cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Growth-front roughening in amorphous silicon films by sputtering

The growth-front roughness of amorphous silicon films grown by dc magnetron sputtering at low pressure has been investigated using atomic force microscopy. The interface width w increases as a power law of deposition time t, $w\ensuremath{\sim}{t}^{\ensuremath{\beta}},$ with $\ensuremath{\beta}=0.41\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01,$ and the lateral correlation length \ensuremath{\xi} grows as $\ensuremath{\xi}\ensuremath{\sim}{t}^{1/z},$ with $1/z=0.42\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02.$ The roughness exponent extracted from height-height correlation analysis is $\ensuremath{\alpha}=0.83\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03.$ None of the known growth models can be used to explain the scaling exponents we obtained. Monte Carlo simulations were carried out based on a re-emission model where incident flux distribution, sticking coefficient, and surface diffusion were accounted for in the growth process. The morphology and the scaling exponents obtained from simulations are consistent with the experimental results. When the surface diffusion is switched off in the simulation, columnar structures begin to appear and this is also consistent with the experimental observations of other authors
Seismic velocity structure and anisotropy of the Alaska subduction zone based on surface wave tomography

Southcentral Alaska is a complex tectonic region that transitions from subduction of Pacific crust to flat slab subduction—and collision—of overthickened Yakutat crust. Because much of the Yakutat crust has been subducted, seismic imaging is needed in order to understand the crustal and upper mantle structural framework for this active tectonic setting. Here we use teleseismic Rayleigh waves to image large-scale variations in shear wave structure. Our imaging technique employs a two-plane wave representation with finite frequency sensitivity kernels. Our 3-D isotropic model reveals several features: the subducting Pacific/Yakutat slab, slow wave speeds characterizing the onshore Yakutat collision zone, slow wave speeds of the Wrangell subduction zone, and a deep tomographic contrast at the eastern edge of the Pacific/Yakutat slab. We produce anisotropic phase velocity maps that exhibit variations in the fast direction of azimuthal anisotropy. These maps show the dominance of the Yakutat slab on the observed pattern of anisotropy. West of the Yakutat slab the fast directions are approximately aligned with the plate convergence direction. In the region of the Yakutat slab the pattern is more complicated. Along the margins of the slab the fast directions are roughly parallel to the margins. We identify notable differences and similarities with published SKS splitting measurements. Integrative modeling using 3-D anisotropy models and different seismic measurements will be needed in order to establish a detailed 3-D anisotropic velocity model for Alaska. This study provides a large-scale starting point for such an effort.
A New Solution to the Random Assignment Problem

A random assignment is ordinally efficient if it is not stochastically dominated with respect to individual preferences over sure objects. Ordinal efficiency implies (is implied by) ex post (ex ante) efficiency. A simple algorithm characterizes ordinally efficient assignments: our solution, probabilistic serial (PS), is a central element within their set. Random priority (RP) orders agents from the uniform distribution, then lets them choose successively their best remaining object. RP is ex post, but not always ordinally, efficient. PS is envy-free, RP is not; RP is strategy-proof, PS is not. Ordinal efficiency, Strategyproofness, and equal treatment of equals are incompatible. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C78, D61, D63.
Establishing parasegments in Drosophila embryos: roles of the odd-skipped and naked genes.

Abstract During Drosophila embryogenesis, a genetic cascade establishes repeating developmental units, the parasegments, along the anterior-posterior axis. Anterior and posterior boundaries of parasegments are defined by narrow stripes of cells expressing the segment polarity genes engrailed and wingless , respectively. Through single and double mutant analysis, we describe genetic interactions regulating the precise activation of engrailed and wingless in alternate parasegments. The pair-rule gene odd-skipped and the segment polarity gene naked are both required to restrict engrailed expression. odd-skipped represses expression of fushi tarazu, a known activator of engrailed. naked prevents activation of engrailed by fushi tarazu, without affecting fushi tarazu expression. engrailed expression is thus limited to narrow stripes of cells at the anterior boundaries of these parasegments. wingless expression is regulated by both odd-skipped and the pair-rule gene paired. odd-skipped represses wingless expression, while paired restricts the domain of expression of odd-skipped. wingless expression is thus allowed in narrow stripes of cells at the posterior boundaries of these parasegments. Accurate expression of engrailed and wingless is also required for cells within each parasegment to assume their proper positional identity. In odd-skipped mutants, the positional identities of particular cells are changed, creating mirror-image duplications of the body pattern. We present a model describing how the altered expression patterns of fushi tarazu, engrailed, and wingless generate the mutant phenotype.
Metal localized luminescence in rhodium (III) and iridium (III) sulphur chelates

Emission and absorption spectra (liquid nitrogen temperature) are reported for the tris sulphur chelates of diethyl-dithiophosphate (dtp) and dimethyldithiocarbamate (dmtc) with rhodium(III) and iridium(III) ions. The emission for all complexes is broad, structureless and occurs in the near infrared. Emission lifetimes are all ≈μsec magnitude. The emission is assigned as a metal localized 3T1 → 1A1 emission.
Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of neutral lipids from methanogenic and thermoacidophilic bacteria

Abstract The neutral lipids of nine methanogenic and three thermoacidophilic bacteria were analyzed. The major compounds are acyclic isoprenoids in the range of C15 to C30. The compounds were identified by means of their mass spectral fragmentation pattern and/or by co-chromatography. A high similarity is seen between the isoprenoid content of the examined bacteria and the distribution of these compounds in ancient sediments and petroleum.
LINE CONTACT BETWEEN A RIGID INDENTER AND A DAMAGED ELASTIC BODY

Resolution du probleme bidimensionnel d'un cylindre rigide glissant sur un demi-espace elastique contenant une fissure debouchant en surface, a l'aide des techniques des variables complexes. Le probleme est reduit a une equation integrale singuliere, que l'on resout numeriquement
Sex and race differences in the relative lengths of metacarpals and metatarsals in human skeletons

Abstract Background Previous research has revealed that the ratios of the lengths of various pairs of human fingers differ in males and females. Method In an attempt to determine whether parallel sex differences also exist in the relative lengths of human metacarpals and metatarsals, the lengths of the metapodials for both hands and both feet were measured in a collection of human skeletons. For each hand and each foot, all of the 10 possible pairwise ratios for length of the five metapodials were calculated. Results For the skeletons of European/Caucasian extraction ( N s=89 males, 50 females), there were substantial sex differences for several of the metacarpal-length ratios, but the pattern was not identical with the pattern previously reported for human fingers. Namely, the largest sex differences were for the three ratios involving metacarpal 5 on the left hand, while the sex difference for the ratio comparing the second and fourth metacarpals (the comparison commonly showing the largest sex difference for fingers) was small and non-significant for both hands in these European-Americans. For the skeletons of African extraction ( N s=65 males, 55 females), no sex differences were found in any of the 20 metacarpal-length ratios. This outcome was unexpected because past research had shown sex differences in finger-length ratios for people of African extraction. For metatarsals, none of the 20 ratios exhibited a substantial sex difference for either group of skeletons. Conclusions A discrepancy apparently exists between the length ratios based on fingers and those based on metacarpals.
l ∞ -minimization of a regulated responses to a fixed input

In this paper, the problem of minimizing the amplitude of a regulated output, due to a specific bounded input is solved in the SISO discrete-time case. We will show that in most siutations, the optimal solution will not exist, but given any ϵ ≫ 0, we can find a suboptimal solution with performance within ϵ of the optimal performance.
“The Mating Game: A Primer on Love, Sex, and Marriage,” by P. Regan

The Mating Game consists of 16 chapters divided into four major categories: love, sex, mate selection and marriage, and individual differences. It would be useful in upper division communication co...
Acetylcholinesterase activity in grass shrimp and aqueous pesticide levels from South Florida drainage canals.

Freshwater drainage canals in South Florida are utilized to manage water in agricultural, urban, and water conservation areas and, as a result, collect urban and agricultural storm runoff that is discharged into the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico. Pesticides in this runoff may be toxic to the biota inhabiting these waters. This study evaluated the effects of contaminants in South Florida canals draining into Biscayne Bay on the estuarine grass shrimp (Palaemonetes intermedius), a representative invertebrate species. Results of surface water analysis for pesticides indicated that eight pesticides out of 52 analyzed were detected. The herbicide metolachlor was found at all nine sites in the five canals sampled at concentrations up to 119 ng/L. Atrazine was detected at seven sites at concentrations up to 29 ng/L. Three organophosphate insecticides (chlorpyrifos, malathion, diazinon) were detected at three sites in two canals (Military and North). Grass shrimp from these three sites showed significantly reduced levels of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme as compared to control shrimp. These two canals are similar in the land use areas drained—urban and suburban and agriculture. The results suggest that monitoring organisms for AChE levels can be a means of detecting exposure to organophosphorus pesticide contamination.
Expression of a novel antigen, EEM-1, in the mouse embryo and embryonic stem cell-derived embryoid bodies.

A novel monoclonal antibody designated EEM-1 is described. EEM-1 recognizes an intracellular protein with an apparent molecular weight of >250 kDa. Expression of the EEM-1 antigen is largely confined to extra-embryonic membranes, but some expression does occur in the embryo. In the embryonic day 6 (E6) and E7 embryo it is expressed in visceral and parietal endoderm; later derivatives of these structures in the yolk sac are negative. The outer layer of the amnion also stains. Within the embryo proper, antigen is expressed in limited regions of the gut, kidney, and pancreas. EEM-1 is also expressed in embryonic stem (ES) cells differentiating in vitro. Undifferentiated ES cells do not express the antigen. Embryoid bodies (EBs) derived from ES cells have patches of EEM-1–positive cells on their surface at 2 days in culture. Older EBs have increasing numbers of positive cells which are confined to the surface. A special class of EBs, termed “cystic EBs,” are covered by a cell layer which strongly express EEM-1 antigen. The EEM-1 antibody will be useful for investigating the development of extra-embryonic membranes and their counterparts in the ES cell in vitro model. Dev Dyn;218:207–211. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Testing relativity with laser ranging to the moon

Precise laser ranging to the moon is shown to be capable of measuring the ratio ($\frac{{m}_{g}}{{m}_{i}}$) of gravitational mass to inertial mass of the earth to accuracy sufficient to detect gravitational self-energy contributions. If $\frac{{m}_{g}}{{m}_{i}}$ of the earth differs from 1 by an amount of order (earth gravitational self-energy)/(earth total energy), then the lunar orbit will acquire a range oscillation of amplitude about 12 m.
Insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) decreases ischemia-reperfusion induced apoptosis and necrosis in diabetic rats

Previous evidence supports the view that insulin, as well as insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) provides neurotropic support for neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). In the present study we evaluated the effects of the intravenous infusion of IGF-1 on both necrosis and apoptosis in the CNS of streptozotocin induced diabetic animals before and/or following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) with reperfusion. The lesion volume was used as an index of necrosis and the sensorimotor cortex (layers 5 and 6) as well as the CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus were analyzed for apoptosis using TUNEL staining and Caspase-3 immunoreactivity. A large lesion volume was produced in diabetic animals after 2-h MCAO and 24-h reperfusion. Diabetic animals also had an elevated basal level of apoptotic cells that are bilaterally distributed. Apoptosis was further increased over basal after 2-h MCAO and 24-h reperfusion. The acute administration of IGF-1 30-min before or 2 h after MCAO followed by 24-h reperfusion decreased the lesion volume as well as the number of apoptotic cells in the cortical penumbra. Apoptosis as assessed by TUNEL and caspase-3 immunoreactivity was decreased in select sensorimotor cortex and hippocampal areas. We conclude that treatment with IGF-1 before or after ischemic insult significantly decreases both lesion volume and apoptosis in selected areas of the cortex and hippocampus.
Land, freedom, and discontent: Russian peasants of the central industrial region prior to collectivisation

THE REVOLUTION OF 1917 seemed to usher in a golden era of land and freedom for the Russian peasantry. The flight of the nobility and tsarist officials from the countryside left peasants with both dramatically increased landholdings and greater autonomy. Moreover, the distribution of newly acquired land reduced the disparity between rich and poor peasants, seeming to create a contented and homogeneous peasantry, impervious to change. Yet at the end of the 1920s Russian peasants experienced a cataclysmic transformation that imposed a new system of village administration and land tenure and that destroyed age-old rural structures forever. Even given the Soviet government's massive use of coercion during collectivisation, we must still account for the peasantry's relative lack of unity in the face of violent change. Were there not social tensions and discontent among Russian peasants that left them divided and unwilling to resist challenges to the traditional village order? The purpose of this article is to point out sources of friction and ferment among peasants of the Central Industrial Region in the 1920s. Among such sources were the demographic disruptions of the First World War, Revolution and Civil War. These disruptions, involving the return of millions of otkhodniki and veterans to the village, accelerated forces of rural change and heightened the level of peasant discontent. In turn, newly created Soviet institutions offered discontented peasants a means to articulate their desire for change and to challenge village traditions and hierarchies. The Soviet authorities were to exploit the resulting tensions within the peasantry when they launched the all-out collectivisation drive of 1929-30.
Protein kinase C potentiation of currents from mouse ζ1/ε2 NMDA receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes depends on f-actin/g-actin cycling

Abstract NMDA currents from Xenopus oocytes expressing recombinant ζ1/e2 NMDA receptors can be potentiated by activation of protein kinase-C (PKC) and also demonstrate time-dependent rundown. In order to determine whether cytoskeletal proteins are involved in either of these phenomena, experiments were performed using the f-actin stabilizer phalloidin, the f-actin de-stabilizer cytochalasin-D, and the microtubule stabilizer taxol. Phalloidin treatment both prevented rundown and inhibited PKC-potentiation of whole-cell currents but did not affect baseline current amplitudes. Treatment with cytochalasin-D also prevented rundown and inhibited PKC-potentiation of whole-cell currents, but baseline currents from cytochalasin treated cells were only 50% as large as those from control cells. Taxol had no effect on either rundown or PKC potentiation of NMDA currents. The results indicate that both spontaneous rundown and PKC potentiation of currents from heterologously expressed ζ1/e2 NMDA receptors depend on dynamic actin polymerization/depolymerization but do not involve changes in microtubules.
Advanced Ovarian Carcinoma: Molecular Evidence of Unifocal Origin

The clonal origin has sometimes been disputed in advanced epithelial cancers when multiple sites of peritoneal tumors were present because of the developmental similarity of the surface epithelium of the ovary and the peritoneal mesothelium. We have taken two independent approaches to study the clonality of advanced epithelial carcinoma. Tumor samples of both ovaries, and/or omentum, and/or peritoneum from nine patients were examined. The analysis of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at 86 polymorphic chromosomal loci distributed on every chromosome revealed the loss of the same allele in every tumor of each patient when LOH was detected. In addition, we used a restriction-fragment-length polymorphism in an X-linked sequence (DXS255) to examine the pattern of X-chromosome inactivation based on the differential methylation of DXS255 in active and inactive X chromosomes. Inactivation of the same X chromosome in various tumors from the same patient was observed in each of the five informative patients. Our results strongly suggest that the advanced epithelial cancers are monoclonal in origin.
Evidence that the large loss of glutathione observed in ischemia/reperfusion of the small intestine is not due to oxidation to glutathione disulfide

Reperfusion injury following ischemia is thought to be the consequence of reactive oxygen species possibly generated either by xanthine oxidase activity or by processes associated with neutrophil activation in the affected organ or tissue. The conversion of xanthine dehydrogenase to the oxidase as well as the interactions between endothelium and neutrophils in the margination and activation of the latter are all considered to be results of conditions resulting from the ischemic episode. Determination of the redox status of glutathione in an ischemic/reperfused organ is frequently employed as an indicator of oxidative stress created by the production of oxygen free radicals during the reperfusion period. In this procedure, the ratio of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) to total glutathione (GSH + GSSG) is utilized to demonstrate the proportion of glutathione oxidized during reperfusion. We determined this ratio in the rat small intestine during ischemia and reperfusion and found that while the ratio of GSSG/(GSH + GSSG) does increase, this increase was the result of GSH disappearance rather than an increase in GSSG, and that essentially all of this loss occurred during the ischemic episode. We demonstrated that no oxidation of GSH occurred that was attributable to reperfusion per se; nor was there an increase of GSSG during this reoxygenation period.
The Sacred and the Unfamiliar: Gershom Scholem and the Anxieties of the New Hebrew

The question of Hebrew, the conditions and possibilities of its "renaissance" and its rebirth as a secular language and a source of modern national discourse, was one of the central concerns of the Zionist enterprise around 1900. In his famous letter of December 1926 dedicated to Franz Rosenzweig and titled "Bekenntnis uber unsere Sprache," Gershom Scholem expressed his anxiety with the Zionist project and reveals his apocalyptic view of the future of the New Hebrew. The author of this essay attempts to reconstruct the historical, metaphysical, and philological context of Scholem's letter. The author discusses the letter's theological background (the Kabbalistic theory of God's names, the figure of the "demon") and its political implications and considers Scholem's dialogue with Rosenzweig and Bialik as an additional context for the understanding of its complexities. The author also provides a model of cultural criticism that explores the dialectic of Jewish secularization and exposes the paradoxes of the...
Performance comparisons of Cholesky factorization algorithms using level-2 & 3 BLAS on the national advanced systems AS/XL Vector computer

This paper contains three blocked Cholesky algorithms with calls to standard (level-1, level-2 or level-3) BLAS, one blocked Cholesky algorithm with calls to nonstandard level-2 BLAS and one unblocked Cholesky algorithm. Performance comparisons for these algorithms were done on a National Advanced Systems AS/XL V60 computer.
Effect of laser peening on the hydrogen compatibility of corrosion-resistant nickel alloy

Laser-peening surface treatments have demonstrated benefits for improving resistance to stress-corrosion cracking and extension of fatigue lifetimes. The effects of laser peening on hydrogen compatibility of structural metals have not been documented. In this study, annealed and laser-peened alloy 22 (corrosion-resistant nickel-base alloy) is thermally precharged with hydrogen and tested in tension. Laser peening is found to have no significant effect on the solubility of hydrogen in alloy 22 and enhances hydrogen-assisted fracture.
Modulation of atmospheric carbon dioxide by the Southern Oscillation

ATMOSPHERIC CO2 records for the South Pole and Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii, show a seasonal variation, presumably arising from the uptake and release of CO2 by vegetation, and a long term increase, almost certainly caused by combustion of fossil fuel. The increase is much greater in some years than in others1,2. Changes in the rate of fossil fuel combustion are not likely to be the cause of the variation in yearly increase, as combustion has increased very steadily3. I present here evidence that the variation is connected to the Southern Oscillation, a large scale atmospheric and hydrospheric fluctuation with an irregular period of 1–5 yr (ref. 4). The connection, if present, indicates that a principal cause of the variation may be a change in the rate of removal of CO2 by the oceans.
Social predictions, institutional design and prestige loops: Richard Henshel’s contribution to futures studies

Abstract The article is both a contribution to the intellectual history of the field and a reminder that future studies have always been concerned not only with the epistemics and the cognitive procedures regarding the future but also with the impact of ideas on the very unfolding of the future. Cases when social predictions, by the mere fact of being made public, change the situations they have predicted, are an important challenge for social theory and institutional design. Richard Henshel dedicated an important part of his work to their study. The paper starts by mapping the conceptual contours of the problem. Then it outlines the ways in which various authors have dealt with its challenge, thereby putting the distinctiveness of Henshel’s unique contribution in a clearer perspective. The paper continues by presenting Henshel’s main arguments as they were developed around the key concept of ‘prestige loop’ as well as some of the implications of the fact that social predictions and ‘prestige loops’ not only challenge the way we understand the relationship between social theory and its practical applications, but also the ways we understand the very nature of applied social science and its relationship with futures studies.
Beyond Campus Child Care: Supporting University Families.

Abstract Child care supportive policies alone have been found to be insufficient in coping with changes in family demographics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). As family-related needs increase and broaden, stress has been created on existing structures. At MIT, faculty, students, and staff called for a reexamination of policies, services and benefits bearing on family and work, leading to the establishment in 1988 of a Committee on Family and Work. The Committee's findings vividly reveal the need for a comprehensive approach to meeting the needs of university families at this institution. This report documents the investigative process at MIT to provide a model that may be relevant at other institutions.
Some effects of selected pedagogical techniques on the acquisition of socialized thought

Abstract Fifty children, mean age 8:6, who failed a right-left reversal pretest were randomly assigned to five experimental groups. In two separate training sessions, all subjects were presented a number of tasks which required them to make and arrange a set of mountains as viewed by a doll placed behind the mountain display. The experimental conditions, derived from existing pedagogical practices, involved: practice (E 1 ); practice plus nonverbal feedback (E 2 ); practice plus verbal interaction (E 3 ); practice, nonverbal feedback plus verbal interaction (E 4 ); and practice, nonverbal feedback, verbal interaction plus verbal feedback (E 5 ). Initial and delayed posttests showed E 5 to be most effective. The directed and systematic verbal feedback seemed to be the critical variable in the attainment of criterion performance.
Time Required for Elementary Students to Eat Lunch

Abstract Studies have indicated that the children who participate in National School Lunch Programs (NSLP) have better nutrient intakes than those who do not, resulting in better ability to concentrate and more attentive behavior. Concerns have been raised that students are not provided with enough time to receive and consume their lunches. A field research method was employed in two elementary schools in Pittsburgh, NY (PL) and Ellensburg, WA (EL) to determine total travel time (TTT), student total waiting time (TWT), and opportunity time to eat (OTE) at each location. 1877 student observations were made over 20 days of data collection. The lunch period in EL consisted of five, 15minute staggered lunch periods each followed by a 15minute recess. PL provided 40 to 45minutes of combined time for lunch followed by recess. Students ate in the cafeteria in EL and in the classroom in PL. TTT consisted of travel to the cafeteria and in PL, travel back to the classroom. (EL: 1.68 ± 0.68min; PL: 6.62 ± 2.27min; (all data are means ± SD), p
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia and retinoids: searching for an etiology

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a major life-threatening cause of respiratory failure in the newborn. Recent data reveal the role of a retinoid-signaling pathway disruption in the pathogenesis of CDH. We describe the epidemiology and pathophysiology of human CDH, the metabolism of retinoids and the implications of retinoids in the development of the diaphragm and lung. Finally, we describe the existing evidence of a disruption of the retinoid-signaling pathway in CDH.
Glutamate-induced cobalt uptake reveals non-NMDA receptors in rat taste cells.

Taste receptor cells are chemical detectors in the oral cavity. Taste cells form synapses with primary afferent neurons that convey the gustatory information to the central nervous system. Taste cells may also synapse with other taste cells within the taste buds. Furthermore, taste cells may receive efferent connections. However, the neurotransmitters at these synapses have not been identified. Glutamate, a major excitatory neurotransmitter in other sensory organs, might act at synapses in taste buds. We used a cobalt staining technique to detect Ca2+-permeable glutamate receptors in taste buds and thus establish whether there might be glutamatergic synapses in gustatory end organs. When 500 μm slices of foliate and vallate papillae were briefly exposed to 1 mM glutamate in the presence of CoCl2, a subset of spindle-shaped taste cells accumulated Co2+. Cobalt uptake showed concentration-dependency in the range from 10 μm to 1 mM glutamate. Interestingly, higher glutamate concentrations depressed cobalt uptake. This concentration-response relation for cobalt uptake suggests that synaptic glutamate receptors, not receptors for glutamate taste, were activated. Sensory axons and adjacent non-sensory epithelium were not affected by these procedures. Glutamate-stimulated cobalt uptake in taste cells was antagonized by the non-NMDA receptor antagonist CNQX. Depolarization with 50 mM K+ and application of NMDA (300 μM) did not increase the number of stained taste cells. This pharmacological characterization of the cobalt uptake suggests that non-NMDA receptors are present in taste cells. These receptors might be autoreceptors at afferent synapses, postsynaptic receptors of a putative efferent system, or postsynaptic receptors at synapses with other taste cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 417:315–324, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Gold and zinc thin films deposited by the ionized cluster beam technique

Abstract Thin film deposition from beams of atom clusters, some of which are ionized and accelerated to the growing surface, was first proposed in 1972. This idea created interest because it was fundamentally different from other deposition methods and was expected to have unique capabilities. Development of a suitable cluster source has been difficult, and large clusters of zinc (about 2000 atoms per cluster) have only recently been produced. Two source parameters were change to accomplish this. The crucible pressure was increased from 2 Torr to over 1000 Torr, and a converging-diverging nozzle 18 mm long and 0.4 mm in diameter at the throat was used in place of the older nozzle with dimensions of 1 mm × 1 mm. To separate the pressure and nozzle effects, gold thin films are being deposited with the new converging-diverging nozzle. The vapor pressure of gold is much lower than that of zinc at a given temperature. Cluster size measurements show no significant numbers of gold clusters. The effect of the crucible pressure on the formation of the large cluster is much more significant than that of the nozzle geometry. The effects of varying ion energy bombardment on film microstructure are also evaluated using atomic force microscopy.
Trismus and diffuse polymyalgia: an unusual presentation of recurrent metastatic ovarian cancer

A 22-year-old woman first presented in 2009 with abdominal distention. The diagnosis of stage IA right ovarian tumour was made by fertility-sparing surgery. In the subsequent years, the involvement of the left ovary and metastasis to the lungs prompted further surgical intervention and chemotherapy. By 2013, she experienced insidious, debilitating and diffuse musculoskeletal pain with trismus. Polymyositis or diffuse radiculitis was suspected. Imaging studies identified enhancing lesions in the thigh musculature, temporalis, parotid gland, pterygoid, masseter, tongue, cerebellum and leptomeninges. Biopsy of one of the thigh lesions confirmed the diagnosis of mucinous adenocarcinoma. She succumbed to the disease in November 2013. This case illustrates the aggressive nature of mucinous epithelial ovarian cancer and its resilience to conventional chemotherapy. On account of its high death rate, it is recommended that the epithelial-mesenchymal transition be researched and early therapy targeted at the k-ras oncogene initiated in spite of the tumour's lower initial staging.
On the Cardinal Points of the Tusayan Villagers

IN the second volume of the Journal of American Ethnology and Archaeology I have pointed out, for the first time, that the four cardinal points among the Tusayan villagers are not the same as those of the astronomers, or that their north is approximately north-west. I also gave, in the same article, tables with the amount of the angular variations, showing that the sacred rooms, or kivas, where the mysteries of their ceremonial worship are performed, are oriented, roughly speaking, in accordance with their conception of the positions of north, west, south and east. It was shown that the amount of angular variation was constant, and later, in a description of the ruins of A-na-to-bi, the same orientation was made known.
Laboratory measurements of wave-induced turbulence using thermal marking velocimetry

Some theoretical considerations suggest an existence of wave-turbulence energy flux without wave breaking, but scarce empirical results struggle to establish the existence of such process. This study utilizes infrared imaging to investigate the effect of wave motion on near-surface turbulence. An active thermography technique called Thermal Marking Velocimetry (TMV) technique was used in a laboratory wave tank. TMV consisted a CO2 10W laser and rotating mirror to create thermal markers on the water surface, and mid-wave infrared camera to trace their motion. The results confirm the turbulence production due to wave motion. The turbulent kinetic energy was found to be a function of time, wave steepness, wave phase, and initial turbulent conditions. Additionally, turbulent motion near the surface was found to be horizontally anisotropic due to the formation of near-surface eddies, elongated in the direction of wave propagation.
City of New York on Twitter: @NYCGov

Despite the growing demand for social media adoption and use from large size governing bodies in various industries, there are no identified and recognized social media adoption and use strategies. E-government is not an exception. Many government agencies and officials have created and are maintaining Twitter accounts as one of the communication tools to engage with other government sectors and their citizens. This report will examine how the social network site Twitter is being adopted and used by the New York City government agency as their E-government's social media strategy -- presently and dating back to its inception, and how it is received by the citizens. The analysis required collecting all the twitter messages that were published by @NYCgov from its inception to February 2012, and ranking the most popular messages by identifying the most re-tweeted tweets and categorizing these messages. The study will also identify the citizen-government relationship reciprocation rate, the rate of bidirectional communication, and the social network structure that was constructed around @nycgov.
The antiproliferative effects of pterostilbene on breast cancer in vitro are via inhibition of constitutive and leptin-induced Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription activation.

Abstract Background The hormone leptin is implicated in breast carcinogenesis in obese women. One mechanism is through its activation of Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT3) and apoptosis dysregulation. We have shown that the antioxidant pterostilbene inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in breast cancer. Therefore, the goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of pterostilbene on cell proliferation and JAK/STAT3 signaling in leptin-stimulated breast cancer. Methods Breast cancer cells were treated with leptin alone or in combination with pterostilbene. Detection of cell proliferation and JAK/STAT3 signaling were performed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay protocols. Statistical analysis was performed with analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc analysis. Results Pterostilbene suppresses constitutive as well as leptin-induced JAK/STAT3 activation. Pterostilbene treatment also inhibited leptin-induced cell proliferation. Conclusions Pterostilbene has an inhibitory effect on leptin-stimulated breast cancer in vitro through reduction of cell proliferation and JAK/STAT3 signaling, a critical regulatory component of tumorigenesis in obesity-related breast cancer.
Adult renal stem cells and renal repair.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent studies that might help in the search for stem cells in adult kidney and clarify the origin of proliferating cells during kidney repair are reviewed. RECENT FINDINGS Some of the most notable recent findings are as follows: (1) the 'stemness' profile may be determined by approximately 250 genes; (2) organ-specific stem-cell growth and differentiation are stimulated during the reparative phase following transient injury; (3) two bone marrow stem-cell types show a remarkable degree of differentiation potential; (4) some organs contain resident marrow-derived stem cells, and their differentiation potential may only be expressed during repair; (5) the metanephric mesenchyme contains pluripotent and self-renewing stem cells; (6) marrow-derived cells invade the kidney and differentiate into mesangial and tubular epithelial cells, and these processes are increased following renal injury; and (7) epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition generates renal fibroblasts. SUMMARY While it remains unknown whether there is a stem cell in the adult kidney, characterization of the cell populations involved in renal repair and misrepair is allowing a new understanding of the mechanisms that are responsible for renal homeostasis. The most surprising results suggest a very prominent role for cells exogenous to the kidney. Two recently published transcription profiles of 'stemness' and the phenotype of pluripotent metanephric mesenchymal cells may help in the search for adult renal stem cells.
Agribusiness Competitiveness in the 1990s: Discussion

Streeter, Sonka, and Hudson (SSH) are to be congratulated on their willingness to address the relationship between information technology, coordination, and competitiveness. Throughout the paper there are nuggets that could be polished and brought to market. Yet, the implicit objective of developing a conceptual framework is still missing. And SSH struggle to enhance the economist's and the agribusiness manager's ability to link a factor (computerized information technology), a process (coordination), with a yet-to-be-well-defined phenomenon (competitiveness). As the authors continue their work in this area, it would be beneficial to start with a theoretical
Conversion of arachidonic acid to the prostaglandin endoperoxide PGG2, a chemical analog of the biosynthetic pathway

Abstract Reaction of the methyl ester of (15S)-hydroperoxy-5,8,11Z,13E-eicosapentaenoic acid ( 7 ) with oxygen in benzene solution in the presence of a catalyst made from samarium (II) iodide and O 2 produces a mixture of the methyl esters of PGG 2 ( 12 ) and its 12-epimer ( 15 ) (ratio 1:3, yield 43% based on recovered starting material).
Simulation of photonic crystal nanocavity using the FETI-DPEM method

The dual-primal finite element tearing and interconnecting (FETI-DPEM) method, as an application of a nonoverlapping domain decomposition method to the finite element analysis of electromagnetic problems, is applied to the three-dimensional (3D) full-wave simulation of a high quality (Q) factor photonic crystal (PhC) nanocavity in an optically thin dielectric slab. Curvilinear tetrahedral elements and higher-order vector basis functions are employed in the FEM to accurately represent the field in the PhC nanocavity. Geometrical repetitions associated with PhCs nanocavities are fully exploited, which significantly reduces the computational complexity and memory requirement. Moreover, due to its domain decomposition nature, the FETI-DPEM method is highly parallelizable, which further accelerates the computation using parallel computing techniques. As a result, such a method is ideally suited for the fullwave analysis of PhC nanocavities. Simulations of a high Q PhC nanocavity using the FETI-DPEM method are carried out to demonstrate the efficiency of the method. The calculated Q factors are compared with previously published data. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 50: 2083–2086, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.23580
The efflux of45Ca2+ and [3H]γ-aminobutyric acid from cat cerebral cortex

Abstract The efflux of both45Ca2+ and [3H]GABA from suprasylvian cortex of cat has been studiedin vivo. After pre-incubating the cortex with radioactivity for 90 min, superfusion with non-radioactive medium was carried out using 0.8 ml vol. changed at 10 min intervals. Increases in the calcium concentration of the medium resulted in greater efflux of both45Ca2+ and [3H]GABA, and the effect on [3H]GABA efflux was potentiated by AOAA. The effect of a1mM increment in Ca2+ concentration was only slightly less than that of a20mM increment. Adding Mg2+ to the medium did not produce increases comparable to added Ca2+, whereas electrical stimulation of the cortex had no effect on the efflux of either45Ca2+ or [3H]GABA. Thiosemicarbazide, an epileptogenic agent, resulted in a slightly irregular efflux of45Ca2+ with peaks visible at times of seizure activity. The efflux of3H2O and14C-(car☐yl)-inulin could not be correlated with any of the above treatments. The efflux of [3H]GABA from the cortex is considered to originate from synaptic terminals and that of45Ca2+ may be the result of reactions at the membrane triggering the release or turnover of calcium.
Castration induced pain in pigs and other livestock

Castration of male livestock being reared for meat has long been practiced, to prevent unwanted breeding, make management and handling easier, and to improve meat quality. However, castration is a painful procedure for the animal and has increasingly come under scrutiny from animal welfare lobbyists. Depending on the species, a number of different methods are available which include surgical removal of the testes following scrotal incision, crushing of the blood and nerve supply using clamps, rubber rings or latex bands, the destruction of testicular tissue using chemicals or vaccination against hormones such as GnRH and LH that control testicular function (immuno-castration). The degree of pain experienced by the animal may depend on the method used and the age at which the procedure is carried out. This is characterized by an activation of the HPA axis, resulting in a large cortisol response, and obvious display of pain-related behaviours including abnormal posture, increased inactivity, and attention directed towards the site of injury. Use of anaesthetics and analgesics impact the degree of pain experienced. As alternatives, such as immuno-castration or the rearing of intact males become more prevalent, the needs for castration will diminish. However, in the meantime, castration will continue to be seen by many producers as a “routine” procedure, subject to varying degrees of recommendation of best practice or legislation depending on country, and subject to attention from animal welfare groups and policy-makers. Further science is needed to best inform all stakeholders as to the longer-term implications of castration methods on pain and welfare of individuals.
Colonization of cantaloupe roots by Monosporascus cannonballus

Penetration of Monosporascus cannonballus into and growth within cantaloupe roots was studied using light and electron microcopy. Germ tubes penetrated the epidermis, and hyphae grew, without branching, almost directly to the xylem. The hyphae traversed the endodermis into protoxylem cells, and then grew extensively within the lumen of metaxylem vessels. Eventually, the hyphae grew back out into the cortical cells. A relatively low percentage of cells within both the cortex and xylem of lesions contained hyphae. The hyphae were generally localized within the lesion and could rarely be isolated more than 2 mm away from the margin of the lesion. Regardless of tissue type, hyphae were predominately intracellular. M. cannonballus appeared to be most similar to vascular wilt pathogens in its mode of parasitism, but does not spread via the vascular system to above-ground plant tissues.
A technique for numerical solution of the Schroedinger equation with non-local potentials

Abstract In the general case in which the potential is non-local, bound-state solutions to the time-independent Schroedinger equation can be obtained numerically by approximating the integrodifferential equation by a matrix equation.
Resection of subvalvular aortic stenosis. Surgical and perioperative management in seven dogs.

Open heart surgery was performed during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) to surgically correct subvalvular aortic stenosis in seven dogs. After initiation of total CPB, cardiac arrest was induced by antegrade and retrograde administration of blood cardioplegia. The subvalvular fibrous stenosis was resected through a transverse aortotomy. Intraoperatively and postop-eratively, dobutamine, nitroprusside, lidocaine, blood(-products), and crystalloid solutions were used to manage hypotension and optimize cardiac index. Aortic cross-clamp time varied from 73 to 166 minutes, and duration of CPB varied from 130 to 210 minutes, latrogenic incision into the mitral valve in two dogs was the most significant introperative complication. Postoperative complications included: hypoproteinemia (n = 7), premature ventricular depolarization (n = 6), increased systemic vascular resistance index (n = 5), increased O2 extraction (n = 3), pulmonary edema (n = 2), and decreased cardiac index (n = 1). All seven dogs were discharged alive and in stable condition. Six dogs are alive and in stable condition after a mean follow up of 15.8 months. This is the first detailed report of CPB in a series of clinical veterinary patients. Using the techniques described in this paper, open heart surgery of considerable duration can be performed successfully in dogs with significant myocardial hypertrophy and endomyocardial fibrosis secondary to subvalvular aortic stenosis.
Comparison of the Ground Surface and Foliage Dwelling Spider Communities in a Soybean Habitat

Two distinct spider communities existed in the soybean ecosystem, one on the ground and one in the foliage. There were 48 species in the ground community and 105 in the foliage community, with only 2 species being collected in both. Within either community no significant differences were found among fields in the number of individuals, species richness or evenness. Based on the method of prey capture and location within the habitat the species were divided into 7 guilds, 2 on the ground and 5 in the foliage. Differences between communities were due primarily to the habitats where they were found. The foliage habitat is transitory and must be colonized each spring and evacuated each fall. The ground surface habitat is more consistent in structure throughout the year allowing a more stable community to develop.
A new fast algorithm for multitarget tracking in dense clutter

A fast joint probabilistic data association (FJPDA) algorithm is proposed in this paper. Cluster probability matrix is approximately calculated by a new method, whose elements β i t (K) can be taken as evaluation functions. According to values of β i t (K) events with larger joint probabilities can be searched out as the events with guiding joint probabilities, thus, the number of searching nodes will be greatly reduced. As a result, this method effectively reduces the calculation load and makes it possible to be realized on real-time. Theoretical analysis and Monte Carlo simulation results show that this method is efficient.