cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cost prediction model for building deconstruction in urban areas

Abstract Many U.S. cities have suffered economic decline and contain widespread residential, commercial, and industrial property abandonment. Such abandonment results in negative economic, social, and environmental consequences in urban areas. Demolition and landfilling are prevalent methods to remove these abandonments while generating large amounts of construction and demolition (CD however, this concern is problematic because current cost prediction methods for deconstruction are insufficiently accurate. To address this problem, the authors have developed a novel cost prediction model using case-based reasoning, an artificial intelligence based technique. The paper elaborates on the model development and demonstrates the model application through a real world deconstruction case in the state of Michigan. Results indicate the accuracy of the new prediction model is greater than 95% and show a lower net cost of deconstruction than demolition. Findings suggest an additional option of design for deconstruction for green buildings in the construction industry. Findings implicate a broader construct of sustainable urban transformation where a full supply chain of deconstructed materials emerges.
Social Entrepreneurship and the Development Paradox of Prosocial Motivation: A Cautionary Tale

Research summary We provide an ethnographic account of how social entrepreneurs in the Safe Water for Africa program made sense of hybrid goods, as well as how and why those understandings affected both the social enterprise's marketing mix and stakeholders’ expectations of the enterprise's rights and responsibilities. We find that output maximizing-behavior enabled by prosocial motivation elicits a psychological feeling of entitlement to a socio-emotional return on investment in the form of beneficiary gratitude. When external stakeholders consider them justified, these feelings become moral norms that can induce or prevent the institutionalization of a suboptimal path of development, depending on the motivations of competitors. We show that social entrepreneurs’ emotional attachment can have consequences for development, challenging the functionalist conception of social enterprise as a temporary patch to institutional voids. Managerial summary We present a detailed account of the Safe Water for Africa program that examines: (a) how the program's stakeholders made sense of water as a “hybrid good;” and (b) how these understandings shaped the social entrepreneurs’ attitudes, the social enterprise's marketing mix, and stakeholder's expectations of the enterprise's rights and responsibilities. We find that the same motivation that prompted social entrepreneurs to act on behalf of those without safe water elicited a sense of entitlement to a “return on investment” in the form of beneficiary gratitude. If reciprocated, these feelings may become normalized and, depending on competitors' motives, hinder long-term development efforts by precluding their entry.
Numerical Methods and Model Dependence in Chemically-Induced Dynamic Spin Polarization

In this chapter we describe some of the more advanced theoretical methods, which may be usefully employed in the study of chemically-induced spin polarization and related phenomena. The emphasis will be on the finite difference methods developed by Pedersen and Freed [1-6].
Predictors of Publication Rates for Abstracts Presented at the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy Annual Meetings.

Objective. To examine trends in manuscript publication rates for abstracts presented at the 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015 American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) annual meetings.Methods. A...
Diagnosis and management of non-calcium-containing stones in the pediatric population

Compared to adults, urolithiasis is less common in children, with a definite rise in incidence, especially among young adults (Tasian et al. in Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 11:488, 2016). In the last 25 years, the incidence in children has increased by approximately 6–10% annually, for reasons still unknown, with an associated significant increase in related health care-related expenditures (Hyams and Matlaga in Transl Androl Urol 3(3):278–83, 2014). It has been shown that there is twice as high a risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) or end stage renal disease (ESRD) in stone formers compared to non-stone formers (Tasian et al. 2016). While calcium-containing stones are by far the most common category of stone encountered in both children and adults, non-calcium stones are more common in children than adults and have been shown in several studies to be associated with greater morbidity and lower renal function than calcium stones (Issler et al. in BMC Nephrol 18(1):136, 2017; Gambaro et al. in J Urol 198:268–273, 2017). This could be related to the challenges in the management of non-calcium-containing stones due to associated infection or metabolic derangements, further leading to recurrence and loss of renal function. There is currently a gap in our understanding of how to appropriately and effectively encounter and manage patients with non-calcium-containing stones, as such cases are encountered less frequently. Identification of stone composition and appropriate management is very important to reduce serious complications and recurrence, especially in non-calcium stones. We present a review of diagnosis and management of non-calcium-containing stones in the pediatric population, in hopes of providing more clarity to providers and promoting a consideration of non-calcium stone composition with all children presenting with urolithiasis.
Accomplishing Anticorruption: Propositions & Methods

The insidious practice of corruption cripples institutions, consumes communities, and cuts deeply into the very structure of people's lives. It destroys nations and saps their moral fiber. Corrupti...
Functional Biomaterials for Controlling Stem Cell Differentiation

Differentiation of stem cells has shown to be strongly influenced through several cues provided by reciprocal interactions with the extracellular microenvironment, consisting of soluble bioactive agents and the extracellular matrix.While the dynamic extracellular matrix is difficult to mimic in its entirety, recent research has successfully mimicked individual matrix-centric cues using synthetic polymeric systems to influence differentiation of stem cells into tissue-specific lineages. Material properties that have been shown to direct this differentiation include chemical functionality, mechanical properties, as well as tissue-mimetic modifications such as mineralization. Another aspect of the extracellular microenvironment that has been mimicked in the controlled differentiation of stem cells is the presence of specific bioactive agents. Material-based delivery of these agents allows for the spatiotemporal variation in their presentation to stem cells, allowing for precise control over their terminally differentiated phenotype. Thus, the delivery of bioactive agents to cells via synthetic materials has also been an effective method to influence stem cell differentiation to various tissue-specific lineages. In this chapter, we discuss the use of synthetic materials to direct stem cell differentiation through both, capitulation of matrix-specific biochemical, mechanical and physical cues, as well as the controlled delivery of specific bioactive agents.
On choice of trial functions in integro-differential variational principles of transport theory

In several problems of particle transport, quantities of macroscopic interest can be related to stationary values of variational functionals based on general integro-differential equations and boundary conditions. Within the context of the jump (Milne's) problem, it is shown how highly accurate results can be obtained by using trial functions based on the eigenfunctions of the relevant integrodifferential equations. Such choices of trial functions should apply equally effectively to problems in curved geometries, both internal and external.
The Thermal-Neutron Milne Problem and the Albedo of a Semi-Infinite Absorbing Medium-I: Theory

The Milne problem for thermal neutrons is studied with an arbitrary scattering kernel, using concepts derived from the invariant imbedding method. An eigen-value equation for the Milne leakage curr...
Engagement-Disengagement and Early Object Experiences

The last decade’s research has revolutionized our view of the capacities of the human infant in the early months, forcing a recognition of his considerable receptivity to environmental stimulation and his own capacity to seek stimulation and initiate social interactions. Particularly significant has been an appreciation of the central role of the infant’s capacity for vis-a-vis orientation and sustained visual regard, which are considered to be among the most fundamental paradigms of communication, and central to the developing attachment between mother and infant (Walters & Parke, 1965; Robson, 1967).
Multi-Target Vital-Signs Monitoring Using a Dual-Beam Hybrid Doppler Radar

This paper presents the preliminary results of a novel approach for multi-target vital-signs monitoring using an electromagnetic-based Doppler radar. The fundamentals of the proposed approach are based on multi-beam antennas, phased arrays systems, and beam-forming networks. For the purpose of demonstration, we have designed and implemented a prototype dual-beam phased-array continuous-wave Doppler radar operating at 2.4 GHz. Measurement results confirmed the feasibility of the proposed method. Experimental measurements showed that for the first time, the breathing rates of two individuals can be monitored at the same time and using the same frequency. The proposed dual-beam system prevents the phase collision of the signatures of the targets and hence provides multi-person detection capability for the system.
Multilobular dermoid cyst of the orbit

Dermoid cysts are histologically defined as surface epithelium encapsulating an inner lumen. They are well described in the literature as discrete, single masses, either circumscribed or dumbbell-shaped, with or without a longstanding fistula. Chronic granulomatous inflammation is often a feature of dermoid cysts, contributing to local soft tissue and bony destruction. Isolated multicystic dermoids are not well described. We present a case of a multilobular dermoid characterized both radiographically and histopathologically. These findings may be attributed to repeated rupture and reformation of the dermoid cyst. When possible, our experience favours early excision of orbital dermoid cysts to minimize morbidity.
Analyzing Ingredients in Dietary Supplements and Their Metabolites

Abstract Botanical products in the form of dietary supplements or neutraceuticals have gained popularity in the US market for their putative health benefits, but there is very little information on the actual contents of these products. Determining chemical identity and levels of bioactive phytochemicals present in dietary supplements or nutraceuticals is necessary to ensure the reliability and repeatability of basic and clinical research and safety and efficacy during clinical use. Several strategies have been used for standardization, quality control of botanicals, and analytical method used. The latter depends on the chemical properties and amounts of the analytes in a preparation. This review explores the best methods for the analysis of polyphenol-based dietary supplements. It highlights the discrepancies between industry labeling and the actual content of individual phytochemicals present in dietary supplements.
Delay Tolerant Network Routing as a Machine Learning Classification Problem

This paper discusses a machine learning-based ap- proach to routing for delay tolerant networks (DTNs) [1]. DTNs are networks which experience frequent disconnections between nodes, uncertainty of an end-to-end path, long one-way trip times, and may have high error rates and asymmetric links. Such networks exist in deep space satellite networks, very rural environments, disaster areas and underwater environments. In this work, we use machine learning classifiers to predict a set of neighboring nodes which are the most likely to deliver a message to a desired location based on message history delivery information. We use the Common Open Research Emulator (CORE) [2] to emulate the DTN environment based on real-world location traces and collect network traffic statistics from the Bundle Protocol implementation IBR-DTN [3]. The software architecture for classification-based routing, analysis and preparation of the network history data and prediction results are discussed.
Early vs late endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in patients with acute cholangitis: A nationwide analysis.

Early vs late endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in patients with acute cholangitis: A nationwide analysis
The influence of shelf bathymetry and beach topography on extreme total water levels: Linking large-scale changes of the wave climate to local coastal hazards

Abstract Total water levels (TWLs) at the coast are driven by a combination of deterministic (e.g., tides) and stochastic (e.g., waves, storm surge, and sea level anomalies) processes. The contribution of each process to TWLs varies depending on regional differences in climate and framework geology, as well as local-scale variations in beach morphology, coastal orientation, and shelf bathymetry. Large-scale changes to the climate altering the frequency, direction, and intensity of storms, may therefore propagate to the nearshore differently, amplifying or suppressing local coastal hazards and changing the exposure of coastal communities to extreme TWLs. This study investigates the hydrodynamic and geomorphologic factors controlling local TWLs along high-energy United States coastlines where wave-influences dominate TWLs. Three study sites in the states of Washington, Oregon, and California are chosen to explore how regional and local differences in beach topography and wave transformation over shelf bathymetry drives variations in the magnitude and impacts of extreme TWLs. Results indicate that TWLs are most influenced by wave transformation processes in locations with steep beach slopes and complex offshore bathymetry, while beach topography influences the severity of coastal impacts. Once the relative morphologic controls on TWLs are better understood, hypothetical future climate scenarios are explored to assess how changes to the average deepwater wave climate (height, period, and direction) may alter local TWLs when compared to estimates of likely sea level rise and future coastal management strategies. Changes to the wave climate are found to be as detrimental to the coastline as sea level rise in some locations, where small variations of the TWL drive large, nonlinear changes in hours of impact to the backshore beach. Overall, this study develops an approach for quantifying the range of hydrodynamic and morphologic controls on the magnitude of TWLs which will ultimately better prepare coastal communities for uncertain changes to the global climate.
Highly Effective GeNi Alloy Contact Diffusion Barrier for BiSbTe Long-Term Thermal Exposure.

A GeNi alloy diffusion barrier for contacts on bismuth antimony telluride is proposed. Multiple gold contact diffusion barriers were tested at different thermal aging conditions in air and reducing...
Soft Additive Fabrication Processes: Material Indeterminacy in 3D Printing

This description of Soft Additive Fabrication Processes, documents ways in which chance and randomness might be treated as values rather than problems. The production of a series of robotically controlled extruder experiments explore integrating material volition with the rigid order of machine control. Specifically this paper outlines the development of tooling procedures that harness emergent conditions in the automation of qualitative material effects. A key question for the research asks, how might architects imagine a design and construction scenario, which is no longer confined to prescriptive material dimensions, but is instead driven by digitally calibrated stochastic material processes? What opportunities might arise from developing an automated system, which does not rely on direct translation, but instead operates and predicts outcomes within a range of potential results?
High Performance Heterogeneous Integration on Fan-out RDL Interposer

The fan-out packaging technology has recently been adopted in mobile application processors due to its advantages in form factor, fine pitch traces, and efficient thermal dissipation. This paper demonstrates heterogeneous integration on a fan-out redistribution layer (RDL) interposer. The package has a full-reticle size Si die and two HBMs. Si die and memory modules are attached to a fanout RDL and are then attached to a multilayer substrate. This advanced package meets both electrical and mechanical requirements. The fanout RDL interposer is comprised of polymer and copper traces, and it is relatively mechanically flexible. Such flexibility enhances C4 joint integrity, and allows the new package to scale up its size to meet more complex functional demands.
Portrait of a Nabob: Graphic Satire, Portraiture, and the Anglo-Indian in the Late Eighteenth Century

L’etude des portraits commandes entre la fin des annees 1760 et les annees 1790 met en lumiere les premiers modeles britanniques s’identifiant a l’Orient a travers une myriade d’attributs, dont des vetements d’inspiration indienne, une flore et une faune exotiques, des domestiques et des compagnons indiens, et des references aux plus celebres sites de l’Inde. Dans les portraits de la derniere decennie du XVIIIe siecle, les Britanniques possedant des interets en Inde insisterent au contraire sur leur « britannite » en mettant l’accent sur leur tenue europeenne, en se placant dans des decors depourvus de paysages et en faisant plutot reference a l’Inde en tant que dependance administrative de l’Angleterre et lieu d’essor militaire ou commercial. L’ecart qui se manifeste dans ce type de portrait suggere l’influence de la satire graphique, un medium faisant souvent appel a la metaphore et a l’ironie, et qui pouvait exprimer plus directement l’inquietude grandissante de l’epoque concernant les modes de representation de soi. Cet essai explore comment l’humour au service de la critique peut, dans son exces meme, influencer la reception des oeuvres anterieures, que les spectateurs percoivent alors de facon anachronique comme des attaques contre les Britanniques lies a l’Inde. L’etude de l’impact qu’a eu la representation satirique sur l’art du portrait enrichit a la fois notre comprehension de la satire graphique en contexte colonial et notre connaissance de l’histoire de la representation de soi, contribuant ainsi a une meilleure conception du dix-huitieme siecle anglais comme « culture de la visualite ».
Pilot study of loss of the p53/p63 target gene PERP at the surgical margin as a potential predictor of local relapse in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Background PERP (p53 apoptosis effector related to PMP22) localizes to desmosomes and suppresses squamous cell carcinoma development. Loss of PERP leads to worse local control in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), likely by destabilizing desmosomes. We evaluated PERP loss at HNSCC surgical margins as a predictor of local relapse. Methods Combining discovery (n = 17) and validation (n = 31) cohorts, we examined membranous PERP protein expression by immunohistochemistry in surgical mucosal margins with competing risk analysis of the relationship between local relapse and PERP expression. Results Of the 44 analyzable patients, the 2-year cumulative incidence of local relapse was 44.4% for the PERP-negative group and 16.4% for the PERP-positive group (P = .01). A trend toward worse progression-free survival (P = .09) and overall survival (P = .06) was observed with loss of PERP. Conclusions PERP loss at surgical margins is associated with higher risk of local recurrence in HNSCC, warranting further evaluation in a larger prospective study.
More on overkill, the associational critique, and the North American megafaunal record: A reply to Grayson et al. (2021)

Abstract The Associational Critique posits that extinct megafauna are scarce in North American late Pleistocene archaeological contexts, contrary to expectations of the overkill hypothesis. In an analysis focusing on the period of overlap between humans and megafauna, we revealed that no such underrepresentation of extinct taxa in kill/scavenging sites exists. Instead, we found a single positive trend between paleontological and archaeological occurrences for all megafauna taxa—extinct and extant—a pattern that is consistent with expectations from the prey model of foraging theory (Wolfe and Broughton, 2020). Grayson et al. (2021), while agreeing that such equated timescales should be used, question certain aspects of our analysis and use new datasets to reaffirm the premise of the Associational Critique. However, their analysis is problematic, as they use different criteria to assemble archaeological records for extant and extinct megafauna—more strict for the latter, thereby inflating the archaeological abundance of extant taxa. More critically, by using archaeological and paleontological data that align in time and space, there is no logical warrant for their argument that extinct forms should be underrepresented in kill/scavenging contexts because they “had either already disappeared or were much reduced in abundance by the time people arrived on the landscape” (Grayson et al., 2021). Using archaeological datasets that were assembled using the same stringent criteria and further refined timescales, we again find no support for such an underrepresentation nor the Associational Critique.
Force Reconstruction at Mechanical Interfaces Using a Modal Filtering Decomposition Approach

Traditional approaches to analyzing nonlinear systems often involve assuming a specific model form and model order for the nonlinearity. These nonlinearities in a system could instead be modeled as a nonlinear force applied to an underlying linear system. Force reconstruction methods can be used to recreate this nonlinear force from measured data, allowing the system change to be quantified. A modal based force reconstruction technique has proven capable of recreating force inputs at unmeasured locations and has been successfully applied to nonlinear intermittent external contact forces in previous studies. To extend these findings, a two-beam system was designed such that intermittent contact occurs near the joint locations, resulting in correlated forces. Previous work with this methodology has not addressed correlated loading conditions, so this work extends these techniques to the localization of correlated forces beyond measured points. The methodology is first demonstrated using analytical case studies, then performed experimentally. Acceleration responses are obtained from a sparse measurement grid which does not include the contact points, so the forces are reconstructed at unmeasured locations. Estimates of the nonlinear contact forces are calculated using the force reconstruction process, which are then compared to the measured force values. Cases are presented which address intermittent contact, loosening of preloaded connections, and the reconstruction of multiple connections simultaneously. Reconstructing correlated forces beyond measured points allows for the ability to locate and estimate forces without needing to assume the locations of these forces prior to acquiring data, extending the range of applications for these techniques.
Mass Spectrometry-Based Lipidomics: An Overview

Over the last few decades, MS-based lipidomics has emerged as a powerful tool to study lipids in biological systems. This success is driven by the constant demand for complete and reliable data. The improvement of MS-based lipidomics will continue to be dependent on the advances in the technology of mass spectrometry and related techniques including separation and bioinformatics, and more importantly, on gaining insight into the knowledge of lipid chemistry essential to develop methodology for lipid analysis. It is hoped that the protocols in this book, collected from experts in their fields, can offer the beginner and the advanced user alike, useful tips toward successful lipidomic analysis.
There Where You Are Not: Selected Writings of Kamal Boullata and Uninterrupted Fugue: Art by Kamal Boullata: Recent Books

These two lavish companion books are a well-deserved tribute to Kamal Boullata (1942–2019), the most acclaimed Palestinian painter of modern times.There Where You Are Not: Selected Writings of Kama...
Study of Human Comfort in Autonomous Vehicles Using Wearable Sensors

The rapid development of autonomous vehicles (AVs) has depicted a promising future of a safer and more efficient transportation system. To better induce this revolution, massive efforts have been spent on the technical competence of AVs. However, the human comfort in AVs has been an under-discussed yet important topic to the user acceptance of AVs. For the detection of human comfort, existing studies focus more on the physical influential factors of comfort such as sitting posture, vibration, and noise. With the introduction of AVs, psychological factors also have gained greater influence on human comfort. Despite existing studies of exploring correlations between human comfort and some physiological signals in automated driving contexts, there is few study on how human comfort level in AVs can be detected with these physiological signals. In this paper, we developed effective human comfort study approaches in autonomous vehicles with wearable sensors. We also proposed a machine learning based approach with adaptive feature selection to detect human comfort levels based on the wearable sensing data. The experimental results illustrated the effectiveness of the proposed approaches in studying human comfort in AVs.
Prehospital Ketamine Administration for Excited Delirium with Illicit Substance Co-Ingestion and Subsequent Intubation in the Emergency Department.

Introduction: Excited delirium, which has been defined as combativeness, agitation, and altered sensorium, requires immediate treatment in prehospital or emergency department (ED) settings for the safety of both patients and caregivers. Prehospital ketamine use is prevalent, although the evidence on safety and efficacy is limited. Many patients with excited delirium are intoxicated with illicit substances. This investigation explores whether patients treated with prehospital ketamine for excited delirium with concomitant substance intoxication have higher rates of subsequent intubation in the ED compared to those without confirmed substance usage. Methods: Over 28 months at two large community hospitals, all medical records were retrospectively searched for all patients age 18 years or greater with prehospital ketamine intramuscular (IM) administration for excited delirium and identified illicit and prescription substance co-ingestions. Trained abstractors collected demographic characteristics, history of present illness (HPI), urine drug screens (UDS), alcohol levels, and noted additional sedative administrations. Substance intoxication was determined by UDS and alcohol positivity or negativity, as well as physician HPI. Patients without toxicological testing or documentation of substance intoxication, or who may have tested positive due to ED sedation, were excluded from relevant analyses. Subsequent ED intubation was the primary pre-specified outcome. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to compare variables. Results: Among 86 patients given prehospital ketamine IM for excited delirium, baseline characteristics including age, ketamine dose, and body mass index were similar between those who did or did not undergo intubation. Men had higher intubation rates. Patients testing positive for alcohol, amphetamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, ecstasy, marijuana, opiates, and synthetic cathinones, both bath salts and flakka, had similar rates of intubation compared to those negative for these substances. Of 27 patients with excited delirium and concomitant cocaine intoxication, nine (33%) were intubated compared with four of 50 (8%) without cocaine intoxication, yielding a 5.75 OR (95%, CI 1.57 to 21.05; P = .009). Conclusion: Patients treated with ketamine IM for excited delirium with concomitant cocaine intoxication had a statistically significant 5.75-fold increased rate of subsequent intubation in the ED. Amongst other substances, no other trends with intubation were noted, but further study is warranted.
Plant Biochemical Regulators

Preface -- Contributors -- 1 Introduction to Effects of Plant Biochemical Regulators /Harold W. Gausman, Jerry E. Quisenberry, and Henry Yokoyama -- Part I Bioregulation of Carotenoid Genesis and Isoprenoid Pathways -- 2 Regulation of Biosynthesis of Carotenoids /Henry Yokoyama and James H. Keithly -- 3 Regulation of Rubber Transferase Activity by 2- (3,4-Dichlorophenoxy)triethylamine in Plants of Parthenium argentatum /S. Madhavan and C. R. Benedict -- Part II Regulation of Cellular Protection Systems, Source-Sink Interactions, and Function of Lipid Metabolites -- 4 Environmental Regulation of Cellular Protection Systems /John J. Burke and James R. Mahan -- 5 Biochemical Regulation of Source-Sink Relationships /Jaleh Daie -- 6 Lipid Metabolites: Regulators of Plant Metabolism? /David F. Hildebrand and W. Scott Grayburn -- Part III Use of Natural Products, Tissue Culture, and Monoclonal Antibodies in Bioregulation -- 7. Use of Plant Bioregulators in Tissue Culture /Norma L. Trolinder -- 8. Effects of Natural Products from Microorganisms on Higher Plants /Horace G. Cutler -- 9. Monoclonal Antibodies in the Study of Plant Bioregulation /Shyi Yi Huang -- Part IV Growth Retardants -- 10. Biochemical Effects of Plant Growth Retardants /Wilhelm Rademacher -- Part V Practical Aspects, New Theories, and Development of Plant Biochemical Regulation -- 11. Effects of Biochemical Regulators on Stress-Induced Adaptation with Special Regard to Salt Stress /Christian Stark -- 12. Regulation of Crop Growth and Yield by Tertiary Amine Bioregulators /James H. Keithly, Henry Yokoyama, and Harold W. Gausman -- 13. Bioregulators: Present and Future Fields of Application /Peter Eberhard Schott and Helmut Walter -- Part VI Nondestructive Plant Analyses -- 14. Nondestructive Composition Analysis of Plant Materials /Gerald S. Birth -- Index.
Differentiability of Multivariable Functions

In this chapter we use ideas based on the elementary definition of derivative to define derivatives of a vector function of a Euclidean vector variable. We relate these new derivatives to the elementary ones, and generalize an important result from the real-variable case.
Diversity within Women of Color: Why Experiences Change Felt Stigma

This commentary offers additional considerations for better understanding and studying how women of color detect and respond to prejudice in the United States. Building on the thoughts raised by Remedios and Snyder (2015), we highlight the importance of considering the socio-cultural and historic factors that differentially impact how sub-groups of women of color are perceived. Rather than generalizing work on stigma and discrimination across the diverse group of women of color, we discuss the importance and benefits of examining subgroups individually. In this commentary therefore, we pose research questions about three additional bodies of literature that add to Remedios and Snyder’s (2015) ideas regarding experiencing stigma. First, we examine how stereotypes of subgroups of women of color differ. Next, we introduce other work in the field of intersectionality, e.g. gendered race, to argue that differences in the ways women of color are perceived may affect how they experience identity centrality, discrimination, and other identity-related processes. Finally, we provide empirical evidence highlighting the concept of intersectional invisibility as an additional form of felt discrimination.
Weak Convergence and the Characterization of Processes

This chapter begins the section of the book devoted to the convergence proofs and related matters. The purpose of the chapter is to introduce the mathematical machinery that is needed in the later chapters. Because particular applications are intended, we do not, in general, give the most elaborate versions of the theorems to be presented.
The flat model structure on ()

Given a cotorsion pair (A, B) in an abelian category C with enough A objects and enough B objects, we define two cotorsion pairs in the category Ch(C) of unbounded chain complexes. We see that these two cotorsion pairs are related in a nice way when (A, B) is hereditary. We then show that both of these induced cotorsion pairs are complete when (A,B) is the flat cotorsion pair of R-modules. This proves the flat cover conjecture for (possibly unbounded) chain complexes and also gives us a new flat model category structure on Ch(R). In the last section we use the theory of model categories to show that we can define Ext n R (M,N) using a flat resolution of M and a cotorsion coresolution of N.
Ten years of satellite observations reveal highly variable sulphur dioxide emissions at Anatahan Volcano, Mariana Islands

Satellite remote sensing enables continuous multiyear observations of volcanic activity in remote settings. Anatahan (Mariana Islands) is a remote volcano in the western North Pacific. Available ground-based measurements of sulphur dioxide (SO2) gas emissions at Anatahan place it among thelargest volcanic SO2 sources worldwide. These ground-based measurements, however, are restricted to eruptive intervals. Anatahan's activity since 2003 has been dominated temporally by prolonged periods of quiescence. Using 10 years of satellite observations from OMI, AIRS, SCIAMACHY, and GOME-2, we report highly variable SO2 emissions within and between eruptive and quiescent intervals at Anatahan. We find close correspondence between levels of activity reported at the volcano and levels of SO2 emissions detected from space. Eruptive SO2 emission rates have a mean value of ∼6400 t d−1, but frequently are in excess of 20,000 t d−1. Conversely, SO2 emissions during quiescent intervals are below the detection limit of space-based sensors and therefore are not likely to exceed ∼300 t d−1. We show that while Anatahan occupies a quiescent state for 85% of the past 10 years, only ∼15% of total SO2 emissions over this interval occur during quiescence, with the remaining ∼85% released in short duration but intense syn-eruptive degassing. We propose that the integration of multiyear satellite data sets and activity histories are a powerful complement to targeted ground-based campaign measurements in better describing the long-term degassing behavior of remote volcanoes.
Chemical and biological properties of a lipomucopolysaccharide from Pseudomonas lachrymans

Abstract A lipomucopolysaccharide from cell-free culture fluids of Pseudomonas lachrymans induced water-soaking of cucumber leaves and was toxic to mice with an LD 50 of 7·5 μg/g body weight. Purified preparations of the lipomucopolysaccharide were apparently homogeneous by electrophoretic, ultracentrifugal and chromatographic criteria. The lipomucopolysaccharide solubilized casein and hemoglobin in trichloroacetic acid-based proteolytic enzyme assays, but did not liberate amino groups or produce lower molecular weight fragments from the proteins. The lipomucopolysaccharide was a spherical particle with a molecular weight between 3 and 3·5 million. It was composed of 12% protein, 27% carbohydrate, 15% lipid and 14% ash. Evidence suggested that the lipomucopolysaccharide engaged in dissociable ionic complexes with proteins during incubation at neutral to alkaline pH and that the complexes were trichloroacetic acid-soluble if the lipomucopolysaccharide/protein ratio was sufficiently high.
Testosterone supplementation in aging men and women: possible impact on cardiovascular-renal disease

Treatment of aging men and women with testosterone supplements is increasing. The supplements are given to postmenopausal women mainly to improve their libido and to aging men to improve muscle mas...
One king, two burials: The politics of funerals in South Africa's Transkei

(1992). One king, two burials: The politics of funerals in South Africa's Transkei. Journal of Contemporary African Studies: Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 76-87.
Genome-scale modeling using flux ratio constraints to enable metabolic engineering of clostridial metabolism in silico

Genome-scale metabolic networks and flux models are an effective platform for linking an organism genotype to its phenotype. However, few modeling approaches offer predictive capabilities to evaluate potential metabolic engineering strategies in silico. A new method called “f lux b alance a nalysis with flux ratio s (FBrAtio)” was developed in this research and applied to a new genome-scale model of Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 (i CAC490) that contains 707 metabolites and 794 reactions. FBrAtio was used to model wild-type metabolism and metabolically engineered strains of C. acetobutylicum where only flux ratio constraints and thermodynamic reversibility of reactions were required. The FBrAtio approach allowed solutions to be found through standard linear programming. Five flux ratio constraints were required to achieve a qualitative picture of wild-type metabolism for C. acetobutylicum for the production of: (i) acetate, (ii) lactate, (iii) butyrate, (iv) acetone, (v) butanol, (vi) ethanol, (vii) CO2 and (viii) H2. Results of this simulation study coincide with published experimental results and show the knockdown of the acetoacetyl-CoA transferase increases butanol to acetone selectivity, while the simultaneous over-expression of the aldehyde/alcohol dehydrogenase greatly increases ethanol production. FBrAtio is a promising new method for constraining genome-scale models using internal flux ratios. The method was effective for modeling wild-type and engineered strains of C. acetobutylicum.
Metastasis to a percutaneous gastrostomy site from head and neck cancer: radiobiologic considerations.

Background The use of percutaneously placed feeding tubes has increased in recent years in an effort to maintain adequate caloric balance in patients receiving combined therapy for head and neck cancers, particularly concurrent radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Methods We report a case of a metastasis to a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy site occurring in a patient with an advanced tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma and review the published literature regarding this subject. Radiobiologic principles were examined to explain the most likely cause of such metastases. Results Six cases of percutaneous endoscopic site metastases occurring in patients with head and neck primary tumors have been reported in the literature. The interval from performance of the procedure to development of the metastases ranged from 3 to 16 months. Tumor kinetics suggest that a significant tumor burden (105–106 cells) would need to be present at the site to manifest a metastatic lesion in such a short time interval. Conclusions The development of metastases at percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy sites is a relatively uncommon occurrence. Direct tumor implantation by means of instrumentation at the time of the procedure is most likely explanation for such metastases, although hematogenous seeding cannot be completely discounted. Techniques should be used so as not to disrupt the tumor bed, particularly when gross residual disease is present. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 22: 826–830, 2000.
Deviations from hardy-weinberg equilibrium in parental and unaffected sibling genotype data.

Background: Genotyping error can increase both type I and II errors. In order to elucidate potential genotyping errors, data quality control often includes testing genotype data for
Intracranial pressure monitoring and liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure

Cerebral edema and intracranial hypertension, commonly present in fulminant hepatic failure, may lead to brainstem herniation and limit the survival of comatose patients awaiting liver transplantation before a donor organ becomes available. Also, they are likely responsible for postoperative neurological morbidity and mortality. Although intracranial pressure monitoring has been proposed to aid clinical decision making in this setting, its use in the prevention of brainstem herniation preoperatively, in the selection of patients for liver transplantation who have the potential for neurological recovery and in the maintenance of cerebral perfusion during liver transplantation has not been examined in detail. To address these issues, we established a protocol for intracranial pressure monitoring in comatose patients with fulminant hepatic failure as part of their preoperative and intraoperative management. Twenty adults and three children underwent intracranial pressure monitoring. Ten patients required preoperative medical therapy with mannitol, barbiturates or both for a rise in intracranial pressure above 25 mm Hg. Four patients had a sustained lowering of intracranial pressure, three of whom survived hospitalization. Six patients had intracranial hypertension refractory to medical management, were removed from a waiting list for a donor organ and died with brainstem herniation. Of the remaining 17 patients, 3 died of other causes while awaiting a donor organ, 2 recovered spontaneously without neurological sequelae and 12 underwent liver transplantation. All but one patient undergoing liver transplantation had transient intraoperative intracranial hypertension develop, requiring medical treatment. The 12 patients who had transplants recovered neurologically and were discharged from the hospital.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Age-related changes in neuronal glucose uptake in response to glutamate and β-amyloid

Energy supplies that may decline with age are crucial for cells to maintain ionic homeostasis and prevent neuron death. We examined baseline glucose transporter expression and rate of glucose uptake in cultured hippocampal neurons from embryonic, middle-age (12-month-old), and old (24-month-old) rats and exposed the neurons to glutamate, beta-amyloid, and mitochondrial inhibitors. Without stress, the rate of glucose uptake was similar in middle-age and old neurons, and the rate of glucose uptake in embryonic neurons was threefold greater than that in middle-age and old neurons. Glucose uptake increased in the presence of mitochondrial inhibitors (FCCP and oligomycin) for embryonic and middle-age neurons. The old neurons failed to increase glucose uptake. In the presence of glutamate, FCCP, and oligomycin, embryonic neurons showed a decrease in glucose uptake and the middle-age and old neurons showed no change in glucose uptake. Middle-age neurons took up significantly more glucose than old neurons when under mitochondrial and glutamate stress. In the presence of beta-amyloid, only embryonic neurons increased glucose uptake; middle-age and old neurons did not. Fluorescence imaging of immunoreactive glut3 in response to beta-amyloid demonstrated a 16-49% increase in glut3 immunoreactivity at the plasma membrane for the three ages. The results suggest that old neurons were not able to upregulate glucose uptake to ensure cell survival. Neuron aging does not indicate a defect in normal glut3 function; rather, our results suggest that mechanisms regulating glucose uptake under stress fail to react in time to ensure cell survival.
A simulation program examining the use of ratios as raw variables in analyses of variance.

An interactive, BASIC-PLUS, simulation program is described for performing a large number of multivariate analyses in accord with, or in violation of, known underlying models. Using a PDP 11/40 computer, random numbers are generated and converted into bivariate normal observations X and Y. These data are then analyzed according to three models. The three analyses are: (1) a standard analysis of variance ignoring the concomitant variable; (2) an analysis of covariance; (3) an analysis of variance on the ratio YX. The program can be used to examine the effect of performing multivariate analyses on data transformed into ratios. The utility of the program is the simplicity with which one can alter the underlying models and/or the mathematical relationships between X and Y. Output provides comparisons between models by accumulating rejections and other statistics on critical F-values for each model.
VWF secretion: what's in a name?

In this issue of Blood , Giblin and colleagues report that the continuous spontaneous release of VWF from endothelial cells is largely due to secretion of a stored form of the mature protein and not to its continuous transit out of the cell by classic constitutive secretion. von Willebrand Factor (
Surface anchoring, polymer glass transition, and polymer-dispersed liquid crystal electro-optics

We studied the electro-optic properties as a function of temperature of a PDLC film composed of either E7 or E43 dispersed as droplets in a polyvinylformal (PVFM) matrix. The dissolved liquid crystal lowers the glass transition temperature, Tg, of the PVFM matrix to about 30 - 35 degree(s)C. The electro-optics of these PDLC films change abruptly at the polymer matrix Tg. In general the drive voltage decreases and the turn off time increases rapidly as the temperature is raised above Tg. Also, the shutter has essentially no hysteresis below, and significant hysteresis above Tg. These temperature effects are completely reversible. The rapid change in electro-optic properties cannot be entirely explained by changes in the polymer dielectric properties or droplet size and shape. We have therefore postulated that changes in the surface anchoring energy of the liquid crystal are primarily responsible for the abrupt changes in the electro-optic response at the matrix Tg.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Temperature dependence of the rate constants for reactions of the carbonate radical with organic and inorganic reductants

Rate constants have been measured by pulse radiolysis for the reactions of the carbonate radical, CO 3 .− , with a number of organic and inorganic reactants as a function of temperature, generally over the range 5 to 80 o C. The reactants include the substitution-inert cyano complexes of Fe II , Mo IV , and W IV , the simple inorganic anions SO 3 2− , ClO 2 − , NO 2 − , I − , and SCN-, several phenolates, ascorbate, tryptophan, cysteine, cystine, methionine, triethylamine, and allyl alcohol
Nonintegral and integral folding crystal growth in low‐molecular mass poly(ethylene oxide) fractions. I. Isothermal lamellar thickening and thinning

The overall crystallization and crystal melting of one low-molecular mass poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) fraction (MW 3000) have been investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and in situ small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS). The salient new results indicate that initial transient crystals with nonintegral folding (NIF) chain lengths form over a wide range of crystallization temperatures. This NIF structure subsequently transforms into crystal forms with integral folding (IF). The PEO IF crystals consist of the extended chain (n = 0) crystal and the once-folded chain (n = 1) crystal, while the NIF has an intermediate fold length. The NIF → IF transformation occurs either by lamellar thickening or thinning. The NIF crystal is less stable than the IF(n = 1) crystal, but its growth is more rapid. Crystallization of the PEO (MW 3000) fraction is thus recognized as a compromise between the direction of the thermodynamic driving force and the kinetic pathway. Some potential consequences of these observations are also addressed.