cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of additional fermions and gauge bosons on Re(ϵ′/ϵ)

Abstract The CP-violation parameter Re(ϵ′/ϵ) has previously been calculated in the standard model and the result depends on the top quark mass mt in an exciting way. We consider how the result is modified in two specific extensions of the standard model. The first adds only fermions, an extra vector-like quark doublet, and tends to reduce Re(ϵ′/ϵ). The second contains three extended fermion families with the third family treated differently and additional gauge bosons, in the 331 model, and can accommodate larger values of Re(ϵ′/ϵ) for a given mt. When the experimental values of mt and Re(ϵ′/ϵ) are known more accurately, it will allow discrimination between theories. If the lower experimental number Re(ϵ′/ϵ) = (0.74±0.60) × 10−3 (Fermilab, E731) is confirmed and mt is near the expected value the standard model is acceptable. But, if the higher value Re(ϵ′/ϵ) = (2.3±0.65) × 10−3 (CERN, NA31) persists and mt is around 150 GeV, a dynamics like the 331 model which treats the third family differently from the first two and contains additional gauge bosons seems to be favored.
Experimentation with heteroskedastic noise

The direction of information with respect to the choice variable can easily change under a general class of distributions. The implication is that, when information is a function of the choice variable, the result of a model may be an outcome of the structure of the uncertainty and not of the existence of uncertainty. Thus, incomplete information does not always have such a clear effect on an agent's decision as previous models have suggested. If such results are key to the conclusions, then the structure of the model should be examined. The model presented here can be used to determine the relationship between information and the choice variable and to derive basic insights into the particular model being examined. It can also be used to eliminate the informational aspect of decisions so as to examine other aspects of a model, e.g., the incentive for information transmission (jamming) and other dynamic aspects (e.g., capital accumulation). Finally, the functional form of the unknown function as well as the error function are inportant in determining the direction of increased information, as the direction of increased noise can be the direction of experimentation.
Reduced cell adhesion to fibronectin and laminin is associated with altered glycosylation of β1, integrins in a weakly metastatic glycosylation mutant

A weakly metastatic wheat-germ-agglutinin-resistant mutant Wa4-b1 was previously shown to be less adherent to endothelial cell extracellular matrix than the more metastatic parental B-16 melanoma cells. This report describes reduced adhesion and spreading of Wa4-b1 cells on the cell-binding domain of fibronectin (CBD) and laminin (LN). Cell surface receptors which mediate such interactions are members of the integrin family of membrane glycoproteins. An antibody that recognizes the beta 1 integrin subunit inhibited spreading on both the CBD and LN. The integrins of the mutant cells immunoprecipitated by the antibody appeared to be structurally altered, showing a greater electrophoretic mobility. The mobility difference between the parent and the mutant receptors was abolished following removal of the glycan moieties of the receptors enzymatically using glycopeptidase F, or chemically using trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, suggesting that the structural alteration of the mutant receptors is in glycosylation. The altered receptors may be responsible for the observed decrease in cell adhesion and spreading of the mutant cells to the CBD and LN. Such a decrease in Wa4-b1 cell interaction with extracellular matrix components may play a role in their decreased metastatic potential.
Colostral Immunoglobulin-A: Synthesis in vitro of T-Chain by Rabbit Mammary Gland

When minced mammary tissue from lactating rabbits was incubated in vitro with C14-labeled lysine and isoleucine, it incorporated radio-activity into colostral immunoglobulin A. The only portion of this colostral molecule with significant labeling was T-chain, with little or no labeling of light or heavy chains. It was thus demonstrated that T-chains are synthesized by mammary gland. Because the remainder of the molecule was derived from unlabeled material, in vivo it was probably derived from serum.
Mental patients in nursing homes. IV. Ethnic influences.

: This study was an attempt to determine the unique features of various ethnic groups which affect social relationships in nursing homes. Detailed examples are given of what was observed in the following geriatric groups during visits to nursing homes: Chinese, Armenian, Roman Catholic (one home predominantly Italian, and one run by the Little Sisters of the Poor), Jewish (one efficiently managed, and one less well managed, chiefly for the foreign-born), predominantly Negro (entire staff and more than half the patients), and Protestant (Puritan type and Currier and Ives type); in addition, an example is given of people who had grown old and were cared for in their own communities by neighbors and relatives. Some of these situations were much better than others, though overall, it was evident that loneliness, aimlessness and monotony tend to dominate the lives of most aged people in institutions. However, those who are strongly bound by ethnic, cultural and religious ties do not feel isolated, abandoned and hopeless.
Synthesis of deuterated and tritiated apogossypol

Apogossypol with deuterium or tritium in the 8 and 8′ positions can be synthesized by the base catalyzed deformylation of gossypol. The position of the labeling is established by the pmr spectrum of the material derived from the reaction of deuterium oxide and sodium deuteroxide. The specific activity of the tritiated material prepared from tritium oxide and sodium hydroxide is 110m Ci/m Mole. The methods described are also useful for the synthesis and storage of small quantities of unlabeled apogossypol.
Assay of plasma cannabidiol by capillary gas chromatography/ion trap mass spectroscopy following high-dose repeated daily oral administration in humans

Plasma levels of cannabidiol (CBD) were ascertained weekly in 14 Huntington's disease patients undergoing a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of oral CBD (10 mg/kg/day = about 700 mg/day) for 6 weeks. The assay procedure involved trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatization of CBD and the internal standard delta-6-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), capillary column gas chromatography, ion trap mass spectroscopy in positive ion chemical ionization mode using isobutane, and calculations of CBD levels based on peak ion intensity of the 387 M + H peak of delta-6-THC-TMS and the 459 M + H peak of CBD-2TMS. The sensitivity of the assay was about 500 pg/ml, and the precision was about 10-15%. Mean plasma levels of CBD ranged from 5.9-11.2 ng/ml over the 6 weeks of CBD administration. CBD levels averaged 1.5 ng/ml one week after CBD was discontinued, and were virtually undetectable thereafter. The elimination half-life of CBD was estimated to be about 2-5 days, and there were no differences between genders for half-life or CBD levels. Additionally, no plasma delta-1-THC, the major psychoactive cannabinoid of marijuana, was detected in any subject.
Clotting for the Clinician: An Overview of Thrombosis and Antithrombotic Therapy.

The use of antithrombotic therapy has taken on central importance in the field of cardiovascular disease. Currently, anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs are central to the treatment and the primary and secondary prevention of coronary artery disease. New insights into the “revised” coagulation cascade have highlighted new targets for intervention. In addition, the interactions between the coagulation system and platelets demonstrate ways that anticoagulants may affect platelet function and how antiplatelet agents may have anticoagulant effects. This overview will describe the present understanding of primary and secondary hemostasis, and current and future therapeutic approaches to modify these systems for therapeutic effects in cardiovascular medicine.
Using culture beyond its borders: the use of content-enriched instruction and the effects of input enhancement on learning in high school French classes

The American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages Standards emphasizes the integration of Communication, Cultures, Connections, Comparisons, and Communities within teaching. Content-enriched instruction aims at teaching linguistic forms within content and eases the implementation of the five Cs. The focus is at beginning levels and the content is a segment of a larger curriculum. Focus-on-form, along input enhancement techniques, can be a tool to facilitate the integration of grammatical and lexical forms within a meaningful content. This paper presents the data of 132 participants in second-year French high school courses. The study features the integration of form into culture through two teaching procedures: focus-on-form (with enhanced forms) and focus-on-meaning (with no enhancement). It addresses the following questions: (1) Are content (culture) and form (grammar and vocabulary) acquired through a beginning high school French content-enriched instruction lesson? (2) Which instructional tech...
Second-order switching time and magnitude optimization for impulsive hybrid systems

This paper presents a method to perform second-order impulsive hybrid system optimization that optimizes a cost functional over mode transition times and impulse magnitudes simultaneously. The derivation of the first-order and second-order derivatives of the cost functional with respect to switching times and impulse magnitudes is presented. An adjoint formulation is utilized to compute the derivatives for a faster convergence at a lower computational cost. An example in robotics illustrates the effectiveness of this optimization technique when measurement noise is present.
Sex differences in the relationship between subthreshold Depression and mortality in a community sample of older adults

The authors investigated the increased risk of mortality from subthreshold depression and examined differences in risk by gender. Data from the Duke University Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly (EPESE) longitudinal study of 4,162 community-dwelling adults age 65 or older were used for these analyses. Depression was measured with a modified version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES–D). Three follow-up periods were assessed, 1986–1989, 1989–1992, and 1992–1996. Using logistic regression, they determined the odds of mortality from both CES–D depression (≥9 symptoms) and subthreshold depression (6–8 symptoms) by sex for each follow-up period, controlling for sociodemographic factors, physical and cognitive health and functioning, and health behaviors. CES–D depression was not associated with mortality in either men or women. Subthreshold depression was also not associated with mortality in men; in women, however, subthreshold depression was negatively related to mortality (OR = 0.60; p=0.002) across the three periods. Subthreshold depression may result in different outcomes in women, possibly mediating against mortality.
Ecological and Phylogenetic Effects on Song Sharing in Songbirds

As a consequence of vocal learning, the songs of male songbirds often vary geographically. We examined three proximate hypotheses that predict variation in the incidence of local song sharing among species: the annual cycle, breeding season duration, and epiphenomenon hypotheses. To test these hypotheses, we compiled data from the literature on local song sharing, annual cycle, breeding location isophane (an index of breeding season duration), repertoire size, and phylogenetic relationships of 65 populations in the family Fringillidae. Mapping characters on the phylogenetic tree revealed that local song sharing, migratory status, and breeding location isophane were randomly distributed on the phylogeny. Breeding isophane and migratory status were themselves correlated and had significant effects on the probability of sharing local songs. As predicted by the annual cycle and breeding season duration hypotheses, males in sedentary populations and populations breeding at low isophanes were more likely to share local songs. In subsets of the data, the annual cycle hypothesis received more support than did the breeding season duration hypothesis. Neither hypothesis explained more than 17% of the variation in the incidence of song sharing, and we suggest that detailed information on song function, male dispersal, and constraints on the timing of song learning will be needed to better predict the occurrence of local song sharing.
Dominant Pollen Types Recovered From commercial Louisiana honeys

Microscopical pollen analyses of 54 commercial honey samples collected from the major beekeeping areas of Louisiana during 1967–68 showed six dominant pollen types (a dominant type considered as one contributing over 45% of the total grains counted per sample and denoting a unifloral honey). The dominant pollen types and the “ bee plant ” species associated with each pollen type are identified and described. The pollen types are illustrated with light photomicrographs. The pollen types are in order of importance:Trifolium repens, white clover;Rubus spp., blackberry and/or dewberry;Berchemia scandens, rattan vine;Salix spp., willow; Asteraceae, Sunflower family; and Sapiumsebiferum,Chinese tallow tree.
Accidental firearm fatalities among New Mexico children.

Study hypothesis: Risk factors associated with unintentional gunshot fatalities among children include gender and race of the decedent, type of firearm used, and whether loaded guns are stored within the home. Study population: All New Mexico children 0 to 14 years old unintentionally killed by a firearm between 1984 and 1988. Methods: The New Mexico Office of the Medical Investigator master mortality file was reviewed retrospectively to identify all unintentional firearm fatalities occurring in New Mexico children during a five-year period. Medical investigator, autopsy, and police reports were analyzed to identify epidemiologic factors associated with these deaths. Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were used to analyze the data. Results: Twenty-five unintentional firearm fatalities were identified. These deaths occurred most frequently among children playing with loaded firearms found within the home. A disproportionate number involved handguns. Conclusion: The study results provide a basis for preventive strategies that limit accessibility or decrease lethality of loaded firearms within the home.
Ring-Expansion Reaction of Cyano-Substituted Singlet Phenyl Nitrenes: Theoretical Predictions and Kinetic Results from Laser Flash Photolysis and Chemical Trapping Experiments

On the basis of the open-shell electronic structure of the lowest-singlet state of phenylnitrene, it is predicted that substitution of a radical-stabilizing cyano group at an ortho carbon should facilitate cyclization at that carbon, whereas cyano substitution at the para carbon should retard the rate of cyclization. These qualitative predictions have been tested computationally by performing (8/8)CASSCF and CASPT2/6-31G* ab initio calculations and experimentally by carrying out laser flash photolysis and chemical trapping studies. The calculations and experiments both find that, unlike the case with ortho fluoro and ortho methyl substituents, the rate of cyclization at a substituted carbon is not retarded by an ortho cyano group. In contrast, a para cyano group is found, both computationally and experimentally, to raise the barrier to cyclization of singlet phenylnitrene by >1 kcal/mol.
Photosynthesis in Chlorella rulgaris Cells and Protoplasts

Summary Photosynthetic activity was determined polarographically for log phase vegetative cells of Chlorella vulgaris; for pro,toplasts prepared in 4 0/o w/v Cellulysin + 0.4 M mannito-l; and for vegetative cells -I- 0.4 M mannitol without enzymes. All cells were grown in Chlorella broth, a heterotrophic medium, at 21 °C in a 15 hr light/9 hr dark cycle. Oxygen evolution and consumption was determined under 1500-1700 ,uE m-1 sec-1 of illumination. The average ,umoles 02 mg-'Chl h-1 for vegetative cells was 337, for protoplasts it was 70, and for cells in mannitol without enzyme it was 234.
THE SOCIAL CONTEXTS OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION IN SENTENCING

This paper seeks to determine whether race differences in sentencing are contingent on who is being sentenced and where that sentencing occurs. Using data from Georgia, we find that certain legally-relevant factors and the racial composition of the county condition the influence of race. However, there is no evidence that blacks are punished more harshly than whites in contexts where their criminality may appear more threatening. Indeed, certain white offenders are treated more harshly than their black counterparts. We conclude with a discussion of the importance of both structural and cultural contexts for understanding the relationship between race and sentencing. For over 50 years, observers of the criminal justice system have pondered a troubling question: Is the law color-blind, or, does it contravene the principle of equal treatment and punish persons differently depending on their race? This query is important because it raises fundamental moral, social, and legal issues. For example, both the Fourteenth Amendment and Supreme Court interpretation of the inclusive equal protection clause demonstrate the legal significance of race. Specifically, race is the only status regarded as constitutionally suspect in virtually every instance. Social theories (e.g., conflict or Marxian perspectives) that allege repressive application of criminal law contend that the race of defendants and, in some instances, their victims, affects punishment in a way that betrays constitutional injunctions. However, the results of research on this issue are mixed. Many studies have found little or no evidence of racial discrimination in sentencing, while a number of others have concluded that differences do indeed exist.' The inability to resolve this issue empirically has compelled researchers to reconceptualize the relationship between race and sentencing. Rather than determine whether racial discrimination exists, researchers have begun to address a more complex question: Precisely where and for which offenders are we likely to find evidence of race differences in sentencing (Gibson, 1978; Miethe and Moore, 1986; Peterson and Hagan, 1984; Pruitt and Wilson, 1983; Unnever and Hembroff, 1986; Zatz, 1984)? Implicit within this question is the assumption that the significance of race is not constant, but rather varies as a function of time and social space (Peterson and Hagan, 1984). The research reported here continues this line of questioning. We ask whether race differences in treatment vary as a function of who is being sentenced and where that sentencing occurs.
Cadmium Promotes Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation by Potentiating the Interaction between ERα and c-Jun

Cadmium is an environmental contaminant that enters the body through diet or cigarette smoke. It affects multiple cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Recently, cadmium has been shown to function as an endocrine disruptor, to stimulate estrogen receptor α (ERα) activity and promote uterine and mammary gland growth in mice. Although cadmium exposure has been associated with the development of breast cancer, the mechanism of action of cadmium remains unclear. To address this deficit, we examined the effects of cadmium treatment on breast cancer cells. We found that ERα is required for both cadmium-induced cell growth and modulation of gene expression. We also determined that ERα translocates to the nucleus in response to cadmium exposure. Additionally, we provide evidence that cadmium potentiates the interaction between ERα and c-Jun and enhances recruitment of this transcription factor complex to the proximal promoters of cyclin D1 and c-myc, thus increasing the...
Immunological Studies of the Luteinizing Hormone. III. Cross-reactions in Vivo

The ability of a hyperimmune antiserum to NIH ovine LH to inhibit HCG, PMSG and ovine LH was compared, and the effect of absorption of this antiserum with heterologous gonadotropins on the neutralization of LH was studied. Titration of the inhibitory capacity of the antiserum was done primarily by adaptation for antiserum assay of the test for ovarian ascorbic acid depletion in rats primed with PMSG and HCG, supplemented in part by ventral prostate weight method using hypophysectomized male rats. When inhibition of the depletion of ascorbic acid from the ovary was the basis for comparison, the amount of antiserum required to inhibit ovine LH and PMSG was nearly the same, but 60 to 30 times as much was necessary for inhibition of HCG activity. Absorption of the antiserum with ovine FSH or HCG did not significantly alter the LH neutralization titer of the antiserum, but experiments with antiserum absorbed with PMSG failed to give conclusive results, due to excess PMSG in the absorbed serum which was impossi...
Traditional resuscitative practices fail to resolve metabolic acidosis in morbidly obese patients after severe blunt trauma.

Background:Obesity is a risk factor for postinjury complications; in particular, obese patients develop multiple organ failure (MOF) at a greater rate than do normal weight counterparts. Evaluation of differences in resuscitative practices altered by body mass index (BMI) might provide an explanatio
Design and Analysis of Piezoelectric Transducer Based Resonant Actuation Systems

The objective of this research is to address some of the important design issues of the recently developed piezoelectric resonant actuation system (RAS) concept. The RAS is achieved through both mechanical and electrical tailoring. With mechanical tuning, the resonant frequencies of the actuation system (includes the piezoelectric actuator and the related mechanical and electrical elements for actuation) can be adjusted to the required actuation frequencies. This obviously will increase the authority of the actuation system. To further enhance controllability and robustness, the actuation resonant peak can be significantly broadened and flattened with electrical tailoring through the aid of an electric network of inductance, resistance, and negative capacitance. Therefore, one can achieve a high authority actuator without the negative effects of resonant systems. In this investigation, the RAS is analyzed and compared to an equivalent mechanical system to provide better physical understandings. Design guidelines of the RAS are derived in a dimensionless form, and the optimal values of the electrical components are explicitly determined. A method of implementing the actuator circuitry is proposed and realized via a digital signal processor (DSP) system. Performance of the resonant actuation system is analyzed and verified experimentally on a full-scale piezoelectric tube actuator for light class helicopter rotor control. The electric power consumption of the RAS is analyzed and discussed in terms of the power factor and apparent power. It is demonstrated that a piezoelectric resonant actuation system with proper tunings not only yields high authority with a broad frequency bandwidth but also is electrically efficient in terms of power consumption.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
A study of cumulative fatigue damage in AISI 4130 steel

Experimental data were obtained using AISI 4130 steel under stress ratios of -1 and 0. A study of cumulative fatigue damage using Miner's and Kramer's equations for stress ratios of -1 and 0 for low-high, low-high-mixed, high-low, and high-low-mixed stress sequences has revealed that there is a close agreement between the theoretical and experimental values of fatigue damage and fatigue life. Kramer's equation predicts less conservative and more realistic cumulative fatigue damage than the popularly used Miner's rule does.
Monte Carlo simulation of GaAs Schottky barrier behaviour

The transport of carriers through the space-charge region (SCR) of a GaAs Schottky barrier is studied by the Monte Carlo simulation technique. Simulation results indicate that the carrier distribution is significantly perturbed from a Max-wellian near the metal-semiconductor boundary, limiting the validity of the commonly used thermionic diffusion model. Phenomena related to the disturbed distribution include increased recombination velocity at the interface and reduced carrier concentration near the junction. The interface recombination velocity is found to be constant with applied bias and the Bethe condition is shown to be more than sufficient to ensure the validity of the thermionic emission model.
p38 MAPK signaling underlies a cell-autonomous loss of stem cell self-renewal in skeletal muscle of aged mice

Skeletal muscle aging results in a gradual loss of skeletal muscle mass, skeletal muscle function and regenerative capacity, which can lead to sarcopenia and increased mortality. Although the mechanisms underlying sarcopenia remain unclear, the skeletal muscle stem cell, or satellite cell, is required for muscle regeneration. Therefore, identification of signaling pathways affecting satellite cell function during aging may provide insights into therapeutic targets for combating sarcopenia. Here, we show that a cell-autonomous loss in self-renewal occurs via alterations in fibroblast growth factor receptor-1, p38α and p38β mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in satellite cells from aged mice. We further demonstrate that pharmacological manipulation of these pathways can ameliorate age-associated self-renewal defects. Thus, our data highlight an age-associated deregulation of a satellite cell homeostatic network and reveal potential therapeutic opportunities for the treatment of progressive muscle wasting.
Decision making: Influence of features and presentation mode upon generation of alternatives

Decision making can be defined as the process of making reasoned choices among alternatives based upon judgments consistent with the values of the decision maker. Models describing decision making generally include: identification of the problem, collection of relevant information, generation of alternatives, identification of consequences of alternatives, and selection of alternatives. This research focuses on the ability of children to generate alternatives in decision-making tasks. The problem was to determine the differential effects of the number of features of a decision-making situation in interview and computer-simulation modes on the number of alternatives children generate. The study involved 208 children with equal numbers of 2nd and 4th grade boys and girls. Each child responded to three decision-making situations either in an interview or computer-simulation mode. The three situations varied on the number of features of the award objects. An increase in the number of features (color) of the award objects (jelly beans) in a decision-making situation increased the number of alternatives generated. The children in this study generated more alternatives in the interview setting than with the computer simulation.
A case study in availability forecasting

Summary Data on the observed failure times and repair times of some machinery are fitted by a Weibull and a lognormal distribution respectively. It is shown how the assumption of an alternating renewal model, in conjunction with McConalogue's cubic splining algorithm, can be used to forecast the availability of a machine at a specified time given its current status.
Application of Nuclear Models to Neutron Nuclear Cross Section Calculations

Nuclear theory is used increasingly to supplement and extend the nuclear data base that is available for applied studies. Areas where theoretical calculations are most important include the determination of neutron cross sections for unstable fission products and transactinide nuclei in fission reactor or nuclear waste calculations and for meeting the extensive dosimetry, activation, and neutronic data needs associated with fusion reactor development, especially for neutron energies above 14 MeV. Considerable progress has been made in the use of nuclear models for data evaluation and, particularly, in the methods used to derive physically meaningful parameters for model calculations. Theoretical studies frequently involve use of spherical and deformed optical models, Hauser-Feshbach statistical theory, preequilibrium theory, direct-reaction theory, and often make use of gamma-ray strength function models and phenomenological (or microscopic) level density prescriptions. The development, application, and limitations of nuclear models for data evaluation are discussed in this paper, with emphasis on the 0.1 to 50 MeV energy range.
Inhibition of p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Decreases Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis and Improves Cardiac Function After Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion

Background—Activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) plays an important role in apoptotic cell death. The role of p38 MAPK in myocardial injury caused by ischemia/reperfusion, an extreme stress to the heart, is unknown. Methods and Results—Studies were performed with isolated, Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts. Ischemia alone caused a moderate but transient increase in p38 MAPK activity (3.5-fold increase, P<0.05 versus basal). Ischemia followed by reperfusion further activated p38 MAPK, and the maximal level of activation (6.3-fold, P<0.01) was reached 10 minutes after reperfusion. Administration of SB 203580, a p38 MAPK inhibitor, decreased myocardial apoptosis (14.7±3.2% versus 30.6±3.5% in vehicle, P<0.01) and improved postischemic cardiac function. The cardioprotective effects of SB 203580 were closely related to its inhibition of p38 MAPK. Administering SB 203580 before ischemia and during reperfusion completely inhibited p38 MAPK activation and exerted the most cardioprotective eff...
Effect of Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Factor on Leydig Cell Function

ABSTRACT Testosterone (T) levels rose in 7 of 9 adult males given iv doses of synthetic LRF ranging between 0.1–450 μg. 10 μg was the smallest dose to stimulate a consistent rise of LH and a statistically significant T elevation. The magnitude of the net T rise varied between 740–3979 pg/ml and was always greater than spontaneous fluctuations measured during a 3-hr control study in each subject. The larger LRF doses tended to elicit the greater responses; however, no dose response relationship could be established. The time lag between the induced LH peaks and maximal T rises varied between 30–100 min (median 90 min). LRF injections were followed by a small rise in androstenedione levels in 4 of 9 subjects. Similarly, a dose-response relationship was not found.
Tools for Teaching

Section One: Getting Under Way. Section Two: Responding to a Diverse Student Body. Section Three: Discussion Strategies. Section Four: Lecture Strategies. Section Five: Collaborative and Experiential Strategies. Section Six: Enhancing Students' Learning and Motivation. Section Seven: Writing Skills and Homework Assignments. Section Eight: Testing and Grading. Section Nine: Instructional Media and Technology. Section Ten: Evaluation to Improve Teaching. Section Eleven: Teaching Outside the Classroom. Section Twelve: Finishing Up.
Electrical Delay in Apically Positioned Left Ventricular Leads and Clinical Outcome After Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy

Electrical Delay in Apically Positioned LV Leads. Introduction: In recent studies, an anatomical apical left ventricular (LV) lead pacing location has been associated with deleterious outcome after cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). The differential impact of the LV lead electrical location in these patients remains unknown. Methods and Results: Thirty-one consecutive CRT patients (mean age 71.7 ± 12.7 years, 55% left bundle-branch block [LBBB] morphology) with an apical LV lead and LV lead electrical delay (LVLED) were studied. Anatomical LV lead location was determined via review of coronary venography and chest radiographs. Electrical location was assessed through intraprocedural LVLED measurement. Patients were dichotomized into either “long” LVLED (LVLED ≥ 50% of QRS) or “short” LVLED groups (LVLED < 50%). Patients in the long LVLED group demonstrated significantly greater freedom from a primary composite endpoint of all-cause death, heart failure hospitalization, and cardiac transplantation at 2 years (81% vs 30%, P = 0.007 vs short LVLED patients). Longer LVLED was also associated with more favorable LV remodeling (LV end-systolic volume –41.9 ± 10.3 mL vs –4.3 ± 17.2 mL; P = 0.05), and greater improvement in LV ejection fraction (+9.4 ± 2.9% vs +2.3 ± 7.5%; P = 0.04). Even after multivariate adjustment, LVLED remained an independent predictor of the primary composite endpoint (HR 0.47, P = 0.031). Conclusions: Electrical lead localization, as estimated by LVLED ≥ 50%, is associated with improved long-term clinical outcome and measures of LV remodeling in patients with apical LV leads. Intraprocedural LVLED assessment may provide incremental utility in targeting lead placement even in conventionally unfavorable anatomical segments. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 24, pp. 182-187, February 2013)
Early growth response 3 (Egr3) is highly over-expressed in non-relapsing prostate cancer but not in relapsing prostate cancer.

Members of the early growth response (EGR) family of transcription factors play diverse functions in response to many cellular stimuli, including growth, stress, and inflammation. Egr3 has gone relatively unstudied, but here through use of the SPECS (Strategic Partners for the Evaluation of Predictive Signatures of Prostate Cancer) Affymetrix whole genome gene expression database we report that Egr3 mRNA is significantly over-expressed in prostate cancer compared to normal prostate tissue (5-fold). The Human Protein Atlas (http://www.proteinatlas.org), a database of tissue microarrays labeled with antibodies against over 11,000 human proteins, was utilized to quantify Egr3 protein expression in normal prostate and prostate cancer patients. In agreement with the SPECS data, we found that Egr3 protein is significantly increased in prostate cancer. The SPECS database has the benefit of extensive clinical follow up for the prostate cancer patients. Analysis of Egr3 mRNA expression in relation to the relapse status reveals that Egr3 mRNA expression is increased in tumor cells of non-relapsed samples (n = 63) compared to normal prostate cells, but is significantly lower in relapsed samples (n = 38) compared to non-relapse. The observations were confirmed using an independent data set. A list of genes correlating with this unique expression pattern was determined. These Egr3-correlated genes were enriched with Egr binding sites in their promoters. The gene list contains inflammatory genes such as IL-6, IL-8, IL1β and COX-2, which have extensive connections to prostate cancer.
Voids associated with electromigration in metal lines

Abstract Electromigration in metal films results in the flow of atoms along grain boundaries and so at triple junctions of grain boundaries atomic flux divergences may occur that result in net transport of atoms away from these regions of the film thereby creating voids. These regions of loss are of complex form in general, but in the early stages some are circular in shape and in idealized models of electromigration it is often assumed that these voids are of cylindrical form extending through the thickness of the film. From the surface energy considerations it is concluded that whether the void form extends through the film depends on the presence of a top layer of insulation. Delay of void formation is essential for suppression of metal line failures. When surface diffusion effects in voids exceed boundary diffusion the voids become boat-like in shape and advance upstream against the electron wind with filling-in in the rear and hillock formation. Increased current concentrations then cause local temperature rise and lead to open circuits of the metal line.
Salicylic acid : a likely endogenous signal in the resistance response of tobacco to viral infection

Some cultivars of tobacco are resistant to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and synthesize pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins upon infection. In a search for the signal or signals that induce resistance or PR genes, it was found that the endogenous salicylic acid levels in resistant, but not susceptible, cultivars increased at least 20-fold in infected leaves and 5-fold in uninfected leaves after TMV inoculation. Induction of PRl genes paralleled the rise in salicylic acid levels. Since earlier work has demonstrated that treatment with exogenous salicylic acid induces PR genes and resistance, these findings suggest that salicylic acid functions as the natural transduction signal.
Laser Doppler Velocimeter measurements of aerosols in turbulent pipe flow

Resultats de mesure des composantes axiale et radiale de la vitesse de billes de verre de 60 μm en suspension dans l'air, dans un tube horizontal
The natural history of hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease in remission: sequential studies of pituitary-thyroid regulation and various serum parameters.

A previous study of pituitary-thyroid regulation in 20 patients with hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease who had remained in remission for at least 6 months after cessation of antithyroid therapy revealed that 13 of the 20 had subnormal serum TSH responses to TRH and/or abnormal thyroid suppressibility Four patients developed recurrent hyperthyroidism; three initially had both subnormal TSH responses to TRH and abnormal thyroid suppression. In the others, TSH responses to TRH and thyroid suppressibility were normal more often on restudy than they were originally. Serum Tg concentrations were initially elevated in six patients; three remained euthyroid and had little change in their serum Tg levels. Serum TSH displacement activity was similarly a poor predictor of recurrent hyperthyroidism. These results indicate that recurrent hyperthyroidism is most likely to occur in those patients with both subnormal TSH responses to TRH and abnormal thyroid suppression. If only one test is abnormal, recurrent hyper...
Derivative error bounds for Lagrange interpolation: an extension of Cauchy's bound for the error of Lagrange interpolation

Abstract It is shown that for any n + 1 times continuously differentiable function f and any choice of n + 1 knots, the Lagrange interpolation polynomial L of degree n satisfies ∥f (n) − L (n) ∥ ⩽ ∥ω (n) ∥ (n + 1)! ∥tf (n + 1) ∥ , where ∥ ∥ denotes the supremum norm. Further, this bound is the best possible. Applications of the above bound to the differencing formula are suggested. It is also shown that for j = 1, 2, …, n − 1, ∥f (j) − L (j) ∥ ⩽ ∥ω (j) ∥ j!(n + 1 − j)! ∥tf (n + 1) ∥ . This formula may be considered as a generalization of a formula due to Ciarlet, Schultz, and Varga (Numerical methods of high-order accuracy, Numer. Math. 9 (1967), 394–430) and may be compared to the conjectured best bound ∥f (j) − L (j) ∥ ⩽ ∥ω (j) ∥ (n + 1)! ∥tf (n + 1) ∥ .
Growth and survival of bacteria introduced into carbon-amended soil

Abstract Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Pseudomonas sp. and Corynebacterium sp. grew in glucose-amended soil, but their populations subsequently declined. Protozoa multiplied as the numbers of cells of these species fell. The rise and subsequent fall in densities of the three bacterial species did not correlate with changes in the populations of lytic or antibiotic-producing organisms or in the lytic activity of the soil. Myxobacteria, bacteriophages and Bdellovibrio were not detected in the soil. The densities of the three bacterial species and indigenous bacteria were far greater and the subsequent falls in cell numbers were less marked in glucose-amended soil treated with cycloheximide and nystatin than in soil not receiving the two cucaryotic inhibitors. Addition of the two inhibitors caused a decline in the numbers of trophozoitcs and a rise in the numbers of protozoan cysts. The three bacterial species grew extensively after inoculation into sterile soil supplemented with glucose, but their population sizes were appreciably smaller and the numbers subsequently declined if the sterile soil also was inoculated with a mixture of prutozoa. The results suggest that predation by protozoa is a major factor limiting the growth and causing the decline of bacterial populations introduced into soil amended with readily-available organic nutrients.
Estimating the elicitors of a word association response

A simple method for estimating sets of elicitors of word-association responses is described and applied. On the basis of the sets obtained, optimal elicitors for a group of target response words were defined. These were compared with the elicitors for those words that would ordinarily be available in the literature. It was found that the estimated elicitors do better in 36 out of 51 comparisons. The method of estimation is proposed as a general method for obtaining optimal elicitors and also for obtaining multiple elicitors for a desired response.
Keep religion out of national space policy

In an Eos forum last spring, Robert Frodeman (University of Texas, Denton) suggested that “it is time that we draw more consciously upon the expertise of scholars trained in the areas of art, philosophy, and religion in the design of our space policy” [2005]. I would agree that artists and philosophers may help the public to appreciate the true grandeur of the universe and thus increase popular support for the exploration of space, but I cannot think of a potentially more disastrous step than to bring “scholars trained in… religion” into the development of our national space policy, as Frodeman advocates. My concerns have nothing to do with the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution—I simply think that the potential negatives far outweigh the potential benefits.
Correlation of imaging sonar acoustic shadows and bathymetry for ROV terrain-relative localization

This paper demonstrates the use of sonar imagery as an automated pilot aid for localization of a remotely-operated vehicle (ROV) with respect to an a priori bathymetric terrain map. Specifically, a method is presented to correlate acoustic shadows in sonar imagery with expected visibility images generated from a bathymetry map, where acoustic shadows are significant drops in the sonar image intensity. An expected visibility image is generated for a given ROV position estimate with respect to a stored terrain map by extracting a bathymetry profile along the sonar scan plane and then evaluating a metric termed “differential height” to quantify visibility probability in the pixel space of the sonar image. Results from Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) ROV field trials using a Kongsberg mechanically-scanned imaging sonar are presented that demonstrate localization using the proposed method.
Prism shearing interferometer

A brief account of the theory of the wavefront shearing interferometer is given, followed by a description of Bates' version of the instrument. This has been redesigned in solid glass to form a ‘prism shearing interferometer’ whose main advantage lies in its robustness. Methods of using the interferometer are described and illustrated, including the use of moirb fringes to magnify the aberration effects in a ‘double-pass’ technique.
Second-harmonic generation in fibers

In this analytical paper, a formalismfor second-harmonic and sum-frequency generation in glass fibers is developed. It considers only the lowest-order nonlinearities in regular, step-index fibers. Plots showing the dependence of index-matching frequencies on the core radius and index difference across the core-cladding interface are given. Estimates are given for the conversion efficiencies due to the nonlinear polarization at the core-cladding interface and the bulk nonlinear polarization proportional to E ∇E, which includes quadrupolar terms. It is concluded that the interface effects would be dominant. Calculations for the longitudinal-electric-field-induced nonlinear polarization proportional to E2 that involve the same mode coupling are also included. The calculated conversion efficiencies are small and cannot explain the recently observed high conversion efficiencies that were obtained under nonindex-matched conditions. A maximum conversion efficiency of around 10−5 is predicted under index-matching conditions.
Marination pressure and phosphate effects on broiler breast fillet yield, tenderness, and color

In the United States a large percentage of raw poultry meat is marinated prior to cooking. Many products are marinated by vacuum tumbling meat with a mixture of water, salt, and phosphates to increase cook yield and perceived tenderness. This study was designed to determine the effect of 3 pressure treatments (ambient, vacuum, or positive) and phosphate on yield, tenderness, and color on broiler breast meat. In each of 3 replicate trials, 60 broiler breast fillets were randomly assigned to a tumble marination treatment of 1) ambient tumble pressure (101 kPa); 2) vacuum tumble pressure (50 kPa); or 3) positive tumble pressure (204 kPa). Each pressure treatment was conducted with and without phosphate in the marination solution. Marination tumblers were operated at 15 rpm for 20 min at a temperature of 3 degrees C. Broiler breast fillets were weighed (raw, immediately after marination, 1 h postmarination, and after cooking), sheared after cooking with a Warner-Bratzler device, and evaluated for color (CIE L, a, and b) before marination and after cooking. Pressure and phosphate treatment combinations did not significantly (P < 0.05) affect marinated or drip weights, Warner-Bratzler shear values, cooked b, or percent drip loss. There was no effect of pressure treatment except for marinade uptake, where ambient tumble uptake was 12.7%, which was significantly higher than positive tumble (11.4%); vacuum tumble uptake (12.0%) was not different from either. Phosphate significantly increased cook weight (from 94.9 to 106.1 g) and cook yield (from 76.6 to 86.1%); L and a values were slightly but significantly decreased. Type of pressure during tumble marination had no effect except on marinade uptake, but the effect disappeared with 1 h holding time and cooking. Phosphate improved cook weight and yield. These data show that vacuum pressure during tumbling is not necessary, but phosphate is important to cook yields.
Chronic Intermittent Ethanol Exposure Produces Persistent Anxiety in Adolescent and Adult Rats

Background Ethanol (EtOH) dependence and tolerance in the adult are marked by increased function of NMDA receptors and decreased function of GABAA receptors, which coincide with altered receptor subunit expression in specific brain regions. Adolescents often use EtOH at levels greater than adults, yet the receptor subunit expression profiles following chronic intermittent EtOH (CIE) exposure in adolescents are not known. Persistent age-dependent changes in receptor subunit alterations coupled with withdrawal-related anxiety may help explain the increase in alcohol abuse following adolescent experimentation with the drug. Methods Adolescent and adult rats received 10 intraperitoneal administrations of 4.0 g/kg EtOH or saline every 48 hours. At either 24 hours or 12 days after the final exposure, anxiety-like behavior was assessed on the elevated plus maze and tissue was collected. Western blotting was used to assess changes in selected NMDA and GABAA receptor subunits in whole cortex and bilateral hippocampus. Results CIE exposure yields a persistent increase in anxiety-like behavior in both age groups. However, selected NMDA and GABAA receptor subunits were not differentially altered by this CIE exposure paradigm in adolescents or adults. Conclusions CIE exposure produced persistent anxiety-like behavior, which has important implications for alcohol cessation. Given the reported behavioral and neuropeptide expression changes in response to this dose of EtOH, it is important for future work to consider the circumstances under which these measures are altered by EtOH exposure.