cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reduced 1,6-dihydrodiphosphopyridine nucleotide. Chemical properties and enzymatic modification.

Abstract A detailed characterization of the enzymatic conversion of 1,6-DPNH, the 1,6-dihydronicotinamide analogue of reduced DPN, to a derivative absorbing at 290 mµ is presented. The derivative has been isolated as its barium salt. The formation of the derivative is completely dependent on the presence of a heat-stable factor. The identity and role of the factor are not known. However, several glycolytic intermediates acted as substitutes for this factor. They are glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, and fructose 1,6diphosphate. Certain yeast extracts catalyze the oxidation of 1,6-DPNH to DPN as well as the formation of the derivative absorbing at 290 mµ.
Correlation between MRI Findings Of Mesial Temporal Sclerosis And Histopathological Findings (I1-2.005)

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether suggestive findings of mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) on MRI scan correlate well with postoperative pathological findings in pediatric patients. BACKGROUND: Hippocampal sclerosis is a common underlying etiology in patients with drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Improving MRI technology has allowed early identification of patients with MTS. Common features of MTS includes increased signal intensity on T2-weighted images, interrupted internal architecture, and hippocampal atrophy. However, it is not clear how accurate these MRI findings are in predicting the actual MTS verified by postoperative histopathological findings. Previous studies suggest that cortical dysplasia may play an important role in TLE among children, and dual pathology may present more frequently than in adults. DESIGN/METHODS: We reviewed 15 pediatric patients who had MRI appearance of MTS and underwent anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL) recently. Their histopathology and seizure outcome were also reviewed. RESULTS: Out of 15 patients, suggestive MTS was present on MRI in 12 patients (80%). Of those 12 patients, only 5 patients (42%) had pathology confirmed mesial temporal sclerosis. All 5 patients also had focal cortical dysplasia (type IIA in 4), and the remaining 7 patients had cortical dysplasia only on histopathology. However, the seizure outcome after ATL at 6 months was similar between MTS versus cortical dysplasia showing Engel class I in 80% and 66% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Conclusion: MTS appearance on MRI scan in pediatric patients frequently have dual pathology of MTS and cortical dysplasia. The histopathology findings may not influence the seizure outcome after ATL. Selective amygdalohippocampectomy may not be adequate for this age group due to likely presence of cortical dysplasia. Disclosure: Dr. Li has nothing to disclose. Dr. Chung has received personal compensation for activities with UCB Pharma, Supermus, Esai Inc., Lundbeck Research USA, Inc., Upshire-Smith, and SK Life Science.
Category Captainship: When Should Retailers Outsource Category Management?

Category captainship is a management practice where a retailer relies on one manufacturer in the category for recommendations regarding strategic category management decisions such as assortment planning. This research investigates the conditions under which category captainship practices are more likely to emerge and deliver value to retailers in a context where multiple manufacturers compete for captainship. The scope of category management is (1) deciding on assortment and (2) undertaking (costly) demand enhancing activities. Manufacturers may be more efficient in undertaking demand-enhancing activities, but their capabilities are unknown to the retailer. We find that the retailer's desire to implement captainship is stronger in categories where cost of traffic driving is high. However, other category characteristics also play a role: when the cost of traffic driving is high (low), the retailer's willingness to outsource category management is stronger (weaker) in categories where base traffic, margins, and attractiveness of the products in the category are high and/or operational cost of managing variety is low. Furthermore, we find that intense competition among manufacturers for the captainship role not only has a positive impact on the emergence of captainship but also increases the variety offered to consumers.
Saturation Magnetization of Swaged Mn–Al

Two years ago remarkable properties were reported for a new alloy based on manganese and aluminum. The value for saturation magnetization in Mn-Al had been extrapolated to infinite magnetizing field and was given as 6200 gauss. Our measurements indicate that the extrapolated figure is too low. Magnetization values of over 7100 gauss have been measured at 13 000 oe. Extrapolations of these values to infinite fields are not made because of anomalies in the magnetization curves at 7500 oe and 12 000 oe. The material having the high magnetization had an energy product of 4.0×106 gauss oe.
Deans' Quality Assessment of Faculty Publications for Tenure/Promotion Decisions

Abstract Social work educators seeking promotion and/or tenure must demonstrate achievement in the area of productive scholarship. Judgments are made by administrators regarding the quantity and quality of a candidate's record of publication. We surveyed deans of graduate programs to ascertain the importance of various factors in their quality assessment of a journal article or book publication. The findings are presented and discussed.
Molecular Biology: The Central Dogma

Although proteins are essential components of all aspects of cell structure and function, they are not sufficient for their own propagation. Instead, the information necessary to specify each individual protein is stored in nucleic acids. The ‘central dogma’ of molecular biology states that sequence information can be transferred among nucleic acids, and from nucleic acids to proteins, but sequence information cannot be transferred among proteins, or from proteins to nucleic acids. Keywords: replication; transcription; translation; reverse transcriptase; adaptive mutation
Primary structure and characterization of an Arabidopsis thaliana calnexin-like protein

A cDNA clone (pTE-83) encoding a protein (CNX1p) related to the microsomal Ca(2+)-binding protein, calnexin, was isolated from an Arabidopsis thaliana expression library. Southern and Northern hybridization indicated that CNX1 is a single-copy gene encoding a message of 1900 nucleotides. The open reading frame encodes a polypeptide with 530 amino acids, a molecular mass of 60.5 kDa, and overall 48% identity to dog calnexin. Both animal calnexin and CNX1p contain a large luminal domain followed by a single potential membrane-spanning domain near the C terminus and a small C-terminal domain exposed to the cytoplasm. The in vitro translation product from the cloned cDNA yielded a polypeptide of 67 kDa that was co-translationally imported into dog microsomes and processed to a 64-kDa product. Antibodies generated against the C-terminal half of the protein cross-react with an identically sized protein present in the microsomal fraction from Arabidopsis. Both the imported and native proteins are cleaved by trypsin to a 59-kDa product indicating that the gene product was indeed correctly processed and translocated into dog microsomes and that the membrane topology of CNX1p resembles that of dog calnexin. The presence of a calnexin-like protein within the plant kingdom indicates that this protein is widespread and involved in processes fundamental to all eukaryotes.
Contrasting robbery- and non-robbery-related workplace homicide: North Carolina, 1994-2003.

Background Most research regarding the perpetration of occupational homicide has focused on robbery-related violence; relatively little is known about the circumstances surrounding non–robbery-related occupational homicides and interventions that may prevent these events. A case series was assembled and utilized to examine occupational homicides that were and were not motivated by robbery to determine if select characteristics of the events differed according to the perpetrator's motivation for the crime and relationship to the workplace. Methods Information on occupational homicides that occurred in North Carolina from 1994 to 2003 was abstracted from medical examiners' records and death certificates and was obtained by interviews with law-enforcement officers and from newspaper accounts (data collection occurred in 1996–2001 and 2003–2007). Each homicide was classified by motive and the perpetrator's relationship to the workplace and its employees. Characteristics of robbery-motivated and non–robbery-motivated homicides were compared. Analysis was conducted in 2006 and 2007. Results Most occupational homicides occurred during robbery of the workplace (64%). However, 36% of occupational homicides during the study period were not robbery-related. Strangers perpetrated 73% of robbery-related killings but only 11% of non–robbery-related homicides. Homicides unrelated to robbery occurred in several industrial sectors, including retail (28%); service (26%); and manufacturing (22%), whereas robbery-related homicides occurred overwhelmingly in retail (67%). The type of firearm used to perpetrate these killings differed by the perpetrator's relationship to the workplace. Conclusions Non–robbery-related homicides constitute a meaningful proportion of occupational homicides, and the characteristics of these cases can differ from those that are robbery-related. The current system by which workplace homicides are classified could be expanded to include robbery motivation. Efforts to examine occupational-homicide–prevention strategies for non–robbery-related homicides are important.
Similarity between unsteady-state conduction in a planar slab for short times and steady-state conduction in a uniform, straight fin

The principal goal of this study is two-fold. First, to elucidate an analogy between unsteady-state conduction in a planar slab for short times and steady-state conduction in a straight fin of uniform cross section. Second, to present approximate analytical solutions of the transient heat conduction equation for short times in a plane having a uniform initial temperature and subjected to a uniform surface temperature (Dirichlet boundary condition). Use was made of a hybrid computational method, theTransversal Method Of Lines (TMOL) to bypass the classical solution techniques for partial differential equations and exploit the physical analogy with the steady-state, heat conduction in a straight fin. The resulting quasi-steady, approximate analytical solution is very easy to employ and is suitable for obtaining quality short-time temperature distributions in the slab.
Plaque induced periodontal disease in beagle dogs. A 4-year clinical, roentgenographical and histometrical study.

The present investigation was carried out in order to study some aspects of the clinical, roentgenographical and histopathological alterations of periodontal tissues in dogs which during a 4-year period were allowed freely to accumulate plaque. Twenty inbred Beagle dogs, at the start of the study 10 months of age, were used. During a preparatory period of eight weeks the animals were once weekly subjected to a careful prophylaxis and had their teeth brushed twice daily. At the end of this period the dogs were divided into two groups of ten (test and control). From day zero of experimentation and onwards the teeth of the control dogs were twice daily subjected to meticulous toothbrushing, whereas the teeth of the test dogs were not cleaned. Examinations of the periodontal tissues were performed at days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 and after 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 18, 24, 36 and 48 months. Biopsies of different tooth regions were made on day zero and after 6, 12, 18, 24, 36 and 48 months of experiment. In the sections were measured (i) the distance from the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) to the most apical cells of the dento-gingival epithelium, and (ii) the distance from CEJ to the level of the marginal alveolar bone. The study demonstrated that it is possible in dogs to establish and maintain a normal gingiva simply by eliminating calculus and then subjecting the animals to daily repeated and carefully performed tooth cleanings. Dogs allowed freely to accumulate plaque rapidly developed signs of gingivitis and eventually also clinical, radiographical and histopathological signs of periodontal tissue breakdown. The observations show that at least one type of periodontal disease is induced by factors within the dental plaque.
Philip Clayton and Jeffrey Schloss (eds): Evolution and Ethics: Human Morality in Biological and Religious Perspective

Evolution and religious faith?especially Christian faith?are often posited in opposition to one another. It is over a century since Andrew Dixon White, then president of Cornell University, published his best selling History of the Warfare between Science and Religion in Christendom, but for many the battles continue. In several ways the conflict is not unlike the American Civil War: military victory was achieved long ago, but the tensions live on in the hearts of many. For many, "Yankees" are still unwelcome intruders in the South, but for others it is mainly the issues that led to the war?from racism to states rights?that are still with us. There the fight continues, and some would even argue that the political trends in the United States are pointing toward a belated Southern victory. So it is with the battles between evolution and Christianity. In one sense, the result is clear: as a matter of science, biological evolution is firmly established, and those who would chal lenge its scientific standing are thoroughly marginalized. But in classrooms, school boards, and legislatures, conflict continues and emotions run high. How can this be, with the "war" so long over? As described in the introduction to this volume, it is "because the most serious and widespread resistance to evolutionary theory has never really centered on defending par ticular supernatural accounts of how creation occurred. Rather it has involved fundamental beliefs about what kind of creation we have." Nowhere are those fundamental beliefs about the nature of this world and its inhabitants more deeply challenged than in the efforts to link evolution with ethics. (What place is there in our lives and in the fiber of civilization for compassion, love, or justice if all behavior is merely a manifestation of the competition to survive?) The eighteen essays in this volume explore this complex interface in a genuine effort to deal with the difficulties it presents. The contributors avoid the rhetoric of warfare or conflict in an honest and open attempt to reach understanding?and maybe even progress?at this vital point of contact between the scientific and religious conceptions of nature and the place of humanity in the greater scheme of things. How can the apparent existence of altruism (let alone the command to "Love your neighbor" or even "Love your enemy") be reconciled with the modern interpretations of biological evolution?
Control and system identification of a two-link flexible manipulator

The problem of endpoint position control for a planar manipulator which has two very flexible links is considered. Discussions on system identification techniques are presented relative to the laboratory apparatus under consideration. The resulting models are used in static and dynamic fixed-controller designs, as well as in a self-tuning controller design for the case in which the manipulator carries an unknown payload at the endpoint of the second link. Experimental results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the control and system identification. >
Robust principal axes determination for point-based shapes using least median of squares

A robust technique for determining the principal axes of a 3D shape represented by a point set, possibly with noise, is presented. We use techniques from robust statistics to guide the classical principal component analysis (PCA) computation. Our algorithm is based on a robust statistics method: least median of squares (LMS), for outlier detection. Using this method, an outlier-free major region of the shape is extracted, which ignores the effect on other minor regions regarded as the outliers of the shape. In order to effectively approximate the LMS optimization, the forward search technique is utilized. We start from a small outlier-free subset robustly chosen as the major region, where an octree is used for accelerating computation. Then the region is iteratively increased by adding samples at a time. Finally, by treating the points on minor regions as outliers, we are able to define the principal axes of the shape as one of the major region. One of the advantages of our algorithm is that it automatically disregards outliers and distinguishes the shape as the major and minor regions during the principal axes determination without any extra segmentation procedure. The presented algorithm is simple and effective and gives good results for point-based shapes. The application on shape alignment is considered for demonstration purpose.
Factors associated with presence and extent of coronary calcium in those predicted to be at low risk according to Framingham risk score (from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis).

Even among asymptomatic persons at low risk ( 0) and advanced CAC (CAC ≥300). A CAC level of >0 and of ≥300 was present in 30% and 3.5% of participants, respectively. Factor VIIIc, fibrinogen, and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule were each associated with the presence of CAC (p ≤0.02), and C-reactive protein, D-dimer, and the carotid intima-media thickness with advanced CAC (p ≤0.03). The base model combining the traditional risk factors had excellent discrimination for advanced CAC (C-statistic 0.808). The addition of the 2 best-fit models combining the biomarkers with or without carotid intima-media thickness improved the c-statistic to 0.822 and 0.820, respectively. All 3 models calibrated well but were similar in estimating the individual risk probabilities for advanced CAC (prevalence 9.97%, 10.63%, and 10.10% in the greatest quartiles of predicted probabilities vs 0.26%, 0.26%, and 0.26% in the lowest quartiles, respectively). In conclusion, in low-risk persons, the traditional risk factors alone predicted advanced CAC with high discrimination and calibration. The biomarker combinations with and without carotid intima-media thickness were also significantly associated with advanced CAC; however, the improvement in the prediction and estimation of the clinical risk were modest compared to the traditional risk factors alone.
A few notes about polymer knots

Basic theoretical results on knots in a single polymer chain are reviewed. The probability of a knot upon random chain closure and the effect of a preexisting knot on the physical characteristics of a molecule are considered. The probability of a knot in the linear chain is related to knot entropy and the minimum work required for a knot to become untied in a thermodynamically equilibrium environment. However, when chain topology is fixed by end closure, it controls, for example, the average radius of gyration of a coil: a coil appears to be more compact as compared with a phantom one when a knot is more complex than a certain threshold, and more swollen in the opposite case.
The Effects of Onset and Offset Responsibility on Affects and Helping Judgments1

Attributional studies of helping have examined perceivers affective responses and helping intentions as a function of responsibility (controllability) for the onset of a problem. This study extended the analysis to a responsibility for the solution (offset) of a problem and examined how the cause of both the onset and the offset of a problem determined perceivers' affective responses and helping intentions. One hundred and eighty subjects participated in the study. The subjects read one of three stories regarding the target person's behavior at the onset of falling behind in school (“sick” vs. “effort” vs. “no effort”) and reported their perceptions of the cause of the problem, affective responses, and helping intentions. Then they read one of three stories regarding the target person's behavior for the offset of the problem (“sick” vs. “effort” vs. “no effort”:' and responded again to the previously administered scales. Results indicated (a) that the final responses were strongly determined by the offset information. and (b) that sickness at the time of the onset led to negative affect and less helping intention when the offset information was “no effort.” The latter effect is discussed within the context of the moral judgment. Furthermore, structural equation analyses for the responses after the offset information revealed (a) that Weiner's “attribution-emotion-helping” model was applicable. and (b) that the effect of the effort perception on the helping intention was mediated by anger and pity.
High-resolution longitudinal assessment of flow and permeability in mouse glioma vasculature: Sequential small molecule and SPIO dynamic contrast agent MRI†

The poor prognosis associated with malignant glioma is largely attributable to its invasiveness and robust angiogenesis. Angiogenesis involves host-tumor interaction and requires in vivo evaluation. Despite their versatility, few studies have used mouse glioma models with perfusion MRI approaches, and generally lack longitudinal study design. Using a micro-MRI system (8.5 Tesla), a novel dual bolus-tracking perfusion MRI strategy was implemented. Using the small molecule contrast agent Magnevist, dynamic contrast enhanced MRI was implemented in the intracranial 4C8 mouse glioma model to determine K(trans) and v(e), indices of tumor vascular permeability and cellularity, respectively. Dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI was subsequently implemented to assess both cerebral blood flow and volume, using the macromolecular superparamagnetic iron oxide, Feridex, which circumvented tumor bolus susceptibility curve distortions from first-pass extravasation. The high-resolution parametric maps obtained over 4 weeks, indicated a progression of tumor vascularization, permeability, and decreased cellularity with tumor growth. In conclusion, a comprehensive array of key parameters were reliably quantified in a longitudinal mouse glioma study. The syngeneic 4C8 intracerebral mouse tumor model has excellent characteristics for studies of glioma angiogenesis. This approach provides a useful platform for noninvasive and highly diagnostic longitudinal investigations of anti-angiogenesis strategies in a relevant orthotopic animal model.
Measuring Classroom Assessment Practice Using Instructional Artifacts: A Validation Study of the QAS Notebook

We report the results of a pilot validation study of the Quality Assessment in Science Notebook, a portfolio-like instrument for measuring teacher assessment practices in middle school science classrooms. A statewide sample of 42 teachers collected 2 notebooks during the school year, corresponding to science topics taught in the fall and spring. Each notebook was scored on 9 dimensions of assessment practice by 3 trained raters. Our analysis investigated the reliability and validity of notebook ratings, with particular emphasis on identifying key sources of error in the ratings. The results suggest that variation in teacher practice across notebooks (i.e., over time) was more important than idiosyncratic rater inconsistencies as a source of error in the scores. The validity results point to a dominant factor underlying the ratings and some predictive power of notebook ratings on student achievement. We discuss implications of the results for measuring assessment practice through artifacts, drawing concept...
Dynamics of solid neon monolayers

The dynamics of two-dimensional solid neon is investigated within the self-consistent phonon theory. Phonon frequencies and lifetimes and the one-phonon dynamic form factor are evaluated as a function of temperature and lattice spacing in the self-consistent harmonic approximation with the cubic anharmonic term added. Two-dimensional solid neon is found to be highly anharmonic. It becomes mechanically unstable for interatomic spacing a=3.35 A\r{} and larger at T=0 K.
Effect of Chiral Dopant Concentration on the Time Response of a Twisted Nematic Cell

Abstract The dependence of the turn-off time, T off, of a twisted nematic cell on the cell thickness and the chiral dopant concentration has been measured. T off dropped and the optical bounce disappeared when the cell thickness exceeded p/2, where p is the induced pitch length. Under these conditions a 3π/2 cell was obtained. It appears possible, on the basis of our results, to reduce the temperature dependence of T off by adding the correct amount of chiral dopant.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of combination therapy for smoking cessation

Abstract Objectives To review published clinical trials on combination therapy for smoking cessation and determine the role of this regimen for treating tobacco dependence. Data sources Search terms included in this systematic review were nicotine replacement patch, nicotine replacement therapy, nicotine replacement gum, nicotine replacement inhaler, nicotine replacement nasal spray, nicotine replacement lozenge, bupropion SR (for sustained release), combination therapy, smoking cessation, and varenicline. Trials conducted from 1994 through October 10, 2007, were identified using EBM Reviews: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Medline. Study selection Clinical trials of various regimens for smoking cessation were included based on a large sample size (n > 200); use of first-line smoking cessation therapies; double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled design; and study duration of 1 year or more. The primary objective of the included clinical trials was to assess the efficacy of combination therapy. Studies that involved medications other than first-line therapies, adolescents, and post hoc analyses and that were not written in English were excluded. Data synthesis Five clinical trials meeting the inclusion criteria were reviewed. All of the studies included the use of the nicotine replacement patch along with one other agent. A total of 2,204 patients were treated. Combination therapy was significantly better than monotherapy at all pooled comparisons (P Conclusion Current literature indicates that combination therapy is statistically better than monotherapy in smoking cessation treatment as assessed by 3-, 6-, and 12-month abstinence rates. Adverse effects and adherence to combination therapy are similar to monotherapy and placebo.
Lymphocele mimicking a pancreatic pseudocyst: Imaging characteristics and percutaneous management

Lymphocele can be a difficult diagnosis to establish and may be confused for other abdominal fluid collections. Conversely, pancreatic pseudocysts may occur inadvertently from upper abdominal surgery and must be included in the differential diagnosis of virtually all peripancreatic fluid collections. We report the unusual occurrence of an unsuspected postoperative peripancreatic lymphocele that was thought to be a pancreatic pseudocyst. In retrospect, CT findings were evident and diagnostic. The lymphocele responded well to percutaneous drainage.
Binding of lipid to protein in the low-density lipoprotein from the hen's egg

Abstract Low-density lipoprotein isolated from the yolk of hen's eggs contained 86% lipid. Approx. 19% of the total lipids were extracted by diethyl ether from a solution of native low-density lipoprotein in 1.0 M NaCl solution. Treatment with urea, guanidine hydrochloride, sodium thioglycolate, or non-ionic detergents did not increase the amount of lipid extracted, but treatment with sodium dodecylsulfate or sodium deoxycholate increased lipid extracted by ether to 50–64%. Digestion of low-density lipoprotein with phospholipase C increased lipid extracted to 74%, but phospholipase D digestion had no effect. Ether extracted 98% of the lipid from trypsin-digested low-density lipoprotein, and this lipid was composed of 73% glycerides, 7% sterols, and 21% phosphatides compared to 36% glycerides, 9% sterols, and 52% phosphatides in the residue lipid. Trypsin released 84% of the protein as soluble peptides. Further digestion of the residue with papain released lipids and peptides, and digestion of that residue with pronase also released lipids and peptides. The residue left after pronase digestion contained 27% protein, 39% lipid, 1% carbohydrate, and 33% of unknown material. The data obtained support the view that the low-density lipoprotein is a sphere of lipid surrounded by a layer of protein and phospholipid with hydrophobic groups on the inside and hydrophylic groups oriented to the outside making it very soluble in water and insoluble in organic solvents.
Molecular heterogeneity of human IgA antibodies during an immune response

Human IgA occurs in multiple molecular forms (polymeric and monomeric) and two subclasses which show differential distribution between the mucosal and circulatory compartments of the immune system. However, the molecular form and subclass of specific IgA antibodies are influenced, especially during an immune response, by the type of antigen and duration of the response as well as by the route of exposure. These considerations question previously held notions that polymeric IgA and an increased representation of the IgA2 subclass among circulating antibodies or antibody-secreting cells signify their mucosal origin. Although the functional properties of different molecular forms and subclasses of IgA antibodies are incompletely understood, it appears that there is physiological benefit in the diversity of the IgA immune system.
Nucbid - A Comprehensive Nuclear Fuel Economics Code for Utility Applications

A basic unit energy cost algorithm for nuclear fuel is presented which adheres to engineering economic principles permitting precise treatment of time dependent cash and energy flow considerations. A comprehensive computer program, NUCBID, developed by TVA based on the algorithm is described.
Professor Fisher on suppositions

I first support Alec Fisher's thesis that premises and conclusions in arguments can be unasserted first by arguing in its favor that only it preserves our intuition that it is at least possible that two arguments share the same premises and the same conclusion although not everything that is asserted in the one is also asserted in the other and second by answering two objections that might be raised against it. I then draw from Professor Fisher's thesis the consequence that in suppositional arguments the falsity (or unacceptability) of a supposition does not tell unfavorably in the evaluation of the argument, because the falsity (or unacceptability) of a (nonredundant) premise counts against an argument if and only if that premise is asserted. Finally, I observe that, despite the fact that they are neither expressed nor even alluded to, implicit assumptions in arguments are always asserted, unless the conclusion, but none of the explicit premisses, is unasserted. Hence, apart from an exceptional case of the kind just mentioned, the falsity (or unacceptability) of implicit assumptions always counts against an argument.
Initiating radical cyclizations by H transfer from transition metals

Abstract CpCr(CO) 3 H and HV(CO) 4 (P–P) (where P–P is a chelating diphosphine) can be used to initiate radical cyclizations by transferring H to activated terminal olefins. CpCr(CO) 3 H can catalyze reductive cyclizations, with H 2 as the ultimate reductant. Appropriate substrates can be assembled by the Morita–Baylis–Hillman reaction of methyl acrylate with an aldehyde. Six- as well as five-membered rings can be formed, and a tandem cyclization to decalin can be effected.
Novel receptor targets for production and action of allopregnanolone in the central nervous system: a focus on pregnane xenobiotic receptor.

Neurosteroids are cholesterol-based hormones that can be produced in the brain, independent of secretion from peripheral endocrine glands, such as the gonads and adrenals. A focus in our laboratory for over 25 years has been how production of the pregnane neurosteroid, allopregnanolone, is regulated and the novel (i.e. non steroid receptor) targets for steroid action for behavior. One endpoint of interest has been lordosis, the mating posture of female rodents. Allopregnanolone is necessary and sufficient for lordosis, and the brain circuitry underlying it, such as actions in the midbrain ventral tegmental area (VTA), has been well-characterized. Published and recent findings supporting a dynamic role of allopregnanolone are included in this review. First, contributions of ovarian and adrenal sources of precursors of allopregnanolone, and the requisite enzymatic actions for de novo production in the central nervous system will be discussed. Second, how allopregnanolone produced in the brain has actions on behavioral processes that are independent of binding to steroid receptors, but instead involve rapid modulatory actions via neurotransmitter targets (e.g. -amino butyric acid-GABA, n-methyl-D-aspartate- NMDA) will be reviewed. Third, a recent focus on characterizing the role of a promiscuous nuclear receptor, pregnane xenobiotic receptor (PXR), involved in cholesterol metabolism and expressed in the VTA, as a target for allopregnanolone and how this relates to both actions and production of allopregnanolone will be addressed. For example, allopregnanolone can bind PXR and knocking down expression of PXR in the midbrain VTA attenuates actions of allopregnanolone via NMDA and/or GABAA for lordosis. Our understanding of allopregnanolone’s actions in the VTA for lordosis has been extended to reveal the role of allopregnanolone for broader, clinically-relevant questions, such as neuropsychiatric disorders, epilepsy, and aging.
Endoscopic transrectal resection of rectal carcinomas using the urologic resectoscope

We haye described a technique used in ten patients for local control of rectal carcinomas. Transrectal resection of rectal tumors using the urologic endoscopic resectoscope is a technique that allows controlled, safe removal of tumors of the rectum under excellent optical conditions. This technique has been performed safely in elderly and extremely poor-risk patients with minimal complications and side effects. We suggest that this technique offers a reasonable alternative to fulguration in patients with rectal carcinomas who either refuse abdominoperineal resection or who, because of metastatic disease or infirmity, are not considered candidates for the more conventional approach.
The Late Neogene 87Sr/86Sr Record of Lowland Himalayan Rivers

Fossil shells and paleosol carbonate from ancestral Himalayan river deposits provide a 87 Sr/ 86 Sr record of lowland Himalayan river water during the late Neogene. Reconstructed 87 Sr/ 86 Sr river values increased sharply in the late Miocene, probably marking the beginning of exhumation of high- 87 Sr/ 86 Sr metalimestones, more in the central than in the western Himalayas. These results imply that the marine 87 Sr/ 86 Sr record may not be a proxy for silicate weathering or consumption of atmospheric CO 2 resulting from that weathering.
Extinctions: a message from the frogs.

The harlequin frogs of tropical America are at the sharp end of climate change. About two-thirds of their species have died out, and altered patterns of infection because of changes in temperature seem to be the cause.
Discounting, Isoniazid, and Tuberculosis

To the Editor.— The letters of Taylor et al1and Dr Cobb2regarding our study of the age threshold for isoniazid chemoprophylaxis for low-risk tuberculin reactors3raise important issues of tuberculosis prevention policy. Their comments, however, do not affect our conclusion that isoniazid's benefits outweigh its risks for all affected persons between ages 10 and 80 years, by the measures of life expectancy and expected mortality. One comment made was that isoniazid's benefit in life expectancy gain— one to 16 days, depending on one's age at the time of the decision—seems "trivial." Such magnitude in benefits, however, must be appreciated in context. The prevention of any one disease, even a common one, may add little to average life expectancy. Tuberculosis has a relatively small effect on a tuberculin reactor's life expectancy because activation is uncommon (about a 5% chance over a lifetime) and the case fatality rate
Clinicopathologic review of 142 cases of lacrimal gland lesions

A review of 142 lacrimal gland biopsies performed during a 25-year period at a major eye hospital showed that 78% of lacrimal gland lesions were of nonepithelial origin and only 22% were primary epithelial neoplasms. The nonepithelial lesions included inflammation (64%) and lymphoid tumors (14%), whereas the epithelial lesions included dacryops (6%), pleomorphic adenoma (12%), and malignant epithelial tumors (4%). These results contradict the much quoted dictum that 50% of lacrimal gland lesions are primary epithelial tumors and 50% are nonepithelial lesions.
Paper material considerations for system printers

Laser printing of continuous forms by means of electrophotographic imaging requires that the paper on which the printing is carried out show good handling characteristics at fast machine speeds and be compatible with toner transfer and fixing. Toner transfer requires suitable electrical paper characteristics, similar to those of xerographic cut sheets intended for use in electrophotographic cut-sheet copiers and printers. Hot-pressure fusing in the IBM 3800 printing subsystem has been shown to require adequate paper-fiber wettability by the hot molten toner. Therefore, characteristics of paper chemistry, and in particular paper sizing, are essential in creating good image fixing (fusing). In addition, the temperature and pressure in the fusing assembly affect the thermal and dimensional stability of the paper. For the 3800, this necessitated modifications in roll design within the fusing station in order to ensure satisfactory paper handling.
The Use of a Permanent Mercury Source for Spectroscopic Studies of Varying Amounts of Mercury

Spectroscopists have observed the spectrum of the element mercury with interest. Because monochromatic light from one of the stable mercury isotopes (mercury 198) was considered as an international primary standard of wavelength for comparison with the standard meter, considerable experimental work has been devoted to this one isotope. However, the other six stable isotopes (mercury 196, 199, 200, 201, 202, and 204) received a fair amount of attention too, since measurements and observations of spectral lines of all mercury atoms are necessary to better understand physical and chemical properties of mercury. A convenient way for workers to obtain the emission spectrum of mercury is to excite in it enclosed tubes with or without electrodes.
Overcoming Objections to Open-Source Social Science

Commentators appreciate the benefits of developing improved standards for replicating quantitative results in sociology. Nonetheless, reservations remain, and the author addresses several of them and explains why improved replication standards do not endanger participant confidentiality, do not undermine incentives for collecting data, do not need to wait for greater standardization of data formats, need not require that editors assign a reviewer to actually replicate results, and do not diminish methodological diversity in any positive sense. The author concludes by encouraging sociologists to find a way of moving beyond intermittent discussions of replication standards to collective action.
The (not so) Immortal Strand Hypothesis

Background Non-random segregation of DNA strands during stem cell replication has been proposed as a mechanism to minimize accumulated genetic errors in stem cells of rapidly dividing tissues. According to this hypothesis, an “immortal” DNA strand is passed to the stem cell daughter and not the more differentiated cell, keeping the stem cell lineage replication error-free. After it was introduced, experimental evidence both in favor and against the hypothesis has been presented.
A Longitudinal Investigation of Work Preferences among College Graduates

This study involved 61 respondents surveyed about preferences for job characteristics and benefits at the time of college graduation and after six years of work experience. A number of differences in work preferences were identified. Several demographic variables and career attitudes contributed to explaining preferences at the six-year point in careers. Implications for organizational recruitment and retention strategies are discussed.
Synthesis and Near IR Photoluminescence of Os(II) Bis(2,2′- Bipyridine) (3,8-diarylethynyl-1,10-phenanthroline) Complexes: Anomalous Behavior in the 3,8-dinitrophenylethynyl-substituted Homologue

A large bathochromic shift (50 nm) and emission in the near infrared is observed by attaching arylethynyl groups at the 3,8-positions of the 1,10-phenanthroline ligand (phen) of [Os(bipy)2(phen)]2+ (where bipy = 2,2'-bipyridine). Thus [Os(bipy)2(3,8-di-4-methoxyphenylethynyl-1,10-phenathroline)]2+ emits at 795 nm, while [Os(bipy)2(3,8-diphenylethynyl-1,10-phenanthroline)]2+ emits at 815 nm. According to this trend it would have been expected that [Os(bipy)2(3,8-di-4-nitrophenylethynyl-1,10-phenathroline)]2+ emits farther in the near infrared. Nevertheless, this complex is not photoluminescent because of intramolecular electron transfer quenching of the MLCT excited state by the nitroaromatic group. These results set structural and redox potential standards in the design of near infrared emitters based on [Os(bipy)2(phen)]2+ type complexes.
Comparative Analysis of Proteomic Responses to Single and Simultaneous Drought and Heat Stress for Two Kentucky Bluegrass Cultivars

Protein metabolism may vary in response to drought, heat, or heat and drought stress combined. The variations in the abundance of different proteins may differentially affect adaptation mechanisms of plants to these three types of stresses. The objectives of this study were to examine differential protein responses and identify stress-responsive proteins associated with tolerance to drought, heat, or the combined stress in a perennial grass species. Plants of two cultivars of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) contrasting in heat and drought tolerance (tolerant ‘Midnight’ and sensitive ‘Brilliant’) were treated with heat, drought, or a combination of the stresses in growth chambers. Physiological analysis demonstrated that Midnight maintained higher relative water content and photochemical efficiency and lower electrolyte leakage than Brilliant under all three stress treatments. Two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry analysis identified some common proteins responsive to drought, heat, and the combined stress. Induction of a chaperonin and heat shock proteins (HSPs) 70 and 90) and downregulation of proteins involved in photorespiration occurred under all three stresses. The two cultivars exhibited differential accumulation of proteins involved in photorespiration, cell wall loosening, antioxidant defense, and photosynthesis, and therefore these proteins could be associated with the contrasting drought tolerance characteristics of the cultivars. The results also suggest proteins involved in membrane stability, ribonucleic acid (RNA) stability, cell wall loosening, and antioxidant defense could contribute to superior heat tolerance of Midnight. Proteins involved in photorespiration and those that are associated with photosystems may play a major role in Kentucky bluegrass tolerance to combined heat and drought stress.
Spiral CT: current status and future directions

In x-ray computed tomography (CT) spiral/helical scanning is achieved by continuous and simultaneous source rotation, object translation and data acquisition. In medical imaging, fan-beam spiral CT has replaced conventional incremental CT. Also, cone-beam spiral CT is feasible and advantageous is important applications. In this paper, resolution characteristics, protocol optimization, and image restoration are discussed in fan-beam spiral CT. Then, generalized Feldkamp cone-beam reconstruction is described is spiral geometry. Based on Snyder's iterative deblurring theory, a unified iterative algorithm is reported to handle incomplete cone-beam data. Finally, several future possibilities in spiral CT are mentioned.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Follicular neoplasm of the thyroid—vanishing cytologic diagnosis?

The significance of making a diagnosis of follicular neoplasm on fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy remains a controversial issue, considering that the diagnosis of follicular carcinoma is based on histological criteria and the significantly decreasing incidence of follicular carcinoma in the general population. On FNA the main differential diagnoses of follicular neoplasm includes follicular variant of papillary carcinoma (FVPC), follicular adenoma, follicular carcinoma and benign solitary nodule occurring in a goiter. Several studies have looked at immunohistochemical and molecular markers to distinguish benign from malignant lesions but none of them have proved to be infallible. Although, FVPC is a distinct entity from the follicular neoplasm group, it is not always possible to separate it from the other follicular lesions because of overlapping cytologic features and often-sporadic presence of nuclear features, follicular variant of papillary carcinoma remains the main pitfall in a diagnosis of follicular neoplasm. Since a significant number of cases that are malignant on follow-up are usually FVPC, consequently, follicular neoplasm is an essential diagnostic consideration on FNA. In addition, follicular carcinoma, despite a decreasing incidence continues to be a real entity. Therefore, it is essential that follicular neoplasm continue to be part of our diagnostic repertoire.
Intercultural Model of Ethical Decision Making: Addressing Worldview Dilemmas in School Counseling

The role of school counselors has expanded and deepened over the past few decades, just as the K–12 student population has become more diversi-ﬁed. Professional school counselors regularly encounter ethical dilemmas related to the intersection of their transformed role and students’ needs. School counselors, therefore, need assistance and support to develop the skills and problem-solving strategies to effectively, ethically, and respectfully negotiate these dilemmas. The authors propose the Intercultural Model of Ethical Decision Making as a practical, user-friendly tool to help school counselors meet these complex challenges.Keywords: ethical decision making, school counseling, intercultural, dilemma, worldview
An overview of network vulnerability modeling approaches

Assessment and modeling associated with the examination of vulnerability and reliability in network based infrastructure have long been recognized as important and necessary. Recent years have seen a growth of activity in vulnerability modeling given natural disasters, human error and terrorist activities. This is due to increased reliance on networked based systems in our everyday lives, as well as the interconnectedness of a range of infrastructures like telecommunications, transportation, electricity, water, etc. This paper provides an overview of the evolution of modeling approaches to examine network vulnerability. Reviewed approaches are characterized in terms of how system performance is accounted for. Interdiction scenarios for each performance class are discussed, illustrating the unique attributes of the various modeling approaches.
Application of the generalized Veneziano model to the reaction K−n → K∗−π−p at 4.5 GeV/c

Abstract A phenomenological calculation is made for the reaction K − n → K ∗− π − p , at 4.5 GeV/c, using a five-point Veneziano amplitude. Reasonable agreement is obtained for the two-body effective-mass spectra but the single-particle c.m. angular distributions are less well described.