cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Archaeological Classification : Theory versus Practice

Classification is fundamental to all artefactual archaeology, and no one who works with artefacts can be unaware of the doubts that surround many classifications. How similar are the similar things that belong together? How different are the different things that belong apart? What do the classes of similar things actually amount to? This paper looks at some fundamental questions of classification, believing that classification is too important a practical matter to be left to the theoreticians.
A Clinical Critique

At this point we turn our attention to the use of hypnosis and the importance of hypnotizability in the clinical area. Despite the availability of a considerable number of clinical case reports praising the use of hypnosis, few include more on the hypnotizability of the patient than the therapist’s clinical impression. In the light of what has been learned from the well-organized laboratory investigation of hypnosis in recent years, we have little alternative but to reexamine closely any assertions that are made about hypnotic behavior in the clinical setting. Furthermore, although authors generally seem to be in agreement that normal subjects are more hypnotizable than those who border on the neurotic or are frankly neurotic (Ehrenreich, 1949; Hilgard, 1965), clinicians have been enticed for close to two centuries into suspecting marked hypnotizability in patients displaying certain clinical features. This aspect will be developed in some detail as it lies at the heart of what I hope to convey, but before doing so I would like to discuss the clinical use of hypnosis to date.
Detection and quantification of gas-phase oxidized mercury compounds by GC/MS

Abstract. Most mercury pollution is emitted to the atmosphere, and the location and bioavailability of deposited mercury largely depends on poorly understood atmospheric chemical reactions that convert elemental mercury into oxidized mercury compounds. Current measurement methods do not speciate oxidized mercury, leading to uncertainty about which mercury compounds exist in the atmosphere and how oxidized mercury is formed. We have developed a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based system for identification and quantification of atmospheric oxidized mercury compounds. The system consists of an ambient air collection device, a thermal desorption module, a cryofocusing system, a gas chromatograph, and an ultra-sensitive mass spectrometer. It was able to separate and identify mercury halides with detection limits low enough for ambient air collection (90 pg), but an improved ambient air collection device is needed. The GC/MS system was unable to quantify HgO or Hg(NO3)2, and data collected cast doubt upon the existence of HgO in the gas phase.
Ontogeny of mink IgG, IgA, and IgM.

SummarySerum levels and [14C] tissue culture synthesis of IgG, IgA and IgM were determined in pre- and postnatal normal mink. Small amounts of IgG were found in serum from fetal and neonatal mink prior to suckling. This could represent maternal Ig (transplacental) or could be autologous Ig as IgG synthesis was found in day old kit spleen and lymph node tissues. The suckling kit achieved adult levels of IgG (7-10 mg/ ml) 8 days after birth although IgG then decreased (before weaning) to 1-2 mg/ml during the fifth week of life. Generous amounts (mean 2.9 mg/ml) of IgG were found in mink milk throughout the nursing period. Small amounts of IgA (mean 0.17 mg/ml) were also found in mink milk, although IgA was not detectable in kit serum until 39 days of age and IgA synthesis in [14C] tissue culture was not found in tissues from kits less than 75 days of age. IgM was not detected in milk, although [14C] tissue culture synthesis of IgM was consistently found 1-2 days postpartum and serum levels gradually increas...
EFFECT OF TRIIODOTHYRONINE ADMINISTRATION ON ERYTHROCYTE RADIOIRON INCORPORATION IN RATS.

SummaryLT3 administration produced an increase in erythrocyte radioiron incorporation in rats. This response was not modified by administration of reserpine. Animals given LT3 or DT3 showed comparable increases in erythrocyte radioiron incorporation, however rats given LT3 demonstrated a marked increase in oxygen utilization when compared to DT3 treated rats.
Notes on Boletes. X. A Few Miscellaneous Discussions and a New Subspecies

(1958). Notes on Boletes. X. A Few Miscellaneous Discussions and a New Subspecies. Mycologia: Vol. 50, No. 1, pp. 57-65.
Medium matters: modeling the impact of solid medium performance on tuberculosis trial sample size requirements.

Setting Two-month solid medium culture conversion is a commonly used, if suboptimal, endpoint for phase 2 anti-tuberculosis treatment trials. Objective and design To model the effect of the performance characteristics (sensitivity and contamination rate) of solid medium on required sample size for a two-arm clinical trial with 85% true (gold standard) culture conversion in the control and 95% in the experimental arm. Results Increasing sensitivity and decreasing contamination reduced the sample size from 239 subjects/arm (60% sensitivity, 30% contamination) to 138 subjects/arm (95% sensitivity, 1% contamination). Conclusion Optimizing solid medium has significant potential to reduce sample size and increase the efficiency of tuberculosis clinical trials.
High-Speed Imaging of Intra-Embryonic Phase Transformation Events During Rapid Freezing of Zebrafish Embryos

The zebrafish (Danio rerio) represents an increasingly popular vertebrate animal model valuable for genetic and developmental biology research, due to its rapid rate of reproduction and the ability to directly observe the growing embryos, which are optically clear and develop ex vivo. However, the need to maintain live stock of each genetic strain (the number of which is growing exponentially) is risky and prohibitively costly. Although long-term banking of frozen embryos would solve this problem, to date, no adequate method for cryopreservation of zebrafish embryos has been found (Hagedorn et al., 2004).© 2011 ASME
Trends in dental-related emergency department visits in the State of California from 2005 to 2011

Objective Objectives of this study were to provide trends in hospital-based emergency department (ED) visits involving dental conditions in California and to identify clinical and patient characteristics associated with these trends. Study Design We used 2005 to 2011 data from the California Emergency Department Database. We examined all ED visits related to dental conditions. Results During the study period (2005-2011), 402,077 ED visits were attributed to dental conditions. The number of ED visits that were dental-related increased from 44,516 (in 2005) to 70,385 (in 2011). Most of these visits were for dental caries (44.0%) and pulp/periapical lesions (48.6%) in 2011. Nearly one third of patients visiting the ED were uninsured, and the percentage of Medicaid patients increased from 30.3% in 2006 to 35.1% in 2011. Conclusions The number and rate of visits to the ED for dental-related problems has increased substantially in recent years in California. A large proportion of these patients are uninsured and those covered by Medicaid.
Falls are key in patient assessment and planning.

Falls and the risk of falls are critical health concerns that can impact cancer treatment and recovery. In 2007, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) reported that more than 18,000 older adults in the United States died from injuries sustained from falls (CDC, 2010).[1] Older people diagnosed with a malignancy and who are undergoing cancer treatment using chemotherapy have an increased risk of falls.[2]
Die Entstehung neuronaler Schaltkreise

Kapitel 23 erlautert die Mechanismen, die wahrend der Gehirnentwicklung fur die richtigen Verknupfungen zwischen den Neuronen sorgen. Hier soll die Gehirnentwicklung noch einmal betrachtet werden, aber dieses Mal werden wir uns darauf konzentrieren, wie im Laufe der Reifung des Gehirns Verbindungen ausgebildet und modifiziert werden. Es wird sich herausstellen, dass die Verschaltung im Gehirn grostenteils durch genetische Programme bestimmt wird. Sie ermoglichen es den Axonen, die richtigen Bahnen und Ziele zu finden. Ein signifikanter Anteil der endgultigen Verschaltung beruht aber auch auf sensorischen Informationen aus unserer Umwelt, die wir in der fruhen Kindheit aufnehmen. Auf diese Weise leisten sowohl Gene als auch Umwelt ihren Beitrag zur endgultigen Struktur und Funktion des Nervensystems.
Evaluation of the Botulism Hazard from Vegetables in Modified Atmosphere Packaging

The ability of Clostridium botulinum types A, B, and E spores to grow and produce botulinal toxin was investigated in five vegetables (lettuce, cabbage, broccoli, carrots, and green beans) packaged under vacuum or in air. The vegetables were packaged in two types of polyethylene-based bags differing in oxygen and carbon dioxide transmission rates. Vegetables were inoculated with a heat-shocked spore mixture of seven proteolytic and three nonproteolytic strains of C. botulinum types A, B, and E, Inoculated samples and uninoculated controls were incubated at 4, 12, or 21°C. Vegetables were tested for botulinal toxin prior to spoilage, at the onset of spoilage, and after gross spoilage had occurred as evaluated by odor, sliminess and loss of turgidity, gas production, and liquid accumulation in the packages. In nearly all vegetables during incubation the pH decreased, the number of microorganisms increased, the O2 level decreased, and the CO2 level increased. Botulinal toxin was detected in all grossly spoiled broccoli samples incubated at 21°C, in half of the inoculated grossly spoiled broccoli samples incubated at 12°C, and in one-third of the inoculated grossly spoiled lettuce samples incubated at 21°C. The pH of the toxic samples of lettuce and broccoli were 4.48 to 4.88 and 5.72 to 6.62, respectively, and the percent O2 ranged from nondetectable in lettuce to 0.40 to 1.76% in broccoli. The toxic vegetables were considered inedible. No botulinal toxin was detected in any cabbage, carrot, or green bean samples, or in any uninoculated control samples. The data suggest that the probability of botulinal toxin being produced prior to spoilage is less than 1 in 105 in the foods examined.
Acute Mastoiditis in Infants

抗生剤の開発と普及により,急性乳様突起炎(以下乳突炎と略)は激減したといわれている.しかし,近年,抗生剤の進歩と共に耐性菌も増加し,難治性の中耳炎や乳突炎をしばしば経験するようになった.これらの症例は乳幼児特に1歳以下の乳児に多くみられ,しかも起炎菌はペニシリン低感受性肺炎球菌(PISP)が検出されるとが多い.治療は,乳様突起削開術を行ったという報告もあるが,我々は起炎菌の抗生剤に対すゐ感受性を考慮し,抗生剤の静脈内投与による保存療法で全例が治癒に至うた.これらの症例を報告し,乳幼児の乳突炎の特徴につき考察を加えた.症例は1991年から1996年に経験した7例で,4歳が1例,1歳が5例,0歳が1例であった.主訴は,耳後部肺脹,発熱,耳漏であり,耳鼻科や小児科で1週閣から1ヵ月間,セフェム系抗生剤による治療を受けていた.7例中6例に耳漏から肺炎球菌が検出され,1991年の1例はペニシリン感受性肺炎球菌(PSSP)であったが,1995年以降の2例はPISP,3例はペニシリン耐性肺炎球菌(PRSP)であった.治療は1991年当初はABPCを100～150mg/kg/日の静脈内投与で治癒に至ったが,1995年からはかしバペニム系抗生剤(PAPM/BP)の投与で治癒した.骨膜下膿瘍が生じていた1歳児の1例のみ,外切開により排膿を行った.入院期間は.下気道炎を含併していた1例は11日間,骨膜下膿瘍の1例は12日間であったが,他の5例は5日から8日の入院であり,抗生剤の使用は5日から8日であつた.肺炎球菌の同定や感受牲検査はどこの施設でも可能というわけではないため,PISPやPRSPによる感染症の発見が遅れることもあるが,乳児に関してはPISPを念頭におき,ますPAPM/BPなどの抗生剤による保存治療を試みるべきと考える.
An Introduction to Tensor Product Codes and Applications to Digital Storage Systems

Tensor Product (TP) codes result from combining two constituent error control codes in a particular manner. Depending upon the types of constituent codes used, the resulting codes can be error detection codes, error correction codes, error location codes, or some combination thereof. In this paper a review of these codes will be given and possible applications to digital storage systems will be discussed.
LibraryThing: A Review

ABSTRACTSeveral online systems can be used to supplement Integrated Library Systems including the online cataloging resource LibraryThing. This review provides a general overview of LibraryThing and highlights specific processes and features provided by this resource.
Current distortion around grid zero-volt crossing and open-loop power factor in flyback AC module with a pseudo-DC link

AC modules or micro-inverters (MIC) have increasing importance in photovoltaic (PV) systems. This paper examines two issues with the flyback micro-inverter having a current-unfolding module or pseudo-dc link (FMICpseudo-dc). In one part, a theoretical analysis is proposed to explain the distortion of the grid-injected current around the grid voltage zero-crossings. It is argued that some distortion is inevitable. It is also shown that using a synchronous rectifier does not eliminate the zero-crossing distortion. However, it allows for reactive power injection. In another part an equivalent circuit and mathematical analysis are developed to predict the open loop displacement power factor of the FMICpseudo-dc operating in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). It is shown that the power factor depends essentially on capacitor filter design while the inductor filter has little effect. To support the theoretical analysis, simulation and experimental results are provided for a digitally-controlled prototype.
Discovering Opportunities in Times of Change: The Revision to Head Start's Performance Standards andits Implications to Future Childhood Development Research

With a mission to inform and enlighten readers about impairments and disorders impacting the physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development in children, the Journal of Childhood and Developmental Disorders aims to be a valuable resource on identifying innovative research on the prevention and intervention of developmental disorders. A popular field for the study of childhood development is in the area of early childhood education. Head Start is the largest early childhood education program in the U.S. and recent legislation tasked the Office of Head Start to revise its Performance Standards, which encompasses the rules and regulations for the federally funded program. This editorial identifies and reviews the changes in the Performance Standards proposed by the Office of Head Start in four key areas: Enrollment and attendance, teaching and learning, assessment, and disability standards. The potential outcome of the Performance Standards revision will warrant comprehensive research initiatives that could advance the field of prevention and intervention in early childhood development. Innovative multidisciplinary research in this area is discussed as a befitting contribution to the launch of the Journal of Childhood and Developmental Disorders.
Modal Logic for Qualitative Dynamics

The goal of the present study is to introduce a general formalism in which different dynamic modal logics can be compared and categorized. Our analysis will conform to the relatively standard analysis of dynamical systems that dates back at least as far as Henri Poincare’s work on the three-body problem at the end of the 19th century. The modern incarnation of this study, the theory of complex systems, that these days includes chaotic and nonlinear dynamical systems as well as their better behaved cousins, linear systems is among the hottest scientific pursuits. The top prizes in this pursuit including the understanding of multicellular organisms, ecosystems, social species such as ants, bees, and primates (humans), social and economic complexes.
Distance metrics and algorithms for task space path optimization

We propose a method for generating a configuration space path that closely follows a desired task space path despite the presence of obstacles. We formalize closeness via two path metrics based on the discrete Hausdorff and Frechet distances. Armed with these metrics, we can cast our problem as a trajectory optimization problem. We also present two techniques to assist our optimizer in the case of local minima by further constraining the trajectory Finally, we leverage shape matching analysis, the Procrustes metric, to compare with respect to only their shape.
Schemas and neurons: two levels of neural computing

For much of neural computing, the emphasis has been on tasks which can be solved by networks of simple units. In this paper I will argue that neural computing can learn from the study of the brain at many levels, and in particular will argue for schemas as appropriate functional units into which the solution of complex tasks may be decomposed. We may then exploit neural layers as structural units intermediate between structures subserving schemas and small neural circuits. The emphasis in this paper will be on Rana computatrix, modelling the frog as a biological robot, rather than on the use of schemas and neural networks in the design of brain-inspired devices. It is hoped that the broader implications will be clear to the reader.
Abstract TP405: Raising the Bar, Lowering the Target

Background: In 2013 our growing regional stroke referral center was not meeting Target Stroke® best practice recommendations for door to needle times within 60 minutes. A Rapid Improvement Event (R...
When Targets Blame Their Organization for Sexual Harassment: A Multilevel Investigation of Within-Person Appraisals:

Very little is known about the targets’ appraisal process related to when targets blame the organization for sexual harassment. Thus, the purpose of the current study was to examine targets’ appraisal process of blaming the organization for sexual harassment incidents across multiple experiences of sexual harassment. Specifically, the current study used an experience sampling method (ESM) that captures a within-person approach to determine how the intensity of sexual harassment incidents affects the appraisal of fear of retaliation and perceived distress, which then influence organizational blame for sexual harassment across multiple experiences of sexual harassment. The study used a sample of 76 college students working in frontline service jobs who completed ratings of the variables three times, one month apart for a total of 228 ESM observations nested within participants. Random coefficient modeling was used to analyze multilevel models. The results showed that the intensity of sexual harassment incid...
Synergy: Toward a Model of Language

Publisher Summary Traditional approaches for the investigation of language have generated types of questions and devised experimental procedures characterizing language in a unidimensional, categorical, or taxonomic fashion. Language has been segmented into the component parts of pragmatics, semantics, syntax, and phonology, and the functioning of these independent components has been investigated apart from the context of the language system. Based on the evidence that the linguistic system operates in a synergistic manner, there are two areas of implications. The first area relates to the implications that are based on new linguistic notions reflected in synergistic operations; the second relates to the implications for the future investigation of the linguistic system. Evidence reflecting synergistic operations and new notions regarding the linguistic system can be employed to begin to characterize the linguistic code.
Pressure Injuries in Critical Care: A Survey of Critical Care Nurses.

Background Critical care nurses must be able to skillfully balance the prevention of adverse events such as pressure injuries in an environment with multiple competing and lifesaving technologies that often take precedent. Despite strategies to prevent them, pressure injuries do occur in intensive care unit patients, and consensus is building that some pressure injuries are unavoidable. Objectives To determine critical care nurses' attitudes toward prevention of pressure injury and the perceptions of frontline critical care nurses of specific risk factors associated with unavoidable pressure injuries. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was used. An online survey was posted on the newsletter website of the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses in January 2016. Results An invitation to participate in the study was emailed to more than 3000 members of the association; 333 nurses responded, for a response rate of approximately 11%. Among the responders, 73% were employed as bedside critical care nurses. More than half (67%) thought that pressure injuries are avoidable, and 66% disagreed that pressure injury prevention was of less interest than other aspects of critical care. The top 2 risk factors for unavoidable pressure injuries were impaired tissue perfusion and impaired tissue oxygenation. Conclusion Critical care nurses are steadfast stewards of safe patient care and think that pressure injury prevention is a crucial aspect of the care they deliver every day. The findings on risk factors for unavoidable pressure injuries mirrored those of experts and provide a layer of support for these factors.
One Step for a Hospital, Ten Steps for Women: African American Women's Experiences in a Newly Accredited Baby-Friendly Hospital.

Background:Despite strides made by the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative to improve and normalize breastfeeding, considerable racial inequality persists in breastfeeding rates. Few studies have explored African American women’s experience in a Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative system to understand sources of this inequality.Research aim:This study aimed to explore African American women’s experiences of the Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding at a women’s center associated with a university-affiliated hospital that recently achieved Baby-Friendly status.Methods:Twenty African American women who had received perinatal care at the women’s center and the hospital participated in qualitative interviews about their experiences. Data were organized using the framework method, a type of qualitative thematic analysis, and interpreted to find how African American women related to policies laid out by the Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding.Results:Three key themes emerged from the women’s interviews: (a) An ap...
Discrete dipole approximation for simulation of unusually tapered leaky wave antennas

In this paper, Discrete Dipole Approximation (DDA) is presented as a simulation tool for predicting the electromagnetic properties of one dimensional metasurface antennas and slotted waveguide antennas. The proposed method is verified by demonstrating excellent agreement between DDA predictions and that of a full-wave electromagnetic solver. This technique is especially attractive since it allows us to simulate and design metasurface antennas with unusual tapering and irises with unconventional geometries (e.g. metamaterial elements), in order to achieve the desired radiation characteristics, such as beamwidth and sidelobe level, while maintaining steering capabilities.
Improving the Quality of Heavy Precipitation Estimates from Satellite Passive Microwave Rainfall Retrievals

AbstractProminent achievements made in addressing global precipitation using satellite passive microwave retrievals are often overshadowed by their performance at finer spatial and temporal scales, where large variability in cloud morphology poses an obstacle for accurate precipitation measurements. This is especially true over land, with precipitation estimates being based on an observed mean relationship between high-frequency (e.g., 89 GHz) brightness temperature depression (i.e., the ice-scattering signature) and surface precipitation rate. This indirect relationship between the observed (brightness temperatures) and state (precipitation) vectors often leads to inaccurate estimates, with more pronounced biases (e.g., −30% over the United States) observed during extreme events. This study seeks to mitigate these errors by employing previously established relationships between cloud structures and large-scale environments such as CAPE, wind shear, humidity distribution, and aerosol concentrations to for...
Can the President Control the Department of Justice

As the investigation into President Trump's campaign ties to Russia grows increasingly intense, it is critical to understand how much control the President has over the Attorney General and the Department of Justice. Some critics claim that the President has absolute power to direct federal prosecutors and control their decisions. The President and his lawyers, joined by several scholars, take this claim one step further by arguing that the chief executive could not be guilty of obstruction of justice because his control over all prosecutorial decisions is absolute. This issue last arose during the Nixon Administration. The Department of Justice and the Independent Counsel disagreed about whether the President, as head of the executive branch under Article II, could direct individual prosecutions if he so chose. The Supreme Court in United States v. Nixon left the issue unresolved and has never revisited it. This article addresses the question of presidential power principally from an historical perspective. It argues that the Department of Justice is independent of the President, and its decisions in individual cases and investigations are largely immune from his interference or direction. This does not result from any explicit constitutional or legislative mandate, but is rather based on an evolving understanding of prosecutorial independence and professional norms. American democratic discourse has included the value of independent prosecutions from its inception, and scholars have debated how much this concept influenced the initial structure of American government. In the late 18th century, federal prosecutors enjoyed a significant degree of independence from the White House, both because of the diffuse local nature of federal prosecutions and the vague and overlapping lines of authority. As federal law grew in scope and complexity, there was an increased need to consolidate and rationalize the legal arm of the government. Ultimately the Department of Justice assumed this function under the executive branch. In 1870 when it created the law department, Congress was not overly concerned that partisan politics would infiltrate and undermine the rule of law, because at the time expertise, including professional norms for attorneys, were considered the ultimate protection against partisan corruption. In arguing that professional norms operated as an internal barrier between the Department of Justice and the remainder of the executive branch, this Article contributes to a growing debate about intra-branch checks and balances.
Modified High-Nickel Cathodes with Stable Surface Chemistry Against Ambient Air for Lithium-Ion Batteries

High-Ni layered oxides are promising next-generation cathodes for lithium-ion batteries owing to their high capacity and lower cost. However, as the Ni content increases over 70 %, they have a high dynamic affinity towards moisture and CO2 in ambient air, primarily reacting to form LiOH, Li2 CO3 , and LiHCO3 on the surface, which is commonly termed "residual lithium". Air exposure occurs after synthesis as it is common practice to handle and store them under ambient conditions. The air exposure leads to significant performance losses, and hampers the electrode fabrication, impeding their practical viability. Herein, we show that substituting a small amount of Al for Ni in the crystal lattice notably improves the chemical stability against air by limiting the formation of LiOH, Li2 CO3 , LiHCO3 , and NiO in the near-surface region. The Al-doped high-Ni oxides display a high capacity retention with excellent rate capability and cycling stability after being exposed to air for 30 days.
Ethical Issues in Cancer Patients

Clinical ethics is the identification, analysis, and resolution of ethical dilemmas that arise in the care of individual patients (Jonsen, A. R., Siegler, M., & Winslade, W. J. (2015). Clinical ethics (8th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.). Cancer patients and their families often encounter questions of an ethical nature. Many of these dilemmas can be adequately addressed by the healthcare professionals caring for that patient. Sometimes, however, the care team or the family may request help from an ethics consultant or ethics committee.
The Placement Evolution of Information Systems Graduates

Arguments have been made that the Information Systems (IS) workforce is changing and that as old roles disappear, new roles emerge. The idea that IS workers are only found in IS roles has changed to one where it is accepted that IS work may occur both inside and outside IS, and with co-creation by external stakeholders. Our research describes an empirical study of eight years of undergraduate IS placement data. The primary research question presented here is in response to arguments made in the theoretical paper by Neiderman, Ferratt, and Trauth (2016) with a goal to test if IS employment trends are shifting in response to the need for "bridging" workers who understand both IS and the business. Early findings and implications are presented.
Solar Gamma Rays and Their Correlation with Space and Ground-Based Observations

Thus far, only two experiments have detected solar γ-radiation with energy significantly greater than 200 keV. In both events the γ-ray emission occurred during a solar flare. The first observation was in 1958 by Peterson and Winckler (1959), who recorded a burst of radiation that occurred in less than 18 sec from a class-2 solar flare. The radiation spectrum peaked in the 200- to 500-keV region. Recently, Cline et al. (1967) recorded in the OGO-3 satellite three rapid γ-ray bursts in the 80-keV to 1-MeV energy range and measured the integral energy spectrum. The measurements were made on July 7, 1966, during the first high-intensity flare (importance 3) of the new solar cycle. Many attempts have been made to measure higher energy γ-radiation from the quiet Sun and from solar flares, but no flux has been detected; this is primarily due to the fact that no high-energy γ-ray detectors have viewed a major solar flare during the maximum of the optical or microwave burst. However, theoretical estimates of the flux of solar γ-rays, based on a simple flare model, indicate a readily detectable flux from a major flare even to photon energies of 100 MeV. It is therefore important that experiments be performed during the coming maximum of the solar cycle to investigate this region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
The threat of monument designation as a technique for successful wilderness legislation: Using the Antiquities Act as a carrot or a stick

Abstract Congress provides the highest level of federal lands protection when it creates wilderness using the Wilderness Act. There are times, however, when Congress refuses or seems unwilling or unable to take such environmental policy action. In a handful of instances, presidents have strategically used the threat of or actual unilateral monument designation under the Antiquities Act to get Congress to create new wilderness under the Wilderness Act. Under the Antiquities Act presidents may, without stakeholder or congressional input or approval, unilaterally create national monuments covering public lands that fall within the parameters of its provisions, including lands that would be considered wilderness. This strategy may be used by future presidents that wish to encourage Congress to enact environmental policy protecting remaining pristine federal lands with a wilderness designation. This article analyzes three instances where this strategy was successfully used and identifies specific steps taken in each situation that ultimately led to congressional action creating new wilderness.
Intestinal renewal across the animal kingdom: comparing stem cell activity in mouse and Drosophila.

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract renews frequently to sustain nutrient digestion and absorption in the face of consistent tissue stress. In many species, proliferative intestinal stem cells (ISCs) a...
Pain as a visceral sensation.

Pain has traditionally been considered a primary sensory modality. Although pain mediates responses to injury of all bodily tissues, the vast majority of pain research has focused upon cutaneous sensation, the most superficial of the body components and the most experimentally accessible. Pain has therefore been viewed as an externally directed, somatosensory modality. Recent advances in understanding the pathways taken by visceral sensory afferents, as well as revelations about the pathways taken by pain afferents, have steadily eroded the classical concepts that kept these modalities in distinctly different classifications. In fact, the data reviewed in this chapter suggests that pain is itself a visceral sensory modality, originating from virtually all parts of the organism, but reaching perception in a way that is more typical of other visceral sensations than it is of the dorsal column systems with which it is more usually compared. Rather than being an outwardly directed sensory modality, whose purpose is to explore the external world, pain is intrinsically an inwardly directed modality. The role of pain is to identify tissue injury, whether it is due to an external source or an internal one, and to modify reflex responses and behaviors to minimize tissue damage. In this sense, pain can be conceptualized as a visceral sensory modality concerned with the internal body beginning one cell layer under the cornified epidermis.
Utility of Trigonelline as a Biochemical Market for Interspecific Competition between Soybean and the Weed Common Waterhemp

Interspecific competition between four soybean cultivars (PI471938, Stressland, Essex and Forrest) and the weed, common waterhemp was investigated under increasing weed densities (i.e. 0, 1, 4 and 16 plants per pot). Soybean height and leaflet number were measured over a 45-d period and used to calculate relative growth rates (RGR). Trigonelline (TRG) concentration was determined within the V1 leaf of 45-d-old soybean plants. Soybean leaflet number (P[lt ]0.05), soybean height (P[lt ]0.05) and soybean RGRh (expressed in terms of height) differed significantly (P[lt ]0.05) according to waterhemp density. At each waterhemp density Stressland matured at a significantly faster rate whereas the maturation rate of Essex decreased in the presence of waterhemp. Final TRG concentrations were affected by the interaction between soybean cultivar and waterhemp density. Under no competition, TRG concentration was significantly lower in Forrest relative to PI471938, Stressland and Essex. TRG concentrations in Essex declined in higher waterhemp densities.
Vacuum transistors for space travel

Nanoscale vacuum transistors fabricated on silicon carbide wafers could provide radiation-tolerant electronics for application in future spacecraft.
An Electrohydraulic Pressure Compensation Control System for an Automotive Vane Pump Application

Pressure compensated vane pumps are an excellent solution for supplying hydraulic power with minimal waste in many automotive applications. An electrohydraulic pressure compensation control system for an automatic transmission supply that promises improved pressure response times over the baseline architecture is discussed. Suggested valve specifications are determined through calculations based on available data and refined via a validated simulation model of the proposed system. Two controller designs are formulated and compared: a basic PI control law and a cascaded model following controller including a nonlinear feedback linearization component. Simulations of the proposed system for a given duty cycle reveal that the nonlinear controller provides only minor improvements over a basic PI control law and is thus not an economical solution.
Chapter 5 – Juvenile/Family Forensics

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of the legal issues and professional guidelines involved in custody evaluation and determination. It also focuses on that impact of family law and custody concerns on children and adolescents. The legal system is frequently asked about the issue of child custody when divorcing parents cannot agree on a coparenting plan or when one partner feels the other lacks adequate parenting skills or may pose a physical threat to the child. Judges, attorneys, and families often turn to mental health professionals to help educate the court and to provide recommendations about custody determinations. Activist groups for children's rights have begun to recommend amendments that could potentially help protect their rights. The National Task Force for Children's Constitutional Rights began writing an amendment to the United States Constitution that would grant children protections— such as: the right to a safe home, the right to adequate health care, the right to an adequate education, and the right to the care of a loving family, or a substitute as close to a loving family as possible. In addition, the amendment would provide children with the right to an attorney in any legal matter affecting their interests.
Surgical techniques to improve continence recovery after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy

Radical prostatectomy directly affects urinary continence dynamics with incontinence being a major factor in patients' quality of life, social and psychological status. In order to help maintain continence after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP), a number of surgical techniques have been described. In the present narrative review, we summarize the surgical techniques that have been applied during RARP and their effects on incontinence rates and time to continence recovery.
Schistosomiasis surveillance among migrant population in Haining City in 2015

OBJECTIVE To understand the schistosomiasis epidemic situation among migrant population, so as to assess the potential risk of schistosomiasis transmission in Haining City. METHODS Five districts in Haining City were randomly selected to investigate the schistosomiasis endemic situation in migrant population from the schistosomiasis endemic provinces. RESULTS Totally 1 207 persons were investigated and four positives were found in serological tests, with the positive rate of 0.33%, but no patients were found in pathologic tests. The positive cases in serological tests were mainly between 31-40 years old, with the positive rate of 1.68%, which was higher than that of other age groups (χ2 = 6.590, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The schistosomiasis surveillance work in migrant population still should be strengthened in Haining City.
Thoracic positron emission tomography: 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose and beyond

Ongoing technologic and therapeutic advancements in medicine are now testing the limits of conventional anatomic imaging techniques. The ability to image physiology, rather than simply anatomy, is critical in the management of multiple disease processes, especially in oncology. Nuclear medicine has assumed a leading role in detecting, diagnosing, staging and assessing treatment response of various pathologic entities, and appears well positioned to do so into the future. When combined with computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET) has become the sine quo non technique of evaluating most solid tumors especially in the thorax. PET/CT serves as a key imaging modality in the initial evaluation of pulmonary nodules, often obviating the need for more invasive testing. PET/CT is essential to staging and restaging in bronchogenic carcinoma and offers key physiologic information with regard to treatment response. A more recent development, PET/MRI, shows promise in several specific lung cancer applications as well. Additional recent advancements in the field have allowed PET to expand beyond imaging with 18F-flurodeoxyglucose (FDG) alone, now with the ability to specifically image certain types of cell surface receptors. In the thorax this predominantly includes 68Ga-DOTATATE which targets the somatostatin receptors abundantly expressed in neuroendocrine tumors, including bronchial carcinoid. This receptor targeted imaging technique permits targeting these tumors with therapeutic analogues such as 177Lu labeled DOTATATE. Overall, the proper utilization of PET in the thorax has the ability to directly impact and improve patient care.
Alport Syndrome: Achieving Early Diagnosis and Treatment.

Alport syndrome is a genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous disorder of glomerular, cochlear, and ocular basement membranes resulting from mutations in the collagen IV genes COL4A3, COL4A4, and COL4A5. Alport syndrome can be transmitted as an X-linked, autosomal recessive, or autosomal dominant disorder. Individuals with Alport syndrome have a significant lifetime risk for kidney failure, as well as sensorineural deafness and ocular abnormalities. The availability of effective intervention for Alport syndrome–related kidney disease makes early diagnosis crucial, but this can be impeded by the genotypic and phenotypic complexity of the disorder. This review presents an approach to enhancing early diagnosis and achieving optimal outcomes.
Zusammenfassung der wesentlichen Ergebnisse und Fazit

Die Untersuchung hat gezeigt, dass die strafrechtliche Verfolgung organisationsfehlerhafter Managemententscheidungen keinesfalls an dogmatischen Hurden scheitert. Die Probleme liegen vielmehr in den tatsachlichen Gegebenheiten und den komplexen Strukturen des Gesundheitswesens allgemein und der Krankenhausorganisation im Speziellen.
Death Cafés for prevention of burnout in intensive care unit employees: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (STOPTHEBURN).

Burnout is an occupational syndrome that leads to mental health problems, job turnover, and patient safety events. Those caring for critically ill patients are especially susceptible due to high patient mortality, long hours, and regular encounters with trauma and ethical issues. Interventions to prevent burnout in this population are needed. Preliminary studies suggest debriefing sessions may reduce burnout. This study aims to assess whether participation in regular debriefing can prevent burnout in intensive care unit (ICU) clinicians. A randomized controlled trial will be conducted in two large academic medical centers. Two hundred ICU clinicians will be recruited with target enrollment of 100 physicians and 100 non-physicians (nurses, pharmacists, therapists). Participants must have worked in the ICU for the equivalent of at least 1 full time work week in the preceding 4 weeks. Enrolled subjects will be randomized to virtually attend biweekly debriefing sessions facilitated by a psychotherapist for 3 months or to a control arm without sessions. Our debriefs are modeled after Death Cafes, which are informal discussions focusing on death, dying, loss, grief, and illness. These sessions allow for reflection on distressing events and offer community and collaboration among hospital employees outside of work. The primary outcome is clinician burnout as measured by the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) Score. Secondary outcomes include depression and anxiety, as measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire 8 (PHQ-8) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale (GAD-7), respectively. Questionnaires will be administered prior to the intervention, at 1 month, at 3 months, and at 6 months after enrollment. These values will be compared between groups temporally. Qualitative feedback will also be collected and analyzed. With ICU clinician burnout rates exceeding 50%, Death Cafe debriefing sessions may prove to be an effective tool to avert this debilitating syndrome. With COVID-19 limiting social interactions and overloading ICUs worldwide, the virtual administration of the Death Cafe for ICU clinicians provides an innovative strategy to potentially mitigate burnout in this vulnerable population. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04347811 . Registered on 15 April 2020
Pipe-diffusion-enriched dislocations and interfaces in SnSe/PbSe heterostructures

Dislocations provide fast diffusion pathways for atoms in semiconductors which can alter compositional profiles of finely tuned heterostructures. We show in model lattice-mismatched IV-VI semiconductor heterostructures of SnSe/PbSe on GaAs substrates that threading dislocations are highly enriched with group IV species of the neighboring layer, with artifacts that reflect the dynamic nature of dislocations when growing dissimilar materials as well as altered bonding properties at the dislocation core. Using atom probe tomography, we characterize one-dimensional nanometer-wide Sn-enriched filaments, which extend downward from SnSe through threading dislocations in the PbSe layer and infiltrate the remote PbSe/GaAs interface through the misfit dislocation network in the short time of growth. Local Sn compositions of only 6%--8% around the dislocations are significantly lower than the 30% Sn expected in bulk PbSe. We estimate the diffusivity of Sn atoms along threading dislocations to be ${10}^{--14}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{c}{\mathrm{m}}^{2}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{s}}^{--1}$ at 300 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, approximately three orders of magnitude larger than the lattice diffusivity. In contrast, Pb atoms from PbSe either do not diffuse upward into the orthorhombic SnSe layer or do so only a short distance as one-dimensional filaments before abruptly stopping, likely due to the nature of SnSe on PbSe epitaxy involving lattice mismatch. Beyond compositional anomalies, we detect elevated multiple-atom evaporation events that are spatially correlated to the dislocation, over and above an already high baseline in the matrix. In mixed-bonded IV-VI materials, where previous work has linked such events to the nature of bonding, we find that dislocations show up as distinct from the matrix.
Assessing the Effect of a Glaucoma Surgical Curriculum in Resident Physicians

Importance Subspecialty surgical training is an important part of resident education. We changed the glaucoma rotation in which postgraduate year 4 residents worked with multiple attending physicians with varying teaching styles to a structured surgical curriculum led by 2 dedicated preceptors, and we evaluated the effect on residents’ surgical performance prospectively. Observations A curriculum consisting of preoperative training, intraoperative teaching, postoperative feedback, and repetition was implemented for postgraduate year 4 residents between July 2, 2012, and June 30, 2014. In a class of 8 residents per year, the mean (SD) glaucoma surgical volume increased from 8.9 (0.8) cases in the prior year to 13.6 (2.5) in 2013 (mean difference, 4.8 cases; 95% CI, 2.4-7.1;P = .001) and 14.8 (4.2) in 2014 (mean difference, 5.9 cases; 95% CI, 2.1-9.6;P = .007). A self-assessment survey showed improvement in suturing (scores for each section range from 1 [worst] to 5 [best]; mean rating, 3.9 in the prior year vs 4.4 in 2013 [P = .04] and 4.5 in 2014 [P = .02]). A validated survey assessing overall surgical competency revealed improvement in handling adverse events (mean rating, 4.1 in the prior year vs 5.0 for both 2013 and 2014; bothP Conclusions and Relevance Despite the small sample size and nonrandomized study design, these data suggest that a structured surgical curriculum has advantages in teaching subspecialty surgery and might be considered by other ophthalmology training programs.
Pressure retarded osmosis: Applications

This chapter presents typical applications and process configurations for both open- and closed-loop pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) systems, summarizing the current state of PRO technology at the pilot and industrial scale, and discussing future perspectives for salinity gradient energy from PRO. The first PRO configuration explored has been river-to-sea water and although this configuration has the potential to be a reliable source of base-load renewable energy, the low-energy density associated with this salinity gradient makes commercialization of PRO in this configuration unlikely. Additional PRO configurations include reverse osmosis (RO)–PRO and osmotic heat engines (OHE). The higher salinity gradient available for power production in RO–PRO systems and energy conversion in OHE is likely to make them a more promising component of an alternative energy portfolio.