cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
To grow in wisdom: vannevar bush, information overload, and the life of leisure

It has been nearly sixty years since Vannevar Bush's essay, "As We May Think," was first published in The Atlantic Monthly, an article that foreshadowed and possibly invented hypertext. While much has been written about this seminal piece, little has been said about the argument Bush presented to justify the creation of the memex, his proposed personal information device. This paper revisits the article in light of current technological and social trends. It notes that Bush's argument centered around the problem of information overload and observes that in the intervening years, despite massive technological innovation, the problem has only become more extreme. It goes on to argue that today's manifestation of information overload will require not just better management of information but the creation of space and time for thinking and reflection, an objective that is consonant with Bush's original aims.
Circadian rhythms: timing the sense of smell

It is well established that Drosophila olfaction is under circadian control, yet the mechanisms underlying this temporal regulation have remained elusive. The kinase GPRK2 has now been identified as a critical link between the circadian clock and olfactory responses.
The Problem of Nontrophic Processes in Trophic Ecology: Toward a Network Unfolding Solution

Abstract Energy and matter enter, exit, and circulate in ecosystems by a variety of processes; one of these is feeding. These processes collectively give rise to energy-matter flow-storage networks, of which food webs, defined by ingestion and assimilation transformations, are the most studied as discrete subwebs. How to deal with mixed trophic and nontrophic processes has been problematic in trophic ecology since Lindeman (1942) first applied Hutchinson's (1941) concept of trophic chains to lacustrine food cycles. In this paper we develop a method to separate feeding from non-feeding flows in the conversion of arbitrary networks to transfer macrochains by network unfolding (Higashi et al. , 1989, 1991, 1992). This enables analysis of the quantitative role of different flow processes in the transfer macrochain. We apply the method to a 24-compartment Okefenokee Swamp marsh ecosystem model which is 21% connected and has a Finn cycling index of 0·445 (Finn, 1976, 1978). Trophic versus nontrophic flows oscillate in their relative contributions to successive levels of the unfolded macrochain for this model, but by the 24th transfer level the oscillations damp and converge toward a point where the proportion of nontrophic flow equals the cycling index. Thus, the majority of trophic flows are essentially acyclic in this cyclic model, despite the presence of food cycling by carnivorous plants and instances of mutual predation. This corresponds to the typical acyclic structure of literature food webs. Work will continue toward being able to suppress incrementation of transfer levels when the transfer processes are nontrophic. This will enable a strict definition of trophic levels within networks of mixed trophic and nontrophic structure.
Attitude performance of the GEOS-II gravity- gradient spacecraft

Attitude performance of GEOS 2 gravity gradient spacecraft, discussing prelaunch design and postlaunch analyses
Role of a Strictly Conserved Active Site Tyrosine in Cofactor Genesis in the Copper Amine Oxidase from Hansenula polymorpha

The copper amine oxidases catalyze the O(2)-dependent, two-electron oxidation of amines to aldehydes at an active site that contains Cu(II) and topaquinone (TPQ) cofactor. TPQ arises from the autocatalytic, post-translational oxidation of a tyrosine side chain within the same active site. The contributions of individual active site amino acids to each of these chemical processes are being delineated. Previously, using the amine oxidase from the yeast Hansenula polymorpha (HPAO), mutations of a strictly conserved and structurally pivotal active site tyrosine (Y305) were studied and their effects on the catalytic cycle demonstrated [Hevel, J. M., Mills, S. A., and Klinman, J. P. (1999) Biochemistry 38, 3683-3693]. This study examines mutations at the same position for their effects on cofactor generation. While the Y305A mutation had moderate effects on the kinetics of catalysis (2.5- and 8-fold effects on k(cat) using ethylamine and benzylamine as substrates), the same mutation slows cofactor formation by approximately 45-fold relative to that of the wild-type (WT). Additionally, the Y305A mutant forms at least two species: primarily TPQ at lower pH and a species with a blue-shifted absorbance at high pH (lambda(max) = 400 nm). The 400 nm species does not react with phenylhydrazine or ethylamine and is stable toward pH buffer exchange, long-term storage (>3 weeks), incubation at high temperatures, or incubation with reductants and colorimetric peroxide quenching reagents. A similar species accumulates appreciably even at approximately neutral pH in the Y305F mutant, despite the fact that the rate of TPQ formation is reduced only 3-fold relative to that of WT HPAO. This small impact of Y305F on the rate of biogenesis contracts with a decrease in k(cat) (using ethylamine as the substrate) of 125-fold. The opposing effects of mutations at position 305 in biogenesis versus catalysis indicate that a single residue can be recruited for different roles during these processes.
The rat as a model for cardiovascular disease

Rats have been used as important animal models in biomedical research since over 100 years. The advantage of using rats for cardiovascular disease related studies includes their size, a larger blood volume than that of mice, and lower cost compared to larger animals. Inbred rat lines have been used especially for hypertension related research such as spontaneously hypertensive rats. In addition since sequencing of the rat genome rat gene maps have been well-developed and maps are available for polymorphic marker and quantitative trait loci. Furthermore, transgenic rats have been generated for several cardiovascular disease entities, especially hypertension. Currently, no established rat lines with molecular biological technique induced gene deletions have been described. In view of the wealth of experimental data, especially related to hypertension research, rats will continue to be used as an excellent model for cardiovascular disease related studies.
Modeling infrared radiances with a fast, high spectral resolution cloudy-sky radiative transfer model

A fast, high spectral resolution, cloudy-sky radiative transfer model is developed for simulating cloudy-sky radiances at the TOA by coupling the clear-sky transmittance database with cloud bulk scattering properties
Emotion management and organizational functions: A case study of patterns in a not-for-profit organization

This case study of a not-for-profit organization uses Hochschild's emotion systems theory and Parsons's social systems theory to examine the purposes for which organizational members managed their experience or expression of emotion. The study found that emotion work actions were attributed to all four system functions of Parsons's theory. The study shows that it may be possible to use emotion work actions by individuals to take a distributed view of organization-level phenomena. © 2000 by Jossey-Bass, A Publishing Unit of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Restorative justice circles: An exploratory study

Peacemaking circles have received a great deal of attention within the international restorative justice movement. The use of peacemaking circles for structuring communication and decision-making in many diverse cultures is probably as ancient as humankind. Peacemaking circles are particularly integrated and used among the many indigenous tribes of North America. This article reports on the development and use of peacemaking circles in South Saint Paul, Minnesota, representing the first exploratory study of circles in the US. The South Saint Paul initiative represents one of the oldest efforts in the US to adapt circles as a restorative justice approach within the community and schools. Peacemaking circles were found to be an effective approach to involve community members in the process of holding local offenders accountable for repairing the harm they caused, to assist crime victims, and to foster a greater sense of connectedness among all those affected by crime within the community.
Understanding forgiveness in the lives of religious people: the role of sacred and secular elements

How do religious people think about and make use of forgiveness in their lives? Do religious beliefs promote forgiveness, and if so, how? Through qualitative analysis of in-depth interviews with religious individuals (N = 10), we explored the ways religious people think about forgiveness and make use of forgiveness to deal with hurtful experiences. Results indicated that for all participants their motivations and strategies to forgive could be classified as both secular and sacred. The results also highlight the specific motivations to forgive and strategies used by religious individuals to achieve forgiveness, even for some terrible injustices. In addition to elaborating the why and how of forgiveness, the results highlight the fact that religious individuals are able to make use of the resources that their religious traditions have to offer while integrating these with secular motivations and strategies.
Accuracy of femoral rotational alignment in total knee arthroplasty using computer assisted navigation

Proper rotational alignment of components is crucial for the success of total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The traditional reference guides for assessment of femoral rotation include the posterior condylar axis, the anteroposterior axis, also known as Whiteside's line, and the transepicondylar axis (TEA). The fixed-angle posterior referencing system recommends that the rotational femoral cut be made at 3 degrees of external rotation. In a consecutive series of 100 patients undergoing TKA at our institution, the accuracy of these reference guides in determining the rotation of the femoral component was compared with that of a computerized navigation system. Although differences between the three reference methods were not statistically significant, the possibility of finding an outlier leading to excessive external or internal rotation of the femoral component when using a fixed posterior condyle reference guide mandates the use of other referencing methods to avoid this error. Using fixed posterior referencing, up to 17% of femoral components would have differed by more than 5 degrees from the anatomic reference landmarks (TEA, Whiteside's line). This degree of rotational malalignment could lead to knee instability and early failure.
Intermolecularly hydrogen-bonded dimeric helices: tripyrrindiones

Abstract A rare and unusual class of tripyrrolic compounds, violet-colored tripyrrin-1,14-diones, can be prepared easily and in moderately high yields from base (piperidine)-catalyzed condensation of 3-pyrrolin-2-ones with 2,5-diformylpyrroles. Dipyrrinones adopt the all-syn-Z conformation leading to helical, lock-washer like structures, which form dimers that are held together by intermolecular hydrogen bonds in nonpolar solvents and in the crystal. Strong bathochromic spectral shifts of the tripyrrindione ∼480 nm long wavelength UV–visible absorption band are seen with added base: DBU, 615 nm; TFA, 573 nm; and Zn(OAc)2, 586 nm.
Teaching with a Mallet: Conveying an Understanding of Systemic Perspectives on International Relations Intuitively— Croquet as Experiential Learning

Structural Realist theory on the operation of the international system has often been likened to theory one might find in physics to describe the motions of the balls in a game of billiards. While this metaphor is usually used in jest, or as critique of Realist theory, the use of such games can effectively convey our understanding of international systemic dynamics from a number of theoretical perspectives. Games involve more than physics-like laws of interaction between similar entities or actors. They also involve social aspects of interaction; they assume the contextual laws involving the premise of the game, accepted and unaccepted behavior, and the dispositions of the actors controlling the balls to their competitive environment. This paper gives an account of the use of croquet as an instructional exercise in an Introduction to International Relations class. Croquet's ability to convey to students a variety of theoretical perspectives is discussed, as are the “lessons” the students took from the exercise, as described in their post-game reflections.
Effect of Hydraulic Fracturing Orientation in Surface Dissolution Process

Abstract Extraction of brine from the aquifer offers advantage during CO2 storage by greatly mitigating pressure elevation during injection. If the brine is used in the surface dissolution storage process, the position of the CO2 concentration front when it first touches the saturation pressure contour defines the areal limit of CO2-saturated brine and hence the aquifer utilization efficiency. Hydraulically fracturing the injectors moves the saturation pressure contour closer to the extractors and increases utilization efficiency. If the fractures are oriented towards extractors, early breakthrough will result and aquifer utilization efficiency will be negatively affected. Conversely fracturing the injectors in the direction perpendicular to injector/extractor flow paths improves the utilization efficiency. The design of a line drive pattern of injection/extraction wells for surface dissolution should therefore account for stress orientation in the storage formation.
Right ventricular dilatation and remodeling the first year after an initial transmural wall left ventricular myocardial infarction

Left ventricular (LV) remodeling after LV myocardial infarction was described previously. Little is known regarding concomitant adaptation, if any, in right ventricular (RV) volumes after LV infarction. To examine this issue, cine-computed tomography was used to determine serial changes in absolute global LV and RV volumes in 27 patients without clinical heart failure during the first year after an initial Q-wave myocardial infarction (14 anterior and 13 inferior). The patient group with anterior wall LV infarction showed progressive increases in LV and RV volumes from hospital discharge to 1 year (end-diastolic volumes +25 and +13%, respectively; and end-systolic volumes +35 and +15%, respectively). In patients with inferior wall LV infarction, both LV end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes increased significantly during the study period (+13 and +15%, respectively). Despite a trend for RV end-diastolic volume to be increased at 1 year, neither end-diastolic nor end-systolic volume increased significantly after hospital discharge following inferior wall LV infarction. Absolute RV end-diastolic volume was not significantly different between the infarct groups at any time after infarction. In conclusion, global changes occur in both LV and RV volumes during the first year after an initial infarction regardless of infarct location. The magnitude of these changes was greater after anterior than inferior wall LV infarction.
From an Early Sputnik Diary

Like almost everyone else in the world, personnel of the U. S. Army Signal Research and Development Laboratory (USASRDL), Fort Monmouth, N. J. were caught by surprise when the U.S.S.R. successfully launched earth satellites in October and November, 1957. The narrative which follows portrays some of the happenings in our environment when the BEEP-BEEPS descended upon us. I should mention, however, that any humor the reader may see in the latter-day remarks which constitute this diary was certainly nonexistent during the long, dreary 40 days and 40 nights when, in the wilderness of outer space, we were ``wrestling'' with these electronic invaders. It is only in retrospect that we can now smile.
Computation of Unsteady Viscous Marine-Propulsor Blade Flows—Part 1: Validation and Analysis

In this two-part paper, time-accurate solutions of the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations are presented, which address through model problems, the response of turbulent propeller-blade boundary layers, and wakes to external-flow traveling waves. In Part I, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology flapping foil experiment is simulated and the results validated through comparisons with data. The physics of unsteady blade flows are shown to be complex with analogy to Stokes layers and are explicated through visualization and Fourier analysis. It is shown that convection induced steady/unsteady interaction causes deformation of the external-flow waves and is responsible for the upstream- and downstream-traveling pressure-gradient waves over the foil and in the wake, respectively. The nature of the unsteady displacement thickness suggests viscous-inviscid interaction as the mechanism for the response. In Part 2, a parametric study is undertaken to quantify the effects of frequency, foil geometry, and waveform.
An additional heterogeneity hypothesis.

In this commentary, I make three points concerning Machery's response to neo-empiricism. First, his methodological critique fails to remove the threat that neo-empiricism poses to his conceptual eliminativism. Second, evidence suggests that there are multiple semantic codes, some of which are not perceptually based. Third, this representational heterogeneity thwarts neo-empiricism but also raises questions with respect to how we should "do without concepts.".
Study of the effect of plasma power on ZnO thin films growth using electron cyclotron resonance plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy

ZnO thin films were grown on r-plane sapphire substrates using electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy. The effect of the oxygen ECR plasma power on the growth rate, structural, electrical, and optical properties of the ZnO thin films were studied. It was found that larger ECR power leads to higher growth rate, better crystallinity, lower electron carrier concentration, larger resistivity, and smaller density of non-radiative luminescence centers in the ZnO thin films.
Accessory veins in nonmaturing autogenous arteriovenous fistulae: analysis of anatomic features and impact on fistula maturation.

The appropriate management of nonmaturing arteriovenous (AV) fistulae continues to be a controversial issue. While coil embolization of accessory side-branch veins can be performed to encourage maturation of nonmaturing AV fistulae, the true efficacy and optimal patient population are not well understood. Fistulagrams performed on nonmaturing AV fistulae were retrospectively reviewed in 145 patients (86 males, median age 63 years) for the presence of accessory veins. Fistula and accessory vein measurements were obtained, as were rates of eventual fistula maturation after accessory vein coil embolization. Of 145 nonmaturing fistulae, 49 (34%) had a stenosis without any accessory veins, 76 (52%) had a stenosis and one or more accessory veins, and 20 (14%) had an accessory vein without concurrent stenosis. Eighteen AV fistulae had one or more accessory veins without coexisting stenosis. Nine fistulae had a caliber decrease immediately downstream from the accessory vein. Coil embolization of dominant accessory veins with a caliber decrease immediately downstream (n = 6) resulted in a 100% eventual fistula maturation rate versus 67% for fistulae without this configuration (n = 6, p = 0.15). Accessory vein size was not correlated with maturation rates (p = 0.51). The majority of nonmaturing fistulae with accessory veins had a coexisting stenosis. Higher maturation rates may result with selected anatomic parameters, although additional studies with more robust sample sizes are needed prior to definitive conclusions.
Residential energy consumption across different population groups: comparative analysis for Latino and non-Latino households in USA

Residential energy cost is an important part of the household budget and could vary significantly across different population groups in many countries. In the United States, many studies have analyzed household fuel consumption by fuel type, including electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and by geographic areas. Past research has also demonstrated significant variation in residential energy use across various population groups, including white, black, and Latino. However, our research shows that residential energy demand by fuel type for Latinos, the fastest growing population group, has not been explained by economic and non-economic factors in any statistical model in public domain. The purpose of this paper was to discuss energy demand and expenditure patterns for Latino and non-Latino households in hhe United States as a case example of analyzing residential energy consumption across different population groups in a country. The linear expenditure system model developed by Stone and Geary is the basis of the statistical model developed to explain fuel consumption and expenditures for Latino households. For comparison, the models are also developed for non-Latino, black, and non-black households. These models estimate energy consumption of and expenditures for electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, and LPG by various households at the national level. Significant variations in the patterns of these fuels consumption for Latinos and non-Latinos are highlighted. The model methodology and results of this research should be useful to energy policymakers in government and industry, researches, and academicians who are concerned with economic and energy issues related to various population groups in their country.
Tight binding calculations for the environmental dependence of the dangling bond g-factor in a-Si

Abstract The environmental (or strain) dependence of the electron spin resonanceg tensor is calculated for a-Si using a tight binding model of a dangling bond with Bethe lattice back bonding. We find that the variations ofg∥ andg⊥ are almost identical and we obtain a value ofg∥ − g⊥= 0.0025which is considerably smaller than the value for thePb center at the Si/SiO2 interface. We obtain a good fit to experimental data assuming only a Gaussian distribution of bond angles with an rms deviation of about 9°, which is the generally accepted value for bond angle distortions at tetrahedral sites in a-Si.
Suggestive Parallels between Kirton's A-I Theory of Creative Style and Koestler's Bisociative Theory of the Creative Act.

Kirton's Adaption-Innovation (A-I) theory of cognitive style was reviewed with particular regard to the three factors [Sufficiency of Originality, Efficiency, and Rule/Group Conformity] assumed to underlie the basic (AI) continuum. The basic additive model (AI = SO + E + R) set out by Kirton was then related to Koestler's bisociative theory of the creative act. The compatibility of the two theories offered mutual support for both. The intent of this paper is to explore connections between Kirton's Adaption-Innovation Theory and Koestler's theory of the creative act. In Koestler's distinctive term, the “bisociation” of the two theories offers interesting possibilities for reciprocal illumination. Kirton's work, initiated by the publication (Kirton, 1976) of his measure of creative style, the Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory (KAI), will be sketched first, followed by a brief overview of Koestler's 1963 monograph (Koestler, 1967). Parallels between the two theories will be suggested in a final section that casts the three Kirton factor/traits into the conceptual framework of the creative act set out by Koestler.
Axial anomaly and the three-flavor Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model with confinement: Constructing the QCD phase diagram

We investigate the phase structure of massless three-flavor QCD by extending the Nambu--Jona-Lasinio model to include the effects of confinement and the axial anomaly. We study the interplay between the chiral and diquark condensates induced by the axial anomaly, as well as their relationship with the Polyakov loop, which parameterizes confinement. By minimizing the thermodynamic potential we construct the QCD phase diagram and investigate the possibility of realizing a recently discovered low temperature critical point and an associated BEC-BCS crossover. We also perform a Ginzburg-Landau expansion of the thermodynamic potential, comparing our results to a prior analysis based purely on symmetry considerations, in order to assess the lowest-order effects of the condensate-confinement couplings.
Attentional focus in social anxiety disorder: Potential for interactive processes.

Abstract The two preeminent cognitive behavioral models of social anxiety [Clark, D.M., & Wells, A., (1995). A cognitive model of social phobia. In Heimberg, R.G., Liebowitz, M., Hope, D.A., and Schneier, F.R. (Eds.), Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment and treatment (pp. 69–93). New York: Guilford Press.; Rapee, R.M., & Heimberg, R.G., (1997). A cognitive behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 741–756.] suggest that attention to threat stimuli is critical in the maintenance of social fear. However, Clark and Wells assert that socially anxious persons attend almost exclusively to negative thoughts and self-imagery during social situations, whereas Rapee and Heimberg contend that socially anxious persons simultaneously attend to these internal cues and external stimuli potentially indicative of negative evaluation, such as an audience member's facial expressions. Rapee and Heimberg further suggest that attention to external and internal cues during social situations should be interdependent, such that focus on one has causal implications for the experience of the other. The current review examines the nature of the literature as it supports the assertions of each of these models of social anxiety, with particular attention to differing predictions regarding attentional focus. We conclude that socially anxious persons engage in both internal and external focus throughout the course of a social situation; however, there are a number of significant limitations to the literature. Accordingly, directions for future research are considered.
Turbulence energy and intensity spectra in a baffled, stirred vessel

The radial components of the turbulence energy and intensity spectra within a stirred, baffled tank are measured with a transducer probe of the type developed by Eagleson et al. (9). The spectra are normalized because absolute levels of the intensity in these high intensity velocity fields cannot be measured with the present technique. Average velocities are also measured with Pitot and Prandtl tubes. Range of measured energy and intensity spectra was 19 to 1,100 cycles/sec. The measured energy spectra show a k−5/3-relation in the low wave number range where the wave number k is less than 100 ft.−1 and a k−10/3-relation in the wave number range of 100 to 1,000 ft.−1. This behavior is found regardless of impeller size, motor speed, and position in tank, in particular radial distance, indicating that the decay of energy spectra is self-preserving. Increasing the viscosity from 0.80 to 103 centipoises results in a progressively steeper slope in the high wave number range. The shape of the intensity spectra is the same as that of the concentration spectra measured by Manning (26, 27).
An improved first-order reliability approach for assessing uncertainties in hydrologic modeling

Abstract First-order reliability analysis involving Taylor series linearization at central values of the uncertain variables is well known as a means of approximating the output reliability for hydrologic and environmental models. However, linearization at central values has several key flaws — namely, problems with non-linear systems and estimation of extreme probabilities — which limit its usefulness. An improved first-order reliability approach is presented wherein the linearization point varies to match the output level whose exceedance probability is sought. Thus, the improved approach circumvents some of the problems of central value linearization while retaining much of its simplicity. The accuracy, relative to Monte Carlo simulation, of the improved approach and its use are demonstrated for an example of estimating the probability distribution of peak discharge predicted by two conceptual rainfall-runoff models with uncertain parameters.
Precarious life and the ethics of care: Subjectivity in an Indian religious phenomenon

This article relates certain figures of the subject in an emergent Indian pilgrimage. On the basis of ethnographic research and 15 in-depth interviews, I show that these religious subjectivities, phenomenologically immersed in highly precarious material conditions, are radically relational. Observations on the pilgrimage (en)counter the cognitivist assumptions of a body of scholarly opinion on contemporary religious practice. The analyst's attention to pilgrimage rituals and narratives traverses sociological, phenomenological, and psychoanalytic theories, and is, thereby, drawn to important questions of self, ethics, and time.
Studies on hydroxyamino acids. III. Effect on growth of Escherichia coli 9637

α-(Hydroxymethyl)serine, α-methylserine, α-ethylserine, β-hydroxyleucine, β-hydroxynorleucine, β-hydroxyaspartic acid, and β-(p-nitro)phenylserine were tested for biological activity in an Escherichia coli system. Of these, β-hydroxyaspartic acid and β-hydroxyleucine exhibited marked growth inhibitory activity. Certain naturally occurring amino acids, most of which were structurally similar to the inhibiting β-hydroxyamino acids, were shown to be capable of completely nullifying these inhibitory effects, while others, which were probably metabolically related to these amino acids, were capable of doing so to a lesser and varying extent. It appears that the inhibition is of the competitive type.
Ferdinandy, György. 2013. Mélyebbre - elbeszélések, jegyzetek (Dig Deeper – Short Stories and Notes). Budapest: Magyar Napló. 296 pp.

Ferdinandy, Gyorgy. 2013. Melyebbre - elbeszelesek, jegyzetek ( Dig Deeper – Short Stories and Notes ). Budapest: Magyar Naplo. 296 pp. Reviewed by Mario Fenyő, Bowie State University, Maryland
Orbital resonances and Poynting-Robertson drag

The phenomenon of resonance trapping with Poynting-Robertson drag in the simplest case - the circular restricted three-body problem - is elucidated. Attention is given to what determines whether a grain of a given size passes through a given resonance or is trapped there, to how and why a trapped particle's orbit evolves with time, and to why Poynting-Robertson drag resonances are only temporary, while gas-drag resonances appear to be stable. The possibility of trapping a grain into resonance with a planet depends on the combination of the following parameters: the ratio of radiation pressure force to solar gravity, the mass of the perturbing planet normalized to the solar mass, an integer, and eccentricity. In general, the peak eccentricity and sometimes the threshold value are large enough so that crossing orbits and close approaches to the planet can inhibit capture and aid escape from resonance.
Tailoring Cleanroom for industrial use

In a pilot process improvement program to move from CMM level 3 to level 5, a Raytheon group working on real-time embedded software decided to focus on Cleanroom software engineering technology. The article shares the group's encouraging lessons learned from tailoring Cleanroom to their specific needs. The author provides evidence to support their claims of success, but cautions readers who want to employ the same approach to their own organizations because concerns, issues, and barriers do exist.
An Action Potential Clamp to Probe the Effectiveness of Space Clamp in Axons

The stimulated action potential of a squid giant axon is stored and used as a time dependent input potential during a voltage clamp experiment with this axon. For an optimum system, longitudinal currents are eliminated by guard electrodes and the action potential clamp provides a quantitative measure of this "space clamp."
ADOPTION RATES AND PATTERNS OF BEST PRACTICES IN NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

Firms are experimenting with numerous different best practices in order to improve the timeliness and effectiveness of their new product development (NPD) process. This paper examines how widely adopted certain best practices are, and if the adoptions show any pattern in terms of being simultaneously adopted within organisations. We developed an inventory of best practices related to NPD, and an empirical survey was administered to 39 companies. Our results indicate that best practices associated with enhancing the human resources involved in NPD, and improving the fuzzy front end of NPD appear to be getting little attention to date, despite a strong call for such attention in the management literature. Best practices associated with the strategic implementation of NPD (project selection, goals, technological leadership, product strategy, and customer involvement) are on average all more widely adopted than best practices associated with controlling the execution of NPD (process control, metrics, documentation, change control).
Hydrolysis, nitrosyl exchange, and synthesis of alkyl nitrites

Cinetique d'hydrolyse des nitrites d'alkyle. Echange de nitrosyle avec des alcools. Preparation de nitrites et de thionitrites d'alkyle
Nuclear localization of liver X receptor α and β is differentially regulated

Activity of nuclear receptors is regulated by their nuclear localization. Liver X receptors (LXR) alpha and beta are nuclear receptors that regulate transcription of genes for cholesterol metabolism, cholesterol transport, and lipogenesis. While LXR alpha and beta are very similar in structure and exhibit similar ligand binding properties, their physiological roles are quite different. Since the LXRs fall into a class of receptors that move between the nucleus and cytoplasm, experiments were conducted to determine whether LXR alpha and LXR beta show differences in their nuclear localization pattern. To determine the location of each receptor, cell lines stably expressing yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) chimeras with either LXR alpha or LXR beta were examined. Retention in the nucleus of the chimeric proteins in the presence or absence of ligands was assessed using fluorescence microscopy coupled with digitonin permeabilization assays. Surprisingly, differences were found between LXR alpha and LXR beta. Whereas unliganded LXR alpha was retained in the nucleus, unliganded LXR beta was partially exported. Mutations were then introduced into putative nuclear localization sequences (NLS) to determine which sequences are important for nuclear localization and function. Mutation in one such sequence abolished nuclear localization of LXR alpha, whereas the analogous change in LXR beta had a much less dramatic effect. Mutations in analogous putative NLS also differentially affected transcriptional activation by LXR alpha and LXR beta. These data demonstrate for the first time that nuclear retention and localization as well as function of LXR alpha and LXR beta are differentially regulated.
Hydrogenation of Cinnamaldehyde over Pd/Al 2 O 3 Catalysts Modified with Thiol Monolayers

Modification of supported Pt catalysts with thiols has recently been shown to improve the hydrogenation selectivity of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes to unsaturated alcohols. Here, we apply a variety of organic thiol coatings to Pd/Al2O3 catalysts that typically have a much lower intrinsic selectivity for desired product formation. Thiol monolayers were found to increase hydrogenation selectivity to cinnamyl alcohol; however, unlike with Pt catalysts, the increase was independent of the identity of the organic tail.
Tyrosine deprotonation yields abundant and selective backbone cleavage in peptide anions upon negative electron transfer dissociation and ultraviolet photodissociation.

Tyrosine deprotonation in peptides yields preferential electron detachment upon NETD or UVPD, resulting in prominent N–Cα bond cleavage N-terminal to the tyrosine residue. UVPD of iodo-tyrosine-modified peptides was used to generate localized radicals on neutral tyrosine side chains by homolytic cleavage of the C–I bond. Subsequent collisional activation of the radical species yielded the same preferential cleavage of the adjacent N-terminal N–Cα bond. LC-MS/MS analysis of a tryptic digest of BSA demonstrated that these cleavages are regularly observed for peptides when using high-pH mobile phases.
Seasonal Variation in Morphology of Continuously Stocked White Clover

Efforts to improve persistence of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) in the southeast USA would benefit from knowledge of annual growth patterns and associated periods of environmental stress. Our objective was to determine seasonal changes in morphological traits that contribute to plant growth and persistence among adapted cultivars and germplasm. 'Louisiana S-1', 'Osceola', Brown Loam Synthetic No. 2 germplasm, and Southern Regional Virus Resistant germplasm were sown in common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] pastures in September 1993 at Mississippi State and Newton, MS, and continuously stocked with cattle to maintain a 5- to 10-cm sward height. Stolon length, viability of axillary buds, and seedling numbers were measured monthly for the next 2 to 3 yr. Stolon length of all entries increased to a maximum by June before declining to a minimum in October. Peak stolon production in the first, second, and third year after seeding at Mississippi State was 42, 123, and 59 m m -2 , respectively. There were no monthly differences among the four entries for proportion of stolon nodes having elongated, viable, or nonviable axillary buds at either location. The proportion of nodes with elongated buds increased from 10 to 20% in October to 45% in March before declining during the spring. An increase in elongated buds during early summer preceded the fall decline. Number of volunteer seedlings ranged from 10 to 1870 m -2 during the year, but any positive influence on stand persistence was not apparent. The cyclical trends for axillary bud viability indicate continued potential for vegetative persistence, particularly in the winter and spring, but the long-term decline in stolon length of all entries suggests that selection for different characters was not associated with improved persistence.
Enhancement of urate solubility by connective tissue

Proteoglycan aggregates (PGC) facilitated dissolution of 2 1/2 times more sodium urate crystals than nonaggregated proteoglycans. This effect of aggregates on urate solubility was abolished by digestion of the aggregates with hyaluronic acid beta1 leads to 3 hydrolase. PGC, however, did not sustain urate concentrations in supersaturated solutions. Potassium urate was severalfold more soluble than sodium urate. In vivo, where they exist predominantly as their sodium salts in the extracellular connective tissue, proteoglycans may not markedly influence the solubility of sodium urate.
Are “no-drug” cues discriminated during drug-discrimination training?

Rats were trained in a two-lever operant chamber to discriminate the presence versus the absence of a drug. During drug sessions, the training procedure involved reinforcing presses on lever 1 with saccharin-sweetened water but not reinforcing presses on lever 2. During no-drug sessions, only presses on lever 2 were reinforced. After this discrimination was learned, each rat was trained to discriminate presence versus absence of a second drug. All rats learned this second discrimination. Finally, the rats were tested to determine whether they could still discriminate the first drug, as well as other pharmacologically related compounds; most rats could. Training drugs were phenobarbital 30–35, nicotine 0.4, amphetamine 0.4, cyproheptadine 7, phencyclidine 4, cyclazocine 1.5, fentanyl 0.04, and scopolamine 0.2 mg/kg. The results indicate that drug versus no-drug discrimination training does not disrupt discriminative control previously established with a different drug. When considered in combination with the results obtained during substitution tests conducted after drug-versus-no-drug training, the data suggest that, instead of discriminating drug cues versus no-drug cues, rats discriminate presence versus absence of particular drug cues.
Some Startling Discoveries about X-Ray Bursts

Type I X-ray bursts are thought to be caused by thermonuclear flashes in the surface layers of accreting neutron stars. Recent theoretical work has shown that, contrary to what was previously thought, strongly magnetic neutron stars can produce X-ray bursts. More recently, observations with the Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer satellite have revealed that many X-ray bursts exhibit large-amplitude brightness oscillations. In this review, we summarize the observed features of X-ray bursts and the key elements of the thermonuclear flash model of this phenomenon. We then describe the recent theoretical and observational discoveries and discuss their implications for the nature and properties of X-ray bursts.
Theory of D − states in Ge and Si

We present a theory for the ${D}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ states in Ge and Si, including the effects of realistic band structures. We obtain binding energies of these states, which are about twice as large as those obtained from using a spherical model. This enhancement in binding is due to the anisotropic, multivalley character of the conduction bands. We predict many bound excited ${D}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ states for Ge:Sb and Si:Li. Our binding energies are in substantial disagreement with those obtained in recent submillimeter photoconductivity measurements. This disagreement is attributed to the presence of compensating (${A}^{\ensuremath{-}}$) centers in the sample which interact with the ${D}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ center through Coulomb interaction.
Differential localization of MAPK-activated protein kinases RSK1 and MSK1 in mouse brain

RSK1 and MSK1 are closely related members of the MAP kinase-activated kinase family and are direct substrates and effectors of the well-studied mitogen-activated protein kinases. Although extensively characterized at the biochemical level, little is known about the localization of these protein kinases in the brain. We utilized immunohistochemistry to determine the cellular and subcellular localization of RSK1 and MSK1 in the adult mouse brain. RSK1 is expressed at highest levels in cerebellum, especially in granule neurons and within neuropil of the molecular layer. RSK1 is also expressed in microglia throughout the brain. In a focal trauma model, RSK1 immunoreactivity is increased in activated microglia. RSK1 expression is also prominent in many large pyramidal neurons throughout the brain. At the subcellular level, RSK1 is highly concentrated in the golgi apparatus of both neurons and astroglia. In contrast, MSK1 is expressed at highest levels in striatal and olfactory tubercle neurons and to a lesser degree in cerebellar Purkinje cells. MSK1 is also expressed in a subset of astroglia. At the subcellular level, MSK1 is confined to the nucleus of all expressing cell types. The differential cellular and subcellular localizations of RSK1 and MSK1 suggest divergent functional roles in the brain, with RSK1 poised to regulate membrane trafficking or membrane-localized signaling, and MSK1 involved in modification of nuclear histones and transcription factors.
Feedback compensation: A design technique

THE DESIGN OF feedback compensation for feedback control systems is a subject which is treated in the technical literature as an undertaking incidental to the design of specific systems.
Use of alternative therapies in menopause.

Hormone replacement therapy has traditionally been used to treat the accompanying symptoms of oestrogen deficiency in menopause. However, not all women can, or prefer to, receive this treatment and alternatives should be considered to reduce the increased risk of osteoporosis and heart disease in menopausal women. This chapter reviews the current literature on the efficacy of phyto-oestrogens in preventing cardiovascular disease, various cancers and osteoporosis, as well as treating the vasomotor and other menopause-related symptoms. Select herbal therapies, as well as selective oestrogen receptor modulators, are also considered.
A new mechanism for calcium loss in forest-floor soils

CALCIUM is the fifth most abundant element in trees, and is an essential component for wood formation and the maintenance of cell walls. Depletion of Ca from the rooting zone can result in acidification of soil1 and surface water2 and possibly growth decline and dieback of red spruce3,4. During the past six decades, concentrations of root-available Ca (exchangeable and acid-extractable forms) in forest-floor soils have decreased in the northeastern United States5,6. Both net forest growth and acid deposition have been put forth as mechanisms that can account for this Ca depletion5,6. Here, however, we present data collected in red spruce forests in the northeastern United States that are inconsistent with either of these mechanisms. We propose that aluminium, mobilized in the mineral soil by acid deposition, is transported into the forest floor in a reactive form that reduces storage of Ca, and thus its availability for root uptake. This results in potential stress to trees and, by increasing the demand for Ca, also decreases neutralization of drainage waters, thereby leading to acidification of lakes and streams.
FROM CIVIL WAR TO THE MING FOUNDING: THE VERBAL PHOTOGRAPHY OF LIU SONG

A nearly forgotten poet, writer, and early Ming official, Liu Song tells us straightforwardly and vividly what life was like for him during the wars of the 1350s and 1360s in Jiangxi, and in Ming government in Nanjing and the future Beijing during the 1370s and early 1380s. His views of the war years were mainly negative, and his experience of the early Ming and his encounters with Taizu were highly positive. He shows us another side of the early Ming, which we usually and rightly describe as repressive and despotic. This article sits at a junction of social, military, political, and literary history.
Social variables predict between-subject but not day-to-day variation in the testosterone of US men.

Abstract Previous research has shown lower testosterone (T) levels associated with involvement in committed, romantic relationships (“paired” men) and paternal care in eight studies of North American men. An unanswered question is whether differences in male T levels associated with relationship status better reflect state (e.g., a man has lower T levels because he is involved in a relationship) or trait (e.g., low T men are more inclined toward such relationships) effects. Toward addressing this question, this paper presents data on male salivary T levels among a sample of 65 men varying in marital and parental status. Subjects collected saliva samples (at approximately waking, 17:00 and 21:00 h) and filled out questionnaires concerning their activities on four days. Each subject collected samples in two settings that varied in social interactions: for unmarried men, two working and two non-working days; for married non-fathers, two days spent mostly with their wives and two days spent mostly away from their wives; and for married fathers, two days spent mostly with their young children and two days spent mostly away from their children. Analyses revealed no significant within-subject T differences between these different conditions. However, between-group analyses revealed that married men had lower evening T levels than unmarried men, corroborating existing North American studies of male T and relationship status. These results suggest that day-to-day differences in social interactions may not be associated with differences in T levels, and lend further support to the growing body of evidence that hormone–behavior effect sizes may be greater in the afternoon and evening than in the morning.