cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deformation of Chains via a Local Symmetric Group Action

A symmetric group action on the maximal chains in a finite, ranked poset is local if the adjacent transpositions act in such a way that $(i,i+1)$ sends each maximal chain either to itself or to one differing only at rank $i$. We prove that when $S_n$ acts locally on a lattice, each orbit considered as a subposet is a product of chains. We also show that all posets with local actions induced by labellings known as $R^* S$-labellings have symmetric chain decompositions and provide $R^* S$-labellings for the type B and D noncrossing partition lattices, answering a question of Stanley.
Oscillations and quantized second-harmonic generation.

We investigate quantum-mechanical second-harmonic generation for parameters such that classical electrodynamics predicts oscillations. Specifically we calculate the Q distribution function in a Gaussian approximation about the classical limit cycle. In the classical limit initial rapid collapse of the Q distribution into the neighborhood of the limit cycle is followed by diffusion around the limit cycle. The experimental significance of this quantum diffusion is discussed.
Latissimus Dorsi Tendon Transfer for Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears: A Modified Technique Using Arthroscopy

Latissimus dorsi transfer is a well-established method for the treatment of posterosuperior massive irreparable rotator cuff tears. We propose using an arthroscopically assisted technique that avoids insult to the deltoid. With the patient in the lateral decubitus position, an L-shaped incision is made along the anterior belly of the latissimus muscle and then along the posterior axillary line. The latissimus and teres major are identified and separated. The tendon insertion of the latissimus is isolated, and a FiberWire traction suture (Arthrex, Naples, FL) is placed, facilitating dissection of the muscle to the thoracodorsal neurovascular pedicle and subsequent mobilization. The interval deep to the deltoid and superficial to the teres minor is developed into a subdeltoid tunnel for arthroscopic tendon transfer. The latissimus tendon is then transferred and stabilized arthroscopically to the lateral aspect of the infraspinatus and supraspinatus footprints by multiple suture anchors.
Bone matrix RGD glycoproteins: Immunolocalization and interaction with human primary osteoblastic bone cells in vitro

The interaction of cells with extracellular matrix is essential for their anchorage, proliferation, migration, and differentiation. In bone matrix there are multiple glycoproteins that contain the integrin-binding RGD sequence: fibronectin (FN), thrombospondin (TSP), osteopontin (OPN), bone sialoprotein (BSP), type I collagen (COLL I), and vitronectin (VN). In this study, the localization of TSP, FN, VN, and several integrins within developing human long bone using immunohistochemical methods was examined, as was the effect of all bone RGD proteins on the adhesion of human osteoblastic cells. Thrombospondin, fibronectin, and vitronectin showed distinct localization patterns within bone tissue. TSP was found mainly in osteoid and the periosteum; VN appeared to be present mainly in mature bone matrix. FN was present in the periosteum as well as within both mature and immature bone matrix. Using a panel of antiintegrin antibodies we found that bone cells in vivo and in vitro express alpha 4, alpha v, alpha 5 beta 1, alpha v beta 3, and beta 3/beta 5 integrins, and these receptors are for the most part expressed on all bone cells at different stages of maturation with quantitative rather than qualitative variations, with the exception of alpha 4, which is expressed mainly by osteoblasts. Cell attachment assays were performed using primary human cells of the osteoblastic lineage under serum-free conditions. COLL I, TSP, VN, FN, OPN, and BSP promoted bone cell attachment in a dose-dependent manner and were equivalent in action when used in equimolar concentrations. In the presence of GRGDS peptide in the medium, the adhesion to BSP, OPN, and VN was almost completely blocked (10, 10, and 15% of control, respectively), and attachment to FN, COLL I, and TSP was only slightly decreased (80, 75, and 55%, respectively). These results suggest that human bone cells may use RGD-independent mechanisms for attachment to the latter glycoproteins.
The Effectiveness of Whole Body and Localized Measures of Fatigue

Localized muscle fatigue in the back, with a resulting decrease in muscle force production, may increase risk of injury. Numerous methods have been used to assess fatigue in the back during materials handling, but many of these methods remain questionable as to what they are actually measuring. The goal of this study was to compare five different methods for measuring fatigue resulting from dynamic lifting, and to determine which methods correlate best with fatigue. Eight subjects performed sagittally symmetric lifts at a frequency of 12 lifts per minute for 60-minutes. Throughout the experiment, VO2, heart rate, local muscle oxygenation measured by Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS), and subjective feedback was recorded. The whole body measures, VO2 and heart rate, were weakly correlated with the localized measures of NIRS and spectral analysis. Few of these correlations were significant, and none showed strong relationships. The subjective measures correlated well with NIRS. The results of this study sug...
Growth and secretory responses of enriched populations of corticotropes.

The purpose of this study was to learn whether enriched populations of corticotropes could be grown without the other pituitary cell types. Corticotrope populations were enriched to 80-90% by counterflow centrifugation in an elutria- tor with the Sanderson chamber. After initial separation into small, medium, and large fractions, the cells were stimulated for 3 h with 0.5 nM corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and then re-eluted to remove the enlarged corticotropes. More ACTH (6- to 10-fold) was released in media with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) than was released in media with no serum. The effects of FBS could not be mimicked by 0.3% BSA. Cortico- tropes grew in serum-containing media as long as they were plated at a density of at least 2500 cells per well. The cortico- tropes expanded in size and assumed two major morphological subtypes. Both stored ACTH and /3-endorphin. One subtype was flattened and pleomorphic. The other subtype was stellate with multiple processes. Cell counts showed a 2.5- to 3.8-fold increase in the number of labeled corticotropes during the first 21 days of culture. Then the numbers of cells declined rapidly. Basal secretion of ACTH rose 1.6-fold during the first week, plateaued after 14 days and then declined to <30% of first week levels. CRH stimulation produced dose-dependent increases in media ACTH. In 7 day cultures, both basal and stimulated levels of ACTH were similar to those in 7 day cultures of mixed pituitary cells (containing equivalent numbers of corticotropes). Stimu- latory effects of CRH were evident for up to 42 days of culture. Arginine vasopressin enhanced CRH-mediated secretion in most cultures in the first week. Pretreatment with glucocorticoids (100 nM corticosterone) for 15 h blocked CRH-mediated secre- tion in all cultures. The studies showed that corticotropes do not need the other pituitary cell types for basic plating and basal and CRH-mediated secretory responses. Further tests of specific growth factors are needed to learn whether they will maintain function for longer periods. (Endocrinology 125: 2540-2549, 1989).
Admission ambulation velocity predicts length of stay and discharge disposition following stroke in an acute rehabilitation hospital.

>> Background and Purpose. Poststroke functional outcome and discharge disposition are influenced by age, lesion location and size, severity of neurological insult, prior functional ability, and social support. The effect of admission ambulation velocity on length of stay and discharge disposition has not been previously reported. Design. Prospective, cohort study. Setting. Designated acute stroke rehabilitation unit. Method. 373 patients consecutively admitted to a designated inpatient stroke rehabilitation unit were studied. The study sample was divided into 2 groups, based on admission ambulation velocity (meters/second) during a 2min timed walk test. Fast ambulators had an ambulation velocity of greater than 0.15 m/s, whereas slow ambulators had an ambulation velocity of 0.15 m/s or less, and also included nonambulators. Interventions. None. Outcome Measures. Primary outcome measures were length of stay and discharge disposition. Secondary outcome measures were change in the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) scores and change in ambulation velocity per week. Continuous, ordinal, and nominal variables were analyzed using the Student t test, Mann-Whitney U test, and chi-square test, respectively. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values assessed admission ambulation velocity as a predictor of discharge disposition. Results. Patient variables for slow ambulators (n = 226) versus fast ambulators (n = 147) were as follows: age (68 ± 13 SD vs. 69 ± 12, P = 0.32), male-female ratio (100:126 vs. 78:69, P = 0.09), admission total FIM score (52 ± 17 vs. 77 ± 16, P < 0.0001), change in total FIM score (20 ± 12 vs. 16 ± 12, P < 0.003), change in ambulation velocity per week (0.05 ± 0.06 vs. 0.13 ± 0.30, P < 0.0001), length of stay in days (30 ± 28 vs. 17 ± 19, P < 0.0001), and discharge disposition: home/skilled nursing facility (133/91 vs. 133/13, P < 0.0001). Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values (based on chi-square analyses) for admission fast ambulators as a predictor of home discharge were 0.5, 0.87, 0.91, and 0.41, respectively. Admission ambulation velocity alone correctly identified discharge disposition in 78% of the patient population, based on logistic regression analysis (P < 0.0001). Conclusion. Admission ambulation velocity can predict length of stay and discharge disposition poststroke. This effect is independent of age and admission total FIM score.
Information technology, unions, and the new organization: Challenges and opportunities for union survival

The rapid transformation of the U.S. business environment has radically changed the character of organizations where unions seek to represent workers. Many of the structural elements that have provided critical support to union representation in collective bargaining have been significantly altered, or lost altogether. We have argued that information technologies have been a pivotal force of change in business organizations and have identified a set of key structural elements of these transformed organizations. It is our belief that while the new organization creates significant challenges for private sector unions, it also creates an opportunity for unions to develop new roles and new opportunities to prosper in the next millennium.
Planetary Science: Mars's rotating shell

Volcanism in the enormous Tharsis region on Mars migrated from south to north. Numerical modelling suggests that this migration as well as the current location of the region can be explained by net rotation of the lithosphere relative to the mantle.
2-Methylfuran toxicity in rats--role of metabolic activation in vivo.

Abstract Administration of a single ip dose of 2-methylfuran (2-MF) to male Sprague-Dawley rats at a dose of 100 mg/kg produced centrilobular necrosis of the liver and bronchial injury of the lung, the severity of the lesions increasing with increasing doses up to 400 mg/kg. Kidneys, however, showed no visible evidence of tissue damage even at the highest dose. Liver injury was also evidenced by an increase in serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) levels. Tissue distribution and covalent binding studies conducted over a dose of 50–200 mg/kg of [14C]2-MF indicated that the total radioactivity present per gram of wet tissue was in the order of liver > kidney > lung > blood. Covalent binding of the label to protein was greatest in the liver followed by kidney and the lung. Radioactivity bound covalently per milligram of DNA was also highest in the liver followed by kidney. Tissue distribution and covalent binding studies were conducted over a period of 0.5 to 24 hr after an ip dose of 100 mg/kg of [14C]2-MF. Maximal covalent binding was observed in the liver at 4 hr. At all time points binding of the label was greatest in liver, followed by kidney. Liver glutathione levels were depressed following 2-MF administration. Pretreatment of rats with phenobarbital markedly increased the covalent binding to protein and DNA and caused a twofold increase in SGPT compared to rats treated with 2-MF alone. Pretreatment with 3-methylcholanthrene had no effect on either parameter. Administration of N-octylimidazole, an inhibitor of cytochrome P-450, prior to administration of the radiolabeled 2-MF decreased the covalent binding of the label to protein and DNA. Moreover, the SGPT levels remained the same in the pretreated rats compared to the rats treated with vehicle alone. Thus, pretreatment with phenobarbital, an inducer of cytochrome P-450, enhanced both covalent binding and toxicity while prior treatment with N-octylimidazole, an inhibitor of cytochrome P-450 decreased covalent binding and prevented hepatotoxicity of 2-MF. These results support the view that at least some of the toxic effects of 2-MF are mediated by reactive metabolite(s) formed in vivo.
Urban water consumption and weather variation in the Portland, Oregon metropolitan area

This paper analyzed the evolving response of daily water use to weather fluctuations over 29 years (1981–2009) for two Portland-area municipal water providers – Portland Water Bureau (PWB), serving a dense urban area, and Tualatin Valley Water District (TVWD), serving a rapidly growing suburban area. Temperature sensitivity, the response of water use to a temperature increase, generally declined for both water providers. A downward shift in temperature sensitivity was identified for PWB in 1992, owing to outdoor water use curtailment during a water scarcity event, followed by aggressive demand management measures. No corresponding shift was detected for TVWD due to high suburban growth rates throughout the 1990s. Recent downward step changes in temperature sensitivity for both providers indicated some modicum of convergence in water use patterns, reflecting converging trends in socio-economic and land development characteristics in both areas. We argue that a confluence of historical factors, including the 1992 drought, aggressive (though uneven) demand management, changes to the building code, and ongoing densification of both urban and suburban areas, have reduced per-capita water use and attenuated the connection between water use and temperature. Softening the seasonality of water use represents an important but often-overlooked component of urban climate change adaptation.
Children and Globalization

Globalization is affecting children in many areas of the world and images of child exploitation have become powerful media representations. But, children have rarely been part of the discussion of globalization. In an effort to bring the consideration of children into the center of our discussions, American historian Paula S. Fass suggests that the American experience of immigration may provide important ways to begin this discussion. She focuses on three areas—work, play, and sexuality—and argues that our understanding of how globalization is likely to affect the world's children and how their various cultures are likely to react can be glimpsed by examining the negotiations and contentions over these issues in the American past. Since we today look at the world from the vantage point and the sensibilities that came only through difficult conflicts about children and the meaning of childhood, unpacking those experiences will help us to better understand how other cultures are likely to react as their children become part of the forces altering the world everywhere today.
Analysis of cylindrical shells under patch loading

The object of this study is to predict the peak values of the stress resultants and couples in a relatively thick cylindrical shell under a concentrated local loading in order to guide the design of a large-scale reinforced concrete test specimen. Four finite element programs, SHORE-III, two versions of RONALD, and ANSYS, were employed here. The SHORE-III and RONALD analyses considered a complete cantilevered cylinder, while the ANSYS model treated a cylindrical panel free along the curved edge and constrained in various ways along the longitudinal edge. Comprehensive comparative results are provided for the linear elastic loading case, which indicate the magnitude and attenuation of concentrated loading effects on cylindrical shells and panels.
Dual Alamouti Codes

Alamouti codes have been widely recognized for their full-diversity performance, while they provide a symbol rate of one with symbol-by-symbol decoding complexity. To decode an Alamouti code, the receiver requires the channel state information (CSI), while the transmitter operates blindly without CSI. This paper investigates the dual scenario when CSI is available only at the transmitter and not at the receiver. Such an assumption is valid for time-division duplex (TDD) systems where the transmitter obtains the CSI from the reciprocal channel and the receiver does not want to estimate the channel because of complexity. We propose dual Alamouti codes that do not require CSI at the receiver and exploit transmit CSI to achieve the performance of full-diversity with rate-one and symbol-by-symbol decoding complexity. Moreover, the dual codes provide the same bit error rate (BER) performance as the original Alamouti codes for equal-energy constellations. The dual Alamouti codes have potential applications in TDD systems to save the cost of training and simplify receiver design.
Distinguishing ultramafic‐from basalt‐hosted submarine hydrothermal systems by comparing calculated vent fluid compositions

Submarine hydrothermal vent fluid compositions may be controlled by peridotite-seawater or basalt-seawater reactions. Previous studies of slow-spreading ridges indicate that in addition to basalts, peridotites often play a prominent role in the construction of upper oceanic crust. Therefore the surface outcrop at a submarine hydrothermal vent field may not reveal the composition of the rock that hosts the reaction zone. We can, however, predict the compositional differences between ultramafic- and basalt-hosted vent fluids by using theoretical reaction path calculations. These calculations determine equilibrium fluid compositions and mineral assemblages, yielding synthetic hydrothermal vent fluid compositions that can be compared to analytical measurements. Synthetic vent fluid compositions created from basalt and seawater reactants at 350° or 400°C and 500 bars are in close agreement with analytical measurements of end-member vent fluids from mid-ocean ridges. Twenty simulations at a 1:1 water to rock ratio using basalt compositions spanning the range of geochemical variability observed amongst mid-ocean ridge basalts yield vent fluid compositions with <20% variation in major element concentrations. We also performed 15 ultramafic-seawater simulations using dunite, lherzolite, and harzburgite compositions found in oceanic crust. All produced aqueous SiO2, K, and H2 concentrations that are distinct from the basalt-seawater calculations. These differing concentrations can be used to attribute analytical measurements of vent fluid compositions to ultramafic or basaltic reaction zones.
SIMON: A distributed computer architecture for intelligent patient monitoring

Abstract Intelligent real-time patient monitoring encompasses data acquisition and reduction, sensor validation, diagnosis, therapy advice, and selective display of information. This paper describes the architecture and the functionality of a prototype intelligent patient monitoring system, named SIMON, designed to meet these requirements. In SIMON, the various aspects of a monitoring task are performed by three semi-independent modules running asynchronously: the feature extraction, the patient model, and the display modules. Central to SIMON is the notion of context sensitivity which permits (a) the adaptation of the monitoring strategy in response to changes either in the patient state or in the monitoring equipment and (b) the contextual interpretation of incoming data. SIMON is currently applied to the task of monitoring newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and undergoing assisted ventilation.
What happens when a major freeway is closed for repair? The case of fix I-5 in downtown Sacramento, California

In the summer of 2008, a portion of Interstate 5 near downtown Sacramento, California, was closed in one direction at a time for reconstruction. The project, one of the first in California in which an entire direction of a major freeway was closed during commuting hours for planned repair work, lasted approximately 2 months and was expected to cause major congestion in the area (an area that in 2009 would be ranked in the top 49 most congested urban areas in the United States). This paper studies the actual traffic impact of the project and analyzes the behavioral and flow pattern changes that the project caused. Results showed that overall traffic demand on the freeway remained largely unchanged, with about a 3% to 7% reduction in daily traffic volume in the downtown area and less than 3% in the outskirt areas. The demand reduction during the commuting peak was more pronounced at about 7% to 12%, an indication of peak spreading. Rather than taking public transit, the majority of drivers who stayed away f...
The whirligig of time: Some thoughts on Staddon and Higa.

Staddon and Higa's theory of timing finds analogy with physics' concern with the relativity of time and irreversible processes. Their model raises general issues about the nature and function of models and, specifically, the extent to which it has captured the stimulus events in temporal control.
Analysis of leporid remains from prehistoric Sinagua sites, northern Arizona

Abstract The Sinagua inhabited the San Francisco Peaks region of northern Arizona from ad 625–1400. Analysis of leporid remains from 14 Padre ( ad 1070–1150) and Elden ( ad 1150–1220) phase sites indicates that the prehistoric inhabitants of the region relied heavily on both jackrabbits and cottontails. The bones are well preserved, and tend to be relatively complete and unfragmented. Body part frequencies and bone damage in the Sinagua assemblages are very different from patterns observed in samples from sites in the Great Basin and the Hohokam area of central and southern Arizona. Both of these latter areas seem to have witnessed much more intensive processing of leporids. The less intensive processing of the bones suggests that the Sinagua did not suffer from the extreme dietary stress that has been proposed for the Hohokam. The leporid index, which measures the relative proportions of cottontails and jackrabbits, indicates that the Sinagua assemblages tend to be dominated by jackrabbits. This contrasts with findings from other sites excavated in the northern Arizona area. The predominance of jackrabbits does not seem to be solely a function of environmental factors, and may reflect a garden hunting strategy.
Comparison of the in vitro efficacy of μ, δ, κ and ORL1 receptor agonists and non-selective opioid agonists in dog brain membranes

Morphine and related opioid agonists are frequently used in dogs for their analgesic properties, their sedative effects and as adjuncts to anesthesia. Such compounds may be effective through a combined action at mu-, delta- and kappa-opioid receptors. In this work, the in vitro relative agonist efficacy of ligands selective for mu (DAMGO)-, delta (SNC80)- and kappa (U69593)-opioid receptors as well as the opioid receptor-like receptor ORL(1) (orphaninFQ/nociceptin) which may mediate nociceptive or antinociceptive actions was determined using the [35S]GTPgammaS binding assay in membrane homogenates from the frontal cortex, thalamus and spinal cord of beagle dogs. In addition, other analgesics commonly used in the dog were investigated. For the receptor-selective compounds, maximum stimulation of [35S]GTPgammaS binding decreased in the order kappa > ORL1 > delta > mu in cortical homogenates, compared with mu > ORL1 > kappa > delta in thalamic and spinal cord homogenates. For other opioids examined, efficacy decreased in the order etorphine >> morphine > fentanyl = oxymorphine > butorphanol = oxycodone = nalbuphine. There was no significant difference in the potency of compounds to stimulate [35S]GTPgammaS binding between cortex and thalamus, with the exception of etorphine. Buprenorphine, the partial mu-opioid receptor agonist and kappa-, delta-opioid receptor antagonist, which does have analgesic efficacy in the dog, showed no agonism in any tissue but was an effective mu-opioid receptor > ORL1 receptor antagonist. The results show that the ability of agonists to stimulate [35S]GTPgammaS binding relates to the receptor distribution of opioid and ORL1 receptors in the dog.
Spectral variation of molecular photoelectron angular distributions: valence shells of N2 and CO

Photoelectron angular distributions have been calculated, with the multiple-scattering method, for electrons ejected from the outer shells 2 sigma u, 1 pi u and 3 sigma g of N2 and 4 sigma , 1 pi and 5 sigma of CO from threshold to 10 Ryd electron kinetic energy. Clear evidence of the sigma f wave (l=3) shape resonance is seen in the 3 sigma g spectrum of N2 and in all three spectra of CO. Agreement with very recent wavelength-dependent measurements made at the Bonn synchrotron by Marr and Holmes (1979) is generally good, but more detailed measurements and further theoretical work are needed to eliminate the remaining discrepancies.
Experimental elevation of testosterone lowers fitness in female dark-eyed juncos.

Abstract Testosterone (T) is often referred to as the “male hormone,” but it can influence aggression, parental behavior, and immune function in both males and females. By experimentally relating hormone-induced changes in phenotype to fitness, it is possible to ask whether existing phenotypes perform better or worse than alternative phenotypes, and hence to predict how selection might act on a novel or rare phenotype. In a songbird, the dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis), we have examined the effects of experimentally elevated T in females on fitness-related behaviors such as parental care. In this study, we implanted female juncos with exogenous T and examined its effect on fitness (survival, reproduction, and extra-pair mating) to assess whether T-altered phenotypes would prove to be adaptive or deleterious for females. Experimental elevation of T decreased the likelihood that a female would breed successfully, and T-implanted females had lower total reproductive success at every stage of the reproductive cycle. They did not, however, differ from control females in fledgling quality, extra-pair offspring production, survival, or reproduction in the following year. Previous work in this system has shown that experimental elevation of T in males alters behavior and physiology and decreases survival but increases the production of extra-pair offspring, leading to higher net fitness relative to control animals. Our results suggest that increased T has divergent effects on male and female fitness in this species, and that prevailing levels in females may be adaptive for them. These findings are consistent with sexual conflict.
A Genetic and Cultural Odyssey: The Life and Work of L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza

Cultural Landscapes in the Ancient Andes: Archaeologies of Place. Linda Stoneand Paul Lurquin. New York: Columbia University Press, 2005. 227 pp.
Serotonergic and non-serotonergic raphe neurons projecting to the feline lumbar and cervical spinal cord: A quantitative horseradish peroxidase-immunocytochemical study

A quantitative study of raphe-spinal neurons and serotonergic neurons in 3 medullary raphe nuclei in the cat indicates that more than 80% of the raphe-spinal neurons that project to the spinal cord are serotonergic raphe-spinal neurons in each of the nuclei. More than 85% of the descending raphe-spinal neurons in the two caudal nuclei, nucleus raphe pallidus and nucleus raphe obscurus, are serotonergic, whereas 75% of the raphe-spinal neurons in the more rostrally placed nucleus raphe magnus contain serotonin (5-HT). These results are discussed in relation to descending systems containing both neuropeptides and 5-HT and collateralizing to several spinal segments.
Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Toward Gay Males and Lesbians Among Heterosexual Males and Females

In this article, we examined explicit and implicit attitudes toward gay males and lesbians using the Single Category IAT (SC-IAT). In Study 1, we examined attitudes toward gay people in general. Participants reported positive explicit attitudes and neutral implicit attitudes toward gay people. In Study 2, we examined implicit and explicit attitudes toward gay men and lesbians separately. Participants rated gay men and lesbians positively on explicit attitude measures. Analysis of SC-IAT scores revealed neutral associations with gay men and positive associations with lesbians. As a secondary goal, we also tested the Balanced Identity Theory in both studies and did not find evidence of balance between implicit sexual orientation attitudes, implicit sexual identity, and implicit self-esteem using the SC-IAT.
The Advancement of Neuroimaging Research Investigating Developmental Stuttering

We are amassing information about the role of the brain in speech production and the potential neural limitations that coincide with developmental stuttering at a fast rate. As such, it is difficul...
Humility Pills: Building an Ethics of Cognitive Enhancement

The use of cognition-enhancing drugs (CEDs) appears to be increasingly common in both academic and workplace settings. But many universities and businesses have not yet engaged with the ethical challenges raised by CED use. This paper considers criticisms of CED use with a particular focus on the Accomplishment Argument: an influential set of claims holding that enhanced work is less dignified, valuable, or authentic, and that cognitive enhancement damages our characters. While the Accomplishment Argument assumes a view of authorship based on individual credit-taking, an impersonal or collaborative view is just as possible. This paper considers the benefits of this view-including humility, a value often claimed by critics of enhancement-and argues that such a view is consistent with open CED use. It proposes an ethics of cognitive enhancement based on toleration, transparency, and humility, and it discusses how institutions and individuals can build a culture of open cognitive enhancement.
Angular momentum decomposition for an electron

We calculate the orbital angular momentum of the `quark' in the scalar diquark model as well as that of the electron in QED (to order $$\alpha$$). We compare the orbital angular momentum obtained from the Jaffe-Manohar decomposition to that obtained from the Ji relation and estimate the importance of the vector potential in the definition of orbital angular momentum.
Market Analysis Methods: Are Our Enriched Toolkits Well Suited to Enlivened Markets?

The past fifteen years have brought historic reduction of government intervention in agricultural markets in the developing world. Most economists and policy makers believe these reforms enliven markets previously fettered by excessive government authority. Nonetheless, the impact of market-oriented reforms on the spatial and intertemporal extent and the competitiveness of markets remains an inherently empirical question. Meanwhile, there also have been major innovations in methods used to analyze markets and prices, due largely to the rapidly emerging time series econometric literature. Agricultural economists' toolkits have changed nearly as rapidly and dramatically as have developing economy markets. But can these enriched toolkits answer the
Anion effects on ionogel formation in N,N′-dialkylimidazolium-based ionic liquids

Abstract Addition of an appropriate concentration of water to either 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide or its nitrate analog is shown to trigger the self-assembly of the ionic liquid (IL) and the concomitant formation of gel (“ionogel”) phases adopting a rich variety of structural motifs. Infrared and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance studies indicate that water addition disrupts hydrogen bonding between the imidazolium ring and the IL anion, and that gelation involves the partial replacement of these bonds with H-bonds between the anion and water. Using small angle X-ray scattering, the relationship of the water content and the nature of the IL anion to the mesoscopic structure of the ionogels has been determined. Of particular note is the observation that by adjustment of the ionogel composition (water content or anion), near-monodomain materials can be formed with either lamellar, 2-D hexagonal or 3-D cubic structures with tunable lattice dimensions.
Non-imaging optical concentrators for low-cost optical interconnect

In this work we report on a non-imaging optical concentrator for high-speed polymer optical fiber (POF), which has applications in chip-to-chip, consumer display, and backplane data transport. High-speed operation places demands on the ability of coupling from large-core media to small apertures typical of 10 Gbps optoelectronics. Design and fabrication of concentrators made by single point diamond turning and injection molding will be discussed, and comparison of experimental data to simulation will show good coupling efficiency with a wide tolerance to fiber misalignment.
Presidential Campaign Announcements: A third-party variant

In this essay, I argue through analysis of the genre of campaign announcements that third-party presidential candidates have rhetorical norms of their own that address their unique challenges as political outsiders. Specifically, I contend that their announcements are a variant of the announcement genre and are warranted by the recurring situational barriers, perceived strategic constraints, and overall purposes for minor-party presidential campaigns. In addition to offering an alternative theory of third-party announcements based on analysis of over 40 such statements, I provide three case studies—including statements by Progressive Henry Wallace, Independent Eugene McCarthy, and Reform Party nominee Patrick Buchanan—to demonstrate this variant of the genre. Finally, I conclude by discussing the implications of this study for understanding third-party rhetoric.
A THEORY ON OBTAINING SHORT BURSTS OF IONS FROM A BEAM OF IONS

Abstract Many modern-day experiments in nuclear physics, particularly neutron physics, require short duration bursts of ions whose definition in energy and angle correspond to an ion beam of rather high quality. This paper treats the problem of producing bursts of ions by beam sweeping across an aperture. By considering several examples of electric-field sweeping, it is shown that (a) an essential equivalence exists between different time-varying wave forms that may be employed, (b) that the beam quality, as measured by energy and/or angular spread, is necessarily diminished in the process of burst production. In a general way it is shown that if a steady “monoenergetic” beam, characterized by y -component of momentum spread ΔP y and object size Δy , is chopped by beam sweeping, then there is a relation which in its simplest form is given by ΔEΔt = ΔP y Δy . In this relation ΔE is the energy that must be introduced into a monoenergetic beam in order to produce bursts as short as Δt . Finally, it is shown that beam bunching results in diminished beam quality. An example is klystron bunching of a nearly parallel pulsed beam. In this case there is a relation, the simplest form of which is ΔE a Δt a = ΔE b Δt b relating the product ΔEΔt before bunching to that which exists after bunching.
An optimizing compiler for the Icon programming language

Compiling code for the Icon programming language presents several challenges, particularly in dealing with types and goal-directed expression evaluation. In order to produce optimized code, it is necessary for the compiler to know much more about operations than is necessary for the compilation of most programming languages. This paper describes the organization of the Icon compiler and the way it acquires and maintains information about operations. The Icon compiler generates C code, which makes it portable to a wide variety of platforms and also allows the use of existing C compilers for performing routine optimizations on the final code. A specially designed implementation language, which is a superset of C, is used for writing Icon's run-time system. This language allows the inclusion of information about the abstract semantics of Icon operations and their type-checking and conversion requirements. A translator converts code written in the run-time language to C code to provide an object library for linking with the code produced by the Icon compiler. The translation process also automatically produces a database that contains the information the Icon compiler needs to generate and optimize code. This approach allows easy extension of Icon's computational repertoire, alternate computational extensions, and cross compilation.
Pharmacodynamic Aspects of Systemic Drug Delivery

AbstractSome of the most common cases of drug delivery (i.v. bolus, first-order absorption and zero-order absorption) are evaluated with respect to the relationship between extent and/or rate of drug absorption and pharmacodynamic outcome. Each case is evaluated after a single dose and at steady state after multiple dosing in a one-compartment body model. The pharmacodynamic model used is the Emax-model with and without an effect compartment. The area under the effect-time curve (AUCe) is used as a cumulative measure for overall drug activity. After first-order absorption, AUCe can vary as a function of absorption rate between a minimum, the AUCE of the equivalent i.v. bolus, Emax/ke*ln[1+D/(E50*Vd)], and a maximum, Emax*D/(E50*CL). After multiple dosing, the degree of fluctuation of the pharmacodynamic effect will depend on the dose and will always be less than the degree of pharmacokinetic fluctuation. A dosing rate (DR50=CL*E50/fu) is proposed that allows calculation of the dose necessary to produce an...
Tourette's syndrome: what are the influences of gender and comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder?

ABSTRACT Objective To explore the influence of gender and comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) on the phenomenology of Tourette's syndrome (TS). Method TS proband groups defined by gender and comorbid OCD status were compared on a variety of sociodemographic variables, clinical characteristics, and perinatal complications. Results Compared to females, males more often onset with rage and had ever experienced any form of simple tics. Females onset with compulsive tics more often than males. Probands with comorbid OCD were more likely than those without OCD to onset with complex tics. Delivery complications, especially forceps deliveries, were associated with being male and with having OCD. Fetal exposure to relatively high levels of coffee, cigarettes, or alcohol predicted OCD in TS probands. Diagnosis of TS occurred at later ages among females than among males. Males and females displayed different age distributions. Conclusions Males and females tend to experience different kinds of symptoms at onset. However, the overall experience of TS appears to be similar for both groups. Perinatal brain injury is implicated in the etiology of TS in some boys. Early brain injury may cause or exacerbate the development of OCD in some TS sufferers.
Synthesis and Characterization of Chair and Boat Forms of fac-Re(CO)3(P3)(X) [P3 = η2-CH3C(CH2PPh2)3, X = Br, Cl]

The syntheses of complexes having the general formula fac-Re(CO)3(η2-triphos)X (triphos = 1,1,1-tris(diphenylphosphinomethyl)ethane; 1 and 2, X = Br; 5 and 6, X = Cl) from reactions of Re(CO)5X and...
Continuum-state selectivity in hydrogen in Stark fields by charge-shape tuning

We present numerical calculations of the photoionization of atomic hydrogen in the presence of a strong dc electric field, using three-photon excitation with two-photon resonance with intermediate Stark states. The systematics of the dependence of the cross section on the intermediate Stark states is calculated for the n = 2 to n = 9 manifolds. Our results indicate that one can use ''charge-shape tuning'' to selectively excite and enhance Stark-induced giant dipoles near E = 0 in hydrogen without the excitation of the overlapping continuum. Frequency selectivity can be used to excite from 1s (spherical charge) an intermediate whose charge is focused along the field followed by another excitation to the giant dipoles. Charge tunability can be achieved by controlling the degree of focusing by choice of the field and intermediates.
Structure–toxicity relationships for selected halogenated aliphatic chemicals

Abstract Toxicity to the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis (log (IGC50−1)) for 39 halogen-substituted alkanes, alkanols, and alkanitriles were obtained experimentally. Log (IGC50−1) along with the hydrophobic term, log Kow (1-octanol/water partition coefficient) and the electrophilic parameter, Elumo (the energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) were used to develop quantitative structure–activity relationships (QSARs). Two strong hydrophobic dependent relationships were obtained: one for the haloalkanes and a second for the haloalcohols. The relationship for the haloalkanes [log (IGC50−1)=0.92 (log Kow)−2.58; n=4, r2=0.993, s=0.063, f=276, Pr>f=0.0036] was not different from baseline toxicity. With the rejection of 1,3-dibromo-2-propanol as a statistical outlier, the relationship [log (IGC50−1)=0.63(log Kow)−1.18; n=19, r2=0.860, s=0.274, f=104, Pr>f=0.0001] was observed for the haloalcohols. No hydrophobicity-dependent model (r2=0.165) was observed for the halonitriles. However, an electrophilicity-dependent model [log (IGC50−1)=−1.245(Elumo)+0.73; n=15, r2=0.588, s=0.764, F=18.6, Pr>f=0.0009] was developed for the halonitriles. Additional analysis designed to examine surface-response modeling of all three chemical classes met with some success. Following rejection of statistical outliers, the plane [log (IGC50−1)=0.60(log Kow)−0.747(Elumo)−0.37; n=34, r2=0.915, s=0.297, F=162, Pr>F=0.0001] was developed. The halogenated alcohols and nitriles tested all had observed toxicity in excess of non-reactive baseline toxicity (non-polar narcosis). This observation along with the complexity of the structure–toxicity relationships developed in this study suggests that the toxicity of haloalcohols and halonitriles is by multiple and/or mixed mechanisms of action which are electro(nucleo)philic in character.
Impact of Desired Relationship Type on Affective Reactions to Choosing and Being Required to Help

Donors' reactions to choosing and being required to help were examined. Among subjects led to desire a communal relationship with the recipient, both choosing and being required to help elevated positive affect and alleviated negative affect relative to not being asked to help. Changes in affect as a result of choosing to help did not differ from changes as a result of being required to help. Among subjects led to desire an exchange relationship with the recipient, choosing to help caused positive affect to deteriorate, relative to being required to help or to not helping. Changes in affect in the required condition did not differ from those in the no-help condition. Psychological processes that may underlie these effects are discussed.
Etiology of acute pulmonary edema during liver transplantation : a series of cases with analysis of the edema fluid.

Study objectives: To describe the clinical features of a group of patients who acutely developed pulmonary edema during orthotopic liver transplantation and to determine the nature (transudate vs exudate) of the edema. Design: Retrospective review of clinical records and radiographic studies. Setting: Operating room and ICU of a tertiary-care medical center hospital. Patients: End-stage liver disease patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation under general anesthesia. Interventions and measurements: Pulmonary edema fluid obtained from seven patients within 15 min of first appearance was analyzed for protein content and compared with the protein content of a simultaneously obtained plasma sample. Hemodynamic data, fluid administration totals, and length of postoperative intubation and ICU stay were also collected. Results: Eight patients were identified. Six of the seven patients whose edema fluid was analyzed had edema fluid/plasma protein ratios > 0.75, characteristic of increased permeability pulmonary edema (the one other patient had a ratio of 0.73). Hemodynamic monitoring at the time of onset of the edema effectively ruled out a cardiogenic etiology. One patient died intraoperatively; at autopsy, the cause of death was determined to be pulmonary fat embolization. In the other seven patients, production of edema fluid resolved withi n6ho fadmission to the ICU. The duration of ventilatory support ranged from 23 to 96 h, with a mean of 49 h. Conclusions: The most likely cause of the reaction is transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI). An incidence of TRALI that is higher than previously reported in this population indicates that other elements, such as reperfusion of the newly implanted liver, may be contributing factors. (CHEST 2001; 119:219 ‐223)
A novel Likert scale based on fuzzy sets theory

The Likert method is commonly used as a standard psychometric scale to measure responses. This measurement scale has a procedure that facilitates survey construction and administration, and data coding and analysis. However, there are some drawbacks in the Likert scaling. This paper addresses the information distortion and information lost arising from the closed-form scaling and the ordinal nature of this measurement method. To overcome these problems, a novel fuzzy Likert scale developed based on the fuzzy sets theory has been proposed. The major contribution of the fuzzy Likert approach is that it permits partial agreement of a scale point. By incorporating this capability into the measurement process, the new scale can capture the lost information and regulate the distorted information. A quantitative analysis based on the concept Consensus has proven that the new scale can provide a more accurate measurement. The implementation feasibility and the improved measurement performance of the fuzzy Likert scale have been demonstrated via a simulation study on a low birth weight analysis.
Implementation of an oversize neural network on DAP-510

The authors propose parallel implementation of a multi-layer feedforward neural network on the AMT DAP-510. The network is trained using the Back Propagation algorithm. The proposed implementation is for an oversize network, that is for a network which has more numbers of neurons than the processors. Also, the implementation has the flexibility of varying the size of the network. The peak performance of 2.6 million interconnections per second is achieved for a three-layer network with 512 neurons in each layer. They compare their results with the existing parallel implementations. >