cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computerized neuropsychological assessments.

Computer-based measures to evaluate cognition have been used with growing frequency in recent years. These batteries are shown to be useful for identifying mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. There are few requirements to administer these tests. All that is typically needed is a computer, a response pad for patients to input their answers, and an examiner. In many cases, the examiner does not need to be a trained neuropsychologist. These computer-based assessments should yield a score report detailing the patient’s cognitive profile.An important advantage of computerized assessments over standard paper-and-pencil testing is that they can provide precise measurement at the millisecond level. This can be a more sensitive measure of cognitive impairment, especially in high-functioning older adults and in patients with milder levels of cognitive deficit. Computer tests also have a shorter assessment time. Many batteries take 4 hours to complete. The presentation of items in some batteries can be adapted to patients’ performance levels to avoid floor effects (the test restricts how low a patients’ scores can be) and ceiling effects (the test restricts how high scores can be). Computer tests have increased standardization; they are administered the same way every time. Scoring is automatic, meaning the results are available immediately and human scoring error is reduced. Examiner effects are reduced, which is an important advantage because clinicians may differ in how they administer standard tests, which may impact patients’ responses. In addition, the batteries are easily transported, and multiple tasks can be made available on a single computer.
Visualization of Ambient Mass Spectrometry with the Use of Schlieren Photography

This manuscript outlines how to visualize mass spectrometry ambient ionization sources using schlieren photography. In order to properly optimize the mass spectrometer, it is necessary to characterize and understand the physical principles of the source. Most commercial ambient ionization sources utilize jets of nitrogen, helium, or atmospheric air to facilitate the ionization of the analyte. As a consequence, schlieren photography can be used to visualize the gas streams by exploiting the differences in refractive index between the streams and ambient air for visualization in real time. The basic setup requires a camera, mirror, flashlight, and razor blade. When properly configured, a real time image of the source is observed by watching its reflection. This allows for insight into the mechanism of action in the source, and pathways to its optimization can be elucidated. Light is shed on an otherwise invisible situation.
Process Overlap and System Theory: A Simulation of, Comment on, and Integration of Kovacs and Conway

Kristof Kovacs and Andrew Conway (this issue) have written an exceptional article that accomplishes two things. First, it identifies what they believe to be the most important processes for human i...
Respiratory Bacterial Vaccines

Abstract Bacterial mucosal pathogens have adapted to specifically colonize and replicate in the human respiratory tract. The discovery of their virulence factors that support colonization and disease has guided the development of effective vaccines that prevent severe clinical illness and, in some instances, inhibit asymptomatic carriage. An effective vaccine against Corynebacterium diphtheriae infection was a direct consequence of the identification of its pathogenic mechanisms (e.g., the central role of the exotoxin in inducing local and distant injury), the antigenicity of the protein, and the ability of humoral factors, particularly plasma antibody, to arrest its effects. The well-characterized immunogenicity of the virulence factors of Bordetella pertussis that mediate its adherence to host mucosal tissues form the basis for effective immunization against this serious infection. For Haemophilus influenzae b and Streptococcus pneumoniae, conjugating carrier proteins to their principal virulence determinants, the capsular polysaccharides, enhanced functional antibody responses and protection against invasive disease in young children and adults. Unlike that with invasive disease, protection against pneumococcal pneumonia is lower in children and very limited in adults.
Automated testing and quality assurance of 3D printing/3D printed hardware: Assessment for quality assurance and cybersecurity purposes

This paper discusses the automation of quality assurance and produced part testing for additive manufacturing systems. The process of identifying defects, determining their impact and potentially taking corrective action is discussed. Algorithms for this purposes are presented. Examples of assessment are considered. The correction of both incidental and deliberately introduced defects is discussed.
Three-Dimensional Printed Fluid-Filled Electrostatic Rotating Machine Designed with Conformal Mapping Methods

Recently, fluid-filled electrostatic machines demonstrated specific and volumetric torque densities that hold promise to be competitive with electromagnetic machines in niche applications, e.g., air-cooled, low-speed, and direct-drive machines. These demonstrations of variable capacitance (or elastance, which is the dual of reluctance) machines were nonoptimized from an electrostatics perspective as their geometry was heavily constrained by manufacturability issues. This paper proposes a semi-analytical design method that combines conformal mapping techniques with finite element analysis, leading to more optimal electrostatic machine geometries. Parametric sweeps of key relative dimensions establish best practices/guidelines for design. A fractional horsepower proof of concept machine was designed using the new approach and was built using stereolithographic three-dimensional printing to circumvent manufacturing constraints. The machine is mostly plastic, plated with conductor, and is, therefore, lightweight. This manufacturing approach suggests that a machine can be injected molded or cast in a single step. Measurements of the prototype demonstrate a torque density of 0.31 Nm/L and specific torque density of 0.22 Nm/kg, comparable with similar size NEMA frame fractional horsepower induction motors. Also the Nm/kV2 of the prototype machine is two orders of magnitude greater than prior nonliquid-filled work.
UHCSDB: UltraHigh Carbon Steel Micrograph DataBase

We present a new microstructure dataset consisting of ultrahigh carbon steel (UHCS) micrographs taken over a range of length scales under systematically varied heat treatments. Using the UHCS dataset as a case study, we develop a set of visualization tools for interacting with and exploring large microstructure and metadata datasets. Based on generic microstructure representations adapted from the field of computer vision, these tools enable image-based microstructure retrieval, as well as spatial maps of both microstructure and related metadata, such as processing conditions or properties measurements. We provide the microstructure image data, processing metadata, and source code for these microstructure exploration tools. The UHCS dataset is intended as a community resource for development and evaluation of microstructure data science techniques and for creation of microstructure data science teaching modules.
Acute Coronary Syndrome: Ruptured and Intact Fibrous Caps

Coronary thrombosis is the most common cause of acute coronary syndromes (ACS), including sudden cardiac death. Plaque rupture in most cases, plaque erosion uncommonly, and calcified nodule rarely have been demonstrated to be the main mechanisms underlying acute coronary thrombosis in both ex vivo and in vivo studies. In the setting of ACS, high-resolution intravascular imaging with OCT can characterize plaque pathology at the time of intervention in order to better understand the etiology of ACS and develop personalized treatment strategies leading to improved long-term outcomes. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is another rare but important cause of ACS with an incidence of 0.1 to 2.1%. While diagnostic accuracy of angiography for SCAD is limited, OCT can provide substantial insights into the morphologic features of the condition. Finally, OCT allows detailed in vivo examination of the morphologic characteristics of coronary arteries in patients with coronary spasm (CS), which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of an acute coronary event.
The Inner-Core Temperature Structure of Hurricane Edouard (2014): Observations and Ensemble Variability

AbstractThe inner-core thermodynamic structure of Hurricane Edouard (2014) is explored, primarily through an examination of both high-altitude dropsondes deployed during NASA’s Hurricane and Severe Storm Sentinel (HS3) and a 60-member convection-permitting ensemble initialized with an ensemble Kalman filter. The 7-day forecasts are initialized coincident with Edouard’s tropical depression designation and include Edouard’s significant intensification to a major hurricane. Ten-member ensemble groups are created based on timing of near–rapid intensification (RI) onset, and the associated composite inner-core temperature structures are analyzed. It is found that at Edouard’s peak intensity, in both the observations and the simulations, the maximum inner-core perturbation temperature (~10–12 K) occurs in the midlevels (~4–8 km). In addition, in all composite groups that significantly intensify, the evolution of the area-averaged inner-core perturbation temperatures indicate that weak to moderate warming (at mo...
Performance analysis of a high-speed integrated flux-switching motor-compressor

The goal of this paper is to design and analyze the electromagnetic performance and thermodynamic performance of a high-speed integrated motor-compressor. The integrated motor-compressor is designed based on the flux-switching permanent magnet (FSPM) machine topology. The rotor poles of the proposed integrated motor-compressor are shaped into airfoils, and the proposed machine can produce electromagnetic torque and compression function in the meantime. In this paper, the cross-coupled performance of the integrated machine on motor and compressor aspect is investigated. The variation of rotor tip radius, solidity, and rotating speed to the performance of the integrated machine are evaluated. The mechanical output power of the integrated machine is evaluated by using both analytical sizing equation and finite element analysis (FEA). The compression power and the stage pressure rise are calculated by mean-line analysis.
An equation of state for liquid Pb83Li17

Abstract This work describes the development of a new equation of state for liquid Pb83Li17 for use in RELAP5-3D, MELCOR for Fusion, or other applications. The new equation is defined by a standard form of the Helmholtz free energy with five terms (four polynomial and one exponential), which we show is a generalization of the previous soft sphere equation of state used for Pb83Li17. The new equation was simultaneously fitted to available literature data for the density, specific heat, and sound speed of Pb83Li17, and vapor pressure data for pure Pb. The result is an equation of state that describes all these data to a high degree of accuracy, and a significant improvement over the previous equation of state used to generate Pb83Li17 property tables for RELAP5-3D and MELCOR for Fusion.
Linguistic Theory: Generative Grammar

The study of generative grammar over the past thirty years represents a return, following a century or so of concern with other matters, to a fundamental question of linguistic science—namely, that which has sometimes been called “Plato’s problem” (cf. Chomsky, 1986), or the problem of “the poverty of the stimulus.” The question is this: how come people know as much as they do about their native languages when the observable evidence for this knowledge is so impoverished—when it is, in fact, in an extraordinarily large number of important and interesting cases, utterly, and for principled reasons, lacking from the observable data base, however rich this may be in grammatical utterances and illuminating context?
Pharmacoeconomics of Systemic and Biologic Therapy in Dermatology

With rising costs of healthcare, economic cost analyses will continue to become important in the evaluation of pharmaceutical products and systemic therapies in dermatology. Understanding the basic principles of pharmacoeconomics and how they apply to dermatology is important for all dermatologists and medical trainees. In this chapter, we review the key concepts of pharmacoeconomics and give examples of these as they pertain to systemic therapy in psoriasis. Costs, including direct costs, indirect costs, opportunity costs, and intangible costs, are reviewed as are types of cost analyses and measurements of humanistic outcomes or clinical efficacy, such as utility scores, patient-reported outcomes, and number needed to treat. Finally, we present an example of a cost analysis for biologic agents in the treatment of psoriasis to emphasize the importance of pharmacoeconomic considerations in daily clinical practice for dermatologists.
Lymph Formation and Composition

This chapter will survey our current knowledge on lymph formation from the extracellular fluid, lymphatic circulation, and overall lymph proteomic composition during physiological and pathological states. Generation of the lymphatic fluid depends on hydrostatic and osmotic pressure gradients operating in the capillary beds. Lymph movement toward the draining node hinges on the pumping activity of the lymphangions and the presence of unidirectional valves. The lymph proteomic composition is generated by a combination of ultrafiltrated plasma proteins with proteins and molecules generated from the metabolic and catabolic activities of each drained anatomical site. Importantly, lymph proteins and peptides contribute to the MHCII-presented peptidome displayed by nodal dendritic cells. Altogether, these analyses have brought new attention to the role of the lymphatic fluid in transporting the «immunological self» and have indicated how physiological and pathological conditions affect lymph composition.
Retirement: A concept for nurses to consider.

PROBLEM The large number of aging retirees is changing the landscape of US healthcare and economic systems. Many nurses will be among these retirees. While retirement has been studied in many fields, it has been explored considerably less in nursing science. Retirement as a concept is complex, not well-defined across disciplines, and the impact of this important transition on health and well-being is not well-understood. PURPOSE The purpose of this article is to explore the concept of retirement as a transition that may be related to health and well-being in aging individuals. FINDINGS Conceptual exploration supports that retirement is defined by two identified attributes: (a) It is a transitional period surrounding stopping or changing full or part-time, paid or unpaid employment status, and (b) it occurs at a time when a person self-identifies as being retired. Identified antecedents and consequences of retirement are closely related to health. CONCLUSION Many life changes often occur during the transition of retirement. As a concept, retirement is linked to healthy, transitional aging. Nursing's holistic perspective of addressing client needs can be better understood when caring for individuals who have retired or are planning to retire.
Nitrogen utilization and digestibility of amino acids by lambs fed a high-concentrate diet with limestone or magnesium oxide.

Effects were evaluated of high dietary levels of magnesium oxide (MgO) or limestone on DM, OM and CP digestibility, N balance and intestinal absorption of amino acids by lambs fed a high concentrate diet. Twelve wether lambs equipped with abomasal and ileal cannulas were blocked by weight and breeding and allotted to treatments in a randomized block design in two consecutive trials. Diets were control (800 g), control plus 1.5% MgO (812 g), control plus 1.5% limestone (812 g) and control plus 3.0% limestone (824 g) fed in two equal portions at 12-h intervals. Ruminal fluid pH differences were small. The pH of ileal digesta was greater (P less than .05) with MgO than with limestone (8.23 vs 7.73). Fecal pH was higher (P less than .01) for lambs fed all mineral treatments (avg 8.75) than for lambs fed the control (7.61) and was higher (P less than .01) when MgO (9.53) rather than limestone (8.36) was fed. Ruminal NH3N was lower (P less than .01) when lambs were fed MgO (11.9 mg/dl) compared with limestone (avg 31.2 mg/dl). Preintestinal DM digestibility was greatest (P less than .10) with limestone (avg 49.5%) feeding compared with feeding MgO (31.2%) or the control (35.4%). About 41.5% more essential (P less than .05) and 48% more nonessential (P less than .03) amino acids reached the small intestine when MgO was fed than when limestone was fed. Partial digestibility of amino acids in the small intestine was reduced (P less than .03) an average of 5 percentage units when MgO or limestone was fed. Feeding high levels of MgO or limestone to lambs did not improve the overall digestibility of DM, OM or CP. In fact, feeding high levels of MgO or limestone appeared to be detrimental, reducing intestinal absorption of amino acids.
Hip Arthroplasty with Minimally Invasive Surgery. A Survey Comparing the Opinion of Highly Qualified Experts vs Patients

In recent years, there has been an increasing debate regarding the possible role of minimally invasive (MIS) total hip arthroplasty (THA). We conducted a questionnaire survey of the Hip Society members and compared the responses of the surgeons with those of patients who were being considered for THA. 80% of surgeons who completed the survey admitted to performing MIS THA, of whom two thirds defined MIS as small incision. Of surgeons, 74% had encountered some complication related to MIS THA; 67% of patients had not heard of MIS THA. The knowledge regarding MIS THA expressed by 80% of patients was either inaccurate or not substantiated by any studies. This survey highlights the inadequacy of our current understanding of MIS THA and lack of education on the part of the patients.
A Delphi Study to Determine Leveling of the Interprofessional Core Competencies for Four Levels of Interprofessional Practice.

Although the Core Competencies for Interprofessional Education (IPE) provide guidance in developing interprofessional learning experiences, the literature is sparse in how to incorporate them across varying levels of learning activities. Thus, the purpose of this study was to explore consensus for leveling the IPEC Core Competencies for use across four levels of interprofessional practice. Initially, Benner’s novice to expert theory was used to develop a leveling document for planning educational experiences appropriate for pre-licensure through practice learners. Using this document, a Delphi study was conducted to gain consensus on leveling the Core Competencies. A modified Delphi technique was employed using an expert panel of 48 healthcare faculty experienced in interprofessional education. Participants were asked to select their opinion of the level of learner for which each of the competencies were most appropriate. After three rounds of questionnaires, 34 of the 38 competencies achieved consensus at a 70% agreement. Four competencies did not reach consensus. Using a developmental approach, this study provides a foundational point for establishing guidelines for progressive organization and consistency in interprofessional learning activities. Although four competencies did not reach consensus, the results suggest that leveling is possible. Ongoing research is needed to further validate or revise the findings from this study.
A Follow-Up Clinical Trial Evaluating the Consumer-Decides Service Delivery Model.

Objectives There were 2 main objectives. The primary objective was to replicate a prior clinical trial of a consumer-decides (CD) approach to selecting hearing aids in older adults as a potential m...
A PERCEPTUALLY-INSPIRED 2D VIDEO STABILITY ESTIMATOR

Video stability is a significant problem for videos captured by handheld or body-worn cameras. An accurate video stability estimation that is consistent with human perception is the basis of effective video stabilization algorithms. It is also useful for comparing different video stabilization algorithms and constructing a benchmark. In this paper, we present a perception-inspired video stability estimator based on 2D image motions. It calculates the fraction of information in each frame that can be perceived by human eyes. Experimental results show that our stability estimator can accurately estimate subjective video stability scores. It requires less time to compute and is more accurate and robust under different scene structures than methods based on 3D motions.
Using the standard deviational ellipse to document changes to the spatial dispersion of seasonal tornado activity in the United States

Recent studies have documented possible ongoing changes to the climatology of tornadoes in the United States. Observed changes include increasing tornado counts in the Southeast and Midwest Regions, decreasing tornado counts in the Great Plains, and increased clustering of tornadoes on fewer days of the year. This study illustrates that the spatial dispersion of tornadoes in the United States is also changing. The dispersion of tornadoes decreased between 1954 and 2017, most notably in spring, summer, and fall. Furthermore, tornadoes tended to be less spatially dispersed in seasons with more tornadoes and with multiple days on which 20 or more tornadoes occur. This suggests that the increased occurrence of tornado outbreaks is contributing to the decrease in dispersion. The number and distribution of tornadoes is changing throughout the USA. Predicted future climate conditions, such as increased surface temperatures and low-level moisture, have been suggested to favor severe weather events and tornado activity across the eastern United States. Here, Todd Moore and Michael McGuire, from Towson University, have studied the spatial and seasonal dispersion of tornadoes in the United States from 1954 to 2017. Over this time period, their results show that tornadoes are becoming less dispersed in spring, summer, and fall and confirm that tornado activity is increasing in the Southeast and Midwest regions. Furthermore, the authors find that the increase in the number of ‘tornado-active days’ (days with more than 20 tornadoes) contributes to the decreased dispersion. Future studies should take observed changes in the distribution and dispersion of tornado activity into account when determining the climate variables responsible for tornado outbreaks.
Introduction: Toward an Alternative Tradition of War Representation

This introduction first establishes the mainstream relationship cultural relationship between war and cinema (a celebration of martial masculinity and national aims using realism and the Classical Hollywood style) and then explores alternatives (criticisms of war and the military, using fantasy and conceits from art cinema and disreputable genres). The introduction sets up that this alternative tradition of war representation in film and television especially thrived between the Suez Crisis in 1956 and the Falkland War in 1982, during a period of radical social change, amidst relative political stability and consensus whose fraying edges were exposed on-screen. The author introduces the methodologies used throughout the book and provides case studies forecasting the themes of the chapters to come, as well as more detailed descriptions of the chapters themselves.
Newborn Respiratory Distress

The neonatal period and normal gestation are defined, as well the pathologic implications for prematurity. Congenital and acquired conditions are discussed, as well as the common complications of each and salient radiographic features and signs. Imaging specific related to care in the neonatal ICU is introduced.
The Virtual Data Collaboratory: A Regional Cyberinfrastructure for Collaborative Data-Driven Research

The Virtual Data Collaboratory is a federated data cyberinfrastructure designed to drive data-intensive, interdisciplinary, and collaborative research that will impact researchers, educators, and entrepreneurs across a broad range of disciplines and domains as well as institutional and geographic boundaries.
Self-Regulation in First-Semester Calculus.

Improving STEM retention is a major focus of universities and studies have shown calculus to be a barrier for STEM intending students. Prior to this study, local data indicated students did not pursue STEM fields because they were not passing calculus. The goal of this study is to report on factors related to student success in first-semester calculus. In particular, taking into account incoming math aptitude, the relationship between final grades and self-reported self-regulatory aptitudes were examined. Self-regulatory aptitudes include self-reported measures of motivational orientations and use of learning strategies. Results indicate self-regulatory aptitudes predict final grades above and beyond math aptitude. In this study, math aptitude alone predicted 32% of variance in students’ final calculus grades. However, adding in measures of self-regulation, the model was able to predict 48% of variance. In addition, measures of self-regulation differed amongst high and under achievers as well as low and over achievers. This indicates self-regulation plays a role in student success. Furthermore, gender differences were present in measures of self-regulation which may be of importance for improving retention of women in STEM.
Reproduction on the reservation: pregnancy, childbirth, and colonialism in the long twentieth century: by Brianna Theobald, 2019, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, xvi + 269 pp., $29.95 (paperback), ISBN: 978-1-4696-5316-7

Brianna Theobald explores Native-American women’s reproductive experiences and their fight to address the health challenges they confronted during the long twentieth century. Native women fought ag...
Race, Decisional Regret and Prostate Cancer Beliefs: Identifying Targets to Reduce Racial Disparities in Prostate Cancer

Purpose:African American men are more likely to be diagnosed with, die of and experience decisional regret about their prostate cancer than nonAfrican American men. Although some clinical discrepan...
Prevention of Paradoxical Cerebral Embolus with Protection System during Combination Right Atrial Clot Aspiration Thrombectomy and Closure of Patent Foramen Ovale

In this technical case report, we describe a 41-year-old female with a history of breast cancer who was found to have a right atrial clot attached to the tip of her Port-A-Cath. During transthoracic echocardiography to evaluate her clot, she was also noted to also have a patent foramen ovale. The decision was made to perform a simultaneous right atrial endovascular aspiration thrombectomy and patent foramen ovale closure. To minimize the risk for paradoxical embolus during clot manipulation, an intravascular embolic neuroprotection device was deployed. After the procedure, it was noted on visual inspection that the device filter contained several embolic fragments. The presence of macroscopic embolic fragments in the filter baskets highlights the role of prophylactic embolic protection when performing cardiac interventions in the setting of a patent foramen ovale, particularly in the presence of a right atrial thrombus or mass.
The influence of item familiarization on neural discriminability during associative memory encoding and retrieval

Abstract Associative memory requires one to encode and form memory representations not just for individual items, but for the association or link between those items. Past work has suggested that associative memory is facilitated when individual items are familiar rather than simultaneously learning the items and their associative link. The current study employed multivoxel pattern analyses (MVPA) to investigate whether item familiarization prior to associative encoding affects the distinctiveness of neural patterns, and whether that distinctiveness is also present during associative retrieval. Our results suggest that prior exposure to item stimuli impacts the representations of their shared association compared to stimuli that are novel at the time of associative encoding throughout most of the associative memory network. While this distinction was also present at retrieval, the overall extent of the difference was diminished. Overall the results suggest that stimulus familiarity influences the representation of associative pairings during memory encoding and retrieval, and the pair-specific representation is maintained across memory phases irrespective of this distinction.
Safety of ovarian preservation for premenopausal patients with FIGO stage I grade 2 and 3 endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma

Objectives: Investigate the utlization and outcomes of ovarian preservation (OP) for premenopausal patients with FIGO stage I grade 2 and 3 endometrioid endometrial carcinoma. Methods: Patients aged ≤ 45 years with no history of another tumor, diagnosed between 2004 and 2015 with a pathological stage I grade 2 or 3 endometrioid endometrial carcinoma, who underwent hysterectomy with or without bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO) and had at least one month of follow-up were drawn from the National Cancer Database. Clinico-pathological characteristics were compared with the chi-square test. Overall survival (OS) of patients who did and did not undergo BSO was calculated after generation of Kaplan-Meier curves and compared with the log-rank test. A Cox multivariate model was constructed to control for confounders. Results: A total of 2941 patients who met the inclusion criteria were identified; 200 (6.8%) patients did not undergo BSO. Rate of ovarian preservation was comparable between patients with grade 2 (n=163, 6.6%) and grade 3 (n=37, 7.7%) tumors, p=0.38. No difference between the OP and BSO groups was noted in terms of insurance status, type of treatment facility, patient race and presence of comorbidities, tumor size and depth of myometrial invasion, p>0.05. Patients who did not undergo BSO were younger (median 39 vs 41 years, p Conclusions: In a large cohort of patients with grade 2 and 3 FIGO stage I endometrioid carcinoma undergoing hysterectomy, ovarian preservation had no detrimental effect on overall survival.
Meal patterns of weaned dairy calves are affected by previous dietary experience and associated with competition surrounding individual feed bins.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate how meal patterns of recently weaned and group-housed dairy calves are subject to effects of previous dietary experience and associated with competition for feed. During the preweaning period, Holstein heifer and bull calves were provided diets differing in provision and presentation of forage as follows: (1) pelleted starter only (n = 12), (2) starter and chopped coastal bermudagrass provided in separate buckets (n = 13), (3) starter and chopped coastal bermudagrass mixed together in the same bucket (n = 15), or (4) starter, chopped coastal bermudagrass, and liquid molasses mixed together in 1 bucket (n = 13). At 58 ± 2 (mean ± standard deviation) days of age, following weaning, calves were mingled between treatments and moved into group housing in weekly age-based cohorts (7 ± 2 calves/group; 8 groups total), and all were provided the mixed diet (without molasses). Within group pens, calves were fed individually using the Calan Broadbent feeding system (American Calan Inc.). Calves were monitored for 1 wk following introduction to the group pen. Feed intake was measured daily. Behavioral data, describing feeding times and competition for feed, were recorded continuously for 48 h beginning after a 5-d adaptation to the group pen. Calves previously provided starter only had longer, less frequent meals than calves previously provided forage in any form, and they tended to consume less feed compared with those previously provided starter and hay separately, with calves previously provided mixed diets having intermediate intakes. We observed occurrences of displacements at bins, which were followed by replacements and feed stealing on some occasions, where 34% of calves consumed feed from a bin assigned to another calf on at least 1 occurrence, and 64% of calves were stolen from at least once. Competition at feed bins was not affected by previous dietary treatments, but was associated with meal patterns. Actor displacement rate was negatively associated with meal frequency and duration, but calves that were displaced more often were those that spent more time feeding. These results suggested a possible carryover effect of previous exposure to forage on postweaning meal patterns following a dietary change. Further, we found that competitive behavior varied considerably between individuals, occurring frequently despite feeding calves using individually-assigned feeding bins, and was associated with meal characteristics. These results highlighted the importance of considering both previous dietary experience and social factors when evaluating feeding behavior.
Crystallization in Foods

Publisher Summary The crystalline structure of foods is important to product quality, texture, and stability. It is this crystalline structure and other structural elements that determine product appearance, mechanical properties during handling, mouthfeel during consumption, and shelf stability. To control crystallization, it is necessary to have an understanding of the phase behavior of the system, some knowledge of nucleation and growth kinetics, and the effects of both formulation and processing conditions on this kinetics. In foods, two circumstances for controlling the formation of crystals can be distinguished: those where the crystals provide an element of structure in the product and those where crystallization is a separation process. There are many factors that influence crystallization in food products. In many products, the goal of crystallization is to generate a certain texture or appearance that makes the product acceptable. Thus, nucleating many crystals that remain small within the product itself is often the goal. There must be many crystals with small mean size and narrow distribution. The crystals also must have the proper shape and/or polymorph to enhance stability of the product during storage and distribution. However, in other types of products, crystallization is undesired even though the system is supersaturated. In these cases, techniques are used to prevent crystallization from occurring during storage, because this leads to unacceptable product quality.
A protective role for innate immunity in systemic lupus erythematosus

Clinical and genetic studies in humans and animal models indicate a crucial protective role for the complement system in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This presents a paradox because the complement system is considered to be an important mediator of the inflammation that is observed in patients with SLE. One current view is that complement provides protection by facilitating the rapid removal of apoptotic debris to circumvent an autoimmune response. In this Opinion article, I discuss an alternative model in which complement - together with other components of the innate immune system - participates in the 'presentation' of SLE-inducing self-antigens to developing B cells. In this way, the complement system and innate immunity protect against responses to SLE (self) antigens by enhancing the elimination of self-reactive lymphocytes.
Fitness through Youth Sports: Myth or Reality?

(1978). Fitness through Youth Sports: Myth or Reality? Journal of Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 49, No. 3, pp. 41-42.
I–T. M. Scanlon

It is clearly impermissible to kill one person (or refrain from giving him treatment that he needs in order to survive) because his organs can be used to save five others who are in need of transplants. It has seemed to many that the explanation for this lies in the fact that in such cases we would be intending the death of the person whom we killed, or failed to save. What makes these actions impermissible, however, is not the agent's intention but rather the fact that the benefit envisaged does not justify an exception to the prohibition against killing or the requirement to give aid. The difference between this explanation and one appealing to intention is easily overlooked if one fails to distinguish between the prospective use of a moral principle to guide action and its retrospective use to appraise the way an agent governed him or herself. Even if this explanation is accepted, however, it remains an open question whether and how an agent's intention may be relevant to the permissibility of actions in other cases.
EFFECTS OF AN OUT‐OF‐SCHOOL PROGRAM ON URBAN HIGH SCHOOL YOUTH'S ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

Research strongly indicates that low-income youth, particularly those of color who are overrepresented in poverty, have lower levels of academic performance than their higher-income peers. It has been suggested that community-based out-of-school programs can play an important role in reducing these academic differences. This study examined the effect of the YMCA High School Youth Institute on the grades, test scores, and school attendance of urban high school youth using a randomly selected matched comparison group. Those involved in the program had significantly higher English-language art and math standardized test scores and somewhat fewer absences than the comparison group. Active program participants had significantly higher academic grade-point averages (GPAs) and math test scores as well as somewhat higher total GPA. The findings suggest that high-quality out-of-school programs can positively influence the academic performance of low-income youth. Implications for practice are discussed.
Selective cognitive and psychiatric manifestations in Wolfram Syndrome

Wolfram Syndrome (WFS) is known to involve diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, optic nerve atrophy, vision loss, hearing impairment, motor abnormalities, and neurodegeneration, but has been less clearly linked to cognitive, sleep, and psychiatric abnormalities. We sought to determine whether these abnormalities are present in children, adolescents, and young adults with WFS compared to age- and gender-matched individuals with and without type 1 diabetes using standardized measures. Individuals with genetically-confirmed WFS (n = 19, ages 7–27) were compared to age- and gender- equivalent groups of individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1DM; n = 25), and non-diabetic healthy controls (HC: n = 25). Cognitive performance across multiple domains (verbal intelligence, spatial reasoning, memory, attention, smell identification) was assessed using standardized tests. Standardized self- and parent-report questionnaires on psychiatric symptoms and sleep disturbances were acquired from all groups and an unstructured psychiatric interview was performed within only the WFS group. The three groups were similar demographically (age, gender, ethnicity, parental IQ). WFS and T1DM had similar duration of diabetes but T1DM had higher HbA1C levels than WFS and as expected both groups had higher levels than HC. The WFS group was impaired on smell identification and reported sleep quality, but was not impaired in any other cognitive or self-reported psychiatric domain. In fact, the WFS group performed better than the other two groups on selected memory and attention tasks. However, based upon a clinical evaluation of only WFS patients, we found that psychiatric and behavioral problems were present and consisted primarily of anxiety and hypersomnolence. This study found that cognitive performance and psychological health were relatively preserved WFS patients, while smell and sleep abnormalities manifested in many of the WFS patients. These findings contradict past case and retrospective reports indicating significant cognitive and psychiatric impairment in WFS. While many of these patients were diagnosed with anxiety and hypersomnolence, self-reported measures of psychiatric symptoms indicated that the symptoms were not of grave concern to the patients. It may be that cognitive and psychiatric issues become more prominent later in life and/or in later stages of the disease, but this requires standardized assessment and larger samples to determine. In the relatively early stages of WFS, smell and sleep-related symptoms may be useful biomarkers of disease and should be monitored longitudinally to determine if they are good markers of progression as well. Current Clinicaltrials.gov Trial NCT02455414 .
Systematic pricing during the stock crash

Abstract The relative response of stocks of Standard & Poor's 500 firms to the stock market crash on “Black Monday” (October 19, 1987) is examined. A significant correlation is found between the percentage decline in stock prices on Black Monday and the stocks' historically estimated betas. However, the decline in stock prices is found to be less than the decline implied by the stock's betas. Thus, an investor acting on the assumption that the prices would ultimately correct for this deviation would have obtained substantial profits.
Characteristics and regulation of interaction of avian retrovirus pp12 protein with viral RNA.

Abstract We investigated the interaction of the avian retrovirus pp12 protein with viral RNA to assess its possible role in virion assembly. Using chemical modification techniques, we found that reagents specific for lysine or arginine residues inactivated the RNA-binding capacity of the protein. The binding of pp12 to 60S viral RNA was also strongly affected by pH (pKapp of 5.5); the affinity for viral RNA decreased by as much as 40-fold after protonation of one or more titratable groups on the protein. When the protein was cleaved by cyanogen bromide, each of the two polypeptide products bound to RNA (with low affinity), but pH dependence was lost. Thus, an intact protein was required for this effect. Since histidine and phosphoserine residues have pKa values close to the pKapp of the pp12-RNA interaction, they were studied to determine whether they were involved in this process. Each of the two histidyl residues in pp12 had pKa values of 6.2, as determined by proton nuclear magnetic resonance titrations, values too high to account for the pKapp of binding. The involvement of phosphoserine residues, which have pKa values similar to the pKapp, was investigated by removal of phosphate from pp12. When phosphate groups were chemically or enzymatically removed from the avian myeloblastosis virus, Rous sarcoma virus (Pr-C), and PR-E 95C virus pp12 proteins, the Kapp for binding 60S viral RNA was reduced 100-fold at pH 7.5. Thus, it seems possible that phosphorylation of the pp12 protein could favor viral nucleocapsid formation by increasing its affinity for the viral RNA genome. Dephosphorylation could provide for its release from the viral RNA during reverse transcription after viral infection of cells.
Active broadband impedance transformations using distributed techniques

An active circuit design technique which allows impedance transformations over extremely broad bandwidths, using distributed impedance transformation amplifiers, is described and demonstrated. The transformation is obtained by coupling two or more identical distributed amplifier circuits in parallel by the use of a common input or output line. The circuit technique can be used where broadband impedance matching is important, such as for laser diode drivers or antenna matching in broadband receivers and transmitters. The circuit technique is demonstrated by a fabricated amplifier that gives a 1:2 impedance transformation over a 2- to 20-GHz bandwidth. >
The microdeletion syndromes

The microdeletion syndromes are a group of multiorgan system genetic disorders due to noncytogenetically visible deletions. This article discusses the details of a patient with a microdeletion syndrome and how to approach other such patients. Keywords: microdeletion; 22q11.2 deletion syndrome
Effects of Parental Monitoring, Permissiveness, and Injunctive Norms on Substance Use Among Mexican and Mexican American Adolescents

The prevention literature has given little attention to how parental influences affect substance use among Mexican origin adolescents, even though they form part of the largest ethnic minority group in the United States. This study explored the effects of three types of parental influences—parental monitoring of the child's whereabouts, degree of parental permissiveness, and the strength of parental injunctive norms discouraging substance use—on alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use and anti-drug norms. Results showed that parental permissiveness and parental injunctive norms, particularly anti-drug injunctive norms, had the strongest effects on the substance use outcomes, but parental monitoring generally was not a significant predictor. These results and implications for prevention are discussed in light of Mexican cultural norms toward substance use, gender roles, and family roles.
PAK thread from amoeba to mammals

The p21-activated kinases (PAKs) are signaling nodes that play a crucial role in cellular processes including cell motility, differentiation, survival, gene transcription, and hormone signaling. PAKs are highly conserved family of serine-threonine kinases that act as effector for small GTPases Rac and Cdc42. Most of our knowledge about PAK functions has been derived from genetic approaches in lower organisms and many of these functions are similar to that seen in mammalian cells. In this review, we have summarized the extensive information generated in lower eukaryotes and very briefly discussed the current status of PAKs in humans.
Extracardiac Adjustment of Mitral Chordae Replacement

This study was designed to determine the feasibility of completing mitral chord repair externally when the heart was weaned from bypass. Ten anesthetized dogs (22.9 ± 4.6 kg) were placed on cardiopulmonary bypass through a left thoracotomy. The left atrium was opened and one or two marginal chords of the anterior mitral leaflet were divided. A double-armed 2-O polypropylene suture was placed in the margin of the mitral leaflet, and both suture ends were brought outside of the ventricle through the anterior papillary muscle, but were not anchored. Production of mitral incompetence was verified when the animals were weaned from bypass. Mean left atrial pressure (LAPm), the v wave of the left atrial pressure (LAPv), systolic billowing of the anterior leaflet into the left atrium above the mitral closure line (two-dimensional echocardiography, long axis), and function curves (left atrial–aortic systolic pressure, LAPv–AoSP) were used to determine valve competence and functionality of the repair. All values are expressed as means ± SE. Acute mitral incompetence in this model was associated with severe left atrial bulging, left atrial billowing of the anterior leaflet (7–12 mm, 9.6 ± 1.6 mm), significantly increased left atrial pressure [LAPv, 30.5 ± 5.8; LAPm, 23.6 ± 4.3 mm Hg; bothP< 0.01 vs control (10.5 ± 2.5 and 7.5 ± 2.7 mm Hg, respectively)], and decreased systemic pressure development (AoSP, 84 ± 8.8 vs 108 ± 12.3 mm Hg;P< 0.01). The slope of the atrial–systemic pressure curve was decreased significantly, shifted to the right and reduced by more than half (2.1069 vs 0.9190;P< 0.05). External adjustment of the pledgeted suture ends returned all values to within control limits (LAPv, 12.7 ± 4.1; LAPm, 9.8 ± 4.3; AoSP, 104 ± 10.5; LAP–AoSP slope, 2.0909; allP= n.s.), atrial bulging was not evident, and atrial displacement of the valve leaflet could no longer be visualized. These data suggest that mitral chord repair is feasible through a thoracotomy and, more importantly, final adjustments to obtain optimal chord length can be completed externally, guided by changes in dynamic, physiologic parameters.