cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inside Deaf culture

Carol A. Padden & Tom L. Humphries, Inside Deaf culture. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005. Pp. 224. Hb $22.95.Since its publication in 1988, Padden & Humphries's book Deaf in America: Voices from a culture (Harvard University Press) has been an important resource for people studying American Sign Language, Deaf studies, and the linguistics of signed languages. The book sheds light on the Deaf experience and on how American Deaf people construct themselves through stories and language play, including poetry and jokes. It is a positive, at times humorous window into Deaf culture and identity. Harvard University Press has just released the authors' much-anticipated second book, reviewed here. Although it is just as informative, engaging, and well-researched as their first book, Inside Deaf culture examines a much bleaker aspect of Deaf America: its encounter with hearing hegemony.
Parameterized unit testing: theory and practice

Unit testing has been widely recognized as an important and valuable means of improving software reliability, as it exposes bugs early in the software development life cycle. However, manual unit testing is often tedious and insufficient. Testing tools can be used to enable economical use of resources by reducing manual effort. Recently parameterized unit testing has emerged as a very promising and effective methodology to allow the separation of two testing concerns or tasks: the specification of external, black-box behavior (i.e., assertions or specifications) by developers and the generation and selection of internal, white-box test inputs (i.e., high-code-covering test inputs) by tools. A parameterized unit test (PUT) is simply a test method that takes parameters, calls the code under test, and states assertions. PUTs have been supported by various testing frameworks. Various open source and industrial testing tools also exist to generate test inputs for PUTs. This tutorial presents latest research on principles and techniques, as well as practical considerations to apply parameterized unit testing on real-world programs, highlighting success stories, research and education achievements, and future research directions in developer testing. The tutorial will help improve developer skills and knowledge for writing PUTs and give overview of tool automation in supporting PUTs. Attendees will acquire the skills and knowledge needed to perform research or conduct practice in the field of developer testing and to integrate developer testing techniques in their own research, practice, and education.
The repertoire niches of interpersonal media: competition and coexistence at the level of the individual:

The uses and gratifications approach has been useful in explaining media use by individuals. However, it has been limited in that the use of a medium has always been considered independently from other media options available and from use trends occurring at the level of a population. The theory of the niche has been used to partially overcome these limitations by examining uses and gratification concepts in the context of media competition; but, up to this point, it has only been used to explain trends at the system level. Through the introduction of repertoire niches, the present article extends the theory of the niche by examining competition at the level of the individual within the resource space of his/her media repertoire. Results indicate that repertoire niche dimensions of breadth, overlap, and superiority have some predictive power over media use.
Musings on music making and listening: supervisory control and virtual reality

This paper offers two perspectives on the relation between music and supervisory control. The first is that music making can be viewed as a three-level hierarchy of control and feedback interactions. The top level is the composer or conductor interacting through hand and auditory signals with the musician's conscious (higher brain level) activity. The mid level is internal to the musician, the higher brain centers interacting with the musician's subconscious neuromuscular activity. The lowest level is the musician's neuromuscular system interacting with the musical instrument. At each level there are constraints that are discussed in the paper. A second perspective refers to a phenomenon of music listening, its capability to engender a sense of virtual reality (or virtual presence) in much the same way that observing a computer-generated visual scene can make an observer feel present in a place other than where he or she is physically located.
Ethanol suppresses LPS-induced Toll-like receptor 4 clustering, reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, and associated TNF-alpha production.

Background Ethanol (EtOH) suppresses cytokine responses induced through most Toll-like receptors (TLRs), but the mechanism of action is unclear. We recently found that acute EtOH alters lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced partitioning of CD14, a critical component of the LPS receptor complex, within lipid raft fractions in the macrophage-like cell line RAW264.7. Methods Here we investigated the role of receptor clustering in alteration of the responses of cells to LPS caused by EtOH both in vitro and in vivo. The cellular distribution of CD14, TLR4, actin cytoskeleton, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were studied by confocal microscopy following exposure of cells to LPS with or without EtOH. TLR4 and CD14 were clustered into highly colocalized patches on the cell membrane accompanied by the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton in some of the RAW264.7 cells as well as peritoneal cells following LPS treatment. Results Addition of EtOH reduced the number of cells that had LPS-induced receptor patches and in which this reorganization occurred. Cells on which CD14 and TLR4 formed clusters or caps had substantially higher levels of membrane-bound TNF-alpha compared with cells without clustering or capping of these molecules. Interference with the actin cytoskeleton by cytochalasin D suppressed the production of TNF-alpha and receptor clustering, as EtOH did. Conclusions These data confirm our previous observations, suggest a novel mechanism of EtOH action that involves interference with receptor clustering, and indicate a potential role of actin filaments in the formation of receptor patches, subsequent activation of macrophages by LPS, and production of TNF-alpha.
Algorithms for Gate Sizing and Device Parameter Selection for High-Performance Designs

It is becoming increasingly important to design high-performance circuits with as low power as possible. In this paper, we study the gate sizing and device parameter selection problem for today's industrial designs. We first outline the typical practical problems that make it difficult to use traditional algorithms on high-performance industrial designs. Then, we propose a Lagrangian relaxation-based formulation that decouples timing analysis from optimization without a resulting loss in accuracy. We also propose a graph model that accurately captures discrete cell-type characteristics based on library data. We model the relaxed Lagrangian subproblem as a graph problem and propose algorithms to solve it. In our experiments, we demonstrate the importance of using the signoff timing engine to guide the optimization. We also show the benefit of the graph model we propose to solve the discrete optimization problem. Compared to a state-of-the art industrial optimization flow, we show that our algorithms can obtain up to 38% leakage power reductions and better overall timing for real high-performance microprocessor blocks.
Sonographically guided minimally invasive treatment of unusual ectopic pregnancies.

Objective. To present our experience with sonographically guided treatment of unusual ectopic pregnancies, defined as heterotopic pregnancies and pregnancies occurring at ectopic locations other than the extracornual portion of the fallopian tube. Methods. We retrieved and reviewed all cases of unusual ectopic pregnancies that underwent sonographically guided therapy at our institution. Twenty-seven cases were identified, from 1992 through 2003, including 18 cervical, 6 cornual, 1 tubal heterotopic, and 2 cesarean scar implantations. Results. All of the cervical ectopic, cornual ectopic, and tubal heterotopic pregnancies were treated by sonographically guided injection of potassium chloride into the ectopic gestational sac or fetus. Guidance was via transvaginal sonography in all 18 cervical pregnancies, 3 of the 6 cornual pregnancies, and the tubal heterotopic pregnancy, and via transabdominal sonography in 3 cornual ectopic pregnancies. One of the cesarean scar pregnancies was treated by transvaginally guided potassium chloride injection, and the other was treated via transabdominally guided dilation and evacuation. Treatment was successful in 25 of the 27 patients, including all 23 patients with an ectopic pregnancy and no concomitant intrauterine pregnancy. Four patients had concomitant intrauterine and ectopic pregnancies (1 cervical, 2 cornual, and 1 tubal); in 3 the intrauterine fetuses resulted in live-born infants, and in the fourth the intrauterine pregnancy was electively terminated. Eight of the 27 patients had subsequent intrauterine pregnancies. Conclusions. Sonographically guided minimally invasive treatments of unusual ectopic pregnancies are safe and effective alternatives to surgical and systemic medical therapy. These treatments ablate the ectopic pregnancy, permit normal continuation of a concomitant intrauterine pregnancy, and preserve the uterus for subsequent pregnancies.
“The Movement Is My Life”: The Psychology of Animal Rights Activism

1 used a qualitative research approach to investigate psychological aspects of involvement in the animal rights movement. Interviews were conducted with 23 rank-and-file activists, focusing on cognitive and emotional aspects of involvement with the movement, concomitant lifestyle changes, effects on interpersonal relations, and the happiness and well-being of the participants. Three main themes emerged from these interviews. First, there was a surprising degree of diversity in attitudes and beliavior of the activists. Second, animal rights activism usually entailed major changes in lifestyle: almost all interviewees strove to achieve consistency between their ideals and their actions. Third, there were several parallel.^ between an involvement with the animal rights movement and religious conversion. The potential for increased communication between the animal protection and scientific communities is discussed. The animal rights movement has been spectacularly successful at drawing public attention to the ethical issues involved in our relationships with other species. Animal protection organizations have proliferated in number, membership, and influence since the publication of Peter Singer's book .Animal Liber
Generalized Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman Formulation -Based Neural Network Control of Affine Nonlinear Discrete-Time Systems

In this paper, we consider the use of nonlinear networks towards obtaining nearly optimal solutions to the control of nonlinear discrete-time (DT) systems. The method is based on least squares successive approximation solution of the generalized Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (GHJB) equation which appears in optimization problems. Successive approximation using the GHJB has not been applied for nonlinear DT systems. The proposed recursive method solves the GHJB equation in DT on a well-defined region of attraction. The definition of GHJB, pre-Hamiltonian function, HJB equation, and method of updating the control function for the affine nonlinear DT systems under small perturbation assumption are proposed. A neural network (NN) is used to approximate the GHJB solution. It is shown that the result is a closed-loop control based on an NN that has been tuned a priori in offline mode. Numerical examples show that, for the linear DT system, the updated control laws will converge to the optimal control, and for nonlinear DT systems, the updated control laws will converge to the suboptimal control.
Evaluation of queuing systems for knowledge-based simulation of construction processes

Abstract During the course of a construction project, there are many situations in which formation of waiting lines or queues is inevitable. The effect of resource delays in queues on the overall project completion time and cost has motivated researchers to employ simulation for analysis of queuing systems in order to identify the best operational strategies to reduce the time wasted in queues. Providing proper and timely input data with high spatial and temporal accuracy for queuing systems simulation enhances the reliability of decisions made based upon the simulation output. Hence, the presented paper describes a methodology for collecting and mining of spatio-temporal data corresponding to the interactions of queue entities to extract computer interpretable knowledge for simulation input modeling. The developed framework was validated using empirical datasets collected from a series of experiments. The extracted relevant knowledge from the queuing system entities was used to update corresponding simulation models.
Structure of the yeast nucleosome core particle reveals fundamental changes in internucleosome interactions.

Chromatin is composed of nucleosomes, the universally repeating protein–DNA complex in eukaryotic cells. The crystal structure of the nucleosome core particle from Saccharomyces cerevisiae reveals that the structure and function of this fundamental complex is conserved between single-cell organisms and metazoans. Our results show that yeast nucleosomes are likely to be subtly destabilized as compared with nucleosomes from higher eukaryotes, consistent with the idea that much of the yeast genome remains constitutively open during much of its life cycle. Importantly, minor sequence variations lead to dramatic changes in the way in which nucleosomes pack against each other within the crystal lattice. This has important implications for our understanding of the formation of higher order chromatin structure and its modulation by post-translational modifications. Finally, the yeast nucleosome core particle provides a structural context by which to interpret genetic data obtained from yeast. Coordinates have been deposited with the Protein Data Bank under accession number 1ID3.
On traffic characteristics and user experience of Skype video call

In this paper, we study Skype video call in LAN, WAN, and WiMAX. Our main interest is on traffic characteristics and user experience. Using the standard Foreman video sequence (320×240, 30fps, 8 second), we show that a Skype video call can adapt its source rate from < 5kBps up to ∼60kBps. The maximum achievable MOS (Mean Opinion Score) and EFR (Effective Frame Rate) is about 3.5 and 20 fps, respectively. Our experimental results also show that source rate is the dominating factor in determining both traffic characteristics and user experience of a Skype video call; while end-to-end delay or transport layer protocol, e.g. TCP or UDP, plays very little role. We also study the minimum RSSI requirement in a typical WiMAX network for achieving various levels of user experience: good, fair, and low, and derive the explicit logarithmic functions using the curve fitting technique to predict MOS and mean packet inter-arrival time (PIT) based on source rate.
Primary placement of Palmaz long medium stents in transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts.

PURPOSE To describe our results with primary placement of the long-medium Palmaz stent for transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS). MATERIALS AND METHODS Between December 1997 and December 1998 primary placement of long-medium Palmaz stents was performed for TIPS procedures in 17 patients. Patency was determined with ultrasound, angiography, or pathologic examination in the event of transplant. RESULTS Primary patency was achieved in 13 of 17 patients (76.5%) (follow up, 1–399 days; mean, 99 days). Secondary patency was achieved in 17 of 17 patients (100%) (follow-up, 1–399 days; mean, 110 days). Among the four patients who required revision, the mean time to revision from initial shunt creation was 81 days (range, 13–125 days). Two of these four patients had symptoms of worsening ascites as well as abnormal ultrasound findings prior to their revision; the other two patients were asymptomatic and had abnormal ultrasound findings only. Revisions were performed for intimal hyperplasia within the stent in three of the patients and acute thrombus within the stent in the remaining patient. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis for primary patency yielded mean survival time of 265 days (standard error, 52 days). CONCLUSION The long-medium Palmaz stent is a viable stent for creation of TIPS shunts.
Geometric morphometric analysis of body-form variability in Cichlasoma minckleyi, the Cuatro Cienegas cichlid

In this study, I investigate body-form variability in the trophically polymorphic Cuatro Cienegas cichlid, Cichlasoma minckleyi. I use geometric morphometrics to assess and compare size, shape, and allometric patterns within and between dental morphs (distinguished by differences in pharyngeal bones and papilliform or molariform dentitions). I find that dental morphs do not differ significantly in size, shape, or allometric slopes, but do differ in allometric intercepts; thus, dental morphs exhibit different patterns of body-form variability. Within each morph, body-form varies between more fusiform 'piscivores' and deeper-bodied dietary generalists. However, papilliform individuals show a continuous distribution of body-forms, whereas molariform individuals exhibit a discontinuity. I compare results from geometric analyses with those from a traditional (distance-based) morphometric analysis, finding that geometric techniques more clearly recognize discontinuities in shape. Finally, I suggest explanations for observed differences in body-form variability between dental morphs, concluding that the best explanation hinges on the relative importance of genetic and environmental factors in influencing body-form.
Antistatic Technigue and Application of the Polymer Materials

The general situation of the research of the antistatic polymer materials is introduced.The emphasis is placed on the main method for improving antistatic property of polymer materials,namely,addition of antistatic agent,blending with structural conductive polymer material and addition of conductive fillers.The characteristics of antistatic performance of the polymer materials modified by these methods are analyzed,and their application is introduced.The development trend of the antistatic polymer materials is pointed out.
Study on urine lead level in workers exposed to lead and the influencing factors

Objective To study urine lead level in workers exposed to lead and the influencing factors for the disease control and prevention.Methods Lead concentrations in the air of workshop and urine lead were detected and compared.Results The lead concentrations of air in welding,casting,slicing and smearing workplaces exceed the standard.The concentration of urine lead in workers exposed to lead was higher than that of control group,(0.29±0.12)and(0.11±0.03)μmol/L.The concentration of urine lead was the highest for welding(0.36±0.14)μmol/L,and the detection rate of abnormal urine lead was the highest(35.7%)for casting.The concentration of urine lead was the highest in 20-30years of service.And the abnormal detection rate was the highest(42.3%)in 15-20years of service.The urine lead levels and abnormal detection rates shown positive correlation to lead concentrations of in the air.Conclusion Urine lead level is related to lead concentrations in the air of workplace.Reducing the lead concentration in the air of workplace,and eliminating lead treatment for the patients are effective measure for the disease control and prevention.
Studies of the mitotic figure

In earlier studies of Echinarachnius eggs the writer reached the conclusion that their central bodies are the coagulated focal area of converging rays and have no existence as individualized structures in the living cell. The present investigation is the first of a group analyzing central body behavior in a variety of cell types in diverse organisms, for the purpose of ascertaining in each case whether the central body behaves like that of Echinarachnius eggs or like a typical centriole, such as that found in many spermatocytes.The present study confines itself to first-cleavage metaphase asters in Chaetopterus eggs, because, in preliminary experiments, the writer failed to find the typical centrioles of that egg previously described by Mead, whose observations were later confirmed by Wilson. The effects upon central body structure produced by the following modifications of technique were observed: the formula, pH, and temperature of the reagent, the duration of fixation, the depth of stain, and other poi...
Entrepreneurship: Unlocking Africa’s Riches

Entrepreneurship is touted as the engine of economic development for both developed and developing countries. This chapter considers the importance of entrepreneurship, especially small to medium enterprises (SMEs) in the growth and development of Africa. Although economic prosperity has eluded Africa for many years due to many ills, entrepreneurship holds the key to its growth and sustainability. The chapter examines the etymology of entrepreneurship from early thinking to contemporary view, its definition, and differentiates the major types of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship in Africa is discussed in relation to entrepreneurial culture, as well as the critical role of SMEs—how they are defined in different contexts, their importance in economic and social development, the challenges they face, and their mitigation strategies. Finally, on good governance and leadership, which has dogged Africa for most of its independent history, the chapter highlights South Africa, Botswana and Mauritius, which are viewed as role models upon which economic and social development has consistently been on the rise.
A Systems Biology Approach for Unsupervised Clustering of High-Dimensional Data

One main challenge in modern medicine is the discovery of molecular disease subtypes characterized by relevant clinical differences, such as survival. However, clustering high-dimensional expression data is challenging due to noise and the curse of high-dimensionality. This article describes a disease subtyping pipeline that is able to exploit the important information available in pathway databases and clinical variables. The pipeline consists of a new feature selection procedure and existing clustering methods. Our procedure partitions a set of patients using the set of genes in each pathway as clustering features. To select the best features, this procedure estimates the relevance of each pathway and fuses relevant pathways. We show that our pipeline finds subtypes of patients with more distinctive survival profiles than traditional subtyping methods by analyzing a TCGA colon cancer gene expression dataset. Here we demonstrate that our pipeline improves three different clustering methods: k-means, SNF, and hierarchical clustering.
eAssistant: Cognitive Assistance for Identification and Auto-Triage of Actionable Conversations

The browser and screen have been the main user interfaces of the Web and mobile apps. The notification mechanism is an evolution in the user interaction paradigm by keeping users updated without checking applications. Conversational agents are posed to be the next revolution in user interaction paradigms. However, without intelligence on the triage of content served by the interaction and content differentiation in applications, interaction paradigms may still place the burden of information overload on users. In this paper, we focus on the problem of intelligent identification of actionable information in the content served by applications, and in particular in productivity applications (such as email, chat, messaging, social collaboration tools, etc.). We present eAssistant, which offers a novel fine-grained action identification method in an adaptive, personalizable, and online-trainable manner, and a cognitive agent/API that uses action information and user-centric conversation characteristics to auto-triage user conversations. The introduced method identifies individual actions and associated metadata; it is extensible in terms of the number of action classes; it learns in an online and continuous manner via user interactions and feedback, and it is personalizable to different users. We have evaluated the proposed method using real-world datasets. The results show that the method achieves higher accuracy compared to traditional ways of formulating the problem, while exhibiting additional desired properties of online, personalized, and adaptive learning. In eAssistant, we introduce a multi-dimensional learning model of conversations auto-triage, defined based on a user study and NLP-based information extraction techniques, to auto-triage user conversations on social collaboration and productivity tools.
Neurodevelopmental Changes in Excitatory Synaptic Structure and Function in the Cerebral Cortex of Sanfilippo Syndrome IIIA Mice

Sanfilippo syndrome, MPS IIIA-D, results from deficits in lysosomal enzymes that specifically degrade heparan sulfate, a sulfated glycosaminoglycan. The accumulation of heparan sulfate results in neurological symptoms, culminating in extensive neurodegeneration and early death. To study the impact of storage in postnatal neurodevelopment, we examined murine models of MPS IIIA, which lack the enzyme sulfamidase. We show that changes occur in excitatory postsynaptic structure and function in the somatosensory cortex prior to signs of neurodegeneration. These changes coincide with accumulation of heparan sulfate with characteristic non-reducing ends, which is present at birth in the mutant mice. Accumulation of heparan sulfate was also detected in primary cultures of cortical neural cells, especially astrocytes. Accumulation of heparan sulfate in cultured astrocytes corresponded with augmented extracellular heparan sulfate and glypican 4 levels. Heparan sulfate from the cerebral cortex of MPS IIIA mice showed enhanced ability to increase glutamate AMPA receptor subunits at the cell surface of wild type neurons. These data support the idea that abnormalities in heparan sulfate content and distribution contribute to alterations in postsynaptic function. Our findings identify a disease-induced developmental phenotype that temporally overlaps with the onset of behavioral changes in a mouse model of MPS IIIA.
Optimal reblocking as a practical tool for neighborhood development

Fast urbanization is a common feature of many developing human societies. In many cases, past and present, explosive population growth in cities outstrips the rate of provision of housing and urban...
Spatial variation in the frequency-magnitude distribution of earthquakes under the tectonic framework in the Middle East

Abstract Spatial variations of seismic energy released and b-value over the Middle East region are investigated based on a seismicity catalog from 1995 to 2007. The goal is to use these seismic parameters and based on other geodetic and geophysical observations, such as GPS measurements, strain rate model, fault distribution, focal mechanism, crustal model, Q model, and gravity measurements, etc., to uncover spatial patterns that seem anomalous. Areas of high energy released (cumulative) seem to correspond to the areas of relatively high b-values. Areas of high energy released and high b-values seem to correspond very well with the location of continental collision where earthquake activities are high. The divergent boundary between Arabia and African plates and subduction zone at Makran seem to correspond to low to moderate energy release. Northern Pamir, Azerbaijan-Caucasus, the lower part of Zagros Mountains, eastern Turkey, Owen Fracture Zone, Strait of Bob-el-Mandeb, and south of the Sulaiman Shear Zone seem to correspond to high cumulative energy-released, high strain rate, high b-values, and high fault density. While, the central and eastern Iran, southern Zagros, northern Pakistan, Gulf of Aden, Alborz, southwest of the Caspian Sea, western Caucasus and Kopeh-Dagh seem to correspond with lower b-values. The cross-section map for Hindu-Kush shows general decreasing of the b-values with depth, however, a region of high b-value is observed underneath Pamir at depths from 170 to 230 km. This anomaly region can be due to dehydration of Pamir crustal slab at depth.
Marcel and Absolute Thou

This chapter returns to the thought of Gabriel Marcel on hope and explores relationships that obtain between hope, theism, ontology, and especially inquires whether his thought confirms and furthers the interpretations of hope developed in the early chapters of Part III. Earlier treatment of Marcel ended with his notion of absolute hope, and such hope is the prime focus of this chapter. But since absolute hope is an unconditional form of what this essay terms “full” hope, and since relations between absolute hope and theism are similar in type to relations between full hope and what it implies, it is with re-examination of several features of full hope that we begin.
MYD88 Mutations and Sensitivity to Ibrutinib Therapy.

This Correspondence relates to the article by Bobee et al (Determination of Molecular Subtypes of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Using a Reverse Transcriptase Multiplex Ligation-Dependent Probe Amplification Classifier: A CALYM Study. J Mol Diagn 2017,19:892-904).
Aged mice fail to upregulate ICAM-1 after Pseudomonas aeruginosa corneal infection.

Purpose In young Swiss (HSD:ICR) outbred mice, corneal clarity is restored after Pseudomonas aeruginosa ocular infection, whereas disease in aged outbred mice progresses to corneal perforation. This study was conducted to elucidate further the mechanism responsible for this age-related disparity in disease response. Methods Corneas of young (6 to 8 weeks of age) and aged (1.5 to 2 years) female mice were scarified and inoculated with 1.0 x 10(8) colony-forming units of P. aeruginosa ATCC 19660. Eyes were scored for corneal pathology (0 to +4) at 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours after infection. At each time point, six mice were killed from each age group, and both eyes were enucleated. Eyes (three infected, three uninfected) were embedded in OCT compound, frozen in liquid nitrogen, sectioned on a cryostat, and stained for ICAM-1 and LFA-1 immunoreactivity. The remaining six eyes (three infected, three uninfected) were embedded in eponaraldite resin, thick sectioned, and stained for light microscopic histopathologic examination. Results Immunostaining of slight to moderate intensity for ICAM-1 was seen on conjunctival fibroblasts, stromal keratocytes, corneal epithelium, and endothelium and conjunctival blood vessel endothelium of uninfected contralateral eyes in both age groups. In response to P. aeruginosa infection, only young animals were capable of upregulating ICAM-1 (as evidenced by an increase in the intensity of immunostaining) on these cells when compared to aged mice. Conversely, the intensity of immunostaining for LFA-1, a ligand for ICAM-1 on infiltrating leukocytes, was similar despite animal age. On gross observation, corneal pathology was more severe in young mice 24 to 96 hours after infection. Histopathologically, in contrast to young mice, eyes of aged animals 24 to 48 hours after infection had significantly fewer inflammatory cells, such as polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), infiltrating the corneal stroma and adhering to the endothelium near wound sites. Conclusion These data suggest that the disparate response to ocular P. aeruginosa infection in young versus aged mice is due, at least in part, to the inability of aged animals to upregulate ICAM-1 above constitutively expressed levels. Consequently, the migration of inflammatory cells (PMNs) into infected corneas of aged mice is delayed, perhaps facilitating bacterial growth and contributing to a poor prognosis.
A Model Inpatient Psychiatric Program

The purpose of this chapter is to review the needs of the mentally retarded-mentally ill and to outline the range of programs and services that persons with these needs require. The mentally retarded-mentally ill represent the last group of retarded persons in the United States to move into the mainstreams of family and community life. They present multiple programmatic and environmental challenges. Their needs are often poorly identified. Services to meet their needs are few, and professionals often refer them from agency to agency because they fall between the cracks of most current human-service systems.
Classification of Magneto-excitons in Quantum Wells

In an undoped quantum well, the exciton lines dominate in the optical spectra whether the magnetic field is present or not. The theory of magneto-exciton by Yang and Sham which includes the effect of the degenerate valence band edge is reviewed here with the emphasis on explaining the classification of the lines in order to facilitate interpretation of experiments.
Food Insecurity Among Hispanic/Latino Youth: Who Is at Risk and What Are the Health Correlates?

Abstract Purpose We examined the correlates and health implications of household food insecurity among Hispanic/Latino youth (aged 8–16 years), a high food insecurity–risk population. Methods Using the Hispanic Community Children's Health/Study of Latino Youth (n = 1,362) and bivariate and multivariate analyses, we examined the correlates of household and child food insecurity and very low food security. We assessed the influence of four sets of risk/protective factors—child demographic, acculturation, socioeconomic, and family/social support. We then examined associations between food insecurity and four health indicators—body mass index, diet quality, depression, and anxiety—and used modification effects to assess whether these associations differed by sex, age, household income, parent nativity, and acculturative stress levels. Results We found high rates of food insecurity: 42% of Hispanic/Latino youth experienced household food insecurity and 33% child food insecurity. Moreover, 10% lived in a very low food secure household. Compared with their food secure peers, Hispanic/Latino youth in food insecure households experienced greater parent/child acculturative and economic stress and weakened family support systems. Associations of food insecurity with health outcomes varied by sex, age, household income, parent nativity, and child acculturative stress levels. Conclusions Food insecurity is highly prevalent among Hispanic/Latino youth and has detrimental health implications, especially for girls, older youth, and youth experiencing acculturative stress. Reducing food insecurity and improving health among Hispanic/Latino youth will likely require comprehensive policies that address their multiple migration, familial, and economic stressors.
Abstract 342: The Absence of S-nitrosoglutathione Reductase (GSNOR-/-) Reduces Maturation of iPSC-derived Cardiomyocytes

Introduction: Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a potential source of cardiac regenerative therapy. However, incomplete structural and functional maturation of iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes ...
Predicting fisheries bycatch: A case study and field test for pilot whales in a pelagic longline fishery

AIM: Fisheries bycatch is a major threat to populations of protected species such as marine mammals, seabirds and sea turtles, and static management approaches are often unsuccessful in mitigating bycatch of these highly mobile species. Combining species distribution models (SDMs) with oceanographic data has been proposed as a means of predicting when and where bycatch is likely to occur. However, studies assessing whether SDMs can accurately predict fisheries bycatch using independent data are lacking. Assessing model performance using independent data is necessary to test whether a model is generalizable, and this is particularly important for models with management applications. Here, we use short‐finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus) bycatch in a pelagic longline fishery as a case study to inform efforts to mitigate fisheries bycatch. LOCATION: Offshore waters, north‐east United States. METHODS: We integrated telemetry and oceanographic data using mixed‐effects generalized additive models to predict pilot whale occurrence and assessed model performance using k‐folds cross‐validation. We then evaluated the model's ability to predict pilot whale bycatch using data from independent on‐board observers. RESULTS: The model performed well, and predictions were strongly and significantly correlated with observed rates of bycatch in space and time. Temperature and proximity to mesoscale oceanographic features (thermal fronts and sea level anomalies) were important predictors of pilot whale occurrence, and as a result, spatial predictions of the risk of bycatch varied through time. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that SDMs can be used to accurately predict times and places with a high risk of bycatch, and illustrate that models using dynamic oceanographic variables can identify smaller, more specific focal management regions than static management approaches. Combining SDMs with near real‐time or forecasted environmental conditions could provide a promising tool for decreasing bycatch and will be valuable in developing adaptive management strategies to mitigate fisheries bycatch of protected species.
Laparoscopic Ileocolic/Right Hemicolectomy for Crohn’s Disease

Since the original paper describing Crohn’s disease (CD) (Crohn et al., JAMA 251:73–79, 1932), complications requiring surgery continue to be seen. Laparoscopic surgery has had an impact in this disease, although at a much lower percentage than laparoscopic surgery for cancer. The many reasons include severe inflammatory disease with fistula and phlegmon, thickened mesentery, steroids and previous open surgery. However, over 20 years of treating this disease with laparoscopic surgery, we have developed a systematic approach in conjunction with newer energy devices, which has led to a high completion rate and low complication rate with laparoscopic surgery.
Towards a Clinical Stereoscopic Augmented Reality System for Laparoscopic Surgery

We describe our development of a complete real-time stereoscopic augmented reality system that overlays laparoscopic ultrasound (LUS) images on stereoscopic laparoscopic video for conventional laparoscopic surgery. The system was designed and developed to achieve near-term clinical evaluation as a primary goal. Special consideration was paid to system interactivity, accuracy and easy integration within the existing clinical workflow. Custom-designed fixtures for the two imaging devices were created to avoid their recalibration in the operating room and thus to minimize setup time. The system was assembled on a rolling cart to make it portable for the use in the operating room. Utilizing our optimized design and hardware-accelerated implementation, the system achieved a low system latency of approximately 150 ms. The LUS image-to-video registration accuracy, measured in terms of target registration accuracy and recorded separately for the left and right eye channels of the stereoscopic camera, was 3.34±0.59 mm and 2.76±0.68 mm.
Experimental Observation of Negative Temperature Dependence in iso-Octane Burning Velocities

The average burning velocities S¯b of premixed, spherically expanding iso-octane flames are reported for flame radii from 0.75 to 1.75 cm between 400 and 900 K, near 1 atm. Measurements are perform...
Variations in rest-activity rhythm are associated with clinically measured disease severity in Parkinson’s disease

The continuous, longitudinal nature of accelerometry monitoring is well-suited to capturing the regular 24-hour oscillations in human activity across the day, the cumulative effect of our circadian rhythm and behavior. Disruption of the circadian rhythm in turn disrupts rest-activity rhythms. Although circadian disruption is a major feature of Parkinson's disease (PD), rest-activity rhythms and their relationship with disease severity have not been well characterized in PD. 13 PD participants (Hoehn & Yahr Stage [HY significant associations between MDS-UPDRS scores and activity levels were observed only in the unadjusted model. These findings demonstrate that continuous actigraphy is capable of detecting rest-activity disruption in PD, and provides preliminary evidence that rest-activity rhythms are associated with motor symptom severity and H&Y Stage.
Fatigue in Collegiate Flight Training

Fatigue-related problems are not new in the aviation industry and have been a contributing factor to more than one-fifth of all aviation accidents. Using an online survey instrument, this exploratory study investigated how 138 collegiate flight students interact with fatigue during their flight training. Overall, students recognize they are fatigued and that it has a negative impact on their flight training. Many of the students identify the proper strategic adjustments that they need to make to manage fatigue, such as reducing workload, getting more sleep, and keeping a regular sleep schedule. However, they do not seem to be making those adjustments. They indicate that they lack enough quality sleep, have high workloads, and do not keep a regular sleep schedule. Findings from this study are consistent with recent flight training studies and can assist the collegiate flight training community in the management of student fatigue.
Phase transfer catalyzed polymerization of 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylbenzyl alcohol and copolymerization of 4-bromo-2,6-dimethylphenol with 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylbenzyl alcohol

This paper describes the phase transfer catalyzed (PTC) polymerization of 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylbenzyl alcohol (1) and the PTC polymerization of 4-bromo-2,6-dimethylphenol (19) in the presence of 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylbenzyl alcohol (1). At 89% conversion the homopolymerization of 1 produced a 95% yield of 4,4′-dihydroxy-3,3′,5,5′-tetramethyldiphenylmethane (3) and a 5% yield of oligomers. The polymerization of 19 in the presence of 1 resulted in poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO) polymers in 71 to 89% yields. The 200 MHz 1H-NMR spectroscopy analyses of the resulting PPO polymers indicate that they represent a mixture of bifunctional (PPO-2OH) and monofunctional (PPO-OH) polymers. A radicalanion mechanism was proposed to account for both the homopolymerization and the copolymerization reactions.
Exploring Radical Right-Wing Posting Behaviors Online

In recent years, researchers have shown a vested interest in developing advanced information technologies, machine-learning algorithms, and risk-assessment tools to detect and analyze radical conte...
85 – Separable Equations

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses separable equations applicable to first-order ordinary differential equations. First-order ordinary differential equations can be solved directly, if the forcing term factors into a term involving only the independent variable, and a term involving only the dependent variable. Given an equation of the form dy/dx = f(y)g(x), both sides can be formally multiplied by dx/f(y) and then integrated to obtain ∫dy/f(y) = ∫g(x). The evaluation of ∫dy/f(y) = ∫g(x) only requires that two integrals be evaluated. An arbitrary constant of integration must be included to obtain the most general solution of dy/dx = f(y)g(x). The chapter highlights that the solution obtained by this method will generally be implicit. The formal procedure of multiplying dy/dx = f(y)g(x) by dx/f(y) can be shown to give the correct answer.
Cycle control with desogestrel-containing oral contraceptives -- comparison of a monophasic and triphasic regimen.

Between 1987 and 1991 physicians followed 2004 women using a monophasic oral contraceptive (OC) containing 150 mcg desogestrel and 30 mcg ethinyl estradiol for 19413 cycles and another 1921 women using a triphasic OC containing 50/100/150 mcg desogestrel and 35/30/30 mcg ethinyl estradiol (the lowest estrogen dose triphasic OC available) to examine their effects on cycle control. The women used standard diary methods to keep track of data on breakthrough bleeding spotting and absence of withdrawal bleeding. This study took place at various medical centers in Canada the US and the UK. The rates of breakthrough bleeding spotting and absence of withdrawal bleeding were very low for both OCs. No significant difference sin these cycle control abnormalities existed between the 2 groups. Just 1.9% and 2.9% of women in the monophasic and triphasic OC groups respectively stopped taking the OC because of abnormal vaginal bleeding. In addition no significant differences existed between the Sunday start or the day-1 triphasic OC regimens. These findings showed that even though the triphasic OC has a 33% lower progestin dose than did the nonphasic OC it provided essentially the same cycle control as did the monophasic OC.
Helping Couples in the Shadow of COVID-19

The pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus (coronavirus) and the associated illness, COVID-19, has caused a level of worldwide upheaval unlike any most people now living have seen in their lifetimes. This crisis affects people in their most important, committed, and intimate relationships. Although this crisis has damaged the health and well-being of individuals, crushed economies, and led to an extensive period of uncertainty about the future, there may also be positive outcomes in the motivation people have to protect their relationships. In this paper, we focus on strategies that therapists and relationship educators can use to help couples preserve and protect their relationships during such a time. We describe four foundations of safety that allow relationships to thrive: physical, emotional, commitment, and community. We then highlight three keys from our body of work that can help guide individuals and couples in protecting their relationships on a day-to-day and moment-to-moment basis: (1) decide, don't slide; (2) make it safe to connect; (3) do your part.
Exploring the effect of napping on sleep quality and duration in collegiate athletes

The purpose of this study was to extend research on napping and sleep behaviors in collegiate athletes, and to compare nappers and non-nappers on sleep quality and duration. Methods: Current varsit...
RNA 3D modeling with FARFAR2, online

Abstract Understanding the three-dimensional structure of an RNA molecule is often essential to understanding its function. Sampling algorithms and energy functions for RNA structure prediction are improving, due to the increasing diversity of structural data available for training statistical potentials and testing structural data, along with a steady supply of blind challenges through the RNA Puzzles initiative. The recent FARFAR2 algorithm enables near-native structure predictions on fairly complex RNA structures, including automated selection of final candidate models and estimation of model accuracy. Here, we describe the use of a publicly available webserver for RNA modeling for realistic scenarios using FARFAR2, available at https://rosie.rosettacommons.org/farfar2. We walk through two cases in some detail: a simple model pseudoknot from the frameshifting element of beet western yellows virus modeled using the “basic interface” to the webserver, and a replication of RNA-Puzzle 20, a metagenomic twister sister ribozyme, using the “advanced interface.” We also describe example runs of FARFAR2 modeling including two kinds of experimental data: a c-di-GMP riboswitch modeled with low resolution restraints from MOHCA-seq experiments and a tandem GA motif modeled with 1H NMR chemical shifts.