cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural determinant of chemical reactivity and potential health effects of quinones from natural products.

Although many phenols and catechols found as polyphenol natural products are antioxidants and have putative disease-preventive properties, others have deleterious health effects. One possible route to toxicity is the bioactivation of the phenolic function to quinones that are electrophilic, redox-agents capable of modifying DNA and proteins. The structure-property relationships of biologically important quinones and their precursors may help understand the balance between their health benefits and risks. We describe a mass-spectrometry-based study of four quinones produced by oxidizing flavanones and flavones. Those with a C2–C3 double bond on ring C of the flavonoid stabilize by delocalization of an incipient positive charge from protonation and render the protonated quinone particularly susceptible to nucleophilic attack. We hypothesize that the absence of this double bond is one specific structural determinant that is responsible for the ability of quinones to modify biological macromolecules. Those qu...
Shell Model Calculations of the Hyperfine Effect in μ-Meson Capture

Numerical values for the difference in $\ensuremath{\mu}$-meson capture rates from the two hyperfine states of a mesonic atom are obtained for ${\mathrm{F}}^{19}$, ${\mathrm{Al}}^{27}$, and ${\mathrm{P}}^{31}$, employing the simple Mayer-Jensen version of the shell model for ${\mathrm{Al}}^{27}$ and ${\mathrm{P}}^{31}$, and an intermediate coupling version for ${\mathrm{F}}^{19}$. In all these cases, we get considerably larger values than those found in previous estimates, thus rendering experiments more feasible. In view of the consequences of atomic conversion on the observation of the capture-rate differences, conversion effects in the rate and asymmetry of $\ensuremath{\mu}$-meson decay electrons are discussed also.
A language extension for expressing constraints on data access

Controlled sharing of information is needed and desirable for many applications and is supported in operating systems by access control mechanisms. This paper shows how to extend programming languages to provide controlled sharing. The extension permits expression of access constraints on shared data. Access constraints can apply both to simple objects, and to objects that are components of larger objects, such as bank account records in a bank's data base. The constraints are stated declaratively, and can be enforced by static checking similar to type checking. The approach can be used to extend any strongly-typed language, but is particularly suitable for extending languages that support the notion of abstract data types.
La Traducció Castellana de la Cançó Catalana Trobada A el Pintor de su Deshonra

This essay connects two plays with two historical events: El pintor de su deshonra is associated with the Guerra dels Segadors and El desden, con el desden is coupled with the siege of Barcelona by John of Austria. While these two plays share a war, the beginning and the end of the Catalan revolt respectively, both authors, Pedro Calderon de la Barca and Agustin Moreto, also insert the same Carnival song into their work. Although the song is identical in the two plays, in Calderon it is sung in Catalan and in Moreto, in Castilian. The song is not the only element Moreto takes from El pintor de su deshonra: the setting, the characters, the love triangle, and the Carnival all share common features. The task of Moreto will be transforming these elements in order to create a distorted mirror of Calderon's play. In this new view, the Catalan song is translated into Castilian, and thus, Moreto will reproduce with the translation the linguistic changes that occurred in Catalonia after 1652.
The peracid cleavage of 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid at the C9N10 bridge

Abstract 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate cannot be cleaved at the C9N10 bond by the zinc/HCl reductive or the permanganate oxidative cleavage methods. A new method has been developed to perform this cleavage, using peracetic acid in 50% trifluoroacetic acid; the cleavage is quantitative and nondestructive of γ-glutamyl peptide bonds.
The chlamydial invasin-like protein gene conundrum

Variants of an ilp (invasin-like protein) gene have been identified previously in Chlamydia caviae and in Chlamydia suis. The C. caviae ilp gene is interrupted by two frame shift mutations while the C. suis gene is intact. Characterization of the ilp gene in C. caviae passaged minimally in vitro showed that the two frameshift mutations were present in the original isolates. The gentamicin protection assay was used to determine if E. coli bacteria expressing the intact C. suis ilp could adhere to or invade HEp-2 cells. While inv+ clones showed increased adherence and invasion, no increase in adherence or invasion was observed for ilp+ clones. However, these clones were found to produce detectable amounts of ilp transcript. In a 48 h time course of C. suis culture, ilp transcript was initially detected at 8 h, peaked at 16 h, and declined subsequently. Antibodies specifically recognizing the putative functional domain of Ilp failed to detect any ilp-specific gene product in either E. coli or C. suis cultures. These data suggest that ilp does not encode a functional protein and raise questions about how ilp was introduced and maintained in Chlamydia.
The Ancestry of Birds

WALKER1 has restated the long-held belief that both birds and crocodiles evolved from thecodont ancestors, but he added the novel suggestion that these two groups arose from a common thecodont ancestor and thus are much more closely related than has been previously realized. Inasmuch as the Thecodontia include the most primitive as well as the most ancient archosaurs known, it is highly probable that all subsequent archosaurs (including birds) were derived from members of this order. Although Walker may be correct, I do not think that the evidence cited indicates such a close relationship between birds and crocodiles as he proposes.
Healthcare-Related Financial Burden Among Families in the U.S.: The Role of Childhood Activity Limitations and Income

This study examined the impact of childhood activity limitations on family financial burden in the U.S. We used ten complete panels (1996–2006) of the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) to evaluate the burden of out-of-pocket healthcare expenditures for 17,857 families with children aged 0–17 years. Multivariate generalized linear models were used to examine the relationship between childhood activity limitation status and both absolute and relative financial burden. Families of children with limitations had higher absolute out-of-pocket healthcare expenditures than families of children without limitations ($594.36 higher; p < 0.05), and were 54% more likely to experience relative burden (p < 0.05). Substantial socioeconomic disparities in financial burden were observed. Policies are needed to enable these families to access appropriate and affordable healthcare services.
Indirect spectrophotometric and atomic absorption spectrometric methods for the determination of potassium

Indirect spectrophotometric and atomic absorption spectrometric methods for the determination of traces of potassium are proposed which are based on the precipitation of potassium tetraphenylborate and the determination of excess reagent in the supernate. The tetraphenylborate forms the tetraphenylborato-bis-(2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline)copper(I)-complex which is extracted with ethyl acetate. Either the absorbance of colored extract is measured spectrophotometrically at 456 nm, or the copper in the extract is measured by atomic absorption spectrometry using the 324.7 resonance line.
Counterion Effects on Adsorbed Micellar Shape: Experimental Study of the Role of Polarizability and Charge

We have used atomic force microscopy (AFM) to measure the shape of micelles adsorbed to the interface between hydrophilic silica and solutions of hexadecyltrimethylammonium (CTA+) ions in the presence of various counterions. Spherical CTA+ surface micelles are adsorbed from solutions containing salts of CH3CO2-, CO32-, SO42-, SO32-, and HSO32-, even at high salt concentrations (>100 mM). Cl- and Br- form slightly oblate micelles near their respective critical micelle concentrations. Addition of Br- causes a transformation to cylindrical micelles whereas addition of Cl- does not. The difference between Br- and Cl- is similar to the behavior observed previously in bulk solution. Addition of S2O32- or CS32- or HS-/S2- transforms spherical micelles to cylinders. We rationalize these effects on the basis of the hard/soft (unpolarizable/polarizabile) nature of the ions. The ability to effect the sphere-to-cylinder transformation correlates with the availability of a soft anionic atom in the counterion. Presumab...
Dynamics of femtosecond laser-induced melting of silver

We use optical third-harmonic generation to measure the melting dynamics of silver following femtosecond laser excitation. The dynamics reveals an unusual two-step process that is associated with the extreme electronic temperatures and very short time and length scales. In the first, which lasts a few picoseconds, the electron and phonon systems begin to equilibrate, and a thin surface layer undergoes melting. Heat conduction during this period is strongly suppressed by electron scattering from $d$-band excitations. In the second stage, the surface region remains above the melting temperature for a surprisingly long time, 20--30 ps, with the melt front propagating into the bulk at a velocity of $\ensuremath{\approx}350\text{ }\text{m}\text{ }{\text{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. In this stage, the electron and phonon systems again fall out of equilibrium and conduction of heat away from the surface region is now limited by the weak electron-phonon $(e\text{\ensuremath{-}}p)$ coupling. From our model calculation, we propose that the melt depths in noble metals irradiated by femtosecond lasers are limited to thicknesses on the order of two to three times of the optical-absorption depth of the light.
Physical Activity Among Amish and Non-Amish Adults Living in Ohio Appalachia

To understand the behavioral lifestyle factors that may contribute to lower cancer incidence rates among the Amish population, this study evaluated differences in physical activity (PA) levels between Amish and non-Amish adults living in Ohio Appalachia. Amish (n = 134) and non-Amish (n = 154) adults completed face-to-face interviews as part of a cancer-related lifestyle study. Self-report of PA level was measured by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and by a diary of steps/day (pedometer: Digi-Walker SW-200). Total metabolic equivalent tasks (MET) minutes was calculated from the IPAQ and average number of steps/day from a pedometer diary. Amish males walked more steps/day (mean ± standard error (SE): 11,447 ± 611 vs. 7,605 ± 643; P < 0.001) and had a higher IPAQ score (MET min/week) (mean ± SE: 8,354 ± 701 vs. 5,547 ± 690; P < 0.01) than non-Amish males. In addition, Amish farmers walked significantly more steps/day than Amish non-farmers (mean ± SE: 15,278 ± 1,297 vs. 10,742 ± 671; P < 0.01). There was a trend for Amish females to walk more steps/day (mean ± SE: 7,750 ± 477 vs. 6,547 ± 437; P = 0.06) and to have higher IPAQ scores (mean ± SE: 4,966 ± 503 vs. 3,702 ± 450; P = 0.06) compared to non-Amish females. Two measures of PA demonstrated a higher PA level among Amish males, especially farmers, and a trend for higher PA level among Amish females. Higher levels of PA warrants further investigation as one factor potentially contributing to lower cancer incidence rates documented among the Amish.
ANALYSIS OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC RISK FACTORS IN YOUNG FAMILIES

Top of pageAbstract Prevalence of atherosclerotic risk factors has rarely been assessed in young, middle class families. We evaluated initial visit prevalence data in 653 complete families who are part of the Scottsdale project. The mean ages of the groups in years were fathers 33.97 (±8.86 S.D.) and mothers 31.15 (±9.41 S.D.). The mean age of children who had blood pressure (B.P.) measurements was 6.87 (±9.53) but the mean age for other determinations was 3.4 years. For children: 32% had serum cholesterol between 160 and 200 mgm/dl and 7.4% had values greater than 200 mgm/dl. Hypertension was defined as B.P. above 130/80. 3.87. had a higher systolic and 10.5% had a. higher diastolic value than 130/80. Blood pressure distribution was not normal and an age dependent analysis will be presented. 0.5% of the children smoked. 16% of the pediatric population exceeded the age corrected value of the 90th percentile of normal for obesity. We conclude from our data that risk factors increase with age and are already present in children and their young parents.
Solid phase synthesis of phosphopeptides incorporating 2,2- dimethyloxazolidine pseudoproline analogs: Evidence for trans Leu-Pro peptide bonds in Stat3 inhibitors

To answer the question of whether the conformation of the Leu-Pro bond is cis or trans in Ac-pTyr-Leu-Pro-Gln-Thr-Val-NH2 when complexed with the SH2 domain of Stat3, we substituted 2,2-dimethyloxazolidines derived from serine (Ser(ΨMe,Mepro)) and threonine (Thr(ΨMe,Mepro)) for proline. The 2,2-dimethyloxazolidine and 2,2-dimethylthiazolidine pseudoproline (ΨPro) analogs induce predominantly cis Xxx-ΨPro peptide bonds. As these ΨPro analogs are acid-labile, the phosphopeptides were synthesized using Fmoc-based SPPS using unprotected phosphotyrosine and 4-hydroxybenzoate as the linker that allowed release from the support by alkaline ammonolysis, conditions that kept the oxazolidine rings intact. Incorporation of Ser(ΨMe,Mepro) resulted in 69% cis Leu-ΨPro bond content in aqueous solution whereas that for Thr(ΨMe,Mepro) analog was 63%. Affinities for Stat3 were 3–5 fold lower than the lead compound and were inversely correlated with cis content. Thus we conclude that the Leu-Pro peptide bond is trans when the peptide is bound to Stat3.
The Effect Upon Judgments of Personality Traits of Varying a Single Factor in a Photograph

(1943). The Effect Upon Judgments of Personality Traits of Varying a Single Factor in a Photograph. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 127-148.
Abused, neglected, and nonmaltreated preschoolers' ability to discriminate emotions in others: The effects of IQ

Sixty children between the ages of 3 and 5 participated in this study of children's ability to discriminate emotions in others. Twelve children were identified as neglected, and eight were identified as abused. Two additional groups of nonmaltreated children included one comparable on IQ and one with significantly higher intelligence. All children were given three tests: The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, the Borke Interpersonal Awareness Test and the Rothenberg Social Sensitivity Test. The results showed that normal children with the higher IQ were significantly better able to identify and discriminate other people's emotions from picture stories than were the other groups of children, who were not different from one another on any of the measures. Furthermore, when IQ was covaried in the ANOVAS, all group-differences disappeared. It was suggested that previous studies demonstrating inferior performance on measures of social cognition by maltreated children may have been due to the failure to control for IQ.
Progress report on the LCLS XFEL at SLAC

The Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) Project will be an x-ray free-electron laser. It is intended to produce pulses of 800-8,000 eV photons. Each pulse, produced with a repetition frequency of up to 120 Hz, will provide >1012 photons within a duration of less than 200 femtoseconds. The project employs the last kilometer of the SLAC linac to provide a low-emittance electron beam in the energy range 4-14 GeV to a single undulator. Two experiment halls, located 100 m and 350 m from the undulator exit, will house six experiment stations for research in atomic/molecular physics, pump-probe dynamics of materials and chemical processes, x-ray imaging of clusters and complex molecules, and plasma physics. Engineering design activities began in 2003, and the project is to be completed in the middle of 2010. The project design permits straightforward expansion of the LCLS to multiple undulators.
Ambiguous figures and the spatial contents of perceptual experience: a defense of representationalism

Representationalists hold that the phenomenal character of a perceptual experience is identical with, or supervenes on, an aspect of its representational content. As such, representationalism could be disproved by a counter-example consisting of two experiences that have the same representational content but differ in phenomenal character. In this paper, I discuss two recently proposed counter-examples to representationalism that involve ambiguous or reversible figures. I pursue two goals. My first, and most important, goal is to show that the representationalist can offer plausible responses to both counter-examples. My second goal is to show the implications of these responses for the nature of the spatial representational contents of perceptual experiences.
Delta-shell method for approximate finite-range distorted-wave Born-approximation calculations

The application of the delta-shell method to finite-range distorted-wave Born-approximation calculations for low-energy ($d, p$) reactions is discussed. It is shown that this method is superior to the commonly used local-energy approximation as far as calculational accuracy is concerned.
On measurements and their quality: Paper 1: Reliability – History, issues and procedures

Abstract This is the first in a short series of papers on measurement theory and practice with particular relevance to intervention research in nursing, midwifery, and healthcare. In this article I discuss reliability, its origins in classic measurement theory, important issues to consider when operationally defining reliability for a particular study, correlational procedures for assessing the reliability of data once collected, including test–retest reliability, split-half reliability, and Cronbach's coefficient α . Some important insights into reliability provided by attenuation theory are also offered.
Interfacial pinning in the superfluid 3He A-B transition in aerogel

Continuous-wave NMR studies of $^{3}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{e}$ in the presence of 99.3% porosity silica aerogel at 34.0 bars and in a magnetic field of 28.4 mT reveal a first-order phase transition between $A$-like and $B$-like superfluid phases on both warming and cooling. NMR spectra show that the phases on warming are the same as the phases on cooling, and the interface between them is found to be strongly pinned, even close to ${T}_{c,\mathrm{a}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{o}}$. The observed behavior is consistent with spatial variation of pinning strengths within the aerogel.
Isolated intrapulmonary adenopathy in leukemia.

Localized adenopathy causing atelectasis is an unusual manifestation of leukemia. During exacerbation of acute lymphocytic leukemia, a patient developed atelectasis on the basis of exobronchial compression by an enlarged lymph node. More obvious causes for the adenopathy seem to be excluded on the basis of clinical and postmortem findings.
On almost Chebyshev subspaces

Abstract A closed subspace F in a Banach space X is called almost Chebyshev if the set of x ϵ X which fail to have unique best approximation in F is contained in a first category subset. We prove, among other results, that if X is a separable Banach space which is either locally uniformly convex or has the Radon-Nikodym property, then “almost all” closed subspaces are almost Chebyshev.
Crystallographic evidence of a base-free uranium(IV) terminal oxo species.

The uranium(IV) terminal oxo species Tp*2U(O) has been synthesized by oxygen-atom transfer from pyridine-N-oxide to Tp*2U(2,2′-bipyridine), a trivalent uranium species with a monoanionic bipyridine ligand. Full characterization of the oxo species using 1H NMR and IR spectroscopies, X-ray crystallography, and computational studies was performed.
Neuropsychological Rehabilitation: Microcomputer-Assisted Treatment of Brain-Injured Adults:

This study was designed to investigate the contribution of cognitive rehabilitation therapy delivered by computer within an educationally based treatment program for brain-injured adults. The effectiveness of two forms of computer-assisted neuropsychological treatment was examined. 36 head-injured adults received the treatment targeting either attention and memory skills or reasoning and logical thinking skills. Both groups were assessed on three measures of attention and memory and three measures of reasoning before and after the 8-wk. treatment. Analysis indicated significant improvement on five of six measures by both groups. No differential effect was observed by treatment condition. These findings did not support the hypothesis that computer-assisted neuropsychological rehabilitation programs which differ in both content and focus can produce specific effects on cognitive functioning of brain-injured adults.
Constraint on color gauge groups

Assuming that the colored gauge group ${G}_{c}$ is not necessarily the SU(3) but an arbitrary simple compact Lie group, we find that cases of ${G}_{c}$ being one of the groups SU(2), $\mathrm{SO}(4l)$, $\mathrm{SO}(2l+1)$, Sp ($2l$), ${\mathrm{G}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{F}}_{4}$, ${\mathrm{E}}_{7}$, and ${\mathrm{E}}_{8}$ Will lead to a difficulty with the quark-line rule. Therefore, only the groups $\mathrm{SU}(n)$ ($n\ensuremath{\ge}3$), $\mathrm{SO}(4l+2)$ ($l\ensuremath{\ge}1$), and ${\mathrm{E}}_{6}$ remain to be possible candidates for ${G}_{c}$. It is argued that the same restriction also applies to any unified simple group $G$ of all strong, weak, and electromagnetic interactions.
The Greek concept of dialectic

The origins and development of dialectic are traced from Zeno and the Eleatic school through Plato. The essay provides a justification for claiming that Zeno invented dialectic and explicates three senses in which it is paradoxically appropriate to claim that Plato perfected dialectic before Aristotle systematized and analyzed it.
Hospital ships adrift? Part 1: a systematic literature review characterizing US Navy hospital ship humanitarian and disaster response, 2004-2012.

BackgroundUnited States foreign policy is tied extensively to health initiatives, many related to the use of military assets. Despite substantial resource investment by the US Department of Defense (DoD) in hospital ship humanitarian assistance and disaster response missions, the impact of this investment is unclear.MethodsA systematic literature review of both peer-reviewed and grey literature using eight databases representing the international community and multiple sectors was conducted. Data on the characteristics of missions directly related to US Navy hospital ship humanitarian assistance and disaster response from 2004-2012 were extracted and documented.ResultsOf the 1445 sources reviewed, a total of 43 publications met criteria for review. Six (13.9%) met empirical documentation criteria and 37 (86.0%) were considered nonempirical expert opinions and anecdotal accounts that were primarily descriptive in nature. Overall, disaster response accounted for 67.4% (29/43) and humanitarian assistance 25.6% (11/43). Public and private sector participants produced 79.0% (34/43) and 20.9% (9/43) of the publications respectively. Of private sector publications, 88.9% (8/9) focused on disaster response compared to 61.8% (21/34) from the public sector. Of all publications meeting inclusion criteria, 81.4% (35/43) focused on medical care, 9.3% (4/43) discussed partnerships, 4.7% (2/43) training, and 4.7% (2/43) medical ethics and strategic utilization. No primary author publications from the diplomatic, development, or participating host nations were identified. One (2.3%) of the 43 publications was from a partner nation participant.DiscussionWithout rigorous research methods yielding valid and reliable data-based information pertaining to Navy hospital ship mission impact, policy makers are left with anecdotal reports to influence their decision-making processes. This is inadequate considering the frequency of hospital ship deployments used as a foreign policy tool and the considerable funding that is involved in each mission. Future research efforts should study empirically the short- and long-term impacts of hospital ship missions in building regional and civil-military partnerships while meeting the humanitarian and disaster response needs of host nation populations.LicinaD. Hospital Ships Adrift? Part 1: A Systematic Literature Review Characterizing US Navy Hospital Ship Humanitarian and Disaster Response, 2004-2012. Prehosp Disaster Med.2013;28(3):1–10..
Multiple-feature discrimination faster than single-feature discrimination within the same object?

In the present study, we investigated whether judging the presence of multiple features within an object would be superior to judging the presence of only one feature. Feature discriminability and the number of features to discriminate within an object were varied. Specific features were judged as present or absent. Results showed that judging the presence of two or three features was faster than judging the presence of the less discriminable of these two or three features alone (multiple-feature benefits). These findings suggest that relevant features within an object activate (prime) a decision or response in a parallel, asynchronous fashion based on discriminability (Miller, 1982a). The ability of a response priming model, a response mapping model, and a template model to account for multiple feature benefits is discussed.
Neighborhood disorder, integration, and the fear of crime

Three distinct but related models of fear of crime have emerged in the research literature: victimization, disorder, and community concern/community control. Of the three, the community concern/community control model remains least developed. This study seeks to extend the research by including several distinct dimensions of the community concerns model, along with variables drawn from the victimization and disorder frameworks, in an overall model of fear of crime. The model then is analyzed with data from a random sample of residents from a northwestern U.S. city. The inclusion of variables from all three perspectives results in a model that accounts for a substantial amount of the variance in fear of crime. The model next is examined for three subsamples of respondents drawn from low-, medium-, and high-disorder neighborhoods. Finally, policy implications, particularly for the community policing movement, are discussed.
A radiotracer study of cerium and manganese uptake onto suspended particles in Chesapeake Bay

The oxidation kinetics of Ce (III) and Mn(II) were studied in Chesapeake Bay in March and July 1990 to establish the role of water column redox processes in contributing to Ce anomalies observed in this estuary (Sholkovitz and Elderfield, 1988; Sholkovitz et al., 1992). Oxidation was measured by adding Mn(II) and Ce (III) to freshly collected water samples as radiotracers and measuring their uptake onto the ambient suspended particle assemblage. Mn(II) oxidation was measured by following the uptake of 54Mn(II) onto suspended particles and utilizing protocols established by other workers to distinguish oxidation from Mn(II) adsorption. The same protocols were applicable to Ce (III), using 139Ce(III)and were supported by the use of 152Eu(III) as a nonredox reactive control. Specific rates of Ce (III) and Mn(II) oxidation measured at a station in the North Bay (depth = 4 m) in July were 2016% per day and 4032% per day, respectively. In March at the same station, the specific rate of Mn(II) oxidation was only 10% per day and Ce (III) oxidation was undetectable. Both Ce (III) and Mn(II) oxidation processes were inhibited by azide, indicating that they were microbially mediated. The seasonal differences probably reflect strong seasonal variation in the abundance of Mn oxidizing bacteria. No Ce (III) oxidation occurred in samples collected below the oxic/anoxic interface in July. The specific rates of oxidation for both elements were over 1000 times higher than those measured in the Sargasso Sea. However, the specific rates for Ce (III) and Mn(II) were very similar to each other. This fact, coupled with similar spatial and temporal trends for specific oxidation rates, suggests a common mechanism of oxidation of both elements which may be significant in a wide range of marine environments.
Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies and the Radio-optical Correlation for Quasars

Through analysis of available optical spectrophotometric data and radio flux density measurements in the literature, it is demonstrated that a good correlation exists between the radio power and bolometric luminosity of the optically-selected OSOs in the Bright Quasar Sample (BOS) of Schmidt and Green (1983). We have recently used VLBI measurements of a sample of ultraluminous infrared galaxies to infer the likely existence of radio-quiet Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) deeply enshrouded in dust within their nuclei (Lonsdale, Smith, and Lonsdale 1993). We employ the radio-bolometric luminosity correlation for the BQS quasars to test whether these hypothetical buried AGNs can be energetically responsible for the observed far-infrared luminosities of the ultraluminous infrared galaxies. The ultraluminous infrared galaxies are shown to follow the same relation between radio core power and bolometric luminosity as the radio-quiet QSOs, suggesting that buried AGNs can account for essentially all the observed infrared luminosity, and raising the possibility that any starburst which may be in progress may not be energetically dominant. The broader implications of the radio-optical correlation in quasars for AGNs and luminous infrared galaxy models and the use of radio astronomy as a probe of the central powerhouse in radio quiet AGNs and luminous infrared galaxies are briefly discussed.
Sensory subtypes in children with autism spectrum disorder: latent profile transition analysis using a national survey of sensory features

Background Sensory features are highly prevalent and heterogeneous among children with ASD. There is a need to identify homogenous groups of children with ASD based on sensory features (i.e. sensory subtypes) to inform research and treatment. Methods Sensory subtypes and their stability over 1 year were identified through latent profile transition analysis (LPTA) among a national sample of children with ASD. Data were collected from caregivers of children with ASD ages 2–12 years at two time points (Time 1 N = 1294; Time 2 N = 884). Results Four sensory subtypes (Mild; Sensitive-Distressed; Attenuated-Preoccupied; Extreme-Mixed) were identified, which were supported by fit indices from the LPTA as well as current theoretical models that inform clinical practice. The Mild and Extreme-Mixed subtypes reflected quantitatively different sensory profiles, while the Sensitive-Distressed and Attenuated-Preoccupied subtypes reflected qualitatively different profiles. Further, subtypes reflected differential child (i.e. gender, developmental age, chronological age, autism severity) and family (i.e. income, mother's education) characteristics. Ninety-one percent of participants remained stable in their subtypes over 1 year. Conclusions Characterizing the nature of homogenous sensory subtypes may facilitate assessment and intervention, as well as potentially inform biological mechanisms.
Constructing a Professional Development School: A Model of One School-University Partnership.

Abstract A partnership between an elementary school and a university in the Midwest evolved into a professional development school. The authors describe this process, making analogies to the process of constructing a house. The steps are also related to Kagan's (1991) stages of organizational development. From laying the foundation of the partnership through adding the sill (the vision), constructing the frame (the goals and objectives), adding the sheathing (the formal structure), installing siding (the implementation), to maintaining through assessment, the parallels are explored and analyzed. Because the process relates to individuals as well as an institution, the authors also discuss ways in which the processes diverge. The process is presented as a model that might be useful to others engaged in creating a professional development school or improving teacher education. A visual of the model is included.
An Efficient I/O Interface Control Block Design Methodology for Application-Specific MPSoC Platforms

In application-specific multiprocessor system-on-a-chips (MPSoC), the complexity of a general-purpose interface control block which implements input/output (I/O) paths for off-chip communication has increased exponentially in recent years. In addition, several inherent issues exist in the design of general-purpose interface control blocks, since many registers and multiple I/O paths are fixed in the relatively late stages of the design, which consequently reduces verification time of the top level. Also, the role of a general-purpose interface control block, which shares a limited number of pins with various IPs, causes frequent changes in pin assignment. This results in many possible human errors when using a traditional RTL description in designing such blocks. In response to this problem, this paper presents a Design Automation-based approach to improve the efficiency and reliability of the design process. In the case study presented, we succeeded in auto-generating a general-purpose interface control block in typical MPSoC platforms with more than 400 general-purpose interfaces including both input and output, as well as 1,200 PAD pins. Ultimately, we reduced the amount of manual description for the generation of a general-purpose interface control block by a whopping 98%.
mTOR couples cellular nutrient sensing to organismal metabolic homeostasis

The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) has the ability to sense a variety of essential nutrients and respond by altering cellular metabolic processes. Hence, this protein kinase complex is poised to influence adaptive changes to nutrient fluctuations toward the maintenance of whole-body metabolic homeostasis. Defects in mTORC1 regulation, arising from either physiological or genetic conditions, are believed to contribute to the metabolic dysfunction underlying a variety of human diseases, including type 2 diabetes. We are just now beginning to gain insights into the complex tissue-specific functions of mTORC1. In this review, we detail the current knowledge of the physiological functions of mTORC1 in controlling systemic metabolism, with a focus on advances obtained through genetic mouse models.
Transformations of Mg- and Ca-sulfate hydrates in Mars regolith

Salt hydrates have an active role in regolith development on Mars. The Mg-sulfate system, with highly variable values of n in the formula MgSO 4 · n H 2 O, is particularly subject to transformations among several crystalline and amorphous forms. The Ca-sulfate system, CaSO 4 · n H 2 O, is likely to be associated with the Mg-sulfates in most occurrences, but is less susceptible to transformations in n . Desiccation of MgSO 4 · n H 2 O occurs in exposed soils at the martian equator in summer where higher daytime temperatures at low relative humidity prevail against sluggish nighttime rehydration at high relative humidity. Desiccation and rehydration are both accelerated in the finest size fractions, particularly in silt-size aeolian particles subject to global redistribution by dust storms. This redistribution and periodic excursions into long-term episodes of high obliquity work to rehydrate desiccated MgSO 4 · n H 2 O to form epsomite, MgSO 4 ·7H 2 O, at higher latitudes in the first case and more globally in the latter. Kieserite, a monohydrate form of MgSO 4 · n H 2 O resistant to desiccation, can survive equatorial summer conditions, but not protracted high relative humidity; preservation of kieserite at the surface may place limits on the equatorial distribution of ice during past episodes of high obliquity. Deeper horizons in equatorial regolith may preserve hydrated phases through repeated obliquity episodes, raising the possibility of an ancient regolith archive of past hydration. At shallower depths in the regolith, in situ determination of the hydration states of the Mg-sulfates, and possibly the Ca-sulfates, may be used to constrain regolith dynamics if rates and modes of transitions in n can be fully characterized.
Quantiles of multi-sample smirnov type statistics

Let be samples of c independent random variables X(i) with continuous cdf F(i) To test the hypothesis , Birnbaum and Hall introduced the statistics and determined their exact small sample distributions for c = 2,3 and n i=n j This paper considers exact small sample distributions for more than three samples (c>3) and unequal sample sizes(n i¦n j) and includes representative tables of quantiles under this extension.
A new phylogenetic comparative method: detecting niches and transitions with continuous characters

Traditional information criteria approaches can lead to misleading model choice in comparative phylogenetics. I present examples of these weaknesses using a classic data set on Anoles lizards. I describe a more robust comparison by likelihood ratio. I then discuss a new class of models to capture the transition process between evolutionary regimes.
Access cost for asynchronous Byzantine quorum systems

Quorum systems have been used to implement many coordination problems in distributed systems. In this paper, we study the cost of accessing quorums in asynchronous systems. We formally define the asynchronous access cost of quorum systems and argue that the asynchronous access cost and not the size of a quorum is the right measure of message complexity of protocols using quorums in asynchronous systems. We show that previous quorum systems proposed in the literature have a very high asynchronous access cost. We propose a reformulation of the definition of Byzantine quorum systems that captures the requirement for nonblocking access to quorums in asynchronous systems. We present new Byzantine quorum systems with low asynchronous access cost whose other performance parameters match those of the best Byzantine quorum systems proposed in the literature. In particular, we present a construction for the disjoint failure pattern that outperforms previously proposed systems for that pattern.
Re)visiting academic advising.

The purpose of academic advising is to guide students in developing educational goals that will enable them to achieve their life aspirations. Given its importance, academic advising has received little attention in nursing literature. The author traces the history of academic advising, identifies the roles and characteristics of an effective advisor, and suggests a course of action that will enable faculty to improve their advising.
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis associated with influenza A (H1N1) infection in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: an autopsy case report and review of the literature

H1N1 influenza A virus can trigger fatal hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in immunocompromised patients and in immunocompetent hosts, usually children. We present a case of a 50-year-old man with low-burden chronic lymphocytic leukemia who had sudden reactivation of his leukemia triggered by influenza A (H1N1) infection with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. His rapid course was complicated by acute respiratory distress syndrome with diffuse alveolar damage, a 6-fold rise in lymphocyte count, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and, ultimately, cardiac arrest. Major findings at autopsy included: bilateral H1N1 pneumonitis with diffuse alveolar damage, intra-alveolar pulmonary hemorrhage, pulmonary microthromboemboli, pulmonary hemorrhagic infarction, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in multiple locations, and diffuse chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is a serious and often fatal condition, which may be primary or secondary. It may be associated with high-grade lymphoproliferative malignancies, especially in patients with therapy-related leukocytopenia, but only rarely is it seen in uncomplicated chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis may be triggered by a variety of infections (viral, fungal, bacterial and parasitic), but H1N1 influenza A-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is often rapidly fatal, especially in children. This adult patient's clinical presentation with low tumor burden and leukocytosis is thus unique. We review the recently published autopsy findings in fatal influenza A (H1N1) infection and the association with resultant secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.
Federal Developments in Administrative Law

1 COMISSION ON ORGANIZATION OF THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH OF THE GOVERNMENT, A REPORT TO THE CONGRESS: LEGAL SERVICES AND PROCEDURE (1955) (hereinafter cited as COMMIsSION REPORT); TASK FORCE ON LEGAL SERVICES AND PROCEDURE, REPORT ON LEGAL SERVICES AND PROCEDURE (1955) (hereinafter sometimes cited as TASK FORCE REPORT). The Chairman of the Commission was Mr. Herbert Hoover. Other members were Attorney General Herbert Brownell, Jr., James A. Farley, Arthur S. Flemming, Senator Homer Ferguson, Senator John L. McClellan, Robert G. Storey, Representative Clarence J. Brown, Representative Chet Holifield, Joseph P. Kennedy, Sidney A. Mitchell and Solomon C. Hollister. 2 PRESIDENT'S CONFERENCE ON ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE, REPORT (1955). See Collins, Administrative Procedure: The Conference Submits Its Final Report, 41 A.B.A.J. 311 (1955). 3 67 STAT. 145 (1953), 5 U.S.C. ? 138a-f (Supp. II, 1954). 4 The Chairman of the Task Force was Hon. James M. Douglas, former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Missouri. Other members were Herbert W. Clark, San Francisco, Calif.; Cody Fowler, Tampa, Fla.; Dean Albert J. Harno, College of Law, University of Illinois; James M. Landis, New York City; Carl McFarland, President, Montana State University, Missoula, Mont.; Ross L. Malone, Jr., Roswell, N. Mex.; David F. Maxwell, Philadelphia, Pa.; Hon. Harold R. Medina, New York City, now Judge, Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit; Hon. David W. Peck, New York City, Presiding Justice Appellate Division, First Department, Supreme Court, New York; Reginald Heber Smith, Boston, Mass.; Dean E. Blythe Stason, University of Michigan Law School, Ann Arbor, Mich.; Hon. Elbert Parr Tuttle, Atlanta, Ga., formerly General Counsel for Treasury Department, now Judge, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit; Edward L. Wright, Little Rock, Ark. Consultants were the late Justice Robert H. Jackson; George Roberts, New York City; and Hon. Arthur T. Vanderbilt, Newark, N. J., formerly Dean of New York University Law School, now Chief Justice, Supreme Court of New Jersey. The Staff Director was Whitney R. Harris, Dallas, Texas. The Research Director was Courts Oulahan, Cleveland, Ohio.
TODD R. RISLEY: FRIEND, COLLEAGUE, VISIONARY

I first met Todd in 1961. We were both graduate students in the Psychology Department at the University of Washington. I was in the clinical program, and Todd was a student in the developmental program working with Sidney Bijou and Donald Baer at the Institute for Child Development (later the Developmental Psychology Laboratory). The Institute for Child Development was where the behaviorists and the behaviorists-in-training hung out. It was across the campus from Denny Hall, the building where most of the psychology department was located. I was never sure whether this was systematically planned or a simple happenstance of where room for several preschools and laboratory space was available. Whatever was the case, the separation created a unique culture where graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, and faculty were mixed together in a way that generated frequent interactions, discussions, heated arguments, and productive collaborative research. Everyone knew what research everyone else was doing. We knew it because we brought our graphs with the latest data to lunch gatherings, we argued about the meaning and importance of the results, and we suggested better ways of doing the study, whatever the topic of research was. In short, it was an exciting and energetic atmosphere that paradoxically generated both intense competition and lifelong collaboration. We all appreciated and encouraged each other's work. At the same time, all of us were absolutely certain that we knew a better way to conduct the research or to analyze the data, and we were not at all reluctant to describe, at great length, how to improve each other's research. It was, in short, an ideal situation for graduate education. A large part, no doubt, was due to the participants, among whom were the staff and faculty members, Sidney Bijou, Don Baer, Bill Hopkins, Eileen Allen, and Jay Birnbrauer; research associates and postdoctoral fellows, Mont Wolf, Bob Wahler, Bud Wexler, Barbara Etzel, Bob Orlando, and Ivar Lovaas; and graduate students, Todd, Warren Steinman, Vance Hall, Rob Hawkins, Bob Peterson, and me.
Optimum Management of a Hierarchically Exploited Open Access Resource: A Multilevel Optimization Approach

A multilevel optimization approach is presented for determining the optimum management of the Texas brown shrimp fishery. Independent fisher groups harvest this open access resource in a hierarchical order without cooperation among themselves or with the management authority. The special structure of the problem is exploited to derive the fishers' optimum responses to any arbitrary specification of the policy variables (season and area closures). Empirical results indicate that significant losses of income and harvest value would occur if the fishery were unmanaged. The results also indicate that optimum closure policies vary significantly depending on the policy objective specification.
The effects of amphetamine, butorphanol, and their combination on cocaine self-administration

There have been recent calls to examine the efficacy of drug-combination therapies in the treatment of substance use disorders. The purpose of the present study was to examine the ability of a novel stimulant-opioid combination to reduce cocaine self-administration, and to compare these effects to those of each drug administered alone. To this end, male Long-Evans rats were implanted with intravenous catheters and trained to self-administer cocaine under positive reinforcement contingencies. Once self-administration was acquired, rats were divided into four different groups and treated chronically for 20 days with (1) saline, (2) the psychomotor stimulant and monoamine releaser amphetamine, (3) the mu/kappa opioid agonist butorphanol, or (4) a combination of amphetamine and butorphanol. During chronic treatment, cocaine self-administration was examined on both fixed ratio (FR) and progressive ratio (PR) schedules of reinforcement. On the FR schedule, butorphanol significantly decreased cocaine self-administration, but this effect was not enhanced by amphetamine. On the PR schedule, amphetamine and butorphanol non-significantly decreased cocaine self-administration when administered alone but significantly decreased cocaine self-administration when administered in combination. These data suggest that under some conditions (e.g., when the response requirement of cocaine is high), a dual stimulant-opioid pharmacotherapy may be more effective than a single-drug monotherapy.