cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Transformations of Triosmium Carbonyl Cluster Complexes Containing Bridging Aryl Ligands

The reaction of Os3(CO)10(NCMe)2 (1) with C6H5Au(PPh3) has yielded the complex Os3(CO)10(μ,η1-C6H5)(μ-AuPPh3) (2), which contains an bridging η1-phenyl ligand and a Au(PPh3) group that bridges the same unsaturated Os–Os bond in the 46-electron cluster complex. When it was heated to reflux in an octane solution (125 °C), compound 2 was decarbonylated and converted to the complex Os3(CO)9(μ3-C6H4)(μ-AuPPh3)(μ-H) (3), which contains a triply bridging benzyne ligand by a CH cleavage on the bridging phenyl ring. The reaction of Os3(CO)10(NCMe)2 with (1-C10H7)Au(PPh3) (1-C10H7 = 1-naphthyl) yielded the complex Os3(CO)10(μ-2-C10H7)(μ-AuPPh3) (4), which exists as two isomeric forms in the solid state. A 1,2-hydrogen shift in the naphthyl ligand occurred in the formation of 4. The green isomer 4a is structurally similar to 2 and contains a bridging η1-2-naphthyl ligand and a bridging Au(PPh3) group and is electronically unsaturated overall. The pink isomer 4b contains a bridging η2-2-naphthyl ligand and a bridging...
Antistreptolysin Content of Blood Serum of Children. Its Significance in Rheumatic Fever

Todd1a described a method of titrating antistreptolysin in blood serum by which a diagnosis of a preceding hemolytic streptococcus infection may be made. Coburn and Pauli2 considered the antistreptolysin titre of 200 units or higher at the onset of rheumatic fever as immunologic evidence that the hemolytic streptococcus initiates the disease. Myers and Keefer,3 however, obtained an average of 200 units in normal subjects with a higher average (500 units) in rheumatic fever.The majority of these observations were made in adults. They represent either single determinations or repeated tests over a short period and give a wide normal range of from 50 to 500 units.In view of these findings it seemed of interest to obtain information as to the antistreptolysin titre in children of various ages, including: (1) Subjects apparently well; (2) Convalescents following streptococcus and miscellaneous infections; and (3) Rheumatic children during active and inactive periods.Method. Todd's technic1b was closely followe...
Effects of l-methamphetamine on the discriminative stimulus and reinforcing effects of cocaine

Aims: Behavioral economic demand curves quantify the relationship between the price of a commodity and the consumption of that commodity and are often used to measure how an individual or group values a commodity, including drugs of abuse. The exponential model of demand proposed by Hursh and Silberberg (2008) quantifies this relationship and provides indices of demand elasticity (sensitivity to price) and demand intensity (amount of consumption unrestricted by price). One limitation of this model, however, is that it relies on consumption measured in logarithmic units, which prevents consumption values of zero units from being incorporated into analyses. Replacing zeroswithnonzerovalues also presents problems, with the specific value chosen often affecting the statistical conclusions. Methods: Here, we present a modification of this formula that allows the valid inclusion of unaltered consumption values of zero units. We compared the two functions on a large dataset of hypothetical drug purchase task data (n=1215) collected online. Results: Our model modification provides measures of demand intensity and elasticity that are highly correlated with and directly comparable to themeasures produced by the Hursh and Silberberg (2008) equation, but was able to fit 100% of the individual subject data series instead of just 69%. Conclusions: Our model provides a more flexible approach to analyzing demand data that can accommodate more datasets and provides estimates of demand intensity andelasticity that arebackward compatible with the popular Hursh and Silberberg (2008) model. Details of the model modification, curve fit comparisons, and discussion of advantages and disadvantages will be presented. Financial support: NIH/NCI grant U19 CA157345 and institutional funds to WKB.
Free Points: An Experiential Exercise in Sales Management

A highly quantitative sales management case led to student decision making based purely on the numbers. An experiential exercise was used to illustrate the impact of these actions on the feelings, morale, and productivity of the employees. Since grades generate the maximum amount of stress for most students, one student was given absolute authority over nine other students’ grades. This stress over grades led to an effective simulation of the human feelings experienced by both the salespeople and the sales manager.
Lactate levels and hemodynamic coherence in acute circulatory failure

In this review, the relationship between changes in macrohemodynamics during the development and treatment of acute circulatory failure is discussed in the context of coherence with microcirculation and changes in lactate. In models of circulatory failure, coherence between changes in macrocirculatory and microcirculatory perfusion and coherence with subsequent changes in lactate levels are more or less preserved. However, in patients, particularly those with septic shock, these relationships are much less clear. As many factors influence the effect of circulatory failure and infection on microcirculation and on lactate levels, this should not be surprising. Resuscitation should therefore aim at adequate tissue perfusion where systemic hemodynamics, microcirculatory perfusion parameters, and lactate levels should be used in their relevant context. This results in treating the individual patient as an n = 1 experiment.
Contributions of the Department of Veterans Affairs to Assessment and Treatment of Aphasia

The modern Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Centers evolved from previous efforts, throughout history, to meet the changing needs of veterans wounded in battle. As the weapons of war cha...
Decreased Cingulate Cortex activation during cognitive control processing in bipolar disorder

Abstract Background Cognitive deficits are well-documented in patients with bipolar disorder (BPD) and may impact the efficacy of psychotherapy. Cognitive control, a form of executive functioning, is often used therapeutically to shift patients’ thoughts and behaviors from automatic, maladaptive responses to adaptive coping strategies. This study examined cognitive control processing in patients with BPD using the Multi-Source Interference Task (MSIT). Method Twenty-nine patients diagnosed with BPD and 21 healthy control (HC) subjects completed the MSIT with concurrent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Results Patients with BPD generally performed worse on the MSIT relative to HC participants; the BPD group had significantly lower performance accuracy and made more omission errors. Further, fMRI analyses revealed differential patterns of activation between the groups during the MSIT. Region of interest (ROI) analyses revealed that relative to HC participants, patients with BPD activated significantly fewer voxels within the cingulate cortex (CC) and more voxels within prefrontal cortex (PFC), although the PFC findings did not survive more stringent significance thresholds. Limitations Patients and HCs were not matched for age, sex, and premorbid verbal IQ, however, these variables were controlled for statistically. Medication usage in the BPD group may have possibly impacted the results. Given a priori hypotheses, ROI analyses were utilized. Conclusions Decreased CC activation and increased PFC activation may be associated with impaired cognitive control, demonstrated by BPD patients when completing the MSIT. Identifying the neural mechanisms which underlie key cognitive abnormalities in BPD may aid in clarifying the pathophysiology of this disorder and inform selection of potential targets for cognition remediation in BPD.
Historical Perspective on Familial Gastric Cancer

Gastric cancer is a common disease worldwide, typically associated with acquired chronic inflammation in the stomach, related in most instances to infection by Helicobacter pylori. A small percentage of cases occurs in familial clusters, and some of these can be linked to specific germline mutations. This article reviews the historical background to the current understanding of familial gastric cancer, focuses on the entity of hereditary diffuse gastric cancer, and also reviews the risks for gastric cancer related to a number of other familial genetic diseases.
Analysis of ERCOT regulation-up and regulation-down operational reserves

The short-term production variability of utility scale renewable generation is compensated for by Operational Reserves. At first sight, it might be expected that the required reserves would increase with the amount of renewable installed power. However, this has not recently been the case in ERCOT, where operational reserves requirements have decreased over time. A closer look reveals that other changes have occurred over time as specified in Nodal Protocol Revision Requests (NPRRs). This paper presents a statistical analysis of the impact of different NPRR changes over ERCOT procured Regulation-Up and Regulation-Down operational reserves. The significance of them was assessed by using the Regression Discontinuity Design method. The results suggest that eventually more renewable generation can be introduced without a significant increasing of operational reserve requirements.
Reshaping the agri-food system: the role of standards, standard makers and third-party certifiers

Knight and co-workers (2002) define agriculture as the system and processes used in the cultivation of plants, and the raising of animals, for food and other materials. The systems and processes that characterize agriculture are a function of a much broader agri-food system – the set of relationships that coordinates food production by harmonizing the choices made by producers, processors, retailers, food service outlets and consumers. The agri-food system is currently being reshaped by a variety of trends including growing international trade (Kennedy 2000), concerns about food safety (Caswell and Hooker 1996), agriculture’s impact on the environment (Ogishi et al. 2002), worker health, safety and wages (Gereffi et al. 2001), animal welfare (Hobbs et al. 2002), and the use of new forms of technology (Lusk et al. 2003).
Sensitivity to Change of the Counseling Center Assessment of Psychological Symptoms-34

The current study investigated the sensitivity to change of the Counseling Center Assessment of Psychological Symptoms-34 (CCAPS-34), a multidimensional measure designed to assess the mental health...
Channel Spoofer: Defeating Channel Variability and Unpredictability

A vast literature on secret sharing protocols now exists based on the folk theorem that the wireless channel between communicating parties Alice and Bob cannot be controlled or predicted by a third party in a fine-grain way. We find that the folk theorem unfortunately does not hold. In particular, we show how an adversary, using a customized full-duplex forwarder, can control the channel seen by Alice and Bob in fine granularity without leaving a trace, while predicting with high probability the secrets generated by any channel reciprocity based secret sharing protocol. An implementation of our proposed secret manipulator, called Channel Spoofer, on a software-defined radio platform empirically verifies Channel Spoofer's effectiveness in breaking several representative state-of-the-art secret sharing protocols. To the best of our knowledge, the proposed Channel Spoofer is the first practical attacker against all extant channel reciprocity based secret sharing protocols.
Influence of Social Networks and Social Media toward Satisfaction through Apparel Purchase Decision on Adolescents in East Java.

This study aims to determine the influence of Social Media and Social networks toward satisfaction through consumer purchasing decisions apparel at teenagers in East Java. The population used in this study are young people in East Java. According to the Central Statistics Agency (2010), adolescent age limit is 10 to 24 years of age. Characteristics of the sample in this study are: a minimum age of 17 years, have social networks, social media has, and never make a purchase apparel for information from social networks. Total sample of 150 respondents. Sampling techniques or sampling technique in this study were randomized (random sampling), the sampling technique that gives equal opportunity for each element or member of the population to be selected into the sample. The technique used to draw the sample is purposive random sampling technique. The analysis technique used to perform data processing in this peneitian is a structural equation model (SEM). The research proves that the hypothesis proposed in this study are: (1) social networks positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions apparel to consumers adolescents in East Java, (2) social media positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions apparel to consumers teenagers in East Java, (3) the purchase decision apparel positive and significant impact on satisfaction on consumer teenagers in East Java, (4) social networks positive and significant effect on satisfaction through the purchasing decisions of apparel to consumers adolescents in East Java, (5) social media positive and significant effect on satisfaction through the purchasing decisions of consumers apparel at teenagers in East Java, and (6) social networks and social media, and a significant positive effect on satisfaction through consumer purchasing decisions apparel at teenagers in East Java; be accepted. Suggestions for future research is to expand the variable which in theory are stated to have influence on purchasing decisions and satisfaction.
Laser speckle imaging of brain blood flow through a transparent nanocrystalline yttria-stabilized-zirconia cranial implant

The laser speckle flowmetry methods based on laser speckle imaging (LSI) have attracted extensive attention recently because they can image brain blood flow with high spatiotemporal resolution. However, the poor transparency of the cranial bone limits the spatial resolution and the imaging depth. This problem has previously been addressed in animal studies by removing or thinning the skull to transparency. Nevertheless, a permanent and reliable solution has not yet been developed. Our study demonstrates a new method to address this challenge in biomedical imaging research, through the use of novel transparent cranial implants made from nanocrystalline yttria-stabilized zirconia (nc-YSZ). By applying LSI to underlying brain in an acute murine model, we show that spatial resolution and quantitative accuracy of blood flow measurement are improved when imaging through transparent nc-YSZ implants relative to native cranium. As such, these results provide the initial evidence supporting the feasibility of nc-YSZ transparent cranial implant as a clinically-viable long-term optical access for LSI on a chronically-recurring basis, thereby suppressing the need for repeated craniotomies. Successful development of this method has the potential to advance the study of neuropathologies or novel neuro-procedures in animal models where measurement of cerebral blood flow is of interest, such as blood flow changes during stroke, changes in blood flow due to functional activation, and spreading depolarization and its role in brain injuries, pathophysiology of migraine, and subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Risk Stratification: Should All Actinic Keratoses in All Patients Be Treated?

Actinic keratoses (AKs) are foci of dysplastic keratinocytes in the epidermis. They are markers of both photodamage and risk of keratinocyte carcinoma (KC) formation. Individual AKs are thought to progress to KC uncommonly, although they arise from the same UV-induced mutations which give rise to KC. Thus, the rationale for treatment of AKs is to reduce the risk of KC formation since AKs are not dangerous in themselves. An estimated $1.68 billion is spent on treatment of AKs in the United States annually. Treatment of a region of skin (e.g., face, scalp, or forearms) to clear AKs is termed field treatment. Though field treatment of AKs and actinic damage has been associated with a reduction in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC), it is unclear to what degree treatment of individual lesions positively impacts health. The presence of AKs has been correlated with formation of KC, particularly CSCC. Field treatment can be accomplished by topical therapy [photodynamic therapy (PDT), topical 5-fluorouracil, ingenol mebutate, imiquimod, and/or sunscreen] or oral systemic therapy including nicotinamide or retinoids (i.e., acitretin, isotretinoin). Field treatments have been associated with a reduction in KC and therefore are likely cost-effective. However, there is a lack of data showing that treatment of individual AK lesions (usually accomplished via cryotherapy) reduces KC. Although cryotherapy is only associated with a 4% sustained clearance rate at 1 year, more than three times the amount of money is spent on cryotherapy as compared to topical therapy in Medicare patients. Field treatment is superior to cryotherapy for reduction of KC. However, it requires high patient compliance and increasingly entails high out-of-pocket expenses for patients. Since field-directed and systemic therapies of AKs reduce KC formation, allocation of resources should be directed toward these modalities. Efforts should be made to improve patient access to field treatments by increased reimbursement for photodynamic therapy (both standard and daylight), reduction of out-of-pocket expenses for topical treatments and retinoids, and increased use of nicotinamide in patients with field actinic damage.
Dreaming, Neural Basis of

Dreaming may occur whenever the general level of brain activation in sleep approaches that of waking. In Stages I and II of non-REM and in REM sleep this condition is met and waking is prevented by closing the gates of the brain to both sensory input and motor output. This is accomplished by changing the chemical background conditions of the brain from predominantly aminergic (in waking) to predominantly cholinergic (in REM sleep). Dream consciousness simulates that of waking via hallucinatory percepts that are generated by entirely internal stimuli. These internally generated images and the strong emotions that go with them are so potent as to fool the dreamer into thinking he or she is awake. The lack of insight is compounded by a marked failure of recent memory, by a loss of the volitional direction of thought and action, and by a marked derangement of orientational stability. To a first approximation all of these formal features of dreaming can now be explained by changes in the chemical and regional activation patterns of the brain's constituent neurons. The new findings encourage a direct and uncomplicated approach to the understanding of dream content and to the establishment of scientific psychology of dreaming.
Early Postoperative Endophthalmitis After Pars Plana Ahmed Valve Placement With Persistent Extraocular Infection

This article presents a case of early postoperative endophthalmitis that occurred after vitrectomy and Ahmed Glaucoma Valve (New World Medical, Inc., Rancho Cucamonga, CA) placement and was treated with intravitreal antibiotics. Intravenous vancomycin was started after aqueous culture grew methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The endophthalmitis improved, but new purulent discharge around the peritomy was noted 10 days after presentation, requiring removal of the valve.
Intrinsic vowel duration and the post-vocalic voicing effect: some evidence from dialects of north american English.

We report the results of a comprehensive dialectal survey of three vowel duration phenomena in North American English: gross duration differences between dialects, the effect of postvocalic consonant voicing, and intrinsic vowel duration. Duration data, from HMM-based forced alignment of phones in the Atlas of North American English corpus [1], showed that 1) the post-vocalic voicing effect appears in every dialect region and all but one dialect, and 2) dialectal variation in first formant frequency appears to be independent of intrinsic vowel duration. This second result adds evidence that intrinsic vowel durations are targets stored in the grammar and do not result from physiological constraints.
The Adolescent Overhead Athlete with SLAP Tear and Partial Infraspinatus Tear

The infraspinatus tear often occurs as a normal variant in the overhead athlete. Jobe, Walch, and Andrews have separately described different mechanisms for the injury, including anterior subluxation, mechanical internal impingement, and tension tearing of the infraspinatus. Occasionally, additional pathology will become severe enough to warrant treatment such as a coexisting SLAP tear. The primary surgical indication for injuries in the throwing athlete is failure of an adequate and extensive rehabilitation program and nonoperative modalities. In patients with concomitant SLAP tear and partial infraspinatus tear, the surgical treatment of a partial infraspinatus tear should be limited to debridement. Repair of the infraspinatus is associated with a lower return to play. Presence of a rotator cuff tear that required repair was a negative predictor of ability to return to play.
Discipline Awareness Exercise

For this discipline awareness exercise, students apply foundational components of their disciplines to real-world contexts. They then collaborate with students in other disciplines to create a cohesive action plan. For example, a psychology student might use the skills and core values of a psychologist or social worker to tackle some aspect of the homeless problem in the United States. For the second part of the exercise, that same student might work with a political science major and a kinesiology major to create an action plan that blends all three ideas. This exercise touches on various SaS and 302 goals. By applying their disciplines to real-world issues, students see beyond the theoretical. They begin to consider how they might conduct research for a real purpose. Through this exercise students also practice creating and refining research questions. Additionally, through their collaborations students learn to transmit complex ideas to audiences outside their discipline, and by working across disciplines, students gain new perspectives that will help them later add to the ongoing conversations in their fields. I use this exercise early in the semester. In terms of sequencing, I think it’s important that students spend a few weeks digging into their own disciplines before they work with classmates in different disciplines. I have students begin investigating ongoing conversations in their disciplines from Week 1, so I introduce this exercise by Week 4 or Week 5. I first designed this exercise for FTF classes, but have since adapted it for online courses. Included files: Lesson Plan for Face to Face version of the exercise (OrlandoActivityF2F), Lesson Plan for online version of the exercise (OrlandoActivityDL), Instructor's Notes describing the exercise in greater detail (OrlandoInstructorsNotes).
Computational Analysis of a Series of Chlorinated Chalcone Derivatives

A systematic conceptual density functional theory (DFT) analysis was performed on a series of chlorinated chalcones to study the effect of electron distribution on antimicrobial activity. In our previous work, a series of 16 chlorinated chalcones were synthesized to determine the antimicrobial effects of varying the location of the halogen substituent on each aromatic ring of the chalcone. Herein is reported a DFT investigation of those 16 chalcones and a comparison of quantum chemical properties to their antimicrobial activity. DFT global chemical reactivity descriptors (chemical hardness/softness, chemical potential/electronegativity, and electrophilicity) and local reactivity descriptors (Fukui functions and dual descriptor) were calculated for all compounds using Spartan’18 software. All calculations were carried out at the B3LYP/6-31G* level of theory. Reactivity analysis of the Fukui dual descriptor calculations reveals sites of nucleophilic and electrophilic attack. These in-silico results provide a foundation for further synthetic optimization of the chalcone skeleton to serve as novel antimicrobial agents.
11 – MONETARY VERSUS FISCAL POLICY

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a comparison between monetary and fiscal policies. Monetary and fiscal policies affect the economy in different ways. Both policies alter aggregate demand but through different means and with different aggregate supply effects. Lags and political factors make economic policy difficult. Expansionary monetary policy increases aggregate demand in the short run and encourages investment spending that boosts aggregate supply in the long run. The three ways of financing government have different economic and political consequences. Tax finance does little to shift aggregate demand. Crowding out reduces fiscal policy's force and complete crowding out might wipe out Congress' actions entirely. Fiscal policies work best in this instance, but may be inflationary. There is no guarantee, either, that the Fed will cooperate. Monetary and fiscal policies are either accommodating or conflicting. Policies work best when both groups aim at the same target. The long-run consequences of conflicting policies are important.
New insights into cortical development and plasticity: from molecules to behavior.

The human brain contains 100 billion neurons, and each neuron can have up to 200,000 connections to other neurons. Recent advancements in neuroscience — ranging from molecular studies in animal models to behavioral studies in humans — have given us deeper insights into the development of this extraordinarily intricate system. Studies show a complex interaction between biological predispositions and environment; while gross neuroanatomy and low-level functions develop early prior to receiving environmental inputs, functional selectivity is shaped through experience, governed by the maturation of local excitatory and inhibitory circuits and synaptic plasticity during sensitive periods early in development. Plasticity does not end with the closing of the early sensitive period – the environment continues to play an important role in learning throughout the lifespan. Recent work delineating the cascade of events that initiates, controls and ends sensitive periods, offers new hope of eventually being able to remediate various clinical conditions by selectively reopening plasticity.
Impact of Exposure to Patient Death or Near Death on Compassion Fatigue in Pediatric Intensive Care Nurses.

Background Compassion fatigue affects up to 40% of health care professionals who work in intensive care settings. Frequent exposure to the death of patients, particularly children, may put nurses at risk for compassion fatigue, but the relation between these is unclear among those working in pediatric intensive care units. Objectives To examine the relationship between exposure to the death or near death of a pediatric patient and compassion fatigue, specifically the outcomes of compassion satisfaction, burnout, and secondary traumatic stress. Methods Pediatric and neonatal intensive care nurses were surveyed about their exposure to patient death and near-death experiences. They were asked to respond to the Professional Quality of Life Scale, which has 3 subscales that measure compassion satisfaction, burnout, and secondary traumatic stress. Bivariate and multivariate linear regression modeling was used to identify correlates of these outcomes. Results Of the 65 respondents, 94% were female, 41% were aged 31 to 45 years, and 71% had a bachelor's degree. No significant relationship was found between nurses' experiences of patient death or near death and their compassion satisfaction, burnout, or secondary traumatic stress. Significant correlates of compassion satisfaction and burnout included educational level and an age-experience interaction. Conclusions No relationship seems to exist between nurses' experiences of patient death or near death and their compassion satisfaction, burnout, or secondary traumatic stress. Further research is needed to evaluate the impact of educational attainment on nurse outcomes and determine how best to support nurses who are at risk for compassion fatigue.
The Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference’s Role in Beijing’s Hong Kong United Front

Though the People’s Republic of China (PRC) acknowledged in a recorded treaty that Hong Kong should enjoy “a high degree of autonomy,” a complex United Front machine managed by Beijing administers Hong Kong’s local affairs on a constant basis. National, regional and local United Front institutions all play their parts in transmitting Beijing’s policies and coordinating local action. The Chinese Communist Party’s (CCP) Liaison Office in Hong Kong is widely considered to be the “second” or true government of Hong Kong as it coordinates the work of local grassroots organizations, pro-establishment political parties, Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) delegates, and National People’s Congress (NPC) deputies. This precise workings of this network remain opaque to CCP outsiders who instead are directed to look at the ornamental bodies of state (the Chief Executive, Legislative Council, and judiciary), but an intensification in United Front work is, in turn, attracting an intensification of interest in its activities. This article primarily explores the role of the local CPPCC in that tapestry. True isolation would not be possible due to the overlap in United Front titles and offices. Ultimately, more than any other singular policy choice, Beijing’s persistent privileging of the political viewpoints of Hong Kong’s oligarchic elite is undercutting central-local relations.
Urban Human Dynamics

Urban areas are places where people concentrate in a relatively high density built environment to carry out a wide range of activities. Each urban area should provide adequate infrastructure and services to support the needs of its population. Since various resources, services, and facilities are at different locations, urban areas manifest a complex system of flows of people, goods, and information to support the economic, social, cultural, and political systems in human society. These activities, flows, and systems are driven by various processes and exhibit various spatiotemporal patterns that are the outcomes of human dynamics. However, how we investigate the various dynamic processes and complex systems in urban areas has been and continues to be a challenging research topic. Urban human dynamics cover multiple aspects and can be studied from different perspectives. This chapter discusses urban dynamics and human dynamics in terms of their respective approaches and methods, along with some selected examples. It then connects urban human dynamics research with urban informatics to highlight their relationships and how together they could lead to urban areas that can better serve human needs and improve the quality of life.
Whole-Transcriptome Responses to Environmental Stresses in Agricultural Crops Treated with Carbon-Based Nanomaterials

Carbon-based nanomaterials (CBNs) such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene can be beneficial to crops exposed to abiotic stresses such as drought and high salinity. Our findings suggest that th...
An Autocrine Negative Feedback Loop Inhibits Dictyostelium discoideum Proliferation through Pathways Including IP3/Ca 2 .

Little is known about how eukaryotic cells can sense their number or spatial density and stop proliferating when the local density reaches a set value. We previously found that Dictyostelium discoideum accumulates extracellular polyphosphate to inhibit its proliferation, and this requires the G protein-coupled receptor GrlD and the small GTPase RasC. Here, we show that cells lacking the G protein component Gβ, the Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factor GefA, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), phospholipase C (PLC), inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptor-like protein A (IplA), polyphosphate kinase 1 (Ppk1), or the TOR complex 2 component PiaA have significantly reduced sensitivity to polyphosphate-induced proliferation inhibition. Polyphosphate upregulates IP3, and this requires GrlD, GefA, PTEN, PLC, and PiaA. Polyphosphate also upregulates cytosolic Ca2+, and this requires GrlD, Gβ, GefA, RasC, PLC, IplA, Ppk1, and PiaA. Together, these data suggest that polyphosphate uses signal transduction pathways including IP3/Ca2+ to inhibit the proliferation of D. discoideum. IMPORTANCE Many mammalian tissues such as the liver have the remarkable ability to regulate their size and have their cells stop proliferating when the tissue reaches the correct size. One possible mechanism involves the cells secreting a signal that they all sense, and a high level of the signal tells the cells that there are enough of them and to stop proliferating. Although regulating such mechanisms could be useful to regulate tissue size to control cancer or birth defects, little is known about such systems. Here, we use a microbial system to study such a mechanism, and we find that key elements of the mechanism have similarities to human proteins. This then suggests the possibility that we may eventually be able to regulate the proliferation of selected cell types in humans and animals.
Moral Distress: A Qualitative Study of Experiences Among Oncology Team Members.

Background Oncology healthcare professionals (HCPs), particularly nurses, experience moral distress. However, little is known about the impact of moral distress on oncology teams. Objectives The purpose of this study was to describe moral distress as it is experienced by oncology teams in practice. Methods 32 oncology team members participated in eight focus groups. Content analysis was used to identify key themes. Two investigators collaboratively analyzed the data, and findings were independently reviewed by two additional investigators. Findings The following six themes emerged.
Does the Government Spending Multiplier Depend on the Business Cycle

We investigate government spending multipliers using a two-regime model and impulse response functions with fully endogenous regimes. While short-run multipliers vary depending on business cycle fluctuations, we find little evidence that medium or long-run multipliers vary between expansions and recessions. The reason for state-dependence found in the literature is the constant-regime assumption used to create impulse response functions. Importantly, a fiscal policy shock has little effect on the duration of a recession. However, we find that recession multipliers for government investment, non-defense and state and local spending are higher than their government consumption, defense and federal spending counterparts.
Considerations for Incorporating Trauma-Informed Care Content within Special Education Teacher Preparation and Professional Development Programs

Trauma-informed care (TIC) is the practice of consciousness and awareness of trauma that guides educators in developing academic and behavioral support for students with exceptionalities who have experienced trauma. TIC can support students from the lens of Positive Behavioral Intervention Supports (PBIS) and Social Emotional Learning (SEL) within Multi-Tiered Systems of Support (MTSS). The purpose of this article is to explore the integration of TIC practices within classrooms that utilize the MTSS framework and to assist pre-service and in-service teachers with implementing TIC practices within inclusive and restrictive K-12 learning environments.
Material Simplicity and Nonviolence

As the world approaches the 21st century, the fruits of its development are evident A materially rich and technologically sophisticated environment has been forged. Behind this materially prominent, facade, however, sits a world divided. Ethnic, cultural, social, religious, economic, age, class and gender factors still separate the human race. Violence remains omnipresent in the world today. The spiritual growth of the members of our species pales in comparison to its material development.
Petroleum Sector Models

This chapter introduces the first building block of a comprehensive energy system optimization model with a discussion of the petroleum sector, formulated as a linear program. In Chapter 9 we build upon this model by integrating the refinery and electric sector LPs into a simple energy model appropriate to the energy planning problems of a developing country.
Isolation and characterization of porcine Müller cells. Myofibroblastic dedifferentiation in culture.

PURPOSE To characterize phenotypic and antigenic changes in isolated Muller cells during proliferation in extended culture. METHODS Muller cells were isolated from porcine retina by sequential papain and DNase digestion, trituration, and density gradient centrifugation. The identity of the isolated cells was confirmed by immunodetection of carbonic anhydrase II (CA-II), cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein (CRALBP), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin, and delta smooth muscle actin (alpha SMA). Continuously proliferating cells established in culture were examined for changes in the expression of these antigens. RESULTS Primary cultures of purified Muller cells, incubated under routine culture conditions, were proliferative and lost immunodetectable CRALBP within 2 weeks. The expression of CA-II also diminished with time, but at an apparently lower rate than that of CRALBP. Loss of GFAP expression was even more gradual and was complete by passage 5. De novo expression of alpha SMA was detectable in some cells within 12 days in culture and by all cells by passage 5. During this period, vimentin expression remained qualitatively unchanged. CONCLUSIONS Isolated porcine Muller cells in culture undergo a phenotypic dedifferentiation to a fibroblast-like cell, which includes loss of detectable CRALBP, CA-II, and GFAP, and they acquire expression of the myoid marker alpha SMA.
Interaction Analysis of a Biology Chat

This is an analysis of data from initial attempts to combine (a) technology from the Virtual Math Teams (VMT) Project, (b) helping agents, (c) collaborative small groups, and (d) accountable-talk prompting in order to scaffold biology student online chats about videotaped results of a biology experiment. Analysis of the response structure of the chat log of a student group reveals characteristics of their interactions in terms of building collaborative knowledge. In particular, the mediation by the VMT technology, helping agents, and accountable-talk training is analyzed to determine their influences in promoting productive learning-oriented interaction. A design-based-research analytic perspective provides suggestions for redesign of the socio-technical approach based on the findings from the interaction analysis. Redesign in response to the analysis results in clear improvement, as seen in analysis of the response structure of a chat log from a second test cycle.
Online Research Guide

This note provides students with an approach to using online databases to analyze companies, industries, markets, including country markets.Learning Objective:Used in conjunction with the Analyzing Business Models tool to support analysis and decision making on the viability of a company's business model or the business plan for a new opportunity.
On the Benefits and Limitations of Dynamic Partitioning in Parallel Computer Systems

In this paper we analyze the benefits and limitations of dynamic partitioning across a wide range of parallel system environments. We formulate a general model of dynamic partitioning that can be fitted to measurement data to obtain a sufficiently accurate quantitative analysis of real parallel systems executing real scientific and/or commercial workloads. An exact solution of the model is obtained by employing matrix-geometric techniques. We then use this framework to explore the parallel system design space over which dynamic partitioning outperforms other space-sharing policies for a diverse set of application work-loads, quantifying the significant performance improvements within these regions. Our results show that these regions and the performance benefits of dynamic partitioning are heavily dependent upon its associated costs, the system load, and the workload characteristics. We also identify the regions of the design space over which dynamic partitioning performs poorly, quantifying the performance degradation and illustrating forms of unstable thrashing.
Neutral beam shine-through power and its dependence on the line density of the DIII-D plasma

Neutral beams are the primary source of auxiliary plasma heating in the DIII-D Tokamak. Part of the beam power passes through the plasma and is deposited on the wall of the tokamak (shine-through power) and does not contribute to plasma heating. It is therefore crucial to know the shine-through power in order to give an accurate account of the total power deposited in the plasma. We have recently remeasured the shine-through power using data taken from thermocouples embedded in the beam target the of the tokamak vessel. The tile temperature rise was correlated to the injected beam power. A dependence of the tile temperature rise on the initial tile temperature has been empirically measured and accounted for in order to obtain a more accurate determination of the shine-through beam power. Measurements of the shine-through beam power as a function of plasma density and beam energy confirm that shine-through power decreases exponentially with plasma density, and increases linearly with beam energy.
Natural Gas as a Future Fuel for Heavy-Duty Vehicles

In addition to their significant environmental impacts, medium-duty and heavy-duty (HD) vehicles are high volume fuel users. Development of such vehicles, which include transit buses, refuse trucks, and HD Class 6-8 trucks, that are fueled with natural gas is strategic to market introduction of natural gas vehicles (NGV). Over the past five years the Department of Energy's (DOE) Office of Heavy Vehicle Technologies (OHVT) has funded technological developments in NGV systems to support the growth of this sector in the highly competitive transportation market. The goals are to minimize emissions associated with NGV use, to improve on the economies of scale, and to continue supporting the testing and safety assessments of all new systems. This paper provides an overview of the status of major projects under a program supported by DOE/OHVT and managed by Brookhaven National Laboratory. The discussion focuses on the program's technical strategy in meeting specific goals proposed by the N GV industry and the government. Relevant projects include the development of low-cost fuel storage, fueling infrastructure, and HD vehicle applications.
Upright and left out: Posture moderates the effects of social exclusion on mood and threats to basic needs

Adopting a powerful posture leads individuals to feel more confident and dominant. Social exclusion can strongly impact individuals' mood and basic social needs. The current research combines these bodies of research, investigating the effects of dominant and submissive poses on responses to social exclusion and inclusion. In two experiments, participants held a slouching or upright pose and were either socially included or excluded using the Cyberball social exclusion manipulation. Social exclusion only affected participants' mood when individuals took a powerful posture: Excluded participants in powerful postures had more negative mood after exclusion than included power-posing participants, but effects of exclusion and inclusion did not differ among submissive-posing participants (Experiments 1 and 2). Similarly, it was also found that social exclusion affected basic needs only when participants' adopted powerful poses (Experiment 2). Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Turbulence in global simulations of magnetized thin accretion discs

We use a global magnetohydrodynamic simulation of a geometrically thin accretion disc to investigate the locality and detailed structure of turbulence driven by the magnetorotational instability (MRI). The model disc has an aspect ratio H/R≃ 0.07, and is computed using a higher order Godunov magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) scheme with accurate fluxes. We focus the analysis on late times after the system has lost direct memory of its initial magnetic flux state. The disc enters a saturated turbulent state in which the fastest growing modes of the MRI are well resolved, with a relatively high efficiency of angular momentum transport 〈〈α〉〉≈ 2.5 × 10−2. The accretion stress peaks at the disc mid-plane, above and below which exists a moderately magnetized corona with patches of superthermal field. By analysing the spatial and temporal correlations of the turbulent fields, we find that the spatial structure of the magnetic and kinetic energy is moderately well localized (with correlation lengths along the major axis of 2.5H and 1.5H, respectively), and generally consistent with that expected of homogeneous incompressible turbulence. The density field, conversely, exhibits both a longer correlation length and a long correlation time, results that we ascribe to the importance of spiral density waves within the flow. Consistent with prior results, we show that the mean local stress displays a well-defined correlation with the local vertical flux, and that this relation is apparently causal (in the sense of the flux stimulating the stress) during portions of a global dynamo cycle. We argue that the observed flux–stress relation supports dynamo models in which the structure of coronal magnetic fields plays a central role in determining the dynamics of thin-disc accretion.
Are Marfan Syndrome and Marfanoid Patients Distinguishable on Long-Term Follow-Up?

Background It is unclear whether late outcome differs for Marfan syndrome and marfanoid patients. Thus, we compared characteristics of Marfan versus marfanoid patients and their survival and requirement for reoperation. Methods From 1978 to October 2003, 162 patients with a presumptive diagnosis of Marfan syndrome underwent operation. We recategorized them as confirmed Marfan (n = 122), marfanoid (n = 23), Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (n = 5), or other (n = 12). Patients categorized as marfanoid failed to meet the major criteria of Marfan syndrome. We compared characteristics of Marfan and marfanoid groups and assessed long-term survival and need for reoperation. Results Marfan and marfanoid patients had similar demographics (women, 33% versus 39%; age, 39 ± 13 versus 41 ± 12 years; height, 186 ± 12 cm versus 184 ± 9.6 cm), valve pathophysiology (aortic regurgitation, 66% versus 58%; mitral regurgitation, 58% versus 62%), and aortic pathology (dilated, 40% versus 39%; dissected, 17% versus 13%). Overall hospital survival was 99.3% (144/145), and 10-year survival was similar at 82% in the Marfan and 100% in marfanoid groups ( p = 0.13). Patients with aortic dissection ( p = 0.001) and mitral valve replacement ( p = 0.003) were at higher risk of death. Reoperation was more frequent after separate aortic valve–ascending aorta graft operations ( p = 0.04), and among taller patients ( p = 0.005). Of 24 Marfan patients with David root reimplantations, none has required reoperation. Conclusions Marfan and marfanoid patients have similar physical characteristics and postoperative survival, although reoperation was more frequent in Marfan patients. Surgery before occurrence of aortic dissection or mitral valve repair should reduce the risk of reoperation, but taller patients, irrespective of Marfan or gender, are more likely to require reoperation.