cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cholecystokinin-octapeptide effects on conditioned-avoidance behavior, stereotypy and catalepsy.

Abstract The effect of peripherally administered cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK8) was tested on signaled-avoidance behaviot, apomorphine-induced stereotypy, and catalepsy. Rats were trained to avoid shock in a signaled shuttle-box avoidance task, and then given CCK8, tetragastrin, or haloperidol. CCK8 (20–3840 μg/kg i.p.) reduced avoidance in a dose-dependent manner. The impairment at maximal dose levels was approximately 25% from its predrug level compared to 50% with haloperidol (100 μg/kg i.p.). Combined injection of CCK8 (320 μg/kg i.p.) and haloperidol (75 μg/kg i.p.) reduced avoidance significantly more than either drug alone. The effects of CCK8 were relatively brief in that active avoidance was impaired if CCK8 was injected up to 15 min before the avoidance test. CCK8 also facilitated the extinction of avoidance. Tetragastrin (177 μg/kg i.p.), which elicits gastrointestinal effects resembling CCK8, did not affect avoidance. In addition, CCK8 diminished apomorphine-induced stereotypy up to 5 min after CCK8 injection. CCK8 (20–1280 μg/kg i.p. and s.c.) failed to produce catalepsy in vertical grip tests. These data suggest that peripherally administered CCK8 has sedative and certain neuroleptic-like effects on behavior.
Hemodynamics of Blood Pressure Responses During Active and Passive Coping

This laboratory study was designed to address a number of interrelated issues regarding cardiovascular reactivity to psychological stress. One objective was to extend the previous research comparing cardiovascular responses during active versus passive coping, by comparing responses to two task conditions designed to be similar in all ways except the opportunity to make a response influencing the task's outcome. A second objective was to compare responses to two different passive film tasks, which differed in outcome uncertainty and the degree of vicarious active coping achieved through identification with the role portrayed by the actors. A third objective was to evaluate whether individuals are predisposed to exhibit a particular hemodynamic pattern underlying their blood pressure adjustments, independently of the task demands imposed. Ninety healthy young adult male subjects were tested in pairs on a series of tasks that included a competitive reaction-time task, an active as well as a passive phase of a team reaction-time task, and passive viewing of two film segments. The tasks demanding active coping responses tended to raise blood pressure due primarily to an increase in cardiac output, while vascular resistance fell. During passive coping demands cardiac output increased to a lesser extent, but vascular resistance also tended to increase, thereby raising blood pressure by their synergistic effects. However, these patterns were not typical of all participating subjects. On the basis of their cardiac output and vascular resistance responses to the competitive reaction-time task, one third of the subjects were categorized as being high myocardial reactors (n = 30) and another third high vascular reactors (n = 31). Post-hoc analyses of responses to the other tasks, based on these categorizations, indicated that the hemodynamic basis of reactivity is an individual characteristic only partially modified by coping demands. The active/passive coping dimension is discussed both conceptually and in relation to the role of stress in the etiology of hypertension.
Assessing the accuracy of estimates of the likelihood ratio

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First-postgraduate-year resident clinical time use on three specialty rotations.

OBJECTIVE To compare in-hospital time uses by first-postgraduate-year (PGY1) residents during rotations in emergency medicine (EM), internal medicine (IM), and surgery (S). This article reports the clinical components of residency time use. METHODS A cross-sectional, observational study of the clinical activities of EM PGY1 residents was performed while the residents were on duty during the three specialty rotations. The activities were recorded by an observer using a log with predetermined categories for clinical activities. A time-blocked, convenience sample of resident shifts was observed for each service rotation. The sample was proportional to the total number of hours for which a PGY1 resident was expected to be in the hospital during a rotation on that service. No attempt was made to sample the same resident at all time periods or on all rotations. Proportions were compared by chi2; alpha = 0.0001. RESULTS Twelve PGY1 residents were observed for a total of 166 hours on S, 156 hours on IM, and 120 hours on EM. These hourly amounts were representative of a typical two-week span of service on each rotation for the residents. On average, the residents spent 57% of their time on clinical or service-oriented activities. During EM and IM rotations, the residents spent most of their time performing clinical information gathering and engaging in case management and data synthesis (52% of total clinical effort). Within this category, residents on EM were more involved with case discussion and review of ancillary test results than on IM (34% vs 20% of time in this category). Conversely, proportionately less time in this category was devoted to documentation on the EM vs IM rotation (56% vs 80%; p < 0.0001). The greatest opportunity to perform procedures was on the S rotation (31% of total clinical time vs 6% for other specialties; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Awareness of the clinical activities performed on PGY1 rotations can help residency directors anticipate educational needs to balance their residents' experience. Since 29% and 42% of total clinical time on PGY1 EM and IM rotations, respectively, is focused on documentation, efforts to enhance charting skills and efficiency are warranted. Also, efforts to enhance PGY1 procedural experience outside of the S rotation appear warranted.
Consumer protection: Corrective measures

The failure of contemporary economies to give consumers “what they really want” manifests itself in a set of “consumer problems” that give rise to the demand for consumer protection. The pivotal problems: monopoly, informationally imperfect markets, consumer dissatisfaction or grievances, the underrepresentation of consumers, disadvantaged consumers. This article deals with the entire spectrum of measures designed to eliminate or correct these problems. It suggests criteria for assessing any corrective measure and deals generally with the merits and drawbacks of regulatory and legislative approaches before considering specific corrective measures. The body of the paper focuses on specific measures, giving examples and citing advantages and disadvantages. The paper is summarized by posing the crucial questions in consumer protection on which policy-makers and citizens alike must make up their minds.
Heat flow and basement radioactivity in Maine: First‐order results and preliminary interpretations

New heat flow values (Q) for 70 boreholes in Maine are in the range 33-83 mWm−2. New radioactive heat productions (A) for 45 sites range from 0.08 to 8.74 µWm−3. The combined data for plutonic rocks determine least-squares lines with slopes and intercepts in the ranges 5.0-6.5 km and 35-39 mWm−2, respectively. These lines provide continued support for linear relations between Q and A in continental terranes, and confirm that normal reduced flux is the characteristic geothermal parameter of all of the New York-New England region. Gravity, seismic and thermal modeling suggest that complex distributions of pluton thicknesses and near-surface radioactivity occur in Maine. Thus, a single Q-A line for this region is difficult to explain with simple distributions of vertically uniform or exponentially decreasing crustal radiogenic heat in some areas. Normal reduced flux in Maine implies that the lithosphere has equilibrated since thermotectonic events in Paleozoic and Jurassic times. Moho temperature changes associated with 8-10 km crustal thickness changes in Maine and central New Hampshire are not likely to exceed 150°C, and effects on mantle properties would be small.
CNS relapse in a low risk acute promyelocytic leukemia patient treated with ATRA-based regimen: is there a role for prophylactic CNS therapy in acute promyelocytic leukemia?

Though the incidence of CNS relapse in acute promyelocytic leukemia (AML-M3 FAB classification) has increased following the advent of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), still CNS relapse accounts for only 2–3% of all relapses in AML-M3 trated with standard ATRA plus chemotherapy regimen. We report a case of low risk AML-M3 treated with standard therapy, developing CNS relapse while on maintenance therapy with ATRA + 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) + methotrexate (MTX).
Evaluation of factors potentially associated with inadequate follow-up of mammographic abnormalities

BACKGROUND To increase the proportion of women who receive the recommended follow-up for mammographic abnormalities, factors which inhibit follow-up must be identified. Patient and health care delivery related factors were evaluated, stratified by type of follow-up recommendation, to determine reasons for inadequate follow-up. METHODS All Caucasian and African American women at the Henry Ford Medical Group, in southeastern Michigan, with an abnormal screening mammogram result between January 1, 1992 and July 31, 1992 were identified. All women with inadequate follow-up, and a random sample of women with adequate follow-up, were invited to participate in a telephone interview that assessed three major dimensions of the Health Belief Model (susceptibility, benefits, and barriers), general health and health behaviors, and related characteristics. The relationship between these factors and inadequate follow-up was evaluated separately for women with immediate and 6-month follow-up recommendations, using univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS A total of 555 women were invited to participate in the study (219 with inadequate follow-up and 336 with adequate follow-up). Interviews were completed for 418 women (75.3%). Women who were not notified of their mammographic abnormality were excluded from this study, leaving 399 women available for analysis. Among the women who had the recommended immediate follow-up, those who reported difficulty in obtaining medical appointments were 4 times more likely to have inadequate follow-up (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.5, 11.3), after adjusting for other variables. Among the women with six-month follow-up recommended, those who received fewer mammograms in the past 5 years were more likely to have inadequate follow-up (odds ratio [OR] = 4.0; 95% CI 1.6, 10.4). In this group, sociodemographic characteristics were not associated with inadequate follow-up, although women with transportation problems were at a higher risk (crude OR = 5.2; 95% CI 1.6, 16.7; adjusted OR = 3.1; 95% CI 0.5, 18.3). Among women with 6-month follow-up recommended, those who perceived their health as poor or fair (crude OR = 2.4; 95% CI 1.2, 5.1; adjusted OR = 2.3; 95% CI 0.8, 6.8) and those who did not examine their own breasts frequently (crude OR = 2.3; 95% CI 1.0, 5.4; adjusted OR = 2.7; 95% CI 0.5, 18.3) were also more likely to have inadequate follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Results from this study demonstrate that the relative importance of factors associated with inadequate follow-up of abnormal mammograms differs according to the type of follow-up recommended. For both types of recommendations, the factors identified are noteworthy because they are amenable to intervention. Efforts should be made to facilitate appointment scheduling for follow-up of abnormal mammograms, and information about previous mammography screening should be obtained to identify women who are at a high risk for inadequate follow-up. Cancer 1996;77:2070-6.
Group vibrations of substituted benzenes—III Nonplanar vibrations

Abstract The normal vibrations of a complete series of chlorinated benzenes and their fully deuterated isotopes are discussed from the potential energy and atomic displacement viewpoints. The interaction of group and nongroup coordinates is discussed in detail. A quantitative expression of the Colthup correlations for in-phase hydrogen deformations has been extended to all hydrogen deformations by considering the relative phase of coordinate pairs. The ring puckering vibrations are shown to have a variable but predictable change in the form of the normal coordinate despite their approximate frequency invariance. Other ring modes and vibrations below 400 cm −1 are described and discussed. Graphs showing the mass dependence of frequencies and potential energy distributions for C 6 X 6 are given. With this data and the potential energy distributions, relative coordinate phase, and the stereo presentations of the Cartesian displacements for the chlorinated benzenes, estimates of the out-of-plane vibrational frequencies of generally substituted molecules may be made. An example is given for p -xylene.
Operation-management factors associated with early-postnatal mortality of US foals

Abstract Of 7320 equine foals reported born alive during 1997 on 1043 operations that had equids on 1 January 1997, and that participated in the United States National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS) Equine 1998 Study, 120 foals were reported to have died (by either euthanasia or natural causes) within the first 2 days of a live birth. The weighted estimate was 1.7% mortality (standard error=0.5) within the first 2 days of live birth for all foals born on operations in the 28 states included in the study. A multivariable logistic-regression model revealed that foals born in the southern region were more likely to have been reported to have died within the first 2 days of live birth than in the western region. In addition, the following operation-level factors were associated with increased odds of a foal dying within the first 2 days of live birth: not routinely testing newborn foals for adequate absorption of colostral immunoglobulins during the first 2 days of life; adding new resident equids to the operation during 1997; having non-resident equids stay on the operation for 1–30 days during 1997; never requiring an official health certificate (for operations that had non-resident equids stay on the operation for 1–30 days); using something other than straw or hay as the predominant bedding type; and feeding equids a vitamin-mineral supplement/premix with forage and/or grain.
The development of visual working memory capacity during early childhood

The change detection task has been used in dozens of studies with adults to measure visual working memory capacity. Two studies have recently tested children in this task, suggesting a gradual increase in capacity from 5 years to adulthood. These results contrast with findings from an infant looking paradigm suggesting that capacity reaches adult-like levels within the first year. The current study adapted the change detection task for use with children younger than 5 years to test whether the standard version of the task was too difficult and may have underestimated children's capacity. Results showed that 3- and 4-year-olds could successfully complete this modified task and that capacity increased roughly linearly, from 2 or 3 items during this period to 3 or 4 items between 5 and 7 years. Furthermore, performance did not differ significantly between the modified version and a replication of the standard version with 5- and 7-year-olds. Thus, there is no evidence that previous research with the change detection task underestimated children's capacity. Further research is needed to understand how performance relates across the infant looking task and change detection to provide a more complete picture of visual working memory capacity over development.
Gas bursts from cameroon crater lakes: a new natural hazard.

Gas bursts from tropical crater lakes constitute a hitherto unrecognized natural hazard, which claimed 37 lives around Lake Monoun in 1984 and 1,746 lives in 1986 around Lake Nyos in Cameroon, west Africa. Studies of these events indicate that the lethal gas clouds were dominantly CO(2) which exsolved catastrophically from deep waters of the lakes, producing in the case of Lake Nyos a gas cloud of 1.94 times 10(6) tons CO(2) . Carbon-isotope data indicate a magmatic source of the carbon dioxide, but the geochemistry of deep water and gases does not support a sudden injection of volcanic gas from a deep source into the lakes. Rather, it is proposed that the gas bursts were preceded by gradual build-up of dissolved bicarbonate in deep waters, where anoxic conditions in enclosed and stagnant basins led to low pH and pCO(2) close to saturation. Steady input from the Earth's mantle to submerged mofettes or CO(2) -rich soda springs within the lakes is most likely the primary source of carbon dioxide. Lethal effects of the gas bursts are almost entirely due to CO(2) -induced asphyxia. A small percentage of victims awoke from coma one or two days after the event, but most died. Unusual skin lesions on about 5% of victims arose from the comatose state. It is shown that the mass of gas required to account for the lethal effects and observed gas clouds is an order of magnitude less than the potential gas yield from the lakes. In view of the lethal gas bursts from the small Cameroon lakes, the potential hazard of future gas bursts from other much larger density-stratified equatorial lakes must be seriously considered, particularly in Lake Kivu in east Africa, where methane and carbon dioxide gas content is higher by two to four orders of magnitude than that of the Cameroon lakes. A gas burst from Lake Kivu would form a carbon dioxide cloud up to 340 km(3) in volume and expansion of the exsolving gas from deep water to atmospheric pressure would correspond to an energy release equivalent to 8 megatons of explosive.
Synthesis of amorphous calcium phosphates for hard tissue repair using conventional melting technique

The technical use of phosphate glasses has been restricted because of their strong hygroscopic nature. Traditionally phosphate glasses have been used as an opaline in silicate glasses since the solubility of phosphate in silicate glasses at lower temperature is very poor. Their poor chemical durability can be improved by the introduction of higher valency elements such as Ba, Al, or Be. The most important property of the phosphate glass is its ability to dissolve some elements and oxides that are insoluble or poorly soluble in glasses of other materials and crystalline compounds. Another important use of phosphate glasses is their application as biomaterials based on the calcium phosphate system. Their similarities in composition to bone and teeth make them ideal candidates. The first proposed application of the calcium phosphate glass to the biomaterials was proposed as dental restorative materials such as the crown because of their excellent castability as well as sufficient mechanical strength [1, 2]. The purpose of this study was to explore calcium phosphate glasses having an amorphous structure as potential biomaterials in hard tissue repair. We synthesized amorphous calcium phosphate glasses by melting and subsequent quenching process. Batches in the system CaO–CaF2–P2O5–MgO–ZnO were prepared with six kinds of Ca/P ratios from 0.2 to 1.2 using CaCO3, CaF2, H3PO4, MgO, and ZnO as raw materials. The molar ratio of CaO/CaF2 was fixed to 9. MgO and ZnO were added at 1 wt%, respectively. Mixed batches were dried at 80 ◦C and melted at temperatures ranging from 800 to 1550 ◦C depending on the Ca/P ratios. They were subsequently quenched onto the graphite plate at room temperature after melting. In order to determine the crystallinity and crystalline phases of the as-quenched samples, X-ray diffraction analysis was performed using Philips APD 3720 X-ray diffraction apparatus with a fine focus copper target X-ray tube. As shown in Fig. 1, there was no crystalline peak up to Ca/P of 0.6. When Ca/P ratio was 0.8, the sample exhibited the Zn3(PO4)2 as well as Ca2P2O7; the former had disappeared but the latter still remained. Ca2P2O7 phase partially transformed to Ca4P2O7 with increasing Ca/P to 1.2. Crystallinity Figure 1 XRD patterns of the as-quenched samples. • and denote Ca2P2O7 and Zn3(PO4)2, respectively.
Cognitive antecedents to adolescent health risk: Discriminating between behavioral intention and behavioral willingness

Abstract A model of adolescent health risk behavior that is both cognitive and social-psychological in orientation is described, and an aspect of the model is tested empirically. The model suggests that health risk behaviors (e.g., smoking or drunk driving), especially among adolescents, are not always intended or premeditated, but instead are often reactions to risk-conducive circumstances. Because they are not entirely premeditated, such behaviors are not accurately predicted by “traditional” behavioral intention measures, but are predicted by a central construct in the model labeled behavioral willingness. Results of two studies indicate that both intention (expectation) and willingness measures predict future risk behaviors, and do so independent of one another. Additional analyses provide further evidence of discriminant validity between the two constructs by indicating that they relate differently to perceptions of personal vulnerability to the health risks associated with these behaviors.
VISCOUS NONLINEAR DYNAMICS OF TWIST AND WRITHE

Exploiting the “natural” frame of space curves, we formulate an intrinsic dynamics of a twisted elastic filament in a viscous fluid. Coupled nonlinear equations describing the temporal evolution of the filament’s complex curvature and twist density capture the dynamic interplay of twist and writhe. These equations are used to illustrate a remarkable nonlinear phenomenon: geometric untwistingof open filaments, whereby twisting strains relax through a transient writhing instability without axial rotation. Experimentally observed writhing motions of fibers of the bacterium B. subtilis [N. H. Mendelson et al., J. Bacteriol. 177, 7060 (1995)] may be examples of this untwisting process. [S0031-9007(98)06244-9]
Mechanical Characterization of an In Vitro Device Designed to Quantitatively Injure Living Brain Tissue

Due to the nonlinear, viscoelastic material properties of brain, its mechanical response is dependent upon its total strain history. Therefore, a low strain rate, large strain will likely produce a tissue injury unique from that due to a high strain rate, moderate strain. Due to a lack of current understanding of specific in vivo physiological injury mechanisms, a priori assumptions cannot be made that a low strain rate injury induced by currently employed in vitro injury devices is representative of clinical, nonimpact, inertial head injuries. In the present study, an in vitro system capable of mechanically injuring cultured tissue at high strain rates was designed and characterized. The design of the device was based upon existing systems in which a clamped membrane, on which cells have been cultured, is deformed. However, the present system incorporates three substantial improvements: (1) noncontact measurement of the membrane deflection during injury; (2) precise and independent control over several characteristics of the deflection; and (3) generation of mechanical insults over a wide range of strains (up to 0.65) and strain rates (up to 15s−1). Such a system will be valuable in the elucidation of the mechanisms of mechanical trauma and determination of injury tolerance criteria on a cellular level utilizing appropriate mechanical injury parameters.
The Fat Kid on the Seesaw: American Business and Health Care Cost Containment, 1970-1990

Health care politics have changed in the 1980s. In the 1960s, there was plenty of policy change, but little alteration in the balance of power among the political interest groups. In the 1990s, business alliances with the state, coalitions with other business groups, partnerships with labor, and federations with providers are readily apparent on the political landscape. As a central part of this environment of change, American business has become the "fat kid on the seesaw" (34), which tipped the political balance of power in health care politics and policy formation. American business active­ ly entered the policy arena in the 1970s and has organized itself politically in the last two decades; it intends to stay in this policy arena well into the 1990s. If business has been so politically active, what research can we call on to explain the power and influence of this new political actor in health care? There is surprisingly little systematic research that links the role of business to the formation or implementation of health policy in the United States. The policy literature in the political sciences and political sociology has focused mainly on urban policies other than health. When studied at all, the role of business has been viewed as an intervening situational variable that is less important than economic variables, which interact with structural and cultural variables and lead to policy decisions (2, 22).
Poisson-Nernst-Planck theory approach to the calculation of current through biological ion channels

The Poisson-Nernst-Planck (PNP) theory of electro-diffusion is reviewed. Techniques for numerical solution of the three-dimensional PNP equations are summarized, and several illustrative applications to ion transport through protein channels are presented. Strengths and weaknesses of the theory are discussed, as well as attempts to improve it via increasingly realistic evaluation of the force acting on each ion due to the protein/membrane environment.
DC offsets in direct conversion multistandard wireless receivers: Modeling and cancellation

To realize a high performance direct conversion receiver for multistandard wireless communications, the limiting factors in the direct conversion receiver should be identified and removed. In this paper, among many problems in direct conversion receivers, the DC offset problem is studied. The origins of the DC offset are summarized, and three self-mixing mechanisms generating the DC offset are modeled to better understand how the static (or time-invariant) and dynamic (or time-varying) DC offsets are produced from the mechanisms. A DC offset cancellation scheme consisting of a static DC offset canceller and a dynamic DC offset canceller is proposed and verified through simulations.
Latent Heating and Cooling Rates in Developing and Nondeveloping Tropical Disturbances during TCS-08: TRMM PR versus ELDORA Retrievals*

AbstractUnique sets of Electra Doppler Radar (ELDORA) observations in both developing and nondeveloping tropical disturbances in the western North Pacific are used to retrieve latent heating and cooling rates. During the reintensification of Sinlaku, maximum heating rates of about 80 K h−1 are diagnosed in the upper troposphere in the region of a strong updraft and maximum cooling rates of about −45 K h−1 are diagnosed in the lower troposphere in the region of a strong convective-scale downdraft. The southern convective burst in the pre-Nuri mission had a lower-tropospheric maximum in latent heating that was a more favorable condition for tropical cyclone formation than was the upper-tropospheric maximum in heating and the lower-tropospheric maximum in cooling in the northern convective burst. Two nondeveloping tropical disturbances had deeper layers of more uniform heating and of cooling rates, and some evidence of more shallow cloud tops, that distinguished them from the developing cases.Although the Sh...
Mitochondrial dynamics and apoptosis

In healthy cells, mitochondria continually divide and fuse to form a dynamic interconnecting network. The molecular machinery that mediates this organelle fission and fusion is necessary to maintain mitochondrial integrity, perhaps by facilitating DNA or protein quality control. This network disintegrates during apoptosis at the time of cytochrome c release and prior to caspase activation, yielding more numerous and smaller mitochondria. Recent work shows that proteins involved in mitochondrial fission and fusion also actively participate in apoptosis induction. This review will cover the recent advances and presents competing models on how the mitochondrial fission and fusion machinery may intersect apoptosis pathways.
De novo design of functional proteins: Toward artificial hydrogenases.

Over the last 25 years, de novo design has proven to be a valid approach to generate novel, well-folded proteins, and most recently, functional proteins. In response to societal needs, this approach is been used increasingly to design functional proteins developed with an eye toward sustainable fuel production. This review surveys recent examples of bioinspired de novo designed peptide based catalysts, focusing in particular on artificial hydrogenases. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 100: 558–571, 2013.
A Method for Non-Intrusively Determining ion Impact Current Density and Energy Distribution in Capacitively Coupled RF Plasmas

The dependence of ion current density on the sheath voltage and thickness, and ion energy distributions as functions of the pressure and sheath voltage amplitude have been calculated using a self-consistent computer code, ISHEATH. The current density is found to obey an approximate power law dependence on the amplitude of the sheath voltage, Vs, and the sheath thickness, d, and, when charge exchange collisions are considered, on the collision parameter α ΞNgas · σcx ·d. The ion energy distribution (IED) is found to mainly depend on α: for α ≃l there is only a slight (≃10%) change from the collisionless case; for a ≤ 10 the IED is peaked at an energy which is much less than the time-average sheath potential.
Undergraduate Research Article: Determination of Cadmium, Cobalt, and Lead in Oysters From Southwest Louisiana by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

ABSTRACT Flame atomic absorption spectrometry was used to determine cadmium, cobalt, and lead in oysters collected from an oyster field in West Cove, Southwest Louisiana, in two separate months (November and December) in 2007. In November, the mean, standard deviations, and range of the concentrations (µg/g) of cadmium were 58.6, ±15.3, 34.7-78.5; of cobalt were 27.5, ±3.9, 22.2-32.8; and of lead were 212.6, ±39.7, 131.0 − 269.2. In December, the mean, standard deviation, and range of the concentrations (µg/g) of cadmium were 73.7, ±26.3, 24.7 − 107.8; of cobalt were 46.9, ±8.0, 32.6 − 57.4; and of lead were 279.6, ±69.2, 147.3 − 355.0. Differences in concentrations for all three metals in the colder waters of December were noted.
Structure and Diversity of Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) Forest Communities in the Mountain Longleaf National Wildlife Refuge, Northeastern Alabama

ABSTRACT: The Mountain Longleaf National Wildlife Refuge (MLNWR), located in northeastern Alabama, is unique in that it holds significant acreages of young and old-growth montane longleaf pine forest (Pinus palustris Mill.). We conducted a study to aid in the management and restoration of longleaf pine communities on the MLNWR. Our objectives were to: (1) establish permanent forest monitoring plots; (2) document herbaceous and woody vegetation; and (3) measure forest diversity, structure, and fuel loads in montane longleaf pine communities with varying fire and management histories. We established 48 plots, 0.04 ha in area, in winter 2008 and measured all plots in summer 2008. The MLNWR has recently incorporated prescribed burning in their management plans and each plot was categorized by the year it was burned (2008, 2006, 2004, no-burn) and whether hardwood control treatments were applied. We identified 18, 19, and 22 different woody plant species in the overstory, mid-story, and understory, respectivel...
Nurse migration from India: a literature review.

Abstract Background A profound nursing shortage exists in India where nurses are increasingly outmigrating to practice nursing in surrounding countries and abroad. This is important globally because countries with the lowest nursing and healthcare workforce capacities have the poorest health outcomes. Objective This review sought to synthesize and unify the evidence about nurse migration from India and includes a look at nurse retention within India. Design A comprehensive literature review was performed to synthesize and unify both qualitative and quantitative research. Data sources Bibliographic databases searched included CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and EconLit using associated keywords for empirical and descriptive literature published between January 2004 and May 2014. Hand searches of the Nursing Journal of India from 2004 to February 2014 and the Journal of Nursing Research Society of India from its inception in 2007–February 2014 were also completed. Review process 29 studies were selected and analyzed for the review. Data were appraised for quality; reduced through sub-categorization; extracted; and coded into a framework. Thematic interpretation occurred through comparing and contrasting performed by multiple reviewers. Results Findings included an exponential growth in nurse recruitment efforts, nurse migration, and a concomitant growth in educational institutions within India with regional variations in nurse migration patterns. Decision-making factors for migration were based on working conditions, salience of family, and the desire for knowledge, skill, technology, adventure and personal enrichment. Challenges associated with migration included questionable recruiting practices, differing scopes of practice encountered after migration and experiences of racism and cultural differences. A shift toward a positive transformation of nursing status in India has resulted in an increased respect for individual nurses and the profession of nursing. This was attributed to the increased globalization of nursing. Conclusions Results from this review can be used to shape health policy and advocate for nursing reform in India. As India's healthcare infrastructure continues to evolve, effective programs to improve conditions for nurses and retain them in India are needed. Additionally, as the globalization of nurses increases, more research is needed to develop effective programs to aid in a smooth transition for nurses who migrate from India.
Treatment of Hyperhidrosis

OnabotulinumtoxinA injections (Botox; formerly botulinum toxin type A) are effective for the treatment of primary axillary and palmar hyperhidrosis.
Narratives of grief and their potential for transformation.

This article examines narratives of grief and loss and how, under the best of circumstances, they may lead to transformation and growth, even contributing to the greater social good. Using psychodynamic and narrative theories, and examples drawn from mourners who have used their grief in powerful and political ways, I make the case that even grief that has been highly appropriated and contested, as in the case of Terri Schiavo, may ultimately serve important functions. Grief may mobilize mourners by helping them to turn passivity into activity. Grief may mobilize higher-level defenses such as altruism. Grief and loss may lead to a mourner's desire to do for others what was not done for him or her. A necessary part of turning grief into social action is the creation of a coherent grief narrative—first personal and then political. This coherent narrative can be developed using clinical interventions as well. Hence I discuss the clinical implications of helping those who are grieving to create coherent narratives out of shattered assumptions in a process of personal and social change.
A study of ion suppression effects in electrospray ionization from mobile phase additives and solid-phase extracts

Since the wide adoption of liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS), the ion suppression/enhancement phenomenon is the latest barrier to high-throughput analysis. This consequence of a nonoptimized analytical method can lead to adverse effects during quantitation (i.e. poor accuracy and precision). Previous papers have reported that ion suppression is a direct result of endogenous material present in biological samples. However, in the case of a solid-phase liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (SPE/LC/MS/MS) system, the measured result is the combination of several operating conditions and parameters. Little has been done to effectively monitor and/or choose optimized conditions for the complete sequence of extraction, clean up, separation and analysis. This paper describes a simple setup for quantification of ion suppression/enhancement. Several mobile phase additives, ion-pairing agents and SPE extracts were measured and compared against a standard reference. The results demonstrated that a clean up of plasma extracts based on ion exchange leads to minimal ion suppression/enhancement for the compounds that were investigated.
An accurate classification of native and non-native protein-protein interactions using supervised and semi-supervised learning approaches

The progress in experimental and computational structural biology has led to a rapid growth of experimentally resolved structures and computational models of proteinprotein interactions. However, distinguishing between the physiological and non-physiological interactions remains a challenging problem. In this work, two related problems of interface classification have been addressed. The first problem is concerned with classification of the physiological and crystal-packing interactions. The second problem deals with the classification of the physiological interactions, or their accurate models, and decoys obtained from the inaccurate docking models. We have defined a universal set of interface features and employed supervised and semi-supervised learning approaches to accurately classify the interactions in both problems. Furthermore, we formulated the second problem as a semi-supervised learning problem and employed a transductive SVM to improve the accuracy of classification. Finally, we showed that using the scoring functions from the obtained classifiers, one can improve the accuracy of the docking methods.
Do women’s mate preferences change across the ovulatory cycle? A meta-analytic review.

Scientific interest in whether women experience changes across the ovulatory cycle in mating-related motivations, preferences, cognitions, and behaviors has surged in the past 2 decades. A prominent hypothesis in this area, the ovulatory shift hypothesis, posits that women experience elevated immediate sexual attraction on high- relative to low-fertility days of the cycle to men with characteristics that reflected genetic quality ancestrally. Dozens of published studies have aimed to test this hypothesis, with some reporting null effects. We conducted a meta-analysis to quantitatively evaluate support for the pattern of cycle shifts predicted by the ovulatory shift hypothesis in a total sample of 134 effects from 38 published and 12 unpublished studies. Consistent with the hypothesis, analyses revealed robust cycle shifts that were specific to women's preferences for hypothesized cues of (ancestral) genetic quality (96 effects in 50 studies). Cycle shifts were present when women evaluated men's "short-term" attractiveness and absent when women evaluated men's "long-term" attractiveness. More focused analyses identified specific characteristics for which cycle shifts were or were not robust and revealed areas in need of more research. Finally, we used several methods to assess potential bias due to an underrepresentation of small effects in the meta-analysis sample or to "researcher degrees of freedom" in definitions of high- and low-fertility cycle phases. Neither type of bias appeared to account for the observed cycle shifts. The existence of robust relationship context-dependent cycle shifts in women's mate preferences has implications for understanding the role of evolved psychological mechanisms and the ovulatory cycle in women's attractions and social behavior.
Evolution of development of vascular cambia and secondary growth.

Summary Secondary growth from vascular cambia results in radial, woody growth of stems. The innovation of secondary vascular development during plant evolution allowed the production of novel plant forms ranging from massive forest trees to flexible, woody lianas. We present examples of the extensive phylogenetic variation in secondary vascular growth and discuss current knowledge of genes that regulate the development of vascular cambia and woody tissues. From these foundations, we propose strategies for genomics-based research in the evolution of development, which is a next logical step in the study of secondary growth.
SOME APPROACHES TO INQUIRY IN SCHOOL‐COMMUNITY ETHNOGRAPHY

La difference entre les types de recherche "qualitative" et "quantitative", et la difficulte de communication entre chercheurs relevant de ces deux types de recherche. Proposition de trois strategies d'identification qualitative de modeles et de donnees qui permettraient la collaboration des deux orientations.
Concealed left atrial membrane: pitfalls in the diagnosis of cor triatriatum and supravalve mitral ring

Cor triatriatum and supravalve mitral ring are forms of congenital left ventricular inflow obstruction produced by membranes within the left atrium. Typically, these defects occur as isolated anomalies with manifestations of pulmonary venous obstruction. Four children are presented whose left atrial membrane was associated with other significant cardiac defects, including, in one patient each, simple coarctation of the aorta, sinus venosus atrial septal defect, tricuspid atresia and complex coarctation of the aorta syndrome. The patient with the latter defect had undergone previous pulmonary arterial banding. None of these patients demonstrated significant pulmonary venous obstruction at cardiac catheterization. All patients had a normal value for either pulmonary arterial diastolic or pulmonary arterial wedge pressure. Three mechanisms explained the lack of pulmonary venous obstruction: (1) a large cross-sectional area of membrane openings, (2) an atrial septal defect that was confined to the pulmonary venous chamber and decompressed it by allowing blood to escape into the right atrium, and (3) decreased pulmonary blood flow. The diagnosis was facilitated by two dimensional echocardiography. Accurate diagnosis of left atrial membrane in the setting of other cardiac defects is of practical significance because pulmonary venous obstruction may occur after surgery for the associated defects.
Celastrol decreases specificity proteins (Sp) and fibroblast growth factor receptor-3 (FGFR3) in bladder cancer cells

Celastrol (CSL) is a naturally occurring triterpenoid acid that exhibits anticancer activity, and in KU7 and 253JB-V bladder cells, CSL induced apoptosis, inhibited growth, colony formation and migration and CSL decreased bladder tumor growth in vivo. CSL also decreased expression of specificity protein (Sp) transcription factors Sp1, Sp3 and Sp4 and several Sp-regulated genes/proteins including vascular endothelial growth factor, survivin and cyclin D1 and fibroblast growth factor receptor-3, a potential drug target for bladder cancer therapy, has now been characterized as an Sp-regulated gene downregulated by CSL. The mechanism of Sp downregulation by CSL was cell context-dependent due to activation of proteosome-dependent (KU7) and -independent (253JB-V) pathways. In 253JB-V cells, CSL induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibitors of ROS blocked CSL-induced growth inhibition and repression of Sp1, Sp3 and Sp4. This response was due to induction of the Sp repressors ZBTB10 and ZBTB4 and downregulation of miR-27a and miR-20a/17-5p, respectively, which regulate expression of these transcriptional repressors. Thus, the anticancer activity of CSL in 253JB-V cells is due to induction of ROS and ROS-mediated induction of Sp repressors (ZBTB4/ZBTB10) through downregulation of miR-27a and miR-20a/17-5p.
Halothiation as a Method for Oxidation of Primary Halides and Terminal Olefins to Aldehydes

Abstract The richly varied reactivity of the aldehyde group frequently imparts pivotal importance to this functionality in organic synthesis. This fact has resulted in the development of several methods for the elaboration of this structural unit from a variety of precursors.2 The report delineates the feasibility of two new couplementary approaches which proceed under mild conditions and demonstrate the utility of “halothiation” as applied to the oxidation of primary halides and terminal olefins. We were led to investigate this approach as a direct consequence of our interest in the Ramberg-Backlund rearrangement3 where the preliminary step often involves α-chlorination of the sulfide substrate.4 Halothiation is defined by us as a three-step transformation involving introduction of an ArS moiety, directed α-chlorination of the resulting sulfide, and hydrolysis. In principle, of course, the ArSCH2-unit is uniquely an aldehyde synthon and attention is therefore focused specifically on it at this time.
Maneuver Detection and Reconstruction of Stationkeeping Spacecraft at GEO using the Optimal Control-Based Estimator

Abstract In this paper, we develop an algorithm called the Optimal Control-Based Estimator, which is an optimal state estimator that provides information on mismodeled dynamics including natural dynamics and actuated maneuvers. We then apply this algorithm to a tracking problem where satellites in GEO undergo unknown autonomous stationkeeping maneuvers. Through these simulations we demonstrate this algorithm's ability to detect and reconstruct maneuvers given no a priori information about these maneuvers. The specific simulations in this paper demonstrate these properties for two different maneuvers models: (1) continuous smooth thrusting and (2) an impulsive control law.
Adrenoceptor polymorphisms and the risk of cardiac injury and dysfunction after subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Background and Purpose— Cardiac abnormalities occur commonly after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and may be caused by excessive release of catecholamines from the myocardial sympathetic nerves. We hypothesized that adrenoceptor polymorphisms resulting in greater catecholamine sensitivity would be associated with an increased risk of cardiac injury. Methods— This was a prospective cohort study. The primary outcome variables were the serum level of cardiac troponin I (cTi, abnormal if >1.0 μg/L) and the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF, abnormal if <50%). Six adrenoceptor polymorphisms were genotyped: β1AR Arg389Gly, β1AR Ser49Gly, β2AR Gly16Arg, β2AR Gln27Glu, β2AR Thr164Ile, and α2AR del322-325. The effect of each polymorphism on the risk of developing cardiac abnormalities was quantified using multivariable logistic regression. Results— The study included 182 patients. The CC genotype (Arg/Arg) of β1AR Arg389Gly (odds ratio [OR] 3.4, P=0.030) and the CC genotype (Gln/Gln) of β2AR Gln27Glu (OR 3.1...