cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Growth and polarity control of GaN and AlN on carbon-face SiC by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy

Growth and polarity control of GaN and AlN on carbon-face SiC (C-SiC) by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) are reported. The polarities of GaN and AlN layers were found to be strongly dependent on the pre-growth treatment of C-SiC substrates. A pre-flow of trimethyaluminum (TMAl) or a very low NH 3 /TMAl ratio resulted in Al(Ga)-polarity layers on C-SiC. Otherwise, N-polarity layers resulted. The polarities of AlN and GaN layers were conveniently determined by their etching rate in KOH or H 3 PO 4 , namely the etching rate on N-polarity is substantial larger, a method reported earlier. We suggest that the Al adatoms form several Al adlayers on C-SiC and change the incorporation sequence of Ga(Al) and N leading to a metal polarity surface. In addition, the hexagonal pyramids, typical on N-polarity GaN surface, are absent on N-polarity GaN grown on off-axis C-SiC owing to high density of terraces on the substrate surface. The properties of GaN layers grown on C-SiC have been studied by X-ray diffraction and are reported in this paper.
Saving Society from the ‘Presumption of Reason’: Classical Conservative and New Right Anti-Welfarism in Post-War America

This article clarifies some of the contradictions of post-war American conservatism. It chiefly investigates and critiques the traditionalist (i.e. classical) conservative origins of the anti-statism and anti-welfarism of the American New Right and some of the main outlets from which its ideas were mobilized during this period. This brief intellectual and political history explains some of the origins of the anti-statism and anti-left populism which are so visible in today’s conservative movement and which significantly inform contemporary policy discourse. The article concludes that while a fundamental contribution of the American New Right was that it successfully integrated variable forms of conservatism, which had benefited the conservative movement, both politically and ideologically, it had not yet adopted an analysis of poverty and welfare entitlements which highlighted the racial composition of the welfare rolls and behavior explanations for economic hardship. Nor had it yet problematized the chan...
The nature of complex formation between cytochrome c and cytochrome c peroxidase

Abstract 1. The nature of the forces involved in complex formation between cytochrome c and yeast cytochrome c peroxidase have been examined. 2. Polycations ( e.g. polylysine of 3000 and 150 000 mol. wt. and salmine) act as competitive inhibitors of cytochrome c peroxidation by cytochrome c peroxidase thereby supporting the previous ideas that electrostatic forces play a predominant role in complex formation between the two proteins. 3. Kinetic and physical studies employing acetylated and guanidinated cytochromes c provide additional support for the significance of electrostatic interactions in complex formation and stress the importance of the net positive charge on cytochrome c rather than the lysine residues per se . 4. Cytochrome c also forms a Sephadex-detectable complex with the dimethyl protoheme ester derivative of cytochrome c peroxidase. This observation, along with other kinetic studies, suggests that the cytochrome c binding site on cytochrome c peroxidase may be associated with the protein rather than the heme. 5. The similarities of cytochrome c peroxidase in its reaction with cytochrome c to that of mammalian cytochrome oxidase are discussed.
The adaptive value of larval behavior of a colonial ascidian

Didemnum candidum Savigny, 1816 is an abundant member of the fouling community encrusting docks in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. In the laboratory, larvae of D. candidum are positively phototactic upon release, but become indifferent to the direction of light prior to settlement. In both the laboratory and the field, settlement is most abundant on shaded, downward-facing surfaces, the location where juvenile survival is greatest. The colonial ascidians Diplosoma listerianum Milne-Edwards, 1842 and Diplosoma sp. also settle abundantly on shaded undersurfaces in the field. Juvenile survival of the Diplosoma species is not affected by exposure to direct light, while survival is greatest on downward-facing surfaces. For Didemnum candidum, light is an important environmental cue used by larvae to locate settlement sites on shaded, downward-facing surfaces where juvenile survival is enhanced.
MELD and PELD: Application of survival models to liver allocation

In 1998, the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) issued the final rule,1 in which the principles of organ allocation were defined, to govern the operation of the Organ Procurement and Transplant Network (OPTN). This rule included the following guidelines for organ allocation: (1) organs should be allocated to transplant candidates in the order of medical urgency; (2) the role of waiting times should be minimized, and (3) attempts should be made to avoid futile transplants and to promote efficient use of our scarce donor organs. The consensus opinion to minimize waiting time was based on 2 recent reports that analyzed the impact of waiting time on survival of liver patients on the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) waiting list: one from the Institute of Medicine2 and a second report from Freeman et al.3 Both studies concluded that waiting time did not correlate with death on the waiting list and therefore should be de-emphasized in developing a new allocation algorithm. The challenge put forth by this conclusion was to create an allocation policy that made the most effective use of organs especially by making them available, whenever feasible, to the most medically urgent patients who are appropriate candidates for transplantation. This challenge was accepted by the UNOS Liver and Intestinal Committee, whose task it was to (1) make an assessment of the current allocation policy including the Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) score, (2) evaluate a number of previously published survival models that were developed to estimate survival of patients with end-stage liver disease, and (3) develop a new disease severity index to be utilized to allocate liver donor organs in the future. After careful deliberation and extensive input from transplant hepatologists and surgeons, a number of guidelines were established for creating an index of disease severity to estimate survival in patients with chronic liver disease. By consensus, it was determined that such a disease severity index should rely on a few, readily available, objective variables that would be generally applicable to a heterogeneous group of patients with end-stage liver disease, to determine the risk of dying. Finally, the severity index should be clinically and statistically validated and be able to predict the probability of death in groups of patients with chronic liver disease who are demographically diverse and of varying etiology and disease severity. There was agreement among the committee that such a new index should not be introduced without careful prospective evaluation of the potential impact that such a model may have on the gravely ill patients awaiting liver transplant.
Syntheses of 14C-mustard-labelled and 14C-leucine-labelled Asaley

The synthesis of Asaley labelled with 14C in the mustard (Asaley-must-14C) or the leucine (Asaley-leu-14C) moiety is described. In the former, ethyl pamino-Nα-acetyl-DL-phenylalanyl-L-leucinate was reacted with ethylene oxide(U)-14C to give the bis(hydroxyethyl)amino analogue, which was converted to Asaley by treatment with thionyl chloride. Asaley labelled in the leucine moiety was prepared by condensation of N-acetylsarcolysin with ethyl leucinate(U)-14C in the presence of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. The identity of the products was established by spectroscopic, chemical, and chromatographic techniques.
Effectiveness of a low-fat vegetarian diet in altering serum lipids in healthy premenopausal women

Few controlled trials have studied cholesterol-lowering diets in premenopausal women. None has examined the cholesterol-lowering effect of a low-fat vegetarian diet, which, in other population groups, leads to marked reductions in serum cholesterol concentrations and, in combination with other life-style changes, a regression of atherosclerosis. We tested the hypothesis that a low-fat, vegetarian diet significantly reduces serum total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations in premenopausal women. In a crossover design, 35 women, aged 22 to 48, followed a low-fat vegetarian diet deriving approximately 10% of energy from fat for 2 menstrual cycles. For 2 additional cycles, they followed their customary diet while also taking a "supplement" (placebo) pill. Serum lipid concentrations were assessed at baseline and during each intervention phase. Mean serum LDL, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and total cholesterol concentrations decreased 16. 9%, 16.5%, and 13.2%, respectively, from baseline to the intervention diet phase (p<0.001), whereas mean serum triacylglycerol concentration increased 18.7% (p<0.01). LDL/HDL ratio remained unchanged. Thus, in healthy premenopausal women, a low-fat vegetarian diet led to rapid and sizable reductions in serum total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol concentrations.
Potential Applications of Pulsed Flow for Minimizing Concentration Polarization in Ultrafiltration

Abstract Various methods have been proposed to control or minimize concentration polarization and membrane fouling. A brief review of these alternatives is presented in this paper. Flow pulsation as a means of improving transmembrane flux has been studied experimentally by a few investigators. A mathematical model is developed to evaluate the performance of a tubular membrane module under oscillatory flow conditions. Besides the effect of osmotic pressure and axial pressure variation, the model considers the convective-diffusive mass transport without decoupling the momentum equation from the solute continuity equation. Model equations are solved by a finite difference method as part of an iterative solution. Model predictions of transmembrane flux with experimental data are found to be in good agreement. By flow pulsing, it is possible to improve the transmembrane flux by more than 68% at pulsing frequency of 60 cycles · min−1. An analysis of extra power requirement for flow oscillation shows that the ga...
Postoperative radiotherapy of intracranial ependymoma in pediatric and adult patients

Abstract In 33 patients undergoing operation and postoperative irradiation for intracranial ependymomas between January 1963 and December 1983, the tumor was grade 1 or 2 in 26 (79%) patients and grade 3 or 4 in 7 (21%). Operation consisted of only biopsy in 1 (3%), subtotal removal of tumor in 28 (85%), and gross total resection in 4 (12%). All patients received brain irradiation with a median dose of 4800 cGy. Seventeen (52%) patients also received spinal axis irradiation (median dose, 3000 cGy) which included 5 with high-grade tumors and 12 with low-grade infratentorial tumors. The relapse-free and overall survival rates at 5 years were 61% and 62%, respectively. Prognostic factors analyzed for statistically significant survival differences included age, sex, hydrocephalus, site, grade, extent of operation, extent of brain field, spinal axis irradiation, and brain dose. Grade was the only significant factor found: the 5-year survival of patients with low-grade ependymomas, 71%, was significantly better ( p
The Place of Group Consciousness in Black Autobiographical Narratives

This article argues that Black autobiographers emphasize group consciousness in their narratives because of their common experience of unmitigated sufferings and psychological traumas occasioned by racial oppression, racism and exploitation. The commonality of Black experience manifested itself most importantly in the European and Arabic slave trades, slavery, oppression as well as in White colonization of Africa.
An objective approach to scoring essays

The analytical approach for scoring essays allows an instructor to be fairly objective. It consists of four steps: (a) specifying the features the answer must contain; (b) specifying the criteria for judging the adequacy of each feature; (c) assigning point values to each of the criteria; and (d) reading each student’s answer using the criteria to help determine the student’s score.
Comments on the classification of intracellular symbiotes of cockroaches and a description of the species

Abstract The intracellular symbiotic microorganisms of cockroaches (Blattidae) are described. The organisms possess cytological and ultrastructural features of both Grampositive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as of rickettsiae. Authors attempting to classify these microorganisms have placed them in six different genera, primarily according to the characteristics of the cultured forms. Comparison of cultured organisms of different authors with each other and with the organisms in their natural state leaves no doubt that only contaminants have been cultured. One description, based solely on the cytological characteristics' of the microorganisms as they exist in the insect, names Blattabacterium cuenoti Hollande and Favre, 1931 , as the type-species of the genus. It is the purpose of this communication to call attention to this species, and to point out that it represents the only known symbiote of the Blattidae.
High speed puncture testing of thermoplastics

An extensive study has been made of a broad range of polymeric materials, by the instrumented high speed puncture method. The range of strain rates prevalent in these tests has been related to the strain rates in parts subjected to normal abuse. It has been further demonstrated that at some critical test speed each material exhibited a load maximum which is accompanied by a change in the mode of failure and loss of ductility. This “critical speed” has been shown to be characteristic of the material under test.
Isolation Within Isolation: A Solitary Century of African‐American Vernacular English

The nature of language diversity in small, isolated communities is considered by examining a unique sociolingustic situation in which a one African-American family has resided for over 130 years on a small island community located off the Southeastern coast of the United States. The Anglo-American community maintained a distinctive dialect due to their isolation from the mainland United States, while the sole African-American family maintained a variety heavily influenced by African-American Vernacular English. Although some assimilation to the surrounding Anglo-American variety has taken place, a number of salient African-American Vernacular English features are still used by the single African-American resident of the island. At the same time, the most marked items of the Anglo-American Outer Banks variety have not been assimilated, thus demonstrating the symbolic exclusion of the African-American speaker from the Anglo community despite her life-long residency.
Cloning and sequencing of cDNA encoding for a human sperm antigen involved in fertilization

A cDNA encoding for a sperm antigen, designated NZ-2, was cloned and sequenced from human testis cDNA-lambda gt11 expression library by using antibodies to human sperm surface antigens belonging to 14-18 kD molecular regions. These sperm antigens are involved in binding to zona pellucida of the human oocyte. Computer generated translation analysis of 963-bp cDNA yielded an open reading frame (ORF) of 163 amino acids (aa) with first ATG, Met start codon at nucleotide (nt) 335 and the stop codon TAA at nt 824. The NZ-2 cDNA has 335-bp 5' and 139-bp 3' noncoding regions. The translated protein has a calculated molecular weight of approximately 19 kD, and has two casein kinase II (CK-2) sites at aa 94-97 and 149-152, respectively. Extensive computer search in the GenBank, National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), and Swiss database indicates it to be a novel protein, having 99.5% nt sequence similarity, except for the first 40-bp, only with the human bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) containing cloned human sperm DNA, at position 76935-76009. The in vitro translated product of T3 RNA polymerase by using NZ-2 cDNA digested with XhoI yielded a protein band of approximately 20 kD, indicating it to be sense strand. The in vitro translated product of T7 RNA polymerase by using NZ-2 cDNA digested with NotI did not yield any protein band, indicating it to be antisense strand. The approximately 20 kD protein was recognized specifically by the antisperm IgG, not by the control IgG in the Western blot procedure. Neither antisperm IgG nor control IgG recognized any protein band in the in vitro translation products of the antisense strand. The human genomic DNAs from three different cells/tissues namely, sperm, kidney, and testis when cut by HindIII, and then hybridized with the NZ-2 cDNA probe in the Southern blot procedure, showed restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). The recombinant human sperm NZ-2 antigen may find applications in the development of a contraceptive vaccine, and diagnosis and treatment of infertility in humans.
Case Conceptualizations: The Missing Link Between Theory and Practice:

A good case conceptualization should effectively link a client’s presenting problem to a treatment plan as well as provide the basis for tailoring treatment to client need and expectations. Case conceptualization can also provide a tangible marker of a trainee’s capacity to link or integrate theory and practice. Unfortunately, family therapy has been notably silent about case conceptualizations and either of these links, despite the fact that case conceptualization is probably indispensable when health issues impact couples or family dynamics. This article discusses these considerations. It then describes pattern analysis, a clinically useful strategy for case conceptualization and sequencing treatment for individuals, couples, and families and applies it to the impact of health issues on family dynamics. A case example illustrates the linking functions of a case conceptualization and the application of pattern analysis to the planning and sequencing of treatment involving adolescent diabetes in a family ...
Measurement of hemoglobin saturation in tumor microvasculature in preclinical models using hyperspectral imaging

Tumor hypoxia has been shown to be of prognostic value in several clinical trials involving radiation, chemotherapy, and surgery. Studies of tumor oxygenation at the microvascular and microregional levels can provide understanding of tumor oxygen transport on scales comparable to the diffusion distance of oxygen in tissue. To fully grasp the significance of blood oxygen delivery and hypoxia at the microvascular level, the spatial and temporal relationship of blood oxygenation data must be preserved and mapped. Using tumors grown in dorsal skin-fold window chamber models, hyperspectral imaging can provide spatial maps of blood oxygenation in terms of hemoglobin saturation at the microvascular level, and these measurements can be performed serially in the same animal in a non-invasive fashion with relative technical ease. A hyperspectral imaging system has been constructed to create image maps of hemoglobin saturation in microvasculature of tumors grown in dorsal skin-fold window chambers. Preliminary baseline studies of early tumor development using 4T1 mouse mammary carcinomas are currently being conducted with the system.
Comments on size dispersion in living systems

Abstract The use of a size dispersion term in population balance analyses of living systems is discussed. Results show that the use of the term with a constant dispersion coefficient results in the prediction that some members of the population should shrink in size at later times. It is argued, therefore, that, if the use of the term is fundamentally correct and represents a real phenomenon, the coefficient must decrease with time, as the population reaches its terminal average size. In the final analysis more work is needed to clearly understand the appropriate use of the size dispersion term for living systems.
Auslander's robot

AbstractIn a challenge to our notions of what constitutes live performance, Philip Auslander illustrates his discussion through the technology of the ‘chatterbot’. Auslander intimates that the ontological origin of the performer is not of primary importance when deciding whether or not a performance can be considered ‘live.’ To explore this crisis, I propose that we imagine a hypothetical machine, a theoretical construct inspired by Auslander's suggestion that machines are capable of live performance; this machine, ‘Auslander's Robot,’ can be built to demonstrate the theories that Auslander has outlined in his work on performance, presence, resistance, liveness, and the postmodern body. Such a construct may give us a deeper understanding of these theories and a deeper understanding of the nature of live performance. In each of these instances, we find that a distinction must be made regarding such terms when used in a technological context against a cultural context; sometimes these categories intersect. ...
Viscosity-Drift Technique for Determination of Critical Liquid-Liquid Immiscibility Temperature of Glasses

The time dependence of the low-temperature viscosity was used to determine the occurrence of phase separation in glass systems and to measure the critical immiscibility temperature. The technique is fast and easily performed and can be applied to materials with very low immiscibility gaps. Immiscibility temperatures for several technically important glass compositions are given.
A one-step synthesis of γ-pyrones

Abstract The potassium enolate of 4-methoxy-3-buten-2-one reacts with acid chlorides anhydrides and acylimidazoles by C-acylation and in situ cyclization to afford 2-substituted γ-pyrones directly.
Pay Differentials as a Function of Rater's Sex, Money Ethic, and Job Incumbent's Sex: A Test of the Matthew Effect.

Abstract A hypothetical organization chart was adopted to examine the relative worth of five positions and pay differentials as a function of rater's sex, Money Ethic endorsement, and job incumbent's sex. Results show that job incumbent's sex has no impact on pay allocations in the present study. Significant two-way interaction effects between subject's sex and Money Ethic endorsement were found. Further analyses showed that men with high Money Ethic endorsement allocated significantly more money to the highest position and significantly less money to the lowest positions than did those with low Money Ethic endorsement. However, women's allocations of money were not affected by their endorsement of the Money Ethic. Thus, men's allocation of position worth supports the Matthew Effect.
Micro-Raman Thermometry of Laser Heated Surfaces

Optically powered devices are typically irradiated by high intensity lasers and rely on the temperature excursion generated by the laser for operation. While numerical modeling can estimate the temperature profile of the irradiated devices, only direct measurements can determine the actual device temperatures. Available surface thermometry techniques, such as infrared imaging, scanning thermal microscopy and thermoreflectance are generally incompatible with an optical powering scheme, the micron-scale layer thicknesses of microsystem devices, or both. In this paper we discuss the use of micro-Raman thermometry to obtain the first spatially-resolved temperature measurements of various polycrystalline silicon (polysilicon) surfaces heated with an 808 nm continuous wave (CW) laser at a 60° angle of incidence. The micron-scale resolution of the micro-Raman technique permitted mapping of the surface temperature in the vicinity of the heating laser spot and throughout the device. In addition to discussing the requirements for accurate data collection, the implications of optical interference on the heated structures are also considered.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Coherent Path Tracing

Packet tracing is a popular and efficient method for accelerating ray tracing. However, packet traversal techniques become inefficient when they are applied to path tracing since the secondary rays are incoherent. In this paper, we present a simple technique for improving the coherency of secondary rays. This technique uses the same sequence of random numbers for generating secondary rays for all the pixels in each sample. This improves the efficiency of the packet tracing algorithm but creates structured noise patterns in the image. We propose an interleaved sampling scheme that reduces the correlation in the noise and makes it virtually imperceptible in the final image. Coherent path tracing is unbiased, simple to implement, and outperforms standard path tracing with packet tracing, while producing images with similar RMS error values.
573 HETEROZYGOTE EXPRESSION IN PROPIONYL CoA CARBOXYLASE (PCC) DEFICIENCY: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE MAJOR COMPLEMENTATION GROUPS

PCC deficiency, an autosomal recessively inherited disorder, constitutes at least two major genetic complementation groups (A and C) each characterized by the presence of structurally altered PCC. We now report studies of PCC activity in tissue extracts from controls and obligate heterozygotes from both complementation groups. PCC activity in fibroblast extracts from 6 group A heterozygotes was 43-64% of that in control extracts (p<0.001), while activity in 12 group C heterozygotes was indistinguishable from control values. Similar results were obtained using peripheral blood leukocytes. In none of 8 families (5 group C; 3 group A) in which PCC activity was studied in both parents of an affected child were significant differences observed between parents. Thermostability (45°C) of PCC activity in heterozygotes from both groups was identical to control. Activities of two other mitochondrial enzymes (β-methylcrotonyl CoA carboxylase and glutamate dehydrogenase) were comparable in controls and both groups of heterozygotes. Whereas the data from group A heterozygotes conforms to expected gene-dose effects, the results from group C heterozygotes are distinctly unusual. Since mammalian PCC is a tetramer, the latter results may reflect any of the following mechanisms: normal PCC activity in tetramers with at least one normal subunit; an increased proportion of normal subunits due to increased degradation of mutant subunits; or compensatory synthesis of normal subunits.
Tissue predilection sites and effect of dose on Mycobacterium avium subs. paratuberculosis organism recovery in a short-term bovine experimental oral infection model

Abstract The objective of this study was to develop a short-term experimental infection model for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in cattle, using small oral doses of organisms. Specifically, the effect of dose size was evaluated, as well as specific tissue predilection sites for recovery of MAP. Oral doses as low as 1.5 × 106 CFU reliably produced infection that could be detected 3 weeks following infection. Detection of infection required culture of multiple intestinal samples (jejunum and ileum) for MAP. Histological examination did not permit detection at this early stage. Results from this study suggest intestinal mucosa, rather than tonsil, as the primary portal of entry for MAP. The experimental infection model described here is useful for studying the early effects of preventive and therapeutic interventions for paratuberculosis in cattle.
The formation of contractile vacuoles in Amoeba proteus

The history of investigations on the contractile vacuole is reviewed briefly and brought up to date. The study of the contractile vacuole in Amoeba proteus is considered from standpoints of origin, structure, behavior, and function. The results are obtained from a prolonged study of normal organisms and from their reactions when introduced into conductivity water. The origin of vacuoles is studied by means of dark-field illumination which reveals the vacuole to be formed from a fusion and coalescence of extremely minute droplets. The retaining ‘wall’ of the contractile vacuole is not a permanent structure, but is in the nature of a condensation membrane, totally disappearing with each contraction. The loci of the contractile vacuoles are not permanent, but vacuoles are formed more or less at random. It is unlikely that they are supported in gelated areas, for amoebae with a dozen vacuoles are quite active and there is no interference with amoeboid movement. Conductivity water increases the size, number, and rate of contraction of contractile vacuoles, which suggests that they may function in maintaining an osmotic gradient as well as in the elimination of metabolic waste.
Steroid suppression of protein synthesis of activated human lymphocytes.

Abstract In vivo and in vitro studies of the effect of methylprednisolone on protein synthesis of activated lymphocytes has been carried out using [ 3 H]leucine incorporation into lymphocytes as the assay system. PHA and allogeneic cells (two-way MLC) were used to activate the lymphocytes in vitro . It was found that 5 μg/ml of methylprednisolone produced a significant reduction in [ 3 H]leucine incorporation and that higher concentrations did not increase the suppressant effect. Lower concentrations often did produce the same magnitude of suppression. SPS during the MLC was inhibited to a greater extent and at lower concentrations of methylprednisolone than PHA-activated lymphocytes. Patients on maintenance immunosuppression with normally functioning renal allografts had normal SPS responses to PHA. Patients with rejecting renal transplants receiving higher doses of immunosuppressive drugs often had diminished SPS responses to PHA.
The role of the NBS radio standards laboratory

This paper describes three major roles played by the NBS Radio Standards Laboratory in the field of electromagnetic measurements. It highlights the primary technical areas of the Laboratory with specific examples of the work involved, and mentions the various services which the Laboratory provides to the nation. It also describes the dynamic character and wide range of research in radio metrology at a national standards laboratory.
Religious beliefs and practices are associated with better mental health in family caregivers of patients with dementia: findings from the REACH study.

Objective Providing care to a loved one with dementia and the death of that loved one are generally considered two of the most stressful human experiences. Each puts family caregivers at risk of psychologic morbidity. Although research has suggested that religious beliefs and practices are associated with better mental health, little is known about whether religion is associated with better mental health in family caregivers. Our objective, then, is to explore the relationship between religion and mental health in active and bereaved dementia caregivers Methods A total of 1,229 caregivers of persons with moderate to severe dementia were recruited from six geographically diverse sites in the United States and followed prospectively for up to 18 months. Three measures of religion: 1) the frequency of attendance at religious services, meetings, and/or activities; 2) the frequency of prayer or meditation; and 3) the importance of religious faith/spirituality were collected. Mental health outcomes were caregiver depression (Center for Epidemiological Studies–Depression [CES-D] scale) and complicated grief (Inventory of Complicated Grief [ICG]). Results Religious beliefs and practices were important to the majority of caregivers. After controlling for significant covariates, the three measures of religion were associated with less depressive symptoms in current caregivers. Frequent attendance was also associated with less depression and complicated grief in the bereaved. Conclusions Religious beliefs and practices, and religious attendance in particular, are associated with better mental health in family caregivers of persons with dementia.
Cardiac structure and function

In the cardiac function and heart failure category, 1,143 abstracts were submitted and 377 accepted for presentation. For clarity, this manuscript will be divided into a number of different highlight subcategories. Circulatory assist devices have an established role as destination therapy and a
Exogenous Calcium Preconditions Myocardium from Patients Taking Oral Sulfonylurea Agents

We have previously reported that atrial trabeculae from patients taking oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agents cannot be preconditioned by transient ischemia, which may, in part, explain the increased cardiovascular mortality historically associated with the use of these agents (J. C. Cleveland et al., 1997, Circulation 96, 29-32). Recently, we reported that clinically accessible and acceptable exogenous Ca(2+) pretreatment protects human atrial trabeculae from subsequent ischemia (B. S. Cain et al., 1998, Ann. Thoracic Surg. 65, 1065-1070). It remains unknown whether this preconditioning strategy could confer protection to trabeculae from patients taking oral sulfonylurea drugs. We therefore hypothesized that exogenous Ca(2+) confers ischemic protection to trabeculae from patients taking oral sulfonylureas. Human atrial trabeculae were suspended in organ baths and field stimulated at 1 Hz, and force development was recorded. Following 90 min equilibration, trabeculae from patients taking oral sulfonylurea agents (n = 6 patients) were subjected to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R; 45/120 min) with or without Ca(2+) (1 mM increase x 5 min) 10 min prior to I/R. I/R decreased postischemic human myocardial contractility in trabeculae from patients on oral hypoglycemics to 15.3 +/- 2.0% baseline developed force (%BDF). Ca(2+) pretreatment increased postischemic human myocardial developed force to 35.3 +/- 2.9 %BDF in these patients (P < 0.05 vs I/R, ANOVA and Bonferroni/Dunn). We conclude that atrial muscle from patients taking oral hypoglycemic agents can be preconditioned with exogenous Ca(2+). This therapy may offer a clinically relevant means to precondition the myocardium of diabetics taking oral hypoglycemic agents prior to clinical interventions such as coronary angioplasty or cardiac bypass.
Why Photography Matters as Art as Never Before: Michael Fried

(2010). Why Photography Matters as Art as Never Before: Michael Fried. Photography and Culture: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 91-94.
Nanoindentation of silver-relations between hardness and dislocation structure

The depth dependence of hardness in a well-annealed single crystal of silver has been characterized in nanoindentation experiments. The work is based on similar experiments performed by Chen and Hendrickson, but extends their results to indent depths on the nanometer scale. The hardness is generally found to increase with decreasing depth, with a rather sharp increase observed at depths of less than 50 nm. Using etch pitting to reveal the surface dislocation structure after indentation, the sharp rise in hardness is found to be associated with the disappearance of dislocation rosette patterns and any signs of near-surface dislocation activity, thereby suggesting that very small scale indentation plasticity may take place by nondislocation mechanisms. However, order of magnitude calculations show that possible alternatives, specifically, diffusional mechanisms, are too slow to make significant contributions. It is suggested that for very small indents, either the surface dislocation debris is quickly annealed out before it can be observed or indentation plasticity is accommodated entirely by subsurface dislocation activity.
Opposing effects of glucocorticoids and Wnt signaling on Krox20 and mineral deposition in osteoblast cultures

Krox20 is expressed in osteoblasts and chondrocytes, and is required for trabecular bone formation during embryogenesis. Here we show by RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis that Krox20 is up-regulated during late stages of osteoblast differentiation in culture. Glucocorticoids (GCs) rapidly inhibit the expression of Krox20 as well its co-activator, HCF-1, resulting in inhibition of the Osteocalcin Krox20-binding Enhancer (OKE). GCs also inhibit expression of EGR1, EGR3, and EGR4. OKE activity, which is dependent on the presence of Runx2, was independent of the osteocalcin promoter Runx2 binding site. In contrast to GCs, activation of the Wnt, but not the BMP or the PTH signaling pathways, stimulated Krox20 expression as well as activity of the OKE. GC-mediated suppression of Krox20 expression was compromised, albeit not completely, in the presence of DKK1, suggesting that the inhibition occurs in both Wnt-dependent and Wnt-independent manners. Furthermore, Wnt3A partially rescued Krox20 expression in GC-arrested osteoblast cultures and this was accompanied by rescue of mineralization. These findings are consistent with a role for Krox20 in osteoblast function and suggest that this transcription factor may contribute to the opposing effects of GCs and Wnt signaling on bone formation.
Establishing neural crest identity: a gene regulatory recipe

The neural crest is a stem/progenitor cell population that contributes to a wide variety of derivatives, including sensory and autonomic ganglia, cartilage and bone of the face and pigment cells of the skin. Unique to vertebrate embryos, it has served as an excellent model system for the study of cell behavior and identity owing to its multipotency, motility and ability to form a broad array of cell types. Neural crest development is thought to be controlled by a suite of transcriptional and epigenetic inputs arranged hierarchically in a gene regulatory network. Here, we examine neural crest development from a gene regulatory perspective and discuss how the underlying genetic circuitry results in the features that define this unique cell population.
Copolymers of vinyl chloride and some vinyl esters of acids derived from pinene

Homopolymers of terpene-derived vinyl monomers and copolymers of these with vinyl chloride incorporating varying amounts of the terpene-derived monomers have been described. Copolymers incorporating 24–26% of terpene-derived monomer were screened as rigid plastics. None of these comonomers resulted in an internally plasticized film when incorporated in the copolymer. A homopolymer-copolymer blend exhibited limited compatibility. The use of an external plasticizer with these copolymer compositions appears to have merit.
Spectrophotometric properties of materials observed by Pancam on the Mars Exploration Rovers: 2. Opportunity

[1] The Panoramic Camera (Pancam) on the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity acquired visible/near-infrared multispectral observations of soils and rocks under varying viewing and illumination geometries that were modeled using radiative transfer theory to improve interpretations of the microphysical and surface scattering nature of materials in Meridiani Planum. Nearly 25,000 individual measurements were collected of rock and soil units identified by their color and morphologic properties over a wide range of phase angles (0–150°) at Eagle crater, in the surrounding plains, in Endurance crater, and in the plains between Endurance and Erebus craters through Sol 492. Corrections for diffuse skylight incorporated sky models based on observations of atmospheric opacity throughout the mission. Disparity maps created from Pancam stereo images allowed inclusion of local facet orientation estimates. Outcrop rocks overall exhibited the highest single scattering albedos (≤0.9 at 753 nm), and most spherule-rich soils exhibited the lowest (≤0.6 at 753 nm). Macroscopic roughness among outcrop rocks varied but was typically larger than spherule-rich soils. Data sets with sufficient phase angle coverage (resulting in well-constrained Hapke parameters) suggested that models using single-term and two-term Henyey-Greenstein phase functions exhibit a dominantly broad backscattering trend for most undisturbed spherule-rich soils. Rover tracks and other compressed soils exhibited forward scattering, while outcrop rocks were intermediate in their scattering behaviors. Some phase functions exhibited wavelength-dependent trends that may result from variations in thin deposits of airfall dust that occurred during the mission.
Reamed surface topography and component seating in press-fit cementless acetabular fixation

Thirty-eight paired, size-matched, fresh-frozen cadaver acetabulae were used to study reamed surface topography and the seating of on-line versus oversized noncemented components. Four commonly used constructs were considered: on-line reamed and 2-mm oversized hemispherical cups, and on-line reamed and 1-mm oversized dual-radius cups. Reamed surface topography was indexed by three-dimensional surfaces mathematically fitted to digitized castings. Component seating was indexed by the distribution of bone-cup contact and the thickness of the gap between the component backing and the bone. The reamed surfaces were better approximated by slightly blunt ellipsoids than by spheres, especially for the smaller acetabulae. Seating of the on-line hemispherical cups was best near the pole and poorest near the equator, whereas the converse was true for the 1-mm oversized dual-radius cups. The on-line dual-radius cups offered better overall compromise between polar and equatorial contact than did the 2-mm oversized hemispherical components.
Effects of Compliant Coupling on Cooperative and Bimanual Task Performance

Coupled bimanual rehabilitation allows an individual with hemiparesis to use their sound arm to assist their impaired arm during rehabilitation. This method of self-rehabilitation could be used as a low-cost alternative for home rehabilitation, however, few studies have looked at the effects of coupling stiffness and symmetry mode on bimanual task performance. We have developed a compliant bimanual rehabilitation device (CBRD) that allows for the symmetry mode and stiffness of the coupling to be easily changed. Our results show the CBRD effectively couples the motions of two individuals in a task simulating hemiparesis, and that for some tasks, the symmetry mode and stiffness affect completion time. A stiffer coupling resulted in faster completion times and lower error. The device also reduced the completion time and error of bimanual tasks performed by healthy individuals.
Original Contribution: Forecasting the behavior of multivariate time series using neural networks

This paper presents a neural network approach to multivariate time-series analysis. Real world observations of flour prices in three cities have been used as a benchmark in our experiments. Feedforward connectionist networks have been designed to model flour prices over the period from August 1972 to November 1980 for the cities of Buffalo, Minneapolis, and Kansas City. Remarkable success has been achieved in training the networks to learn the price curve for each of these cities and in making accurate price predictions. Our results show that the neural network approach is a leading contender with the statistical modeling approaches.
Cytochrome P450 1B1 Is Required for 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)-anthracene (DMBA) Induced Spleen Cell Immunotoxicity

7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) is a potent carcinogen that induces immunosuppression of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity in mice and other species. Previous studies have shown that CYP1B1 is required for bone marrow toxicity produced by DMBA in mice. Therefore, the purpose of these studies was to determine whether CYP1B1 was required for spleen cell immunotoxicity. Female C57BL/6N wild-type (WT) and CYP1B1 knockout (-/-) mice were treated with 0, 17, 50, or 150 mg/kg (cumulative dose) DMBA in corn oil by oral gavage once a day for five days. Several immunotoxicological assays were used to assess the effects of DMBA on systemic immunity. These included the in vitro T-dependent antibody response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) measured using a direct plaque forming cell (PFC) assay, T- and B-cell mitogenesis induced by Con A and LPS, and nonspecific cell-mediated immunity was evaluated using an NK cytotoxicity assay. In addition, lymphocyte subpopulations were measured by flow cytometry using specific cell surface markers. Following five days of DMBA treatment, the body weights and spleen cell surface markers of the WT and CYP1B1 (-/-) mice showed no significant changes. A decrease in NK activity was found at the 50 mg/kg DMBA dose in WT mice, but not in the CYP1B1 (-/-) mice. Interestingly, at the 150 mg/kg dose of DMBA, CYP1B1 null mice had decreased NK activity, whereas WT mice did not. The SRBC PFC response demonstrated that the IgM antibody response was suppressed by DMBA in WT mice in a dose-dependent manner (significant at 50 and 150 mg/kg). However, there were no changes in the SRBC PFC responses in any DMBA test group in the CYP1B1 (-/-) mice. Similarly, while DMBA suppressed B- and T-cell mitogenesis at the 50 and 150 mg/kg dose levels in C57BL/6N WT mice, no effect was seen in CYP1B1 (-/-) mice. Thus, CYP1B1 appears to be critical for the immunosuppression of DMBA in mice, suggesting a role for bioreactive metabolites in the spleen cell immunotoxicity produced by DMBA.
The Electrical Conductivities of Aqueous Solutions of Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate and Sodium Hexadecyl Sulphate at Different Temperatures

The classical work of McBain on the electrical conductivity and other properties of aqueous solutions of the soaps led him to postulate the formation of the ionic micelle. This aggregate of ions has a greater mobility than that of the ions composing it, and its formation accounts for the characteristic increase in conductivity exhibited by colloidal electrolytes. The conception has resulted in great advance in the study of all classes of colloidal electrolytes e. g ., protein and gelatine salts, dyes, and other substances of high molecular weight.
Activation energy for thermal inactivation and Km of carbonic anhydrase from the cotton plant

Abstract A low-activation energy (35 000 cal.) for thermal inactivation and a large Km value (11·10−3 moles) for substrate affinity were found from carbonic anhydrase of the cotton plant, which was reported to be heat-tolerant but low in the rate of CO2-fixation.
Issues in Literacy Assessment: Facing the Realities of Internal and External Assessment

We are at a crossroads in literacy assessment. The forms and products of assessment are being critiqued in unprecedented ways by an unprecedented range of stakeholders—psychometricians (e.g., Linn, Baker, & Dunbar, 1991; Shepherd, 1991), policy-makers (e.g., Darling-Hammond, 1991; Smith, 1991), test publishers (e.g., Kean, 1992), literacy researchers (e.g., Calfee & Hiebert, 1991; Farr, 1992; Johnston, Afflerbach, & Weiss, 1993; Valencia & Pearson, 1987) and classroom teachers (e.g., Howard, 1990). Many have written about the problems associated with the standardized tests used for external decision-making, whereas others have written about the need to place more emphasis on assessment for instructional purposes. However, few have dealt with the relations between these two assessment purposes that teachers and students must deal with on a continuous basis. In this paper, we explore both the characteristics of, and relations between, two broad purposes of literacy assessment, the tensions resulting from these characteristics and relations, and new ways to think about these tensions so that we might build assessment systems that further the literacy education and achievement of all students.