cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surveillance of patients with bladder cancer following cystectomy: yield of CT urography

To determine the yield of CT urography (CTU) in the surveillance of patients with bladder cancer following cystectomy. In this IRB-approved, HIPAA-compliant, retrospective study of 5,404 CT urograms performed at our institution between March 2000 and February 2011, 225 CT urograms were performed in 105 patients [79 men, 26 women; mean age 65 years (43–85)] following cystectomy for bladder cancer. Median follow-up after cystectomy was 63 months (range 1–234), median time between cystectomy and CTU was 39 months (range 0–229), median follow-up after CTU was 34 months (range 1–111). CTU examinations were reviewed by two radiologists in consensus and findings were categorized into those related to surgery, locoregional recurrence, metastases, or metachronous upper tract urothelial tumor (UTT). Findings were present in 69 (65.7 %) of 105 patients, including findings related to surgery in 60 (57.1 %) patients, locoregional recurrence or metastatic disease in 21 (20 %) patients, and UTT in 3 (2.9 %) patients. Of surgery-related findings, hydronephrosis (23/105, 21.9 %) and parastomal hernia (17/105, 16.2 %) were the most common findings. Visceral metastases (16/105, 15.2 %) and lymph node metastases (13/105, 12.4 %) were the most common manifestations of recurrent disease. CTU findings in the surveillance of patients with bladder cancer after cystectomy are common and include those related to surgery, spread of the disease, and metachronous tumors. Our study supports current published guidelines on the use of CTU in these patients.
Disulfide Determinants of Calcium-Induced Packing in α-Lactalbumin†

α-Lactalbumin (α-LA) is a two-domain calcium-binding protein that folds through a molten globule intermediate. Calcium binding to the wild-type α-LA molten globule induces a transition to the nativ...
Electrokinetic study of the reactions of peritoneal macrophages and eosinophils with IgG immune complexes.

Electrophoretic light scattering (laser Doppler electrophoresis) has been employed to study the effects of guinea pig IgG immune complexes on the electrophoretic mobility distributions of guinea pig resident peritoneal cells. The resident population of cells is composed of macrophages (approximately 75%) and eosinophils (approximately 25%). These cells were separated according to the well-established method of Boyum. Populations of resident macrophages, eosinophils, and the unfractionated samples were incubated with soluble immune complexes, antigen alone, or antibody alone. The mean mobility of the resident macrophages decreased approximately 60% when incubated in the presence of immune complexes, although no effect could be discerned in the presence of antigen or antibody alone. The width of the resulting macrophage mobility distribution was larger than that of the control distributions, with a broad shoulder on the high-mobility side, indicating a heterogeneous response of the macrophages to the immune complexes. Eosinophils react in two distinct fashions. One population of eosinophils is present near the control experiments. The second population reacts in a manner very similar to that of macrophages. This suggest that at least two populations of eosinophils are present in the unstimulated guinea pig peritoneal cavity. Results that are intermediate between these two cases are found when unfractionated samples are studied.
Characterizing the Banzhaf and Shapley values assuming limited linearity

This paper presents characterizations of the Banzhaf-Coleman and Shapley-Shubik indices for monotonic simple games. The characterizations are obtained without explicitly requiring that the indices satisfy the linearity assumptionψ (v∧ w) +ψ (v ∨ w) =ψ (v) + ψ (w). The ideas developed are then used to obtain a characterization of the Banzhaf value for the class of alln-person games in characteristic function form.
The rationale for and pre-clinical results of chondroitinase ABC in chemonucleolysis

Abstract This report details the results of three enzymes, chymopapain, collagenase and chondroitinase ABC (CABC), for chemonucleolysis of the spine intervertebral disc. The deleterious effects of chymopapain and collagenase have led to pre-clinical trials of chondroitinase ABC. Animal studies of chondroitinase ABC are promising with respect to less severe side effects and tissue damage than what has been observed with chymopapain and collagenase. The author suggests chondroitinase ABC as a safer alternative to other chemonucleolysis enzymes, and that human trials are the next step in determining the efficacy and safety of this enzyme for the treatment of symptomatic disc displacement.
RF wave injection experiments and plasma chamber experiments to investigate space plasma turbulence

Summary form only given. Laboratory experiments have been conducted with the Versatile Toroidal Facility (VTF) that is a large toroidal plasma device constructed for simulating the ionospheric plasmas. The VTF plasmas can be generated by the injected microwaves via the electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) process, or by the injected electron beams, or by a Taylor discharge device. The VTF plasmas are mainly imposed by a toroidal magnetic field that can simulate the Earth's magnetic flux. A small vertical field is also added to the toroidal field, forming a helical configuration of magnetic field. This helical field can guide electric current to flow from the bottomside to the topside of the plasma chamber, simulating the auroral ionospheric plasma environment. The electric current is produced by a hot cathode electron beam drive system. We will report our recent experiments on plasma turbulence that is believed to occur in the auroral ionosphere. Our RF wave injection experiments have been conducted at Arecibo, Puerto Rico, aimed at investigating the plasma modes that appear in the turbulent ionospheric plasmas, such as Langmuir waves, lower hybrid waves, ion acoustic waves, and purely growing modes. The RF wave-induced Langmuir waves were diagnosed by the 430 MHz radar. These Langmuir waves have both the frequency downshifted and the frequency upshifted spectra. Further, the Langmuir wave spectra recorded in the vertical wave injection experiments are quite different from those observed in oblique wave injection experiments.
Flashboost: design of flash memory buffer cache mechanism for video-on-demand

A magnetic disk is a serious bottleneck which limits the scalability of a video server due to its head seek overhead. For a video server, Interval Caching is a state-of-the-art caching mechanism that addresses the problem utilizing RAM as a buffer cache to serve more video streams. Flash memory SSD (Solid State Drive) is a brand new storage device which has very different traits from old storage devices like RAM or disks. The objective of this research is to investigate the applicability and potential impact that flash memory SSD has for a video server. Moreover, I will propose a novel buffer cache mechanism which exploits characteristics of flash memory SSD at maximum to improve the scalability of a video server.
Investigating the Impact of Rank and Ovarian Activity on the Social Behavior of Captive Female African Elephants

Over a third of captive female African elephants in North America fail to exhibit normal estrous cycles based on long-term serum progestagen analyses. Why acyclicity occurs is unknown; however, the majority of noncycling females are ranked by keepers as the dominant individual within the group. To investigate the relationship between ovarian cyclicity status and keeper-determined social rank, observations were conducted on 33 female African elephants (18 cycling, 15 noncycling). Based on keeper evaluations, five cycling elephants were ranked dominant, seven in the middle and six as subordinate. In contrast, 10 noncycling elephants were ranked as dominate and five as subordinate with none ranked as middle. When comparing the behavior of the elephants by their keeper-determined rank, the dominant females dominant were significantly more likely to approach, displace and push. Similarly, keeper-determined subordinate females more frequently presented their hind end and held their ears erect. Behaviors initiated by one elephant toward another did not vary between cycling and noncycling females, except when the interaction with social rank was tested. Dominant, noncycling females initiated a higher percentage of “approach” and “displace” behaviors than both cycling and noncycling, subordinate elephants. Subordinate, noncycling elephants displayed the highest percentage of “ears erect.” Social rank drives the interactions of ex situ female African elephants more than ovarian cyclicity status. Thus, behavioral interactions cannot be used to predict which cycling elephants are most likely to become acyclic. Zoo Biol 29:154–167, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Short-Term Precipitation and Temperature Trends along an Elevation Gradient in Northeastern Puerto Rico

AbstractAs is true of many tropical regions, northeastern Puerto Rico is an ecologically sensitive area with biological life that is highly elevation dependent on precipitation and temperature. Climate change has the potential to increase the risk of losing endemic species and habitats. Consequently, it is important to explore the pattern of trends in precipitation and temperature along an elevation gradient. Statistical derivatives of a frequently sampled dataset of precipitation and temperature at 20 sites along an elevation gradient of 1000 m in northeastern Puerto Rico were examined for trends from 2001 to 2013 with nonparametric methods accounting for annual periodic variations such as yearly weather cycles. Overall daily precipitation had an increasing trend of around 0.1 mm day−1 yr−1. The driest months of the annual dry, early, and late rainfall seasons showed a small increasing trend in the precipitation (around 0.1 mm day−1 yr−1). There was strong evidence that precipitation in the driest months...
Constituency characteristics and legislative preferences

An important concern for testing any theory of legislative politics is how to measure legislative preferences. No existing measures are immune to criticism, so sound advice should be based on a balanced assessment of various types of measures. This study focuses on the ability of constituency characteristics to predict Senate roll call votes. Even in the best possible case, constituency-characteristic measures are shown to be deficient both absolutely and relative to supposedly crude, vote-based measures which as ADA ratings. The implication is that constituency-characteristic measures are inappropriate as direct measures of legislative preferences. However, the possibility remains that for some applications they are useful indirect measures, e.g., as right hand side variables that covary with legislative behavior of interest.
Protein kinase C translocates from cytosol to membrane upon hormone activation: effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in GH3 cells.

Abstract The subcellular distribution of protein kinase C (PK C) was examined in thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) - responsive GH3 pituitary cells. TRH treatment, which is known to stimulate polyphosphoinositide turnover and diacylglycerol generation, resulted in a rapid (
Subcellular distribution of 125I-labeled bovine growth hormone in rat liver and kidney

Abstract The cellular and subcellular distribution of 125 I-labeled bovine growth hormone and ovalbumin has been examined in rat liver and kidney using both differential centrifugation and electron-microscope radioautography. studies performed at 5 or 10 min after 125 I-labeled bovine growth hormone administration using centrifugation to resolve subcellular organelles indicated preferential binding of 125 I-labeled bovine growth hormone by mitochondria relative to nuclei or microsomes in both liver and kidney; 125 I-labeled ovalbumin, used as a control, did not bind in a similar fashion. Radioautographic studies performed on samples taken at the same post-injection times gave even more convincing evidence concerning the localization of 125 I-labeled bovine growth hormone in or on mitochondria. Quantitation of the radioautograms revealed that 73% of the total grains in liver and 71% in kidney were associated with mitochondria.
Interactions of Rifampin and Trimethoprim in Vitro

Combination of rifampin and trimethoprim (TMP) has been suggested as a means of preventing the emergence of bacterial resistance to the individual agents and of achieving synergistic antimicrobial activity. By means of standard techniques of antimicrobial susceptibility testing, combinations of rifampin and TMP were tested against clinical isolates of a variety of aerobic bacteria. Synergism was defined as a fourfold or greater decrease in the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the more active agent in the combination. Antagonism was defined as a fourfold or greater increase in the MIC of the more active agent. No change or, at most, a twofold change was considered to represent indifference. Combinations of rifampin and TMP in ratios of 7:1, 7:2, and 1:1 demonstrated synergistic activity against 12%, 13%, and 28% of 440 isolates, respectively. Antagonism was observed in 10%, 9%, and 8% of strains tested against the above ratios. Killing curves determined with selected organisms failed to demonstrate synergistic antibacterial activity. Combinations of rifampin and TMP failed to prevent the emergence of resistance to both drugs when selected strains of various bacteria were exposed to serial, subinhibitory concentrations. Thus, synergism of rifampin and TMP was observed in only a minority of strains tested, and combination of the two agents failed to prevent the emergence of drug resistance in vitro.
Differential gene expression in roots of nematode-resistant and -susceptible peanut (Arachis hypogaea) cultivars in response to early stages of peanut root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne arenaria) parasitization.

Abstract The peanut root-knot nematode (RKN, Meloidogyne arenaria ) can cause significant yield losses in cultivated peanut ( Arachis hypogaea ). However, molecular events underlying successful RKN infection and host responses in peanut are sparsely understood. Using suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH), cDNA libraries, enriched with differentially expressed ESTs, were constructed from RKN-challenged root tissues in the pre-penetration and early infection stages from near-isogenic nematode-resistant and -susceptible peanut cultivars NemaTAM and Florunner. Following an initial screen of 960 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) for at least three-fold differential expression between the two libraries, 70 ESTs (36 from the NemaTAM-specific library and 34 from the Florunner-specific library) were identified and annotated into seven functional categories (stress responses, metabolism, transcriptional regulation, protein synthesis and/or modification, transport functions, cellular architecture and proteins with unknown functions). Discreet gene tag clusters primarily including pathogenesis related (PR), patatin-like proteins and universal stress related proteins (USPs), as well as those implicated in alleviation of oxidative stress were primarily represented in RKN-infected NemaTAM roots, reflective of a basal level of resistance operative against invading nematodes. However, significant transcriptional reprogramming and upregulation of genes implicated in modification of cellular architecture, adhesion, and proliferation marked an early onset of compatible host–pathogen interactions discernible in Florunner roots.
Do efferent fibres to hair cells intervene in acoustic stimulus peripheral coding

The functional roles suggested for Olivo-Cochlear Bundle (OCB) fibres innervating auditory receptors never received a fully convincing demonstration. Assuming that efferent fibres effects, at the level of hair cells, are inhibitory with regard to single auditory nerve fibre activity, a mathematical model of the peripheral auditory system is proposed in which the presence of the descending pathway is taken into account. Computer simulation of the model accounts for most of the salient features of the patterns of activity of single cochlear nerve fibres. In the light of the model predictions, the influence of OCB fibres on peripheral receptors is assumed to act in the direction of improving the signal-to-noise ratio, as a first step of information processing.
Predicting natural ventilation flows in whole buildings. Part 2: The Esherick House

In an effort to address residential energy needs and find ways to improve energy utilization of homes, heating and passive cooling was examined by using computational fluid dynamics. The Esherick House, whose spatial composition was intentionally designed for natural ventilation, was modeled and simulated for different environmental conditions. The simulations were used to examine spatial layout effects on the ability of natural ventilation to maintain a comfortable thermal environment. Results for the heating and passive cooling scenarios compared the effects of the temperature and velocity fields when the environmental conditions were changed. For a typical summer day, it was found that the entire house cooled quickly when a breeze was modeled to enter a few windows, both with and without solar heating. The heating scenario for a winter day modeled the two fireplaces, one located on the first floor in the great room and one on the second floor in the master bedroom. It was found that the temperatures on the second floor were too high and too low on the first floor for acceptable levels of thermal comfort.
Prediction of impacts of wheeled vehicles on terrain

Abstract Traffic of off-road vehicles can disturb soil, decrease vegetation development, and increase soil erosion. Terrain impacts caused by wheeled off-road vehicles were studied in this paper. Models were developed to predict terrain impacts caused by wheeled vehicles in terms of disturbed width and impact severity. Disturbed width and impact severity are not only controlled by vehicle types and vehicle dimensions, but also influenced by soil conditions and vehicle dynamic properties (turning radius, velocity). Field tests of an eight-wheeled vehicle and a four-wheeled vehicle were conducted to test these models. Field data of terrain–vehicle interactions in different vehicle dynamic conditions were collected. Vehicle dynamic properties were derived from a global position system (GPS) based tracking system. The average prediction percentage error of the theoretical disturbed width model is less than 20%. The average absolute error between the predicted impact severity and the measured value is less than an impact severity value of 12%. These models can be used to predict terrain impacts caused by off-road wheeled vehicles.
Theory of Electronic States and Transport in Graded Mixed Semiconductors

Semiconductors which are slowly graded in composition can be shown to have position-dependent band gaps and position-dependent effective masses, describable in terms of an effective Hamiltonian in an effective-mass equation. The effective Hamiltonian previously obtained is, in the present work, rendered Hermitian. Electronic minority-carrier transport for graded systems is described in terms of an effective field which includes the electrostatic field plus a term in the gradient of the band edge and another in the gradient of the effective mass. The local radiative-recombination lifetime and local density of states for inhomogeneous semiconductors are discussed. The equation for the excess minority-carrier concentration in an inhomogeneous semiconductor is deduced and is found to differ from that in an homogeneous system, by the effective field replacing the electric field, by the position dependences of lifetime and mobility, and by terms in the mobility gradient. Some phenomena specific to graded mixed semiconductors are considered on the basis of the theoretical analysis.
A numerical study of laminar methane/air triple flames in two-dimensional mixing layers

Abstract Triple flames formed in methane/air mixing layers with three different mixture fraction gradients were investigated by numerical simulation. The primitive variable method, in which the fully elliptic governing equations were solved with detailed chemistry and complex thermal and transport properties, was used. Radiation heat transfer from CO2, CO and H2O was calculated using the discrete-ordinates method coupled to a statistical narrow band correlated-K based wide band model. The results show that with the increase of the mixture fraction gradient, the combustion intensity in the diffusion flame branch of a triple flame is enhanced. In the near-stoichiometric mixture fraction region, the local burning flux of a triple flame is reduced when the mixture fraction gradient is increased. However, when the mixture fraction is significantly different from the stoichiometric value, the local burning flux increases as the mixture fraction gradient is increased. The correlation of the burning speed versus stretch rate established from conventional homogeneous premixed flames cannot completely explain the phenomena observed in triple flames. The interaction between the diffusion and premixed flame branches significantly affects the local burning velocity in regions where the mixture fraction is far from the stoichiometric value in a triple flame. This interaction is caused by both conduction heat transfer and radical exchange. Radiation has negligible effect on local burning properties in a triple flame.
Symbiotic Phenotypes of Soybean Root Nodules Associated with Deletions and Rearrangements in the Symbiotic Plasmid of R. fredii USDA191

Summary To study the molecular organization of nodulation genes in Rhizobium fredii USDA191, several deletion mutants defective in the early stages of the infection process and in the advanced stages of root nodule development were obtained. These mutants could be broadly classified into Nod - (nodulation deficient) and Nod + Fix - (nodulation proficient but ineffective) types based on plant inoculation trials with Glycine max L., cv. Peking. Structural characterization of the nodule phenotypes caused by these mutants was carried out using both phase-contrast and transmission electron microscopy. This resulted in categorizing the mutants into five distinct phenotypic classes. (I) mutants that do not adhere to the root hair surface (Roa - ); (II) mutants that do not cause root hair curling (Hac - ); (III) mutants that do not form an infection thread (Inf - ); (IV) mutants that are not surrounded by a peribacteroid membrane envelope (PME - ), and (V) a mutant that is released only into the intercellular spaces in the root cortex. Hybridization of the Hind III digests of plasmid DNA for some of these mutants with an 8.7 kb Eco RI nod fragment from R. meliloti showed that they were missing either one or two of the Hind III fragments carrying nod genes and that probable rearrangements of the pSym plasmid could have occurred.
A Simplified Method for the Calculation of Diurnally Averaged Photodissociation Rates

Expressions are given for the calculation of the diurnally averaged transmission of solar flux from a series summation involving relatively few terms and readily available mathematical functions. It is shown that these expressions can be scaled to remove much of the dependence on latitude and solar declination so that at large optical depth, they become asymptotic to a function which depends only on the optical depth at noon and displays an inverse-square-root variation. From this variation, a simple analytic form containing one adjustable parameter is proposed. The functional dependence of this parameter on latitude and solar declination is determined by numerical fitting procedures. The accuracy of the analytic approximation is better than 4.5% for all altitudes, latitudes and seasons of the year.
Comparison of two surgical techniques for renal transplantation in cats.

Objective To compare two surgical techniques for renal transplantation in cats with respect to graft warm ischemia time, total surgical time, operative and postoperative complications, and return to normal renal function based on measurement of plasma creatinine concentrations. Study Design Research study using normal cats. Animals or Sample Population Fourteen adult, feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus (FELV/FIV) negative, neutered male and spayed female cats. Materials and Methods Fourteen cats underwent heterotopic renal isograft transplantation with nephrectomy of the contralateral kidney. Renal arterial end-to-end anastomosis to the external iliac artery was performed in eight cats and renal arterial end-to-side anastomosis to the aorta was performed in six cats. Cats were monitored for 14 days after surgery. Renal function was evaluated by daily measurement of plasma creatinine concentrations. The cats' health was assessed by the daily recording of body weight, rectal temperature, postoperative complications, urine production, appetite, packed red blood cell volume, and total serum protein. Ultrasonographic assessment of the isograft was performed every third day. Animals were euthanatized or adopted 14 days after surgery and histopathologic analysis of biopsies or whole isograft tissues was performed. Results Nine of fourteen cats survived the 14-day study period. Although not statistically significant, mean total surgical time and graft warm ischemia time was shorter for the arterial end-to-side anastomosis. Mean daily plasma creatinine concentrations were not significantly different between the two groups. Five of eight cats (62%) undergoing the arterial end-to-end technique developed neuropraxia and lameness of the ipsilateral pelvic limb. Five cats died or were euthanatized because of other complications. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance The arterial end-to-side technique appears to be the better method for renal transplantation in cats. Shorter graft warm ischemia and total surgical times, absence of pelvic limb complications, and an adequate return to normal renal function were associated with this technique.
Cuídate Sin Pena: Mexican Mother-Adolescent Sexuality Communication

This study explores perceptions of Mexican mother-adolescent communication about sexuality. Participants interviewed included four mother-expecting son pairs and four mother-pregnant daughter pairs. Our interviews revealed important adolescent gender differences. Pena (shame/embarrassment) played a major role vis-a-vis indirect communication about sexuality between mothers and sons. Mothers believed they were communicating about sexuality when using the term cuidate (take care of yourself), but sons and daughters understood cuidate as being a more general message and therefore did not perceive it as a message of safe sexual practice. The adolescents suggested implementation strategies for social workers to promote sexuality communication between mothers and adolescents.
Pancreatic islet cell tumor presenting as bleeding gastric varices secondary to splenic vein occlusion

This is a report of a patient with a nonfunctioning islet cell tumor of the distal pancreas presenting with a 12-month history of recurrent upper gastrointestinal bleeding. The presence of bleeding gastric varices secondary to occlusion of the splenic vein by tumor was established by endoscopy and selective celiac arteriography. Partial pancreatectomy and splenectomy was performed successfully and bleeding from gastric varices has not recurred over a 12-month period postoperatively.
Human Melanogenesis is Stimulated by Diacylglycerol

Abstract The intracellular signal pathways that mediate pigmentation in human skin are unknown. We now report that a diacylglycerol (DAG) analogue 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-glycerol (OAG) 25–100 μm strikingly increased the melanin content of cultured human melanocytes in a dose dependent manner without altering growth rate. The pigment increase occurred within 24 h, was accompanied by increased incorporation of the melanin precursor L-3,4-dihydroxyphenyl alanine (DOPA), required new protein synthesis, and was completely blocked by the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors H-7 and sphingosine. A PKC-inactive DAG isomer had no effect on melanin per cell. These results implicate protein kinase C and its effector DAG in melanogenesis.
Cloning of the gene encoding the murine clathrin-associated adaptor medium chain μ2: gene organization, alternative splicing and chromosomal assignment

Abstract The μ2 chain of the clathrin-associated adaptor complex AP-2 is a member of the adaptor medium chain family, a group of proteins involved in the sorting of integral membrane proteins in endocytic/exocytic pathways. Here, we report the cloning of the (MMU)CLAPM1 gene encoding the murine μ2 chain, the first member of the family for which this information has become available. The μ2 gene is approximately 8.5 kb long and is organized into 12 exons and 11 introns. Two transcripts are generated by alternative splicing of exon 5, a mini-exon of only six nucleotides. Proteins encoded by both transcripts are capable of interacting with tyrosine-based sorting signals, suggesting that they are functionally equivalent. The μ2 gene is localized to the proximal region of mouse chromosome 16, which is syntenic to the proximal region of human chromosome 3. The isolation and characterization of the μ2 gene should be instrumental for future studies of the genetics and physiological role of the adaptor medium chains in mammals.
Living in a Managed World

The folklore of Groundhog Day is an invitation to reflect on continuity, choice, and reinvention in our daily lives. Groundhog Day is an annual opportunity to imagine how the future could unfold as a straightforward extension of what we are doing today in one another’s company, or as a departure from the typical course of our joined endeavors. The joined endeavor at issue in this paper is the act of justifying inclusion of the study of managerial practice, commonly called Management, in the undergraduate college curriculum in the United States. Management is routinely shielded from a process of intellectual justification. There is a fruitful alternative to this de facto exemption. I argue that there is a place in the undergraduate curriculum for systematic attention to managerial practice, but that place need not be filled with a Management major per se. This new curricular place is anchored in the experience of living our everyday lives in a world managed by others. The inspiration for imagining this different place came one Groundhog Day, as I was sorting mail delivered to me by the US Postal Service.
Influence of phosphorus fertilizer and silviculture treatments on leaf and soil nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in a matureProsopis glandulosa(mesquite) stand

Due to the strong influence of phosphorus on nitrogen fixation in annual legumes, leaf N and P concentrations were examined in a mature stand of the tree legumeProsopis glandulosa. Eight years earlier application of 100 kg ha−1P to trial plots had nearly tripled the soil P concentration compared to the control. This trial also examined the influence of understory removal and reduction in tree legume stand density (thinning) on soil and leaf N and P concentrations. Despite the nearly three-fold increase in soil P in the fertilized mesquite plots (7·2 mg kg−1) over the control (2·03 mg kg−1), neither leaf tissue P or N were greater (p>0·05) in the P-fertilized plots at either sampling date. Leaf N and P concentrations were twice as great in the spring (2·26%, 0·25%, respectively) as in the summer (1·13%, 0·12%). There were no significant (p>0·05) treatment influences on soil N under or outside the canopy. However the mean soil N concentration of all five treatments was significantly (P= 0·0008) greater under mesquite canopies (0·035%) than outside (0·024%). Available soil P was considerably below the 12 mg kg−1level at which most legumes exhibit deficiencies. Soil P under the canopy was significantly correlated with summer leaf P (r= 0·29,p= 0·02N= 60), but not with spring leaf P (r= 0·06,p= 0·65,N= 60). Soil P was not (p>0·05) correlated with leaf N for either spring or summer. In contrast, positive correlations were observed between N and P in greenhouse studies. Mean leaf concentrations of N (1·13%) and P (0·125%) in the summer were considerably below optimum leaf tissue values (N = 3·00%, P = 0·20%) obtained with seedlings in the greenhouse. Given the low summer leaf N and P concentrations, the lack of correlation between leaf N and P, and the very low soil P concentrations, N fixation in this system was probably considerably less than optimal.
Management of nausea and vomiting induced by outpatient cisplatin (Platinol) therapy.

UR AWARENESS of the need for effective antiemetic therapy has increased tremendously in the past five years, partly because cisplatin (Platinol), a highly emetogenic drug, has becoml; more widely used. Routinely given in combination with other agents, cisplatin has become one of the most important antineoplastic agents available because of its broad spectrum of activity and minimal marrow suppression. Remarkable tumor regression has been observed with advanced carcinomas, and cure rates of disseminated testicular cancer have improved dramatically. Such successes, however, have been offset by the severe and often debilitating nausea and vomiting that occur in almost all patients who received cisplatin. ‘,2 These distressing side effects have resulted in refusal of further therapy by patients with potentially curable tumors.3,4 Supportive therapy for the patient receiving cisplatin includes the design of effective, often aggressive antiemetic regimens. It is now recognized that cisplatin-induced nausea and vomiting are caused by both central and peripheral effects. Combinations of antiemetics and other agents are therefore used to combat these dreaded complications. Combination antiemetic regimens are based on knowledge of the neurophysiology and behavioral aspects of nausea and vomiting, together with fundamental understanding of the pharmacology of the drugs involved. With creative yet relatively uncomplicated multiagent antiemetic regimens, it is possible to totally eliminate cisplatin-induced nausea and vomiting.5-7 This discussion will focus on how cisplatin can be prevented or successfully managed making possible the administration of cisplatin in the ambulatory outpatient setting.
Reactivity to saccharin and quinine solutions following amygdaloid or septal lesions in rats

The effect of septal or amygdaloid lesions on the preference behavior of rats to a variety of saccharin and quinine solutions was tested in a series of four experiments with one- and two-bottle preference techniques. Two-bottle tests revealed marked lesion effects only at high saccharin concentrations and no effect of lesions on the rejection of quinine solutions. Single-bottle tests also failed to reveal lesion effects on saccharin consumption. A control experiment suggested that long periods of access to test solutions and gradual increases in concentration produced adaptation effects which obscured the lesion effects. It is suggested that changes in reactivity to various solutions following amygdaloid or septal lesions may be restricted to test procedures which involve brief exposure to test solutions or few changes in concentration.
Chemical potential and energy momentum tensor in single phase mixtures

Abstract The molar volume of a mixture is used to define an eigentransformation as a function of the molar concentrations. It is shown that an appropriately defined energy momentum tensor is work-conjugate to the rate of the eigentransformation.
Depletion of sorbitol and fructose from young and older rat lenses.

Fasting for as little as 24 hr markedly reduced the levels of sorbitol and fructose in the adult rat lens. This depletion was found in both young (1 month) and older (8–12 month) rats. Two modes of depletion were examined: decreased synthesis and metabolic breakdown. The role of diffusion was discussed. In vitro experiments showed that in both age groups, decreased glucose in the medium resulted in a proportional decrease in glucose and sorbitol in the lens; the lenticular fructose level was not changed. In contrast to reports showing decreased glycolysis with age, the sorbitol-synthetic capacity of rat lenses was undiminished with age. Acceleration of glycolytic flux in lenses in vitro resulted in decreases in fructose, and to a lesser extent in sorbitol, in both age groups. These findings indicated that fructose can be removed from lenses by metabolism; and that, especially in the older lenses, glycolysis may represent a major route by which fructose, and hence sorbitol, are eliminated during fasting.
Evidence-based outcomes in pain research and clinical practice

The growing emphasis on evidence-based medicine dictates that reliable, evidence-based outcomes be utilized in documenting response to treatment, as well as determining the treatment efficacy and cost-effectiveness of different treatment modalities. The biopsychosocial model conceptualizes pain as a complex multifactorial interaction of biological, psychological, and social components that play a role in the development, exacerbation, and perpetuation of pain. As a result, outcomes relevant to pain management are necessarily complex and multifactorial in nature. Two broad categories of evidence-based outcomes relevant to pain management are discussed: patient-reported outcomes and objective outcomes. Patient-reported outcomes are discussed within the context of pain measures, health-related quality of life, and psychological constructs. Objective outcomes are discussed within the context of healthcare utilization and occupational status. The discussion within each section highlights the unique constructs measured by each category of outcome measure and highlights their consistency with current evidence-based guidelines and knowledge from pain research.
Migrant selectivity and returns to skills: the case of Taiwanese immigrants in the United States.

"This article examines the selection of international migration from Taiwan to the United States in terms of the skills and abilities of emigrants. Micro data from Taiwan and the U.S. are used to test Borjas' self-selection model (1987).... Based on the assumption that emigrants choose to move to the destination that can maximize their expected lifetime earnings and provide higher returns to their human capital, Heckman (1979) developed a two-stage method that allows one to correct the problem of selectivity bias and to estimate directions of the selection on the basis of observed characteristics (the levels of skills or education) and unobserved characteristics (innate ability or motivation) for both emigrants and non-emigrants." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA)
Inhibition ofCandida albicans by Escherichia coli in vitro and in the germfree mouse

1.Candida albicans readily establishes in the gastrointestinal tract of germfree mice either alone or in the presence ofE. coli. 2. Noninhibitory and inhibitory groups ofE. coli have been separated by their actionin vitro againstC. albicans. 3. The inhibitoryE. coli significantly lowers the levels ofC. albicans in stools of gnotobiotic mice. A dialysate of the inhibitoryE. coli also lowers theCandida levels in the stool of other gnotobiotic mice. 4. Gentamicin therapy and a 10% third degree burn had no effect on theCandida levels in the stool of germfree mice nor did it cause invasive infection or mortality in the animals.
Paleocerebellar stimulation induces in vivo release of endogenously synthesized [3H]dopamine and [3H]norepinephrine from rat caudal dorsomedial nucleus accumbens.

Abstract The influence of cerebellar verrais stimulation on noradrenergic and dopaminergic activity in the nucleus accumbens was investigated in anesthetised rat. Artificial cerebral spinal fluid containing [ 3 H]tyrosine was continuously circulated through a unilateral push-pull cannula implanted in the nucleus accumbens. Fifteen-minute perfusate samples were collected serially for three consecutive 1-h periods designated pre-, during-, and post-stimulation. The stimulation was applied through a bilateral electrode located subdurally over the fifth vermal lobe. The [ 3 H]norepinephrine and [ 3 H]dopamine components in each sample were isolated by alumina extraction and high-pressure liquid Chromatographic fractionation, and then quantified by liquid scintillation counting. For cannula locations in the caudal dorsomedial nucleus accumbens, levels of both [ 3 H]catecholamines were found to be significantly higher during stimulation compared to the prestimulation baselines, and [ 3 H]norepinephrine remained significantly elevated through the post-stimulation period. The relative increase during stimulation for [ 3 H]norepinphrine (130%) was nearly twice that for [ 3 H]dopamine (70%). These results indicate that vermal activation can significantly raise both noradrenergic and dopaminergic in vivo activity in the caudal dorsomedial nucleus accumbens, and provide a possible mechanism for explaining previously demonstrated influences of paleocerebellum upon affective components of behavior.
Vag8, a Bordetella pertussis bvg-Regulated Protein

Bordetella pertussis expresses a bvg-regulated 95-kDa protein, Vag8, encoded by vag-8. Southern blot analysis indicates that strains of Bordetella bronchiseptica and Bordetella parapertussis have DNA homologous to vag-8. Antiserum raised to a fusion of maltose binding protein to an N-terminal 60-kDa fragment of Vag8 recognizes the native 95-kDa protein in immunoblots of B. pertussis and B. bronchiseptica but not B. parapertussis. A 95-kDa protein-negative derivative of B. pertussis 18323 containing a deletion of vag-8 colonized mice as efficiently as the parent B. pertussis strain in a mouse aerosol model of pertussis.
Relationships Between Crime Rates and Incarceration Rates: Further Analysis:

This paper presents an analysis of the relationships between aggregate crime rates and incarceration rates, with the intent of providing insights into the determinant relations between the series. A conceptual model specified in terms of primary path relations and feedback effects is first presented. This model is subsequently used as the basis for empirical investigations which draw on data for the period 1960-79. A statistical technique (Granger-Sims test) which is capable of explicitly allowing for the time-related interdependencies within and between the series is used. The re sults of estimation strongly suggest a positive relation for crime rates to incarcera tion rates and a negative relation for incarceration rates to crime rates. The public policy implications of these results are discussed, particularly with respect to Nagel's prison moratorium proposal.
The influence of a chronic adolescent nicotine exposure on ethanol withdrawal severity during adulthood in C3H mice

Animal and human studies have shown tolerance, consumption, relapse, and behavioral interactions between ethanol and nicotine, but little is understood about their interaction, especially as it relates to ethanol withdrawal in adulthood for subjects who have an adolescent history of using these drugs. This study investigated nicotine's influence on ethanol withdrawal seizures in two different age groups of male C3H mice. Adolescent and adult male C3H mice, beginning at postnatal day 28 or 70, respectively, were subjected to a 7-day chronic exposure to ethanol only, ethanol plus nicotine, nicotine only, or vehicle treatment. Six weeks later, all the groups were subjected to chronic exposure to ethanol vapors and the severity of their ethanol withdrawal seizures was assessed by handling-induced convulsions. An adolescent exposure to chronic nicotine resulted in an exacerbation of ethanol withdrawal seizures in adulthood. Given this, adolescence may contain a neurophysiological critical period that is sensitive to nicotine and which may result in an altered response to ethanol dependency in adulthood. These findings have serious implications for the long-term consequences following co-abuse of these drugs during adolescence.
A Special Theory of Hemagglutination

Summary A special theory of hemagglutination is developed to estimate antigen strength and antibody concentration under antigen excess in an automated system, using either hemolysis or counting of free cells. Antigen strength and antibody concentration are both expressed in terms of A, the number of bivalent antibody molecules in a given volume which under antigen excess are combined with sites on 2 cells. The theory is illustrated by ABO titrations with a variety of phenotypes and reagents. Resume Une nouvelle theorie de l'hemagglutination est decrite pour estimer la force de l'antigene et la concentration de l'anticorps lorsqu'il y a exces d'antigene dans un systeme automatique utilisant soit l'hemolyse ou le comptage des erythrocytes non agglutines. La force de l'antigene et la concentration de l'anticorps sont tous deux exprimes par les valeurs A correspondant au nombre de molecules bivalentes d'anticorps dans un volume donne qui, en presence d'un exces d'antigene, sont combinees avec les sites situes sur deux cellules. La theorie est illustree par les titres obtenus dans le systeme ABO avec differents phenotypes et differents reactifs. Zusammenfassung Es wurde eine spezielle Theorie der Hamagglutination entwickelt. Diese gestattet in einem automatischen System, bei welchem entweder die Hamolyse oder die Zahl der unagglutinierten Zellen gemessen wird, im Antigenuberschus die Antigenstarke und die Antikorperkonzentration zu bestimmen. Die Antigenstarke, wie auch die Antikorperkonzentration werden auf die Zahl A bezogen. Diese entspricht der Zahl der in einem gewissen Volumen enthaltenen bivalenten Antikorpermolekule, die sich bei Antigenuberschus mit den Determinanten zweier Zellen spezifisch binden. Die Theorie wird an ABO-Titrationen mit einer Anzahl verschiedener Phanotypen und Reagentien experimentell uberpruft.
Consequences of cytonuclear epistasis and assortative mating for the genetic structure of hybrid populations

The effects of assortative mating and epistasis between interspecific nuclear and cytoplasmic genomes (cytonuclear incompatibility) on levels of homozygote cytonuclear disequilibria are analysed in an effort to gain a better understanding of the processes affecting the genetic structure of hybrid populations and the nature of isolating barriers between species. Cytonuclear incompatibility has a direct effect on the level of disequilibria between maternally inherited cytoplasmic and biparentally inherited nuclear markers at the adult stage that is largely a function of (i) the strength of selection; (ii) the level of dominance of the nuclear alleles; and (iii) the level of disequilibria occurring at the seed stage. Assortative mating based on nuclear genotypes conserves cytonuclear genetic associations between the adult and the subsequent seed stage. The preservation of cytonuclear associations between the previous adult and the current progeny stages enhances the level of disequilibria at the next adult stage because the initial level of cytonuclear disequilibria in the progeny is greater before the action of selection. Under random mating, cytonuclear genetic associations are broken up in each generation, so the levels of disequilibria attained by selection are not as high as those observed with assortative mating. The changes in disequilibria between life stages in a hybrid Iris population were examined to infer the strength of selection and levels of assortative mating. Based on these estimates, it appears that the combined action of epistasis and assortative mating would be sufficient to maintain the high levels of cytonuclear disequilibria observed.
The electromagnetic field structure in a ferrite-filled transversely-magnetized waveguide

Verification of the theory of electromagnetic propagation in a ferrite-filled rectangular waveguide with transverse bias is presented. The governing wave equations, in conjunction with the electromagnetic boundary conditions, leads to a set of nonlinear equations. The criteria necessary to support propagating modes are presented. Numerical verification is made with a common full-wave frequency domain solver.