cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of preconditioning and recovery time in repeated testing of aortic valve tissues: validation through quasilinear viscoelastic theory.

We investigated how preconditioning history and specimen recovery time affect the accuracy of measurements of mechanical properties obtained from sequential, repeated materials testing of porcine aortic valve (PAV) cusps. Strain history protocols were modeled by quasilinear viscoelastic theory and the results compared with the experimental data. Assuming that the model was predictive, the accuracy of predicting experimental data was related to the suitability of the materials testing protocol. We found that the preconditioned state of the PAV material was not unique but was a function of the deformation history that had occurred before the preconditioning cycles. Preconditioning without an adequate rest period between tests increased predictive errors, whereas allowing the material to rest without preconditioning reduced errors. Modeling more of the strain history reduced errors for specimens briefly rested between tests but had no impact on specimens with long rest periods. The smallest predictive errors were obtained for a loading protocol with a 24 h specimen recovery period followed by material preconditioning. We recommend the use of this protocol for estimating material properties of PAV tissues. © 2000 Biomedical Engineering Society.
Colorectal carcinoma mortality among Appalachian men and women, 1969-1999.

BACKGROUND Colorectal carcinoma screening can reduce mortality, but residents of poor or medically underserved areas may face barriers to screening. The current study assessed colorectal carcinoma mortality in Appalachia, a historically underserved area, from 1969 to 1999. METHODS All counties within the 13-state Appalachian region, which stretches from southern New York to northern Mississippi, were used to calculate annual death rates for the 31-year period. Joinpoint regression analysis was used to examine trends by age and race for the Appalachian region and the remainder of the United States. Five-year rates for 1995–1999 age-adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population were calculated by race and age group for the Appalachian region and elsewhere in the United States. RESULTS Trend analysis showed that colorectal carcinoma death rates among both racial and gender groups studied had declined in recent years. Despite this, the rates for white males and white females were still significantly higher in Appalachia than in the rest of the country at the end of the study period, 1999. Five-year colorectal carcinoma death rates among white males (ages < 50, 50–59, and 70–79 years) and white females (ages < 50, 50–59, 70–79, ≥ 80 years) were significantly higher in Appalachia than elsewhere in the United States, whereas rates among black females 60–69 and 70–79 years old were significantly lower in Appalachia. CONCLUSIONS The Appalachian region may benefit from targeted prevention efforts to eliminate disparities in the colorectal carcinoma death rates among subgroups. Further studies are needed to determine whether the higher death rates in specific Appalachian subgroups are related to a higher incidence of the disease, the cancer being at a later stage at diagnosis, poorer treatment, or other factors. Cancer 2004. Published 2004 by the American Cancer Society.
Models of rapidly rotating neutron stars

Interest in rapidly rotating neutron stars has been reinforced by the discovery of the fast pulsar PSR1937 + 214 (ref. 1). Here we report results of the first numerical construction of rapidly rotating relativistic stars based on equations of state (EOS) proposed for neutron-star matter. Of nine EOS considered, none permits uniformly rotating equilibrium configurations for which the ratio T/W of rotational energy to gravitational energy exceeds 0.12. Thus whereas a rotating neutron star spun up by accretion or formed by collapse of a rapidly rotating dwarf can be unstable2–7 to modes with angular dependence eimΦ for m = 3 or 4, instability to a bar mode (m = 2) appears very unlikely. For the stiffest EOS and for stellar masses near the Chandrasekhar mass (baryon mass M0 ≈ 1.4 M⊙), the upper limiting rotational frequencies imposed by the m = 3 or m = 4 instability are approximately equal to the frequency of the fast pulsar; for the softer EOS, the corresponding limiting frequencies are significantly larger. Uniform rotation increases the maximum gravitational mass of a model by an amount ranging from ∼14% for the softest models to ∼30% for the stiffest models.
Paraanastomotic aneurysms of the abdominal aorta

Abstract Purpose: Aneurysm formation after abdominal aortic bypass reconstruction is an infrequent but underestimated complication. Aneurysms may occur after aortic prosthetic reconstruction for both occlusive and aneurysmal disease, may occur early or late, and may be classified as a pseudoaneurysm or true aneurysm. Methods: Thirty-one cases in 29 patients treated at a tertiary referral center from 1980 to 1992 were retrospectively reviewed. Iliac and femoral aneurysms were excluded. The indication for initial abdominal aortic grafting had been aneurysmal disease in 19 patient and occlusive disease in 10 patients. Results: There were 25 pseudoaneurysms and six true aneurysms, the latter followed grafting for aneurysmal disease. The current aneurysm (mean size 7.1 cm) was at the proximal aortic anastomosis in 27 cases and at the distal aortic anastomosis in two cases. Symptoms at presentation included abdominal pain (14), mass (12), claudication (9), back pain (6), and gastrointestinal bleeding (3). Surgical management included interposition tube grafting (16), aortoiliofemoral bypass (9), and graft removal with extraanatomic bypass (3). The overall operative morbidity rate was 73%, and mortality rate was 21%. Conclusions: Paraanastomotic aortic aneurysms are being increasingly recognized and are associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Patients should be periodically studied after aortic grafting with abdominal ultrasonography for early detection of this potentially serious complication. Elective surgical repair is advocated in the effort to minimize morbidity rates. (J VASC SURG 1993;18:424-32.)
Effects of source attire on judgments of credibility

(1979). Effects of source attire on judgments of credibility. Central States Speech Journal: Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 282-285.
Characterization of disagreement in multiplatform and multisensor fusion analysis

An interesting problem arises in multi platform-multisensor information fusion system when sources disagree on the classification or identity of an unknown entity. If there is disagreement, the ideal situation ins a high level of confidence form a single source with complete disagreement in the remaining sources. This is not always the case and situations may arise where the winner is only successful by a small margin and there is collective disagreement amongst the losing sources. This paper describes a new terminology, disfusion, which is used for the characterization of disagreement between information sources and can enhance the final conclusion of a fusion system.
The Effects of Streamers on the Shape of the K-Coronal Spectrum

We conducted an experiment in conjunction with the total solar eclipse of 21 June 2001 in Lusaka, Zambia, to obtain the K-coronal spectrum simultaneously from multiple locations on the solar corona. Then we matched the observed K-coronal spectra with the modeled K-coronal spectra to determine the coronal electron temperature and its bulk flow speed. Here the models assumed a symmetric and isothermal corona with the coronal electron flowing away from the Sun at a constant flow speed. We were able to make remarkable matches between the observations and the models. In this paper we will try to explain how the anomalies in the matches could be accounted for with the introduction of streamers in the K-coronal spectral models.
The place of intravenous immunoglobulin (IgG i.v.) therapy in thrombocytopenia.

Acute ITP following infection in children has a high rate of spontaneous remission. Since the platelet count is not uncommonly profoundly depressed, ITP is associated with a mortality of around 1%. The aim of treatment in ITP is to prevent bleeding. As a rule, this can only be achieved by normalizing the platelet count. Intravenous immunoglobulin offers certain advantages over conventional steroid therapy. Moreover, two out of three patients with chronic ITP respond to IgG i.v. The characteristic features of ITP in pregnancy, thrombocytopenia in babies born to mother with ITP and neonatal isoimmune thrombocytopenia are discussed.
Forced volatilization cleanup for gas chromatographic assay of pesticide residues.

A major deterrent to the widespread routine application of gas chromatographic segregative techniques and selective detectors to qualitative and quantitative pesticide and other residue evaluation has been “poisoning” of volatilization chamber and column by extraneous extractives. This present note is prompted by the recent publication by STORHERR and WATTS (1) of their “sweep co-distillation” cleanup method, which is a version of our “forced volatilization” cleanup technique [OTT and Gunther (2)] as applied to butterfat. The final versions of our apparatus were best suited to cleanup of certain pesticides in butterfat, but the intermediate versions, described herein and in part by Gunther (3) were applicable with good recoveries to a variety of substrate extractives including the very intractable extractives mixture from alfalfa. All these devices physically separate gas chromatographable compounds from those compounds not gas chromatographable and provide a simple and versatile approach to the cleanup of stripping solutions to eliminate many extraneous extractives for almost any subsequent analytical operations.
Isolation and characterization of soil bacteria that define Terriglobus gen. nov., in the phylum Acidobacteria.

Bacteria in the phylum Acidobacteria are widely distributed and abundant in soils, but their ecological roles are poorly understood, owing in part to a paucity of cultured representatives. In a molecular survey of acidobacterial diversity at the Michigan State University Kellogg Biological Station Long-Term Ecological Research site, 27% of acidobacterial 16S rRNA gene clones in a never-tilled, successional plant community belonged to subdivision 1, whose relative abundance varied inversely with soil pH. Strains of subdivision 1 were isolated from these never-tilled soils using low-nutrient medium incubated for 3 to 4 weeks under elevated levels of carbon dioxide, which resulted in a slightly acidified medium that matched the pH optima of the strains (between 5 and 6). Colonies were approximately 1 mm in diameter and either white or pink, the latter due to a carotenoid(s) that was synthesized preferentially under 20% instead of 2% oxygen. Strains were gram-negative, aerobic, chemo-organotrophic, nonmotile rods that produced an extracellular matrix. All strains contained either one or two copies of the 16S rRNA encoding gene, which along with a relatively slow doubling time (10 to 15 h at ca. 23°C) is suggestive of an oligotrophic lifestyle. Six of the strains are sufficiently similar to one another, but distinct from previously named Acidobacteria, to warrant creation of a new genus, Terriglobus, with Terriglobus roseus defined as the type species. The physiological and nutritional characteristics of Terriglobus are consistent with its potential widespread distribution in soil.
Erythrocyte antigens and tolerance phenomena.

The antigens of red blood cells have some advantages for studies of immune phenomena, deriving mainly from the diverse tests that may be applied to the detection of antibody populations with differing activities, and the ease with which antibodies of different specificities may be separated by the technique of antibody absorption. My brief discussion here will not attempt to survey all of the erythrocyte studies that may have bearing on tolerance phenomena, but will be largely a personal history of investigations that have not been adequately described in previous publications.
On-column UV absorption detector for open tubular capillary zone electrophoresis

Abstract A fixed-wavelength on-column UV absorption detector has been developed for open tubular capillary electrophoresis. The detection limits are 15 pg for isoquinoline and 250 pg for lysozyme. Detector response is linear over three to four orders of magnitude for each solute tested. This approach to detector design solves many problems encountered in the use of modified commercial high-performance liquid chromatography detectors. Examples of separations obtained by capillary zone electrophoresis with UV detection are given, including separations in non-aqueous and mixed media.
Professors as Leaders: Being Open and Teachable

Professors are considered leaders because they enjoy a formal authority within the academy. But they are more apt to be effective leaders if they view themselves as having a unique voice among many voices, share their voice and encourage others to express their views and perspectives within a community of challenge and support, and demonstrate openness to new ideas and viewpoints of those with whom they interact–students and colleagues.
Expression of estrogenicity genes in a lineage cell culture model of human breast cancer progression.

TaqMan Gene Expression assays were used to profile the mRNA expression of estrogen receptor (ERα and ERβ) and estrogen metabolism enzymes including cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULT1E1, SULT1A1, SULT2A1, and SULT2B1), steroid sulfatase (STS), aromatase (CYP19), 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17βHSD1 and 2), CYP1B1, and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) in an MCF10A-derived lineage cell culture model for basal-like human breast cancer progression and in ERα-positive luminal MCF7 breast cancer cells. Low levels of ERα and ERβ mRNA were present in MCF10A-derived cell lines. SULT1E1 mRNA was more abundant in confluent relative to subconfluent MCF10A cells, a non-tumorigenic proliferative breast disease cell line. SULT1E1 was also expressed in preneoplastic MCF10AT1 and MCF10AT1K.cl2 cells, but was markedly repressed in neoplastic MCF10A-derived cell lines as well as in MCF7 cells. Steroid-metabolizing enzymes SULT1A1 and SULT2B1 were only expressed in MCF7 cells. STS and COMT were widely detected across cell lines. Pro-estrogenic 17βHSD1 mRNA was most abundant in neoplastic MCF10CA1a and MCF10DCIS.com cells, while 17βHSD2 mRNA was more prominent in parental MCF10A cells. CYP1B1 mRNA was most abundant in MCF7 cells. Treatment with the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) induced SULT1E1 and CYP19 mRNA but suppressed CYP1B1, STS, COMT, 17βHSD1, and 17βHSD2 mRNA in MCF10A lineage cell lines. In MCF7 cells, TSA treatment suppressed ERα, CYP1B1, STS, COMT, SULT1A1, and SULT2B1 but induced ERβ, CYP19 and SULT2A1 mRNA expression. The results indicate that relative to the MCF7 breast cancer cell line, key determinants of breast estrogen metabolism are differentially regulated in the MCF10A-derived lineage model for breast cancer progression.
High concentration methanol fuel cells: Design and theory

Abstract Use of highly concentrated methanol fuel is required for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) to compete with the energy density of Li-ion batteries. Because one mole of H 2 O is needed to oxidize one mole of methanol (CH 3 OH) in the anode, low water crossover to the cathode or even water back flow from the cathode into the anode is a prerequisite for using highly concentrated methanol. It has previously been demonstrated that low or negative water crossover can be realized by the incorporation of a low-α membrane electrode assembly (MEA), which is essentially an MEA designed for optimal water management, using, e.g. hydrophobic anode and cathode microporous layers (aMPL and cMPL). In this paper we extend the low-α MEA concept to include an anode transport barrier (aTB) between the backing layer and hydrophobic aMPL. The main role of the aTB is to act as a barrier to CH 3 OH and H 2 O diffusion between a water-rich anode catalyst layer (aCL) and a methanol-rich fuel feed. The primary role of the hydrophobic aMPL in this MEA is to facilitate a low (or negative) water crossover to the cathode. Using a previously developed 1D, two-phase DMFC model, we show that this novel design yields a cell with low methanol crossover (i.e. high fuel efficiency, ∼80%, at a typical operating current density of ∼80–90% of the cell limiting current density), while directly feeding high concentration methanol fuel into the anode. The physics of how the aTB and aMPL work together to accomplish this is fully elucidated. We further show that a thicker, more hydrophilic, more permeable aTB, and thicker, more hydrophobic, and less permeable aMPL are most effective in accomplishing low CH 3 OH and H 2 O crossover.
An examination of traffic accidents occurring within highway work zones in the state of South Dakota

All highway accidents in South Dakota occurring during 2006 and occurring in the vicinity of work-zones were identified. The 367 formal reports filed with the state Department of Transportation by ...
Neutral transport in the ALT-I limiter

Abstract The behavior of neutral atoms and molecules in the TEXTOR pump limiter ALT-I has been investigated with the aid of the 2-D Monte Carlo neutral transport code DEGAS. The code incorporates the full set of relevant collision processes (atomic and molecular), and it has a standard wall model which includes fast-neutral reflection and molecular desorption. The limiter has a narrow neck positioned in the toroidal direction, with an entrance at one end and a neutralizer plate set at an angle at the other end. Neutrals born at the neutralizer plate can make their way down a long, narrow duct into a pumping plenum. Both the width of the entrance duct and the width of the duct leading into the plenum can be varied in the experiment. The limiter was modeled with a 2-D geometry, which included corrections for 3-D effects. Among the quantities predicted by the code which are directly relevant to experiment are the neutral pressure within the plenum and along the duct leading into the plenum, the gettering rates, and the heat flux to the walls of the duct. These have been calculated for a variety of plasma parameters in the inlet, and the behavior with respect to variations of the duct widths has been studied. Because of the presence of the long duct separating the entrance chamber from the plenum, a high probability of ionization generally results, suggesting that a calculation allowing the plasma to adjust to the neutral sources might show a large amount of recycling.
The Paley-Wiener theorem for the Hua system

Abstract E. Damek, A. Hulanicki, and R. Penney ( J. Funct. Anal. , in press) studied a canonical system of differential equations (the Hua system) denoted HJK which is definable on any Kahlerian manifold M . Functions annihilated by this system are called “Hua-harmonic.” In the case where M is a bounded homogeneous domain in C n with its Bergman metric, it was shown that every bounded Hua-harmonic function has a boundary value on the Bergman–Shilov boundary and that the function is reproducible from the Shilov boundary by integration against the reduction of the Poisson kernel for the Laplace–Beltrami operator to the Shilov boundary. This then provided a partial generalization of the results of Johnson and Koranyi to the stated context. Significantly, however, no characterization of the resulting space of boundary functions so obtained was given. The current work extends these results in several ways. We show that for a tube domain (i.e., a Siegel domain of type I), the Cauchy–Szego Poisson kernel also reproduces the Hua-harmonic functions. Since the two kernels agree only in the symmetric case, it follows that the space of boundary functions is dense in L ∞ if and only if the domain is symmetric. We also show that an L 2 function is the boundary function for a Hua-harmonic function if and only if its Fourier transform is supported in a certain (typically non-convex) cone. This cone is characterized in terms of the Fourier transformation of the Cauchy–Szego Poisson kernel.
The Isolation of Biological Rhythm Mutations on the Autosomes of Drosophila melanogaster

A selection for autosomal circadian rhythm variants in Drosophila melanogaster resulted in the isolation of 3 new mutants, all of which display an abnormal synchronization of daily rhythms to entra...
Our Relations with Japan.

The rise of Japan within the span of one generation from the condition of a weak feudalized state, shut off from all contact with the western nations, to the position of a world power dominated by a desire to shape the destinies of Eastern Asia and ready to dispute with other powers the control of the Pacific, constitutes one of the most dramatic stories in the whole range of history. The rapid assimilation of western ideas and the successful appropriation of all the material elements of western civilization are without a parallel. Dr. Nitobe, whom we are glad to recognize not only as a great scholar but as a great writer of English, in his remarkable book, Bushido, the Soul of Japan , describes with great power and beauty the idealism of the Samurai, or gentlemen of Japan of a generation ago, but while the old spirit still flashes out occasionally as in the spectacular, and to us meaningless, suicide, on the occasion of the funeral of the late Emperor, of one of his most distinguished subjects, General Nogi, we cannot help believing that the Japanese have outgrown their idealism; that they cast it aside when they discarded their mediaeval weapons and abandoned their self-complacent exclusivism. The Japanese are the greatest materialists in the world today, for it is the material elements of western civilization that they have appropriated and to which they owe their success in two wars. A nation of materialists, fired with ambition and military ardor, are going just as far in their aggressiveness as sheer force will carry them. That is why Japan with her present ambitions is so generally regarded as a menace to the peace of the world.
Systemic and neurologic abnormalities distinguish the lysosomal disorders sialidosis and galactosialidosis in mice

Neuraminidase initiates the hydrolysis of sialo-glycoconjugates by removing their terminal sialic acid residues. In humans, primary or secondary deficiency of this enzyme leads to two clinically similar neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorders: sialidosis and galactosialidosis (GS). Mice nullizygous at the Neu1 locus develop clinical abnormalities reminiscent of early-onset sialidosis in children, including severe nephropathy, progressive edema, splenomegaly, kyphosis and urinary excretion of sialylated oligosaccharides. Although the sialidosis mouse model shares clinical and histopathological features with GS mice and GS patients, we have identified phenotypic abnormalities that seem specific for sialidosis mice. These include progressive deformity of the spine, high incidence of premature death, age-related extramedullary hematopoiesis, and lack of early degeneration of cerebellar Purkinje cells. The differences and similarities identified in these sialidosis and GS mice may help to better understand the pathophysiology of these diseases in children and to identify more targeted therapies for each of these diseases.
Structural Design Challenges in Design Certification Applications for New Reactors

The licensing framework established by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission under Title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations (10 CFR) Part 52, “Licenses, Certifications, and Approvals for Nuclear Power Plants,” provides requirements for standard design certifications (DCs) and combined license (COL) applications. The intent of this process is the early resolution of safety issues at the DC application stage. Subsequent COL applications may incorporate a DC by reference. Thus, the COL review will not reconsider safety issues resolved during the DC process. However, a COL application that incorporates a DC by reference must demonstrate that relevant site-specific design parameters are confined within the bounds postulated by the DC, and any departures from the DC need to be justified. This paper provides an overview of structural design challenges encountered in recent DC applications under the 10 CFR Part 52 process, in which the authors have participated as part of the safety review effort.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Robust Estimation of a Random Parameter in a Gaussian Linear Model With Joint Eigenvalue and Elementwise Covariance Uncertainties

We consider the estimation of a Gaussian random vector x observed through a linear transformation H and corrupted by additive Gaussian noise with a known covariance matrix, where the covariance matrix of x is known to lie in a given region of uncertainty that is described using bounds on the eigenvalues and on the elements of the covariance matrix. Recently, two criteria for minimax estimation called difference regret (DR) and ratio regret (RR) were proposed and their closed form solutions were presented assuming that the eigenvalues of the covariance matrix of x are known to lie in a given region of uncertainty, and assuming that the matrices H T Cw -1 H and C x are jointly diagonalizable, where C w and C x denote the covariance matrices of the additive noise and of x respectively. In this work we present a new criterion for the minimax estimation problem which we call the generalized difference regret (GDR), and derive a new minimax estimator which is based on the GDR criterion where the region of uncertainty is defined not only using upper and lower bounds on the eigenvalues of the parameter's covariance matrix, but also using upper and lower bounds on the individual elements of the covariance matrix itself. Furthermore, the new estimator does not require the assumption of joint diagonalizability and it can be obtained efficiently using semidefinite programming. We also show that when the joint diagonalizability assumption holds and when there are only eigenvalue uncertainties, then the new estimator is identical to the difference regret estimator. The experimental results show that we can obtain improved mean squared error (MSE) results compared to the MMSE, DR, and RR estimators.
Parental Divorce, Marital Conflict and Children's behavior Problems: A Comparison of Adopted and Biological Children

We used adopted and biological children from Waves 1 and 2 of the National Survey of Families and Households to study the links between parents' marital conflict, divorce and children's behavior problems. The standard family environment model assumes that marital conflict and divorce increase the risk of children's behavior problems. The passive genetic model assumes that parents' and children's behavior are linked because of genetic transmission from parents to children. The child effects model assumes that parents' marital distress is the result of (rather than the cause of) children's behavior. Our analysis shows that the associations between parents' divorce and marital conflict and children's behavior problems are comparable for biological and adopted children. Moreover, the primary direction of influence appears to run from parents to children. Taken together, these results provide support for the standard family environment model. A large number of studies conducted during the past three decades have shown that children with divorced parents have an elevated risk of a variety of problems, including conduct disorders, eniotional disturbances, difficulties with social relationships and academic failure (Amato 2000). This topic has been of interest to social scientists from a variety of disciplines, including demography (Cherlin 1999), family sociology (Booth and Amato 2001), education (Pong, Dronkers and Hampden-Thompson 2003), criminology (Thornberry, Smith, Rivera, Huizinga and StouthamerLoeber 1999), economics (Havemann 1994), and child psychology (Emery 1999). Similarly, studies have shown that in the absence of divorce, exposure to chronic, unresolved conflict between parents increases the risk of comparable problems for children (Amato and Booth 1997; Emery 1999; Krishnakumar and Buehler 2000). Not all children who experience divorce or who grow up with chronically discordant parents develop serious problems. Nevertheless, these findings indicate that further research on the causal linkages between these variables is warranted.
Simple tight bounds on capacity for the peak-limited discrete-time channel

We introduce simple tight upper and lower bounds on capacity for the peak-limited discrete-time additive Gaussian noise channel with a significant reduction in computational burden over existing methods. These bounds provide an envelope of uncertainty sufficiently tight to be employed as effective approximations
The adsorption and decomposition of HS-(CH2)2-(CF2)7-CF3 thin films on Au(111)

Broad spectrum synchrotron radiation-induced decomposition of HS-(CH2)2-(CF2)7-CF3 was studied by ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy. The photoemission is dominated by the fluorinated alkane molecular backbone and resembles that of polyvinylidene copolymers and polytetrafluoroethane (PTFE). The film decomposition products appear to be surprisingly homogeneous.
Neurons in the Basal Forebrain Project to the Cortex in a Complex Topographic Organization that Reflects Corticocortical Connectivity Patterns: An Experimental Study Based on Retrograde Tracing and 3D Reconstruction

The most prominent feature of the Basal Forebrain (BF) is the collection of large cortically projecting neurons (basal nucleus of Meynert) that serve as the primary source of cholinergic input to the entire cortical mantle. Despite its broad involvement in cortical activation, attention, and memory, the functional details of the BF are not well understood due to the anatomical complexity of the region. This study tested the hypothesis that basalocortical connections reflect cortical connectivity patterns. Distinct retrograde tracers were deposited into various frontal and posterior cortical areas, and retrogradely labeled cholinergic and noncholinergic neurons were mapped in the BF. Concurrently, we mapped retrogradely labeled cells in posterior cortical areas that project to various frontal areas, and all cell populations were combined in the same coordinate system. Our studies suggest that the cholinergic and noncholinergic projections to the neocortex are not diffuse, but instead, are organized into segregated or overlapping pools of projection neurons. The extent of overlap between BF populations projecting to the cortex depends on the degree of connectivity between the cortical targets of these projection populations. We suggest that the organization of projections from the BF may enable parallel modulation of multiple groupings of interconnected yet nonadjacent cortical areas.
On k-Nearest Neighbor Searching in Non-Ordered Discrete Data Spaces

A k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) query retrieves k objects from a database that are considered to be the closest to a given query point. Numerous techniques have been proposed in the past for supporting efficient k-NN searches in continuous data spaces. No such work has been reported in the literature for k-NN searches in a non-ordered discrete data space (NDDS). Performing k-NN searches in an NDDS raises new challenges. The Hamming distance is usually used to measure the distance between two vectors (objects) in an NDDS. Due to the coarse granularity of the Hamming distance, a k-NN query in an NDDS may lead to a large set of candidate solutions, creating a high degree of non-determinism for the query result. We propose a new distance measure, called granularity-enhanced Hamming (GEH) distance, that effectively reduces the number of candidate solutions for a query. We have also considered using multidimensional database indexing for implementing k-NN searches in NDDSs. Our experiments on synthetic and genomic data sets demonstrate that our index-based k-NN algorithm is effective and efficient in finding k-NNs in NDDSs.
INITIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY INVESTIGATION OF MAGNETIC TRANSITIONS IN SEVERAL RARE EARTH METALS: THERMAL HYSTERESIS IN FERROMAGNETIC TRANSITIONS

Abstract Thermal hysteresis of magnetic transitions in polycrystalline Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Tm and Sm have been investigated by an a.c. mutual inductance magnetic susceptibility technique. A thermal hysteresis effect was observed in the ferromagnetic transitions of Tb, Dy, Ho and Tm. No thermal hysteresis was observed in the magnetic transitions of Gd and Sm. The magnetic transition temperatures obtained in all of the metals investigated are discussed and compared with other works.
Treatment Summaries and Survivorship Care Plans: The Approach by the Commission on Cancer to Increase Use

The implementation of CoC standard 3.3 represents a paradigm shift in the care of cancer survivors, with a statement that treatment summaries and survivorship care plans are important documents for patient care and should be required.
Frameless stereotaxy in a transmandibular, circumglossal, retropharyngeal cervical decompression in a klippel-feil patient: technical note

Frameless stereotaxy, while most commonly applied to intracranial surgery, has seen an increasing number of applications in spinal surgery. Its use in the spine has been described to a greater degree in posterior rather than anterior surgical approaches, presumably due to the relative paucity of anatomical landmarks appropriate for frameless stereotactic registration in the anterior spine. This technical note illustrates the previously undescribed, successful use of frameless stereotaxy to the transmandibular, circumglossal, retropharyngeal surgical approach in a patient with Klippel-Feil syndrome.
Transport Costs in International Trade Theory: A Comparison with the Analysis of Nontraded Goods

I. Assumptions and notation, 536. — II. The model, 537. — III. The equations of change, 540. — IV. Autonomous price changes, 541. — V. Factor accumulation, 543. — VI. Conclusions, 548.
Parasagittal zonation of GABA-B receptors in molecular layer of rat cerebellum

Two distinct receptors mediate the effects of ~,-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the central nervous system. GABA-A receptors, which are linked to the modulatory benzodiazepine site and chloride ion channels, are the predominant mediators of inhibitory neurotransmission in the brain. GABA-B receptors are linked to potassium and calcium channels and may act by regulation of adenylate cyclase (Bowery et al., 1988). GABA-A and GABA-B receptors differ in their anatomic distributions. In the cerebellar cortex, GABA-A receptors are located mainly in the granule cell layer while GABA-B are receptors found predominantly in the molecular layer. We have found that molecular layer GABA-B receptors are distributed in parasagittal zones of high and low ligand binding. This is the first documentation of parasagittal zonation of any known receptor type in cerebellar cortex.
A compact series-fed microstrip slot antenna array for digital beamforming

A compact design of antenna arrays for digital beamforming purposes is proposed. The essential idea is based on a series-fed slot antenna array with spatial multiplexing of local elements (SMILE) techniques. The proposed approach offers several advantages, such as compactness, low cost, and compatibility with MMICs. A 4-element array testbed at 5.5 GHz center frequency is fabricated and digital beamforming on this testbed is successfully demonstrated.
Ask WINE: are we safer today? evaluating operating system security through big data analysis

The Internet can be a dangerous place: 800,000 new malware variants are detected each day, and this number is growing at an exponential rate--driven by the quest for economic gains. However, over the past ten years operating-system vendors have introduced a number of security technologies that aim to make exploits harder and to reduce the attack surface of the platform. Faced with these two conflicting trends, it is difficult for end-users to determine what techniques make them safer from Internet attacks. In this position paper, we argue that to answer this question conclusively we must analyze field data collected on real hosts that are targeted by attacks--e.g., the approximately 50 million records of anti-virus telemetry available through Symantec's WINE platform. Such studies can characterize the factors that drive the production of malware, can help us understand the impact of security technologies in the real world and can suggest new security metrics, derived from field observations rather than small lab experiments, indicating how susceptible to attacks a computing platform may be.
Use of multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) to identify interactive meteorological conditions affecting relative throughfall

Summary Forest canopies alter rainfall reaching the surface by redistributing it as throughfall. Throughfall supplies water and nutrients to a variety of ecohydrological components (soil microbial communities, stream water discharge/chemistry, and stormflow pathways) and is controlled by canopy structural interactions with meteorological conditions across temporal scales. This work introduces and applies multiple correspondence analyses (MCAs) to a range of meteorological thresholds (median intensity, median absolute deviation (MAD) of intensity, median wind-driven droplet inclination angle, and MAD of wind speed) for an example throughfall problem: identification of interacting storm conditions corresponding to temporal concentration in relative throughfall beyond the median observation (⩾73% of rain). MCA results from the example show that equalling or exceeding rain intensity thresholds (median and MAD) corresponded with temporal concentration of relative throughfall across all storms. Under these intensity conditions, two wind mechanisms produced significant correspondences: (1) high, steady wind-driven droplet inclination angles increased surface wetting; and (2) sporadic winds shook entrained droplets from surfaces. A discussion is provided showing that these example MCA findings agree well with previous work relying on more historically common methods (e.g., multiple regression and analytical models). Meteorological threshold correspondences to temporal concentration of relative throughfall at our site may be a function of heavy Tillandsia usneoides coverage. Applications of MCA within other forests may provide useful insights to how temporal throughfall dynamics are affected for drainage pathways dependent on different structures (leaves, twigs, branches, etc.).
Fatigue Damage and Dynamic Natural Frequency Response of Spot-Welded Joints

The changes of dynamic frequency response, commonly used to determine the dynamic characteristic of built-up structures, were studied over the entire fatigue failure process for tensile-shear spot-welded joints. The results of an experimental study showed that the natural frequency varies non-linearly with the fatigue damage fraction. This behavior was modeled using finite element analysis of a progressively growing crack, initiating at the joining surface, then progressing to the outside surface of the specimen, and finally extending from the spot weld nugget. The- relationship between dynamic frequency response and crack propagation may be applied to study effect of aging (high mileage) in NVH quality.
Age differences in conditioned place preferences and taste aversions to nicotine

Adolescents and adults differ in their behavioral sensitivities to drugs of abuse, including nicotine. Studies have shown that both rewarding and aversive properties of drugs of abuse can exist concomitantly. The present study investigated the ontogeny of these opposing qualities across a range of doses using a combined conditioned taste aversion and place preference paradigm in pair-housed rats that were not deprived of food or water. Results indicated that adolescents were more sensitive to the rewarding properties of nicotine than adults. In contrast, although all doses produced a taste aversion at both ages in the same rats, the aversion was weaker at lower than high doses in adolescents whereas adults showed strong aversion at all doses, suggesting modest attenuation in nicotine's aversive properties among adolescents relative to adults. Thus, attenuated aversive and accented appetitive sensitivities of adolescents to nicotine can be experienced simultaneously in the same animals. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 58: 660-666, 2016.
Outpatient Laparoscopic Appendectomy: Is It Time to End the Discussion?

Background Laparoscopic appendectomy is typically associated with inpatient hospitalization averaging between 1 and 2 days. In July 2010, a prospective protocol for outpatient laparoscopic appendectomy was adopted at our institution. Patients were dismissed from the post-anesthesia recovery room or day surgery if they met certain predefined criteria. Patients admitted to a hospital room as either full admission or observation status were considered failures of outpatient management. Study Design An IRB-approved, retrospective review of a prospective database was performed on all patients having laparoscopic appendectomy for uncomplicated appendicitis from July 2010 through December 2014. Study exclusions included age younger than 17 years, pregnancy, interval appendectomy, and gangrenous or perforated appendicitis. Patient demographics, success with outpatient management, morbidity, and readmissions were analyzed. Results Five hundred and sixty-three patients underwent laparoscopic appendectomy for uncomplicated appendicitis during this time frame. There were 281 men and 282 women, with a mean age of 35.5 years. Four hundred and eighty-four patients (86%) were managed as outpatients. Seventy-nine patients were admitted for pre-existing conditions (32 patients), postoperative morbidity (10 patients), physician discretion (6 patients), or lack of transportation or support at home (31 patients). Thirty-eight patients (6.7%) experienced postoperative morbidity. Seven patients (1.2%) were readmitted after outpatient management for transient fever, nausea/vomiting, migraine headache, urinary tract infection, partial small bowel obstruction, and deep venous thrombosis. There were no mortalities or reoperations. Including the readmissions, overall success with outpatient management was 85%. Conclusions Outpatient laparoscopic appendectomy can be performed with a high rate of success, low morbidity, and low readmission rate. This protocol has withstood the test of time. Widespread adoption has the potential for substantial health care savings.
Glasses and glassy crystals from molecular and molecular ionic systems

Some general principles underlying the possibility of vitrifying a randomly chosen molecular substance are reviewed by way of explaining the Tb /Tm > 2 rule (> 1.7 for homogeneously nucleating systems), and a comparable rule, Tb /Tq > 2.5 is shown to have predictive value for plastic crystals. Hydrogen bonded substances provide exceptions in both liquids and plastic crystal cases. Glassforming ability is traced to a crystalline state packing problem. New data on molecular, and molecular ionic isomeric families are used to illustrate the distinction between vitrifying and non-vitrifying liquids, and compounds which form glassy crystal as opposed to ordinary glassy phases.
Comparing the Effects of Mental Imagery Rehearsal and Physical Practice on Learning Lumbar Puncture by Medical Students

Using mental imagery in clinical skills instruction can be a valuable teaching strategy. Prior studies have supported its use in the teaching of a variety of clinical skills including basic surgery and venipuncture. We extended this research to lumbar puncture. After viewing an instructional video, medical students received instruction on how to perform a lumbar puncture on simulators. The students were then randomized into two groups with one group receiving additional practice on the simulators and the other group receiving guided mental imagery practice. Students then performed a lumbar puncture as part of an Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) and were graded on a reliable rating instrument developed for this study. Consistent with prior studies, there was no statistically significant difference in performance between the group receiving additional physical practice and the group receiving guided mental imagery practice. Mental imagery practice appears to be an effective and cost-efficient method to teach lumbar puncture as well as a lifelong learning skill.
A stress-wave technique for determining the tensile strength of brittle materials

A stress-wave technique for determining the dynamic tensile strength of brittle materials is discussed. The results of experiments with bar specimens of aluminum oxide are presented. Experimental evidence to verify the reliability of the state of dynamic tensile stress resulting from the reflection of a longitudinal stress wave from a free boundary is included. Values of dynamic tensile strength of aluminum oxide are tabulated and compared with values obtained using the same material and two different static methods.
On a Two-Dimensional Temperature Model: Development and Verification

Government regulators on many rivers have specified acceptable temperatures based upon habitat and biological criteria. These temperature thresholds impose constraints on reservoir operations and can limit water deliveries and power generation. Existing tools based on low-order modeling simplify a river to a simple line with limited spatial distribution of inputs and poorly represent physics of the river processes. The limited spatial extents restrict the usefulness of low-order modeling for such features as agricultural returns, gravel pits, groundwater upwelling, side channel activation, and streamside vegetation. It also imposes limitation on fish habitat assessment and reoperation outside the range of the calibration datasets. This study develops a two-dimensional (2D) temperature module for an existing 2D hydraulic model, SRH-2D version 2. The 2D model incorporates data with both lateral and longitudinal geographic extents rather than lumping results into a point-topoint or uni-directional representation. The objective was to improve the representation of spatial features where low-order models resort to empiricism for a lumped treatment. Better representation of processes leads to increased accuracy and higher confidence. The SRH-2D temperature model utilizes meterological data as inputs (solar radiation, cloud cover, air temperature, dewpoint temperature and wind speed). Physical processes modeled include solar radiation, terrain and vegetation shade, atmospheric radiation, water back radiation, heat exchange between water and river bed, water surface evaporative and conductive losses. The model formulation, along with governing and process equations, is discussed first. The model is then tested and verified with simple cases having analytical solutions. The model is finally verified by applying to flows on the McKay Creek downstream of the McKay Dam.
Effect of Malonate and Iodoacetate on Respiration of Brains of Rats of Various Ages

Discussion and ConclusionsMalonate has been assumed to be a specific inhibitor of succino-dehydrogenase.5 If this assumption is correct, the above results indicate that the brain of the newborn does not depend on the oxidation of succinate to the same extent as does the adult's brain. However, the specificity of the action of malonate has been questioned, and evidence indicates that its effects are more complex and cannot be due primarily to an inhibition of that one enzyme.6,7,8 Irrespective of which enzyme systems are inhibited by malonate, it is clear that, compared with the infant brain, the adult's is more sensitive to this substance. It is interesting to note that the increase in the respiration of the malonate poisoned tissue occurs at about the same time that myelinization is known to begin in the rat.9,10 Apparently, this increase is due to a system not very sensitive to malonate.The results with iodoacetate seem to imply that the brain of the newborn depends, for its aerobic metabolism, on some ...