cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use and Enjoyment of Intangible Services: The German, Austrian, Danish and Estonian VAT Derogations

When the Czech Republic elected (effective January 1, 2009) to derogate from the standard rules for determining the place of supply for intangible services, pursuant to Article 58 of the Recast VAT Directive (RVD), it was following the lead of ten other Member States. This paper considers four of those other jurisdictions - Germany, Austria, Estonia, and Denmark - and compares their derogations with that of the Czech Republic. In each instance a use and enjoyment standard determines the place of supply for certain intangible services. The affected transactions are (potentially) wide ranging. In each instance non-EU countries are on one end of the impacted transaction. As a result, these rules can easily become a trap for unwary businesses (particularly non-EU businesses) because the traditional proxy-based rules (RVD Articles 43 and 56(1)) are being selectively overturned. Each Member State that has taken this option has (in some manner) limited the impact of their derogation. This article and the article which preceded it have considered six of the twenty-seven EU countries that have derogated from the normal rules. The results have ranged from near full adoption of the use and enjoyment criteria in Denmark to indirect adoption of it in Estonia. The German and Austrian approaches seemed to be the most cautious, and the most targeted. With rules issued in ministerial decrees rather than statute, it is difficult to escape the impression that Germany and Austria see the use and enjoyment criterion on RVD 58 as a tool to correct flaws in the system. PEs are critical to both the Czech Republic and Estonian applications of use and enjoyment, and a similar approach guides the UK analysis although in this case it is subsumed in the in the meaning of a "belonging." One might have thought that use and enjoyment would have received more attention than it did in the 2008 VAT package. However, the concern there was primarily with refining the use of proxies, not limiting or controlling the use and enjoyment criterion for determining the place of supply for intangible services.
Environmental Awareness in the Atomic Age: Radioecologists and Nuclear Technology

The U.S. military first sponsored ecological research during World War II to monitor the release of radioactive effluent into waterways from plutonium production. The Atomic Energy Commission later expanded these investigations to include studies of radioactive fallout at the Nevada and Marshall Island test sites, particularly after the Fukuryu Maru (Lucky Dragon) accident in 1954. The public outcry against nuclear testing from this accident, which contaminated nearby inhabited islands with radioactive fallout, resulted in a considerable influx of funding for environmental science at the Atomic Energy Commission. Many biologists who conducted these studies on nuclear fallout and waste for the Atomic Energy Commission began to develop concerns about radioactive pollution in the environment from the long-term, cumulative effects of nuclear waste disposal, the use of atomic bombs for construction projects, and the potential ecological devastation wrought by nuclear war. Their new environmental awareness prompted many Atomic Energy Commission ecologists to try to draw congressional attention to the dangers that nuclear technology posed to the environment. It also spurred reforms in the education and training of ecologists to meet the challenges of the atomic age through the new subfield of “radioecology” as well as research into problems of environmental pollution more broadly.
Effects of 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 on alkaline secretion in isolated canine gastric mucosa.

An isolated fundic mucosal preparation of dog stomach which is capable of exhibiting an alkaline secretion is described. A stable secretion was established 40 min to 1 hr after the mucosa was pretreated with the H2-antagonist cimetidine to block spontaneous acid output. Alkaline secretion decreased when Ca2+ was removed from the nutrient solution. This secretion was stimulated by dibutyryl cyclic GMP, but was not altered by acetylcholine, carbachol, or 16,16-dimethyl PGE2. Alkaline secretion from a similar antral mucosal preparation was stimulated by 16,16-dimethyl PGE2. We conclude that the 16,16-dimethyl PGE2-stimulated bicarbonate secretion previously demonstrated inin vivo canine fundic mucosa is not the result of a direct effect of PG on gastric mucosal cells and that an intact blood circulation or cholinergic innervation is required for this action to occur.
SAYING FUI TO TO/FU: A CONCEPTUAL AND EMPIRICAL FRAMEWORK FOR EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO MODELS OF STRATEGIC ISSUE DIAGNOSIS.

There exist two prominent accounts of how managers make sense of and take action in relation to strategic issues. The Threat-Opportunity (TO) and Feasibility-Urgency (FU) approaches (which in tande...
An analysis of epidemiological characteristics and drug resistance of 44 cases of children Salmonella infections

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics and drug resistance of children Salmonella infections in this area in recent years. Methods Salmonella strains of clinically diagnosed Salmonella infections which were extracted from the department of pediatrics and patients' clinical data from 2008 to 2012 in the microbiology laboratory in our hospital were analyzed retrospectively. Results 44 Salmonella strains were mainly extracted from infants less than one year old(59.09%).There were eight serotypes,and Salmonella typhimurium was the main serotype(65.91%).The sensitivity of Salmonella typhimurium towards imipenem,ceftazidime,ceftriaxone and cefotaxime were 100.00%,100.00%,96.56% and 96.56% respectively;its sensitivity towards ampicillin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole,piperacillin and ciprofloxacin were 24.14%,41.38%,41.38% and 55.17% respectively. ConclusionThe majority of children Salmonella infections in this area are infant infections of Salmonella typhimurium.The Salmonella typhimurium has a high sensitivity to imipenem and the third generation cephalosporins,and a low sensitivity to ampicillin,trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole,piperacillin and ciprofloxacin.
189 DEVELOPMENT OF A HIGH SENSITIVITY, HIGH THROUGHPUT SCREEN FOR NEUROINFLAMMATORY RESPONSE USING A MOLECULAR MARKER AND MICROGLIAL ACTIVATION

Introduction Microglial cells are mononuclear macrophage cells unique to the Central Nervous System (CNS). The peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) is a mitochondrial membrane protein known to be involved in a variety of cellular functions. There is a correlation between upregulated PBR expression and aberrant cell growth, proliferating cancer and neuroinflammation. Purpose Here we demonstrate the potential for employing a high throughput plate based assay as a screening tool. By targeting the PBR using a fluorescently labeled PBR ligand (RED-PK11195), a plate-based assay was developed using microglial cells labeled with RED-PK and fluorescence was measured in response to various stimuli. Methods The murine microglial cell line BV2 was cultured and plated in 24 well plates in MEM/Cellgro, incubated over night with various immunomodulatory factors, subsequently rinsed and labeled with the RED-PK dye in PBS. Fluorescence values were measured on a plate reader and PBR expression quantified. As in the past, microglial activity appears to be correlated with PBR expression as quantified using the fluorescent dye. Summary BV2 cells were capable of being labeled with the RED-PK dye as confirmed with fluorescence microscopy. BV2 cells were capable of producing a change in PBR expression under varying conditions and fluorescence values could be quantified on a plate reader. Conclusions PBR is a viable target for molecular labeling in microglial cells, providing an indicator of activation status. Potential applications for this high throughput screen using a plate based assay are numerous. Ongoing studies will evaluate the correlation of PBR expression with cytokine, nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production.
Growth of Urinary Transitional Cell Carcinoma Cell Lines in Agar, Agarose and Methyl Cellulose

Abstract Because in vitro cell growth of transitional cell carcinoma expiants and cell lines often fail to adequately proliferate in semisolid media, we have examined the effect of agents used to make media semisolid (methyl cellulose, Bacto-agar, Sea Plaque agarose and Sea Prep 15/45 agarose) on the in vitro growth of 11 transitional cell carcinoma cell lines. The growth of human transitional cell carcinoma lines was supported such that agents permissive for growth ranked as follows: Sea Plaque agarose ∼ Sea Prep agarose > methyl cellulose > Bacto-agar. These observations have important implications for the in vitro study of transitional cell carcinoma cell lines and are relevant to the development of improved chemosensitivity determinations for human transitional cell carcinoma.
Accreditation of Distance Education

In recent years there has been a large increase in the number of distance education institutions, programs and courses in higher education via distance learning by traditional colleges and universities, and overall student enrollment in distance education (Bower and Hardy 2005; Carneval 2004; Watts 2003). As with any large-scale change and especially with technology, there are challenges and concerns here as well. There is currently a level of divisiveness among many faculty members who feel pressured to produce distance education courses and those who believe that there is no excuse to not use the new electronic learning tools that are now available (Watts 2003). Those faculty members who are frustrated about not being able to fully use distance education might agree that while the reach to students is extended, the certainty of results is not assured. This uncertainty extends to many administrators, legislators, parents, students, and other stakeholders of higher education. Nevertheless, the recent explosion in distance education enrollment is projected to increase in the coming years, and this creates a demand for many institutions of higher education to seek assistance and guidance in managing the rising student populations for online courses (Carneval 2004). Fortunately, many regional, specialized, and national accreditation associations in the United States are addressing the challenges presented by the new era of distance education. The accreditation agencies to be examined here are providing excellent guidance on how to ensure that quality education courses and programs are being delivered.
Abstract 2846: Proliferative recovery after chemotherapy-induced senescence in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells as a model of tumor dormancy and disease recurrence

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in both men and women in the United States. Most lung cancer cases are diagnosed in advanced, inoperable stages and are treated with chemoradiation; while chemoradiation is effective in suppressing tumor progression, recurrence following treatment is not infrequent. As there is no well-accepted preclinical model for tumor dormancy and disease recurrence, we hypothesize that the promotion of transient autophagy and senescence could be developed as a model of tumor growth and recovery following treatment. Studies were performed utilizing H460 NSCLC cells as well as a primary NSCLC cell line isolated and grown in our laboratory from a stage IV adenocarcinoma. After treatment with etoposide (1 uM), growth arrest was accompanied by the robust induction of autophagy and senescence. This growth arrest was transient and was followed by proliferative recovery in the course of several days. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of autophagy failed to interfere with the ability of the cells to regrow, indicating a non-cytoprotective function of autophagy in response to etoposide (in contrast to the cytoprotective function of autophagy exhibited in response to radiation). Quantification of senescence over time based on C12FDG staining and flow cytometry demonstrated that the reversal of growth arrest coincided with a decline in the extent of senescence. To more precisely define the source of the recovered cells, senescent and non-senescent but growth arrested cells were separated by flow cytometry based on their relative β-galactosidase expression and replated. Both cell populations demonstrated the ability to re-emerge from the growth-arrested state and recover proliferative capacity. These observations suggest that senescence is ultimately a transient process in that at least a subpopulation of tumor cells can and will recover proliferative capacity. Furthermore, the reversibility of therapy-induced senescence (TIS) might prove to be a useful model both in cell culture and in vivo to study tumor dormancy and disease recurrence. Studies are currently in progress to determine the impact of senescence inhibition on tumor recovery as well as sensitivity to subsequent therapy given that recurrent disease tends to be relatively refractory to further treatment. Citation Format: Tareq Saleh, Theresa Thekkudan, Moureq R. Alotaibi, David A. Gewirtz. Proliferative recovery after chemotherapy-induced senescence in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells as a model of tumor dormancy and disease recurrence. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 2846.
A senescence secretory switch mediated by PI3K/AKT/mTOR activation controls chemoprotective endothelial secretory responses

Cancer therapy targets malignant cells that are surrounded by a diverse complement of nonmalignant stromal cells. Therapy-induced damage of normal cells can alter the tumor microenvironment, causing cellular senescence and activating cancer-promoting inflammation. However, how these damage responses are regulated (both induced and resolved) to preserve tissue homeostasis and prevent chronic inflammation is poorly understood. Here, we detail an acute chemotherapy-induced secretory response that is self-limiting in vitro and in vivo despite the induction of cellular senescence. We used tissue-specific knockout mice to demonstrate that endothelial production of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 promotes chemoresistance and show that the chemotherapeutic doxorubicin induces acute IL-6 release through reactive oxygen species-mediated p38 activation in vitro. Doxorubicin causes endothelial senescence but, surprisingly, without a typical senescence secretory response. We found that endothelial cells repress senescence-associated inflammation through the down-regulation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling and that reactivation of this pathway restores senescence-associated inflammation. Thus, we describe a mechanism by which damage-associated paracrine secretory responses are restrained to preserve tissue homeostasis and prevent chronic inflammation.
What Is Property's Fourth Estate - Cultural Property and the Fiduciary Ideal

Cultural property is a pastiche of the other property regimes. Like real property, there is an implicit assumption that the thing itself, the res, is unique-and not a fungible good in which proprietary rights might be easily exchanged for money. This incommensurability makes other kinds of legal relief, like pecuniary relief, more difficult when ownership is contested since nothing can substitute for the priceless cultural artifact itself. Like chattel, on the other hand, the language of cultural property actions is infused with the language of tort. The wrong committed against the property of a cultural group may lead, as a consequence, to the destruction of a precious and irreplaceable object and a cognizable injury to the feelings of members of the group. The third estate, intellectual property, consists of intangible products of the mind. Here, too, there are bits and pieces shared by cultural property for both regimes are infused with notions of human creativity. Indeed, cultural property has been expanded to include such intangibles as folklore and ritual traditions. The shared idea, of course, for both intellectual property law and cultural property law is that creators-and the heirs of creators-should have some proprietary rights over their creations.
APPLICATION OF INTERNAL FRICTION MEASUREMENTS TO THE STUDY OF DISLOCATIONS AND PLASTIC FLOW

Abstract Most of the available information on solution strengthening in alloys has been deduced from macroscopic flow-stress measurements. Amplitude-dependent internal-friction losses also depend on the dislocation-solute interaction, and this technique should, in principle, convey the same information. The interpretation of these measurements requires, however, a suitable model. The previous internal friction models are briefly reviewed. The recent flow-stress and internal-friction calculations based on the Labusch-Schwarz computer modeling method are discussed in more detail. In these, the dislocation-obstacle interaction has a smooth profile of finite range, the obstacles are distributed at random on the dislocation glide plane, and the dislocation motion is also opposed by viscous forces. The quantitative correspondence found between the flow-stress and the amplitude-dependent internal friction calculations is discussed. Experiments in which the internal-friction method has been used to investigate solution strengthening are discussed. These include: (a) the measurement of the force-distance law for the dislocation-solute interaction, (b) the study of the decrease in strength of superconducting alloys upon going from the normal to the superconducting state, and (c) the study of dynamic strain-aging in dilute Cu-Al alloys. The experimental results are used to evaluate the proposed models.
Diagnosing schizophrenia by integrating genomic and imaging data through network fusion

In order to increase the accuracy for the diagnosis of schizophrenia (SCZ) disease, it is essential to integratively employ complementary information from multiple types of data. It is well known that a network is a graph based method for analyzing relationships between patients, with its nodes and edges representing patients and their relationships respectively. In this study, we developed a network-based prediction approach by taking advantage of fused network from multiple data types rather than individual networks. Specifically, we constructed a fused network using three types of data including genetic, epigenetic and neuroimaging data from the study of schizophrenia. The majority neighborhood of a node in the network was exploited for discriminating SCZ from healthy controls. In comparison with other 9 graph-based label prediction methods, our prediction method shows the best performance according to several metrics. The prediction power of our proposed method was also tested with different parameters and optimal parameters were determined. We show that the label prediction method based on network fusion from multiple data types shows promises for more accurate diagnosis of schizophrenia, which can also be extended to other disease models.
High-voltage VIM Region Deep Brain Stimulation Mimicking Progressive Supranuclear Palsy.

Background: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) for essential tremor (ET) can cause unwanted side effects. Case Report: A patient with ET underwent unilateral dual-lead thalamic DBS. He later developed parkinsonism with atypical features and was diagnosed with progressive supranuclear palsy. During presentation for a second opinion, stimulation-induced side effects were suspected. Inactivation of DBS resolved atypical features and superimposed idiopathic Parkinson Disease (PD) was diagnosed. Discussion: This case illustrates the importance of recognizing the possible influence of stimulation-induced side effects and discusses when to utilize dual-lead DBS for ET and the co-occurrence of ET and PD.
Feminist Historiography As If: Performativity and Representation in Feminist Histories of Rhetoric

The recently diagnosed “broadening imperative” in revisionary historiography is of special concern to feminist historians, for whom critique of traditional methodological presuppositions has been central to the feminist revisionary project. By examining the performative and figurative elements of feminist historiographical discourse, feminist historians and historiographers can both identify sites of feminist rhetorical resistance to traditional presuppositions, and gain an understanding of how feminist revisionary methodologies have been re-assimilated into traditional methodological and rhetorical paradigms.
Río: a photographic journey down the old Río Grande

In the prologue to his magisterial 1954 two-volume work Great river: the Rio Grande in North American history, Paul Horgan declares, “The main physical circumstances of the Rio Grande are timeless....
Ad-Blockers: Extortionists or Digital Age Robin Hoods?

As a way to mitigate the impact of intrusive online advertising on users, ad-blockers have risen in prominence over the past few years. Initially dismissed by the online advertising industry as inconsequential, ad-blockers have evolved from a mere plugin tool on browsers to full-fledged platforms that derive benefits from certifying quality of advertisers and reducing disutility of users. However, the rise of ad-blocking has prompted discussions on the validity of its price structure and its impact on quality of advertising online. Many accuse ad-blockers of using an extortion-based business model, built on fleecing advertisers. Still others question whether ad-blocking will actually benefit online advertising quality. In this paper, we investigate these issues using a game-theoretic model consisting of four agents - advertisers, users, content provider and an ad-blocker. Through our model, we provide answers to questions related to the price structure of ad-blocker platforms, platform membership trends, quality of content provided and implications of similar platforms on social welfare.
Role of Endoscopy in Managing Foreign Body Erosions After Bariatric Surgery

Endoscopy has evolved from a diagnostic tool to becoming a respected treatment modality for many subspecialties. Despite pushbacks and controversies, the bariatric field is among the latest arena of such expansion. The last decade has seen an extraordinary growth in endoscopic procedures facilitated by state-of-the-art instruments. Many have pioneered, and others perfected the use of therapeutic endoscopy in appropriately selected pathologies. Foreign body erosion in the bariatric population still represents challenges despite advanced technology. Foreign body erosions in the context of bariatric surgery remain challenging to treat despite refined therapeutic means. Surgeons have applied their surgical skills in managing such dreaded complication. This chapter reviews the experience of endoluminal therapy in managing biomaterial erosions in the bariatric population.
A Bayesian Phase I/II Trial Design for Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is an innovative treatment approach that stimulates a patient’s immune system to fight cancer. It demonstrates characteristics distinct from conventional chemotherapy and stands to re...
Effects of Acute and Chronic Ethanol Administration on Metabolism of Brain Acidic Phospholipids

Alcohol ingestion by man is known to produce well recognized effects on the central nervous system (CNS). While excessive drinking is associated with intoxication, chronic ethanol ingestion may result in the manifestations of tolerance and physical dependence. The central depressant effect of acute ethanol is associated with an inhibition of neuronal firing and suppression of neurotransmitter release. Ethanol can be regarded as an anesthetic compound (38); however, due to its high water solubility, the anesthetic potency of ethanol is very weak and a high concentration is required for nerve blocking activity. Although tolerance and physical dependence associated with chronic ethanol ingestion can be attributed largely to alterations of the neuronal membrane, the complex structural and functional organization of the brain has prevented biochemists to elucidate these events at the molecular level. In recent years, much effort has been devoted to examining the ethanol effects on various neurotransmitter systems (see review in reference 32), yet, these studies have not been able to arrive at a conclusion to discern whether or not ethanol acts preferentially on a particular neurotransmitter system.
Challenges of Next-Generation–Sequencing-Based Molecular Diagnostics

Although targeted sequencing by next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology has gained much attention in the field of molecular diagnostics, several limitations have delayed its application to medical genetics. It is difficult to standardize the procedures because of the use of various sequencing platforms and target enrichment methods, which are updated rapidly. The cutoff thresholds for accurate variant identification, including the minimum read depth, range of variant percentage compared with the wild type, and quality score, have not been fully defined. Variable coverage depth across target regions and misalignment between homologous sequences or pseudogenes may also affect the accuracy of sequencing data. The fast falling sequencing cost and rapid development of NGS analyzing bioinformatics pipeline make it possible to use gene panels, whole exome sequencing (WES), and whole genome sequencing (WGS) for clinical diagnoses. However, there are many challenges in developing and implementing NGS technology for clinical use. Understanding these challenges can help molecular diagnostic professionals and ordering health professionals better gauge the utility of NGS clinical tests and the interpretation of the NGS results. NGS is a complex sequencing technology and many challenging steps need to be carried out to complete the test to generate clinically useful interpretations.
Thiazole orange as an everyday replacement for ethidium bromide and costly DNA dyes for electrophoresis

DNA gel electrophoresis is a standard tool of biochemistry and molecular biology laboratories. The common dye ethidium bromide suffers from toxicity concerns and requires the use of damaging ultraviolet light. We observe that exposing plasmid DNA to a UV transilluminator for only 1 s results in detectable loss of colonies following transformation, suggesting rapid accumulation of DNA damage. SYBR Safe, a commercial product, is marketed as a safe alternative to ethidium bromide and has excellent sensitivity with nondamaging blue light, but suffers from prohibitively high costs. We show that thiazole orange, the parent compound of SYBR Safe, is an excellent, simple, and inexpensive alternative to these dyes. It is excitable with safe blue light or UV light, with DNA detection limits in agarose gels similar to ethidium bromide and SYBR Safe (1-2 ng/lane). Thiazole orange safely allows the use of nondamaging blue light at the same cost as ethidium bromide.
Immunologically Mediated Renal Disease

No contemporary nephrologist would seriously question the enormous contributions made by the discipline of immunology toward enhancing our understanding of human renal disease (Wilson and Dixon, 1976; Wilson, 1979; Fish and Michael, 1979). Detailed and sophisticated studies of experimental models of both spontaneous and induced disease of laboratory animals have repeatedly paved the way for a fuller appreciation of the potential immunopathogenetic mechanisms of glomerular and tubulointerstitial renal disease and have broadened understanding of the inflammatory process itself. The enormous complexity of the cellular and humoral events that are evoked by exposure to environmental antigens is well appreciated. The multitude of perturbations that can lead to an immune response to autologous antigens (i.e., autoimmunity) are coming under increasingly intense scrutiny (Talal, 1979). The knowledge gained by study of these processes has been and will continue to be applied to an increasing number of experimental and clinical renal diseases.
Marmosa robinsoni (Robinson’s mouse opossum)

The karyotype of Marmosa is very similar to that of Caluromys (Folio 101). The karyotypes presented here are gifts of Dr. Osvaldo Reig, who collected the animals, belonging to subspecies M. r. robinsoni Bangs, from Calabozo, Estado Guarico, Venezuela., Voucher specimen numbers are A371(♂) and A395 (♀) of Instituto de Zoologia Tropical, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela. Corneal epithelium was used for cytological preparations.
Effectiveness of empiric aztreonam compared to other beta-lactams for treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections

Purpose To evaluate the use of aztreonam as an active empiric therapy against subsequent culture of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). Methods This was a retrospective cohort study conducted among patients who received either aztreonam or an antipseudomonal beta-lactam (BL) as an empiric therapy with subsequent culture with P. aeruginosa. All patients with at least one positive culture for P. aeruginosa between January 2014 and August 2016 were included in this analysis. The primary composite outcome was empiric therapy failure, defined as inappropriate empiric therapy, alteration of empiric antibiotic following culture results, or 30-day in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes included appropriate empiric therapy, alteration of empiric therapy, 30-day-in-hospital mortality, and post-culture hospital length of stay. Results The primary outcome of empiric therapy failure was significantly higher in the aztreonam group than in the BL group (77.8% vs 41.9%; P=0.004). The aztreonam group had a lower rate of appropriate empiric therapy compared with the BL group (44.4% vs 66.1%; P=0.074) and higher alteration of empiric therapy once susceptibilities were known than when compared with the BL group (61.1%vs 28.2%; P=0.005). Although numerically higher, 30-day-in-hospital mortality and median hospital length of stay were not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusion Empiric therapy failure occurred more often when initially using aztreonam vs a BL in a patient who subsequently had a P. aeruginosa infection. Only a third of patients within the aztreonam group had a documented BL allergy, demonstrating an inclination for clinicians to utilize this drug as an empiric therapy when there were more appropriate therapies available.
Describing How School-Based SLPs Determine Eligibility for Children with Speech Sound Disorders.

The purpose of this study was to explore how school-based speech–language pathologists (SLPs) determine eligibility for children with speech sound disorders (SSDs). Presently, there is substantial variability nationwide with respect to if or how children with SSDs receive speech therapy in public schools. We report the results of a nation-wide survey of school-based SLPs, which further underscore this variability. Findings provide insight into which and how many factors SLPs report contributing to eligibility decisions, as well as which and how many components of an assessment are mandatory. Our discussion includes a call to advocacy for SLPs, but also a need for increased awareness of this problematic variability for school administrators.
c-ANCA vasculitis after initiation of denosumab

Denosumab is a fully human antibody to receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), and it is administered every 6 months in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO) at high risk for fracture. Adverse effects of denosumab include musculoskeletal pain, hypercholesterolaemia, symptomatic hypocalcaemia, osteonecrosis of the jaw and cutaneous events such as angioedema, cellulitis and pustular dermatitis. While the possibility of vasculitis was mentioned in the product Monograph as well as in the WHO Newsletter, this is the first case, to our knowledge, of cytoplasmic-ANCA (c-ANCA) associated vasculitis officially published in the literature. 1 2 The pathogenic mechanisms behind drug-induced vasculitis remain to be defined and appear to be multifactorial. Once suspicion for drug-induced vasculitis arises, the offending agent should be discontinued and immunosuppressive therapy should be initiated according to the severity of organ involvement to inhibit progression to severe, irreversible disease. As new medications continue to be developed, the number of agents causing drug-induced vasculitis is expected to increase.
Three dimensional printing of metamaterial embedded geometrical optics (MEGO)

Three-dimensional printers have revolutionized many scientific fields with its low-cost, accessibility and ease of printing. In this paper, we show how stereolithography (SLA) based 3D printers can enable realization of innovative 3D optical devices formed through the fusion of metamaterials with geometrical optics or MEGO. It utilizes a combination of desktop SLA 3D printer and metal deposition/coating systems. Using this approach, we present innovative metamaterial embedded optical components such as mushroom-type metamaterials, curved wide-angle metamaterial absorbers/reflectors and a frequency selective moth eye hemispherical absorber. Finally a unique MEGO device formed through the fusion of a frequency selective metamaterial with an optical parabolic reflector has been demonstrated that combines their individual properties in a single device. The fabricated MEGO devices operate in the millimeter wave frequency range. Simulation and measurement results using terahertz continuous-wave spectrometer validate their functionality and performance. With improving resolution in 3D printing, MEGO devices will be able to reach Terahertz and optical frequencies in the near future. A technique that uses large area 3D printing and metal layer patterning can realize complex optical devices at a fraction of the cost of typical fabrications. Sameer Sonkusale and colleagues from Tufts University in the United States designed geometric surface patterns, such as tiny forests of mushroom-topped cylinders, capable of interacting strongly with microwave light. Optimizing the conditions needed to 3D print these arrays using photo-curable polymers and to coat them with reflective gold or silver layers led the researchers to explore other unique device possibilities. They created a surface capable of selective high-frequency energy absorption by patterning hemispherical surfaces that resemble an insect’s eye. Combining the frequency selective metamaterials with a 3D-printed parabolic lens yielded a prototype that could reduce the expense and size of conventional terahertz spectrometers.
Pulse Images for Face Recognition

Recent advances in the understanding of the visual cortex of small mammals have led to new image segmentation procedures. These processes create a set of pulse images for a static input. These processes contain higher-order neurons that communicate through autowaves. For multi-channel images, such as RGB face images, the autowaves are allowed to cross channels and create a set of multi-channel pulse images. The inherent segmentation of these pulse images allows for easy location of the eyes and automated feature selection to create a lattice structure for face image processing.
COMPUTATION OF THE HEIGHT DEFORMATION IN STEREOSCOPIC MODELS CAUSED BY DISTORTION OF THE PHOTOGRAPHIC IMAGE

A set of formulas is derived for the computation of height deformation. A partly graphical procedure that makes the computation very simple is described. The procedure is illustrated by an example.
Considering the APOE locus in polygenic scores for Alzheimer’s disease

Abstract Polygenic scores are a strategy to aggregate the small, additive effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms across the genome. With phenotypes like Alzheimer’s disease, which have a strong and well established genomic locus (APOE), the cumulative effect of genetic variants outside of this area has not been well established in a population-representative sample. Here we examine the association between polygenic scores both with and without the APOE region at different P value thresholds. We also investigate the addition of APOE-e4 carrier status and its effect on the polygenic score – dementia association. We found that including the APOE region through weighted variants in a polygenic score was insufficient to capture the large amount of risk attributed to this region. We recommend removing this region from polygenic score calculation and treating the APOE locus as an independent covariate.
Escape of a harmonically forced classical particle from asymmetric potential well

Abstract The paper addresses the problem of escape of harmonically forced classical particle from asymmetric potential well. Two benchmark models of the potential wells are used – truncated parabolic well with small cubic perturbation, and more common essentially nonlinear quadratic-cubic well. Transient escape dynamics in both models is analyzed in the framework of isolated resonance approximation. Despite substantial difference between both models, the observed escape scenarios are qualitatively similar. In each case, as parameters of the system are modified, the amplitude of the slow phase flow can gradually achieve the escape threshold; this simple mechanism is referred to as "maximum" scenario. The other, potentially more dangerous scenario, involves abrupt transition of the system response from relatively small amplitude to the escape. This pattern is related to passage of the slow-flow phase trajectory through dynamical saddle of the resonant manifold, and thus is referred to as "saddle" scenario. Both escape scenarios are easily observed in full-scale numeric simulations, in complete agreement with the theoretical predictions. The aforementioned resonance escape mechanisms are similar to those which were reviled in the case of symmetric potential well. Also, both mechanisms are generic enough to remain unchanged even in presence of small damping. These findings point on an unexpected universality of the resonance escape mechanisms. Description of the motion outside the well is not included in the current study.
Spacecraft formation and orbit control using differential attitude-dependent solar radiation pressure

Abstract This paper introduces a linear model for spacecraft formation dynamics subject to attitude-dependent solar radiation pressure (SRP) disturbance, with the SRP model accounting for both absorption and specular/diffuse reflection. Spacecraft attitude is represented in modified Rodriguez parameters (MRPs), which also parameterize the orientation of individual facets for a spacecraft with fixed geometry. Compared to earlier work, this model incorporates analytic approximation of the SRP-perturbed chief orbit behavior in a manner enabling its use in applications with infrequent guidance updates. Control examples are shown for single-plate representations of hypothetical spacecraft with generally realistic optical parameters. The results demonstrate the validity of the model and the feasibility of SRP-based formation and rendezvous control in orbits around small bodies and in high orbits around the Earth such as the GEO belt.
Produktives Altern und ehrenamtliches Engagement in den USA

In den Vereinigten Staaten ist „produktives Altern“ (productive aging) sowohl ein wissenschaftlich als auch ein politisch relevanter Begriff, der vor gut 25 Jahren von (1985) eingefuhrt wurde, einem bekannten Psychiater, dessen Schriften sowohl das Fachpublikum als auch eine breitere Offentlichkeit erreichten. Das Konzept des produktiven Alterns wurde als positive Alternative dem vorherrschenden negativen Bild alterer Menschen als einer durch chronische Krankheiten und Behinderung gekennzeichneten Gruppe gegenubergestellt. (1988) entwickelten dieses Konzept weiter, um damit unter anderem auch Autoren zu widersprechen, die behaupteten, Altere seien lediglich eine wirtschaftlich inaktive Gruppe, die ubermasige Anspruche auf gesellschaftliche Ressourcen erhebe. Morris und Bass betonten im Gegensatz hierzu das produktive Potenzial alterer Menschen und forderten die vermehrte Schaffung von Moglichkeiten fur Altere, aktiv am gesellschaftlichen Leben teilzunehmen. Vor allem Morris fokussierte auf den vielerorts bestehenden grosen Bedarf an besseren (sozialen) Dienstleistungen, der von jungeren ehrenamtlich aktiven Freiwilligen allein nicht gedeckt werden konnte. Auch die bekannte Sozialgerontologin Matilda White Riley stand altersdiskriminierenden institutionellen Arrangements, die zur Ausgrenzung alterer Menschen fuhren, kritisch gegenuber (Riley et al. 1994). Sie forderte institutionelle Reformen, die alteren Menschen eine umfassendere Teilhabe an verschiedenen Aspekten des Gemeinschaftslebens erlauben wurden.
Operational tolerance after pediatric composite liver-pancreas-intestine transplantation following severe graft-versus-host disease

Background While operational tolerance has been previously described in isolated intestinal transplant, reports of this phenomenon in combined liver-intestine transplant are lacking. Case description We detail a unique case of a patient who received a composite allograft including liver, pancreas, and small bowel due to short gut syndrome secondary to gastroschisis complicated by volvulus. The indication for transplantation was permanent dependence on total parenteral nutrition, end-stage liver disease, recurrent sepsis, and persistent stomal variceal hemorrhage. The patient developed severe graft-versus-host disease with grade 3 skin involvement, ophthalmic, and pulmonary involvement with 53% donor T-cell chimerism. She required aggressive therapy including high-dose methylprednisolone, rituximab, cyclophosphamide, and alemtuzumab. Due to infection concerns following depletion of her lymphocytes, immunosuppression was discontinued with close surveillance of her allograft. Nearly 10 years later, the patient has continued off all immunosuppression without evidence of rejection or graft dysfunction and demonstrates immunocompetence with normal functional immune assays and development of appropriate live vaccination titers. Conclusion This report of operational tolerance following pediatric composite liver-pancreas-intestine transplantation provides evidence that the complex immunologic balance in intestinal transplantation may on rare occasions favor immunosuppression reduction or even discontinuation. Future trials of immunosuppression minimization in this population may be warranted.
Comparative Analysis of Model-Based and Traditional Systems Engineering Approaches for Architecting a Robotic Space System Through Automatic Information Transfer

This study seeks to compare the quantity of information that is automatically transferred through the associations generated using a model-based systems engineering (MBSE) approach versus a traditional systems engineering approach to measure the benefits of MBSE in architecting a robotic space system. Both an MBSE approach and non-MBSE approach were applied to architecting an orbiting sample Capture and Orient Module (COM) system concept for a Capture, Containment, and Return System (CCRS) payload concept for Mars Sample Return (MSR). These approaches were applied in parallel to provide a side-by-side comparison of the approaches. The approaches were analyzed using design structure matrices (DSM) and evaluated based on the amount of information transferred between process tasks manually (e.g., elements physically typed into text boxes in a presentation slide) vs automatically (e.g., elements automatically filled out within a block in a model view due to explicitly defined element associations). A total of 4,819 information element transfers were traced in DSMs and used to quantitatively compare the two approaches. The non-MBSE approach required manual transfer for all 4,819 information elements. The MBSE approach required manual transfer for 4,189 information elements and automatic transfer for 630 information elements, providing a minor increase in the automation of information transfer relative to the non-MBSE approach. By incorporating the use of additional MBSE artifacts into the trade study and peer review tasks, manual transfer could potentially be reduced to 931 information elements, and automatic transfer increased to 3,888 information elements.
Gender Bias Against Female Leaders: A Review

Substantial empirical evidence supports the existence of bias against female leaders. However, a closer examination reveals that much greater bias is exhibited in studies where hypothetical or laboratory-created leaders are studied, and little or no bias is exhibited against women who actually hold leadership positions. The present review examines the theoretical explanations for the bias against female leaders, the conditions when bias is most likely to occur, who is likely to show the most bias, strategies to eliminate bias, and suggestions for future research in this area.
Hysterectomy surveillance in the United States, 1997 through 2005.

Background: To identify patterns and trends in hysterectomy from 1997 through 2005. Material/Methods: Analyses are based on hysterectomy prevalence data from tile Behavior Risk Factor Surveillance System, hysterectomy incidence data from the National Hospital Discharge Survey, and population estimates from the US Census Bureau. Results: Hysterectomy rates significantly decreased 1.9% per year between 1997 and 2005 (-0.5% for ages 18-44, -3.1% for ages 45-64, and -5.0% for ages 65 years and older). The estimated annual decrease in rates was significant in the Northeast (-2.9%), Northwest (-1.7%), and South (-2.6%), but not in the West. For hysterectomies performed among women ages 18-44 years, the percentage in 1997-98 compared with 2004-05 resulting from leiomyoma (fibroids) decreased (31.4% vs. 26.9%), from uterine bleeding increased (14.6% vs. 25.2%), from endometriosis decreased (17.3% in vs. 16.2%), and from pain increased (10.4% vs. 11.7%); the most common procedure, total abdominal hysterectomy, decreased (65.0% vs. 60.5%), the second most common procedure, vaginal hysterectomy, decreased (32.0% vs. 30.7%), and the third most common procedure, subtotal hysterectomy, increased (1.6%; in 1997-98 and 7.5%; in 2004-05). Decreases in hysterectomy rates occurred for most of the reproductive health conditions resulting in hysterectomy. Exceptions included pain and bleeding in the age group 18-44 and bleeding in the age group 45-64. An increase occurred in subtotal abdominal hysterectomy rates in each of the age groups. Conclusions: Continued monitoring of hysterectomy rates provides an indication of female reproductive health and llow women are being treated for selected reproductive problems.
Past as Prelude: The Legacy of Five Landmarks of Twentieth Century Injury Law for the Future of Torts

This essay offers some thoughts on prospective developments in injury reparation through the prism of what are, in my view, the principal landmarks of twentieth century American tort and compensation law. I discuss, in roughly chronological order, the four developments that seem to me most critical in restructuring the very foundations of tort law in the twentieth century: First, Judge Benjamin Cardozo's opinion in the landmark case of MacPherson v. Buick Motor Co.; second, the Progressive era adoption of workmen's compensation legislation; third, the concurring opinion of Justice Roger Traynor in Escola v. Coca Cola Bottling Co.; and fourth, the primarily legislative movement from contributory to comparative fault. I then discuss a fifth landmark, United States v. Carroll Towing Co., which attained its landmark status by serving as a catalyst for intellectual ferment, rather than through its direct impact on the tort system. In this last instance, I depart from chronological presentation because the noteworthiness of Carroll Towing came not in its immediate aftermath, but some twenty-five years later when Judge Learned Hand's opinion came to be recognized as a cornerstone of the law and economics movement. My focal point will be the themes that emerge from each of these developments, for it is the rich thematic influence in every instance that forced reexamination of the basic goals, as well as the appropriate domain, of tort law. Similarly, that rich thematic material creates continuing resonance for my corresponding discussion of future developments in the torts area.