cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teaching trainees about the practice of consultation-liaison psychiatry in the general hospital.

Learning about the scope of psychiatric practice in the general hospital is essential for trainees and their patients. Consultation-liaison (C-L) psychiatry (officially named psychosomatic medicine), the subspecialty of psychiatry that deals with the care of patients with comorbid psychiatric and medical/surgical illness, is taught through formal didactics, teaching and bedside rounds, and demonstration of specific skills (eg, critical thinking, autognosis [self-knowledge]). Both the process and the content f these educational forums are equally important. In this article, we discuss the heory, place, techniques, and challenges of teaching the craft of consultation sychiatry.
Coomassie brilliant blue: an excellent reagent for the enhancement of faint bloody fingerprints

AbstractBloody fingerprints are an important subclass of fingerprint evidence that often requires chemical enhancement. Five bloody fingerprint enhancement reagents were evaluated in this study. Acid yellow 7, water-based amido black, coomassie brilliant blue, leucocrystal violet, and leucocrystal violet followed by methanol-based amido black, were tested for their ability to enhance fingerprint detail. Bloody fingerprints were prepared on porous surfaces: paper and raw wood; semi-porous surfaces: painted drywall and polyurethane treated wood; and non-porous surfaces: plastic, glass, metal, and tile. Coomassie brilliant blue, leucocrystal violet, and leucocrystal violet followed by methanol-based amido black were determined to be the best reagents for the enhancement of patent fingerprints made from blood diluted 1:5 on porous and semi-porous surfaces, while water-based amido black was the best reagent to use for fingerprints on non-porous surfaces. Coomassie brilliant blue was found to be the best reagen...
Long-Term Cholinesterase Inhibitor Therapy for Alzheimer’s Disease: Practical Considerations for the Primary Care Physician

Background: With the aging of the population, primary care physicians are increasingly expected to manage patients with Alzheimer's disease. For patients with this disease to obtain the best outcomes over the long term, early diagnosis and effective treatment are critical. Currently, cholinesterase inhibitors are the only drugs approved in the United States for the treatment of mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease. Method: Relevant clinical studies were identified through a search of the MEDLINE database using the terms Alzheimer's disease and donepezil, galantamine, or rivastigmine, using the limits of English language and publication dates of 1995 to 2003. Published studies were selected that provided information on the long-term use, defined as 1 year or longer, of second-generation cholinesterase inhibitors approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease. Results: 590 references were identified. Of these, 11 studies met the final study criteria, and 10 were selected (1 of the 11 was an interim analysis). Conclusions: The benefits of sustained long-term treatment with cholinesterase inhibitors have been demonstrated over the last several years. By reducing cognitive and functional decline over time, long-term cholinesterase inhibitor therapy enables patients to stay at home longer and may decrease the burdens faced by patients, caregivers, and society.
Detection of microgram quantities of carrier ampholytes in electrofocused proteins by thin-layer chromatography

A rapid and sensitive method for the detection of carrier ampholyte contamination in electrofocused proteins is described. Samples containing proteins and carrier ampholytes were applied to cellulose thin-layer chromatographic sheets and developed in 10% trichloroacetic acid. Proteins and large-molecular-weight carrier ampholytes were precipitated at the origin while 10% trichloroacetic acid-soluble carrier ampholytes migrated as a diffuse ninhydrin (nitrogen)-positive area at an Rf greater than 0.50. We found that 1.25 μg of carrier ampholytes contained enough 10% trichloroacetic acid-soluble components to be detected by thinlayer chromatography. Using this assay, we investigated techniques designed to remove carrier ampholytes from an electrofocused protein. Removal of large-molecular-weight components from carrier ampholytes by dialysis through a 3500 Mr cutoff membrane did not facilitate separation of carrier ampholytes from streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin type C by dialysis or gel chromatography. Also, this protein binds irreversibly to mixed-bed ion-exchange resin. The best method for separating carrier ampholytes from streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin type C was by electrodialysis at pH 4.0. Following electrodialysis, estimated carrier ampholyte contamination in this protein was less than 1 part in 500 parts (by weight).
Pentaborate Polyanion in the Crystal Structure of Ulexite, NaCaB5O6(OH)6·5H2O

Triclinic ulexite crystals contain isolated borate polyanions [B5O6(OH)6]3- related to the well known pentaborate polyanion [B5O6(OH)4]- by addition of two hydroxyl groups to two opposite B-O triangles. The isolated ulexite polyanions form the [B5O7(OH)4]n3n- chains previously found in crystals of the related mineral probertite, NaCaB5O7(OH)4·3H2O.
Effect of lateral hypothalamic injections of 6-hydroxydopamine on food and water intake in rats.

NORADRENALINE has been proposed as a neurotransmitter in the central neural networks mediating eating behaviour. The principal evidence is the feeding1–4 and drinking5 elicited by intrahypothalamic injections of drugs. Results from this type of experiment, moreover, have suggested that different adrenergic receptors mediate the two behaviours: feeding is elicited through alpha and drinking through beta, adrenergic receptors5.
Acoustic limitations on the efficiency of machining by femtosecond laser-induced optical breakdown

The authors find an unexpected strong influence of acoustic phenomena on the efficiency of water-assisted femtosecond laser nanomachining. Analysis of acoustic interactions across a metastable structure of two phase flow in a nanocapillary, predicts acoustic nodes that strongly limit machining efficiency. Strategies for fabrication of high aspect ratio channels (>1000) are identified: increasing the speed of acoustic transmission delays formation of nodes, and can be accomplished by maximizing hydrogen in the gas phase or by varying pressure. These results reveal that laser machining can be strongly limited by acoustic phenomena not previously considered in the analysis of optical breakdown.
Calcium Metabolism in Normal Human Pregnancy

ABSTRACT Fifteen normal pregnant women and 9 female controls of similar age underwent mineral balance and calcium kinetic studies during and after pregnancy. 48Ca, a stable isotope, was employed in the pregnant women and specimens were measured by neutron activation analysis. Results were related to stage of pregnancy and demonstrated the expected and well documented retention of nitrogen, phosphorus, and calcium associated with fetal development. In addition, there was a 20% increase in miscible calcium pool by term, and an approximate doubling of both pool turnover and bone mineral accretion rates, both rising progressively with duration of pregnancy. Intestinal calcium absorption was twice usual normal levels from the earliest period studied and remained high throughout pregnancy. Virtually all these changes reverted to normal non-pregnant levels by 3 months after delivery. The importance of maternal adjustments as a component in these changes was emphasized by the presence of significant changes in ac...
Cognitive control in autism spectrum disorders

Cognitive control refers to the ability to flexibly allocate mental resources to guide thoughts and actions in light of internal goals. Given the behavioral inflexibility exhibited by individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), it would appear they experience cognitive control deficits. Cognitive correlates of this behavioral inflexibility have been elusive in previous investigations. Study goals were to investigate deficits in cognitive control in ASDs; to explore its developmental trajectory; and to test whether control deficits are related to symptoms of inflexible thoughts and/or behaviors, and attention symptoms. Thirty-one children and adolescents aged 8-17 with ASDs and 32 age, IQ, and gender matched control subjects completed cognitive, diagnostic, and behavorial assessments, as well as a measure of cognitive control involving overcoming a prepotent response tendency. Compared with typically developing control subjects, individuals with ASDs exhibited deficits in cognitive control. Younger children with ASDs did not demonstrate age-related improvements in cognitive control. Modest relationships between cognitive control, IQ, and attention problems were found for the sample. Only the relationship between cognitive control and full-scale IQ survived correction for multiple comparisons.
New RG fixed points and duality in supersymmetric SP(Nc) and SO(Nc) gauge theories

Abstract We present evidence for new, non-trivial RG fixed points with dual magnetic descriptions in N = 1 supersymmetric SP ( N c ) and SO ( N c ) gauge theories. The SP ( N c ) case involves matter X in the antisymmetric tensor representation and N f flavors of quarks Q in the fundamental representation. The SO ( N c ) case involves matter X in the symmetric tensor representation and N f flavors of quarks Q in the vector representation of SO ( N c ). Perturbing these theories by superpotentials W ( X ), we find a variety of interesting RG fixed points with dual descriptions. The duality in these theories is similar to that found by Kutasov and by Kutasov and Schwimmer in SU ( N c ) with adjoint X and N f quarks in the fundamental.
Bright ideas: Using a student employee survey to inform and improve access services

Because of their dual roles as both students and library staff, student workers at academic libraries have a unique perspective on library services. This article describes a process by which information about the library and the access services department can be obtained from student workers via a survey instrument. Examples are given as to how this information has been used to improve services and procedures.
Fifteen Theses on Classroom Teaching

The Southern Economic Association initiated a lecture series on teaching to be presented at its annual meeting. This paper, given on November 24, 2000, was the first such lecture. The editor invited the author to publish the lecture in Southern Economic Journal. Portions of the paper are the fruits of the author's more than 30 years of experience teaching economics. Parts of the paper are based on writings regarding pedagogy outside the discipline of economics. The paper puts forward 15 theses about teaching economics in the classroom. The theses range from propositions about why economics is a particularly difficult subject to teach to suggestions about how the classroom teaching of economics can be improved.
Dual-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy in bulk aqueous solution with an orthogonal beam geometry

Use of dual-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy with an orthogonal spark orientation is presented as a technique for trace metal analysis in bulk aqueous solutions. Two separate Q-switched Nd:YAG lasers operating at their fundamental wavelengths are used to form a subsurface, laser-induced plasma in a bulk aqueous solution that is spectroscopically analyzed for the in situ detection of Ca, Cr, and Zn. Optimizing the key experimental parameters of proper spark alignment, gate delay (td), gate width (tb), and interpulse timing (deltaT) allowed experimentally determined detection limits of the order of micrograms per milliliter and submicrograms per milliliter. We present supporting evidence of a sampling mechanism that involves the formation of a cavitation bubble with the first pulse (E1) followed by analysis of that bubble with a second pulse (E2). The plasma created by E2 contains the analytically relevant information from the aqueous sample and often represents >250-fold enhancement over a single laser pulse with energy equal to E1 alone.
Cyst fluid NB/70K concentration and leukocyte esterase: two new markers for differentiating pancreatic serous tumors from pseudocysts.

SummaryCystic lesions of the pancreas include inflammatory pseudocysts, serous cystadenomas, and muci-nous tumors, some of which are malignant. Preoperative clinical and radiological parameters are unreliable and may result in incorrect diagnosis and inappropriate treatment. Cyst fluid analysis for
Students' and Teachers' Decision-Making Fit Before and after the Transition to Junior High School

Student and teacher perceptions of actual and preferred student decision-making opportunities in mathematics classrooms are assessed before and after the transition to junior high school in a longitudinal sample of 2210 students in 117 pre-transition and 137 post-transition classrooms. The findings include: (a) students and teachers perceive fewer actual student decision-making opportunities after than before the transition; (b) students express a preference for more decision-making opportunities while teachers believe students should have fewer opportunities after than before the transition; and (c) the congruency between students' actual and preferred perceptions declines after the transition while teacher perceptions both before and after the transition are highly congruent. It is suggested that there is a "developmental mismatch" between maturing children and the classroom environments they experience before and after the transition. This mismatch may be related to the negative changes in student beli...
Ovine luteinizing hormone heterogeneity: Androgens increase the percentage of less basic isohormones

Abstract The heterogeneity of luteinizing (LH) is hormonally regulated with androgens having been reported to increase the percentage of extremely basic LH isohormones in the ovine pituitary. This study re-examined the effects of androgens on the heterogeneity of LH in the ovine pituitary because the extremely basic isoforms of LH reported previously were subsequently demonstrated to be artifacts resulting from the conditions used for chromatofocusing. Pituitary extracts from wethers, rams, and dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-implanted wethers were desalted by flow dialysis and chromatofocused on pH 10.5 to 7.0 gradients. LH was quantitated by radioimmunoassays. When compared with rams, wethers had increased percentages of LH isoforms eluting between pH 9.6 and 10. Patterns of intrapituitary LH isohormones were comparable in rams and DHT-implanted wethers except that rams had a higher percentage of LH eluting at pH 9.2 (20.9 ± 2.1% vs. 13.3 ± 1.3%). In contrast to what was previously reported, rams and DHT-implanted wethers had higher percentages of ovine LH isoforms eluting at pH's 9.4 or lower. Thus, androgens alter LH heterogeneity yielding increased percentages of isohormones eluting at pH's of 9.4 or lower.
When integrins fail to integrate.

Three studies implicate Kindlin-3, a molecule that mediates signaling through integrins, in a rare disorder characterized by spontaneous bleeding and susceptibility to infection (pages 300–305, 306–312 and 313–318).
Attitudes toward the mentally ill and community care among professionals and their students.

On the premise that effective community care of the mentally ill is enhanced if relevant professionals share similar attitudes regarding the mentally ill and community as opposed to institutional care, such attitudes were examined among 117 faculty and graduate students in a major southeastern land-grant university in clinical psychology, law, and social work. The relationship between age and these attitudes and the possibility of a generation gap between faculty and students regarding these attitudes were also examined. In terms of comparisons among disciplines, faculty and students in social work were more positive in their attitudes than their counterparts in clinical psychology and law. The greatest difference within disciplines usually was between firstyear students and faculty. In addition, relatively more differences were found to exist between faculties and students in both clinical psychology and law than in social work. Finally, analysis of the data indicated that there were no statistically significant relationships between age and any of the attitude scores.
Development of a second-generation mathematical model for urban air pollution—II. Evaluation of model performance

The performance of a new comprehensive model for urban-scale photochemical air pollution is evaluated. The model accurately reproduced the important features of ozone (O_3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO_2) distributions over the South Coast Air Basin of California for a two-day period 26–27 June 1974. Various statistical measures of model performance are reported together with predicted and observed concentration time histories at selected monitoring sites. A new technique for estimating error bounds on emission inventories is also described. The method incorporates the influence of uncertainties in both mass emission rates and chemical reactivity.
Dearly Departed : How Often Do Congregations Close?

We establish for the first time a national mortality rate for religious congregations by determining the 2005 status of congregations in the 1998 National Congregations Study sample. The annual mortality rate for religious congregations is 1 percent, which is among the lowest mortality rates ever observed for any type of organization. This unusually low mortality rate probably indicates an organizational population whose weakest members live on in a weakened state rather than an organizational population that is unusually robust all the way down to its most vulnerable members.
Doctoral preparation for faculty roles: Expectations and realities

The purpose of this report is to clarify the issues and discongruities between educational preparation of doctoral program graduates and employer expectations (educational institutions), and to stimulate thinking concerning strategies that might be used by doctoral programs to more effectively prepare graduates to deal with an integrated professional role, including that of faculty.
Three decades of progress on superconductivity and magnetism in novel materials

Some of the extraordinary superconducting and magnetic states and related phenomena that have been discovered in novel materials during the past three decades are briefly surveyed.
Eighth-order rational harmonic mode-locked fiber laser with amplitude-equalized output operating at 80 Gbits/s.

We report the generation of an 80?Gbit?s pulse train by an eighth-order rational harmonic mode-locking technique. Equalized pulse-train amplitude is achieved by proper adjustment of the dc bias point and the 10 GHz modulation strength applied to the cavity-loss modulator. A numerical model is developed to simulate the properties of the generated 80?Gbit?s pulse train. The simulated results are well supported by the experimental measurements.
Production of chemotactic factors for neutrophils following the interaction of Bacteroides gingivalis with purified C5.

The aim of this study was to determine whether complement-derived chemotactic factors are produced following the interaction of B. gingivalis with purified C5 protein. B. gingivalis strain ATCC 33277 was incubated with purified human C5 under anaerobic conditions; assay of the supernatants by SDS-PAGE demonstrated proteolysis of C5 protein and functional hemolytic assay demonstrated inactivation of C5 activity. Supernatants were then tested for chemotactic activity for PMN's in the modified Boyden chamber, and for the presence of C5a des Arg by specific radioimmunoassay. It was noted that increased bacterial concentrations produced increased concentrations of immunoreactive C5a des Arg, and that PMN chemotactic activity was observed in the reaction mixtures. In contrast, the non-proteolylic pathogen Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans Y4 failed to cleave C5 or to generate chemotactic activity from C5. When C5 was incubated with B. gingivalis under conditions resulting in maximal generation of chemotactic activity and supernatants were reacted with IgG fractions of goat anti-C5, chemotaxis was inhibited; similar treatment of FMLP with a-C5 failed to inhibit FMLP-induced chemotaxis. Therefore, B. gingivalis is capable of producing C5 derived chemotactic activity by direct interaction with purified C5.
Fluid mechanics of blood clot formation

Intravascular blood clots form in an environment in which hydrodynamic forces dominate and in which fluid-mediated transport is the primary means of moving material. The clotting system has evolved to exploit fluid dynamic mechanisms and to overcome fluid dynamic challenges to ensure that clots that preserve vascular integrity can form over the wide range of flow conditions found in the circulation. Fluid-mediated interactions between the many large deformable red blood cells and the few small rigid platelets lead to high platelet concentrations near vessel walls where platelets contribute to clotting. Receptor-ligand pairs with diverse kinetic and mechanical characteristics work synergistically to arrest rapidly flowing cells on an injured vessel. Variations in hydrodynamic stresses switch on and off the function of key clotting polymers. Protein transport to, from, and within a developing clot determines whether and how fast it grows. We review ongoing experimental and modeling research to understand these and related phenomena.
SPARQLeR: Extended Sparql for Semantic Association Discovery

Complex relationships, frequently referred to as semantic associa-tions, are the essence of the Semantic Web. Query and retrieval of semantic associations has been an important task in many analytical and scientific activities, such as detecting money laundering and querying for metabolic pathways in biochemistry. We believe that support for semantic path queries should be an integral component of RDF query languages. In this paper, we present SPARQLeR, a novel extension of the SPARQL query language which adds the support for semantic path queries. The proposed extension fits seamlessly within the overall syntax and semantics of SPARQL and allows easy and natural formulation of queries involving a wide variety of regular path patterns in RDF graphs. SPARQLeR's path patterns can capture many low-level details of the queried associations. We also present an implementation of SPARQLeR and its initial performance results. Our implementation is built over BRAHMS, our own RDF storage system.
Obesity and bariatric surgery.

Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding are the most commonly performed weight reduction operations in the United States. Preoperative assessment and selection should be performed by a multidisciplinary team to obtain optimal results. The most devastating complication of bariatric surgery is leak, which can carry a high risk of mortality if not detected and treated expediently. New nationwide databases have been developed to monitor outcomes and facilitate better understanding of the mechanisms of bariatric surgery. New horizons for the advancement of bariatric surgery are in the realm of surgery in adolescent and geriatric populations, the use of weight-loss surgery in lower body mass index ( 2 ) populations, and the use of surgery to cure the comorbidities of obesity.
SNR-based multipath error correction for GPS differential phase

Carrier phase multipath is currently the limiting error source for high precision Global Positioning System (GPS) applications such as attitude determination and short baseline surveying. Multipath is the corruption of the direct GPS signal by one or more signals reflected from the local surroundings. Multipath reflections affect both the carrier phase measured by the receiver and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). A technique is described which uses the SNR information to correct multipath errors in differential phase observations. The potential of the technique to reduce multipath to almost the level of receiver noise was demonstrated in simulations. The effectiveness on real data was demonstrated with controlled static experiments. Small errors remained, predominantly from high frequency multipath. The low frequency multipath was virtually eliminated. The remaining high frequency receiver noise can be easily removed by smoothing or Kalman filtering.
Predictors of in-hospital mortality for bloodstream infections caused by Enterobacter species or Citrobacter freundii.

Study Objective. To identify predictors of in-hospital mortality among patients with bacteremia caused by Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes, or Citrobacter freundii. Design. Retrospective cohort study. Setting. 1300-bed tertiary academic medical center. Patients. One hundred twenty-four patients who had bloodstream infections caused by E. cloacae (3), E. aerogenes (71), or C. freundii (50) between 1998 and 2004. Measurements and Main Results. Data from patients with bloodstream infections caused by Enterobacter sp or C. freundii were retrospectively segregated according to hospital survival (98 survivors, 26 nonsurvivors). Multiple patient characteristics and processes of care were evaluated to identify factors contributing to in-hospital mortality. Multiple logistic regression was performed based on univariate comparisons to determine independent risk factors for in-hospital mortality. Among the 124 cases of bacteremia, the crude in-hospital mortality rate was 21% (26 cases). Univariate analysis revealed that survivors were more likely to receive an aminoglycoside as part of their empiric antimicrobial regimen (40% [39/98]) compared with nonsurvivors (19% [5/26], p=0.05). Other factors related to antimicrobial therapy including choice and number of agents used did not differ between survivors and nonsurvivors (p>0.05). Vasopressor use (31% [30/98] vs 62% [16/26]), care in an intensive care unit (19% [19/98] vs 54% [14/26]), and acute renal failure (13% [13/98] vs 31% [8/26]) occurred more frequently in nonsurvivors (p<0.05). Multiple logistic regression identified resistance to second- or third-generation cephalosporins (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 5.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.66–10.0, p=0.013), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance (adjusted OR 5.44, 95% CI 2.53–11.7, p=0.027), and mechanical ventilation (adjusted OR 12.2, 95% CI 5.99–24.5, p<0.001) as independent determinants of mortality. Conclusion. Among patients with Enterobacter sp or C. freundii bloodstream infections, those with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-resistant or secondor third-generation cephalosporin-resistant strains or those who required mechanical ventilation had an increased risk of mortality.
Simulation in financial engineering

This paper presents an overview of the use of simulation algorithms in the field of financial engineering, assuming on the part of the reader no familiarity with finance and a modest familiarity with simulation methodology, but not its specialist research literature. The focus is on the challenges specific to financial simulations and the approaches that researchers have developed to handle them, although the paper does not constitute a comprehensive survey of the research literature. It offers to simulation researchers, professionals, and students an introduction to an application of increasing significance both within the simulation research community and among financial engineering practitioners.
Alteration in expression of myosin isoforms in detrusor smooth muscle following bladder outlet obstruction.

Partial urinary bladder outlet obstruction (PBOO) in men, secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia, induces detrusor smooth muscle (DSM) hypertrophy. However, despite DSM hypertrophy, some bladder...
TCP behavior with many flows

TCP's ability to share a bottleneck fairly and efficiently decreases as the number of competing flows increases. This effect starts to appear when there are more flows, than packers in the delay-bandwidth product. In the limit of large numbers of flows, TCP forces a packet loss rate approaching 50%, causing delays that users are likely to notice. TCP's minimum congestion window of one packet is the source of these problems: it causes a few flows to send too fast while the rest wait in re-transmission time-out. The particular packet loss rate is a function of TCP's abrupt transition front exponential backoff to sending with a window of one or more packets, and of the high rate at which TCP increases small congestion windows. Analysis of packet traces suggests that these aspects of TCP's algorithms contribute substantially to the total loss rate observed on the Internet. One way to work around the problem is to make sure routers have not just one round-trip time of buffering, but buffering proportional to the total number of active flows. A more fundamental cure might make TCP less aggressive and more adaptive when its congestion window is small.
An assistive tabletop keyboard for stroke rehabilitation

We propose a tabletop keyboard that assists stroke patients in using computers. Using computers for purposes such as paying bills, managing bank accounts, sending emails, etc., which all include typing, is part of Activities of Daily Living (ADL) that stroke patients wish to recover. To date, stroke rehabilitation research has greatly focused on using computer-assisted technology for rehabilitation. However, working with computers as a skill that patients need to recover has been neglected. The conventional human computer interfaces are mouse and keyboard. Using keyboard stays the main challenge for hemiplegic stroke patients because typing is usually a bimanual task. Therefore, we propose an assistive tabletop keyboard which is not only a novel computer interface that is specially designed to facilitate patient-computer interaction but also a rehab medium through which patients practice the desired arm/hand functions.
Track-to-track fusion with missing information: Empirical study: Tracking a variety of target types

Copious research has been done comparing various track-to-track methods via their calculated (theoretical) covariance. What has not been studied is how these various track-to-track methods actually perform (i.e., their empirical variance) against a variety of target types. This paper will compare best of breed, centralized measurement fusion, track to track (TTT) without memory (with and without cross correlation), information matrix fusion, and TTT with memory to see which method empirically has the lowest covariance against a variety of targets. These targets are a discrete white noise acceleration, constant velocity, and constant acceleration This study will further investigate how a track-to-track fusion center handles missing information, particularly estimating the process noise values (σ α ) for the sensor trackers and what happens to the relative quality of the estimates as the variance assumed at the fusion center is mismatched with those from the sensor trackers.
Comparison of Academic Development in Catholic versus Non- Catholic Private Secondary Schools

Utilizing hierarchical linear models, this study of 144 private schools (72 Catholic and 72 non-Catholic schools) drawn from the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 discovered that Catholic school students scored lower in reading than students at non-Catholic private schools. Analysis of internal school characteristics suggested that lower growth in reading achievement might be related in part to lower student morale in Catholic schools. However, we found no significant differences between Catholic and non-Catholic private secondary schools in the development of students' math, history/social studies, and science abilities from eighth to tenth grades. This study also identified important student- and school-level variables such as Catholicism, gender, risk factor, parental involvement, and enrollment size that help to explain the outcomes.
Diagnostic accuracy of keratoconus using anterior segment optical coherence tomography

The aims of the present study are i) to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of RTVue non-contact, high-resolution spectral domain optical coherence tomography (RTVue OCT) in identifying keratoconic eyes from a group of healthy eyes; and ii) to examine how the severity of disease affects diagnostic accuracy. Corneal thickness measurements were performed using the RTVue OCT on 58 eyes of 29 individuals (10 males, 19 females). Of them, 28 eyes were deemed to be keratoconic, and 30 eyes healthy on the basis of clinical findings. Sensitivity, specificity and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) area was calculated overall and by grouping eyes by severity of disease. On the whole, the ROC area was highest for the parameters minimum thickness and difference between minimum and maximum thickness of cornea (0.98). The ROC area for the parameters difference in superior nasal and inferior temporal thickness and difference in superior and inferior thickness was 0.81 and 0.77, respectively. The ROC area in identifying eyes with keratoconus varied as a function of severity of disease. From our analysis we can conclude that the RTVue OCT provides excellent diagnostic ability in identifying moderate to advanced cases of keratoconus.
“Teaching ‘The Big Two-Hearted River’: A Cognitive Approach to Leading Students into the Swamp”

The focus of this essay concerns the overlapping, potentially illuminating and educational contexts specific to Hemingway’s “The Big Two-Hearted River.” These contexts fall broadly into four categories: 1) those related to the intra- and extra-diegetic levels of the narrative and, specifically, the story of the protagonist’s fishing expedition; 2) those tied to the narrative’s creation, including those specific to Hemingway’s life and work; 3) those more elusive and yet no less important theoretical ones, including formalism, poststructuralism, ecocriticism, and, more recently, those that fall under the umbrella of cognitive-ecological understandings of literature; and, finally, 4) those contexts specific to contemporary environmental literature courses.
Women, Sports, and Journalism: Examining the Limited Role of Women in Student Newspaper Sports Reporting

While the involvement of women in journalism and athletics has grown significantly in recent decades, comparatively few women are involved in professional sports reporting. Yet, less is known regarding whether this trend is unique among professional journalists, or whether it begins earlier while journalists are still learning their profession and writing for their university student newspapers. To investigate this topic, this study involved a survey of university student newspaper staff members (n = 267) and a content analysis of six top student newspapers across the United States. Results of this study suggest that female sports reporters are uncommon in campus newsrooms and that women participate in sports reporting much less frequently than they participate in other related activities including journalism in general, playing sports, or watching sports. Further, results show that university student journalists are unaware of the inequality of coverage of men’s and women’s sports that exists in campus m...
The Era of Convergence.

For more than a decade, hundreds of scientists and engineers debated in conferences and contributed to books exploring the need and value of convergence across their fields and with society. Convergence advances an integrative approach across human dimensions, is based on the material unity of nature, and is best facilitated by a holistic approach with shared methodologies, theories, and goals. Convergence seeks to transcend existing human conflicts to achieve vastly improved conditions for work, learning, aging, and physical and cognitive wellness and to achieve shared human goals. Seven theories offer different perspectives on this complex dynamic and suggest why this century may be the Era of Convergence: (1) Economic Growth, (2) Specialization Network, (3) Reverse Salient, (4) Fundamental Principles, (5) Progress Asymptote, (6) Exogenous Revolution, and (7) Social Problems. Science and technology should serve the needs of human beings, and innovation is a complex social W.S. Bainbridge (*) Cyber-Human Systems Program, Division of Information and Intelligent Systems, National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA, USA e-mail: wbainbri@nsf.gov M.C. Roco National Science Foundation and National Nanotechnology Initiative, Arlington, VA, USA e-mail: mroco@nsf.gov # Springer International Publishing Switzerland (outside the USA) 2016 W.S. Bainbridge, M.C. Roco (eds.), Handbook of Science and Technology Convergence, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-07052-0_1 1 enterprise. Thus, convergence must include transformative tools, ethics, the social sciences, political diversity, the arts, and humanities. For the sake of clarity and comparison, the chapters of this handbook are organized in six sections: (1) Concepts and Methods, (2) Foundational Technologies Platform, (3) Human-Scale Platform, (4) Earth-Scale Platform, (5) Societal-Scale Platform, and (6) Convergence in Education.
The effects of cumulative victimization on mental health among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender adolescents and young adults

Objectives. To examine the effects of the cumulative victimization experienced by lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youths on mental disorders.Methods. We recruited 248 participants from the Chicago, Illinois, area in 7 waves of data collected over 4 years, beginning in 2007 (83.1% retention rate). Mean age at enrollment was 18.7 years, and 54.7% were Black. We measured depression and posttraumatic stress disorder using structured psychiatric interviews.Results. Latent class analyses of victimization over time identified a 4-class solution. Class 1 (65.4%) had low, decreasing victimization. Class 2 (10.3%) had moderate, increasing victimization. Class 3 (5.1%) had high, steady victimization. Class 4 (19.2%) had high, decreasing victimization. Controlling for baseline diagnoses and birth sex, lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youths in classes 2 and 3 were at higher risk for depression than were those in class 1; youths in classes 2, 3, and 4 were at elevated risk for posttraumatic stress disor...
Application of near infrared multi-spectral CCD imager to determine the hemodynamic changes in prostate tumor

Hemodynamic changes in implanted prostate tumors can be monitored non-invasively with high spatio-temporal resolution using multi-wavelength near infrared CCD imaging system. This technique aids studies of tumor vasculature and heterogeneity.
Effects of soybean trichome density on Mexican bean beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) development and feeding preference

The effect of trichome density on Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis Mulsant, development was studied using larvae reared on 3 soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, isolines isogenic except for trichome density: glabrous, normal, and dense. Larvae completed the 1st instar most quickly on pubescent plants, whereas 3rd-instar duration was shortest on glabrous plants; however, total larval development did not differ significantly. Larvae reared on the glabrous isoline had 14–29% greater mean dry pupal weights than larvae reared on the dense and normal isolines. Finally, larval mortality was 2.5—5 times greater on the densely pubescent isoline compared with the glabrous and the normal isolines. Feeding preference, as determined by choice tests, also significantly varied among developmental stages. Firstinstar larvae caused 6–8 times more feeding damage on the pubescent isolines than on the glabrous isoline; whereas, 3rd and 4th instars caused 3–13 times more damage on the glabrous isoline than on the normal and dense isolines. Adults did not show a significant feeding preference. In addition, female beetles did not exhibit a significant oviposition preference. Overall, these results suggest that soybean trichomes may provide limited resistance against the Mexican bean beetle, particularly against older larvae. The lower pupal mass and increased mortality on isolines with trichomes also suggest that trichomes may influence the population dynamics of the Mexican bean beetle.
Highly scalable, uniform, and sensitive biosensors based on top-down indium oxide nanoribbons and electronic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Nanostructure field-effect transistor (FET) biosensors have shown great promise for ultra sensitive biomolecular detection. Top-down assembly of these sensors increases scalability and device unifo...
A Synthesis of Hybrid CFD Results for F-16XL Aircraft Aerodynamics

A synthesis is presented of recent numerical predictions for the F-16XL aircraft flow fields and aerodynamics. The computational results were all performed with hybrid RANS/LES formulations, with an emphasis on unsteady flows and subsequent aerodynamics, and results from five computational methods are included. The work was focused on one particular low-speed, high angle-of-attack flight test condition, and comparisons against flight-test data are included.
Fate of staphylococci in fresh rabbit blood and serum.

SummaryA method is presented to enable measurement of the initial bactericidal activity in freshly-drawn blood. Although Staphylococcus epidermidis was quickly killed by rabbit serum, whole blood did not become bactericidal until it clotted. The β-lysin which is presumably responsible for the death of gram-positive bacteria in serum could not be released from platelets into the circulating blood by injection of endotoxin into sensitized rabbits. No inhibitor for β-lysin was found in unclotted blood.
Global Regulator of Virulence A (GrvA) Coordinates Expression of Discrete Pathogenic Mechanisms in Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli through Interactions with GadW-GadE

ABSTRACT Global regulator of virulence A (GrvA) is a ToxR-family transcriptional regulator that activates locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE)-dependent adherence in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). LEE activation by GrvA requires the Rcs phosphorelay response regulator RcsB and is sensitive to physiologically relevant concentrations of bicarbonate, a known stimulant of virulence systems in intestinal pathogens. This study determines the genomic scale of GrvA-dependent regulation and uncovers details of the molecular mechanism underlying GrvA-dependent regulation of pathogenic mechanisms in EHEC. In a grvA -null background of EHEC strain TW14359, RNA sequencing analysis revealed the altered expression of over 700 genes, including the downregulation of LEE- and non-LEE-encoded effectors and the upregulation of genes for glutamate-dependent acid resistance (GDAR). Upregulation of GDAR genes corresponded with a marked increase in acid resistance. GrvA-dependent regulation of GDAR and the LEE required gadE , the central activator of GDAR genes and a direct repressor of the LEE. Control of gadE by GrvA was further determined to occur through downregulation of the gadE activator GadW. This interaction of GrvA with GadW-GadE represses the acid resistance phenotype, while it concomitantly activates the LEE-dependent adherence and secretion of immune subversion effectors. The results of this study significantly broaden the scope of GrvA-dependent regulation and its role in EHEC pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is an intestinal human pathogen causing acute hemorrhagic colitis and life-threatening hemolytic-uremic syndrome. For successful transmission and gut colonization, EHEC relies on the glutamate-dependent acid resistance (GDAR) system and a type III secretion apparatus, encoded on the LEE pathogenicity island. This study investigates the mechanism whereby the DNA-binding regulator GrvA coordinates activation of the LEE with repression of GDAR. Investigating how these systems are regulated leads to an understanding of pathogenic behavior and novel strategies aimed at disease prevention and control.
Asthma and asthma-related health care utilization among people without disabilities and people with physical disabilities.

Abstract Background Previous research has shown that people with disabilities have higher rates of some chronic diseases and receive poorer disease-specific care than their counterparts without disabilities. Yet, little is known about the relationship between asthma and disability. Objective This study examines whether differences in the prevalence of asthma, asthma flare, and asthma-related measures of health care quality, utilization and cost exist among people with physical limitations (PL) and without any limitations. Methods Data from the 2004–2010 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey were pooled to compare outcomes for working-age adults (18–64) with PL to those with no limitations. Results People with PL had higher rates of asthma (13.8% vs. 5.9%, p p Conclusions Although there are no differences in asthma-related quality or utilization of health care, people with PL have poorer asthma control than people without limitations. Research is needed to determine what factors (e.g., focus on other acute ailments, perceptions that asthma control cannot improve) are related to this outcome. Future research must also examine differences in asthma severity, and its impact on asthma control and health care-related outcomes, among people with and without disabilities.
The acoustic parameters of stress in relation to syllable position, speech loudness and rate.

Previous research suggests that at the acoustic level stress is characterized by a complex trading relationship between syllabic fundamental frequency, duration, and amplitude. The present investigation was an attempt to isolate certain speech variables which in addition to phonetic quality and context may exert consistent influences on this trading relationship. Recordings were made of ten speakers' productions of the sentences " Say /'sasa/ please " and " Say /sa'sa/ please " spoken at normal, increased, and decreased rates and loudness of utterance. Spectrographic and oscilloscopic analysis of /'sasa/ and /sa'sa/ revealed the following: (1) Syllable position is a highly significant determiner of the acoustic character of stress, fundamental frequency contrast predominating in /'sαsα/ and duration contrast predominating in /sα'sα/; (2) Fundamental frequency and amplitude contrast between stressed and unstressed syllabics is significantly less during soft speech as compared to normal speech, suggesting t...
The Natural History of Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Computer Analysis

AbstractSurvival factors of 86 patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma were studied by computer analysis. Cumulative survival was 53 per cent at 6 months, 43 per cent at 1 year, 26 per cent at 2 years and 13 per cent at 5 years. Survival was influenced favorably by confinement of metastases to the lungs, by the absence of local recurrence or persistence of tumor and by a longer interval free of disease after removal of the primary tumor. Medical therapy improved survival during the first year after diagnosis of metastases but no objective regression of tumor was observed. Excision of metastatic foci significantly improved survival for up to 5 years (p < 0.05 and p < 0.02) after which most patients died of recurrence. Palliative or adjunctive nephrectomy in patients with metastases was associated with a 6 per cent mortality rate but it increased survival over other patients with metastases at the time of diagnosis of renal carcinoma who did not undergo nephrectomy. This difference was owing to patien...
Fine-Needle Aspiration

Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is a quick, valuable, minimally invasive procedure to assess the nature of a thyroidal mass. It should not be confused with “needle biopsy,” which requires a Tru-Cut or Vim-Silverman needle and yields tissue fragments for histologic diagnosis. Details of the FNA technique and the equipment required have been described. Of particular importance is the use of a syringe holder and needles with clear plastic hubs (Oertel, J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:1467–8, 1995). It is essential to use little or no suction when aspirating the lesions (Oertel, Cytopathology 8:134–8, 1997; Oertel, Diagn Cytopathol 30:295–6, 2004).