cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electron correlation and binding effects in measured electron-scattering cross sections of CO2.

Differential elastic high-energy electron-scattering cross sections for C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ have been measured and, with use of earlier total results, inelastic cross sections were derived. A comparison with the independent-atom model, molecular Hartree-Fock, and configuration-interaction calculations reveals the importance of the electron correlation for a first-order density property (elastic scattering) and a second-order one (inelastic scattering). Integral quantities such as the potential-energy differences $\ensuremath{\Delta}{V}_{\mathrm{ee}}(\mathrm{exchange})$ and $\ensuremath{\Delta}{V}_{\mathrm{ne}}+\ensuremath{\Delta}{V}_{\mathrm{ee}}(\mathrm{Coulomb})$ are determined. In addition, the first precise molecular structure of a molecule has been derived from only elastic data.
Ye of Little Faith

Despite the proclamations of Republican senators, there are more secular Americans now then ever before; sociologist Phil Zuckerman argues that their growth warrants greater attention to secularity on the part of social science.
Determination of Chlorophenoxy Acid Methyl Esters and Other Chlorinated Herbicides by GC High-resolution QTOFMS and Soft lonization:

Gas chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-QTOFMS) and soft ionization generated by a rare-gas plasma is described here for the determination of various chlorophenoxy acid methyl esters and a few chlorinated herbicides. This plasma-based, wavelength-selectable ionization source, which can use Xe, Kr, Ar, Ne, or He as the plasma gas, enables ionization of GC-amenable compounds with ionization energies below 8.4, 10, 11.6, 16.5, or 22.4 eV, respectively. The advantages of soft ionization include enhanced molecular ions, reduced fragmentation, and reduced background noise as compared to electron ionization. In the study presented here for two plasma gases, we demonstrate that Kr plasma, which is softer than Ar plasma, yields molecular ions with a relative intensity >60% for 11 of the 16 test compounds. When using this “tunable” plasma to ionize the analytes, there is the possibility for selective ionization and less fragmentation, which may lead to increased sensitivity and may help structure elucidation, especially when using high-resolution mass spectrometry that generates accurate masses within a few parts per million (ppm) mass errors. Data generated with the Ar plasma and real matrices such as a peppermint extract, a plum extract, and an orange peel extract, spiked with 16 test compounds, indicate that the test compounds can be detected at 1–10 pg/μL of extract, and compounds such as menthone, limonene, eucalyptol, pinene, caryophylene, and other C₁₅H₂₄ isomers, which are present in the peppermint and the orange peel extracts at ppm to percent levels, do not appear to interfere with the determination of the chlorophenoxy acid methyl esters or the chlorinated herbicides, although there were matrix effects when the test compounds were spiked at 1–10 pg/μL of extract.
Endoscopic sinus surgery for inflammatory maxillary sinus disease.

Objective/Hypothesis: The role of endoscopic sinus surgery for treating chronic maxillary sinusitis is well established. The purpose of the study is to determine the efficacy of endoscopic sinus surgery in the treatment of maxillary sinus inflammatory disease that includes mucoceles, retention cysts, and antrochoanal polyps. Study Design: This is a retrospective review of 32 consecutive patients who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery for mucoceles (n = 21), retention cysts (n = 5), or antrochoanal polyps (n = 6). Methods: The medical records were reviewed for patient demographics, presenting symptoms, and type of operation. Surgical outcome was determined by resolution of symptoms, recurrence of disease, and need for revision or additional surgery. Results: Ethmoidectomy with middle meatal antrostomy was performed in all patients; 28 patients had additional middle turbinectomy. Postoperative follow-up ranged from 6 months to 4 years. The operation resulted in resolution of symptoms and a patent antrostomy on long-term follow-up in all cases of mucoceles. No case required revision surgery. On the other hand, the disease recurred in three patients (60%) with retention cysts and three patients (50%) with antrochoanal polyps despite patent antrostomies. The recurrences occurred 3 to 6 months after the surgery. The recurrent cases of antrochoanal polyps required Caldwell Luc procedures. The three failures in cases of retention cysts were successfully managed with repeated office endoscopic marsupialization through a patent antrostomy. Conclusions: Endoscopic sinus surgery is an effective treatment for mucoceles, with favorable long-term outcome. Maxillary retention cysts commonly recur after endoscopic sinus surgery. However, the recurrence can be managed in the office through a patent antrostomy. Endoscopic sinus surgery may be offered as initial surgical treatment for antrochoanal polyps, but a Caldwell Luc operation may be needed for recurrent disease.
PRECALCULUS AND CALCULUS STUDENTS WHAT CAN WE DO FOR THEM RIGHT NOW

ABSTRACT We indicate some ways in which mathematics departments can meet the needs of the large number of badly prepared students that most of them will encounter over the next several years in their precalculus and calculus classes. We suggest changes in class structure, in class presentation, and in support services that can immediately affect student performance. Comments also are made on large lectures and on the costs related to the suggestions made here.
Some Characteristics of the Respiratory Metabolism of Suspensions of Rat Intestinal Epithelial Cells

Some Characteristics of the Respiratory Metabolism of Suspensions of Rat Intestinal Epithelial Cells
Electron diffraction and anomalous X-ray diffraction of rhodium oxide platelets on alumina

In the course of investigating the properties of severely calcined Rh on Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ catalysts, the authors found interesting anomalies when they tried to characterize the particle size of the rhodium oxide by using only X-ray diffraction and chemisorption measurements. Electron microscopy data showed that air calcination of rhodium on alumina catalysts can produce, very surprisingly, single crystals of Rh/sub 2/O/sub 3/ oriented mainly with their 114 planes perpendicular to their large face. This is in marked contrast to the behavior after calcination of other noble metals such as Pt and Ir on the same alumina, which results in approximately spherical particles which are not single crystals. This work clearly shows that the absence of a line in the x-ray diffraction spectrum should not be interpreted to mean that one necessarily has particles of dimension less than about 50 A. The latter criterion has been used in many cases to show that noble metal catalysts are well dispersed. Depending on the metal, the support, and the pretreatment, large particles of noble metal can be present which have no X-ray diffraction spectrum. 5 references.
STATISTICAL TESTING OF REGIONAL BOUNDARIES

HE organization of the surface of the earth into spatial units having stated levels of difference in specific characteristics is the aim of regional geography. From a methodological viewpoint the procedures employed in regionalization by geographers and sociologists fall into two categories: 1. Observational-descriptive 2. Observational-relational According to the first approach, which is purely empirical, physical or socioeconomic data are collected by means of field traverses or assembled from census units. Boundaries are established to separate regions where noticeable changes occur. The raw data may be manipulated statistically to develop simple or multiple indices. The regions are then described in terms of the same values used to delimit them. Using this method geographers have delimitedagricultural, manufacturing, and ethnic regions.' In general, the regional studies of sociologists have included several socioeconomic factors derived from county census data which were statistically treated to construct indices. In addition to the construction of simple and multiple indices, factor analysis involving latitude and longitude and correlation analysis techniques were also used.2 In the second method, which combines em-
Viscohyperelastic Material Modeling of Liver Tissue

Mechanical characterization of soft tissue plays a critical role in applications such as automated surgery, disease diagnosis and tissue engineering. Soft tissue is often modeled as an isotropic incompressible and hyperelastic material. However, it is well known that viscoelasticity plays an important role in determining the response of soft tissue to mechanical loads [1]. This work is concerned with the development of hyperviscoelastic models of soft tissue in general and liver tissue in particular. Experimental studies in uniaxial compression are conducted on bovine liver tissue at strain rates between 0.001 s−1 and 0.04 s−1. The response of liver tissue is modeled using the continuum mechanics framework using an exponential form of the strain energy function.© 2007 ASME
Racial Profiling, Fairness, and Effectiveness of Policing

Citizens of two groups may engage in crime, depending on their legal earning opportunities and on the probability of being audited. Police audit citizens. Police behavior is fair if both groups are policed with the same intensity. We provide exact conditions under which forcing the police to behave more fairly reduces the total amount of crime. These conditions are expressed as constraints on the quantile-quantile plot of the distributions of legal earning opportunities in the two groups. We also investigate the definition of fairness when the cost of being searched reflects the stigma of being singled out by police.
Psychological distress in adolescents with cancer

A exploratory descriptive study was conducted to investigate psychological distress among middle and late adolescents recently diagnosed with cancer. Respondents consisted of 40 males and 20 females who were diagnosed with a malignancy within the past 100 days and received outpatient treatment. No gender difference was noted among adolescents, and adolescents did not score significantly different on the Brief Symptom Inventory from a healthy adolescent population. Among the various disease groups, adolescents with leukemia experienced the greatest psychological distress.
Dynamic multiobjective optimization management of the Energy-Performance-Accuracy space for separable 2-D complex filters

We present a dynamic framework for 2D complex filter implementation that is based on a multi-objective optimization scheme that generates Pareto-optimal realizations from the Energy-Performance-Accuracy (EPA) space. The EPA space is created by evaluating the 2D complex filter realizations in terms of their required energy, accuracy, and performance. Dynamic EPA management, carried out via Dynamic Partial Reconfiguration (DPR) and Dynamic Frequency Control, then consists on selecting Pareto-optimal realizations that meet time-varying EPA requirements. We demonstrate dynamic EPA management by applying a complex filter to a standard video sequence.
Methylphenidate and behavior modification in children with ADHD and comorbid ODD or CD: main and incremental effects across settings.

ABSTRACT Objectives Although the combination of methylphenidate (MPH) and behavior modification (BMOD) has been advocated to enhance clinical outcome for children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and comorbid disruptive disorders, few group studies have been conducted. This study evaluates the separate and incremental effects of these modalities on rating scale and observational measures in multiple settings. Method Sixteen of 22 children with ADHD and comorbid disruptive disorder completed a randomized, placebo-controlled study examining the separate and incremental effects of 2 doses of MPH and BMOD during a partial hospitalization program. Of the 6 who did not complete the study, 2 children developed significant side effects. For the 16 who did complete the study, effects were examined on measures of symptom ratings, behavioral frequencies, and stimulant side effects across program activities. Results Based on a-adjusted analyses of variance, there were several main effects of MPH and BMOD on ADHD symptoms, oppositional behavior, and positive social behavior, with certain effects unique to each intervention and setting. One incremental effect each was found for MPH (positive mood/behavior) and BMOD (negative behavior). MPH and BMOD were associated with few side effects. Effect sizes for each intervention showed considerable variability in clinical response. Conclusions: That MPH and BMOD had certain unique main and incremental effects extends findings supporting their combination and suggests that integrated studies evaluate multiple dimensions of functioning and in novel settings (e.g., home, school). The incorporation of other intervention components in combined treatments may be warranted to enhance clinical efficacy.
Programmable Self-Assembly Across the Micro and Nano Scales

Massively parallel self-assembling systems present a promising alternative to conventional manufacturing. Recently, various successful instances of self-assembly have been demonstrated, including applications for commercial products such as RFID tags; however, the full impact of this approach will only be realized once these systems can be programmed or reconfigured on demand (i.e., essentially in software, and without significant hardware changes). In this presentation, we review several projects that lead towards such programmable self-assembling systems. A key concept to achieve this goal is the “programmable surface”, i.e., an engineered surface whose properties (surface forces, hydrophobicity, friction, etc.) can be controlled with high spatial and temporal resolution. We present several projects covering a broad range of issues from realtime control of surface properties, to designs that optimize binding forces between self-assembling components, to computational and algorithmic issues in the modeling of self-assembling systems.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Size-dependent spontaneous alloying of Au-Ag nanoparticles.

We report on systematic studies of size-dependent alloy formation of silver-coated gold nanoparticles (NPs) in aqueous solution at ambient temperature using X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (XAFS). Various Au-core sizes (2.5−20 nm diameter) and Ag shell thicknesses were synthesized using radiolytic wet techniques. The equilibrium structures (alloy versus core−shell) of these NPs were determined in the suspensions. We observed remarkable size dependence in the room temperature interdiffusion of the two metals. The interdiffusion is limited to the subinterface layers of the bimetallic NPs and depends on both the core size and the total particle size. For the very small particles (≤4.6 nm initial Au-core size), the two metals are nearly randomly distributed within the particle. However, even for these small Au-core NPs, the interdiffusion occurs primarily in the vicinity of the original interface. Features from the Ag shells do remain. For the larger particles, the boundary is maintained to withi...
Supporting youth to develop environmental citizenship within/against a neoliberal context

What aspects of environmental citizenship do educators need to consider when they are teaching students about their environmental responsibilities within a neoliberal context? In this article, I respond to this question by analyzing the relationship between neoliberalism and environmental citizenship. Neoliberalism situates citizen participation as an individual concern that removes states from responsibility for public goods, such as the environment, while environmental citizenship scholarship runs the risk of promoting a diluted form of environmental engagement similar to that found within neoliberal ideology. This can result in negative consequences for the environment and for environmental participation among citizens. I conclude with a discussion of pedagogic and curricular practices that educators can use to support youth in developing forms of environmental citizenship that actively disrupt neoliberalism’s privatization of responsibility for the environmental commons.
Superconductivity in the YIr system

Abstract Matthias and coworkers proposed that the enhancement of Tc in the IrY system and the coincident lattice softening is due to a eutectic between Ir and YIr2. Here we report the existence of the rhombohedral phase YIr3, which has a Tc of 3.3 ± 0.3K and a Debye temperature of 222 ± 15K, and propose that this new phase is responsible for the properties reported by Matthias et al.
Facial expressions of emotion influence interpersonal trait inferences

Theorists have argued that facial expressions of emotion serve the interpersonal function of allowing one animal to predict another's behavior. Humans may extend these predictions into the indefinite future, as in the case of trait inference. The hypothesis that facial expressions of emotion (e.g., anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness) affect subjects' interpersonal trait inferences (e.g., dominance and affiliation) was tested in two experiments. Subjects rated the dispositional affiliation and dominance of target faces with either static or apparently moving expressions. They inferred high dominance and affiliation from happy expressions, high dominance and low affiliation from angry and disgusted expressions, and low dominance from fearful and sad expressions. The findings suggest that facial expressions of emotion convey not only a target's internal state, but also differentially convey interpersonal information, which could potentially seed trait inference.
Activity changes of the cat paraventricular hypothalamus during phasic respiratory events

Abstract We monitored the spatiotemporal organization of cellular activity in the medial paraventricular hypothalamus during spontaneously-occurring periods of increased inspiratory effort followed by prolonged respiratory pauses (sigh/apnea) in the freely-behaving cat. Paraventricular hypothalamic activity was assayed by video images of light captured with a stereotaxically-placed fibre optic probe. Respiratory activity was measured through electromyographic wire electrodes placed in the diaphragm. Sigh/apnea events appeared in all behavioural states, and especially during quiet sleep. Overall paraventricular hypothalamic activity declined transiently, with the onset of decline coinciding with the beginning of the sigh inspiratory effort, reached a nadir at apnea onset 4.4+0.5 s from the beginning of the sigh, increased during the course of the apnea, and subsequently rebounded above baseline to peak at 10.9+2.5 s after sigh onset. Scattered, small areas of the imaged region were activated or depressed independently of the overall image values. The data suggest that paraventricular hypothalamic activity changes dynamically during phasic respiratory events, and may contribute to the progression of the sigh/apnea. We speculate that the medial paraventricular hypothalamus influences breathing patterns through projections to parabrachial respiratory phase-shift regions, and that longer-latency influences may also be exerted indirectly through blood pressure effects from paraventricular hypothalamic projections to medullary cardiovascular nuclei. Additionally, the paraventricular hypothalamus may convey respiratory influences from other rostral structures, such as the hippocampus.
Decision Process Paradigms in Education

This paper contrasts two competing paradigms for organizational decision making which have their origins and roots outside of education but which are currently visible in education operations and R & D. The exposition begins with an illustration, describes the historical roots of the two paradigms, presents their major characteristics, and finally discusses the trade-offs in actual decision making resulting from the conflicting assumptions embodied in the paradigms.
An exploratory study of the value of pretraining end-user participation

Although software training is widely seen as an essential contributor to the productive use of computers in organizations, research has not focused on identifying the processes through which software trainers assess end users' training requirements. This research draws from self-regulation theories to examine the impacts of pretraining end-user participation on the outcomes of software training. Self-regulation theories aim to explain why individuals behave in a certain manner in an organizational context. Pretraining end-user participation consists of a pretraining interview designed to learn the needs of the trainee, and to gain insights into a training design that can make learning the target software more relevant to the trainee. The context of the study was a training programme for a database retrieval software package in a medium-sized manufacturing company. Approximately half the trainees were involved in the pretraining interview process. Trainees also received one of two training approaches, either applications-based (relevant problem focused) or construct-based (generic training approach) training. Data were gathered from questionnaires, quizzes and interviews. Although no clear differences were found, the data indicate that pretraining end-user participation should be considered a potentially effective tool in enhancing training effectiveness. Pretraining end-user participation is more likely to suggest who will or will not use a software application after formal training, provide a more realistic view of the content and usefulness of the training, and facilitate motivation planning and management. The paper discusses some potential critical success factors for making pretraining end-user participation more effective.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Biology and Its Relationship to Injury Forces

Anterior cruciate ligament injury is determined by two variables: the ultimate failure load of the ligament and the mechanical load applied to the ligament. All factors that contribute to anterior cruciate ligament injury must do so by affecting one or both of these two basic variables. Some factors, such as sex hormones and tissue remodeling, have a multifaceted effect on the failure load of the anterior cruciate ligament and the magnitude of the load applied to it. The model also illustrates the potentially profound effects that sex hormones and tissue remodeling likely have on female susceptibility to anterior cruciate ligament injuries.
The negative charge of nanoparticles

The evidences of the existence of negative charge of nanoparticles are reported. It may be important for the nanotechnology.
Numerical methods for infinite horizon risk sensitive stochastic control

We are concerned with numerical methods for infinite-time horizon risk sensitive stochastic control problems. Let x/sub t/ be a controlled Markov process in R/sup n/, governed by a given stochastic differential equation. The controller can observe x/sub t/ (state feedback). In risk sensitive control, exponential running cost criteria are considered. A measure of risk sensitivity is fixed. On a finite time horizon, consider the optimal cost function. Under suitable assumptions, the Isaacs partial differential equation (PDE) for a stochastic differential game, with average cost per unit time payoff criterion, is satisfied. In this game, the minimizing player chooses control u/sub t/. The maximizing player, corresponding to "unfriendly nature" chooses a control v/sub t/. The exponential LQR (LEQR) problem leads to a deterministic differential game, which is the same game which arises in state space robust control formulations of disturbance attenuation problems. LEQR problems reduce to solving matrix Riccati equations. This technique is no longer available for nonlinear dynamics or nonquadratic cases. Instead, we resort to numerical solution of the PDE. An heuristic is used. >
Immune interference of bacteriophage efficacy when treating colibacillosis in poultry

A study was conducted to determine if prior exposure with bacteriophage would limit the ability of the same bacteriophage to treat colibacillosis. There were 5 treatments with 3 replicate pens of 20 birds per pen. The treatments consisted of 1) control, 2) birds treated with bacteriophage at 10 and 17 d of age, 3) birds challenged with Escherichia coli at 17 d of age, 4) birds challenged with E. coli and treated with bacteriophage at 17 d of age, and 5) birds treated with bacteriophage at 10 d of age and challenged with E. coli and treated with bacteriophage at 17 d of age. Colibacillosis was induced by injecting 0.1 mL of E. coli into the thoracic airsac containing 1 x 10(6) cfu. The bacteriophage was administered by i.m. injection of 0.1 mL into the thigh, providing a dose of 6.8 x 10(8) pfu. The study was concluded 14 d after E. coli challenge. Mortality in the birds challenged with E. coli and not treated with bacteriophage was 55% (treatment 3), and bacteriophage therapy significantly (P < or = 0.05) reduced mortality to 8% (treatment 4), which was not significantly (P < or = 0.05) different from the 2 non-E. coli-challenged controls (3%, treatment 1, and 2%, treatment 2). However, mortality in the birds administered bacteriophage before challenge with E. coli and treated with bacteriophage (treatment 5) was 33%, which was not significantly different (P < or = 0.05) from the birds that were challenged with E. coli and untreated (55%, treatment 3). A kinetic in vitro assay of bacteriophage activity found that serum from birds pretreated with bacteriophage (treatment 5) inhibited bacteriophage activity. The IgG levels to the bacteriophage in serum from birds pretreated with bacteriophage (treatment 2) were significantly higher at all dilutions compared with control serum (treatment 1). These data demonstrate that prior exposure to bacteriophage will limit bacteriophage therapeutic efficacy and suggests that the reduced efficacy is due to an immune response to bacteriophage.
Why Did Negroes Love Al Jolson and The Jazz Singer?: Melodrama, Blackface and Cosmopolitan Theatrical Culture

This essay offers a reassessment of The Jazz Singer (1927) and Al Jolson by challenging several different lines of persistent criticism: its lack of artistic merit, its effacement of Jewish identity and its racist depictions in light of Jolson's use of blackface. Rather than a failed adaptation of Samson Raphaelson's play of the same name, the picture innovatively reworked both that play and E.A. Dupont's film The Ancient Law ( Das Alte Gesetz , 1923), further placing it within a framework of Jewish culture. The black press and Negro moviegoers warmly embraced both The Jazz Singer and Jolson for a variety of reasons, including his promotion of black artists. Among African Americans, he was the most popular Hollywood movie star of the late 1920s.
A Forgotten Application of the Starch Test

In many labs on photosynthesis, the presence of starch in leaves is used as an indirect indicator of photosynthetic activity. Students do starch tests on leaves from plants that have been kept under a variety of conditions in order to check parameters for photosynthesis. The starch test can also be used to enable students to discover differences between plants that use C3 or C4 photosynthesis.
The Beginnings of Randomization Tests

Randomization (or permutation) tests became known through R.A. Fisher's 1935 demonstration that no assumption of normality was needed for the analysis of Darwin's paired t test data: Assuming normality was simply more convenient than tedious enumeration of cases more removed from the null hypothesis of no difference than were the experimental results. We describe an interesting precursor, often overlooked or merely cited, to Fisher's treatment. Next, we outline the analytical development of randomization theory by Welch and Pitman, including the latter's realization of broad possibilities for tests without distributional assumptions. Finally, we briefly indicate the current status of randomization tests which are no longer tedious to carry out with modern computers.
Variation in the response of Mimulus guttatus (Scrophulariaceae) to herbivore and virus attack

Plants are often simultaneously attacked by insect herbivores and plant pathogens, yet relatively few studies have investigated the potential interactive effects of herbivores and pathogens on plant fitness. We studied the effects of simultaneous attack by meadow spittlebugs, Philaenus spumarius (Homoptera: Cercopidae), and a plant virus, cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), on the fitness of Mimulus guttatus (Scrophulariaceae). We wanted to determine: (1) if trade-offs in defense against meadow spittlebugs and CMV exist, (2) if meadow spittlebugs and CMV interact to affect plant fitness, and (3) if genetic variation is associated with these interactive effects. We found no evidence of trade-offs in defense against meadow spittlebugs and CMV in M. guttatus in a greenhouse experiment. Thus, the ability of M. guttatus to defend itself against one of these enemies is unlikely to preclude the evolution of adequate defenses against the second enemy. We did, however, find strong evidence that spittlebugs and CMV interacted to affect plant fitness and that genetic variation underlies the degree and direction of this interaction. This suggests that selection can act on the genetic variation underlying the interaction between the two enemies and that strong selection imposed by one will alter the response of M. guttatus populations to the second. To our knowledge this is the first study to demonstrate genetic variation associated with the non-additive effect of an herbivore and a pathogen on plant fitness. We suggest that future studies of the mechanisms underlying the defensive properties of plants need to consider variation associated with defense mechanisms and the potential effect of this variation on the response of plant populations to selection by multiple enemies.
The use and abuse of military history

In this lecture of 1961, Michael Howard assesses the uses and abuses of the study of military history from the perspectives of both the academic historian and the practising soldier. While acknowledging past tendencies to mythogise national achievements out of often misguided notions of patriotism, as well as difficulties involving evidence, he argues that the benefits to soldier and civilian alike of ‘finding out what really happened’ outweigh these doubts. Using the criteria of width, depth and context, he concludes that the study of military history enables an under’ standing of the nature of war and its impact on society and directly improves the soldier's ability to understand and fulfil his function.
Efficient room-temperature continuous-wave AlGaInP/AlGaAs visible (670 nm) vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser diodes

Significant improvement in the performance of AlGaInP/AlGaAs visible vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser diodes has been achieved in gain-guided planar-geometry devices utilizing proton implants to define the current injection path. Threshold currents as low as 1.25 mA were measured on 10 /spl mu/m-diameter devices, with maximum power output of 0.33 mW from larger devices. Continuous-wave (cw) lasing was achieved at temperatures as high as 45/spl deg/C. The improved diode performance is attributed to better lateral heat-sinking and reduced parasitic heat generation afforded by the planar device structure, relative to previously-reported air-post structures. This work represents the first realization of efficient room-temperature operation of AlGaInP-based visible VCSEL diodes. >
Influence of the Lake Erie Overlake Boundary Layer on Deep Convective Storm Evolution

AbstractThe influence that the overlake boundary layer has on storm intensity and structure is not well understood. To improve scientists’ understanding of the evolution of storms crossing Lake Erie, 111 events during 2001–09 were examined using observations from Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D), surface, buoy, and rawinsonde sites. It was found that on average, all storm modes tended to weaken over the lake; however, considerable variability in changes of storm intensity existed, with some storms exhibiting steady-state or increasing intensity in specific environments. Noteworthy changes in the storm maximum reflectivity generally occurred within 60 min after storms crossed the upwind shoreline. Isolated and cluster storm modes exhibited much greater weakening than those storms organized into lines or convective complexes. The atmospheric parameters having the greatest influence on storm intensity over Lake Erie varied by mode. Isolated and cluster storms generally weakened more rapidly ...
ON THE LISTS OF COLEOPTERA PUBLISHED BY THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA, 1842–1888

During nearly fity years the Geological Survey of Canada has been engaged in exploration, and since Confederation it has had practically an unlimited field for its operations. The investagations of the fauna and flora of the Dominion, and the formation of a museum of natural history, are included in the plan of its present organization, but its equipment has hitherto permitted but a partial accomplishment of these departments of its work.
Content Analysis of Internet Marketing Strategies: How Pharmaceutical Companies Communicate about Contraceptives with Consumers Online:

As the Internet has grown as a powerful source for consumer health information seekers, it has also become a commercial tool for marketing health products and services. Along with direct-to-consumer television and print advertising, websites present consumers with prescription drug options outside the context of the clinic. While consumers who encounter health product commercials in television and print are likely to recognize their promotional nature, when they seek health information on the Internet, the distinctions between marketing and health education may be blurred. Recognizing women as a primary target of this marketing, the social amplification of risk framework and elaboration likelihood model guided a content analysis of ten promotional contraceptive websites, sponsored by pharmaceutical companies. Overall, the websites promoted physiological advantages other than the effectiveness of the contraceptive itself, convenience, and the drugs' relative lower risk as compared to other forms of contrac...
Raman characterization and chemical imaging of biocolloidal self-assemblies, drug delivery systems, and pulmonary inhalation aerosols: A review

This review presents an introduction to Raman scattering and describes the various Raman spectroscopy, Raman microscopy, and chemical imaging techniques that have demonstrated utility in biocolloidal self-assemblies, pharmaceutical drug delivery systems, and pulmonary research applications. Recent Raman applications to pharmaceutical aerosols in the context of pulmonary inhalation aerosol delivery are discussed. The “molecular fingerprint” insight that Raman applications provide includes molecular structure, drug-carrier/excipient interactions, intramolecular and intermolecular bonding, surface structure, surface and interfacial interactions, and the functional groups involved therein. The molecular, surface, and interfacial properties that Raman characterization can provide are particularly important in respirable pharmaceutical powders, as these particles possess a higher surface-area-to-volume ratio; hence, understanding the nature of these solid surfaces can enable their manipulation and tailoring for functionality at the nanometer level for targeted pulmonary delivery and deposition. Moreover, Raman mapping of aerosols at the micro- and nanometer level of resolution is achievable with new, sophisticated, commercially available Raman microspectroscopy techniques. This noninvasive, highly versatile analytical and imaging technique exhibits vast potential for in vitro and in vivo molecular investigations of pulmonary aerosol delivery, lung deposition, and pulmonary cellular drug uptake and disposition in unfixed living pulmonary cells.
Nucleotide variation in the p53 tumor-suppressor gene of voles from Chernobyl, Ukraine.

Abstract The 1986 Chernobyl disaster contaminated vast regions of Ukraine and Belarus with a variety of radioactive isotopes and heavy metals. While over 90% of the radioactive isotopes have decayed into stable compounds, radiation levels in contaminated areas are still extraordinarily high. In fact, some rodents living near the reactor have internal 134,137 Cs concentrations approaching 80 000 Bq/g. Several recent genetic analyses of vertebrates have illustrated that mutation rates of organisms exposed to radiation from Chernobyl are higher than in control groups, but none have studied DNA sequences. Nucleotide sequences of rodent mitochondrial genes were originally reported to have been hypervariable, but those results were subsequently retracted. Herein, I report the results of a pilot study to determine the extent of nucleotide variation at the p53 gene in four species of rodents (voles) from Chernobyl and from control sites. I sequenced a 788 bp region (coding and non-coding) of p53 in 30 different mice comprising four different species of Microtus. Nucleotide variation at the population level was due to deletions and substitutions; both were limited to introns. There were no significant differences between the number of haplotypes in radioactive and control populations (p=0.60). Rare or private alleles might have arisen due to unique mutational pressures at Chernobyl. Alternatively, natural selection might have favored one allele over others (i.e., a selective sweep). Neither scenario is strongly supported by these data. Thus, no apparent genetic effects of the Chernobyl disaster on the p53 gene of resident voles were revealed; more extensive surveys will be necessary to determine if mutation rates are indeed elevated in mice from Chernobyl. However, two salient points emerge; the first involves the utility of introns as markers for mutations in coding regions and the second considers the relative merits of cloning in mutation detection studies.
Effect of T-stress on Edge Dislocation Formation at A Crack Tip Under Mode I Loading

We calculate the effect of the nonsingular stress acting parallel to a crack (the “T-stress”) on edge dislocation nucleation at a crack loaded in Mode I. We find that this leads to crack size effect - that is, for small cracks (of order 100 atomic spacings or less), the T stress causes the critical load for dislocation nucleation (expressed in terms of the applied stress intensity factor) to deviate from the classical T = 0 result. Specific results are discussed for the case of a finite crack subject to remote tension, where it is shown that the threshold for dislocation nucleation is reduced.
Psychological Non-Equivalence of Tax Bases: An Empirical Investigation

Analyses of tax policy and tax reform often draw on a series of equivalencies of tax bases. For example, with capital markets that allow full borrowing and lending, a flat tax on wages can be shown to be equivalent to a flat tax on consumption. Recent work on the saliency and psychology of taxation suggests that how taxes are framed may affect both actual economic behavior and perceptions of fairness of different forms of taxation. This paper explores these behavioral and psychological issues through a series of online experiments. Our results indicate that economically equivalent tax bases do not have psychologically identical impacts; we discuss the psychological explanations for these findings drawing on salience and control.
Modeling and Experimental Validation of Optimized Clamp Loading in a Toroidal-CVT

Efficiency of a toroidal traction drive is measured at different torques, speeds, speed ratios, and temperatures, with an emphasis on the effect of the design traction coefficient on variator efficiency. This is accomplished by independently controlling the trunnion and the clamp pressures representing the variator torque and the clamp load, respectively. Also measured is the effect of roller conformity on variator efficiency. Furthermore, a low-speed and high-temperature test is conducted to observe a potential change in the effective coefficient of traction due to a transition in the lubrication mode. It is shown that, by optimum clamping (without gross slip) the variator efficiency can be increased by 1-to 2-percentage point over the efficiencies measured with nominal clamp loads. Also verified is the rapid decrease in variator efficiency with over clamping above the nominal clamp loads. All test results compared well with model predictions.
Microscale Radiation Effects in Multilayer Thin-Film Structures During Rapid Thermal Processing

The individual film thicknesses of multilayered structures processed by rapid thermal processing are of the same order as the wavelengths of the incident radiation. This induces optical interference effects which are responsible for the strong dependency of surface reflectivity, emissivity, and temperature distributions on the geometry of the layering structures, presence of patterns, and thickness of the films. A two-dimensional, finite-difference numerical model has been developed to investigate this microscale radiation phenomena and identify the critical processing parameters which affect rapid thermal processing of multilayer thin films. The uniformity of temperature distributions throughout the wafer during rapid thermal processing is directly affected by incident heater configurations, ramping conditions, wafer-edge effects, and thin-film layering structure. Results from the numerical model for various film structures are presented for chemical vapor deposition of polycrystalline silicon over oxide films on substrate. A novel technique using an edge-enhanced wafer which has a different film structure near its edge is presented as a control over the transient temperature distribution.
Association Between Oral Health and Cognitive Status: A Systematic Review

Objectives To systematically review longitudinal studies examining the association between oral health and cognitive decline. Design Studies published between January 1993 and March 2013 were identified by search of English language publications in PubMed/Medline using relevant Medical Subject Heading terms and title and abstract keywords and from CINAHL using relevant subject headings. After applying eligibility criteria and adding four studies identified from article references, 56 of the 1,412 articles identified remained; 40 were cross-sectional, and 16 were longitudinal; 11 of the latter examined the effect of oral health on change in cognitive health or dementia incidence, five examined the reverse. Setting Sources of information included administrative data, subject evaluations in parent studies, medical and dental records, self-reports, and in-person evaluations. Participants Older adults. Measurements Most studies used subjects whose oral or cognitive status was known, using standard approaches to impute for missing information. The oral health information most frequently studied included number of teeth, periodontal and caries problems, and denture use. Cognition was most frequently evaluated using the Mini-Mental State Examination or according to a diagnosis of dementia. Results Some studies found that oral health measures such as number of teeth and periodontal disease were associated with risk of cognitive decline or incident dementia, whereas others did not find an association. Similarly, cognitive decline was not consistently associated with greater loss of teeth or number of decayed teeth. It is likely that methodological limitations play a major role in explaining the inconsistent findings. Conclusion It is unclear how or whether oral health and cognitive status are related. Additional research is needed in which there is greater agreement on how oral health and cognitive states are assessed to better examine the linkages between these two health outcomes.
Biological markers in prostate cancer.

Cet article discute tres en detail la phosphatase acide de la prostate, l'antigene specifique de la prostate, les phosphatases alcalines, les polyamines, la creatine kinase BB, la LDH et divers autres marqueurs
Functional results of primary nerve repair.

SUMMARY Age and mechanism of injury, both out of the control of the surgeon, seem to be the prime determinants of functional outcome following nerve repair. Careful application of the principles of nerve repair can ensure that the appropriate method of repair—primary, secondary, or nerve graft—is selected, and this may be the best way to increase the chances for a successful result.
Case report: clearance to dive for a naval candidate with family history of malignant hyperthermia.

INTRODUCTION A 20-year-old male military recruit who presented for a screening physical for U.S.Naval Diving Duty was found to have family history significant for malignant hyperthermia. He had never been exposed to anesthesia, a trigger for the condition, and had not undergone testing. Medical history was otherwise unremarkable, and the patient was cleared for diving. METHODS Literature search was conducted using PubMed/Medline. Keywords included malignant hyperthermia, exertional heat illness, exertional rhabdomyolysis, diving, special operations, military. Results that included cases of malignant hyperthermia were included. RESULTS Review of the literature reveals that malignant hyperthermia is primary a pharmacogenetic disorder limited to specific anesthetics, with rare reports of environmental triggers. Analysis of the disease, as well as the absence of reported cases of malignant hyperthermia in diving, suggest there is minimal increased risk in diving for subjects without history of exercise intolerance. CONCLUSION Individuals with presumed or proven malignant hyperthermia susceptibility seeking activity clearance should be given precautions and undergo careful questioning for history of heat- or exercise-related illness. If negative, it seems reasonable to allow the patient participation in recreational or technical diving.
A program of IUD insertions by paraprofessionals and physicians in the Philippines.

A program of IUD insertions by paramedics and physicians was undertaken at the Jose Fabella Memorial Hospital. Both Lippes C and D were inserted in the postpartum and interval periods. Results show that paramedics can safely and effectively perform IUD insertions, although there are indications of a need to periodically monitor, and perhaps retrain, personnel, be they paramedic or physician, in the techniques of IUD insertion.
A multi-institutional randomized phase II study (NCT01505868) of cabazitaxel (CAB) plus or minus carboplatin (CARB) in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC).

5010 Background: Standard chemotherapy for mCRPC consists of sequential taxane monotherapy. We examined the contribution of CARB to taxane therapy (Oh, Ann Oncol 2010;21) and the hypothesis that me...
Pathogenesis and Molecular Mechanisms of Zika Virus.

Zika virus (ZIKV) is one of the most important emerging viruses of 2016. A developing outbreak in the Americas has demonstrated an association between the virus and serious clinical manifestations, such as Guillain–Barre syndrome in adults and congenital malformations in infants born to infected mothers. Pathogenesis and mechanisms of neurologic or immune disease by ZIKV have not been clearly delineated. However, several pathways have been described to explain viral involvement in brain and immune system as well as other organ systems such as eye, skin, and male and female reproductive tracts. ZIKV activates toll-like receptor 3 and several pathways have been described to explain the mechanisms at a molecular level. The mechanism of microcephaly has been more difficult to demonstrate experimentally, likely due to the multifactorial and complex nature of the phenotype. This article provides an overview of existing literature on ZIKV pathogenicity and possible molecular mechanisms of disease as outlined to date.