cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stoichiometrically Activated Catalysts for Ethylene Tetramerization using Diphosphinoamine-Ligated Cr Tris(hydrocarbyl) Complexes

A new, stoichiometric activation mode is presented for Cr-PNP (PNP = diphosphinoamine) complexes for ethylene tetramerization catalysis. To access suitable precatalysts, two robust Cr(III) multiaryl compounds were synthesized as THF adducts. These complexes are supported by a facially coordinated bis(aryl) ligand with an additional ether donor. From these precursors, Cr-PNP tris(hydrocarbyl) complexes were synthesized. Using 1 equiv of Bronsted acid as an activator, an active species for the catalytic tetramerization of ethylene was produced, without the need for excess alkylaluminum reagents.
Association of Elevated NT-proBNP With Myocardial Fibrosis in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA).

Abstract Background Serum N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) is considered a marker that is expressed in response to myocardial strain and possibly fibrosis. However, the relationship to myocardial fibrosis in a community-based population is unknown. Objectives The authors evaluated the relationship between cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) measures of fibrosis and NT-proBNP levels in the MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) study. Methods A total of 1,334 participants (52% white, 23% black, 11% Chinese, 14% Hispanic, and 52% men with a mean age of 67.6 years) at 6 sites had both serum NT-proBNP measurements and CMR with T1 mapping of indices of fibrosis at 1.5 T. Univariate and multivariable regression analyses adjusting for demographics, cardiovascular risk factors, and left ventricular (LV) mass were performed to examine the association of log NT-proBNP with CMR T1 mapping indices. Results In the fully adjusted model, each 1-SD increment (0.44 pg/ml) of log NT-proBNP was associated with a 0.62% increment in extracellular volume fraction (p Conclusions Elevated NT-proBNP is related to subclinical fibrosis in a community-based setting. (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis [MESA]; NCT00005487)
Women'S History and the History of Women Teachers:

The social history of teaching has attracted much interest in recent years.1 In particular, scholars have sought to analyze the transformation of teaching into "women's work" over the course of the 19th century. As is well known, already by mid-century, teaching in the United States was coming to be seen as work for women; by the end of the century the teaching force nationwide was overwhelmingly female. Historians thus far have begun to explore this development in the mid-19th century by looking at the ways in which "the cult of true womanhood" and the idea that women were nurturant "moral guardians" underlay the movement to employ women teachers (Hoffman, 1979; Kaufman, 1984; Sklar, 1973). More recently, quantitative studies of the midand late-19th century have been undertaken to investigate the economic conditions underlying the hiring of women teachers. These studies have tested generalizations about male-female wage differentials and the length of women's teaching careers by examining census and school records (Bernard & Vinovskis, 1977; Carter, 1986; Danylewycz & Prentice, 1984, 1986; Prentice, 1975; Rury, 1984; Richardson & Hatcher, 1983; Strober & Gordon, 1986). Other historians have used teachers' accounts of their own lives and teaching to consider the ways in which teaching may have been a liberating experience for women teachers (Clifford, 1981, 1982). These studies have begun to clarify our understanding of teachers' careers and have raised important areas for future investigation. In this paper, I want to consider the history of women teachers from a different vantage point one that makes use of feminist theory and feminist historiography. I focus on the "woman schoolteacher" as an ideological construct, a term whose meaning was struggled over by different groups with varying interests. In order to examine this process, I turn to recent work in both feminist theory and women's history. I first examine the work of recent feminist theorists in philosophy and politics who are creating new epistemologica! and theoretical approaches; I then examine the ways in which these theoretical approaches have been applied to women's history, in particular
Prenatal intervention for the management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is the result of incomplete formation of the diaphragm that occurs during embryogenesis. The defect in the diaphragm permits the herniation of abdominal organs into the thoracic cavity contributing to the impairment of normal growth and development of the fetal lung. In addition to the hypoplastic lung, anomalies of the pulmonary arterioles worsen the pulmonary hypertension that can have detrimental effects in severe cases. Most cases of CDH can be effectively managed postnatally. Advances in neonatal and surgical care have resulted in improved outcomes over the years. When available, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation can provide temporary cardiorespiratory support for those not effectively supported by mechanical ventilation. In spite of these advances, very severe cases of CDH still carry a very high mortality and morbidity rate. Advances in imaging and evaluation now allow for early and accurate prenatal diagnosis of CDH, thereby identifying those at greatest risk who may benefit from prenatal intervention. This review article discusses some of the surgical and non-surgical prenatal interventions in the management of isolated severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia.
Anatomy and Physiology of the Prostate

The adult prostate is a firm, elastic gland having the shape of an inverted pyramid and located at the base of the bladder (Fig. 8.1). It is traversed by the prostatic urethra and the paired ejaculatory ducts, the latter emptying distally on the verumontanum. The verumontanum is a small mound of tissue posteriorly situated in the distal prostatic urethra. It contains a small central cavity communicating with the urethra, the utricle. The average measurements for the prostate are 3.4 cm in length, 4.4 cm in width, and 2.6 cm in thickness. The weight of the normal gland is between 15 and 20 g.
Some Basic Principles of Continuum Mechanics

In order to properly consider multifield coupling effects, we will need to draw on some of the tools of classical continuum mechanics.
Conductive Heat Transfer

As indicated earlier, the use of cryogenic fluids has introduced several unique problems in heat transfer. The handling and transporting of such fluids at low temperatures in the presence of an atmospheric ambient have required the innovation and development of specialized insulating methods and design techniques. As a result, new insulation systems, consisting of many thin layers of highly reflecting radiation shields separated by thin spacers or insulators, have been developed. These insulations, termed multilayer insulations or superinsulations, are very effective when subjected to a high vacuum (5 × 10–5 to 10–6 Torr) in reducing the heat leak into low-temperature systems. One type, which has as many as 50 layers of 0.00025-in.thick, aluminum-coated polyester radiation shields, has an apparent thermal conductivity at these pressures that is only 1/2000 that of ambient air.[1] In addition to new insulations for minimizing heat losses, special attention has been given to the thermal conduction effects associated with the design of supporting structures of cryogenic containers.
Fiberoptic bronchoscopy in the intensive care unit.

The flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope (FFB) offers significant diagnostic and management utility in the intensive care unit Airway management indications include intubation and extiubation over the FFB as well as facilitation of changing of endotracheal tubes. The potential for simultaneous diagnosis and therapeutic intervention exists in incomplete upper airway obstruction. The 5-mm outer diameter FFB is optimal for airway management. Hemoptysis may be diagnosed if bleeding is not coo brisk, and bronchiai blockers or double lumen endobronchial tubes may be placed using FFB. Tice FFB- also may be used to insert double lumen endobronchial tubes for dual lung ventilation in respiratory failure caused by asymmetric lung disease. The FFB is being used with greater frequency, not only for the diagnosis of infiltrates in the immunocompromised host but also for a more definitive determination of the cause of bacterial pneumonia. Its role in the management of atelectasis is controversial. In addition to development of technical skills, the intensive care unit physician should know the indications and complicatio ns of the FFB in the critically ill patient as well as the monitoring needed to ensure pacient safety during the procedure.
Review: Flexible vs restrictive ICU visiting policies reduce delirium and anxiety severity in patients.

Source Citation Nassar Junior AP, Besen BA, Robinson CC, et al. Flexible versus restrictive visiting policies in ICUs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med. 2018;46:1175-80. 29642108
Clinical Evaluation of Breastfed Infants with Dysphagia: A Lactation Consultant’s Perspective

The perspective provided by the lactation consultant related to infant feeding evaluation is from the viewpoint of taking into consideration the breastfeeding dyad, namely, the mother and infant. In order to provide a comprehensive assessment of feeding competency – including infant swallowing – both the maternal and infant conditions must be considered. This chapter will describe the key factors that influence maternal lactation and breastfeeding behavior in the infant during critical periods of development post-birth. Management strategies will be discussed that seek to optimize attachment to the breast and maternal milk production and to support breastfeeding to the extent possible when craniofacial conditions are present. Finally, the contributions the lactation consultant brings to the health-care team in managing the infant experiencing feeding problems will be reviewed.
Inference for Clustered Data

In this article, we introduce clusteff, a community-contributed command for checking the severity of cluster heterogeneity in cluster–robust analyses. Cluster heterogeneity can cause a size distortion leading to underrejection of the null hypothesis. Carter, Schnepel, and Steigerwald (2017, Review of Economics and Statistics 99: 698–709) develop the effective number of clusters to reflect a reduction in the degrees of freedom, thereby mirroring the distortion caused by assuming homogeneous clusters. clusteff generates the effective number of clusters. We provide a decision tree for cluster–robust analysis, demonstrate the use of clusteff, and recommend methods to minimize the size distortion.
Intelligent Transportation System Security: Impact-Oriented Risk Assessment of in-Vehicle Networks

The concept of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) was developed in the 1980s when then upcoming technologies and cognitive information were incorporated into the road infrastructures and vehicles. The ITS infrastructure is critical yet not immune to both physical and cyber threats. Vehicles are cyber-physical systems which are a core component of ITS, can be either a target or a launching point for an attack on the ITS network. Unknown vehicle security vulnerabilities trigger a race among adversaries to exploit the weaknesses and security experts to mitigate the vulnerability. In this study, we identified opportunities for adversaries to take control of the in-vehicle network, which can compromise the safety, privacy, reliability, efficiency, and security of the transportation system. This study contributes in three ways to the literature of ITS security and resiliency. First, we aggregate individual risks that are associated with hacking the in-vehicle network to determine system-level risk. Second, we employ a risk-based model to conduct a qualitative vulnerability-oriented risk assessment. Third, we identify the consequences of hacking the in-vehicle network through a risk-based approach, using an impact-likelihood matrix. The qualitative assessment communicates risk outcomes for policy analysis. The outcome of this study would be of interest and usefulness to policymakers and engineers concerned with the potential vulnerabilities of such critical infrastructures.
Protection of Computer Programs Under Japanese Copyright Law

The 1985 amendments to the Japanese Copyright Act represent one of the more detailed statutory approaches to computer program protection now in existence, and it deals implicitly with a number of important problems that are already a source of dispute in other countries arising out of the decision to protect programs under copyright law. There are good grounds for concluding that microcode is not protected at all under the revised Act, and even if it is protected as a program work, it can probably be copied to the extent necessary to design and build digital logic circuitry presenting an identical hardware appearance to the outside programmer. While computer operating systems, in general, are program works, protection in program works does not extend to program languages. An operating system program can probably be copied to the extent necessary to present the application programmer with a programming language identical to that created by the copyrighted program. This ensures that the first creator of a popular operating system does not achieve a de facto monopoly on all third-party software written for that system. The protection of program works does not extend to algorithms used in their creation, which seems to mean that the organization and structure of a program are in the public domain and may be freely copied. This ensures that program technology can develop freely like all other areas of technology. While the Japanese Copyright Act recognizes an algorithm exception, a liberal interpretation of the copying provisions is necessary to ensure the existence in practice of the opportunity to make effective use of the ideas contained in programs. The statute expressly permits copying programs without the consent of the copyright holder only in very limited circumstances, and putting them in human-readable form for the purpose of extracting their ideas is not among them.
Ten Years of File Sharing and Its Effect on InternationalPhysical and Digital Music Sales

Music consumption is arguably at a historic high. File sharing technology would undoubtedly be welfare-improving provided that it did not displace music sales. Yet music purchases have decayed sharply since the introduction of file sharing a decade ago. This paper seeks to measure the effect of peer-to-peer file sharing on music sales. I use a long panel of twelve years of country-level data containing information on both physical and digital music sales and on Internet and broadband penetration. This database includes not only information going back to a period when peer-to-peer downloading did not exist, but also includes more recent information up to 2008. I employ Internet connectedness and the speed of Internet connections as proxies for unauthorized downloading, and study whether physical and total country-level music purchases have decayed more rapidly in countries experiencing faster increases in the adoption of file swapping technology. This paper uses the increase in broadband penetration replacing dial-up in order to isolate the effect of file sharing from any other possible Internet impact on music sales. My results indicate that peer-to-peer file-sharing can explain a reduction in music sales that ranges from half of the actual decrease in sales up to the entire decrease.
Resident-as-Teacher Programs in General Surgery Residency: Context and Characterization

Objective Teaching medical students and junior residents are key components of a surgical resident's role. How surgical residents are formally prepared for their teaching role is not well described. The aim of this study was to characterize the status of formal Resident-as-Teacher Programs (RATPs) in U.S. general surgery residency programs. We also sought to understand current attitudes towards teaching by residents. Design A survey regarding the presence of RATPs and attitudes toward teaching by residents was sent through the Association of Program Directors in Surgery (APDS) to general surgery program directors (PDs). Setting The study was conducted using an electronically distributed survey. Participants Program directors of general surgery residencies were contacted through the APDS. Results Program directors from 105 institutions completed the survey; one did not respond to the question about RATPs. 27 (26%) indicated they utilized a RATP. Of these programs the majority, 25 (93%), were developed at the institution and only 2 (6%) used a published curriculum. For the programs without a RATP, 47 (61%) of PDs indicated they were interested in establishing one. Respondents not interested most often cited other resident obligations and time constraints as limiting factors. Conclusions Fewer than one third of responding programs have an established RATP; of those programs that do not have a RATP, the majority are interested in establishing one. Residents clearly play an important role teaching and PDs acknowledge teaching is an important part of residents' daily job, thus formal preparing residents for their teaching role is important. Development and dissemination of a RATP that can be easily incorporated in to general surgery programs would meet an identified need in general surgery training.
Using Nanoparticle X-ray Spectroscopy to Probe the Formation of Reactive Chemical Gradients in Diffusion-Limited Aerosols

For aerosol particles that exist in highly viscous, diffusion-limited states, steep chemical gradients are expected to form during photochemical aging in the atmosphere. Under these conditions, species at the aerosol surface are more rapidly transformed than molecules residing in the particle interior. To examine the formation and evolution of chemical gradients at aerosol interfaces, the heterogeneous reaction of hydroxyl radicals (OH) on ∼200 nm particles of pure squalane (a branched, liquid hydrocarbon) and octacosane (a linear, solid hydrocarbon) and binary mixtures of the two are used to understand how diffusion limitations and phase separation impact the particle reactivity. Aerosol mass spectrometry is used to measure the effective heterogeneous OH uptake coefficient (γeff) and oxidation kinetics in the bulk, which are compared with the elemental composition of the surface obtained using X-ray photoemission. When diffusion rates are fast relative to the reaction frequency, as is the case for squalane and low-viscosity squalane-octacosane mixtures, the reaction is efficient (γeff ∼ 0.3) and only limited by the arrival of OH to the interface. However, for cases, where the diffusion rates are slower than reaction rates, as in pure octacosane and higher-viscosity squalane-octacosane mixtures, the heterogeneous reaction occurs in a mixing-limited regime and is ∼10× slower (γeff ∼ 0.03). This is in contrast to carbon and oxygen K edge X-ray absorption measurements that show that the octacosane interface is oxidized much more rapidly than that of pure squalane particles. The O/C ratio of the surface (estimated to be the top 6-8 nm of the interface) is measured to change with rate constants of (3.0 ± 0.9) × 10-13 and (8.6 ± 1.2) × 10-13 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 for squalane and octacosane particles, respectively. The differences in surface oxidation rates are analyzed using a previously published reaction-diffusion model, which suggests that a 1-2 nm highly oxidized crust forms on octacosane particles, whereas in pure squalane, the reaction products are homogeneously mixed within the aerosol. This work illustrates how diffusion limitations can form particles with highly oxidized surfaces even at relatively low oxidant exposures, which is in turn expected to influence their microphysics in the atmosphere.
Maize RNA Polymerase III Subunit NRPC2: New Kid on the Kernel Development Block.

Seed (kernel) size affects evolutionary fitness and crop yield. In angiosperms, seed size is largely determined by the endosperm and the embryo, the products of double fertilization. Particularly in grass crop species (i.e. cereals), endosperm accounts for ∼90% of kernel size and weight and is a
An urban–rural spotlight: evolution at small spatial scales among urban and rural populations of common ragweed

These files include data from our germination and greenhouse experiments. For the germination experiment, we recorded days to germination as well as germinants per cell, which were used to calculate percent germination. For the greenhouse experiment, we measured several phenological (initiation of reproduction, male flowering time, female flowering time) and morphological traits (height and leaf dissection). We selected these traits as they are known to be ecologically important, vary within and among populations of A. artemisiifolia, and that trait variation has a genetic basis. Initiation of reproduction was scored as the date on which a reproductive bud at the apical meristem first appeared. Male flowering time was scored as the number of days from transplanting to first observed open anther. Female flowering time was scored as the number of days from transplanting to the first visible stigma. Plant height was measured during week 7, 9, 11, and 13. After seven weeks, the third fully expanded leaf of each plant was collected to measure leaf dissection index. Leaf area and perimeter were calculated using ImageJ, and leaf dissection index was calculated by dividing leaf perimeter by twice the square root of the product of leaf area and π, or the formula: DI = Perimeter / (2√Area x π).
Evaluation of Grain Refinement and Mechanical Properties of Additive Friction Stir Layer Welding of AZ31 Magnesium Alloy

This work examines the grain refinement and mechanical properties of additive friction stir layer welding (AFSLW) of a Mg Alloy. The AFSLW process was used to additively fabricate a seven-layer tall build using 5-mm-thick plates of AZ31 Mg alloy, with each layer containing three parallel welding passes. This multipass AFSLW process demonstrates the ability of this additive method to produce tall and wide structures free of volumetric defects. While the AFSLW material was found to have lower monotonic tensile and fatigue strengths as compared to wrought Mg AZ31-H24, this result was expected due to the heat input from the additive layer welding process that relaxed the cold work strengthening mechanisms. Metallography cross sections and analysis via scanning electron microscopy revealed that the AFSLW build did not contain any detectable defects in any of the 21 weld passes. Furthermore, postmortem fractography found fatigue crack initiation mechanisms to be similar in both the AFSLW and wrought AZ31-H24. The results of this study indicate that large, defect-free builds with predictable mechanical properties can be achieved using the AFSLW process.
The impact of trauma exposure on headache outcomes

Limited research exists regarding the relationship between trauma exposure and headache in youth despite the knowledge that pain symptoms often occur with persistent traumatic stress. This study ex...
Demonstration of a low-cost and open-source platform for on-farm monitoring and decision support

Abstract Weather dictates farm operations including irrigation scheduling, harvesting, and protection from crop damaging events such as frost, heat waves or disease outbreaks. In a changing climate, farmers need real-time and site-specific weather data in order to better inform planning and resource allocation. Currently, public regional weather networks provide near real-time data in most locations throughout the continental United States, but these data may not represent local conditions for many locations. Commercial manufacturers provide a wide range of alternative to public weather networks that vary in quality and in usefulness for on-farm monitoring. Low-cost and open-source weather stations are an emerging alternative to public and commercially available weather networks because they are often built from components using open-source do-it-yourself (DIY) platforms and technology. For this project, we developed a Low-Cost and Open Source weather station (LOCOS) using an Arduino-based platform and deployed these systems in two field experiments. Data from four LOCOS in an Idaho vineyard showed that microclimates varied significantly across spatial scales that are relevant to disease management. In a second field experiment, data from multiple LOCOS showed significant differences in evaporative demand between two fields equipped with different center-pivot irrigation systems. The sensors used with the LOCOS showed robust results in calibration. LOCOS were capable of testing rigorous hypotheses about site-specific weather phenomena. This information supports efficient and sustainable crop production, and helps minimize consumption of available resources.
Psychopathy and Moral Dilemma Judgment: An Analysis using the Four-Factor Model of Psychopathy and the CNI Model of Moral Decision-making

A major question in clinical and moral psychology concerns the nature of the commonly presumed association between psychopathy and moral judgment. In the current preregistered study (N = 443), we a...
Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension and Cerebral Spinal Fluid Leak Overview

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is a condition that has become increasingly recognized, necessitating more widespread familiarity with diagnosis and management. This chapter reviews the clinical presentation, pathogenesis, approach to brain and spinal imaging, and use of image-guided intervention for treatment of SIH. Specialized imaging techniques for problem-solving difficult cases are discussed, and procedural details of how to perform epidural patching are provided.
Counterfactual Explanations via Latent Space Projection and Interpolation.

Counterfactual explanations represent the minimal change to a data sample that alters its predicted classification, typically from an unfavorable initial class to a desired target class. Counterfactuals help answer questions such as "what needs to change for this application to get accepted for a loan?". A number of recently proposed approaches to counterfactual generation give varying definitions of "plausible" counterfactuals and methods to generate them. However, many of these methods are computationally intensive and provide unconvincing explanations. Here we introduce SharpShooter, a method for binary classification that starts by creating a projected version of the input that classifies as the target class. Counterfactual candidates are then generated in latent space on the interpolation line between the input and its projection. We then demonstrate that our framework translates core characteristics of a sample to its counterfactual through the use of learned representations. Furthermore, we show that SharpShooter is competitive across common quality metrics on tabular and image datasets while being orders of magnitude faster than two comparable methods and excels at measures of realism, making it well-suited for high velocity machine learning applications which require timely explanations.
The Gut Microbiota and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

With the recognition of the various metabolic functions of the gut microbiome and of its putative role in obesity, an investigation of the contribution of the bacterial populations of the gastrointestinal tract to the metabolic syndrome and its hepatic manifestation-nonalcoholic liver disease (NAFLD)-became inevitable. Furthermore, the central role of an altered microbiome in the precipitation of infectious and noninfectious complications of liver disease was described decades ago. The contribution of the microbiome to the pathogenesis of NAFLD has been extensively studied in animal models. Convincing evidence for a central role for an altered microbiome (through multiple mechanisms), coupled with such phenomena as impaired gut barrier function and an aberrant host immune response, has been amply demonstrated. The accumulation of a similar level of evidence from human studies has proven more challenging; however, incriminating data accumulate. Although animal studies have demonstrated the benefits of interventions that modulate the microbiome and of probiotics, in particular, in reducing steatosis and preventing progression to steatohepatitis, data in man are scanty and high-quality clinical trials of probiotics and other strategies are needed.
The sources of emission reductions: evidence from U.S. SO2 emissions from 1985 through 2002

An enduring issue in environmental regulation is whether to clean up existing “old” plants or in some manner to bring in new “clean” plants to replace the old. In this paper, a unit-level data base of emissions by nearly 2000 electric generating units from 1985 through 2002 is used to analyze the contribution of these two factors in accomplishing the significant reduction of sulphur dioxide emissions from these sources in the United States. The effect on SO2 emissions of the new naturalgas-fired, combined-cycle capacity that has been introduced since 1998 is also examined. The results indicate that cleaning up the old plants has made by far the greatest contribution to reducing SO2 emissions, and that this contribution has been especially large since the introduction of the SO2 cap-and-trade program in 1995. The new natural-gas-fired, combined cycle units have displaced conventional generation that would have emitted about 800.000 tons of SO2; however, the effect has not been to reduce total SO2 emissions since the 9.0 million ton cap is unchanged, but to reduce the quantity of abatement required of other units in meeting the cap and thereby the cost of doing so.
An L ∞ approach to robust control and fault detection

The paper describes a time domain approach to model faults in an integrated control and diagnosis system. The design of the integrated system is done in the framework of linear optimal control for persistent inputs. The tradeoffs that govern the control and detection objectives are delineated and the effect of modeling errors is incorporated in the analysis by providing simple analytical expressions for the false alarm threshold and the size of the smallest detectable fault.
Making Decisions about Software for Classroom Use.

Abstract With computers commonplace in today's schools, teachers have been introduced to a plethora of software to use for instruction in their classrooms. Software companies provide materials to administrators and they in turn expect teachers to make appropriate choices for their schools. Teachers are faced with two initial concerns: knowledge base and time. Teachers are given numerous attractive packages from which to choose with limited instruction about making these important decisions. Furthermore, time is not allotted for the additional responsibility of examining software. Teachers need a simple, time‐efficient instrument to guide their decisions about software. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to report the process of generating a review form that can guide teachers in the selection of educational software. As a result of this field test, a list of criteria for evaluating software and a review form were developed.
Chapter 7 Theorizing about conflict

Abstract The category of conflict encompasses not only war but also crime, litigation, strikes and lockouts, and redistributive politics. Exchange theory and conflict theory constitute two coequal branches of economic analysis, the first based upon contract and mutual gain, the second upon contest for asymmetric advantage. A number of the analytic options for modelling conflict are reviewed. Preferences, opportunities, and perceptions are shown to determine the choice between conflict and settlement. The technology of conflict as an economic activity is surveyed. Two illustrative models are presented, the first involving actual fighting and the other armed peace.
Population implosion in genetic programming

With the exception of a small body of adaptive-parameter literature, evolutionary computation has traditionally favored keeping the population size constant through the course of the run. Unfortunately, genetic programming has an aging problem: for various reasons, late in the run the technique become less effective at optimization. Given a fixed number of evaluations, allocating many of them late in the run may thus not be a good strategy. In this paper we experiment with gradually decreasing the population size throughout a genetic programming run, in order to reallocate more evaluations to early generations. Our results show that over four problem domains and three different numbers of evaluations, decreasing the population size is always as good as, and frequently better than, various fixed-sized population strategies.
Transoral robotic approach to carcinoma of unknown primary.

Background The management of carcinoma of unknown primary (CUP) is one of the challenging conditions in head and neck oncologic surgery. Despite various diagnostic tools, the primary tumor site in more than half of cases remains unidentified. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility and efficiency of utilizing transoral robotic surgery (TORS) for the diagnosis and treatment of CUP in the head and neck.
Screens versus microarrays for ruggedized retarding potential analyzers

An array of highly miniaturized electrostatic lenses is shown to be a viable replacement for meshes or screens in a retarding potential analyzer (RPA) where mechanical ruggedness or the ability to intercept large currents of energetic particles is desirable. Data from a prototype device are presented cross-calibrated with a traditional planar RPA indicating how the so-called microarray configuration avoids energy-dependent transparency (either reduced or enhanced) associated with meshes or screens while providing accurate energy analysis with reasonable energy resolution. In contrast, another ruggedized configuration employing a screen is presented, showing the severity of energy-dependent enhanced transparency, verified by numerical simulation.
Pheochromocytoma of the adrenal medulla; its role in the pathogenesis of a malignant hypertension.

TUMORS of the pheochromic cell arising in the adrenal medulla and producing a well established hormonal symptom-complex are occasionally encountered. The pheochromocyte or the cell of origin of this tumor is the result of differentiation of the sympathogonia or sympathetic formative cells into two systems, the future ganglion cell (nervous) and the pheochromocyte (endocrine). Sympathicoblastoma, neuroblastoma and ganglioneuroma are tumors arising in the ganglion cells in various stages of its maturation (13). They are non-hormonal and produce only signs and symptoms referable to the formation of a mass with pressure on surrounding structures. They are usually malignant and occur in infancy or early childhood (10). The pheochromocytoma arises from mature cells which have differentiated from the primitive sympathogonia to form the endocrine portion of the adrenal medulla. The differentiation usually takes place during late fetal development and may not be complete until the time of puberty (14). The mother ...
Antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity with autochthonous lymphocytes and sera after infection with moloney sarcoma virus.

Antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity in the Moloney sarcoma virus (MSV) system was analyzed in terms of the ability of autochthonous antibody to induce or potentiate cytotoxicity by lymphocytes from animals infected with MSV. As previously demonstrated in microcytotoxicity assays, the lymphocytes from regressor animals taken 30 days after virus infection were consistently more cytotoxic than those from tumor-bearing animals 15 days after infection. Antisera from the regressors potentiated the activity of regressor lymphocytes from the same animals. Also, antisera from tumor bearers, 15 days after virus injection, induced cytotoxicity by the animals' autochthonous lymphocytes which, by themselves, were not cytotoxic. In an independent assay for antibody, both groups of sera produced cytotoxicity by control nonimmune lymphocytes. Specificity controls indicated that both antibody and lymphocytes were required for the induction of cytotoxicity against the target cells in vitro. Normal sera placed on the target cells in the same concentrations induced no cytotoxicity by the immune lymphocytes, and immune sera alone placed on the target cells caused no cytotoxicity. The cooperative activity between antibody and lymphocytes may be a factor that accounts for the observed high incidence of spontaneous tumor regression.
Sensitization, drug addiction and psychopathology in animals and humans.

The past 30 years have witnessed a substantial and growing interest in drug sensitization, particularly relating to the psychoactive and appetitive properties of psychostimulant and opiate drugs. It is now well established that rats repeatedly exposed to amphetamine, for example, will exhibit an enhanced - sensitized - locomotor response when subsequently challenged with the drug some time later. It is also well established that in these rats, the ability of amphetamine to increase extracellular levels of dopamine (DA) in forebrain is also enhanced. There have been many reports of such effects with a number of abused drugs from these two drug classes (for references and critical reviews of the preclinical literature, see Kalivas and Stewart, 1991; Vanderschuren and Kalivas, 2000; Vezina, 2004). Of particular note, these effects are long lasting in the rat: up to one year following drug exposure for locomotion (Paulson et al., 1991) and up to three months for DA overflow (Hamamura et al., 1991) - the longest withdrawal periods tested. Indeed, amphetamine-induced nucleus accumbens DA overflow increases with time after exposure to the drug (Figure 1).
The Effect of Pressure on the Luminescence of ZnS and ZnxCd1-xS Doped with Cu+, Cl-, and Al3+

Abstract Photoluminescence measurements as a function of pressure were made on ZnS and ZnxCd1-xS (x = 0.937) samples doped with Cu+, Cl-, and Al3+. A limited amount of thermoluminescence and optical absorption data aided in the interpretation. In contrast to the ZnS:Cu:Cl studied earlier, these materials were light yellow in color and could be excited by the 442-nm as well as the 325-nm line of a He-Cd laser. When excited by the 325-nm line into the conduction band the emission peaks shifted to higher energy at a rate which could be related to the increase of the energy gap with pressure? Optical absorption data combined with the excitation spectra of Hoshina and Kawai demonstrated that for the ZnxCd1-xS phosphor 442-nm excitation was via an exciton band apparently pinned to the conduction band. For ZnS the 442-nm excitation was from a complex acceptor band to the conduction band. The peak shift with pressure indicated that the upper states of this band were no longer pinned to the valence band.
Thin film characterization using analytical electron microscopy

Abstract In order to understand the properties of solids, the materials scientist frequently needs to characterize the microstructure of a material on as fine a scale as possible. Characterization here is used in its most general sense, i.e. to describe as completely as possible the morphology, crystallography and elemental composition of the material under investigation. Although instruments have been developed over the years that can provide this information, they generally have one common limitation, namely spatial resolution. Analytical electron microscopy (AEM) is the term which is now applied to a new group of analytical techniques used in conjunction with a transmission electron microscope and/or a scanning-transmission electron microscope that can provide high spatial resolution (about 20 nm) analyses from microvolumes of material in thin electron-transparent specimens. The basic principles of microanalysis using AEM are discussed, together with examples of application in both metallurgical and ceramic studies.
Influence of Capture Methods on Blood Characteristics and Mortality in the Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

Abstract Blood characteristics and mortality were compared between rainbow trout which were captured by (1) angling with artificial lures, (2) electroshocking, and (3) seining. The hemoglobin concentration, erythrocyte sizes, plasma protein concentrations, and plasma protein fractions varied according to the method of capture. Mortality was negligible in the shocked and seined lots, but was above 85% in the hooked fish group. Mortality was delayed and the symptoms suggest progressive shock. Definite differences in behavior were noticed in the postcapture fish and included prolonged fasting (shocked and hooked fish), hyperexcitability (shocked fish), and lethargy (hooked fish). The authors believe that presently used methods of capturing and handling fish should be re-evaluated, particularly if the fish are to be used in toxicological or management studies.
Some Effects of Paracolon Bacteremia.

ConclusionDogs receiving an intravenous infusion of a 14 hour culture of the Paracolon Bacillus exhibited profound illness and rapid death. Canine experiments in which conclusions are to be based on survival in apparent health for more than 2 or 3 hours should be conducted with precise aseptic technic rather than general cleanliness alone, in order to eliminate the influences of bacterial contamination.
An integrated segmentation and visualization tool for MR brain image processing

The automated segmentation of brain structures is an important step in many neuroimaging analyses. A variety of automated segmentation tools exist, however, most segmentation results are imperfect, and require manual editing of the resulting contours or surfaces. A new, integrated segmentation and visualization tool, the LONI Anatomist, was developed to provide an open architecture for applying automated segmentation algorithms and interactive tools to manually edit the automated segmentation results. Two automated segmentation algorithms were developed to skullstrip MR brain images and were integrated in the LONI Anatomist: a two-dimensional model-based level set (2D MLS) algorithm and a three-dimensional MLS algorithm. These MLS algorithms were based on the Level Set methods by incorporating two constraints into the level set framework to evolve the zero level set surface in 2D space and 3D space respectively. In the LONI Anatomist, the evolution of the level set was displayed in real time, and final results were corrected using easy-to-use interactive editing tools. Additional tools were provided to visualize the results, such as color overlays of 2D contours over the original gray-scale slices, 3D surface visualization, etc. The LONI Anatomist was implemented in Java using a portable imaging framework (the jViewbox) for medical image display and manipulation, using the Java Image I/O plug-ins for reading/writing DICOM, MINC, ANALYZE image files, and using the Java Advanced Imaging classes for image processing. The design of the system provides a framework for researchers to integrate more mathematical algorithms for converting the algorithms into practical use.
The use of non-interactive scenarios in social neuroscience

Although we fundamentally agree with Schilbach et al., we argue here that there is still some residual utility for non-interactive scenarios in social neuroscience. They may be useful to quantify individual differences in prosocial inclination that are not influenced by concerns about reputation or social pressure.
In situ forming biomaterials.

In the last few decades, numerous advances have been made toward the development of in situ forming biomaterials. Research efforts in this area are fueled by the need for alternative and less invasive methods of administering biomaterials (i.e., functional materials that can be administered in a clinically acceptable manner, rapidly, and less invasively). The potential clinical applications of in situ forming biomaterials encompass many types of tissue repair, reconstruction, and drug delivery. The ideal in situ forming biomaterial can be manipulated easily and administered via syringe and needle into a tissue or organ. These materials are less invasive than conventional surgically implanted biomaterials and have the additional advantage of being capable of flowing into a body cavity or defect before solidification, which results in enhanced integration with native tissue. In situ forming biomaterials are typically formulated as a liquid or low viscosity gel and harden in vivo by various mechanisms. Although inorganic solids such as calcium phosphates may be formed by in situ processes, most in situ forming biomaterials are hydrogels. Most of these materials are suitable as drug delivery vehicles and for soft tissue repair, and many of the hydrogels used as in situ forming biomaterials can be used with cells and serve as scaffolding for tissue regeneration. This article covers existing and emerging approaches to in situ forming biomaterials. Although strictly speaking, most conventional dental restorative materials such as composites and adhesives and orthopedic bone cements also can be classified as in situ forming biomaterials, this article does not cover these materials because they have been extensively reviewed in the past. Instead, the article focuses on hydrogels and similar soft materials that are being developed for use as injectable materials and the potential clinical applications of these materials. The authors have elected arbitrarily to organize the review according to four broadly defined mechanisms used for triggering in situ formation of biomaterials: physiologic stimuli (e.g., temperature and pH), physical changes in the biomaterial (e.g., solvent exchange and swelling), chemical reactions (e.g., enzymatic, chemical, and photoinitiated polymerizations), and self-assembly.
A “phantom bubble” model for the distribution of free volume in polymers

Abstract A new approach to investigate free volume in atomistic simulation was devised. The atoms in the structure are represented by hard spheres. A phantom bubble is defined as an empty sphere, which contacts four or more hard spheres of atoms simultaneously in 3 dimensional space and does not overlap with any atom in the structure. Phantom bubbles are only allowed to overlap with other phantom bubbles. For the purpose of illustration, phantom bubbles were constructed in a fully atomistic structure. An amorphous polyethylene was prepared in a periodic box having the dimension of 28.2×28.2×28.2 A at 293 K and a density of 0.83 g/cm3. There were two fully atomistic polymeric chains (each C400H802) in the box. All the atoms in the system were assumed to be hard spheres, usually with 89% of their van der Waals radii. Larger and smaller radii were also considered. The size distribution of phantom bubbles in this system was calculated and the bubbles had a median radius of 0.8 A. Small changes in the radii used for the atoms have little effect on the shape of the distribution function.
On the Mechanism of Some Temperature Effects on Drosophila

The results of detailed kinetic studies on temperature adaptation and on crossvein deformation in Drosophila melanogaster pupae are presented. A scheme which unifies most of these effects is offered, suggesting that the basic events are a series of changes in the tertiary structure of a protein. Implications of the findings and the scheme are discussed with particular respect to temperature adaptation and to development.