cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification and regulation of a rat liver cDNA encoding farnesyl pyrophosphate synthetase.

Abstract CR39 is a cholesterol-repressible rat liver cDNA previously isolated by differential hybridization (Clarke, C.F., Tanaka, R.D., Svenson, K., Wamsley, M., Fogelman, A.M., and Edwards, P.A. (1987) Mol. Cell. Biol. 7, 3138-3146). To precisely identify the function of CR39 a fusion protein was constructed that contained the amino-terminal region of the bacterial protein anthranilate synthetase fused to the full length CR39 polypeptide. Affinity purified antisera directed against the fusion protein inactivated rat liver cytosolic prenyltransferase activity in vitro. In addition, affinity purified antisera made to purified chicken prenyltransferase cross-reacted with the fusion protein containing CR39. Rat hepatic prenyltransferase activity and enzyme mass were quantitated in animals fed diets or drugs known to alter endogenous cholesterol biosynthesis. Rats fed a diet supplemented with cholestyramine and mevinolin showed a 3.5-fold increase in activity and a 5.0-fold increase in mass of cytosolic prenyltransferase. A diet supplemented with cholesterol resulted in approximately a 4.0-fold decrease in hepatic enzyme activity and a 10-fold decrease in enzyme mass. Under these same dietary regimens the mass of prenyltransferase in the testes remained unchanged. We conclude that CR39 encodes the prenyltransferase of cholesterol biosynthesis, farnesyl pyrophosphate synthetase. Furthermore, in the liver this enzyme shows coordinate regulation with two other enzymes, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase, in response to cholesterol feeding and hypocholesterolemic drugs.
Leuprorelin depot injection: patient considerations in the management of prostatic cancer

Hormone therapy is well established for treating patients with prostate cancer and remains the mainstay of the treatment of metastatic and locally advanced disease, this article reviews the rationale for its use, its different forms, and complications and controversies still surrounding some of its modalities. Availability of long-acting synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonists revolutionized the hormonal treatment of prostate cancer, and helped to avoid the emotional and psychological effects related to surgical castration. The depot formula has gained wide acceptance from both patients and physicians. This review emphasizes the newer, long-acting formula, leuprorelin (leuprolide acetate), especially the 6-month formula, its advantage over over shorter-acting depot products, and its potential to become a standard of care for patients eligible for androgen deprivation therapy.
Enhancing memory use in Simple Coma: Multiplexed Simple Coma

Scalable shared-memory multiprocessors that are designed as cache-only memory architectures (Coma) allow automatic replication and migration of data in the main memory. This enhances programmability by hopefully eliminating the need for data distribution strategies and page migration schemes. A variant of Coma called Simple Coma has been proposed as a lower-cost alternative to hardware-intensive systems like Flat Coma. However, we find that Simple Coma is quite slower than Flat Coma. The main reason is the high page mapping, unmapping, and transfer overhead caused by memory fragmentation in Simple Coma. We propose a solution to the memory fragmentation problem that we call Multiplexed Simple Coma. The idea is to allow multiple virtual pages to map into the same physical page at the same time, therefore compressing the page working set of the application. Multiplexed Simple Coma requires very little support over Simple Coma and reduces its execution time by about 40%. We find that Multiplexed Simple Coma can be very easily implemented with off-the-shelf processors. In addition, there is no need to be selective when choosing what virtual pages are to share the same physical page. Overall, although Multiplexed Simple Coma is still slower than Flat Coma, since it is cheaper to implement, it represents a good cost-performance design point.
Spherical Wavelets: Texture Processing

Wavelets are a powerful tool for planar image processing. The resulting algorithms are straightforward, fast, and efficient. With the recently developed spherical wavelets this framework can be transposed to spherical textures. We describe a class of processing operators which are diagonal in the wavelet basis and which can be used for smoothing and enhancement. Since the wavelets (filters) are local in space and frequency, complex localized constraints and spatially varying characteristics can be incorporated easily. Examples from environment mapping and the manipulation of topography/bathymetry data are given.
To succeed globally, disperse locally: effects of local pollen and seed dispersal on tetraploid establishment

Newly formed tetraploid plants in sympatry with their diploid progenitors should face significant obstacles to persistence and population establishment because of low-fitness triploids formed by cross-ploidy pollinations. Prior models have found restrictive conditions for a minority tetraploid subpopulation to persist. A stochastic spatial model, parameterized using snow buttercups (Ranunculus adoneus), was used to examine the influence of limited seed and pollen dispersal distances on the success of minority tetraploids and the interaction of these factors with different rates of self-pollination and tetraploid advantage. Higher rates of self-pollination and increased tetraploid advantage increase the probability of tetraploid persistence. Limiting the dispersal of seeds and pollen further increases the positive impact of any given level of self-pollination and tetraploid advantage. Taxa with short-distance seed and pollen dispersal should face much less stringent barriers to sympatric polyploid speciation than taxa with long-distance dispersal patterns. With short-distance seed and pollen dispersal, polyploid speciation should be possible in the absence of ecological differentiation or recurrent polyploid formation through unreduced gametes.
Jumbo forceps are superior to standard large-capacity forceps in obtaining diagnostically adequate inflammatory bowel disease surveillance biopsy specimens.

Background In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) surveillance colonoscopy, an increased number of biopsy specimens correlates with a higher dysplasia detection rate. Larger biopsy specimens may also increase the diagnostic yield. Objective To compare a new jumbo forceps with a standard large-capacity forceps in obtaining diagnostically adequate IBD surveillance biopsy specimens. Design Prospective single-center study. Patients and Methods Twenty-four patients who were undergoing an IBD surveillance colonoscopy were enrolled. As part of standard IBD surveillance, 8 paired biopsy specimens were obtained from the rectosigmoid by using the jumbo forceps and a standard large-capacity forceps. Outcome Measurements Biopsy specimens were deemed adequate if they met all 3 of the following criteria: (1) length ≥3 mm, (2) penetration into the muscularis mucosa, and (3) Results The proportion of adequate biopsy specimens obtained with the jumbo forceps was significantly higher than that obtained with the large-capacity control forceps (67% vs 48%, P Limitations (1) No validated outcome measurement for the quality of GI biopsy specimens exists and (2) in this study, interobserver variability between pathologists was high. Conclusions The jumbo forceps was superior to a standard large-capacity forceps in obtaining diagnostically adequate IBD surveillance biopsy specimens. Because biopsy specimens obtained with the jumbo forceps were larger, the use of this forceps for IBD surveillance will allow the endoscopist to sample a larger colonic mucosal surface area, potentially resulting in an increased dysplasia detection rate.
Other/alterity: Lacan and Agamben on ethics, the subject and desubjectification

Both Lacan and Agamben are interested in the thought of an absolute alterity beyond the categories of ‘us and them’ – an otherness that may prevail beyond the law and language, the law as language. For both thinkers, such an alterity not only discloses the structure of the subject and its implication in desubjectification, but it is also the site of an ethics. However, there are also sharp differences between the two thinkers on how this site is to be approached. This paper attempts a brief preliminary sketch of these differences.
Underconstrained knowledge-intensive constraint satisfaction search

Abstract This paper describes a methodology to efficiently solve underconstrained knowledge-intensive constraint satisfaction problems (CSPs) where solutions are ordered by a cost measure. The methodology exploits a segmentation of the CSP imposed by the application domain. Constraints and variables are clustered into CSP segments which support local constraint processing and solution cost estimation. The methodology employs heuristic search to develop solutions in an incremental fashion. The goal of search is to find one or several of a set of 'satisficing', i.e. good enough, solutions. Solution cost is defined as distance to a normal solution. The heuristic evaluation function is non-admissible and favours depth-first search because finding a good solution is more important than finding the absolute best one. The value of the evaluation function of a search node may change during processing in response to results of exploring nearby nodes. It attempts to improve its estimate of the remaining path cost b...
Likelihood-based error correction for holographic storage systems

ABSTRACT We consider a volume holographic memory (VHM) system that is corrupted by interpixel interference (IPI) and detector noise. We compare hard-decision Reed-Solomon (RS) decoding with both hard- and soft- decision algorithms for 2D array decoding. RS codes are shown to provide larger VHM storage capacity and density as compared with array codes when hard-decision methods are employed. A new likelihood-basedsoft-decision algorithm for 2D array decoding is described. The new decoding algorithm is motivated byiterative turbo-decoding methods and is capable of incorporating a priori knowledge of the corrupting IPIchannel during decoding. The new algorithm is shown to offer VHM capacity and density performance superior to hard-decision RS methods. Keywords: optical memory, holography, error correction, turbo coding 1. INTRODUCTION The potential advantages of volume optical storage were recognized almost 30 years ago and sincethat time many research efforts have focused on improving the underlying materials and devices for usein such systems.111 Recent progress in these supporting technologies have made possible several system-level demonstrations of volume optical storage. These recent demonstrations have verified the feasibility ofvolume memory systems for offering large volumetric storage capacities, fast access times, and very highdata transfer rates realized via the parallel two-dimensional (2D) nature of the stored data. The successof these volume storage testbeds has served to ignite additional research into supporting two-dimensionalor page-oriented interface technologies such as parallel 2D data detection and error correction.127' Thevolume holographic memory (VHM) application therefore provides a strong impetus to study traditional
The ground state energy of a Bose gas with Coulomb interaction. II

LetH N be the quantum mechanical Hamiltonian for a neutral system of 2N charged particles, each of unit charge. The HamiltonianH N is assumed to act on wave functions ψ inL 2(ℝ6N ) which satisfy Bose statistics. It is shown that if the kinetic energy of ψ is sufficiently small, then 〈ψ|H N |ψ〉≧−CN 7/5 for some universal constantC.
Comparison of optical emission from nanosecond and femtosecond laser produced plasma in atmosphere and vacuum conditions

Abstract In this study we examine the emission from brass plasma produced by ns and fs laser ablation under both vacuum and atmosphere environments using identical laser fluences in order to better understand the differences in emission features and plasma dynamics. Optical emission spectra show increased continuum and emission from lower-charged ions for ns laser-produced plasma (LPP), while fs plasma emission spectra show emission primarily from excited neutral species with negligible continuum. Plasma excitation temperature and electron density as a function of time show similar trends for both lasers, though fs LPP expansion appears to be approximately two times faster than ns LPP expansion for the conditions studied. Confinement by the ambient gas is shown to significantly enhance and maintain plasma temperature and density and hence, emission, at later times. ICCD images of plasma expansion showed a broader angular distribution for ns LPP, but narrower angular distribution for fs LPP. Images also confirm the significant effect that the ambient environment has in confining plume expansion.
FERTILITY OF AND SEX RATIOS FROM ADULT FEMALE RATS AND RABBITS TREATED WHILE IMMATURE WITH GONADOTROPIC HORMONE1

No SPECIFIC STUDY seems to have been reported as to the effect of treatment of the parents with gonadotropic hormones upon the sex ratio of the offspring. Observations incidental to other studies have been reported, however, by Kraft (i) and by Noyes (a). In both of these cases, although this was not being spedfically investigated, it was noted that the percentage of female offspring was increased above that for the normal animal. In Kraft’s work with rats, females were treated with pituitary preparations before thetime of natural puberty. The precociously matured females were then bred at ages ranging from 50 to 60 days. The author believed that the data involved were sufficient to justifythe conclusion that treatment with pituitary substance tended to decrease the sex ratio and seemed also to believe that continued treatment in succeeding generations tended to produce a cumulative depression of the sex ratio.
Strongly polynomial-time and NC algorithms for detecting cycles in dynamic graphs

This paper is concerned with the problem of recognizing, in a graph with rational vector-weights associated with the edges, the existence of a cycle whose total weight is the zero vector. This problem is known to be equivalent to the problem of recognizing the existence of cycles in dynamic graphs and to the validity of some systems of recursive formulas. It was previously conjectured that combinatorial algorithms exist for the cases of two- and three-dimensional vector-weights. The present paper gives strongly polynomial algorithms for any fixed dimension. Moreover, these algorithms also establish membership in the class NC. On the other hand, it is shown that when the dimension of the weights is not fixed, the problem is equivalent to the general linear programming problem under strongly polynomial and logspace reductions.
Mast cells and fibrinolysin.

DURING the investigation of human tissues for fibrinolytic activity the presence of a fibrinolytic substance was detected in a specimen of a spleen. This was a case of splenic mastocytosis previously reported1 in which there were many mast cells and a high concentration of histamine and heparin in the splenic tissue.
Deprotonation of lithiated benzenes.

The deprotonation energies of all possible lithiobenzenes (C6LinH6-n, n = 0−5) were computed at B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p). Based on natural population analysis, the conjugate bases can be thought of as salts between a polyanionic phenyl core and associated lithium cations. The most stable structures maximize the electrostatic attraction between these two species, typically by positioning the lithium cations to bridge in the ring plane across two adjacent carbanion centers. Favorable deprotonation occurs when the formal carbanion centers are adjacent to each other and then the proton is removed from an adjacent carbon. The deprotonation free energies range from 365.0 to 397.2 kcal mol-1, with most of them less than the deprotonation free energy of benzene (391.8 kcal mol-1).
How does receiving information about sexual abuse influence boys' perceptions of their risk?

Abstract This research tested the influence of two common sources of information on boys' perceptions of their risk for sexual abuse. In this sample, exposure to prevention education programs was associated with a lower perceived likelihood of being sexually abused, and discussion of child sexual abuse with parents was associated with a higher perceived likelihood. The authors suggest that the information provided in prevention education programs emphasizes controllability of sexual abuse to a greater extent than do discussions with parents, so that boys exposed to these programs see their risk as reduced. The potential consequences of these findings are discussed in relation to controversies surrounding the teaching of information about sexual abuse to children.
Detection and molecular characterization of Porcine astrovirus strains associated with swine diarrhea

Astrovirus has been reported to be associated with diarrhea in pigs. The current study was conducted for the detection and molecular characterization of astroviruses in diarrheic pigs submitted to the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota. Intestinal contents from 269 pigs were examined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and 62% were found positive for astroviruses. Of the positive samples, 20% were positive for astrovirus alone while astrovirus with rotavirus was detected in 58% of the samples. The remaining 22% revealed the presence of astrovirus along with Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus, Transmissible gastroenteritis virus, or Porcine circovirus-2. Sequencing the capsid gene of 56 randomly selected samples confirmed them to be Porcine astrovirus type 4 (PAstV-4) with 58–100% nucleotide identity within these viruses. Phylogenetic analysis revealed 2 possible subgroups. The results indicate that PAstV is present on swine farms in the United ...
Investigating the structural and dynamic properties of n-doxylstearic acid in magnetically-aligned phospholipid bilayers by X-band EPR spectroscopy.

Abstract X-band electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy has been employed to investigate the dynamic properties of magnetically-aligned phospholipid bilayers (bicelles) based on the molecular order parameters (Smol), the hyperfine splitting values and the line shapes of the EPR spectra. For the first time, a series of EPR spectra of n-doxylstearic acid spin-labels (n = 5, 7, 12, and 16) incorporated into Tm3+-doped parallel-aligned, Dy3+-doped perpendicular-aligned, and randomly dispersed 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine/1,2-dihexanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC/DHPC) bicelles with respect to the direction of the static magnetic field have been investigated as a function of cholesterol content and temperature variation to characterize the orientational aspects along the hydrocarbon acyl chains. Important general observations are that under conditions for which the bicelle is poised in the liquid crystalline phase, the degree of ordering decreases as the nitroxide moiety is transferred toward the end of the stearic acid acyl chains. The addition of cholesterol increases the phase transition temperature and alignment temperature of the DMPC/DHPC phospholipid bilayers and increases the chain order. However, increasing the temperature of the bicelle system decreases the chain order. This report reveals that the dynamic properties of DMPC/DHPC bicelles agree well with other biological and model membrane systems. The results indicate that magnetically-aligned phospholipid bilayers are an excellent model membrane system.
Condensed complexes, rafts, and the chemical activity of cholesterol in membranes

Abstract Epifluorescence microscopy studies of mixtures of phospholipids and cholesterol at the air–water interface often exhibit coexisting liquid phases. The properties of these liquids point to the formation of “condensed complexes” between cholesterol and certain phospholipids, such as sphingomyelin. It is found that monolayers that form complexes can incorporate a low concentration of a ganglioside GM1. This glycolipid is visualized by using a fluorescently labeled B subunit of cholera toxin. Three coexisting liquid phases are found by using this probe together with a fluorescent phospholipid probe. The three liquid phases are identified as a phospholipid-rich phase, a cholesterol-rich phase, and a condensed complex-rich phase. The cholera toxin B labeled ganglioside GM1 is found exclusively in the condensed complex-rich phase. Condensed complexes are likely present in animal cell membranes, where they should facilitate the formation of specialized domains such as rafts. Condensed complexes also have a major effect in determining the chemical activity of cholesterol. It is suggested that this chemical activity plays an essential role in the regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis. Gradients in the chemical activity of cholesterol should likewise govern the rates and direction of intracellular intermembrane cholesterol transport.
Solution NMR Spectroscopy of the Human Vasopressin V2 Receptor, A G Protein-Coupled Receptor

The seven-transmembrane-spanning G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily plays many important roles in basic biology, human health, and human disease. Here, well-resolved solution NMR spectra are presented for a human GPCR, the vasopressin V2 receptor in detergent micelles. The quality of the NMR spectra indicates that backbone resonance assignments for a majority of resonances are feasible. The key to obtaining high quality spectra appears to be the coupling of methods for expressing the receptor into membranes rather than into inclusion bodies, with use of a biochemically mild lysolipid detergent for membrane extraction, protein purification, and NMR sample preparation.
Dissociation of RNA-histone complexes by DNA

Eine Bestimmungsmethode fur die Interaktion zwischen Histon und Nukleinsauren (RNS oder DNA) wurde beschrieben. Beide Nukleinsauren komplexieren mit Histon; RNS-Histonkomplexe sind schwach und dissozieren in Gegenwart von DNS. Damit wird die Hemmung der RNS-Synthese in vitro mit Histon, die unabhangig von der Gegenwart der RNS im Reaktionsgemisch ist, erklart.
Optical diagnostic technology based on light scattering spectroscopy for early cancer detection

This article reviews the application of optical diagnostic technology based on light scattering spectroscopy for minimally invasive detection of precancerous and early cancerous changes in a variety of organs. Optical spectroscopic techniques have shown promising results in the diagnosis of diseases at the cellular scale. They do not require tissue removal, can be performed in vivo and allow for real-time diagnosis. While fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy are most effective in revealing the molecular properties of tissue, the novel technique, light scattering spectroscopy, is capable of characterizing the structural properties of tissue at the cellular and subcellular scale.
The nuclear droplet model for arbitrary shapes

Abstract The Droplet Model of masses and density distributions, introduced in Ref. [1] for spherical configurations, is generalized to arbitrary shapes. Equations in closed form are given for the neutron and proton density nonuniformities induced by the electric forces, and also for the dependence of the neutron skin thickness on position on the nuclear surface. The formulas for the corrections to the nuclear energy associated with these effects are derived and this leads to a Droplet Model atomic mass formula which is presented with a preliminary set of coefficients adjusted to nuclear ground state masses and fission barriers.
Assessing the impact of job involvement on performance

Purpose – The hypothesized relationship between the attitude of job involvement and performance has received limited support. In 2002, Diefendorff et al. proposed that previous attempts to confirm this relationship were flawed, and subsequently found support for job involvement's criterion‐related validity. The present study seeks to provide another test of job involvement's association with performance.Design/methodology/approach – Data were gathered using a field sample combined within a longitudinal design. Hypotheses were tested using correlation and hierarchical regression.Findings – Employees’ self‐reported job involvement significantly predicted certain supervisor performance ratings above and beyond work centrality.Research limitations/implications – The psychological environment may have been disrupted by the public announcement that the focal organization had been acquired by an international firm shortly before data collection began.Practical implications – Encouraging greater job involvement m...
The isolation of xanthomegnin from several strains of the dermatophyte, Trichophyton rubrum

Abstract One of the three pigments isolated in crystalline form from the mycelium of the dermatophyte, Trichophyton rubrum, has been shown to be identical with the pigment, xanthomegnin, previously isolated from T. megnini. Several additional derivatives of the compound are reported.
Prospects for performing neutron scattering in intense pulsed magnetic fields (invited)

Present dc split-pair superconducting magnets designed for neutron scattering studies can reach fields up to 14.5 T. Prospects for achieving pulsed magnetic fields up to 30 T in conjunction with spallation neutron sources are reviewed, along with a number of scientific questions that can be addressed with such a capability.
Techniques for controlling gain narrowing during ultrashort-pulse amplification

Regenerative pulse shaping is used to overcome gain narrowing during ultrashort pulse amplification. We have demonstrated multiple spectral filters for broadening the amplified spectrum. We have produced amplified pulses with an energy of approximately 5 mJ and bandwidths of approximately 100 nm, or nearly 3 times wider than the gain narrowing limit of Ti:sapphire.
THE ROAD FROM ADDICTION RECOVERY TO PRODUCTIVITY: ENDING DISCRIMINATION AGAINST PEOPLE WITH ALCOHOL AND DRUG PROBLEMS

People with alcohol or other drug problems face discriminatory public and private policies that restrict their access to appropriate health care, employment, and public benefits, discouraging them from seeking treatment, robbing them of hope for recovery, and costing society millions of dollars. Join Together, a project of Boston University School of Public Health, formed a national policy panel in the spring of 2002 to address this discrimination. The panelists developed the two principles and ten recommendations contained in this report, relying principally upon the written and oral testimony they received. Join Together was assisted in this effort by the American Bar Association's (ABA) Standing Committee on Substance Abuse, which facilitated the panel's initial hearing at the ABA's Annual Meeting in August 2002.
AGE-RELATED CHANGES IN THE INCIDENCE OF TIBIAL DYSCHONDROPLASIA IN TURKEYS

Abstract Age-related changes in the incidence and severity of tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) and its relationship to body weight and other bone pathologies were studied in turkeys from ages 2 through 15 wk. A steady increase in the incidence and severity of TD was observed from 11 wk onwards. Whereas there was no correlation between the body weight and TD in early ages, during Weeks 14 and 15 the turkeys with severe TD had significantly higher body weight relative to those without or with mild lesions. Starting from Week 13, hemorrhage was evident in the base of TD-affected growth plates of many turkeys, which increased linearly during the following weeks. Histological examination of these areas revealed mild necrosis with erosion in TD tissues accompanied by occasional bone formations, fibrosis, and the presence of multinucleate chondroclasts and large number of erythrocytes adjacent to lesions. Sporadic rod-like bacterial colonies were discernible in TD tissues and cartilage canals. These studies show 1) whereas the onset of TD may have an independent etiology, the severity of the disease may be influenced by a higher body weight; and 2) subepiphyseal hemorrhages possibly facilitate a healing-type response that leads to replacement of TD tissue by way of resorption, bone formation, and fibrosis, but simultaneously makes the tissue accessible to bacteria.
Simulation of the response of the IPNS neutron time-of-flight chopper spectrometers to samples in the Compton limit

Abstract We describe the comprehensive biased Monte Carlo code SPEC_SIM used to obtain accurate estimates of instrument response functions for neutron Compton scattering studies of the atomic momentum distribution of noble gas solids and liquids. The code is tailored to simulate epithermal neutron transport in the Intense Pulsed Neutron Source (IPNS) chopper spectrometers. The simulation begins with the neutrons emitted from the face of the moderator. The neutron trajectories are traced through a curved slit Fermi rotor (chopper) and are allowed to scatter multiple times from the sample region which may contain a sample, sample cell, and set of thermal radiation shields in any of a complex set of geometries. The scattered neutrons are tracked to the detector bank where they are again allowed to scatter before being “absorbed” and converted into a time-of-flight (TOF) signal which is histogrammed. A similar simulation code calculates the TOF response of two beam monitors to the incident neutron pulse, including the effects of scattering in the walls of the monitors. All of the scattering in the simulation is treated within a generalization of the impulse approximation. The results of the Monte Carlo simulations compare very favorably with experiments on solid and liquid He, Ar, and Ne.
Effects of Dodecylbenzenesulfonic Acid on Insolubles Production in Mid-Distillate Diesel Fuel Blends

The role of strong acids in promoting mid-distillate diesel fuel instability has been a topic of interest within the fuel science community. Previous studies have indicated that strong sulfonic acids, when added to fuels that are then subjected to thermal stress accompanied by oxidative aging, tend to produce quantities of insoluble sediment. This work presents results obtained when dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA) is added to a blended diesel fuel. We find that a fraction of the insoluble material forms immediately on addition of the acid and we investigate the effects of accelerated aging and DBSA addition on other insolubles related fractions of the fuel sample. Evidence is presented that opens to question the interpretation of results obtained when a reactive reagent is added to a chemical system as complex as a fuel.
The psychosocial and cognitive impact of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy

Duchene's muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most prevalent and devastating of neuromuscular disorders. Children given this diagnosis not only face inevitable deterioration of physical functioning, but they also become susceptible to emotional/behavioral problems, as well as reduced cognitive functioning and learning problems. This article (1) reviews the emotional/behavioral issues that may impact the child with DMD and the affected child's family members and caregivers; (2) examines the research describing the cognitive and learning issues associated with DMD; (3) provides recommendations for physicians who work with these families; and (4) recommends directions for future research that will help to further elucidate emotional/behavioral issues and cognitive and learning correlates of DMD.
Automated prostate cancer localization without the need for peripheral zone extraction using multiparametric MRI.

Purpose : Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) has been shown to have higher localization accuracy than transrectal ultrasound(TRUS) for prostate cancer. Therefore, automated cancer segmentation using multiparametric MRI is receiving a growing interest, since MRI can provide both morphological and functional images for tissue of interest. However, all automated methods to this date are applicable to a single zone of the prostate, and the peripheral zone (PZ) of the prostate needs to be extracted manually, which is a tedious and time-consuming job. In this paper, our goal is to remove the need of PZ extraction by incorporating the spatial and geometric information of prostate tumors with multiparametric MRI derived from T2-weighted MRI, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and dynamic contrast enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI). Methods : In order to remove the need of PZ extraction, the authors propose a new method to incorporate the spatial information of the cancer. This is done by introducing a new feature called location map. This new feature is constructed by applying a nonlinear transformation to the spatial position coordinates of each pixel, so that the location map implicitly represents the geometric position of each pixel with respect to the prostate region. Then, this new feature is combined with multiparametric MRimages to perform tumor localization. The proposed algorithm is applied to multiparametric prostate MRI data obtained from 20 patients with biopsy-confirmed prostate cancer. Results : The proposed method which does not need the masks of PZ was found to have prostate cancer detection specificity of 0.84, sensitivity of 0.80 and dice coefficient value of 0.42. Conclusions : The authors have found that fusing the spatial information allows us to obtain tumor outline without the need of PZ extraction with a considerable success (better or similar performance to methods that require manual PZ extraction). Our experimental results quantitatively demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, depicting that the proposed method has a slightly better or similar localization performance compared to methods which require the masks of PZ.
Effect of Hay and Molasses on the Utilization of Broiler Litter-Based Diets by Beef Cattle

Abstract Rude, B.J. and Rankins, Jr., D.L. 1999. Effect of hay and molasses on the utilization of broiler litter-based diets by beef cattle. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 15: 41–52. Two trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of supplemental hay and (or) molasses addition on the utilization of diets containing broiler litter (BL) and corn. Trial 1: 48 steers (initial body weight = 200±13 kg) were allotted to one of the following four diets (four steers/pen; three pens/diet) (1) 530 g/kg cracked corn and 470 g/kg BL (dry matter basis) fed free-choice, 2) diet 1 + hay daily at 5 g/kg of body weight, 3) diet 1 + hay fed on Mondays and Thursdays to equal 5 g/kg of body weight per day, and 4) diet 1 + free-choice hay. Total daily intake by steers fed hay ad libitum or on a daily basis was greater (P<0.05) than that by those offered no hay. Daily gains were greater (P<0.05) for steers consuming hay ad limitum or on a daily basis than steers that were offered no hay or hay twice per week. Trial 2: 16 steers (initia...
Nutritional Status Of Preschool Children From Intact And Divorced Families

We examined nutritional status data on selected white preschool children from the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II) who were from either two-parent, intact families or single-parent families headed by divorced or separated women. Income was significantly lower in single-parent families, regardless of mothers' employment status. Neither marital status nor work status was significantly related to laboratory indicators of iron and vitamin status, anthropometric measures, or nutrient intake. Children (especially boys) in single-parent families tended to have more low serum transferrin saturation values than children from intact families. Girls with single mothers had heights below the fifth percentile more frequently than girls from intact families. Al though we found no strong evidence for nutritional deficiency, there were indi cations of potential for increased nutritional risk among preschoolers with di vorced or separated parents.
Continuous antibiotic treatment for experimental abdominal sepsis: effects on organ inflammatory cytokine expression and neutrophil sequestration

Background Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) α and interleukin (IL) 1β are produced in the lung after peritonitis and may contribute to neutrophil-mediated organ injury. It was hypothesized that, during experimental peritonitis, continuous rather than intermittent antibiotic therapy would reduce lung expression of TNF-α and IL-1β messenger RNA (mRNA) and neutrophil sequestration. Methods After caecal ligation and puncture, mice received either intermittent or continuous cefoxitin, or continuous metronidazole or aztreonam. Cytokine mRNAs were determined by reverse transcription differential polymerase chain reaction and lung neutrophil content by myeloperoxidase (MPO) assay. Results Continuous cefoxitin reduced median (interquartile range (i.q.r.)) lung IL-1β mRNA expression ((ratio to β-actin): continuous 0.18 (0.14-0.34), intermittent 0.46 (0.44-0.49), saline 0.43 (0.38-0.53), P< 0.05) and median (i.q.r.) lung MPO content (continuous 22.5 (9.7-40), intermittent 65 (57.5-76), saline 47 (41-64), P< 0.05) compared with intermittent therapy and saline controls. Continuous infusion was also associated with reduced bacteraemia (P< 0.05) but not serum TNF-α or endotoxin levels. Both continuous metronidazole and aztreonam reduced lung MPO concentration (P< 0.05) and TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA expression (P< 0.05) compared with those in saline controls. These effects were dependent on a reduction in the number of susceptible bacteria rather than serum TNF-α or endotoxin levels. Conclusion The stimulus for organ inflammatory cytokine production and neutrophil sequestration during peritonitis is the level of bacteraemia present, which is more effectively controlled with continuous antibiotic therapy.
Shape Control in Epitaxial Electrodeposition: Cu2O Nanocubes on InP(001)

Epitaxial cuprous oxide, Cu2O, nanocrystals are deposited electrochemically onto n-InP(001). The lattice of the Cu2O is rotated 45° around the common [001] axis normal to the substrate plane. The shape of the Cu2O nanocrystals depends on the pH of the solution. Nanopyramids form at pH 9, and nanocubes form at pH 12.
Solutions to Central Embedding Problems Are Constructible

Abstract Letpbe a prime andKa field of characteristic notpcontaining thepth roots of unity. Suppose that 1→2/p3→H→G→1 is a central embedding problem of Galois groups, whereG=Gal(L/K). We show that an isomorphism from a matrix ring to any algebra representative of the cohomological obstruction of the embedding problem determines explicitly solutions to the embedding problem.
Integration of Jak-Stat and AP-1 Signaling Pathways at the Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Cytokine Response Element Regulates Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor-dependent Transcription

Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF)-dependent induction of expression of the neuropeptide vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) gene is mediated by a 180-base pair cytokine response element (CyRE) in the VIP promoter. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms mediating the transcriptional activation by CNTF, intracellular signaling to the CyRE has been studied in a neuroblastoma cell line. It has been shown previously that CNTF induces Stat proteins to bind to a site within the CyRE. CNTF also induces a second protein to bind to a C/EBP-like site within the CyRE. In this report, we show that this inducible CyRE binding protein is composed of the AP-1 proteins c-Fos, JunB, and JunD. These proteins bind to a non-canonical AP-1 site located near the previously characterized C/EBP site. The serine/threonine kinase inhibitor H7 prevents CNTF-dependent induction of AP-1 binding and CyRE-mediated transcription, suggesting that an H7-sensitive kinase is important to mediating CNTF effects on VIP transcription. The integration at the VIP CyRE of the Jak-Stat and AP-1 signaling pathways with other pre-existing proteins provides a cellular mechanism for cell- and cytokine-specific signaling.
Simplified method for detecting tritium contamination in plants and soil.

Cost-effective methods are needed to identify the presence and distribution of tritium near radioactive waste disposal and other contaminated sites. The objectives of this study were to (i) develop a simplified sample preparation method for determining tritium contamination in plants and (ii) determine if plant data could be used as an indicator of soil contamination. The method entailed collection and solar distillation of plant water from foliage, followed by filtration and adsorption of scintillation-interfering constituents on a graphite-based solid phase extraction (SPE) column. The method was evaluated using samples of creosote bush [Larrea tridentata (Sesse & Moc. ex DC.) Coville], an evergreen shrub, near a radioactive disposal area in the Mojave Desert. Laboratory tests showed that a 2-g SPE column was necessary and sufficient for accurate determination of known tritium concentrations in plant water. Comparisons of tritium concentrations in plant water determined with the solar distillation-SPE method and the standard (and more laborious) toluene-extraction method showed no significant difference between methods. Tritium concentrations in plant water and in water vapor of root-zone soil also showed no significant difference between methods. Thus, the solar distillation-SPE method provides a simple and cost-effective way to identify plant and soil contamination. The method is of sufficient accuracy to facilitate collection of plume-scale data and optimize placement of more sophisticated (and costly) monitoring equipment at contaminated sites. Although work to date has focused on one desert plant, the approach may be transferable to other species and environments after site-specific experiments.
Real-time control of a water-gas shift reactor by a model-based fuzzy gain scheduling technique

Abstract A model-based fuzzy gain scheduling technique is proposed. Fuzzy gain scheduling is a form of variable gain scheduling which involves implementing several linear controllers over a partitioned process space. A higher-level rule-based controller determines which local controller is executed. Unlike conventional gain scheduling, a controller with fuzzy gain scheduling uses fuzzy logic to dynamically interpolate controller parameters near region boundaries based on known local controller parameters. Model-based fuzzy gain scheduling (MFGS) was applied to PID controllers to control a laboratory-scale water-gas shift reactor. The experimental results were compared with those obtained by PID with standard fuzzy gain scheduling, PID with conventional gain scheduling, simple PID and a nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) strategy. The MFGS technique performed comparably to the NMPC method. It exhibited excellent control behaviour over the desired operating space, which spanned a wide temperature range. The other three PID-based techniques were adequate only within a limited range of the same operating space. Due to the simple algorithm involved, the MFGS technique provides a low cost alternative to other computationally intensive control algorithms such as NMPC.
What is journalism studies

The contributors to this symposium are all concerned. Concerned about journalism in each of its present forms. Concerned about journalism's connection to its past. And concerned about its continued viability into the future. This journal article is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/asc_papers/316 Introduction to What is Journalism Studies? (Symposium Editor)
Proton locations in doubly charged peptides and association with specific fragmentation pathways

Abstract Mass-analyzed ion kinetic energy (MIKE) spectrometry has been employed to measure intercharge distances in the doubly protonated octapeptide PPGFSPFR. The interpretation of the experimental observations, aided by macromolecular mechanics calculations, suggests that two isomeric forms of the doubly charged ions are produced by both FAB and electrospray, which differ from each other by the location of one of the protons. Different fragmentation pathways are shown to occur in each of these isomers. This is interpreted following the mechanism of Adams et al., J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom., 7 (1996) 30.
Schwann cells influence the expression of ganglioside GD3 by rat dorsal root ganglion neurons

Cultured rat dorsal root ganglion neurons expressed ganglioside GD3 when grown in the absence of non-neuronal cells. Among the non-neuronal cells, fibroblasts, but not Schwann cells, also stained for ganglioside GD3 during the first few days in culture. When neurons were combined with non-neuronal cells the intensity of the GD3 immunoreactive neuronal processes was diminished at sites contacted by Schwann cells. This contact-mediated effect was specific for ganglioside GD3 since no difference was seen with A2B5 or JONES antibodies, which recognize different gangliosides.
Fair holey hamiltonian decompositions of complete multipartite graphs and long cycle frames

A k -factor of a graph G = ( V ( G ) , E ( G ) ) is a k -regular spanning subgraph of G . A k -factorization is a partition of E ( G ) into k -factors. Let K ( n , p ) be the complete multipartite graph with p parts, each of size n . If V 1 , ? , V p are the p parts of V ( K ( n , p ) ) , then a holey ? k -factor of deficiency V i of K ( n , p ) is a k -factor of K ( n , p ) - V i for some i satisfying 1 ? i ? p . Hence a holey k -factorization is a set of holey k -factors whose edges partition E ( K ( n , p ) ) . A holey hamiltonian decomposition is a holey 2-factorization of K ( n , p ) where each holey 2-factor is a connected subgraph of K ( n , p ) - V i for some i satisfying 1 ? i ? p . A (holey) k -factorization of K ( n , p ) is said to be fair if the edges between each pair of parts are shared as evenly as possible among the permitted (holey) factors. In this paper the existence of fair holey hamiltonian decompositions of K ( n , p ) is completely settled. This result simultaneously settles the existence of cycle frames of type n p for cycles of the longest length, being a companion for results in the literature for frames with short cycle length.
45nm and 32nm half-pitch patterning with 193nm dry lithography and double patterning

ABSTRACT Double patterning technique is listed as the top option for 32nm technology nodes at recently updated 2007 International Technology Roadmap Semiconductor (ITRS). Double patterning (DP) effectively reduces the k1 factor to less than 0.25, however, various process challenges, including critical dimension uniformity (CDU), line edge and line width roughnesses (LER/LWR), and overlay, have to come up with so lutions for the industry in device manufacturing. In this study, we developed a metal hard mask and a universal dual hard mask double patterning process and demonstrated 45nm half-pitch in dark field patterning and 32nm half pitch in bright field applications by using a 0.93NA 193nm dry scanner system. By using the optimized hard mask films and Applied Materials Advanced Patterning Film (APF TM ) as a bottom hard mask, the universal dual hard mask double patterning scheme shows significant improvement in line edge roughness and line width roughness, achieved best results of 2nm LER and 2.5nm LWR at APF hard mask. Keywords: Double patterning (DP), hard mask (HM), 193nm dr y lithography, line edge roughness (LER), line width roughness (LWR), advanced patterning film (APF).