cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Monolithic silicon photonic CWDM transceivers (Conference Presentation)

Silicon photonics is gaining increasing adoption for mid- to long-reach communication links in datacenters at 100Gbps and beyond. Two significant challenges remain integrated on-chip WDMs, and fiber and laser packaging. The adoption of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) allows for multiple data signals to be carried on a single fiber, reducing the cost of fiber provisioning compared to parallel implementations and greatly increasing achievable data rates. Designing WDM structures can be challenging on a silicon platform, however, as silicon waveguides are highly sensitive to minute fabrication variations and temperature changes. To account for and compensate for these changes, it is necessary to have a robust testing methodology to characterize the WDM system, as well as an efficient and complete tuning mechanism to dial in the desired performance without sacrificing too much in power consumption, chip area for off-chip electrical connections, and insertion loss. We will present a monolithic silicon WDM design, the implementation of low power tuning elements, and the test and biasing algorithms to align all filters on the desired CWDM grid. Another perennial challenge for silicon photonics has been coupling light on and off the chip, due to the significant mode size mismatch and exacting alignment requirements between silicon waveguides and optical fibers or III-V chips. We will present on packaging developments implementing fully passive alignment using existing CMOS production tools, improving scalability and cost efficiency and enabling the packaging techniques for silicon photonics chips to keep up with the massive volumes generated by silicon waferscale fabrication.
Allyl-Nickel Catalysis Enables Carbonyl Dehydrogenation and Oxidative Cycloalkenylation of Ketones

We herein disclose the first report of a first-row transition metal-catalyzed α,β-dehydrogenation of carbonyl compounds using allyl-nickel catalysis. This development overcomes several limitations of previously reported allyl-palladium-catalyzed oxidation, and is further leveraged for the development of an oxidative cycloalkenylation reaction that provides access to bicycloalkenones with fused, bridged, and spirocyclic ring systems using unactivated ketone and alkene precursors.
High-level Integrative Networks: A Resting-state fMRI Investigation of Reading and Spelling.

Orthographic processing skills (reading and spelling) are evolutionarily recent and mastered late in development, providing an opportunity to investigate how the properties of the neural networks s...
From rumor to release: Does product release influence WOM in brand communities dedicated to technology products?

This paper aims to investigate the impact of product release on word of mouth (WOM) behavior within and across rival online brand communities for technology products and evaluate competing predictions made by social identity theory and the group problem solving perspective of rumors.,In Study 1, 72,749 messages posted by 5,777 users over a 13-month period on two rival online brand forums were content analyzed using linguistic inquiry and word count, a linguistic content analysis program. In Study 2, two experiments were conducted to verify the theoretical explanation offered.,Marked differences were found as WOM transitioned from pre-release rumor to post-release facts. Prior to release, brand loyalists show an increased willingness to spread positive WOM about rival brands’ products. However, this willingness dissipated upon product release. This is in noted contrast to predictions made for experience goods.,This study examines the uncertainty generated by a rival brand’s upcoming new product within a brand community. While centered on a technologically oriented consumer group, this study addresses a longstanding theoretical conundrum and provides interesting areas for future research.,Surprisingly, it is the most active and ostensibly loyal brand supporters who spread pre-release rumors about rival brands. Managers should not assume that “loyalists” will not seriously discuss the potential offerings of rival brands. Product rumors thus present rival marketers with a unique “move it or lose it” opportunity to spread positive buzz among rival brand loyalists. However, this window of opportunity closes rapidly upon product release.,This is the first paper to examine the nature of new product rumors at this scale, including both pre- and post-release WOM.
Addressing Health Care Disparities for People Managing Serious Mental Illness: A Proposed Model and Case Report

There are significant health care disparities for people who manage serious mental illnesses, especially in screening and preventive care. Often symptoms and behaviors associated with anxiety interfere with effective health communication. Fear and avoidance of medical procedures are common barriers to accessing preventive health services. This case report demonstrates a model that effectively empowered a patient who manages a serious mental illness to participate in preventive care. This case illustrates a 4-step, easy to remember model with the acronym “VARI”: (1) Validate the patient’s experience, (2) Acknowledge the patient’s right to make their own decisions, (3) provide a collaborative, individualized Risk assessment for screening and preventive services and (4) provide Integrated mental and medical health care to address treatment-interfering symptoms. In this case example, the model was effective. The need for subsequent research regarding feasibility, safety, generalizability and efficacy of this model for addressing disparities in this population is discussed.
Emotion-driven impulsivity in PTSD

Abstract A growing body of literature supports an association between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and emotion-driven impulsivity. The aim of this chapter is to synthesize theoretical and empirical research on the relation between PTSD and emotion-driven impulsivity, highlighting key psychological and biological mechanisms that may explain their association. In addition, we describe important avenues for future research, which include the following: (a) examination of the relation between PTSD and emotion-driven impulsivity stemming from positive emotions, (b) identification of the specific biological mechanisms underlying emotion-driven impulsivity in PTSD, and (c) exploration of the directionality of the association between PTSD and emotion-driven impulsivity. Finally, we end by discussing the potential relevance of the association between PTSD and emotion-driven impulsivity to assessment and intervention.
Big data registries in spine surgery research: the lurking dangers.

Spine surgery research has improved considerably over the last few decades. Its’ most recent growth is in large part due to the mounting increase in studies conducted using national databases and registries. With easy access to a large number of patients, the benefit of these registries has become evident. However, as with any research, this type of data must be used responsibly with the appropriate strengths and limitations kept in mind. Inappropriate use of these registries continues to be a growing concern as potentially false or inaccurate conclusions can adversely impact clinical practice. It is, therefore, the author and the readers’ responsibility to acknowledge and understand the limitations of this type of data. Knowledge of methodological requirements in the use and analyses of registry data is essential to ensuring quality evidence with proper interpretation.
How do YouTube videos impact tolerance of wolves

The internet serves as a dominant source of information and may shape tolerance of wildlife species. Our experimental study examined how respondents’ tolerance for wolves (i.e., attitudes, acceptan...
BiFlowLISA: Measuring Spatial Association for Bivariate Flow Data

Abstract Spatial flow data are often used to represent spatial interaction phenomena such as daily commuting trips, human or animal migrations, and the exchanges of commodities, capital, or even information between regions. With the increasingly available large volume of flow data in fine spatiotemporal resolution, exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) has become more important than ever to gain understanding of the data and the story behind it. A major group of flow-related ESDA methods focus on measuring spatial associations, which proves useful in improving the prediction power and interpretability of spatial interaction model (SIM), as well as in identifying local clusters and outliers of flow events. This paper introduces a new spatial statistical method called BiFlowLISA—a local indicator of spatial association of bivariate flow data. BiFlowLISA evaluates the association between two types of flows in close proximity, in other words, how the value of type-I flows associate with the value of nearby type-II flows. We develop BiFlowLISA by extending the local bivariate Moran's I to the flow context. We also put forth its global version to measure the global patterns, and another variant of BiFlowLISA to measure both spatial and in-situ correlations at the same time. Several flow-specific issues are discussed and solved, including flow neighbor definition, OD matrix sparsity, and conditional permutation. We experiment with synthetic datasets to verify its functionality and to summarize its characteristics. A case study of taxi and ride-hailing services in New York City demonstrates its usefulness in the comparative analysis of the spatial patterns of two types of travel flows. More applications of BiFlowLISA await to be explored in the future.
Elastin phase separation — structure or disorder?

A 2017 paper showed that phase separation and formation of elastin in the extracellular matrix does not require protein secondary structures, but cross-linked disordered chains.
60 Robust Years Of Advertising Research, and Counting

![Figure][1] The Journal of Advertising Research ( JAR ) has been a cutting-edge venue for advertising research for more than 60 years (nearly 250 issues, if you're counting). The range of topics has never been richer and, with bourgeoning platforms steeped in evolving algorithms and
Foremothers in STEM: Celebrating the work of Catholic sister scientists

Some of the earliest and most influential women scientists in the U.S. have been Catholic sisters. Yet their stories and scientific contributions are not widely known. Why did these sisters pursue scientific study, in what ways did they contribute to science, and how did their experiences compare to that of other women scientists? Using archival data from women’s religious communities to which they belonged and universities where they were employed, this qualitative multiple case study explored the occupational motivations, scientific contributions, and experiences of three U.S. Catholic sister scientists. Similarities between the experiences of sister scientists and other women scientists included mentoring, marginalization, and religious discrimination. What differed in the experiences of sister scientists was their financial obligation to and support from their religious communities, and their regard of science as worship. This article brings to light the significant scientific contributions of three Catholic sister scientists as a way to honor their previously overlooked work and to document their lived experiences for the benefit of other women in STEM and those considering a career in STEM.
Modified STEADI Fall Risk Categories Predict Incident Cognitive Impairment.

Background/objectives It is unknown whether older adults at high risk of falls but without cognitive impairment have higher rates of subsequent cognitive impairment. Design This was an analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal data from National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS). Setting NHATS, secondary analysis of data from 2011 to 2019. Participants Community dwelling adults aged 65 and older without cognitive impairment. Measurements Participants were classified at baseline in three categories of fall risk (low, moderate, severe) using a modified algorithm from the Center for Disease Control's STEADI (Stop Elderly Accidents, Deaths, and Injuries) and fall risk from data from the longitudinal NHATS. Impaired global cognition was defined as NHATS-derived impairment in either the Alzheimer's Disease-8 score, immediate/delayed recall, orientation, clock-drawing test, or date/person recall. The primary outcome was the first incident of cognitive impairment in an 8 year follow-up period. Cox-proportional hazard models ascertained time to onset of cognitive impairment (referent = low modified STEADI incidence). Results Of the 7,146 participants (57.8% female), the median age category was 75 to 80 years. Prevalence of baseline fall modified STEADI risk categories in participants was low (51.6%), medium (38.5%), and high (9.9%). In our fully adjusted model, the risk of developing cognitive impairment was hazard ratio (HR) 1.18 [95% CI = 1.08, 1.29] in the moderate risk category, and HR 1.74 [95% CI = 1.53, 1.98] in the high-risk category. Conclusion Older, cognitively intact adults at high fall risk at baseline had nearly twice the risk of cognitive decline at 8 year follow-up.
Developing the ecological scientist mindset among underrepresented students in ecology fields

How do students discover ecology? Answering this question is essential for diversifying the environmental workforce because scientific disciplines, such as ecology, are often not discovered until students enter academia and are exposed to different disciplinary options. Ecology, and many of the environmental sciences, have persistent and alarmingly low numbers of underrepresented minorities (URM; African American, Hispanic American, Native American, and Pacific Islanders), while other science and technology fields have shown progress in diversification. Why does such underrepresentation persist in environmental disciplines? Social factors such as sense of belonging, science identity, implicit biases, and stereotypes all have been explored and are known to influence the participation of URM students in science. The unique role of the field experience in environmental sciences as a "rite of passage" and "authentic" research experience is one important influence on how URM students experience ecology. Interventions using social elements such as belonging and sense of place are demonstrated ways to broaden participation particularly in environmental science fields, yet dramatic underrepresentation still persists. Here we review known factors affecting and enhancing the recruitment and retention of URMs in the sciences and focus on comprehensive strategies shown to be effective recruiting URM students into the environmental workforce.
Exploring Student Experiences in Early Computing Courses during Emergency Remote Teaching

Spring 2020 brought enormous change to student learning, as universities scrambled to put into place support structures to aid students' learning in a remote context. Computer science education was both well-positioned for this change and faced unique challenges, e.g. that students often need significant (in-person) support with programming. In this study we examine how aspects of students' remote learning experience in spring 2020 compared to the same aspects in previous in-person, pre-COVID offerings of 6 lower- to mid-division computer science courses at UC San Diego (UCSD), a large US research university. We were in a unique position to make this comparison because we had been collecting data on several aspects of students' course experiences throughout the 2019-2020 academic year. We found, surprisingly, that most elements of students' experiences that we examined were unchanged, or even improved, in spring 2020. Students in spring reported similar or lower stress levels and found their courses similarly or less challenging relative to previous quarters. However, some aspects did degrade. Students had less connection with their peers (particularly in introductory classes), more interference from family obligations, and higher drop/fail rates in some classes. Surprisingly, these results hold across all assessed demographics. Our results indicate that the actions UCSD and its CS instructors took to mitigate the stresses of remote learning in spring 2020 were largely successful and provide implications for improving education beyond the pandemic.
Effect of Class Size on University Entrance Exam in Turkey

Abstract Academic achievement has a crucial role in students’ education, especially during their high school years. In many countries and specifically in Turkey, students’ performance in the exam for higher education is the biggest determinant for their admission to a college.There might be many factors that can affect students’ achievement and class size is a very important one which is the focus of this study. The purpose of this study was to find out if there is a significant correlation between number of students per classroom among 81 cities in Turkey and each city's student achievement ranking in the Transition to Higher Education Examination which is abbreviated as “YGS” in Turkish. In the study, the data of the number of students per classroom among 81 cities in Turkey and the data of each city's achievement rankings on Transition to Higher Education Examination (YGS) were used. The Spearman's Rho analysis was conducted in order to examine the correlation between class size and achievement ranking. The result of the Spearman's Rho correlation was -.366 with .001 significance level. This significant negative correlation between class size and achievement ranking indicated that the cities which have a low achievement ranking on the YGS tend to have greater number of students per classroom. Result of the study suggests promoting classes with lower number of students in a classroom so that students would not be affected negatively in terms of their academic achievement.
On the thermal response of a surface deposited laser-irradiated powder particle

Abstract This paper provides a basic analysis of the temperature rise of a particle in a powder that is being irradiated by a laser and simultaneously conducting heat with its surroundings. The work is motivated by the widespread use of laser post-processing of deposited particles in additive manufacturing technologies. The study focuses on one of the “building blocks” of additive, powder-based, technologies, namely the controlled irradiation of a single particle. The analysis employs two models: (a) a classical model, based on a balance of energy in conjunction with Fourier-type conduction and (b) a thermally relaxed model, based on a balance of energy in conjunction with thermally relaxed conduction, which is important when using fast-pulsing lasers. Analytical and numerical results are generated to qualitatively ascertain the time-transient trends as a function of particle size, heat capacity, material density, laser irradiance, conductivity and the thermal relaxation. The objective is to provide researchers with methods to quickly determine the required laser input to bring the particle to a desired temperature, which is an essential step in powder-based additive manufacturing.
Electrochemistry of thioxanthene, thioxanthone and related compounds in acetonitrile. Substituent effects and correlation of electrochemical behavior with molecular orbital calculations

Abstract This paper presents the synthesis, electrochemistry, and molecular orbital (MO) picture of a series of conformationally-restricted diaryl sulfur compounds. The primary electrooxidative and electroreductive pathways of these compounds are compared with model systems including dibenzothiophene, thiochroman-4-one, and benzothiophene. The oxidation of these compounds is invariably irreversible (with the exception of thianthrene) and involves rapid dismutation of the radical cation which is formed in the primary electron transfer step. In the presence of “electrophoric” groups such as CO (e.g., thioxanthone) and SO 2 (e.g., dibenzothiophene sulfone), characteristic reversible electrochemical reduction responses are observed, which involve the radical anion in each case. The combined use of cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry permitted computation of the number of electrons involved in the electrochemical reaction and the diffusion coefficient for each compound. A series of C2-substituted thioxanthones was examined to probe the electronic influence of the substituent on the electrooxidation and electroreduction sites (i.e., on the electron densities at the 10- and 9-positions) respectively. These substituent effects are presented in terms of correlations of oxidation (or reduction) potentials with the substituent (Hammett) constants, and the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), or lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energies respectively. The orbital eigenvalues were computed using the RPDDO method. Finally, the influence of varying bridging atoms in the above structure is discussed in terms of the ease of oxidation and the disposition of the HOMO orbital.
A Brief History Of Publishing Papers On Astronomy Education Research

While some research had been done on K-12 and planetarium astronomy teaching from the 1930's to the 1980's, the growth of research on college physics education offered astronomy education researchers a model for examining techniques for teaching introductory college astronomy survey "Astronomy 101" courses as well. This early research was published in widely scattered journals and rarely reached the practitioners of astronomy education. The need to inform and unite the community of astronomy educators led to the birth of the journal "Astronomy Education Review," whose history and sudden death is analyzed. This paper provides a short history of publishing astronomy education research results and provides context for the advent of the new Journal of Astronomy & Earth Sciences Education (JAESE).
Arts Activism: Praxis in Social Justice, Critical Discourse, and Radical Modes of Engagement.

How does arts activism relate to concepts of voice, issues of social justice, and ideas about sustainable change and transformative processes? Does arts activism imply a particular set of values? T...
Purification and Properties of d-Fructose 1,6-Diphosphatase from Swine Kidney

Abstract d-Fructose 1,6-diphosphatase was extensively purified from swine kidney by a simplified procedure which involved chromatography on cellulose phosphate, ammonium sulfate fractionation, and separation on Sephadex G-200. The final specific activity of the enzyme was 25.2 µmoles per min per mg and 34% of the activity present in the crude extract was recovered. The stability of the purified enzyme was greatly increased by the addition of 0.01 m β-mercaptoethylamine and 0.0005 m 8-hydroxyquinoline. The purified enzyme was sensitive to inhibition by adenosine monophosphate and high concentrations of d-fructose 1,6-diphosphate. The preparation was essentially homogeneous after electrophoresis, ultracentrifugation, and elution from cellulose phosphate and Sephadex G-200 columns. Ultracentrifugal sedimentation analysis revealed the presence of a major symmetrical peak with s20, ω = 7.5 and a minor symmetrical peak with s20, ω = 3.6. The proportion of the minor peak was increased by dialysis of the enzyme preparation. The molecular weight of swine kidney d-fructose 1,6-diphosphatase calculated from data obtained by ultracentrifugation, chromatography on Sephadex G-200, and sucrose density gradient centrifugation was 129,500 and that of the minor component was about 65,000. The turnover number of the enzyme was 3250 moles of d-fructose 1,6-diphosphate converted to fructose 6-phosphate and inorganic phosphate per min per mole of enzyme. Analysis of the amino acid composition indicated the presence of a comparatively large amount of basic amino acids, particularly lysine.
2008 Global Legal Practice Symposium Foreword

This Foreword introduces the 2008 Global Legal Practice Symposium of the Penn State International Law Review, which is the second such Symposium it has published. The papers in this Symposium were based on presentations at the 5th International Conference of the Association of Professional Responsibility Lawyers (APRL). This Foreword provides context for these articles, which were written by U.S. and European academics, as well as U.S. and European lawyers who actively participate in developing the lawyer regulatory rules in their countries. In addition to placing these articles in context, this Foreword provides a brief summary of the articles by Robert J. Anello, Floris Bannier, James I. Ham, Hans-Jurgen Hellwig, Ellen A. Pansky, Milton C. Regan, Jr., Taru Spronken and Jan Fermon, and Christopher J. Whelan. Like the 2004 Global Legal Practice Symposium, which included articles about partnerships between U.S. and foreign lawyers, the EU's MJP system, Sarbanes Oxley, GATS disciplines, and Australia's rules allowing publicly-traded law firms (written by the Legal Services Commissioner who would later regulate the world's first-publicly traded law firm), the 2008 Symposium provides a cutting-edge look at important issues that are destined to remain significant long into the future. For example, the 2008 Symposium includes articles on outsourcing and the 2007 U.K. Legal Services Act. (The Legal Services Act established the framework for the multidisciplinary partnership rules that took effect in England and Wales on March 31, 2009 and permits future rules allowing publicly-traded law firms.) The Symposium also includes articles by U.S. and Dutch authors on conflicts of interest and addresses attorney-client privilege from both a U.S. perspective and European perspective (including the applicability of the European Convention on Human Rights to attorney-client privilege). Finally, the Symposium addresses the dilemma practitioners face when they are subject to multiple sets of ethics rules and are given little or no guidance about how to navigate among conflicting or inconsistent rules.
Interactive computer algebra software for teaching and helping students to study foundations of computer science

We present an interactive computer algebra system, called FoLa (FOrmal Languages & Automata), for teaching and studying theoretical computer science. Formal languages, grammars, automata and related matters from the theory of computation are of considerable importance in the field of computer science because they cover the foundations and basic principles of computer science. The materials are also useful for important applications such as digital design, programming languages and compilers. However, for a long time pencil-and-paper has been the most commonly used tool for working with the subject, which makes the subject a very abstract one. In recent years, efforts have been made in order to develop computerized tools.The goal of this project is to use symbolic techniques from computer algebra for developing an easy-to-use, portable and efficient software which can be used for both visualizing abstract theoretical models and for assisting the manipulation of the models of computers and computation. By using advanced features from a general computer algebra system with its vast library of functions from set theory, graph theory, computer graphics, functions, relations, combinatorics, symbolic computation, mathematical reasoning and automated theorem proving, we are able to build a system which can offer a unified approach for working with both formal languages, grammars, automata and related matters.FoLa provides an environment that supports experimental research on formal languages, grammars, automata and related matters. The system does not have any restrictions on the alphabets, symbols, variables, the number of internal states, the size of input tapes or the number of input tapes. FoLa can also be used not only as a visual tool but also as a mathematical assistant for teaching and studying the subject. The software has been used since the year 2000 for teaching course on foundations of computer science at Lamar University.
Rorty, the First Amendment and Antirealism: Is Reliance upon Truth Viewpoint-Based Speech Regulation?

In this article I investigate the implications of antirealism, as characterized by Richard Rorty, for First Amendment jurisprudence under the United States Constitution. It is hoped that the implications, while played out in the context of a specific tradition, will have more universal application. In Section 1, Rorty’s ‘pragmatic antirealism’ is briefly outlined. In Section 2, some effects of the elimination of the concept of truth for First Amendment jurisprudence are investigated. Section 3 argues for the conclusion that given the antirealist stance, the Supreme Court’s usage of the true/ false fact distinction is actually an uncritical allowance of viewpoint-based discrimination into speech protection that has potentially far-reaching and restrictive results for important speech. Finally, in Section 4 Rorty’s antirealism is combined with various traditional models of First Amendment analysis to see how it would function. The conclusions aimed at are twofold. First, that Rortian antirealism is compatible with the traditional models underlying First Amendment theory. Second, that a realization that truth is the result of, in Rorty’s words, ‘intra-mundane’ discourse leads to an argument for different and potentially stronger and more farreaching protections to speech.
Neuronavigation in neurosurgery: current state of affairs.

Neurosurgery is a remarkable specialty. Dealing with the most valuable real estate – the human brain – neurosurgeons have always put the highest degree of precision and utmost effort to minimize ‘c...
The High School and Beyond Cognitive Test: Evidence of Criterion-Related Validity.

The HS&B study is a national large scale longitudinal survey of a representative sample of approximately 58,000 high school students. The base year survey was conducted in the Spring of 1980 with subsequent follow-up studies in 1982, 1984, and 1986. Information was collected on over 1500 variables including achievement in six different areas measured by a 126-item cognitive test. Previous analyses of the psychometric properties of the cog9itive test indicated minimal evidence of validity and acceptable internal consistency reliability. The purpose of this study was to collect additional evidence for the validity of the cognitive test. Criterionrelated validity evidence was investigated by correlating sophomore and senior year cognitive test results with senior year self-reported grades, class standing, and ACT/SAT standardized test scores. With the exception of the civics subtest, sophomore and senior year subtest scores correlated highly (.64-.83) with senior year ACT/SAT standardized test scores and mod...
Technical Note: Soil-Based Controlled Low-Strength Materials

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) is investigating innovative construction techniques for future civil works construction. One of these investigations concerns the use of controlled low-strength materials (CLSM) as a backfill material. CLSM was defined by the American Concrete Institute's (ACI) Committee 116R as “… materials that result in a compressive strength of 1,200 psi (8.3 MPa) or less” (ACI, 1990, p. 19). CLSM is described in ACI 229R (ACI, 1994) as “… self-compacting, cementitious material used primarily as a backfill in lieu of compacted fill.” Unlike compacted backfill, CLSM mixtures do not require compaction after placement. This allows for a more economical approach to backfilling in that the equipment and labor required to place and compact conventional fill are eliminated. The purpose of this research is to investigate the feasibility of producing and measuring the performance of soil-based CLSM mixtures and to compare these soil-based mixture results to those of a standard CLSM mixture. Adaska (1997) reported that the use of soil-based CLSM was first reported by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation in 1964. Howard (1994) described this material as ‘soil-cement slurry.’ It was used for pipe bedding on 515 km (320 mi) of the Canadian River Aqueduct Project, which runs from north of Amarillo to south of Lubbock, Texas. Following the successful evaluation of some test sections, soil-cement slurry that incorporated ‘local blow sand’ deposits was used (Howard, 1994). CLSM has evolved into a deliverable product by ready-mix concrete producers, with the materials used to produce it readily available to the producer. These materials are usually some combination of portland cement, fly ash, fine aggregate, and water. The producer is able to maintain a quality-controlled mixture with known properties by using constituent materials normally used to produce mortar. CLSM mixtures normally do not use soil …
The transport systems of mammalian lysosomes.

X. Amino acid transport systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 A. Lysosomal cystine transport and cystinosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 B. The cystine dimc~[~,yl esle~ selection technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 C. Cationic amino acid transport: lysosomal system c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 D. Cysteamine treatment of cystinosis and lysosomal transport system c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3568 E. Dicarboxylic amino acid transport: lysosomal system d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 F. Transport of the small neutral amino acids: systems e,f, and p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 G. Transport of large neutral, hydrophobic amino acids: lysosomal system h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 H. The cysteine-specific lysosomal transport system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Oxygen for firing refractory materials

Oxygen is an effective but costly means of improving the technical performance indices of the kilns used in the refractories industry. The adoption of this technique must be preceded by a thorough cost-benefit analysis. The most promising field is that of firing materials which do not sinter readily under standard conditions. The detailed development of the oxygen technology would call for the organization of a pilot section at the “Magnezit” plant for powder production by this method.
Board level guided wave optical interconnects

We introduce a fully embedded board level guided-wave optical interconnects for short range optical interconnects. The realization of the fully embedded optical interconnects is achieved by overcome several difficulties such as thermal management of a VCSEL, thin film VCSEL fabrication, effective coupling and materials selection. A novel heat sink structure for cooling is developed to solve thermal management. We fabricated 10micron-thick linear VCSEL arrays and MSM detector array. As a physical layer, flexible optical interconnection layer incorporated with channel waveguides and 45° waveguide mirror couplers are also fabricated using compression molding technique.
Overwintering of Anopheles punctipennis (Díptera : Culicidae) in California.

Observations were made on small but persistent populations of Anopheles punctipennis in northern California from 1963 through 1967 to study their winter survival pattern. Overwintering was accomplished by inseminated females which do not take blood meals but develop fat body from September through December. Decreasing periods of daylight appear to be more important than temperature in inducing these changes. There was no evidence of gonotrophic dissociation or indication that winter breeding took place.
Multi-scale models of local control of calcium induced calcium release.

Abstract Calcium-induced-calcium-release in cardiac myocytes is the release of Ca 2 + from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) triggered by Ca 2 + entering the cell through L-type Ca 2 + channels. The Ca 2 + is released through ryanodine receptors which ‘sense’ local [ Ca 2 + ] in the small region (the diadic space) positioned between the t-tubules and the SR. The length-scale of a single diad is of the order of 10 nm and the diffusion time-scale is of order of 1 μ s with each cell containing approximately 10,000 diadic spaces which act independently. However, typically one is interested in Ca 2 + currents at the whole cell level and higher. This is a multi-scale problem and cannot be solved by direct computation. In this paper we develop a general framework for deriving approximate solutions of these models.
Lexical Codability and Age.

People of ages 4, 6, 8, 10, 20, and 70 years named pictures that were selected to represent the entire range of lexical consensus among 20-year-olds. The age at which people less than 20 selected the same names as 20-year-olds was inversely related to consensus among 20-year-olds. Consensus within each group increased with age, up to 20. The elderly were relatively childlike with respect to degree of disagreement with adults and consensus among themselves, but the cross-sectional character of the data precludes definitive interpretation of the elderly's responses. The developmental data are consistent with the view that people's vocabularies reflect their linguistic experience, and that words which code culturally important events are acquired earlier than words which code less-important events. The data also strengthen the inference, which was previously based on studies of adults alone, that acquisition age may be a particularly important characteristic of the verbal materials used in psychological experiments.
Comparison of intraoral harvest sites in the edentulous versus dentate specimen

Objective The aim of this study was to compare the edentulous vs dentate specimen intraoral bone harvest sites. We wished to identify if there were any sites that yielded similar quantities of bone regardless of the status of the dentition. Study Design There were 59 cadavers in the study. Three continuous outcomes (area, thickness, and volume) were measured for each cadaver at 4 sites (zygoma, symphysis, ramus, and coronoid). Results Status of the dentition was not a factor in the quantity of harvested bone in regard to surface area and volume. The only difference noted between the dentate and edentulous groups was the thickness in the symphysis and zygomaticomaxillary buttress, with the dentate group, on average, having greater thickness. Conclusions There appeared to be similar amounts of bone available in dentate and edentulous specimens in our study. This information should encourage clinicians to consider intraoral bone harvest for augmentation of an edentulous ridge regardless of the status of the dentition.
In vivo cytogenetic effects of the cooked-food-related mutagens Trp-P-2 and IQ in mouse bone marrow.

Abstract Sister-chromatid exchange and chromosonal aberrations were measured in vivo in mouse bone marrow following intraperitoneal injection of the cooked food mutagens, Trp-P-2 and IQ. Trp-P-2 produced a significant positive dose response for both endpoint while IQ produced only a weak but significant sister-chromatid exchange response. The relative potency of these two chemicals is similar to that seen in mammalian cells in vitro but opposite to their potency in Salmonella.
Identification and Characterization of a Calcium Channel γ Subunit Expressed in Differentiating Neurons and Myoblasts

Transient elevations of intracellular calcium (calcium transients) play critical roles in many developmental processes, including differentiation. Although the factors that regulate calcium transients are not clearly defined, calcium influx may be controlled by molecules interacting with calcium channels, including channel regulatory subunits. Here, we describe the chick γ4 regulatory subunit (CACNG4), the first such subunit to be characterized in early development. CACNG4 is expressed early in the cranial neural plate, and later in the cranial and dorsal root ganglia; importantly, the timing of this later expression correlates precisely with the onset of neuronal differentiation. CACNG4 expression is also observed in nonneuronal tissues undergoing differentiation, specifically the myotome and a subpopulation of differentiating myoblasts in the limb bud. Finally, within the distal cranial ganglia, we show that CACNG4 is expressed in placode-derived cells (prospective neurons), but also, surprisingly, in neural crest-derived cells, previously shown to form only glia in this location; contrary to these previous results, we find that neural crest cells can form neurons in the distal ganglia. Given the proposed role of CACNG4 in modulating calcium channels and its expression in differentiating cells, we suggest that CACNG4 may promote differentiation via regulation of intracellular calcium levels.
Mechanical unloading leads to echocardiographic, electrocardiographic, neurohormonal, and histologic recovery.

Background Mechanical unloading during left ventricular assist device (LVAD) support may lead to cardiac recovery. Predictors of recovery, however, have not been identified. We aimed to evaluate the time course and durability of echocardiographic, electrocardiographic (ECG), histologic, and neurohormonal changes that occur with LVAD support and to screen for non-invasive markers of cardiac recovery. Methods LVAD patients underwent monthly testing, including echocardiographic, ECG, and serum B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) measurement. Paired myocardial tissue samples from implant and explant were also analyzed. Results Thirty-six LVAD patients were prospectively followed for an average of 101 ± 99 days. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) significantly improved at 30 days compared with pre-LVAD (19% ± 6.6% vs 33% ± 8.1%, 7.1 ± 1.2 cm vs 4.9 ± 1.0 cm, respectively; both p Conclusions We demonstrate echocardiographic, ECG, histologic, and neurohormonal improvement during LVAD support. Cardiac recovery peaked by 60 days, and there was a trend toward progressive improvement in QRS duration with ongoing support. We report the association of ECG changes with echocardiographic and histologic improvements. Future prospective studies may yield important markers of recovery.
SQUID microscopy for fundamental studies

Abstract The scanning SQUID microscope has proved to be a valuable tool for the study of fundamental properties of solid state systems. It has the advantages of high magnetic field sensitivity, a linear, easily calibrated response over a huge dynamic range, and uses sensors which (at least for the low- T c SQUIDs) incorporate a mature technology. It has the disadvantages of the requirement of a cooled sensor and modest spatial resolution. I will briefly describe the current status and potential advances in this instrument, and then discuss some example fundamental applications. These examples include pairing symmetry tests, tests of the interlayer tunneling model for the pairing mechanism, the search for `visons', and evidence for a precursor to superconductivity well above T c , all in the high- T c cuprate superconductors; and measurements of the properties of very small magnetic particles.
Ribose biosynthesis in methanogenic bacteria

NMR spectroscopy was used to determine the labeling patterns of the ribose moieties of ribonucleosides purified from Methanospirillum hungatei, Methanococcus voltae, Methanobrevibacter smithii, Methanosphaera stadtmanae, Methanosarcina barkeri and Methanobacterium bryantii labeled with 13C-precursors. In most methanogens tested ribose was labeled in a manner consistent with the operation of the oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway. In contrast, transaldolase and transketolase reactions typical of a partial nonoxidative pentose phosphate pathway are hypothesized to explain the different labeling patterns and enrichments of carbon atoms observed in the ribose moiety of Methanococcus voltae. The source of erythrose 4-phosphate needed for the transaldolase reaction proposed in Methanococcus voltae, and for biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids in methanogenic bacteria in general, was assessed. Phenylalanine carbon atom C-7 was labeled by [1-13C]pyruvate in Methanospirillum hungatei, Methanococcus voltae, and Methanococcus jannaschii, the only methanogens which incorporated sufficient label from pyruvate for testing. Reductive carboxylation of a triose precursor (derived from pyruvate) to synthesize erythrose 4-phosphate is consistent with the labeling patterns observed in phenylalanine and ribose.
7-Chlorokynurenic acid antagonizes the anticonvulsant activity of D-cycloserine in maximal electroshock seizures.

Abstract This study evaluated the anticonvulsant activity of d-cycloserine against maximal electroshock seizures in rats. Systemically administered d-cycloserine (i.p.) inhibited maximal electroshock-induced tonic hindlimb extension in a dose-dependent manner with an ED 50 of 153 mg/kg. No neurological deficit was detected at any dose of d-cycloserine. In contrast, l-cycloserine had no effect on the maximal electroshock seizures. Administration of the strychnine-insensitive glycine receptor antagonist 7-chlorokynurenic acid (100 nmol i.c.v.) significantly antagonized the anticonvulsant activity induced by d-cycloserine. Centrally administered d-cycloserine (i.c.v.) induced significant anticonvulsant activity 1–2 h after administration with an approximate ED 50 of 5 μmol. 7-Chlorokynurenic acid (100 nmol i.c.v.) significantly antagonized the anticonvulsant activity of centrally administered d-cycloserine. l-Cycloserine (i.c.v., 2 h) induced no significant anticonvulsant activity. These results provide evidence that the anticonvulsant activity of d-cycloserine in maximal electroshock seizures may be mediated by strychnine-insensitive glycine receptors.
U.S.-European Cooperation in Space Science: A 25-Year Perspective

In the past 25 years, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration has engaged in a range of cooperative activities in space with other countries and international organizations, most of the scientific interactions being with Europe. The character of U.S.-European cooperation in space science is changing as a result of the increased maturity and level of space capability which Europe is bringing to the partnership; the consequent addition of a competitive dimension to the relationship; the increasing cost of space science missions; and the relative scarcity of funds available for space science. A number of issues flow from the current situation, but in general the outlook is for continued productive cooperation between the United States and Europe in space science.,