cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Space-filling curves in tool-path applications

Abstract Several methods have been developed for the computerized generation of space-filling curves, but these curves have never been used for NC tool-path generation. The paper discusses the application of space-filling curves as tool paths for sculptured-surface machining. Tool paths that are space-filling curves, single-direction conventional paths, and 2-direction conventional paths are compared. The efficiency ratings of the paths require further testing, but the preliminary conclusions are favourable for space-filling curves.
Municipal records in nineteenth century Dutch emigration research.

Dutch emigrant registration records for the nineteenth century are examined in an effort to shed light on the local circumstances of the Dutch emigration movement. "Since nineteenth century emigration took place mostly through primary contacts this article will examine the newly established immigrant settlements as communities transplanted...which directs our research to include local municipal records such as population censuses population registers (which were supplemented after 1861 with registers of in- and out-migration) tax records and records of vital events like marriage birth and death registers. The quality and availability of these records vary from place to place but generally speaking in the case of the Netherlands they are of high quality since population registration at the municipal level was required by law. The source of information for the local records are the population registers (Bevolkings Registers) which were originally constructed on the basis of information obtained from the 1850 population census...." (EXCERPT)
Dose—Response Effects of Intermittent PTH on Cancellous Bone in Hindlimb Unloaded Rats

UNLABELLED HLU suppressed bone formation and resulted in bone loss in the tibial metaphysis of 6-month-old male rats. A human therapeutic dose of intermittent PTH (1 microg/kg/day) prevented the skeletal changes associated with HLU. INTRODUCTION Skeletal unloading of skeletally mature rats results in trabecular thinning in the proximal tibial metaphysis, which is in part caused by a decrease in bone formation. We examined the efficacy of PTH in preventing the detrimental skeletal effects that occur with hindlimb unloading (HLU). MATERIALS AND METHODS Six-month-old male Fisher 344 rats were HLU and treated with vehicle or recombinant human PTH(1-34) at 1, 5, 20, or 80 microg/kg/day for 2 weeks. The bone response was measured by microCT analysis of bone structure, histomorphometric analysis of static and dynamic bone parameters, and Northern blot analysis of mRNA levels for bone matrix proteins. The PTH-treated HLU animals were compared with vehicle-treated HLU and pair-fed normal weight-bearing controls. RESULTS Unloading resulted in a decrease in cancellous bone volume that was caused in part by a dramatic 83% decrease in bone formation. All dose rates (1-80 microg/kg/day) of human PTH(1-34) significantly increased bone formation rates compared with vehicle-treated HLU controls. There was a dose response, and the highest dose rate of the hormone increased bone formation compared with normal weight-bearing rats by 708% (p < 0.0001). The increases in bone formation were accompanied by increases in mRNA levels for type 1 collagen, osteocalcin, and osteonectin. Also, treatment with PTH resulted in increases in mineral apposition rate and double-labeled perimeter, but the latter was disproportionally increased at high dose rates. A therapeutic dose of PTH (1 microg/kg/day) prevented disuse-induced trabecular thinning, whereas high-dose PTH (80 microg/kg/day) increased trabecular thickness compared with normal weight-bearing rats. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal that administration of a therapeutic dose of PTH to HLU rats prevents the decrease in bone formation and trabecular thinning, whereas high dose rates of the hormone increase bone formation and trabecular thickness to values that exceed normal values.
Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Incarcerated Offenders: An Evaluation of the Vermont Department of Corrections' Cognitive Self-Change Program

Recidivism rates were compared in two groups of male offenders from a medium-security state prison. Offenders in the first group (n = 55) voluntarily participated in a cognitive-behavioral treatmen...
The effect of nitrogen on the coumarin-induced tuberization of potato axillary shoots culturedin vitro

Coumarin-induced tuberization was studied on axillary shoots excised from etiolated potato sprouts each of which was cultured in vitro. Sprouts grown on culture medium with high nitrogen concentrations produced axillary shoots which elongated and would not readily tuberize. Sprouts cultured on medium low in nitrogen produced axillary shoots which tuberized with limited elongation. Carbohydrate concentration of the culture medium for the excised axillary shoot could significantly modify the nitrogen effect of the potato sprout medium. Axillary shoots growing on high nitrogen medium did not tuberize except in cases where the carbohydrate concentration was increased.
Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. I. Bone marrow involvement.

Two hundred and eighteen untreated patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, classified according to the scheme of Rappaport et al., were investigated for bone marrow involvement. No pattern of pretreatment laboratory abnormalities predicted which patients would have a positive bone marrow for lymphoma. Open marrow biopsy demonstrated lymphoma after needle biopsy was negative, and both biopsy techniques were clearly superior to bone marrow aspiration in identifying marrow involvement. Bone marrow involvement correlated with advanced stage, cellular composition of the lymphoma, and, in the nodular lymphomas, splenomegaly and constitutional symptoms. Patients with histiocytic lymphomas uncommonly had initial marrow involvement whereas patients with mixed and lymphocytic types were frequently affected. Nodular or diffuse patterns did not influence the incidence of marrow involvement, but patients with nodular lymphomas and positive marrows survived significantly longer than those with diffuse lymphomas.
Embedded markers to measure strain in extremely soft materials

This paper presents an experimental method for measuring the displacement fields in extremely soft materials and the subsequent analysis of the data to yield the stress field. The stresses in soft materials are difficult to measure by transducers because the measurement device can easily alter the quantity to be measured. In this study, strains in seat cushions and in the buttock model are indicated by lead markers and recorded on X-ray films. The method is different from previous grid methods in that the strains can be measured in any plane inside a three dimensional model. The lead-ball matrix gives a clear picture of the overall displacement field and areas of high strain. The displacement data are converted to a digital form and analyzed on a computer. Two separate aspects of the computer analysis are discussed in detail in this paper. First, by curve fitting, the hydrostatic pressure gradient is obtained. Second, a finite-element model with the displacement data as input yields a set of stress contours.
Correlations between pairs of simple physicochemical parameters of metal ions and acute toxicity in mice

Our earlier study of correlations between single physical parameters characterizing divalent metal ions and their acute toxicity in mice is extended to linear combinations of pairs of parameters chosen from among the following five: ionic radius, sum of ionization potentials, atomic weight, Williams softness parameter, and electronegativity. Some improvements in the correlations are found by employing a two-parameter fit to a given set of toxicity data. Similar results are obtained when the grouping of metal ions is based on criteria suggested by Kaiser.
Sorting out the effects of witness sensitivity and response-criterion placement upon the inferential value of testimonial evidence

Abstract Many factors combine, often in subtle ways, to determine the credibility of an observer or witness and the inferential value of testimony given by the observer. The study of factors which act in concert to determine the inferential value of direct and circumstantial testimonial evidence is facilitated by linking together Signal-Detection Theory (SDT) and Bayesian Inference Theory (BIT). SDT offers prescriptions for the behavior of observers and BIT offers prescriptions for the behavior of persons who perform probabilistic inference tasks using testimony given by observers. Bayesian likelihood-ratio (A) formulations for the inferential value in testimonial evidence are analyzed under conditions in which testimony comes from observers whose task and behavior are consistent with certain SDT prescriptions. SDT allows one to study, without confounding, factors which influence observer sensitivity and factors such as observer expectancy, motivation, and objectives which influence decisions about what the observer will report. Hit and false-positive rates, such as those which result in SDT tasks, are, in fact, credibility-related ingredients of Bayesian A formulations for the inferential value of testimony. This paper reports the results of various analyses of A in response to changes in hit and false-positive rates as observer sensitivity and response-criterion placement are independently varied. Such analyses reveal sensitivity of A to a remarkable array of subtleties in testimonial evidence.
Dynamic spin relaxation processes of μ+ in an antiferromagnet

A new mechanism for positive muon spin-lattice relaxation (SLR) in an antiferromagnet is described. The temperature dependence of the relaxation rate (1/T1) is calculated in a simplified case, and SLR of muon in MnF2 is studied in the context of this model.
Preliminary investigation of the properties of somatic cell proteases.

Abstract Effect of the plasmin inhibitor 6-amino-n-hexanoic acid on somatic cell proteases (equivalent to 2.3×10 6 cells/ml) was determined using a model system of casein micelles dispersed in Jenness/ Koops buffer (1.5% wt/vol). Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to quantitate casein. There was no effect of 120m M 6-amino-n-hexanoic acid on casein proteolysis by somatic cell proteases. Molecular weights of casein proteolysis products produced by somatic cell proteases were different from those produced by plasmin. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of pasteurized mastitic milk by SDS-PAGE indicated that a portion of the somatic cell proteolytic activity survived pasteurization. Because 6-amino-n-hexanoic acid does not inhibit somatic cell proteases, it can be used to establish the relative contribution of somatic cell proteases and plasmin to total proteolytic activity in mastitic milk.
Wetting and adsorption properties of hydrophobic macroreticular polymeric adsorbents

Abstract Wetting and adsorption properties have been measured for Amberlites XAD-2 and XAD-4, and Ambersorb XE-340 (Rohm & Haas Corp.). Substantial adsorption of polar organic solutes from water occurs for these resins in both prewet and nonwet states. Adsorption onto prewet resins is equivalent to that at aqueous-paraffin and aqueous-vapor interfaces, suggesting that only dispersion forces act at the interface. Adsorption onto nonwet adsorbents is attributable to the solid-vapor interface, and can be linked to sorption at the solid-liquid interface through the contact angle of water, using the Young-Dupre equation. Adsorbents which have higher nonwet adsorption capacities are also more easily wet by aqueous solutions. If a contact angle of 50° for wetting is assumed, based upon published results for the wetting of fiber membranes, the predicted wetting and adsorption properties of XAD-2 and XE-340 agree with the experimental results.
Management of Diabetes in the Elderly

Management of diabetes in the elderly necessitates careful consideration of concomitant geriatric syndromes and comorbid conditions that increase the risk of complications, including severe hypoglycemia. Whereas healthy older adults can use therapeutic approaches recommended for their younger counterparts, treatment plans for frail elderly patients need to be simplified and A1c and blood pressure goals relaxed with the development of impairments in function, cognition, vision, and dexterity. The goals of diabetes management in the elderly should be to maintain quality of life and minimize symptomatic hyperglycemia and drug side effects, including hypoglycemia.
Transcriptional organization of the Escherichia coli dnaX gene.

Abstract We have determined the transcriptional organization of the Escherichia coli dnaX gene, the structural gene for both the γ and τ subunits of DNA polymerase III holoenzyme. By S 1 nuclease protection and primer extension mapping of transcripts encoding the dnaX products, one primary promoter of dnaX has been identified that initiates transcription 37 nucleotides upstream from the first codon. dnaX resides in an operon with two recently sequenced genes, orf12 , encoding an unidentified product, and recR , the structural gene for a protein involved in the recF pathway of recombination. Under conditions of balanced growth, a very small amount of transcription from the upstream apt promoter ( apt to be considered to be on an operon with dnaX . orf12 and recR are transcribed from an independent promoter as well as from the dnaX promoter, providing a mechanism for orf12 and recR to be regulated independent of dnaX . Transcription of the dnaX-orf12-recR operon is terminated upstream from the previously characterized heat shock gene htpG . The dnaX and orf12-recR promoters, cloned into a promoter detection vector, efficiently direct the expression of the downstream reporter gene, lacZ . These results extend our knowledge of the genetic and transcriptional organization of this region of the E. coli chromosome. The transcriptional organization has been defined as follows: apt , dnaX-orf12-recR , htpG . All of these genes are transcribed in the clockwise direction and only dnaX , orf12 and recR are contained in the dnaX operon.
Power-filter technique for modifying depth of correlation in microPIV experiments

A new image filtering method, termed power-filtering, is proposed for use in microscopic particle image velocimetry (PIV) to control the depth of correlation, independent of the image acquisition system, particle size, and flow characteristics. An analytical model of the depth of correlation for the filtered images is developed and verified with a series of careful experiments. This model predicts that the depth of correlation can be increased or decreased by a factor of two by applying power-filter values of 0.63 and 2.0, respectively. Experiments show that the analytical model for the power filtering technique is generally accurate to within the measurement uncertainty.
Primary structural sequence polymorphism in the human class II MHC antigen 33.1

Monoclonal antibody 33.1 defines a non-DR, class 11, human major histocompatibility complex antigen, 33.1, which appears to be distinct from other class II antigens in its cellular distribution and primary structure. To characterize the structure more fully and to determine the degree of polymorphism within 33.1, a comparative N-terminal sequence study has been undertaken using a series of ten B lymphoblastoid cell lines with different DR and MB types. The results confirm that both the α and β chains of 33.1 are homologues of the corresponding chains of the murine I-A antigen and indicate that while 33.1 does not appear to be identical with MB, it is closely related. Sequence analyses revealed two major variants of 33.1, corresponding to cells with specificities MB1 and MB 3, respectively. Within each MB type, other polymorphisms have been detected. Cells that are MB2 do not react with monoclonal antibody 33.1. Suggestive evidence is presented that monoclonal antibody 33.1 reacts predominantly with the β chain of the antigen. The preferential expression of 33.1 on activated B cells suggests that expression of at least the 33.1 β chain gene is greatly enhanced in the course of B-cell activation, but the specific function of 33.1 remains to be determined.
Value of information and experimentation in milling profit optimisation

This paper presents a decision-analytic approach to milling optimisation in the presence of uncertainty. The decisions include the milling parameter settings and the uncertainties include the probability of stability and tool life. We quantify the stability uncertainty by Monte Carlo simulation, where the force model coefficients and frequency response function uncertainties are propagated through the stability model. We treat tool life uncertainty using encoding. We then apply a single attribute objective function, expected profit, to determine optimal settings. Using this formulation, we determine the value of an experiment, the optimal experiment settings, and the value of perfect information.
An application of sequential sampling to analytical surveys

SUMMARY The nature of an analytical sample surveyis discussed in general, and a sequential sampling scheme is proposed for certain situations. It is assumed that the subgroups of the population which are to be compared form a one-way classification, and are not identifiable in advance of drawing a simple random sample from the population. With sequential sampling, one continues to sample from the general population until the variance constraints are satisfied. It is required that, for each pair of group means, the variance of the difference between them be no larger than a specified constant. Knowledge of the probability that the constraints are met by the time n observations have been taken can be used to answer questions about the possible cost of the contemplated sampling scheme. Therefore, emphasis is placed on obtaining exact and approximate expressions for this probability and relating these probability statements to the cost question. The approximate procedures are checked (for the three group case) using a series of numerical examples.
Endoscopic-pathologic correlates of Candida esophagitis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

AlthoughCandida esophagitis is one of the most common opportunistic infections in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), there has been no systematic study of the endoscopic and pathologic manifestations of this disease. During a 53-month period, 141 patients with AIDS andCandida esophagitis were studied. All patients had the severity of esophagitis graded prospectively and esophageal mucosal biopsies performed. Tissue biopsies were evaluated for histologic evidence of ulceration, extent of candidiasis, and presence of viral cytopathic effect. Follow-up was obtained. There appeared to be a uniform endoscopic appearance; with increasing severity, the scattered mucosal plaques coalesced, resulting in circumferential disease and luminal impingement. The pathologic pattern ofCandida esophagitis was homogenous. Plaque material was composed primarily of desquamated superficial hyperplastic hyperkeratotic squamous epithelium and inflammatory cells, with infiltration by fungal elements and bacteria consistent with superinfection. Although endoscopic and histopathologic ulcer was commonly seen in these patients (32%), only four patients had ulcer believed secondary toCandida esophagitis alone. In conclusion, in patients with AIDS,Candida esophagitis is a superficial mucosal infection resulting in characteristic endoscopic and histopathologic patterns.
Active Political Parenting: Youth Contributions During Election Campaigns*

Objective The etiology of active parenting remains almost entirely unexplored in political socialization. Applying ecological and dialectic perspectives, we propose a model of developmental provocation to capture contributions of youth to a politicization of parenting during campaigns. Methods Parent-youth dyads in Arizona, Colorado, and Florida were interviewed across two election cycles. Adolescent respondents were juniors and seniors during a midterm campaign, and old enough to vote during the subsequent presidential election. Results Youth news attention, opposition to U.S. military involvement, and first-time voting contributed to conditional change in active political parenting across campaigns, and these activities were more consequential than corresponding behaviors of parents. Conclusions Parenting is not driven primarily by political expertise readily available and deployed in family interaction; of greater consequence is the observable development of youth. A child's potential for political growth is thereby ingrained in an evolving relationship that periodically demands more and more from parents.
The effect of two trading institutions on price expectations and the stability of supply-response lag markets

A series of four experimental markets are described which examine the effect that different trading institutions have on sellers' price expectations and market behavior. The results suggest that when sellers trade in information rich auction markets, their price expectations are relatively complex and adaptive. When sellers trade in more information poor posted price markets, their expectations are relatively simple and extrapolative. This difference in the complexity of expectations is reflected in the stability of the markets, the auction markets being more stable than the posted price markets. Overall, the study supports the notion that trading institutions contribute to the observed complexity of price expectations.
MPI-IO/L: efficient remote I/O for MPI-IO via logistical networking

Scientific applications often need to access remotely located files, but many remote I/O systems lack standard APIs that allow efficient and direct access from application codes. This work presents MPI-IO/L, a remote I/O facility for MPI-IO using logistical networking. This combination not only provides high-performance and direct remote I/O using the standard parallel I/O interface but also offers convenient management and sharing of remote files. We show the performance trade-offs with various remote I/O approaches implemented in the system, which can help scientists identify preferable I/O options for their own applications. We also discuss how logistical networking could be improved to work better with parallel I/O systems such as ROMIO.
Signal modeling with filtered discrete fractional noise processes

Filtered versions of fractionally differenced Gaussian noise (fdGn) processes are studied. Fractionally differenced Gaussian noise is a discrete-time equivalent of fractional Brownian motion. Filtered versions of such processes are ideally suited for modeling signals with different short-term and long-term correlation structure. Two iterative algorithms for estimating the parameters of filtered fdGn processes are described. The first technique is based on the expectation-maximization algorithm. It converges to a stationary point of the log-likelihood function corresponding to the parameters of the model. The second technique is a computationally efficient approximate approach. It is found to converge experimentally, but no proof of its convergence is given. The usefulness of filtered fdGn models and the performance of the proposed iterative algorithms are illustrated by fitting filtered fdGn models to speech waveforms and other data corresponding to natural phenomena. >
The Imam's role in meeting the counseling needs of Muslim communities in the United States.

OBJECTIVE: Muslims are one of the most rapidly growing minority groups in the United States and have experienced increased stress since September 11, 2001. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the roles of imams, Islamic clergy, in meeting the counseling needs of their communities. METHODS: An anonymous self-report questionnaire was mailed to 730 mosques across the United States. RESULTS: Sixty-two responses were received from a diverse group of imams, few of whom had received formal counseling training. Imams reported that their congregants came to them most often for religious or spiritual guidance and relationship or marital concerns. Imams reported that since September 11, 2001, there has been an increased need to counsel persons for discrimination. An increased need to counsel persons who were discriminated against was reported by all imams with congregations in which a majority are Arab American, 60 percent of imams with congregations in which a majority are South Asian American, and 50 percen...
Abstract 384: CD14+S100A9 high monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells and their clinical relevance in non-small cell lung cancer

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Introduction: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are heterogeneous family of myeloid cells suppressing T cell immunity in tumor bearing hosts. We recently described an increased population of granulocyte-like CD11b+/CD14-/CD15+ MDSC in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. The role of CD11b+/CD14+ MDSC, being characterized as an inflammatory-type monocyte in mice, has not been well studied in human cancer. Methods: CD11b+/CD14- and CD11b+/CD14+ cells, determined and phenotyped by FACS analysis, in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of treatment-naive advanced NSCLC patients were correlated to clinical data. T cells activation in response to CD3/CD28 co-stimulation was determined by CFSE staining and ELISA analysis of IFN-γ. Cytokines and growth factors in the cultured supernatants were analyzed by ELISA. Results: NSCLC patients had significant higher ratio of CD11b+/CD14+ and CD11b+/CD14- cells than normal subjects. CD11b+/CD14+, but not CD11b+/CD11b- cells, correlated with poor performance and poor response to chemotherapy. Suppression of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in NSCLC PBMCs was reversed by depleting either CD11b+ cells or CD14+ cells, an effect not seen in normal PBMCs. Both isolated CD11b+/CD14- and CD11b+/CD14+ cells suppressed CD8+ T cells proliferation and IFN-γ production in CD11b-depleted PBMC with equal ability. Enrichment of HLA-DR-/low cells decreased the suppressive ability of the CD14+ cells. CD11b+/CD14+ cells were monocyte-like expressing CD33+, CD15-/low, IL-4Rα+ and S100A9high and produced iNOS/arginase. The ratio of S100A9high cells positively correlated with the suppressive ability of the CD14+ cells and was associated with poor response to chemotherapy. CD11b+/CD14+ cell suppression of T cell proliferation was revered by the iNOS inhibitor aminoguanidine hydrochloride, the arginase inhibitor nor-NOHA, the STAT3 inhibitor AG490 and the blocking antibodies for IL-13, IL-4Rα+ and IL-10. CD11b+/CD14+ MDSCs secreted significant higher amounts of TNF-α, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13 and HGF than normal CD11b+/CD14+ cells. Conclusion: The CD11b+/CD14+ inflammatory monocyte in NSCLC patients is a distinct subset of MDSC with important clinical relevance, probably through secreting inflammatory cytokines and growth factors. These cells expressed IL-4Rα and high levels of S100A9. Among CD11b+/CD14+ monocytic MDSC, the expression of S100A9 protein seemd to be related to the immunosuppression activity and clinical response to chemotherapy. The role of S100A9 protein deserves further investigation. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 384. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-384
A Shift in the Regulatory Approach

This paper highlights the shift in the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) approach to the off-label use of drugs, including definitions and a discussion of current policies, reasons for the changes, and current initiatives in off-label use. Off-label uses must be studied and effective uses should be labeled. FDA is adopting new strategies to get more uses on the label.
An Investigation of Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analysis Techniques for Computer Models

Many different techniques have been proposed for performing uncertainty and sensitivity analyses on computer models for complex processes. The objective of the present study is to investigate the applicability of three widely used techniques to three computer models having large uncertainties and varying degrees of complexity in order to highlight some of the problem areas that must be addressed in actual applications. The following approaches to uncertainty and sensitivity analysis are considered: (1) response surface methodology based on input determined from a fractional factorial design; (2) Latin hypercube sampling with and without regression analysis; and (3) differential analysis. These techniques are investigated with respect to (1) ease of implementation, (2) flexibility, (3) estimation of the cumulative distribution function of the output, and (4) adaptability to different methods of sensitivity analysis. With respect to these criteria, the technique using Latin hypercube sampling and regression analysis had the best overall performance. The models used in the investigation are well documented, thus making it possible for researchers to make comparisons of other techniques with the results in this study.
Toward predicting popularity of social marketing messages

Popularity of social marketing messages indicates the effectiveness of the corresponding marketing strategies. This research aims to discover the characteristics of social marketing messages that contribute to different level of popularity. Using messages posted by a sample of restaurants on Facebook as a case study, we measured the message popularity by the number of "likes" voted by fans, and examined the relationship between the message popularity and two properties of the messages: (1) content, and (2) media type. Combining a number of text mining and statistics methods, we have discovered some interesting patterns correlated to "more popular" and "less popular" social marketing messages. This work lays foundation for building computational models to predict the popularity of social marketing messages in the future.
Cognitive profiles of boys with the fragile X syndrome

Testing 20 boys with the fragile X (or Martin-Bell) syndrome with the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC) showed a consistent pattern of strengths and weaknesses that may be useful in predicting a fragile X positive result from cytogenetic testing. This K-ABC pattern included 1) Sequential Scale score less than the Simultaneous Scale score; 2) Mental Processing Composite less than the Achievement Scale score; 3) Spatial Memory subtest score less than the Matrix Analogies subtest score; and 4) Arithmetic subtest score less than the mean of the Achievement subtest scores. A comparison group of 20 boys did not demonstrate such a pattern. Testing with the K-ABC should be considered for boys who present as learning disabled, hyperactive with attentional problems, or mildly retarded. Boys with three or four of the four features of the K-ABC fragile X pattern should be considered for medical evaluation and cytogenetic testing.
The Cauchy–Poisson problem for a viscous liquid

The axisymmetric, free-surface response of a semi-infinite viscous liquid to either a point impulse or an initial displacement of zero net volume is calculated. The asymptotic disturbance is resolved into three components: (i) a damped gravity wave, which represents a primary balance between gravitational and inertial forces with secondary, but cumulative, modification by viscous forces; (ii) a diffusive motion, which represents a balance between viscous and inertial forces; (iii) a creep wave, which represents a balance between gravitational and viscous forces. Van Dorn has suggested that the results may be relevant to the concentric circular ridges that surround the crater Orientale on the Moon.
Critical Care Nurses’ Role in Implementing the “ABCDE Bundle” Into Practice

Imagine working in an environment where all patients undergoing mechanical ventilation are alert, calm, and delirium free. Envision practicing in an environment where nonvocal patients can effectively express their need for better pain control, repositioning, or emotional reassurance. Picture an intensive care unit where a nurse-led, interprofessional team practices evidence-based, patient-centered care focused on preserving and/or restoring their clients' physical, functional, and neurocognitive abilities. A recently proposed bundle of practices for the intensive care unit could advance the current practice environment toward this idealized environment. The Awakening and Breathing Coordination, Delirium Monitoring and Management, and Early Mobility (ABCDE) bundle incorporates the best available evidence related to delirium, immobility, sedation/analgesia, and ventilator management in the intensive care unit for adoption into everyday clinical practice.
Service Leader Interaction Behaviors Comparing Employee and Manager Perspectives

A key dynamic in satisfying customers is effective leadership of customer contact employees. In spite of decades of leadership study, little research has investigated effective leadership interaction behaviors specific to the service environment. The purpose of this investigation is to compare positive and negative interaction behaviors as reported by both managers and employees. Using the Critical Incident Technique (CIT), 305 positive and 234 negative incidents of service leader interaction behavior were collected from 120 managers and 231 employees drawn from73 service organizations. Using Yukl’s (2002) framework of leadership behaviors, the incidents were categorized to identify the most relevant behaviors for the service environment. The findings revealed 14 positive and 16 negative specific subcategories of interaction behavior, with significant disparities in perceptions between employees and managers. The implications of these findings are discussed and hypotheses are provided to guide future inquiry.
Teaching fundamentals of electromagnetics in the context of engineering practice

A major hurdle in teaching engineering science courses in the framework of engineering applications has been the lack of suitable teaching resources. Engineering supplements, in keeping with the traditional emphasis on the mechanics of problem solving, invariably take the form of "so many solved problems in...". The project described is an attempt to address this deficiency in one of the key areas of the electrical engineering curriculum. The proposed supplement will provide case studies to accompany all key areas of electromagnetics as well as to address all major engineering issues. The scope of the present effort has been to develop and test a limited pilot version. The specific case studies included in the pilot version of the supplement and the engineering issues they address are presented.
Synthesis and hydrogen-bond capabilities of an amino-pyridine functionalized cavitand

A new amino-pyridine substituted resorcinarene-based cavitand has been synthesized and employed in the hydrogen-bond directed assembly of (a) discrete pentameric units with 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid and (b) an infinite supramolecular polymer with glutaric acid: both products have been characterized by X-ray single-crystal diffraction.
Evidence that G(z)-proteins couple to hypothalamic 5-HT(1A) receptors in vivo.

Using in situ hybridization and immunoblot analysis, the present studies identified Gz mRNA and Gz-protein in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. The role of Gz-proteins in hypothalamic 5-HT1Areceptor signaling was examined in vivo . Activation of 5-HT1A receptors increases the secretion of oxytocin and ACTH, but not prolactin. Intracerebroventricular infusion (3–4 d) of Gz antisense oligodeoxynucleotides, with different sequences and different phosphorothioate modification patterns, reduced the levels of Gz-protein in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, whereas missense oligodeoxynucleotides had no effect. Neither antisense nor missense oligodeoxynucleotide treatment altered basal plasma levels of ACTH, oxytocin, or prolactin, when compared with untreated controls. An antisense-induced decrease in hypothalamic Gz-protein levels was paralleled by a significant decrease in the oxytocin and ACTH responses to the 5-HT1A agonist 8-hydroxy-dipropylamino-tetralin (8-OH-DPAT). In contrast, the prolactin response to 8-OH-DPAT (which cannot be blocked by 5-HT1A antagonists) was not inhibited by Gz antisense oligodeoxynucleotides. Gz-proteins are the only members of the Gi/Go-protein family that are not inactivated by pertussis toxin. In a control experiment, pertussis toxin treatment (1μg/5 μl, i.c.v.; 48 hr before the 8-OH-DPAT challenge) did not inhibit the ACTH response, potentiated the oxytocin response, and eliminated the prolactin response to 8-OH-DPAT. Thus, pertussis toxin-sensitive Gi/Go-proteins do not mediate the 5-HT1A receptor-mediated increase in ACTH and oxytocin secretion. Combined, these studies provide the first in vivo evidence for a key role of Gz-proteins in coupling hypothalamic 5-HT1Areceptors to effector mechanisms.
Λ-Dynamics free energy simulation methods

Free energy calculations are fundamental to obtaining accurate theoretical estimates of many important biological phenomena including hydration energies, protein-ligand binding affinities and energetics of conformational changes. Unlike traditional free energy perturbation and thermodynamic integration methods, λ-dynamics treats the conventional "λ" as a dynamic variable in free energy simulations and simultaneously evaluates thermodynamic properties for multiple states in a single simulation. In the present paper, we provide an overview of the theory of λ-dynamics, including the use of biasing and restraining potentials to facilitate conformational sampling. We review how λ-dynamics has been used to rapidly and reliably compute relative hydration free energies and binding affinities for series of ligands, to accurately identify crystallographically observed binding modes starting from incorrect orientations, and to model the effects of mutations upon protein stability. Finally, we suggest how λ-dynamics may be extended to facilitate modeling efforts in structure-based drug design.
Mapping Between Neural and Physical Activities of the Lobster Gastric Mill

A computer model of the musculoskeletal system of the lobster gastric mill was constructed in order to provide a behavioral interpretation of the rhythmic patterns obtained from isolated stomatogastric ganglion. The model was based on Hill's muscle model and quasi-static approximation of the skeletal dynamics and could simulate the change of chewing patterns by the effect of neuromodulators.
Defective pulmonary vascular remodeling in Smad8 mutant mice

Pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH), a progressive, lethal condition that results in pathologic changes in the pulmonary arterial tree, eventually leads to right heart failure. Work identifying mutations in the Type II Bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) receptor, BmpRII, in families with PAH has implicated Bmp-signaling in the pathogenesis of PAH. However, the effectors downstream of BmpRII in PAH remain unclear since BmpRII signals via Smad-dependent and independent mechanisms. We investigated Smad8 function, a divergent receptor regulated Smad downstream of Bmp-signaling, using gene targeting in mice. We show that Smad8 loss of function in adults resulted in characteristic changes in distal pulmonary arteries including medial thickening and smooth muscle hyperplasia that is observed in patients with PAH. Smad8 mutant pulmonary vasculature had upregulated Activin/Tgfβ signaling and pathologic remodeling with aberrant Prx1 and Tenascin-C expression. A subset of Smad8 mutants had pulmonary adenomas uncovering a function for Smad8 in normal growth control. These findings implicate Smad8 in both pulmonary hypertension and lung tumorigenesis and support Smad8 as a candidate gene for PAH in humans.
Photonic time stretch and its application to analog-to-digital conversion

We demonstrate a new concept for analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion based on photonic time stretch. The analog electrical signal is intensity modulated on a chirp optical waveform generated by dispersing an ultrashort pulse. The modulated chirped waveform is dispersed in an optical fiber, leading to the stretching of its envelope. We have derived analytical expressions for the stretch factor and the resolution of the system. An analog-to-digital converter (ADC) consisting of the photonic time-stretch preprocessor and a 1-Gsample/s electronic ADC is demonstrated. This technique is promising for A/D conversion of ultrafast signals and, hence, for realization of the digital receiver.
Needle-Exchange Programs and the Prevention of HIV Infection

Dr. Strathdee is a Professor and Harold Simon Chair and Chief of the Division of International and Cross Cultural Medicine in the Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine. For the last six years, she has also been a faculty member in the Departments of Epidemiology and International Health at the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health. Dr. Strathdee has extensive experience with injection drug using populations, and has published over 140 peer-reviewed publications on HIV prevention and the natural history of HIV infection. She is the principal investigator of several behavioral intervention studies among drug users, and has played a leading role in evaluations of needle exchange programs in Canada, the United States and India.
Complications of hepatic artery infusion: a review of 4580 reported cases.

Purpose: The resurgence of hepatic artery infusion (HAI) for the treatment of colorectal liver metastases has been dampened by concern over its complications. We have reviewed the incidence and frequency of complications associated with HAI and discussed the factors associated with these complications. Methods: A PUBMED search was conducted from 1950–2001 using various combinations of these keywords: hepatic arterial infusion, colorectal carcinoma, complications, and trials. The main inclusion criterion was the reporting of HAI complications. The main exclusion criterion was duplicated patients. Extracted data included chemotherapeutic agents, catheter technique, drug toxicities, and catheter related complications. Relative risks and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Results: We reviewed 437 articles/abstracts and included 101 studies. 4580 patients with 4582 toxicities and complications were reported. The mortality rate was 1%. The most common toxicities were: GI symptoms 22%, chemical hepatitis 19%, and bone marrow toxicity 8%. 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) HAI had statistically significant risk for GI symptoms and bone marrow toxicity. Floxuridine (FUDR) HAI had statistically significant risk for chemical hepatitis, sclerosing cholangitis, and biliary toxicity. The most common catheter complications were: hepatic artery occlusion 6%, catheter thrombosis 5%, and catheter displacement 7%. Conclusions: This literature review of the complications of HAI confirms a low mortality associated with HAI. Sclerosing cholangitis and chemical hepatitis are associated with the use of FUDR, while the use of 5-FU is associated with bone marrow toxicity. Our observations support the development of hepatic cytoprotective agents and other effective anti-tumor agents to improve the results and morbidity of HAI for colorectal liver metastases.
Ciliary activity and oxygen consumption of excised bivalve gill tissue

Abstract 1. l. Ciliary activity of gill tissue from low and high salinity acclimated Crassostrea virginica, Mercenaria mercenaria, Modiolus demissus and Mytilusedulis was measured at various salinities. 2. 2. For each species there is an initial inhibition of activity at experimental salinities differing appreciably from the acclimation salinity. If the difference between experimental and acclimation salinities is not too great, inhibition is followed by recovery. 3. 3. Recovery time-experimental salinity response surfaces are shifted towards lower salinities for low salinity acclimated Crassostrea, Modiolus and Mytilus (but not Mercenaria) relative to the high salinity acclimated groups. 4. 4. A positive correlation exists between lower salinity boundaries for ciliary activity of isolated gill tissue and whole animal activity. 5. 5. The effects of salinity on ciliary activity and rate of oxygen consumption are compared. At low as compared to high salinities, ciliary activity decreases whereas oxygen consumption increases or remains approximately constant.
Experimental Studies of Shock Wave Interaction with Droplets and Particulates

The problem of a planar shock interaction with gas curtains (cylinders) whose plane (axis) of symmetry is parallel to the plane of the shock has been well studied both experimentally and numerically, and in this case, the flow evolution driven by Richtmyer-Meshkov instability is well characterized (although, as this paper shows, assumptions commonly made about the experimental conditions need to be carefully checked). However, for a similar oblique interaction, with the plane of the shock and the plane (axis) of the density interface being non-parallel, presently only numerical results exist. The problem of oblique shock interaction is quite interesting to study experimentally both because of a variety of relevant applications and because it adds large-scale three-dimensionality to the initial conditions. Additionally, there is a considerable interest in the problem of shock interaction with particulates, droplets, and bioagents suspended in gas. Here we describe our experimental arrangement for the studies of planar and oblique shocks and present some preliminary results.
Participation of sterol carrier protein-2 in cholesterol metabolism.

818 Introduction Lipid transport between intracellular organelles is thought to involve carrier proteins. Several different lipid transfer proteins have been isolated which are involved in the transport of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, cholesterol, gangliosides, glycolipids, dolichol and vitamin D3 [ 1-31. In addition to protein mediated transport, other processes, such as diffusion at membrane contact sites and spontaneous transfer between membranes, are thought to occur [l-51. This review primarily deals with steroVcholesterol transport proteins in mammalian cells. In spite of the tremendous amount of information available regarding extracellular cholesterol transport, there is a paucity of information with regard to intracellular cholesterol transport. In this review, we present evidence relating to transport, utilization and synthesis of cholesterol via the participation of one such intracellular transport protein, namely sterol carrier protein-2 (SCP-2). We hope that this review will stimulate further study in a field that has shown considerable progress in the last few years.