cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lessons Learned from the Aquarius Radiometer Engineering Model

The Aquarius instrument is a combination microwave radiometer and scatterometer operating in the L-band for the measurement of sea surface salinity (SSS) over the open-ocean. "The Aquarius science goals are to observe and model the processes that relate salinity variations to climatic changes in the global cycling of water and to understand how these variations influence the general ocean circulation. By measuring salinity globally and synoptically every month for 3 years, Aquarius will provide an unprecedented new view of the ocean's role in climate." (http://aquarius.asfc.nasa.gov on Jan. 4, 2007). To launch in 2009, Aquarius will provide 8-day global coverage and monthly-averaged salinity maps at approx.120-km spatial resolution. Because the microwave emissivity of the ocean surface is weakly dependent upon salinity, the Aquarius radiometer remain sufficiently stable to provide accurate salinity measurements. An engineering model (EM) of one radiometer receiver was developed and tested for functionality and performance at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. It was tested for long-term stability starting July 27,2006. Two discrepancies where found at the start of testing and a four-month correction process ensued. This paper covers the testing and debugging of the EM radiometer through resolution of the problems. The radiometer is required to have calibration stability of less than or equal to 0.15 K over 7 days. The radiometer is in a three-beam push-broom configuration with each beam being an independent three-state Dicke radiometer (antenna, reference load, and additive noise). Internal noise diodes and reference loads provide periodic and rapid calibration of the receiver. Front-end loss contributions must be corrected as the lossy components are outside the calibration loop. A key design feature for obtaining stability is active thermal control of the front-end lossy components and the RF receiver. The thermal stability is predicted to be about 0.1 C over an orbit and no more than 1 C over a year. The radiometric stability requirement is 0.13 K rms 1 7 days without using temperature corrections. Temperature corrections and post-launch calibration are expected to extend the stability period through the life of the mission.
Prehospital tourniquet use in penetrating extremity trauma: Decreased blood transfusions and limb complications.

BACKGROUNDDespite increasing popularity of prehospital tourniquet use in civilians, few studies have evaluated the efficacy and safety of tourniquet use. Furthermore, previous studies in civilian populations have focused on blunt trauma patients. The objective of this study was to determine if preho
The Role of Participation Structure in the Racioethnic Heterogeneity – Performance Linkage

Despite hundreds of studies investigating the diversity – performance linkage, much remains unclear about when and how differences, particularly racioethnic differences, affect unit performance. Bu...
A network analysis of political incivility dimensions

Although online political incivility has increasingly become an object of scholarly inquiry, there exists little agreement on the construct’s precise definition. The goal of this work was therefore...
Viral RNA structure analysis using DMS-MaPseq

RNA structure is critically important to RNA viruses in every part of the replication cycle. RNA structure is also utilized by DNA viruses in order to regulate gene expression and interact with host factors. Advances in next-generation sequencing have greatly enhanced the utility of chemical probing in order to analyze RNA structure. This review will cover some recent viral RNA structural studies using chemical probing and next-generation sequencing as well as the advantages of dimethyl sulfate (DMS)-mutational profiling and sequencing (MaPseq). DMS-MaPseq is a robust assay that can easily modify RNA in vitro, in cell and in virion. A detailed protocol for whole-genome DMS-MaPseq from cells transfected with HIV-1 and the structure of TAR as determined by DMS-MaPseq is presented. DMS-MaPseq has the ability to answer a variety of integral questions about viral RNA, including how they change in different environments and when interacting with different host factors.
The Nature and Role of Fluid Consistency in Food Engineering Applications

Publisher Summary The consistency of food materials is a very complex quantity to determine. In attempting to make a mathematical analysis, the factors involved in consistency become apparent. Fluid friction or consistency is associated with molecular structure, plus macro structure as well in the case of suspensions and colloidal solutions. The explanation of consistency on this basis is, at present, at an elementary level. Even though the consistency of materials cannot yet be predicted from molecular considerations, much can be achieved through expressing consistency in terms of shear stress–shear rate relationships. To determine these relationships so the results may be expressed in terms of fundamental dimensions, it is necessary to analyze and construct the viscometer properly. Axial cylindrical viscometers and cone-and-plate viscometers have been found useful for this purpose. It is also possible to employ flow in straight tubes for ascertaining shear-stress and shear-rate behavior indirectly. The importance of expressing consistency in terms of fundamental units becomes obvious when considering problems associated with flow, coatings, mixing, heat transfer, and mass transfer. At present, little information is available on the fundamental classification of the consistency of food materials. As a coating material, chocolate has received much intense study, and the flow properties in particular have been considered in detail as they determine the coating behavior.
Performance, carcass yield, and carcass quality characteristics of steers finished on rhizoma peanut (Arachis glabrata)-tropical grass pasture or concentrate.

Steers (n = 156) finished on rhizoma peanut (Arachis glabrata Benth.)-tropical grass pasture in Florida and slaughtered at Central Packing, Center Hill were compared with steers (n = 152) finished on a concentrate diet in Texas and slaughtered at Excel, Plainview. Average daily gain during the growing and finishing periods was lower (P .10), but quality grade was slightly better (low Select vs mid Select ; P <.01) for concentrate-finished steers. Lean color of forage-finished steers was darker (P <.001) and fat of forage-finished steers had a creamier color (P <.001), but carcasses were not discounted due to yellow fat color. Shear force values were higher (6.8 vs 4.0 kg ; P <.001) for forage-finished than for concentrate-finished steers. Off-flavors were detected by trained sensory panelists in 36% of forage-finished and 14% of concentrate-finished carcasses, but all at barely detectable levels. This research indicates that steers can be finished on rhizoma peanut-tropical grass pastures, but with some reduction in quality grade relative to concentrate-finished steers. Fat color and off-flavor problems often associated with forage-finishing do not seem to be major concerns when steers are finished on rhizoma peanut. However, dark lean color and poor tenderness of carcasses may reduce beef quality produced on this forage.
Effects of Survival Processing on Item and Context Memory: Enhanced Memory for Survival-Relevant Details

Due to the natural selection pressure, certain aspects of memory may have been selected to give humans a survival advantage. Research has demonstrated that processing information for survival relevance leads to better item memory (i.e., the content of information) compared to control conditions. The current study investigates the effects of survival processing on context memory (i.e., memory for peripheral episodic details) and item memory to better understand when the survival processing memory advantage emerges. In this study, participants studied pictures of objects in either a survival or moving (control) condition. Objects were presented in either a plausible color, for example, a red apple, or in an implausible color, such as a green pie. We chose this color plausibility manipulation because color is a detail that conveys information about the fitness (and other diagnostic information) about an item. After studying items, participants made item memory judgments (did you see this item before?) and two context memory judgments: color context (in which color did you see this item?) and source context (in which condition did you see this item?). Results indicated better item memory for materials processed in the survival relative to moving condition. Critically, for color context, there was a condition by plausibility interaction, where memory was best for plausibly colored items in the survival processing condition. There was no difference, however, in source context memory between the survival and moving conditions. These results suggest the survival processing memory advantage extends to contextual details that particularly reflect the survival utility of items such as color.
A conversation with Gürkan Solmaz: situation classification in the internet of things (IoT)

In this interview, Ubiquity's senior editor Dr. Bushra Anjum chats with Dr. Gurkan Solmaz, a senior researcher at NEC Laboratories Europe, Germany, about his work focused on building new situation classification frameworks for smart cities (IoT). They then discuss the three major design aspects for such systems, namely, certainty, efficiency, and privacy.
Literature Review Investigating Intersections between US Foodservice Food Recovery and Safety

Abstract Food waste is increasingly scrutinized due to the projected need to feed nine billion people in 2050. Food waste squanders many natural resources and occurs at all stages of the food supply chain, but economic and environmental costs are highest at later stages due to value and resource addition throughout the supply chain. Food recovery is the practice of preventing surplus food from being landfill disposed. It provides new opportunities to utilize food otherwise wasted, such as providing it to food insecure populations. Previous research suggests that consumer willingness to waste is higher if there is a perceived food safety risk. Yet, segments of the population act in contrast to conservative food safety risk management advice when food is free or extremely discounted. Therefore, food recovery and food safety may be competing priorities. This narrative review identifies the technical, regulatory, and social context relationships between food recovery and food safety, with a focus on US foodservice settings. The review identifies the additional steps in the foodservice process that stem from food recovery – increased potential for cross-contamination and hazard amplification due to temperature abuse – as well as the potential risk factors, transmission routes, and major hazards involved. This hazard identification step, the initial step in formal risk assessment, could inform strategies to best manage food safety hazards in recovery in foodservice settings. More research is needed to address the insufficient data and unclear regulatory guidelines that are barriers to implementing innovative food recovery practices in US foodservice settings.
Teaching Candidates to Assess Student Learning: A COVID Collaboration with Arts and Sciences Faculty

In the fall of 2020, due to COVID, our pre-service teachers did not have access to student work samples early in the semester. In order to learn how to assess student learning I reached out to an Arts and Sciences faculty who teaches a freshman course. The Arts and Sciences faculty was a former middle school teacher who was scheduled to talk about the teaching of writing in our methods class. We decided to add using work samples from her current students to provide an assessment experience. This exercise allowed pre-service teachers to create a one-point rubric, analyze student work, give feedback, examine patterns of learning for the whole class, as well as give suggestions for each student based on their work. The practice prepared them for their own fall teaching assignment, and all were able to analyze their students' works successfully.
Physical Inspection of Integrated Circuits

Integrated circuits (ICs) are the hardware unit of an electronic system which generally work together with another unit called software. Further, these ICs are made up of micro- to nano-level array of components, such as transistors, diodes, resistors, and capacitors. Similar to software, IC designs can have design flaws and weaknesses, which can lead to complex security issues such as confidentiality or availability. These issues are much prevalent now due to the outsourcing of the fabrication process to overseas as they have full control over the fabrication process and complete access to design layout and the test vectors/responses. A malicious entity can further exploit such access to design assets by introducing malicious modification in the device for financial gain or obtaining the upper hand in electronic warfare. Hence, these ICs need to be validated for security assurance before their deployment in the field. Conventionally, electrical tests are used to detect security flaws. However, these tests have limitations, such as circuit noise and/or insufficient test patterns, which hinder the detection of all possible security issues. However, with advances in nano-level imaging such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), these ICs can be inspected for the presence of any malicious circuits. These images can be validated for by comparing with a layout designed in design houses trusted facility for hardware assurance.
Evaluation of gas chromatography for the separation of a broad range of isotopic compounds

The separation of deuterated compounds from their protiated counterparts is essential in areas of drug discovery and development, investigating kinetic isotope effects and quantitative methods of non-mass spectrometry-based stable isotope dilution assay (non-MS SIDA). The separations of 47 isotopologue pairs of common compounds and drugs were achieved by gas-liquid chromatography, employing twelve different stationary phases. Polydimethylsiloxane phase, phenyl substituted polydimethylsiloxane phases, wax phases, ionic liquid phases, and chiral stationary phases were selected to encompass a wide polarity range and diverse chemical interactions. The best-performing stationary phases are presented for separation of protic-polar, aprotic-dipolar, nonpolar analytes. Overall, the IL111i, SPB-20, and PAG stationary phases were remarkable in their ability to separate the isotopologues. The isotope effect was also evaluated. It was observed that nonpolar stationary phases often exhibit an inverse isotope effect in which heavier isotopic compounds elute earlier than their lighter counterparts. Conversely, polar stationary phases often show a normal isotope effect, while those of intermediate polarities can show both effects depending on the isotopologues. The location of deuterium atoms, however, affects isotopologue retention times. Deuterium substituted aliphatic groups appear to have a greater inverse isotope effect on retention than aromatic substituents.
MADE 2 FADE: A Practical Strategy for Empowering Independence for Students With Disabilities:

Independence is a critical skill in preparing students with disabilities for success after high school. Secondary special education teachers equip their students toward task independence across ski...
Scheduling Challenges for Variable Capacity Resources

Datacenter scheduling research often assumes resources as a constant quantity, but increasingly external factors shape capacity dynamically, and beyond the control of an operator. Based on emerging examples, we define a new, open research challenge: the variable capacity resource scheduling problem. The objective here is effective resource utilization despite sudden, perhaps large, changes in the available resources.
Cultural Context of Social Media Use: How Do Iranians Adapt and Use Facebook?

It has been discussed intensively that technology can shape social and in return is being shaped and adapted by its social context of use. Social media technologies have become pervasive in the recent years. It has been discussed in the literature that even very rigid technological artifacts are subject to modifications in different socio-cultural contexts of use. Social Networking Sites (SNS) have become pervasive in the recent years. It is important to understand how technologies such as SNS are being adapted in different cultural contexts. This study concerns adoption, use and adaptation of Facebook among Iranians and reports the preliminary findings of a qualitative study of Facebook use among Iranians. We observed that the use of SNS helps maintaining parallel social realities among Iranians. Although, the use of SNS always involves concerns about security threats from the state.
On the compatibility equations of nonlinear and linear elasticity in the presence of boundary conditions

We use Hodge-type orthogonal decompositions for studying the compatibility equations of the displacement gradient and the linear strain with prescribed boundary displacements. We show that the displacement gradient is compatible if and only if for any equilibrated virtual first Piola–Kirchhoff stress tensor field, the virtual work done by the displacement gradient is equal to the virtual work done by the prescribed boundary displacements. This condition is very similar to the classical compatibility equations for the linear strain. Since these compatibility equations for linear and nonlinear strains involve infinite-dimensional spaces and consequently are not easy to use in practice, we derive alternative compatibility equations, which are written in terms of some finite-dimensional spaces and are more useful in practice. Using these new compatibility equations, we present some non-trivial examples that show that compatible strains may become incompatible in the presence of prescribed boundary displacements.
Piezoresistive strain sensing with flexible MoS 2 field-effect transistors

We demonstrate piezoresistive strain sensors based on flexible MoS 2 field-effect transistors made from a highly uniform large-area trilayer film. The origin of the piezoresistive effect in MoS 2 is explained to be a strain-induced band gap change, as confirmed by optical spectroscopy. The results are in good agreement with recently reported simulations and spectroscopic studies on strained exfoliated MoS 2 . In addition, the strain sensitivity can be tuned by over one order of magnitude via modulating the MoS 2 Fermi level with an applied gate voltage. The gate-tunable gauge factors can be as high as −40, comparable to polycrystalline silicon, but for a much thinner active layer (∼2 nm). For practical sensing applications, the gate-tunable piezoresistivity is a useful property of transistor-based devices, because the relative sensitivity to strain can be adjusted by changing the gate voltage.
Cytokine profiles of filarial granulomas in jirds infected with Brugia pahangi

Background A granulomatous inflammatory response develops in jirds infected subcutaneously or intraperitoneally with filarial nematodes namely Brugia pahangi and B. malayi. Previous studies by light and electron microscopy have shown cellular inflammatory responses in and around these granulomas. Furthermore, the cellular inflammatory responses of granulomas found in the lymphatics and peritoneal cavity appear to be similar. The purpose of this study was to determine the cytokine profiles of granulomas in the peritoneal cavity of B. pahangi-infected jirds and to determine whether the granulomas release any proinflammatory cytokines ex vivo.
The Free Exercise of Religion Clause: Its Constitutional History and the Contemporary Debate

This book, the second in a series published by Prometheus Books on the provisions of the Bill of Rights, collects excerpts from important recent academic scholarship on the Free Exercise Clause. The central question is that addressed by the Supreme Court in the Peyote Case, Employment Division v. Smith: the extent to which free exercise encompasses the right to be free from burdens imposed upon religious practice by laws or regulations not specifically directed at religious practice. Topics covered include, among others, the historical background of religious freedom in the founding era, the normative debate on whether and why religious practice merits special constitutional protection, the challenge of identifying principled boundaries between religious freedom and legal duties, the relative roles of legislatures and courts in protecting religious freedom, and the distinctive considerations raised by the free exercise claims of religious institutions as opposed to individuals. The book is intended to serve as a supplement to case materials on religion and the First Amendment. In addition, because recent debates have focused on whether free exercise is best protected by legislatures as opposed to courts, and by context-specific exemptions as opposed to general constitutional or statutory standards, the book should be of use to those studying the dynamics of governmental institutions and of civil liberties protection.
A simple self-report diary for assessing psychosexual function in hypogonadal men

To examine the performance of a self-report diary to assess psychosexual function in hypogonadal men, 2 groups of eugonadal men and 2 groups of hypogonadal men were asked to record and score parameters for sexual desire, sexual enjoyment, sexual performance, sexual activity, and positive and negative moods daily for 7 days before a clinic visit (data set 1 and 2). The hypogonadal men were also assessed after testosterone replacement and some of the eugonadal men were studied while they were on placebo treatment. In this retrospective analysis, sexual function parameters (sexual desire, performance, and activity score) in the diary discriminated between the hypogonadal and eugonadal men with all measures significantly lower in hypogonadal men (all parameters P <.0001). Significant improvements in sexual desire and performance as well as sexual activity scores (P <.0001 for all parameters) in hypogonadal men after testosterone treatment were readily detected within 30 days. Mood and functional parameters did not show any change over time in eugonadal men on placebo treatment. The mood parameters assessed by the diary showed an excellent correlation with those assessed by the Profile of Mood States. Mood parameters were not clearly different between eugonadal and hypogonadal men at baseline. With testosterone treatment positive mood parameters were significantly increased (P <.0028 and.0001 set in data 1 and 2, respectively), and negative mood parameters improved in hypogonadal men (P <.0003 in data set 2). We conclude that this simple self-report diary is useful in assessing the sexual function and mood profile of hypogonadal subjects in clinical research.
Balancing Autonomy and Integration of Acquired Innovative Capability: A Process Study of a High-Tech Firm

Improving technology products and services by acquiring requisite innovation capability can be challenging: The acquired firm needs to be integrated into the provider’s operation to realize synergies, but such integration might jeopardize the acquired firm’s continued ability to innovate. However, we know little about how technology providers manage this autonomy-integration dilemma after an acquisition. Against this backdrop, we conducted a qualitative process study of how GlobalTech, a large, multi-national provider of telecommunications solutions, acquired and integrated SmartTech, a small, innovative firm with a cutting-edge adaptive infrastructure management solution and innovate approaches to continuously develop this solution in close interaction with its customers. As analytical lens, we adapted existing theory on inter-organizational work design. Based on access to rich data from both firms, the study reveals how influential and credible managers from the two firms took joint leadership over the process; how they applied vertical and horizontal organizational design moves in an incremental fashion to allow for learning; and, how they introduced networked organizational design moves to establish a viable platform for spreading SmartTech’s innovative capability to other parts of GlobalTech. As a result, we offer two contributions to the literature on managing acquired innovative capability. First, we offer important empirical findings that increase our understanding of how such managerial processes may play out over time. Second, we offer a new theoretical framing of the autonomy-integration dilemma viewing innovation as an ongoing process involving complex organizational design moves.
WATER EXTRUSION IN ISOLATED SUBCELLULAR FRACTIONS. I. AN ADENOSINETRIPHOSPHATE-INDEPENDENT REACTION IN ISOLATED RAT LIVER MITOCHONDRIA.

Water extrusion was studied in rat liver mitochondria which had been extracted with buffers of low ionic strength. Contraction occurred in the absence of added ATP. Charcoal treatment of the preparation, dialysis, or addition of hexokinase in the presence of glucose did not affect the ability of these preparations to extrude water. The reaction rate was the same at both 0° and 37°C., and there was no inhibition by gramicidin and azide. Water extrusion could not be elicited by the addition of 0.3 M sucrose. Several minutes were required for completion of water extrusion in the dialysed mitochondria. The only compounds required for the extrusion of water were MgCl 2 and BSA. The effect of BSA was found to be dependent upon the presence of MgCl 2 . EDTA chelated with an equimolar amount of several divalent cations stimulates water extrusion in these preparations of liver mitochondria. Further addition of cation inhibits this process. However, all cations do not have the same quantitative effect. None of several other chelating agents tested will replace EDTA. Since the addition of BSA does not enhance the action of Mg ++ -EDTA, it would appear that the action of BSA is due to its ability to bind metal ions.
Instabilities and Mode Selection in Explosive Crystallization

A great deal of theoretical attention has recently been paid to problems of pattern formation in nonlinear systems.1 Among the many models in which these phenomena have been studied are several which have arisen from problems in materials processing, especially crystal growth.2 In these problems, which include directional solidification both of dilute and neareutectic alloys, and the growth of dendrites, the models investigated admit simple steady states, which describe a solid region advancing at a constant velocity into a melt. Under certain growth conditions, typically amounting to the existence of supercooling, these steady states become linearly unstable and so will not be observed. The problem of theoretical (and, in some cases, practical) interest is to follow the nonlinear developoment of the unstable perturbations of these steady states past the initial stage in which their amplitudes are infinitesimal, and so to predict the form of the solid-liquid interface which is actually observed.
Sensor placement for isotropic source localization

This paper proposes a sensor placement method for three-dimensional point source localization using multiple sensors. An observation model of multiple sensors and one source of unknown position is introduced. Given that model, the minimum number of sensors needed to localize the source is determined, and an optimal sensor placement is derived. The placement is optimal in the sense that it minimizes the effect of the measurement error on the localization error bound. The proposed placement is also shown to simplify the computational complexity. The theoretical results are experimentally evaluated through simulation. The simulation results reveal that the proposed placement significantly reduces the relative localization error.
A method for testing handgun bullets in deer

Using service handguns to test bullets in deer is problematic because of velocity loss with range and accuracy giving sub-optimal shot placement. An alternate method is presented using a scoped muzzleloader shooting saboted handgun bullets to allow precise (within 2" in many cases) shot placement for studying terminal ballistics in a living target. Deer are baited to a known range and path obstructions are used to place the deer broadside to the shooter. Muzzleloading powder charges provide a combination of muzzle velocity and velocity loss due to air resistance for a given ballistic coefficient that produce impact velocities corresponding to typical pistol velocities. With readily available sabots, this approach allows for testing of terminal ballistics of .355, .357, .40, .429, .45, and .458 caliber bullets with two muzzleloaders (.45 and .50 caliber). Examples are described demonstrating the usefulness of testing handgun bullets in deer for acoustic shooting event reconstruction, understanding tissue damage effects, and comparing relative incapacitation of different loads.
Interventional Radiology: Overview

An outgrowth of diagnostic angiography was the realization that an intravascular catheter could be used for much more than delineating arterial and venous anatomy. Viewed in simplest terms, interventional radiology is considered to comprise any catheter technique for selectively opening up or closing down a circulation. In the latter category, techniques for infusing vasopressin to control gastrointestinal hemorrhage or chemotherapeutic agents for selectively perfusing metastatic tumors are considered in addition to therapeutic embolization techniques.
QRishing: The Susceptibility of Smartphone Users to QR Code Phishing Attacks

The matrix barcodes known as Quick Response (QR) codes are rapidly becoming pervasive in urban environments around the world. QR codes are used to represent data, such as a web address, in a compact form that can be scanned readily and parsed by consumer mobile devices. They are popular with marketers because of their ease in deployment and use. However, this technology encourages mobile users to scan unauthenticated data from posters, billboards, stickers, and more, providing a new attack vector for miscreants. By positioning QR codes under false pretenses, attackers can entice users to scan the codes and subsequently visit malicious websites, install programs, or any other action the mobile device supports. We investigated the viability of QRcode- initiated phishing attacks, or QRishing, by conducting two experiments. In one experiment we visually monitored user interactions with QR codes; primarily to observe the proportion of users who scan a QR code but elect not to visit the associated website. In a second experiment, we distributed posters containing QR codes across 139 different locations to observe the broader application of QR codes for phishing. Over our four-week study, our disingenuous flyers were scanned by 225 individuals who subsequently visited the associated websites. Our survey results suggest that curiosity is the largest motivating factor for scanning QR codes. In our small surveillance experiment, we observed that 85% of those who scanned a QR code subsequently visited the associated URL.
Eye and Ocular Adnexa

First page of article Keywords: neurofibromatosis; von Hippel–Lindau; tuberous sclerosis; Sturge–Weber; uveal melanoma; retinoblastoma; orbital pseudotumour; primary acquired melanosis; sebaceous carcinoma; glioma
A Novel Mechanism of Alternative Promoter and Splicing Regulates the Epitope Generation of Tumor Antigen CML66-L

This report describes the difference in the epitope generation of two isoforms of self-tumor Ag CML66 and the regulation mechanism. We identified a new CML66 short isoform, termed CML66-S. The previously identified long CML66 is referred to as CML66-L. CML66-S shares the C terminus with CML66-L but has its unique N terminus. CML66-S is predominantly expressed in testis, but is also expressed in very low levels in tumor cells, whereas CML66-L is expressed in tumor cells and testis. Differential expression of CML66-L and CML66-S in tumor cells resulted from regulation at transcription, although alternative splicing also participated in the generation of the isoforms. In addition, Ab titers to a CML66-L peptide were significantly higher than that to CML66-S peptide in the sera from patients with tumors. Finally, the Abs to full-length CML66-L in the sera from patients with tumors were correlated with the Abs in the sera from these patients to CML66-L-38, which is a fusion protein with a CML66-L-specific N terminus. This suggests that the CML66-L isoform is mainly responsible for the epitope generation. Our studies have identified the alternative promoter in combination with alternative splicing as a novel mechanism for regulation of the epitope generation of a self-tumor Ag.
Visible-Light-Induced Bactericidal Activity of Titanium Dioxide Codoped with Nitrogen and Silver

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles codoped with nitrogen and silver (Ag2O/TiON) were synthesized by the sol−gel process and found to be an effective visible light driven photocatalyst. The catalyst showed strong bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli) under visible light irradiation (λ > 400 nm). In X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction characterization of the samples, the as-added Ag species mainly exist as Ag2O. Spin trapping EPR study showed Ag addition greatly enhanced the production of hydroxyl radicals (•OH) under visible light irradiation. The results indicate that the Ag2O species trapped eCB− in the process of Ag2O/TiON photocatalytic reaction, thus inhibiting the recombination of eCB− and hVB+ in agreement with the stronger photocatalytic bactericidal activity of Ag2O/TiON. The killing mechanism of Ag2O/TiON under visible light irradiation is shown to be related to oxidative damages in the forms of cell wall thinning and cell disconfiguration.
Behavioural state change in normal human fetuses following a single vibroacoustic stimulus: effect of duration of quiet sleep prior to stimulation

Abstract We examined 96 normal human fetuses between 37 and 41 weeks of gestation to determine the relationship between the duration of the active state following a single vibroacoustic stimulus (VAS) and the time spent in prestimulus state 1F, i.e. quiet sleep (QS). All fetuses were observed to enter state 1F prior to testing. After remaining in this state for 3 min, each fetus was randomized into one of three groups: no stimulation (Group I, N = 32); a single 1-s VAS delivered after 3–5 min of QS (Group II, N = 33); and a single 1-s VAS delivered after 18–20 min of QS (Group III, N = 31). Fetuses in Groups I, II, and III were otherwise behaviourally indistinguishable. Heart rate and eye and body movements were monitored until the fetus either returned to state 1F and remained in that state for 3 min or did not return to state 1F within 60 min. Of the 64 fetuses who were stimulated, 62 responded, indicating that there was no effect of prestimulus state duration on the sensitivity to VAS. Fetuses stimulated after 18–20 min of QS behaved similarly to fetuses who entered an active period spontaneously. However, fetuses who were in QS for 3–5 min remained in a more active state for a significantly shorter length of time than did fetuses who either had been in QS for 18–20 min before VAS (17.9 min vs. 38.0 min, P = 0.0002) or had entered an active period spontaneously (17.9 min vs. 41.1 min, P = 0.0001); 10 (30.3%) fetuses in Group II and two (6.5%) fetuses in Group III were active for ⩽ 3 min following VAS ( P = 0.015). Even when the 10 fetuses in Group II who did not make a state change were excluded from analysis, the mean duration of the active period was significantly less for Group II fetuses than for fetuses in either Groups I ( P = 0.0010) or III ( P = 0.0058). We conclude that, for fetuses who were otherwise behaviourally indistinguishable at the time of stimulation, the nature of the behavioural response following a single VAS was dependent upon the prestimulus duration of state 1F.
Massed training-induced intermediate-term operant memory in aplysia requires protein synthesis and multiple persistent kinase cascades.

The Aplysia feeding system with its high degree of plasticity and well characterized neuronal circuitry is well suited for investigations of memory formation. We used an operant paradigm, learning that food is inedible (LFI), to investigate the signaling pathways underlying intermediate-term memory (ITM) in Aplysia. During a single massed training session, the animal associates a specific seaweed with the failure to swallow, generating short-term (30 min) and long-term (24 h) memory. We investigated whether the same training protocol induced the formation of ITM. We found that massed LFI training resulted in temporally distinct protein synthesis-dependent memory evident 4–6 h after training. Through in vivo experiments, we determined that the formation of ITM required protein kinase A, protein kinase C, and MAPK. Moreover, the maintenance of ITM required PKA, PKM Apl III, and MAPK because inhibition of any of these kinases after training or before testing blocked the expression of memory. In contrast, additional experiments determined that the maintenance of long-term memory appeared independent of PKM Apl III. Using Western blotting, we found that sustained MAPK phosphorylation was dependent upon protein synthesis, but not PKA or PKC activity. Thus, massed training-induced intermediate-term operant memory requires protein synthesis as well as persistent or sustained kinase signaling for PKA, PKC, and MAPK. While short-, intermediate-, and long-term memory are induced by the same training protocol, considerable differences exist in both the combination and timing of signaling cascades that induce the formation and maintenance of these temporally distinct memories.
A legend of finance

A finance professor, an engineer, and a chemist were stranded together on a desert island with a large can of ham but no can opener. After various unsuccessful exercises in applied science by the engineer and the chemist aimed at opening the can, they turned in irritation to the finance professor, who all the while had been wearing a superior smile. “What would you do T”, they asked. “Let us assume we have a can opener,” came the unruffled reply.
Does improved waste treatment have demonstrable biological benefits

Since 1972, 10 benthic surveys and 9 static fish bioassays have been conducted to assess the impact of AVTEX Fibers, Inc. effluent on the lower South Fork of the Shenandoah River. AVTEX (formerly FMC Corp.) is a rayon and polyester fibers plant located in Front Royal, Virginia. Benthic samples were taken at four stations, one above and three below the plant discharges. Single surveys in 1972 and 1973 indicated a severe impact on the benthic community along the right side of the river, below the plant, as a result of the channelized effluent. Diversity values (¯d) were low (0–2.42) and numbers of taxa and organisms were reduced. A fish bioassay in 1973 indicated the effluent to be acutely toxic at the 34.5% level (mixture of effluent and river water). In early 1974, FMC Corp. constructed an activated sludge treatment system to reduce BOD and supplement the neutralization and chemical precipitation (zinc hydroxide and liquid-solid separation) facilities that had been used to treat waste waters since 1948. After the new equipment was placed in operation, the previously stressed area became more stable. In 1975 and 1976 the stressed area exhibited greater ¯d values (1.19–3.39) and an increased number of taxa and organisms. Bioassays showed the effluent to be acutely toxic to fish only once since 1973. The major improvements in the effluent were a 70% reduction in BOD5 and a 60% reduction in the amount of zinc entering the river. Community conditions in 1977 indicated a partial remission of improvement, probably due to drought conditions. The rehabilitation of damaged ecosystems is a process important to all biologists. An important factor in encouraging industry to participate in this activity is evidence that improved waste treatment will often have demonstrable biological benefits rather soon. As data accumulate on the recovery process it may be possible to predict the degree of rehabilitation and time required more precisely.
Structural characterization of Nb on sapphire as a buffer layer for MBE growth

Abstract Niobium films grown by molecular beam epitaxy on sapphire substrates are among the highest quality ones that thin-film metal science has yet produced. This system is in intense use as a buffer layer for epitaxial growth of other metal thin films, magnetic films and superlattices as well. We studied films of Nb [110] deposited by MBE on Al2O3 [11 2 0] substrates using high-precision X-ray diffraction. Rocking curves of the out-of-plane Nb (110) peak reveal a two-component line shape. The sharper component implies a mosaic distribution an order of magnitude sharper than bulk single crystal Nb and a transverse structural coherence length exceeding 103 nm. The atomic planes associated with the sharp component are exactly aligned with the sapphire (11 2 0) planes, while those associated with the broad component are slightly misaligned. Upon loading the Nb film with a small amount of hydrogen, we find a further, dramatic increase of the lateral coherence length. The resulting mosaic distribution of the sharp component appears to be limited only by that of the sapphire substrate. We will discuss the results in terms of strain relief by hydrogen-induced dislocation motion.
Observation of elastic neutrino-proton scattering

We have observed 22 events of the process $\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}p$ with a background expectation of 8 events. The neutral-current-to-charged-current ratio $\frac{\ensuremath{\sigma}(\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}p)}{\ensuremath{\sigma}(\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}n)}$ is measured to be 0.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 for $0.3l{q}^{2}l0.9$ ${(\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/\mathit{c})}^{2}$, where $\ensuremath{-}{q}^{2}$ is the square of the four-momentum transfer to the proton. When combined with our previous measurement of $\ensuremath{\nu}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\nu}p$, this yields a ratio $\frac{\ensuremath{\sigma}(\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\nu}p)}{\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\nu}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\nu}p)}=0.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2$, where the error is statistical, suggesting that a purely vector, neutral, hadronic current is unlikely.
The patient and the public good.

The prevailing view is that a physician can simultaneously husband economic resources to control health care costs and fulfill a doctor's traditional responsibility to put the patient first. I disagree.
Popular participation and central planning in Cuban socialism: the experience of agriculture in the 1980s.

Abstract In the 1980s, Cuba institutionalized mechanisms of central planning and popular participation under the System of Management and Planning of the Economy (SDPE). This paper examines the implementation of the SDPE in Cuban agriculture, finding that these mechanisms have yielded a number of the expected productive results. Tensions, however, have also developed between participation and central planning, and these have limited the effectiveness of the SDPE. These tensions are linked to the specific forms of participation and material incentives used. Alternative forms of material incentives and broader popular input into planning targets could reduce these tensions and improve agricultural performance.
The hepcidin circuits act: Balancing iron and inflammation

Hepcidin is a peptide hormone that regulates iron homeostasis and acts as an antimicrobial peptide. It is expressed and secreted by a variety of cell types in response to iron loading and inflammation. Hepcidin mediates iron homeostasis by binding to the iron exporter ferroportin, inducing its internalization and degradation via activation of the protein kinase Jak2 and the subsequent phosphorylation of ferroportin. Here we have shown that hepcidin-activated Jak2 also phosphorylates the transcription factor Stat3, resulting in a transcriptional response. Hepcidin treatment of ferroportin-expressing mouse macrophages showed changes in mRNA expression levels of a wide variety of genes. The changes in transcript levels for half of these genes were a direct effect of hepcidin, as shown by cycloheximide insensitivity, and dependent on the presence of Stat3. Hepcidin-mediated transcriptional changes modulated LPS-induced transcription in both cultured macrophages and in vivo mouse models, as demonstrated by suppression of IL-6 and TNF-α transcript and secreted protein. Hepcidin-mediated transcription in mice also suppressed toxicity and morbidity due to single doses of LPS, poly(I:C), and turpentine, which is used to model chronic inflammatory disease. Most notably, we demonstrated that hepcidin pretreatment protected mice from a lethal dose of LPS and that hepcidin-knockout mice could be rescued from LPS toxicity by injection of hepcidin. The results of our study suggest a new function for hepcidin in modulating acute inflammatory responses.
The Effect of Amino Acid Supplements to the Diet of Broad Breasted Bronze Turkey Poults Fed Various Levels of Protein and Productive Energy

Abstract INCREASED growth of turkey poults due to methionine supplementation has been reported by Bird et al. (1948), Atkinson et al. (1953), Pepper and Slinger (1955), Donovan et al. (1955) and others. Johnson (1950) and Saxena and McGinnis (1952) have found that the addition of methionine to the diet improved feed efficiency of turkey poults. Klain et al. (1954) reported that the addition of lysine to a poult diet increased growth at the 21.8% protein level but not at 25.5% protein. Lockhart and Thayer (1955) reported increases in growth of turkey poults when methionine and lysine were added to a 26% protein ration; and methionine improved growth at the 22% protein level. Blaylock et al. (1954) reported no differences in average score or commercial grades of turkeys fed different levels of fiber and energy in a study involving free choice feeding of pellets and grain. Dymsza et al. (1955) reported that …
Huntington's disease: current concepts of therapy.

: Huntington's disease (Huntington's chorea), a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system, is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. Since there is no cure for this genetic disorder, therapy has been focused on pharmacologic manipulation of the involved neurotransmitter systems. In Huntington's disease, there is a functional predominance of striatal dopaminergic activity over antagonist cholinergic and possibly gaba-minergic systems. Many dopaminergic antagonists and cholinergic and gaba-minergic agonists are currently used in treatment. Supportive psychiatric care for affected persons and their families is an important therapeutic adjunct in the management of Huntington's disease. The eventual therapy will depend upon accurate identification of the primary genetic defect.