cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What Happened to our Document in the Shared Workspace? The Need for Groupware Conventions

Conventions for conducting work with groupware are essential. They include rules for how the groupware functionality should be used for communication about work, for how data should be processed, and for decision-making. Based on user experiences with PoLITeam, a large groupware system implemented in a German ministry, we report how conventions are difficult to establish and to follow. We illustrate how conventions are necessary in practice, through a cooperative task using a shared workspace. Two solutions are presented to aid users in following conventions.
Creativity and strategic management

This paper explores an important aspect of creativity within the top management team (TMT). Specifically, prior research has not addressed the relationship between alternatives generated and alternatives realized within the TMT as a part of the decision‐making process, choosing instead to address only alternatives realized or TMT correlates of organizational outcomes. It is argued that a framing perceptual bias exists within individual TMT members and among TMT members as a group such that threat frames may decrease creativity and opportunity frames may increase creativity. In addition, the strategic issue array and TMT power structures are examined as influences on alternative generation and it is suggested that excessive issue array size or highly imbalanced power structures both negatively impact creativity within the TMT. Implications for research and practice are considered.
Prevalence and Typing of Listeria monocytogenes in Raw Catfish Fillets

Raw channel catfish fillets collected from three processing plants during four time periods were tested for the presence of Listeria species. Listeria monocytogenes was the predominant Listeria species found in these catfish fillets, with 25 to 47% prevalence. Other Listeria species, such as L. welshimeri, L. innocua, L. ivanovii, L. grayi, and L. seeligeri, were also found. L. monocytogenes isolates were further fingerprinted by a repetitive element PCR. Forty distinctive electrophoretic types (ETs) and three genetic clusters were determined by Dice coefficient analysis and UPGMA (unweighted pair group method using arithmetic averages). Twenty of 40 ETs were represented by a single isolate, and the other 20 ETs were represented by 2 to 11 isolates. Thirty-five ETs, represented by 76 isolates, were found in processing plant A, B, or C and designated plant-specific types. The remaining five ETs, represented by 21 isolates, were found in multiple plants and designated nonplant-specific types. In addition, 10 ETs from 52 isolates were found repeatedly during different seasons. Plant-specific and nonplant-specific L. monocytogenes coexisted in processed catfish fillets. Some isolates were persistently found in processed fillets, suggesting that either the current sanitation procedures used by these plants are inadequate or that these isolates originated from the natural habitats of the catfish. The results also suggest that the repetitive element PCR is a useful tool for differentiating L. monocytogenes subtypes and can be used for tracing the source of a contamination.
Dual mechanisms of platelet hormone receptor desensitization. Differential importance between agonists of protein kinase C-dependent and -independent pathways.

Abstract Several different agonists, among them alpha-thrombin, platelet-activating factor, vasopressin, thromboxane A2, and endoperoxides, activate platelets to aggregate and secrete granular contents. Each of these agents is thought to act by inducing the turnover of inositol phospholipids and generating the second messenger molecules inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and 1,2-diacylglycerol. However, within minutes, the action of these agonists desensitizes. We have studied the characteristics of this desensitization process for the agonists mentioned above in an attempt to clarify the mechanisms involved. Our results show that two different pathways of desensitization exist, one that is mediated by protein kinase C and another that is independent of this enzyme. In addition, the contribution of these pathways to desensitization differs for the agonists studied. Our data suggest that partial agonists and strong agonists differ in the rate at which the primary response is desensitized rather than in their ability to couple to phospholipase C.
The natural history of poisoning in childhood.

Clinical and epidemiological information was collected on 1033 cases of poisoning which occurred during a period of 18 months. The ingestion of medicines accounted for 50.6 per cent of the cases of poisoning, cleaning, polishing and sanitizing agents for 19 per cent, pesticides for 10.4 per cent, petroleum distillates for 9 per cent, turpentine for 4.1 per cent, cosmetics for 1.8 per cent, a miscellaneous group of cases for 4.5 per cent and an unknown group of cases for 0.7 per cent. Eighty-four per cent of the cases were under 5 years of age. The poisoning resulted from an accident or error on the part of the patient in 89.8 per cent of the cases, another individual in 2.5 per cent of the cases, and a physician in 1.0 per cent of the cases. The only fatalities occurring in individuals under 21 years of age were in 6 children, all of whom were 2 years or under. These fatalities resulted from the accidental ingestion of lighter fluid, veratrate and phenobarbital, turpentine, methyl salicylate (2 cases), and aspirin suppositories. The kitchen was found to be the most hazardous room in the home, and the table and floor the most hazardous places to leave potentially toxic agents. "Aspirin" accounted for 18.3 per cent of all the cases. Four-fifths of the cases of aspirin poisoning were attributed to the flavored preparation. No correlation was observed between the severity of poisoning resulting from the ingestion of fuel oils, turpentine and furniture polish and the mechanical emptying of the stomach. It is suggested that the manner in which the stomach is emptied is of greater significance then whether or not the stomach is emptied. Although it does not seem wise to urge the induction of vomiting by the layman in these cases, the performance of gastric lavage by the physician, with the patient9s head kept lower than the stomach, would seem to be indicated. First-aid procedure in the home should be limited to the mechanical induction of vomiting and should be carried out in all cases except poisoning from strong acids and alkalis and from petroleum distillates, turpentine and furniture polish. Following this, it is urged that competent medical attention be sought immediately. Both the induction of vomiting and the performance of gastric lavage should be carried out with the patient9s head lower than the stomach.
From Halley's Comet to solar terrestrial science. The evolution of the Inter-Agency consultative group

Abstract The Inter-Agency Consultative Group (IACG) is an organization which seeks to maximize scientific returns from focused areas of space science through international cooperation. In its 11-year history the IACG has experienced both monumental success (with the collaborative exploration of Comet Halley) and, more recently, some serious growing pains in its second phase of operation, which focuses on solar terrestrial science. In this post-Cold War period, with increased interaction between countries offering greater opportunities for cooperation, the lessons to be learned from the IACG's experience will be valuable ones.
Promotion and Performance Evaluation of Managerial Accountants (Retracted)

Using survey, interview, and archival data, we investigate two questions related to managerial accountants' (MA) performance evaluations (PE) and promotion processes: (1) Are there “fast tracks” (i.e., positive serial dependencies) in promotions? (2) Are promotions primarily determined by within‐rank comparisons (i.e., “relative” comparisons) or comparisons to standards (i.e., “absolute” evaluations)? The survey data (n = 101) suggest that lower‐ and higher‐ranking MA have differing perceptions of PE and promotion processes. For example, lower‐ranking MA generally believe in the existence of fast‐track promotions while higher‐ranking MA do not. Twenty years of archival PE and promotion data (1976–1995) from 5,899 managerial accountants employed at 2,525 companies in three industries (publishing, paper, and chemical) do not support the existence of fast‐track promotions; instead, the archival data suggest a negative correlation between time to promotion to senior and time to promotion to manager. In additi...
Teaching for Social Justice and Equity: The Journey of a Teacher Educator.

Teacher-education programs continue to face the challenge of improving the preparation of teachers for diversity in particular racially diverse and low-income students. Certain factors such as dispositions, self-reflection, and prior experiences contribute to preservice teachers’ attitudes and beliefs toward diversity and social justice issues. Similarly, these prior experiences, self-reflections, culture, gender, and theoretical orientations may affect the teacher educators’ attitudes and beliefs and may impact how they teach for social justice and equity. This autoethnography examines the journey of a teacher educator and looks at how her prior experiences impacted her as a social-justice educator.
Doping of the Metal Oxide Nanostructure and its Influence in Organic Electronics

Synthesizing metal oxides through the sol–gel process provides a convenient way for forming a nanostructured layer in wide band gap semiconductors. In this paper, a unique method of introducing dopants into the metal oxide semiconductor is presented. The doped TiO2 is prepared by adding a Cs2CO3 solution to a nanocrystalline TiO2 solution that is synthesized via a non-hydrolytic sol–gel process. The properties of the TiO2:Cs layer are investigated and the results show stable nanostructure morphology. In addition to providing morphological stability, Cs in TiO2 also gives rise to a more desirable work function for charge transport in organic electronics. Polymer solar cells based on the poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT): methanofullerene (PC70BM) system with the addition of a TiO2:Cs interfacial layer exhibit excellent characteristics with a power conversion efficiency of up to 4.2%. The improved device performance is attributed to an improved polymer/metal contact, more efficient electron extraction, and better hole blocking properties. The effectiveness of this unique functionality also extends to polymer light emitting devices, where a lower driving voltage, improved efficiency, and extended lifetime are demonstrated.
Knowledge Utilization and Power in University Decision Making.

The use of information in senior-level university decision-making councils is imbedded in organizational, interpersonal, and individual processes. Leadership styles that emphasize a group-process team approach to decision making will be more effective in utilizing new information to make good policy decisions.
Expanding Our Understandings of Urban Science Education by Expanding the Roles of Students as Researchers

In this article, we explore the roles of student researchers as they have emerged over 5 years of studies on the teaching and learning of science in urban high schools. These studies incorporate sociocultural theory in an approach to research that explores the capital that urban students bring to school and situates student researchers as active participants who exercise agency by accessing and appropriating a variety of resources. We provide examples of students engaged as productive, central members of a research team and describe the roles in which they have participated, from teacher educators and science learners to curriculum developers and ethnographers. We show how the involvement of students as researchers, within these roles, allows them to produce and select artifacts and data resources for interpretation that offer unique insider perspectives on how to improve the teaching and learning of science for urban high school students. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 42: 807–828, 2005
Optimal estimation for the satellite attitude using star tracker measurements

An optimal estimation scheme is presented, which determines the satellite attitude using the gyro readings and the star tracker measurements of a commonly used satellite attitude measuring unit. The scheme is mainly based on the exponential Fourier densities that have the desirable closure property under conditioning. By updating a finite and fixed number of parameters, the conditional probability density, which is an exponential Fourier density, is recursively determined. Simulation results indicate that the scheme is more accurate and robust than extended Kalman filtering. It is believed that this approach is applicable to many other attitude measuring units. As no linearization and approximation are necessary in the approach, it is ideal for systems involving high levels of randomness and/or low levels of observability and systems for which accuracy is of overriding importance.
Damping in Schrödinger's equation for macroscopic variables.

A simple damping term is proposed, to be added to the Hamiltonian in Schr\"odinger's equation. It is shown that this term removes energy without altering the wave-function normalization. It is also demonstrated that the dynamics of the damped wave function are in reasonable agreement with (in one dimension): classical motion in a harmonic potential; tunneling in a cubic potential in a Caldeira-Leggett oscillator bath; and spreading in a flat potential, also in the oscillator-bath model. The use of this new damping term should allow direct simulation in the time domain of several problems, including the dynamic behavior of nanometer scale Josephson junctions.
Optimal treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum.

The optimal treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum includes a combination of local wound care and systemic medications. Oral and pulse intravenous corticosteroids have traditionally been the most commonly recommended first-line systemic therapies. Cyclosporine, with or without corticosteroids, has more recently emerged as a first-line systemic treatment. A multitude of immunosuppressive and immune-modulating medications, as well as antimicrobial agents with anti-inflammatory properties have also been widely prescribed. Often, it is difficult to achieve control of aggressive cases of pyoderma gangrenosum, necessitating administration of a combination of systemic therapies. Furthermore, patients recalcitrant to one or many medications are frequently reported. Concomitant disease, intolerance to a class of medications, and the patient’s response to prior therapies can help guide a practitioner in choosing the optimal treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum.
Potential of Solar Thermal Energy for CCHP Systems

Integrated energy systems combine distributed power generation with thermally activated components to use waste heat, improving the overall energy efficiency, and making better use of fuels. Use of solar thermal energy is attractive to improve combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) systems performance, particularly during summer time since the cooling load coincides very well with solar energy availability. Limitation of the use of solar systems is mainly related to high first cost and large surface area for solar energy harvesting. Therefore, solar thermal CCHP systems seem to be an alternative to increase the use of solar thermal energy as a means to increase energy systems overall efficiency and reduce greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions. This study focuses on the use of solar collectors in CCHP systems in order to reduce PEC and emission of CO2 in office buildings. By using a base CCHP system, the energy and economic analysis are presented as the contribution of the solar system from the baseline. For comparison purposes, the analysis is made for the cities of Minneapolis (MN), Chicago (IL), New York (NY), Atlanta (GA), and Fort Worth (TX). Results show that solar thermal CCHP systems can effectively reduce the fuel energy consumption from the boiler. The potential of solar collectors in CCHP systems to reduce PEC and CO2 emission increases with the cooling demand; while the effectiveness of solar collectors to reduce primary energy consumption and CO2 emission, and the ability of the system to pay by itself from fuel savings, decreases with the number of solar collectors.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Synthesis of T2 internal protein in infected Escherichia coli, strain B

Abstract The synthesis of the internal protein of T2 bacteriophage has been studied. Net synthesis was observed 2–3 minutes after infection and prior to the formation of viral DNA. Chloramphenicol caused complete cessation of the synthesis of internal protein and also affected DNA synthesis. Treatment of the phage with ultraviolet light resulted in normal synthesis of internal protein in the absence of net increase in DNA. Proflavine did not affect either synthesis of DNA or of internal protein, but prevented phage maturation.
Energy-aware dynamic slack allocation for real-time multitasking systems

Abstract Dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) has been a very effective technique for processor energy reduction. It adjusts processor voltage and frequency level during runtime. In this article, we propose a general and flexible processor voltage scaling algorithm for real-time multitasking systems. Our approach focuses on exploiting dynamic slack that is created when a task finishes earlier than its estimated worst-case execution time (WCET). Our algorithm is efficient enough to execute at runtime and can be configured flexibly to make tradeoffs between running time and energy savings. By rescheduling tasks effectively, we can achieve almost as much energy savings as if there is no arrival time constraints. Furthermore, our approach can effectively incorporate both leakage power consumption as well as variable scaling overhead. Also, it is relatively independent of task characteristics and scheduling policy. Experimental results show that our technique can achieve significant energy savings at runtime over statically generated schedules and up to 12% more savings compared to the state-of-art techniques.
Obesity: What is an elderly population growing into?

Abstract Objectives Obesity is currently a major public health concern; however, there is little data available on the prevalence and impact of obesity within the elderly population. This review examines the prevalence and health effects of obesity among individuals aged ≥50. Methods PubMed (1996–2008) and PsychInfo (2002–2008) search engines were used to retrieve qualified peer-reviewed articles focusing on obesity or a health condition correlated with obesity using BMI or other weight index as a defining variable; and studies limited to the elderly (age 60+) or pre-elderly (50+). Results Worldwide, the elderly population is increasingly becoming obese regardless of socio-economic status. Among elderly persons, obesity increases the risks for a variety of morbidity conditions including cancers, diabetes, hypertension, stroke, heart disease, metabolic syndrome, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, osteoarthritis, depression, disability, and lower scores on quality of life measures. In some reports, obesity has been linked to Alzheimer's disease and other forms of cognitive decline. Obesity significantly increases healthcare costs and nursing homes are currently ill equipped to address the needs of the rising number of obese residents. Conclusions Obesity is increasing in the elderly population worldwide and is expected to continue to rise. Obesity is associated with disease and disability in addition to escalating healthcare costs, and hospitals and nursing homes are ill equipped to serve the obese elderly. It is imperative that research efforts and funding be devoted to studying the effects and the reduction of obesity in the elderly population.
The Fightin’ Mushites

AbstractThe Mushite priestly line, claiming Moses as their eponymous ancestor, held a dominant position in pre-monarchic Israelite religion. While anthropological and archaeological considerations explain how the Mushites may have come to power in their Transjordanian region of origin, these considerations do not account for the widespread presence of Mushites in the far northern, central, and Judahite cult sites. The present study proposes that the spread of Mushites across this wide geographic spectrum—and in a fairly brief period of time—may be attributed to their legacy as warriors at a time when success on the battlefield demonstrated fitness for cultic leadership. Traces of this legacy may be discerned in the narratives about Moses as well as in the traditions regarding the pre-monarchic cult sites where Mushite factions took up their posts.
Human immunodeficiency virus infection in women

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, unrecognized in 1981 as a cause of death in women in the United States, is now the third leading cause of mortality for U.S. women 25 to 44 years old. 9 The burden of HIV disease among women in the developing world is even greater. This article describes current epidemiologic trends in HIV infection in women worldwide and in the United States, the natural history of HIV infection in women as currently understood, clinical management of HIV-infected women in those areas in which it differs from men, and multiple issues relating to pregnancy and childbearing in HIV-infected women.
Evaluation of a national effort to reach Hurricane Katrina survivors and evacuees: the crisis counseling assistance and training program.

Hurricane Katrina created the largest population of internally displaced persons in the history of the United States. Exceptions to Federal Emergency Management Agency’s (FEMA’s) usual eligibility requirements allowed states from across the nation to apply for Crisis Counseling Assistance and Training Program (CCP) grants to provide services to evacuees. Over a 16-month period, crisis counselors documented 1.2 million individual and group encounters across 19 CCPs. Most encounters (936,000, 80%) occurred in Presidential disaster-declared areas of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama, but many (237,000, 20%) occurred in 16 smaller “undeclared” programs across the country. Programs showed excellent reach relative to external benchmarks provided by FEMA registrations for individual assistance and population characteristics. Programs varied widely in service mix and intensity. The declared programs reached more people, but the undeclared programs provided more intensive services to fewer people with higher needs.
Kinetic analysis of a mammalian phospholipase D: allosteric modulation by monomeric GTPases, protein kinase C, and polyphosphoinositides.

In mammalian cells, phospholipase D activity is tightly regulated by diverse cellular signals, including hormones, neurotransmitters, and growth factors. Multiple signaling pathways converge upon phospholipase D to modulate cellular actions, such as cell growth, shape, and secretion. We examined the kinetics of protein kinase C and G-protein regulation of mammalian phospholipase D1 (PLD1) in order to better understand interactions between PLD1 and its regulators. Activation by Arf-1, RhoA, Rac1, Cdc42, protein kinase Cα, and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate displayed surface dilution kinetics, but these effectors modulated different kinetic parameters. PKCα activation of PLD1 involves N- and C-terminal PLD domains. Rho GTPases were binding activators, enhancing the catalytic efficiency of a purified PLD1 catalytic domain via effects on Km. Arf-1, a catalytic activator, stimulated PLD1 by enhancing the catalytic constant, kcat. A kinetic description of PLD1 activation by multiple modulators reveals a mechanism for apparent synergy between activators. Synergy was observed only when PLD1 was simultaneously stimulated by a binding activator and a catalytic activator. Surprisingly, synergistic activation was steeply dependent on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and phosphatidylcholine. Together, these findings suggest a role for PLD1 as a signaling node, in which integration of convergent signals occurs within discrete locales of the cellular membrane.
Growth Hormone- and Prolactin-Producing Cells in the Pituitary Gland of Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis): Immunocytochemical Characterization at Different Life Stages

The striped bass (Morone saxatilis) is a seasonally breeding, long-lived, anadromous fish of growing economic importance. To describe the apparent activities of growth hormone (GH)- and prolactin (PRL)-producing cells, pituitaries were collected from captive juveniles and from wild adult fish in late spring off the Rhode Island coast during their coastal migration and in the Hudson River during the spawning migration. GH and PRL were separated by reversed-phase HPLC of pituitary extracts from captive adults and characterized as having apparent molecular masses of 23 kDa (GH) and 26 kDa (PRL) by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Antisera generated in rabbits against synthetic fragments of GH and PRL188 from tilapia were shown by Western blot analysis of reversed-phase HPLC-purified striped bass GH and PRL and of striped bass pituitary extract to be specific for the appropriate hormone and were used to localize GH and PRL cells. GH cells and PRL cells lie in the proximal pars distalis and the rostral pars distalis, respectively. Small clusters of GH- and PRL-immunoreactive cells were found at ectopic sites within the pituitary. There were many intensely labeled GH cells in the pituitaries of juvenile and adult striped bass, whereas the immunoreactivity of GH cells in the pituitaries of spawning fish decreased. PRL cells in juvenile fish kept in fresh water had big, round-nuclei, and were heavily labeled, indicating that they were active. PRL cells in adult fish from seawater were also intensely labeled, but had kidney-shaped nuclei, indicating inactivity. PRL cells in fish from the spawning ground had polymorphic nuclei, appearing as round, indented or kidney-shaped forms, and they were unevenly and lightly labeled, suggesting highly variable stages of activity. No difference was found between males and females. The apparent activities of GH- and PRL-producing cells differ among these life stages, suggesting changing roles for the hormones.
The Relationship of Students' Attitudes about Effective Teaching to Students' Ratings of Effective Teaching.

This study investigated the relationship between students' attitudes toward effective teaching, perceptions held by students of their teachers' attitudes toward effective teaching, and ratings by s...
Salivary Hypofunction and Xerostomia: Diagnosis and Treatment

Salivary gland hypofunction and complaints of xerostomia are common in elderly patients, irrespective of their living situation. Medication use is frequently related to dry mouth symptoms and reductions in salivary flow rates. Patients with reduced salivary flow are at increased risk for caries, oral fungal infections, swallowing problems, and diminished or altered taste. Oral health care providers should institute aggressive preventive measures and recommend palliative care for patients with significant reduction in salivary gland function. The systemic agents pilocarpine and cevimeline may help selected patients. Selective use of fluoride-releasing restorative materials and conservative treatment plans are recommended for this patient group.
Simultaneous Detection., and Intensity Estimation of an Optical Image

A statistical model for simultaneous detection and single parameter estimation of a stochastic signal against background noise is obtained. Two strategies, Bayes and maximum likelihood, are discussed. The detection of an optical point source imaged on a photosensitive surface and the estimation of its intensity based on such strategies are examined. An almost optimum estimate is also proposed and its statistical properties are studied.
Lessons from Jurassic Park: patients as complex adaptive systems

Rationale With realization that non-linearity is generally the rule rather than the exception in nature, viewing patients and families as complex adaptive systems may lead to a better understanding of health and illness. Doctors who successfully practise the ‘art’ of medicine may recognize non-linear principles at work without having the jargon needed to label them. Methods Complex adaptive systems are systems composed of multiple components that display complexity and adaptation to input. These systems consist of self-organized components, which display complex dynamics, ranging from simple periodicity to chaotic and random patterns showing trends over time. Results Understanding the non-linear dynamics of phenomena both internal and external to our patients can (1) improve our definition of ‘health’; (2) improve our understanding of patients, disease and the systems in which they converge; (3) be applied to future monitoring systems; and (4) be used to possibly engineer change. Conclusion Such a non-linear view of the world is quite congruent with the generalist perspective.
Cell Killing by the Drosophila Gene reaper

The reaper gene (rpr) is important for the activation of apoptosis in Drosophila. To investigate whether rpr expression is sufficient to induce apoptosis, transgenic flies were generated that express rpr complementary DNA or the rpr open reading frame in cells that normally live. Transcription of rpr from a heat-inducible promoter rapidly caused widespread ectopic apoptosis and organismal death. Ectopic overexpression of rpr in the developing retina resulted in eye ablation. The occurrence of cell death was highly sensitive to the dosage of the transgene. Because cell death induced by the protein encoded by rpr (RPR) could be blocked by the baculovirus p35 protein, RPR appears to activate a death program mediated by a ced-3/ICE (interleukin-1 converting enzyme)-like protease.
Numerical Simulation of a High Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fabrication Process

Cost, durability, and reliability are the major issues hindering the commercialization of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. Electrolyte membranes present in the fuel cell fails under chemical, thermal, and mechanical influences, which, in turn, results in the overall fuel cell failure. In the present work, 2D studies are performed to understand the effect of manufacturing processing conditions and materials on the quality of the high-temperature membranes. Multiphase computational fluid dynamics models are used for solving the flow behavior of a shear-thinning non-Newtonian fluid. The viscosity and velocities were found to have a profound effect on the membrane structure.
Feminist Bioethics: Where We've Been, Where We're Going

The primary contribution of feminism to bioethics is to note how imbalances of power in the sex-gender system play themselves out in medical practice and in the theory surrounding that practice. I trace the ten-year history of feminist approaches to bioethics, arguing that while feminists have usefully critiqued medicine's biases in favor of men, they have unmasked sexism primarily in the arena of women's reproductive health, leaving other areas of health care sorely in need of feminist scrutiny. I note as well that feminist bioethicists have contributed very little to bioethical theory. In the second part of the paper I suggest two future directions for feminist bioethics. The first is to expand its critique of gender bias beyond reproductive medicine, devoting attention to the same issues raised by advances in biomedical technology as are taken up by mainstream bioethicists. The second is to develop bioethical theory that is more responsive than are mainstream moral theories to the social practices that subordinate women and minority groups.
What Helps–and What Doesn't–When Self-Esteem is Threatened?: Retrospective Reports of Esteem Support

Esteem support is a particular form of social support that is provided with the intent of enhancing how others feel about themselves and their attributes, abilities, and accomplishments. This study examines the association between perceptions of esteem support message helpfulness and (a) characteristics of the esteem support situation, (b) the relationship between provider and recipient, and (c) features of the perceived esteem support message. Participants (N = 55) recalled two esteem-threatening situations, one for which they received helpful esteem support and another for which they received unhelpful esteem support. Messages and features of situations and helpers were coded. Results indicate that features of the esteem support message and the helper are related to perceptions of messages helpfulness.
Metabolism of prostaglandins A1 and A2 by human whole blood.

Abstract The effect of human blood on prostaglandin metabolism in vitro was studied at 37°C and 4°C. Labeled prostaglandins were incubated for up to one hour in whole blood or plasma. After extraction, the prostaglandins were purified by LH-20 Sephadex chromatography. Appropriate 14 C labeled compounds, when available, were used to correct for losses. Metabolism was determined by comparison of incubated samples with zero time controls. There was no reduction in isotopic recovery of prostaglandins B 1 , B 2 and E 1 after incubation with whole blood for up to one hour. In contrast, human whole blood, but not plasma, rapidly metabolized prostaglandins A 1 and A 2 at 37°C. The rate of metabolism was temperature dependent, but still continued at 4°C. The products of these reactions were not identified, but they appeared to remain in the aqueous solution after extraction with the neutral organic solvent.
Did professionalization afford better opportunities for young scientists

I examine whether the professionalization of science, a process that unfolded between 1600 and 1899, afforded better opportunities for young scientists to make significant discoveries. My analysis suggests that the professionalization of the sciences did make it a little easier for scientists to make significant contributions at a younger age. But, I also argue that it is easy to exaggerate the effects of professionalization. Older and middle age scientists continued to play an important role in making significant discoveries throughout the history of modern science.
Multihazard Design: Structural Optimization Approach

The objective of multihazard structural engineering is to develop methodologies for achieving designs that are safe and cost-effective under multiple hazards. Optimization is a natural tool for achieving such designs. In general, its aim is to determine a vector of design variables subjected to a given set of constraints, such that an objective function of those variables is minimized. In the particular case of structural design, the design variables may be member sizes; the constraints pertain to structural strength and serviceability (e.g., keeping the load-induced stresses and deflections below specified thresholds); and the objective function is the structure cost or weight. In a multihazard context, the design variables are subjected to the constraints imposed by all the hazards to which the structure is exposed. In this paper, we formulate the multihazard structural design problem in nonlinear programming terms and present a simple illustrative example involving four design variables and two hazards: earthquake and strong winds. Results of our numerical experiments show that interior-point methods are significantly more efficient than classical optimization methods in solving the nonlinear programming problem associated with our illustrative example.
Kinetics of island growth in models of physisorbed and chemisorbed systems

Abstract A brief review is given of recent computer simulation studies of the kinetics of island formation in submonolayers of physisorbed and chemisorbcd systems. Examples include models of O/W(112). O/W(110) and orientational ordering in N2 on graphite.
The marrow fat cell: response to X-ray induced aplasia.

Abstract Adipose tissue is an integral structural component of normal rabbit marrow and is believed to behave primarily as a cushion in response to hemopoietic proliferation, accomodating to changes in hemopoiesis by change in either size or number or both of the fat cells in order to maintain constancy of the marrow volume. To test this hypothesis, aplasia of the right femur of New Zealand white rabbits was induced by x-irradiation with 8000 rads; the left unirradiated limb served as control. Twenty-four hours before sacrifice 50 μCi of palmitate-114C was administered intravenously and the marrow of both femurs removed. Samples of perinephric fat were taken for comparison. Fat cell volume, C14 palmitate turnover and fatty acid composition were determined. The total number of fat cells in the entire marrow of both femurs was calculated. The measurements showed no difference in size or fatty acid turnover of the fat cells in the irradiated aplastic marrow from the cells of the control marrow. The number of fat cells in both the irradiated and the unirradiated control femurs was essentially the same. These findings do not support the view that marrow fat cells respond to diminished hematopoiesis by either increase in their volume or number. In addition, the findings suggest that both marrow and subcutaneous fat cells are fairly resistant to high doses of x-ray irradiation.
The use of transition matrices in a recursive-descent compiler

Transition matrices are a well-known tool for the construction of bottom-up compilers. This paper discusses the use of transition matrices in the recursive-descent compiler for the structured assembly language PL/85. In this compiler, a transition matrix (TM) is a self-contained module which can recursively invoke other TMs. TM invocation and exit and state transitions are handled by a microcoded interpreter. It is shown that our use of TMs made the compiler easy to implement and maintain, considerably reduced the space requirements for the parser, and resulted in a reliable, efficient and flexible compiler with good error handling capabilities.
Nephrotoxicity of Sevoflurane Compound A [Fluoromethyl-2,2-Difluoro-1-(Trifluoromethyl)Vinyl Ether] in Rats: Evidence for Glutathione and Cysteine Conjugate Formation and the Role of Renal Cysteine Conjugate β-Lyase

Abstract Compound A, which is a breakdown product of the volatile anesthetic sevoflurane, is nephrotoxic in rats, although the mechanism of this toxicity is unknown. In the present investigation, the role of glutathione conjugation, glutathione conjugate processing to cysteine conjugates, and renal cysteine conjugate β-lyase in the pathogenesis of Compound A nephrotoxicity was investigated in the rat. Following intraperitoneal administration of Compound A (1 mmol/kg), the presence in bile of two types of Compound A-glutathione conjugates, and the urinary excretion of two types of Compound A-mercapturic acid conjugates, was demonstrated by ionspray-tandem mass spectrometry. Aminooxyacetic acid, a competitive inhibitor of renal cysteine conjugate β-lyase, partially protected against Compound A-induced diuresis and proteinuria. These results suggest that glutathione conjugate formation, subsequent processing to cysteine conjugates, and cysteine conjugate metabolism by renal β-lyase may be important factors in the pathogenesis of Compound A-mediated nephrotoxicity in rats.
Observations of the earth using nighttime visible imagery

The earth as viewed from space in visible light at night reveals some features not easily discernible during the day such as aurora, forest fires, city lights and gas flares. In addition, those features having a high albedo such as snow and ice can be identified on many moonlit nights nearly as well as they can in sunlight. The Air Force DMSP satellites have been operating in the visible wavelengths at night since the mid 1960s. Most all other satellites having optical sensors are incapable of imaging at night. Imaging systems having improved light sensitivity in the visible portion of the spectrum should be considered when planning future earth resources satellite missions in order to utilize nighttime as well as daytime visual observations.
Where theory and criticism meet: A look at contemporary rhetorical theory

Concern with the functions of interpretation and judgment of discourse has been traditionally relegated to the realm of criticism. Recently, however, rhetorical theorists have been reexamining and employing these functions with reference to their own history and tradition. Despite significant problems, such an approach may produce new pluralistic, self‐conscious, and humanistic forms of theory. This review of recent scholarship includes work by Michael Hyde and Craig Smith, Michael McGee, and Lloyd Bitzer, among others.
Observation of whispering gallery modes in nonpolar m-plane GaN microdisks

We have fabricated nonpolar GaN/InGaN microdisks using band-gap selective photoelectrochemical etching. These microdisks have a smoother optical cavity than our previous c-plane microdisks, and they support whispering gallery modes with quality factors as high as 2000 after a focused ion beam treatment to the quantum wells. Because of the lack of a Stokes shift in the quantum wells of these m-plane disks, absorption losses play a much more significant role than in our earlier c-plane microdisks, and the light which couples into the modes is emission from the InGaN post rather than the quantum wells within the cavity.
Glutathione synthetase of bovine lens: Anomalies of the enzyme-catalyzed formation of ophthalmic acid

The activity of glutathione synthetase from bovine lens was examined as a function of the concentration of L-γ-glutamyl-L-α-aminobutyrate, the dipeptide substrate required in the formation of ophthalmic acid. Several significant anomalies of the glutathione synthetase-catalyzed formation of ophthalmic acid were found. Curvilinearity of double reciprocal plots occurred with this substrate; this curvilinearity shows substrate activation of the reaction which is likely a result of negative cooperativity. Both ATP4- and, to a lesser extent, Mg2+ inhibited the reaction, whereas MgATP2- is the substrate; maximum activity occurred with 2 mM Mg2+ in excess of the concentration of added ATP. This investigation shows that it is necessary to establish a defined set of conditions for reporting enzyme activity and that the usual practice of using very large concentrations of Mg2+ relative to ATP, and 5- to 20-fold excess of the dipeptide will give less than optimum activity. The unit of enzyme activity is suggested to...
Pulling ads, making apologies: Lowe's use of Facebook to communicate with stakeholders

This study examines the use of Facebook by Lowe's to reach its stakeholders after the controversial decision to pull its advertising from TLC's All-American Muslim. Through an online survey, the study gauges people's thoughts about the use of Facebook to apologize. Results showed significant differences based on age, race/ethnicity, and political affiliation regarding the use of Facebook and significant differences based on education, time spent on Facebook, political affiliation and race/ethnicity regarding the wording of Lowe's apology
Cellular traffic offloading through community-based opportunistic dissemination

With the growing demands for accessing mobile applications, the cellular network is currently overloaded. Recent work has proposed to exploit opportunistic networks to offload cellular traffic for mobile content dissemination services. The basic idea is to distribute the content object to only part of subscribers (called initial sources) via the cellular network, and allow initial sources to propagate the object through opportunistic communications. The preliminary study focused on selecting a given number of initial sources only based on the probability of encounters between users. However, without consideration of social relationships between users, the selected sources might not be able to propagate the object across different social communities opportunistically. In addition, there exists a dilemma of selecting a suitable number of sources to take the trade-off between offloading cellular traffic and reducing the latency. Hence, in this paper, we propose community-based opportunistic dissemination, which automatically selects a sufficient number of initial sources to propagate the object across disjointed communities in parallel. The trace-based evaluation shows that, compared to encounter-based dissemination, our community-based scheme improves the amount of offloaded cellular traffic up to 29%. In addition, users experience a significantly shorter latency.
Graded aggressive signals in Blanchard's cricket frog: vocal responses to opponent proximity and size

Blanchard's cricket frog, Acris crepitans blanchardi, possesses a complex communication system showing extensive variation within and among individual males. Potential social determinants of variation in male calling behaviour were experimentally examined through playback experiments of synthetic advertisement calls. Specifically, the following were investigated: (1) how male calling behaviour changes in response to the presence of an intruding caller; (2) how calling behaviour varies with intruder proximity; and (3) how calling behaviour varies with absolute and relative intruder size. Aggressive calling is defined as the type of signal produced during wrestling contests over calling sites. Nearly all aspects of male calling behaviour varied continuously with playback sound pressure level, becoming progressively more aggressive as sound pressure level increased, that is, as the simulated intruder drew nearer. Male calling behaviour therefore appeared to be graded in response to intruder distance, increasing in aggressiveness with decreasing distance. Males responded more aggressively to playbacks of low frequency calls (simulating a large intruder) than to playbacks of high frequency calls (simulating a small intruder). However, vocal responses did not vary with male size or size relative to that of the simulated intruder. Vocal escalation independent of a male's absolute and relative size may be a consequence of ambiguity about relative strength, or it may be a mechanism through which males attempt to conceal their relative strength from opponents.
Comparison of the Nutritional Profile of Glyphosate-Tolerant Corn Event NK603 with That of Conventional Corn (Zea mays L.)

The composition of glyphosate-tolerant (Roundup Ready) corn event NK603 was compared with that of conventional corn grown in the United States in 1998 and in the European Union in 1999 to assess compositional equivalence. Grain and forage samples were collected from both replicated and nonreplicated field trials, and compositional analyses were performed to measure proximates, fiber, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamin E, nine minerals, phytic acid, trypsin inhibitor, and secondary metabolites in grain as well as proximates and fiber in forage. Statistical analysis of the data was conducted to assess statistical significance at the p < 0.05 level. The values for all of the biochemical components assessed for corn event NK603 were similar to those of the nontransgenic control or were within the published range observed for nontransgenic commercial corn hybrids. In addition, the compositional profile of Roundup Ready corn event NK603 was compared with that of traditional corn hybrids grown in Europe by calculating a 99% tolerance interval to describe compositional variability in the population of traditional corn varieties in the marketplace. These comparisons, together with the history of the safe use of corn as a common component of animal feed and human food, support the conclusion that Roundup Ready corn event NK603 is compositionally equivalent to, and as safe and nutritious as, conventional corn hybrids grown commercially today.