cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A retrospective study of tonsillectomy in the under 2-year-old child: indications, perioperative management, and complications

Objective: To retrospectively review the experience with tonsillectomy in the under 2-year-old child at an urban children's hospital. Methods: The medical records of 94 patients under 2 years old undergoing tonsillectomy between May 1, 1995, and May 31, 2000, were reviewed. The methods of tonsil and adenoid excision were noted, as was the use of perioperative steroids, antibiotics, and antiemetics. Outcome measures studied included the duration of postoperative inpatient observation, complications, time to first oral intake, prevalence of postoperative vomiting, type and duration of respiratory support, and improvement relative to operative indications. Results: Eighty-two patients (87%) underwent tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T&A). Twelve patients (13%) underwent tonsillectomy without adenoidectomy. Patient ages ranged from 12 to 23 months (mean 19.6±3.1). Indications included obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in 51 patients (54%), chronic or recurrent tonsillitis in 30 (32%), both OSA and infection in 11 (12%), and acute tonsillitis with airway obstruction in two (2%). Comorbid conditions were numerous. Preoperative polysomnograms were obtained for eight patients (8%). Hospital stays ranged from 4 h to 16 days. Complications included hemorrhage in four patients (4%) and pneumonia in two (2%). Oxygen was required after discharge from the recovery room in 27 patients (29%), with seven more (7%) requiring either reintubation, continuous positive airway pressure, or nasopharyngeal airways. Of the 88 patients on oral diets, only five (5%) took longer than 24 h to resume oral intake. Two patients (2%) experienced significant emesis after surgery. Four patients (4%) required treatment for dehydration after discharge. Conclusions: Tonsillectomy is a procedure with low morbidity in the otherwise healthy child under 2 years of age. However, we advocate routine postoperative overnight inpatient observation in this age group. We found that young children with comorbid conditions had a higher incidence of complications and required special postoperative management strategies.
Simulation of inotropy in myocardial mechanics: comparison to pharmacologic interventions.

Abstract An improved mathematical model for muscle contraction recently developed by Y. C. Fung, based on the classical Hill Equation, was evaluated by simulation of isometric contractions on the digital computer, using CSMP. Comparison with experimental twitch tension curves developed from the isolated, supported cat papillary muscle in response to the drugs isoproterenol, digoxin, propranolol and sodium pentobarbital indicate that the amplitude factor, λ representing intensity of active state was appropriately affected by these positive or negative inotropic agents. Further, the model allowed the insight into the mechanism of action of commonly used drugs; e.g. isoproterenol increased peak tension and shortened time to peak tension whereas digoxin only increased peak tension without changing time to peak tension. From these studies, it was also possible to formulate a simplified version of the parent equation. This investigation demonstrates the utility of the Fung model in accurately representing the properties of cardiac muscle mechanics during interventions which rapidly alter contractile state.
A Size-Exclusion Chromatography/FT-IR (SEC/FT-IR) Technique for Improved FTIR Spectroscopy of Proteins in D2O Solution:

A size-exclusion chromatography/Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic (SEC/FT-IR) method for improving the FT-IR spectroscopy of proteins in D2O solution is described. The technique employs low-volume SEC columns to exchange protein solutions into buffered D2O and effectively removes spectral interference from H2O and other low-molecular-weight compounds in the region of the protein amide carbonyl stretching band (1600-1700 cm−1). Application of the method with protein solutions prepared in deuterated, denaturing buffers completely exchanges labile protein hydrogens with deuterium and refolds the proteins into their native conformations for subsequent spectral characterization. Potential applications of the SEC/FT-IR method for kinetic monitoring of dynamic processes in proteins (e.g., secondary structure formation during protein folding) are also discussed.
III. The di agnosis of colitis associated with virus of lymphogranuloma venereum by bowel antigen

1. Two positive bowel tissue and eight additional positive bowel discharge antigens, as well as seven control antigens from various sources are reported. Positive responses to bowel antigens indicate the presence of the virus of venereal lymphogranuloma in the material from which the antigen was made. Further proof in substantiation has been adduced by the production of positive Frei reactions in a male dog inoculated with uninactivated bowel discharge from a patient from whom a positive bowel discharge antigen had been obtained. The trend of experimental and clinical evidence points toward this virus as being a cause of the colitis with which it is associated. 2. A new method for the practical preparation and use of antigen of ante and post mortem bowel tissue is presented. 3. Bowel discharge and bowel tissue antigens render the diagnosis of lymphogranuloma venereum infection in the bowel more direct and specific and is important for the following reasons: (a) The limitations of the Frei reaction as exemplified by anergy, and by the fact that the Frei reaction will not establish the presence of the virus in the bowel; also, the Frei reaction may be present as a result of a healed or unrelated infection. (b) From a public health standpoint, since patients from whom a positive bowel antigen is secured would seem to be menaces. The positive Frei reaction does not necessarily indicate the presence of virus in the bowel. (c) A positive bowel antigen secured especially from those in whom the clinical picture is not typical of the advanced state of bowel infection by the virus of lymphogranuloma venereum as it is generally known, would result in a different consideration of the problem. 4. A bowel antigen producing no reactions may indicate the absence of virus or its presence in too small an amount in the material obtained. When the latter is believed to be true, a repetitious attempt is desirable. 5. A satisfactory positive bowel discharge antigen such as Type IB can be used in place of a Frei antigen.
Rheumatic Heart Disease Epidemiology III. The San Luis Valley Prevalence Study

After epidemiologic data had suggested the existence of a high-risk rheumatic fever (RF) region in Colorado, examination of 3,737 children in a careful prevalence study in that region, the San Luis Valley yielded 14 cases of rheumatic heart disease (RHD) for a prevalence rate of 3.7/1,000. This rate was significantly higher than the rate of 1.7/1,000 among Denver children of the same age screened by a similar method and followed for a similar period for ascertainment of diagnoses. Although the current high RHD risk in the San Luis Valley had been thought to be due to the relative impoverishment of this part of the state, the RHD and history-of-RF prevalence rates did not correlate with socioeconomic indices by county within the Valley as expected. An ethnic difference in RHD prevalence seen in Denver did not exist in the San Luis Valley, which led to speculation about (1) patterns of school attendance in small towns versus urban areas, and (2) the probability that the influence of poverty as an RHD-risk f...
An improved salmonid lymphocyte culture medium incorporating plasma for in vitro antibody production and mitogenesis

This study describes an improved culture medium utilising salmonid plasma sources as an alternative serum supplement to foetal bovine serum (FBS). Salmonid leucocyte antibody and mitogen responses were examined in cultures supplemented with either salmonid plasma or FBS. Salmonid plasma sources repeatedly enhanced the mitogen specific proliferation of the leucocyte cultures above that seen with FBS. Additionally, antibody responses of these cultures were enhanced when plasma was employed, demonstrating factor(s) present in plasma were necessary for differentiation as well as proliferation. This phenomenon was observed for both peripheral blood and anterior kidney leucocytes. A comparison of non-specific stimulation of cultures in the absence of mitogen revealed FBS, alone, frequently elicited significant proliferation, while plasma-supplemented cultures did not. Utilisation of plasma as an alternative serum supplement has broad applications as enhancement of the mitogenic response was observed for three distinct salmonid species. In addition, plasma sources were effective across species, suggesting plasma supplementation may be adapted to many fish systems.
Total assignment of the proton and carbon NMR spectra of 5'-NOR-anhydrovinblastine

Total spectral assignment of the bis-indole alkaloid Navelbine®, 5′-nor-anhydrovinbIastine, was accomplished using a combination of two-dimensional nmr techniques. Conventional homonuclear and inverse-detected experiments were supplemented with the HMQC-TOCSY experiment to unequivocally assign carbons directly bound to overlapped protons. In addition, the recently introduced GEM-COSY experiment was evaluated as a technique for the identification of geminal methylene pairs. Partial assignments proposed by Potier and co-workers, based on chemical shift considerations, are largely in agreement with the unequivocal assignments determined in this study.
The adrenomedullary and glucagon responses of hypopituitary children to insulin-induced hypoglycemia.

The Adrenomedullary and Glucagon Responses of Hypopituitary Children to Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia
The urge to overeat—The initial link

Abstract Five overweight adult females were exposed to a weight reduction program based on the principle of response chaining. Under this program overeating was viewed as the terminal link in a chain of stimuli and maladaptive responses. Treatment was directed at the initial behavioral link of the chain—the urge to overeat (deviate from a prescribed diet). Following each urge the subjects wrote a series of sentences describing the desired food and questioning their motivation for overeating. For all subjects the urge to overeat was almost entirely eliminated during treatment and generally did not recur during longterm follow-up periods (six months and one year). Subjects lost a mean of 26.6 lb during treatment, which represented 34.6% of their total excess of weight. At a follow-up one year later the mean weight loss had gone up to 40.2 lb.
Pyrimidine Nucleosides in Molecular PET Imaging of Tumor Proliferation

Human thymidine kinase (TK1) is a key enzyme that is up-regulated in cancer cells and phosphorylates thymidine and some of its analogs to their monophosphates. The monophosphates are converted to their di- and triphosphates by the nucleoside kinases, and some of these nucleoside triphosphates are incorporated into DNA by DNA polymerase. The nucleoside analogs are transported into cells by concentrative nucleoside transporter or equilibrative nucleoside transporter. Given the unique property of TK1 and the nucleoside transporter systems, thymidine and its analogs have been radiolabeled for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of tumor proliferation and DNA synthesis. Because thymidine is catabolized in vivo by thymidine phosphorylase, radiolabeled thymidine has not been successful in PET imaging of tumor proliferation. However, some of its analogs have been radiolabeled and successfully used in PET imaging of cell proliferation as well as DNA synthesis. Much work has been done in synthesis, radiosynthesis, and biological evaluation of these analogs for PET imaging of tumor proliferation. We review the chemistry, radiochemistry, and biological studies published to date, including structure activity relationship and PET imaging of the radiolabeled thymidine analogs. Information on radiolabeling and PET imaging with various nucleoside analogs is presented.
Age at reproductive maturity and effect of age and time of day on sex attraction in the potato psyllid Bactericera cockerelli

The potato psyllid, Bactericera (= Paratrioza) cockerelli (ˇ Sulc) (Hemiptera: Triozidae), is a major pest of potato. Studies were conducted to determine the age at which bothmalesandfemalesreachreproductivematurityandtheeffectofageandtimeofdayon sex attraction. Adult B. cockerelli reach reproductive maturity within 48 h post-eclosion, with females being mature on the day of eclosion and males at 1 day post-eclosion. Oviposition generally began 2 days after mating but was delayed when females mated within 2 days post-eclosion. In laboratory olfactometer assays, the age of females used as odor sources and the age of males assayed to these odors did not affect sex attraction, with both younger (1-4-day-old) and older (8-10-day-old) males being attracted to females, regardless of female age (1-4-day-old or 8-10-day-old). Males assayed to live females at different times during the photophase (between 8:00 and 20:00 hours) were attracted to females between 11:00 and 17:00 hours, showing a temporal periodicity in sex attraction with B. cockerelli at least during the photophase.
Evolution of the thyroid hormone, retinoic acid, ecdysone and liver X receptors

Ecdysone and thyroid hormone are 2 ligands that have important roles in regulating metamorphosis in animals. Ecdysone is a steroid that regulates molting in insects. Thyroid hormone regulates differentiation and development in fish and amphibia. Although ecdysone and thyroid hormone have different chemical structures, both hormones act by binding to transcription factors that belong to the nuclear receptor family. We investigated the evolution of structure and function in the ecdysone receptor (EcR) and thyroid hormone receptor (TR), and liver X receptor (LXR) and retinoic acid receptor (RAR), which cluster with EcR and TR, respectively (Bertrand S, Brunet FG, Escriva H, Parmentier G, Laudet V, Robinson-Rechavi M. 2004. Mol Biol Evol 21:1923-37), by constructing a multiple alignment of their sequences and calculating ancestral sequences for TR, RAR, EcR, and LXR. These alignments were mapped onto the 3D structures of TR, RAR, EcR, and LXR in the Protein Data Bank to examine the evolution of amino acids involved in the binding of ligands to TR, RAR, EcR, and LXR.
PET measures of pre- and post-synaptic cardiac beta adrenergic function

Abstract Positron Emission Tomography was used to measure global and regional cardiac β-adrenergic function in 19 normal subjects and 9 congestive heart failure patients. [ 11 C]-meta-hydroxyephedrine was used to image norepinephrine transporter function as an indicator of pre-synaptic function and [ 11 C]-CGP12177 was used to measure cell surface β-receptor density as an indicator of post-synaptic function. Pre-synaptic, but not post-synaptic, function was significantly different between normals and CHF patients. Pre-synaptic function was well matched to post-synaptic function in the normal hearts but significantly different and poorly matched in the CHF patients studied. This imaging technique can help us understand regional sympathetic function in cardiac disease.
Early Relationships Among Sequence Number Words, Counting Correspondence, and Cardinality

Earlier chapters have focused on young children’s ability to produce the number-word sequence (chapter 2), make accurate correspondences when counting (chapters 3, 4, 5, and 6), and relate counting to developing concepts of cardinality (chapters 7, 8, and 9). In this chapter data are provided that indicate how these various aspects of counting in a cardinal situation fit together for children of varying ages, that is, how relatively difficult these aspects of counting are. The focus here is only on the earliest relationship between counting and cardinality, the ability to answer a how-many question with the last counted word.
The Effect of Using Digital Satellite Imagery in the LAPS Moisture Analysis

Abstract The Local Analysis and Prediction System (LAPS) analyzes three-dimensional moisture as one component of its system. This paper describes the positive impact that simple 8-bit, remapped, routinely available imagery have on the LAPS moisture analysis above 500 hPa. A variational method adjusts the LAPS moisture analysis by minimizing differences between forward model-computed radiances and radiances from Advanced Weather Interactive Processing System (AWIPS) image-grade data from Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite 8 (GOES-8). The three infrared channels used in the analysis will be routinely available to AWIPS workstations every 15 min. This technique improves LAPS upper-level dewpoint, reducing dewpoint temperature bias and root-mean-square error on the order of 0.5 and 1.5 K, respectively, as compared to Denver radiosonde observation data. Furthermore, it strongly exemplifies the objective analysis benefit of image-grade data, in addition to its well-known subjective utility.
Weight Gain: A Possible Factor in Deciding Timing for Inguiinal Hernia Repair in Premature Infants

A retrospective study was done to determine whether improved weight gain follows inguinal hernia repair in the premature infant and whether the presence of an inguinal hernia is associated with comparatively poorer weight gain prior to repair. Demographic and growth data from 28 premature infants who had undergone hernia repair were compared with corresponding data from 25 matched “control” premature patients. The two groups' weight for age Z scores for both time periods (i.e., before and after hernia repair) were then determined and analyzed. The differences found in Z scores between these two groups indicated that premature infants who have inguinal hernias seem to grow better after the hernia repair as compared with before the surgery. Despite issues related to group matching, the results of this study indicate that weight gain may be an additional factor to consider in determining the appropriate time to do surgical correction of a premature infant's inguinal hernia.
An efficient organic solvent based extraction method for the proteomic analysis of Arabidopsis plasma membranes.

Membrane proteins are involved in diverse cellular processes and are an integral component of many signaling cascades, but due to their highly hydrophobic nature and the complexities associated with studying these proteins in planta, alternative methods are being developed to better characterize these proteins on a proteome-wide scale. In our previous work (Mitra, S. K.et al. J. Proteome Res. 2007, 6, (5), 1933−50), methanol-assisted solubilization was determined to facilitate the identification of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic membrane proteins compared to Brij-58 solubilization and was particularly effective for leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR RLKs). To improve peptide identification and to overcome sample losses after tryptic digestion, we have developed an effective chloroform extraction method to promote plasma membrane protein identification. The use of chloroform extraction over traditional solid-phase extraction (SPE) prior to off-line strong cation exchange liquid chromatography...
Dissipation of Turbulent Kinetic Energy near a Bubble Plume

Profiles of the rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy were inferred from temperature microstructure measurements near a bubble plume at the center of a tank with diameter of 13.7 m and maximum depth of 8.3 m. Six sets of between 18 and 51 profiles were collected at airflow rates of 0.1–0.6 L/s, measured at atmospheric pressure, and ensemble-averaged dissipation profiles were calculated. The dissipation in all cases was between 10\U-8\N and 10\U-6\N m²/s³ in most of the profile, but it increased sharply near the water surface. Energy considerations are used to discuss the experimental results in terms of previous numerical models of bubble plume turbulence. Two previous numerical studies show that the turbulence dissipates between 15 and 30% of the available power. In the experiments, the fraction is less than 1% because some of the energy of the plume is used to generate waves on the water surface and the profiles used to compute the volume-averaged dissipation were relatively far from the bubble plume.
A new statistic for identifying batch effects in high-throughput genomic data that uses guided principal component analysis

Motivation: Batch effects are due to probe-specific systematic variation between groups of samples (batches) resulting from experimental features that are not of biological interest. Principal component analysis (PCA) is commonly used as a visual tool to determine whether batch effects exist after applying a global normalization method. However, PCA yields linear combinations of the variables that contribute maximum variance and thus will not necessarily detect batch effects if they are not the largest source of variability in the data. Results: We present an extension of PCA to quantify the existence of batch effects, called guided PCA (gPCA). We describe a test statistic that uses gPCA to test whether a batch effect exists. We apply our proposed test statistic derived using gPCA to simulated data and to two copy number variation case studies: the first study consisted of 614 samples from a breast cancer family study using Illumina Human 660 bead-chip arrays, whereas the second case study consisted of 703 samples from a family blood pressure study that used Affymetrix SNP Array 6.0. We demonstrate that our statistic has good statistical properties and is able to identify significant batch effects in two copy number variation case studies. Conclusion: We developed a new statistic that uses gPCA to identify whether batch effects exist in high-throughput genomic data. Although our examples pertain to copy number data, gPCA is general and can be used on other data types as well. Availability and implementation: The gPCA R package (Available via CRAN) provides functionality and data to perform the methods in this article. Contact: ude.ucv@eseseer or ude.oyam@lekce Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
The First Amendment in Cross-Cultural Perspective: A Comparative Legal Analysis of the Freedom of Speech

The First Amendment in Cross-Cultural Perspective: A Comparative Legal Analysis of the Freedom of Speech. By Ronald J. Krotoszynski, Jr. New York: New York University Press, 2006. 336p. $50.00. The growing influence of modern foreign laws and legal rulings on the American model of constitutionalism is a dirty little secret no longer. In Lawrence v. Texas (2003), Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy, writing for the majority, made no apologies about his willingness to consult with rulings from the European Court of Human Rights in holding that the Fourteenth Amendment's promise of due process of law forbids the state of Texas from prohibiting sodomy between consenting adults. Court observers should have seen this development coming: With the breakdown of the Soviet Union came the emergence of new Western-style democracies thrust into the position of building new republics from scratch. American constitutional scholars were called upon in the late 1980s and early 1990s to consult with officials from these countries and advise them on the drafting of their own constitutions. Constitutionalism is now a commodity that travels across international lines. The Supreme Court's controversial method in Lawrence may or may not signal the beginning of a new era of cross-national consultations by the high Court. However, it does coincide with a growing interest on the part of political scientists studying comparative law and comparative constitutionalism during the past decade.
Large scale perturbations in extratropical atmosphere—Part II: On geostrophic waves

We have examined, in Part I, the propagation mechanism and geostrophic property of classical Rossby waves in a non-divergent barotropic atmosphere. As we found that the non-divergent Rossby waves do not propagate in a hydrostatically equilibrium atmosphere, and do not manifest a good geostrophic property, an alternative large scale circulation pattern of geostrophic waves has been proposed (McHall, 1991a). The propagation mechanism and geostrophic property of these waves are examined in the present study.
Optimal Regret Minimization in Posted-Price Auctions with Strategic Buyers

We study revenue optimization learning algorithms for posted-price auctions with strategic buyers. We analyze a very broad family of monotone regret minimization algorithms for this problem, which includes the previously best known algorithm, and show that no algorithm in that family admits a strategic regret more favorable than Ω(√T). We then introduce a new algorithm that achieves a strategic regret differing from the lower bound only by a factor in O(log T), an exponential improvement upon the previous best algorithm. Our new algorithm admits a natural analysis and simpler proofs, and the ideas behind its design are general. We also report the results of empirical evaluations comparing our algorithm with the previous state of the art and show a consistent exponential improvement in several different scenarios.
High-Density Conducting Mist Test for Insulator Evaluation

A technique is described for rapid reproducible testing of contaminated outdoor insulators. The test parameters can be controlled to permit comparison of insulators under different conditions. Erosion and tracking resistance of polymeric insulators in functional designs can be studied by controlling the test parameters. A conductive mist is sprayed on the insulator while oscilloscope traces of the current wave are measured and examined. Test variables that can be controlled include voltage, spray volume, conductivity of the contaminant, and time. The insulator test features rapidity and reproducibility allowing the user to quickly compare new designs with conventional geometries. It is possible to vary the test parameters so as to represent a variety of environmental conditions that may exist in the field. The test method makes no attempt to simulate a specific environmental condition. Illustrative data are included for conventional porcelain-suspension insulators that are compared to results for a DuPont Teflon polytetrafluoroethylene rod and a quartz rod.
Consideration of measurement uncertainty in the evaluation of goodness-of-fit in hydrologic and water quality modeling

As hydrologic and water quality (H/WQ) models are increasingly used to guide water resource policy, management, and regulation, it is no longer appropriate to disregard uncertainty in model calibration, validation, and evaluation. In the present research, the method of calculating the error term in pairwise comparisons of measured and predicted values was modified to consider measurement uncertainty with the goal of facilitating enhanced evaluation of H/WQ models. The basis of this method was the theory that H/WQ models should not be evaluated against the values of measured data, which are uncertain, but against the inherent measurement uncertainty. Specifically, the deviation calculations of several goodness-of-fit indicators were modified based on the uncertainty boundaries (Modification 1) or the probability distribution of measured data (Modification 2). The choice between these two modifications is based on absence or presence of distributional information on measurement uncertainty. Modification 1, which is appropriate in the absence of distributional information, minimizes the calculated deviations and thus produced substantial improvements in goodness-of-fit indicators for each example data set. Modification 2, which provides a more realistic uncertainty estimate but requires distributional information on uncertainty, resulted in smaller improvements. Modification 2 produced small goodness-of-fit improvement for measured data with little uncertainty but produced modest improvement when data with substantial uncertainty were compared with both poor and good model predictions. This limited improvement is important because poor model goodness-of-fit, especially due to model structure deficiencies, should not appear satisfactory simply by including measurement uncertainty.
Perturbed disks get shocked. Binary black hole merger effects on accretion disks

The merger process of a binary black hole system can have a strong impact on a circumbinary disk. In the present work we study the effect of both central mass reduction (due to the energy loss through gravitational waves) and a possible black hole recoil (due to asymmetric emission of gravitational radiation). For the mass reduction case and recoil directed along the disk's angular momentum, oscillations are induced in the disk which then modulate the internal energy and bremsstrahlung luminosities. On the other hand, when the recoil direction has a component orthogonal to the disk's angular momentum, the disk's dynamics are strongly impacted, giving rise to relativistic shocks. The shock heating leaves its signature in our proxies for radiation, the total internal energy and bremsstrahlung luminosity. Interestingly, for cases where the kick velocity is below the smallest orbital velocity in the disk (a likely scenario in real active galactic nuclei), we observe a common, characteristic pattern in the internal energy of the disk. Variations in kick velocity simply provide a phase offset in the characteristic pattern implying that observations of such a signature could yield a measure of the kick velocity through electromagnetic signals alone.
A young boy with a large hemifacial plaque with histopathologic features of trichoepithelioma

Trichoepitheliomas commonly appear as sporadic solitary lesions or, more rarely, as multiple lesions that are often dominantly inherited. We describe an 8-year-old boy with multiple facial papules that coalesced into a large plaque. This presentation of multiple trichoepitheliomas may represent an unusual type of nevus.
Popular Cultures and Political Practices

(1990). Popular Cultures and Political Practices. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport: Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 51-63.
Single-phase heat transfer enhancement in a curved, rectangular channel subjected to concave heating

Abstract Experiments were performed to ascertain the single-phase heat transfer enhancement provided by streamwise curvature. Curved and straight rectangular flow channels were fabricated with identical 5.0×2.5 mm cross-sections and 101.6 mm heated lengths in which heat was applied to a 32.3 mm radius concave wall in the curved channel and a side wall in the straight. Reynolds number ranged from 9000 to 130 000 and centripetal acceleration for the curved flow reached 315 times the earths gravitational acceleration. Nusselt numbers defined with hydraulic and thermal diameters were consistently underpredicted by previous correlations developed for full-periphery-heated channels but were accurately predicted when defined with heated width. Convection coefficients were enhanced due to flow curvature for all conditions tested, and detailed experimental correlations are provided for both the straight and curved configurations. Increasing Reynolds number produced different enhancement trends for different locations along the heated wall, decreasing the enhancement near the inlet and increasing it elsewhere downstream. Mechanisms responsible for the curvature enhancement are believed to be Dean vortices and a shift in the maximum axial velocity toward the concave wall. These mechanisms require a finite distance to develop sufficient strength to influence heat transfer, which explains the different enhancement trends observed for different locations along the heated wall.
A tree-community-level analysis of successional status and gap-phase and postfire regeneration of range-margin Thuja plicata (western redcedar)

Range-margin populations may have different life history characteristics than other populations, and the montane forests of Glacier National Park represent the easternmost limit of several western ...
The Seasonal Effects of ENSO on European Precipitation: Observational Analysis

AbstractAn analysis and characterization of seasonal changes in the atmospheric teleconnection between ENSO and western European precipitation, as well as atmospheric conditions over the North Atlantic and Europe, are presented. Significant ENSO-associated changes in precipitation are evident during the boreal spring and fall seasons, marginal during boreal summer, and absent during boreal winter. The spring and fall precipitation anomalies are accompanied by statistically significant ENSO-related changes in large-scale fields over the North Atlantic and Europe. These seasonal teleconnections appear to be mediated by changes in upper tropospheric conditions along the coast of Europe that project down to the lower troposphere and produce onshore or offshore moisture flux anomalies, depending on the season. Some ENSO-related changes in storm activity are also evident during fall and winter. Analyses during boreal winter reveal little effect of coincident ENSO conditions on either European precipitation or u...
Effects of Antenna Orientation and Vegetation on Global Positioning System Telemetry Collar Performance

Abstract Use of global positioning system (GPS) collars to improve our understanding of bear movements and habitat use has increased markedly in the last 10 years. Habitat use has been better defined using this technology, but variation in acquisition rates across covertypes and with varying antenna orientation could bias results. I assessed the effects of vegetative habitat characteristics and antenna orientation on percent of successful fixes and 3-dimensional (3D) fixes for GPS collars designed for Ursus americanus (American Black Bear) in Michigan during April–July, 2001–2002. I placed collars in 5 habitats with varying tree density, diameter, and canopy cover and also in an unobstructed area with antennas oriented 0–90° from horizontal. Basal area was the only habitat parameter measured that influenced fix success; the correlation was negative. Percent of successful locations obtained in the open area decreased as antenna orientation increased away from the vertical position. Habitat characteristics ...
HERBERT BLUMER'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO TWENTIETH-CENTURY SOCIOLOGY

Herbert Blumer's work has had considerable impact on the growth of twentieth-century sociology. He kept alive an interest in George Mead at a time when Pragmatism floundered. Although it is unlikely that Mead's work would have been overlooked, there can be no question that Blumer's forceful advocacy helped bring it to the forefront of modern social thought. Park first organized the subfield of collective behavior, but it was Blumer who kept it going in the face of opposition from structural-functionalism. Whether or not collective behavior endures as a separate area of specialization, sociologists will have to concern themselves with the manner in which human beings adapt to problematic situations. Although his views on methodology have been controversial, some of his positions will probably prevail. His insistence on the direct observation of people in their indigenous settings and his contention that human agency must be taken into account in explanations of social processes are difficult to counter.
Fever Evaluation Cost and Time to Treatment in the General Surgery Patient Can be Reduced by Using a Fever Practice Guideline

ABSTRACT Objectives: Evaluation of surgical patients with fever and leukocytosis (FAL) for an infection source often results in unnecessary laboratory and radiographic tests. The average cost of an FAL work-up ranges from $2200 to $5600. Lack of a systematic approach drives costs higher than necessary. We evaluated differences in time to treatment and costs using usual methods of FAL work-ups versus FAL work-ups using an established fever practice guideline (FPG). Methods: In phase I, a retrospective electronic chart review was conducted for 82 adult surgery patients who underwent FAL work-ups to determine time from initial temperature presentation to fever treatment and total cost per fever evaluation. In phase II, an established FPG was applied to 30 intensive care unit patients from the original group of 82 using phase I data points. Differences in cost and time to treatment were compared using a paired t-test. Results: Mean time to fever treatment decreased from 51.57 hours pre-FPG use to 11.23 hours ...
Microstructural and Photoacoustic Infrared Spectroscopic Studies of Human Cortical Bone with Osteogenesis Imperfecta

The molecular basis of bone disease osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) and the mineralization of hydroxyapatite in OI bone have been of significant research interest. To further investigate the mechanism of OI disease and bone mineralization, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy, and x-ray diffraction (XRD) are used in the present study to describe the structural and compositional differences between OI and healthy bone. OI bone exhibits more porous, fibrous features, abnormal collagen fibrils, and abnormal mineral deposits. Likewise, photoacoustic-FTIR experiments indicate an aberrant collagen structure and an altered mineral structure in OI. In contrast, there is neither significant difference in the non-collagenous proteins (NCPs) composition observed nor apparent change in the crystal structure between OI and healthy bone minerals as shown in XRD and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) results. This observation indicates that the biomineralization process is more controlled by the bone cells and non-collagenous phosphorylated proteins. The present study also confirms that there is an orientational influence on the stoichiometry of the mineral in OI bone. Also, a larger volume of the hydrated layer in the transverse plane than the longitudinal plane of the mineral crystal structure is proposed. The appearance of a new C–S band in the FTIR spectra in OI bone suggests the substitution of glycine by cysteine in collagen molecules or/and an increased amount of cysteine-rich osteonectin that relates to mineral nucleation and mineral crystal formation.
Hospitalization charges for children with birth defects in Texas, 2001 to 2010.

Background State-specific information about hospitalizations of children with birth defects can improve understanding of changes in occurrence, treatment practices, and health care financing policies. This study analyzed aggregated data on hospital charges and length of stay for a large, diverse population. Methods We extracted hospitalization data for children diagnosed with birth defects from the Texas Hospital Inpatient Discharge Public Use Data File (2001-2010). Analyses compared total charges and length of stay for children with and without a diagnosis code of any birth defect among 45 standard categories. We also examined trends for total charges by expected payer type. Results In Texas, 431,296 hospital stays were reported for children with birth defects, with total charges of $24.8 billion. Mean hospital stay for children with birth defects was more than twice that of those without, whereas mean of hospital total charges was approximately six times greater. Pyloric stenosis accounted for the largest number of hospitalizations, followed by certain cardiac defects. Pediatric hospitalizations for birth defects increased 273.7%, compared with a 214.7% increase overall. The percentage of charges with Medicaid as expected payer (2004-2010) ranged from 56.5 to 62.0%. Conclusion Charges associated with these conditions are far greater than those associated with pediatric hospitalizations for other causes, whether in the newborn period or beyond. However, these charges vary depending on specific diagnoses, expected payer source, and year of treatment.
Tropes and Ordinary Physical Objects

I argue that a solution to puzzles concerning the relationship ofobjects and their properties – a version of the `bundle' theory ofparticulars according to which ordinary objects are mereologicalfusions of monadic and relational tropes – is also a solution topuzzles of material constitution involving the allegedco-location of material objects. Additionally, two argumentsthat have played a prominent role in shaping the current debate,Mark Heller's argument for Four Dimensionalism and Peter vanInwagen's argument against Mereological Universalism, are shownto be unsound given this version of the bundle theory.
Field and temperature-driven magnetic reversal of spin-flop coupled epitaxial Fe/MnPd bilayers

We studied field and temperature-driven magnetic reversal of epitaxial spin-flop coupled Fe/MnPd bilayers. The onset temperatures for the spin-flop coupling, the loop shift, and the reversal asymmetry were found to be different for the same sample, indicating their sensitivity to different interface components. We show that the induced uniaxial anisotropy is a direct result of the spin-flop coupling, while the loop shift, observed along the bias, and the reversal asymmetry, measured perpendicular to the bias, are likely relevant to the local pinning environments and the remanence state of the ferromagnet. Further, the unidirectional bias can be manipulated by a controlled recooling process, while keeping the spin-flop property unaffected. Finally, we experimentally reveal the temperature-driven magnetization transitions in the thermal hysteresis of the bilayers and demonstrate the important role of competing energy terms on the observation of different types of thermal hysteresis behaviors.
Comments on Compressor Efficiency Scaling With Reynolds Number and Relative Roughness

The background and literature on scaling of model test results to predict the performance of large scale turbomachines are presented and discussed in the context of both industry restrictions and recent improvements in analytical rigor and accuracy of scaling algorithms. The variety and disparity of methods developed before about 1970 is illustrated and plausible explanation is offered to account for the broad differences. The more recent literature is considered and the older exponential algorithms for scaling are reconciled with the current methods based on friction factor correlations. A simpler form is developed in terms of either exponential or friction factor formulations which includes the influence of Reynolds Number, relative roughness and fixed, friction-independent losses. This method is compared to the recently developed algorithms and to experimental data taken from the literature.Copyright © 1989 by ASME
Study on Stress Measurement System of UHV Transmission Tower Test Base

Stress Measurement is an important part of full-scale tower test.The paper introduces system structure,key technology and primary functions of stress measurement system of UHV transmission tower testing base.Performance and characteristics of the system are concluded. Application results show that capability of the system can meet testing requirements of UHV tower test excellently.
Study on effects of Cr~(3+),alkali and surfactant on polymer molecular configuration and seepage flow characteristics

The dynamic light scattering,scanning electron microscope and core flow experiment were used to investigate the effects of Cr3+,alkali and surfactant on the molecular clew diameter,molecular configuration and seepage flow characteristics of polymer gel composed of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide.The results show that Cr3+,alkali and surfactant can change the molecular clew diameter of polymer and then affect the molecular configuration and seepage flow characteristics of polymer.The polymer gel with different molecular configuration can be prepared by changing the gelling conditions such as electrolyte concentration of solvent water and Cr3+.Under the conditions of high electrolyte concentration and low-concentration Cr3+,the cross-linking reaction of polymer molecule and Cr3+ mainly occurred among the different branches of the same molecule,and the polymer gel has the molecular configuration of intra-molecule cross-linking.Under the condition of low electrolyte concentration and high-concentration Cr3+,the cross-linking reactions of polymer molecule and Cr3+ mainly occurred among the chains of different molecule,and the polymer gel had the molecular configuration of intermolecule cross-linking.Compared with the polymer solution of the same concentration,the apparent viscosity of intra-molecule cross-linking polymer gel remained almost unchangeable,but the resistance factor and residual resistance factor are much higher.Moreover,the residual resistance factor is higher than the resistance factor,which demonstrates the unique flow characteristics.Compared with the intermolecule cross-linking polymer gel,molecular clew diameter of intra-molecule cross-linking polymer gel is smaller and still slightly higher than that of the polymer with the same concentration.Alkali can decrease the thickness of diffusive layer of polymer molecule and make the molecular chains contracted and thickened and further form the branch-like structure conformation supplemented by network structure.Surfactant can decrease slightly the polymer molecular clews and make the structure conformation unchangeable.
The Characteristics and Cultivation Techniques of New Rice Variety Songliao 6

The new rice variety Songliao 6 was bred through sexual hybridization by Gongzhuling Songliao Institute of Agricultural Sciences in 2000.Songliao 6 has good characteristics of high yield,strong resistance,high grain quality and wide adaptability.It could be strongly resistant to blast.During the inter-annual and inter-regional production,it has steady yield,so to belong to insensitive varietiy.The maximum yield was higher than the contract variety Jiyu japonica by 8.1%.
Design of Network Interface Based on DSP Embedded System

An improvement on network of a certain measure and control system is presented and the defect in the structure of the old control system is analysed. A reforming design of embedded system and distributed control system is proposed to replace the old central control system. The advantage of the improved scheme in production and management is discussed. A design of Ethernet interface based on DSP embedded system is introduced to realize embedded Internet, according to the performance index of the control system. Experiment results show that the scheme is effective and reliable.