cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparative locomotor behavior of chimpanzees and bonobos: The influence of morphology on locomotion

Results from a 10 month study of adult male and female bonobos (Pan paniscus) in the Lomako Forest, Zaire, and those from a 7 month study of adult male and female chimpanzees in the Tai Forest, Ivory Coast (Pan troglodytes verus), were compared in order to determine whether there are species differences in locomotor behavior and substrate use and, if so, whether these differences support predictions made on the basis of interspecific morphological differences. Results indicate that bonobos are more arboreal than chimpanzees and that male bonobos are more suspensory than their chimpanzee counterpart. This would be predicted on the basis of male bonobo's longer and more narrow scapula. This particular finding is contrary to the prediction that the bonobo is a "scaled reduced version of a chimpanzee" with little or no positional behavior difference as had been suggested. This study provides the behavioral data necessary to untangle contradictory interpretations of the morphological differences between chimpanzees and bonobos, and raises a previously discussed (Fleagle: Size and Scaling in Primate Biology, pp. 1-19, 1985) but frequently overlooked point--that isometry in allometric studies does not necessarily equate with behavioral equivalence. Several researchers have demonstrated that bonobos and chimpanzees follow the same scaling trends for many features, and are in some sense functionally equivalent, since they manage to feed and reproduce. However, as reflected in their morphologies, they do so through different types and frequencies of locomotor behaviors.
Glial cell transplanatation and remyelination of the central nervous system

Glial cell transplantation has proved to be a powerful tool in the study of glial cell biology. The extent of myelination achieved by transplanting myelin-producing cells into the CNS of myelin mutants, or into focal demyelinating lesions has raised hope that such a strategy may have therapeutic applications. Oligodendrocytes or Schwann cells could be used for repair. It is likely that the immature stages of the oligodendrocyte lineage have the best phenotypic characteristics for remyelination when transplanted, either as primary cells or as immortalized cells or cell lines. Prior culturing and growth factor treatment provides opportunities to expand cell populations before transplantation as dissociated cell preparations. Cell lines are attractive candidates for transplantation, but the risk of transformation must be monitored. The application of this technique to human myelin disorders may require proof that migration, division and stable remyelination of axons by the transplanted cells can occur in the presence of gliosis and inflammation.
Dynamic Interplay of Spectrosome and Centrosome Organelles in Asymmetric Stem Cell Divisions

Stem cells have remarkable self-renewal ability and differentiation potency, which are critical for tissue repair and tissue homeostasis. Recently it has been found, in many systems (e.g. gut, neurons, and hematopoietic stem cells), that the self-renewal and differentiation balance is maintained when the stem cells divide asymmetrically. Drosophila male germline stem cells (GSCs), one of the best characterized model systems with well-defined stem cell niches, were reported to divide asymmetrically, where centrosome plays an important role. Utilizing time-lapse live cell imaging, customized tracking, and image processing programs, we found that most acentrosomal GSCs have the spectrosomes reposition from the basal end (wild type) to the apical end close to hub-GSC interface (acentrosomal GSCs). In addition, these apically positioned spectrosomes were mostly stationary while the basally positioned spectrosomes were mobile. For acentrosomal GSCs, their mitotic spindles were still highly oriented and divided asymmetrically with longer mitosis duration, resulting in asymmetric divisions. Moreover, when the spectrosome was knocked out, the centrosomes velocity decreased and centrosomes located closer to hub-GSC interface. We propose that in male GSCs, the spectrosome recruited to the apical end plays a complimentary role in ensuring proper spindle orientation when centrosome function is compromised.
Leveraging Identity, Gaining Access: Explorations of Self in Diverse Field-Based Research Settings

Negotiating identity is a salient feature of many researchers’ experiences. In this article, we expand on the current literature in examining how interdisciplinary scholars leverage identity to engage with diverse populations, organizations, and information. Using case studies, findings suggest that it is crucial to share various parts of professional and personal identity, speak the language of participants, reflect on both individual and collective identity, draw upon interdisciplinary training, and recognize the benefits and limitations of flexible identities. Finally, we consider how the integration of researcher identity in early stages of the research process may facilitate its transition into practice.
All-optical switching with a nonlinear chiral photonic bandgap structure

A pump–probe optical switching mechanism that uses a nonlinear chiral photonic bandgap structure is proposed. The switching is achieved by shifting the bandgap of the structure; the chirality permits the use of the same frequency for the pump and the probe beam. The pump beam is never transmitted, so there is no discrimination problem. A new extension of the finite-difference time-domain technique is developed to simulate the propagation of an electromagnetic wave in a Kerr nonlinear chiral medium.
Effects of ambient temperature on a quasi-static axial-crush configuration response of thin-wall, steel box components

Abstract An experimental investigation was performed to study the effects of ambient temperature on axial-crush response of steel, square box components. Test specimens were obtained from commercially produced, welded tube lengths of ASTM A36 and ASTM A513 Type 1 plain low-carbon steels and AISI 316 and AISI 304 austenitic stainless steels. Quasi-static testing was performed at different temperatures using a universal testing machine with an environmental chamber. Removable grooved caps for end constraints and collapse initiators in the form of shallow-machined groove patterns on specimen sidewalls were used to restrict the response of the test specimens to a specific configuration (fold-formation process and the corresponding axial load–axial displacement curve shape) of the symmetric axial-crush response mode. Overall, results indicate that, for three ambient temperatures within automotive thermal operating conditions, axial crush can be restricted to a specific configuration response and a controlled and repeatable energy-absorption process can be obtained. However, depending on the material type, secondary folding-phase load and energy-absorption crush characteristics can be significantly influenced by ambient temperature.
Adhesion and proliferation of corneal epithelial cells on self-assembled monolayers.

The effect of surface chemistry on the proliferation and adhesion of SV-40 human corneal epithelial cells was investigated. The surface chemistry of substrates was controlled by the deposition of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) terminated with the following functional groups: -CF3, -CH3, -CO(2)H, and -NH(2). SAMs of alkanethiols on gold and of alkylsiloxanes on SiOx were included in the study. Comparisons are made between different types and functionalities of SAMs and between SAM-covered substrates and tissue culture polystyrene. Adhesion assays were performed after incubation of the cells for 1 h in 10% fetal bovine serum and in serum-free conditions. The cellular response was found to be a function of surface chemistry and the presence of exogenous proteins. The number of cells that adhered to most of the SAMs in 10% serum and in serum-free conditions was not significantly different from the number of cells that adhered to TCPS. Proliferation assays were carried out in 10% serum and in 0.5% serum. Cell behavior was influenced by surface chemistry but did not deviate significantly from the behavior on TCPS for most of the SAMs. Serum level did not play a major role in cell proliferation. Our data establish the expected behaviors for a corneal epithelial cell line under defined conditions on specific surfaces.
Regulation of glucose transport by pioglitazone in cultured muscle cells

Abstract Recent evidence suggests that pioglitazone, a thiazolidinedione hypoglycemic agent, acts by increasing insulin responsiveness at the peripheral level. We studied the effect of pioglitazone (1 to 50 μg/mL) on the glucose transporter and glucose transport in BC3H-1 cells, a continuously cultured skeletal muscle cell line lacking the myo D transcription factor required for cell fusion. Glucose-fed cells (25 mmol/L) responded to insulin with a more than twofold increase in 2-deoxyglucose (2-DOG) uptake as compared with baseline. Treating these cells with pioglitazone alone for 24 hours resulted in a dose-dependent increase in hexose uptake, reaching twofold at 50 μg/mL. Combining long-term pioglitazone (10 μg/mL for 24 hours) and short-term insulin treatment resulted in an additive effect on 2-DOG uptake over a wide range of insulin concentrations (0.1 to 100 nmol/L) without the desensitization to 2-DOG uptake seen in other systems following long-term insulin administration. To determine the basis of the increased glucose uptake response, the level of specific mRNA and immunoreactive glucose transporter protein was determined. Northern and Western blot studies on glucose-treated cells (25 mmol/L) showed that glucose transporter mRNA and protein increased in parallel following treatment with either pioglitazone or insulin alone. The combination of insulin with pioglitazone resulted in an additive stimulation of glucose transporter mRNA and protein. In summary, pioglitazone stimulates hexose uptake both independently and in combination with insulin in BC3H-1 myocytes. These effects are largely accounted for by increases in glucose transporter mRNA and protein, indicating its potential efficacy in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). These studies suggest that the hypoglycemic effect of pioglitazone is exerted in peripheral tissues at the pretranslational level, and provide a basis for studies of the molecular mechanisms of hypoglycemic agent action on glucose transporter gene transcription and mRNA stability.
Hydrocarbons from plants: Analytical methods and observations

We have suggested that certain plants rich in hydrocarbon-like materials might be cultivated for renewable photosynthetic products. Two species were selected for experimental plantations: Euphorbia lathyris, an annual from seed and Euphorbia tirucalli, a perennial from cuttings. The yield from each species is over 10 barrels of oil/acre/year without genetic or agronomic improvement. In addition to plants, there are trees, such as species of Copaifera in Brazil and other tropical areas, which produce a diesel-like oil upon tapping. Each tree produces approximately 40 liters of hydrocarbon per year, and this material can be used directly by a diesel-powered car. Further efforts to develop plants as alternate energy sources are underway, as well as a continuing search for additional plant species throughout the world which have a similar capability.
Shift switching with domino logic: asynchronous VLSI comparator schemes

We present novel asynchronous VLSI comparator schemes which are based an recently proposed shift switch logic and the traditional (precharged) CMOS domino logic. The schemes always produce a semaphore as a by-product of the process to indicate the end of domino process, which requires no additional delay and a minimal number of additional devices. For a large percentage of inputs the computations are much faster than traditional synchronous comparators due to the full utilization of the inherent speed of the circuits. Also the schemes are simple, area compact and stable.
Tunable dispersion compensation by a rotating cylindrical lens

We present a technique for tunable dispersion compensation that is low cost, high speed, and has a large tuning range. By rotating a cylindrical lens at the Fourier plane of a folded 4f grating pair system, the group-velocity dispersion can be tuned over a range greater than 105 fs2, sufficient for compensating the dispersion of several meters of optical fiber.
Partisan politics, the welfare state, and three worlds of human capital formation

The authors propose a synthesis of power resources theory and welfare production regime theory to explain differences in human capital formation across advanced democracies. Emphasizing the mutuall...
Effect of home blood pressure and gender on estimates of the familial aggregation of blood pressure. The Tecumseh Blood Pressure Study.

Blood pressure (BP) readings from a single clinic visit are often used in population studies investigating the genetic basis of BP. We examined first-degree relatives in the Tecumseh Blood Pressure study to compare heritability estimates of BP readings obtained in the clinic-office setting (the average of two seated readings) with self-reported home BP readings (the average of 14 readings) taken over a 1-week period. The hypothesis tested was that repeated BP readings obtained in the home over the 1-week period would have fewer artifacts (i.e., environmentally induced variability in BP) and thus would better estimate the true "basal" BP that, in turn, would improve heritability estimates. We and others assume that the true basal BP level is heritable. We therefore expected that this "true" BP, by reducing BP variability of offspring, would show a stronger between-sibling correlation and that it would correlate better to parental BP as measured in a clinic setting. Correlation coefficients were calculated between siblings in the present Tecumseh study using self-reported home BP and clinic BP readings. Among 380 siblings (average age, 31.4 years), correlation coefficients for the home readings were of the same magnitude as for office readings (home, r = 0.23, p less than 0.01; office, r = 0.24, p less than 0.01). When offspring clinic BP readings were compared with archived BP data on parents, the correlation between offspring clinic and parental clinic BP readings was stronger (r = 0.24, p less than 0.05) than the correlation of offspring home BP readings to parental clinic BP readings (r = 0.17, p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Necking modes in multilayers and their influence on tearing toughness

Periodic bifurcation modes that occur in ductile multilayered plates or sheets stretched in plane strain tension are analyzed to reveal whether necks are likely to localize at the scale of the thickness of individual layers or at the scale of the full thickness of the multilayer. The energy dissipated in tearing a ductile multilayer scales with the extent of the localized thinning region in the tensile direction. If plates or sheets with high tearing toughness are desired, the combination of layers should be chosen to suppress necking localization at the scale of individual layers. Insight into the properties and thicknesses of the layers required to suppress short wavelength necking is revealed by a bifurcation analysis of multilayers comprised of metal layers having different strength and hardening behaviors and multilayers combining metal and elastomer layers. Several examples suggest that when localization takes place at the scale of the individual layers it may occur in the form of a band inclined through the thickness.
Defects in gel-derived glasses

Defects in gel-derived glasses were reviewed for the three principal stages of the sol-gel process: solution, porous gel, and consolidated glass. The most prominent defects in gel-derived SiO2 are Raman active defects characterized by sharp bands at 490 cm (D1) and 608 cm (D2). YO enrichment, experimental estimates of heats of formation, and structural studies of cyclic model compounds were used to identify the structural origins of D1 and D2 in gels. We conclude that D1 and D2 in gel-derived SiO2 are the oxygen breathing modes of 4- and 3-fold siloxane rings, respectively, as originally proposed by Galeener to explain these Raman-active defects in conventional vitreous silica (v-SiO2). During heat treatments near T/sub g/ (defined by eta = 10/sup 13.5/ poises), the gel-derived SiO2 structure rapidly approaches that of conventional v-SiO2.
A New Serotype Adenovirus Isolated from a Goat in the United States

A virus (T94-0353) isolated from the small intestine of a 3-week-old kid with diarrhea and serous ocular and nasal discharge was identified as an adenovirus based on morphologic and physicochemical characteristics. Neutralization tests and restriction endonuclease analysis comparing the caprine adenovirus with the prototype bovine and ovine adenovirus serotypes and a previously isolated caprine adenovirus showed that the caprine isolate was antigenically distinct, produced a unique restriction pattern compared with currently recognized bovine, caprine, and ovine adenoviruses, and represents a new adenovirus type. The role and significance of naturally acquired adenovirus infection in respiratory and enteric disease in goats has not been established. Isolation of adenovirus from goats with disease coupled with seroepidemiologic and pathogenicity studies will help define the role of the adenoviruses in disease production.
Revisiting practice-based research networks as a platform for mental health services research.

Practice-based research networks (PBRNs)—collaborations of practice settings that work together to generate research knowledge—are underused in mental health services research. This article proposes an agenda for mental health services research that uses a variety of PBRN structures and that focuses on what really happens in practice, the effectiveness of practice innovations in real world care, the challenges of implementing evidence supported interventions, modification of clinician behavior, and assessment of the effect of mental health policy changes on practice. The challenges of conducting research within PBRNs are substantial, including difficulties in maintaining positive member relations, securing ongoing funding, sustaining productivity, overcoming IRB entanglements and achieving both scientific excellence in recruitment and measurement validity and utility for practitioner members. However, the awareness of these challenges allows researchers and practitioners to build networks that creatively overcome them and that infuse mental health services research with heavy doses of the realities of everyday clinical practice.
Relation extraction and scoring in DeepQA

Detecting semantic relations in text is an active problem area in natural-language processing and information retrieval. For question answering, there are many advantages of detecting relations in the question text because it allows background relational knowledge to be used to generate potential answers or find additional evidence to score supporting passages. This paper presents two approaches to broad-domain relation extraction and scoring in the DeepQA question-answering framework, i.e., one based on manual pattern specification and the other relying on statistical methods for pattern elicitation, which uses a novel transfer learning technique, i.e., relation topics. These two approaches are complementary; the rule-based approach is more precise and is used by several DeepQA components, but it requires manual effort, which allows for coverage on only a small targeted set of relations (approximately 30). Statistical approaches, on the other hand, automatically learn how to extract semantic relations from the training data and can be applied to detect a large amount of relations (approximately 7,000). Although the precision of the statistical relation detectors is not as high as that of the rule-based approach, their overall impact on the system through passage scoring is statistically significant because of their broad coverage of knowledge.
The trophic role of colonial Radiolaria in oligotrophic oceanic environments1,2

Five species of colonial Radiolaria collected by divers on 27 cruises were used for experimental metabolic measurements. Carbon content as an indicator of colony size correlated well with cell number in three species, with approximately 50, 100, and 200 ng C per cell. Chlorophyll a per radiolarian cell (from symbiotic dinoflagellates) varied widely between colonies and could not be predicted from colony size by better than a factor of 2. Photosynthetic carbon incorporation at high levels of natural light ranged from 10 to 76 pmol C* cell-l. h-l. Mean respiration in two species was 5.3-5.5 ~1 0,. mg C-‘-h-l. Respiration is probably balanced by photosynthesis under normal light conditions. Colonial Radiolaria were present at 92% of 268 oceanic stations and very abundant at 34%. Measured abundances ranged from 0.04 to 14 colonies* Ind5 in the water column and reached 540 colonies * m-3 in patches at the surface. Because the primary productivity of their symbionts is probably consumed in maintenance metabolism, colonial Radiolaria may bc most important to the cpipelagic oligotrophic ecosystem as gelatinous predators.
Coralog: use-aware visualization connecting human micro-activities to environmental change

This paper describes the goal, design approach and specification, and preliminary use test of a use-aware ambient media called Coralog. Coralog is a widget that detects the duration of a user's computer idle time (i.e. leaving the computer on without active usage) and communicates the energy consumption behavior through the visualization of the health of coral reefs. By occasionally consulting the non-intrusive widget, users can immediately acknowledge the impact of their computing behavior on ecosystems. Therefore, the goal of this application is to make the public become aware of the connection between their everyday activities and global climate change, which will educate them about the formerly unseen effects that their actions may have and potentially lead to a sustainable living.
I Don't Get No Respect: The Travails of IPE

The question of whether IPE journals are boring, in Benjamin Cohen's provocative words, provides us with a useful opportunity to introspect on the state of the field. Briefly, to set the stage, Cohen argues that IPE has begun to mimic the methodological approach of most of the economics field—leading to a focus on mid-level theory—rather than on the big picture that characterized IPE in the early 1970s and 1980s. Cohen argues that journal editors have an important role to play to rectify this lack of imaginative thinking and writing. Specifically, he develops three well-articulated solutions. First, he suggests that the field would benefit from more review essays and that editors should actively solicit such articles. Second, he argues that symposia on various themes could help spice up the debate in the field. And third, he notes that changing submission policies to encourage commentaries and provocative arguments would enhance the prospects for greater creativity. One might simply dismiss these concerns about the obsession with quantitative techniques and large data sets as just another fad. After all, much of political science (particularly the study of international conflict) was dominated by the “scientific” approach to studying conflict in the 1970s. UN voting studies are an example of obsession with quantification. The Correlates of War (COW) data set and analysis are the most prominent exemplars of this phenomenon in conflict studies. Since then, COW data has been extensively used, but at the same time, there has been backlash against the original statistical approaches. Many alternatives, including formal modeling, qualitative techniques, and critical security studies, among others, have been developed to overcome what was often seen as “mindless number crunching.” So maybe it is just a matter of time before the pendulum swings back. This symposium might then be seen as an effort to give …
Understanding usability practices in complex domains

Although usability methods are widely used for evaluating conventional graphical user interfaces and websites, there is a growing concern that current approaches are inadequate for evaluating complex, domain-specific tools. We interviewed 21 experienced usability professionals, including in-house experts, external consultants, and managers working in a variety of complex domains, and uncovered the challenges commonly posed by domain complexity and how practitioners work around them. We found that despite the best efforts by usability professionals to get familiar with complex domains on their own, the lack of formal domain expertise can be a significant hurdle for carrying out effective usability evaluations. Partnerships with domain experts lead to effective results as long as domain experts are willing to be an integral part of the usability team. These findings suggest that for achieving usability in complex domains, some fundamental educational changes may be needed in the training of usability professionals.
Mechanism of CRP-cAMP activation of lac operon transcription initiation activation of the P1 promoter☆

CRP-cAMP was shown to activate transcription initiation at the Escherichia coli lac promoter in vitro as a result of two separate effects. An indirect component of the activation resulted from an enhancement of the fraction of promoters productively bound by RNA polymerase. This effect was due largely to CRP-cAMP repression of RNA polymerase binding to an overlapping site (lac P2) within the promoter region. In addition, a direct enhancement of RNA polymerase binding at the principal lac promoter (lac P1) was found. The combination of indirect and direct activation by CRP-cAMP was suggested to be responsible for the large activation observed in vivo. Promoter strength parameters were also determined for the L8, UV5 and Ps promoters. The effect of CRP-cAMP on these mutant promoters was shown to be consistent with the activation mechanism deduced for the lac wild-type promoter. DNA supercoiling enhanced the promoter strength of the lac wild-type and UV5 promoters. The combination of supercoiling and CRP-cAMP was necessary for optimal promoter strength for the lac wild-type promoter.
THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF COLCHICINE Colchicine Binding Properties of Sea Urchin Sperm Tail Outer Doublet Tubulin

The thermal depolymerization procedure of Stephens (1970. J. Mol. Biol. 47:353) has been employed for solubilization of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus sperm tail outer doublet microtubules with the use of a buffer during solubilization which is of optimal pH and ionic strength for the preservation of colchicine binding activity of chick embryo brain tubulin. Colchicine binding values were corrected for first-order decay during heat solubilization at 50°C (t½ = 5.4 min) and incubation with colchicine at 37°C in the presence of vinblastine sulfate (t½ = 485 min). The colchicine binding properties of heat-solubilized outer doublet tubulin were qualitatively identical with those of other soluble forms of tubulin. The solubilized tubulin (mol wt, 115,000) bound 0.9 ± 0.2 mol of colchicine per mol of tubulin, with a binding constant of 6.3 x 105 liters/mol at 37°C. The colchicine binding reaction was both time and temperature dependent, and the binding of colchicine was prevented in a competitive manner by podophyllotoxin (Ki = 1.3 x 10-6 M). The first-order decay of colchicine binding activity was substantially decreased by the addition of the vinca alkaloids, vinblastine sulfate or vincristine sulfate, thus demonstrating the presence of a vinca alkaloid binding site(s) on the outer doublet tubulin. Tubulin contained within the assembled microtubules did not decay. Intact outer doublet microtubules bound less than 0.001 mol of colchicine per mol of tubulin contained in the microtubules, under conditions where soluble tubulin would have bound 1 mol of colchicine per mol of tubulin (saturating concentration of colchicine, no decay of colchicine binding activity). The presence of colchicine had no effect on the rate of solubilization of outer doublet microtubules during incubation at 37°C. Therefore, the colchicine binding site on tubulin is blocked (not available to bind colchicine) when the tubulin is in the assembled outer doublet microtubules.
Intersegmental interaction and critical concentrations in PET–HFIP solutions

Spectroscopic determinations of the concentrations associated with the onset of intermolecular interaction in solutions of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) are described. The intersegment forces perturb the electronic spectra and induce ground-state aggregation. These phenomena become observable at different chain densities, reflecting the influence of concentration on the coil dimensions, as well as the dynamical nature of the interactions. An estimate of the equilibrium constant for PET dimer formation in hexafluoroisopropanol is reported.
Cost-utility analysis modeling at 2-year follow-up for cervical disc arthroplasty versus anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: A single-center contribution to the randomized controlled trial

Background Patients with cervical disc herniations resulting in radiculopathy or myelopathy from single level disease have traditionally been treated with Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion (ACDF), yet Cervical Disc Arthroplasty (CDA) is a new alternative. Expert suggestion of reduced adjacent segment degeneration is a promising future result of CDA. A cost-utility analysis of these procedures with long-term follow-up has not been previously reported.
A multireference configuration interaction study of photoelectron spectra of carbon tetrahalides

Abstract Large scale multireference configuration interaction calculations of He(I) photoelectron spectra are presented for CCl 4 , CBr 4 and CI 4 . The spin—orbit coupling in CI 4 is also calculated using the relativistic configuration interaction approach. The theoretical results explain the salient features of the spectra. Calculated ionization energies are in good agreement with experimental data. The observed photoelectrons peaks are reassigned based on the composition of the spin—orbit states in the relativistic configuration interaction.
Rhodanile blue: a rapid and selective stain for Heinz bodies.

Equal volumes of heparinized or EDTA-treated blood and a 0.5% solution of rhodanile blue (E. Gurr, Michrome No. 1156) in 1% NaCl were mixed and allowed to stand for 2 rain. Thin smears were then prepared, air dried and examined under oil. Heinz bodies stained deep purple and contrasted well with the yellow-orange to blue-green cytoplasm. Durable mounts could be made by applying a cover glass with a resinous mediiun to the dry smear (D. P. X. was used). The reticular material in reticulocytes did not stain in 2 min but could be stained by allowing the stain to act 5 min.
Simultaneous Th1-Type Cytokine Expression Is a Signature of Peritoneal CD4+ Lymphocytes Responding to Infection with Listeria monocytogenes

The robust murine response to infection with Listeria monocytogenes makes an excellent model to study the functional development of immune cells. We investigated the cellular immune response to i.p. infection using intracellular cytokine staining to identify Ag-specific lymphocytes. CD4(+) peritoneal exudate cells obtained 10 days postinfection predominantly coexpressed TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and IL-2 after polyclonal or Ag stimulation. A population of cells simultaneously making TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma was also detected but at a lower frequency. By following the kinetics of the response to Listeria, we found that CD4(+) lymphocytes coexpressing TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma dominated on day 6 postinfection and then declined. From days 10-27, TNF-alpha(+)IFN-gamma(+)IL-2(+) (triple-positive) was the most prevalent cytokine phenotype, and the frequency steadily declined. These characteristic cytokine expression patterns were observed in both primary and secondary responses to Listeria infection and developed even when infection was terminated with antibiotic treatment. A cytokine-assisted immunization procedure resulted in both double- and triple-positive cells, but the clear predominance of triple-positive cells required Listeria infection. Triple-positive cells were preferentially noted in the peritoneal cavity tissue site; spleen cells displayed a predominant population of double-positive T cells (TNF-alpha(+)IFN-gamma(+)). We speculate that the appearance of triple-positive cells represents a functionally significant subset important in host defense at nonlymphoid tissue sites.
Homogeneous Models of the Ocean Circulation

The Sverdrup balance, which was derived in Chapter 1 for a baroclinic flow that does not interact with the bottom, is also valid for a homogenous (constant density) ocean if the bottom is flat, and if the bottom friction is small in the sense described in Section 1.4. Thus both a stratified and a homogeneous model would have the same Sverdrup transport for the same wind stress. This has encouraged the belief that the homogenous model, more tractable than a general stratified model because its horizontal velocity is independent of depth, might adequately represent at least the vertical average of the actual circulation. Although this might be true in the interior of the ocean under the conditions that the Sverdrup theory holds, it is less likely to be true in any region, such as the western boundary layer, where nonlinear effects are probably important. The vertical average of quadratic products representing nonlinear processes in the equations of motion does not equal the product of the vertical average of each of the terms. Hence even for the vertical average of the circulation the homogeneous model is expected to be seriously inaccurate.
Professional and Ethical Challenges in Determinations of Causality of Psychological Disability

Psychologists serving as Qualified Medical Examiners (QMEs) in settings where mental and emotional damage claims (i.e., psychological disability stemming from psychological injury) are involved typically must comment not only upon the impact of the injury on the individual’s functioning and quality of life, but also on the causality of the psychological disability. This is a highly specialized endeavor for which little guidance exists. The disparate conceptualizations of causality in the fields of psychology and law and the unavoidable complexities associated with determining causality, especially the apportionment of causality across industrial and non-industrial factors, are discussed. The questions at the core of the present paper are: 1) What are the ethical challenges facing psychologists working as QMEs who are tasked with determining causality of psychological disability in the ways currently required by the law, and 2) What considerations should guide ethically-minded psychologists in such settings? The authors argue that, although some level of subjectivity is unavoidable, psychologists working within the legal system can take the lead in bringing an evidence-based approach and greater scientific rigor to the high-stakes causal evaluations required as a basis for determining compensation for injured workers.
Emax Monitoring by Aortic Pressure Waveform Analysis

Emax- the maximal left ventricular elastance- is perhaps the best available scalar index of contractility. However, the conventional method for its measurement involves obtaining multiple ventricular pressure-volume loops at different loading conditions and is thus impractical. We previously proposed a more practical technique for tracking Emax from just a single beat of an aortic pressure waveform based on a lumped parameter model of the left ventricle and arteries. Here, we tested the technique against the conventional Emax measurement method in animals during inotropic interventions. Our results show that the estimated Emax changes corresponded fairly well to the reference changes, with a correlation coefficient of 0.793. With further development and testing, the technique could ultimately permit continuous and less invasive monitoring of Emax.
Massive Vector Form Intrinsic Finite Element Behavior Data Lossless Compression Model

The behavior data of vector form intrinsic finite element computing has a large size as well as high accuracy,which become the bottleneck of data transmission and read that based on web.In order to resolve the problem.According to the characteristics of redundancy and the internal relations of behavior data,a mathematic model for the behavior data is proposed and according to the model,a lossless compression model is put forward by deleting and merging the redundancy data.In the end,an efficient compression algorithm is given based on the model.Experiment indicates that the algorithm greatly compresses size of behavior data and accelerates the load speed of data.The decompressed file can be restored to the original data and the accuracy of behavior data doesn't be affected at all.
Towards high performance inverted polymer solar cells

Attempts to develop inverted polymer solar cells (PSCs) as required for achieving high efficiency and good stability have, however, met with limited success. Here, we report that a high efficiency of 8.4% was achieved for inverted PSCs. This high efficiency was obtained through interfacial engineering of solution-processed electron extraction layer, leading to facilitate electron transport and suppress bimolecular recombination. These results provided an important progress for solution-processed PSCs, and demonstrated that the inverted PSCs are comparable with the conventional PSCs.
Mending Fences (1921)

When it came to the question of Russian occupation of northern Persia, the League had passed the bucket to hope, and that left Persia alone in fending off the Soviets and pulling its chestnuts out of the fire.
Abstract SY16-02: The discovery of Mcl-1 inhibitors using fragment-based methods and structure-based design

Myeloid cell leukemia 1 (Mcl-1) is a member of the Bcl-2 family of proteins that is overexpressed and amplified in a wide variety of cancers and causes resistance to many chemotherapies. Although a very promising cancer target, it exerts its activity through protein-protein interactions and is very challenging to drug with small molecules. Indeed, there are no Mcl-1 inhibitors that have entered clinical trials. In this presentation, I will describe the discovery of picomolar Mcl-1 inhibitors using fragment-based methods and structure-based design that show promise as therapeutic agents for the treatment of heme malignancies and solid tumors. Citation Format: Stephen W. Fesik. The discovery of Mcl-1 inhibitors using fragment-based methods and structure-based design. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr SY16-02.
Back-to-back pair suppression at large transverse momentum in sNN=200GeV Au + Au collisions at PHENIX

Abstract Suppression of jet fragments due to parton energy loss is a well known phenomena from high p T measurements of single particles ( R A A ) and back-to-back pairs ( I A A ) in central and mid-central heavy ion collisions. However the nature of the parton-medium interaction is still not well-understood and an outstanding issue to be fully resolved is the characterization of the path-length dependence of energy loss. A recent study of pair correlations between large transverse momentum neutral pion triggers ( p T = 4 - 7 GeV / c ) and charged hadron partners ( p T = 3 - 7 GeV / c ) in mid-central (20-60%) Au+Au collisions as a function of trigger orientation with respect to the reaction plane is discussed. The dependence found in the suppression of (di-)jet pairs is qualitatively consistent with a picture of little near-side parton energy loss either due to surface bias or fluctuations and increased away-side parton energy loss due to a long path through the medium.
Radiographic progression of arthritic changes in shoulders with degenerative rotator cuff tears

Background Very little longitudinal information has been available regarding the relationship of cuff tears and arthritis. The purpose of this study was to determine the midterm risk of and risk factors for rotator cuff tear arthropathy progression in a cohort of subjects with an asymptomatic rotator cuff tear. Methods Baseline (visit 1), 5-year (visit 2), and most recent follow-up (visit 3) radiographs were reviewed in a cohort of 105 subjects enrolled for longitudinal surveillance of asymptomatic degenerative rotator cuff tears and 33 controls. The radiographs were assessed in a blinded, randomized fashion by 3 observers who graded glenohumeral arthritic changes using the Hamada scores, Samilson-Prieto (SPO) scores, and acromiohumeral interval (AHI). Results Osteoarthritis (SPO classification), cuff tear arthropathy (Hamada classification), and AHI progressed between visits 1 and 3 (median, 8 years; P P = .19). Both full-thickness and partial-thickness tears had greater progression in Hamada scores than controls did in the first 5 years of follow-up ( P = .02 and P = .03, respectively), but scores did not differ between partial- and full-thickness tears. Tears with and without enlargement did not differ in progression in SPO grade, Hamada grade, or AHI. Conclusions Glenohumeral arthritic changes progress significantly but remain minimal within an 8-year period in early to moderate degenerative cuff disease. Whereas the presence of a rotator cuff tear influences progression in Hamada grade, the magnitude of radiographic progression is not influenced by tear severity or enlargement at midterm time points.
Positive Cardiovascular Health: A Timely Convergence

Two concepts, positive health and cardiovascular health, have emerged recently from the respective fields of positive psychology and preventive cardiology. These parallel constructs are converging to foster positive cardiovascular health and a growing collaboration between psychologists and cardiovascular scientists to achieve significant improvements in both individual and population cardiovascular health. We explore these 2 concepts and note close similarities in the measures that define them, the health states that they aim to produce, and their intended long-term clinical and public health outcomes. We especially examine subjective health assets, such as optimism, that are a core focus of positive psychology, but have largely been neglected in preventive cardiology. We identify research to date on positive cardiovascular health, discuss its strengths and limitations thus far, and outline directions for further engagement of cardiovascular scientists with colleagues in positive psychology to advance this new field.
Discerning “Flavors” of Drought Using Climate Extremes Indices

AbstractMonitoring drought conditions in arid and semiarid regions characterized by high levels of intra- and interannual hydroclimatic variability is a challenging task. Typical drought-monitoring indices that are based on monthly-scale data lack sufficient temporal resolution to detect hydroclimatic extremes and, when used operationally, may not provide adequate indication of drought status. In a case study focused on the Four Corners region of the southwestern United States, the authors used recently standardized World Meteorological Organization climate extremes indices to discern intra-annual hydroclimatic extremes and diagnose potential drought status in conjunction with the simple metric of annual total precipitation. By applying data-reduction methods to a suite of metrics calculated using daily data for 1950–2014, the authors identified five extremes indices that provided additional insight into interannual hydroclimatic variability. Annual time series of these indices revealed anomalous years ch...
Philosophy of Logic

The paper addresses three main issues drawing on Husserl’s writings on logic. First, what gives the logical objects their objective status, given the fact that these are intimately connected with human mental processes? Second, if logical objects are objective then how is logical knowledge at all possible? The answer to this question leads to a transcendental foundation of formal logic. Third, how do the principles of logic apply to the real world? This question can be addressed by positing a formal ontology. Against Russell and Whitehead, it has been pointed out that even if logical implication does not in any way depend on human mind, inference is definitely mind-dependent. But this thesis does not necessarily lead to psychologism, as has been pointed out by contemporary Indian logicians. Indian theories of inference deal with the question of truth and falsity but lack a formal ontology. Both pure logic and modern physics claim to be independent of human existence. This claim becomes evident in the conversation between Heisenberg and Tagore. Husserl had distinguished between logical grammar and logic of consequences. The notions of truth and falsity are relevant only in the context of logic of consequences. However, none of the well-known theories of truth, correspondence, coherence or pragmatic theory is free from defects. Following in the footprints of the Advaita Vedantins, it has been maintained that falsity is more fundamental than truth. In the process of cognitive history, a proposition is taken to be true, unless its falsity is proven. Hence the conclusion: since Philosophy is search for the truth, all Philosophy—infinitely—is a gradual rejection of all claims to truth and finally, destroys itself.
Virus-like particles in the lymphocytes of a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Lymphocytes from the peripheral blood of a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia were isolated and subjected to electron microscopy. Aggregates of virus-like particles measuring 80 to 120 A in diameter were observed as organized structures in the cytoplasm of the cells. The true nature of the particles remains to be established.
First FDA Approval Agnostic of Cancer Site - When a Biomarker Defines the Indication.

In May 2017, the FDA approved pembrolizumab, a programmed death 1 inhibitor, for adult and pediatric patients with unresectable or metastatic, microsatellite-instability–high or mismatch-repair–deficient solid tumors, regardless of tumor site or histology.
Examining and Enabling the Role of Health Care Providers as Patient Engagement Facilitators in Clinical Trials

Abstract Purpose The Tufts Center for the Study of Drug Development conducted a study among practicing physicians and nurses (health care providers) across multiple specialties to assess their attitudes and experiences with referring patients into clinical trials and to supplement the body of scholarly research focused primarily on referral practices among oncology-based health care providers. Methods A total of 755 physicians and 1255 nurses completed online surveys in late 2015 and early 2016. Findings The results of the study indicate that a high percentage of multispecialty nurses and physicians is interested in referring their patients to appropriate clinical trials, are familiar with the clinical trial process, and are comfortable providing clinical trial information to, and discussing clinical trial opportunities with, their patients. Study results also indicate, however, that health care providers refer only a small number of patients each year largely because of the inability to access clinical trial information and the lack of sufficient information and time to evaluate and confidently discuss clinical trial options with their patients. Implications Many reasons for choosing not to refer patients appear addressable, particularly through effective but presently –underused communication leveraging social media communities and using liaisons who can act as a bridge between clinical care and clinical research.