cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pre‐Transplant IFN‐γ ELISPOTs Are Associated with Post‐Transplant Renal Function in African American Renal Transplant Recipients

Final crossmatch testing is routinely used to assess the risk of antibody-mediated graft injury/rejection post-transplant. Analogously, we postulated that quantitative measurements of anti-donor effector/memory T cells pre-transplant would independently assess post-transplant risk. To address this hypothesis, we determined the frequencies of pre-transplant, donor-specific interferon-γ (IFN-γ) enzyme-linked immunosorbent spots (ELISPOTs) and correlated the results with post-transplant outcomes in 37 African American recipients of deceased donor kidney transplants treated with tacrolimus- and sirolimus-based immunosuppression. A positive ELISPOT test (>25 spots/300 000 cells) was detected in 14 (38%) of 37 patients. The incidence of biopsy-proven acute rejection was 50% (7/14) in ELISPOT-positive versus 17% (4/23) in ELISPOT-negative patients (p = 0.036). Calculated glomerular filtration rate (MDRD) at 12 months was 37 ± 16 mL/min in ELISPOT-positive versus 55 ± 20 mL/min in ELISPOT-negative patients (p = 0.01). ELISPOT status remained a correlate of allograft function at 12 months by linear regression analysis (p = 0.001), independent of rejection and other contributing variables. Pre-transplant donor-directed IFN-γ ELISPOT assessment of anti-donor cellular immunity may function as a ‘cellular crossmatch’ and independently correlates with renal allograft function in African Americans receiving tacrolimus- and sirolimus-based immunosuppression.
Dynamic and isothermal thermogravimetric analysis of a polycyanurate thermosetting system

Isothermal and dynamic thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were performed on a polycyanurate thermosetting material. The effects on thermal stability of the copper naphthenate catalyst were studied by comparing two systems with different amounts of catalyst. Tests were performed isothermally at temperatures ranging from 200°C to 240°C for times up to one week. Dynamic tests were also performed at rates from 0.1°C/min to 40°C /min at temperatures ranging from 180°C to 600°C. It is found that increasing the concentration of copper increased the weight loss in isothermal tests, but did not affect the overall activation energy. Conversely, in dynamic tests, copper concentration had no effect on weight loss. The results demonstrate the difficulties of extrapolating dynamic TGA data to use conditions in order to predict long-term thermal stability.
Resolution in column chromatography of polymer latexes. I. The light scattering behavior of polystyrene and its effect on signal resolution in HDC

A method for improving signal resolution in latex particle-size analysis by HDC is presented and discussed. Data for the extinction cross section and specific extinction coefficient for polystyrene latex standards indicate that improvements in signal resolution can be obtained for the small particle end of broad size distributions by using turbidity detection at wavelengths less than 254 nm. Data are also discussed for the imaginary refractive index of the polystyrene standards obtained from comparisons of the extinction cross section results with Mie theory calculations. HDC runs made with bimodal and continuous distributions at 254 and 220 nm wavelength detection are also discussed to illustrate the improvements in size distribution resolution which can result.
LDV MEASUREMENTS OF SOLID-LIQUID SLURRY FLOW USING REFRACTIVE INDEX MATCHING TECHNIQUE

ABSTRACT A refractive index matched facility for studying solid-liquid slurry flow was developed. The refractive index matching of the solid and liquid facilitates the use of non-intrusive—laser velocimetry to measure solid and liquid velocities for slurries with solid concentrations as high as 50 percent by volume. Silica gel and sodium iodide solution in water were used us the refractive index matched solid and liquid respectively. Tests were conducted on solid liquid slurry with 5 percent solid concentration by volume in the Reynolds number range of 700 to 8000. The Reynolds number ranges for the four flow regimes, stationary bed, saltation, heterogeneous and homogeneous flow were identified. It was shown that signal processing technique utilizing histograms and signal amplitude discrimination can be used to discriminate between liquid and solid velocities. The details of the facility and the results of the tests conducted on the slurry are discussed in this paper.
Attractors and black rings

The attractor mechanism is usually thought of as the fixing of the near-horizon moduli of a Bogomol'nyi-Prasad-Sommerfield (BPS) black hole in terms of conserved charges measured at infinity. Recent progress in understanding BPS solutions in five dimensions indicates that this is an incomplete story. Moduli can instead be fixed in terms of dipole charges, and their corresponding values can be found by extremizing a certain attractor function built out of these charges. BPS black rings provide an example of this phenomenon. We give a general derivation of the attractor mechanism in five dimensions based on the recently developed classification of BPS solutions. This analysis shows when it is the dipole charges versus the conserved charges that fix the moduli. It also yields explicit expressions for the fixed moduli.
Hall effect, magnetoresistance, and thermoelectric power in lithium tetraammine

Abstract Data are reported here on the Hall coefficient of polycrystalline Li(NH 3 ) 4 from 1.5 to 89 K, the thermoelectric power from 4.2 to 89 K (and on into the melt), and the transverse magnetoresistance at several temperatures in the range 1.5 to 77 K. In the fcc phase (82 ⩽ T ⩽ 89 K) where there is one Li atom per primitive cell, the Hall coefficient is negative and approximately equal to the free-electron value, and the thermoelectric power is positive. In the hexagonal phase ( T ⩽ 82 K) there are two Li atoms per primitive cell. The Hall coefficient is negative and shows little change with temperature down to about 10 K where it becomes less negative. The thermoelectric power is negative down to 26 K where it becomes positive. By fitting the data to a two-band compensated model ( n e = n h ) it is found that the number densities of charge carriers vary with temperature at T ⩽ 47 K. It is thus concluded that the model is too simple for the low-temperature behavior of Li(NH 3 ) 4 .
Carbon isotopic comparisons of oil products used in the developmental history of Alaska

Abstract Studies of the fate of oil released into Prince William Sound, AK, as a result of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill, have led to an unexpected discovery. In addition to oil-like residues attributed to the spill, the ubiquitous presence of flattened tar balls, the carbon isotopic compositions of which fall within a surprisingly narrow range [ δ 13 C PDB =−23.7±0.3‰ ( n =65)], were observed on the shorelines of the northern and western parts of the sound. These compositions are similar to those of some oil products [−23.7±0.7‰ ( n =35)] that were shipped from California and used in Alaska for fuel, lubrication, construction, and paving before ∼1970. These products include fuel oil, asphalt, and lubricants [−23.8±0.5‰ ( n =11)], caulking, sealants, and roofing tar [−23.7±0.7‰ ( n =16)], and road pavements and airport runways [−23.5±0.9‰ ( n =8)]. Fuel oil and asphalt [−23.5±0.1‰ ( n =3)], stored at the old Valdez town site and spilled during the 1964 Alaskan earthquake, appear to be the source of most of the beached tar balls. Oil products with lighter carbon isotopic compositions, between −25 and −30‰ ( n =18), appear to have been used more recently in Alaska, that is, after ∼1970. The source of some of the products used for modern pavement and runways [−29.3±0.2‰ ( n =6)] is likely Alaskan North Slope crude oil, an example of which was spilled in the 1989 oil spill [−29.2‰ ( n =1)].
Bakhtin's “Carnivalesque” in 1950s British Comedy

(1996). Bakhtin's “Carnivalesque” in 1950s British Comedy. Journal of Popular Film and Television: Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 179-185.
The tenncare graduate medical education plan : Ten years later

BACKGROUND In 1994, Tennessee converted its Medicaid program to a managed care system—TennCare. Graduate medical education (GME) funding by TennCare was linked to several workforce goals that included increasing the number of residents training in primary care and increasing the number of primary care physicians practicing in underserved areas of Tennessee.
Thiazolidinediones and congestive heart failure: a judicious balance of risks and benefits.

Abstract: Thiazolidinediones are oral antihyperglycemic drugs that have gained significant popularity for use in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Their insulin sensitizing effects lead to better glycemic control, in addition to improvements in several cardiovascular parameters independent of blood glucose levels. The pleiotropic effects of thiazolidinediones have led to several cardiovascular outcome studies, many of which have shown promising data, but some of which bring about significant concern. Additionally, the propensity to cause weight gain, fluid retention, peripheral edema, and increased risk of heart failure hospitalizations continue to pose significant challenges for clinicians using these agents in patients with congestive heart failure.
Increased aggressive and affiliative display behavior in intrauterine growth restricted baboons.

Background We hypothesized intrauterine growth restricted offspring (IUGR) demonstrate higher rates of aggression and higher dominance ranks than control (CTR) offspring with normal weight at term; if aggressive behavior is advantageous during resource scarcity, developmental programming may lead to an association between aggression and IUGR. Methods We studied 22 group-housed baboons (ages 3–5 years). CTR (male n = 8, female n = 5) mothers ate ad libitum. IUGR (male n = 4, female n = 5) mothers were fed 70% feed eaten by CTR mothers during pregnancy and lactation. Results IUGR showed higher rates of aggressive displays (P < 0.01) and friendly displays (P < 0.02). Dominance ranks and physical aggression rates did not differ between groups. Conclusions High rates of IUGR aggressive display might reflect developmental programming of behavioral phenotypes enhancing fitness. Friendly displays may reflect reconciliation. Potential mechanisms include neurodevelopment and learning. Exploration of IUGR as a risk factor for behavioral patterns is important for developing diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
Effects of nutritional environment and ram effect on breeding season in range sheep

Abstract Effects of season, nutritional environment, and presence of rams on incidence and rate of ovulation in fine-wool sheep in southern New Mexico were investigated over 14 months (February 1983–March 1984). Number of corpora lutea (CL) were observed each month by laparoscopy in random samples from six ewes in each subgroup. Seasonality of ovulation in fine-wool sheep managed on range was much more marked than in animals managed on alfalfa hay in drylot. Incidence of ovulation approached zero in range-managed ewes during May, June, and July (8%, 0%, 4%) but was higher (P 0.10) between nutrition groups within the 14 months. Body weight was related to CL number during periods of seasonal transition only. Continuous or intermittent presence of a ram had no real effect on either incidence or rate of ovulation during the transitional months. Nutritional environment can affect seasonality of breeding in fine-wool range sheep. This effect may not be consistently modified by presence of rams.
Catheter-directed thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy of a thrombosed persistent sciatic vein in a patient with Klippel-Trénaunay syndrome.

The authors report a case of a thrombosed persistent sciatic vein in a patient with Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome diagnosed at magnetic resonance (MR) venography and its treatment with endovascular interventional techniques.
Programs for computer implementation of the exterior calculus with applications to isovector calculations

Abstract Program listings are given in the REDUCE 2 Algebraic Programming system that implement the following operations of the exterior calculus: exterior multiplication, exterior differentiation, inner multiplication, Lie differentiation, and Lie multiplication. These programs realize exterior forms and vector fields by resolving them on unevaluated systems of operators with the necessary algebraic properties. Use of these programs in the computation of isovectors of ideals of exterior forms is illustrated for the case where the ideal is generated by the system of exterior forms of degree two that characterize the equations for shallow water waves.
Abstract 4077: Knockdown of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor altered tumorigenic properties of human breast carcinoma cell lines

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Previous studies have found that AhR is overexpressed and constitutively activated in several breast carcinoma cell lines and the expression levels showed strong correlation with the degree of the tumor malignancy. The objective of this study is to examine the effect of reducing the expression levels of AhR in metastatic human breast carcinoma (HBC) cell lines on their tumorigenic properties; specifically cellular growth, invasion into matrigel, and migration. We designed a series of short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting AhR and cloned them in pSuper retroviral vectors, and viruses expressing shRNA were used to infect a battery of HBC cell lines including MDA-MB231, MDA-MB468, BT549 and MT2 to generate cell lines that permanently express siRNA targeting AhR. Clonal cell lines with 50%-90% knockdown of AhR were isolated and characterized in vitro for their tumorigenic properties in comparison to the scramble RNA-expressing control cell lines. Cell cycle analysis by fluorescence-activated cell sorting showed that knock down of AhR expression decreases transition of cells from G1 to S and their progression to G2/M phases of cell cycle. This was seen as an increase of cells in G0/G1 (49% to 61%) and a decreased number of cells in S (26% to 21%) and G2/M phases (25% to 17%). This effect was coupled with a prolonged doubling time and a decreased cellular proliferation. Cells with AhR knock-down exhibited a decreased anchorage independent growth; forming less numbers of colonies in soft agar than control cells. Modified Boyden Chamber invasion assay coupled with fluorescence detection demonstrated that clones of HBC with AhR knock down levels exhibited substantially reduced invasiveness and diminished potential to invade matrigel. These clonal cell lines further exhibited reduced ability to migrate, as measured by scratch wound test. These observations collectively demonstrate a major role for the AhR in regulating tumorigenic phenotypes of metastatic breast cancer. Currently breast cancer prevention research focuses on the identification of novel approaches and/or novel targets. Our findings may establish the potential of targeting AhR as one of the prevention strategies for breast cancer. Supported by RR03032 15, CA91408-01 and DAMD17-02-01-0483 grants. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4077.
Observed Gender Differences in African American Mother‐Child Relationships and Child Behavior

African American mother-child dyads (N = 99) were observed interacting on a collaborative puzzle exercise. Raters blind to the purpose of the study rated the dyads on several mother and child behaviors. Mothers of daughters were rated as more empathetic, encouraging, warm, and accepting and less negative than mothers of sons. Male children were more challenging and less happy, relaxed, and engaged. Mediation analyses found that the differences in mother-child relationships explained the gender differences in child behavior. These patterns were consistent across different child age groups and after controlling for family socioeconomic status. It was concluded that many of the gender disparities may be reduced with empirically informed and culturally sensitive parent training interventions that teach parents the necessity of being warm and loving as well as encouraging both male and female children to excel.
The Photobiological Production of Hydrogen: Potential Efficiency and Effectiveness as a Renewable Fuel

Photosynthetic microorganisms can produce hydrogen when illuminated, and there has been considerable interest in developing this to a commercially viable process. Its appealing aspects include the fact that the hydrogen would come from water, and that the process might be more energetically efficient than growing, harvesting, and processing crops. We review current knowledge about photobiological hydrogen production, and identify and discuss some of the areas where scientific and technical breakthroughs are essential for commercialization. First we describe the underlying biochemistry of the process, and identify some opportunities for improving photobiological hydrogen production at the molecular level. Then we address the fundamental quantum efficiency of the various processes that have been suggested, technological issues surrounding large-scale growth of hydrogen-producing microorganisms, and the scale and efficiency on which this would have to be practiced to make a significant contribution to current energy use.
A method for the isolation and serial propagation of keratinocytes, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts from a single punch biopsy of human skin.

When multiple types of cells from normal and diseased human skin are required, techniques to isolate cells from small skin biopsies would facilitate experimental studies. The purpose of this investigation was to develop a method for the isolation and propagation of three major cell types (keratinocytes, microvascular endothelial cells, and fibroblasts) from a 4-mm punch biopsy of human skin.
Hybrid code simulations of the solar wind interaction with Pluto

[1] Pluto's low gravity implies that the atmosphere is only weakly bound and that significant hydrodynamic outflow can exist. Though surface spectroscopy of Pluto has revealed methane frost, the dominant escaping neutral gas is thought to be N2. These escaping neutrals are photoionized, and the heavy ions (N2+) move away from Pluto in the direction perpendicular to the solar wind flow (i.e., nearly unmagnetized relative to the length scales of the plasma interaction region). The turning distance of the solar wind protons at the magnetic pileup boundary is large compared to the interaction region. As a result, large ion gyroradius effects determine Pluto's highly asymmetric interaction with the solar wind. We use a three-dimensional hybrid code (fluid electrons, kinetic ions) to investigate the geometry of the interaction region for a variety of possible atmospheric escape rates in anticipation of the New Horizons encounter with Pluto. We find considerable structuring in the wake region due to bi-ion waves and Kelvin-Helmholtz waves. The shock structures vary from a simple Mach cone for low escape rates (∼2 × 1026 s−1) to a full detached bow shock for large escape rates (∼2 × 1028 s−1).
The Nonrefluxing Ileal Conduit: A New Form of Urinary Diversion

AbstractPurpose: We describe a variation of the ileal conduit that includes a nonrefluxing nipple valve designed to protect the upper urinary tracts.Materials and Methods: A total of 13 patients underwent urinary diversion with the nonrefluxing ileal conduit. The nonrefluxing nipple valve is created by intussuscepting the ileum into the conduit.Results: Followup ranged from 3 to 35 months. No patient demonstrated radiographic deterioration of the upper tracts or a clinically significant increase in serum creatinine level during followup.Conclusions: The nonrefluxing ileal conduit appears to be a viable treatment option in select patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction.
Flip-flop thin-film design program with enhanced capabilities

A flip-flop thin-film design program has been written that makes possible the incorporation of metallic films in the resulting multilayer coatings. This is done by allowing the selection process to choose from three different dispersive materials, one of which may be absorbing. Provision is also made to apply the flip-flop procedure to only part of the layer system. A more elaborate specification of the desired performance is now possible. These changes greatly increase the types of problem that may be solved by using this technique. The method is demonstrated on a number of different problems.
Perspectives on Family Substance Abuse: The Voices of Long-Term Al-Anon Members

SUMMARY Based on a series of in-depth interviews with eleven long-term Al-Anon members, the present article examines the perspectives of family members of alcoholics and relates their views on alcoholism and its effects. The interviews explored a number of issues, including respondents' personal experiences living with an alcoholic, the circumstances that drove them to seek help from Al-Anon, and descriptions of their own and other family members' recovery processes. The study highlights the dramatic effects that substance abuse has on the family members of abusers and draws attention to the need for services and support for individuals living with this problem.
PKCα mediates maternal touch regulation of growth-related gene expression in infant rats

During short-term periods of separation of rat pups from their mothers, the loss of certain sensory signals suppresses the increase in ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) gene expression induced by the growth-promoting hormones prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH). Here, we identify a molecular mechanism through which maternal separation (MS) curtails ODC expression. Our results demonstrate that the absence of specific tactile stimuli provided by the mother limits PRL-evoked stimulation of ODC biosynthesis by interfering with sn-1,2-diacylglycerol's (DAG) ability to activate protein kinase Cα (PKCα) and consequently c-myc mRNA and max mRNA expression. The proteins encoded by these proto-oncogenes function as direct transactivators of the ODC gene. As ODC activity is obligatory for normal cell replication and differentiation, PKCα activation by DAG represents an important control point at which ‘nurturing touch’ regulates growth and development of the neonate. Such a mechanism can explain the maladaptive consequences of disrupting mother–infant tactile interactions as occurs in isolated premature babies. Also, it could provide a basis for developing therapeutic interventions to maximize growth potential in children failing-to-thrive despite normal maternal care.
Impaired performance on a rhesus monkey neuropsychological testing battery following simian immunodeficiency virus infection

Infection with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in macaques provides an excellent model of AIDS including HIV-induced central nervous system (CNS) pathology and cognitive/behavioral impairment. Recently a behavioral test battery has been developed for macaques based on the CANTAB human neuropsychological testing battery. As with human neuropsychological batteries, different tasks are thought to involve different neural substrates, and therefore performance profiles may assess function in particular brain regions. Ten rhesus monkeys were infected with SIV after being trained on two or more of the battery tasks addressing memory (delayed nonmatching to sample, DNMS), spatial working memory (using a self-ordered spatial search task, SOSS), motivation (progressive-ratio, PR), reaction time (RT), and/or fine motor skills (bimanual motor skill, BMS). Performance was compared to that of 9 uninfected monkeys. Overall, some aspect of performance was impaired in all 10 monkeys following infection. Consistent with results in human AIDS patients, individual performance was impaired most often on battery tasks thought to be sensitive to frontostriatal dopaminergic functioning such as SOSS, RT, and BMS. These results further demonstrate the similarity of behavioral impairment produced by SIV and HIV on homologous behavioral tests, and establish the utility of the testing battery for further investigations into the CNS mechanisms of the reported behavioral changes.
Aortic Surgery and Deep-Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest: Anesthetic Update

Aortic arch surgery has become increasingly complex, and novel surgical approaches have been utilized. Efforts aimed at improving neurological outcomes in this patient population have been numerous, with varying degrees of success. This article summarizes the anesthetic considerations for procedures on the aortic arch, including evidence-based outcomes with respect to temperature management, perfusion strategies, hemodynamic goals, adjunct agents, and neuromonitoring.
Intrafield CD variation by stray light from neighboring field

The main object of this paper is to investigate the root cause of CD change by neighboring field observed in KrF scanner (max. 0.70NA) and to measure the amount of stray light from neighboring field precisely. Line widths of gate pattern are measured at the isolated and surrounded field and the amount of CD change by neighboring field is found to be proportional to the clear ratio of mask. By exposing with special configuration, it is found that the line width is linearly decreased as the dose of neighboring field increases. From this linear dependency on doses of neighboring field, it is clear that non-negligible amount of light is scattered out into the adjacent field. The amount of this stray light level coming from neighboring field is obtained quantitatively by synthetic analysis of above result and double exposure to mimic background DC light by flare. About 1.2% of stray light from outside of the field is observed at the slit position close to the boundary of neighboring field. Disappearing pad test is also performed to measure the flare from exposure of field itself. Finally, it is obtained the distribution of total stray light - nominal flare plus flare from adjacent field - and it is found to be existed around 0.7% deviation of stray light across the slit.
AGN-201M: Using Low Power Training Reactors in Education

The AGN reactor type was supposed to be a workhorse of nuclear education in the sixties, with dozens of units being produced and sold around the USA and overseas. However, nowadays only 4 units are fully operational, the rest has been mothballed or decommissioned. In 2010 Texas A&M University made the AGN-201M again part of its education program, after years of reactor inactivity. This very recent practical experience from Texas A&M shows that AGN-201M can be successfully used for undergraduate and graduate nuclear education and new educational methods can be implemented on the reactor. The paper demonstrates new experimental classes developed for the reactor and may serve as an idea for other mothballed AGNs or training reactors worldwide.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Defining the pathway of radiation induced lung toxicity in mice overexpressing extracellular superoxide dismutase

Purpose/Objective: Radiation induced lung injury is mediated by reactive oxygen species. Superoxide dismutase is involved in the processing of these free radicals. Overexpression of extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) has been shown to protect against radiation induced lung injury. The purpose of this study is to evaluate if the transforming growth factor beta (TGF )/smad3 signal transduction pathway is involved in the pathogenesis of radiation induced lung toxicity.
Postoperative mole transsexuals and the courts: Unanswered questions about deviance

Abstract Many professionals and laypersons share the view that the lives of postoperative male transsexuals are substantially happier because their anatomy is much more, if not entirely, consonant with their psychic state as a result of sex‐reconstruction surgery. They also tend to believe that marriage will then be much more likely for such transsexuals since they will have no difficulty in attracting heterosexual males. Thus, these individuals will no longer be regarded as sexual deviants. This study has found that such views are questionable for various reasons: the courts disagree about the sex role of such transsexuals; some attract bisexual rather than heterosexual males as mates; others experience serious dissatisfaction with the results of this irreversible surgery; and those desiring to adopt children very likely have developed unrealistic expectations. At present the sex role of the postoperative male transsexual appears to remain a deviant one for these and other reasons, despite the anatomical...
Impact of residual stretch and remodeling on collagen engagement in healthy and pulmonary hypertensive calf pulmonary arteries at physiological pressures.

Understanding the mechanical behavior of proximal pulmonary arteries (PAs) is crucial to evaluating pulmonary vascular function and right ventricular afterload. Early and current efforts focus on these arteries’ histological changes, in vivo pressure–diameter behavior and mechanical properties under in vitro mechanical testing. However, the in vivo stretch and stress states remain poorly characterized. To further understand the mechanical behavior of the proximal PAs under physiological conditions, this study computed the residual stretch and the in vivo circumferential stretch state in the main pulmonary arteries in both control and hypertensive calves by using in vitro and in vivo artery geometry data, and modeled the impact of residual stretch and arterial remodeling on the in vivo circumferential stretch distribution and collagen engagement in the main pulmonary artery. We found that the in vivo circumferential stretch distribution in both groups was nonuniform across the vessel wall with the largest stretch at the outer wall, suggesting that collagen at the outer wall would engage first. It was also found that the circumferential stretch was more uniform in the hypertensive group, partially due to arterial remodeling that occurred during their hypoxic treatment, and that their onset of collagen engagement occurred at a higher pressure. It is concluded that the residual stretch and arterial remodeling have strong impact on the in vivo stretch state and the collagen engagement and thus the mechanical behavior of the main pulmonary artery in calves.
Media portrayals of the female condom.

This study examines newspaper and broadcast news depictions of the female condom from 1993 to 2009 in the three major television networks (ABC, CBS, and NBC), and in 8 of 10 top daily newspapers and 3 of 4 national newspapers published in the United States, according to circulation figures as of September 30, 2008. Given the high rates of sexually transmitted infections in the United States and their effect on women, particularly those between 15 and 24 years of age, it is important to examine media sources and the health information that the public is or is not receiving through these sources. This study (a) examines whether the female condom was depicted positively or negatively in broadcast and newspaper coverage, (b) determines the ways in which the female condom was compared with the male condom and with other contraceptives, and (c) identifies the sources used by journalists in female condom portrayals. The authors discuss the implications of the coverage of the female condom by broadcast and print ...
Metric Potentials Of Simple Cameras In Close Range Photogrammetry

Close-range photogrammetry has experienced considerable growth during the past few years, and have shown potential for even. greater growth in the future. The increased acceptance of properly calibrated non-metric data acquisition systems such as simple (non-metric) cameras, T.V., and X-rays in photogrammetric work is expected to open the door for many engineers and scientists to make full use of the technical and economical advantages of photogrammetry. The author presents a number of examples to illustrate the metric potentials of simple cameras in close-range photogrammetry, and discusses the various approaches used. To ensure reliable and precise results, three basic requirements must be fulfilled: careful calibration of the camera, sufficient control in the object space, and the use of the analytical approach in data reduction.© (1971) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Particle Line Assembly/Patterning by Microfluidic AC Electroosmosis

Recently AC electroosmosis has attracted research interests worldwide. This paper is the first to investigate particle line assembly/patterning by AC electroosmosis. Since AC electroosmotic force has no dependence on particle sizes, this technique is particularly useful for manipulating nanoscale substance, and hopefully constructs functional nanoscale devices. Two types of ACEO devices, in the configurations of planar interdigitated electrodes and parallel plate electrodes, and a biased ACEO technique are studied, which provides added flexibility in particle manipulation and line assembly. The paper also investigates the effects of electrical field distributions on generating microflows for particle assembly. The results are corroborated experimentally.
Tests of risk premia in linear factor models

Abstract We show that statistical inference on the risk premia in linear factor models that is based on the Fama–MacBeth (FM) and generalized least squares (GLS) two-pass risk premia estimators is misleading when the β ’s are small and/or the number of assets is large. We propose novel statistics, that are based on the maximum likelihood estimator of Gibbons [Gibbons, M., 1982. Multivariate tests of financial models: A new approach. Journal of Financial Economics 10, 3–27], which remain trustworthy in these cases. The inadequacy of the FM and GLS two-pass t /Wald statistics is highlighted in a power and size comparison using quarterly portfolio returns from Lettau and Ludvigson [Lettau, M., Ludvigson, S., 2001. Resurrecting the (C)CAPM: A cross-sectional test when risk premia are time-varying. Journal of Political Economy 109, 1238–1287]. The power and size comparison shows that the FM and GLS two-pass t /Wald statistics can be severely size distorted. The 95% confidence sets for the risk premia in the above-cited work that result from the novel statistics differ substantially from those that result from the FM and GLS two-pass t -statistics. They show support for the human capital asset pricing model although the 95% confidence set for the risk premia on labor income growth is unbounded. The 95% confidence sets show no support for the (scaled) consumption asset pricing model, since the 95% confidence set of the risk premia on the scaled consumption growth consists of the whole real line, but do not reject it either.
Energy-recovery techniques to reduce on-chip power density in molecular nanotechnologies

As scaling of silicon devices continues at an aggressive pace, the problems associated with it are becoming more and more evident. With "short-channel effects" already in the way of scaling, interest has shifted to the possible use of nonsilicon molecular devices for circuit implementation. The carbon nanotube has emerged as a promising candidate. However, molecular devices such as carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNFETs) with their super-scaled dimensions and high current densities would increase the power density on chip and reasonable predictions estimate that they would far exceed the maximum power density limitation . This paper explores the use of energy-recovery techniques in molecular CNFET based digital circuits and demonstrates how they can alleviate the power density problem in such circuits.
Role of hypoxia and EGF on expression, activity, localization and phosphorylation of carbonic anhydrase IX in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells.

Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is a zinc metalloenzyme that catalyzes the reversible hydration of CO2. CAIX is overexpressed in many types of cancer, including breast cancer, but is most frequently absent in corresponding normal tissues. CAIX expression is strongly induced by hypoxia and is significantly associated with tumor grade and poor survival. Herein, we show that hypoxia induces a significant increase in CAIX protein in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Using a unique mass spectrophotometric assay, we demonstrate that CAIX activity in plasma membranes isolated from MDA-MB-231 is correlated with CAIX content. We also show that CAIX exists predominantly as a dimeric, high-mannose N-linked glycoprotein. While there is some evidence that the dimeric form resides specifically in lipid rafts, our data do not support this hypothesis. EGF, alone, did not affect the distribution of CAIX into lipid rafts. However, acute EGF treatment in the context of hypoxia increased the amount of CAIX in lipid rafts by about 5-fold. EGF did not stimulate tyrosine phosphorylation of CAIX, although EGFR and down-stream signaling pathways were activated by EGF. Interestingly, hypoxia activated Akt independent of EGF action. Together, these data demonstrate that the active form of CAIX in the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line is dimeric but that neither lipid raft localization nor phosphorylation are likely required for its dimerization or activity.
Quantum Confinement in Nanocrystalline Superlattices

Photoconductance spectroscopy was used to probe the effects of quantum confinement in nanocrystalline (nc)-Si/amorphous (a)-SiO2 superlattices (SLs). A Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS)-like structure with the nc-Si SL incorporated in the oxide was fabricated to study charging/discharging processes in Si nanocrystals. The fine structure observed in photoconductance spectra at low temperatures was interpreted in terms of singularities in the carrier density of states, possibly due to energy quantization. In addition, a low-resistance sample exhibited photocurrent oscillations with a frequency of several kHz, which could be a manifestation of sequential resonant carrier tunneling in the nc-Si/a-SiO2 SL.
HIV-1 infection, response to treatment and establishment of viral latency in a novel humanized T cell-only mouse (TOM) model

Background The major targets of HIV infection in humans are CD4+ T cells. CD4+ T cell depletion is a hallmark of AIDS. Previously, the SCID-hu thy/liv model was used to study the effect of HIV on thymopoeisis in vivo. However, these mice did not develop high levels of peripheral T cell reconstitution and required invasive surgery for infection and analysis. Here, we describe a novel variant of this model in which thy/liv implantation results in systemic reconstitution with human T cells in the absence of any other human hematopoietic lineages.
Sexual behaviors and results of bacterial sexually transmitted infections testing among frail HIV-infected individuals.

Background: The impact of premature frailty in HIV-infected individuals on the prevalence of sexual behaviors and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is unknown. Methods: We compared these factors among individuals aged ≥18 years, who had prior determination of a frailty phenotype at the Washington University HIV Clinic between June and December 2008. All P values were 2-tailed and considered significant at <.05. Results: Of 445 individuals (71% male, 30% Caucasian, median age 43 years) assessed, the prevalence of frailty was 9%. Reports of recent sexual activity (44%) did not differ by frailty status. Consistent condom use (69% overall) was similar between sexually active frail and nonfrail individuals, and there was no significant difference in STI prevalence between groups (0 vs 32 [9%], P = .08). Conclusion: In this relatively young population, frailty did not affect reports of recent sexual activity or consistent condom use and no significant difference in STI prevalence was observed.
Stabilized extended boundary condition method for 3D electromagnetic scattering from arbitrary random rough surfaces

The stabilized extended boundary condition method (SEBCM) is developed in this work based on the classical EBCM to solve 3D electromagnetic scattering from arbitrary random rough surfaces. The SEBCM gives accurate full wave solutions over large range of surface roughnesses, which are far beyond the validity range of analytical methods, and perform with much higher efficiency than numerical methods. In developing SEBCM, we explicitly impose test surfaces. We further propose a method for balancing and controlling the k-boundary. We validate the results with small slope approximation (SSA) and method of moments (MoM).
Analytical models of solidification phenomena

Even as numerical models tackle increasingly complex solidification process and phenomena, analytical test problem can still be constructed to provide meaningful verification for the numerical modeling codes. In this paper, under the assumptions of zero surface energy, no crystal anisotropy, and infinite mobility, an analytical solution for the solidification of a solid seed in an undercooled binary melt is derived. This solution couples two previous literature solutions, one for the solidification of a seed in an undercooled pure melt, the other for the solidification of a binary alloy. The resulting solution provides insight into key crystal growth behavior and provides an excellent test solution for verification of more general multidimensional numerical solidification codes.
CHILDREN'S INJURIES IN AGRICULTURE RELATED EVENTS: THE EFFECT OF SUPERVISION ON THE INJURY EXPERIENCE

An international health problem and the leading cause of death and disability among children in the United States are unintentional injuries. Children in rural areas in the United States have the highest death rate related to unintentional injuries regardless of age (Crawley, 1996). Using Haddon's Injury Model as the theoretical framework, the purpose of this study is threefold. First the study describes actual injuries that were sustained by farm children. Second, the research identifies the type of supervision the farm children and adolescents were receiving at the time of the injury, and finally the study examines injury risk in relation to supervision. Descriptive and categorical data analysis methods were used to examine the associations between farm-related injury and supervision type. Out of 177 children living in the home under 18 years of age, 32 children sustained at least one injury and eight sustained two injuries within one year from the time of the survey. The majority of children needed medical attention because of their injuries (n = 37). Children were more likely to sustain farm-related injury when they were supervised by a caregiver engaged in farm work versus supervised at home (p =.007). The findings of this study support Haddon's Injury Model, which suggests injuries occur because of an uncontrolled interaction between a host, an agent, and the environment. Examining the children's role within the framework of Haddon's Injury Model, will assist researchers in designing evidenced-based research that addresses the interaction between the host, agent, and environmental factors. Results from these studies will be useful in identifying effective interventions in the pre-event phase, as well as maximizing quality of life in the postevent phase.
Youth report of healthcare transition counseling and autonomy support from their rheumatologist

To increase understanding of the healthcare transition (HCT) process for young people living with Juvenile Idopathic Arthritis (JIA) by examining: 1) the extent to which youth report discussing HCT topics with their rheumatologist and 2) the association between youth perceptions of autonomy support from their rheumatologist and HCT discussions. Data are from an online survey of youth in the United States with rheumatologic conditions (n= 134). HCT discussion was measured by 4 questions from the National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs. Youth perception of autonomy support was measured using a validated 6-item scale. One third of the youth (33.7%) reported talking to their rheumatologist about transferring to adult medicine. Less than half (40.8%) of respondents talked with their rheumatologist about adult healthcare needs, and less than a quarter (22.0%) discussed acquiring health insurance as an adult. Nearly two-thirds of respondents (62.7%) reported that their rheumatologist usually/always encourages self-care responsibility. Multivariate analyses revealed significant associations between rheumatologist support for youth autonomy and HCT counseling. The low frequency of HCT counseling reported indicates a continuing need to increase awareness among rheumatologist in the USA. The strong associations between rheumatologist’s support for youth autonomy and HCT counseling suggest that developmentally “in-tune” providers may deliver the best guidance about transition planning for youth living with arthritis.
Structural priming as implicit learning: a comparison of models of sentence production.

Structural priming reflects a tendency to generalize recently spoken or heard syntactic structures to different utterances. We propose that it is a form of implicit learning. To explore this hypothesis, we developed and tested a connectionist model of language production that incorporated mechanisms previously used to simulate implicit learning. In the model, the mechanism that learned to produce structured sequences of phrases from messages also exhibited structural priming. The ability of the model to account for structural priming depended on representational assumptions about the nature of messages and the relationship between comprehension and production. Modeling experiments showed that comprehension-based representations were important for the model’s generalizations in production and that nonatomic message representations allowed a better fit to existing data on structural priming than traditional thematic-role representations. When we talk, we have to create syntactic structures. How we do this is important for understanding sentence production. In this paper, we argue that the process of creating structure is affected by adaptations to experience within the production system. That is, the production system learns. We address this claim through the computational modeling of structural priming, looking at how alternative representations influence structural variations. Structural priming is a tendency to use similar syntactic structures in successive clauses or sentences (Bock, 1986; Bock & Loebell, 1990). For example, in primed picture description, speakers who first produce a prepositional-dative sentence (e.g., “The girl showed a picture to the teacher”)
Approaching expert results using a hierarchical cerebellum parcellation protocol for multiple inexpert human raters

Abstract Volumetric measurements obtained from image parcellation have been instrumental in uncovering structure–function relationships. However, anatomical study of the cerebellum is a challenging task. Because of its complex structure, expert human raters have been necessary for reliable and accurate segmentation and parcellation. Such delineations are time-consuming and prohibitively expensive for large studies. Therefore, we present a three-part cerebellar parcellation system that utilizes multiple inexpert human raters that can efficiently and expediently produce results nearly on par with those of experts. This system includes a hierarchical delineation protocol, a rapid verification and evaluation process, and statistical fusion of the inexpert rater parcellations. The quality of the raters’ and fused parcellations was established by examining their Dice similarity coefficient, region of interest (ROI) volumes, and the intraclass correlation coefficient of region volume. The intra-rater ICC was found to be 0.93 at the finest level of parcellation.