cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proposed angiographic criteria for measurement of vertebral artery origin stenosis: the vertebral origin treatment with endovascular therapy (VOTE) method.

Standard measurement criteria for vertebral artery origin (VAO) stenosis have not yet been established. We propose such criteria and report on interrater agreement using two measurement methods in a series of patients referred for endovascular therapy. Three experienced angiography raters independently reviewed magnified cerebral angiograms. The formula [1 − (Ds/Dn)] × 100 was used, where Ds is the diameter of the most stenotic portion of the lesion and Dn is normal vessel diameter. The first measurement method allows unrestricted use of the V1 segment for measurement of normal diameter. In the second method, normal diameter is measured in the first portion of the V2 segment with exclusion of any region of poststenotic dilatation. Ten consecutive patients with VAO stenosis were reviewed. The mean degree of stenosis was 71.9% (standard deviation, ± 10.7%) with the first method and 66.9% ± 10.6% with the second method. Average interrater agreement was 80% with the first method and 87% with the second method. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) demonstrated greater interrater agreement when the tortuous proximal V1 segment was excluded in normal diameter measurement (ICC = 0.7750) compared with the unrestricted use of the V1 segment for normal diameter (ICC = 0.7256). The kappa statistic was the best among the 3 raters with 10% variance when the tortuous V1 segment was excluded, at 0.73 (overall agreement, 87%). Our findings indicate that excluding the tortuous V1 portion when measuring normal diameter improves interrater agreement and simplifies the measurement of high-grade VAO stenosis.
Comparison of single‐layer and multi‐layer rotating drum biofilters for VOC removal

Two types of rotating drum biofilters were tested to investigate the effect of medium configuration on biofilter performance for removing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from waste gas streams. One was a single-layer biofilter that consisted of a thick layer of open-pore reticulated polyurethane foam media. The other was a multi-layer biofilter that used a set of four concentric thinner layers of the media. The effect of the two different media configurations was examined using diethyl ether as a model VOC at various organic loading rates. The results showed that the multi-layer biofilter could maintain more stable and higher ether removal efficiencies at gas empty bed contact time (EBCT) of 30 s than the single-layer biofilter at gas EBCT of 90 s, and at organic loading rates ranging from 2.0 to 8.0 kg COD m−3 day−1 (32.1 to 128.4 g ether m−3 h−1), all based on the medium volume. The multi-layer biofilter also exhibited a more even biomass distribution on the concentric surface at a medium depth than the single-layer biofilter, which suggests a reduced possibility of short-circuiting of gas streams and, consequently, better performance.
Institutionalizing regional science

Regional Science is alive and well. If we wish to maintain our position we need to explore ways to expand our numbers and the constituencies that we serve. Expanding undergraduate and graduate teaching programs, fostering more discussion of client-driven work at our meetings and in our journals, and actively encouraging participation by non-university based researchers and even regional development practitioners are all ways to promote multiple-constituency regional science. If one of these options is to be emphasized in the short term, I would suggest encouraging participation by non-university based researchers and more discussion of client-driven research. These strategies are often at least partially in place now, they benefit from the rigorous scientific work that is our core business, and they will help assure the institutionalization of „full service” regional science.
Fuzzy Modeling of Service System Engagements

This paper presents a conceptual model of client epistemology and decision making in service engagements through the use of fuzzy variables and fuzzy relations, and it proposes a fuzzy system as a general mechanism for service innovation. A fuzzy systems approach to modeling service processes is shown to be a robust way to represent the abductive, inductive, and deductive stages of service development. Motivating examples include, but are not limited to, service in education, consulting, healthcare, government services, knowledge-intensive business service, and online intelligent services. The paper's modeling framework is based on the view of agents as fuzzy controllers and fuzzy modelers. Fuzzy representations of variables represent vagueness through the mathematical representations of possibility and necessity instead of probability, and fuzzy relations capture incomplete specification of the relationships between the inputs and outputs of the processes of a service network. Cocreation of knowledge, with the specific intent of reducing client ambiguity and vagueness about a proposed service process, improves the cocreation of value by that process. This research responds to the challenge of endemic ambiguity and vagueness in the interactions of service clients and providers in a service system by providing robust and flexible models that can be applied to the design and management of service systems.
Geometric constraints on composition of sediment derived from erosional landscapes

Although unroofing sequences are well known in the stratigraphic record, there is no general theory for estimating relevant basic quantities such as the time history of sediment production from a particular unit or the degree of mixing between successive units. Here we investigate the production of sediment from layered source rocks that are milled off by steady-state erosional topography. The shape of the sediment-production function for milling off a thin horizontal layer is given by the derivative of the hypsometric function, in the form of area contained within contours as a function of contour altitude. The time-scale for the production function, the ‘topographic mixing time’, is set by the topographic relief divided by the uplift rate. The production function for a sharp transition from one unit to another is given directly by the hypsometric function. The effects of stratal dip parallel to the mean slope of the erosional topography and finite layer thickness can be accounted for to a first approximation by simple geometric corrections to the mixing time. Finite layer thickness also has the effect of smoothing the production function although most natural hypsometric functions are smooth enough that this effect is relatively weak. The quality of an unroofing sequence can be measured in terms of the ‘sharpness’ of separation of successive peaks in sediment production produced by milling off a sequence of geometrically similar layers. This peak sharpness can be parameterized by a ratio of the interval between successive peaks in sediment production to topographic mixing time. By this measure, the quality of unroofing sequences is controlled by two parameters: the ratio of layer thickness to topographic relief, and the dip angle. The dip angle in concert with topographic mixing exerts a strong control on the degree of signal segregation; in particular, production of cleanly segregated signals for dip angles greater than about 15° requires very high ratios of layer thickness to relief. Hence identification of distinct unroofing sequences may place significant and useful constraints on the attitude and/or thickness of units in the eroding stratigraphy.
LYSOZYME ACTIVITY IN RADIATION CHIMERAS.

Lysozyme activity in the kidneys of lethally irradiated mice treated with homologous bone marrow (HBM) was markedly elevated during the 2nd week after irradiation and transplantation compared to the normal, isologous bone marrow (IBM)-treated or controls which were irradiated only. Measurement of lysozyme activity on day 9 in the normal, IBM, HBM, and irradiated control groups showed levels of 180, 350, 459, and 29 mu g/g of bone marrow, respectively. In the same groups on day 9 the kidney levels were 28, 42, 196, and 21 mu g/g of tissue, respectively. Measurements were also made on small intestine, lung, spleen, colon, lymph node, submaxillary gland, thymus, liver, and plasma. The changes in lysozyme activity in some of the organs are probably associated with transplantation of granulopoietic elements. Biochemical significance of lysozyme is not known, but it may reflect immunological activity. In some of our lymphatic tissue homogenates examined microscopically not all cells were disrupted, so that the experimental procedure of freezing and thawing the homogenate, then rehomogenizing, was carried out. This increased the enzyme activity yield in nearly every organ studied. (auth)
An Empirical Investigation into the Failure of First RepublicBank: Is There a Contagion Effect?

This study examines the presence of contagion effects associated with the failure of First RepublicBank. Banks are segregated on the basis of whether their stock price reactions are likely due to industry-based information effects or contagion effects. Also considered are announcements during the same period of time associated with Third World loans. Results fail to substantiate the presence of contagion effects.
Leadership and Its Basis in Problems of Social Coordination

Leadership is a means by which social groups attempt to realize gains from cooperation, coordination, and efficient allocation. The attempt to achieve such gains gives rise to further, overarching problems of coordination. The latter problems are recurrent but are likely to vary from one situation to the next; this makes decentralized methods of solution especially difficult, and provides the ultimate reason leadership is needed, invented, and accepted. Solution of such overarching problems makes leadership possible in the basic problems in which social gains are available, including activities such as organizing, sanctioning, communicating, and allocating. The stability of leadership is based on the group's need to solve coordination problems; as a result, a leader has discretion or "power," and can get away with less-than-maximal service of group goals. This approach to understanding leadership suggests several useful techniques for the study of political leadership in particular settings.
Pulse methylprednisolone therapy for acute childhood idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

Etude pilote sur 21 enfants de 6 mois a 13 ans atteints de purpura thrombopenique idiopathique (PTI) avec un taux de plaquettes inferieur a 20000/μl, traites par 3 doses de 30 mg/kg de methylprednisolone. Resultat efficace sur les plaquettes, peu couteux, peu toxique, a comparer prospectivement avec les gamma-globulaires et les steroides oraux
From Measurement to Analysis Reporting: Grand Challenges in Nutritional Methodology.

Nutrition has been central to the progress and well-being of mankind. Nutritional treatments and interventions, nutritional public policy and guidelines, issues related to agriculture and the food supply, nutritional genomics for individualized treatments, and other such topics remain vital areas of scientific inquiry. The foundation of progress in science is rigorous methods. Many of our methods have improved substantially over the years, yet there are always healthy calls for ever greater rigor in nutrition research (1–3). Ongoing advancement in methodological aspects of nutrition, energetics, and obesity studies include at least three components: (a) observations and measurements, (b) experimental design, and (c) statistical analysis and interpretation. We challenge ourselves and the field to expand the frontiers of nutritional knowledge by advancing the breadth, the rigor, and the quality of use of scientific methods in nutrition-related research.
Segmental living related small bowel transplantation in adults

The advent of small bowel transplantation has provided selected patients with chronic intestinal irreversible failure with a physiologic alternative to total parenteral nutrition. Recently a standardized technique for living related small bowel transplantation (LR-SBTx) has been developed. Three patients with short bowel syndrome underwent LR-SBTx at our institution. All donors were ABO compatible with a good human leukocyte antigen match. A segment of 180 to 200 cm of ileum was harvested and transplanted with its vascular pedicle constituted by the ileocolic artery and vein. The grafts were transplanted with a short cold and warm ischemia time. The immunosuppression regimen consisted of oral FK-506, prednisone, and intravenous induction with atgam. Serial biopsies of the intestinal grafts were performed to evaluate rejection or viral infections. The postoperative course was uneventful for all donors. All of the recipients are currently alive and well. Two of three patients are off total parenteral nutrition and tolerating an oral diet with no limitations on daily activity. In the third patient, the graft was removed 6 weeks after transplantation. At the time of enterectomy, no technical or immunologic complications were documented. Absorption tests for D-xylose and fecal fat studies were performed showing functional adaptation of the segmental graft. All biopsies were negative for acute rejection. A well-matched segmentai ileal graft from a living donor can provide complete rehabilitation for patients with short bowel syndrome. Our initial experience suggests that the risk of acute rejection and infection is greatly reduced compared to cadaveric bowel transplantation. Further clinical application of this procedure is warranted.
Resting and Action Potentials of Reversed Polarity in Frog Nerve Cells

THE present communication deals with the resting and action potentials of the nerve cell body of the frog dorsal root ganglion immersed in barium-rich media. Dorsal root ganglia were removed from the ventral side of the vertebrae of a Rana pipiens together with nerves 5–10 mm. long on both sides. The preparation was immersed in a sodium free solution containing 80 mM barium chloride, 2 mM potassium bicarbonate and 1.5 mM calcium chloride. On penetration of the nerve cells with a hyperfine glass-pipette electrode filled with 3 M potassium chloride, it was sometimes found that the potential of the microelectrode suddenly rose by 20–40 mV. without being accompanied by any appreciable rise in the electrode resistance. There were also many cells which showed a resting potential (40–70 mV.) of the ordinary (that is, negative) sign.
Consumer Satisfaction for Individuals with Developmental Disabilities

Summary Consumer satisfaction is a significant measure of the quality of service provision. Little information is available on consumer satisfaction for individuals with developmental disabilities, however. Information that is available may paint an overly optimistic view of the service system. Reasons for the tendency of service recipients to report high levels of satisfaction are presented. Suggestions for obtaining meaningful consumer satisfaction data are discussed.
Fine structure of dendritic and axonal growth cones in embryonic chick spinal cord.

Our preliminary electron microscopic observations of embryonic chick spinal cord indicate that the majority of synapses in the cervical cord at the fourth and sixth days of incubation are found in the marginal layer rather than the mantle layer. These findings raise two basic questions about the type of connections in the marginal zone during the first week of development: are all these early synapses axondendritic, and are synaptic junctions present on axonal and dendritic growth cones? Since criteria for distinguishing between axonal and dendritic growth cones are scarce or nonexistent, serial section electron microscopy was employed to definitively identify the two types of terminals. Two types of dendritic growth cones are present in the marginal layer during the first week of development. The first type is distinguished by a dendritic stalk which expands into a club-shaped or bulb-like terminal. A characteristic feature of this type of dendritic ending is the presence of numerous vesicles which vary in diameter from about 1000 A to 2500 A. Its cytoplasm has a floccular appearance and is frequently electron lucent. In contrast, the second type of dendritic terminal is electron dense, has a consistently homogeneous appearance, and usually lacks the large vesicles of the first type. The shape of the second type is a finger-like process (filopodium) roughly of the same diameter as the main dendritic trunk. Evidence is presented that some dendritic growth cones observed in this study represent growing, motile processes rather than quiescent enlargements. Synapses on dendritic growth cones are quite numerous and, in addition, the first synapses on dendrites appear to form on growth cones. The hypothesis is put forward that synapses on dendritic growth cones. The hypothesis is put forward that synapses on dendritic growth cones are incorporated onto the dendritic trunk as the terminal continues to grow. Axonal growth cones may be distinguished from dendritic growth cones on the basis of their overall morphology and their cytoplasmic components. An axonal growth cone is, in general, a larger and more irregular structure than the dendritic terminal. This irregularity is due to the large number of processes radiating away from the terminal enlargement or varicosity. While dendritic terminals almost always have finger-like projections, processes of axonal growth cones are more often sheet-like extensions of cytoplasm (folipodia). Another important difference between axonal and dendritic growth cones is that ribosomes in axonal varicosities are infrequently encountered and rarely aggregated into polysomes as in dendritic terminals. Axonal growth cones are occasionally observed to be presynaptic to a dendrite during the first week of development.
Effect of Acquaintanceship on Accuracy of Person Perception

Accuracy, assumed similarity, and actual similarity were assessed for an acquaintance and a stranger target selected by the subject. Four standardized questionnaires were used to obtain separate estimates of each variable, Cattell's 16 PF test, Gough's Adjective Check List, the Abilities and Characteristics Scale of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank, and Bernreuter's Personality Inventory. All measures showed significant differences in the predicted direction for accuracy and no significant between-target differences for assumed similarity or actual similarity. The Adjective Check List proved to be very susceptible to social desirability response set and produced accuracy scores that were strongly associated with assumed similarity. On the other measures, accuracy scores were relatively independent of assumed similarity, suggesting that these instruments are suitable for studies of person perception.
Glutathione S-transferase in intestine, liver and hepatic lesions of mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) from a creosote-contaminated environment.

Cytosolic glutathione S-transferase (GSH transferase) activity towards 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) was elevated approximately three to four-fold in intestine and liver of mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) collected from a creosote-contaminated site in the Elizabeth River, Virginia. Intestinal GSH transferase activity at the most heavily contaminated site, at a moderately contaminated site and at a relatively clean site averaged 3.64, 2.83 and 1.11µmoles/min/mg respectively, while values for liver at these sites averaged 2.84, 1.75 and 0.93µmoles/min/mg. In addition, densitometric tracings of sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gels of intestine and liver cytosol revealed a similar trend in the staining intensity of a 25.8 kD protein band, which lies within the molecular weight range of GSH transferase subunits. Activity in putative preneoplastic and neoplastic hepatic lesions of fish collected from the creosote-contaminated site was not significantly different from that of adjacent normal tissue. In the laboratory, dietary betanaphthoflavone (sNF) treatment resulted in a three-fold increase in intestinal GSH transferase. Hepatic GSH transferase activity in the same fish was not affected by dietary sNF although hepatic monooxygenase activity, measured as ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD), was. The results of this study indicate a response of the intestinal detoxification system to environmental contaminants and supports previous studies on the importance of intestinal metabolism of foreign compounds. Further, our results indicate the trend towards elevated GSH transferase in liver of feral fish could not be attributed to a cancerous disease state in these fish but indicates chemical induction in this organ as well.
Estimating flight-level price elasticities using online airline data: A first step toward integrating pricing, demand, and revenue optimization

We estimate flight-level price elasticities using a database of online prices and seat map displays. In contrast to market-level and route-level elasticities reported in the literature, flight-level elasticities can forecast responses in demand due to day-to-day price fluctuations. Knowing how elasticities vary by flight and booking characteristics and in response to competitors’ pricing actions allows airlines to design better promotions. It also allows policy makers the ability to evaluate the impacts of proposed tax increases or time-of-day congestion pricing policies. Our elasticity results show how airlines can design optimal promotions by considering not only which departure dates should be targeted, but also which days of the week customers should be allowed to purchase. Additionally, we show how elasticities can be used by carriers to strategically match a subset of their competitors’ sale fares. Methodologically, we use an approach that corrects for price endogeneity; failure to do so results in biased estimates and incorrect pricing recommendations. Using an instrumental variable approach to address this problem we find a set of valid instruments that can be used in future studies of air travel demand. We conclude by describing how our approach contributes to the literature, by offering an approach to estimate flight-level demand elasticities that the research community needs as an input to more advanced optimization models that integrate demand forecasting, price optimization, and revenue optimization models.
Pillar strength in underground stone mines in the United States

Stone mines in the Eastern and Midwestern United States make use of the room-and-pillar method of mining to extract relatively flat-laying sedimentary formations. A survey of pillar performance was carried out to identify potential modes of instability. Pillars were found to have been successful in providing support to the overburden, but a small number of individual failed pillars were observed. Failure of the pillars was observed to be related to spalling of the hard brittle rocks, shearing along pre-existing angular discontinuities or progressive extrusion of soft infill materials on bedding planes. A method of estimating the pillar strength and selecting a safety factor for design was developed based on observations of stable and failed pillars, supplemented by numerical models. The developed pillar strength equation can be used to design stable stone mine pillars provided the rock conditions are similar to those included in the study.
Advanced lightweight beryllium optics

Perkin-Elmer fabricated two 9.5 in. (24.1 cm) diameter beryllium mirror blanks using an advanced powder metallurgy process to produce mono-lithic, lightweight (2.16 lb = 0.98 kg) structures with honeycomb interiors. The new beryllium material exhibits improved isotropy as measured by x-ray diffrac-tion techniques. The mechanical properties meet or exceed the published values for commercially available vacuum hot pressed beryllium block. In addition, the material is readily polished to good figure and surface quality and has demonstrated potential for lower scatter than standard material. The monolithic sandwich construction demonstrated in the program is exceptionally stiff, permitting large lightweight mirrors to be constructed. A scaled-up 36 in. (91.4 cm) diameter mirror would weigh only 31 lb (14.1 kg) using the technology demonstrated in the project. It is estimated that with minor modification in the process this weight could be halved.
Nuclear Localization of Cell-Penetrating Peptides Is Dependent on Endocytosis Rather Than Cytosolic Delivery in CHO Cells

The nuclear localization of various cell penetrating peptides (CPPs), including Tat [47-57], YG(R)9, YG(K)9, and model amphipathic peptide (MAP), was examined and correlated with the endocytosis and cytosolic transfer efficiency in CHO cells. The results showed that the internalization of the amphipathic peptide, MAP, was much higher than that of the other cationic CPPs tested. During subcellular fractionation analysis, MAP was only found in the vesicular fraction and was not detectable in the cytosol, similar to the intracellular localization of YG(K)9 as previously determined. This localization pattern differs greatly from the cationic CPPs oligoarginine and Tat, which were previously found primarily in the cytosol. Both quantitative and qualitative analysis of MAP showed high nuclear localization, with staining in perinuclear vesicles. On the other hand, YG(R)9 was found to be excluded from the nucleus. Lysosomotropic amines altered the nuclear localization of the CPPs tested, and the change was correlated with the release of degradation products from the treated cells. These results suggest that highly endocytosed CPPs such as MAP may be more suitable for nuclear drug delivery applications than peptides such as Tat and YG(R)9 that are efficiently delivered to the cytosol.
β-Carotene: interactions with α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid in microsomal lipid peroxidation

beta-Carotene, alpha-tocopherol, and ascorbic acid were tested for their ability to inhibit, enhance, or react synergistically with O(2) (15, 150, 760 torr) and, 2,2'-azobis (2-amidino-propane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) or 1,1'-azobis (cyclohexane-carbonitrile) (ACCN) in isolated rat liver microsomes. beta-Carotene did not protect against lipid peroxidation, i.e., malondialdehyde (MDA) formation, in microsomal samples incubated at 37 degrees C with aqueous soluble AAPH at all added beta-carotene concentrations and oxygen tensions. More MDA (16%, p 57%, p < 0.001) by lipid-soluble ACCN. alpha-Tocopherol exhibited concentration-dependent inhibitory effects on microsomal MDA formation at all oxygen tensions, but was most effective under 150 torr. Ascorbic acid demonstrated a concentration-dependent antioxidant effect only at 150 torr. ACCN-induced lipid peroxidation was no greater for the combination of the three compounds than ascorbic acid added alone. Thus, antioxidant or prooxidant activities for beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol, and ascorbic acid in microsomal suspensions are related to O(2) tension, solubility, antioxidant concentrations and are governed by complex interactions. Differences between AAPH- and ACCN-induced lipid peroxidation are related to differences in lipid solubility.
Counterions and Water in Polyelectrolyte Multilayers: A Tale of Two Polycations

Attenuated total internal reflectance Fourier transform infrared, ATR-FTIR, spectroscopy was used to compare the water uptake and doping within polyelectrolyte multilayers made from poly(styrene sulfonate), PSS, and a polycation, either poly(allylamine hydrochloride), PAH, or poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride), PDADMAC. Unlike PDADMA/PSS multilayers, whose water content depended on the solution ionic strength, PAH/PSS multilayers were resistant to doping by NaCl to a concentration of 1.2 M. Using (infrared active) perchlorate salt, the fraction of residual counterions in PDADMA/PSS and PAH/PSS was determined to be 3% and 6%, respectively. The free energy of association between the polymer segments, in the presence of NaClO4, was about 5 kJ mol-1 and −10 kJ mol-1, respectively, for PDADMA/PSS and PAH/PSS, indicating the relatively strong association between the polymer segments in the latter relative to the former. Varying the pH of the solution in contact with the PAH/PSS multilayer revealed a transit...
A note on an electrolytic synthesis of I131 labeled iodoform

The procedure described involves a two-step conversion of radio sodium iodide (I131) to iodoform by electrolysis in the presence of acetone, resulting in a yield of 22.8 per cent.
Normal distribution of cell generation rate.

Abstract This study demonstrates a normal distribution for the generation rate (the reciprocal of generation time) of cells of E. coli B r in a condition of balanced growth. A normal distribution is also found upon recalculation of data published for a yeast, for a protozoan, and for HeLa cells. The observation of this common distribution is evidence for the basic similarity of the cell division process in these widely different kinds of cells. The normality of the distribution of generation rate allows the calculation of correlation coefficients between the generation rates of sisters and between mother cells and their daughters: sister rates in E. coli B r are correlated, mother and daughter are not, unless daughter cells divide unusually soon after birth. These daughter cells usually had mothers with lengthy generation times. The correlations imply that inherited factors govern the processes leading to cell division, but that their effects are reduced by compensatory processes. In addition, these correlations negate hypotheses like those of Rahn and Kendall, which assume independence of cell divisions.
Atypical presentation of pattern dystrophy in two families with peripherin/RDS mutations.

Abstract Purpose To describe the atypical clinical presentations of pattern dystrophy (PD) in two unrelated families with novel peripherin/RDS mutations. Design Observational case reports and family genetic study with review of peripherin/RDS mutations. Participants Affected and unaffected members of two families with PD. Methods The probands of two families, as well as other family members, underwent an ophthalmologic assessment including slit-lamp biomicroscopy, applanation tonometry, and a dilated fundus examination. Goldmann visual fields and fluorescein angiography were performed, wherever appropriate. Blood samples were obtained from affected and selected unaffected members of the families for DNA analysis. Results The proband of family 1 had an acute onset of decreased vision and a yellowish lesion in both maculae that appeared inflammatory. However, resolution of the acute lesion ultimately resulted in fundus changes more typical for PD. Moreover, the proband's sister showed more classic-appearing PD lesions. Screening of the peripherin/RDS gene for sequence variations showed a 2-bp deletion, resulting in a translational frameshift at codon 290 in affected members of the family. The proband's father, who showed this sequence variation, did not have a macular lesion. The proband of family 2 was asymptomatic and showed a fundus phenotype similar to fundus flavimaculatus. The patient had normal visual acuity and did not demonstrate a "dark choroid" on fluorescein angiography. Molecular screening showed a Gln331stop variation in the peripherin/RDS gene. Conclusions We describe two novel mutations in the peripherin/RDS gene in two unrelated families with PD. Clinicians should recognize the atypical features that may occur in patients with PD. A suspected diagnosis of PD may be confirmed by the identification of a mutation in the peripherin/RDS gene. In isolated family members with PD, a mutation in this gene may occur even in the absence of a clinically discernible macular lesion.
THE IMPACT OF ENDEMIC MYCOBACTERIUM ON CHILDREN IN NEW YORK CITY.64

Mycobacterial tuberculosis (MTB) complex has become an increasingly common cause of opportunitistic disease in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). More than one third of all reported cases of MTB in New York City may be the result of recent person-person transmission. However, the impact on the pediatric HIV population is not identical to adult MTB. Also, delayed hypersensitivity skin testing can be technically difficult to place in children and results may be unreliable in the immunocompromised host.
Physiological adaptations to thermal stress in tropical Asians.

Young sedentary adult males of Malay, Indian, and Chinese origin who had established continuous residence in tropical Malaysia and presumed to be naturally acclimatized to heat, were studied to evaluate their physiological responses to a standard heat stress test. The Malay and Indian races have evolved in hot and humid geographical zones, whereas the Chinese originated from a temperate area. Subjects exercised at 50% \(\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2 max}}} } \) alternating 18 minutes walking and 2 min rest during a 2-h exposure to an ambient of 34.9°C dry bulb and 32.1°C wet bulb. Heart rates, core and skin temperatures, sweat rates, and oxygen uptakes were measured during the heat exposure. The subjects of Malay origin exhibited the least circulatory stress of the three ethnic groups. The data obtained on these long-term residents of a hot-wet climate and who were considered acclimatized to this environment were compared to experimental data obtained by other investigators and other ethnic groups.
Echocardiographic evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy in obese dogs.

Background Cardiomyopathy of obesity occurs in humans, but the gross and cellular myocardial response to obesity in dogs is not well defined. Objectives To characterize in vivo myocardial morphology and function in normotensive obese dogs, and quantitate collagen, triglyceride and myocyte cross-sectional area (CSA) in postmortem tissues from obese dogs. Animals Echocardiographic-Doppler measurements of normotensive obese dogs (n = 19) without historical or physical examination evidence of disease, and lean healthy dogs (n = 19) matched for age and ideal weight. Postmortem data were obtained from a separate population of 4 obese and 12 lean dogs without evidence of cardiac disease. Methods A prospective, observational study of myocardial morphology and function was conducted by echocardiographic-Doppler measurement. Left ventricular (LV) tissue was collected for quantitation of triglyceride, collagen, and myocyte CSA. Results Compared with lean control dogs, obese dogs had increased systolic blood pressure (obese 153 ± 19 mm Hg; lean 133 ± 20 mm Hg; P = .003), and increased LV free wall thickness at end-diastole (obese 9.9 ± 1.8 mm, lean 8.7 ± 1.5 mm; P = .03) and end-systole (obese 15.2 ± 2.3 mm, lean 12.9 ± 2.3 mm; P = .004). Isovolumic relaxation time was prolonged in 7/19 (37%) of obese dogs, compared with normal ranges. Myocardial triglyceride and collagen content and myocyte CSA were similar between groups. Conclusions and Clinical Importance As in humans, LV hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction can be an early myocardial change in some obese dogs.
Computer simulation of long-term carbon storage patterns in Florida slash pine plantations

Abstract We developed a computer model to simulate carbon storage in managed slash pine plantations in Florida. The model is based on ecosystem level carbon dynamics and land use data structured by age class of planted trees. Based on a scenario of constant planting at the average level (1952–1979), Florida slash pine forests would store carbon at the rate of 2.81 × 10 6 t year −1 . However, simulated carbon storage is sensitive to the age class distribution of the forests. There will be a 10 6 t year −1 decrease in carbon storage between 1980 and 1987, due to reduced levels of planting during the past decade. This trend is relatively independent of current planting levels.
How dentists see themselves, their profession, the public.

The public traditionally has held dentistry in high regard as a profession. But some recent evidence suggests a decline in public confidence—a fact that may be affecting the way dentists view themselves. What should and can be done?
Behavioral Science---Organizational Development: What's in a Name?

In the foreword to an article on organizational development written by two highly respected psychologists, Edgar F. Huse of Boston College and Michael Beer of Corning Glass, the statement is made that “some of the most exciting management methods during the past 20 years have been those going under the label of 'organizational development' ” Huse, E. F., M. Beer. 1971. Eclectic approach to organizational development. Harvard Bus. Rev. September--October 103--12.. I would add that some of the most depressing methods have been going under that label as well. Huse and Beer go on to suggest an eclectic approach, one appropriate to a particular environment and set of goals, as opposed to a narrow definition of “O.D.” In this column, I would like to strengthen their suggestion by pointing out that O.D. should go far beyond the limited techniques used by some well-known practitioners of the field i.e., the sensitivity trainers or the “T-groupers”, and thus could be defined as the constant application of all behavioral change theory to an operating organization's problems.
Research-driven stakeholders in cyberinfrastructure use and development

Research has shown that failing to recognize and understand organizational subgroups, their cultures, and their reward systems can result in a failure of system adoption. Infrastructure building projects for science are complex forms of collaborative work that involve many subgroups. As part of an ongoing research project, we use ethnographic methods to explore the roles, categories, and relationships that are sometimes taken for granted in cyberinfrastructure research and development. We investigate the difficulty of modeling stakeholders in the development of research-driven, large-scale scientific research and describe the importance of identifying stakeholders according to research questions in addition to organizations or workplaces.
Does thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) perfusion grade 2 represent a mostly patent artery or a mostly occluded artery? Enzymatic and electrocardiographic evidence from the TEAM-2 study

One measure of the success of thrombolysis is the early patency status of the infarct-related coronary artery. The Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) study group designated patency grades 0 (occluded) or 1 (minimal perfusion) as thrombolysis failure and grade 2 (partial perfusion) or 3 (complete perfusion) as success. To evaluate their true functional significance, perfusion grades were compared with enzymatic and electrocardiographic (ECG) indexes of myocardial infarction in 359 patients treated within 4 h with anistreplase (APSAC) or streptokinase. Serum enzymes and ECGs were assessed serially. Patency was determined at 90 to 240 min (median 2.1 h) and graded by an observer who had no knowledge of patient data. Results for the two drug arms were similar and combined. Distribution of patency was grade 0 = 20%, n = 72; grade 1 = 8% n = 27; grade 2 = 16%, n = 58 and grade 3 = 56%, n = 202. Interventions were performed after angiography but within 24 h in 51% (n = 37), 70% (n = 19), 41% (n = 24) and 14% (n = 28) of patients with grades 0, 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Outcomes were compared among the four patency groups by the orthogonal contrast method. Patients with perfusion grade 2 did not differ significantly from those with grade 0 or 1 in enzymatic peaks, time to peak activity and evolution of summed ST segments, Q waves and R waves (contrast 2). Conversely, comparisons of patients with grade 3 perfusion with those with grades 0 to 2 yielded significant differences for enzymatic peaks and time to peak activity for three of the four enzymes (p = 0.02 to 0.0001) and ECG indexes of myocardial infarction (p = 0.02 to 0.0001) (contrast 3). Thus, patients with grade 2 flow have indexes of myocardial infarction similar to those in patients with an occluded artery (grades 0 and 1 flow). Only early grade 3 flow results in a significantly better outcome than that of the other grades. Because early achievement of grade 2 flow does not appear to lead to optimal myocardial salvage, the frequency of achieving grade 3 perfusion alone may best measure the reperfusion success of thrombolytic therapy.
Adsorption and decomposition of acetylene on planar and faceted Ir(210)

The adsorption and reaction of acetylene on both planar and faceted Ir(210) have been studied utilizing temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), and high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS). Following adsorption of C 2 H 2 at 300 K or 100 K, TPD data indicate that H 2 is the dominant desorption product, and that decomposition of adsorbed C 2 H 2 occurs in a stepwise fashion. Multiple carbon-containing species are formed on Ir(210) upon adsorption of acetylene at high coverage, which are different from those formed at low coverage. Our HREELS results show that the dominant surface hydrocarbon species formed at high coverage are mainly acetylide and ethylidyne while acetylide dominates at low coverage. In contrast to reaction measurements on an Ir organometallic complex that catalyzes cyclization of C 2 H 2 to C 6 H 6 , no evidence for the cyclization reaction is found on Ir(210). The results are compared with adsorption and decomposition of C 6 H 6 on Ir(210); as for C 2 H 2 , the dominant desorption product is H 2 , but there are differences in the reaction sequence. In addition, evidence has been found in TPD measurements for structure sensitivity in decomposition of acetylene over the clean faceted Ir(210) surface versus the clean planar Ir(210) surface, which is attributed to nanometer scale structures on the faceted surface. The HREELS data give complementary information to TPD and AES results and provide insights into the reaction mechanisms for acetylene surface chemistry.
Simulation of a turbofan engine for evaluation of multivariable optimal control concepts

The development of control systems for jet engines requires a real-time computer simulation. The simulation provides an effective tool for evaluating control concepts and problem areas prior to actual engine testing. The development and use of a real-time simulation of the Pratt and Whitney F100-PW100 turbofan engine is described. The simulation was used in a multi-variable optimal controls research program using linear quadratic regulator theory. The simulation is used to generate linear engine models at selected operating points and evaluate the control algorithm. To reduce the complexity of the design, it is desirable to reduce the order of the linear model. A technique to reduce the order of the model; is discussed. Selected results between high and low order models are compared. The LQR control algorithms can be programmed on digital computer. This computer will control the engine simulation over the desired flight envelope.
Detectors in the Extreme Ultraviolet

Extreme UV detectors, discussing aluminum spectral intensity remeasurements with various multipliers
Auger Electron Spectroscopy

Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES)1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 is an essential tool for analyzing failed IC’s where surface characterization is required. It provides elemental identification and, in some cases, chemical information about substances in highly localized areas in very near-surface regions of materials, thin films, or film interfaces. AES provides excellent spatial resolution, as low as 200 Angstroms diameter. It provides surface analysis of the uppermost 20–50 Angstroms of the sample surface. It has moderate sensitivity with detection limits in the 0.1–1.0% range. Depth profiling can be achieved by specimen sputtering.
A boosting approach for motif modeling using ChIP-chip data

Motivation: Building an accurate binding model for a transcription factor (TF) is essential to differentiate its true binding targets from those spurious ones. This is an important step toward understanding gene regulation. Results: This paper describes a boosting approach to modeling TF--DNA binding. Different from the widely used weight matrix model, which predicts TF--DNA binding based on a linear combination of position-specific contributions, our approach builds a TF binding classifier by combining a set of weight matrix based classifiers, thus yielding a non-linear binding decision rule. The proposed approach was applied to the ChIP-chip data of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. When compared with the weight matrix method, our new approach showed significant improvements on the specificity in a majority of cases. Contact: wwong@hsph.harvard.edu Supplementary information: The software and the Supplementary data are available at http://biogibbs.stanford.edu/~hong2004/MotifBooster/.
A Threat in the Air How Stereotypes Shape Intellectual Identity and Performance

A general theory of domain identification is used to describe achievement barriers still faced by women in advanced quantitative areas and by African Americans in school. The theory assumes that sustained school success requires identification with school and its subdomains; that societal pressures on these groups (e.g., economic disadvantage, gender roles) can frustrate this identification; and that in school domains where these groups are negatively stereotyped, those who have become domain identified face the further barrier of stereotype threat, the threat that others' judgments or their own actions will negatively stereotype them in the domain. Research shows that this threat dramatically depresses the standardized test performance of women and African Americans who are in the academic vanguard of their groups (offering a new interpretation of group differences in standardized test performance), that it causes disidentification with school, and that practices that reduce this threat can reduce these negative effects.
Axial length's role in intraocular lens power calculation error in X-linked megalocornea: a case-series analysis.

ABSTRACTPurpose: To retrospectively analyze the potential sources of error for IOL power calculation in patients with X-linked related megalocornea (XLMC).Methods: Case report and comparative analysis of refractive outcomes in previously reported phacoemulsification procedures in XLMC cases.Results: A 52-year-old patient with XLMC and cataracts underwent bilateral clear corneal phacoemulsification, capsule tension ring (CTR) insertion, and in the bag intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. Two years after the procedure the IOL remained centrally located and stable in both eyes. In the postoperative refraction, the patient had a large hyperopic refractive error in the right eye, and a moderate hyperopic refractive error in the left eye. A similar pattern was observed in previously reported cases. Pooling all cases together we observed that the Holladay II formula produced more accurate IOL power calculations than the SRK-T formula. Still, both formulas diverged from the ideal IOL power by approximately 1 diop...
Selective polymeric effects on solvent NMR relaxations

Measurements of the spin-lattice relaxation times (T1) of solvent protons have been performed on systems containing mixed solvents with and without polymer. It has been found that the motion of solvent is selectively affected by polymers present in the system. Polyisobutylene (10%) in mixed solvents of carbon tetrachloride (or cyclohexane) and dichloromethane at various proportions produces little effect on T1 values of dichloromethane, but it affects significantly the T1 values of cyclohexane; whereas poly(methyl methacrylate) (10%) in carbon tetrachloride and dichloromethane (or acetone) selectively associates with dichloromethane (or acetone), resulting in an approximate 50% reduction of the T1 values for dichloromethane (or acetone). In systems of poly(methyl methacrylate) and three mixed solvents of carbon tetrachloride, dichloromethane, and cyclohexane, the polymer (10%) has a negligible effect on the T1 values of cyclohexane, but brings about a 50% reduction of the T1 values of dichloromethane. These phenomena are discussed in terms of local selective interactions between the solvent molecules and the polymeric chain segments.