cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ActiveX Data Objects (ADO)

Microsoft has developed or patronized several technologies to access data from a wide range of data stores in order to comply with its universal data access strategy. Three such primary and interrelated technologies are ODBC, OLE DB, and ADO. Although ODBC is restricted to traditional SQL (structured query language) data stores, OLE DB provides universal data access. ODBC and OLE DB are low-level, complex interfaces between applications and data stores. Microsoft developed ADO to provide simple and easy-to-use interfaces for both traditional and nontraditional data stores. ADO is an OLE DB data consumer optimized for building both client/server and Web-based applications. This chapter blends theory with practical examples from Web-based applications that interact with data stores. Keywords: data source name; data stores; database server system; open database connectivity (ODBC); universal data access (UDA)
No Longer Undertreated? Depression Diagnosis and Antidepressant Therapy in Elderly Long-Stay Nursing Home Residents, 1999 to 2007

OBJECTIVES: To examine the evolution of depression identification and use of antidepressants in elderly long-stay nursing home residents from 1999 through 2007 and the associated sociodemographic and facility characteristics. DESIGN: Annual cross-sectional analysis of merged resident assessment data from the Minimum Data Set (MDS) and facility characteristics from the Online Survey Certification and Reporting data. SETTING: Nursing homes in eight states (5,445 facilities). PARTICIPANTS: Long-stay nursing home residents aged 65 and older (2,564,687 assessments). MEASUREMENTS: Physician-documented depression diagnoses recorded in the MDS were used to identify residents with depression; antidepressant use was measured using MDS information about residents' receipt of an antidepressant in the 7 days before assessment. RESULTS: Diagnosis of depression and antidepressant therapy in residents diagnosed increased at a rapid rate. By 2007, 51.8% of residents were diagnosed with depression, 82.8% of whom received an antidepressant. Adjusted odds of treatment were higher for younger residents, whites, and those with moderate impairment of cognitive function. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates striking increases in depression diagnosis and treatment with antidepressant medications, but disparities persist without clear evidence about underlying mechanisms. More research is needed to assess effectiveness of antidepressant prescribing.
The Role of Active Assortment in Spousal Similarity

Previous research has established the existence of active assortment, that is, a preference for similarity in a potential mate. Few studies, however, have directly related mate preferences to dyadic similarity by examining them in the same participants. We collected both similarity and mate preference data in two studies: undergraduate students (N = 519) and newlyweds (N = 335). In both studies, women placed a higher value on desirable personality characteristics (e.g., higher Conscientiousness and Agreeableness, lower Neuroticism) than did men. Nevertheless, our data also provided strong evidence of consensual mate preferences: Men and women both desired partners who were agreeable, conscientious, emotionally stable, intelligent, and physically attractive; furthermore, participants desired partners who were better (e.g., more agreeable and attractive) than they were. In contrast, attitudinal variables such as religiousness and political orientation displayed much weaker consensus but showed significant dyadic similarity in both samples; similarity coefficients for personality tended to be positive, but lower. Finally, analyses revealed a direct link between actual and desired similarity: Couples displayed the strongest similarity on those variables for which participants expressed the strongest preference for similarity. Our findings strongly suggest that active assortment is partly responsible for dyadic similarity.
Enhanced understanding of the relationship between erection and satisfaction in ED treatment: application of a longitudinal mediation model

To apportion the direct effect and the indirect effect (through erections) that sildenafil (vs placebo) has on individual satisfaction and couple satisfaction over time, longitudinal mediation modeling was applied to outcomes on the Sexual Experience Questionnaire. The model included data from weeks 4 and 10 (double-blind phase) and week 16 (open-label phase) of a controlled study. Data from 167 patients with erectile dysfunction (ED) were available for analysis. Estimation of statistical significance was based on bootstrap simulations, which allowed inferences at and between time points. Percentages (and corresponding 95% confidence intervals) for direct and indirect effects of treatment were calculated using the model. For the individual satisfaction and couple satisfaction domains, direct treatment effects were negligible (not statistically significant) whereas indirect treatment effects via the erection domain represented >90% of the treatment effects (statistically significant). Week 4 vs week 10 percentages of direct and indirect effects were not statistically different, indicating that the mediation effects are longitudinally invariant. As there was no placebo arm in the open-label phase, mediation effects at week 16 were not estimable. In conclusion, erection has a crucial role as a mediator in restoring individual satisfaction and couple satisfaction in men with ED treated with sildenafil.
Nonlinear refractive index of a rare-earth-doped fiber laser.

An expression is derived for the intensity-dependent index of refraction of a rare-earth-doped fiber laser by use of a Kramers–Kronig relation and simple rate equations. The solution is applied to examine the properties of the nonlinear index of an ytterbium-doped silicate fiber laser at 975-nm pump and 1080-nm laser wavelengths.
Efficient gene-specific expression of Cre recombinase in the mouse embryo by targeted insertion of a novel IRES-Cre cassette into endogenous loci

Site specific recombinases have provided the experimental strategy necessary to modulate the expression of gene products in the mouse embryo. In this study we have exploited Cre recombinase to develop a widely applicable cell marking system which functions efficiently even at early post-implantation embryonic stages. Importantly, the techniques and reagents derived in this study are generally applicable to any recombinase driven approach, including strategies to temporally and spatially modulate endogenous or ectopic gene expression in the embryo. The cell marking scheme has two essential components which were derived as separate mouse lines. The first line carries a universal conditional lacZ reporter (UCR) locus which was prepared by using gene targeting in a novel approach to modify a ubiquitously expressed retroviral lacZ promoter trap insertion. The UCR locus is silent until it undergoes a Cre mediated DNA rearrangement to restore lacZ expression. To generate the Cre expressing allele, we outline a flexible strategy which requires the introduction of a novel IRES-Cre cassette into exon sequence of an endogenous locus by gene targeting. We successfully demonstrate this approach by generating a Cre expressing allele of the EphA2 gene, an Eph receptor protein tyrosine kinase expressed early in development. Analysis of double heterozygote embryos clearly demonstrates that Cre recombinase is expressed in vivo from the EphA2 IRES-Cre allele, and that the conditional reporter locus is efficiently restored in EphA2-expressing cells as early as 7.5 dpc. This cell marking experiment establishes the feasibility of expressing Cre recombinase from a single copy allele in the embryo and demonstrates the utility of the conditional reporter mouse which can be used in the analysis of any Cre expressing allele.
Oxidation of the tricyanomethanide ion: the tricyanocarbonium ion

Abstract The tricyanomethanide ion, C(CN) 3 − , loses two electrons when reaction occurs with strong oxidizing agents. Reaction of chlorotricyanomethane with antimony pentachloride by direct combination or in solution yields a 1:1 adduct, ClC(CN) 3 ·SbCl 5 , which sublimes and is weakly ionic in dichloromethane. Conductance titrations and 13 C NMR spectra are in qualitative agreement with the molecular nature of the adduct and that ionic species are probably C(CN) 3 + and SbCl 6 − . The spectroscopic properties of C(CN) 3 − and C(CN) 3 + are discussed.
Inlet total pressure loss due to acoustic wall treatment

Experimental determination of the effect of diffuser wall acoustic treatment on inlet total pressure loss. Data were obtained by testing an inlet model with 10 different acoustically treated diffusers differing only in the design of the Helmholtz resonator acoustic treatment. Tests were conducted in a wind tunnel at forward velocities to 41 meters per second for inlet throat Mach numbers of .5 to .8 and angles of attack as high as 50 degrees. Results indicate a pressure loss penalty due to acoustic treatment that increases linearly with the porosity of the acoustic facing sheet. For a surface porosity of 14% the total pressure loss was 21% greater than that for an untreated inlet. The penalty resulting from treatment increased for average throat Mach numbers above approximately .7 where local regions of sonic or supersonic surface flow were encountered. Pressure loss over the treatment was not affected by the presence of noise.
Item Validity of the Lie Scale of the Eysenck Personality Inventory

Item validity of the nine-item Lie Scale of Eysenck Personality Inventory, Form A, from responses of 640 undergraduates was assessed. The corrected point-biserial correlations indicated that only t...
The nonreactive nonstress test: predictive value for neonatal anemia in the isoimmunized pregnancy

Objective : To assess the value of the fetal nonstress test (NST) in predicting neonatal transfusion in pregnancies complicated by red cell isoimmunization. Methods : We retrospectively reviewed the records of all patients evaluated for isoimmunization in pregnancy for the period January 1992 to December 1994. In addition to prenatal care, serial ultrasonography, and invasive testing when indicated, patients had NSTs two times per week. Nonstress tests were interpreted as either reactive or nonreactive using standard criteria. Results of the last NST before delivery were analyzed. Neonatal outcome data were obtained prospectively and by chart review. Results : Sixty patients with isoimmunization were identified during the study period. Fifty-one patients (85%) had reactive NSTs until delivery, and nine (15%) had nonreactive NSTs that prompted delivery. Twelve of 51 (23.5%) patients with reactive NSTs and seven of nine (77.8%) patients with nonreactive NSTs required neonatal transfusion ( P = .003, odds ratio 11.4 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.7–120.2]). The mean (standard error of the mean; range) hematocrit (%) at birth was 38.9 (3.0; 21.3–52.0) in patients with reactive NSTs and 28.3 (3.8; 14.5–45.0) in those with nonreactive NSTs ( P Conclusion : These findings indicate that a nonreactive NST is predictive of subsequent neonatal transfusion in patients with isoimmunization. The antepartum fetal NST is a useful adjunct in the management of isoimmunized pregnancies.
Green’s function of bimaterials comprising all cases of material degeneracy

Abstract For bimaterials with planar interfaces subjected to a line force and dislocation, Green’s functions are determined for all types of anisotropic materials including the nondegenerate, degenerate and extra-degenerate cases. The changes in Green’s function caused by material degeneracy are twofold: (i) implicit changes, attributable to material effects only and characterized by high-order eigenvectors and their intrinsic coupling in the higher-order eigensolutions; (ii) explicit changes, influenced by boundary and interface conditions, that cause additional terms in Green’s function. Material degeneracy affects the angular variation of the singular stress field, which may have significant implication on the failure prediction of strongly anisotropic materials. For all material types, Green’s functions are obtained for bimaterials with a planar interface, and for multi-material wedges subjected to a line force and dislocation at the vertex. The results are expressed in a concise notation in terms of the complete set of eigenvectors and kernel matrices of analytic functions.
Memory: A River Runs through It

Abstract Two decades of research using repeated false statements and underhanded information have shown that people can easily be made to believe that they have seen or experienced something they never did. In this paper, we discuss the possibility that the mental health professional and client may unknowingly collaborate to create a client′s false memory of childhood sexual abuse. Both therapist and client bring beliefs into therapy, and the confirmation bias shows that people discover what they already believe to be true. What do people believe about memory? We asked 115 students for their reactions to various statements about how memory works; results showed widespread belief in the repression mechanism. A principal components analysis revealed that three larger beliefs explained 61% of the variance in the more specific beliefs: possible sources of memory distortions, memory for traumatic events, and the potential recoverability of memories. Finally, we discuss the ambiguity inherent in the term repression, as well as the generalizability of misinformation research to the repressed and recovered memories.
SIMS sample preparation method for GOX analysis with small-size polysilicon patterns

Conventional die soak in hydrofluoric acid (HF) to prepare SIMS sample for gate oxide depth profiling analysis works well for large-size poly-Si pattern. However, for small-size poly-Si pattern (<; 50μm), the HF soak results in abnormality in the SIMS depth profiling. A mechanical polish combined with HF soak was proposed to solve the problem.
The potential for intracohort cannibalism in age-0 walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma , as determined under laboratory conditions

In laboratory experiments, we tested the capability of larger age-0 walleye pollock to consume smaller members of their cohort. In separate aquaria, 81 pairs of juveniles covering a wide range of size differences (total lengths differing by 12 to 61 mm) were held and monitored over a 4 day period. Complete consumption, in which a smaller fish was swallowed whole by a larger fish, occurred 11% of the time. In 36% of the pairs, attacks by the larger fish resulted in mortality of the smaller fish. The mouth width:body depth ratio between the larger and smaller fish of a pair differed significantly depending on whether the smaller fish survived, was killed but not consumed, or was ingested whole by the larger fish. Cannibalistic individuals could consume fish close to the maximum size physically possible under gape limitation; at this size the length of the cannibal was approximately 1.7 times the length of the prey. Length-frequency distributions of age-0 pollock in field concentrations suggested that, at least in some geographical areas, potential cannibals and prey commonly co-occur. Unsuccessful predatory attacks by larger individuals may have additional detrimental effects on smaller pollock in natural populations.
Inhibition of selenite-catalyzed superoxide generation and formation of elemental selenium (Se°) by copper, zinc, and aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA)

Selenite catalyzes the oxidation of glutathione (GSH) with the subsequent generation of superoxide (O2 · −). Copper, zinc, and aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) were tested for their ability to inhibit both the selenite-catalyzed generation of superoxide and the conversion of selenite to elemental selenium (Se∘). As measured by lucigenin-dependent chemiluminescence (CL), copper, zinc, and ATA were shown to inhibit significantly (P < 0.05) selenite-catalyzed CL in a concentration-dependent manner. The inhibition of the selenium-catalyzed generation of superoxide by copper(II) was greater than by either zinc or ATA. In addition, Copper, zinc, and ATA all inhibited the conversion of selenite to Se∘. Inhibition of selenite-catalyzed CL by copper, zinc, and ATA is believed to occur as the result of inhibition of Se2− and/or GSSe−, the catalytic selenopersulfide anion of GSH.
Comparative efficacy of two dosage forms of oral methoxsalen in psoralens plus ultraviolet A therapy of psoriasis

Two alternate oral formulations of 8-methoxypsoralen, one liquid and the other crystalline, were evaluated in a double-blind trial for their comparative efficacy in combination with ultraviolet A (UVA) light in the treatment of severe psoriasis. With the liquid formulation a greater proportion of patients achieved a good clinical result within the 20 treatment sessions than patients receiving the crystalline formulation. This difference is even more striking using a more rigorous criterion of clearance. Among all patients who achieved clearance, no significant differences were seen in either the number of treatments required or in the total UVA energy employed between the two groups. The preceding clinical results are discussed in light of published pharmacokinetic data. (J Am Acad Dermatol 1987;16:994-8.)
Water-Soluble Polymers in Enhanced Oil-Recovery

Aspects phenomenologiques de la reduction de la trainee. Liste des biopolymeres et des polymeres synthetiques utilises comme agents reducteurs de la trainee. Influence de la structure moleculaire sur l'efficacite de l'effet Torres (masse moleculaire, flexibilite moleculaire, influence du solvant)
Reproductive consequences of male body mass and aggressiveness depend on females’ behavioral types

Relatively few investigations explicitly test for concordant versus conflicting selection pressures from intrasexual versus intersexual selection. Here, we examine the effects of male body mass and behavioral type (BT) on reproductive success in the spider Anelosimus studiosus, with emphasis placed on the potential interaction between intrasexual and intersexual selection influences. Female A. studiosus exhibit either an aggressive-active or docile-passive BT, both of which co-occur in multifemale colonies. Males, in contrast, exhibit a more continuous distribution of behavioral tendencies. We investigated the male traits favored by females in five trial types: one docile female, one aggressive female, four docile females, four aggressive females, and two docile and two aggressive females. Male reproductive success was estimated by the number eggs produced by females following staged mating trials. In previous work, it was established that large aggressive males are favored in male–male contests, an intrasexual effect. However, large aggressive males were not universally favored here. We failed to detect an effect of male body mass or aggressiveness on reproductive success in trials with all docile females; however, in situations involving aggressive females, large aggressive males experienced diminished reproductive success relative to small docile males. Large, aggressive males were also more likely to be attacked and killed by aggressive females in the first 20 min of staged encounters and were more likely to be found dead after 72 h of unobserved interactions. Taken together, our data suggest that the reproductive consequences of male traits differ based on (1) the aspect of sexual selection being considered (intrasexual versus intersexual) and (2) the BT of their prospective mates: large aggressive males enjoy advantages in intrasexual selection and when courting docile females and small docile males experience reduced risk of cannibalism and increased reproductive success with aggressive females.
Culture and perceptions of self—other similarity

In testing possible cultural effects of the use of the self as an habitual reference point to which others are compared, we expected that: (a) individualistic participants (i.e., those who give priority to personal goals) would rate self-other similarity higher when asked “How similar is X to you?” than when asked “How similar are you to X?”, whereas nondirectional similarity judgements (“How similar are these two people?”) would resemble the former directional comparison; (b) collectivistic participants (i.e., those who give priority to in-group goals) would show a weaker or, possibly, reversed pattern, especially using in-group comparison others. Neither hypothesis was upheld. However, the individualists perceived the in-group to be relatively more similar to themselves as compared to the collectivists. This difference cannot be explained by response bias, status asymmetry, or role differentiation. We propose an explanation in terms of the differential relationship between self and other representations...
Implementation of high-resolution reticle inspection in wafer fabs

Many advanced wafer fabs are currently fabricating devices with 130nm or smaller design rules. To meet the challenges at these sub-wavelength technology nodes, fabs are using a variety of resolution enhancement techniques (RETs) in lithography and exploring new methods of processing, inspecting and requalifying photomasks. The acceleration of the lithography roadmap imposes more stringent requirements on mask qualification and requalification to ensure that device yields are not compromised: mask inspection tools of today need to find smaller defects on reticles against considerably more complicated patterns or tighter critical dimensions (CDs). In this paper we describe the early stages of implementation and proliferation of advanced reticle inspection tools at high volume manufacturing wafer fabs. The fabs run incoming multi-surface contamination inspections on masks sent from the mask shop (Intel Mask Operations, IMO), and follow them up with periodic inspections/review to make sure any new contaminant or damage does not go undetected. When necessary, images of defects are electronically presented to engineers at IMO for review. Reticle requalification with these inspection tools reduces or eliminates the need for print test verification. We describe the tools and procedure used to streamline reticle requalification at the fabs and improve the feedback loop between the fabs and the mask shop.
Validation of a right hemisphere vigilance system as measured by principal component and factor analyzed quantitative electroencephalogram.

Arruda and colleagues [Arruda, J.E., Weiler, M.D., Valentino, D.A. et al., 1996. A guide for applying principal-component analysis and confirmatory factor analysis to qEEG data. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 23, 63-81.] recently described seven neurophysiological measures that were previously derived and confirmed using factor analytic procedures and the quantitative electroencephalogram (EEG) sampled from 208 normal controls during an auditory continuous performance test (CPT). The purpose of the present investigation was to further test the validity of these empirically derived measures by examining each measure's relationship with CPT-related declines in performance. Participants were 48 right-handed men (n = 13) and women (n = 35) who reported being free of any neurological condition, birthing complications, or loss of consciousness greater than 2 min. After completing an eyes-closed resting condition, participants performed a 23-min CPT while both quantitative EEG and behavioral performance were measured at 45, 405, 765 and 1125 s into the CPT. Bipolar recordings were gathered using the International 10-20 system, from eight sites: frontal, fronto-temporal, temporal and temporal-occipital. Multivariate and follow-up univariate tests suggest the existence of a neurophysiological system located within the right temporal region that appears essential for the maintenance of a sustained attentional state. If confirmed, the further quantification of this neurocognitive system may prove useful as part of a clinical diagnostic workup.
A low-power active switched-capacitor loop filter for phase locked loops

We propose a low-power active switched-capacitor (SC) implementation of the loop filter for PLL applications. Control voltage ripples caused by current mismatches are eliminated. Sub-threshold inverters are employed as the active components of the filter resulting in very low circuit power consumption. Moreover, 1/f noise of the inverter amplifier is suppressed by the SC auto-zeroing. Transistor level simulation of a 2.4-GHz frequency synthesizer in a 0.18μm technology is carried out to verify the proposed loop filter. With a 10 MHz input reference frequency, the sub-threshold inverter amplifier consumes about 110uA with a 1.25V power supply.
AIDS Knowledge and Educational Preferences of At-Risk Runaway/Homeless and Incarcerated Youth

Abstract Adolescents need to be equipped with the knowledge and skills necessary to prevent HIV infection. This descriptive study examines the AIDS-related knowledge, informational sources, and educational preferences of two groups of at-risk youth: runaway/homeless and incarcerated teens. Although the youth interviewed generally exhibited moderately high AIDS-related knowledge, disturbing gaps were evidenced as well. Attributes predicting total AIDS Knowledge Scores were found to be similar for the two groups. The young people's expressed educational preferences included adults, particularly professionals, as AIDS educators and educational groups. The educational settings selected seemed to reflect the life circumstances of these two groups, with runaway/homeless youth preferring public places and youth agencies and incarcerated teens preferring schools and health settings. Implications for AIDS education interventions and future research are developed on the basis of these findings.
Scanning, Coherent Light Beams—Plane-Wave Expansions and Interactions with Dispersive Systems*

This paper examines the nature of the interaction of rapidly scanning, coherent light beams with linear dispersive optical elements. The analytical technique used is to represent a scanning beam by a sum of plane waves of different frequencies, traveling in different directions. The response of the optical element to each component plane wave is computed and then the responses are added. It is found, for example, that a dispersive element can transform a scanning beam into an amplitude-modulated plane wave, or conversely, transform an amplitude-modulated plane wave into a scanning beam.
Effects of antipsychotic compounds in rhesus monkeys given a choice between cocaine and food

Abstract Chlorpromazine (CPZ) and haloperidol (H) have been suggested as possible antagonists of the reinforcing effects of psychomotor stimulant drugs. To test this hypothesis in animals, four rhesus monkeys were trained in a preference procedure to choose between intravenous injections of cocaine or food presentation. Frequency of cocaine choice increased as unit dose of cocaine was increased. Continuous infusions of low or intermediate doses of CPZ or H either did not affect or increased the frequency of cocaine choice. Higher doses of CPZ or H completely suppressed responding for both reinforcers. Although there appears to be a mutual antagonism of some of the effects of cocaine and these antipsychotic compounds, the results of the present experiment fail to support the hypothesis that the reinforcing effects of cocaine can be antagonized with CPZ or H.
Cyclooxygenase-1 Behaves as a Delayed Response Gene in PC12 Cells Differentiated by Nerve Growth Factor

Treatment of PC12 cells with nerve growth factor (NGF) results in a differentiation program characterized by expression of immediate early and delayed response genes. In this program, morphological changes such as neurite extension are accompanied by phenotypic changes in enzyme expression, including an increased capacity for prostaglandin synthesis. Cyclooxygenase (COX), the enzyme responsible for prostanoid production, exists as two isoforms: constitutive COX-1 and inducible COX-2. We report that COX-1 behaves as a delayed response gene in PC12 cells exposed to NGF. Six hours following NGF treatment, COX-1 mRNA levels were elevated in PC12 cells, reaching nearly 5-fold above basal levels at 12 h. This increase was blocked by cycloheximide and was accompanied by concomitant increases in COX-1 protein and enzyme activity. COX-1 protein remained elevated for at least 10 days and localized to the cytoplasm and neurites of NGF-differentiated PC12 cells. Moreover, basic fibroblast growth factor, but not epidermal growth factor, caused similar increases in COX-1, which is consistent with expression characteristics of other delayed response genes in PC12 cells. This is the first example of neurotrophic factor regulation of cyclooxygenase and may have important implications for determination of the differentiated phenotype in PC12 cells.
INTEGRATING MOLECULAR TECHNIQUES WITH FIELD METHODS IN STUDIES OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOR: A REVOLUTION RESULTS

Studies of social behavior cover a broad spectrum of interactions, from short- term pairing between individuals to more complex interactions within and among groups that have stable membership, particularly in vertebrate and insect societies. The addition of molecular techniques to widely used ecological, demographic, and behavioral methods has provided evidence that the behavioral dynamics of populations are far more complex than had been thought. These revelations have caused reassessment of established hypoth- eses and broadened the array of tractable questions. In this review I first discuss studies of vertebrate mating systems in which these techniques have been used to reveal the "genetic mating system," often yielding results that have shaken long-held hypotheses about mo- nogamy and polygyny. Second, I discuss studies of social groups in which the techniques have allowed assessment of kinship and thereby permitted more comprehensive application of kin selection theory; these studies have illuminated phenomena as diverse as ant colony sex ratios and cooperative breeding in birds. The use of DNA sequence data to provide robust phylogenies that support rigorous comparative analyses is just beginning. Such analyses will lead to investigation of how changes in species' environments have been associated with evolutionary changes in social behavior.
Materials and design consideration for a compact artificial kidney

A design theory is developed for a compact artificial kidney utilizing microcapsules containing urease, ion exchange resin, and adsorbents for uric acid and creatinine. It is shown that the critical factor is the permeability property of the microcapsule wall and that an artificial kidney 10 cm in length and 2 cm in diameter is feasible.
The effect of weak resonances on the 25Mg(p, γ)26Al reaction rate

Abstract The 25 Mg( 3 He, d) 26 Al reaction has been used to estimate proton spectroscopic factors for states which could be weak 25 Mg+p resonances located near the proton-capture threshold. One of these states (corresponding to a resonance energy E c.m =92.2 keV) is found to have a significant effect on the 25 Mg(p, γ) 26 Al reaction rate for temperatures characteristic of Wolf-Rayet stars or late-stage red giants.
Immunoglobulin heavy chain gene replacement: A mechanism of receptor editing

We have generated a site-directed transgenic (sd-tg) mouse model in which the JH locus has been replaced with a rearranged VDJ coding for the heavy chain of an anti-DNA antibody. In these mice, B cells expressing the anti-dsDNA specificity are negatively regulated. We observe a novel mechanism for B cell tolerance, receptor editing at the heavy chain locus. In most sd-tg B cells, the inserted anti-DNA VH gene has been replaced by the upstream endogenous VH, or DH, or both genes through recombination with the heptamer embedded at the 3' end of most VH genes. Three types of recombination events have been identified. VH-to-VDJ, DH-to-VDJ, and VH-to-DH-VDJ. Analysis of the junctional sequences revealed features of classical V(D)J rearrangement, namely N sequence addition and nucleotide deletion. A conserved nonamer was found 12 bp upstream of the embedded heptamer. This nonamer may represent a novel recombination signal sequence used for VH editing. The sd-tg model thus provides direct evidence for secondary rearrangement at VH-D-JH. This process may play a role in tolerance by editing autoreactive receptors and may also serve to diversify the VH repertoire.
Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) Classification and Guidelines.

As the group uniquely representing the field of osteoarthritis, the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) has taken up a mandate to promote and advance research for the prevention and treatment of OA, a task that includes evaluating therapies and developing consensus statements and guidelines in respect of the medical treatment of OA. Research into OA therapeutics is currently highly active, so OARSI has also recognized the need to keep its guidelines current though repeated iterations of its update and consensus-building activities.
CpG-binding protein (CXXC finger protein 1) is a component of the mammalian Set1 histone H3-Lys4 methyltransferase complex, the analogue of the yeast Set1/COMPASS complex.

CpG-binding protein (CXXC finger protein 1 (CFP1)) binds to DNA containing unmethylated CpG motifs and is required for mammalian embryogenesis, normal cytosine methylation, and cellular differentiation. Studies were performed to identify proteins that interact with CFP1 to gain insight into the molecular function of this protein. Immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry reveal that human CFP1 associates with a ∼450-kDa complex that contains the mammalian homologues of six of the seven components of the Set1/COMPASS complex, the sole histone H3-Lys4 methyltransferase in yeast. In vitro assays demonstrate that the human Set1/CFP1 complex is a histone methyltransferase that produces mono-, di-, and trimethylated histone H3 at Lys4. Confocal microscopy reveals that CFP1 and Set1 co-localize to nuclear speckles associated with euchromatin. A Set1 complex of reduced mass persists in murine embryonic stem cells lacking CFP1. These cells carry elevated levels of methylated histone H3-Lys4 and reduced levels of methylated histone H3-Lys9. Together with the previous finding of reduced levels of cytosine methylation, these data indicate that cells lacking CFP1 contain reduced levels of heterochromatin. Furthermore, ES cells lacking CFP1 exhibit a 4-fold excess of histone H3-Lys4 methylation following induction of differentiation, indicating that CFP1 restricts the activity of the Set1 histone methyltransferase complex. These results reveal a mammalian counterpart to the yeast Set1/COMPASS complex. The presence of CFP1 in this complex implicates this protein as a critical epigenetic regulator of histone modification in addition to cytosine methylation and reveals one mechanism by which this protein intersects with the epigenetic machinery.
The Retinal Manifestations of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

The prominent ophthalmoscopic features in a 9-year-old white girl with Rocky Mountain spotted fever consisted of papilledema, cotton-wool spots, and dilated, tortuous retinal veins. Fluorescein angigography showed focal areas of capillary nonperfusion with blocked retinal and choroidal fluorescence at the cotton-wool spots. We observed perivascular staining adjacent to the infarcted areas. In addition to hyperfluorescence of the optic disks, late phase photographs demonstrated prolonged retention of intravascular fluorescein indicating obstruction to venous outflow.
Benzimidazole-containing HCV NS5A inhibitors: Effect of 4-substituted pyrrolidines in balancing genotype 1a and 1b potency

The treatment of HCV with highly efficacious, well-tolerated, interferon-free regimens is a compelling clinical goal. Trials employing combinations of direct-acting antivirals that include NS5A inhibitors have shown significant promise in meeting this challenge. Herein, we describe our efforts to identify inhibitors of NS5A and report on the discovery of benzimidazole-containing analogs with subnanomolar potency against genotype 1a and 1b replicons. Our SAR exploration of 4-substituted pyrrolidines revealed that the subtle inclusion of a 4-methyl group could profoundly increase genotype 1a potency in multiple scaffold classes.
Statistical validation of air-displacement plethysmography for body composition assessment in children

Background: Body composition assessment of children has been hindered by the absence of a safe, quick, and easily tolerated gold standard technique. Existing validation studies of air-displacement plethysmography (ADP) have been based on small, narrowly defined samples, using simple linear regression or Bland–Altman analyses.Aim: Correlations within a multitrait–multimethod matrix (MTMM) and factor analytic methodologies were used to evaluate ADP as a valid and reliable body composition technique for children.Subjects and methods: Fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM) and per cent body fat (%BF) were measured in 139 children, 7–10 years old, by ADP, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and anthropometry (ANTH). MTMM and factor analysis were used to compare assessment techniques.Results: Reliability estimates were lower for ADP than for either ANTH or DXA. Convergent and discriminant correlations between ADP and ANTH or DXA were high for identical as well as non-identical measures. Two body composition fact...
From Adolescent Connections to Social Capital: Predictors of Civic Engagement in Young Adulthood

Abstract Purpose This study examined the ability of adolescent connection in family and community contexts to promote an aspect of healthy youth development and transition into adulthood, civic engagement. Methods Data are from Wave 1 (1995) and Wave 3 (2001–2002) of the in-home interviews from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. The sample for this study included 9130 young adults aged 18–26 years. Linear and logistic regression models were used to measure the influence of connection in family and community contexts (Wave 1) on outcomes of civic engagement in young adulthood (Wave 3). Results Stronger connection in all family and community contexts during adolescence predicted greater likelihood of voting, community volunteer service, involvement in social action/solidarity groups, education groups, and/or conservation groups, and endorsement of civic trust in young adulthood. Select connections in family and community contexts were also significant predictors of political voice/involvement and blood product donation. In a final multivariate model, frequency of shared activities with parent(s) and school connection during adolescence emerged as unique predictors of young adult civic engagement. Conclusions Connections in family and community contexts during adolescence promote healthy youth development through facilitation of multiple aspects of civic engagement in young adulthood. The importance of these connections in fostering youth capacity to bond to a broader community construct is discussed.
Intensity-modulated stereotactic radiotherapy of paraspinal tumors: a preliminary report.

OBJECTIVE Radioresistant paraspinal tumors may benefit from conformal treatment techniques such as intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). Local tumor control and long-term palliation for both primary and metastatic tumors may be achieved with IMRT while reducing the risk of spinal cord toxicity associated with conventional radiotherapy techniques. In this article, we report our initial clinical experience in treating 16 paraspinal tumors with IMRT in which the planning target volume was 2 mm or greater from the spinal cord. METHODS IMRT was administered by using a linear accelerator mounted with a multileaf collimator. Two immobilization body frames developed at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center were used for patients with and without spinal implants. During a 30-month period, 16 patients underwent IMRT for metastatic and primary tumors. Eleven patients were treated for symptomatic recurrences after undergoing surgery and prior external beam radiotherapy, and one patient was treated after undergoing radiotherapy for a metastatic pancreatic gastrinoma with overlapping ports to the spine. Four patients with primary tumors were treated after primary resection that resulted in positive histological margins. Twelve patients were symptomatic with pain, functional radiculopathy, or both. Tumoral doses were determined on the basis of the relative radiosensitivity of tumors. Patients with metastatic tumors were administered a median tumoral dose of 20 Gy in four to five fractions and a spinal cord maximum dose of 6.0 Gy in addition to the full tolerance dose administered in previous radiation treatments. The primary tumors were delivered a median dose of 70 Gy in 33 to 37 fractions and a spinal cord maximum dose of 16 Gy. The median tumoral volume was 7.8 cm(3). RESULTS Of the 15 patients who underwent radiographic follow-up, 13 demonstrated either no interval growth or a reduction in tumor size in a median follow-up period of 12 months (range, 2-23 mo). Two patients, one with a thoracic chondrosarcoma and one with a chordoma, showed tumor progression 1 year after undergoing IMRT. Pain symptoms improved in 11 of 11 patients, and 4 of 4 patients had significant improvement in their functionally significant radiculopathy and/or plexopathy. Pain relief was durable in all patients except the two with tumor progression. No patient showed signs or symptoms of radiation-induced myelopathy, radiculopathy, or plexopathy, including 12 patients with a median follow-up of 18 months. CONCLUSION IMRT was effective for treating pain and improving functional radiculopathy in patients with metastatic and primary tumors. Although long-term tumor control is not established in this study, high-dose tumoral irradiation can be performed without causing radiation myelopathy in more than 1 year of follow-up.
Computers as a Public Management Decision Tool: An Experimental Analysis of the Effects of Cost and Access on Information Choice

A laboratory experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of computer cost and access on the selection of information for a public management decision. Subjects were asked to make a decision ...
Mathematical Model of Hot Metal Desulphurization by Powder Injection

A macro kinetic analysis of the hot metal desulphurization with powder injection has led to that there are three basic parameters which determine the desulphurization rate, as well as the powder utilization efficiency. They are the penetration ratio (PR) of injected powder into the melt, the residence time distribution (RTD) of injected powder in the bath, as well as the homogeneous mixing time (HMT) of the bath. Both PR and HMT have been experimentally determined with water modeling, while the RTD has been determined from either flow field information or experimental measurements of water model with stimulus-response method, arriving at the correlation formulas between the parameter and the injection operation variables as well as powder characteristics. This has enabled the development of a mathematical model to predict the desulphurization process. Based on further analysis of the mechanism and macro kinetics of the process, a mathematical model has been developed, with the three basic parameters being taken into account, to simulate the variation of [S] in hot metal with time. Water-model experiment results, flow field information and industrial data are used to determine the model parameters and verify the model, leading to the result that the prediction from the model agrees well with practical results. In addition to'CaO and CaC 2 powders, the use of granular Mg has been particularly included and emphasized in the model for its more and more popular application. The coupling effect of hot metal desulphurization by injection of magnesium-CaC 2 mixture was discussed.
Observer-based control of block-triangular discrete time hybrid automata on a partial order†

The safety control problem for the class of discrete time block-triangular order preserving hybrid automata with imperfect continuous state information is addressed. A dynamic feedback law is constructed in order to guarantee that the continuous state is always outside a bad set. The order preserving properties of the dynamics are exploited to construct state estimation and control algorithms that have linear complexity in the number of variables. Such algorithms adopt an interval abstraction approach, in which sets of interest are represented and propagated only through suitable upper and lower bounds. The proposed algorithms are applied to a collision avoidance problem arising in the context of intelligent transportation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Megaregolith insulation, internal temperatures, and bulk uranium content of the moon

Finite-difference models are used to study the effects of insulation by the megaregolith on lunar thermal evolution. Results indicate that the megaregolith has two important influences on heat flow: (1) Because the megaregolith is exceptionally thin in mare regions, heat passes more readily through them than through highland regions, and even flows laterally from the highland toward the mare. As a result, heat flow is exceptionally high along a boundary between highland and mare regions. (2) On a global scale, megaregolith insulation combined with lithosphere insulation causes slow cooling, which as a cumulative effect results in high present-day mantle temperatures and heat flow. Assuming that the global mean megaregolith thickness is 2 km, a heat flow of 12 mW/sq m is best matched by models with bulk moon U contents of 20-21 ng/g. Independent constraints on lunar internal temperatures derived from magnetic and tectonic data are best matched by models with about 14 ng/g U. Thus the bulk moon U content is roughly 17 ng/g. These results imply that the bulk moon contents of U, and related refractory lithophile elements such as Th, Al, Ca, etc., must be considerably lower than commonly assumed.
Gas‐liquid chromatography of fatty derivatives. IV. Quantitative analysis of n‐alcohols

The separation of fatty alcohols has been accomplished by using a nonpolar substrate on a solid support treated with alkali to reduce adsorptivity. By this technique well-resolved symmetrical peaks are obtained, and the stability of a nonpolar substrate is retained. Relative detector sensitivity factors have been determined for the alcohols with chain lengths of C8 through C18, permitting a correction of peak areas. The response of the detector is approximately a linear function of chain length for the n-alcohols. The accuracy and precision of the determination have been studied by a statistical comparison of the results of replicate values with values from known compositions.