cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does assertive community treatment increase medication adherence for people with co-occurring psychotic and substance use disorders?

OBJECTIVE: This study analyzed data from a randomized trial to examine the impact on medication adherence of integrated treatment delivered via assertive community treatment (ACT) versus standard clinical case management (SCCM). METHOD: Data from the original study included 198 study participants with co-occurring psychotic and substance use disorders who were randomly assigned to receive integrated treatment via ACT or SCCM and were followed for 3 years. We applied mixed-effects logistic regression to estimate group (ACT vs. SCCM) by time effects on a self-report measure of medication adherence. Adherence was dichotomized as 20% or more missed medication days (“poor adherence”) versus less than 20% missed medication days (“adequate adherence”). RESULTS: Participants who were assigned to ACT reported significant improvement in medication adherence compared with those assigned to SCCM. CONCLUSIONS: Integrated treatment delivered via ACT may benefit persons with co-occurring psychotic and substance use diso...
MICROSCOPIC CALCULATION FOR THERMAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC CRYSTALS

A microscopic calculation is carried out for thermal properties of ionic crystals on the basis of the thermodynamic variational principle. Self-consistent Einstein approximation is used to obtain effective force constants between constituent ions. Thermal expansion, temperature dependencies of the elastic constants and dielectric constants of ionic crystals are evaluated in terms of interatomic potentials. The results of numerical calculations for alkali halide crystals are in good agreement with experimental data.
Numerical simulation of crystal pulling downward, from the lower interface of the floating melt

Abstract The crystal is pulled from the lower interface of the floating melt into the encapsulant which carries the melt and thermally insulates the crystal as it grows. The top interface is used to heat the melt from above and to control the melt stoichiometry. Heat transfer and fluid flow in the proposed process are modeled.
Whaddayaknow?: The Modes of Folk Linguistic Awareness.

A common approach to language awareness is through the contrast between folk and scientific knowledge, the former usually getting brief attention and being assigned little value. This paper argues that the folk awareness of language may be characterised in several different ways, having to do with a wide variety of linguistic characterisations (e.g. overt ‘availability’, ‘degree of accuracy’, ability to ‘control’ language varieties, and the level of specificity of folk knowledge). Only the second of these has to do directly with the folk versus linguist dichotomy, although cognitive constraints on what non‐linguists ‘usually’ know are important factors. More important, however, at least for speakers of American English, are the constraints imposed by notions of language ‘correctness’. In addition, folk linguistics is shown here to be a dynamic area of study, perhaps best uncovered by the analysis of ongoing discourses about language in speech communities. Finally, the value of folk linguistic awareness fo...
Reaction Kinetics for the Catalytic Oxidation of Sulfur Dioxide with Microscale and Nanoscale Iron Oxides

This paper contains a study of the oxidation of sulfur dioxide using microscale and nanoscale iron oxide as catalysts. A comparison of the catalytic performance of microscale and nanoscale iron oxides showed that nanoscale iron oxide generally is more effective than microscale iron oxide in regard to catalyzing the oxidation of sulfur dioxide. The reaction orders, with respect to the reactants sulfur dioxide and oxygen, were 1 and 0.24, and 1 and 0.30 when microscale and nanoscale iron oxides, respectively, were used as catalysts. Furthermore, the activation energy of catalytic oxidation of sulfur dioxide with microscale iron oxide is 88.9% higher than that with nanoscale iron oxide.
A decision support system (DSS) for agricultural pesticide production planning

Abstract The paper presents a Decision Support System (DSS) for the production planning of Agricultural pesticide. The unique features of pesticide production are identified and the resulting planning trade-off's are explained. The DSS consists of six loosely coupled modules. A mathematical programming model forms the basis of the DSS, whose objective is to minimize the total cost of production. The model is also designed to capture seasonal demand fluctuations, variations in labor cost, source, cost and availability of raw material and plant operating mode. The DSS is illustrated by planning the manufacturing of nine products on two production lines to satisfy demand over eighteen months. The system has been in use for pesticide production planning in a major US plant for more than five years. Such use helped in rationalizing production planning decisions and led to tangible savings in production and inventory cost, over the duration of its use.
On the ranks of skew-centrosymmetric matrices over finite fields☆

Abstract For any finite field F we determine the number of n by n matrices of skew-centrosymmetric form which are invertible over F. This result is obtained using a unimodality property of the ranks of matrices of this form. As a corollary to this result we count the n by n matrices of skew-centrosymmetric form of any specified rank.
Exosomes in the gut.

Recent studies have highlighted the importance of cross-talk between our immune systems and our gut microbiota, the complex community of over 100 trillion commensal microorganisms (bacteria, archaea, fungi, and protozoans) that resides in the human gastrointestinal tract and which numbers about 10 times the total cells in the human body (1). The gut microbiota contribute profoundly to the function and structure of the gastrointestinal mucosa, establishing a robust network that provides us with increased digestive capacity for essential nutrients and non-nutrient factors, such as vitamins. It also protects us from infection by pathogenic microbes (2). Dysbiosis, or unbalanced shifts in the composition of the microbiota, may contribute to inflammatory bowel disease and necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants, and are also increasingly linked to rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, diabetes, and asthma, as well as obesity (2). The gastrointestinal tract, which is the largest mucosal surface in the body (with a surface area of about 300 m3 in adults), is lined by a single layer of polarized columnar epithelial cells firmly bound to one another by tight junctions and covered by a stratified mucus layer, that together provide a barrier containing the microbiota within the lumen. Cross-talk between the microbiota and immune cells of the mucosa [dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages], communicated through this barrier, has regulated the evolution and development of our immune systems (3–6) and differentiated our ability to recognize and distinguish between beneficial and pathogenic microbes. Microbe recognition is achieved through epithelial cell and immune cell expression of germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that bind discrete microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPS) expressed by both commensal and pathogenic microbes (7–9). PRR expression is tightly regulated on the apical and basolateral surfaces of the epithelial cells, such that binding of PRRs can activate a series of host defense reactions, including the directed release of soluble mediators, depending upon the nature of the antigen and the polarized epithelial surface communicating with the bacteria. Intestinal DCs orchestrate and direct mucosal adaptive immune responses, balancing immune tolerance to harmless antigens and effector responses against enteric pathogens (10). To facilitate these functions, populations of intestinal macrophages, and DCs, strategically located in the sub-epithelial lamina propria (11), sample luminal antigens provided by specialized epithelial cells (goblet cells) (12) or by inserting dendrites between epithelial cells into the lumen (13–15), and phagocytose pathogenic microbes that encroach into the mucosa (11). DCs expressing the mucosal marker CD103, migrate to the MLNs, where they present acquired mucosal antigenic molecules to responsive naive T cells (16, 17), inducing the expansion of tolerogenic or effector memory T cell populations expressing the gut homing markers α4β7 and CCR9 (18, 19), that support the T cell recruitment to the lamina propria.
Direct simulation of rotational relaxation using state-to-state cross sections

Rotational relaxation in para-hydrogen (p-H2) is modeled using a direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method with state-to-state collision cross sections and the results are compared with a simple Borgnakke-Larsen (B-L) type rotational relaxation model. The detailed simulation shows that the rotational population relaxes through nonBoltzmann distributions as expected. However, even the rotational energy relaxation shows some unexpected features that cannot be described by the simple model. For initial states with strong nonequilibrium, the simple B-L model fails to provide even a qualitative description of the relaxation of the rotational energy of>H2.
Electronic transition dipole moment functions for NaK

Abstract Phase-consistent electronic transition dipole moment functions were calculated (as a function of internuclear separation) for the 80 dipole selection rule allowed transitions in the manifold of states of NaK treated previously [W. J. Stevens, D. D. Konowalow, and L. B. Ratcliff, (1984) J. Chem. Phys. 80, 1215–1224]. Agreement was found with experimental determinations of the 21Π-11Σ+ transition. Agreement of the asymptotic values with experimental and previous theoretical determinations of corresponding atomic transition moments suggests that the present computations may be relatively reliable. The positions of a number of satellite bands are predicted from the potential energy difference curves.
Optimizing Experimental Conditions in Overloaded Gradient Elution Chromatography

The optimization of preparative separations by overloaded gradient elution chromatography was studied on a theoretical basis. Band profiles of binary mixtures were calculated as numerical solutions of the equilibrium-dispersive model. A nonlinear simplex method allowed the determination of the optimum experimental conditions. The product of the production rate and the recovery yield was used as an objective function. The optimum experimental conditions are very different depending on whether the purification of the first or second component is being optimized. Similarities can be observed with the optimum conditions observed when the same separation is carried out in isocratic elution. The recovery yield is very high for the more retained component, moderate for the less retained one. Since the initial retention factor is much higher in gradient elution than the optimum found in isocratic elution, the optimum plate number is rather small in gradient elution. When the two solutes are convergent, very flat gradient steepness should be used, preventing a reversal of the elution order. 20 refs., 10 figs., 1 tab.
Degraded and Deskilled: The Proletarianization of Clerical Work

The changing conditions of clerical work in several types of large and small organizations are examined. The analysis is based on observations in organizations, discussions with managers and intensive interviews with thirty clerical workers. Proletarianization is said to occur as clerical work loses the features that have traditionally placed it among middle-class, white collar occupations; as narrow, largely manual skills displace complex skills and mental activity; as close external control narrows the range of worker discretion; and as impersonal relationships replace social give and take. The extent of proletarianization varies among organizations. The larger organizations are leading the changes by developing technologies and organizational techniques for proletarianized clerical work. In the conclusion it is argued that structural changes promoting proletarianization may seriously impair the very efficiency that the changes are claimed to promote.
Liquid-Tissue Mechanics in Amphibian Gastrulation: Germ-Layer Assembly in Rana Pipiens

During amphibian gastrulation, migrating subsurface germ layers may flow past one another like immiscible viscous liquids in response to tissue surface tension forces. We describe here two physical tests for liquid-tissue morphogenesis in cultured aggregates of subsurface ectoderm (E), mesoderm (M) and endoderm (N) excised from mid-yolk-plug Rana pipiens gastrulae. (i) Liquids are coherent substances in which subunits can slip past one another to relax internal shear stresses. We find, in cross-sections of cell aggregates fixed during compression, that cells within flattened aggregates are intially deformed, but do, as predicted, gradually reassume their original, undistorted shapes, (ii) Surface tensions (γ's) govern ordinary liquid-droplet spreading; e.g. , if equal-sized droplets A and B fuse in medium O, B spreads around A when γAO γBO. When pairs of subsurface aggregates are cultured together, N surrounds M and E, and M surrounds E. To see if γEO > γMO > γNO. we flatten aggregates with quartz fibers calibrated to measure the force of compression. As predicted, under the same flattening force, E aggregates are rounder than M aggregates, which are rounder than N aggregates. Furthermore, a second surface tension relationship can account for the autonomous involution of M between E and N; and these surface tension relationships can also explain the inversion of E, M and N by coated ectoderm to produce normal gastrular germ-layer arrangements. We conclude that, combined with active cell shape changes in solid-like surface cell layers and also with autonomous elongation of dorsal lip mesoderm, tissue surface tension control of liquid-tissue flow in subsurface germ layers is a key morphogenetic mechanism in amphibian gastrulation which might be regulated by changes in intercellular adhesiveness.
Networked simulation with HLA and MODSIM III

The paper describes a networked simulation application using HLA (The High Level Architecture) and MODSIM III, a commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) object oriented simulation language. The Department of Defense (DoD) developed HLA for training simulation exercises, but HLA is applicable to a wide range of simulation work far beyond wargames. HLA is documented in terms of C++ and Java while discrete event simulations are often developed in a simulation language such as MODSIM III, SIMSCRIPT II.5, or SLX, or by using a graphical, domain-specific simulator such as COMNET III, SIMPROCESS or ProModel. The requirement addressed by the paper is to interface an existing discrete event simulation model to the HLA, in order to evaluate that task and to set directions for future work. To further direct focus on interfaces between HLA and a discrete event simulation, we deliberately chose a small simulation application developed in MODSIM III. Real simulations are, of course, more detailed, but will still use the same interfaces.
Temperature dependence of the surface tension of water in contact with its saturated vapor

Abstract The surface tension of water in contact with its saturated vapor has been measured using the Wilhelmy detachment method over the temperature range 20–100°C. Boiling points lower than 100°C are obtained at reduced pressures. Values for the first and second derivations, ∂γ ∂T and ∂ 2 γ ∂T 2 , are reported.
The effects of mass accuracy, data acquisition speed, and search algorithm choice on peptide identification rates in phosphoproteomics

Proteomic analyses via tandem mass spectrometry have been greatly enhanced by the recent development of fast, highly accurate instrumentation. However, successful application of these developments to high-throughput experiments requires careful optimization of many variables which adversely affect each other, such as mass accuracy and data collection speed. We examined the performance of three shotgun-style acquisition methods ranging in their data collection speed and use of mass accuracy in identifying proteins from yeast-derived complex peptide and phosphopeptide-enriched mixtures. We find that the combination of highly accurate precursor masses generated from one survey scan in the FT-ICR cell, coupled with ten data-dependent tandem MS scans in a lower-resolution linear ion trap, provides more identifications in both mixtures than the other examined methods. For phosphopeptide identifications in particular, this method identified over twice as many unique phosphopeptides as the second-ranked, lower-resolution method from triplicate 90-min analyses (744 ± 50 vs. 308 ± 50, respectively). We also examined the performance of four popular peptide assignment algorithms (Mascot, Sequest, OMSSA, and Tandem) in analyzing the results from both high-and low-resolution data. When compared in the context of a false positive rate of approximately 1%, the performance differences between algorithms were much larger for phosphopeptide analyses than for an unenriched, complex mixture. Based upon these findings, acquisition speed, mass accuracy, and the choice of assignment algorithm all largely affect the number of peptides and proteins identified in high-throughput studies.
Power behavior analysis of mobile applications using Bugu

a b s t r a c t Mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets, have become an integral part of our daily life. However, the battery drain problem always bothers us. To understand this problem, we design and implement the Bugu service which aims to analyzing power and event information and providing users with detailed energy behaviors of applications. We analyzed 100 popular applications’ power behavior using Bugu on different platforms. The results showed several interesting observations, including radio service and hardware interrupts, that indicate the potential energy optimization for both applications and systems. We further revealed the underlying reason of different power consumption for several applications in case studies. For example, the low efficient usage of system service in iHeartRadio. Finally, lessons learned from software-based power profiling and the ground truth of application level power consumption is discussed.
Review: Steroid Receptors, Cellular Kinetics, and Lymph Node Status as Prognostic Factors in Breast Cancer

Steroid receptor status, cellular kinetics, abnormal proto-oncogene presence, and lymph node metastases all have been shown to provide prognostic information in breast cancer. The factors guide the choice of therapy and predict the course of the disease. Both disease-free survival and overall survival are predicted by these variables. Steroid receptors are the most reliable predictor of hormonal responsiveness. Lymph node involvement is crucial in determining the extent of the disease and the need for adjuvant therapy. Cellular kinetics and abnormal proto-oncogene presence predict tumor aggressiveness. Together these prognostic factors provide considerable information to the clinician.
Low-potash dacite drift pumice from the Coral Sea

Drift pumice collected in December, 1964, from the Herald Cays in the western Coral Sea is chemically and petrographically a dacite, unusually low in K 2 O and with very calcic plagioclase. It is apparently identical to pumice washed ashore in Fiji in March, 1965; both collections are divisible into light and dark varieties on megascopic, optical and chemical criteria. This pumice is distinguishable from the widely distributed pumice of the 1962 South Sandwich eruption; it is considered to have originated along the Tonga-Kermadec ridge on the basis of available seismic and compositional data.
Comparison of the computed three-dimensional structures of oncogenic forms (bound to GDP) of the ras-gene-encoded p21 protein with the structure of the normal (non-transforming) wild-type protein

Theras-oncogene-encoded p21 protein becomes oncogenic if amino acid substitutions occur at critical positions in the polypeptide chain. The most commonly found oncogenic forms contain Val in place of Gly 12 or Leu in place of Gln 61. To determine the effects of these substitutions on the three-dimensional structure of the whole p21 protein, we have performed molecular dynamics calculations on each of these three proteins bound to GDP and magnesium ion to compute the average structures of each of the three forms. Comparisons of the computed average structures shows that both oncogenic forms with Val 12 and Leu 61 differ substantially in structure from that of the wild type (containing Gly 12 and Gln 61) in discrete regions: residues 10–16, 32–47, 55–74, 85–89, 100–110, and 119–134. All of these regions occur in exposed loops, and several of them have already been found to be involved in the cellular functioning of the p21 protein. These regions have also previously been identified as the most flexible domains of the wild-type protein and have been bound to be the same ones that differ in conformation between transforming and nontransforming p21 mutant proteins neither of which binds nucleotide. The two oncogenic forms have similar conformations in their carboxyl-terminal domains, but differ in conformation at residues 32–47 and 55–74. The former region is known to be involved in the interaction with at least three downstream effector target proteins. Thus, differences in structure between the two oncogenic proteins may reflect different relative affinities of each oncogenic protein for each of these effector targets. The latter region, 55–74, is known to be a highly mobile segment of the protein. The results strongly suggest that critical oncogenic amino acid substitutions in the p21 protein cause changes in the structures of vital domains of this protein.
Ankush Goel and Shih-An Yu Receive SSCS Predoctoral Fellowships for 2008–2009

According to SSCS reviewers, SSCS Predoctoral Fellowship Award winners Ankush Goel of USC and Shih-An Yu of Columbia University, "stand out through their excellent academic records and an impressive list of high-quality journal and conference publications." Their research "is very innovative and has the potential to have significant impact on the field of solid-state circuits."
Management of sinonasal malignant neoplasms: defining the role of endoscopy.

BackgroundPreliminary reports support the role of endoscopic techniques in the management of selected sinonasal malignancies. The objectives of this review are (1) to assess outcomes for patients u...
pH-mediated field-amplified sample stacking of pharmaceutical cations in high-ionic strength samples.

Capillary electrophoretic separation of samples of physiological origin typically have both poor resolution and efficiency due to destacking. We have previously reported a stacking method for concentration of catecholamines in artifical dialysate, or Ringer’s solution. However, pH-mediated sample stacking of other cations has not been investigated. In this report, pH-mediated stacking has been extended to eletripan, dofetilide, doxazosin, sildenafil, UK-103,320, UK-202,581, and CP-122,288. These compounds were chosen without prior structural screening except that they were cationic at the pH of our background electrolyte (BGE). Capillary electrophoretic behavior of samples in BGE is compared with those of samples in Ringer’s solution with and without pH-mediated acid stacking. Results indicate that the peak heights and efficiencies for acid-stacked samples are increased compared to the unstacked samples in Ringer’s solution or BGE. For example, the peak efficiencies for 5 s injections of eletriptan in BGE and Ringer’s solution are 138 000 and 72000 plates, respectively. In contrast, a 10 s injection of eletriptan followed by acid injection for 16 s produces a peak with 246 000 plates. Evaluation of the stacking effect was performed by comparison of the peak height at similar peak efficiencies for samples in Ringer’s solution with and without stacking. Using this method, pH-mediated acid stacking provides a 10- to 27-fold sensitivity enhancement for the seven cations.
Mechanical and spatial determinants of cytoskeletal geodesic dome formation in cardiac fibroblasts

This study tests the hypothesis that the cell cytoskeletal (CSK) network can rearrange from geodesic dome type structures to stress fibers in response to microenvironmental cues. The CSK geodesic domes are highly organized actin microarchitectures within the cell, consisting of ordered polygonal elements. We studied primary neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts. The cues used to trigger the interconversion between the two CSK architectures (geodesic domes and stress fibers) included factors affecting spatial order and the degree of CSK tension in the cells. Microfabricated three-dimensional substrates with micrometre sized grooves and peaks were used to alter the spatial order of cell growth in culture. CSK tension was modified by 2,3-butanedione 2-monoxime (BDM), cytochalasin D and the hyphae of Candida albicans. CSK geodesic domes occurred spontaneously in about 20% of the neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts used in this study. Microfabricated structured surfaces produced anisotropy in the cell CSK and effectively converted geodesic domes into stress fibers in a dose-dependent manner (dependence on the period of the features). Affectors of actin structure, inhibitors of CSK tension and cell motility, e.g. BDM, cytochalasin D and the hyphae of C. albicans, suppressed or eliminated the geodesic domes. Our data suggest that the geodesic domes, similar to actin stress fibers, require maintenance of CSK integrity and tension. However, microenvironments that promote structural anisotropy in tensed cells cause the transformation of the geodesic domes into stress fibers, consistent with topographic cell guidance and some previous CSK model predictions.
High temperature specific heats of iron-rich iron-titanium alloys between 600 and 1150K

Abstract High temperature specific heats of iron-titanium alloys with up to 4.78 at.% Ti were measured with a heat exchange calorimeter. All samples show a pronounced sharp λ-peak in the specific heat. The Curie temperature, as determined from the position of this peak is, within experimental accuracy, independent of titanium concentration.
Comparison of Hurricane Return Levels Using Historical and Geological Records

Abstract Hurricane return levels estimated using historical and geological information are quantitatively compared for Lake Shelby, Alabama. The minimum return level of overwash events recorded in sediment cores is estimated using a modern analog (Hurricane Ivan of 2004) to be 54 m s−1 (105 kt) for a return period of 318 yr based on 11 events over 3500 yr. The expected return level of rare hurricanes in the observed records (1851–2005) at this location and for this return period is estimated using a parametric statistical model and a maximum likelihood procedure to be 73 m s−1 (141 kt), with a lower bound on the 95% confidence interval of 64 m s−1 (124 kt). Results are not significantly different if data are taken from the shorter 1880–2005 period. Thus, the estimated sensitivity of Lake Shelby to overwash events is consistent with the historical record given the model. In fact, assuming the past is similar to the present, the sensitivity of the site to overwash events as estimated from the model is likel...
Role of the C-10 Substituent in Mitomycin C-1−DNA Bonding

The structural requirements for mitomycin C-1 bonding have been investigated by comparing the bonding specificity of mitomycin C (1) with selectively modified porfiromycins (N-methylmitomycin C) at the C-10 position under reductive conditions and then comparing N-methyl-7-methoxyaziridinomitosene (10) with 7-methoxy-10-noraziridinomitosene (11) under nonreductive conditions. Enzymatic and chemical reductive activation of mitomycin C in the presence of the 129-bp fragment from pBR322 led to exclusive guanine (G*) modification with drug bonding that occurred preferentially at 5‘CG* sites, while C-10 chloro (8) and C-10 bromo (9) deoxycarbamoylporfiromycins modified DNA at guanines but with significantly diminished 5‘CG* sequence selectivity. A similar set of bonding profiles were observed with 10 and 11 upon incubation with DNA. Mitosene 10 selectively modified 5‘CG* sites in DNA, while 11 did not. These studies provided support for the hypothesis that a hydrogen bond between the C-10 oxygen in the activate...
Roles for Educational Technologists by the Year 2000

ing, the rise and fall of programmed instruction, the fascination with educational broadcasting, the emergence of instructional systems thinking, and the current preoccupation with computers? Who would have predicted ten years ago that the educational technology academic programs today would be preparing more women than men to enter the field and that the majority of graduates would be taking employment outside formal educational institutions?
An integrated approach to individual and collaborative learning in a web-based learning environment

In this paper we will discuss the design of a web based interactive learning environment. We will focus on the cognitive and collaborative tools that we are developing for students learning at a distance. We have adopted a constructivist, problem based approach for our design. An essential element of making this approach work is to integrate the individual and collaborative learning as well as the affordances and scaffolding provided by the different tools. We will discuss the design principles, the tools and the framework for integrating individual and collaborative learning.
Social relationships and the progression of human immunodeficiency virus infection: A review of evidence and possible underlying mechanisms

We review studies examining the quality and quantity of social relationships as potential risk factors for differential progression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Several well-conducted prospective studies suggest that the health effects associated with the presence of supportive social relationships vary according to disease stage and mode of transmission. For gay of bisexual males in the early stages of infection, the presence of supportive social relationships appears to be a risk factor for accelerated disease progression. For individuals in the later stages of infection and those who acquire HIV via intravenous drug use or transfusion, supportive social relationships appear to be associated with health protective effects similar to those observed in other disease settings. We consider a variety of potential explanations for accelerated disease progression in gay men with extensive networks of personal relationships.
Scientific Explanations of Mystical Experiences, Part I: The Case of St Teresa

Several writers have argued for the implausibility of there being naturalistic explanations of mystical experience. These writers recognize that the evidential significance of mystical experiences for theism depends upon whether explanations that exclude supernatural agency can be discounted; but they seem unaware of some of the best scientific work done in this area. Part I of the present paper introduces the theory of I. M. Lewis, an anthropologist, and tests it against the case of St Teresa. I use Teresa because of her prominence, and because we have considerable biographical data for her. I conclude that Lewis's approach, suitably supplemented, is strikingly successful in explaining this case.
THINKING ABOUT THE NATURE AND ROLE OF AUTHORITY IN DEMOCRATIC EDUCATION WITH ROUSSEAU'S EMILE

Educational authority is an issue in contemporary democracies. Surprisingly, little attention has been given to the problem of authority in Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Emile and his work has not been addressed in the contemporary debate on the issue of authority in democratic education. Olivier Michaud's goals are, first, to address both of these oversights by offering an original reading of the problem of authority in Emile and then to rehabilitate the notion of “educational authority” for democratic educators today. Contrary to progressive readings of Emile, he argues, Rousseau's position on this issue is not reducible to “education against authority.” What appears at first glance to be an education against authority is, in a deeper sense, an education toward and even within authority. Michaud contends that we have to embrace these complexities and contradictions that inform Rousseau's work in order to gain insights into the place and role of authority in democratic education. Michaud sheds light on Rousseau's stance on authority through a close study of specific topics addressed in Emile, including negative education, opinion, one's relation to God, friendship and loving relationships, and, finally, the relation Rousseau established with his reader.
Control by the superior cervical ganglion of the state of contraction and pulsatile expansion of the carotid sinus arterial wall.

The state of contraction and resistance to stretch of the arterial wall of the carotid sinus modulates sensitivity of pressoreceptors to intra-arterial pressure. Experiments show that electric stimulation of efferent sympathetic pathways to the carotid sinus leads to blood pressure fall and decrease of the carotid sinus hypertensive reflex. This effect can be prevented by local application of Regitine to the carotid sinus. These experiments suggest that the state of contraction and resistance to stretch of the barosensitive arterial walls is controlled by sympathetic innervation through local release of norepinephrine and/or epinephrine. Disturbances of this innervation could have a role in development of abnormal relaxation and decreased pulsatile expansion of the barosensitive arterial walls, and, thus, in the pathogenesis of hypertension.
Independent but not indifferent: Partisan bias in monetary policy at the Fed

Independent central banks are thought to be effective inflation hawks because they are run by technocrats with conservative monetary policy preferences. However, central bankers can only protect their independence by compromising with the elected officials who grant them their independence. Policy, therefore, is likely to be a weighted average of the preferences of the central bank and the government. Consequently, central bankers may be eager to help right-wing governments stay in power and oppose the election of left-wing governments. We show evidence from the United States that interest rates (a) decline as elections approach when Republicans control the White House, but rise when Democrats do; and (b) are sensitive to the inflation rate (output gap) when Democrats (Republicans) are in the White House. Thus, the Federal Reserve is a conditional inflation hawk. Since the Fed became operationally independent in 1951, the Republicans have exhibited a decided electoral advantage in presidential politics.
Cooperative and self-diffusion of polymers in semidilute solutions by dynamic light scattering

Abstract The quasielastic light scattering from semidilute solutions of polystyrene in tetrahydrofuran has been measured and we observe two distinct exponential decays separated by several orders of magnitude. The angular dependence of the decay constants is indicative of diffusive processes which we identify with the cooperative diffusion coefficient, Dc and the self diffusion coefficient Ds. It is found that Dc, identified with the fast decay, increases with polystyrene concentration and is independent of molecular weight. However, Ds decreases sharply with concentration and molecular weight. An explanation is given for the light scattering detection of these two diffusion coefficients which is based only on the assumptions inherent in the reptation model. In a limited region of molecular weight and concentration the experimental results appear to be consistent with the predictions of scaling theory.
The Effect of Ventilation, Age, and Asthmatic Condition on Ultrafine Particle Deposition in Children

Ultrafine particles (UFPs) contribute to health risks associated with air pollution, especially respiratory disease in children. Nonetheless, experimental data on UFP deposition in asthmatic children has been minimal. In this study, the effect of ventilation, developing respiratory physiology, and asthmatic condition on the deposition efficiency of ultrafine particles in children was explored. Deposited fractions of UFP (10–200 nm) were determined in 9 asthmatic children, 8 nonasthmatic children, and 5 nonasthmatic adults. Deposition efficiencies in adults served as reference of fully developed respiratory physiologies. A validated deposition model was employed as an auxiliary tool to assess the independent effect of varying ventilation on deposition. Asthmatic conditions were confirmed via pre-and post-bronchodilator spirometry. Subjects were exposed to a hygroscopic aerosol with number geometric mean diameter of 27–31 nm, geometric standard deviation of 1.8–2.0, and concentration of particles cm−3. Exposure was through a silicone mouthpiece. Total deposited fraction (TDF) and normalized deposition rate were 50% and 32% higher in children than in adults. Accounting for tidal volume and age variation, TDF was 21% higher in asthmatic than in non-asthmatic children. The higher health risks of air pollution exposure observed in children and asthmatics might be augmented by their susceptibility to higher dosages of UFP.
Evaluation of rapid thermal processing systems for use in CMOS fabrication

Abstract The role of rapid thermal processes (RTP) is evolving to meet the demands of next generation complementary metal oxide semiconductors technology. The purpose of this paper is to describe three modern RTP systems and evaluate them in terms of their process capability on control wafers, throughput, and cost of ownership. Tool A is a RTP system equipped with wafer rotation and multiple pyrometer based temperature control system to optimize within wafer uniformity during soak and spike anneals. Tool A has 1–2 °C of run to run temperature variation. Tool A also has 2–3 °C of within wafer variation for soak anneals as shown by arsenic and boron implanted control wafers. During emissivity independence testing, Tool A showed higher sheet resistivity values for low backside emissivity test wafers than high emissivity wafers. Emissivity independence testing for Tool A and Tool B (ripple pyrometry based tool) shows similar results as shown by difference of about 2 Ω/□ between high and low emissivity wafers on soak and spike anneal processes. Tool B shows about 1–2 and 7–9 °C of within wafer temperature variation for soak and spike anneal respectively. Tool C (hot liner based tool) is feasible to be used for older technologies at about 0.25 μm as it has a wider process window for temperature control and higher within wafer uniformity. This stems from the fact that the pyrometer views the hot liner and deduces wafer temperature. Run to run variation for this system ranges about 5–7 °C and within wafer temperature variation is about 8–10 °C. Tool A has the highest cost of ownership (almost four times as much as of Tool B). Tool A has two and half times the throughput as of Tool B. Tool B and Tool A are similar in process capability study as shown by sheet resistivity based control wafers. Tool A has an additive advantage of detecting “bare” silicon temperature even at low temperature region of 400–700 °C due to small operating wavelength of its pyrometer. Tool B's ripple pyrometer does not sense the “bare” silicon wafer radiation until it reaches 700 °C. Tool B has throughput of about 30–40 wafers/h for standard soak anneals. Tool C is most cost effective tool but does not meet requirements for manufacturing technologies beyond 0.25 μm. Its capacity is about 25 wafers/h for soak anneals.
Applications of digital optical disks in library preservation and reference

A Library of Congress pilot project is described in which digital optical disks will be used to provide high-density storage of textual page images. The configuration of the system is shown and the advantages of optical storage for preservation of library materials is explained. It is further shown that while library preservation is the primary objective of the project, the characteristics of digital optical disk provide simultaneous advantages in online reference retrieval. The project plan is described; it calls for scanning and storing one million pages of text over a two-year period. The new system is compared to the library's existing digital optical disk system for demand printing of catalog cards. The future of digital optical disks in libraries is then discussed.
Correlation of the clinical severity of Alzheimer's disease with an aberration in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA).

Controversy exists about which of the well-established neurobiological abnormalities in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) relate directly to the clinical disabilities. Because of an interest in the mitochondrial lesion in AD, we tested the correlation between clinical disability (measured by the Clinical Dementia Rating [CDR] scale) and an anomaly in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in AD brain. Simultaneous polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the CO1 gene in mtDNA and CO1 pseudogenes in nuclear DNA (nDNA) were performed in samples from AD and non-AD brain, and the ratios of mtDNA/nDNA amplicons calculated. This approach utilizes PCR amplification of endogenous nDNA as a normalization standard for the amplification of mtDNA. We examined total DNA from the brains of Caucasian residents of a Jewish nursing home (86 AD and 26 non-AD “controls”). These patients had been closely followed clinically until death and then autopsied. In this sample, the degree of cognitive impairment in the AD patients correlated with the reduction in the amplification of the mtDNA gene (ρ=0.23; p=0.034), but not with the density of neuritic plaques (p=0.109). These results agree with the suggestion that the well-documented impairment in brain-energy metabolism in AD may be a direct cause of the clinical disability.
Dose-intensive therapy in lung cancer

Lung cancer is epidemic and lethal throughout the world. Overall survival is estimated to be 13% at 5 years despite treatment. The use of chemotherapy in small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is established, but it is less active against non-SCLC (NSCLC). Since 98% of SCLC cases are associated with heavy smoking and present at a median age of 60–65 years, the application of dose-intensive therapy to lung cancer patients may be complicated by underlying smoking-related comorbidity and an enhanced risk for secondary smoking-related malignancies. The strategies of intensifying induction therapy, multicycle dose-intensive combination therapies, chest radiotherapy, and stem cell purging for both SCLC and NSCLC are discussed herein. Limited data regarding high-dose therapy for NSCLC have been reported. In SCLC, excellent and immediate palliation is achieved through the use of combination chemotherapy. However, by 2 years, only 20–40% of limited-disease- (LD) and 40 patients with LD SCLC and >25 patients with ED SCLC who were in first response to conventional-dose therapy comprising high-dose combination alkylating agents. Approximately 80% of our patients were in or near complete response after initial chemotherapy. At a minimal follow-up of 23 months (to as long as 10 years) after completion of high-dose chemotherapy in our original trial, 52% of the patients remain disease-free. Of the ED or extrapulmonary patients, approximately 20% remain progression-free at >2 years after high-dose therapy. Local regional recurrence represents about 50% of all relapses. Thus, the roles of thoracic radiation dose intensity and purification of stem-cell autografts are being evaluated in ongoing trials. It is hoped that a cooperative phase III trial testing the concept of dose intensification will begin soon.
Autotuning Tensor Transposition

Tensor transposition, a generalization of matrix transposition, is an important primitive used when performing tensor contraction. Efficient implementation of tensor transposition for modern node architectures depends on various architecture capabilities such as cache and memory hierarchy, threads, and SIMD parallelism. This paper introduces a framework that uses static analysis and empirical autotuning to produce optimized parallel tensor transposition code for node architectures using a rule-based code generation and transformation system. By exploring various optimization techniques with different settings, our framework achieves more than 80% of the bandwidth of memcpy for tensors on two very different node architectures, one a dual-socket system with Intel Westmere processors and the other a quad-socket system with IBM Power7 processors.
Techniques utilised to incorporate environmentally focused service learning projects into courses in biology and economics

Sacred Heart University has emphasised the use of service learning for over five years. Service Learning offers students opportunities to learn and develop through active participation in service experiences that are integrated into the academic curriculum. The work meets community needs and is directly linked to the content of the course. A Service Learning course includes reflection and analysis of the service experience. Two recent courses at Sacred Heart University incorporated environmentally focused service learning projects: one in biology and one in economics. This paper discusses the development and outcomes of these two projects: a park restoration project and a feasibility study for a local environmental organisation. In addition, the authors provide suggestions on how to incorporate environmentally focused Service Learning projects into a college curriculum on either a mandatory or optional basis.
Not All Deficits Are Created Equal

Recent academic and popular discussions of budget deficits rely on a simplistic, and largely false, conception of the effects of deficits. The effects depend on the source of the deficit and on private-sector responses to it. Also important are whether budget changes arise passively through the workings of the business cycle and whether deficit-inducing policy actions are permanent or transitory. The key expectations arising from the simple theories connecting interest rates and deficits are precisely opposite to what modern theory and evidence indicate.
Solubility Studies on Certain Barbiturates

The solubilities in water at 25° of five barbiturates were determined by the application of liquid scintillation counting of C 14 -tagged compounds to the technique of phase solubility analysis. The effects of several added solutes on these solubilities were also determined, and over-all salting-out constants were obtained from graphs based on the empirical Setschenow equation.
An Interview with Dr. Mondo

Yes, this is an unusual dawn. Even the timid zebra challenges the leopard. This is the dawn in which the prey takes courage and turns on the predator. It is the dawn in which the underdog finds the strength to rebel and nothing disorients the mighty more than the attack of those who have already feared him in the past. In the great game, the same ones don't always win. [From the epilogue of the film Mondo Violence, c. 1978]