cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The New Darwinian Naturalism in Political Theory

There has been a resurgence of Darwinian naturalism in political theory, as manifested in the recent work of political scientists such as Roger D. Masters, Robert J. McShea, and James Q. Wilson. They belong to an intellectual tradition that includes not only Charles Darwin but also Aristotle and David Hume. Although most political scientists believe Darwinian social theory has been refuted, their objections rest on three false dichotomies: facts versus values, nature versus freedom, and nature versus nurture. Rejecting these dichotomies would allow the social sciences to be linked to the natural sciences through Darwinian biology.
Anhydrous Protein Ions

The recent development of electrospray ionization (ESI)1 and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI)2 sources for creation of macromolecular ions has brought about a renaissance in the field of mass spectrometry (MS). It is now common to determine molecular weights of large molecules such as proteins to within a few daltons (or less)! MS-based methods for sequencing are proliferating and replacing (or complementing) traditional biochemical methods for many applications. However, analysis of covalent structure is only part of the story. A number of studies have investigated the use of MS strategies for examining noncovalent biomolecular structure. Mounting evidence suggests that some conformational properties of biomolecules in solution are preserved during the ionization process and persist over the transient time that ions exist in mass spectrometers. The persistence of solution-like structure in the gas phase provides opportunities to examine conformation and folding as well as binding interactions (e.g., enzyme-substrate, receptor-ligand interactions) in an entirely new environment. In the past 5 years, a new field involving structural studies of biomolecular ions has emerged. At first glance, the relevance of biomolecular ion structure in the gas phase to studies of functional molecules in solution may seem far removed, perhaps not unlike questions about the relevance of structural measurements of protein crystals 20-30 years ago. Studies of biomolecular ions in the gas phase provide information about the nature of conformation in the absence of solvent; thus, the roles of intramolecular interactions and solvent can be discerned by comparison of similarities between gasand solutionphase structure. Additionally, the utility of MS strategies for sampling noncovalent binding between molecules in solution hinge on a fragile balance of interactions associated with the assembled pair as the ions travel through the mass analyzer. As these strategies become widely used, the differentiation 3037 Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 3037−3079
A general synthesis of phosphonic acid dichlorides using oxalyl chloride and DMF catalysis

Abstract A general synthesis of phosphonic diacid dichlorides ( 1 ) using oxalyl chloride and catalytic DMF is described.
Electronic Structure of Fluorine-Substituted YBa2Cu3O7 Superconductor

The electronic structures of fluorine-substituted YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 . crystals are studied by means of first-principles calculations. The most likely site of substitution is 0(1) and the most unlikely site is 0(4).
The folding thermodynamics and kinetics of crambin using an all-atom Monte Carlo simulation.

Abstract We present a novel Monte Carlo simulation of protein folding, in which all heavy atoms are represented as interacting hard spheres. This model includes all degrees of freedom relevant to folding, all side-chain and backbone torsions, and uses a Gō potential. In this study, we focus on the 46 residue α/β protein crambin and two of its structural components, the helix and helix hairpin. For a wide range of temperatures, we recorded multiple folding events of these three structures from random coils to native conformations that differ by less than 1 A C α dRMS from their crystal structure coordinates. The thermodynamics and kinetic mechanism of the helix-coil transition obtained from our simulation shows excellent agreement with currently available experimental and molecular dynamics data. Based on insights obtained from folding its smaller structural components, a possible folding mechanism for crambin is proposed. We observed that the folding occurs via a cooperative, first order-like process, and that many folding pathways to the native state exist. One particular sequence of events constitutes a “fast-folding” pathway where kinetic traps are avoided. At very low temperatures, a kinetic trap arising from the incorrect packing of side-chains was observed. These results demonstrate that folding to the native state can be observed in a reasonable amount of time on desktop computers even when an all-atom representation is used, provided the energetics sufficiently stabilize the native state.
Standard monomial bases and geometric consequences for certain rings of invariants

Consider the diagonal action ofSL n (K) on the affine spaceX = V⊕m ⊕ (V*)⊕q whereV = K n ,K an algebraically closed field of arbitrary characteristic andm,q > n. We construct a ‘standard monomial’’ basis for the ring of invariantsK[X] SL n (K). As a consequence, we deduce thatK[X] SL n (K) is Cohen-Macaulay. We also present the first and second fundamental theorems forSL n (K)- actions.
A numerical investigation of the Mississippi and Atchafalaya freshwater transport, filling and flushing times on the Texas‐Louisiana Shelf

[1] A high-resolution coastal model is used to investigate the transport, filling and flushing times of the freshwater introduced from the Mississippi and Atchafalaya Rivers on the Texas-Louisiana Shelf. The model is forced with realistic forcing, and is nested within hindcasts from the HYCOM operational model. The Mississippi and Atchafalaya discharges are each tagged with dye so that they can be identified and treated separately. The seasonal patterns of freshwater transport are consistent with that expected for the prevailing seasonal winds, but with significant interannual variability. In non-summer months, the major freshwater transport is downcoast and mainly occurs in a narrow band inside of 20-m isobath. In summer, the transport decreases dramatically near the coast due to the competing effects of downcoast buoyancy driven flow and upcoast wind-driven flow. The freshwater transport is upcoast over the mid shelf, in summer, with an offshore component consistent with Ekman transport. We define the shelf domain as the region enclosed by the 100-m isobath, and the along-shore limit of the entire model domain, approximately from the Louisiana-Mississippi border to the Texas-Mexico border. Filling times, based on the river discharge, range from ∼3 months (non-summer) to ∼6 months (summer) for Mississippi, while for Atchafalaya from ∼3–4 months to ∼1 year. Flushing times, based on the fresh water flux out of the shelf domain, are more variable, ranging from several months to several years.
A Candidate Gravitational Lens in the Hubble Deep Field

The discovery of HDF J123652+621227, a candidate gravitational lens in the Hubble Deep Field, is reported. This lens may be multiply imaging several optical sources at different redshifts. If follow-up spectroscopy of the lens and the brightest image confirms this hypothesis, observations of this system alone can be used to obtain an estimate of the redshift distribution at extremely faint flux levels.
A numerical algorithm for the solution of a phase-field model of polycrystalline materials

We describe an algorithm for the numerical solution of a phase-field model (PFM) of microstructure evolution in polycrystalline materials. The PFM system of equations includes a local order parameter, a quaternion representation of local orientation and a species composition parameter. The algorithm is based on the implicit integration of a semidiscretization of the PFM system using a backward difference formula (BDF) temporal discretization combined with a Newton-Krylov algorithm to solve the nonlinear system at each time step. The BDF algorithm is combined with a coordinate-projection method to maintain quaternion unit length, which is related to an important solution invariant. A key element of the Newton-Krylov algorithm is the selection of a preconditioner to accelerate the convergence of the Generalized Minimum Residual algorithm used to solve the Jacobian linear system in each Newton step. Results are presented for the application of the algorithm to 2D and 3D examples.
On the origin of Triton and Pluto

Lyttleton's (1936) hypothesis that Triton and Pluto originated as adjacent prograde satellites of Neptune is evaluated, and it is shown that with the presently accepted masses of Triton and Pluto-Charon, the momentum and energy exchange required to set Triton on a retrograde orbit is impossible. The Pluto-Charon system could not have acquired its present angular momentum state during an ejection event unless a physical collision was involved, which is quite unlikely. The simplest hypothesis is that Triton and Pluto are independent representatives of large outer solar system planetesimals. Triton is simply captured, with spectacular consequences that include runaway melting of interior ices and release to the surface of clathrated CH4, CO, and N2. Condensed remnants of this protoatmosphere could account for features in Triton's unique spectrum.
A Lefschetz hyperplane theorem for Mori dream spaces

Let X be a smooth Mori dream space of dimension ≥ 4. We show that, if X satisfies a suitable GIT condition which we call small unstable locus, then every smooth ample divisor Y of X is also a Mori dream space. Moreover, the restriction map identifies the Neron–Severi spaces of X and Y, and under this identification every Mori chamber of Y is a union of some Mori chambers of X, and the nef cone of Y is the same as the nef cone of X. This Lefschetz-type theorem enables one to construct many examples of Mori dream spaces by taking “Mori dream hypersurfaces” of an ambient Mori dream space, provided that it satisfies the GIT condition. To facilitate this, we then show that the GIT condition is stable under taking products and taking the projective bundle of the direct sum of at least three line bundles, and in the case when X is toric, we show that the condition is equivalent to the fan of X being 2-neighborly.
The PZ method for estimating determinant ratios, with applications.

We introduce a new method for estimating determinants or determinant ratios of large matrices, which combines the techniques of Pad\`{e} approximation with rational functions and $Z_{2}$ noise estimation of traces of large matrices. The method requires simultaneously solving several matrix equations, which can be conveniently accomplished using the MR method. We include some preliinary results, and indicate potential applications to non-Hermitian matrices, and Hybrid Monte Carlo without pseudofermions.
GENERALIZED MELTING CRITERION FOR BEAM-INDUCED AMORPHIZATION*

Abstract Recent studies have shown that the mean-square static atomic displacements provide a generic measure of the enthalpy stored in the lattice in the form of chemical and topological disorder, and that the effect of the displacements on the softening of shear elastic constants is identical to that of heating. This finding lends support to a generalized form of the Lindemann phenomenological melting criterion and leads to a natural interpretation of crystalline-to-amorphous transformations as defect-induced melting of metastable crystals driven beyond a critical state of disorder where the melting temperature falls below the glass transition temperature. Application of the generalized Lindemann criterion to both the crystalline and the amorphous phases indicates that the enthalpies of the two phases become identical when their shear moduli become equal. This thermoelastic rule provides a basis for predicting the relative susceptibility of compounds to amorphization in terms of their elastic properties as measured by Debye temperatures. The present approach can explain many of the basic findings on beam-induced amorphization of intermetallic compounds as well as amorphous phase formation associated with ion implantation, ion beam mixing and other solid state processes.
Thermomagnetic effects and Fermi surface topology - Results in metallic tin at low temperatures.

Fermi surface topology effects on Nernst- Ettingshausen coefficient from measurements in magnetic fields to 3.3 tesla and 1.2-4.2 K temperatures in metallic tin
Adsorption patterns and adsorbate–adsorbate interactions up to third neighbors on fcc(110) surfaces

Abstract Low temperature adsorption of particles on a semi-infinite fcc(1 1 0) surface is studied at thermal equilibrium. The chemical system is not specified, neither the atoms comprising the surface, nor the particles in the gas phase. No a priori assumptions are made as to whether forces are attractive or repulsive, or as to their relative strength. The phases and transitions between phases are obtained from the largest eigenvalue of a matrix, constructed recursively in terms of the width M of the surface. Numerical results fit exact analytic expressions in M and the Fibonacci sequence. Extrapolation to the infinite two-dimensional surface exhibits phases at 1/4, 1/2 and 3/4 coverage. Agreement with the following specific systems is discussed: H and CN on Rh(1 1 0), Cl, S and O on Ni(1 1 0), S and Co on Cu(1 1 0), and Br on Pt(1 1 0). Experiments are suggested to determine adsorbate–adsorbate interaction energies.
Nanoscale magnetic particles. New methods to surface protected metallic and immiscible bimetallic clusters/particles

Abstract The metal vapour-solvent low temperature matrix method has been used to prepare nanoscale iron powders. The morphology of the fine particles was characterized using transmission electron microscopy. Crystallite and particle sizes were determined via XRD and BET techniques. The magnetic properties of the powders were investigated using Mossbauer spectroscopy and SQUID magnetometry. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to probe the surface of the fine particles. The use of a non-polar solvent (hexane) to trap the atoms resulted in air-sensitive iron powders with some incorporation of carbon and hydrogen. Crystallite sizes of approximately 5 nm were observed and these systems behaved superparamagnetically at room temperature. The powders were easily oxidized to α-Fe2O3. Codeposition of iron with perfluorotri-n-butyl-amine (PFTA) resulted in the formation of FeF2 as the major product. Reduced values of TN and θc were observed for FeF2 phase. The fine powders were found to be air and moisture sensitive forming FeF3, FeF3·H2O and γ-Fe2O3 upon exposure to air. The bimetallic system of immiscible metals, Fe and Ag, was investigated by co-deposition of these metals with pentane. Separate phases of Ag and Fe were observed to be in these powders. Mossbauer investigations indicated that isolated iron atoms accounted for 5–27% of the iron present indicating some solid solubility of these two metals. Enhanced hyperfine fields were observed for the iron clusters. Fe3O4, formed during handling of the powders, had reduced hyperfine fields for both A and B sites as well as reduced Verwey transition temperatures. Iron powders prepared in pentane and trapped with 1-dodecanethiol exhibited unique behaviour after heat treatment. Small iron particles with a coating of FeS were formed after heat treatment at 300–600°C for 2 h under argon. Air sensitivity of the powders was greatly reduced after the formation of the sulphide surface layer. The possible existence of exchange interactions between the two phases was investigated using magnetic measurements and was found to be small but significant. These experiments demonstrate that metal atom clustering in low temperature matrices, followed by trapping/ligation and or heat treatment can yield a variety of new nanoscale materials. Crystallite sizes and outer coating material can be controlled and manipulated. Immiscible bimetallic particles, core-shell structures, and many other unique phases are attainable.
A Systems Approach to Structural Topology Optimization: Designing Optimal Connections

In this paper, structural topology optimization is extended to systems design. Locations and patterns of connections in a structural system that consists of multiple components strongly affect its performance. Topology of connections is defined, and a new classification for structural optimization is introduced that includes the topology optimization problem for connections. A mathematical programming problem is formulated that addresses this design problem. A convex approximation method using analytical gradients is used to solve the optimization problem. This solution method is readily applicable to large-scale problems. The design problem presented and solved here has a wide range of applications in all areas of structural design. The examples provided here are for spot-weld and adhesive bond joints. Numerous other potential applications are suggested.
Generalized bumblebee models and Lorentz-violating electrodynamics

The breaking of Lorentz symmetry via a dynamical mechanism, with a tensor field which takes on a nonzero expectation value in vacuum, has been a subject of significant research activity in recent years. In certain models of this type, the perturbations of the 'Lorentz-violating field' about this background may be identified with known forces. I present the results of applying this interpretation to the 'generalized bumblebee models' found in a prior work. In this model, the perturbations of a Lorentz-violating vector field can be interpreted as a photon field. However, the speed of propagation of this 'bumblebee photon' is direction-dependent and differs from the limiting speed of conventional matter, leading to measurable physical effects. Bounds on the parameters of this theory can then be derived from resonator experiments, accelerator physics, and cosmic-ray observations.
Deoxygenation of benzylic alcohols using chloroboranes

New boron-based methods for deoxygenating benzylic alcohols via the corresponding alkoxides are reported.
Political and legal restraints on ownership and control of public companies

Abstract Law and politics affect the financial structure of the public corporation, perhaps as much as economics. Law restricts financial institutions from holding large equity blocks and from networking the small blocks they do own. Impetus for these restrictions came from several sources: a public-spirited belief that financial stability would be fostered by financial fragmentation, American federalism (each state created its own insular set of financial institutions), rivalries between groups of financial institutions, and popular mistrust of powerful private financial institutions. The stability of many of these rules also derives from the political resistance that one would expect corporate managers and benefited financial institutions to offer to any change.
Adverse Outcomes in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease Undergoing Colorectal Surgery

Objective We sought to use a multi-institutional, prospective, clinical database to better understand adverse outcomes in chronic liver disease (CLD) patients undergoing colorectal surgery. Background CLD confers significant perioperative risk. However, there are little population-based data available for prognostication and risk stratification in these patients. Methods We used data from the 2005-2007 American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Project to study 30,927 patients undergoing colorectal resections. We first identified patients with CLD (n = 1565) with any of the following clinical characteristics: ascites, esophageal varices, or total bilirubin greater than 2 mg/dL. Postoperative complications and mortality rates were then compared between CLD and non-CLD patients. Results CLD patients have a nearly 6.5-fold increased risk of mortality following colorectal operations (Relative Risk [RR], 6.53; 3.2% in non-CLD group versus 21.5% in CLD group). Patients with CLD also had significantly higher major complication rates (RR, 2.72; 15.4% vs. 41.9%, respectively). The failure to rescue rate (ie, proportion of deaths following major complications) was also markedly higher in patients with CLD (RR, 2.27; 15.1% vs. 34.2%, respectively). Furthermore, stratification of CLD patients by Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) score demonstrated significantly higher rates of complications (RR, 2.41; 2.31-2.51), failure to rescue (RR, 2.62; 2.35-2.90), and mortality (RR, 8.92; 8.11-9.78) in CLD patients with MELD > or =15 compared with CLD patients with MELD Conclusions Colorectal surgery in CLD patients is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, those who develop major complications have a significantly higher risk of death compared to non-CLD. These very high risks should be discussed at length with patients prior to undertaking major surgical procedures.
Theory of transport of long polymer molecules through carbon nanotube channels.

A theory of transport of long chain polymer molecules through carbon nanotube (CNT) channels is developed using Fokker-Planck equation and direct molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The mean transport or translocation time tau is found to depend on the chemical potential energy, entropy and diffusion coefficient. A power law dependence tau approx. N(sup 2)is found where N is number of monomers in a molecule. For 10(exp 5)-unit long polyethylene molecules, tau is estimated to be approx. 1micro-s. The diffusion coefficient of long polymer molecules inside CNTs, like that of short ones, are found to be few orders of magnitude larger than in ordinary silicate based zeolite systems.
The effect of measurement timing on the information content of customer satisfaction measures

Abstract We use two sets of customer satisfaction measures obtained from a homebuilding company to examine the effect of measurement timing on the association between customer satisfaction measures and future financial performance. The research site employs two separate consulting firms that measure customer satisfaction at different times from the same homebuyer population. A national consulting firm captures customer satisfaction at a fixed time in the year following purchase (the “NF” measure), whereas an industry-focused, boutique consulting firm captures customer satisfaction at three specific points in time (30 days, 5 months, 11 months) after purchase (the “BF” measures). We analyze data for the period 2002–2004 and have the following findings: first, customers’ satisfaction varies over a homebuyer's consumption period. Comparing across the three BF measures, we find that on average a homebuyer is most satisfied 30 days after purchase and least satisfied 11 months after purchase. Second, we compare the NF measure with the BF measures and find significant differences in their predictive abilities for future financial performance. The BF measures are significant leading indicators of future financial performance, as measured by higher revenues and profits and lower warranty costs, but the NF measure is not. Additional analyses indicate that the relatively higher predictive ability of the BF measures is due to the more precise timing of those measures, rather than differences in measurement content. Finally, we find that the point of diminishing returns to improvements in customer satisfaction varies across customer satisfaction measures obtained at different points in the consumption period. We conclude that timing has a significant impact on the information content of customer satisfaction measures, at least for goods and services that are consumed over extended period of time.
Novel Bicyclic Nucleoside Analogues Related to Natural Griseolic Acids

Abstract Methodologies for the synthesis of novel isomeric nucleosides related to the natural, biologically-active griseolic acids are described. The carbohydrate precursor for the synthesis, 1,4:3,6-dianhydro-d-glucitol, can be prepared easily from d-glucitol.
Focused Firms and the Incentive to Innovate

This paper explores the possibility that a firm may make a credible strategic commitment to high levels of innovation by limiting its horizontal or vertical scope. Specifically, I develop a model in which a firm decides whether to undertake an innovation that affects a system of products, which can also be interpreted as multiple stages of the production process. The products are technologically related, and innovation in the core product is assumed to impose costs on the producers of ancillary products, due to cannibalization of the old technology and redesign or retooling costs, for example. I demonstrate that a firm may optimally and credibly commit to innovate by choosing to be a focused firm and licensing the production of the ancillary product, even when licensees are inefficient. In stark contrast to the irrelevance results of the strategic delegation literature, this commitment may be credible even when licensing contracts are renegotiable, but only if licensees are sufficiently inefficient.
Blackbody Radiation and the Scaling Symmetry of Relativistic Classical Electron Theory with Classical Electromagnetic Zero-Point Radiation

It is pointed out that relativistic classical electron theory with classical electromagnetic zero-point radiation has a scaling symmetry which is suitable for understanding the equilibrium behavior of classical thermal radiation at a spectrum other than the Rayleigh-Jeans spectrum. In relativistic classical electron theory, the masses of the particles are the only scale-giving parameters associated with mechanics while the action-angle variables are scale invariant. The theory thus separates the interaction of the action variables of matter and radiation from the scale-giving parameters. Due to this separation, classical zero-point radiation is invariant under scattering by the charged particles of relativistic classical electron theory. The basic ideas of the matter-radiation interaction are illustrated in a simple relativistic classical electromagnetic example.
Theory of the sedimentation of suspended particles from fluvial plumes

A two-layer model for the flow and sedimentation within a salt wedge or highly stratified hypopycnal fluvial plume emptying into a fiord is developed from basic principles. From this model, it is found that the amount of suspended sediment of a particular grain size decreases as an exponential function of distance, and that the velocity and depth of the plume converge to constant values. The model is consistent with measurements from the plume of the Homathko River in Bute Inlet, British Columbia, Canada, and suggests that certain aspects of current empirical models of plume sedimentation are based upon sound principles.
Revisiting He-like X-Ray Emission-Line Plasma Diagnostics

A complete model of helium-like line and continuum emission has been incorporated into the plasma simulation code Cloudy. All elements between He and Zn are treated, any number of levels can be considered, and radiative and collisional processes are included. This includes photoionization from all levels, line transfer, including continuum pumping and destruction by background opacities, scattering, and collisional processes. The model is calculated self-consistently along with the ionization and thermal structure of the surrounding nebula. The result is a complete line and continuum spectrum of the plasma. Here we focus on the ions of the He I sequence and reconsider the standard helium-like X-ray diagnostics. We first consider semianalytical predictions and compare these with previous work in the low-density, optically thin limit. We then perform numerical calculations of helium-like X-ray emission (such as is observed in some regions of Seyfert galaxies) and predict line ratios as a function of ionizing flux, hydrogen density, and column density. In particular, we demonstrate that, in photoionized plasmas, the R ratio, a density indicator in a collisional plasma, depends on the ionization fraction and is strongly affected by optical depth for large column densities. We also introduce the notion that the R ratio is a measure of the incident continuum at UV wavelengths. The G ratio, which is temperature sensitive in a collisional plasma, is also discussed and shown to be strongly affected by continuum pumping and optical depth as well. These distinguish a photoionized plasma from the more commonly studied collisional case.
Degree estimates for polynomials constant on a hyperplane

We are interested in the complexity of real-valued polynomials, defined on real Euclidean space R, that are constant on a hyperplane. This issue arises as a simplified version of a difficult question in CR Geometry, which we discuss briefly below and in Section VI. We intend to fully address the CR issues in a subsequent paper. Let H denote the hyperplane in R defined by {x : s(x) = ∑j=1 xj = 1}. We write R[x] = R[x1, ..., xn] for the ring of real-valued polynomials in n real variables. Suppose p ∈ R[x] and that p is constant on H. How complicated can p be? Two possible measurements of the complexity of a polynomial are its degree d and the number N of its distinct monomials. We always have the standard estimate
Concentration and mineralogical residence of elements in rich oil shales of the Green River Formation, Piceance Creek basin, Colorado, and the Uinta Basin, Utah — A preliminary report

Abstract Ten samples from drillcore of two rich oil-shale beds from the Parachute Creek Member of the Eocene Green River Formation, Piceance Creek basin, Colorado, and Uinta Basin, Utah, were analyzed for 37 major, minor, and trace elements. For 23 of these elements, principal mineralogical residence is established or suggested and such studies may provide data which are useful for predicting the kinds and amounts of elements and compounds that might be released into the environment by oil-shale mining operations.
MOS Device and technology constraints in VLSI

As devices and technology are scaled to achieve performance and density improvements, a number of constraints come into play. These constraints apply to both the parasitics as well as the intrinsic device and reduce the benefits that would have otherwise been available from scaling. In this paper, a number of performance limiters are pointed out. Specifically, velocity saturation, parasitic source-drain series resistance, finite channel thickness, and hot-carrier effects are analyzed and their effects on performance are evaluated. Future trends as impacted by these limiters are explored for both p- and n-channel devices.
US-Based Food and Agricultural Value Chains and Their Relevance to Healthy Diets

This article examines the structure and health implications of two industries, chicken and tomatoes, that play prominent roles in US food and agricultural competitiveness. Both industries have become more concentrated over time, with powerful “lead firms” driving geographical, technological, and marketing changes. Overall, a processed food revolution has taken place in agricultural products that transforms the types of food and dietary options available to consumers. The nature of contemporary food and agricultural value chains affects the strategies and policies that can be effectively employed to address major health goals such as improved nutrition, food safety, and food security.
Numerical Analysis of Base Flowfield for a Four-Engine Clustered Nozzle Configuration

Excessive base heating has been a problem for many launch vehicles. For certain designs such as the direct dump of turbine exhaust inside and at the lip of the nozzle, the potential burning of the turbine exhaust in the base region can be of great concern. Accurate prediction of the base environment at altitudes is therefore very important during the vehicle design phase. Otherwise, undesirable consequences may occur. In this study, the turbulent base flowfield of a cold flow experimental investigation for a four-engine clustered nozzle was numerically benchmarked using a pressure-based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. This is a necessary step before the benchmarking of hot flow and combustion flow tests can be considered. Since the medium was unheated air, reasonable prediction of the base pressure distribution at high altitude was the main goal. Several physical phenomena pertaining to the multiengine clustered nozzle base flow physics were deduced from the analysis.
Production of core/shell fibers by electrospinning from a free surface

Abstract Electrostatic fiber formation (“electrospinning”) is the leading technology for production of continuous fibers with submicron diameter. Applications such as drug delivery and sensors benefit from the ability to produce submicron fibers with a core/shell morphology from electrified coaxial jets of two liquids. However, low productivity of the conventional needle-based coaxial process is a barrier for commercialization. We present a novel technology that overcomes this limitation by the development of coaxial jets directly from compound droplets of immiscible liquids entrained on wires, and control of mass transfer processes to produce uniform, core/shell fibers. The enabling feature of controlled evaporation by design of solution properties is verified by a simple mass transport model. Electron micrographs confirm the formation of fibers with the desired morphology. The proposed technology creates the opportunity to produce nanofibers with core/shell morphology on an industrial scale for a wide variety of applications.
An overview of UNP

The paper gives a brief introduction to UNP: the Universal Naming Protocol. UNP specifies a generic attribute-based name server upon which a variety of high-level naming services---including white- and yellow-page services---can be built.
Effects of electrode misalinements in Kaufman thrusters.

Electrode misalignments effects on thrust vector control for Kaufman electric rocket thrustors, noting implications for SERT 2 mission
Isotope resolution using plastic detectors

Abstract With the measured etch-rate calibration parameters, the isotope resolution properties of various plastic detectors can be assessed. It is found that, in general, plastics can resolve the isotopes of high-Z particles more readily than those of low-Z particles. For lower-Z particles, a more sensitive detector is required to achieve the same resolution. With the most sensitive detector available, namely cellulose nitrate, the etch-rate calibrations show that the mass number of individual particles with Z as low as 10 can be measured. The properties of different types of plastics and processing procedures, and their suitability for high-precision Z (and A) measurements, are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on using the proper data-reduction techniques and on having an accurate representation of the etch rate as a function of the several parameters involved.
CURL-FREE GINZBURG-LANDAU VORTICES

For certain nonlinear elliptic PDE problems in two dimensions, the classical isoperimetric inequality produces a sharp inequality that violates a Pohozaev identity except for radial symmetric, decreasing solutions. A generalized version of this technique is used here to prove radial symmetry of curl-free Ginzburg-Landau vortices.
Lengths of periods and seshadri constants of abelian varieties

We start by recalling the definition of Seshadri constants. Let X be a smooth complex projective variety, let L be an ample line bundle on X , and fix a point x ∈ X . Consider the blowing-up f : Y = Blx(X) −→ X of X at x, with exceptional divisor E = f(x) ⊂ Y . Then for 0 < ǫ ≪ 1 the cohomology class fc1(L)− ǫ · [E] will lie in the Kahler cone of Y . As a measure of how positive L is locally near x we ask in effect how large we can take ǫ to be while keeping the class in question positive. More precisely, set
Equilibrium concentration of interstitials in aluminum just below the melting temperature

Abstract A non-contact EMAT technique of ultrasonic generation and detection was used to make high temperature measurements of the C44 deviation from perfect crystal behavior just below the melting temperature and a much smaller effect for C′, which is to be expected for interstitials in FCC crystals. The results are analyzed to give a detected interstitial concentration of 1.7±0.6×10−4 just below the melting temperature of 933 K. This corresponds to a reasonable range for the interstitial formation enthalpy and entropy, and supports a major prediction of the interstitialcy theory of condensed matter states.
Achromatic Optical Correlator For White Light Pattern Recognition

An achromatic optical correlator using spatially multiplexed achromatic matched spatial filters (MSFs) for white light optical pattern recognition is presented. The MSF array is synthesized using a monochromatic laser and its achromaticity is achieved by adjusting the scale and spatial carrier frequency of each MSF to accommodate the wavelength variations in white light correlation detections. System analysis and several experimental results showing the correlation peak intensity using white-light illumination are presented.
The Declining Significance of Race: Revisited & Revised

Wilson reflects on the nearly eight hundred research studies that claim to provide an empirical test of the arguments presented in his book The Declining Significance of Race (1978; second edition, 1980). Wilson considers representative studies that incorrectly address his book, before discussing those publications that correctly address his thesis, including those that uphold, partially support, or challenge his arguments and basic claims. In the process, Wilson explores how some of these studies led him to revise or extend parts of his basic thesis, especially as it pertains to race and interracial relations today. Wilson also takes into account changes within the African American population since he wrote The Declining Significance of Race. He reveals how his thoughts have changed with respect to both race- and class-based solutions for the problems faced by people of color.
B Meson Decay Constants Using NRQCD

Recent results for B meson decay constants with NRQCD b-quarks and clover light quarks are discussed. Perturbative matching factors through O( α / M ) are now available and incorporated into the analyses. An O( αa ) improvement term to the heavy-light axial current is identified and included. The slope of ƒ PS ∑M PS M ps versus 1/ M ps is significantly reduced by these corrections.
Sequential Equilibria and Stable Sets of Beliefs

Abstract A stable set of beliefs is defined to be a subset of the set of sequential equilibria such that for any equilibrium in the subset the beliefs and/or actions at any information set should be consistent with the equilibria in the subset that reach that information set. Further, any sequential equilibrium that is not in the subset disagrees, at some unreached information set, with the equilibria of the subset that do reach that information set. The behavior of this solution is examined in a number of examples and is contrasted with the behavior of other solution concepts. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C72.
Electronic Raman Scattering in Nearly Antiferromagnetic Fermi Liquids

Abstract A theory of electronic Raman scattering in nearly antiferromagnetic Fermi liquids is constructed using the phenomenological electron–electron interaction introduced by Millis et al. [Millis, A., Monien, H. and Pines, D., Phys. Rev. B, 1990, 42, 167]. The role of `hot spots' and their resulting signatures in the channel dependent Raman spectra is highlighted, and different scaling regimes are addressed. The theory is compared with Raman spectra taken in the normal state of overdoped Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ, and it is shown that many features of the symmetry dependent spectra can be explained by the theory.
Magnetovac cylinder to magnetovac torus

A method for mapping known cylindrical magnetovac solutions to solutions in torus coordinates is developed. Identification of the cylinder ends changes topology from R1 × S1 to S1 × S1. An analytic Einstein–Maxwell solution for a toroidal magnetic field in tori is presented. The toroidal interior is matched to an asymptotically flat vacuum exterior, connected by an Israel boundary layer.
Winterberg’s Conjectured Breaking of the Superluminal Quantum Correlations over Large Distances

We elaborate further on a hypothesis by Winterberg that turbulent fluctuations of the zero point field may lead to a breakdown of the superluminal quantum correlations over very large distances. A phenomenological model that was proposed by Winterberg to estimate the transition scale of the conjectured breakdown, does not lead to a distance that is large enough to be agreeable with recent experiments. We consider, but rule out, the possibility of a steeper slope in the energy spectrum of the turbulent fluctuations, due to compressibility, as a possible mechanism that may lead to an increased lower-bound for the transition scale. Instead, we argue that Winterberg overestimated the intensity of the ZPF turbulent fluctuations. We calculate a very generous corrected lower bound for the transition distance which is consistent with current experiments.
Unequal error protection using Wyner-Ziv coding for error resilience

Compressed video is very sensitive to channel errors. A few bit losses can derail the entire decoding process. Thus, protecting compressed video is imperative to enable visual communications. Since different elements in a compressed video stream vary in their impact on the quality of the decoded video, unequal error protection can be used to provide efficient protection. This paper describes an unequal error protection method for protecting data elements in a video stream, via a Wyner--Ziv encoder that consists of a coarse quantizer and a Turbo coder based lossless Slepian--wolf encoder. Data elements that significantly impact the visual quality of decoded video, such as modes and motion vectors as used by H.264, are provided more parity bits than coarsely quantized transform coefficients. This results in an improvement in the quality of the decoded video when the transmitted sequence is corrupted by transmission errors, than obtained by the use of equal error protection.
Dispersive shock waves in optical lattices

We study dispersive shock waves in optical lattices. We characterize shock propagation as a function of lattice depth and observe nonlinear coupling between different Bloch modes of the array.
Optimal Heat Collection Element Shapes for Parabolic Trough Concentrators

For nearly 150 years, the cross section of the heat collection tubes used at the focus of parabolic trough solar concentrators has been circular. This type of tube is obviously simple and easily fabricated, but it is not optimal. It is shown in this article that the optimal shape, assuming a perfect parabolic figure for the concentrating mirror, is instead oblong and is approximately given by a pair of facing parabolic segments.
Protocol validation by fair progress state exploration

Abstract Consider a network of two communicating finite state machines that exchange messages over two one-directional, unbounded, FIFO channels. The fair reachability graph of such a network is a directed graph whose vertices correspond to global states (of the network) that are reachable by forcing the two machines in the network to progress in equal speeds. It is shown earlier that if the fair reachability graph of a given network is finite, then it can be used to decide whether the communication of this network is free from deadlocks and unspecified receptions. In this paper, we complement this result by showing that if the fair reachability graph of a given network is finite, then it can be used to decide wether the communication of this network is bounded. Moreover, if the communication is found to be bounded, then the finite fair reachability graph can be also used to compute the smallest possible capacities for the two channels in the network.
Mie scattering as a technique for the sizing of air bubbles

A technique has been developed which allows the radius of a bubble in a fluid to be accurately measured without disturbing the bubble. Results are presented which show that radius measurements of single air bubbles in water can be achieved by shining a He–Ne laser on the bubble and measuring the light scattered at 80°. Light intensity measurements at a scattering angle of 55° were used to calibrate a photodiode detection system and to demonstrate the correlation of data with Mie scattering theory. The photodiode was then moved to 80° for actual radius measurements. This technique was accurate to within 3% for bubbles with radii of <80 μm.
Ringo: Interactive Graph Analytics on Big-Memory Machines

We present Ringo, a system for analysis of large graphs. Graphs provide a way to represent and analyze systems of interacting objects (people, proteins, webpages) with edges between the objects denoting interactions (friendships, physical interactions, links). Mining graphs provides valuable insights about individual objects as well as the relationships among them. In building Ringo, we take advantage of the fact that machines with large memory and many cores are widely available and also relatively affordable. This allows us to build an easy-to-use interactive high-performance graph analytics system. Graphs also need to be built from input data, which often resides in the form of relational tables. Thus, Ringo provides rich functionality for manipulating raw input data tables into various kinds of graphs. Furthermore, Ringo also provides over 200 graph analytics functions that can then be applied to constructed graphs. We show that a single big-memory machine provides a very attractive platform for performing analytics on all but the largest graphs as it offers excellent performance and ease of use as compared to alternative approaches. With Ringo, we also demonstrate how to integrate graph analytics with an iterative process of trial-and-error data exploration and rapid experimentation, common in data mining workloads.
The outside vapor deposition method of fabricating optical waveguide fibers

The outside vapor deposition (OVD) process for fabricating high performance glass optical waveguide fibers is reviewed. Starting metal halide chemicals, porous soot preform fabrication, sintering steps, and fiber drawing are discussed. Preform target size and its effect in obtaining deposition rates to 4 g/min is presented. Data comparisons of OVD fiber performance with other vapor deposited techniques are presented for attenuation, hydroxyl content, and strength (0.7 GPa/M2for 49.5 km of fiber). Single-mode fiber results including excellent geometric concentricity are also discussed.
Non-Walker Self-Dual Neutral Einstein Four-Manifolds of Petrov Type III

The local structure of the manifolds named in the title is described. Although curvature homogeneous, they are not, in general, locally homogeneous. Not all of them are Ricci-flat, which answers an existence question about type III Jordan-Osserman metrics, raised by Diaz-Ramos, Garcia-Rio and Vazquez-Lorenzo (J. Geom. Anal. 16, 39–52, 2006).
The N2K Consortium. VII. Atmospheric Parameters of 1907 Metal-rich Stars: Finding Planet-Search Targets

We report high-precision atmospheric parameters for 1907 stars in the N2K low-resolution spectroscopic survey, designed to identify metal-rich FGK dwarfs likely to harbor detectable planets. Of these stars, 284 are in the ideal temperature range for planet searches, Teff ≤ 6000 K, and have a 10% or greater probability of hosting planets based on their metallicities. The stars in the low-resolution spectroscopic survey should eventually yield >60 new planets, including 8-9 hot Jupiters. Short-period planets have already been discovered orbiting the survey targets HIP 14810 and HD 149143.