cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spatial Associations of Key Lepidopteran Pests With Defoliation, NDVI, and Plant Height in Soybean.

In soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, production, losses to, and control costs for insect pests can be significant limiting factors. Although the heterogeneity of pests has typically been ignored in traditional field management practices, technological advancements have allowed for site-specific pest management systems to be developed for the precise control of pests within a field. In this study, we chose to determine how the in-field distributions of the larvae of three major lepidopteran pests [velvetbean caterpillar Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), soybean looper Chrysodeixis includens (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and green cloverworm Hypena scabra (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) (Fabricius)] were spatially associated with defoliation, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and plant height in soybean. Spatial analysis by distance indices (SADIE) of data from two South Carolina soybean fields in 2017 and 2018 revealed a limited number of spatial aggregations for insect datasets. However, 14% and 6% of paired plant-insect datasets were significantly associated or dissociated, respectively. NDVI was found to be more associated with pest distributions than soybean plant heights and defoliation estimates, and the majority of all plant-insect associations and dissociations occurred in the first 4 wk of sampling (late July-early August). If changes are to be implemented regarding how a pest is managed, critical factors explaining the spatial distribution of pests must be identified. Results from this study advocate for the relationship between early-season distributions of pests and important plant variables such as NDVI to be further investigated to better determine the strength of the correlations across years and sites.
The Death of Twentieth-Century Authority

The case of Bush v. Gore stands out as the seminal decision that decided the disputed election of 2000, and arguably set the course of the nation for the next eight years; for legal researchers it was a herald of a different sort. With the citation in the Per Curiam opinion to an online newspaper article, Bush v. Gore fired the fatal salvo in the death of twentieth-century authority. Whereas in the past, courts relied on a stable, select group of print resources, today’s attorneys and judges are moving towards a much more free form, open research universe.This article will explore what the title suggests as the death of Twentieth-Century authority. This article will trace the shift away from traditional authority, outlining some of the emerging problems associated with this shift, including the disappearance of online sources, after their use, and the trouble with the authentication of online legal materials. An examination of what these new authorities are, as well as the growing use of these new sources follows, including the positive and negative reactions from the courts. A troubling pattern of courts taking judicial notice of these sources will be examined, and this article will conclude with a look at the positive impact reliance on these new sources of authority is having on the judicial system as a whole.
Defining the "Business of Baseball": A Proposed Framework for Determining the Scope of Professional Baseball's Antitrust Exemption

This article proposes a new analytical framework for determining the proper scope of professional baseball’s antitrust exemption, an issue that has generated surprisingly little scholarly analysis to date. Specifically, the article finds that lower courts have applied the exemption in widely divergent ways, due to a misunderstanding, and in some cases a misinterpretation, of the underlying focus of the United States Supreme Court’s opinions first creating and affirming the exemption. The article argues that future courts should reject the existing lower court precedent, and instead, consistent with the often overlooked focus of the Supreme Court’s decisions, hold that the baseball exemption protects only those activities directly related to the business of providing baseball entertainment to the public.
Computer-assisted assessment of fetal growth and development

The analysis of fetal development through ultrasonic examination is a safe, noninvasive and valuable procedure. However, the quantitative analysis of data collected during the examination is tedious and time-consuming. A computer application has been developed to aid in this process. The program estimates Gestational Age and provides a comprehensive Growth Profile of the fetust Obtained values that fall outside allowable ranges are noted and brought to the user's attention. The program has met with great success.
Values (Shalom H. Schwartz) – Hedonism

Hedonism refers to personal gratification and sensory fulfillment and is quite compatible with achievement. Keywords: Shalom H. Schwartz; self and identity
Pathology of the pleura: What the pulmonologists need to know

Primary and metastatic pleural neoplasms, and non-neoplastic pleural diseases, can have similar clinical, radiographic and gross features. However, treatments and prognoses of these diverse pleural conditions vary greatly. Accurate diagnosis of pleural disease is therefore extremely important, and histological interpretation of pleural biopsies is vital to rendering an accurate diagnosis. Smaller biopsies contribute to the difficulties in accurately characterizing pleural lesions, and immunostains are frequently employed in their assessment. Diffuse malignant mesothelioma, the most common primary pulmonary neoplasm, is rare; however, other less common primary pleural neoplasms, including solitary fibrous tumour, the most common benign primary pleural neoplasm, occur. These neoplasms are discussed. Also, non-neoplastic pleural diseases, including granulomatous pleuritis, eosinophilic pleuritis and fibrous and fibrinous pleuritis, among other diseases, are discussed.
Incompatibility of Self-Charge Conjugation with Helicity Eigenstates and Gauge Interactions

In this essay, an {\it ab initio} study of the self/anti-self charge conjugate $(1/2,\,0)\oplus(0,\,1/2)$ representation space is presented. Incompatibility of self/anti-self charge conjugation with helicity eigenstates and gauge interactions is demonstrated. Parity violation is seen as an intrinsic part of the self/anti-self charge conjugate construct. From a phenomenological point of view, an essential part of the theory is the Bargmann-Wightman-Wigner-type boson, where a boson and its antiboson carry opposite relative intrinsic parity.
Primary care physicians' and psychiatrists' approaches to treating mild depression.

Lawrence RE, Rasinski KA, Yoon JD, Meador KG, Koenig HG, Curlin FA. Primary care physicians’ and psychiatrists’ approaches to treating mild depression. Objective: To measure how primary care physicians (PCPs) and psychiatrists treat mild depression. Method: We surveyed a national sample of US PCPs and psychiatrists using a vignette of a 52-year-old man with depressive symptoms not meeting Major Depressive Episode criteria. Physicians were asked how likely they were to recommend an antidepressant counseling, combined medication, and counseling or to make a psychiatric referral. Results: Response rate was 896/1427 PCPs and 312/487 for psychiatrists. Compared with PCPs, psychiatrists were more likely to recommend an antidepressant (70% vs. 56%), counseling (86% vs. 54%), or the combination of medication and counseling (61% vs. 30%). More psychiatrists (44%) than PCPs (15%) were ‘very likely’ to promote psychiatric referral. PCPs who frequently attended religious services were less likely (than infrequent attenders) to refer the patient to a psychiatrist (12% vs. 18%); and more likely to recommend increased involvement in meaningful relationships/activities (50% vs. 41%) and religious community (33% vs. 17%). Conclusion: Psychiatrists treat mild depression more aggressively than PCPs. Both are inclined to use antidepressants for patients with mild depression.
Isolation and characterization of some of the proteins that shuttle between cytoplasm and nucleus in Amoeba proteus

The Rapidly Migrating Proteins (RMP) which shuttle nonrandomly between nucleus and cytoplasm and equilibrate in approximately equal amounts in each compartment, were isolated from Amoeba proteus by implanting 3H-protein containing nuclei into unlabeled cells and some time later extracting the labeled material from the cytoplasms of such cells. The labeled material was subsequently fractionated by gel filtration in Sephadex G-100 columns. The RMP are soluble in dilute salt solutions and appear as a heterogenous group of molecules, one component of which seems to be a single species of protein accounting for ca. one-third of the RMP fraction. Because of its distinctness this component, called the LR fraction, received the major attention in this study. LR was found to comprise ca. 17% of the aqueous-soluble proteins of the nucleus and ca. 3–4% of the total cell protein. LR has a very low molecular weight as determined, e.g., by its elution from a Sephadex G-100 column. Because of its low molecular weight, LR could be purified by taking advantage of the fact that LR is (1) soluble in a saturated Solution of ammonium sulfate and (2) insoluble in butanol, diethyl ether, and 10% trichloroacetic acid. LR migrates toward the anode as a single band when subjected to electrophoresis on “standard disc” and SDS polyacrylamide gels. It does not enter a gel designed to separate basic proteins (at pH 4.0). When subjected to Sephadex G-25 gel filtration LR migrates through the gel as a single band and elutes from the gel at a position in the middle of the linear separation range that indicates its molecular weight is ca. 2300. The only N-terminal amino acid found in the LR fraction is proline. Evidence is presented to show that LR is not the product of a non-specific breakdown of protein produced during its isolation, but the possibility that it results from the cleavage of a single chemical bond of a larger polypeptide, has not been eliminated. When injected into non-labeled amebae, purified radioactive LR concentrates in the nucleus — just as radioactive RMP concentrates in a recipient cell nucleus when an amino acid-labeled nucleus is implanted into an unlabeled cell.
Aerosol transport: Particle charge and re-entrainment effects☆

Abstract There is a deposition of particles when an aerosol stream flows through a tube or channel. This paper presents our recent experiments on the effect of particle charge on sampling line losses. The effect of particle re-entrainment on the deposition rate in turbulent pipe flow is also assessed.
Retention of sediment and metals by Narragansett Bay subtidal and marsh environments: an update

Abstract Unlike many estuaries, Narragansett Bay Rhode Island has a sufficient information base regarding sources and sinks to construct mass balances for sediment, Fe, Mn, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Ag. Decadal differences in subtidal data for Pb, Cr and Cu allowed comparison of retention between the 1970s and 1980s. The role of salt marshes in mass balances is considered for the first time. Calculations suggest that Narragansett Bay retains virtually all incoming sediment, the greater portion of incoming Fe (87%), Cu (102–119%) and Pb (39%–203%), and about one third the input of Zn and Mn. The results for Cr (> 300% retention) suggest an unaccounted source, while results for Ag and Ni (17% and 12% retention) suggest a loss of these metals from the system. The salt marshes are nearly insignificant to retention with the exception of Fe for which they account for one third of total retention. For the metals Pb, Cr, and Cu, comparison of the 1970s and 1980s data suggests reductions in sediment burden reflective of reductions in sewage discharge of metals and limitations on the use of Pb in a gasoline.
Stimulated Emission Pumping Spectra and Intramolecular Vibrational Dynamics of DFCO(S0) from 9000 to 20 000 cm -1

Dispersed fluorescence (DF) and stimulated emission pumping (SEP) spectra of DFCO from 9000 to 20 000 cm -1 on S0 are reported. Groups of features in the 2 1 5 1 6 2 DF spectrum are assigned as strongly coupled members of 266 [O2(CO stretch) T 2O6(out-of-plane bend)] polyads of vibrational states. The FranckCondon active states in these polyads are primarily the zero-order states 2 n6m with values of n ranging from 0 to 4 and values of m ranging from 13 to 19. The assignment of the Franck-Condon active states is consistent with the HFCO experimental results and with Franck-Condon factor calculations. Multiple intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution (IVR) time scales are evident from the dilution of the Franck -Condon factors observed in the spectra examined at different resolutions. The fastest IVR results from the low-order ( ¢ V) 3) 266 resonance that couples O2 and O6. This initial IVR occurs in 25 fs. Evidence of anharmonic coupling within the vicinity of single DF features signifies subsequent IVR on the 0.5-4.0 ps time scale. This second time scale can be understood in terms of further coupling to O3 (HCO bend) and O5 (FCO bend) resulting from a 3566 Darling-Dennison resonance. Clumps of vibrational lines within individual SEP bands indicate further anharmonic and weak A-type Coriolis coupling to background levels at times between 3 and 150 ps. Comparison of the observed and calculated vibrational-state densities indicates that, for many states, IVR may be nearly complete on the time scale of the measured dissociation rates. The IVR dynamics of DFCO are in marked contrast to the mode-specific IVR dynamics of HFCO. The quasistability of extreme-motion out-of-plane vibrations (V6 g 14), in HFCO is destroyed by the strong coupling of O2 and 2O6 in DFCO. Thus, the two isotopomers display qualitatively different IVR dynamics.
A Dual-Beam Optical Microscope for Observation and Cleavage of Single DNA Molecules

An integrated epifocal and evanescent-wave optical microscope has been developed for real-time observation and bond cleavage studies of single DNA molecules. Large genomic DNA is stretched in a laminar flow stream and is immobilized on a polylysine-coated glass surface by strong electrostatic interactions. Unlike previous single-molecule dynamics and single-enzyme studies, this work takes advantage of the elastic nature of double-stranded DNA and measures DNA relaxation events that are triggered by two phosphodiester (P−O) bond breaks. The ability to follow chemical reactions on individual DNA molecules opens new possibilities for DNA mapping and for studying DNA−protein interactions.
Signatures of Cooperative Effects and Transport Mechanisms in Conductance Histograms

We present a computational investigation into the line shapes of peaks in conductance histograms, finding that they possess high information content. In particular, the histogram peak associated with conduction through a single molecule elucidates the electron transport mechanism and is generally well-described by beta distributions. A statistical analysis of the peak corresponding to conduction through two molecules reveals the presence of cooperative effects between the molecules and also provides insight into the underlying conduction channels. This work describes tools for extracting additional interpretations from experimental statistical data, helping us better understand electron transport processes.
Curved-fiber pull-out model for nanocomposites. Part 2: Interfacial debonding and sliding

Abstract This paper is the second part in a series of works in which an analytical curved-fiber pull-out model for nanocomposites is proposed. The model includes the three stages of interface conditions—well-bonded, debonding, and sliding—involved in the entire pull-out process of a single curved fiber. In the first paper, the fiber and matrix are well-bonded, while in this second paper, the fiber and matrix are allowed to debond and slide, two relevant mechanisms in the later stages of pull-out. With either a constant or Coulomb friction interface, the pull-out model predicts higher pull-out forces as the fiber curvature increases, with zero fiber curvature (a straight fiber) producing the lowest pull-out forces. Fiber curvature effects are more pronounced, however, for the Coulomb friction model than the constant friction model because it considers radial compressive stresses at fiber/matrix interface. For the Coulomb friction model, two-dimensional finite element simulations are performed to test some of the model’s approximation. Results indicate reasonable agreement between the two.
Biochemical changes of the skin in protein-energy malnourished lactating rats and their pups

Abstract We analyzed various biochemical variables of the skin on rat dams and their suckling pups under protein-energy malnutrition. Dams and pups were divided into three groups according to the percentage of casein in diet: 20% (control), 12%, and 6% groups. In the pup's skin, hydroxyproline, noncollagenous protein, and hexosamine contents in the 6% and 12% groups were greater than those in the control, although water content in the 6% group was less than that in the other groups. In the dam's skin, the amount of hydroxyproline in the 12% group was less, whereas that of noncollagenous protein was greater than that in the other groups. Hexosamine content did not differ among these groups. Water content of the dams was increased according to the degree of malnutrition. In the skin of mothers and pups, cross-link formation of collagen was decreased in proporation to the degree of malnutrition. In the pups the content of type III was decreased in the 6% and 12% groups, whereas in the mother it increased only in the 6% group. These results show that protein-energy malnutrition significantly influences the metabolism of the skin in the pups and their lactating mothers, but lism of the skin in the pups and their lactating mothers, but not necessarily with the same effects. Furthermore, the skins of pups and their mothers respond dissimilarly to the degree of malnutrition.
Cell-surface targeting of α2-adrenergic receptors — Inhibition by a transport deficient mutant through dimerization

We previously demonstrated that the α2B-adrenergic receptor mutant, in which the F(x)6IL motif in the membrane-proximal carboxyl terminus were mutated to alanines (α2B-ARm), is deficient in export from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In this report, we determined if α2B-ARm could modulate transport from the ER to the cell surface and signaling of its wild-type counterpart. Transient expression of α2B-ARm in HEK293T cells markedly inhibited cell-surface expression of wild-type α2B-AR, as measured by radioligand binding. Subcellular localization demonstrated that α2B-ARm trapped α2B-AR in the ER. The α2B-AR was shown to form homodimers and heterodimers with α2B-ARm as measured by co-immunoprecipitation of the receptors tagged with green fluorescent protein and hemagglutinin epitopes. In addition to α2B-AR, the transport of α2A-AR and α2C-AR to the cell surface was also inhibited by α2B-ARm. Furthermore, transient expression of α2B-ARm significantly reduced cell-surface expression of endogenous α2-AR in NG108-15 and HT29 cells. Consistent with its effect on α2-AR cell-surface expression, α2B-ARm attenuated α2A-AR- and α2B-AR-mediated ERK1/2 activation. These data demonstrated that the ER-retained mutant α2B-ARm conferred a dominant negative effect on the cell-surface expression of wild-type α2-AR, which is likely mediated through heterodimerization. These data indicate a crucial role of ER export in the regulation of cell-surface targeting and signaling of G protein-coupled receptors.
Control over a stressor involves the posterior dorsal striatum and the act/outcome circuit

Controllable/escapable tailshocks (ESs) do not produce the behavioral and neurochemical outcomes produced by equal yoked uncontrollable/inescapable tailshocks (ISs). The prelimbic cortex is known to play a key role in mediating the protective effects of control. The concepts of act/outcome learning and control seem similar, and act/outcome learning is mediated by a circuit involving the prelimbic cortex and posterior dorsomedial striatum (DMS). Thus, we tested the involvement of the DMS in the protective effect of ES, in rats. First, we examined Fos immunoreactivity in both the DMS and dorsolateral striatum (DLS) after ES and yoked IS. We then investigated the effect of blocking DMS or DLS N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors with the specific antagonist D-(-)-2-amino-5-phosphopentanoic acid (D-AP5) on the release of dorsal raphe nucleus serotonin (5-HT) during ES, as well as on the level of anxiety produced by the ES experience 24 h later. ES, but not yoked IS, produced a large increase of Fos activity in the DMS. Consistent with the Fos data, D-AP5 in the DMS, but not in the DLS, prevented the inhibition of dorsal raphe nucleus 5-HT release normally produced by ES. Furthermore, D-AP5 administered into the DMS before ES, but not into the DLS, increased anxiety 24 h later, leading to levels similar to those produced by IS. These results suggest that, as with appetitive act/outcome contingency learning, the protective effects of behavioral control over a stressor require the DMS.
Sumoylation Regulates Nuclear Localization of Lipin-1α in Neuronal Cells

Lipin-1 is a protein that has dual functions as a phosphatidic acid phosphohydrolase (PAP) and a nuclear transcriptional coactivator. It remains unknown how the nuclear localization and coactivator functions of lipin-1 are regulated. Here, we show that lipin-1 (including both the alpha and beta isoforms) is modified by sumoylation at two consensus sumoylation sites. We are unable to detect sumoylation of the related proteins lipin-2 and lipin-3. Lipin-1 is sumoylated at relatively high levels in brain, where lipin-1α is the predominant form. In cultured embryonic cortical neurons and SH-SY5Y neuronal cells, ectopically expressed lipin-1α is localized in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm, and the nuclear localization is abrogated by mutating the consensus sumyolation motifs. The sumoylation site mutant of lipin-1α loses the capacity to coactivate the transcriptional (co-) activators PGC-1α and MEF2, consistent with its nuclear exclusion. Thus, these results show that sumoylation facilitates the nuclear localization and transcriptional coactivator behavior of lipin-1α that we observe in cultured neuronal cells, and suggest that lipin-1α may act as a sumoylation-regulated transcriptional coactivator in brain.
Native Grasses of Australia

I REGRET that in my “Age of Mammals,” published in 1910, the statement is erroneously made that native grasses are absent from Australia. I am unable to find my authority for this statement, and I regret that it has been quoted in a recent text-book of geology by my friend, Prof. H. F. Cleland.
Comparison of synthetic and natural bulking agents in food waste composting

Synthetic (plastic) bulking agent was compared with bark bulking agent for the composting of fresh vegetable wastes. Two composting trials of ten weeks duration each were conducted with different quantities of bulking agents. Composting matrix temperature, and oxygen, dimethyl sulfide, and hydrogen sulfide concentrations were measured weekly. Addition of 19% bark or 7% synthetic (dry weight basis) bulking agent in the composting mixes was found to be sufficient to provide thermophilic temperatures and high matrix oxygen concentrations. The lowest oxygen concentrations within the matrix during the thermophilic period of composting were 12.7 and 5.3% for synthetic and bark amended mixes, respectively. The final products from the synthetic bulking agent mixes were screened through a 6.3 mm (0.25 inch) screen to recover bulking agents. Average recovery by screening was 98.9 ± 0.7% by weight. Concentrations of dimethyl sulfide and hydrogen sulfide measured during the experiments were characterized by large var...
Parent Feeding Practices and Child Variables Associated with Childhood Feeding Problems

The present study identifies dimensions of feeding practices used by parents of children referred for feeding problems. These dimensions were derived from parent reported use of 17 feeding practices. This study compares these parent dimensions with child variables (age, gender, diagnosis of autism, medical conditions) as predictors of three measures of feeding problems: weight status, diet variety, and mealtime behavior problems. Participants included a clinical sample of 240 children with feeding problems. Results indicated that only child variables predicted weight status, while both dimensions of parent feeding practices and child variables predicted diet variety and mealtime behavior problems.
Thermochemical investigations of hydrogen-bonded solutions: development of a predictive equation for the solubility of anthracene in binary hydrocarbon

Abstract Acree W.E., Jr., Zvaigzne A.I. and Tucker S.A., 1994. Thermochemical investigations of hydrogen-bonded solutions: development of a predictive equation for the solubility of anthracene in binary hydrocarbon + alcohol mixtures based upon Mobile Order theory. Fluid Phase Equilibria, 92: 233-253. Experimental solubilities are reported for anthracene dissolved in twelve binary solvent mixtures containing either 2-propanol or 1-octanol with n -hexane, n -heptane, n -octane, cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane at 25.0°C. Results of these measurements, along with previously published solubility data for anthracene in binary 1-propanol+alkane and 1-butanol + alkane mixtures, are used to test the limitations and applications of expressions derived from Mobile Order theory. The best descriptive equation expresses the logarithm of the volume fraction solubility in binary mixtures as a simple volume fraction average of the corresponding logarithm solubilities in the two pure solvents, and contains additional terms to represent contributions from nonspecific physical interactions between dissimilar solvent components, from molecular size disparity, and from the reduction in mobile disorder caused by the self-association by hydrogen bonding of the alcohol solvent. The newly derived expression predicts the observed anthracene solubilities to within an overall average deviation of ca. 4.4% using a single value of K c = 5000 for the self-association equilibrium constant.
Time- and Concentration-Dependent Effects of Exogenous Serotonin and Inflammatory Cytokines on Mast Cell Function

Mast cells play a significant role in both the innate and adaptive immune response; however, the tissue-bound nature of mast cells presents an experimental roadblock to performing physiologically relevant mast cell experiments. In this work, a heterogeneous cell culture containing primary culture murine peritoneal mast cells (MPMCs) was studied to characterize the time-dependence of mast cell response to allergen stimulation and the time- and concentration-dependence of the ability of the heterogeneous MPMC culture to uptake and degranulate exogenous serotonin using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to an electrochemical detector. Additionally, because mast cells play a central role in asthma, MPMCs were exposed to CXCL10 and CCL5, two important asthma-related inflammatory cytokines that have recently been shown to induce mast cell degranulation. MPMC response to both allergen exposure and cytokine exposure was evaluated for 5-HT secretion and bioactive lipid formation using ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled to an electrospray ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS/MS). In this work, MPMC response was shown to be highly regulated and responsive to subtle alterations in a complex environment through time- and concentration-dependent degranulation and bioactive lipid formation. These results highlight the importance of selecting an appropriate mast cell model when studying mast cell involvement in allergic response and inflammation.
Narcissism, Need for Power, and Social Interest

Significant positive correlations were separately observed for both 31 men and 38 women college students between measures of narcissism and need for power. Neither the narcissism nor the need for power measure correlated significantly with social interest.
Inhibitory Effects of Calcitriol on the Growth of MCF-7 Breast Cancer Xenografts in Nude Mice: Selective Modulation of Aromatase Expression in vivo

Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the hormonally active metabolite of vitamin D, exerts many anticancer effects in breast cancer (BCa) cells. We have previously shown using cell culture models that calcitriol acts as a selective aromatase modulator (SAM) and inhibits estrogen synthesis and signaling in BCa cells. We have now examined calcitriol effects in vivo on aromatase expression, estrogen signaling, and tumor growth when used alone and in combination with aromatase inhibitors (AIs). In immunocompromised mice bearing MCF-7 xenografts, increasing doses of calcitriol exhibited significant tumor inhibitory effects (~50% to 70% decrease in tumor volume). At the suboptimal doses tested, anastrozole and letrozole also caused significant tumor shrinkage when used individually. Although the combinations of calcitriol and the AIs caused a statistically significant increase in tumor inhibition in comparison to the single agents, the cooperative interaction between these agents appeared to be minimal at the doses tested. Calcitriol decreased aromatase expression in the xenograft tumors. Importantly, calcitriol also acted as a SAM in the mouse, decreasing aromatase expression in the mammary adipose tissue, while increasing it in bone marrow cells and not altering it in the ovaries and uteri. As a result, calcitriol significantly reduced estrogen levels in the xenograft tumors and surrounding breast adipose tissue. In addition, calcitriol inhibited estrogen signaling by decreasing tumor ERα levels. Changes in tumor gene expression revealed the suppressive effects of calcitriol on inflammatory and growth signaling pathways and demonstrated cooperative interactions between calcitriol and AIs to modulate gene expression. We hypothesize that cumulatively these calcitriol actions would contribute to a beneficial effect when calcitriol is combined with an AI in the treatment of BCa.
2-Hydroxycyclohexanecarboxyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase, an enzyme characteristic of the anaerobic benzoate degradation pathway used by Rhodopseudomonas palustris.

ABSTRACT A gene, badH, whose predicted product is a member of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family of enzymes, was recently discovered during studies of anaerobic benzoate degradation by the photoheterotrophic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris. Purified histidine-tagged BadH protein catalyzed the oxidation of 2-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxyl coenzyme A (2-hydroxychc-CoA) to 2-ketocyclohexanecarboxyl-CoA. These compounds are proposed intermediates of a series of three reactions that are shared by the pathways of cyclohexanecarboxylate and benzoate degradation used byR. palustris. The 2-hydroxychc-CoA dehydrogenase activity encoded by badH was dependent on the presence of NAD+; no activity was detected with NADP+ as a cofactor. The dehydrogenase activity was not sensitive to oxygen. The enzyme has apparent Km values of 10 and 200 μM for 2-hydroxychc-CoA and NAD+, respectively. Western blot analysis with antisera raised against purified His-BadH identified a 27-kDa protein that was present in benzoate- and cyclohexanecarboxylate-grown but not in succinate-grown R. palustris cell extracts. The active form of the enzyme is a homotetramer. badH was determined to be the first gene in an operon, termed the cyclohexanecarboxylate degradation operon, containing genes required for both benzoate and cyclohexanecarboxylate degradation. A nonpolar R. palustris badH mutant was unable to grow on benzoate or cyclohexanecarboxylate but had wild-type growth rates on succinate. Cells blocked in expression of the entire cyclohexanecarboxylate degradation operon excreted cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylate into the growth medium when given benzoate. This confirms that cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxyl-CoA is an intermediate of anaerobic benzoate degradation by R. palustris. This compound had previously been shown not to be formed by Thauera aromatica, a denitrifying bacterium that degrades benzoate by a pathway that is slightly different from theR. palustris pathway. 2-Hydroxychc-CoA dehydrogenase does not participate in anaerobic benzoate degradation by T. aromatica and thus may serve as a useful indicator of an R. palustris-type benzoate degradation pathway.
Cyclooxygenase polymorphisms and risk of cardiovascular events: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study.

Ischemic cardiovascular disease is a major public health problem. It is estimated that 1.2 million Americans will experience an acute coronary heart disease (CHD) event and 0.7 million will experience an acute stroke event this year.1 Prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthase-1 and -2 (more commonly described as cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2, respectively)-derived prostaglandins are critical regulators of vascular, myocardial, and platelet function, and alterations in their expression and/or activity can significantly modify risk of cardiovascular disease events in humans.2–7 Recent evidence demonstrating associations between selective COX-2 inhibitor utilization and elevated risk of myocardial infarction,3,4 coupled with the well-known protective effects of low-dose aspirin,5 suggests that the relative contribution of COX-1 and COX-2-mediated prostaglandin synthesis is an integral mediator of cardiovascular homeostasis. Consequently, variation in the genes encoding COX-1 (PTGS1) and COX-2 (PTGS2) may be important modifiers of cardiovascular disease risk. Numerous genetic polymorphisms in PTGS1 and PTGS2 have been identified and characterized.8–12 The G-765C polymorphism in the PTGS2 proximal promoter is associated with lower PTGS2 transcription.9,13,14 Moreover, due to the anti-inflammatory effects resulting from lower COX-2 expression, the variant −765C allele was associated with significantly lower risk of prevalent myocardial infarction or ischemic stroke events in a high-risk Italian population.15 We recently observed that certain non-synonymous polymorphisms in PTGS1, such as the rare G230S variant, have significantly lower COX-1 metabolic activity in vitro.12 However, potential associations between PTGS1 and PTGS2 polymorphisms and risk of incident cardiovascular disease events have not been rigorously evaluated. Our primary aim was to determine if genetic variation in PTGS1 and PTGS2 was associated with risk of incident CHD or ischemic stroke events in individuals enrolled in the biethnic Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. An important secondary aim was to determine if this risk was modified by aspirin utilization.
Anterior process fractures of the calcaneus

Fractures of the anterior process of the calcaneus are often missed. This error follows from the tendency to focus exclusively on the mortise and malleoli when a history of ankle trauma is supplied. Seven patients with this fracture are presented. The anatomy, mechanism of injury, clinical presentation, and the radiographic features of this injury are discussed.
Mapping ultrasonic fields with cholesteric liquid crystals

Abstract The termperature-sensitive light-scattering properties of cholesteric liquid crystals have been applied to the mapping of the intensity distribution in the near-field of ultrasonic transducers.
The potential impact of disease on the migratory structure of a partially migratory passerine population.

Since its introduction into eastern North America in the 1940s, the eastern population of house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) has become partially migratory, unlike its nonmigratory source population in southern California (Able and Belthoff in Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 265 (1410), 2063–2071, 1998; Belthoff and Gauthreaux in Condor 93, 374–382, 1991). The infectious disease mycoplasmal conjunctivitis (pathogen Mycoplasma gallisepticum or “MG”, which has been monitored in the house finch population since its appearance around 1993 (Dhondt et al. in J. Wild. Dis. 34 (2), 265–280, 1998), may induce higher mortality rates among populations in more northerly latitudes relative to more southerly populations. Here, we investigate the potential impact of this differential disease mortality on the migratory structure of the eastern house finch population using an epidemic modeling approach. Analytical and computational results suggest the ongoing MG epidemic in the eastern house finch could lead to increases in the percentage of and the total number of migrating individuals in a population despite overall population declines, assuming relatively high winter mortality rates in the north eastern part of their range. These results also suggest that empirical evidence of such a change in migratory structure would be most noticeable in northerly inland populations that showed significant declines following the initial outbreak of MG in the east.
Model calculations of adsorbed solids of neon on graphite

Abstract The energy and structure of monolayer and bilayer solids of neon adsorbed on the basal plane surface of graphite are calculated for a model in which the lateral interactions are the sum of the neon gas phase pair potential and the McLachlan substrate-mediated dispersion energy. There is a fair overall agreement with a variety of data, including heats of adsorption and lattice constants. New features of the theory include an application of the quantum cell model to the monolayer solid and an analysis of heats of activation of second layer gas coexisting with the monolayer solid.
Poroviscoelastic Modeling of Liver Biomechanical Response in Unconfined Compression

Mechanistic modeling approaches are important for understanding how fluid and solid components of the liver interact during impact trauma. This study uses poroviscoelasticity (PVE) theory to simulate liver biomechanical response in unconfined compression stress relaxation experiments, for variable ramp strain rates ranging from 0.001 to 0.1 s−1. Specimens included 17 ex vivo porcine liver samples tested in a humidified temperature-controlled chamber. Liver response was modeled using ABAQUS, and best-fit parameters were determined using non-linear least-squares algorithms. The PVE model was able to capture the behavior of porcine liver in unconfined compression, with regression analyses for the ramp phase demonstrating high correlation between model and experiment (R 2 > 0.993, slope > 0.833, p < 0.05). The advantage of PVE modeling over traditional viscoelastic modeling is the ability to examine interstitial fluid pressure as a contributor to tissue mechanical response. This strategy creates new opportunities for quantifying an injury mechanism (burst injury) that is common in blunt abdominal trauma, and will lead to advancement of high-fidelity virtual crash test dummies, and improved vehicle safety.
A Status Of The Stray Light Contamination Problem

Due to the more demanding and stringent requirements of detectability, the importance of stray light rejection has become a major driver in many instances. In the last ten years, great strides have been made in developing techniques for achieving higher stray light rejection, including analytical computer programs for analysis and experimental facilities for the measurement of these low light levels. The status of some of the problems, techniques, and experiences with the stray light problem is presented in this paper. One area of recent study is the effect of cryodeposition on scattering. The definitions of surface scattering, vital to the standardization of results are shown. Presently available analytical techniques including the software packages GUERAP and APART and the few experimental facilities capable of measuring the stray light rejection of a total sensor are summarized. A comparative study of the analytical and experimental tools is made by means of two specific examples of aerospace application. © (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Comparison of Two Automated Multi‐Channel Blood Cell Counting Systems for Analysis of Blood of Common Domestic Animals

An automated, multi-channel blood cell counting system (S-Plus) was compared to a reference counting system using blood samples from 187 animals of four species. The standard red cell bath aperture current of 150 volts (V) was used during analysis of 75% of the samples. At this setting, all samples with a Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) greater than 50 fl had accurate erythrocyte counts. As the MCV decreased below 50 fl, the severity of false low erythrocyte counts and false high MCV values increased. The remaining 25% of samples were analyzed with the red cell bath aperture current increased to 200 V. At this setting, only 5% or less of erythrocytes from animals with normal MCV values(>36 fl)were below the erythrocyte threshold. The red cell distribution width values provided by the S-Plus indicated that equine and bovine erythrocytes have greater anisocytosis than canine and feline erythrocytes. Leukocyte counts were significantly lower on the S-Plus (p<0.01). Canine and equine samples most frequently had platelet size distribution within the S-Plus platelet counting threshold window. Electronic whole blood platelet counting appeared unsatisfactory in cats due to large platelet size and erythrocyte-platelet size overlap. Small platelet size in cattle indicated that further modifications of the red cell bath aperture current would be required to count and size platelets in this species. Following electronic modifications, this state-of-the-art system appears adaptable to hematologic profiling in most species.
Plastic deformation of electrochemically polarized nickel single crystals

Abstract Nickel single crystals were deformed in. uniaxial tension under active and passive conditions in a l N H 2 SO 4 solution at room temperature. In the presence of the thin passive film formed at 800 mV (SCE), τ 0 increases and Stages I and II are suppressed in comparison to crystals deformed in the laboratory atmosphere. In contrast, surface removal prior to and during deformation lowers τ 0 and, though only slightly affecting θ I , significantly increases the extent of easy glide and Stage II. Abrupt changes in the stress for further plastic deformation occur when crystals are unloaded and held at constant potential in interrupted tests. Surface replicas examined in the electron microscope show that slip lines formed during active dissolution are stronger and more widely spaced than those produced on crystals deformed in air. The spacing and step height on passivated crystals appear to be intermediate between those two extremes. A model of plastic deformation based upon the activation of near-surface dislocation sources is presented in the context of the above observations.
Hemocytes of Bulinus truncatus rohlfsi (Mollusca: Gastropoda)

Abstract Two basic cell types occur in the hemolymph of Bulinus truncatus rohlfsi: granulocytes and hyalinocytes. Granulocytes are divided into three subtypes: (1) Granulocytes I, which account for 19% of the hemocytes, are small, young amoebocytes with 1–20 filopodia and small numbers of cytoplasmic granules, including some lysosomes; (2) granulocytes II, which account for 78% of the cells, are large, fully developed amoebocytes that possess 1–20 filopodia and many granules, both acidophilic and basophilic, including numerous lysosomes, phagosomes, and mitochondria; and (3) spent granulocytes, which are rare, have few filopodia, large accumulations of glycogen granules and prominent vacuoles in addition to lysosomes in the cytoplasm. These three subtypes of granulocytes probably represent ontogenetic stages within a single cell line. In addition, granulocytes with 40 or more filopodia and little ectoplasm, found in only 1 of 45 snails examined, probably reflect a pathologic condition. Hyalinocytes, which account for 3% of all hemocytes, are similar in size to mature granulocytes, but have few or no cytoplasmic granules and lack filopodia and glycogen granules. Total hemocyte concentration in hemolymph is 328,000 ± 188,000 cells/ml.
Agonist actions of neonicotinoids on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors expressed by cockroach neurons

The agonist actions of seven commercial neonicotinoid insecticides and nicotine were studied on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) expressed by neurons isolated from the three thoracic ganglia of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana. Single electrode voltage clamp recording was used to measure agonist-induced inward currents. Acetylcholine, nicotine and all neonicotinoids tested, except thiamethoxam, caused inward currents which were blocked reversibly by methyllycaconitine, a nAChR antagonist. Based on maximum inward currents, neonicotinoids could be divided into two subgroups: (1) those with a heterocyclic ring in their electronegative pharmacophore moiety (i.e. nicotine, imidacloprid and thiacloprid) were relatively weak partial agonists causing only 20-25% of the maximum ACh current and (2) open chain compounds (i.e. acetamiprid, dinotefuran, nitenpyram, and clothiandin) which were much more effective agonists producing 60-100% of the maximum ACh current. These compounds also elicited different symptoms of poisoning in American cockroaches with excitatory responses evident for the low efficacy agonists but depressive and paralytic responses predominating for the most efficacious agonists. No correlation was observed between agonist affinity and efficacy on these nAChRs. Thiamethoxam, even at 100 microM, failed to cause an inward current and showed no competitive interaction with other neonicotinoids on nAChRs, indicating that it is not a direct-acting agonist or antagonist. Despite the probable presence of multiple subtypes of nAChRs on cockroach neurons, competition studies between neonicotinoids did not reveal evidence that separate binding sites exist for the tested compounds. The size of inward currents induced by co-application of neonicotinoid pairs at equal concentration (100 microM) were predominantly determined by the one with higher binding affinity as indicated by EC(50) values, rather than by the one with higher binding efficacy as indicated by maximal current (I(max)). Agonist efficacy, but not affinity, was positively correlated with insecticidal activity. These findings indicate that: (1) agonist affinity and efficacy vary independently with neonicotinoid structure; (2) high agonist efficacy is dependent on the presence of an acyclic electronegative pharmacophore group; (3) agonist efficacy is a significant factor in the insecticidal activity of neonicotinoids to cockroaches; (4) lower efficacy compounds cause excitatory symptoms (Type A), while high efficacy compounds cause depressive/paralytic symptoms (Type B).