cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ideology, Tactics, and Efficiency in Redistributive Politics

We model the electoral politics of redistribution when voters and parties care about inequality in addition to their private concerns for consumption and votes, respectively. Ideological concerns about income redistribution lead each party to adopt a general proportional income tax, adjusted to appeal to the ideological leanings of high “clout” groups, with disproportionately many “swing” voters, which the parties also ply with pork-barrel projects. Our results relate to “Director's Law,” which says that redistributive politics favors middle classes at the expense of both rich and poor.
Battery-Aware Adaptive Modulation with QoS Constraints

We consider the problem of joint battery management and modulation optimization for maximizing the lifetime of a battery-powered wireless system while satisfying certain QoS constraints. A delay-constrained data transmission scenario is considered where the battery state information is only available at the beginning of the entire transmission duration. The corresponding problem is formulated as a multi-objective stochastic optimization problem, which is hard to solve. We approximately transform the original problem to be a multi-objective deterministic optimization problem by using a lower bound to replace the objective function of the original problem. The optimal and fast suboptimal solutions are developed. Simulation results are provided to show that the proposed algorithms can significantly increase the lifetime of the system.
In Vivo Imaging with a Cell-Permeable Porphyrin-Based MRI Contrast Agent

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with molecular probes offers the potential to monitor physiological parameters with comparatively high spatial and temporal resolution in living subjects. For detection of intracellular analytes, construction of cell-permeable imaging agents remains a challenge. Here we show that a porphyrin-based MRI molecular imaging agent, Mn-(DPA-C(2))(2)-TPPS(3), effectively penetrates cells and persistently stains living brain tissue in intracranially injected rats. Chromogenicity of the probe permitted direct visualization of its distribution by histology, in addition to MRI. Distribution was concentrated in cell bodies after hippocampal infusion. Mn-(DPA-C(2))(2)-TPPS(3) was designed to sense zinc ions, and contrast enhancement was more pronounced in the hippocampus, a zinc-rich brain region, than in the caudate nucleus, which contains relatively little labile Zn(2+). Membrane permeability, optical activity, and high relaxivity of porphyrin-based contrast agents offer exceptional functionality for in vivo imaging.
Stand by me: Friends, relationship banking, and financial governance in Asia

Abstract While northeastern Asian economies have grown at a stellar rate over the past 4 decades, during the same period, bank officials and financial market participants have been charged with corruption, nepotism, and government meddling and have incurred high levels of non-performing loans. The close relationships between financiers and their clients, a part of Chinese society known as guanxi , has often been criticized as a key source of corruption in Northeast Asia finance. However, the complex nature of relationships in guanxi networks brings a good side to Asian finance in that reputational risk disciplines financiers, clients, and government officials. I delve into the personal side of Asian finance using the theoretical poles of transactional and relationship banking. Transactional banking is a top-down, hard-data impersonal form of financial contracting, while relationship banking is a bottom-up interpersonal form of banking that relies on softer data. I argue that relationship banking, which naturally fits into an Asian context, could engender a shift from bad behavior to good behavior to protect wealth, reputation, and friends. Contrary to conventional wisdom, guanxi may lead to better governance in banking and other areas of Asian finance as more information becomes available through numerous media outlets and as groups outside the banking sector (e.g., insurance companies, the press, auditors, and citizens) discipline bankers and their clients through ‘private monitoring.’
The charge radius of a Dpbrane

Sen has shown that tachyon condensation in Dbrane--anti-Dbrane configurations can lead to remarkable connections between string theories. A consequence of his results is that there is a minimal value of the radial coordinate rc∝(α')1/2(gN)1/(9−p) such that N units of Dpbrane charge cannot be localized to values smaller than rc. At this value of rc the curvature is of order 1/α' and the gradient of the Ramond-Ramond field strength is of order 1/(α')3/2, and the vacuum, regarded as a D-brane-anti-D-brane configuration with a tachyon condensate, is rendered unstable, leading to a separation of the D-brane and the anti-D-brane. This value of rc lies in the region intermediate between the near-horizon regime and the asymptotic regime for D-brane classical solutions for small g. This vacuum stability bound on the curvature can be interpreted as an uncertainty relation for D-brane charge.
Chiral recognition during the reaction between diene-Mo(CO)2Cp cations and enolate nucleophiles bearing chiral auxiliaries

Abstract Treatment of diene-Mo(CO)2Cp hexafluorophosphates 1 and 3 with enolates derived from optically pure β-sulfoximinyl esters (6) followed by desulfonylation of the initial adducts, leads to the monoester derivatives 7 and 8 with high optical purity.
Discovery of a 112 ms X-Ray Pulsar in Puppis A: Further Evidence of Neutron Stars Weakly Magnetized at Birth

We report the discovery of 112 ms X-ray pulsations from RX J0822–4300, the compact central object (CCO) in the supernova remnant (SNR) Puppis A, in two archival Newton X-Ray Multi-Mirror Mission observations taken in 2001. The sinusoidal light curve has a pulsed fraction of 11% with an abrupt 180° change in phase at 1.2 keV. The observed phase shift and modulation are likely the result of emission from opposing thermal hot spots of distinct temperatures. Phase-resolved spectra reveal an emission feature at E line = 0.8 keV associated with the cooler region, possibly due to an electron cyclotron resonance effect similar to that seen in the spectrum of the CCO pulsar 1E 1207.4–5209. No change in the spin period of PSR J0821–4300 is detected in seven months, with a 2σ upper limit on the period derivative of . This implies limits on the spin-down energy loss rate of erg s–1, the surface magnetic dipole field strength Bs 220 kyr. The latter is much longer than the SNR age, indicating that PSR J0821–4300 was born spinning near its present period. Its properties are remarkably similar to those of the two other known CCO pulsars, demonstrating the existence of a class of neutron stars born with weak magnetic fields related to a slow original spin. These results are also of importance in understanding the extreme transverse velocity of PSR J0821–4300, favoring the hydrodynamic instability mechanism in the supernova explosion.
Liquid-gas and other unusual thermal phase transitions in some large-N magnets

Abstract Much insight into the low temperature properties of quantum magnets has been gained by generalizing them to symmetry groups of order N , and then studying the large- N limit. In this paper we consider an unusual aspect of their finite temperature behavior—their exhibiting a phase transition between a perfectly paramagnetic state and a paramagnetic state with a finite correlation length at N =∞. We analyze this phenomenon in some detail in the large “spin” (classical) limit of the SU( N ) ferromagnet which is also a lattice discretization of the CP N −1 model. We show that at N =∞ the order of the transition is governed by lattice connectivity. At finite values of N , the transition goes away in one or less dimension but survives on many lattices in two dimensions and higher, for sufficiently large N . The latter conclusion contradicts a recent conjecture of Sokal and Starinets [Nucl. Phys. B 601 (2001) 425], yet is consistent with the known finite temperature behavior of the SU(2) case. We also report closely related first order paramagnet–ferromagnet transitions at large N and shed light on a violation of Elitzur's theorem at infinite N via the large- q limit of the q state Potts model, reformulated as an Ising gauge theory.
A Note on Willingness to Spend and Customer Lifetime Value for Firms with Limited Capacity

Abstract The paper draws a distinction between customer lifetime value (CLV) and willingness to spend (WTS). By WTS we mean the maximum amount the firm should be willing to spend to acquire (retain) the customer relationship. In order to avoid the double counting of cash flows when summing the CLVs of customers, we suggest including only direct cash flows in the formulation of CLV. This convention means that CLV will equal WTS if (and, for the most part, only if) the firm's relationships with customers are independent. By independent we mean that the acquisition (retention) of Jane Doe has no effect on the cash flows of any other current or future customers. In contrast to well-understood demand-side dependencies among customer relationships (such as referrals), this paper highlights a particular kind of supply-side dependency—that created when the firm is limited in the number of customers it can serve. Using an extended version of the model of Blattberg and Deighton (“Manage Marketing by the Customer Equity Test,” Harvard Business Review, July–August 1996, 136–144) of customer equity, we demonstrate that, for a firm at capacity (in this model), CLV is no longer relevant to marketing spending decisions and the firm can prefer a lower-CLV customer.
Photooxygenation of chiral dienol ethers: asymmetric synthesis of alkoxydioxines

The addition of 1O2 to chiral dienol ethers provides a new route to alkoxydioxines (alkoxyendoperoxides). Depending upon substitution and geometry, the [4+2] cycloaddition is accompanied or even supplanted by [2+2] cycloaddition leading to alkene cleavage and/or ene-like reaction leading to allylic hydroperoxides. The diastereoselectivity of cycloaddition is ultimately limited by the conformational freedom of the dienol ether substrates.
Dynamics of thermoelastic Thin Plates: A Comparison of Four Theories

ABSTRACT Four distinct theories describing the flexural motion of thermoelastic thin plates are compared. The theories are due to Chadwick [1], Lagnese and Lions [2], Simmonds [3] and Norris [4]. Chadwick's theory requires a 3D spatial equation for the temperature but is considered the most accurate as the others are derivable from it by different approximations. Attention is given to the damping of flexural waves. Analytical and quantitative comparisons indicate that the Lagnese and Lions model with a 2D temperature equation captures the essential features of the thermoelastic damping, but contains systematic inaccuracies. These are attributable to the approximation for the first moment of the temperature used in deriving the Lagnese and Lions equation. Simmonds' model with an explicit formula for temperature in terms of plate deflection is the simplest of all but is accurate only at low frequency, where the damping is linearly proportional to the frequency. It is shown that the Norris model, which is al...
Four positive formulae for type A quiver polynomials

We give four positive formulae for the (equioriented type A) quiver polynomials of Buch and Fulton [BF99 ]. All four formulae are combinatorial, in the sense that they are expressed in terms of combinatorial objects of certain types: Zelevinsky permutations, lacing diagrams, Young tableaux, and pipe dreams (also known as rc-graphs). Three of our formulae are multiplicity-free and geometric, meaning that their summands have coefficient 1 and correspond bijectively to components of a torus-invariant scheme. The remaining (presently non-geometric) formula is a variant of the conjecture of Buch and Fulton in terms of factor sequences of Young tableaux [BF99 ]; our proof of it proceeds by way of a new characterization of the tableaux counted by quiver constants. All four formulae come naturally in “doubled” versions, two for double quiver polynomials, and the other two for their stable limits, the double quiver functions, where setting half the variables equal to the other half specializes to the ordinary case. Our method begins by identifying quiver polynomials as multidegrees [BB82 , Jos84 , BB85 , Ros89 ] via equivariant Chow groups [EG98 ]. Then we make use of Zelevinsky’s map from quiver loci to open subvarieties of Schubert varieties in partial flag manifolds [Zel85 ]. Interpreted in equivariant cohomology, this lets us write double quiver polynomials as ratios of double Schubert polynomials [LS82 ] associated to Zelevinsky permutations; this is our first formula. In the process, we provide a simple argument that Zelevinsky maps are scheme-theoretic isomorphisms (originally proved in [LM98 ]). Writing double Schubert polynomials in terms of pipe dreams [FK96 ] then provides another geometric formula for double quiver polynomials, via [KM05 ]. The combinatorics of pipe dreams for Zelevinsky permutations implies an expression for limits of double quiver polynomials in terms of products of Stanley symmetric functions [Sta84 ]. A degeneration of quiver loci (orbit closures of GL on quiver representations) to unions of products of matrix Schubert varieties [Ful92 , KM05 ] identifies the summands in our Stanley function formula combinatorially, as lacing diagrams that we construct based on the strands of Abeasis and Del Fra in the representation theory of quivers [AD80 ]. Finally, we apply the combinatorial theory of key polynomials to pass from our lacing diagram formula to a double Schur function formula in terms of peelable tableaux [RS95a , RS98 ], and from there to our formula of Buch–Fulton type.
Atomic layer deposition of vanadium oxide on carbon nanotubes for high-power supercapacitor electrodes

Vanadium oxides may offer high pseudocapacitance but limited electrical conductivity and specific surface area. Atomic layer deposition allowed uniform deposition of smooth nanostructured vanadium oxide coatings on the surface of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) electrodes, thus offering a novel route for the formation of binder-free flexible composite electrode fabric for supercapacitor applications with large thickness, controlled porosity, greatly improved electrical conductivity and cycle stability. Electrochemical measurements revealed stable performance of the selected MWCNT–vanadium oxide electrodes and remarkable capacitance of up to ∼1550 F g−1 per active mass of the vanadium oxide and up to ∼600 F g−1 per mass of the composite electrode, significantly exceeding specific capacitance of commercially used activated carbons (100–150 F g−1). Electrochemical performance of the oxide layers was found to strongly depend on the coating thickness.
A Platform-Independent Component Modeling Language for Distributed Real-time and Embedded Systems

This paper provides two contributions to the study of developing and applying domain-specific modeling languages (DSMLS) to distributed real-time and embedded (DRE) systems-particularly those systems using standards-based QoS-enabled component middleware. First, it describes the Platform-Independent Component Modeling Language (PICML), which is a DSML that enables developers to define component interfaces, QoS parameters and software building rules, and also generates descriptor files that facilitate system deployment. Second, it applies PICML to an unmanned air vehicle (UAV) application portion of an emergency response system to show how PICML resolves key component-based DRE system development challenges. Our results show that the capabilities provided by PICML-combined with its design- and deployment-time validation capabilities-eliminates many common errors associated with conventional techniques, thereby increasing the effectiveness of applying QoS-enabled component middleware technologies to the DRE system domain.
Complex periodic potentials with real band spectra

Abstract This paper demonstrates that complex P T-symmetric periodic potentials possess real band spectra. However, there are significant qualitative differences in the band structure for these potentials when compared with conventional real periodic potentials. For example, while the potentials V(x) = i sin2N+1 (x) (N = 0, 1, 2,…) have infinitely many gaps, at the band edges there are periodic wave functions but no antiperiodic wave functions. Numerical analysis and higher-order WKB techniques are used to establish these results.
On the Capital Structure of Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs)

Much of the literature on capital structure excludes Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) due mainly to the unique regulatory environment of these firms. As such, the issue of how REITs choose among different financing options when they raise external capital is largely unexplored. In this paper, we explore two issues on the capital structure of REITs: is there a relationship between market-to-book and leverage ratios, and, is the relationship between market-to-book and leverage ratio temporary or persistent. Our results suggest that REITs with historically high market-to-book ratio tend to have persistently high leverage ratio. In essence, REITs with high growth opportunity and high market valuation raise funds through debt issues. This finding, which is robust to various specifications and econometric tests, is contrary to the financing decisions of non-regulated firms. We attribute it to the special regulatory environment of REITs where, despite no apparent benefits to debt financing, management issues debt.
X-Ray Detection of the Inner Jet in the Radio Galaxy 3C 129

During the course of an investigation of the interaction of the radio galaxy 3C 129 and its ambient cluster gas, we found excess X-ray emission aligned with the northern radio jet. The emission extends from the weak X-ray core of the host galaxy ≈25 to the first resolved radio knot. On a smaller scale, we have also detected a weak radio extension in the same position angle with the VLBA. Although all the evidence suggests that Doppler favoritism augments the emission of the northern jet, it is unlikely that the excess X-ray emission is produced by inverse Compton emission. We find many similarities between the 3C 129 X-ray jet and recent jet detections from Chandra data of low-luminosity radio galaxies. For most of these current detections, synchrotron emission is the favored explanation for the observed X-rays.
Shredded Galaxies as the Source of Diffuse Intrahalo Light on Varying Scales

We make predictions for diffuse stellar mass fractions in dark matter halos from the scales of small spiral galaxies to those of large galaxy clusters. We use an extensively tested analytic model for subhalo infall and evolution and empirical constraints from galaxy survey data to set the stellar mass in each accreted subhalo, which is added to the diffuse light as subhalos become disrupted due to interactions within their hosts. We predict that the stellar mass fraction in diffuse, intrahalo light should rise on average from ~0.5% to ~20% from small galaxy halos (~1011 M☉) to poor groups (~1013 M☉). The trend with mass flattens considerably beyond the group scale, increasing weakly from a fraction of ~20% in poor galaxy clusters (~1014 M☉) to roughly ~30% in massive clusters (~1015 M☉). The mass-dependent diffuse light fraction is governed primarily by the empirical fact that the mass-to-light ratio in galaxy halos must vary as a function of halo mass. Galaxy halos have little diffuse light because they accrete most of their mass in small subhalos that themselves have high mass-to-light ratios; stellar halos around galaxies are built primarily from disrupted dwarf-irregular-type galaxies with M* ~ 108.5 M☉. The diffuse light in group and cluster halos is built from satellite galaxies that form stars efficiently; intracluster light is dominated by material liberated from massive galaxies with M* ~ 1011 M☉. Our results are consistent with existing observations spanning the galaxy, group, and cluster scale; however, they can be tested more rigorously in future deep surveys.
The predictive qualities of earnings volatility and earnings uncertainty

This study examines the differential predictive power of past earnings volatility for analyst forecast errors and future returns. Past earnings volatility jointly captures two correlated, but distinct, earnings properties: time-series earnings variation and uncertainty in future earnings. To distinguish between these two earnings properties, we develop a forward-looking measure of earnings uncertainty that has a minimal mechanical link to variation in prior-period earnings realizations and does not rely on analyst forecasts. Our results suggest that future earnings uncertainty, and not time variation in earnings, is associated with overly optimistic future earnings expectations of equity analysts and investors. We provide the first empirical evidence on the relevance of future earnings uncertainty to analysts and investors over 1-year horizons. In addition, we provide empirical evidence showing that forecast dispersion is a poor measure of earnings uncertainty.
Long arithmetic progressions in critical sets

Given a density 0 < σ ≤ 1, we show for all sufficiently large primes p that if S ⊆ Z/pZ has the least number of three-term arithmetic progressions among all sets with at least σp elements, then S contains an arithmetic progression of length at least log 1/4+0(1)p.
Direct nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions in the syntheses of anthraquinone derivatives: Chemistry and binding of podands, crown ethers, and a cryptand

The direct nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions of anthraquinones have permitted the syntheses of more than 30 novel podands, crown ethers and lariat ethers. Anthraquinones having (ethyleneoxy)n sidearms were obtained by direct displacement of chloride by the anion of CH3(OCH2CH2)nOH. The ethyleneoxy-substituted anthraquinones could, in turn, undergo direct replacement by nucleophiles that failed to displace chloride. This approach has been used for the preparation of two-armed podand derivatives and several novel crown derivatives of anthraquinone. Binding comparisons are presented for several of these new anthraquinones. Direct substitution did not prove successful in the preparation of anthraquinone- [2 · 2] -cryptand which was obtained by alkylation. The crystal structure of the latter reveals an orientation of ring and anthraquinone appropriate for cation binding, a fact confirmed by cation binding constant measurements.
A highly stereoselective approach to the synthesis of the manzamine alkaloids via the intramolecular vinylogous amide photocycloaddition

The stereoselective construction of the tetracyclic core of the manzamine alkaloids via the intramolecular vinylogous amide photocycloaddition/retro-Mannich fragmentation/Mannich closure sequence using an eight-membered ring template is described.
Finding feasible mold parting directions using graphics hardware

We present new programmable graphics hardware accelerated algorithms to test the 2-moldability of geometric parts and assist with part redesign. These algorithms efficiently identify and graphically display undercuts as well as minimum and insufficient draft angles. Their running times grow only linearly with respect to the number of facets in the solid model, making them efficient subroutines for our algorithms that test whether a tessellated CAD model can be manufactured in a two-part mold. We have developed and implemented two such algorithms to choose candidate directions to test for 2-moldability using accessibility analysis and Gauss maps. The efficiency of these algorithms lies in the fact that they identify groups of candidate directions such that if any one direction in the group is undercut-free, all are, or if any one is not undercut-free, none are. We examine trade-offs between the algorithms' speed, accuracy, and whether they guarantee that an undercut-free direction will be found for a part if one exists.
New Firm Formation: A Dynamic Capability Perspective*

This paper applies the dynamic capability framework to the new firm formation process. Specifically, this paper argues that new firm formation is a specific process that has been the subject of substantial empirical research. This paper also provides empirical evidence that shows that a common set of gestation activities exists for successful nascent entrepreneurs, that market dynamism affects the complexity and characteristics of the new firm formation process, and that learning negatively impacts new firm formation success for nascent entrepreneurs operating in highly dynamic markets. By positioning the new firm formation process as a dynamic capability, the rationale behind the execution of specific gestation activities to acquire and/or to reconfigure those resources most critical to emerging organizations can be understood better.
A new class of substituted aryl bis(oxazoline) ligands for highly enantioselective copper-catalyzed asymmetric aldol addition of dienolsilane to pyruvate and glyoxylate esters.

A new class of bis(oxazoline) ligands are introduced that feature o-alkoxyaryl substituents and provide the highest enantioselectivities yet reported for the copper-catalyzed asymmetric dienosilane aldol addition to pyruvate and glyoxylate esters. Enantioselectivities up to 98% ee (before recrystallization) and isolated yields up to 91% were observed. Additionally, chloride counterions were found to be superior to triflate for this reaction.
Identifying Non-Referential it: A Machine Learning Approach Incorporating Linguistically Motivated Patterns

In this paper, we present a machine learning system for identifying non-referential it. Types of non-referential it are examined to determine relevant linguistic patterns. The patterns are incorporated as features in a machine learning system which performs a binary classification of it as referential or non-referential in a POS-tagged corpus. The selection of relevant, generalized patterns leads to a significant improvement in performance.
A model for internalized stigma in children and adolescents with epilepsy

Objective Perceptions of stigma in children and adolescents with epilepsy are associated with higher rates of mental health problems. The purpose of this study was to test relationships in a model that identified variables most strongly associated with perceptions of stigma in children and adolescents with epilepsy. Our ultimate goal is to develop a theoretical foundation for future intervention research by identifying variables associated with perceptions of stigma that are potentially amenable to psychosocial interventions.
An Efficient Game Form for Unicast Service Provisioning

We consider the decentralized bandwidth/rate allocation problem in unicast service provisioning with strategic users. We present a mechanism/game form which possesses the following properties when the users' utilities are concave: (1) It implements in Nash equilibria the solution of the corresponding centralized rate allocation problem in unicast service provisioning. (2) It is individually rational. (3) It is budget-balanced at all Nash equilibria of the game induced by the mechanism/game form as well as off equilibrium. When the users' utilities are quasi-concave the mechanism possesses properties (2) and (3) stated above. Moreover, every Nash equilibrium of the game induced by the proposed mechanism results in a Walrasian equilibrium.
Fluctuation Effects in Ternary AB + A + B Polymeric Emulsions

We present a Monte Carlo approach to incorporating the effect of thermal fluctuations in field theories of polymeric fluids. This method is applied to a field-theoretic model of a ternary blend of AB diblock copolymers with A and B homopolymers. We find a shift in the line of order−disorder transitions from their mean-field values, as well as strong signatures of the existence of a bicontinuous microemulsion phase in the vicinity of the mean-field Lifshitz critical point. This is in qualitative agreement with a recent series of experiments conducted with various three-dimensional realizations of this model system. Further, we also compare our results and the performance of the presently proposed simulation method to that of an alternative method involving the integration of complex Langevin dynamical equations.
On The Halo Occupation of Dark Baryons

We introduce a new technique that adopts the halo occupation framework for understanding the origin of QSO absorption-line systems. Our initial study focuses specifically on Mg II absorbers. We construct a model of the gaseous content in which the absorption equivalent width Wr is determined by the the amount of cold gas, in the form of discrete clouds, along a sightline through a halo. The two quantities that we specify per halo in the model are (1) the mean absorption strength per unit surface mass density AW (M), and (2) the mean covering factorg(M) of the gaseous clouds. These parameters determine the conditional probability distribution of Wr as a function of halo mass, P(Wr|M). Two empirical measurements are applied to constrain the model: (i) the absorber frequency distribution function and (ii) t he Wr-dependent clustering amplitude. We find that the data demand a rapid transition in the gas content of halos at ∼ 10 11.5 h -1 M⊙, below which halos contain predominantly cold gas and beyond which gas becomes predominantly hot. In order to reproduce the observed overall strong clustering of the absorbers and the anti-cor relation between Wr and halo mass M, roughly 5% of gas in halos up to 10 14 h -1 M⊙ is required to be cold. The gas covering factor is near unity over a wide range of halo mass, supporting that Mg II systems probe an unbiased sample of typical galaxies. We discuss the implications of our study in the contexts of mass assembly of distant galaxies and the origin of QSO absorption line systems. Subject headings:Cosmology: theory — dark matter halos — quasars: absorption lines — galaxies: evolution
Involutions on tori with codimension one fixed point set

The standard P. A. Smith theory of p-group actions on spheres, disks, and euclidean spaces is extended to the case of p-group actions on tori (i.e., products of circles) and coupled with topological surgery theory to give a complete topological classification, valid in all dimensions, of the locally linear, orientation reversing, involutions on tori with fixed point set of codimension one.
The circular dichroism of oriented β sheets: Theoretical predictions

Abstract The CD tensor components for infinite planar antiparallel and parallel β sheets have been calculated. Exciton effects on the ππ* transition and the nπ*-ππ* mixing are included. The results for all three principal directions are distinctly different, suggesting that CD should be useful for determining the orientation off sheets in oriented proteins. The CD for light propagating normal to the plane of the sheet is vay sensitive to the choice of center for the ππ* transition. For the antiparallel β sheet, the ππ* couplet reverses sign when this location is moved from the point on the NO line nearest the carbonyl carbon to the carbonyl carbon itself. For the parallel β sheet, the magnitude of the couplet increases by an order of magnitude for such a shift. The average CD is also affected by the choice of center, in that the sign of the long-wavelength ππ* exciton component is opposite for the two choices. While all previous calculations have used the point on the NO line, theoretical arguments support the choice of the carbonyl carbon. Further experimental data will be necessary to decide the issue. The present study sheds new light on the CD of idealized planar β sheets and provides predictions for the CD tensor properties of such sheets. The results should be useful for interpreting the CD of oriented membrane proteins with substantial quantities of β sheet.
Organocatalyzed Knoevenagel-addition—simple access to carbon chain-elongated branched carbohydrates

Chain elongations of unprotected carbohydrates via a Knoevenagel-addition are described. The reactions were carried out in the presence of catalytic amounts of tertiary amines. The C–C bond formation processes yielded high syn-stereoselectivities. Additionally, through an asymmetric induction controlled by the configuration of the deployed carbohydrates pyranoid or furanoid products were formed. Yields were strongly increased by the use of 5-protected carbohydrates in these transformations.
Correlation, Models, and Risk Management in Challenging Times

This paper considers correlation, models, and risk management in light of recent financial market events. It begins with a review of key contributing factors, then considers the role of liquidity in measuring default risk, and highlights some lessons learned from the experience as events continue to unfold. It concludes by discussing some key ways in which regulators are moving forward to address the current situation, mitigate future risk, and strengthen the resiliency of the global financial system. Copyright The Author 2008. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org., Oxford University Press.
Carpooling and driver responses to fuel price changes: Evidence from traffic flows in Los Angeles

Abstract We examine carpooling and driver responses to fuel price changes. Using a simple theoretical model, we show that traffic flows in mainline lanes unambiguously decrease when fuel prices increase, and this effect is stronger when the presence of a carpool lane provides a substitute to driving alone. In contrast, in carpool (HOV) lanes flow can either increase or decrease. These predictions are tested using 8 years of traffic flow data for 1700 locations in Los Angeles. In our preferred specification, the mean elasticity of flow with respect to fuel price is 0.136 for HOV lanes. For a 10% increase in fuel price this implies 10 additional carpools per hour, $8.8 million per year in additional congestion costs for carpoolers and $11.3 million lower costs for mainline drivers. For mainline lanes, flow elasticities are −0.083 and −0.050 for highways with and without an HOV lane. These estimates imply that the mean highway with an HOV lane experiences a 30% larger decrease in hourly flow compared to the mean highway without an HOV lane. Flows in HOV lanes show an immediate decrease following a price increase but respond positively to price increases over time, which suggests time is an important input to carpool formation.
Synthesis and Characterization of New AA′BWO6 Perovskites Exhibiting Simultaneous Ordering of A-Site and B-Site Cations

Six new AA′BB′O6 perovskites KLaMnWO6, NaLaMnWO6, NaNdMnWO6, NaTbMnWO6, NaNdCoWO6, and NaNdMgWO6 have been prepared. Each possesses the unusual combination of layered ordering of the A-site cations and rock-salt ordering of the B-site cations. The structure and properties of these samples have been characterized using monochromatic X-ray and neutron powder diffraction, UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and SQUID magnetometry. NaLaMnWO6, NaNdMnWO6, and NaTbMnWO6 adopt a structure with monoclinic P21 symmetry arising from the combination of cation ordering and a–a–c+ octahedral tilting. The structures of the other three compounds are similar, but the presence of satellite reflections in the neutron diffraction data suggests a more complicated superstructure. Each of the four AA′MnWO6 samples shows a paramagnetic to antiferromagnetic transition with Neel temperatures ranging from 6 to 15 K. The NaTbMnWO6 compound shows a second magnetic transition at ∼9 K. The origin of two magnetic phase transitions ...
Flow Behavior in Thin-Gapped Diamond-Shaped Channels With Pins

The present experimental study investigates the nature of the fluid flow in various modified version of a high heat-flux, multi-cell, very compact heat exchanger. The basic transport concept has previously been applied to the cooling of high power laser mirrors, for which it has been shown to achieve extremely high rates of heat transfer in single-phase liquid flow. The original device was patented by Schmidt (1975). It is composed of multiple square cells machined in a honeycomb arrangement into the backside of a silicon mirror blank. Each cell contains a circular pin at its center which spans the narrow gap between the mirror substrate on one side of the flow channel and the coolant header plate on the other. A schematic diagram of one of the cells with one pin at the center of the cell is shown. The header design for delivering and returning the liquid flow is quite novel. Four diamond-shaped cells receive coolant from a single inlet and four cells exhaust coolant into a single outlet. The flow enters a cell at a corner and exits at the opposite corner. Hence, in each of the small cells in the honeycomb array, the coolant flows across the pinmore » in the diamond direction.« less
Perturbative gravity from QCD amplitudes

We demonstrate that QCD gluon amplitudes can be used to construct a Lagrangian for gravity. This procedure makes use of perturbative `squaring' relations between gravity and gauge theory that follow from string theory. We explicitly carry out the construction for up to five-point interactions and discuss a set of field variables in the Einstein-Hilbert Lagrangian for interpreting the Lagrangian obtained from QCD. A spin-off from our analysis is that it can be used to provide simpler tree-level gravity Feynman rules than for conventional gauges.
Energy optimal control for time-varying wireless networks

We develop a dynamic control strategy for minimizing energy expenditure in a time-varying wireless network with adaptive transmission rates. The algorithm operates without knowledge of traffic rates or channel statistics, and yields average power that is arbitrarily close to the minimum possible value achieved by an algorithm optimized with complete knowledge of future events. Proximity to this optimal solution is shown to be inversely proportional to network delay. We then present a similar algorithm that solves the related problem of maximizing network throughput subject to peak and average power constraints. The techniques used in this paper are novel and establish a foundation for stochastic network optimization
Automated one-port impedance measurements on SAW devices with RF pulses

A reflectometer-based system controlled by a desk-top computer has been developed for measuring one-port impedances of surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices. Both CW and pulsed RF signals may be used, because the system allows for the gating-out of spurious signals due, for example, to reflections. Measurements made on SAW devices and dummy loads in the 50-500-MHz range are comparable to the same measurements made on a commercially available manually operated RF impedance bridge (General Radio model 1607-A); it has the added advantage of being fully automatic in its operation and capable of faster measurements.
''Mining minima'': Direct computation of conformational free energy

We describe a novel, two-step method for directly computing the conformational free energy of a molecule. In the first step, a finite set of low-energy conformations is identified, and its contribution to the configuration integral is evaluated by a straightforward Monte Carlo technique. The method of finding energy minima incorporates certain features of the global-underestimator method and of a genetic algorithm. In the second step, the contribution to the configuration integral due to conformations not included in the initial integration is determined by Metropolis Monte Carlo sampling. Applications to alanine oligopeptides and to three cyclic urea inhibitors of HIV protease are presented.
Doped kagome system as exotic superconductor

A Chern-Simons theory for the doped spin-1/2 kagome system is constructed, from which it is shown that the system is an exotic superconductor that breaks time-reversal symmetry. It is also shown that the system carries minimal vortices of flux $hc/4e$ (as opposed to the usual $hc/2e$ in conventional superconductors) and contains fractional quasiparticles (including fermionic quasiparticles with semionic mutual statistics and spin-1/2 quasiparticles with bosonic self-statistics) in addition to the usual spin-1/2 fermionic Bogoliubov quasiparticles. Two Chern-Simons theories---one with an auxiliary gauge field kept and one with the auxiliary field and a redundant matter field directly eliminated---are presented and shown to be consistent with each other.
Flow establishment in a generic scramjet combustor

The establishment of a quasi-steady flow in a generic scramjet combustor was studied for the case of a time varying inflow to the combustor. Such transient flow is characteristic of the reflected shock tunnel and expansion tube test facilities. Several numerical simulations of hypervelocity flow through a straight duct combustor with either a side wall step fuel injector or a centrally located strut injector are presented. Comparisons were made between impulsively started but otherwise constant flow conditions (typical of the expansion tube or tailored operations of the reflected shock tunnel) and the relaxing flow produced by the 'undertailored' operations of the reflected shock tunnel. Generally the inviscid flow features, such as the shock pattern and pressure distribution, were unaffected by the time varying inlet conditions and approached steady state in approx. the times indicated by experimental correlations. However, viscous features, such as heat transfer and skin friction, were altered by the relaxing inlet flow conditions.
Mechanisms of genetic variation in polioviruses

Polioviruses, as with all RNA viruses, are in a constant process of evolution driven by different mechanisms. With multiple mechanisms for genetic variability, they are successful conformists, adapting to changes in their habitat. The evolution of polioviruses may occur with generation of point mutations followed by genetic drift and selection. The mutation rate of polioviruses based on several studies is approximately 3 × 10(-2) mutations/synonymous site/year in the gene encoding viral protein 1. Genetic variation in polioviruses may also be increased by sharing of genetic data of two different poliovirus lineages by means of homologous recombination. According to the current view, recombination is considered usually to occur by strand-switching, but a non-replicative model has also been described. In recombination, polioviruses may either gain a set of advantageous mutations selected and fixed in previous generations of the parental viruses or get rid of deleterious ones. The prerequisites and constraints of the evolution mechanisms will be discussed. Furthermore, consequences of poliovirus evolution will be reviewed in the light of observations made on currently circulating polioviruses. We will also describe how polioviruses strike back: as wild type polioviruses approach eradication, vaccine derived strains increase their occurrence and genetic variability.
Hydrous Ruthenium Oxide as an Electrode Material for Electrochemical Capacitors

The hydrous ruthenium oxide has been formed by a sol-gel process. The precursor was obtained by mixing aqueous solutions of RuCl{sub 3}{center_dot}xH{sub 2}O and alkalis. The hydrous ruthenium oxide powder was obtained by annealing the precursor at low temperatures. The crystalline structure and the electrochemical properties of the powder have been studied as a function of the annealing temperature. At lower annealing temperatures the powder is in an amorphous phase with a high specific capacitance. Specific capacitance as high as 720 F/g was measured for the powder formed at 150 C. when the annealing temperature exceeded 175 C, the crystalline phase was formed, and the specific capacitance dropped rapidly. The surface area of the powder and the resistivity of the pellet made from these powders have also been studied. The specific surface area and the resistivity decreased as the annealing temperature increased. A capacitor was made with electrodes comprised of hydrous ruthenium oxide and H{sub 2}SO{sub 4} electrolyte. The energy density of 96 J/g (or 26.7 Wh/kg), based on electrode material only, was measured for the cell using hydrous ruthenium oxide electrodes. It was also found that hydrous ruthenium oxide is stable in H{sub 2}SO{sub 4} electrolyte.
High-Resolution Mid-Infrared Imaging of Infrared-Luminous Starburst Galaxies*

Observations for seven infrared-luminous starburst galaxies are reported in the mid-infrared from 8 to 18 μm using the Keck telescopes with spatial resolution approaching the diffraction limit. All of the galaxies observed show evidence of strong interactions based on optical morphologies. For these galaxies, a substantial fraction, usually more than 50%, of the infrared luminosity is generated in regions ranging in sizes from 100 pc to 1 kpc. Nuclear starbursts often dominate the infrared luminosity, but this is not always true. In some galaxies, most notably NGC 6090, substantial infrared luminosity greatly in excess of the nuclear luminosity is generated in regions associated with the physical interaction between two galaxies. The radio emission is a good tracer of the location of high-luminosity young stars. The visual/ultraviolet radiation output of the nearby star-forming galaxies is dominated by emission from regions that are generally not producing the copious infrared luminosity of the systems. As seen in comparing the mid-infrared and near-infrared images of the galaxies observed here, the regions of high-infrared luminosity in local galaxies are significantly smaller than the galaxies as a whole. The integrated spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of these galaxies are very different from the SEDs of the regions of star formation. If the SEDs of star-forming regions in these galaxies reflect the SEDs that would be found in forming galaxies at high redshift, we would expect the distant galaxies to be dominated by the mid- and far-infrared luminosity output far more than the integrated luminous output of nearby starburst galaxies would suggest.
The role of the middle ear in acoustic trauma from impulses.

Exposure to high intensity impulse noise may produce a wide range of audiometric and histological effects in experimental animals. The objective of this study was to assess the changes in the middle ear mechanism after impulse noise exposure and to relate these changes to the audiometric and histological effects. Nine monaural chinchilla were exposed to either 161 or 166 db peak SPL impulses of 1 msec "A" duration, presented at a rate of 1 per minute for 50 minutes. The conductive mechanism of the chinchilla was assessed using standard clinical measures of static and dynamic impedance before and after the noise exposure. Auditory thresholds were measured before and after noise exposure using the average evoked response (AER) technique. At 30 days post-exposure, the animals were sacrificed for histology. Pre-exposure tympanometry showed that: 1. the total mean impedance of the chinchilla ear is considerably lower than that of man; 2. a method related hysterisis effect is present in both the susceptance and conductance tympanograms; and 3. sedation has a significant effect on the total impedance of the ear and on the shape of the tympanograms. After exposure to high level impulse noise: 1. tympanograms become irregular and double peaked, indicating tympanic membrane stress; 2. for the given exposure, 166 db is the impulse intensity needed to rupture consistently the tympanic membrane; and 3. audiometric and histological data correlate with the tympanometric findings and demonstrate a protective effect of a tympanic membrane rupture on the cochlea. Language: en