cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
When Teachers Must Let Education Hurt: Rousseau and Nietzsche on Compassion and the Educational Value of Suffering

Avi Mintz (2008) has recently argued that Anglo-American educators have a tendency to alleviate student suffering in the classroom. According to Mintz, this tendency can be detrimental because certain kinds of suffering actually enhance student learning. While Mintz compellingly describes the effects of educator's desires to alleviate suffering in students, he does not examine one of the roots of the desire: the feeling of compassion or pity (used as synonyms here). Compassion leads many teachers to unreflectively alleviate student struggles. While there are certainly times when compassion is necessary to help students learn, there are other times when it must be overcome. Compassion in the classroom is a two-edged sword that must be carefully employed; and yet it is often assumed that it is an unequivocal good that ought to trump all other impulses. In this article I hope to raise awareness concerning the promises and pitfalls of compassion in education by examining the theories of two historical figures who famously emphasised compassion in their philosophical writings: Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Friedrich Nietzsche. Rousseau and Nietzsche argue that compassion is a powerful educational force but that it must be properly employed. For Rousseau and Nietzsche, compassion is necessary to develop self-mastery in human beings—the ultimate goal of education—but it is a compassion that must hurt in order to help. My hope is that Rousseau's and Nietzsche's ideas on compassion will encourage thoughtful reflection on the uses and abuses of compassion in education.
On charge transfer spectra

The relationship between the maximum of absorption of a donor-acceptor complex and the P value of the relevant donor for a series of donors with the same acceptor is reasonable linear. The P value, measure for the energy of the electron in the highest filled orbital, has the advantage of being calculable for many substances of biological interest. The relationship is still linear for low P values and also for complexes with maxima in the near infrared. The relationship is also tested for polar solvents. In case more than one maximum is formed, only one obeys the rule. Sometimes the deviations observed are systematic, e.g. effect of the solvent and are cancelled when the results of two series (two different acceptors) are compared (Foster's rule).
Constitutional Law in 1941–1942: The Constitutional Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States in the October Term, 1941.

The vacancies on the Supreme Court caused by the retirement of Mr. Justice McReynolds and Chief Justice Hughes were filled by President Roosevelt during the summer of 1941. When the Court convened in October, Mr. Justice Stone, originally appointed by President Coolidge, became Chief Justice. Chief Justice White was the only other associate justice to be promoted to the Chief Justiceship. Senator James F. Byrnes of South Carolina, and Attorney General Robert H. Jackson of New York took their seats as associate justices. Thus seven justices have been placed on the Court by President Roosevelt. Any idea, however, that these Roosevelt appointees conform to any uniform pattern of thought is belied by the fact that in the 75 cases in the 1941 term turning on important questions of either constitutional law or federal statutory construction, there were dissents in 36, and 23 of these dissents were by either three or four justices. No act of Congress has been declared unconstitutional since May, 1936, when the Municipal Bankruptcy Act was held invalid. Since 1937, the Court has overruled 20 previous decisions, mentioning them by name, while it has modified or qualified a number of others.
Dynamics of cello-oligosaccharides on a cellulose crystal surface

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to study the dynamics of cello-oligosaccharides on the cellulose crystal surface in the presence of water. In particular, single chains of cello-oligomers containing 2–10 repeat units, i.e. cellobiose, cellotetraose, cellohexaose, cellooctaose as well as cellodecaose—were simulated separately on the (1,0,0) cellulose crystal surface. The dynamics of cello-oligosaccharides were characterized as a function of the distance from the cellulose crystal surface. When the initial location of the cello-oligosaccharides was in the vicinity of the cellulose crystal (separation distance ~4–5A), they exhibited very small changes in their location and conformation. The cello-oligosaccharides with initial positions far from the surface moved either towards or away from the surface, as would be expected for diffusive behavior. However, once these molecules came in contact with the cellulose crystal surface, they became effectively immobile and got adsorbed on the surface. The dynamics of cellodecaose were studied in detail. From several MD trajectories, three stable conformations for the alignment of cellodecaose on the crystal surface were identified. These are: chain axis of cellodecaose is aligned parallel to the axes of the chains on the crystal surface, chain axis is approximately at right angles to the axes of the chains on the surface, and an obtuse angle conformation in which part of the chain is parallel and the other part is at an angle to the axes of the chains on the surface. The mechanism of adsorption of the cellodecaose on the surface was also identified.
Modulated structures in AuNi alloys

Abstract A modulated structure has been shown to develop on {100} planes in certain gold-nickel alloys on aging at temperatures in the vicinity of 100–200°C. The critical composition is at 45 at.% Ni and the maximum temperature at which these structures occurs is 220°C. The boundary of the modulated structure region is nearly symmetric, with extreme compositions at approximately 20 and 60 at.% Ni. This structure has been observed by means of electron diffraction and is characterized by the formation of satellite reflections on 〈100〉 axes around each fundamental peak. The modulated structures exhibited a composition amplitude of approximately 5 at. % and characteristic wavelengths which varied from 6.5 A at 54 at.% Ni to 13 A at 22 at.% Ni. An activation energy of 13,500 cal. per mol. was calculated for the rate limiting step in the low temperature region, corresponding to the energy of migration for vacancies in this composition range. The satellite reflections disappeared on aging just above the critical temperature ; on reaging at a lower temperature, the satellites did not reappear. This is taken to indicate that the presence of a large concentration of quenched-in excess vacancies is required for the development of the modulated structure. The formation of the modulated structure may be associated with the postulated spinodal decomposition in this system, although the theories of spinodal decomposition do not yet adequately account for the role of vacancies.
Job Decentralization and Central-City Well-Being An Empirical Study with Sectoral Data

To contribute to the understanding of the relationship between job decentralization and central-city well-being, this study undertakes some statistical tests using intermetropolitan-level data for the United States. Unlike previous studies, the relationship is tested here with sectoral data. A strong negative association between job decentralization and economic well-being of central-city residents is observed in terms of almost all indicators of well-being. This association is stronger when decentralization is considered in the low-wage sectors, such as retailing. The research findings have serious policy implications in regard to location of activities and provision of transportation infrastructure and facilities.
CONTROLLING GENTRIFICATION: TOWARDS A POLICY OF BALANCED URBAN RENEWAL*

The issues of gentrification and displacement in the resurgent areas of our cities are discussed. Particular attention is paid to the questions of who is affected, in what way and to what degree. Existing local government strategies for controlling gentrification are discussed and compared with a new approach: the Neighborhood Tied Benefits Program. This program is proposed as a way to help capture some of the economic investment resulting from gentrification and to utilize it to protect other areas threatened by displacement. A specific methodology for carrying out the policy is discussed.
Perioperative outcomes of pancreaticoduodenectomy compared to total pancreatectomy for neoplasia.

Total pancreatectomy (TP) eliminates the risk and morbidity of pancreatic leak after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). However, TP is a more extensive procedure with guaranteed endocrine and exocrine insufficiency. Previous studies conflict on the net benefit of TP. A comparison of patients undergoing non-emergent, curative-intent TP or PD for pancreatic neoplasia using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Project data from 2005–2011 was done. Main outcome measures were mortality and major and minor morbidities. Of the 6,314 (97 %) who underwent PD and the 198 (3 %) who underwent TP, malignancy was present in 84 % of patients. The two groups were comparable at baseline. Mortality was higher after TP (6.1 %) than DP (3.1 %), p = 0.02. Adjusting for differences on multivariable analysis, TP carried increased mortality (OR 2.64, 95 % CI 1.3–5.2, p = 0.005). TP was also associated with increased rates of major morbidity (38 vs. 30 %, p = 0.02) and blood transfusion (16 vs. 10 %, p = 0.01). Infectious and septic complications occurred equally in both groups. The morbidity of a pancreatic fistula can be eliminated by TP. However, based on our findings, TP is associated with increased major morbidity and mortality. TP cannot be routinely recommended for to reduce perioperative morbidity when pancreaticoduodenectomy is an appropriate surgical option.
A pattern-directed approach to FMS scheduling

Scheduling in flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) must take into account the shorter lead time, the multiprocessing environment, and the dynamically changing states. In this paper, a pattern-directed approach is presented which incorporates a nonlinear planning method developed in the artificial intelligence field. The scheduling system described here is knowledge-based and utilizes both forward-and backward-chaining for generating schedules (treated as state-space plans). The pattern-directed approach is dynamically adjustable and thus can handle scheduling requirements unique to the FMS environment, such as dynamic scheduling, failure-recovery scheduling, or prioritized scheduling for meeting deadlines.
Racist Events and Individual Coping Styles as Predictors of African American Activism

The purpose of this study was to examine racist events and three individual coping styles (reflective, suppressive, and reactive) as predictors of involvement in African American activism in a sample of 269 African American women and men. In addition, it examined the moderating roles of individual coping styles in the racist events-African American activism link. Results indicated that racist events, reflective coping, and the interaction of racist events and reflective coping uniquely and significantly predicted involvement in African American activism, accounting for 33% of the variance. Racist events and reflective individual coping styles were related to involvement in African American activism. Results also supported a moderating role of individual reflective coping styles in the link between frequency of racist events and involvement in African American activism. That is, participants with high reflective coping engaged in more African American activism than participants with low reflective coping w...
ZnO growth on Si with low-temperature CdO and ZnO buffer layers by molecular-beam epitaxy

Low-temperature (LT) buffer-layer techniques were employed to improve the crystalline quality of ZnO films grown by molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE). Photoluminescence (PL) spectra show that CdO, as a hetero-buffer layer with a rock-salt structure, does not improve the quality of ZnO film grown on top. However, by using ZnO as a homo-buffer layer, the crystalline quality can be greatly enhanced, as indicated by PL, atomic force microscopy (AFM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman scattering. Moreover, the buffer layer grown at 450°C is found to be the best template to further improve the quality of top ZnO film. The mechanisms behind this result are the strong interactions between point defects and threading dislocations in the ZnO buffer layer.
A new 5-channel carrier system for subscriber use employing transistors

THE NEW Subscriber-Carrier System type 561 described in this paper is a result of many months of engineering effort by many individuals in the Stromberg-Carlson organization. The design was undertaken to satisfy a pressing need in the telephone industry for an inexpensive yet good quality system which would help alleviate the critical situation existing in the field of rural service.
Halogen transport of molybdenum arsenides and other transition metal pnictides

Abstract Crystals of MoAs 2 , Mo 2 As 3 , and Mo 5 As 4 have been grown by chemical transport using halogens as the transport agents. The variation of the transport rate with halogen, halogen concentration, temperature and temperature gradient has been studied. Total pressure, optical/UV absorption, and vapour analysis measurements have been employed to study the equilibrium vapours of the Mo/As/Br system up to 1175 °K. The arsenic trihalide is a major vapour component in this system and probably in other transition metal pnictides/halogen systems. The transport mechanism differs from that found in previously studied systems.
The electrical, optical and photoconducting properties of Fe2−xCrxO3 (0 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.47)

Abstract A study has been made of the electrical, optical and photoconducting properties of pure and reduced single crystals of composition Fe 2− x Cr x O 3 where 0 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.47. It has been found that pure α-Fe 2 O 3 is not a photoconductor. When defect-free crystals of α-Fe 2 O 3 are reduced a surface layer of Fe 3 O 4 is formed and the crystals exhibit photoconductivity. Removal of this layer resulted in the disappearance of photocurrents and an increase in the sample resistivity. A necessary condition for the observation of photocurrents in n -type Fe 2 O 3 is that some Fe 3 O 4 be present. In addition, it has been found that the substitution of chromium for iron in α-Fe 2 O 3 results in a monotonically decreasing optical band gap as the chromium concentration, x , increases.
Subunit-specific enhancement of glutamate receptor responses by zinc

A comparison of the effects of zinc ions on the response of two similar homomeric glutamate receptors, GluR1 and GluR3, was carried out using the Xenopus oocyte expression system. Two to 5 days after injection of the corresponding cRNA into oocytes, two-electrode voltage-clamp studies were done using primarily kainate as the glutamate agonist. Kainate produced stable responses that could be modulated by co-application of zinc. GluR3 but not GluR1 receptors produced currents that were enhanced by low concentrations of Zn2+. This Zn2+ sensitivity occurred over a narrow concentration range of 4 to 7.5 μM. Additionally, heteromeric expression of GluR3 with GluR2 and GluR1 with GluR2 both resulted in no Zn2+ potentiation. The zinc-induced enhancement of GluR3 current was not mediated by a change in sensitivity to agonist as the kainate concentration-response curve was unaltered by Zn2+. The kainate current-voltage (I-V) relationship for inward current showed a general increase in slope with little change in rectification. While there was no change in reversal potential, outward rectification became more pronounced during Zn2+ exposure. Although Ca2+ removal strongly affects the outward rectification of the I-V, the zinc-induced enhancement of GluR3 current still occurred in Ca2+-free saline. The major change in the kainate I-V relationship for GluR3 produced by Zn2+ may begin to explain the differential action of Zn2+ on two otherwise similar glutamate receptors. Because Zn2+ is co-released along with neurotransmitter, the differential sensitivity may be physiologically pertinent.
A unique activity assay for carboxypeptidase A in human serum.

Abstract Measurement of carboxypeptidase A, one of the pancreatic proteolytic enzymes, in human serum is made possible by a combination of affinity chromatography to isolate and concentrate the enzyme followed by monitoring activity spectrophotometrically with a high-turnover peptide substrate. Concentrations of enzyme in the nanogram-per-milliliter range can be determined with high precision and reliability. Initial clinical application of this method demonstrates no detectable activity in serum from normal individuals, but the enzyme is present in the sera of individuals with pancreatitis.
MR appearance of SONK-like subchondral abnormalities in the adult knee: SONK redefined

Objective To investigate the MR characteristics of SONK-like (spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee) subchondral abnormalities in the adult atraumatic knee and to recategorize these patients into two subgroups: a subacute to chronic process associated with osteoarthritis and an acute process associated with insufficiency fractures.
Persistence of rhythmic human growth hormone release during sleep in fasted and nonisocalorically fed normal subjects

Abstract The effects of nonisocaloric feeding and fasting on rhythmic release of HGH in sleep were examined in three normal women. Each was studied on two nights during a base-line-isocaloric period, on the second and third nights of an 80-hr fast, and on the third and sixth nights of a 600-g CHO, 4000-calorie diet. Plasma HGH, insulin, and glucose were determined at 20-min intervals and NEFA at hourly intervals during polygraphically monitored sleep. Normal repetitive patterns of HGH release in sleep occurred in all three subjects during base-line and high-CHO diet periods. No suppression of release occurred in any subject during the 6 days of excessive caloric intake and weight gain of 2.8–3.5% above mean basal weight. Fasting resulted in increased peak HGH concentrations in sleep, but each subject continued her same pattern of release, frequency of peaks, and sequential damping of release during sleep, as did a fourth male subject during a 60-hr fast. HGH release in sleep in fasting exhibited amplification of the normal rhythm. This occurred despite a significant glucose fall to below normal range, undetectable insulins, elevated NEFAs, and weight losses of 4.6–9.4%. NEFA fell sharply at sleep onset on 5 of 6 fast nights suggesting an adrenergic mechanism had been altered at entry into sleep. No pattern of rise in glucose or NEFA comparable to classic HGH effects on substrate followed the early sleep HGH peak in any study period. The data suggest that sleep release of HGH is a primary neural rhythm relatively independent of substrate concentration. Neuronal adaption to utilization of nonglucose substrates in fasting may lead to enhanced rhythmic activity and increased amplitude of the HGH release rhythm in sleep.
Factors Affecting the Incidence of Dental Caries in Population Groups

The survey recently made and the results published (1) under the auspices of the U. S. Public Health Service have made available for the first time mass statistics on the comparative incidence of dental caries in population groups. While one may perhaps question the absolute accuracy of the data collected, the method of its collection at least gives it a considerable value for comparing one region with another. The undertaking was an enormous one, and, although the end results fell far short of those desired, the published statistics do yield valuable information. Beyond the observations of Price and others (7) on the relative freedom from caries enjoyed by people living under primitive conditions, and the early onset of tooth decay and dental abnormalities when they become contaminated by trade or intercourse with civilized groups, little has been known of the incidence of tooth decay over the earth. It has generally been held to be less prevalent in our southern states than in the North, but definite comparative figures have been lacking. Because of its importance in the general health of individuals, tooth decay ranks as a health problem of no mean proportion, so that it becomes worth while to secure a general view of it as it varies from region to region and group to group. In the present communication will be presented summarized data of such regional and group relationships, with a discussion of their possible significance in regard to caries causation and prophylaxis. Latitude and Caries Incidence. Using data taken from Public Health Bulletin S 226 (1), an index of caries incidence was derived as follows: Boys of the 12-14 year age group were used throughout the
Time‐dependent changes in sensitivity to apomorphine and monoamine receptors following withdrawal from continuous cocaine administration in rats

The effects of withdrawal from continuous administration of cocaine on behavioral sensitivity to apomorphine and monoamine receptor density were examined in rats. Subdermal minipumps that delivered either saline or 20 mg/kg/day cocaine hydrochloride were implanted for 2 weeks. Apomorphine-induced stereotypy (0.5 mg/kg, SC) was examined in separate groups of rats either 4 hr or 7, 28, or 60 days after removal of the minipumps. Transient enhanced sensitivity to apomorphine-induced stereotypy occurred during the course of withdrawal. Animals withdrawn from cocaine for 4 hours did not differ from controls in their sensitivity to apomorphine, whereas animals withdrawn from cocaine for 7 days exhibited an increase in apomorphine-induced oral stereotypy relative to controls. However, the enhanced stereotypy response was no longer evident in animals withdrawn for 28–60 days. The animals were sacrificed after behavioral testing, and their brains were assayed for changes in monoamine receptor density in the frontal cortex, caudate-putamen, and nucleus accumbens. The density of 3H-SCH-23390-labeled D1 receptors was altered in all three regions examined in a time-dependent manner that paralleled the changes in behavioral sensitivity to apomorphine. There was a transient decrease in D1 receptor density that was evident by 7 days following withdrawal from continuous cocaine administration and was no longer evident 28 or 60 days posttreatment. There were no changes in 3H-spiroperidol-labeled D2 receptors, 125-pindolol-labeled β-adrenergic receptors, or 3H-ketanserin-labeled 5-HT2 receptors in any of the regions examined at both 4 hr and 7 days after termination of the cocaine infusion. These findings are discussed in terms of their relevance to developing pharmacologic treatments for withdrawal from cocaine. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Accessories to Addiction: G Protein Regulators Play a Key Role in Cocaine Seeking and Neuroplasticity

The prefrontal cortex mediates many aspects of addiction. In this issue of Neuron, Bowers et al. demonstrate that an activator of G protein signaling (AGS3) is persistently upregulated in the prefrontal cortex after cessation of chronic cocaine treatment. Furthermore, they find that AGS3 is responsible for altered behavior, such as enhanced drug seeking, and altered neurotransmission in cocaine-treated rats, representing a novel therapeutic target.
An Optimal Control Technique for Multiphase PM Machines Under Open-Circuit Faults

In this paper, an optimal control technique for n-phase permanent-magnet (PM) machines under various open circuit faults is presented. Under the fault conditions, the currents in the healthy phases are controlled to compensate phase loss and to produce the required output torque. The proposed control technique ensures continuous operation of the machines while producing minimum torque ripples and minimum stator ohmic loss. The control technique is based on the instantaneous power balance theory. To set the summation of the phase currents equal to zero, a constraint is incorporated in the derivation of the control technique. A five-phase PM machine is considered to demonstrate the proposed open circuit fault-tolerant control strategy. Simulation and experimental results are provided for validation.
NON-METALLIC AND STRUCTURALLY EFFICIENT THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE COMPOSITES FOR AVIONICS TEMPERATURE CONTROL, PART II: MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION.

Mechanical characterization of a two-dimensional Thermal Energy Storage (TES) composite structure that combines the heat storage capability with structural functionality was carried out experimentally. Static and fatigue experiments were conducted for the composite structure under three-point bending at both room temperature and elevated temperature. An energy method model was developed to predict the mechanical behavior of the composite. Nomenclature E Young's modulus M Bending moment P External load applied e Strain es Surface strain σ Stress δ Deflection ∆e Strain increment ∆U Strain Energy increment ∆δ Deflection increment ∆W Work increment yc Position of the neutral axis
Solving the Matrix Differential Riccati Equation: A Lyapunov Equation Approach

In this technical note, we investigate a solution of the matrix differential Riccati equation that plays an important role in the linear quadratic optimal control problem. Unlike many methods in the literature, the approach that we propose employs the negative definite anti-stabilizing solution of the matrix algebraic Riccati equation and the solution of the matrix differential Lyapunov equation. An illustrative numerical example is provided to show the efficiency of our approach.
The Most Frequently Listed Courses in the Undergraduate Psychology Curriculum

Continuing research with a 60-year history, we read 400 college catalogs and identified the most frequently listed undergraduate psychology courses for 4 institutional types. Results suggested ongoing segmentation in the research methodology and developmental areas, with an increasing number of courses listed in each. Experimental content courses (e.g., experimental, biological), clinical (e.g., abnormal, personality), and social/developmental courses are listed with about equal frequencies, and no movement toward additional vocational content is evident. We noted emerging subdisciplinary areas and courses.
Heritability of Apnea of Prematurity: A Retrospective Twin Study

BACKGROUND: Apnea of prematurity (AOP) is a disturbance in respiratory rhythm defined by idiopathic pauses in breathing that reduce blood oxygen levels and/or heart rate. It is a major clinical problem among preterm infants. OBJECTIVES: The primary goal of this study was to estimate the genetic susceptibility to AOP in a cohort of preterm twins. A secondary aim was to identify risk factors associated with AOP in this cohort. METHODS: A single-center, retrospective study (2000–2008) was performed by using data from 317 premature twin pairs ( RESULTS: The heritability of AOP was 87% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.64–0.97) among same-gender twins. A gender-dependent model revealed that genetic factors accounted for 99% of the variance in male twins (95% CI: 0.89–1.00) and 78% of the variance in female twins (95% CI: 0.49–0.94). Significant risk factors for AOP were low gestational age (P CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that AOP has an important genetic basis underlying this developmental-related disorder of respiratory control. Future genomic studies may provide information on pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie AOP.
Alteration of seminal proteins during freeze-drying of bovine semen.

Abstract Bovine semen in TEST-yolk extender was frozen, freeze-dried to 50, 25, 12, 6, and less than 2% residual moisture, and stored at −196°C. The freeze-dried semen was rehydrated, sampled for protein analysis, and used to inseminate cattle. Agar gel electrophoresis revealed no seminal protein alteration until residual moisture was reduced to less than 6%. At that point, the percent of cationic proteins and neutral proteins decreased with a concurrent increase in anionic migrating proteins. Immunodiffusion data with antisera against spermatozoa and seminal plasma revealed no difference in formation of precipitin lines if residual moisture was at least 6%. However, semen freeze-dried to 2% residual moisture was modified antigenically as certain precipitin lines were lost, new lines appeared, and concentration of other seminal antigens decreased. The absence of fertility with semen freeze-dried to 2% residual moisture is hypothesized to be from alteration of the tertiary structure of certain essential seminal proteins.
Entrainment of hamster pup circadian rhythms by prenatal melatonin injections to the mother

A circadian pacemaker, thought to be within the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus, begins to function before birth in rodents. Prenatal entrainment of the pacemaker appears to be mediated by signals regulated by the maternal SCN; ablation of the mother's SCN during gestation disrupts the normal phase of the pups' rhythms. The present paper presents an experimental approach for identifying candidate entraining signals and for testing when they are effective during development. The candidate signal examined in these experiments was the pineal gland hormone, melatonin. Female golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) received SCN lesions on day 7 of gestation. During the last week of gestation, they were given two daily subcutaneous injections of oil 12 h apart. One of the injections each day contained melatonin (10, 50, or 100 micrograms). The phases of the pups' activity rhythms were measured at weaning and were found to be related to the timing of the daily injection that contained melatonin, demonstrating that the melatonin directly or indirectly set the phase of the pups' rhythms. Injections given over 4 days of gestation were found to be as effective as injections given over 7 days. Although a physiological role for melatonin as an entraining signal has not been demonstrated, the results show that exogenous, prenatal treatment can predictably set the phase of the offsprings' circadian rhythms.
Hospitals during recession and recovery: vulnerable institutions and quality at risk.

For generations, American hospitals have been considered recession-proof, but there is reason to believe the current economic crisis is an exception. Hospitals have shown declining financial margins and decreased admissions. The severe recession has adversely affected many hospitals' finances, creating a risk of closure and constraining plans for expansion. We believe there is also a risk of harming clinical quality, through decreased staffing that may limit the momentum of the hospital quality movement, especially in fiscally vulnerable institutions. We consider ways the federal government could aid hospitals by promoting hospital quality while providing employment. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2010;5:302–305. © 2010 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Endosteal bone formation following vascular obstruction.

Partial occlusion of the periodontal microvasculature was achieved by introducing black carbonized microspheres unilaterally into the external carotid artery of squirrel monkeys. The contralateral side of the animal served as its own control. One week following the vascular obstruction, tritiated 2-glycine was injected intraperitoneally to label newly formed endosteal bone. All animals were sacrificed four weeks following the injection of tritiated glycine. The jaws were removed, hemi-sected, fixed, decalcified, and sectioned bucco-lingually through the interdental areas (cols). Autoradiography was performed on tissue sections selected from the posterior col areas of the experimental and control sides. Measurements were made from sections of interdental labelled and unlabelled endosteal bone surfaces. Less endosteal bone formation was evident on the experimental side following the vascular insult.
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT IN DELPHINID CALVES: IMPLICATIONS FOR CALF SEPARATION AND MORTALITY DUE TO TUNA PURSE-SEINE SETS

Tuna purse-seiners in the eastern tropical Pacific (ETP) capture yellowfin tuna by chasing and encircling herds of associated dolphins. This fishery has caused mortality in 14 dolphin species (20 stocks) and has led to significant depletions of at least three stocks. Although observed dolphin mortality is currently low, set frequency remains high and dolphin stocks are not recovering at expected rates. Mortality of nursing calves permanently separated from their mothers during fishery operations may be an important factor in the lack of population recovery, based on the recent discovery that calves do not accompany 75%‐95% of lactating females killed in the purse-seine nets. We assessed age-specific potential for mother‐calf separations and subsequent mortality of calves by reviewing and synthesizing published data on physiological and behavioral development in delphinids from birth through 3 yr postpartum. Results indicate that evasive behavior of mothers, coupled with the developmental state of calves, provides a plausible mechanism for set-related mother‐calf separations and subsequent mortality of calves. Potential for set-related separation and subsequent mortality is highest for 0‐12-mo-old dolphins and becomes progressively lower with age as immature dolphins approach adult stamina and attain independence.
Polynomial classification algorithms for Markov decision processes

The unichain classification problem detects whether an MDP with finite states and actions is unichain or not under all deterministic policies. This problem has been proven to be NP-hard. This paper provides polynomial algorithms for this problem while there exists a state in an MDP, which is either recurrent under all deterministic policies or absorbing under some action.
Direct and Indirect Involvement of MicroRNA-499 in Clinical and Experimental Cardiomyopathy

Rationale:MicroRNA-499 and other members of the myomiR family regulate myosin isoforms in pressure-overload hypertrophy. miR-499 expression varies in human disease, but results of mouse cardiac miR...
Searching for exotic particles in high-energy physics with deep learning

Collisions at high-energy particle colliders are a traditionally fruitful source of exotic particle discoveries. Finding these rare particles requires solving difficult signal-versus-background classification problems, hence machine-learning approaches are often used. Standard approaches have relied on 'shallow' machine-learning models that have a limited capacity to learn complex nonlinear functions of the inputs, and rely on a painstaking search through manually constructed nonlinear features. Progress on this problem has slowed, as a variety of techniques have shown equivalent performance. Recent advances in the field of deep learning make it possible to learn more complex functions and better discriminate between signal and background classes. Here, using benchmark data sets, we show that deep-learning methods need no manually constructed inputs and yet improve the classification metric by as much as 8% over the best current approaches. This demonstrates that deep-learning approaches can improve the power of collider searches for exotic particles.
The agricultural crisis in Egypt.

The paper probes the historical origins of and current responses to the agricultural problems of Egypt. Much of the difficulty stems from the fact that the class structure, the distribution of resources, and the social bases of both Nasser's and Sadat's regime have blocked either the mobilization of the peasantry on the one hand or the provision of decentralized incentives on the other. After a brief assessment of Nasser's land reforms, price policies, and investment strategy, the current responses of changing crop patterns and mechanization are assessed. Such a strategy seems unlikely to succeed, but no other obvious alternative strategy is at hand.
Extraction of polyunsaturated fatty acid methyl esters by imidazolium-based ionic liquids containing silver tetrafluoroborate—Extraction equilibrium studies

Abstract The extraction/enrichment of omega − 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid methyl esters (PUFAMEs) by hydrophobic ionic liquids (ILs) containing silver salts as the extraction phase has been extended to include equilibrium studies. The extraction time, organic solvents, IL structures, and AgBF4 concentrations all influence the organic/ionic liquid biphasic extraction equilibrium. Each of these parameters was studied. The PUFAME distribution ratios, partition coefficients and the PUFAME–Ag+ complex stability constants were determined from gas chromatography (GC) analyses. When AgBF4 dissolved in [hmim][PF6] was used as the extraction phase, both the distribution ratios of PUFAMEs and the stability constants of PUFAME–Ag+ complexes increased significantly with an increase in the degree of unsaturation of the PUFAMEs. Investigation of the IL structures indicated that larger PUFAME distribution ratios were obtained when AgBF4 was dissolved in hydrophobic ILs than in hydrophilic ILs. Higher PUFAME distribution ratios occurred using shorter chain alkanes as the organic solvents. The extraction isotherms for PUFAME uptake were obtained from which saturated extraction capacities were determined. Compared with previous aqueous AgNO3 extractions, a more efficient extraction of PUFAMEs was obtained by using a hydrophobic IL containing AgBF4. Much higher extraction capacities and significant shorter operation times were also achieved.
Analytical, numerical, and experimental methods for through-the-wall radar imaging

In this paper a physics-based approach for image formation of targets behind complex wall structures is presented. Analytical and numerical techniques are used for the development of forward scattering models which are then exploited in construction of matched filters for ultra-wideband synthetic aperture radars operating over a wide rang of incidence angles. Special scattering models for different wall types including cinder block and reinforced concrete walls are presented using efficient numerical and approximate analytical techniques. These allow for construction of SAR images as well as development of a refocusing algorithm. An experimental ultra-wideband radar is set up in the laboratory environment for the evaluation of the models presented. Also, a radar measurement configuration is proposed that allows for elimination of direct reflection from the walls.
The modified decomposition method and Padé approximants for solving the Thomas-Fermi equation

In this paper, we propose a new approach to develop a nonperturbative approximate solution for the Thomas-Fermi equation. This approach rests on the recently developed modification of the Adomian decomposition method. The initial slope of the Thomas-Fermi potential y^'(0) is computed by converting the obtained series solution into several diagonal Pade approximants. The proposed scheme is presented in a general way so that it can be used in applied sciences.
The effect of counterion size and valency on the increase in viscosity in polyelectrolyte solutions

Entangled polymer solutions play an important role in many industries and applications, however the dynamics of these solutions are poorly understood. Here, the addition of salt to entangled polylectrolyte solutions (above cD) results in an increase in viscosity. The rheological properties of entangled xanthan solutions above the critical concentration cD are examined in a number of inorganic salt solutions. The effect of salt counterion size and valency on the magnitude of the viscosity increase is elucidated. A hypothesis that larger salt counterions produce higher viscosities is confirmed for both monovalent and divalent salts. Further, divalent salts are observed to produce higher viscosities than monovalent salts of similar ionic radius. Lastly, an alternative hypothesis incorporating ion bridging between polymer chains is proposed to explain the effect of counterion valency in the observed viscosity differences.
Smooth Skyride through a Rough Skyline: Bayesian Coalescent-Based Inference of Population Dynamics

Kingman's coalescent process opens the door for estimation of population genetics model parameters from molecular sequences. One paramount parameter of interest is the effective population size. Temporal variation of this quantity characterizes the demographic history of a population. Because researchers are rarely able to choose a priori a deterministic model describing effective population size dynamics for data at hand, nonparametric curve-fitting methods based on multiple change-point (MCP) models have been developed. We propose an alternative to change-point modeling that exploits Gaussian Markov random fields to achieve temporal smoothing of the effective population size in a Bayesian framework. The main advantage of our approach is that, in contrast to MCP models, the explicit temporal smoothing does not require strong prior decisions. To approximate the posterior distribution of the population dynamics, we use efficient, fast mixing Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms designed for highly structured Gaussian models. In a simulation study, we demonstrate that the proposed temporal smoothing method, named Bayesian skyride, successfully recovers "true" population size trajectories in all simulation scenarios and competes well with the MCP approaches without evoking strong prior assumptions. We apply our Bayesian skyride method to 2 real data sets. We analyze sequences of hepatitis C virus contemporaneously sampled in Egypt, reproducing all key known aspects of the viral population dynamics. Next, we estimate the demographic histories of human influenza A hemagglutinin sequences, serially sampled throughout 3 flu seasons.
Effects of Family Functioning and Identity Confusion on Substance Use and Sexual Behavior in Hispanic Immigrant Early Adolescents

The present study examined the relationships of (a) changes in adolescent-reported family functioning and (b) changes in identity confusion to onset of substance use and sexual behavior in a sample of 250 Hispanic adolescents from immigrant families. Adolescents were followed for 3 years. Results indicated that adolescents whose identity confusion scores increased over time were most likely to initiate cigarette use, alcohol use, and sexual behavior during the course of the study. Adolescents whose identity confusion scores remained stable over time were less likely to initiate, and adolescents whose identity confusion scores decreased over time were least likely to initiate. The data were consistent with the proposition that initial levels of and changes in family functioning appeared to be responsible for these associations. Implications for identity research and intervention are discussed.
An Internet-mediated process control laboratory

Two laboratory-scale experiments have been developed that can be executed safely over the Internet. They provide practical experience for students of process control. Remote access is within a client-server paradigm. Servers connected to the processes through the usual data acquisition hardware address issues regarding safety, security, data validation, and session management. A unique feature of the lab is the ability for the student to design, test, and verify control strategies in real time over the Internet. Necessary interlocks and cutoffs ensure safe remote operation of the units. Studies have shown that network speeds are not a significant concern for these systems due to slow process dynamics. The availability of Internet-mediated laboratory modules on an anytime/anywhere basis will enable a larger fraction of the class to get valuable laboratory experience. These experiments have also been used in an Internet-wired classroom for interactive demonstrations during lecture.
Long Term Outcomes of Autologous Hematopoietic Cell Transplant (AHCT) Following Thiotepa-Based High-Dose Therapy (HDT) in Patients with Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL)

s / Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 20 (2014) S104eS127 S117 incidence of PJP, suggesting that PJP prophylaxis is not routinely warranted in this patient population. Patients who require systemic corticosteroids posteHSC may be considered for PJ prophylaxis.
Evaluation of New Cultivation Tools to Reduce Labor Requirements in Matted-row Strawberry Culture

ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. Fragaria ·ananassa, flex-tine harrow, finger weeder, brush hoe, tillage, weed control, weed management SUMMARY. Three new cultivation tools were compared with a traditional between- row cultivator, an herbicide control, and the conventional herbicide-plus-cultivator weed management program used in a first-year strawberry (Fragaria ·ananassa) planting. The new implements were (1) a Rabe Werk flex-tine harrow, (2) a Buddingh finger weeder, and (3) a Bartschi brush hoe. The traditional implement was a double-headed multivator. The flex-tine harrow performed poorly. Its use appeared to stimulate germination of weed seeds as end-of-season weed biomass was high, and yield the following year was low. It was also the most labor-intensive treatment to maintain. The finger weeder reduced in-row weed growth dramati- cally, and productivity of this treatment was high, but its use required additional between-row cultivation with another implement. The brush hoe, while classified as a between-row weeder, reduced in-row weed growth as well, and yields for brushed plots were also high. Cultivation with a multivator resulted in good weed control between rows and high yields, but hand-weeding requirements within the row were high. Weed growth and yields were unacceptable when the herbicide was used alone, but an early-season pre-emergent herbicide application, followed by a single late-season hand weeding and cultivation, resulted in a dramatic reduction in weeds at the end of the year and a notable increase in yield the following year. The conventional herbicide-plus-cultivation weed-management program, used in the establishment year by growers who plant in the perennial matted-row system, continues to be a good choice if labor is both plentiful and affordable; however, the finger weeder and brush hoe are viable alternatives for situations in which labor is scarce. Organic growers, and growers who plant in nontraditional annual systems, may benefit from their use as well.
Initial Report on the Use of In-Office Cone Beam Computed Tomography for Early Diagnosis of Osteomyelitis in Diabetic Patients

Osteomyelitis is one of the most feared sequelae of diabetic foot ulceration, which often leads to lower-extremity amputation and disability. Early diagnosis of osteomyelitis increases the likelihood of successful treatment and may limit the amount of bone resected, preserving ambulatory function. Although a variety of techniques exist for imaging the diabetic foot, standard radiography is still the only in-office imaging modality used today. However, radiographs lack sensitivity and specificity, making it difficult to diagnose bone infection at its early stages. In this report, we describe our initial experience with a cone beam computed tomography (CBCT)-based device, which may serve as an accurate and readily available tool for early diagnosis of osteomyelitis in a patient with diabetes. Two patients with infected diabetic foot ulcers were evaluated for osteomyelitis using radiography and CBCT. Positive imaging findings were confirmed by bone biopsy. In both patients, CBCT captured early osteolytic changes that were not apparent on radiographs, leading to early surgical intervention and successful treatment. The CBCT was helpful in facilitating detection and early clinical intervention for osteomyelitis in two diabetic patients with foot ulcers. These results are encouraging and warrant future evaluation.