cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Qualitative palmar dermatoglyphic patterns in cases of idiopathic generalized epilepsy

Background: Genetic etiology has been proposed for both idiopathic epilepsy and dermatoglyphics. Hence, the present study has been undertaken to find out the existence of any correlation between dermatoglyphics and idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Objective of current study was to find out an association, if any, between dermatoglyphic patterns of hands in idiopathic generalized epilepsy of both sexes. Methods: The study was conducted in the department of anatomy and department of neurology, Himalayan institute of medical sciences, Swami Ram Nagar, Dehradun. Fingertip patterns (whorls, loops, arches) and Main line (A, B, C, D) terminations were analysed by utilizing finger and palmar prints. Results: The present study showed a significant decrease in whorls and an increase in arches in both the hands of male and female IGE patients. Loops were increased in both hands of female patients. Main line D was mostly confined to sectors 11, 9 and 7 in both sexes among the cases and controls. Main line C terminated quite often in sectors 9 & 7 in males and females of the case series. Main line B terminated most frequently in sectors 5'' & 7 in control and case groups. Main line A terminated most frequently in sector 5' in males and females. Conclusion: Therefore, we can conclude and hypothesize merely by observing decrease in the whorl and increase in the arch patterns in the fingerprints (as observed in the present study) that persons with high risk of idiopathic generalized epilepsy can be identified early and preventive measures can be taken against serious complications.
Too Big? Too Small? Just Right? An Empirical Perspective on Local Firm Size Distribution and Economic Growth in U.S. Counties and High-Poverty Rural Regions:

The authors examine the relationship between the distribution of firms across size categories and economic growth, extending Loveridge and Nizalov’s Michigan results to the United States. Using county-level data, including growth and control variables, the authors explore the relationship between the size distribution of firms and 12-year growth patterns for the continental United States and three multistate high-poverty regions. The results of fixed-effect feasible generalized least squares estimation show a connection between employment growth and the distribution of firms across size categories for the continental United States. The results also show a positive link between employment growth and firm size for Lineal America and the Plantation Belt, but no statistically significant relationship for the Borderlands. The results suggest that policies aimed at promoting small business, while important nationally, may differ in impacts across regions and provide an argument for region-level decision making ...
Morphological and Parametric Estimation of Fetal Neural Stem Cell Migratory Capacity in the Rat Brain

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can non- invasively monitor the migratory behavior of magnetically labeled stem cells after transplantation. Signal changes associated with the clearance of the contrast agent due to cell death and leaked tracer in the interstitial space must be better understood in order to accurately interpret imaging results. In this study, fetal neural stem cells were labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) particles and transplanted into the corpus callosum of the adult rat. MRI was performed on the day of transplantation and at one week. Control subjects received injections of either non-viable, labeled cells or loose SPIO particles. Two quantitative image analysis algorithms were developed to evaluate imaging results: 1) signal intensity drop-out areas were segmented and compared on a pixel-wise basis between initial and one week images; and 2) signal intensity profiles of transplanted materials at one week were parametrically modeled to estimate migration speed. Segmentation results showed that the number of pixels segmented at one week was significantly greater than the initial number of segmented pixels for subjects receiving injections of viable cells as compared to controls (p<0.05). The average speed of migration of viable cells along the corpus callosum was 69.2plusmn41.1 mum/d and was significantly higher than controls (p<0.05). This study demonstrates an in vivo assay to quantitatively evaluate stem cell migration that can be used in different experimental paradigms.
Near-surface variability of temperature and salinity in the near-tropical ocean: Observations from profiling floats

Upper ocean measurements of temperature and salinity obtained from profiling floats equipped with auxiliary surface temperature and salinity sensors (STS) are presented. Using these instruments, high vertical resolution (10 cm) measurements in the near-surface layer were acquired to within 20 cm of the sea surface, allowing for an examination of the ocean's near-surface structure and variability not usually possible. We examine the data from 62 Argo-type floats equipped with STS units deployed in the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans. The vertical variability of temperature and salinity in the near-surface layer is characterized for each of these regions. While observations show the upper 4 m of the ocean are well mixed most of the time, this homogeneity is interrupted by significant and often short-lived warming/cooling and freshening events. In addition to the presence of barrier layers, a strong diurnal signal in temperature is observed, with salinity exhibiting somewhat weaker diurnal variations. The magnitude of the upper ocean diurnal cycle in temperature and salinity is largest in areas with light winds and heavy precipitation and was found to decay rapidly with depth (∼50% over the top 2 m). Storm events, validated from meteorological data collected from nearby TAO moorings and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite, show downward mixing of rainfall-derived freshwater to 10 m depth over only a few hours. Turner angle calculations show instability following these events.
Detection of supernova neutrinos by neutrino-proton elastic scattering

We propose that neutrino-proton elastic scattering, ν+p→ν+p, can be used for the detection of supernova neutrinos in scintillator detectors. Though the proton recoil kinetic energy spectrum is soft, with Tp≃2Eν2/Mp, and the scintillation light output from slow, heavily ionizing protons is quenched, the yield above a realistic threshold is nearly as large as that from νe+p→e++n. In addition, the measured proton spectrum is related to the incident neutrino spectrum, which solves a long-standing problem of how to separately measure the total energy and temperature of νμ, ντ, νμ, and ντ. The ability to detect this signal would give detectors like KamLAND and Borexino a crucial and unique role in the quest to detect supernova neutrinos.
Optimal transmitter eigen-beamforming and space-time block coding based on channel mean feedback

Optimal transmitter designs obeying the water-filling principle are well-documented; they are widely applied when the propagation channel is deterministically known and regularly updated at the transmitter. Because channel state information is impossible to be known perfectly at the transmitter in practical wireless systems, we design, in this paper, an optimal multiantenna transmitter based on the knowledge of mean values of the underlying channels. Our optimal transmitter design turns out to be an eigen-beamformer with multiple beams pointing to orthogonal directions along the eigenvectors of the correlation matrix of the estimated channel at the transmitter and with proper power loading across beams. The optimality pertains to minimizing an upper bound on the symbol error rate, which leads to better performance than maximizing the expected signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the receiver. Coupled with orthogonal space-time block codes, two-directional eigen-beamforming emerges as a more attractive choice than conventional one-directional beamforming with uniformly improved performance, without rate reduction, and without essential increase in complexity. With multiple receive antennas and reasonably good feedback quality, the two-directional eigen-beamformer is also capable of achieving the best possible performance in a large range of transmit-power-to-noise ratios, without a rate penalty.
A characterization and analysis of PTX kernels

General purpose application development for GPUs (GPGPU) has recently gained momentum as a cost-effective approach for accelerating data- and compute-intensive applications. It has been driven by the introduction of C-based programming environments such as NVIDIA's CUDA [1], OpenCL [2], and Intel's Ct [3]. While significant effort has been focused on developing and evaluating applications and software tools, comparatively little has been devoted to the analysis and characterization of applications to assist future work in compiler optimizations, application re-structuring, and micro-architecture design. This paper proposes a set of metrics for GPU workloads and uses these metrics to analyze the behavior of GPU programs. We report on an analysis of over 50 kernels and applications including the full NVIDIA CUDA SDK and UIUC's Parboil Benchmark Suite covering control flow, data flow, parallelism, and memory behavior. The analysis was performed using a full function emulator we developed that implements the NVIDIA virtual machine referred to as PTX (Parallel Thread eXecution architecture) - a machine model and low level virtual ISA that is representative of ISAs for data parallel execution. The emulator can execute compiled kernels from the CUDA compiler, currently supports the full PTX 1.4 specification [4], and has been validated against the full CUDA SDK. The results quantify the importance of optimizations such as those for branch reconvergence, the prevalance of sharing between threads, and highlights opportunities for additional parallelism.
Differentiation of Effector CD4 T Cell Populations

CD4 T cells play critical roles in mediating adaptive immunity to a variety of pathogens. They are also involved in autoimmunity, asthma, and allergic responses as well as in tumor immunity. During TCR activation in a particular cytokine milieu, naive CD4 T cells may differentiate into one of several lineages of T helper (Th) cells, including Th1, Th2, Th17, and iTreg, as defined by their pattern of cytokine production and function. In this review, we summarize the discovery, functions, and relationships among Th cells; the cytokine and signaling requirements for their development; the networks of transcription factors involved in their differentiation; the epigenetic regulation of their key cytokines and transcription factors; and human diseases involving defective CD4 T cell differentiation.
Failure Strength of Nonlinearly Elastic Composite Laminates Containing a Pin Loaded Hole

A method is presented for calculating the failure strengths and failure modes of composite laminates containing a pin loaded hole for materials exhibiting nonlinearly elastic behavior. The analysis follows that proposed by Chang, Scott, and Springer for linearly elastic composites with two notable exceptions: a) the shear stress-shear strain relation in each ply is taken to be nonlinear with the form proposed by Hahn and Tsai, and b) the Yamada-Sun failure criterion is modified to include nonlinear effects. Numerical results, generated using a nonlinear finite element scheme, were compared to data. These comparisons show that for laminates exhibiting nonlinear behavior the present analysis provides the failure strengths and failure modes more accurately than the previous method employing a linear stress-strain analysis.
Predictors of Death and Prolonged Renal Insufficiency in Ethylene Glycol Poisoning.

Background:We assessed the predictive value of selected factors on the outcomes of death and prolonged renal insufficiency (RI) from ethylene glycol poisoning.Methods:Retrospective, observational California Poison Control System study, over a 10-year period (1999-2008). We compared 2 groups. The first group (D/RI) included 59 patients who died (9 patients) or had prolonged RI (50 patients). Prolonged RI was defined as kidney injury in which dialysis was required for greater than 3 days after presentation. The second group (RECOV) of 62 patients had an uncomplicated recovery. Secondarily, we evaluated the association of time to antidote (ethanol and/or fomepizole) and time to dialysis with these outcomes.Results:The D/RI group was more likely than the RECOV group to present comatose, have seizures, and require intubation. The D/RI group had a lower mean initial arterial pH of 7.03 (standard deviation [SD] 0.20), compared to 7.27 (SD 0.14) for the RECOV group. The D/RI group had a higher initial creatinine ...
Chapter 8 Isolation and Analysis of Somatic Cell Mutants with Defects in Endocytic Traffic

Publisher Summary This chapter describes cell sorting methods that have been used in laboratory to isolate somatic cell mutants with defects in specific aspects of the endocytic apparatus. An underutilized, yet powerful, technique for isolating mutants of mammalian cells is fluorescence-activated cell sorting. This technique has the advantage of being able to examine large numbers of cells quickly and does not require that cells of undesirable phenotype be killed. It only requires a suitable fluorescence assay to mark cells of the desired or undesired phenotype. The protocols presented in the chapter are illustrative of many of the critical concepts of somatic cell mutant isolation by cell sorting and have been used to isolate mutants with defects in two aspects of endocytosis. Characterization of these mutants has already provided new information about the affected process. In addition to permitting the isolation of additional mutants of these types, it is hoped that these protocols will be useful as a starting point for isolation of other classes of mutants by cell sorting.
Psychological Aspects of Erectile Dysfunction

Because the brain is intimately involved in the control of erections, a wide variety of psychological factors impact erectile response and may lead to erectile dysfunction (ED). This chapter reviews the assessment of psychological factors in ED, the immediate and underlying psychological conditions involved, and the development of ED over time. Outcome research on psychological treatments for ED is also reviewed. The goal of the chapter is to help health care providers to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of ED that is sensitive to psychological factors.
Characterization of a-Si:H,Cl and a-Sic:H Films Prepared by Electron Cyclotron Resonance Plasma

Microwave excited electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasmas have been used to fabricate a-Si:H,Cl and a-SiC:H films. By varying the absorbed microwave power, highly photoconductive a-Si:H,Cl films were obtained. The a-SiC:H films do not have appreciable photoconductivity, but they show a bright, broad continuous wave (cw) photoluminescence (PL) in the visible region under near-uv excitation. We have measured the photoluminescence decay in the picosecond range and have resolved the spectra into four distinct components. The four luminescence components may correspond to various recombination mechanisms of photogenerated electron-hole pairs.
AN OVERVIEW OF INVERSE MATERIAL IDENTIFICATION WITHIN THE FRAMEWORKS OF DETERMINISTIC AND STOCHASTIC PARAMETER ESTIMATION

This work investigates the problem of parameter estimation within the frameworks of deterministic and stochastic parameter estimation methods. For the deterministic methods, we look at constrained and unconstrained optimization approaches. For the constrained optimization approaches we study three different formulations: L 2 , error in constitutive equation method (ECE), and the modified error in constitutive equation (MECE) method. We investigate these formulations in the context of both Tikhonov and total variation (TV) regularization. The constrained optimization approaches are compared with an unconstrained nonlinear least-squares (NLLS) approach. In the least-squares framework we investigate three different formulations: standard, MECE, and ECE. With the stochastic methods, we first investigate Bayesian calibration, where we use Monte Carlo Markov chain (MCMC) methods to calculate the posterior parameter estimates. For the Bayesian methods, we investigate the use of a standard likelihood function, a likelihood function that incorporates MECE, and a likelihood function that incorporates ECE. Furthermore, we investigate the maximum a posteriori (MAP) approach. In the MAP approach, parameters’ full posterior distribution are not generated via sampling; however, parameter point estimates are computed by searching for the values that maximize the parameters’ posterior distribution. Finally, to achieve dimension reduction in both the MCMC and NLLS approaches, we approximate the parameter field with radial basis functions (RBF). This transforms the parameter estimation problem into one of determining the governing parameters for the RBF.
Basin and Range volcanism as a passive response to extensional tectonics

A long-standing issue in Cordilleran geology involves the nature of Basin and Range (western USA) volcanism, and whether such magmatism provides a trigger for extensional deformation, or if volcanic activity is a passive response to extension. We use space-time-composition patterns across the central and southern Basin and Range, and where appropriate, reconstructed latitudes and longitudes of volcanic rocks, to show that volcanism is fundamentally a passive process. Our analysis suggests that Basin and Range volcanism is initiated by the transition from a subduction to a transform boundary (now manifest as the San Andreas fault), which causes a slab window to open, as the subducting Farallon plate falls away. Accordingly, volcanic activity follows the northward-migrating Mendocino Triple Junction (MTJ). In the wake of the MTJ, continental mantle lithosphere is heated over a time scale of 10–12 Ma; it then rapidly degrades (or is removed) 17–20 Ma after MTJ arrival at any given latitude, and is replaced by asthenosphere. In the central Basin and Range, MTJ migration triggers the well-documented structural migration of the Sierra Nevada away from the Colorado Plateau. Not only is volcanism triggered by the tectonic transition, but in the central Basin and Range volcanism also migrates west, following the initiation of upper crustal extensional faulting; the lag between the onset of extension and initiation of volcanism is a remarkably consistent 2 Ma. Within this framework, the initial stage of eastward-concentrated volcanism is dominated by felsic magmatism, which then gradually degrades to a more mafic composition. This pattern, and temporal relations indicate that once lithospheric extension begins, between 2 and 5 Ma are needed to develop conduits through which nonviscous magmas can transit the crust, and that especially high amounts of extensional strain favor the eruption of K 2 O-rich, low-degree partial melts. Our observations indicate that it is unlikely that mantle plume processes initiated Basin and Range volcanism within the study area, and that decreases in SiO 2 and increases in incompatible element abundances to the east within the Cordillera are best explained by continental mantle lithosphere that thickens to the east, which reduces average melt fractions.
Dynamic and accretive composition of patient engagement instruments for personalized plan generation

Instruments of determined level of self-efficacy may be chosen dynamically for customized patient engagement, e.g., based on a patient's latent adherence trait estimated from lifestyle and other clinical data. Customization points in care plans may be identified, e.g., by monitoring an accumulative change in the patient's health literacy level. Clinical decision support at the point of care may be provided by adjusting patient engagement strategies and allocating resources accordingly.
Marx on the ‘Marx-Hegel Relation’

For the moment, let us stay with the crude formulation of our problem and simply pose the question: what exactly is ‘Hegelian’ in the discourse of Capital! Now, it could be suspected that a philosopher might be of some use here. And indeed for academic philosophers, the Hegelian legacy in Capital has been a matter of great concern: it has been their very, so to speak, professional justification for considering Capital - and, more often than not, also their alibi for not considering it too closely. The prolonged debate in the philosophical literature over the so-called ‘Marx-Hegel relation’ has hinged upon the respective conceptions of ‘dialectical method’ elaborated by the two authors and supposedly adhered to in their works. In the oft-cited 1873 ‘Afterword’ to the second German edition of Capital, Marx himself lent his authority to such an orientation by all at once: proclaiming ‘his’ ‘dialectical method’ the ‘direct opposite’ of Hegel’s; stressing that he had, nonetheless, acknowledged himself to be a ‘pupil’ of ‘that great thinker’; criticizing the ‘mystification’ to which ‘the dialectic’ is subject in Hegel’s treatment; yet praising Hegel as regardless ‘the first to present its general forms of motion in a comprehensive and conscious manner’; and glibly dismissing his own utilization of a Hegelian ‘mode of expression’ - namely, ‘here and there in the chapter on value theory’ - as mere ‘coquetry’ (CI, 102-3/27).
The Value of the Hematologist: Appropriate Use of Diagnostic Endoscopy in Microcytic and Normocytic Anemias (MNA)

Abstract 342 Background: Anemia represents a common, significant public health disorder in our society. Anemia is present in 20% of people > 65 years old; microcytic anemias comprise 30% of cases in this age group. In this pilot project, we sought to determine whether the appropriateness of evaluating iron stores, or referral for diagnostic endoscopy, is enhanced when MNA are managed by hematologists-oncologists (HOS) in comparison with other physician specialties (OPS). Methods: The data set examining this question was developed from a single institution (VMMC) as follows: 1) MNA was defined as Hb ≤11 gm/dl and MCV Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Abstract 243: Organic Dissemination and Natural Implementation of Decision Aids for Left Ventricular Assist Device

Objective: We systematically created pamphlet and video decision aids (DAs) for destination therapy left ventricular assist device (DT LVAD) and hosted them online for free public use. Although DAs...
Advance Care Planning for Patients Approaching End-Stage Kidney Disease.

Summary: Patients with chronic kidney disease typically suffer a cascade of comorbid conditions, the magnitude of which have formidable impact on advance care planning (ACP). Complex health care decisions are complicated further by contextual issues that may change over time. A dynamic and evolving process, ACP ideally begins early in the continuum of chronic kidney disease, long before end-stage kidney disease is reached. Planning ahead for care is preparatory to making decisions about kidney replacement therapy and can make for a smooth transition in addition to preventing the start of dialysis by default. This article addresses the key components and unique aspects of ACP for patients approaching dialysis, highlighting the importance of shared decision making, and its effect on the execution of multiple aspects of transition.
Claud S. Rupert (1919-2017): The Father of DNA Repair

Claud Stanley Rupert Jr, a founding father of the field of DNA repair, died of natural causes in Dallas, Texas, on February 2nd, 2017. Dr. Rupert was highly respected by the photobiology and DNA repair communities. In 1964, he received the Finsen Medal, the highest recognition given by International Union of Photobiology. He was elected to the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1966. In 1971, he was named to the Johns Hopkins University Society of Scholars. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Double Imaginary Root Degeneracies in Time-Delayed Systems and CTCR Treatment

The dynamics we treat here is a very special and degenerate class of linear time-invariant time-delayed systems (LTI-TDS) with commensurate delays, which exhibit a double imaginary root for a particular value of the delay. The stability behavior of the system within the immediate proximity of this parametric setting which creates the degenerate dynamics is investigated. Several recent investigations also handled this class of systems from the perspective of calculus of variations. We approach the same problem from a different angle, using a recent paradigm called Cluster Treatment of Characteristic Roots (CTCR). We convert one of the parameters in the system into a variable and perturb it around the degenerate point of interest, while simultaneously varying the delay. Clearly, only a particular selection of this arbitrary parameter and the delay enforce the degeneracy. All other adjacent points would be free of the mentioned degeneracy, and therefore can be handled with the CTCR paradigm. Analysis then reveals that the parametrically limiting stability behavior of the dynamics can be extracted by simply using CTCR. The results are shown to be very much aligned with the other investigations on the problem. Simplicity and numerical speed of CTCR may be considered as practical advantages in analyzing such systems. This approach also exhibits the capabilities of CTCR in handling these degenerate cases contrary to the convictions in earlier reports. An example case study is provided to demonstrate these features.Copyright © 2017 by ASME
Geomagnetism for Smartphone-Based Indoor Localization: Challenges, Advances, and Comparisons

Geomagnetism has recently attracted considerable attention for indoor localization due to its pervasiveness and independence from extra infrastructure. Its location signature has been observed to be temporally stable and spatially discernible for localization purposes. This survey examines and analyzes the recent challenges and advances in geomagnetism-based indoor localization using smartphones. We first study smartphone-based geomagnetism measurements. We then review recent efforts in database construction and computation reduction, followed by state-of-the-art schemes in localizing the target. For each category, we identify practical deployment challenges and compare related studies. Finally, we summarize future directions and provide a guideline for new researchers in this field.
1431 Asynchronous, online training of healthcare workers and hygiene/safety managers in occupational health and hygiene

Background The Global Program in Occupational Health Practice (GPOHP) is a 400 hour, online, interactive program with 2 tracks in Health and Hygiene. GPOHP has trained 135 individuals from 85 different countries over 8 years. Methods An online survey of course participants was administered to determine the value of this training and to guide future content and training methods. Results 30% of the prior course participants from 19 countries responded. 68% received company sponsorship for tuition, 19% received scholarships and 13% were self-funded. Respondents reported a significant increase in knowledge base, greater confidence in doing their jobs, clarity about where to seek the best resources, awareness of global standards, and how to execute specific activities including, incident (accident) investigation, noise monitoring, ergonomic assessment, return to work after injury/illness, and development of a worker screening program. A few described moving up in their careers because of this training. Several participants continue to share ideas and plans with their classmates across national boundaries. Discussion Online training in OH is an important and apparently successful tool for training those without locally available courses. Asynchronous communication lowers expenses by reducing time off work and out-of-country. Hands on activities applied in their own work settings with feedback from experts were likely to be key in developing relevant and immediately applicable skills. Establishing a network of OH providers could improve conditions for workers and companies, globally.
Real-Time 3D Rendering and Immersion

People’s perception and experience of landscape plays a critical role in the social construction of these spaces—in how individuals and societies understand, value, and use landscapes. Perception and experience should, therefore, be an integral part of environmental modeling and geodesign. With the natural interaction afforded by Tangible Landscape and the realistic representations afforded by Immersive Virtual Environments (IVEs) experts and non-experts can collaboratively model landscapes and explore the environmental and experiential impacts of “what if” scenarios. We have paired GRASS GIS with Blender, a state-of-the-art 3D modeling and rendering program, to allow real-time 3D rendering and immersion. As users manipulate a tangible model with topography and objects, geospatial analyses and simulations are projected onto the tangible model and perspective views are realistically rendered on monitors and head-mounted displays (HMDs) in near real-time. Users can visualize in near real-time the changes they are making with either bird’s-eye views or perspective views from human vantage points. While geospatial data is typically visualized as maps, axonometric views, or bird’s-eye views, human-scale perspective views help us to understand how people would experience and perceive spaces within the landscape.
Monopsony in Health Labor Markets

In recent years there has been a surge in interest in models of imperfect competition in the labor market, and monopsony in particular. Although economists have long been skeptical that employers have market power in the typical labor market, high reported vacancies for nursing positions have fueled speculation that health labor markets may be an exception at least since the writings of Donald Yett in the late-1960s. Early waves of research focused on the idea that large employers, like a hospital, could effectively monopolize employment opportunities for health workers (e.g., nurses) and depress wages. Newer work has focused on other more mundane sources of monopsony, and produced a wealth of interesting results that have challenged conventional thinking on the functioning of labor markets.
Catalyst design using an inverse strategy: From mechanistic studies on inverted model catalysts to applications of oxide-coated metal nanoparticles

Abstract Metal-oxide interfaces are of great importance in catalytic applications since each material can provide a distinct functionality that is necessary for efficient catalysis in complex reaction pathways. Moreover, the synergy between two materials can yield properties that exceed the superposition of single sites. While interfaces between metals and metal oxides can play a key role in the reactivity of traditional supported catalysts, significant attention has recently been focused on using “inverted” oxide/metal catalysts to prepare catalytic interfaces with unique properties. In the inverted systems, metal surfaces or nanoparticles are covered by oxide layers ranging from submonolayer patches to continuous films with thickness at the nanometer scale. Inverse catalysts provide an alternative approach for catalyst design that emphasizes control over interfacial sites, including inverted model catalysts that provide an important tool for elucidation of mechanisms of interfacial catalytic reactions and oxide-coated metal nanoparticles that can yield improved stability, activity and selectivity for practical catalysts. This review begins by providing a summary of recent progress in the use of inverted model catalysts in surface science studies, where oxides are usually deposited onto the surface of metal single crystals under ultra-high vacuum conditions. Surface-level studies of inverse systems have yielded key insights into interfacial catalysis and facilitated active site identification for important reactions such as CO oxidation, the water-gas shift reaction, and CO2 reduction using well-defined model systems, informing strategies for designing improved technical catalysts. We then expand the scope of inverted catalysts, using the “inverse” strategy for preparation of higher-surface area practical catalysts, chiefly through the deposition of metal oxide films or particles onto metal nanoparticles. The synthesis techniques include encapsulation of metal nanoparticles within porous oxide shells to generate core-shell type catalysts using wet chemical techniques, the application of oxide overcoat layers through atomic layer deposition or similar techniques, and spontaneous formation of metal oxide coatings from more conventional catalyst geometries under reaction or pretreatment conditions. Oxide-coated metal nanoparticles have been applied for improvement of catalyst stability, control over transport or binding to active sites, direct modification of the active site structure, and formation of bifunctional sites. Following a survey of recent studies in each of these areas, future directions of inverted catalytic systems are discussed.
Performance Prediction of Low Temperature Air-Cooling Extended Surface by Several Comparative Methods

In a paper by one of the authors some time ago on fin heat transfer1, use was made of the geometrical electrical analogy in studying temperature patterns of extended surface, particularly those located internally within the element structures» One of the fins studied was of thin section, shown in Figure 1; its length beyond the primary surface was twenty times its own thickness, such as might be found with a metallic fin as often used in low temperature air heat transfer equipment.
An incidental finding of pneumatosis intestinalis: Conservative management without oxygen therapy

Pneumatosis intestinalis can be identified radiographically incidentally in an asymptomatic patient, or it may be present in its fulminant form with peritonitis. Although multiple mechanisms have been postulated, most believe it arises from mechanical or infectious factors. Respiratory factors have also been described as possible causes for this condition. Clinically, it is important to differentiate among patients whom require surgical intervention from those who would benefit from conservative management, such as hyperbaric oxygen, changes in diet, and/or antibiotic administration. Although supplemental oxygen has become the standard of care for the treatment of benign pneumatosis intestinalis, we question whether all patients require oxygen therapy as a treatment. Although oxygen may be beneficial, the literature suggests there may be detrimental effects from oxygen toxicity and the free radicals formed during hyper-oxygenation. Furthermore, given the rising epidemic of antibiotic resistance and the various toxicities associated with usage of antibiotics, do all patients really require antibiotics? We present a case of a patient with complaints of hematuria, but no other gross abdominal complaints and was incidentally found to have pneumatosis intestinalis and pneumoperitoneum without any evidence of vascular compromise or ischemia. This patient was managed successfully with conservative treatment without oxygen therapy or antibiotics.
A new approach for measuring temperature inside turtle eggs.

ABSTRACT For turtles, the thermal environment experienced during development plays critical roles in many biological processes. While the temperature inside an egg is assumed to match the substrate temperature, many factors such as evaporative cooling, metabolic heating and the insulating properties of extra-embryonic components can lead to thermal differences. However, no method developed to date has allowed for measurement of the embryonic temperature in live chelonian eggs. We designed a thermocouple-based technique to measure embryonic temperature, achieving 94% survival in Trachemys scripta. This methodology may be applicable to other reptile species. We found that, while the temperature in the substrate adjacent to the eggshell accurately reflects the internal egg temperature, it differs from air temperature (∼2°C) in a moisture-dependent manner. Our results demonstrate that external egg temperature, but not air temperature, is suitable for assessing the effects of temperature on biological processes, which could be critical when considering that processes such as temperature-dependent sex determination in turtles occurs within a 4°C window.
Introduction to the Symposium on ‘Geoengineering: Governing Solar Radiation Management'

The term solar radiation management (SRM) describes a set of speculative technologies that might help humanity respond to climate change. SRM technologies would operate, if ever developed and deplo...
The vascularized medial femoral condyle free flap for reconstruction of segmental recalcitrant nonunion of the clavicle.

Background Recalcitrant clavicular nonunion is a rare but complicated problem of clavicular fracture fixation. Nonunion is most often treated with clavicular shortening or in extreme cases vascularized bone grafting. Herein we describe our experience using the vascularized medial femoral condyle (MFC) free flap for the reconstruction of segmental defects in cases of recalcitrant clavicular nonunion. Methods A retrospective chart review was conducted of patients with symptomatic recalcitrant nonunion of the clavicle who underwent reconstruction with the vascularized MFC free flap from June 2003 to January 2018. Patients' demographics, time to union, and postoperative complications were collected. Results A total of 7 patients (6 women; 39.8 ± 9.01 years old) underwent clavicular reconstruction after an average of 3.7 ± 1.3 previous surgical procedures. Average preoperative visual analog scale score for pain was 4.1. The graft size ranged from 2 to 5 cm in length with approximately 1 cm in width and depth. The average time of total nonunion was 66 ± 48.2 months before surgery. All flaps survived and all clavicles healed with an average time to radiographic union of 15 ± 6.7 months. Patients regained full shoulder motion, and average postoperative visual analog scale score was 1.6 ± 1.8. All patients returned to their preoperative employment status. Donor site morbidity from the knee was minimal. Conclusion The MFC free flap is a good option for recalcitrant bone nonunion of the clavicle where larger vascularized flaps are not warranted. It is effective and offers minimal donor site morbidity.
CONTROL OF THE LATERAL MOBILITY OF MEMBRANE PROTEINS

Publisher Summary This chapter presents studies on the mechanism by which one subcellular structure, cytoplasmic microtubule (MT) may interact with membranes to regulate surface topography. The degree of MT assembly and MT–membrane interaction in intact cells varies in a dynamic manner, depending on binding events occurring at the surface. The degree of assembly of MT and extent of MT–membrane interactions appears to be enhanced after ligand or particle binding with surface receptors. This enhancement may be mediated in part via the stimulation of cyclic GMP generation, which seems to increase MT stability. The mobility of proteins in cell membranes is regulated at least in part by MT. An intermediate step, the generation of cyclic GMP may follow ligand or particle binding and determine the stability of MT and/or of MT–membrane interaction. The immobilization of leukocyte membranes by phenylglyoxal is unrelated to changes in lipid fluidity. An arginine-rich intramembranous protein (or proteins) is involved in determining the mobility of proteins in leukocyte membranes and in controlling the deformability of the whole membrane. Although proteins are mobile in cell membranes, it is clear that they do not always diffuse at random in the lipid matrix of the membrane but rather are subject to considerable restraints on mobility.
Forest soils in the Anthropocene

Abstract The formation of forest soils continues across centuries and millennia. Many of the key characteristics of soils develop very slowly. The slow, long-term development of soils is coupled with much faster processes that substantially change soils over a period of years and decades. A century ago, soil scientists looked for explanations of soil development using concepts limited by simple assumptions and expectations. Quantification became more important as the 20th century advanced, with concepts retreating into the background. Case studies illustrate both these long-term and more-rapid processes and patterns of change. Detecting, monitoring, understanding and predicting change will be a key focus for forest soil science and management. In the Anthropocene, the breadth of human influences will be the major soil-forming factor in forest soils.
Constraining invader dominance: Effects of repeated herbicidal management and environmental factors on curlyleaf pondweed dynamics in 50 Minnesota lakes

Curlyleaf pondweed (Potamogeton crispus) is one of the most widespread and widely managed aquatic invasive plants in North America. Despite decades of management, the efficacy of long‐term management strategies and the effects of environmental drivers on curlyleaf pondweed populations remain uncertain. To evaluate the effects of management and environmental factors on within‐lake distribution and local density of curlyleaf pondweed, we collated monitoring data from point–intercept surveys collected by a variety of lake managers across Minnesota, U.S.A. Using this dataset, comprising 177 lake‐years of plant data, we examined the influence of herbicide treatment, water clarity, snow depth, and ice cover duration on curlyleaf pondweed distribution and density between 2006 and 2015. We evaluated the effects of herbicides on curlyleaf pondweed at three time points relative to treatment: within year, carryover effects the following year, and cumulative effects over multiple years of treatment. All three temporal measures were associated with significant reductions of curlyleaf pondweed. Additionally, herbicidal management reduced both the density and distribution of curlyleaf pondweed. Given that herbicide management led to reductions that carried over into future years, managers may be able to design multi‐year treatments to reduce total management effort over time. We also found strong effects of environmental conditions on curlyleaf pondweed. Elevated lake productivity and decreased winter snow cover were associated with increased springtime distributions of curlyleaf pondweed, whereas duration of winter ice cover had no influence. The influence of productivity suggests that reductions of this invasive species may be an ancillary benefit of water‐quality improvements that lower lakes’ trophic status. Our results also show that decreased winter snow cover, as predicted under climate change, could exacerbate problematic growth of curlyleaf pondweed. Harnessing monitoring data from multiple projects, as this study does, allows for robust inference about environmental and management constraints on macrophytes. Because of environmental and management variability, we suggest that treatment regimens follow an adaptive management cycle, with outcomes of management monitored and evaluated, and strategies updated accordingly. It is also vital to continue monitoring both managed and unmanaged lakes to enable stronger inferences about treatment effectiveness.
Assessment of Liver Function

This chapter explores various liver pathologies and their respective laboratory test abnormalities. Particular emphasis is placed on viral hepatitis, in addition to alcohol-induced, metabolic, and cholestatic liver disease. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the numerous complications of chronic liver disease with a focus on diagnosis and management, followed by a brief look into the future of hepatobiliary diagnostic workup.
Room‐Temperature Phosphorescent Platinum(II) Alkynyls with Microsecond Lifetimes Bearing a Strong‐Field Pincer Ligand

The use of organometallic triplet emitters in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) is motivated by the premise of efficient intersystem crossing leading to unit internal quantum efficiencies. However, since most devices are based on solid-state components, an inherent limitation to square-planar platinum(II) phosphors is their tendency toward aggregation-based quenching. Here, a new class of emissive, four-coordinate PtII species based on the bisimidazolyl carbazolide (BIMCA) ligand is introduced, which displays highly efficient, long-lived solid-state phosphorescence at room temperature. A set of four BIMCAPt phenyl acetylides were synthesized that emit in the green (λmax =507-540 nm) with >60 % quantum yield and millisecond lifetimes. The structures of the resulting species reveal a non-planar structure imposed by steric clashes between BIMCA and the iodo or alkynyl co-ligand. Ground-state and photophysical characterization are presented. Density functional theory calculations indicate that the BIMCA ligand dominates the frontier orbitals along with the first Franck-Condon singlet and triplet excited states.
More Data, More Problems: Analytical Complications of Studying Differential Family Experiences over Time: Reply to Laird (2020).

The use of differences scores to assess agreement/disagreement has a long and contentious history. Laird (2020) notes, however, that developmentalists have been particularly resistant to discontinue the use of difference scores. One area of developmental science where difference scores are still in regular use is that of parental differential treatment (PDT) or sibling differential experiences. In this response we argue that, in the case of our particular article (Campione-Barr, Lindell, & Giron, 2020), while the use of difference scores may not have been ideal, they were utilized for several reasons, including the history of the field in operationally defining within-family differential experiences through the use of discrepancy scores, as well as the complicated analytical nature of research examining more than one dyad within the same family. A discussion of whether or not analytical strategies need to change in this literature is important for the field to move forward. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Experiencing critical language awareness as a collective struggle: methodological innovations in language awareness workshops

The demographic change of Chinese bilingual preservice teachers (herein referred to as trainees) has caused a shift in the practitioner populations in the US This qualitative case study reports on ...
Allowing Revisions While Providing Error-Flagging Support: Is More Better?

In this study, we studied whether the number of revisions allowed per problem when error-flagging feedback is provided has a significant effect on learning. We used a partial cross-over study and analyzed the data collected by two adaptive tutors on while loops and for loops over six semesters. We found that when students were unfamiliar with the concepts, they solved fewer problems and therefore, learned significantly less when they were provided more opportunities for revision with error-flagging feedback. But, once they became more familiar with the concepts, allowing for more revisions had no deleterious effect on learning.
Toys: a Man Has His Reasons. Winnicottian Perspectives on the Playing of Men

The essay draws on the psychodynamic theory of D.W. Winnicott to argue for eight interrelated reasons informing the playing of men. Through playing, men seek to reestablish a holding environment; (re) discover their bodies; dabble with non-pathological insanity or madness; support their true self; experience transformation and enter transitional spaces; toy with destruction; seek healing from physical, emotional, relational, and spiritual wounds; they play to experience ego orgasms; and, men play for play’s own sake. The author’s own playing, in the form of long-distance motorcycling provides a backdrop of lived experience for the essay. The article mirrors Winnicott’s methodology, which resisted grand theory making as it focuses on specific psychodynamic insights and themes. Winnicott’s thought is used to extend William Blake’s wisdom around toys and reasons, wisdom Erik Erikson explored previously.