cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Upsides and downsides: contrasting topographic gradients in species richness and associated scenarios for climate change.

Aim We tested whether montane butterflies exhibit similar responses to elevation in two adjacent mountain ranges in the Great Basin; whether surface water availability, canyon depth and canyon width vary predictably with elevation; and whether those factors act in conjunction with elevation to generate the observed gradients in species richness. These variables might reasonably be expected to affect species richness of butterflies and can be derived readily for most landscapes. We also explored how climate change may affect species distributions in both mountain ranges. Location Field research was conducted in the Toiyabe and Toquima ranges, Lander and Nye counties, Nevada, USA. Methods We obtained data for 102 locations in the Toiyabe Range and 49 locations in the Toquima Range. These locations covered an elevational gradient of c.1350 m in the Toiyabe Range and 900 m in the Toquima Range. Species richness data were based upon comprehensive field inventories. Elevation was measured by differentially corrected global positioning systems. Values for the remaining predictive variables were derived using geographic information systems. Availability of surface water was quantified as the distance from the centre of the inventory route to the nearest permanent source of running or standing water. Results In the Toiyabe Range, species richness decreases as elevation increases. Water availability and canyon depth and width vary predictably with elevation, but do not interact with elevation to affect species richness patterns. In the Toquima range, in contrast, species richness increases as elevation increases, and no other predictive variable covaries with elevation. Main conclusions We suggest that range-specific gradients in climatic severity contribute to the distinct elevational gradients in species richness. In the face of climate change, species richness patterns in the Toquima range will likely remain similar. The elevational gradient in species richness in the Toiyabe range may flatten, or the patterns in the two ranges may converge.
Nanosecond Stokes shift dynamics, dynamical transition, and gigantic reorganization energy of hydrated heme proteins.

We report numerical simulations of three hydrated heme proteins, myoglobin, cytochrome c, and cytochrome B562. The properties of interest are the dynamics and statistics of the electric field and electrostatic potential at heme's iron, as well as their separation into the protein and water components. We find that the electric field produced by both the protein and the hydration water relaxes on the time scale of 3-6 ns, and the relaxation time of the electrostatic potential is close to 1 ns. The slow dynamics of the electrostatic observables is accompanied by their large variances. For the electrostatic potential, a large amplitude of its fluctuations leads to a gigantic reorganization energy of a half redox reaction changing the redox state of the protein. Both a large magnitude and a slow relaxation time of the electric field fluctuations are required to explain the onset of large mean-square displacements of iron at the point of protein's dynamical transition. These requirements are met by the simulations which are used to explain the temperature dependence of heme iron displacements measured by Mossbauer spectroscopy. All three phenomena, (i) nanosecond dynamics, (ii) protein dynamical transition and a large high-temperature excess of atomic mean-square displacements, and (iii) the gigantic reorganization energy, are explained here by one physical mechanism. This mechanism involves two components: nanosecond motions of the protein surface residues and polarization of the interfacial water by the protein charges. Global nanosecond conformations of the protein move the surface water. Since water is polarized, these movements create large-amplitude electrostatic fluctuations, sufficient to modify displacements of groups inside the protein and yield reorganization energies of protein electron transfer far exceeding those found for small molecules. Water follows adiabatically the protein motions. Therefore, the relaxation times of the protein and its hydration layer are close, leading to matching temperatures of the dynamical transition for the two components.
President's page: transformation, transmogrification, transfiguration, et al.

![Figure][1] David R. Holmes, Jr., MD, FACC ACC President “Transformation, transmogrification, transfiguration, et al.” relates to fundamental changes in the way we view the world and the way we think and act, and in so doing, shape the future that occurs each day. Organizations and
Boron removal in RO seawater desalination

Abstract In the seawater desalination field, the WHO requires that boron concentration in drinking water be below 0.5 mg/l, and this requirement has affected SWRO process design because of the difficulty in achieving such a low boron concentration. In order to overcome this problem, anew SWRO membrane element with higher boron-rejecting performance was developed. This new SWRO membrane element exhibits excellent boron rejection performance of 94–96% with high TDS rejection and high water productivity. This new membrane element could reduce posttreatment loading, and it might, lower drinking water production costs. In order to evaluate the economic impact of the new membrane, the production cost of various SWRO systems with post-treatment processes, the BWRO at high pH conditions and boron-adsorbent resin were estimated. As a result, the coot reduction of the new SWRO membrane was estimated to be up to 20% compared to conventional SWRO membranes. The three-stage system, which consists of SWRO followed by BWRO at high pH and the boron-adsorbent resin for the BWRO concentrate, was the most cost effective.
Method of orbits and Virasoro Ward identity

Abstract Using the Kirillov-Kostant method of orbits for the Virasoro group, the Virasoro Ward identity is derived as a result of left ( diffS 1 -invariance. It is pointed out that this can be defined only on the “model” space, not on each coadjoint orbit. This also clarifies the geometrical meaning of Virasoro symmetry with respect to the geometric action.
Design Criteria for Multi-Axis Closed Loop Computer Numerical Control Systems

Automatic machine tools have traditionally been controlled by hard-wired numerical controllers (NC). Recently, systems have been introduced which use a general purpose mini-computer (CNC). Some of these computer systems generate position references and close the position control loops of the machine tool’s feed axes using software, while others retain these functions in hardware. If the software approach is used, the dynamic performance of the system may be degraded. This paper investigates the constraints necessary to avoid severe performance degradation.
Characterization of the Operon Encoding the Holliday Junction Helicase RuvAB from Mycoplasma genitalium and Its Role in mgpB and mgpC Gene Variation

Mycoplasma genitalium is an emerging sexually transmitted pathogen associated with reproductive tract disease in men and women, and it can persist for months to years despite the development of a robust antibody response. Mechanisms that may contribute to persistence in vivo include phase and antigenic variation of the MgpB and MgpC adhesins. These processes occur by segmental recombination between discrete variable regions within mgpB and mgpC and multiple archived donor sequences termed MgPa repeats (MgPars). The molecular factors governing mgpB and mgpC variation are poorly understood and obscured by the paucity of recombination genes conserved in the M. genitalium genome. Recently, we demonstrated the requirement for RecA using a quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay developed to measure recombination between the mgpB and mgpC genes and MgPars. Here, we expand these studies by examining the roles of M. genitalium ruvA and ruvB homologs. Deletion of ruvA and ruvB impaired the ability to generate mgpB and mgpC phase and sequence variants, and these deficiencies could be complemented with wild-type copies, including the ruvA gene from Mycoplasma pneumoniae. In contrast, ruvA and ruvB deletions did not affect the sensitivity to UV irradiation, reinforcing our previous findings that the recombinational repair pathway plays a minor role in M. genitalium. Reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and primer extension analyses also revealed a complex transcriptional organization of the RuvAB system of M. genitalium, which is cotranscribed with two novel open reading frames (ORFs) (termed ORF1 and ORF2 herein) conserved only in M. pneumoniae. These findings suggest that these novel ORFs may play a role in recombination in these two closely related bacteria.
Automatic structure and parameter training methods for modeling of mechanical systems by recurrent neural networks

Abstract Automatic nonlinear-system identification is very useful for various disciplines including, e.g., automatic control, mechanical diagnostics and financial market prediction. This paper describes a fully automatic structural and weight learning method for recurrent neural networks (RNN). The basic idea is training with residuals, i.e., a single hidden neuron RNN is trained to track the residuals of an existing network before it is augmented to the existing network to form a larger and, hopefully, better network. The network continues to grow until either a desired level of accuracy or a preset maximal number of neurons is reached. The method requires no guessing of initial weight values or the number of neurons in the hidden layer from users. This new structural and weight learning algorithm is used to find RNN models for a two-degree-of-freedom planar robot, a Van der Pol oscillator and a Mackey–Glass equation using their simulated responses to excitations. The algorithm is able to find good RNN models in all three cases.
A century of mass spectrometry: from atoms to proteomes

Long before mass spectrometry became an important tool for cell biology, it was yielding scientific insights in physics and chemistry. Here is a brief history of how the technology has expanded from a tool for studying atomic structure and characterizing small molecules to its current incarnation as the most powerful technique for analyzing proteomes.
Hypothalamic Leptin Signaling Regulates Hepatic Insulin Sensitivity via a Neurocircuit Involving the Vagus Nerve

Recent evidence suggests that hormones such as insulin and leptin act in the hypothalamus to regulate energy balance and glucose metabolism. Here we show that in leptin receptor-deficient Koletsky (fa(k)/fa(k)) rats, adenovirally induced expression of leptin receptors in the area of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus improved peripheral insulin sensitivity via enhanced suppression of hepatic glucose production, with no change of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake or disposal. This effect was associated with increased insulin signal transduction via phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (as measured by pY-insulin receptor substrate-1 and pS-PKB/Akt) in liver, but not skeletal muscle, and with reduced hepatic expression of the gluconeogenic genes, glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate kinase. Moreover, the beneficial effects of hypothalamic leptin signaling on hepatic insulin sensitivity were blocked by selective hepatic vagotomy. We conclude that hypothalamic leptin action increases peripheral insulin sensitivity primarily via effects on the liver and that the mechanism underlying this effect is dependent on the hepatic branch of the vagus nerve.
Mediastinal lipoblastoma involving the left innominate vein and the left phrenic nerve

Lipoblastoma, a rare tumor of childhood, was first described by Vellois and associates in 1958. The extremities are the most common location for this tumor. Mediastinal lipoblastoma is exceedingly rare, with only four cases reported in the English-language literature. The authors report a case of mediastinal lipoblastoma in a 6-year-old girl, which, in contrast to previously reported cases, presented late in childhood and included sacrifice of the left innominate vein and phrenic nerve for successful resection.
Saving Open Spaces: Determinants of 1998 and 1999 "Antisprawl" Ballot Measures *

Objective. Although such measures received media attention as indicative of a nationwide rebellion against sprawl, determinants of the appearance and success of 1998 and 1999 open-space preservation ballot measures have not been investigated. We suspect that, contrary to assumptions, these are not triggered by sprawled development and represent a response limited to small, wealthy communities. Methods. The influence of population density, total population, percentage of Anglos, and median income on these initiatives is estimated through regression. Results. Low population density is not the trigger for the appearance and passage of these measures; however, demographic factors determinant of limits on growth in general do exhibit significant influence. Conclusions. The 1998 and 1999 open-space measures are better explained by the broad “growth machine” approach than they are by popular assumptions of what prompted these policies. In short, the existence of sprawl lacks a positive empirical link to its putative solution.
Dyson orbitals, quasi-particle effects and Compton scattering

Dyson orbitals play an important role in understanding quasi-particle effects in the correlated ground state of a many-particle system and are relevant for describing the Compton scattering cross section beyond the frameworks of the impulse approximation (IA) and the independent particle model (IPM). Here we discuss corrections to the Kohn–Sham energies due to quasi-particle effects in terms of Dyson orbitals and obtain a relatively simple local form of the exchange–correlation energy. Illustrative examples are presented to show the usefulness of our scheme.
The adsorption and desorption of ferrocene on Ag(100)

The molecular adsorption and desorption of ferrocene, Fe(C5H5)2, on Ag(100) have been studied by both photoemission and thermal desorption. Photoemission results indicate that the initially adsorbed surface species closely resemble that of molecular ferrocene. The molecule is adsorbed with the cyclopentadienyl (C5H5) ring ligands parallel to the surface, as determined by electron energy-loss spectroscopy. The shift in photoemission binding energies relative to the gas phase is largely independent of the molecular orbital. The ultraviolet light does lead to partial fragmentation of the ferrocene, but fragmentation occurs only in the presence of incident radiation. The energetics of molecular desorption are influenced by lateral interactions within the molecularly adsorbed film.
Congenital absence of peripheral myelin: abnormal Schwann cell development causes lethal arthrogryposis multiplex congenita.

We describe a 37-week gestational age infant who presented with lethal arthrogryposis multiplex congenita due to complete absence of peripheral nervous system (PNS) myelin. Schwann cells accomplished successful developmental proliferation, migration, axonal ensheathment, basal lamina production, and subsequent cessation of proliferation, but failed in spiral lengthening and longitudinal growth. Internuclear distance was very short, resulting in marked Schwann cell hyper-cellularity. No supernumerary Schwann cells (onion bulbs) were found. No PNS myelin proteins (P 0 , P 1 , MAG) were detected by immunocytochemical methods, and the Schwann cells adopted many morphologic features characteristic of unmyelinated nerves. The defect appears to be an arrest in Schwann cell differentiation at the stages of mesaxon elongation and longitudinal growth.
A new method for the study of velopharyngeal function using gated magnetic resonance imaging.

The purpose of this project was to assess the feasibility of imaging the velopharynx of adult volunteers during repetitive speech, using gated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Although a number of investigators have used conventional MRI in the study of the human vocal tract, the mismatch between the lengthy time necessary to acquire sufficiently detailed images and the rapidity of movement of the vocal tract during speech has forced investigators to acquire images either while the subject is at rest or during sustained utterances. The technique used here acquired a portion of each image during repetitive utterances, building the full image over multiple utterance cycles. The velopharyngeal portal was imaged on a 1.5-Tesla GE Signa LX 8.2 platform with gated fast spoiled gradient echo protocol. An external 1-Hertz trigger was fed to the cardiac gate. Subjects synchronized utterance of consonant-vowel syllables to a flashing light synchronized with the external trigger. Each acquisition of 30 phases per second at a single-slice location took 22 to 29 seconds. Four consonant-vowel syllables (/pa/,/ma/,/sa/, and /ka/) were evaluated. Subjects vocalized throughout the acquisition, beginning 5 to 6 seconds beforehand to establish a regular rhythm. Imaging of the velopharyngeal portal was performed for sagittal, velopharyngeal axial (aligned perpendicular to the “knee” of the velum), axial, and coronal planes. Volumes were obtained by sequential acquisition of six to 10 slices (each with 30 phases) in the axial or sagittal planes during repetition of the/pa/syllable. Spatiotemporal volumes of the single-slice data were sectioned to provide time-motion images (analogous to M-mode echocardiograms). Three-dimensional dynamic volume renderings of palate motion were displayed interactively (Vortex; CieMed, Singapore). A method suitable for the collection and visualization of four-dimensional information regarding monosyllabic speech using gated MRI was developed. These techniques were applied to a population of adult volunteer subjects with no history of speech problems and two patients with a history of cleft lip and palate. The techniques allowed good real-time visualization of velopharyngeal anatomy during its entire range of motion and was also able to image pathology-specific anatomic differences in the subjects with cleft lip and cleft palate. These methods may be applicable to a wide spectrum of problems in speech physiology research and for clinical decision-making regarding surgery for speech and outcomes analysis. (Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 109: 472, 2002.)
The R-factor gap in macromolecular crystallography: an untapped potential for insights on accurate structures

In macromolecular crystallography, the agreement between observed and predicted structure factors (Rcryst and Rfree) is seldom better than 20%. This is much larger than the estimate of experimental error (Rmerge). The difference between Rcryst and Rmerge is the R-factor gap. There is no such gap in small-molecule crystallography, for which calculated structure factors are generally considered more accurate than the experimental measurements. Perhaps the true noise level of macromolecular data is higher than expected? Or is the gap caused by inaccurate phases that trap refined models in local minima? By generating simulated diffraction patterns using the program MLFSOM, and including every conceivable source of experimental error, we show that neither is the case. Processing our simulated data yielded values that were indistinguishable from those of real data for all crystallographic statistics except the final Rcryst and Rfree. These values decreased to 3.8% and 5.5% for simulated data, suggesting that the reason for high R-factors in macromolecular crystallography is neither experimental error nor phase bias, but rather an underlying inadequacy in the models used to explain our observations. The present inability to accurately represent the entire macromolecule with both its flexibility and its protein-solvent interface may be improved by synergies between small-angle X-ray scattering, computational chemistry and crystallography. The exciting implication of our finding is that macromolecular data contain substantial hidden and untapped potential to resolve ambiguities in the true nature of the nanoscale, a task that the second century of crystallography promises to fulfill. Database Coordinates and structure factors for the real data have been submitted to the Protein Data Bank under accession 4tws.
Classical control system design and experiment for the Mini-Mast truss structure

This paper describes control system design and experimental test results for the Mini-Mast truss structure located at the NASA Langley Research Center. Simple classical controllers and their ground test results are presented as a benchmark design for the Mini-Mast. The concepts of non-minimum-phase compensation and periodic disturbance rejection control are experimentally validated. The practicality, of a sensor decoupling approach for the classical single-input and single-output control design is also demonstrated. The test results that clearly indicate the undesirable effect of phase lag caused by computational delay and prefiltering are discussed.
Error bounds for asymptotic expansion of the conditional variance of the scale mixtures of the multivariate normal distribution

Let X= A1/2G be a scale mixture of a multivariate normal distribution with X, G∈ ℝn, Gis a multivariate normal vector, and A is a positive random variable independent of the multivariate random vector G. This study presents asymptotic results of the conditional variance-covariance, Cov(X2|X1), X1∈ ℝm, m < n, under some moment expressions. A new representation form is also presented for conditional expectation of the scale variable on the random vector X1∈ ℝm, m < n. Both the asymptotic expression and the representation are manageable and in computable form. Finally, an example is presented to illustrate how the computations are carried out.
Dopamine receptor function after chronic ingestion of ethanol

Abstract Investigations of physiologic, behavioral and biochemical correlates of CNS dopamine receptor function indicate that chronic ingestion of ethanol by mice results in “sub-sensitive” dopamine receptors.
A minimal approach to causal inference on topologies with bounded indegree

The structure of the causal interdependencies between processes in a causal, stochastic dynamical system can be succinctly characterized by a generative model. Inferring the structure of the generative model, however, requires calculating divergences using the full joint statistics. For the case when an upperbound on the indegree of each process is known, we describe a computationally efficient method using directed information which does not require the full statistics and recovers the parents of each process independently from finding the parents of other processes.
Boosting Interactive Evolution using Human Computation Markets

Interactive evolution, i.e. leveraging human input for selection in an evolutionary algorithm, is effective when an appropriate fitness function is hard to quantify yet solution quality is easily recognizable by humans. However, single-user applications of interactive evolution are limited by user fatigue: Humans become bored with monotonous evaluations. This paper explores the potential for bypassing such fatigue by directly purchasing human input from human computation markets. Experiments evolving aesthetic images show that purchased human input can be leveraged more economically when evolution is first seeded by optimizing a purely-computational aesthetic measure. Further experiments in the same domain validate a system feature, demonstrating how human computation can help guide interactive evolution system design. Finally, experiments in an image composition domain show the approach’s potential to make interactive evolution scalable even in tasks that are not inherently enjoyable. The conclusion is that human computation markets make it possible to apply a powerful form of selection pressure mechanically in evolutionary algorithms.
Indices Predicting Long-term Survival after Valve Replacement in Patients with Aortic Regurgitation and Patients with Aortic Stenosis

The long-term results of aortic valve replacement were reviewed in all 88 patients with isolated aortic regurgitation and all 103 patients with isolated aortic stenosis who were operated upon at the National Heart and Lung Institute from 1963 to 1971. Survival curves were compared to determine whether any of 30 preoperative clinical and hemodynamic findings correlated with long-term survival. The indices that were of predictive value in patients with aortic regurgitation were found to be different from those in aortic stenosis. Symptoms, cardiac index, and cardiothoracic ratio did not influence survival in patients with aortic regurgitation. In these patients, survival was inversely correlated with the level of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP): six-year survival was 74% in patients with LVEDP ≤ 10 mm Hg, 41% with LVEDP 11-20 ( P 20 ( P 6 survived ( P P .45 ( P
Visualization-based Decision Tool for Urban Meteorological Modeling

We present a visualization-based decision tool that enables exploring the link between urban land use and urban weather, in particular predicting and visualizing changes in urban temperature, precipitation, and humidity. Our work combines recent work from urban planning, weather and climate studies, and visualization and computer graphics. Our approach uses an interactive tool to produce quickly and automatically plausible detailed 3D city models by means of a hybrid computational simulation of urban behavior and procedural urban geometry. From the city model, urban morphology parameters are efficiently computed and used by our custom meteorological simulator which considers the influence of the urban landscape. The result is a compelling visualization ability for understanding the complex feedback between urban land use and the regional meteorology of current cities and of potential future cities with desired greening patterns. Our work includes a case-study example spanning a 1600 km2 area.
Application of Filtering Techniques for Incident Detection

Traffic data, essential for the detection of freeway incidents, are often corrupted by impulsive noise and short‐term traffic inhomogeneities that may impair detection performance. Rigorous data filtering can reduce the undesirable noise and enhance the incident signal. A new incident detection algorithm is developed that employs short‐term time averaging (low‐pass filter) to reduce the adverse effects of short‐term traffic fluctuations and impulsive noise in the detection process. The detection algorithm traces the filtered spatial occupancy difference between adjacent detector stations through time, and detects an incident when this difference changes significantly in a short time period. The new algorithm was evaluated with data from a congested freeway in the Minneapolis‐St. Paul metropolitan area and compared against major existing algorithms. Test results indicate the ability of the Minnesota algorithm to significantly alleviate the false‐alarm problem, while preserving high detection performance, a...
Root phosphatase activity of sorghum genotypes grown with organic and inorganic sources of phosphorus

Abstract Relatively insoluble sources of phosphorus (P) may require solubilization, and organic P (Po) may require hydrolysis to inorganic P (Pi) before P can be readily absorbed by plants roots. The mechanisms for these processes, however, are unknown. Root phosphatase (Pase) activity was measured to assess its relationships to P uptake by seven sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] genotypes grown with Po (ethylammonium phosphate, glycerophosphate, and phenylphosphate) and Pi (KH2PO4, calcium tribasic phosphate, calcium pyrophosphate, aluminum phosphate, and ferric phosphate) in nutrient solutions in a greenhouse. Plants grown with Po had lower root Pase activities than plants grown with Pi NB9040 and SC369–3–1JB (tolerant to low levels of P) had lower root Pase activities than CK60‐Korgi and SC33–9–8‐E4 (sensitive to low levels of P), with the other genotypes having intermediate root Pase activities. Higher root Pase activity was associated with lower root P concentrations, but Pase activity was not re...
The relationship between environmental amenities and changing human settlement patterns between 1980 and 2000 in the Midwestern USA

Natural resource amenities may be an attractor as people decide where they will live and invest in property. In the American Midwest these amenities range from lakes to forests to pastoral landscapes, depending on the ecological province. We used simple linear regression models to test the hypotheses that physiographic, land cover (composition and spatial pattern), forest characteristics, land use on undeveloped land, public ownership, soil productivity and proximity to urban centers predict changes in population, housing, and seasonal housing densities over a 10-year interval (1980-1990). We then generated multiple-regression models to predict population, total and seasonal housing density change in the most recent decade (1990-2000) based on ownership and ecological conditions in 1990 and tested them by comparing the predictions to actual change measured by the US Census Bureau. Our results indicate that the independent variables explained between 25 and 40% of the variability in population density change, 42-67% of the variability of total housing density change, and 13-32% of the variability in seasonal housing density change in the 1980s, depending on the province. The strength of the relationships between independent and dependent variables varied by province, and in some cases the sign varied as well. Topographic relief was significantly related to population growth in all provinces, and land cover composition and the presence of water was significantly related to total housing growth in all provinces. There was a surprisingly limited association of any of the independent variables to seasonal housing growth in the northern province, which is commonly perceived to attract seasonal use because of ecological amenities. Proximity to urban centers is related to population and housing density change, but not seasonal housing density change. Our tests indicated that models for population density change showed some utility, but the models for total and seasonal housing density generally performed poorly. Ecologic variables were consistently poor at predicting seasonal housing density change. Our results show that environmental characteristics appear to have some influence on the spatial distribution of population and housing change in the Midwest, although other factors that were not modeled are clearly dominant.
Trophic polymorphism in a riverine fish: morphological, dietary, and genetic analysis of mountain whitefish

Trophic polymorphisms are a prominent form of phenotypic diversification in many animal taxa. Northern temperate lakes have become model systems for the investigation of sympatric speciation due to trophic polymorphisms. Many examples of niche-based phenotypic variation occur in temperate lakes, whereas northern rivers offer few such examples. To further investigate the conditions under which trophic polymorphisms are likely to evolve, the present study examined phenotypic variation related to snout size and shape in the mountain whitefish (Salmonidae: Prosopium williamsoni), which has been hypothesized to exhibit a rare example of reproductively isolated trophic morphs in a northern river-dwelling fish species. Variation in snout size and shape increased greatly with body size and, although this variation was continuously distributed, individuals in the largest size class tended to lie at phenotypic extremes. At one extreme were individuals with a large bulbous snout and a sloping forehead (‘pinocchio’), and at the other were individuals that lack the bulbous snout and have a concave forehead (‘normal’). The pinocchio trait may result from a stage-specific developmental switch that occurs late in ontogeny. Consistent differences were found with respect to diet between individuals with extreme snout morphologies, but no evidence was found for assortative mating within populations at seven microsatellite loci. The explosive mating system of this species may be responsible for this lack of assortative mating. The present study highlights the influence of ecological factors in shaping phenotypic and behavioural diversification due to trophic morphology. © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 92, 253–267.
Novel time-varying 3D display of wall motion, strain, strain rate and torsion for LV function assessment

Advanced post processing of the standard acquisitions of echocardiographic data (i.e. 3 parallel short-axis views and 3 rotational long axis views) results in a total of 72 time-varying traces of segmental linear strains and 18 traces of segmental rotational data. If one separates the signal into endo, mid, and epicardial myocardial layers, a staggering 246 time-varying traces are available. The synthesis of this amount of data is extremely difficult. Our goal was to develop tools that can visualize this complex dataset in a single representation and use these tools to assess LV function in subjects to examine characteristic patterns.
Predicting Intent to Consume Beef: Normative Versus Attitudinal Influences1

The Ajzen-Fishbein (1980) model to predict intent to perform behavior was used to assess the intent to consume beef among a stratified random sample of 400 Texas women. It was found that attitudes toward consuming beef do not predict directly intent to consume beef, but the subjective norm does. Specifically, the respondent's husband and friends strongly affect her intention to consume less beef. Thus, knowing the subjective norm permits prediction of her intentions because such intentions are not under attitudinal control. These findings call for an intensification of research efforts on food consumption on social influences such as referent others.
Safe Storage of Handguns: What Do the Police Recommend?

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the specific suggestions that local police departments in the United States give to parents who ask for advice about methods to safely store handguns. METHODS: A cross-sectional, semistructured telephone survey was administered to a sample of 102 police departments in the United States in cities with populations of 10,000 or more, selected within blocks of cities of similar population size. An investigator, posing as a parent of 3-year-old and 10-year-old children, called departments seeking specific advice on how to safely store a handgun acquired for protection. RESULTS: Usable responses were generated for 93 (91%) of the departments sampled. Only 3 departments (3.2%) refused to give advice over the telephone. The most commonly suggested storage methods were trigger locks (55 departments [59%]), portable lockboxes for handguns (48 [52%]), and the separation of guns from ammunition (30 [32%]). Seven percent of departments suggested removing the gun from the household. Over half of those suggesting trigger locks and lockboxes considered these devices safe (35 [64%] for trigger locks and 27 [56%] for lockboxes) and yet rapidly accessible to an adult (36 [65%] for trigger locks and 36 [75%] for lockboxes). Responding police officers most commonly reported using the following storage methods at home: no storage method (31 [38%]), portable lockboxes (23 [28%]), out-of-reach location (11 [13%]), separation of gun and ammunition (10 [12%]), and trigger locks (5 [6%]). CONCLUSIONS: Trigger locks are frequently recommended but infrequently used by police themselves at home. Portable lockboxes are frequently recommended as well as used by police.
Introduction to AXIe

A new emerging test and measurement standard called AXIe, AdvancedTCA eXtensions for Instrumentation, is expected to find wide acceptance within the Automatic Test Equipment community as it offers many key benefits. It is expected that a large number of stimulus, measurement, signal conditioning, acquisition and processing modules will become available from a range of different suppliers. AXIe uses AdvancedTCA® as its base standard, but then borrows from test and measurement industry standards such as PXI, IVI, and LXI, which were designed to facilitate cooperation and plug-and-play interoperability between instrument suppliers. This enables AXIe systems to easily integrate with other test and measurement equipment. AXIe's large board footprint, available power and efficient cooling to the module payload allows high density in a 19-inch rack space, enabling the development of high-performance instrumentation in a density unmatched by other instrumentation form factors. Channel synchronization between modules is flexible and provided by AXIe's dual triggering structures: a parallel trigger bus, and radially-distributed, time-matched point-to-point trigger lines. Inter-module communication is also provided with a local bus between adjacent modules allowing data transfer rates up to 10 Gbits/s in each direction, for example between front-end digitizer modules and DSP banks. The AXIe form factor provides the power and cooling necessary to embed high performance computing. A range of compute blades are available today in an AdvancedTCA® form factor that provide low cost alternatives to the development of custom signal processing modules. The availability of both LAN and PCIe (PCI Express) fabrics allow the interconnection between modules, as well as high industry-standard highperformance data paths to external host computer systems. AXIe delivers a powerful environment for custom module development for specific and unique applications. As in the case of VXIbus and PXI before it, commercial development kits are expected to be offered from the industry. This paper will give an overview of the architectural elements of AXIe, the compatibility model with AdvancedTCA®, and measured performance of many of the AXIe structures.
Interannual variation of reach specific migratory success for Sacramento River hatchery yearling late-fall run Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

The release of hatchery reared salmonid smolts is a common management tool aimed at enhancing depleted wild stocks and maintaining fisheries throughout Northern California and the Pacific Northwest. In the Sacramento River watershed, smolts must migrate through the river, delta and estuary in order to successfully reach the Pacific Ocean. Migration success (success defined as apparent survival from one monitor location to another) may vary between species, year and habitat. We released 500 late-fall run Chinook salmon and 500 steelhead smolts in 2009 and 2010 in the Sacramento River (river kilometer 207). Each smolt was implanted with a coded ultrasonic tag, which was detected by an array of over 300 underwater receiver stations deployed throughout the system. Less than 25 % of fish migrated successfully to the Pacific Ocean in both years. We found that reach specific success was greater in the Delta in 2009 (>60 %) than in 2010 ( 75 % in 2010). Identifying the location, timing and causes of smolt mortality can lead to improved management of the resource.
On the nature of grain boundary structures in nanophase materials

A significant fraction of the atoms in nanophase materials are associated with grain boundaries. Hence, the nature of the grain boundary structures in these materials is interesting in its own right as well as ultimately important to the properties of nanophase materials. Considerable uncertainty has surrounded the atomic structure of nanophase boundaries, but recent experiments have shed some light on these interesting structures. These investigations have included direct HREM observations combined with image simulations, as well as Raman spectroscopy and SANS. The emerging picture is one of nanophase boundaries that are not dissimilar in structure to those normally encountered in conventional polycrystals. The connections between this picture, of nanophase materials as ultrafine-grained polycrystals, and experimental observations on these materials are discussed. 17 refs., 7 figs.
Hysteresis loops in dielectric amplifiers

DIELECTRIC amplifiers are circuits which utilize the nonlinear characteristics of capacitors made with so-called ferroelectric materials as dielectrics. To predict the performance of a dielectric amplifier, the behavior of the nonlinear capacitor must be determined and some means of representing it analytically must be devised. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the behavior of a commonly used nonlinear capacitor under conditions encountered in dielectric amplifier circuits, to provide a basis for an analytical representation.
Bacterial and archaeal phylogenetic diversity of a cold sulfur-rich spring on the shoreline of Lake Erie, Michigan.

Studies of sulfidic springs have provided new insights into microbial metabolism, groundwater biogeochemistry, and geologic processes. We investigated Great Sulphur Spring on the western shore of Lake Erie and evaluated the phylogenetic affiliations of 189 bacterial and 77 archaeal 16S rRNA gene sequences from three habitats: the spring origin (11-m depth), bacterial-algal mats on the spring pond surface, and whitish filamentous materials from the spring drain. Water from the spring origin water was cold, pH 6.3, and anoxic (H2, 5.4 nM; CH4, 2.70 μM) with concentrations of S2− (0.03 mM), SO42− (14.8 mM), Ca2+ (15.7 mM), and HCO3− (4.1 mM) similar to those in groundwater from the local aquifer. No archaeal and few bacterial sequences were >95% similar to sequences of cultivated organisms. Bacterial sequences were largely affiliated with sulfur-metabolizing or chemolithotrophic taxa in Beta-, Gamma-, Delta-, and Epsilonproteobacteria. Epsilonproteobacteria sequences similar to those obtained from other sulfidic environments and a new clade of Cyanobacteria sequences were particularly abundant (16% and 40%, respectively) in the spring origin clone library. Crenarchaeota sequences associated with archaeal-bacterial consortia in whitish filaments at a German sulfidic spring were detected only in a similar habitat at Great Sulphur Spring. This study expands the geographic distribution of many uncultured Archaea and Bacteria sequences to the Laurentian Great Lakes, indicates possible roles for epsilonproteobacteria in local aquifer chemistry and karst formation, documents new oscillatorioid Cyanobacteria lineages, and shows that uncultured, cold-adapted Crenarchaeota sequences may comprise a significant part of the microbial community of some sulfidic environments.
Label-free, single molecule detection of cytokines using optical microcavities

Interleukin-2 (IL2) is a cytokine that regulates T-cell growth and is used in cancer therapies. By sensitizing a microcavity sensor surface with anti-IL2 and monitoring the resonant frequency, single molecules of IL2 can be detected.
Nanostructure fabrication using nanosphere lithography for photonics devices

We use the self-assembled polystyrene nanosphere monolayer pattern to replace photoresist mask for the fabrication of 2D nanostructures on various substrates. The optical properties of these artificial structures are measured and compared with theoretical calculation.
Interplay of relativistic and nuclear effects in few-electron atoms and ions

After the basic physics of the Schrodinger equation is solved for in atomic systems, discrepancies with experiment arise from relativistic effects, quantum electrodynamic effects, and the fact the nucleus is not a point-like particle. While the nuclear effects are small, valuable nuclear physics information can be obtained from high-precision exeriments if the non-nuclear part of the problem can be controlled with similar precision. Recent progress in the accurate evaluation of relativistic and QED effects will be described, which gives information on a number of few-nucleon nuclei where theoretical progress has also been made by nuclear theorists. Examples of this interplay will be given, including a study of the so-called “halo” nucleus helium-6 through isostope shift experiments and the charge radii determination of the proton. In addition, the more complicated nuclear problem of the magnetization distribution in the bismuth nucleus will be shown to be probed because of experimental and theoretical advances in the study of hyperfine splitting in hydrogen-like and lithium-like bismuth. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Localization of cap-binding protein in subcellular fractions of HeLa cells.

Abstract The 26,000-Mr cap-binding protein was analyzed by a cross-linking assay in cell fractions from uninfected and poliovirus-infected HeLa cells. Cap-binding protein was found in the postribosomal supernatant (S-200) and in the ribosomal salt wash. The cap-binding protein in the S-200 had a sedimentation coefficient of 5 to 7S and lacked the ability to restore translation in extracts of poliovirus-infected cells.
Contiguous clock lines for pipelined nanomagnet logic

In this paper we study pipelined nanomagnet logic by simulating and comparing varying adjacent clock line structures. Unlike previous simulations, a realistic clock line shape is used in simulations to obtain a more accurate idea of whether or not these clock lines function properly. First, we simulate individual clock lines using Ansys Maxwell 2D according to the parameters of the fabricated clock lines. Then, these clock lines are placed adjacent to one another to simulate how data can propagate from one clock zone to another. Adjusting the clock line layer structure minimizes a dip in the magnetic field at the clock zone boundaries from 35% minimum below the clocking field to a 16% dip. These magnetic field profiles are then used in the object-oriented micromagnetic framework (OOMMF) to simulate lines of nanomagnets. By reducing the gap between contiguous clock lines, we show error free data propagation in the form of a ferromagnetically coupled line of nanomagnets.
Sofosbuvir and Simeprevir for the Treatment of Recurrent Hepatitis C with Fibrosing Cholestatic Hepatitis after Liver Transplantation.

Fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis (FCH) is an aggressive form of hepatitis C virus (HCV) recurrence after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), which frequently results in graft failure and death. Treatment of FCH remains challenging, and the optimal antiviral therapy is yet to be determined. Between November 2013 and early 2015, 62 patients with HCV cirrhosis underwent OLT at our transplant center, of whom, 5 patients developed recurrence HCV in the form of severe FCH and were treated with sofosbuvir and simeprevir (SOF-SMV) for 24 weeks. All patients achieved significant improvement of HCV viral load and had undetectable viral PCR at 6–8 week of treatment. The HCV RNA remained undetectable throughout treatment course. The first two patients achieved SVR at week 12 after completion of the treatment. There were significant histologic and biomarkers improvements after initiation of the treatment. One patient developed refractory pruritus and acute pancreatitis. The second, fourth and fifth patients had very benign treatment courses with no side effects recorded. The third patient was starting the treatment with multiple comorbid conditions. His course was complicated with hepatic artery thrombosis, and later developed sepsis and renal failure. Therefore, it seems that the combination of SOF-SMV is an efficacious oral regimen in OLT recipient with recurrent hepatitis C and FCH. However, safety profile needs to be carefully evaluated.