cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An analytical solution for the laminar flow over a flat plate with similarity preserving suction

Abstract An exact analytical solution is presented for the laminar boundary-layer flow over a semi-infinite flat plate subjected to a type of similarity preserving suction. The solution is developed for the case of a plate immersed in either a uniform compressible stream with viscosity proportional to temperature or a uniform incompressible stream with constant viscosity. The problem is formulated in Crocco's variables. It is described by a second-order, non-linear, ordinary differential (and singular) boundary-value problem for the shear stress as a function of the velocity in the boundary layer. A unique solution is shown to exist and to possess a power series representation for all magnitudes of suction. The series is constructed explicitly and provides a transcendental equation for the shear stress at the plate (the important skin friction) which can be solved to any desired accuracy. Examples of upper and lower bounds for the wall shear are presented for several magnitudes of suction and confirm the reasonable accuracy of results obtained heretofore only by numerical solutions of the problem. In addition to the intrinsic value of the technique developed, it can be the basis of accurate checks for the numerical solution of more complex problems.
A Quantitative Model of the Escherichia coli 16 S RNA in the 30 S Ribosomal Subunit

Abstract We use a computer-based protocol for automated structure refinement of large RNAs and ribonucleoproteins to propose a three-dimensional model for the Escherichia coli 16 S RNA in the 30 S ribosomal subunit along with the first quantitative estimates of the uncertainties in the model. Our models are based on the 16 S RNA secondary structure, the small angle neutron scatter map of 30 S proteins, tertiary RNA-RNA and RNA-protein contacts as suggested by cross-linking, chemical footprinting and other experimental studies, and electron microscopy data for the shape of the 30 S subunit and placement of 16 S RNA fragments, along with known motifs in RNA structure. In addition, some data on the interaction of the tRNAs/mRNA with the 16 S RNA were used to localize the active site. Since there are not enough structural data to derive a unique three-dimensional folding of the 16 S RNA, several different conformations can be generated to satisfy the experimental data. A set of seven models was refined to survey the range of acceptable conformations. These models were analyzed to deduce probable positions and orientations of the different helical segments that comprise the 16 S RNA in the Escherichia coli small subunit, and one consensus model from this set is presented here. An estimate of the reliability of our predicted structure is made using the variations between the models, and about 75% of 16 S RNA helical segments are localized to 15 A or less in their position in the small subunit. Our models show a distinct separation of the three major domains of the 16 S RNA. The 5′ major domain and the central domain are clustered in the body of the 30 S subunit, whereas the 3′ major domain is localized in the head of the subunit. Our modeling results are compared with models of the 16 S RNA proposed by other researchers, and are seen to be similar to the manually built models by Stern et al. and Brimacombe et al. with a few significant differences. The position of nucleotides implicated by footprinting and cross-linking data in tRNA and mRNA binding, and in subunit association are examined, and many of these sites are seen to lie along the 30 S subunit neck, cleft and the platform.
Energy dependence of bound-electron-positron pair production at very-high-energy ion-ion transits.

The problem of calculating the cross section for bound-electron--positron pair creation in very-high-energy heavy-ion colliders (100 GeV/u or higher, an effective \ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{4}$) is addressed. The multipole decomposition of the basic time-varying interaction is explicitly written in terms of simple and compact forms that display the energy (\ensuremath{\gamma}) dependence directly. Then, specific gauge transforms remove the \ensuremath{\gamma} dependence for smaller impact parameters, up to negligible terms of higher order in 1/\ensuremath{\gamma}. For larger impact parameters b, the interaction is shown to weaken as 1/b, where the known perturbative results apply. Only at small impact parameters are strong-coupling calculations necessary, but the gauge choices show that the contributions from these regions are \ensuremath{\gamma} independent. Putting these results together leads to a simple form for the cross section, A ln\ensuremath{\gamma}+B, where A and B are energy independent and A is known from the perturbative calculations. This form and its weak dependence on energy makes extrapolation from lower-energy results reliable and indicates the usefulness of a possible experiment at comparatively low energies (\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\sim}200).
An overview of the potential threat as related to missile requirements

Based on unclassified sources, a general review is presented of the perceived U.S.S.R. doctrine, force balances, production ratios, inventory growth, inventory items, and current actions. The extent to which the Soviets appear to be attempting to increase their sphere of influence through economic and political control as well as possible military control of land, sea, air, and space is considered. To offset such possibilities, certain areas of deterrent needs that the Western world might pursue are suggested. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of missiles as part of the deterrent needs.
Wyndell merritt immediate controlled active motion (ICAM) protocol following extensor tendon repairs in zone IV–VII: review of literature, orthosis design, and case study—a multimedia article

Background Controlled post-operative motion of extensor tendon repairs in zones IV–VII is intended to facilitate tendon excursion and minimize adhesion formation. The Wyndell Merritt “relative motion” digital yoke orthosis provides a low-profile option allowing for immediate controlled active motion (ICAM) of the extensor tendon repair. The addition of a multimedia manuscript demonstrating the manufacturing of the Wyndell Merritt digital yoke orthosis may complement current literature on this topic.
Nitrogen source, timing of application, and placement: effects on winter wheat production

Studies to increase profitability and N use efficiency in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production are needed to develop more sustainable agricultural systems in the 480- to 65o-mm precipitation zone of northern Idaho and eastern Washington. Field experiments were conducted on Latahco silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, frigid Argiaquic Xeric Argialboll) soils east of Moscow, ID, during the 1982-1983, 1983-1984, 1985-1986 and 1986-1987 growing sermons. Fifteen different N place- ment-source-application timing treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with five replications. Fertilizer placements were (i) surface broadcast, (ii) band 50 mm below the seed, and (iii) combinations of surface broadcast and banded below the seed placements. Times of application treatments were (i) fall, (ii) spring, and (iii) various fall-spring splits [...]
Are Older Adults Satisfied With the Implementation of Federal Programs to Serve Aging Populations? A Case Study Policy Implementation

This study analyzes the findings of a fieldwork study conducted between two distinct cultural traditions: Puerto Rico, a U.S. territory with a predominantly Hispanic population, and Indiana, a predominantly Anglo Midwestern state. Specifically, the study compares the satisfaction of older adults with the implementation of the home health care policy sponsored by Medicare in both settings. The study focuses on older adults’ attitudes toward the qualities and performance of home health aides. Due to cultural differences in both settings, the thesis statement was that older adults in Indiana and Puerto Rico are likely to be satisfied with different qualities of home health aides. The results of the data, however, do not support this hypothesis, as older adults in both settings demonstrate satisfaction with similar qualities in their home health aides, although the Puerto Rican sample shows higher levels of satisfaction.
Morphometry in schizophrenia revisited: height and its relationship to pre-morbid function.

Background. Morphometry, the measurement of forms, is an ancient practice. In particular, schizophrenic somatology was popular early in this century, but has been essentially absent from the literature for over 30 years. More recently, evidence has grown to support the notion that aberrant neurodevelopment may play a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Is the body, like the brain, affected by abnormal development in these patients? Methods. To evaluate global deficit in development and its relationship to pre-morbid function, height was compared in a large group ( N =226) of male schizophrenics and a group of healthy male controls ( N =142) equivalent in parental socio-economic status. Patients in the lower quartile of height were compared to those in the upper quartile of height. Results. The patient group had a mean height of 177·1 cm, which was significantly shorter than the mean height of the control group of 179·4 ( P <0·003). Those in the lower quartile had significantly poorer pre-morbid function as measured by: (1) psychosocial adjustment using the pre-morbid adjustment scales for childhood and adolescence/young adulthood, and (2) cognitive function using measures of school performance such as grades and need for special education. In addition, these measures of pre-morbid function correlated significantly with height when analysed using the entire sample. Conclusions. These findings provide further support to the idea that abnormal development may play a key role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Furthermore, this is manifested as a global deficit in growth and function resulting in smaller stature, poorer social skills, and deficits in cognitive abilities.
Transmitter PIC for 10-channel × 40Gb/s per channel polarization-multiplexed RZ-DQPSK modulation

We report the first demonstration of a large-scale InP-based transmitter photonic integrated circuit (PIC) capable of 10-channel × 40 Gb/s per wavelength polarization-multiplexed RZ-DQPSK modulation.
Static magnetic field models consistent with nearly isotropic plasma pressure

Using the empirical magnetospheric magnetic field models of Tsyganenko and Usmanov (TU), we have determined the self-consistent plasma pressure gradients and anisotropies along the midnight meridian in the near-Earth magnetosphere. By “inverting” the magnetic field, we determine what distributions of an anisotropic plasma, confined within the specified magnetic field configuration, are consistent with the magnetohydrostatic equilibrium condition, J × B = ∇ · P. The TU model, parameterized for different levels of geomagnetic activity by the Kp index, provided the magnetic field values from which J × B was numerically evaluated. A best fit solution was found that minimized the average difference between J × B and ∇ · P along an entire flux tube. Unlike previous semi-empirical models, the TU models contain magnetic stresses that can be balanced by a nearly isotropic plasma pressure with a reasonable radial gradient at the equator.
Performance Evaluation Tool (PET): An Analysis Tool for Computer Communication Networks

The performance evaluation tool (PET) is a package to aid the designers of architecture and protocols of computer networks. It is specially targeted, but not limited, to IBM's systems network architecture (SNA) networks. The tool allows its users the capability to easily construct simulation models of networks and conduct traffic related performance studies. PET is based on the research queueing package (RESQ)-version 2, which is a package for constructing and analyzing extended queueing network models. The two key features of PET are ease of use and flexibility. The user specifies the network configuration with the aid of an interactive "networking language." This includes a description of the type of representation he/she desires for the various protocols at different layers of the architecture. Based on these specifications, PET builds a RESQ simulation model for the network by piecing together many "submodels." Each submodel is a model of a certain network component (e.g., communication link) or a protocol (e.g., data link control). The submodels may either be prebuilt (stored in the PET library) or built dynamically according to user specifications. There can be several submodels for the same function capturing different levels of detail. Thus, a variety of network models with different types of components and with varying levels of detail can be constructed. Facilities to perform parametric studies and provide user specified output statistics (such as link utilizations and buffer usage statistics) are also available in PET.
Effect of Endovascular Treatment on Headaches in Patients With Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms

Background.—Patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms often present with headaches. Objective.—To determine the effect of endovascular treatment on the character and frequency of headaches in patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms. Methods.—We reviewed the medical records of all patients who underwent endovascular treatment for unruptured intracranial aneurysms within a 9.5-year period. These patients were mailed a standard questionnaire in which they were asked about the frequency and character of any headache experienced before or after (or both) endovascular treatment. They were also asked to grade improvement or worsening of headaches after the procedure as mild (activities of daily living were not affected), moderate (activities of daily living were affected), or significant (the change resulted in an ability to perform new activities of daily living or an inability to perform previous activities of daily living). Results.—Forty-seven patients with unruptured aneurysms who underwent Guglielmi detachable coil embolization responded to the questionnaire. Of these, 32 patients (mean age, 52.7 years [SD, 13.4]; 22 were women) had experienced headaches before the procedure. Nineteen patients (59%) reported improvement in severity of headaches after embolization. Improvement was graded as significant by 7 patients, moderate by 8, and mild by 4. Two patients (6%) reported worsening severity of headaches graded as moderate. Five of 15 patients without headaches before embolization reported onset of mild (n = 4) or severe (n = 1) headaches after treatment. Conclusion.—Guglielmi detachable coil embolization of unruptured intracranial aneurysms was associated with reduction in severity of headaches in the majority of patients who had experienced preprocedural headaches.
Evidence for a cytoplasmic microprocessor of pri-miRNAs

microRNAs (miRNAs) represent a class of noncoding RNAs that fine-tune gene expression through post-transcriptional silencing. While miRNA biogenesis occurs in a stepwise fashion, initiated by the nuclear microprocessor, rare noncanonical miRNAs have also been identified. Here we characterize the molecular components and unique attributes associated with the processing of virus-derived cytoplasmic primary miRNAs (c-pri-miRNAs). RNA in situ hybridization and inhibition of cellular division demonstrated a complete lack of nuclear involvement in c-pri-miRNA cleavage while genetic studies revealed that maturation still relied on the canonical nuclear RNase III enzyme, Drosha. The involvement of Drosha was mediated by a dramatic relocalization to the cytoplasm following virus infection. Deep sequencing analyses revealed that the cytoplasmic localization of Drosha does not impact the endogenous miRNA landscape during infection, despite allowing for robust synthesis of virus-derived miRNAs in the cytoplasm. Taken together, this research describes a unique function for Drosha in the processing of highly structured cytoplasmic RNAs in the context of virus infection.
A combination treatment approach and cord blood stem cell transplant for blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm

We read with great interest the article on blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm by Pagano et al. The authors propose a strategy of combining ALL like and AML like protocols in this rare and aggressive disease. The authors also emphasize the importance of consolidating when possible with an allogeneic stem cell transplant, in light of the poor prognosis (median overall survival of 8.7 months) of blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN). We would like to share here our experience of successfully treating a patient with cord blood stem cell transplantation using a myeloablative conditioning regimen. Our patient is a 39 year old female who presented with history of easy bruising and shortness of breath. No skin lesions, splenomegaly or lymphadenopathy was found on examination. Peripheral blood counts showed pancytopenia. A subsequent bone marrow aspirate and biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm. She was initially treated with a regimen for aggressive T/NK cell malignancies called "SMILE". Day 21 bone marrow after first cycle demonstrated a partial response (PR). She was subsequently treated with an AML regimen consisting of high dose cytarabine and mitoxantrone. She achieved a complete remission (CR) and was consolidated soon after with a cord blood stem cell transplant due to the absence of matched related or unrelated donors. She is doing well, currently about 8 months after stem cell transplant and over 10 months since diagnosis. A sequential combination approach alternating ALL and AML like regimens until CR followed by consolidation with a stem cell transplant when possible is an effective treatment strategy and warrants consideration in patients with this rare and unfavorable prognostic disease. Cord blood stem cell transplant in the absence of a matched related or unrelated donor is feasible and should be attempted in patients who are candidates for transplant.
Growth hormone secretagogues in children with altered growth.

A diagnostic test was devised to evaluate pituitary growth hormone (GH) secretory potential. GH secretory dynamics were assessed in children with and without GH deficiency. The GH response was measured to GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) and the GH-releasing peptide GHRP-2, administered sequentially. The mean (+/- SEM) peak GH response to GHRP-2 was 20.1 +/- 5.5, 63.6 +/- 24.9 and 42.2 +/- 4.3 micrograms/l for GH-deficient, slowly growing non-GH-deficient and control children, respectively (p < 0.02 and p < 0.05 for GH-deficient vs controls and slowly growing children, respectively). Corresponding values for area under the curve (AUC) were 995 +/- 371. 2460 +/- 953 and 1598 +/- 274 micrograms/l x minute. Peak GH (and AUC) responses to GHRH were 19.6 +/- 5.1 micrograms/l (924 +/- 232 micrograms/l x minute), 31.4 +/- 8.4 micrograms/l (1544 +/- 449 micrograms/l x minute) and 39.8 +/- 7.8 micrograms/l (2201 +/- 437 micrograms/l x minute) for the same three groups, respectively (p < 0.05 for peak GH in GH-deficient patients vs controls, and p < 0.02 and p < 0.01 for AUC in GH-deficient vs slowly growing children and controls, respectively). The ratio of the peak GH response to GHRP-2 and GHRH was similar in all three groups. As these secretagogues stimulate different aspects of hypothalamic function (i.e., they are functional complements), robust GH secretion in response to GHRH or GHRP could suggest adequate endogenous GHRP or GHRH, respectively. A poor response to either GH secretagogue administered individually could represent inadequacy of its endogenous complement. The integrity of functional pituitary elements could be differentiated from inadequate complements by administering both GH secretagogues simultaneously. Application of these principles should allow a better definition of the underlying disorder and provide the basis for therapeutic strategies for those patients with abnormal GH production and/or secretion.
Forest herb colonization of postagricultural forests in central New York State, USA

Summary 1 The recovery of forest vegetation following abandonment of agriculture was followed by surveying forest herbs in central New York State at 25 sites where postagricultural forest occurred directly adjacent to old-woods (forest that has never been ploughed). 2 The abundance, richness and diversity of 50 forest herbs were on average lower in postagricultural forests than in old-woods. 3 Thirty of 39 forest herbs that were found in at least four stands were less frequent (number of plots present out of 60) in postagricultural forests than in old-woods. Three species ( Aster divaricatus , Dryopteris intermedia and Polystichum acrostichoides ) had significantly higher frequency in old-woods, while none was significantly more common in postagricultural forests. 4 Although differences among species in their frequency in the two forest types were not strongly related to dispersal mode, species with rapid clonal expansion were significantly more frequent in postagricultural stands. 5 Several species that were less frequent in postagricultural forests than in old-woods showed decreases in density in postagricultural forests with increasing distance from the adjacent old-woods.
Wind-driven currents in a long rotating channel

Boundary-layer type solutions are obtained for currents generated in a homogeneous fluid in a long rotating channel by a steady wind stress acting along or across the channel. Included are viscous wall boundary layers which arise necessarily from secondary circulations transverse to the axis of the channel, and from no slip conditions at the wall. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1967.tb01479.x
Conservation of the Freshwater Gastropods of Indiana: Historic and Current Distributions

We surveyed Indiana collections of freshwater gastropods from 220 museum collection lots and found 39 species inhabiting Indiana historically. Collection dates of museum material ranged from 1900 to 2006, with a median date of 1986. We collected 17,593 gastropods at 123 sites, including 86 sites where museum material was previously collected. Our surveys were combined with recent literature surveys and indicate a total of 36 species are currently present in Indiana. The Indiana fauna is composed of three species that are apparently secure globally, and 36 species that are widespread, abundant, and globally secure, including two exotics. However, three species are locally extinct and many others are locally imperiled or vulnerable. The majority of freshwater gastropod taxa in Indiana are of local conservation concern. The causes of local gastropod extinctions are unknown but likely include agricultural impacts, hydrologic alterations from reservoirs, and pollution. We recommend thorough inventory, recognition, and protection of the aquatic gastropods in Indiana.
Performance Implications of Inductive Effects for Carbon-Nanotube Bundle Interconnect

In this letter, we investigate the impact of inductance on bundles of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) for future very large scale integration interconnect applications. Leveraging a scalable equivalent circuit model, we assess the relative impact of magnetic inductance and the worst case theoretical value of kinetic inductance on both delay and voltage overshoot. Based on our results, even if the worst case theoretical value for kinetic inductance is assumed, it will only increase the delay and the voltage overshoot by a maximum of 6% and 3%, respectively. Therefore, kinetic inductance will not be a significant factor in the future SWCNT bundle-based interconnect solutions
Theoretical model of the polarization properties of the retinal nerve fiber layer in reflection

In several optical technologies for glaucoma diagnosis, polarized light is used to assess the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) of the eye. For better understanding of the polarization properties of the RNFL, it was modeled as a thick birefringent slab containing parallel light-scattering cylinders, and the Mueller matrix for reflectance was derived. The model predicts that (1) the RNFL reflectance has weak intrinsic diattenuation; (2) the diattenuation spectrum depends strongly on the relative refractive indices of the cylinders; (3) both scattering and birefringence contribute to retardation; and (4) the RNFL reflectance generally preserves polarization, but depolarization may be detectable for thick RNFL at short wavelengths.
Optimizing Average Job Response Time via Decentralized Probabilistic Job Dispatching in Heterogeneous Multiple Computer Systems

In this paper, we study decentralized probabilistic job dispatching and load balancing strategies which optimize the performance of heterogeneous multiple computer systems. We present a model to study a heterogeneous multiple computer system with a decentralized stochastic job dispatching mechanism, where nodes are treated as M/G/1 servers. We discuss a way to implement a virtual centralized job dispatcher using a distributed control mechanism. We derive closed form solutions for optimal job dispatching probabilities which minimize the average job response time, when all nodes have an identical coefficient of variation for job execution times. We also generalize the results to the case where nodes have different coefficients of variation for job execution times.
Asphalt compaction quality control using Artificial Neural Network

Adequate compaction of asphalt pavements during their construction is essential to the long term performance of the pavement. Under/over-compaction during the construction process leads to the early deterioration and failure of the pavement. Current quality control techniques in the field involve the extraction of roadway cores and the measurement of density using point wise measurement techniques. Such tests determine the quality at discrete locations typically after compaction is complete and are not indicative of the overall quality of the pavement. Conversely, analyzing the vibrations of a vibratory compactor during asphalt pavement construction is a proven indicator of the complete compaction quality. The compaction of asphalt pavement is a complicated process resulting in the absence of a closed-form solution for estimating stiffness or density of the mat being compacted. In this paper, we present Intelligent Asphalt Compaction Analyzer (IACA) as a decision making device for operators to treat the asphalt pavement in an appropriate way to control the quality of compaction. IACA is a classification tool that uses Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to give an estimate density value of the road underneath the roller drum during compaction process. The Fast Fourier Transform of the roller vibrations is used by the ANN to estimate density values. Currently available Intelligent Compaction (IC) techniques provide a measure of quality that is hard to relate to any physical measurement. In contrast, the proposed method gives a density measurement that can be verified either by the extraction of roadway cores or through the use of conventional density gauges. As a result, the performance of the proposed method can be validated during the construction process.
Role of paraventricular nucleus-projecting norepinephrine/ epinephrine neurons in acute and chronic stress

Chronic variable stress (CVS) exposure modifies the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) in a manner consistent with enhanced central drive of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis. As previous reports suggest that post-stress enhancement of norepinephrine (NE) action contributes to chronic stress regulation at the level of the PVN, we hypothesised that PVN-projecting NE neurons were necessary for the stress facilitatory effects of CVS. Following intra-PVN injection of saporin toxin conjugated to a dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) antibody (DSAP), in rats PVN DBH immunoreactivity was almost completely eliminated, but immunoreactive afferents to other key regions involved in stress integration were spared (e.g. DBH fiber densities were unaffected in the central nucleus of the amygdala). Reductions in DBH-positive fiber density were associated with reduced numbers of DBH-immunoreactive neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract and locus coeruleus. Following 2 weeks of CVS, DSAP injection did not alter stress-induced adrenal hypertrophy or attenuation of body weight gain, indicating that PVN-projecting NE [and epinephrine (E)] neurons are not essential for these physiological effects of chronic stress. In response to acute restraint stress, PVN-targeted DSAP injection attenuated peak adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone in controls, but only attenuated peak ACTH in CVS animals, suggesting that enhanced adrenal sensitivity compensated for reduced excitatory drive of the PVN. Our data suggest that PVN-projecting NE/E neurons contribute to the generation of acute stress responses, and are required for HPA axis drive (ACTH release) during chronic stress. However, loss of NE/E drive at the PVN appears to be buffered by compensation at the level of the adrenal.
South Africa's nuclear weapon program: Lessons for U.S. nonproliferation policy

Frank V. Pabian, an International Assessments Analyst at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, has been following the South African nuclear program for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) for over 20 years. He visited many key nuclear facilities and has met and interviewed principal South African scientists in the program. This report was funded by the Export Control Operations Division, Office of Nonproliferation and National Security, DOE. The views expressed are those of the author and not necessarily those of the DOE. SOUTH AFRICA’S NUCLEAR WEAPON PROGRAM: LESSONS FOR U.S. NONPROLIFERATION POLICY
The Influence of Chloride on Glucose Export in Marine Crabs: Sensitivity of Glucose-6-phosphatase to Chloride Ion

Abstract The export of cellular glucose depends on the endoplasmic reticulum bound enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase), which catalyzes the hydrolysis of glucose-6-phosphate to glucose-6, the final step required for the release of new glucose into the blood or hemolymph. The current study examined the effect of chloride on G-6-Pase activity in two marine crustaceans: the ion-regulating crab Menippe mercenaria, and the ion-conforming crab Libinia dubia. Elevated chloride (from 0 to 250 mmol L−1 Cl−) stimulated hepatopancreas G-6-Pase activity in both crabs (2 times in M. mercenaria and up to 1.6 times in L. dubia). Elevated chloride also increased glucose export from isolated M. mercenaria hepatopancreas. These results are in stark contrast to G-6-Pase chloride inhibition previously reported in vertebrate liver. The sensitivity of G-6-Pase to changes in environmental chloride was determined in crabs acclimated to low (20‰) and high (45‰) salinity. M. mercenaria acclimated to high salinity became less s...
Ultrastructural and Enzyme Changes in Muscles with Exercise

It is generally accepted that the inunediate energy source for muscular contraction comes from hydrolysis of the terminal phosphate bond of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is supplied to the contractile apparatus primarily from the oxidation of the carbohydrates and fats stored in the muscle or brought to it by the circulation. Most of the ATP is produced by the aerobic pathways of the mitochondria. Thus, the functional capacity of a muscle may be related to the ability of the mitochondria to provide a continuing, adequate supply of ATP. The purpose of this paper is to consider some of the changes that occur in the ultrastructure and enzyme activity, particularly those of the mitochondria, of skeletal and cardiac muscle as a result of acute or chronic exercise.
Food Sources, Supplements, and Bioavailability

Early humans are thought to have consumed a diet rich in calcium from a wide range of plant sources (1). With cultivation of plants, a few staple cereal crops became the major source of energy for modern man. Botanically speaking, cereal grains are the fruit of the plant, which is the part of the plant that accumulates the least amount of calcium. Since the agricultural revolution, the main food source of calcium in the diet of most populations is dairy products. Calcium adequacy in the diet became directly related to dairy consumption. In the last few years, an enormous increase in diversity of food sources of calcium has become available in North America through extensive fortification. Now, calcium requirements can be met through consumption of dairy products (primarily milk); through fortified foods; or through supplements.
Simulation and Analysis of Non-Hybrid Displacement-Controlled Hydraulic Propulsion Systems Suitable for Railway Applications

A hydraulic propulsion system is a convenient choice for many earth-moving and construction machineries because of their large mass and low speed required during normal operations. Due to the increasing fuel cost occurred during the last decade, a growing attention in displacement-controlled architectures is taking place. The key factors that motivate this interest are the energy-saving actuation and the easy implementation of the regenerative braking. In this regard, solutions like hydrostatic transmissions and secondary controlled hydraulic motors were already investigated for generic applications. Nevertheless, in some machines it is necessary to have more axles driven while guaranteeing a precise control of the tractive/braking torque: this is the case of the railway machineries. Thus, this research paper is aimed at comparing the non-hybrid displacement-controlled architectures mentioned above applied to a railway track maintenance machine. Discussing the control algorithms and analyzing some virtual simulations performed with high-fidelity dynamic models are part of the work. Specifically, after confirming the proper system functioning, the final targets are gaining deeper insight into the system behaviors and determining the most convenient layout in terms of energy consumption.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Dietary Effects on Fitness Components at the PGM-1 Locus of TRIBOLIUM CASTANEUM

ABSTRACT The pattern of genetic differentiation among experimental populations of the flour beetle Tribolium castaneum suggested the hypothesis that relative fitness of three genotypes at the PGM-1 locus (or other linked loci) depends directly on diet. This hypothesis was tested by measuring several fitness components (developmental time, survival, fecundity, rate of egg cannibalism) on groups of individuals differing at the PGM-1 locus that were reared on three types of flour (wheat, corn and a mixture of wheat, corn, barley and rye). Flour type had large effects on all traits except larval survival to 3 weeks of age. Relative fitnesses of the three genotypes differed significantly for fecundity. Diet was found to significantly influence the relative developmental times of the three genotypes.
Learning Persistence Through Sports: Three Autoethnographic Sketches

ABSTRACTIn this paper, I use autoethnographic sketches (Rambo, 2007) to examine the way that sports have taught me the value of persistence. Specifically, I explore the way that (a) playing baseball as a young child, (b) serving as the team manager on the high school football team, and (c) working out as an adult have each equipped me to cope with the limitations associated with my physical disability, cerebral palsy, while also allowing me to articulate my relationship to my body on my own terms. I hope that this paper encourages readers to examine the practices that undergird their lives and to explore the origins of the values that motivate their everyday experiences.
Final Report: The AFRL High Altitude Turbulence Program

*In 2002, the Air Force Weather Agency did not have a centralized capability to forecast high altitude turbulence (HAT) for high altitude reconnaissance resources. There was a pressing need for increased basic knowledge of HAT and improved forecast technologies. In FY2004, the Air Force Research Laboratory incorporated the HAT effort into its optical turbulence program at the Hanscom AFB Research Site, due to the many commonalities in the underlying physics and mathematics. Between FY2004 and FY2007, the final year of 6.2 funding, the laboratory examined many existing HAT forecast techniques and gathered a large amount of experimental data of HAT, from airborne and from balloon-borne instruments. These data served to assist in the basic understanding of the HAT problem, and provided verification data for forecast models. This report describes the models that were investigated and the data obtained to support the work, the methodology used to determine the cause of the HAT problem, the basic research that was supported by AFOSR for this problem, and the mitigation strategies. The paper contains considerations regarding the transition of forecast models to the Air Force Weather Agency and recommendations to the high altitude aircraft community for the mitigation of the unforecast HAT.
Reform of EDA in Electronics Teaching

With the continuous development of information,this article indicates the importance of introducing EDA simulating software into the electronic engineering curriculum.This paper probes into the effective paths and methods for improving the teaching quality using EDA software in such aspect as theory teaching,and the demand of talent of higher vocational and technical education for informational and economical society.
Cause Analysis and Prevention from Violent Crimes of "Killing Children on Campus"—— Discuss from the Perspective of Criminology

Recently,the crimes aiming at young children on campus have taken place frequently,causing heavy casualties and increasingly serious harm.What's worse,the unfavorable consequences caused by the crimes eventually are far more than that,especially the "crime sequelae",which are hard to eliminate completely for a long time.Therefore,crimes of this kind must arouse our close attention,and the key point is that we must clarify the causes of the crimes and take some positive and effective measures to inhibit them.
Tiltmeter observations at Cape Yakataga, Alaska, preceding the St. Elias earthquake, M = 7.8, of February 28, 1979

abstract On February 28, 1979 at 2127 UTC, a magnitude of 7.7 earthquake occurred near Mt. St. Elias in southeastern Alaska. The U.S. Geological Survey has been operating a shallow borehole tiltmeter at Cape Yakataga, Alaska, 80 km southeast of the epicenter since March 1977. This instrument has been telemetering data to Menlo Park, California, via Landsat satellite with an onsite strip chart recorder as backup. The strip chart record shows fluctuations due to meteorological effects. However, for 2 months preceding the earthquake, the east-west trace is steady at the 2-μrad level. Instrumental response at the time of the earthquake shows an offset of 4.5 μrad with an exponential decay over several hours to a new level. Five days after the earthquake, both north-south and east-west components returned to pre-earthquake levels. This postseismic tilting may be complicated by meteorological effects.
Trends in Cerebral Revascularization in the Era of Pipeline and Carotid Occlusion Surgery Study.

Background In the past, microsurgical bypass was the best option for revascularization of cerebrovascular lesions that required flow replacement or flow augmentation. Over the last 2 decades with advancements in the field of neuroendovascular surgery, especially with the revolution of flow diverting stents as well as the results of the Carotid Occlusion Surgery Study, indications for microvascular bypass have significantly decreased. The purpose of this study was to evaluate trends in cerebral revascularization over the past 8 years. Methods We retrospectively reviewed patients with cerebral revascularization surgery during the years 2006–2014 in a single surgeon's practice. All patients who had undergone cerebral revascularization for any indication were included in the study. Results We identified 106 patients who had undergone cerebral bypass; 2 patients were excluded. Of 104 patients, 60% were female and 40% were male. Indications for surgery were giant aneurysm in 48 patients, arterial occlusion in 30 patients, and moyamoya disease in 26 patients. In all indications except for moyamoya disease, case number per year declined. A marked decrease was noted in revascularization for treatment of giant aneurysm or occlusion. Conclusions This study demonstrates the impact that both scientific inquiry and technologic advances have had on a challenging and valuable technique in cerebrovascular surgery. Indications for both flow replacement and augmentative bypass remain. However, the marked decline in indications may have an indelible impact on maintenance of surgical proficiency as well as the ability for young neurosurgeons to develop this valuable skill set.
Did Black Literacy Rise After Soweto

How political theorists think about State "strength" and central policy making is hampered in two ways. Analytic work in the West highlights how actors in or outside Government attempt to shape policy action, rather than assessing its local effects. And policy effects at the grassroots often are assumed to be uniform, rather than variable across distinct ethnic or gender groups. Within caste-like societies, such as South Africa, local ethnic and gender affiliations have historically shaped access to and quality of local institutions, particularly township schools. This paper examines the cross-generational effects of Pretoria's post-Soweto attempt to expand educational opportunities, aimed at boosting enrollment rates for young blacks and raising their literacy (1976-1993). We find that the central State was highly successful in encouraging more young Africans to attend school, but literacy rates increased just slightly, presumably due to low quality and high levels of political contention within schools. Importantly, literacy rose more for members of certain black ethnic groups and this effect interacted with gender. While illiteracy remains a deep public problem in South Africa, the constraints and social resources for addressing the problem appear to vary across ethnic groups and between young women and men.
Improved outcomes in stage I HER2 positive breast cancer patients treated with trastuzumab and chemotherapy.

594Background: HER-2 overexpression confers a more aggressive tumor phenotype in breast cancer, even in stage 1 disease. The large adjuvant trastuzumab trials excluded patients with node-negative tumors smaller than 1 cm. Subset analysis of one trial suggested patients with tumors 1–2 cm in size derived at least as much clinical benefit from adjuvant trastuzumab as did the overall cohort.It is currently unknown whether patients with T1a-T1bN0 HER-2+ tumors should routinely receive adjuvant chemotherapy and trastuzumab. Our goal was to examine clinical outcomes in patients with small HER2+ tumors treated at Cleveland Clinic (CC) to help guide treatment decisions. Methods: Cancer data registry was utilized to identify patients with stage I HER2+ cancer treated with or without trastuzumab and chemotherapy at CC after 2006. Patient charts were reviewed for recurrence and survival information. Disease-free survival (DFS) was defined as time from date of diagnosis to relapse, second primary cancer or death, whi...
The status of corporate social responsibility research in public relations: A content analysis of published articles in eleven scholarly journals from 1980 to 2015

Abstract This quantitative content analysis of 133 articles published in eleven academic journals sheds light on the research topics, theories, methods, and authorship in corporate social responsibility (CSR) research in public relations scholarship. The findings indicate that CSR research in public relations has increased dramatically since 2006. Although theoretically grounded studies still do not represent the majority of the research in this area, the stakeholder theory is the one that is most often invoked, followed by legitimacy and attribution theories. Regarding the methodological approach, a balance between qualitative and quantitative research is evident, with a recent increase in mixed-method approaches. Content analysis was the most often used, followed by experiment, survey, comprehensive literature review, and case study. Research topics that involve CSR effects as well as descriptions of CSR practices and communication have consistently received significant attention. However, research topics that involve the role of public relations and perceptions of stakeholders have decreased in recent years. The work from the most productive researchers and institutions suggests that a broad spectrum of public relations scholarship in CSR research exists outside the United States.
Proactive Skill Posting in Referral Networks

Distributed learning in expert referral networks is an emerging challenge in the intersection of Active Learning and Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning, where experts—humans or automated agents—can either solve problems themselves or refer said problems to others with more appropriate expertise. Recent work demonstrated methods that can substantially improve the overall performance of a network and proposed a distributed referral-learning algorithm, DIEL (Distributed Interval Estimation Learning), for learning appropriate referral choices. This paper augments the learning setting with a proactive skill posting step where experts can report some of their top skills to their colleagues. We found that in this new learning setting with meaningful priors, a modified algorithm, proactive-DIEL, performed initially much better and reached its maximum performance sooner than DIEL on the same data set used previously. Empirical evaluations show that the learning algorithm is robust to random noise in an expert’s estimation of her own expertise, and there is little advantage in misreporting skills when the rest of the experts report truthfully, i.e., the algorithm is near Bayesian-Nash incentive-compatible.