cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DETERRENCE WITHOUT PUNISHMENT

Deterrence is conceivable without formal punishment administered by the state provided that informal social disapproval and self-condemnation are the predictable consequences of criminal behavior. Unfortunately. such consequences cannot be counted on in modern secular societies, partly because of the social heterogeneity that prevents consensus on what is heinous behavior. This article considers the feasibility of symbolic redefinition of criminal acts so as to make social disapproval and self-condemnation more probable. The crime of rape is used to illustrate this approach. The issue is: Can collective efforts at symbolic redefinition of crime be mobilized through the political process and thereby prevent some crimes from occurring that otherwise would take place?
Planning and managing the design of systems

The author describes how to plan a design process by analyzing the information flow inherent in that design, showing where to use estimates, iteration, and design reviews, and how to schedule the design tasks. He also shows how this flow is used for verification and change control. A computer program, called TERABL, has been developed. This program will allow an engineer to use shunt diagrams and engineering judgment to choose tears and generate a design structure matrix. It allows a number of possible tearings to be examined before choosing the best plan. With the TERABL program, as changes are made to the matrix, one can easily work out new plans. >
Cross-sectional age changes in ego identity status during adolescence.

Cross-sectional age changes in ego identity status during adolescence were investigated. Each subject was administered Marcia's identity status interview, which was extended to include questions about avocation and, for the older subjects, attitudes toward premarital sex. Significant increases were found in occupational commitment and crisis, religious crisis, political commitment and crisis, and sexual crisis. On overall identity status, there were large increases with age in the number of subjects in the achievement status and decreases in the number of subjects in the foreclosure and diffusion statuses. Contrary to expectation, sexual attitudes appeared to be related to identity formation for this sample of male subjects. Although there are numerous studies about identity formation, few deal with developmental aspects. This lack is noteworthy in light of Erikson's (1963) view that identity formation is a developmental task. This study was designed to investigate changes in ego identity status in males from early adolescence to young adulthood. In research by Marcia (1966) a classification of identity types was developed based on the presence of commitment and crisis in the areas of occupation, religion, and politics. Commitment is defined as a firm investment in one's views; crisis, as the process of rethinking one's position. Identity achievement status represents strong commitments resulting from rethinking one's views. Moratorium reflects crisis without firm commitments as yet. Foreclosure is a strong commitment to parental views without reconsideration of beliefs. Diffusion reflects an uncommitted state. Identity status ratings for each area and for overall identity are assigned based on a standardized interview. In previous research with college students, positive developmental changes have been found for occupation, but results have been mixed for religion and politics (Waterman, Geary, & Waterman, 1974; Waterman & Goldman, 1976; Waterman & Waterman, 1971). In a follow-up 6 years after college, Marcia (1976) found some backsliding on overall status from developmentally more mature or high-identity statuses (achievement and moratorium) to low-identity statuses (foreclosure and diffusion). Requests for reprints should be sent to Philip W. Meilman, who is now at the College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23185.
Miscoding properties of 1,N6-ethanoadenine, a DNA adduct derived from reaction with the antitumor agent 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea.

1,N{sup 6}-Ethanoadenine (EA) is an exocyclic adduct formed from DNA reaction with the antitumor agent, 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU). To understand the role of this adduct in the mechanism of mutagenicity or carcinogenicity by BCNU, an oligonucleotide with a site-specific EA was synthesized using phosphoramidite chemistry. We now report the in vitro miscoding properties of EA in translesion DNA synthesis catalyzed by mammalian DNA polymerases (pols) {alpha}, {beta}, {eta} and {iota}. These data were also compared with those obtained for the structurally related exocyclic adduct, 1,N{sup 6}-ethenoadenine ({var_epsilon}A). Using a primer extension assay, both pols {alpha} and {beta} were primarily blocked by EA or {var_epsilon}A with very minor extension. Pol {eta} a member of the Y family of polymerases, was capable of catalyzing a significant amount of bypass across both adducts. Pol {eta} incorporated all four nucleotides opposite EA and {var_epsilon}A, but with differential preferences and mainly in an error-prone manner. Human pol {iota}, a paralog of human pol {eta}, was blocked by both adducts with a very small amount of synthesis past {var_epsilon}A. It incorporated C and, to a much lesser extent, T, opposite either adduct. In addition, the presence of an A adduct, e.g. {var_epsilon}A, could affect the specificity of pol {iota} toward the template T immediately 3 feet to the adduct. In conclusion, the four polymerases assayed on templates containing an EA or {var_epsilon}A showed differential bypass capacity and nucleotide incorporation specificity, with the two adducts not completely identical in influencing these properties. Although there was a measurable extent of error-free nucleotide incorporation, all these polymerases primarily misincorporated opposite EA, indicating that the adduct, similar to {var_epsilon}A, is a miscoding lesion.
Social Movement Spillover

Social movements are not distinct and self-contained; rather, they grow from and give birth to other movements, work in coalition with other movements, and influence each other indirectly through their effects on the larger cultural and political environment. Building on both political process and collective identity perspectives, this paper uses a case study of the women's movement's impact on U.S. peace movement activity in the 1980s to develop a theory of movement-movement influence. We argue that this influence is shown by: 1) the adoption of feminist ideological frames by the peace movement; 2) the spread of the women's movement's tactical innovations into peace protest; 3) increased presence of women in leadership positions in both the institutionally-oriented and direct action wings of the movement; and 4) the adoption of organizational structures that built on feminist processes designed to avoid hierarchy. Drawing data from both movements at local and national levels, we suggest four mechanisms of transmission between the movements: 1) organizational coalitions; 2) overlapping social movement communities; 3) shared personnel; and 4) broader changes in the external environment. Social movement spillover effects have implications for our understanding of both the continuity and impact of social protest movements.
Silence, words that wound and sexual identity: a conversation with Applebaum

In this paper, I continue a conversation initiated by Barbara Applebaum on how to manage irreconcilable difference, harmful language or ‘words that wound’ and various implications of power in the classroom. Referencing emerging works on the nature of speech and silence, classroom power and queer identity, I pose three questions to Applebaum in order to continue thinking through the timely situations with which she grapples. What is the nature of reasonableness is the classroom setting? Must speech reflect power; and silence, oppression? In what ways does the nature of sexual identification further complicate Applebaum's scenario and similar situations many of us face in teaching about diversity in public settings? In exploring these questions, I hope to add to the conversations on speech and power in the classroom as framed by Applebaum, Megan Boler and John Petrovic, among others.
Glimpsing IVA: A Framework for Overcomplete/Complete/Undercomplete Convolutive Source Separation

Independent vector analysis (IVA) is a method for separating convolutedly mixed signals that significantly reduces the occurrence of the well-known permutation problem in frequency domain blind source separation (BSS). In this paper, we develop a novel IVA-based unifying framework for overcomplete/complete/undercomplete convolutive noisy BSS. We show that in order for the sources to be separable in the frequency domain, they must have a temporal dynamic structure. We exploit a common form of dynamics, especially present in speech, wherein the signals have silence periods intermittently, hence varying the set of active sources with time. This feature is extremely useful in dealing with overcomplete situations. An approach using hidden Markov models (HMMs) is proposed that takes advantage of different combinations of silence gaps of the source signals at each time period. This enables the algorithm to “glimpse” or listen in the gaps, hence compensating for the global degeneracy by allowing it to learn the mixing matrices at periods where it is locally less degenerate. The same glimpsing strategy can be employed to the complete/undercomplete case as well. Moreover, additive noise is considered in our model. Real and simulated experiments were carried out for overcomplete convoluted mixtures of speech signals yielding improved separation results compared to a sparsity-based robust time-frequency masking method. Signal-to-disturbance ratio (SDR) and machine intelligibility of a speech recognizer was used to evaluate their performances. Experiments were also conducted for the classical complete setting using the proposed algorithm and compared with standard IVA showing that the results compare favorably.
Re‐evaluating Antarctic sea‐ice variability and its teleconnections in a GISS global climate model with improved sea ice and ocean processes

This study re-evaluated simulated Antarctic sea-ice variability and its teleconnections in a NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) coupled global climate model (CGCM) with improved sea-ice and ocean processes. With the improvements to the parameterizations of sea-ice dynamics and thermodynamics and of sub-grid-scale ocean processes, the new version of the GISS/CGCM does indeed do a better job in the representations of the local/regional ice–ocean interactions with regard to (1) the seasonal distributions of the Antarctic sea-ice edges (SIE), and (2) the vertical temperature and salinity structure in the upper Southern Ocean and surface air temperature (SAT) climatology in the southern high latitudes compared with the control version. However, these encouraging local/regional improvements do not extend to the simulations of the polar and extrapolar climate teleconnections. There is no obvious change to the simulations of the dominant spatial covarying patterns of the SAT variability on either the regional (southern high latitudes) or global scales. The simulated teleconnections between Antarctic SIE and global SAT still show the weak El Ni˜ no–southern oscillation like correlation pattern in the eastern tropical Pacific, though the new version generates a stronger tropical Indian component. Some dominant observed teleconnection patterns in the western extreme of the tropical Pacific and over the tropical continents (in-phase relationship between tropical South America and Africa) are still not well represented or are missed in the Antarctic SIE and global SAT lead/lag correlation maps and the empirical orthogonal function analysis on those correlation maps. The possible causes of the weak teleconnections in the improved GISS/CGCM are briefly discussed. Copyright  2004 Royal Meteorological Society.
Volume variability diagnostic for 4D datasets

[2] The detection of climate change has become one of the most prominent scientific topics, and estimating climate variability and trends has become increasingly important for defining potential socioeconomic development paths. Thus, the key advances have been made in the compilation of climate databases from observations and model simulations. Concurrently, over the course of the last decade, the volume of climate data has been increasing exponentially due to the increasing number of models and reanalysis systems and their respective grid resolutions. Therefore, there is still a need for a methodology that will allow for the simple assessment of large datasets and their differences. [3] In this paper we present a new diagnostic for use with large, multidimensional datasets. We advocate simplicity and transparency of the new diagnostic. The methodology is presented in Section 2. We test the diagnostic using the 4D fields from four reanalysis systems: MERRA, NCEP, ERA40 and JRA25, which are presented in Section 3. In Sections 4 and 5 we present the results of the data analyses, based on temperature and geopotential fields over SH cap region; and in Section 6 we presents the conclusions. 2. Methodology
Impulse amplification in a traveling-wave Tube-II: large signal physics

The helix traveling-wave tube (TWT) is a vacuum electronic device which utilizes an electron beam to amplify electromagnetic waves. Although having a broad frequency gain bandwidth compared to other vacuum electron devices, the helix TWT has been used in relatively narrowband ways in its applications in communications and electronic countermeasures. Recent interest in ultrawideband (UWB) radio and radar, combined with the recent development of UWB helix TWTs, has stimulated interest in the amplification of very broadband multifrequency signals and impulses. A number of studies have been conducted on the harmonic and intermodulation effects of multiple signals in a TWT, but there has not been much investigation into impulse amplification. Utilizing a nonlinear time-domain model developed for this purpose, the response of a wideband (helix) TWT to an input Gaussian pulse is examined. Differences between the large signal response to positive and negative Gaussian inputs are examined, and it is shown that a positive impulse input yields better pulse shape preservation, higher saturation level, and possibly greater efficiency. The growth and saturation mechanisms of a positive input Gaussian are then investigated, showing distinct differences from steady-state growth and saturation mechanisms. This study indicates that the possibility of amplification of impulses in a TWT is very promising. The results and conclusions of this study generally apply to all types of TWTs with appreciable bandwidth (e.g., couple-cavity, folded waveguide). However, as the helix TWT has the largest bandwidth, it is the most interesting and is the specific TWT studied here.
Equatorward Energy Cascade, Critical Latitude, and the Predominance of Cyclonic Vortices in Geostrophic Turbulence

Geostrophic turbulence exhibits features similar to those observed in the oceans: a movement of energy toward the equator, a critical latitude below which are alternating zonal flows and above which the flow is largely isotropic, and a predominance of cyclonic vortices above the critical latitude. These features arise in geostrophic turbulence when the latitude dependence of the deformation radius is taken into account. With the aid of a quasigeostrophic one-layer numerical model, this paper proposes physical mechanisms giving rise to these features.
Effect of Exercise Training on Resting Blood Pressure and Heart Rate in Adult and Aged Rats

To test the hypothesis that advancing age may have an effect on cardiovascular adaptation (resting blood pressure and heart rate) in response to exercise training, we compared adult (4.5 months at start of training) and aged (21.5 months at start of training) male Fischer 344 rats exercised on a rodent treadmill 5 days/week for 9 weeks. Two additional age-matched control groups were similarly handled and placed on the nonmoving treadmill for the same duration. Chronic exercise did not alter blood pressure in the adult group but lowered resting blood pressure in the aged rats during the midportion of the training period. On the other hand, the adult group demonstrated a significant decrease in the resting heart rate from Weeks 3 through 7 during training, whereas the aged group showed no change in resting heart rate during the entire study. These findings suggest that there may exist an age-related difference in the effect of exercise training on basal cardiovascular homeostasis, which is cardioinhibitory in the adult and vasodepressant in the aged.
Investigation of RBC Remodeling With a Multiscale Model

Erythrocyte (red blood cell, or RBC) possesses one of the simplest and best characterized molecular architectures among all cells. It contains cytosol enclosed inside a composite membrane consisting of a fluidic lipid bilayer reinforced by a single layer of protein skeleton pinned to it. In its normal state, this system demonstrates tremendous structural stability, manifested in its ability to sustain large dynamic deformations during circulation. On the other hand, it has been illustrated in experiments that triggered by mechanical loads structural remodeling may occur. A canonical example of this remodeling is vesiculation, referring to the partial separation of the lipid bilayer from the protein skeleton and the formation of vesicles that contain lipids only.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Magnesium coordination environments in glasses and minerals: New insight from high-field magnesium-25 MAS NMR

A comparison of 25Mg magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectra of crystalline and glassy diopside (CaMgSi2O6) reveals that the chemical shift in the disordered phase corresponds to that of the mineral, suggesting that sixfold coordination is essentially retained upon vitrification. Likewise, a crystalline leucite analogue (K2MgSi5O12) known to possess fourfold-coordinated Mg has the same peak position as the corresponding glass. In addition to being a sensitive probe of local structure by analogy with crystalline phases, these data may be understood in terms of the effect of competing cation field strengths: competing network modifier cations with higher field strength induce higher magnesium coordination numbers, with a consequent increase in bond length and decrease in chemical shift. This work demonstrates the utility of NMR at 14.1 Tesla for probing the coordination environment of Mg in glasses and minerals, and suggests great potential for high-field NMR investigations of quadrupolar nuclides with low resonance frequencies in amorphous systems.
Growth of Bone Shafts in the Human Fetus

If individual bones differ in their rates of growth and if each of the major long bones is the product of 3 to 8 centers of ossification one may feel surprised at the linear relationships reported by Scammon and Calkins1 between diverse external dimensions of the human fetus. We need assurance that the simplicity of these gross observations does not mask a greater complexity in the constituent tissues.In this fetal series we report the lengths of the bone shafts alone, before the appearance of osseous epiphyses, from dried preparations in the Department of Embryology. The observations are well distributed through fetal life, their variability is small, and the error of measurement is less than 2%, but we do not know what change took place in drying.The rectilinear relationships in Fig. 1 demonstrate our confirmation, by a different technique, of Scammon and Calkins'1 belief that the relative growth of human fetal long bones is approximately linear. This interpretation applies also to fetal skull growth in...
Nevus Cell Inclusions

Nevus cell inclusions are benign aggregates of nevus cells identified within lymph node structures, most commonly in the hilum, capsule, or medullary trabeculae. The etiology of nevus cell inclusions in lymph nodes is unknown. They are thought to represent aberrant neural crest remnants or benign metastases of cells from regional melanocytic nevi via afferent lymphatics. Nevus cell inclusions have been identified with increased frequency especially with the advent of the era of sentinel lymph node sampling for patients with cutaneous melanoma. The presence of nevus cell inclusions is essentially restricted to skin-draining lymph nodes, most commonly in the axillary region.
Sinnliches Erleben in Medienkulturen – oder: Warum wir nicht online verreisen wollen

Alexander Schmidl lotet die Grenzen aus, an die in unserer Kultur die Medien, so breit verankert sie in der Lebenswelt auch sein mogen, stosen. Online zu verreisen scheint namlich undenkbar zu sein, was in erster Linie an der Dichte sinnlichen Erlebens festgemacht werden kann sowie an der zugeschriebenen Bedeutung der Koprasenz. Beides verweist – leibphanomenologisch gesprochen – auf den Korper als Zentrum dessen, was als Wirklichkeit gefasst wird, beziehungsweise davon abgeleitet, was im Rahmen gesellschaftlich objektivierter Deutungsmuster als wirkliche Erfahrung gilt. Deshalb ist zum Beispiel ein Erkunden immer neuer und weitlaufiger Welten und Gegenden in einem Computer- oder Online-Spiel trotz vieler struktureller Ahnlichkeiten keine Form einer typischen Reise.
[The treatment of multiple sclerosis with beta-interferon 1a].

Introduction and objective Preliminary studies (phase III) have shown that treatment with beta-interferon 1a (avonex) is effective in diverse aspects of relapsing/remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). The present study discusses results of an opened prolonged (phase IV) trial at the Baylor/Methodist International Multiple Sclerosis Center using 6 MIU by intramuscular injection once a week. Patients and methods Clinical measurements: EDSS and Patient's Subjective Self-Evaluation (PSSE) and magnetic resonance (MR) were utilized every three months in 300 patients studied between 1996-1999. Patients with RRMS (71.8%) and secondarily progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) (28.2%) were included. Results Global clinical improvement parameter integration was 22.7% and clinical stabilization 39.4%. MR did not show quantitative alterations for either group. Sixteen patients abandoned treatment and 16 (5.3%) had relapses correlated by MR activity; 34.9% remained stable by EDSS and magnetic resonance findings but deteriorated subjectively by PSSE (62% has SPMS). Conclusion This phase IV study indicates that prolonged treatment of RRMS and SPMS with avonex maintains a positive effect in 62.1% of patients.
INTERACTION OF SEPARATION AND TRANSITION IN BOUNDARY LAYERS: DIRECT NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS

The role of hydrodynamic instability mechanisms in the presence of laminar boundary layer separation is investigated by means of Direct Numerical Simu- lations. In a series of simulations involving generic laminar separation bubbles we show that the "natural" onset of unsteadiness (i.e. the development of visible vortex shedding) is not necessarily caused by an absolute/global instability. Our results indicate that the entrainment of high-momentum fluid required to "close" the separation bubble is primarily provided by 2-D or "2-D coherent" structures, which are a consequence of the (inviscid) hydrodynamic instability of the sep- arated shear layer. In a series of highly resolved simulations for a flat-plate boundary layer subjected to low-pressure turbine blade conditions, we demon- strate that this natural instability mechanism (with respect to two-dimensional disturbances) can be exploited for effective control of separation using pulsed vortex generator jets.
The Great War: 1914–1918

On 28 June 1914 a nineteen-year-old Serbian terrorist, Gavrilo Princip, assassinated the Archduke Ferdinand of Austria at Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia, then under Austro-Hungarian rule. Convinced that Princip had the secret backing of the neighboring kingdom of Serbia, a month later, on 28 July, regardless of Serbia’s willingness to make concessions, Austria declared war. Sarajevo had provided Austria with the excuse it sought to crush Serbia once and for all. The next day Russia mobilized in support of the Serbs. As mother of the Slays, she had no choice; especially as she had given in to the Austrians over an earlier Balkan crisis in 1908–1909.109 On 1 August Germany declared war on Russia. Faced by war on two fronts, Germany dared not delay. On 3 August Germany declared war on France. On 4 August Britain declared war on Germany; its dominions were quick to rally to its support. In a highly industrialized, mechanized Europe, the whole time sequence of war had changed. Before 1870 the methods of projecting armies into battle were secondary; after 1870 they became primary.
Sequencing-relative to hybridization-based transcriptomics approaches better define Mycobacterium tuberculosis stress-response regulons

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infections cause tuberculosis (TB), an infectious disease which causes ∼1.5 million deaths annually. The ability of this pathogen to evade, escape and encounter immune surveillance is fueled by its adaptability. Thus, Mtb induces a transition in its transcriptome in response to environmental changes. Global transcriptome profiling has been key to our understanding of how Mtb responds to the different stress conditions it faces during its life cycle. While this was initially achieved using microarray technology, RNAseq is now widely employed. It is important to understand the correlation between the large amount of microarray based transcriptome data, which continues to shape our understanding of Mtb stress networks, and newer data being generated using RNAseq. We assessed how well the two platforms correlate using three well-defined stress conditions: diamide, hypoxia, and re-aeration. The data used here was generated by different individuals over time using distinct samples, providing a stringent test of platform correlation. While correlation between microarrays and sequencing was high upon diamide treatment, which causes a rapid reprogramming of the transcriptome, RNAseq allowed a better definition of the hypoxic response, characterized by subtle changes in the magnitude of gene-expression. RNAseq also allows for the best cross-platform reproducibility.
Biofeedback in the Treatment of Migraine

This paper considers the use of biofeedback methods for the treatment of migraine headache. The incidence of headache as a clinical problem is first examined. The pathophysiological basis of migraine and the preferred methods of treatment are presented. Next, basic principles of controlled treatment evaluation are discussed. Two biofeedback procedures for the treatment of migraine are then considered: hand warming and cephalic pulse amplitude reduction. The therapeutic rationale for each treatment is presented and data from all relevant controlled experiments are summarized. It is concluded that there is no evidence for specific effects of learned hand warming, but that a specific component might be present for learned cephalic vasoconstriction.
Non-normal Critical Current Distributions in Josephson Junctions With Aluminum Oxide Barriers

Josephson junctions have been seen to have critical currents with probability distributions not adequately described by a normal (Gaussian) distribution. Junctions analyzed were fabricated in the MIT Lincoln laboratory SFQ5ee process with structure: substrate/Nb/Al/AlOx/Nb. The AlOx barrier was formed by room temperature oxidation of aluminum. Non-normal distributions are more pronounced for small junctions (diameters less than 1 μm). The observed distribution tails are higher than those for a normal distribution, which has implications for single-flux quantum circuits such as the maximum practical complexity and yield. An inverse Weibull probability distribution was found to best fit the conductance data. Methods are described to calculate the required circuit operating margins or achievable junction count, but require accurate models for the distribution tails.
Severe Combined Immune Deficiency: Newborn Screening

The history of newborn screening (NBS) in the United States began in 1963, when Guthrie demonstrated that phenylketonuria (PKU) can be detected using dried blood spots (DBSs) on filter paper from newborns (1). Neonatal testing for PKU proved to be inexpensive, sensitive, specific, and amenable to high-throughput screening. The ability to screen neonates for other serious diseases increased dramatically, and in 1968, Wilson and Jungner published a landmark report that included guidelines for population-based health screening (Table 1) (2). This report tried to balance the desire for early detection and treatment of disease with the potential harms to patients, family, and society. The report defined principles for NBS programs and has undergone revisions to address concerns for both newborn screening and population-based screening programs in general (Table 1) (3–5).
Education Inequality: Broadening Public Attitudes Through Framing

Research over the last 50 years have been remarkably consistent when it comes to addressing education inequality: background factors like family and socioeconomics matter to school success. Yet policies remain narrowly focused on school-based reforms like testing, standards, and charter schools due in large part to the American public's limited understanding of education and inequality. I argue that scholars, as the experts, are ultimately responsible for changing how policymakers and the public think about these issues—a duty they have yet to embrace. In this connection, the use of framing can help education researchers broaden attitudes and stimulate political will. Drawing mainly from disciplines outside education, this article explores the potential of framing as a communication tool for education scholars. Specifically, I examine how it has been used in science, political, and marketing communication to broaden public opinion. I also offer ways to frame the issue of education inequality to help the public, including decision makers and influencers, conceive of solutions and opportunities beyond the status quo.
Designing an Interactive Web-based Tutorial for Health Sciences Students: A Collaborative Library Project.

This column describes the creation of an online interactive tutorial for health sciences students in a general library at a large, urban university. The project was a collaborative effort among the...
Time domain antenna measurements with HP8510 using Matrix Pencil method

The HP 8510 Time Domain Network Measurements are actually frequency domain measurements transformed to time domain using Inverse Fourier Transform. This computational technique benefits from the wide dynamic range and the error correction of the frequency domain data. However, Inverse Fourier Transform requires frequency domain response measured over wide frequency range to give useful resolution in time domain. Use of Generalized Pencil-of-Function (GPOF) method, also known as Matrix Pencil method, as a means of transform from frequency to time domain will provide for much higher resolution. A comparison of two methods is given for the example of Beatty Standard.
Understanding photon sideband statistics and correlation for determining phonon coherence

Generating and detecting coherent high-frequency heat-carrying phonons have been topics of great interest in recent years. Although there have been successful attempts in generating and observing coherent phonons, rigorous techniques to characterize and detect phonon coherence in a crystalline material have been lagging compared to what has been achieved for photons. One main challenge is a lack of detailed understanding of how detection signals for phonons can be related to coherence. The quantum theory of photoelectric detection has greatly advanced the ability to characterize photon coherence in the past century, and a similar theory for phonon detection is necessary. Here, we reexamine the optical sideband fluorescence technique that has been used to detect high-frequency phonons in materials with optically active defects. We propose a quantum theory of phonon detection using the sideband technique and found that there are distinct differences in sideband counting statistics between thermal and coherent phonons. We further propose a second-order correlation function unique to sideband signals that allows for a rigorous distinction between thermal and coherent phonons. Our theory is relevant to a correlation measurement with nontrivial response functions at the quantum level and can potentially bridge the gap of experimentally determining phonon coherence to be on par with that of photons.
Dental Care: Unmet Oral Needs of Patients With Cancer and Survivors .

Oral and dental side effects of cancer treatment can be painful, impede function, and affect patients' quality of life. Inclusion of the dental team is important prior to, during, and after treatment to manage temporary, chronic, or permanent sequelae of treatment. Separation of medical and dental specialties and models of insurance reimbursement make obtaining medically necessary dental care unduly difficult. Nurses are at the front line of care and in a position to identify oral side effects of treatment, provide education, and advocate for proper dental care. .
Toxicity of Checkpoint Inhibition in Advanced RCC: A Systematic Review.

Background Checkpoint inhibitors (CPI) have now been established as standard agents in the management of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Given the unique toxicity profiles of CPIs, a detailed understanding of their incidence rate and characteristics is critical. Objective To perform a systematic review for the analysis of the incidence rate and characteristics of toxicities in mRCC patients treated with CPIs in published clinical trials. Methods A systematic search of EMBASE (Ovid) and MEDLINE (Ovid) was conducted as per PRISMA guidelines to identify prospective clinical trials of checkpoint inhibitors in mRCC. The search method involved querying for the terms renal cell carcinoma or kidney carcinoma with any of the following: programmed cell death 1, PD-1, programmed cell death ligand 1, PD-L1, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4, CTLA-4, immunotherapy, checkpoint inhibitor, anti-PD-1, or anti-PD-L1. Only prospective clinical trials were included. Results The systematic review yielded 9,722 records through the MEDLINE (Ovid) and EMBASE (Ovid) databases. Ultimately, five prospective clinical trials with 722 patients were selected for inclusion. The rates of any grade adverse event (AE) and grade (G) 3-4 AEs were 79.9% and 20.9%, respectively. Regarding immune-related AEs (irAEs), the most common system affected by any grade irAE was the skin (30.89%) and the most common grade 3-4 irAE was related to the hepatic system (8.23%). Rates of AEs were similar across the CPI monotherapy clinical trials. Conclusions The rates of AEs in mRCC patients treated with CPI is similar to rates in other cancers. AEs in mRCC are fairly consistent among monotherapy trials with PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors and as one would expect higher when CTLA-4 and PD-1 inhibitors are offered in combination.
Development and evaluation of a genomics training program for community health workers in Texas.

Genomics services have the potential to reduce incidence and mortality of diseases by providing individualized, family health history (FHH)-based prevention strategies to clients. These services may benefit from the involvement of community health workers (CHWs) in the provision of FHH-based genomics education and services, as CHWs are frontline public health workers and lay health educators, who share similar ethnicities, languages, socioeconomic statuses, and life experiences with the communities they serve. We developed, implemented, and evaluated the FHH-based genomics training program for CHWs. This theory- and evidence-based FHH-focused genomics curriculum was developed by an interdisciplinary team. Full-day workshops in English and Spanish were delivered to 145 Texas CHWs (91.6% were Hispanic/black). Preworkshop, postworkshop, and 3-month follow-up data were collected. CHWs significantly improved their attitudes, intention, self-efficacy, and knowledge regarding adopting FHH-based genomics into their practice after the workshops. At 3-month follow-up, these scores remained higher, and there was a significant increase in CHWs’ genomics practices. This FHH-based genomics training successfully educated Texas CHWs, and the outcomes were promising. Dissemination of training to CHWs in and outside of Texas is needed to promote better access to and delivery of personalized genomics services for the lay and underserved communities.
The pressure distribution inside the proton

The proton, one of the components of atomic nuclei, is composed of fundamental particles called quarks and gluons. Gluons are the carriers of the force that binds quarks together, and free quarks are never found in isolation—that is, they are confined within the composite particles in which they reside. The origin of quark confinement is one of the most important questions in modern particle and nuclear physics because confinement is at the core of what makes the proton a stable particle and thus provides stability to the Universe. The internal quark structure of the proton is revealed by deeply virtual Compton scattering1,2, a process in which electrons are scattered off quarks inside the protons, which subsequently emit high-energy photons, which are detected in coincidence with the scattered electrons and recoil protons. Here we report a measurement of the pressure distribution experienced by the quarks in the proton. We find a strong repulsive pressure near the centre of the proton (up to 0.6 femtometres) and a binding pressure at greater distances. The average peak pressure near the centre is about 1035 pascals, which exceeds the pressure estimated for the most densely packed known objects in the Universe, neutron stars3. This work opens up a new area of research on the fundamental gravitational properties of protons, neutrons and nuclei, which can provide access to their physical radii, the internal shear forces acting on the quarks and their pressure distributions. Measurements of the quark pressure distribution in the proton reveal a strong repulsive pressure near the proton’s centre (stronger than the pressure in neutron stars) and a binding pressure at greater distances.
The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority: not self-regulation after all

The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) is the front-line regulator of broker-dealers in the United States. FINRA is not the self-regulatory organization some imagine it to be. A self-described ‘independent’ regulator, FINRA is a non-governmental, not-for-profit organization that wields considerable control over the daily activities of its member firms, their employees, and the investors they serve. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) – the governmental regulator of the securities markets – oversees FINRA, but FINRA enjoys considerable independence. On the one hand, its governance structure means that it is not accountable to the industry it regulates in the way an SRO would be. On the other hand, FINRA's broad governmental powers are not paired with the public accountability measures to which governmental regulators are subject. Concerns about FINRA's lack of accountability loom even larger as FINRA seeks to regulate additional facets of the financial markets such as investment advisers and securities markets. Policymakers should reconsider its growing role in light of its lack of accountability to the industry it regulates and to the public it is supposed to serve. The chapter proceeds as follows. Part 1 discusses the history and responsibilities of FINRA and its predecessor the National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD). Part 2 discusses FINRA's current functions. Part 3 sets forth the structure of accountability within which FINRA operates. Part 4 compares the mechanisms by which governmental regulators are held accountable to the public with FINRA's accountability structure. Part 5 discusses recent changes in FINRA's focus and aspirations. Part 6 concludes with a recommendation that FINRA's role in the regulation of the U.S. securities markets be reconsidered in order to achieve more effective and accountable financial regulation. THE EMERGENCE OF FINRA FINRA, which was formed in 2007, was built upon a long tradition of self-regulatory organizations (SROs) in the securities industry. FINRA's predecessor, the NASD, joined the ranks of SROs in the late 1930s. Self-regulating securities exchanges were already the industry norm when Congress created the Depression-era federal securities framework. They regulated member conduct and market activity and set standards for listed companies. The Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (Exchange Act) recognized and relied on exchange SROs, such as the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), to continue performing these regulatory functions.
Plant pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes

While there is considerable overall metabolic similarity between plant and animal cells, drastically different anatomy, physiology, and organismal requirements have led to increasing diversity between these two classes of eukaryotes. Analyses of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) in plant cells serve to illustrate both the similarities inherent in pyruvate metabolism and differences dictated by the need to respond to diverse external stimuli. Plants contain two distinct, spatially separated PDCs, one within the mitochondrial matrix and the other in the plastid stroma. Each PDC isoform has characteristic structural, catalytic, and regulatory properties (Miernyk et al., 1985; Randall et al., 1989). The mitochondrial location of PDC is typical of the eukaryotic cell, where it serves as a primary entry point for carbon into the citric acid cycle. The plastid PDC provides the acetyl-CoA and NADH required for fatty acid and isoprenoid biosynthesis. Thus the first and most important mechanism for regulation of plant PDCs is compartmentalization of each of the enzymes.
A Theoretical Model for the Relationship between Perceptions, Metaperceptions, and Relational Outcomes

Perception is based on sense experience (Hume, 1748). Whereas, metaperception is perceptions (or ideas) about perception. Relationships are comprised of individuals who develop perceptions of self, perceptions of the relational partner, and perceptions of the relational partners’ perception of self and partner (metaperceptions). This article defines perception and metaperception and describes the cognitive components which shape individual’s meaning of their experience, and reviews research on perception, metaperception, co-orientation and the impact of these cognitions on relationships and relational quality. This article further reviews more current research on couple construction based upon combinations of perceptions and metaperceptions, then provides a theoretical model for describing relational dynamics as a consequence of communication emanating out of the degree of agreement of perceptions and metaperceptions between relational partners. Finally, this article further provides a direction for future research on improvement of relational outcomes. It is hoped that this theoretical model may prove useful for scholars and practitioners.
Unbecomings in East Asian Women’s Cinema: Naomi Kawase, Yim Soon-rye, and Li Yu

This chapter examines the ways East Asian women filmmakers Naomi Kawase, Yim soon-rye, and Li Yu envisage conditions of possibility for indecorous femininities to breach patriarchal expectation. Generating images of corporeal disobedience, Kawase, Yim, and Li negotiate representations of girlhood and womanhood against Confucianist, neoliberal, and male-directed images of women, revealing femininity in multiplicity as well as the implications of unbecoming women in the global age. In addition to producing novel representations of indecent girlhood and womanhood, Kawase, Yim, and Li also resist clarity, linearity, and expected cinematic pleasures—opting to produce uncooperative authorships and disobedient film forms. Through structures of aggression, comic unruliness, and generic allegory, the films of Kawase, Yim, and Li demonstrate the ways contemporary East Asian women’s cinema can offer new kinds of being-in-the-world and modes of engagement with cinematic un-femininities. Sharing a politics of discontent and an anti-social aesthetics of negative affects and formal insubordination, all three filmmakers seek to destabilize gendered sociality and heteronormativity.
Localized physical vapor deposition via focused laser spike dewetting of gold thin films for nanoscale patterning

Focused laser spike (FLaSk) excitation has been demonstrated as a reliable technique for the patterning of micro-to-nanoscale features locally by thermocapillary shear of thin films. Recent work on...
Unbiased solar H2 production with current density up to 23 mA cm−2 by Swiss-cheese black Si coupled with wastewater bioanode

Unbiased photoelectrochemical hydrogen production with high efficiency and durability is highly desired for solar energy storage. Here, we report a microbial photoelectrochemical (MPEC) system that demonstrated superior performance when equipped with bioanodes and black silicon photocathode with a unique “Swiss-cheese” interface. The MPEC utilizes the chemical energy embedded in wastewater organics to boost solar H2 production, which overcomes barriers on anode H2O oxidation. Without any bias, the MPEC generates a record photocurrent (up to 23 mA cm−2) and retains prolonged stability for over 90 hours with high Faradaic efficiency (96–99%). The calculated turnover number for MoSx catalyst during a 90 h period is 495 471 with an average frequency of 1.53 s−1. The system replaced pure water on the anode with actual wastewater and achieved waste organic removal up to 16 kg COD m−2 photocathode per day. Cost credits from concurrent wastewater treatment and low-cost design make photoelectrochemical H2 production practical for the first time.
Intravenously Administered, Retinoid Activating Nanoparticles Increase Lifespan and Reduce Neurodegeneration in the SOD1G93A Mouse Model of ALS.

Dysregulation of the retinoic acid (RA) signaling pathway is observed in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and other neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we investigated the therapeutic potential of retinoid activation via the RA receptor β (RARβ) in the SOD1 G93A mouse model of ALS. Our approach utilized the RARβ agonist adapalene, which we previously found to be neuroprotective in vitro. Adapalene, like most retinoids, is poorly water soluble, which has thus far prevented effective drug delivery in vivo. To address this challenge, we encapsulated adapalene within nanoparticles (Adap-NPs) composed of poly(lactic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLA-PEG). Our data demonstrate that intravenous administration of Adap-NPs robustly activates retinoid signaling in the CNS. Chronic administration of Adap-NPs resulted in improved motor performance, prolonged lifespan, and neuroprotection in SOD1 G93A mice. This study highlights retinoid signaling as a valuable therapeutic approach and presents a novel nanoparticle platform for the treatment of ALS.
Applying anti-racist pedagogy to teaching about work and retirement in the U.S.

Ongoing racial disparities in the work and retirement experiences of older adults are well documented. Assisting students to recognize the impact of these disparities, however, is only the first st...