cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
4.38 – Olfactory Cortex

This chapter will review current knowledge of the functional anatomy and sensory physiology of primary and higher-order olfactory cortex. The chapter will be driven by the basic questions of “what does olfactory cortex contribute to odor perception” and “how”? A detailed description and analysis of the piriform cortex and orbitofrontal cortex will include comparisons with sensory cortices of other systems. Basic principles of odor information processing by cortex will be discussed.
Growth rate of crystalline ice and the diffusivity of supercooled water from 126 to 262 K.

Abstract Understanding deeply supercooled water is key to unraveling many of water’s anomalous properties. However, developing this understanding has proven difficult due to rapid and uncontrolled crystallization. Using a pulsed-laser–heating technique, we measure the growth rate of crystalline ice, G(T), for 180 K 237 K and P ∼ 10−8 Pa, G(T) and D(T) have super-Arrhenius (“fragile”) temperature dependences, but both cross over to Arrhenius (“strong”) behavior with a large activation energy in no man’s land. The fact that G(T) and D(T) are smoothly varying rules out the hypothesis that liquid water’s properties have a singularity at or near 228 K at ambient pressures. However, the results are consistent with a previous prediction for D(T) that assumed no thermodynamic transitions occur in no man’s land.
Validation of the Prognostic Utility of the Electrocardiogram for Acute Drug Overdose.

Background While it is certain that some emergency department patients with acute drug overdose suffer adverse cardiovascular events (ACVE), predicting ACVE is difficult. The prognostic utility of the ECG for heterogeneous drug overdose patients remains to be proven. This study was undertaken to validate previously derived features of the initial ECG associated with ACVE in this population. Methods and Results We performed a prospective validation cohort study to evaluate adult emergency department patients with acute drug overdose at 2 urban university hospitals over 5 years in whom an emergency department admission ECG was performed. Exclusion criteria were alternate diagnoses, anaphylaxis, chronic drug toxicity, and missing outcome data. ACVE was defined as any of the following: circulatory shock, myocardial injury, ventricular dysrhythmia, or cardiac arrest. Blinded cardiologists interpreted ECGs for previously derived predictors of ACVE (ectopy, QT prolongation, nonsinus rhythm, ischemia/infarction), QT dispersion, and prominent R wave in lead AVR. Of 589 patients who met inclusion criteria (48% male, mean age 42), there were 95 ACVEs (39 shock, 64 myocardial injury, 26 dysrhythmia, 16 cardiac arrest). The most common drug exposures were as follows: benzodiazepines, opioids, and acetaminophen. Previously derived criteria were highly predictive of ACVE, with QT correction >500 ms as the highest risk feature (OR 11.2, CI 4.6–27). Conclusions This study confirms that early ECG evaluation is essential to assess the cardiovascular prognosis and medical clearance of emergency department patients with acute drug overdose. Furthermore, this study validates previously derived high‐risk features of the admission ECG to risk stratify for ACVE in this patient population.
Measuring job satisfaction among healthcare staff in the United States: a confirmatory factor analysis of the Satisfaction of Employees in Health Care (SEHC) survey.

Objective To validate the Satisfaction of Employees in Health Care (SEHC) survey with multidisciplinary, healthcare staff in the United States (U.S.). Design A cross-sectional psychometric study using confirmatory factor analysis. The original three-factor model was tested and modified using half-samples. Models were assessed using goodness-of-fit measures. Scale reliability and validity were tested with Cronbach's α coefficient and correlation of total SEHC score with two global satisfaction items, respectively. Setting We administered a web-based survey from January to May 2015 to healthcare staff participating in initiatives aimed at delivering better care and reducing costs. Participants The overall response rate was 38% (N = 1089), and respondents were from 86 healthcare projects. A total of 928 respondents completed the SEHC survey in full and were used in this study. Main outcome measures Model fit of 18 SEHC items and total SEHC score. Results The mean SEHC score was 77.6 (SD: 19.0). A one-factor model of job satisfaction had high loadings on all items, and demonstrated adequate model fit (second half-sample RMSEA: 0.069). The scale demonstrated high reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.942) and validity (r = 0.77 and 0.76, both P Conclusions The SEHC appears to measure a single general job satisfaction construct. The scale has adequate reliability and validity to recommend its use to assess satisfaction among multidisciplinary, U.S. healthcare staff. Our findings suggest that this survey is a good candidate for reduction to a short-form, and future research should validate this survey in other healthcare populations.
Survey of contraindications in children's routine vaccination in Hangzhou, China.

Objective To describe the epidemiological characteristics of contraindications in children routine vaccination, to evaluate vaccination doctors’ ability to determine contraindications. Method Using...
GENDER AND THE MBA: Differences in Career Trajectories, Institutional Support, and Outcomes.

This study asks how men’s and women’s careers diverge following MBA graduation from an elite university, using qualitative interview data from 74 respondents. We discover men and women follow three career pathways post-graduation: lockstep (stable employment), transitory (3 or more employers), and exit (left workforce). While similar proportions of men and women followed the lockstep pathways and launched accelerated careers, sizable gender differences emerged on the transitory pathway; men’s careers soared as women’s faltered on this path—the modal category for both. On the transitory path, men fared much better than women when moving to new organizations, suggesting that gender may become more salient when people have a shorter work history with a company. Our findings suggest that clear building blocks to promotions reduce gender bias and ambiguity in the promotion process, but multiple external moves hamper women, putting them at a clear disadvantage to men whose forward progress is less likely to be ...
Molecular Basis of Cytokine Function

Cytokines are soluble glycoproteins that are ubiquitously produced by immune and other cells. The family of cytokines also includes a subset of small molecules, designated. Although the cytokine receptors share some subunits, they show specificity for binding and signaling. Unlike hormones that act at sites distant from the area of production, most cytokines are easily degraded. Thus, in general, cytokines mediate functions via autocrine and paracrine manner. However, cytokines can initiate functional responses at low concentrations, which could cause subtle brain effects. In contrast, cytokines have also been given attention in medicine through the ‘cytokine storm,’ which result in general illness. Cytokine storm could arrive from bacterial and viral infections. The chapter discusses the molecular basis for behavioral dysregulation that could result from cytokine production.
Clinical and economic implications of urinary tract infections

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Urinary tract infections represent one of the most frequent reasons for hospitalization. As a result of their prevalence from community-based origins as well as those which develop in hospital setting, this constellation of infections represents a tremendous burden to the global healthcare system.Areas covered: Over the last several decades the management of these infections has become more complicated due to the underlying comorbid conditions of the patients as well as escalating antimicrobial resistance to many of the most frequently used oral and parenteral agents. One such example is the emergence of extend spectrum β-lactamase-producing (ESBL) bacteria that render many of the most frequently utilized oral and parenteral penicillin and cephalosporin based regimens of little clinical utility. As such new treatment strategies are required to effectively manage the growing population of patients with multi-drug resistant bacteria.Expert commentary: Herein, we review some of the curr...
Heterogeneity of Stop Codon Readthrough in Single Bacterial Cells and Implications for Population Fitness

Gene expression noise (heterogeneity) leads to phenotypic diversity among isogenic individual cells. Our current understanding of gene expression noise is mostly limited to transcription, as separating translational noise from transcriptional noise has been challenging. It also remains unclear how translational heterogeneity originates. Using a transcription-normalized reporter system, we discovered that stop codon readthrough is heterogeneous among single cells, and individual cells with higher UGA readthrough grow faster from stationary phase. Our work also revealed that individual cells with lower protein synthesis levels exhibited higher UGA readthrough, which was confirmed with ribosome-targeting antibiotics (e.g., chloramphenicol). Further experiments and mathematical modeling suggest that varied competition between ternary complexes and release factors perturbs the UGA readthrough level. Our results indicate that fluctuations in the concentrations of translational components lead to UGA readthrough heterogeneity among single cells, which enhances phenotypic diversity of the genetically identical population and facilitates its adaptation to changing environments.
The Use and Abuse of Mutual-Support Programs in Drug Courts

There is a large gap between what we know about the disease of addiction and its appropriate treatment, and the treatment received by individuals who are ordered into treatment as a condition of participation in drug court. Most medical professionals are not appropriately trained about addiction and most addiction treatment providers do not have the education and training necessary to provide appropriate evidence-based services to individuals who are referred by drug courts for addiction treatment. This disconnect between our understanding of addiction and available addiction treatment has wide reaching impact for individuals who attempt to receive medical care for addiction in this country, as well as for those individuals who are compelled by a drug court to receive that treatment. Instead of receiving evidence-based treatment, most drug court participants are referred to mutual-support groups and programs based largely or entirely on 12-step principles. Mutual-support groups, while well-intentioned and helpful as a supplement to evidence-based addiction treatment, are not a substitute for scientifically valid addiction treatment and should not constitute the primary form of medical assistance received by drug court participants. This Article argues that drug and other specialty courts can be part of the transformation of the public perception of addiction, as well as the integration of addiction treatment into mainstream medicine by incorporating and endorsing evidence-based strategies for the treatment of addiction, including psychosocial and pharmacological treatments. Moreover, by adopting these treatments more readily and providing more opportunities for drug court participants to receive evidence-based treatment, drug courts can dramatically improve treatment outcomes for participants.
Chronic Neuregulin-1β Treatment Mitigates the Progression of Postmyocardial Infarction Heart Failure in the Setting of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus by Suppressing Myocardial Apoptosis, Fibrosis, and Key Oxidant-Producing Enzymes.

Abstract Background Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients surviving myocardial infarction (MI) have substantially higher cardiovascular morbidity and mortality compared to their nondiabetic counterparts owing to the more frequent development of subsequent heart failure (HF). Neuregulin (NRG)-1β is released from cardiac microvascular endothelial cells and acts as a paracrine factor via the ErbB family of tyrosine kinase receptors expressed in cardiac myocytes to regulate cardiac development and stress responses. Because myocardial NRG-1/ErbB signaling has been documented to be impaired during HF associated with type 1 DM, we examined whether enhancement of NRG-1β signaling via exogenous administration of recombinant NRG-1β could exert beneficial effects against post-MI HF in the type 1 diabetic heart. Methods and Results Type 1 DM was induced in male Sprague Dawley rats by a single injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (65 mg/kg). Two weeks after induction of type 1 DM, rats underwent left coronary artery ligation to induce MI. STZ-diabetic rats were treated with saline or NRG-1β (100 µg/kg) twice per week for 7 weeks, starting 2 weeks before experimental MI. Residual left ventricular function was significantly greater in the NRG-1β–treated STZ-diabetic MI group compared with the vehicle-treated STZ-diabetic MI group 5 weeks after MI as assessed by high-resolution echocardiography. NRG-1β treatment of STZ-diabetic MI rats was associated with reduced myocardial fibrosis and apoptosis as well as decreased gene expression of key oxidant–producing enzymes. Conclusions These results suggest that recombinant NRG-1β may be a promising therapeutic for HF post-MI in the setting of type 1 DM.
Atomic-Beam Measurement of Isotope Shifts in the D 1 Line of Cs 127 , Cs 129 , Cs 133 , Cs 1 3 4 m , Cs 134 , and Cs 137

The atomic-beam method has been applied to the measurement of isotope shifts in the ${D}_{1}$ line of five radioactive isotopes including the isomeric pair $^{134}\mathrm{Cs}$-$^{134m}\mathrm{Cs}$. The shifts in these lines, relative to the energy in the ${D}_{1}$ line of $^{133}\mathrm{Cs}$ are as follows: $^{127}\mathrm{Cs}$, +5.9(1.5) mK; $^{129}\mathrm{Cs}$, +2.8(1.5) mK; $^{134}\mathrm{Cs}$, +1.8(1.0) mK; $^{134m}\mathrm{Cs}$, -2.2(1.2) mK; and $^{137}\mathrm{Cs}$, -6.0(1.5) mK. Here a positive sign means that the frequency of the ${D}_{1}$ line for the indicated isotope is greater than that for $^{133}\mathrm{Cs}$. Evidence is presented which indicates that the observed shifts arise almost completely from nuclear effects. These shifts must therefore be compared with a calculated shift arising from the normal volume effect of 10 mK/neutron.
Monetary Policy Shocks, Financial Structure, and Firm Activity: A Panel Approach

This paper assesses the differences in how nonfinancial firms respond to high frequency identified monetary policy shocks conditional on various measures of their financial conditions. In line with the effects of monetary policy shocks on real aggregate activity, the most significant disparities between firms arise slowly, over a horizon of approximately 4 to 12 quarters after a shock. Among the explanatory financial variables considered, both higher leverage and lower liquid asset holdings at the time of a contractionary monetary shock tend to predict relatively lower fixed capital, inventory and sales growth in the cross-section of firms. When simultaneously controlling for both the relevance of leverage and liquid assets, it is the latter that explains the disparities over the longer horizon. Low liquid asset holdings are also shown to be associated with stronger pass-through to borrowing costs.
EVALUATING PULMONARY EMBOLISM IN PATIENTS WITH FONTAN PHYSIOLOGY

Fontan surgery results in complex cardiopulmonary anatomy which complicates interpretation of computed tomography angiography (CTA) when evaluating for pulmonary embolism (PE). A 42-year-old man presented with acute dyspnea and pleuritic chest pain. Medical history included tricuspid atresia status
Regulation of Hydrolytic Enzyme Activity in Aquatic Microbial Communities Hosted by Carnivorous Pitcher Plants

Carnivorous pitcher plants Sarracenia purpurea host diverse eukaryotic and bacterial communities which aid in insect prey digestion, but little is known about the functional processes mediated by the microbial communities. This study aimed to connect pitcher community diversity with functional nutrient transformation processes, identifying bacterial taxa, and measuring regulation of hydrolytic enzyme activity in response to prey and alternative nutrient sources. Genetic analysis identified diverse bacterial taxa known to produce hydrolytic enzyme activities. Chitinase, protease, and phosphatase activities were measured using fluorometric assays. Enzyme activity in field pitchers was positively correlated with bacterial abundance, and activity was suppressed by antibiotics suggesting predominantly bacterial sources of chitinase and protease activity. Fungi, algae, and rotifers observed could also contribute enzyme activity, but fresh insect prey released minimal chitinase activity. Activity of chitinase and proteases was upregulated in response to insect additions, and phosphatase activity was suppressed by phosphate additions. Particulate organic P in prey was broken down, appearing as increasing dissolved organic and inorganic P pools within 14 days. Chitinase and protease were not significantly suppressed by availability of dissolved organic substrates, though organic C and N stimulated bacterial growth, resulting in elevated enzyme activity. This comprehensive field and experimental study show that pitcher plant microbial communities dynamically regulate hydrolytic enzyme activity, to digest prey nutrients to simpler forms, mediating biogeochemical nutrient transformations and release of nutrients for microbial and host plant uptake.
Prolactin Effects and Regulation of its Receptors in Human Mammary Tumor Cells

It is a well known and accepted fact that estrogens are the predominant hormone involved in human as well as rodent mammary cancer development and growth regulation. The possible physiological role of other hormones, particularly prolactin, in the etiology and progression of this disease is not as well established. However, the use of several rodent model systems has established that this lactogenic hormone plays an important role in the induction and progression of mammary tumors in experimental animals.
Court Services: Meeting the Needs of Twenty-First Century Families

At the beginning of the twentieth century, most people would not have understood the use of the term "court services." As this century ends, courts across the country are being called upon to provide a wide variety of services for litigants. As courts see an increasing volume of cases where families are in crisis, state legislators, judges, lawyers, mental health professionals, and others struggle to meet the mounting needs. This essay discusses the surge in family law disputes and the consequences for the services the courts provide.
The Hepatitis C-Alcohol Reduction Treatment (Hep ART) intervention: Study protocol of a multi-center randomized controlled trial

Abstract Introduction Among patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, alcohol synergistically increases the risk of cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and death. Randomized controlled trials of integrated models of HCV-alcohol treatment have been recommended but only performed in patients with severe alcohol use disorders. Objectives This pragmatic randomized controlled trial seeks to compare clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of integrated alcohol treatment compared to enhanced treatment as usual (TAU) on alcohol consumption and economic outcomes among patients ever infected with HCV. Methods Patients recruited from three liver centers who had current or prior chronic HCV and qualifying alcohol screener scores were randomly assigned to enhanced TAU or the Hepatitis C-Alcohol Reduction Treatment (Hep ART) intervention. All patients received enhanced TAU, consisting of a patient-administered alcohol screener and care from medical providers who were trained in Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT), including brief motivational interviewing counseling. The Hep ART intervention combined enhanced TAU with up to six months of integrated co-located individual and/or group therapy that provided motivational, cognitive, and behavioral strategies to reduce alcohol consumption. The Timeline Followback (TLFB) Method was used to evaluate alcohol use at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months. Primary outcomes are alcohol abstinence and fewer heavy drinking days, and for the cost-effectiveness analysis, measures included grams of alcohol consumed. Discussion This study will determine whether Hep ART, a six-month integrated alcohol treatment, compared to enhanced TAU, is both clinically effective and cost-effective in patients with a history of comorbid HCV and alcohol use.
Direct measurements of channel specific rate constants in OH + C3H8 illuminates prompt dissociations of propyl radicals

Abstract OH + molecules are an important class of reactions in combustion and atmospheric chemistry. Consequently, numerous studies have measured rate constants for these processes over an extended temperature range. A large majority of these experimental studies have utilized the decay of [OH] profiles (monitored either by absorption or laser-induced fluorescence) to obtain total rate constants. However, there are limited direct measurements of channel specific rate constants in this important class of reactions, particularly at combustion relevant temperatures. In the present experiments, we have directly measured site-specific rate constants for abstraction of the secondary C H bond in OH + C3H8 at high temperatures. Atomic resonance absorption spectrometry (ARAS) was used to monitor the formation of H-atoms from shock-heated mixtures of tert-butylhydroperoxide and C3H8 at high temperatures. Simulations for the experimental H-atom profiles are sensitive only to abstraction of the secondary C H bond leading to unambiguous measurements of the rate constants for this reaction. Over the T-range, 921 K k = ( 3.935 ± 1.387 ) × 10 − 11 exp ( − 1681 ± 362 K / T ) c m 3 molecul e − 1 s − 1 Simulations of the lower temperature data (T
Quality Analysis of Streaming Audio over Mobile Networks

This paper utilizes open source software to analyze the quality of audio streamed over mobile cellular networks. Industry conventions have been developed to assess audio quality such as the Mean Opinion Score or MOS scale described in the International Telecommunications Union ITU P.800.1 document. The MOS scale is a subjective assessment based on the listener’s experience. To eliminate the use of a trained audio listener we automate an estimated MOS calculation by measuring the packet loss, average latency and jitter over the network transport path. The network under test is a pilot network to replace the dedicated analog circuit from the broadcast center to a radio transmitter. We intend to automate the logging of an objective quality assessment using MOS, cellular router and decoder measurements with confirmation using automatically generated visual representations of sample audio received. These visual representations will aid in manual confirmation of poor MOS scores with audio samples available for more in-depth review.
Characterization of risk factors for floppy pouch complex in ulcerative colitis.

Restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch–anal anastomosis can be associated with a variety of complications, including floppy pouch complex (FPC). FPC is defined as the presence of pouch prolapse, afferent limb syndrome, enterocele, redundant loop, and folding pouch on pouchoscopy or contrasted pouchogram. The main symptoms of patients with FPC are dyschezia, incomplete evacuation, and bloating. The aims of the study were to evaluate the relative frequency of each disorder of FPC and to characterize its risk factors. This case–control study included all eligible patients with FPC from our prospectively maintained, IRB-approved Pouchitis Registry from 2011 to 2017. The control group included the patients without any of the above conditions. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. A total of 437 eligible patients were analyzed including 97 (22.2%) with FPC and 340 (77.8%) without FPC, 188 (43.0%) being female, 360 (82.4%) being Caucasians, and 66 (15.1%) having a family history of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). There were 427 patients (97.7%) having J pouches and 10 (2.2%) having S pouches and the median duration from pouch construction to data sensor was 6.0 years (interquartile range 0.962–1.020). In the whole cohort, 64 (66.0%) patients had pouch prolapse, 38 (39.2%) patients had afferent limb syndrome, 10/42 (23.8%) patients had redundant loop, and 3/42 (7.1%) had folding pouch. In multivariable analysis, lower body weight (odds ratio [OR] 0.944; interquartile range; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.913–0.976, P = 0.001) and the presence of family history of IBD (OR 4.098; 95% CI 1.301–12.905, P = 0.013) were associated with a higher risk of FPC. We found that pouch prolapse and afferent limb syndrome are the most common forms of FPC. A lower body weight as well as family history of IBD was found to be risk factors for FPC. The findings will have implications in both diagnosis and investigation of etiopathogenesis of this group of challenging disorders.
Interleukin-4 and interleukin-5 map to human chromosome 5 in a region encoding growth factors and receptors and are deleted in myeloid leukemias with a del(5q).

Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a potent mediator of growth and differentiation of cells of several hematopoietic lineages. Interleukin-5 (IL-5) is a lineage-specific hematopoietic growth factor that stimulates the production of eosinophils and eosinophil colonies from normal human bone marrow cells. By using somatic cell hybrids and in situ chromosomal hybridization, we localized the IL-4 and IL-5 genes to human chromosome 5 at bands q23–31, a chromosomal region that is frequently deleted [del(5q)] in patients with myeloid disorders. By in situ hybridization, the IL-4 and IL-5 genes were found to be deleted in the 5q- chromosome of four patients with refractory anemia (RA) or therapy-related acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (t-ANLL), who had a del(5q). Thus a small segment of chromosome 5 contains IL-4, IL-5, IL- 3, and GM-CSF as well as other genes such as CD14 and EGR1. Our findings that each of these genes was deleted in the 5q- chromosome suggest that loss of function of one or more of these genes may play an important role in the pathogenesis of hematologic disorders associated with a del(5q).
We Are Not in Sync, But We Think We Are: Actual versus Perceived Temporal Team Mental Models

Despite the increasing number of failures blamed on team members’ lack of synchronization, little is known about the consequences of members thinking they are in sync but are not in actuality. Weexpanded the nascent research on temporal team mental models (TMM) by examining the relationship between perceived and actual temporal TMM similarity on team performance. Mismatches between perceiving and actually being on the same temporal page were detrimental to performance in that teams took longer to complete tasks. Findings support that both perceiving to be in sync and actually being in sync are essential for team success.
Achievable Rates of Massive MIMO NOMA Downlink with Limited RF Chains

The impact of low-dimensional digital precoding on the achievable sum rate of a training-based massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) system with a limited number of radio-frequency (RF) chains is investigated. A low-dimensional digital precoder is cascaded with a high-dimensional analog precoder and thus reducing the number of RF chains required at the NOMA-enabled massive MIMO base-station. Uplink channel cascaded with the analog precoder is estimated at the BS via pilots sent by the clustered users. Each cluster is allocated with an orthogonal pilot sequence, and it is shared among users within a cluster. The achievable downlink sum rate is derived by capturing the effects of practical impediment, including channel estimation errors, intra-cluster pilot contamination, imperfect successive interference cancellation, and statistical&#x002F;partial channel knowledge at the users for signal decoding. Thereby, the sum rate degradation caused by these transmission impairments and the impact of reduced number of RF chains at the BS are quantified. Moreover, the achievable sum rate and the number of users that can be served simultaneously in the same time-frequency resource block by massive MIMO NOMA are compared with those of massive MIMO orthogonal multiple access (OMA). Our results are used to draw system-design insights on fundamental trade-offs between the number of simultaneously served users, achievable sum rates and computational complexity. We conclude that massive MIMO NOMA is practically-viable for supporting massive access with low rates requirements, whereas massive MIMO OMA is more desirable when the high rate requirement is more prevalence than the demand for massive access.
Prepectoral Site Conversion for Animation Deformity.

A signifcant disadvantage of subpectoral breast reconstruction procedures is animation deformity during pectoralis major contraction. In this study, we discuss one surgeon's experience with elective subpectoral to prepectoral implant site conversion as a definitive solution to animation deformity.. Methods Authors performed a retrospective review of pre-pectoral and sub-pectoral breast reconstructions performed by a single surgeon. Implants placed in the prepectoral plane were supported with total anterior AlloDerm coverage. Results One hundred forty-two breasts in 90 patients who had underwent elective subpectoral to prepectoral implant site conversion. Postoperative resolution of animation deformity was 100%. Overall, complications are minimal with rates at 4.2% for infection, 2.1% for seroma, and 0.7% for hematoma, dehiscence, partial thickness necrosis, and explantation. One patient requested reoperation for reduction in implant volume. Baker grades II-IV capsular contractures are 0% at 43 months. Conclusion Breast implant site conversion from the subpectoral to the prepectoral plane is a safe and definitive solution for animation deformity.
Sparse representation of photometric redshift probability density functions: preparing for petascale astronomy

One of the consequences of entering the era of precision cosmology is the widespread adoption of photometric redshift probability density functions (PDFs). Both current and future photometric surveys are expected to obtain images of billions of distinct galaxies. As a result, storing and analyzing all of these PDFs will be non-trivial and even more severe if a survey plans to compute and store multiple different PDFs. In this paper we propose the use of a sparse basis representation to fully represent individual photo-$z$ PDFs. By using an Orthogonal Matching Pursuit algorithm and a combination of Gaussian and Voigt basis functions, we demonstrate how our approach is superior to a multi-Gaussian fitting, as we require approximately half of the parameters for the same fitting accuracy with the additional advantage that an entire PDF can be stored by using a 4-byte integer per basis function, and we can achieve better accuracy by increasing the number of bases. By using data from the CFHTLenS, we demonstrate that only ten to twenty points per galaxy are sufficient to reconstruct both the individual PDFs and the ensemble redshift distribution, $N(z)$, to an accuracy of 99.9% when compared to the one built using the original PDFs computed with a resolution of $\delta z = 0.01$, reducing the required storage of two hundred original values by a factor of ten to twenty. Finally, we demonstrate how this basis representation can be directly extended to a cosmological analysis, thereby increasing computational performance without losing resolution nor accuracy.
Securing Wireless Coprocessors from Attacks in the Internet of Things

Wireless communications coprocessors are a vital component of numerous Internet of Things and mobile devices. These subsystems enable devices to communicate directly with peers and supporting network infrastructures. Previous research has shown that wireless communications coprocessors lack fundamental security mechanisms to combat attacks originating from the air-interface and application processor (main CPU). To mitigate the risk of exploitation, methods are needed to retroactively add security mechanisms to communications coprocessors.
Comparison of Benefit of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation in Patients With Low Gradient Versus High Gradient Aortic Stenosis and Left Ventricular Dysfunction

Patients with low gradient severe aortic stenosis (LG-AS) often exhibit significant limitations in functional status and quality of life. We aimed to evaluate the clinical effect of transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) on LG-AS patients compared to those with high transvalvular gradients and similar left ventricular dysfunction. Retrospective analysis of records for all patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction 40 mm Hg). LG-AS patients yielded similar improvements in left ventricular ejection fraction (43.5% ± 63.7 vs 37.7% ± 58.7; p = 0.525) and Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire scores (423.51% ± 1257.02 vs 266.56% ± 822.81; p = 0.352). There were no differences between the groups with respect to 1-year mortality (16.8% vs 12.7%; p = 0.412), stroke rates, hospital length of stay, need for permanent pacemaker implantation or hospital readmissions. In conclusion, we found that TAVI is associated with comparable improvement in clinical and echocardiographic outcomes in LG-AS patients as compared to those with high gradient severe aortic stenosis.
Inverse Resonance Problem for ℤ2-Symmetric Analytic Obstacles in the Plane

We given an exposition of a proof that a mirror symmetric configuration of two convex analytic obstacles in ℝ2determined by its Dirichlet resonance poles. It is the analogue for exterior domains of the proof that a mirror symmetric bounded simply connected analytic plane domain is determined by its Dirichlet eigenvalues. The proof uses ‘interior/exterior duality’ to simplify the argument.
Creation of a Hysterectomy Bundle to Reduce Surgical Site Infections: A Standardized Approach

Background Surgical Site Infection (SSI) after abdominal hysterectomy (HYST) procedures is an area of emphasis for infection prevention due its effect on patient outcome and financial implications. The hospital's Standardized Infection Ratio (SIR) for HYST in 2018 was significantly higher than the national average. Improving the process of care through a standardized bundle will help prevent SSI. Methods The SSI Committee case review prompted formation of a multidisciplinary team including Infection Prevention, Obstetrics/Gynecology and Perioperative Services. A hysterectomy bundle was developed based on Centers for Disease Control and American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists guidelines for SSI prevention and was implemented in January 2019. The bundle consisted of a preoperative phase that includes chlorhexidine bathing and incisional skin preparation. The intraoperative phase of the bundle includes antimicrobial prophylaxis, skin preparation, vaginal preparation, decreasing wound contamination by using separate sterile closure tray, changing gloves after fascia closure, and closure with sutures rather than staples. The postoperative phase includes maintaining normal body temperature and providing post-operative education about hand hygiene and incision care. One of the essential elements of the bundle is providing education to patients about preoperative and postoperative measures to prevent SSI. A comprehensive brochure was developed for patient education and is given to every patient in the physician's office prior to surgery. Results The 2018 facility SIR of 3.5 for HYST was significantly higher than the national baseline. After implementation, there were no SSIs reported from the first through third quarter of 2019. Audits and case reviews showed good adherence to the initiative. Conclusions The hysterectomy bundle is an important method to standardize best practice in order to prevent SSI. Implementation of the bundle shows a decrease in hysterectomy SSI and improves patient outcomes.
Model and approach for assessing implementation context and fidelity in the HEALing Communities Study

Abstract Background In response to the U.S. opioid epidemic, the HEALing (Helping to End Addiction Long-termSM) Communities Study (HCS) is a multisite, wait-listed, community-level cluster-randomized trial that aims to test the novel Communities That HEAL (CTH) intervention, in 67 communities. CTH will expand an integrated set of evidence-based practices (EBPs) across health care, behavioral health, justice, and other community-based settings to reduce opioid overdose deaths. We present the rationale for and adaptation of the RE-AIM/PRISM framework and methodological approach used to capture the CTH implementation context and to evaluate implementation fidelity. Methods HCS measures key domains of the internal and external CTH implementation context with repeated annual surveys and qualitative interviews with community coalition members and key stakeholders. Core constructs of fidelity include dosage, adherence, quality, and program differentiation—the adaptation of the CTH intervention to fit each community’s needs. Fidelity measures include a monthly CTH checklist, collation of artifacts produced during CTH activities, coalition and workgroup attendance, and coalition meeting minutes. Training and technical assistance delivered by the research sites to the communities are tracked monthly. Discussion To help attenuate the nation’s opioid epidemic, the adoption of EBPs must be increased in communities. The HCS represents one of the largest and most complex implementation research experiments yet conducted. Our systematic examination of implementation context and fidelity will significantly advance understanding of how to best evaluate community-level implementation of EBPs and assess relations among implementation context, fidelity, and intervention impact.
The reliability of cerebellar brain inhibition.

Abstract Objective Connectivity between the cerebellum and primary motor cortex (M1) can be assessed by using transcranial magnetic stimulation to measure cerebellar brain inhibition (CBI). The aim of the present study was to determine the intra- and inter-day measurment error and relative reliability of CBI. The former informs the degree to which repeated measurements vary, whereas the latter informs how well the measure can distinguish individuals from one another within a sample. Methods We obtained CBI data from 83 healthy young participants (n = 55 retrospective). Intra-day measurements were separated by ~ 30 min. Inter-day measurmenets were separated by a minimum of 24 h. Results We show that CBI has low measurement error (~15%) within and between sessions. Using the measurment error, we demonstrate that change estimates which exceed measurment noise are large at an individual level, but can be detected with modest sample sizes. Finally, we demonstrate that the CBI measurement has fair to good relative reliability in healthy individuals, which may be deflated by low sample heterogeneity. Conclusions CBI has low measurement error supporting its use for tracking intra- and inter-day changes in cerebellar-M1 connectivity. Significance Our findings provide clear reliability guidelines for future studies assessing modulation of cerebellar-M1 connectivity with intervention or disease progression.
Side effects of drugs used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease

Abstract Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs, i.e., donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine), as well as the N-methyl- d -aspartate receptor (NDMAR) antagonist, memantine show moderate potential in improving measurements of cognition, behavior, and activities of daily living in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease. Overall, the AChEIs and memantine are considered to be relatively safe, however, as they are used in vulnerable populations, it is even more important for clinicians to be aware of potential side effects. With increased awareness, proper monitoring, correct administration, and timely alterations, these side effects can be minimized and managed effectively. This chapter of the Side Effects of Drugs Annual series captures the literature regarding the side effects of AChEIs and memantine from January 2020 to December 2020.
Factors differentially associated with early readmission at a university teaching psychiatric hospital

Rationale, aims and objectives The rate of psychiatric readmissions within 30 days of discharge is a well-established behavioural health system performance measure linked to the quality of inpatient hospital care as well as to access to community-based aftercare services. The purpose of this study was to examine the factors differentially associated with earlier readmission among a sample of patients (n = 588) readmitted within 30 days of discharge to a university teaching psychiatric hospital from 2001 to 2010. Methods Quality assurance interviews were conducted with patients readmitted within 30 days of discharge. The interview data were merged with clinical symptom and electronic medical record data. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to examine readmission within 7 days and from 8 to 14 days compared with 15–30 days after discharge while controlling for socio-demographic and treatment variables previously associated with psychiatric readmission. Results Multiple clinical, treatment and patient-reported factors were differentially associated with earlier readmission. In particular, lack of engagement in post-discharge aftercare services was a strong predictor of earlier readmission. Conclusions Strategies are needed to improve patients' transition from inpatient psychiatric hospitalization to aftercare services. Psychiatric hospitals attempting to reduce very early readmissions should seek to implement innovative transitional care initiatives targeting both patient and treatment factors.
Adolescents' body-tanning behaviours: influences of gender, body mass index, sociocultural attitudes towards appearance and body satisfaction

The goal of this study was to identify and examine the various factors affecting adolescents' body-tanning behaviours. Gender, body mass index (BMI), sociocultural attitudes towards appearance (SATA) and body satisfaction were examined in order to determine how these variables influence both outdoor sun-tanning and indoor tanning-bed use. Self-administered survey data were collected from 155 adolescent boys and 202 adolescent girls with an average age of 14.3. Multivariate analysis of variance and multiple regression methods were used to analyse the data. Adolescent girls tended to engage in both outdoor and indoor tanning. Overall, adolescents' SATA significantly affected their body-tanning behaviours. However, BMI and body satisfaction revealed a significant effect only on indoor tanning behaviour. Implications for the design of interventions and overall health promotion towards adolescents are discussed with suggestions for future research.
The articles, demonstratives

The definite article in Dutch is either de or het. De is used as the singular definite article with roughly two thirds of Dutch nouns, which can be called ‘common’ gender.*
Costly Mistakes: Undertaxed Business Owners and Overtaxed Workers

This article advocates for fundamental changes in the federal income tax base by systematically challenging conventional understandings of consumption and investment. As signaled by our title, “Costly Mistakes,” our thesis has to do exclusively with the deductibility of expenditures by business owners and workers. Where the current tax law treats a business owner’s expenditure as investment, we sometimes find consumption and question why the law should allow the expenditure to be deducted. Where the tax law treats a worker’s expenditure as consumption, we sometimes find investment and question why the law does not allow at least a partial deduction. Through an historical analysis of the development of the modern tax law with special attention to Justice Cardozo’s 1933 U.S. Supreme Court opinion in Welch v. Helvering and a review of Welch’s judicial and legislative progeny, the article demonstrates that the deference the tax law traditionally has accorded business owners results in their being undertaxed. Through an analysis of the tax law’s treatment of workers, it further shows how its structural and substantive rules treat workers primarily as consumers, rather than as producers, and why that results in their being overtaxed. The article then investigates the economic inefficiencies produced by the tax law’s generous treatment of business owners’ outlays and its unduly restrictive treatment of workers’ outlays. It goes on to suggest an analytical framework for scrutinizing and reforming the tax treatment of workers and how that same framework could be extended to business owners with far-reaching implications. Finally, the article relates the undertaxation of business owners and the overtaxation of workers to the broader social policy discussions concerning the high rate of unemployment in the private sector and the escalating deficits in the public sector. It concludes that the success of the U.S. economy in the twenty-first century requires the tax law to treat both business owners and workers as producers. It further concludes that the tax law’s continuing failure to acknowledge that business owners and workers are both consumers and producers undermines the goals of efficiency and fairness.
Chemotaxis of cells isolated from periodontal tissues to different biological response modifiers.

Directed migration of many different cell types is necessary for uneventful wound healing to occur. From clinical periodontal regeneration procedures, it is commonly believed that periodontal ligament cells will be of critical importance in obtaining a new connective tissue attachment. Here we present data which indicate that extracellular matrix components (fibronectin) and polypeptide growth factors (FGF, TGF-a, and TGF-β) modulate the ability of periodontal ligament cells to express directed migration. These data indicate a potential role for matrix components and growth factors in clinical periodontal regenerative procedures.
Generating the noninferior set in mixed integer biobjective linear programs: an application to a location problem

Abstract An algorithm is proposed for generating an approximate representation of the noninferior set in the objective space of biobjective mixed integer linear programming problems. A measure of error in the approximate representation is developed to guide the generation of noninferior points. Noninferior points are iteratively added to the approximation in the regions where the deviation of the approximation from the exact noninferior set, i.e. error, is large. The main appeal of the algorithm is in its ability to produce an approximation of the noninferior set of a desired accuracy with as few points as possible. A minimax objective based on the Tchebycheff distance metric is utilized to assure that all noninferior points can be generated by the algorithm. An example of a biobjective location problem is used to illustrate the applicability of the algorithm.