cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sublocalization of 21 Chromosome 18-Specific Microsatellite Markers

Few polymorphic markers have been mapped to chromosome 18 compared with other human chromosomes. Recently, a concerted effort has been made to generate a microsatellite genetic linkage map of chromosome 18 using markers that have also been physically mapped to the chromosome. However, distances between some of the markers in this map are as large as 28.5 cM. Thus, additional markers are needed to complement and extend this genetic map. Twenty-one additional microsatellite markers have been mapped to chromosome 18 by Weissenbach et al. Although the markers appear to be spaced at regular intervals along the chromosome based on recombination frequencies, the physical locations of these markers have not been determined. To determine the physical location of the 21 markers on chromosome 18, the markers were regionally mapped using a panel of 20 somatic cell hybrids that contain deletions or translocations involving chromosome 18. The localizations of the markers were determined using genomic DNA from the cell hybrids in PCR experiments. 9 refs., 1 fig.
Experimental gonococcal infection of the rabbit's eye; treatment with prophylactic and therapeutic agents.

The preceding communications (Miller, Drell, Moeller and Bohnhoff, 1945; Drell, Miller, Bohnhoff and Moeller, 1945) describe a method for the experimental production of a localized gonococcal infection in the anterior chamber of the eye of the rabbit and some observations on its course and the pathological changes which result. The present paper deals with studies undertaken to determine the effect of various prophylactic and therapeutic agents on the infection. In fact, it was for the purpose of testing gonococcidal agents in vivo that this investigation was initiated at the request of the Subcommittee on Venereal Diseases of the National Research Council. The need for an experimental method for the study of the local action of chemical agents on gonococci in vivo has long been recognized. The method described by Miller (1939) and by Miller and Hawk (1940) for the production of an experimental gonococcal infection in mice by the intraperitoneal inoculation of gonococci suspended in mucin is suitable for the study of the therapeutic activity of non-toxic drugs administered systemically. It cannot, however, be used to determine the prophylactic value of gonococcidal substances which act locally because most of them are too
Agencies of Political Socialization and Political Change: Political Orientation of Japanese Law Students

Political socialization, the process by which an individual from birth onward acquires a particular pattern of political behavior, has been a serious concern of political philosophers and revolutionists since the days of Confucius and Plato. However, it is only in recent times that political scientists and other behavioral scientists have begun to do any empirical work in this field.
Kondo and mixed-valence regimes in multilevel quantum dots

We investigate the dependence of the ground state of a multilevel quantum dot on the coupling to an external fermionic system and on the interactions in the dot. As the coupling to the external system increases, the rearrangement of the effective energy levels in the dot signals the transition from the Kondo regime to a mixed-valence (MV) regime. The MV regime in a two-level dot is characterized by an intrinsic mixing of the levels in the dot, resulting in nonperturbative subtunneling and supertunneling phenomena that strongly influence the Kondo effect.
Effect of magnesium and calcium on the oxidation of reduced triphosphopyridine nucleotide by liver microsomes

Abstract The divalent ions Ca ++ and Mg ++ have been found to cause marked stimulation of TPNH oxidation by rat liver microsomes. This effect has been shown to be related to structural changes in the microsomes brought about by the addition of these cations. The prior addition of TPNH, however, inhibits these modifications in microsomal structure.
Fighting down the scourge, building up the church: organisational constraints in religious involvement with HIV/AIDS in Mozambique.

Religious organisations (ROs) are often said to play an important role in mitigating the impact of HIV/AIDS. Yet, limitations of that role have also been acknowledged. While most of the literature has focused on ideological and individual-level implications of religion for HIV/AIDS, in this study we shift the focus to the organisational factors that shape and constrain ROs' involvement in both HIV prevention and HIV/AIDS care and support. Using primarily qualitative data collected in a predominantly Christian area in southern Mozambique, we show that the organisational vitality of a RO as determined by its membership size and its relationships with other churches and with governmental and non-governmental agencies is a pervasive priority of RO leaders. Therefore, all church activities, including those related to HIV/AIDS, are instrumentalised by the religious leadership to achieve the church's organisational aims--maintaining and growing its membership, safeguarding the often precarious coexistence with other churches, and enhancing its standing vis-a-vis the government and powerful non-governmental organisations. As a result, the effectiveness of ROs' involvement in HIV/AIDS prevention and assistance is often compromised.
Intensionality and irrational beliefs

This study tested the correspondence between the general semantics notion of intensionality and Ellis' Irrational Beliefs. It was hypothesized that greater intensionality would be associated with greater endorsement of irrational beliefs. 73 introductory college students completed the “Is” of Identity measure of intensionality and an Irrational Belief Questionnaire. As hypothesized, scores reflecting greater intensionality on the “Is” of identity questionnaire were significantly and directly correlated with endorsement of irrational beliefs. These findings support the notion of correspondences between principles of general semantics and those of Rational Emotive Therapy.
Effect of changes in airway surface liquid on laryngeal receptors and muscles

The effects of aerosolizing distilled water and isosmolal dextrose in the isolated larynx on the activity of pressure-responsive receptors and laryngeal muscles were studied in anesthetized dogs. Following water aerosolization, the mean discharge of pressure-responsive laryngeal mechanoreceptors during upper airway breathing and occlusion was 151% and 138% respectively of that present after saline aerosolization. During delivery of water aerosol, the peak activity of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle increased to 229 ± 56% of control; no effects were present on the thyroarytenoid muscle activity. Saline or isosmolal dextrose aerosols did not have any effect on the activity of either muscle. The reflex increase in posterior cricoarytenoid muscle activity due to laryngeal negative pressure was enhanced (163%) when the negative pressure challenge was repeated following distilled water aerosol. These results suggest that alteration in laryngeal surface liquid composition modifies the response of pressure-responsive laryngeal receptors and thereby the reflex activation of airway patency maintaining muscles.
Hydrogen-Bond Acidic Hyperbranched Polymers for Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Sensors

A series of novel hyperbranched hydrogen-bond acidic polymers for surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor applications were prepared by functionalizing hyperbranched polycarbosiloxanes or polycarbosilanes with phenol or hexafluoro-2-propanol groups. Starting polymer, sensor polymer, and reagent structures were confirmed by IR, 1H, 13C, and 29Si NMR, SEC, or GCMS as appropriate. The hyperbranched sensor polymers were coated onto 500 MHz SAW platforms and their responses to the nerve agent simulant dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) were studied. The hyperbranched sensor polymers with phenol groups gave very high initial responses to DMMP which dropped to 30% of the initial levels over a period of 6 months, and the hyperbranched sensor polymers with hexafluoro-2-propanol groups gave lower initial responses that did not change with time. Hence, the long-term performances of hyperbranched phenolic sensor polymers and hyperbranched hexafluoro-2-propanol sensor polymers were found to be comparable.
Gating prokaryotic mechanosensitive channels

Prokaryotic mechanosensitive channels function as molecular switches that transduce bilayer deformations into protein motion. These protein structural rearrangements generate large non-selective pores that function as a prokaryotic 'last line of defence' to sudden osmotic challenges. Once considered an electrophysiological artefact, recent structural, spectroscopic and functional data have placed this class of protein at the centre of efforts to understand the molecular basis of lipid-protein interactions and their influence on protein function.
Initiation of translation at CUG, GUG, and ACG codons in mammalian cells.

Abstract Site-directed mutants of the ACG start codon of the C′ protein encoded in the polycistronic Sendai virus P/C mRNA revealed that CUG, GUG, and ACG codons initiated translation rather efficiently (10–30% of the AUG initiation) in COS-1 host cells. In addition, AUA and AUU codons initiated translation at about 5% efficiency, while UUG did not initiate translation. The sequence context of these start codons (purine residues at −3 and +4) was crucial in their recognition by the ribosome. The location of the non-AUG codons in the P/C mRNA did not play a role in its recognition by ribosomes. By using CUG, the most efficient non-AUG start codon, instead of the original ACG codon and inserting an additional upstream CUG codon in the P/C mRNA, the amount of the C′ protein was increased and a novel protein was synthesized. Syntheses of an increased level of C′ and the novel protein did not affect downstream initiations of the P and C proteins, suggesting that more ribosomes bind the mRNA than are actually utilized for initiation of translation.
Mechanochemical degradation of 2,4-D adsorbed on synthetic birnessite

Abstract Mechanochemical degradation of 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) adsorbed on synthetic birnessite (δ-MnO 2 ) was investigated using heat conduction calorimetry. The overall transformation kinetics of 2,4-D on birnessite after light grinding were approximately first-order, with an apparent activation energy of approximately 37 kJ mol −1 for the range of temperatures 10–50°C. The two decomposition products detected under mechanochemical degradation and incubation were 2,4-dichlorophenol and CO 2 , but no consumption of gaseous oxygen was detected. A positive correlation was found between Mn(II) produced and CO 2 evolved, suggesting that the decomposition of 2,4-dichlorophenol involves the oxide substrate as a source of oxygen and yields Mn(II).
The Nature of Supportive Listening II: The Role of Verbal Person Centeredness and Nonverbal Immediacy

This study examines an untested research assumption that a key component of supportive communication is active listening. Participants (N = 383) viewed a 5-minute conversation featuring a person who disclosed an emotionally upsetting event to a confederate who provided emotional support that varied in verbal person centeredness (VPC) and nonverbal immediacy (NVI). Participants then evaluated the extent to which the support provider was an active listener. Results showed that helpers who used higher levels of both VPC and NVI were rated as better listeners than those who used less person-centered and immediate support, although effect sizes were small. Results were also dependent on the operationalization of active listening.
CHEMOPREVENTION OF UROLOGICAL CANCER

AbstractPurpose: Cancer is a major cause of mortality and morbidity throughout the world, and ranks as the second leading cause of death in the United States. Most cancers have a latent period of 10 to 20 years, which provides ample time for preventive measures. Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and adenocarcinoma of the prostate have protracted courses and may be ideal for chemopreventive strategies. We review the biochemistry and epidemiology of chemopreventive agents, and the laboratory and clinical studies of their role in urological cancer.Materials and Methods: We performed a computerized MEDLINE search and manual bibliographical review of relevant peer reviewed studies and reports from 1966 to 1998. These reports were analyzed and scrutinized, and the important findings are summarized.Results: Neoplastic lesions of the bladder and prostate are uniquely suited to the development and evaluation of chemopreventive agents. Epidemiological reports provide the strongest evidence of a protective ...
THE INFLUENCE OF TECHNOLOGY ON STRATEGIC ALLIANCES: AN APPLICATION OF THE UTTERBACK AND ABERNATHY MODEL OF PRODUCT AND PROCESS INNOVATION

This paper examines the influence of the innovation cycle on strategic alliances. Hypotheses based on Utterback and Abernathy's model are tested using 86 strategic alliances. The statistical results support the influence of the innovation cycle, rather than technological intensity, on determining the structure and functional emphasis of strategic alliances.
Alpha-effect in flux ropes and sheets

Abstract The alpha-effect is studied at large magnetic Reynolds numbers (R) for certain simple steady flows. The flux sheets created by a two-dimensional cellular flow sustain an α of order R − 1 2 at large values of R. For an analogous helical axisymmetric motion the mean electromotive force gives a finite nonzero limit of α as R → ∞, this being a consequence of the existence of an intense axial flux rope. The latter estimate may be typical of steady three-dimensional motion.
Abnormal Returns of Japanese Acquisition Bidders - Impact of Pro-M&A Legislation in the 1990s

This paper examines the market’s reaction to news of corporate mergers and acquisitions (M&A) by Japanese bidders during the 1990s. Domestic versus global bids and pro-M&A legislation are considered as determinants of bidders’ abnormal returns. The results show that bidders for domestic targets earn significant abnormal returns after the institutions of pro-M&A legislation in Japan. These findings help determine gains from trading strategies for M&A deals in Japan, and provide insight into the current M&A environment in Japan as shaped by pro-M&A legislation.
Effects of hole tapering on cone-beam collimation for brain SPECT imaging

Abstract New collimator manufacturing technologies, such as photoetching, electrical discharge machining, and stereolithography, expand the range of possible cone-beam collimator configurations. For example, it might now be possible for brain SPECT to make a short-focusing cone-beam collimator with tapered holes that increase in size with distance from the collimator surface; conventional lead-casting techniques produce holes of constant size and, consequently, varying septal thicknesses. Moreover, the changes in hole shape and loss of close packing due to focusing leads to thicker septa in the collimator periphery, especially for shorter focal lengths. We investigated the potential advantages of new cone-beam collimator manufacturing processes, and proposed a new design for very short focal-length collimators for brain SPECT imaging. We compared three cone-beam collimators, a conventional collimator manufactured using casting techniques (CC), a novel collimator with uniform hole sizes on the collimator surface and constant hole size through the collimator thickness (FC), and a novel collimator with uniform hole sizes and tapered holes (TC). We determined the resolution of each collimator analytically for focal lengths ranging from 20–50 cm, and adjusted the entrance hole sizes of FC and TC to equalize resolution of all collimators. Sensitivity was calculated at several locations by Monte Carlo simulation. Sensitivity was higher at all points for TC and FC than for CC, and higher for TC than for FC. The differences in sensitivity were larger for shorter focal lengths. For a point on the focal line at 10 cm in front of the collimator entrance surface, the sensitivity gain for TC compared to CC was 7% and 45% for focal lengths of 50 and 20 cm, respectively. The sensitivity gain for a 20-cm focal length, compared to CC, averaged over all locations, was 44% for TC and 23% for FC. We have shown that the new collimator designs made possible by new manufacturing techniques will provide gains in sensitivity that depend strongly on focal length; the sensitivity gains are large for the very short focal lengths that, as we have previously shown, are beneficial for brain imaging.
Let Me Tell You a Story... Using Fairy Tales and Fables with the Hard to Treat Client

This article reports on the use of storytelling with the chronically mentally ill, hard to treat individuals in a forensic inpatient setting.
William Harvey and the circulation of the blood: the birth of a scientific revolution and modern physiology.

William Harvey was born to a reasonably well-to-do family during a period of unparalled intellectual fervor. The year was 1578, and the period has come to be known as the period of the “scientific revolution.” And indeed, it was a revolution, not because of the frequency of scientific
Solar system's “heliotail”

NASA's Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) has provided the first view of the solar system's tail, known as the heliotail, in the downwind region of the heliosphere, scientists announced at a 10 July briefing and in the 10 July issue of Astrophysical Journal. Scientists previously had presumed that the solar system had a heliotail and have observed “astrotails” around other stars.
757-4 Differential Regulation of Renal Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases in Experimental Heart Failure

Thoracic inferior vena caval constriction (TIVCC) is a model of experimentallow cardiac output heart failure (HF) that results in sodium retention and a blunted natriuretic response to atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). Recognizing that the biological actions of ANP are mediated through guanosine-3’,5’cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) which is metabolized by multiple isozymes of phosphodiesterases (POE), we assessed a role for altered cGMp-POE activity (pmol/mln/mg) In the blunted renal ANP response in HF, Isolated glomeruli and inner medullary collecting duct cells (IMCD) from kidneys of mongrel dogs 8 days following TIVCC (n = 4) were compared to control animals (n = 6). Total cGMP-POE activity in the presence of 10 I’M calcium (Ca) and 10 μg/ml calmodulin (CaM) was significantly higher in glomeruli from TIVCC (657 ± 81 vs. control 361 ± 31, P l 0.05) but not in IMCD (2693 ± 794 vs. control 3371 ± 370, p = NS). From POE isozymes hydrolyzing cGMP in glomeruli, POE-V activity (defined as cGMP-POE in the absence of Ca/CAM) was higher in glomeruli from TIVCC (342 ± 72 vs. control: 154 ± 14, p l 0.05), while POE-I activity (defined as total cGMP-POE minus POE-V) and total adenosine 3’,5’-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) POE activity were not significantly different in glomeruli and IMCD from TIVCC and control dogs. In order to test the physiological significance, zaprinast, a specific POE-V inhibitor was infused intrarenally (5 μ/kg/min) in TIVCC dogs (n = 6) and compared to vehicle, ANP (100 ng!kg/min iv.) in combination with zaprinast showed a significantly higher urinary sodium excretion (104 ± 34 vs. ANP alone: 69 ± 26 μEq/min, p l 0.05) in association with increases in glomerular filtratIOn rate (43 ± 7 vs. 31 ± 4 mllmin, p l 0.05). We conclude that cGMP-POE activity is upregulated in glomeruli in experimental heart failure. This increased activity in a known target site of ANP action may represent a cellular mechanism of ANP resistance in heart failure by inactivating cGMP produced in response to ANP. Targeted pharmacological intervention via phosphodiesterase inhibition may improve the ANP response in heart failure in vivo.
Integrated System Design for High-speed Image Decompression and Display

Addition of a DMA controller to our compression module has enhanced the system throughput by a factore of two. Advantages of current design strategy which stresses full compliance with industry standards is weighted against its set backs. Potential performance enhancement based on a more customized approach is discussed. It is shown that the compression module naturally expands into a high performance display station with the addition of primitive display controller boards. By sharing resources such as a large frame buffer and DMA controller, an optimal cost/performance scenario can be achieved.
A zero-sum game approach for estimating cross-elasticity price effects

Too often, product cannibalization effects are ignored or neglected by modelers trying to forecast demand, quantify price elasticities and ultimately optimize prices. The main reason is that, although well understood, cannibalization effects are hard to measure – and even harder to include in optimization algorithms. Given data-scarcity issues with cross-elasticities, the following analysis proposes an alternative solution to the computationally intensive, commonly infeasible problem of dealing with cannibalization effects in price optimization problems. Although the proposed solution approximates cannibalization effects, it can deliver a result in reasonable computational time frames by leveraging a theoretical game framework for calculating Nash equilibrium in zero-sum games.
Changes in Central Venous Pressure after Moderate Hemorrhage and Transfusion in Man

Changes in central venous pressure were recorded continuously before, during and for 40 to 50 minutes after hemorrhage and transfusion in the amounts of 6.5 cc. per Kg. and 8.1 cc. per Kg. The pressures obtained 15 to 20 minutes after onset of blood volume changes were independent of the rate of hemorrhage or transfusion. In the average subject of 70 Kg., Δ P /ΔV for zero time was 0.7 cm. of water pressure change per 100 cc. volume change. Recovery from hemorrhage was imperceptible during the one hour observation period, but recovery from transfusion was slightly faster.
Glycemic Control in Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes: Role of Caregiver Literacy

OBJECTIVE: Poorly controlled diabetes may occur because caregivers of children with type 1 diabetes fail to comprehend provided diabetes education. We hypothesized that poorly controlled diabetes is associated with lower literacy/numerical skills of caregivers of children with type 1 diabetes. METHODS: Primary caregivers were evaluated by using Newest Vital Sign (NVS) and a sociodemographic questionnaire. The NVS identifies individuals who are at risk for low health literacy by measuring general literacy/numeracy skills and yields an overall estimate of health literacy. The NVS scores are interpreted to suggest inadequate, limited, or adequate literacy. RESULTS: Two hundred caregivers of children who had type 1 diabetes with mean hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) of 8.8 ± 1.9%, age of 11.8 ± 3.7 years, duration of disease of 4.8 ± 3.3 years, and BMI of 20.8 ± 4.4 kg/m2 participated. HbA1c in those of inadequate literacy (10.4 ± 2.2%) was significantly higher than in those of adequate literacy (8.6 ± 1.7%; P CONCLUSIONS: Literacy and numerical skills of caregivers significantly influence glycemic control of their children with type 1 diabetes. Assessing literacy/numeracy skills of caregivers and addressing these deficiencies may be crucial in optimizing glycemic control.
Modulational Stability of Travelling Waves in 2D Anisotropic Systems

The modulational stability of travelling waves in 2D anisotropic systems is investigated. We consider normal travelling waves, which are described by solutions of a globally coupled Ginzburg–Landau system for two envelopes of left- and right-travelling waves, and oblique travelling waves, which are described by solutions of a globally coupled Ginzburg–Landau system for four envelopes associated with two counterpropagating pairs of travelling waves in two oblique directions. The Eckhaus stability boundary for these waves in the plane of wave numbers is computed from the linearized Ginzburg–Landau systems. We identify longitudinal long and finite wavelength instabilities as well as transverse long wavelength instabilities. The results of the stability calculations are confirmed through numerical simulations. In these simulations we observe a rich variety of behaviors, including defect chaos, elongated localized structures superimposed to travelling waves, and moving grain boundaries separating travelling waves in different oblique directions. The stability classification is applied to a reaction–diffusion system and to the weak electrolyte model for electroconvection in nematic liquid crystals.
Yes T cells, but three different T cells (αβ, γδ and NK T cells), and also B-1 cells mediate contact sensitivity

Transfer of contact sensitivity (CS) responses by immune lymphoid cells was the first finding that distinguished cellular from humoral immunity. CS has remained the most studied T cell reaction in vivo, and is the prototype for a variety of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses. DTH in essence is the recruitment of effector αβ-T cells out of vessels into peripheral tissues. The T cells then are activated by antigen presenting cells to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines. It has been assumed that the αβ-T cells alone are responsible, but recent studies show that three other lymphocyte subsets are involved: CS-inducing NK T cells, CS-initiating B-1 cells, and CS-assisting γδ-T cells. Therefore, the effector αβ-T cells are essential, but cannot be recruited into the tissues without the local action of IgM antibodies produced by B-1 cells rapidly (1 day) post-immunization. The IgM complexes with the challenge antigen to locally activate complement to lead to vascular activation required for T cell recruitment. This process occurs early (1-2 hours) in the elicitation phase, and is called CS-initiation. The essential CS-inducing NK T cells activate the B-1 cells by producing IL-4 rapidly (1 hour) after immunization, and γδ-T cells assist the local inflammatory function of the recruited CS-effector αβ-T cells. Thus, four lymphocyte subsets are required for elicitation of responses: CS-inducing NK T cells, CS-initiating B-1 cells, CS-assisting γδ-T cells, and finally the CS-effector αβ-T cells. Three of these four cell types are present in the immune lymphoid cell population that adoptively transfers CS: B-1 cells, γδ-T cells, and the αβ-T cells.
Orc mutants arrest in metaphase with abnormally condensed chromosomes

The origin recognition complex (ORC) is a six subunit complex required for eukaryotic DNA replication initiation and for silencing of the heterochromatic mating type loci in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Our discovery of the Drosophila ORC complex concentrated in the centric heterochromatin of mitotic cells in the early embryo and its interactions with heterochromatin protein 1 (HP-1) lead us to speculate that ORC may play some general role in chromosomal folding. To explore the role of ORC in chromosomal condensation, we have identified a mutant of subunit 5 of the Drosophila melanogaster origin recognition complex (Orc5) and have characterized the phenotypes of both the Orc5 and the previously identified Orc2 mutant, k43. Both Orc mutants died at late larval stages and surprisingly, despite a reduced number of S-phase cells, an increased fraction of cells were also detected in mitosis. For this latter population of cells, Orc mutants arrest in a defective metaphase with shorter and thicker chromosomes that fail to align at the metaphase plate within a poorly assembled mitotic spindle. In addition, sister chromatid cohesion was frequently lost. PCNA and MCM4 mutants had similar phenotypes to Orc mutants. We propose that DNA replication defects trigger the mitotic arrest, due to the fact that frequent fragmentation was observed. Thus, cells have a mitotic checkpoint that senses chromosome integrity. These studies also suggest that the density of functional replication origins and completion of S phase are requirements for proper chromosomal condensation.
The Outcome of Stroke at Hospital Discharge in New York City Blacks

Of 527 black patients admitted with new stroke to a municipal general hospital, 311 (59%) were discharged alive. Thirty-nine percent of survivors were independent with minimal or mild deficit. Thirty-two percent were independent with significant neurological deficit. Twenty-two percent were dependent, of whom half went home with special assistance and half to nursing homes. Five percent were transferred to a long-term rehabilitation hospital. These figures are similar to those from other races and settings. Stroke patients used more than 12,400 hospital days per year, at least 11% of all bed-days on the appropriate services. The average stay was 54 days for survivors, 22 days for fatal cases, and 45 days for all cases. The 28% of survivors who were severely disabled used 51% of all the hospital days, much of that time stable and awaiting transfer to long-term care. Such severely disabled patients comprise much of the growing burden of stroke on a community's resources. Expanding long-term care facilities for stroke patients is a social and economic necessity.
Effects of ambient temperature and altitude on ventilation and gas exchange in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus).

The effects of different ambient temperatures (Ta) on gas exchange and ventilation in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) were determined after acclimation to low and high altitude (340 and 3,800 m).
LATE STAGE MELT MIGRATION IN THE ABYSSAL MANTLE

Abyssal dunite harzburgite complexes have now been studied in detail at three locations. Two of these, one at 15°05’ N on the MAR and one at Hess Deep in old EPR mantle exhibit the characteristics of shallow mantle melt transport with melt mass decreasing. Their characteristics include sharp contacts and lack of equilibrium with the enclosing mantle harzburgites, evidence of decreasing mantle temperature in the mineralogy of spinel and olivine, and a REE pattern in equilibrium with ordinary MORB. Both complexes are located far from a transform fault or ridge segment end. By contrast, the 15°20’N harzburgitedunite complex contains dunites with characteristics reflecting aggregation of compositionally very diverse melts and increasing melt fractions. In particular, spinel and olivine compositions are consistent with partial melting in ascending mantle peridotite, and REE patterns in discrete diopsides in both harzburgites and dunites indicate equilibrium with a wide, overlapping range of partial melts. The 15°20’ harzburgite-dunite complex is located at the inside corner high of a major large offset transform fault. These contrasting characteristics may reflect partial melting at depth in the astenospheric mantle beneath the ridge axis, followed by focussed flow of melt in the shallow lithospheric mantle beneath the ridge center after the aggregation of MORB from the fractional melts formed at depth.
A single-phase current source solar inverter with reduced-size DC link

This paper presents a new current source converter topology that is primarily intended for single-phase photovoltaic (PV) applications. In comparison against the existing PV inverter technology, the salient features of the proposed topology are: a) the low frequency (double of line frequency) ripple that is common to single-phase inverter has been eliminated; b) the absence of low frequency ripple enables significantly reduced-size passive components to achieve necessary stiffness; and c) improved maximum-power-point-tracking performance is readily achieved due to the tightened current ripple even with reduced-size passive components. This paper presents the proposed topology and its working principle backed up with numerical verifications.
A transformational approach to mechanical design using a bond graph grammer

During the design process, a designer transforms an abstract functional description for a device into a physical description that satisfies the functional requirements. In this sense, design is a transformation from the functional domain to the physical domain; however, this transformation process is not well characterized nor understood for mechanical systems. The difficulty arises, at least in pan, because mechanical designs are often composed of highlyintegrated, tightly-coupled components where the interactions among the components are essential to the behavior and economic execution of the design. This assertion runs counter to design methodologies in other engineering fields, such as software design and circuit design, that result in designs in which each component fulfills a single function with minimal interaction. Because of the geometry, weight, and cost of mechanical components, converting a single behavioral requirement into a single component is often both impractical and infeasible. Each component may contribute to several required behaviors, and a single required system behavior may involve many components. In fact, most mechanical • components perform not only the desired behavior, but also many additional, unintended behaviors. In good mechanical designs, these additional behaviors often are exploited. The long term goal of our research is to create a transformation al strategy in which the design specifications for a mechanical system can be transformed into a description of a collection of mechanical components. To realize this goal requires formal representations for the behavioral and the physical specifications of mechanical systems as well as formal representations for the behaviors and the physical characteristics of mechanical components. Because the interactions of components are important in our synthesis strategy, the representation of the behaviors of mechanical components must be . linked to the representation of their physical characteristics; that is, we are concerned with modeling the relationship between form and function of components. Finally, we need a strategy that enables us to transform an abstract description of the desired behavior of a > device into a description that corresponds to a collection of available physical components. In this paper, we present a graph-based language to describe both the behavioral specifications of a design as well as the behavior of the available physical components. We also briefly discuss a graphbased grammar for the representation of the physical characteristics of the components that enables us to guide the translation from specifications to components [Pinilla 89]. The transformation strategy is discussed in a companion paper [Hoover 89].
Hybrid carcinomas of salivary glands. Report of 4 cases and review of the literature.

Abstract Objective.—To report 4 cases of hybrid carcinoma and to review the literature on these rare neoplasms of the salivary gland. Methods.—Hematoxylin-eosin–stained, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections from 3 parotid tumors and 1 palate tumor were examined. Results.—The cases were classified as adenoid cystic and mucoepidermoid carcinoma, adenoid cystic and epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma, epithelial-myoepithelial and salivary duct carcinoma, and adenoid cystic and salivary duct carcinoma. All patients were men, 28 to 71 years old; 3 patients presented with parotid mass, and 1 patient presented with palatal mass. One patient presented with facial nerve paralysis and pain. The soft palatal tumor was a slowly growing mass with maxillary sinus involvement at the time of the diagnosis. All patients were treated with surgery and radiotherapy. Conclusions.—Correct identification of 2 or more neoplastic entities will help assess the aggressiveness and metastatic potential of the tumor and in...
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-Trap Overcomes Defects in Dendritic Cell Differentiation but Does Not Improve Antigen-Specific Immune Responses

Purpose: Induction of antitumor immune responses requires adequate function of dendritic cells. Dendritic cell defects in cancer patients have been implicated in tumor escape and the limited efficacy of cancer vaccines. Previous studies have shown that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a major role in abnormal dendritic cell differentiation and function in cancer. It has been proposed that inhibition of VEGF may result in improved immune responses. The goal of this study was to test this hypothesis. Experimental Design: Fifteen patients with refractory solid tumors were enrolled into a phase I clinical trial of VEGF-Trap. Phenotype and function of different subsets of mononuclear cells were measured before and at different time points after the start of treatment. Results: VEGF-Trap treatment did not affect the total population of dendritic cells, their myeloid or plasmacytoid subsets, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), or regulatory T cells. It significantly increased the proportion of mature dendritic cells. However, that improvement was not associated with an overall increase in immune responses to various antigens and mitogens. A subset analysis revealed significant improvement in immune responses in patients who had no increase in the proportion of MDSC. An improvement in immune responses was absent in patients with an increase in the proportion of MDSC. Conclusions: Inhibition of VEGF signaling may improve differentiation of dendritic cells in cancer patients. However, it was not sufficient to improve immune responses. This shows multifaceted nature of immune deficiency and points out to the need for complex approach to modulation of immune reactivity in cancer.
Face gender modulates women’s brain activity during face encoding

Women typically remember more female than male faces, whereas men do not show a reliable own-gender bias. However, little is known about the neural correlates of this own-gender bias in face recognition memory. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we investigated whether face gender modulated brain activity in fusiform and inferior occipital gyri during incidental encoding of faces. Fifteen women and 14 men underwent fMRI while passively viewing female and male faces, followed by a surprise face recognition task. Women recognized more female than male faces and showed higher activity to female than male faces in individually defined regions of fusiform and inferior occipital gyri. In contrast, men's recognition memory and blood-oxygen-level-dependent response were not modulated by face gender. Importantly, higher activity in the left fusiform gyrus (FFG) to one gender was related to better memory performance for that gender. These findings suggest that the FFG is involved in the gender bias in memory for faces, which may be linked to differential experience with female and male faces.
Linear Groups Generated by Elements of Small Degree

If F is a subset of G ⊆GL ( n , [Kscr ])=GL( V , [Kscr ]) (where [Kscr ] is a field) the degree of F (=deg ( F )) is the dimension of the [Kscr ]-space [ V , F ] spanned by { v ( f −1)[mid ] v ∈ V , f ∈〈 F 〉}; note that in the special case F ={ g } we have [ V , g ]={ v ( g −1)[mid ] v ∈ V }. Our intention is to describe those irreducible linear groups G ⊆GL ( n , [Kscr ]) generated by elements whose degrees are small relative to n . To do this successfully it seems necessary to work within the restricted class of ‘solvable-by-locally finite’ groups (throughout, this class will be denoted by [Sscr ](L[Fscr ])). Somewhat surprisingly, it turns out that if G is an irreducible [Sscr ](L[Fscr ])-subgroup of GL ( n , [Kscr ]) generated by elements of small degree (relative to n ), then G has large non-abelian simple sections. For a linear group G , the restriction to the class [Sscr ](L[Fscr ]) is equivalent to insisting that G have no non-cyclic free subgroups (see [ 7 , Section 5.6]). Our main result in this direction is the following structure theorem.
Work and power output in the hindlimb muscles of Cuban tree frogs Osteopilus septentrionalis during jumping.

It has been suggested that small frogs use a catapult mechanism to amplify muscle power production during the takeoff phase of jumping. This conclusion was based on an apparent discrepancy between the power available from the hindlimb muscles and that required during takeoff. The present study provides integrated data on muscle contractile properties, morphology and jumping performance that support this conclusion. We show here that the predicted power output during takeoff in Cuban tree frogs Osteopilus septentrionalis exceeds that available from the muscles by at least sevenfold. We consider the sartorius muscle as representative of the bulk of the hindlimb muscles of these animals, because this muscle has properties typical of other hindlimb muscles of small frogs. At 25 degrees C, this muscle has a maximum shortening velocity (Vmax) of 8.77 +/- 0.62 L0 s-1 (where L0 is the muscle length yielding maximum isometric force), a maximum isometric force (P0) of 24.1 +/- 2.3 N cm-2 and a maximum isotonic power output of 230 +/- 9.2 W kg-1 of muscle (mean +/- S.E.M.). In contrast, the power required to accelerate the animal in the longest jumps measured (approximately 1.4 m) is more than 800 W kg-1 of total hindlimb muscle. The peak instantaneous power is expected to be twice this value. These estimates are probably conservative because the muscles that probably power jumping make up only 85% of the total hindlimb muscle mass. The total mechanical work required of the muscles is high (up to 60 J kg-1), but is within the work capacities predicted for vertebrate skeletal muscle. Clearly, a substantial portion of this work must be performed and stored prior to takeoff to account for the high power output during jumping. Interestingly, muscle work output during jumping is temperature-dependent, with greater work being produced at higher temperatures. The thermal dependence of work does not follow from simple muscle properties and instead must reflect the interaction between these properties and the other components of the skeletomuscular system during the propulsive phase of the jump.
Neoplastic transformation of neonatal human fibroblasts exposed in vitro to radiation from a quartz‐halogen lamp

The use of unfiltered quartz-halogen lamps exposes human skin to radiation that spans much of the ultraviolet (UV) spectrum. Reports indicate that exposure to quartz-halogen lamps is erythemogenic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic. To compare the carcinogenic potential of quartz-halogen lamps with that of other UV sources, we determined the dose dependence for cytotoxicity and neoplastic transformation in neonatal human fibroblasts exposed in vitro to: a 15 W germicidal lamp (primarily 254 nm radiation), a 15 W Cool White fluorescent lamp, and an unfiltered 20 W quartz-halogen lamp. Fluence-survival relationships were multiphasic with linear dose response below about 40% survival, and all three sources produced fluence-dependent transformation as indicated by induction of anchorage-independent growth. Maximum transformation frequencies were observed at fluences of 5-8 J/m2 for the germicidal lamp, 6.3 kJ/m2 for the fluorescent lamp, and 300 J/m2 for the quartz-halogen lamp. These data confirm the carcinogenic potential of the quartz-halogen lamp.
Single-molecule imaging of telomerase reverse transcriptase in human telomerase holoenzyme and minimal RNP complexes

Telomerase synthesizes chromosome-capping telomeric repeats using an active site in telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and an integral RNA subunit template. The fundamental question of whether human telomerase catalytic activity requires cooperation across two TERT subunits remains under debate. In this study, we describe new approaches of subunit labeling for single-molecule imaging, applied to determine the TERT content of complexes assembled in cells or cell extract. Surprisingly, telomerase reconstitutions yielded heterogeneous DNA-bound TERT monomer and dimer complexes in relative amounts that varied with assembly and purification method. Among the complexes, cellular holoenzyme and minimal recombinant enzyme monomeric for TERT had catalytic activity. Dimerization was suppressed by removing a TERT domain linker with atypical sequence bias, which did not inhibit cellular or minimal enzyme assembly or activity. Overall, this work defines human telomerase DNA binding and synthesis properties at single-molecule level and establishes conserved telomerase subunit architecture from single-celled organisms to humans.
Fibrin matrices enhance the transplant and efficacy of cytotoxic stem cell therapy for post-surgical cancer

Tumor-homing cytotoxic stem cell (SC) therapy is a promising new approach for treating the incurable brain cancer glioblastoma (GBM). However, problems of retaining cytotoxic SCs within the post-surgical GBM resection cavity are likely to significantly limit the clinical utility of this strategy. Here, we describe a new fibrin-based transplant approach capable of increasing cytotoxic SC retention and persistence within the resection cavity, yet remaining permissive to tumoritropic migration. This fibrin-based transplant can effectively treat both solid and post-surgical human GBM in mice. Using our murine model of image-guided model of GBM resection, we discovered that suspending human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCS) in a fibrin matrix increased initial retention in the surgical resection cavity 2-fold and prolonged persistence in the cavity 3-fold compared to conventional delivery strategies. Time-lapse motion analysis revealed that cytotoxic hMSCs in the fibrin matrix remain tumoritropic, rapidly migrating from the fibrin matrix to co-localize with cultured human GBM cells. We encapsulated hMSCs releasing the cytotoxic agent TRAIL (hMSC-sTR) in fibrin, and found hMSC-sTR/fibrin therapy reduced the viability of multiple 3-D human GBM spheroids and regressed established human GBM xenografts 3-fold in 11 days. Mimicking clinical therapy of surgically resected GBM, intra-cavity seeding of therapeutic hMSC-sTR encapsulated in fibrin reduced post-surgical GBM volumes 6-fold, increased time to recurrence 4-fold, and prolonged median survival from 15 to 36 days compared to control-treated animals. Fibrin-based SC therapy could represent a clinically compatible, viable treatment to suppress recurrence of post-surgical GBM and other lethal cancer types.
Evidence-Based Medicine: Putting Research into Practice

There is a growing belief that there is an optimal way to deliver care for a specific diagnosis, and that finding and publicizing that path to a point where it becomes the norm could lead to better medical outcomes at less cost. This approach, generally termed evidence-based medicine, would depend on integrated medical systems, i.e., a group of physicians making a commitment to use common protocols; practitioners who are committed to delivering care based on the best practice for a given condition; and patients who use resources to decide on what treatment options should be used in their particular case. This paper presents a number of perspectives on evidence-based medicine as presented by physicians and other health care professionals at the 11th annual ECRI Conference on Healthcare Policy, Law and Methodology held in October 2003 in suburban Philadelphia.
Robust Control of Robotic Manipulators

A robotic manipulator must often be operated in an uncertain environment, e.g., picking up different payloads of different or unknown weights, accidental drop of a payload, imprecise knowledge of the robot itself, disturbances, etc. Therefore, the controller must be designed so that the manipulator will perform its tasks despite the existence of some uncertainties. In this article methods of designing stabilizing state feedback control laws are discussed based on the worst case scenario. The results are applied to the tracking problem of a robot manipulator. The second method of Lyapunov and its extensions are extensively used. Our focus is given to the controller design motivated by the game theory with conflicting agents.