cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An evaluation of fairness among heterogeneous TCP variants over 10Gbps high-speed networks

Several high speed TCP variants are adopted by end users and therefore, heterogeneous congestion control has become the characteristic of newly emerging high-speed networks. In contrast to homogeneous TCP flows, fairness among heterogeneous TCP flows now depends on router parameters such as queue management scheme, buffer size, etc. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first evaluation of fairness among heterogeneous TCP variants over 10Gbps high-speed networks. Our evaluation scenarios for heterogeneous TCP flows consist of TCP variants with substantial presence in current Internet; therefore, TCP-SACK, CUBIC and HSTCP compete for bottleneck bandwidth. Experimental results for fairness are presented for different queue management schemes such as Drop-tail, RED, and CHOKe with varying degree of buffer sizes. We observed heterogeneous TCP flows induce more unfairness than homogeneous ones. RED and CHOKe improve fairness for large buffer sizes as compared to Drop-tail, whereas all three show similar fairness behavior for small buffer sizes.
Power System Reliability Evaluation With SCADA Cybersecurity Considerations

As information and communication networks are highly interconnected with the power grid, cyber security of the supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system has become a critical issue in the electric power sector. By exploiting the vulnerabilities in cyber components and intruding into the local area networks of the control center, corporation, substations, or by injecting false information into communication links, the attackers are able to eavesdrop critical data, reconfigure devices, and send trip commands to the intelligent electronic devices that control the system breakers. Reliability of the power system can thus be impacted by various cyber attacks. In this paper, four attack scenarios for cyber components in networks of the SCADA system are considered, which may trip breakers of physical components. Two Bayesian attack graph models are built to illustrate the attack procedures and to evaluate the probabilities of successful cyber attacks. A mean time-to-compromise model is modified and adopted considering the known and zero-day vulnerabilities on the cyber components, and the frequencies of intrusions through various paths are estimated. With increased breaker trips resulting from the cyber attacks, the loss of load probabilities in the IEEE reliability test system 79 are estimated. The simulation results demonstrate that the power system becomes less reliable as the frequency of successful attacks on the cyber components increases and the skill levels of attackers increase.
Multifunctional protein microarrays for cultivation of cells and immunodetection of secreted cellular products

The microarray format is being used extensively for combinatorial screening of cellular interactions with proteins, small molecules, or biomaterials. The utility of microarray-based cell cultivation approaches may be enhanced further by incorporating biosensing elements alongside the cell-adhesive ligands to enable local detection of secreted cellular products. The concept of combining cells and sensing elements in the same microarray is demonstrated in the present paper with hepatocytes serving as a model cellular system. Robotic microarraying was employed to print arrays of 300-μm-diameter collagen (I) spots alongside the antibody (Ab) spots specific to liver proteins: albumin and α1-antitrypsin (α1-AT). Protein microarrays were printed onto poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel-coated glass slides, thus eliminating nonspecific adsorption of cells or proteins. When incubated with printed microarrays, hepatocytes became localized on collagen (I) domains but did not attach on Ab spots or elsewhere on hydrogel-co...
Special issue of computer graphics and image processing

A special issue of Computer Graphics and Image Processing on Motion and Time-Varying Imagery is planned for 1982. Professor J.K. Aggarwal will be the guest editor for the special issue. The issue will address both theoretical and experimental issues related to time-varying imagery including dynamic scene analysis, real-time processing of imagery, applications of optic flow to motion problems, and the determination of structure from multiple sensor images. Authors are invited to submit three copies of their papers by February 28, 1982 to the guest editor.
Investigations on The Root Habits of Plants

Ten years ago, while studying the vegetation of semi-arid eastern Washington, interest in root studies was aroused because of the extensive root systems of the native species. Balsamorrhiza sagittata, the first plant excavated, is representative. The strong tap root reaches a depth of six feet, and very numerous branches run laterally to distances of about two feet. Further investigations in several other states showed that extensive root systems are the rule among grassland species. A ndropogon haliji, with exceedingly well branched fibrous roots seven feet deep, is representative of many of the dominants. About ninety percent of the more important species are rooted well below the two-foot level, and not a few, such as Liatris punctata, extend to depths of fifteen to twenty-two feet. The great extent of roots in relation to above-ground parts is often very striking. Gleditsia triacanthos, thirteen weeks after seed-germination, although reaching a height of only nine inches, produced a remarkably widespread root system that extended well into the fourth foot of soil. The roots of Solidago oreophila, a small species only about a foot high, spread about two feet on all sides of the plant while some penetrate downward to a distance of two and one half feet. Nor is the great extent of roots in comparison to tops confined to native species. Maize (Zea mays indentata) has a wonderfully developed root system which occupies rather thoroughly over two hundred cubic feet of soil. The root system of the sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) is likewise very extensive, branching widely and extending downward to a depth of five or six feet. The rapidity of root growth is quite as remarkable as root extent. Spartina cynosuroides reaches a depth of over four feet at the age of eleven weeks. This growth rate of over half an inch a day is not unusual among our native grasses. The widely spreading roots of potatoes, when they begin their vertical descent, elongate at the rate of an inch a day for a period of two or more weeks. When the main vertical roots of corn begin to develop, they sometimes penetrate downward at the remarkable rate of 2 to 2.5 inches per day during a period of 3 or 4 weeks, sometimes reaching depths of more than eight feet. The rate of growth of the primary root system of winter wheat during ioor Is-day intervals is of interest (text fig. i). An average growth rate of over half an inch per day is maintained for a period of 70 days. Of course, during this time abundant laterals and also roots of the secondary system are developing.
Phase I dose and sequencing study of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin and docetaxel in patients with advanced malignancies.

BACKGROUND Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PEG-LD) and docetaxel have single-agent activity in several malignancies. The authors conducted a Phase I trial to evaluate the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), toxicities, and effect of dose sequencing of this combination in patients with advanced malignancies. METHODS Twenty-two patients were enrolled in this two-arm, accelerated, dose escalation trial. Both drugs were administered on Days 1 and 15 of a 28 day cycle. In Arm A, dose escalation proceeded from a sequence and starting dose of 15 mg/m2 PEG-LD and 30 mg/m2 docetaxel. In Arm B, dose escalation proceeded from a sequence and starting dose of 30 mg/m2 docetaxel and 15 mg/m2PEG-LD. In both arms, the dose of each drug was increased alternately by 5 mg/m2 at each dose level. RESULTS The MTD for Arm A was 20 mg/m2 PEG-LD and 40 mg/m2 docetaxel, both of which were administered on Days 1 and 15 of a 28-day cycle. The MTD for Arm B was 35 mg/m2 docetaxel and 20 mg/m2 PEG-LD, both of which were administered on Days 1 and 15 of a 28-day cycle. Dose-limiting toxicities were Grade 3 (according to the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria) skin toxicity and thrombocytopenia. One partial response was observed and stable disease was documented for three patients. CONCLUSIONS The recommended sequence and dose is 20 mg/m2 PEG-LD followed by 40 mg/m2 docetaxel on Days 1 and 15 of a 28-day cycle in Phase II trials for patients with breast and ovarian carcinoma to establish the efficacy of this well tolerated regimen. Cancer 2003;98:610–7. © 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11547
On the structure of the group g∗1 appearing in hyperelasticity

Abstract In the representation theorem for the stored energy function of a hyperelastic material, it is necessary to determine a subgroup g ∗ 1 of the symmetry group g of the stress tensor. It is the purpose of this note to study the construction of g ∗ 1 and its relation to the other subgroups ot g, viz. the commutator subgroup g c and the orthogonal subgroup g 0 .
Substation electric field measuring techniques using scale models

Abstract Scale models of high-voltage AC substations can be used to determine the distribution of the electric field. An energized scale model of an actual 345 kV substation has been designed and constructed to prove the method. Modeling principles, instrumentation techniques, calibration and verification tests are reviewed, and the accuracy of model measurements is discussed. The agreement between full-scale and model measurements is good; the mean of absolute values of discrepancies between corresponding test points is about 4.6%. The electric field strength of the model substation was mapped, a wide range of parameters influencing the electric field was examined, and the feasibility of model vehicle charging current measurements was proven.
Perceptual learning: An analysis based on selective attention measurements

An experiment was carried out to assess the relative merits of the differentiation and association theories of perceptual learning. Two Hebrew and two Roman characters were used to form stimuli describable by three orthogonal dimensions: form, system, and name. Two groups of subjects, who differed in their ability to read Hebrew, did a series of card sorting tasks. The results indicated that the subjects who could read Hebrew were able to use the name dimension in a classification task, whereas the non-Hebrew readers were not. This finding shows that long-term associative learning can facilitate perceptual classification.
Effects of room reverberation upon hearing aid quality judgments.

Hearing-aid-processed speech recorded in reverberant and nonreverberant environments was ranked utilizing quality judgment and speech discrimination tasks. 21 normally hearing and 20 hearing-impaired listeners ranked the hearing-aid-processed speech. Quality judgments in reverberant environments may yield important information with respect to hearing aid selection. In contrast, speech discrimination rankings in a non-reverberant environment appeared to be similar to the speech discrimination rankings obtained in the reverberant condition.21 sujets a audition normale et 20 sujets souffrant d'une atteinte de l'audition participerent a cette etude qui avait pour but de classer un certain nombre d'appareils de correction auditive, compte tenu des resultats d'un test de qualite et d'un test de discrimination de la parole en milieu reverberant et en milieu non reverberant. En milieu reverberant, les jugements subjectifs de qualite sont susceptibles de fournir des renseignements importants pour le choix de l'app...
MAGNETIC INDUCTION PARAMETER FOR LORENTZ ACCELERATORS

Equations for the proper amount of magnetic induction in Lorentz accelerators are derived, based on the hypothesis that secondary effects become significant when high efficiencies in the energy conversion process are attempted. The optimum amount of magnetic induction can be determined directly from the change of available electric energy into kinetic energy of the working fluid. The electric power input per unit cross section area of the accelerator is equal to or greater than the increase in kinetic energy of the working fluid plus the power required to increase its degree of ionization. (C.E.S.)
In situ molecular association of dystrophin with actin revealed by sensitized emission immuno-resonance energy transfer

A novel method was developed to detect molecular associations of dystrophin with actin in cryostat muscle tissue sections by combining resonance energy transfer technology with immunohistochemical techniques. This method takes advantage of the long phosphorescent lifetime of terbium chelates, a property that enables the accurate determination of energy transfer in biological tissues by lifetime measurements of sensitized emission. After a brief excitation pulse, terbium chelates emit for milliseconds after the intrinsically high autofluorescence of biological specimens has decayed to negligible levels. Rat skeletal muscle tissue sections were labeled with both anti-dystrophin monoclonal antibody conjugated to a terbium-based resonance energy transfer donor and anti-actin tetramethylrhodamine phalloidin as an acceptor. Resonance energy transfer between the two probes indicated that the distance separating the probes is within 10 nm (about the size of an IgG2b antibody molecule). The fraction of antibodies that participated in resonance energy transfer was estimated to be 80–90% because of the close agreement between the quenching of donor phosphorescence and the efficiency of resonance energy transfer revealed by lifetime measurements of sensitized emission by tetramethyl-rhodamine phalloidin. Sensitized emission was detectable only when both anti-dystrophin antibody and tetramethyl-rhodamine phalloidin were present. These results indicate that actin and dystrophin are closely associated within the cell. This method is potentially applicable to the investigation of many types of intracellular associations.
Treatment of central precocious puberty.

The problems of central precocious puberty (CPP) are serious enough to the patient to deserve treatment. There is a general consensus among paediatric endocrinologists that the treatment of true CP...
On measuring psychometric functions: A comparison of the constant‐stimulus and adaptive up–down methods

Psychometric functions were obtained using the conventional constant‐stimulus method and an adaptive up–down method, for both computer‐simulated and human observers. Except when the stimuli are closely placed, psychometric functions obtained with the adaptive method are as accurate as those obtained with the constant‐stimulus method. Empirically, the adaptive method has some potential advantages owing to its ability to automatically concentrate the trials within the dynamic range of the psychometric function. It needs no pilot measurements for setting the signals as required by the constant‐stimulus method. Furthermore, following a marked change in the underlying psychometric function, the distribution of the trials is automatically readjusted. Thus, on the basis of empirical considerations, the adaptive method is a better choice than the constant‐stimulus method for measuring psychometric functions.
Diffuse fasciitis with eosinophilia developing after local irradiation for breast cancer

This case describes a patient who developed diffuse fasciitis with eosinophilia (DFE) after an exaggerated local response to radiation following excision of a lymph node-negative breast cancer. Our patient’s fasciitis was diffuse, involving both upper and lower extremities and the trunk at sites distant from the irradiation and tumor site. The fasciitis progressed after curative excision of the breast cancer rather than concurrently with active breast cancer and persisted despite therapy; there was no tumor reoccurrence. With three published cases linking localized eosinophilic fasciitis with breast cancer, and with the literature suggesting that DFE commonly presents after a traumatic trigger, the possibility that radiation therapy for breast cancer could be one such trigger is an important insight for clinicians treating the many patients who undergo breast cancer treatment each year.
Current Concepts in Resuscitation

Early recognition and differentiation of shock, as well as goal-directed resuscitation, are fundamental principles in the care of the critically ill or injured patient. Substantial progress has been made over the last decade in the understanding of both shock and resuscitation. Specific areas of advancement, particularly pertaining to hemorrhagic shock, include a heightened appreciation of dynamic measurements of preload responsiveness (eg, respiratory-induced pulse pressure and venous diameter variability), an improved awareness of the detrimental effects of blood product transfusion, and better recognition of the complications of overzealous volume expansion. However, several areas of controversy remain regarding the optimal resuscitation strategy. These include the optimal targets for perfusion pressure and oxygen delivery, endpoints of resuscitation, resuscitative fluid, and transfusion strategies for packed red blood cells and blood products. This article reviews the diagnosis and differentiation of ...
Hydroxyurea enhanced chromatid aberrations in tradescantia pollen tubes and seasonal variation of aberration rates

Abstract Pollen tubes of Tradescantia paludosa Anders., Sax clone-3 were used to study the effect of hydroxyurea on chromosomes. Mature pollen grains from plants grown in a hot-house or incubator illuminated by Gro-lux (Sylvania) lamps were colleted around 11 a.m. and desiccated in the dark for 4 h. The dry pollen grains were sown on microslides coated with lactose agar medium (0.02% colchine) for control groups; medium was supplemented with 3 m M hydroxyurea (heated to 80° for 15 min) for treated groups. Pollen cultures on the microslides were incubated at 23° for 16–19 h, fixed in Gate's fluid, stained with Feulgen and made into permanent preparations for metaphase chromosomes. 300 cells from each of the treated and control groups were scored, and the rate of aberration was expressed as number of breaks per 100 cells. Treated groups from the experiments conducted in summer season had an average aberration rate 43.1 breaks per 100 cells while the control groups an average rate of 15.4 breaks per 100 cells. The repeated experiments in winter season indicated a marked decrease of aberration rate in both treated (8.0 breaks/100 cells) and control (4.3 breaks/100 cells) groups. This seasonal variation of aberration rates resembles earlier findings in SO 2 enhanced aberrations. The high background aberration rate in summer season could be due to the effect of colchicine.
The GAFa domain of phosphodiesterase-6 contains a rod outer segment localization signal.

Photoreceptor phosphodiesterase-6 (PDE6) is a peripheral membrane protein synthesized in the inner segment of photoreceptor cells. Newly synthesized PDE6 is transported to the outer segment (OS) where it serves as a key effector enzyme in the phototransduction cascade. Proper localization of PDE6 in photoreceptors is critically important to the function and survival of photoreceptor cells. The mechanism of PDE6 transport to the OS remains largely unknown. In this study, we investigated potential OS targeting signals of PDE6 by constructing cGMP-binding, cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase-5/PDE6 chimeric proteins and analyzing their localization in rods of transgenic Xenopus laevis. We found that efficient OS localization of chimeric isoprenylated PDE enzymes required the presence of a targeting motif within the PDE6 GAFa domain. Furthermore, the GAFa-dependent localization signal was sufficient to target GAFa fusion protein to the OS. Our results support the idea that effective trafficking of the peripheral membrane proteins to the OS of photoreceptor cells requires a sorting/targeting motif in addition to a membrane-binding signal. Trafficking of phosphodiesterase 6 (PDE6), the key phototransduction enzyme, was analyzed in rods of transgenic X. laevis by constructing transgenes for rod-specific expression of chimeric PDE6/PDE5 proteins. Analysis of localization of chimeric PDE proteins reveals a novel GAFa domain–dependent targeting signal involved in proper trafficking of PDE6 to the rod outer segment.
Effects of temperature, ration, and fish size on growth of juvenile black rockfish, Sebastes melanops

Young Sebastes melanops live as pelagic larvae and juveniles in offshore waters, recruiting to the nearshore environment at an age of approximately six months. In the summer upwelling season, juveniles may be captured in tidepools and shallow coastal waters, where temperatures may be as low as 8°C, or in shallow estuarine habitats where temperatures reach 18°C. This study was conducted to determine the effects of temperature, ration, and fish size upon growth. Juveniles 35 to 93 mm standard length were acclimated to 7°, 12°, and 18°C and provided four daily rations (nominally 0, 25, 50, and 100% maximum ration); growth and food consumption were monitored over 57 days.
Thinking outside the zone: High-resolution quantitative diatom biochronology for the Antarctic Neogene

Abstract Developing a coherent Neogene history of the Antarctic ice sheet and Southern Ocean requires a high-resolution biostratigraphic age model, one that is applicable to the array of existing onshore and offshore paleoenvironmental records. This study integrates comprehensive diatom biostratigraphy magnetostratigraphy, and tephrostratigraphy from 32 Neogene sections around the Southern Ocean and Antarctic continental margin. Framing their correlation as a Constrained Optimization (CONOP) permits the use of computer implemented approaches that resemble multidimensional versions of graphic correlation. The method establishes the most parsimonious sequence of events subject to an expert's selection of suitable input data, determination of geological feasibility (constraints) and the most appropriate measure of fit to the data (optimization). Quantitative output includes assessments of record quality and confidence intervals on all age assignments. Thorough review and testing of CONOP model settings and input datasets established the solution's sensitivity to these factors and guided the selective removal of unreliable data to produce a robust, precise, and reproducible biochronology. Two complementary models, based on different assumptions about reworking, yield independent estimates of average local ranges and total regional ranges of fossil taxa in the southern high latitudes. The resulting composite sequences include range data of 116 diatom taxa, as well as 52 paleomagnetic reversals and two radiometrically dated ashes, which enable age calibration to within an average of ± 0.08 m.y. for first and last appearances as old as 18 Ma. Deviations of new model ages from previously published estimates are generally small, and reflect the different sample sizes available for traditional versus new quantitative biostratigraphic calibrations. Our results confirm the reliability and regional isochroneity of most commonly utilized diatom zonal marker events, identify many new potentially useful events, and provide up to an order of magnitude greater temporal resolution than traditional zonations. The anticipated expansion of this new Southern Ocean chronostratigraphic framework to new localities and other microfossil groups will pave the way to further age refinement and broader application of this approach in the future.
Tricriticality of HoSb

Abstract We have calculated the specific heat and temperature derivative of the resistivity of holmium antimonide, HoSb, below TN in terms of a molecular field model. From the results we suggest that HoSb is a model system which is near a tricritical point independent of the application of any external fields.
A MODIFICATION OF THE TRADITIONAL THIRY-VELLA LOOP FOR PRECISE QUANTITATIVE ABSORPTION STUDIES.

SummaryA brief history of the Thiry-Vella loop and its modifications is presented. A satisfactory simple innovation to facilitate precise quantitative balance studies without spillage of test fluid is described.
A new approach to numerical integration by means of steady-state flux in a slab

Abstract The definite integral is generally interpreted geometrically as an “area”. An alternate interpretation as a steady-state “flux” through a unit slab is derived, which leads to a new method of numerical integration. The usual sum of a large number of approximate areas is replaced by the flux through a “single” increment. The method involves the solution of a system of linear finite difference equations. The coefficient matrix is tri-diagonal and is solved efficiently by the Thomas algorithm. During the iterative process the coefficients are determined by simple quadrature schemes applied to each increment. Error analysis revealed that an expression could be derived for the roundoff error associated with the final Thomas iteration. It is shown that the roundoff error is smallest when the matrix coefficients a k \S>1. The method is shown to be superior to the classical methods due to its simplicity and tolerance for variable increment size. In addition, a new function is determined which is useful in diffusion studies. Numerical data are presented confirming these results.
Identification of a metabolic biomarker panel in rats for prediction of acute and idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity.

It has been estimated that 10% of acute liver failure is due to “idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity”. The inability to identify such compounds with classical preclinical markers of hepatotoxicity has driven the need to discover a mechanism-based biomarker panel for hepatotoxicity. Seven compounds were included in this study: two overt hepatotoxicants (acetaminophen and carbon tetrachloride), two idiosyncratic hepatotoxicants (felbamate and dantrolene), and three non-hepatotoxicants (meloxicam, penicillin and metformin). Male Sprague–Dawley rats were orally gavaged with a single dose of vehicle, low dose or high dose of the compounds. At 6 h and 24 h post-dosing, blood was collected for metabolomics and clinical chemistry analyses, while organs were collected for histopathology analysis. Forty-one metabolites from previous hepatotoxicity studies were semi-quantified and were used to build models to predict hepatotoxicity. The selected metabolites were involved in various pathways, which have been noted to be linked to the underlying mechanisms of hepatotoxicity. PLS models based on all 41 metabolite or smaller subsets of 6 (6 h), 7 (24 h) and 20 (6 h and 24 h) metabolites resulted in models with an accuracy of at least 97.4% for the hold-out test set and 100% for training sets. When applied to the external test sets, the PLS models predicted that 1 of 9 rats at both 6 h and 24 h treated with idiosyncratic liver toxicants was exposed to a hepatotoxic chemical. In conclusion, the biomarker panel might provide information that along with other endpoint data (e.g., transcriptomics and proteomics) may diagnose acute and idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity in a clinical setting.
Phosphoinositide-3-kinase and mitogen activated protein kinase signaling pathways mediate acute NGF sensitization of TRPV1

Nerve growth factor (NGF) induces an acute sensitization of nociceptive DRG neurons, in part, through sensitization of the capsaicin receptor TRPV1 via the high affinity trkA receptor. The mechanisms linking trkA and TRPV1 remain controversial with several candidate signaling pathways proposed. Utilizing adult rat and mouse DRG neurons and CHO cells co-expressing trkA and TRPV1, we have investigated the signaling events underlying acute TRPV1 sensitization by NGF combining biochemical, electrophysiological, pharmacological, mutational and genetic knockout approaches. Pharmacological interference with p42/p44 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) or phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K), but not PLC abrogated sensitization of capsaicin responses. Co-expression of TRPV1 with wild-type or Y785F (PLC signal deficient) mutant human trkA reconstituted NGF sensitization. In contrast, TRPV1 co-expressed with MAPK signaling deficient Y490A or PI3K signaling deficient Y751F trkA mutants exhibited weaker sensitization. Biochemical analysis of p42/p44 and Akt phosphorylation confirmed the specificity of pharmacological agents and trkA mutants. Finally, NGF sensitization of capsaicin responses was greatly reduced in neurons from p85α (regulatory subunit of PI3K) null mice. These data strongly suggest that PI3K and MAPK pathways, but not the PLC pathway underlie the acute sensitization of TRPV1 by NGF.
Noteworthy mosses and a new variety collected from the 2014 joint expedition of CAS and CMUH new to Mindanao Island of the Philippines

Twenty-five mosses are reported as new additions to the moss flora of Mindanao with five species also new to the Philippines. A new variety of Taxiphyllum arcuatum, T. arcuatum var. apiculatum , is proposed.
Update on prevention and treatment of intestinal helminth infections.

Intestinal helminth infections are some of world’s most common tropical diseases and cause significant impairments in pediatric growth and cognitive impairment as well as maternal health, particularly in areas lacking adequate access to safe water or sanitation. Routine mass drug administration (MDA) of anthelminthic medications to children living in endemic areas and interventions to improve water hygiene and sanitation form the basis of current control efforts. We review recent evidence on the effectiveness of these approaches and outline the limitations of MDA, including poor cure rates against hookworm and Trichuris trichiura, rapid post-MDA reinfection, and inadequate coverage of at-risk populations. Ultimately, alternative tools and strategies, including new drugs, drug combinations, and vaccines, will be needed to control or ultimately eliminate these infections.
The effects of tax limitation in ohio cities

Ohio still retains the uniform general property tax with a rigid tax limitation. Cities face financial ruin while rural and urban groups wrangle in the legislature.
On the probabilistic structure of water age

The age distribution of water in hydrologic systems has received renewed interest recently, especially in relation to watershed response to rainfall inputs. The purpose of this contribution is first to draw attention to existing theories of age distributions in population dynamics, fluid mechanics and stochastic groundwater, and in particular to the McKendrick-von Foerster equation and its generalizations and solutions. A second and more important goal is to clarify that, when hydrologic fluxes are modeled by means of time-varying stochastic processes, the age distributions must themselves be treated as random functions. Once their probabilistic structure is obtained, it can be used to characterize the variability of age distributions in real systems and thus help quantify the inherent uncertainty in the field determination of water age. We illustrate these concepts with reference to a stochastic storage model, which has been used as a minimalist model of soil moisture and streamflow dynamics.
Space station orbit maintenance

The orbit maintenance problem is examined for two low-earth-orbiting space station concepts - the large, manned Space Operations Center (SOC) and the smaller, unmanned Science and Applications Space Platform (SASP). Atmospheric drag forces are calculated, and circular orbit altitudes are selected to assure a 90 day decay period in the event of catastrophic propulsion system failure. Several thrusting strategies for orbit maintenance are discussed. Various chemical and electric propulsion systems for orbit maintenance are compared on the basis of propellant resupply requirements, power requirements, Shuttle launch costs, and technology readiness.
Differential Sensitivity to Boscalid in Conidia and Ascospores of Didymella bryoniae and Frequency of Boscalid-Insensitive Isolates in South Carolina

Abstract Since 2003, a 2:1 mixture of the fungicides boscalid and pyraclostrobin (Pristine) has been used widely on watermelon and other cucurbits, primarily to control gummy stem blight caused by Didymella bryoniae. Several isolates of D. bryoniae that were insensitive to boscalid at 10 mg/liter were found in a watermelon research plot in South Carolina in 2008. In total, 201 isolates collected between 1998 and 2009 were tested for sensitivity to boscalid by determining percentage germination of ascospores and conidia on media amended with boscalid at 0.01 to 10.0 mg/liter. All 31 isolates collected in 1998, 2002, or 2005 were sensitive to boscalid. Of the 170 isolates collected in or after 2006, 84.7% were insensitive to boscalid, including 19 of 30 isolates recovered from greenhouse-grown seedlings. The oldest insensitive isolates were obtained in 2006 from a greenhouse and in 2008 from a commercial field. Ascospores were less sensitive to boscalid than conidia. With boscalid at 1.0 mg/liter, 22.4% of ...
Synthesis, Electrochemistry, and Interactions with β-Cyclodextrin of Dendrimers Containing a Single Ferrocene Subunit Located “Off-Center”

Two series of dendrimers containing a single ferrocene unit located in the focal point of these macromolecules have been synthesized and characterized. The first series of dendrimers has considerable lipophilic character, with tert-butyl ester groups located in their peripheral regions. In contrast, the second series of dendrimers was obtained by the hydrolysis of these peripheral ester groups, yielding water-soluble dendrimers with carboxylic acid groups in their surfaces. The electrochemical properties of these macromolecules were strongly affected by the dendritic groups attached to the ferrocene subunits. Host−guest interactions between the water-soluble dendrimers and the well-known receptor β-cyclodextrin were also investigated. The dendritic groups were found to hamper markedly the formation of inclusion complexes between the cyclodextrin receptor and the dendrimer's ferrocene unit.
Odour-Blindness to Musk: Simple Recessive Inheritance

THREE types of odour-blindness or specific anosmia have been studied, but genetical evidence so far obtained is tentative or inconsistent1. The rare anosmia to the n-butylmercaptan of skunk2, and more commonly the scent of freesia flowers3, may be inherited as autosomal recessive traits. Anosmia to hydrogen cyanide4–6 is complex and its inheritance has not been confirmed7.
The dilated ureter

T HE DILATED URETER is an important urologic problem that is encountered in an extensive range of clinical circumstances from infancy to late adulthood. A variety of terms, at times confusing, have been utilized both for general descriptive purposes and for specific etiologic classification. These include diluted ureter, wide ureter, big ureter, hydroureter, megaloureter and megaureter. While no consensus exists, the term megaureter has gained increasing acceptance and will be utilized in this communication. Megaureter is not a diagnosis, but indicates an enlarged ureter, for which there are several causes. Diagnostic investigations permit both a general and specific classification and offer an explanation for the wide ureter and its usually associated hydronephrosis. The ureter is often tortuous and usually dilated throughout its course, beginning at or near the ureterovesical junction (UV=J) and extending cephalad to the ureteropelvic junction (UP=J).lm7
Unfinished Business in Clarifying Causal Measurement: Commentary on Bainter and Bollen

Dog Owner:This is my dog, Cuddles. (Neighbor looks at dog and dog growls)Neighbor:Cuddles does not look very friendly.Dog Owner:No, Cuddles is always friendly. When he is not friendly we call him S...
Status quo bias in the measurement of value of service

Abstract Notions of customer value of service have become increasingly important in utility resource planning, capacity expansion and rate making. In order to design and implement value of service policies, utilities have come to rely upon a variety of customer surveys. Unfortunately, theoretical and empirical analysis suggests that responses to such surveys may be seriously distorted by ‘status quo’ effects. Using both regression and choice-theoretic frameworks, we empirically investigate whether status quo effects arise in a contingent valuation survey addressing the value of service reliability for residential customers. We find substantial status quo effects, which must be explicitly understood and addressed.
Correlation between solid particle erosion of metals and their melting energies

Abstract A new correlation is presented for the ductile erosive wear of metals by an impinging stream of abrasive particles. The specific erosion energy (the kinetic energy per unit volume of metal removed) is shown to be directly proportional to the melting energy per unit volume of the target metal. By analogy with grinding, this direct correlation is attributed to the extreme strains and strain rates which characterize the erosion process, thereby leading to near adiabatic plastic deformation of the metal to its energy limit.
Symbolic computation of strongly connected components and fair cycles using saturation

The computation of strongly connected components (SCCs) in discrete-state models is a critical step in formal verification of LTL and fair CTL properties, but the potentially huge number of reachable states and SCCs constitutes a formidable challenge. We consider the problem of computing the set of states in SCCs or terminal SCCs in an asynchronous system. We employ the idea of saturation, which has shown clear advantages in symbolic state-space exploration (Ciardo et al. in Softw Tools Technol Transf 8(1):4---25, 2006; Zhao and Ciardo in Proceedings of 7th international symposium on automated technology for verification and analysis, pp 368---381, 2009), to improve two previously proposed approaches. We use saturation to speed up state exploration when computing each SCC in the Xie-Beerel algorithm, and we compute the transitive closure of the transition relation using a novel algorithm based on saturation. Furthermore, we show that the techniques we developed are also applicable to the computation of fair cycles. Experimental results indicate that the improved algorithms using saturation achieve a substantial speedup over previous BFS algorithms. In particular, with the new transitive closure computation algorithm, up to 10150 SCCs can be explored within a few seconds.
Weighted Average Importance Sampling and Defensive Mixture Distributions

Importance sampling uses observations from one distribution to estimate for another distribution by weighting the observations. Including the target distribution as one component of a mixture distribution bounds the weights and makes importance sampling more reliable. The usual importance-sampling estimate is a weighted average with weights that do not sum to 1. We discuss simple normalization and other, more efficient normalization methods. These innovations make importance sampling useful in a wider variety of problems. We demonstrate with a case study of oil-inventory reliability at a large utility.
A 10Mbit, 15GBytes/sec bandwidth 1T DRAM chip with planar MOS storage capacitor in an unmodified 150nm logic process for high-density on-chip memory applications

A 10Mb planar 1T-IC DRAM chip is implemented in an unmodified 150nm micro-processor logic process. It achieves 15GBytes/sec bandwidth, 9.5nsec read access time with 197mW power at 1.5V, 110/spl deg/C. Worst-case refresh period is 100/spl mu/S at 110/spl deg/C with refresh power density of 0.18W/cm/sup 2/. Effective bit density of 42Mb/cm/sup 2/ is /spl sim/3/spl times/ better than the best 6T SRAM cache in the same technology.
Medicare beneficiaries most likely to be readmitted

Recent legislation requires reducing Medicare payments to hospitals with higher than expected 30-day readmission rates, but there is no consensus strategy to identify patients who should optimally be targeted with care coordination services to mitigate this risk. To determine which hospital and patient factors predict variation in all discharge hospital readmission rates, a 5% sample of all Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries with continuous Part A and B coverage was examined for the first 9 months of 2008 in combination with other administrative data available to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. We included age, sex, race, dual-eligibility status, number of comorbid conditions, geographic region, hospital case mix, and reason for entitlement in the multiple regression model to assess how they influenced the 30-day readmission rate. Beneficiaries with 10 or more chronic conditions were more than 6 times more likely to be readmitted than beneficiaries with 1 to 4 chronic conditions. These beneficiaries represent only 8.9% of all Medicare beneficiaries (31.0% of all hospitalizations), but they were responsible for 50.2% of all readmissions. The 31.8% of beneficiaries with 5 to 9 chronic conditions (55.5% of all hospitalizations) had the second highest odds ratio (2.5) and were responsible for 45% of all readmissions. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2013;8:639–641. © 2013 Society of Hospital Medicine
There Goes the Neighborhood: Racial, Ethnic, and Class Tensions in Four Chicago Neighborhoods and their Meaning for America – By William Julius Wilson and Richard P. Taub

A review of the book "There Goes the Neighborhood: Racial, Ethnic, and Class Tensions in Four Chicago Neighborhoods and Their Meaning for America" by William Julius Wilson and Richard P. Taub is presented.
The Relationship Between Self-Control Deficits and Hoarding: A Multimethod Investigation Across Three Samples

Self-control is the capacity to exert control over one’s behavior and is necessary for directing personal behavior toward achieving goals. Self-control has been described as operating within a resource model, and a lack of self-control has been posited as a process that may impact the development or maintenance of various forms of psychopathology. Hoarding disorder is one phenomenon wherein self-control may play a substantial role, and this investigation represents the first empirical evaluation of self-control in relation to hoarding symptoms. Across three independent studies, we found that lower levels of self-control were robustly linked to greater hoarding symptoms. Study 1 (N 484) examined the strength of the relationship in a large nonclinical sample, and found that low levels of self-control were strongly associated with greater hoarding symptoms. This relationship remained significant despite controlling for covariates, including general depression and anxiety symptoms, specific anxiety symptomatology, and symptoms linked to impulse control deficits. These findings were replicated in Study 2 (N 135), where we compared levels of self-control in individuals with clinical hoarding, obsessive–compulsive disorder, social anxiety disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. Study 3 (N 102) was an experimental investigation that considered the impact of a self-control manipulation on a behavioral index of hoarding symptoms. We found that depleting self-control resources was associated with an increase in subsequent saving behaviors. The implications of self-control for hoarding are discussed from a vulnerability
Increased Growth Hormone Pulse Frequency in Acromegaly

To investigate whether GH secretion in acromegaly is subject to regulatory control by the hypothalamic GHreleasing hormone (GHRH) we studied GH secretion in 22 patients with acromegaly. Parameters of pulsatile GH secretion were assessed using frequent blood sampling (every 20 or 10 min for 24 h). Acute GH responses to GHRH-44 (0.1, 0.33, and 1.0 μg/kg BW, iv) were measured, and GH secretion during therapy with the long-acting somatostatin analog SMS 201–995 (Sandoz) was assessed. The results were compared to those in normal volunteers. Spontaneous GH pulse frequency was greater in patients with acromegaly than in 6 control subjects (8.6 ± 0.6 vs. 4.3 ± 1.1 pulses/24 h), as estimated by the 20-min sampling frequency. The 10-min sampling frequency revealed 12.9 ± 0.7 pulses/24 h in acromegalics. Spontaneous GH pulse amplitude and acute GH rises in response to GHRH did not differ between control and acromegalic subjects. A similar degree of nocturnal augmentation of GH secretion was observed in both groups, ...
Understanding scheduling replay schemes

Modern microprocessors adopt speculative scheduling techniques where instructions are scheduled several clock cycles before they actually execute. Due to this scheduling delay, scheduling misses should be recovered across the multiple levels of dependence chains in order to prevent further unnecessary execution. We explore the design space of various scheduling replay schemes that prevent the propagation of scheduling misses, and find that current and proposed replay schemes do not scale well and require instructions to execute in correct data dependence order, since they track dependences among instructions within the instruction window as a part of the scheduling or execution process. We propose token-based selective replay that moves the dependence information propagation loop out of the scheduler, enabling lower complexity in the scheduling logic and support for data-speculation techniques at the expense of marginal IPC degradation compared to an ideal selective replay scheme.
Cortical superficial siderosis, APOE genotype, and hemorrhage risk in cerebral amyloid angiopathy.

The deposition of Aβ amyloid in the walls of cortical and leptomeningeal blood vessels characterizes cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA).1 Clinical presentation of CAA ranges from transient neurologic events to cognitive decline to symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Radiologically, CAA can present with structural brain lesions (e.g., microbleeds, white matter hyperintensities, or microinfarcts). Imaging evaluation can demonstrate alterations of vascular physiology or direct visualization of the deposits with amyloid radioligands.2
"I pick you": the impact of fairness and race on infants' selection of social partners.

By 15 months of age infants are sensitive to violations of fairness norms as assessed via their enhanced visual attention to unfair versus fair outcomes in violation-of-expectation paradigms. The current study investigated whether 15-month-old infants select social partners on the basis of prior fair versus unfair behavior, and whether infants integrate social selections on the basis of fairness with the race of the distributors and recipients involved in the exchange. Experiment 1 demonstrated that after witnessing one adult distribute toys to two recipients fairly (2:2 distribution), and another adult distribute toys to two recipients unfairly (1:3 distribution), Caucasian infants selected fair over unfair distributors when both distributors were Caucasian; however, this preference was not present when the fair actor was Asian and the unfair actor was Caucasian. In Experiment 2, when fairness, the race of the distributor, and the race of the recipients were fully crossed, Caucasian infants’ social selections varied as a function of the race of the recipient advantaged by the unfair distributor. Specifically, infants were more likely to select the fair distributor when the unfair recipient advantaged the Asian (versus the Caucasian) recipient. These findings provide evidence that infants select social partners on the basis of prior fair behavior and that infants also take into account the race of distributors and recipients when making their social selections.