cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Algebraic Language Processing Environment

AnAlgebraicLanguagePro cessingEnvironmentTeo dorRus,omHalverson,EricVanWyk,andRob ertKo oimaDepartmentofComputerScience,TheUniversityIowa,aCit,IA522421Intro ductionProblemdomainsevolve,soitseemsnaturalthatthelanguagesofproblemsolvingneedtoevolveaswell.Thethemeofourresearchisthatthetasklanguagedesignandimplementationshouldb emadearealisticendeavorforlargergroupofcomputerusersthussupp ortingtheevolutionlanguagewiththeproblemdomain.Thiscanb eaccomplishedbycreatingalanguagepro cessingenvironmentinwhichmetho dologiesandto olsareprovidedthatsimplifyultimatelyautomatemanyofthelanguagepro cessingtasks.Thisreducese ortnecessaryonthepartoflanguagedesignertodevelopaandcreatelanguagepro cessingto ols.Sincetheitselfiskeytoproblemsolving,thisisaprerequisitetofurtherprogress.Alanguageisacommunicationmechanismwhichprovidesframeworkinwhichonecancreatestatementshavemeaning.Intherealmofcomputersystems,alanguageisnotationusedtoexpresscomputations.Theisreferredtoasthesyntax,whilecomputationsemantics.Computerlanguagemanipulationimpliesasp eci cationasp ect,pro cessingandusageasp ect:sp eci cationallowscommunicatorstoconstructvalidphrasesthatmayb eusedtodenotecomputingabstractions;pro cessingconcernsalgorithmsthatrecognizephrasevalidity,discoerthecomputingabstractionsdenotedbaphrase,andp erformmeaning-preservingmappingsofphrasewithinlan-guageandb etweenlanguages;usageisthepro cessofproblemsolvingusingcomputerlanguages.Alanguageprocessingenvironmentisasetofintegratedto olsthatsupp ortstheseasp ectsofcomputerlanguagemanipulation.Thoughtheseasp ectsoflanguagemanipulationareintimatelyrelated,historicallytheyhaveb eendevelop edintosoftwaresystemsbydi erentp eopleusingapproaches.Ourpro jectadvo catesaunifyingframeworkfordealingwithlan-guagesinwhichallasp ectsoflanguagemanipulationareformallysp eci ed.Sp eci cationsshouldformallyde nesyntaxandsemanticsbythesamesp eci -cationrulesandshouldb eusedtoautomaticallygeneratelanguagepro cessingto ols,thusremovingmostoftheusualprogrammingburdenfromdevelop er.Thissimpli estheproblemsolvingpro cessandassuresthatcorrectsp eci cationspro ducecorrectimplementations.Inaddition,thelanguagedevelop er,aswellasthelanguageuser,shouldb eabletobuildpro cessingsystemsincrementallyandinteractively.Ourvisionofalanguagepro cessingenvironmenthasresultedinthecon-tinuousdevelopmentandevolutionoftheTICS(TechnologyforImplementingComputerSoftware)pro ject.Thispro jectdemonstratesmanyuniquesp eci ca-tionandpro cessingcomp onentsaswellnewmetho dsofintegrationwhichare
Monitoring the Weibull Shape Parameter by Control Charts for the Sample Range of Type II Censored Data

In this paper, we propose control charts to monitor the Weibull shape parameter β under type II (failure) censoring. This chart scheme is based on the sample ranges of smallest extreme value distributions derived from Weibull processes. We suggest one-sided (high-side or low-side) and two-sided charts, which are unbiased with respect to the average run length (ARL). The control limits for all types of charts depend on the sample size, the number of failures c under type II censoring, the desired stable-process ARL, and the stable-process value of β. This article also considers sample size requirements for phase I in retrospective charts. We investigate the effect of c on the out-of-control ARL. We discuss a simple approach to choosing c by cost minimization. The proposed schemes are then applied to data on the breaking strengths of carbon fibers. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Building and using optical traps to study properties of molecular motors

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the building and using of optical traps to study the properties of molecular motors. Optical trapping experiments very directly measure the velocity, force, step size, and processive run length of molecular motors. The velocity, stall force, step size, and processive run length of molecular motors have all been determined using in vitro motility assays, both at the multiple- and the single-molecule levels. Optical trapping experiments in particular are used to gain information on stall forces, step sizes, and kinetics of a variety of molecular motors, such as kinesins, myosins, and processive DNA enzymes. Optical trapping assays are now performed on a variety of different systems using experimental techniques that may apply well to new, uncharacterized molecular motors and other biological macromolecules as well. These developments in both the technology and the assays involved in optical trapping have made the technique more accessible, increasing the likelihood that the optical trap can become a standard microscope used in laboratories that study movement and force in biological systems.
The somatic effects of exposure to atomic radiation: The Japanese experience, 1947–1997

Fifty years ago, when the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission came into being, the health consequences of exposure to ionizing radiation were poorly understood. It was known that, under appropriate circumstances in experimental systems, ionizing radiation could be carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic. However, the applicability of this information to the human species was uncertain, and epidemiologic studies were few in number. Moreover, most of the studies that were available involved individuals exposed to radiotherapy with whom the effects of radiation could be confounded with those of the illness being treated. Little was known about the dose–response relationships involved, the relative biological effectiveness of different qualities of radiation, or the factors that could modify risk. Undoubtedly, these uncertainties contributed to the decision of Colonel Ashley Oughterson and the Joint Commission for the Investigation of the Effects of the Atomic Bomb to recommend to Major General Norman Kirk, the Surgeon General of the Army, the need for long term studies of the effects of exposure to atomic radiation in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This recommendation led President Truman to direct the National Academy of Sciences–National Research Council to undertake the requisite studies. But these uncertainties are echoed in the vagueness of the planning documents that established the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission. These noted that the areas of concern were “cancer, leukemia, shortened life span, reduced vigor, altered development, sterility, modified genetic pattern, changes in vision, ‘shifted epidemiology,’ abnormal pigmentation, and epilation” (1). The organizational and logistic problems that confronted the newly created research institution were formidable (2). Japan was a devastated, occupied nation with few resources of its own. As a consequence, the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission had to be largely self-sufficient. It needed to establish its own clinical facilities, recruit and train staff, and develop the means to meet other needs, such …
Character energy and link energy-based text extraction in scene images

Extracting text objects from scene images is a challenging problem. In this paper, by investigating the properties of single characters and text objects, we propose a new text extraction approach for scene images. First, character energy is computed based on the similarity of stroke edges to detect candidate character regions, then link energy is calculated based on the spatial relationship and similarity between neighboring candidate character regions to group characters and eliminate false positives. We applied the approach on ICDAR dataset 2003. The experimental results demonstrate the validity of our method.
Gene expression clustering using self-organizing maps: analysis of the macrophage response to particulate biomaterials.

Abstract The most common cause of total joint replacement failure is peri-implant bone loss causing pain and prosthesis loosening. This process, known as osteolysis or aseptic loosening, is characterized by macrophage phagocytosis of particulate implant wear debris. In an incompletely defined step, particulate biomaterial debris induces macrophages to release a variety of inflammatory mediators and signaling proteins that lead to bone loss. In an in vitro model of this process, we used microarray technology and data analysis techniques, including the use of self-organizing maps (SOMs), to understand the mRNA gene expression changes occurring in macrophages exposed to clinically relevant particles of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene and TiAlV alloy. Earlier studies have been limited by technology that only allowed analysis of a few genes at a time, but the microarray techniques used in this paper generate the quantitative analysis of over a thousand genes simultaneously. Our microarray analysis utilized an SOM clustering to elucidate general patterns in the data, lists of top up- and down-regulated genes for each time point and genes with differential expression under different biomaterial exposures. The expression levels of the majority of genes ( > 95 % ) did not vary over time or with exposure to different biomaterials, but a few important genes, such as TNF- α , IL- 1 β , IL-6, and MIP 1 α , proved to be highly regulated in response to biomaterial exposure. We also uncovered a novel set of genes, which not only validates and logically extends the current model of the pathogenesis of osteolysis and aseptic loosening, but also provides new targets for further research and therapeutics.
Femtosecond Studies of Electronic Relaxation, Vibrational Relaxation, and Rotational Diffusion in all-trans-1,8-Diphenyl-1,3,5,7-octatetraene

Femtosecond transient absorption studies of the excited singlet state dynamics of all-trans-1,8-diphenyl-1,3,5,7-octatetraene were conducted in various hydrocarbon solvents at room temperature using 390 nm excitation and probe wavelengths between 630 and 820 nm. Linear dichroism measurements show that one of the decay components (100−150 ps) arises from rotational diffusion. The solvent viscosity dependence is consistent with that interpretation. Transient absorptions of the S2 (1Bu) and S1 (2Ag) states show ultrafast S2 → S1 internal conversion (470−600 fs) in association with possible vibrational relaxation within S1 and S2 on similar time scales.
R-CHOP or R-HyperCVAD with or without autologous stem cell transplantation for older patients with mantle cell lymphoma.

Abstract Background Although intensive induction and autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) prolong survival in younger patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), benefit in older patients remains uncertain because data supporting these approaches come almost exclusively from younger cohorts. Patients and Methods We reviewed outcomes for 38 patients with MCL aged ≥ 60 years who received R-CHOP (rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone) (n = 19) or R-HyperCVAD (rituximab plus hyperfractionated cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone alternating with high-dose methotrexate and cytarabine) (n = 19) with or without ASCT. Results Median progression-free survival (PFS) of R-CHOP + ASCT (3.2 years) and R-HyperCVAD alone (4.0 years) was longer than that for R-CHOP alone (1.6 years; P = .013 and P = .009, respectively). R-CHOP + ASCT and R-HyperCVAD resulted in similar PFS ( P = .66). R-HyperCVAD induction led to a higher incidence of toxicity, including therapy discontinuation and need for transfusions, compared with R-CHOP, although rates of adverse events were similar for R-HyperCVAD alone and R-CHOP + ASCT. Conclusion R-CHOP alone is less effective therapy for fit older patients with MCL. Intensifying therapy with R-HyperCVAD induction or ASCT consolidation after R-CHOP is associated with prolonged PFS and similar rates of toxicity. Consideration should be given to individual preferences regarding the differing method of administration and relative timing of toxicity with each regimen.
Use of a Central Pattern Generator for Control of a Muscle-Actuated Simulation of Pedaling

Muscle actuated forward dynamic simulations have provided tremendous insights into the mechanics of locomotion. However, the controllers used for large scale simulations have often been open-loop, with the muscle excitations prescribed as a function of time [1]. Due to the inherently unstable nature of bipedal movement, this means that perturbation-type analyses are often limited to short time frames after the perturbation is introduced [2]. However for many clinical problems, it would be desirable to predict how periodic locomotion reestablishes following a change to the system or perturbation from the environment.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
4 clinical decision rules plus D-dimer testing each had high sensitivity and low specificity for excluding acute pulmonary embolism

Source Citation Douma RA, Mos IC, Erkens PM, et al; Prometheus Study Group. Performance of 4 clinical decision rules in the diagnostic management of acute pulmonary embolism: a prospective cohort s...
Synthesis of alkaloid (-)-205B via stereoselective reductive cross-coupling and intramolecular [3+2] cycloaddition.

An asymmetric synthesis of alkaloid (−)-205B, a tricyclic member of the architecturally diverse family of natural products isolated from the skin of neotropical poison frogs, is described that proceeds through two recently developed stereoselective synthetic methods: (1) Ti-mediated allylic alcohol–imine reductive cross-coupling and (2) intramolecular [3+2] cycloaddition of a glyoxylate-based homoallylic nitrone. The utility of this latter cycloaddition process for the assembly of the stereochemically dense piperidine core of 205B is noteworthy, as this method enables direct [3+2] cycloaddition of an intermediate homoallylic (E)-nitrone via a pathway that is stereochemically unscathed by competitive [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement processes. Overall, the synthesis is asymmetric, concise, and highly stereoselective—features which point to the potential future utility of these chemical methods in natural product synthesis and medicinal chemistry.
How did the swiss cheese plant get its holes

AbstractAdult leaf fenestration in “Swiss cheese” plants (Monstera Adans.) is an unusual leaf shape trait lacking a convincing evolutionary explanation. Monstera are secondary hemiepiphytes that inhabit the understory of tropical rainforests, where photosynthesis from sunflecks often makes up a large proportion of daily carbon assimilation. Here I present a simple model of leaf-level photosynthesis and whole-plant canopy dynamics in a stochastic light environment. The model demonstrates that leaf fenestration can reduce the variance in plant growth and thereby increase geometric mean fitness. This growth-variance hypothesis also suggests explanations for conspicuous ontogenetic changes in leaf morphology (heteroblasty) in Monstera, as well as the absence of leaf fenestration in co-occurring juvenile tree species. The model provides a testable hypothesis of the adaptive significance of a unique leaf shape and illustrates how variance in growth rate could be an important factor shaping plant morphology and ...
Setting-Level Influences on Implementation of the Responsive Classroom Approach

We used mixed methods to examine the association between setting-level factors and observed implementation of a social and emotional learning intervention (Responsive Classroom® approach; RC). In study 1 (N = 33 3rd grade teachers after the first year of RC implementation), we identified relevant setting-level factors and uncovered the mechanisms through which they related to implementation. In study 2 (N = 50 4th grade teachers after the second year of RC implementation), we validated our most salient Study 1 finding across multiple informants. Findings suggested that teachers perceived setting-level factors, particularly principal buy-in to the intervention and individualized coaching, as influential to their degree of implementation. Further, we found that intervention coaches’ perspectives of principal buy-in were more related to implementation than principals’ or teachers’ perspectives. Findings extend the application of setting theory to the field of implementation science and suggest that interventionists may want to consider particular accounts of school setting factors before determining the likelihood of schools achieving high levels of implementation.
Life-Cycle Costs and Emissions of Pareto-Optimal Residential Roof-Mounted Photovoltaic Systems

AbstractResearch has separately existed for life-cycle costs and environmental assessment of photovoltaic systems. This study provides a framework for the identification of the optimal set of residential photovoltaic system options in terms of costs and selected air emissions by assessing the life cycle of the product from manufacturing to disposal. Analyzed air emissions include carbon, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter. The study focuses on general residential installations within the San Francisco Bay Area of California. Pareto frontiers are determined for costs and emissions, and the best options for suppliers are identified in each case, including sensitivity analysis of the installation planning horizon. Choosing multicrystalline silicon modules over thin film modules has the greatest impact on cost reduction. The electricity mix with which the modules are produced has the greatest impact on the emissions.
Microstructural models of magnetostrictive materials

In classical mathematical problems describing magnetostrictive ferromagnetic materials, one seeks a magnetization field m and deformation field y that minimize an energy functional composed of four terms: the field energy, the anisotropy or stored energy, the interaction energy, and the exchange energy. The total energy is minimized subject to boundary conditions on the deformation and a pointwise constraint on the magnitude of the deformation: m equals 1 everywhere in the body. The most important mathematical characteristic of this problem is nonattainment: minimizing sequences may oscillate or chatter, and a classical minimizer of the energy may not exist. This paper deals with a particular class of such problems based on the model for TbxDy(1-x)Fe2 developed by James and Kinderlehrer. We seek minimizers the energy of a spherical body subjected to an applied field h0 that is uniform in space and a dead load generated by a constant tensor T0. Exchange energy is set to zero.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The dual-mode solution of vinyl chloride monomer in poly(vinyl chloride)

Abstract Solubility isotherms for vinyl chloride monomer in glassy poly(vinyl chloride), which were determined by Berens [1] between 30 and 60°C over a wide range of relative pressures and which are sigmoidal in shape, can be represented satisfactorily by an extension of a “dual-mode sorption” model [5]. The unusual positive temperature dependence of one of the model parameters, the “hole-affinity” constant b, suggests the presence of residual solvent or monomer in the polymer samples employed. The behavior of the solubility isotherms at very low relative pressures is also discussed in terms of the model.
Late complications after pancreaticoduodenectomy with pancreaticogastrostomy.

We investigated complications after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) with pancreaticogastrostomy (PG) reconstruction more than 12 months postoperatively. Through chart review and outpatient follow-up, we assessed the incidence of new-onset diabetes mellitus (DM) and steatorrhea after PD. Ninety patients underwent PD with PG with a median follow-up of 4.7 years (range 0.4–15.8 years). Of the 77 patients without DM preoperatively, 18 (23.4%) developed DM postoperatively. Those who developed DM were younger at time of surgery than those who did not (60.5 versus 65.8 years; p = 0.021), but postoperative survival did not differ between these groups. The incidence of DM was comparable to the incidence of DM in the general population. Out of 89 patients, 47 (52.8%) now require pancreatic enzyme therapy. The group that developed steatorrhea underwent PD at a younger age (61.4 versus 67.0 years; p = 0.029). Patients that undergo PD at a younger age are more likely to develop DM and steatorrhea than their older counterparts; patients are as likely as the general population, however, to develop DM after PD with PG.
Effects of powdered human milk fortifiers on the antibacterial actions of human milk.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of powdered fortifiers and the addition of iron and medium-chain triglycerides on preterm human milk antibacterial activity. STUDY DESIGN: Human milk samples were obtained from 42 preterm lactating mothers after the first week of postnatal life. Enfamil® (EHMF) and Similac® (SHMF) Human Milk Fortifiers were evaluated. All mothers were healthy and were on no medications except for vitamins during lactation. The effects of each fortifier against E. coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus (Staph), Enterobacter sakazakii (ES), and Group B Streptococcus (GBS) were measured by the filter paper method and growth of the bacteria with human milk alone as control. The addition of iron and medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) to human milk was also tested. RESULTS: Human milk inhibited the growth of E. coli, Staph, ES, and GBS. Only the SHMF and the addition of MCT had similar antibacterial action as human milk alone. EHMF and the addition of iron to human milk removed the milk's antibacterial action against these four organisms. CONCLUSIONS: Preterm human milk has antimicrobial activity against E. coli, Staph, ES, and GBS. This activity can be affected by the addition of iron and fortifiers that contain iron.
Tangential Field Changes in the Great Flare of 1990 May 24.

We examine the great (solar) flare of 1990 May 24 that occurred in active region NOAA 6063. The Big Bear Solar Observatory videomagnetograph Stokes V and I images show a change in the longitudinal field before and after the flare. Since the flare occurred near the limb, the change reflects a rearrangement of the tangential components of the magnetic field. These observations lack the 180° ambiguity that characterizes vector magnetograms.
ON THE CHEMICAL OSCILLATIONS IN DIFFERENTIAL REACTORS: A CASE STUDY OF AMMONIA OXIDATION ON PLATINUM

Trying to identify the mechanism(s) responsible for isothermal oscillatory behavior of heterogeneous catalytic reaction systems, many investigators have assumed low conversions with respect to the limiting reactant(s) so that the bulk phase concentrations of the reactants may be considered constant. In this study, it is shown that even in a differential catalytic CSTR, in which conversion of the reactants may be less than %, the changes of the gas phase concentrations of the reacting.species may play a key role in the overall dynamic behavior of a reaction system; for instance, they may drive the oscillations observed. The reduction of nitric oxide by ammonia on polycrystalline platinum is discussed in detail within this context. Several other oxidation reactions are also discussed
Preventive Intervention for Anxious Preschoolers and Their Parents: Strengthening Early Emotional Development

The high prevalence and early onset of anxiety disorders have inspired innovative prevention efforts targeting young at-risk children. With parent–child prevention models showing success for older children and adolescents, the goal of this study was to evaluate a parent–child indicated preventive intervention for preschoolers with mild to moderate anxiety symptoms. Sixteen children (ages 3–5) and at least one of their parents participated in Strengthening Early Emotional Development (SEED), a new 10-week intervention with concurrent groups for parents and children. Outcome measures included clinician-rated and parent-rated assessments of anxiety symptoms, as well as measures of emotion knowledge, parent anxiety, and parental attitudes about children’s anxiety. Participation in SEED was associated with reduced child anxiety symptoms and improved emotion understanding skills. Parents reported decreases in their own anxiety, along with attitudes reflecting enhanced confidence in their children’s ability to cope with anxiety. Reductions in child and parent anxiety were maintained at 3-month follow-up. Findings suggest that a parent–child cognitive-behavioral preventive intervention may hold promise for young children with mild to moderate anxiety. Improvements in parent anxiety and parental attitudes may support the utility of intervening with parents. Fostering increased willingness to encourage their children to engage in new and anxiety-provoking situations may help promote continued mastery of new skills and successful coping with anxiety.
The Erg-onomics of myeloproliferation in Down syndrome.

In this issue of Blood , Ng and colleagues engineer a series of unique mice that provide genetic evidence for increased gene dosage of the ETS transcription factor, Erg, as a required determinant of the myeloproliferative features observed in the most studied mouse model of DS. Newborns and very
The Development and Validation of the Workforce Diversity Questionnaire: An Instrument to Assess Interactions in Diverse Workgroups

This research developed an original instrument, the Workforce Diversity Questionnaire, to assess interactions in diverse workgroups. A set of proposed dimensions was developed theoretically from li...
Induction of haploid plants from anther cultures of henbane

Summary Haploid plants of Hyoscyamus albus and H. pusillus, and haploid embryoids of H. niger have been obtained by culture of anthers in a simple mineral salt medium. Androgenesis was induced when anthers at the uninucleate microspore stage were cultured.
Separation and determination of aromatic acids in natural water with preconcentration by capillary zone electrophoresis

A method was developed for the determination of aromatic acids by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) in combination with UV detection using hydrodynamic sample injection. The electrophoretic behavior of aromatic acids was investigated to optimize their separation as a function of buffer pH, buffer concentration, applied voltage and sample injection time. A good linearity was observed for all analytes over a wide concentration range (5–100 μM). The relative standard deviation was less than 7% for all the aromatic acids tested. The method was applied to the analysis of aromatic acids in natural waters. The aromatic acids in the natural water sample were preconcentrated by means of solid-phase extraction (SPE). The recovery using the CZE in combination with the SPE procedure for the determination of aromatic acids was also investigated.
Bayesian longitudinal plateau model of adult grip strength.

Objectives: This article illustrates the use of applied Bayesian statistical methods in modeling the trajectory of adult grip strength and in evaluating potential risk factors that may influence that trajectory. Methods: The data consist of from 1 to 11 repeated grip strength measurements from each of 498 men and 533 women age 18–96 years in the Fels Longitudinal Study (Roche AF. 1992. Growth, maturation and body composition: the Fels longitudinal study 1929–1991. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). In this analysis, the Bayesian framework was particularly useful for fitting a nonlinear mixed effects plateau model with two unknown change points and for the joint modeling of a time-varying covariate. Multiple imputation (MI) was used to handle missing values with posterior inferences appropriately adjusted to account for between-imputation variability. Results: On average, men and women attain peak grip strength at the same age (36 years), women begin to decline in grip strength sooner (age 50 years for women and 56 years for men), and men lose grip strength at a faster rate relative to their peak; there is an increasing secular trend in peak grip strength that is not attributable to concurrent secular trends in body size, and the grip strength trajectory varies with birth weight (men only), smoking (men only), alcohol consumption (men and women), and sports activity (women only). Conclusions: Longitudinal data analysis requires handling not only serial correlation but often also time-varying covariates, missing data, and unknown change points. Bayesian methods, combined with MI, are useful in handling these issues. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 22:648–656, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Fine Structure of Neurons and Nerve Fibres in the Thoracic Ganglion of the Blowfly, Sarcophaga Bullata

The thoracic ganglion of the blowfly, Sarcophaga bullata (Parker), was studied by electronmicroscopy. At least three types of neurons may be distinguished in the cortex of the ganglion: Type 1 neuron, about 15 μ dia.; Type 2 neuron, about 5 μ dia.; and giant nerve cells about 35 μ dia. These cells are surrounded by glial processes which penetrate into invaginations of the cytoplasm of Type 1 neurons and giant cells. The Type 2 neuron appears to be bipolar whereas the other cells seem to be unipolar. The cytological features of these cell types are discussed at the fine structural level. The nerve fibres of the perikaryon extend into the neuropile where they form a complex system of profiles. Glial processes also extend into the neuropile where they become interpolated among many of the nerve fibres. Three types of nerve fibre contacts are distinguished: end knob contacts, longitudinal contacts, and cross contacts. neurofilaments, mitochondria, synaptic vesicles, neurosecretory droplets, and agranular endoplasmic reticulum are found in the nerve fibres. Synaptic sites between nerve fibres may be distinguished by the presence of synaptic vesicles at synaptic foci in a nerve fibre as it makes naked contact with another fibre. All synaptic sites in the central nervous system are limited to the neuropile.
Effect of alloying additions on β′ precipitation in NiAl–Ti base alloys

Abstract The precipitation of β′–Ni 2 AlTi is investigated in NiAl–3Ti– X ( X =Cu, Hf) alloys to determine the effects of alloying additions. Hf enhanced the precipitation of β′ and both Ti and Hf were found to partition to the β′ phase. Atom Location by Channeling Enhanced Microanalysis (ALCHEMI) results indicate that Hf has a strong preference to reside on Al sites. Cu was found to enhance β′ precipitation, but only when added to replace Ni in the composition. In this case, the β′ phase was enriched in Ti but not Cu. By relating the stability of the phases with nearest neighbor pair interactions, it is shown that Hf increases the stability of β′ phase, while Cu decreases the stability of the matrix β phase relative to β′.
Selective enhancement in polarization transfer nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Abstract A new pulse sequence for polarization transfer in NMR spectroscopy is proposed. It enables selective enhancements of multiplets and partial “editing” of coupled NMR spectra without any significant increase in time for data accumulation.
A revisionary study of the genus Mobula Rafinesque, 1810 (Chondrichthyes: Mobulidae) with the description of a new species

On the basis of morphometries, external morphology, colouration, and tooth and denticle morphology, the genus Mobula Rafinesque (1810) consists of nine living species, one of which (M. munkiana sp. nov.) is described here as new. Although the species can be grouped into six divisions based on morphological and morphometric similarities, no formal subdivision of the genus is here proposed, because of the lack of sufficient information on some of the species involved: the study presented here is the first systematic approach towards an overall revision of this genus. Neotypcs are designated for M. eregoodootenkee (Cuvier, 1829) and M. tarapacana (Philippi, 1892). Mobula coilloti Cadenat & Rancurel (1960) and M. formosana Teng (1962) are considered to be synonyms of M. tarapacana (Philippi, 1892), M. rancureli Cadenat (1959) is a synonym of M. japanica (Muller & Henle, 1841), M. lucasana Beebe & Tee-Van (1938) is a synonym of M. thurstoni (Lloyd, 1908), M. draco (Gunther, 1872) is a synonym of M. kuhlii (Valenciennes in Muller & Henle, 1841), and Ceratobatis robertsii Boulenger (1897) is a synonym of M. hypostoma (Bancroft, 1831). The relationships between M. japanica and M. mobular are not clear, and must await more detailed information on M. mobular. For each species principal synonyms are given and discussed, and diagnosis, description, morphometric data and geographic range are presented. A key is included to aid in species identification. All Mobula species are marine tropical-subtropical, and three are probably worldwide; M. japanica and M. mobular range into warm temperate waters. Of the nine species accepted here, five are found in the Indo-West Pacific, four in the eastern Pacific, two in the western Atlantic, four in the eastern Atlantic, and one in the Mediterranean.
Comparison of the A-B-H blood group specificities and M-N blood types in man, gibbons (Hylobates), and siamangs (Symphalangus).

Bloods from a total of 57 gibbons (52 Hylobates lar lar, four Hylobates lar pileatus, and one Hylobates hoolock) and two siamang apes (Symphalangus brachytanites) have been tested for human-type A-B-H, M-N, and Rh-Hr blood factors. Croups A, B, and AB have been identified in these apes but not group O, and three types corresponding to the human types M, N and MN have been found. All the apes tested gave reactions corresponding to type rh. Tests with anti-H lectin on gibbon red cells showed a very strong association of this blood factor with red cells of group B, in contrast to the situation in man where factor H is strongly associated with groups O and A2. Corresponding to each of the human agglutinogens M and N are multiple different antisera of specificities anti-M and anti-N, of which only particular reagents can be used for M-N typing of gibbons blood. Findings are also described which demonstrate the usefulness of lectins for A1, H and N blood factors in studies on individual blood differences in man and other primates, as well as of certain bean extracts for demonstrating species-specific differences among primates.
A Community Cancer Center Program: Getting to the Next Level

I believe that the Helen F. Graham Cancer Center program development along with statewide cancer control has transformed Delaware. Cancer mortality rates and the adult smoking rate in the state are dropping twice as fast as the national average. Cancer incidence is declining among African-Americans three times faster than among Caucasians. The Center for Translational Cancer Research and the Tissue Procurement Center have allowed clinicians at the Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and scientists to work together and receive NIH grants. Importantly, NIH funding to Delaware grew six-fold from $5 million in 1995 to $30 million in 2008. The NCCCP has expanded the Helen F. Graham Cancer Center Outreach to underserved areas, increased minority recruitment to clinical trials and led to funding for the Cancer Genome Atlas Project. The Helen F. Graham Cancer Center Outreach Program together with the state cancer control programs have resulted in Delaware being third in the United States for women who have received a mammogram in the last two years, third for women who have received a pap smear in the last three years, and first for individuals who have received a colonoscopy/sigmoidoscopy in the last five years. The High Risk Family Cancer Registry, the multidisciplinary disease site centers, our Cancer Outreach Program, the NCI clinical trials, and Center for Translational Cancer Research are the strong foundation to build on for the Cancer Program in the next five years.
The role of adjuvant chemotherapy in early-stage and locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer.

Adjuvant chemotherapy benefits only a small proportion of patients in the setting of resected early-stage non– small cell lung cancer, and in unselected patients, any benefit is modest. Analysis of clinical trials of adjuvant chemotherapy revealed that differential expression of DNA repair proteins and a 15-gene expression profile affected outcomes with treatment. Biomarkers and gene expression profiles are now being studied in prospective clinical trials to gauge their value in selection of adjuvant therapy and individualization of therapy.
The Myth of the Objective Transcript: Transcribing as a Situated Act

* Transcribing is a tool commonly used by researchers, both those concerned with the study of language and those concerned with exploring other dimensions of everyday life through language. Underlying much of this work is the belief that it is possible to write talk down in an objective way. In this commentary, we argue that transcribing is a situated act within a study or program of research embedded in a conceptual ecology of a discipline (Green et al., 1996; Toulmin, 1990; Van Dijk, 1985a). Transcribing, therefore, is a political act that reflects a discipline's conventions as well as a researcher's conceptualization of a phenomenon, purposes for the research, theories guiding the data collection and analysis, and programmatic goals (Edwards, 1993; Ochs, 1979). Our own political act in writing this article is to construct the arguments that follow by drawing on sociolinguistic perspectives informed by cultural anthropology (Green & Dixon, 1993; Green & Harker, 1988). To illustrate the importance of this argument for the TESOL audience, we discuss two key issues: transcribing as an interpretive process and as a representational process. Central to these conceptualizations is the understanding that a transcript is a text that "re"-presents an event; it is not the event itself. Following this logic, what is re-presented is data constructed by a researcher for a particular purpose, not just talk written down.
Trauma affects cyclic AMP and DNA levels at injured and non-injured distal oral mucosal sites.

Experiments in rats were conducted to test the hypothesis that gingival trauma affects cyclic AMP and DNA levels at the gingival wound, and non-injured distal (gingival, palatal) sites. Cyclic AMP and DNA levels rose and fell in a cyclic fashion during the time (0.5–24 h) periods analyzed. Significant increases in cAMP levels occurred at 8 and 20 h and at 8 and 16 h, respectively, at the wound and non-injured palatal site, peripheral to the wound. Similar increases (not significant) in cAMP levels were also noted at the non-injured gingival contralateral site at the same time intervals. DNA distributions were found to be significantly greater 10 and 16 h after injury at the gingival wound, and distal non-injured gingival and palatal sites.
Pregnancy Outcomes Following Sonographic Nonvisualization of the Fetal Stomach

Abstract Objective: To review pregnancy outcomes when two or more ultrasound scans persistently fail to visualize the fetal stomach. Methods: A computerized ultrasound database was used to identify all fetuses in which two or more serial ultrasound examinations failed to visualize the fetal stomach. Sonographic images were reviewed retrospectively, with the reviewer blinded to outcome data, to confirm persistent nonvisualization. Pregnancy outcome data were obtained from hospital charts and physicians’ office records. Fetal karyotypes, when performed, were obtained from amniotic fluid (AF) culture. The ultrasound findings then were compared with fetal karyotype results and pregnancy outcome data. Results: Of 35,569 ultrasound scans performed during 1991–1996, 26 fetuses (0.07%) with persistently nonvisualized stomachs were identified. Structural defects were detected in 17 fetuses (65%), most often involving the cardiothoracic ( n = 5), genitourinary ( n = 4), and central nervous systems ( n = 4). Karyotypes were obtained in 12 fetuses, and four of them were abnormal. Only five of 17 fetuses (29%) with a structural defect survived. In nine of 26 fetuses (35%) with persistently nonvisualized stomachs, no structural defect was identified. Each of these nine fetuses had abnormal AF volume in its surrounding sac, and the overall perinatal survival in fetuses without a structural defect was only 50%. Conclusion: Fetuses with persistently nonvisualized stomachs have an increased incidence of structural defects and AF abnormalities and are more likely to have a poor outcome. A detailed ultrasound examination and fetal karyotype analysis should be performed to evaluate fetuses with persistently nonvisualized stomachs.
Compound genetic abnormalities in patients with cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator gene mutation.

Objective To determine the prevalence of compound genetic abnormalities in patients who are carriers of cystic fibrosis mutations. Design Case report. Setting Tertiary referral center for male infertility. Patient(s) Between 2000 and 2005, 65 patients were identified to be carriers of cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator gene (CFTR) mutations or have a polymorphism of the polythymidine tract of intron 8. Intervention(s) Patients were evaluated for male factor infertility. Additional genetic testing for karyotype abnormalities or Y chromosome microdeletions was performed when indicated because of evidence of impaired spermatogenesis during surgical sperm retrieval or on semen analysis. A comparison of similar patients is in the published literature. Main Outcome Measure(s) Characteristics of patients with compound genetic abnormalities presenting to an academic male fertility practice. Comparison to similar patients reported in the literature. Result(s) Two patients (3.1%) out of 65 were identified in our database to have compound genetic abnormalities. One patient had a W1282X mutation while the other had an I148T mutation. Both patients had deletions of AZF b + c regions. There were no karyotype abnormalities identified in our database. An additional two patients with compound CFTR mutations and Y chromosome microdeletions were identified in the literature. Three patients in the literature had compound CFTR mutations and karyotype abnormalities. Conclusion Compound genetic abnormalities in CFTR mutation patients can be a contributing factor when abnormal spermatogenesis is encountered. A secondary genetic etiology should be considered in these types of patients.
High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging is a noninvasive method of observing injury and recovery in the peripheral nervous system.

OBJECTIVE Noninvasive observation of degenerating and regenerating peripheral nerves could improve the diagnosis and treatment of nerve injuries. We constructed a novel phased-array radiofrequency coil to permit magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) observation of the sciatic nerve and its target muscles in rats after injury. METHODS Adult male Lewis rats underwent either crushing (n = 18) or cutting and capping (n = 17) of their right sciatic nerves and then underwent serial MRI. Serial gait track analysis was performed to assess behavioral recovery. Animals from both groups were killed at several time points for histological evaluation of the nerves, with axon counting. RESULTS Crushed sciatic nerves demonstrated increased T2-weighted signals, followed by signal normalization as axonal regeneration and behavioral recovery occurred. Cut sciatic nerves prevented from regenerating displayed a prolonged phase of increased signal intensity. Acutely denervated muscles exhibited hyperintense T2-weighted signals, which normalized with reinnervation and behavioral recovery. Chronically denervated muscles demonstrated persistently increased T2-weighted signals and atrophy. CONCLUSION In this study, we demonstrated the ability of MRI to noninvasively monitor injury and recovery in the peripheral nervous system, by demonstrating changes in nerve and muscle that correlated with histological and behavioral evidence of axonal degeneration and regeneration. This study demonstrates the potential of MRI to distinguish traumatic peripheral nerve injuries that recover through axonal regeneration (i.e., axonotmetic grade) from those that do not and therefore require surgical repair (i.e., neurotmetic grade). This diagnostic modality could improve treatment by providing earlier and more accurate diagnoses of nerve damage, as well as reducing the need for exploratory surgery.
The effect of essential amino acid deprivation on macromolecular synthesis and nucleotide pool sizes in Neurospora crassa

Abstract In cultures of Neurospora crassa (leu-4, R108) deprived of an essential amino acid, there is a decrease in the amount of 32 PO 4 incorporated into the 1.0 m formic acid-soluble pool, nucleotides, DNA, and RNA and a decrease in glycogen synthetase activity compared to leucine-supplemented cultures. However, energy charge values and nucleoside triphosphate to diphosphate ratios in the leucine-deprived cells approximate the values determined in exponentially growing cells. Low levels of guanosine tetraphosphate are found in both leucine-deprived and leucine-supplemented cultures. Cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate levels were determined during exponential and prestationary phase and in leucine-deprived cultures. In leucine-supplemented cultures, an increase in the intracellular cAMP level and a decrease in the extracellular level occurs concurrently with a decrease in energy charge (from 0.78 to 0.65) occurring as exponential cultures enter prestationary phase. The energy charge (0.75) and the intracellular cAMP level in deprived cultures are comparable to values in exponentially growing cultures. However, the total cAMP produced in leucine-supplemented cultures is approximately half that produced in amino acid-deprived cultures.
Scopolamine effects on activity and paper shredding in the gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus)

While increases in spontaneous activity have been demonstrated following scopolamine administration in mice (Morpurgo & Theobald, 1964) and rats (Tapp, 1965; Payne & Anderson, 1967a; Meyers et al, 1964) such a demonstration has never been made in the gerbil.
Extracerebral cavernous angiomas of the middle fossa.

Three cases of extracerebral cavernous angiomas of the cavernous sinus in the middle fossa are reported. These are rare lesions that primarily affect women and are usually associated with acute or subacute onset of visual symptoms: diplopia, exophthalmos, and decreased visual acuity. The growth of t
Determination of optimal time lapse for recall of patients in an incremental dental care program

A study was designed to determine the optimal time lapse for recall of persons in an Indian Health Service incremental dental care program. In the Indian Health Service dental care program, the optimal recall interval for persons 10 to 19 years of age is about two years, but for children 5 to 9 years old the interval is 10 to 12 months. The number of services required by patients increases as the maintenance interval increases.
Peroxidase activity in plant leaves exposed to gaseous HCl or ozone

Abstract Previous studies of plants subjected to air pollutant stress indicated that increased total peroxidase (PRO) activity and/or altered PRO isozyme patterns are frequently induced. Phaselus vulgaris var. U1 111 and Lycopersicon esculentum var. Heinz 1350 plants exposed to either gaseous hydrogen chloride (HCl) for 20 min or ozone (O 3 ) for 1 h were employed to determine if (1) total PRO activity increased following pollutant stress, (2) increased PRO activity was associated with non-necrotic injury, and (3) PRO isozyme patterns were altered after pollutant stress. Non-necroroc foliar macroscopic injury was dependent on pollutant concentration in the bean—O 3 , tomato—O 3 , and bean—HCl combinations, but not for the combination of tomato—HCl where there was little injury. Total PRO activity increased for all combinations. In only one (bean—O 3 ), however, was elevated PRO activity statistically related to pollutant concentration. In the others, only the post-exposure time interval was related to PRO activity. No differences of isozyme pattern were discerned between PRO samples obtained from tomato exposed to charcoal-filtered air and either O 3 or HCl. The PRO isozyme pattern of samples obtained from bean varied with imposed stress and sampling time. The results obtained indicate that PRO levels may be elevated by subjection to air pollutant stress and that PRO activity is sensitive to the internal physiological conditions of the plants. Its extreme sensitivity, however, precludes its use as a reliable indicator of pollutant stress.