cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Droplet-Based Sensing: Optical Microresonator Sensors Embedded in Digital Electrowetting Microfluidics Systems

Electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWD) microfluidics is an emerging platform for practical applications such as water quality testing and medical diagnostics. Low power consumption, low sample and reagent volumes, small size, and rapid fluid transport are features of electrowetting microfluidic platforms that will enable the development of cost-effective, rapid time-to-result, and portable point-of-care diagnostic devices. Microresonator sensors are an excellent sensor technology for integration into these microfluidic systems, because they perform high sensitivity detection of proteins, DNA, and other biologically relevant molecules while tolerating a droplet oil encapsulation layer. This paper reports on a SU-8 polymer microresonator embedded in the top plate of the EWD system, which enables addressing of the sensor with a single droplet of in volume and enables droplets to be moved onto and off of the sensor. This system is the first to demonstrate actuation of droplets onto and off of an integrated microresonator sensor. Both photolithographically patterned and electron beam lithographically patterned microresonator sensors were tested, and the effect of a conventional filler medium, silicone oil, on the sensor sensitivity was investigated.
Combustion behavior of free boron slurry droplets

Observations were made of the combustion properties of isolated droplets of both pure JP-10 and boron/JP-10 slurries in high-temperature, atmospheric-pressure, oxidizing gas streams. Droplets of initial diameter of 0.3–0.5 mm and solid mass fraction of 0–0.3 were projected downward into post-combustion gases of ca. 1900K and oxygen mole fraction of 0.07–0.39 under conditions of low Reynolds number ( d -square law held for the combustion of JP-10 droplets, and the burning-rate constant was measured as a function of the oxygen mole fraction. Boron slurry droplets burned quiescently for short periods of time with an envelope flame of vaporized JP-10 but then experienced disruption. As the environmental oxygen content was increased, the disruption occurred more intensely and earlier, largely because of the increased diffusion-flame temperature; repeated disruptions were observed. For flame temperatures exceeding the boiling point of B 2 O 3 , boron particles emitted during disruption ignited. At low solid loading there was an initial stage during which the d -square law applied, followed by a stage of nearly constant diameter that terminated in disruption; at high solid loading only this second stage occurred.
Renyi's entropy and the probability of error

The basic properties of Renyi's entropy are reviewed, and its concavity properties are characterized. New bounds (referred to as I_{\alpha} bounds) on the probability of error are derived from Renyi's entropy and are compared with known bounds. It is proved that for the two-class case, the I_{2} bound is sharper than many of the previously known bounds. The difference between the I_{2} bound and the real value of the probability of error is at most 0.09.
Assimilation of ice motion observations and comparisons with submarine ice thickness data

[1] Aided by submarine observations of ice thickness for model evaluation, we investigate the effects of assimilating buoy motion data and satellite SSM/I (85 Ghz) ice motion data on simulation of Arctic sea ice. The sea-ice model is a thickness and enthalpy distribution model and is coupled to an ocean model. Ice motion data are assimilated by means of optimal interpolation. Assimilating motion data, particularly from drifting buoys, significantly improves the modeled ice motion, reducing the error to 0.04 m s -1 from 0.07 m s -1 and increasing the correlation with observations to 0.90 from 0.66. Without data assimilation, the modeled ice moves too slowly with excessive stoppage. Assimilation leads to more robust ice motion with substantially reduced stoppage, which in turn leads to strengthened ice outflow at Fram Strait and enhanced ice deformation everywhere. Enhanced deformation doubles the production of ridged ice to an Arctic Ocean average of 0.77 m yr -1 , and raises the amount of ridged ice to half the total ice volume per unit area of 2.58 m. Assimilation also significantly alters the spatial distribution of ice mass and brings the modeled ice thickness into better agreement with the thickness observed in four recent submarine cruises, reducing the error to 0.66 m from 0.76 m, and increasing the correlation with observations to 0.65 from 0.45. Buoy data are most effective in reducing model errors because of their small measurement error. SSM/I data, because of their more complete spatial coverage, are helpful in regions with few buoys, particularly in coastal areas. Assimilating both SSM/I and buoy data combines their individual advantages and brings about the best overall model performance in simulating both ice motion and ice thickness.
Ultrafast optical signal processing based upon space-time dualities

The last two decades have seen a wealth of optical instrumentation based upon the concepts of space-time duality. A historical overview of how this beautiful framework has been exploited to develop instruments for optical signal processing is presented. The power of this framework is then demonstrated by reviewing four devices in detail based upon space-time dualities that have been experimentally demonstrated: 1) a time-lens timing-jitter compensator for ultralong-haul dense-wavelength-division-multiplexed dispersion-managed soliton transmission, 2) a multiwavelength pulse generator using time-lens compression, 3) a programmable ultrafast optical delay line by use of a time-prism pair, and 4) an enhanced ultrafast optical delay line by use of soliton propagation between a time-prism pair.
Examining student nurses’ perceptions of diverse populations: Are student nurses prepared to care for culturally diverse patients?

Background/Objectives: The purpose of this study is to examine student nurses’ perceptions of diverse population, as experienced through their clinical environments in nursing school. Student nurses will encounter diverse populations in practice; nursing education must critically address how students are being prepared to care for diverse populations and the strategies that assist students to be successful in caring for those with different values and beliefs than themselves. Methods: Denzin’s Interpretive Interactionism was used to elicit meaning from eight senior level nursing students from a baccalaureate nursing program. Results: Commonality in students’ stories was expressed through their experiences where three themes emerged: unprepared for cultural diversity, care should be personalized, and moral challenges. Conclusion: Responses from students in this study indicate that their acquisition of knowledge was not sufficient to engender understanding of the network of concepts inherent in cultural diversity. Stories indicate classroom and clinical experiences were not sufficient for student nurses to care for diverse populations with confidence in their abilities.
Brain Clearance of Alzheimer's Amyloid-β40 in the Squirrel Monkey: A SPECT Study in a Primate Model of Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy

Squirrel monkey is a valuable model to study pathogenesis of cerebrovascular amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Previous studies suggested that circulating amyloid- β 40 peptide (A β 40) crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and may therefore enhance cerebrovascular amyloidosis in aged squirrel monkeys. In the present study, we used single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) to determine elimination of 123 I-A β 40 and 99m Tc-DTPA, an extracellular marker, from the brain in squirrel monkeys at different age. Following intracerebral microinfusions, the time-activity brain clearance curves indicated bi-exponential removal of 123 I-A β 40 with an initial rapid washout (1.1 ≤ t 1/2 ≤ 2.7 h). This, plus the observed appearance of 123 I-radioactivity in plasma suggest significant brain-to-blood transport. In contrast, 99m Tc-DTPA was removed slowly by brain interstitial fluid bulk flow (monoexponential decay with 6.8 ≤ t 1/2 ≤ 16.8 h) . A comparison of three middle aged (11-16 years old) vs. two old (22 yrs old)...
A Bayesian Model for Simultaneous Image Clustering, Annotation and Object Segmentation

A non-parametric Bayesian model is proposed for processing multiple images. The analysis employs image features and, when present, the words associated with accompanying annotations. The model clusters the images into classes, and each image is segmented into a set of objects, also allowing the opportunity to assign a word to each object (localized labeling). Each object is assumed to be represented as a heterogeneous mix of components, with this realized via mixture models linking image features to object types. The number of image classes, number of object types, and the characteristics of the object-feature mixture models are inferred nonparametrically. To constitute spatially contiguous objects, a new logistic stick-breaking process is developed. Inference is performed efficiently via variational Bayesian analysis, with example results presented on two image databases.
Linking structural assembly to gene expression : a novel mechanism for regulating the activity of a σ54 transcription factor

Summary In Caulobacter crescentus , the temporal and spatial expression of late flagellar genes is regulated by the σ 54 transcriptional activator, FlbD. Genetic experi- ments have indicated that the trans -acting factor FliX regulates FlbD in response to the progression of flagellar assembly, repressing FlbD activity until an early flagellar basal body structure is assembled. Fol- lowing assembly of this structure, FliX is thought to function as an activator of FlbD. Here we have inves- tigated the mechanism of FliX-mediated regulation of FlbD activity. In vitro transcription experiments showed that purified FliX could function as a repres- sor of FlbD-activated transcription. Transcription acti- vated by a gain-of-function mutant of FlbD (FlbD-1204) that is active in vivo in the absence of an early flagel- lar structure, was resistant to the repressive effects of FliX. DNA binding studies showed that FliX inhib- ited the interaction of wild-type FlbD with enhancer DNA but did not effect FlbD-catalysed ATPase activity. DNA binding activity of FlbD-1204 was relatively unaf- fected by FliX indicating that this mutant protein bypasses the transcriptional requirement for early flagellar assembly by escaping FliX-mediated nega- tive regulation. Gel filtration and co-immunoprecipita- tion experiments indicated that FliX formed a stable complex with FlbD. These experiments demonstrate that regulation of FlbD activity is unusual among the well-studied σ 54
Ploidy Controls the Success of Mutators and Nature of Mutations during Budding Yeast Evolution

Summary Background We used the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to ask how elevated mutation rates affect the evolution of asexual eukaryotic populations. Mismatch repair defective and nonmutator strains were competed during adaptation to four laboratory environments (rich medium, low glucose, high salt, and a nonfermentable carbon source). Results In diploids, mutators have an advantage over nonmutators in all conditions, and mutators that win competitions are on average fitter than nonmutator winners. In contrast, haploid mutators have no advantage when competed against haploid nonmutators, and haploid mutator winners are less fit than nonmutator winners. The diploid mutator winners were all superior to their ancestors both in the condition they had adapted to, and in two of the other conditions. This phenotype was due to a mutation or class of mutations that confers a large growth advantage during the respiratory phase of yeast cultures that precedes stationary phase. This generalist mutation(s) was not selected in diploid nonmutator strains or in haploid strains, which adapt primarily by fixing specialist (condition-specific) mutations. In diploid mutators, such mutations also occur, and the majority accumulates after the fixation of the generalist mutation. Conclusions We conclude that the advantage of mutators depends on ploidy and that diploid mutators can give rise to beneficial mutations that are inaccessible to nonmutators and haploid mutators.
DIFFERENTIAL RATES OF RURAL-URBAN DELINQUENCY: A Social Control Approach

Official statistics and numerous sociological studies indicate that rural areas generate lower rates of delinquency than do urban areas. This study attempts to explain these differential rates by drawing on the social control theory of Hirschi. Questionnaires were administered to a rural and an urban juvenile detention center population to investigate both extent of delin-quency involvement and degree of commitment to five institutional orders: family, church, school, peers, and formal authority. As hypothesized, the rural sample reported significantly less delinquent activity than the urban sample. Control theory also received support from the data. A strong inverse relationship was found between commitment and delinquency. When intro-duced as a control variable, commitment specified the original relationship between locality and delinquency. The specified relationships were strongest for rural youth with high commitment and for urban youth with low commitment.
Solute condensation in adsorption beds during thermal regeneration

This theoretical study shows that a liquid phase can be developed in and passed through a fixed-bed adsorber during thermal regeneration. The liquid results from passing hot gas from the inlet end of the bed, where the adsorbate is desorbed, towards the cool outlet end, where condensation of the solute occurs. The stage model of an adsorption bed is applied to two examples, the regeneration of an activated carbon bed with adsorbed benzene using hot nitrogen and the regeneration of a 4A molecular sieve bed with adsorbed water using hot methane.
FREEDM System: Role of power electronics and power semiconductors in developing an energy internet

The Future Renewable Electric Energy Delivery and Management (FREEDM) Systems Center is a National Science Foundation (NSF) Generation-III Engineering Research Center (ERC) established in 2008 with the mission to develop the fundamental and enabling technologies necessary for a new and paradigm shifting power grid infrastructure, the FREEDM System. This paper will highlight the role of power electronics and power semiconductors in developing an energy internet. The revolutionary impact of high voltage SiC and GaN power devices in utility and FREEDM System is discussed.
The Hegemonic Illusion? Traditional Strategic Studies In Context

At the heart of Buzan & Hansen’s (2009) narrative is a conflict dynamic that pits traditional strategic studies, narrow and overly militarized but dominant, against a diverse set of challengers who...
Model-based incipient fault diagnosis - multi-step neuro-predictors and multiresolution signal processing

Timely detection and diagnosis of incipient faults is desirable for online condition assessment purposes. In this paper, a model-based fault diagnosis system is developed for induction motors, using recurrent neural networks for multistep transient response prediction and multiresolution signal processing for nonstationary signal feature extraction. The proposed diagnosis system uses only measured motor terminal currents and voltages, and motor speed. The effectiveness of the diagnosis system is demonstrated through staged motor faults of electrical and mechanical origin. Scaling of the diagnosis system to machines with different power ratings is demonstrated with data from 2.2 kW, 373 kW and 597 kW induction motors.
Finite element method for calculating capacitance and inductance of symmetrical coupled microstrip lines

In this paper, we apply the finite element method (FEM) to compute the capacitance and inductance matrices of symmetrical coupled microstrip lines. We mainly focus on modeling shielded symmetrical coupled microstrip lines and open symmetrical coupled microstrip lines, respectively. Also, we illustrate the potential distribution of the transmission lines for the models and their solution time. We compare some of our results with those obtained by other methods and found them to be in good agreement.
A fiber optic telemetry system for multiple oceanographic platforms

The need to move large volumes of data and control signals between an instrument complex and command center for such diverse oceanographic systems as a remotely controlled deep towed survey sled, a tethered ROV test vehicle and a multi-sensor shallow water observatory complex have lead to the development of a versatile high speed fiber optic telemetry system for use with a broad range of sensors and system architecture's. Since this telemetry system is intended to provide communications between a wide variety of oceanographic sensors, such as analog sonar, high resolution electronic still cameras and Ethernet, it has been designed to be modular, with the use of plug in circuit cards comprising the interface to specific sensors. With a full duplex usable capacity of 100 megabits per second in each direction, the telemetry system will operate over a pair of single mode or multi mode fibers, and with the addition of a wave division multiplexer, single fiber bi-directional operation is possible. This paper provides an overview of the design considerations used to develop the telemetry system which has broad applications in oceanographic data acquisition and control. Originally developed for a deep towed imaging vehicle operated by the Naval Oceanographic Office, the telemetry system provides the user with many simultaneous independent data channels, each with deterministic transit time and low latency. Inherent modularity of the fundamental fiber optic telemetry system design gives the vehicle operators the flexibility to upgrade or add new sensors to the tow sled as their requirements dictate. This versatility is demonstrated by showing the use of the telemetry In the tethered ROV TROV, and as the communication link currently operating between the LEO-15 seafloor observatory off the cost of New Jersey and the LEO shore station at the Rutgers University facility in Tuckerton.
A simple framework for distributed forensics

Networks have become omnipresent in today's world and part of the basic infrastructure. The safety problem is important and urgent for all the network users. But the current situation in this field is very severe - not only is it difficult to block network criminals but also in many cases unable to find them out. There is a growing need for systems that allow not only the detection of complex attacks, but after the fact understanding of what happened. This could be used in a forensic sense or simply as a managerial tool to recover and repair damaged systems. There are few network systems that support forensic evidence collection and the current systems also lack effective attack attribution. In this paper, we will provide a network forensics framework based on the distributed techniques thereby providing an integrated platform for automatic forensic evidence collection and efficient data storage, supporting easy integration of known attribution methods, effective cooperation and an attack attribution graph generation mechanism to illustrate hacking procedures.
Commentary on viewpoint: Perspective on the future use of genomics in exercise prescription.

to the editor: Dr. Roth's ([1][1]) thoughtful and carefully worded essay about the use of genomic information to individualize exercise prescription is usefully focused on three possible consequences: positive, none, and negative. Figure 1 is presented to suggest that large numbers of apparently
E. coli Rep oligomers are required to initiate DNA unwinding in vitro.

Abstract E. coli Rep protein is a 3′ to 5′ SF1 superfamily DNA helicase which is monomeric in the absence of DNA, but can dimerize upon binding either single-stranded or duplex DNA. A variety of biochemical studies have led to proposals that Rep dimerization is important for its helicase activity; however, recent structural studies of Bacillus stearothermophilus PcrA have led to suggestions that SF1 helicases, such as E. coli Rep and E. coli UvrD, function as monomeric helicases. We have examined the question of whether Rep oligomerization is important for its DNA helicase activity using pre-steady state stopped-flow and chemical quenched-flow kinetic studies of Rep-catalyzed DNA unwinding. The results from four independent experiments demonstrate that Rep oligomerization is required for initiation of DNA helicase activity in vitro . No DNA unwinding is observed when only a Rep monomer is bound to the DNA substrate, even when fluorescent DNA substrates are used that can detect partial unwinding of the first few base-pairs at the ss-ds-DNA junction. In fact, under these conditions, ATP hydrolysis causes dissociation of the Rep monomer from the DNA, rather than DNA unwinding. These studies demonstrate that wild-type Rep monomers are unable to initiate DNA unwinding in vitro , and that oligomerization is required.
On programmable memory built-in self test architectures

The design and architectures of a microcode-based memory BIST and programmable FSM-based memory BIST unit are presented. The proposed microcode-based memory BIST unit is more efficient and flexible than existing architectures. Test logic overhead of the proposed programmable versus nonprogrammable memory BIST architectures is evaluated. The proposed programmable memory BIST architectures could be used to test memories in different stages of their fabrication and therefore result in lower overall memory test logic overhead. We show that the proposed microcode-based memory BIST architecture has better extendibility and flexibility while having less test logic overhead than the programmable PSM-based memory BIST architecture.
Cross-talk between inflammation and angiotensin II: Studies based on direct transfection of cardiomyocytes with AT1R and AT2R cDNA:

Ischemic myocardium exhibits inflammation, local angiotensin II (Ang II) generation and up-regulation of LOX-1, a lectin-like ox-LDL receptor. To define the inter-active roles of Ang II and inflammation in furthering tissue injury, cultured HL-1 cardiomyocytes were treated with Ang II. Ang II treatment up-regulated the expression of Ang II type 1 (AT1R) and type 2 (AT2R) receptors as well as LOX-1. Ang II also activated p44/42MAPK, p38MAPK, c-Jun and NF-kB, and increased the expression of inflammation-related genes (interleukins-6, interleukins-10, tumor necrosis factor-a, intercellular adhesion molecule-1). To study how inflammation per se might affect expression of Ang II receptors and LOX-1, cultured, cardiomyocytes were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Like Ang II, LPS increased the expression of AT1R, AT2R and LOX-1. LPS also activated mitogen-acticated protein kinase (MAPKs), c-Jun and NF-kB, and pro-inflammatory genes. The selective inhibitors of MAPKs, c-Jun and NF-kB each blocked the transc...
Flexural stiffness in insect wings II. Spatial distribution and dynamic wing bending

The dynamic, three-dimensional shape of flapping insect wings may influence many aspects of flight performance. Insect wing deformations during flight are largely passive, and are controlled primarily by the architecture and material properties of the wing. Although many details of wing structure are well understood, the distribution of flexural stiffness in insect wings and its effects on wing bending are unknown. In this study, we developed a method of estimating spatial variation in flexural stiffness in both the spanwise and chordwise direction of insect wings. We measured displacement along the wing in response to a point force, and modeled flexural stiffness variation as a simple mathematical function capable of approximating this measured displacement. We used this method to estimate flexural stiffness variation in the hawkmoth Manduca sexta, and the dragonfly Aeshna multicolor. In both species, flexural stiffness declines sharply from the wing base to the tip, and from the leading edge to the trailing edge; this variation can be approximated by an exponential decline. The wings of M. sexta also display dorsal/ventral asymmetry in flexural stiffness and significant differences between males and females. Finite element models based on M. sexta forewings demonstrate that the measured spatial variation in flexural stiffness preserves rigidity in proximal regions of the wing, while transferring bending to the edges, where aerodynamic force production is most sensitive to subtle changes in shape.
Nonspherical Perturbations of Relativistic Gravitational Collapse. II. Integer-Spin, Zero-Rest-Mass Fields

A nearly spherical star collapses through its gravitational radius. Nonspherical perturbations exist in its density, pressure, electromagnetic field, and gravitational field, and in other (hypothetical) zero-rest-mass, integer-spin fields coupled to sources in the stars. Paper I analyzed the evolution of scalar-field and gravitational-field perturbations. This paper treats fields of arbitrary integer spin and zero rest mass, using the Newman-Penrose tetrad formalism. The analysis of each multipole ($\mathrm{order}=l$) of each field ($\mathrm{spin}=s$) is reduced to the study of a two-dimensional wave equation, with a "curvature potential" that differs little from one field to another. The analysis of this wave equation for the scalar case ($s=0$) carries over completely to fields of arbitrary spin $s$. In particular, any radiatable multipole ($l\ensuremath{\ge}s$) gets radiated away completely in the late stages of collapse; if the multipole is static prior to the onset of collapse, it will die out as ${t}^{\ensuremath{-}(2l+2)}$ at late times. Nonradiatable multipoles ($lls$) are conserved. This paper also treats gravitational perturbations in the Newman-Penrose framework, and supplies some technical details missing in the gravitational-perturbation analysis of Paper I.
ARTag, a fiducial marker system using digital techniques

Fiducial marker systems consist of patterns that are mounted in the environment and automatically detected in digital camera images using an accompanying detection algorithm. They are useful for augmented reality (AR), robot navigation, and general applications where the relative pose between a camera and object is required. Important parameters for such marker systems is their false detection rate (false positive rate), their inter-marker confusion rate, minimal detection size (in pixels) and immunity to lighting variation. ARTag is a marker system that uses digital coding theory to get a very low false positive and inter-marker confusion rate with a small required marker size, employing an edge linking method to give robust lighting variation immunity. ARTag markers are bi-tonal planar patterns containing a unique ID number encoded with robust digital techniques of checksums and forward error correction (FEC). This proposed new system, ARTag has very low and numerically quantifiable error rates, does not require a grey scale threshold as does other marker systems, and can encode up to 2002 different unique ID's with no need to store patterns. Experimental results are shown validating this system.
Pontine sources of norepinephrine in the cat cochlear nucleus

In the current study, the distribution of noradrenergic neurons in the pontine tegmentum that project to the cochlear nucleus was determined with retrograde tract tracing combined with neurotransmitter immunohistochemistry in the cat. Double-labeled neurons were observed in all noradrenergic cell groups, in both the dorsolateral and the ventrolateral tegmentum. Half of the double-labeled cells were located in the locus coeruleus complex. Most of these were situated in its ventral division. Most other double-labeled cells were located in peribrachial regions, especially lateral to the brachium conjunctivum. Relatively few double-labeled cells were observed in both the A4 and the A5 cell groups, 2% and 0.4%, respectively, of the total. Except for neurons in A5, which projected only contralaterally, the projections were bilateral, with an ipsilateral preponderance. The results indicate that neurons located in the ipsilateral dorsolateral tegmentum, namely, in the locus coeruleus complex and the peribrachial region, are the primary source of pontine noradrenergic afferents to the cochlear nucleus of the cat.
Seeking wisdom from the Seer.

Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database analyses can provide a useful broad overview of survival outcomes for defined populations. When a noteworthy trend is observed over a peri...
Bayesian Modeling of Epigenetic Variation in Multiple Human Cell Types

With high-throughput sequencing data generated for multiple epigenetic features in many cell types, a chief challenge is to explain the dynamics in multiple epigenomes that lead to differential regulation and phenotypes. We introduce a Bayesian framework for jointly annotating multiple epigenomes and detecting differential regulation among multiple cell types. Our method, IDEAS (integrative and discriminative epigenome annotation system), achieves superior power by modeling both position and cell type specific epigenetic activities. Using ENCODE data sets in 6 cell types, we identified epigenetic variation strongly associated with differential gene expression. The detected regions are significantly enriched in disease genetic variants with much stronger enrichment scores than achievable by existing methods, and the enriched phenotypes are highly relevant to the corresponding cell types. IDEAS is a powerful tool for integrative epigenome annotation and detection of variation, which could be of important utility in elucidating the interplay between genetics, gene regulation and diseases.
Effect of dietary restriction and/or exercise on 23-h metabolic rate and body composition in female rats.

This study examined the effects of three levels of dietary intake [ad libitum fed (AL), moderately severe (MSR), and severe restriction (SR)] and two levels of exercise [cage confinement (CC) and exercise training (E)] on 23-h resting metabolic rate (RMR) and body composition in 47 female Sprague-Dawley rats. At the end of the 9-wk study, the MSR and SR groups weighed approximately 81 and 61%, respectively, of the AL-CC group. RMR was depressed for the MSR and SR groups compared with the AL-CC group. This was true whether expressed on an absolute (ml/min) or relative (ml.min-1.kg-0.75) basis. On a relative basis, which accounts for changes caused by weight loss alone, the RMR decreased by approximately 12 and 19%, respectively, for the MSR and SR groups compared with the AL-CC group. Although E resulted in significant differences in fat mass, percent fat, percent water, and heart mass between the AL groups, there were no significant differences between E and CC groups at either the MSR or SR level of dietary intake for any of the variables measured (i.e., body composition, muscle mass, RMR). Thus E does not appear to affect the composition of lost weight or RMR during diet-induced weight loss for female rats of normal weight.
Endogenous Immunomodulators from Human Leukocytes as Agents for Immunorestoration in Patients with Aids

In previous reports, we have called attention to a group of endogenous immunoamplifiers present in human leukocyte dialysates (1,2). Two of these immunoamplifiers which we designate as IMREG-1 and IMREG-2 augment delayed hypersensitivity to recall antigens, and enhance the production of lymphokines by lymphocytes of the T helper/inducer phenotype. The immunologic properties of leukocyte dialysates have been studied for many years since their discovery by Dr. Lawrence in 1954 (3). In our judgment, IMREG-1, IMREG-2 and a group of similar molecules in the dialysate which we have identified may well account for some of the immunologic properties of these dialysates. These substances need to be clearly distinguished from specific “transfer factor(s).” The most critical functional distinction between “transfer factor(s)” and the IMREG immunoamplifiers is that the action of the latter is dependent on the presence of an antigen to which the recipient individual or cells have been previously sensitized. Since AIDS patients have a profound deficit in T helper function (4, 5) we thought it worthwhile to explore the effect of the immunoamplifier IMREG-1 in patients with this condition, and we describe our results in this chapter.
Study of the Organic Carbon Storage in the Active Layer of Permafrost over the Eboling Mountain in the Upper Reaches of the Heihe River in the Eastern Qilian Mountains

In order to understand the carbon pools in permafrost under the changing climate,the organic carbon storage in the active layers and its geomorphologic features at different elevations were investigated in the Eboling Mountain in the upper reaches of the Heihe River by both field exploration and laboratory experiment.The results indicated that there were significant periglacial phenomena and active seasonal freeze-thaw processes in the Eboling Mountain.The content of organic carbon in the active layer was high.The average depth of the active layer in the study region was 1.1 m.The content of organic matter of the soils in the active layer was about 72.1% on average for the study region.Consequently,carbon storage was estimated to be about 1.57 Mt C in the studied region of 2.5 km2 in area.Organic content varied with depths in the active layer.The organic content decreased with depth,but reached a high value in the vicinity of the permafrost table.While the elevation and soil moisture content control the organic carbon content of soil,micro-topography and lithology(soil types) have great effect on the organic content of soil in the active layer.
Dust hazard status in 5 cement production lines of Changzhou City

[Objective]To understand the dust hazard status in cement production industry in a district of Changzhou City,so as to take effective measures and reduce the occurrence of pneumoconiosis.[Methods]Methods of the field occupation health survey,occupation disease hazards examination and occupation health monitoring were adopted for investigation in the 5 cement production lines of same kind.[Results] The occupational health management of this industry did not achieve the desired goals.The qualified rate of cement dust samples in the workplace was 66.7%.The harm in workplace for mill and bulk cement belonged to class I(equal to mild hazard),for packaging was II class(equal to moderate hazard).Ninety-seven workers who were exposed to dust,accepted X-ray examination,were all in the normal range.[Conclusion]The cement dust concentrations of this 5 cement industries are high in workplaces and occupation harm is serious.Rectification is required for the production equipment,process and protective facilities,in order to protect the health of those workers
Dying of consumption? Voluntary simplicity as an antidote to hypermaterialism

Materialism is a consumer value that stresses the importance of acquiring more and more material goods. Success is defined in terms of the type and quantity of goods one owns and happiness is expected to result from physical wealth (Beutler, Beutler, & McCoy, 2008). Materialism as defined thus is closely tied to the idea of the pursuit of rational self-interest that has been associated with Adam Smith (1776).
The Impact of a Preservice Teacher Education Program on Language Arts Teaching Practices

Research on teacher education must extend into the graduates’ first few years of teaching; a longitudinal approach will help teacher educators appreciate the demands beginning teachers face while assessing the effectiveness of the teacher education program. For this study, we studied 12 graduates of the Mid-Town program at OISE/UT in the last month of their second year of teaching to find out how they viewed their preservice program after some time in the field. We focused on language arts. In general, the teachers had praise for the preservice program but all had specific suggestions on how to improve it, specifically making it more practical and tied to expectations from the local school districts.
Electronic tuning of self-healing fluorophores for live-cell and single-molecule imaging

Bright, long-lasting organic fluorophores enable a broad range of imaging applications. “Self-healing” fluorophores, in which intra-molecularly linked protective agents quench photo-induced reactive species, exhibit both enhanced photostability and biological compatibility. However, the self-healing strategy has yet to achieve its predicted potential, particularly in the presence of ambient oxygen where live-cell imaging studies must often be performed. To identify key bottlenecks in this technology that can be used to guide further engineering developments, we synthesized a series of Cy5 derivatives linked to the protective agent cyclooctatetraene (COT) and examined the photophysical mechanisms curtailing their performance. The data obtained reveal that the photostability of self-healing fluorophores is limited by reactivity of the COT protective agent. The addition of electron withdrawing substituents to COT reduced its susceptibility to reactions with molecular oxygen and the fluorophore to which it is attached and increased its capacity to participate in triplet energy transfer. Exploiting these insights, we designed and synthesized a suite of modified COT-fluorophores spanning the visible spectrum that exhibited markedly increased intra-molecular photostabilization. Under ambient oxygen conditions, the photostability of Cy3 and Cy5 fluorophore derivatives increased by 3- and 9-fold in vitro and by 2- and 6-fold in living cells, respectively. We further show that this approach can improve a silicon rhodamine fluorophore. These findings offer a clear strategy for achieving the full potential of the self-healing approach and its application to the gamut of fluorophore species commonly used for biomedical imaging.
There is a World Elsewhere: Preliminary Studies on Alternatives to Interest-Based Bargaining

Studies of selected ancient dispute resolution methods suggest that interest-based bargaining is culturally specific and may be inapplicable in societies where individual gratification is not as highly valued as social harmony or spiritual coherence.
An Application of the Deming Management Method for Information Technology Projects

Although the ideas and teachings of W. Edwards Deming have been implemented in organizations worldwide for over the past 50 years, only three studies have empirically tested a theoretical model grounded in the Deming Management Method. These studies focused on the manufacturing and services area. Today, quality management continues to be an area of interest both in project management and software engineering. The focus of this study is to test the Deming Management Method in information technology (IT) projects. A survey of 63 IT professionals provides empirical support for the Deming Management Method and its application to IT projects. A correlation analysis of the hypothesized relationships were all found to be positively and significantly related. Subsequently, it appears that there is strong support for applying the teachings and ideas of W. Edwards Deming to IT project quality management. While the correlation analysis provides support for the Deming Management Method, a descriptive statistical analysis provides some insight into how many of Deming’s ideas and teachings are being applied explicitly or implicitly in the development of information systems.
Sustainable Academic Libraries: A Campus Partnership at Michigan State University

Through the sharing and reuse of materials, libraries have an inherent sustainability as institutions that reduce the environmental impact associated with producing informational resources. Libraries must, however, take additional steps in order to be truly sustainable. This paper describes the Michigan State University Libraries’ history of sustainable development, both independently and in collaboration with the MSU Sustainability Office. The MSU Libraries has been a pioneer in sustainable development on campus, creating a Library Environmental Committee to organize educational programming and encourage sustainable practices within the library long before other campus units. The Environmental Committee, MSU Sustainability, and other operational departments on campus have collaborated on educational and programmatic projects, resulting in increased recycling rates in the library, decreased energy use, a 100 % landfill diversion rate for materials deaccessioned from the library collection, and a pilot program collecting compost from both public areas and office spaces. This paper will be useful for anyone interested in sustainability in academic libraries or sustainability based collaborations between campus units.
Predicting network attack patterns in SDN using machine learning approach

An experimental setup of 32 honeypots reported 17M login attempts originating from 112 different countries and over 6000 distinct source IP addresses. Due to decoupled control and data plane, Software Defined Networks (SDN) can handle these increasing number of attacks by blocking those network connections at the switch level. However, the challenge lies in defining the set of rules on the SDN controller to block malicious network connections. Historical network attack data can be used to automatically identify and block the malicious connections. There are a few existing open-source software tools to monitor and limit the number of login attempts per source IP address one-by-one. However, these solutions cannot efficiently act against a chain of attacks that comprises multiple IP addresses used by each attacker. In this paper, we propose using machine learning algorithms, trained on historical network attack data, to identify the potential malicious connections and potential attack destinations. We use four widely-known machine learning algorithms: C4.5, Bayesian Network (BayesNet), Decision Table (DT), and Naive-Bayes to predict the host that will be attacked based on the historical data. Experimental results show that average prediction accuracy of 91.68% is attained using Bayesian Networks.
CCR2 blockade of monocyte migration is less potent at higher CD11b integrin levels in HIV-1 infection (P6213)

Monocytes are a key contributor to HIV inflammation and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders by migrating into the brain in response to chemokine gradients, such as MCP-1 (a CCR2 ligand). We sought to characterize the migration capacity of monocytes from HIV infected adults. Cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV-1 infected adults (n=6) were incubated with BMS-22 (blocks MCP-1 binding to CCR2) and transferred to a transwell migration system, and put under an MCP-1 gradient. Migrated cells were collected and stained for CD3, CD14, CD16, HLA-DR, CCR2, CCR5 and CD11b. Cells were acquired on a Fortessa flow cytometer and analyzed using FlowJo. MCP-1 caused a significant increase in migration compared to baseline (3.0 fold change, p = 0.01) in the absence of BMS-22. There was a significant inverse correlation between CD11b mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) and degree of inhibition of migration by BMS-22 (rho = -0.88, p = 0.03). A trend between higher CCR2 and CCR5 MFI and lower migratory rates was also observed. Higher CD11b rates associated with poorer inhibition of migration by BMS-22, a CCR2 but not CD11b antagonist. Blocking MCP-1 is being pursued as a novel treatment method in HIV. The incomplete inhibition of monocyte migration at higher CD11b expression levels by a CCR2 antagonist highlights compensatory mechanisms between CCR2 and integrins, and indicates CD11b levels could guide effective use of CCR2 antagonist based therapies in humans.
Poder Constituyente, Crisis del Estado Oligárquico: Chile, 1910-1925

Resumen El presente articulo aborda desde una perspectiva historica y politica la conformacion del poder constituyente durante la crisis del Estado oligarquico en Chile, entre los anos 1910 y 1925, que elaboro la Constitucion Politica de 1925. Nuestro planteo postula que dicha Constitucion constituyo una imposicion autoritaria por parte del poder constituido que, transformado en un espurio poder constituyente, impidio la genesis democratica, pluralista y participa del nuevo orden politico a traves de la realizacion de una Asamblea Nacional Constituyente, que diversos sectores sociales y politicos demandaban. Excluyendo de esa forma el poder constituyente popular.
Intestinal Content of the Copper-Binding Protein in Brindled, Blotchy and Crinkled Mice and Cellular Copper Transport

The copper-binding protein (CuBP) content of the proximal intestine of mutant mice and their age-matched litter mate controls was evaluated by means of an equilibrated chromatographic column procedure. Brindled (Mobr) mice exhibited higher CuBP content when very young (2-3 days); thereafter their CuBP dropped below that of the controls, perhaps because of diminished growth and development prior to death at 11 days. Blotchy (Mob1) mice also exhibited higher CuBP levels at an early age (3–5 days). Over the next 6 days, CuBP levels were similar in the blotchy mutants and controls, and became higher in mutants 13–20 days old. In crinkled (cr/cr) mice, intestinal CuBP levels were higher at ages 8-9 and 16–17 days. This complicated developmental pattern was not matched by copper uptake as evaluated in isolated intestinal cells. Cellular copper uptake decreased with age in crinkled and control mice, with no significant differences between the two groups. Cells from brindled or blotchy mice also did not differ in copper uptake from that of their controls. It is concluded that CuBP plays no role in cellular copper uptake and is not a direct expression of the mottled gene.
Ovarian follicular development: from physiology to molecular biology.

Publisher Summary Theca cell differentiation and the synthesis of aromatizable androgens are obligatory for follicular estradiol production and the differentiation of granulosa cells. Previous studies indicated that theca cell differentiation was dependent on subtle increases in serum luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations. To determine whether the effects of LH on theca cell 17 α-hydroxylase in vivo were mediated by cAMP, a theca cell culture system using theca explants from small antral (SA), preovulatory (PO), and luteinizing follicles was developed. SA theca produces only low amounts of androstenedione when cultured in medium alone. However, either when LH was added at the beginning of culture or when forskolin was added on day 4 of culture androstenedione, production was increased to 5–10 ng ml/theca and was maintained for 20 days of culture. PO theca initially produced more androstenedione than SA theca but failed to maintain steroid synthesis unless either LH or forskolin was added to the cultures.