cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Do people “personally experience” global warming, and if so how, and does it matter?

Abstract For most people, the direct and personally observable signals of climate change should be difficult to detect amid the variability of everyday weather. Yet, previous research has shown that some people believe they have personally experienced global warming. Through four related studies, our paper sheds light on what signals of global warming some people believe they are detecting, why, and whether or not it matters. These studies were conducted using population survey and climatic data from a single county in Michigan. Study 1 found that 27% of the county's adult residents felt that they had personally experienced global warming. Study 2 – based on content analysis of people's open-ended responses – found that the most frequently described personal experiences of global warming were changes in seasons (36%), weather (25%), lake levels (24%), animals and plants (20%), and snowfall (19%). Study 3 – based on NOAA climatic data – found that most, but not all, of these detected signals are borne out in the climatic record. Study 4 – using the survey data – found that personal experience of global warming matters in that it predicts perceptions of local risk of global warming, controlling for demographics, political affiliation, and cultural beliefs about national policy outcomes. We conclude that perceived personal experience of global warming appears to heighten people's perception of the risks, likely through some combination of direct experience, vicarious experience (e.g., news media stories), and social construction.
Congenital absence or hypoplasia of the radius with ventricular septal defect: Ventriculo-radial dysplasia*

Holt and Oram had previously described the combination of atrial septal defectscoexisting with characteristic congenital deformities of the thumb. Ventricular septal defects tend to occur in conjunction with defective formation or absence of the radius and sometimes absence of the thumb. Pulmonary hypertension and even the Eisenmenger complex may be present in such instances. Intermediate between these two syndromes is a third, miscellaneous group of anomalies with some characteristics of both the Holt-Oram syndrome and ventriculo-radial dysplasia, including severe pulmonary hypertension in some cases.
Genomics for the world

Medical genomics has focused almost entirely on those of European descent. Other ethnic groups must be studied to ensure that more people benefit, say Carlos D. Bustamante, Esteban Gonzalez Burchard and Francisco M. De La Vega.
Historical contributions of research on reptiles to behavioral neuroendocrinology

Some of the first experiments in behavioral endocrinology in the 1930s were conducted with lizards, but events led to a hiatus that lasted for 30 years. In the 1960s, research resumed using techniques current at the time, but it was not until the mid-1970s that behavioral neuroendocrinology "discovered" reptiles as animal model systems. This historical review summarizes this period of work, illustrating an enormous increase in research that have led to conclusions such as (1) the phenomenon of dissociated reproductive strategies and hormone-independent behaviors, which have aided our understanding of how the "memory" of sex steroid actions is maintained. (2) Progesterone plays an important role in the organization and activation of sexual behavior in males. Progesterone also synergizes with T to control male courtship much as does estrogen and progesterone to control sexual receptivity in females. Thus, progesterone is as much a "male" hormone as it is a "female" hormone. (3) Use of cytochrome oxidase histochemistry to study the role of experience over the long term in modifying brain activity. (4) Hormone manipulations as a powerful tool to test hypotheses about the evolution of behavior in free-living animals.
Influence of microbial concentration on the rheology of non-Newtonian fermentation broths

The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of fungal biomass concentration on the rheology of non-Newtonian fermentation systems. Batch fermentations of Penicillium chrysogenum were carried out with glucose as the sole carbon source. The flow behavior of the system was characterized at various fermentation times and was adequately described by the power-law model. The apparent viscosity of the fermentation broth was significantly affected by biomass concentrations in the fermenter. Fermentation broths containing 17.71 g/l biomass as dry weight were characterized by an apparent viscosity of 0.25 Pa s at a shear rate of 50 s-1. Microbial concentration also affected the power-law flow-behavior index and the consistency index. The value of the consistency index ranged from 0.002 Pa sn at a biomass concentration of 0.1 g/l to 6.14 Pa sn at a biomass concentration of 17.71 g/l. The flow-behavior index decreased from an initial value of 1 to a final value of 0.17. Simple empirical correlations have been proposed to quantify the dependence of the power-law parameters on fungal biomass concentration. Experimental data obtained in this study were accurately described by these correlations. The general applicability of these relationships was tested, using previously published rheological data on Aspergillus awamori and Aspergillus niger fermentation broths, and good agreement was seen between experimental data and the predictions from the empirical correlations.
Aspects of the thermal biology of the six-lined racerunner, Cnemidophorus sexlineatus (Squamata:Teiidae) in West-Central Florida

Abstract (1) I measured the critical thermal maximum (CTM ax), mean selected temperature (MST), and mean activity temperature (MAT) of six-lined racerunners, ( Cnemidophorus sexlineatus ) from Florida. (2) Mean CTM ax and MST of Florida lizards ( n =10) were 48.2±0.6 and 33.5±1.9 o C, respectively. MAT ( n =22) at 36.6 o C was statistically higher than MST. (3) CTM ax , MST, and MAT of Florida lizards were statistically lower than those published for a conspecific Oklahoma population.
Hebrew Prose and Poetry

Book reviewed in this article: Agnon vehatzimhonut (Agnon and Vegetarianism), Rena Lee Jardin D'Eden Jardins D'Espagne, Masha Itzhaki and Michel Gare
Effective nursing documentation and communication.

Objectives: To identify the documentation and communication requirements an oncology nurse should follow to avoid negligence or malpractice suits. Data Sources: Lexis, Medline, Westlaw, nursing and medical literature, and nursing legtal texts. Conclusions: Effective communication and documentation is an essential part of an oncology nurses' role and will reduce the risk of liability. Implications for Nursing Practice: The old adage "not documented, not done" applies more today than ever before. Continuous, meticulous documentation and communication are essential for quality care as well as reduction of liability in every setting the oncology nurse practices.
Reactions of 3,4-estrone quinone with mimics of amino acid side chains

Reaction of 3,4-estrone o-quinone (3,4-EQ) with several amino acid side chain mimics, including 4-ethylphenol, 4-methylimidazole, acetic acid, and propanethiol, gave a mixture of several products i...
Laparoscopy and peritoneal cytology in the staging of pancreatic cancer

Staging laparoscopy in patients with pancreatic cancer allows identification of metastatic disease which is beyond the resolution of computed tomography. Laparoscopic ultrasound, dissection, and/or peritoneal cytology may be used to enhance the sensitivity of the staging procedure. Our experience at Massachusetts General Hospital with staging laparoscopy and peritoneal cytology over the past 8 years (N = 239) reveals that approximately 30% of patients without metastases by computed tomography harbor occult metastatic disease at laparoscopy. Additionally, published series demonstrate accurate determination of resectability in greater than 75% of patients after staging laparoscopy. Staging laparoscopy in patients with pancreatic cancer allows optimization of resources and avoidance of unnecessary surgery.
The Melt Viscosity of Dendritic Poly(benzyl ether) Macromolecules

The zero shear melt viscosity, η0, for a variety of dendritic poly(benzyl ether) macromolecules has been measured. The viscosity of low generation dendrimers exhibits a strong molecular mass, M, dependence, yet, direct proportionality between η0 and M is observed at higher generations. The viscosity scales with M for mono- and tridendrons rather than generation number. Hypercore dendrimers continue this scaling although the viscosity is slightly greater. A large deviation from the master curve for the mono- and tridendrons is found for an end-substituted monodendron. The viscosity for the end-substituted monodendron is also much more temperature dependent than virgin dendrimers, and it is concluded that end groups have a much larger effect on the viscosity than the core. Reexamination of literature data for intrinsic viscosity and glass transition temperature is performed, and these quantities also scale with molecular mass. Comparison with free volume theory indicates that the theory is extremely robust ...
Direct and indirect impacts of Saharan dust acting as cloud condensation nuclei on tropical cyclone eyewall development

[1] The mechanisms by which Saharan dust acting as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) impact tropical cyclone (TC) evolution were examined by conducting numerical simulations of a mature TC with CCN added from lateral boundaries. CCN can affect eyewall development directly through release of latent heat when activated and subsequent growth of cloud droplets and indirectly through modulating rainband development. Convection in the rainbands was negatively correlated with that in the eyewall in all simulations. The development of rainbands tended to promote latent heat release away from the eyewall, block the surface inflow and enhance cold pools. The maximum impact of rainbands on the eyewall (or vice versa) occurred with a time lag of 3.5 to 5.5 hr. The convection in the eyewall and rainbands did not show a monotonic relationship to input CCN due to the non-linear feedback of heating from a myriad of microphysical processes on storm dynamics.
EBNA-1: a protein pivotal to latent infection by Epstein-Barr virus.

Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1, or EBNA-1, is required for the replication of the EBV genome as an extra-chromosomal element and is a key transcriptional regulator of this virus's latent gene expression. In this review we will describe the salient features of EBNA-1 and oriP, the latent origin of EBV to which EBNA-1 binds site-specifically. EBNA-1's association with host cellular factors, its association with metaphase chromosomes, and its ability to link DNAs to which it binds will be discussed in relation to its roles in replication and transcriptional activation. Although the mechanisms by which EBNA-1 facilitates replication and transcription largely remain enigmatic, EBV's viral replicon has been exploited successfully for applications in gene therapy and in the design of eukaryotic vectors for use in cell culture.
Development and characterization of sixteen microsatellite loci for Geosmithia morbida , the causal agent of thousand canker disease in black walnut ( Juglans nigra )

Sixteen polymorphic microsatellite loci were identified from the fungal pathogen Geosmithia morbida. Loci were characterized for 13 different isolates collected in 2010 from symptomatic black walnut trees in Tennessee. A total of 77 loci were tested and 16 of those were optimized, screened and selected for diversity studies of G. morbida. Number of alleles per locus ranged from 3 to 8. These microsatellite loci will be useful for rapid disease diagnostic, population genetic analyses on a global scale as well as further epidemiological studies of G. morbida.
Inhibitory effect of methylalanine on glucose-grown Azotobacter vinelandii.

Abstract Methylalanine inhibits growth of Azotobacter vinelandii only when either glucose or maltose is the sole carbon source. The inhibitory effect is observed on both ammonia-grown and nitrogen-fixing cells. This inhibition, however, is more marked when the cells are fixing nitrogen. Neither the Fe-Mo- nor the Fe-protein components of nitrogenase were detected by acetylene reduction assays of methylalanine-repressed cultures. Methylamine does not repress the synthesis of either component of nitrogenase.
Lagrangian submanifolds in para-Kähler manifolds

Abstract In this paper we initiate the study of Lagrangian submanifolds in para-Kahler manifolds. In particular, we prove two general optimal inequalities for Lagrangian submanifolds of the flat para-Kahler manifold ( E 2 n , g , P ) . Moreover, we completely classify Lagrangian submanifolds which satisfy the equality case of one of the two inequalities.
Fiber to the home: A carrier perspective

Service providers are experiencing growing demand for access bandwidth as standard definition broadcasting continues to evolve to high definition, more people are on line at any given time, and Internet becomes the preferred delivery mechanism for entertainment and full multimedia experience. Network architecture and technologies that provide long term solutions to this growing bandwidth needs are discussed.
Polytetrapeptide of elastin. Temperature-correlated elastomeric force and structure development.

High molecular weight polytetrapeptide of elastin, (L.Val1-L.Pro2-Gly3-Gly4)n, was synthesized using activation of the (GGVP) permutation for polymerization. The temperature-dependence of aggregation was characterized as a function of concentration and the circular dichroism spectra were obtained in the 20 degrees to 70 degrees C temperature range. The latter showed an inverse temperature transition centered near 50 degrees C in which polypeptide order increased on raising the temperature. A concentration of 0.6 g of polytetrapeptide in 1 g of water was gamma irradiation cross-linked (20 Mrad) to form an elastomeric matrix. A study of the temperature-dependence of elastomeric force demonstrated a transition toward increased force on raising the temperature with a midpoint of the transition near 50 degrees C. Thus, there is a correlation between increase in intramolecular order and elastomeric force development. These results are compared to previous results on the polypentapeptide of elastin, (VPGVG)n and on an analog, (IPGVG)n, to demonstrate that the temperature of the transition is proportional to the hydrophobicity of the repeating unit. The point is noted that the elastomeric force development correlates better with intramolecular ordering than with intermolecular processes.
Educational Attainment in the Context of Social Inequality: New Directions for Research on Education and Health

A large literature documents a strong and consistent educational gradient in health: more-educated persons enjoy lower rates of morbidity and mortality. This literature has generally focused on the amount of schooling one completes but has yet to comprehensively examine other facets of education, such as educational quality or school segregation. More importantly, the literature has generally conceptualized education at the level of individual persons and has yet to fully study the structural dimensions of education and the production of educational inequities. The goal of this article is to identify several areas of educational inequity beyond personal educational attainment. These include (a) population differences in the strength of the educational gradient in health, (b) educational quality, (c) school segregation, and (d) the role of place of education among immigrants. We also discuss some emerging issues, such as student debt and pathways to education. Accordingly, there is much work to be done to further our knowledge regarding the relationship between education and health.
Effect of IGF-1 on placental prostanoid production.

Abstract Prostanoids play an important role throughout all of pregnancy and during the initiation and progress of labor. The human placenta, at term, produces large quantities of prostanoids, yet little is known of the steps regulating their biosynthesis. In these studies, the effect of IGF-I on the release of placental prostanoids was investigated. The basal release of prostaglandin E (PGE), prostaglandin F (PGF), thromboxane (TxB2) and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α (6-keto- PGF1α) increased from the fifth hour in culture, while the release of 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2α (PGFM) remained constant and hCG release decreased. The addition of IGF-I(10−8 M) to the perifusing medium effected an inhibition of TxB2 and PGF within two and one-half hours of exposure. However, the release of PGE, PGFM, 6-keto-PGF1α or hCG was not altered by IGF-I. Because both TxB2 and PGF are vaso-constrictors, we have proposed that IGF-I may enhance vasodilation in the placenta. Therefore, IGF-I may allow increased blood flow, thus affecting the maintenance of pregnancy and supply of nutrients for the growth of the fetus.
The OSCAR for cardiovascular disease prevention in chronic kidney disease goes to blood pressure control.

Nephropathy progression is slowed and cardiovascular events reduced in patients with stage 3 or higher chronic kidney disease when blood pressure is controlled using combinations of renin–angiotensin system (RAS) blockers with dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers or diuretics. We discuss a trial comparing high-dose RAS blockade with lower-dose RAS blockade combined with a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. The primary outcome was cardiovascular events. The combination group had better blood pressure control and fewer total events.
Morphine enhances the activity of thermoreceptive cold-specific lamina I spinothalamic neurons in the cat

The possibility that morphine might differentially affect spinal neurons responsive to small-diameter thermoreceptive-specific afferents was tested. Systemic morphine enhanced a portion or all of the stimulus-response function of 7 of 9 lamina I spinothalamic tract cells specifically sensitive to cold applied to the glabrous hindpaw in the cat. This result contrasts strongly with the predominant inhibition of nociceptive lamina I neurons by morphine.
An Experimental Investigation of the Motion of Flexible Strings: Whirling

Whirling of strings has been studied both theoretically and experimentally for many decades. According to linear theory, a heavy string can exhibit steady-state whirl only at its natural frequencies which form a discrete spectrum. The nonlinear theory, however, suggests that a string can undergo steady whirl at any frequency larger than the fundamental frequency and further that for each frequency between the nth and the (w+1)th eigenvalue, there exist n distinct whirling modes. Quantitative experimental observations on such whirling have never been reported, although anecdotal evidence suggests the possibility of such whirl. In this paper, we examine the whirling of a string with negligible bending stiffness through experiments utilizing a stereo-vision imaging system. It is shown that steady motion exists only when the string whirls at its natural frequencies and that whirling motions for other frequencies exhibit rich dynamics that needs further exploration.
RATS, We Should Have Used Clinton: Subliminal Priming in Political Campaigns

Political strategists decide daily how to market their candidates. Growing recognition of the importance of implicit processes (processes occurring outside of awareness) suggests limitations to focus groups and polling, which rely on conscious self-report. Two experiments, inspired by national political campaigns, employed Internet-presented subliminal primes to study evaluations of politicians. In Experiment 1, the subliminal word “RATS” increased negative ratings of an unknown politician. In Experiment 2, conducted during former California Governor Gray Davis's recall referendum, a subliminal photo of Clinton affected ratings of Davis, primarily among Independents. Results showed that subliminal stimuli can affect ratings of well-known as well as unknown politicians. Further, subliminal studies can be conducted in a mass media outlet (the Internet) in real time and supplement voter self-report, supporting the potential utility of implicit measures for campaign decision making.
Immunohistochemical evaluation of GATA-3 expression in ER-negative breast carcinomas.

Objectives Estrogen receptor (ER), gross cystic disease fluid protein 15 (GCDFP-15), and mammaglobin (MGB) are commonly used breast-specific immunomarkers; however, about half of metastatic breast carcinomas are negative for all three. GATA-binding protein 3 (GATA-3) has emerged recently as a sensitive and relatively specific immunomarker for breast and urothelial carcinomas, but the data documenting its expression in ER-negative breast carcinomas are limited; this often poses a dilemma in the setting of metastases. The purpose of this study is to investigate expression of GATA-3 in ER-negative breast carcinomas. Methods Immunohistochemical evaluation of GATA-3, GCDFP-15, and MGB on 96 ER-negative breast carcinomas was performed. Results Overall, 69% (66/96), 15% (14/96), and 35% (34/96) of ER-negative breast carcinomas expressed GATA-3, GCDFP-15, and MGB, respectively. Conclusions Our data suggest that GATA-3 is, so far, the best breast-specific immunomarker, especially when encountering ER-negative metastatic breast carcinomas. GATA-3 should be included in the panel of immunomarkers in the workup of tumors of unknown primary.
The Initial Molecular Interaction between Mouse Sperm and the Zona Pellucida Is a Complex Binding Event

Abstract Prior to fertilization, mammalian sperm must first bind to the zona pellucida (ZP), a glycoprotein matrix surrounding the egg. Sperm specifically bind to ZP3, an 83-kDa glycoprotein which functions as both an adhesion molecule and as a secretagogue for acrosomal exocytosis (Litscher, E. S., and Wassarman, P. M. (1993) Trends Glycosci. Glycotechnol. 5, 369-388). We used acid solubilized, 125I-labeled ZPs to quantify the initial binding event on mouse spermatozoa. Live sperm could not be used since solubilized ZPs rapidly initiated exocytosis. Instead, acrosome intact mouse sperm were briefly fixed in 1% glutaraldehyde for binding studies using a standard filtration assay. The fixed sperm are suitable for sperm-zona binding assays based on two experiments: 1) incubating either live or fixed sperm in low concentrations of 125I-ZPs not sufficient to induce acrosomal exocytosis revealed no differences in binding up to 15 min and 2) solubilized, unlabeled ZPs competed for 125I-ZPs with an KI of approximately 3.78 n. Sperm-125I-ZP binding reached equilibrium with a τ1/2 of ∼22 min at 37°C. Affinity parameters were calculated using the well substantiated assumption that only ZP3 binds intact mouse sperm. The on-rate constant for association of 125I-ZP binding to the mouse sperm surface was calculated to be 3.2 × 106 −1 min−1. The saturation binding isotherm revealed that there are approximately 30,000 binding sites, ascribed to ZP3, with an EC50 of 1.29 n. Further analysis indicated that this binding is complex (Hill coefficient = 1.72), suggesting involvement of multiple receptors on the sperm surface and/or multiple ligand moieties. High and low affinity ZP binding sites on the sperm surface were confirmed by dissociation experiments. 125I-ZP dissociation was clearly biphasic, and kinetic off-rate constants of 0.161 min−1 and 0.0023 min−1 were calculated for the low and high affinity sites, respectively. Apparent affinities (Kd values) of 50 n for the low affinity and 0.72 n for the high affinity interaction were calculated from the rate constants. These data demonstrate that the initial adhesion event between mouse sperm and the zona pellucida is a high affinity event which is sufficient to tether a sperm to the extracellular matrix prior to the induction of acrosomal exocytosis.
Defining the Learning Curve for Team-Based Laparoscopic Pancreaticoduodenectomy

The purpose of this study was to define the learning curves for laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy (LPD) with and without laparoscopic reconstruction, using paired surgical teams consisting of advanced laparoscopic-trained surgeons and advanced oncologic-trained surgeons. All patients undergoing PD without vein resection at a single institution were retrospectively analyzed. LPD was introduced by initially focusing on laparoscopic resection followed by open reconstruction (hybrid) for 18 months prior to attempting a totally LPD (TLPD) approach. Cases were compared with Chi square, Fisher’s exact test, and Kruskal–Wallis analysis of variance (ANOVA). Between March 2010 and June 2013, 140 PDs were completed at our institution, of which 56 (40 %) were attempted laparoscopically. In 31/56 procedures we planned to perform only the resection laparoscopically (hybrid), of which 7 (23 %) required premature conversion before completion of resection. Following the first 23 of these hybrid cases, a total of 25 TLPDs have been performed, of which there were no conversions to open. For all LPD, a significant reduction in operative times was identified following the first 10 patients (median 478.5 vs. 430.5 min; p = 0.01), approaching open PD levels. After approximately 50 cases, operative times and estimated blood loss were consistently lower than those for open PD. In our experience of building an LPD program, the initial ten cases represent the biggest hurdle with respect to operative times. For an experienced teaching center using a staged and team-based approach, LPD appears to offer meaningful reductions in operative time and blood loss within the first 50 cases.
Minimum estimates of the amount and timing of gases released into the martian atmosphere from volcanic eruptions

Abstract Volcanism has been a major process during most of the geologic history of Mars. Based on data collected from terrestrial basaltic eruptions, we assume that the volatile content of martian lavas was typically ∼0.5 wt.% water, ∼0.7 wt.% carbon dioxide, ∼0.14 wt.% sulfur dioxide, and contained several other important volatile constituents. From the geologic record of volcanism on Mars we find that during the late Noachian and through the Amazonian volcanic degassing contributed ∼0.8 bar to the martian atmosphere. Because most of the outgassing consisted of greenhouse gases (i.e., CO2 and SO2) warmer surface temperatures resulting from volcanic eruptions may have been possible. Our estimates suggest that ∼1.1 × 1021 g (∼8 ± 1 m m−2) of juvenile water were released by volcanism; slightly more than half the amount contained in the north polar cap and atmosphere. Estimates for released CO2 (1.6 × 1021 g) suggests that a large reservoir of carbon dioxide is adsorbed in the martian regolith or alternatively ∼300 cm cm−2 of carbonates may have formed, although these materials would not occur readily in the presence of excess SO2. Up to ∼120 cm cm−2 (2.2 × 1020 g) of acid rain (H2SO4) may have precipitated onto the martian surface as the result of SO2 degassing. The hydrogen flux resulting from volcanic outgassing may help explain the martian atmospheric D/H ratio. The amount of outgassed nitrogen (∼1.3 mbar) may also be capable of explaining the martian atmospheric 15N/14N ratio. Minor gas constituents (HF, HCl, and H2S) could have formed hydroxyl salts on the surface resulting in the physical weathering of geologic materials. The amount of hydrogen fluoride emitted (1.82 × 1018 g) could be capable of dissolving a global layer of quartz sand ∼5 mm thick, possibly explaining why this mineral has not been positively identified in spectral observations. The estimates of volcanic outgassing presented here will be useful in understanding how the martian atmosphere evolved over time.
EVALUATING MICROCOUNSELING TRAINING Comparing Trainee Performance to a Predetermined Standard for Counseling Behavior

An evaluation research design was developed as an attempt to provide a more satisfactory approach to microcounseling training program evaluation. Trainee performance was measured three times during a counseling practicum, with microcounseling training occurring between the second and third observations. Trainee performance was compared to a predetermined standard for counselor behavior. Results were analyzed for both the differences between observations, and the degree of similarity to the model. Counseling behavior of trainees after microcounseling training was significantly different from their behavior prior to the training. After training they were more like the standard. The trainees performed less like the standard after some counseling experience, but before receiving microcounseling training.
Justification as truth-finding efficiency: how Ockham's Razor works

I propose that empirical procedures, like computational procedures, are justified in terms of truth-finding efficiency. I contrast the idea with more standard philosophies of science and illustrate it by deriving Ockham's razor from the aim of minimizing dramatic changes of opinion en route to the truth.
Gustatory cortex in the rat. I. Physiological properties and cytoarchitecture

The precise cytoarchitectural localization of taste-elicited cortical responses in the rat was studied using a combination of anatomical and physiological techniques. Multi-unit responses to tongue tactile, thermal and gustatory stimuli were recorded along 97 electrode penetrations positioned parallel to the lateral convexity of the brain and marking lesions were placed at the sites of transitions in these functional properties. Lesions made at sites that received different sensory inputs were consistently located within different cytoarchitectural subdivisions. In this manner, taste cortex in the rat was localized to the agranular insular cytoarchitectural region, in contrast to its traditional assignation to granular insular cortex. Instead, tongue temperature was found to be represented in the cortical area previously termed gustatory, i.e., in ventral granular cortex where layer IV attenuates.
Computers in physiological modeling

The principal reasons for the construction of computer models of systemic physiological models are no different from the problem of theoretical computations in any other field. Systemic physiology, by which I mean the written literature of the subject as distinct from the process of acquiring such information, is voluminous, undoubtedly redundant, and probably contains many contradictions. Moreover, it is difficult to separate opinion from observation, correlation from imputations of causality. Nevertheless, this is the milieu on which the intelligent physiologist functions. He pushes the frontier forward in every decreasing salients because the weight of past experience becomes more and more unmanageable.
Urolase laser prostatectomy in patients on warfarin anticoagulation: A safe treatment alternative for bladder outlet obstruction

Three patients with symptomatic bladder outlet obstruction due to benign prostatic hyperplasia underwent laser prostatectomy using a Neodymium:YAG source delivered with the Urolase right-angle laser fiber. All patients had significant underlying medical problems, and all were fully anticoagulated with oral warfarin (mean prothrombin time 17 seconds). Two were in urinary retention with indwelling catheters preoperatively. Laser prostatectomy was performed in each case without change in the medical regimen, including continuous warfarin dosing. No complications occurred, and in particular, no early or late bleeding episodes were encountered. All are symptomatically improved and catheter-free on follow-up. Laser prostatectomy provides a new and safe therapeutic option in the management of these high-risk patients.
Closure of a Penetrating Ulcer of the Descending Aorta Using an Amplatzer Occluder

Symptomatic patients with penetrating atherosclerotic ulcers of the descending thoracic aorta have traditionally been treated by using an open surgical repair. The emergence of thoracic aortic stent-graft technologies has introduced a less invasive treatment option, which often involves covering excess portions of a normal aorta with stent-graft material. We describe the mid-term follow-up of a patient with a symptomatic penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer of the descending thoracic aorta treated with an Amplatzer septal occluder device (AGA Medical Corp, Plymouth, MN), which is typically used for structural heart disease.
Generic Wave-Function Description of Fractional Quantum Anomalous Hall States and Fractional Topological Insulators

We propose a systematical approach to construct generic fractional quantum anomalous Hall states, which are generalizations of the fractional quantum Hall states to lattice models with zero net magnetic field and full lattice translation symmetry. Local and translationally invariant Hamiltonians can also be constructed, for which the proposed states are unique ground states. Our result demonstrates that generic chiral topologically ordered states can be realized in lattice models, without requiring magnetic translation symmetry and Landau level structure. We further generalize our approach to fractional topological insulators, and provide the first explicit wave-function description of fractional topological insulators in the absence of spin conservation.
Life in the allogeneic environment after lung transplantation.

Because infection and rejection are the principal complications of any transplant procedure and because the alveolar macrophage is crucial to the defense of the lung from infection and may play a role in lung allograft rejection, we have begun to assess functions of this cell that are thought to be important in lung defense from infection and in transplant immunity. Antimicrobial functions include chemotaxis, which is a mechanism for recruiting macrophages to sites of inflammation and phagocytosis, and intracellular killing of microorganisms. As an accessory cell, the alveolar macrophage is necessary for an effective immune response to develop against either microorganisms or transplantation antigens. Our results indicate that the chemotactic, phagocytic but not the killing capability of alveolar macrophages from lung recipients is impaired. Alveolar macrophages and blood monocytes from lung recipients are also significantly impaired in their support for mitogen and antigen presentation to lymphocytes. Thus, the generation of an effective immune response to a microorganism may be impaired. Alveolar macrophages from lung recipients, however, function as well as those from normal subjects in stimulating lymphocyte proliferation in response to donor antigens (primed lymphocyte test) or unreleated allogeneic antigens (mixed lymphocyte reaction), while their respective blood monocytes function poorly in this regard. Our conclusions are that the antimicrobial functions of the alveolar macrophage are impaired after lung transplantation and this may be one mechanism to explain the unusual susceptibility of the lung allograft to infection. Those functions related to transplant immunity, however, are preserved and indicate that the alveolar macrophage may play a role in allograft rejection.
Cyclooxygenase Products Contribute to Endothelin-induced Pulmonary Hypertension and Altered Lung Mechanics in Sheep

Endothelins have potent biological effect in vivo which may, in part, be mediated by stimulation of cyclooxygenase metabolism of arachidonic acid. We administered endothelins (ETs) intravenously to chronically instrumented awake sheep with and without pretreatment with meclofenamate (n=8). 30 μg doses of ET-1, ET-2, and ET-3 caused similar degrees of acute elevation of pulmonary artery pressure (PPA), reduction of the dynamic compliance of the lungs (Cdyn), and increases in lung lymph flow. Pretreatment with meclofenamate inhibited the rise in PPAand reduction in Cdyn, but had no effect on lung lymph flow. We conclude that the biological effects of the endothelins on PPAand Cdyn, but not lung fluid balance, are mediated in part by cyclooxygenase products of arachidonic acid metabolism.
First Remembrances of Wanting to Become a Music Teacher

In the study described here, we used an open-ended written essay to identify the factors that lead students to become music teachers. Ninety music education majors were given the instructions to indicate in their own words their earliest remembrances of when they considered becoming a music teacher, including age, place, who was with them, how they felt, their thoughts at the time, and any other aspects they considered important. Essays were analyzed and classified according to these areas of interest; additionally as a more qualitative assessment, total responses were analyzed to discern some of the nuances evidenced in individual responses. Results indicated that the age at which the decision was made and influential people in their lives were the most important factors affecting these subjects' decision to become a music teacher. The decision was vividly remembered, with school music teachers exerting the primary influence. Of the subjects, 76% decided to become a music teacher before entering a teache...
SU-E-T-26: Evaluation of New Pre-Treatment In-Air Patient Specific QA Software for TomoTherapy Treatments.

Purpose: Math Resolutions, LLC, has extended their Dosimetry Check quality assurancesoftware to include TomoTherapy treatments. Data collected from TomoTherapy's MVCT detectors is processed and compared to the planned treatment dose allowing for pre‐treatment QA without the use of phantoms and other detectors. This study presents an overview of our experience at the University of Virginia developing, implementing, and verifying this novel QA strategy. Methods: Low modulation and high modulation cheese phantom plans as well as patient plans (prostate, GYN, and vertebra) were used to test the Dosimetry Check in‐air software. For all evaluations the treatment table was removed from the XML file of each plan using software provided by Accuray and the resulting in‐air calibration plan was delivered. The exit detector sinogram was extracted from the machine and imported into Dosimetry Check along with the TomoTherapy calculated planned dose. The fluence maps were reconstructed and used to recalculate the dose. Results: The percent difference between the planned dose and the dose calculated from the exit detectors by Dosimetry Check ranged between 0.62% for a simple low modulation cheese phantom plan with a cylindrical target to 7.3% for a high modulation 2.5cm prostate plan. The gamma indices reported range from 94.7% to 97.8% <1 over the overall calculation area for the plans tested using a gamma of 3% and 3mm. For the area receiving over 80% of the prescribed dose, the gamma ranged from 80.7% to 92.9% <1. Conclusions: The results of our investigation of Math Resolutions' new product in development, Dosimetry Check's pre‐treatment in‐air QA software, demonstrate that it has the potential be a very useful and practical tool for TomoTherapy QA. Further testing is being performed in which various errors are intentionally introduced in the delivered dose to test the limits of Dosimetry Check's sensitivity. Research Grant from Math Resolutions LLC 01/12/2012–01/11/2013 Math Resolutionsâ€™ Dosimetry Check software was given to UVa to assist with evaluating the precision of the product in reconstructing dose from the TomoTherapy exit detector data.
Distribution and Isoenzymes of Aspartate Aminotrans‐f erase in Cotyledons of Germinating Pumpkins

During germination a steady decline in the reserve protein occurred in dark grown pumpkin cotyledons. By 9 days, 80% of this nitrogen reserve was hydrolyzed but only 50 % was removed from the cotyledons. The remaining nitrogen (30 %) was incorporated into water soluble protein which reached a maximum 9 days after germination. The increase in water soluble protein in pumpkin cotyledons parallel the increase in soluble and particulate aspartate aminotransferase (E.C.2.6.1.1.), suggesting that this enzyme is involved in nitrogen metabolism during germination. Little enzyme activity was found in pumpkin tissues other than the cotyledons. Four anodally moving isoenzymes were found in the soluble aspartate aminotrans-ferase fraction and 3 anodally moving isoenzymes were found in the particulate fraction. The slowest moving isoenzymes disappeared first during germination.
The influence of weaning age on post-mixing agonistic interactions in growing pigs

Abstract The effects of differences in weaning age on agonistic interactions between pigs after regrouping were investigated, studying 47 piglets from six litters weaned either between 9 and 12 days of age (EW, n=24) or between 21 and 23 days of age (CW, n=23). At 9 weeks of age, both EW and CW animals were regrouped into four pens based on their weight (six EW, six CW/pen) and all agonistic interactions within EW pairs and within CW pairs were monitored until 3 days post-mixing. Results indicate that EW animals fought longer than CW pigs on day 1, while no effect of weaning age was found on subsequent days. Furthermore, whereas no significant effects of weaning age were found on the outcome of fights, on day 1, the number of fights not won by the initiator was greater for EW pigs. It is concluded that early weaning of piglets leads to a short-lasting increase in aggression after mixing. Possible mechanisms are discussed.
Effect of waiting time on substance abuse treatment completion in pregnant women

Although substance abuse treatment is associated with improved maternal and neonatal outcomes, pregnant women may be at increased risk of attrition. To explore the hypothesis that shorter waiting time for treatment is associated with increased completion, we analyzed all pregnant treatment admissions and discharges in the Treatment Episode Data Set-Discharges. There were 10,661 pregnant admissions in 2006. The effect of waiting time on treatment completion was modified by treatment setting. Immediate entry into ambulatory treatment, where most pregnant women are treated, was significantly associated with completion (odds ratio = 1.27, 95% confidence interval = 1.14-1.41). Criminal justice referral and a high school education were identified as completion predictors in all treatment settings. Waiting time impacts treatment completion in pregnant women. Resources need to be directed to ensure immediate access to treatment, particularly in the ambulatory setting.
Raman and X-ray absorption spectroscopic studies of hydrothermally altered alkali-borosilicate nuclear waste glass

Abstract Raman spectroscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) are used to characterize structural changes that took place in hydrothermally altered (Na,K)-alumina-borosilicate glasses with different Na/K ratios, formulated as part of a durability study to investigate the behavior of glasses for nuclear waste storage. The hydrothermal experiments, or vapor hydration tests (VHT), were performed on each glass for 3 and 20 days at 200 °C to accelerate and approximate long-term alteration processes that may occur in a nuclear waste repository. Results found for both glasses and their VHT altered counterparts show little, if any, structural influence from the different starting Na/K ratios. X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy indicate that the altered samples are mostly amorphous with small amounts of analcime-like and leucite-like crystals within 200 μm of the sample surface and contain up to 9.7 wt.% water or OH. The Raman data are nearly identical for the amorphous portions of all altered VHT samples investigated, and indicate that two glass structural changes took place during alteration: one, partial depolymerization of the alumina-borosilicate network, and two, introduction of water or OH. Al and Si XAS data indicate tetrahedral AlO 4 and SiO 4 environments in the original glasses as well as in the altered samples. Small energy shifts of the Si K-edge also show that the altered VHT samples have less polymerized networks than the original glass. Na XAS data indicate expanded Na environments in the VHT samples with longer Na–O distances and more nearest-neighbor oxygen atoms, compared with the original glasses, which may be due to hydrous species introduced into the expanding Na-sites.
Bluffing: Its demise as a subject unto itself

‘Business bluffing’ as a subject has been mentioned in various journals for at least the past 16 years. Its treatment has become one of apparent serious intent to identify it as a subject matter unto itself. Definitionally and theoretically, its essence has been specified but seemingly without due regard to its true nature. Business bluffing is an act of puffing at best and misrepresentation or fraud at worst. In either case, its legality and morality are already well defined and discussions of the subject should be directed along these established pathes.
August Arctic cyclone was strongest summer storm on record

For nearly 2 weeks in August 2012, a powerful cyclone churned the Arctic Ocean, driving down surface pressures and garnering significant public attention. Spawned over Siberia on 2 August, the storm, which came to be known as the “Great Arctic Cyclone of 2012,” died when it made landfall on the shores of the Canadian High Arctic. Based on observational records, researchers noted at the time that the Great Arctic Cyclone had the lowest sea surface pressure ever recorded for an Arctic summer cyclone. Because the storm coincided with what went on to become the record-breaking season for minimum Arctic sea ice extent, some researchers questioned whether the storm's severity may have been fueled by climate change.
An anytime multistep anticipatory algorithm for online stochastic combinatorial optimization

The one-step anticipatory algorithms (1s-AA) is an online algorithm making decisions under uncertainty by ignoring the non-anticipativity constraints in the future. It was shown to make near-optimal decisions on a variety of online stochastic combinatorial problems in dynamic fleet management and reservation systems.
State-dependent disturbance compensation in low-cost wheeled mobile robots using periodic adaptation

This paper presents an adaptive controller for the compensation of state-dependent disturbance with unknown amplitude in low-cost wheeled mobile robot servo control. The considered state-dependent disturbance is caused by the friction and the eccentricity between the wheel axis and the motor driver. Our proposed control algorithm guarantees the asymptotical stability for both the velocity and the position tracking. Experiment results show the effectiveness of the adaptive disturbance compensator for the wheeled mobile robot in low velocity diffusion tracking.
Broad Spectrum Light Harvesting in TiO $_2$ Nanotube Array – Hemicyanine Dye – P3HT Hybrid Solid-State Solar Cells

Control of interfacial electron transfer between electron transporting oxide semiconductors and molecular adsorbates in organic-inorganic hybrid solar cells is a research area of intense interest, with the poor optical harvesting in the red and near-IR (NIR) portion of the solar spectrum a significant limitation to device performance. We fabricate hybrid solar cells, using two new hemicyanine photosensitizers having different π-conjugation lengths that absorb sunlight from visible to NIR range, as well as unsymmetrical squaraine dye. These organic dyes are used not only as a photosensitizer, but also as electronic mediator for n-type TiO2 nanotube arrays, vertically oriented from the fluorine-doped tin oxide coated glass substrate, which are subsequently infiltrated with p-type regio-regular poly(3-hexyl thiophene 2,5 diyl), enabling broad-spectrum response. In general, the organic-dye-inorganic photovoltaic structure appears a promising method for harvesting a broad portion of the solar spectrum energy from a relatively simple photovoltaic device.
Pain is prevalent and persisting in cancer survivors: Differential factors across age groups

Objective The Institute of Medicine documents a significant gap in care for long term side effects of cancer treatment, including pain. This paper characterizes age differences in the prevalence and predictive characteristics of pain to guide clinicians in identification and treatment.