cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical Methods for Large-Scale Dynamic Economic Models

Abstract We survey numerical methods that are tractable in dynamic economic models with a finite, large number of continuous state variables. (Examples of such models are new Keynesian models, life-cycle models, heterogeneous-agents models, asset-pricing models, multisector models, multicountry models, and climate change models.) First, we describe the ingredients that help us to reduce the cost of global solution methods. These are efficient nonproduct techniques for interpolating and approximating functions (Smolyak, stochastic simulation, and e -distinguishable set grids), accurate low-cost monomial integration formulas, derivative-free solvers, and numerically stable regression methods. Second, we discuss endogenous grid and envelope condition methods that reduce the cost and increase accuracy of value function iteration. Third, we show precomputation techniques that construct solution manifolds for some models’ variables outside the main iterative cycle. Fourth, we review techniques that increase the accuracy of perturbation methods: a change of variables and a hybrid of local and global solutions. Finally, we show examples of parallel computation using multiple CPUs and GPUs including applications on a supercomputer. We illustrate the performance of the surveyed methods using a multiagent model. Many codes are publicly available.
Asymmetric inheritance of mTORC1 kinase activity during division dictates CD8+ T cell differentiation

The asymmetric partitioning of fate-determining proteins has been shown to contribute to the generation of CD8(+) effector and memory T cell precursors. Here we demonstrate the asymmetric partitioning of mTORC1 activity after the activation of naive CD8(+) T cells. This results in the generation of two daughter T cells, one of which shows increased mTORC1 activity, increased glycolytic activity and increased expression of effector molecules. The other daughter T cell has relatively low mTORC1 activity and increased lipid metabolism, expresses increased amounts of anti-apoptotic molecules and subsequently displays enhanced long-term survival. Mechanistically, we demonstrate a link between T cell antigen receptor (TCR)-induced asymmetric expression of amino acid transporters and RagC-mediated translocation of mTOR to the lysosomes. Overall, our data provide important insight into how mTORC1-mediated metabolic reprogramming affects the fate decisions of T cells.
Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis and Liver Transplantation

The growing epidemic of obesity has led to an increase in the number of patients developing end-stage liver disease related to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). In fact, NASH is now the second-leading etiology for liver transplantation in the USA. In this context, interest is growing in understanding the outcomes of liver transplantation in patients with NASH. Current data suggest that the short- and medium-term outcomes for NASH patients post-transplantation are not different from those for other recipients. Nevertheless, patients with NASH and diabetes may have higher risk post-transplantation for de novo diabetes. Caregivers must be vigilant post-transplant for the development of de novo diabetes regardless of their pre-transplant status. NASH patients also seem to have a lower functional status post-transplant. There are conflicting data regarding the outcome of morbidly obese patients with NASH who undergo liver transplantation. The pre-transplant management of these patients with surgical weight loss is reported, but caution must be exercised in considering them for transplant.
Epigenetics: Cell-type methylomes in the root.

A new study combines cell sorting with DNA methylation and RNA profiling to identify novel epigenomic features in plant roots.
The Survey on the Bird Community around the Hangzhou Bay Bridge in China

In order to establish birds baseline information for the local management government,we conducted bird surveyed around Hangzhou Bay Bridge at the East-West Lake of the north wetland in Haining,the east of Cixi temple of the south wetland and the Sizaopu reservoir in Cixi( Fig. 1). A total of 163 species 71 589 birds belonging to 45 families were recorded( Table 1). Among them,105 species belong to Passeriformes and the rest 58 species belong to non-Passeriformes; 38 species are resident,12 species are summer visitors,65 species are winter visitors and 48 species are migrants. Two species Oriental White Stork( Ciconia boyciana) and Black-faced Spoonbill( Platalea minor) are recognized as endangered species by the China Red Data Book of Endanger Animals( Aves). The numbers and species of the waterbirds at the 3 sites varied with season changewith different dominant species. The species richness and abundance of birds were highest in spring,lowest in summer,medium in autumn and winter. Total of 55 birds had been recovered in the Hangzhou Bay over 30 years banded in Australia,New Zealand,Shanghai of China,Taiwan of China and Shandong of China. Based on the information provided by the band banding,most shorebirds were overwintering in Australian,New Zealand and Taiwan of China. That indicates that the Hangzhou Bay is an important stopover sites for the migratory birds,especially for the shorebirds.
The European Dimension: Comparisons and Contrasts with Asia

Once President Reagan had announced his intention to seek a defence against ballistic missiles, the first specific theatre on which analysts began to speculate was Europe. Indeed, in the March speech, Reagan referred to the protection of the United States and its allies with a missile defence, and by this he meant primarily NATO. Issues involved in proposals of missile defence for NATO are similar to those involved in debates over Asia, and where differences exist, they illustrate important aspects of the debate. This chapter will provide a short summary of the SDI issues affecting Europe, including a discussion of extended deterrence and a review of the ATBM debate, and will examine similarities and distinctions between the European and Asian-Pacific theatres.
Family structure in relation to health and disease. A review of the literature.

Family structure in relation to health and disease is reviewed. Par ental deprivation appears to be associated with some psychiatric and psychosomatic diseases such as suicide tuberculosis and accidents. A follow-up study of orphans is needed. The study of the relation of sibs hip size to health and disease has been relatively unproductive because of the multitude of interacting variables. The ratio of the number of eldest children to number of youngest children in a sample has proved to be a useful tool. Persons with duodenal ulcers have low ratios while persons eminent in intellectual pursuits people with asthma and patients with tuberculosis tend towards high ratios. That marital status has a marked relation to over-all mortality is most striking with respect to tuberculosis suicide and other violent deaths influenza and pneumonia syphilis and its sequelae and cirrhosis of the liver. The association between rheumatoid arthritis and termination of marriage with regard to morbidity is notable particularly for men. Methodologic problems are discussed.
Is There a Correlation between Religion and Wife Beating? An Empirical Study of 11 Countries

Wife beating, spousal abuse, domestic violence, or whatever else you want to call it, has been around for centuries, probably since the beginning of human existence. There are several reasons why this kind of behavior exists, but the present paper will not get into those reasons. For more on this aspect of the topic, see the items listed in the reference section of this paper. The goal of the present paper is more modest, to merely measure the extent of support for wife beating, and determine whether wife beating is more acceptable in some religions than in others. In order to be included in this study, a country had to have a large Muslim population and also a large non-Muslim population. The most recent wave of World Values Surveys examined 60 countries. Of those, 11 countries had both a large Muslim population and a large non-Muslim population. The present paper is part of a series on wife beating. Studies in this series examine male and female views on wife beating to determine if women think differently about this issue than men; a longitudinal study to determine whether wife beating has become more or less popular over time; two studies that examine the relationship between religion and wife beating; a study that ranks the acceptability of wife beating in 60 countries; and a study of attitudes toward wife beating in the United States. Links to these studies are provided in the reference section of this paper.
Crystal Structure of Leiomodin 2 in Complex with Actin: A Structural and Functional Reexamination

Abstract Leiomodins (Lmods) are a family of actin filament nucleators related to tropomodulins (Tmods), which are pointed end-capping proteins. Whereas Tmods have alternating tropomyosin- and actin-binding sites (TMBS1, ABS1, TMBS2, ABS2), Lmods lack TMBS2 and half of ABS1, and present a C-terminal extension containing a proline-rich domain and an actin-binding Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein homology 2 (WH2) domain that is absent in Tmods. Most of the nucleation activity of Lmods resides within a fragment encompassing ABS2 and the C-terminal extension. This fragment recruits actin monomers into a polymerization nucleus. Here, we revise a recently reported structure of this region of Lmod2 in complex with actin and provide biochemical validation for the newly revised structure. We find that instead of two actin subunits connected by a single Lmod2 polypeptide, as reported in the original structure, the P1 unit cell contains two nearly identical copies of actin monomers, each bound to Lmod2's ABS2 and WH2 domain, with no electron density connecting these two domains. Moreover, we show that the two actin molecules in the unit cell are related to each other by a local twofold noncrystallographic symmetry axis, a conformation clearly distinct from that of actin subunits in the helical filament. We further find that a proposed actin-binding site within the missing connecting region of Lmod2, termed helix h1, does not bind actin in vitro and that the electron density assigned to it in the original structure corresponds instead to a WH2 domain with opposite backbone directionality. Polymerization assays using Lmod2 mutants of helix h1 and the WH2 domain support this conclusion. Finally, we find that deleting the C-terminal extension of Lmod1 and Lmod2 results in an approximately threefold decrease in the nucleation activity, which is only partially accounted for by the lack of the WH2 domain.
The 7 Habits of Highly Effective Psychopharmacologists, Part 4: Developing and Implementing the Vision

Issue: Practitioners of psychopharmacology can become highly effective by developing the habit of becoming proactive rather than reactive to the forces that play upon their practices. Furthermore, being understood by patients can enhance outcomes, especially if patients realize that side effects may come first before therapeutic actions and that a treatment plan can be developed in which both the prescriber and the patient can win.
Evolution of Induced Seismicity Due to Interactions between Thermal, Hydraulic, Mechanical and Chemical Processes in EGS Reservoirs

We explore the complex interaction of coupled thermal, hydraulic, mechanical and chemical (THMC) processes that influence the evolution of EGS reservoirs in general, and in particular with reference to strong, low-permeability reservoirs with or without relic fracturing. We define and describe dominant behaviors that evolve with the evolution of the reservoir: from short-term stimulation through mid-term production and culminating in long-term decline. The injection of fluid under pressure in a rock mass may change the effective stress at early times and result in micro seismicity induced by shear events on reactivated fractures. Changes in thermal stress and chemical changes in the mid- to long-term injection period may also generate seismic activity at later times. In most geothermal reservoirs the induced seismicity results from fluid injection and migrates within the reservoir with time as driven by the various interactions of thermal, hydraulic, mechanical and chemical processes. These processes migrate through the reservoir as fronts at a variety of different length-scales and timescales. We use a continuum model of reservoir evolution subject to coupled THMC processes to explore the evolution of stimulation- and production-induced seismicity in a prototypical EGS reservoir. The model which is discussed here is capable of accommodating changes in stress that result from change in fluid pressure as well as thermal stress and chemical effects. This model is applied to both a single injector and doublet geometry to explore the spatial and temporal migration for triggering of seismicity as stimulation evolves into production. We use varied fracture network geometries in our models to examine various stimulation and production scenarios. The individual models are realized by different fracture density, fracture distribution (~1m to 100m) and spacing between fractures (~1m to 10m). The approach is successfully calibrated against short-term observations in the Cooper Basin (Australia) and applied to explore the expected evolution of moment magnitude and the triggering of seismicity. Modeled b-values (~0.68 to 0.72) at different locations and times are in good agreement with observations (~0.7 to 0.8). For longer injection periods, predicted changes in energy release generate moment magnitudes which vary from -2 to 2 for small to large fractures. Tracking of the hydrodynamic and thermal fronts illustrates a transition in the triggering of seismicity with time. At early time (days to months) – higher flow rates driven by the fluid pressure result in larger magnitude events. For later time (>1year) thermal drawdown and potentially chemical influences principally trigger the seismicity but result in a reduction in both the number of events and their magnitude. As a result of this decrease in the number of events (both large and small) both b- and a-values decrease with time.
Numerical study of solitary wave stability in cubic nonlinear Dirac equations in 1D

Abstract Recently there has occurred a controversy between the semi-analytical prediction of linear stability of the soliton of the massive Gross–Neveu model and direct numerical observations of its instability for small values of the frequency. We revisit the problem of numerical computation of this soliton, find a mechanism behind the numerical instability observed in earlier studies, and propose methods to stably compute the soliton over long times. Thus, we confirm the semi-analytical prediction of the soliton's being linearly stable.
A phenomenological study of Christian practitioners who use mindfulness

Mindfulness is the practice of present-moment awareness with nonjudgment. Mindfulness-based therapies draw from secular or Buddhist frameworks. Including other religious traditions that also incorp...
Effect of different concentrations of dietary P and Ca on plasma inorganic P and urinary P excretion using noncolostomized and colostomized broilers.

Two 5-d bioassays were conducted to explore the P physiological threshold in broilers based on plasma inorganic P (iP), urinary P and Ca, and excreta P and Ca measurements in non-colostomized and colostomized broilers fed with different concentrations of non-phytate P (NPP) and Ca. In Experiment 1, 80 40-day-old Cobb 500 non-colostomized male broilers were assorted into 8 groups consisting of 10 broilers each and placed in individual metabolic cages. Similarly, 8 colostomized broilers of same age were allotted to 8 individual metabolic cages. The experimental diets consisted of a corn soybean meal basal containing 0.17% phytate P (PP) with 8 concentrations (0.08, 0.13, 0.18, 0.23, 0.28, 0.33, 0.38, and 0.45%) of NPP. The dietary Ca concentration was maintained at 0.5% by adjusting a 185-micron particle size limestone with each concentration of added P from added calcium phosphate, dibasic, monohydrate. After Experiment 1, broilers were fed a standard grower diet for 5 d and Experiment 2 was conducted the same as Experiment 1; however, Ca was maintained at 0.9% for all test diets. Plasma iP, urinary P and Ca, and total P (TP) and Ca retention along with phytate P hydrolysis were measured. At 0.5% Ca dietary level, the inflection points for dietary NPP obtained from segmented line regression analysis for plasma iP, urinary P, and urinary Ca were 0.26% (±0.04 SE), 0.28% (±0.01 SE), and 0.30% (±0.04 SE), respectively. The similar values for 0.9% Ca diets were 0.27% (±0.03 SE), 0.21% (±0.03 SE), and 0.30% (±0.0 SE), respectively. In summary, the present findings suggest that an increased dietary NPP would increase plasma inorganic P concentration along with increased % retention of TP and NPP until the broilers reach a point of physiological steady state (7.51 mg iP/dL - 8.13 mg iP/dL as found in this study). Excess P beyond physiological threshold is eliminated in urine coupled with decreased % retention.
Strategies for building a Farsi-English SMT system from limited resources.

Abstract : One of the recent tasks for machine translation research has been development of translation capabilities in a time frame as short as 100 days. Such a task requires developers to consider what can be done with relatively small amounts of data in a small time frame. This inherently limits the type and complexity of the effort to be devoted to this task. In this paper we will focus on the kinds of improvements for a Farsi-to- English translation system achieved by means of algorithmic changes, adding raw, domain-unspecific resources, and unsupervised morphological segmentation. The cumulative effect of these measures has been an improvement in BLEU scores of about 25% relative on an internal test set.
Rethinking Ecology in the Western Philosophical Tradition: Heidegger and/on Aristotle

This paper offers a reading of Heidegger's 1931 lectures on Aristotle's Metaphysics, Theta 1-3 that relates that discussion to Heidegger's later work on The Question Concerning Technology and then, more briefly, to contemporary philosophical discussions of ecological issues. This reading is intended to open the possibility of using Heidegger's re-interpretation of Aristotle as a source within the Western European tradition for understanding our relationship to the natural world in a way that could provide the philosophical tools for addressing ecological problems more adequately and effectively.
Variations of L- and D-amino acid levels in the brain of wild-type and mutant mice lacking D-amino acid oxidase activity.

d-amino acids are now recognized to be widely present in organisms and play essential roles in biological processes. Some d-amino acids are metabolized by d-amino acid oxidase (DAO), while d-Asp and d-Glu are metabolized by d-aspartate oxidase (DDO). In this study, levels of 22 amino acids and the enantiomeric compositions of the 19 chiral proteogenic entities have been determined in the whole brain of wild-type ddY mice (ddY/DAO+/+), mutant mice lacking DAO activity (ddY/DAO−/−), and the heterozygous mice (ddY/DAO+/−) using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). No significant differences were observed for l-amino acid levels among the three strains except for l-Trp which was markedly elevated in the DAO+/− and DAO−/− mice. The question arises as to whether this is an unknown effect of DAO inactivity. The three highest levels of l-amino acids were l-Glu, l-Asp, and l-Gln in all the three strains. The lowest l-amino acid level was l-Cys in ddY/DAO+/− and ddY/DAO−/− mice, while l-Trp showed the lowest level in ddY/DAO+/+mice. The highest concentration of d-amino acid was found to be d-Ser, which also had the highest % d value (~ 25%). d-Glu had the lowest % d value (~ 0.01%) in all the three strains. Significant differences of d-Leu, d-Ala, d-Ser, d-Arg, and d-Ile were observed in ddY/DAO+/− and ddY/DAO−/− mice compared to ddY/DAO+/+ mice. This work provides the most complete baseline analysis of l- and d-amino acids in the brains of ddY/DAO+/+, ddY/DAO+/−, and ddY/DAO−/− mice yet reported. It also provides the most effective and efficient analytical approach for measuring these analytes in biological samples. This study provides fundamental information on the role of DAO in the brain and may be relevant for future development involving novel drugs for DAO regulation.
Mannitol and Hypertonic Saline Reduce Swelling and Modulate Inflammatory Markers in a Rat Model of Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) leaves most survivors dependent at follow-up. The importance of promoting M2-like microglial responses is increasingly recognized as a key element to ameliorate brain injury following ICH. The osmotherapeutic agents, mannitol and hypertonic saline (HTS), which are routinely used to reduce intracranial pressure, have been shown to reduce neuroinflammation in experimental ischemic and traumatic brain injury, but anti-inflammatory effects of osmotherapies have not been investigated in ICH. We studied the effects of iso-osmotic mannitol and HTS in rat models of ICH utilizing high-dose and moderate-dose collagenase injections into the basal ganglia, associated with high and low mortality, respectively. We studied the effects of osmotherapies, first given 5 h after ICH induction, and then administered every 12 h thereafter (4 doses total). Immunohistochemistry was used to quantify microglial activation and polarization. Compared to controls, mannitol and HTS increased plasma osmolarity 1 h after infusion (301 ± 1.5, 315 ± 4.2 and 310 ± 2.0 mOsm/kg, respectively), reduced mortality at 48 h (82, 36 and 53%, respectively), and reduced hemispheric swelling at 48 h (32, 21, and 17%, respectively). In both perihematomal and contralateral tissues, mannitol and HTS reduced activation of microglia/macrophages (abundance and morphology of Iba1 + cells), and in perihematomal tissues, they reduced markers of the microglia/macrophage M1-like phenotype (nuclear p65, TNF, and NOS2), increased markers of the microglia/macrophage M2-like phenotype (arginase, YM1, and pSTAT3), and reduced infiltration of CD45 + cells. Repeated dosing of osmotherapeutics at regular intervals may be a useful adjunct to reduce neuroinflammation following ICH.
Maintaining therapeutic progress in multiple myeloma by integrating genetic and biological advances into the clinic.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Utilizing advances in genetic and immunologic analysis to segment and direct treatment is potentially a way of maintaining therapeutic progress toward cure in multiple myeloma (MM). This approach works well using clinical segments but can be optimized using recent genetic and immunologic technologies, which have opened the possibility of enhancing risk stratification and disease subclassification.Areas covered: This position paper discusses strategies to segment myeloma into subgroups with distinct risk profiles and distinct targetable lesions are presented.Expert commentary: Risk stratified treatment of MM is already a clinical reality that can be enhanced by the developmental of unified segmentation and testing approaches. Mutation-targeted treatment has proven to be effective against the RAS pathway, but is compromised by intra-clonal and spatiotemporal heterogeneity. Identifying new disease segments based on tumor biology or immunological content of the microenvironment offers an...
Theory of the α − γ Phase Transition in Metallic Cerium

A simple model for the $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ phase transition in Ce is presented. It is based on the change of occupation number of the $f$ levels, which are assumed to be atomiclike in character, i.e., highly correlated and with a very narrow bandwidth. The change in occupation number is, as a function of temperature, caused by the short-range part of the electron-electron interaction. The theory allows for the existence of a critical point. With the assumption of a linear relationship between $f$-level occupation numbers and lattice constant, pressure-latticeconstant isotherms are calculated. Curves for the paramagnetic susceptibility as a function of pressure and temperature are also presented.
The Effectiveness of Acarbose in the Reduction of Diabetic Symptoms and Neuropathic Complications in a NIDDM Animal Model

Acarbose was administered to Wistar fatty diabetic rats to reduce the symptoms of diabetes and thus the neuropathic complications of the hyperglycemic state. All diets were composed of Purina 5008 chow, containing 10% confectioners sugar and the appropriate concentrations of acarbose. Six groups of rats were used: (a) nonfatty control (no acarbose); (b) fatty control (no acarbose); (c) fatty treated with acarbose (20 mg/100 g diet) from the beginning of the experiment; (d) fatty treated with acarbose (40 mg/100 g diet) from the beginning of the experiment; (e) fatty allowed to remain diabetic for 10 weeks, then treated with acarbose (20 mg/100 g diet); and (f) fatty allowed to remain diabetic for 10 weeks, then treated with acarbose (40 mg/100 g diet). Wistar fatty diabetic rats normally become diabetic at about 10 weeks of age [1, 2] when maintained on a 6%-fat diet. The dietary regimen in this experiment began as the animals were about to become diabetic (9 weeks of age) and continued for 20 weeks beyond that point on the above regimens.
Analyzing Tandem Mass Spectra Using the DRIP Toolkit: Training, Searching, and Post-Processing

Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is a high-throughput technology used to identify the proteins present in a complex, biological sample. Critical to MS/MS is the ability to accurately identify the peptide responsible for producing each observed spectrum. Recently, a dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) approach was shown to achieve state-of-the-art accuracy for this peptide identification problem. Modeling the stochastic process by which a peptide produces an MS/MS spectrum, this DBN for Rapid Identification of Peptides (DRIP) uses probabilistic inference to efficiently determine the most probable alignment between a peptide and an observed spectrum. DRIP's dynamic alignment strategy improves upon standard "static" alignment strategies, which rely on fixed quantization of the temporal axis of MS/MS data, in several significant ways. In particular, DRIP allows learning non-linear shifts of the temporal axis and, owing to the generative nature of the model, accurate feature extraction for substantially improved discriminative analysis (i.e., Percolator post-processing), all of which are supported in the DRIP Toolkit (DTK). Herein we describe how DTK may be used to significantly improve MS/MS identification accuracy, as well as DTK's interactive features for fine-grained analysis, including on the fly inference and plotting attributes.
Imaging theory and mitigation in extreme anisoplanatism

When imaging over long horizontal paths it is often the case that the isoplanatic patch size is on the order of, or smaller than, the diffraction-limited sampling rate of the imaging system. In these scenarios it is also common for the atmospheric Fried parameter to be only slightly smaller than aperture size. If the integrated turbulence strength is relatively low the main effect of the turbulence volume is to introduce shift-variant tip and tilt distortions to what is otherwise clear image. I refer to this condition as extreme anisoplanatism. In this talk, I will outline a theory for this anisoplanatic image formation following a light-field approach. Also, I will provide some insights into the performance of some image recovery techniques in the presence of extreme anisoplanatism. Finally, I will suggest how angular diversity may be used as a technique for improving scene recovery in these conditions.
Challenges in Dealing with Conflict of Interest

The issue of conflict of interest has long been a point of discussion for all aspects of cardiovascular medicine and surgery (including research, education, guidelines etc). The transfer of resourc...
Preparation, Characterization and Antioxidant Evaluation of Poorly Soluble Polyphenol-Loaded Nanoparticles for Cataract Treatment

Cataract, one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide, is a condition in which complete or partial opacity develops in the lens of the eyes, thereby impairing vision. This study aimed to examine the potential therapeutic and protective effects of poorly soluble polyphenols like curcumin, resveratrol, and dibenzoylmethane, known to possess significant antioxidant activity. The polyphenols were loaded into novel lipid-cyclodextrin-based nanoparticles and characterized by particle size, polydispersity index, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), entrapment efficiency, and release studies. Ferric-reducing ability of plasma and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl chemical assays were used to evaluate their antioxidant properties based on their free radical quenching ability. Biochemical in vitro assays were used to examine these polyphenols on hydrogen peroxide-induced formation of cataracts in bovine lenses by estimating total glutathione content and superoxide dismutase activity. Nanoparticles were thermostable and amorphous. Particle size of curcumin, resveratrol, and dibenzoylmethane nanoparticles were 331.0 ± 17.9 nm, 329.9 ± 1.9 nm, and 163.8 ± 3.2 nm, respectively. SEM confirmed porous morphology and XRD confirmed physical stability. Entrapment efficiency for curcumin-, resveratrol-, and dibenzoylmethane-loaded nanoparticles was calculated to be 84.4 ± 2.4%, 72.2 ± 1.5%, and 86.4 ± 0.6%, respectively. In vitro release studies showed an initial burst release followed by a continuous release of polyphenols from nanoparticles. Chemical assays confirmed the polyphenols’ antioxidant activity. Superoxide dismutase and glutathione levels were found to be significantly increased (p < 0.05) after treatment with polyphenol-loaded nanoparticles than pure polyphenols; thus, an improved antioxidant activity translational into potential anticataract activity of the polyphenols when loaded into nanoparticles was observed as compared to pure polyphenols.
Decomposition of sediment-oil-agglomerates in a Gulf of Mexico sandy beach

Sediment-oil-agglomerates (SOA) are one of the most common forms of contamination impacting shores after a major oil spill; and following the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) accident, large numbers of SOAs were buried in the sandy beaches of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. SOAs provide a source of toxic oil compounds, and although SOAs can persist for many years, their long-term fate was unknown. Here we report the results of a 3-year in-situ experiment that quantified the degradation of standardized SOAs buried in the upper 50 cm of a North Florida sandy beach. Time series of hydrocarbon mass, carbon content, n-alkanes, PAHs, and fluorescence indicate that the decomposition of golf-ball-size DWH-SOAs embedded in beach sand takes at least 32 years, while SOA degradation without sediment contact would require more than 100 years. SOA alkane and PAH decay rates within the sediment were similar to those at the beach surface. The porous structure of the SOAs kept their cores oxygen-replete. The results reveal that SOAs buried deep in beach sands can be decomposed through relatively rapid aerobic microbial oil degradation in the tidally ventilated permeable beach sand, emphasizing the role of the sandy beach as an aerobic biocatalytical reactor at the land-ocean interface.
The Underpinnings of Ageism: Multiple Mediational Model of Epistemological Style, Social Dominance Orientation, Right-Wing Authoritarianism, and Ageist Attitudes

This study seeks to understand the psychological factors that may contribute to the development and endorsement of ageist belief systems. Dual process theory is used to examine how one’s worldview, beliefs in social hierarchy, authoritarian aggression, authoritarian submission, and conventionalism predict ageist attitudes. Participants living in the United States (n = 407) in 49 states and territories were recruited through this online national study and completed surveys of their ageist beliefs, epistemological style, social dominance orientation (SDO), and right-wing authoritarianism (RWA). RWA, SDO, and naive realism were all positively associated with ageist beliefs. A hypothesized path model and two alternative models suggested the retention of a model whereby naive realism led to RWA, which led to SDO, and finally to ageism. All possible direct and indirect effects were significant within the retained model, suggesting the presence of a multiple mediation. The fit of this model was superior to that of models testing alternative theoretical causal chains. Naive realism may lead to authoritarian aggression, authoritarian submission, and conventionalism, which may then increase the value that people place on social hierarchies, and this may influence the development and retention of ageist beliefs. Helping people to understand what their basic beliefs about the world are and how they may play a role in the development of ageism may assist in reducing ageist attitudes.
USPTO Patent Number and Case Code File Dataset Documentation

Researchers studying the U.S. patent litigation system have typically had to rely on proprietary, commercial databases to retrieve comprehensive lists of litigated patents and associated case information, precluding publication of underlying data and the verification of study results. In other situations, researchers have used incomplete datasets, potentially resulting in biased results. In order to overcome these limitations, the authors and their research teams reviewed every available initial complaint and related documents in roughly 99 percent of all patent cases filed in U.S. district courts between 2003 and 2016 in order to generate a comprehensive list of litigated patents in those cases. In addition, the authors and their teams coded the case “type” for all of these actions, such as infringement, declaratory judgment, false marking, ownership dispute, malpractice, among others. The resulting dataset can be downloaded in bulk and be used and reproduced with no licensing restrictions. These data have been married to USPTO’s Patent Litigation Docket Reports Dataset, which provides full case and docket information for every one of these cases. Thus, for the first time, researchers can now use a single, comprehensive dataset of patents, case types, and related case information to conduct empirical studies of patent litigation in the U.S. district courts.
19 – Seismic Analysis of Piles

Publisher Summary This chapter begins by providing a general understanding on seismology. Due to the movement of the pile cap, piles are subjected to additional shear forces and bending moments. Earthquakes occur as a result of disturbances occurring inside the earth's crust. Earthquakes produce three main types of waves—primary waves, secondary waves, and surface waves. Faults are the fractures where a block of earth has moved relative to the other. They are a common occurrence in the earth. Peak ground acceleration is a very important parameter for geotechnical engineers. During an earthquake, soil particles accelerate. Acceleration of soil particles can be either horizontal or vertical. Earthquakes can cause additional bending moments and shear forces on piles. Earthquake-induced bending moments and shear forces can be categorized into three types: kinematic loads, inertial loads, and loads due to liquefaction. Seismic waves travel at different velocities in different soils. Because of these differences, piles are subjected to bending and shear forces. This bending is known as kinematic pile bending. The chapter describes pile design for each load.
Ploidy Leads a Molecular Motor to Walk Different Paths to Drug Resistance.

In this issue of Cell Chemical Biology, Pisa et al. (2020) find that haploid and diploid cells differentially develop resistance to the CENP-E inhibitor GSK923295. The results highlight the power of tumor cells to evade growth inhibition and potentially inform the design of next-generation CENP-E drugs to overcome resistance.
Demonstration of the lateral AC skin effect using a pickup coil

We present a simple demonstration of the skin effect by observing the current distribution in a wide rectangular strip conductor driven at frequencies in the 0.25–5 kHz range. We measure the amplitude and phase of the current distribution as a function of the transverse position and find that they agree well with numerical simulations: The current hugs the edges of the strip conductor with a significant variation in phase across the width. The experimental setup is simple, uses standard undergraduate physics instructional laboratory equipment, and is easy to implement as a short in-class demonstration. Our study is motivated by modeling ac magnetic near fields in the vicinity of a rectangular trace on an atom chip.
Evolution of Subtropical Pacific‐Onset El Niño: How its Onset Location Controls its Decay Evolution

Author(s): Kim, JW; Yu, JY | Abstract: In the observations, El Nino events initiated by a subtropical Pacific mechanism (SP-onset El Ninos) show larger uncertainty in their decay evolution patterns than those initiated by a tropical Pacific mechanism. A 2,200-year simulation of Community Earth System Model reproduces this observed feature and its SP-onset El Ninos are analyzed to understand the cause of the large uncertainty. Results show that the onset location of SP-onset El Nino, which interacts with the eastern edge of the western Pacific warm pool, is a key factor controlling its decay evolution. When the onset is located east (west) of 155°E, the event has a strong tendency to reverse (maintain) its phase, leading to cyclic (multiyear) evolution. These two onset locations respectively activate Indo-Pacific and tropical-subtropical Pacific interactions to give rise to the different evolution patterns. The findings offer a potential way to predict the evolution of SP-onset El Ninos using their onset locations.
Investigating the Porcupine Atlantic margin, offshore Ireland, through integration of new seismic reflection and gravity data

Abstract While the offshore Irish Atlantic margin and related rift basins have been intensively studied for several decades, the Porcupine Bank, straddling between the well-studied Porcupine and Rockall basins, is a poorly understood region due to lacking sufficient geophysical data coverage. In this study, ten newly acquired long-offset multichannel seismic profiles extending across the western Porcupine Bank margin, combined with potential field data, are used to investigate the crustal architecture, tectonic history, and rift-related magmatism along the margin. Significant margin-parallel and margin-perpendicular structural variations are observed and these are used to map the crustal architecture in terms of rifted margin domains. In the transitional zone between continental and oceanic crust, both peridotite ridges with shallow reflective basement and exhumed serpentinized mantle with deeper and smoother basement are interpreted, similar to the conjugate Iberian and Newfoundland margins, as well as further south at the Goban Spur margin. In addition to inferred variations in extension rate during poly-phased rifting episodes, the reactivation of pre-existing inherited Caledonian and Variscan structural fabrics are proposed to have influenced the variable geometries and distributions of the crustal domains along the Porcupine Atlantic margin. Northwestward increasing volcanism and related reflectivity patterns support the transition from magma-poor rifting in the southeast to magma-rich rifting in the northwest. Rigid plate reconstructions of the Irish Atlantic and the Newfoundland margins, particularly involving the Flemish Cap, back to the Early Campanian period, show asymmetric rifting and final continental breakup migrating toward the Porcupine Bank region. This asymmetry is possibly due to oblique extension between the two margins, and/or oblique deformation on the Porcupine Bank side due to its rotation during the opening of the Porcupine Basin.
Global Crises: Gendered Vulnerabilities of Structural Inequality, Environmental Performance, and Modern Slavery

Climate change and modern slavery are two of the most significant human rights crises of our time. Women and children are disproportionately vulnerable to such crises, which are intensified under inequitable social conditions and driven by structural barriers to female equality. No research has yet looked at the complex relationship between climate crisis, structural gender inequality, human insecurity, and vulnerability to modern slavery. Our research examined the relationship between environmental stressors associated with climate change, selected structural inequalities, and the estimated prevalence of modern slavery cases across 180 countries. Regression analysis revealed significant results. These findings suggest that indicators of poor environmental health may exacerbate structural social inequalities and increase women’s risk of falling victim to modern slavery. Results showed that women’s share of seats in parliament, education for women, tree cover loss, agricultural management, and air quality assumed more substantial roles in this prediction. Awareness of the unique relationship between environmental indicators of climate change, gender inequality, and modern slavery provides a meaningful contribution to our understanding of factors driving human exploitation. Additionally, we propose a gender analysis of environmental stressors to address both the climate crisis and structural inequalities that increases female vulnerability to insecurity.
Profile of respiratory syncytial virus prefusogenic fusion protein nanoparticle vaccine.

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is a leading cause of acute lower respiratory infections worldwide. The RSV fusion (F) glycoprotein is a major focus of vaccine development. Despite over 60 years ...
Six new species of the Oriental genus Hlavaciellus Jałoszyński (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae).

Six new species of the cephenniine genus Hlavaciellus Jaloszynski are described: H. cincinnalis sp. n. (Malaysia: Sabah); H. carinatus sp. n. (Malaysia: Pahang); H. microtuberculatus sp. n. (Malaysia: Pahang); H. diversipilosus sp. n. (Malaysia: Pahang); H. concavus sp. n. (Indonesia: Sumatra); and H. sumatranus sp. n. (Indonesia: Sumatra). An updated key to identification of males of all nominal species of Hlavaciellus is given.
Mendelian randomization analysis of arsenic metabolism and pulmonary function within the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos

Arsenic exposure has been linked to poor pulmonary function, and inefficient arsenic metabolizers may be at increased risk. Dietary rice has recently been identified as a possible substantial route of exposure to arsenic, and it remains unknown whether it can provide a sufficient level of exposure to affect pulmonary function in inefficient metabolizers. Within 12,609 participants of HCHS/SOL, asthma diagnoses and spirometry-based measures of pulmonary function were assessed, and rice consumption was inferred from grain intake via a food frequency questionnaire. After stratifying by smoking history, the relationship between arsenic metabolism efficiency [percentages of inorganic arsenic (%iAs), monomethylarsenate (%MMA), and dimethylarsinate (%DMA) species in urine] and the measures of pulmonary function were estimated in a two-sample Mendelian randomization approach (genotype information from an Illumina HumanOmni2.5-8v1-1 array), focusing on participants with high inferred rice consumption. Among never-smoking high inferred consumers of rice (n = 1395), inefficient metabolism was associated with past asthma diagnosis and forced vital capacity below the lower limit of normal (LLN) (OR 1.40, p = 0.0212 and OR 1.42, p = 0.0072, respectively, for each percentage-point increase in %iAs; OR 1.26, p = 0.0240 and OR 1.24, p = 0.0193 for %MMA; OR 0.87, p = 0.0209 and OR 0.87, p = 0.0123 for the marker of efficient metabolism, %DMA). Among ever-smoking high inferred consumers of rice (n = 1127), inefficient metabolism was associated with peak expiratory flow below LLN (OR 1.54, p = 0.0108/percentage-point increase in %iAs, OR 1.37, p = 0.0097 for %MMA, and OR 0.83, p = 0.0093 for %DMA). Less efficient arsenic metabolism was associated with indicators of pulmonary dysfunction among those with high inferred rice consumption, suggesting that reductions in dietary arsenic could improve respiratory health.
Defining the microbiome of the head and neck: A contemporary review.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this paper is to define the microbiome of the head and neck by characterizing and distinguishing the commensal bacteria from pathogenic species. Study design Literature review. Methods Pubmed and Google scholar databases were queried for relevant articles. Keywords such as “middle ear microbiome”, “outer ear microbiome”, “sinonasal microbiome”, “tonsil microbiome”, and “laryngeal microbiome” were utilized separately to identify articles pertaining to each topic of study. All applicable abstracts were chosen for initial review and relevant abstracts were then selected for review of the full texts. Articles that did not study the human microbiome, those not written primarily in English, those that were not readily available for full review, and case reports were excluded from the study. Results Limited studies that investigate the microbial environments of isolated anatomic subsites in the head and neck exist, however the comprehensive microbiome of the head and neck has yet to be completely defined. Based on this review, various studies of the ears, larynx, tonsils and sinus microbiomes exist and yield valuable information, however they are limited in scope and anatomic subsite. In this literature review, these studies are compiled in order to create a comprehensive text inclusive of the known microbial elements of the major anatomic subsites of the head and neck, namely the tonsils, larynx, sinus, outer ear and middle ear. Conclusions The significance of the human microbiome in identifying and preventing disease has been established in various physiologic systems, however there is limited research on the microbiome of the head and neck. Understanding the microbiome of the head and neck can help differentiate disease-prone patients from normal patients and guide treatment regimens and antibiotic usage, to aid in resistance control and limit adverse effects of antibiotic overuse. Understanding the elements that lead to dysbiosis can help treat and even prevent common conditions as tonsillitis and rhinosinusitis. In this review, we provide a comprehensive review to serve as an initial background for future studies to define the head and neck microbiome distinguished by all relevant subsites.