cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Common factors across acute subjective effects of nicotine

Nicotine intake acutely induces many different subjective mood effects, which may be critical to understanding nicotine reinforcement. Some of these effects may cluster together, perhaps reflecting common underlying mechanisms (e.g., catecholamine release). In this study of 93 smokers, ex-smokers, and nonsmokers, we conducted factor analyses of responses to a battery of subjective measures (23 visual-analog scale items and Profile of Mood States [POMS] scales) following acute nicotine nasal spray administration. The goal was to identify homogeneous clusters among these diverse effects of nicotine. A subject's response to nicotine on each measure was determined by the slope of his or her dose-response curve (0, 10, 20 microg/kg nicotine). Results of factor analyses identified five factors, labeled "head rush" (head rush, buzzed, lightheaded, jittery), "positive affect" (comfortable, satisfied, relaxed, etc.), "negative affect" (anger, depression, tension), "fatigued" (tired, sedated, fatigue), and "energized" (stimulated, vigor). The factor structure was consistent between smoking status groups. However, as expected, groups differed on mean factor scores for head rush, positive affect, and energized, perhaps reflecting tolerance to these effects of nicotine. Although these specific findings require replication, they suggest that acute subjective responses to nicotine can be captured by a few common factors, potentially simplifying this assessment. Similar research may provide directions for exploring potential mechanisms responsible for these broad subjective effects of nicotine.
On the most general form of a field theory from symmetry principles.

THE question I wish to discuss is: what is the most general mathematical representation of a given theory that is based on a symmetry principle ? To answer the question, I refer to the most successful theory of symmetry that has emerged in twentieth century physics—the theory of relativity.
Use of carrageenan and konjac flour gel in low-fat restructured pork nuggets

Abstract Low-fat (7–8% fat) nonbreaded, pork nuggets were processed using different levels of salt, iota carrageenan, konjac flour and flaked pork muscle. Use of 1.5% salt with iota carrageenan improved precooking yields, juiciness and tenderness scores compared with an all-pork nugget product. However, shear force values were increased as a result of including salt in formulations. Use of iota carrageenan singularly or in combination with konjac flour as a gel did not improve cooking and sensory properties compared with the all-pork product. The highest tenderness ratings were obtained from commercially processed, high-fat breaded nuggets made from ground beef and chicken. In order to achieve the palatability of breaded, high-fat nuggets, further modifications will be necessary in the use of gels and gums with restructured, low-fat pork muscle.
Giant magnetoresistance with current perpendicular to the multilayer planes

Abstract We review recent progress in measuring giant magnetoresistance in magnetic multilayers with the current flowing perpendicular to the multilayer planes (CPP-MR), and present new data for Co/Cu and Co/Ag multilayers.
Understanding Gender Differences in Early Adolescents' Sexual Prejudice.

Drawing on social dominance theory and the contact hypothesis, we developed and tested a two-mediator model for explaining gender differences in early adolescents’ attitudes toward gay males and lesbians. Data from more than 400 ninth graders were analyzed. As predicted, gender differences in attitudes toward gay males were partially explained by social dominance orientation (SDO) and knowing a gay male. Gender differences in attitudes toward lesbians were partially mediated by SDO, while knowing a lesbian was not a mediating variable. Beyond their mediating roles, both SDO and knowing a member of the target group each significantly added to the prediction of attitudes toward each target group. Implications for policies to reduce victimization of sexual minorities in schools are discussed.
A Field-Based Theory for Time Geography

Classic time geography is powerful but rigid, admitting only uniform travel velocities. Computational time geographic methods that resolve the uniform velocity assumption through transportation networks or isochrones only partially address this weakness and do not have a rigorous theoretical foundation. This article develops an analytical time geographic theory for the case where travel velocities vary continuously across space. Using the continuous transportation or “urban fields” tradition in quantitative geography and regional science, this article formulates analytical definitions of the space–time path and prism for the case where unobserved components are characterized by minimum cost curves through an inverse velocity field rather than straight line segments through a uniform velocity plane. This provides a geometrically and visually oriented approach to capturing complex velocities that complements existing methods. Time geographic fields also generalize time geography as the classic and isochrone...
Experimental Studies of Nonlinear Landau Damping and Growth of Plasma Waves in a Magnetic Field

The nonlinear Landau damping and growth of longitudinal waves in a magnetic field is studied experimentally. It is observed that a finite‐amplitude cyclotron harmonic wave may decay nonresonantly into a similar, small‐amplitude wave. This perturbed wave dan be amplified exponentially by increasing the amplitude of the finite‐amplitude wave. Similarly, an externally launched small‐amplitude test wave, having the same frequency as the perturbed wave, can be amplified at a comparable rate. The spatial growth of the test wave is in agreement with the predictions of a third‐order mode‐coupling equation. Using a calibrated interferometer system, the nonlinear Landau damping coupling coefficients (matrix elements) are measured quantitatively, and are found to be in good agreement with theory.
PROTON NUCLEUS COLLISIONS AND THE COLOR GLASS CONDENSATE

We review the high parton density limit of QCD and show how the Color Glass Condensate arises at small xbj. We discuss the applications of the Color Glass Condensate formalism to proton (deuteron) nucleus collisions at high energy colliders, such as RHIC and LHC.
Diffraction by Canonical Metallic and Material-Coated Structures: A Review

Keller's landmark paper in 1962 formulated the Geometrical Theory of Diffraction (GTD). This was the beginning of a long process that brought the Geometrical Theory of Diffraction into practice, making it one of the most ubiquitous analysis methods in electromagnetics. This paper provides a personal historical trace of the Geometrical Theory of Diffraction: in particular, its further development in the 1970s and 1980s, and its realization into computer codes. The latter provided the first step for the analysis of complex realistic structures. The second half of the paper discusses the historical development of diffraction coefficients for impedance wedges using first- and higher-order generalized impedance boundary conditions.
On distributional robustness of systems with complex uncertainty

The main result of this paper addresses the minimum and maximum expected values of a gain measure for the transfer function of a system which depends on a vector Δ of independent random complex gains. In the distributional robustness framework of this paper, the probability density function for Δ is not completely specified. It is assumed only that the distribution of each component Δi is non-increasing with respect to |Δi|, radially symmetric and supported on the disc of radius ri centered at zero in the complex plane. Under these conditions, the expected value of the magnitude-squared of the gain function at a fixed frequency ω⩾0 is shown to be maximized when each Δi is uniformly distributed over the disc of radius ri and minimized when each Δi has the impulse distribution. This result is extended to show that an H2 measure of the gain is also maximized and minimized in the same way. These results apply to quotients of multilinear functions of Δ, which includes system transfer functions obtained using Mason's gain formula.
TRANSCRIPTIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE UNICELLULAR, DIAZOTROPHIC CYANOBACTERIUM CYANOTHECE SP. ATCC 51142 GROWN UNDER SHORT DAY ⁄ NIGHT CYCLES 1

Cyanothece sp. strain ATCC 51142 is a unicellular, diazotrophic cyanobacterium that demonstrates extensive metabolic periodicities of photosynthesis, respiration, and nitrogen fixation when grown under N2 -fixing conditions. We have performed a global transcription analysis of this organism using 6 h light:dark (L:D) cycles in order to determine the response of the cell to these conditions and to differentiate between diurnal and circadian-regulated genes. In addition, we used a context-likelihood of relatedness (CLR) analysis with these data and those from 2 d L:D and L:D plus continuous light experiments to better differentiate between diurnal and circadian-regulated genes. Cyanothece sp. acclimated in several ways to growth under short L:D conditions. Nitrogen was fixed in every second dark period and only once in each 24 h period. Nitrogen fixation was strongly correlated to the energy status of the cells and glycogen breakdown, and high respiration rates were necessary to provide appropriate energy and anoxic conditions for this process. We conclude that glycogen breakdown is a key regulatory step within these complex processes. Our results demonstrated that the main metabolic genes involved in photosynthesis, respiration, nitrogen fixation, and central carbohydrate metabolism have strong (or total) circadian-regulated components. The short L:D cycles enable us to identify transcriptional differences among the family of psbA genes, as well as the differing patterns of the hup genes, which follow the same pattern as nitrogenase genes, relative to the hox genes, which displayed a diurnal, dark-dependent gene expression.
In vitro-initiated secondary anti-hapten response: II. increasing cell avidity for antigen

Decreasing antigen in vivo may preferentially stimulate cells with the potential for synthesis of high-affinity antibody through activation of surface receptors with similarly high affinity. This selection should result in cells with increased sensitivity to lower antigen concentrations, cells with greater avidity for antigen. We have followed the in vivo changes in anti-TNP memory-cell sensitivity by initiating the secondary anti-hapten response in vitro. This response was determined by anti-TNP plaque assay. The results indicate that cell populations with increased sensitivity for antigen continue to emerge with time after priming and that this sensitivity may increase 1000-fold in a 4 month period. Increased sensitivity to stimulation by antigen is concomitant with suppression by higher, previously stimulatory doses as in high zone immune tolerance. The data support the hypothesis that memory cells of high avidity result from the selective pressure of diminishing in vivo antigen concentration.
A New Senegalia (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae) from Southern Peru

Senegalia ebingeri Seigler (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae) is described from Cusco and is known from Apurimac, Ayacucho, and Puno in southern Peru. The new species is illustrated and compared to its probable nearest relatives S. tenuifolia (L.) Britton & Rose, S. riparia (Kunth) Britton & Rose, and S. tubulifera (Benth.) Seigler & Ebinger.
How HIV guts the immune system.

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) binds an integrin receptor on CD4+ T cells in the gut.
Noncompensation in peptide/receptor gene expression and distinct behavioral phenotypes in VIP- and PACAP-deficient mice.

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) are closely related neurotrophic peptides of the secretin/glucagon family. The two peptides are derived from a common ancestral gene and share many functional attributes in neuronal development/ regeneration which occur not only from overlapping receptor subtype signaling but also through common mechanisms regulating their expression. Although PACAP or VIP null mice have been generated for study, it is unclear whether the expression of the complementary peptide or their receptor systems are altered in a compensatory manner during nervous system development. By radioimmunoassay and quantitative PCR measurements, we first show that PACAP and VIP have very different temporal patterns of expression in developing postnatal mouse brain. In wild-type animals, PACAP transcript and peptide levels increased rapidly 2- and 5fold, respectively, within 1 week of age. These levels at 1 week of age were maintained through adulthood. VIP transcript and peptide levels, by contrast, increased 25- and 50fold, respectively, over a later time course. In parallel studies of development, there were no apparent compensatory increases in brain VIP expression in the PACAP knockout animals, PACAP expression in the VIP-deficient animals, or receptor mRNA levels in either genotype. To the contrary, there was evidence for developmental delays in the expression of peptide and receptor transcripts in the knockout animals. A series of behavioral and neurological tests demonstrated differences between the knockout genotypes, revealing some functional distinctions between the two genes. These results suggest that the PACAP and VIP have evolved to possess distinct biological activities and intimate that the respective knockout phenotypes represent deficits unmitigated by the actions of the complementary related peptide.
A unique case of ventricular isomerism

Isomerism of the atriums has often been described with various complex cardiac malformations. As far as is known, a case of ‘ventricular isomerism’ has never been recorded. Described is a specimen where, on the basis of morphological criterions, there are two right ventricles.
Development of Neural Circuitry for Precise Temporal Sequences through Spontaneous Activity, Axon Remodeling, and Synaptic Plasticity

Temporally precise sequences of neuronal spikes that span hundreds of milliseconds are observed in many brain areas, including songbird premotor nucleus, cat visual cortex, and primary motor cortex. Synfire chains—networks in which groups of neurons are connected via excitatory synapses into a unidirectional chain—are thought to underlie the generation of such sequences. It is unknown, however, how synfire chains can form in local neural circuits, especially for long chains. Here, we show through computer simulation that long synfire chains can develop through spike-time dependent synaptic plasticity and axon remodeling—the pruning of prolific weak connections that follows the emergence of a finite number of strong connections. The formation process begins with a random network. A subset of neurons, called training neurons, intermittently receive superthreshold external input. Gradually, a synfire chain emerges through a recruiting process, in which neurons within the network connect to the tail of the chain started by the training neurons. The model is robust to varying parameters, as well as natural events like neuronal turnover and massive lesions. Our model suggests that long synfire chain can form during the development through self-organization, and axon remodeling, ubiquitous in developing neural circuits, is essential in the process.
Dependence of Early Cerebral Reperfusion and Long-Term Outcome on Resuscitation Efficiency After Cardiac Arrest in Rats

Background and Purpose — While it is well known that longer duration of cardiac arrest (CA) is often associated with poorer long-term outcome, the influence of resuscitation efficacy on postischemia recovery is less clear. The objective of the present study is to investigate whether an inadequate and prolonged resuscitation after a shorter CA can lead to worse long-term outcomes than an effective resuscitation after a longer CA, provided that the total time from the onset of CA to the return of spontaneous circulation is comparable. Methods — Thirty-eight rats were randomized into 2 groups with nominal 9 minutes (group 1) and 15 minutes (group 2) of normothermic asphyxial CA. Each group was further divided into 2 subgroups on the basis of the duration of resuscitation efforts (labeled as S and L for short and long, respectively). Thus, the asphyxia and nominal resuscitation times were 8 and 1 minute, respectively, for group 1S, 5 and 4 minutes for group 1L, 14 and 1 minute for group 2S, and 11 and 4 minutes for group 2L. Cerebral perfusion was measured continuously at the dorsal hippocampus level before, during, and after the CA, with the use of the arterial spin labeling MRI technique. The survival time, histological damage, and neurological deficit were evaluated 5 days after resuscitation. Results — Groups 1S and 1L had nearly the same duration of CA (9.02±0.17 minutes, n=6 versus 8.58±0.80 minutes, n=6). The same is true for groups 2S and 2L (15.51±0.59 minutes, n=11 versus 15.65±1.25 minutes, n=15). Despite longer asphyxia, shorter and more effective resuscitation was associated with significantly improved long-term outcomes and higher cerebral perfusion at the early stage of reperfusion. Conclusions — Effective resuscitation increased early reperfusion and improved survival after CA. The clinical implication is that inadequate and prolonged resuscitation may have detrimental effects on the recovery of CA patients.
Orthrus: efficient software integrity protection on multi-cores

This paper proposes an efficient hardware/software system that significantly enhances software security through diversified replication on multi-cores. Recent studies show that a large class of software attacks can be detected by running multiple versions of a program simultaneously and checking the consistency of their behaviors. However, execution of multiple replicas incurs significant overheads on today's computing platforms, especially with fine-grained comparisons necessary for high security. Orthrus exploits similarities in automatically generated replicas to enable simultaneous execution of those replicas with minimal overheads; the architecture reduces memory and bandwidth overheads by compressing multiple memory spaces together, and additional power consumption and silicon area by eliminating redundant computations. Utilizing the hardware architecture, Orthrus implements a fine-grained memory layout diversification with the LLVM compiler and can detect corruptions in both pointers and critical data. Experiments indicate that the Orthrus architecture incurs minimal overheads and provides a protection against a broad range of attacks.
Factor XIII expression in the skin: Observations and a hypothesis

Factor XIII, a transglutaminase whose best-known function is in the coagulation cascade, is widely distributed in tissues. Three patterns of expression are found in the skin: (1) in cells in an angiocentric pattern around superficial vessels, (2) in early reparative lesions that result in fibroplasia, and (3) in certain sessile neoplasms. Around superficial vessels factor XIII probably stabilizes fibrin clots and helps to seal superficial wounds. On the basis of patterns of expression in evolving reparative lesions, factor XIII likely has an important but still undefined function in the development of fibroplasia. Factor XIII's proposed role in the promulgation of fibroplasia would be integral to the production of the stromal component of small neoplasms that is known to be associated with factor XIII expression.
Corpus Luteum Insufficiency Induced by a Rapid Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone-Induced Gonadotropin Secretion Pattern in the Follicular Phase

The pulse frequency of LH and FSH (and by inference, GnRH) is a major determinant of the relative baseline plasma levels of LH and FSH. Luteal phase deficiency has been reported to be associated with increased gonadotropin pulse frequency and inadequate preovulatory follicular development. In this study we induced in normal women a supraphysiological gonadotropin pulse frequency in the follicular phase to determine its effect on follicular development and corpus luteum function. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that a supraphysiological GnRH pulse frequency would result in deficient luteal phase production of progesterone. The subjects were six normal ovulatory women (age range, 23-35 yr). They were initially studied during a control cycle (cycle 1). Then, 25 ng/kg GnRH was administered iv every 30 min from the early follicular phase of the next cycle (cycle 2) until ovulation occurred. GnRH administration resulted in increased follicular phase plasma LH and FSH levels and LH to FSH ratios, multiple preovulatory follicles (mean, 2.8) with increased mean integrated estradiol [1302 (pg/mL)day (cycle 1) vs. 2550 (pg/mL)day (cycle 2); P less than 0.05; 4780 vs. 9360 (pmol/L)day, Systeme International units], spontaneous ovulation, decreased luteal phase plasma immunoreactive and bioactive LH levels, decreased luteal phase length [13.5 days (cycle 1) vs. 8.8 days (cycle 2); P less than 0.05], and decreased mean integrated progesterone secretion [152 (ng/mL)day (cycle 1) vs. 66 (ng/mL)day (cycle 2); P less than 0.01; 482 vs. 209 (nmol/L)day, Systeme International units]. We conclude that high frequency LH and FSH secretion during the follicular phase can induce inadequate progesterone secretion during the subsequent luteal phase, and we infer that the pathophysiological basis for this induced luteal phase deficiency is decreased LH support of corpus luteum function.
Quantitative Protein and mRNA Profiling Shows Selective Post-Transcriptional Control of Protein Expression by Vasopressin in Kidney Cells

Previous studies in yeast have supported the view that post-transcriptional regulation of protein abundances may be more important than previously believed. Here we ask the question: "In a physiological regulatory process (the response of mammalian kidney cells to the hormone vasopressin), what fraction of the expressed proteome undergoes a change in abundance and what fraction of the regulated proteins have corresponding changes in mRNA levels?" In humans and other mammals, vasopressin fulfills a vital homeostatic role (viz. regulation of renal water excretion) by regulating the water channel aquaporin-2 in collecting duct cells. To address the question posed, we utilized large-scale quantitative protein mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) employing stable isotopic labeling in cultured mpkCCD cells ('SILAC') coupled with transcriptomic profiling using oligonucleotide expression arrays (Affymetrix). Preliminary studies analyzing two nominally identical control samples by SILAC LC-MS/MS yielded a relative S.D. of 13% (for ratios), establishing the precision of the SILAC approach in our hands. We quantified nearly 3000 proteins with nontargeted SILAC LC-MS/MS, comparing vasopressin- versus vehicle-treated samples. Of these proteins 786 of them were quantified in each of 3 experiments, allowing statistical analysis and 188 of these showed significant vasopressin-induced changes in abundance, including aquaporin-2 (20-fold increase). Among the proteins with statistically significant abundance changes, a large fraction (at least one-third) was found to lack changes in the corresponding mRNA species (despite sufficient statistical power), indicating that post-transcriptional regulation of protein abundance plays an important role in the vasopressin response. Bioinformatic analysis of the regulated proteins (versus all transcripts) shows enrichment of glutathione S-transferase isoforms as well as proteins involved in organization of the actin cytoskeleton. The latter suggests that long-term regulatory processes may contribute to actomyosin-dependent trafficking of the water channel aquaporin-2. The results provide impetus for increased focus on translational regulation and regulation of protein degradation in physiological control in mammalian epithelial cells.
Responses of nitrogen metabolism and seed nutrition to drought stress in soybean genotypes differing in slow-wilting phenotype

Recent advances in soybean breeding have resulted in genotypes that express the slow-wilting phenotype (trait) under drought stress conditions. The physiological mechanisms of this trait remain unknown due to the complexity of trait × environment interactions. The objective of this research was to investigate nitrogen metabolism and leaf and seed nutrients composition of the slow-wilting soybean genotypes under drought stress conditions. A repeated greenhouse experiment was conducted using check genotypes: NC-Roy (fast wilting), Boggs (intermediate in wilting); and NTCPR94-5157 and N04-9646 (slow-wilting, SLW) genotypes. Plants were either well-watered or drought stressed. Results showed that under well-watered conditions, nitrogen fixation (NF), nitrogen assimilation (NA), and leaf and seed composition differed between genotypes. Under drought stress, NF and NA were higher in NTCPR94-5157 and N04-9646 than in NC-Roy and Boggs. Under severe water stress, however, NA was low in all genotypes. Leaf water potential was significantly lower in checks (-2.00 MPa) than in the SLW genotypes (-1.68 MPa). Leaf and seed concentrations of K, P, Ca, Cu, Na, B were higher in SLW genotypes than in the checks under drought stress conditions. Seed protein, oleic acid, and sugars were higher in SLW genotypes, and oil, linoleic and linolenic acids were lower in SLW genotypes. This research demonstrated that K, P, Ca, Cu, Na, and B may be involved in SLW trait by maintaining homeostasis and osmotic regulation. Maintaining higher leaf water potential in NTCPR94-5157 and N04-9646 under drought stress could be a possible water conservation mechanism to maintain leaf turgor pressure. The increase in osmoregulators such as minerals, raffinose and stachyose, and oleic acid could be beneficial for soybean breeders in selecting for drought stress tolerance.
Monitoring Vehicle Performance Over Time with a Knowledge-Based System

An experiment is underway to determine the feasibility of putting an expert system into an autonomous vehicle. A simple knowledge-based system has been implemented in LISP to aid in this experiment. The system (Pilot) presently runs on a VAX 11/780 computer. Field data collected by the EAVE-East vehicle has been run through Pilot in an effort to recognize trends in the data and reduce the volume of the data to manageable amounts. Preliminary results indicate that data trends can be recognized and recorded by the system. The system provides a method of computing such qualities as "sensor stability" and "position stability". By correlating "position stability" and "thruster effort" the system has been able to detect possible collisions with an underwater structure.
Cephalometric correlates of echolocation in the chiroptera

This study suggests that the evolution of head posture in bats is constrained by the demands of vocalization during echolocation. Nasal-emitting microchiropteran taxa are easily identified by their characteristic rotation of the basicranium ventrally about the cervical axis, the depression of the rostrum below the basicranial axis, and by the rotation of the lateral semicircular canals so as to maintain their horizontal orientation during flight. The converse is true for oral-emitting Microchiroptera. The general form of the microchiropteran skull has been canalized along two distinct evolutionary paths, respectively, towards oral-emitting or nasal-emitting forms.
Peoples of the Gourd: Imagined Ethnicities in Highland Southeast Asia

Since its appearance in 1983, Benedict Anderson's Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism has taken on almost talismanic status, ritually invoked for its quasi-magical efficacy in thousands of scholarly discussions of nationalism and ethnicity. Anderson's book has given focus to a line of argument in which not only nationalism but also ethnicity are seen as reflexes of the Euroamerican colonial enterprise. Anderson proposes what we might call an “appendency theory” of ethnicity, holding that ethnicity is a phenomenon that is secondary to, contingent upon, and necessarily later than the modern nation, and that therefore it could not possibly have existed prior to the colonial conquest and the creation of nation-states. In this view, ethnicity itself is a recent product of modern history—of the colonial or postcolonial era, the age of the modern nation state and the capitalist world system.
A method of body-wave waveform inversion for the determination of earth structure

Summary An iterative inversion method has been developed for the determination of velocity—depth structure using the waveforms of far-field body-wave seismograms. The inversion is accomplished by minimizing an error function that expresses the difference between data and synthetic seismograms. This error function is constructed to be insensitive to absolute amplitude and travel-times, and is thus a measure of waveform error only. The Modified First Motion method of Mellman & Helmberger is used to express changes in the error function in terms of changes in the model parameters relative to some starting model. An approximate inverse is derived, which determines model perturbations that minimize the error function. Stability is provided through the inclusion of specific non-linear terms in the inverse. As an example of the application of this method, the fine structure of the crust-mantle transition is examined, using data from a Bering Sea refraction profile.
Influence of Molecular Weights of Bacteriophage φ6 Double-Stranded Ribonucleic Acids on Interferon Induction

The interferon-inducing capabilities of the three molecular segments of bacteriophage φ6 double-stranded ribonucleic acid increased with increasing molecular weight.
Single-tree influences on soil properties in agroforestry: lessons from natural forest and savanna ecosystems

Climate, organisms, topographic relief, and parent material interacting through time are the dominant factors that control processes of soil formation and determine soil properties. In both forest and savanna ecosystems, trees affect soil properties through several pathways. Trees alter inputs to the soil system by increasing capture of wetfall and dryfall and by adding to soil N via N2-fixation. They affect the morphology and chemical conditions of the soil as a result of the characteristics of above- and below-ground litter inputs. The chemical and physical nature of leaf, bark, branch, and roots alter decomposition and nutrient availability via controls on soil water and the soil fauna involved in litter breakdown. Extensive lateral root systems scavenge soil nutrients and redistribute them beneath tree canopies. In general, trees represent both conduits through which nutrients cycle and sites for the accumulation of nutrients within a landscape. From an ecological perspective, the soil patches found beneath tree canopies are important local and regional nutrient reserves that influence community structure and ecosystem function. Understanding species-specific differences in tree-soil interactions has important and immediate interest to farmers and agroforesters concerned with maintaining or increasing site productivity. Lessons from natural plant-soil systems provide a guide for predicting the direction and magnitude of tree influences on soil in agroforestry settings. The challenge for agroforesters is to determine under what conditions positive tree effects will accumulate simultaneously within active farming systems and which require rotation of cropping and forest fallows.
Development of a 3D artificial compound eye

In this research paper, in a major departure from conventional 2D micromachining processes, design and fabrication of a 3D compound eye system consisting of a 3D microprism array, an aperture array, and a microlens array were investigated. Specifically, the 3D microprism array on a curved surface was designed to steer the incident light from all three dimensions to a 2D plane for image formation. For each microprism, there is a corresponding microlens to focus the refracted light on the image plane. An aperture array was also implemented between the microprism array and the microlens array to eliminate cross-talk among the neighboring channels. In this system, 601 individual micro-assemblies consisting of microprisms and microlenses were constructed in a 20 mm diameter area. In this configuration, the maximum light deviation angle was determined to be 18.43 degrees. This research demonstrated an innovative and integrated approach to fabricating true 3D micro and meso scale optical structures. This work also validated the feasibility of using ultraprecision machining process for 3D microoptical device fabrication. The technology demonstrated in this research has high potentials in optical sensing, vision research and many other optical and photonic applications.
Testing and Improving ENSO Models by Process Using Transfer Functions

[1] Some key elements of ENSO are not consistently well captured in GCMs. However, modifying the wrong parameters may lead to the right result for the wrong reason. We introduce “transfer functions” to quantify the input/ output relationship of individual processes from model output, to compare them to the corresponding observed processes. Two key transfer functions are calculated: first, the relationship between western Pacific Rossby waves and the reflecting Kelvin waves; second, the frequency-dependent relation between Kelvin waves traveling toward the eastern boundary and sea surface temperature response. These are estimated for TAO array data, the Cane-Zebiak model, and the GFDL CM2.1 coupled GCM. Some feedbacks are found to be biased in both models. Re-tuning parameters to fit observed transfer functions leads to a deteriorated solution, implying that compensating errors lead to the seemingly accurate simulation. This approach should be broadly useful in making climate model improvement more systematic and observation-driven.
On the OWA Aggregation with Probabilistic Inputs

We discuss the use of the ordered weighted averaging (OWA) operator in multi-criteria decision problems as a means of aggregating the individual criteria satisfactions. We emphasize the need for ordering the arguments, the criteria satisfactions, when using the OWA operator. We consider the situation where the criteria satisfactions have some uncertainty, are finite probability distributions and note the requirement of having to order probability distributions. We introduce the idea of using pairwise stochastic dominance to provide the necessary ordering relationship over the probability distributions. We note that while this approach is appropriate, it is often not possible, since the presence of a stochastic dominance relationship between all pairs of probability distributions is not always the case, the relationship is not complete. To circumvent this problem we introduce an approach called the probabilistic exceedance method (PEM), which allows us to provide a surrogate for the OWA aggregation of probability distributions that doesn't require a linear ordering over the probability distributions. We look at this in both the cases in which the criteria have equal and unequal importances.
Dispersal and Recolonization by Myzus persicae following Aphid Alarm Pheromone Exposure

Aphids disperse from plant surfaces immediately after exposure to alarm pheromone, but they return to approximately their original levels by 1 h following exposure. Thus, the effect is a short-term one.
Antitrust Enforcement in Health Care — Controlling Costs, Improving Quality

Merger activity among health care providers has been accelerating, and left unchecked, consolidation risks undermining some of the key objectives of health care reform. The Federal Trade Commission aims to ensure that health care provider markets remain competitive.
Inflation bending extension and azimuthal shearing of a fiber-reinforced elastic sector of a circular tube

Universal solutions for the deformation of inflation, bending, extension and azimuthal shearing of a fiber-reinforced sector of a circular tube are obtained by inverse methods. The material is assumed to be isotropic and non-linear elastic, incompressible or compressible. The reinforcement consists of inextensible fibers along theR or Θ orZ directions or in one or two sets of helical path. The surface tractions and the corresponding forces to support the deformation are determined. A discussion is made about the strengthening of the material due to the reinforcement, the sign of the tension in the fibers and the deformed configuration of the fibers.
Preventive Health Services Utilization Among Korean Americans

This study examined the use of preventive health services among Korean American adults. Data were drawn from a cross-sectional survey of 212 Korean Americans in the Chicago, Illinois, metropolitan area. Guided by the Andersen's behavioral model, the authors examined whether predisposing (age, gender, marital status, household size, education), enabling (income, health insurance, English proficiency, citizenship, social network), and need (health status) factors are predictive of Korean Americans' preventive health services utilization. A binomial logistic regression showed that younger age, male, noncitizen, low income, no insurance, a larger family network, and better perceived health were associated with decreased odds of using preventive health services.
Application of Infrared Thermography on the Series Compensation of UHV and Analysis of Influence Factors

Infrared temperature measurement of power equipment is an important method to ensure the reliable operation of the equipment,but the temperature measurement result is affected by various factors.In this paper,these influence factors in infrared temperature measurement are analyzed.In the two heavy load tests of the 1000kV UHV line,charged temperature results of series compensation equipments in the Station are analyzed.At last some advices are suggested in the following infrared temperature measurement.
Interaction of Lp(a) with plasminogen binding sites on cells

Lp(a) competes with plasminogen for binding to cells but it is not known whether this competition is due to the ability of Lp(a) to interact directly with plasminogen receptors. In the present study, we demonstrate that Lp(a) can interact directly with plasminogen binding sites on monocytoid U937 cells and endothelial cells. The interaction of Lp(a) with these sites was time dependent, specific, saturable, divalent ion independent and temperature sensitive, characteristics of plasminogen binding to these sites. The affinity of plasminogen and Lp(a) for these sites also was similar (Kd = 1-3 microM), but Lp(a) bound to fewer sites (approximately 10-fold less). Both gangliosides and cell surface proteins with carboxy-terminal lysyl residues, including enolase, a candidate plasminogen receptor, inhibited Lp(a) binding to U937 cells. Additionally, Lp(a) interacted with low affinity lipoprotein binding sites on these cells which also recognized LDL and HDL. The ability of Lp(a) to interact with sites on cells that recognize plasminogen may contribute to the pathogenetic consequences of high levels of circulating Lp(a).
Self-attribution: market influences

In this chapter we leave the problems of the market's influence on cognitive complexity and turn to the second of our criteria for human development, self-attribution. Because this concept refers to the sources of “control” of events, it is often called “personal control,” or “internal locus of control,” the latter abbreviated as internality . Internal locus of control is the belief by an individual that when he or she acts the environment responds; it is a powerful feature of personality, contributing to feelings of effectiveness, autonomy, subjective well-being, and to cognitive complexity. Self-attribution, like all attributions, is a form of cognition, the topic presented in Part II. The thesis of this chapter is that there is a powerful causal connection between the emphasis on exchange in a market economy and the belief among market participants that they are endowed with an internal locus of control. The connection is both direct and indirect, the indirect route running from exchange through contingency , that is, a situation where benefits (or punishments) are contingent on the prior acts of the benefited (punished) person – to internality. There is also a partially independent route from ideas about the market (doctrine and ideology) to internality that is not wholly congruent with practices of exchange and contingency. The internality induced by exchange, contingency, and market ideology, in turn, offers strong support for cognitive complexity. I first explain the character of internality, and follow with three kinds of market influences on this internality: exchange, contingency, and doctrine.
Dielectric-directed surface flashover under atmospheric conditions

High-voltage arc formation near a dielectric material is a complex process by which surface charging, secondary electron emission, and photoelectron emission modify the local electric field to determine the arc path and breakdown threshold. Strong electric field enhancement at the triple-point junction of dielectric, metal, and atmosphere may act to generate initiating electrons to seed prompt formation of streamers. This study investigates the fundamental role of dielectrics in influencing voltage breakdown threshold, statistical time lag, and reproducibility under high voltage conditions with and without external ultraviolet stimulation. We are investigating whether field emission at triple points can sufficiently minimize variance in atmospheric breakdown.
Recent Advances in Porphyry Base Metal Deposit Research

As an introduction to this portion of the Symposium on Copper Deposits, this paper reviews recent progress and findings in research on deposits associated with hypabyssal epizonal plutons. The I-type affinity porphyry copper-molybdenum series is first established as petrogenically distinct from deposits associated with S-type, generally 2-mica granites, the porphyry tin — tin granite — uranium granite suite. Then five specific areas of advance in the 1970s and 1980s are described. The first deals with plate tectonic settings and the global geologic-lithologic distribution of porphyry base metal deposits (PBMDs). Second, the significance of the recognition of changes in the ratio of magmatic to meteoric fluids during alteration-mineralization and deposit emplacement is discussed, along with the concept of “phyllic overprint” and its applications. Techniques for observing, measuring, and describing the propagation of fluids and fracturing in time and space are given. Third, experimental studies, thermodynamic modeling, stable and radiogenic isotope analyses, and fluid inclusion chemical analysis and microthermometric studies and results that have advanced our understanding of the geochemical and thermal nature of PBMD fluids are cited. Fourth, geomathematical modeling studies that describe probable fluid source areas, flow paths, kinetics, and the volume hydrothermally influenced by the emplacement of PBMD systems are considered, and finally the present status of our understanding of PBMD fluids in terms of T, P, f(02), f(S2), salinity, and ion complexing are briefly stated. It is pointed out that the promise of the next decade is enormous if field and laboratory studies continue to loop back to support and extend the whole, and if research continues at its present pace.
Analytical tools for point source interferometry

Light pulse atom interferometry can be used to realize high-performance sensors of accelerations and rotations. In order to broaden the range of applications of these sensors, it is desirable to reduce their size and complexity. Point source interferometry (PSI) is a promising technique for accomplishing both of these goals. With PSI, rotations are measured by detecting the orientation and frequency of spatial fringe patterns in the atomic state. These spatial fringes are primarily due to a correlation between an atom's initial velocity and its final position, which is created by the expansion of a cold atom cloud. However, the fringe patterns are also influenced by the structure of the initial atomic distribution. We summarize several methods that can be used to investigate the relationship between the spatial fringe pattern and the initial atomic distribution. This relationship will need to be understood in detail to realize an accurate gyroscope based on PSI.
Using transparent whiteboards to boost learning from online STEM lectures

Abstract Research is needed to understand how best to design online videos that foster learning. This study explored the effects of using transparent whiteboards, which allow the instructor to stand behind a transparent glass board and face the students to write and draw while providing a concurrent explanation of the material. Specifically, the affordances of transparent whiteboard lessons might better follow design principles of multimedia learning and foster social agency compared to conventional whiteboard lessons, thereby promoting learning. In two experiments, college students viewed a 20-min Organic Chemistry video lecture with the instructor using either a conventional whiteboard or a transparent whiteboard. Results indicated that students who viewed transparent whiteboard lessons performed better on immediate posttests (Experiment 1 and 2) at interpreting the configuration of spatial diagrams and at explaining key concepts. Students viewing transparent whiteboard lessons also reported more positive ratings of their lecture experience. However, Experiment 2 indicated that the benefits of learning from transparent whiteboards did not persist on a delayed posttest. Overall, this study provides the first systematic investigation of the effects of using transparent whiteboards in video-based instruction.
Self-Assembling Protein Scaffold System for Easy in Vitro Coimmobilization of Biocatalytic Cascade Enzymes

Biocatalytic cascades represent an attractive approach for the synthesis of valuable chemicals. To be competitive with chemical synthesis, cascade reactions need to be efficient, robust, self-sufficient, and ideally performed as one-pot in vitro reactions. Immobilization of enzymes has the potential to improve enzyme stability and increase reaction efficiency. However, coimmobilization of multiple different enzymes on the same solid surface is difficult, requiring optimized chemistry for each catalyst. To address this challenge, we developed an easy-to-adapt, genetically programmable and self-assembling protein scaffolding system for the simple immobilization of biocatalytic cascades. We adopted the self-assembling properties of the bacterial microcompartment protein EutM from Salmonella enterica to engineer scaffolds for covalent linkage with biocatalysts using SpyTag–SpyCatcher covalent bond formation. Our results show that our scaffolding system can be readily isolated from Escherichia coli, self-assem...
THERMAL CYCLING OF TEMPERATURE AND STRAIN RATE DEPENDENT SOLDER JOINTS

In a previous paper, i.e., Skipor et al. (1996), 63/37 Sn/Pb eutectic solder was characterized with the viscoplastic model of Bodner and Partom (1975). The material parameters of the isotropic form of the Bodner–Partom model were found for the eutectic solder as functions of temperature. In the present paper, the resulting temperature dependent viscoplastic description for the eutectic is implemented in an infinitesimal strain incrementally linear finite element method. This finite element method is based on an explicit, second-order accurate time-integration scheme, which is presented herein. The finite element method so-obtained is then used to analyze two solder joint configurations under cyclic thermal loading. The results of the analyses show that, along with observed field performance of solder joints, the details of the plastic strain distribution within a joint, i.e., its magnitude and degree of diffuseness, can have large impact on joint reliability. Specifically, it is demonstrated that the geometric details of how solder in a joint connects to harder materials in an electronic package play a significant role.