cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular Cloning of AT1 Angiotensin Receptors

Angiotensin II is the principal effector molecule of the renin-angiotensin system. Its effects are mediated by cell surface proteins termed AT receptors. On the basis of radioligand binding studies, these have been pharmacologically subdivided into two classes, termed AT1 receptors and AT2 binding sites (Chiu AT, et al, Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989;165:196-203). AT1 receptors appear to mediate the major cardiovascular effects of angiotensin II, whereas no known physiological properties appear to be coupled to AT2 binding sites (Wong PC, et al, J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1990;255:584-592). To gain further insight into the function of AT1 receptors we have isolated rat cDNA's and genes encoding two distinct but highly similar isoforms of AT1 receptors, termed AT1a and AT1b receptors. Two cDNA's encoding the vascular AT1a receptor were isolated by an expression cloning strategy from a cDNA library prepared from vascular smooth muscle cells. The properties of the clones isolated by this approach are consistent with known pharmacological, biochemical signaling, and tissue distribution properties of AT1 receptors. Using this cDNA as a probe, a second isoform of rat AT1 receptor was isolated from a genomic library. This receptor, termed the AT1b receptor, is 95% identical in amino acid sequence and is pharmacologically indistinguishable from the AT1a receptor. However, the tissue-specific expression pattern of the AT1b gene differs significantly from that for the AT1a receptor.
On the Boundary Value Problems in Nonlocal Elasticity

In this study we have discussed the definition of the boundary value problems in linear, isotropic, homogeneous, nonlocal elasticity proposed by Eringen. The discussion is based on the concept of weak solution which is widely used in the theory of partial differential equations. An inequality which is analogous to Korn’s First Inequality has been given and the results on the existence and uniqueness of the boundary value problems in nonlocal elasticity are summarized. Finally an alternative definition of the boundary value problems in nonlocal elasticity is criticized.
Ilae Revised Classification and Terminology of Seizures and Epilepsies, 2005-2009

The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) Commission on Classification and Terminology has revised concepts, terminology, and approaches for classifying seizures and forms of epilepsy, last updated in 1981 for seizures and in 1989 for epilepsies.
Instructional Assessment Strategies for Health and Physical Education

Assessment is an integral part of the instructional process. It can provide valuable information to both students and teachers. Assessments can be a vector to quality corrective instruction, a second chance for struggling students to demonstrate success, and a means to provide a more complex challenge for advanced students. This article discusses common assessments used in education and explores the idea of using assessments as an instructional strategy to facilitate independent learning while enabling teachers to determine what students need along their journey to learning.
Condensed-matter physics: Functional materials at the flick of a switch.

The function of materials that have been coated with an ionic liquid can be altered by applying an electric field to shuttle ions in and out. The technique has been used to make materials that have switchable properties. See Letter p.124 Materials that change their phase in response to the electrical injection or extraction of an ionic species are harnessed in a wide range of applications, including batteries that can operate in a range of climates and smart windows that can control the amount of light or heat that passes through them. As Nianpeng Lu et al. report, increasing the number of transferrable ionic species can greatly enhance the functionality of the system. Specifically, they report a material system in which the electrical insertion and extraction of oxygen (O2−) and hydrogen (H+) ions can be independently controlled, giving reversible access to three distinct material phases that have very different optical, electrical and magnetic properties. This finding could further broaden the range of potential applications for phase-changing materials.
Major Place Harmony in ABC and the (Reduced) Role of Representation: Evidence from Ngbaka

Ngbaka (Ubangi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, [nga]) contains place co-occurrences that are best analyzed as instances of major place harmony, a previously unattested process. In roots, labials cannot co-occur with labial-dorsals, and initial dorsals cannot co-occur with medial labial-dorsals. Using the framework of Agreement by Correspondence, labials (and certain dorsals) correspond, and agree for place. These processes interact with an additional process where homorganic segments agree in voicing. Asymmetries in place interaction is captured through constraint ranking and definitions, thus simplifying the representation of complex segments. These processes are supported by a statistical analysis of newly-digitized dictionary data.
Effects of the Quality of Dry Food Reinforcement on the Rat’s Instrumental Licking and Drinking Behavior

3 groups of food-deprived female albino rats received different formulas (sugarless, 7.5% sucrose, and 7.5% glucose) of Noyes 45-mg dry food pellets during lick-contingent FR 60, 90, and 150 reinforcement schedules. Pellet formula and FR schedule demand affected licks emitted across sessions, and a statistically significant interaction was obtained between pellet formula and FR conditions. Rats receiving sugarless pellets emitted more licks at a higher rate than those receiving either sucrose or glucose pellets.
Single-Event Upset Characterization of Common First- and Second-Order All-Digital Phase-Locked Loops

The single-event upset (SEU) vulnerability of common first- and second-order all-digital-phase-locked loops (ADPLLs) is investigated through field-programmable gate array-based fault injection experiments. SEUs in the highest order pole of the loop filter and fraction-based phase detectors (PDs) may result in the worst case error response, i.e., limit cycle errors, often requiring system restart. SEUs in integer-based linear PDs may result in loss-of-lock errors, while SEUs in bang-bang PDs only result in temporary-frequency errors. ADPLLs with the same frequency tuning range but fewer bits in the control word exhibit better overall SEU performance.
"Will they be good enough parents?": Ethical dilemmas, views, and decisions among assisted reproductive technology (ART) providers.

Background: Many adults may make less-than-ideal parents, but important ethical questions arise concerning whether assisted reproductive technology (ART) providers should thus ever refuse treatment...
Dissenting Statement of Commissioner Gail Heriot in the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights’ Report on Public Education Inequity in an Era of Increasing Concentration of Poverty and Resegregation

In January of 2018, the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights issued a report entitled Public Education Inequity in an Era of Increasing concentration of Poverty and Resegregation. This Statement was part of that report. It critiques the report on the ground that, contrary to the what the report attempts to establish, the evidence shows that, while pockets of underfunding exist, on average, school districts that serve large numbers of minority or low-income students get somewhat more money than average. That shouldn’t end the matter though. As Commissioner Heriot’s dissent states, the biggest problem is that schools serving low-income students arguable need more money. She asks, “Is there some reason the Commission can’t be more clear and upfront about that?”
An Out-of-Kilter Approach for Machine Sequencing Problems

The primary objective of this paper is to develop an out-of-kilter algorithm to deal with the machine sequencing problem in which both job precedence and machine non-interference constraints are involved. This approach is inspired by the graph theoretical representation of the problem. In addition to the out-of-kilter concept, the algorithm employs a waiting feature and pertinent criteria for the selection of resolutions. The basic concepts of the approach are presented and the entire algorithm is then summarized and condensed to five basic steps. A sample problem is presented and manually solved to illustrate the technique to job-shop problems. Computational experiences as well as comparative evaluations of other existing techniques are included. Finally, a diagnostic view of the scheduling problem is reported with reference to specific characteristics which comprise a major share of the difficulty surrounding the problem.
The Analysis of Data from a Designed Experiment

A statistical design for the investigation of the effects of several reagents and catalysts on production rate is used to illustrate how information additional to that planned for can be extracted from the data...
Indirect Calorimetry: Technical Aspects

Indirect calorimetry measures oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production to calculate resting energy expenditure and respiratory quotient. The respiratory quotient can be determined from indirect calorimetry to determine substrate utilization and used to alter the patient's nutrition support regimen. All but one indirect calorimeter manufactured in the United States are open-circuit rather than closed-circuit systems.
“We have been thrown away”: surplus people projects and the logics of waste

This essay considers discourses of waste that include humans among the objects of discard: surplus/disposable populations in the Marxian tradition, or what Zygmunt Bauman has called “human waste.” ...
Non-Convulsive Seizures and Non-Convulsive Status Epilepticus in a Neurological Intensive Care Unit: Risk Factors and Outcomes (S39.004)

OBJECTIVE: To describe risk factors and features affecting outcome in non-convulsive seizures (NCS) and non-convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) in neurological ICU. BACKGROUND: NCS has been reported in 8-19% of ICU patients with altered mental status (AMS). NCSE may cause permanent neuronal damage via increased extracellular glutamate, leading to brain swelling and apoptosis. Delayed diagnosis and treatment of NCS may increase mortality. Little data exists regarding factors influencing outcome in ICU patients with NCS/NCSE. DESIGN/METHODS: Our prospective observational study recruited adults in our neurological ICU with unexplained AMS, unrelated to anoxia or hypothermia, between January and July 2012. After brain imaging, patients were placed on continuous EEG (cEEG) as medically indicated. NCSE was defined as continuous or recurrent ictal discharges for 30 minutes. We analyzed EEG pattern, clinical signs, risk factors (e.g. acute cerebral lesion, preexisting epilepsy), treatment response, and outcome in patients with and without NCS/NCSE. RESULTS: NCS/NCSE was detected in 20% of 139 patients(11 NCS, 17 NCSE). Factors associated with NCS/NCSE included history of epilepsy (p=0.039), seizure at presentation (p=0.001), intracranial tumor (p=0.007), and acute CNS infection (p=0.06). Subtle clinical signs such as twitching or eye deviation were found in 57% of the NCS/NCSE group (p=0.001). Mortality was higher in the NCS/NCSE group (29% vs12%, p=0.084). cEEG changed management of anticonvulsant in 39% of all cases. All six of the NCSE patients treated to burst-suppression with anesthetic infusions died. CONCLUSIONS: Subtle clinical findings, history of seizures, intracranial tumor, or acute CNS infection should raise suspicion for NCS/NCSE in ICU patients with AMS. However, cEEG remains essential in diagnosis and management. Mortality is high in NCSE; further study may help to understand the relationship between etiology, NCSE subtypes, treatment and outcome. A preliminary version of these data will be presented at the American Epilepsy Society meeting in December 2012. Disclosure: Dr. Laccheo has nothing to disclose. Dr. Sonmezturk has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bhatt has nothing to disclose. Dr. Barwise has nothing to disclose. Dr. Shi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Tomycz has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ringel has nothing to disclose. Dr. DiCarlo has nothing to disclose. Dr. Abou-Khalil has received research support from Valeant Pharmaceuticals International, UCB, Schwarz, King, Ortho McNeill, and Icagen. Dr. Haas has nothing to disclose.
Clinical evaluations with robots in rehabilitation

Abstract The major goal of rehabilitation is to restore function back to a preinjured state. This includes restoration at the functional (e.g., task), performance (e.g., movement pattern), and neuronal (e.g., neural resource) levels. Understanding intervention-induced changes at each of these levels is crucial since it can disentangle compensation compared to true recovery. In this chapter, we will focus on the necessity of quantitative measurements at the performance and neuronal levels to supplement clinical measures of function in stroke, specifically with the help of robotics, given their crucial roles in providing a well-controlled virtual environment for both rehabilitation and evaluation of the hand and arm.
Circumventing autophagy inhibition

ABSTRACTAutophagy is cellular recycling process that plays a complex role in cancer. Pre-clinical studies indicating a pro-tumorigenic role of autophagy have led to the launch of dozens of clinical...
An exploratory proton MRS examination of gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, and glutamine and their relationship to affective aspects of chronic pain.

Abstract Veterans experience chronic pain more frequently than civilians. Identification of neurobiological mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of chronic pain in a veteran population may aid in the development of novel treatment targets. In this pilot proof-of-concept study, veterans with chronic pain (N = 61) and no chronic pain (N = 19) completed clinical interviews, self-report questionnaires inquiring about pain history, interference of pain with daily life, and pain catastrophizing, as well as measures of depressive and anxious symptoms. Veterans also underwent single-voxel proton (1H) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) at 3 T in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) using a two-dimensional (2D) J-resolved point spectroscopy sequence. We found no group difference in neurometabolites between veterans with and without chronic pain; however, pain intensity, negative thinking about pain, and description of pain in affective terms were associated with lower GABA/Cre in the ACC. In addition, the Glu/GABA ratio in the ACC was positively associated with anxiety and depressive symptoms in veterans with chronic pain. Reductions in GABA in the ACC may contribute to increased pain intensity and greater pain catastrophizing in veterans with chronic pain. Furthermore, a disturbance in the excitatory-inhibitory balance may contribute to the anxious and depressive symptoms related to chronic pain. Given the pilot nature of the study, these findings must be considered preliminary.
Extended leaf phenology has limited benefits for invasive species growing at northern latitudes

Many understory woody invasive plants in North America leaf out earlier or retain leaves later than their native associates. This extended leaf phenology is thought to grant invasive species an advantage over native species because spring and fall are crucial times for light access and carbon acquisition in understory habitats. However, it is unclear whether this advantage persists at northern latitudes where freezing temperatures constrain growing season length and low light levels reduce carbon gain. To investigate the costs and benefits of extended leaf phenology at northern latitudes, we observed leaf phenology, estimated total carbon gain, measured growth, and tested susceptibility to freezing temperatures for four native and four invasive woody shrubs in a disturbed forest in northern Minnesota, USA. We found that the invaders leafed out simultaneously with the natives in the spring but retained their leaves later in the autumn than native species. This extended fall phenology did not enable greater total carbon gain for the invaders because they assimilated less carbon earlier in the year than the natives. There was also no significant difference between native and invasive species in their susceptibility to freezing temperatures. Instead freezing tolerance related more to native range then leaf phenology. Our results suggest that freezing temperatures do not limit invasive species’ northern expansion and instead indicate that at the northern edge of their ranges, these species may lose any competitive advantage granted by extended leaf phenology over their native associates. This study demonstrates the importance of considering latitude and forest structure when investigating phenology and growth.
Synthesis of metallic glass nanoparticles by inert gas condensation

Inert gas condensation (IGC) is a versatile method for the synthesis of ultrafine nanoparticles. While it has been mostly used in the synthesis of nanocrystalline particles, it has also been employed in the synthesis of metallic glass nanoparticles, which can be further used in the generation of nanostructured metallic glasses, known as nanoglasses. In this work, we use molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the IGC processes leading to the synthesis of $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{u}}_{64}\mathrm{Z}{\mathrm{r}}_{36}$ amorphous nanoparticles. We investigate the growth of nanoparticles up to 7.3 nm diameter using long simulations of up to 130 ns, under relatively low pressures in the range of 4--10 bars. Results indicate a significant effect of pressure on the final structure of the amorphous nanoparticles, yet no clear influence on the segregation of Cu atoms to its surface. Cu segregation occurring at all pressures results in a thin Cu-rich layer, about 2.5 \AA{} thick, that coats all nanoparticles. Statistics of atomic Voronoi polyhedra shows that the fraction of full icosahedra in the nanoparticles produced at 4 bars is equivalent to that of bulk metallic glasses produced by melt and quench at ${10}^{9}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}/\mathrm{s}$. Higher pressures result in a lower fraction of full icosahedra.
What are customers commenting on, and how is their satisfaction affected? Examining online reviews in the on-demand food service context

Abstract The on-demand economy has prospered with the rapid development of digital platforms. Many customers use on-demand service platforms to order services and then post online reviews. Using text-mining approaches, this study examines customers' online review-writing behavior and their overall satisfaction with restaurants in the context of on-demand food service. We use customers' overall ratings in their reviews to measure their overall satisfaction. We find that customers comment on the main service provider, the restaurants, and the auxiliary service providers, which include the drivers and on-demand service platform; in their online customer reviews, which are posted on the restaurants' web pages on the on-demand service platform. From text regressions, we found the determinants of customer satisfaction with the restaurants through their online reviews. There is a spillover effect from the performance of auxiliary providers on customer satisfaction with the main provider. That is, the performance of the drivers and the platform affects customers' overall satisfaction with the restaurants. In addition, we find that a higher cost of the order makes customers comment more on the attributes offered by the restaurants to show their overall satisfaction. Further, we find the type of listed merchants categorized by their properties (i.e., chain or independent) and participation in the platform programs affect the influence of the various attributes, offered by different providers, on customer satisfaction with the main provider. The findings shed light on the determinants of customers' overall satisfaction and urge improvement in collaboration and coordination between various participants in the on-demand service context.
Electrochemical Investigation of Low-Valent Multiply M≡M Bonded Group VI Dimers: A Standard Chemical Reduction Leads to an Unexpected Product

The synthesis and investigation of multimetallic complexes bearing metal–metal bonds have been significantly advanced over the last 30 years with exciting applications across many fields. While the...
Living Donor Gifted Lithiasis: Long-Term Outcomes in Recipients

Abstract Objectives Presence of nephrolithiasis in a living donor has been at least a relative contraindication to living donor nephrectomy. The concern for stone recurrence and outcomes has been one of the reasons for reluctance to consider these medically complex donors. We evaluate long-term outcomes in recipients of kidney grafts from donors with nephrolithiasis, or history of nephrolithiasis, and provide results from our experience at Indiana University. Materials and Methods We retrospectively reviewed 57 donor-recipient pairs, where the allograft was received from a living donor with symptomatic calculi, or with imaging evidence of kidney stones, between 2003 and 2018. This research study was done in compliance with the ethical standards set forth in the Helsinki Congress. Results The mean age of recipients was 46±19 years and 58% were male. Kidney recipients were followed for a median of 3.5 years and 59.6% of patients had follow-up imaging studies. None of the recipients had obstructing renal calculi or related infections. None of the recipients required any interventions for recurrent calculi and no stone episode lead to adverse event to the graft. Hyperoxaluria and hypercalciuria were the most common risk factors in 24-hour urine collections obtained from donors. Conclusions Our findings from a single large center looking at kidney recipient outcomes over a long follow-up period found that gifted lithiasis is a safe procedure. Careful selection of “medically complex donors” with kidney stones based on appropriate guidelines is a key step. Further studies are needed to help develop consensus guidelines.
Slurs as ballistic speech

Slurs are words with a well-known tendency to conjure up painful memories and experiences in members of their target communities. Owing to this tendency, it’s widely agreed that one ought to exercise considerable care when even mentioning a slur, so as to avoid needlessly inflicting distressing associations on members of the relevant group. This paper argues that this tendency to evoke distressing associations is precisely what makes slurs impactful verbal weapons. According to the ballistic theory, slurs make such potent insults because they enable their users to maliciously inflict noxious associations on members of their target groups. To motivate this theory, I demonstrate its ability to explain a number of facts about slurs’ offensiveness that pose formidable difficulties for competing theories of slurs. I argue that the ballistic theory not only explains why slurs make such explosively impactful terms of abuse, but also why: (i) uses of slurs can provoke offense even when they aren’t interpreted as expressions of the speaker’s racist (or otherwise bigoted) attitudes; and (ii) why mentions of slurs are inoffensive in some contexts, but in other contexts, warrant a level of offense every bit as severe as that warranted by weaponized uses. I conclude with a brief discussion of a practical application of the ballistic theory. I demonstrate that the theory has an important consequence for legislative efforts to regulate and punish weaponized uses of slurs.
Assessing Human Papillomavirus Awareness and the Role of Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Education on Improving Intention to Vaccinate.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS The current state of the U.S. public's knowledge of the relationship between human papillomavirus (HPV) and HPV vaccinations to oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) is unknown. Our objective was to 1) assess the general population's knowledge of human papillomavirus (HPV) and willingness to vaccinate, and 2) assess whether targeted education on HPV-related OPSCC can change intentions to vaccinate. STUDY DESIGN Online cross-sectional survey. METHODS An online, cross-sectional survey utilizing U.S. census-derived quotas to represent the U.S. population was distributed and analyzed to 517 adults in 2020. RESULTS Exactly 72.7% of participants stated that they had or would vaccinate their child against HPV and were designated as "vaccinators." In multivariate regression, Black individuals were less likely to be vaccinators (OR 0.51 [95% CI 0.27-0.94]), but those who were aware of HPV's role in OPSCC were more likely to vaccinate (OR 2.56 [95% CI 1.47-4.46]). Knowledge about vaccination side-effects, eligibility, and mechanisms of HPV spread was low. Only 30.6% of the sample reported understanding the role of HPV in OPSCC. Of these, 43.0% gained this knowledge exclusively from nonhealthcare professional sources, like television. When presented with four short HPV-OPSCC-centered facts (HPV's role in OPSCC etiology, prevalence of infection, clinically silent course, and vaccine preventative effects), 54.0% of "nonvaccinators" indicated a willingness to change their minds. CONCLUSIONS General knowledge about HPV, HPV's role in OPSCC, and the vaccine remains low in the general population. There are racial disparities in willingness to vaccinate within this sample, but these may be overcome by effective education on HPV-related OPSCC. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3 Laryngoscope, 2021.
BCI glossary and functional model by the IEEE P2731 working group

The IEEE P2731 working group has spent much of 2020 working on a lexicography for Brain Computer Interface research. Concomitant with that glossary, has been work on a functional model for BCI. Thi...
Vulvovaginal and ocular involvement and treatment in female patients with Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: A review

Abstract Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are serious adverse cutaneous drug reactions, characterized by epidermal detachment and mucous membrane involvement. SJS/TEN is more common in female patients, with unique findings in the ocular and vulvar regions. Early recognition and intervention, as well as long-term follow-up, are crucial to prevent devastating scarring and sequelae. This review examines the vulvar and ocular manifestations of SJS/TEN and describes the current treatment recommendations for female patients, requiring close consultation and collaboration among dermatology, ophthalmology, and gynecology.
Unique plasma metabolite signature for adolescents with Klinefelter syndrome reveals altered fatty acid metabolism

Conditions related to cardiometabolic disease, including metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes, are common among men with Klinefelter syndrome (KS). The molecular mechanisms underlying this aberrant metabolism in KS are largely unknown, although there is an assumption that chronic testosterone deficiency plays a role. This cross-sectional study compared plasma metabolites in 31 pubertal adolescent males with KS to 32 controls of similar age (14 ± 2 yrs), pubertal stage, and body mass index z-score (0.1 ± 1.2), and then between testosterone treated (n=16) and untreated males with KS. The plasma metabolome in males with KS was distinctly different from controls, with 22% of measured metabolites having a differential abundance and seven metabolites nearly completely separating KS from controls (AUC>0.9, p
Investigation of the Influence of Side-Branches on Wall Shear Stress in Coronary Arteries Reconstructed from Intravascular Ultrasound

Atherosclerotic plaques are found to occur in arterial segments exposed to low wall shear stress (WSS). In order for WSS to be precisely calculated, an accurate representation of the coronary anatomy is critical. Several side-branches originate along the length of the coronary arteries, which should be included in simulations. The aim of this work is to investigate the influence of excluding the coronary side-branches on WSS and on predicting coronary artery disease progression with WSS. Three patient-specific coronary arteries were imaged using virtual histology intravascular ultrasound (VH-IVUS) at baseline and 12 months follow-up. Using the baseline images, 3D reconstructions were created and side-branches as visible in IVUS images were added to each patient. WSS was calculated for models with and without side-branches. There were large differences in absolute WSS between the models with side-branches and those without. WSS was found to be low opposite the flow divider in models with side-branches while this was not always the case in models without side-branches. There was little difference between both models in predicting plaque progression.
Regulation of NAD metabolism in Salmonella typhimurium: molecular sequence analysis of the bifunctional nadR regulator and the nadA-pnuC operon.

In Salmonella typhimurium, de novo synthesis of NAD is regulated through the transcriptional control of the nadA and nadB loci. Likewise, the pyridine nucleotide salvage pathway is controlled at pncB. The transcriptional expression of these three loci is coordinately regulated by the product of nadR. However, there is genetic evidence suggesting that NadR is bifunctional, serving in both regulatory and transport capacities. One class of mutations in the nadR locus imparts a transport-defective PnuA- phenotype. These mutants retain regulation properties but are unable to transport nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) intact across the cell membrane. Other nadR mutants lose both regulatory and transport capabilities, while a third class loses only regulatory ability. The unusual NMN transport activity requires both the PnuC and NadR proteins, with the pnuC locus residing in an operon with nadA. To prove that nadR encoded a single protein and to gain insight into a regulatory target locus, the nadR and nadA pnuC loci were cloned and sequenced. A DNA fragment which complemented both regulatory and transport mutations was found to contain a single open reading frame capable of encoding a 409-amino-acid protein (47,022 daltons), indicating that NadR is indeed bifunctional. Confirmation of the operon arrangement for nadA and pnuC was obtained through the sequence analysis of a 2.4-kilobase DNA fragment which complemented both NadA and PnuC mutant phenotypes. The nadA product, confirmed in maxicells, was a 365-amino-acid protein (40,759 daltons), while pnuC encoded a 322-amino-acid protein (36,930 daltons). The extremely hydrophobic (71%) nature of the PnuC protein indicated that it was an integral membrane protein, consistent with its central role in the transport of NMN across the cytoplasmic membrane. The results presented here and in previous studies suggest a hypothetical model in which NadR interacts with PnuC at low internal NAD levels, permitting transport of NMN intact into the cell. As NAD levels increase within the cell, the affinity of NadR for the operator regions of nadA, nadB, and pncB increases, repressing the transcription of these target genes. Images
A pattern for generating extended truth tables using Java

Truth tables are a useful first step in learning to apply logic to prove, disprove, or otherwise reason about simple logical statements. This paper briefly shows how truth tables for a specific logical expression can be manually created. Then, it is shown how the same truth table can be generated using an easily created Java program. Insightful learning can take place when the student, with minimal programming experience, converts the tedious process of manually creating truth tables, learned earlier in the course, into a process that results in a simple computer program, written later in the course, to generate the same truth table.
On the computation of heteroclinic orbits in dynamical systems

A heteroclinic orbit is generally a trajectory which connects one saddle point to another saddle point. Heteroclinic orbits in dynamical systems are of interest since the system at this point may be structurally unstable although there are cases where it is structurally stable. In this paper we review methods of computing these orbits with application to a power system example. Extensions of this concept in the context of computing the region of attraction in transient stability are indicated.
U.S. Supreme Court Rejects PMSA's Challenge to California's Vessel Fuel Rule

Examines the legal issues raised by the challenge brought by the Pacific Maritime Shipping Association against the state of California's "Vessel Fuel Rule," designed to restrict air pollution from commercial ships engaged in maritime commerce, even while the ships are operating outside of the state's waters. The paper compares the California rule to the global standard established by Annex VI of the International Maritime Organization's MARPOL Convention and the more stringent standards under that Convention for the North America Emissions Control Area.
Biosynthetic processing of neu differentiation factor. Glycosylation trafficking, and regulated cleavage from the cell surface.

neu differentiation factor (NDF), also known as heregulin, is structurally related to the epidermal growth factor family of growth factors; it stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of the neu/HER-2 oncogene and causes differentiation of certain human breast cancer cell lines. Alternative splicing of a single gene gives rise to multiple isoforms of NDF/heregulin, as well as the neuronal homologues, designated ARIA (acetylcholine receptor inducing activity) and GGF (glial growth factor); at least 15 structural variants are known. All but two of the NDF/heregulin cDNAs are predicted to encode transmembrane, glycosylated precursors of soluble NDF. In this report we characterized the biosynthetic processing of different NDF isoforms in stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing individual NDF isoforms, and in the native cell line Rat 1-EJ, which expresses at least six different NDF isoforms. We found that the precursors for NDF undergo typical glycosylation and trafficking. A portion of the molecules are proteolytically cleaved intracellularly leading to the constitutive secretion of soluble, mature NDF into the culture media. However, a significant portion of the newly synthesized NDF precursor molecules escape intracellular cleavage and are transported to the cell surface of both transfected and native cells, where they reside as full-length, transmembrane proteins. Finally we show that these full-length, transmembrane NDF molecules can undergo phorbol ester regulated cleavage from the membrane, releasing the soluble growth factor into the medium.
The Principles of Micro-Thermal Analysis and its Application to the Study of Macromolecules

A newly developed Micro-Thermal Analyzer affords images based on thermal properties such as thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and permits localized thermal analyses on samples of a square micrometer area by combining the imaging ability of the atomic force microscope and the thermal characterization ability of temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry. Since thermal penetration depth depends on frequency, one can obtain depth profiles of thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity by varying the modulation frequency. Also, the analyzer can be used to characterize phase-transition temperatures, such as glass and melting transitions, of small sample regions with a precision of about ±3 K. Heating rates can be varied between 1 and 1500 K min−1. Modulation frequencies can be applied in the range from 2 to 100 kHz. We applied this new type of instrument to characterize microscopic thermal and structural properties of various polymer systems. The operation principles of the instrument are described, application examples are presented, and the future of the technique is discussed.
Listeria monocytogenes intragastric and intraperitoneal approximate 50% lethal doses for mice are comparable, but death occurs earlier by intragastric feeding.

The intraperitoneal (i.p.) and intragastric (i.g.) mouse approximate 50% lethal dose values (ALD50S) were determined for 15 food and clinical isolates of Listeria monocytogenes. Although all strains gave i.g. ALD50S comparable to or less than their i.p. ALD50S, the i.g. feeding of most strains produced more deaths within the first 3 days of the 6-day test than did i.p. injection. ALD50S ranged from 50 to 4.4 x 10(5) cells with approximately 1-log 95% confidence intervals. Of five strains tested by suspension in milk or by growth in milk, none gave i.g. ALD50S that were lower than those of washed cells. Results with 10- to 21-g mice supported the use of 15-g mice for i.g. testing; 21-g mice were more resistant to i.g. infection. These results indicate that i.g. feeding permits an evaluation of the role of the carrier (such as milk) in the determination of listerial virulence, permits strain characterization by i.p. and i.g. ALD50S, and emphasizes a potentially more rapid infection when the bacterium is introduced i.g.
Max Scheler: A Sketch of His Moral Philosophy

By nearly all accounts, Max Scheler was one of the most brilliant thinkers of his day. He was widely recognized, even by Martin Heidegger, as the strongest philosophical force in Europe at the time of his death in 1928. A man of intense emotions and superior learning, Scheler was born in 1874 in Munich. His father was Protestant and his mother Jewish, while Scheler himself converted to Catholicism. By 1922, however, he had fallen away from Catholicism, for various reasons, in favor of a pantheistic conception of divine “becoming” in history. Scheler earned his doctorate at Jena in 1897, where he was influenced especially by the liberal idealism of his mentor, Rudolf Eucken. In 1907 he took a position at Munich, where he met Franz Brentano and several disciples of Edmund Husserl. Under their influence, his thinking took a phenomenological direction. His nine years as a private scholar and lecturer between his academic positions at Munich and Cologne (1910–19) were among the most productive of his life, yielding a prolific outpouring of major phenomenological studies, especially in ethics and related fields. His latter years in Cologne were focused on philosophy of religion, sociology of knowledge, and philosophical anthropology. He died on the eve of assuming his final post in Frankfurt in 1928.
Electrokinetically Induced Mixing in a Microchamber

The paper presents numerical simulations of electrokinetic instabilities induced in a microchamber in the presence of a fluctuating electric field for enhanced mixing. The geometry and conditions are similar to the experimental work of Oddy et al. [1]. Through dimensional analysis and numerical experiments it is found that there is an optimal choice of non-dimensional frequency and driving potential which leads to the best mixing characteristics. This is given by the relationship Reeof /f* < 5 and the condition that f* =O(10). It is also shown that a modified chamber geometry with strategically placed microbaffles leads to mixing which is faster by a factor of two. The microbaffles introduce a rotational fluid cell in the chamber which continuously deforms and augments the material interface between constituent species. The characteristic time scale for mixing is reduced from O(104 sec.) by mass diffusion alone to O(10 sec.).Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Interference mechanisms in waste stabilization solidification processes

Abstract The stabilization/solidification (S/S) of hazardous wastes involves a series of chemical treatment procedures. The wastes are normally treated to compl The complete report presents background information and a literature review covering portland cement and pozzolan chemistry, the effects of admixtures
Residual coefficient of variation and some characterization results

Abstract In life-testing situations, the additional lifetime that a component has survived until time t is called the residual life function of the component. In this paper, we study the residual coefficient of variation, γ(t), and show that γ(t) characterizes the distribution in the univariate as well as the bivariate case. Some examples are presented to illustrate the procedure. Finally, conditions on the failure rate and the mean residual life functions are investigated which ensure the monotonicity of γ(t).
Modulating metal-organic frameworks to breathe: a postsynthetic covalent modification approach.

Postsynthetic covalent modification of a metal−organic framework (MOF) is shown to activate “breathing” behavior upon adsorption of certain gases. The findings reported suggest that chemical modification can be used to trigger, tune, and control the flexibility of MOFs in an unprecedented fashion. By manipulation of MOF breathing and flexibility, the development of new MOFs with selective gas adsorption properties may be realized.
Brown Dwarf Binaries

Nearly 500 brown dwarfs have been discovered in recent years. The majority of these brown dwarfs exist in the solar neighborhood, yet determining their fundamental properties (mass, age, temperature & metallicity) has proved to be quite difficult, with current estimates relying heavily on theoretical models. Binary brown dwarfs provide a unique opportunity to empirically determine fundamental properties, which can then be used to test model predictions. In addition, the observed binary fractions, separations, mass ratios, & orbital eccentricities can provide insight into the formation mechanism of these low-mass objects. I will review the results of various brown dwarf multiplicity studies, and will discuss what we have learned about the formation and evolution of brown dwarfs by examining their binary properties as a function of age and mass.
The pathophysiology of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting

Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting is a major debilitating side effect of oncology treatment despite recent advances in pharmaceutical management. Nurses who provide care to patients experiencing nausea and vomiting are often only marginally aware of the pathophysiological processes involved in the treatment. A better understanding of the science behind current interventions to reduce nausea and vomiting may help nurses use those interventions more effectively. This article reviews current knowledge about the pathophysiology of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. By understanding the pathophysiology behind this patient experience, gastroenterology nurses can develop a better understanding of the common symptoms of nausea and vomiting in general. When a nurse understands the complexity of factors causing nausea and vomiting, he or she will be better able to provide appropriate interventions to reduce these symptoms.
Hypothromboplastinemia following total body irradiation.

Conclusions1. A hemorrhagic syndrome in dogs was produced by total body irradiation (450 r). Manifestations consisted of multiple areas of hemorrhage in the pulmonary, gastrointestinal, and urinary systems, anemia, leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, prolongation of clot retraction, and hypothrom-boplastinemia.
RABBIT MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX.: III. MULTIPLE CLASS II DRβ GENES AND RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM OF THE CLASS II α AND β GENES

Several class II alpha and beta chain genes of the rabbit MHC have been cloned and classified into three distinct subregions, R-DP, R-DQ and R-DR, based on their homology to the corresponding HLA-DP, -DQ and -DR genes. The organization of the rabbit MHC class II genes has now been studied in greater detail by analysing genomic DNA of an inbred III/J strain and several other RLA-D homozygous rabbits, with DNA probes derived from cloned R-DR beta genes. Eight previously cloned R-DR beta genes were shown to be allelic forms of five R-DR beta loci. Genomic blot analyses of DNA from seven rabbits homozygous for different RLA haplotypes revealed that the germline contains a total of approximately seven class II beta genes, one DQ beta, one DP beta and five DR beta. Extensive allelic polymorphism was identified by RFLP analysis using DQ and DR probes; limited RFLP was observed with DP probes. RFLP analyses allowed us to distinguish two haplotypes which had not been previously distinguished by MLR. Such RFLP analyses will be useful for identifying MHC 'compatible' rabbits for various immunobiological studies, including transplantation.
Synergistic antifungal activity and reduced toxicity of liposomal amphotericin B combined with gramicidin S or NF.

Abstract Amphotericin B (AmpB) disrupts membrane integrity by binding to sterols in fungal and mammalian cell membranes. The gramicidins, which form pores in all membranes but exhibit poor antifungal activity, are too toxic to mammalian cells to be used systemically. This study demonstrated synergistic antifungal activity of free and liposomal forms of AmpB when combined with the free and liposomal forms of gramicidin S and gramicidin NF against five Candida strains. In vitro erythrocyte lysis was prevented by using the liposomal forms of all drugs tested alone or in combination. Presumably, AmpB increases accessibility of the fungal cell membrane to the gramicidins, while liposome encapsulation decreases the rate of transfer of the drugs to the mammalian cell membrane. Liposome encapsulation of inactive or toxic drugs, used in combination with liposomal AmpB, may give new life to drugs previously believed to be inactive or too toxic for therapeutic consideration.
Initial Condition Effects for a Brownian Particle in a Harmonic Chain

The influence of initial deviations from bath equilibrium on the motion of a Brownian particle in a harmonic chain is investigated by exact calculation. These initial condition effects, which are excluded by convention in standard projection operator treatments of relaxation processes, are found to be relatively long-lived, contrary to usual assumption. For weak, localized initial deviations from bath equilibrium these effects on the motion are small in magnitude and may be accounted for by a modified initial condition on the particle velocity. For initial deviations involving many bath particles these effects are more substantial and retention of their time dependence in the particle equation of motion is generally required.
Proto-oncogene Sno expression, alternative isoforms and immediate early serum response

The mouse Sno gene, a Ski proto-oncogene homolog, expresses two isoforms, SnoN and SnoN2 (also called sno-dE3), which differ from each other in a location downstream from the site of alternative splicing previously described in the human SNO gene. SnoN2 is missing a 138 nt coding segment present in mouse SnoN and human SNON. We have cloned and sequenced the human ortholog of mouse SnoN2, the existence of which was predicted from conservation of the alternative splice donor site that produces the SnoN2 isoform. Mouse SnoN2 and SnoN are expressed throughout embryonic development, in neonatal muscle and in many adult tissues. SnoN2 is the major species in most tissues, but SnoN and SnoN2 are expressed at approximately equal levels in brain. In human tissues, SNON2 is the less abundantly expressed isoform. Expression of mouse SnoN and SnoN2 mRNAs is induced with immediate early kinetics upon serum stimulation of quiescent fibroblasts, even in the presence of the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide, while Ski is not. Interestingly, although both isoforms of Sno are induced, SnoN2 induction is much higher than SnoN. These data are consistent with a role for Sno in the response to proliferation stimuli.