cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Federal Agencies in the Legislative Process: Technical Assistance in Statutory Drafting

Federal agencies draft statutes. Indeed, they are often the chief architects of the statutes they administer. Even when federal agencies are not the primary substantive authors, they routinely respond to congressional requests to provide technical assistance in statutory drafting. Yet despite their substantial role in the legislative process, our understanding about how agencies interact with Congress is greatly undertheorized and perhaps even less understood empirically. This Report, which was commissioned by the Administrative Conference of the United States (ACUS), explores the latter role of federal agencies in the legislative process: the provision of technical assistance in statutory drafting.To better understand the technical drafting assistance process, the Author met with agency officials at some twenty executive departments and independent agencies for a total of over sixty hours of interviews. Ten of these agencies agreed to participate on the record: the Departments of Agriculture, Commerce, Homeland Security, Education, Energy, Health and Human Services, Housing and Urban Development, and Labor as well as the Federal Reserve and the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation. Subsequent to the interviews, the participating agencies responded to an anonymous, forty-question follow-up survey. The Report presents the key findings from this study, identifies the best practices that certain agencies have developed to address these challenges, and proposes recommendations for ACUS to consider. These recommendations focus both on internal agency practices to improve the technical drafting assistance process and external practices to strengthen agencies’ relationship with Congress in the legislative process.
Seeing the Mind Behind the Art: People Can Distinguish Abstract Expressionist Paintings From Highly Similar Paintings by Children, Chimps, Monkeys, and Elephants

Museumgoers often scoff that costly abstract expressionist paintings could have been made by a child and have mistaken paintings by chimpanzees for professional art. To test whether people really conflate paintings by professionals with paintings by children and animals, we showed art and nonart students paired images, one by an abstract expressionist and one by a child or animal, and asked which they liked more and which they judged as better. The first set of pairs was presented without labels; the second set had labels (e.g., "artist," "child") that were either correct or reversed. Participants preferred professional paintings and judged them as better than the nonprofessional paintings even when the labels were reversed. Art students preferred professional works more often than did nonart students, but the two groups' judgments did not differ. Participants in both groups were more likely to justify their selections of professional than of nonprofessional works in terms of artists' intentions. The world of abstract art is more accessible than people realize.
Grandparents Caring for Grandchildren What Do We Know

Approximately 5% to 6% of grandchildren and 10% of grandparents live in grandparent-grandchild households at any point in time. The proportion of children living with grandparents appears to have remained relatively stable over time. In this article, the authors critically review previous research on the determinants of grandparent care for grandchildren. This research suggests that grandparent care generally is precipitated by need or problems experienced by parents. However, the determinants of custodial care (in which grandparents become sole caretakers) and of coresidence (three-generation households) are quite different. Custodial care generally occurs when parents are no longer able or willing to take care of their children. Coresidence more commonly is associated with the middle generation's problems with living independently or with transition among roles.
The “Creative Class” and the Gentrifying City

Abstract This study explores the recent spatial politics of John F. Kennedy Plaza, “Love Park”—a piece of Philadelphia's mid-1960s Penn Center redevelopments. By the turn of the century, Love Park had become a center of a growing international skateboard culture, appearing widely in magazines and videos and on ESPN. In 2002, the city redesigned the park in order to deter the skateboarders, to the vocal protests of a broad-based coalition that included Edmund Bacon and over half the city council members. Through a review of city planning documents, local newspaper reportage, and personal interviews, I argue that the Love Park debates illustrate the extent to which “bohemian” or “countercultural” lifestyles are becoming institutionalized as instruments of urban development.
Using Data and Intermediate Coupled Models for Seasonal-to-Interannual Forecasts

Abstract This paper provides a detailed illustration that it is beneficial for ENSO forecasting to improve in priority the model parameterizations, instead of increasing only the consistency of the initial conditions with the coupled model. Moreover it is shown that the latter can lead to misleading results. Using sea level data in addition to wind to initialize the Cane and Zebiak model does not improve El Nino forecasts. Nudging the observed wind to the model one to initialize the forecasts as proposed by Chen et al. also fails to correct the model deficiencies and degrades the initial conditions of the ocean and atmosphere. These failures are explained by large model errors in the off-equatorial sea level and wind anomalies that play a key role in the coupled behavior. The use of data to estimate new model parameterizations allows for significantly improving both the initial conditions and the forecasts up to 6-month lead time. This success holds for all the various initialization procedures used in th...
Pathogenesis of Diseases Caused by Viruses of the Bunyavirus Genus

The Bunyavirus genus of the family Bunyaviridae is named after Bunyamwera virus (Smithburn et al., 1946), and includes over 150 individual viruses classified in several serogroups. In addition to their serological relationship, members of the genus have been grouped together because of similar molecular features (Bishop and Shope, 1979; Bishop et al., 1980; Gonzalez-Scarano and Nathanson, 1995; see Chapters 1 and 2 in this volume). Almost all of the viruses in the Bunyavirus genus can be transmitted by mosquitoes to a large number of vertebrate hosts. From the standpoint of human infections, the viruses in the California serogroup are the most relevant, as they have been associated with influenza-like illnesses in central Europe and are an important cause of encephalitis in the midwestern United States. However, other members of the genus are of veterinary importance, and there have been scattered reports of febrile illnesses in humans associated with several other viruses in the genus (Parsonson and McPhee, 1985; Shope, 1985). Table I lists the members of the genus that are known to cause disease in either humans or animals.
Phase II study of RAD001 (everolimus) and depot octreotide (sandostatin LAR) in advanced low grade neuroendocrine carcinoma (LGNET)

4503 Background: Effective systemic therapy for advanced LGNET is lacking. Mutations involving the mTOR pathway including TSC2, NF-1, and vHL are associated with development of LGNET. mTOR also med...
International Development and Sustainability

This chapter explores some global development challenges – such as that of extreme poverty, growing inequalities, and poor governance, from the perspective of sustainability. We begin by questioning what we mean by “development” and tracing the evolution of this concept from the monolithic vision of development as a linear process that characterized postcolonial era thinking on development policy to that of “sustainable development” and the current thinking in terms of development as a highly contested term. We then examine some of the major challenges at the interface of international development and sustainability, such as the need to delink resource-intensive growth from progress on human development indicators. This discussion then leads us on to exploring some of the innovative solution options that have been proposed by central planners as well as grassroots level searchers and the usefulness of different approaches, such as randomized control trials, to evaluate the effectiveness of these interventions. We conclude with a discussion of some open issues, such as the potential of human rights-based thinking about development and its implications for sustainability.
Scheme Liability: A Question for Congress, Not for the Court

Any person who knowingly provides substantial assistance, whether through participation in a scheme or by any other means, to another who violates the federal securities laws also violates the federal securities laws. The Securities and Exchange Commission can sue these "aiders and abettors" and force them to make payments for the benefit of shareholders harmed by the fraud. They can also be criminally prosecuted by the Department of Justice. But are they additionally liable in private civil actions filed under Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act? The United States Supreme Court will, in Stoneridge, decide whether the implied private right of action under Section 10(b) supports claims of "scheme liability" against counterparties who properly account for transactions, make no public statements regarding those transactions, and do not transact in any securities affected by the fraud. Established Supreme Court doctrine and clear statutory text preclude the imposition of such "scheme liability" in a private action. Whether the scope of the implied private right should be expanded to encompass "scheme liability" is a question properly put to Congress not to the Courts. Stoneridge is therefore important for reasons that transcend the narrow question of "scheme liability." Petitioners can prevail only if the Supreme Court repudiates its own precedent, jettisons its well-established technique for interpreting Section 10(b), ignores clearly relevant statutory text, and disregards two Congressional decisions not to expand the private right under Section 10(b) to encompass "scheme liability." The court will, in other words, have to establish an entirely new jurisprudence of statutory construction. This new jurisprudence will inevitably re-open a plethora of doctrinal issues regarding the interpretation of the federal securities laws that are today clearly resolved. Where this new and unanticipated jurisprudence would lead - other than to more litigation over the contours of the implied private right of action - is impossible to predict. Stoneridge is truly one of the "most important securities cases" to come before the court "in many years" because, if Petitioners prevail, far more than "scheme liability" is at stake for the future evolution of our nation's securities markets.
Data on Medicare eligibility and cancer screening utilization

Health insurance is associated with increased utilization of cancer screening services. Data on breast, prostate and colorectal cancer screening were abstracted from the 2012 Behavioral Risk Factor and Surveillance System. This data in brief includes two sets of analyses: (i) the use of cancer screening in individuals within the low-income bracket and (ii) determinants for each of the three approaches to colorectal cancer screening (fecal occult blood test, colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy+fecal occult blood test). Covariates included education attainment, residency, and access to health care provider. The data supplement our original research article on the effect of Medicare eligibility on cancer screening utilization "The impact of Medicare eligibility on cancer screening behaviors" [1].
Abscess of Cavum Septum Pellucidum Complicating Pneumococcal Meningitis

A 7-year-old boy with pneumococcal meningitis complicated by abscesses involving the cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) and cavum vergae (CV) is reported from the Children’s Hospital and University of California San Diego, CA.
FLAME-ACOUSTIC INTERACTIONS IN A COUNTERFLOW FIELD

The formulation of counterflow, quasi onedimensional, unsteady, compressible conservation equations are presented, together with the decomposition of pressure into mean pressure along the axis of symmetry, unsteady or acoustic (in axial direction) and radial components. The discretized equations are integrated numerically using a MacCormack predictor-corrector scheme. The NavierStokes characteristic boundary conditions are used to accurately represent the perfectly reflecting and partially reflecting boundary conditions. For wellresolved simulations, the occurrence of self-excited flame-acoustic instabilities is analyzed for a range of flow strain rates and two finite-rate kinetic models. It is shown that for identical flow strain rates, the one-step global model promotes growth of the unsteady pressure, while the detailed kinetic model does not. Detailed analyses of the characteristic time scales are presented in an attempt to better understand the exact coupling mechanism.
An alkaline pH-activated Cl−-anion exchanger regulates pH homeostasis in fibroblasts

Alkalinization of the cytoplasm in human fibroblasts activates Cl- efflux. The pathway of Cl- efflux is inhibited by 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS) or by removal of Cl- from the extracellular medium, but it is insensitive to the Cl(-)-cation cotransport inhibitor bumetanide. These data indicate that the alkali-stimulated Cl- pathway is a Cl(-)-anion exchanger. One function of this pathway appears to involve intracellular pH homeostasis. Thus, after alkalinization of the cytoplasm, recovery of the pH to basal levels is impaired by DIDS or by removal of HCO3- from the extracellular medium, but it is unaffected by the Na(+)-H+ exchange inhibitor amiloride. Reports from a number of laboratories, including our own, have described a biphasic efflux of Cl- in which kinetics suggested the presence of two subcellular Cl- compartments. The data presented in this study provide a mechanism to explain this kinetic behavior. The biphasic Cl- efflux kinetics are the result of a transient alkalinization of the cytoplasm associated with a change in PCO2 as cells are transferred from the incubator to the bench top for the efflux assay.
178 DECREASED LUNG INJURY AFTER SURFACTANT IN PIGLETS TREATED WITH NASAL CONTINUOUS POSITIVE AIRWAY PRESSURE OR SYNCHRONIZED INTERMITTENT MANDATORY VENTILATION VERSUS CONTINUOUS POSITIVE AIRWAY PRESSURE ALONE

We hypothesized that animals treated with nasal continuous positive airway pressure following surfactant administration (NCPAP+S) would have decreased inflammatory markers and pathologic lung injury compared with those treated with synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation following surfactant administration (SIMV+S) or NCPAP without surfactant administration (NCPAP-S). Methods We compared NCPAP+S, SIMV+S, and NCPAP-S in spontaneously breathing piglets with saline lavage induced lung injury (PaO2 of 80-100 torr in FIO2 1.0). Animals were randomized to NCPAP (n=7), SIMV+S (n=8), or to NCPAP+S (n=10) and were treated for 4 hours. Settings were PIP 20, PEEP 5, rate 20, VT 8ml/kg. NCPAP was initiated at 5cmH2O. Oxygen was adjusted to maintain PaO2 of 80-100 torr. Physiologic parameters and arterial blood gases were continuously monitored and recorded hourly. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples were collected for neutrophil count and H2O2 after 4 hours treatment. Animals were euthanized and lungs were fixed for histopathologic scoring and morphometric analysis. Physiologic data were analyzed using ANOVA for repeated measures. Neutrophil count and H2O2 were analyzed using ANOVA. Results No physiologic differences were noted between groups. BAL fluid from NCPAP-S piglets contained significantly more neutrophils than those from the SIMV+S group (p≤0.05) with a similar trend in the CPAP+S group (p≤0.17). BAL cells from the SIMV+S and NCPAP+S groups contained significantly less H2O2 than cells from the NCPAP-S group (p≤0.01 and 0.03 respectively). Morphometric analysis showed more total open alveolar airspace in the dorsal regions in the NCPAP+S group compared to the NCPAP-S group (p≤0.01) with a similar trend in the SIMV+S vs NCPAP-S groups (p≤0.09). Conversely, ventral regions showed more total open alveolar airspace in the NCPAP-S group compared to NCPAP+S or SIMV+S (p≤0.05 and 0.01 respectively). Conclusion Animals treated with surfactant prior to initiation of respiratory support had less evidence of acute lung injury after treatment for 4 hours. Morphometric data suggest surfactant administration results in regionally dependent lung expansion.
Research on Cultivating Students'Scientific Reasoning Ability with Interactive Teaching Based on Clicker

Scientific reasoning ability is an imperative area in the education practice and research. However,education researchers often pay more attention to the quantitative evaluation of scientific reasoning ability.To cultivate and improve studentsscientific reasoning ability is rarely involved.In this study,classroom response system("Clicker")is used to create a new interactive and inquiry class mode instead of traditional teaching mode,and 237sophomores of science and engineering(8classes) are enrolled and divided into control and experimental groups.The results show that scientific reasoning ability scores of the four classes which used the"Clicker"are significantly higher than that of the control classes.
Obstructive azoospermia or oligozoospermia due to Müllerian duct cyst

Deep pelvic midline (Mullerian duct) cysts may cause obstruction of the ejaculatory duct. Two previously fertile patients with adult-onset azoospermia and one patient with severe oligozoospermia were each found to have a Mullerian duct cyst. Semen characteristics included low volume and pH, and absent semen coagulation, odor, and fructose. Vasography showed a retroprostatic and/or retrovesical cyst that communicated with the ipsilateral ejaculatory duct, reflux from the cyst into the contralateral ejaculatory duct, and absent communication of the cyst with the urethra. Transurethral incision of the cyst was successful in one patient and unsuccessful in another. Pregnancy was established by the successfully treated patient. Mullerian duct cyst may cause obstructive azoospermia or oligozoospermia, which may be progressive in adult life, and which is compatible with previous fertility.
Vasectomy Reversal must be the first step for a man who had a vasectomy and wants a children from a new marriage? Opinion: No.

The evaluation of any couple with infertility for any reason, including known post-vasectomy obstructive azoospermia, involves simultaneous evaluation of the female for her fertility potential with male evaluation. The goal of vasectomy reversal is to allow a couple to have a healthy child. In this overview, we will clarify that sperm retrieval with IVF is the most effective means for a couple to achieve their goal of having at least one healthy child. The limiting factor for natural conception and live birth after vasec-tomy is not typically the male partner’s obstructive azoospermia, however, it is directly related to the female partner’s fertility. The Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine clearly state in their guideline for management of obstructive azoospermia using reconstruction: “Before vasectomy reversal is performed to restore fertility, evaluation of the female partner’s reproductive potential is prudent and recom-mended…” (1).Women have a decline in reproductive potential that becomes significant by age 32-35 with a subsequent rapid decline (2). Age is not the only reason for impaired female fertility, and there is no age below which normal female reproductive potential can be guaranteed. Hormonal and congenital abnormalities as well as endometriosis are a few examples of common issues that greatly decrease the chance a couple has for a successful natural conception; all can be issues for women of any age. The observation that men are less likely to have a pregnancy with a new partner after vasectomy reversal than with same female partners, emphasize the role that the female plays in success rates of vasec-tomy reversal (3). These increased risks underscore the importance of the female evalua-tion because her fertility potential will frame the conversation regarding the risks, bene-fits, and likely outcomes of all reproductive possibilities, including natural conception. Vasectomy reversal is an option for couples interested in fertility after vasectomy reversal. Vasectomy reversal has been reported to have some cost-benefits related to use of ART (4, 5). However, the “costs” associated with ART are overestimated by low preg-nancy rates in historical published literature and excessive frequency of multiple gesta-tions. Original cost-effectiveness studies with vasectomy reversal assumed a pregnancy
Hematemesis from cancer of the esophagus.

Summary Of the 1,859 patients with cancer of the esophagus seen at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in the 40 years prior to 1966, over 5 per cent gave a history of hematemesis. This figure is in line with other recent studies. The occurrence of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in this disease is not necessarily indicative of hopelessness.
1×N2 Wavelength-Selective Switches with High Fill-Factor Two-Axis Analog Micromirror Arrays

A 1xN2 wavelength-selective switch is demonstrated using a high fill-factor two-axis analog micromirror array and a monolithic 2D collimator array. A 1x2 (scalable to 1x14) WSS with 50-GHz channel spacing is experimentally demonstrated.
Biological Principles and Clinical Application of EGFR Inhibitors in Cancer

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been studied for over 40 years. The biological function of this receptor and its oncogenic activity make it an ideal target for treatment of human cancers. In recent years, several agents targeting EGFR have been developed and used in the clinic. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of the biological characteristics of EGFR, its relationship with human cancer, and the development of EGFR inhibitors in clinical use. Using EGFR as an example, this review also intends to provide insight into current advances in molecular oncology and molecular therapeutics and their future directions.
First-Line Systemic Therapy for Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer

Major advances in the treatment of metastatic non-small cell lung cancer have led to significant incremental improvements in patient outcomes. Platinum-based combination therapy remains the cornerstone of first-line therapy. The addition of biologic agents, such as bevacizumab or necitumumab, in selected populations has shown benefit over chemotherapy alone. The advent of maintenance therapy has also improved overall survival outcomes in selected populations of patients. Ongoing studies will further refine optimal treatment in the first-line setting and further advance first-line treatment options.
Media Scandals Are Political Events: How Contextual Factors Affect Public Controversies over Alleged Misconduct by U.S. Governors

When political scandals erupt in the press, we usually blame misconduct by public officials, but these episodes are political events whose occurrence and severity also depend in part on the politic...
Viscoelastic response (VisR)-derived relative elasticity and relative viscosity reflect tissue elasticity and viscosity: In silico and experimental demonstration in liver

VisR ultrasound characterizes the viscoelastic properties of tissue by fitting acoustic radiation force (ARF)-induced displacements in the region of ARF excitation to a 1D mass-spring-damper (MSD) model. Viscosity and elasticity are found separately from each other but relative to the applied ARF amplitude. We refer to these parameters as ‘relative elasticity (RE)’ and ‘relative viscosity (RV)’. We hypothesize that RE and RV linearly correlate to true elasticity and viscosity in tissue.
Characterization of intestinal strictures by photoacoustics in vivo: Endoscopic and transcutaneous approaches

Crohn's disease is a chronic autoimmune disease of the intestinal tract affecting 700,000 people in the United States. The pathology of Crohn's disease is characterized by obstructing intestinal strictures due to inflammation, fibrosis, or a combination of both. The identification of fibrosis in intestinal strictures is critical, as the fibrotic strictures are irreversible and have to be removed surgically. Fibrotic strictures are characterized by the increased collagen content in the submucosa below the inner surface of the intestine. The standard diagnostic procedure for the strictures is the endoscopic biopsy, which has limited diagnostic accuracy due to the superficial sampling. Conventional imaging modalities can identify intestinal strictures but cannot assess the molecular components within the strictures. In our previous studies, photoacoustic imaging (PAI) has demonstrated the capability to identify fibrosis in intestinal strictures by increased collagen content. The objective of this research is to further investigate the feasibility of identifying fibrosis in intestinal strictures using PAI in vivo.
Issues and opportunities for human error-based requirements inspections: an exploratory study

[Background] Software inspections are extensively used for requirements verification. Our research uses the perspective of human cognitive failures (i.e., human errors) to improve the fault detection effectiveness of traditional fault-checklist based inspections. Our previous evaluations of a formal human error based inspection technique called Error Abstraction and Inspection (EAI) have shown encouraging results, but have also highlighted a real need for improvement. [Aims and Method] The goal of conducting the controlled study presented in this paper was to identify the specific tasks of EAI that inspectors find most difficult to perform and the strategies that successful inspectors use when performing the tasks. [Results] The results highlighted specific pain points of EAI that can be addressed by improving the training and instrumentation.
Extension of multiband opacity-binning to molecular, non-Boltzmann shock layer radiation

For accurate predictions of shock layer radiative heating to reentry vehicles, the smeared rotational band (SRB) model is appropriate for molecular band systems with negligible self absorption, meaning they are optically-thin. However, for band systems with noticeable self absorption, the orders-of-magnitude more computationally expensive line-by-line (LBL) approach is required. Considering past and proposed NASA missions, the molecular band systems most likely to require the LBL approach are the CO 4th-Positive, CN Violet, and CO2 IR bands. The CO 4th- Positive and CN Violet bands are required for Mars entry at velocities greater than 6 km/s, with the CN Violet band also required for Titan entry. These two bands typically emit strongly in flow regimes with non-Boltzmann upper electronic state populations. The CO2 IR band is required for Mars entry at velocities below 5 km/s. This ro-vibrational band system is typically assumed to contain Boltzmann populations of radiating levels (the quality of this assumption is the subject of other studies).
Child Maltreatment Prevention: The Problem of Resource Allocation

Although the emphasis on evidence-based interventions is a major step toward improving child protection systems, there are other equally important decisions to be made if we expect to use prevention as a way to reduce exposure to and the consequences of child maltreatment. Among them, allocating preventive service capacity is perhaps the most important. It is surprising therefore to learn just how little attention is devoted to understanding whether service allocations are at all related to need or outcomes when both are measured at a public health level.
Trends and risk factors for prolonged opioid use after unicompartmental knee arthroplasty.

AimsThe purpose of this study was to evaluate trends in opioid use after unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA), to identify predictors of prolonged use and to compare the rates of opioid use aft...
Cardiac CTA: Electrophysiology

Cardiac computed tomography angiogram (CCTA) has evolved from a simple structural assessment tool to a key instrument used for complex ablation procedures in clinical cardiac electrophysiology. CCTA’s fast acquisition and better image resolution allow for precise anatomic assessment that increases the efficacy and safety of these procedures.
Numerical Methods for Mechanism and Manipulator Workspace Analysis

Numerical algorithms for mapping boundaries of mechanism and manipulator workspaces are developed and illustrated. Analytical criteria derived are applicable for both manipulators having the same number of input and output coordinates and redundantly controlled manipulators with a larger number of inputs than outputs. A numerical method is presented for finding an initial point on the boundary, from which a continuation method that accounts for simple and multiple bifurcation of one-dimensional solution curves is used. Planar and spatial manipulators are analyzed, determining both the exterior boundaries of workspaces and interior curves that represent local impediments to motion control.
BioSEME: a semantically-integrated content management system for cancer research

In this project, we propose a paradigm shift from the use of relational databases and traditional web publishing tools to a Semantically-Integrated Research Content Management System augmented with research collaboration functionality for curation of cancer research data. By using a prototype called BioSEME, we will aggregate cancer biomarker-related PubMed literature data using term-specific data feeds. The data will then be annotated by designated users using the standardized taxonomy and vocabulary derived from known ontologies and cancer-related literature, which is subsequently associated and published through the semantically-enhanced user interface. We believe that in the future such online collaborative-research community and semanticallyintegrated virtual scientific knowledge environment will help support the cancer research community.
Ernst Mach’s Opposition to Atomism

In those annals of history which record the noble espousal of lost causes, the name of Ernst Mach is often linked with the opposition to atomic and molecular theories, along with such figures as Ostwald, Stallo, and Duhem. And rightly so, for Mach’s writings over a fifty-year period from 18661 until 1916 reveal an extreme suspicion of, bordering often on a hostility to, most of the atomistic theories of that period. Moreover, the running dispute between Mach and Boltzmann and later between Mach and Planck centered squarely on the efficacy of atomic and molecular approaches to the explora­tion of natural phenomena. But though the fact of Mach’s opposition to atomic/molecular theories is well known and widely cited, Mach’s specific argumentative strategies against such theories have been less fully explored and understood. Still less well documented is the relation of Mach’s stand on atomism to his other work in philosophy, especially in the area of the logic and epistemology of science. Finally, the relation of Mach’s critique of atomism to the views of his scientific and philosophical contemporaries is almost completely unexplored terrain.
Cachalot: A network-aware, cooperative cache network for geo-distributed, data-intensive applications

Collaborative and data-intensive applications are hosted on geo-distributed infrastructures to exploit computing resources at scale. However, these applications typically incur massive data transfers over bandwidth-constrained wide- area networks (WANs) which impose significant performance overhead. Conventional distributed computing platforms (e.g., Spark) leverage caching to avoid duplicate executions of common computations and thus reduce network traffic. However, these techniques were developed for data center environments and therefore lack advanced network-aware mechanisms to support high-performance, data-intensive applications over the WAN in geo-distributed environments. Hence, we develop Cachalot - a novel network-aware, cooperative cache network for caching datasets generated by common computations shared among geo- distributed, data-intensive applications. We perform a simulation- based deep evaluation using both synthetic and real traces. The experimental results indicate Cachalot speeds up data-intensive applications by over 50%, reducing network traffic by up to 60%; and, outperforms state-of-the-art baselines by over 20% in geo-distributed environments for various common user-driven performance metrics.
The Effect of Craniectomy on the Intracranial Pressure-Volume Relationship and Its Relevance to the Syndrome of Shunt Dependent Ventricles

The syndrome of shunt dependent ventricles is characterized by persistent and intermittent symptoms of intracranial hypertension in shunted patients with normal or small sized ventricles. It has been suggested that these patients have intermittent proximal shunt obstruction with fulminant signs of intracranial hypertension before there is time for ventricular dilatation to occur (Epstein et al. 1980). There have been numerous reports that subtemporal craniectomy effectively treats this syndrome, and it has been proposed that craniectomy results in ipsilateral ventricular expansion around the shunt catheter to prevent recurrent obstruction (Epstein et al. 1974, 1979). However, it has been observed that the ventricles appear to get smaller on CT scan after the craniectomy procedure (Linder et al., in preparation, a). Other factors obviously play a role in the pathophysiology of this disorder. The present study examines whether craniectomy may be effective by favorably influencing the pressure-volume relationship of brain elastiCity.
Anatomical and Functional Organization of the Central Nervous System

A major philosophic issue in the field of psychobiology is the question of the relationship of the brain to the mind. Some neurobiologists such as Eccles (1963) lean toward the view that the world of the mind and that of the physical are separate and distinct and relate only through a so-called psychophysical parallelism. In this theory, events in the two worlds are parallel but not equivalent. Other neurobiologists such as Kornhuber (1978) believe, with Spinoza, that “the mental and the physical are different aspects of the same thing” (p. 323). For myself, only the latter position makes philosophic sense and it is that position which rules this volume.
The Conference for Mercy Higher Education: One Congregation’s Choice for Preserving Its Charism

In the past eighteen years, the Sisters of Mercy have undergone two major transitions in the structure of the congregation in the United States. In 1991, seventeen independent congregations formed the Institute of the Sisters of Mercy of the Americas, a single canonical entity with twenty-fi ve regional communities. Between 2006 and 2009, another reorganization gradually reshaped the Institute into six communities. While the fi rst transition did not affect the sponsorship of institutions, the most recent re-confi guration dramatically altered the sponsorship “landscape.” This paper describes how the congregation chose to reimagine the manner in which it relates to the sixteen Mercy colleges and universities to preserve and strengthen its charism in its ministry of higher education as well as on individual campuses.
Generation and Storage Expansion Co-optimization with Consideration of Unit Commitment

A generation and storage expansion co-optimization model is formulated as an MILP. This expansion model is characterized by the inclusion of unit commitment modeling, such as the minimum run requirement, the ramp-rate limit, minimum up/down time and start-up/shut-down costs. Storage operation considering energy and power capacity limits and energy losses are also modeled. Storage and generation expansion is modeled as continuous variables, and an operating reserve requirement is included. The new formulation is tested in the IEEE RTS-24 test system, and the numerical results show the importance of considering unit commitment in generation and storage operation expansion modeling. Furthermore, the complementary and substitution relationships between intermittent resources and storage are quantified using the model; sometimes storage enhances the values of wind, but in other circumstances the reverse is true.
Conditional generative adversarial network for gene expression inference.

Motivation The rapid progress of gene expression profiling has facilitated the prosperity of recent biological studies in various fields, where gene expression data characterizes various cell conditions and regulatory mechanisms under different experimental circumstances. Despite the widespread application of gene expression profiling and advances in high-throughput technologies, profiling in genome-wide level is still expensive and difficult. Previous studies found that high correlation exists in the expression pattern of different genes, such that a small subset of genes can be informative to approximately describe the entire transcriptome. In the Library of Integrated Network-based Cell-Signature program, a set of ∼1000 landmark genes have been identified that contain ∼80% information of the whole genome and can be used to predict the expression of remaining genes. For a cost-effective profiling strategy, traditional methods measure the profiles of landmark genes and then infer the expression of other target genes via linear models. However, linear models do not have the capacity to capture the non-linear associations in gene regulatory networks. Results As a flexible model with high representative power, deep learning models provide an alternate to interpret the complex relation among genes. In this paper, we propose a deep learning architecture for the inference of target gene expression profiles. We construct a novel conditional generative adversarial network by incorporating both the adversarial and l1-norm loss terms in our model. Unlike the smooth and blurry predictions resulted by mean squared error objective, the coupled adversarial and l1-norm loss function leads to more accurate and sharp predictions. We validate our method under two different settings and find consistent and significant improvements over all the comparing methods.
Concentration dependent properties lead to plastic ratcheting in thin island electrodes on substrate under cyclic charging and discharging

Abstract It is known that the mechanical properties of electrodes in lithium-ion batteries, such as modulus, yield stress, and interfacial strength, can depend strongly on lithium concentration. Here we show that a thin film island electrode with properties dependent on lithium concentration naturally undergoes plastic ratcheting with accumulative deformation and failure during cyclic charging and discharging. Some key predictions from numerical simulations are validated by galvanostatic tests. Strategies to avoid ratcheting include limiting the electrode size and/or selecting a balanced combination of concentration dependent materials properties.
Multiconic surfaces

Multiconic surfaces are a generalization of the type of surface called polyconic in numerical control of machine tools. The general theory is developed in this paper using a new parametrization. In the original form there was a problem as to whether or not a point that satisfies surface equations actually belonged to the intended surface. This difficulty is removed by the new technique. Algorithms for calculation of line and plane intersections with the surface and for calculation of normal vectors, volume, and surface area are given for classes of defining functions of which it is required only that they have appropriate conditions of continuity and differentiability. Examples are given of surfaces developed using spline functions. Preliminary comparative estimates of design and numerical control processing times are included.
Comprometiendo a las enfermeras en la Salud Ambiental Comunitaria... Una cocina a la vez

Con gran placer escribo este editorial para la II edicion de la Revista Peruana de Enfermeria Acc Cietna, despues de haber tenido el honor de participar en la VII Jornada Internacional de Investigacion en Enfermeria de la Universidad Catolica Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo (USAT), en Chiclayo-Peru, en setiembre de 2013.
Cryobotics: Extreme Cold Environment Testing of Strain Wave Gear Sets

In designing and building equipment to operate in extreme environments, including cryogenic temperature conditions, realistic performance testing is essential. The technology focus area, cryobotics, concerns robotic systems and rotating machinery that must operate at cryogenic temperatures in environments that include Earth, low Earth orbit, Mars, Moon, asteroids, Solar orbit, planetary orbit, or those encountered during travel among these destinations. Another given aspect is that cryogenic temperatures (below about 150 K) will be encountered and must, therefore, be dealt with early in the design process. The heat transmission effects of these temperatures, as well as the large temperature differences (AT) and quick changes in temperatures (thermal transients), and thermal cycling must be understood by testing in relevant environments. Knowing what factors are more relevant than others is key to being able to come up with an adequate experimental approach and build an appropriate test apparatus. The applications include mining equipment, spacecraft mechanisms, rotating machinery for superconducting power generation, cryofuel pumping systems, and so forth. Participating with science and industry partners in tribology research, dry lube technology, and material science in a collaborative way is a key facet of the focus area of cryobotics. This paper addresses the design, checkout, and testing of an extreme cold environment test chamber and the initial testing of Harmonic Drive strain wave gear sets and bulk metallic glass flexsplines in strain wave gear sets. This chamber was specifically designed for testing actuator subsystems, such as planetary gearboxes, strain wave gear sets, and full actuators in vacuum and at approximately 100 kelvin (K) and below. This chamber's capabilities include life testing while under specific loads, gear efficiency, gear wear, temperature monitoring, and other operational parameters.
Public Choice Economics

Public choice is the application of economic methods and behavioral assumptions to nonmarket collective choice institutions. There are six major questions that public choice has focused on: collective action, controlling Leviathan, delegation, democratic coherence, information problems, and rent-seeking. Public choice has important implications for institutional design, particularly under the assumption that political actors may be motivated by interests other than the public interest. Public choice has given rise to important areas of study in empirical behavioral economics, including experimental economics, and to the study of common pool resource management institutions.
Determining the Internal Validity and Test Reliability of the Dream Home Assessment: A Performance-Based Measure of Executive Function for Adults with Mental Illness

To determine the internal validity and test reliability of the Dream Home Assessment (DHA), an executive function assessment. Participants included 59 adults with and without mental illness. Rasch ...
Percutaneous Emergence of Gnathostoma spinigerum Following Praziquantel Treatment

A Bangladeshi patient with prior travel to Saudi Arabia was hospitalized in the United States for a presumptive liver abscess. Praziquantel was administered following a positive Schistosoma antibody test. Ten days later, a subadult worm migrated to the skin surface and was identified morphologically as Gnathostoma spinigerum. This case highlights the challenges of gnathostomiasis diagnosis, raising questions on potential serologic cross-reactivity and the possible role of praziquantel in stimulating outward migration of Gnathostoma larvae/subadults.
A Novel Approach to Amine-Thiol Molecular Precursors for Fabrication of High Efficiency Thin Film CISSe/CIGSSe Devices

A new approach is presented for solution-processing of thin film chalcogenide materials which utilizes amine-thiol chemistry in a novel and judicious manner. Using this new approach, CISSe and CIGSSe films were fabricated with complete prevention of the carbonaceous fine grain layer, which has been a persistent impurity in molecular precursor systems. Using the standard device architecture, total area (active area) efficiencies of up to 11.5% (12.6%) and 11.8% (12.9%) were achieved for the CISSe and CIGSSe systems, respectively.
TRIP6 is required for tension at adherens junctions

Hippo signaling mediates influences of cytoskeletal tension on organ growth. TRIP6 and LIMD1 have each been identified as being required for tension-dependent inhibition of the Hippo pathway LATS kinases and their recruitment to adherens junctions, but the relationship between TRIP6 and LIMD1 was unknown. Using siRNA-mediated gene knockdown we show that TRIP6 is required for LIMD1 localization to adherens junctions, whereas LIMD1 is not required for TRIP6 localization. TRIP6, but not LIMD1, is also required for recruitment of Vinculin and VASP to adherens junctions. Knockdown of TRIP6 or Vinculin, but not of LIMD1, also influences the localization of phosphorylated myosin light chain and F-actin. In TRIP6 knockdown cells actin stress fibers are lost apically but increased basally, and there is a corresponding increase in recruitment of Vinculin and VASP to basal focal adhesions. These observations identify a role for TRIP6 in organizing F-actin and maintaining tension at adherens junctions that could account for its influence on LIMD1 and LATS. They also suggest that focal adhesions and adherens junctions compete for key proteins needed to maintain attachments to contractile F-actin.
Anal Conditions: Anorectal Crohn’s Disease—Fistula

Crohn’s disease is a chronic inflammatory disorder. The broad variability in phenotypic presentations makes the treatment of this disease a true multidisciplinary approach. Anorectal fistulae are a frequent manifestation of CD, often requiring a staged operative approach with a combination of aggressive medical management. The operative techniques vary from a simple fistulotomy to complex endorectal advancement flaps, with novel therapies becoming ever more popularized. Despite the treatment employed, the primary focus in the management of perianal CD is to prevent ongoing tissue destruction by controlling sepsis, preserving sphincter integrity, and ultimately maintaining the patient’s continence.
SPONTANEOUS SYMMETRY BREAKING IN BIFURCATION PROBLEMS

In analyzing the dynamics of a physical system governed by nonlinear equations the following questions occur: Are there equilibrium states of the system? How many are there? Are they stable or unstable? What happens as external parameters are varied? In particular, what happens when a known solution becomes unstable as some parameter passes through a critical value?