffic lights, lane changing, car following. This paper proposed GeoSparkSim, a scalable traffic simulator which extends Apache Spark to generate large-scale road network traffic datasets with microscopic traffic simulation. The proposed system seamlessly integrates with a Spark-based spatial data management system, GeoSpark, to deliver a holistic approach that allows data scientists to simulate, analyze and visualize large-scale urban traffic data. To implement microscopic traffic models, GeoSparkSim employs a simulation-aware vehicle partitioning method to partition vehicles among different machines such that each machine has a balanced workload. The experimental analysis shows that GeoSparkSim can simulate the movements of 300 thousand vehicles over a very large road network (250 thousand road junctions and 300 thousand road segments) and outperform the existing competitors.
IMPACT OF ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING ON THE TYPE AND POPULATION OF PESTS, NATURAL ENEMIES, AND YIELDS OF THE RICE

Impact of ecological engineering on the type and population of pests, natural enemies, and yields of the rice. This studywas performed to investigate the impact of the ecological engineering in the rice field on the crop damage caused by yellowstem borer, including it’s type and population as well as its natural enemies and the yields of the rice. The study wasconducted in farmer’s fields in Subang District in the dry and the wet seasons. The research was arranged using RandomizedComplete Block Design (RCBD) with 9 treatments and 3 replications. The observation was conducted on the crop damagecaused by yellow stem borer, the type and the population of pests insect, its predator, and parasitoid as well as yields of therice. The planting of flowering plants and crops showed inconsistent effect on the population of brown planthoppers, whitebacked planthoppers, and rice black bug. Moreover, it also not significantly impact the yellow stem borer. The planting offlowering plants and crops did not affect the rice yields. The parasitization level of the parasitoid was in ranged of 47.32–50.47% (dry season) and 36.37–53.92% (wet season). The neutral insect population was dominant at the beginning of planting(11–1743), meanwhile at the maximum tillering until the harvest was dominated by predators (9.33–131.33). The parasitoidswere relatively contrasted on each stage of the rice plant.
Real-world experience of carfilzomib-associated cardiovascular adverse events: SEER-Medicare data set analysis.

Carfilzomib was approved for the treatment of multiple myeloma in 2012 and since then there have been concerns for cardiovascular toxicity from its use. With this study, we aim to further study the hazards and underlying risk factors for cardiovascular adverse events associated with carfilzomib. This study was conducted using Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare data set of multiple myeloma from 2001 to 2015. Data were analyzed for hazards ratio of cardiovascular adverse events between carfilzomib users and nonusers. We identified 7330 patients with multiple myeloma of whom 815 were carfilzomib users. Carfilzomib users had a statistically significant hazard ratio of 1.41 with p < 0.0001 for all cardiovascular adverse events as compared to nonusers. Carfilzomib use was significantly associated with increased risk of heart failure (HR 1.47, p = 0.0002), ischemic heart disease (HR 1.45, p = 0.0002), and hypertension (HR 3.33, p < 0.0001), whereas there was no association between carfilzomib use and cardiac conduction disorders (arrhythmia and heart blocks). Carfilzomib users were at higher risk of new-onset edema (HR 5.09, p < 0.0001), syncope (HR 4.27, p < 0.0001), dyspnea (HR 1.33, p < 0.0001), and chest pain (HR 1.18, p < 0.0001) as compared to carfilzomib nonusers. Age above 75 years, preexisting cardiovascular disease, obesity, and twice a week carfilzomib schedule were significant risk factors associated with cardiovascular adverse events in carfilzomib users. The median time of the onset for all cardiovascular adverse events was 3.1 months. This study has identified a significantly higher likelihood of cardiovascular adverse events in elderly Medicare patients receiving carfilzomib.
Microneedling for the Treatment of Scars: An Update for Clinicians.

Background Microneedling (MN) is used for the treatment of scars, amongst other indications. Although used in Asia and the Middle East for decades, related to the supposed lack of post-procedure pigmentary alterations even in darker skin types, MN only recently gained attention in the United States as an effective, well-tolerated aesthetic treatment. Materials and methods A systematic review of the Medline database was completed using search terms "microneedle" or "microneedling" or "micro needle" or "micro needling" and "scar". Included articles were written in English and discussed the use of MN for the treatment of scars in human subjects. Results Fifty-eight studies were included for review, with a total of 1845 patients treated for acne scarring, hypertrophic or keloid scars, and those resulting from surgery, trauma, varicella or smallpox. MN and its counterpart fractional radiofrequency MN (FRF-MN) were used as monotherapy or in combination with topical, surgical or systemic modalities. MN and FRF-MN treatment resulted in clinical improvement of scar appearance from baseline. No serious adverse events occurred. Conclusion MN is a well-tolerated, minimally invasive procedure that can be used for the treatment of scars with a high level of patient satisfaction. Further clinical studies are needed to develop standardized treatment protocols.
Clustered Covariate Regression

This paper introduces an estimator for a general class of models under rank deficiency arising from high dimensionality, multicollinearity, or both. Our approach obtains a projection matrix that projects a high-dimensional (potentially growing p >> n) parameter vector into a reduced consistently estimable one. We show consistency and asymptotic normality of the estimator. Recovering the high-dimensional parameter vector using the projection matrix leaves precision unaffected. We employ a sequential estimation algorithm that, at once, obtains parameter estimates and the projection matrix. Our Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate a high approximative ability of high-dimensional parameters, improved precision, and reduced bias even under multicollinearity. In our empirical application, we find that firms on average generate positive R&D spillovers on firm productivity though these are dominated by private returns to R&D.
Phase II study of modulation of sorafenib (SOR)-induced autophagy using hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in advanced hepatocellular cancer (HCC): Planned interim efficacy and safety analysis.

305Background: SOR is the first systemic therapy approved for advanced HCC, but has shown only modest improvements in survival. Resistance to SOR in pre-clinical models has been attributed to autop...
Impact of Digoxin Use on Interstage Outcomes of Single Ventricle Heart Disease (From a NPC-QIC Registry Analysis).

Digoxin has been associated with lower interstage mortality (ISM) following stage 1 palliation (S1P). Despite a substantial increase in digoxin use nationally, ISM has not declined. We aimed to determine the impact of digoxin on ISM in the current era. This study analyzed data from the National Pediatric Cardiology Quality Improvement Collaborative (NPC-QIC) registry. All patients who survived to hospital discharge following S1P were included. Comparisons were made between pre-specified eras (1: 2010–2015, 2: 2016–2019) based on digoxin use. ISM risk was estimated using the previously published NEONATE score (excluding digoxin). Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models assessed the impact of digoxin on ISM and freedom from unplanned readmission in era 2. A total of 1400 (46.8%) patients were included from era 1 and 1589 (53.2%) from era 2. Digoxin use (22.4% vs 61.7%, p
Short-Term liver transplant outcomes from SARS-CoV-2 lower respiratory tract NAT positive donors

On April 2021, the United States Organ Procurement and Transplantation Executive Committee approved the "Lower Respiratory SARS-CoV-2 Testing for Lung Donors" emergency policy upon recommendation from the Ad Hoc Disease Transmission Advisory Committee. This policy requires that all lung donors be tested for SARS-CoV-2 in a lower respiratory specimen by nucleic acid test and that the results be available before the lungs are transplanted. The overarching goal of the emergency policy was to minimize the risk of donor-derived COVID-19 to lung recipients. However, an unintended consequence of the policy was the emergence of a new population of potential donors: the SARS-CoV-2 lower respiratory tract nucleic acid test positive donor. We describe the use of two SARS-CoV-2 lower respiratory tract nucleic acid test positive liver donors without a known history of COVID-19 infection with adequate short-term outcomes. The recipients did not have a prior history of COVID-19, nor did they receive monoclonal antibodies post-transplantation; one was unvaccinated. If the safety and long-term outcomes from SARS-CoV-2 LRT NAT positive donors is confirmed in larger studies, this strategy represents a promising way to increase the pool for organ donation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Moral Movements and Foreign Policy: The search for justice and the International Criminal Court

In February 2006, Luis Moreno-Ocampo, the prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC), issued a letter acknowledging that he had received more than 240 communications alleging among other things that war crimes had been committed in and after the March 2003 invasion of Iraq. The ICC was a young institution, having been created in July 2002, when its founding treaty entered into force. The Court was charged to address “the most serious crimes of international concern,” focusing on the crimes of individuals rather than states, looking specifically at genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. In his reply to the complainants, Moreno-Ocampo declined to begin a formal investigation of the charges. He noted that his office had no authority to comment on the legality of the conflict, as the rules for crimes of aggression had yet to be codified: “As the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, I do not have the mandate to address the arguments on the legality of the use of force or the crime of aggression.” As for war crimes, Moreno-Ocampo noted that the Court's jurisdiction did not extend to non-parties (like the United States); he did evaluate whether parties to the statute (such as the United Kingdom) had been complicit in committing war crimes. The prosecutor demurred, suggesting any crimes committed were not of sufficient gravity to warrant the Court's jurisdiction: “The resulting information did not allow for the conclusion that there was a reasonable basis to believe that a clearly excessive attack within the jurisdiction of the Court had been committed.
Chapter 16. Antiviral and Antitumor Chemotherapy with the Interferon System

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses studies that focus on antiviral and antitumor chemotherapy with the interferon system. A tissue culture system for the production of mouse interferon of high titer was described. It involved the use of a virus-transformed 3T3 cell lines stimulated by Newcastle disease virus. Titers of 30,000 to 40,000 reference units/ml were regularly obtained. By dialysis concentration 10 times this titer could be achieved. Possible realistic evaluation of interferon therapy could be made using the mouse as a model. The interferon system was demonstrated to be effective prophylactically and in some cases therapeutically against a number of viruses in animals. Interferon itself was effective prophylactically and marginally effective therapeutically versus experimental rabies in rabbits and mice. Tilorone and poly rl:rC were found useful prophylactically against tick-borne encephalititis in mice. Foot and mouth disease in mice and in tissue culture was sensitive to the interferon system. In mice with West Nile virus, the protective prophylactic and therapeutic effect of poly rl:rC was ascribed to an action of interferon on the affected brain rather than just to the suppression of viremia. Mice that were too young to be immunologically competent were still protected against pseudorabies virus by statolon.
Heritability of Cognitive Traits Among Siblings with a Parental History of Alzheimer's Disease

Cognitive decline is one of the hallmark features of Alzheimer's disease, but many studies struggle to find strong associations between cognitive function and genetic variants. In order to identify which aspects of cognition are more likely to have a strong genetic component, we assessed the heritability of various cognitive functions related to Alzheimer's disease in 303 initially asymptomatic middle-aged adult siblings with a parental history of Alzheimer's disease from the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention. Participants underwent extensive cognitive testing, and six cognitive factors were identified via factor analysis. Working Memory and Visual Learning & Memory had the highest heritability (52% and 41%, respectively). Inclusion of APOE allele counts did not notably change heritability estimates, indicating that there are likely additional genetic variants contributing to cognition. These findings suggest that future genetic studies should focus on the cognitive domains of Working Memory and Visual Learning & Memory.
Species Concepts and Speciation Analysis

Systematic biologists have directed much attention to species concepts because they realize that the origin of taxonomic diversity is the fundamental problem of evolutionary biology. Questions such as, What are the units of evolution? and, How do these units originate? thus continually capture the attention of many. It is probably no exaggeration to say that most believe the “systematic” aspects of the problem have been solved to a greater or lesser extent, whereas the task before us now is to understand the “genetic” and “ecologic” components of differentiation, i. e., those aspects often perceived to constitute the “real mechanisms” of speciation: A study of speciation is, to a considerable extent, a study of the genetics and evolution of reproductive isolating mechanisms (Bush, 1975, p. 339). ... a new mechanistic taxonomy of speciation is needed before population genetics, which deals with evolutionary mechanisms, can be properly integrated with speciation theory; that is, the various modes of speciation should be characterized according to the various forces and genetic mechanisms that underly [sic] the evolution of isolating barriers (Templeton 1980, p. 720).
Gender in African Prehistory

Gender in African Prehistory. Susan Kent. ed. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press, 1998. 352 pp.
Directly solar-pumped iodine laser for beamed power transmission in space

A new approach for development of a 50-kW directly solar-pumped iodine laser (DSPIL) system as a space-based power station was made using a confocal unstable resonator (CUR). The CUR-based DSPIL has advantages, such as performance enhancement, reduction of total mass, and simplicity which alleviates the complexities inherent in the previous system, master oscillator/power amplifier (MOPA) configurations. In this design, a single CUR-based DSPIL with 50-kW output power was defined and compared to the MOPA-based DSPIL. Integration of multiple modules for power requirements more than 50-kW is physically and structurally a sound approach as compared to building a single large system. An integrated system of multiple modules can respond to various mission power requirements by combining and aiming the coherent beams at the user's receiver.
Spinal Cord Injury

ABSTRACT This article provides an overview of spinal cord injury (SCI) that is useful and informative for social workers and other health care professionals who work with this population. Social workers new to the specialty of spinal cord injury must expand their knowledge base of this chronic injury. Social workers contribute to the rehabilitation process through assessment, education, and discharge planning. This article also may be used to inform persons with spinal cord injury and their families and to encourage them to engage in dialogue about SCI in the earliest stages of treatment and rehabilitation.
Cancer in a parent: the impact on mother and child. A consultation-liaison clinical case conference

The following case presents a 31-year-old woman medically hospitalized during a relapse of acute myelocytic leukemia. A consultation-liaison clinical conference focused on the patient's concerns about the effects of her illness on her relationship with her young daughter and its impact on the child's development. The discussion illustrates the consultation-liaison psychiatrist's role in alerting parents to their child's needs and in providing them with tools for effective parenting in a crisis situation such a cancer.
Microsaccadic eye movements and firing of single cells in the striate cortex of macaque monkeys

became clear that the cell’s firing and the monkey’s microsaccades were correlated, and that the eye movements tended to be associated with bursts of spikes. This paper is devoted to analyzing this relationship between microsaccades and spikes. The results are based on recordings from 258 cells in 3 monkeys. We asked how often, with or without a stimulus, a microsaccade was followed by spike activity and whether any suppression of activity accompanied or followed a microsaccade. We also asked the converse question: how often were spikes preceded by microsaccades, and how would the correlation be influenced by whether one looks at single spikes, instantaneous firing rates or bursts of spikes. To ask these questions meaningfully, we began by defining the terms ‘microsaccade’ and ‘burst’. Analysis of microsaccades In most studies of longer-range eye movements (movements outside the scope of this study), determining length, direction and velocity of the movements is relatively simple. Large saccades reach velocities in the hundreds of degrees per second, and so a straightforward velocity detector can be used to determine when and where each saccade begins and ends. Moreover, the starting and end positions of the eye movements are generally determined in advance. With microsaccades, starting and end positions and timing are relatively random, and their velocities are low. Previous studies identify microsaccades with instantaneous velocity thresholds 2,3 set to fairly high levels (10° per second) to protect
Traitor Tracing without A Priori Bound on the Coalition Size

Traitor tracing is an essential mechanism for discouraging the piracy in digital content distribution. An adversarial model is identified as rebroadcasting the content encrypting keys or the content in the clear form. It is possible to fight against these piracy models by employing a fingerprinting code that gives a way to differentiate the encryption capability of each individual. We point three important characteristics of a fingerprinting code that affects its deployment in traitor tracing scheme against pirate rebroadcasting: (i) A robust fingerprinting code tolerates an adversary that chooses not to rebroadcast some messages. (ii) A tracing algorithm for fingerprinting code that does not require a priori upper-bound on coalition size to be successful in detecting a traitor. (iii) Extending the length of the fingerprinting code which refers to traitor-identification procedure of the code that doesn't depend on the length of the code or the distribution of the markings over the code. We presented the first traitor tracing scheme with formal analysis of its success in traitor-identification that doesn't assume a priori bound on a traitor-coalition size while at the same time it is possible to extend the code without degrading the success of traitor identification due to non-extended part. This construction also supports the robustness without requiring a high pirate rebroadcasting threshold.
SU-E-J-257: A PCA Model to Predict Adaptive Changes for Head&neck Patients Based On Extraction of Geometric Features From Daily CBCT Datasets

Purpose: Using daily cone beam CTs (CBCTs) to develop principal component analysis (PCA) models of anatomical changes in head and neck (H&N) patients and to assess the possibility of using these prospectively in adaptive radiation therapy (ART). Methods: Planning CT (pCT) images of 4 H&N patients were deformed to model several different systematic changes in patient anatomy during the course of the radiation therapy (RT). A Pinnacle plugin was used to linearly interpolate the systematic change in patient for the 35 fraction RT course and to generate a set of 35 synthetic CBCTs. Each synthetic CBCT represents the systematic change in patient anatomy for each fraction. Deformation vector fields (DVFs) were acquired between the pCT and synthetic CBCTs with random fraction-to-fraction changes were superimposed on the DVFs. A patient-specific PCA model was built using these DVFs containing systematic plus random changes. It was hypothesized that resulting eigenDVFs (EDVFs) with largest eigenvalues represent the major anatomical deformations during the course of treatment. Results: For all 4 patients, the PCA model provided different results depending on the type and size of systematic change in patient’s body. PCA was more successful in capturing the systematic changes early in the treatment course when these were of a larger scale with respect to the random fraction-to-fraction changes in patient’s anatomy. For smaller scale systematic changes, random changes in patient could completely “hide” the systematic change. Conclusion: The leading EDVF from the patientspecific PCA models could tentatively be identified as a major systematic change during treatment if the systematic change is large enough with respect to random fraction-to-fraction changes. Otherwise, leading EDVF could not represent systematic changes reliably. This work is expected to facilitate development of population-based PCA models that can be used to prospectively identify significant anatomical changes early in treatment. This work is supported in part by a grant from Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA.
Constraints on massive neutrinos from the pairwise kinematic Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect

We present the mean pairwise momentum of clusters, as observed through the kinematic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (kSZ) effect, as a novel probe of massive neutrinos. We find that kSZ measurements with current and upcoming surveys will provide complementary constraints on the sum of neutrino masses from large scale structure and will improve on Planck satellite measurements of the primordial cosmic microwave background (CMB) and CMB lensing. Central to the constraints is a distinctive scale dependency of the kSZ neutrino signature on the mean pairwise momentum of clusters that we do not expect to be mirrored in systematic effects that change the overall amplitude of the signal, like the cluster optical depth. Assuming a minimal $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}\mathrm{CDM}$ cosmology including massive neutrinos with Planck primordial CMB priors combined with conservative kSZ specifications, we forecast 68% upper limits on the neutrino mass sum of 310, 240, and 110 meV for ``Stage II'' ($\mathrm{ACTPol}+\mathrm{BOSS}$), ``Stage III'' (Advanced $\mathrm{ACTPol}+\mathrm{BOSS}$), and ``Stage IV'' ($\mathrm{CMB}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{S}4+\mathrm{DESI}$) surveys respectively, compared to the Planck alone forecast of 540 meV. These forecasts include the ability to simultaneously constrain the neutrino mass sum and the mass-averaged optical depth of the cluster sample in each redshift bin. If the averaged optical depth of clusters can be measured with few percent accuracy and a lower limiting mass is assumed, the projected kSZ constraints improve further to 100, 85 and 33 meV (Stage II, III and IV). These forecasts represent a conservative estimate of neutrino constraints using cross-correlations of arcminute-resolution CMB measurements and spectroscopic galaxy surveys. More information relevant for neutrino constraints is available from these surveys, such as galaxy clustering, weak lensing, and CMB temperature and polarization.
The Public Health Workforce and Willingness to Respond to Emergencies: A 50-State Analysis of Potentially Influential Laws

Law plays a critical role in all stages of a public health emergency, providing an infrastructure for planning, response, and recovery efforts. A growing body of research has underscored the potential for certain types of state laws, such as those granting liability protections to responders, to influence the public health workforce's participation in emergency responses. It is therefore especially important to focus on particular state-level laws that may be associated with individuals' increased or decreased willingness to respond. We conducted a systematic identification and analysis of specific state emergency preparedness laws that may affect individuals' willingness to respond and offer recommendations for policymakers seeking to promote more effective responses to public health emergencies.
Continuous-Flow Measurement of Lactate in Blood: A Technique Adapted for Use in the Emergency Laboratory

This automated enzymatic method for analysis of lactate in blood, adapted from a manual method, is designed for use with an AutoAnalyzer. Start-up time is 5 min. After a time delay of 4 min, 99 samples may be analyzed per hour. Recovery averaged 100.7% (range, 99.6-101.8%). Reproducibility was within 1 SD (equivalent to 70 µmol/liter). Reagents are stable at room temperature for one month. The procedure has been in continuous use as an emergency test in support of emergency and critical care for three years, during which time we have done more than 10 000 determinations.
Functional outcome and survival after pharyngolaryngoesophagectomy for cancer.

Abstract Background: Surgical resection of the larynx, hypopharynx and cervical esophagus, or pharyngolaryngoesophagectomy (PLE), with pharyngogastric anastomosis (PGA) offers a means of controlling local and regional carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract (UADT). We reviewed our experience with PLE for carcinoma of the UADT to evaluate functional outcome and survival. Methods: Patients undergoing PLE from 1986 through 1999 were reviewed. Survivors completed questionnaires which graded their level of function and voice rehabilitation. Gastric emptying studies were performed with rates compared with normal controls. Survival curves were generated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: Thirty-one patients underwent PLE during the study period. Twenty-nine patients had squamous cell carcinoma. Operative mortality was 0%. Thirty-day mortality was 9.6%. There were 2 anastomotic leaks (6.4%). All survivors reported normal ability to complete activities of daily living. Voice rehabilitation was acceptable in 7 of 10 survivors. Positive surgical margins resulted in decreased survival ( P = 0.03). No other patient demographic or management variable altered survival. One-year, 5-year, and 10-year survival rates were 67%, 40%, and 18%, respectively. Conclusions: PLE with PGA for carcinoma of the UADT may be performed with low morbidity and mortality. Functional patient outcomes including gastric emptying, activities of daily living, and voice rehabilitation are acceptable.
The Effect of Pulmonary Hypertension on Systolic Function of the Right Ventricle

This study sought to determine if the right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) could be used to diagnose pulmonary hypertension noninvasively. The right ventricular ejection fraction was measured with gated blood pool radionuclide ventriculography and compared to hemodynamic measurements made within 48 hours in 57 subjects. There was a significant inverse relationship between the RVEF and pulmonary artery pressure (r = .57, p .45 in diagnosing pulmonary hypertension was .76. Other significant determinants of right ventricular function, including right coronary disease, left ventricular function and tricuspid regurgitation, were also considered.
Differential Energy Radiation from Two Earthquakes in Japan with Identical Mw: The Kyushu 1996 and Tottori 2000 Earthquakes

We examine two closely located earthquakes in Japan that had identical moment magnitudes M w but significantly different energy magnitudes M e . We use teleseismic data from the Global Seismograph Network and strong-motion data from the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention’s K-Net to analyze the 19 October 1996 Kyushu earthquake ( M w 6.7, M e 6.6) and the 6 October 2000 Tottori earthquake ( M w 6.7, M e 7.4). To obtain regional estimates of radiated energy E S we apply a spectral technique to regional (<200 km) waveforms that are dominated by S and Lg waves. For the thrust-fault Kyushu earthquake, we estimate an average regional attenuation Q ( f )=230 f 0.65. For the strike-slip Tottori earthquake, the average regional attenuation is Q ( f )=180 f 0.6. These attenuation functions are similar to those derived from studies of both California and Japan earthquakes. The regional estimate of E S for the Kyushu earthquake, 3.8×1014 J, is significantly smaller than that for the Tottori earthquake, E S 1.3×1015 J. These estimates correspond well with the teleseismic estimates of 3.9×1014 J and 1.8×1015 J, respectively. The apparent stress ( τ a = μE S / M , with μ equal to rigidity) for the Kyushu earthquake is 4 times smaller than the apparent stress for the Tottori earthquake. In terms of the fault maturity model, the significantly greater release of energy by the strike-slip Tottori earthquake can be related to strong deformation in an immature intraplate setting. The relatively lower energy release of the thrust-fault Kyushu earthquake can be related to rupture on mature faults at a subduction environment. The consistence between teleseismic and regional estimates of E S is particularly significant as teleseismic data for computing E S are routinely available for all large earthquakes whereas often there are no near-field data.
Studies of fatty acid oxidation in homogenates of the cardiomyopathic hamster.

Abstract The rate of fatty acid oxidation and the activities of some enzymes of β-oxidation and the TCA cycle were measured in homogenates prepared from heart, muscle and liver of 185 day old cardiomyopathic hamsters and age-matched normal controls. Fatty acid oxidation was severely depressed in heart and muscle homogenates but was not affected in liver homogenates of the diseased animals. The activities of enoyl-CoA hydratase, β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and thiolase were significantly depressed in heart homogenates of the diseased animals. Neither fatty acyl-CoA synthetase, acylcarnitine transferase or any of the enzymes of the TCA cycle were affected. In muscle homogenates, the activities of some of the enzymes of the TCA cycle and β-oxidation were significantly elevated in the diseased animals. Only acylcarnitine transferase activity was significantly depressed in the cardiomyopathic hamsters. It is concluded that the depression in fatty acid oxidation in heart may be related to the depression in the activities of the enzymes of β-oxidation and that the depression in fatty acid oxidation in muscle may be related to a defective transport of fatty acids across the mitochondrial membrane.
THE EFFECTS OF PRINCIPAL-IMPLEMENTED TECHNIQUES ON THE BEHAVIOR OF PUPILS1

Three investigations were conducted on the effects of various procedures initiated by a principal on the behavior of elementary school children. Seventy nine children including kindergarten, first, third, and fifth graders served as subjects. In Experiment I, when three chronically absent children attended school, the principal entered their classrooms and praised them for being present. In Experiment II, three low-achieving subjects were sent to the principal's office to receive praise contingent on meeting predetermined criteria in word-recognition and addition tutoring sessions. Experiment III assessed the effects that a procedure implemented by a principal had on the academic functioning of 74 third graders. Twice weekly in two classrooms the principal recognized both improving students and the highest performing students for their work on addition study sheets. In all three experiments, the target behaviors increased when the principal applied the treatment contingencies. The application of multiple baseline designs revealed a functional relationship between the children's behavior and the procedures implemented by the principal. Since the study was carried out in an overcrowded innercity public school, it was suggested that the treatment procedures might be widely applicable.
Combining Analysis of Unstructured Workflows with Transformation to Structured Workflows

Analysis of workflows in terms of structural correctness is important for ensuring the quality of workflow models. Typically, this analysis is only one step in a larger development process, followed by further transformation steps that lead from high-level models to more refined models until the workflow can finally be deployed on the underlying workflow engine of the production system. For practical and scalable applications, analysis and transformations of workflows must both be integrated to allow incremental changes of larger workflows. In this paper, we introduce the concept of a region tree for workflow models that can be used as the central data structure for both workflow analysis and workflow transformation. A region tree is similar to a program structure tree and imposes a hierarchy of regions onto the workflow model. It allows an incremental approach to analysis and transformation of workflows and thereby significantly reduces the overhead because individual regions can be dealt with separately.