cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of the mitochondrial branched chain aminotransferase as a branched chain alpha-keto acid transport protein.

Conditions were developed which optimized reconstitution of branched chain alpha-keto acid transport activity, which was measured as alpha-ketoisocaproate (KIC) transport, and pyruvate transport activity. Reconstitutable KIC transport activity was about 40-fold higher in heart than in liver mitochondrial extracts and 40-fold higher than heart pyruvate transport activity but only about 7-fold higher than liver pyruvate transport activity. A purification procedure was developed for the branched chain alpha-keto acid and pyruvate transport proteins which resulted in partial purification of the proteins from rat heart mitochondria. Pyruvate transport activity appeared to be associated with a 32.5-kDa protein, whereas KIC transport activity appeared to be associated with two proteins around 41 kDa. As shown by immunoblotting and immunoaffinity chromatography, these proteins were recognized by an antiserum raised against purified rat heart mitochondrial branched chain aminotransferase (BCATm). Procedures used to extract BCATm from mitochondria effectively solubilized KIC transport activity, and both transaminase and transport activities in the sonicate supernatant were immunoprecipitated by BCATm antiserum. The tissue distribution of reconstitutable KIC transport activity was identical with the tissue distribution of BCATm. On the other hand, the distribution of reconstitutable pyruvate transport activity was distinct from that of KIC transport and branched chain aminotransferase activities, and pyruvate transport activity could not be immunoprecipitated by BCATm antiserum. When incorporated into phospholipid vesicles, purified BCATm exhibited branched chain alpha-keto acid transport activity but did not transport pyruvate. Transport was saturable, and Km values for KIC and alpha-ketoisovalerate uptake were 10 and 25 microM, respectively. Substrate competition experiments indicated that KIC transport could be inhibited substantially by branched chain alpha-keto acids and their derivatives but not by substrates for the pyruvate transporter. Transport was also inhibited by several aromatic carboxylic acid derivatives and alpha-ketoglutarate, but not by N-butylmalonate and succinate. Studies with covalent protein-modifying reagents indicated that transport was inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents, the histidine reagent diethyl pyrocarbonate, and the tyrosine reagent N-acetylimidazole. When BCATm was incorporated into phospholipid vesicles, pyridoxal 5-phosphate was an inhibitor of transport (75% inhibition at 10 mM) but had little effect on aminotransferase activity. The data indicate BCATm is a bifunctional protein catalyzing branched chain amino acid transamination and branched chain alpha-keto acid transport. The transport properties of BCATm suggest that this protein may be the branched chain alpha-keto acid transporter that was originally identified and characterized kinetically in isolated rat heart mitochondria (Hutson, S.M., and Rannels, S.L. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 14189-14193).
Dimensions of Culture (Shalom H. Schwartz) – Harmony

Harmony is a value construct developed by in his cross-cultural studies on individual and cultural value orientations. provided three bipolar dimensions of values representing alternative ways to distinguish cultures. The third of these is regulation of the relation of humankind to the natural and societal world. In responding to this issue, Schwartz produced two bipolar cultural value type responses, harmony and mastery. Harmony is accentuated in societies where the social and natural world is accepted as it is and emphasis is laid on fitting in harmoniously, rather than on changing or exploiting the current stability. Mastery, on the other hand, is the active control of the social and natural environment through self-assertion values. Thus, the harmony versus mastery cultural dimension focuses on how societies regulate the relation between society and the natural environment. Keywords: cross-cultural psychology; Shalom H. Schwartz
Tehran: Growth and Contradictions:

Tehran, the capital and largest city of Iran, has witnessed two parallel trends: a rapid and multi-faceted socio-spatial growth, and increasing separation among social classes. The former is manifested by population increase, physical expansion, concentration of institutions, and administrative centralization. The latter is indicated by rapid accumulation of wealth and capital by a tiny layer, poverty of most of the population, and spatial segregation of social classes. These phenomena reflect the transformation from a pre-capitalist city in the 18th through the early 20th century to a transitional capitalist city in the 1920–1950 period, and to a dependent capitalist city after the 1950s.
Generation of DC from mouse spleen cell cultures in response to GM-CSF: immunophenotypic and functional analyses.

In all tissues that have been studied to date, dendritic leucocytes constitute only a small proportion of total cells and are difficult both to isolate and purify. This study reports on a method for the propagation of large numbers of dendritic cells (DC) from mouse spleen using granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and their characteristics. Within a few days of liquid culture in GM-CSF, B10 BR (H-2k, I-E+) mouse splenocytes formed loosely adherent myeloid cell clusters. Mononuclear progeny released from these clusters at and beyond 4 days exhibited distinct dendritic morphology and strongly expressed leucocyte common antigen (CD45), CD11b, heat-stable antigen, Pgp-1 (CD44) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1; CD54). The intensity of expression of the DC-restricted markers NLDC 145 and 33D1, the macrophage marker F4/80, and Fc gamma RII (CDw32) was low to moderate, whereas the cells were negative for CD3, CD45RA and NK1.1. High and moderate levels, respectively, of cell surface staining for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II (I-Ek) and the B7 antigens (counter-receptors of CTLA4, a structural homologue of CD28) were associated with potent stimulation of unprimed, allogeneic T cells (B10; H-2b, I-E-). DC propagated in a similar fashion from DBA/2 mouse spleen proved to be strong antigen-presenting cells (APC) for MHC-restricted, syngeneic T-helper type 2 (Th2) cell clones specifically responsive to sperm whale myoglobin. Footpad or intravenous injection of GM-CSF-stimulated B10.BR spleen-derived DC into B10 (H-2b, I-E-) recipients resulted in homing of the allogeneic cells to T-cell-dependent areas of lymph nodes and spleen, where they strongly expressed donor MHC class II antigen 1-2 days later. These findings indicate that cells can be propagated from fresh splenocyte suspensions that exhibit distinctive features of DC, namely morphology, motility, cell-surface phenotype, potent allogeneic and syngeneic APC function and in vivo homing ability. Propagation of DC in this manner from progenitors present in lymphoid tissue provides an alternative and relatively convenient source of high numbers of these otherwise difficult to isolate but functionally important APC.
On the Greenness of In-Situ and Post-Processing Visualization Pipelines

Post-processing visualization pipelines are traditionally used to gain insight from simulation data. However, changes to the system architecture for high-performance computing (HPC), dictated by the exascale goal, have limited the applicability of post-processing visualization. As an alternative, in-situ pipelines are proposed in order to enhance the knowledge discovery process via "real-time" visualization. Quantitative studies have already shown how in-situ visualization can improve performance and reduce storage needs at the cost of scientific exploration capabilities. However, to fully understand the trade-off space, a head-to-head comparison of power and energy (between the two types of visualization pipelines) is necessary. Thus, in this work, we study the greenness (i.e., Power, energy, and energy efficiency) of the in-situ and the post-processing visualization pipelines, using a proxy heat-transfer simulation as an example. For a realistic I/O load, the in-situ pipeline consumes 43% less energy than the post-processing pipeline. Contrary to expectations, our findings also show that only 9% of the total energy is saved by reducing off-chip data movement, while the rest of the savings comes from reducing the system idle time. This suggests an alternative set of optimization techniques for reducing the power consumption of the traditional post-processing pipeline.
Broadband implementation of coprime linear microphone arrays for direction of arrival estimationa)

Coprime arrays represent a form of sparse sensing which can achieve narrow beams using relatively few elements, exceeding the spatial Nyquist sampling limit. The purpose of this paper is to expand on and experimentally validate coprime array theory in an acoustic implementation. Two nested sparse uniform linear subarrays with coprime number of elements ( M and N) each produce grating lobes that overlap with one another completely in just one direction. When the subarray outputs are combined it is possible to retain the shared beam while mostly canceling the other superfluous grating lobes. In this way a small number of microphones ( N+M−1) creates a narrow beam at higher frequencies, comparable to a densely populated uniform linear array of MN microphones. In this work beampatterns are simulated for a range of single frequencies, as well as bands of frequencies. Narrowband experimental beampatterns are shown to correspond with simulated results even at frequencies other than the arrays design frequency. N...
Myasthenia gravis in early childhood.

Four cases of myasthenia gravis in early childhood are reported. One case is congenital, and exhibited no fetal movement, suggesting that the myasthenia had an intrauterine onset. The relationship of the myasthenia to the coexisting maternal hyperthyroidism—the first case reported—is considered in view of an apparent relationship in adults. That other "toxic" states may play a part is possible. One of the cases had a sister and possibly other siblings affected with myasthenia gravis. From the published accounts it appears that a familial incidence of myasthenia is considerably higher in childhood. It is, however, concluded that this does not represent a genetic factor—rather that unknown environmental factors are operative. Two cases showed severe exacerbations during intercurrent infections—one being in complete remission between infections. The manner in which an infection results in an exacerbation is not clear. The myasthenic-like state affecting the children of myasthenic mothers is discussed in relation to myasthenia. It is concluded from the evidence at present available that the defect in myoneural transmission in myasthenia gravis is the effect of a circulating substance whose nature, source and mode of action, remains obscure; but appears to be continuously or intermittently secreted. While myasthenia gravis is a rare disorder, it is becoming increasingly apparent that the incidence in early childhood is considerably higher than previously suspected. Some of the reasons causing difficulty in diagnosis are discussed.
A non-regular layer arrangement of a pillared-layer coordination polymer: avoiding interpenetration via symmetry breaking at nodes

A coordination terpolymerization strategy is introduced to alter the connectivity within layers of a pillared-layer coordination polymer. Assembling two different dicarboxylate linkers around a metal cluster in the layer suppresses interpenetration while enabling formation of a rectangular 2D grid structure.
The X club and the secret ring: Lessons on how behavior analysis can take over psychology

In 1864 Thomas Huxley and eight fellow scientists formed a secret organization called the X Club, dedicated to the promotion of Darwinian theory and naturalistic science. Its members active for almost 40 years, the X Club acted as the “power behind the throne” with respect to the governance of the Royal Society and other British scientific groups. In 1914 Sigmund Freud formed the Secret Ring with six other psychoanalysts, dedicated to the covert promotion of their field and to the removal of impediments (persons and policies) to the acceptance of psychoanalysis. After over 20 years of existence, the Secret Ring disbanded, having succeeded in its mission. It is suggested that behavior analysis should adopt a similar arrangement, whereby a group of distinguished scholars quietly but systematically promotes the persons and practices of our field within psychology, with respect to awards, elected and appointed office, and governance.
PUBLIC MANAGEMENT IN POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS: EXPLAINING PERCEPTIONS OF WHITE HOUSE CHIEF OF STAFF INFLUENCE

The notion that public managers influence organizational performance is common in public administration research. However, less is known about why some managers are better at influencing organizational performance than others. Furthermore, relatively few studies have systematically examined managerial influence and scholars have yet to investigate either quantitatively or systematically managerial influence in the White House. Utilizing original survey data collected from former White House officials who served in the Reagan, George H.W. Bush, and Clinton administrations, this study applies empirical public management theory to examine for the first time the key determinants that shape perceptions of chief of staff managerial influence. The findings demonstrate how several core concepts in public management theory help explain the dynamics that drive perceptions of managerial influence, thereby providing a new contribution to the literature on public management.
Accumulation and decay of woody detritus in a humid subtropical secondary pine forest

The contribution of coarse woody detritus (CWD) to forest C budgets is poorly quantified in general, and especially so for secondary forests. This study quantifies C and N storage in logs and snags...
Letter to editor: Incident depression increases medical utilization in Medicaid patients with hypertension.

We read with interest the Original Research article by Breunig et al. [1] and as investigators experienced in using Medicaid datasets for clinical research, we would like to comment on the methodology used by the authors. We are primarily concerned about the difference-in-difference (DID) analytic methods employed in this study and about some of the conclusions drawn. While interrupted time series analyses employing differencing techniques have increasingly been used in health care to demonstrate the effects of policy or pharmacotherapy changes over time, their applicability to demonstrating clinical/ patient changes in this cohort is somewhat problematic. Calculating difference scores in a trend analysis is usually based on having a series of observations over time prior to and after the policy or therapy intervention, with some statisticians recommending at least 25–30 observed time periods over which to calculate the difference scores to establish a trend [2,3]. In this investigation, medical utilization was aggregated for 12 months before and after the first diagnosis of depression among cases, and was compared to the medical utilization in a propensitymatched control group over the same time period. Thus, the research design appears to be a simple pre–post comparison with control group. The preferred method for analyzing pre–post design data is the general linear model framework using the year 1 utilization data prior to the development of depression variable as one main independent covariate, and the depression/control condition variable as the second main covariate predicting year 2 utilization or the difference between year 1 and year 2 utilization as the dependent variable, in order to eliminate systematic bias, regression to the mean and reduce error variance [4–6]. It is not clear from the authors’ description whether year 1 utilization was controlled for in their regression analyses. Moreover, the DID regression approach is heavily dependent on incorporating various assumptions regarding known and unknown related conditions or variables to maximize its internal validity. Implementation of these assumptions requires additional computational adjustments and sensitivity analyses to ensure proper inference or generalizability. In most clinical research designed to inform clinical practice, these covariates would be added to the general linear model regression equation in a transparent manner, according to the hypothesized relationships among variables, and the effect of each related covariate is demonstrated/presented, not only to validate the clinical/conceptual rationale employed, but also to allow clinicians to compare the case-mix of the research cohort employed to that of their own caseloads, to which the final results will, hopefully, be generalized. However, in this DID study, the conceptual rationale for the inclusion and definition of these covariates is not provided (e.g., the Charleson Comorbidity Index, or the comorbid conditions included because they were not in the
Transgenic Nicotiana tabacum L. with enhanced trichome exudate cembratrieneols has reduced aphid infestation in the field

Glandular trichomes of many plants secrete natural products that influence plant/insect interactions. For example, tobacco varieties having relatively high cembratrieneols (CBTols) are known to have enhanced aphid resistance in the field. CBTols and corresponding CBTdiols comprise 1.4 and 62%, respectively, of trichome exudate in the aphid susceptible tobacco variety, T.I. 1068. Using this cultivar we suppressed the CYP71D16 gene that encodes the enzyme that converts CBTols to CBTdiols. In suppressed plants CBTols and CBTdiols accounted for about 27 and 35% of exudate weight, respectively. Total CBTols plus CBTdiols was not changed substantially. Here we studied the relationship between aphid infestation and increased exudate CBTols in the field using self progeny derived from 5 independent primary transgenic T. I. 1068 plants having suppressed CYP71D16 activity. Two hundred individual plants were scored for aphid infestation, and their trichome exudate compositions were determined by gas chromatography. A significant negative correlation was found between high CBTols levels in trichome exudates and aphid infestation. No aphid infestation was observed on the majority of plants with CBTols/CBTdiols ratios of >1.49, which represents a >20-fold increase in CBTols, and a >40% decrease in CBTdiols over control T.I. 1068 exudate. In contrast, aphid infestation occurred on most plants with CBTols/CBTdiols ratios <0.201, which is similar to that of the untransformed control T.I. 1068. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using metabolic engineering of glandular trichomes to enhance natural product-based pest resistance.
Comment on “Explaining change and stasis in alcohol consumption”

Let me claim the economist's right to be boring. This article reports a surprising finding–an instance where alcohol consumption was unresponsive to sharp reductions in price–and then offers intere...
Molecular structure and functional morphology of echinoderm collagen fibrils.

The collagenous tissues of echinoderms, which have the unique capacity to rapidly and reversibly alter their mechanical properties, resemble the collagenous tissues of other phyla in consisting of collagen fibrils in a nonfibrillar matrix. Knowledge of the composition and structure of their collagen fibrils and interfibrillar matrix is thus important for an understanding of the physiology of these tissues. In this report it is shown that the collagen molecules from the fibrils of the spine ligament of a seaurchin and the deep dermis of a sea-cucumber are the same length as those from vertebrate fibrils and that they assemble into fibrils with the same repeat period and gap/overlap ratio as do those of vertebrate fibrils. The distributions of charged residues in echinoderm and vertebrate molecules are somewhat different, giving rise to segment-long-spacing crystallites and fibrils with different banding patterns. Compared to the vertebrate pattern, the banding pattern of echinoderm fibrils is characterized by greatly increased stain intensity in the c3 band and greatly reduced stain intensity in the a3 and b2 bands. The fibrils are spindle-shaped, possessing no constant-diameter region throughout their length. The shape of the fibrils is mechanically advantageous for their reinforcing role in a discontinuous fiber-composite material.
Marihuana use across the menstrual cycle

Thirty women completed marihuana use diaries and Form T of the Moos Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MDQ) every day for three consecutive menstrual cycles. A 99.1% response rate was obtained: 2715 of a possible 2741 diaries were returned. Women reported smoking an average of 1.4 (+/- 2.0) marihuana cigarettes per day (range for individuals: 7.3 [+/- 3.8] to 0.2 [+/- 0.4]). There was no significant covariance between daily marihuana smoking and menstrual cycle phase. The psychological MDQ factors reflecting negative affect, difficulty in concentration, behavior change and arousal also did not vary with menstrual cycle phase. The physiological MDQ factors of pain, autonomic reactions and water retention were significantly increased during the premenstrual and/or menstrual phases of the cycle. MDQ scores during the premenstruum and menstruation were generally very low. These data indicate that in the absence of severe premenstrual dysphoria, changes in drug use are not systematically related to phase of the menstrual cycle.
Sequential purification of lactoferrin. lysozyme and secretory immunoglobulin A from human milk

Human milk protects the immunologically immature infant from gastro-intestinal invasion of pathogenic microbes by providing significant quantities of 3 proteins: sIgA, LF, and Lys [l-4]. sIgA and LF constitute 5% each of the total milk protein, while Lys represents < 0.5% [l]. LF, a 75 000-80 000 Mr single polypeptide chain [5], binds 2 atoms of ferric iron with a K1 260 x larger than that of serum transferrin [6]. By sequestering iron so strongly, LF acts to deprive the gut flora of the free iron required for proliferation and is strongly bacteriostatic in vitro for many common gut-associated pathogens [7,8]. Lys (EC 3.2.1.17; N-acetylmuramide glycanohydrolase) is an enzyme which hydrolyzes the glycosidic bonds between N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid, components of the bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan. Breast milk [Lys] are 3-10 mg% compared with serum levels of 0.6-l mg%, and the human milk enzyme [l] has been reported to have a specific activity 3.5 X that of egg white lysozyme [4]. The mechanism of its role in the defense of the infant gut from pathogens, yet to be fully explained, most probably is intricately interrelated with antibody and possibly complement components for full effectiveness [9]. Our long-range purpose is to systematically study such concertive or synergistic relationships involving host defense factors in human milk. Both LF and Lys represent very effective, however non-specific, antimicrobial activities. However, milk sIgA confers upon the infant specific antibacterial, antiviral, antitoxic antibodies [lo] reflective of the spectrum of the mother’s antigenic experience. sIgA in milk is 150 mg% [I]. The intake of specific antimicrobial antibodies is quite high throughout the nursing period thus providing passive immunity during the time in which the infant immune system is maturing. By mechanisms which are not yet clear, sIgA potentiates the antibacterial activity of LF 171. We describe here a protocol for sequential isolation of all 3 of these proteins from the same sample of pooled human milk. The very high isoelectric pH-values of Lys and LF enable them to be separated from the remainder of milk (whey) proteins and from each other in a single chromatographic separation on heparin-Sepharose, a technique described in [ 1 l] for the isolation of pure LF. From the remaining proteins, pure sIgA has been isolated. It is of great interest to begin to examine the factors in human milk which, both singly and in concert, protect against a battery of potential pathogens.
Processing techniques in the manufacture of 100-nm node and below inspection test reticles

Manufacturing technology in the photomask process is critical for building devices of today's specifications. However, when building masks for equipment suppliers, it is necessary to provide capability at least two years in advance of current requirements. Of particular interest are masks used to characterize and benchmark inspection tools. This paper demonstrates and compares the mask processing capabilities of 50keV e-beam writing platforms in the effort to build a new inspection test mask pattern. Both standard and OPC patterns will be examined to understand the impact of each to the mask manufacturer. In addition to 50keV e- beam platforms, complementary high-end process and metrology tools will be utilized and reported.
Subsequent Infections in Survivors of Sepsis: Epidemiology and Outcomes

Purpose:Sepsis is a devastating condition with considerable mortality. The causes of long-term mortality are poorly understood. To test the hypothesis that patients with sepsis are more susceptible...
Design, synthesis, and bioevaluation of viral 3C and 3C-like protease inhibitors

A class of tripeptidyl transition state inhibitors containing a P1 glutamine surrogate, a P2 leucine, and a P3 arylalanines, was found to potently inhibit Norwalk virus replication in enzyme and cell based assays. An array of warheads, including aldehyde, α-ketoamide, bisulfite adduct, and α-hydroxyphosphonate transition state mimic, was also investigated. Tripeptidyls 2 and 6 possess antiviral activities against noroviruses, human rhinovirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, and coronavirus 229E, suggesting a broad range of antiviral activities.
Evaluating a computer literacy curriculum: a comparative study of evaluation procedures for validating a computer literacy curriculum

A multi-measure validation procedure was employed to evaluate a computer literacy curriculum. The evaluation was based upon the assumption that a comparison of results from several validation techniques produces more conclusive evidence about transfer hypotheses generated for the curriculum. The evaluation process was enhanced by the development and use of a sequenced decision-making procedure through which validation data from many sources could be employed. The results of the evaluation were used to produce a validated and reproducible curriculum consisting of sixty-two specific computer literacy objectives relating to five major goals or objectives.
Writing Cultures, Enculturating Writing at Two Theological Schools: Mapping Rhetorics of Correlation and Liberation

Taking the theory and practice of contrastive rhetoric as a point of departure, this article identifies two rhetorical models that inform the teaching and writing of theology at two theological schools where the author directs a joint writing program. The models of correlation and liberation are drawn from the official documents and typical theological/rhetorical practices of each school, exemplified by representative student and faculty writing. In conclusion, the common ground encouraging comparative and cooperative models of writing theological culture(s) is intimated by four concluding motives that warrant wider disciplinary discussion of the rhetorics we have and those we need as religious scholars and theological educators at the beginning of the third millennium.
RACE, SOCIOPOLITICAL PARTICIPATION, AND BLACK EMPOWERMENT

Using 1987 national sample survey data that included a large black oversample, we reexamine black-white differences in sociopolitical participation. We hypothesized that increases in black empowerment would affect the level of black sociopolitical participation and change the nature of black-white differences in political behavior. The results show that blacks in high-black-empowerment areas—as indicated by control of the mayor's office—are more active than either blacks living in low-empowerment areas or their white counterparts of comparable socioeconomic status. Furthermore, the results show that empowerment influences black participation by contributing to a more trusting and efficacious orientation to politics and by greatly increasing black attentiveness to political affairs. We discuss the results' implications for theoretical interpretations of when and why black sociopolitical behavior differs from that of whites.
A Satiric Take on Corruption in Egyptian Life: Review of Hamid Abu Golayyal's First Novel

by Hamdi Abu Golayyal, translated from the Arabic by Marilyn Booth, (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2006), 126 pages, US$19.95. Hamdi Abu Golayyal is among a younger generation of Egyptia...
Ion-pair chromatography with dipolar hetaerons

Zwitterionic detergents such as n-decylbetaine and alkyl-sultaines, which contain quaternay ammonium functions, were found to be useful cationic hetaerons in ion-pair chromatography with alkyl-silica bonded stationary phases and acidic eluents. Retention moduli with zwitterion-pairing agents are generally lower than those obtained under comparable conditions with n-alkyltrimethylammonium salts having the same alkyl chain length. This behaviour is attributed to the presence of the negatively charged acid group in zwitterionic hetaerons. The effect is particularly pronounced with eluites having more than one acidic group. Zwitterionic detergents make possible ion pair chromatography with hydroorganic eluents having much lower concentration of organic solvent than those employed conventionally. Moreover they may offer significantly higher selectivity than the commonly used cationic hetaerons. With decylbetaine, the pH of acidic mobile phase strongly effects retention even if the negative charge on the eluite remain the same in the pH range investigated, because dissociation of the carboxylic group (pKa=1.83) drastically reduces retention moduli.
The problems of owning culture: global intellectual property law and ‘traditional’ community arts in Indonesia

In our digital age when most movies viewed at home carry Interpol warnings that copyright piracy is a crime, yet patented medicines are unaffordable for millions, ethical debates about intellectual property rights and freedom of information are becoming widespread. But a less noticed topic in these debates is the recent international effort to expand and implement Euro-American models of intellectual property law among peoples whose daily activities previously have not been covered by formal intellectual property laws (primarily copyright, patent, and trademark regulations). This essay considers how this trend is unfolding in post-Suharto Indonesia, particularly the tension between national efforts to create legal property rights over cultural resources and the fact that most ordinary Indonesians do not view their cultural knowledge and aesthetic or ritual activities as property to be claimed in an exclusive way by their ethnic group or government. Plans to legalize the cultural ownership of regional arts...
A New Method for Local Chemical Analysis of Human Tissue

AS a consequence of the original work of Castaing1 on the electron beam micro-analyser, widespread application has been made in the field of physical metallurgy2. It is the purpose of the present communication to record the applicability of this technique to biological problems. In the Castaing instrument a beam of electrons, focused to a spot 1µ in diameter, excites fluorescent or secondary X-rays in the specimen, which are analysed in a crystal spectrometer with Geiger counter detection. An optical microscope with a reflecting objective permits simultaneous viewing and analysis of the irradiated spot. Mechanical stage motion allows the selection for analysis of any desired spot in the specimen. The range of elements at present detectable coincides with that of modern X-ray spectrographs, that is, elements lying above sodium in the Periodic Table. Two characteristics of these instruments of paramount importance to biological research are: (1) a detectable limit as low as 10−14 gm.; (2) spatial resolution of approximately 1µ. Birks has recently discussed the electron probe instrument in its numerous modifications3.
Structures of mouse SOD1 and human/mouse SOD1 chimeras.

Abstract Mutations in human copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) cause an inherited form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Inclusions enriched in pathogenic SOD1 accumulate in the spinal cords of transgenic mice expressing these proteins, but endogenous mouse SOD1 is not found as a component of these aggregates. In the accompanying paper, Karch and colleagues analyze aggregation propensities of human/mouse SOD1 chimeras in cell culture and identify two sequence elements in the human enzyme that seem to enhance its aggregation relative to the mouse enzyme. Here, we report the first structure of mouse SOD1 along with those of SOD1 chimeras in which residues 1–80 come from human SOD1 and residues 81–153 come from mouse SOD1 and vice versa. Taken together, the structural and cell-based data suggest a model in which residues Q42 and Q123 in mouse SOD1 modulate non-native SOD1–SOD1 intermolecular interactions at edge strands in the SOD1 Greek key β-barrel.
Organizational Routines in Flux: A Case Study of Change in Recording and Monitoring Student Attendance

Using an organizational theory to study how people can actually change routines, this study examined alterations made to two aspects of a high school's attendance procedures over 5 years. The authors drew primarily from interviews and school documents to describe and analyze changes made by administrators, faculty, and staff. Organizing questions derived from Feldman's typology of change responses considered how individuals can elect to repair routines when problems occur, expand on new possibilities, and strive toward desired ideals despite routinized actions. The findings describe striving toward a faster, more efficient attendance system and shifting between teacher- and administrator-controlled tardy monitoring. Implications are drawn for school administrators seeking to understand and change school organizations.
Studies of the desorption mechanism of O− by electron impact from oxygen covered metal surfaces

Electron-stimulated desorption of negative ions from oxygen covered tungsten and molybdenum has been investigated. The O− desorption current as a function of incident electron energy was measured. The following results were observed: (1) the threshold of negative ion desorption is much lower than that of positive ions (20–25 eV for O+; 4–5 eV for O−); (2) some resonant-like structures appear in the curves of desorption current as a function of electron energy in the low energy regions; these structures do not appear in the high energy regions; (3) these resonant-like structures are basically the same for O2-W and O2-Mo systems. Experimental results seem to indicate that the desorption of negative ions are essentially a feature of the absorbate and can be most readily explained based on potential energy curves for some electronic states of oxygen molecules and ions, and within the framework of the Franck-Condon principle.
Formation of vanadium silicides by the interactions of V with bare and oxidized Si wafers

Formation of vanadium silicides by the interactions of vanadium with bare and oxidized Si wafers has been studied by both x‐ray diffraction and He ion backscattering techniques. X‐ray diffraction was used to identify phases and ion backscattering to profile compositional changes. In the case of V on Si, the silicide VSi2, which is a silicon‐rich phase, was found to form at temperatures from 600 to 1000 °C. In the case of V on SiO2, reactions took place only at temperatures above 800 °C, and the reaction products were identified to be V3Si, V5SI3, and V2O5. Both V3Si and V5Si3 are vandium‐rich phases, and the V3Si that we found was a continuous layer between the substrate and the other two phases, and became superconducting at about 15 °K.
Histologic changes of irradiated prostatic carcinoma diagnosed by transrectal ultrasound

Abstract Digital rectal examination and transrectal ultrasound was used to evaluate the clinical status of 125 men previously treated for prostate carcinoma by definitive radiation. Transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy of a hypoechoic lesion was performed on all 125 men, with 71.2% of them found to have persistent carcinoma. These irradiated carcinomas exhibited increased tumor aggressiveness by both histologic (Gleason score) and biologic (DNA ploidy) parameters. Following radiation therapy 30.6% of pretreatment diploid tumors were found to be aneuploid after treatment. Similarly, there was a 24% increase in the number of poorly differentiated (Gleason score 8 to 10) tumors following radiation therapy. A number of patients with persistent carcinoma postradiation therapy, but with clinically localized disease, may be “cured” by subsequent surgery. Salvage radical prostatectomy found localized cancer in 16 of 20 patients (80%). The use of transrectal ultrasound for early detection and staging was crucial for patient selection for definitive salvage therapy.
Opaline Sediments of the Southeastern Coastal Plain and Horizon A: Biogenic Origin

Scanning electron microscope techniques show that Eocene opaline claystones (fuller's earth and buhrstone) of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain, deposits long considered volcanic in origin, are actually highly altered diatomites formed as transgressive facies in normal marine continental shelf environmnents. These findings are in agreement with a biogenic origin for time-equivalent horizon A and A deep-sea cherts of the North Atlantic and Caribbean.
Bias of the regression estimator for experiments using clustered random assignment

Abstract This paper shows that regression may be biased for cluster randomized experiments. For one application bias tends to zero when the number of clusters is large but for another, regression is not consistent. Results underscore Freedman’s [Freedman D.A., 2008. On regression adjustments to experimental data. Advances in Applied Mathematics 40, 180–193] insight that randomization does not justify regression assumptions.
The Effect of Impeller Inlet Annular Turning Vanes on Multistage Centrifugal Compressor Performance

The flow path of multistage centrifugal compressors is characterized by two 180-degree turns per stage: the inlet turning bend connecting the radial inflow return channel with the radial outflow impeller and the cross-over bend connecting the radial outflow diffuser with the return channel. Due to higher flow velocity and larger width to turning radius ratio, the turning losses are substantially higher in the inlet bend than in the return channel bend. Performance measurements were taken using different annular through-flow turning vane arrangements designed to reduce the inlet turning losses and increase the overall efficiency of the multistage centrifugal compressor. The experiments have shown consistent efficiency gains with corresponding capacity increases by adding multiple annular turning vanes in the inlet bend. The performance improvement potential of the vanes depends strongly on the positioning of these vanes in the flow passage. Based on these results, an empirical turning loss model was developed with the capability to predict the performance improvement achievable with correctly positioned single or multiple turning vanes in the impeller inlet bend area.Copyright © 1996 by ASME
Mass Transport of 4 He Films Adsorbed on Graphite

Thin 4He films adsorbed on various substrates have superfluid onset temperatures T 0 which vary with film thickness (or relative pressure P/ P 0) in a regular manner, so that results of a large number of different studies fall on a common curve of T 0 vs. P/P 0.1–3 Because of this it has been felt that the understanding of onset phenomena need not include details of the substrate interaction (or at least that all substrates can be considered identical.4 Recently some experiments5–8 using different substrates have yielded slightly higher T 0 values, suggesting that superflow onset is substrate influenced in multilayer films. This conjecture is supported by our current studies of flow on graphite, which, according to recent heat capacity data,9–11 is a manifestly more uniform surface. We report here a complex of “onset” phenomena which have not been seen in films on typical substrates.
Surface Wave Effects on High-Frequency Currents over a Shelf Edge Bank

AbstractSeveral acoustic Doppler current profilers and vertical strings of temperature, conductivity, and pressure sensors, deployed on and around the East Flower Garden Bank (EFGB), were used to examine surface wave effects on high-frequency flows over the bank and to quantify spatial and temporal characteristic of these high-frequency flows. The EFGB, about 5-km wide and 10-km long, is located about 180-km southeast of Galveston, Texas, and consists of steep slopes on southern and eastern sides that rise from water depths over 100 m to within 20 m of the surface. Three-dimensional flows with frequencies ranging from 0.2 to 2 cycles per hour (cph) were observed in the mixed layer when wind speed and Stokes drift at the surface were large. These motions were stronger over the bank than outside the perimeter. The squared vertical velocity w2 was strongest near the surface and decayed exponentially with depth, and the e-folding length of w2 was 2 times larger than that of Stokes drift. The 2-h-averaged w2 i...
Branches of the B cell antigen receptor pathway are directed by protein conduits Bam32 and Carma1

Abstract Adaptor proteins act as conduits to channel upstream signals into downstream effector branches. Two B cell-associated adaptors, Bam32 and Carma1, regulate the ERK, JNK, and NF-κB branches of the BCR signaling pathway. Recent studies of Bam32 −/− and Carma1 −/− mice suggest that each adaptor controls a distinct conduit regulating either only proliferation (Bam32) or both the proliferation and survival of B cells (Carma1).
Reliability for grading acute rejection and airway inflammation after lung transplantation

Background The Lung Rejection Study Group (LRSG) created a scheme for grading acute allograft rejection in 1990 and then revised it in 1996, but virtually no studies have evaluated the reliability of this formulation. This investigation assessed the reliability of the current LRSG system by determining inter- and intrareader agreement for grading transbronchial biopsy samples from lung transplant recipients. Methods Biopsy samples from a cohort of 204 recipients were reviewed and classified by a single pathologist who was blinded to original interpretations. The "A" and "B" rejection grades from this contemporary review were compared with original grades by the kappa statistic. Results For "A" grading, weighted kappa was 0.65 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.60–0.70) for interreader agreement ( n = 529 specimens) and 0.65 (95% CI 0.53–0.76) for intrareader agreement ( n = 97 specimens). For "B" grading, weighted kappa was 0.26 (95% CI 0.14–0.39) for interreader agreement ( n = 164 specimens) and 0.33 (95% CI 0.15–0.51) for intrareader agreement ( n = 58 specimens). Conclusions On the basis of the analysis of the LRSG scheme, "A" grades exhibit very good reliability, but "B" grades have only fair reliability, and steps to improve this shortcoming should be taken.
Macrophages are required for cell death and tissue remodeling in the developing mouse eye

To identify and characterize tissue remodeling processes mediated by macrophages, we have generated transgenic mice in which diphtheria toxin is expressed from a macrophage-specific transgene. Expression of the transgene disrupts subsets of mature macrophages in both the eye and the peritoneal cavity and results in the persistence of two normally transient ocular tissues, the hyaloid vasculature and the pupillary membrane. Furthermore, the cells comprising the pupillary membrane appear alive up to 14 days after the structure is normally remodeled, suggesting that the macrophage actively elicits target cell death. Thus, these transgenic mice provide direct evidence for the active involvement of macrophages in developmentally programmed tissue remodeling and identify the hyaloid vessels and the pupillary membrane in the eye as targets of macrophage-mediated remodeling.
Coral reef metrics and habitat equivalency analysis

When coral reefs held in United States public trust are injured by incidents such as vessel groundings or oil spills, a natural resource damage assessment (NRDA) process may be conducted to quantify the resource service loss. Coral cover has been used as an indicator metric to represent lost services in habitat equivalency analyses for determination of compensatory restoration. Depending on the injury and habitat, however, lost services may be more comprehensively represented by alternative approaches such as composite metrics which incorporate other coral reef community characteristics, or a resource-scale approach utilizing size-frequency distributions of injured organisms. We describe the evolving state of practice for capturing coral reef ecosystem services within the natural resources damage assessment context, explore applications and limitations of current metrics, and suggest future directions that may increase the likelihood that NRDA metrics more fully address ecosystem services affected by an injury.
The Demographic Characteristics of High-Level and Recreational Athletes Undergoing Hip Arthroscopy for Femoroacetabular Impingement: A Sports-Specific Analysis

Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine differences in age, gender, and the need for bilateral surgery between high-level athletes grouped by sports with similar mechanical demands on the hip and recreational athletes undergoing hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). Methods By use of a hip-preservation center registry, a retrospective review of patients undergoing hip arthroscopy for FAI between March 2010 and April 2012 was performed. Athletes were categorized as high level (high school, collegiate, or professional) or recreational. We performed a subgroup analysis for high-level athletes, looking at differences among contact, cutting, impingement, overhead/asymmetric, endurance, and flexibility sports. Results The study included 288 high-level athletes and 334 recreational athletes. Being a high-level athlete was associated with a younger age (mean age, 20.2 years v 33.0 years; odds ratio, 0.69; P v 53.6%; odds ratio, 1.75; P = .03). The percentage of high-level athletes undergoing bilateral surgery was higher than that of recreational athletes (28.4% v 15.9%); however, this association was found to be confounded by age on multivariate analysis. The most common sports for high-level athletes were soccer, hockey, and football. Athletes participating in cutting sports were significantly younger than athletes participating flexibility, contact, or impingement sports. Conclusions When compared with recreational athletes undergoing arthroscopic treatment for FAI, high-level athletes are more likely to be younger, to be male, and to undergo bilateral surgery. When high-level athletes are grouped by the mechanical demands placed on the hip by their sport, athletes participating in cutting sports are more likely to be younger than those in the other groups. Level of Evidence Level IV, case series.