cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The phage lambda terminase enzyme: 2. Refolding of the gpNu1 subunit from the detergent-denatured and guanidinium hydrochloride-denatured state yields different oligomerization states and altered protein stabilities.

The terminase enzyme from bacteriophage lambda is responsible for packaging a single genome within the viral capsid. Gold and co-workers have developed a scheme for the solubilization of the small terminase subunit (gpNu1) from inclusion bodies using the strong detergent sarkosyl and purification of the protein to homogeneity (gpNu1SRK) (Parris et al., J Biol Chem 1994;269:13564-13574). We have developed a similar purification scheme except that guanidinium hydrochloride was used to denature the insoluble protein (gpNu1GDN). The circular dichroism (CD) spectra of both protein preparations suggest that they are predominantly alpha-helical when purified and stored in Tris buffers. Moreover, thermal denaturation of the proteins thus purified yielded similar thermodynamic parameters for unfolding (T(m), delta Hm and delta Sm of unfolding of approximately 306 K, approximately 22 kcal/mol and approximately 70 cal/mol.K, respectively). Interestingly, however, when the proteins were purified and stored in imidazole buffers, the gpNu1SRK preparation lost a significant amount of secondary structure and was more stable to both thermally-induced and guanidinium HCl-induced denaturation than was gpNu1GDN. The purified gpNu1 monomers oligomerize into apparent tetramers and hexamers in solution and the distribution between these two oligomeric states and into higher order aggregates depends upon buffer composition, salt concentration and protein concentration. Moreover, differences in the oligomerization state of gpNu1SRK and gpNu1GDN under identical buffer conditions were observed. The significance of these results with respect to the biological role of the phage lambda gpNu1 protein are discussed.
Recruitment Restrictions and Labor Markets: Evidence from the Postbellum U.S. South

This article studies the effect of recruitment restrictions on mobility and wages in the postbellum U.S. South. I estimate the effects of criminal fines charged for “enticement” (recruiting workers already under contract) on sharecropper mobility, tenancy choice, and agricultural wages. I find that a $13 (10%) increase in the enticement fine lowered the probability of a move by black sharecroppers by 12%, daily wages by 1 cent (.1%), and the returns to experience for blacks by 0.6% per year. These results are consistent with an on‐the‐job search model, where the enticement fine raises the cost of recruiting an employed worker.
Perianal Crohn's disease findings other than fistulas in a population-based cohort.

Background: The cumulative incidence of and risk factors for perianal Crohn's disease (CD) for findings other than fistulas are unknown. Methods: The medical records of 310 incident cases of CD from Olmsted County, Minnesota, diagnosed between 1970 and 2004, were reviewed for evidence of perianal disease findings other than fistulas. Cumulative incidence was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method, and associations between baseline factors and time to first event were assessed using proportional hazards regression. Four types of lesions were studied: anorectal strictures, deep anal canal ulcers, anal fissures, and perianal skin tags. Results: The 10-year cumulative probability from time of diagnosis was 5.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.6%–8.8%) for anorectal strictures, 6.6% (3.6%–9.6%) for deep anal canal ulcers, 10.5% (6.8%–14.1%) for anal fissures, and 18.7% (13.9%–23.3%) for perianal skin tags. The cumulative probability for any perianal lesion other than fistulas was 21.3% (16.5%–25.8%) at 5 years and 29.2% (23.5%–34.5%) at 10 years. Baseline factors associated with time to first perianal lesion other than fistulas were age (hazard ratio [HR] per 10 years, 0.9; 95% CI, 0.8–0.98; P = 0.026), female gender (HR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1–2.7; P = 0.013), and presence of extraintestinal manifestations (HR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.03–2.8; P = 0.038). Conclusions: Perianal lesions other than fistulas occurred frequently during the clinical course of CD. Female gender and extraintestinal manifestations were associated with increased risks for perianal lesions other than fistulas, while older age at diagnosis was associated with a slightly decreased risk. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011)
Groove Detectors from High-Purity Germanium

Detector have been fabricated from pure germanium with a lithium diffused N+ contact, and a P+ contact which is ion implanted in a dc glow discharge in boron trifluoride. A deep groove is used to increase the breakdown voltage. Measurements of the current-voltage characteristics of these detectors after temperature cycling are reported. The correlation of smooth etch pits with severe trapping in pure germanium detectors is shown. Finally, the performance of a few large detectors is given.
Sediment metabolism from the northwest African upwelling system

Abstract Sediments off northwest Africa were assayed for activity of the respiratory electron transport system (ETS) and for primary amino nitrogen. ETS activities were used to compute respiratory oxygen consumption, carbon oxidation, and nitrate reduction rates. Activities were correlated with depth of the water column, and their longshore distribution resembled that of euphotic zone phytoplankton productivity. Protein concentrations were closely correlated with ETS activities. Carbon biomass was calculated from protein and compared with other computed values. The carbon oxidation rates accounted for 13% of the region's primary production.
Spatial Heterogeneity of the Bacterial Community in a Newly Rehabilitated Wetland

ABSTRACT We documented potential spatial differences within the aquatic bacterial community in a newly rehabilitated wetland. Replicate 10 meter transects were partitioned into four sites of various depths representing open water (>35 cm), water/macrophyte interface (20–30 cm), a submersed macrophyte bed (10–25 cm), and a nearly dry (<5 cm) macrophyte stand. We isolated 30 bacterial strains from the senescing plant/water interface from each site, and characterized the Gram stain and morphology across each transect. The majority of isolates (66.6%) were Gram negative, bacillus forms. Also, senescing matter from each site was collected and the ability of each set of isolates to utilize each leachate was tested. The isolated bacteria exhibited a significantly greater ability (p< 0.05) to utilize its co-occurring leachate than did bacteria from other sites within a transect.
Wireless Medical Telemetry Characterization for Ingestible Capsule Antenna Designs

This letter presents a comprehensive and systematic antenna performance evaluation and wireless medical telemetry characterization between two different ingestible antenna designs, an inverted conical helical antenna and a reference conformal meandered offset dipole antenna. The antenna performance comparison matrix includes matching, radiation patterns, and polarization. Both these antennas are independently characterized inside a human body environment (box-model human). Specific absorption rate (SAR) evaluations are described, and finally a link budget is developed for both the antenna systems based on certain parameters (frequency, power limitations) with the goal of establishing a reliable communication link for indoor communication for biotelemetry applications.
QUASI-ISOSTATIC PRESSING OF SAGGERS

The main method of shaping saggers in insulator factories operating in the electrical engineering industries is static pressing in metal molds. In this method, ensuring singlesided monoaxial compression of the material being pressed, there are typically high losses of pressure as a result of the existence of external friction of the body on the wall of the matrix and internal interparticle friction, especially for articles ofsubstantial height, for example, for saggers. In this case we note a reduction in the forming pressure over the height of the product, which reduces its density upon removal from the pressing plunger. Thus, saggers shaped by monoaxial pressing have an irregular density and strength in different directions. Therefore the working factors of saggers do not fully satisfy the requirements.
Effect of composition on phase formation and morphology in Ti-Si1-xGex solid phase reactions

The effects of Si{sub 1{minus}{ital x}}Ge{sub {ital x}} alloy composition on the Ti--Si{sub 1{minus}{ital x}}Ge{sub {ital x}} solid phase reaction have been examined. Specifically, effects on the titanium germanosilicide phase formation sequence, C54 Ti(Si{sub 1{minus}{ital y}}Ge{sub {ital y}}), nucleation temperature, and C54 (TiSi{sub 1{minus}{ital y}}Ge{sub {ital y}}), morphology were examined. It was determined that the Ti--Si{sub 1{minus}{ital x}}Ge{sub {ital x}} reaction follows a ``Ti--Si like`` reaction path for Si rich Si{sub 1{minus}{ital x}}Ge{sub {ital x}} alloys and follows a ``Ti--Ge like`` reaction path for Ge rich Si{sub 1{minus}{ital x}}Ge{sub {ital x}} alloys. The coexistence of multiple titanium germanosilicide phases were observed during Ti--Si{sub 1{minus}{ital x}}Ge{sub {ital x}} reactions for Si{sub 1{minus}{ital x}}Ge{sub {ital x}} alloys in an intermediate composition range. The morphology and stability of the resulting C54 germanosilicides were directly correlated to the Ti--Si{sub 1{minus}{ital x}}Ge{sub {ital x}} reaction path. Smooth continuous C54 titanium germanosilicde was formed for samples with Si{sub 1{minus}{ital x}}Ge{sub {ital x}} compositions in the ``Ti--Si-like`` regime. Discontinuous islanded C54 germanosilicides were formed for samples with Si{sub 1{minus}{ital x}}Ge{sub {ital x}} compositions in the mixed phase and ``Ti--Ge-like`` regimes. Using rapid thermal annealing techniques, it was found that the C54 titanium germanosilicides were stable to highermore » temperatures. This indicated that the morphological degradation occurs after C54 phase formation. The C54 Ti(Si{sub 1{minus}{ital x}}Ge{sub {ital x}}){sub 2} formation temperature was examined as a function of alloy composition and was found to decrease by {approx}70 {degree}C as the composition approached x{approx}0.5. (Abstract Truncated)« less
Palynological studies in the western arm of Lake Superior

Abstract Lake Superior sediments contain pollen whose changes through time can be corelated with dated pollen diagrams from small lakes in the region. A core collected in 1972 from the deep trough (265 m) off Silver Bay (47° 09′N, 91°20′W) penetrated 6.25 cm of taconite tailings, 55 cm of postglacial silty clay, and 93.5 cm of late-glacial varves. Seven levels in the core were dated by stratigraphic and palynological techniques. The varves stopped forming about 9000 years ago, probably when glacial ice retreated to the north shore. The last 100 varves accumulated at about 10 mm/yr, but the average net sedimentation rate subsequently slowed to 0.05 mm/yr until the time of settlement about 1890. The sedimentation rate then increased by a factor of 10, to 0.5 mm/yr until 1956 when taconite processing began. The postsettlement interval can be recognized by marked increases of ragweed and chenopod pollen that result from land disturbance caused by forest clearance and agriculture. The postsettlement interval is also present at the top of six cores from four other sites in western Lake Superior, collected in water from 25–140 m deep. The postsettlement sedimentation rate varies from 0.1–0.8 mm/yr, suggesting that man has greatly increased sediment yield to the lake in the last 80 years.
Correlation of endorectal 2D JPRESS findings with pathological Gleason scores in prostate cancer patients

To determine the metabolite ratios of (Cho + Cr)/Cit and (Cho + Cr)/Spm in patients with two ranges of pathological Gleason scores, namely (3 + 4) and (4 + 3). By using the localized two-dimensional (2D) J-resolved spectroscopy (JPRESS) technique, the metabolites ratios can be calculated and correlated with prostate cancer aggressiveness. A total of 24 patients who underwent endorectal 2D JPRESS between April 2006 and July 2007 were included in this study. The 2D JPRESS voxel was localized predominantly in the peripheral zone suspected for malignancy based on pathology. Using the metabolites such as total choline (Cho), creatine (Cr), spermine (Spm) and citrate (Cit), the ratios (Cho + Cr)/Cit and (Cho + Cr)/Spm were calculated. In 14 prostate cancer patients who had a final pathologic Gleason scores of i) (3 + 4 = 7, n = 7) and ii) (4 + 3 = 7, n = 7), the metabolite ratios (mean ± SD) of (Cho + Cr)/Cit and (Cho + Cr)/Spm were calculated using the 2D JPRESS spectra as follows: i) (1.48 ± 0.83) and (1.59 ± 0.73); ii) (2.90 ± 0.94) and (2.71 ± 1.47), respectively. Higher percentage of aggressive disease correlates with higher metabolites ratio. Our pilot study suggests that 2D JPRESS can be reliably evaluated in a clinical setting using an endorectal coil. In addition to the citrate ratio, the spermine ratio also correlates with pathology based Gleason score. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chiral-symmetry-breaking corrections to the Goldberger-Treiman relation

The problem of accounting for the corrections to the Goldberger-Treiman relation (GTR) in neutron $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay, ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}$, is reexamined. It is argued that the failure of the traditional approach, based on dispersion relations or Reggeized one-pion-exchange fits to high-energy hadronic reactions, is probably due to the fact that the radial excitations of the pion have not been explicitly incorporated into these calculations. Although there is now experimental confirmation of the existence of a three-pion resonance, more data is needed in order to update these analyses. A different approach to the calculation of ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}$ is proposed here. Starting from the chiral-SU(2)XSU(2)-symmetry limit, where the GTR is exact, one interprets all the GTR parameters as referring strictly to that limit. By calculating the renormalizations induced by symmetry breaking in all four parameters, one can then predict ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}$. As a result of this interpretation a new relation between ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}$ and the $\ensuremath{\pi}N$ $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ commutator ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\ensuremath{\pi}N}$ is obtained. Using the most recent theoretical value of ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\ensuremath{\pi}N}$ (35\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10 MeV), one predicts ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}=0.06\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02$, in good agreement with experiment (${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\mathrm{exp}}=0.06\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01$). On the other hand, a large $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ term such as ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\ensuremath{\pi}N}\ensuremath{\simeq}60$ MeV, which in itself is very hard to understand in the framework of QCD and SU(3), would lead to ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}\ensuremath{\simeq}\ensuremath{-}0.30$, in obvious conflict with experiment.
A technique for aging the phosphor of high-resolution cathode-ray tubes with particular application to P-16

An accelerated aging technique--restricted to P-16 phosphor--that measures a cathode-ray tube screen degradation with use is described. A small area of the screen is aged at high excitation densities and the light output from this area is plotted as a function of deposited charge per unit area. A pre-aged part of the screen is used as a reference level for measuring these light output levels. Measurements made to determine phosphor aging with cathode-ray tube operating modes are described. Aging is found invariant with spot focus, beam voltage, beam current, power density per unit area, and sweep speed over normal operating ranges. Deposited charge per unit area is confirmed as the dominant stress factor. Under restricted operating conditions, the data is reproducible within ±4 percent at the 95 percent confidence level. Aging rates accelerated by a factor of more than a thousand as compared to normal usage have been obtained.
Modification of Cysteine Residues within Go and Other Neuronal Proteins by Exposure to Nitric Oxide

Nitric oxide (NO), a free-radical gas produced endogenously by some neurons, functions as a diffusible intercellular messenger and appears to play a role in activity-dependent modification of synaptic efficacy in the mammalian CNS. The molecular targets and mechanisms of action of NO in neurons remain largely uncharacterized. Employing in vitro brain slices and isolated synaptosomes, we show here that exposure to exogenous or endogenously generated NO results in the modification of cysteine residues within neuronal proteins, as revealed by reduced binding of agents which react with cysteine sulfhydryls. In particular, exposure of synaptosomes to NO inhibits subsequent thiol-linked ADP-ribosylation of the heterotrimeric G-protein, G(o), by pertussis toxin. Our results demonstrate directly that NO may exert its neuronal effects through modification of protein cysteine thiols, and identify G(o) as a potential synaptic target of NO.
Population-based prostate cancer trends in the United States: patterns of change in the era of prostate-specific antigen.

We reviewed prostate cancer trends prior to and during the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) era using data reported from population-based tumor registries in the United States. On the basis of a summary of reports from several population-based tumor registries, prostate cancer incidence rose abruptly during the PSA era, peaked in 1992, and then fell just as abruptly. Prostate cancer incidence in the United States now appears to be approaching levels seen in the pre-PSA era. The flux in prostate cancer incidence (in both magnitude and slope) during the years 1988–1995 is without precedent in oncology. As expected, an age and stage migration toward early age and early stage has been observed. Unexpectedly, grade has shifted heavily toward moderate differentiation, whereas rates of poorly and well-differentiated disease have remained relatively stable. Local treatment rates, particularly radical prostatectomy rates, have risen substantially. Mortality rates appear to have leveled or declined slightly since 1991 after years of steady rise.
Failure of glucagon suppression contributes to postprandial hyperglycaemia in IDDM

Carbohydrate ingestion results in a fall in glucagon concentration in non-diabetic but not in diabetic individuals. To determine if, and the mechanism by which, lack of postprandial suppression of glucagon contributes to hyperglycaemia, nine subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) ingested 50 g of glucose containing both [2-3H] glucose and [6-3H] glucose on two occasions. [6-14C] glucose, insulin and low-dose somatostatin were infused intravenously at the same rates on both occasions. A basal glucagon infusion was started either at the same time (“constant glucagon”) or 2 h following (“suppressed glucagon”) glucose ingestion. This resulted in lower (p<0.001) glucagon concentrations during the first 2 h of the suppressed than during the constant glucagon study days (63±1 vs 108±2 pg/ ml). Lack of suppression of glucagon led to higher (p<0.01) postprandial glucose concentrations (10.3±0.9 vs 8.1±0.7 mmol/l) and a greater (p<0.02) integrated glycaemic response. The excessive rise in glucose was due to higher (p<0.02) rates of postprandial hepatic glucose release during the constant than during the suppressed glucagon study days, whether measured using either [6-3H] glucose (2.6±0.2 vs 2.0±0.2 mmol·kg−1 per 6 h) or [2-3H] glucose (3.0±0.3 vs 2.4±0.2 mmol·kg−1 per 6 h) as the meal tracer. Glucose disappearance, initial splanchnic glucose clearance and hepatic glucose cycling did not differ on the two occasions. Thus, the present studies demonstrate that lack of postprandial suppression of glucagon, by increasing hepatic glucose release, contributes to hyperglycaemia in subjects with IDDM.
The structure of cis-butadiene

Abstract We have optimized the s -cis and gauche structures of butadiene with methods that include the effects of dynamical electron correlation. On the basis of the structural parameters and vibrational frequencies we conclude that the conjugation along the carbon chain is little affected by torsion of up to ≈40°, but that the steric hindrance between the terminal hydrogen atoms is considerably reduced. Our best results indicate that the gauche conformer is the minimum on the Born-Oppenheimer potential energy surface by 0.7 kcal/mol, and this value is remarkably insensitive to improvements in the n -particle and one-particle bases. It is shown that dynamical effects, as estimated by the zero-point vibrational correction, reduce this energy difference to 0.4 kcal/mol. Harmonic vibrational frequency analyses of the s -cis and gauche structures are reported and contrasted with experiment.
Keeping Women Students in Technology: Preliminary Evaluation of an Intervention

Increasingly, companies and corporations are seeking to diversify areas of their workforce that are predominantly male. Many of the positions in these areas are highly technical. However, despite abundant opportunities, women are not preparing themselves for technology-related careers. To develop a first step toward addressing this problem, a partnership was developed between the College of Technology at Purdue University and John Deere Corporation in 2002. In this article, we will present an overview of the first semester freshman seminar Tech 101 Women in Technology: Exploring the Possibilities, that emerged as a product of this partnership. We will discuss the results of a survey of students' attitudes and beliefs about women in technology-related disciplines, administered before and after each semester of the seminar; compare the preliminary results from those surveys to the same survey administered to a control group; and evaluate the course as a strategy for retaining women students in technology an...
High-temperature combustion calorimetry 1. Enthalpies of formation of tungsten oxides

The enthalpies of formation of the tungsten oxides WO 2 , WO 2.72 , and WO 2.90 have been determined by oxidation to WO 3 in a high-temperature microcalorimeter. After correction, the standard enthalpies of formation at 298.15 K are −(140.19 ± 0.70), −(186.34 ± 0.27), and −(195.08 ± 0.22) kcal th mol −1 , respectively.
Advantages of Blood Pooling in Pediatric MR Angiography

Magnetic resonance (MR) angiography has revolutionized imaging of pediatric vascular and congenital heart diseases by allowing repeated vascular imaging without the need for ionizing radiation ([1,2][1]). Gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography overcame many limitations of the noncontrast techniques ([3,
Nonlinear Response of Axially Compressed Laminated Cylindrical Shell Panels

A kinematics-based geometrically nonlinear thin-shell approach is presented. Reddy-Levinson-Murthy displacements have cubic distributions through the shell thickness for the in-plane shell displacements and result in parabolic transverse shear strain. Strains are assumed to be small and of the order of θ 2 , where θ 2 is a small quantity compared with unity. The nonlinearity allows moderate rotations by retaining terms of the order of θ 3 and larger in the strain-displacement relations. Each of the shell strains is nonlinear in displacement. A second, simpler, intermediate nonlinearity of the von Karman type results by retaining all terms of the order of θ 2 and larger. The von Karman type approach has displacement nonlinearity in the in-plane strains, yet is linear in displacement for the transverse shear strains. For solution of the shell equations, the finite element method using a 36-degree-of-freedom curved shell element is developed. The nonlinear response of axially compressed laminated cylindrical shell panels is examined and compared with existing experimental results. The influence of the nonlinear transverse strain-displacement terms of the moderate rotation approach is illustrated in a numerical simulation of an axially compressed unsymmetrically laminated cross-ply panel.
Proteomics reveals multiple routes to the osteogenic phenotype in mesenchymal stem cells

Recently, we demonstrated that human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) stimulated with dexamethazone undergo gene focusing during osteogenic differentiation (Stem Cells Dev 14(6): 1608–20, 2005). Here, we examine the protein expression profiles of three additional populations of hMSC stimulated to undergo osteogenic differentiation via either contact with pro-osteogenic extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins (collagen I, vitronectin, or laminin-5) or osteogenic media supplements (OS media). Specifically, we annotate these four protein expression profiles, as well as profiles from naive hMSC and differentiated human osteoblasts (hOST), with known gene ontologies and analyze them as a tensor with modes for the expressed proteins, gene ontologies, and stimulants. Direct component analysis in the gene ontology space identifies three components that account for 90% of the variance between hMSC, osteoblasts, and the four stimulated hMSC populations. The directed component maps the differentiation stages of the stimulated stem cell populations along the differentiation axis created by the difference in the expression profiles of hMSC and hOST. Surprisingly, hMSC treated with ECM proteins lie closer to osteoblasts than do hMSC treated with OS media. Additionally, the second component demonstrates that proteomic profiles of collagen I- and vitronectin-stimulated hMSC are distinct from those of OS-stimulated cells. A three-mode tensor analysis reveals additional focus proteins critical for characterizing the phenotypic variations between naive hMSC, partially differentiated hMSC, and hOST. The differences between the proteomic profiles of OS-stimulated hMSC and ECM-hMSC characterize different transitional phenotypes en route to becoming osteoblasts. This conclusion is arrived at via a three-mode tensor analysis validated using hMSC plated on laminin-5.
Yield of renal arteriography in the evaluation of pediatric hypertension.

The prevalence of renovascular disease is estimated to be 3%-5% in pediatric patients with hypertension. The utility of non-invasive imaging tests has not been evaluated in children, and renal arteriography remains the diagnostic test of choice. However, there are no established guidelines for the application of this test and information is not available about the likelihood of detecting an abnormality if an arteriogram is performed in children with hypertension. Therefore, we reviewed the yield of renal arteriography in pediatric patients if the test was performed based on the following two criteria: (1) severe hypertension exceeding the 99th percentile for age and sex or (2) failure to control high blood pressure with one antihypertensive drug. During the period 1983-1998, 28 children (mean age 11.7 years) who satisfied one of the above criteria underwent renal arteriography to investigate hypertension. None of the patients were renal transplant recipients. The average duration of hypertension was 11 months and the peak blood pressure was 168/107 mmHg. The renal arteriogram was abnormal in 12 patients (43%). Unilateral renal artery stenosis was the most-common abnormality. When the patients were divided into two groups - those with an abnormal or normal test result - they did not differ in age, sex, or racial distribution. The peak systolic blood pressure was higher in children with an abnormal renal arteriogram (P<0.05). Among those undergoing the arteriogram on the basis of the first criterion, i.e., severe hypertension, 11 of 23 (48%) studies were abnormal. Five children had an arteriogram based on the second criterion--failure to control the blood pressure with one medication--and in 1 patient (20%) the test was abnormal. We conclude that the prevalence of renovascular disease in a population of hypertensive children subjected to renal arteriography is around 40%. Two clinical criteria--namely severe hypertension or failure to control hypertension effectively with one drug--are useful to guide the application of renal arteriography in children with hypertension.
Fatal Hydrofluoric Acid Cutaneous Exposure with Refractory Ventricular Fibrillation

A patient with hydrofluoric acid burns involving only 8% of his body surface area died from intractable cardiac arrhythmia secondary to the depletion of ionized calcium by fluoride ion. For burns of this type, immediate subcutaneous injection of 10% calcium gluconate into the burn wound is recommended and the dose given should be titrated to the relief of local pain. Immediate debridgement of the burn wound also can decrease the treacherous aspect of the circulating fluoride ion, which binds to calcium to form an insoluble salt, effectively removing the calcium ion from any physiologic interaction.
Drift wave simulations in stellarator geometry

A model, based on gyro-kinetic ions and fluid electrons, to study drift waves in low-β [β=(kinetic pressure)/(magnetic pressure)] stellarator plasmas is presented. The model equations are written in straight-field-line coordinates and are valid for arbitrary, fully three-dimensional configurations with closed, nested magnetic surfaces. An implicit method, coupled with a subcycling technique for the electrons, is used to solve the time-dependent, along-the-field-line equations. Numerical calculations are carried out for a three-field-period toroidal heliac. The geometrical effects that enter the model equations are calculated and displayed in physical space using advanced visualization techniques.
The taxi's role in urban America: Today and tomorrow

Changes in the economic and demographic characteristics of US cities over the past two decades have modified but have not diminished the need for extensive public transportation service in these areas. The vast bulk of trips to work, to shop, and for most other purposes within large American cities are still made by residents of those cities, a significant portion of whom do not own or have access to an automobile. Expensive and far-ranging programs to enhance surburban commutation to the central city by means of rail rapid transit do little to meet the needs of those who still must rely upon local, extensive service within the city.
Compulsive hoarding: Current status of the research

This article reviews the literature on compulsive hoarding, including the definition and manifestations of the problem and a conceptual model for understanding hoarding behavior. This model addresses information processing deficits (e.g., attention, organization, memory, decision-making), beliefs about and emotional attachments to possessions, and distress and avoidance. Research regarding the diagnostic categorization of hoarding, its course and phenomenology, and evidence to support the model is presented. The limited research on treatment provides evidence that current serotonergic medications for OCD are largely ineffective for treating hoarding, but cognitive and behavioral treatments, especially those focused on deficits identified in the model, have some utility. Recommendations for further research on the psychopathology and treatment of hoarding are provided.
Color map techniques

Full color, raster-scan displays are increasingly popular media for computer graphics. Several bits of information about every picture element in a raster image can be stored in a local image memory and used to produce a video display. A color map is a look-up table interposed between the image memory and the video display generator which can be used to implement an arbitrary mapping from image-memory values to display values. We present several techniques and applications which depend upon such a color map to provide fast and flexible changes to the display without rewriting the image memory.
New percolation structures in dilute antiferromagnetic Potts models

We introduce a new class of site-percolation models and study them by Monte Carlo methods. These percolation models are defined as the zero-temperature limit of a quench-diluted spin model whose symmetries are those of the antiferromagnetic three-state Potts model on a triangular lattice. Many of these percolation models exhibit a sequence of two percolation transitions. A new phase, excluded in the absence of dilution, is found at intermediate spin concentrations. This phase, which we call the chiral phase, exhibits the symmetries of only a subgroup of the full symmetry group of the Potts model. The critical properties of the transitions found in these percolation models have been studied. The results indicate that, for this entire class of percolation models, the observed transitions are all contained in the universality class of the geometric percolation (q=1 Potts) model. From this result we conclude that the breaking of symmetry, which is relevant for thermally driven transitions, is not relevant for percolation transitions.
Landau-Kleffner Syndrome: Temporal Lobe Tumor Resection Results in Good Outcome

Abstract A child with a left temporal lobe tumor and Landau-Kleffner syndrome (acquired aphasia with a convulsive disorder) is reported because of his good postsurgical outcome.
Synergism between malathion and low frequency sound to increase the mortality of adult Tribolium confusum

Abstract When adults of Tribolium confusum Jacquelin duVal were exposed to low frequency sound during and after exposure to residues of malathion, mortality increased. Eighteen Hz was the most effective sound treatment. However, no significant differences in mortality were found between insects that were or were not exposed to sound when the malathion was applied directly to the insect.
Response of R/C Buildings during the 1987 Whittier Narrows Earthquake

Abstract Strong motion records from several reinforced concrete structures were recovered after the 1987 Whittier, California earthquake. The objective of this paper is to present the highlights of a research study which was performed to review the available data from reinforced concrete buildings, to select representative buildings, and to analyze these buildings using available computer programs for linear analysis. Linear‐elastic mathematical models were built for each structure based on the physical properties of the structural members. A comparison of the results of the computer analysis to the available measured responses data showed good agreement for the majority of the buildings studied. Limited studies on the effects of damping variation and soil‐structure interaction were performed. The results of this study have led to the conclusion that the linear dynamic analysis can realistically predict the response of reinforced concrete structures subjected to small to moderate earthquakes. The deviatio...
Electronic materials: buckling down for flexible electronics.

Inorganic nanoribbons can be attached to an elastic surface at selected positions to make wave-like structures that maintain their semiconducting properties when stretched or compressed. These nanostructures will prove to be immediately useful in flexible electronics.
Delayed diagnosis of bowel infarction secondary to maternal midgut volvulus at term.

Abstract Background: Intestinal volvulus is responsible for 25% of acute bowel obstructions in pregnant women but only 3–5% in nonpregnant patients. Pregnancy may hinder early diagnosis. Case: A woman in early labor subsequently developed hypotension and a nonreassuring fetal heart rate tracing. Emergency cesarean was performed and a live infant was born. At surgery, the patient was noted to have ascites, necrotic bowel, and a congenital gut malrotation with a complete midgut volvulus. Several congenital peritoneal bands were lysed, the volvulus was reduced, and 184 cm of small bowel were resected. Conclusion: This patient represents a case of midgut volvulus with bowel infarction and necrosis secondary to congenital malrotation of the gut.
Large Scale Simulation for Education in Forensic DNA Science

Forensic science education is a rapidly expanding field with several universities adding degrees in many forensic science disciplines. Concurrently, with this expansion is a new push for forensic science education in the secondary schools. This generation of students is also very adept at computer generated environments. The logical progression is therefore to provide students and instructors with a simulated environment to immerse students into forensic science investigations. The Island of Tir Ebensea is a developing system that generates a large scale population and forensic scenarios and places the students as the investigators. Students are provided with a scenario and then generate queries to gain information about the people involved in the case. They can then draw conclusions about the scenario and compare these conclusions to the known answer. The simulation is available to educational institutions.
Health care disparities and language use at home among latino, asian american, and american indian adolescents: Findings from the california health interview survey†

Using the 2001 California Health Interview Survey, this study compared health status, medical insurance, and having a usual source of care for 2,230 ethnic minority adolescents based on language use at home: Group 1, English only; Group 2, both English and another language; and Group 3, exclusively another language. Adjusting for demographic variables, adolescents in Group 3 were more likely to report fair or poor health (OR=2.37, p=.012) and to not have medical insurance (OR=4.61, p<.001) compared to adolescents in Group 1. Young adolescents in Group 3 were more likely to have no usual source of care (OR=4.07, p=.029). Interventions need to consider language barriers in the context of an adolescent's age. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantum Critical Transport in Clean Graphene

We describe electrical transport in ideal single-layer graphene at zero applied gate voltage. There is a crossover from collisionless transport at frequencies larger than ${k}_{B}T/\ensuremath{\hbar}$ ($T$ is the temperature) to collision-dominated transport at lower frequencies. The dc conductivity is computed by the solution of a quantum Boltzmann equation. Due to a logarithmic singularity in the collinear scattering amplitude (a consequence of relativistic dispersion in two dimensions), quasiparticles and quasiholes moving in the same direction tend to an effective equilibrium distribution whose parameters depend on the direction of motion. This property allows us to find the nonequilibrium distribution functions and the quantum critical conductivity exactly to leading order in $1/|\text{ln}(\ensuremath{\alpha})|$, where $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ is the coupling constant characterizing the Coulomb interactions.
Effectiveness of integrating case studies in online and face-to-face instruction of pathophysiology: a comparative study.

Due to growing demand from students and facilitated by innovations in educational technology, institutions of higher learning are increasingly offering online courses. Subjects in the hard sciences...
Age, Alzheimer's disease and dementia in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Ageing.

Recent studies suggest that dementia in the most elderly (90 years of age and above) is only modestly related to Alzheimer’s disease pathology. This raises the possibility that other, as yet unknown, disease processes may underlie dementia in this rapidly growing demographic group, and that efforts designed to combat Alzheimer’s disease may not be appropriate for treating dementia in very elderly subjects. To study this question more closely, we examined the relationship between neocortical Alzheimer-type brain pathology and dementia in consecutive autopsies from 209 participants in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Ageing, a prospective longitudinal cohort study of the effect of ageing on cognition. Almost half of the cohort was older than 90 years of age at death. We found that several measures of neocortical Alzheimer’s pathology, including the Consortium to Establish a Registry of Alzheimer’s Disease neuritic plaque score and the Braak neurofibrillary tangle score, remained significant predictors of dementia, independent of age. In participants older than 90 years of age, intracranial atherosclerosis emerged as an important predictor of dementia in subjects with low Alzheimer’s pathology scores, but did not mitigate the importance or population attributable risk of high Alzheimer’s pathology scores on the odds of dementia. There was evidence that the threshold score for neurofibrillary pathology to cause dementia increased in the oldest subjects, but this was offset by an overall increase in neurofibrillary pathology in this age group. We conclude that neocortical Alzheimer’s disease pathology remains significantly correlated with dementia, independent of age. In the most elderly, atherosclerosis also emerged as a cause of dementia in subjects with low Alzheimer’s pathology scores. We found no evidence for a significant number of elderly subjects having dementia without an apparent cause.
In vitro evaluation of human liver cancer cells and the potential cytotoxicity of Tecoma stans (Bignoniaceae) and Brickellia cavanillesi (Asteraceae) both single and in combination

Medicinal herbs are steadily increasing in complementary use for chronic and alterative therapies. The health risks associated with herbal supplements have therefore been identified as a top research priority. Tecoma stans (Tronadora), a Bignoniaceae plant, is a herbal drug traditionally consumed as tea in South America for the control of diabetes. It contains the alkaloids of tecomine and tecostanine which were shown as functional compounds responsible for hypoglycemic activity. However, the side effects of aqueous extracts of this herbal tea have not been reported. In this study, studies sought to evaluate the cytotoxicity of water extracts from T. stans in human hepatoblastoma (HepG2). Toxic effects of T. stans were concentration- and time-dependent in the presence and absence of fetal bovine serum (FBS). Cells were incubated for up to 72-h with varying concentrations of herbal extracts (60–100%), cytotoxicity was determined spectrophotometrically by MTT and reported in terms of % cell viability. For I...
Melanoma and Other Cutaneous Malignancies

Cancers of the skin constituted nearly one-half of all cancers diagnosed in 1999, at least 1,000,000 new cases in the United States alone. In fact, the skin is by far the most common primary site for human cancer development. Although skin cancer is often thought of as causing relatively little morbidity and mortality, nearly 10,000 deaths were anticipated from cutaneous malignancies, in the United States in 1999, most (7,300) from malignant melanoma.1 Moreover, both the incidence and mortality of skin cancers are increasing in the United States and throughout most of the world.2,3 Although this chapter focuses primarily on melanoma, a discussion of other cutaneous malignancies is included.
African Americans and Immigrants in Northern Cities: The Effects of Relative Group Size on Occupational Standing in 1920

Prior to World War I millions of immigrants arrived from Europe to work in northern plants and factories. During and after the war the African American populations of northern cities grew rapidly as southern migrants moved north. This article examines the effects of the relative sizes of these two population groups on the occupational standing of African Americans and immigrants in 1920. The results show that the occupational standing of African Americans was unaffected by the relative sizes of the black and immigrant populations in their labor markets. In contrast, the occupational fortunes of all immigrants were more favorable in labor markets with proportionately larger black populations. For new immigrants a curvilinear relationship also existed between individual occupational standing and the relative size of their population in the labor market, with the negative relationship observed at lower levels of immigrant concentration turning positive in areas with proportionately more immigrants.
NEW SIMD ALGORITHMS FOR CLUSTER LABELING ON PARALLEL COMPUTERS

Cluster algorithms are non-local Monte Carlo update schemes which can greatly increase the efficiency of computer simulations of spin models of magnets. The major computational task in these algorithms is connected component labeling, to identify clusters of connected sites on a lattice. We have devised some new SIMD component labeling algorithms, and implemented them on the Connection Machine. We investigate their performance when applied to the cluster update of the two-dimensional Ising spin model. These algorithms could also be applied to other problems which use connected component labeling, such as percolation and image analysis.
Design of a Plasma Position Calculator using the ADSP2105 digital signal processor

A Plasma Position Calculator, which determines the plasma position in real time during a plasma shot, has been developed for use on TFTR. Digital signal processing technology is used to calculate plasma current, major radius and vertical position as functions of differential magnetic flux signals and poloidal magnetic field signals. The position information is supplied to the TFTR Neutral Beam Permissive Generator where it will be used to prevent beam injection when the plasma is in an undesirable position. This paper describes the algorithm used and the hardware and firmware design.
Potential for cooperative involvement in vertical coordination and value-added activities

This article analyzes the comparative advantages and disadvantages farmer cooperatives may have in coordinating the marketing of agricultural commodities through the market channel from the farm level to the processed product level. The distribution of risks among producers and integrators under contract integration is discussed, and factors related to the ownership, capitalization, and governance of cooperatives that may limit their vertical expansion are evaluated. Although contract integration by cooperatives may offer some advantages, efforts by cooperatives to limit their financial risks and the market risks of producers could significantly redefine the nature of these organizations and their relationships with members. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Decentralized Random-Field Estimation for Sensor Networks Using Quantized Spatially Correlated Data and Fusion-Center Feedback

In large-scale wireless sensor networks, sensor-processor elements (nodes) are densely deployed to monitor the environment; consequently, their observations form a random field that is highly correlated in space. We consider a fusion sensor-network architecture where, due to the bandwidth and energy constraints, the nodes transmit quantized data to a fusion center. The fusion center provides feedback by broadcasting summary information to the nodes. In addition to saving energy, this feedback ensures reliability and robustness to node and fusion-center failures. We assume that the sensor observations follow a linear-regression model with known spatial covariances between any two locations within a region of interest. We propose a Bayesian framework for adaptive quantization, fusion-center feedback, and estimation of the random field and its parameters. We also derive a simple suboptimal scheme for estimating the unknown parameters, apply our estimation approach to the no-feedback scenario, discuss field prediction at arbitrary locations within the region of interest, and present numerical examples demonstrating the performance of the proposed methods.