cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Digital Control Generations -- Digital Controls for Power Electronics through the Third Generation

Digital control in power electronics can be divided into three "generations." First-generation digital controls use digital "outside the loop" in communications, setup, and supervisory roles. Second generation digital controls use digital processes "inside the loop," including discrete-time feedback loops and sometimes even digital signal processing. Today, first-generation digital methods are expanding quickly, as new communication protocols and adjustable analog loops become common. Even companies that continue to design analog controls for power electronics often include these types of digital processes. Second-generation digital controls are a hot topic right now, as real-time digital controllers become feasible. In third-generation digital controls, the digital process functions directly with individual switches to push performance up to the physical limits of power electronics. A digital switch decides when it must turn on or off. The control is on direct switch timing rather than a converter duty ratio or a setting. Extreme performance is possible with this approach, such as converters that do not exhibit output disturbances when confronted with load or line step changes. The talk compares these different arenas, all of which are current active topics in power electronics, and shows what can become possible as the third generation develops.
Low-Dose Naloxone for Prophylaxis of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

tudy Objective To determine whether postoperative administration of low-dose intravenous naloxone decreases the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) and its impact on postoperative opioid requirements and pain scores. Design Meta-analysis of nine randomized controlled trials. Patients A total of 946 adult and pediatric patients who received low-dose intravenous naloxone for 24 hours after various surgeries. Measurements and Main Results Systemic literature searches of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled trials, Evidence Based Medicine reviews, PubMed, and Ovid MEDLINE databases were conducted. Among the relevant studies, data extraction and bias assessment determined the trials for inclusion in this meta-analysis. Nine randomized controlled trials met inclusion criteria. Naloxone demonstrated a reduced risk of postoperative nausea (Risk Ratio [RR] 0.80, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.67–0.95, p=0.01) in a pooled analysis of eight of the nine studies. However, naloxone did not decrease the risk of postoperative vomiting in a collective assessment of all nine trials (RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.63–1.09, p=0.18). Subgroup analysis of continuous-infusion naloxone found further reductions in nausea and vomiting but these findings were limited to 186 of the 946 patients. Three studies recorded antiemetic doses and found an overall dose reduction (RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.42–0.96, p=0.03). Compared with controls, naloxone prophylaxis of PONV did not significantly change cumulative postoperative opioid needs (mean difference 0.29 mg, 95% CI –3.55 to 4.13, p=0.88) among five trials, nor visual analog scale pain scores (mean difference -0.11, 95% CI –0.26–0.05, p=0.18) in six studies. Conclusion This pooled analysis of data suggests that low-dose naloxone plays no role in preventing PONV, while exhibiting no significant effects on postoperative opioid needs and pain scores. The reduction demonstrated in postoperative nausea did not translate into decreases in postoperative vomiting. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Book Review: Holy Currencies: Six Blessings for Sustainable Missional Ministries:

Holy Currencies: Six Blessings for Sustainable Missional Ministries. By Eric H. F. Law. St. Louis, Mo.: Chalice Press, 2013. 171 pp. $18.99 (paper).Missional: it is the word of the moment for churches wondering, flailing, struggling with, and especially engaging this time in the twenty-first century. Along with relevant and emerging, it can be as off-putting as it is inspiring. As of this writing, there are 1,488 books with "missional" in the tide on Amazon, com.Opening a book with the words "sustainable missional ministries" in the subtitle, then, could be a bore or an intriguing trip into possibility. I am glad to say that Eric Law's latest book is an experience of the latter for me. Holy Currencies is a book that is both a theoretical exploration of what makes churches and other organizations engaging and sustainable in their varied purposes, as well as a highly practical guide in how those purposes guide the work of community and parish groups.Law starts from his work as founder and leader of the Kaleidoscope Institute, an organization that serves churches and civic groups with resources to become more engaged with the communities around them. As he offered this training over the years, the recurring concern he heard was for sustainability. Sure, we can develop something that serves the needs of the moment, or that starts off well, but how do we make this ministry work in the long run? How do we find the money?Studying ministries that he considered to be both missional and sustainable, he developed the idea of interwoven currencies, flowing between and through one another. He names six: Time and Place, Gracious Leadership, Relationship, Truth, Wellness, and Money. These currencies are envisioned as a Cycle of Blessings, and a graphic circle reminds the reader that they are not a linear, static list of limited resources to use up, but rather a flow that can be explored and developed from and to any point in the cycle. He points out that these are not the only currencies at play in many sustainable and missional ministries, but that he finds these six to be essential.The concept of these currencies and how they can be seen and encouraged in churches and ministries is developed through the rest of the book. Each one is first explored in theory and story, and then as it flows with and into the other currencies. All through the book there are very practical exercises for individuals and groups to tease out how these currencies are present and flowing-or not-in their own lives and ministries. …
Glucose Homeostasis and Retinal Histopathology in CSAD KO Mice.

In this study we examined glucose homeostasis and retinal histology in homozygous knockout mice lacking CSAD (CSAD-KO). Two-month-old male mice were used including wild type (WT), homozygotes with without supplementation of taurine in the drinking water (1% w/v). Mice were sacrificed and the eyes processed for histology and immunohistochemistry. Additional mice were subjected to a glucose tolerance test (7.5 mg/kg BW) after 12 h fasting. We found that CSAD-KO and CSAD-KO treated with taurine were slightly hypoglycemic prior to glucose injection and showed a significantly reduced plasma glucose at 30, 60 and 120 min post-glucose injection, compared to WT. While glucose homeostasis in CSAD-KO was significantly different compared to WT, CSAD-KO supplemented with taurine was without effect. Analysis of retinas by electron microscopy showed that CSAD-KO without taurine supplementation exhibited substantial retinal degeneration. Remaining photoreceptor outer and inner segments were disorganized. Retinal nuclear and synaptic layers were largely absent and there was apparent reorganization of the pigmented epithelial cells. The choroid and sclera were intact. These histological aberrations were largely rectified by taurine supplementation in the drinking water.
Crying for Justice: The #BLACKLIVESMATTER Religious Rhetoric of Bishop T.D. Jakes

ABSTRACTThis study examines the underlying theological motivations and rhetorical strategies that inform the #BLACKLIVESMATTER (BLM) rhetorical theology of Bishop T.D. Jakes. Using Jakes’ Huffingto...
Harm Reduction for Injection Drug Users

Harm reduction for injection drug users (IDUs) refers to programs designed to reduce or minimize negative health consequences related to substance use among IDUs without the expectation of substance use abstinence. Harm reduction arose as a response to emerging HIVepidemics driven by injection drug use in the midto late 1980s. The goal of harm reduction is to reduce individualand societal-level harms that can result from drug use rather than focusing on stopping drug use altogether. Some harm reduction programs focus on reducing the amount and frequency of drugs used with the eventual goal of abstinence. However, the vast majority of harm reduction programming focuses on the reduction of physical harm to the individual injector, their immediate social network, and the public as a whole, particularly in reducing the transmission of HIV and other infectious diseases. Because the harm reduction approach in dealing with substance use is nontraditional, implementation of harm reduction programs can be controversial and politicized. Despite this, harm reduction strategies have been implemented widely both globally and in the United States. Common harm reduction programs include needle or syringe exchange programs (NEPs or SEPs), supervised injection facilities (SIFs), drug treatment, and provision of condoms and education about sexual transmission of HIV.
Identification and functional characterization of a novel MUTYH gene mutation.

e12026 Background: Biallelic germline mutations in MUTYH result in the autosomal recessive syndrome of MUTYH associated polyposis (MAP).Three well-known, common mutations account for the vast major...
A novel fish imaging aquarium for small animal research

191 Objectives Small animal imaging is now routine for rodents using optical and MicroPET/CT/SPECT/MRI devices. However, fish models of human disease, and aquatic animals for veterinary research are not readily adaptable to longitudinal study using modern molecular imaging devices. Our goal was to develop a physiologic aquarium for immobilizing aquatic animals, suitable for longitudinal investigation. Methods We have constructed a family of fish and aquatic creature immobilization chambers (Patent Pending) sealed against leakage and sized in principle to fit a variety of water dependent animals and appropriate imaging instruments. The aquarium is devised to permit physiologic imaging with or without real-time interventions, including drug delivery, cardiac gating, electrode stimulation. Built-in oxygen delivery and aquarium temperature control permit further manipulations. Results Goldfish, weighing 8 to 30 grams have been successfully and reproducibly injected with F-18 labeled FDG and NaF via caudal vein injection. Images of FDG and NaF have been acquired demonstrating tissue tracer distribution. Fish have been returned to their resident aquaria without harm following imaging, and have been successfully re-imaged after physiologic interventions. Conclusions We have demonstrated proof of principle for longitudinal molecular imaging of aquatic animals safely, under physiologic conditions. This technology has value for researchers studying zebrafish, goldfish, toadfish, as well as invertebrate species for animal models of human disease; and will have equal value for veterinary research applications
Modeling Correlated Time-Varying Covariate Effects In A Cox-Type Regression Model

In this paper, I extend the proposed model by McKeague and Tighiouart (2000) to handle time-varying correlated covariate effects for the analysis of survival data. I use the conditional predictive ordinates (CPO’s) for model comparison and the methodology is illustrated by an application to nasopharynx cancer survival data. A reversible jump MCMC sampler to estimate the CPO’s will be presented.
Telos, Conservation of Welfare, and Ethical Issues in Genetic Engineering of Animals

The most long-lived metaphysics or view of reality in the history of Western thought is Aristotle’s teleology , which reigned for almost 2,000 years. Biology was expressed in terms of function or telos , and accorded perfectly with common sense. The rise of mechanistic, Newtonian science vanquished teleological explanations. Understanding and accommodating animal telos was essential to success in animal husbandry, which involved respect for telos, and was presuppositional to our “ancient contract” with domestic animals. Telos was further abandoned with the rise of industrial agriculture, which utilized “technological fixes” to force animal into environments they were unsuited for, while continuing to be productive. Loss of husbandry and respect for telos created major issues for farm animal welfare, and forced the creation of a new ethic demanding respect for telos. As genetic engineering developed, the notion arose of modifying animals to fit their environment in order to avoid animal suffering, rather than fitting them into congenial environments. Most people do not favor changing the animals, rather than changing the conditions under which they are reared. Aesthetic appreciation of husbandry and virtue ethics militate in favor of restoring husbandry, rather than radically changing animal teloi. One, however, does not morally wrong teloi by changing them—one can only wrong individuals. In biomedical research, we do indeed inflict major pain, suffering and disease on animals. And genetic engineering seems to augment our ability to create animals to model diseases, particularly more than 3,000 known human genetic diseases. The disease, known as Lesch–Nyhan’s syndrome or HPRT deficiency, which causes self-mutilation and mental retardation, provides us with a real possibility for genetically creating “animal models” of this disease, animals doomed to a life of great and unalleviable suffering. This of course creates a major moral dilemma. Perhaps one can use the very genetic engineering which creates this dilemma to ablate consciousness in such animal models, thereby escaping a moral impasse.
Spatialized White Male Nostalgia: Carol Shields’s Happenstance

This chapter examines white male nostalgia in a pair of novellas, published together by Canadian author Carol Shields as Happenstance (1980, 1982). Set in Chicago, the resultant novel contrasts masculine and feminine versions of emotion-driven, largely nostalgic constructions of the past. Following Svetlana Boym, these constructions amount to “restorative” and “reflective” nostalgias. Shields also repeatedly depicts Jack evincing what geographers Owen J. Dwyer and John Paul Jones III identify as a “white socio-spatial epistemology,” a largely unwitting conception of geographical space that correlates with a “masculinist and colonial spatiality.” While Shields expresses hope that unwittingly domineering white men can learn to treat others more equitably, she also dramatizes the common white male tendency to conceive of socio-geographic space in fantasized, self-constituting terms.
LFA-1 antagonist (BIRT377) similarly reverses peripheral neuropathic pain in male and female mice with underlying sex divergent peripheral immune proinflammatory phenotypes

Aim The majority of preclinical studies investigating aberrant glial-neuroimmune actions underlying neuropathic pain have focused on male rodent models. Recently, studies have shown peripheral immune cells play a more prominent role than glial cells in mediating pathological pain in females. Here, we compared the onset and duration of allodynia in males and females, and the anti-allodynic action of a potentially novel therapeutic drug (BIRT377) that not only antagonizes the action of lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) to reduce cell migration in the periphery, but may also directly alter the cellular inflammatory bias. Methods Male and female mice were subjected to peripheral nerve injury chronic constriction injury (CCI) applying two methods, using either 4-0 or 5-0 chromic gut suture material, to examine potential sex differences in the onset, magnitude and duration of allodynia. Hindpaw sensitivity before and after CCI and application of intravenous BIRT377 was assessed. Peripheral and spinal tissues were analyzed for protein (multiplex electrochemiluminescence technology) and mRNA expression (quantitative real-time PCR). The phenotype of peripheral T cells was determined using flow cytometry. Results Sex differences in proinflammatory CCL2 and IL-1β and the anti-inflammatory IL-10 were observed from a set of cytokines analyzed. A profound proinflammatory T cell (Th17) response in the periphery and spinal cord was also observed in neuropathic females. BIRT377 reversed pain, reduced IL-1β and TNF, and increased IL-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, also an anti-inflammatory cytokine, in both sexes. However, female-derived T cell cytokines are transcriptionally regulated by BIRT377, as demonstrated by reducing proinflammatory IL-17A production with concurrent increases in IL-10, TGF-β1 and the anti-inflammatory regulatory T cell-related factor, FOXP3. Conclusion This study supports that divergent peripheral immune and neuroimmune responses during neuropathy exists between males and females. Moreover, the modulatory actions of BIRT377 on T cells during neuropathy are predominantly specific to females. These data highlight the necessity of including both sexes for studying drug efficacy and mechanisms of action in preclinical studies and clinical trials.
Hepatic copper and other trace mineral concentrations in dogs with hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver tumor in dogs. Abnormalities in hepatic copper, iron, zinc, and selenium concentrations increase risk for HCC development in other species, but trace mineral concentrations have not been evaluated in dogs with HCC. OBJECTIVES: To investigate hepatic trace mineral concentrations in dogs with HCC. ANIMALS: Archived liver specimens from 85 dogs with HCC and 85 control dogs. METHODS: Retrospective case‐control study. A histopathology database was searched to identify dogs with HCC (test population) and an age‐matched control population. Demographic information was retrieved, and HE 294.9 μg/g, 233.5‐475.9 μg/g) than in control dogs (202.8 μg/g, 135.0‐295.3 μg/g; P < .001). Hepatic zinc concentrations in test (132.1 μg/g,108.6‐163.2 μg/g) and control dogs (151.5 μg/g, 117.1‐184.5 μg/g) also were different (P = .03). Within test population dogs, all trace mineral concentrations were decreased in the HCC tissue as compared to the non‐neoplastic hepatic tissue (all P < .001). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Hepatic copper accumulation and other abnormalities in hepatic trace mineral concentrations could be involved in the pathogenesis of HCC in some dogs.
Breastfeeding Trends by Race/Ethnicity Among US Children Born From 2009 to 2015

Importance Large racial/ethnic disparities in breastfeeding are associated with adverse health outcomes. Objectives To examine breastfeeding trends by race/ethnicity from 2009 to 2015 and changes in breastfeeding gaps comparing racial/ethnic subgroups with white infants from 2009-2010 to 2014-2015. Design, setting, and participants This study used data from 167 842 infants from the National Immunization Survey-Child (NIS-Child), a random-digit-dialed telephone survey among a complex, stratified, multistage probability sample of US households with children aged 19 to 35 months at the time of the survey. This study analyzed data collected from January 1, 2011, through December 31, 2017, for children born between 2009 and 2015. Exposures Child's race/ethnicity categorized as Hispanic or non-Hispanic white, black, Asian, or American Indian or Alaskan Native. Main outcomes and measures Breastfeeding rates, including ever breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding through 6 months, and continuation of breastfeeding at 12 months. Results This study included 167 842 infants (mean [SD] age, 2.33 [0.45] years; 86 321 [51.4%] male and 81 521 [48.6%] female). Overall unadjusted breastfeeding rates increased from 2009 to 2015 by 7.1 percentage points for initiation, 9.2 percentage points for exclusivity, and 11.3 percentage points for duration, with considerable variation by race/ethnicity. Most racial/ethnic groups had significant increases in breastfeeding rates. From 2009-2010 to 2014-2015, disparities in adjusted breastfeeding rates became larger between black and white infants. For example, the difference for exclusive breastfeeding through 6 months between black and white infants widened from 0.5 to 4.5 percentage points with a 4.0% difference in difference (P Conclusions and relevance Despite breastfeeding improvements among each race/ethnicity group, breastfeeding disparities between black and white infants became larger when breastfeeding improvements decreased even further among black infants in 2014-2015. The reduced breastfeeding gaps among all other nonwhite groups may be associated with greater increases among white infants. More efforts appear to be needed to improve breastfeeding rates among black infants.
Commentary: 2-year follow up of pembrolizumab as second-line therapy for advanced urothelial cancer ("KEYNOTE 045").

The publication in 2017 of the KEYNOTE 045 prospective randomized phase 3 trial comparing pembrolizumab anti PD1 antibody with conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy in treatment of recurrent urothelial cancer (1) marked a watershed for immune treatment to displace conventional cytotoxic medications.
BODIPY-Caged Photoactivated Inhibitors of Cathepsin B Flip the Light Switch on Cancer Cell Apoptosis

Acquired resistance to apoptotic agents is a long-standing challenge in cancer treatment. Cathepsin B (CTSB) is an enzyme which, among many essential functions, promotes apoptosis during cellular stress through regulation of intracellular proteolytic networks on the minute time scale. Recent data indicate that CTSB inhibition may be a promising method to steer cells away from apoptotic death toward necrosis, a mechanism of cell death that can overcome resistance to apoptotic agents, stimulate an immune response and promote antitumor immunity. Unfortunately, rapid and selective intracellular inactivation of CTSB has not been possible. However, here we report on the synthesis and characterization of photochemical and biological properties of BODIPY-caged inhibitors of CTSB that are cell permeable, highly selective and activated rapidly upon exposure to visible light. Intriguingly, these compounds display tunable photophysical and biological properties based on substituents bound directly to boron. Me2BODIPY-caged compound 8 displays the dual-action capability of light-accelerated CTSB inhibition and singlet oxygen production from a singular molecular entity. The dual-action capacity of 8 leads to a rapid necrotic response in MDA-MB-231 triple negative breast cancer cells with high phototherapeutic indexes (>30) and selectivity vs noncancerous cells that neither CTSB inhibition nor photosensitization gives alone. Our work confirms that singlet oxygen production and CTSB inactivation is highly synergistic and a promising method for killing cancer cells. Furthermore, this ability to trigger intracellular inactivation of CTSB with light provides researchers with a powerful photochemical tool for probing biochemical processes on short time scales.
The physics of representation

The concept of “representation” is used broadly and uncontroversially throughout neuroscience, in contrast to its highly controversial status within the philosophy of mind and cognitive science. In this paper I first discuss the way that the term is used within neuroscience, in particular describing the strategies by which representations are characterized empirically. I then relate the concept of representation within neuroscience to one that has developed within the field of machine learning (in particular through recent work in deep learning or “representation learning”). I argue that the recent success of artificial neural networks on certain tasks such as visual object recognition reflects the degree to which those systems (like biological brains) exhibit inherent inductive biases that reflect the structure of the physical world. I further argue that any system that is going to behave intelligently in the world must contain representations that reflect the structure of the world; otherwise, the system must perform unconstrained function approximation which is destined to fail due to the curse of dimensionality, in which the number of possible states of the world grows exponentially with the number of dimensions in the space of possible inputs. An analysis of these concepts in light of philosophical debates regarding the ontological status of representations suggests that the representations identified within both biological and artificial neural networks qualify as legitimate representations in the philosophical sense.
Abnormal mitosis in reactive astrocytes

Although abnormal mitosis with disarranged metaphase chromosomes or many micronuclei in astrocytes (named “Alzheimer I type astrocytes” and later “Creutzfeldt-Peters cells”) have been known for nearly 100 years, the origin and mechanisms of this pathology remain elusive. In experimental brain insults in rats, we show that abnormal mitoses that are not followed by cytokinesis are typical for reactive astrocytes. The pathology originates due to the inability of the cells to form normal mitotic spindles with subsequent metaphase chromosome congression, which, in turn may be due to shape constraints aggravated by cellular enlargement and to the accumulation of large amounts of cytosolic proteins. Many astrocytes escape from arrested mitosis by producing micronuclei. These polyploid astrocytes can survive for long periods of time and enter into new cell cycles.
Collecting celestial maps and prints

Collecting antiquarian celestial maps is actually a specialized area of map collecting in general, similar to other specialized areas (e.g., county or state maps of a country, maps of a country or continent, road maps, sea charts, maps of military campaigns, town plans, maps of an individual mapmaker, maps of a particular period of time). In all of these cases, one is concerned with such issues as authenticity, condition of the paper, type of colorization (if any), displaying the map, preservation, and price. Much of what will be said below could be said of any antiquarian map, be it celestial or terrestrial. I will only touch on some of the highlights specifically related to collecting celestial maps; more information is given in the references at the end.
East of Rome: Exploring potential impacts of Roman imperialism on Northeastern Mediterranean populations through a bioarchaeological perspective

Abstract The sociopolitical and biocultural impacts of Roman imperialism on eastern provincial and peripheral populations have been underexamined in archaeological and bioarchaeological research. While many western territories experienced arguably dramatic changes to local infrastructure and culture, eastern provinces were incorporated into the Empire with some modifications to, but general continuation of, political and societal organization. However, provincial governance varied across the Northeastern Mediterranean, with populations falling under senatorial or imperial jurisdiction. Drawing from published bioarchaeological data from 19 archaeological sites in Crete, Cyprus, Greece, and Turkey, this exploratory study examines skeletal and dento-alveolar proxies of stress, diet, and disease in light of a community’s political (senatorial or imperial province) and geographical (coastal or inland) positioning to evaluate impacts of Roman imperial rule. True (TPR) and crude (CPR) prevalence rates from childhood (linear enamel defects) and adult (antemortem fractures) stress markers, dietary proxies (carious lesions, calculus, and tooth loss), and specific (periodontal disease) and non-specific (periosteal new bone) bone lesions were compared within political (senatorial/imperial) and geographical (inland/coastal) groups. Results from Mann-Whitney U tests showed no significant differences in conditions between senatorial and imperial sites. Higher frequencies of pathological conditions were observed in inland than coastal communities but significant, or approaching significant, differences were only found in calculus distributions. These preliminary results suggest that communities in senatorial and imperial provinces did not experience prescriptive levels of stress based on governance. Rather, the heterogeneity in stress, diet, and disease proxies demonstrates how communities in the Northeastern Mediterranean were impacted differentially by Roman imperialism.
[α/Fe] Abundances of Four Outer M31 Halo Stars

We present alpha element to iron abundance ratios, [α/Fe], for four stars in the outer stellar halo of the Andromeda Galaxy (M31). The stars were identified as high-likelihood field halo stars by Gilbert et al. and lie at projected distances between 70 and 140 kpc from M31's center. These are the first alpha abundances measured for a halo star in a galaxy beyond the Milky Way. The stars range in metallicity between [Fe/H] = –2.2 and [Fe/H] = –1.4. The sample's average [α/Fe] ratio is +0.20 ± 0.20. The best-fit average value is elevated above solar, which is consistent with rapid chemical enrichment from Type II supernovae. The mean [α/Fe] ratio of our M31 outer halo sample agrees (within the uncertainties) with that of Milky Way inner/outer halo stars that have a comparable range of [Fe/H].
Energies, structures, and harmonic frequencies of small water clusters from the direct random phase approximation.

The binding energies, structures, and vibrational frequencies of water clusters up to 20 molecules are computed at the direct random phase approximation (RPA) level of theory and compared to theoretical benchmarks. Binding energies of the WATER27 set, which includes neutral and positively and negatively charged clusters, are predicted to be too low in the complete basis set limit by an average of 7 kcal/mol (9%) and are worse than the results from the best density functional theory methods or from the Moller–Plesset theory. The RPA shows significant basis set size dependence for binding energies. The order of the relative energies of the water hexamer and dodecamer isomers is predicted correctly by the RPA. The mean absolute deviation for angles and distances for neutral clusters up to the water hexamer are 0.2° and 0.6 pm, respectively, using quintuple-ζ basis sets. The relative energetic order of the hexamer isomers is preserved upon optimization. Vibrational frequencies for these systems are underestimated by several tens of wavenumbers for large basis sets, and deviations increase with the basis set size. Overall, the direct RPA method yields accurate structural parameters but systematically underestimates binding energies and shows strong basis set size dependence.
Bayesian neural networks for uncertainty quantification in data-driven materials modeling

Abstract Modern machine learning (ML) techniques, in conjunction with simulation-based methods, present remarkable potential for various scientific and engineering applications. Within the materials science field, these data-based methods can be used to build efficient structure–property linkages that can be further integrated within multi-scale simulations, or guide experiments in a materials discovery setting. However, a critical shortcoming of state-of-the-art ML techniques is their lack of reliable uncertainty/error estimates, which severely limits their use for materials or other engineering applications where data is often scarce and uncertainties are substantial. This paper presents methods for Bayesian learning of neural networks (NN) that allow consideration of both aleatoric uncertainties that account for the inherent stochasticity of the data-generating process, and epistemic uncertainties , which arise from consideration of limited amounts of data. In particular, algorithms based on approximate variational inference and (pseudo-)Bayesian model averaging achieve an appropriate trade-off between accuracy of the uncertainty estimates and accessible computational cost. The performance of these algorithms is first presented on simple 1D examples to illustrate their behavior in both extrapolation and interpolation settings. The approach is then applied for the prediction of homogenized and localized properties of a composite material. In this setting, data is generated from a finite element model, which permits a study of the behavior of the probabilistic learning algorithms under various amounts of aleatoric and epistemic uncertainties.
Assessment of Rural-Urban and Geospatial Differences in Perceived Handgun Access and Reported Suicidality Among Youth in Colorado

Importance Suicide is the second leading cause of death in adolescents, with firearms the most common method, especially in rural communities. Identifying where to target lethal means safety interventions could better leverage limited resources. Objectives To understand the associations of rurality, school-level prevalence of easy handgun access, and suicidality measures in Colorado youth, to explore spatial distribution of school-level measures, and to identify communities with high prevalence of both easy handgun access and suicidality. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study used data from the 2019 Healthy Kids Colorado Survey, an anonymous cross-sectional school-based survey conducted at 256 participating Colorado high schools. Participants included students from schools recruited for statewide population-based estimates and additional schools opting in. Data were analyzed from November 9, 2020, to March 13, 2021. Exposures Urban-centric locale according to a 7-level continuum. Geocoded location of schools was used for spatial analysis. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcomes were weighted prevalence for easy handgun access and 4 measures of mental health and suicidality in the previous year (ie, feeling sad for 2 weeks and considering suicide, planning suicide attempt, or attempting suicide in the past year). Results A total of 59 556 students (49.7% [95% CI, 49.3%-50.1%] male and 50.3% [95% CI, 49.9%-50.7%] female; 53.9% [95% CI, 53.5%-54.3%] in 9th and 10th grade; 36.4% [95% CI, 36.0%-36.8%] Hispanic and 50.8% [95% CI, 50.4%-51.2%] non-Hispanic White) from 256 schools participated. Most schools were rural or in small towns (56.8% [95% CI, 50.7%-62.9%]), while more students participated from urban and suburban schools (57.8% [95% CI, 57.6%-58.0%]). Prevalence of perceived easy access to handguns increased with increasing rurality, with 36.2% (95% CI, 35.2%-37.1%) of students in rural (remote) schools reporting easy access, compared with 18.2% (95% CI, 17.3%-19.1%) for city (large) schools. The spatial distribution of easy handgun access and suicidality measures had minimal overlap, but there was correlation at school-level between easy handgun access and considering suicide (ρ = 0.203 [95% CI, 0.0748-0.331]), planning suicide (ρ = 0.300 [95% CI, 0.173-0.427]), and attempting suicide (ρ = 0.218 [95% CI, 0.0869-0.350) in the previous year. The highest quartile for prevalence of both perceived easy access to handguns and planning suicide in the previous year included 21 schools (81.0% [95% CI, 64.0%-97.9%] rural [remote] or rural [distant]). Conclusions and Relevance These findings suggest that rural-remote communities in Colorado may benefit most from interventions focused on limiting youth access to handguns when youth are in crisis, with some communities at especially high risk. Spatially referenced data may improve targeting interventions to where they are needed most.
Alternative Approaches to Microfluidic Systems Design, Construction and Operation

An alternative approach (µFluidic Tectonics) to microfluidic device construction that utilizes liquid phase photopolymerization and responsive materials is presented. Ultra rapid (3 min) microchannel fabrication is demonstrated. Filtering, flow control, and mixing components are demonstrated.
ERCP from Soup to Nuts: Evaluation, Preparation, Execution, and Follow-Up

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is arguably the most demanding procedure routinely performed by gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopists. ERCP has gone from a mainly diagnostic procedure in the 1970s to an almost exclusively therapeutic one in 2014. ERCP requires supervised training and experience to achieve a high success rate and minimize potential complications, which can be life-threatening. An organized approach to ERCP—from planning to execution and follow-up—is the key to achieving these goals. This review takes the reader through each of the steps and provides management recommendations based on the author’s 30 years’ experience of ERCP.
Ideals Drowned in the Marketplace

University, Inc. The Corporate Corruption of American Higher Education. By Jennifer Washburn. Basic Books, New York, 2005. 346 pp. $26, C$36.95, £19.99. ISBN 0-465-09051-6. The author argues that corporate intrusion-with its concomitant secrecy, patent monopolies, and exclusive licenses-is undermining academic freedom and scientific inquiry in U.S. universities.
Pathologic physiology and chemotherapy of Plasmodium berghei. IV. Influence of chloroquine on oxygen uptake of red blood cells infected with sensitive or resistant strains.

Abstract The oxygen uptake of erythrocytes was measured in vitro in a chamber with an oxygen electrode. Non-malarial blood showed an increase in oxygen uptake following the addition of chloroquine at 10 −8 , 10 −7 , or 10 −5 M . Blood from mice infected with Plasmodium berghei which can be controlled by in vivo administration of chloroquine responded to in vitro addition of chloroquine, by a fall in oxygen uptake. Blood from mice infected with Plasmodium berghei known to be resistant to chloroquine behaved differently. The in vitro addition of chloroquine did not depress oxygen uptake of the erythrocytes but caused an increase.
Myth and Philosophy in Plato's Phaedrus

1. Introduction 2. Boreas, Typhon, and the allegorization of myth 3. The palinode: soul and eros 4. The palinode: forms and knowledge 5. The palinode: tradition and philosophy 6. The cicadas 7. Rhetoric and dialectic 8. Theuth, Thamus, and the critique of writing 9. The Phaedrus as a whole 10. Conclusion.
Placental transfer of desmethylimipramine

Abstract Desmethylimipramine (DMI) is highly lipid soluble and accumulates rapidly in the tissues of rat and man following intravenous administration. This study was designed to determine the rate of placental transfer of DMI. Evidence presented shows that the maternal blood level of DMI increases rapidly following subcutaneous injection. Also, DMI crosses the placenta and accumulates rapidly in the fetus. This is due to the high lipid solubility of the drug.
In-situ identification of iron--zinc intermetallics in galvannealed steel coatings and iron oxides on exposed steel

Identification of all the compounds present in various coatings on steels is particularly difficult. Non-destructive, in-situ analysis is necessary if the fraction of each compound as well as its probable layering within the coating, is to be determined. Mossbauer spectroscopy is one valuable probe capable of uniquely identifying all iron compounds which form as coatings on steel and other iron alloy surfaces. To investigate a complete coating several criteria need to be considered. Removing the coating inevitably leaves a small and perhaps important component intact on the substrate. Therefore investigating the coating as it remains intact on the steel is important if complete identification of the iron compounds is to be made. This also preserves crystalline texture or preferred growth orientation within the coating to which the Mossbauer effect is sensitive. Mossbauer spectroscopy is a non-destructive technique which allows the integrity of the coating to be maintained during analysis. The combined transmission and scattering Mossbauer geometries generally result in accurate analysis of the coating composition. For the scattering geometry added information on compound layering is obtained if separate Mossbauer spectra are recorded using the re-emitted gamma rays as well as the conversion electrons and subsequently emitted X-rays. In-situ scattering Mossbauer spectroscopy has been used to characterize the iron--zinc alloys which form in the coatings of commercially produced corrosion resistant galvannealed sheet steel, a product of great interest to automotive producers. The results show that different amounts of four iron--zinc phases are present depending on the production conditions of the coating. The different phases are also distinctly layered. Mossbauer analyses of corrosion coatings formed on the surface of steels which have been exposed to different environments has also been undertaken. Materials include structural steels exposed for up to 25 years in marine, rural and industrial environments, and the interior surfaces of boiler pipes subjected to adverse chemical and temperature environments.
Nitriles from Ketones: Cyclohexanecarbonitrile

Nitriles from ketones: cyclohexanecarbonitrile intermediate: Methyl 2-(1-cyanocyclohexyl)hydrazine carboxylate (1) intermediate: Methyl 2-(1-cyancyclohexyl)diaxenecarboxylate (2) product: cyclohexanecarbonitrile (3) Keywords: condensation, miscellaneous; decarboxylation; esterification, of substituted monobasic acids; oxidation, NH–NH NN; replacement reactions, miscellaneous; methyl carbazate, preparation of; hydrogen cyanide; hydrogen cyanide, antidotes
The Role of Conversation in Developing Accurate Political Perceptions: A Multilevel Social Network Approach

We employed social network data from 25 randomly sampled voluntary associations to understand the factors associated with accurate perceptions of candidate preferences of group members. We analyzed relationships at the dyadic level, but also considered the overall accuracy of perceptions by each ego of all alters (“perceptiveness”) and the overall accuracy of perception by all alters of each ego (“explicitness”) regarding candidate preferences using multilevel modeling techniques. We found low levels of accuracy on average, but high variability and differential patterns of prediction of perceptiveness and explicitness. There was a strong, consistent link between the frequency of communication and accuracy both at the dyadic and aggregate levels which was moderated by the homophily of political preferences within the group.
Ion-Assisted Plasma Etch Modeling of L1 0 Phase FePt Magnetic Media Fabrication With Embedded Mask Patterning Method

Embedded Mask Patterning (EMP) method uses a plasma etching process to form ultra-small but thermally stable isolated L10-FePt magnetic grains with embedded Ru hardmask1,2. It has been demonstrated as a promising and highly cost effective solution to fabricate the ultra-high density magnetic media for the next generation hard-disk drive technology, such as heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR). EMP process can produce recording media with extremely small and tunable grain size with narrow grain boundary thickness1. For example, at 10 Tbit/in2 recording density the required aspect ratio of vertically etched L1 0 -FePt bit is estimated as high as 4:1 with bit diameter ∼4–5nm and grain boundary ∼2–3nm. In this simulation study, we investigated manufacturability of formation of these nanometer size features in a CH 3 OH/Ar plasma etch process which is used to etch FePt through narrow Ru mask opening and to form volatile Fe-carbonyl product. With addition of Ar gas the etch selectivity of hard mask and magnetic material can be significantly improved3. In order to account for re-deposition of etch product, based on the ion-neutral synergy model4,5,6 we have formed a new chemical-physical etch rate model that also includes the effect of re-deposited etch product by calculating the re-deposition flux distribution in addition to neutral and ion flux coverage over the etch surface. Our simulation shows that the re-deposition rate can increase as etch progresses deeper into the substrate. It significantly reduces the etch rate more inside the higher aspect ratio (AR) features and produces non-uniform etched patterns across the grain boundary distribution, which may degrade media magnetic properties. The etch rate model is combined with a developed 2-D level set computational program to track the moving etch front at different etch time interval with the real-time etch rate distribution calculation. As the result, the simulation allow us to gain insights into the etch process characteristics and to help find optimal etch parameters using the EMP process to fabricate high density recording media.
Oxygen reduction on silver low-index single-crystal surfaces in alkaline solution: rotating ring disk(Ag(hkl)) studies.

The first results of a study of the oxygen reduction reaction on a rotating ring−disk electrode using single-crystal Pt disk electrodes in alkaline solution are presented. The order of activity of Pt(hkl) in 0.1M KOH increased in the sequence (100) < (110) < (111) for both oxygen and peroxide reduction. These differences are attributed to the structure sensitivity of hydroxyl anion (OH-) adsorption on Pt(hkl) and its inhibiting (site blocking) effect on oxygen kinetics. Two different types of OHads occur on Pt(100) and Pt(110), a reversible OHrv, and an irreversible OHir, while only the reversible form is formed on Pt(111). Very small fluxes (I R/N ≪ 0.01I D) of peroxide were detected at the ring at potentials where the surfaces have only the reversible form of OHads. More peroxide (I R/N < 0.03I D) was found with the Pt(100) and Pt(110)surfaces in the potential region where irreversible adsorption occurs. The mechanism of O2 reduction was also affected by adsorbed hydrogen with increased formation of per...
Simulation Analysis of K Node on UHV Transmission Tubular Tower

Layout for K node of steel tubular UHV transmission tower is analyzed in systematic and all-sided with finite element calculation in this paper. The recommendation is that as no applicable formula is available at present, existing specification can still be used for calculation but with a safety margin of more than 10%. K node connected in intersecting welding manner with appropriate stiffening rib will improve the stress, gender more uniformed stress distribution, and effectively reduce stress concentration. Welding connection features smaller displacement and maximum stress and more uniformed stress distribution relative to plug-in connection, therefore it is recommended to be used for K node with slope.