cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Cell Biology of Tumor Cell Capture by Activated Macrophages

Mononuclear phagocytes represent an important cellular element in the destruction of emerging and established neoplasms in vivo (1). Over the past several years, several distinct types of tumor cell kill by macrophages have been identified and examined in detail (2). This multiplicity of destructive modes is not surprising, since mononuclear phagocytes possess over 30 defined receptors on their surface and secrete over 75 distinct molecules (3). At least 10 of these receptors and over 20 of these molecules are potential candidates for recognizing and destroying tumor cells respectively (2,3). Thus, a general paradigm for cellular kill by macrophages has emerged: recognition of a tumor cell by one or more receptors, transduction of a signal from these receptors, and secretion of one or more injurious molecules to effect target injury and destruction (2,3). This paradigm is consistent with data available in the three systems of macrophage-mediated destruction of tumor cells now studied in some detail. In all three, kill may be divided into two stages: a) recognition and b) lysis (TABLE 1).
Lung cancer detection using labeled sputum sample: multi spectrum approach

In this paper we demonstrate the use of multi-spectrum imaging and machine learning techniques for automated detection of lung cancer. The sputum samples from patients are first stained using Tetrakis Carboxy Phenyl Porphine (TCPP). Tetrakis Carboxy Phenyl Porphine (TCPP) is a porphyrin molecular marker which binds to cancer and pre cancerous cells, causing cancer cells to glow red under fluorescent microscope. After the sputum samples are stained, images are taken at multiple frequencies 650nm and 660nm. We extracted four different sets of features (shape based, intensity based, wavelet based and Gabor filter based features). Both wavelet based and Gabor based features capture the texture properties of cell. Using these features we built different machine learning models. We obtained an accuracy of 96% using initial set of 35 features (shape based, intensity based and wavelet based features). After adding Gabor based features to this initial set, we obtained accuracy of about 98%. Our experiments show the potential of using TCPP stain, machine learning techniques and Multi-spectrum imaging for early detection of lung cancer.
A new approach to coding in content-based MANETs

In content-based mobile ad hoc networks (CB-MANETs), random linear network coding (NC) can be used to reliably disseminate large files under intermittent connectivity. Conventional NC involves random unrestricted coding at intermediate nodes. This however is vulnerable to pollution attacks. To avoid attacks, a brute force approach is to allow mixing only at the source. However, source restricted NC generally reduces the robustness of the code in the face of errors, losses and mobility induced intermittence. CB-MANETs introduce a new option. Caching is common in CB MANETs and a fully reassembled cached file can be viewed as a new source. Thus, NC packets can be mixed at all sources (including the originator and the intermediate caches) yet still providing protection from pollution. The hypothesis we wish to test in this paper is whether in CB-MANETs with replicated caches of a file, the performance (in terms of robustness) of the coding restricted to full caches equals that of unrestricted coding. In this paper, we examine and compare four options: unrestricted coding, full cache coding, source only coding, and no coding. As expected, we find that full cache coding remains competitive with unrestricted coding while maintaining full protection against pollution attacks.
Effects of Small Temperature Differences Detected in Callosal Circuits of the Anterior Cingulate Cortex.

Abstract We measured the sensitivity of cortical circuit activity to small differences in local cortical environments by studying how temperature affects the trajectory of epileptiform events (EEs). EEs evoked via blockade of GABA-A receptors were recorded extracellularly from mouse coronal brain slices containing both hemispheres of anterior cingulate cortex synaptically connected by corpus callosum axons. Preferentially illuminating one hemisphere with the microscope condenser produced temperature differences of 0.1 °C between the hemispheres. The relatively warmer hemisphere typically initiated the EEs that then propagated to the contralateral side, demonstrating temperature directed propagation. Severing the callosum following one hour of EEs showed that the warmer hemisphere possessed a higher rate of EE generation. Further experiments implied that intact callosal circuits were required for the increased EE generation in the warmer hemisphere. We propose a hypothesis whereby callosal circuits can amplify differences in respective hemispheric activity, promoting this directionality in seizure propagation.
Importance of non-flow background on the chiral magnetic wave search

Abstract An observable sensitive to the chiral magnetic wave (CMW) is the charge asymmetry dependence of the π− and π+ anisotropic flow difference, Δνn(Ach). We show that, due to non-flow correlations, the flow measurements by the Q-cumulant method using all charged particles as reference introduce a trivial linear term to Δνn(Ach). The trivial slope contribution to the triangle flow difference Δν3(Ach) can be negative if the non-flow is dominated by back-to-back pairs. This can explain the observed negative Δν3(Ach) slope in the preliminary STAR data. We further find that the non-flow correlations give rise to additional backgrounds to the slope of Δν2(Ach) from the competition among different pion sources and from the larger multiplicity dilution to π+ (π−) at positive (negative) Ach.
Investigating the Impact and Pedagogical Implications of Extroversion on Team Dynamics in Post-Secondary Student Teams

This research paper presents insights obtained from an online team support tool in an undergraduate setting. In this research, the authors examined patterns of self- and peer-reporting regarding preferences for speaking in groups, as well as downstream effects such as perceived voice safety and voice enactment. In both course contexts, the data show that students who initially identified as more extroverted did speak up more in groups, felt a higher sense of belonging, and had their ideas enacted more often. Importantly, by the end of the semester, women and international students reported less extroversion compared to other groups, which may indicate that these students have experiences on their teams that affects their perception of extroversion. These patterns were consistent in both the introductory engineering and business courses, and suggest that instructors should pay attention to team conversational dynamics to promote equity in team conversations.
The Interception of Communications in Historical Context

In attempting to elaborate on the particular features of the intricate relationship between telecommunications and security agencies, a vital dichotomy must be made between the communications of security and the security of communications. The former signifies the uses of telecommunications by security bodies for the functional and administrative enhancement of their organization, while the latter involves the expansion of the security agencies’ mission from the social realm to the realm of—postal, then electric, and eventually electronic—telecommunications.
Terminal Synergetic and State Feedback Linearization Based Controllers for Artificial Pancreas in Type 1 Diabetic Patients

Lack of insulin production by pancreas causes high blood glucose level (BGL) in the diabetic patients. For their treatment, manual insulin intake is possible only during the day timings but not feasible during the night when the patient is sleeping. Artificial pancreas (AP) is used for the automatic regulation of BGL by continuous injection of insulin. The nonlinear Bergman’s Minimal Model (BMM) considers fixed meal disturbance which may actually vary continuously during medication due to meal intake or by doing exercise. This variation has been taken into account by the Extended Bergman’s Minimal Model (EBMM). In this paper, two nonlinear: Terminal Synergetic and State Feedback Linearization based controllers have been proposed for AP to regulate BGL using EBMM. Asymptotic stability of the proposed controllers has been proved using Lyapunov theory. Comparison of the proposed controllers with each other and that with PID controller has been done using MATLAB/Simulink. White noise has been added as the disturbance to further analyze the output performance of the proposed controllers. The Terminal Synergetic controller which performs better than others, has also been implemented on the data of six Type 1 diabetic patients available in the literature.
Social-Ecological Interactions Influencing Primate Harvest: Insights From Madagascar

Globally, non-human primates face mounting threats due to unsustainable harvest by humans. There is a need to better understand the diverse drivers of primate harvest and the complex social-ecological interactions influencing harvest in shared human-primate systems. Here, we take an interdisciplinary, systems approach to assess how complex interactions among primate biological and ecological characteristics and human social factors affect primate harvest. We apply our approach through a review and synthesis of the literature on lemur harvest in Madagascar, a country with one of the highest primate species richness in the world coupled with high rates of threatened primate species and populations in decline. We identify social and ecological factors affecting primate harvest, including the characteristics of lemurs that may make them vulnerable to harvest by humans; factors describing human motivations for (or deterrents to) harvest; and political and governance factors related to power and accessibility. We then discuss social-ecological interactions that emerge from: 1) the prevalence of informal institutions (e.g. cultural taboos), 2) adoption of human predatory strategies, 3) synergies with habitat use and habitat loss, and 4) interactions among regional- and local-scale factors (multi-level interactions). Our results illustrate that social-ecological interactions influencing lemur harvest in Madagascar are complex and context-specific, while influenced by a combination of interactions between species-specific characteristics and human social factors. These context-specific interactions may be also influenced by local-level cultural practices, land use change, and effects from regional-level social complexities such as political upheaval and food insecurity. We conclude by discussing the importance of identifying and explicitly accounting for nuances in underlying social-ecological systems and putting forth ideas for future research on primate harvest in shared human-primate systems, including research on social-ecological feedbacks and the application of Routine Activities Theory.
Adoption of Innovation in Small-Scale Forestry: The Case of Portable-Sawmill-Based Microenterprises

Microenterprise development can be a valuable societal component not only in terms of filling important niche markets, but also by enhancing a society's wellbeing through creating opportunities available to people who are marginalized by the labor force for one reason or another. Forest microenterprises, in particular, can enhance rural community development efforts, as well as forest conservation goals, by empowering local people to successfully manage their resources as well as offer the possibility of income enhancement (Salafsky, Cordes, Leighton, Henderson, Watt, & Cherry, 1997; Lupo, 2012). This paper explores the adoption of portable-sawmill-based forest microenterprises. Key findings include common factors motivating portable sawmill adoption, as well as a bimodal adoption pattern, supporting previously postulated arguments regarding the importance of creating multiple adoption theories.
Erich L. Lehmann’s Work on the History of Classical Statistics

The papers in this chapter present a fascinating collection of insights and historical facts about the gestation and early periods of classical statistics. Erich, having played a very important role in these developments, is able to masterfully interweave his memoirs with information obtained trough careful readings of the correspondence between some of the other major players in these developments. Although all the papers are brought together by common themes, they can roughly be classified into two groups. One group of papers go to the root of some of the important breakthrough ideas and concepts in classical statistics; their origin, evolution, and impact. In the second group of papers, Erich in a somewhat more leisurely style, describes the personalities and the history of events at the end of the 19 th, and beginning of the 20 th, century that led to the development of statistics.
Intrahepatic Versus Extrahepatic Cholestasis Discrimination With Biliary Scintigraphy Combined With Ultrasound

Biliary scintigraphy and ultrasound imaging were performed in 52 patients with suspected biliary tract pathology. Results were correlated with the findings of direct cholangiography. Several new innovations in scintigraphic technique were used. The combination of ultrasound imaging and scintigraphy correctly identified biliary tract obstruction in 17 of 19 patients, 12 of whom had dilated bile ducts on ultrasonography. Intrahepatic cholestasis was correctly diagnosed in 11 of 13 patients. Accurate discrimination between intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholestasis was achieved in 28 of 32 patients (88%) with the combined studies. Scintigraphy also provided a correct diagnosis of acute cholecystitis in all 9 patients with surgically confirmed disease. Eleven additional patients with gallbladder or pancreatic disease had normal bile ducts at scintigraphy, which was confirmed with cholangiography. When combined with ultrasound imaging, modern biliary scintigraphy can (a) provide excellent discrimination between intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholestasis and (b) help determine the need for subsequent invasive diagnostic studies in selected patients.
Listening to Their Voices: Parents' Perspectives on Infant Crying

Inconsolable infant crying is challenging to parents and a precipitating factor of shaken baby syndrome. This phenomenological study explored the parent's experience of infant crying, through in-depth interviews. Themes of “Constant crying … Why don't they stop?”: Longing for answers, “At my wit's end”: heightened emotions, and “comforting, coping, and time away”: Behavioral strategies emerged from the data. A discussion of occupational therapy's role in parent education, prevention programs, and future research is provided.
Forces of Accountability? The Power of Poor Parents in NCLB

Parental involvement is mentioned more than one hundred times in the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB). In this article, John Rogers argues that President Bush and former U.S. secretary of education Rod Paige have promoted policy narratives of test accountability, choice, and parental involvement that describe how poor parents can spur educators to have higher expectations and to work harder. What is missing from these policy narratives, Rogers argues, is a fundamental understanding of the problems facing poor communities: a lack of both resources and tools for collective action. Through the case study of a grassroots nonprofit organization, Parent- U-Turn, Rogers demonstrates how parents can create what he calls public power by responding to structural and systemic educational problems through shared inquiry and collective action. Rogers holds up this case as an example of how parents might become true forces for accountability in public education and outlines ways in which the lessons of this example migh...
Sequence analysis of active mariner elements in natural populations of Drosophila simulans

Active and inactive mariner elements from natural and laboratory populations of Drosophila simulans were isolated and sequenced in order to assess their nucleotide variability and to compare them with previously isolated mariner elements from the sibling species Drosophila mauritiana and Drosophila sechellia. The active elements of D. simulans are very similar among themselves (average 99.7% nucleotide identity), suggesting that the level of mariner expression in different natural populations is largely determined by position effects, dosage effects and perhaps other factors. Furthermore, the D. simulans elements exhibit nucleotide identities of 98% or greater when compared with mariner elements from the sibling species. Parsimony analysis of mariner elements places active elements from the three species into separate groups and suggests that D. simulans is the species from which mariner elements in D. mauritiana and D. sechellia are most likely derived. This result strongly suggests that the ancestral form of mariner among these species was an active element. The two inactive mariner elements sequenced from D. simulans are very similar to the inactive peach element from D. mauritiana. The similarity may result from introgression between D. simulans and D. mauritiana or from selective constraints imposed by regulatory effects of inactive elements.
Evidence supporting the need for a common soil monitoring protocol

Many public land management agencies monitor forest soils for levels of disturbance related to management activities. Although several soil disturbance monitoring protocols based on visual observation have been developed to assess the amount and types of disturbance caused by forest management, no common method is currently used on National Forest lands in the United States. We present data on relative soil disturbance based on harvest system from National Forests throughout Montana and Idaho. Because each National Forest uses its own method for data collection, we developed a common, well-defined visual class system for analyses based on the existing soil monitoring data that accurately normalized disparate classifications. Using this common system, we detected differences in soil disturbance between the ground-based and overhead harvest systems; however, no site attributes (slope, aspect, soil texture, etc.) affected soil disturbance levels. The individual National Forest was the most important factor explaining differences among harvest units. The effect of National Forest may be explained by different forest types, soils, harvest practices, or administrative procedures, but the most likely explanation is differences among the various qualitative classification approaches to soil disturbance monitoring. Although this analysis used a large data set, our inability to correlate disturbance with site characteristics and the differences between monitoring methods points to the need for common terms and comparable guidelines for soil disturbance monitoring.
Federalism, Fiscal Authority, and Centralization in Latin America: NOMINATIONS, VETO PLAYERS, AND GUBERNATORIAL STABILITY

Stability in Political Ambition This chapter explores the sources of stability of the Mexican regional compromise. An analysis of gubernatorial nominations allows me to show that politicians were in a political equilibrium: All major political players were willing to play within the rules of the game of progressive ambition established by the PRI because the system had become self-enforcing. Gubernatorial nominations were driven by a logic of unanimous approval by the main veto players, both at the national and local levels, which made the arrangement stable. The nomination game was underpinned by the peculiar crafting of institutional rules discussed in the previous chapter, including the no-reelection clause, federal control over electoral processes, and the staggered timing of elections. Hence, the purpose of this chapter is to explain why local political actors complied with the set of rules created by the PRI to structure political ambition, even as their fiscal authority was threatened. In terms of the theoretical framework in Chapter 1, I show how the problems of commitment and redistribution were easier to solve once politicians found a way to channel their political ambitions at the local level. The analysis of gubernatorial stability sheds light not just on the dynamics of local politics but also on the way in which, notwithstanding disagreements and differing political preferences of the president and the politicians in the regions, they could agree on cooperating and respecting each other through the nomination process within the hegemonic party.
RECRYSTALLIZATION OF BERYLLIUM OXIDE BODIES AT 2000°C.*

Recrystallization is an important factor in the preparation of very dense pure oxide ceramic bodies. The work described in this paper shows the effect of the original particle size on the degree of recrystallization of beryllium oxide bodies. A water elutriator for particle-size separation in the subsieve range and an oxyacetylene furnace with zirconia refractories for operation at 2000°C. are described. The microscopic examination of prepared thin sections and the X-ray diffraction back-reflection method are used to determine particle sizes and the degree of recrystallization. Shrinkage during firing is found to be approximately constant for all particle sizes originally below 10 microns and decreases in a regular manner with increasing particle size. The recrystallization factor for beryllium oxide is found to vary from 40 for 1.25-micron particles to 2.5 for 10-micron particles.
Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of Mixed Convection Flows in Building Enclosures

In recent years Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations are increasingly used to model the air circulation and temperature environment inside the rooms of residential and office buildings to gain insight into the relative energy consumptions of various HVAC systems for cooling/heating for climate control and thermal comfort. This requires accurate simulation of turbulent flow and heat transfer for various types of ventilation systems using the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations of fluid dynamics. Large Eddy Simulation (LES) or Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) of Navier-Stokes equations is computationally intensive and expensive for simulations of this kind. As a result, vast majority of CFD simulations employ RANS equations in conjunction with a turbulence model. In order to assess the modeling requirements (mesh, numerical algorithm, turbulence model etc.) for accurate simulations, it is critical to validate the calculations against the experimental data. For this purpose, we use three well known benchmark validation cases, one for natural convection in 2D closed vertical cavity, second for forced convection in a 2D rectangular cavity and the third for mixed convection in a 2D square cavity. The simulations are performed on a number of meshes of different density using a number of turbulence models. It is found that k-epsilon two-equation turbulence model with a second-order algorithm on a reasonable mesh gives the best results. This information is then used to determine the modeling requirements (mesh, numerical algorithm, turbulence model etc.) for flows in 3D enclosures with different ventilation systems. In particular two cases are considered for which the experimental data is available. These cases are (1) air flow and heat transfer in a naturally ventilated room and (2) airflow and temperature distribution in an atrium. Good agreement with the experimental data and computations of other investigators is obtained.© 2013 ASME
A classical realization of quantum mechanics

A mechanism is presented by which a classical system could be described by the laws of quantum theory. Conflict with von Neumann's no-go theorem is avoided. Experimental predictions are made.
Droplet size distribution: a derivation of a Nukiyama-Tanasawa type distribution function

Abstract Abstract-A distribution function that is of the Nukiyama-Tanasawa type was derived using the information entropy. A simplified expression is obtained if the limits of the droplet size are assumed to be zero and infinity. This distribution function has only one adjustable constant. When compared with experimental data, agreement is reasonable. Incorporating appropriate minimum and maximum droplet diameters would only be necessary if the experimental data are very narrowly distributed. This can be done and is not a restriction on the deriv ed distribution function.
Divided Against Itself: Local vs. International Union Interests in a Toledo Supermarket Strike:

The paper reviews a case of local/international union conflict in the settlement of a supermarket strike and suggests that the assertion of local labor interests is central to the revival of U.S. unionism. The strike was led by the United Food and Commercial Workers Union (UFCW) against the Meijer supermarket chain in Toledo, Ohio in 1994. The eight and one-half week strike ended when representatives of the UFCW international accepted a contract that differed little from the company's original offer. The strike cost the international a considerable sum in benefits paid to the strikers, but the international also reportedly feared that the strike would endanger organizing campaigns in other supermarkets and in discount department stores. However, local organizers and many workers felt betrayed by what they perceived as the international's intrusive and premature settlement of the strike. Their reactions raise the question of whether, in settling the strike, the international risked the loss of worker suppo...
Investigation of disturbed earth detection in the very long wavelength infrared (VLWIR)

Undisturbed soil generally consists of larger silica particles where the smaller particles have been removed from the surface by weathering, i.e., rain. Large silica particles exhibit a significant reflectance in the 7 – 12 μm spectral region called the Reststrahlen band. It has been demonstrated that the Reststrahlen band intensity is proportional to the particle size distribution of silica in the soil; as the proportion of small to large silica particles increases the Reststrahlen band also decreases in intensity. When soil is disturbed, for example when an object is buried, the distribution of silica particles is changed such that the “new” surface consists of a greater proportion of small to large silica particles. The increased number of small silica particles decreases the intensity of the Reststrahlen band therefore enabling detection of buried objects by imaging in the 7 – 12 μm spectral range. There is a second reflectance band in the 17 – 25 μm spectral region which has not been used for detection of buried objects. We investigate the behavior of this second Reststrahlen band for disturbed earth and evaluate its use for enhanced detection of buried objects when combined with the first Reststrahlen band.
Impulse responses of strong reflection holograms

Strong scattering in broad spatial bandwidth reflection holograms is analyzed by using numerical techniques. Transfer functions and impulse responses for various index modulations are found, and techniques for constructing holograms for optical pulse shaping, coding, and dispersion compensation are discussed.
Strain differences in the elicitation of electrocortical after-discharges.

Abstract Two experiments were carried out. The first experiment compared four rat strains with respect to elicitation of photically evoked after-discharge (AD) and AD response to pentamethylenetetrazol (Metrazol). It was observed that in terms of AD elicitation the rat strains could be differentiated in the following order: albino > brown Norway > hooded Long-Evans > black Long-Evans. After discharges were essentially unelicitable from the black Long-Evans. Moreover, the black animals were unresponsive to Metrazol whereas the other strains had a reliable augmentation of AD following Metrazol injections. The second experiment was carried out to determine whether the general activity levels or open field mobility of the four rat strains would differentiate the strains in the same order indicated by AD responsivity. It was observed that open field mobility correlated negatively with the AD findings whereas general activity levels as measured with an activity platform and AD paramters had a small positive relationship.
Implementation of Power Network Disturbance Identification System

A power network disturbance identification system (PNDIS) was developed as a new function module of wide-area security defense system (WASDS), which has been commissioned in the dispatching center of a real power system. This paper describes the implementation of its software platform which consists of three parts: data sharing service, calculation engine and visualization module. The paper focuses on the design of the calculation engine, which is the key part of the platform, and the visualization module. Wavelet transform (WT) is used to identify the time and location of disturbance in the power system. Tests on measured data recorded by WAMS are presented in order to illustrate the benefits of the software platform and show its excellent performance.
Using Problem-Based Learning in Accounting.

In this article, the author describes the process of writing a problem-based learning (PBL) problem and shows how a typical end-of-chapter accounting problem can be converted to a PBL problem. PBL uses complex, real-world problems to motivate students to identify and research the concepts and principles they need to know to solve these problems. Students work in teams to acquire, communicate, and integrate information. The goals of PBL are to help students (a) think critically, analyze, and solve complex real-world problems; (b) find, evaluate, and use learning resources; (c) work cooperatively in teams; (d) demonstrate effective communication skills; and (e) use content knowledge and intellectual skills to become continual learners.
Stationary vs. mapping manometry in evaluating dysphagia

Two methods are used to assess esophageal motility. The mapping technique uses catheter withdrawal at 1 cm steps until the entire esophagus is evaluated. A simpler method is commonly used that involves keeping the catheter stationary for the entire evaluation. We compared these 2 techniques in 30 patients referred for the evaluation of dysphagia. Emphasis was placed on the distal 10 cm of the esophagus because this is the primary location of esophageal motility disorders. There was excellent correlation between techniques for mean distal amplitude (r = 0.945), mean distal duration (r = 0.942), and percentage of non-peristaltic contractions (r = 0.967). The overall manometry diagnosis was similar by both methods in 27 (90%) patients. Three patients had different manometry diagnoses resulting from use of the two techniques. However, the change in diagnosis was only clinically important in one patient in whom the mapping technique identified a segmental motility disorder that had been missed by the stationary technique. Stationary manometry had a 94% sensitivity and 93% specificity rate for identifying motility disorders compared to mapping manometry. We conclude that stationary manometry is a simple and accurate method for evaluating esophageal pressures and distal disorders. Only those patients with normal results of stationary studies may benefit by further mapping to identify rare segmental motility disorders.
Optimal generation investment planning: Pt. 2: Application to the ERCOT system

Power system planning and market behavioral analysis using the full model of a large-scale network, such as the entire ERCOT system, are computationally expensive. Reducing the full network into a small equivalent is a practical way to reduce the computational burden. In a companion paper, a modified-Ward equivalencing procedure has been proposed. In this paper, the proposed scheme is applied to the ERCOT system to obtain several backbone equivalents, the accuracy of which are tested under a range of operating conditions. The ERCOT equivalent is used in a system planning tool to perform optimal generation investment studies with promising results observed.
Defective tobacco mosaic virus strains: identification of the protein of strain PM1 in leaf homogenates.

Abstract An antigen, serologically related to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein, is associated with the fraction sedimentable at 12,000 g from leaf homogenates of plants infected with the defective TMV strain, PM1. Extraction of this fraction with either sodium deoxycholate or alkylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol (Triton X-100) did not solubilize the antigen. The material remained in solution after extraction with concentrated acetic acid, although it became insoluble again when the acid was removed by dialysis. It is suggested that this antigen (the PM1 protein) is highly aggregated in the leaf homogenate and, possibly, also in vivo.
Development of Thelohania californica in two hybrid mosquitoes

Abstract Thelohania californica was transmitted transovarially to hybrids of Culex tarsalis × C. erythrothorax and C. tarsalis × C. peus. The parasite did not develop in the former hybrids and developed abnormally in the latter. It was concluded that the parasite is probably host specific and that C. tarsalis is more closely related to C. peus than C. erythrothorax.
SMALL SUBUNIT RIBOSOMAL RNA GENE PHYLOGENY OF PLASMODIOPHORA BRASSICAE

The small subunit ribosomal RNA genes of Plasmodiophora brassicae, an obligate endoparasite of crucifers, were amplified using the polymerase chain reaction and found to be approximately 3 kilobase...
Multivariate Gaussian model based Cramér-Rao lower bound evaluation of the in-depth PCXD

Purpose: In-Depth photon counting detectors (PCXD) use an edge-on configuration and have multi-layer segmentations. The benefit of this configuration for additional spectral information depends on the energy response. Also, inter-layer cross-talk introduces correlation to the signal collected from each layer, which makes the independent Poisson model no longer valid for estimating the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) of the material decomposition variance. We proposed to use a multivariate Gaussian model as the substitute address the data correlation. Methods: A 120 kVp incident spectrum was simulated and transmitted through 25cm of water and 1cm of calcium. 5- layer In-Depth and 1-layer Edge-On PCXDs with full energy resolution were simulated using Monte Carlo methods. We selected Si, GaAs and CdTe as detector materials. The detectors were defined to have 1mm wide pixels and thickness of 70mm (Si), 10.5mm (GaAs) and 3mm (CdTe). Geant4 was used and energy response functions (ERF) capturing secondary events were obtained, together with the Gaussian parameter estimates. We evaluated the CRLBs of the In-Depth and Edge-On detectors for each material and the systematic variance bounds were compared. Results: For uncorrelated data, the CRLB can assume Poisson statistics. As the data becomes more correlated, the Poisson CRLB fails to capture the cross-talk effect, but a Gaussian model can, and is accurate if the number of photons is not small. The CRLB analysis shows that the effects of the ERF and the noise correlation are significant. If cross-talk can be corrected, the depth information proves to be beneficial and can reduce the variance lower bound by 3% to 10% depending on the detector material. Conclusions: The multivariate Gaussian model was validated to be a good substitute to the Poisson model for PCXD CRLB estimation. It can avoid the errors that would otherwise be caused by correlated measurements.
Implementing a clinical and research registry in obstetrics: overcoming the barriers.

Abstract Objective This study aimed to describe the obstacles and solutions in developing and implementing a prospective obstetric database registry that collects biopsychosocial data on women during pregnancy and postpartum. The clinical goals of the registry were to improve both diagnosis of mental health and substance use problems and access to mental health care during pregnancy. The research goals were to examine the impact of psychiatric illness and substance use on birth outcomes. Study Setting and Registry Design A questionnaire that contained validated instruments for mental health, substance use and psychosocial stressors was developed and administered to all pregnant women in an academic medical center obstetric clinic. Results were incorporated with reminder and decision support systems to ensure active follow-up of patients with mental health needs. Automated medical record information was collected for future analysis of outcomes. Program Implementation Barriers to program implementation were overcome by a multifaceted intervention that included educational outreach to patients, providers and staff; integration of the registry into preexisting clinical protocols; reminder systems at workstations; provision of mental health decision support through perinatal social work and psychiatric consultation; and utilization of a “stepped-care” model to delivering mental health services. Conclusion A mental health registry that merges clinical and research needs can be successfully integrated into the obstetric clinic setting.
Rotational correlation times of internuclear vectors in a DNA duplex with G-A mismatch determined in aqueous solution by complete relaxation matrix analysis of off-resonance ROESY (O-ROESY) spectra.

Abstract Complete relaxation matrix analysis of the off-resonance ROESY (O-ROESY) spectra is presented and demonstrated for a synthetic DNA duplex with two G–A mismatches, d (GCTGTCGAAAGC) 2 , in solution. The internuclear distance and the rotational correlation time of the internuclear vector could be garnered simultaneously using complete relaxation matrix analysis of O-ROESY, by which spin diffusion effects could be accommodated. Correlation times in the terminal and the mismatched regions were significantly reduced compared to those in other regions, indicating the conformational flexibility of the mismatched pair. The average structure obtained by restrained molecular dynamics simulation with inclusion of variations of the rotational correlation times also indicated a general tendency of the mismatched and contiguous bases to flip to the outside of the double strand. Off-resonance ROESY combined with the complete relaxation matrix analysis method may offer an alternative way to investigate the structures and dynamics of biological macromolecules.
Quantification of motor unit action potential energy.

Abstract Objective Motor unit action potentials (MUAPs) recorded by needle electrode reflect the functional state of the motor unit and its force-generating capacity, and are usually described morphologically (e.g. amplitude, duration). However, since the purpose of motor unit activation is force generation, MUAP energy seems a more physically meaningful measurement. Methods MUAPs were obtained by multi-MUAP decomposition of real interference patterns taken from human patients with neurological diseases. The energy content of each MUAP was measured from a time–frequency representation (TFR), specifically the Choi–Williams distribution, and compared with the standard MUAP morphological measure, the Size Index. The sample included normal, neurogenic, and myopathic MUAPs, from 11 patients. Results There is an exponential distribution of energy within a sample of MUAPs and a strong exponential relationship between the Size Index and MUAP energy was observed. Conclusions The energy content of a MUAP can be quantified and corresponds very well with the current quantitative standard. Energy is a possible addition to MUAP quantification. Significance MUAPs could be classified as having normal, large (neurogenic), or low (myopathic) energy. MUAP energy has direct physical and physiological meaning that reflects the force-generating capacity of the motor unit. Time–frequency analysis could also be used to study the specific frequency content of MUAPs and the energy of MUAPs within an interference pattern, without the need for decomposition.
Social Risk and Protective Factors for African American Children's Academic Achievement and Adjustment During the Transition to Middle School

The transition to middle school is often marked by decreased academic achievement and increased emotional stress, and African American children exposed to social risk may be especially vulnerable during this transition. To identify mediators and protective factors, the authors related severity and timing of risk exposure to academic achievement and adjustment between 4th and 6th grade in 74 African American children. Longitudinal analyses indicated that severity more than timing of risk exposure was negatively related to all outcomes and that language skills mediated the pathway from risk for most outcomes. Transition to middle school was related to lower math scores and to more externalizing problems when children experienced higher levels of social risk. Language skills and parenting served as protective factors, whereas expectations of racial discrimination was a vulnerability factor. Results imply that promoting parenting and, especially, language skills, and decreasing expectations of racial discrimination provide pathways to academic success for African American children during the transition from elementary to middle school, especially those exposed to adversity.
The shark assemblage at French Frigate Shoals atoll, Hawai'i: species composition, abundance and habitat use.

Empirical data on the abundance and habitat preferences of coral reef top predators are needed to evaluate their ecological impacts and guide management decisions. We used longline surveys to quantify the shark assemblage at French Frigate Shoals (FFS) atoll from May to August 2009. Fishing effort consisted of 189 longline sets totaling 6,862 hook hours of soak time. A total of 221 sharks from 7 species were captured, among which Galapagos (Carcharhinus galapagensis, 36.2%), gray reef (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos, 25.8%) and tiger (Galeocerdo cuvier, 20.4%) sharks were numerically dominant. A lack of blacktip reef sharks (Carcharhinus melanopterus) distinguished the FFS shark assemblage from those at many other atolls in the Indo-Pacific. Compared to prior underwater visual survey estimates, longline methods more accurately represented species abundance and composition for the majority of shark species. Sharks were significantly less abundant in the shallow lagoon than adjacent habitats. Recaptures of Galapagos sharks provided the first empirical estimate of population size for any Galapagos shark population. The overall recapture rate was 5.4%. Multiple closed population models were evaluated, with Chao Mh ranking best in model performance and yielding a population estimate of 668 sharks with 95% confidence intervals ranging from 289–1720. Low shark abundance in the shallow lagoon habitats suggests removal of a small number of sharks from the immediate vicinity of lagoonal islets may reduce short-term predation on endangered monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi) pups, but considerable fishing effort would be required to catch even a small number of sharks. Additional data on long-term movements and habitat use of sharks at FFS are required to better assess the likely ecological impacts of shark culling.
Above threshold ionization beyond the high harmonic cutoff.

We present high sensitivity electron energy spectra for xenon in a strong 50 ps, 1.053 \ensuremath{\mu}m laser field. The above threshold ionization distribution is smoothly decreasing over the entire kinetic energy range (0--30 eV), with no abrupt changes in the slope. This is in direct contrast to the sharp cutoff observed in xenon optical harmonic generation spectra. Calculations using the single active electron approximation show excellent agreement with the observed electron distributions. These results directly address the unresolved relationship between the electron and photon emission from an atom in an intense field.
Comparing and interpreting laboratory results of Hg oxidation by a chlorine species

Several researchers have performed experimental work in attempts to explain the effects of various flue-gas components on the oxidation of elemental mercury (Hg0). Some have concluded that water (H2O) inhibits Hg oxidation by chlorine (Cl2). In recently published work, it was found that sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitric oxide (NO) also have an inhibitory effect on Hg oxidation. This paper aims to serve three purposes. First, to present data obtained in a laboratory scale apparatus, designed to test the effects of Cl2 on the oxidation of Hg0 with respect to temperature. The results show that as temperature increases, Cl2 is less effective as an Hg oxidizing agent. Second, this paper presents a consolidation of data taken from several sources, where the effects of various flue-gas components on the oxidation of Hg0 is observed and discussed. The summary of these results shows the following general trends: at high temperatures, hydrogen chloride (HCl) is the primary chlorine species responsible for Hg0 oxidation, while at lower temperatures, Cl2 is the dominant species. Third, a simple two reaction model is suggested to predict the experimental data shown in this paper. The results show that the predicted percent Hg oxidation values correspond very well with the observed experimental values.
Characterization of the Orthotropic Elastic Constants of a Micronic Woven Wire Mesh via Digital Image Correlation

Woven structures are steadily emerging as excellent reinforcing components in dual-phase composite materials subjected to multiaxial loads, thermal shock, and aggressive reactants in the environment. Metallic woven wire mesh materials in particular display good ductility and relatively high specific strength and specific resilience. While use of this class of materials is rapidly expanding, a significant gap in property characterization remains. This research classifies the homogenized, orthotropic material properties of a representative twill dutch woven wire mesh through the use of in-plane uniaxial tensile experiments incorporating a Digital Image Correlation (DIC) strain measurement technique. Values for elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio are calculated from the experimental data, and shear modulus values are identified by means of constitutive modeling. This approach establishes a reproducible method for characterizing the in-plane elastic response of micronic metallic woven materials via macro-scale uniaxial tensile tests, and shows that a homogenous orthotropic constitutive model may be employed to describe the macro-scale elasticity of this class of materials with reasonable accuracy.
INCREASED SEVERITY OF VIRAL MYOCARDITIS (MY) IN PREGNANCY. 1073

We developed a new murine model to study MY and the potential role of viral infection in cardiomyopathy of pregnancy. Pregnant (P) and nonpregnant (NP) mice were inoculated intravenously with Theiler's virus, a murine enterovirus, or with BHK 21 cell lysate (controls). P animals were inoculated at 6-7 days(early) gestation and sacrificed (sacr) either 6 or 12 days later. Hearts were evaluated by viral culture, histologic grading and in-situ hybridization. Histologic grading and culture results of cardiac tissue were as follows: Table Although MY occurred at comparable rates in P (22/34, 65%) and NP (9/16, 56%) virus-infected mice, severe MY (m2 or m3) occurred more frequently in P mice (13/34, 38% vs 2/16, 13%). Hearts from P mice were more likely culture positive than hearts from NP mice (15/34, 44% vs 3/16, 19%) and hearts from mice with MY were more likely culture positive than hearts without MY. In-situ hybridization detected viral RNA within myocytes of 3 P infected mice, each of which had MY histologically. With longer duration from inoculation, culture positivity decreased but histologic damage persisted. This model demonstrates both enhanced susceptibility to cardiac viral infection and increased severity of MY in pregnancy.
LGBT Employee Groups: Goals and Organizational Structures:

The problem and the solution. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) employees oftentimes face isolation, difficult workplace climates, and inequitable benefits and policies. LGBT employee ...