cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The state-trait disjunction of anhedonia in schizophrenia: Potential affective, cognitive and social-based mechanisms

Abstract Dysfunctions in affective experience reflect a pernicious feature of schizophrenia-spectrum pathology that are largely intractable under current treatment regimens. Of note, individuals with schizophrenia show robust and marked deficits in the experience of pleasure when assessed using “trait” measures of affect (i.e., trait questionnaires and clinical interview), but fail to demonstrate this anhedonia “in the moment” using controlled laboratory mood-induction procedures. The reasons for this disjunction are unclear, but the last decade has seen a number of recent studies tackling this issue. We conduct a comprehensive review of this literature here. Five different explanations for this state-trait disjunction are identified: 1) anticipatory hedonic experience deficit, 2) affective regulation deficit, 3) encoding-retrieval deficit, 4) representational deficit and 5) social-specific deficit theories. Our present article reviews each of these theories, placing them in context of the larger affective and cognitive neuroscience literatures when appropriate. Additionally, practical recommendations for future studies examining affective dysfunction within the schizophrenia-spectrum are discussed.
Changing Political Organization in the Jicarillo Apache Reservation Community

The purpose of this article is to examine changes in political organization which have taken place in the past few years on the Jicarilla Apache Indian Reservation. This has been a period of intensified change on the reservation, marked by innovations in a number of areas, and in consequence the authors were invited by the Jicarilla Apache tribe to develop a research project to assist in the evaluation of programs in progress. Although major emphasis in Tribal planning was focused on economic contexts, the responsibility for decisions was vested in the two major reservation governing bodies—the Tribal organization and the local Agency of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Necessarily, we devoted attention to the organization and operation of these political agencies, both because of their crucial role in decision-making and because of their intimate involvement in the complex of changes typical of the reservation scene.
Micro-FTIR measurements on individual interplanetary dust particles

The unique characteristics of micro-FTIR spectroscopy for the study of individual interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) are discussed: (1) quick and nondestructive identification of dominant silicate phases (pyroxenes, olivines, layer lattice silicates) and selection of unique IDPs for subsequent intensive study by complementary analytical techniques; (2) identification of potential carbonaceous carrier phases of isotopic anomalies; (3) measurement of IR absorption features in IDPs that can be compared with IR emission features obtained by telescopic observations from comets and protostars.
A designed apoplastocyanin variant that shows reversible folding.

Plastocyanin, like many other metalloproteins, does not undergo reversible folding, which is thought to be due to an irreversible conformational change in the copper-binding site. Moreover, apoplastocyanin's ability to adopt a native tertiary structure is highly salt-dependent, and even in high salt, it has an irreversible thermal denaturation. Here, we report a designed apoplastocyanin variant, PCV, that is well folded and has reversible folding in both high and low salt conditions. This variant provides a tractable model for understanding and designing protein β-sheets.
1201 OSTEOCALCIN PLASMA LEVELS IN OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA: INDEX OF SEVERITY OF THE DISEASE

Octeocalcin (OC) a calcium binding protein of bone matrix, appears to play a role in the regulation of mineral deposition and remodeling of bone. Elevated plasma levels of OC have been reported in some metabolic bone diseases with high bone turnover. We have reported an increase in bone turnover in osteogenesis imperfecta (01). Plasma OC and serum Ca, P, Alkaline phosphatase concentrations drawn at 8-9 am were studied in 17 untreated 01 patients (Ages 0.6-11 y;), and 22 normal controls (Ages 2-9 y.). OC was measured by RIA using rabbit-antiserum to bovine OC and purified bovine OC. Osteoporosis was quantitated by measurements of bone density using the method of radiographic photodensitometry, and compared to age and sex-matched normals. OC plasma levels in 01 were 81.6±34.3 mean ± SD compared to 25.0±12.5 ng/ml in control subjects. The difference is significant at p<0.001. Bone density, normalized for age and sex was significantly correlated to plasma OC concentrations, r=0.49, p<0.05, but it did not correlate with serum alkaline phosphatase levels. The elevated plasma levels of OC in OI is the first reported biochemical index to correlate with the severity of osteoporosis in OI.
Conversion of nitrosyls to dinitrosyls during NO adsorption on oxygen-modified Mo(110)

Abstract The coverage-dependent behavior of the vibrational spectra (high-resolution electron energy loss and infra-red reflectance–absorbance) of nitric oxide (NO) on a 0.75 ML oxygen overlayer on Mo(110) is investigated. Intensity patterns in both sets of spectra are consistent with the conversion of surface nitrosyl species to dinitrosyls at higher coverages. Using sequentially dosed, isotopically mixed overlayers, specific nitrosyl species, with ν( 14 NO)=1855 and 1618 cm −1 , are identified as dinitrosyl precursors. The conversion of NO (a) to (NO) 2(a) is proposed to occur via addition of a second NO molecule to terminally bound NO(a). Temperature-programmed reaction of isotopically mixed overlayers confirms this mechanism for dinitrosyl formation. The role of nitrosyl structure in dinitrosyl formation is discussed in light of these results.
Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury alters purinergic receptor expression in clinically relevant extraintestinal organs.

Background Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (IIR) injury is known to initiate the systemic inflammatory response syndrome, which often progresses to multiple organ failure. We investigated changes in purinoceptor expression in clinically relevant extra-intestinal organs following IIR injury. Materials and methods Anesthetized adult male BalbC mice were randomized to sham laparotomy (control, n = 5), or 15 min of superior mesenteric artery occlusion. Experimental ischemia was followed by a period of reperfusion [1 min ( n = 6) or 1 h ( n = 6)]. Mice were then sacrificed and lung, kidney, and intestinal tissues were harvested. Following RNA extraction, purinoceptor mRNA expression for P2Y 2 , A 3 , P2X 7 , A 2b , P2Y 4 , and P2Y 6 was analyzed using real-time RT-PCR. Results Significant differences in purinoceptor expression were observed in the lungs and kidneys of mice exposed to IIR injury when compared to controls. Pulmonary P2Y 2 receptor expression was increased in the 1 h IIR group when compared to control, while pulmonary A 3 receptor expression was incrementally elevated following IIR injury. In the kidney, P2Y 2 receptor expression was increased in the 1 h IIR group compared to both 1 min IIR and control, and A 3 receptor expression was decreased in the 1 h IIR group compared to the 1 min IIR group. No significant changes were observed in the intestinal purinoceptor profiles. Conclusion Purinoceptor expression is altered in the murine lung and kidney, but not intestine following experimental IIR injury. These findings may implicate extracellular nucleotides and purinoceptors as possible mediators of the extra-intestinal organ dysfunction associated with IIR injury.
Fabrication of 1×3 Multimode Interference based Beam Splitter on Silicon Nanomembrane

We present a 1×3 multimode interference based beam splitter on silicon-on-insulator wafer with very thin silicon layer. The device exhibits low cross-talk and high uniformity at 1550nm wavelength.
Asymmetric synthesis of 9-alkyl-2-benzyl-6,7-benzomorphans: characterization as novel sigma receptor ligands

A convenient enantioselective synthesis of (1R,5R,9R)- and (1S,5S, 9S)-9-alkyl-2-benzyl-6,7-benzomorphans (2a-c) which starts with naphthaldehyde is described. These compounds were designed to gain additional information on the structure-sigma binding relationship of the 6,7-benzomorphan class of sigma ligands. In contrast to pentazocine and most 6,7-benzomorphans, the (1R,5R,9R)-isomers of 2a-c showed greater affinity for the sigma(1) receptor than the (1S, 5S,9S)-isomers. Despite reversal of enantioselectivity at the sigma(1) sites, moderate affinity and enantioselectivity at the sigma(2) sites [greater affinity for (1R,5R,9R)-isomers than (1S,5S, 9S)-isomers] were maintained. A comparison of the binding affinities of 2a-c to the more conformationally flexible trans-2-alkyl-1-benzaminoethyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalenes (10a-c) suggested that the relatively rigid structure of 2a-c played an important part in their sigma(1) binding properties. These compounds, particularly (1R,5R,9R)-2-benzyl-9-methyl-6,7-benzomorphan [(-)-2a], which has a K(i) value of 0.96 nM, will be useful in further characterization of the sigma(1) receptor.
Interaction of Pharmaceuticals with Schardinger Dextrins I: Interaction with Hydroxybenzoic Acids and p-Hydroxybenzoates

By means of the solubility method of analysis, the Schardinger dextrins were shown to interact in aqueous solution with benzoic acid derivatives. A definite interaction occurred with all compounds tested. Some stoichiometric data are presented and several formation constants calculated. It is postulated that both hydrogen bonding and inclusion formation are responsible for the main interaction observed.
Response to Comment on "Organics Captured from Comet 81P/Wild 2 by the Stardust Spacecraft"

Caution must be taken in interpreting measurements of organics in Stardust samples. In particular, as noted in Sandford et al. and reinforced in the comment by Spencer and Zare, one component of Stardust organics, the low-mass polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons seen diffusely along track surfaces, should be treated cautiously because they may be due to impact conversion of aerogel carbon.
Tidal heating and convection in Io

[1] The prodigious heat flux emitted from the surface of Jupiter's moon Io is produced in the interior of the satellite by viscoelastic dissipation of tidal energy and is generally thought to be brought to the surface by convective motions. New models of Io's equilibrium thermal state are constructed using self-consistent calculations of tidal heating and convective heat transport. These models show that while a high-temperature convective equilibrium exists, it falls an order of magnitude short of explaining the observed heat flux. Either Io is currently out of thermal equilibrium, or another heat transport mechanism such as melt segregation determines Io's thermal state.
Ethanol enhances the in situ phosphorylation of MARCKS and protein kinase C activity in primary cultures of astrocytes

Abstract Protein kinase C (PKC) plays an important regulatory role in astrocyte function. Chronic exposure to ethanol for 4 days resulted in an increase in Ca 2+ -dependent PKC activity in the supernatant fraction of astrocyte homogenates. Only Ca 2+ independent PKC activity could be observed in the membrane fraction and this activity was unaffected by ethanol exposure. Chronic ethanol exposure also increased the in situ phosphorylation of MARCKS in permeabilized astrocytes both in the absence or presence of the PKC activator, phorbol 12 -myristate 13 -acetate (PMA). These results suggest an increase in the expression of one or more astrocytic PKC isoforms after chronic ethanol exposure.
Spatial Analysis of Maize Response to Nitrogen Fertilizer in Central New York

An increasing number of farmers are considering the use of site-specific nitrogen (N) applications to maize (Zea mays L.) as a way of maximizing yield potential while minimizing fertilizer cost. The objectives of this 3-years experiment were to evaluate the spatial structure of yield response to N fertilizer and investigate the potential for site-specific N management under maize production in New York. Four experimental N rates (50, 110, 160, or 220 kg ha∧1), two tillage systems (chisel till and zone-till) and two crop rotations (maize•maize and maize•soybean (Glycine max L.)) were superimposed over a 12 ha field in central New York State with a complex of Honeoye-Lima, Kendaia, and Lima soils ranging from moderately well to poorly drained soils. Pre-sidedress soil nitrate tests (PSNT) showed significant spatial structure but did not conform to that for crop N response, indicating that N fertilizer recommendations based on PSNT results cannot be simply applied in a site-specific management approach. Optimal N rate varied from 110 kg ha ∧1 for the dry years 1999 and 2000 to 220 kg ha∧1 for 1998, with a warm wet spring. Tillage treatments were generally comparable in N response. Spatial yield response analysis showed limited field-scale regionalization of both yield and profit response to N, suggesting that site-specific application of nitrogen is impractical. The greatest source of variability in N requirements was observed with the annual effects of weather, and presents a greater potential for precise N application than site-specific application. Annual variations in optimum N rate were not related to annual yield differences and yield potential itself does not appear to be a good predictor of N needs.
Soil fungistasis: microflora producing a volatile inhibitor

Production of a volatile inhibitor of fungal spore germination was demonstrated in sterilized soils recolonized by mixed soil actinomycetes. A similar factor could be induced in natural soils amended with chitin. A volatile factor with fungistatic properties was also associated with the earthy smelling isolates of Streptomyces in pure culture. Sterilized soils recolonized by either mixed soil fungi or bacteria exhibited little evidence of volatile fungistatic activity. Formation of the volatile inhibitor, however, was evident in sterilized soils re-infested with six isolates of Trichoderma individually. Small but distinct release of the volatile inhibitor was observable in sterilized alkaline soils. These observations suggest that soil actinomycetes are amongst the more active soil microflora capable of producing volatile materials inhibitory to spore germination in soil.
Evaluation of the therapeutic effect of potassium permanganate at early stages of an experimental acute infection of Flavobacterium columnare in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque).

The efficacy of potassium permanganate (KMnO4) against the early stages of an experimental acute infection of Flavobacterium columnare in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, was evaluated. Fish were experimentally challenged by waterborne exposure for 2 h to F. columnare after cutaneous abrasion, and treated with KMnO4 at 2.0 mg L−1 above the KMnO4 demand at 0, 1, 2 or 4 h postchallenge for 24 h. Challenged non-treated fish acted as a positive control and non-challenged non-treated fish acted as a negative control. Fish challenged and treated with KMnO4 at 0, 1, 2 or 4 h postchallenge had mortalities of 26%, 63%, 64% and 83% respectively. The mortality of challenged fish treated with KMnO4 at 0 h postchallenge (26%) was significantly less than the positive control (77%). The mortalities of challenged fish treated at 1, 2 or 4 h postchallenge were not significantly different from the positive control fish. The results suggest that KMnO4 has a clear therapeutic value in early stages of columnaris infection but limited therapeutic value once the infection has progressed.
Transcriptional regulation of the antioxidant protein 2 gene, a thiol-specific antioxidant, by lens epithelium-derived growth factor to protect cells from oxidative stress.

Antioxidant protein 2 (AOP2), a member of the newly defined family of thiol-specific antioxidant proteins, has been shown to remove H2O2 and protect proteins and DNA from oxidative stress. Here we report that LEDGF is one of the regulatory factors for the AOP2 gene. We found that LEDGF bound to the heat shock element and to stress-related elements in the AOP2 promoter. It trans-activated expression of AOP2-CAT in COS-7 cells and lens epithelial cells overexpressing LEDGF. Mutations in the heat shock element and stress-related elements of the AOP2 promoter reduced LEDGF-dependent trans-activation. Lens epithelial cells showed a higher level of AOP2 mRNA in the presence of LEDGF. Cells overexpressing LEDGF exhibited a higher level of AOP2 protein, the level of which was directly related to the increase in cellular protection. Thus, LEDGF, by activating the AOP2 gene, protected and enhanced the survival of cells under oxidative stress.
An adaptive spectral algorithm to extract objects from a scene

An approach to extracting an object from a scene is presented. The objecl is assumed to have a known spectrum whereas the spectrum of the scene without the object is unknown. but has a magnitude 1855 than that of the object for Certain Spatial frequencies. A scene in which the object is to be detected is transformed inta the frequency domain with a 2-0 discrete Fourier transform. The spectral components whose magnitudes exceed a level, which 1s predetermined from the characteristics of the object, ars Set equal to zero with a "cookie cutter" mask eliminating the frequency Spectrum where the unwanted spectrum dominates. Since the abrupt edges would cause ringing, they are smoothed with a standard windowing function. The spectrum is further filtered by an optimal filter transfer function. Then it is inverse transformed and the abject is extracted with standard detection and estimation techniques. The above procedure is justilied rigorously using Optimal filter theory. The 2-0 OFT implementation Of a Wiener filter to separate the object from the Clutter is derived. It is shown that at frequencies where the spectrum of the scene Without an object dominates over the spectrum of the object only. the transfer function Of the Wiener filter is eSbenflally zero and is )ustifiably set to zero by the cookie cutter mask. For the spectral components where the Object Spectrum would dominate, the Wiener filter optimally processes ail objects. The filter also has the highly desirable property of accomplishing a deconvolution which makes it easier to discern separate objects if several are in close proximity in the scene.
Heterogeneous Neural Networks for Adaptive Behavior in Dynamic Environments

Research in artificial neural networks has generally emphasized homogeneous architectures. In contrast, the nervous systems of natural animals exhibit great heterogeneity in both their elements and patterns of interconnection. This heterogeneity is crucial to the flexible generation of behavior which is essential for survival in a complex, dynamic environment. It may also provide powerful insights into the design of artificial neural networks. In this paper, we describe a heterogeneous neural network for controlling the walking of a simulated insect. This controller is inspired by the neuroethological and neurobiological literature on insect locomotion. It exhibits a variety of statically stable gaits at different speeds simply by varying the tonic activity of a single cell. It can also adapt to perturbations as a natural consequence of its design.
Radioisotopically-calibrated oreodonts (Mammalia: Artiodactyla) from the Late Oligocene of southwestern New Mexico

(2003). Radioisotopically-calibrated oreodonts (Mammalia: Artiodactyla) from the Late Oligocene of southwestern New Mexico. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 471-473.
Control Capacity — United States

The foregoing coverage treats the policy context for water-agriculture questions, provides a general characterization of the institutional setting, and explores some cases in more detail. the cases are chosen to highlight promising, successful, and/or innovative efforts. the preceding chapter provides implicit evidence regarding control capacity of the water supply sector in the US In the following pages, the focus on control capacity is made explicit.
One-Year Test-Retest Reliability of the Online Version of ImPACT in High School Athletes

Background: The ImPACT (Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing) neurocognitive testing battery is a popular assessment tool used for concussion management. The stability of the baseline neurocognitive assessment is important for accurate comparisons between postconcussion and baseline neurocognitive performance. Psychometric properties of the recently released online version of ImPACT have yet to be established; therefore, research evaluating the reliability of this measure is warranted. Purpose: The authors investigated the 1-year test-retest reliability of the ImPACT online version in a sample of high school athletes. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4 Methods: A total of 369 varsity high school athletes completed 2 mandatory preseason baseline cognitive assessments approximately 1 year apart as required by their respective athletics program. No diagnosed concussion occurred between assessments. Results: Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for ImPACT online indicated that motor processing speed (.85) was the most stable composite score, followed by reaction time (.76), visual memory (.70), and verbal memory (.62). Unbiased estimates of reliability were consistent with ICCs: motor processing speed (.85), reaction time (.76), visual memory (.71), and verbal memory (.62). Conclusion: The online ImPACT baseline is a stable measure of neurocognitive performance across a 1-year time period for high school athletes. These reliability data for online ImPACT are higher than the 2-year ICCs previously reported from the desktop version. Clinical Relevance: It is recommended that the ImPACT baseline assessment (both desktop and online) continue to be updated every 2 years. The online version of ImPACT appears to be a stable measure of neurocognitive performance over a 1-year period, and systematic evaluation of its stability over a 2-year period is warranted.
Rapid Visualization of Massive Pulmonary Emboli Utilizing Intravascular Ultrasound

Massive pulmonary embolism may result in rapid deterioration prior to diagnostic and therapeutic intervention. Intravascular ultrasound imaging has been utilized previously to evaluate vascular abnormalities as well as normal human pulmonary arteries. We employed this technique to rapidly identify massive pulmonary emboli located in the main pulmonary arteries of two patients. The presence of these emboli was confirmed with pulmonary arteriography. Intravascular ultrasound may be utilized to rapidly confirm the presence of large proximal pulmonary emboli.
Longitudinal mode-hopping hysteresis and bistability in a homogeneously broadened, continuous-wave Raman laser

Steady-state bistable lasing and hysteretic mode hops of two adjacent longitudinal modes are measured in a homogeneously broadened cw laser system: a cw rotational Raman laser in H2. As the pump laser’s frequency is cyclically tuned, the mode hops between two adjacent longitudinal Stokes modes show hysteresis. Theoretical modeling of the hysteresis effect indicates that the gain of the subthreshold Stokes mode is suppressed by a Raman-assisted multiwave mixing process. The theoretical calculation agrees well with the experimental measurement.
Phosphatase Activation by Epidermal Growth Factor Family Ligands Regulates Extracellular Regulated Kinase Signaling in Undifferentiated Hen Granulosa Cells

Previous work has demonstrated that epidermal growth factor family ligands, signaling through the MAPK/ERK pathway, prevent hen granulosa cell differentiation, in vitro, even in the presence of factors that promote differentiation (e.g. TGFβ and FSH). The working hypothesis is that a release from tonic inhibitory ERK signaling is prerequisite for the initiation of hen granulosa cell differentiation. Initial results demonstrate that the ERK signaling pathway is desensitized after treatment with TGFα or betacellulin. Thus, studies were conducted to evaluate a role for MAPK phosphatases in the termination of ERK signaling in undifferentiated granulosa cells. Subsequent to ligand-induced translocation of ERK to the nucleus, de novo transcription and translation of one or more protein tyrosine or dual-specificity phosphatases results in dephosphorylation and localization of inactivated ERK within the nucleus. RT-PCR amplification reveals expression of the MAPK-selective phosphatases (MKP), MKP-1, -3, and dual-...
Stationary and nonstationary learning characteristics of the LMS adaptive filter

This paper describes the performance characteristics of the LMS adaptive filter, a digital filter composed of a tapped delay line and adjustable weights, whose impulse response is controlled by an adaptive algorithm. For stationary stochastic inputs, the mean-square error, the difference between the filter output and an externally supplied input called the "desired response," is a quadratic function of the weights, a paraboloid with a single fixed minimum point that can be sought by gradient techniques. The gradient estimation process is shown to introduce noise into the weight vector that is proportional to the speed of adaptation and number of weights. The effect of this noise is expressed in terms of a dimensionless quantity "misadjustment" that is a measure of the deviation from optimal Wiener performance. Analysis of a simple nonstationary case, in which the minimum point of the error surface is moving according to an assumed first-order Markov process, shows that an additional contribution to misadjustment arises from "lag" of the adaptive process in tracking the moving minimum point. This contribution, which is additive, is proportional to the number of weights but inversely proportional to the speed of adaptation. The sum of the misadjustments can be minimized by choosing the speed of adaptation to make equal the two contributions. It is further shown, in Appendix A, that for stationary inputs the LMS adaptive algorithm, based on the method of steepest descent, approaches the theoretical limit of efficiency in terms of misadjustment and speed of adaptation when the eigenvalues of the input correlation matrix are equal or close in value. When the eigenvalues are highly disparate (λ max /λ min > 10), an algorithm similar to LMS but based on Newton's method would approach this theoretical limit very closely.
Percutaneous angioplasty and stenting of the superficial femoral artery.

Objectives The objectives of this study were to examine factors predictive of success or failure after percutaneous angioplasty (PTA) and stenting (S) of the superficial femoral artery (SFA) and to compare the results of PTA/S with a contemporary group of patients treated with femoropopliteal bypass. Methods A database of patients undergoing PTA and/or S of the SFA between 1986 and 2004 was maintained. Intention-to-treat analysis was performed. Patients underwent duplex scanning follow-up at 1, 3, and every 6 months after the intervention. Angiograms were reviewed in all cases to assess lesion characteristics and preprocedure and postprocedure runoff. Results were standardized to current TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus (TASC) and Society for Vascular Surgery (SVS) criteria. Kaplan-Meier survival analyses were performed to assess time-dependent outcomes. Cox proportional hazard analyses were performed to assess factors associated with patient survival and treatment efficacy. Results Three hundred eighty total limbs underwent PTA/S in 329 patients (67% male, 33% female; average age, 65 years). Mean follow-up was 1.8 years from the date of initial intervention. Indications for intervention were claudication in 66%, rest pain in 16%, and tissue loss in 18%. Runoff at the tibial level was 2.1 ± 0.8 patent vessels. Mean SVS ischemia grade was 3.1 (range, 1 to 5). TASC lesion grades were A (48%), B (18%), C (22%), and D (12%). Angioplasty alone was used in 63% of cases. Primary treatment failure (inability to cross lesion) was seen in 7% of patients. There was one periprocedural death. Primary patency rates were 86% at 3 months, 80% at 6 months, 75% at 12 months, 66% at 24 months, 60% at 36 months, 58% at 48 months, and 52% at 60 months. Assisted primary patency rates were slightly higher ( P = not significant). By Cox proportional hazards analysis, patency of PTA/S was associated with higher preoperative ankle/brachial index ( P = .016) and the performance of angioplasty only ( P = .011). Failed or occluded PTA/S was associated with TASC C ( P P P = .003). Subgroup analysis revealed that primary patency rates are highly dependent on lesion type (A > B > C > D, P Conclusions PTA and stenting of the SFA can be performed safely with excellent procedural success rates. Improved patency of these interventions was seen with increased ankle/brachial index and the performance of angioplasty only. Worse patency was seen with TASC C and TASC D lesions. Patency rates were strongly dependent on lesion type, and the results of angioplasty and stenting compared favorably with surgical bypass for TASC A and B lesions.
Widowhood, Gender, and Depression: A Longitudinal Analysis

Many cross-sectional studies have found that widowhood is psychologically a more difficult experience for men than for women. However, most longitudinal studies have found either no gender difference or a slightly greater effect for women. The authors attempted to resolve this paradox with data from the first two waves of the National Survey of Families and Households. They found that men whose wives died between the two waves were already highly depressed at time 1, compared with men whose wives survived until time 2. There was no such anticipatory effect for women. Attempts to explain men's elevated depression before widowhood, with predictors involving wife's health, caregiving, and marital quality at time 1, were largely unsuccessful. However, the authors suggest that longitudinal studies that examine change in depression after widowhood may miss the increase in depression for men that appears to occur before their wives' deaths.
Magma migration and magmatic solitary waves in 3-D

Numerical studies of fluid flow in the mantle sug- gest that magma migration is an inherently time-dependent process that produces magmatic solitary waves from obstruc- tions in melt flux. Previous work has considered one and two dimensional problems. Here we present the results of three dimensional calculations that utilize a new, efficient multi- grid scheme. We demonstrate that one and two dimensional solitary waves are unstable and break up into sets of 3-D solitary waves which are perfectly spherical when propagat- ing through a uniform porosity medium. While these waves are not solirons, their non-linear interactions are qualitatively similar. The solitary waves are highly opportunistic and es- tablish efficient pathways for migration by linking up with nearby waves. When the initial condition is a random dis- tribution of porosity, the porosity structure can organize into elongate, time-dependent channels formed from chains of solitary waves. These results are natural consequences of the assumptions that the matrix is permeable and viscously deformable. We suggest that solitary waves are likely to exist in the mantle and may contribute to the episodicity of mantle magmatism.
Collision-induced singlet-triplet transition of methylene

Abstract It is postulated that the collision-induced singlet-triplet transition of methylene involves coupling between the electronic orbital angular momenta of the inert catalyst and the electron spins of methylene. A theory which incorporates this mechanism is presented and partially tested.
Simulation of a hydraulic rod seal with a textured rod and starvation

Abstract A numerical analysis of a reciprocating hydraulic rod seal with a textured rod has been performed. The sealed pressure during the instroke is elevated, while that during the outstroke is atmospheric. The analysis consists of coupled fluid mechanics, contact mechanics and load support analyses, and takes account of starvation. The fluid transport, friction force, film thickness distribution, contact pressure distribution and fluid pressure distribution in the sealing zone have been computed for a polyurethane U-cup seal. Starvation during the instroke dominates the seal behavior at moderate to high rod speeds. The results indicate the friction force exerted on the rod by the seal cannot be significantly reduced by texturing the rod, and could even be slightly increased.
Assessing the need for a new nationally representative household panel survey in the United States

We introduce this special issue on the critical matter of whether the existing household panel surveys in the U.S. are adequate to address the important emerging social science and policy questions of the next few decades. We summarize the conference papers which address this issue in different domains. The papers detail many new and important emerging research questions but also identify key limitations in existing panels in addressing those questions. To address these limitations, we consider the advantages and disadvantages of initiating a new, general-purpose omnibus household panel in the U.S. We also discuss the particular benefits of starting new panels that have specific targeted domains such as child development, population health and health care. We also develop a list of valuable enhancements to existing panels which could address many of their limitations.
Impact of postoperative complications on hospital costs following the Norwood operation

UNLABELLED:Introduction Patients undergoing the Norwood operation consume considerable healthcare resources; however, detailed information regarding factors impacting hospitalisation costs is lacking. We evaluated the association of postoperative complications with hospital costs. METHODS:In the present study, we utilised a unique data set consisting of prospectively collected clinical data from the Pediatric Heart Network Single Ventricle Reconstruction trial linked at the patient level with cost data for 10 hospitals participating in the Children's Hospital Association Case Mix database during the trial period. The relationship between complications and cost was modelled using linear regression, accounting for the skewed distribution of cost, adjusting for within-centre clustering and baseline patient characteristics. RESULTS:A total of 334 eligible Norwood records (97.5%) were matched between data sets. Overall, 82% suffered from at least one complication (median 2; with a range from 0 to 33). Those with complications had longer postoperative length of stay (25 versus 12 days, p<0.001), more total ventilator days (7 versus 5 days, p<0.001), and higher in-hospital mortality (17.6 versus 3.4%, p<0.006). Mean adjusted hospital cost in those with a complication was $190,689 (95% CI $111,344-$326,577) versus $120,584 (95% CI $69,246-$209,983) in those without complications (p=0.002). Costs increased with the number of complications (1-2 complications=$132,800 versus 3-4 complications=$182,353 versus ⩾5 complications=$309,372 [p<0.001]). CONCLUSIONS:This merged data set of clinical trial and cost data demonstrated that postoperative complications are common following the Norwood operation and are associated with worse clinical outcomes and higher costs. Efforts to reduce complications in this population may lead to improved outcomes and cost savings.
Gas gangrene in a metropolitan community.

The incidence of gas gangrene has steadily declined in American combat casualties in the past four wars. Only twenty-two cases were recorded during the eight years of combat in Viet Nam. In the past ten years in Miami clostridial infection occurred in at least twenty-seven patients. The significant difference in wound management between the Viet Nam military experience and the Miami civilian experience was adequacy of debridement and timing of closure. In Viet Nam primary closure of wounds was rarely done, whereas all of the twenty-seven patients in Miami had primary closure of their wounds.
Abstract 17028: Genetically-Programmed Suicide of Adrenergic Cells in Mice Produces Left Ventricular Dysfunction as Revealed by High-Resolution Echocardiography

The enzyme Phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (Pnmt), which catalyzes the conversion of norepinephrine into epinephrine, serves as a marker for adrenergic cells and is expressed in the developing heart. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that adrenergic cells play an important role in the development of cardiac function by assessing phenotypes of mice with selective ablation of adrenergic cells compared with littermate controls. Briefly, Pnmt-Cre knock-in mice were crossed with ROSA26-eGFP-DTA mice, which results in selective ablation of Pnmt+ adrenergic cells due to activation of the Diphtheria Toxin Alpha (DTA) “suicide” allele from the ROSA26 locus. Control experiments verified that the model was working correctly since Pnmt-Cre/DTA mice had markedly lower Pnmt mRNA (>97% decrease) and fewer Pnmt+ cells (>50% decrease) in adrenal glands compared to littermate controls. Pnmt-Cre/DTA mice were born in normal Mendelian ratios and appeared outwardly normal and healthy at birth and during the early postnatal period, but began to show cardiac deficits by one month of age. High-resolution echocardiography analysis indicated continuing deterioration of cardiac function with age. Mean cardiac output was decreased at four months (10.81±2.73 mL/min n=14 v 18.42±3.37 mL/min n=18, p-value<0.001, Fig. 1), as was ejection fraction (54.34±7.44% v 66.53±8.51%, p<0.01), and fractional shortening (27.64±4.80% v 36.67±7.22%, p<0.01). Moreover, left ventricular function was hypokinetic in the ablated hearts compared to controls, as shown in the M-mode tracings in Fig. 1. These data demonstrate that selective ablation of adrenergic cells leads to impaired cardiac function that progressively worsens with age over the first few months after birth. In conclusion, this novel cellular suicide model is useful for determining how adrenergic cells contribute to the development of cardiac structure and function. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
In the same boat and other idiomatic seafaring expressions

This paper reports on a research carried out at the Institute for Computational Linguistics (ILC) on a set of idiomatic nautical expressions in Italian and English. A total of 200 Italian expressions were first selected and examined, using both monolingual and bilingual dictionaries, as well as specific lexicographical works dealing with the subject of idiomaticity, especially of the maritime type, and a similar undertaking was then conducted for the English expressions. We discuss the possibility of including both the Italian and English idiomatic expressions in the semantic database Mariterm, which contains terms belonging to the maritime domain. We describe the terminological database and the way in which the idiomatic expressions can be organised within the system, so that, similarly to the other synsets, they are connected to other concepts represented in the database, but at the same time continue to belong to a group of particular linguistic expressions. Furthermore, we study similarities and differences in meaning and usage of some idiomatic expressions in the two languages.
Comrade Kemminkz in Hell: E.E. Cummings's Eimi and Anti-Communism.

In Eimi, his poetic, typographically experimental prose memoir of a 1931 trip to the Soviet Union, E. E. Cummings measured his subjective 'I-me' against the collectivist values and bureaucratized realities of the only existing socialist society of his time. His book overlays an allegorical Dantean descent into inferno with detailed, diary-like treatment of Cummings's encounters with various Communist Party officials, Soviet cultural intellectuals, and American political fellow-travellers and tourists. Although later in his life, Cummings would increasingly embrace a simple, binary hostility to communism, at the moment of Eimi his position is more complex with respect to the questions of communism and anti-communism. His experimental prose technique allows him a powerfully reflexive autobiographical voice that plays freely between attraction to and repulsion from his experiences in the Soviet Union. Especially focusing on his relations to other Americans in the U.S.S.R., Cummings makes his primary object of critical scrutiny not so much the Soviet system itself, as the willingness of liberal American intellectuals to embrace and make apology for that system, which openly disdained their liberal values and portended their ultimate liquidation.
Multi-modal homing in sea turtles: Modeling dual use of geomagnetic and chemical cues in island-finding

Sea turtles are capable of navigating across large expanses of ocean to arrive at remote islands for nesting, but how they do so has remained enigmatic. An interesting example involves green turtles (Chelonia mydas) that nest on Ascension Island, a tiny land mass located approximately 2000 km from the turtles' foraging grounds along the coast of Brazil. Sensory cues that turtles are known to detect, and which might hypothetically be used to help locate Ascension Island, include the geomagnetic field, airborne odorants, and waterborne odorants. One possibility is that turtles use magnetic cues to arrive in the vicinity of the island, then use chemical cues to pinpoint its location. As a first step toward investigating this hypothesis, we used oceanic, atmospheric, and geomagnetic models to assess whether magnetic and chemical cues might plausibly be used by turtles to locate Ascension Island. Results suggest that waterborne and airborne odorants alone are insufficient to guide turtles from Brazil to Ascension, but might permit localization of the island once turtles arrive in its vicinity. By contrast, magnetic cues might lead turtles into the vicinity of the island, but would not typically permit its localization because the field shifts gradually over time. Simulations reveal, however, that the sequential use of magnetic and chemical cues can potentially provide a robust navigational strategy for locating Ascension Island. Specifically, one strategy that appears viable is following a magnetic isoline into the vicinity of Ascension Island until an odor plume emanating from the island is encountered, after which turtles might either: (1) initiate a search strategy; or (2) follow the plume to its island source. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that sea turtles, and perhaps other marine animals, use a multi-modal navigational strategy for locating remote islands.
Charge transport in solution-processed zinc tin oxide thin film transistors

Zinc oxide-based transparent amorphous oxide semiconductors (TAOS) are strong contenders to replace amorphous and polycrystalline silicon for large area display backplanes due to their high electron mobility. To enable future roll-to-roll printed electronics, solution-processed fabrication methods are needed. Here, we use low-temperature measurements from 77 to 300 K to quantitatively compare charge transport mechanisms and band-tail density of states of solution-processed zinc tin oxide (ZTO) thin film transistors fabricated with different film composition and annealing temperature. The devices exhibit percolation conduction with Fermi level pinning at high charge carrier concentrations. The shape and energy levels of band-tail states can be engineered by process and stoichiometry. For optimal amorphous ZTO film with Zn:Sn ink ratio of 7:3 and annealing temperature of 480 °C, the band structure exhibits Arrhenius and percolation energy values of 7 and 3 meV, respectively, better than those measured by others for vacuum-processed TAOS films, showing the potential of solution processing.
A theory of steady-state activity in nerve-fiber networks II: The simple circuit

It is found that for a simple circuit of neurons, if this contains an odd number of inhibitory fibers, or none at all, or if the product of the activity parameters is less than unity, then the stimulus pattern always determines uniquely the steady-state activity. For circuits not of one of these types, it is possible to classify exclusively and exhaustively all possible activity patterns into three types, here called “odd”, “even”, and “mixed”. For any pattern of odd type and any pattern of even type there always exists a stimulus pattern consistent with both, but in no other way can such an association of activity patterns be made.
Early Results Of China’s Historic Health Reforms: The View From Minister Chen Zhu

Five years after major health reforms were implemented in China, huge investments in insurance coverage, health care facilities, and the health care workforce are beginning to bear fruit.
SCAPE microscopy for high-speed volumetric functional imaging of the awake, behaving brain

We present an improved SCAPE microscopy design that enhances system performance and ease of construction and can image many living samples including the awake, behaving mouse brain, zebrafish and Drosophila larva at >10 volumes/sec.
The mitochondrial genome of the western bean cutworm, Striacosta albicosta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The complete 15,553 bp mitochondrial genome of the western bean cutworm, Stricosta albicosta, (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) was assembled from paired end Illumina HiSeq2500 read data. Annotation showed 13 predicted protein coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNAs and 2 rRNAs have an order and orientation typical of insect mitochondrial genomes, and the derived rearrangement of tRNA-Met, -Ile and -Gln upstream of nad2 as in other Lepidoptera. A 79.3% A + T content resulted in a bias for codons with A or T in the 3rd position, and prevalence of synonymous substitutions suggest the effects of purifying selection on the mitochondrial genome sequence. Two microsatellite repeat motifs, (CA)10(AT)19 and (AT)12, are respectively located in intergenic spaces between tRNA-Glu and -Phe and tRNA-Leu and 16S rRNA. Mitochondrial phylogenomics was able to resolve sub-families within the Noctuidae, and suggest analogous analyses may be applicable across other lepidopteran Families.
The Fifth Book

From Apollonius to Attalus, peace be on you. In this fifth book I have composed propositions1 on the maximum and minimum lines. You should realize that our predecessors and contemporaries paid (a little) attention only to the minimum [lines]: they proved thereby which straight lines are tangent to the sections and also the reverse, i.e. what properties are possessed by the tangents to the sections such that when those properties are possessed by lines they are tangents. But as for us, we have proven those things in Book 1 without making use, in our proof of that, of the topic of minimum lines; for we wanted to make the place where those [things] were put near to our discussion of the derivation of the three sections, in order to show in this way that in each of the sections there may occur an infinite number of properties and necessities of these things, as is the case with the original diameters.2