cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transmission electron microscopy of interfaces and defects in intergrown pyroxenes

scribed as single blocks of orthopyroxene structure. The'%r[001] partial dislocations at the terminations of the stacking faults are dissociated into two equal partials approximately 5 nm apart, and the stacking sequence ofthe faults between the two partials is +-+. Where "100" and "00l" pigeonite lamellae approach each other, the "l00" lamellae typically have bulges on both sides, and the "001" lamellae are hooked, probably at least partially because of interaction between the strain fields of the growing lamellae. In an additional unrelated observation, narrow orthopyroxene lamellae grew from their tips as entire lamellae, rather than by a ledge mechanism. Each growing orthopyroxene unit cell is led by two partial dislocations, the strain fields ofwhich cancel each other. Most of the stacking faults observed in orthopyroxene involved skew reversal of an even number of (100) octahedral layers, and most of the faults observed in pigeonite also consisted of even numbers of octahedral layers and were separated by slabs of ordinary pigeonite containing an even number of octahedral layers. However, a number of oddlayered faults also were observed in both orthopyroxene and pigeonite, indicating that a full description ofthe stacking phenomena in real pyroxenes requires the use of0.45-nm (100) slabs of structure, rather than the 0.9-nm layers used by some authors. HRrEM images indicate that the stacking faults in pigeonite nucleate symmetrically about the B chains of the pigeonite structure. The structures and distribution of the stacking faults show that their positions are structurally controlled and confirm that they formed below the C2/c P2, / c lr ansrtion temperature.
Holocene Brahmaputra River path selection and variable sediment bypass as indicators of fluctuating hydrologic and climate conditions in Sylhet Basin, Bangladesh

Abstract The Holocene stratigraphy of Sylhet basin, a tectonically influenced sub‐basin within the Ganges‐Brahmaputra‐Meghna delta (GMBD), provides evidence for autogenic and allogenic controls on fluvial system behaviour. Using Holocene lithology and stratigraphic architecture from a dense borehole network, patterns of bypass‐dominated and extraction‐enhanced modes of sediment transport and deposition have been reconstructed. During a ~3‐kyr mid‐Holocene occupation of Sylhet basin by the Brahmaputra River, water and sediment were initially (~7.5–6.0 ka) routed along the basin's western margin, where limited downstream facies changes reflect minimal mass extraction and bypass‐dominated transport to the basin outlet. Sediment‐dispersal patterns became increasingly depositional ~6.0–5.5 ka with the activation of a large (~2250 km2) splay that prograded towards the basin centre while maintaining continued bypass along the western pathway. Beginning ~5.0 ka, a second splay system constructed an even larger (~3800 km2) lobe into the most distal portions of the basin along the Shillong foredeep. This evolution from a bypass‐dominated system to one of enhanced mass extraction is well reflected in (i) the rapid downstream fining of deposited sand and (ii) a change in facies from amalgamated channel deposits to mixed sands and muds within discrete depositional lobes. The persistence of sediment bypass suggests that seasonal flooding of the basin by local runoff exerts a hydrologic barrier to overbank flow and is thus a principal control on river path selection. This control is evidenced by (i) repeated, long‐term preference for occupying a course along the basin margin rather than a steeper path to the basin centre and (ii) the persistence of an under‐filled, topographically low basin despite sediment load sufficient to fill the basin within a few hundred years. The progradation of two 10–20‐m thick, sandy mega‐splays into the basin interior reflects an alternative mode of sediment dispersal that appears to have operated only in the mid‐Holocene (~6.0–4.0 ka) during a regional weakening of the summer monsoon. The reduced water budget at that time would have lowered seasonal water levels in the basin, temporarily lessening the hydrologic barrier effect and facilitating splay development into the basin interior. Overall, these results place basin hydrology as a first‐order control on fluvial system behaviour, strongly modifying the perceived dominance of tectonic subsidence. Such coupling of subsidence, fluvial dynamics and local hydrology have been explored through tank experiments and modelling; this field study demonstrates that complex, emergent behaviours can also scale to the world's largest fluvial system.
Higher order elastic constants of alkali halides

Abstract The Coulomb, van der Waals and repulsive lattice sums occurring in the higher order elastic constants up to sixth order have been calculated for the rocksalt and cesium chloride structures. Numerical values of the static elastic constants up to sixth order based on a rigid ion model with van der Waals and Born-Mayer type central force interaction between first and second nearest neighbors are calculated for several alkali halides representing both structure types. Fair agreement with the available experimental third and fourth order elastic constant data is found.
“Heidegger’s Biological Nietzsche”

Heidegger’s lecture courses on Nietzsche give prominent attention to the question of what he calls “Nietzsche’s Alleged Biologism”. This biologism is what has been labelled the official Nazi reading of Nietzsche. Yet, there is no single Nazi reading of Nietzsche. There were biologistic and non-biologistic Nazi readings of Nietzsche, as well as anti-Nietzschean Nazis such as Ernst Krieck who denied that his philosophy was either socialist, nationalist, or racial. I will show that Heidegger’s reading of Nietzsche is a critique of the so-called official Nazi reading of Nietzsche as biologistic. However, Heidegger is not merely replacing the Nazi biologistic reading with a metaphysical reading, for his metaphysical reading of Nietzsche is biological, in a distinct sense. Although I reject this metaphysical reading, Heidegger aids my project of constructing a non-naturalist, yet physical reading of Nietzsche in at least four ways: 1) he rejects the Nazi biologistic reading of Nietzsche; 2) he sets forth distin...
Molecular plasticity and functional enhancements of leg muscles in response to hypergravity in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.

ABSTRACT Studies of organismal and tissue biomechanics have clearly demonstrated that musculoskeletal design is strongly dependent on experienced loads, which can vary in the short term, as a result of growth during life history and during the evolution of animal body size. However, how animals actually perceive and make adjustments to their load-bearing musculoskeletal elements that accommodate variation in their body weight is poorly understood. We developed an experimental model system that can be used to start addressing these open questions, and uses hypergravity centrifugation to experimentally manipulate the loads experienced by Drosophila melanogaster . We examined effects of this manipulation on leg muscle alternative splicing of the sarcomere gene troponin T ( Dmel\up ; Fbgn0004169, herein referred to by its synonym TnT ), a process that was previously demonstrated to precisely correlate with quantitative variation in body weight in Lepidoptera and rat. In a similar fashion, hypergravity centrifugation caused fast (i.e. within 24 h) changes to fly leg muscle TnT alternative splicing that correlated with body weight variation across eight D. melanogaster lines. Hypergravity treatment also appeared to enhance leg muscle function, as centrifuged flies showed an increased negative geotaxis response and jump ability. Although the identity and location of the sensors and effectors involved remains unknown, our results provide further support for the existence of an evolutionarily conserved mechanism that translates signals that encode body weight into appropriate skeletal muscle molecular and functional responses.
Positive and Negative Regulation of the Master Metabolic Regulator mTORC1 by Two Families of Legionella pneumophila Effectors

Summary All pathogens must acquire nutrients from their hosts. The intracellular bacterial pathogen Legionella pneumophila , the etiological agent of Legionnaires' disease, requires host amino acids for growth within cells. The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is an evolutionarily conserved master regulator of host amino acid metabolism. Here, we identify two families of translocated L. pneumophila effector proteins that exhibit opposing effects on mTORC1 activity. The Legionella glucosyltransferase (Lgt) effector family activates mTORC1, through inhibition of host translation, whereas the SidE/SdeABC (SidE) effector family acts as mTORC1 inhibitors. We demonstrate that a common activity of both effector families is to inhibit host translation. We propose that the Lgt and SidE families of effectors work in concert to liberate host amino acids for consumption by L. pneumophila .
Contested Paradigm in Raising Zebrafish (Danio rerio).

Abstract The current body of work on rearing larval/juvenile zebrafish is based on (1) utilization of freshwater and (2) diurnal light/dark cycle, (3) provision of live feed at modest density, and ...
Delayed Idiopathic Hardware-Associated Osteomyelitis of the Scaphoid

Osteomyelitis of the carpal bones is rare and usually occurs in the setting of penetrating wounds or immune compromise. A case of hardware-associated scaphoid osteomyelitis is reported in a 33-year-old man who underwent screw fixation of a scaphoid fracture more than 20 years prior to presentation. The patient was treated with operative debridement including a total scaphoidectomy as well as intravenous antibiotics. Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from intraoperative cultures. A secondary proximal row carpectomy was performed to provide a stable wrist. Delayed presentation of isolated hardware-associated scaphoid osteomyelitis is exceedingly rare, and little is reported regarding the incidence or management of this entity in the current literature.
Machine learning methods for music discovery and recommendation

In this talk I will relate current work at Google in music recommendation to the challenge of automatic music annotation ("autotagging"). I will spend most of the talk looking at (a) signal processing and sparse coding strategies for pulling relevant structure from audio, and (b) training multi-class ranking models in order to build good music similarity spaces. Although I will describe some technical aspects of autotagging and ranking via embedding, the main goal of the talk is to foster a better understanding of the real-world challenges we face in helping users find music they'll love. To this end I will play a number of audio demos illustrating what we can (and cannot) hope to achieve by working with audio.
Organ Distribution of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Activity in the Newt

Aldehyde dehydrogenases are NAD-dependent enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids. Three major classes of mammalian aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) are recognized (Lindahl, 1992). Class 1 is cytosolic and NAD-specific. Class 2 is mitochondrial, also uses NAD, and preferentially functions at micromolar concentrations of small aliphatic aldehydes. Class 1 and 2 are tetramers of identical subunits. The monomers have a molecular weight of 55 kD. Class 3 ALDH preferentially uses NAD, but can use NADP. Class 3 oxidizes aromatic aldehydes such as benzaldehyde. The enzyme is a dimer of identical monomers with molecular weights of 50kD.
Clinical Implications of Serotonin Regulation of Bone Mass

Since the identification of a functional signaling system for the centrally acting neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) in bone, evidence regarding the clinical implications of this system has accumulated. Cohort studies demonstrate that men and women using SSRIs have lower bone density and greater bone loss over time compared to those not taking antidepressants and those taking non-serotinergic antidepressants. Likewise, multiple studies from both cohort and administrative databases demonstrate an increased risk for fracture among users of medications that inhibit the 5-HTT (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or SSRIs). Clinical implications of these finding are several. Counseling patients on SSRIs about the higher risk of fracture is a first step. Consideration of SSRIs as a secondary cause of osteoporosis would prompt additional testing among those taking SSRIs, in order to diagnose and treat osteoporosis at an earlier stage (case finding). Additional research on the basic mechanisms for these findings is needed, along with translation of those findings into clinical studies that will change practice and address treatment strategies.
Chromosomal evidence for the secondary role of fibroblastic proliferation in acute myelofibrosis.

A 22-year-old white woman with acute myelofibrosis and agnogenic myeloid metaplasia is reported. She was found to have a consistent chromosomal aberration in her myeloblasts, interpreted as a 1-3 translocation. Bone marrow fibroblasts were successfully cultured, yielding a normal karyotype. The lymphocyte karyotype in this patient was also normal. It is proposed that these findings favor a secondary role of the fibroblastic proliferation in myelofibrosis and suggest that the primary cellular disturbance resides only in the hematopoietic cell lines.
Anarthritic Rheumatoid Arthritis and the Continuing Dilemma of Polymyalgia Rheumatica: Case Report

A 71 year-old female presented with classical symptoms of polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR), accompanied by multiple other clinical phenomena highly suggestive of giant-cell arteritis (GCA). The latter diagnosis could not be confirmed by temporal artery biopsy, and nine months later her PMR evolved into seronegative rheumatoid arthritis (SNRA). Corticosteroid (CSs) treatment was avoided by utilizing traditional disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARD's), thereby sparing this patient from a multitude of potentially devastating CSs-induced side effects. This case reinforces a recently published clinical study emphasizing the need for reassessment of prevailing knowledge and treatment recommendations in PMR.
A General Model for Minimizing Age of Information at Network Edge

Recently, a new metric, called Age of Information (AoI), has become popular to quantify the freshness of information collected at network edge. AoI research is still in its infancy and most prior efforts assume overly simplified models in their investigation. In this paper, we consider a more general model for AoI research that is closer to what happens in the real world. Specifically, we consider general and heterogeneous sampling behaviors among source nodes, varying sample size, and multiple data transmission units in each time slot. Under this much general setting, we develop new theoretical results (in terms of properties and performance bounds) and a new near-optimal low-complexity scheduling algorithm. Our results make a major advance of AoI research in terms of more realistic models.
Using ambulatory assessment to measure dynamic risk processes in affective disorders.

Abstract Background Rapid advances in the capability and affordability of digital technology have begun to allow for the intensive monitoring of psychological and physiological processes associated with affective disorders in daily life. This technology may enable researchers to overcome some limitations of traditional methods for studying risk in affective disorders, which often (implicitly) assume that risk factors are distal and static – that they do not change over time. In contrast, ambulatory assessment (AA) is particularly suited to measure dynamic “real-world” processes and to detect fluctuations in proximal risk for outcomes of interest. Method We highlight key questions about proximal and distal risk for affective disorders that AA methods (with multilevel modeling, or fully-idiographic methods) allow researchers to evaluate. Results Key questions include between-subject questions to understand who is at risk (e.g., are people with more affective instability at greater risk than others?) and within-subject questions to understand when risk is most acute among those who are at risk (e.g., does suicidal ideation increase when people show more sympathetic activation than usual?). We discuss practical study design and analytic strategy considerations for evaluating questions of risk in context, and the benefits and limitations of self-reported vs. passively-collected AA. Limitations Measurements may only be as accurate as the observation period is representative of individuals’ usual life contexts. Active measurement techniques are limited by the ability and willingness to self-report. Conclusions We conclude by discussing how monitoring proximal risk with AA may be leveraged for translation into personalized, real-time interventions to reduce risk.
Outcomes of Quadriceps Tendon With Patellar Bone Block Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Adolescent Patients With a Minimum 2-Year Follow-up:

Background:The incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury in the adolescent population is increasing. The quadriceps tendon–patellar bone autograft (QPA) has been established as a reliabl...
Sub-millimeter variation in human locus coeruleus is associated with dimensional measures of psychopathology: An in vivo ultra-high field 7-Tesla MRI study.

Abstract The locus coeruleus (LC) has a long-established role in the attentional and arousal response to threat, and in the emergence of pathological anxiety in pre-clinical models. However, human evidence of links between LC function and pathological anxiety has been restricted by limitations in discerning LC with current neuroimaging techniques. We combined ultra-high field 7-Tesla and 0.4 × 0.4 × 0.5 mm quantitative MR imaging with a computational LC localization and segmentation algorithm to delineate the LC in 29 human subjects including subjects with and without an anxiety or stress-related disorder. Our automated, data-driven LC segmentation algorithm provided LC delineations that corresponded well with postmortem anatomic definitions of the LC. There was variation of LC size in healthy subjects (125.7 +/- 59.3 mm3), which recapitulates histological reports. Patients with an anxiety or stress-related disorder had larger LC compared to controls (Cohen's d = 1.08, p = 0.024). Larger LC was additionally associated with poorer attentional and inhibitory control and higher anxious arousal (FDR-corrected p's
HAP40 is a conserved central regulator of Huntingtin and a specific modulator of mutant Huntingtin toxicity

Abstract Perturbation of Huntingtin (HTT)’s physiological function is one postulated pathogenic factor in Huntington’s disease (HD). However, little is known how HTT is regulated in vivo. In a proteomic study, we isolated a novel ∼40kDa protein as a strong binding partner of Drosophila HTT and demonstrated it was the functional ortholog of HAP40, an HTT associated protein shown recently to modulate HTT’s conformation but with unclear physiological and pathologic roles. We showed that in both flies and human cells, HAP40 maintained conserved physical and functional interactions with HTT, loss of HAP40 resulted in similar phenotypes as HTT knockout, including animal viability and autophagy, and more strikingly, HAP40 depletion significantly reduced the levels of endogenous HTT, while HAP40 was mostly degraded via the proteasome in the absence of HTT. Interestingly, polyglutamine expansion in HTT did not affect its affinity for HAP40. However, HAP40 modulated HD pathogenesis in Drosophila model by regulating the overall protein levels and the toxicity of full-length mutant HTT. Together, our study uncovers a conserved mechanism governing the stability and in vivo functions of HTT, and demonstrates that HAP40 is a central and positive regulator of HTT, a potential modulator of HD pathogenesis and a promising candidate for “HTT-lowering” strategy against HD.
Efficient circuit design for low power energy harvesting

We present five circuit topologies for low power energy harvesting. The most efficient circuit uses a variable capacitor as the power source, a DC bias voltage to charge the variable capacitor, two transistors for rectification, and two storage capacitors. Varying the capacitance performs work and results in stored charge in the capacitors. We experimentally measure the storage capacitor voltage and current over time. The circuit efficiency nears 50% at a maximum power of 10 nW. Multiple circuit topologies are simulated and yield efficiencies from 15% to 50%.
Digital Revolution in Tele-Neurology During COVID 19 Pandemic (Neuro-Oncology Case)

The COVID-19 pandemic has a huge impact on the healthcare system. Hospitals are not only getting overwhelmed with severe COVID-19-infected patients, but this pandemic has also led to disruption of other hospital services like clinics, thereby interfering in the management of other conditions. On top of that, sudden unemployment during the pandemic has affected employer-sponsored insurance, which has further limited patients to seek healthcare. Due to stringent hospital policies and fear of COVID-19 in the public, it has been difficult for the patients to access healthcare physically. Therefore, telemedicine has gained popularity during the pandemic. This chapter will describe the importance and application of telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic, which has become a vital tool for accessing healthcare.
Aberrant FGF signaling promotes granule neuron precursor expansion in SHH subgroup infantile medulloblastoma

Mutations in Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway genes, e.g. Suppressor of Fused (SUFU), drive granule neuron precursors (GNP) to form medulloblastomas (MBSHH). However, how different molecular lesions in the Shh pathway drive transformation is frequently unclear, and in particular, SUFU mutations in the cerebellum seem distinct. In this study, we show that fibroblast growth factor 5 (FGF5) signaling is integral for many infantile MBSHH cases. We found that FGF5 expression is uniquely upregulated in infantile MBSHH tumors. Also, in mice carrying loss-of-function SUFU mutations (Sufu-cKO), FGF5 is ectopically expressed specifically along the secondary fissure where GNPs harboring preneoplastic DNA lesions are massively expanded and FGFR signaling is also ectopically activated in this region. Treatment with an FGFR antagonist rescues the severe GNP hyperplasia and restores cerebellar architecture. Thus, direct inhibition of FGF signaling may be a promising and novel therapeutic candidate for infantile MBSHH.
Passively acquired lupus in the fetus and neonate

Abstract In 1%–18% of pregnancies, fetal exposure to maternal anti-SSA/Ro and anti-SSB/La autoantibodies transported across the placenta via FcγRn can result in a spectrum of injury referred to as neonatal lupus. Disease in the offspring may be independent of the maternal health status as often the mother has no previous history of any autoimmune or rheumatic disorder. The classic manifestations include cardiac injury in utero and a cutaneous rash in the neonatal period though other organ systems may be affected as well. The antibodies associating with injury are reactive with an intracellular target, providing a rare opportunity to evaluate pathways leading to autoimmune-mediated tissue injury and to translate these findings to management. This chapter extensively covers the epidemiology, clinical spectrum, proposed pathogenesis, biomarkers, and guidelines for prevention and therapy, taking into account new advances from the bench and bedside, including the introduction of home monitoring.
Low-grade glioma with novel mutations in KRAS and PMS2 in an adolescent with Down syndrome.

A 12-year-old boy with Down syndrome (DS), myeloproliferative disorder and autism spectrum disorder presented for new-onset seizures. The patient did not report any headaches, weakness, nausea or vomiting, and neurological examination was non-focal. MRI revealed a mixed solid and cystic 13 mm mass
School Shooters and Shootings

This chapter will explore common factors associated with school shootings and shooters. A review of characteristics and risk factors associated with perpetrators of school shootings, including perpetrator profiles, types, methods, and motives will be offered. Discussion regarding specific contexts associated with school shootings will be provided. Interviews with relevant individuals will be included, offering unique knowledge related to school shooters and their victims. Personal perspectives from relevant individuals will be shared.
Measurement of traumatic experiences of children within survey and intervention research: A Systematic Review of the Child and Adolescent Trauma Screen

Abstract Current trauma measures for youth are lacking psychometric properties, ability for use with refugees, measurement of both exposure and symptomology of trauma, and are outdated with current DSM-V criterion. The Child and Adolescent Trauma Screen (CATS) is a measure that has been developed to fill this gap in both research and clinical practice. This systematic review examines the CATS psychometric properties across 41 empirical studies. The current literature shows support for the use of the measure in research and practice. The CATS has been utilized in various populations, internationally, and has shown moderate to strong validity and reliability in measuring trauma exposure and symptomology. More research should be conducted on the psychometric properties specifically in varying populations and ages, as well as, on the preschool-report form. Additionally, more research should be conducted exploring the efficacy of the translated versions of CATS with different populations.
Introducing “Research Matters”

In this issue of PLOS Pathogens, we are introducing a new front matter series to allow individual scientists from the many fields that encompass our community of editors, authors, and readers to comment on why the fundamental research in their labs, and that of their collaborators, matters. The genesis of this idea comes from the apparent gulf between working scientists and the general public that seems to be growing ever wider. In particular, there seems to be an expanding gap between what basic researchers and scientists try to accomplish in terms of scientific advancement, and what nonscientists, such as the lay public and the political world, perceive to be accomplished. This diminishes the deliverables expected as a result of funding basic research, the overall value of science to society, and the rational control of scientific funding. We seek this new Research Matters format for individual scientists to “say” in public how diverse fundamental research into pathogens assures real and compelling impact on public health, human knowledge, and life. Our goal is to evolve a forum for active scientists to speak directly, without filters or publicity agents, about why basic research in their field matters. Over time, we hope to develop a collective voice for our community while still preserving the authentic nature of the individual perspective. To initiate this new series, we (GM and KH) have included our own specific examples. Our two essays have come from our own personalized viewpoints. We do not expect future pieces from others to copy our templates but rather to be used as a launching pad to communicate the amazing diversity of scientific advances that can come from fundamental curiosity-based research. If you are interested in contributing an essay for the series, please contact PLOS Pathogens at plospathogens.org to request specific guidelines that address content, structure, and length. As this Research Matters series grows to include others engaged in the wider pathogen research enterprise, we expect these essays to form a library, the components of which might resonate with readers outside of our normal working groups, such as political and governmental policymakers, philanthropic leaders, disease-specific stakeholders and, of course, the general public. We hope to foster a wider consensus understanding that, in preparing for the unknown health issues of the future, the general public welfare is best served by fundamental research rather than politically reactive programs short on both memory and innovation.
The Detection of Highly Ionized Gas via O VI Absorption toward QSO HS 1422+2309

We have detected O VI absorption in a Lyman limit system at z=3.3816 toward QSO HS 1422+2309. We have also detected C IV absorption, but we have not seen N V, Si IV, or C II. The line widths of O VI and C IV show that the kinetic temperature of the system is 104.5 < T < 105 K. The system may be collisionally ionized, because the O VI column density is larger than the C IV column density, the temperature is high, and because there may be few or no photons with energies greater than 4 ryd, which are needed to photoionize O VI. This is because the Lyα forest provides an optical depth of unity in a redshift path of 0.03, less than the typical distance to a bright QSO. If the gas is collisionally ionized with approximately cosmic abundance ratios, the C IV to O VI ratio gives an ionization temperature of T ≈ 105.3 K, which is significantly higher than the kinetic temperature measured by the line widths, perhaps because the gas is out of thermal equilibrium and cooling rapidly, much like the coronal gas of our Galaxy. We have estimated the total hydrogen column density of this system using the observed O VI column together with an assumed metallicity of -2, and we have found that it is very large: N(H) = 1020.6 cm-2 if the system is collisionally ionized, and 1019.9 cm-2 if the system is photoionized. If most Lyman limit systems have a similar high-ionization component, and there is some evidence that they do, the mass density in hot and highly ionized gas would be large: Ωhot ≈ 0.4Ωb (h=0.7), ≈ 10 times more than in the cold neutral gas seen in damped Lyα systems.
THE SAFETY OF FUNCTIONAL ANALYSES OF SELF-INJURIOUS BEHAVIOR

Functional analysis is the most precise method of identifying variables that maintain self-injurious behavior (SIB), and its use may lead to more effective treatment. One criticism and potential limitation of a functional analysis is that it may unnecessarily expose individuals to a higher risk of injury (Betz & Fisher, 2011). The purpose of this study was to determine if there were higher levels and severity of injury during the functional analysis than outside the functional analysis. We conducted a retrospective records review of 99 participants admitted to an inpatient unit for the treatment of SIB. The results showed that injury rates were relatively low across all situations and that when injuries occurred, they were usually not severe. These findings suggest that the functional analysis of SIB is relatively safe when appropriate precautions are taken.
A Controlled Software Maintenance Project

A group project is presented that introduces students to the need for inter-group communication and controlled work on an evolving program. The project concentrates on the maintenance phase of the software lifecycle and gives students experience in configuration management, version control and software management.
What Economics Can Contribute to the Addiction Sciences

Aims The addiction sciences are intrinsically multi-disciplinary, and economics is among the disciplines that offer useful perspectives on the complex behaviors surrounding substance abuse. This paper summarizes contributions economics has made in the past and could make in the future towards understanding how illegal markets operate, how prices affect use, how use generates various consequences, and how policy shapes all three. Methods Review of literature, concentrating on illegal drugs as insights concerning markets are particularly salient, although we also mention relevant studies from the alcohol and tobacco fields. Findings and Conclusions Economics offers tools and topical expertise that usefully complement other disciplines associated traditionally with the addiction sciences. Its value goes far beyond the ability to monetize non-monetary outcomes or to calculate a cost-benefit ratio.
Remorse and Guilt in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Remorse and guilt are common phenomena among patients suffering from obsessive compulsive disorder. Such individuals are troubled by recurrent intrusive thoughts that they have knowingly or unknowmgly harmed others, and such private events appear to serve as antecedents to certain compulsive rituals centered around acts related to undoing and checking. Clinical research in behavior therapy which focuses upon such psychotherapy patients is described, along with procedural guidelines for their effective treatment.
Early functions of the genome of herpesvirus. V. Serological analysis of "immediate-early" proteins.

Abstract Immediate-early proteins synthesized by cells treated with cycloheximide during early stages of infection with pseudorabies virus do not react with serum prepared against mature virions. Antiserum against immediate-early proteins was prepared. These sera were used to follow the synthesis of immediate-early proteins during the normal course of infection. Proteins reacting with antiserum against immediate-early proteins are synthesized up to 3 hr postinfection only. Immediate-early proteins are stable and are present in the cells at later stages of infection but do not become part of virions. The polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic (PAGE) profile of the immediate-early proteins synthesized during the normal course of infection is similar to that of proteins synthesized by cells treated with cycloheximide during early stages of infection. Immediate-early proteins are less stable upon storage at 4° than are proteins synthesized at later stages of infection. This treatment alters the PAGE profile of the immediate-early proteins.
Hecke operators on cohomology

Hecke operators play an important role in the theory of automor- phic forms, and automorphic forms are closely linked to various cohomology groups. This paper is mostly a survey of Hecke operators acting on certain types of cohomology groups. The class of cohomology on which Hecke opera- tors are introduced includes the group cohomology of discrete subgroups of a semisimple Lie group, the de Rham cohomology of locally symmetric spaces, and the cohomology of symmetric spaces with coefficients in a s of lo- cal groups. We construct canonical isomorphisms among such cohomology groups and discuss the compatibility of the Hecke operators with respect to those canonical isomorphisms.
Childhood idiopathic chondrolysis of the hip: MRI features.

Background Childhood idiopathic chondrolysis of the hip (ICH) causes progressive destruction of the articular cartilage of the hip joint with associated bone remodelling. The MRI features of this disease have not previously been described.
Gamma irradiation of potatoes: Effects on sugar content, chip color, germination, greening, and susceptibility to mold

Russet Burbank potatoes that had been stored at 40°F. for 5 months after harvest were irradiated with 5,200 and 14,000 rad of Co60 gamma rays. In general, irradiation caused an accumulation of sugars. At 40°F., the sucrose level rose to nearly 3 times that of the control in 16 days following irradiation. Fructose and glucose showed smaller increases and the latter did not accumulate significantly in the tubers given the higher dose of gamma rays. At 70°F., the levels of sucrose and glucose in the irradiated tubers rose above those in the controls, the difference reaching a maximum in 4 days and then declining. Irradiation had no effect on loss of fructose at this temperature. Color of potato chips processed from the irradiated potatoes was in general darker than that of chips from control tubers. The storage-time pattern of color change resembled that of the reducing rather than total sugar. Fourteen thousand rad did not prevent initiation of germination in the tubers but did destroy their sprout-growth apparatus. Although the lower dosage did not prevent initiation and subsequent growth, it prevented the formation of secondary tubers, which appeared on the sprouted control tubers. Furthermore, unlike the controls, the low-dosage potatoes developed branching hair sprouts with no tendency toward apical dominance during the early stages of sprouting. The rate of greening of gamma-irradiated and illuminated tubers was significantly less than that of unirradiated illuminated controls. Evidence is presented that irradiation may increase the susceptibility of potatoes to attack by molds under some conditions.
Analysis of resonator phase shift for two series LC quadrature VCOs

Based on the investigation of resonator phase shift, an analytical framework to compare the phase noise between two series LC quadrature voltage-controlled oscillators (QVCOs) is presented. The bottom-series QVCO is analytically demonstrated to have lower phase noise than the top-series QVCO. Simulation data show good agreement with the presented analysis.
Breed differences in expression of inhibin/activin subunits in porcine anterior pituitary glands.

Chinese Meishan (MS) boars have greater plasma FSH concentrations than European White Composite boars, but this difference does not occur in females of these breeds. To understand this disparity, we studied expression of the follistatin gene and of genes for the inhibin/activinα -, βA-, and βB-subunits in porcine anterior pituitary glands using quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and ribonuclease protection techniques. We found that 1) the inhibin/activin βA- and βB-subunits and follistatin were expressed in porcine pituitary; 2) the α-subunit was not detected in the porcine pituitary, but was highly expressed in porcine follicles; and 3) the βB-subunit gene is more abundantly expressed (2-fold greater) in MS boar pituitaries than in pituitaries of White Composite boars. We conclude that this is not due to a breed difference, because the expression levels of this gene were similar in pituitaries of females of these breeds. No breed differences were detected for other genes screened in this study. From ...
Cytokines and Cognitive Behavior

Proinflammatory cytokines help orchestrate host responses to infection and are a major communication link between peripheral immunity and the CNS. These cytokines initiate a number of CNS events that
Adrenoceptor-mediated effects of optically active catecholimidazolines in pithed rat.

Adrenoceptor-mediated effects of the enantiomers of the optically active imidazoline, 2-(3,4,α-trihydroxybenzyl)imidazoline, and the corresponding desoxy derivative, 2-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)imidazoline, have been investigated in the pithed rat. The enantiomers and desoxy derivative were potent pressor agents with a direct action mediated predominantly via postsynaptic vascular α2-adrenoceptor. These compounds were significantly less potent at presynaptic α2-adrenoceptor in rat heart. The rank order of potency for the two enantiomers and desoxy derivative at postsynaptic vascular α1- and presynaptic cardiac α2-adrenoceptor in pithed rat were: desoxy≥R(−) >(+), consistent with our previous findings in vitro. This order of potency is not in agreement with the rank order of R(−)>S(+)=desoxy which is predicted by the Easson-Stedman Hypothesis. The β-adrenoceptor-mediated chronotropic and β-adrenoceptor-mediated vasodepressor effects of these imidazolines were also investigated in pithed rat and found to be weaker than either the α1- or α2-adrenoceptor-mediated effects. However, the rank order of potency of the enantiomers and corresponding desoxy derivative for β1- and β2-adrenoceptor-mediated effects was found to be similar to that order predicted by the Easson-Stedman Hypothesis. Studies with these optically active imidazoline enantiomers and corresponding desoxy derivativative indicate that quantitative as well as qualitative differences exist in the stereochemical requirements of α- and β-adrenoceptor. The results also support our previous observations which suggest that phenethylamines and imidazolines may interact differently with α-adrenoceptor since the former adhere strictly to the Easson-Stedman Hypothesis whereas the latter do not.
Ontogeny of oxytocin and vasopressin receptor binding in the lateral septum in prairie and montane voles

Adult prairie (Microtus ochrogaster) and montane voles (M. montanus) differ in the distribution of oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (AVP) receptor binding in the brain. The present study examined the ontogenetic pattern of these receptor bindings in the lateral septum in both species to determine whether adult differences in the receptor binding are derived from a common pattern in development. In both species, OT and AVP receptor binding in the lateral septum were detected neonatally, increased during development, and reached the adult level at weaning (third week). The progression of OT and AVP receptor differed, as OT receptor binding increased continually until weaning while AVP receptor binding did not change in the first week, increased rapidly in the second week, and was sustained thereafter. For both receptors, the binding increased more rapidly in montane than in prairie voles, resulting in species differences in receptor binding at weaning and in adulthood. Together, these data indicate that OT and AVP could affect the brain during development in a peptide- and species-specific manner in voles.
Effect of Preincubation Storage, Parental Age, and Rate of Lay on Hatchability in Coturnix coturnix japonica

Abstract Three experiments on hatchability of Japanese quail eggs were conducted. Records on a total of 1829 eggs were taken. Parental ages from six to 11 weeks were studied and at the age of 8–9 weeks maximum hatchability of fresh eggs was attained. Effect of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% (or maximum) lay was investigated in four lines of Japonica. Only at 25% lay were the results inferior to the other rates studied. Effect of preincubation storage of one day to 23 days on hatchability and length of incubation (time of hatch) was also studied. Length of incubation was found to be highly dependent on the length of preincubation storage of the eggs. Every additional day of storage increased the incubation time by 1.1 hours. Details of quail husbandry, feeding and rearing, are also outlined.
Neural networks for enhanced human-computer interactions

The use of neural networks to create adaptive models of users and communications channels for use in designing system response characteristics is discussed. Two types of neural networks that will be useful for this type of task are considered. One, the Kohonen learning vector quantization (LVQ) network, is a clustering network. It can adjust the vector element values of a set of quantizing vectors in order to create exemplar vectors which represent clusters in a set of data. The other, the Kohonen self-organizing topology-preserving map (SOTPM), is a more advanced and powerful network that uses similar principles as the LVQ. It can create a topographic mapping of a set of vector data which creates a data clustering visible in a reduced dimensionality space from the original data. This will facilitate interpretation of the data clusters describing different user types. The use of a rather highly evolved form of neural networks to create more powerful system models is discussed. >
The Macrobenthos of Sites within Prince William Sound, Alaska, Prior to the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill

Benthic fauna within three bays (Rocky and Zaikof Bays, and Port Etches) of outer Prince William Sound, Alaska are examined. The data represent the only detailed benthic faunal information available for the period prior to a major oil spill by the tanker Exxon Valdez within the Sound. The spatial distribution of fauna determined by classification and ordination resulted in eight station groups. Stepwise multiple discriminant analysis demonstrated a relationship between station groups, sediment grain size and nitrogen. Major faunal differences were observed within Rocky and Zaikof Bays between 1982 and 1990. The faunal differences between the two time periods demonstrate the extreme temporal variability that might be expected within Prince William Sound. The study serves as a cautionary note to avoid conclusions about the effects of disturbance to the benthos on a single data set. An explanation for temporal differences within the bays is presented.
Optimized Fuzzy-Proportional/Integral/Derivative Controller for Aircraft Pitch Control

This paper presents a simple-structured fuzzy-proportional/integral/derivative controller for pitch control of a linearized full-scale generic transport aircraft model. Particle swarm optimization is applied to offline optimize the fuzzy-proportional/integral/derivative controller scaling gains as well as simultaneously optimize parameters within the first-order Takagi–Sugeno-type inference system. The performance of the controller is tested against a baseline state feedback and fine-tuned proportional/integral/derivative (particle swarm optimization–proportional/integral/derivative) controller. Numerical simulations are conducted comparing the fuzzy-proportional/integral/derivative controller to the other linear controllers when linear and nonlinear models of uncertainty are added post-optimization. The results demonstrate the robustness of the proposed nonlinear offline optimized fuzzy-proportional/integral/derivative controller.
Arachidonic acid metabolites in saliva of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.

Abstract Alterations in the production of arachidonic acid metabolites by squamous epithelium of the upper aerodigestive tract may play a role in the pathogenesis of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. The levels of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid metabolism were measured by radioimmunoassay in the saliva of 51 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck and compared with a control group of 27 patients with no history of cancer. Levels of leukotriene B 4 were significantly increased in cancer patients ( p = 0.02), whereas there were no significant differences in levels of prostaglandin E 2 or 15-hydroxyeicosatetranoic acid. Levels of metabolites did not correlate with a history of tobacco use and did not change in a consistent manner after surgery. The significance of arachidonic acid metabolites in the saliva of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck is unknown.
The Master of the Master: The Twisted Story of an Imperial Master and His Disciple*

Abstract The master-disciple relationship requires a mutual recognition and dependency based on mutual passion and devotion, regardless of each member’s social, cultural, political, and ethical background. It is shaped by mystical etiquette as detailed in the Sufi tradition. The relationship between spiritual masters and their disciples has been dealt with at length in many studies, mainly based on the descriptions provided in normative Sufi texts. The present article demonstrates new perspectives in discussing how master-disciple relationships can be more complex than what the Sufi manuals portray. A close reading of the letters from the Ottoman sultan Murād III (r. 982–1003/1574–95) to his spiritual master Sucāʿ Dede provides insight into the struggles of the sultan with the realities of a master-disciple relationship as well as how the dependency is negotiated in real life. By presenting the inner dynamics of such a relationship from a disciple’s perspective, the letters of Murād III vividly exhibit that the master-disciple relationship has not always been as straightforward and pure in actual practice as it is described to be in the theoretical literature.