cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Eccrine Angiomatous Hamartoma

background. Eccrine angiomatous hamartoma (EAH) is a rare benign lesion that mimics a capillary (“strawberry”) hemangioma (CH) in appearance. EAH slowly grows and becomes symptomatic whereas CH typically regresses over time. objective. To increase awareness of this rare hamartoma and emphasize the need for histopathologic evaluation of similar appearing lesions and thus prompt excision versus Observation. methods. Literature review and report of an illustrative case. results. Histopathologic confirmation of EAH in a lesion clinically indistinguishable from CH and successful surgical extirpation. conclusion. EAH is a rare hamartomatous neoplasm clinically similar to CH in appearance. Histopathologic examination of suspected lesions is recommended for delineation as CH generally involutes spontaneously whereas EAH may require surgical excision due to pain and hyperhidrosis.
Control of bright picosecond X-ray emission from intense subpicosecond laser-plasma interactions.

Using temporally and spectrally resolved diagnostics, we show that the pulse duration of laser-produced soft x rays emitted from solid targets can be controlled, permitting a reduction to as short as a few picoseconds. To enable this control, only a single parameter must be adjusted, namely, the intensity of the high-contrast ultrashort laser pulse (400 fs). These results are found to be in qualitative agreement with a simple model of radiation from a collisionally dominated atomic system.
Prey use by red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in urban and rural areas of Illinois

Decline of red fox (Vulpes vulpes) populations in Illinois has been attributed to altered geographic landscapes and the eastward expansion of the coyote. To investigate effects of habitat use and c...
I’m Good Because of What I Get: A Meta-Analytic Mediation Model of Organizational Identification

Organizational identification (OID) represents the idea of a person’s “oneness” with the organization, that is, the extent to which an individual accepts the identity of the organization as part of...
Effect of exogenous fatty acids on the retention of phospholipid acyl groups by mouse L fibroblasts.

Abstract Exogenous oleic or linoleic acid, given at a high but nontoxic level (1 mg fatty acid/day for 20 · 106 cells in 50 ml medium), caused substantial redistribution of the otherwise permanently retained phospholipid acyls in mouse L fibroblasts. 18–40% of the preformed phospholipid acyls were shifted to triglycerides but most returned to phospholipids when the supply of exogenous fatty acid was removed. The phospholipid acyls could be reshuttled back to triglycerides again whenever an adequate amount of exogenous fatty acid was provided. Daily changes of medium containing oleic acid bound to bovine serum albumin caused a still greater total loss of phospholipid acyls into the medium. The removal of the prelabeled phospholipid acyls also occurred with phospholipid acyls which had been synthesized from [1-14C]acetate 3 days earlier. The results demonstrate the fact that the apparent permanently retained phospholipid acyl groups found in L-cells could in fact be displaced through experimental manipulations.
Snowball Earth: Ice thickness on the tropical ocean

[1] On the tropical oceans of a neo-Proterozoic Snowball Earth, snow-free ice would have existed in regions of net sublimation. Photosynthesis could have continued beneath this bare ice if it was sufficiently thin and sufficiently clear. The steady state ice thickness is determined by the necessity to balance the upward conduction of heat with three subsurface heating rates: the heat flux from the ocean to the ice base, the latent heat of freezing to the ice base, and the solar energy absorbed within the ice. A preliminary study, using a broadband model for solar radiation and assuming a large freezing rate, had indicated that tropical ice might be only a few meters thick. Here we show that the vertical throughput of ice by surface sublimation and basal freezing would be too slow to keep the ice thin and that the broadband model had exaggerated the absorption depth of sunlight. We use a spectral model for solar absorption, computing radiative transfer at 60 wavelengths, considering absorption by the ice, and scattering by bubbles. With the spectral model, the computed ice thickness is much greater. For a solar flux of 320 W m−2 at the equatorial surface and expected albedo of 0.5 for bare sea ice, we find that surface temperatures below −12°C generate ice layers too thick for photosynthesis (>100 m). If the albedo were as low as 0.4, thick ice would occur only for surface temperatures below −25°C, but such low temperatures would be difficult to maintain with such low albedo. For surface temperatures warmer than these limits, the ice becomes thin (<1 m) and is unlikely to represent a coherent ice layer. However, glacial deformation of thick floating ice from nearby oceanic regions may preclude the existence of thin or ice-free patches.
Color Word Processing

This text editor uses display color not as a design element but as a way to convey the author's intent in every stage of a document's evaluation.
Interstitial pneumonitis in antinuclear antibody–negative systemic lupus erythematosus: a new clinical manifestation and possible association with anti–ro (ss-a) antibodies

The clinical manifestations of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and negative fluorescent antinuclear antibody have been well documented. This report describes 2 cases of antinuclear antibody-negative SLE with antibodies only to Ro (SS-A) and the previously unreported clinical manifestation of lupus interstitial pneumonitis. A review of all SLE patients from 1984-1986 with interstitial pneumonitis revealed that 10 of the 12 patients had antibodies to Ro (SS-A). The frequency of anti-Ro (SS-A) with interstitial pneumonitis in SLE patients suggests a possible association between the two.
Experimental determination of the molar differential extinction coefficient of P700.

Abstract The molar differential extinction coefficients of P700 at 435 and 703 nm have been determined by using a directly coupled reaction in the dark involving the reduction of photooxidized P700 and the oxidation of reduced cytochromes. From the coupled oxidation of mammalian cytochrome c by Anabaena high-P700 particles, the molar differential extinction coefficients of P700 at 435 and 703 nm are calculated to be 8.6·104 and 1.20·105 M−1·cm−1, respectively, and the ratio of the red to blue band heights is 1.4. From the coupled oxidation of Euglena cytochrome-552 by Triton-fractionated pigment system 1 subchloroplast particles enriched in P700, the calculated molar differential extinction coefficients of P700 at 435 and 703 nm are very close to the values given above. Using an absorbance decrease at 580 nm as a measure of the photoreduction of dichlorophenolindophenol by Triton-fractionated pigment system 1 subchloroplast particles enriched in P700 tends to yield a low extinction value because of other absorbance changes which occur at this wavelength and the non-reproducibility of the values obtained. Comparisons are made between the extinction values of P700 and the corresponding extinction values of the bacteriochlorophyll reaction centers in photosynthetic bacteria.
Sims differentiation of molecular and atomic adsorption of NO on a Ni(001) surface

Abstract A SIMS investigation of adsorbed NO on Ni(001) at various temperatures that has been well characterized by LEED, XPS, UPS, and TDS has shown that the sputtered secondary ions do reflect the parent surface structure for selected primary beam parameters. Specifically, the molecular or atomic character of the adsorbed NO is maintained unaltered in the SIMS yields.
Reverse iontophoresis — parameters determining electro-osmotic flow. II. Electrode chamber formulation

Abstract ‘Reverse iontophoresis’ involves the imposition of an electrical potential gradient across the skin with the goal of non-invasively extracting molecules of biological interest to the body surface. A number of potential clinical chemistry applications (in particular, the monitoring of blood sugar) have been envisaged. The ultimate objective of the research described in this paper is to optimize the electro-osmotic component of reverse iontophoretic extraction. In vitro experiments, using diffusion cells in which both electrode chambers are situated on the epidermal side of hairless mouse skin, were performed. Current (0.56 mA/cm2) was passed for 2 h via Ag/AgCl electrodes and the electro-osmotic extraction of radiolabeled mannitol from the receptor phase (5 mM mannitol in pH 7.4 HEPES-buffered saline (0.14 M)) was measured as a function of the formulations placed in the anodal and cathodal chambers. Mannitol represented a non-ionizable, non-metabolizable model compound, which has been used extensively in previous electrotransport experiments of this kind. It was found that iontophoresis of divalent ions from the anode chamber (i.e. an anode formulation with CaCl2 or MgCl2 instead of NaCl) increased electro-osmotic flow from beneath the skin surface towards the anode (i.e. modulation of the normal situation in which the skin's permselectivity dictates net electro-osmosis in the opposite direction). Shielding of the net negative charge on the skin is a possible mechanism for this phenomenon, a hypothesis not inconsistent with the ability of certain lipophilic peptides (e.g. the luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analog, Nafarelin) to achieve a similar effect. In the cathode chamber, to which electro-osmosis predominates, ∼3-fold levels of enhancement were achieved by formulating the electrode bathing solution with either 2 mM calcein, 50–300 USP U/ml heparin, or 10 mM EDTA. It is postulated that this augmentation of electrotransport involves either binding of endogenous Ca2+ (and hence decreased shielding of the negative charge on the skin), or simply the presence of more negativity in the membrane (or a combination of the two). Overall, the results demonstrate that electro-osmosis can be increased by manipulation of the electrode formulations, and that commonly used pharmaceutical excipients are among those materials which can be used to optimize the transport.
Geothermal Heat Pumps

Geothermal heat pumps can be considered a sustainable technology, as they reclaim and recycle thermal energy from the earth. In climates with a near balance in the annual heating and cooling loads, they function essentially as a seasonal energy storage scheme. This paper presents an overview of the technology. The various types of geothermal heat pumps are explained along with their relative merits. Detailed discussion is included on the most common method of ground coupling for commercial scale applications, the vertical borehole heat exchanger. Issues with sizing the heat exchanger and grouting it are discussed, as well as the motivation for in situ thermal properties testing. In-building equipment, including the heat pumps themselves, is briefly described. Experience with geothermal heat pumps to date is presented for both residential and commercial scale applications. Regional market penetration and competitiveness are also discussed for both residential and commercial scale applications. The paper concludes that the overall outlook for expanded application of geothermal heat pumps is very favorable.
Building state and local publications collections: The Arizona experience

Abstract This article explains the patterns of distribution of state and local publications in Arizona libraries. Major academic, public, and county libraries were surveyed to determine scope and size of collections, access to bibliographic databases, cataloging and classification of holdings, and methods of acquisition. The results of this survey have enabled the authors to create the first comprehensive compilation of collection development policies for Arizona state and local publications, and to share that information with every major library in the state. The authors intend to use the results of the survey not only to inform Arizona librarians as to the sites of the core collections of state and local documents, but also to assist librarians in developing strategies for acquiring these publications; and to help formulate a depository distribution system for state publications.
The development of early manipulatory classification: A numerical architecture hypothesis

Abstract Based on the structural analysis of the results of existing research concerning the developmental milestones of early manipulatory classification, the paper advances an explanatory model of the evolution of this ability. The model asserts that, in terms of its formal characteristics, the developmental pattern of early classification manifests the architecture of a distinct numerical system (i.e., finite binary triple-base and position-bound) which indicates the existence of an underlying representational mechanism with specific constraints. The proposition accounts for known features of the development of early manipulatory classification and, in addition, advances new predictions for future testing.
Action of serotonin on gastric (proventriculus) secretion in chickens

Abstract 1. 1. Serotonin and duodenal distension inhibited basal, histamine-induced, and pentagastrin-induced gastric secretion in chickens. 2. 2. In UML-491 and reserpine pre-treated chickens, the inhibitory effects of duodenal distension and serotonin on gastric secretion were abolished. 3. 3. In UML-491 pre-treated chickens serotonin did not inhibit the histamine- and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric secretion. 4. 4. There is no species difference in the action of serotonin on gastric secretion.
Toxoplasma gondii: lymphocyte function during acute infection in mice.

Abstract T-cell function during acute Toxoplasma gondii infection was evaluated in murine models. Blastogenic response to the T-cell mitogen concanavalin A (Con A) was not depressed during infection with either the C37 or the C56 strain of T. gondii in either BALB c or C 57 BL 6 J mice that were inoculated either intravenously or intraperitoneally with varying doses of tachyzoites 7, 14, or 30 days earlier. In evaluation of lymphocytes from individual mice, utilization of a range of concentrations of Con A was found to be important for correct interpretation of results. There was variability in the magnitude of response of individual mice and in the concentration of mitogen that produced an optimal response among the inbred mice. The T-cell-dependent, primary antibody response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was not depressed in BALB c mice infected with the C37 strain of Toxoplasma 1 and 8 days prior to inoculation with SRBC. A lower blastogenic reponse to Con A of lymphocytes from C 57 BL 6 J mice compared with that of BALB c mice appeared to correlate with increased susceptibility of C 57 BL 6 J mice to low-challenge inocula of T. gondii.
Accessing the web: from search to integration

We have witnessed the rapid growth of the Web-- It has not only "broadened" but also "deepened": While the "surface Web" has expanded from the 1999 estimate of 800 million to the recent 19.2 billion pages reported by Yahoo index, an equally or even more significant amount of information is hidden on the "deep Web," behind query forms, recently estimated at over 1.2 million, of online databases. Accessing the information on the Web thus requires not only search to locate pages of interests, from the surface Web, but also integration to aggregate data from alternative or complementary sources, from the deep Web. Although the opportunities are unprecedented, the challenges are also immense: On the one hand, for the surface Web, while search seems to have evolved into a standard technology, its maturity and pervasiveness have also invited the attack of spam and the demand of personalization. On the other hand, for the deep Web, while the proliferation of structured sources has promised unlimited possibilities for more precise and aggregated access, it has also presented new challenges for realizing large scale and dynamic information integration. These issues are in essence related to data management, in a large scale, and thus present novel problems and interesting opportunities for our research community. This tutorial will discuss the new access scenarios and research problems in Web information access: from search of the surface Web to integration of the deep Web.
Rejection Of Scattered Radiation And Veiling Glare In A Large-Field Image-Intensifier System

A prototype system for digital fluorography of the chest is under development in our research laboratory. It consists of a special-procedures x-ray unit upgraded with a 40-cm image intensifier, a Compumotor driven multiple-slit assembly, and MicroVAX II based frame grabber and frame processor. Contrast in an image-intensifier x-ray system is degraded by scattered radiation and veiling glare. They both increase with the diameter of the image-intensifier input phosphor. Grids, air gaps, and paired scanning apertures are not effective against veiling glare. In our prototype system both scattered radiation and veiling glare are rejected using the electronic-collimation principle. A multiple-slit assembly is scanned between the x-ray tube and the patient. Images are recorded and digitized for each position of the slit assembly. The resultant image is reconstructed from a series of digitized slit images using an appropriate computer algorithm. Technologies for manufacturing the multiple-slit assembly and the image-reconstruction algorithms are discussed. The peak-detection algorithm does not require as accurate stepping of the slit assembly as the threshold-and-summation algorithm, but it wastes a portion of the radiation dose. Comparative single- and dual-energy images of a chest phantom are presented. Superior separation of bone and soft-tissue images was achieved when the electronic scanning slit was used because, of more efficient scatter rejection.
Stimulation of non-conservative DNA synthesis by ultraviolet light in freeze-treated Bacillus subtilis

Abstract We have shown that ultraviolet irradiation increases the non-conservative incorporation of dTTP into DNA using cells made permeable to ATP and deoxynucleoside triphosphates by freezing. The role of DNA polymerase I in this incorporation has been studied using N- ethylmaleimide as a selective inhibitor of DNA polymerases II and III. Ultraviolet stimulation of dTTP incorporation requires ATP and is sensitive to N- ethylmaleimide . However, the inhibitor can no longer block the increase in dTTP incorporation if the cells are incubated for 30 min after irradiation before DNA synthesis is allowed. Since N- ethylmaleimide inhibits excision of pyrimidine dimers from the DNA of irradiated cells, it may be that an early step in dimer excision is required for an increase in dTTP incorporation. Because mutants of Bacillus subtilis lacking DNA polymerase I cannot carry out a high rate of dTTP incorporation when assayed in this manner, and because DNA polymerase I is not sensitive to N- ethylmaleimide while polymerases II and III are sensitive, we conclude that DNA polymerase I very likely catalyzes essentially all of the non-conservative DNA synthesis in both unirradiated and irradiated frozen cells.
Basal and stimulated plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) concentrations and cardiac ANP contents in old and young rats.

Abstract To investigate the ability of the ageing heart to release atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) we compared the response of awake, trained, chronically catheterized old (20–21 months) and young; (4 months) rats to an acute, hypertonic saline challenge. There were no differences between young and old rats in basal plasma concentration of sodium (P Na ; old: 141 ± 3 meq/l; young 143 ± 3 meq/l) or ANP (old: 61 ± 5 pg/ml; young: 67 ± 12 pg/ml. Five minutes after acute saline challenge, P Na rose in both groups (old: 146 ± 2 meq/l; young 149 ± 1 meq/l) and approximately 3-fold increases in plasma ANP levels (182 ± 24 pg/ml; young: 179 ± 42 pg/ml). Hearts of old and young rats were assayed for atrial and ventricular ANP content. Atrial ANP levels were similar in old and young rats (13.5 ± 3.6 vs. 24.9 ± 8.7 μ g/gl atrial tissue), whereas ventricular ANP content was ∼ 4-fold higher in old vs. young rats (153.7 ± 39.3 vs. 47.5 ± 6.4 ng/g ventricular tissue). Thus, the ageing rat heart responds equally as well as the young rat to an acute NaCl challenge.
MOCVD-Grown GaP/Si Subcells for Integrated III–V/Si Multijunction Photovoltaics

Enabled by a heteroepitaxial nucleation process that yields GaP-on-Si integration free of heterovalent-related defects, GaP/active-Si junctions were grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. n-type Si emitter layers were grown on p-type (1 0 0)-oriented Si substrates, followed by the growth of n-type GaP window layers, to form fully active subcell structures compatible with integration into monolithic III-V/Si multijunction solar cells. Fabricated test devices yield good preliminary performance characteristics and demonstrate great promise for the epitaxial subcell approach. Comparison of different emitter layer thicknesses, combined with descriptive device modeling, reveals insight into recombination dynamics at the GaP/Si interface and provides design guidance for future device optimization. Additional test structures consisting of GaP/active-Si subcell substrates with subsequently grown GaAsyP1-y step-graded buffers and GaAs0.75P0.25 terminal layers were produced to simulate the optical response of the GaP/Si junction within a theoretically ideal dual-junction solar cell.
Transcriptional Response Pathways in a Yeast Strain Sensitive to Saframycin A and a More Potent Analog: Evidence for a Common Basis of Activity

Abstract Saframycin A (SafA) is a natural product that inhibits human cancer cell proliferation. Its synthetic analog, QAD, is a more potent inhibitor of these cells. SafA does not affect wild-type yeast, but it does inhibit growth of the strain CCY333 (Δ PDR1/PDR3/ERG6 ) (IC 50 = 0.9 μM). QAD is also a more effective inhibitor of CCY333 growth (IC 50 = 0.4 μM). Transcription profiling of SafA- and QAD-treated CCY333 cultures showed that both drugs generated nearly identical profiles, with altered expression levels (≥2-fold) of more than 240 genes. Both agents induced the overexpression of genes involved in glycolysis, oxidative stress, and protein degradation and repressed genes encoding histones, biosynthetic enzymes, and the cellular import machinery. Significantly, neither drug affected the expression of known DNA-damage repair genes, as might have been expected if their primary mechanism of action involved the covalent modification of DNA.
Evaluation of surfactant from oxidized hydrocarbons in enhanced oil recovery

Abstract The oxidized products from gas-oil range paraffinic and naphthenic hydrocarbon fractions, containing as muchn as 70% oxygenated compounds when refluxed with a variety of bases such as a combination of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate, gave surfactant solutions in tertiary oil recovery. Such surfactants, in the presence of the correct proportion of an electrolyte such as sodium carbonate, possess desirable low interfacial tension (IFT) profiles against oil and are able to adequately maintain their good properties even after exposure to sandstone in the reservoir. A static adsorption test has been developed for such surfactant systems that has been successfully used to predict the results of core-flood tests.
Control, stress, and job satisfaction in Canadian nurses

Abstract The main effects of four domains of control (task, decision, resource, physical environment) on job satisfaction and their interactions with three types of job stressors (task demands, role conflict, interpersonal conflict) were examined in a sample of 765 Canadian nurses. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to determine the proportion of variance in job satisfaction that could be accounted for by job stressors, control, and the interaction of stressors and control in that order. The job stressors were analysed separately and as a composite job demands score, as were the four domains of control. The results indicated that the proportion of variance in job satisfaction increased with the addition of control for the composite scores and for task, resource, and physical environment control. However, decision control did not account for additional variance in job satisfaction above that for any of the job stressors. In addition, none of the stressor x control interactions were significant. Th...
Dietary triglycerides profoundly affect oral sensitization to peanut protein in an adjuvant-free mouse model of peanut allergy

Background and aim Peanuts and peanut butter contain significant amounts of long-chain triglycerides (LCT), which stimulate lymphatic chylomicron transport. We have recently reported that intestinal absorption of a dietary antigen (ovalbumin; (OVA)) is significantly enhanced when chylomicron formation is induced. This prompted us to investigate the effect of LCT on oral sensitization to concomitantly ingested protein antigens.
What Family Therapists Can Learn From Stand-Up Comics and Those Who Heckle Them

The focus of this adapted consensual qualitative research analyses is the content of the documentary film, Heckler (Kennedy & Addis, 2007), produced by comedian Jamie Kennedy. The film is examined in terms of the methods comics use to deal with hecklers. Specifically, this article explores what stand-up comics and hecklers teach us and what the theory and practice of family therapy has to say about heckling and, more generally, societal incivility.
Phlorizin stimulation of p-aminohippurate uptake in rat kidney cortex slices

Phlorizin stimulation of p-aminohippurate uptake in rat kidney cortex slices. Phlorizin, 0.5 mM, increases the uptake of tritiated p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) in rat kidney cortex slices in vitro . Phlorizin also diminishes the rate of 3 H-PAH washout from preloaded slices into PAH-free medium. At higher concentrations, phlorizin (5.0 mM) reduces slice uptake of 3 H-PAH following short incubations but increases 3 H-PAH accumulation after more prolonged incubations. Section freeze-dry autoradiography demonstrates that phlorizin inhibits secretion of 3 H-PAH from cell to lumen in proximal tubules. Consequently, the increased 3 H-PAH uptake and delayed washout induced by phlorizin may be attributed to effects at the antiluminal cell membrane. Phlorizin stimulation of PAH uptake occurs despite inhibition of secretion across the luminal membrane. Intracellular accumulation of 3 H-phlorizin, demonstrable by autoradiography, provides direct evidence that cellular accumulation affords the glycoside access to both the luminal and antiluminal membrane in proximal tubules. These interactions between phlorizin and PAH suggest shared features of the membrane transport systems for secretion and reabsorption of sugars and organic acids in kidney. Stimulation par la phloridizine de la captation de p-aminohippurate par les tranches de cortex de rein de rat. La phloridizine (0,5 mM) augmente la captation de l'acide p-aminohippurique (PAH) tritie par les tranches de cortex de rein de rat in vitro. Elle diminue aussi le debit de sortie du 3 H-PAH quand des tranches prealablement chargees sont placees dans un milieu exempt de PAH. A des concentrations plus elevees (5,0 mM) la phloridizine diminue la captation de PAH par les tranches au cours d'incubations courtes mais augmente l'accumulation au cours d'incubations plus longues. Les autoradiographies de coupes lyophylisees demontrent que la phloridizine inhibe la secretion de PAH de la cellule vers la lumiere du tube proximal. Par consequent l'augmentation de la captation et le retard de la sortie peuvent etre attribues a des effets sur la membrane antiluminale. La stimulation par la phloridizine de la captation de PAH survient malgre l'inhibition de la secretion e travers la membrane luminale. L'accumulation intracellulaire de 3 H-phloridizine, mise en evidence par autoradiographie, apporte une preuve directe de ce que l'accumulation cellulaire permet l'acces du glycoside a la fois a la membrane luminale et a la membrane antiluminale. Ces interactions entre la phloridizine et le PAH suggerent l'existence de caracteres communs aux systemes de transports membranaires de secretion et de reabsorption des sucres et des acides organiques dans le rein.
Chemical Studies on Tumor Tissue: V. The Staining with Vital Dyes of Mouse Tumor Cells Swollen in Salt Solutions

When fresh tumor tissue is minced in balanced salt solution, the cells swell rapidly. The large amount of water which enters the cell causes the cell wall to protrude in large bulges, as depicted in a previous communication (Shear, 1935). This swelling is independent of the salt concentration, for it occurs in solutions with a salt content greater than that of blood plasma as well as in more dilute solutions; i.e., it occurs in solutions which are hypertonic, as well as in those which are isotonic and hypotonic, to a solution (Shear and Fogg, 1934) having the same inorganic composition as mammalian blood plasma. The question arises as to whether cells that swell in this way are dead or dying, or whether they are alive and in good condition when they begin to swell. Inasmuch as observation of this phenomenon requires prompt examination of the fresh tissue under the oil immersion objective, thin spreads of minced tissue have been employed in these experiments. Under such conditions the only criterion of viability that was considered suitable for these cells was that of vital staining. A preliminary investigation was therefore carried out to ascertain to what extent staining with neutral red would provide information regarding the viability of such cells. It was found (Belkin and Shear, 1937) that, when tumor tissue was minced in salt solutions containing neutral red, some of the cells exhibited the type of staining considered characteristic of the living state while others exhibited the staining considered characteristic of dead cells. However, a large proportion of the cells appeared to be entirely colorless. Cells that were stained were therefore considered to be dead or living according as to whether there was diffuse staining of the nucleus or localized staining in the cytoplasm, i.e., vital staining. Cells that were colorless were also considered to be alive, for reasons set forth in the preceding paper.
Varying data and information in a decision making task

Abstract A distinction is drawn between the amount of data and the amount of information presented to the human decision maker. The amount of data is measured by the number of independent variables or data sources available while the amount of information depends on the fraction of dependent or criterion variable variance which is explained by the set of data sources. It was hypothesised that increasing the amount of data for a fixed amount of information would lead to a decreased performance level. Two experiments examined the effects of amount of data, amount of information and redundancy of data on decision performance. Performance was found to be dependent on both data and information and the form of the relationship depended upon the data redundancy.
Responses of the Metabolism of the Larvae of Pocillopora damicornis to Ocean Acidification and Warming

Ocean acidification and warming are expected to threaten the persistence of tropical coral reef ecosystems. As coral reefs face multiple stressors, the distribution and abundance of corals will depend on the successful dispersal and settlement of coral larvae under changing environmental conditions. To explore this scenario, we used metabolic rate, at holobiont and molecular levels, as an index for assessing the physiological plasticity of Pocillopora damicornis larvae from this site to conditions of ocean acidity and warming. Larvae were incubated for 6 hours in seawater containing combinations of CO2 concentration (450 and 950 µatm) and temperature (28 and 30°C). Rates of larval oxygen consumption were higher at elevated temperatures. In contrast, high CO2 levels elicited depressed metabolic rates, especially for larvae released later in the spawning period. Rates of citrate synthase, a rate-limiting enzyme in aerobic metabolism, suggested a biochemical limit for increasing oxidative capacity in coral larvae in a warming, acidifying ocean. Biological responses were also compared between larvae released from adult colonies on the same day (cohorts). The metabolic physiology of Pocillopora damicornis larvae varied significantly by day of release. Additionally, we used environmental data collected on a reef in Moorea, French Polynesia to provide information about what adult corals and larvae may currently experience in the field. An autonomous pH sensor provided a continuous time series of pH on the natal fringing reef. In February/March, 2011, pH values averaged 8.075 ± 0.023. Our results suggest that without adaptation or acclimatization, only a portion of naive Pocillopora damicornis larvae may have suitable metabolic phenotypes for maintaining function and fitness in an end-of-the century ocean.
Ticlopidine versus aspirin and dipyridamole: influence on platelet deposition and three-month patency of polytetrafluoroethylene grafts.

Abstract In an attempt to establish a specific drug regimen that would retard neointimal fibrous thickening (NFT) and promote patency of small arterial grafts, we studied acute platelet accumulation and 3-month patency of 4 mm polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts in dogs treated with oral aspirin (2 mg/kg/day) in combination with dipyridamole (5 mg/kg/day) (ASA/D) or ticlopidine (25 mg/kg/day) (T). After 3 days of treatment, 15 dogs were given indium 111-labeled autologous platelets and then had bilateral femoral artery grafts placed (control, 10 grafts; each drug group, 10 grafts). The calculated graft radioactivity expressed as average counts per 10 minutes ± standard error of the mean (SEM) was as follows: control=542,003 ± 63,991; ASA/D = 135,163 ± 14,443 (p t test); T=104,650 ± 14,004 (p 0.05). Mean anastomotic NFT ± SEM of each graft was measured with an ocular micrometer: control=1.6 ± 0.2 mm; ASA/D = 0.7 ± 0.2 mm (p t test); T=1.3 ± 0.2 mm (p > 0.1). These data demonstrate significant and equivalent decreases in radioactive platelet deposition with ASA/D or T, but only animals receiving ASA/D had a significant decrease in NFT and an improvement in 3-month patency. Mechanisms in addition to platelet adhesion and aggregation may contribute to NFT in small arterial grafts. (J VASC SURG 1986;4:174-8.)
Quantitative Measurement of the Electron and Hole Mobility−Lifetime Products in Semiconductor Nanowires

The mobility−lifetime products (μτ) for electrons and holes in CdS nanowires were quantitatively determined by scanning photocurrent microscopy of devices with ohmic contacts. Ohmic contacts were fabricated by ion bombardment of the contact regions. By analyzing the spatial profiles of the local photoconductivity maps, we determined that electron transport (μeτe ≈ 5 × 10-7 cm2/V) was more efficient than hole transport (μhτh ≈ 10-7 cm2/V). The results demonstrate that photocurrent mapping can provide quantitative insight into intrinsic carrier transport properties of semiconductor nanostructures.
Perturbation Theory for Spin Ladders Using Angular-Momentum Coupled Bases

We compute bulk properties of Heisenberg spin-1/2 ladders using Rayleigh-Schr\"odinger perturbation theory in the rung and plaquette bases. We formulate a method to extract high-order perturbative coefficients in the bulk limit from solutions for relatively small finite clusters. For example, a perturbative calculation for an isotropic $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}12$ ladder yields an eleventh-order estimate of the ground-state energy per site that is within 0.02% of the density-matrix-renormalization-group value. Moreover, the method also enables a reliable estimate of the radius of convergence of the perturbative expansion. We find that for the rung basis the radius of convergence is ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{c}\ensuremath{\simeq}0.8,$ with $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ defining the ratio between the coupling along the chain relative to the coupling across the chain. In contrast, for the plaquette basis we estimate a radius of convergence of ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{c}\ensuremath{\simeq}1.25.$ Thus, we conclude that the plaquette basis offers the best currently available perturbative approach which can provide a reliable treatment of the physically interesting case of isotropic $(\ensuremath{\lambda}=1)$ spin ladders. We illustrate our methods by computing perturbative coefficients for the ground-state energy per site, the gap, and the one-magnon dispersion relation.
Biomedical question answering: A survey

Objectives: In this survey, we reviewed the current state of the art in biomedical QA (Question Answering), within a broader framework of semantic knowledge-based QA approaches, and projected directions for the future research development in this critical area of intersection between Artificial Intelligence, Information Retrieval, and Biomedical Informatics. Materials and methods: We devised a conceptual framework within which to categorize current QA approaches. In particular, we used ''semantic knowledge-based QA'' as a category under which to subsume QA techniques and approaches, both corpus-based and knowledge base (KB)-based, that utilize semantic knowledge-informed techniques in the QA process, and we further classified those approaches into three subcategories: (1) semantics-based, (2) inference-based, and (3) logic-based. Based on the framework, we first conducted a survey of open-domain or non-biomedical-domain QA approaches that belong to each of the three subcategories. We then conducted an in-depth review of biomedical QA, by first noting the characteristics of, and resources available for, biomedical QA and then reviewing medical QA approaches and biological QA approaches, in turn. The research articles reviewed in this paper were found and selected through online searches. Results: Our review suggested the following tasks ahead for the future research development in this area: (1) Construction of domain-specific typology and taxonomy of questions (biological QA), (2) Development of more sophisticated techniques for natural language (NL) question analysis and classification, (3) Development of effective methods for answer generation from potentially conflicting evidences, (4) More extensive and integrated utilization of semantic knowledge throughout the QA process, and (5) Incorporation of logic and reasoning mechanisms for answer inference. Conclusion: Corresponding to the growth of biomedical information, there is a growing need for QA systems that can help users better utilize the ever-accumulating information. Continued research toward development of more sophisticated techniques for processing NL text, for utilizing semantic knowledge, and for incorporating logic and reasoning mechanisms, will lead to more useful QA systems.
A Hille-Yosida theory for evolutions

This paper presents a Hille-Yosida theory for evolutions whereby operatorsM which satisfyM(x, y)M(y, z)=M(x, z) are matched with a family of generatorsA(t). The pairedA andM are related byM(a,b)=1+∫badsA(s)M(s.b). Requirements onA orM are general enough so that the theory of strongly continuous, contraction semigroups is included.
Modelin and analysis of nonideal polyphase diode converters

The mathematical model of the diode proposed in this investigation for the analysis of nonideal poly phase converters has finite forward and reverse resistances. Since current-dependent diode impedances exist at all times, only one set of piecewise-linear time-invariant state-variable equations is required to describe the nonideal polyphase diode converter completely. A digital computer solution of the state- variable equations was obtained to verify the inte grity and tractability of this method of analysis.
First-principles pseudopotential calculations of magnetic iron.

An ab initio pseudopotential density-functional study of magnetic iron using both the standard local-spin-density approximation and a generalized gradient-expansion approximation is described. The core-valence overlap in this material is found to be important and is treated carefully in the calculation. A mixed-basis approach is employed and the results are comparable with those from all-electron calculations which made use of the same local-spin-density-functional (LSDA) formalism. Results from both all-electron and pseudopotential calculations are found to have significant differences with experimental results. To go beyond LSDA, a recently proposed gradient-expansion exchange and correlation functional is implemented. The calculated results show significantly better agreement with experiment, giving the bcc ferromagnetic phase as the stable structure.
Human Capital and Search–Based Discovery: A Study of High–Tech Entrepreneurship:

What types of knowledge and experience enable those who have the desire to start a venture find an appropriate opportunity? To respond to this question, a human capital perspective is used with a s...
Thermo-diffusion in inertially confined plasmas

Abstract In a plasma of multiple ion species, thermodynamic forces such as pressure and temperature gradients can drive ion species separation via inter-species diffusion. Unlike its neutral mix counterpart, plasma thermo-diffusion is found comparable to, or even much larger than, baro-diffusion. It is shown that such a strong effect is due to the long-range nature of the Coulomb potential, as opposed to short-range interactions in neutral gases. A special composition of the tritium and 3 He fuel is identified to have vanishing net diffusion during adiabatic compression, and hence provides an experimental test in which yield degradation is minimized during ICF implosions.
TRPA1-mediated accumulation of aminoglycosides in mouse cochlear outer hair cells.

Aminoglycoside ototoxicity involves the accumulation of antibiotic molecules in the inner ear hair cells and the subsequent degeneration of these cells. The exact route of entry of aminoglycosides into the hair cells in vivo is still unknown. Similar to other small organic cations, aminoglycosides could be brought into the cell by endocytosis or permeate through large non-selective cation channels, such as mechanotransduction channels or ATP-gated P2X channels. Here, we show that the aminoglycoside antibiotic gentamicin can enter mouse outer hair cells (OHCs) via TRPA1, non-selective cation channels activated by certain pungent compounds and by endogenous products of lipid peroxidation. Using conventional and perforated whole-cell patch clamp recordings, we found that application of TRPA1 agonists initiates inward current responses in wild-type OHCs, but not in OHCs of homozygous Trpa1 knockout mice. Similar responses consistent with the activation of non-selective cation channels were observed in heterologous cells transfected with mouse Trpa1. Upon brief activation with TRPA1 agonists, Trpa1-transfected cells become loaded with fluorescent gentamicin–Texas Red conjugate (GTTR). This uptake was not observed in mock-transfected or non-transfected cells. In mouse organ of Corti explants, TRPA1 activation resulted in the rapid entry of GTTR and another small cationic dye, FM1-43, in OHCs and some supporting cells, even when hair cell mechanotransduction was disrupted by pre-incubation in calcium-free solution. This TRPA1-mediated entry of GTTR and FM1-43 into OHCs was observed in wild-type but not in Trpa1 knockout mice and was not blocked by PPADS, a non-selective blocker of P2X channels. Notably, TRPA1 channels in mouse OHCs were activated by 4-hydroxynonenal, an endogenous molecule that is known to be generated during episodes of oxidative stress and accumulate in the cochlea after noise exposure. We concluded that TRPA1 channels may provide a novel pathway for the entry of aminoglycosides into OHCs.
Accessible ecology: synthesis of the long, deep, and broad

Large volumes of data have been collected to document the many ways that ecological systems are responding to changing environmental drivers. A general buy-in on solutions to these problems can be reached only if these and future data are made easily accessible to and understood by a broad audience that includes the public, decision-makers, and other scientists. A developing framework for synthesis is reviewed that integrates three main strategies of ecological research (long-term studies; short-term, process-based studies; and broad-scale observations) with derived data products and additional sources of knowledge. This framework focuses on making data from multiple sources and disciplines easily understood by many, a prerequisite for finding synthetic solutions and predicting future dynamics in a changing world.
Bioelectric Potentials - Their Source, Recording, and Significance

The progress in the understanding, recording, and clinical utilization of bioelectric potentials is very briefly covered, from their discovery by Galvani in the 18th century to the present. Emphasis is placed on neurophysiological aspects and the author's involvement therein.
Magnetic-resonance morphometry: Image-analysis methodology development for affective disorder

In this article we review some important methodological issues for measurement of brain structures and lesions visualized on magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Such issues include the method of sectioning, number of slices, shape of the structure, orientation of the slices, and fuzziness of the edges. Sources of error specific to morphometry obtained from MR scans are also considered, including issues of partial volume, contrast and itensity changes, and magnetic-field inhomogeneties. Each of these factors is important and should be borne in mind while undertaking MR studies for morphometry. In addition, a key element contributing to variability in the assessment of structures is the anatomical definition of specific brain regions. We briefly summarize the anatomical definitions that are useful in assessing many relevant brain areas and for evaluating signal hyperintensities that are frequently found in elderly patients with affective disorder. The reliability of assessment using these methods is noted. Studies of neuroanatomical changes associated with affective disorder will benefit from further improvement in the reliability and accuracy of MR morphometric methods. Depression 1:159–171 (1993). © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc. In this article we have reviewed some of the important methodological issues for measurement of brain structures and lesions visualized on MR. These issues should be borne in mind while undertaking MR studies for morphometry. In addition, a key element contributing to variability in the assessment of structures is the anatomical definition of specific brain regions. We have briefly summarized the anatomical definitions we have found useful in assessing many relevant brain areas and for evaluating signal hyperintensities that are frequently seen in elderly patients with affective disorder. The reliability of assessment using these methods is noted. In addition to these factors, image-acquisition methods can also affect measurement. However, these factors have not been well studied and are not addressed in this article. We have also not compared different image-analysis systems. This is an extremely important undertaking that has yet to be conducted. Future studies of neuroanatomical changes in affective disorder will benefit from further improvement in reliability and accuracy of MR morphometric methods. Deparession 1:159–171 (1993). © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.