cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Association of Historic Housing Policy, Modern Day Neighborhood Deprivation and Outcomes After Inpatient Hospitalization.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association of historical racist housing policies and modern-day healthcare outcomes. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA In 1933 the United States Government Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) used racial composition of neighborhoods to determine creditworthiness and labeled them "Best", "Still Desirable", "Definitely Declining", and "Hazardous." Although efforts have been made to reverse these racist policies that structurally disadvantage those living in exposed neighborhoods, the lasting legacy on modern day healthcare outcomes is uncertain. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional retrospective review of 212,179 Medicare beneficiaries' living in 171,930 unique neighborhoods historically labeled by the HOLC who underwent 1 of 5 of common surgical procedures - coronary artery bypass, appendectomy, colectomy, cholecystectomy, and hernia repair - between 2012 and 2018. We compared 30-day mortality, complications, and readmissions across HOLC grade and Area Deprivation Index (ADI) of each neighborhood. Outcomes were risk-adjusted using a multivariable logistical regression model accounting for patient factors (age, sex, Elixhauser comorbidities), admission type (elective, urgent, emergency), type of operation, and each neighborhoods ADI; a modern day measure of neighborhood disadvantage that includes education, employment, housing-quality, and poverty measures. RESULTS Overall, 212,179 Medicare beneficiaries (mean age, 71.2 years; 54.2% women) resided in 171,930 unique neighborhoods historically graded by the HOLC. Outcomes worsened in a stepwise fashion across HOLC neighborhoods. Overall, 30-day postoperative mortality was 5.4% in "Best" neighborhoods, 5.8% in "Still Desirable", 6.1% in "Definitely Declining", and 6.4% in "Hazardous" (Best vs Hazardous Odds Ration: 1.23, 95% CI: 1.13-1.24, P < 0.001). The same stepwise pattern was seen from "Best" to "Hazardous" neighborhoods for complications (30.5% vs 32.2%; OR: 1.12 [95% CI: 1.07-1.17]; P < 0.001) and Readmissions (16.3% vs 17.1%; OR: 1.06 [95% CI: 1.01-1.11]; P = 0.023). After controlling for modern day deprivation using ADI, the patterns persisted with "Hazardous" neighborhoods having higher mortality (OR: 1.17 [95% CI: 1.08-1.27]; P < 0.001) and complications (OR: 1.07 [95% CI: 1.02-1.12]; P = 0.003), but not for readmissions (OR: 1.02 [95% CI: 0.97-1.07]; P = 0.546). CONCLUSIONS Patients residing in neighborhoods previously "redlined" or labeled "Hazardous" were more likely to experience worse outcomes after inpatient hospitalization compared to those living in "Best" neighborhoods, even after taking into account modern day measures of neighborhood disadvantage.
One Is Concerned Because One Is A Human Being

ONE IS CONCERNED BECAUSE ONE IS A HUMAN BEING By Sayaka Suzuki, MFA A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Fine Arts at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2005 Major Director: Jack Wax Associate Professor, Department of Crafts/Material Studies I am a nomad. I have not had a place to call home in almost two decades. I wander around the world searching for a place to belong, only to discover the forgotten lives and silenced voices. I have come to realize that to find a “home,” I need to first create a world in which to belong to. My recent works are investigations of possibilities for another world, a world of compassion, through a critique of our current society. I create as I rediscover the forgotten histories and lives. My work captures my process of remembering and celebrating while simultaneously imagining our capacity to function as philanthropists.
Affirmative action needed to give women fair shot at research chairs

With polite pleas for gender equity apparently falling on deaf ears, the nation's universities will soon be asked to justify why they aren't nominating more women for lucrative Canada Research Chairs (CRC, [www.chairs.gc.ca/][1]). The CRC steering committee was scheduled to meet Sept. 25 to put its
Linear algebra: Modules

Chapters 6, 7, and 10 are devoted to material mathematicians call linear algebra. Here are developed the elementary properties of modules over rings and modules over fields (vector spaces). This includes a study of matrices as they arise in linear algebra. We use at the beginning for examples and motivation spaces of functions. We feel it is a natural intuitive way of approaching the vector space concept for beginners and ties in neatly with coordinate ideas. We have not treated modules over division rings which are not commutative but the experience gained here by the reader should allow him to handle that variation should he meet it. We have interpolated in Section 6.2 and later in the chapter discussions relating vector spaces and modules on the abstract level with vector spaces as directed line segments as used on the more intuitive level in engineering and physics classes. Hopefully this will assist the beginning student in seeing that the subjects are the same.
HuR is Essential for TDP-43 Expression through Posttranscriptional Mechanisms: Implications for Motor Neuron Toxicity and ALS (S56.003)

Objective: To investigate mechanisms of TDP-43 mRNA regulation in astrocytes and the impact on motor neuron toxicity. Background: A network of RNA binding proteins (RBP) including TDP-43, FUS, and more recently, hnRNPA2B1 and hnRNPA1, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of ALS. HuR is a structurally similar RBP which regulates target mRNAs through binding U- and AU-rich elements. HuR plays an important role in stress response through its positive regulation of growth and cell survival factors. We have previously demonstrated that cellular toxicity related to ALS-associated mutant SOD1 may in part arise from impairment of HuR function. Methods: HuR was upregulated ectopically or knocked down in primary astrocytes by siRNA. TDP-43 3’UTR-dependent regulation was monitored by a luciferase reporter. RNA immunoprecipitation and an ELISA-based assay were used to assess RNA binding. Subcellular localization of TDP-43 and HuR was analyzed by fluorescence immunocytochemistry. Motor neurons were isolated from embryonic day 12, grown in culture, and assessed for toxicity by cleaved caspase-3 activity. Results: HuR knockdown abrogated TDP-43 expression in astrocytes whereas its overexpression produced TDP-43 upregulation. A luciferase reporter assay indicated that HuR regulation of TDP-43 was mediated through the TDP-43 3’ UTR. RNA immunoprecipitation and an in vitro RNA binding assay showed that HuR specifically binds to the TDP-43 3’UTR. Conditioned media from siHuR and siTDP-43 treated astrocytes produced significant cortical and motor neuron toxicity compared to siRNA control media. Conclusions: 1. HuR is essential for proper expression of TDP-43. 2. HuR directly binds to TDP-43 mRNA and regulates its expression through the 3’ UTR. 3. Loss of HuR in astrocytes leads to the production of soluble factors that are toxic to cortical and motor neurons. These findings are consistent with our previous observations that impaired HuR function may contribute to ALS pathogenesis. Study supported by: Study supported by NIH/NINDS Grant NS057664. Disclosure: Dr. Lu has nothing to disclose. Dr. Zheng has nothing to disclose. Dr. Si has nothing to disclose. Dr. Oh has nothing to disclose. Dr. King has nothing to disclose.
"It's the day-to-day living that matters": the meaning and process of community in the lives of a couple with significant psychiatric disabilities

This study attempts to define and describe the experience and process of community and community participation using a qualitative case study of a couple labeled with significant psychiatric disabilities. Findings indicate that important influences on perceptions and the process of community belonging include (a) the opportunity to personally define the meaning, limitations, and level of care associated with receiving a psychiatric label; (b) a reciprocal, central relationship; and (c) recognized opportunities for intentional participation in and access to meaningful relationships with other community members, including in the role of coworker or colleague.
Excision of the Drosophila transposable element mariner: identification and characterization of the Mos factor.

Abstract Genetic and molecular evidence presented in this paper demonstrate that the Mos factor for inherited mosaicism is a special copy of the transposable element mariner. Mosaicism observed in the presence of the Mos (Mosaic) factor results from a high frequency of excision of the mariner element from an insertion site near the white-eye gene in Drosophila mauritiana. The Mos factor promotes the excision of mariner elements from genomic insertion sites other than the site in wpch, and it also promotes its own loss from the genome. Putative transpositions of Mos to new genomic sites have also been observed. A copy of mariner present at a particular site in a Mos strain has been shown to be missing in derived strains in which the Mos factor has been lost, and in strains with putative transpositions. We propose that this copy of mariner is identical to the Mos factor.
Ion Transport in an Immortalized Rat Submandibular Cell Line SMG-C6

The immortalized rat submandibular epithelial cell line, SMG-C6, cultured on porous tissue culture supports, forms polarized, tight-junction epithelia facilitating bioelectric characterization in Ussing chambers. The SMG-C6 epithelia generated transepithelial resistances of 956+/-84Omega.cm2 and potential differences (PD) of -16.9 +/- 1.5mV (apical surface negative) with a basal short-circuit current (Isc) of 23.9 +/- 1.7 microA/cm2 (n = 69). P2 nucleotide receptor agonists, ATP or UTP, applied apically or basolaterally induced a transient increase in Isc, followed by a sustained decreased below baseline value. The peak DeltaIsc increase was partly sensitive to Cl- and K+ channel inhibitors, DPC, glibenclamide, and tetraethylammonium (TEA) and was completely abolished following Ca2+ chelation with BAPTA or bilateral substitution of gluconate for Cl-. The major component of basal Isc was sensitive to apical Na+ replacement or amiloride (half-maximal inhibitory concentration 392 nM). Following pretreatment with amiloride, ATP induced a significantly greater Isc; however, the poststimulatory decline was abolished, suggesting an ATP-induced inhibition of amiloride-sensitive Na+ transport. Consistent with the ion transport properties found in Ussing chambers, SMG-C6 cells express the rat epithelial Na+ channel alpha-subunit (alpha-rENaC). Thus, cultured SMG-C6 cells produce tight polarized epithelia on permeable support with stimulated Cl- secretory conductance and an inward Isc accounted for by amiloride-sensitive Na+ absorption.
Electron field emission from carbon nanotubes: Modeling and simulations

Here, we present theoretical investigations on field emission properties of open and closed single-walled carbon nanotubes. These investigations include studies on the effects of geometry and electronic structure of the nanotubes. The electric field intensity and its spatial variation near the tips of open and closed nanotubes are calculated. The field intensity of an open nanotube in very close proximity of the tip is found to be higher but it decreases more rapidly with the distance. It is found that calculated emission currents from closed nanotubes are higher than that of open nanotubes at low electric fields. Emissions patterns are simulated and they are found to be related to the local electronic structure of the nanotube caps.
Choice behavior and reward structure: Preasymptotic statistics

Abstract Expressions for the learning curve, preasymptotic first-order conditional statistics, and asymptotic variance have been derived for the Weak-Strong model of choice behavior (Myers and Atkinson). Data published by Suppes and Atkinson were used to test the model. The predicted statistics stabilized earlier than did the observed, and the predicted asymptotic variance was slightly smaller than the observed variance.
RELATIVISTIC CORRECTIONS TO p-p SCATTERING

Effects of wave function distortion by nuclear forces of nonelectromagnetic origin are qualitatively considered. It is found that the relativistic corrections to the Coulomb wave contain effects of wave function distortion which may affect these corrections by reasonably large fractional amounts. The spin-orbit interactions arising from the action of the electric field are found to be affected by wave function distortion. Since these interactions affect the polarization of proton beams in double and triple scattering, the analysis of high-energy data is affected. The theory of spin-orbit interactions is brought into relation with that of atomic spectra. The unreliability of contact terms contained in the relativistic corrections is brought out. A concise proof of the vanishing of first-order tensor force effects on the polarization applying independently of the origin of the tensor force effects is supplied in an appendix.
Hybrid probabilistic RoadMap - Monte Carlo motion planning for closed chain systems with spherical joints

We propose a hybrid probabilistic RoadMap - Monte Carlo (PRM-MC) motion planner developed under the general methodology of PRM. For a given robot, PRM planners generally need to sample and connect a large number of robot configurations in order to build a roadmap that reflects the properties (such as the connectivity or energy landscape) of the robot configuration space. The proposed PRM-MC planner uses Monte Carlo simulation to generate and connect neighboring robot configurations and uses PRM local planners to connect the connected components generated from MC simulation. This strategy follows the random sampling principle of PRM that leads to the probabilistic completeness of the PRM-type randomized planners, while exploring the continuity property of motion planning constraints to improve the computation efficiency and roadmap quality. We apply the PRM-MC approach to closed chain motion planning In this work. Our current planner uses rotation pivots as attempted Monte Carlo moves for 3D closed chains with spherical joints. Pivot motions are developed as an efficient way to deform closed chains without violating the closure constraints, which have proved problematical for randomized approaches. We discuss how to identify feasible rotation pivots of kinematic chains and utilize them in PRM-MC planning. Our simulation results show that the PRM-MC closed chain planner can build road maps with good connectivity and efficiently generate self-collision-free closure configurations for closed chain systems with many links and multiple loops.
On the Statistical Discrepancy in the Revised U. S. National Accounts

Abstract As is well known, the U. S. national accounts contain a “Statistical Discrepancy” which serves to reconcile estimates of GNP from the product and from the income side. While the Discrepancy is a measure only of overall consistency rather than of error, its magnitude and pattern over time do give some indication of the quality of the national accounts data. In the past, the Statistical Discrepancy has not always behaved as a quantitatively unimportant random error term—a disturbing sign with regard to the GNP statistics. The presence of a systematic Discrepancy also causes difficulties in some specific problems. For example, it is necessary to assume a value for the Discrepancy in the identities of an econometric model when forecasts are made. The Discrepancy can also seriously affect estimates involving those GNP categories, such as savings, which are customarily calculated as residuals with the consequence that the Discrepancy is allocated to them. Earlier studies of the Discrepancy by Gartagani...
THE OVERSTRESS DEPENDENCE OF INELASTIC RATE OF DEFORMATION INFERRED FROM TRANSIENT TESTS

Transient tests are used to demonstrate unusual or even paradoxical deformation behaviors in metallic alloys and polymers at ambient and elevated temperatures. Included are repeated relaxation tests and creep tests of short duration. It is shown that creep rate need not increase with a stress increase and that, at the same stress level, creep rate can be different on loading and unloading. Also, a stress magnitude increase can be found during relaxation. Once steady inelastic flow is reached, the relaxation rate is nearly independent of the stress and strain at which relaxation starts; it depends mainly on the preceding prior inelastic strain rate. These phenomena can be modeled using an overstress (effective stress) dependence of inelastic rate of deformation and a proper evolution law for a single state variable, the equilibrium stress (back stress) within the context of a “unified” state variable theory. The author and his students have developed the viscoplasticity theory based on overstress (VBO) that can model these unusual behaviors.
Fragile X syndrome: discordant levels of CGG repeat mosaicism in two brothers

Fragile X syndrome is associated with an unstable repeated CGG trinucleotide sequence in the 5' untranslated region of the FMR-1 gene. A significant number of individuals with a mild or atypical presentation are mosaics for the CGG expansion. We report a family with two brothers. The proband had severe mental retardation as well as most of the Fragile X syndrome stigmata, whereas his brother shows only mild learning difficulties. Both inherited a 80 x CGG trinucleotide premutation from the mother. They were negative for the FRAXA fragile site in over 100 metaphases examined. Flanking markers verified that both had inherited the same FMR-1 allele and Xq27-q28 flanking sequences from the mother. The methylation status of the brothers indicated active FMR-1 transcription as determined by using StB12.3/EcoRI + Eagl blots. CGG size or methylation mosaicism was not apparent from Southern blots. Polymerase chain reaction and chemiluminescent detection identified that both brothers had different degrees of mosaicism for the CGG expansion. Large expansions amounting to 70% of the total were visible in the proband, whereas less than 5% of the signal was larger than the premutation in his mildly affected brother. These findings suggest that mosaicism may be responsible for some of the variation in penetrance in this disorder.
Glucocorticoids and development of audiogenic seizure susceptibility in DBA/1Bg mice.

Metopyrone, an inhibitor of glucocorticoid synthesis, blocks the development of susceptibility to audiogenic seizures in C57BL/6 Bg mice after either acoustic priming at 19 days of age or ethanol withdrawal at 70–80 days of age, whereas it has no effect on the development of genetic susceptibility in DBA/1Bg mice. This suggests that there may be similar developmental mechanisms for effects of acoustic priming and ethanol withdrawal on audiogenic seizure risk, which may be different from that for the genetic susceptibility of DBA/1Bg mice.
Influence of ruminal and postruminal carbohydrate infusion on visceral organ mass and adipose tissue accretion in growing beef steers.

Forty crossbred beef steers (243 +/- 2 kg of BW) with ruminal and abomasal infusion catheters were used to test 2 hypotheses: 1) visceral mass is responsive to energy input and site of carbohydrate (CHO) infusion and 2) rate and site of adipose accretion are dependent on site of CHO infusion and complexity. Treatments included a pelleted, forage-based, basal diet fed at 161 (LI) or 214 (HI) kcal of ME/(kg of BW(0.75) x d), LI plus ruminal (R-SH) or abomasal (A-SH) infusion of a partial starch hydrolysate (SH), and LI plus abomasal infusion of glucose (A-G). The basal diet was fed in 12 equal portions daily at 2-h intervals, with starch and glucose infused over a 22-h period at rates of 12.6 and 14.4 g/(kg of BW(0.75) x d). After 35 d of infusion, steers were slaughtered; and visceral organ and adipose mass, subcutaneous adipose thickness over the 5th and 12th rib, and LM intramuscular fat concentration were determined. Total intake energy (IE) increased (P = 0.0001) with ME intake. Dietary IE was similar between LI and CHO treatments, but total IE increased (P ASH > R-SH). Our findings demonstrate that increasing ruminal CHO supply results in a disproportionate increase in rumen mass, whereas increasing small intestinal CHO supply does not alter gastrointestinal organ mass. Small intestinal energy in the form of glucose resulted in greater adipose accretion, particularly the omental depot.
Immunoglobulin Structure: Variation in Amino Acid Sequence and Length of Human Lambda Light Chains

Variation and conservation in the primary structure of human lambda light chains is revealed by complete amino acid sequence of three Bence Jones proteins. These proteins differ in amino acid sequence in from 38 to 48 positions; they are of unequal length in the amino-terminal half of the chain but have identical sequence in the last 105 amino acids.
The 1918 Influenza Pandemic and Subsequent Health Outcomes: An Analysis of SIPP Data.

The fetal-origins hypothesis has recently achieved “textbook” status in medicine (see Colin D. Rudolph and Abraham M. Rudolph, 2003; David A. Warrell et al., 2003) and is drawing increasing attention from social scientists (e.g., Anne Case et al., 2005; Janet Currie and Enrico Moretti, 2005). The hypothesis holds that disruptions to fetal nutrition can exert persistent effects on subsequent health. From the perspective of a health production function, determinants of health may be divided into (i) post-birth health investments (e.g., Medicare) and (ii) the initial health endowment. The fetalorigins hypothesis emphasizes the importance of the initial health endowment, often proxied with birth weight, in determining adult health. Despite growing acceptance of the fetal-origins hypothesis by physicians and epidemiologists, the physiologic mechanisms by which fetal damage exerts long-term effects are relatively poorly understood. Experimental evidence from animal studies has established that maternal nutrition has a causal effect on subsequent health. Still, researchers have questioned the causality of statistical associations drawn from human populationbased studies of size at birth and subsequent health (e.g., Kathleen M. Rasmussen, 2001). A particular concern is whether omitted factors might bias or even account for the positive correlations between measures of early-life and adult health. Recent research has used the 1918 Influenza Pandemic as a natural experiment for studying the effects of fetal health (Almond, 2003). In contrast to typical influenza strains, the 1918 virus disproportionately affected young adults: approximately one-third of pregnant women contracted the debilitating virus. The Pandemic arrived without warning and was highly concentrated between October 1918 and January 1919. As a result, the long-term damage predicted by the fetal-origins hypothesis is similarly concentrated. Approximately two-thirds of those in utero during the height of the Pandemic would have been born in the first six months of 1919. In order to bias estimates of long-term fetal effects, post-birth health investments would have to behave in the same abrupt manner as the Pandemic. Using Decennial Census data for 1960–1980, Almond (2003) found that cohorts in utero during the height of the Pandemic displayed reduced educational attainment, increased rates of disability, lower income, and lower socioeconomic status. However, the absence of specific health outcomes in the Census precludes identification of physiologic pathways and therefore limits the relevance of the findings for physicians and epidemiologists. Using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), this study finds that cohorts in utero during the Pandemic exhibit impaired health outcomes relative to cohorts born a few months earlier or later. That these patterns are manifest 65–80 years after the Pandemic suggests that changes to fetal health can have life-long effects.
Transfer ionization in 0.5-1.5 MeV/u O5-8+ + He collisions

Transfer ionization (TI), in which electron capture is accompanied by loss of the other electron from the target, been measured for 0.5 to 1.5 MeV/u 0/sup q//sup +/ ions (q = 5-8+) colliding with helium. These new measurements, in conjunction with previous measurements at lower energies, are used to formulate a scaling rule to describe the projectile energy and charge state dependences of TI for collisions involving helium targets. 10 refs., 2 figs.
Comparing current practices of screening for pregnancy and contraceptive use in female veterans of child-bearing age prescribed psychotropic medications in a mental health versus a women's health clinic

Pregnancy screening and contraceptive counseling are essential components of treating female patients with psychiatric illness to avoid placing the mother or fetus at risk if pregnancy occurs during treatment. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate current practices for pregnancy and contraception screening in female veteran patients prescribed psychotropic medications at a Veterans Affairs/Department of Defense (VA/DoD) facility.
Spatial Perception and Mental Rotation Produce Gender Differences in Cerebral Hemovelocity

Abstract We sought to determine if gender differences in cerebral blood flow velocity emerge while persons performed cognitive tasks known to favor men, e.g., tests of spatial abilities. Bilateral measures were obtained simultaneously from the middle cerebral artery (VMCA) by transcranial Doppler sonography while men and women college students performed 31-s thinking tasks. Tests of spatial ability included (1) three spatial visualizing tasks (finding words among sets of letters, locating pictures hidden within a complex scene, and finding embedded geometric patterns), and (2) a mental rotation task. Two nonspatial visualizing control tasks were looking at (1) a list of words and (2) a set of pictures. Women had significantly faster global VMCAs than men during all tasks except looking at pictures. Two tasks (looking at pictures, mental rotation) produced hemispheric asymmetry (right > left) in women only. Gender differences in the number of correct responses occurred for finding words (women > men) and m...
E. Coli Heptosyltransferase I: Exploring Function and Dynamics to Create Better Inhibitors for GT-B Enzymes

Heptosyltransferase (Hep) enzymes are essential for the formation of bacterial biofilms in Gram negative bacteria, making the Hep enzymes an important target for the development of biofilm inhibitors. Our research is directed toward the detailed characterization of both the chemical mechanism of HepI, as well as the protein dynamics. We have already demonstrated the ability of this enzyme to accept a variety of simplified substrate analogues with catalytic efficiencies as good or better than with the native substrate. GTs of the GT-B structural fold, like HepI, are characterized by having two beta/alpha/beta rossman-like domains connected by a linker region, requiring a conformational change from open to closed states in order for catalysis to occur. Currently our lab is exploring these conformational changes through intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence. Using stopped-flow and steady state fluorescence analysis, in conjunction with mutagenisis, we are attempting to elucidate conformational changes that occur during the catalytic cycle. By combining analyses of the chemical mechanism with an understanding of protein dynamics in this system, this work is anticipated to lead to enhancements in drug discovery for this and other GT enzymes.
Observations of the forbidden oxygen lines in DIXI target Comet 103P/Hartley

Abstract We present analysis of observations of the forbidden oxygen lines in Comet 103P/Hartley, the target of the Deep Impact Extended Investigation (DIXI), during its Fall 2010 apparition. We obtained the observations using the ARCES echelle spectrometer mounted on the Astrophysical Research Consortium (ARC) 3.5-m telescope at Apache Point Observatory. We detected the 5577, 6300, and 6364 A lines on all dates, and so were able to calculate the ratio of the 5577 A line intensity to the sum of the intensities of the 6300 A and 6364 A lines (the oxygen line ratio). A ratio of 0.05–0.1 would suggest that water is the dominant parent, while a higher ratio suggests that another volatile, such as CO2, is an important contributor to the O I population. We find a range of values for the oxygen line ratio varying from ∼0.05–0.13. This range includes values that are higher than those typically measured for comets observed at a similar heliocentric distance to 103P (∼1 AU). The higher measured ratio is likely a result of a higher intrinsic CO2 abundance in the material released from 103P than typical comets, as found by direct measurements of CO2 and H2O made by the DIXI spacecraft. The CO2/H2O ratio in 103P was also observed by the DIXI spacecraft to vary significantly with rotational phase of the nucleus, which explains the large range of oxygen line ratios observed. These observations of the forbidden oxygen lines in 103P, a comet for which a directly observed CO2/H2O ratio is available, suggest that high quality observations of the forbidden oxygen lines in comets can serve as a proxy for CO2/H2O ratio measurements.
Relation of ethanol self-administration to feeding and drinking in a nonrestricted access situation in rats initiated to self-administer ethanol using the sucrose-fading technique

Abstract Free-feeding male Long-Evans rats (N=8) were initiated to self-administer 10% ethanol using a sucrose-fading procedure. Following initiation, they were placed into chambers which allowed for the continuous monitoring of feeding, water drinking and ethanol self-administration. All rats continued to daily self-administer ethanol in the continuous access situation. Ethanol drinking at certain times during the day appeared to be related to feeding bouts (prandial drinking). However, at other times, nonprandial ethanol self-administration occurred. These nonprandial ethanol drinking episodes, while not at levels of excessive ethanol intakes, were at levels well above water intake when water was substituted for ethanol. These findings suggest that ethanol intake in continuous access conditions is not solely a function of feeding behavior and that following initiation, ethanol-seeking behavior was maintained in a continuous access situation.
On limits to the graph-theoretic approaches in the electric power systems

There have been numerous attempts to use graph-theoretic algorithms in power systems. But it has not been clear enough what the potentials and the limitations of these applications are. The goal of our work is to model differences between transportation and electrical networks and to provide a uniform way for transforming an electrical network into its transportation equivalent. The limitations of the application of graph algorithms are discussed based on this transformation. After obtaining a transportation equivalent of an electrical network, two famous graph algorithms: Max-Flow and Min-Cost Flow are executed in a tree representation.
Trophic relationships of three sunfishes (Lepomis spp.) in an estuarine bayou

We examined ontogenetic, interspecific, and seasonal trophic patterns among sympatric sunfish species, redspotted sunfish,Lepomis miniatus; redear sunfish,Lepomis microlophus; and bluegill,Lepomis macrochirus, in an estuarine bayou. In particular we studied these feeding patterns in relation to relative abundances of prey from different benthic feeding habitats. All three sunfishes showed ontogenetic divergence in their trophic niches, reflecting different ecomorphological specializations. Small fishes depended on zooplankton, whereas larger fishes of all three species shifted their diets to benthic macrofauna. A potential for trophic resource partitioning was reflected by dietary differences among the three sunfish species. One impalied mechanism for resource partitioning was feeding habitat, as redear sunfish frequently used sediment-associated prey, while bluegill showed greater use of water-column-associated prey, and redspotted sunfish often used SAV-associated prey. However, all three sunfishes apparently used each feeding habitat to some degree; and, trophic differences were more clearly based on prey type than on feeding habitat. Redear sunfish, which can crush hard-shelled prey, exhibited the most distinctive diet. An apparent seasonal shift in feeding habitat occurred in autumn/winter, as indicated by increased overlap between diets and SAV. This shift was facilitated by changes in the relative abundances of several common prey types between benthic habitats. The relative abuandance and use of freshwater and estuarine-derived prey also varied seasonally, suggesting a possible trophic benefit of consistent prey availability in the estuarine bayou.
Condensation of pairs of fermionic atoms near a Feshbach resonance.

We have observed Bose-Einstein condensation of pairs of fermionic atoms in an ultracold $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$ gas at magnetic fields above a Feshbach resonance, where no stable $^{6}\mathrm{Li}_{2}$ molecules would exist in vacuum. We accurately determined the position of the resonance to be $822\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{G}$. Molecular Bose-Einstein condensates were detected after a fast magnetic field ramp, which transferred pairs of atoms at close distances into bound molecules. Condensate fractions as high as 80% were obtained. The large condensate fractions are interpreted in terms of preexisting molecules which are quasistable even above the two-body Feshbach resonance due to the presence of the degenerate Fermi gas.
Improved interplanetary magnetic field propagation timing by correction of the phase front orientation using two spacecraft

[1] We present a method of calculating the interplanetary magnetic field propagation delay in the solar wind that that uses observations from two spacecraft to partially correct the phase front orientation. A third spacecraft is used to test the accuracy of the method. We show that the two-spacecraft method reduces the overall propagation error by 23%. The reduction in the error is greater for larger values of the perpendicular spacecraft separation; for perpendicular separation less than 13 RE, the error reduction is only 7%, while for perpendicular separation greater than 13 RE, the error reduction is 26%. In addition, the two-spacecraft technique allows the calculation of the uncertainty in the propagation delay in individual cases, which allows the user to identify cases in which the propagation is more precise than on average.
Generation of diesel particles coated with polycyclic aromatic compounds—evidence suggesting that dinitropyrene formation is a collection artifact

Abstract A generator for complex aerosols which have diesel particulate cores and polycyclic aromatic compound (PAC) coatings, and a system for delivering these particles to laboratory animals by nose-only inhalation were developed. The core particles were from diesel exhaust. They were obtained after or without passing exhaust through a type of heated catalytic converter used in pre-1981 automobiles. A vapor pressure-temperature relationship, calculated from available thermodynamic data or derived experimentally, helped to control the amount of polycyclic aromatic compounds coated onto the freshly generated diesel particles. Results confirmed formation of dinitropyrene from the reaction of 1-nitropyrene coated particles with nitrogen dioxide during particle collection. This implies that the presence of highly mutagenic dinitropyrene in diesel particles is an artifact of collection.
Condorcet winners on four candidates with anonymous voters

Abstract May’s Theorem is extended to four-candidate elections with the Impartial Anonymous Culture Condition (IAC) to obtain a closed form representation for the probability, P(4, n,IAC), that a Condorcet winner exists for odd n voters. Representations of this type are found to become much more cumbersome for four-candidate elections, as compared to the relatively elegant results that are obtained for three-candidate elections. The precise limiting probability P(4, ∞, IAC)= 1717 2048 =0.8384 is found to be slightly different than previously reported Monte-Carlo simulation results, and the limiting value is approached very quickly for n at all large.
Background genotype modulates the effects of γ-PKC on the development of rapid tolerance to ethanol-induced hypothermia

The role of γ-PKC in initial sensitivity and in the development of rapid tolerance to the hypothermic effects of ethanol were investigated in γ-PKC null mutant mice. Effects of the single gene mutation were evaluated on three different genetic backgrounds. Null mutants from a C57BL/6J X 129/SvJ mixed genetic background failed to develop rapid tolerance after 4 days of i.p. ethanol injections. However, when the null mutation was introgressed onto a C57BL/6J background for six generations to create a congenic line, the expression of rapid tolerance unexpectedly reoccurred in the null mutant mice. Subsequent outcrossing of the γ-PKC null mutation to a C57BL/6J X 129/SvEvTac mixed background did not restore the no tolerance phenotype. These observations, taken together with similar results reported previously concerning the development of chronic tolerance to ethanol in these same genotypes, ¹ indicate that the gene coding for gamma-PKC has pleiotropic effects in the expression of both rapid and chronic tolerance to ethanol-induced hypothermia. However, the impact of γ-PKC is modulated by the background genotype. These results stress the necessity of understanding interactions with genetic background when interpreting the effects of single gene mutations on complex behavioral traits.
Circular dichroism study of enzymatic manipulation on magnetic and metallic DNA template nanowires

Abstract Circular dichroism spectroscopy (CD) was used to examine the mechanism of endonuclease clipping and ligation of the DNA template nanowires. The biomolecular manipulation of the DNA template is compared for both metallic (Au) and magnetic (Fe 2 O 3 and CoFe 2 O 4 ) nanowires. The dependence of nanoparticle (NP) concentration on enzymatic clipping and DNA ligation was studied, in addition to performing absorbance and thermal melting experiments. Low-NP concentration preserved and digested the DNA template structure. Yet, at higher NP concentrations, the DNA template began to denature before enzyme addition. It was also observed that ligation of the digested DNA occurred more efficiently at low-NP concentrations. These results provide significant information on structural alteration and biorecognition effectiveness of the DNA template after enzymatic manipulation.
Factorization structure in coherent state approach of non-factoring higher-twist terms in hadron-hadron scattering

Abstract It is shown that a “jet” based factorization occurs at higher twist in “q+ q →γ ∗ + soft gluons” when initial coherent states are used to avoid the non-cancelling infrared divergences. This “jet” based factorization occurs through the general leading order αs(αs ln ω)n. ω is a soft infrared cutoff which characterizes the quark “jet”.
Retrograde amnesia in rats increases as a function of ECS-test interval and ECS intensity.

Abstract In one experiment three intensities of ECS were given to rats shortly after passive avoidance training. Separate groups were tested 1, 24 or 42 days later. Retrograde amnesia was observed at all ECS to test intervals for the highest intensity ECS. For the two lower intensities retrograde amnesia was not observed one day after ECS but appeared as an increasing function of the ECS to test interval. A second experiment replicated these results and demonstrated that a similar function resulted from repeated tests given 1, 24 and 42 days after ECS.
Westerns: Making the Man in Fiction and Film

Ranging from the novels of James Fenimore Cooper to Louis L'Amour, and from classic films like "Stagecoach" to spaghetti Westerns like "A Fistful of Dollars", Mitchell shows how Westerns helped assuage a series of crises in American culture. This landmark study shows that the Western owes its perennial appeal not to unchanging conventions but to the deftness with which it responds to the obsessions and fears of its audience. And no obsession, Lee Mitchell argues, has figured more prominently in the Western than what it means to be a man."Elegantly written. . . . provocative . . . characterized by [Mitchell's] own tendency to shoot from the hip".--J. Hoberman, "London Review of Books" "[Mitchell's] book would be worth reading just for the way he relates Benjamin Spock's "Baby and Child" to the postwar Western".-- "The Observer" "Integrating a careful handling of historical context with a keen eye for textual nuances, Mitchell reconstructs the Western's aesthetic tradition of the 19th century".--Aaron M. Wehner, "San Francisco Review"
Combining single-molecule manipulation and single-molecule detection

Single molecule force manipulation combined with fluorescence techniques offers much promise in revealing mechanistic details of biomolecular machinery. Here, we review force-fluorescence microscopy, which combines the best features of manipulation and detection techniques. Three of the mainstay manipulation methods (optical traps, magnetic traps and atomic force microscopy) are discussed with respect to milestones in combination developments, in addition to highlight recent contributions to the field. An overview of additional strategies is discussed, including fluorescence based force sensors for force measurement in vivo. Armed with recent exciting demonstrations of this technology, the field of combined single-molecule manipulation and single-molecule detection is poised to provide unprecedented views of molecular machinery.
A Rose by Any Other Name: Long-Term Memory Structure and Sentence Processing

Abstract The effects of sentential context and semantic memory structure during on-line sentence processing were examined by recording event-related brain potentials as individuals read pairs of sentences for comprehension. The first sentence established an expectation for a particular exemplar of a semantic category, while the second ended with (1) that expected exemplar, (2) an unexpected exemplar from the same (expected) category, or (3) an unexpected item from a different (unexpected) category. Expected endings elicited a positivity between 250 and 550 ms while all unexpected endings elicited an N400, which was significantly smaller to items from the expected category. This N400 reduction varied with the strength of the contextually induced expectation: unexpected, categorically related endings elicited smaller N400s in more constraining contexts, despite their poorer fit to context (lower plausibility). This pattern of effects is best explained as reflecting the impact of context-independent long-term memory structure on sentence processing. The results thus suggest that physical and functional similarities that hold between objects in the world—i.e., category structure—influence neural organization and, in turn, routine language comprehension processes.
Seasonal patterns in size and abundance of Phyllorhiza punctata: an invasive scyphomedusa in coastal Georgia (USA)

Phyllorhizapunctata, commonly called the Australian white spotted jellyfish, invaded the Caribbean in the 1960s, becoming established there and subsequently in the United States in the northern Gulf of Mexico (by 2000) and eastern Florida (2001). With the prevailing Loop Current flowing clockwise around the Gulf of Mexico and joining the Gulf Stream along eastern Florida, potential transport of P. punctata along the eastern seaboard of the USA could be facilitated. P. punctata medusae were collected in small numbers along the entire Georgia coast during May–November in 2007 and 2008. Medusa bell diameters increased both years from ca. 10 cm in May to ca. 33 cm in autumn. Specimens lacked zooxanthellae, as reported for medusae in the northern Gulf of Mexico and Florida. It is possible that the P. punctata medusae observed were transported from established populations to the south; however, whether or not this species is established along the Georgia coast has yet to be determined.
Dopamine (DA) Induces Selective Increases in Renal Blood Flow (RBF) Velocity in Preterm Neonates Independent of Its Effect on Blood Pressure (BP). † 937

Dopamine (DA) Induces Selective Increases in Renal Blood Flow (RBF) Velocity in Preterm Neonates Independent of Its Effect on Blood Pressure (BP). † 937
Biomathematical modeling and cancer immunotherapy: report of the workshop held at Bol, Island of Brač, Croatia, 20–21 June 2011

Abstract At the end of June 2011, mathematicians, physicians and biomedical scientists met for a 2-day workshop at Bol, Island of Brac, Croatia. The purpose of the event was to evaluate the role of mathematical models as practical tools for optimizing cancer immunotherapy. Participants reviewed recent advances in the field and addressed potential causes of the lack of predictable clinical outcomes. They agreed that there is a need for treatments tailored to the individual patient based on the patient's ability to respond. Dynamic mathematical models based on the available understanding of interactions between the tumor, immunity and therapeutic intervention and ‘trained’ on the actual clinical data could help stratify patients before treatment and predict individual responses to ongoing treatment. In addition, mathematical models could assist in selecting the most beneficial individualized treatment modifications. Participants established a collaborative network to test some of the ideas discussed at the workshop and decided to review progress at the next meeting in Croatia in 2012.
The vacuum hot pressing behavior of silicon carbide fibers coated with nanocrystalline Ti-6Al-4V

Abstract The vacuum hot pressing (VHP) of silicon carbide monofilaments coated with nanocrystalline Ti–6Al–4V has been studied. During consolidation, very high densification rates were observed, even at temperatures and pressures well below those normally used for processing conventional Ti–6Al–4V. From the cross-sections of partially consolidated specimens, the evolution of coated fiber–fiber contacts and pore shapes were determined. The pores were found to be cusp-shaped throughout the consolidation process. Columns of coated fibers were observed to form along the loading direction and resulted in regions of locally high fiber volume fraction. Simulations of the VHP experiments were performed using a model which incorporated time and temperature dependent microstructure relationships. In the model, the initial densification was based upon a recent micromechanical contact analysis for a metal coated fiber. Final stage densification was analyzed by modifying the Qian et al. strain rate potential for a power law creeping body containing isolated cusp-shaped pores. Overall, the simulations compared well with the experimental density data, although the load supported by the regions of locally high fiber volume fraction resulted in the model slightly overestimating the observed densification time response.