cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What Is To Be Done

It has been remarked that ‘beginning with the eighteenth century, the important, if not the principle, task of ethics becomes that of reducing human conflict to a minimum.’1 To speak, as I have done, of the ‘limits’ of moral philosophy is to suggest a sense in which it cannot be the task of moral philosophy to resolve moral conflicts. Ethics, I have wanted to say, is descriptive: it cannot dictate what in any circumstances ought to be done. It might even be said that insofar as the adjudication of social or moral conflict has become the work of the moral philosopher, to that extent ethics has been subsumed by politics, the ‘good’ has been subordinated to the ‘necessary’. And yet the fact of social and moral conflict remains. So the philosopher concerned about the practical consequences of such conflict may want to turn his attention from the ‘speculative’ to the ‘practical’ and simply put the question ‘What is to be done?’. Given the fact of social and moral conflict and the difficulties to be faced in the achievement of any widespread moral agreement, ‘reason’ may seem to suggest at least some means of adjudicating conflicts, even if it suggests no means of altogether resolving them. ‘Reason’ might seem to demand and to provide precisely the sort of moral theory or system of morality found in the accounts of Glaucon, Hobbes and Rawls.
Forms of Political Disobedience

Political disobedience takes a bewildering variety of forms, some of which bear witness to the ingenuity of their perpetrators. One way of classifying them is to note the extent to which the various acts concerned are forbidden in the different states of the world. For while certain forms of political activity are universally proscribed, since they are a threat to the existence of any state, no matter what its form or purposes, other proscriptions derive from the policies and conditions of the particular states involved. All states forbid the existence of private armies and seek to prevent penetration of the state police and armed forces by opposition political groups. No state will sanction, though it may have to tolerate; the existence of an alternative source of political authority within the community,42 or the creation of a counter-state within its own territory. Attempts to disrupt the normal processes of government, to occupy public buildings, to interrupt proceedings in legislature or courts, to threaten or coerce members of the government or the community, undermine the authority of any state in which they occur. On the other hand many forms of political activity are forbidden only in some states.
Lori Emerson, Reading Writing Interfaces: From the Digital to the Bookbound

Lori Emerson’s book Reading Writing Interfaces is a compelling work, deftly maneuvering through territory that might easily have veered toward the conspiratorial. Emerson has pierced the bubble of outward appearance presented by Apple and Google, while offering theoretical context and historical developments toward better understanding the role of computerized interfaces so prevalent today. Informed popular readership will find this book well worth the effort, and readers at the graduate-level and above will find this a refreshing take on a topic seldom explored at the academic level, but one pervasive—though unchallenged—in the social sphere. This work succeeds in accomplishing the rare goal of being pioneering and engaging. The author effectively accomplishes the main objective of assessing user interaction with the personal computer during the past several decades. Emerson also considers how user experience is massaged by the duplicitous transparency of Internet search engines. If there is one shortfall of the work, it is that the various chapters at times seem somewhat disjointed; however, this too could be seen as a commentary on the computer industry, that is, all is not as it seems. The flow of topics within the text at times meanders, but the return is a rewarding tapestry of interrelated themes.
“There is No Hiding from the Self:” A Conversation with Isabel Quintero

Isabel Quintero, author of the young adult novel Gabi, a Girl in Pieces , shares her writing life and commitment to readers of all ages and backgrounds through inclusive literature. Moreover, she advances the conversation by speaking about the adolescent characters in her work, specifically the characters’ quest to name themselves and their identities in the presence of competing forces, influences, and voices.
A tool towards integration of IC process, device, and circuit simulation

An interactive tool suitable for accurate characterization of arbitrary submicron devices is presented. The tool uses a transparent link with device simulation to obtain more accuracy than is possible with analytic models. While the tool can be used to generate typical device characteristics (I-V curves and delay analysis) useful for sensitivity analysis and analytic model development, a greater benefit of the tool is its ability to analyze parasitic devices that may lead to reliability problems. These parasitic devices are extremely difficult to characterize and tend to be overlooked. The tool is used to investigate the influence of these parasitics by analyzing the effect of layout on the latchup characteristics of a standard cell. >
Incidence, risk factors and measures to prevent Ventilator Associated Events (VAE) among mechanical ventilated patients in selected ICU’s of a tertiary care hospital, Kerala, India.

The current health care system faces serious challenges due to the increasing mismatch between surveillance rates and clinical diagnoses. The new term, ventilator-associated event (VAE) intentionally identifies a broad range of conditions and complications occurring in mechanical ventilated adult patient. The study to assess the incidence, risk factors and measures to prevent Ventilator Associated Events (VAE) among mechanical ventilated patients in ICU's of a tertiary care hospital was conducted with the objectives to (1) determine the incidence of VAE (2) identify the risk factors of VAE (3) identify the measures to prevent VAE (4) compare the incidence of VAE and VAP and (5) find the association between ventilator associated events and selected variables. An exploratory design was used for the study. The study was conducted among 40 mechanical ventilated patients in medical ICU, s selected using non probability purposive sampling technique. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Odds Ratio, Chi-square test, Fishers exact test and McNemar test. Incidence of VAE was 12(30%), in which VAC accounts for 7(58.33%), IVAC 3(25%), Possible VAP and Probable VAP 1(8.33%) each. Incidence of VAE based on ventilator days were 29.2 per 1000 ventilator days. Significant risk factors for VAE included reintubation (OR=2.956, CI- 95%, 0.732-11.92), Low Fowlers position (OR=2.308, CI- 95%, 0.563-9.466), unhealthy oral hygiene (OR=2.520, CI-95%, 0.632-10.054), enteral feeding (OR=1.227, CI- 95%, 0.207-7.265), administration of H2 receptor antagonist (OR=2.250, CI- 95%, 0.412-12.284), transfer of patient at least once out of the ICU since intubation (OR=1.500, CI- 95%, 1.198-1.933), drug induced sedation >24 hours (OR=1.786, 0.436-7.317), lack of supply of humidified air (OR=2.000, 0.372-10.748), lack of HME filter (OR=2.500, 0.618-10.112), use of non-heated wire humidifier (OR=2.000, CI- 95%, 0.372-10.748), change of ventilator circuit (OR=9.000, CI- 95%, 0.828-97.789). The measures found to prevent VAE included use of face mask when disconnecting closed breathing circuits (OR=0.663, CI- 95%, 0.164-2.676), draining the condensate fluid periodically from ventilator circuit (OR=0.231, CI- 95%, 0.033-1.611), practice of hand hygiene (OR=0.545, CI- 95%, 0.054-5.465), follow aseptic technique during manipulation of ventilator circuits (OR=0.422, CI- 95%, 0.076-2.341), maintenance of sedation vacation (OR=0.467, CI- 95%, 0.112-1.953), spontaneous breathing trials for weaning and extubation (OR=0.397, CI- 95%, 0.099-1.583). Sensitivity and Specificity of VAE surveillance to VAP by CPIS system was 13% and 97% respectively. VAE was significantly associated with mortality of subjects (p=<0.05) and duration of mechanical ventilation was significantly associated with VAP (p=<0.05). VAE surveillance system as an objective surveillance system can better predict prognosis and identifying the risk factors and concordance with the measures to prevent VAE may reduce the incidence of VAE.
Corporate Power is Corporate Purpose II: An Encouragement for Future Consideration from Professors Johnson and Millon

This paper is the second in a series considering the argument that corporate laws that give only rights to stockholders somehow implicitly empower directors to regard other constituencies as equal ends in governance. This piece was written as part of a symposium honoring the outstanding work of Professors Lyman Johnson and David Millon, and it seeks to encourage Professors Johnson and Millon, as proponents of the view that corporations have no duty to make stockholder welfare the end of corporate law, to focus on the reality that corporate power translates into corporate purpose. Drawing on examples of controlled companies that pursue goals other than shareholder wealth maximization, which Professors Johnson and Millon, among others, often reference to support the proposition that there is no duty under corporate law to put stockholders first, this paper makes the point that those with power, controlling stockholders in this case, dictate corporate purpose. In widely-held public companies, the power dynamics are identical, and in these companies too, boards tend to maximize the preferences of those with power, the equity holders. This paper also points to the phenomenon of corporate inversions to highlight the fact that corporate boards are so responsive to shareholder interests that they will in fact undermine the tax base of the corporation’s home and chartering nation by redomiciling, solely to benefit the corporation’s equity holders. It is these equity holders who are the only “citizens” of the corporate republic and they have no ties of national allegiance or any shared interest other than in the return on their invested equity. If in reality corporate boards could consider other corporate constituencies as equal — such as the corporation’s workers or communities — why would so many corporations choose to redomicile to lower their tax bills, and in the process, divert funds away from the human beings who would ultimately benefit from their tax dollars, especially in states that permit boards to consider non-shareholder constituencies? It is not likely because these boards are comprised of unusually callous managers and directors. Rather, it is more likely the reality that corporate power matters and dictates corporate purpose. If we want a world where stockholders are not the sole end of corporate governance, then we cannot have a system where they are the only constituency with any power.
Analysis of bridge and stream conditions of over 300 Vermont bridges damaged in Tropical Storm Irene

AbstractThe 2011 Tropical Storm Irene deposited 100–200 mm of rain in Vermont with a rainfall recurrence interval for a 12-hour storm exceeding 500 years in some areas. This single hurricane-related event damaged over 300 bridges. The wide range of damage prompted a networkwide analysis of flood, scour, stream and structural conditions. A first step was the assembly of a unique data set containing information on 326 damaged bridges, 1936 undamaged bridges and the surrounding stream conditions. Descriptions of the damage appear as case studies that include pre-storm bridge and stream geomorphology conditions. The assembled and georeferenced data include rainfall, damage type and extent, estimated and actual repair costs, bridge characteristics, bridge ratings and stream geomorphic assessments from a number of sources. The analyses identified significant features of bridge vulnerability under extreme floods. The bridge age and rating assessment characteristics, such as substructure, channel and structural a...
Regulation of DNA Replication through Natural Impediments in the Eukaryotic Genome

All living organisms need to duplicate their genetic information while protecting it from unwanted mutations, which can lead to genetic disorders and cancer development. Inaccuracies during DNA replication are the major cause of genomic instability, as replication forks are prone to stalling and collapse, resulting in DNA damage. The presence of exogenous DNA damaging agents as well as endogenous difficult-to-replicate DNA regions containing DNA-protein complexes, repetitive DNA, secondary DNA structures, or transcribing RNA polymerases, increases the risk of genomic instability and thus threatens cell survival. Therefore, understanding the cellular mechanisms required to preserve the genetic information during S phase is of paramount importance. In this review, we will discuss our current understanding of how cells cope with these natural impediments in order to prevent DNA damage and genomic instability during DNA replication.
Abstract P76: Minority Patients with Systolic Heart Failure Have a Lower Belief in the Necessity of Medication Score than Patients with a Kidney Transplant from the Same Population

Nonadherence is a problem in pts with HF. Negative belief about the specific necessity of medications (SNmed) correlates with nonadherence in the general population. Studies have suggested that medication beliefs are culture specific. Many minority pts have negative med beliefs and distrust the healthcare system. This has been correlated with lower levels of adherence. High levels of SNmed have been demonstrated in asthmatics and correlate with adherence, which may be attributed to relationship of med use and symptom relief. 41 pts with HF whose symptom relief might also be related to med usage were compared with 79 kidney transplant recipients (KTR), whose transplant meds do not directly affect their symptoms, using the Beliefs in Medicine Questionnaire, which examines beliefs regarding necessity, overuse and general harm of prescribed meds using a 5 point Likert scale. The possible range for SNmed is 5-25, higher scores indicate more positive beliefs. There were 108/120 (90%) Black pts, 54/120 (45%) hospitalized in past year, 60/120 (50%) post-high school education, 84/120 (70%) unemployed, 77/120 (64%) income
Privacy-aware Ranking with Tree Ensembles on the Cloud

Tree-based ensembles are widely used for document ranking but supporting such a method efficiently under a privacy-preserving constraint on the cloud is an open research problem. The main challenge is that letting the cloud server perform ranking computation may unsafely reveal privacy-sensitive information. To address privacy with tree-based server-side ranking, this paper proposes to reduce the learning-to-rank model dependence on composite features as a trade-off, and develops comparison-preserving mapping to hide feature values and tree thresholds. To justify the above approach, the presented analysis shows that a decision tree with simplifiable composite features can be transformed into another tree using raw features without increasing the training accuracy loss. This paper analyzes the privacy properties of the proposed scheme, and compares the relevance of gradient boosting regression trees, LambdaMART, and random forests using raw features for several test data sets under the privacy consideration, and assesses the competitiveness of a hybrid model based on these algorithms.
Predisposing factors: effect of sex, nutritional factors and age on immunity following shock and sepsis

Research from numerous laboratories throughout the world now indicates that many, if not all, of the physiological, metabolic, and immunological responses to trauma, sepsis and cancer are not mediated directly by bacteria or their toxins, or by tumor cells, but rather by groups of host-derived polypeptide molecules which are produced in response to these stimuli and have collectively been called cytokines [1–4]. These molecules work together with classic stress hormones and with other humoral mediators to orchestrate and coordinate the cellular response to critical illnesses. The central role occupied by these polypeptide signals has challenged past teachings and prompted a rethinking of traditional approaches for treating the host with severe infections. New knowledge delineating how these key polypeptide molecules control the catabolic response to stress states has been generated at a staggering pace. From an evolutionary standpoint, these biological responses are the result of a process that favors survival of the fittest in the struggle to survive and preserve the species. Ironically, these polypeptide mediators, which clearly orchestrate many of the appropriate and beneficial responses to these catabolic diseases (i.e. fever, tachycardia, and acute-phase protein synthesis), can also initiate detrimental physiological responses, such as hypotension, organ failure, cachexia, and death [5–7].
ARE ANY UNUSUAL RADIOHALOS EVIDENCE FOR SHE

ABSTRACT Of the ∼10 5 radiohalos examined thus far (out of an estimated >10 18 in the earth's crustal rocks), the great majority can be associated in some way with the α-decay of 238 U and/or 232 Th. In addition there are a significant number of medium size halos which can be attributed to the α-decay of several isotopes of Po. Finally, there is a residue of a few halos of large, medium, and small dimensions that have thus far proved difficult to associate with any known type of α-radioactivity. While evidence for various theories concerning the origin of these halos is discussed in the following article, more evidence is needed to determine whether SHE were (or are) involved in their genesis.
Strategies for solving the problem

We are assuming that the method for taking care of HLW will be mined geologic disposal — burial of the waste in a cavity excavated in bedrock deep underground. This is the method currently being planned in all countries where HLW is accumulating. The decision to use this means of disposal however, was reached only after long consideration of other possible techniques. Some of the alternatives seem attractive, but they have all been abandoned — or at least deferred for possible later study — either because they were prohibitively expensive, because they entailed apparently greater risk, or because the present state of technical knowledge is not sufficient to evaluate fully their consequences. Geologic disposal has the advantages that it can probably be accomplished at a tolerable cost and that the necessary knowledge to predict its results is probably adequate. A few gaps in the information base remain, but seemingly they can be filled by research that is under way or planned.
Developmental Changes in Strategies for Gathering Evidence About Biological Kinds.

How do people gather samples of evidence to learn about the world? Adults often prefer to sample evidence from diverse sources—for example, choosing to test a robin and a turkey to find out if something is true of birds in general. Children below age 9, however, often do not consider sample diversity, instead treating non-diverse samples (e.g., two robins) and diverse samples as equivalently informative. The current study (N = 247) found that this discontinuity stems from developmental changes in standards for evaluating evidence—younger children chose to learn from samples that best approximate idealized views of what category members are supposed to be like (e.g., the fastest cheetahs), with a gradual shift across age towards samples that cover more within-category variation (e.g., cheetahs of varying speeds). These findings have implications for the relation between conceptual structure and inductive reasoning, and for the mechanisms underlying inductive reasoning more generally.
Surface Composition and Formulation Heterogeneity of Protein Solids Produced by Spray Drying

The aim of this study is to determine the effects of saccharide-containing excipients on the surface composition of spray-dried protein formulations and their matrix heterogeneity. Spray-dried formulations of myoglobin or bovine serum albumin (BSA) were prepared without excipient or with sucrose, trehalose, or dextrans. Samples were characterized by solid-state Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ssFTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Protein surface coverage was determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), while conformational differences were determined by solid-state hydrogen/deuterium exchange with mass spectrometry (ssHDX-MS). Structural differences were exhibited with the inclusion of different excipients, with dextran formulations indicating perturbation of secondary structure. XPS indicated sucrose and trehalose reduced protein surface concentration better than dextran-containing formulations. Using ssHDX-MS, the amount of deuterium incorporation and populations present were the largest in the samples processed with dextrans. Linear correlation was found between protein surface coverage and ssHDX-MS peak area (R2 = 0.853) for all formulations with saccharide-containing excipients. Lower molecular weight species of saccharides tend to enrich the particle surface and reduce protein concentration at the air-liquid interface, resulting in reduced population heterogeneity and improved physical stability, as identified by ssHDX-MS.
Trajectory planning for a bat-like flapping wing robot

Planning flight trajectories is important for practical application of flying systems. This topic has been well studied for fixed and rotary winged aerial vehicles, but far fewer works have explored it for flapping systems. Bat Bot (B2) is a bio-inspired flying robot that mimics bat flight, and it possesses the ability to follow a designed trajectory with its on-board electronics and sensing. However, B2’s periodic flapping and its complex aerodynamics present major challenges in modeling and planning feasible flight paths. In this paper, we present a generalized approach that uses a model with direct collocation methods to plan dynamically feasible flight maneuvers. The model is made to be both accurate through collection of load cell force data for parameter selection and computationally inexpensive such that it can be used efficiently in a nonlinear solver. We compute the trajectory of launching B2 to a desired altitude and a banked turn maneuver, and we validate our methods with experimental flight results of tracking the launch trajectory with a PD controller.
Robust Biomarkers: Methodologically Tracking Causal Processes in Alzheimer’s Measurement

In biomedical measurement, biomarkers are used to achieve reliable prediction of, and useful causal information about, patient outcomes while minimizing complexity of measurement, resources, and invasiveness. In this paper we discuss a specific methodological use of clinical biomarkers in pharmacological measurement. We confront the reliability of clinical biomarkers that are used to gather information about clinically meaningful endpoints. Next, we present a systematic methodology for assessing the reliability of multiple surrogate markers (and biomarkers in general). We propose three relevant conditions for a robust methodology for biomarkers: (R1) Intervention-based demonstration of partial independence of modes; (R2) Comparison of diverging and converging results across biomarkers; and (R3) Information within the context of theory. Finally, we apply our robust methodology to currently developing Alzheimer’s research to make specific theoretical conclusions about promising causal culprits as well as decoupled biomarkers and endpoints.
Not with narratives, not without narratives: A review of “Things That Bother Me: Death, Freedom, The Self, etc.” Galen Strawson

In this short article I will review Galen Strawson’s most recent book, “Things That Bother Me: Death, Freedom, The Self, etc.“ As it is impossible to do justice to the full collection in a review, ...
Differences in Incidence and Case Fatality of Abusive Head Trauma.

Abstract Background Abusive head trauma (AHT) in children older than 1 and younger than 5 years old is thought uncommon and rarely studied. Objective This study estimates national incidence and case fatality rate of abusive head trauma (AHT), and evaluates differences by age, sex, race, and region, with a focus on children of 2-4 years. Participants and setting Hospital discharges were extracted from The Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project’s Kids’ Inpatient Database from 2000, 2003, 2006, 2009, and 2012 using the CDC’s narrow definition of AHT. Methods Survey-weighted chi-square tests were used to assess differences in incidence and case fatality rates. Results The average annual incidence per 100,000 children was highest in Conclusions Black and Hispanic children and hospitals in the Midwest experienced higher incidence of AHT than White children and Northeast hospitals, respectively, especially in cases
How Midlife Chronic Stress Combines with Stressful Life Events to Influence Later Life Mental and Physical Health for Husbands and Wives in Enduring Marriages.

Objectives: To investigate how midlife chronic stress (40–50 years) and subsequent acute stressful events (50–65 years) influence husbands’ and wives’ later life mental and physical health (65+ yea...
Promoting Well-being Among Neurology Residents: A Data-Driven Approach.

Objective To assess whether the creation of a formal structure to measure and promote wellness among neurology residents would facilitate the development of interventions associated with measurable improvements. Methods In 2018 we founded the Resident Wellness Committee for the Department of Neurology at our institution. The Resident Wellness Committee was led by resident and staff neurologist co-chairs and had as its vision to promote well-being through initiatives centered in work-life integration, emotional and physical well-being, and social engagement. Web-based surveys assessing various aspects of well-being were administered at baseline and 1 year after launch, comprising the period June 21, 2018, through June 30, 2019. Results Response rates were high at baseline (21 of 34; 62%) and follow-up (25 of 33; 76%). Interventions pursued in the interim included education on handling unexpected absences, adjustments to holiday schedule policies, infrastructure for nutrition and respite, and a team-based department fitness challenge, among others. Overall, at both timepoints more than 80% (18 of 21; 21 of 25) of respondents endorsed at least mild burnout symptoms, although clinical workload, independence, and education were overwhelmingly viewed positively throughout. Notable improvements at follow-up included greater comfort with adjusting schedules at times of need, increased camaraderie within the program, and a smaller proportion of respondents endorsing substantial burnout symptoms. Conclusion Through deliberate and sustained efforts backed by data, our work demonstrates that concrete changes can be successfully pursued to promote well-being among neurology residents. Given that Neurology has one of the highest burnout rates among medical specialties, our approach may serve as a model for other programs to replicate.
Coded Computing for Resilient, Secure, and Privacy-Preserving Distributed Matrix Multiplication

Coded computing is a new framework to address fundamental issues in large scale distributed computing, by injecting structured randomness and redundancy. We first provide an overview of coded computing and summarize some recent advances. Then we focus on distributed matrix multiplication and consider a common scenario where each worker is assigned a fraction of the multiplication task. In particular, by partitioning two input matrices into $m$ -by- $p$ and $p$ -by- $n$ subblocks, a single multiplication task can be viewed as computing linear combinations of $pmn$ submatrix products, which can be assigned to $pmn$ workers. Such block-partitioning-based designs have been widely studied under the topics of secure, private, and batch computation, where the state of the arts all require computing at least “cubic” ( $pmn$ ) number of submatrix multiplications. Entangled polynomial codes, first presented for straggler mitigation, provides a powerful method for breaking the cubic barrier. It achieves a subcubic recovery threshold, i.e., recovering the final product from any subset of multiplication results with a size order-wise smaller than $pmn$ . We show that entangled polynomial codes can be further extended to also include these three important settings, providing unified frameworks that order-wise reduce the total computational costs by achieving subcubic recovery thresholds.
A New Localization Model for Client Reluctance

Why do clients stop communicating with financial advisors? This paper seeks to answer this question by combining the Gantt Chart of project management with the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) of Change—a framework whereby advisors illicit client responses in an effort to reinforce positive behaviors and curb negative ones through the issuance of narrowly-focused tasks. This new client localization model identifies the client’s current position on the TTM spectrum and discusses the benefits for financial advisors to use this model in helping clients reach their financial goals.
Photonic A/D Conversion Based on a Fully Connected, Distributed Mesh Feedback Architecture

Photonic A/D converters leverage the high-speed switching of individual photonic devices, optical sampling techniques which decouple the sampled and sampling signals, and the inherent parallelism associated with the multidimensionality of optical architectures. The novel approaches described in this chapter extend the error diffusion neural network to the application of high-speed, high-resolution photonic-based A/D conversion. The relationship between the 1-D temporal error diffusion of classic oversampling A/D conversion and the 2-D spatial error diffusion employed in digital halftoning can be formalized and extended to produce architectures which provide improved resolution. In the extensions described here, both temporal and spatial oversampling techniques are coupled with the error diffusion neural network and digital signal processing techniques to improve both speed of conversion and resolution.
Equilibrium relations and bipolar fuzzy clustering

Equilibrium relations bipolar fuzzy sets are introduced. Equilibrium relations are bipolar reflexive, symmetrical, and transitive. It is proved that: (1) crisp equilibrium relations induce hard partitions of harmony sets, coalition sets, and conflict sets; and (2) fuzzy equilibrium relation induces fuzzy harmony, coalition, and conflict sets which can be either disjoint or overlapped. Conditions for disjoint bipolar fuzzy partitioning are established with fuzzy equilibrium relations. It is shown that crisp equilibrium relations and fuzzy equilibrium relations are natural generalizations of classical equivalence relations and fuzzy similarity relations, respectively. It is illustrated that equilibrium relations can be used for bipolar clustering.
Mechanism of action and fate of the fungicide chlorothalonil (2,4,5,6-tetrachloroisophthalonitrile) in biological systems: 2. In vitro reactions

The reaction characteristics of chlorothalonil with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH), from yeast, (EC 1.2.1.12) were studied in vitro. Enzyme inhibition was related to the amount of [14C]chlorothalonil bound to the protein. Kinetics of enzyme inhibition was non-competitive for the substrate glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP) (Ki = 0.42 muM). Reversal of enzyme inhibition could not be demonstrated with the low molecular thiol dithiothreitol (DDT), although the thiol did protect the protein against the toxic action of the fungicide. Because 5,5' dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic) acid (DTNB) reduced the binding of 14C-labeled fungicide by approximately 90% it is postulated that chlorothalonil affects catalytic activity by reacting with the 4 sulfhydryl sites (cysteine-149) responsible for the binding of GAP. Certain reaction characteristics of the trichloromethyl fulfenyl fungicides with GPDH were found to be similar to those of chlorothalonil. However, chlorothalonil differed from those fungicides in that it did not react with non-thiol groups of either GPDH or alpha-chymotrypsin (alphaCT) and had a slower reaction rate with the GPDH. It is suggested that the differences in reaction rates of the fungicides are due to the molecular size and the chemical nature of the reactive toxiphores.
32P-Postlabeling DNA Adduct Assay: Cigarette Smoke-Induced DNA Adducts in the Respiratory and Nonrespiratory Rat Tissues

Several epidemiological studies have strongly implicated cigarette smoking with higher incidence of respiratory tract cancer including those of larynx, the oral cavity, and the lung (4). In addition, smokers face an increased risk for cancer of the pancreas and bladder, among other organs (14,20).
Universal Error Analysis for the Optical Design of Parabolic Trough Solar Collectors

The intercept factor for a concentrating solar energy collector is a function of the geometric design as well as the errors associated with the materials used, the manufacturing process, the method of deployment and the tracking control system. For purposes of analysis these errors can be combined and placed into two groups: random and non-random errors. In this paper three universal error parameters are presented which reduce considerably the number of variables in the design process and make it possible to evaluated the optical performances for parabolic trough solar collectors which represent a wide range of fabrication and deployment sophistication.
The KOSL Scaling, Invariant Measure and PDF of Turbulence

In 1941 Kolmogorov and Obukhov [9, 12] proposed that there exists a statistical theory of turbulence that should allow the computation of all the statistical quantities that can be computed and measured in turbulent systems. These are quantities such as the moments, the structure functions and the probability density functions (PDFs) of the turbulent velocity field. The Kolmogorov-Obukhov ’41 theory predicted that the structure functions of turbulence, that are the moments of the velocity differences at distances separated by a lag variable l, should scale with the lag variable to a power p/3 for the pth structure function, multiplied by a universal constant.
Scope Reconstruction And A-Movement

This paper re-examines recent arguments against A-movementreconstruction in general, and the idea that there is areconstruction residue. It argues that A-moving quantifiersdo not usually exhibit reconstruction effects because argumentsare interpreted in the position where their uninterpretableCase feature is erased. It shows how the Case-checking conditionon scope taking can be obviated in the case of indefinites bymeans of covert insertion of an expletive, and goes on toprovide arguments that lowered readings of indefinites involveliteral lowering. This movement is subject to RelativizedMinimality, thereby further supporting the claim thatQuantifier Movement is a syntactic operation. The paperconsiders the possibility that such an account can bereconciled with the idea that copies left by A-movementnecessarily delete, and argues that this is possible onlyif the derivational character of syntax is strengthened
The Role of Magnesium in Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease

Magnesium intake of 500 mg/d to 1000 mg/d may reduce blood pressure (BP) as much as 5.6/2.8 mm Hg. However, clinical studies have a wide range of BP reduction, with some showing no change in BP. The combination of increased intake of magnesium and potassium coupled with reduced sodium intake is more effective in reducing BP than single mineral intake and is often as effective as one antihypertensive drug in treating hypertension. Reducing intracellular sodium and calcium while increasing intracellular magnesium and potassium improves BP response. Magnesium also increases the effectiveness of all antihypertensive drug classes. It remains to be conclusively proven that cardiovascular disease such as coronary heart disease, ischemic stroke, and cardiac arrhythmias can be prevented or treated with magnesium intake. Preliminary evidence suggests that insulin sensitivity, hyperglycemia, diabetes mellitus, left ventricular hypertrophy, and dyslipidemia may be improved with increased magnesium intake. Various genetic defects in magnesium transport are associated with hypertension and possibly with cardiovascular disease. Oral magnesium acts as a natural calcium channel blocker, increases nitric oxide, improves endothelial dysfunction, and induces direct and indirect vasodilation.
The Importance of Students and Faculty Diversity in Law Schools: One Dean's Perspective

My contribution to this symposium on “The Future of Legal Education” sketches one dean’s thoughts on the case for the importance of diversity at law schools. Let me begin with two questions. In these times, can a truly excellent law school have a homogenous student body and faculty? Can we truly – and do we want to – imagine a top twenty-five law school comprised of predominantly white men? Law school deans at virtually each and every turn receive direction and guidance on how to achieve a more diverse student body and faculty. To be selected for the job, most law deans, as well as most other campus leaders, experienced a career in which they were conditioned to express their deep and enduring commitment to diversity. Despite this oft-stated commitment, the racial diversity of law school student bodies and faculties leveled off in the early twenty-first century.Before becoming a dean, I firmly believed – and continue to believe – that racial, socioeconomic, and other diversity among students and faculty is critically important to ensure excellence at any law school. In my estimation, for reasons outlined in this Essay, diversity and excellence both are inextricably interrelated, mutually reinforcing, and well worth striving for by any law school worth its salt.In an increasingly diverse nation and integrating global political economy, who would want to be a dean assigned the unenviable task of defending homogeneity within a law school to the public, faculty, and students. To the contrary, I have advocated that both student and faculty diversity should be factored into the multi-variable formula employed by the much-watched U.S. News & World Report rankings of law schools. Those rankings, for better or worse, have a profound influence on the decisions made by law schools as well as the existing incentives for law school administrators.This Essay builds on the premise that diversity is highly relevant to evaluating the quality of a law school and the education of its student body. It sketches the arguments for the importance of a multitude of diversities – racial, socioeconomic, gender, and more – for U.S. law schools in their student bodies and faculties to best achieve their educational mission. Borrowing liberally from the Supreme Court’s rejection of a constitutional challenge to the University of Michigan Law School’s race-conscious admissions program in Grutter v. Bollinger, Part I of this Essay considers the educational benefits offered by a diverse law student body. Part II outlines the similar, yet somewhat different, teaching and scholarship benefits that a diverse law faculty bring to a high quality legal education. Part III outlines the educational importance of diversity among law students and faculty based on a wide array of experiences, characteristics, and knowledge other than race. Part IV of this Essay summarizes some of the legal restrictions, as well as limited incentives, for deans and law schools engaged in the active pursuit of diversity among students and faculty.
The kinetics of steroidogenesis activator polypeptide in the rat adrenal cortex: effects of adrenocorticotropin, cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate cycloheximide, and circadian rhythm

Abstract The behavior of steroidogenesis activator polypeptide (SAP), a recently described modulator of cholesterol side-chain cleavage activity (Pedersen, R. C., and Brownie, A. C. (1987) Science 236, 188-190), was investigated in rat adrenocortical cells using a specific radioimmunoassay. In response to a maximal dose of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (1 nM) or of 8-Br-cAMP (1 mM), an increase in intracellular SAP begins rapidly (less than 1 min) and reaches half-maximal and maximal levels (16-fold greater than basal) at 3 and 15 min, respectively. A plateau at this maximal concentration of SAP is then maintained. The levels of intracellular SAP content and of corticosterone output exhibit a similar dose-dependent response to ACTH (EC50 = 25 and 30 pM, respectively). Treatment of ACTH-stimulated cells with cycloheximide reverses the rise in SAP (t1/2 congruent to 5-7 min). In vivo the SAP content of adrenals from quiescent rats is concordant with the circadian rhythm of the pituitary-adrenal axis; at the apex (1800 h), adrenal SAP is 13-fold higher than at the nadir (0800 h), paralleling 2- and 7-fold variations in cholesterol side-chain cleavage activity and serum corticosterone levels, respectively. At both time points, SAP levels rise in response to stress. Of the rat tissues examined, only the major steroid-forming organs (adrenal cortex and gonads) had significant levels of immunoreactive, cAMP-responsive SAP, while cAMP-unresponsive immunoreactivity was also detectable in the thymus, spleen, and brain. Considered together with the biological activity previously demonstrated for SAP in vitro, these data are consistent with its role as a cAMP-dependent, cycloheximide-sensitive modulator of steroid biosynthesis.
Correction: The energetic viability of an unexpected skeletal rearrangement in cyclooctatin biosynthesis

Correction for ‘The energetic viability of an unexpected skeletal rearrangement in cyclooctatin biosynthesis’ by Young J. Hong and Dean J. Tantillo, Org. Biomol. Chem., 2015, 13, 10273–10278.
An efficient generator of uniformly distributed random variates between zero and one

Abstract : The author shows that a uniformly distributed random deviate between zero and one can be constructed by combining two independent random variables: (1) a random exponent drawn from a geometric distribution, and, (2) a random mantissa drawn from a uniform distribution. Algorithms for generating these random variables are developed, and a Pascal procedure combining these into a computationally efficient random number generator for micro computers is presented. The resulting generator is computationally efficient as it uses no floating point arithmetic uses on the average only 3.5 random bytes to construct a four byte random deviate. Finally it is shown empirically that the generator has both an unusually long period and excellent statistical properties. (Author)
Atomic and molecular manipulation with the scanning tunneling microscope

The prospect of manipulating matter on the atomic scale has fascinated scientists for decades. This fascination may be motivated by scientific and technological opportunities, or from a curiosity about the consequences of being able to place atoms in a particular location. Advances in scanning tunneling microscopy have made this prospect a reality; single atoms can be placed at selected positions and structures can be built to a particular design atom-by-atom. Atoms and molecules may be manipulated in a variety of ways by using the interactions present in the tunnel junction of a scanning tunneling microscope. Some of these recent developments and some of the possible uses of atomic and molecular manipulation as a tool for science are discussed.
Covariational reasoning and invariance among coordinate systems

Abstract Researchers continue to emphasize the importance of covariational reasoning in the context of students’ function concept, particularly when graphing in the Cartesian coordinate system (CCS). In this article, we extend the body of literature on function by characterizing two pre-service teachers’ thinking during a teaching experiment focused on graphing in the polar coordinate system (PCS). We illustrate how the participants engaged in covariational reasoning to make sense of graphing in the PCS and make connections with graphing in the CCS. By foregrounding covariational relationships, the students came to understand graphs in different coordinate systems as representative of the same relationship despite differences in the perceptual shapes of these graphs. In synthesizing the students’ activity, we provide remarks on instructional approaches to graphing and how the PCS forms a potential context for promoting covariational reasoning.
Mass-transfer factors from actual driving forces for the flow of gases through packed beds (0.1 < Re < 100)

Concentration profiles of naphthalene vapor were measured in the flow of air through packed beds of naphthalene spheres dispersed in a matrix of inert beads of styrene divinylbenzene copolymer. These profiles permitted the establishment of average actual driving forces, (Δp)α, used to obtain corresponding actual mass-transfer coefficients. Six different particle sizes ranging from 0.02480 to 0.2000 cm in diameter were used in a single reactor, 6.59 cm (2.59 in) in diameter. A plot of Jd-factor vs Reynolds number obtained from the data of this study was found to be linear on log-log coordinates which can be expressed in equation form as, Jd = 1.33/Re0.40 in the range investigated (0.1 < Re < 100). This relationship, which includes axial and radial dispersion contributions, differs from that of earlier studies in which the log-mean driving force, (Δp)m, was assumed to apply. The information of this study has been applied to the tank-in-series model to produce the dependence of Peclet number of Reynolds number, needed for the establishment of the actual mixing factor, defined as F = (Δ ρp)α(Δ ρp)m.
Identity, personal projects and happiness: Self construction in everyday action

Abstract This study reviewed archival data from 120 adults ages 19–79 in order to explore the identity‐related dimensions of their personal projects. Influenced by recent findings in action psychology that suggest a key link between the identity dimensions of projects, and both meaning and happiness or subjective‐well being (SWB), it was hypothesized that project ratings on various dimensions would show the central influence of self‐identity within project systems and significantly predict SWB. Analysis of factors extracted from project dimensions revealed that projects influence happiness based on their beneficial impact and their ability to enable self‐expression, demonstrate social significance, and reflect confidence. The challenge offered by a project and the overall effort required completing it also account for variance in measures of well‐being. For the overall sample, the self‐expression factor emerged as a significant predictor of SWB. When individual sub samples grouped by age were analyzed, di...
Distributions of velocity, turbulence, and suspended sediment over low-relief antidunes

Understanding the interactions between sediment transport and turbulence in a supercritical flow is useful in the study of river hydraulics and fluvial systems and the modeling of such flows in nature. Toward this end, 11 profiles of suspended-sediment concentration and fluid velocity were collected in supercritical conditions over low-relief antidunes in a recirculating laboratory flume. It was found that velocity profiles agreed well with the law of the wall, and that turbulence intensities were similar to those in clear-water flows. The classic Rouse equation was found to under-predict concentration values in the upper 60-80% of the flow depth and a slightly modified version was proposed and successfully tested against experimental data from the present study and others.