cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies on the caudal autotomy and regeneration inMabuya dissimilis hallowell

The following resume brings together the more important features discovered during the course of this work: (1) The lepidosis of the regenerated tail differs from that of the normal in the fewer number of scale rows and in the presence of the enlarged m d-dorsals in addition to the enlarged mid-ventrals. The normal tail is not segmented externally in correspondence to autotomy planes. (2) The regenerated tail is lighter-coloured (i.e., more or less pinkish in appearance) and is poor in melanophores. (3) The general arrangement of the tissues in the tail ofMabuya is similar to that described forHemidactylus, but the subcutaneous fat-layer is entirely absent. (4) The dermal scutes show inter-connecting bridges and thus go to form an extensive body armour. This feature has not been so far noted by previous authors. (5) The regenerated tail has also sixteen muscle bundles like the normal. (6) The cartilaginous tube in the regenerated tail inMabuya does not show any distinction between a central (uncalcified) and a peripheral (calcified) portion, as discovered inHemidactalus. (7) The cartilaginous tube has occasional large perforations. (8) The contents of the cartilaginous tube show histologically a similarity to bone-marrow, and do not show any pigment cells. (9) The sacral vertebrae inMabuya are fused together to form a synasacrum. The anterior two caudal vertebrae have no chevron bones. The inter-central articulations between the caudal vertebrae are inseparable on account of strong ligamentous unions, and the vertebrae are divided by an autotomy plane, which is neither cartilaginous nor hyaline. (10) The muscle processes are arranged in two lateral series, each consisting of four. (11) Each autotomy segment is telescoped into the one behind it. There is nodistinct autotomy septum inMabuya as in other lizards—there being only a clear split in the osseous tissue of the vertebrae concerned. (12) The breaking of the regenerated tail into pieces by vigorous pulling indicates that the caudal muscles here also are arranged in a “dove-tailing” manner. The number of muscle bundles is the same as that found in the normal tail.
BUNDLE: Real-Time Multi-threaded Scheduling to Reduce Cache Contention

Research on hard real-time systems and their models has predominately focused upon single-threaded tasks. When multi-threaded tasks are introduced to the classical real-time model the individual threads are treated as distinct tasks, one for each thread. These artificial tasks often share the deadline, period, and worst case execution time of their parent task. In the presence of instruction and data caches this view is overly pessimistic, failing to account for the execution time benefit of cache hits when multiple threads of execution share a memory address space.This work takes a new perspective on instruction caches. Treating the cache as a benefit to schedulability for a single task with m threads. To realize the "inter-thread cache benefit" a new scheduling algorithm, BUNDLE, and accompanying method for calculating the worst-case execution time (WCET) including cache overhead (WCET+O) method are proposed. BUNDLE permits threads to execute across conflict free regions, and blocks those threads that would create an unnecessary cache conflict. The WCET bound is determined for the entire set of m threads, rather than treating each thread as a distinct task. Both the scheduler and WCET+O method rely on the calculation of conflict free regions which are found by a static analysis method of the task object. By virtue of this perspective the system's total execution execution time is reduced and is reflected in a tighter WCET+O bound compared to the techniques applied to the classical model. Obtaining this tighter bound requires the integration of three typically independent areas: WCET, schedulability, and cache-related preemption delay analysis.
Alcohol-induced performance impairment: a 5-year re-examination study in heavy and light drinkers

The theory of behavioral tolerance to alcohol posits that greater experience with drinking to intoxication leads to less impaired cognitive and psychomotor performance. However, the degree to which behavioral tolerance develops or changes over time in adults due to repeated heavy alcohol drinking has not been clearly demonstrated. We examined data from the first 6 years of the Chicago Social Drinking Project to test whether chronic heavy drinkers (HDs; n = 86) and light drinkers (LDs; n = 69) exhibit behavioral tolerance or changes in perceived impairment at two testing phases in early adulthood. Tasks were the Grooved Pegboard and Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) given at initial testing and then repeated in a re-examination phase 5 years later. Alcohol (0.8 g/kg) and placebo were administered at separate sessions in each phase for a total of 620 individual laboratory sessions. HDs exhibited less impairment over time on the Pegboard task but not on the DSST, while LDs did not exhibit behavioral tolerance on either task. HDs reported persistently lower perceived impairment compared to LDs. These findings demonstrate that behavioral tolerance in HDs is evident over time on rote fine motor skills (Pegboard) but not more complex skills integrating motor speed, encoding, and short-term memory (DSST). The results have implications for our understanding of alcohol-induced impairments across neurobehavioral processes in heavy drinkers and their ongoing risks for alcohol-related consequences over time.
Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors

Physical activity in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and other neurodevelopmental disorders (ND) is impacted by their motor development, social skills, family stress, and accessibility to physical activities in the community. This chapter will review how these interact, what role sedentary behaviors have, and how all of these inform the healthcare provider regarding health behaviors of the youth and the family so that treatment targets can be developed to increase health behaviors.
DIALOG: a model of diagnostic logic for internal medicine

A system for computer assisted medical diagnosis has been developed, which incorporates an innovative model of diagnostic logic. A supporting medical data base has also been assembled, now comprising approximately fifty percent of the major diseases of internal medicine. Using weighted associations between disease entitles and their manifestations, and employing a powerful attention focusing heuristic, the system has demonstrated competence In dealing with difficult clinical problems involving multiple diagnoses.
Duración de los viajes migratorios de mexicanos indocumentados en Estados Unidos bajo la política de reforzamiento de la frontera

espanolEl articulo estudia el efecto que tiene la politica de reforzamiento de la frontera sobre la duracion de los viajes migratorios de los migrantes mexicanos indocumentados. En particular interesa analizar como el incremento de los riesgos y costos de cruce fronterizo clandestino, que surgen de esta politica migratoria, afectan al tiempo de permanencia de los migrantes indocumentados en Estados Unidos. Para ello, se estimo un modelo probabilistico de riesgo en tiempo discreto logit, el cual permite determinar cambios en las probabilidades de retorno y, por lo tanto, cam-bios en las tendencias de las duraciones de los viajes migratorios. La base de datos empleada fue la Mexican Migration Proyect (MMP). El modelo arrojo coeficientes negativos en los costos y riesgos de cruce fronterizo clandestino en relacion a la probabilidad de retorno. EnglishThis article studies the effect of political border enforcement on the duration of the migratory journeys of undocumented Mexican migrants. In particular we analyze the effect of increase of the risks and costs of illegal border crossing that arise from this migration policy over the trip duration of undocumented migrants in the United States. For this purpose a logit model (Dis-crete-Time Hazard Model) was fit, which allows to determine changes in the odds of return and, therefore changes in trends in migratory journeys durations. The database used is the survey Mexican Migration Project (MMP). The model has negative coefficients on the variables costs and risks of clandestine border crossing in regard to the probability of return
Simulation of Air Entrainment during Mold Filling: Comparison with Water Modeling Experiments

Oxide inclusions form during pouring of metal castings as a result of air entrainment. Recently, a model was developed by the authors to predict the volumetric air entrainment during pouring. It was found that the velocity, diameter, and turbulence intensity of the liquid stream affect the air entrainment rate during pouring. In this study, the developed air entrainment model is validated with water modeling experiments. In the water modeling studies, water was poured using a bottom pour ladle. The effects of nozzle opening, head height, nozzle diameter, and nozzle extension are simulated. The predictions compare favorably with the experimental measurements. Results indicate that low head height and short pouring time have a beneficial effect on reducing the air entrainment during pouring. In addition, a fully open nozzle and the use of a nozzle extension further reduce the amount of entrained air.
Non-Covalent Immobilization of Papain Onto Modified Polysulfone Membrane Using Avidin-Biotin Coupling: EPR and Kinetic Studies

Membrane-based bioreactors or immobilized enzymes are one example of biofunctional membranes, defined as entities composed of biological molecules attached to a polymeric matrix cast in the form of porous polymeric membranes. A detailed understanding of the structure and function of enzymes upon immobilization is essential to develop a membrane bioreactor with optimal properties involving minimal conformational changes at the active site of the enzyme. In this study, a sulfhydryl protease, papain (EC 3.4.22.2), was noncovalently immobilized onto the modified polysulfone membrane through the avidinbiotin complex. Various kinetic parameters for the amidase activity of noncovalently bound papain, using the substrate benzoyl arginine p-nitroanilide hydrochloride (BAPNA) were determined and the results were compared with those obtained from studies of papain in solution and papain directly immobilized onto the modified polysulfone membrane. As expected, there was a decrease in the enzymatic activity upon direct immobilization. However, insertion of the avidin-biotin complex as a non-covalent spacer resulted in an enzyme bioreactor which was more stable and reusable than the free enzyme.
Sex, Race, and Culture: Constructing Theological Anthropology for the Twenty-First Century:

Pre-Vatican II theological anthropology focused attention on the exercise of human freedom as embodied in time and oriented to community. Post-Vatican II theology has deepened this trajectory by re...
For publication in 2019 ACC A flexible framework for building occupancy detection using spatiotemporal pattern networks

This paper presents a reliable, scalable, and transferable framework to predict occupancy in a building utilizing diverse, multi-modal information. We propose a new methodology for learning-driven occupancy detection built on the concepts of probabilistic graphical modeling and observable Markov chain modeling. To capture the relationship between multi-sensor data and occupancy, we propose this Occ-STPN framework that is flexible to support both multivariate and univariate formulations. While the multivariate Occ-STPN performs feature-level fusion of multiple predictors and occupancy time-series data, the univariate Occ-STPN involves decision fusion of occupancy predictions using individual predictors based on a mutual information weighted fusion scheme. We also propose a new metric to evaluate the performance of occupancy prediction algorithms. Two popular datasets are used to validate our approach and demonstrate that our framework is scalable in terms of the number of information sources (e.g., sensors) as well as it is possible to transfer trained models from one building to another without significant reduction in performance. Reliability of the algorithm is also tested by injecting noise into the datasets.
Is SARS-CoV-2 Also an Enteric Pathogen With Potential Fecal-Oral Transmission? A COVID-19 Virological and Clinical Review.

In as few as 3 months, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread and ravaged the world at an unprecedented speed in modern history, rivaling the 1918 flu pandemic. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, the culprit virus, is highly contagious and stable in the environment and transmits predominantly among humans via the respiratory route. Accumulating evidence suggest that this virus, like many of its related viruses, may also be an enteric virus that can spread via the fecal–oral route. Such a hypothesis would also contribute to the rapidity and proliferation of this pandemic. Here we briefly summarize what is known about this family of viruses and literature basis of the hypothesis that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 is capable of infecting the gastrointestinal tract and shedding in the environment for potential human-to-human transmission.
Computationally Guided Investigation of the Optical Spectra of Pure β-UO3.

Single-phase β-UO3 is synthesized by flash heating UO2(NO3)·6H2O in air to 450 °C and annealing for 60 h under the same conditions. For the first time, we report the Raman spectra of pure β-UO3. To...
Innovation in a Time of Crisis: Adapting Active Learning Approaches for Remote Biology Courses

The sudden switch from predominantly in-person to remote learning across all levels of education due to the COVID-19 pandemic posed many challenges, including transitioning in-person active learning efforts to an online format. Although active learning has increased student engagement in science, it can be challenging to effectively integrate into remote courses. Adapting in-person classroom approaches to maintain timely and effective communication, provide equitable access to course materials, and encourage class participation in remote environments proved especially difficult for many instructors engaging in remote learning during the pandemic, often for the first time. As instructors of in-person undergraduate introductory biology courses, we present three different solutions developed during the pandemic to address the challenges of adapting an experiential hands-on activity, an interactive lab, and a research project for remote learning. We found that instructors can leverage the flexibility of the online environment and use existing remote tools to expand active learning possibilities and create meaningful classroom connections, even at a distance.
Observation of serrated flow in APMT™ steel

Abstract Aluminum-bearing APMT™ steel is being considered as a potential fuel cladding material for a novel light water reactor design. Elevated temperature tensile tests were performed with APMT™ steel to examine the basic mechanical behavior. Serrations observed in the temperature range of 523–673 K during tensile deformation of APMT™ within a range of strain rates are attributed to dynamic strain aging (DSA) with negative strain rate sensitivity. The DSA effect was due to interactions between mobile dislocations and interstitial solute atoms whose mobility was affected by the presence of high concentration of substitutional solute atoms.
Investigation of Nd0.6Sr0.4Co1−yMyO3−δ (M = Fe AND Mn) as Cathode Materials for Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Nd 0.6 Sr 0.4 Co 1-y My0 3-δ (M = Fe and Mn) perovskite oxides have been investigated as cathodes for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) with La 0.8 Sr 0.2 Ga 0.8 Μg 0.2 O 2.8 electrolyte. The crystal chemistry, electrical conductivity, thermal expansion behavior, and electrochemical performance of the cathodes are presented. The oxygen non-stoichiometry and electrical conductivity decrease with increasing Fe and Mn contents. Both the Fe- and Mn-doped systems exhibit a metal to semiconductor transition at y ≈ 0.2, but the Mn-doped system exhibits higher activation energy than the Fe-doped system. The thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) decreases with increasing Fe and Mn contents due to a suppression of the low-spin to high-spin transition associated with the Co 3+ ions and a stronger M-O bonding. The electrocatalytic activity decreases with increasing Fe and Mn contents, but the decrease is rapid with the Mn-doped system due to a faster decrease in the oxide ion and electronic conductivities.
Cereal technology development in the sahel: Burkina Faso and Niger

Abstract Soil fertility has been declining in the Sahel as a result of increasing population pressure. Water is also scarce, and an adequate supply of water is required if crops are to respond favourably to the application of fertilizer Combined soil and water management practices must thus be introduced and this will require vigorous public sector support. At present there is no cost-effective alternative to the use of imported chemical fertilizer, but long-term research can focus on this problem.
Electromagnetic compatibility for communications based signaling systems

The results of an investigation which occurred at the Docklands Light Railway, London, UK, in the fall of 1994 are presented. Alcatel's SELTRAC system was being installed and commissioned on an operating railway. The existing signaling system for the railway had been installed by General Electric Corporation, Alsthom Signaling Limited (GASL) of the United Kingdom. Both systems are transmission based, and used a cable laid down the center of the guideway for communications with vehicles. Problems were noted at various points of the guideway, and an investigation conducted to determine the source of the problems, and to implement corrective actions. The investigation first focused on external interference, then turned to interference between the two signaling systems, the complex interaction of the systems, the ironwork of the guideway, and the ballast resistance of the track. The steps of the investigation are presented, along with the results, the coupling mechanism which was ultimately responsible, and the corrective actions which were successfully implemented.
Nitrogen Balance of Men with Marginal Intakes of Protein and Energy

Present protein allowances are based on amounts of nitrogen (N) that maintain balance in adults in laboratory tests. In most tests of minimum N need, energy intakes were higher than present allowances and generally the participants maintained body weight or gained. To evaluate the relative importance of energy and protein intakes in the near-adequate range on the N equilibrium, healthy men were given two levels of protein with energy constant and three levels of energy with protein constant. In the first two 12-day periods, diets provided 5 and 7% of energy (E) from egg white protein with enough E to maintain weight essentially constant (39.6 plus or minus 4.4 kcal/kg). N balance data with these diets were used to select an individual protein intake level nearest to need (5, 6, or 7%), and that level was fed for the next three periods with the same E intake as before (100 E) and 85 or 115% of it. Crude N balance (dietary-fecal-urinary N) was minus0.26 g/day with 5% diet and 0.33 g/day with 7%. Balance was improved by 280 mg/g N fed between these levels. Predicted minimum N need to maintain crude N balance at 100 E is 89 plus or minus 18 mg/kg body weight or 3.76 plus or minus 0.61 mg/basal kcal. N balance fell to minus0.61 g/day with 85 E and increased to 0.59 g/day with 115 E. N balance changed by 174 mg/100 kcal between 85 and 100 E and 112 mg/100 kcal between 100 and 115 E. Energy intake appears to have a much greater effect on N balance than does protein intake in the marginally adequate ranges of intake.
Purification of murine adipocyte lipid-binding protein. Characterization as a fatty acid- and retinoic acid-binding protein.

An adipose-specific protein has been purified from murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes to greater than 98% homogeneity. A purification procedure was developed utilizing a combination of gel filtration, cation exchange chromatography, and covalent chromatography on activated-thiol Sepharose 4B. The protein exists as a single polypeptide with a molecular weight of about 15,000, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The protein contains 2 mol of reduced sulfhydryl groups per mol of protein and an amino terminus blocked to sequencing. Automated Edman degradation of trypsin and CNBr-derived peptides has verified that the purified protein is that predicted by the mRNA (Bernlohr, D. A., Angus, C. W., Lane, M. D., Bolanowski, M. A., and Kelly, T. J. Jr. (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 81, 5468-5472). Based on sequence analysis, the 15-kDa adipocyte protein is considered to be a member of a family of tissue-specific, cytosolic lipid-binding proteins. Utilizing a liposome assay, the purified protein binds both oleic acid and retinoic acid saturably with approximately 1 mol of ligand bound per mol of protein. Dissociation constants determined from Scatchard analysis were 3 and 50 microM, respectively. This report represents the first demonstration of a member of this family of structurally related proteins that is capable of binding both fatty acid and retinoic acid. Hence, we propose the name adipocyte lipid-binding protein, or ALBP.
Histopathological Evidence of Adventitial or Medial Injury Is a Strong Predictor of Restenosis During Directional Atherectomy for Peripheral Artery Disease.

Purpose: To investigate the impact on restenosis rates of deep injury to the adventitial layer during directional atherectomy. Methods: Between 2007 and 2010, 116 consecutive patients (mean age 69.6 years; 56 men) with symptomatic femoropopliteal stenoses were treated with directional atherectomy at a single center. All patients had claudication and TASC A/B lesions in the superficial femoral or popliteal arteries. Histopathology analysis of atherectomy specimens was performed to identify adventitial injury. Clinical follow-up included physical examination and duplex ultrasound scans at 3, 6, and 12 months in all patients. The primary endpoint was the duplex-documented 1-year rate of restenosis, which was determined by a peak systolic velocity ratio <2.4. Patients were dichotomized by the presence or absence of adventitial or medial cuts as evaluated by histopathology. Results: Adventitial injury were identified in 62 (53%) of patients. There were no differences in baseline demographic and clinical featur...
Substituted Heterocyclic Thioureas I:Antitubercular Activity

A series of substituted 2-pyridyl and 4-(1-phenyl-2, 3-dimethyl)-5-pyrazolone thioureas have been synthesized and tested for their antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Dubos medium. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of the compounds studied ranged from 10 mg. per 100 ml. to 0.16 mg. per 100 ml.
Molecular-confinement of polysulfides within mesoscale electrodes for the practical application of lithium sulfur batteries

Abstract Nitrogen-doped porous carbon (NPC) and multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) have been frequently studied to immobilize sulfur in lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. However, neither NPC nor MWCNT itself can effectively confine the soluble polysufides if cathode thickness e.g. sulfur loading is increased. In this work, NPC was combined with MWCNTs to construct an integrated host structure to immobilize sulfur at a relevant scale. The function of doped nitrogen atoms was revisited and found to effectively attract sulfur radicals generated during the electrochemical process. The addition of MWCNT facilitated the uniform coating of sulfur nanocomposites to a practically thickness and homogenized the distribution of sulfur particles in the pristine electrodes, while NPC provided sufficient pore volume to trap the dissolved polysulfides species. More importantly, the difficulty of electrode wetting, a critical challenge for thick sulfur cathodes, is also mitigated after the adoption of MWCNT, leading to a high areal capacity of ca. 2.5 mA h/cm2 with a capacity retention of 81.6% over 100 cycles.
Ethics versus law: a lawyer's road map to the Ethics Committee opinion on informed consent.

A s Associate Director of the Department of Professional Liability of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, I had the opportunity to work with the college's Committee on Ethics in the development of its opinion entitled "Ethical Dimensions of Informed Consent." Although the committee was very solicitous of my legal comments, I cannot help but reflect on the inherent conflict between ethics and law. The quotation from Santayana above crystallizes the conflict. Ethicists are concerned with the ideal, or moral law. Lawyers are concerned with the practical. At many times during the developmental process I felt that the Committee on Ethics was "in the clouds" of an ethical ideal world, whereas I was "in the gutter" of the practical world of law. I almost felt embarrassed to suggest that legal concerns should take precedence over the noble aspirations articulated by the committee, but I made my comments anyhow. I believe that the final opinion reflects a good synthesis of the committee's ethical aspirations and my legal concerns. But the conflict remains. Ethics is not really concerned with what can be done, but with what should be done in a moral sense. According to Webster's Dictionary, ethics is "the discipline dealing with what is good and bad and with moral duty and obligation." On the other hand, Webster's defines law as "a rule of conduct or action prescribed or formally recognized as binding or enforced by a controlling authority." Because law is imposed on individuals, it is developed by consensus (eg, legislation), which may vary widely from state to state, and is usually concerned with the minimum conduct that has to be done. To use a medical analogy, the law is like minimal practice standards, whereas ethical aspirations are like optimal standards. I remain concerned that the typical obstetrician-gynecologist in private practice will be unable to attain many of the ethical aspirations articulated in the © 1993 by The Jacobs Institute of Women's Health 1049-3867/93/$6.00
Correlated bifunctionality in heterogeneous catalysts: selective tethering of cinchonidine next to supported Pt nanoparticles

A strategy has been devised to add molecular functionality to heterogeneous catalysts in a spatially correlated fashion. The idea was tested for a specific system where enantioselectivity was added to a Pt/SiO2 catalyst by tethering cinchonidine (Cd) selectively to silica sites adjacent to the metal nanoparticles. Our methodology relies on the selective strong adsorption of the cinchona alkaloid on the platinum surface, the same interaction responsible for the chiral modification; the catalyst was first exposed to a Cd molecule to which a propyltriethoxysilane moiety was added, the excess was then washed away with a pure solvent, and the click chemistry used to link the chiral modifier to the surface of the silica support was finally triggered via thermal activation. The resulting samples were thoroughly characterized by using several titration and spectroscopic techniques, and their catalytic performance for the hydrogenation of ethyl pyruvate was contrasted with that seen for similar catalysts where Cd tethering is done in a random fashion. Superior performance was seen with the correlated-tethering samples, mainly in terms of activity but also with respect to enantioselectivity. In fact, the best correlated-tethering samples show performance comparable to that obtained by adding the cinchona in the solution under similar conditions. The effects of the location within the molecular structure of cinchonidine where tethering is performed, the Cd : Pt molar ratio, and the solvent used were evaluated.
Supporting therapists in motion-based gaming for brain injury rehabilitation

In this paper, we describe a work-in-progress that involves therapists who use commercial motion-based video games (e.g. Wii) in therapies involving patients who have had a brain injury (BI). We are collecting data to inform a case-based recommender (CBR) system that will help therapists stay current and choose appropriate motion-games for their patients. Data from the CBR system will (1) establish commercial motion-game efficacy among a larger and more diverse BI patient population than in previous work and (2) inform custom games that better meet needs for BI therapies.
The thermal stability of native, delipidated, deionized and regenerated bacteriorhodopsin

Differential scanning calorimetry curves and circular dichroism spectra were determined for native bacteriorhodopsin (bR), deionized bR, acid blue and acid purple bR, 75% delipidated bR, deionized-delipidated bR and Mg2+ regenerated deionized bR. The effects of the different perturbations on the thermal stability (melting temperature) and the apparent helical content of the protein were examined. These perturbations have more influence on the deprotonation efficiency and the color change of retinal than on the thermal stability and the apparent helical content of the protein. Although the addition of Mg2+ to deionized bR restores the photochemical cycle, it does not restore the thermal stability to that of the native material.
Detection of brain glutamate and glutamine in spectroscopic images at 4.1 T

Brain glutamate and glutamine were detected in healthy human volunteers in spectroscopic images with a nominal voxel size of 2.25 cm3 at an echo time of 15 ms. Due to the increased frequency separation and simplification of J-coupling patterns, the separate detection of brain glutamate and glutamine at short echo times was possible. Creatine, choline, and N-acetylaspartate with other N-acetylated compounds were also detected. The ratios of the metabolite resonance intensities were in agreement with previously published values.
Early childhood interventionists' perspectives on serving maltreated infants and toddlers

Abstract A 2003 amendment to the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) required states to create developmental screening programs for maltreated infants and toddlers. Programs authorized under Part C of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) were directed to work with state and local child welfare authorities to develop the screening program. They were also to ensure that additional assessment and intervention was provided when needed. The degree to which this mandate has been implemented varies widely between state and local programs. Some early intervention experts and Part C program administrators have expressed concerns about providers' willingness to serve families referred from child welfare, but there has been no systematic research on this issue. The Professional Interventionist CAPTA Survey (PICS) is a newly developed measure of early childhood intervention providers' perceptions of their responsibilities under CAPTA. The first aim of this study was to conduct analysis of the PICS using a national sample of providers. This study also reports the perceptions of early childhood interventionists about their responsibilities under CAPTA and examines the relationship between worker characteristics and how they perceive these responsibilities. The PICS appears to be useful for examining early childhood intervention providers' responses to CAPTA.
Withdrawal of shunt systems--clinical use of the programmable shunt system and its effect on hydrocephalus in children.

Objects: The most important function of the programmable valve (PV) is to limit the shunt-dependent flow of the cerebrospinal fluid by upgrading valve pressure. This activates the regular circulation of cerebrospinal fluid, which may make successful removal of the shunt possible once sufficient cerebral development has been achieved. The purpose of this paper is to indicate the possibility of shunt removal using the programmable Medos and Sophy valves (one programmable Sophy valve was specially designed for this situation). Methods: Prior to regular use of the PV, removal of existing shunt systems was attempted in 57 children, since some systems malfunctioned and others had abdominal tubes that were meanwhile too short as the children had grown as they became older. Shunt removal was successfully achieved in only 18 patients (32%). However, in patients in whom PV valves were used, shunt removal was successful in 68 out of 114 patients (57%). This shows that the success rate of shunt removal becomes significantly higher when PV valves are used. The 68 cases in which PV valves were used and shunt removal was successful were divided into three groups: A, B, and C. In group A (36 cases, 53%), the Medos valve was used for the initial PV shunt implantation and the pressure was gradually increased up to 200 mmH2O. The shunt systems were then withdrawn. Group B (29 cases, 43%) includes patients who experienced both the minor symptoms and ventricular enlargement attributable to increased valve pressure. The pressure was gradually upgraded by pumping several times and was maintained at close to 200 mmH2O. After 6–24 months' observation shunt removal was performed, and in 21 out of 29 cases the outcome was good. However, the remaining 8 patients (12%) still had symptoms and required shunt reinsertion. The specially designed Sophy valves were then used, which allowed the pressure to be set at above 200 mmH2O. The pressure was increased by degrees up to 400 mmH2O and kept at the same level for 6–24 months. The shunt systems were then removed successfully. Although a high pressure setting was required over a sustained period, a total of 29 patients (43%) were able to have their shunts removed. In group C (3 cases, 4%), which included patients with aqueduct stenosis, the pressure was raised and thus allowed ventricle enlargement. Third ventriculostomy was performed under neuroendoscopy with the shunt pressure maintained at a high level. Shunt systems were removed successfully. Conclusions: This study showed that it is possible to remove the shunt systems in 50% or more of pediatric hydrocephalus cases in which PV valves are used. This is achieved through careful control of the valve pressure. Close observation is essential during the period when the PV pressure is maintained at a high level, as well as 6–12 months after shunt removal.
Monitoring outcomes with relational databases: Does it improve quality of care?

There are 3 key ingredients in improving quality of medial care: 1) using a scientific process of improvement, 2) executing the process at the lowest possible level in the organization, and 3) measuring the results of any change reliably. Relational databases when used within these guidelines are of great value in these efforts if they contain reliable information that is pertinent to the project and used in a scientific process of quality improvement by a front line team. Unfortunately, the data are frequently unreliable and/or not pertinent to the local process and is used by persons at very high levels in the organization without a scientific process and without reliable measurement of the outcome. Under these circumstances the effectiveness of relational databases in improving care is marginal at best, frequently wasteful and has the potential to be harmful. This article explores examples of these concepts.
Introspection and cognitive linguistics: Should we trust our own intuitions?

Cognitive linguists typically conduct their scholarship by relying upon their own intuitions about systematic patterns of language and what these may imply about the structure of human thought. But are linguists' introspections reliable sources of evidence? Much work in contemporary cognitive science suggests that people's introspections about their beliefs, feelings, and the reasons for their actions are quite inaccurate. Even trained experts often fail to recognize the real reasons for their beliefs and actions. The simple fact is that our ability to introspect upon many cognitive processes is extremely limited. This article discusses the implications of this empirical evidence for cognitive linguistic research and theory. I suggest several ways, nonetheless, by which cognitive linguists can better contribute to interdisciplinary scholarship by more systematically exploring the nature and reasons for their introspections on language and thought.
Excreted adenosine is a cell density signal for the initiation of fruiting body formation in Myxococcus xanthus

Abstract Myxococcus xanthus is a bacterium that forms multicellular fruiting bodies in response to starvation. The initiation of fruiting body formation is cell density dependent, and we suggest that cells measure their cell density by titering the extracellular concentration of excreted adenosine. Our evidence is as follows: (1) At low cell densities fruiting body formation does not occur unless adenosine is added. (2) Norit, a substance that binds purines, inhibits fruiting body formation, and this inhibition is reversed by adenosine. (3) Cells labeled with [ 14 C]carbonate excrete [ 14 C]adenosine which is bound by the Norit. Furthermore, [ 14 C]adenosine is excreted by developing cells at a concentration that will induce fruiting body formation at low cell density. The extracellular adenosine concentration increases with the cell density over a broad range of densities. (4) Hadacidin, an inhibitor of de novo AMP synthesis, inhibits fruiting body formation, and inhibition by hadacidin can be reversed with adenosine. Adenosine also appears to be involved in the aggregation process because the shape and size of the fruiting bodies are sensitive to the external concentration of adenosine.
Analytical Modeling of 3D Stacked IC Yield from Wafer to Wafer Stacking with Radial Defect Clustering

Current yield estimation models for 3D Stacked ICs manufactured using wafer-to-wafer stacking ignore defect clustering and assume a uniform distribution of defective dies on each wafer. Recent experiments based on carefully simulated wafer defect maps and validated by actual silicon data have shown that the clustering of manufacturing defects can have a major impact on actual 3D-SIC yields. Traditionally modeled yield estimates can be pessimistic by as much as 50%. However, no new analytical models have as yet been developed to account for this defect clustering effect. We present and validate the first 3D-SIC yield model that incorporates the impact of the radial clustering of defects on wafers. This major contributor to defect clusters on wafers can be directly included in analytical models using a few easy to measure spatial measures of wafer yield. Our new model is validated using synthesized wafer defect maps from proven radial defect models, as well as actual silicon wafer defect map data. The results presented here show that the models accurately capture much of the impact of defect clustering on 3D-SIC yields, and can allow the cost trade-offs associated with 3D-SIC manufacturing to be more easily and accurately estimated early in the design phase.
Genetic evidence for the requirement of the Brassica S-locus receptor kinase gene in the self-incompatibility response

Summary In self-incompatible plants, the recognition and subsequent rejection of self-related pollen by the stigma during pollination are genetically controlled by haplo-types of the S-locus complex. We identified two self-compatible Brassica strains that carried nonfunctional S haplotypes and that did not express transcripts of SRK, an S-locus gene that encodes a receptor-like protein kinase. In one of these strains, a deletion generated a null allele of the SRK structural gene. This deleted haplotype exhibited typical interactions when combined with other normal haplotypes in heterozygotes indicating that other functions of the haplotype were retained. The data support a mechanism of self-incompatibility in which activation of the SRK kinase triggers the signalling cascade that culminates in the arrest of incompatible pollen development.
Characterization of the Minimum Energy Paths for the Ring Closure Reactions of C4H3 with Acetylene

The ring closure reaction of C4H3 with acetylene to give phenyl radical is one proposed mechanism for the formation of the first aromatic ring in hydrocarbon combustion. There are two low-lying isomers of C4H3; 1-dehydro-buta-l-ene-3-yne (n-C4H3) and 2-dehydro-buta-l-ene-3-yne (iso-C4H3). It has been proposed that only n-C4H3 reacts with acetylene to give phenyl radical, and since iso-C4H3 is more stable than n-C4H3, formation of phenyl radical by this mechanism is unlikely. We report restricted Hartree-Fock (RHF) plus singles and doubles configuration interaction calculations with a Davidson's correction (RHF+1+2+Q) using the Dunning correlation consistent polarized valence double zeta basis set (cc-pVDZ) for stationary point structures along the reaction pathway for the reactions of n-C4H3 and iso-C4H3 with acetylene. n-C4H3 plus acetylene (9.4) has a small entrance channel barrier (17.7) (all energetics in parentheses are in kcal/mol with respect to iso-C4H3 plus acetylene) and the subsequent closure steps leading to phenyl radical (-91.9) are downhill with respect to the entrance channel barrier. Iso-C4H3 Plus acetylene also has an entrance channel barrier (14.9) and there is a downhill pathway to 1-dehydro-fulvene (-55.0). 1-dehydro-fulvene can rearrange to 6-dehydro-fulvene (-60.3) by a 1,3-hydrogen shift over a barrier (4.0), which is still below the entrance channel barrier, from which rearrangement to phenyl radical can occur by a downhill pathway. Thus, both n-C4H3 and iso-C4H3 can react with acetylene to give phenyl radical with small barriers.
Factors determining programmed stimulation responses and long-term arrhythmic outcome in survivors of ventricular fibrillation with ischemic heart disease

The clinical and angiographic features of 38 patients with ischemic heart disease and nonacute infarction pre-hospital ventricular fibrillation (VF) were examined as a function of their drug-free programmed electrical stimulation (PES) responses. Twenty-two patients (58%) had inducible ventricular tachycardia (VT) at drug-free PES (group I) and 16 patients (42%) did not (group II). Group I had more patients with: (1) remote infarction (22 of 22 vs 2 of 16; p < 0.01; (2) history of congestive failure (16 of 22 vs 0 of 16; p < 0.01); (3) prior cardiac arrest (11 of 22 vs 0 of 16; p < 0.01); (4) left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction < 40% (19 of 22 vs 1 of 16; p < 0.01); and (5) akinetic or dyskinetic LV wall motion (22 of 22 vs 2 of 16; p < 0.001). Group II had more patients with: (1) LV segments at “ischemic jeopardy” (16 of 16 vs 14 of 22; p < 0.01) and (2) factors suggestive of ischemia at the onset of VF (13 of 16 vs 1 of 22; p < 0.001). Inducible VT (IVT) was suppressed in 16 of the 20 group I patients surviving hospitalization while four were discharged with persistence of IVT despite therapy. At 27 ± 15 months, all four with persistent IVT had a recurrence of their arrhythmia. In the 16 group II patients, therapy was limited to antilschemic measures: coronary bypass in 12, propranolol in 3, and angioplasty in one. At 38 ± 9 months, no group II patient has had a recurrence of his arrhythmia. In patients with coronary disease and nonacute infarction VF: (1) absence of IVT at drug-free PES is a common finding; (2) patients free of IVT typically have features that implicate acute ischemia in the pathogenesis of VF; and (3) the outcome of such patients is excellent when antilschemic therapy is empioyed. IVT at drug-free PES is typically limited to patients with markers of LV dysfunction. Arrhythmogenesis in the inducible patient appears to derive from a state of chronic electrical instability caused by prior myocardial infarction.
Polymorphic signals of harassed female odonates and the males that learn them support a novel frequency-dependent model

Abstract For mate-searching species, the learned mate recognition (LMR) hypothesis assumes that sexual harassment favours signal variation among females, which exploits the receiver ability of males. The model predicts that coevolving males have responded to the female sexual foil by learning to recognize female variants as potential mates. I translate the LMR hypothesis into the language of signal detection theory to explain its novelty as a dynamic, coevolutionary, negative frequency-dependent selection model. Due to gene–environment interactions, males cueing to the morph detected most often should generate positive but often asymmetrical, detection-dependent harassment towards females. Females are expected to sort to an ideal free distribution where harassment costs are equal. At equilibrium, morph fitness, but not necessarily morph frequency, is predicted to be equal. The LMR hypothesis is consistent with recent experimental data and the distribution of colour polymorphisms in the Odonata, predicts general conditions favouring variation in sexual signals, and provides a novel mechanism for speciation via sexual signalling.
Traditional and Mobile Public Health Alert Communications with Health Care Providers

The REACH Trial is a 4-year randomized controlled trial to systematically compare the effectiveness of mobile (SMS) and traditional (email, FAX) communication strategies for sending public health messages to health care providers. The objective is to identify the most effective modality for public health agencies to communicate time-sensitive information and improve emergency preparedness and response. We will share preliminary results of intent-to-treat analyses regarding rate of recall of study alert message content, perceived trustworthiness and credibility of message and message source by providers, and frequency of accessing online alert information between traditional and mobile delivery groups.
Second Townsend Coefficient in Oxygen at High Pressures

The existence of the second Townsend ionization coefficient $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ in oxygen has been demonstrated in the presence of electron attachment. The experiment consisted of measurements of dc ionization currents in uniform electric fields at pressures near half an atmosphere and for electrode separations up to 3 cm. At a ratio of field strength to pressure of 35.4 volts (cm mm ${\mathrm{H}\mathrm{g})}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ was found to be 0.045 for a nickel cathode. This is more than an order of magnitude larger than the values previously found for a nickel cathode in hydrogen and nitrogen. This large value of $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ compensates for the loss of electron multiplication due to negative-ion formation and results in comparable breakdown potentials for oxygen and nitrogen near atmospheric pressure.