cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preconditioning of Bovine Endothelial Cells The Protective Effect Is Mediated by an Adenosine A2 Receptor Through a Protein Kinase C Signaling Pathway

Abstract We tested the hypothesis that anoxic preconditioning could protect coronary endothelial cells against anoxic and reoxygenation injury and that this preconditioning effect could be mediated by an adenosine A 2 receptor via the protein kinase C (PKC) pathway. Cells were preconditioned with 10-minute anoxia and 10-minute reoxygenation and were then subjected to anoxia for 60 minutes, followed by 120 minutes of reoxygenation. In some groups, the preconditioning effect was prevented by 8-sulfophenyltheophylline (SPT [50 μmol/L], a nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist) or calphostin C (100 nmol/L, a PKC inhibitor). In other groups, 2- p -(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino-5′- N -ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (CGS-21680 [20 nmol/L], an adenosine A 2 receptor agonist), R -(−)- N 6 -(2-phenylisopropyl)-adenosine (R-PIA [50 nmol/L], an adenosine A 1 receptor agonist), or 4β-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA [100 nmol/L], a PKC activator) was given as a pretreatment to mimic the preconditioning effect. Endothelial cells were also pretreated with 100 nmol/L calphostin C to confirm whether inhibition of PKC can block the effects of adenosine A 2 receptor activation by CGS-21680 on anoxia and reoxygenation injury. Preconditioning reduced LDH release, increased adenosine release, promoted translocation of PKC from cytosol to membrane, increased cell viability, and preserved ATP content and cell morphology. Pretreatment with either CGS-21680 or PMA resulted in protection similar to that seen with anoxic preconditioning. The protection was totally abolished by SPT or calphostin C. The results suggest that (1) preconditioning protects coronary endothelial cells against anoxia and reoxygenation injury, (2) the protection is probably mediated by activation of adenosine A 2 receptors through the PKC pathway, and (3) the preservation of endothelial cells may be one of the mechanisms of myocardial preconditioning.
Fibrin formation during ongoing cutaneous allergic reactions: Comparison of responses to antigen and codeine

Abstract Background: Fibrin formation, assessed by fibrinopeptide A levels, was evaluated over a 5-hour period at skin chamber sites challenged continuously with pollen antigen or codeine in 10 reactive individuals. Methods: The levels of fibrinopeptide A at antigen sites were compared with those at sites challenged with buffer diluent alone or with codeine for the first 3 hours, followed by antigen challenge during the subsequent 2 hours. Results: Findings showed: (1) fibrinopeptide A levels were higher at antigen challenge sites than at codeine challenge sites by the third hour, with these levels at both sites greater than those at buffer sites; (2) antigen challenge of the previous codeine sites during the third to fifth hours led to a further increase in fibrinopeptide A levels; (3) fibrinopeptide A levels correlated with chamber fluid immunoglobulin G levels but not with chamber fluid histamine levels. Conclusions: Because antigen and codeine both activate mast cells prominently, these findings suggest that other factors play a role in the persistent fibrin formation at allergic skin reaction sites. Because antigen activates both basophils and mast cells and codeine only activates mast cells, we conclude that both basophils and mast cells contribute to the persistent fibrin formation at sites of allergic reactions.
The Potent Anti-HIV Protein Cyanovirin-N Contains Two Novel Carbohydrate Binding Sites That Selectively Bind to Man8 D1D3 and Man9 with Nanomolar Affinity: Implications for Binding to the HIV Envelope Protein gp120

Cyanovirin-N (CVN) is a monomeric 11 kDa cyanobacterial protein that potently inactivates diverse strains of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) at the level of cell fusion by virtue of high affinit...
Antenna array devised for amplifier integration

This presentation describes an active antenna array architecture designed specifically for achieving low transmit and receive sidelobe levels without having to use attenuators to create the necessary aperture taper. An "irregular" subarray approach is used to eliminate the need for tapered-attenuation within the array's aperture, thereby drastically reducing the DC supply power consumption of the active phased array. On many UAVs, especially the smaller models, onboard DC power can be extremely limited. The so-called "irregular" subarray approach not only determines the exact locations of the T/R modules, but it also allows for all of the low-noise amplifiers to share the same part number and for all of the power amplifiers to also share the same part number. All of the LNAs are biased exactly in the same manner as are all of the PAs. By keeping the part numbers and bias conditions of the amplifiers the same, large instantaneous operational bandwidths can be obtained. Thus, this paper illustrates an active antenna array topology that can achieve wideband performance and low sidelobe levels with minimal DC power consumption.
Context effects in figure-ground perception: The role of biased competition, suppression and long-range connections

• Context effects when large area (lo-weight candidate) homogeneous (the same pattern as convexity context effects) • Because context effects require spreading suppression between homogeneous lo-weight candidates, assume large area suppressed • BUT: No evidence larger candidate is suppressed in 2-region displays Small area candidate not seen as figure more often than chance • Suppose weak suppression below threshold for figure ground decision at single edges • Need more suppressed candidates (here 8) to observe context effects • Non-linear effect = spreading suppression is multiplicative ?
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF HIGHLY ORDERED NI-MCM-41 MESOPOROUS MOLECULAR SIEVES

Highly ordered Ni-MCM-41 samples with nearly atomically dispersed nickel ions were prepared reproducibly and characterized. Similar to the Co-MCM-41 samples, the pore diameter and porosity can be precisely controlled by changing the synthesis surfactant chain length. Nickel was incorporated by isomorphous substitution of silicon in the MCM-41 silica framework, which makes the Ni-MCM-41 a physically stable catalyst in harsh reaction conditions such as CO disproportionation to single wall carbon nanotubes or CO2 methanation. X-ray absorption spectroscopy results indicate that the overall local environment of nickel in Ni-MCM-41 was a tetrahedral or distorted tetrahedral coordination with surrounding oxygen anions. Hydrogen TPR revealed that our Ni-MCM-41 samples have high stability against reduction; however, compared to Co-MCM-41, the Ni-MCM-41 has a lower reduction temperature, and both the H2-TPR and in situ XANES TPR reveal that the reducibility of nickel is not clearly correlated with the pore radius o...
Some Reflections on G.E.P. Box's Contributions to Statistics and Quality Improvement

A summation is given of George Box’s contributions to quality improvement and statistics, particularly in regard to response surface methodology, control theory and time series analysis, and Bayesian inference. The author also describes his collaboratio..
Immunological and cytopathogenic properties of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from naturally contaminated meats

Meat products have been implicated as the potential source of Listeria monocytogenes infection in humans. Here, we investigated the incidence of this organism in raw beef and poultry meat products and assessed their biochemical, immunological and cytopathogenic properties. Forty meat samples (20 beef and 20 poultry) were analyzed and the isolates were tested for sugar fermentation, hemolysin production, phospholipase activity, serotype profile, abilities to react with Listeria-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) EM-7G1 and C11E9, and cytotoxic effects on hybridoma Ped-2E9 cells. Thirteen (6 beef and 7 poultry) meat samples (32.5%) were positive for L. monocytogenes. A total of 276 Listeria isolates were obtained, of which 182 (66%) were confirmed to be L. monocytogenes, 80 (29%) were L. innocua, 12 (4.3%) were L. welshimeri and 2 (0.7%) were identified as L. grayi. Fifty six percent of the L. monocytogenes isolates were serotype 4, while 42% were serotype 1, and 2% were untypeable. All but two L. monocytogenes isolates were hemolytic and phospholipase positive (99%). In the ELISA assay, MAb C11E9 showed reaction with L. monocytogenes isolates from all 13 positive meat samples (100%), while MAb EM-7G1 reacted positively with 12 of 13 positive meat samples (92.3%). Hemolysin-positive L. monocytogenes isolates were cytopathogenic to Ped-2E9 cells, while hemolysin-negative strains showed no effect. This study demonstrated that 32.5% of commercially purchased raw meat products were contaminated with cytopathogenic L. monocytogenes strains, and could be a potential source for infection in susceptible populations if these meats were not processed or cooked properly.
Biotelemetry of White Bass in a South Dakota Glacial Lake

ABSTRACT Biotelemetry was used to track daily and monthly distributions of white bass (Morone chrysops) in Lake Poinsett, a South Dakota glacial lake. Ultrasonic transmitters were implanted into 30 adult white bass (332–450 mm, total length) during May 1997. White bass distribution was monitored from June to October 1997, January and February 1998, and April and May 1998. Distributions were quantified using depth and distance from shore at fish location. Fish distance from shore was significantly different among dates and diel periods (P<0.05), and the interaction term was also significant. White bass in Lake Poinsett were offshore during the summer and winter. During the spring and fall, white bass were near shore in shallow waters, which may be related to spawning and feeding activities. White bass tended to be nearer the shore during the evening crepuscular period across seasons. Significant (P≤0.05) but weak (r≤0.50) correlations were found between white bass distance from shore and environmental para...
The Jíbaro Masquerade and the Subaltern Politics of Creole Identity Formation in Puerto Rico, 1745–1823

This Bishop, true incarnation of that French devil named Richilieu, has unleashed madness and barbarism in this city; the political order has been shattered and it is no longer possible to distinguish decent people from the riffraff. This morning they are celebrating the return of Aviles the Child from his trip through the channels and waterways [surrounding the city] ... When festive carnival breaks out before everyone's eyes, the mask turns them all into equals-gentleman and commoner, lady and tramp, master and slave-a dreadful situation that is about to undermine the edifice of State.
Inferring preference correlations from social networks

Abstract Identifying consumer preferences is a key challenge in customizing electronic commerce sites to individual users. The increasing availability of online social networks provides one approach to this problem: people linked in these networks often share preferences, allowing inference of interest in products based on knowledge of a consumer’s network neighbors and their interests. This paper evaluates the benefits of inference from online social networks in two contexts: a random graph model and a web site allowing people to both express preferences and form distinct social and preference links. We determine conditions on network topology and preference correlations leading to extended clusters of people with similar interests. Knowledge of when such clusters occur improves the usefulness of social network-based inference for identifying products likely to interest consumers based on information from a few people in the network. Such estimates could help sellers design customized bundles of products and improve combinatorial auctions for complementary products.
Renal arteriolar changes in hypertensive rats given cadmium in drinking water

Abstract When rats were given cadmium in drinking water in low doses for their lifetimes, and when such animals became hypertensive, renal arterial and arteriolar lesions, and glomerular changes characteristic of the hypertensive state were usually found. Control rats or those given lead, chromium, arsenic, germanium or tin rarely exhibited these lesions. The pathological changes associated with cadmium hypertension in rats is indistinguishable from those accompanying benign hypertension from other causes.
Auditory Icons as Warning and Advisory Signals in the U.S. Army Battlefield Combat Identification System (BCIS)

The U.S. Army proposed the Battlefield Combat Identification System (BCIS) to diminish fratricide by providing five critical auditory and visual warning signals. The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether the auditory warning signals designed by the U.S. Army Human Research and Engineering Directorate (HRED) provided greater user association with the BCIS signal functions than did signals designed by a contractor. The contractor signals consisted of pure tones, while the HRED signals were auditory icons designed with intent to provide a high level of user association. The dependent variable was the subject's free-modulus magnitude estimation rating of the degree of association of the signal with the signal function. Subjects were 20 male U.S. Army Infantrymen. Data were analyzed using t-tests for paired samples. Results indicated that the mean perceived association was significantly greater for the HRED auditory icons in one of five cases, and greater (but not significantly so) in two additio...
Tectonics of the Caribbean and Middle America Regions from Focal Mechanisms and Seismicity

Seismic data strongly support recent theories of tectonics in which large plates of lithosphere move coherently with respect to one another as nearly rigid bodies, spreading apart at ocean ridges, sliding past one another at transform faults, and underthrusting at island arcs. Boundaries between adjacent plates of lithosphere are defined by belts of high seismic activity. Redetermination of more than 600 hypocenters in the Middle America region and previous studies in the Galapagos and Caribbean regions define the boundaries of two relatively small, nearly aseismic plates in the region of interest. The first, the Cocos plate, is bordered by the East Pacific rise, the Galapagos rift zone, the north-trending Panama fracture zone near 82° W., and the Middle America arc; the second, the Caribbean plate, underlies the Caribbean Sea and is bounded by the Middle America arc, the Cayman trough, the West Indies arc, and the seismic zone through northern South America. Focal mechanisms of 70 earthquakes in these regions were determined to ascertain the relative motion of these two plates with respect to the surrounding regions or plates. The results show underthrusting of the Cocos plate beneath Mexico and Guatemala in a northeasterly direction and beneath the rest of Central America in a more north-northeasterly direction. The Cocos plate is spreading away from the rest of the Pacific floor at the East Pacific rise and at the Galapagos rift zone. Motion is right-lateral strike-slip along the Panama fracture zone, a transform fault connecting the Galapagos rift zone and the Middle America arc. At the same time, the Caribbean plate is moving easterly with respect to the Americas plate, which is here taken to include both North and South America and the western Atlantic. Left-lateral strike-slip motion along steeply dipping fault planes is observed on the Cayman trough. The Americas plate is underthrusting the Caribbean in a westerly direction at the Lesser Antilles and near Puerto Rico. Unlike the Lesser Antilles, however, motion at present is not perpendicular to the Puerto Rico trench but instead is almost parallel to the trench along nearly horizontal fault planes. Computations of rates of motion indicate that underthrusting is at a higher rate in southeastern Mexico and Guatemala than in western Mexico and that the Caribbean is moving at a lower rate relative to North America than is the Cocos plate.
Diffusion limited chemical etching effects in semiconductors

Abstract This paper presents some experimental results of the enhanced etching seen at mask edges in a diffusion limited reaction, when Br2:methanol is applied to GaSb. A two-dimensional simulation of the direct diffusion of etchant molecules through an interface layer is presented to explain the various experimental results of the enhanced etching. A stagnant layer model, which considers no liquid flow inside the interface layer, and a boundary layer model, which assumes a linear velocity variation inside this layer, are discussed. The profiles of the simulation match those seen in the experiments and the simulation allows estimation of the thickness of a typical stagnant layer.
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement with coronary artery protection performed in a patient with an anomalous left main coronary artery.

![Figure][1] [![Graphic][3] ][3][![Graphic][4] ][4][![Graphic][5] ][5][![Graphic][6] ][6] An 88-year-old woman with critical aortic stenosis was evaluated for transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) with the Sapien (Edwards Inc., Irvine, California) balloon-
The ^(18)O(α, γ)^(22)Ne reaction

With time-of-flight techniques to reduce fast-neutron background, an excitation function for the ^(18)O(α, γ)^(22)Ne reaction has been measured over the energy range E_α = 2.15−3.70 MeV. The energy dependence of the reaction cross section is compared with the predictions of the nuclear optical model.
Stereoacuity Norms in Young Children

Stereoacuity was investigated in 3- to 5-year-old children and in adults by using four commercially available stereotests (the Frisby, Randot circles, Random-Dot E (RDE), and TNO tests) and by using an experimental stereotest. Comparative reanalysis was also made of data obtained from other studies of the RDE and Titmus circles tests. Stereoacuity norms are proposed for 3- to 5-year-old children for each of the commercially available tests. Factors influencing stereoacuity threshold differences among the different tests are discussed. The results on all tests are consistent with the hypothesis that binocular visual development is incomplete at 5 years of age.
Association of Sleep Adequacy With More Healthful Food Choices and Positive Workplace Experiences Among Motor Freight Workers

Objectives. We assessed whether adequate sleep is linked to more healthful eating behaviors among motor freight workers and whether it mediates the effects of workplace experiences.Methods. Data were derived from a baseline survey and assessment of permanent employees at 8 trucking terminals. Bivariate and multivariate regression models were used to examine relationships between work environment, sleep adequacy, and dietary choices.Results. The sample (n = 542) was 83% White, with a mean age of 49 years and a mean body mass index of 30 kg/m2. Most of the participants were satisfied with their job (87.5%) and reported adequate sleep (51%); 30% reported job strain. In our first model, lack of job strain and greater supervisor support were significantly associated with adequate sleep. In our second model, educational level, age, and adequate sleep were significantly associated with at least 2 of the 3 healthful eating choices assessed (P < .05). However, work experiences were not significant predictors of he...
Crystal Structure of Monoclonal 6B5 Fab Complexed with Phencyclidine

The crystal structure of monoclonal antibody (mAb) 6B5 Fab fragment complexed with 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)piperidine (PCP or phencyclidine) was determined at 2.2-A resolution. 6B5 was originally produced from a mouse immunized with a phencyclidine analogue hapten 5-[N-(1'phenylcyclohexyl)amino]pentanoic acid conjugated to bovine serum albumin. This mAb was selected for further study because of its high affinity (Kd = 2 x 10(-9) M/liter) for PCP and usefulness in reversing PCP-induced central nervous system toxicity in laboratory animals. The dominant feature of the 6B5 Fab.PCP complex is the deep binding site and hydrophobic nature of the interaction. The ligand binding pocket of 6B5 Fab has numerous aromatic side chains, as compared with other known Fab structures. The most notable feature of the binding site is a Trp at position 97H (H-chain), and the side chain of this residue appears to act as a hydrophobic umbrella on the ligand in the antigen binding pocket. There are only two other known Fabs found with a Trp at the 97H position in complementarity determining region (CDR) H3, but they do not play a major role in the interaction with their respective antigens; in both Fab TE33 and R6.5 the Trp 97H side chain is positioned away from the bound antigen. Comparison of the CDR residues of 6B5 with other Fab structures with similar CDR sizes and amino acid compositions reveals a number of important patterns of residue substitutions that appear to be critical for specific PCP ligand interactions.
Modeling of e-Manufacturing Information Integration Platform

E-Manufacturing is a new manufacturing concept under current situation. It is the effective enterprise technologies of integrating all kinds of heterogeneous systems from plant floor sources to suppliers and customers by electronic and Web technologies. To achieve this, it needs an information-supporting platform called e-Manufacturing Information Integration Platform, which are the solution facing services. It utilizes Web Services to encapsulate the functions of the basic information systems of manufacturing companies. Those functions become the e-Manufacturing nodes and these e-Manufacturing nodes form an integration platform. At the end, a reference modeling of open e-Manufacturing Integration Platform based on the web services technology is presented. The core concepts of e-Manufacturing Integration Platform are shown. At the same time, the key technologies and implements are researched.
The role of bone biopsy in clinical practice and research

The role of bone biopsy in clinical practice and research. Survival rates of patients on dialysis have increased with improved dialytic therapy. However, the resultant increased duration of dialysis has led to a rise in renal osteodystrophy (ROD). Because this metabolic bone disease can produce fractures, bone pain, and deformities late in the course of the disease, prevention and early treatment are essential. Types of ROD include predominant hyperparathyroid bone disease, low turnover bone disease (including osteomalacia and adynamic bone disease), and mixed uremic osteodystrophy. Serum PTH levels are commonly used to assess bone turnover in dialyzed patients. However, a recent study in our laboratory found that serum PTH levels between 65 and 450 pg/ml seen in the majority of dialysis patients are not predictive of the underlying bone disease. To date, bone biopsy is the most powerful and informative diagnostic tool to provide important information on precisely the type of renal osteodystrophy affecting patients, the degree of severity of the lesions, and the presence and amount of aluminum deposition in bone. Bone biopsy is not only useful in clinical settings but also in research to assess the effects of new therapies on bone. The methods of in situ hybridization histochemistry (ISHH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) are providing the means to study local biomolecules that play a role in bone metabolism. As these research tools become more refined, they will become increasingly valuable in the study of bone. Alternatives to the bone biopsy continue to be pursued, but they have not been proven to have the same specificity or sensitivity to effectively determine the potential value of a specific therapeutic regimen.
Precollege Factors and Leading Indicators: Increasing Transfer and Degree Completion in a Community and Technical College System

Today, community colleges are challenged to maintain their historical identity of open access while increasing student success. This challenge is particularly salient in the context of performance-based funding models. These models create student achievements, which determine institutional levels of state funding. Therefore, these new student success metrics are important to the fiscal health of community colleges. In an effort to better identify the likelihood of meeting these metrics, some scholars have suggested leading indicators. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of leading indicators on transfer to a four-year institution and associate degree completion for community and technical college students at Kentucky’s two-year public institutions for groups based on student characteristics. Logistic regression analyses showed that leading indicators do predict transfer to a four-year institution and associate degree completion, but with varying levels of affect. Earning 30 credit hours b...
The impact of potential abrupt climate changes on near-term policy choices

We investigate an important scientific uncertainty facing climate-change policymakers, namely, the impact of potential abrupt climatic change. We examine sequential decision strategies for abating climate change where near-term policies are viewed as the first of a series of decisions which adapt over the years to improving scientific information. We compare two illustrative near-term (1992–2002) policies - moderate and aggressive emission reductions - followed by a subsequent long-term policy chosen to limit global-mean temperature change to a specified ‘climate target’. We calculate the global-mean surface temperature change using a simple climate/ocean model and simple models of greenhouse-gas concentrations. We alter model parameters to examine the impact of abrupt changes in the sinks of carbon dioxide, the sources of methane, the circulation of the oceans, and the climate sensitivity, ΔT 2x. Although the abrupt changes increase the long-term costs of responding to climate change, they do not significantly affect the comparatively small cost difference between near-term strategies. Except for an abrupt increase in ΔT 2x, the investigated abrupt climate changes do not significantly alter the values of the climate target for which each near-term strategy is preferred. In contrast, innovations that reduce the cost of limiting greenhouse-gas emissions offer the potential for substantial abatement cost savings, regardless of which level of near-term abatement is selected.
Abstract 2573: Molecular mechanism of cisplatin-based chemoresistance with human head and neck cancer: A translational clinical study

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC (Background) Cisplatin is a commonly used chemotherapy agent for many kinds of cancers including head and neck cancer. Chemoresistance to cisplatin significantly contributes to treatment failure in clinical practice. The MRE11/RAD50/NBS1 (MRN) complex is well known a major DNA repair system. Our previous in vitro study shows that enhanced DNA repairing by MRN is a critical molecular mechanism for cisplatin-based chemoresistance. The present study further investigates if the finding of enhanced DNA repairing is responsible for cisplatin-based chemoresistance with human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) in an animal model and, more important, if this finding correlates to the clinical study with patients who suffer from HNSCC. (Methods) An animal model with human HNSCC was used for this study. Tumor volume changes were measured before and after cisplatin treatment. Immunohistochemistry studies were carried out for detecting the expression levels of MRN and apoptosis. The chemoresistant profile of the tumor model was established depending on these studies. The patients with HNSCC who initially received cisplatin monotherapy along with the patients without having cisplatin treatment were investigated. Immunohistochemistry studies were carried out for detecting the expression levels of MRN and apoptosis. These results were carefully analyzed by using a linear regression model with random effects to compare with established animal tumor model and in vitro findings. (Results) Our animal model with human HNSCC demonstrated that chemoresistance to cisplatin is associated with increased expression levels of MRN after cisplatin treatment (p<0.0001(MRE11), p<0.0001(RAD50), p<0.0001(NBS1)). In addition, the resistant tumors showed decreased levels of apoptosis after cisplatin treatment (p<0.0001). Our clinical study confirms these findings as shown that patients with HNSCC had increased expression of MRN when developing cisplatin chemoresistnace. (Conclusion) It is strongly suggested that increased expression levels of MRN proteins after cisplatin treatment are associated with a resistant phenotype in the human HNSCC. Our study presents important findings that will facilitate a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying tumor cell resistance to chemotherapy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2573.
Radiochromium-Labeled Lymphocytes in the Rat.

A technic is described for labeling rat lymphocytes, collected from intestinal lymph, with radiochromium without impairing their motility. After intravenous administration, these labeled cells disappeared rapidly from the circulating blood, reappeared to a limited extent within 6 hours, then continued to disappear at a very slow rate (about 1.1% per hour). When the rat's intestinal lymphatic trunk was cannulated, 4 to 7% of the labeled lymphocytes appeared in the lymph within 4 days, with maximal lymphatic radioactivity occurring between the 24th and 38th hours.
Numerical Prediction of Chevron Nozzle Noise Reduction Using Wind-Mgbk Methodology

Numerical predictions for single-stream chevron nozzle flow performance and farfield noise production are presented. Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) solutions, produced via the WIND flow solver, are provided as input to the MGBK code for prediction of farfield noise distributions. This methodology is applied to a set of sensitivity cases involving varying degrees of chevron inward bend angle relative to the core flow, for both cold and hot exhaust conditions. The sensitivity study results illustrate the effect of increased chevron bend angle and exhaust temperature on enhancement of fine-scale mixing, initiation of core breakdown, nozzle performance, and noise reduction. Direct comparisons with experimental data, including stagnation pressure and temperature rake data, PIV turbulent kinetic energy fields, and 90 degree observer farfield microphone data are provided. Although some deficiencies in the numerical predictions are evident, the correct farfield noise spectra trends are captured by the WIND-MGBK method, including the noise reduction benefit of chevrons. Implications of these results to future chevron design efforts are addressed.
The effects of sea level and palaeotopography on lithofacies distribution and geometries in heterozoan carbonates, south‐eastern Spain

This study utilized three-dimensional exposures to evaluate how sea-level position and palaeotopography control the facies and geometries of heterozoan carbonates. Heterozoan carbonates were deposited on top of a Neogene volcanic substrate characterized by palaeotopographic highs, palaeovalleys, and straits that were formed by subaerial erosion, possibly original volcanic topography, and faults prior to carbonate deposition. The depositional sequence that is the focus of this study (DS1B) consists of 7–10 fining upward cycles that developed in response to relative sea-level fluctuations. A complete cycle has a basal erosion surface overlain by deposits of debrisflows and high-density turbidity currents, which formed during relative sea-level fall. Overlying tractive deposits most likely formed during the lowest relative position of sea level. Overlying these are debrites grading upward to high-density turbidites and low-density turbidites that formed during relative sea-level rise. The tops of the cycles consist of hemipelagic deposits that formed during the highest relative position of sea level. The cycles fine upward because upslope carbonate production decreased as relative sea level rose due to less surface area available for shallow-water carbonate production and partial drowning of substrates. The cycles are dominated by two end-member types of facies associations and stratal geometries that formed in response to fluctuating sea-level position over variable substrate palaeotopography. One end-member is termed ‘flank flow cycle’ because this type of cycle indicates dominant sediment transport down the flanks of palaeovalleys. Those cycles drape the substrate, have more debrites, high-density turbidites and erosion on palaeovalley flanks, and in general, the lithofacies fine down the palaeovalley flanks into the palaeovalley axes. The second end-member is termed ‘axial flow cycle’ because it indicates a dominance of sediment transport down the axes of palaeovalleys. Those cycles are characterized by debrites and high-density turbidites in palaeovalley axes, and lap out of strata against the flanks of palaeovalleys. Where and when an axial flow cycle or flank flow cycle developed appears to be related to the intersection of sea level with areas of gentle or steep substrate slopes, during an overall relative rise in sea level. Results from this study provide a model for similar systems that must combine carbonate principles for sediment production, palaeotopographic controls, and physical principles of sediment remobilization into deep water.
PROPELLER MRI: clinical testing of a novel technique for quantification and compensation of head motion.

While head motion is considered a significant problem in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), there is no data to quantify its extent, severity, or effect on image quality. PROPELLER (Periodically Rotated Overlapping ParallEL Lines with Enhanced Reconstruction) MRI offers a novel means of quantifying and compensating for head motion. We performed axial T2-weighted PROPELLER (motion corrected: P-CR; uncorrected: P-UNCR) and conventional MRI (CONV), with equal scan times, in five normal volunteers and 35 clinical subjects. Volunteers were examined lying still and performing two separate head movements (shake "no" and nod "yes") to assess detection and compensation of in-plane motion by PROPELLER MRI. Images were examined by three radiologists for motion artifact and for overall image quality. Head rotation and translation was detected in all subjects during each slice acquisition, with expected changes occurring with volunteer head motion. Motion artifact was less commonly seen on PROPELLER than CONV MR (chi(2) test P < 0.001). PROPELLER was preferred over CONV in all subjects (P < 0.05) and P-CR was judged superior to P-UNCR (P = 0.02). Intracranial pathology was equally or better demonstrated with PROPELLER. PROPELLER MRI offers a means of quantifying head motion, reducing motion artifact, and improving image quality.
Restoration of dystrophin‐associated proteins in skeletal muscle of mdx mice transgenic for dystrophin gene

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients and mdx mice are characterized by the absence of dystrophin, a membrane cytoskeletal protein. Dystrophin is associated with a large oligomeric complex of sarcolemmal glycoproteins, including dystroglycan which provides a linkage to the extracellular matrix component, laminin. The finding that all of the dystrophin-associated proteins (DAPs) are drastically reduced in DMD and mdx skeletal muscle supports the primary function of dystrophin as an anchor of the sarcolemmal glycoprotein complex to the subsarcolemmal cytoskeleton. These findings indicate that the efficacy of dystrophin gene therapy will depend not only on replacing dystrophin but also on restoring all of the DAPs in the sarcolemma. Here we have investigated the status of the DAPs in the skeletal muscle of mdx mice transgenic for the dystrophin gene. Our results demonstrate that transfer of dystrophin gene restores all of the DAPs together with dystrophin, suggesting that dystrophin gene therapy should be effective in restoring the entire dystrophin-glycoprotein complex.
Subunit composition of the spontaneous miniature end-plate currents at the mouse neuromuscular junction.

1. Adult, neonate and young mouse diaphragm muscle fibres were voltage clamped with a two-electrode clamp. Miniature end-plate currents (MEPCs) were recorded on magnetic tape and analysed with a computer. The MEPC amplitude, charge, rise time, time-to-peak, decay time constant and root mean square (r.m.s.) noise level were determined for each MEPC. 2. The MEPC amplitude and charge distributions showed integral peaks starting from zero. Peaks were enhanced by selecting MEPCs with uniform time characteristics, with low noise, with increased sample size, with a curve smoothing routine and/or with a selected bin size. 3. Integral peaks were found in histograms from neonate, young and old mice. The ratio of sub-MEPCs to bell MEPCs decreased during neonatal development. 4. The size of the peak intervals was the same in all preparations of the same developmental stage. The adult modal peak varied between 8 and 12 times the subunit value, but peak intervals were similar (0.44 +/- 0.04 nA). 5. Changes in the holding potential or the bath temperature, or addition of an anticholinesterase agent, changed the peak interval. 6. The number of peaks in the overall MEPC amplitude and area-to-peak (charge) histogram profiles were usually the same. 7. Integral peaks on MEPC amplitude profiles, notches and steps on the MEPC rising phase and changes in the overall MEPC profiles are explained by a subunit composition of the quantum of transmitter release.
An analysis of the circulation characteristics and energy budget of a dry, asymmetric, east‐west urban canyon. II. Energy budget

This study presents partial energy budget evaluations for a dry east-west oriented urban canyon in Columbus, Ohio, based on canyon-top measurements of net radiation and the turbulent and circulation-related components of the sensible heat flux. While net radiation data were similar to those reported in previous studies, the sensible heat exchanges were small in absolute magnitude, showed a “flat” diurnal regime and were uncorrelated with the net radiation. These results suggest a minimal degree of coupling by heat exchange between the canyon air space and the urban boundary layer above roof level. Speculations are offered on the nature of the unmeasured residual in the canyon energy budget. Evidence suggests that both a substrate heat flux and a significant advective term (through the canyon ends and top) may be instrumental in accounting for the residual. However, definitive conclusions were precluded by the absence of simultaneous evaluations of all the energy budget components. The need for such studies at canyon sites with diverse structures and fabrics is emphasized.
A time and a place for everything? Temporal processing views of hippocampal function with special reference to attention

A number of recent studies have indicated that the hippocampus is involved in classical conditioning of the rabbit’s nictitating membrane response. In this paper, I briefly review these studies and then argue that the data are best accounted for in terms of the temporal processing view of hippocampal function. I further argue, within the context of the temporal processing approach, that the hippocampus is involved in attentional processes which enable the organism to learn to ignore irrelevant stimuli.
The anisotropic behavior of Poisson's ratio, Young's modulus, and shear modulus in crystals with different symmetries

The analytical expressions for calculating Poisson's ratio, Young's modulus, and shear modulus from the known elastic coefficients for trigonal and tetragonal crystals are worked out. The results are presented in tabulated form for easy use. It is found that the anisotropic behavior of these moduli depends very much on the crystal symmetry of that materials under study. It is hoped that by studying few crystals in each symmetry classes in detail, one may be able to deduce the general behavior of the anisotropy for all other crystals with the same symmetry. Ein analytischer Ausdruck zur Berechnung des Poissonverhaltnisses sowie der Young- und Scher-Module mit Hilfe der bekannten elastischen Koeffizienten fur trigonale und tetragonale Kristalle wird aufgestellt. Die Resultate werden in Tabellenform dargestellt. Es wird beobachtet, das das anisotrope Verhalten des Moduls von dem Kristallsystem des Materials abhangt. Es wird erwartet, das man durch die Untersuchung einiger Kristalle jeder Symmetrieklasse die allgemeinen Eigenschaften der Anisotropie anderer Kristalle gleicher Symmetrie ableiten kann.
Recollections and reflections of MO-CVD

Our laboratory first reported the successful use of metalorganic- hydride combinations for producing epitaxial compound semiconductor films and alloys on insulating substrates and semiconductors in 1968. Subsequently the technique was applied to the formation of a variety of III–V, II–VI, and IV–VI semiconductor compounds and alloys on both semiconductor and insulating substrates, and more recently II–IV–V2 compounds were also produced. Successes in our laboratory and others and the application of the technique to the fabrication of device structures continue to point to the process as the most viable one available today to produce large area growth of many of the types of films, expecially multilayers, that are and will be useful in today's and tomorrow's devices. Since so much of the early work was done in our laboratory, it may be of interest to the attendees of this conference to become familiar with the steps that had to be climbed and the problems that were met in reaching the degree of quality now available in films grown by MO-CVD. Perhaps these are experiences that you too had, are overcoming, and/or from which you can benefit.
Evaluation of Interactions between a Dislocation and Imperfections Using a Continuously Distributed Dislocation Model

Interactions between a dislocation and other imperfections were re-evaluated using a continuously distributed dislocation model. Dislocations and a misfit defect were chosen as typical examples of imperfections, The use of a continuously distributed dislocation model avoids the singularity problem that arises in classical dislocation theory, and thus it always yields a finite magnitude for the interaction. Therefore, the use of a continuously distributed dislocation model enables the evaluation of the magnitude of the interaction near the core of a dislocation where the classical singular dislocation model becomes impossible to apply.
Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Adherent Cell Differentiation and Cytotoxicity Assay

An adherent cell differentiation and cytotoxicity (ACDC) assay was developed using pluripotent J1 mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). Adherent mESCs were used to evaluate chemical-induced effects on both stem cell viability and differentiation using an in-cell western technique after a 9-day culture. DRAQ5/Sapphire700 stains were used to quantify cell number. Myosin heavy chain protein was used as a marker of cardiomyocyte differentiation and was corrected for cell number, thereby separating cytotoxicity and effects on differentiation. Acetic acid, 5-fluorouracil and bromochloroacetic acid were evaluated using the embryonic stem cell test and ACDC assay. Both systems distinguish the relative potencies of these compounds. TaqMan low-density arrays were used to characterize the time course of differentiation and effects of chemical exposure on multiple differentiation gene markers. The ACDC assay is a technique that can be used to evaluate the effects of xenobiotics on mESC differentiation and cell number using a single assay.
The Financial Value of Fellowship Training in Otolaryngology

ObjectiveTo evaluate the financial impact of pursuing a fellowship in otolaryngology.Study DesignRetrospective financial analysis using American Academy of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery survey data.Subjects and MethodsThe American Academy of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery report, entitled Socioeconomic Study among Members April 2011, gives a financial profile of respondents who reported their primary area of specialization as either general otolaryngology or a specific area of subspecialization. Weighted averages were calculated from the reported data. The weighted averages were used to calculate a net present value (NPV) over a 30-year contiguous career.ResultsThe NPV for general otolaryngology was $4.73 million. The NPV for the following subspecialties in relation to general otolaryngology were (in hundred thousands) as follows: otolaryngologic allergy (−$1153), sleep medicine (−$677), otology/neurotology (−$339), laryngology (−$288), head and neck (−$191), pediatric otolaryngology (−$176),...
Mentoring and the Professional Development of Business Students.

This article has two objectives: to describe how business schools have implemented mentoring programs and to provide some insights on the success of such programs. A national sample of 154 universities and colleges was surveyed by phone to determine the proportion of business schools with mentoring programs and the structure of these programs. To obtain a better understanding of the interpersonal dynamics between mentors and mentees, in-depth interviews with 15 mentoring program administrators and five career development counselors were also conducted. These follow-up interviews provide a qualitative understanding of the characteristics that make mentoring programs successful. Mentor program administrators provide several recommendations for attracting and retaining mentors, for developing greater rapport between mentors and mentees, and for generating greater satisfaction with the mentoring program. The article points to the lack of broad-based research on the effectiveness of mentoring programs in busin...
The effect of surface modifications on protein microfiltration properties of Anopore™ membranes

Abstract The synthesis, characterization, and protein microfiltration behavior of a series of organic–inorganic nanocomposite membranes are reported. It is shown that by modifying the surface of an Anopore™ alumina membrane with a variety of chemistries that membrane fouling can be significantly reduced. The work presented here shows that electrostatic repulsion between the surface and protein can be used to reduce fouling, as can making the surface more hydrophilic. Two methods were used to make hydrophilic nanocomposite membranes: adsorption of Pluronic F108 onto Anopore™ membranes with an octadecylsilane overlayer, and the grafting of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) to either amine-functionalized surfaces or dendrons with amines on their outer periphery. Both approaches led to a significant reduction in membrane fouling with the PEG grafted materials displaying superior performance to the F108 functionalized samples. IR, XPS, and TGA were used to characterize the composite membranes, and the results of these methods correlate with the microfiltration data presented. Mathematical modeling of the microfiltration data indicates that the pore constriction model best describes the change in protein flux over time. The current work presents an alternative approach to membrane design for microfiltration, which has historically been dominated by polymeric membranes.