cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Soil and sediment phosphorus fractions in a forested watershed at Acadia National Park, ME, USA.

Abstract Phosphorus (P) is often the critical limiting nutrient controlling the productivity of natural waters. Understanding the linkages between terrestrial and aquatic P dynamics is essential to defining the mechanisms governing P availability in the ecosystem. We used P fractionation techniques to investigate landscape patterns of P distribution in soils, and associated stream and lake sediments, in a forested watershed at Acadia National Park, ME, USA. Specifically, we investigated the chemical and spatial distribution of P in primary and secondary mineral phases along a topographic and bathymetric transect based on distance from the stream for soils and lake sediments. The dominant P fraction was associated with aluminum (Al) hydroxides, a fraction that also included some iron (Fe) hydroxides and organic P. The Al–P fraction accounted for 62% and 66% of total P in all soil and lake samples, respectively. These results suggest that secondary Al, and to a lesser extent Fe, dominate P dynamics in these soils and lakes. Stream sediments appear to originate from deeper, less weathered portions of the soil with lower accumulations of secondary Al and Fe. As a result, stream sediments have little capacity for adsorbing P, relative to soil or lake sediments. Phosphorus fractionation results also suggested that both exposed and occluded primary apatite-P still persists in these soils, stream sediments, and lake sediments. Extractable apatite-P concentrations increased progressively with decreasing distance from the stream in the watershed and with increasing distance from the stream and depth in the lake. These trends were attributed to spatial patterns in the intensity of pedogenesis in the watershed and the influence of winnowing and sedimentation on lake sediment composition.
Coincident Boron Profiles of Bivalves from the Gulf of California: Implications for the Calculation of Paleosalinities

The constant relationship between seawater salinity and boron concentration suggests that boron can be used as a measure of salinity. Previous workers have suggested, on the basis of analyses of the boron content of shells belonging to the bivalved mollusc Mytilus edulis, that salinity could be reconstructed from biomineral records of boron. Molluscan shells grow by incremental accretion and preserve within them geochemical records of their environments. Therefore, if boron concentration is being controlled by an external factor, the ontogenetic boron profiles of different shells, contemporaneous and sympatric, should be similar. This paper reports on the analysis of three shells belonging to two species of bivalves, Chionopsis gnidia and Chione californiensis, collected from the Gulf of California. Ontogenetic profiles constructed using a spectrophotometric method are quantitatively similar among the three specimens. The range of boron concentrations in each shell coincide with estimated ambient salinity variation, but also seems to be influenced by aperiodic regional rainfall, and the resulting influx of boron-poor freshwater. The similarity among the shells demonstrates that boron concentration is under external, environmental control, and directly reflects boron concentration in the surrounding water. This conclusion raises the possibility of reconstructing ambient boron concentrations from molluscan shells, and perhaps also reconstructing local salinity values. Further research is required to determine if boron is deposited in equilibrium with ambient concentrations, the nature of any dependence of incorporation on temperature, and, therefore, if paleosalinity reconstruction is possible.
Electrophoretic Comparison of Anthocyanin Pigments in Eight Varieties of Sour Cherries

SUMMARY– Electrophoresis and paper chromatography were used to establish the identity and the relative pigment concentrations in eight varieties of sour cherries using the pigments of Montmorency cherries as standards: (1) Marasca Moscata, (2) Wczesna Z Prinn, (3) Del Nord, (4) Konigliche Amarelle, (5) Triaux, (6) Schattenmorelle, (7) Marasca di Ostheim and (8) Flemish Red. It was found that all varieties contained cyanidin-3-gentiobioside and cyanidin-3-rhamnoglucoside as their major anthocyanin pigments. All varieties except Flemish Red contained cyan-idin-3-monoglucoside as a minor component. A second minor component of cyanidin-3-diglycoside was found in Wczesna Z Prinn, Del Nord, Schattenmorelle and Marasca di Ostheim. In all cases, the major pigments were approximately in the same relative concentrations as previously found in Montmorency cherries.
Undermining Adversaries: Unipolarity, Threat Perception, and Negative Balancing Strategies after the Cold War

This paper engages the ongoing soft balancing debate by suggesting a new analytical framework for states’ countervailing strategies—a negative balancing model—to explain why states do not form alliances and conduct arms races to balance against power or threats as they previously did. Negative balancing refers to a state's strategies or diplomatic efforts aiming to undermine a rival's power. By contrast, positive balancing means to strengthen a state's own power in world politics. I argue that a state's balancing strategies are shaped by the level of threat perception regarding its rival. The higher the threat perception, the more likely it is for a state to choose positive balancing. The lower the threat perception, the more likely it is for a state to choose negative balancing. I suggest that the hegemon provides security as a public good to the international system in a unipolar world in which the relatively low-threat propensity of the system renders positive balancing strategies incompatible with sta...
Typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever: Systematic review to estimate global morbidity and mortality for 2010

Background Typhoid and paratyphoid fever remain important causes of morbidity worldwide. Accurate disease burden estimates are needed to guide policy decisions and prevention and control strategies.
Physiological Ecology in the 21st Century: Advancements in Biologging Science

Top pelagic predators such as tunas, sharks, marine turtles and mammals have historically been difficult to study due to their large body size and vast range over the oceanic habitat. In recent years the development of small microprocessor-based data storage tags that are surgically implanted or satellite-linked provide marine researchers a novel avenue for examining the movements, physiology and behaviors of pelagic animals in the wild. When biological and physical data obtained from the tags are combined with satellite derived sea surface temperature and ocean color data, the relationships between the movements, behaviors and physical ocean environment can be examined. Tag-bearing marine animals can function as autonomous ocean profilers providing oceanographic data wherever their long migrations take them. The biologging science is providing ecological physiologists with new insights into the seasonal movements, habitat utilization, breeding behaviors and population structures in of marine vertebrates. In addition, the data are revealing migration corridors, hot spots and physical oceanographic patterns that are key to understanding how organisms such as bluefin tunas use the open ocean environment. In the 21st century as ecosystem degradation and global warming continue to threaten the existence of species on Earth, the field of physiological ecology will play a more pivotal role in conservation biology.
Reply to H.E. Eve et al

We read with interest the letter submitted by Eve et al in response to our recent report in Journal of Clinical Oncology. Their observations are consistent with our experience that up to one third of patients diagnosed with mantle-cell lymphoma may defer treatment (in the absence of symptoms or other indications for therapy) with no apparent detriment to their long-term outcome. The thoughtful comments made by Eve et al highlight the role of clinical assessment by the hematologist/oncologist in determining the potential need for therapy, with a particular eye toward preservation of quality of life. We strongly agree with their point that biologic and clinical markers need to be additionally developed to predict outcome for patient subsets and direct specific management of such groups on the basis of prospective comparative data. Clearly, cooperative clinical studies of such tools should be a priority for those involved in the care of such patients. We await data that can be used to best define therapy selection. In the meantime, we remain convinced that the clinical judgment of the treating physician, developed through careful monitoring over a period of observation when feasible, is a valuable tool in making management decisions. This information, in conjunction with collaborative discussions with patients regarding their individual goals for therapy, can contribute vital information to optimizing outcome in mantle-cell lymphoma.
Outcome of surgical commissurotomy for aortic valve stenosis in early infancy

Background The method of treatment of aortic valve stenosis in early infancy is still controversial. This study was performed to evaluate short-term and long-term outcome in our center during a 14-year period. Methods Between 1991 and 2004, 64 consecutive patients younger than 3 months old underwent open surgical commissurotomy because of aortic valve stenosis. Median age was 18 days (range, 1 to 79 days), and median weight was 3.6 kg (range, 1.9 to 6.7 kg). Left ventricular function was good in 44 patients (69%), depressed in 12 (19%), and poor in 8 (12%). The study ended in July 2005. Median follow-up time was 4.1 years (range, 0.4 to 13.6 years). Results The 30-day mortality was 3 of 64 patients and late mortality was 3 of 61, and the respective mortality in patients younger than 1 month old was 2 of 41 and 2 of 39. There was no early mortality after 1993 and no late mortality after 1999. Thirteen patients required reoperation. Median time to reoperation was 4.3 years (range, 0.2 to 11.3 years) and to aortic valve replacement (7 Ross and 1 homograft) was 6.9 years (range, 1.6 to 9.7 years). At the last follow-up, all had good left ventricular function and 57 of 58 had an ability index of 1. Conclusions Surgical commissurotomy for aortic valve stenosis during the first 3 months of life can be done with low mortality and morbidity. The risk for early recurrent stenosis or regurgitation is low, and the need for aortic valve replacement can, in most cases, be delayed until the child is older. The long-term functional ability is excellent.
A physical model for the gate current injection in p-channel MOSFET's

A quantitative physical model for calculating the hot-electron injection probability, I/sub G//I/sub SUB/, for both buried and surface p-channel MOSFETs is presented. The model utilizes the two-dimensional potential contours generated by PISCES, and integrates the probability of substrate hot-electron injection across the high-field region near the drain. The known phenomenon that buried-channel (BC) PMOS has higher hot-electron injection probability but lower channel field (I/sub SUB//I/sub D/) than a similar surface-channel (SC) device is successfully modeled. This phenomenon can be attributed to the larger energy band hump-up near the drain and the larger oxide field (and thus greater barrier lowering) at a given bias condition for the buried-channel device. The I/sub G/ characteristics can be obtained from the calculated I/sub G//I/sub SUB/ ratio, using readily available I/sub SUB/ values. >
Comparing Calculated and Observed Vertical Suspended-Sediment Distributions from a Hudson River Estuary Turbidity Maximum

sediment size distributions. Velocities were as high as 1·3 m s 1 , with suspended-sediment concentrations up to 2000 mg l 1 . When a well-defined pycnocline existed, cross-isopycnal mixing was strongly damped (based on the gradient Richardson number). Suspended-sediment profiles were calculated with a stratification-modified Rouse equation, using (1) reference concentrations measured at 20 cm above the bed, (2) estimates of shear velocity based on the quadratic stress law, and (3) a constant sediment settling velocity of 0·22 cm s 1 .D ifferences between mean calculated and observed total suspended load for each station were 17, 7, 14 and 58%, respectively. An uncertainty analysis revealed that the two parameterizations most likely to account for differences of this magnitude were those used for settling velocity and stratification. Best results were found when substituting a power law relationship for settling velocity based on suspended-sediment concentration. This demonstrates the improvement which a power law formulation can provide over the commonly used constant ws parameterization in fine sediment environments. 2001 Academic Press
A Variable Explicit/Implicit Numerical Method for Calculating Advection on Unstructured Meshes

A variable explicit/implicit numerical method is presented for calculating fluid advection on hybrid unstructured meshes. The method is intended for unsteady flows that have a large range of advective time scales, with subregions where the flow may be quasi-steady on time scales of interest. The method generalizes the method of Collins, Collela, and Glaz by providing an explicit-to-implicit switching criterion that is suitable for use on unstructured meshes. No directional splitting is used; upwinding is in the direction of the material velocity, and thus we define and use a new multidimensional limited gradient that generalizes Van Leer's MUSCL limiting 7]. After reviewing the one-dimensional method of Collins, Collela, and Glaz, we present the generalization to hybrid unstructured grids and detail the results of four example calculations that demonstrate the accuracy and flexibility of the new method.
A new approach for combined carotid and coronary disease: the SHARP study.

A hybrid strategy combines the treatments traditionally available only in the catheterization laboratory (cath lab) with those traditionally available only in the operating room (OR), to offer patients the best available combination of treatments for any given set of cardiovascular lesions. Cardiac
Cytogenetic abnormalities in mesenchymal stem cells in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients and normal subjects

e22002 Background: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) residing in the marrow support hematopoiesis and protect cancer cells from undergoing cell death induced by chemotherapy. Recent reports have describ...
The Death of Eugenia Baja: Feminicide and Transnational Feminist Organizing among Filipina Migrant Workers

In February 2008, Eugenia Baja, a twenty-five-year-old Filipina domestic worker, allegedly committed suicide by banging her head against the tiles in her employer's bathroom. Autopsy documents from Riyadh authorities listed her cause of death as an ulcer, and noted that her body showed signs of starvation.This paper argues that the deaths of Eugenia, Jocelyn, and Honiefaith are feminicides, part of the Arroyo government's long track record of tolerating and sanctioning violence against women. It connects their deaths to the state state-sanctioned labor migration program and the lack of support infrastructure for migrant workers, a lack that is even more pronounced for Filipina migrant workers in service and domestic work occupations, where they are vulnerable to abuse and violence.
Spreading Modulation for Multilevel Nonvolatile Memories

The aggressive scaling of NAND flash memories has caused significant degradation in their reliability and endurance. One of the dominant factors in this degradation is the inter-cell-interference, by which the programming of a cell can affect nearby neighboring cells corrupting the information that they store. This paper proposes a new data representation scheme, which increases endurance and significantly reduces the probability of error caused by inter-cell-interference. The method is based on using an orthogonal code to spread each bit across multiple cells, resulting in lower variance for the voltages being programmed in the cells. This new data representation method is also shown to present many of the advantages that spreading sequences bring to wireless communications. For example, multiple information sequences can be written on the same cells at different times without interfering with each other. It also allows storing additional information on an already programmed memory in such a way that the new information is hidden by the noise.
Planctomycetia class. nov.

Planc.to.my.ce.t'i.a. N.L. pl. n. Planctomycetales type order of the class; -ia ending to denote a class; N.L. pl. n. Planctomycetia the class of Planctomycetales. Planctomycetes / Planctomycetia Keywords: Planctomycetia class. nov.; Planctomycetales; Planctomycetes
Mathematical Literature For High School Teachers

(1913). Mathematical Literature For High School Teachers. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 92-97.
Pushcart Mounted Rotary Applicator for Infesting Plants with the Larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

A pushcart mounted rotary applicator for dispensing newly eclosed fall armyworm, Spodoptera frogiperda (J. E. Smith), larvae mixed in corncob grits was designed, developed, and evaluated. The efficiency of the device to establish fall armyworm in the whorls of field Corn, Zea mays L., was Compared with that of a standard, hand-held bazooka applicator. Output of grits from the rotary applicator was independent of hopper load when the hopper was operated at a frequency of 60 rpm and normal walking velocities. In field trials of larval applicators there were no significant differences between application methods in the number of larvae recovered per plant when 2.2 or 8.8 larvae were applied per plant. However, the bazooka applicator was more efficient than the rotary applicator when 35 fall armyworm larvae were applied per plant. A mean of 83% ± 7.8 (SE) of the plants became infested when 8.8 larvae per plant were applied with the rotary applicator, and 72% of these plants had more than one larva. The rotary applicator system has proven to be an effective method of establishing larvae of the fall armyworm in whorl-stage Corn (≤68 cm in height) and is likely adaptable for use with other lepidopterous pests and other crops.
A New Method to Improve Image Contrast in Full Field Holographic Coherence Domain Imaging

We propose a new method based on speckle statistics to improve image contrast in full field holographic optical coherence imaging. Theoretical analysis is compared with experimental results to validate the new method.
Consequences of interfacial viscoelasticity on thin film stability.

The phenomenon of dewetting is frequently observed in our everyday life. It is of central importance in many technological applications as well as in a variety of physical and biological systems. T...
The effects of glucocorticoid therapy on glucocorticoid receptors in leukemia and lymphoma

Measurement of glucocorticoid receptors appears to be useful for selecting which patients with leukemia and lymphoma should receive glucocorticoid therapy. To determine the effect of recent or concurrent glucocorticoid therapy on the number of measured tumor glucocorticoid receptor sites, 18 patients with leukemia and lymphoma were studied. Baseline determinations of numbers of glucocorticoid receptors were performed on the malignant cells circulating in the patients' peripheral blood. Glucocorticoid therapy was then instituted consisting of dexamethasone 4 mg p.o. every 6 hr. Repeat determinations of the number of glucocorticoid receptor sites were performed within 24 hr and at various subsequent times from the start of therapy. When compared to baseline receptor numbers, 16 of 18 patients demonstrated a decrease in receptor number (median decrease 1651 sites/cell) after the start of glucocorticoid therapy. The magnitude of the change in receptor number was independent on the initial number of receptors. Our results suggest that in order accurately interpret glucocorticoid receptor numbers in patients with leukemia and lymphoma, glucocorticoid should not be administered for 3 wk prior to determinations of receptor levels.
The turbulent wake of a towed grid in a stratified fluid

In a stable background density gradient, initially turbulent flows eventually evolve into a state dominated by low-Froude-number dynamics and frequently also contain persistent pattern information. Much empirical evidence has been gathered on these latter stages, but less on how they first got that way, and how information on the turbulence generator may potentially be encoded into the flow in a robust and long-lasting fashion. Here an experiment is described that examines the initial stages of evolution in the vertical plane of a turbulent grid-generated wake in a stratified ambient. Refractive-index-matched fluids allow optically based measurement of early ( ) stages of the flow, even when there are strong variations in the local density gradient field. Suitably averaged flow measures show the interplay between internal wave motions and Kelvin–Helmholtz-generated vortical modes. The vertical shear is dominant at the wake edge, and the decay of horizontal vorticity is observed to be independent of . Stratified turbulence, originating from Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities, develops up to non-dimensional time , and the scale separation between Ozmidov and Kolmogorov scales is independent of at higher . The detailed measurements in the near wake, with independent variation of both Reynolds and Froude numbers, while limited to one particular case, are sufficient to show that the initial turbulence in a stratified fluid is neither three-dimensional nor universal. The search for appropriately generalizable initial conditions may be more involved than hoped for.
Gas Chromatographic Method for the Determination of Testosterone in Human Urine

Clinical evaluation of hyperandrogenic states and gonadal function has been facilitated with the development of techniques for the microquantitative determination of testosterone in plasma and urine. Recently, we have devised a GLC method for analysis of testosterone glucuronide in urine and have utilized it as an ancillary test for the study of normal gonadal function and in patients with various endocrinopathies (1, 2).
Adherence in the Treatment of HIV and Other Infectious Diseases

Over the last decade, survival in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has lengthened dramatically due to improvements in the robust options for antiretroviral therapy (ART) [1]. Clinicians caring for HIV-positive patients now face many of the same challenges encountered by those with other chronic conditions (e.g., cardiovascular disease, complications from diabetes, aging) [2]. One particular issue that plagues all clinicians caring for patients with chronic diseases is how to promote optimal adherence to prescribed treatment over time. Adherence to treatment for HIV has some unique features that make its assessment and measurement challenging. In this chapter, we will review the ways in which this disease differs from and is similar to other chronic diseases. Lastly, we will identify methods and techniques that clinicians may use to enhance adherence among individuals with HIV. Of note, we will be specifically focusing on issues pertaining to the treatment of HIV in the USA.
78. An IND-Enabling GLP-Toxicology and Biodistribution Study Assessing Systemic rAAV9-hNAGLU Gene Delivery for Treating MPS IIIB: Genotype- and Sex-Specific Dose-Limiting Acute Liver Toxicity in Male Wild Type C57BL/6 Mice

No treatment is currently available for mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) IIIB, a neuropathic lysosomal storage disease due to autosomal recessive defect in α-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAGLU). In preparation for a clinical trial, we performed an IND-enabling GLP-toxicology study to assess systemic rAAV9-CMV-hNAGLU administration in wt C57BL/6 mice (6-8wk-old), at 1e14 vg/kg or 2e14 vg/kg (n=30/group, M:F=1:1). These were 2 and 4-fold higher, respectively, than our proposed clinical high dose. No adverse clinical signs were observed during the entire 6mo study duration. NAGLU activity above wt levels and vector genomes were detected in all tested CNS and somatic tissues in rAAV-treated mice through 6mo. However, acute mortality was observed in 5 male mice at 2e14 vg/kg dose on Days 6 and 8 pi. All 5 animals exhibited liver discoloration correlating with severe hepatic necrosis and vacuolation, without detectable leukocyte infiltration. At 6, 12 and 24wk pi, minimal single cell hepatocyte necrosis and/or vacuolation, and minimal cardiomyopathy were noted in a dose-dependent manner, with slight transient elevation of ALT or AST at 6wk pi. T-cell responses to AAV9 capsid and rNAGLU were detected at 6wk pi, but partially and completely diminished at 12wk pi, respectively. ELISA showed antibody responses to both AAV9 and rNAGLU in treated animals. In response to the acute mortality in the GLP-tox test, we performed a 6-wk non-GLP study mimicking the GLP-tox study conditions in male MPS IIIB and wt littermates, to further assess the approach and obtain data prior to early mortality. We treated the mice with the same batch of rAAV9-CMV-hNAGLU at the high dose, 2e14 vg/kg, and performed necropsy at 5 days and 6wk pi (n=4/group). No mortality or clinical signs were observed in either rAAV9-treated MPS IIIB or wt mice. At Day 5 pi necropsy, of 4 rAAV9-treated male wt mice, 1 exhibited liver discoloration, correlating with multifocal, periportal and midzonal hepatocyte necrosis, and 2 showed minimal single cell hepatocyte necrosis. Minimal liver damage and elevation of ALT/AST in wt mice persisted to 6wk pi. However, no abnormal changes attributed to vector treatment were detected in the liver in MPS IIIB mice. Therefore, we have identified genotype- and sex-specific dose-limiting toxicity of systemic rAAV9-hNAGLU delivery, supporting a safe profile for our proposed approach for treating MPS IIIB in patients.
Gorsuch and Originalism: Some Critiques from Logic, Scripture, and Art

Neil Gorsuch lauds judges who purport to “apply the law as it is, focusing backward, not forward, and looking to text, structure, and history to decide what a reasonable reader at the time of the events in question would have understood the law to be . . . .” It’s hard to see how such a form of Originalism withstands scrutiny. First, using “reasonable reader” understandings rather than speaker meaning turns language and law on their heads. Audiences effectively become the speakers in ordinary speech (since reader or audience meaning prevails), and audiences (and thus the ruled) effectively become the rulers when interpreting law (since audiences’ meaning prevails). Second, since laws look forward to govern conduct, how can best legal practices keep such a backward focus? Third, words (however understood by others at the time “originally” uttered) may or may not (depending on speaker and not reader meaning) signify concepts whose meanings embrace change over time. For example, the word “planet” used by a speaker before the discovery of Uranus and Neptune may or may not include further planets depending upon what the speaker meant by “planet.” (The same applies to the inclusion or exclusion of Pluto had the speaker used the word “planet” after the discovery of Pluto but before its exclusion by current science.) Unlike the “reasonable” reader of Gorsuch’s Originalism as phrased above, speakers run the gamut from reasonable to unreasonable, from informed to uninformed, and from thoughtful to thoughtless. Fourth, to the extent a judge is principally “constrained” by a text or texts (as he may determine), by dictionaries that he chooses, and by “history” as the judge understands it, isn’t judicial activism encouraged rather than restrained? Talk of a “reasonable” reader masks the fact that there can be multiple “reasonable” conclusions of what a reasonable or unreasonable speaker meant. Is a judge not therefore left to pick definitions and applications of terms that accord with the judge’s understandings of history, understandings that may well be colored by the judge’s politics and judicial philosophy? This applies to principles as well as labels for things. Principles are also subject to multiple frames, and their terms are subject to multiple definitions therefore raising the very same questions just raised above. Finally, such Originalism doesn’t merely fail with legal texts. It also fails when applied to other texts (including sacred texts such as the Ten Commandments) and when used to interpret art (such as “Landscape with the Fall of Icarus” often attributed to Bruegel and which inspired such great ekphrasis as Auden’s “Musee Des Beaux Arts”). These further failures underscore the dysfunction of Originalism in Gorsuch's form noted above.
A Mixture Theory for Wave Propagation in Anisotropic Angle-ply Laminates

A binary mixture theory with microstructure is constructed for symmetric angle-ply laminates with orthotropic laminae, and for motion which, on the average, is planar. Model construction is based on an asymptotic scheme wherein the dominant signal wavelength is assumed to be large when compared to a typical composite microdimension. A numerical study of the phase velocity spectrum associated with the resulting theory reveals that dispersion is directionally dependent and may be strong depending upon the propagation direction and lay-up angle. Typical results are presented for glass/epoxy, boron/epoxy, and graphite/epoxy composites.
Skeleton estimation of excavator by detecting its parts

Abstract Knowing the near real-time pose of the construction equipment is an important necessity for improving safety and productivity of construction processes. A safer construction site can be achieved by accurately capturing the movements of the equipment and their parts using motion tracking techniques. Recently, the application of Computer Vision (CV) techniques is growing, especially considering that other techniques have difficulties with the deployment and high cost. From the productivity point of view, knowing the pose of the equipment helps to estimate the time that the operator spent on each state of his/her operations. For this purpose, each part or joint of the equipment must be recognized and tracked. Extracting this information requires either using depth sensors or stereo vision, which includes the image information of two or more Red Green Blue (RGB) cameras that have overlapping views. Since the reading range of the common and affordable depth sensors are limited to few meters, this research chooses to use RGB cameras. The most challenging step for this purpose is to process the data of each camera individually for extracting the 2D skeleton of the equipment. After having the 2D skeleton of the equipment from each camera, the 3D pose can be further estimated using the relative rotation and translation information between the cameras coordinate systems. This paper mainly focuses on determining the 2D skeleton of excavators based on the videos received from the cameras available on the site. The method takes advantage of synthetic images of each excavator's part to train the parts' detectors. After detecting the parts, the backgrounds of the detected parts are subtracted. The remaining pixels from the previous step are processed to estimate the skeleton of each part. The final skeleton of the excavator is derived by connecting the individual skeletons of each part to their adjacent parts considering the kinematic information of the excavator.
Addressing Colorectal Cancer Disparities Among African American Men Beyond Traditional Practice-Based Settings.

An introduction is presented in which the author discusses an article in the journal about the MISTER B Trial involving a patient navigator intervention and the goal of increasing colorectal cancer screening rates among African American men, and it mentions barbershops in New Yor, New York.
Endoscopic Ultrasound as a Pretreatment Clinical Staging Tool for Gastric Cancer: Association with Pathology and Outcome

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is a guideline-recommended diagnostic test to estimate pretreatment clinical stage in gastric cancer. The impact of EUS to discriminate long-term outcomes has not been established. The objectives of our study were to (1) evaluate the association between EUS and pathologic stage; (2) evaluate the ability of EUS to predict disease-specific survival (DSS); and (3) determine how neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NCT) affects these relationships. A prospective gastric cancer database at a tertiary care cancer center identified 734 patients who underwent curative intent resection. Patients were separated into EUS low-risk (T1–2, N0) and EUS high-risk (T3–4 Nany, or Tany N+) groups. Agreement statistics and 5-year DSS were estimated stratified by NCT. Between 1987 and 2015, 68% (502/734) of patients were not treated with NCT. Among these patients, percentage agreement between EUS and pathology was moderate (individual T stage: 52%; N stage: 70%; risk group: 73%). EUS accurately estimated pathologic risk group in 73% (365/502) of patients, whereas it overestimated pathologic risk group in 19% (93/502) of patients and underestimated risk in 8% (41/502) of patients. EUS in non-NCT staging was able to discriminate DSS for T stage (hazard ratio [HR] 5.07, p 0.05), N stage (HR 1.46, p > 0.05) and risk group (HR 0.50, p > 0.05). Pretreatment clinical staging based on EUS alone could lead to over- or under treatment in 27% of patients and can discriminate DSS in NCT-naive patients. EUS should be used in the context of other validated clinical risk tools.
Designer metamaterials using graphene for integrated nano-photonic applications

Optical modulators are essential components for optical communication systems. In this paper we introduce and discuss the concept of designer metamaterials in the context of graphene-based optical modulators. This is a very powerful tool, which enables device design with ultra-compact footprint, low energy consumption, and high speed. As an example, we design an integrated nano-photonic optical modulator. For a target modulation performance, i.e. modulation depth and insertion loss levels, we show that the designer metamaterial device footprint can be reduced with respect to what is possible in ridge waveguide approaches.
Service-Learning Outcomes Research: The Role and Scarcity of Replication Studies

The effect of service-learning on college and university students has attracted considerable scholarly attention in the last decade. However, few attempts to replicate studies are conducted. The purpose of the research reported in this article is threefold: (1) to assess the reliability of a modified version of Kelly, Chase, and Tucker's (1979) taxonomy to discriminate accurately between sub-categories of replication in studies of service-learning outcomes; (2) to determine the extent of replications in the service-learning outcomes literature; and (3) to make recommendations based on the study's results. The research sample consists of data-based articles published in peer-reviewed journals between[space] 1993 and 2004. The taxonomy's ability to discriminate [between] types of replications yields an inter-rater reliability of 88 percent. The results indicated that 31 (70.4 percent) of the studies were classified as either operational or constructive replications. Many of the studies were “within-study” r...
Solid state laser triggering system for the Hermes-III accelerator

The Hermes III accelerator at Sandia National Laboratories is a 20-cavity multi-stage linear induction voltage accelerator typically producing a 20-MV, 40-ns, 600-kA output pulse. Energy is initially stored in Marx banks that are each discharged into two intermediate store capacitors. Each of these capacitors are then switched with an SF6-insulated high voltage Rimfire gas switch into four parallel pulse forming lines that further condition the discharge pulse and deliver it to the induction cavities arrayed along the axis of the machine. Presently, a single 0.9-J KrF laser operating at 248 nm, the output of which is divided into twenty beams, is used to trigger the 20 rim-fire switches. As part of an upgrade to the accelerator, however, a new solid state laser triggering system is being designed to replace this system and provide additional capabilities for the accelerator. The laser triggering system will be made up of 10 discrete compact flash-lamp pumped, Q-switched Nd:YAG lasers (Tempest 300), each having an output energy of 40 mJ at a wavelength of 266 nm. As each laser will be responsible for triggering only two of the rim-fire switches, it becomes possible to shape the output pulse by varying the times at which the individual lasers fire. Overall reliability for the accelerator's operation with these new lasers will be increased, as well. The general layout of this new laser triggering system design will be presented, along with details pertaining to the triggering of the lasers and the optical beam paths.
Quantifying fatigue property changes in material jetted parts due to functionally graded material interface design

Abstract The capability of Additive Manufacturing (AM) to manufacture multi-materials allows the fabrication of complex and multifunctional objects with heterogeneous material compositions and varying mechanical properties. The material jetting AM process specifically has the capability to manufacture multi-material structures with both rigid and flexible material properties. Existing research has investigated the fatigue properties of 3D printed multi-material specimens and shows that there is a weakness at multi-material interfaces. This paper seeks to, instead, investigate the effects of gradual material transitions on the fatigue life of 3D printed multi-material specimens. In order to examine the fatigue life at the multi-material interface, stepwise gradients are compared against continuous gradients created through voxel-based design. Results demonstrate the effects of different material gradient patterns and different material transition lengths on the fatigue life of multi-material specimens. In addition, the behavior of individual material composites is studied to confirm how gradient designs based on different material compositions affect their material properties.
Theory of Paradox Within Service-Dominant Logic

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the foundational premises of service-dominant S-D logic through systemic and paradoxical thinking. Systemic thinking seeks to understand phenomena holistically and elementarily, while paradoxical thinking is an ontological perspective that appreciates the plurality of phenomena and accepts the notion that underlying explanations require a "both" rather than an "and/or" commitment of understanding. S-D logic is evolving as a theoretical framework in explaining how actors conduct recursive exchanges of resources in the form of value-hosting service. As with any complex system, the holistic viewing of S-D logic reveals that the complexity of service systems is, at times, inherently paradoxical. This composition highlights how systemic and paradoxical thinking, instantiated through soft systems methodology, can advance the theoretical framework of S-D logic. The proclamation is made that the identification of paradoxes within S-D logic will aid its evolution toward a general theory of marketing.
Estabilización de temperatura en un digestor anaerobio tipo U.A.S.B alimentado con residuos bovinos y lodos

This paper presents the study of temperature stabilization in the anaerobic co-digestion of cattle manures. The aim was to develop a strategy based on the temperature to speed up the production of biogas and/or increase their quality in the percentage of methane. The trial was conducted in climatic conditions of the savannah of Bogota, Colombia. Initially operating conditions anaerobic digestion process were established to determine the parameter that directly affects the production of biogas A conventional digester and a new prototype digester to which is made an improvement was constructed.
Pancreatic and Duodenal Injuries (Sleep When You Can

I have a unique perspective here. I am a surgical oncologist who has the benefit of being exposed to the intense trauma surgery of war. I take trauma call in a level 2 trauma Center and I have been deployed to the busiest combat support hospital’s in Iraq as well as being deployed to a desolate forward surgical team in Afghanistan where the only help I had was the skills I possess. I remember saying to the editor of this book (and good friend), “Any surgical oncologist can be a trauma surgeon because we are comfortable operating anywhere in the body and we routinely operate on the pancreas and the liver.” Obviously, that was an incorrect statement because the trauma patient has a very distinct physiology requiring attention to much more than just the technique of how to do a complex surgery. This was a lesson that I learned the hard way. On the flip side, pancreatic and duodenal injuries can be very difficult to manage if you do not routinely operate in this area. For a surgeon who does not have experience in complex operations and those involving the pancreas and the duodenum, the midst of the acute trauma is not the time to try to learn.
Examining the Effect of Social Influence on Young Drivers’ Behavior:

Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death for 15 to 20-year olds. Young/novice drivers have long been thought to be vulnerable to the impact of peer passengers, and thus have a higher cr...
Anger in infancy and its implications: history of attachment in mother-child and father-child relationships as a moderator of risk

Growing research has documented distinct developmental sequelae in insecure and secure parent-child relationships, supporting a model of early attachment as moderating future developmental processes rather than, or in addition to, a source of direct effects. We explored maladaptive developmental implications of infants' anger proneness in 102 community families. Anger was assessed in infancy through observations in the Car Seat episode and parents' ratings. Children's security with parents was assessed in the Strange Situation paradigm at 15 months. At preschool age, child negativity (defiance and negative affect) was observed in interactions with the parent, and at early school age, oppositionality was rated by parents and teachers. Security was unrelated to infant anger; however, it moderated associations between infant anger and future maladaptive outcomes, such that highly angry infants embarked on a negative trajectory in insecure, but not in secure, parent-child dyads. For insecure, but not secure, mother-child dyads, infants' mother-rated anger predicted negativity at preschool age. For insecure, but not secure, father-child dyads, infants' anger in the Car Seat predicted father- and teacher-rated oppositional behavior at early school age. Results highlight the developmentally complex nature of the impact of attachment, depending on the relationship with mother versus father, type of measure, and timing of effects.
Social Validity of Strategies to Assist Females with ASD during Gynecological Examinations

This study aimed to identify strategies that stakeholders would deem appropriate for use during a gynecological exam for a female with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) who also has limited language (LL). Females with ASD are not receiving the same gynecological care as their non-ASD peers yet may have a greater need for such care due to increased health risks. Twenty-three parents and six caregivers of a female with ASD and LL, three females with ASD/Asperger’s, and two nurses responded to an online survey about possible strategies to use with a female with ASD and LL during a routine gynecological exam. With the use of an embedded video to explain the strategies, participants were asked to choose those they identify as being effective for the successful completion of a gynecological exam. The use of visual supports via an electronic device or picture prompts, reinforcement of incremental steps, and non-contingent escape were identified as the top three strategies that would support a female with ASD and LL during a gynecological exam. Participants also offered anecdotal commentary about their fears and concerns related to this issue. The patient’s voice in the decision-making process is crucial to the buy-in of the services offered by their providers. Once patient preference is known, it is imperative that researchers use that information. Identifying strategies with a higher rate of social validity, or acceptance of treatment prior to implementation, may assist future researchers in conducting studies on the effectiveness of those strategies.
Study of Crystalline Defect Induced Optical Scattering Loss inside AlN Waveguides in UV-Visible Spectral Wavelengths

We study crystalline defect induced scattering loss inside AlN optical waveguides using volume current method. Result indicates that dislocation inside AlN contributes significant scattering loss in UV-visible spectrum wavelengths in certain geometries of waveguides.
Genetic response to index selection for the improvement of egg production efficiency in layer-type chickens

The laying performance of different body weight classes, defined on both a genetic and phenotypic scale, was compared. The distribution of pedigreed Leghorn breeders of both sexes was truncated, on the basis of 30 week body weight, into two classes: light (L) or heavy (H). The progeny then were classified according to parental mating types as either LxL, LxH, orHxH. Differences among these progeny groups defined the genetic scale. The phenotypic scale was derived separately by pheno­ typic truncation of the progeny distribution into light (L), medium (M), and heavy (H) body weight classes at 30 weeks. Differences in rate of lay and in egg mass output between classes were in poor agreement with respect to the two scales. Light birds were poorest egg producers on the phenotypic scale but were the best egg pro­ ducers on the genetic scale. Superior egg production by the heavy-bird class during the late spring and early summer months of the year could not be demonstrated. Deviations in body weight sharply reflected poorer performance on the phenotypic scale, but not the genetic scale. This emphasizes the dominant role of management, feeding, and disease control over the genetic influence in maintaining optimum size for satisfactory productivity.
Pediatric hard palate foreign bodies: Case report and Systematic review of the literature.

Abstract Introduction Foreign body impaction in the pediatric hard palate is a rarely described otolaryngologic entity. It is often misdiagnosed as a neoplastic or an inflammatory lesion causing much stress to parents. The aim of this paper is to report a case managed in our department and to present a systematic review of the literature on pediatric hard palate foreign body impaction. Case report We present the case and the management of an impacted plastic screw cap in the hard palate of a 9 month-old boy. Material and methods Following the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review was conducted in August 2019 using Medline and Embase databases. Included articles were reviewed for mean age at presentation, gender, presumptive diagnosis, time to removal, foreign body type, average size, anesthesia type and complications. Results 32 reported cases were included. Foreign bodies were mistaken for other diagnoses in 24 cases. Mean duration from first presentation till removal was 56.9 days. Circular plastic covers were found in 20 cases. General anesthesia was used in 68% of the cases. No major complications were reported. Conclusions Foreign body impaction should be kept in the differential diagnosis of hard palate lesions in children. Up to date, this entity is still frequently misdiagnosed.
Production Rate as a Variable in the Job Success or Failure of Educable Mentally Retarded Adolescents.

This study investigated the importance of production rate of mentally retarded clients as an influencing factor in their employment success. In Experiment I, the production rates of 10 pairs of cli...