cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of age on the initiation of protein synthesis in Drosophila melanogaster

Polyribosome levels exhibited a marked, age-related decrease in adult Drosophila melanogaster. Since decreased polyribosome levels can be due to decreased initiation of translation, initiation was measured by determination of methionyl-tRNA binding to the 40 S and 80 S initiation complexes. Compared with 1-day-old adults, 48-day-old adults exhibited no more than a 12% decrease in methionyl-tRNA binding to 40 S subunits and a 20% decrease in binding to 80 S particles. Increased age, therefore, had relatively little effect on initiation, and the decreased polyribosomal content was probably due to the deterioration of some other component of the translation system.
Isolation of cDNA clones coding for peroxisomal proteins of Candida tropicalis: identification and sequence of a clone for catalase.

Abstract A cDNA library, complementary to mRNAs of alkane-grown Candida tropicalis , was screened by differential DNA dot-blot hybridization with [ 32 P]cDNA reverse-transcribed from mRNA of alkane-grown cells or from cells in which peroxisome formation was repressed by growth on glucose. 9% of the library encodes alkane-induced sequences. The cell-free translation products of eight hybrid-selected mRNAs were characterized by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography: most of them are probably peroxisomal proteins. Among these, a catalase clone was identified by immunoprecipitation of the translation product with anti-catalase. The clone was sequenced: the inferred amino acid sequence is homologous to the carboxytermini of mammalian and Saccharomyces cerevisiae catalases. C. tropicalis catalase mRNA is 1.7–1.8 kb long by Northern analysis, of which 1.5–1.6 kb is required to code for the 57 kDa polypeptide. Catalase mRNA (assayed by dot-blot hybridization) is strikingly induced in C. tropicalis by growth on alkanes, suggesting that peroxisome induction is transcriptionally regulated. This sublibrary of alkane-induced, mostly peroxisomal clones, together with a recently developed cell-free peroxisome protein import assay, will permit investigation of the targeting of proteins to peroxisomes.
Short communication: Intestinal digestibility of amino acids in fluid- and particle-associated rumen bacteria determined using a precision-fed cecectomized rooster bioassay.

Abstract Microbial protein represents the majority of metabolizable protein absorbed by ruminant animals. Enhanced understanding of the AA digestibility of rumen microbes will improve estimates of metabolizable protein. The objective of this experiment was to determine the digestibility of AA in fluid- (FAB) and particle-associated bacteria (PAB) using the precision-fed cecectomized rooster bioassay. Bacteria were isolated from 4 ruminally cannulated lactating Holstein cows by differential centrifugation, including particle suspension in 0.1% Tween-80 for increased removal of PAB from ruminal digesta. Samples of FAB and PAB were fed to 9 cecectomized roosters to determine standardized digestibility of AA. Total AA digestibility was 76.8 and 75.5% for FAB and PAB, respectively, but did not differ. Differences existed in AA digestibilities within bacterial type when compared with the mean essential AA digestibility value. Compared with previous literature estimates of AA digestibility in microbes (mean = 76%; range=57–87%) and relative to National Research Council estimates of total AA from rumen bacteria (80%), the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay is an acceptable in vivo model to determine AA digestibility of rumen bacteria.
Tele-Medicine and the Reduction of Psychiatric Admissions for Dementia Patients-Social Work as the Core Discipline

Abstract Persons with dementia when transferred between care settings are at risk for their condition to deteriorate. Maintaining continuity across the continuum of care is essential for the well being of these individuals. To enhance the continuity of care for Copper Ridge residents hospitalized for psychiatric symptoms, Copper Ridge and Johns Hopkins Hospital developed a Tele-medicine program to link clinical teams at each facility. Positive findings after one year included a reduction in the number of hospital stays, a reduction in the length of hospital stays, and improved care planning. The Tele-medicineprogram wasunder theleadershipof the social workstaff.
Characterization of Airborne Nanoparticle Loss in Sampling Tubing

Airborne nanoparticle release has been studied extensively lately using a variety of instruments and nanoparticle loss data for the instrument sampling tubes were required. This study used real-time measurements to characterize particle losses. Particle concentrations were measured by Fast Mobility Particle Sizer (FMPS). Electrically conductive and Tygon sampling tubes 7.7 mm I.D. and 2.0, 4.9, 7.0, and 8.4 m long, were used to analyze particle losses. Two different sources of nearly steady-state particles—atmospheric nanoparticles (maximum concentration of 4,000–6,000 particle/cm3) and nebulizer-generated salt aerosols (maximum concentration of 14,000–16,000 particle/cm3)—were utilized.For all test conditions, a reduction in particle number concentration was observed and found to be proportional to tube length for particle diameter (dp) less than 40 nm. A maximum loss up to 30% was found for the longest tube length (8.4 m) at particle size of approximately 8 nm. For particles from 40 to 400 nm, the losse...
Differential DNA methylation patterns of small B-cell lymphoma subclasses with different clinical behavior

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) is a group of malignancies of the immune system with variable clinical behaviors and diverse molecular features. Despite the progress made in classification of NHLs based on classical methods, molecular classifications are a work in progress. Toward this goal, we used an array-based technique called differential methylation hybridization (DMH) to study small B-cell lymphoma (SBCL) subtypes. A total of 43 genomic DMH experiments were performed. From these results, several statistical methods were used to generate a set of differentially methylated genes for further validation. Methylation of LHX2, POU3F3, HOXC10, NRP2, PRKCE, RAMP, MLLT2, NKX6.1, LRP1B and ARF4 was validated in cell lines and patient samples and demonstrated subtype-related preferential methylation patterns. For LHX2 and LRP1B, bisulfite sequencing, real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and induction of gene expression following treatment with the demethylating agent, 5'-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, were confirmed. This new epigenetic information is helping to define molecular portraits of distinct subtypes of SBCL that are not recognized by current classification systems and provides valuable potential insights into the biology of these tumors.
A Fair Exchange?: Theory and Practice of Calculating Equilibrium Exchange Rates

We develop a theory-based model of equilibrium exchange rates incorporating factors that have been found to matter empirically. The model provides insights into how variables should be measured and what are appropriate cross-country restrictions. We estimate this model using a panel of 12 industrial countries. The model fits the data relatively well, implying relatively fast adjustment to equilibrium and outperforming a random walk at longer horizons. Furthermore, we find that the rate of adjustment depends on the distance from equilibrium, suggesting that part of the explanation for slow adjustment is inaccurate measures of equilibrium.
Ultrasonic investigation of the high Tc, superconducting Ba1−xKxBiO3 system

Ultrasonic Attenuation and velocity measurements have been performed in Ba 1−x K x B1O 3 , with x-0.35 and x-0.4. In the x-0.4 system, for transverse waves, it was observed that the attenuation drops below T c almost linearly and the velocity has a kink right at T c In magnetic field sweeps at 17 K, the velocity decreases and the attenuation increases slightly in high fields, suggesting a vortex lattice structure change in the superconducting state. In the x-0.35 system, with transverse waves, the attenuation appears to have a nearly exponential decrease below T c .
High-frequency (94.9 GHz) EPR spectroscopy of paramagnetic centers in a neutron-irradiated sapphire single-crystal fiber

Initial results are reported of an EPR study, conducted at 94.9 GHz, of a thermally annealed, neutron-irradiated white sapphire (α-Al2O3) single-crystal fiber. The optical centers produced in sapphire by neutron irradiation and thermal annealing are of interest for optical technologies involving the phenomenon of spectral hole-burning. While these centers have been modeled as consisting of electrons localized at anion vacancies, experimental tests of this model have been very limited. EPR spectroscopy — a choice technique for elucidating structural details of such color centers — reveals signals from numerous paramagnetic centers in this material. The predominant signals, with amplitudes a hundredfold greater than any other signals, derive from three closely related, highspin-multiplicity centers. These centers do not, however, derive from radiation-induced lattice defects: they are readily identified as Cr3+ (S = 3/2) and a pair of crystallographically equivalent Fe3+ (S=5/2) impurity ions. The advantages of high-frequency-EPR instrumentation in facilitating this identification are presented and discussed in detail. These advantages include enhanced sensitivity for this volume-limited, fiber sample. Moreover, the analysis of the spectra — entailing spectral assignments, evaluation of the spin-Hamiltonian parameters, and spin-counting — is greatly facilitated when the Zeeman interaction is dominant.
Self-Imposed Silence and Perceived Listening Effectiveness

Thus far, listening training has been limited to lectures on the process of listening and experiential exercises designed to provide for practice in listening and for assisting in a person's ability to recognize his or her own beneficial and detrimental listening behaviors. Using a new process—silence—for developing listening skills, this study compared the effects on perceived listening effectiveness of a self- imposed period of silence versus attending a lecture on listening skills versus a combination of a self-imposed period of silence and attending a lecture. While no significant differences were found for either lecture or silence or the combination of the two on measures of perceived listening effectiveness, qualitative data from journals kept by the participants suggest that the act of self-imposed silence greatly improves awareness of one's listening effectiveness and the value of developing beneficial listening skills.
Relationships between exons and the predicted structure of membrane-bound proteins

Abstract A prediction algorithm designed to detect transmembrane helices and connecting exposed turn regions was applied to the primary sequences of five different lipid-bound proteins whose intron/exon structures are known. It was found that the splice junctions largely map to the predicted surface segments and that the number of junctions correlate with the length of the surface spans in the five proteins. Implications for the evolutionary development and mechanism of exon utilization are discussed.
Axillary nodal metastases in head and neck cancer.

Background Axillary node metastasis is an uncommon occurrence in squamous carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract. Methods The tumor registry of The Johns Hopkins University Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery contained four cases of metastasis to the axilla from head and neck primary sites. A retrospective review of these cases was performed. Results Each patient had been initially treated for cancer years earlier including surgery and radiation to the neck. A recurrent cancer or a new primary then developed in the upper aerodigestive tract prior to the development of the axillary metastases. Conclusions The common course of disease in these patients suggests that alteration of the lymphatic anatomy by previous treatment may have caused a new pattern of metastatic spread upon reseeding from the mucosa, resulting in the axillary metastases. Routine surveillance of the axillae by physical examination and/or computerized imaging in at risk patients may permit the early diagnosis of axillary metastases. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 21:269–272, 1999.
A hamiltonian replica exchange method for building protein-protein interfaces applied to a leucine zipper.

Leucine zippers consist of alpha helical monomers dimerized (or oligomerized) into alpha superhelical structures known as coiled coils. Forming the correct interface of a dimer from its monomers requires an exploration of configuration space focused on the side chains of one monomer that must interdigitate with sites on the other monomer. The aim of this work is to generate good interfaces in short simulations starting from separated monomers. Methods are developed to accomplish this goal based on an extension of a previously introduced [Su and Cukier, J. Phys. Chem. B 113, 9595, (2009)] Hamiltonian temperature replica exchange method (HTREM), which scales the Hamiltonian in both potential and kinetic energies that was used for the simulation of dimer melting curves. The new method, HTREM_MS (MS designates mean square), focused on interface formation, adds restraints to the Hamiltonians for all but the physical system, which is characterized by the normal molecular dynamics force field at the desired temp...
Ultraviolet absorption by highly ionized atoms in the Orion Nebula.

The International Ultraviolet Explorer was used to obtain high-resolution, far-UV spectra of theta 1 A, theta 1 C, theta 1 D, and theta 2 A Orionis. The interstellar absorption lines in these spectra are discussed with an emphasis on the high-ionization lines of C IV and Si IV. Theta 2 A Ori has interstellar C IV and Si IV absorption of moderate strength at the velocity found for normal H II region ions. Theta 1 C Ori has very strong interstellar C IV and Si IV absorption at velocities blueshifted by about 25 km/s from that found for the normal H II region ions. The possible origin of the high-ionization lines by three processes is considered: X-ray ionization, collisional ionization, and UV photoionization. It is concluded that the C IV and Si IV ions toward theta 2 A and theta 1 C Ori are likely produced by UV photoionization of surrounding nebular gas. In the case of theta 1 C Ori, the velocity shift of the high-ionization lines may be produced through the acceleration of high-density globules in the core of the nebula by the stellar wind of theta 1 C Ori.
Molecular basis for sequence selective DNA alkylation by (+)- and ent-(-)-CC-1065 and related agents: alkylation site models that accommodate the offset AT-rich adenine N3 alkylation selectivity.

Abstract A detailed evaluation of the DNA alkylation selectivity of (+)-CC-1065, ent-(−)-CC-1065 and a series of aborted and extended analogs possessing the CPI alkylation subunit is detailed and the refinement of a model that accommodates the offset AT-rich adenine N3 alkylation selectivity of the enantiomeric agents is presented. The natural enantiomers bind in the minor groove in the 3′→5′ direction starting from the adenine N3 alkylation site across a 2 base (N-BOC-CPI; i.e. 5′-A A ), 3.5 base (CPI-CDPI1/CPI-PDE-I1; i.e. 5′-AA A ), 5 base (CC-1065/CPI-CDPI2; i.e. 5′-AAAA A ) or 6.5 base (CPI-CDPI3; i.e. 5′-AAAAA A ) AT-rich site. In contrast, the unnatural enantiomers bind in the reverse 5′→3′ direction in the minor groove and the binding site necessarily starts at the first 5′ base preceding the adenine N3 alkylation site and extends across the alkylation site to the adjacent 3′ bases covering an AT-rich site of 2 bases (N-BOC-CPI; e.g., 5′-A A ), 5 bases (CC-1065/CPI-CDPI2; eg. 5′-A A AAA), or 6.5 bases (CPI-CDPI3; e.g. 5′-A A AAAA). Notably, the model accommodates the unusual observation that both enantiomers of N-BOC-CPI alkylate the same sites within duplex DNA (5′-A A > 5′-T A ) and the required reversed binding orientation of the enantiomeric agents. The reversed binding orientation is required to permit access to the electrophilic cyclopropane and the resulting offset AT-rich alkylation selectivity is the natural consequence of the diastereomeric relationship of the adducts. Three dimensional models of the natural and unnatural enantiomer alkylations are presented which clearly illustrate the offset binding sites. A fundamentally simple model for the CC-1065 DNA alkylation reaction, that accommodates the behavior of both enantiomers, is provided in which the sequence selectivity is derived from the noncovalent binding selectivity of the agents preferentially in the narrower, sterically more accessible AT-rich minor groove, the inherent steric accessibility to the adenine N3 alkylation site that accompanies deep penetration of the agent into the minor groove within an AT-rich site, and the 2 base-pair (N-BOC-CPI), 3.5 base-pair (CPI-PDE-I1/CPI-CDPI1), 5 base-pair (CC-1065/CPI-CDPI2), or 6.5 base-pair (CPI-CDPI3) site size required to permit agent binding in the minor groove at the alkylation site. Using the models, a simple explanation for the distinguishing DNA alkylation rate, efficiency, and biological potency of enantiomeric pairs of agents is detailed based on the unnatural enantiomer sensitivity to steric bulk at the CPI C7 center.
Statistical mechanics of a dissipative dynamical system with small noise

Abstract A “wagon” rolls up a slightly inclined plane ( effective gravity acceleration = g ∗ ), and then it rolls down until it collides inelastically (coefficient of restitution = 1 − ∈) with a piston oscillating parallel to the plane between ξ = 0 and ξ = ξmax and with velocity νf(ωt), where ν is amplitude ω is frequency, and f is a specified waveform (e.g., sinusoidal). In the high frequency limit ( νω g ∗ → ∞ ) there are very many periodic solutions, but in the presence of a small noise level (e.g., the standard deviation in ∈) none of these are realizable because, when ∈ → ∞, this noise is assumed to introduce a random phase ωtn ≡ φn (mod 2π) of the piston each time (tn) the wagon arrives at ξ = ξmax moving down-hill with velocity V. For mathematical simplicity we confine our attention to the case of a square wave oscillator (f = ±1), and derive an evolution equation for the probability distribution function Pn+1(V). Numerical solutions reveal the approach to a unique statistically steady state (n → ∞) independent of the assumed initial distribution P1(V), and independent of the noise level.
Plasmapheresis in the Treatment of Ventilator-Dependent Myasthenia Gravis Patients: Report of Four Cases

During a 42-month period, we used plasmapheresis to treat four cases of myasthenia gravis with refractory respiratory failure. All four patients were ventilator dependent for prolonged periods and were not responding to management with cholinesterase inhibitors and corticosteroids. All four patients rapidly responded to the plasmapheresis; respiratory muscle strength returned sufficiently to allow discontinuation of assisted mechanical ventilation and removal of the artificial airway. In our experience, plasmapheresis is indicated in the treatment of the myasthenia gravis patient with respiratory failure which is refractory to conventional drug therapy.
Can heparin prevent adverse pregnancy outcome

(2002). Can heparin prevent adverse pregnancy outcome? The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine: Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 1-8.
Skill Levels and the Cyclical Variability of Employment, Hours, and Wages

This paper uses microeconomic panel data to examine differences in the cyclical variability of employment, hours, and real wages for skilled and unskilled workers. Contrary to conventional wisdom, it finds that, at the aggregate level, skilled and unskilled workers are subject to the same degree of cyclical variation in wages. However, the quality of labor input is found to rise in recessions, inducing a countercyclical bias in aggregate measures of the real wage. The paper also finds substantial differences across industries in the cyclical variation of employment, hours, and wage differentials, indicating important interindustry differences in labor contracting.
Instrumental systematic errors in a chromotomographic hyperspectral imaging system

Chromotomographic imaging (CTI) is a method of convolving spatial and spectral information which can be reconstructed into a 3-D spatial/spectral image cube using the same transforms employed in medical tomography. The Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) has built a chromotomographic imaging system which features a rotating prism to accomplish this convolution. This paper will specifically address effects of systematic instrumental error in collected projection data and on the reconstructed hyperspectral image cube in terms of spatial location and resolution, spectral line shift and increased width of spectral peaks. Systematic error considered are those associated with prism alignment, detector array position, and prism rotation angle. The methods used to reconstruct hyperspectral data cubes require an approximation of the instrumentation which generates the forward transform. Any variation between the estimate of these properties and their true performance results in a residual term in the reconstruction of a spectral bin, which is characterized as an error kernel in the transform equation. A computer model will be used to explore the sensitivity of the kernel to various systematic errors. Data is then collected with the instrument to assess the validity of the model under some representative conditions. It is found that the shorter wavelength (λ≪500nm) region where the prism has the highest spectral dispersion suffers mostly from degradation of spectral resolution in the presence of systematic error, while longer wavelengths (λ≫600nm) suffer mostly from a shift of the spectral peaks. The model as well as collected data indicates that the quality of the reconstructed hyperspectral imagery is most sensitive to the misalignment of the prism rotation mount. With less than 1° total angular error in the two axes of freedom, spectral resolution was degraded from 50%–100% in the blue spectral region. For larger errors than this, spectral peaks begin to split into bimodal distributions, and spatial point response functions (PRFs) are reconstructed in rings with radius proportional to wavelength and thickness of the PRF. 1,2
Assignment of the 13C chemical shifts of ethidium bromide and analogs in D2O solution

The 13C resonances of ethidum bromide (1), dimidium bromide (2) and 3,8-diamino-5-methylphenanthridinium chloride (3) in D2O solution have been assigned. Assignments were made using fully coupled spectra, spectra obtained from a selected 180°-τ-90° pulse sequence in conjunction with gated irradiation to obtain NOE intensification, selective proton decoupling, chemical shift arguments and by noting the effect of pD on the 13C chemical shifts of 1 and 3.
Effect of modification of galactose residues on the biological properties of asialo human choriogonadotropin

Abstract Several derivatives of human choriogonadotropin (hCG), including asialo-hCG and forms involving further modifications of the terminal Gal residues of asialo-hCG, have been prepared and their interaction with specific membrane receptors tested. The Galmodified derivatives were the form produced by oxidation with Gal oxidase (GOA-hCG), the form produced by periodate oxidation followed by borohydride reduction (PORA-hCG), and a form produced by glycylalanine coupling to GOA-hCG followed by reduction of the Schiff's base (GARA-hCG). Derivatization led to relatively minor effects on the immunoreactivity with anti-hCG. Desialylation led, as expected, to very rapid plasma clearance rates, which were substantially reduced upon modification of the exposed Gal residues. Accumulation of asialo-hCG and GARA-hCG was primarily in the liver, while GOA-hCG and PORA-hCG were distributed approximately equally between liver and kidney. Liver uptake of all the derivatives was reduced by coinjection of asialofetuin. Results of uptake by isolated liver parenchymal cells and binding by liver cell membranes complemented the plasma clearance findings. Ovarian uptake in superovulated rats of all derivatives was substantial, except for asialo-hCG due to its rapid plasma clearance. All derivatives including asialo-hCG showed binding to testicular cell membranes somewhat greater than hCG itself.
The nuclear membrane leukotriene synthetic complex is a signal integrator and transducer.

Leukotrienes (LTs) are lipid-signaling molecules derived from arachidonic acid (AA) that initiate and amplify inflammation. To initiate LT formation, the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) enzyme translocates to nuclear membranes, where it associates with its scaffold protein, 5-lipoxygenase–activating protein (FLAP), to form the core of the multiprotein LT synthetic complex. FLAP is considered to function by binding free AA and facilitating its use as a substrate by 5-LO to form the initial LT, LTA4. We used a combination of fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy, cell biology, and biochemistry to identify discrete AA-dependent and AA-independent steps that occur on nuclear membranes to control the assembly of the LT synthetic complex in polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The association of AA with FLAP changes the configuration of the scaffold protein, enhances recruitment of membrane-associated 5-LO to form complexes with FLAP, and controls the closeness of this association. Granulocyte monocyte colony–stimulating factor provides a second AA-independent signal that controls the closeness of 5-LO and FLAP within complexes but not the number of complexes that are assembled. Our results demonstrate that the LT synthetic complex is a signal integrator that transduces extracellular signals to modulate the interaction of 5-LO and FLAP.
Binding of I131-labeled ragweed antigen by sera of ragweed-sensitive individuals☆

Abstract The sera of untreated ragweed sensitive subjects bind I 131 -labeled purified ragweed antigen. Following injection of ragweed extract in emulsion or in saline solution, the percentage and total amount of antigen bound was increased to the same extent. The ability to bind antigen was not correlated with the efficacy of treatment. Nonsensitive individuals injected with ragweed extract in emulsion produced similar quantities of antibodies to ragweed antigen whether they subsequently developed immediate or delayed cutaneous sensitivity.
Preparation of functionalized platinum nanoparticles: a comparison of different methods and reagents

A number of methods exist for the preparation of platinum nanoparticles, which have numerous industrial applications, especially as catalysts. In this study, we compared three methods for preparing Pt particles with diameters in the range of 1–3 nm. Method 1 involves base-catalyzed reduction of Pt(IV) in ethylene glycol. Methods 2 and 3 are based on phase transfer of a Pt(IV) precursor from water to toluene containing a phase-transfer catalyst (PTC) followed by reduction by NaBH4 and capping by a stabilizing agent. The latter two methods differ in the sequence of addition of stabilizer and reducing agent, and in the nature of the stabilizer. We compared the resulting mean particle sizes using transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. Our study included a systematic comparison of seven reaction parameters for Methods 2 and 3: the method (sequence of addition), Pt precursor, stabilizer molecule, stabilizer concentration, PTC, PTC concentration, and solvents for Pt suspension. Our data show that, both qualitatively and quantitatively by means of analysis of variance, three of these parameters are significant: method, stabilizer, and PTC. A linear regression allows for prediction of particle size based on these variables and fits the experimental data well, allowing particle size to be adjusted in the range of 1.6–2.2 nm. A gravimetric determination of the yield of the three methods found that while Methods 1 and 2 convert at least 85 % of the Pt precursor to Pt nanoparticles, for Method 3, the yield was less than 30 %.
But What Will It Cost Me? Private Costs of Participation and Open Source Software Development

In this paper, we examine how the private costs of participation for an Open Source Software (OSS) project influences the number of participants the project receives and their level of contribution. By studying the private costs considered by participants, we provide a better understanding of how participants are motivated to contribute. We develop a theoretical framework that identifies three private costs of participation that affect participants’ decisions, and how these private costs may vary between OSS projects. Based on panel data of monthly data from 10,381 OSS projects from January 2007-June 2011, we use a random effects model and study the adoption of a new design of collaboration technology that lowers participants’ private costs of participation. We find that lowering private costs of participation increases the number of participants, but decrease their average contributions. We also find that younger projects benefit more from reducing participants’ private costs. The findings of the paper a...
The anatomy, physiology and molecular pathways of vascular erectile dysfunction.

SummaryVascular erectile dysfunction (VED) is composed of penile arterial insufficiency and veno-occlusive dysfunction. Both the arterial and venous dysfunctions are associated with cellular and molecular abnormalities. The goal of this work is to provide a summary of the gross anatomical and physiological abnormalities associated with VED and a theory of how these abnormalities result in VED based on the known molecular mechanism in cavernosal tissue and non-penile vascular tissue.
Student Evaluation of College Teaching: A Practice in Search of Principles.

First introduced in the mid-1920s, student evaluation of instruction is a routine, mandatory part of teaching in colleges and universities in America. In this research, we summarized what is known about evaluating the effectiveness of instruction in postsecondary education and proposed areas for improvements, as well as considerations for future research. Considerable confusion, discontent, and concern were evident in the literature regarding the usefulness of ratings-based evaluations. Despite the contention surrounding student evaluations of teaching, they will continue to be used for personnel decisions. For this reason, research-based methods for improving the process and addressing areas of concern are still needed.
Emotion as Motion Asymmetries in Approach and Avoidant Actions

To emote literally means to move or prepare for action. A large body of research indicates that flexor and extensor movements are conditionally associated with approach- and avoidance-related motivations. It has also been widely argued that approach and avoidant motivations are asymmetrically instantiated in the left and right hemispheres, respectively. Nevertheless, to date, these literatures remain largely separate. In the present investigation, flexor and extensor movements that were visuospatially contextualized as being directed toward the self and away from the self were observed to be asymmetrically represented in the “approach” and “avoidance” hemispheres. Moreover, this pattern of hemispheric specialization was manifested to a greater degree the higher participants' self-reported level of daily positive affect and the lower their self-reported level of dispositional anxiety. Collectively, these findings have direct implications for models of embodied emotional and perceptual processing, as well a...
Effect of risk stratification on cost-effectiveness of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator

Abstract Background Implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) effectively prevent sudden cardiac death, but selection of appropriate patients for implantation is complex. We evaluated whether risk stratification based on risk of sudden cardiac death alone was sufficient to predict the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the ICD. Methods We developed a Markov model to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of ICD implantation compared with empiric amiodarone treatment. The model incorporated mortality rates from sudden and nonsudden cardiac death, noncardiac death and costs for each treatment strategy. We based our model inputs on data from randomized clinical trials, registries, and meta-analyses. We assumed that the ICD reduced total mortality rates by 25%, relative to use of amiodarone. Results The relationship between cost-effectiveness of the ICD and the total annual cardiac mortality rate is U-shaped; cost-effectiveness becomes unfavorable at both low and high total cardiac mortality rates. If the annual total cardiac mortality rate is 12%, the cost-effectiveness of the ICD varies from $36,000 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained when the ratio of sudden cardiac death to nonsudden cardiac death is 4 to $116,000 per QALY gained when the ratio is 0.25. Conclusions The cost-effectiveness of ICD use relative to amiodarone depends on total cardiac mortality rates as well as the ratio of sudden to nonsudden cardiac death. Studies of candidate diagnostic tests for risk stratification should distinguish patients who die suddenly from those who die nonsuddenly, not just patients who die suddenly from those who live. (Am Heart J 2002;144:440-8.)
RADIAL DENSITY AND TEMPERATURE PROFILES AT THE ION CYCLOTRON WAVE RESONANCE POINT.

Plasma electron density as function of radius compared with ion cyclotron heating theory and stability criteria
Toward Postmodern Urbanism? Evolution of Planning in Cleveland, Ohio

This article analyzes the meaning of postmodernism in planning through the in-depth study of the evolution of planning and zoning in Cleveland, Ohio. Cleveland was selected because of its innovative and highly visible planning tradition, which has weaved through the main historic stages of American planning, and has served as a planning laboratory nationwide. The article investigates whether a postmodern planning transition in Cleveland is detectable and what its key aspects and contradictions are. It concludes that the postmodern shift in Cleveland is notably stronger in planning discourses than in planning policies. In so doing, the article demonstrates a key characteristic of the postmodern shift generally and in terms of planning, more specifically, that postmodernism is still more about a shift in attitudes than in actions.
Correction to "An Algebraic, Analytic, and Algorithmic Investigation on the Capacity and Capacity-Achieving Input Probability Distributions of Finite-Input–Finite-Output Discrete Memoryless Channels" [Mar 08 1003-1023]

In this paper, we investigate the capacity and capacity-achieving input probability distributions (IPDs) of finite-input-finite-output discrete memoryless channels (DMCs). In the general respect, we establish a novel and simple characterization for the capacity-achieving IPDs of a DMC, which is equivalent to the conventional Kuhn-Tucker conditions. We then prove a conjecture of Majani and Rumsey, which claims that every probability component of each capacity-achieving IPD of a DMC with positive capacity is less than 1-e-1, where e = 2.71828182... is the base of natural logarithms. It remains an open problem whether there exists an explicit closed-form solution for the capacity and capacity-achieving IPDs of a general finite-input-finite-output DMC, except for the two-input-two-output DMC. In the algebraic respect, we demonstrate that there does not, in general, exist an algebraic solution for the capacity-achieving IPDs of an m-input-n-output DMC for any m ges 2 . and any n ges 3. In the analytic respect, however, we can obtain an explicit closed-form analytic solution, represented as an infinite series, for the capacity-achieving IPD of a two-input-three-output DMC. We also provide a formula for the average capacity of weakly symmetric DMCs and show that the average capacity in nats per channel use of the n-input-m-output weakly symmetric DMCs increases for n ges 2 but has a finite limit of 1 - gamma as n rarr infin, where gamma = 0.57721566... is Euler's constant. In the algorithmic respect, the convergence of the Arimoto-Blahut algorithm is proved in a direct and elementary way. A new and simple iterative algorithm for calculating a capacity-achieving IPD is then proposed, which is provably convergent for all DMCs with positive transition probabilities. Finally, the characterization and determination of the set of all capacity-achieving IPDs of a DMC are addressed.
Challenges for Tailored Messaging in Health Education.

Abstract It is a health education truism that instructional material will be more effective when audience characteristics are taken into account at the outset of program development. One strategy for disseminating relevant health information to individuals is known as “tailored messaging” which accounts for intra-individual information processing needs. This customized approach to health communication is proposed to catch individuals' attention and have a positive effect on cognitive-behavioral responses to health information. Because of the increased attention this communication strategy has received within the recent health education literature, this paper (1) revisits the origins of tailored communication, (2) contrasts tailored versus targeted communication, (3) outlines potential problems and weaknesses of tailoring, (4) discusses challenges associated with implementing and evaluating tailored health interventions, and (5) proposes a path and recommendations for the future of tailored messaging in he...
The Impact of a Fruit and Vegetable Intervention on Children and Caregivers

Background: Fruit and vegetable consumption is important; however, intake remains low among children. Simple, effective classroom-based interventions are needed. Purpose: To assess the impact of South Dakota Harvest of the Month (SD HOM) on child fruit and vegetable knowledge and consumption and to determine caregiver reach. Methods: Educators delivered 8 classroom-based nutrition education lessons, which included produce taste-testing. Cross-sectional assessment data were collected pre- and postintervention in over 1200 children and postintervention in caregivers (N = 142). Results: Program awareness and fruit and vegetable knowledge increased among children. Postintervention, children were less likely to be in the low fruit and vegetable consumption groups and more likely to be in the high consumption groups. Over 80% of caregivers who responded indicated they were aware of HOM and many (55%) used the handouts brought home. Caregivers indicated that children asked for more fruits and vegetables (72.7%) ...
Membership Matters: Limits of the Functional Approach to European Institutions*

Functional, transaction-cost approaches to international institutions depict them as passive fora for bargaining among states with autonomously derived preferences. This article probes the limits of the functional, intergovernmental account of the European Union. It suggests that EU institutions can affect political behaviour and outcomes in at least three broad ways: (1) by becoming autonomous political actors; (2) by creating options for domestic actors in their choice of allies and arenas (creating ‘multi-level politics’); and (3) by inducing changes in domestic policies and institutions. The article provides instances of each effect in the European Union. It concludes that, in order to understand how the European Union works as well as how it has evolved, analysis must move beyond the limits of the functional, intergovernmentalist approach.
Parts unknown Undercover ethnography of the organs-trafficking underworld

This article addresses some of the ethical, ethnographic and political dilemmas of an idiosyncratic multi-sited research project exploring the illegal and covert activities surrounding the traffic in humans and their body parts by outlaw surgeons, kidney hunters and transplant tourists engaged in ‘back-door’ transplants in the global economy. In its odd juxtapositions of ethnography, documentation, surveillance and human rights work, the project blends genres and transgresses longstanding distinctions between anthropology, political journalism, scientific reporting, political engagement, public interest anthropology and human rights work. How does one investigate covert and criminal behavior anthropologically? When, if ever (and on what grounds), is it permissible to conduct research ‘under cover’? When crimes are being committed, to whom does one owe one’s divided loyalties? Following a discussion of politically engaged research I pluck a few ‘backstage’ scenes from this Goffmanesque study of the organs ...
A Practical Method to Characterize Interconnect in a Fully Loaded System, and its Application to DDR3 Channel

In this paper we formulate and apply a practical method to characterize DDR3 interconnect in a fully loaded system where two-port measurements are not feasible, in most cases due to design topology. To overcome these limitations, we present a technique that allows two-port s-parameters extraction from three VNA or TDR one-port measurements. The method is shown to be highly accurate up to 20 GHz, thus suitable for multi-gigabit signaling system. Additionally, this paper presents time-domain differentiation technique to obtain precise frequency response of a measured TDR waveform, both magnitude and phase. The reflection coefficient can then be used to obtain two-port s-parameters from three TDR measurements. Measurement-simulation correlation of memory channel s-parameters was described and worst-case eye diagrams were computed. This paper is presented in the context of ever-growing requirement for memory channel bandwidth.
Positive serum IgA-tissue-transglutaminase antibodies are not all but enough to diagnose coeliac disease without a small bowel biopsy.

Dear Sir, We have read with great interest the article by Fernandez-Banares and coworkers about the attitude of the tissue-transglutaminase antibodies of IgA class (tTG) in implementing the diagnosis of celiac disease (CD) without biopsy.1 In this paper the authors report that no cut-off level of tTG is associated with a positive predictive value (PPV) of 100% and that the CD diagnosis also requires biopsy in patients with strongly positive tTG. As reported in this work, in the past years several authors have questioned the requirement for small bowel biopsy to establish the …
Sacrificing Neoliberalism to Save Capitalism: Latin America Resists and Offers Answers to Crises

The current global crisis is not merely a speculative financial crisis that has impacted the real economy in the form of overproduction and demand contraction. It is also a social, environmental and energy crisis; a crisis of democracy, of multilateralism, of neoliberalism and ultimately a crisis of capitalism. In large measure, it is an ethical crisis where a few have been allowed to freely engage in speculative and predatory practices while jeopardizing the interests of humankind. This article focuses on several countries in Latin America where hope is building, creative solutions are being tested, a popular response to crises is emerging, and the basis for an alternative to capitalism is being drafted. These proposals, uncharted elsewhere, are only possible within the context of an alternative, solidarity-based regional integration. They constitute the first steps in the process of development of socialism from the base — a socialism of the 21st century.
Zur Theorie der Heyrovský‐Forejtschen oszillographischen Polarographie

Es wird eine theoretische Analyse der Potential-Zeit-Kurve der Heyrovský-Forejtschen oszillographischen Polarographie beschrieben. Die Theorie unterliegt folgenden Voraussetzungen: 1. An der Beobachtungselektrode finden drei verschiedene Elektrodenvorgange, d. h. ox/red (ox, red = oxydierte bzw. reduzierte Form des Depolarisators), K/K(Hg) [K, K(Hg) = Kation des Fremdelektrolyten bzw. entsprechendes Metall im Quecksilber] und Hg++2/Hg, statt. Das System ox/red enthalt nur einen potentialbestimmenden Schritt und die Systeme K/K(Hg) und Hg++2/Hg verlaufen reversibel. 2. Die Transporte der beteiligten funf Stoffe [ox, red, K, K(Hg) und Hg++2] erfolgen nur durch die Diffusionsvorgange, die durch die eindimensional unendlich ausgedehnten ruhenden Phasen verlaufen. Unter diesen Voraussetzungen wird eine allgemeine Formel der Potential-Zeit-Kurve abgeleitet. Weiterhin ergeben sich die Ausdrucke fur die Knicklange und auch fur die den Mittelpunkten der kathodischen und anodischen Knicke entsprechenden Potentiale. Zuletzt wird der Einflus des Kapazitatsstromes auf die Potential-Zeit-Kurve naherungsweise diskutiert.
Modeling Transfer of Training and Training Effectiveness in Simulated Marksmanship Training

The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a positive transfer of training effects from simulated marksmanship training, specifically the Engagement Skills Trainer (EST 2000), and if so, to develop a model which could be used to predict the optimum time required to achieve a maximum positive transfer of training benefit. The data analyzed was collected from cadets attending Cadet Basic Training at the United States Military Academy. Multiple independent variables were analyzed with both objective and subjective evidence supporting that the EST 2000 is useful as both a trainer and a predictor of live marksmanship performance. Results include analysis of different weapon types trained and different time periods that elapsed between simulated and live training. Results emphasize criterion based training over training to time standards.
Technology Readiness Level, Schedule Risk and Slippage in Spacecraft Design: Data Analysis and Modeling

as a principal culprit driving schedule risk and slippage. In this paper, we analyze based on data from past space programs the relationship between technology uncertainty and schedule risk in the acquisition of space systems, and propose an analytical framework to identify appropriate schedule margins for mitigating the risk of schedule slippage. We also introduce the TRL-schedule-risk curves to help program managers make riskinformed decisions regarding the appropriate schedule margins for a given program, or the appropriate TRL to consider should the program’s schedule be exogenously and rigidly constrained. We recommend based on our findings, that the industry adopts and develops schedule risk curves (instead of single schedule point estimates), 2) that these schedule risk curves be made available to policy- and decision-makers in acquisition programs; and 3) that adequate schedule margins be defined according to an agreed upon and acceptable schedule risk level.
Neonatal Hypothermia in Low-Resource Settings

Hypothermia among newborns is considered an important contributor to neonatal morbidity and mortality in low-resource settings. However, in these settings only limited progress has been made towards understanding the risk of mortality after hypothermia, describing how this relationship is dependent on both the degree or severity of exposure and the gestational age and weight status of the baby, and implementing interventions to mitigate both exposure and the associated risk of poor outcomes. Given the centrality of averting neonatal mortality to achieving global milestones towards reductions in child mortality by 2015, recent years have seen substantial resources and efforts implemented to improve understanding of global epidemiology of neonatal health. In this article, a summary of the burden, consequences, and risk factors of neonatal hypothermia in low-resources settings is presented, with a particular focus on community-based data. Context-appropriate interventions for reducing hypothermia exposure and the role of these interventions in reducing global neonatal mortality burden are explored.