cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Persistent URIs Must Be Used To Be Persistent

We quantify the extent to which references to papers in scholarly literature use persistent HTTP URIs that leverage the Digital Object Identifier infrastructure. We find a significant number of references that do not, speculate why authors would use brittle URIs when persistent ones are available, and propose an approach to alleviate the problem.
Understanding and controlling water stability of MOF-74

Metal organic framework (MOF) materials in general, and MOF-74 in particular, have promising properties for many technologically important processes. However, their instability under humid conditions severely restricts practical use. We show that this instability and the accompanying reduction of the CO2 uptake capacity of MOF-74 under humid conditions originate in the water dissociation reaction H2O → OH + H at the metal centers. After this dissociation, the OH groups coordinate to the metal centers, explaining the reduction in the MOF's CO2 uptake capacity. This reduction thus strongly depends on the catalytic activity of MOF-74 towards the water dissociation reaction. We further show that—while the water molecules themselves only have a negligible effect on the crystal structure of MOF-74—the OH and H products of the dissociation reaction significantly weaken the MOF framework and lead to the observed crystal structure breakdown. With this knowledge, we propose a way to suppress this particular reaction by modifying the MOF-74 structure to increase the water dissociation energy barrier and thus control the stability of the system under humid conditions.
Fe-catalyzed synthesis of substituted N-aryl oxazolidines

A novel iron-catalyzed synthesis of substituted N-aryl oxazolidines was developed via C–N bond formation and methylenation. The reaction of aryl hydroxylamines with allyl alcohols, in the presence of formaldehyde or its equivalents, afforded variety of oxazolidine heterocycles in very good yields. This catalytic method is most effective for para-substituted aryl hydroxylamines and 3-methyl allyl alcohols. Furthermore, acid catalyzed demethylenation of oxazolidines allowed access to N-aryl amino alcohols in good yields.
A Unified Strategy for Iron-Catalyzed ortho-Alkylation of Carboxamides

Using 8-aminoquinoline-based aryl carboxamides, the direct ortho-alkylation can be achieved in high yields in the presence of an iron source, 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (dppe) and phenylmagnesium bromide. The reactions proceed without overalkylation and provide high levels of regioselectivity. The benzylation reactions can be performed in air with reagent-grade THF, while the alkylation works well with unactivated secondary bromides and iodides in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran. Moreover, the reactions only require 5–10 min.
Primary central nervous system lymphoma.

Purpose of review This review will summarize recent advances in the understanding and treatment of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL). Recent findings The molecular and genetic characteristics that distinguish PCNSL are beginning to be elucidated. New tools such as flow cytometry and PET are improving the diagnosis and management of PCNSL. Although the current standard of care is high-dose methotrexate-based chemotherapy alone or in combination with whole brain radiotherapy, multiple questions remain regarding the optimal treatment of PCNSL, in general, and unusual variants of PCNSL. Summary Although recent advances have improved our understanding of PCNSL, the need for additional collaborative research is critical.
Refractive Indices of Maltose Solutions

The refractive indices of maltose hydrate solutions have been determined at 20° and at 25° C. Equations relating the refractive index to the percentage concentration of sugar have been p l'epal'ed from the observed data by the method of averages. A table, giving the refractive indices of mal tose solutions at I-percent intervals over a range of 1 to 65 percent of maltose hydrate at both 20° and 25° C, is included.
Does confidence annotation meet the dialog goal?: a quantitative analysis

In this paper, we quantify the impact of using confidence annotation on the performance of a dialog system for a given dialog strategy. Although the ultimate goal in a dialog system is to optimize the user satisfaction, it is very difficult to quantify it. Instead, we consider the probability of success and the number of expected turns of a transaction as our dialog performance metrics. In fact, they are fairly strong predictors of user satisfaction. The desired dialog goal in terms of these metrics is mapped onto an operating region on the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) plane of the confidence annotation method. In doing so, one can not only figure out whether the confidence annotation would meet the desired goal at the dialog level but also understand how to tune the system in order to reach that goal. Such an analysis therefore allows the system designer to optimize the use of confidence annotation and tune the system without doing any time consuming online experiments.
Stereodivergent Synthesis of Enantioenriched 4-Hydroxy-2-cyclopentenones

Protected 4-hydroxycyclopentenones (4-HCPs) constitute an important class of intermediates in chemical synthesis. A route to this class of compound has been developed. Key steps include Noyori reduction (which establishes the stereochemistry of the product), ring-closing metathesis, and simple functional group conversions to provide a set of substituted 4-HCPs in either enantiomeric form.
Epilepsy in the Elderly

Other than children under the age of 5 years, the highest incidence of new onset epilepsy occurs in the population over 65 years of age. Risk factors in this age group include stroke, head trauma, dementia, infection, alcoholism and aging. Clinically, seizure behavior may be confused with other neurological impairments, thus delaying accurate diagnosis. Concomitant drug therapy affects the choice of antiepileptic drugs. Neuroscience nurses need to identify high-risk patients, recognize and document seizure activity and adverse drug reactions and interactions, and modify traditional seizure first aid for the frail elderly. An understanding of the psychosocial impact of epilepsy is necessary when offering education and support to the patient and family.
Kinetics of droplet wetting mode transitions on grooved surfaces: forward flux sampling.

The wetting configuration of a liquid droplet on a rough or physically patterned surface is typically characterized by either the Cassie wetting mode, in which the droplet resides on top of the roughness, or the Wenzel mode, in which the droplet penetrates into the roughness. For a fixed surface topology and droplet size, one of these modes corresponds to the global free-energy minimum. However, the other state is often metastable and long-lived due to a free-energy barrier that hinders the transition between the two wetting states. Metastable wetting states have been observed experimentally, and we also observe them in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of a droplet on a grooved surface. Using forward flux sampling, we study the kinetics of the Cassie to Wenzel and Wenzel to Cassie transitions for two-dimensional droplets on periodically grooved substrates. The global-minimum wetting states that emerge from our nanoscale MD approach are consistent with those predicted by a macroscopic model based on fre...
Differentiated Instruction in Information Literacy Courses in Urban Universities: How Flipping the Classroom Can Transform a Course and Help Reach All Students

Urban universities enroll highly diverse student bodies by every measure of “diversity.” In addition to different learning styles students may innately possess, many aspects of diversity impact the way they learn. Despite having diverse students, information literacy instructors in urban universities may approach teaching by attempting to reach the “average student,” even when there is little to no homogeneity among students. A differentiated instruction approach invites instructors to design various teaching and assessment devices in an attempt to appeal to how students learn differently. In order for differentiated instruction in information literacy to work, most classroom time should be dedicated to students working alone or in groups to learn and apply the material by the means that best complements how they learn. This article presents a discussion of the research on the impact of cultural diversity on learning, explains differentiated instruction and how it allows information literacy instructors to better reach a diverse group of students, and advocates for the adoption of a flipped classroom teaching approach to allow for the transformation of classroom time into a tutorial model where varied differentiated instruction opportunities can co-exist to support students of all learning styles and backgrounds.
A tale of two Ginis in the US, 1921–2012

Following a methodology by Jantzen and Volpert (2012), we use IRS Adjusted Gross Income data for the US (1921–2012) to estimate two Gini indices representing inequality at the bottom and the top of...
Collective Invention and Inventor Networks

Abstract Collective invention occurs when competing organizations share knowledge about the design and development of new technologies. Such exchange and circulation of ideas and practices among communities of inventors was relatively common in the nineteenth century, most notably in geographically localized industrial districts. This collective system of innovation was eclipsed in the early and mid-twentieth century by the rise to prominence of the large corporate R&D lab. Recent decades, however, have seen the decline of stand-alone, internal corporate labs and the resurgence of collective efforts by networks of inventors, distributed across organizations and spanning distant locations. We draw on literatures in economics, innovation studies, management, and sociology to posit explanations for this recent rise. Suggestive additional evidence is provided from comparative analyses of patent data from the 1970s and the present decade.
An Exploration of Transition Experiences Shaping Student Veteran Life Flow

OF DISSERTATION AN EXPLORATION OF TRANSITION EXPERIENCES SHAPING STUDENT VETERAN LIFE FLOW Educational institutions offer transformative opportunities for veterans transitioning from military service. Veteran-specific cultural supports in educational environments offer participation in occupations and development of skills needed to complete educational goals. However, veterans experience complex life circumstances atypical from traditional student culture which influences use of available environmental supports. Currently, the student veteran population is growing following fifteen years of combat and with systematic downsizing of the military. Therefore, rehabilitation professionals and educators must understand the unique experiences which shape veteran life flow during the transition process. This dissertation contains three studies investigating veteran experiences transitioning to postsecondary education. The first study surveyed the attitudes and beliefs of veterans coping with the transition to postsecondary education. Results identified veterans’ preference to using skills learned in the military for solving problems in the transition and reported limited use of university supports made available. A second study examined lived experiences of veterans transitioning and their interactions with traditional students and university supports. Results identified veterans emerge in college culture following a transactive process of sorting through military experiences, building on military skills, and developing new relationships for civilian identity. The final constructivist grounded theory study investigated the individual and collective constructions of veteran transitioning experiences in relation to culture and context. Twelve veterans were theoretically sampled and developed Kawa (River) metaphorical diagrams of their transition experiences. Intensive interviews discussed the meaning ascribed to veterans’ diagrams. Interview data was analyzed with the constant comparison technique until theoretical saturation was achieved. The emergent theory explained student veteran life flow by two major theoretical concepts: seeking understanding and gaining stability to shape life flow in transition from military to student culture. Veterans shared understanding in each cultural environment by socially interacting with others perceived to be reaching out and connecting with veterans. Veterans also performed autonomous actions of gaining stability by using their skills, pinpointing useful resources, and cultivating the growth and expression of personal skills. Both theoretical processes simultaneously, enhanced veteran’s transition to postsecondary education and promoted harmony within veteran life flow over time.
Current Trends in Rhetorical Studies in the West

Four current rhetorical studies in the Aristotelian t radition of Western rhetoric are reviewed. Each takes as its object of study a p henomenon neglected by previous scholars: hedging, a feature of the grammar, the schemes, repetitive grammatical forms, emotional proofs, and , finally politene ss. In each case, I believe, the scholars in question are able to make a plausib le case that these neglected phenomena say something interesting about science i n particular or about arguing in general.
The diagnosis and management of abdominal pregnancy; with a review of 19 cases.

Abstract Abdominal pregnancy is one of the rare but extremely hazardous complications of childbearing. From January 1934, through December 1950, the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Emory University has treated 19 cases of abdominal pregnancy at Grady Memorial Hospital. The results obtained with these patients have been analyzed critically. The mistakes and the successes in their treatment have been compared. The purpose of this study is to apply our experience to the diagnosis and management of this complication. The records of these 19 women are reviewed in Table I. The pregnancies were classified as abdominal if the fetus continued to grow with the site of implantation outside the uterine cavity or lumen of the tube. These 19 cases occurred among 41,941 deliveries, an incidence of 1 abdominal pregnancy in 2,207 deliveries. The age, parity, and past obstetrical and gynecological histories of these patients did not differ significantly from those usually reported for abdominal pregnancies. The laboratory data proved to be of little value in recognizing that the pathology was due to an abdominal pregnancy.
Design guidelines for high performance RDMA systems

Modern RDMA hardware offers the potential for exceptional performance, but design choices including which RDMA operations to use and how to use them significantly affect observed performance. This paper lays out guidelines that can be used by system designers to navigate the RDMA design space. Our guidelines emphasize paying attention to low-level details such as individual PCIe transactions and NIC architecture. We empirically demonstrate how these guidelines can be used to improve the performance of RDMA-based systems: we design a networked sequencer that outperforms an existing design by 50x, and improve the CPU efficiency of a prior high-performance key-value store by 83%. We also present and evaluate several new RDMA optimizations and pitfalls, and discuss how they affect the design of RDMA systems.
Strategic Formulary Design in Medicare Part D Plans

The design of Medicare Part D causes most beneficiaries to receive fragmented health insurance, with drug and medical coverage separated. Fragmentation is potentially inefficient since separate insurers optimize over only one component of healthcare spending, despite complementarities and substitutabilities between healthcare types. Fragmentation of only some plans can also lead to market distortions due to differential adverse selection, as integrated plans may use drug formularies to induce enrollment by patients that are profitable in the medical insurance market. We study the design of insurance plans in Medicare Part D, and find that formularies reflects these two differences in incentives.
Introduction: the Deepwater Horizon Incident

On April 20, 2010 an explosion occurred on the BP Deepwater Horizon offshore drilling rig in the Gulf of Mexico, killing eleven crew members, seriously injured sixteen, and sinking the rig. By July 15, when the oil flow was arrested, the Macondo well had discharged 4.9 million barrels of oil into marine waters. The continuing damage to the marine environment, the wider ecosystem, and to coastal human activity is still unknown. In this Symposium—The Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill: Impacts, Responses, and Prevention—the contributors appraise the regulatory and institutional pathologies that contributed to the incident, offer projections based on current practices and legal frameworks, propose alternative institutional and regulatory approaches, and recommend policies to achieve a preferred future for marine ecosystems and dependent human activity. There are earlier oil spill incidents that, in retrospect, amounted to a trend. Alan Sielen writing in this volume describes the 1969 Santa Barbara oil platform spill, the 1979 Bay of Campeche blowout in the Gulf of Mexico, the 1989 Exxon Valdez in Prince William Sound of Alaska, and the 2002 wreck of the tanker Prestige off the Spanish coast. However Deepwater Horizon is different. It is one of those rare marine environmental events that has acquired the characterization of an “incident,” or a prism through which reactions at multiple levels can be assessed for acceptable risks and behavior, for systemic pathologies, policy preferences, and for alternatives in law, science, industry practice and policy. Through the incident prism, contributors to this symposium
Colloidal particle adsorption at liquid interfaces: capillary driven dynamics and thermally activated kinetics

The adsorption of single colloidal microparticles (0.5–1 μm radius) at a water–oil interface has been recently studied experimentally using digital holographic microscopy [Kaz et al., Nat. Mater., 2012, 11, 138–142]. An initially fast adsorption dynamics driven by capillary forces is followed by an unexpectedly slow relaxation to equilibrium that is logarithmic in time and can span hours or days. The slow relaxation kinetics has been attributed to the presence of surface “defects” with nanoscale dimensions (1–5 nm) that induce multiple metastable configurations of the contact line perimeter. A kinetic model considering thermally activated transitions between such metastable configurations has been proposed [Colosqui et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 2013, 111, 028302] to predict both the relaxation rate and the crossover point to the slow logarithmic regime. However, the adsorption dynamics observed experimentally before the crossover point has remained unstudied. In this work, we propose a Langevin model that is able to describe the entire adsorption process of single colloidal particles by considering metastable states produced by surface defects and thermal motion of the particle and liquid interface. Invoking the fluctuation dissipation theorem, we introduce a drag term that considers significant dissipative forces induced by thermal fluctuations of the liquid interface. Langevin dynamics simulations based on the proposed adsorption model yield close agreement with experimental observations for different microparticles, capturing the crossover from (fast) capillary driven dynamics to (slow) thermally activated kinetics.
Accurate and efficient numerical calculation of stable densities via optimized quadrature and asymptotics

Stable distributions are an important class of infinitely divisible probability distributions, of which two special cases are the Cauchy distribution and the normal distribution. Aside from a few special cases, the density function for stable distributions has no known analytic form and is expressible only through the variate’s characteristic function or other integral forms. In this paper, we present numerical schemes for evaluating the density function for stable distributions, its gradient, and distribution function in various parameter regimes of interest, some of which had no preexisting efficient method for their computation. The novel evaluation schemes consist of optimized generalized Gaussian quadrature rules for integral representations of the density function, complemented by asymptotic expansions near various values of the shape and argument parameters. We report several numerical examples illustrating the efficiency of our methods. The resulting code has been made available online.
Designing convex repulsive pair potentials that favor assembly of kagome and snub square lattices.

Building on a recently introduced inverse strategy, isotropic and convex repulsive pair potentials were designed that favor assembly of particles into kagome and equilateral snub square lattices. The former interactions were obtained by a numerical solution of a variational problem that maximizes the range of density for which the ground state of the potential is the kagome lattice. Similar optimizations targeting the snub square lattice were also carried out, employing a constraint that required a minimum chemical potential advantage of the target over select competing structures. This constraint helped to discover isotropic interactions that meaningfully favored the snub square lattice as the ground state structure despite the asymmetric spatial distribution of particles in its coordination shells and the presence of tightly competing structures. Consistent with earlier published results [W. Pineros et al., J. Chem. Phys. 144, 084502 (2016)], enforcement of greater chemical potential advantages for the target lattice in the interaction optimization led to assemblies with enhanced thermal stability.
Direct lightning strikes to the lightning protective system of a residential building: triggered-lightning experiments

Summary form only given. Lightning triggered from natural thunderclouds using the rocket-and-wire technique was employed in order to subject to direct lightning strikes the lightning protective system of a test house at the International Center for Lightning Research and Testing (ICLRT) at Camp Blanding, Florida, USA. The electrical circuit of the test house was connected to the secondary of a padmount distribution transformer located a distance of about 50 m from the house. The transformer primary was connected to a 650-m long unenergized underground power cable. The test house had two ground rods, one for the lightning protective system grounding and the other for the power sup. ply system grounding. The two rods were about 3 m apart and were connected by a metallic cable. Lightning current was injected into the lightning protective system ground rod, and the currents and voltages at different points in the test system were measured. The waveshapes of currents in the ground rods of the test house differed markedly from the current waveshapes in other parts of the overall system. The ground rods at the test house appeared to filter out the higher frequency components of the lightning current, allowing the lower frequency components of the current to enter the house's electrical circuit, that is, the ground rods appeared to exhibit a capacitive behavior rather than the often expected resistive behavior. This effect was observed for DC grounding resistances of the rods (driven in sandy soil with conductivity of about 2.5 /spl times/ 10/sup -4/ S/m) ranging from more than a thousand ohms to some tens of ohms. The peak values of: (1) the current entering the test house's electrical circuit; (2) the current flowing to the distribution transformer secondary neutral; and (3) the current flowing through the surge protective devices at the test house's service entrance were observed to be greater than in either of the two scenarios suggested by the International Electrotechnical Commission.
Gene- and pathway-based association tests for multiple traits with GWAS summary statistics.

Summary: To identify novel genetic variants associated with complex traits and to shed new insights on underlying biology, in addition to the most popular single SNP-single trait association analysis, it would be useful to explore multiple correlated (intermediate) traits at the gene- or pathway-level by mining existing single GWAS or meta-analyzed GWAS data. For this purpose, we present an adaptive gene-based test and a pathway-based test for association analysis of multiple traits with GWAS summary statistics. The proposed tests are adaptive at both the SNP- and trait-levels; that is, they account for possibly varying association patterns (e.g. signal sparsity levels) across SNPs and traits, thus maintaining high power across a wide range of situations. Furthermore, the proposed methods are general: they can be applied to mixed types of traits, and to Z-statistics or P-values as summary statistics obtained from either a single GWAS or a meta-analysis of multiple GWAS. Our numerical studies with simulated and real data demonstrated the promising performance of the proposed methods. Availability and Implementation: The methods are implemented in R package aSPU, freely and publicly available at: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/aSPU/. Contact: weip@biostat.umn.edu Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
The Volatility of Bid-Ask Spreads

This study tests whether the volatility of bid-ask spreads is positively related to expected returns. After controlling for market-risk factors, we find that the average risk-adjusted excess return for stocks in the highest spread volatility quintile is around 50 basis points per month. In a variety of multivariate tests, we find robust evidence of a return premium associated with spread volatility that is both statistically significant and economically meaningful. Our results are robust to controls for a variety of stock characteristics, different tick-size regimes, and other measures of liquidity volatility.
An experimental investigation of hyperbolic routing with a smart forwarding plane in NDN

Routing in NDN networks must scale in terms of forwarding table size and routing protocol overhead. Hyperbolic routing (HR) presents a potential solution to address the routing scalability problem, because it does not use traditional forwarding tables or exchange routing updates upon changes in network topologies. Although HR has the drawbacks of producing sub-optimal routes or local minima for some destinations, these issues can be mitigated by NDN's intelligent data forwarding plane. However, HR's viability still depends on both the quality of the routes HR provides and the overhead incurred at the forwarding plane due to HR's sub-optimal behavior. We designed a new forwarding strategy called Adaptive Smoothed RTT-based Forwarding (ASF) to mitigate HR's sub-optimal path selection. This paper describes our experimental investigation into the packet delivery delay and overhead under HR as compared with Named-Data Link State Routing (NLSR), which calculates shortest paths. We run emulation experiments using various topologies with different failure scenarios, probing intervals, and maximum number of next hops for a name prefix. Our results show that HR's delay stretch has a median close to 1 and a 95th-percentile around or below 2, which does not grow with the network size. HR's message overhead in dynamic topologies is nearly independent of the network size, while NLSR's overhead grows polynomially at least. These results suggest that HR offers a more scalable routing solution with little impact on the optimality of routing paths.
Inferring Population Preferences via Mixtures of Spatial Voting Models

Understanding political phenomena requires measuring the political preferences of society. We introduce a model based on mixtures of spatial voting models that infers the underlying distribution of political preferences of voters with only voting records of the population and political positions of candidates in an election. Beyond offering a cost-effective alternative to surveys, this method projects the political preferences of voters and candidates into a shared latent preference space. This projection allows us to directly compare the preferences of the two groups, which is desirable for political science but difficult with traditional survey methods. After validating the aggregated-level inferences of this model against results of related work and on simple prediction tasks, we apply the model to better understand the phenomenon of political polarization in the Texas, New York, and Ohio electorates. Taken at face value, inferences drawn from our model indicate that the electorates in these states may be less bimodal than the distribution of candidates, but that the electorates are comparatively more extreme in their variance. We conclude with a discussion of limitations of our method and potential future directions for research.
Impact of dependent left truncation in semiparametric competing risks methods: A simulation study

ABSTRACTIn this study, we investigated the robustness of the methods that account for independent left truncation when applied to competing risks settings with dependent left truncation. We specifically focused on the methods for the proportional cause-specific hazards model and the Fine–Gray model. Simulation experiments showed that these methods are not in general robust against dependent left truncation. The magnitude of the bias was analogous to the strength of the association between left truncation and failure times, the effect of the covariate on the competing cause of failure, and the baseline hazard of left truncation time.
Entropy Balancing is Doubly Robust

Covariate balance is a conventional key diagnostic for methods estimating causal effects from observational studies. Recently, there is an emerging interest in directly incorporating covariate balance in the estimation. We study a recently proposed entropy maximization method called Entropy Balancing (EB), which exactly matches the covariate moments for the different experimental groups in its optimization problem. We show EB is doubly robust with respect to linear outcome regression and logistic propensity score regression, and it reaches the asymptotic semiparametric variance bound when both regressions are correctly specified. This is surprising to us because there is no attempt to model the outcome or the treatment assignment in the original proposal of EB. Our theoretical results and simulations suggest that EB is a very appealing alternative to the conventional weighting estimators that estimate the propensity score by maximum likelihood.
THE STATE OF THE ART AND CHALLENGES IN GEOMECHANICAL MODELING OF INJECTOR WELLS; A REVIEW PAPER

Fluid injection is a common practice in the Oil and Gas industry found in many applications such as waterflooding and disposal of produced fluids. Maintaining high injection rates is crucial to guarantee the economic success of these projects; however, there are geomechanical risks and difficulties involved in this process that may threat the viability of fluid injection projects. Near wellbore reduction of permeability due to pore plugging, formation failure, out of zone injection, sand production, and local compaction are challenging the effectiveness of the injection process. Due to these complications, modeling and simulation has been used as an effective tool to assess injectors’ performance, however, different problems have yet be addressed. In this paper, we review some of these challenges and the solutions that have been proposed as a primary step to understand mechanisms affecting well performance.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
Mosaic: Designing Online Creative Communities for Sharing Works-in-Progress

Online creative communities allow creators to share their work with a large audience, maximizing opportunities to showcase their work and connect with fans and peers. However, sharing in-progress work can be technically and socially challenging in environments designed for sharing completed pieces. We propose an online creative community where sharing process, rather than showcasing outcomes, is the main method of sharing creative work. Based on this, we present Mosaic---an online community where illustrators share work-in-progress snapshots showing how an artwork was completed from start to finish. In an online deployment and observational study, artists used Mosaic as a vehicle for reflecting on how they can improve their own creative process, developed a social norm of detailed feedback, and became less apprehensive of sharing early versions of artwork. Through Mosaic, we argue that communities oriented around sharing creative process can create a collaborative environment that is beneficial for creative growth.
Control Barrier Function Based Quadratic Programs for Safety Critical Systems

Safety critical systems involve the tight coupling between potentially conflicting control objectives and safety constraints. As a means of creating a formal framework for controlling systems of this form, and with a view toward automotive applications, this paper develops a methodology that allows safety conditions—expressed as control barrier functions —to be unified with performance objectives—expressed as control Lyapunov functions—in the context of real-time optimization-based controllers. Safety conditions are specified in terms of forward invariance of a set, and are verified via two novel generalizations of barrier functions; in each case, the existence of a barrier function satisfying Lyapunov-like conditions implies forward invariance of the set, and the relationship between these two classes of barrier functions is characterized. In addition, each of these formulations yields a notion of control barrier function (CBF), providing inequality constraints in the control input that, when satisfied, again imply forward invariance of the set. Through these constructions, CBFs can naturally be unified with control Lyapunov functions (CLFs) in the context of a quadratic program (QP); this allows for the achievement of control objectives (represented by CLFs) subject to conditions on the admissible states of the system (represented by CBFs). The mediation of safety and performance through a QP is demonstrated on adaptive cruise control and lane keeping, two automotive control problems that present both safety and performance considerations coupled with actuator bounds.
Curating Long-Term Vector Maps

Autonomous service mobile robots need to consistently, accurately, and robustly localize in human environments despite changes to such environments over time. Episodic non-Markov Localization addresses the challenge of localization in such changing environments by classifying observations as arising from Long-Term, Short-Term, or Dynamic Features. However, in order to do so, EnML relies on an estimate of the Long-Term Vector Map (LTVM) that does not change over time. In this paper, we introduce a recursive algorithm to build and update the LTVM over time by reasoning about visibility constraints of objects observed over multiple robot deployments. We use a signed distance function (SDF) to filter out observations of short-term and dynamic features from multiple deployments of the robot. The remaining long-term observations are used to build a vector map by robust local linear regression. The uncertainty in the resulting LTVM is computed via Monte Carlo resampling the observations arising from long-term features. By combining occupancy-grid based SDF filtering of observations with continuous space regression of the filtered observations, our proposed approach builds, updates, and amends LTVMs over time, reasoning about all observations from all robot deployments in an environment. We present experimental results demonstrating the accuracy, robustness, and compact nature of the extracted LTVMs from several long-term robot datasets.
Resonance region to DIS, quark-hadron duality at Jefferson Lab

New measurements of inclusive electron scattering on the proton and deuteron have been made at Jefferson Lab with a four-momentum transfer range of 0.3 lte Q{sup 2} lte 4.5 (GeV/c){sup 2} as a study of quark-hadron duality at low Q{sup 2}. The F{sub 2} structure function is found to scale about a common scaling curve down to Q{sup 2} of 0.5 (GeV/c){sup 2}, indicating that higher twist effects are small. Duality in other observables and in electron scattering on nuclei are also discussed.
Direct and context-dependent effects of light, temperature, and phytoplankton shape bacterial community composition

Species interactions, environmental conditions, and stochastic processes work in concert to bring about changes in community structure. However, the relative importance of specific factors and how their combined influence affects community composition remain largely unclear. We conducted a multi-factorial experiment to (1) disentangle the direct and interaction-mediated effects of environmental conditions and (2) augment our understanding of how environmental context modulates species interactions. We focus on a planktonic system where interactions with phytoplankton effect changes in the composition of bacterial communities. Further, light and temperature conditions can influence bacteria directly as well as through their interactions with phytoplankton. Epilimnetic bacteria from two humic lakes were combined with phytoplankton assemblages from each lake (home or away) or a no-phytoplankton control and incubated for 5 d under all combinations of light (surface, ~25% surface irradiance) and temperature (five levels from 10° to 25°C). Observed light effects were primarily direct, while phytoplankton and temperature effects on bacterial community composition were highly interdependent. The influence of temperature on aquatic bacteria was consistently mediated by phytoplankton and most pronounced for bacteria incubated with “away” phytoplankton treatments, likely due to the availability of novel phytoplankton-derived resources. The effects of phytoplankton on bacterial community composition were generally increased at higher temperatures. Incorporating mechanisms underlying the observed interdependent effects of species interactions and environmental conditions into modeling frameworks may improve our ability to forecast ecological responses to environmental change.
Seismicity Of The Earth

This paper is intended: (1) to give an account of the relative seismicity of various parts of the earth during the limited period for which accurate information is available, and (2) to identify and discuss the geographical and geological relationships of the principal zones and areas of seismic activity.
Wiring variations that enable and constrain neural computation in a sensory microcircuit

Neural network function can be shaped by varying the strength of synaptic connections. One way to achieve this is to vary connection structure. To investigate how structural variation among synaptic connections might affect neural computation, we examined primary afferent connections in the Drosophila olfactory system. We used large-scale serial section electron microscopy to reconstruct all the olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) axons that target a left-right pair of glomeruli, as well as all the projection neurons (PNs) postsynaptic to these ORNs. We found three variations in ORN→PN connectivity. First, we found a systematic co-variation in synapse number and PN dendrite size, suggesting total synaptic conductance is tuned to postsynaptic excitability. Second, we discovered that PNs receive more synapses from ipsilateral than contralateral ORNs, providing a structural basis for odor lateralization behavior. Finally, we found evidence of imprecision in ORN→PN connections that can diminish network performance.
Some considerations concerning encoding and concording texts

Publisher Summary This chapter presents some considerations concerning encoding and concording texts. The best starting point for the discussion of encoding and concording texts is Wisbey's observation that it “appears sensible to adapt one's approach to the needs of a particular text,” being guided primarily by one's intimate knowledge of that text. This requires a much more flexible approach to humanistic computing than is usual. What one wants or needs to encode in a text depends mostly on what one intends to do. Having begun with a sound text, one must encode only to the extent that encoding will affect the results of the project. Unfortunately, it is extremely difficult to foresee all the uses to which machine-readable data will eventually be put. Specifically, how a text is encoded is a relative matter as long as it is thorough. J. B. Smith noted that there are always tradeoffs, but this need not be an overriding concern when one knows his text well enough to determine the more important and the less important features. As long as a text is encoded so that it can be mechanically reproduced in a way that does not differ substantially from the original, it is adequate. There ought to be a distinction made between how a text is initially encoded and how it is encoded for processing, particularly if one intends to combine data at a later time.
Wage Shocks and the Technological Substitution of Low-Wage Jobs

We extend the task-based empirical framework used in the job polarization literature to analyze the susceptibility of low-wage employment to technological substitution. We nd that increases in the cost of low-wage labor (via minimum wage hikes) lead to relative employment declines at cognitively routine occupations but not manuallyroutine or non-routine low-wage occupations. This suggests that low-wage routine cognitive tasks are susceptible to technological substitution. While the short-run em
Violence to Others, Violent Self-Victimization, and Violent Victimization by Others Among Persons With a Mental Illness.

Objective:This research examined the frequency of and characteristics associated with three forms of violence among persons with mental illness—violence directed at others, self-directed violence, and violence directed at them by others.Methods:Previously unreported data from a follow-up sample of 951 patients from the MacArthur Violence Risk Assessment Study were analyzed to characterize involvement in violence directed at others, self-directed violence, and violence directed at them by others.Results:Most patients (58%) experienced at least one form of violence, 28% experienced at least two forms, and 7% experienced all three forms. Several diagnostic, social, and historical variables distinguished the groups.Conclusions:Given the substantial overlap among the three forms of violence, clinicians should routinely screen patients who report one form for the occurrence of the other two. Co-occurrence of several forms of violence may require a package of interventions with components geared to each.
Strontium and Barium in Aqueous Solution and an Ion Channel Blocking Site

Ion hydration structure and free energy establish criteria for understanding selective ion binding in potassium (K+) ion chan- nels, and may be significant to understanding blocking mechanisms as well. Recently, we investigated the hydration properties of Ba2+, the most potent blocker of K+ channels among the simple metal ions. Here, we use a similar method of combining ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, statistical mechanical theory, and electronic structure calculations to probe the fun- damental hydration properties of Sr2+, which does not block bacterial K+ channels. The radial distribution of water around Sr2+ suggests a stable 8-fold geometry in the local hydration environment, similar to Ba2+. While the predicted hydration free energy of −331.8 kcal/mol is comparable with the experimental result of −334 kcal/mol, the value is significantly more favorable than the −305 kcal/mol hydration free energy of Ba2+. When placed in the innermost K+ channel blocking site, the solvation free energies and lowest energy structures of both Sr2+ and Ba2+ are nearly unchanged compared with their respective hydration properties. That result suggests that differences in blocking behavior may arise due to kinetic properties associated with exchange of water ligands for channel ligands instead of equilibrium thermodynamic properties.
INDIVIDUALISING PATIENT REHABILITATION: “WHATEVER IT TAKES”

The goals of any rehabilitation protocol should be to control pain, improve ambulation, maximise range of motion, develop muscle strength, and provide emotional support. Over 85% of TKA patients will recover knee function regardless of which rehabilitation protocol is adopted but the process can be facilitated by proper pain control, physical therapy, and emotional support. The remaining 15% of patients will have difficulty obtaining proper knee function secondary to significant pain, limited preoperative motion, and/or the development of arthrofibrosis. This subset will require a special, individualised rehabilitation program, which may involve prolonged oral analgesia, continued physical therapy, more diagnostic studies and occasionally manipulation. Controlling pain is the mainstay of any treatment plan. The program described herein has been used at Ranawat Orthopaedics over the last 10 years in more than 2000 TKAs.
Quality in competitive fresh produce supply chains with application to farmers' markets

Fresh produce supply chains have special characteristics, notably, that the quality of the product (fruit or vegetable) deteriorates continuously over time, even under ideal conditions. In this paper, we begin with explicit formulae for fresh produce quality deterioration based on chemistry and temperature and provide a path-based framework. We then focus on farmers' markets, the popularity of which has been growing due to consumers' greater awareness of and interest in product quality and emphasis on health. Farmers' markets, as examples of direct to consumer channels and shorter supply chains, are studied in the framework of game theory in both uncapacitated and capacitated versions. A case study of apples in Massachusetts, under various scenarios, including production disruptions, provides quantitative evidence of the applicability of our supply chain network approach.
Network Inference via the Time-Varying Graphical Lasso

Many important problems can be modeled as a system of interconnected entities, where each entity is recording time-dependent observations or measurements. In order to spot trends, detect anomalies, and interpret the temporal dynamics of such data, it is essential to understand the relationships between the different entities and how these relationships evolve over time. In this paper, we introduce the time-varying graphical lasso (TVGL), a method of inferring time-varying networks from raw time series data. We cast the problem in terms of estimating a sparse time-varying inverse covariance matrix, which reveals a dynamic network of interdependencies between the entities. Since dynamic network inference is a computationally expensive task, we derive a scalable message-passing algorithm based on the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) to solve this problem in an efficient way. We also discuss several extensions, including a streaming algorithm to update the model and incorporate new observations in real time. Finally, we evaluate our TVGL algorithm on both real and synthetic datasets, obtaining interpretable results and outperforming state-of-the-art baselines in terms of both accuracy and scalability.
Exhaustive Suzuki–Miyaura reactions of polyhalogenated heteroarenes with alkyl boronic pinacol esters

A novel Suzuki–Miyaura protocol is described that enables the exhaustive alkylation of polychlorinated pyridines. This method facilitates a formal synthesis of normuscopyridine and the rapid assembly of a dumbbell shaped portion of a [2]rotaxane.
Light Conversion Efficiency of Algae Grown in Sewage

Engineering design of cultures of algae for effective waste treatment or reclamation is dependent on the algal light conversion efficiency, which is highly variable and strongly influenced by the e...