cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparative Study of Two Bioassays for Applications in Influent Wastewater Toxicity Monitoring

Bioluminescent bacteria-based assays can be used for influent wastewater toxicity monitoring for biological wastewater treatment systems. The most thoroughly studied bioluminescent bacteria-based test is the Microtox® assay. However, the response to toxicants of Photobacterium phosphoreum, the marine bacterial strain used in this assay, is different from that of the activated sludge microorganisms. We developed a continuous influent wastewater monitoring system based on the bioluminescent bacterium Shk1, a genetically modified Pseudomonad isolated from the activated sludge in an industrial wastewater treatment plant. The Shk1 toxicity data were correlated with the Microtox® toxicity data for 79 organic compounds and the two toxicity assays were compared. The Shk1 assay is less sensitive than the Microtox® assay and could therefore be more suitable for influent wastewater toxicity monitoring.
Intègraphy: A multi-method approach to situational analysis

Abstract Qualitative research is a way to analyze situations of consumer behavior. Usually, the goal is to capture richness of detail, complexity, and a sense of the wholeness of the phenomena of interest. Unlike the common conduct of laboratory experiment studies that observe a single variable or the interaction of two or a few variables, through the use of qualitative approaches one may study the subtleties of language, explore contradictions, generate hypotheses, and clothe statistical findings. Under the heading, Integraphy, this paper describes three studies that show how information and insight may be derived from such fuller, richer inquiries. The studies highlight the necessary role of introspection.
Regulation of Follitropin Receptor Cell Surface Residency by the Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway

Little is known of the normal physiological processes that govern the cell surface residency of the human follitropin receptor (hFSHR), a G protein-coupled receptor expressed in the ovary and testis. In the hFSHR, the third intracellular (3i) loop is considered to be pivotal in attenuation of ligand activation, particularly internalization. To gain a better understanding of these processes, we used a yeast-based interaction trap to identify cytoplasmic proteins in a human ovarian cDNA library that interacted with the hFSHR 3i loop. Among the cDNA identified, four encoded isoforms of ubiquitin. Immunoprecipitated hFSHR probed with an antiubiquitin antibody revealed that the receptor is ubiquitinated, although not exclusively on the 3i loop. Cell-surface hFSHR levels increased when expressed at nonpermissive temperature in a temperature-sensitive, ubiquitination-defective cell line. Similarly, after treatment with proteasome inhibitors, HEK293 cells stably transfected with an hFSHR expression plasmid showed an increase in follitropin binding. Proteasome inhibitors did not affect the rate of FSH internalization when receptors were saturated before internalization was measured. In contrast, internalization decreased when binding experiments were performed under nonequilibrium conditions. A mutant hFSHR-K555R, which removes the only lysine in the 3i loop available for ubiquitination, was still ubiquitinated, illustrating that, although the third loop enables and interaction with ubiquitin, it is not the sole site of ubiquitination. These observations are consistent with a role for ubiquitination in the regulation of hFSHR cell surface residency. Additionally, it can be inferred that a sequence in the 3i loop is involved in regulating receptor ubiquitination and internalization.
BIRTH WEIGHT VARIABLE IN REGRESSION ANALYSIS TO PREDICT INTERNAL LENGTH OF UMBILICAL CATHETERS IN SICK NEWBORNS

Shoulder umbilical length (SUL) &/or total body length (TBL) have been been traditional parameters used to estimate internal umbilical catheter (cath) length. To improve these estimates & to act quickly in emergencies when traditional measurements may be difficult to measure or calculate from nomograms, the reliable weight variable in predicting internal length was used. 35 Sick NB with inserted UA lines (using Dunn's Graph of SUL) & cath tips between T6 & T10 vertebra, by (x-rays) were studied. Independent variables measured on each patient included SUL, TBC, birth weight, distance between suprasternal notch & symphisis pubis, total cath length before insertion & external length of cath after insertion. Dependent variable was calculated portion of cath within the patient.
Modeling and simulation of charge collection properties for neutron irradiated silicon detectors

Abstract Charge collection deficiencies for neutron irradiated silicon p+/n/n+ junction detectors are calculated from the interaction between the free carriers generated by particles to be detected and traps created by neutron radiation. The current induced on collection electrode as a function of time by free carriers moving in the detector electrical field is presented. Alpha (α) particle and minimum ionization particle (MIP) induced current shapes were simulated in various electrical field conditions including the reversal of the field in the case of “type inversion”. The simulation based on α-particle data predicts that the charge collection deficiency of MIP for neutron damaged detector with the thickness of 350 μm after 1×1014n/cm2 would be less than 20% when operated at a bias of 260 volts.
Chalasia, Peptic Esophagitis, and Hiatal Hernia: A Common Syndrome in Patients with Central Nervous System Disease

Abstract Spastic neuromuscular diseases often produce an esophageal motor dysfunction characterized by relaxation (chalasia) of the cardiac sphincter mechanism. Reflux of gastric fluids, often high in acid concentration, results in esophagitis with bleeding and frequent stricture formation. An associated hiatal hernia is present in most affected patients, possibly as a subsequent development. Autonomic imbalance with parasympathetic predominance is suspected as mediator of esophageal relaxation and hyperacidity. Diminished vagal activity, and gastric hypoacidity have been documented in achalasia, by other authors. Treatment is surgical. Best results have been obtained by vagotomy, pyloroplasty, and restoration of the angle of Hiss by gastropexy. Significant hemorrhage has not recurred following vagotomy. Associated hiatal hernias are repaired by a simple transabdominal technique, to the left of the esophagus. Most strictures have remained functionally patent following control of reflux. One hundred three patients have been operated upon.
OCCUPATIONAL SKIN DISEASES

Primary care physicians will likely see a wide variety of occupational skin diseases in their practices, including allergic contact dermatitis, irritant contact dermatitis, contact urticaria, a variety of infectious diseases, and skin cancers. The ideal role of a medical practitioner involved in occupational dermatology is not only to diagnose and treat patients, but also to determine the cause of the occupational skin disease and to make recommendations for its prevention. Making the diagnosis and offering treatment, determining the cause, and recommending measures can be difficult undertakings.
Abnormalities of diaphragmatic muscle in neonates with ventilated lungs

Several infants and neonates who had received long-term ventilatory assistance had subnormal diaphragmatic muscle mass on gross necropsy examination. We conducted a retrospective study of our hospital infant necropsy files to determine whether prolonged ventilatory support was associated with diminution in myofiber cross-sectional area selectively affecting the diaphragm. We found that long-term ventilatory assistance may predispose diaphragmatic myofibers to disuse atrophy or to failure of normal growth. This phenomenon may contribute to difficulties in weaning infants from ventilatory support.
Aphasia in a congenitally deaf man.

Summary The case of a 69 year old congenitally deaf man who had a stroke resulting in right hemiparesis and aphasia is presented. Investigation of his communication skills revealed deficits analogous to those seen in hearing aphasics. Results suggest that the congenitally deaf encode and decode language by the same fundamental processes as those with normal hearing.
Emulsification Capacity of Microgels Assembled from β-Lactoglobulin and Pectin

Microgels formed from beta-lactoglobulin were used to prepare oil-in-water emulsions in order to examine their emulsifying capacity. Corn oil emulsions prepared with microgels of pure beta-lactoglobulin at pH 5.8 were initially stable, but a fraction of the droplets quickly flocculated to form a creamed layer that could not be dispersed by shear, which was attributed to hydrophobic attractions between the microgels on adjoining droplets. Emulsions prepared from microgels of beta-lactoglobulin and pectin at pH 4.75 possessed greater droplet sizes at lower concentrations, yet all emulsions were relatively stable to irreversible flocculation. Increased stability of emulsions stabilized by BP-gels was attributed to the presence of pectin on the surface of microgels, which increased repulsions between adjoining droplets. Stable corn oil emulsions were still prepared from microgels that were previously dialyzed to remove non-aggregated protein, which verified that the microgels were responsible for stabilizing emulsion droplets. Equilibrium surface pressure of corn oil droplets was similar between microgels and the unheated beta-lactoglobulin and pectin, yet the dynamic surface pressure was reduced at intermediate times and indicated a slow relaxation and deformation of the microgels at the interface. Microgels formed with pectin stabilized emulsions containing 90 % limonene for up to 5 days of room temperature storage, demonstrating the capacity of such protein microgels to stabilize flavor oil emulsions.
Test–Retest Reliability of the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2)

The Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2) are widely used to measure intimate partner aggression. Various aspects of the CTS2 and its subscales have been examined, e.g. factor structure, internal consistency, and validity, but little or no evidence exists regarding the stability of the self-report of aggression on the CTS2 This study examines the stability of reports of aggression against a partner on the CTS2 among 82 men court-mandated to a batterer intervention program. At both testing times men reported on aggression occurring in the year prior to beginning treatment. Using variety scores, stability of report was strong for psychological aggression (r = 0.69), physical assault (r = 0.76), injury (r = 0.70), and negotiation (r = 0.60), but weaker for sexual coercion (r = 0.30). Implications for the use of the CTS2 in court-mandated populations are discussed.
Magic Johnson and Reactions to People With AIDS: A Natural Experiment1

On November 7, 1991, Earvin (“Magic”) Johnson, Jr., announced that he was HIV positive. At the time of this announcement, the authors had just finished collecting data on subjects’ willingness to help a person with the AIDS virus (PWA). These preannouncement data were compared to data collected 1 week, 2/12 months, and months after the announcement. It was predicted that in the week immediately after the disclosure, helping of the PWA would increase significantly, but, over time, helping would return to the preannouncement level. This hypothesis was confirmed; in the week following the announcement, the percentage of men who offered help and the amount of help offered by men and women increased significantly. Four and one-half months after the announcement, helping was back to preannouncement levels. No consistent pattern of changes in affective reactions to the PWA were found. The results were discussed within the context of Kelman's (1958) theory of the different processes of attitude and behavior change and Petty and Cacioppo's (1986) elaboration likelihood model of persuasion.
Framing the Results: Assessment of Response Bias Through Select Self-Report Measures in Psychological Injury Evaluations

Forensic psychological injury evaluations require extensive consideration of malingering and response bias. These evaluations are complicated in that they require assessment of both symptoms and symptom exaggeration across multiple domains of functioning (e.g., psychological, somatic, neurocognitive). Self-report measures are routinely utilized in psychological injury evaluations both for their economy of use and their broad coverage of symptoms. The following article reviews the use of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2; Butcher et al., 2001), MMPI-2-RF (Ben-Porath & Tellegen, 2008/2011), and Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI; Morey, 2007). We will briefly review each instrument, focusing on their over-reporting validity indicators, and offer some general comments about their use in forensic psychological injury evaluations.
A time projection chamber for high accuracy and precision fission cross-section measurements

Abstract The fission Time Projection Chamber (fissionTPC) is a compact (15 cm diameter) two-chamber MICROMEGAS TPC designed to make precision cross-section measurements of neutron-induced fission. The actinide targets are placed on the central cathode and irradiated with a neutron beam that passes axially through the TPC inducing fission in the target. The 4π acceptance for fission fragments and complete charged particle track reconstruction are powerful features of the fissionTPC which will be used to measure fission cross-sections and examine the associated systematic errors. This paper provides a detailed description of the design requirements, the design solutions, and the initial performance of the fissionTPC.
Work-related carpal tunnel syndrome in Washington State workers' compensation: temporal trends, clinical practices, and disability.

Background Work-related carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a leading cause of disability. There is a need for information about temporal trends, clinical practices, and treatment outcomes. Methods A population based, retrospective cohort study of Washington State workers' compensation claims for CTS was initiated focusing on claims filed during 1990–1994, followed through 2000 (n = 16,710). Results Half of the claims were filed for conditions other than CTS, but were eventually identified to be or include CTS. The first CTS diagnosis occurred more than 3 months after claim filing in 20% of claims. The longer that the CTS diagnosis occurred after claim filing, the more likely that CTS was accompanied by other problems, and disability tended to be longer. Conclusions Making an accurate diagnosis of CTS and initiating appropriate actions earlier than might otherwise occur could reduce the disability and costs in a large fraction of claims that are ultimately determined to involve CTS. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Comparative Study between Two Prophylactic Antibiotic Regimens of Cefamandole during Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery

In two groups of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), two different regimens of antibiotic prophylaxis with cefamandole nafate were compared. In Group 1, 30 mg per kilogram of body weight was administered intravenously during induction of anesthesia. In Group 2, a second dose of 15 mg/kg was administered intravenously shortly before cannulation. Serum and tissue levels in the right atrium, the pericardium, and the sternum were determined using high-pressure liquid chromatography. The results showed that in Group 2 the serum levels were significantly higher from 48 minutes onward after induction and remained at an acceptable level during CABG. The tissue levels in the sternum and pericardium were also significantly higher in Group 2 compared with Group 1. It is concluded that a second dose of cefamandole (15 mg/kg) shortly before the beginning of cardiopulmonary bypass is recommended, particularly for high-risk patients.
An electrocardiographic midterm follow-up study after anatomic repair of transposition of the great arteries.

Abstract Prospective studies of rhythm and conduction, before and after 1-stage anatomic repair of simple transposition of the great arteries, were performed on 24 survivors. Pre- and postsurgical serial standard electrocardiograms were obtained on each patient. Fourteen patients underwent perioperative 24-hour electrocardiograms; all had follow-up 24-hour electrocardiograms. Rare atrial or occasional ventricular premature complexes were detected in 3 (11%) patients before operation. After surgery, 1 patient developed right bundle branch block. Two patients developed a left bundle branch bock. One patient had a QS pattern in V 6 , which disappeared on follow-up electrocardiogram. Transient second-degree atrioventricular block was detected in 1 patient. A normal P-R interval and P-wave axis were present in all but 1 patient. Mild sinus bradycardia or rare atrial or ventricular premature complexes were detected in 4 of twenty-nine 24-hour electrocardiograms performed in the first 2 years after surgery. At 3 years after repair, 5 patients had a normal 24-hour electrocardiogram and 1 had low-grade ectopy (rare atrial and ventricular premature complexes). At 4 years, all 4 patients studied had normal 24-hour electrocardiograms. During a mean follow-up of 3 years, we have yet to document any symptomatic arrhythmias.
RESPONSE OF CUTANEOUS T CELL LYMPHOMA TO THERAPY WITH HYBRIDOMA MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY

Abstract A murine hybridoma monoclonal anti-T- cell antibody was given to a patient with advanced cutaneous T cell lymphoma. The patient tolerated seventeen treatment courses over ten weeks without symptoms of toxicity. Each treatment caused a reduction in circulating T cells which reached a stable level after two weeks of therapy. Antigenic modulation was observed after each treatment but was fully reversed within three to four days; therefore the treatment was given twice weekly. Monoclonal antibody produced a striking clinical response in skin, lymph nodes, and blood but complete remission was not achieved. Since the remaining disease was antigen positive, failure to eradicate all tumour cells was not a result of immunoselection. At no time did the patient show an antimouse immune response.
Natural frequencies of an infinite beam on a simple inertial foundation model

Abstract A simple inertial foundation model consisting of a 3-D shear layer resting on a bed of closely spaced individual rods capable of wave propagation in the axial direction is suggested here. The frequency equation for an infinite beam resting on such a foundation is determined. It is found to be the same as one given for a beam resting on a 3-D inertial layer. Therefore, this model can be successfully used for considering the effect of the inertia of the foundation on the dynamic response of the structures resting on it.
DigiTaps: eyes-free number entry on touchscreens with minimal audio feedback

Eyes-free input usually relies on audio feedback that can be difficult to hear in noisy environments. We present DigiTaps, an eyes-free number entry method for touchscreen devices that requires little auditory attention. To enter a digit, users tap or swipe anywhere on the screen with one, two, or three fingers. The 10 digits are encoded by combinations of these gestures that relate to the digits' semantics. For example, the digit 2 is input with a 2-finger tap. We conducted a longitudinal evaluation with 16 people and found that DigiTaps with no audio feedback was faster but less accurate than with audio feedback after every input. Throughout the study, participants entered numbers with no audio feedback at an average rate of 0.87 characters per second, with an uncorrected error rate of 5.63%.
Long-term motor and sensory outcomes after early surgery for infantile esotropia.

Purpose The proper timing of surgery for infantile esotropia remains controversial. Early surgery may yield better sensory outcomes whereas later surgery may result in better alignment. Several recent studies reported promising sensory outcomes in small groups of children that underwent surgery by 6 months of age. Here, we present motor and sensory outcomes of a cohort of 50 consecutive children enrolled in a prospective study who had surgery by 6 months of age and were followed for 4-17 years. Methods Angle of deviation, subsequent surgeries, treatment with spectacles, amblyopia, fusion, and stereopsis were evaluated during follow-up. Outcomes from the early surgery group were compared with a concurrently recruited cohort who had surgery at 7-12 months (n=78). Results On the initial visit, both cohorts had the same median angle of deviation (45 Δ ) and similar refractive error; the median angle of deviation increased by the final preop visit (55 Δ ). Postoperatively, both cohorts had alignment within 6 Δ in 83-94% of cases on all visits. Both cohorts had similar rates of additional surgery, and 44-48% wore hyperopic correction postoperatively. Compared with the 7- to 12-month cohort, more children in the early-surgery cohort had peripheral fusion (78% vs 61%; p p p p Conclusions Early surgery was associated with a higher prevalence of fusion and stereopsis, without adverse motor outcomes.
Provincializing and Forgetting Ottoman Administrative Legacies: Sons and Grandsons of Beys' Mamluks Facing French Administrators of Tunisia (1890s–1930s)

In order to reframe our perception of the Mediterranean, Oualdi’s essay connects two aspects of northern African history usually treated separately, namely the historiography of colonialism and the historiography of Ottoman rule. Oualdi explores how the legacies of Ottoman slavery impacted Tunisian society and French colonial administration by uncovering the social strategies of the descendants of mamluks who until the 1840s came from Europe and were converted to Islam in order to serve the Tunisian authorities. These descendants chose different paths: from administrative careers to political opposition. Thus, while some of them stressed certain features of a political culture partly shaped by slavery (obedience, personal loyalty, patronage), others passed on political concepts partly framed by mamluks after the 1840s, such as the notions of “state service,” “the country’s interests,” or the Constitution, which are still relevant today in postrevolutionary Tunisia.
Interview: Understanding the complex pathways from normal cognition to dementia: the role of neuroimaging

Charles DeCarli is Professor of Neurology at the University of California in Davis (CA, USA) and recipient of the Victor and Genevieve Orsi Chair in Alzheimer’s Research. He is the Director of the University of California in Davis Alzheimer’s Disease Center, an NIH-funded Alzheimer’s research center. He is also Director of the Imaging of Dementia and Aging laboratory. His research focuses on using advanced structural and functional brain imaging to study normal aging, mild cognitive impairment and dementia, as well as the role of genetics, and cerebrovascular and Alzheimer’s disease on these processes. He has published over 300 peer-reviewed journal articles in high-impact journals such as Brain, Lancet Neurology and Nature Genetics. He is a recipient of the J Allyn Taylor International Prize in Medicine–Imaging of the Aging Brain in recognition of his work. In addition, DeCarli is the Editor-in-Chief of Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, an international journal of Alzheimer’s disease research.
The instability of capillary jets

At high jet velocity the aerodynamic interaction between a capillary jet and the surrounding medium leads to an enhanced growth rate of axisymmetric disturbances. The available theories which account for this effect fail to agree with experimental observations. The difference is attributed, in part, to the relaxation of the velocity profile in jets formed by fully developed laminar pipe flow. The profile relaxation has a destabilizing effect just as does the aerodynamic interaction. In the absence of velocity-profile relaxation it is shown that the available theories overestimate the aerodynamic effect. A consideration of the viscosity of the ambient fluid yields a semi-empirical modification to the theory which shows good agreement with experimental values.
Development and Evaluation of User Interfaces for Situation Observability in Life Support Systems

a solution to this problem. Such interfaces are user-centered and allow the human operators to gain situation awareness and intervene if necessary. This paper makes use of a granular multi-sensor data fusion method to develop ecological user interfaces for a small-scale life support system. The methodology is applied to the model of a small-scale aquatic habitat working as a groundbased bioregenerative life support system. Three ecological user interfaces were designed and tested on eight non-expert users. Results show the advantage of using situation-rich signals generated by the granular multi-sensor data fusion method that simplies displays of information to allow for the future design of decision support tools.
Pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 (PLRP2) induction by IL-4 in cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and reevaluation of the negative effects of its gene ablation on cytotoxicity

Pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 (PLRP2) is induced by IL-4 in vitro in cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones and CTLs from immunized wild-type (WT) PLRP2(+/+) are more cytotoxic than PLRP2(-/-) CTLs, suggesting to previous investigators that the lipase PLRP2 might support CTL functions. Here, we further evaluate PLRP2 in CTLs. We found that PLRP2 was optimally induced in splenocytes by 3.5 x 10(-8) M IL-4 by day 6 after activation and was restricted to CD8(+) T cells. PLRP2 mRNA was detected inconsistently (and at low levels) after activation in the presence of IL-2. Cytotoxicity in 4 h (51)Cr assays of WT CTLs was approximately 3-fold the activity of PLRP2(-/-) CTLs cultured with IL-4 and, with IL-2, was unexpectedly approximately 2 fold the activity of PLRP2(-/-) CTLs. Thus, PLRP2 gene ablation affected short-term (perforin-dependent) cytotoxicity, even under the IL-2 conditions. Other variables failed to account for the reduced cytotoxicity. Granzyme B levels, activation markers, and CD8(+) T cell frequencies were similar for WT vs. PLRP2(-/-) CTLs (with either cytokine). Addition of rPLRP2 to IL-4 induced PLRP2(-/-) CTLs (or to cytotoxic granule extracts) failed to increase lysis, suggesting that the missing mediator is more than released PLRP2. Cytotoxicity of WT and PLRP2(-/-) CTLs was similar in 2-day tumor survival assays with IL-4, which can be mediated by perforin-independent mechanisms. We conclude that extracellular PLRP2 lipase is unable to directly augment the cytotoxicity that was lost by PLRP2 ablation and that after reevaluation, the question of what is PLRP2's role in CD8 T cells is still unanswered.
Fibulin-3 promotes glioma growth and resistance through a novel paracrine regulation of Notch signaling

Malignant gliomas are highly invasive and chemoresistant brain tumors with extremely poor prognosis. Targeting of the soluble factors that trigger invasion and resistance, therefore, could have a significant impact against the infiltrative glioma cells that are a major source of recurrence. Fibulin-3 is a matrix protein that is absent in normal brain but upregulated in gliomas and promotes tumor invasion by unknown mechanisms. Here, we show that fibulin-3 is a novel soluble activator of Notch signaling that antagonizes DLL3, an autocrine inhibitor or Notch, and promotes tumor cell survival and invasion in a Notch-dependent manner. Using a strategy for inducible knockdown, we found that controlled downregulation of fibulin-3 reduced Notch signaling and led to increased apoptosis, reduced self-renewal of glioblastoma-initiating cells, and impaired growth and dispersion of intracranial tumors. In addition, fibulin-3 expression correlated with expression levels of Notch-dependent genes and was a marker of Notch activation in patient-derived glioma samples. These findings underscore a major role for the tumor extracellular matrix in regulating glioma invasion and resistance to apoptosis via activation of the key Notch pathway. More importantly, this work describes a noncanonical, soluble activator of Notch in a cancer model and shows how Notch signaling can be reduced by targeting tumor-specific accessible molecules in the tumor microenvironment.
My favourite flowering image: Maryland Mammoth tobacco

Almost 100 years ago, the study of Maryland Mammoth tobacco by Garner and Allard was one in a long series of studies that have led to a better understanding of how plants "decide" when to flower. deciphering how plants "decide" when to flower. The extreme phenotype of Maryland Mammoth tobacco, in which a single recessive mutation changes a day-neutral to a strictly photoperiod-requiring plant, impressively illustrates the action of the photoperiodic pathway of flowering.
Towards a testbed for malicious code detection

An environment for detecting many types of malicious code, including computer viruses, Trojan horses, and time/logic bombs, is proposed. The malicious code testbed (MCT) is based upon both static and dynamic analysis tools developed at the University of California, Davis, which have been shown to be effective against certain types of malicious code. The testbed extends the usefulness of these tools by using them in a complementary fashion to detect more general cases of malicious code. Perhaps more importantly, the MCT allows administrators and security analysts to check a program before installation, thereby avoiding any damage a malicious program might inflict. >
Modulation of the multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein: Detection with Technetium-99m-sestamibi in vivo

Overexpression of the multidrug resistance (MDR1) P-glycoprotein (Pgp) has been documented in nearly all forms of human cancers and increased levels of Pgp in some tumors correlate with poor response to treatment. Technetium-99m-sestamibi has recently been validated as a Pgp transport substrate. Pgp is also normally expressed along the biliary canalicular surface of hepatocytes and the luminal side of proximal tubule cells in the kidney, while not expressed in heart. Focused on these organs with known Pgp status, we present the findings on {sup 99m}Tc-sestamibi showed normal, prompt clearance of the radiotracer from the liver and kidneys relative to the heart. After administration of the Pgp modulator, {sup 99m}Tc-sestamibi was selectively retained in the liver and kidneys. Hepatobiliary and renal clearance of {sup 99m}Tc-sestamibi are Pgp-mediated, and inhibition of Pgp transport in these organs can be successfully imaged using {sup 99m}Tc-sestamibi in patients. Similar results might be expected with this and related radiopharmaceuticals for functional imaging of Pgp transport and modulation in tumors. 34 refs., 2 figs.
Atherosclerotic enlargement of the human abdominal aorta

Aortic aneurysms usually develop in the atherosclerosis prone infrarenal abdominal aorta. To assess the role of atherosclerosis in aortic enlargement, we studied the relation between plaque formation and aortic size in 30 pressure-fixed male cadaver aortas (age 40-95 years, mean age 67 years). Morphometric analysis of transverse sections of the mid-thoracic and the mid-abdominal aortas included measurement of intimal plaque area, lumen area, plaque and media thicknesses. The area encompassed by the internal elastic lamina area (IEL area) was taken to be an index of aortic size. IEL area increased with age at both the thoracic (r=0.77, P or =1.2, n=17). Relatively large abdominal aortas had twofold greater plaque area (P<0.001), reduced medial thickness (P<0.05), fewer medial elastic lamellae (P<0.01) and greater mural tensile stress (P<0.05) than relatively normal abdominal aortas. We conclude that plaque formation in the infrarenal abdominal aorta in humans is associated with aortic enlargement and decreased media thickness. These changes may be predisposing factors for the preferential development of subsequent aneurysmal dilation in the abdominal aorta.
Agency Models in Law and Economics

This lecture is an introduction to the use of agency models in law and economics. It is designed for first year law students with no background in economics. A simple example is used to illustrate the basic tradeoff between incentives and insurance when a principal is unable to observe an agent's level of effort. The example is then generalized, and several complications (multitasking, multiple agents, teams, etc.) are discussed. The agency model is then used to analyze contract remedies, and (very briefly) issues in torts, corporations, civil procedure, administrative procedure, and other important areas of the law.
Fifteen-Electrode Time-MAultiplex EEG Telemetry from Ambulatory Patients

A 15-electrode time-multiplex EEG telemetry unit is described that fits on the patient's head. A continuous 24-hour transmission is possible. RF-to-AF feedback is prevented by mode switching at the basic cycle rate, 400 Hz, so that the RF transmission is cut off while the AF amplifiers are on, and vice versa. The channel rate is 12,800 Hz. The channel 16 input consists of a 200-Hz reference signal. The unit weighs 200 grams, and draws 10 mA at 5 V. Each channel bandwidth extends from 0.36 to 59 Hz. The output is FM with a peak deviation of 75 kHz of a 20 MHz carrier. The decoder locks on a 400 Hz AM sync signal. RF carrier shift due to motion artifact is fed back to the 15 data channels so as to cancel out their shift components.
Vismodegib and the hedgehog pathway: a new treatment for basal cell carcinoma.

Abstract Background Vismodegib is an oral inhibitor of the Hedgehog pathway approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. It is the first systemic treatment for patients with locally advanced or metastatic basal cell carcinoma that is not amenable to surgery and radiation. This is the first drug to use the Hedgehog pathway to inhibit the proliferation of tumors and is also implicated in the development of other cancers such as medulloblastoma. Objective The goal of this review was to summarize the development, pharmacology, efficacy, and safety of vismodegib. Methods Relevant English-language literature was identified and then evaluated based on results from database searches of MEDLINE and EMBASE from 1975 to June 19, 2012. The terms searched included, but were not limited to, vismodegib, Erivedge, GDC-0449, basal cell carcinoma , and 2-chloro- N -[4-chloro-3-(pyridin-2-yl)phenyl]-4-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide . Additional literature was identified by assessing the reference lists of previously identified articles and through abstracts presented by the American Society of Clinical Oncology. Results A total of 70 full text citations were identified although two national conference proceedings were then excluded. An additional 10 published abstracts were also identified. A Phase II, nonrandomized, multicenter, international study demonstrated a 30.3% objective response rate in metastatic basal cell carcinoma and a 42.9% objective response rate in locally advanced basal cell carcinoma. The adverse effect profile for vismodegib is similar to other identified Hedgehog pathway inhibitors; muscle cramps (71.7%), alopecia (63.8%), and dysgeusia (55.1%) were the most common adverse effects seen in trials. A Phase II, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in Gorlin syndrome patients with basal cell carcinoma concluded that vismodegib was significantly better than placebo at reducing new basal cell carcinoma lesions ( P P = 0.003). Conclusions For patients with unresectable basal cell carcinoma or where resection would be cosmetically disadvantageous, vismodegib is an effective therapy with good response rates. At this time, the data are too limited to determine overall survival. The Hedgehog pathway is a newly identified area in which mutations or dysregulation can occur, leading to the development and progression of tumors. Studies continue to look at other cancers with involvement of the Hedgehog pathway.
Significance of Elevated Liver Alkaline Phosphatase in Serum

The serum alkaline phosphatase was fractionated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in 317 patients with elevated serum alkaline phosphatase activity. In 253 patients the source of the elevation was the isoenzyme of presumed liver origin, band L. In 87 of these patients, there was either no obvious liver disease or the alkaline phosphatase elevation was inappropriately high. In 19 of the 87, liver disease was further excluded by liver biopsy or by laparotomy. Because of this, biochemical studies were done to verify the hepatic origin of band L. Band L and alkaline phosphatase extracted from human liver migrated together on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis before and after digestion with Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase. They had identical pH optima, sedimentation coefficients, Michaelis constants, and rates of inactivation at 55.5 degrees C. They had different rates of inactivation in 3 M urea. Over-all, the data indicate that band L is of liver origin, and that elevation of the hepatic alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme may be a nonspecific finding in certain patients.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-alkyl-2-methoxymethyl-salvinorin ethers as selective κ-opioid receptor agonists

The synthesis of a new series of C-2-alkyl-2-methoxymethyl-salvinorin ethers and their binding affinities at κ-, μ-, and δ-opioid receptors are presented. We have developed a synthesis that enables installation of alkyl-substituents at C-2 while maintaining the integrity of the C-2 methoxymethyl ether and retaining κ-opioid receptor binding activity. Among these new compounds, 2-methyl-2-methoxymethyl-salvinorin ether (9a) is a potent full agonist at the κ receptor and shows comparable potency in Ki and EC50 with salvinorin A and U50488H. These C2-alkylated analogs have been identified as full κ agonists.
Subicular Place Cells Show Similar Firing Fields Across Different Environments: Comparison with Hippocampal Place Cells

The phenomenon of Place Cell activity is most often examined during sessions in which a rat travels freely through a single, experimenter-devised recording chamber or maze (see Chapters 1,2,3, and 4). The basic phenomenon consists of the fact that each individual cell fires when the rat is in one particular region of that environment, and is silent when the rat is located outside of this range. Since each cell has a different spatial field, this means that each position the rat can occupy is signaled by activity in a different set of Place Cells. In this way, the cells form a “map” of the environment. This is illustrated schematically in Figure 1A.
The Effect of Camber on Force Generation in Leading Edge/Trailing Edge Switching Hovering Mode

The leading edge/trailing edge switching mode has been identified as advantageous because it allows airfoils to have camber. In this paper, the effect of camber was investigated in a series of two dimensional, unsteady, laminar computations with dynamic mesh for plunging and pitching airfoils operating at Reynolds numbers from 100 to 2,500 and reduced frequencies of 0.5 to 2. Vortices are identified shedding from the edges. Lift is created by a downward directed wake and by rotational circulation. Camber was found to increase lift at every Reynolds number and reduced frequency in this study.
An Error and Efficiency Analysis of Approximations to Møller−Plesset Perturbation Theory

We present a systematic study of the synergistic effects of popular approximations to Moller−Plesset perturbation theory through the second order (MP2). This work applies the density-fitting (DF) approximation for two-electron integrals, the dual-basis (DB) approximation for the Hartree−Fock reference, and the use of “heavy augmented” Dunning basis sets for basis set reduction, as well as combinations of these, to the S22 benchmark set of weakly bound dimers. For each approach, we report an error analysis as well as relative speedups for the 22 interaction energies in the set. Compared to the MP2/aug-cc-pVTZ level of theory, the DB-DF-MP2/heavy-aug-cc-pVTZ approach achieves an average speedup of 18 with a root-mean-square error of only 0.076 kcal mol−1 (2%).
Cerebral toxoplasmosis in childhood and adult HIV infection treated with 1-4 hydroxynaphthoquinone and rapid desensitization with pyrimethamine

Background : We describe a child and an adult infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who developed cerebral lesions consistent with toxoplasmosis. A biopsy in the child and IgG ELISA in both patients confirmed the diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii. The patients were initially treated with pyrimethamine, however, computerized tomography studies (CT scan) revealed progression of a left frontal and temperoparietal lesion. Therapy in the child was changed to pyrimethamine, clindamycin, and azithromycin. Repeat CT scan showed further disease progression and therapy was changed to high-dose pyrimethamine (3 mg/kg/d) and azithromycin. A subsequent CT scan disclosed further radiologic progression with increasing edema. The adult patient developed a maculopapular rash during attempted treatment with pyrimethamine. Methods : Introduction of 2 (trans-4-[4 chlorophenol] cyclohexy[3-hydroxy-1, 4 naphthoquinone] (HNPQ) an experimental antiparasitic compound previously used only in adult HIV clinical trials, was instituted in the child and rapid oral desensitization to pyrimethamine was initiated in the adult patient. Results : HNPQ resulted in resolution of the cerebral lesion in the child and rapid oral desensitization to pyrimethamine produced an excellent clinical response in the adult. To our knowledge, these are the first cases of childhood and adult cerebral toxoplasmosis treated successfully with HNPQ and rapid oral desensitization to pyrimethamine. Conclusion : HNPQ and pyrimethamine desensitization should be considered as alternate modes of therapy in patients who become intolerant or fail to respond to traditional therapy for toxoplasmosis.
The Quantum Theory of Fields: PREFACE TO VOLUME II

This volume describes the advances in the quantum theory of fields that have led to an understanding of the electroweak and strong interactions of the elementary particles. These interactions have all turned out to be governed by principles of gauge invariance, so we start here in Chapters 15-17 with gauge theories, generalizing the familiar gauge invariance of electrodynamics to non-Abelian Lie groups. Some of the most dramatic aspects of gauge theories appear at high energy, and are best studied by the methods of the renormalization group. These methods are introduced in Chapter 18, and applied to quantum chromodynamics, the modern non-Abelian gauge theory of strong interactions, and also to critical phenomena in condensed matter physics. Chapter 19 deals with general spontaneously broken global symmetries, and their application to the broken approximate SU (2) × SU (2) and SU (3) × SU (3) symmetries of quantum chromodynamics. Both the renormalization group method and broken symmetries find some of their most interesting applications in the context of operator product expansions, discussed in Chapter 20. The key to the understanding of the electroweak interactions is the spontaneous breaking of gauge symmetries, which are explored in Chapter 21 and applied to superconductivity as well as to the electroweak interactions. Quite apart from spontaneous symmetry breaking is the possibility of symmetry breaking by quantum-mechanical effects known as anomalies. Anomalies and various of their physical implications are presented in Chapter 22.
Electric and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Smart Grids

Abstract Electric vehicles (EVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) need to be connected to the utility grid on a regular basis for charging their batteries. An upcoming area of considerable interest is vehicle-to-grid capability where the stored energy in a parked EV or PHEV is judiciously utilized as a load averaging system. In such systems, EVs and PHEVs are used as miniature power stations to supply real power back to the grid during high demand periods and recharge their batteries during low-demand periods. This allows maximizing the use of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind and also optimally utilizes the grid resources. However grid modifications are necessary to allow this bi-directional power flow. Furthermore, maximum benefits can only be achieved by upgrading the existing grid to a technologically advanced grid system using the upcoming smart grid technologies.
Pediatric Hand Injuries

The hand is the most frequently injured part of the child’s body. Household injuries dominate in the younger child and sports-related injuries account for the majority of hand injuries in older children and adolescents. The child’s hand is important for exploration, socialization, and development, and its function in these realms can be affected by serious injuries.
A Standard Form Approach to Same Sex Marriage

This paper attempts to find a path through the recent constitutional thicket regarding same-sex marriage by analogizing marriage to a business association. This analogy provides a way to evaluate the justifications for traditional rules banning same-sex marriage - specifically, by emphasizing the advantages of providing distinct standard forms for different types of relationships. Under this approach, the same-sex marriage prohibition might be justified by the need to preserve the precise boundaries of the marriage standard form. The business association analogy also highlights what is at stake in state laws prohibiting same-sex marriage, and therefore helps determine the appropriate burden to impose on defenders of the prohibition. Like business associations, the validity of a marriage generally is governed by the law of the state in which the marriage is celebrated. This offers the potential of allowing couples, including same-sex couples, to select not only from among the standard forms in a particular state, but also from the menus of standard forms offered by various states. This analysis helps assess the infringement on liberty involved in a state's prohibition of same-sex marriage. Moreover, as with business associations, permitting the interstate market for standard forms to operate would provide an evolutionary approach to marriage laws that is preferable to the Court's prematurely taking sides in the marriage debate.
Nonlocal Mechanics of Crack Curving

The nonlocal elasticity solution is obtained for the Griffith crack problem under combined loadings, Modes I and II. It is shown that the fracture begins at a critical point in the neighborhood of the crack tip. The location of the critical point is determined and the critical angle at which the crack begins to deviate from its straight line path is determined. These results are in good agreement with atomic lattice theory, and classical predictions.