cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intake of nutrients from pasture by poultry.

EC legislation requires the land to which free-range poultry have access to be ‘mainly covered with vegetation’, but the nature of this vegetation is not specified. In practice, most free-range land will be grass pasture. Modern poultry nutrition is a highly-developed science, and to house poultry in an environment in which they may consume an unknown quantity of vegetation, itself of unknown nutritive value, introduces uncertainty into a predictable system. In recent years the contribution of grazing to the nutrition of the birds has been considered negligible. However, birds on range appear to ingest a little grass, and therefore the quality of the pasture may affect their performance. If poultry consumed largely grass, then the nutritional value derived from it would be relatively poor. The grass would constitute a source of energy and fibre, but would make little contribution in terms of protein. The likely approach that poultry nutritionists would take is a precautionary one. They would need to know the full nutritive value of the pasture and the likely quantitative intake by the birds, and they would then make adjustments to feed formulations at what they considered to be a ‘safe’ level, in order to minimise the risks of impairing performance. A small (0–5) percentage contribution is probably the most that could be achieved, but given that feed accounts for about 70% of the variable costs of poultry production, such a contribution is economically important.
Next-generation biomass feedstocks for biofuel production.

The development of second-generation biofuels - those that do not rely on grain crops as inputs - will require a diverse set of feedstocks that can be grown sustainably and processed cost-effectively. Here we review the outlook and challenges for meeting hoped-for production targets for such biofuels in the United States.
Pelagic evolution and environmental recovery after the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction

The evolutionary recovery of planktic foraminifera from the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction was closely linked to recovery of the marine carbon system. Both the evolutionary recovery and the biogeochemical recovery occurred in two stages. The second stage of evolutionary radiation peaked nearly four million years after the extinction, immediately after the abrupt final recovery of the organic flux to deep waters. The timing of these events suggests that the final postextinction recovery of planktic foraminiferal diversity was directly contingent on the final recovery of the marine carbon cycle. This second radiation was defined by the diversification of tropical photosymbiotic forms that dominated low- and mid-latitude assemblages long into the Eocene. We hypothesize that this diversification was a result of the reappearance of oligotrophic oceans as the organic flux from the surface ocean to deep water fully recovered from the mass extinction.
Acylglycerides, Glycosylglycerides, and Simple Esters

Acylglycerols (glycerides) are esters of fatty acids and glycerol and are the primary constituents of natural fats (solids) and oils (liquids). This class of lipids includes monoacyl, diacyl, and triacyl esters; the latter group is generally found in the highest relative proportions. Since fatty acids are the major source of energy in living systems, yielding over two times more calories per gram upon oxidation than either carbohydrates or proteins, triacylglycerols represent the most efficient form of energy storage. In fungi, triacylglycerols are the major constituents of oil droplets suspended in the mycelial or spore cytoplasm, but the relative abundances depends on the culture conditions and stage of growth. These lipids may also be minor constituents of membranes and cell walls of fungi.
Development of web-based engineering numerical software (WENS) using MATLAB: Applications to linear algebra

In this article, we present Web-based Engineering Numerical Software (WENS) developed using MATLAB and its Web Server Toolbox (WST) in order to provide basic solution tools in linear algebra, including eigenvalue problems, which are extensively used in
Decision Control and the Pursuit of Binding Conflict Management: Choosing the Ties that Bind

International relations scholars have garnered a good deal of evidence indicating that binding arbitration and adjudication are highly effective means for brokering agree- ments and ending conflict. However, binding third-party conflict management is rarely pursued to resolve interstate disputes over contentious issues like territorial or maritime control. While states value the effectiveness of binding procedures, they are reluctant to give up the decision control necessary to submit to arbitration or adjudication. The authors identify three factors that influence the willingness of states to give up decision control: issue salience, availability of outside options, and history of negotiations. An analysis of attempts to settle territorial, maritime, and river claims reveals that disputants are less likely to use binding conflict management when they have a greater need to maintain decision control.
SmokeScreen: flexible privacy controls for presence-sharing

Presence-sharing is an emerging platform for mobile applications, but presence-privacy remains a challenge. Privacy controls must be flexible enough to allow sharing between both trusted social relations and untrusted strangers. In this paper, we present a system called SmokeScreen that provides flexible and power-efficient mechanisms for privacy management.Broadcasting clique signals, which can only be interpreted by other trusted users, enables sharing between social relations; broadcasting opaque identifiers (OIDs), which can only be resolved to an identity by a trusted broker, enables sharing between strangers. Computing these messages is power-efficient since they can be pre-computed with acceptable storage costs.In evaluating these mechanisms we first analyzed traces from an actual presence-sharing application. Four months of traces provide evidence of anonymous snooping, even among trusted users. We have also implemented our mechanisms on two devices and found the power demands of clique signals and OIDs to be reasonable. A mobile phone running our software can operate for several days on a single charge.
Functional Interrelationships in the Alkaline Phosphatase Superfamily: Phosphodiesterase Activity of Escherichia coli Alkaline Phosphatase†

Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase (AP) is a proficient phosphomonoesterase with two Zn(2+) ions in its active site. Sequence homology suggests a distant evolutionary relationship between AP and alkaline phosphodiesterase/nucleotide pyrophosphatase, with conservation of the catalytic metal ions. Furthermore, many other phosphodiesterases, although not evolutionarily related, have a similar active site configuration of divalent metal ions in their active sites. These observations led us to test whether AP could also catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphate diesters. The results described herein demonstrate that AP does have phosphodiesterase activity: the phosphatase and phosphodiesterase activities copurify over several steps; inorganic phosphate, a strong competitive inhibitor of AP, inhibits the phosphodiesterase and phosphatase activities with the same inhibition constant; a point mutation that weakens phosphate binding to AP correspondingly weakens phosphate inhibition of the phosphodiesterase activity; and mutation of active site residues substantially reduces both the mono- and diesterase activities. AP accelerates the rate of phosphate diester hydrolysis by 10(11)-fold relative to the rate of the uncatalyzed reaction [(k(cat)/K(m))/k(w)]. Although this rate enhancement is substantial, it is at least 10(6)-fold less than the rate enhancement for AP-catalyzed phosphate monoester hydrolysis. Mutational analysis suggests that common active site features contribute to hydrolysis of both phosphate monoesters and phosphate diesters. However, mutation of the active site arginine to serine, R166S, decreases the monoesterase activity but not the diesterase activity, suggesting that the interaction of this arginine with the nonbridging oxygen(s) of the phosphate monoester substrate provides a substantial amount of the preferential hydrolysis of phosphate monoesters. The observation of phosphodiesterase activity extends the previous observation that AP has a low level of sulfatase activity, further establishing the functional interrelationships among the sulfatases, phosphatases, and phosphodiesterases within the evolutionarily related AP superfamily. The catalytic promiscuity of AP could have facilitated divergent evolution via gene duplication by providing a selective advantage upon which natural selection could have acted.
Simulation optimization using metamodels

Many iterative optimization methods are designed to be used in conjunction with deterministic objective functions. These optimization methods can be difficult to apply to an objective generated by a discrete-event simulation, due to the stochastic nature of the response(s) and the potentially extensive run times. A metamodel aids simulation optimization by providing a deterministic objective with run times that are generally much shorter than the original discrete-event simulation. Polynomial metamodels generally provide only local approximations, and so a series of metamodels must be fit as the optimization progresses. Other classes of metamodels can provide global fit; fitting can be done either by constructing the global model once at the start of the optimization, or by using the optimization results to identify additional discrete-event runs to refine the global model. This tutorial surveys both local and global metamodel-based optimization methods.
Impact of intravascular ultrasound lesion characteristics on neointimal hyperplasia following sirolimus-eluting stent implantation.

The effect of lesion characteristics on neointimal hyperplasia after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation was examined in 45 patients who underwent successful preinterventional intravascular ultrasound. There were no differences in neointimal hyperplasia between the moderate/severe calcified lesion group (calcium arc >120°) and the non/mild calcified lesion group or between the positive vessel remodeling group (external elastic membrane area at the minimal lumen area site larger than that at the proximal reference site) and negative vessel remodeling group. No correlation between preinterventional plaque burden and neointimal hyperplasia was found. In patients who have coronary artery disease, sirolimus-eluting stents continue to demonstrate striking suppression of neointimal proliferation, irrespective of lesion characteristics previously associated with greater restenotic risk.
On the effects of predictor misclassification in multiple linear regression analysis

Unweighted least squares regression analysis procedures are frequently used to model the relationship between a continuous response variable and one or more categorical predictor variables. Very commonly, these categorical predictors are subject to misclassification error. The majority of research in the area of mismeasurement of predictors in linear regression analysis has focused on continuous predictors (i,e., on errors-in-variables models). The theory developed for these situations relies on assumptions that do not apply to categorical predictors. We examine the impact of categorical predictor misclassification on unweighted least squares regression analysis results based on models that may also include any number of perfectly measured continuous or categorical predictors, Distributional properties of the response variable conditional on the potentially misclassified observed data are determined, These properties are used to examine the bias properties of estimators of regression coefficients and thei...
The effect of acute dietary restriction on muscle fibre number in weanling rats

1. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated at 100 g into either an ad lib.-fed control group or a food-restricted group. The restricted group was fed for 9 d at 25% of ad lib. intake. Controls were killed at a body-weight of 100 g and 29 d of age and the restricted animlas were killed at 70 g and 38 d of age.2. The effects of food restriction on muscle weight, fibre number, fibre diameter, DNA, and protein were examined in three skeletal muscles, the soleus, plantaris and extensor digitorum longus (EDL).3. Acute dietary restriction caused body- and muscle-weight loss and a decrease in both the number and cross-sectional area of muscle fibres in each of the muscles.4. The restriction halted growth-related increases in DNA in all muscles and decreased the protein: DNA value in the plantaris and EDL.5. These results indicate that present theories describing cellular development are not adequate to define growth potential or growth retardation of skeletal muscle.
Optimization techniques for verification of out-of-order execution machines

We develop two optimization techniques, flush-machine and collapsed flushing, to improve the efficiency of automatic refinementabased verification of out-of-order (ooo) processor models. Refinement is a notion of equivalence that can be used to check that an ooo processor correctly implements all behaviors of its instruction set architecture (ISA), including deadlock detection. The optimization techniques work by reducing the computational complexity of the refinement map, a function central to refinement proofs that maps ooo processor model states to ISA states. This has a direct impact on the efficiency of verification, which is studied using 23 ooo processor models. Flush-machine, is a novel optimization technique. Collapsed flushing has been employed previously in the context of in-order processors. We show how to apply collapsed flushing for ooo processor models. Using both the optimizations together, we can handle 9 ooo models that could not be verified using standard flushing. Also, the optimizations provided a speed up of 23.29 over standard flushing.
Silver Joints Between Silicon Chips and Copper Substrates Made by Direct Bonding at Low-Temperature

In this paper, pure silver (Ag) joints between silicon (Si) chips and copper (Cu) substrates are produced successfully at a temperature much lower than its melting point. Silver is ductile and has low-yield strength. It can deform to release the shear stress caused by the large mismatch in coefficient of thermal expansion between Si and Cu. Silver also has the highest electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity among metals. As a bonding medium and interconnect material, it can provide the best electrical and thermal performances. In experiments, Ag in the form of foil is chosen as the bonding medium. Prior to bonding, the Si chips are coated with thin Cr and Au layers. The Si chip, Ag foil, and Cu substrate are bonded together in one step. The bonding process is conducted at 250°C in 50-mtorr vacuum environment. There is no molten phase involved during the bonding process. The resulting joints exhibit nearly perfect quality. No voids are observed at the Si/Ag and Ag/Cu bonding interfaces. The bonding strengths at these two bonding interfaces pass MIL-STD-883G standards. We believe that the bonds at the Au/Ag and Ag/Cu interfaces are formed by short-range interdiffusion. Since the melting point of Ag is 961°C , the Ag joints are expected to sustain high-temperature. The 250°C bonding temperature is the typical reflow temperature of Sn3.5Ag solders used in electronic industries. This novel bonding process can be applied to various electronic devices that require high-thermal performance or high-operation temperature. It is particularly valuable to packaging high-temperature devices.
Wideband AlGaN/GaN HEMT MMIC low noise amplifier

A 3-18 GHz AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor low noise amplifier on silicon carbide is reported. The measured gain (S/sub 21/) is 20 dB +/- 2.5 dB between 3-18 GHz. The minimum measured noise figure is 2.4 dB. To the authors knowledge, this is the highest gain reported over multiple octaves up to 18 GHz using GaN technology.
The Emergence of Kind-Based Object Individuation in Infancy.

Four experiments investigated whether 12-month-old infants use perceptual property information in a complex object individuation task, using the violation-of-expectancy looking time method (Xu, 2002; Xu & Carey, 1996). Infants were shown two objects with different properties emerge and return behind an occluder, one at a time. The occluder was then removed, revealing either two objects (expected outcome, if property differences support individuation) or one object (unexpected outcome). In Experiments 1-3, infants failed to use color, size, or a combination of color, size, and pattern differences to establish a representation of two distinct objects behind an occluder. In Experiment 4, infants succeeded in using cross-basic-level-kind shape differences to establish a representation of two objects but failed to do so using within-basic-level-kind shape differences. Control conditions found that the methods were sensitive. Infants succeeded when provided unambiguous spatiotemporal information for two objects, and they encoded the property differences during these experiments. These findings suggest that by 12 months, different properties play different roles in a complex object individuation task. Certain salient shape differences enter into the computation of numerical distinctness of objects before other property differences such as color or size. Since shape differences are often correlated with object kind differences, these results converge with others in the literature that suggest that by the end of the first year of life, infants' representational systems begin to distinguish kinds and properties.
Is Lean Mean? Workplace Transformation and Employee Well-being

This article examines the relationship between workplace transformation (or restructuring) and the well-being of employees, in terms of both psychological and physical health, at a large manufacturing corporation in the United States. While the previous literature has been largely divided over the issue - some researchers providing unqualified enthusiasm and others equally strong criticism of workplace changes - we found, after decomposing workplace transformation into five distinct dimensions of intensity, autonomy, team-work, skilling and computing, that certain components were harmful while others were beneficial to the employees. Furthermore, some effects of reengineering varied between managers and non-managers. Overall, increases in workplace intensity were associated with the largest increases in stress and symptoms of poor health. The data were produced by a longitudinal (two-wave) survey questionnaire of over 1000 employees and were analyzed by means of a structural equations model.
Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation in acute myocardial infarction: too few or too many?

The concept of counterpulsation was introduced over four decades ago by Clauss et al. [(1)][1]and adapted to intra-aortic balloon pumping (IABP) by Moulopaulus et al. [(2)][2]in 1962, and it remains the most common mode of cardiac assist. Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation (IABCP) was first
Four hospitals join in planning city-wide disaster alert.

(1969). Four hospitals join in planning city-wide disaster alert. Hospital Topics: Vol. 47, No. 11, pp. 46-48.
Multi-Core Multi-Mode Dense Space Division Multiplexing for Ultra-high Spectral Efficiency Transmission Systems

This paper describes our recent work on dense space division multiplexing (DSDM) over a multicore few-mode fiber. We show that using both multi-core and multi-mode is an effective approach towards ultra-high capacity transmission systems.
Drug therapy of hypertensive crises

The clinical features, pathogenesis, and pharmacologic management of hypertensive crises are reviewed, with emphasis on newer therapies. Hypertensive crises may be divided into hypertensive emergencies and hypertensive urgencies. Hypertensive emergencies, in which acute organ damage exists, require blood pressure reduction within one hour. In hypertensive urgencies no acute end-organ damage has yet occurred; however, blood pressure should be controlled within 24 hours. Factors that may precipitate a hypertensive crisis include renovascular hypertension, acute glomerulonephritis, head injuries, renin- or catecholamine-secreting tumors, antihypertensive-therapy withdrawal syndromes, eclampsia, and ingestion of tyramine by patients receiving monoamine oxidase inhibitors. The traditional drug of choice for therapy of hypertensive emergencies is sodium nitroprusside. Intravenous labetalol produces a prompt, controlled reduction in blood pressure and is a promising alternative. Other agents used are diazoxide, trimethaphan camsylate, hydralazine, nitroglycerin, and phentolamine. However, all these agents have disadvantages, including unpredictable antihypertensive effects, difficult blood pressure titration, and serious potential adverse effects such as profound hypotension, reduced renal blood flow, and increased myocardial workload. Most patients with hypertensive urgencies can be effectively treated with orally or sublingually administered agents. Older regimens of reserpine, methyldopa, or guanethidine, with their slow onsets and long durations of action, have been largely replaced by clonidine and nifedipine. Captopril and minoxidil have also been used with some success. Despite the lack of comparative trials with traditional agents, demonstrated efficacy and desirable pharmacologic characteristics have made several new agents acceptable for therapy of hypertensive crises.
A 28nm 6T SRAM memory compiler with a variation tolerant replica circuit

We propose an SRAM replica tracking circuit that reduces divergence of the replica path relative to normal read path (6–16% less Sense differential Requirement), thus improving the access time by 5–8%. The approach is compatible to power managed SRAMs having Retain till Access feature and also for non power managed SRAMs with no sense differential impact. Using This Replica tracing circuit Sense differential has been well tracked across all array and periphery voltages combinations which further improve the access time by 4–6%. Instances with this method 0.5–256Kb have been tested on a 28nm CMOS LP process.
Banning Autonomous Killing

Scientific research on fully autonomous weapons systems is moving rapidly. At the current pace of discovery, such fully autonomous systems will be available to military arsenals within a few decades, if not a few years. These systems operate through computer programs that will both select and attack a target without human involvement after the program is activated. Looking to the law governing resort to military force, to relevant ethical considerations, as well as the practical experience of ten years of killing using unmanned systems (drones), the time is ripe to discuss a major multilateral treaty banning fully autonomous killing. Current legal and ethical principles presume a human conscience bearing on decisions to kill. Fully autonomous systems will have the capacity to remove a human conscience not only to extreme distance from a target -- as drones do now -- but also to remove the human conscience from the target in time. The computer of a fully autonomous system may be programmed years before a lethal operation is carried out. Without nearer term decisions by human beings, accountability becomes problematic and without accountability, the capacity of law and ethics to restrain is lost.
The Role of Organizational Politics in the Relationship between Engagement and Performance

Scholars have largely focused on the negative consequences of organizational politics on employees’ performance. In contrast, we maintain that organizational politics has positive aspects and moder...
Brain Biomarkers in Familial Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Models.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by progressive loss of memory and cognitive deterioration. It is thought that the onset of the disease takes place several decades before memory deficits are apparent. Reliable biomarkers for the diagnosis or prognostication of the disease are highly desirable. Neural stem cells (NSC) exist in the adult brain throughout life and give rise to neural progenitor cells (NPC), which differentiate into neurons or glia. The level of NPC proliferation and new neuron formation is significantly compromised in mouse models of familial Alzheimer’s disease (FAD). These deficits are readily detected in young adults, at 2–3 months of age, preceding amyloid deposition and cognitive impairments, which may indicate that impaired neurogenesis can be an early biomarker for cognitive deficits in AD. Recent studies suggest that NSC can be detected in live rodents, noninvasively, using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) signal at 1.28 ppm. Here we examined the use of 1H-MRS for determining the extent of neurogenesis in the brains of FAD mice. We observed that the reduction in neurogenesis in the FAD mice as observed by immunohistochemistry, was not manifested by a reduction in the 1.28 ppm signal, suggesting that this marker is either not specific for neurogenesis or not sensitive enough for the detection of alterations in hippocampal neurogenesis in the brains of FAD mice.
Communities of Practice and Legitimate Peripheral Participation: A Literature Review.

This article is a review of theoretical and empirical literature on Wenger’s community of practice (CoP) theory and Lave and Wenger’s legitimate peripheral participation. It is organized into four ...
A novel approach for efficient fatigue based shape optimisation of large scale finite element analysis models

This paper presents a novel approach for efficient fatigue based shape optimisation of large scale finite element analysis models using the engine block connection to the engine mount bracket as an example. It is not practical to perform a shape optimisation study for such problems using standard analysis and optimisation procedures owing to the complexity of the multi-body dynamics and finite element analysis models needed. The developed procedure was successfully employed to calculate the boundary conditions using nonlinear finite element analysis and to perform the fatigue based shape optimisation using the pre-defined shapes as design variables. The modelling and computational efforts of the proposed method are within the practical limits of the product development process. The developed methodology can also be applied to other vehicle components where shape optimisation study is not found feasible owing to the complexity of the interacting sub-systems.
Providing Transthoracic Echocardiography Training for Intensive Care Unit Trainees: An Educational Improvement Initiative.

Abstract Objective Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is important in the management of critically ill patients, yet it has not been incorporated into many residency programs’ curricula. Our objective is to determine if trainees undergoing a 60-minute training session on TTE have improved knowledge, ultrasound skills, and increases the utilization of TTE during their rotation in the intensive care unit (ICU). We will also compare the results of participants with prior TTE exposure to TTE-naive trainees. Our hypothesis is that after the training, participants’ will have improved knowledge and ultrasound skills compared to before training. Our secondary hypotheses are that TTE-naive trainees will have greater improvements in knowledge scores compared to those who have had prior TTE experience and trainees will increase their use of TTE in the ICU. Design Single-center, prospective trial. Setting Brigham and Women’s Hospital (academic hospital). Participants Residents and fellows rotating through the ICU, at any level of postgraduate training. Results Forty-two trainees participated in the study. Statistically significant improvement after training was observed for all multiple choice questions (MCQ) and practical assessments (p Conclusions A short didactic presentation on TTE use may be useful in teaching ICU trainees basic TTE skills and encouraging the use of bedside TTE in the ICU.
Obesity in the ICU

We are in the midst of a worldwide obesity pandemic with the USA being the epicenter [1, 2]. According to the 2009–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 35 % of adults in the USA are obese with 4.4 % of men and 8.2 % of women having a BMI ≥40 [3]. Obesity is an independent predictor for the development of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, cardiac disease, the metabolic syndrome, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), malignancy as well as cerebrovascular, liver and kidney disease [4–6]. The risk of death from all causes increases throughout the range of moderate and severe overweight for both men and women in all age groups [4–6]. With the increasing prevalence of obesity in the general population and the association of obesity with many disease states, it is not surprising that a significant proportion of ICU patients are obese. Obesity alters the function of many organ systems and these changes impact on the management of the critically ill obese patient. Almost every organ systems is negatively affected by obesity furthermore, patients with extreme obesity frequently develop hypercapnic respiratory failure which may be the primary reason for admission to the ICU. This latter condition known as the Malignant Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome is frequently misdiagnosed and mismanaged (see below) [7].
Psychological assessment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychometrics, current trends, and future directions.

As is clear from the foregoing, our knowledge of psychometric assessment of PTSD has expanded greatly. There are now many instruments with known psychometric properties that are helpful in elucidating aspects of PTSD, such as comorbidities with other psychiatric conditions and potential factors in PTSD vulnerability or resistance. The "old" standards, such as the SCID, IES, M-PTSD, PK-MMPI, have shown their utility and significantly advanced the field. Several newer measures (the Penn Inventory, CAPS, PTSD-I) will significantly improve clinical and research applications. Exploration of little quantified aspects of PTSD, e.g., cognitive functioning, with established techniques (WAIS-R, Wisconsin Card Sort, California Verbal Learning Test) and technology (Stroop interference, Rorschach, odor-induced EEG changes), holds promise for improving comprehensive assessment. Much work remains to be done, especially in adapting the instruments well known in a combat-related PTSD setting to civilian-related trauma. Normative data bases need to be developed. Further, efforts must be made to explore carefully possible gender and racial/cultural influences on the assessment of PTSD.
Deep-BCN: Deep Networks Meet Biased Competition to Create a Brain-Inspired Model of Attention Control

The mechanism of attention control is best described by biased-competition theory (BCT), which suggests that a top-down goal state biases a competition among object representations for the selective routing of a visual input for classification. Our work advances this theory by making it computationally explicit as a deep neural network (DNN) model, thereby enabling predictions of goal-directed attention control using real-world stimuli. This model, which we call Deep-BCN, is built on top of an 8-layer DNN pre-trained for object classification, but has layers mapped to early visual (V1, V2/V3, V4), ventral (PIT, AIT), and frontal (PFC) brain areas that have their functional connectivity informed by BCT. Deep-BCN also has a superior colliculus and a frontal-eye field, and can therefore make eye movements. We compared Deep-BCN's eye movements to those made from 15 people performing a categorical search for one of 25 target object categories, and found that it predicted both the number of fixations during search and the saccade-distance travelled before search termination. With Deep-BCN a DNN implementation of BCT now exists, which can be used to predict the neural and behavioral responses of an attention control mechanism as it mediates a goal-directed behavior-in our study the eye movements made in search of a target goal.
Are Countries with Official International Restrictions

In this paper, I empirically examine consumption smoothing behavior across a broad group of countries using a unique data set that indicates whether residents in a country face an official government restriction. I then ask whether the ex ante consumption movements among restricted countries differ from those of unrestricted countries. To gauge the departure from standard consumption smoothing, I use the Campbell and Mankiw (1989, 1991) approach of regressing consumption growth on income growth and instrumenting with lagged variables. Interestingly, I find that consumption growth for residents in countries that impose international restrictions has a significantly higher coefficient on income growth than for residents in countries without those restrictions. Thus, a greater proportion of consumers facing international restrictions appear to act as though they are liquidity constrained according to the Campbell and Mankiw approach. I also discuss alternative interpretations that do not depend upon liquidity constraints.
Relating Ocean Condition Forecasts to the Process of End-User Decision Making: A Case Study of the Oregon Commercial Fishing Community

This case study is in response to a recognized need to transform short-term regional ocean condition forecast information into useful data products for a range of end users, considering their perceptions of uncertainty and risk associated with these forecasts. It demonstrates the value of user engagement in achieving long-term goals for data providers. Commercial fishermen from Oregon are selected as key information users due to the physically risky and economically uncertain nature of their profession, their expertise at navigating the marine environment, and their important economic and cultural role at the Oregon coast. Semistructured interviews (n = 16) are used to clarify the processes that govern decision making, in terms of risk perception and comfort with uncertainty. The results characterize a community "mental model" in regard to ocean use and ocean forecasts. Findings reveal that commercial fishermen consume and interpret forecast data in a nonlinear fashion by combining multiple sources and data types and with a heavy reliance on real-time data. Our assessment is that improving accuracy at temporal and spatial scales that are relevant to decision making, improving the accessibility of forecasts, and increasing forecast lead time could potentially add more value to forecasts than quantifying and communicating the types of uncertainty metrics used within the scientific community.
Doppler-based discrimination of radar sounder target scattering properties: A case study of subsurface water geometry in Europa's ice shell

Abstract Radar sounding reflectometry is a powerful method of inferring subsurface geophysical properties of planetary bodies. The upcoming Europa Clipper Mission will employ a dual frequency radar sounder to image and characterize Europa's subglacial environment. In terrestrial subglacial radar sounding, characteristic Doppler signatures of radar returns have been used to discriminate between different subglacial features (Peters et al., 2007). We propose that analogous techniques can be used in conjunction with traditional reflectometry methods to discriminate between different proposed models of subglacial and englacial water distribution within Europa's ice shell. We introduce the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) processing considerations that are relevant for such a technique, propose a simple hypothesis test for Doppler-based subglacial target discrimination, and briefly discuss the implications and applicability of such a technique for planetary radar sounding.
Increasing Accessibility and Inclusion in Undergraduate Geology Labs through Scenario-Based TA Training.

People with disabilities are chronically underrepresented in many geoscience departments across the country. There are a number of proposed reasons why this underrepresentation persists, one of whi...
Attribute-Driven Backbone Discovery

Backbones refer to critical tree structures that span a set of nodes of interests in networks. This paper introduces a novel class of attributed backbones and detection algorithms in richly attributed networks. Unlike conventional models, attributed backbones capture dynamics in edge cost model: it specifies affinitive attributes for each edge, and the cost of each edge is dynamically determined by the selection of its associated affinitive attributes and the closeness of their values at its end nodes. The backbone discovery is to compute an attributed backbone that covers interested nodes with smallest connection cost dynamically determined by selected affinitive attributes. While this problem is hard to approximate, we develop feasible algorithms within practical reach for large attributed networks. (1) We show that this problem is fixed-parameter approximable parameterized by the number of affinitive attributes, by providing a Lagrangean-preserving 2-approximation. (2) When the attribute number is large and specifying closeness function is difficult, we provide a fast heuristic, which learns an edge-generative model, and applies the model to infer best backbones, without the need of specifying closeness functions. Using real-world networks, we verify the effectiveness and efficiency of our algorithms and show their applications in collaboration recommendation.
The Self-Presentational Consequences of Upholding One's Stance in Spite of the Evidence

Abstract Five studies explore the self-presentational consequences of refusing to “back down” – that is, upholding a stance despite evidence of its inaccuracy. Using data from an entrepreneurial pitch competition, Study 1 shows that entrepreneurs tend not to back down even though investors are more impressed by entrepreneurs who do. Next, in two sets of experiments, we unpack the psychology underlying why actors refuse to publicly back down and investigate observers’ impressions of those actors. Specifically, we show that observers view people who refuse to back down as confident but unintelligent, and these perceptions drive consequential decisions about such refusers, such as whether to invest in their ideas (Studies 1 & 2) or whether to hire them (Study 3). Although actors can intuit these effects (Study 4), this understanding is not reflected in their behavior because they are concerned with saving face (Study 5).
5 GHz Acoustic Delay Lines using Antisymmetric Mode in Lithium Niobate Thin Film

This paper demonstrates the first group of acoustic delay lines (ADLs) at 5 GHz, using the first-order antisymmetric (A1) mode in Z-cut lithium niobate thin films. Thanks to the fast phase velocity, large coupling coefficient, and low-loss of A1 waves, the implemented ADLs significantly surpass the operation frequency of precious works with similar feature sizes. The impact of the key design parameters on the device performance is first discussed. The implemented ADLs at 5 GHz show a minimum insertion loss of 7.9 dB, and delays ranging between 15 ns and 109 ns over a fractional bandwidth around 4%. The propagation characteristics of A1 mode acoustic waves have also been extracted for the first time. The A1 ADLs can potentially enable wideband high-frequency passive signal processing functions for future 5G applications in the sub-6 GHz spectrum bands.
Orchestrating Impartiality: The Impact of

Discrimination against women has been alleged in hiring practices for many occupations, but it is extremely difficult to demonstrate sex-biased hiring. A change in the way symphony orchestras recruit musicians provides an unusual way to test for sex-biased hiring. To overcome possible biases in hiring, most orchestras revised their audition policies in the 1970s and 1980s. A major change involved the use of blind' auditions with a screen' to conceal the identity of the candidate from the jury. Female musicians in the top five symphony orchestras in the United States were less than 5% of all players in 1970 but are 25% today. We ask whether women were more likely to be advanced and/or hired with the use of blind' auditions. Using data from actual auditions in an individual fixed-effects framework, we find that the screen increases by 50% the probability a woman will be advanced out of certain preliminary rounds. The screen also enhances, by severalfold, the likelihood a female contestant will be the winner in the final round. Using data on orchestra personnel, the switch to blind' auditions can explain between 30% and 55% of the increase in the proportion female among new hires and between 25% and 46% of the increase in the percentage female in the orchestras since 1970.
Evolution of Neuroendocrine Tumor Therapy

To better understand developments in treatment of neuroendocrine tumors of the gastroenteropancreatic system, and the pivotal roles of native somatostatin and its long-acting analogues play in normal peptide regulation and neuropeptide excess associated with neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), this article delineates and defines distinct eras in the history and discovery of gastrointestinal endocrinology. We highlight the collaboration between academia and industry in basic science and the clinical research that advanced Lu-177-DOTATATE to approval as standard of care therapy for low-grade NETs. Examples of new radioisotopes and therapy compounds currently in development for diagnosis and therapy for high-grade NETs are also discussed.
Incorporating Writing into College Biology Using Student-Created Open Educational Resources

This article details a set of team-based assignments in a college-level integrated English and human biology course. In this semester-long assignment sequence, student teams rotate through a series of activities to create open educational resources for a nonmajors, general education human biology class. These student-generated materials facilitate engagement with course content at high cognitive levels in order to “write the book” for the class. Finally, an end-of-semester synthesis project asks students to compile and present their finished work for wider distribution via student-made websites.
Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Signaling to Projection-Defined Cells within the Basolateral Amygdala Regulates Food Intake

Body weight homeostasis is regulated by balancing energy expenditure with caloric intake. Obesity, a major public health concern, often results via excess of unused caloric energy associated with overeating. The hypothalamus, which is considered the master regulator of energy homeostasis, has received significant attention for its role in governing feeding behavior and body weight homeostasis. However, extra-hypothalamic circuits throughout the brain perceive, anticipate, and adapt to food availability. We recently discovered a population of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons that regulate appetite suppression. Through viral tracing methods, we found that basal forebrain cholinergic neurons densely innervate the basolateral amygdala (BLA). The BLA has known connections to the hypothalamus and reward centers, and is implicated in appetitive behavior. However, the impact of basal forebrain cholinergic signaling on BLA-driven feeding behaviors remains largely unknown. Here, using Channelrhodopsin-assisted circuit mapping we identified muscarinic and nicotinic responses in BLA excitatory principal neurons following cholinergic basal forebrain circuit manipulations, and that BLA neurons connect to the nucleus accumbens via differential muscarinic or nicotinic circuitry. Finally, through in vivo optogenetic manipulations we show that increased cholinergic signaling from the basal forebrain to the BLA results in reduced feeding, with no major effects on stress and/or anxiety. Together these data support a model in which cholinergic signaling from the basal forebrain onto projection-defined neurons within the basolateral amygdala leads to appetite suppression.
SULFUR-BOUND BIOMARKERS RECORDED CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES ALONG THE END PERMIAN MASS EXTENSION EVENT

Summary In this study we are investigating sulfur-bound biomarkers in the Meishan section that believed to be the best section that holds the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) marking the Permian-Triassic mass extinction. Sulfur-bound hydrocarbons in the Meishan section were never studied before. This in turn might affect the paleo-environmental interpretations in significant ways. Preliminary results shows that many biomarkers are exist in the sulfur-bound fraction extracted from the Meishan outcrops. In this talk we are going to present different biomarker trends (including sulfur-bound ones), and their climate and paleo-environmental interpretations regarding the biota crises in the Phanerozoic.
A Learning Approach to Fixating on 3D Targets with Active Cameras

Fixation of an active camera pair on a given target requires that the pan and tilt angles of the cameras must be set to bring the target to image centers. However, the calibration needed to achieve a specific configuration of real cameras involves tedious estimation of a number of imaging parameters. Fortunately, this excercise is not essential for fixation if images are acquired and used as feedback during the fixation process to continuously direct the cameras to the target. This paper defines a direct mapping from the changes in the direction of target motion in the image plane to changes in camera angles necessary to reduce the disparity between image center and the image plane target location. The mapping captures camera calibration, as well as other effects such as deviations from the assumed imaging model which are difficult to characterize and capture in calibration. The mapping is formulated as a task in nonlinear function approximation and learnt from real data. For computational efficiency, learning is done at multiple resolutions and using a PROBART network. Experimental results are presented using an active vision system.
Analytical techniques for cell fractions. XXVII. Use of heart proteins as reference standards in two-dimensional electrophoresis.

The preparation and use of rat heart whole homogenate as a standard for the sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) electrophoresis dimension of two-dimensional electrophoresis is described. By including the rat heart homogenate in the agarose overlay used to hold an isofocusing gel (first dimension) in contact with a slab gel (second dimension), 80 horizontal lines can be superimposed on a two-dimensional electrophoresis pattern. Such an internal standard is useful as a reference marker for the intercomparison of many gels and also, when calibrated, can be used to determine the approximate molecular weight of proteins.
Virulence factors of Entamoeba histolytica

Recent studies have increased our knowledge of Entamoeba histolytica cell biology and gene regulation. In the ameba, dominant-negative mutations in the Gal/GalNAc lectin affect adhesion and cytolysis, whereas mutations in meromyosin affect cytoskeletal function. Studying these mutant proteins has improved our understanding of the role of these proteins in E. histolytica virulence. The characterization of the CP5 cysteine protease and the induction of apoptosis in host target cells has led to a better comprehension of the mechanisms by which trophozoites can lyse target cells.