cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Excitons and High Resolution Infrared Spectroscopy of Adlayers on Ionic Surfaces

Infrared spectroscopy of ordered molecular adlayers on ionic substrates often reveals structured absorption bands with unusually sharp features. This rich spectroscopy can be interpreted by exciton theory. Using the example of CO2 on NaCl(100), we show how the molecular arrangement within the adlayer, temperature dependent geometry changes, and domain size can be revealed by application of exciton theory. Interpretation of the spectroscopy of other systems by exciton theory is also briefly discussed.
Microbial exposure and human health.

The human body comprises of micro-ecosystem made up of trillions of microbes (i.e. bacteria, archaea, fungi, protists and viruses). The total microbial gene content, which is referred to as the human microbiome, is fundamental to human physiology and immunity. There exists an intricate relationship between the surrounding microbial world (i.e. the environment) and the endogenous human microbiome, mediated by the immune system. Disrupting this relationship can a profound effect on human health and disease. Understanding how microbial exposure influences immune response and the feedback on endogenous microbial metabolic activity could have profound implications for the development of novel microbial therapeutics. The term ‘microbial exposure’ is used generally to refer to exogenous environmental microbial interaction, while ‘exposome’ accounts for both the environmental exposures and the impact of lifestyle-associated microbial impacts, such as diet influences on endogenous microbial metabolism. In this review, we focus on how environment and lifestyle-associated microbial exposures shape the human immune system and microbiome, and how the resulting changes can shape human health, especially during critical developmental windows, that is prenatal, postnatal and adult. We conclude this review by proposing approaches to characterize the microbial exposome so as to accelerate the development of a precision microbial therapeutics for both practical and clinical intervention.
A pilot study of the pan-class I PI3K inhibitor buparlisib in combination with cetuximab in patients with recurrent/metastatic head and neck cancer.

6039Background: R/M HNC carries a poor prognosis with a median survival of 10-12 months. PI3K pathway aberrations are present in 30% of HNC. This pilot dose-escalation study assesses the safety and...
Systemic Inflammation Characterizes Lack of Metabolic Health in Nonobese HIV-Infected Men

Background. Increasing body mass index (BMI) is generally associated with loss of metabolic health, although some obese individuals remain metabolically healthy. Among nonobese men, HIV infection has been associated with a lower prevalence of metabolic health. Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 470 HIV-infected and 368 HIV-uninfected men enrolled in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study Cardiovascular substudy. Circulating biomarker levels were compared by BMI category and by HIV serostatus. Poisson regression with robust variance determined associations between metabolic health and circulating inflammatory biomarker levels after adjusting for factors previously associated with metabolic health. Results. HIV-infected men were younger and less likely to be obese. Among HIV-infected, normal weight metabolically healthy men (compared to unhealthy) had significantly lower circulating levels of interleukin- (IL-) 6, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors (sTNFR) I and II, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), higher adiponectin, less visceral fat, and more subcutaneous fat. Among HIV-uninfected normal weight men and obese men (regardless of HIV serostatus), metabolic health was associated only with higher levels of adiponectin, less visceral fat, and lower HOMA-IR values. In multivariate analyses restricted to HIV-infected men, lower hs-CRP, sTNFRI, sTNFRII, and HOMA-IR and higher adiponectin levels were associated with metabolic health. Additional adjustment for visceral adiposity did not alter results. Conclusions. Among HIV-infected normal weight men, metabolic health was associated with less systemic inflammation, a relationship that, among normal weight men, was unique to HIV+ men and did not exist among obese men of either HIV serostatus.
Utilizing the common sense model to explore African Americans' perception of type 2 diabetes: A qualitative study.

Illness perceptions, which are likely influenced by patients’ cultural contexts, are associated with disease self-management and adherence. African American patients perceptions of type 2 diabetes is not well understood and no known studies has used a comprehensive evidence-based theoretical framework to explore what AAs with type 2 diabetes know, believe, and think about type 2 diabetes. Understanding perceptions of an illness shared by a group of people will be useful in developing culturally-appropriate interventions targeted to the needs of the community. The purpose of this study is to explore African Americans’ perceptions of type 2 diabetes based on the common sense model of illness and self-regulation. Using a phenomenology qualitative approach and purposive sampling, 40 African American men and women, age 45–60 years old with diagnosed type 2 diabetes at least one year prior, and who took at least one prescription diabetes medication, participated in six semi-structured 90-minute focus groups conducted in a private space. Qualitative content analysis was conducted to explore African Americans beliefs about type 2 diabetes. Participants expressed that historical issues, e.g., slavery, healthcare providers, the government, and God influenced how they developed diabetes. Participants reported a loss of autonomy, a change of their identity as an employee, a social individual and sexual person, as well as anger and frustration due to having diabetes. Diabetes made the African American family bonding experience of eating difficult, and the disease diminished their cultural experiences. Concerns about diabetes ranged from fear of death and amputations to the inability to prevent the disease among their children/grandchildren. Participants perceived that medications, faith in God, and positive thinking about survival helped control diabetes. Conclusions: Improved diabetes self-management and medication adherence may depend on the meaning African Americans attach to diabetes, available psychosocial support for managing diabetes, and African Americans experience with diabetes.
Identity, Peer Resistance, and Antisocial Influence: Modeling Direct and Indirect Causes of Desistance

Among identity theories of desistance, there is a discrepancy over the causal ordering of subjective and social factors that lead to desistance. Adding to a limited body of empirical research on the developmental process of desistance early in the life course, the present study examines the interrelationships between the subjective mechanisms of identity and resistance to peer influence and the social mechanism of peer antisocial influence and their direct and indirect effects on desistance. Employing 11 waves of data from the Pathways to Desistance Study, the current study uses a random intercepts cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM) to account for between-person differences and isolate within-person interrelationships between identity, resistance to peer influence, peer antisocial influence, and delinquency. Accounting for between-individual differences, results indicate significant stability in all variables, and significant same-wave associations between all variables. Reciprocal cross-lagged effects were found between resistance to peer influence and identity, and between identity and delinquency. Additionally, peer antisocial influence exhibited a significant cross-lagged effect on delinquency, and delinquency exhibited a significant cross-lagged effect on resistance to peer influence. A significant indirect pathway was detected from resistance to peer influence to delinquency through identity. Findings support prior research and programmatic efforts to promote positive self-identity formation and reduce peer antisocial influence to directly encourage desistance and to promote problem-solving skills in peer contexts to indirectly foster desistance. As social and subjective factors are associated within wave, but not over time, future tests may need to examine desistance processes and the links between subjective and social factors over shorter time frames.
Teaching Atom Economy and E-Factor Concepts through a Green Laboratory Experiment: Aerobic Oxidative Cleavage of meso-Hydrobenzoin to Benzaldehyde Using a Heterogeneous Catalyst

We herein report an efficient aerobic oxidative cleavage of meso-hydrobenzoin to benzaldehyde using a heterogeneous earth-abundant metal oxide catalyst. The reaction can be carried out at 70 °C in ethanol and uses a balloon filled with O2 as oxidant. Reagents are simple and have long shelf lives, and the whole laboratory exercise can be done in 120 min, which makes it highly implementable to standard undergraduate organic curriculum. meso-Hydrobenzoin cleaves exclusively to benzaldehyde, which gives off a nice almond smell, and generates water as the only byproduct. The exercise also compares the present methodology with two other conventional diol oxidative cleavage protocols to illustrate the use of atom economy and E-factor. This laboratory exercise is suitable for second-year undergraduates because it does not require any prerequisites while demonstrating the concepts of catalysis, ease of separation, atom economy, E-factor, earth-abundant material utilization, and biomass transformation.
Abstract 5295: Targeting Rb phosphatase activity to circumvent CDK4/6 inhibitor resistance

The Retinoblastoma (Rb) tumor suppressor protein plays a role in the control of proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, invasion and the maintenance of genome stability. Its activity is regulated by phosphorylation on several serine/threonine sites, which is thought to inactivate its tumor suppressive function. Cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs) are responsible for most of the Rb phosphorylation that occurs in cells. It is well established that alterations in the Rb pathway (consisting of CDK4/6, D-type cyclins, the CDK inhibitor p16INK4a, and Rb itself) that lead to excessive phosphorylation of Rb have been observed in almost all cancer types. Alterations that lead to increased CDK activity toward Rb are more common than mutations to the Rb gene itself, a finding that prompted investigations into the development of clinical treatments that inhibit the phosphorylation of Rb by CDKs. The CDK4/6 inhibitors palbociclib and abemaciclib were recently clinically approved for use in breast cancer. However, acquired resistance to CDK4/6 inhibition has been shown to limit clinical efficiency. Targeting Rb phosphorylation by CDK4/6 inhibition has been shown to activate alternate pro-survival pathways such as the AKT pathway. In our studies we developed a method of siRNA-mediated activation of Rb phosphatase that targets Rb phosphorylation in attempt to circumvent the development of resistance. Phosphatase Nuclear Targeting Subunit (PNUTS) associates with and regulates PP1 activity toward Rb. In several cancer cell types, such as HCT116 colon cancer, MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic cancer and MCF7 breast cancer, PNUTS depletion causes dephosphorylation of Rb without AKT activation. Furthermore, in Panc1 pancreatic cancer cells, activation of AKT is observed after 1-hour palbociclib (500nM) treatment, whereas PNUTS depletion does not induce AKT. In MD-MBA-231 breast cancer cells, 1-hour treatment of palbociclib or abemaciclib (20nM) induces the AKT pathway as well as the STAT pathways, however PNUTS depletion in these cells does not induce AKT activation. It has been shown that CDK4/6 inhibitors activate AKT by causing loss of Rb interaction with SIN1, a component the mTORC2 complex. Our studies reveal that PNUTS depletion causes dephosphorylation of Rb, without disrupting Rb-mediated inhibition of mTORC2. Thus, the stimulation of Rb phosphatase activity may target Rb phosphorylation without the development of resistance. Citation Format: Kathleen H. DiSalvo, Brian C. Velez, Rebecca L. Kravtsov, Nancy A. Krucher. Targeting Rb phosphatase activity to circumvent CDK4/6 inhibitor resistance [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5295.
Early dimercaptosuccinic acid renal scan in children with first febrile urinary tract infection.

Objectives To determine use of early Tc-99m dimercaptosuccinic acid scintigraphy in screening for vesicoureteral reflux following first febrile urinary tract infection.
Exploring the Music Identity Development of Elementary Education Majors Using Ukulele and YouTube

The purpose of this instrumental case study was to understand how learning to play the ukulele influenced the music identity of elementary education majors. Eighteen participants (17 females, 1 mal...
Leveraging Compiler Intermediate Representation for Multi- and Cross-Language Verification

Developers nowadays regularly use numerous programming languages with different characteristics and trade-offs. Unfortunately, implementing a software verifier for a new language from scratch is a large and tedious undertaking, requiring expert knowledge in multiple domains, such as compilers, verification, and constraint solving. Hence, only a tiny fraction of the used languages has readily available software verifiers to aid in the development of correct programs. In the past decade, there has been a trend of leveraging popular compiler intermediate representations (IRs), such as LLVM IR, when implementing software verifiers. Processing IR promises out-of-the-box multi- and cross-language verification since, at least in theory, a verifier ought to be able to handle a program in any programming language (and their combination) that can be compiled into the IR. In practice though, to the best of our knowledge, nobody has explored the feasibility and ease of such integration of new languages. In this paper, we provide a procedure for adding support for a new language into an IR-based verification toolflow. Using our procedure, we extend the SMACK verifier with prototypical support for 6 additional languages. We assess the quality of our extensions through several case studies, and we describe our experience in detail to guide future efforts in this area.
Manure treatment and utilization in production systems

Abstract Manure is a valuable fertilizer but a potential source for pathogen transmission, and emission of air, water or soil pollutants. This chapter introduces current technologies and management methods that can help an animal feeding operation maximize the value of manure while minimizing its risks. Processing manure involves a chain of management processes including capturing, handling, storing, treating, and utilizing manure. Manure can be a liquid, slurry or solid. It is essential to select the manure processing methods according to the physical form of manure and the utilization demand. Treatment for slurry or liquid manure often begins with solid-liquid separation, whereby particles of different sizes and different types of nutrients in the manure can be divided into separate streams for more effective treatment. The separation efficiency can be improved by precipitation, coagulation, or flocculation. Composting, the most widely adopted method to treat solid manure, reduces the volume of manure and transform it into a low pathogen and odor product. Methods to utilize manure include land-application, pelletizing, biofuel production, nutrient extraction, and feed-stock for various value-added products. Manure from different streams of processing has distinct nutrient characteristics. Land-application of manure must consider nutrient availability, nutrient balance and its leaching and runoff, and risks for transmission of pathogens. Pelletizing manure reduces the handling and transportation cost, allowing it to be exported to nutrient deficient regions. Solid manure can be used for energy production by pyrolysis, and liquid and slurry manure can produce biogas in an anaerobic digestion system before land-application. Besides these conventional strategies, nutrient extraction and feed-stock for various value-added products are emerging pathways to increase manure value.
Commentary on "Bosch-Boonstra-Schaaf Optic Atrophy Syndrome Presenting as New-Onset Psychosis in a 32-Year-Old Man: A Case Report and Literature Review"

Bosch-Boonstra-Schaaf optic atrophy syndrome (BBSOAS) is a recently described autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in the nuclear receptor subfamily 2 group F member 1 (NR2F1) gene. Its common features include optic atrophy and/or hypoplasia, developmental delay, intellectual disability, attention deficit disorder, autism spectrum disorder, seizures, hearing defects, spasticity, hypotonia, and thinning of the corpus callosum. Mitochondrial involvement has also been described with BBSOAS. Currently, 31 cases of BBSOAS have been described in the literature. Here we report a case of undiagnosed BBSOAS presenting as psychosis in a 32-year-old man with a history of bilateral optic nerve atrophy, intellectual disability, epilepsy, and mitochondrial complex I abnormality on muscle biopsy. Whole-genome sequencing identified a heterozygous de novo nonsense mutation in the NR2F1 gene [c.253 G>T (guanine to thymine mutation in coding position 253) in exon 1, p.E85X variant (GAG>TAG) (glutamic acid to stop codon mutation; protein truncated to 85 amino acids)]. A pathogenic nonsense mutation has not previously been reported in the literature in association with BBSOAS and represents an expansion of clinically relevant variants. Psychosis has also not been previously reported in this syndrome and may represent a phenotypic expansion of BBSOAS, a manifestation of prolonged disease, or a result of disease management.
Medical Futility: When Further Therapy Is Hopeless

This chapter addresses the ethical issues regarding those situations in which medical and surgical therapy have failed and further action will not alter a patient’s clinical deterioration. The topic of medical futility is discussed at length, including the possible motivations behind its definition and the attempts to codify and define it in modern medicine. That this concept is so difficult to define and is unfortunately persistent in the care of high risk pediatric cardiac surgery and cardiology patients, makes it a very important subject with which congenital heart practitioners should be familiar.
Disparities in the Use of Guideline-Based Pharmacotherapy Exist for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease and Heart Failure Patients Who Have Intellectual/Developmental Disabilities in a Commercially Insured Database:

Background:Patients who have intellectual/developmental disabilities (IDDs) develop atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) or heart failure (HF) at rates similar to or higher than the gener...
Alternative Air Conditioning Technologies: Underfloor Air Distribution (UFAD)

The purpose of this article is to provide the managers of federal facilities with an overview of the principles, features, benefits, and limitations of the building conditioning technology called underfloor air distribution (UFAD).
Caracterização e propriedades de bioplásticos obtidos a partir de polvilho doce com diferentes proporções de amido

A presente pesquisa foi conduzida com o objetivo de caracterizar filmes de bioplasticos obtidos atraves do polvilho doce com diferentes proporcoes de amido e relaciona-los com os diferentes plasticos, ja existentes, identificando caracteristicas fisicas, quimicas e termicas. Tendo em vista que a substituicao dos plasticos hoje utilizados na producao de materiais de construcao, embalagens, pecas automotivas, etc; sao advindas de materiais nao renovaveis e esta substituicao seria de grande contribuicao para o meio ambiente pela producao dos filmes polimericos presentes neste estudo apresentaremos sua composicao de fontes renovaveis.
Searching for new interactions at submicron scale using the Mössbauer effect

Interactions predicted by beyond-standard-model theories could be detected using a variation on M\"ossbauer spectroscopy, according to a new proposal.
Too Broke to Hire an Attorney? How to Conduct Basic Legal Research in a Law Library

Even pro se litigants can conduct effective legal research in a law library to represent themselves in a court of law. Pro se patrons are individuals who cannot afford counsel and who need to know how to conduct basic legal research in a law library. Libraries are cutting print subscriptions and instead adding online sources; however, online sources are costly and not as accessible as print material for pro se litigants. The two main primary sources are statutes and cases. A commercial publication titled the American Law Reports, known by the initials A.L.R., provides another research source designed specifically for the comparison of similar cases across different jurisdictions. Another strategy for pro se patrons might be to start researching in a more familiar source: an encyclopedia. Also, to get the most assistance from a librarian, approach the meeting from a perspective of wanting tips on where to look for materials on a particular topic, not advice on how to solve an issue. Finally, formbooks can be used to package all your research together for a court. Equipped with the tools discussed here, pro se researchers can overcome the hurdle of locating authority to support a valid legal argument. Armed with the knowledge gained from productive legal research, pro se litigators can better take on the difficult role of self representation and move closer to equal access to justice.
Decentralized Outages Prevention: A Remedial Action Scheme for Cyberattacks Targeting Market Retailers in Smart Distribution Systems

This article proposes a framework as a remedial action scheme (RAS) for close to real-time system operation when system operator becomes aware of possibility of decentralized outages due to simultaneous attacks on several market retailers. The upper level of the framework is an offline RAS where system operator immediately implements a customized reconfiguration preventing the decentralized outages. Due to immediate implementation of upper-level reaction, it is possible to face decentralized congestions in the new topology having minimum reliance on the attacked market retailers. Since severity of congestions is less than that of outages, the lower level of the framework is implemented as an online RAS. In this level, eligible nonattacked market retailers are invited into a secondary market to compete for generation/consumption redispatch and contribute into alleviation of congestions with the purpose of increasing their income. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is validated on a well-known 136-bus distribution system.
Multiscale modeling in disease

Abstract Multiscale computational modeling aims to connect the complex networks of effects at different length and/or time scales. For example, these networks often include intracellular molecular signaling, crosstalk, and other interactions between neighboring cell populations, and higher levels of emergent phenomena across different regions of tissues and among collections of tissues or organs interacting with each other in the whole body. Recent applications of multiscale modeling across intracellular, cellular, and/or tissue levels are highlighted here. These models incorporated the roles of biochemical and biomechanical modulation in processes that are implicated in the mechanisms of several diseases including fibrosis, joint and bone diseases, respiratory infectious diseases, and cancers.
Diseases caused by mutations in the Na+/K+ pump α1 gene ATP1A1

Human cell survival requires function of the Na+/K+ pump; the heteromeric protein that hydrolyzes ATP to extrude Na+ and import K+ across the plasmalemma, thereby building and maintaining these ions' electrochemical gradients. Numerous dominant diseases caused by mutations in genes encoding for Na+/K+ pump catalytic (α) subunit isoforms highlight the importance of this protein. Here, we review literature describing disorders caused by missense mutations in ATP1A1, the gene encoding the ubiquitously expressed α1 isoform of the Na+/K+ pump. These various maladies include primary aldosteronism with secondary hypertension, an endocrine syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, a peripheral neuropathy, complex spastic paraplegia, another neuromuscular disorder, as well as hypomagnesemia accompanied by seizures and cognitive delay, a condition affecting the renal and central nervous systems. This article focuses on observed commonalities among these mutations' functional effects, as well as on the special characteristics that enable each particular mutation to exclusively affect a certain system, without affecting others. In this respect, it is clear how somatic mutations localized to adrenal adenomas increase aldosterone production without compromising other systems. However, it remains largely unknown how and why some but not all de novo germline or familial mutations (where the mutant must be expressed in numerous tissues) produce a specific disease and not the other diseases. We propose hypotheses to explain this observation and the approaches that we think will drive future research on these debilitating disorders to develop novel patient-specific treatments by combining the use of heterologous protein-expression systems, patient-derived pluripotent cells, and gene-edited cell and mouse models.
Motive and Method in Cognitive Counseling

This article examines a simple but highly effective cognitive technique for transforming negative, destructive dialogue into positive, motivational dialogue. The technique examines the underlying motive or goal behind negative communication and then evaluates how effectively the negative method of communication is at achieving this goal and introduces new methods when the negative method is seen as ineffectual. Examples will be given on how to use this technique in intra-personal, interpersonal (marriage and family counseling), and sports counseling.
Maximum minimal distance partitioning of the /spl Zopf//sup 2/ lattice

We study the problem of dividing the /spl Zopf//sup 2/ lattice into partitions so that minimal intra-partition distance between the points is maximized. We show that this problem is analogous to the problem of sphere packing. An upper bound on the achievable intra-partition distances for a given number of partitions follows naturally from this observation, since the optimal sphere packing in two dimensions is achieved by the hexagonal lattice. Specific instances of this problem, when the number of partitions is 2/sup m/, were treated in trellis-coded modulation (TCM) code design by Ungerboeck (1982) and others. It is seen that methods previously used for set partitioning in TCM code design are asymptotically suboptimal as the number of partitions increases. We propose an algorithm for solving the /spl Zopf//sup 2/ lattice partitioning problem for an arbitrary number of partitions.
Stereotypic Alchemy: Transformative Stereotypes and Antidiscrimination Law

As the legal mechanisms supporting the antidiscrimination principle1 have developed, a system of heightened judicial protection for disempowered minorities or "suspect classes" has emerged as a powerful tool.2 Legally recognized suspect classes include classes defined by the characteristics of race,3 ethnicity,4 and, to somewhat lesser extents, gender,5 alienage,6 and illegitimacy.7 American law has made great strides in recognizing and protecting suspect classes defined by a single characteristic (such as race), and also in protecting "double-suspect classes," that is, classes defined by a combination of suspect characteristics (such as race and gender).8 A significant problem still remains, however, regarding the appropriate legal response to cases that involve a combination of suspect and non-suspect characteristics. For example, a claim of discrimination against overweight women would involve a combination of gender, a suspect characteristic, and weight, a non-suspect characteristic. The thesis of this Current Topic is that an ostensibly non-suspect characteristic may be transformed, through a process of stereotyping, into a vehicle for discrimination against a suspect class. For instance, stereotypic images of women may dictate a narrower range of acceptable body weights for women than for men, and women whose weight exceeds the acceptable range may suffer a form of
Accelerating ice loss from the fastest Greenland and Antarctic glaciers

Ice discharge from the fastest glaciers draining the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets . Jakobshavn Isbrae (JI) and Pine Island Glacier (PIG). continues to increase, and is now more than double that needed to balance snowfall in their catchment basins. Velocity increase probably resulted from decreased buttressing from thinning (and, for JI, breakup) of their floating ice tongues, and from reduced basal drag as grounding lines on both glaciers retreat. JI flows directly into the ocean as it becomes afloat, and here creep rates are proportional to the cube of bed depth. Rapid thinning of the PIG ice shelf increases the likelihood of its breakup, and subsequent rapid increase in discharge velocity. Results from a simple model indicate that JI velocities should almost double to >20 km/a by 2015, with velocities on PIG increasing to >10 km/a after breakup of its ice shelf. These high velocities would probably be sustained over many decades as the glaciers retreat within their long, very deep troughs. Resulting sea ]level rise would average about 1.5 mm/a.
Male black widows court well-fed females more than starved females: silken cues indicate sexual cannibalism risk

Male mate choice is predicted to evolve as male investment in mating increases. Thus, taxa in which males pay a high cost for mating offer researchers an ideal system to test traditional sex roles. Males courting potentially sexually cannibalistic females may be under strong selection to bias their courtship efforts away from hungry females that may be more likely to attack. Here we tested the prediction that web-based chemotactile cues of recent female foraging success influence male courtship in the black widow spider, Latrodectus hesperus. In addition, we tested the underlying assumption that previous female foraging success reduces precopulatory sexually cannibalistic attacks. We found that males courted well-fed females significantly more than they did starved females, and that this bias was maintained in the absence of the female when males encountered only (1) cues from female webs and (2) cues from female silk after web architecture had been eliminated. A nonsignificant courtship bias in favour of well-fed females was also evident when these females were transplanted to the webs of starved females. Male courtship biases in favour of well-fed females appear adaptive, as starved females were significantly more likely to attack males before mating. We conclude by noting that sexual cannibalism offers a model system wherein the exploitation of cues of predation risk have unique implications such as the effects on male courtship preferences seen here.
Commentaries on ‘One dose per day compared to multiple doses per day of gentamicin for treatment of suspected or proven sepsis in neonates’

These are commentaries on a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Rao SC, Srinivasjois R, Hagan R, Ahmed M. One dose per day compared to multiple doses per day of gentamicin for treatment of suspected or proven sepsis in neonates. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 1. Art.No.: CD005091. DOI: 10.1002/14 651 858.CD005091.pub2. Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Summary article. Copyright © 2011 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Microwave radiometer measurement of tidally induced salinity changes off the Georgia coast

A quasi-synoptic survey of tidally induced salinity changes off the Georgia coast was performed by using a L band microwave radiomater onboard a NASA aircraft. Salinity maps were obtained for ebb and flood conditions in order to define the salinity distributions near rivers and sounds and major changes that occur from ebb flow to flood flow. The Savannah River plume dominated the salinity regime and extended out from the Savannah River mouth about 12 km during ebb tidal conditions. The plume merged into a band of low salinity water extending along the Georgia-South Carolina coast which was produced by the many river sources of freshwater entering the coastal waters. The changes in salinity observed offshore of the river plume area were consistent with estimates of the changes that would occur over a typical tidal excursion perpendicular to the observed gradient.
Role of cysteine residues in hemoglobin structure and function: Transfer of p-mercuribenzoate from α subunits to β subunits during tetramer formation☆

Abstract Mixture of equimolar amounts of hemoglobin A α subunits containing p-mercuribenzoate on cysteine residue G11 (104) and β subunits containing free sulfhydryl groups at cysteine residues F9(93) and G14(112) results in the stoichiometric formation of a subunit combination product (α2PMBβ2SH) ∗∗ having a molecular weight and oxygen affinity closely resembling those of hemoglobin A. The combination product differs from hemoglobin A in that it has a significantly reduced cooperative oxygen binding character, a somewhat different electrophoretic mobility, and no titratable sulfhydryl groups. Emulsification of the α2PMBβ2SH combination product with 1-dodecanethiol results in the generation of two titratable sulfhydryl groups per tetramer. The explanation for these phenomena is that the p-mercuribenzoate migrates stoichiometrically from the G11(104)α cysteine residues to the F9(93)β cysteine residues during the combination of the subunits. The G11(104)α cysteine residue is located at the α1β1 contact point in the hemoglobin tetramer and these results indicate that this residue may have to be free in order for the hemoglobin subunits to stoichiometrically combine to form a tetramer.
Maximum Simplification of the Dynamic Equations

When the dynamic equations are to be used to further our understanding of atmospheric phenomena, it is permissible to simplify them beyond the point where they can yield acceptable weather predictions. Through the use of double Fourier series, and with the omission of all but the largest scales of motion, the barotropic vorticity equation may be reduced to a system of three ordinary nonlinear differential equations. The analytic solutions of these equations are elliptic functions of time. The equations may also be solved rapidly by numerical integration. Particular solutions of the equations picture the motion of finite disturbances on a zonal flow, with exchanges of kinetic energy between the zonal flow and the disturbances accompanying the meridional transport of zonal momentum by the disturbances. Other solutions picture the initial growth and eventual cessation of growth of small disturbances on an unstable zonal current. Still further solutions picture the destruction of a stable zonal flow by large disturbances, and lead to a plausible hypothesis concerning index cycles in the atmosphere. Less extreme simplifications of the dynamic equations may be used when more complicated atmospheric phenomena are to be studied. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1960.tb01307.x
Transcendence order over Qp in Cp

Abstract Let (K, ∥ · ∥) be a valued transcendence degree 1 extension of Q p. An element x ∈ K transcendental over Q p is said to have order ≤a (a > 0) if there exists Cx > 0 such that every polynomial P(X) ∈ Q p [X] satisfies − log; (P(x))⩽ − log ∥P∥+c x ( deg P) a when ∥ · ∥ is the Gauss norm on Q p[X]. No x ∈ C p can have order ≤α if α C p with order ≤ 1. Furthermore, we prove order ≤α is stable by algebraic extension.
Functional and anatomical diagnosis of coronary artery stenoses.

Background Functional/physiological evaluation of coronary artery stenoses may be more important than anatomical measurements of severity. Optimization of thresholds for stenosis intervention and treatment endpoints depend on coupling functional hemodynamic and anatomical data. We sought to develop a single prognostic parameter correlating stenosis-specific anatomy, pressure gradient, and velocities that could be measured during catheterization. Materials and methods In vivo Experiments were performed in six swine (41 ± 3 kg). The lumen area of the left anterior descending coronary artery was measured with intravascular ultrasound. An angioplasty balloon was inflated to create the desired intraluminal area obstructions. Fractional flow reserve (FFR), coronary flow reserve (CFR), and hyperemic-stenosis-resistance index were measured distal to the balloon at peak hyperemia with 10 mg intracoronary papaverine. A functional index:pressure drop coefficient (CDP) and a combined functional and anatomical index:lesion flow coefficient (LFC) were calculated from measured hyperemic pressure gradient, velocity, and percentage area stenosis. P Results The CDP and LFC correlated linearly and significantly with FFR and CFR. The CDP ( R 2 = 0.72, P R 2 = 0.19, P R 2 improved to 0.82 ( P Conclusions A dimensionless parameter combining measured pressure gradient, velocity, and area reduction data can optimally define the severity of coronary stenoses based on our preliminary results and could prove useful clinically.
Error-correcting data links using chain codes

Chain codes are a form of digit sequence which have error-correcting properties when suitably arranged, and methods of finding the best code for any particular application are detailed. A particular equipment is described in outline which would be suitable for transmitting the contents of one computer store over a telephone line and into another store. The paper shows that chain codes with less than 2n digits in the major chain can be effectively used to transmit 2n messages with a specified amount of error correction.
The use of isotope tracers for identifying populations of migratory birds

To determine whether stable isotopes can be used for identifying the geographic origins of migratory bird populations, we examined the isotopic composition of hydrogen (deuterium, δD), carbon (δ13C), and strontium (δ87Sr) in tissues of a migratory passerine, the black-throated blue warbler (Dendroica caerulescens), throughout its breeding range in eastern North America. δD and δ13C values in feathers, which are grown in the breeding area, varied systematically along a latitudinal gradient, being highest in samples from the southern end of the species’ breeding range in Georgia and lowest in southern Canada. In addition, δD decreased from east to west across the northern part of the breeding range, from New Brunswick to Michigan. δ87Sr ratios were highest in the Appalachian Mountains, and decreased towards the west. These patterns are consistent with geographical variation in the isotopic composition of the natural environment, i.e., with that of precipitation, plants, and soils for δD, δ13C, and δ87Sr, respectively. Preliminary analyses of the δD and δ13C composition of feathers collected from warblers in their Caribbean winter grounds indicate that these individuals were mostly from northern breeding populations. Furthermore, variances in isotope ratios in samples from local areas in winter tended to be larger than those in summer, suggesting that individuals from different breeding localities may mix in winter habitats. These isotope markers, therefore, have the potential for locating the breeding origins of migratory species on their winter areas, for quantifying the degree of mixing of breeding populations on migratory and wintering sites, and for documenting other aspects of the population structure migratory animals – information needed for studies of year-round ecology of these species as well as for their conservation. Combining information from several stable isotopes will help to increase the resolution for determining the geographic origins of individuals in such highly vagile populations.
High order Ostrowski type inequalities

We generalize Ostrowski inequality for higher order derivatives, by using a generalized Euler type identity. Some of the inequalities produced are sharp, namely attained by basic functions. The rest of the estimates are tight. We give applications to trapezoidal and mid-point rules. Estimates are given with respect to L∞ norm.
In vivo acetaldehyde in the brain of the rat treated with ethanol

Abstract Ethanol, 4.5 g/kg, was administered intragastrically to rats to determine if acetaldehyde could be detected in brain interstitial fluid. Samples from both blood and brain were collected at half-hour intervals. Brain interstitial fluid samples were collected from both the caudate nucleus and the thalamushypothalamus region using the push-pull perfusion technique. The ethanol and acetaldehyde concentrations in these samples were determined by a head space gas Chromatographie technique. Blood ethanol levels typically ranged from 200 to 400 mg/100ml, while acetaldehyde levels ranged from 15 to 40 μM in blood and 5 to 20 μM in brain fluid. When disulfiram was given to the rats 20 hr prior to ethanol administration, blood acetaldehyde increased to 70–280 μM and brain interstitial fluid acetaldehyde increased to between 25 and 120 μM. Whole brain acetaldehyde levels were also measured after an ethanol dose was given. No acetaldehyde could be detected in whole brain unless the animal had first been treated with disulfiram. These data demonstrate that acetaldehyde does enter the brain, coming into direct contact with the brain cells bathed in the interstitial fluid. The acetaldehyde concentration in the interstitial fluid is higher than that in the brain cells, probably due to its rapid oxidation in the cells catalyzed by aldehyde dehydrogenase.
On the Causes of Degradation in $\hbox{Bi}_{2} \hbox{Sr}_{2}\hbox{CaCu}_{2}\hbox{O}_{8+{\rm x}}$ Round Wires and Coils by Quenching at 4.2 K

One of the remaining challenges for the implementation of commercial Ag-alloy-sheathed $\hbox{Bi}_{2}\hbox{Sr}_{2}\hbox{CaCu}_{2}\hbox{O}_{8+{\rm x}}$ (Bi2212) wires in high-field superconducting magnets is quench protection. To develop an effective quench protection system, it is important to understand the conditions that must be avoided during a quench so that the conductor is not degraded. While these conditions are understood for NbTi and $\hbox{Nb}_{3} \hbox{Sn}$ , they are conductor specific and there remains a lack of data and understanding of the limiting conditions for Bi2212 wires. Here, quenches are induced in short strands and small coils of Bi2212 round wires at 4.2 K. The quench conditions are varied to identify the threshold conditions resulting in wire degradation. These conditions are quantified in terms of the maximum temperature, the maximum time rate of change of the temperature, and the maximum temperature spatial gradient along the length of the wire. It is found that the time rate of change of the temperature (thermal shock) is not a primary driver for degradation but that both the maximum temperature and its spatial gradient play a key role. It is not clear, however, whether the temperature gradient along the length of the wire, or radially from the center of the wire to the surface, dominates. It is also found that threshold values for these parameters vary between different Bi2212 wires and, thus, must be identified for the specific wire to be used in a magnet system. Implications of these results on quench protection are discussed.
Using microbial communities and extracellular enzymes to link soil organic matter characteristics to greenhouse gas production in a tidal freshwater wetland

To gain a more mechanistic understanding of how soil organic matter (OM) characteristics can affect carbon mineralization in tidal freshwater wetlands, we conducted a long-term in situ field manipulation of OM type and monitored associated changes in carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) production. In addition, we characterized microbial community structure and quantified the activity of several extracellular enzymes (EEA) involved in the acquisition of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Treatments included a plant litter addition, prepared using naturally-senescing vegetation from the site, and a compost amendment, designed to increase the concentration of aged, partially humified, OM. Both types of OM-amended soils had CO2 production rates 40–50 % higher than unamended control soils, suggesting that the added OM had inherently higher quality and/or availability than the native soil OM. Rates of CO2 production were not correlated with microbial community structure or EEA except a modest relationship with cellulose breakdown via the Km of β-1,4-glucosidase. We interpret this lack of correlation to be a consequence of high functional redundancy of microorganisms that are capable of producing CO2. Rates of CH4 production were also influenced by OM quality, increasing by an order of magnitude with plant litter additions relative to compost-amended and control soils. Unlike CO2, rates of CH4 production were significantly correlated with the microbial community structure and with enzyme kinetic parameters (Vmax and Km) for both carbon (β-1,4-glucosidase, 1,4-β-cellobiosidase, and β-d-xylosidase) and nitrogen acquisition (leucyl aminopeptidase). The monophyletic nature of methanogenic archaea, combined with their reliance on a small select group of organic substrates produced via enzyme-mediated hydrolysis and subsequent bacterial fermentation, provides a basis for the strong links between microbial community structure, EEA, and CH4 production. Our results suggest that incorporating microbial community structure and EEA into conceptual models of wetland OM decomposition may enhance our mechanistic understanding of, and predictive capacity for, biogeochemical process rates.
Biographical Sketch: Thomas W. Huntington, MD (1849–1929)

This biographical sketch on Thomas Huntington corresponds to the historic text, The Classic: Case of Bone Transference. Use of a Segment of Fibula to Supply a Defect in the Tibia (1905), available at DOI 10.1007/s11999-012-2496-z.
Drug Interactions I: Meperidine and Combination Oral Contraceptives

Meperidine is a widely-used narcotic analgesic. Alteration of the hepatic metabolism of the drug has been reported as a result of other drug interactions. One report involving meperidine and combination-type oral contraceptives found a greater excretion of meperidine versus normeperidine in those using contraceptive hormones suggesting that these drugs inhibit the N-demethylation of meperidine. This paper reports results of a study of this interaction. Group 1 consisted of 8 normal men; Group 2 8 normal women who had not taken any oral contraceptive for at least a year; Group 3 8 normal women taking Ovral containing .5 mg norgestrel and .05 mg ethinyl estradiol. On Day 1 of the study all subjects were given an intramuscular injection of 50 mg meperidine hydrochloride. Plasma samples were collected at 0 1/2 1 2 4 6 8 and 24 hours after the injection. A cumulative urinary output was collected at each sampling time and at 48 hours. The study was repeated after at least a week. Details of analysis technique are given. Mean serum levels for all groups reached maximum at 1 hour with complete plasma clearance at 24 hours. No significant differences between the serum levels of the 3 groups at any sampling time were found. Meperidine was detected in the urine at 1 hour after injection. No significant difference in the urinary excretion of the 3 groups was found. No significant differences among the cumulative excretions of normeperidine were noted. The metabolism of meperidine is apparently not affected by this oral contraceptive. These results conflict with some previously reported findings by others. The earlier reports are considered to have been in error.