cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mineralogy and Diagenesis of Surface Sediments from DOMES Areas A, B, and C

Box cores were collected between 10 to 15°N latitude and 126 to 151°W longitude in the North Pacific. Sediments are primarily siliceous fossil rich mud, but span the range from siliceous ooze to red clay; there is also one bed of early Miocene nannofossil ooze. Terrigenous debris consist of quartz, feldspar, illite, and chlorite + kaolinite; andesitic volcanic glass shards, biotite, and other associated volcanic materials are also present in minor amounts and probably originated from Central and South American explosive volcanism. In general, terrigenous minerals decrease in abundance seaward and in pre-Quaternary deposits.
A Vlsi Neural Network Processor Based on Hippocampal Model

The hippocampal region of the brain system can be analyzed with the nonlinear system modeling approach. The input-output relationship of the neural units is best represented by the kernel functions of different complexities. The modeling expression of the first and second order kernels are computed in analog current-mode instead of digital data processing in order to fully explore massively parallel processing capability of the neural networks. Two distinct methods are utilized: the table-look-up approach and the model-based approach. The former can achieve high accuracy but consumes large silicon area while the latter saves silicon area and maintains moderately high accuracy. Circuit-level simulation results and experimental data from two test structures are presented.
Clinical Definition of Overweight and Obesity

Obesity is a disease characterized by excess adiposity that is a source of extensive morbidity and mortality due to various weight-related complications. Therefore, the diagnostic evaluation should consist of an anthropometric measure that reflects increased fat mass and an indication of the degree to which the excess adiposity is adversely affecting the health of individual patients. Body mass index (BMI) is widely used as the anthropometric measure in the screening and diagnosis of overweight (BMI 25–29.9 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2), and in the classification of obesity severity (BMI class I = 30–34.9 kg/m2, class II = 35–39.9 kg/m2; and class III = ≥40 kg/m2). However, BMI inter-relates height and weight and is not a direct measure of adiposity since, in addition to fat mass, weight is comprised of lean mass, bone, and extracellular fluid volume. Thus, BMI is an appropriate screening tool but must be interpreted in the context of a physical examination that confirms excess adiposity in making the diagnoses of overweight or obesity. Moreover, the BMI is not a reliable indicator of the impact of excess adiposity on health, which can vary extensively among patients at any given level of BMI. The component of the diagnostic evaluation that assesses health involves a careful clinical assessment of the risk, presence, and severity of weight-related complications. The two-component approach, involving both anthropometric and clinical evaluation, provides a meaningful and actionable diagnostic framework that helps guide clinical decisions regarding the aggressiveness of therapy.
Collaborative peer to peer learning for shoulder ultrasound and anatomy

Abstract Peer-assisted learning (PAL) has demonstrated improvement in students' theoretical and practical knowledge and confidence. This pilot study evaluated the efficacy of PAL as a teaching tool and learning method for sonography and physical therapy (PT) students in the study of shoulder ultrasound. This research was also designed to nurture a cross-collaborative spirit between students of two allied health academic programs. This descriptive study employed a pre-test/post-test research design, measuring the efficacy of PAL between sonography and PT students. Student groups taught and learned shoulder ultrasound and anatomy. Multiple-choice tests and questionnaires evaluated knowledge of shoulder anatomy and physiology, ultrasound knowledge, use of ultrasound machine, student confidence, acquired sonographic skills, training quality and satisfaction. Wilcoxon signed-rank test showed significant improvement in students’ knowledge (p = 0.02 for PT students, p = 0.04 for sonography students). Students also reported increased confidence and improved shoulder anatomy knowledge and scanning skills. Our research showed PAL to be an effective method for sonography and PT students to learn shoulder ultrasound and collaboration. PAL can augment shoulder ultrasound curriculum, introduce musculoskeletal (MSK) sonography to other professions, and foster collaborative practice.
Creativity and morality in business education: Toward a trans-disciplinary approach

Abstract This paper provides an overview of some recurring and disturbing concerns regarding business education, most specifically business ethics. Prominent scholars such as Mitroff, Alpaslan, Goshal, Mintzberg, Senge, Giacalone, and others have repeatedly expressed their aversion to the way business education is implemented, and the direction it has taken in recent decades. Specifically, the paper will focus on four major areas of concern, followed by a suggestion of eight trans-disciplinary approaches that are not only realistic, engaging, and appealing, but that also prepare future business performers better for upcoming moral challenges, and shape their minds toward constructive and community-advancing, rather than self-centred, problem solving.
Patients admitted for treatment of traumatic finger amputations: Characteristics, causes, and prevention.

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to analyze the epidemiology of patients admitted with finger amputations in the U.S., as well as to evaluate and propose prevention strategies. Methods The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System was queried to obtain data on patients that presented to, and were admitted from US emergency departments for treatment of traumatic finger amputations during the period of 2002–2016. The Haddon Matrix, a framework that can be used to analyze the host, agent, and environmental factors of an injury relative to its timing, was then used to evaluate possible contributing factors of amputation events, and thereby explore plausible prevention interventions. Results From 2002 to 2016, approximately 348,719 people were admitted from the ED for traumatic amputations. The majority were Caucasian and were male. The mean age was 42.3 years old. This was significantly older than those who were not admitted. The top five products responsible for amputations in admitted patients were power saws (40.9% of cases), doors (10.3%), lawn mowers (7.4%), snow blowers (4.3%), and bicycles (2.4%). This list included a higher proportion of powered tools than those with finger amputations who were discharged from the ED with a finger amputation. Conclusion Patients admitted with finger amputations from the ED were older, more likely to be male, and more likely to be victims of powered tools than those that were discharged. Table saws are responsible for a high proportion of the finger amputations that result in hospital admissions. The Haddon Matrix helps us identify factors (host, agent, physical environment, and social environment) to be addressed in prevention strategies. Such approaches might include championing education campaigns, policy measures, and equipment safety features. The effectiveness of such strategies warrants further investigation.
Giant vertebral hemangioma masquerading as aggressive tumor: Tc-99m tagged RBC scan can help to solve the diagnostic conundrum!

Abstract Hemangiomas are the most common benign lesions involving the spine. Metastasis is the most common malignant condition. The diagnosis of typical hemangiomas on conventional CT and MRI imaging is straightforward. However, when the hemangiomas are very large they may have atypical features making their diagnosis on these conventional imaging modalities inconclusive. In such cases nuclear medicine techniques such as Tc-99m RBC may aid in resolving the diagnostic conundrum. Awareness and use of proper diagnostic modality can prevent unnecessary biopsy. In this case report we try to highlight the added value of Tc-99m RBC scan to conventional imaging techniques in differentiating giant vertebral hemangioma from more aggressive malignant tumors.
Hydrogen on Cobalt Phosphide

Cobalt phosphide (CoP) is one of the most promising earth-abundant replacements for noble metal catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Critical to HER is the binding of H atoms. While theoretical studies have computed preferred sites and energetics of hydrogen bound to transition metal phosphide surfaces, direct experimental studies are scarce. Herein, we describe measurements of stoichiometry and thermochemistry for hydrogen bound to CoP. We studied both mesoscale CoP particles, exhibiting phosphide surfaces after an acidic pretreatment, and colloidal CoP nanoparticles. Treatment with H2 introduced large amounts of reactive hydrogen to CoP, ca. 0.2 H per CoP unit, and on the order of one H per Co or P surface atom. This was quantified using alkyne hydrogenation and H-atom transfer reactions with phenoxy radicals. Reactive H atoms were even present on the as-prepared materials. On the basis of the reactivity of CoP with various molecular hydrogen donating and accepting reagents, the distribution of binding free energies for H atoms on CoP was estimated to be roughly 51-66 kcal mol-1 (ΔG°H ≅ 0 to -0.7 eV vs H2). Operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy gave preliminary indications about the structure of hydrogenated CoP, showing a slight lattice expansion and no significant change of the effective nuclear charge of Co under H2-flow. These results provide a new picture of catalytically active CoP, with a substantial amount of reactive H atoms. This is likely of fundamental relevance for its catalytic and electrocatalytic properties. Additionally, the approach developed here provides a roadmap to examine hydrogen on other materials.
Seeded fiber laser with nonlinear mirror feedback

Optical waveform seeding provided an efficient control of key nonlinear effects in fiber laser and resulted in nearly ultimate stabilization of output of Yb-doped fiber laser operating in Q-switching mode due to distributed nonlinear mirror.
Small separation frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy for the recovery of tissue optical properties at millimeter depths

Millimeter-depth sensitivity with frequency domain near-infrared spectroscopy has been challenging due to the breakdown of the diffusion equation for source-detection separations < 1cm. To overcome this challenge, we employ a Monte-Carlo lookup table-based inverse algorithm to fit small separation (3-6 mm) frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy (FDNIRS) data for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients. We verify this small separation FDNIRS method through a series of in vitro and in vivo studies. In vitro, we observed a root mean squared percent error (RMSE) in estimation of the reduced scattering coefficient and absorption coefficient of 2.8% and 7.6%, respectively, in liquid phantoms consisting of Intralipid and Indian ink, and a RMSE in estimation of oxygen saturation and total hemoglobin concentrations of 7.8 and 11.2%, respectively, in blood-mixed liquid phantoms. Next, we demonstrate one particularly valuable in vivo application of this technique wherein we non-invasively measure the optical properties of the mouse brain (n = 4). We find that the measured resting state cerebral oxygen saturation and hemoglobin concentration are consistent with literature reported values, and we observe expected trends during a hyper-/hypoxia challenge that qualitatively mimic changes in partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) measured simultaneously with an invasive pO2 sensor. Further, through simulations of the mouse head geometry, we demonstrate that the skull and scalp exert minimal influence on the estimate oxygen saturation, while leading to small but systematic underestimation of total hemoglobin concentration. In total, these results demonstrate the robustness of small separation FDNIRS to assess tissue optical properties at millimeter depth resolution.
ATRIOESOPHAGEAL FISTULA: BEWARE OF AIR

Atrioesophageal Fistula (AEF) is a rare complication of Atrial Fibrillation (AF) ablation. Mortality in this population remains very high, requiring timely diagnosis and a multidisciplinary approach to treatment. A 61 year old male with a history of AF on apixaban presented with syncope and left
FLOCCULATION OF SELECTED CLAYS BY VARIOUS ELECTROLYTES

The flocculation behavior of clay specimens from altered basalt, altered granodiorite, and a transported (?) deposit in Latah County, Idaho, was investigated in order to determine if flocculation behavior would be an aid in characterizing clay samples in a way that could be related to the origin and history of the clays. The clay minerals are of the kaolinite group. As flocculants, various chlorides differ one hundred-fold and sodium salts twenty-fold in the concentrations necessary to flocculate a clay to a fixed settling rate. The concentrations of individual chlorides necessary to flocculate different clays vary three-fold and the concentrations of individual sodium salts vary ten-fold. In all cases the higher the valence of the cation the lower is the concentration required for flocculation; the relative effectiveness, however, varies with the clay. The relative effectiveness of the anions as flocculants varies greatly with the clay and no definite order of effectiveness is apparent. Halloysite requires less electrolyte for flocculation and has a larger settling volume than kaolinite. Well crystallized kaolinite has a smaller settling volume than poorly crystallized kaolinite. Wide differences of flocculation behavior may provide a valuable, rapid method of classifying the clays of a district.
A new instability for Boussinesq-type equations

A wide class of problems for free-surface gravity waves fall into a weakly dispersive regime, in which wavelength is large compared to water depth, and wave phase speed differs by a small amount from the speed of shallow-water waves. The resulting problem is treated naturally using Taylor series expansions of dependent variables in the vertical coordinate, leading to a class of models that are collectively referred to here as Boussinesq-type models. Madsen & Fuhrman (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 889, 2020, A38) have recently shown that certain members of this broad class of models are subject to a high-wavenumber instability, which can grow rapidly when the elevation of the wave trough is sufficiently depressed below the mean water surface. This newly revealed instability may provide an explanation for the modelling community’s frequent observations of noisy behaviour in Boussinesq-type model calculations.
No lab is an island: universal coding of laboratory test names.

The local laboratory with a local client-base, that never needs to exchange information with any outside entity, is a dying breed. As marketing channels, animal movement, and reporting requirements...
Substituent Effects in Mechanochemical Allowed and Forbidden Cyclobutene Ring-Opening Reactions.

Woodward and Hoffman once jested that a very powerful Maxwell demon could seize a molecule of cyclobutene at its methylene groups and tear it open in a disrotatory fashion to obtain butadiene (Wood...
Interpersonal Violence Among Heterosexual and Sexual Minority Youth: Descriptive Findings From the 2017 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System.

Interpersonal violence is pervasive among youth in the United States. Sexual minority youth are disproportionately impacted. Utilizing data from the 2017 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YR...
Sentence predictability modulates cortical response to phonetic ambiguity

Phonetic categories have undefined edges, such that individual tokens that belong to different speech sound categories may occupy the same region in acoustic space. In continuous speech, there are multiple sources of top-down information (e.g., lexical, semantic) that help to resolve the identity of an ambiguous phoneme. Of interest is how these top-down constraints interact with ambiguity at the phonetic level. In the current fMRI study, participants passively listened to sentences that varied in semantic predictability and in the amount of naturally-occurring phonetic competition. The left middle frontal gyrus, angular gyrus, and anterior inferior frontal gyrus were sensitive to both semantic predictability and the degree of phonetic competition. Notably, greater phonetic competition within non-predictive contexts resulted in a negatively-graded neural response. We suggest that uncertainty at the phonetic-acoustic level interacts with uncertainty at the semantic level-perhaps due to a failure of the network to construct a coherent meaning.
Two-Stage Total Knee Arthroplasty Revision With Extended Antibiotic Spacer Use

Despite the many benefits of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in the treatment of degenerative arthritis, infection of the total knee prosthesis presents a dangerous post-operative complication affecting 0.5-1.9% of all cases. Infection after the first three post-operative weeks is treated with either one or two-stage revision operations involving the removal of all prosthetic components. Two-stage revision operations are more commonly used and involve the removal of prosthetic components followed by the implantation of a cement mold infused with antibiotics (antibiotic spacer) as well as systemic antibiotic treatment for four to six weeks before prosthetic reimplantation. This case report details a TKA revision in a patient with osteoarthritis of the knee. The patient presented with an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, and white blood cell count nearly two years after the primary operation and was found to have an infected total knee prosthetic. A two-stage revision was planned but due to scheduling disruption by the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, the second stage of the operation was delayed until 12 months after the stage one operation. The patient ambulated without pain on an antibiotic spacer for 12 months, providing information about the long-term use of spacers. This case also offers a look at a potential benefit to one-stage operations, which have been shown in the literature to have similar outcomes as two-stage operations. The patient had a medical history of psoriasis and immunosuppressive treatment with methotrexate, two risk factors for prosthetic joint infection, and may have benefited from prophylactic antibiotic therapy extending beyond the perioperative period. The goal of this case report is to detail the prolonged use of an antibiotic spacer, examine the risks and benefits of one and two-stage total knee revisions, and discuss prophylactic antibiotic use in high-risk patients following TKA.
Comparison of Age-Related Pigmentary Changes in the Auditory and Vestibular Systems Within Mouse and Human Temporal Bones.

Background Melanin pigmentation is present within the auditory and vestibular systems of the mammalian inner ear and may play a role in maintaining auditory and vestibular function. Melanocytes within the stria vascularis (SV) are necessary for the generation of the endocochlear potential (EP) and decreased EP has been linked to age-related hearing loss. Melanocytes and pigment-containing "dark cells" are present within the vestibular system, but have a less well-defined role. African-American individuals have increased pigmentation within the SV and vestibular system, which is hypothesized to be related to lower rates of age-related hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction. It remains unclear if increased pigmentation confers lifelong protection against hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction. Methods Mouse temporal bones were collected from juvenile (3-4 week) and aged (20-32 months) CBA/CaJ mice. Pediatric and adult human temporal bones from Caucasian or African-American individuals were examined from the Johns Hopkins Temporal Bone Collection. Information regarding Fitzpatrick skin type were unavailable, and self-identified race/ethnicity was used as a proxy. Images were taken using light microscopy at 20× magnification. ImageJ software (v1.53) was used to measure pigment within the SV and vestibular system. Results In mouse temporal bones pigmentation within the SV increased with age, but pigmentation within the vestibular system did not increase with age. In human temporal bones pigmentation within the SV increased with age and pigmentation within the vestibular system increased within the wall of the utricle, but not other regions of the vestibular system. African-American individuals had higher amounts of pigment within the SV and vestibular system, among both pediatric and adult populations. Conclusion Stria vascularis pigmentation increases with age in mouse and human temporal bones. Pigmentation within the vestibular system did not increase with age in mouse specimens and only increased within the utricular wall with age in human specimens. Individuals who identified as African-American had higher pigment content within the SV and vestibular system, both as children and as adults. These results highlight how similar age-related pigmentary changes occur in the auditory and vestibular systems across species and underscore the importance of racial/ethnic diversity in human temporal bone studies.
A Survey on Visible Light Communication Standards

With the rapid increase of high-fidelity audio, video, and multimedia traffic in the new era of 5G and beyond, the current Wi-Fi solution exhibits more and more limitations. Crowded spectrum is creating realistic bottlenecks in the deployment of Wi-Fi, some of which can be well alleviated by the Light Fidelity (Li-Fi) technology. High transmission rate, wide bandwidth, no electromagnetic interference, and no health hazards have made Li-Fi an attractive technique for future smallcell communication. The emerging standardization of visible light communication (VLC) facilitates the acceleration of the development of Li-Fi technology and will eventually deliver real-world Li-Fi deployments. This article overviews the recent progress on VLC standardization and presents the mainstream VLC standards created by different standardization organizations.
General Intelligence as a Major Source of Cognitive Variation Among Individuals of Three Species of Lemur, Uniting g with G

A significant open issue in the field of comparative psychology is the apparent inability to reconcile the existence of ‘little g’ (general intelligence) common factor variance among cognitive performance data involving individuals within species, with the existence of higher-level ‘Big G’ factor variance among species-level cognitive aggregates. Here, using a cognitive individual differences dataset of three Lemur species (grey mouse lemur; Microcebus murinus, ruffed lemur, Varecia variegata, and ring-tailed lemur, Lemur catta), we replicate a previously published solution to this problem. This is based on the hypothesis that there does exist g or g-like variance that is predictive of species differences, but that many of the measures employed in cross-species cognition tests impose floor or ceiling effects on one or more of the species being compared. These will obscure the alignment between g and G when individuals of multiple species are compared. An iterative latent variable moderation model is used, whereby sequentially removing subtests based on lowest coefficient of variance (CV) increases the degree to which g-loadings moderate the species differences among the remaining subtest pool. The correlation between moderator effect magnitude and rising CV across twelve iterations (from fourteen to three subtests) ranges from .710 to .854 based on which pairs of species are being compared. This result is consistent with the expectation that across species, g is highly predictive of species differences (and thus, g and G are one and the same), although significant ‘modular’ differences doubtlessly also exist. Predictions stemming from these observations are outlined using simulations. Finally, the implication of these findings for constructing trans-species valid measures of g and ‘IQ’ for use in future research (such as trans-species GWAS) is discussed.
T cell receptor dwell times control the kinase activity of Zap70

Recruitment of the kinase Zap70 to the T cell receptor (TCR) is essential for signal transduction. Lillemeier and colleagues show that the conformation of Zap70 controls TCR dwell time, which in turn controls Zap70 activity.
Differential interference imaging via radio-frequency sideband encoding

We introduce and demonstrate an imaging modality that performs differential interference imaging via frequency-to-space mapping and radio-frequency (RF) heterodyne detection.
Clostridium difficile infection in the "oldest" old: clinical outcomes in patients aged 80 and older.

OBJECTIVES: Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) represents a cause of substantial morbidity, particularly for older adults. Although older age is a risk factor for CDI, few studies have specifically focused on clinical outcomes in older adults, particularly the “oldest” old. DESIGN: Retrospective review. SETTING: University of Michigan Health System. PARTICIPANTS: All patients aged 80 and older with a positive cytotoxin assay for C. difficile and a clinical course consistent with CDI during 2006. MEASUREMENTS: Clinical data were recorded, including comorbid conditions and treatment regimens, as well as outcomes, including treatment failure, infection relapse, and 90-day mortality. RESULTS: Seventy patients aged 80 and older (mean 84.0±4.1) with CDI were identified. Metronidazole was given as initial therapy in 65 (92.8%); 18 of these 65 (27.7%) experienced treatment failure, requiring subsequent use of oral vancomycin. Serious adverse events included three episodes of toxic megacolon, two requiring colectomy. One death was directly attributable to CDI. All-cause mortality was 8.6% at 30 days and 17.1% at 90 days. Higher white blood cell (WBC) counts were independently associated with treatment failure (P=.02) and coronary artery disease with 90-day mortality (P=.02). CONCLUSION: In older adults with CDI, treatment failure on metronidazole occurred frequently and was associated with higher WBC count. Larger prospective studies are needed to determine risk factors for treatment failure and relapse in order to develop better paradigms for CDI treatment in older adults. Initial therapy with vancomycin may be appropriate for elderly patients, especially those with elevated WBC counts.
Controller synthesis via the 4 k -polynomial approach

Abstract In some recent work it was shown that to stabilize systems with real parameter uncertainty it suffices to find a controller that simultaneously stabilizes a finite number of polynomials. These polynomials include those generated from the ‘vertex’ plants as well as some generated by some ‘fictitious’ vertex plants that involve the controller. This paper deals with the issues of existence of such a controller, controller synthesis, and conservativeness of the design. It is shown how this approach can ‘enhance’ the stability robustness of an H ∞ design.
Federal-State Conflicts in the Field of Habeas Corpus

A QUESTION that has long plagued the federal judiciary is when a lower federal court should entertain an application for habeas corpus by a state prisoner. T e thought has been expressed that when a federal district court releases a state prisoner on habeas corpus it is in effect reviewing or reversing a final judgment of a state's highest court;' and it has been stated many times that only the Supreme Court of the United States should so reverse or review these final judgments.2 Only recently has the opinion been voiced that a federal court is not reviewi g a state judgment whe it entertains a petition by a state prisoner, but is merely applying the "supreme Law of the Land."' It has been recognized that the exercise of the power of the federal courts to discharge state prisoners where they are held in custody in violation of their rights under the Constitution or laws of the United States is within t e sound discretion of these courts.4 It has also been recognized that "[t]hat discretion should be exercised in the lig t of the relation existing between state and federal courts under our dual form of gover ment, which relation should not be disturbed by unnecessary conflicts betwee state and national tribunals that are equally bound to guard constitutional rights."5 The opinion of Justice Frankfurter in Brown v. Alle laid down six "standards or directions that should govern the District Judges in the disposition of applications for habeas corpus by prisoners under sentence of State courts."' These standards probably represe t the views of a majority of the Court,' and if followed should do much to prevent any "unnecessary conflicts between state and national tribunals."' Justice Frank-
Metal-ammonia reduction—XIV : Fluoranthene: Correlation of primary product structure with HMO theoretical prediction

Abstract Reduction of fluoranthene with lithium in liquid ammonia affords the previously undetected theoretically predicted product 3,10b-dihydrofluoranthene ( 3 ) in good yield, accompanied by minor amounts of the 2,3-dihydro isomer ( 2 ) which is shown to arise via base-catalyzed isomerization of 3 . Analogous reductive methylation of fluoranthene with methyl bromide affords either 10b-methyl-3,10b-dihydrofluoranthene ( 4 ) or 3,10b-dimethyl-3,10b-dihydrofluoranthene ( 5 ), as the major product, depending upon use of lithium or sodium. Mechanism and stereochemistry of these transformations are discussed. NMR spectral analysis of the 3,10b-dihydrofluoranthene derivatives is reported; these compounds are distinguished by an unusual 1,4-cyclohexadiene ring system locked in a relatively rigid flattened boat conformation.
Time accurate solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations for reacting flows

The major conclusions of the investigations are the following: 1. A significant improvement in the numerical simulation of gas phase combustion processes at low Mach number has been achieved with the use of a pressure correction type method. The transport equations have been solved with a predictor/corrector algorithm of the ADI type. 2. The use of a direct banded solver for the Poisson equation for the pressure correction algorithm considerably improves the efficiency and accuracy of the method. 3. The pressure correction method is a time consistent approximation to the momentum equations which effectively decouples the velocity change between time steps into a vortical and potential component.
Adrenergic agents inhibit rapid increases in cerebellar Purkinje cell glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD67) mRNA levels after climbing fiber lesions or reserpine treatment

Loss of the inferior olive-climbing fiber input to the cerebellar cortex after treatment with the neurotoxin 3-acetylpyridine (3-AP) has been reported to double the simple spike activity of the cerebellar Purkinje cell and eliminates complex spike activity. This is quickly followed by a three- to fourfold increase in Purkinje cell mRNA for the 67 kDa form of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), a synthetic enzyme for the neurotransmitter GABA. Treatment with the indirectly acting sympathomimetic amphetamine or the direct acting beta 2 adrenergic agonist clenbuterol inhibited the increase in GAD67 mRNA, and this inhibition was blocked by pretreatment with the beta receptor antagonist propranolol. The activity-enhancing effect of 3-AP treatment on cerebellar neurons was confirmed by extracellular recordings. Clenbuterol treatment prevented the increase in neuronal firing without altering lesion induction or the loss of complex spikes, and propranolol treatment produced a partial reversal of the inhibitory effect of clenbuterol on the neuronal firing rate. These results suggest that beta receptor-mediated effects on cerebellar neuronal activity may prevent the increase in mRNA levels, but that firing rate-independent beta-mediated effects on genomic expression may also play a role. A role for noradrenergic systems in modulating GAD67 mRNA is also supported by the finding that reducing endogenous cerebellar norepinephrine levels by treatment with reserpine increased Purkinje cell GAD67 mRNA levels (250% of control), and this also was inhibited by clenbuterol treatment.
Vitamin E as the Biological Lipid Antioxidant

Publisher Summary The biological function of vitamin E as a lipid antioxidant has been a topic of research for over twenty years since the discovery of its antioxidant activity by Olcott and Mattill and their subsequent review of these properties. This biological essential of a lipid antioxidant is mainly filled by vitamin E. Therefore, the chemical basis of vitamin E function is its reactions with free radical intermediates of lipid peroxidation and with the peroxides. The tocopherols have many interesting and complex oxidations; there are unfortunately too few studies of these reactions and their involvement in vivo. This chapter discusses mechanism of free radical damage and cellular damage caused by lipid peroxidation. The chapter also outlines the interrelationships of sulphur amino acids, vitamin E, and free radical peroxidation. Finally, the chapter considers the biological and antioxidant activity of selenium.
Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass surgery increases number but not density of CCK‐, GLP‐1‐, 5‐HT‐, and neurotensin‐expressing enteroendocrine cells in rats

Background Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery is very effective in reducing excess body weight and improving glucose homeostasis in obese subjects. Changes in the pattern of gut hormone secretion are thought to play a major role, but the mechanisms leading to both changed hormone secretion and beneficial effects remain unclear. Specifically, it is not clear whether changes in the number of hormone-secreting enteroendocrine cells, or changes in the releasing stimuli, or both, are important. Methods We estimated numbers of enteroendocrine cells after immunohistochemical staining in fixed tissue samples from rats at 10–11 months after RYGB. Key Results Numbers of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) (L-cells, co-expressing peptide YY (PYY)), cholecystokinin (CCK), neurotensin, and 5-HT-immunoreactive cells were significantly increased in the Roux and common limbs, but not the biliopancreatic limb in RYGB rats compared with sham-operated, obese rats fed high-fat diet, and chow-fed controls. This increase was mostly accounted for by general hyperplasia of all intestinal wall layers of the nutrient-perfused Roux and common limbs, and less to increased density of expression. The number of ghrelin cells in the bypassed stomach was not different among the three groups. Conclusions & Inferences The findings suggest that the number of enteroendocrine cells increases passively as the gut adapts, and that the increased total number of L- and I-cells is likely to contribute to the higher circulating levels of GLP-1, PYY, and CCK, potentially leading to suppression of food intake and stimulation of insulin secretion. Whether changes in releasing stimuli also contribute to altered circulating levels will have to be determined in future studies.
Effects of clonidine, dexmedetomidine and xylazine on thermal antinociception in rhesus monkeys.

The antinociceptive effects of the s.c. administration of the alpha-2 agonists clonidine (0.0032-1.0 mg/kg), dexmedetomidine (0.001-0.032 mg/kg) and xylazine (0.1-3.2 mg/kg) were examined in the warm-water tail withdrawal assay in rhesus monkeys. The three agonists were dose-dependently effective in this assay; their potency order being dexmedetomidine > clonidine > xylazine. The alpha-2 antagonist idazoxan (0.1-3.2 mg/kg) caused dose-dependent and roughly parallel rightward shifts in the dose-effect curves for the three agonists. Apparent pA2 analysis with idazoxan yielded homogeneous values for the three agonists, supporting the notion that similar receptors mediate their antinociceptive effects. The opioid antagonist quadazocine (1.0 mg/kg) did not antagonize the antinociceptive effects of clonidine and xylazine, indicating that opioid receptors do not participate in the effects of the compounds in this assay. At dose ranges found to be effective in the antinociceptive assay, clonidine, dexmedetomidine and xylazine also dose-dependently caused sedation, muscle relaxation, bradycardia and moderate respiratory depression. The sedative, muscle relaxant and respiratory depressant effects of xylazine could be antagonized by idazoxan, suggesting that these effects may be mediated through alpha-2 receptors. These data indicate that the three imidazoline alpha-2 agonists, clonidine, dexmedetomidine and xylazine are effective s.c. in the warm-water tail withdrawal assay in rhesus monkeys, but only at doses that produce other behavioral and physiological effects.
Killer whale predation on penguins in Antarctica

We report here the first published observations of killer whales (Orcinus orca) feeding on penguins in Antarctica. The sightings took place in the Gerlache Strait off the western Antarctic Peninsula during February 2010. Two species of pygoscelid penguins were taken—gentoo (Pygoscelis papua, at least four individuals) and chinstrap (P. antarctica, 2). From remains left at the surface, it was clear that the killer whales fed mainly on the breast muscles, although some penguins may have been swallowed whole. The killer whales were ecotype B, which are purported seal specialists, but we also saw ecotype A, prey specialists on Antarctic minke whales Balaenoptera bonaerensis, chase, but not catch penguins. Because of their small relative size, if penguins are regularly targeted by killer whales in Antarctica, the impact on their populations could be significant.
Small-Scale Interstellar Medium Structure: The Remarkable Sight Line toward μ Crucis

We present very high resolution (Δv ≈ 0.4 km s-1) observations of the interstellar Na I D and Ca II K lines toward the binary μ Cru, which consists of two B stars separated by 388 at a distance of 170 pc. These observations reveal line strength variations in four velocity components, indicative of interstellar medium structure on scales less than the projected binary separation of 6600 AU (0.03 pc). The components exhibiting the greatest Na I column density variations have the narrowest line widths and the largest N(Na I)/N(Ca II) ratios. The most visually striking of these variations involves a Na I component seen at a heliocentric velocity of -8.6 km s-1 toward μ1 Cru but not at all toward μ2 Cru. This component has an appreciable column density [N(Na I) = 7 × 1010 cm-2], and it clearly exhibits hyperfine splitting with a Na I line width (b = 0.4 km s-1) indicative of a cloud temperature below 220 K. It is likely that the μ Cru variations are sampling a widespread pattern of small-scale structure in the cold diffuse interstellar gas that could easily have been missed in previous observations.
Multiframe image estimation for coded aperture snapshot spectral imagers

A coded aperture snapshot spectral imager (CASSI) estimates the three-dimensional spatiospectral data cube from a snapshot two-dimensional coded projection, assuming that the scene is spatially and spectrally sparse. For less spectrally sparse scenes, we show that the use of multiple nondegenerate snapshots can make data cube recovery less ill-posed, yielding improved spatial and spectral reconstruction fidelity. Additionally, data acquisition can be easily scaled to meet the time/resolution requirements of the scene with little modification or extension of the original CASSI hardware. A multiframe reconstruction of a 640 × 480 × 53 voxel datacube with 450-650 nm white-light illumination of a scene reveals substantial improvement in the reconstruction fidelity, with limited increase in acquisition and reconstruction time.
Efforts toward Expansion of the Genetic Alphabet: Optimization of Interbase Hydrophobic Interactions

Six novel unnatural nucleobases have been characterized that form stable base pairs in duplex DNA, relying not on hydrogen bonds, but rather on interbase hydrophobic interactions. These nucleobases are derivatives of the hydrophobic base pair between 7-azaindole (7AI) and isocarbostyril (ICS). Derivatives of 7AI and ICS were examined that have increased hydrophobic surface area, as well as increased polarizability. As observed with 7AI and ICS, these derivatives are recognized as substrates by Klenow fragment of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I. The unnatural base pair between pyrrolopyrizine (PP) and C3-methylisocarbostyril (MICS) is enzymatically incorporated into DNA with high efficiency (kcat/KM = 106 M-1 min-1) and moderate selectivity. These studies represent a significant step toward the generation of a stable, orthogonal base pair that can be enzymatically incorporated into DNA with good fidelity.
Quantitation of eukaryotic topoisomerase I reactivity with DNA. Preferential cleavage of supercoiled DNA.

Abstract A method has been used to quantitate the reaction between eukaryotic type I DNA topoisomerase and topological forms of DNA. This procedure (Trask, D.K., DiDonato, J.D. and Muller, M.T. (1984) Eur. Mol. Biol. Organ. J. 3, 671–676) measures the efficiency of DNA cleavage and concurrent formation of a covalent enzyme/DNA complex. Eukaryotic type I topoisomerases react preferentially by 5-10-fold with supercoiled DNA. The effect of supercoiling is clearly evident in that both the initial rate and final extent of the reaction is elevated. Because the dissociation rate is much lower than the association rate, it is possible to isolate native topoisomerase/DNA complexes. These complexes are comprised of enzyme molecules which are catalytically active when challenged with a second supercoiled DNA substrate. Collectively, the data support the conclusion that a functional intermediate in the reaction sequence is being detected and that the avian topoisomerase I preferentially cleaves supercoiled DNA.
American-Japanese cultural differences in intensity ratings of facial expressions of emotion

Findings from a recent study by Ekmanet al. (1987) provided evidence for cultural disagreement about the intensity ratings of universal facial expressions of emotion. We conducted a study that examined the basis of these cultural differences. Japanese and American subjects made two separate intensity ratings of Japanese and Caucacian posers portraying anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise. The Americans had higher mean intensity ratings than the Japanese for all emotions except disgust, regardless of the culture or gender of the poser. Americans gave happy and angry photos the highest intensity ratings, while Japanese gave disgust photos the highest ratings. But there was considerable cross-cultural consistency in the relative differences among photos.
Trabecular and Psammomatoid Juvenile Ossifying Fibroma of the Skull Base Mimicking Psammomatoid Meningioma

Ossifying fibroma (OF) is a fibro-osseous tumor that usually occurs in young people and arises in the craniofacial bones. We report a case of a 15-year-old boy who developed progressive proptosis and hypertelorism and was found to have a mid-face and skull base tumor, initially diagnosed as psammomatoid meningioma. The tumor recurred and the resected specimen revealed a unique OF having trabecular and psammomatoid features. The clinical, radiographic, histopathologic findings and differential diagnoses of the case are presented.
Introduction to Using Excel® Pivot Tables and Pivot Charts to Increase Efficiency in Library Data Analysis and Illustration

ABSTRACTExcel® offers powerful features that can spare its users countless hours of tedious and unnecessary effort. Pivot tables and pivot charts are robust tools that can streamline the work of analyzing library data, making it nearly instantaneous, visually engaging, and efficient. Although electronic resource usage statistics will be used for illustrative purposes, countless types of data in a tabular format are suited to the application of pivot tables and pivot charts. This article will discuss background and approaches for using these tools, followed by a companion article that will demonstrate essential techniques and applications.
Use of multiple imaging modalities to detect ovarian cancer

Ovarian cancer is not a common cancer-approximately 25,000 new cases in 2004-but it is the fifth leading cause of death from cancer in women (over 16,000 in 2004). Little is known about the precursors and early stages of ovarian cancer partially due to the lack of human samples at the early stages. A cohesive model that incorporates ovarian cancer induction into a menopausal rodent would be well suited for comprehensive studies of ovarian cancer. Non-destructive imaging would allow carcinogenesis to be followed. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), Optical Coherence Microscopy (OCM) and Light-Induced Fluorescence (LIF) are minimally invasive optical modalities that allow both structural and biochemical changes to be noted. Rat ovaries were exposed to 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD) for 20 days in order to destroy the primordial follicles. Plain sutures and sutures coated with 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) were implanted in the right ovary, in order to produce epithelial based ovarian cancers (a plain suture was inserted in the control). Rats were sacrificed at 4 weeks and ovaries were harvested and imaged with a combined OCT/LIF system and with the OCM. Histology was preformed on the harvested ovaries and any pathology determined. Two of the ovaries were visually abnormal; the OCT/LIF imaging confirmed these abnormalities. The normal ovary OCM and OCT images show the organized structure of the ovary, the follicles, bursa and corpus lutea are visible. The OCM images show the disorganized structure of one of the abnormal ovaries. Overall this pilot study demonstrated the feasibility of both the animal model and optical imaging.
A spatially-structured stochastic model to simulate heterogenous transmission of viruses in fungal populations

A spatially explicit, interacting particle system model was developed to simulate the heterogeneous transmission of viruses in fungal populations. This model is based primarily on hypoviruses in the chestnut blight fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica, which debilitate their hosts and function as biological control agents. An important characteristic of this system is that virus transmission occurs freely between individuals in the same genetically defined vegetative compatibility (vc) type, but is restricted among individuals in different vc types, resulting in heterogeneous transmission. An additional source of heterogeneity is spatial structure in host populations; viruses are dispersed by fungal spores which disperse relatively short distances. The model showed that vc type diversity is highly correlated to the horizontal transmission rate and therefore significantly affects virus invasion. The probability of virus invasion decreased as the diversity of vc types increased. We also demonstrated that virus transmission would be overestimated if we assumed virus transmission was homogeneous, ignoring both genetic and spatial heterogeneity. Genetic and spatial heterogeneity are not independent because both are affected by the reproductive biology of the fungus. In asexual populations, restricted fungus dispersal resulted in nonrandom spatial patterns of vc types, increasing the chance of contact between vegetatively compatible individuals, and promoting virus transmission. In contrast, virus transmission was poor in sexual populations due to spatial randomization of vc types by long distance dispersed sexual spores. Finally, this model was used to evaluate the release of genetically engineered virus-infected strains for disease management. The release of transgenic strains resulted in only marginally greater virus establishment than for non-transgenic strains. Virus invasion was still restricted by vc type diversity in the resident fungus population. Simulation of inundative releases of transgenic virus-infected strains slightly improved virus establishment, but viruses did not persist after treatment was terminated.