cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stem Cells and Generation of New Cells in the Adult Kidney

The idea that the kidney is an organ needs to be tempered by the realization that it is the nephron that is the organ. Each nephron, as far as we know, is independent from other nephrons, and the kidney is to a first approximation a collection of these mini-organs put together in a complex three-dimensional assembly. The nephrons of all mammals are remarkably similar in size, function, and origin (as far as we know), and the differences among species are largely if not entirely due to the number of these units in the assembly, with mice having 10,000 and whales having 250 million in each kidney. But while the epithelial character of the nephron garners most of the attention, one needs to be reminded that the kidney has a very extensive vascular network with multiple distinct morphological and functional domains, as well as an abundant interstitial cell population that unfortunately is still poorly understood (see Kaissiling and Le Hir 1 for a review). While the taxonomy of the renal epithelial cells is nearly complete, that of the cells of the vascular and interstitial compartments awaits detailed characterization. Hence, analysis of renal regeneration after injury, as well as search for putative renal stem cells in the adult kidney, has essentially been restricted to the epithelial compartment. However, as epithelial cells are likely instructed by mesenchymal signals and epithelia-mesenchymal cross-talk is critical for renal epithelial differentiation and function, 2 there is a need for deeper understanding of the cell types that comprise the renal vascular and interstitial compartments, and their roles in kidney homeostasis and repair from injury. For example, in many organs including the kidney, mesenchymal cells with characteristics of precursor/stem cells have been found to reside near or in the vascular wall, [3] ; [4] ; [5] but the exact origin and normal function of these cells is unknown.
Adolescence, Rapid Social Change, and the Law

This introductory review presents legal responses to adolescents and the importance of social change. It first observes how the legal system resists change and how social change only recently contributed to a more expansive development of children’s rights. That development even led to the recognition of rights particular to adolescents and their needs. Adolescents—viewed here as teens under 18—do still generally remain viewed as children, but their rights are now at the forefront of legal developments. The legal system has adopted many ways to protect adolescents’ rights, but that protection can vary from one social context to another and even within contexts. Variation in whether adolescents have rights in a broad range of situations is not new. But, rapid social change now makes even more urgent the need to recognize questionable variations in adolescents’ rights and to think through how best to address them. Increased variation makes protecting rights more difficult because effectively respected rights must be known, expected, consistent, and instructive. The discussion highlights important themes in adolescents’ rights that are worth considering in responses to rapid social change. It ends by describing the challenges tackled by each chapter and the importance of taking adolescents’ needs more seriously when envisioning their rights.
Acquired Resistance to First-Line Afatinib and the Challenges of Prearranged Progression Biopsies

Abstract Objectives The mechanisms of acquired resistance to the irreversible EGFR inhibitor afatinib are not well documented. We performed this prospective clinical trial to determine the prevalence of the mutation T790M in afatinib-resistant patients. Methods Eligible patients had EGFR mutations; they were tyrosine kinase inhibitor–naive and were treated with afatinib, 40 mg daily. At enrollment, patients consented to a future repeat biopsy at the time of acquired resistance. Results A total of 24 patients were enrolled. The objective response rate was 58% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 37–78) with a median progression-free survival of 11.4 months (95% CI: 5.9–13.7) and median overall survival of 20.8 months (95% CI: 15.1–40.5). Of the 24 patients enrolled, 23 progressed and only 14 completed repeat biopsy at time of progression, with 11 samples sufficient for molecular analysis. Of those 11 patients, four (36% [95% CI: 10.9–69.2]) harbored T790M. Conclusions T790M is likely a common resistance mechanism in patients treated with first-line afatinib. Although repeat biopsies at progression are crucial in elucidating resistance mechanisms, this study suggests that clinical and technical issues often limit their feasibility, highlighting the importance of developing noninvasive tumor-genotyping strategies.
Die Dramen des Andreas Gryphius. Eine Sammlung von Einzelinterpretationen

(1971). Die Dramen des Andreas Gryphius. Eine Sammlung von Einzelinterpretationen. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 46, No. 2, pp. 148-152.
Targeting polyamine metabolism for cancer therapy and prevention

The chemically simple, biologically complex eukaryotic polyamines, spermidine and spermine, are positively charged alkylamines involved in many crucial cellular processes. Along with their diamine precursor putrescine, their normally high intracellular concentrations require fine attenuation by multiple regulatory mechanisms to keep these essential molecules within strict physiologic ranges. Since the metabolism of and requirement for polyamines are frequently dysregulated in neoplastic disease, the metabolic pathway and functions of polyamines provide rational drug targets; however, these targets have been difficult to exploit for chemotherapy. It is the goal of this article to review the latest findings in the field that demonstrate the potential utility of targeting the metabolism and function of polyamines as strategies for both chemotherapy and, possibly more importantly, chemoprevention.
Vigo Street Sapphos: The Bodley Head Press and Women’s Poetry of the 1890s

When scholars of Victorian poetry think of the Bodley Head, they typically conjure up Aubrey Beardsley’s decadent design for Oscar Wilde’s Poems (1892), or the enervated, cynical verse of Ernest Dowson and Victor Plarr in The Book of the Rhymers’ Club (1892), or the decadent covers of The Yellow Book (1894–1897). Perhaps, too, they recall the stereotype of the fin-de-siecle male poet who, in Jerusha McCormack’s words, ‘hovered for a few years on the edge of literary notice before sinking into a fog of despair, drink, dissipation and death’. Yet as McCormack, Joseph Bristow, and Holly Laird have observed, The Bodley Head looks different if one considers all the poetry it published in the 1890s and particularly if one considers its women poets. The women poets, I suggest, reveal the range of 1890s lyric verse and the ambition of John Lane, publisher ‘at the sign of the Bodley Head’, to represent what was both most modern and most enduring in poetry.
Comparing Hypertropia in Upgaze and Downgaze Distinguishes Congenital From Acquired Fourth Nerve Palsies.

BACKGROUND Isolated fourth nerve palsies are commonly caused by decompensation of a congenitally dysfunctional superior oblique muscle ("decompensated congenital palsies"). Distinguishing such palsies at initial presentation from palsies caused by presumed microvascular ischemia ("ischemic palsies") has value for patient reassurance and in forestalling ancillary testing. Abnormally large vertical fusional amplitudes traditionally have been used to identify decompensated congenital palsies, but that may not be a reliable distinguishing feature. This study was undertaken to determine if the amount of hypertropia in upgaze and downgaze might be a more efficient separator. We also studied traumatic and tumorous fourth nerve palsies to see if they could be distinguished from decompensated congenital palsies by using this hypertropia comparison. METHODS Retrospective review of case records of patients diagnosed with isolated fourth nerve palsies at the University of Michigan Neuro-Ophthalmology Clinics over the past 15 years. We recorded the age, gender, vascular risk factors, duration of follow-up, cause, side of palsy, and alignment measurements in all patients. RESULTS Inclusion criteria were met by 118 patients. Hypertropia was equal or greater in upgaze than downgaze in 50 of the 58 decompensated congenital palsies (86%) in whom those data were recorded. Hypertropia was never greatest in upgaze in the 15 patients with traumatic palsies. Vertical fusional amplitudes were increased in only 15 of 27 patients (56%) with decompensated palsies in whom those data were recorded. Torsional misalignment on double Maddox rod testing was present in 16 (94%), 13 (87%), and 3 (100%) patients with ischemic, traumatic, and tumorous palsies, but also in 19 patients (54%) with decompensated congenital palsies in whom those data were recorded. CONCLUSIONS Hypertropia greater in upgaze than downgaze or equal in upgaze and downgaze was an efficient separator of congenital from ischemic and tumorous fourth nerve palsies, being characteristic of patients with decompensated congenital palsies and never present in patients with ischemic, traumatic, or tumorous palsies. Vertical fusional amplitudes and torsional misalignment did not effectively differentiate between the patient groups. Comparing the hypertropia in upgaze and downgaze improved differential diagnosis and reduces the potential for unnecessary ancillary tests.
CHARACTERIZATION OF DYNORPHIN RECEPTOR SPECIFICITY IN THE GUINEA PIG ILEUM

In the guinea pig ileum myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle preparation, the effects of dynorphin-(1–13) were shown to be mediated by an opiate receptor subclass distinct from the mu receptor and probably identical with the kappa receptor. This conclusion is based upon sensitivity to naloxone antagonism and selective protection against receptor inactivation by the alkylating antagonist chlornaltrexamine. This paper presents a summary of our current understanding of the interaction of dynorphin with the dynorphin/kappa receptor.
TIME-DEPENDENT SEMICLASSICAL SCATTERING THEORY. I. POTENTIAL SCATTERING.

The semiclassical theory of potential scattering is derived from Feynman's path-integral formulation of quantum mechanics. Since the partial-wave expansion is avoided, the results are applicable to scattering by a noncentral field. Special attention is given to the conditions for validity of the semiclassical approximation.
Ureteral Stone Management: An Overview

Technologic changes in the field of endourology and the introduction of medical expulsive therapy have led to changes in the treatment of ureteral calculi. Non-contrast computed tomography pre-procedure parameters such as stone size, stone attenuation (Hounsfield units), and skin-to-stone distance can allow selection of the treatment modality with the highest success rate. Medical expulsive therapy with periodic evaluation may be used for <10-mm ureteral stones in a patient whose symptoms are controlled and who is not infected. Both shock wave lithotripsy and ureteroscopy with laser lithotripsy are acceptable first-line treatments for ureteral stones. Other treatment options such as percutaneous antegrade ureteroscopy or laparoscopic/open ureterolithotomy may be considered in rare cases when ureteroscopy or shock wave lithotripsy has failed.
Bilateral Ptosis due to Sympathetic Dysfunction as a Feature of Guillain-barre Syndrome

This case-control study demonstrates that bilateral ptosis due to ocular sympathetic dysfunction is a characteristic feature of Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) and apraclonidine can be helpful in unmasking this clinical feature. Five patients with GBS and 9 healthy controls were assessed for ocular sympathetic dysfunction through application of topical apraclonidine to 1 eye. Changes resulting from reversal of ptosis or miosis due to apraclonidine were compared with the eye on the other side with no apraclonidine using photographs. Ocular sympathetic dysfunction in the form of mild bilateral ptosis was found in all 5 patients with GBS recruited in this study. Consistent with previous reports, healthy subjects had no significant response to apraclonidine. Although there was evidence of concomitant pupillary dysfunction in the form of bilateral Horner syndrome in 2 of the patients with GBS with more severe GBS phenotype, this study did not have the statistical power to reach conclusions regarding pupillary dysfunction and disease severity in GBS.
Isolated Acute Terminal Ileitis Without Preexisting Inflammatory Bowel Disease Rarely Progresses to Crohn's Disease.

Isolated acute terminal ileitis without chronic features of inflammation poses a diagnostic challenge. Few studies have investigated the clinical significance of this entity in patients without history of inflammatory bowel disease. We sought to elucidate the long-term prognosis of patients with isolated acute terminal ileitis, its rate of progression to Crohn’s disease, and the factors associated with terminal ileitis development to Crohn’s disease. Retrospective review of clinical, endoscopic, and radiographic records was performed on 108 patients with histologic evidence of isolated acute terminal ileitis on terminal ileal biopsies obtained by diagnostic ileocolonoscopy performed between January 1, 2002, and December 31, 2014, at the Mayo Clinic. Statistical analysis was performed with Student’s t test and Fisher’s exact test to identify the factors associated with the progression of isolated acute terminal ileitis to Crohn’s disease. The median follow-up time across 108 patients was 54.7 months (interquartile range 32.0–89.0 months). Five patients (4.6%) developed Crohn’s disease after a median of 32.3 months (7.5–43.2 months). The presence of narrowing/stricturing (p = 0.03) on abdominal cross-sectional imaging at the time of terminal ileitis diagnosis was correlated with eventual Crohn’s disease development. No significant correlation was found with clinical symptoms, endoscopic features, laboratory testing, NSAID use, smoking history, or family history of inflammatory bowel disease. Isolated acute terminal ileitis discovered on diagnostic ileocolonoscopy rarely develops to Crohn’s disease. Presence of stricturing/narrowing on cross-sectional imaging may predict eventual Crohn’s disease development.
Integral Transforms with Neumann Functions as Kernel

If in the Hankel transform the Bessel function kernel is replaced by a Neumann function, the corresponding pair of inversion formulas is not symmetric.
Impact of an External Ventricular Drain Placement and Handling Protocol on Infection Rates: A Meta-Analysis and Single Institution Experience

Background Numerous studies have examined the impact of initiating an external ventricular drain (EVD) placement and handling protocol on the infection rate dating back to the early 2000s. Methods We report a quantitative systematic review of the published literature, described our own protocol (including a mandatory checklist), and present our single institution experience. Search terms “external ventricular drain protocol” or “external ventricular drain placement protocol” or “preventing infections in external ventricular drains” or “external ventricular drain infections” were entered into standard search engines in a systematic fashion. Articles were reviewed and graded independently for class of evidence. There were 10 relevant class IV articles and no discrepancies among article ratings (i.e., κ = 1). The published evidence was reviewed and evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria. Results Our meta-analysis revealed a statistically significant drop in rates of EVD infection after initiation of the protocol, although the overall quality of the body of evidence according to the GRADE criteria was “very poor”. Preimplementation and postimplementation infection rates were collected and analyzed in combination with the results from our literature review. The EVD infection rate in our institution was 12% in the 8 months before protocol initiation (January 2015 to August 2015), and dropped to 0% in the 7 months after initiation. Conclusions Although the quality of the literature supporting EVD placement protocols is poor, all published studies show a consistent and substantial benefit, and this effect was recapitulated in our own meta-analysis–based prospective EVD protocol experience.
Identity Liminality and Identity Work in a Reorganization

This paper examines the process of reorganizing from a role identity perspective. I conduct a longitudinal inductive- qualitative study of reorganization at a social media company, where I trace th...
Idiolectic language-analysis for understanding doctor-patient dialogues

A programming language is described which is designed to simplify the construction of computer programs to analyze English. This system attempts to merge the best features of pattern matchers and the phrase structure approach to language analysis. Several practival problems which occur in dealing with such a system are described.
StreetNet: preference learning with convolutional neural network on urban crime perception

One can infer from the broken window theory that the perception of a city street's safety level relies significantly on the visual appearance of the street. Previous works have addressed the feasibility of using computer vision algorithms to classify urban scenes. Most of the existing urban perception predictions focus on binary outcomes such as safe or dangerous, wealthy or poor. However, binary predictions are not representative and cannot provide informative inferences such as the potential crime types in certain areas. In this paper, we explore the connection between urban perception and crime inferences. We propose a convolutional neural network (CNN) - StreetNet to learn crime rankings from street view images. The learning process is formulated on the basis of preference learning and label ranking settings. We design a street view images retrieval algorithm to improve the representation of urban perception. A data-driven, spatiotemporal algorithm is proposed to find unbiased label mappings between the street view images and the crime ranking records. Extensive evaluations conducted on images from different cities and comparisons with baselines demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method.
Combination therapy for advanced and metastatic kidney cancer

The treatment of metastatic kidney cancer is rapidly evolving with the shift from immune checkpoint inhibitor monotherapy to combination therapy. In 2018, the combination of nivolumab–ipilimumab received regulatory approval and multiple positive clinical trials were reported with combinations of PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitors in conjunction with antiangiogenic drugs.
Warranty parameters for extended two-dimensional warranties incorporating consumer preferences

Abstract Certain products, such as automobiles, typically have warranty policies that incorporate two dimensions, namely time since purchase of the product and usage based on mileage accumulated. If both of these parameters are less than stipulated values in the warranty policy, in case of product failure, the manufacturer replaces or repairs the product free of charge. In many consumer durable goods, while an initial warranty is offered during purchase of the product, options exist to renew the warranty in the event of no product failure during the initial warranty. In this paper we consider such extended warranties in the context of two-dimensional policies. The decision variables in the formulated model are the warranty time and usage in the initial policy, the warranty time and usage in the extended policy, the product price, and the premium to be charged by the manufacturer for extending the warranty. We assume, however, that not all customers will choose to renew the warranty even if the product did not fail during the initial warranty. Customer propensity to renew warranty could be influenced by the unit product price and the customer's threshold price level, above which the customer is motivated to purchase an extended warranty.
Deformation of a nanocube with a single incoherent precipitate: role of precipitate size and dislocation looping

Precipitate hardening is a key strengthening mechanism in metallic alloys. Classical models for precipitate hardening are based on the average behaviour of an ensemble of precipitates, and fail to ...
Chapter 15 – Model Food Systems and Protein Functionality

Fabricated foods generally comprise a mixture of components made up of lipids, proteins, simple and complex carbohydrates, emulsifiers, and salts, which are capable of interacting with each other and modifying the final characteristics of the food. Often, processing utilized in the manufacture of the food also modifies these interactions. Model food systems were first developed because of the disparity between laboratory functional tests for proteins and the functionality in the food. Model food systems today find utility for the functionality of many other food components, including starches, gums, and emulsifiers, as well as areas of continued interest (lipid oxidation, Maillard reaction, etc.). Therefore, model food systems provide a means of determining how the ingredients and the process alter the characteristics of the final product, as well as evaluating the sensitivity of the characteristics of the food to the different ingredients and processing steps. Model food systems are based on the formulation and processing of real foods, using laboratory and pilot plant facilities. Generally, ingredients that do not have a main effect on the final characteristics of the product are eliminated. One potential limitation is the use of processing equipment that does not scale up to commercial production. The utilization of carefully selected statistical designs is essential to unravel the multiple interactions that do occur and to optimize food formulation and processing. A major limitation of model food systems is that they do not provide any information as to the mechanisms by which the ingredients and the process control the final characteristics of the product. Thus they have application to only the food under investigation. They do have a major role in food product development.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Tongue in Young Patients: A Case Series and Literature Review

Purpose The purpose of this study was to describe 3 cases of tongue cancer in patients less than 21 years of age. Secondarily, a literature review was performed to examine disease presentation, risk factors, prognosis, and treatment strategies for young persons with tongue cancer. Methods The authors presented 3 cases of childhood tongue cancer between 2009 and 2020 at the University of Michigan Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (Ann Arbor, MI). An electronic literature review was conducted via PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and MLibrary. Results Including the present case series, 64 studies reporting 108 cases were identified. Age at presentation ranged from newborn to 20 years, with a mean age of 14.5 years. The majority of patients were female (52.2%); 68.1% of patients presented with T1 or T2 disease. Nodal metastases were seen in 56.1% of patients. The most commonly identified predisposing factors included Fanconi anemia (13.9%), bone marrow transplant (9.3%), tobacco use (6.5%), and xeroderma pigmentosum (4.6%). Most patients received surgery alone (37.5%), followed by surgery with adjuvant radiation (33.8%); 60.6% underwent neck dissection. Overall survival was 60.3% at 1 year and 43.6% at 5 years. Conclusions Oral tongue cancer in the young is a rare disease with poorly understood etiology. There is a need for oncologists and maxillofacial surgeons to collaborate in the study of genetic, social, environmental, and medical risk factors contributing to the disease. All patients should undergo high-throughput genetic sequencing to expand our understanding of the disease process and allow for targeted treatment strategies.
Graph Neural Network-based Resource Allocation Strategies for Multi-Object Spectroscopy.

Resource allocation problems are often approached with linear program-ming techniques. But many concrete allocation problems in the experimental and ob-servational sciences cannot or should not be expressed in the form of linear objectivefunctions. Even if the objective is linear, its parameters may not be known beforehandbecause they depend on the results of the experiment for which the allocation is to bedetermined. To address these challenges, we present a bipartite Graph Neural Networkarchitecture for trainable resource allocation strategies. Items of value and constraintsform the two sets of graph nodes, which are connected by edges corresponding to pos-sible allocations. The GNN is trained on simulations or past problem occurrences tomaximize any user-supplied, scientifically motivated objective function, augmented byan infeasibility penalty. The amount of feasibility violation can be tuned in relation toany available slack in the system. We apply this method to optimize the astronomicaltarget selection strategy for the highly multiplexed Subaru Prime Focus Spectrographinstrument, where it shows superior results to direct gradient descent optimization andextends the capabilities of the currently employed solver which uses linear objectivefunctions. The development of this method enables fast adjustment and deployment ofallocation strategies, statistical analyses of allocation patterns, and fully differentiable,science-driven solutions for resource allocation problems.
Finite Strain Consolidation: Test Conditions

This report provides the boundary conditions required to perform an analysis of strain controlled consolidation/permeability tests where the finite strain consolidation theory is used. It should be noted that the relationships between e and sigma and between k and e are in the boundary conditions, as well as the governing equations. This multiple dependency complicates the use of the Constant Rate of Strain (CRS) test to determine constitutive properties. (Authors)
WE-AB-BRB-05: Toward a 2D Water-Equivalent Dosimetry Panel Using KCl:Eu2+

Purpose: KCl:Eu2+ storage phosphor shows promise for radiation therapy dosimetry. The purpose of this work is to investigate several important aspects of this material for potential commercial use. Methods: KCl:Eu2+ chips were fabricated and a conformal coating using Parylene was applied. Material’s dose response in a 6 MV beam was investigated using Monte-Carlo simulations. We attempted to micronize the materials using a spiral jet mill. As we did not have a water-free glovebox, we used commercially available non-hygroscopic BaFBr0.85I0.15:Eu2+ computed radiography material to test if a homogeneous panel can be made using micron-sized phosphors. Results: Dosimeters remained intact and showed no change in PSL intensity after eight hrs of submersion in water. We then optically bleached the samples for reuse, irradiated and immersed for another 24 hrs. We observed marginal worsening of the PSL signal for both the soaked and un-soaked chips. By contrast, we were unable to measure PSL intensity of the un-coated pellets due to these pellets dissolving within minutes of being immersed in water. MC data indicate that the micron-sized KCl:Eu2+ is predicted to have a nearly water-equivalent response. KCl:Eu2+ particles with a median size of 3 microns can be produced using a jet mill, which could be reduced further if necessary. While the particles tend to agglomerate over time when stored in a desiccator, they still possess favorable d50’s and d99’s even after 100 minutes, providing an adequate time window for making a panel via tape casting. A panel cast using optimized methods exhibits nearly perfect particle arrangement. Conclusions: Data shown here support ongoing efforts in fabricating a reusable, high resolution dosimetry panel in a water-free glovebox using micron-sized KCl:Eu2+ particles separated by water-equivalent polymers. The conformal coating thereafter will provide good humidity resistance. HL is the founder of DoseImaging, LLC that is exclusively dedicated to commercializing this technology.
Reasoning about spatial structure in landscapes with Geographic Information Systems

Geographic Information Systems offer a new means to store, transform, and present cartographic information. Persons involved in landscape ecology, planning, and management use these systems to transform and examine data pertaining to a given geographical region. Unfortunately, there is often little correspondence between the language of landscape analysis and the operations provided by most Geographic Information Systems. This paper describes a language based on the landscape element abstractions commonly used by landscape architects and ecologists. With this language, a task specific landscape definition may be expressed in terms of matrix, patch, and corridor elements. The landscape definition is then used to guide the interpretation of cartographic data. This paper presents an extension to an existing Geographic Information System which provides the ability to locate instances of specified spatial structures in cartographic data. This extension represents an initial step towards being able to reason directly about the spatial relations amongst elements of interest in a landscape. The definition of a landscape analysis task is given in the landscape language and solutions generated by our system are presented.
A component-based scientific toolkit for reacting flows

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a design and proof-of-concept implementation of a component-based scientific simulation toolkit for reacting flows. The chapter employs the common component architecture (CCA)—as a basis for developing a set of scientific and mathematical components for simulating reacting flow on structured adaptively refined meshes. Experiments show the CCA architecture to be sufficiently flexible and simple to allow a straightforward design and development of components by computational scientists. Decomposition of the code into subsystems was done first coarsely along numerical algorithm lines and then finely along physical models. The component architecture imposes negligible overhead in comparison with a traditional code and does not adversely affect parallel scalability. One of the reacting flow test cases discussed is the 2D reaction-diffusion problem. For this test, the ignition test case was expanded to include spatial terms—to model diffusion.
Entstehung von Impulsen in Sinnesorganen

Die vielfaltigen Informationen uber das innere und ausere Milieu des Organismus werden dem Zentralnervensystem (ZNS) durch die verschiedenen Sinnesorgane vermittelt. In den Sinnesorganen befinden sich Receptor-Zellen, die verschiedene Energieformen der Umgebung so verarbeiten, das schlieslich in den Sinnesnerven Aktionspotentiale weitergeleitet werden konnen. Die Energie, welche im Sinnesorgan in nervose Impulse umgesetzt wird, kann in verschiedener Weise wirksam werden, z. B. mechanisch (Druck, Beruhrung), thermisch (Erwarmung), elektromagnetisch (Licht) oder chemisch (Geruch, Geschmack, O2- und CO2-Gehalt des Blutes). Die Receptoren in einem bestimmten Sinnesorgan reagieren mit wesentlich niedrigerer Schwelle auf eine bestimmte Energieform als andere Receptoren; die Energieform, fur die ein Receptor am empfindlichsten ist, wirkt auf ihn als adaquater Reiz. So ist z. B. fur die Stabchen und Zapfen des Auges Licht der adaquate Reiz; diese Receptoren reagieren zwar auch auf Druck, doch liegt die Druck-Schwelle der Receptoren des Auges viel hoher als etwa diejenige der Haut-Druckreceptoren, fur welche mechanische Einwirkung den adaquaten Reiz bildet.
What Is (and What Is Not) the Meaning of Evidence-Based Psychosocial Intervention?

[Clin Psychol Sci Prac 18: 100–104, 2011] Dissemination of empirically supported treatments was formalized by Division 12 of the American Psychological Association (APA) in the mid-1990s. Specific criteria were established by which named treatments could be identified. A Presidential Task Force of the APA subsequently broadened the descriptive criteria in defining evidence-based treatments. The result has been the conflation and confusion of the two terms, the identification of named treatments, and the dissemination of such treatments. Conceptual issues include the theory of the disorder, the theory of treatment, the content of treatment, and the specificity of the treatment effects. The evaluative framework provided by David and Montgomery (2011) is an improvement on the previous attempts to identify such treatments and the rationales for doing so. The evaluative framework can be improved by identifying specific treatments based on the empirical substance of the theory of the treatments and the rigor of the experimental analysis of efficacy. Doing so will facilitate the dissemination of efficacious and cost-effective treatments and will help identify inert or harmful treatments. It may also facilitate the identification of empirically supported principles of treatment rather than the identification of named treatment techniques.
Targeting tumor-associated macrophages: A novel strategy against breast cancer.

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 5562 Tumor development and progression are strongly linked to inflammation and the presence of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Thus, antitumor activity can be achieved by targeting TAM recruitment, activation and extracellular matrix interactions. TAMs consist primarily of a polarized M2 (CD206+, F4/80+) macrophage population with little cytotoxicity for tumor cells and poor antigen presenting capacity. Legumain, a member of the asparaginyl endopeptidase family, functioning as a stress protein, was found highly up-regulated on TAMs in many murine and human tumor tissues, but absent or only present at very low levels in all normal tissues and on circulating macrophages of M1 phenotype. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that the intense orverexpression of Legumain on TAMs provides for a unique and novel approach to tumor therapy. In fact, immunization against Legumain dramatically reduced the density of TAMs in tumor tissues, resulting in a decrease of pro-angiogenesis as well as tumor growth factors released by these macrophages. This, in turn, decisively suppressed tumor angiogenesis and tumor growth and metastasis. Importantly, we demonstrated the success of this anti-TAM strategy in three different murine tumor models, in either prophylactic or therapeutic settings. In conclusion, reducing the density of TAMs in the tumor stroma sufficiently remodeled the tumor microenvironment and allowed to gain further insights into mechanisms required for an effective intervention in tumor growth and metastasis that may ultimately lead to better anticancer strategies.
CHANGING PATTERNS OF NEWS CONSUMPTION AND PARTICIPATION: News recommendation engines

This study examines how the prevalence of news recommendation engines, such as the most-emailed stories list on the front page of the New York Times website, could change patterns of news consumption. The top five most-emailed articles from the New York Times website were collected for two 23-day periods. The content of the most-emailed list was found to differ both from the articles cued by editors in a traditional newspaper format and from patterns of individual online news browsing. Opinion, business and national news articles appear most frequently on the most-emailed list, and more than half of the total articles appeared on the list for multiple days. Counter-intuitive articles and articles that offered advice about life issues were significantly more likely to remain on the list for multiple days. The data suggest that the most-emailed list, part of a larger family of news recommendation engines (NREs), acts both as an aggregator of individual actions and as a new way for online users to navigate o...
Reconstitution of a functional membrane enzyme system in a monomolecular film: I. Formation of a mixed monolayer of lipopolysaccharide and phospholipid

The galactosyl transferase system of Salmonella typhimurium is a membranebound enzyme system which can be reconstituted in vitro from purified lipopoly-saccharide, phosphatidyl ethanolamine and enzyme protein (UDP-galactose-lipopolysaccharide-α, 3-galactosyl transferase). This report describes the first step in reconstitution of the system in a monomolecular film at an air-water interface. A monolayer of phosphatidyl ethanolamine was first formed on the surface of an aqueous subphase and lipopolysaccharide was then introduced beneath the surface. Formation of a binary film (lipopolysaccharide-phosphatidyl ethanolamine) was indicated by an increase in surface pressure and was confirmed by direct measurement of the components in the monolayer. Enzymic assay of galactosyl acceptor activity indicated that the arrangement of lipopolysaccharide and phosphatidyl ethanolamine molecules in the mixed film was similar to their arrangement in the native structure. The molecular surface areas and molar ratios of the two components in the monolayer suggested an arrangement in which lipopolysaccharide and phosphatidyl ethanolamine molecules lie side-by-side with their fatty acid residues directed perpendicular to the surface.
An electrodynamic wheel: an integrated propulsion and levitation machine

The rotation of permanent magnets above a conducting nonmagnetic surface such as aluminum creates a traveling time varying magnetic field that can inductively produce levitation and propulsion forces simultaneously. These forces could be used to create a relatively cheap form of Maglev transportation as the track does not need to be electrified and both the levitation and propulsion are created by the one mechanism. Although large amounts of current are necessarily induced in the track, simulations have shown that this method of Maglev appears to use less energy than electrodynamic Maglev systems while at the same time creating large propulsion forces. The use of Halbach magnets enables a sufficient levitation to weight ratio to be attained.
Correlation Clustering Revisited: The True Cost of Error Minimization Problems

Correlation Clustering was defined by Bansal, Blum, and Chawla as the problem of clustering a set of elements based on a, possibly inconsistent, binary similarity function between element pairs. Their setting is agnostic in the sense that a ground truth clustering is not assumed to exist, and the cost of a solution is computed against the input similarity function. This problem has been studied in theory and in practice and has been subsequently proven to be APX-Hard. In this work we assume that there does exist an unknown correct clustering of the data. In this setting, we argue that it is more reasonable to measure the output clustering's accuracy against the unknown underlying true clustering. We present two main results. The first is a novel method for continuously morphing a general (non-metric) function into a pseudometric. This technique may be useful for other metric embedding and clustering problems. The second is a simple algorithm for randomly rounding a pseudometric into a clustering. Combining the two, we obtain a certificate for the possibility of getting a solution of factor strictly less than 2 for our problem. This approximation coefficient could not have been achieved by considering the agnostic version of the problem unless P = NP .
Ubiquitous Transgene Expression of the Glucosylceramide-Synthesizing Enzyme Accelerates Glucosylceramide Accumulation and Storage Cells in a Gaucher Disease Mouse Model

Gaucher disease is a lysosomal storage disease caused by defective activity of acid β-glucosidase (GCase), which leads to the accumulation of its major substrates, glucosylceramide (GlcCer) and glucosylsphingosine (GlcSph) in many cells. To modulate cellular substrate concentration in viable mouse models of Gaucher disease (Gba1 mutants), a novel mouse model was created with enhanced glycosphingolipid biosynthesis. This was accomplished by cross-breeding Gba1 mutant mice with mice expressing a transgene (GCStg) containing the mouse glucosylceramide synthase (GCS, Ugcg) cDNA driven by the ROSA promoter, yielding GCStg/Gba1 mice. The GCStg rescued Ugcg null mice from embryonic lethality. GCStg/Gba1 mice showed 2–3 fold increases in tissue GCS activity as well as accelerated GlcCer accumulation and the appearance of lipid-laden CD68 positive macrophages in visceral organs. Although GlcCer/GlcSph concentrations were elevated in the brain, there was no neurodegenerative phenotype up to 1 yr of age conceivably due to the greater residual GCase hydrolytic activity in the brains than in the visceral tissues of 9V/null mice. These studies provide ‘proof of principle’ for threshold substrate flux that modifies phenotypic development in Gaucher disease and other lysosomal storage diseases.
Synthetic cannabinoid use in a nationally representative sample of US high school seniors

BACKGROUND: Synthetic cannabinoids are marketed as "legal highs" and have similar effects to cannabis (marijuana). Although prevalence of synthetic cannabinoid use is now declining in the US, use has been associated with tens of thousands of poisonings and hospitalizations, particularly among teens. It is important to examine which teens are at highest risk for use of these new, potentially deleterious drugs as they are understudied and continue to emerge. METHODS: Data were analyzed from a nationally representative sample of high school seniors in the Monitoring the Future study (2011-2013; Weighted N=11,863; modal age: 18). Bivariable and multivariable models were used to delineate correlates of recent (12-month) synthetic cannabinoid use. RESULTS: Ten percent reported any recent use and 3% reported more frequent use (used ≥6 times). Females were at low odds for use and going out 4-7 evenings per week for fun consistently increased odds of use. Black and religious students were at low odds of use until controlling for other drug use, and higher income increased odds of use until controlling for other drug use. Lifetime use of alcohol, cigarettes and other illicit drugs all robustly increased odds of use, but frequency of lifetime marijuana use was the strongest correlate with more frequent use further increasing odds of synthetic cannabinoid use. Only 0.5% of non-marijuana users reported use of synthetic cannabinoids. CONCLUSIONS: This is among the first national studies to delineate correlates of synthetic cannabinoid use. RESULTS can inform national and local efforts to prevent use and adverse consequences resulting from use. Language: en
Methyl radical production in a hot filament CVD system

Abstract The absolute concentration of methyl radicals is measured in a hot filament chemical vapor deposition system for a range of filament temperatures and input gas compositions by using ultrasensitive optical absorption with a multi-element detector at wavelengths near 216 nm. The results yield effective activation energies for CH 3 production and indicate that CH 3 production is dominated by the gas-phase atomic hydrogen abstraction reaction when the input gas contains CH 4 and H 2 . We find that passing ≈ 1% tert-butyl peroxide in H 2 over a hot filament is also an efficient CH 3 source, and has an activation energy similar to the activation energy for the production of CH 3 from CH 4 .
The social readjustment rating scale: A cross-cultural study of Japanese and Americans☆

BEGINNING in this laboratory in 1949, a systematic study of the quality and quantity of life events empirically observed to cluster at the time of disease onset has been carried out in over 5000 patients. This experience has generated forty-three unique life event items which are either indicative of the life style of the individual or of occurrences involving the individual. Evolving mostly from ordinary social and interpersonal transactions, these events pertain to major areas of dynamic significance in the social structure of the American way of life. These areas include family constellation, marriage, occupation, economics, residence, group and peer relationship, education, religion, recreation and health. Some events are socially undesirable; others are socially desirable and are consonant with the American values of achievement, success, materialism, practicality, efficiency, future orientation, conformism, and self-reliance. These life events have one theme in common: the occurrence of each usually evokes or is associated with some adaptive or coping behavior on the part of the involved individual. The emphasis is on change from the existing steady state, and not on psychological meaning, emotion, or social desirability. In a recent report [I] a method was defined for quantifying the amount of change in life adjustment required by these forty-three categories of life events. The method, derived from psychophysics, consisted of a self-administered instrument, The Social Readjustment Rating Questiomraire (SRRQ), containing the items to be scaled. One item was used as the module. It was arbitrarily selected and assigned a numericalvalue. The subjects were asked to compare each of the items in turn with the module and its given magnitude and assign to it a numerical value which was proportionate to that of the module. The arithmetic mean score derived for each item was the magnitude of change in adjustment required by the life event. As expected, because of cultural homogeneity, this method yielded high consensus on the magnitude and rank order of the life events among white, middle class, third generation, Protestant Americans. Because of obvious sociocultural differences from the American middle class, it was anticipated that minority status subjects such
Detection of Teleseismic Events in Seismic Sensor Data Using Nonlinear Dynamic Forecasting

In this paper we consider the use of nonlinear dynamic (NLD) forecasting as a signal processing tool for seismic applications. The specific problem considered here arises in monitoring nuclear tests and nuclear treaty compliance, where the presence of ubiquitous background noise obscures the seismic signals associated with the tests. The problem is that the signal from a distant teleseismic event can be attenuated so that it is lost in the background noise, and since the noise overlaps the frequency band occupied by the teleseisms, frequency-based techniques provide only marginal improvements in detection capabilities. For the work in this paper, we studied a test set of actual seismic sensor data prepared by the Air Force Technical Applications Center (AFTAC). The data set was composed of background seismic noise which contained or had added to it a number of hidden teleseismic signals. This data was analyzed to determine if techniques of NLD forecasting could be used to detect the hidden signals. For this test case, it was possible to predict the behavior of the seismic background sufficiently well that when the predicted background behavior was removed, the hidden signals became evident. However, some of the weaker signals were very close to the residual noise level, so the ability to detect these events is compromised.