cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Case Report to Assess Passive Immunity in a COVID Positive Pregnant Patient.

Introduction Data regarding transplacental passage of maternal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) antibodies and potential immunity in the newborn is limited. Case Report We present a 25-year-old multigravida with known red blood cell isoimmunization, who was found to be COVID-19 positive at 27 weeks of gestation while undergoing serial periumbilical blood sampling and intrauterine transfusions. Maternal COVID-19 antibody was detected 2 weeks after positive molecular testing. Antibodies were never detected on cord blood samples from two intrauterine fetal cord blood samples as well as neonatal cord blood at the time of delivery. Conclusion This case demonstrates a lack of passive immunity of COVID-19 antibodies from a positive pregnant woman to her fetus, neither in utero nor at the time of birth. Further studies are needed to understand if passage of antibodies can occur and if that can confer passive immunity in the newborn. Key Points
Experimental investigation of condensation heat transfer characteristics and corrosion resistance on coated tube surfaces

The condensation heat transfer characteristics and corrosion resistance of copper, Ni-P-Cu, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), Ni-P, and Ni coated tube surfaces were investigated. The results indicate that condensation heat transfer coefficient of Ni-P-Cu, PTFE, Ni-P, and Ni coated tubes grows by 36.8%, 29.3%, 19.6%, and 7.5% than that of copper tubes, respectively. The phase structure of Ni, Ni-P, Ni-P-Cu, and PTFE coated tube surfaces is mixed crystal structure(nanocrystals-based), mixed crystal structure (amorphous-based), amorphous structure and crystal structure, respectively. Compared with Ni coating and Ni-P coated tube surfaces, the condensation droplets outside Ni-P-Cu and PTFE coated tubes are smaller in size, more densely distributed, and fall off more quickly, which can significantly promote dropwise condensation. The Ni-P-Cu coated tube surfaces achieve optimal condensation heat transfer. The corrosion speed of copper, Ni, Ni-P, Ni-P-Cu, and PTFE coated tubes are 86.5, 42.6, 18.2, 10.7, and 6.1 mg/dm2d per day, respectively. The PTFE coating tubes have the optimal corrosion resistance. The Ni-P-Cu, and PTFE coated tube surfaces have the best condensation heat transfer characteristics and corrosion resistance, and can be well used in the recovery of waste heat from low temperature flue gas. The multiple linear regression of the experimental data was carried out to obtain the experimental correlation formula for Nusselt number of convective condensation composite heat transfer for different coated tubes. The relative error between the predicted value and the experimental value is within ±15%.
Attachment Security in Pregnancy Mediates the Association Between Maternal Childhood Maltreatment and Emotional and Behavioral Problems in Offspring

Attachment security may be a mechanism by which exposure to early life adversity affects subsequent generations. We used a prospective cohort design to examine this possibility in a convenience sample of 124 women (age = 23–45 years, M = 32.32 [SD = 4.83] years; 57.3% White, 22.6% Asian) who provided self-reports of attachment style during pregnancy using the Attachment Style Questionnaire, of whom 96 (age = 28–50 years, M = 36.67 [SD = 4.90] years; 60.4% White, 19.8% Asian) were reassessed when their child was preschool-age (M = 4.38 [SD = 1.29] years). Women self-reported on their own childhood maltreatment severity and their child’s current emotional and behavioral problems using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and the Child Behavior Checklist for ages 1.5–5, respectively. Maternal childhood maltreatment severity was associated with less secure, and more avoidant and anxious attachment. Mediation analyses revealed further that less secure maternal attachment, but not avoidant or anxious attachment, mediated the associations between maternal childhood maltreatment and offspring emotional and behavioral problems. These findings suggest that improving maternal attachment security, which can be identified even prior to the child’s birth, is an important target to consider for intervention efforts aimed at minimizing adverse intergenerational effects of early life adversity.
Progressive Era Physical Culture and the Aesthetics of Whiteness

I begin this chapter with an overview and brief history of physical culture in the Europe and the US during the nineteenth century. Once these European systems entered circulation in the US, they were Americanized and adapted for the broadest possible appeal. I argue that through this process of adaptation, physical educators helped construct and solidify economic, gendered, and racial hierarchies at play in the US as particular shapes of bodies, repertoires of gestures, and modes of movement. I move on to investigate Americanized Delsarte more thoroughly because it occupies an ambiguous place in histories of both theatre and physical culture. I trace its genealogy from the late nineteenth-century French classroom of Francois Delsarte through its migration to the US in the more physically based approach of Delsarte’s pupil Steele MacKaye. It became a fundamentally feminine method of mandatory physical culture promoting a distinctly progressive form of self-fashioning, a topic to which I will return throughout the book. It also imbued the roots of physical culture, as well as US acting and dance programs, with assumptions of white racial superiority at the same time that its rhetoric disguised its racial project under the banner of “culture” as universally beneficial.
Building Sustainable Success in Art Galleries: An Exploratory Study of Adaptive Strategies

Historically, art galleries have operated in a cottage industry that placed a premium on building unique relations with artists and clients. Recent economic and technological trends threaten the viability of this model. Art galleries now face a very challenging environment, demanding careful attention to strategy formulation and execution. However, more questions than answers can be found in the literature about management practices, art gallery performance, and factors affecting gallery success. This paper reports findings on these issues from an exploratory survey of Colorado art galleries. Results suggest that art gallery owners and mangers are not overly concerned about external pressures influencing their organizations. This attitude could adversely affect efforts to build sustainable success and value through adaptive strategies.
Ideological and caste-based challenges to Sikh political and religious institutions: The Shiromani Akali Dal and SGPC’s strategies of co-option and ‘management’ in a fragmented polity

This paper examines the structures and strategies whereby the Shiromani Akali Dal, along with other Sikh religio-political institutions including the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, gains ...
Xiao Youmei: Chinese Musical Patriot or Comprador Germanophile?

Xiao Youmei (1884–1940), who is often identified by scholars as “the father of modern Chinese music,” is also known as the “father of contemporary Chinese music education.” As the founding director of both the first Chinese music education institute, the Yinyue Chuanxisuo (Institute for the Promotion and Practice of Music), and later the National College of Music (renamed the Shanghai Conservatory of Music), Xiao occupied a central role in the development of musical education in China at the beginning of the twentieth century. As the first Chinese overseas graduate music student in Germany, Xiao regularly attended the concerts of the Gewandhaus Orchestra in Leipzig. His exposure to the music of German classical composers and his participation in German conservatory practicum deeply influenced his musical predilections. Xiao’s compositions written after his return from Germany manifest persistent affinities with the musical idioms of Bach, Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, and Schubert. Notwithstanding his Western music training, Xiao did not abandon the Confucian notion of music as a moral and ethical force. Far from being a colonized subject aspiring toward Western cultural approbation, Xiao Youmei was a champion of a non-colonial, neo-Confucian vision of how music and music education could serve to revitalize the nascent modern Chinese nation-state.
Hierarchical Cell Death Program Disrupts the Intracellular Niche Required for Burkholderia thailandensis Pathogenesis.

Burkholderia infections can result in serious diseases with high mortality, such as melioidosis, and they are difficult to treat with antibiotics. Innate immunity is critical for cell-autonomous clearance of intracellular pathogens like Burkholderia by regulating programmed cell death. Inflammasome-dependent inflammatory cytokine release and cell death contribute to host protection against Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia thailandensis; however, the contribution of apoptosis and necroptosis to protection is not known. Here, we found that bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) lacking key components of pyroptosis died via apoptosis during infection. BMDMs lacking molecules required for pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis (PANoptosis), however, were significantly resistant to B. thailandensis-induced cell death until later stages of infection. Consequently, PANoptosis-deficient BMDMs failed to limit B. thailandensis-induced cell-cell fusion, which permits increased intercellular spread and replication compared to wild-type or pyroptosis-deficient BMDMs. Respiratory B. thailandensis infection resulted in higher mortality in PANoptosis-deficient mice than in pyroptosis-deficient mice, indicating that, in the absence of pyroptosis, apoptosis is essential for efficient control of infection in vivo. Together, these findings suggest both pyroptosis and apoptosis are necessary for host-mediated control of Burkholderia infection. IMPORTANCE Burkholderia infections result in a high degree of mortality when left untreated; therefore, understanding the host immune response required to control infection is critical. In this study, we found a hierarchical cell death program utilized by infected cells to disrupt the intracellular niche of Burkholderia thailandensis, which limits bacterial intercellular spread, host cell-cell fusion, and bacterial replication. In macrophages, combined loss of key PANoptosis components results in extensive B. thailandensis infection-induced cell-cell fusion, bacterial replication, and increased cell death at later stages of infection compared with both wild-type (WT) and pyroptosis-deficient cells. During respiratory infection, mortality was increased in PANoptosis-deficient mice compared to pyroptosis-deficient mice, identifying an essential role for multiple cell death pathways in controlling B. thailandensis infection. These findings advance our understanding of the physiological role of programmed cell death in controlling Burkholderia infection.
Increased Risk of Ischemic Stroke Associated with Untreated Multiple Sclerosis: A Nationwide Case-Control Population-Based Study. (P2.397)

Objective: We aimed to find the evidence to establish the role of Disease Modifying Therapy (DMT) in the prevention of ischemic stroke (IS) in Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Background: Stroke is the major cause of morbidity and mortality. A third to a half of stroke survivors have some disability after suffering a stroke. Autoimmune diseases are associated with an elevated risk of IS. Design/Methods: This retrospective study included all patients diagnosed with MS from 2000 to 2016, identified using ICD-9/10 codes. The data were extracted from the Cerner’s Health Facts database. The UNM Clinical and Translational Science Center supervised the data requisition. From the pool of MS patients, IS was identified and subdivided into two groups: those that received DMTs and those that received no therapy. Multiple logistic regression was used to evaluate the likelihood of IS in patients treated with DMTs. Covariates adjusted for in the final model were patient baseline characteristics (e.g., age, sex, comorbidities) and medications. Statistical analysis performed by the SAS version 9.4, Cary, NC, USA. Results: A total of 57,769 patients with a diagnosis of MS were identified. IS was found in 1,349 patients (2.34%). The study group (IS with DMT) included 126 patients (37 males vs. 89 females) while the control group comprised 1002 patients. Among the MS population, patients not treated with DMT were twice as likely to have an IS as compared to those treated with DMT (OR=1.91; 95% C.I. 1.58–2.31). After controlling for covariates, (smoking, hypertension, diabetes, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, age, and sex), the likelihood remained higher in the untreated group (p Conclusions: In patients with Multiple Sclerosis, DMTs are associated with a significantly decreased likelihood of ischemic stroke. This study suggests that the early treatment of MS with DMTs may reduce the risk of ischemic stroke in the MS population. Disclosure: Dr. Ikram has nothing to disclose. Dr. Calder has nothing to disclose. Dr. Qeadan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Jillella has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bzdyra has nothing to disclose. Dr. Zulfiqar has nothing to disclose. Dr. Nunez-Gonzalez has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kulik has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ford has nothing to disclose. Dr. Zafar has nothing to disclose.
Rapid prototyping of microfluidic devices for biophotonic applications

The ability to fabricate your own microfluidic devices provides flexibility to alter the exact design of the device as the project develops. Here we present a concise fabrication process of reusable microscope-compatible microfluidic devices for biophotonic applications. The method requires commonly available components, such as a 3D printer or 3D pen, heat plate, sonicator, PDMS, and acetone. For high NA objective’s measurements, a cover glass can be inserted and replaced from the main microfluidic chamber. For our studies of the controlled bacterial biofilm formation, a laser beam is also delivered from the side of the microfluidic device with a fiber-coupled laser or from the bottom through an objective.
Amorphous Drug-Polymer Salts.

Amorphous formulations provide a general approach to improving the solubility and bioavailability of drugs. Amorphous medicines for global health should resist crystallization under the stressful tropical conditions (high temperature and humidity) and often require high drug loading. We discuss the recent progress in employing drug–polymer salts to meet these goals. Through local salt formation, an ultra-thin polyelectrolyte coating can form on the surface of amorphous drugs, immobilizing interfacial molecules and inhibiting fast crystal growth at the surface. The coated particles show improved wetting and dissolution. By forming an amorphous drug–polymer salt throughout the bulk, stability can be vastly enhanced against crystallization under tropical conditions without sacrificing the dissolution rate. Examples of these approaches are given, along with suggestions for future work.
SOME APPARENT OBSTACLES TO DEVELOPING A KANTIAN VIRTUE THEORY

Several neo-Kantians have questioned the standard deontological interpretation of Kant’s ethical theory. They have also responded to charges of rationalism and rigorism by emphasizing the role of virtues and emotions in Kant’s view. However, none have defended a fully virtue theoretic interpretation of Kant’s theory. I claim that virtue theory has much to offer Kantians, but that resistance to developing a Kantian virtue theory rests on faulty assumptions about virtue theory. In this paper I clear away three apparent obstacles to developing a Kantian virtue theory. The first regards his account of the virtues, which I argue is tangential to the issue of whether he can be interpreted as a virtue theorist. The second is Kant’s codification of moral principles, which I argue is compatible with virtue theory. The third is the apparent explanatory primacy of the Categorical Imperative, which I argue is not fully supported by the textual evidence.
Creating Opportunities for Students to Show What They Know: The Role of Scaffolding in Assessment Tasks

This study examines the ways in which teachers provide students with written scaffolds in assessment tasks and the impact of these on students' abilities to demonstrate a core disciplinary proficiency-constructing evidence-based explanations. Data include 76 assessment tasks designed by 33 science teachers and 707 samples of student work. We found five types of scaffolding embedded in assessments that allowed students to make their reasoning explicit: (a) using contextualized phenomena, (b) rubrics, (c) checklists, (d) sentence frames, and (e) encouraging students to draw explanatory models in combination with written explanation. Analyses showed that all five forms of scaffolding were significantly associated with the quality of student explanation even when controlling for teacher variance and student background. Providing contextualized phenomena had the greatest impact on the quality of student explanations, both by itself and in combination with other scaffolding. The results indicate that strategic combinations of scaffolds can prompt students across all achievement levels to more readily use what they know to produce evidence-based explanations, but that the scaffolding must be of high quality. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rahn Concepts in Saudi Arabia: Formalization and a Registration and Prioritization System

The inability to register mortgage liens and other security interests in Saudi Arabia has served as an impediment to economic expansion by, among other things, rendering project financing alternatives unavailable, enhancing the reluctance of foreign banks and financial institutions to provide financing in Saudi Arabia, and precluding local banks and financial institutions from providing home ownership financing. Mortgage and pledge (rahn) arrangements exist under Islamic Shari`ah, which is the paramount law of the land in Saudi Arabia and is enforced in Saudi Arabian courts. Sophisticated modern rahn structures were developed only in the late 1990s, when the first limited recourse project financing was effected in Saudi Arabia. Those structures are cumbersome and expensive, and, as a general statement, have been applied only in large commercial and industrial transactions. After many years of consideration, Saudi Arabia is now taking the first steps toward adoption and implementation of a collateral security regime that embodies registration of mortgage and pledge interests and a system of lien priorities applicable to real estate and certain movable assets. Draft legislation has been prepared, and approved by the Shura Council. It is likely that the essential substantive elements of that legislation, when finally adopted as law, will be interpreted and enforced by courts applying the Shari`ah. Thus, the legislation will have to embody rahn principles as interpreted by the Hanbalī madhhab (school of Islamic jurisprudence; plural: madhahib), which is the predominant madhhab in Saudi Arabia. This paper analyzes the proposed recordation and prioritization legislation in terms of classical rahn principles. The conclusions of the analysis are that, despite the laudable progress, the regime needs greater internal consistency as to applicable rahn principles, the scope of the legislation should be expanded to cover a broader range of rahn concepts, the scope of the regime, in terms of asset and lien coverage, should be expanded and clarified, and most of the provisions of the legislation need more detailed elucidation.
Determinants of Small Solute Clearance in Hemodialysis

Recent outcome trials in chronic dialysis patients raise concerns about the relationship between delivered urea Kt/V and survival. Nevertheless, measurement of delivered small solute clearance remains the most common approach to quantify therapy. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the numerous factors influencing small solute clearance during hemodialysis. Although the focus of the review is on the manner in which dialyzer characteristics influence small solute clearances, factors related to other aspects of the extracorporeal circuit and to the patient will also be discussed.
Group properties and similarity solutions for the heat equation with semi-empirical temperature

The similarity solution which is invariant under the corresponding symmetry group is obtained for fairly general coefficients in the heat equation with semi-empirical temperature. The heat equation is reduced to a nonlinear ordinary differential equation and the stability of the equilibrium manifold is considered. Numerical solutions for some kinds of coefficients are obtained. Further, on the basis of the present numerical solutions an analysis of initial boundary value problem has been considered.
Amniotic fluid shake test versus lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio in the antenatal prediction of respiratory distress syndrome

Abstract Evaluation of amniotic fluid shake test and L/S ratio was done on 98 patients in the third trimester of pregnancy to predict fetal pulmonary maturity. The shake test proved to be a useful tool in assessment of fetal pulmonary maturity. The L/S ratio, although mostly corroborative with the clinical picture of the babies, sometimes shows higher or lower levels than expected, depending on the clinical condition of the mother.
Adaptive Mesh and Overlapping Grid Methods

Adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) is a technique used in computational fluid dynamics to add fine grid patches to regions of the flow where more resolution is needed, such as near shocks and detonations. AMR can dramatically speed up a computation and/or enable simulations with a much higher effective resolution compared to uniformly refining the grid. Overlapping grids (also known as Chimera or overset grids) are a technique for covering a complex geometry with a set of overlapping structured grids. Overlapping grids can be more easily generated than multi-block-structured grids. Efficient numerical schemes can be written for overlapping grids since they are composed of structured grids and Cartesian grids. They are also effective for moving geometry problems such as aircraft store separation, and rotor craft, since the grids can be rapidly regenerated at each time step. Keywords: adaptive mesh; AMR; overlapping grids; Chimera grids; overset grids
KERMIT GOSNELL’S BABIES: ABORTION, INFANTICIDE AND LOOKING BEYOND THE MASKS OF THE LAW

If, as Laurence Tribe has observed, “all law tells a story,” this Article tells two stories occurring 40 years apart — the story of Justice Harry Blackmun and the unborn human beings he covered with the legal mask of “potential” lives in Roe v. Wade in 1973, and the story of Doctor Kermit Gosnell and the unmasked babies he was convicted of murdering in his Philadelphia abortion clinic in 2013. As Professor Tribe also observes, these stories amount to “a clash of absolutes, of life against liberty,” and therefore they are stories that must be told time and again, until we get them right. These stories also demonstrate how legal concepts can be used to mask reality, and how peeking beneath the masks of the law can blow away the fog of legal illusion and give society a starkly different perspective from which to view an old constitutional issue.
Even and odd: uranium(IV) complexes with two, four, and six salicylaldiminate ligands with an unusual κ1-coordination mode

We report the synthesis and structural determination of three uranium(IV) complexes bearing two, four, and six salicylaldiminate ligands. Reaction of UI4(1,4-dioxane)2 with two, four, and six equivalents of K[OC6H4C(H)=N(2,6-iPr2C6H3)], 1, yielded [(2,6-iPr2C6H3)N=C(H)C6H4O-κ2(O,N)]2UI2(NCCH3), 2, [(2,6-iPr2C6H3)N=C(H)C6H4O-κ1(O)]2[(2,6-iPr2C6H3)N=C(H)C6H4O-κ2(O,N)]2U(THF), 3, and {[2,6-iPr2C6H3)N=C(H)C6H4O-κ1(O)]6U}2−, 4. While 2 shows normal κ2-coordination through both oxygen and nitrogen donors, 3 has two salicylaldiminate ligands bound only through oxygen and 4 has all six ligands bound only through oxygen. This is an exceedingly rare example of a chelating ligand not completing its chelation in f-element chemistry. In addition, 4 is the first report of a homoleptic octahedral actinide complex with a Schiff base ligand.
Electrical properties of PLZT 9.5/65/35 ceramics

Electrical properties of hot-pressed PLZT 9.5/65/35 ceramics were investigated as a function of applied voltage, temperature, and humidity. Conductivity at moderate field levels follows the Arrhenius equation with an activation energy of 1.24 eV. For the values of the electric field in the range of 15 to 80 kV/cm and temperature extending up to 150 degrees C, electrical conductivity fits the behavior predicted by the Schottky model. Using a guarded electrode arrangement, it was determined that surface conductivity shows a greater increase with humidity than the bulk conductivity. Surface conductivity in a humid environment increases with the time of exposure and can be up to two orders of magnitude higher than conductivity in dry air. >
Reuse of architecturally derived Standards Requirements

Requirements reuse promises to reduce product development cost and improve product quality. Applying a standard set of requirements to multiple products configured into the same system can ensure all the products take advantage of the system's architectural features and do not adversely interact with each other. While existing literature provides guidance for developing requirements suitable for reuse, little has been written on the practical realities an organization faces in attempting to reuse requirements. This paper addresses that gap by describing a commercial engineering company's deployment of a requirements reuse process, the problems encountered, the results obtained, and the plans for future improvement of the process.
Selection of Arabidopsis cDNAs that partially correct phenotypes of Escherichia coli DNA-damage-sensitive mutants and analysis of two plant cDNAs that appear to express UV-specific dark repair activities.

To resist terrestrial UV radiation, plants employ DNA-damage-repair/toleration (DRT) activities, as well as shielding mechanisms. Little is known about the structure and regulation of plant DRT genes. We isolated DRT cDNAs from Arabidopsis thaliana, by selecting for complementation of Escherichia coli mutants lacking all bacterial defenses against UV-light damage to DNA. These mutants are phenotypically deficient in recombinational and mutagenic toleration (RecA−), excision repair (Uvr−) and photoreactivation toreactivation (Phr−). Among 840 survivors of heavily UV-irradiated (10−7 survival) mutants harboring plasmids derived from an Arabidopsis cDNA library in the vector λYES, we identified four unique plant cDNAs, designated DRT100, DRT101, DRT102, and DRT103. Drt101 and Drt102 activity were specific for UV-light damage, and complemented both UvrB− and UvrC− phenotypes in the dark. Apparent Uvr− correction efficiencies were 1 to 40% for Drt101, and 0.2 to 15% for Drt102, depending on the UV fluence. Drt101 and Drt102 showed no extensive amino-acid homology with any known DNA-repair proteins. Drt100 appeared to correct RecA−, rather than Uvr−, phenotypes. Although the light dependence of Drt103 activity was consistent with its identification as a photoreactivating enzyme, its predicted amino-acid sequence did not resemble known photolyase sequences. The N-terminal coding sequence of Drt101 suggests that it is targeted to chloroplasts, as reported for Drt100. These cDNAs afforded only modest increases in survival during the original selection procedure. The fact that they were readily isolated nevertheless suggests that selections may be made powerful enough to overcome barriers to expression and function in bacteria, at least for cDNAs of reasonable abundance.
Nevanlinna theory and iteration of rational maps

In 1993, J. Silverman [7] studied finiteness questions for integer points in the orbits of rational functions on the projective line. This paper proves the complex hyperbolicity analogs of Silverman’s results.
Controlled-Environment Sunlit Plant Growth Chambers

Controlled environment sunlit plant growth chambers have been built because of a great interest in plant responses to environmental variables under light intensities approaching those of natural sunlight conditions. Individual research projects have designed sunlit chambers that differ in size, structure, material, and environmental control systems dependent on the goals of the projects. Most literature describes plant organism responses to environmental variables, whereas reports of system design and performance are few. The objective of this article is to present a review of the engineering aspects of the design, environmental control, and performance of sunlit growth chambers that have been described in the literature. Most controlled environment sunlit growth chambers have been constructed with experimental plants grown in either pots or soil bins. Although a few sunlit growth chambers were designed for field grown plants, precise environmental control was not available. Further progress in the develo...
Dirac bracket transformations in phase space

The purpose of this paper is twofold. One is to analyze the group-theoretical significance of the Dirac bracket and to examine, in particular, the apparent ambiguities in the presence of both first-class and second-class constraints. The other is to prepare the ground for the utilization of the Dirac bracket for the quantization of generally covariant theories. It is shown that the Dirac bracket represents the commutator of infinitesimal transformations in phase space which are not canonical but form a group, in that they are the only transformations that preserve the form of all the constraints of a theory as well as the canonical form of the equations of motion. This group of transformations possesses an invariant subgroup: those transformations that correspond to coordinate transformations, gauge transformations and the like. From this subgroup, we can construct the factor group. All members of the original group have generators, but the generators of the invariant subgroup are zero. There is, then, a one-to-one correspondence between the nonvanishing generators and the members of the factor group. The Dirac bracket is uniquely defined for all dynamical variables that can serve as generators; excluded are variables that have no invariant significance (such as the divergence of the electromagnetic vector potential). If it is possible to identify all these permissible generators, then the theory can be reformulated in terms of these and will be free of constraints. It is proposed to adopt the set of generators and the Dirac brackets between them as the point of departure for the formulation of covariant quantum theories.
Usefulness of oesophageal pH monitoring.

Gastro-oesophageal reflux (GOR) is a common paediatric problem which usually in the past has been diagnosed clinically, perhaps backed up by the barium oesophagogram. In the past 10 years, there has been a proliferation of further diagnostic techniques for GOR, possibly reflecting the inability of any single test to make a definitive diagnosis. The justification for this explosion of tests and the need to make a definitive diagnosis is two fold. Firstly, we know that GOR can cause significant disabilities which are often difficult to diagnose or determine the cause of (e.g. recurrent respiratory disease and sudden infant death syndrome),1 and secondly, an effective model of surgical therapy is now available.2
Laboratory simulation of tunable diode laser remote measurement of atmospheric gases using topographic targets.

In order to test the possibility that tunable diode laser (TDL) systems using topographic targets can be applied to the measurement of a variety of gases at concentrations and distances characteristic of industrial gas leaks, a single-ended TDL system was assembled for use with selected topographic targets to detect NO2 at atmospheric pressure and NO2 and NH3 at low pressures. In both cases, the intensity distribution of radiation backscattered from selected targets was found to be heavily weighted to a specular rather than a Lambertian distribution. A sensitivity of 5 ppm-m has been demonstrated for the case of NO2.
Selection from uniform populations based on sample mtdranges and an associated estimation after selection

Selection of the uniform population having the largest location parameter (point of symmetry) is considered using both the indifference zone and subset selection formulations. For the indifference zone rule selecting one of the population as the best, estimation of the parameter of the selected population is considered in the case of two given populations.
Computer simulation of martensitic transformations in constrained, two-dimensional crystals under external stress

This article reports a computer simulation study of the microstructures produced by martensitic transformations. In the present work, the transformation strain is dyadic, and the transformation is athermal and irreversible. The transformation occurs in a two-dimensional crystal that is constrained in a matrix that has no net transformation strain and may be subject to external stress. The crystal is divided into elementary cells. The transformation is simulated by computing the elastic strain energy in the linear elastic approximation and transforming the most-favored cell in each step to generate the minimum-energy transformation path. The simulation generates the microstructure at each step of the transformation and plots a temperature-transformation (TT) curve by computing the chemical driving force required to maintain the transformation and assuming that it is proportional to the undercooling. The results show that the matrix constraint causes complex, multivariant microstructures and separatesMsandMf. Multiple variants partly relax the shear part of transformation strain but interfere so that the transformation is difficult to maintain. The dilational part of the transformation strain produces interesting microstructures, such as “butterfly martensite,” in partially transformed crystals. It also increases ΔM since it produces a hydrostatic stress that cannot be compensated by mixing variants. The applied stress can be divided into hydrostatic and deviatoric components. The hydrostatic component changesMswithout altering the microstructure or ΔM. The deviatoric stress changes the relative energies of the variants and produces a microstructure that is rich in the favored variant. It also increases ΔM, since single-variant transformations must be sustained against an accumulating, uncompensated shear. The thermal resistance (ΔM) increases with the magnitude of the deviatoric stress until a high-stress limit is reached and only one variant appears. The microstructure is most complex at intermediate stress, where both variants develop in a complex internal stress field. Cyclic stress dramatically increases the extent of transformation at given maximum load. The martensite that has already formed becomes a source of intense internal stress when the stress is reversed, promoting further transformation.
Oxytocin and vasopressin secretion in monkeys administered apomorphine and a D2 receptor agonist.

Summary Nauseogenic agents, such as apomorphine, were previously reported to promote peripheral release of oxytocin (OT), but not vasopressin (AVP) in rats, and AVP, but not OT in humans (7–13). In the present study, we compared the peripheral secretory responses of OT and AVP in adult male and female rhesus and male cynomolgus monkeys administered graded doses of apomorphine and the respective dopamine D 1 and D 2 receptor agonists, CY 208-243 and LY 163502. Apomorphine (50–400 μg/kg) and LY 163502 (10–100 μg/kg) elicited dose-dependent stimulation of OT and AVP, whereas CY 208-243 did not significantly increase secretion of either hormone. The magnitude of the OT and AVP secretory response varied among the animals. Peripheral OT and AVP responses were robust, but the magnitude of the secretory responses was greater for AVP than OT. None of the animals displayed emetic behavior during the studies. These studies indicate that dopaminergic stimulation, particularly of D 2 receptors, can regulate both AVP and OT secretion in monkeys.
Nitrous oxide emission from an agricultural field fertilized with liquid lagoonal swine effluent

Contemporary agriculture is characterized by the intensive production of livestock in confined facilities and land application of stored waste as an organic fertilizer. Emission of nitrous oxide (N2O) from receiving soils is an important but poorly constrained term in the atmospheric N2O budget. In particular, there are few data for N2O emissions from spray fields associated with industrial scale swine production facilities that have rapidly expanded in the southeastern United States. In an intensive, 24-day investigation over three spray cycles, we followed the time course for changes in N2O emission and soil physicochemical variables in an agricultural field irrigated with liquid lagoonal swine effluent. The total N (535 mg L−1) of the liquid waste was almost entirely NH4+−N (>90%) and thus had a low mineralization potential. Soil profiles for nitrification and denitrification indicated that >90% of potential activity was localized in the surface 20 cm. Application of this liquid fertilizer to warm (19° to 28°C) soils in a form that is both readily volatilized and immediately utilizable by the endogenous N-cycling microbial community resulted in a sharp decline in soil NH4+−N and supported a rapid but short-lived (i.e., days) burst of nitrification, denitrification, and N2O emission. Nitrous oxide fluxes as high as 9200 μg N2O−N m−2 h−1 were observed shortly after fertilization, but emissions decreased to prefertilization levels within a few days. Poor correlations between N2O efflux and soil physicochemical variables (temperature, moisture, NO3−−N, NH4+−N) and fertilizer loading rate point to the complexity of interacting factors affecting N2O production and emission. Total fertilizer N applied and N2O−N emitted were 29.7 g m−2 (297 kg N ha−1) and 395 mg m−2, respectively. The fractional loss of applied N to N2O (corrected for background emission) was 1.4%, in agreement with the mean of 1.25% reported for mineral fertilizers. The direct effects of fertilizer application appear to be more immediate and short-lived for liquid swine waste than for manures and slurries, which have a slower release of nitrogenous nutrients.
Pedagogy and Praxis in the Age of Empire: Towards a new humanism - by McLaren, P. & Jaramillo, N.

(2008). Pedagogy and Praxis in the Age of Empire: Towards a new humanism ‐ by McLaren, P. & Jaramillo, N. Educational Philosophy and Theory: Vol. 40, No. 6, pp. 803-805.
Neural correlates of naming animals from their characteristic sounds.

The neural correlates of naming stimuli presented through the auditory modality have scarcely been studied. Using a PET experiment in 10 normal subjects, we began to address this issue by testing the hypothesis that naming animals from their characteristic sounds will engage bilateral primary auditory and auditory association cortices, bilateral early visual association cortices, left inferotemporal (IT) cortices, and left frontal operculum. Subjects listened to characteristic animal sounds (e.g. a rooster crowing), and named the animals making the sounds. When contrasted with a baseline task that involved saying up/down to the direction of pitch change in tone sequences, the naming task produced activation in mesial occipital cortices, the left ventral IT region, and the left frontal operculum. We interpret the activation in visual association cortices to reflect the process of retrieving conceptual knowledge (e.g. physical structure) pertinent to the animals being named, as in visual images. The left IT activation is interpreted to reflect activation of a mediation system for word retrieval, that operates to link conceptual knowledge retrieval to word production, and whose triggering is independent of the sensory modality in which a stimulus is presented.
Making It Big: Picturing the Radio Age in King Kong

This chapter argues that the American corporation in the 1920s and 1930s was undergoing an “ontological” crisis, negotiating its ambivalent identity as both a nebulous legal fiction and an expanding, ever more concrete force in American life. Artifacts of corporate power and self-representation from the period, such as skyscrapers and radio towers, risked exposing corporate influence as a physical embodiment of exploitative business practice and therefore subject to the counterthrusts of labor activism, antitrust legislation, and public criticism. McGurl interprets the 1933 film King Kong as an “elliptical” allegory of such corporate self-representation, a text that fruitfully displays the ambivalent aims of business to promote a “corporate theology” through large-scale, visible iconography but simultaneously maintain an invisible, semi-mystical status.
Cortisol and corticosterone in bovine plasma and the effect of adrenocorticotropin.

Abstract Plasma levels of cortisol and corticosterone were determined in 18 lactating, nonpregnant dairy cows of three breeds and also at hourly intervals following a single injection of 200 IU ACTH to five cows and no treatment to one cow. The mean for all breeds was 7.3 μ g cortisol per 100ml plasma. The cortisol of Guernseys was 5.2±2.4 (mean±SD) μ g per 100ml plasma, which was significantly lower (P
The Evolutionary Relevance of Abstraction and Representation

This paper investigates the roles that abstraction and representation have in activities associated with language. Activities such as associative learning and counting require both the abilities to abstract from and accurately represent the environment. These activities are successfully carried out among vocal learners aside from humans, thereby suggesting that nonhuman animals share something like our capacity for abstraction and representation. The identification of these capabilities in other species provides additional insights into the development of language.
Expression of DC8 is associated with, but not dependent on embryogenesis.

DC8 is a late embryogenesis-abundant (LEA) protein gene isolated from carrot (Daucus carota). Deletion analysis of the DC8 promoter was performed to determine the sequences required for ABA and seed-specific regulation of DC8 transcription. To investigate the mechanism of DC8 expression during seed development, chimeric gene constructs containing DC8 promoter fragments fused to a promoterless beta-glucuronidase gene (DC8: GUS) were introduced into carrot, tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum) and Arabidopsis thaliana plants. Seed-specific DC8 expression patterns was conserved among the three plant species. However, differences among the species in the patterns of DC8 expression in the embryo and endosperm that correlated with differences in the rates of embryo and endosperm growth were found. Lack of correspondence between DC8 activation and embryo development among the seeds of the three species suggests that DC8 expression, which is associated with seed maturation, is not coupled to the embryo development program. The presence of DC8 activity in carrot callus and endosperm is consistent with the notion that DC8 expression is independant of embryo morphogenesis. A similar DC8 activity time-course during callus induction and seed development suggests that explantation and 2,4-D treatment initiates a course of events similar to that in the carrot ovule. After fertilization, two pathways one leading to embryo development and another to seed maturation are initiated, but they are not closely linked. As a result we find DC8, part of the maturation program, being activated at different embryonic stages in different plant species.
A model of corporate rent-seeking through tax legislation

Abstract An analytic model is developed to examine the role of rent-seeking expenses on tax legislation. Rent-seeking expenses are found to be only a fraction of the tax benefits at stake. Rent-seeking expenses increase when firms cannot cooperate, when very general tax legislation is proposed, and when there is legislative support for tax cuts.
A Model for Ablated Plasma Width Applied to Peak X-Ray Power Scaling for Z-Pinch Wire Array Implosions

Summary form only given. We present the solution of a 1D radial MHD model of the plasma ablated from multi-MA wire array implosions extending a recently obtained steady state solution [J.P. Chittenden, et al. Phys. Plasmas 11, 1118 (2004)] to a driving current that is exponential in time. We obtain a solution for the flow in almost analytical form by reducing the partial differential equations to a set of ordinary differential equations with a single parameter. We compute the mass weighted density width, and find the regime in which it agrees to a few percent with that of a simpler approximation to the ablated plasma flow, for which the driving current is linear in time, and the flow velocity constant. Assuming that the density width at the end of the ablation period is proportional to width of the plasma sheath at stagnation, we obtain a scaling relationship for peak X-ray power. We compare this relationship to experimental peak X-ray powers for tungsten wire arrays on the Z pulsed power generator of Sandia National Laboratories, and to previously proposed scaling hypotheses. We also use this scaling to project peak X-ray powers on ZR, a higher peak current modification of Z, presently under design
The “normality” of repeat victimization from adolescence through early adulthood

The research presented here is essentially descriptive, but includes new empirical findings on repeat victimization. Based on data from nine waves of the National Youth Survey (NYS), encompassing the years 1976–1992 and respondents' ages ranging from 11 to 33, the present study examines the seriousness of victimization incidents reported in the NYS; the distribution of annual, cumulative, and repeat victimization by age, gender, and ethnicity; the extent to which victimization tends to be concentrated, with a relatively small proportion of victims accounting for a relatively large proportion of the victimization incidents; the extent to which victimization tends to be repeat victimization as opposed to isolated incidents; and the extent to which repeat victimization tends to be continuous rather than intermittent. Differences between patterns for violent victimization and property victimization are highlighted.
The Effectiveness of Web-Based Foreign Exchange Trading Simulation in an International Finance Course

The purpose of this article is to study if trading simulation is an effective tool to increase students' knowledge of the foreign exchange market. We developed a real-time multiuser web-based trading system that replicates an electronic brokerage foreign exchange market. To assess the effectiveness of the program, we conducted surveys in three phases. We used the data to monitor the progress of students' knowledge of the currency market. We found that the level of foreign exchange market awareness increased as the game progressed.
Effects of drying and wetting on extractable aluminum in strongly acid soils and in aluminum-saturated clays

Abstract A number of field-moist strongly acid soils, NaObr-treated soils, and Al-saturated clays were subjected to drying and wetting treatments in the laboratory. Oven drying of samples resulted in decreases in extractable Al and increases in extractable H from field-moist soils containing more than 12 mequiv./100 g exchange acidity and from Al-saturated clays, and wetting the samples resulted in the reverse. However, when field-moist soil samples containing less than 7 mequiv./100 g exchange acidity were oven dried, both the extractable Al and extractable H tended to increase. Removing organic matter with NaOBr from a soil sample low in exchange acidity resulted in a change from an increase to a decrease in extractable Al upon oven drying. In all cases, the extractable Al and extractable H contents fluctuated cyclically with repeated drying and wetting. The cause for the observed changes was attributed to Al hydrolysis, with additional influence from soil acidity buffering, Al interlayer formation, and inorganic and organic matter dissolution.