cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Minset-Poset Approach to Representations of Graph Connectivity

Various instances of the minimal-set poset (minset-poset for short) have been proposed in the literature, e.g., the representation of Picard and Queyranne for all st-minimum cuts of a flow network. We begin with an explanation of why this poset structure is common. We show any family of sets F that can be defined by a “labelling algorithm” (e.g., the Ford-Fulkerson labelling algorithm for maximum network flow) has an algorithm that constructs the minset poset for F. We implement this algorithm to efficiently find the nodes of the poset when F is the family of minimum edge cuts of an unweighted graph; we also give related algorithms to construct the entire poset for weighted graphs. The rest of the article discusses applications to edge- and vertex connectivity, both combinatorial and algorithmic, that we now describe.For digraphs, a natural interpretation of the minset poset represents all minimum edge cuts. In the special case of undirected graphs, the minset poset is proved to be a variant of the well-known cactus representation of all mincuts. We use the poset algorithms to construct the cactus representation for unweighted graphs in time O(m+λ2n log (n/λ)) (λ is the edge connectivity) improving the previous bound O(λ n2) for all but the densest graphs. We also construct the cactus representation for weighted graphs in time O(nm log(n2/m)), the same bound as a previously known algorithm but in linear space O(m). The latter bound also holds for constructing the minset poset for any weighted digraph; the former bound also holds for constructing the nodes of that poset for any unweighted digraph. The poset is used in algorithms to increase the edge connectivity of a graph by adding the fewest edges possible. For directed and undirected graphs, weighted and unweighted, we achieve the time of the preceding two bounds, i.e., essentially the best-known bounds to compute the edge connectivity itself. Some constructions of minset posets for graph rigidity are also sketched.For vertex connectivity, the minset poset is proved to be a slight variant of the dominator tree. This leads to an algorithm to construct the dominator tree in time O(m) on a RAM. (The algorithm is included in the appendix, since other linear-time algorithms of similar simplicity have recently been presented.)
The (Null) Effects of Percent Young on 15 to 24 Age-Specific and Male- and Female-Specific Cross-National Homicide Rates

Recent systematic research indicated percent of the population that is young is not significantly associated with cross-national homicide victimization rates. However, there are theoretical reasons...
Differential effect of ethanol on NMDA EPSCs in pyramidal cells in the posterior cingulate cortex of juvenile and adult rats.

Ethanol (EtOH) is a potent inhibitor ofN-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor–mediated activity in a number of brain areas, and recent studies have indicated that this inhibitory effect of ethanol is...
Congress: Protecting Individual Rights.

My Constitutional Law students are often surprised to learn that the Framers of the Constitution saw Congress, not the president or the Supreme Court, as the most important part of their new govern...
Weights and Measures in Teacher-Implemented Arithmetic Curricula in Eighteenth-Century North American Schools

The decision having been made by the U.S. Congress to establish a decimal system of currency as the official national currency of the United States of America, one might have expected a decimal system of weights and measures to follow quickly. But that was not to be. Between 1784 and 1789 Thomas Jefferson was in France and therefore his role as principal catalyst for decisions on decimalization was muted. The chapter begins by placing the weights and measures decision in the context of economic and political forces operating within the new nation. From a lag-time theoretical perspective, although there were numerous available arithmetic textbooks which dealt with decimal fractions, the prevailing economic and political pressures negated any educational and mathematical pressures for more widespread applications of decimals. Thus, a curious result occurred—the United States decimalized its currency, but not its weights and measures.
Randomized algorithms in numerical linear algebra

This survey provides an introduction to the use of randomization in the design of fast algorithms for numerical linear algebra. These algorithms typically examine only a subset of the input to solve basic problems approximately, including matrix multiplication, regression and low-rank approximation. The survey describes the key ideas and gives complete proofs of the main results in the field. A central unifying idea is sampling the columns (or rows) of a matrix according to their squared lengths.
A speculated cause of respiratory inhibition in infants.

AbstractObjective: In our previous studies, we documented that threatened premature labor and asymmetrical intrauterine growth restriction were risk factors for respiratory inhibition. The goal of this study was to determine the cause of respiratory inhibition by considering perinatal risk factors.Methods: We examined 1497 infants with a gestational age of 36 weeks or greater. All infants were monitored using pulse oximetry and examined via cranial sonography. Respiratory inhibition was defined as severe hypoxemia caused by respiratory inhibition immediately after crying or gastroesophageal reflux or as a respiratory pause during feeding. We examined the relationships between respiratory inhibition and perinatal factors and speculated on the cause of respiratory inhibition.Results: The median gestational age, birth weight, Apgar score at 1 min, and Apgar score at 5 min of the subjects were 38.9 weeks, 2930 g, 8.0 points, and 9.0 points, respectively. Respiratory inhibition was observed in 422 infants. Lat...
Aerodynamic Aspects of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Aerial Refueling

The feasibility of refueling a high-endurance unmanned aerial vehicle was investigated numerically, focusing on the aerodynamic effects. For this study, a single-aisle transport aircraft-based tank...
Research, discovery and failure

Failure is an unavoidable element of the process that leads to discovery and it should be embraced even in early education, says Deji Akinwande.
Hybrid three-scale model for evolving pore-scale geometries

We consider flow and upscaling of flow properties from pore scale to Darcy scale, when the pore-scale geometry is changing. The idea is to avoid having to solve for the pore evolution at the pore scale, because this results in unmanageable complexity. We propose to use stochastic modeling to parametrize plausible modifications of the pore geometry and to construct distributions of permeability parametrized by Darcy-scale variables. To localize the effects of, e.g., clogging, we introduce an intermediate scale of pore-network models. We use local Stokes solvers to calibrate the throat permeability.
Where Do We Stand on the Integration of PARP Inhibitors for the Treatment of Breast Cancer

To provide an overview of the clinical development of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) in breast cancer to date and to review existing challenges and future research directions. We summarize the clinical development of PARPi in breast cancer from bench to bedside, and discuss the results of recent phase 3 trials in patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) and germline mutations in BRCA1/2 (gBRCAm). We will also provide an update regarding mechanisms of action and resistance to PARPi, and review clinical trials of PARPi as monotherapy or in combination regimens. PARPi are a novel treatment approach in persons with gBRCA1/2m-associated MBC. Going forward, the clinical applicability of these compounds outside the gBRCAm setting will be studied in greater detail. The identification of accurate predictive biomarkers of response is a research priority.
Faces in early visual environments are persistent not just frequent

The regularities in very young infants' visual worlds likely have out-sized effects on the development of the visual system because they comprise the first-in experience that tunes, maintains, and specifies the neural substrate from low-level to higher-level representations and therefore constitute the starting point for all other visual learning. Recent evidence from studies using head cameras suggests that the frequency of faces available in early infant visual environments declines over the first year and a half of life. The primary question for the present paper concerns the temporal structure of face experiences: Is frequency the key exposure dimension distinguishing younger and older infants' face experiences, or is it the duration for which faces remain in view? Our corpus of head-camera images collected as infants went about their daily activities consisted of over a million individually coded frames sampled at 0.2 Hz from 232 h of infant-perspective scenes, recorded from 51 infants aged 1 month to 15 months. The major finding from this corpus is that very young infants (1-3 months) not only have more frequent face experiences but also more temporally persistent ones. The repetitions of the same very few face identities presenting up-close and frontal views are exaggerated in more persistent runs of the same face, and these persistent runs are more frequent for the youngest infants. The implications of early experiences consisting of extended repeated exposures of up-close frontal views for visual learning are discussed.
Book Review: Encyclopedia of Human Evolution and Prehistory. Edited by Eric Delson, Ian Tattersall, John A. Van Couvering, and Alison Brooks, Garland Publishing, New York, NY, 2000, xlv + 753 pp., US $ 175.00 [Can. $262.50] (hardback)

In a field sometimes charged with cut-throat competition and controvery, Delson and his co-editors have assembled a diverse group of scholars to undertake a tough task: to compile an extensive, authoritative encyclopedia of human evolution and prehistory at a time when there is a tremendous increase in fossil discoveries. The Encyclopedia of Human Evolution and Prehistory is a reminder of what paleoanthropologists ought to be doing. The increased number of fossil hominid discoveries, particularly in the last 15 years, and burgeoning knowledge from contextual data accompanying them have complicated the human evolutionary tree. Though costly, Encyclopedia of Human Evolution and Prehistory is a valuable reference on issues regarding human evolution. With the exception of cluttered diagrams (pages 9, 13, 25, 27, 30, 92, 247, 249, and 348) and missing scales on several illustrations (pages 129, 131, 222, 288, 319, and 327), the volume is a well-organized and concisely indexed publication that is easy to consult. Delson et al. assembled a fine group of contributors from the Northern Hemisphere and one from South Africa. Consequently, there is unbalanced representation of experts from a field that is becoming highly diversified geographically. Although there is a growing number of scholars from eastern Africa and Southeast Asia who have made significant contributions to the understanding of our biological evolution and cultural development, most of them have been eclipsed by colleagues from the North. Delson et al. missed an opportunity to diversify authorship with eastern African and Southeast Asian contributors, whose inclusion would have made a notable impact on how paleoanthropology is perceived in the new millennium by serving as a
Fostering Self-Efficacy Among Adolescents in Secondary General Music:

In secondary general music classes, adolescent musicianship can be stifled by poor self-efficacy. Although adolescents typically lead lives rich with music, they may believe that these interests an...
Recruitment, Retention and Morally Inhabitable Environments

The FNS expected much of its nurses. The work was difficult, demanding and the hours long, even when compared to the equally dismal hospital standards which existed at the time outside of the region. In addition to this, the physical environment was isolated, rough, rustic and rural and the culture alien to all those outside of Appalachia, even to other Americans coming into the area. Yet Breckinridge managed to keep her staff at a time when other organizations and institutions outside of Appalachia with less physically and emotionally demanding work environments could not. Breckinridge’s personal background, education and professional employment history prior to founding the FNS equipped her to understand the challenges she would face in decreasing her nurses’ responses to ‘burnout’ in such an environment. It also helped her to develop a health care delivery system that promoted positive adaptation and facilitated quality care. These personal qualities as well as professional expertise are characteristics that set the tone of any organization’s culture [1].
Luteomas of pregnancy

Abstract 1. Nine cases of luteoma of pregnancy are reported; the clinical characteristics and pathological findings, including histochemical and electron microscopic studies, are discussed. 2. Luteoma of pregnancy is a distinct entity which can and should be differentiated clinically and pathologically from other “luteomas.” 3. This entity is directly related and limited to pregnancy, and seemingly causes no ill effect upon mother or child. 4. This study suggests that luteoma of pregnancy may represent an exaggeration of the luteinization reaction of normal pregnancy. More specifically, it is thought to represent a hyperplastic luteinization of developing and atretic follicles similar to, but more marked than, that occurring in “hyperreactio luteinalis.” 5. The endocrinologic aspects of pregnancy luteoma are unclear, and evidence at hand does not warrant the implication of a single hormone. Hormone studies in patients with pregnancy luteoma are needed for further evaluation of the pathogenesis. 6. This lesion is benign and regularly regresses following pregnancy. If encountered at operation, no extensive therapy is required, but it is necessary to obtain a biopsy to confirm the diagnosis.
Patterns of Theophylline Utilization

Theophylline (1,3-dimethylxanthine) is a major mainstay in the treatment of asthma in the United States. Originally introduced in 1937 and prescribed in combination with ephedrine (4:1 or 5:1) it is now clear that theophylline, or its more water soluble salts, alone is the appropriate dosage form.
Six-dimensional quantitative DCE MR Multitasking of the entire abdomen: Method and application to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

PURPOSE To develop a quantitative DCE MRI technique enabling entire-abdomen coverage, free-breathing acquisition, 1-second temporal resolution, and T1 -based quantification of contrast agent concentration and kinetic modeling for the characterization of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). METHODS Segmented FLASH readouts following saturation-recovery preparation with randomized 3D Cartesian undersampling was used for incoherent data acquisition. MR Multitasking was used to reconstruct 6-dimensional images with 3 spatial dimensions, 1 T1 recovery dimension for dynamic T1 quantification, 1 respiratory dimension to resolve respiratory motion, and 1 DCE time dimension to capture the contrast kinetics. Sixteen healthy subjects and 14 patients with pathologically confirmed PDAC were recruited for the in vivo studies, and kinetic parameters vp , Ktrans , ve , and Kep were evaluated for each subject. Intersession repeatability of Multitasking DCE was assessed in 8 repeat healthy subjects. One-way unbalanced analysis of variance was performed between control and patient groups. RESULTS In vivo studies demonstrated that vp , Ktrans , and Kep of PDAC were significantly lower compared with nontumoral regions in the patient group (P = .002, .003, .004, respectively) and normal pancreas in the control group (P = .011, <.001, <.001, respectively), while ve was significantly higher than nontumoral regions (P < .001) and healthy pancreas (P < .001). The kinetic parameters showed good in vivo repeatability (interclass correlation coefficient: vp , 0.95; Ktrans , 0.98; ve , 0.96; Kep , 0.99). CONCLUSION The proposed Multitasking DCE is promising for the quantification of vascular properties of PDAC. Quantitative DCE parameters were repeatable in vivo and showed significant differences between normal pancreas and both tumor and nontumoral regions in patients with PDAC.
Unmasking Identity: Observations From a Cohort of Entering Medical Students.

Background and objectives Professional identity formation (PIF) is increasingly recognized as a core element of medical education. The use of narrative reflection is traditionally the most common means to explore PIF. We explored the use of mask-making as a process of reflective expression to encourage iterative exploration of professional identity in medical students. This project focused on elements of personal and professional identity in a cohort of entering students. Methods One hundred fifty entering students at the Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine created a mask to use descriptive words to express their perceptions of an ideal physician (external face of the mask) and their sense of self (internal face of the mask). Responses were compared to established domains of professional identity. Results Students most commonly listed elements in the domain of personal characteristics to describe both their sense of self and of an ideal physician. Students were more likely to list emotional elements when describing self and more likely to use elements in the domains of relationships, attitudes, and duties/responsibilities when describing an ideal physician. Conclusions The beginning of medical school is a time of significant transition. Mask making can blend visual and narrative arts to provide a complementary tool to examine professional identity formation.
Learning Trajectories in Action: A Practical Study on an After-School Coding Club Curriculum

Computing curricula are finding their way into many elementary and middle school students' classrooms and after-school learning experiences. As more curricula are developed, there is a need to understand how they align with the Rich et al. learning trajectories (LTs) for sequencing, repetition, and conditionals [3] in terms of curricula design and student learning outcomes. This poster examines how LTs map to the 2018-2019 Girls Who Code (GWC) curricula implemented in a local GWC coding club. This poster shows how student learning under the 2018-2019 GWC curriculum maps to paths within the beginning and intermediate levels of the Rich et al. LTs for sequencing, repetition, and conditionals [3]. We also discuss challenges in evaluating several LT learning goals and potential uses of LTs as diagnostic tools to identify student misconceptions.
Sperm Separation Protocols

Human semen is a complex mixture of motile and immotile sperm, precursor germ cells, cellular debris, and leukocytes. For assisted reproductive technology (ART) procedures, development of efficient sperm preparation protocols capable of separating motile spermatozoa from cellular debris and seminal plasma is essential. Once sperm is separated from seminal plasma, it can undergo capacitation which is the prerequisite for fertilization. Routine sperm separation protocols vary from simple wash and centrifugation to swim-up or separation on double density gradient. From this list, double density gradient separation is most common in routine sperm preparation and better than other protocols in terms of total recovery and motility. Developments of sperm separation protocols based on the electrostatic charges on sperm surface have been successful in obtaining spermatozoa with reduced apoptotic marker proteins and in trials which showed better outcomes. Since the development of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), specific sperm selection protocols were developed to successfully obtain sperm from severely oligozoospermic semen samples, retrograde ejaculation, and from testicular or epididymal sources. Some other sperm selection processes using microfluidic system, magnetic cell sorter using Annexin V columns, and hyaluron binding of spermatozoa have shown improved clinical outcomes.
Social consequences of energetically costly nest construction in a facultatively social bee.

Social groups form when the costs of breeding independently exceed fitness costs imposed by group living. The costs of independent breeding can often be energetic, especially for animals performing...
Dude Where's My Stars: A Novel Topologically Justified Approach to Star Tracking

For thousands of years, humankind has utilized star tracking to measure both time and geographical location. In the modern technological era, the problem of telling one's orientation and position from images of the stars has newfound importance when related to satellite communication systems. For example, developments in laser-based communication systems promise huge gains in data rates; however, they tend to require a much finer pointing accuracy in order to hit and track their target as compared to radio frequency due to having a more focused emission pattern. As such, satellites with laser-based communications systems require the ability to obtain their attitude with a much higher degree of accuracy than traditional radio-based communication. For example, in [1], the Mars-to-Earth optical communications system studied requires a pointing accuracy on the order of 2-5 microradians, with an estimated update clock of several hundred Hertz. For contrast, the high-gain antenna of the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) had a pointing accuracy requirement of 2.08 milliradians that could update at 10Hz-10kHz [2] (note that MRO did not use star trackers, but rather used the Electra radio; one can study its performance in [3]).
A new measure of digital economic activity and its impact on local opportunity

Abstract Online businesses and platform work can create the impression that the digital economy is ephemeral and placeless. But the digital economy is experienced locally, and its effects are spatial. Measuring them requires better community-level data on economic activities online. While new government data measures broadband subscriptions down to neighborhoods, existing public data do not measure how broadband is used in local communities, and whether this digital activity affects economic outcomes. We analyze new monthly data on over 20 million domain name hosts/websites in the United States from November 2018 to November 2020 drawing on customer data. Surveys show that 3 out of 4 of these domains are commercial, including microbusinesses as well as websites for both online and brick-and-mortar establishments. How is the density of domain name hosts in a community (the number in a zip code or county divided by the population) related to local economic opportunity, controlling for other known factors? Using statistical matching and time series data, results show the density of domain name hosts positively predicts community economic prosperity, recovery from the 2008 recession, and change in median income. Interactions between the density of these hosts and broadband subscriptions also predict lower monthly unemployment rates over time, including after the March 2020 pandemic. Commercial data can improve our understanding of broadband's impacts, including its potential for inclusive growth in diverse communities.
Retrospective Pediatric Telepalliative Care Experience

Background: Rady Children's Hospital (RCH) offers an outpatient pediatric palliative clinic that began offering telepalliative care in 2016. Objectives: This study describes demographics of parents...
RHESSI and Trace Observations of the 21 April 2002 X1.5 Flare

Observations of the X1.5 flare on 21 April 2002 are reviewed using the Reuven Ramaty High-Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) and the Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE). The major findings are as follows: (1) The 3–25 keV X-rays started < 4 min before the EUV (195 A) emission suggesting that the initial energy release heated plasma directly to ≳20 MK, well above the 1.6 MK needed to produce the Fexu (195 A) line. (2) Using coaligned 12–25 keV RHESSI and TRACE images, further evidence is found for the existence of hot (15–20 MK) plasma in the 195 A passband. This hot, diffuse emission is attributed to the presence of the Fe xxiv (192 A) line within the TRACE 195 A passband. (3) The 12–25 keV source centroid moves away from the limb with an apparent velocity of ~ 9.9 km s−1, slowing to ~ 1.7 km s−1 after 3 hours, its final altitude being ~ 140 Mm after ~ 12 hours. This suggests that the energy release site moves to higher altitudes in agreement with classical flare models. (4) The 50–100 keV emission correlates well with EUV flare ribbons, suggesting thick-target interactions at the footpoints of the magnetic arcade. The 50–100 keV time profile matches the time derivative of the GOES light curve (Neupert effect), which suggests that the same electrons that produced the thick-target hard X-ray emission also heat the plasma seen in soft X-rays. (5) X-ray footpoint emission has an E−3 spectrum down to ~ 10 keV suggesting a lower electron cutoff energy than previously thought. (6) The hard X-ray (25–200 keV) peaks have FWHM durations of ~ 1 min suggesting a more gradual energy release process than expected. (7) The TRACE images reveal a bright symmetric front propagating away from the main flare site at speeds of ≥ 120 km s−1. This may be associated with the fast CME observed several minutes later by LASCO. (8) Dark sinuous lanes are observed in the TRACE images that extend almost radially from the post-flare loop system. This ‘fan of spines’ becomes visible well into the decay phase of the flare and shows evidence for both lateral and downward motions.
Synapses formed by identified retinogeniculate axons during the segregation of eye input

The synaptic organization of identified retinogeniculate axons was studied during the prenatal development of eye-specific layers in the LGN of the cat. During this period, retinogeniculate axons undergo stereotyped morphological changes. Retinogeniculate axons originating from one eye and passing through LGN territory destined to be solely innervated by the other eye (inappropriate territory) initially give rise to many side branches. As the eye-specific layers emerge, these axons elaborate extensive terminal arbors within territory appropriate to their eye of origin and concurrently retract their side branches from inappropriate territory (Sretavan and Shatz, 1986). These transient side branches may therefore represent a morphological substrate for the observed functional convergence of inputs from the two eyes onto common LGN neurons during prenatal development (Shatz and Kirkwood, 1984). This possibility was investigated by examining whether identified axons and their side branches form synapses in inappropriate territory. Three retinogeniculate axons from two fetuses aged embryonic day 53 (E53) and E57 were filled with HRP in an in vitro preparation, prior to being processed for electron microscopy (EM). The HRP-filled axons, originating from the contralateral eye, were first reconstructed at the light microscope level. The portion of axon passing through the center of ipsilaterally innervated layer A1 was then serially sectioned and reconstructed by EM. Two sets of 450 serial EM sections revealed that all three contralateral axons established synaptic contacts in ipsilateral territory. Many of these synapses were made by side branches and a few were even formed by the main axon trunks. Both side branches and trunks formed mainly en passant asymmetrical contacts that were associated with spherical synaptic vesicles and that were apposed to immature dendritic elements and dendritic shafts. For comparison, a portion of the same E53 axon within the future contralateral layer A was also serially sectioned and reconstructed for EM. Within this contralateral zone, the E53 axon formed synaptic contacts similar to those established in the ipsilateral region, except that in the appropriate zone they contained significantly more synaptic vesicles. These results demonstrate that axons from the contralateral eye can establish synapses in territory simultaneously innervated by the ipsilateral eye, both via side branches and by means of contacts along the main axon trunk. Thus, the development of eye-specific layers is accompanied by the formation and subsequent elimination of synapses that almost certainly represent a morphological substrate for the known transient functional convergence of inputs from the two eyes.
The Influence of Curvature on the Buckling Characteristics of Structures

In the field of applied elasticity, one of the most perplexing problems is the prediction of the buckling load, or rather the failing load of a thin-walled structure with either simple or double curvature. Everyone who has contact with this subject will notice the gap between theory and experimental results. The designer, however, has to proceed with his work regardless of whether or not the theory of elasticity can give him the correction solution of his problem. Hence, in this case he has to resort to empirical relations determined by experimental methods. But such an empirical approach to a complex subject without solid physical basis has its definite limitations. Therefore, a correct picture of the interactions of the different factors which determine the failing load and the mechanism of the failing process will be always useful to the designer.
The Water-Energy-Environment Nexus in the Great Lakes Region: The Case for Integrated Resource Planning

Water is a critical element of electric power production in the U.S., particularly in the Great Lakes Basin region. Thermoelectric power generation accounts for the majority of all water withdrawals in the Basin, in large part due to the comparatively heavy concentrations of coal and nuclear power generation that utilize open-loop cooling. This paper explores how different energy generation portfolios could affect the water resources of the Great Lakes Basin. The suite of power generation scenarios analyzed reflects a range of potential outcomes resulting from the implementation of key national and regional energy and environmental policies for the electric power industry. These policies include U.S. EPA’s pending power plant cooling water intake standards, state renewable energy portfolio standards, possible climate change legislation, and the 2005 Great Lakes regional water resource agreement (Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River Basin Water Resources Compact of 2005; Public Law 110–342). Five scenarios were analyzed, resulting in different levels and intensities of total water use (withdrawal and consumption) in hydrologically-sensitive watersheds. These results confirm the close relationship between water and energy in the Great Lakes, and point to the need to take into account water resource impacts in designing future energy and environmental policies.
Structural properties of a series of photochromic fluorinated indolylfulgides.

Fluorinated indolyl­fulgides are a class of photochromic organic compounds that meet many of the requirements for use as optical memory media and optical switches. The X-ray crystal structures of a series of five photochromic fluorinated indolyl­fulgides have been determined, namely (3Z)-3-[1-(1,2-di­methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-2,2,2-tri­fluoro­ethyl­idene]-4-(1-methyl­ethyl­idene)­dihydrofuran-2,5-dione (tri­fluoro­methyl­iso­propyl­idene­indolyl­fulgide), C19H16F3NO3, (I), (3Z)-3-[1-(1,2-dimethyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-2,2,3,3,3-penta­fluoro­propyl­idene]-4-(1-methyl­ethyl­idene)­dihydrofuran-2,5-dione (penta­fluoro­ethyl­iso­propyl­idene­indolyl­fulgide), C20H16F5NO3, (II), (3Z)-3-[1-(1,2-di­methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-2,2,3,3,4,4,4-hepta­fluoro­butyl­idene]-4-(1-methyl­ethyl­idene)­dihydrofuran-2,5-dione (hepta­fluoro­propyl­iso­propyl­idene­indolyl­fulgide), C21H16F7NO3, (III), (3Z)-3-[1-(1,2-di­methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-2,2,2-tri­fluoro­ethyl­idene]-4-(tri­cyclo­[3.3.1.13,7]­decyl­idene­)dihydrofuran-2,5-dione (tri­fluoro­methyl­adamantyl­idene­indolyl­fulgide), C26H24F3NO3, (IV), and (3Z)-3-[1-(1,2-di­methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-2,2,3,3,4,4,4-hepta­fluoro­butyl­idene]-4-(tri­cyclo­[3.3.1.13,7]­decyl­idene­)dihydrofuran-2,5-dione (hepta­fluoro­propyl­adamantylidenein­dolyl­fulgide), C28H24F7NO3, (V). The photochromic property of fulgides is based on the photochemically allowed electrocyclic ring closure of a hexatriene system to form a cyclo­hexa­diene. For each fulgide examined, the bond lengths within the hexatriene system alternate between short and long, as expected. Comparing the structures of the five fulgides with each other demonstrates no significant difference in bond lengths, bond angles or dihedral angles within the hexatriene systems. The distance between the bond-forming C atoms at each end of the hexatriene system does vary. Correlations of structural properties with optical properties are addressed.
AN EMERGING CONTINGENCY, THE STEPFAMILY: REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This review is a noncritical annotated listing of items in the literature on the stepfather, stepmother, stepchild, and stepfamily. Implications for counseling are discussed.
Relationship between Air Temperature and Mean Radiant Temperature in Thermal Comfort

GROUPS of 6–8 apparently healthy persons were exposed to three environmental conditions in a room previously described1. The test subjects were lightly dressed (about 343 g/m2 surface area, excluding shoes), seated and engaged in reading and writing. Though the subjects noted their comfort responses every half-hour, only the last votes of a 3-h session were considered. The conditions were: (a) air temperature approximately equal to mean radiant temperature ; (b) air temperature higher than mean radiant temperature (up to 17.9° F) ; (c) air temperature lower than mean radiant temperature (down to 15.3° F). Humidity was arbitrarily kept at 50 per cent, and air velocity was less than 20 ft./min. Dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures were measured with aspirated and shielded mercury-in-glass thermometers; radiant temperature with the globe thermometer2, a two-sphere radiometer3,4 and a modified thermopile5 ; and air velocity with a rhodium-plated kata thermometer6. All six room surfaces were kept at approximately the same temperature. The combinations of air temperature and mean radiant temperature were adjusted to yield a mean vote of ‘comfortable’ (‘4’) on a seven-point thermal comfort scale1. Mean votes, above and below ‘4’ which did not differ by more than 0.5 sensory units, were used as bases for finding, by linear interpolation, the air temperature and mean radiant temperature, which evoke a ‘comfortable’ vote.
Lack of humoral control in calling and pheromone release by brain, corpora cardiaca, corpora allata and ovaries of the female gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.)

Abstract Investigations into the physiological regulation of calling behaviour and pheromone release by the adult female gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, showed that the brain, corpora cardiaca, corpora allata and ovaries play no significant endocrine role for either calling behaviour or pheromone release. Removal of corpora allata, corpora cardiaca-corpora allata complex and ovaries from last-instar larvae had no effect on calling behaviour nor on the pheromone release in the resulting moths. Severing the suboesophageal connectives had no effect on calling, but effectively eliminated pheromone release. Since severing nerves should not remove humoral output from the brain, the regulation on pheromone release appears neural.
Carleman operators on Banach lattices

Carleman operators are characterized in terms of convergence proper- ties with respect to appropriate representation spaces. In the classical setting, an operator T on L 2 (X, #) is called a Carleman opera- tor if Tf(y)=~k(y, x)f(x)d# and k(y, ) is in L2(X, I~) for almost every y in X. We recall the following characterization of Carleman operators (see Weidman (7) or (3)). Theorem A. Let T be an operator from I~(X, I~) into L2(X, lO. The following conditions are equivalent: a) T is a Carleman operator b) There exists a measurable function g on X so that (Tf)<(If(Ig for all f in L 2 (X, p). c) Each sequence (f,) in I)(X, #) convergent to zero has the property that (Tf,(x)) converges to zero for almost every x. Schep (see (6) or (8)) generalized this result for spaces of measurable func- tions. In (3), Grobler and Eldik provided a definition for a Carleman operator from a normed space into a Archemedian Riesz space. Namely, a map T from E into F is a Carleman operator if the image under T of the unit ball of E is order bounded in the universal completion of F. They then established for certain spaces a characterization similar to Theorem A using an order conver- gence. In this note, we will establish (Theorem 1) a characterization of Carleman operators between Banach lattices using a representation for the universal com- pletion. If either the domain or range space is similar to an LP-space, we provide an integral characterization of the Carleman operators (Theorem 2). The last portion of the note deals with the property that the image under T of the unit ball is order bounded in the range space itself.
Shape-Controlled Colloidal Interactions in Nematic Liquid Crystals

Robust control over the positions, orientations, and assembly of nonspherical colloids may aid in the creation of new types of structured composite materials that are important from both technological and fundamental standpoints. With the use of lithographically fabricated equilateral polygonal platelets, we demonstrate that colloidal interactions and self-assembly in anisotropic nematic fluids can be effectively tailored via control over the particles' shapes. The particles disturb the uniform alignment of the surrounding nematic host, resulting in both a distinct equilibrium alignment and highly directional pair interactions. Interparticle forces between polygonal platelets exhibit either dipolar or quadrupolar symmetries, depending on whether their number of sides is odd or even, and drive the assembly of a number of ensuing self-assembled colloidal structures.
Comparative treatment of experimental Staphylococcus aureus endophthalmitis

Purpose To compare treatment strategies for Staphylococcus aureus endophthalmitis, we created an animal model in an aphakic rabbit eye and tested six different approaches to treatment. Methods Rabbit eyes were rendered aphakic, and three weeks postoperatively, S. aureus organisms were injected into the vitreous cavity. One group was maintained as a control. Twenty-four hours after bacterial injection, six different treatment groups were created for comparison. Clinical inflammation scores, culture results 48 hours after treatment, histopathologic gradings, and development of total corneal opacity three weeks after treatment were assessed. Results Injection of vancomycin hydrochloride into the vitreous cavity was more effective than injection of cefazolin sodium (P = .01) in reducing the percentage of eyes that had positive culture results and also resulted in lower inflammation scores. Vitrectomy plus injection of either antibiotic was more effective than injection of the same antibiotic alone in reducing culture-positive results and reducing clinical inflammation scores. Addition of systemic corticosteroids to intravitreal antibiotic injection did not improve any measure of outcome. Vitrectomy and injection of intravitreal vancomycin was the most effective strategy to sterilize the vitreous cavity, resulting in the lowest inflammation scores and the smallest percentage of eyes with opaque corneas. Conclusion In an animal model of S. aureus endophthalmitis, the combination of vitrectomy and injection of intraocular vancomycin was the most effective strategy for rapidly controlling the infective process and improving the outcomes measured three weeks after treatment.
A World Bank framework for ICZM with special emphasis on Africa

Abstract This paper describes the World Bank's emerging program in Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM), with a focus on Africa. The major elements and direction of this program are summarized, drawing especially on examples from Eastern Africa and the Western Indian Ocean, where the Bank's program in ICZM was initiated and where significant opportunities exist to influence the course of development in coastal areas still not transformed by major growth. The challenges ahead in establishing a viable framework for ICZM in Africa are then discussed. The paper concludes with suggestions as to how the Bank and partners in the region can best focus their efforts in the future to meet these challenges.
Gender Differences in Adolescent Interpersonal Identity Formation

Gender differences in adolescent interpersonal identity formation were investigated in 41 male and 42 female high school juniors and seniors. Subjects were interviewed and assessed on progress toward interpersonal identity achievement in friendship and dating relationships. Differential patterns of correlation for each sex were examined for measures of vocational identity, psychological masculinity and femininity, and achievement motivation. Results indicated that young women were significantly more identity achieved than men in the friendship domain; no differences emerged in the dating domain. The processes of interpersonal and vocational identity formation appeared to be more interrelated for females than males. For both young men and women, expressive attributes of psychological femininity were positively related to interpersonal identity exploration. Different gender achievement orientations were revealed by positive correlations between several interpersonal identity ratings and mastery for males and lack of correlation between interpersonal identity and mastery for females. In addition, commitment to a conception regarding friendships was positively correlated with competitiveness for males and negatively correlated with competitiveness for females. Results are discussed in terms of Gilligan's (1982) theoretical work, which contrasts achievement of identity through separateness and autonomy with achievement of identity through connectedness and relationships.
Crosstalk Induced Fault Analysis and Test in DRAMs

This study analyzes the effects of crosstalk-induced faults due to parameter variation during the manufacture of DRAMs. The focus is on read operations, which are sensitive to crosstalk and to neighborhood data patterns. Analytical studies and numerical simulations have been used to investigate a class of crosstalk reading faults (CRF) that read operations are susceptible to. The results reveal that there exist worst case data patterns in each physical RAM block and cell arrangement. The worst case data pattern occurs when neighboring and victim bit-lines switch to opposite values at the same time. If the bit-line arrangement is known, the test for the CRFs is quite trivial. If there is no knowledge of the internal chip structure, a deterministic pattern cannot be assigned and therefore a generic test method is needed. In this paper, a test algorithm is proposed that exhausts every state of any 3 or 5 bit-lines of a RAM block.
Effects of pyrithiamin and oxythiamin on acetylcholine levels and utilization in rat brain.

Abstract VORHEES, C. V., D. E. SCHMIDT AND R. J. BARRETT. Effects of pyrithiamin and oxythiamin on acetylcholine levels and utilization in rat brain. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3 (5) 493–496, 1978.—Regional cerebral acetylcholine (ACh) levels and utilization rate were assessed in vivo in rats rendered thiamin deficient using the thiamin antagonists pyrithiamin or oxythiamin. ACh levels were significantly reduced in all brain regions of pyrithiamin treated rats and in the medulla-pons and striatum of oxythiamin treated rats compared to controls. ACh utilization was significantly reduced in the midbrain, striatum and hippocampus of pyrithiamin treated rats, but was reduced only in the striatum of oxythiamin treated rats compared to controls. Thus, there are some reductions in ACh levels and utilization that are unique to pyrithiamin induced deficiency and as such are distinct from oxythiamin/undernutrition related reductions. Since only pyrithiamin produces neurological symptoms, its unique ACh effects may be related to these symptoms.
Robust global and local search approach to resource-constrained project scheduling

The resource-constrained project scheduling problem (RCPSP) is one of the most challenging problems in construction scheduling applications, in which optimal solutions are of great value to project...
Solvent-Induced Reversal of Activities between Two Closely Related Heterogeneous Catalysts in the Aldol Reaction

The relative rates of the aldol reaction catalyzed by supported primary and secondary amines can be inverted by 2 orders of magnitude, depending on the use of hexane or water as a solvent. Our analyses suggest that this dramatic shift in the catalytic behavior of the supported amines does not involve differences in reaction mechanism, but is caused by activation of imine to enamine equilibria and stabilization of iminium species. The effects of solvent polarity and acidity were found to be important to the performance of the catalytic reaction. This study highlights the critical role of solvent in multicomponent heterogeneous catalytic processes.
Phospholipid-sensitive Ca2+-dependent protein kinase phosphorylates the β subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF-2)

The ability of homogeneous phospholipid-sensitive Ca2+-dependent protein kinase (PL-Ca-PK) from pig spleen to phosphorylate eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF-2) was examined. PL-Ca-PK phosphorylated the β-subunit of eIF-2, whereas myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) and cyclic AMP- and cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinases (cA-PK and cG-PK) did not. PL-Ca-PK could incorporate a maximum of 1.6 mol phosphate/mol eIF-2. The app. Km and Vmax for PL-Ca-PK phosphorylation of eIF-2 were 0.13 μM and 0.02 μmol. min−1.mg enzyme−1, respectively. Phosphoamino acid analysis revealed that incorporation of phosphate into eIF-2 occurred almost exclusively at serine residues. These findings indicate that eIF-2 was an effective substrate for PL-Ca-PK, suggesting that this enzyme may play a role in the regulation of protein synthesis.
Spin of the M2-brane and spin-spin interactions via probe techniques

The 256-dimensional M2-brane multiplet contains solitons of many different intrinsic spins. Using the broken supersymmetry transformations of the M2-brane, we find supergravity solutions which explicitly display these spins. This amounts to quantizing the fermionic zero modes and computing the back reaction on the metric and gauge potential. These spacetime fields are therefore operator valued and acquire a conventional classical meaning only after taking expectations in given BPS states. Our spinning spacetimes are not of the standard Kerr form---there is a nonvanishing gravitino. Nevertheless, the solutions have angular momentum and magnetic dipole moments with a g factor of 2. We use probe techniques to study scattering of spinning BPS M2-branes. The static interactions cancel between like-sign branes at leading order, but there are static spin-spin forces between branes and antibranes. The general probe-background Lagrangian contains gravitational spin-spin and magnetic dipole-dipole forces, as well as gravitino exchanges which allow branes to change fermion number.