cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Paraneoplastic Visual Syndromes

A paraneoplastic visual syndrome is a syndrome of cancer-related ocular dysfunction that is not due to either direct effects of primary or metastatic tumor or treatment or treatment-related complications. Paraneoplastic visual syndromes are thought to be principally autoimmune conditions in which the tumor expresses a neuronal antigen that triggers an immune response against cross-reacting ocular antigens. Carcinoma-associated retinopathy (CAR), the most common paraneoplastic visual disorder, results in visual loss that is usually bilateral, rapid, and painless, with both cone and rod dysfunction. The carcinoma-associated cone dysfunction syndrome, part of the CAR spectrum, is very rare; patients with this syndrome have antibodies primarily directed against cones. Melanoma-associated retinopathy is distinguished by symptoms such as sudden shimmering and night blindness; usually, there is near normal color vision, visual acuity, and central vision. Paraneoplastic optic neuropathy is a syndrome of visual loss that is usually characterized by bilateral optic disc swelling, nerve fiber layer hemorrhages, and vitritis; sometimes there are abnormal findings on electroretinography. Treatments that have been tried in patients with paraneoplastic visual syndromes include immunotherapies and monoclonal antibodies. Though temporary improvement in vision has been reported, a progressive decline to severe visual loss is the usual course, even with treatment.
The argECBH-bearing EcoRI segment of the Escherichia coli chromosome

Abstract The transducing phage λd arg 14 , carrying a portion of the E. coli chromosome including argECBH , is derived from the heat-inducible, lysis-defective strain λy199, which has the b 519 and b 515 deletions. Cleavage of λy199 DNA by Eco RI endonuclease, followed by agarose slab gel electrophoresis, results in bands corresponding to the known C, D, E, and F segments of λ, and a segment A′ (A plus B minus b 519 minus b 515 , the cleavage site between A and B being eliminated). Cleavage of λd arg 14 DNA by Eco RI yields the expected D, E, and F segments of λ and four other segments, termed 14-1 through 14-4, whose length is 17.5, 6.2, 3.0, and 2.0 kilobases, respectively, as determined by electron microscopy and corroborated by electrophoretic mobility. Heteroduplex analysis shows that the E. coli argECBH cluster is on the 14-1 segment.
Evidence for premature aging in a Drosophila model of Werner syndrome

Abstract Werner syndrome (WS) is an autosomal recessive progeroid disease characterized by patients' early onset of aging, increased risk of cancer and other age-related pathologies. WS is caused by mutations in WRN, a RecQ helicase that has essential roles responding to DNA damage and preventing genomic instability. While human WRN has both an exonuclease and helicase domain, Drosophila WRNexo has high genetic and functional homology to only the exonuclease domain of WRN. Like WRN-deficient human cells, Drosophila WRNexo null mutants (WRNexoΔ) are sensitive to replication stress, demonstrating mechanistic similarities between these two models. Compared to age-matched wild-type controls, WRNexoΔ flies exhibit increased physiological signs of aging, such as shorter lifespans, higher tumor incidence, muscle degeneration, reduced climbing ability, altered behavior, and reduced locomotor activity. Interestingly, these effects are more pronounced in females suggesting sex-specific differences in the role of WRNexo in aging. This and future mechanistic studies will contribute to our knowledge in linking faulty DNA repair mechanisms with the process of aging.
Performance limits of vertical GaN of conventional doped pn and natural polarization superjunction devices

We have determined and evaluated the specific on-resistance (Ron,sp) vs breakdown voltage (BV) trade-off limits of vertical GaN-based conventional doped pn superjunction (SJ) and natural polarization superjunction (PSJ) devices using analytical models and numerical simulations. We have obtained much better performance on the vertical natural polarization superjunction devices based on the AlGaN/GaN and AlInN/GaN heterostructures instead of the conventional superjunction devices with alternating doped p/n pillars. Our results show that the drift-region Ron,sp of vertical GaN-based superjunction devices is one to more than four orders of magnitude lower than the 1D limit of GaN conventional unipolar devices at the same BV. For 1 and 10 kV devices, the optimized specific on-resistance of the drift region is about 10 and 300 times lower for conventional superjunction devices, but 1000 and 20 000 times lower for natural polarization superjunction devices.
The Systems/Ground Control Interface and Jts Impact on Mining Method Selection

SUMMARY Selection of mining method and optimizing productivity for mines at depth presents special problems. In room and pillar mining increased pillar size may be countered by increasing room width to maintain or improve the percentage of underground coal extracted. However, these actions can cause ground control problems which frequently result in serious interruptions in production. Mining costs resulting from such ground control practices increase with the higher extraction ratios. For design purposes the cost of losses due to high risk ground control must be weighed against the cost of minimizing these problems and improving ground conditions or selecting another method such as longwall or shortwall. The economic impact of ground control for room and pillar mining system and caving methods including a variety of conditions such as depth, mining height, rock strength, roof and floor conditions and mining geometry has been assessed. Potential advantages such as decreased operating cost, increased utilization of reserves, and extended life of the mine are evaluated in comparison to retreat mining or longwall mining.
Determination of twinning path from broken symmetry: A revisit to deformation twinning in bcc metals

Abstract Deformation twinning in crystals is one of the major strain carrier during plastic deformation, which plays a critical role in determining the mechanical properties of metals and alloys. One of the key issues to understand deformation twinning mechanisms is the determination of deformation path, which is critical for the calculations of twinning strain and critical shear stress. This work provides a new perspective on deformation twinning by systematically investigating the relationship between symmetry breaking and deformation path, with the purpose of establishing a theoretical foundation to identify the broken symmetries associated with twinning and predicting the twinning modes using group theory and graph theory. From a physical point of view, deformation twins can be regarded as one type of the so-called topological defects that are induced by symmetry-breaking. Taking BCC crystals as an example, we demonstrate how the presence of intermediate high symmetry states in the deformation strain space (strain calculated through lattice distortion) along the twinning path, such as FCC, HCP or orthorhombic state, can lead to different characteristic twinning modes. Our predictions not only agree well with classical theoretical analyses and experimental observations in BCC metals and alloys, but also reveal the origin of recently observed high-index twinning modes (such as {5 8 11} and {3 9 10} twins). This work may open a new avenue for analyzing deformation twinning through the symmetry breaking along twinning pathways.
Electrical equivalent circuit of bistable serially connected PIN diodes

In Silicon photonics, there is an ever-growing need for optical switches capable of high-speed operation, needed for applications such as optical computing, microwave photonics, and LiDAR. One potential candidate for a highspeed optical switch consists of two PIN junctions connected in series, reverse-biased. When one PIN junction is fed with an oscillating optical input at some frequency and the other with a constant threshold input, the output displays bistable hysteresis, ideal for an optical binary switch. In this research, PSpice and MATLAB are used to develop mathematical models of the circuit and simulate the operation of the Symmetric PIN, or S-PIN switch at various frequencies. While the work done so far has been highly theoretical, measurements have been carried out on an optoelectronic prototype of the S-PIN in order to observe the basic operation of the device. Additionally, a model of the S-PIN developed in MATLAB agrees closely with simulations of the switch in PSpice. In the physical circuit, the presence of parasitic capacitance and inductance in the PIN junctions cause the shape of the output hysteresis to deteriorate as the running frequency is increased. Simulations show that if parasitic capacitance is minimized, the switch can operate in the GHz range. One method explored to mitigate this capacitance is impedance matching, which has shown to improve output bistability to some extent. Results from modeling indicate that the use of components with low capacitance has the most potential to allow the S-PIN to operate at higher frequencies competitive with modern electronic switches.
Investigating the Effects of Demographics and Framing on the Robot-Theater Program:

While STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts and Mathematics) education programs have shown promise in increasing students’ interest in STEM and arts & design fields, the effects of demograp...
Coaching Childcare Providers to Support Toddlers' Gesture Use With Children Experiencing Early Childhood Poverty

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of an intervention in which childcare providers (CCPs) are coached to support toddlers' gesture use during every day classroom routines. M...
HIV Nef-mediated Ubiquitination of BCL2: Implications in Autophagy and Apoptosis

Ubiquitination is a process that acts upon every step of the HIV replication cycle. The activity, subcellular localization, and stability of HIV dependency factors as well as negative modulators can be affected by ubiquitination. These modifications consequently have an impact on the progression and outcome of infection. Additionally, recent findings suggest new roles for ubiquitination in the interplay between HIV and the cellular environment, specifically in the interactions between HIV, autophagy and apoptosis. On one hand, autophagy is a defense mechanism against HIV that promotes the degradation of the viral protein Gag, likely through ubiquitination. Gag is an essential structural protein that drives virion assembly and release. Interestingly, the ubiquitination of Gag is vital for HIV replication. Hence, this post-translational modification in Gag represents a double-edged sword: necessary for virion biogenesis, but potentially detrimental under conditions of autophagy activation. On the other hand, HIV uses Nef to circumvent autophagy-mediated restriction by promoting the ubiquitination of the autophagy inhibitor BCL2 through Parkin/PRKN. Although the Nef-promoted ubiquitination of BCL2 occurs in both the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria, only ER-associated ubiquitinated BCL2 arrests the progression of autophagy. Importantly, both mitochondrial BCL2 and PRKN are tightly connected to mitochondrial function and apoptosis. Hence, by enhancing the PRKN-mediated ubiquitination of BCL2 at the mitochondria, HIV might promote apoptosis. Moreover, this effect of Nef might account for HIV-associated disorders. In this article, we outline our current knowledge and provide perspectives of how ubiquitination impacts the molecular interactions between HIV, autophagy and apoptosis.
Direct Transfer to Angiosuite Triage Strategy for Patients Undergoing Mechanical Thrombectomy in a Rural Setting

Abstract BACKGROUND A direct admission to angiosuite (DAA) strategy in transfer patients with large vessel occlusion (LVO) is considered to decrease stroke time metrics and benefit functional outco...
Glomerulonephritis and Smad Signaling

Transforming growth factor-β and its signaling pathway, Smads, is the major mechanism mediating fibrosis. However, the involvement of other signaling pathways and the interplay among these pathways in fibrosis remain largely unclear. In this chapter, we focus on the current understanding of the molecular basis of transforming growth factor-β signaling and its crosstalk pathways in renal fibrosis, which may be also applicable to a wide arrange of other disease conditions involving fibrosis. In addition, results from current studies also suggest that Smad signaling may be a final common pathway of fibrosis and targeting the Smad pathway may provide a new therapeutic strategy for tissue and/or organ fibrosis.
Contralateral Prophylactic Mastectomy: Challenging Considerations for the Surgeon

The use of both bilateral prophylactic mastectomy and contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) has increased significantly during the last decade. Various risk models have been developed to identify patients at increased risk for breast cancer. The indications for bilateral prophylactic mastectomy for patients without a diagnosis of breast cancer include high risk from mutation in BRCA or other breast cancer predisposition gene, very strong family history with no identifiable mutation, and high risk based on breast histology. Additionally, the use of CPM has more than doubled in the last decade, and this increase is noted among all stages of breast cancer, even in patients with ductal carcinoma in situ (stage 0). The risk of contralateral breast cancer often is overestimated by both patients and physicians. Nevertheless, specific risk factors are associated with an increased risk of contralateral breast cancer, including BRCA or other genetic mutation, young age at diagnosis, lobular histology, family history, and prior chest wall irradiation. Although CPM reduces the incidence of contralateral breast cancer, the effect on disease-free survival and, more importantly, overall survival is questionable and underscored by the fact that the reason most patients choose CPM is to achieve "peace of mind." Newer and effective reconstructive options have made the procedure more attractive. This panel addresses the indications and rationale for bilateral prophylactic mastectomy and CPM, the decision-making process by patients, and ethical considerations. Changes in the physician-patient relationship during the past few decades have altered the approach, and ethical considerations are paramount in addressing these issues.
p-primitive semifield planes

Publisher Summary This chapter present a study of the class of semifield planes of order p4 and kernel GF(p2) with the property that they admit a p-primitive Baer collineation; these are called “p-primitive semifield planes.”This is the class of planes obtained when the construction method of Hiramine, Matsumoto, and Oyama is applied to the Desarguesian plane of order p2. The chapter also discusses the properties of p-primitive semifield planes. The function f that defines the matrix spread set of a p-primitive semifield plane is analyzed. The behavior of p-primitive semifield planes under several operations is discussed. It is shown that if π is a p-primitive semifield plane and if πt denotes the transpose plane then π ≅ πt. The chapter also shows that if a semifield plane and its dual are p-primitive then the plane is a Knuth four-type semifield plane of all four types. It also discusses the autotopism group of p-primitive semifield planes and shows that this group is solvable. The autotopism group of all the known semifield planes is solvable. The p-primitive semifield planes are classified. Necessary and sufficient conditions for isomorphism of p-primitive semifield planes are presented.
Methanogenic bacteria in human vaginal samples.

Abstract Twelve vaginal samples were collected from separate patients, processed anaerobically, and added to methanogenic enrichment medium. Methanogenic activity was detected in two samples, both of which were from patients with bacterial vaginosis. None of the samples from healthy patients yielded positive methanogen cultures. One sample from a patient with bacterial vaginosis did not show any detectable methanogenic activity. Two methanogen isolates were obtained from one of the methanogen-positive samples, and both were identified as Methanobrevibacter smithii on the basis of morphological, cultural, and immunological features.
Distribution of RGS9-2 in neurons of the mouse striatum

J. Neurochem. (2010) 112, 651–661. Abstract Regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins negatively modulate G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling activity by accelerating G protein hydrolysis of GTP, hastening pathway shutoff. A wealth of data from cell culture experiments using exogenously expressed proteins indicates that RGS9 and other RGS proteins have the potential to down-regulate a significant number of pathways. We have used an array of biochemical and tissue staining techniques to examine the subcellular localization and membrane binding characteristics of endogenous RGS9-2 and known binding partners in rodent striatum and tissue homogenates. A small fraction of RGS9-2 is present in the soluble cytoplasmic fraction, whereas the majority is present primarily associated with the plasma membrane and structures insoluble in non-ionic detergents that efficiently extract the vast majority of its binding partners, R7BP and Gβ5. It is specifically excluded from the cell nucleus in mouse striatal tissue. In cultured striatal neurons, RGS9-2 is found at extrasynaptic sites primarily along the dendritic shaft near the spine neck. Heterogeneity in RGS9-2 detergent solubility along with its unique subcellular localization suggests that its mechanism of membrane anchoring and localization is complex and likely involves additional proteins beside R7BP. An important nuclear function for RGS9-2 seems unlikely.
MECHANISTIC EVALUATION OF HYDRATED LIME IN HOT-MIX ASPHALT MIXTURES

Permanent deformation and moisture damage are common distresses found in pavements today. The use of mineral fillers such as hydrated lime is known to provide a decrease in moisture susceptibility. In many cases, mineral fillers will also increase the mixture stiffness. Conventional asphaltic concrete mixtures and mixtures modified with hydrated lime were evaluated for their fundamental engineering properties as defined by indirect tensile strength and strain, permanent deformation characteristics, resilient modulus, and fatigue resistance. A typical Louisiana low-volume dense-graded mixture was used. The test factorial included two aggregate types (limestone and gravel) and two asphalt cement types (a conventional AC-30 and one modified with styrene-butadiene polymer). The results indicated that the addition of hydrated lime as mineral filler improved the permanent deformation characteristics and fatigue endurance of the asphaltic concrete mixtures. This improvement was particularly apparent at higher te...
Localization of the fushi tarazu protein during Drosophila embryogenesis

The fushi tarazu (ftz) gene of Drosophila acts early in embryogenesis to regulate body segmentation. The localization of the ftz protein product in embryos was examined using indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. Antibodies were prepared against a beta-galactosidase-ftz hybrid protein made in E. coli. The ftz protein was first detectable in blastoderm-stage embryos as seven stripes of nuclei encircling the embryos transversely. The stripes persist through the early events of gastrulation, but disappear before overt segmentation is visible. The ftz protein is expressed a second time in some nuclei of the developing nervous system. In contrast to the early pattern, at the later stage, ftz is expressed in each of fifteen metameric subunits of the embryo.
Variable steroid receptor responses: Intrinsically disordered AF1 is the key

Steroid hormones, acting through their cognate receptor proteins, see widespread clinical applications due to their ability to alter the induction or repression of numerous genes. However, steroid usage is limited by the current inability to control off-target, or non-specific, side-effects. Recent results from three separate areas of research with glucocorticoid and other steroid receptors (cofactor-induced changes in receptor structure, the ability of ligands to alter remote regions of receptor structure, and how cofactor concentration affects both ligand potency and efficacy) indicate that a key element of receptor activity is the intrinsically disordered amino-terminal domain. These results are combined to construct a novel framework within which to logically pursue various approaches that could afford increased selectivity in steroid-based therapies.
Staining of composite resins by cigarette smoke.

Summary Two conventional composites and one microfilled composite were exposed to cigarette smoke in vitro in a smoking chamber. Colour parameters were measured using reflectance spectrophotometry. The conventional composites showed more extensive staining than the microfilled composite. The stains were effectively removed by extensive cleaning.
Bracing for zero day [Y2K management]

Your Y2K efforts focus on one goal: ensuring business continuity. Implement the right zero-day strategies to clinch the compliance race. Business continuity planning evolved from contingency planning, which looks at your business operations, imagines what could go wrong, and develops measures for dealing with those emergencies. Ultimately, contingency planning is shortsighted because it focuses on reacting to problems that you could possibly avoid altogether. Further, contingency plans only indirectly address your ultimate goal: ensuring that your business continues to function under any circumstances. By focusing on continuity instead, you work to ensure that events such as power interruptions, vendor dropouts, and systems crashes don't significantly impede your daily operations. If that's not possible, a good continuity plan can still ensure that your operations degrade gracefully. For Y2K, a comprehensive business continuity plan should consist of three components: (i) contingency planning guards against possible failures by putting in place appropriate prevention and mitigation measures; (ii) event management defines the measures to deal with unexpected occurrences like system malfunctions or business problems that arise from computer or software failures; (iii) zero-day strategies are the special actions you take immediately preceding and following the Y2K transition. The author presents guidelines on how to implement these planning strategies.
Duel-Band Infared Imagery of an Atlas 5 Launch Vehicle in Flight

Imagery acquired with a quantum-well infrared photodetector dual-band infrared focal plane array of the inaugural launch of the Atlas 5 launch vehicle is presented. The focal plane array was developed under the U.S. Army Research Laboratory's Advanced Sensors Federated Laboratory program and used a read-out integrated circuit produced under the Air Force Research Laboratory's Advanced Multi-Quantum Well Technology program. The detectors are able to sense light in both the 3-5- and 8-12-μm atmospheric transmission windows such that the resulting single-band images are pixel registered and simultaneous. The focal plane array was installed in a camera system that used a closed-cycle cooler to operate at 60 K. The camera was placed at the prime focus of an all-reflective telescope on a computer-controlled tracking mount at the Innovative Sensor Technology Evaluation Facility at the Kennedy Space Center. The launch was observed from a distance of 15 km from the pad. The dual-band camera system was calibrated using standard blackbody sources. The launch vehicle was observed from about 30 s after launch until approximately 4 min after launch. This corresponded to ranges between 15 km and more than 300 km and altitudes from just over 1 km to more than 100 km
Scoring the Rhizome: Bussotti's Musical Diagram

The score of Piece Four of Sylvano Bussotti's Five Piano Pieces for David Tudor is the most important image in A Thousand Plateaus. It serves as a prefatory image not only to the Rhizome plateau, but also to the work as a whole. It functions as the book's musical score, guiding readers in their performance of the text. Embracing John Cage's graphism and aleatory practices, Bussotti created his own ‘aserial’ new music, one that celebrated passion and Bussotti's open homosexuality. The visual elements of Piece Four include a deterritorialisation of the standard piano score, a diagram of the composition's abstract machine, and a drawing that Bussotti had produced ten years before writing Five Piano Pieces for David Tudor. The drawing itself is a rhizomic artwork, with details that echo visual motifs throughout A Thousand Plateaus. The superimposition of the drawing on the deterritorialised framework of the standard piano score conjoins the visible and the audible, faciality and the refrain, in a single artefact.
Development of multistage sheet metal forming analysis method

The multistep sheet metal forming process for axisymmetric shapes has been modeled employing a simplified finite element analysis method. The analysis is based on the idea of dividing the deformation history into several steps while applying the total strain theory of plasticity in each step. An algorithm has been developed which satisfies the potential energy minimization process at the entire nodal point grouping in each step of the forming process. Although numerical solutions have been obtained up to a four-step process, there are no inherent limitations in the basic methodology to extend it to any number of steps. The assumption of proportional loading in each step of forming was carefully examined by comparing the computed principal strain ratios with those of experimentally observed values. It was found that some regions of the sheet material undergo nonproportional straining; consequently, a single-step approximation for a multistage forming process may not give a valid result. Sensitivity of the new model to the number of intermediate steps has also been examined. It is concluded that the new model is a good approximation of the multistage sheet forming process.
Passive stability of a single actuator micro aerial vehicle

In this work, we present a low-cost, flying research MAV, comparable to common quadcopter platforms. We pro- pose a flyer with only two moving parts (a rotor and a stator) and a single actuator that is capable of hovering flight without active attitude control. The passive stability is analyzed and reduced to two mechanisms that are a function of the relative offset of the center of pressure and center of mass, the angular momentum of rotor and stator and the differential lift of the spinning elements. The design space over these parameters is explored with a dozen models that are unstable and one that is stable. Interestingly, the two stability mechanisms are not compatible requiring opposing design emphasis. Passive stability of this model is verified by Routh Hurwitz criterion, in simulation and a physical prototype. The vehicle has the added benefits of low complexity and favorable size scaling compared to other MAVs. The vehicle design guidelines derived from both theory and experimentation are presented. I. INTRODUCTION In the last two decades, there has been an increased interest in micro air vehicles (MAVs), particularly for surveillance and reconnaissance, the exploration of hazardous or un- reachable locations, and the transportation and delivery of payloads. With the advent of higher density batteries, more efficient motors, and light-weight, high-strength materials, MAVs have become more feasible. These robotic air vehicles can hover and be arbitrarily positioned in 3D space. Lowering the cost of MAVs to be a commodity product would allow large numbers to be feasible and enable a new class of application. Large scale distributed sensing could be used to aid in applications such as forestry, airport or shopping mall security. Being low cost enables uses that would not be otherwise considered. Individually, low cost and simple MAVs would also democratize the use of these devices and fit many consumer applications including robotic information aids and personal assistants. Toys are the initial growing market of these types of vehicles. Thus the design goals of this work are foremost to minimize cost and size for a flying device capable of holding an arbitrary position in space. A key characteristic of this flying device is passive stability. While many MAVs employ active stability, passive stability will not only be more robust, but will lower the cost of the control electronics.
AT-406, an orally active antagonist of multiple inhibitor of apoptosis proteins, inhibits progression of human ovarian cancer

Ovarian carcinoma is the most deadly gynecological malignancy. Current chemotherapeutic drugs are only transiently effective and patients with advance disease often develop resistance despite significant initial responses. Mounting evidence suggests that anti-apoptotic proteins, including those of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family, play important roles in the chemoresistance. There has been a recent emergence of compounds that block the IAP functions. Here, we evaluated AT-406, a novel and orally active antagonist of multiple IAP proteins, in ovarian cancer cells as a single agent and in the combination with carboplatin for therapeutic efficacy and mechanism of action. We demonstrate that AT-406 has significant single agent activity in 60% of human ovarian cancer cell lines examined in vitro and inhibits ovarian cancer progression in vivo and that 3 out of 5 carboplatin-resistant cell lines are sensitive to AT-406, highlighting the therapeutic potential of AT-406 for patients with inherent or acquired platinum resistance. Additionally, our in vivo studies show that AT-406 enhances the carboplatin-induced ovarian cancer cell death and increases survival of the experimental mice, suggesting that AT-406 sensitizes the response of these cells to carboplatin. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that AT-406 induced apoptosis is correlated with its ability to down-regulate XIAP whereas AT-406 induces cIAP1 degradation in both AT-406 sensitive and resistance cell lines. Together, these results demonstrate, for the first time, the anti-ovarian cancer efficacy of AT-406 as a single agent and in the combination with carboplatin, suggesting that AT-406 has potential as a novel therapy for ovarian cancer patients, especially for patients exhibiting resistance to the platinum-based therapies.
Presenting Workshops on Supervision: A Didactic-Experiential Format

Given the growing emphasis on supervision in the counseling field, mental health professionals need updated training on the varied and complex issues in supervision and introduction to emerging theoretical models. The authors present a didactic-theoretical-experiential model of supervision training to be used in a workshop format. Curriculum information is included, along with ideas for exercises and class discussion. The authors discuss common themes and potential challenges that have emerged from their experiences as well as from feedback from evaluations. Readers are provided with information to help develop and enrich their training skills in supervision.
Transformation of epithelial cells in vitro.

DURING attempts to demonstrate replication of herpes simplex virus in cultures of human leucocytes1, we observed that supernatants from uninoculated leucocyte cultures induced a morphological transformation when added to primary cultures of human amnion cells. When the leucocyte culture fluid was added, the human amnion cells became transformed from epithelial to fibroblast-like cells. This leucocyte factor was produced in cultures of human blood cells which contained the mitogenic agent phytohaemagglutinin (PHA; phytohaemagglutinin-M, Difco), and was found only in the extracellular medium. Neither extracts of leucocytes nor supernatants of leucocyte cultures prepared without PHA possessed this activity. We have called this factor which induces metamorphosis, “MF”. Preliminary observations indicate that it is produced by lymphocytes.
Towards Development of a Hybrid DSMC-CFD Method for Simulating Hypersonic Interacting Flows

A preliminary hybrid particle-continuum computational framework for simulating hypersonic interacting flows is proposed. The framework consists of the direct simulation Monte Carlo-Information Preservation (DSMC-IP) method coupled with a NavierStokes solver. Since the DSMC-IP method provides the macroscopic information in each time step, determination of the continuum fluxes across the interface between the particle and continuum domains becomes straightforward. A hypersonic flow over a two-dimensional wedge is considered as an example and compared with pure particle calculations. The results show that this preliminary hybrid framework is promising but several issues are yet to be resolved.
Chemoelectrical energy conversion of adenosine triphosphate

Plant and animal cell membranes transport charged species, neutral molecules and water through ion pumps and channels. The energy required for moving species against established concentration and charge gradients is provided by the biological fuel - adenosine triphosphate (ATP) -synthesized within the cell. The adenosine triphosphatase (ATPases) in a plant cell membrane hydrolyze ATP in the cell cytoplasm to pump protons across the cell membrane. This establishes a proton gradient across the membrane from the cell exterior into the cell cytoplasm. This proton motive force stimulates ion channels that transport nutrients and other species into the cell. This article discusses a device that converts the chemical energy stored in adenosine triphosphate into electrical power using a transporter protein, ATPase. The V-type ATPase proteins used in our prototype are extracted from red beet( Beta vulgaris ) tonoplast membranes and reconstituted in a bilayer lipid membrane or BLM formed from POPC and POPS lipids. A pH7 medium that can support ATP hydrolysis is provided on both sides of the membrane and ATP is dissolved in the pH7 buffer on one side of the membrane. Hydrolysis of ATP results in the formation of a phosphate ion and adenosine diphosphate. The energy from the reaction activates ATPase in the BLM and moves a proton across the membrane. The charge gradient established across the BLM due to the reaction and ion transport is converted into electrical current by half-cell reference electrodes. The prototype ATPase cell with an effective BLM area of 4.15 mm 2 carrying 15 ml of ATPase proteins was observed to develop a steady state peak power output of 70 nW, which corresponds to a specific power of 1.69 mW/cm 2 and a current density of 43.4 mA/cm 2 of membrane area.
Explanation of ambiguous advertisements: a developmental study with children and adolescents.

Explanation of linguistic ambiguity occurring in a naturalistic context was examined for children and adolescents at various ages. Subjects ages 9 through 18 were asked to explain the meanings of 1...
Contribution of Linear Free Energy Relationships to Isozyme- and pH-Dependent Substrate Selectivity of Glutathione S-Transferases: Comparison of Model Studies and Enzymatic Reactions

A novel application of linear free energy relationships is described in which the substrate selectivities and pH dependencies of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are correlated to the pKa of glutathione (GSH) at the active site. To determine whether the variation in the thiol pKa of GSH at the active sites of GST isozymes can contribute to their differential selectivity for electrophilic substrates, model studies were performed with 4-substituted thiobenzenes, with pKa values ranging from 4.5 to 7.5. Second-order rate constants were determined for the specific base-catalyzed reaction of each thiol with a diverse range of GST electrophilic substrates. Bronsted coefficients (βnuc) for these reactions in 10% DMF:90% H2O were determined for each electrophile; βnuc ranged from 0.16 to 0.93. In 30% DMF:70% H2O, the βnuc values increased relative to 10% DMF and ranged from 0.29 to 1.04. Numerical simulations demonstrate that these ranges of βnuc values along with the isozyme-dependent variation in GSH pKa could...
Bonding and Antibonding Potentials in Group-IV Semiconductors

Elementary considerations permit the pressure derivatives of the compressibility and of the dielectric constant to be related to more easily measurable quantities. Quantum mechanics, for example, the theory of the hydrogen-molecule ion, shows that the bonding and antibonding states of a covalent bond are simply related. Thus, optical energy gaps and compressibilities can be combined to define the energetics of the bonds. Values of pressure derivatives thereby predicted compared favorably with experiment.
Cleaning Optical Surfaces

The advent of very large laser systems with thousands of optical components has necessitated an investigation of methods for cleaning both coated and uncoated optical elements. To perform adequately in laser systems, optical surfaces must be free from both films and particulate matter. Films have undesirable absorption bands and particles scatter light. Furthermore, in high power laser systems contaminants on the surface or trapped between the layers of coatings are known to lower the damage threshold. All surfaces must therefore, be clean when the optical elements are coated and installed and must remain clean for years after installation. Accomplishing this goal of long term cleanliness requires detailed consideration of cleaning methods and all mechanisms of recontamination. Generally, the nature of contaminants are unknown and therefore several cleaning steps may be necessary. Many conventional cleaning methods have proven unsuitable because they damage the precision surfaces they are to clean. Once cleaned, optical elements must be handled in such a manner as to preclude or at least minimize recontamination by airborne particles, aerosols or direct contact transfer. When finally installed the optical housing should not shed particles from fasteners or seals and should not outgas, which could cause an undesirable film to condense on the optical element. This paper discusses many of the techniques currently being used for cleaning optics and several new methods under investigation. It also discusses clean room procedures for reducing recontamination after cleaning.
Evaluation of Succession in an Estuarine Macrobenthic Soft‐Bottom Community near Tampa, Florida

A subtidal macrobenthic infaunal community was quantitatively sampled monthly from February 1975 to July 1978 (42 months). During that period, complete defaunation (presumably due to hypoxia) occurred three times at approximately annual intervals. The recovery of the community was examined for successional patterns by quantitative and qualitative normal and inverse classification analyses and by rank-order analysis of the dominant species. There was no consistent pattern of succession from recovery to recovery. Samples taken just after defaunation were not similar to each other and no consistent suites of species were detected. Classical succession in which suites of species are successively replaced by other suites until a persisting suite of species occurs (faciliation model) was not found. Other models of succession are discussed.
Use of distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in rainbow trout feeds

Abstract Increasing price and reduced availability of fish meal have prompted feed manufacturers and aquaculture producers to search for sustainable and economical alternative protein sources. The majority of these have come from plants, and many, for example soybean meal, have been successfully incorporated into diets of rainbow trout and other fish species. Distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is a coproduct of the grain-based fuel ethanol industry. Distiller's dried grains with solubles is moderately high in protein (typically around 300 g/kg or higher, depending on the source) and is readily available and competitively priced relative to other alternative protein sources. As with other plant protein sources, there are limits to the use of DDGS in fish feeds. Distiller's dried grains with solubles is deficient or near-deficient in some essential amino acids (EAA), but these deficiencies can be overcome through addition of synthetic EAA. Distiller's dried grains with solubles is also low in phosphorus (P) and about half is present as phytate phosphorous (phytate-P), which has limited bioavailability to trout. This is a concern for commercial hatcheries, because dietary P that cannot be utilized by trout is excreted, which can lead to eutrophication of receiving waters. Phosphorous utilization by trout fed DDGS-based diets can be improved by dietary application of phytase. In addition, high levels of indigestible structural fiber limit the incorporation of DDGS in diets of rainbow trout to approximately 100–200 g/kg. Fractionation of DDGS can reduce indigestible fiber and increase the relative protein concentration to produce a higher value product. Digestibility of these high protein fractionates is improved in trout, and higher dietary levels (up to 300 g/kg) are tolerated. The quality and nutritional composition can also vary considerably between and within DDGS grain sources and between processing plants, which further complicates incorporation of DDGS into trout diets. Production of high-value, high protein products through fractionation or other means may be needed to improve the nutritional value and consistency of DDGS for use in diets of rainbow trout.
Michael addition to α,β-unsaturated arene ruthenium(II) cyclopentadiene complexes: endo nucleophilic addition

Certain carbon and sulfur nucleophiles add to the β-terminus of the styrene system in α,β-unsaturated arene ruthenium(II) cyclopentadiene complexes, and unexpected endo addition occurs preferentially in some cases.
Presynaptic dopaminergic properties of differentiated mouse embryonic stem cells.

Abstract This study characterized the presynaptic dopaminergic properties of neuronally differentiated mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. Approximately 30% of the ES cells expressed tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity when co-cultured with PA6 cells. These cultures expressed high affinity, sodium-dependent dopamine uptake as well as depolarization-induced and calcium-dependent dopamine release of this transmitter. These and other important dopaminergic genes found expressed in these cultures by RT–PCR included Nurr1, vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2), TH, dopamine transporter (DAT), and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) receptors c-Ret and GFRalpha1. These results demonstrate that differentiated ES cells have the presynaptic functions for maintaining dopaminergic homeostasis, which may be essential for their long-term use in restoring CNS levels of this transmitter.
Diagnosis and Management of Eosinophilic Esophagitis

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by esophageal dysfunction and eosinophilic infiltrate in the esophageal epithelium in the absence of other potential causes of eosinophilia. EoE is increasing in incidence and prevalence, and is a major cause of gastrointestinal morbidity among children and adults. EoE is thought to be immune mediated, with food or environmental antigens stimulating a T-helper (Th)-2 inflammatory response. An increased understanding of the pathogenesis of EoE has led to the evolution of diagnostic and treatment paradigms. We review the latest approach to diagnosis of EoE and present consensus diagnostic guidelines. We also discuss the clinical, endoscopic, and histologic features of EoE and challenges to diagnosis. Finally, we present the 3 major treatment options for EoE: pharmacologic therapy, dietary modification, and endoscopic dilation.
A reversible phase of copper toxicity in maize roots

Abstract Seedling maize roots were immersed one hour in a copper solution (0.13 mM CuSO4). Following treatment they were allowed to grow in saturated air, the shoots in contact with a wet cloth. Growth almost completely stopped during the copper treatment. In the next six to eight hours growth resumed if the roots were rinsed one‐half hour with 0.16 mM EDTA. During this period of reversible growth inhibition the effectiveness of a rinse was gradually lost. Growth would also resume if roots were placed in half‐strength Hoagland's solution for several hours. After removal, the growth rate declined, which did not normally occur with chelate rinses. Exposure to cold temperatures (15°‐20°C) following copper treatment did not prolong the reversible phase, rather it reduced effectiveness of a rinse. Warm temperatures (30–32° C), even before a rinse, resulted in a gradually increasing growth rate. It is postulated that the growth inhibition during the reversible phase is directly caused by copper ions. Copper rem...
The Insignificance of Global Reheating in the A1068 Cluster: Multiwavelength Analysis

In this paper and in a companion paper by Wise, McNamara, & Murray, we present a detailed, multiwavelength study of the A1068 galaxy cluster, and we use this data to test cooling and energy feedback models of galaxy clusters. Near-ultraviolet and infrared images of the cluster show that the cD galaxy is experiencing star formation at a rate of ~20-70 M☉ yr-1 over the past 100 Myr. The dusty starburst is concentrated toward the nucleus of the cD galaxy and in filamentary structures projecting 60 kpc into its halo. The Chandra X-ray image presented in Wise, McNamara, & Murray reveals a steep temperature gradient that drops from roughly 4.8 keV beyond 120 kpc to roughly 2.3 keV in the inner 10 kpc of the galaxy, where the starburst peaks. Over 95% of the ultraviolet and Hα photons associated with the starburst are emerging from regions cloaked in keV gas with very short cooling times (~100 Myr), as would be expected from star formation fueled by cooling condensations in the intracluster medium. However, the Chandra spectrum is consistent with but does not require cooling at a rate of 114-145 M☉ yr-1, factors of several below the rates found with the ROSAT observatory. The local cooling rate in the vicinity of the central starburst is 40 M☉ yr-1, which is consistent with the star formation rate determined with U-band and infrared data. We consider energy feedback into the intracluster medium by the radio source, heat conduction, and supernova explosions associated with the starburst. We find that energy feedback from both the radio source and thermal conduction are inconsequential in A1068. Although supernova explosions associated with the starburst may be able to retard cooling in the inner 10 kpc of the cluster by ~18% or so, they are incapable of maintaining the cooling gas at keV temperatures. Therefore, it is plausible that the star formation in A1068 is being fueled by the cooling intracluster medium. Finally, we present circumstantial evidence for the contrary view that at least some and perhaps all of the star formation may have been fueled by an interaction between the cD and one or more companion galaxies.
Diet of the Introduced Greenhouse Frog in Hawaii

To determine the potential impacts of the Cuban terrestrial Greenhouse Frog, Eleutherodactylus planirostris, on native invertebrates in Hawaii, we conducted a stomach content analysis of 427 frogs from ten study sites on the island of Hawaii. At each site, we also collected invertebrates with two sampling methods, leaf litter collection and sticky traps, to determine if diets were representative of the available resources. Dominant prey items consisted of Hymenoptera: Formicidae (32.4% of total diets), Acari (19.2%), and Collembola (17.4%). Non-native invertebrate categories comprised 43.2% of their diet (Amphipoda, Isopoda, and Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Invertebrate orders that contain native species in Hawaii found most often in the stomachs included Acari (mites; 19.2%), Araneae (spiders; 3.1%), Collembola (springtails; 17.4%), and Psocoptera (booklice; 2.3%), although it is unknown whether native species of these groups were present in the stomach samples. Eleutherodactylus planirostris predominantly ...