cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Randomized mHealth Trial to Promote Vegetable Intake Through Counting and Goal Setting.

Abstract Objective To determine if counting and goal setting can increase red/orange vegetable intake. Design Pre-posttest experimental. Setting Midwestern university. Participants Undergraduate students (n = 165). Intervention Those in the intervention group (n = 85) were asked to count the number of times they ate red/orange vegetables and set a goal to eat 1 more time. Main Outcome Measure An estimate (number of times/d) of vegetable intake based on an independent review of uploaded photographs and descriptions of meals from smartphones. Analysis Generalized estimating equations. Results For the intervention group, mean frequency intake increased from 0.9 times/d on Monday to 1.6 times/d on Tuesday and to 1.3 times/d on Wednesday, whereas mean intakes for the control group were 1.0, 0.8, and 0.8 times/d, respectively. There were significant group × time interactions for Tuesday (β = 0.8; P Conclusions and Implications A mobile method that helped people count their daily red/orange vegetable intake and set a goal appeared to increase consumption. This finding suggests that nutrition education programs that provide people with easy ways to track specific dietary behaviors might be effective at helping them attain goals.
Sustaining an Alaska Coastal Community: Integrating Place Based Well-Being Indicators and Fisheries Participation

The incorporation of human dimensions into ecosystem-based fisheries management has largely focused on metrics of economic welfare. Yet researchers have demonstrated the variety of well-being that ...
Clinically translatable molecular photoacoustic imaging: requirements and approaches

Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) has emerged as a powerful modality capable of providing accurate and quantitative 3D molecular and functional tissue information with high spatiotemporal resolution. However, widespread use of molecular PAI is severely limited by availability of validated and clinically translatable exogenous contrast agents. Here we will first present a set of requirements and specifications that need to be addressed in order to achieve a clinically translatable solution for molecular PAI. Then we will present a new class of molecular contrast agents for PAI that are based on antibody-targeted, liposome-encapsulated dye-aggregates. Through the use of tissue-mimicking phantoms, in vitro, and in vivo orthotopic ovarian cancer model, we will show that these agents, which are composed of all FDA approved components, can potentially address clinical needs for a photoacoustic (PA) contrast agent.
Is There a Civilizing Effect on Citizens? Testing the Pre-Conditions for Body Worn Camera-Induced Behavior Change:

The cause(s) of reduced use of force and complaints following police body-worn camera (BWC) deployment remain unclear, though some argue that BWCs generate a civilizing effect on citizen behavior. ...
The F18 FDG PET in breast carcinoma: Do patient characteristics, tumor histology or receptor status, have any impact on final staging?

605 Background: The F18-FDG PET CT has been shown to have a large impact on staging and subsequent management of various oncologic patient populations. Several reports have shown greater benefits with F18-FDG PET CT scan over conventional imaging modalities (diagnostic CT scan and nuclear bone scan) with clinical upstaging rates exceeding 30% which certainly leads to significant changes in management and subsequent treatment plans. Breast cancer is one of several indications where F18-FDG PET CT has shown greater sensitivity compared to conventional imaging in detecting regional and distant metastases. However, little is described about the characteristics and oncologic profile for those experiencing clinical upstaging following on F18-FDG PET CT. Thus, we aim to describe our experience with F18-FDG PET/CT in breast cancer patients and evaluate the characteristics of those who experienced clinical stage modification. Methods: A retrospective review approved by our Institutional Review Board was carried out. We included all adult female patients diagnosed with breast cancer at our institution and underwent F18-FDG PET CT between January 1st, 2014 and December 31st, 2018 prior to any treatment. Patients’ characteristics including staging and management modification were described before and after F18-FDG PET CT. Continuous variables expressed as median (Interquartile ranges) and categorical as proportions. Results: A total of 283 patients were included in the study. There were 97 patients (34.3%) who were clinically upstaged including 31 patients upstaged to stage IV, 40 to stage IIIC, 15 to stage IIIA, and 11 to stage IIB. There was no statistical difference in age or tumor histology type between patients who were upstaged compared to those who were not. However, in the group of patients who were upstaged, there were more patients with triple negative receptor status compared to those who were not upstaged (45% vs. 27% p&lt0.05). Conclusions: For staging purposes patients9 characteristics and tumor histology type did not appear to impact final staging. Patients with triple negative receptor status were frequently upstaged on F18-FDG PET CT. Whether this is an independent factor for changes in staging on F18-FDG PET CT requires validation with a larger patient population.
Hippocampal sharp-wave ripples in cognitive map maintenance versus episodic simulation.

Hippocampal sharp-wave ripples (SWRs) have been proposed to support memory-based decision-making. A new study by Gillespie et al. (in this issue of Neuron) provides important new insights on how past experiences and future choices are reflected in neuronal activity during SWRs.
An Algorithm to Determine Multicast Meshes with Maximum Lifetime for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

We propose an algorithm called OptMeshTrans to determine a sequence of stable meshes that connect the source nodes and receiver nodes of a multicast session in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). OptMeshTrans uses the following greedy strategy: Whenever a mesh connecting a set of source nodes to a set of receiver nodes is required, we choose the mesh, called the Stable-Static-Mesh, which exists for the longest time. In this pursuit, we determine a long-living minimum edge Steiner tree connecting the source nodes to the receiver nodes and the Stable-Static-Mesh is an extension of this Steiner tree by including in the mesh, all the edges that exist between the constituent nodes of the tree. When such a Stable-Static-Mesh gets disconnected, leading to the absence of a path from any source to any receiver node, we use the above greedy principle to construct another long-living mesh. The sequence of long-living Stable-Static-Meshes determined over the duration of the multicast session time is called a Stable-Mobile-Mesh. The lifetime of the meshes determined using algorithm OptMeshTrans forms the benchmark for maximum mesh lifetime in multicast routing. Simulation results indicate that the lifetime of the meshes determined using the classical mesh-based On-Demand Multicast Routing Protocol (ODMRP) is significantly lower than the optimal lifetime of the stable meshes determined using OptMeshTrans.
Structural and Functional Studies Of The Intrinsically Disordered Protein AF9 In MLL-AF9 Leukemia

Mixed lineage leukemias are characterized by the creation of a chimeric fusion protein where MLL is fused in frame to over 60 different fusion partners, leading to the disruption of HOX gene regulation. AF9 is one of the most common MLL fusion partners, and MLL-AF9 leukemia is acute and aggressive with a poor overall prognosis. The mechanism by which AF9 regulates normal transcription and contributes to dysregulated transcription is poorly understood. We have shown that the C-terminal domain of AF9 binds to four different proteins, two of which (Dot1L – an H3K79 methyltransferase and AF4 – which recruits P-TEFb), are transcriptional activators, whereas the other two (CBX8 – which is a part of the PRC1 repressive complex and BCOR- BCL6 corepressor), are generally transcriptional repressors, suggesting that AF9 acts as a protein signaling hub. We have previously shown that the C-terminal domain of AF9 is an intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) meaning that it is unstructured on its own but undergoes coupled folding and binding upon interacting with its binding partners1. Our goal is to use structure-function studies to further understand AF9 protein interactions and to elucidate which of these interactions with AF9 are critical for MLL-AF9 leukemogenesis. We have determined NMR solution structures of complexes of Dot1L and CBX8 with AF9. Both Dot1L and CBX8 complexes form mixed alpha-beta structures, similar to that of our previously solved AF4-AF9 complex structure where AF4, Dot1L, and CBX8 all have a consensus LXVXIXL sequence and form a s-strand and an extended s-turn. Intriguingly, Dot1L contains three separate binding motifs for AF9 interaction, including one repeat motif separated by seven amino acids. Our 15N-1H HSQC NMR experiments show that each of these three binding sites on Dot1L adopts a similar fold with AF9 yet has vastly different binding affinities with AF9. We have created several structure-guided mutations on AF9 that differentially block interactions of its binding partners. A single charge reversal mutation on AF9 that blocks all protein interactions with AF9 was introduced into MLL-AF9 in vitro colony forming assays, and was able to abrogate the serial replating capacity of MLL-AF9. Other mutations that selectively block the interaction of various proteins with AF9, show differential effects in colony forming assays and HOX gene expression suggesting the importance of certain AF9 protein interactions in MLL-AF9 leukemogenesis. 1. Leach, B. I. et al. Leukemia fusion target AF9 is an intrinsically disordered transcriptional regulator that recruits multiple partners via coupled folding and binding. Structure 21 , 176-183, doi:10.1016/j.str.2012.11.011 (2013). Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
A Real-Time Voice Controlled Human Computer Interface to Help Persons with Motor Disability

Current speech recognition (SR) systems have evolved technologically to begin having an impact in human computer interface (HCI) designs that can be used by persons with motor disabilities. This study presents a real-time user-friendly programming HCI able to convert voice commands into computer actions. To this end, an interface was developed for facilitating the communication between a Microsoft speech (MS) recognition engine and MS Windows such that the dictated commands are executed as if they were triggered by mouse or keyboard operations. Experiments were conducted with the mouse functionality commands to statistically establish a confusion matrix to assess the recognition accuracy of the system. Validation results from 15 subjects yielded a performance of 84% of accuracy in command recognition. Unexpected high confusion degrees between unrelated voice commands were experienced and were reported to the developers of this software tool for additional information and for investigating this potential design problem.
Locomotor Adaptations of Oligocene and Miocene Hominoids and Their Phyletic Implications

For most of this century, discussions of ape and human ancestry have frequently centered on questions of skeletal morphology and locomotor adaptations. The proponents of a close evolutionary relationship between humans and living apes have always based much of their argument on the many “brachiating” adaptations found in the musculoskeletal systems of all living hominoids (e.g., Keith, 1923; Gregory, 1934; Washburn, 1968). At the same time, their opponents emphasized the many ways in which apes showed specialized adaptations for brachiation which were not found in humans (e.g., Wood Jones, 1929, 1948; Straus, 1949). The discovery of skeletal remains for many fossil apes from the Miocene provided what Le Gros Clark (1950) and many others initially perceived as a broadly synthetic solution to the issue of ape—human relationships, but in the long run only complicated the arguments and recalibrated the debate (Fleagle and Jungers, 1982). Thus, for the past three decades, the debate has shifted from mainly neontological comparisons of living apes and humans to true evolutionary investigation of the morphological and temporal relationships among the fossil apes, living apes, and humans.
Developmental changes of TrkB signaling in response to exogenous brain-derived neurotrophic factor in primary cortical neurons.

J. Neurochem. (2011) 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07528.x Abstract Neocortical circuits are most sensitive to sensory experience during a critical period of early development. Previous studies implicate that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and GABAergic inhibition may control the timing of the critical period. By using an in vitro maturation model, we found that neurons at DIV (day in vitro) 7, around a period when functional synapses start to form and GABAergic inhibition emerges, displayed the most dynamic activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and CREB by exogenous BDNF. The BDNF-stimulated transcriptional up-regulation of CREB target genes was also the highest in DIV 7 neurons. The basal level of ERK1/2 and CREB activity, as well as the expression of CREB target genes, increased along with maturation, and neurons at DIV 13 and 22 displayed less dynamic responses to BDNF. Furthermore, we found that the developmentally regulated GABAergic inhibition correlated with the decline of BDNF-mediated signaling during maturation. BDNF stimulation along with suppression of GABAergic inhibition enhanced the activation of ERK1/2-CREB signaling and gene transcription in mature neurons. Conversely, BDNF stimulation along with enhancement of GABAergic inhibition reduced the overall induction of intracellular signaling in younger neurons. We propose that the less dynamic molecular changes may play a certain role in the loss of plasticity during maturation.
WITNESS AGREEMENT AND THE TRUTH-CONDUCIVENESS OF COHERENTIST JUSTIFICATION

Some recent work in formal epistemology shows that “witness agreement” by itself implies neither an increase in the probability of truth nor a high probability of truth—the witnesses need to have some “individual credibility.” It can seem that, from this formal epistemological result, it follows that coherentist justification (i.e., doxastic coherence) is not truth-conducive. I argue that this does not follow. Central to my argument is the thesis that, though coherentists deny that there can be noninferential justification, coherentists do not deny that there can be individual credibility.
Artificial intelligence and big six accounting

Abstract In mid January, 1991, KPMG Peat Marwick, the worlds largest international certified public accounting firm announced the layoff of 16% of its partners, world-wide. This unprecedented move came on the heals of the complete closure of several mid-size firms. All these actions are part of the Accounting Professions perceived need to increase efficiencies and provide more cost effective services in an increasingly competitive and demanding market place. In the face of the current savings and loan crisis and general recessionary environment of the economy in general, it is not sufficient for these firms to simply reduce costs. They must reduce costs while simultaneously improving the quality of services. The demands and complexities of this goal have resulted in a reevaluation of traditional business practices in larger CPA firms. This paper surveys the use of artificial intelligence in the form of expert systems as a means that the larger public accounting firms are utilizing to meet the their conflicting demands of reduced cost and improved quality of services.
Pharmacist management of antiemetic therapy under protocol in an oncology clinic

The development of a program for pharmacist prescribing of antiemetic agents for nausea and vomiting induced by antineoplastic agents given to ambulatory patients is described. The oncologist and the pharmacists developed a protocol and submitted it to the Washington State Board of Pharmacy, which can authorize a pharmacist to initiate or modify drug therapy in accordance with written guidelines or protocols. The protocol was approved and the pharmacists developed algorithms for antiemetic therapy, based on the emetic potential of the various antineoplastic agents. The oncologist writes an order for the pharmacist to prescribe antiemetic therapy for an individual patient, and the pharmacists selects an algorithm for each patient based on the antineoplastic agent that has the highest potential for causing emesis. The pharmacist writes orders for antiemetic agents to be administered in the clinic and at home, phones the patient 24 hours after antineoplastic drug therapy, and, if necessary, modifies the antiemetic therapy. Pharmacists have managed antiemetic therapy for more than 1200 patient visits and were able to use the first-line therapy in the selected algorithm in 78% of the cases without serious adverse effects. Pharmacist management of antiemetic therapy for nausea and vomiting associated with antineoplastic drug treatment has been well accepted by patients and professionals in this oncology clinic.
CWO-Based HPCMP Systems Assessment Using HYCOM and WRF

Each year the Department of Defense High Performance Computing Modernization Program HPCMP) acquires new supercomputing hardware through a rigorous HPC hardware acquisition process that is based primarily on applications benchmarking. The corresponding suite of applications spans many disciplines and is carefully constructed to accurately reflect typical workloads on HPCMP platforms. For the most recent HPC acquisition process (called TI-05 for technology insertion for fiscal year 2005), HYCOM and WRF were used to represent the computational weather and ocean modeling (CWO) portion of the workload. This paper will compare selected HPCMP platforms in terms of performance for each of three CWO application test cases (the standard and large test cases for HYCOM, and the standard test case for WRF) within the TI-05 benchmarking suite.
Bayesian designs and the control of frequentist characteristics: A practical solution

Frequentist concepts, such as the control of the type I error or the false discovery rate, are well established in the medical literature and often required by regulators. Most Bayesian designs are defined without explicit considerations of frequentist characteristics. Once the Bayesian design is structured, statisticians use simulations and adjust tuning parameters to comply with a set of targeted operating characteristics. These adjustments affect the use of prior information and utility functions. Here we consider a Bayesian decision theoretic approach for experimental designs with explicit frequentist requisites. We define optimal designs under a set of constraints required by a regulator. Our approach combines the use of interpretable utility functions with frequentist criteria, and selects an optimal design that satisfies a set of required operating characteristics. We illustrate the approach using a group-sequential multi-arm Phase II trial and a bridging trial.
Ziram and sodium N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamate inhibit ubiquitin activation through intracellular metal transport and increased oxidative stress in HEK293 cells.

Ubiquitin activating enzyme E1 plays a pivotal role in ubiquitin based protein signaling through regulating the initiating step of the cascade. Previous studies demonstrated that E1 is inhibited by covalent modification of reactive cysteines contained within the ubiquitin-binding groove and by conditions that increase oxidative stress and deplete cellular antioxidants. In this study, we determined the relative contribution of covalent adduction and oxidative stress to E1 inhibition produced by ziram and sodium N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamate (DMDC) in HEK293 cells. Although no dithiocarbamate-derived E1 adducts were identified on E1 using shotgun LC/MS/MS for either ziram or DMDC, both dithiocarbamates significantly decreased E1 activity, with ziram demonstrating greater potency. Ziram increased intracellular levels of zinc and copper, DMDC increased intracellular levels of only copper, and both dithiocarbamates enhanced oxidative injury evidenced by elevated levels of protein carbonyls and expression of heme...
Singly bridged hydroborates: Fluxional character in [(MeO)3P]2CuBH4 and a calculation of ΔG‡ for the process

Abstract A ΔG‡ for the fluxional process [(MeO)3P]2CuBH4 has been determined utilizing data on a related compound [(MeO3P]2CuH3BCO2C2H5. Results are related to a model for the permutation process and they indicate that the difference between ΔG‡ values for the bidentate copper complex (4.3 kcal/mol) and the bidentate vanadium complex (7.6 kcal/mol) is dependent on the greater covalency of the BH bond in the vanadium complex rather than a difference in geometry of the fluxional intermediate.
A note on the decomposition of cost efficiency into technical and allocative components

In this note a simpler method of cost efficiency decomposition than that of Kopp and Diewert (1982) is proposed. The method is obtained by application of a duality theorem for cost and distance functions.
Electrical resistivity and X-ray spacings of graphite tetrafluoroborate, hexafluorophosphate and hexafluoroantimonate compounds synthesized from nitronium salts

Abstract The action on graphite of the nitronium salts NO2BF4, NO2PF6, and NO2SbF6 dissolved in dry nitromethane has led to the formation of novel intercalation compounds. These compounds have been synthesized in a wide variety of states and characterized with respect to X-ray identity period along the c - axis , electrical resistivity normal to the c - axis , and thickness and weight change.
Analysis of a single-stage, single-product, stochastic, MRP-controlled assembly system

This paper models a single-stage, single-product, stochastic assembly system, operating according to an Materials Requirements Planning controlled (MRP) ordering philosophy. It deals explicitly with the underlying stochastic process that describes the end-product inventory position, enabling production lead times to be treated as independent and generally distributed random variables. The inventory position process is identified as a Markov renewal process, and this structure is exploited to determine system performance measures such as average inventory level, average backorder level, and the probability distribution of the end-product inventory position. An example, which demonstrates the type of analysis possible, focuses on quantifying the effect of kitting on the availability of end-products.
Structure of alkali tungsten tellurite glasses by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

The electronic structure of two alkali tungsten tellurite glass series: (a) 10Li 2 O.xWO 3 .(90 - x)TeO 2 , and (b) xK 2 O.(10 - x)-Li 2 O.25WO 3 .65TeO 2 has been investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In contrast to alkali tellurite glasses, the core level spectra of the various elements appear unaffected when TeO 2 is replaced by WO 3 , with the alkali oxide concentration remaining constant. The Ols spectra do not indicate a clear separation of the bridging and non-bridging oxygen contributions. Thus we conclude that WO 3 behaves essentially as a network former in tellurite glasses. We have also obtained valence band spectra of the glasses and observed major changes with the addition of WO 3 In particular, the intensity corresponding to the lowest energy part of the spectra, attributed to the 02p bonding orbital, decreases significantly with increasing WO 3 , indicating the appearance of a new bonding configuration.
Silylation of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Herein we present, to the best of our knowledge, the first report of effective silylation of raw, pristine single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). Specifically, commercially available CoMoCAT SWNTs were functionalized at their ends and sidewalls (a) with trimethoxysilane and in a separate experiment, (b) with hexaphenyldisilane. Raman analyses demonstrated selective reactivity of predominantly smaller-diameter semiconducting nanotubes. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy showed that the functionalization reaction was structurally nondestructive to the tube integrity. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (29Si NMR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) data provided evidence for chemical attachment of organosilanes onto the carbon nanotube surface. UV−visible data also yielded evidence for selectivity and functionalization.
Acquisition and recovery of tolerance to the discriminative stimulus properties of cocaine

Abstract Rats were trained to discriminate the stimulus properties of cocaine using a two-lever choice paradigm, in which food reinforcement was delivered for responses on the correct lever: one lever was always correct after a 5 mg/kg injection of cocaine, and the other lever was always correct after an injection of saline. After training, administration of cocaine and methamphetamine were generalized to the cocaine lever in a dose-dependent fashion, but administration of phenylethylamine was only partially generalized. Training was then suspended, and cocaine (20 mg/kg) was injected every 8hr. Tolerance developed progressively to the discriminative stimulus properties of cocaine. After six days of chronic administration, redetermination of dose-effect data showed the presence of tolerance and cross-tolerance to the stimulus properties of cocaine and methamphetamine, respectively, with no evidence for cross-tolerance to phenylethylamine. No tolerance or sensitization developed to the suppressant effects of cocaine on operant responding. After termination of the chronic administration of cocaine, the tolerance was lost at the same rate at which it was acquired. These data demonstrate that tolerance occurs to the stimulus properties of cocaine and suggests that a common mechanism mediates the stimulus properties of cocaine and methamphetamine.
The Eurasian Convergence Zone: Gateway or Shatterbelt?

A prominent American geographer discusses geopolitical implications of U.S. penetration into a vast Eurasian Convergence Zone, within which the influence of major world geopolitical powers (Maritime Europe, Russia, China, India, and Japan) converge. Following a discussion of the nature of U.S. activity in major subsections of the Zone (Eastern Europe, Transcaucasus, Central Asia, and East Asia), the author examines economic, demographic, and military strategic stakes of the major geopolitical powers in the region. Concluding sections assess the complex relationships (both cooperative and competitive) among the U.S. and abutting powers in the Zone and outline ways that U.S. foreign policy objectives might be supported. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: O10, O18, R10. 3 figures, 46 references.
Surgical Factors in the Treatment of Superficial and Invasive Bladder Cancer

Tumor stage, grade, and variations in biologic behavior are primary features that largely determine bladder cancer outcomes. Quality of surgery used to assess and treat bladder tumors is critical to a successful outcome. Diagnosis, prognosis, local tumor control, and survival are highly dependent on surgical factors associated with the quality of surgical methods. In cases of superficial bladder tumors, this involves an aggressive TUR of all visible and suspected tumors, including a second resection in most cases. For invasive bladder cancers, radical cystectomy and a complete PLND are required. Both procedures require a high level of skill to achieve a successful outcome. Urologists have no control over the extent of disease or tumor biology, but can control how they evaluate and treat patients. The challenge is how to get better at maximizing surgical efforts. The who and how of surgery in bladder cancer does indeed matter.
Platelet imipramine binding in depressed children and adolescents.

Abstract Kinetic constants of platelet imipramine binding were determined in youths with major depression and a contrast group. Subjects actively depressed ( N = 10) had significantly fewer imipramine binding sites (B max ) (877 ± 148 fmol/mg protein) than recovering depressives ( N = 12) (1220 ± 428 fmol/mg protein) and contrasts ( N = 10) (1270 ± 230 fmol/mg protein). Affinity constants (K d ) (1.14 ± 0.36 nM, 0.97 ± 0.31 nM, and 1.17 ± 0.39 nM, respectively) were similar among the groups. Actively depressed males but not females had fewer imipramine binding sites than both their sex-matched comparison groups. Although actively depressed females' B max was significantly lower than recovering depressed and nondepressed males, neither age, Tannner stage, nor circannual rhythms influenced B max , but suicidality may be associated with low B max . A decrease in B max may be a state-specific marker of major depression in boys or associated with a depressive disorder with a suicidal history.
4,4-Difluoro-1,3,5,7,8-pentamethyl-2,6-dibutyl-3a,4a-diaza-4-bora-s-indacene

There are two mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit of the title compound, C22H33BF2N2, also known as Pyrromethene 580. The dihedral angle between the least squares planes of the bora-s-indacene rings of the two molecules (A and B) is 80.2 (6)°. The F atoms extend an average distance of 1.127 (6) A (in A) and 1.230 (2) A (in B) from the mean plane deviation of this ring [0.024 (4) A in A and 0.018 (2) A in B]. The dihedral angle between the mean planes of the bora-s-indacene rings of each mol­ecule is 80.2 (6)°.
Regional and local variation of indoor radon and radon source potentials

Abstract The upper midwest has been identified as an area with high potential for elevated indoor radon. In Minnesota (MN), substantial spatial variations have been observed in radon and radon sources on both regional and local scales. Different methods for identifying ‘hot spots’ were investigated. Maps generated from existing indoor radon screening measurements averaged over a small area (postal zip code area) correlate well with the average indoor radon concentrations in both high radon and low radon regions within the state. However, a statewide indoor radon map generated from zip code aggregated measurements misses the smaller local hot spots. An intensive study of the spatial variation in Olmsted County, MN, revealed several hot spots within zip code areas. Since many rural regions are poorly represented in indoor radon databases, the usefulness of surrogate measurements, such as the soil radium content, was studied to extend the indoor radon predictions to areas not covered by direct indoor results. Most of the surrogates, including many of those that have been reported as being successful guides in other regions, failed in this region. However, surface 214Bi concentration proved to be a useful, qualitative guide to regional hot spots while radon source potential proved to be a useful, qualitative guide to local hot spots.
Cyclic redundancy checking by program

Recent advances in the use of mini-computers as control elements of a computer complex and as intelligent terminals are indicative of a trend toward relocation of certain hardware functions to micro-program or machine level program. One such function which is a particularly good candidate, for various reasons, has already been moved into program in several machines (e.g., IBM System 360/25 Integrated Communication Adapter and the IBM 1130). This function is error control using an error detection Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC). A CRC is a variable length shortened cyclic code in which a message is a code word if, and only if, the message polynomial M (x) is divisible by the generator polynomial G(x).
Acceleration of activation and inactivation by the β subunit of the skeletal muscle calcium channel

THE L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel is an important link in excitation-contraction coupling of muscle cells1 (reviewed in refs 2 and 3). The channel has two functional characteristics: calcium permeation and receptor sites for calcium antagonists. In skeletal muscle the channel is a complex of five subunits, α1, α2, β, γ and δ (ref. 4). Complementary DNAs to these subunits have been cloned and their amino-acid sequences deduced5–8. The skeletal muscle α1 subunit cDNA expressed in L cells manifests as specific calcium-ion permeation, as well as sensitivity to the three classes of organic calcium-channel blockers9,10. We report here that coexpression of the α1, subunit with other subunits results in significant changes in dihydropyridine binding and gating properties. The available number of drug receptor sites increases 10-fold with an α1 β combination, whereas the affinity of the dihydropyridine binding site remains unchanged. Also, the presence of the β subunit accelerates activation and inactivation kinetics of the calcium-channel current.
An overview of animal models of pain: disease models and outcome measures.

Abstract Pain is ultimately a perceptual phenomenon. It is built from information gathered by specialized pain receptors in tissue, modified by spinal and supraspinal mechanisms, and integrated into a discrete sensory experience with an emotional valence in the brain. Because of this, studying intact animals allows the multidimensional nature of pain to be examined. A number of animal models have been developed, reflecting observations that pain phenotypes are mediated by distinct mechanisms. Animal models of pain are designed to mimic distinct clinical diseases to better evaluate underlying mechanisms and potential treatments. Outcome measures are designed to measure multiple parts of the pain experience, including reflexive hyperalgesia measures, sensory and affective dimensions of pain, and impact of pain on function and quality of life. In this review, we discuss the common methods used for inducing each of the pain phenotypes related to clinical pain syndromes as well as the main behavioral tests for assessing pain in each model. Perspective Understanding animal models and outcome measures in animals will assist in translating data from basic science to the clinic.
Variation in host preference within Gyrodactylus salaris (Monogenea): an experimental approach

The monogenean ectoparasite, Gyrodactylus salaris Malmberg, 1957, has had a devastating effect on wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) since its introduction to Norway in the mid-1970s. In Lake Palsbufjorden, southern Norway, upstream of the stretches of the River Numedalslagen with anadromous Atlantic salmon, a resident Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) population has been reported to be infected with G. salaris which is viable in the absence of its normal host, the Atlantic salmon. Currently, there is no record of G. salaris infecting Atlantic salmon in the downstream sections of the River Numedalslagen. We studied experimentally the infectivity and reproductive capacity of G. salaris from Lake Palsbufjorden on wild and hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon as well as on Arctic charr and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Arctic charr and rainbow trout were moderately susceptible, whereas the Atlantic salmon stocks from River Numedalslagen and River Drammenselva were innately resistant to only slightly susceptible. Thus, the G. salaris from Arctic charr in Lake Palsbufjorden is considered non-pathogenic to Atlantic salmon. This is the first observation of variation in host preference among Norwegian G. salaris populations. The observed differences in virulence between G. salaris populations could have important consequences for the international legislation and management of Atlantic salmon.
Movement and mobility influence on successful aging: addressing the issue of low physical activity.

Demographic projections indicate that the over 65 population will double between 2000 and 2030, from 35 million to 70 million. Unfortunately, statistics also show that although people are living longer, they are living with an increased prevalence of chronic disease, a trend that could have devastating effects on health care costs and quality of life in later years unless ways are found to reverse this trend. This paper briefly reviews evidence showing the positive contributions of regular physical activity (PA) to health and well-being in later years, as well as the role of PA in preventing and, in some cases, reversing age-related functional declines. However, despite the well-documented benefits of PA, two-thirds of Americans continue to live mostly sedentary lifestyles, a statistic that has been largely unaffected by past physical activity intervention research. Issues related to this persistent lack of physical activity are discussed.
Distinct effects of unfractionated heparin versus bivalirudin on circulating angiogenic peptides.

Background Human studies of therapeutic angiogenesis, stem-cell, and progenitor-cell therapy have failed to demonstrate consistent clinical benefit. Recent studies have shown that heparin increases circulating levels of anti-angiogenic peptides. Given the widely prevalent use of heparin in percutaneous and surgical procedures including those performed as part of studies examining the benefit of therapeutic angiogenesis and cell-based therapy, we compared the effects of unfractionated heparin (UFH) on angiogenic peptides with those of bivalirudin, a relatively newer anticoagulant whose effects on angiogenic peptides have not been studied.
FRACTIONATION OF GRAPE TANNINS BY AFFINITY CHROMATOGRAPHY AND PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE FRACTIONS

Fractionation of grape tannins was accomplished by chromatography on Sepharose-immobilized bovine serum albumin. Tannin fractions emerged from the column sequentially according to an increasing molecular weight. Nine distinct fractions were obtained and were further partially characterized. Fractions that failed to bind or bound only weakly to the column material lacked the ability to precipitate gelatin and yielded no anthocyanidins when treated with acid. In contrast, all of the fractions that bound strongly to the column, were able to precipitate gelatin and yielded anthocyanidins with characteristic wavelength maxima.
Rab3B regulates ZO-1 targeting and actin organization in PC12 neuroendocrine cells

Rab3B is a monomeric GTPase that modulates norepinephrine secretion when expressed in PC12 neuroendocrine cells. In the present study we determined whether rab3B also regulates the organization of intercellular junctions, since this GTPase localizes to regions of cell contact in multiple cell types. The stable expression of rab3B, but not the closely related rab3A, led to two morphological phenotypes in PC12 cells: (i) reorganization of F-actin into long filopodia and (ii) redistribution of the junction-associated protein ZO-1. ZO-1 localization was not appreciably affected by the expression of a GTP binding mutant of rab3B (N135I) that stimulates norepinephrine secretion by PC12 cells. The apparent diversity of these rab3B phenotypes implies that this GTPase is capable of influencing cell signaling pathways that in turn modulate the cytoskeleton and junction organization. In support of this hypothesis we observed that rab3B expression also altered the profile of proteins that interact with the signaling molecule, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase). The effect of rab3B on protein interactions with PI3-kinase was reversed by inhibitors of this kinase. Furthermore, PI3-kinase inhibitors virtually abolished ZO-1 localization at the surfaces of cells that express rab3B, but not rab3A, whereas these inhibitors had no effect on rab3B-dependent norepinephrine secretion. Our results indicate that rab3B can influence junctional protein targeting and secretion by distinct mechanisms.
The double-outlet right ventricle. A palliative approach.

Abstract Three patients with a Type II double-outlet right ventricle and 1 patient with a Type I double-outlet right ventricle are presented. One of the patients was treated by atrial septectomy, a second by a balloon septostomy and pulmonary artery banding, and a third by pulmonary artery banding. The gratifying operative results in these patients support the conclusion that infants with a double-outlet right ventricle who are in refractory congestive heart failure will benefit from palliative procedures such as atrial septostomy, atrial septectomy, and pulmonary artery banding, or a combination of these.
Synthesis of heptacosapeptide (AA111—AA137) of the γ-chain of a human immunoglobulin (IgGl) using N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-l-amino acid pentachlorophenyl esters

The synthesis of the heptacosapeptide (AA111-AA137) of the γ-chain of a human immunoglobulin (IgGl) is described. The solid phase method was used, and coupling of each amino acid residue was achieved by use of the corresponding N-tert-butyloxy-carbonyl-L-amino acid pentachlorophenyl ester.
Dynamic Pharmacocavernosometry and Pharmacocavernosography

The prime indication is for young men who wish to have a better understanding of the nature of their erectile complaint and possible be considered for microvascular arterial bypass surgery. Should this study identify normal corporal veno-occlusive function and cavernosal artery insufficiency, they would be candidates for selective internal pudendal arteriography. Additional indications include those who have erectile dysfunction for unknown reasons and wish to better understand the pathophysiology. This test can discriminate vanous leak for example from blunt perineal trauma versus from a peniel fracture.
Does momentary assessment detect binge eating in overweight women that is denied at interview

Binge eating is a common problem among overweight people and may complicate weight loss treatment. Addressing binge eating in treatment requires an understanding of the factors that trigger these episodes. Forty-two women were selected from a community sample that expressed interest in the study. An Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) method was used that enabled participants to monitor their eating, feelings and behaviours for 14 days, using programmable wristwatches, at random times, before all eating episodes and just after binge eating episodes. Of these, 18 BED women and 17 women with no BED (NBED) were retained for the statistical analyses. The most important finding was that BED and NBED subjects reported similar levels of binge eating when studied in this way. Negative affect, restraint and lower levels of positive affect were noted as antecedents for binge eating in both BED and NBED participants. Stress and desire to binge, however, were higher for BED participants, compared to NBED participants, prior to normal eating and binge eating episodes. EMA was a valuable method to make assessments of binge eating behaviours in participants' natural environment. BED and NBED participants showed more similarities than differences in terms of the frequency of binge eating as well as binge antecedents. Both EMA as well as the similarities between BED and NBED participants may have implications for the diagnosis of BED. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
How Did We Get Here? Mexican Democracy after the 2006 Elections

On July 2, 2006, Mexican voters elected National Action Party (PAN) candidate Felipe Calderon as the next president of Mexico. Calderon's victory was extremely narrow; he won under 36% of the total vote and less that 0.6% more than his leftist rival, Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador. This potentially problematic situation was aggravated by Lopez Obrador's decision to challenge Calderon's victory, both in the courts and in the streets. Lopez Obrador's protest campaign culminated on September 16, when tens of thousands of his followers gathered in downtown Mexico City to acclaim him “legitimate president” of Mexico. Meanwhile, in the legislature, leaders of Lopez Obrador's Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) oscillated between hints that they would collaborate with Calderon's administration and signs that they would adopt a posture of untrammeled hostility.
The Functional Border Equivalent

It has been clearly established by case law that the government has the power to conduct routine warrantless border searches. The constitutionality of search and seizure at the border is not the focus of this article. For a discussion on the general law of border search, readers are directed to Compton and Wells (1988). In that earlier treatment, particular emphasis was given to the unlawful transportation of aliens and drug enforcement regarding proper time, place and manner of apprehension procedures at the actual border. The focus of this article is upon the requirements for searches which occur at places away from the actual border known as "functional border equivalents." The term "functional border equivalent" was first coined by the Supreme Court of the United States in the decision of Almeida-Sanchez v. United States (1973). In the Almeida-Sanchez decision, the Court established two criteria and delineated two examples which describe a functional border equivalent. The first example was that of a search of the passengers and cargo of an airplane arriving at an international airport after a non-stop flight from a foreign destination. The second example was a search at an established station near the border, at a point marking the confluence of two or more roads that extend from the border, which the court indicated might be the functional equivalent of a border search. This paper will examine the concept of functional border equivalency pursuant to both of the examples set forth by the Almeida-Sanchez court. The article will initially examine the airport search example (herein referred to as the airport exclusion) and subsequently study the development of the judicial doctrine concerning the second example in the Fifth and Ninth Circuit Courts of Appeal.
Successful joint arthroplasty following Proteus morganii (Morganella morganii) septic arthritis: a four-year study

Proteus morganii (Morganella morganii) is an uncommon cause of septic arthritis. We describe a 53-year-old woman with severely deforming rheumatoid arthritis, who developed an indolent septic arthritis secondary to infection with this organism. She was treated with antibiotics and closed drainage, and subsequently, underwent successful arthroplasty. She continues to do well 4.5 years later. This patient's disease course shows that gram-negative septic arthritis, effectively treated, does not preclude successful total joint arthroplasty.
Effects of Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol on stimulus control

Sixteen rats received extended discrimination training between two floor-tilt positions and then were given an extinction generalization test along the floor-tilt dimension. The stimulus control effects of four doses of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), 0.0, 0.25, 0.50, or 2.0 mg/kg of body weight, were assessed in groups of four rats each. Δ9-THC did not disrupt either discrimination performance or the occurrence of orderly generalization gradients. However, a significant dose-related enhancement of the postdiscrimination peak shift was obtained.
Torsion in Groups of Integral Triangles

Let 0＜γ＜π be a fixed pythagorean angle. We study the abelian group Hr of primitive integral triangles (a,b,c) for which the angle opposite side c is γ. Addition in Hr is defined by adding the angles β opposite side b and modding out by π-γ. The only Hr for which the structure is known is Hπ/2, which is free abelian. We prove that for generalγ, Hr has an element of order two iff 2(1- cosγ) is a rational square, and it has elements of order three iff the cubic (2cosγ)x3-3x2+1=0 has a rational solution 0＜x＜1. This shows that the set of values ofγ for which Hr has two-torsion is dense in [0, π], and similarly for three-torsion. We also show that there is at most one copy of either Z2 or Z3 in Hr. Finally, we give some examples of higher order torsion elements in Hr.