cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Induced infrared absorption of molecular hydrogen in solid C 60

We report on the observation of induced infrared absorption in a molecular species trapped within a ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ lattice. Infrared spectra for interstitial ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ show distinct rotational and translational side-bands superimposed on the ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$'s highly redshifted $(54 {\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1})$ fundamental vibrational mode. Data indicate that the hydrogen is rotating almost completely freely while at the same time undergoing localized three-dimensional translational motion within the ``box'' formed by the ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ molecules.
Solid-Phase Synthesis of Potential Molecular Wires. Attachment of Molecular Alligator Clips

Described is the solid-phase and solution-phase synthesis of oligo(2-dodecylphenyleneethynylene) s via an iterative divergent/convergent approach. Synthesized were the monomer, dimer, tetramer, octamer and 16-mer of the oligo(2-dodecylphenylene-thynylene)s. The synthetic protocol for the synthesis and attachment of protected thiol-containing end groups is also described which may serve as molecular alligator clips for adhesion to gold surfaces. These oligomers may act as molecular wires in molecular electronic devices.
Behavioral differences as predictors of breeding status in captive cheetahs

Individual behavioral variation of 44 adult captive-born cheetahs, Acinonyx jubatus, was assessed using observer and keeper ratings on a variety of behavioral attributes. Inter-rater consensus was high for most questionnaire items, several of which were significantly correlated with direct behavioral measures recorded in a mirror-image experiment. Principal component analysis was applied to identify patterns of individual variation as measured by observer and keeper ratings. Three major components, labeled as tense-fearful, excitable-vocal, and aggressive, accounted for 69% of the observed variation. Females showed significantly higher scores on the component tense-fearful than males. Non-breeders of both sexes scored significantly higher on the component tense-fearful than breeders. Assessment of individual behavioral variation through questionnaire ratings may therefore provide a simple and non-invasive tool for predicting an individual's ability to adjust to the constraints of certain husbandry regimens and to reproduce in captivity. Simple measures of behavioral attributes may offer new insights for solving breeding problems and improving conservation management of endangered species in captivity. Zoo Biol 18:335–349, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Students' perceptions of their self-regulatory and other-directed study strategies: a factor analysis.

Edited items on the 24-item Self-efficacy for Self-regulated Learning Scale were combined with 7 items on external regulation developed in 1992 by Vermunt. The inventory was administered to 244 entering freshmen enrolled in a university orientation course. 19 students with incomplete responses were excluded from analysis. Exploratory factor analysis with promax rotation indicated the five factors of general organization and planning, external regulation, typical study strategies, environmental restructuring, and recall. Coefficients alpha were .87, .68, .74, .74, and .73, respectively.
Modeling of heat transport and wafer heating effects during plasma etching

Uniformity of plasma etching and deposition processes critically depends on the wafer temperature and its spatial variation across the wafer. The goal of this work is to use mathematical modeling to investigate the key factors that determine the wafer temperature and its radial uniformity during plasma etching. Toward this end, a mathematical model of energy transport in and out of a Si wafer in a piasma etching reactor that employs a substrate platen with a He back side cooling arrangement was developed. The possibility of wafer bowing due to high He back side pressure was considered and the effects of ion bombardment flux uniformity, He back side pressure, and different wafer clamping arrangements were studied. While an increase in He back side pressure increases the rate of heat transfer from the wafer to the electrode, excessive He pressure causes the wafer to bow. Bowing increases the electrode-wafer gap, decreases the heat transfer rate, and adversely affects the temperature uniformity. These effects are most pronounced for large diameter wafers (>200 mm) and are predicted to be very important in the processing of 300 and 400 mm substrates. The manner in which the wafer is clamped to the cooled electrode is another key factor that determines the heat transport at the wafer edge and the radial temperature profile across the wafer. The uniformity of the wafer temperature depends on the heat transport at the wafer edges. Poor thermal contact at the wafer edge leads to a high but uniform wafer temperature ; on the other hand, if a good thermal contact is made at the wafer edge, the average temperature is lower but less uniform. Model predictions compared well with the available experimental data.
The effect of capillary ultrafiltration probes on skin flap edema.

Abstract Objective: Edema clearly has deleterious effects on the microcirculation and, consequently, cell viability. Prior work from this laboratory demonstrated that hyperosmolar microdialysis can reduce tissue edema, but this method is technically challenging. A new, simpler technique of microdialysis using capillary ultrafiltration probes (CUPs) has been studied to determine if CUP microdialysis is as effective in reducing tissue edema in the same animal model. Methods: Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were studied using a modified McFarlane skin flap. Microdialysis was accomplished using a catheter constructed of four 4-cm hollow fibers that were connected to polyethylene tubing. Catheters on the experimental side of the flap were attached to a vacuum manifold for 8 hours. The control side was treated in 2 ways. In group 1, catheters were placed but not applied to suction. In group 2, no catheters are placed on the control side. Tissue water content was determined by a biopsy-drying technique. Results: Tissue water content was significantly reduced (by paired t test) in both groups by a mean of 3.2 mL/100 g of wet tissue. Conclusion: CUP microdialysis reduced tissue water content as effectively as did hyperosmolar microdialysis, but in a simpler and therefore more cost-effective method. The technique could be easily adapted for clinical application. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2003;128:210-4.)
PROCESS MODELING AND MONITORING USING SELF-ORGANIZING MAPS

Process modeling and monitoring has become more complex with increasing demand of productivity and product quality in industrial plants. The constant evolution of technology used in industrial processes, sensors, data acquisition and control software and methods had enabled better information understanding and knowledge extraction. However, current methods for modeling production processes of large industrial plants require a very detailed knowledge about the process. Monitoring, as it was very close to the modeled process, also requires advanced knowledge of their behavior. Due to the nature of multidimensional data (from sensors), new methods of modeling and process monitoring are needed to handle large volumes of data while being adaptive, i.e., able to learn from data. The paper approaches a method that uses unsupervised neural networks (self-organizing methods) and data mining toward defining clusters from data, which are associated to states from a process. The method enables visualization and clustering of raw or transformed data. It is possible to derive the process modeling in an unsupervised way and creates a model, such as a Petri net, describing the process. It also enables monitoring process behavior. Results are shown for multidimensional data, with and without faults conditions.
The Attitudinal and Behavioral Openness Scale: scale development and construct validation

Abstract The focus of this study is the development and construct validation of the Attitudinal and Behavioral Openness Scale (ABOS). This scale measures the personality construct of openness with behavioral and attitudinal indicators. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses suggest multiple dimensions of the Attitudinal and Behavioral Openness Scale: Participation in Cultural Activities, Foreign Experiences, Openness Attitudes, and Comfort with Differences. Additional analyses establish a nomological network for this construct by demonstrating convergence between the ABOS and theoretically linked sociopolitical constructs, attitudinal and personality constructs, in particular a self-rated adjective measure of openness.
Modeling Criminal Careers as Departures From a Unimodal Population Age–Crime Curve: The Case of Marijuana Use

A major aim of longitudinal analyses of life-course data is to describe the within- and between-individual variability in a behavioral outcome, such as crime. Statistical analyses of such data typically draw on mixture and mixed-effects growth models. In this work, we present a functional analytic point of view and develop an alternative method that models individual crime trajectories as departures from a population age–crime curve. Drawing on empirical and theoretical claims in criminology, we assume a unimodal population age–crime curve and allow individual expected crime trajectories to differ by their levels of offending and patterns of temporal misalignment. We extend Bayesian hierarchical curve registration methods to accommodate count data and to incorporate influence of baseline covariates on individual behavioral trajectories. Analyzing self-reported counts of yearly marijuana use from the Denver Youth Survey, we examine the influence of race and gender categories on differences in levels and ti...
Reflective overcoats for radiation control surfaces

Theoretical models are developed to predict the surface properties of a coating layer composed of particles of a known size distribution, applied to an opaque substrate, such as a metal or reaction cured glass (RCG). The surface temperature attained at radiative equilibrium by an overcoated surface subject to a given heat flux is calculated. The incident radiation was assumed to exhibit the spectral distribution characteristic of a black body at different temperatures or equivalently, having different peak wavelengths, with the energy level scaled to give a range of desired surface radiative heat fluxes. This approach allows a straightforward comparison of the thernal response of a surface to incident radiation having the energy predominantly in a characteristic wavelength band and a well-defined spectral distribution. The ratio of the radiative heat flux to the total heat flux was varied, and the different geometric and material parameters of such overcoat layers were explored. The model was applied to representative surface heating rates to the Aeroasssisted Flight Experiment (AFE) and to Aeroassisted Space Transfer Vehicles (ASTVs). The predicted radiative energy flux to the surface of the AFE vehicle gives a single-point comparison of the surface temperatures attained with and without a selective-reflector overcoat on the vehicle surface. The specific objective of this work is to identify the most desirable radiative properties of an overcoat/substrate system for this environment.
Metformin or thiazolidinedione therapy in PCOS

Insulin resistance has a key role in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome, a common endocrinopathy that affects young women. Therefore, the use of insulin-sensitizing agents has been studied extensively in this patient population. Given the effectiveness of metformin and thiazolidinediones in previous studies, the question arises: is one class better than the other?
Probing the chemical role of ambient O2 in the formation of carbon nanotubes via excimer laser ablation

Room-temperature ablation of a composite graphite-metal target, at 248 nm, in O 2 , produces large-channeled (50 - 150 nm) multiwalled carbon nanotubes. We find that the formation of these carbon nanotubes is dependent on the ambient gas employed during ablation. Such structures are not produced in inert atmospheres of Ar or in high vacuum. High-resolution, in-situ, time-resolved emission spectroscopy has been used to track the evolution of species (C 2 , C 3 , Ni/Co) in the ablation plume, in different ambient gas atmospheres. Spectral fits on low and high-resolution spectra reveal time-dependent vibrational-rotational temperatures for C 2 that are different in O 2 compared to Ar. Spectral modeling shows that the vibrational-rotational temperatures for C 2 produced in O 2 remain at ~ 5000 K for nearly 20 msec, but drop rapidly in Ar. The key role of exothermic reactions occurring in the plume, and that of radiative cooling will be discussed.
The characteristics of patients who do not seek medical treatment for traumatic brain injury.

Primary objective: To identify factors associated with not seeking medical care for traumatic brain injury (TBI).Research Design: Internet survey.Methods and procedures: The survey consisted of 17 questions related to demographics, TBI case ascertainment, location and mechanism of injury, type of treatment sought, and post-concussive (PC) symptoms. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with not seeking medical care.Main outcome and results: Of the 1381 survey respondents with TBI, 584 (42%) did not seek medical care. TBI respondents were less likely to seek care if they were older (OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.97–0.99), suffered a mild TBI grade 2/3 (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.31–0.58), or were injured in the home (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.36–0.78).Conclusions: Several factors associated with not seeking medical care after TBI were identified. Raising public awareness of the signs and symptoms of TBI, and the benefits of medical care, could help increase the number of TBI patients who seek medical care.
Implications of seeing economic variables through an aggregation window

Abstract A variety of cross-sectional and temporal aggregation cases are considered. It is shown that if cointegration is found at an aggregate level then, strictly, many surprising constraints are implied at the micro level. However, a suitable approximation is suggested using common factors. It is shown that series may not be cointegrated at the time period of generation, but that after temporal aggregation cointegration could occur. This possibility arises because temporal aggregation can move a nuit root at a seasonal frequency to the zero frequency. Finally, the possibility of aggregating income distributions is considered and it is shown that, strictly, the Pareto distribution does not have the required property.
Magnetic resonance imaging of the kidneys

MR images of the kidney have been reported in a variety of diseases. The images have been proton scans, usually produced with pulse sequences that have provided a variety of T1- and T2-weighted images. Anatomy is well depicted: renal parenchyma can be easily separated from adjacent organs and surrounding fat, cortex and medulla are distinguishable, and renal vessels and calyces can be identified and distinguished. Focal diseases can be diagnosed: cysts can usually be distinguished from tumors, and varying degrees of hemorrhage in the former may be detected. Renal carcinoma can be staged relatively well and distinguished from angiomyolipomas. Generalized parenchymal diseases may be detected, but data is scanty. There is promise that ATN and rejection may be distinguishable in transplanted kidneys. Changes have been seen in acute vascular diseases, but extensive experience in man is lacking.
Anthrax Lethal Toxin Induced Lysosomal Membrane Permeabilization and Cytosolic Cathepsin Release Is Nlrp1b/Nalp1b-Dependent

NOD-like receptors (NLRs) are a group of cytoplasmic molecules that recognize microbial invasion or ‘danger signals’. Activation of NLRs can induce rapid caspase-1 dependent cell death termed pyroptosis, or a caspase-1 independent cell death termed pyronecrosis. Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin (LT), is recognized by a subset of alleles of the NLR protein Nlrp1b, resulting in pyroptotic cell death of macrophages and dendritic cells. Here we show that LT induces lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP). The presentation of LMP requires expression of an LT-responsive allele of Nlrp1b, and is blocked by proteasome inhibitors and heat shock, both of which prevent LT-mediated pyroptosis. Further the lysosomal protease cathepsin B is released into the cell cytosol and cathepsin inhibitors block LT-mediated cell death. These data reveal a role for lysosomal membrane permeabilization in the cellular response to bacterial pathogens and demonstrate a shared requirement for cytosolic relocalization of cathepsins in pyroptosis and pyronecrosis.
Selection of denture teeth for esthetics and function

Abstract As esthetics is a philosophy and a branch of psychology, a study of these disciplines will help us greatly in selecting from the many teeth that are available. As for efficiency, posterior tooth form, unless it affects appearance, is important not to the patientbut only to the dentist. These conclusions were reached after many years of working for, observation of, and research on a great number of patients. Now I would like to offer a few opinions. 1 If we are not constantly challenging current concepts, we may well be setting dentistry back many years. 2 The complexity of a procedure does not necessarily enhance the quality of the result. 3 The man that is really wrong is the man who says, “Fellows, this is the only way to do it!”
Pedagogy and the Teacher Within: Reflections on Thoreau and Kinesiology in Higher Education

In his essay, “The Heart of a Teacher,” educator Parker Palmer (1997b) examines the themes of identity and community which intersect with similar strains in American philosophy, most notably the transcendentalism of Henry David Thoreau. In this article, I argue that transcendental themes help provide insight into these pedagogical issues of identity and community. In the first part of my article, I draw from several of Thoreau's essays to illustrate the importance of and necessary means to develop and maintain a sense of self. In the second section, I contend that other complementary themes from Thoreau provide a means to connect our internal reflections with the communal nature of our classes.
Cyclotron isotopes and radiopharmaceuticals— XXI. Fabrication of 122TeAu targets for isotope production☆

Abstract An apparatus and technique are described for the preparation of tellurium metal targets. Isotopically enriched 122 Te was melted to a thickness of 0.125 mm on to a high-purity gold foil in a hydrogen reduction furnace. The physical characteristics of the TeAu interface were investigated with a scanning electron microscope.
A novel introduction system for hydride generation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry: determination of selenium in biological materials

A novel, robust hydride generation system compatible with sample introduction with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry is described and applied to the determination of Se in biological tissues. A short reaction time (60 ms) and a rapid separation of the reaction products is obtained by mixing the acidified sample and the sodium borohydride reductant solution at the tip of a cross-flow nebuliser. A modified Scott spray chamber serves as a gas–liquid separator, providing 30 s wash-in and wash-out times. Analytical results generated by external calibration and isotope dilution methodologies agree well with the certified values for Se in certified biological reference materials DORM-2 and DOLT-2. Detection limits for Se and other hydride forming elements, i.e., As, Sn and Sb, are below 10 ng l−1 with typical precision of 2% RSD at the 10 ng ml−1 level. Volatile species of Cu, Rh, Pd, Ag, In, Au, Hg, Tl and Pb are also produced, and estimated sensitivities and detection limits for these elements are reported.
Ontogeny of behavioral inhibition induced by unfamiliar adult male conspecifics in preweanling rats

Abstract Previous studies showed that when socially isolated at 22°C, postnatal day 14 rats, but not younger day 7 rats, reduce their emission of ultrasonic vocalizations when exposed to an unfamiliar adult male rat, a naturalistic threat. Because ultrasound production is associated with factors such as age and body temperature, this study examined in age-appropriate thermoneutral temperature ranges whether preweanling rats of different ages are equally capable of inhibiting their emission of ultrasounds when threatened. In Experiment 1,7- and 14-day-old rats were socially isolated and exposed to unfamiliar anesthetized adult male rats in a thermoneutral environment. Only 14-day-old rats significantly reduced their emission of ultrasounds. This reduction in ultrasound production was accompanied by freezing. In Experiment 2, additional ages were examined under identical test conditions. At 3, 6, and 9 days of age, pups frequently emitted ultrasounds when exposed to the anesthetized male rat. However, at 12 days of age, rat pups responded to the anesthetized male rat by freezing and significantly reducing their emission of ultrasounds. Results indicate clearly that under the present testing conditions the ability of rat pups to inhibit ultrasounds and freeze when threatened is not present at birth but emerges by the end of the second postnatal week.
Effect of proteoglycans on in vitro hydroxyapatite formation

Well-characterized bovine nasal proteoglycan A1 fraction (aggregate) and proteoglycan D1 fraction (subunit) have been shown to be effective inhibitors of hydroxyapatite (HA) formation in two in vitro test systems: (a) the transformation of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) to crystalline HA, and, (b) the direct precipitation of HA from low-concentration calcium phosphate solutions. A1 or D1 in solution slowed the transformation kinetics in system (a) without affecting the time to the onset of conversion. In system (b), A1 or D1 in solution increased the time to the onset of HA formation without affecting the HA formation kinetics. In both test systems A1 was a more effective inhibitor than D1, although the difference was not great. In both systems the inhibitory effect was proportional to the A1 or D1 solution concentration. The action of solutions of low and high molecular weight neutral dextrans on both test systems showed that high molecular weight and/or extended spatial molecular conformation has a much stronger correlation with inhibitory ability than solution viscosity. Proteoglycans have been implicated as playing a role in regulating biological mineralization particularly in the epiphyseal growth plate. Our study suggests that just enzymatic cleavage of aggregate into subunit is not sufficient to allow mineralization to occur, since we find that D1 itself is a potent inhibitor of HA formation. Further degradation and/or removal of D1 appears to be necessary for calcification to take place.
Realism, Deweyan Pragmatism, and Educational Research:

In a recent exchange, Cleo H. Cherryholmes (1992)opposed Rortyan pragmatism to the “scientific realism'” of Ernest R. House (1991, 1992). In my article, I hope to find a middle ground between Cherryholmes and House that might be more attractive to many in the field of education. My article emphasizes some of the most important aspects of Dewey's philosophy, including his social behaviorist theory of meaning, his naturalistic metaphysics, philosophy of nature, social constructivism, and transactional realism. For some reason, most educational theorists, researchers, and practitioners have almost entirely ignored these crucial Deweyan themes, often with disastrous consequences. I will conclude by trying to show how all of these themes converge into Dewey's defense of democracy as not only the best form of government but also the best way for the community of educators to conduct and consume educational research.
Exercise: Scenario Planning

Corporations operate in political, economic, and technological environments that can change rapidly. Competitive advantage can be the reward for those that anticipate, plan, and prepare for change. This exercise demonstrates the essence and value of scenario planning and enables students to experience the process of planning in volatile environments. Teams are formed, an organization is selected, and a list of strategy questions is prepared and narrowed to each team's overriding “Big Question.” Students brainstorm a range of critical events in the competitive and general environments. Surprise is injected into the exercise by random assignment of trajectories to critical events that combine to serve as the basis for structuring a scenario. Students summarize their scenarios and prepare a strategy to capitalize on the opportunity or minimize the threat. Class presentations and discussions follow.
Enhanced oral absorption of insulin from desolvated fatty acid-sodium glycocholate emulsions

Abstract Lipoidal dispersions of insulin in fatty acids were prepared using a bile salt as an emulsifier and as absorption promoter. The orally administered desolvated emulsions containing insulin-sodium glycocholate combinations showed different hypoglycemic effects depending on the fatty acid used. A palmitic acid system, containing 5 U insulin/50 mg dispersion per kg rabbit weight, resulted in the reduction of blood glucose from 105 to 75 mg/dl in 30 min. The effect extended over 150 min with statistically significant difference from non-fatty acid systems. Unsaturated fatty acids did not show the same enhancing effect as saturated fatty acids of the same carbon chain length.
A new method of calculating electrical conductivity with applications to natural waters

Abstract A new method is presented for calculating the electrical conductivity of natural waters that is accurate over a large range of effective ionic strength (0.0004–0.7 mol kg−1), temperature (0–95 °C), pH (1–10), and conductivity (30–70,000 μS cm−1). The method incorporates a reliable set of equations to calculate the ionic molal conductivities of cations and anions (H+, Li+, Na+, K+, Cs+, NH 4 + , Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, F−, Cl−, Br−, SO 4 2 - , HCO 3 - , CO 3 2 - , NO 3 - , and OH−), environmentally important trace metals (Al3+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, and Zn2+), and ion pairs ( HSO 4 - , NaSO 4 - , NaCO 3 - , and KSO 4 - ). These equations are based on new electrical conductivity measurements for electrolytes found in a wide range of natural waters. In addition, the method is coupled to a geochemical speciation model that is used to calculate the speciated concentrations required for accurate conductivity calculations. The method was thoroughly tested by calculating the conductivities of 1593 natural water samples and the mean difference between the calculated and measured conductivities was −0.7 ± 5%. Many of the samples tested were selected to determine the limits of the method and include acid mine waters, geothermal waters, seawater, dilute mountain waters, and river water impacted by municipal waste water. Transport numbers were calculated and H+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, NH 4 + , K+, Cl−, SO 4 2 - , HCO 3 - , CO 3 2 - , F−, Al3+, Fe2+, NO 3 - , and HSO 4 - substantially contributed (>10%) to the conductivity of at least one of the samples. Conductivity imbalance in conjunction with charge imbalance can be used to identify whether a cation or an anion measurement is likely in error, thereby providing an additional quality assurance/quality control constraint on water analyses.
Self-curved diaphragms by stress engineering for highly responsive pMUT

A process to make self-curved diaphragms by engineering residual stress in thin films has been developed to construct highly responsive piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers (pMUT). This process enables high device fill-factor for better than 95% area utilization with controlled formation of curved membranes. The placement of a 0.65 µm-thick, low stress silicon nitride (SiN) film with 650 MPa of tensile residual stress and a low temperature oxide (LTO) film with 180 MPa of compressive stress sitting on top of a 4 µm-thick silicon film has resulted in the desirable self-curved diaphragms. A curved pMUT with 200 µm in nominal radius, 2 µm-thick aluminum nitride (AlN) piezoelectric layer, and 50% SiN coverage has resulted in a 2.7 µm deflection at the center and resonance at 647 kHz. Low frequency and resonant deformation responses of 0.58 nm/V and 40nm/V at the center of the diaphragm have been measured, respectively. This process enables foundry-compatible CMOS process and potentially large fill-factor for pMUT applications.
Geographers Mobilize: A Network‐Diffusion Analysis of the Campaign to Free Ghazi‐Walid Falah1

In summer 2006, Professor Ghazi-Walid Falah, a political geographer and editor- in-chief of the journal Arab World Geographer, was arrested by Israeli police after taking photographs of rural landscapes in Northern Galilee. Falah was subsequently held for 23 days, incommunicado, and without charge. An international campaign to "Free Ghazi" was launched by his family, friends and colleagues, largely over academic listservs and other media. Utilizing social network analysis and contextualizing the campaign within structures of telecommunications technologies, the purpose of this paper is to assess the various factors that contributed to the campaign's coalescence, its rapid development, and its global reach.
Does a standardization tool to direct invasive therapy for symptomatic lower extremity peripheral arterial disease improve outcomes

Objectives While decision analysis and treatment algorithms have repeatedly been shown to improve quality of care in many areas of medicine, no such algorithm has emerged for the invasive management of lower extremity peripheral arterial disease. Using the best available evidence-based outcomes data, our group designed a standardization tool, the Lower Extremity Grading System (LEGS) score, which consistently directs limbs to a specific treatment on the basis of presentation. The purpose of this study was to examine whether use of such a tool improves outcomes by directing treatment of lower extremity peripheral arterial disease. Methods Over 18 months (July 2001-December 2002) our group intervened in 673 limbs (angioplasty, open surgery, primary limb amputation) with lower extremity peripheral arterial disease. During this time we developed the LEGS score, and implemented its prospective use for the final 362 limbs. For the purpose of this study, all 673 limbs were retrospectively scored with the LEGS score to determine the LEGS recommended best treatment. Of the 673 limbs, 551 (81.9%) received the same treatment as recommended with LEGS and 122 (18.1%) received treatment contrary to LEGS. Limbs treated contrary to LEGS (cases) were then compared with matched control limbs (treated according to LEGS), with similar angiographic findings, clinical presentation, preoperative functional status, comorbid conditions and operative technical factors. Outcomes measured at 6 months included arterial reconstruction patency, limb salvage, survival, and maintenance of ambulatory status and independent living status. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to assess patency, limb salvage, and survival; associated survival curves were compared with the log-rank test. Functional outcomes were compared with the Fisher exact test. Results After matching case limbs with control limbs, 9 limbs had no control match. Thus 113 limbs in 100 patients treated contrary to LEGS were compared with 113 limbs in 100 patients treated according to LEGS. Limbs treated contrary to LEGS resulted in significantly inferior outcomes at 6 months for measures of primary patency (57.5% vs 84.3%; P Conclusions Limbs treated according to our standardization tool resulted in better outcomes compared with limbs treated contrary to the algorithm. These data suggest that routine use of an appropriately validated treatment standardization algorithm is capable of improving overall results for invasive treatment of lower extremity peripheral arterial disease.
Behavioral correlates of infrequent two-point MMPI code types at a university mental health center.

Presented interpretive correlates for 95 college students who were seeking mental health services and who generated the following infrequently occurring MMPI code types: Spike 2, 2-0/0-2, 2-4/4-2, 2-6/6-2, 3-4/4-3, 3-9/9-3, 4-7/7-4, 6-7/7-6, 7-9/9-7, and Spike O. Descriptors were derived from intake interview and mental status information collected without knowledge of the MMPI profile. Those items that discriminated between each profile type and the remainder of the student mental health population (Chi Square, alpha = .05, .01) are presented as tentative interpretive descriptors that may be helpful in generating hypotheses for use with college student psychiatric outpatients.
Polymer bound iminodicarbonate: a new ammonia equivalent for solid-phase synthesis of primary amines

Abstract A polymer bound iminodicarbonate has been designed and its use in solid-phase synthesis of primary amines is reported.
Endogenous tissue-type plasminogen activator and risk of myocardial infarction

Endogenous tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) has been hypothesised to be a marker of baseline fibrinolytic capacity. We therefore tested whether tPA antigen is associated with the occurrence of future myocardial infarction (MI) among apparently healthy individuals. tPA antigen concentrations were measured at baseline in plasma samples from 231 apparently healthy men from the Physicians' Health Study cohort who later developed MI, and in an equal number of controls matched for age and smoking habit who remained free of reported cardiovascular disease during a follow-up of 60.2 months. In crude matched-pair analyses, baseline concentrations of tPA antigen were higher in cases than controls (p = 0.03) and strongly associated with risk of future MI. Specifically, the relative risks of developing a first MI from lowest (referent) to highest quintiles of tPA antigen were 1.00, 1.27, 1.75, 1.88, and 2.81 (p for trend 0.0008, 95% CI for the relative risk in the fifth as compared with first quintile 1.47 to 5.37, p = 0.002). Analyses which adjusted for risk factors that affect progression of atherosclerosis, particularly HDL-cholesterol, abolished the statistical significance of this association, a finding which suggests that elevations of tPA antigen are a result rather than a cause of atherosclerotic coronary disease. These prospective data suggest that endogenous tPA concentrations increase as a consequence of important preclinical atherosclerosis and therefore may be a marker for risk of future MI.
CBFA1: A molecular switch in osteoblast biology

During the past 4 years, our molecular understanding of osteoblast biology has made rapid progress due to the characterization of the function of one molecule, Cbfa1. This member of the runt/Cbfa family of transcription factors was first identified as the nuclear protein binding to an osteoblast-specific cis-acting element activating the expression of Osteocalcin, the most osteoblast-specific gene. Cbfa1 was then shown to regulate the expression of all the major genes expressed by osteoblasts. Consistent with this ability, genetic experiments identified Cbfa1 as a key regulator of osteoblast differentiation in vivo. Indeed, analysis of Cbfa1-deficient mice revealed that osteoblast differentiation is arrested in absence of Cbfa1, demonstrating both that it is required for this process and that no parallel pathway can overcome its absence. The importance of Cbfa1 in controlling osteoblast differentiation was further emphasized by the identification of Cbfa1 haploinsufficiency as the cause of cleidocranial dysplasia in humans and mice, a syndrome characterized by generalized bone defects. Lastly, Cbfa1 was shown to have a role beyond development and differentiation, regulating the rate of bone matrix deposition by differentiated osteoblasts. Thus, Cbfa1 is a critical gene not only for osteoblast differentiation but also for osteoblast function. These aspects, as well as the more recent progresses in understanding Cbfa1 biology, are the focuses of this review.
Chemiluminescence in liquid scintillation counting.

Abstract A new chemiluminescence reaction arising from the combination of trichloroacetic acid and bathophenanthroline during the liquid scintillation counting of the Fe 59 beta emission is described. This is compared to the previously reported chemiluminescence arising from a reaction between quarternary amines and peroxides.
RSVP in orbit: Identification of single and dual targets in motion

Three experiments using rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) tested participants' ability to detect targets in streams that are in motion. These experiments compared the ability to identify moving versus stationary RSVP targets and examined the attentional blink with pairs of targets that were moving or stationary. One condition presented RSVP streams in the center of the screen; a second condition used an RSVP that was orbiting in a circle, with participants instructed to follow the stream with their eyes; and a third condition had participants fixate in the middle while observing a circling RSVP stream. Relative to performance in stationary RSVP streams, participants were not markedly impaired in detecting single targets in RSVP streams that were moving, either with or without instructions to pursue the motion. In streams with two targets, a normal attentional blink effect was observed when participants were instructed to pursue the moving stream. When participants had to maintain central fixation as the RSVP stream moved, the attentional blink was nearly absent even when a trailing mask was added. We suggest that the reduction of the attentional blink for moving RSVP streams may reflect a reduced ability to perceive the temporal boundaries of the individual items.
Leptin’s Effect on Taste Bud Calcium Responses and Transmitter Secretion

Leptin, a peptide hormone released by adipose tissue, acts on the hypothalamus to control cravings and appetite. Leptin also acts to decrease taste responses to sweet substances, though there is little detailed information regarding where leptin acts in the taste transduction cascade. The present study examined the effects of leptin on sweet-evoked responses and neuro transmitter release from isolated taste buds. Our results indicate that leptin moderately decreased sweet-evoked calcium mobilization in isolated mouse taste buds. We also employed Chinese hamster ovary biosensor cells to examine taste transmitter release from isolated taste buds. Leptin reduced ATP and increased serotonin release in response to sweet stimulation. However, leptin has no effect on bitter-evoked transmitter release, further showing that the action of leptin is sweet specific. Our results support those of previous studies, which state that leptin acts on taste tissue via the leptin receptor, most likely on Type II (Receptor) cells, but also possibly on Type III (Presynaptic) cells.
Collision amplitudes shorn of first Born terms

We present a procedure to subtract the contribution of the first Born approximation from ''exact'' transition amplitudes of projectile plus target collision complexes. Following this preliminary step, only a small set of amplitudes requires accurate calculation, these amplitudes are labeled by low values of angular momentum and are invariant under coordinate rotations.
Previous fertilization failure with conventional in vitro fertilization is associated with poor outcome of intracytoplasmic sperm injection.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the outcome of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) in patients with a history of fertilization failure with conventional IVF. Design: Retrospective analysis of 2 years of clinical experience with ICSI. Setting: Clinical IVF-ET program in a tertiary care referral center. Patient(s): The results of ICSI performed between January 1995 and December 1996 were compared between patients with normal semen parameters and a history of fertilization failure ( Intervention(s): In vitro fertilization with ICSI. Main Outcome Measure(s): Parameters examined included oocyte survival, fertilization, embryo cleavage, implantation rates, and clinical pregnancy rates. Result(s): Fertilization was achieved with ICSI for all patients during the study period. Although oocyte survival and fertilization did not differ between groups, the pregnancy and implantation rates for patients with a history of idiopathic fertilization failure (20% and 6%, respectively) were significantly lower than those for other patients undergoing ICSI (47% and 22%), respectively). Conclusion(s): The outcome of ICSI varied depending on the indication for treatment. Patients who had a history of failed or poor fertilization in vitro with apparently normal semen parameters had significantly lower pregnancy and implantation rates than did patients with either obstructive azoospermia or impaired semen quality.
Online energy-aware I/O device scheduling for hard real-time systems

Much research has focused on power conservation for the processor, while power conservation for I/O devices has received little attention. In this paper, we analyze the problem of online energy-aware I/O scheduling for hard real-time systems based on the preemptive periodic task model. We propose an online energy-aware I/O device scheduling algorithm: energy-efficient device scheduling (EEDS). The EEDS algorithm utilizes device slack to perform device power state transitions to save energy, without jeopardizing temporal correctness. An evaluation of the approach shows that it yields significant energy savings with respect to no dynamic power management (DPM) techniques.
Max Weber's Liberalism for a Nietzschean World

V eber's commentators often accuse him of lacking a coherent political philosophy because his pluralist-elite theory of democracy seems indifferent to liberal-democratic values. I argue, however, that the core of Weber's political philosophy is a politicized neo-Kantian liberalism, one that produces an ethically significant and positive concept of politics. The problem is rather that Weber's pessimism about institutionalizing positive politics in bureaucratized societies left the ethical core of his political philosophy inexplicit. This introduced a conflict into his thought between his ethical commitments and his assessments of political possibilities. The conflict is compelling because it reflects the contemporary gap between the promise and performance of liberal democracies. At the same time, formulating Weber's problems in these terms helps identify democratic solutions that remain obscure in his assessment of conflicts between bureaucratization and democracy.
A note on the generalized test for discrete system stability

The purpose of this paper is to prove that the algorithms proposed in [1]-[6] to obtain the root distribution of the polynomial with real coefficients with respect to the unit circle are equivalent to one proposed in [14], [15] and they have the same degree of complexity.
On Doctoral Student Development: Exploring Faculty Mentoring in the Shaping of African American Doctoral Student Success

This study examines the influence of faculty mentorship in the shaping of African American doctoral student success. A case analysis framework is used to investigate the belief systems that doctoral students held about their doctoral experience. Data collection involved a one-phase semistructured interview protocol used to gather information about these experiences from a post-degree perspective. African American doctoral degree completion is addressed as a critical function of student success within an elite educational context. Results of the study demonstrate that the African American doctoral degree completion is complicated by students’ perceptions of faculty advising, faculty behavior and the lack of
Reconfigurable Routers for Low Power and High Performance

Network-on-chip (NoC) designs are based on a compromise among latency, power dissipation, or energy, and the balance is usually defined at design time. However, setting all parameters, such as buffer size, at design time can cause either excessive power dissipation (originated by router under utilization), or a higher latency. The situation worsens whenever the application changes its communication pattern, e.g., a portable phone downloads a new service. Large buffer sizes can ensure performance during the execution of different applications, but unfortunately, these same buffers are mainly responsible for the router total power dissipation. Another aspect is that by sizing buffers for the worst case latency incurs extra dissipation for the mean case, which is much more frequent. In this paper we propose the use of a reconfigurable router, where the buffer slots are dynamically allocated to increase router efficiency in an NoC, even under rather different communication loads. In the proposed architecture, the depth of each buffer word used in the input channels of the routers can be reconfigured at run time. The reconfigurable router allows up to 52% power savings, while maintaining the same performance as that of a homogeneous router, but using a 64% smaller buffer size.
Remogliflozin Etabonate, a Selective Inhibitor of the Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2, Improves Serum Glucose Profiles in Type 1 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE Remogliflozin etabonate (RE), an inhibitor of the sodium-glucose transporter 2, improves glucose profiles in type 2 diabetes. This study assessed safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of RE in subjects with type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Ten subjects managed with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion were enrolled. In addition to basal insulin, subjects received five randomized treatments: placebo, prandial insulin, 50 mg RE, 150 mg RE, and mg RE 500. RESULTS Adverse events and incidence of hypoglycemia with RE did not differ from placebo and prandial insulin groups. RE significantly increased urine glucose excretion and reduced the rise in plasma glucose concentration after oral glucose. RE reduced incremental adjusted weighted mean glucose (0–4 h) values by 42–49 mg/dL and mean glucose (0–10 h) by 52–69 mg/dL. CONCLUSIONS RE can be safely administered with insulin in type 1 diabetes and reduces plasma glucose concentrations compared with placebo.
Structural approach for built-in tests in RF devices

Production testing of today's RF SoCs does not require expensive conventional tests. We propose a set of defect based tests for the RF/Analog sections, based on our analysis of defects that occur in a modern RFCMOS process.