cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Control of Multiagent Networks as Systems: Finite-Time Algorithms, Time Transformation, and Separation Principle

This paper contributes to the studies in control of multiagent networks as systems. This class of multiagent networks consists of floating agents (i.e., agents that exchange local information) and driver agents (i.e., agents that not only exchange local information but also take input and output roles), where control algorithms are applied to the actuators of the driver agents based on the measurements collected from their sensors for the purpose of influencing the overall behavior of the resulting system. Specifically, we consider time-critical applications in the control of multiagent networks as systems. To this end, a finite-time control approach is proposed based on a recent time transformation method. The key feature of this method is that it guarantees execution of control algorithms over a prescribed time interval $[0, T)$ , where $T$ is a user-defined convergence time, based on analysis performed over a stretched, infinite-time interval $[0, \infty)$ . Utilizing this method for finite-time control of multiagent networks as systems, we discuss user-defined finite-time convergence of the resulting system regardless of the initial conditions of agents and show a separation principle of the proposed time-critical algorithm. A numerical example is also presented to demonstrate the proposed system-theoretical results.
Dual-grid mesh-based Monte Carlo algorithm for efficient photon transport simulations in complex three-dimensional media.

The mesh-based Monte Carlo (MMC) method is an efficient algorithm to model light propagation inside tissues with complex boundaries, but choosing appropriate mesh density can be challenging. A fine mesh improves the spatial resolution of the output but requires more computation. We propose an improved MMC—dual-grid mesh-based Monte Carlo (DMMC)—to accelerate photon simulations using a coarsely tessellated tetrahedral mesh for ray-tracing computation and an independent voxelated grid for output data storage. The decoupling between ray-tracing and data storage grids allows us to simultaneously achieve faster simulations and improved output spatial accuracy. Furthermore, we developed an optimized ray-tracing technique to eliminate unnecessary ray–tetrahedron intersection tests in optically thick mesh elements. We validate the proposed algorithms using a complex heterogeneous domain and compare the solutions with those from MMC and voxel-based Monte Carlo. We found that DMMC with an unrefined constrained Delaunay tessellation of the boundary nodes yielded the highest speedup, ranging from 1.3 × to 2.9 × for various scattering settings, with nearly no loss in accuracy. In addition, the optimized ray-tracing technique offers excellent acceleration in high-scattering media, reducing the ray–tetrahedron test count by over 100-fold. Our DMMC software can be downloaded at http://mcx.space/mmc.
Decision procedures for the conditions true in certain metric structures

Abstract After establishing a completeness theorem for continuous logic, Ben Yaacov and Pedersen conclude that if T is a complete recursive L -theory in continuous logic, and v ( φ ) is the truth value of the L -sentence φ in models of T, then v ( φ ) is a recursive real uniformly recursive in φ. Some of the examples to which the latter result applies are theories of the following structures: atomless probability structures, the Urysohn space of diameter 1, Hilbert space, the lattice-ordered group or ring of real-valued continuous functions on the Cantor set, and the complex ⁎-algebra of continuous functions on the Cantor set. This paper will explain why these examples obey much stronger results, yielding (for example) decision procedures for the conditions true in these structures.
Dilemmas in teaching heritage language learners: the voice of an L2 Spanish teacher candidate

Attending to the narrative of a teacher candidate regarding his practicum experience with heritage language learners (HLLs) and L1 Spanish learners, this hermeneutic phenomenological case study des...
Successfully Navigating Career Paths

AbstractSuccessfully navigating my career has been a journey through uncharted waters amidst opposing waves—often being “the first” and “different”. My journey was one of contrasts—being an Asian A...
Modernity and the Inner-Outer Problem

In this appreciation of Robert Pippin’s work, I focus on locating his project by focusing on the way that the inner-outer distinction in action receives a distinctive shape in modernity. I profile ...
Skeletal Muscle Oxygen Consumption Measurements with Dual-Slope Frequency-Domain Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

We show that dual-slope phase measurements of oxygen consumption with frequency-domain spectroscopy in skeletal muscle are less sensitive to a superficial layer compared to intensity measurements at a single source-detector distance.
A synthesis and comparison of American automated shuttle pilot projects

Abstract Automated shuttles are an emerging mode of transportation in many American cities, but it is not yet well understood where they should be deployed. Therefore, the study aims to synthesize the state of the practice of automated shuttle pilot projects to identify patterns of shuttle deployments in the United States. The case study approach is used as the method. Nineteen ongoing or completed automated shuttle pilot projects are initially identified. Among them, automated shuttle projects in Ann Arbor, Michigan; Arlington, Texas; San Ramon, California; Denver, Colorado; Las Vegas, Nevada; and Minneapolis, Minnesota are chosen to study in detail to identify patterns. The key findings are used to develop a synthesis of the state of the practice, which is formulated along three dimensions: deployment locations, service characteristics, and stakeholders. The dimensions suggest that university campuses, stadiums, office parks, transit stations, entertainment areas, and downtowns are well-suited locations for automated shuttle operations. Common service characteristics are low speeds (10–15 mph), vehicle capacities of 6–12 passengers, short routes (less than a mile) with few stops, and free fares. Stakeholders are divided into four groups: public organizations, partner organizations, shuttle manufacturers, and private operators. Deployment locations influence the types of service characteristics and stakeholder combinations of each deployment project. These findings will assist cities that are considering future deployments of automated shuttles in their locality.
Selected papers from the 18th International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Reactor Thermal Hydraulics (NURETH-18): Guest Editor

Thermal hydraulics continues to be a crucial area of exploration when it comes to understanding the operation and behavior of nuclear systems. Because of the variety of present and future nuclear s...
Abstract A32: Combination panobinostat and olaparib treatment promotes DNA damage and antitumor immunity in ovarian cancer

Background and Objective: High-grade serous ovarian cancers (HGSOC) retaining functional homologous recombination (HR) have poorer clinical outcomes and show relative resistance to DNA-damaging poly ADP ribose polymerase inhibitors (PARPi). We have shown that epigenetic drugs such as histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) sensitize ovarian cancer cells to PARPi, in part through reduction of HR efficiency. However, these studies were conducted in immunocompromised mouse models, and drug effects on immune cell populations could not be fully examined. In this study, we will identify novel mechanisms of antitumor effects of combined HDACi/PARPi treatment by transcriptome analysis, and test drug effects in an established immune competent mouse model of ovarian cancer. Methods: HR-proficient SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cells were treated with vehicle (CON), PARPi olaparib (OLA; 10μM), HDACi panobinostat (PANO; 50nM) or OLA/PANO for 12h, and RNA-seq analysis performed. Differentially expressed genes between treatment groups were detected by DESeq2, based on fold change >1.5 and the corrected P value (FDR) Results: Functional group analysis of RNA-seq data showed significant enrichment of genes involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and DNA damage and repair with OLA/PANO treatment compared to CON or OLA alone. For a panel of 37 HR pathway genes, OLA/PANO treatment significantly reduced expression of 20 genes (e.g., BRCA1, BRCA2, WEE1). Examples of other significantly enriched functional pathways were cytokine secretion, inflammatory response genes, T cell activation (e.g., CD274/PD-L1, TNFSF9) and immune cell recruitment (e.g., IL-8, CXCL3). Consistent with these RNA-seq data, combined OLA/PANO treatment significantly reduced ID8-luc tumor burden and cell growth, and increased apoptosis and DNA damage, compared to CON or either drug alone. Moreover, there was increased infiltration of CD8+ T cells into OLA/PANO tumors, indicative of enhanced antitumor immunity. Conclusions: We have confirmed mechanisms such as reduced HR and identified a novel role for T-cell recruitment for OLA/PANO treatment of ovarian tumors. These findings support expanding the use of PARPi in HR-proficient HGSOC through rational combinations with HDACi and have the potential to benefit a substantial number of women with this devastating disease. Citation Format: Andrew J. Wilson, Xiaozhuan Dai, Qi Liu, Scott Hiebert, Marta Crispens, Dineo Khabele. Combination panobinostat and olaparib treatment promotes DNA damage and antitumor immunity in ovarian cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Ovarian Cancer Research; 2019 Sep 13-16, 2019; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2020;26(13_Suppl):Abstract nr A32.
Fate and transport of bromide and mononuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous solutions through Berea Sandstone.

Abstract A series of miscible displacement tests were performed on a 51 mm wide by 76 mm long well-laminated core of Berea Sandstone to determine the transport parameters of the anion bromide and a homologous series of seventeen mononuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs). In each test, a continuous input pulse of a single tracer was passed through the cylindrical core housed in a hydrostatic core holder at a confining pressure of 200 bar. The effluent concentration, as measured by in-line UV absorbance, versus time resulted in smooth high-resolution sinusoidal breakthrough curves (BTCs). In comparison to the near Gaussian BTCs of bromide, the transport of the MAHs was differentially retarded with minimal levels of delayed transport along the more rapid flow lines, but with progressively more along the slower flow paths. These results show that despite a lack of significant hydraulic heterogeneity, there is a high degree of heterogeneity among the sorption sites. The BTCs were aptly modeled with a one-dimensional flow model consisting of a mixture of instantaneous equilibrium and rate-limited reversible sorption sites. The relative fraction of instantaneous sites increased proportionately with the rate the subject MAH passed through the core. Potential quantitative structure-retention relationships (QSRR) between common chemical parameters of the MAHs and their overall retardation factors, sorption coefficients and the fraction of instantaneous equilibrium were evaluated. Among the compounds examined, relatively strong correlations were found with molecular weight, aqueous solubility, and octanol-water partitioning coefficient with which relative MAH transport retardation, the linear phase distribution coefficient, and the dimensionless partitioning coefficient between sorption sites.
SoS Explorer Application with Fuzzy-Genetic Algorithms to Assess an Enterprise Architecture -- A Healthcare Case Study

Abstract Kevin Dooley (1997), defined Complex Adaptive System (CAS) as a group of semi-autonomous agents who interact in interdependent ways to produce system-wide patterns, such that those patterns then influence behavior of the agents. A healthcare system is considered as a Complex Adaptive System of system (SoS) with agents composed of strategies, people, process, and technology. Healthcare systems are fragmented with independent systems and information. The enterprise architecture (EA) aims to address these fragmentations by creating boundaries around the business strategy and key performance attributes that drive integration across multiple systems of processes, people, and technology. This paper uses a SoS Explorer to select an optimal architecture that provide the necessary capabilities to meet key performance attributes (KPAs) in a dynamic, complex healthcare business environment. The SoS Explorer produced an optimal meta-architecture where all but two systems (disease and facility processes) participated with many of the systems having at least four interfaces. The healthcare meta-architecture produced in this study is not a solution to address the challenges of the healthcare enterprise architecture but provides insight on the areas – systems, capabilities, characteristics, and interfaces – to pay attention to where agility is an important attribute and not to be severely compromised.
Nucleotide sequences of the tolA and tolB genes and localization of their products, components of a multistep translocation system in Escherichia coli.

Abstract Various mutations in the tolQRAB gene cluster of Escherichia coli render the bacteria tolerant to high concentrations of the E, A, or K colicins as well as tolerant to infection by the single-stranded filamentous bacteriophage. The nucleotide sequence of a 2.8-kilobase fragment containing the tolA and tolB genes was determined. This sequence predicts TolA to be a 421-amino-acid protein of molecular mass 44,190 daltons. Studies using minicells show it to be associated with the inner membrane, presumably via a 21-amino-acid hydrophobic sequence between residues 13 and 35. The remaining 387 residues on the carboxyl side of this region are located in the periplasm. Within this region of TolA is a 230-residue portion that is predicted to form a very long helical segment. This region is rich in alanine, lysine, and glutamic and aspartic acids. The TolB protein is predicted to contain 431 amino acids. Localization studies using minicells show two proteins encoded by this open reading frame. The larger protein of 47.5 kilodaltons appears to be associated with the membrane fractions. The smaller protein is 43 kilodaltons in size and is found with the periplasmic components of the cell.
Worsening or development of syringomyelia following Chiari I decompression: case report.

Object The effects of posterior fossa decompression on Chiari malformation Type I–induced syringomyelia have been well described. However, treatment of worsening syringomyelia after Chiari decompression remains enigmatic. This paper defines patient and clinical characteristics as well as treatment and postoperative radiological and clinical outcomes in patients experiencing this complication. Methods The authors performed a retrospective review of patients at the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh and Children's of Alabama who developed worsening syringomyelia after Chiari decompression was performed. Results Fourteen children (age range 8 months to 15 years), 7 of whom had preoperative syringomyelia, underwent posterior fossa decompression. Aseptic meningitis (n = 3) and bacterial meningitis (n = 2) complicated 5 cases (4 of these patients were originally treated at outside hospitals). Worsening syringomyelia presented a median of 1.4 years (range 0.2–10.3 years) after the primary decompression. Ten child...
Nematode biochemistry: XII. Mitochondria from the free-living nematode Turbatrix aceti

Abstract 1. 1. Biochemically active mitochondria have been isolated from the free-living nematode, Turbatrix aceti. Electron photomicrographs indicate that the preparation consists mostly of intact organelles. 2. 2. The mitochondria oxidized all of the tricarboxylic acid metabolites tested, as well as NADH. α-Phosphoglycerol, dihydroxyacetone, and palmityl-cocnzvme A were inactive. 3. 3. The mitochondria contain a functioning cytochrome system. Cytochrome a-a2, appears to be the terminal oxidase. 4. 4. Spectra of oxidized and reduced cytochromes are reported. 5. 5. An additional pigment is present in the mitochondria in 6-fold greater quantity than the other cytochromes. The material binds CO, and probably CN−. It is reduced by dithionite and, in the presence of CO, by succinatc or NADH. The function of this pigment is unknown. It does not appear to be a terminal oxidase.
Molecular genetic evidence for alternative reproductive strategies in North American pitvipers (Serpentes: Viperidae): long-term sperm storage and facultative parthenogenesis

The first documentation of facultative parthenogenesis (FP) in non-avian reptiles (snakes) occurred in 1997, following the application of molecular genetic methods for parentage analysis, and since has been described in only four additional snake species. Here, in two species of live-bearing (viviparous) North American pitviper snakes, using microsatellite DNA fingerprinting, we describe the first record of a virgin birth by FP in the copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix), and the first genetically confirmed case of long-term sperm storage (LTSS) of exceptional duration (5 years) in the eastern diamond-backed rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus). The capacity of female squamate reptiles (snakes, lizards, and amphisbaenians) to store viable sperm for extended periods of time is a competing hypothesis to FP, and it is often inferred when interpreting certain births where adult females have been isolated from adult male mates for prolonged periods. On reviewing the literature of certain cases of LTSS in snakes, we provide compelling support for the prevalence of FP, casting doubt over the widespread acceptance of LTSS. Accordingly, with the discovery of FP in squamates and the results of the present study, we advocate that in order to differentiate between LTSS and FP, especially under natural conditions, rigorous molecular testing will be required. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 104, 934–942.
Schrittweiser Aufbau von [(C5H5)4(C5Me5)4Co4Rh4(CN)12]4+, einem „metallorganischen Kasten”︁

Ein Volumen von132 A3 hat der Innenraum der Titelverbindung 1 und bietet damit viel Platz fur potentielle Gastmolekule. Bei der Synthese aus 2 [{Cp*RhCl2}2] und 4 [CpCo(CN)3]− wird zunachst ein „molekulares Quadrat” hergestellt, dessen Ecken abwechselnd von Co und Rh besetzt sind. Durch die Reaktion zweier solcher Quadrate wird dann der „molekulare Kasten” erhalten, ohne das dabei M-C-Bindungen aufgebrochen werden mussen. Cp=C5H5, Cp*=C5Me5.
Kinetics of the effect of amiloride on the permeability of the apical membrane of rabbit descending colon to sodium

The effects of the addition of graded concentrations of amiloride, (A)m, to the mucosal bathing solution on the permeability of the apical membrane of rabbit descending colon to Na (PNam) were determined when the Na activity in the mucosal bathing solution, (Na)m, was 18, 32 or 100mm.PNam was obtained from current-voltage relations determined on tissues bathed with a high-K serosal solution before and after the addition of a maximally inhibitory concentration of amiloride to the mucosal solution as described by Turnheim et al. (Turnheim, K., Thompson, S.M., Schultz. S.G. 1983.J. Membrane Biol.76:299–309).
A novel cost-effective robust approach for selective catalytic reduction state estimations using dual nitrogen oxide sensors

Urea-based selective catalytic reduction systems have become a promising technique in controlling nitrogen oxide emissions from diesel engines in the past decade. One of the continuing issues is the cross-sensitivity characteristics of the current nitrogen oxide sensors to ammonia in the exhaust, which makes nitrogen oxide sensor readings inaccurate in the presence of ammonia. Although prototype ammonia sensors for mobile selective catalytic reduction applications have been introduced for diesel emission control in the past few years, ammonia sensors are still too expensive to be available for mass-produced diesel engines and selective catalytic reduction systems. In order to address these issues, in this paper, a novel, cost-effective, and robust approach is proposed for estimating the key selective catalytic reduction states including the nitric oxide concentration, the nitrogen dioxide concentration, the ammonia concentration, and the ammonia surface coverage ratio, by utilizing two post-selective-catalytic-reduction nitrogen oxide sensors with different ammonia cross-sensitivity factors. Experimental verification results show that the proposed approach has the potential for precisely estimating the four selective catalytic reduction states. Such a novel approach can be instrumental in reducing the cost of selective catalytic reduction diagnosis, selective catalytic reduction estimation, and advanced selective catalytic reduction controls.
Holocene sedimentation in the shallow nearshore zone off Nauset Inlet, Cape Cod, Massachusetts

Abstract Present conditions and sedimentary evolution of the shallow offshore region near Nauset Inlet on Cape Cod, Massachusetts were clarified using high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles, sidescan-sonar records, surface grab samples and current meter measurements. The study area contains three provinces: (1) a nearshore province (shallower than 18 m) with a relatively steep slope (0.6°) and a cover of medium sand; (2) a northern offshore province covered with coarse sand, gravel, and boulders, interpreted to be glacial drift; and (3) a southern offshore province with a gentle seaward-dipping slope (0.3°) and a surface sediment of coarse sand. The glacial drift exposed in the northern offshore province can be traced southward under the coarse sand province. The overlying fill is comprised of either outwash sediment derived from the Pleistocene South Channel ice lobe to the east or Holocene-aged marine sediments eroded from seacliffs to the north. Latest Holocene sediment appears to be limited to the zone shoreward of 18 m where the medium sand occurs. Near-bottom mean flows (measured over two winter months in 10 m water depth) average 6 cm sec −1 to the south. Mean flows exceeded 20 cm sec −1 approx. 23% of the time. Ninety percent of the flows exceeding 20 cm sec −1 were directed to the south, reflecting the dominant atmospheric forcing during these winter months. Waves had an average variance of 650 cm 2 with variance exceeding 5000 cm 2 , 3% of the time, indicating moderate wave activity. Present processes are actively reshaping the nearshore province, which is characterized by many east to northeast-trending shore-oblique channels that do not extend seaward of the 18-m contour. Coarse sand in the floors of these channels suggests they may be erosional features, and the presence of megaripples oriented perpendicular to the channel axes indicates active transport in these channels. Megaripple orientation and the current and wave regime of the study area support a rip-current origin for these channels.
Reaching for Independence: Counseling Implications for Youth With Spina Bifida

Spina bifida, a congenital physical disability, is indirectly associated with difficulties in scholastic achievement, social development, and self-determination. Environment can have an impact on psychosocial development and impede functioning academically, socially, and vocationally. Counselors must be aware of the societal atmosphere to identify potential difficulties and more efficiently meet the needs of children and adolescents with spina bifida.
Pure Component Selectivity Analysis of Multivariate Calibration Models from Near-Infrared Spectra

A novel procedure is proposed as a method to characterize the chemical basis of selectivity for multivariate calibration models. This procedure involves submitting pure component spectra of both the target analyte and suspected interferences to the calibration model in question. The resulting model output is analyzed and interpreted in terms of the relative contribution of each component to the predicted analyte concentration. The utility of this method is illustrated by an analysis of calibration models for glucose, sucrose, and maltose. Near-infrared spectra are collected over the 5000-4000-cm(-)(1) spectral range for a set of ternary mixtures of these sugars. Partial least-squares (PLS) calibration models are generated for each component, and these models provide selective responses for the targeted analytes with standard errors of prediction ranging from 0.2 to 0.7 mM over the concentration range of 0.5-50 mM. The concept of the proposed pure component selectivity analysis is illustrated with these models. Results indicate that the net analyte signal is solely responsible for the selectivity of each individual model. Despite strong spectral overlap for these simple carbohydrates, calibration models based on the PLS algorithm provide sufficient selectivity to distinguish these commonly used sugars. The proposed procedure demonstrates conclusively that no component of the sucrose or maltose spectrum contributes to the selective measurement of glucose. Analogous conclusions are possible for the sucrose and maltose calibration models.
The Effect of Spray Initial Conditions on Heat Release and Emissions in LDI Cfd Calculations

The mass and velocity distribution of liquid spray has a primary effect on the combustion heat release process. This heat release process then affects emissions like nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO). Computational Fluid Dynamics gives the engineer insight into these processes, but various setup options exist (number of droplet groups, and initial droplet temperature) for spray initial conditions. This paper studies these spray initial condition options using the National Combustion Code (NCC) on a single swirler lean direct injection (LDI) flame tube. Using laminar finite rate chemistry, comparisons are made against experimental data for velocity measurements, temperature, and emissions (NOx, CO).
A case of remarkable neonatal recovery following prenatal diagnosis of posterior urethral valves complicated by massive abdominal ascites and severe pulmonary failure

Posterior urethral valves can severely limit urine output in utero to the point of establishing anhydramnios, the associated pulmonary hypoplasia and renal compromise often prove the condition to be fatal. We present a case of an infant prenatally diagnosed with posterior urethral valves, oligo/anhydramnios, and massive ascites who presented with renal and pulmonary sequelae at birth, but went on to make an unexpected recovery. This child was able to make a remarkable recovery with medical and urologic optimization that may prompt re-evaluation of the poor perinatal prognosis traditionally cast for these children.
Mesenchymal-epithelial cell interactions in the ovary: estrogen-induced theca cell steroidogenesis.

The role of mesenchymal-epithelial cell interactions in the control of ovarian physiology was investigated Theca cells are the mesenchymal (i.e. stromal) like cells that surround the ovarian follicle and produce androgen in response to the gonadotropin luteinizing hormone (LH). Granulosa cells are the epithelial-like cells that form the follicle, support the developing oocyte, and utilize androgens produced by theca cells as a substrate for the production of estrogen Observations presented indicate that estrogen produced by granulosa cells dramatically stimulates androgen production by theca cells Estrogen was found to have greater stimulatory effect on theca cell androgen production than gonadotropin, and a combination of estrogen and gonadotropin results in a greater than additive response of the two hormones. Regulation of androgen production by estrogen provides a local feedback loop in the follicle that will significantly influence ovarian steroidogenesis. This steroid-mediated theca-granulosa cell interaction provides evidence for the importance of mesenchymal (i.e. stromal)-epithelial cell interactions in adult tissues and implies that epithelial cells can produce paracrine factors that modulate mesenchymal cell function and differentiation. The theca cell-granulosa cell interaction identified is postulated to be a critical mesenchymal-epithelial cell interaction for the control of ovarian physiology and the endocrine status of the female.
MEMS Acceleration Sensor With Large Dynamic Range and High Sensitivity

This paper introduces a new ultraminiature acceleration sensor with very large dynamic range and high sensitivity. The sensor is based on the concept of creating a variable ultracapacitor structure that consists of one small droplet of electrolyte that is positioned between two carbon nanotube (CNT) electrodes. At rest, the CNT electrodes remain outside of the electrolyte due to their hydrophobic nature. Under acceleration, however, the inertial forces push the CNT electrodes into the electrolyte, and the typical capacitance of an ultracapacitor is obtained. The prototype described in this paper has shown a capacitance variation of approximately 5 μF under an acceleration increase from 0 to 2200 g. The sensitivity is therefore 2.27 nF/g.
The effects of dietary protein on the canine colonic microstructure and mucosal energetics

Abstract Fifteen adult mongrel dogs were fed one of three diets which varied in the level of dietary protein (12, 24 or 36%). Dogs were maintained on their respective diets for a minimum of 14 days prior to experimentation. Mucosal tissues were collected from the proximal, mid and distal colon for analysis of oxygen consumption rate, protein content and morphometric analysis. Colonic mass, protein content and mucosal energetics were lower (P
Measurement of particle and antiparticle elastic scattering on protons between 6 and 14 GeV

Abstract Differential cross sections in the t -range between 0.02 and 1.5 GeV 2 have been measured for the elastic scattering of particles and antiparticles on protons at 6.4, 10.4 and 14 GeV for K ± p and 10.4 GeV for π ± p and p ± p . Large statistics have been achieved and systematic uncertainties have been minimized. The relative systematic uncertainty between particle and antiparticle data is less than 0.5%. Accurate measurements of the position of the first crossover between particle and antiparticle differential cross sections have been performed. As the energy increases from 6.4 to 14 GeV the K ± p crossover moves to smaller values by 0.010 GeV 2 with a statistical error of 0.006 GeV 2 and a systematic uncertainty of 0.005 GeV 2 . The crossover positions at 10.4 GeV for π ± , K ± and p ± scale approximately with the interaction radii.
Evaluation of an anti-p185HER2 (scFv-CH2-CH3)2 fragment following radioiodination using two different residualizing labels: SGMIB and IB-Mal-D-GEEEK

Abstract Introduction A 105-kDa double mutant single-chain Fv-Fc fragment (scFv-Fc DM) derived from the anti-p185 HER2 hu4D5v8 antibody (trastuzumab; Herceptin) has been described recently. The goal of this study was to investigate whether improved tumor targeting could be achieved with this fragment through the use of residualizing radioiodination methods. Methods The scFv-Fc DM fragment was radioiodinated using N -succinimidyl 4-guanidinomethyl 3-[ 131 I]iodobenzoate ([ 131 I]SGMIB) and N ɛ -(3-[ 131 I]iodobenzoyl)-Lys 5 - N α - maleimido-Gly 1 -GEEEK ([ 131 I]IB-Mal-d-GEEEK), two residualizing radioiodination agents that have been used successfully with intact antibodies. Paired-label internalization assays of the labeled fragments were performed in vitro using MCF7 human breast cancer cells transfected to express HER2 (MCF7-HER2); comparisons were made to scFv-Fc DM directly radioiodinated using Iodogen. The tissue distribution of the scFv-Fc DM labeled with [ 125 I]IB-Mal-d-GEEEK and [ 131 I]SGMIB was compared in athymic mice bearing MCF7-HER2 xenografts. Results The scFv-Fc DM fragment was labeled with [ 131 I]SGMIB and [ 131 I]IB-Mal-d-GEEEK in conjugation yields of 53% and 25%, respectively, with preservation of immunoreactivity for HER2. Internalization assays indicated that labeling via SGMIB resulted in a 1.6- to 3.5-fold higher ( P P 125 I]IB-Mal-d-GEEEK-labeled scFv-Fc DM fragment compared with that of the [ 131 I]SGMIB-labeled fragment, particularly at later time points. The uptake of 125 I was threefold (3.6±1.1 %ID/g vs. 1.2±0.4 %ID/g) and fourfold (3.1±1.7 %ID/g vs. 0.8±0.4 %ID/g) higher than that for 131 I at 24 and 48 h, respectively. However, the [ 125 I]IB-Mal-d-GEEEK-labeled scFv-Fc DM fragment also exhibited considerably higher levels of radioiodine activity in liver, spleen and kidney. Conclusions The overall results further demonstrate the potential utility of these two prosthetic groups for the radiohalogenation of internalizing monoclonal antibodies and their fragments. Specifically, the trastuzumab-derived double mutant fragment in combination with these residualizing agents warrants further evaluation for imaging and possibly treatment of HER2 expressing malignancies.
Research publications in vascular and interventional radiology: research topics, study designs, and statistical methods.

PURPOSE tatistical analysis is the universal language of medical research and is a vital tool for communicating the results of vascular and interventional radiology (VIR) procedures. Major articles in two radiology journals were surveyed to characterize the research topics, study designs, and statistical methods seen in recent VIR research publications. MATERIALS AND METHODS The authors retrospectively reviewed 130 major clinical VIR articles published from July 2000 to June 2001: 72 articles (55%) from JVIR and 58 articles (45%) from Radiology . Articles were categorized by research topic and study design. Data were collected on the statistical methodology of each article. RESULTS Research topics included vascular intervention in 65 of 130 articles (50%), nonvascular intervention in 26 (20%), vascular imaging in 23 (18%), biopsy in nine (7%), and other topics in seven (5%). Study design was descriptive in 87 studies (67%), comparative in 39 studies (30%), and involved secondary data analysis in four studies (3%). Of 126 primary clinical studies, outcome was cross-sectional (assessed at a single time point) in 40 studies (32%) and longitudinal (measured over time) in 86 studies (68%). Median sample size was 61. Basic tests of association ( t -test, χ 2 test, etc.) were used in 71 articles (56%) and advanced tests of association (regression analysis) were presented in 25 (20%). Survival analysis was applied in 34 articles (27%). Decision statistics such as sensitivity/specificity were not used commonly (12%). Confidence intervals and power calculations were reported infrequently (15% and 7%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS VIR publications focus on time-dependent outcomes after therapeutic interventions. Readers should understand basic tests of association and survival analysis—these include only 20 named statistical tests.
In vivo molecular imaging of transgene expression in a model of solid organ transplantation

Abstract Gene therapy is a promising strategy to prevent immune- and non-immune-mediated injury in solid organ transplantation. This study was performed to investigate the use of noninvasive molecular imaging techniques with PET to accurately characterize transgene expression in an experimental rodent model of lung transplantation. Fischer 344 rats underwent endotracheal transfection with adenovirus encoding a fusion gene of green fluorescent protein (standard reporter gene) and a mutant herpes simplex virus-1 thymidine kinase (PET imaging reporter gene). Rats were then divided into a control group ( n = 6) which underwent transfection alone and groups of rats which underwent orthotopic left lung transplantation ( n = 3 each) 24 h after transfection. Lungs were transplanted in groups representing normal transplantation, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and acute allograft rejection. PET imaging was obtained 24 h after transplantation to study reperfusion injury and 4 days after transplantation to study graft rejection. After imaging, lungs were excised, weighed, and analyzed for thymidine kinase activity and gamma counter tissue radioactivity. PET imaging signals were strongly and linearly correlated with postmortem ex vivo gamma counter activity ( r 2 = 0.82, P in vitro thymidine kinase activity ( r 2 = 0.42, P
Accrual response to mandated accounting principles: the case of SFAS Nos. 2 and 34

Abstract My study examined whether and under what conditions managers use accounting accruals to respond to the imposition of mandatory accounting principles. Firms' discretionary accruals in the three years surrounding their adoption of SFAS Nos. 2 and 34 are examined to discover if accruals are managed in such a way that executive bonuses are maximized. I found that when managers adopt the standards early, reported accruals are consistent with bonus maximization and appear to have been adjusted for the effect of the mandated accounting principle on the bonus calculation. The late adopters, on the other hand, appear to have been unable to manage their accruals in response to the new accounting standards so that managers' bonuses would be maximized. This finding suggests that one aspect of managers' adoption timing decision is their ability to use discretionary accruals to mitigate the effect of the mandated standard on their bonuses.
Explicit solutions of an algebraic differential equation

I.et the coefficients a, b, c, d, e, f of the polynomial p(zo, w’) E aw’2 + bww’ + cw’ + dw’ $ew -k f iI> be given as elements of an ordinary differential Geld E in which 1 + 1 9~ 0 and a f 0. We shall show that: under certain conditions, the problem of solving the nonlinear first-order differential equation P(zo, w’) = 0 can be reduced to the problem of solving a linear first-order differential. equation. Indeed, we shall show that a whole class of equations listed by E. Kamke [4] fits into our scheme. Our work is based on the theorems and transformations of [2]. Our results might be contrasted with those for the Riccati equation cw’ + dzo” + ezu + f = 0, with c f 0 and d # 0,
Electrocardiograms of Dogs with Heart Homografts

Serial electrocardiograms from 50 dogs which survived 4 days to 12 months with orthotopic cardiac homografts have been evaluated. Although sinus rhythm is the basic mechanism in all homografted hearts, arrhythmias are frequently encountered early in the post-transplant period and later during episodes of threatened rejection. The decrease in QRS voltage which consistently accompanies impending rejection makes the electrocardiogram indispensable in monitoring the cardiac homograft.
How to write a ‘how-to-build-a-brain’ book

These are exciting times for those of us interested in comprehensive theories of cognition and the brain. A side-by-side comparison of Chris Eliasmith's new book How to Build a Brain (2013) [1] and W. Ross Ashby's Design for a Brain (to pick a similar title from 1952) [2] reveals just how much progress has been achieved in cognitive and brain sciences in the intervening six decades. In How to Build a Brain, Eliasmith aims to translate this progress into constructing a broad-coverage, unified model of how the brain works, inviting the reader to play along by testing the accompanying code on a selection of problems sampled from perception/action, memory, reasoning, and planning.
Precipitation and Magnetic Behavior of Beta NaFeO2 in Glasses Along the Na2SiO3-Fe2O3 Join

The magnetic behavior of β-NaFeO2 precipitated in compositions along the Na2SiO3-Fe2O3 join of the Na2O-Fe2O3-SiO2 system is reported from magnetic susceptibility data and Moessbauer studies. The anomalous magnetic properties observed are discussed in terms of the possibility of the presence of super-paramagnetism.
Deep mutational scanning: assessing protein function on a massive scale

Analysis of protein mutants is an effective means to understand their function. Protein display is an approach that allows large numbers of mutants of a protein to be selected based on their activity, but only a handful with maximal activity have been traditionally identified for subsequent functional analysis. However, the recent application of high-throughput sequencing (HTS) to protein display and selection has enabled simultaneous assessment of the function of hundreds of thousands of mutants that span the activity range from high to low. Such deep mutational scanning approaches are rapid and inexpensive with the potential for broad utility. In this review, we discuss the emergence of deep mutational scanning, the challenges associated with its use and some of its exciting applications.
The States' Role in U.S. Local Government Fiscal Crises: A Theoretical Model and Results of a National Survey

Abstract This article hypothesizes four potential roles that states may play in dealing with local government fiscal crises: predict, avert, mitigate and prevent the recurrence of local fiscal crises. Based on a 50‐state telephone survey administered by the author to members of the National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers in 2002, this article presents detailed information on states' roles in dealing with actual local government fiscal crises. The research found that ten states had formal definitions of local government fiscal crises while the remainder varied between having a working definition, having no definition, or leaving it to local authorities to define a fiscal crisis for themselves. Although the majority of states lacked a rigourous, legal definition of what constitutes a local government fiscal crisis, 36 states reported that they had had such crisis in recent history in their states. Seven overlapping categories of state approaches emerged: the directive approach, t...
Decentralized Adaptive Optimal Control of Large-Scale Systems With Application to Power Systems

This paper studies the optimal control problem for large-scale systems with unknown parameters and dynamics. By using robust adaptive dynamic programming (RADP) method, a decentralized optimal control design is given for large-scale systems with unmatched uncertainties. The convergence of the proposed RADP algorithm and the asymptotic stability of the closed-loop large-scale system are studied rigorously. Finally, a numerical example of a large-scale power system is adopted to illustrate the effectiveness of the obtained algorithm.
Dissociative Properties of the Proteins within the Bacteriophage T4 Replisome

DNA replication is a highly processive and efficient process that involves the coordination of at least eight proteins to form the replisome in bacteriophage T4. Replication of DNA occurs in the 5' to 3' direction resulting in continuous replication on the leading strand and discontinuous replication on the lagging strand. A key question is how a continuous and discontinuous replication process is coordinated. One solution is to avoid having the completion of one Okazaki fragment to signal the start of the next but instead to have a key step such as priming proceed in parallel to lagging strand replication. Such a mechanism requires protein elements of the replisome to readily dissociate during the replication process. Protein trapping experiments were performed to test for dissociation of the clamp loader and primase from an active replisome in vitro whose template was both a small synthetic DNA minicircle and a larger DNA substrate. The primase, clamp, and clamp loader are found to dissociate from the replisome and are continuously recruited from solution. The effect of varying protein concentrations (dilution) on the size of Okazaki fragments supported the protein trapping results. These findings are in accord with previous results for the accessory proteins but, importantly now, identify the primase as dissociating from an active replisome. The recruitment of the primase from solution during DNA synthesis has also been found for Escherichia coli but not bacteriophage T7. The implications of these results for RNA priming and extension during the repetitive synthesis of Okazaki fragments are discussed.
Induced p-wave superfluidity in strongly interacting imbalanced Fermi gases

The induced interaction among the majority spin species, due to the presence of the minority species, is computed for the case of a population-imbalanced resonantly interacting Fermi gas. It is shown that this interaction leads to an instability, at low temperatures, of the recently observed polaron Fermi liquid phase of strongly imbalanced Fermi gases to a $p$-wave superfluid state. We find that the associated transition temperature, while quite small in the weakly interacting BCS regime, is experimentally accessible in the strongly interacting unitary regime.
Development of a Large, Low-Cost, Instant 3D Scanner

Three-dimensional scanning serves a large variety of uses. It can be utilized to generate objects for, after possible modification, 3D printing. It can facilitate reverse engineering, replication of artifacts to allow interaction without risking cultural heirlooms and the creation of replacement bespoke parts. The technology can also be used to capture imagery for creating holograms, it can support applications requiring human body imaging (e.g., medical, sports performance, garment creation, security) and it can be used to import real-world objects into computer games and other simulations. This paper presents the design of a 3D scanner that was designed and constructed at the University of North Dakota to create 3D models for printing and numerous other uses. It discusses multiple prospective uses for the unit and technology. It also provides an overview of future directions of the project, such as 3D video capture.
Urinalysis is not reliable to detect a urinary tract infection in febrile infants presenting to the ED

Abstract Objective Urinary tract infections are a common source of serious bacterial infections in febrile infants younger than 2 years. Our objective was to compare urinalysis with urine culture in the emergency department evaluation of febrile infants. Methods A febrile infant registry was instituted at a tertiary care hospital treating an average of 55000 patients annually (27% children), from December 2002 to December 2003. Patients were eligible if they were younger than 3 months and had a temperature of at least 38°C or if they were between 3 and 24 months of age and had a temperature of at least 39°C. Data abstracted included age, sex, and temperature. Urinalysis (UA) and urine culture (UCx) results were obtained from electronic hospital archives. Results Nine hundred eighty-five patients were entered into the febrile infant registry. Male patients comprised 55%. The mean age of patients was 12.6 months; median was 12 months. Four hundred thirty-five (78% of eligible patients) had both a UA and UCx from the same specimen, and there were 45 (10.3%) positive UCx result. Females accounted for 33 (73%) of 45 positive results. The sensitivity of UA for predicting a positive UCx result was 64% (95% confidence interval [CI], 49%-78%), whereas the specificity was 91% (95% CI, 88%-94%). The positive predictive value was 46% (95% CI, 31%-53%), with a negative predictive value of 96% (95% CI, 93%-97%). Conclusion Urinalysis is not reliable for the detection of urinary tract infections in febrile infants when compared with urine cultures.
Context and Age Differences in Same‐ and Other‐gender Peer Preferences

Age and gender differences in preferences for same- and other-gender peers as partners for working on a school project and casual interactions at home were investigated. Participants were 82 students (19 sixth-grade preadolescents; 29 eighth-grade adolescents; 34 tenth- and eleventh-grade older adolescents). Same-gender preferences were assessed via peer nominations and ratings of expected enjoyment of interacting with same- and other-gender peers. Preferences varied by context: individuals expected to enjoy same-gender peers more than other-gender peers when working on a project at school but not when interacting casually at home. Greater expected enjoyment of same-gender peers over other-gender peers was most pronounced for preadolescent boys and girls, and least pronounced for older adolescent males. Nominations of same-gender peers for home and school activities decreased with age. Results are interpreted in light of a social-contextual approach to gender segregation.