cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Poor Law, Migration, and Economic Growth

The loss to the English economy caused by decreased migration resulting from relief payments to agricultural laborers is estimated. I conclude that, at worst, the Poor Law had a small negative impact on national product. If poor relief and wages were substitutes, the Poor Law may have had a positive impact on capital formation and economic growth. HISTORIANS have debated the macroeconomic impact of the English Poor Law for nearly two centuries. It is now generally agreed that the granting of outdoor relief to able-bodied laborers did not have the disastrous consequences for the rural parish economy that contemporary observers and many historians had claimed. However, revisionist historians have yet to confront a second criticism of the Old Poor Law: that at the macro level outdoor relief caused a reduction in the rate of economic growth by slowing the rate of migration from the agricultural South to London and the industrial Northwest.' Because the marginal product of labor was significantly higher in industrial cities than in agricultural areas, the Poor Law might have caused the early nineteenth-century British economy to forego a large free lunch by fostering an inefficient allocation of labor. One explanation for the large rural-urban wage gaps that existed during the first half of the nineteenth century was that the payment of outdoor relief to agricultural laborers hindered migration. According to Arthur Redford, "the mistaken and lax administration of poor relief in the southern counties" prior to 1834 was a major cause of "the immobility of the southern agricultural laborer.'"2 Karl Polanyi agreed that the Poor Law slowed rural-urban migration, but his story differed from that of Redford. By the beginning of the nineteenth century,
Risk of subsequent cancer following invasive or in situ squamous cell skin cancer.

Abstract PURPOSE: Determine the risk of subsequent cancer following squamous cell skin cancer. METHODS: Using computerized surgical pathology records and membership data from a health maintenance organization, we retrospectively identified 822 individuals with primary squamous cell skin cancer (SCSC) and 3662 comparison subjects matched for age, sex, race, residence area, and length of membership. Patients were included in the study if they had no prior history of cancer, and received at least one multiphasic health checkup and questionnaire (MHC). Patients were followed for subsequent invasive cancer up to 24 years, with a mean follow-up time of 7.8 years. RESULTS: SCSC patients had a significantly greater risk [adjusted for body mass index (BMI) and education] for subsequent cancer overall (excluding non-melanoma skin cancer) [risk ratio (RR) = 1.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.2–1.6], and for basal cell skin cancer (RR = 13.8, 95% CI = 8.8–21.9), digestive (RR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.1–2.4), and genitourinary cancers (RR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.0–2.0). An increased, but not statistically significant, adjusted risk (RR ⩾ 1.4) was also observed for lip, oral cavity, and pharynx cancer (RR = 3.9, 95% CI = 0.6–25.0); non-cutaneous squamous cell cancer (RR = 1.9, 95% CI = 0.9–4.4); and respiratory and intrathoracic cancer (RR = 1.4, 95% CI = 0.8–2.6). The addition of alcohol consumption, combined occupational exposure, marital status, and smoking history to the multivariate model did not materially change any significant positive associations with SCSC. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that patients diagnosed with SCSC may be at an increased risk of subsequent cancer at many sites, although several estimated risk estimates were within the limits of chance given no true association.
Integrating energy efficiency and security for storage systems

Security requirements and power management have become important criteria for data storage systems in today's world of information security. There exist many security approaches and power optimization techniques for storage systems but most of the existing approaches either concentrate on security or power management. Our approach integrates the power optimization with confidentiality services to maintain the secrecy of the data. Several traditional power optimization techniques involve stopping the disk completely when the loads on the storage disks are really low. Our approach makes use of the new evolving technique, Dynamic Speed Control for power management (DRPM), when the idle times between the requests are not very high. There are numerous security services like confidentiality, integrity, authentication and non-repudiation that can be provided to secure the data or information communication between parties. We concentrate on confidentiality which is one of the most popular requirements for security services.
High impedance multigap plasma opening switches

We propose, and computationally evaluate a new approach to high voltage plasma opening switches. The generator current is engineered to pass through a series of switch plasma modules, each providing a separate emission gap. The resistance from the sum of these gaps is in parallel with the load. Thus, modular plasma gaps can be added to encourage optimal energy transfer to a high impedance load. >
A genome-wide association study of serum uric acid in African Americans

Uric acid is the primary byproduct of purine metabolism. Hyperuricemia is associated with body mass index (BMI), sex, and multiple complex diseases including gout, hypertension (HTN), renal disease, and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Multiple genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in individuals of European ancestry (EA) have reported associations between serum uric acid levels (SUAL) and specific genomic loci. The purposes of this study were: 1) to replicate major signals reported in EA populations; and 2) to use the weak LD pattern in African ancestry population to better localize (fine-map) reported loci and 3) to explore the identification of novel findings cognizant of the moderate sample size. African American (AA) participants (n = 1,017) from the Howard University Family Study were included in this study. Genotyping was performed using the Affymetrix® Genome-wide Human SNP Array 6.0. Imputation was performed using MACH and the HapMap reference panels for CEU and YRI. A total of 2,400,542 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were assessed for association with serum uric acid under the additive genetic model with adjustment for age, sex, BMI, glomerular filtration rate, HTN, T2D, and the top two principal components identified in the assessment of admixture and population stratification. Four variants in the gene SLC2A9 achieved genome-wide significance for association with SUAL (p-values ranging from 8.88 × 10-9 to 1.38 × 10-9). Fine-mapping of the SLC2A9 signals identified a 263 kb interval of linkage disequilibrium in the HapMap CEU sample. This interval was reduced to 37 kb in our AA and the HapMap YRI samples. The most strongly associated locus for SUAL in EA populations was also the most strongly associated locus in this AA sample. This finding provides evidence for the role of SLC2A9 in uric acid metabolism across human populations. Additionally, our findings demonstrate the utility of following-up EA populations GWAS signals in African-ancestry populations with weaker linkage disequilibrium.
Neurocomputing and associative memories based on ovenized aluminum nitride resonators

Neurocomputing has been regarded as an intriguing alternative to the von Neumann architecture for computing systems, especially for such applications as pattern recognition, image processing, and associative memory. However, implementations using CMOS technology have largely been considered impractical due to the required circuit complexity and corresponding power consumption. In this paper we propose a novel configuration for a recently-developed ovenized aluminum nitride (AlN) resonator that is used as a thermally-tunable analog impedance for implementation of artificial neurons and synapses. We demonstrate and elaborate on our building blocks for artificial neurons and synapses using such resonators. Localized impedance tuning via multiple heaters on a single device enables a compact DAC (digital-to-analog converter) for programming artificial synapses and a simple-yet-efficient means for implementing artificial neurons. We also show the functionality of our proposed circuits using two pattern recognition examples based on compact circuit simulation models for ovenized AlN resonators. The resonator device models are characterized from measurement data.
Engagement, Alignment, and Rigor as Vital Signs of High-Quality Instruction: A Classroom Visit Protocol for Instructional Improvement and Research

This paper investigates engagement (E), alignment (A), and rigor (R) as vital signs of high-quality teacher instruction as measured by the EAR Classroom Visit Protocol, designed by the Institute for Research and Reform in Education (IRRE). Findings indicated that both school leaders and outside raters could learn to score the protocol with adequate reliability. Using observations of 33 English language arts (ELA) teachers and 25 mathematics teachers from four high schools, findings indicated that engagement, alignment, and rigor were all predictive of math and ELA standardized achievement test scores when controlling for the previous year’s scores, although some of the associations were marginal. Students’ self-reports of their engagement in school were also generally predictive of test scores in models that included perceived academic competence and observed engagement, alignment, or rigor. We discuss the importance of classroom engagement, alignment, and rigor as markers of instructional quality and the utility of the EAR Protocol as a means of assessing instructional quality.
Career Development for College Students with Asperger's Syndrome.

An increasing number of students with Asperger’s syndrome are entering college today. Students with Asperger’s syndrome face complex symptomology such as difficulty with social skills, narrowed interests, sensory issues, and lack of self-awareness that may affect their ability to complete college and successfully enter the workforce. Career counselors could apply social cognitive career theory as an effective intervention when working with college students diagnosed with Asperger’s syndrome. A case illustration is presented as an example.
Variable ordering and selection of FSM traversal

The authors consider the problem of variable ordering in algorithms for verification of finite state machines (FSMs) for which the traversal is based on BDD (binary decision diagram) representation and image computation via implicit enumeration. They treat two separate BDD ordering problems: (1) minimization of the representation of the next state function and the representation of the set of reachable states, and (2) a selection heuristic to reduce the complexity of the image computation problem by dynamic selection of the implicit enumeration splitting variables. In both problems they present theoretical results based on the algebraic structure of the next state functions, heuristic ordering methods, and favorable experimental results for problems with significant algebraic structure. >
Identifying Sources of Fecal Pollution in the Colville River Using Library-independent Genetic Markers

We examined the feasibility of using repeated sampling with binary detection of genetic markers as a means to categorize fecal pollution amongst three host sources at ten sample locations in the Colville River watershed (Washington State, U.S.A). Water samples from each site were collected eight times between June and August 2005. Total enterococci were enumerated after membrane filtration and resulting colonies were recovered for PCR testing with a panel of 16 genetic markers. The geometric mean for enterococci ranged from 38 to 945 CFU. Six of the markers were positive for all samples during the first three sample visits and four of the human markers were rarely encountered. Six markers identified four sites as impacted by human waste, four sites as impacted by cattle waste, and three sites as impacted by cervid waste. There are no gold standards by which to assess the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of BST markers in the field, but results from our sampling scheme were consistent with proximal l...
Fever in endometriosis.

Abstract Pelvic endometriosis produces many and varied symptoms. Acquired dysmenorrhea, abnormal uterine bleeding, backache, and dyspareunia, are the classic ones. Although, other, less frequently encountered symptoms are described in the reports of this increasingly important disease, fever is seldom mentioned as one of them. Scott and Te Linde, 1 in a recent review of 516 cases of proved endometriosis, encountered such unusual symptoms as headache, swollen ankles, indigestion, flank pain, general fatigue, rectal bleeding, and hematuria. Fever is not mentioned. The classic contributions of Keene and Kimbrough, 2 Counseller, 3, 4 Payne, 5 Fallas and Rosenbloom, 6 and Meigs 7 describe the pathology, symptomatology, diagnosis, and treatment of endometriosis in minute detail, but none of these reported the presence of fever. W. R. Holmes 8 reported 80 cases of endometriosis of which seven, or 8.7 per cent, had a temperature elevation and leukocytosis. Jeffcoate 9 in 1947 reported 8 instances of fever occurring in 91 cases of proved endometriosis which were operated upon. Our interest in this symptom, in relation to endometriosis, began in 1945. Since that time, five cases in which fever was a prominent symptom of this disease have come under our observation. Three of these were operated upon and form the basis of this report.
Equipment and Preparation of Materials

For the routine identification of nonopaque materials a polarizing microscope is used. The petrographic or polarizing microscope is essentially a compound microscope with the addition of optical devices that polarize light. A simple variety for qualitative observations can be made from almost any compound or stereo microscope and two sheets of polarizing filter. Most quantitative measurements require special features (rotating stage, slots for accessory plates, diaphragms, etc.) that are incorporated into the design of commercial polarizing microscopes.
Using perturbations to identify the brain circuits underlying active vision

The visual and oculomotor systems in the brain have been studied extensively in the primate. Together, they can be regarded as a single brain system that underlies active vision—the normal vision that begins with visual processing in the retina and extends through the brain to the generation of eye movement by the brainstem. The system is probably one of the most thoroughly studied brain systems in the primate, and it offers an ideal opportunity to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the series of perturbation techniques that have been used to study it. The perturbations have been critical in moving from correlations between neuronal activity and behaviour closer to a causal relation between neuronal activity and behaviour. The same perturbation techniques have also been used to tease out neuronal circuits that are related to active vision that in turn are driving behaviour. The evolution of perturbation techniques includes ablation of both cortical and subcortical targets, punctate chemical lesions, reversible inactivations, electrical stimulation, and finally the expanding optogenetic techniques. The evolution of perturbation techniques has supported progressively stronger conclusions about what neuronal circuits in the brain underlie active vision and how the circuits themselves might be organized.
Overexpression of Thyroid Hormone Receptor β1 Altered Thyroid Hormone-Mediated Regulation of Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Replication in Differentiated Cells

Thyroid hormone (T3) has been suggested to play a role in herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) replication. It was previously reported that HSV-1 replication was suppressed by T3 in mouse neuroblastoma cells overexpressing thyroid hormone receptor β1 (TRβ1). Using a human neuro-endocrine cells LNCaP differentiated by androgen deprivation, HSV-1 replication was active but decreased by T3 at very low moi, probably due to low copy of TRβ1. In this study, a recombinant HSV-1 was constructed expressing TRβ1 (HSV-1/TRβ1). Infection of Vero cells (very little TRβ1 expression) with HSV-1/TRβ1 exhibited increased replication in the presence of T3 compared to the counterpart without TRβ1 overexpression. Interestingly, HSV-1/TRβ1 infection of differentiated LNCaP cells showed strong suppression of viral replication by T3 and the removal of hormone did not fully reversed the suppression as was observed in parent virus. Quantitative analyses indicated that ICP0 expression was blocked using HSV-1/TRβ1 for infection during T3 washout, suggesting that overexpression of TRβ1 is likely to delay its inhibitory effect on viral gene expression. Together these results emphasized the importance of TRβ1 in the regulation of HSV-1 replication in differentiated environment with neuronal phenotype.
Physical Activity in Latino Men and Women: Just One Piece of the Puzzle

This article provides commentary on the accompanying manuscript, “Physical Activity in Latino Men and Women: Facilitators, Barriers, and Interventions” by Larsen and colleagues. A major strength of the Larsen manuscript is that it draws attention to the need for more research on the facilitators and barriers of physical activity in this population, particularly Latino men, and the need for more effective physical activity interventions. This commentary presents some additional insights surrounding the 29 physical activity interventions in Latinos that were identified and directions for future research. In order to expand the state of the science regarding physical activity in Hispanic/Latino populations, researchers should expand their investigation to identify important social determinants of health, include voices from the Latino community in the research process, and use state of the art measures to assess outcome variables.
Regulation of gingival collagenase: a possible role for a mast cell factor.

SummarySerum free media from rat gingival tissue cultures contained active collagenase which was inhibited by the addition of rat serum or fetal bovine serum. The inhibitory action of serum on gingival collagenase was blocked by the addition of mast cell extract. The mast cell factor was non-dialyzable and heat stable but was inactivated by exposure to 20% TCA. Neither heparin, histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine nor extracts from a variety of other tissues could substitute for the mast cell factor in the activation of gingival collagenase. A mast cell factor may participate in the in vivo regulation of collagenase activity.The authors thank Mrs. L. J. Rider, Mr. M. M. Campbell, Mrs. D. Woodson and Mr. M. Hickerson for technical assistance.
Complex Dielectric Properties of Tooth Constituents

Due to the recently indicated causal relationship between the piezoelectric properties of teeth and the formation of root caries, a study was undertaken to further classify the dielectric properties of the actual tooth constituents. The properties considered are the real and imaginary components of the complex dielectric constant, including the electrical conductivity, for human teeth in vitro, both dry and saline solution saturated. The frequency range covered is from 1 Hz to 1.35 GHz. An attempt has been made to present the data for the two most prominent constituents, namely, enamel and dentin. Ways in which the dielectric properties can aid physiological studies and an understanding of the caries process are also described. Some possible explanations for the biological and physiological processes in the dielectric properties of tooth constituents are given. Pathological variations among teeth are noted. Some hypotheses for causal relationships between caries and electrical properties of natural dental constituents are proposed.
MAINTENANCE OF A NAVIGABLE CHANNEL THROUGH A BREAKTHROUGH AREA

The engineering problem described is one which is encountered on a portion along the Northeastern coastline where tidal currents and shifting sands are predominant features. Due to the extreme local variability of such phenomena, generalizations and similar precedents from which a solution might be adopted are seldom available. It is therefore necessary to attempt to reduce such problems to elements which can be treated by fundamental concepts. With this viewpoint, the proposed solution has been developed by applying elementary principles of energy dissipation to the local situation of a natural water passage, in which flow due to a tidal differential is essentially in one direction.
Do the Stars Align? An Evaluation of the Efficacy of Independent Analysts’ Equity Ratings

Empirical evidence shows that sell-side analysts give positive, biased recommendations due to conflicts of interest, employment pressures or other factors. As a consequence, these ratings are often unreliable for investors. Our study builds on prior research of analysts’ stock ratings by evaluating if the ratings of independent equity analysts add value to investors. Using Morningstar’s proprietary ratings database, our analysis shows that Morningstar analysts’ stock ratings are counter to analysts’ intentions as the lowest-rated portfolios perform the best even after controlling for risk. Our results suggest that even unbiased, independent stock ratings might not provide value for investors.
Gratitude, Rights, and Moral Standouts

Many maintain that if a beneficiary has a right to a benefit provided by his benefactor, then the former cannot owe the latter gratitude for that benefit. In this paper I argue against that view. I provide examples in which benefactors provide others with benefits to which they have a right even though most others are denying them that right. These benefactors are moral standouts; they do what is right when most similarly situated agents fail to do so. I then spell out some of the features of these benefactors’ actions that make them worthy of gratitude.
Slow-light subwavelength plasmonic waveguides based on plasmonic analogues of periodically-loaded transmission lines and electromagnetically induced transparency

We introduce slow-light subwavelength plasmonic waveguides based on plasmonic analogues of periodically-loaded transmission lines and electromagnetically induced transparency. The structures consist of a metal-dielectric-metal waveguide side-coupled to a periodic array of metal-dielectric-metal stub resonators.
KINDERGARTEN SOCIAL WITHDRAWAL AND READING ACHIEVEMENT: A CROSS‐LAGGED PATH MODEL FOR AT‐RISK LEARNERS

The association between social withdrawal, school adjustment, and academic functioning in preschool and school entry is well-established. Children who experience social withdrawal in primary grades are at risk for decreased academic performance. The bidirectional relationships among early literacy and social withdrawal in primary grades have not been examined to date. The present study used a cross-lagged model to examine the relationship between social withdrawal and early literacy skills from kindergarten to second grade (N = 137). Results indicated that kindergarten social withdrawal predicted second grade reading achievement after controlling for prior literacy skill acquisition. Bidirectional influence hypotheses were not confirmed in the present study.
Ship space to database: emerging infrastructures for studies of the deep subseafloor biosphere

Author(s): Darch, Peter T.; Borgman, Christine L. | Abstract: BackgroundAn increasing array of scientific fields face a “data deluge.” However, in many fields data are scarce, with implications for their epistemic status and ability to command funding. Consequently, they often attempt to develop infrastructure for data production, management, curation, and circulation. A component of a knowledge infrastructure may serve one or more scientific domains. Further, a single domain may rely upon multiple infrastructures simultaneously. Studying how domains negotiate building and accessing scarce infrastructural resources that they share with other domains will shed light on how knowledge infrastructures shape science.MethodsWe conducted an eighteen-month, qualitative study of scientists studying the deep subseafloor biosphere, focusing on the Center for Dark Energy Biosphere Investigations (C-DEBI) and the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) and its successor, the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP2). Our methods comprised ethnographic observation, including eight months embedded in a laboratory, interviews (nn=n49), and document analysis.ResultsDeep subseafloor biosphere research is an emergent domain. We identified two reasons for the domain’s concern with data scarcity: limited ability to pursue their research objectives, and the epistemic status of their research. Domain researchers adopted complementary strategies to acquire more data. One was to establish C-DEBI as an infrastructure solely for their domain. The second was to use C-DEBI as a means to gain greater access to, and reconfigure, IODP/IODP2 to their advantage. IODP/IODP2 functions as infrastructure for multiple scientific domains, which creates competition for resources. C-DEBI is building its own data management infrastructure, both to acquire more data from IODP and to make better use of data, once acquired.DiscussionTwo themes emerge. One is data scarcity, which can be understood only in relation to a domain’s objectives. To justify support for public funding, domains must demonstrate their utility to questions of societal concern or existential questions about humanity. The deep subseafloor biosphere domain aspires to address these questions in a more statistically intensive manner than is afforded by the data to which it currently has access. The second theme is the politics of knowledge infrastructures. A single scientific domain may build infrastructure for itself and negotiate access to multi-domain infrastructure simultaneously. C-DEBI infrastructure was designed both as a response to scarce IODP/IODP2 resources, and to configure the data allocation processes of IODP/IODP2 in their favor.
50 GHz quantum photonic storage in a cavity-protected rare-earth ensemble

We demonstrate ultrafast transfer of a broadband photonic qubit to a dense rare-earth ensemble cavity protected against decoherence due to inhomogeneous broadening. Storage in highly coherent superradiant collective states enables long-lived memories and optical-to-microwave conversion.
Seizing Value Opportunities

Entrepreneurial organizations are constantly seeking value opportunities to build and sustain competitive advantage. Entrepreneurial incentives empower decision makers to overcome traditional behavioral bounds, and enhance their ability to recognize and seize cognitively distant opportunities in a timely manner. Entrepreneurial incentives enhance a manager’s promotion focus tempered by a mild prevention focus. Opportunity options are unrealized value potential embodied in a firm’s core resources. Adverse incentives associated with exploiting value opportunities include managerial overcommitment, overinvestment, underinvestment, and managerial overconfidence. Slack enables a firm to exploit growth opportunities; however, slack engenders agency costs in the absence of growth opportunities. The greater the uncertainty, the more time left for the opportunity to expire, the greater the present value of the opportunity, or the lower the investment required to exploit the opportunity, the more valuable is the opportunity option. When a value opportunity is seized, a sequence of real options results, which enhances the firm’s combinative capabilities that reconfigures firm’s capabilities. Prospectors and analyzers pursue cognitively distant opportunities.
Using plant nutrient landscapes to assess Anthropocene effects on insect herbivores

Global climate change will dramatically affect insect herbivores through changes in plant quality. Linking how multiple climate factors affect plant macronutrient content may be the most accurate way to understand the response of insect herbivores. Studies should embrace the complexity of interacting climate factors in natural systems and characterize shifts in multidimensional plant nutrient landscapes. This nutrient landscape simplifies interpretation of climate effects, although selection of appropriate currencies, scale, and interactions with allelochemicals present challenges. By assessing climate change through the filter of nutrient landscapes we could gain an understanding of how complex interacting climate change drivers affect the 'buffet' available to different insect herbivores.
Wallula Basalt Pilot Demonstration Project: Post-injection Results and Conclusions

Abstract Deep underground geologic formations are being evaluated for long-term storage of CO 2 , including large continental flood basalt formations. At the GHGT-11 and GHGT-12 conferences, progress was reported on the initial phases for Wallula Basalt Pilot demonstration test (located in Eastern Washington state), where nearly 1,000 metric tons of CO 2 was injected over a 3-week period during July/August 2013. The target CO 2 injection intervals were two permeable basalt interflow reservoir zones with a combined thickness of ∼20 m that occur within a layered basalt sequence between a depth of 830-890 m below ground surface. During the two-year post-injection monitoring period, downhole fluid samples were periodically collected, coupled with limited wireline borehole logging surveys that provided indirect evidence of on-going chemical geochemical reactions/alterations and CO 2 distribution. A detailed pre-closure field characterization program included downhole fluid sampling, and performance of hydrologic tests and wireline geophysical surveys. Side-wall cores also were retrieved from within the targeted injection zones. Visual observations of the core material identified small globular nodules, translucent to yellow in color, residing within vugs and small cavities, which were not evident in pre-injection side-wall cores obtained from the native basalt formation. Characterization by x-ray diffraction identified these nodular precipitates as ankerite, the identical iron and calcium rich carbonate observed to form in laboratory tests with Columbia River basalts. Isotopic characterization (δ 13 C, δ 18 O) conducted on the ankerite nodules indicate a distinct isotopic signature that is closely aligned with that of the injected CO 2 . Final post-injection wireline geophysical logging results also indicate the presence of free-phase CO 2 at the top of the two injection interflow zones, with no vertical migration of CO 2 above the injection horizons. These findings support previous assumptions regarding storage feasibility and rapid mineralization of CO 2 injected into a suitable basalt formation.
Pre-Plant Nitrogen Fertilizer Uptake and Partitioning in Furrow-Irrigated Corn

Nitrogen fertilizer is routinely required to produce maximum corn (Zea mays L.) yield in the mid-South. Two field experiments were established to evaluate the fertilizer-N recovery and partitioning of ¹⁵N-labeled urea applied pre-plant to furrow-irrigated corn at the R6 growth stage. Pre-plant ¹⁵N-labeled fertilizer was applied at rates of 0, 34, 67, and 100 kg N ha–¹ using application methods including an incorporated, surface broadcast, and water-furrow application. Additional non-labeled N was applied in-season at the V6 growth stage so that the season-total N fertilizer rate applied in all treatments receiving N was equal to 270 kg N ha–¹. The mass fertilizer-nitrogen recovery (MFNR) and Δ MFNR increased as pre-plant N rate increased in both years. Pre-plant N rate and application method displayed no significant influence on total-nitrogen (TN) uptake when additional N was applied in-season. Fertilizer-N recovery efficiency (FNRE) of pre-plant N ranged from 14.8 to 39.9%. Of the MFNR of pre-plant N at maturity, 75% was taken up by the corn after the V6 growth stage. The 67 kg N ha–¹ application rate of pre-plant N was the lowest N rate that simultaneously maximized yield and FNRE both years. Pre-plant N fertilizer that was applied broadcast or incorporated resulted in the greatest yield, percent TN in the grain, and percent MFNR in the grain at maturity in both years. Producers are encouraged to incorporate or broadcast 67 kg N ha–¹ or less pre-plant for furrow-irrigated corn when additional N is applied in-season.
Addressing Stigma, Discrimination, and Human Rights

The Global Programme on AIDS (GPA) continued efforts to address discrimination and stigma surrounding the disease. In particular, we detail in this chapter how GPA tackled controversial travel bans adopted by several countries, including the United States, which restricted entry of people with HIV and AIDS. This included navigating the politics of AIDS and AIDS activism, particularly with regard to the 6th International Conference on AIDS in San Francisco in 1990 and the International Conference of People Living with HIV in Acapulco, Mexico in 1993. We describe how GPA tried to operationalize a health and human rights framework into its activities at global and country levels, a framework that had first been put forth by GPA’s founding Director, Jonathan Mann.
Painless Skin Nodule on the Finger of an 18 Year Old

Painless Skin Nodule on the Finger of an 18 Year Old Andrea Olofson;Shaofeng Yan;Konstantinos Linos; The American Journal of Dermatopathology
How vulnerable are international financial markets to terrorism? An empirical study based on terrorist incidents worldwide

Abstract Each year, millions of dollars are reported lost due to terrorist attacks around the world. In this paper, we conduct a systematic examination of the impact of terrorist attacks on financial markets. We specifically explore the relationship between world stock market indices and large-scale terrorist incidents. We consider sixteen incidents outside the U.S. and thirty-three incidents in the U.S. We use several indices in our analysis, including the S&P 500, the 10-year US Treasury bond yield, gold prices, and several other domestic and international stock market indices. Given the physical asset losses and the psychological impact on citizens, our expectation was to see a strong correlation between terrorist incidents and financial market valuations. However, to our surprise, with the exception of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, our results show that acts of terrorism do not have a significant or lasting economic effect on stock and bond market returns. Contrary to our starting hypothesis, we find no evidence of ‘flight to safety’ behavior in any of the markets.
The Many San Lázaros of Hialeah: Material Practice in the Celebration of a Cuban-American Saint

Each year on December 17 the Cuban American community of Hialeah, Florida celebrates the feast of San Lazaro with the veneration of statues, dramatic rites of incarnation and mortification, and gra...
Total prevention of folic acid‐preventable spina bifida and anencephaly would reduce child mortality in India: Implications in achieving Target 3.2 of the Sustainable Development Goals

Background The potential to reduce child mortality by preventing folic acid-preventable spina bifida and anencephaly (FAP SBA) is inadequately appreciated. To quantify possible reduction in FAP SBA-associated child mortality in low- and middle-income countries, we conducted an analysis to demonstrate in India, a country with more than 25 million births and 1.2 million under-five deaths each year, the decrease in neonatal, infant, and under-five mortality that would occur through total prevention of FAP SBA. Methods We estimated the percent reductions in neonatal, infant, and under-five mortality that would have occurred in India in 2015 had all of FAP SBA been prevented. We also estimated the contributions of these reductions toward India's Sustainable Development Goals on child mortality indicators. We considered the overall prevalence of spina bifida and anencephaly in India as 5 per 1,000 live births, of which 90% were preventable with effective folic acid intervention. Results In the year 2015, folic acid interventions would have prevented about 116,070 cases of FAP SBA and 101,565 under-five deaths associated with FAP SBA. Prevention of FAP SBA would have reduced annually, neonatal, infant, and under-five mortality by 10.2%, 8.9%, and 8.3%, respectively. These reductions would have contributed 18.5% and 17.2% to the reductions in neonatal and under-five mortality, respectively, needed by India to achieve its 2030 Sustainable Developmental Goal Target 3.2 addressing preventable child mortality. Conclusions Total prevention of FAP SBA clearly has a significant potential for immediate reductions in neonatal, infant, and under-five mortality in India, and similarly other countries.
Communication networking for education in the western highlands of Papua New Guinea

Data gathered from a site visit to a proposed internet distribution network installation in the Western Highlands Province of Papua New Guinea are interspersed throughout the sections of this paper. Motivation for the IEEE Smart Village (ISV) program is the topic of the introduction. ISV arranged for an assessment of the site by an IEEE volunteer. A volunteer, paper author Alan Mickelson, visited the site in May of 2017. The presentation begins with some background on Information and Communication Technology for Development (ICTD). The presentation continues with a description of the area in question, which is located in the Western Highlands of Papua New Guinea near Mount Hagen, PNG. Tentative pre-assessment plans for an educational and health network in this rural area of Papua New Guinea are outlined. This education and health network is envisioned to be part of a larger sustainable development plan that involves micro-grids for renewable electrical power. Discussion of some enumerated technical issues ensues. Presentation of some technical alternatives to the pre-assessment plan elucidates that the appropriateness of any technical solution is sensitive to the nature of the community being served and the manner in which the plan is managed. A discussion of development practices then includes an overview of recent development theory, some consideration of present day best practices. The summary reviews project inconsistencies with some suggestions for moving forward.
Innovation in Heart Failure Treatment: Life Expectancy, Disability, and Health Disparities

Abstract Objectives The goal of this study was to illustrate the potential benefit of effective congestive heart failure (CHF) treatment in terms of improved health, greater social value, and reduced health disparities between black and white subpopulations. Background CHF affects 5.7 million Americans, costing $32 billion annually in treatment expenditures and lost productivity. CHF also contributes to health disparities between black and white Americans: black subjects develop CHF at a younger age and are more likely to be hospitalized and die of this disease. Improved CHF treatment could generate significant health benefits and reduce health disparities. Methods We adapted an established economic-demographic microsimulation to estimate scenarios in which a hypothetical innovation eliminates the incidence of CHF and, separately, 6 other diseases in patients 51 to 52 years of age in 2016. This cohort was followed up until death. We estimated total life years, quality-adjusted life years, and disability-free life years with and without the innovation, for the population overall and for race- and sex-defined subpopulations. Results CHF prevalence among 65- to 70-year-olds increased from 4.3% in 2012 to 8.5% in 2030. Diagnosis with CHF coincided with significant increases in disability and medical expenditures, particularly among black subjects. Preventing CHF among those 51 to 52 years of age in 2016 would generate nearly 2.9 million additional life years, 1.1 million disability-free life years, and 2.1 million quality-adjusted life years worth $210 to $420 billion. These gains are greater among black subjects than among white subjects. Conclusions CHF prevalence will increase substantially over the next 2 decades and will affect black Americans more than white Americans. Improved CHF treatment could generate significant social value and reduce existing health disparities.
NITRATE TREATMENT METHODS: AN OVERVIEW

Conventional water-treatment methods such as lime and soda-ash softening, filtration, and cation-exchange softening have no measurable effects on reducing nitrate concentrations in water supplies. There are, however, several methods that can be used to reduce nitrate concentrations in potable water supplies with varying degrees of efficiency. These methods include chemical precipitation, distillation, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, ion-exchange, and biodenitrification. This paper reviews the progress of nitrate treatment processes with particular emphasis on ion exchange and biodenitrification. These two methods have been used extensively in the United States and Europe.
Vegetated Swales for Managing Stormwater Runoff from Secondary Roads

AbstractSecondary roads play an important role for connecting local communities to principal county and state highways and, in some cases, may account for a large proportion of the state-maintained...
Buprenorphine treatment formulations: Preferences among persons in opioid withdrawal management.

Abstract Background In the current study, we examined factors predicting willingness to receive buprenorphine treatment and preferences for various buprenorphine formulations (oral, injection, implant) among persons in opioid withdrawal management. Methods Participants were three hundred thirty-eight persons entering brief inpatient opioid withdrawal management programs at two sites. We used t-tests and Pearson χ2 – tests of independence to compare participants willing and unwilling to be prescribed buprenorphine in the future. Among persons willing to receive buprenorphine, we used multinomial logistic regression to estimate the adjusted effects of potential correlates of type of buprenorphine formulation preferred. Results Participants averaged 33.9 (±9.5) years of age, 70.4% were male, 82.8% were White, and 11.0% were Latino/a. In all, 55.6% of participants had been prescribed buprenorphine in the past, and 54.7% were willing to use prescribed buprenorphine in the future. Those reporting past month illicit buprenorphine use and prior overdose were more willing to use prescribed buprenorphine. Of these (n = 180), most preferred daily buprenorphine formulations (tablet or film) (48.6%) over a weekly or monthly injection (23.1%) or bi-annual implant (28.3%). Conclusions Past buprenorphine prescription does not predict future willingness to restart. Among those willing to use buprenorphine, newer formulations of buprenorphine appealed to more than half of the participants.
Neurometabolites and associations with cognitive deficits in mild cognitive impairment: a magnetic resonance spectroscopy study at 7 Tesla.

Abstract The levels of several brain metabolites were investigated in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) in 13 healthy controls (HC) and 13 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) using single-voxel magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 7T. Levels of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate (Glu), glutathione (GSH), N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG), N-acetylaspartate (NAA), and myo-inositol (mI) were quantified relative to total creatine (tCr). The effect of diagnosis on metabolite levels, and relationships between metabolite levels and memory and executive function, correcting for age, were investigated. MCI patients showed significantly decreased GABA/tCr (ACC, PCC), Glu/tCr (PCC), and NAA/tCr (PCC), and significantly increased mI/tCr (ACC). In the combined group, worse episodic verbal memory performance was correlated with lower Glu/tCr (PCC), lower NAA/tCr (PCC), and higher mI/tCr (ACC, PCC). Worse verbal fluency performance was correlated with lower GSH/tCr (PCC). In summary, MCI is associated with decreased GABA and Glu, most consistently in the PCC. Further studies in larger patient samples should be undertaken to determine the utility of 7T magnetic resonance spectroscopy in detecting MCI-related neurochemical changes.
Polydopamine nanostructures as biomaterials for medical applications

Polydopamine is a versatile and organic material that can be deposited as a conformal film with nanometer thickness on virtually any substrate. Much of the initial foundational work regarding polydopamine synthesis and processing was reported during the 2000s. Latter years have witnessed increasing interest and widespread adoption of polydopamine as a material for many applications including medicine. Conformal polydopamine coatings confer unique chemical and physical properties to many substrate materials including metals, ceramics, polymers, and beyond. Polydopamine-modified surfaces permit facile bioconjugation of many biological materials for potential use as bioadhesives, contrast agents, drug delivery systems, and protein-adsorption resistant interfaces. Polydopamine-based materials and interfaces may improve the performance of biomedical devices used in neurotechnology, diagnostics, and cardiovascular applications. This highlight article reviews recent advances in polydopamine processing capabilities. The use of polydopamine as a material in various biomedical applications is also discussed. Finally, challenges and opportunities in translating biomedical technologies featuring polydopamine are summarized.
Screen-Printed Flexible Coplanar Waveguide Transmission Lines: Multi-physics Modeling and Measurement

Flexible hybrid electronics (FHE) is a promising technology enabling many applications in biomedical, communication, energy harvesting and internet of things (IoT) areas. To realize FHE applications, the components and devices used in the mentioned technologies need to be electrically characterized under various flexible conditions such as stretching, bending, twisting, and folding. Also, the strain analysis from the mechanical point of view needs to be conducted to justify the reliable applications of FHE under different flexible scenarios. In this paper, the design and electrical characterization of coplanar waveguides (CPWs) in flexible substrates such as Kapton polyimide and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) under uniaxial bending are studied and discussed. The fabricated lines were measured using a vector network analyzer (VNA) up to 8 GHz under both flat and bending conditions. Finite-element models (FEM) of CPW lines were created in ANSYS HFSS to capture the effect of bending on the CPW frequency response. In addition, the variations in the trace width and separations along the CPW lines were modeled accurately to capture the variations in the fabrication process and their effect on the CPW S-parameters in the flat condition. The finite element analysis of strain variation during bending was also performed and the relationship between strain variation and CPW performance was investigated. The bending of the CPW lines was carried out using two parallel plates that had a gap distance varying from 40 mm to 140 mm. The S-parameters were monitored in-situ while the substrate was under bending. The experimental results were compared against simulated results under both flat and bent configurations. Based on the conducted studies, correlation was achieved for the flat and bending scenarios between measurement and simulation results. Also, it was observed that the CPW line has better matching and lower losses compared with the flat case and tensile bending cases.