cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acute systemic hypoxia activates hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus-projecting catecholaminergic neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla

Hypoxia activates catecholamine neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM). The hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) modulates arterial chemoreflex responses and receives catecholaminergic projections from the CVLM, but it is not known whether the CVLM-PVN projection is activated by chemoreflex stimulation. We hypothesized that acute hypoxia (AH) activates PVN-projecting catecholaminergic neurons in the CVLM. Fluoro-Gold (2%, 60–90 nl) was microinjected into the PVN of rats to retrogradely label CVLM neurons. After recovery, conscious rats underwent 3 h of normoxia (21% O2, n = 4) or AH (12, 10, or 8% O2; n = 5 each group). We used Fos immunoreactivity as an index of CVLM neuronal activation and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity to identify catecholaminergic neurons. Positively labeled neurons were counted in six caudal-rostral sections containing CVLM. Hypoxia progressively increased the number of Fos-immunoreactive CVLM cells (21%, 19 ± 6; 12%, 49 ± 2; 10%, 117 ± 8; 8%, 179 ± 7; P < 0.001). Catecholaminergic cells colabeled with Fos immunoreactivity in the CVLM were observed following 12% O2, and further increases in hypoxia severity caused markedly more activation. PVN-projecting CVLM cells were activated following more severe hypoxia (10% and 8% O2). A large proportion (89 ± 3%) of all activated PVN-projecting CVLM neurons were catecholaminergic, regardless of hypoxia intensity. Data suggest that catecholaminergic, PVN-projecting CVLM neurons are particularly hypoxia-sensitive, and these neurons may be important in the cardiorespiratory and/or neuroendocrine responses elicited by the chemoreflex.
Role of Glial Cell Line‐Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Germ‐Line Stem Cell Fate

The overall goal of this study is to unravel the role(s) played by glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in the fate of spermatogonial stem cells. There is great interest in the biology of spermatogonial stem cells, or Asingle spermatogonia, because of their importance in the treatment of infertility, the development of contraceptives, and the understanding of the etiology of testicular cancer, particularly seminoma. In the mouse, spermatogonial stem cells express GFRα-1, the receptor for GDNF, and respond to this growth factor in vivo and in vitro. GDNF is produced by the adjacent Sertoli cells, which are part of the germ-line stem cell niche in vertebrates. We specifically isolated GFRα-1–positive spermatogonia using an immunomagnetic bead technique. We then stimulated the cells with 100 ng/mL of rGDNF for 10 hours; unstimulated cells served as negative controls. Microarray analysis, immunocytochemistry, and Western blotting revealed that Numb, a regulator of the Notch pathway, is upregulated by GDNF in spermatogonial stem cells. There are indications that in rats, mice, and humans, the Notch pathway promotes spermatogonial differentiation. We observed that an increase in Numb expression is concomitant with Notch degradation in these cells. Thus, through Numb, GDNF might inhibit differentiation and allows the maintenance of the stem cell pool in the mouse seminiferous epithelium.
New roles for special collections on the network

There will be no special collections on the network in the traditional sense because electronic information is not maintained in artifacts. Special collections have existed to support preservation of the human record as instanced in original documents or in specific documents of importance. Electronic documents, however, do not depend on their physical medium for their importance, nor does their medium provide evidence that assists in better understanding their texts. Special collections will continue in importance because of the continuing importance of artifactual documents. Special collections librarians may have new and distinctive roles in the electronic environment, particularly with respect to intellectual property and in the merging of special and general digital collections.
Chaos, Engineering, and Engineering Education

A comparison is made between a deterministic scientific paradigm and one that is chaos-based. Possible implications of the incorporation of the chaos-based paradigm into the engineering profession as well as into engineering education are discussed.
The Changing Role of Digital Tools and Academic Libraries in Scholarly Workflows: A Review

In this paper, we review the literature on how information literacies are manifested in scholarly workflows for undergraduates, graduate students, and scholars, and the need to support integrating library resources into their knowledge practices, and how available tools support their needs. We argue that research is needed on how libraries and digital tools both support, and indeed teach, knowledge-building practices across the entire lifecycle of knowledge. Finally, we advocate for studying researcher and student workflows as a way to both improve the tools we make available, and more importantly, to inform us on the role(s) libraries can play in the shifting practices of research in an information-rich world.
Beam propagation analysis of a parallel configuration of Mach-Zehnder interferometers

Using the beam propagation method of analysis, the perlormance of a parallel configuration of integrated optical Mach-Zehnder interferometers is examined. These configurations require the interferometers to be spaced closely together to limit the length of the substrate. As a result, the leakage or substrate radiation modes that exist outside each interferometer extend to the point where interference with adjacent substrate radiation modes (and, hence, guided optical power in close proximity) occurs. The radiation mode coupling is shown to have a significant effect on the performance of the interferometer array. The induced change in the mode propagation constants (Δβ) and the corresponding insertion loss due to the radiation mode interference are evaluated numerically as a function of the separation distance between the interferometers. Distortion in the modulation characteristics due to the radiation mode coupling is also quantified and compared with the theoretically expected values.
Effects of field applied residues and length of exposure to tebufenozide on the obliquebanded leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae).

Studies were conducted with the obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), and tebufenozide to determine the influence of various factors on the efficacy of this insecticide under field conditions. Larvae were exposed to apple foliage collected from commercial orchards at different intervals after insecticide applications. Mortality of neonates on actively growing (terminal) and mature (spur) foliage 10 d after an airblast sprayer application of tebufenozide was 0 and 35-74%, respectively. Feeding by larvae was also assessed on collected foliage. There was significantly less feeding on tebufenozide-treated foliage than chlorpyrifos- and nontreated foliage (P 90%. In the third study, to examine the effects of obliquebanded leafroller movement to foliage with sublethal residues, we designed a laboratory bioassay in which larvae were exposed to foliage treated with tebufenozide and transferred to untreated foliage after various exposure intervals. The higher the concentration of tebufenozide, the less exposure time was necessary to cause high levels of mortality of neonates. The terminal feeding behavior ofobliquebanded leafroller larvae, low residues on terminal foliage before the end of the typical 2-wk spray interval, and the length of exposure necessary for high levels of mortality may decrease the effectiveness of tebufenozide for obliquebanded leafroller control.
A Simulation Study Of Economic Production Quantity Lot Size To Kanban For A Single Line Production System Under Various Setup Times With Average Work In Process (WIP) Inventory Cost As Performance Metric

The Setup time variable was evaluated for the two systems (Kanban and EPQ) against the performance measure of average WIP inventory cost. EPQ outperforms Kanban on average WIP inventory cost at setup times less than 8 minutes. The research helped clarify for practitioners whether EPQ might be more suitable than Kanban for their given situations.
Conversational language proficiency among international students at the university level: personal hypotheses versus actual practice

A common assumption is that international students in English-speaking countries have well-developed competence in academic language, but have deficiencies in conversational language. This assumption is in contrast to the situation among limited English speaking children (CUMMINS, 1989). If true, this lack of conversational language is a problem; even if international students do not plan to reside in an English-speaking country after their studies are complete, the status of English today as a world language means that professionals in many fields need to be able to interact with colleagues on an informal basis. To help international students develop conversational language ability, one first needs to ask whether they know how to acquire this ability. If there is a mismatch between their personal theories and the manner in which conversational language is in fact acquired, this mismatch will be a major barrier. Second, if students do know how to develop conversational language, one needs to see whether they are able to act on this knowledge. This study thus has the following goals: (1) to determine whether, in fact, international students perceive that there is a difference in their competence in academic and conversational language. (2) if students perceive a difference between conversational and academic language, to identify the barriers to the development of conversational language. The second goal will be carried out first by attempting to determine students' personal theories of conversational language acquisition, and to ascertain to what extent these personal theories agree with what is known about the development of conversational ability. An examination is then made of what students actually do, whether they engage in activities thought to be helpful or known to be helpful for the development of conversational language ability
A clinical trial of the secondary prevention of reinfarction with low dose aspirin

Patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) admitted between 1986 and 1989 were divided into aspirin (ASA) group (216 cases) and control group (211 cases). In ASA group, 50 mg ASA was given daily to each case from the early stage of AMI and continuously after discharge (follow-up in OPD). In control group, no antiplatelet agents were administered during the follow-up period. The other therapies were comparable in both groups. The patients in both groups were scheduled for examination in the OPD every one to two months after discharge. Both groups were followed up until July, 1990. The follow-up periods in ASA group and control group were 19.4 +/- 12.6 vs 20.7 +/- 13.0 months respectively. There were 312 men in this study (175 in ASA group and 137 in control group). In men, incidence of reinfarction was reduced by 65% (P less than 0.001) and platelet aggregation was inhibited obviously in ASA group as compared to control group. However, there were no statistically significant differences of reinfarction and platelet aggregation between ASA group and control group in women. Thus, it is evident that low dose ASA is effective in preventing reinfarction and inhibiting platelet aggregation in men.
Multiple Comparison and Cross-Validation in Evaluating Structural Equation Models

This paper discusses the need for multiple comparison and cross-validation in evaluating structural equation models from the perspectives of philosophy of science, statistics, and methodology. After the issues associated with a single model test are examined, a comparison of competing models is suggested in its place. Theoretical arguments are also made for the use of cross-validation in comparing alternative models.
Drug Kingpins and Blacklisting: Compliance Issues with U.S. Economic Sanctions, (Part 3)

The proliferation of different sanctions programs and their accompanying blacklists over the last decade poses a number of issues for those seeking to comply with the Government's controls in good faith. To explore these issues Congress created the Judicial Review Commission on Foreign Asset Control when it passed the Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act, and directed that the Commission conduct a "review of the current judicial, regulatory, and administrative authorities" relating to the sanctions and "evaluate the remedies available to United States persons" affected by the sanctions. In order to carry out its duties, it's essential that the Commission consider the Kingpin Act sanctions against the backdrop of the Office of Foreign Assets Control's other sanctions programs. While individual sanctions programs are typically created by Government policy makers with a narrow focus on a specific objective, the compliance programs that private parties must craft must integrate all the various programs into a coherent whole in order to manage their business dealings. Accordingly, the full impact of the requirements of any one set of controls, such as the Kingpin Act sanctions, can only be fully appreciated when compared to OFAC's other programs. The aim of this paper is to survey these "compliance" issues. It is an effort to highlight, without delving into the political policies motivating any particular sanctions program, the practical difficulties facing private parties in meeting the requirements of OFAC's disparate programs, including the Kingpin Act sanctions. This is Part 3 of a three part series.
Printed microelectrodes for scalable, high-areal-capacity lithium–sulfur batteries

Printed microelectrodes for lithium–sulfur cathodes are produced with aqueous inks and a one-step printing process. The cathodes exhibit high areal capacities of ≥5 mA h cm−2 for 50 cycles and withstand ≥500 cycles. This performance meets energy-storage benchmarks for powering microdevices, and presents a strategic option for future microbatteries.
Safety of the HPV Bivalent and Quadrivalent Vaccines During Pregnancy

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the safety of the human papillomavirus (HPV) bivalent and quadrivalent vaccines in pregnancy.DATA SOURCE:PubMed (1966-August 2010) was searched using the terms human papillomavirus, human papillomavirus vaccine, and pregnancy. References were reviewed for relevant information.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:All studies including humans that were published in English with data describing HPV vaccine administration in pregnancy were evaluated.DATA SYNTHESIS:Two combined analyses of 7 Phase 3 efficacy trials have retrospectively evaluated the safety of unintentional administration of either the bivalent (n = 1786) or quadrivalent (n = 2085) HPV vaccine during pregnancy. In addition, postmarketing pregnancy registry surveillance data (prospective, n = 787; retrospective, n = 76) for the quadrivalent HPV vaccine have been published. However, only 279 pregnancies from the studies and 90 pregnancies from the registry occurred within 30 days of receiving the vaccination. Overall, the vac...
Hydrogen Production Catalyzed by Bidirectional, Biomimetic Models of the [FeFe]-Hydrogenase Active Site.

Active site mimics of [FeFe]-hydrogenase are shown to be bidirectional catalysts, producing H2 upon treatment with protons and reducing equivalents. This reactivity complements the previously reported oxidation of H2 by these same catalysts in the presence of oxidants. The complex Fe2(adtBn)(CO)3(dppv)(PFc*Et2) ([1]0; adtBn = (SCH2)2NBn, dppv = cis-1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethylene, PFc*Et2 = Et2PCH2C5Me4FeCp*) reacts with excess [H(OEt2)2]BArF4 (BArF4– = B(C6H3-3,5-(CF3)2)4–) to give ∼0.5 equiv of H2 and [Fe2(adtBnH)(CO)3(dppv)(PFc*Et2)]2+ ([1H]2+). The species [1H]2+ consists of a ferrocenium ligand, an N-protonated amine, and an FeIFeI core. In the presence of additional reducing equivalents in the form of decamethylferrocene (Fc*), hydrogen evolution is catalytic, albeit slow. The related catalyst Fe2(adtBn)(CO)3(dppv)(PMe3) (3) behaves similarly in the presence of Fc*, except that in the absence of excess reducing agent it converts to the catalytically inactive μ-hydride derivative [μ-H3]+. Replacem...
Growth promotion in carnivorous protozoa by substituted purines.

SummaryThe guanine analog, 8-azaguanine, had a growth inhibiting effect on one species of suctorian, Tokophrya injusionum, and a growth promoting effect on another species, Podophrya collini. The compound induced abnormal giant forms in the former and prevented their appearance in the latter. Guanylic acid antagonized both effects. In the hypotrichous ciliate, Stylonychia pustulata 8-azaguanine promoted growth and substituted for a supplementary factor previously obtained from natural sources. The methyl-purines, caffeine, theobromine and theophylline were also growth promoting in Podophrya and Stylonychia. The results may be explained on the basis of a purine balance in these protozoa. Apparently guanylic acid intake in other than optimum proportions can interfere with growth in the organisms studied.
Crowding Effects Among Single-Age Larvae of the Mountain Pine Beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of crowding on: larval and adult survival; larval stadia duration; sex ratio of adults; reproductive capacity of adult female Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins. To investigate distribution of the effect of crowding within a single age group, newly hatched larvae were used. The responses of these larvae and subsequent adults were observed after exposure to densities of 1, 3, 6, and 9 larvae (or adults) per unit of food supply for each of 3 time intervals. Survival of 1st-stage larvae increased as crowding increased. Survival at the adult stage increased in Crowd 3, decreased in Crowd 9, and was not consistent in Crowd 6 as crowding duration lengthened. The rate of survival decreased as either crowding level increased or duration of crowding lengthened. Crowding influenced the rate of larval development, which in turn influenced sex ratio; i.e., as the 3rd and 4th larval stadia became shorter, more females and fewer males survived. Thus, the theoretical ratio of 1:1 shifted in favor of the female. The reproductive capacity of the female adult decreased as larval crowding increased. There was an apparent feeding stimulus through association that resulted in greater than 60% successful establishment of 1st-stage larvae when crowded.
Enhanced Urine Screen Device Predictions

Two urine screen devices were tested to determine whether the predictive use of either or both approached the sensitivity achieved by culture. The Filtra-Check-UTI (FC) urine screen to predict the presence of bacteriuria was compared with the leukocyte and nitrite tests included in the Ames Multistix 10SG (AM) urinalysis dipstick. One thousand eighteen urine specimens (579 collected midstream and 439 collected by catheter) were analyzed. Four hundred twenty-eight urine specimens were culture-positive at the level of 104 or greater colony-forming units (CFUs) per milliliter. The AM dipstick and FC screen showed respective specificities of 85.1% and 81.5% and sensitivities of 68.7% and 80.8%. The AM dipstick correctly predicted 68.7% of positive cultures, and the FC screen correctly predicted 76.6% of positive cultures. However, analysis of the data indicated that when the FC screen was used as a second urine screening device for AM-negative urine specimens, overall positive prediction increased to 85.7% of total culturepositive specimens. The observation of 1+ or greater urine reaction for blood or protein using the AM dipstick indicated the potential failure to absorb into the FC screen, which was termed clogging.
A Prospective Study: Clinical Significance of Anticholinergic Nasal Sprays in Patients with Parkinson Disease Afflicted by Rhinorrhea (P04.149)

OBJECTIVE: To study the therapeutic benefit of anticholinergic nasal sprays in patients with Parkinson9s disease (PD) afflicted with rhinorrhea. BACKGROUND: Rhinorrhea is a common non motor symptom of parkinson9s disease which hasn9t been looked into until recently. The reported prevalence is quiet common between 24-50% in PD. This study looks at the therapeutic benefits of anticholinergic nasal sprays in PD patients with rhinorrhea. DESIGN/METHODS: The data was derived through a series of patient interviews with questionnaires. Each patient was administered the sino-nasal outcome test-22 (SNOT-22) before and after 4 weeks of treatment with anticholinergic nasal spray- Atrovent® -ipratropium bromide. RESULTS: All of our patients were equal or more than 60 years old and except for one patient all of them were males. The duration of diagnosis of PD was less than 7 years among this group of patients and they did not significant disability which would affect use of Nasal spray. Rhinorrhea was experienced within the first year of the PD for two of our patients. In this study, three patients had SNOT-22 score >20 and after using the nasal spray they experienced a clinical improvement of average 66%. The overall improvement was 58%. A higher dose was used in three of our patients and no side effects were reported by our patients. CONCLUSIONS: There was significant clinical improvement in rhinorrhea in PD patients with use of anticholinergic nasal spray- Atrovent® -ipratropium bromide. There were no major side effects noted with the use of the nasal spray. Disclosure: Dr. Reyes has nothing to disclose. Dr. Khan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gandhi has nothing to disclose.
Suicide attempters with Borderline Personality Disorder show differential orbitofrontal and parietal recruitment when reflecting on aversive memories

Suicidal behavior and difficulty regulating emotions are hallmarks of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). This study examined neural links between emotion regulation and suicide risk in BPD. 60 individuals with BPD (all female, mean age = 28.9 years), 46 of whom had attempted suicide, completed a fMRI task involving recalling aversive personal memories. Distance trials assessed the ability to regulate emotion by recalling memories from a third-person, objective viewpoint. Immerse trials assessed emotional reactivity and involved recalling memories from a first-person perspective. Behaviorally, both groups reported less negative affect on Distance as compared to Immerse trials. Neurally, two sets of findings were obtained. The first reflected differences between attempters and non-attempters. When immersing and distancing, attempters showed elevated recruitment of lateral orbitofrontal cortex, a brain region implicated in using negative cues to guide behavior. When distancing, attempters showed diminished recruitment of the precuneus, a region implicated in memory recall and perspective taking. The second set of findings related to individual differences in regulation success - the degree to which individuals used distancing to reduce negative affect. Here, we observed that attempters who successfully regulated exhibited precuneus recruitment that was more similar to non-attempters. These data provide insight into mechanisms underlying suicide attempts in BPD. Future work may examine if these findings generalize to other diagnoses and also whether prior findings in BPD differ across attempters and non-attempters.
Structure-property relationships in AlLiCuMgAgZr alloy X2095

Although aluminum-lithium alloys showed initial promise for aerospace applications, implementation has not proceeded swiftly. In this study, efforts were made to design and develop microstructures with good fracture and fatigue crack propagation resistance to achieve a better balance of mechanical properties in the high strength alloy X2095. Lower aging temperatures were employed, resulting in precipitation of shearable [delta][prime](Al[sub 3]Li) particles and reduced subgrain boundary T[sub 1] precipitation. Although fracture toughness was not significantly altered in the 1.6 Li variant, improvements approaching 50% were achieved in the 1.3 Li alloy. Intrinsic fatigue crack propagation resistance was also slightly improved due to reduced environment interactions. These improvements were made without altering the 660 MPA yield strength.
Calcification of Ureteral Stent Treated by extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy

AbstractA patient with stones presented with large calcifications of the J ends of a Double-J**Medical Engineering Corp., New York, New York. stent that had been placed in the ureter for an obstructing ureteral stone 1 month previously. The J end located in the renal pelvis was treated with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and the calcification was disintegrated completely. This noninvasive procedure appears to be the method of choice in the treatment of such complications.
A Screen for Small Molecules That Regulate Hepcidin Expression

Abstract Abstract 611 Hepcidin, a peptide hormone produced in the liver, decreases intestinal iron absorption and macrophage iron release via effects on ferroportin. Hepcidin is a potential drug target for patients with iron overload syndromes because its levels are inappropriately low in these individuals. To generate a tool for identifying small molecules that modulate Hepcidin expression, we stably transfected human hepatocytes (HepG2) cells with a reporter construct containing 3 kilobases of the human Hepcidin promoter upstream of a firefly reporter gene. We then used high throughput methods to screen 10,360 chemicals in duplicate from the Harvard Institute of Chemistry and Cell Biology library for their effect on Hepcidin expression and cell viability. Regulators were identified as chemicals that caused a change >3 standard deviations above or >1.5 standard deviations below the mean of the other chemicals (z-score >3 or Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Developing effective communication materials on the health effects of climate change for vulnerable groups: a mixed methods study.

Individuals with chronic health conditions or low socioeconomic status (SES) are more vulnerable to the health impacts of climate change. Health communication can provide information on the management of these impacts. This study tested, among vulnerable audiences, whether viewing targeted materials increases knowledge about the health impacts of climate change and strength of climate change beliefs, and whether each are associated with stronger intentions to practice recommended behaviors. Low-SES respondents with chronic conditions were recruited for an online survey in six cities. Respondents were shown targeted materials illustrating the relationship between climate change and chronic conditions. Changes in knowledge and climate change beliefs (pre- and post-test) and behavioral intentions (post-test only) were tested using McNemar tests of marginal frequencies of two binary outcomes or paired t-tests, and multivariable linear regression. Qualitative interviews were conducted among target audiences to triangulate survey findings and make recommendations on the design of messages. Respondents (N = 122) reflected the target population regarding income, educational level and prevalence of household health conditions. (1) Knowledge. Significant increases in knowledge were found regarding: groups that are most vulnerable to heat (children [p < 0.001], individuals with heart disease [p < 0.001], or lung disease [p = 0.019]); and environmental conditions that increase allergy-producing pollen (increased heat [p = 0.003], increased carbon dioxide [p < 0.001]). (2) Strength of certainty that climate change is happening increased significantly between pre- and post-test (p < 0.001), as did belief that climate change affected respondents’ health (p < 0.001). (3) Behavioral intention. At post-test, higher knowledge of heat vulnerabilities and environmental conditions that trigger pollen allergies were associated with greater behavioral intention scores (p = 0.001 and p = 0.002, respectively). In-depth interviews (N = 15) revealed that vulnerable audiences are interested in immediate-term advice on health management and protective behaviors related to their chronic conditions, but took less notice of messages about collective action to slow or stop climate change. Respondents identified both appealing and less favorable design elements in the materials. Individuals who are vulnerable to the health effects of climate change benefit from communication materials that explain, using graphics and concise language, how climate change affects health conditions and how to engage in protective adaptation behaviors.
A swarm-based fuzzy logic control mobile sensor network for hazardous contaminants localization

We describe a swarm-based fuzzy logic control (FLC) mobile sensor network approach for collaboratively locating the hazardous contaminants in an unknown large-scale area. The mobile sensor network is composed of a collection of distributed nodes (robots), each of which has limited sensing, intelligence and communication capabilities. An ad-hoc wireless network is established among all nodes, and each node considers other nodes as extended sensors. By gathering other nodes' locations and measurement data, each node's FLC can independently determine its next optimal deployment location. Simultaneously, by applying the three properties of the swarm behavior: separation, cohesion and alignment, the approach can ensure the sensor network attains wide regional coverage and dynamically stable connectivity. The simulation presented in this paper shows the swarm-based FLC mobile sensor network can achieve better performance and have higher fault tolerance in the event of partial node failures and sensor measurement errors.
Environment Exploration in Sensing Automation for Habitat Monitoring

We present algorithms for environment exploration in the context of a habitat monitoring task, where the goal is to track radio-tagged invasive fish with autonomous surface or ground robots. The first task is navigation around an unknown obstacle using an input from a front-facing sonar. This capability is important for navigation on inland lakes, because plants and shallow shorelines are hard to map in advance. The second task involves energy harvesting for long-term operation. We address the problem of exploring the solar map of the environment which is used for energy-efficient navigation. For both problems, we present online algorithms and examine their performance using competitive analysis. In competitive analysis, the performance of an online algorithm is compared against the optimal offline algorithm. For obstacle avoidance, the offline algorithm knows the shape of the obstacle. For solar exploration, the offline algorithm knows the geometry of the shadow-casting objects. We obtain an $O(1)$ competitive ratio for obstacle avoidance and an $O(\log n)$ competitive ratio for solar exploration, where $n$ is the number of critical points to observe. The strategies for obstacle avoidance are validated through extensive field experiments, and the strategies for exploration are validated with simulations.
65. A Novel Aptamer Targeting Agent for Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer is both the most common cancer diagnosis and the second most common cause of cancer-related death for men in the United States. An optimal new therapy would selectively deliver the drug to the tumor while also preventing toxicity in normal tissue. Recent exciting clinical advances with antibody drug conjugates have resulted in FDA approval of such tumor-targeting therapies. However, antibodies are difficult to chemically modify and require humanization; additionally, their large size hinders tumor penetration. Aptamers have many advantages over traditional antibody targeting agents, including ease of synthesis and amenability to chemical modification. Moreover, they exhibit antibody-like target affinities and specificities at a fraction of the size, allowing more efficient tumor penetration.We have identified an aptamer, termed E3, which selectively internalizes into prostate cancer cells, but does not target normal cells. Additionally, E3 targets and internalizes into a variety of other cancer types, including breast, ovarian, lung, colon, melanoma, glioblastoma, liver, and leukemia cancers. Linking the E3 aptamer to a deimmunized version of the Pseudomonas exotoxin (PE-LR-8) kills prostate cancer cells in vitro with an IC50 of 0.4-1.1 nM while displaying no measured toxicity towards normal cells, and linking E3 to the highly toxic auristatin drugs, MMAE or MMAF, kills prostate cancer cells in vitro with an IC50 of 5-12 nM. Significantly, E3 maintains its tumor-targeting abilities in vivo, targeting both prostate tumors and patient-derived colon cancer tumors in mice as evidenced by near-infrared in vivo imaging.Together, these studies show the potential therapeutic benefit of E3 drug targeting for the treatment of prostate cancer.
Binding mode analyses of NAP derivatives as mu opioid receptor selective ligands through docking studies and molecular dynamics simulation

Mu opioid receptor selective antagonists are highly desirable because of their utility as pharmacological probes for receptor characterization and functional studies. Furthermore, the mu opioid receptors act as an important target in drug abuse and addiction treatment. Previously, we reported NAP as a novel lead compound with high selectivity and affinity towards the mu opioid receptor. Based on NAP, we have synthesized its derivatives and further characterized their binding affinities and selectivity towards the receptor. NMP and NGP were identified as the two most selective MOR ligands among NAP derivatives. In the present study, molecular modeling methods were applied to assess the dual binding modes of NAP derivatives, particularly on NMP and NGP, in three opioid receptors, in order to analyze the effects of structural modifications on the pyridyl ring of NAP on the binding affinity and selectivity. The results indicated that the steric hindrance, electrostatic, and hydrophobic effects caused by the substituents on the pyridyl ring of NAP contributed complimentarily on the binding affinity and selectivity of NAP derivatives to three opioid receptors. Analyses of these contributions provided insights on future design of more potent and selective mu opioid receptor ligands.
Electronic and Structural Study of ZnxSx [x = 12, 16, 24, 28, 36, 48, 96, and 108] Cage Structures

We present a density functional study on the structural and electronic properties of ZnS bubble clusters, specifically, hollow cages whose spontaneous formation was previously observed in classical molecular dynamics simulations by Spano et al. [J. Phys. Chem. B 2003, 107, 10337]. The hollow ZnS cages in our study were modeled as ZnxSx [x = 12, 16, 24, 28, 36, 48, 108], and an onionlike structure was modeled as Zn96S96. The study of energetics and stability, performed using large polarized Gaussian basis sets, indicated all structures to be energetically stable with similar binding energy of 5.5–5.6 eV per ZnS pair. Further computation of electronic properties showed that these cages have large vertical ionization energies and relatively low electron affinities in the ranges of 6.8–8.1 and 1.7–3.0 eV, respectively. They have large highest occupied molecular orbital–lowest unoccupied molecular orbital gaps between 2.5 and 3.3 eV, and quasi-particle gaps vary from 6.2 eV for Zn12S12 to 4.19 for Zn108S108. T...
Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease and Changes in Self-Reported Mobility: Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.

Background We examined associations of three markers of subclinical cardiovascular disease (intimal-medial thickening, coronary artery calcification , and ankle-brachial index) with changes in self-reported walking over time. Methods Data were from 6,490 Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis participants (aged 45-84 years), free of clinical cardiovascular disease at baseline. Outcomes, assessed four times over 11 years, included self-reported walking pace (none to striding pace; score, 0-4) and total walking time (minutes/week). Linear generalized estimating equation models estimated associations of baseline intimal-medial thickening (z-scored), coronary artery calcification (Agatston units), and ankle-brachial index (ratio of ankle-to-arm systolic blood pressure) with walking pace and walking time modeled continuously in separate analyses. Results Median follow-up was 9.2 years (maximum, 11.4). Walking pace (estimate, -0.042 points [95% CI; -0.048, -0.036], p < 0.0001) and walking time (estimate, -4.71 minutes [95% CI: -8.54, -0.88], p = 0.016) decreased yearly. Greater baseline intimal-medial thickening related to faster decline in walking pace in multivariable analyses: walking pace score decreased 0.004 points (95% CI: -0.008, -0.001) more per year for each 1-SD higher intimal-medial thickening z-score, equivalent to an additional 10% slower yearly walking. Greater coronary artery calcification was associated with slower walking but inconsistently related to decline in walking pace. Higher ankle-brachial index was associated with faster baseline walking pace (estimate, 0.043 points [95% CI: 0.027, 0.059] per 1-SD) but unrelated to changes in walking pace. Cardiovascular disease measures were unrelated to total walking time. Conclusions Greater subclinical cardiovascular disease is associated with prevalent slower self-reported walking pace in middle-aged and older adults but has limited impact on changes in walking over time.
Effects of dietary-induced alterations in rat brain docosahexaenoic acid accrual on phospholipid metabolism and mitochondrial bioenergetics: An in vivo 31 P MRS study.

Abstract Evidence from 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P MRS) studies suggest that different psychiatric disorders, which typically emerge during adolescence and young adulthood, are associated with abnormalities in mitochondrial bioenergetics and membrane phospholipid metabolism. These disorders are also associated with deficits in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) which accumulates in mitochondrial and synaptic membranes. The present study investigated the effects of dietary-induced alterations in brain DHA accrual during adolescence on phospholipid metabolism and bioenergetics in the adult rat brain using 31P MRS. During the peri-adolescent period (P21-P90), male rats were fed a diet with no n-3 fatty acids (Deficient, DEF, n = 20), a diet fortified with preformed DHA (fish oil, FO, n = 20), or a control diet fortified with alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3, n = 20). On P90, 31P MRS was performed under isoflurane anesthetic using a 7 T Bruker Biospec system. Compared with controls, brain DHA levels were significantly lower in adult rats fed the DEF diet (−17%, p ≤ 0.0001) and significantly higher in rats fed the FO diet (+14%, p ≤ 0.0001). There were no significant group differences for indices of bioenergetics, including adenosine triphosphate and phosphocreatine levels, or indices of membrane phospholipid metabolism including phosphomonoesters and phosphodiesters. Therefore, the present 31P MRS data suggest that rat brain DHA levels are not a significant predictor of mitochondrial bioenergetics or membrane phospholipid metabolism.
Risk Factors for Injury Associated with Low, Moderate, and High Mileage Road Marching in a U.S. Army Infantry Brigade

Abstract Objectives Road marching is an important physical training activity that prepares soldiers for a common occupational task. Continued exploration of risk factors for road marching-related injuries is needed. This analysis has assessed the association between modifiable characteristics of physical training and injury risk. Methods Injuries in the previous 6 months were captured by survey from 831 U.S. Army infantry soldiers. Road marching-related injuries were reported as those attributed to road marching on foot for specified distances while carrying equipment. Frequencies, means, and relative risk ratios (RR) for road marching-related injury with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% CI were calculated for leading risk factors using multivariable logistic regression. Design Retrospective cohort study. Results Half (50%) of reported injuries were attributed to road marching or running. When miles of exposure were considered, injury risk during road marching was higher than during running (RRroad marching/running = 1.8, 95% CI: 1.38–2.37). A higher product of road marching distance and weight worn (pound-miles per month) resulted in greater injury risk (RR≥1473 pound-miles/ 25% of one’s body weight (OR>25%/1-20% = 2.09, 95% CI: 1.08–4.05), having high occupational lifting demands (OR50-100+lbs/25-50lbs = 3.43, 95% CI: 1.50–7.85), road marching ≥5 times per month (OR≥5 times/4 times = 2.11, 95% CI: 1.14–3.91), and running Conclusions Ideally, attempts should be made to decrease the percentage of body weight carried to reduce road marching-related injuries. Since this is not always operationally feasible, reducing the cumulative overloading from both physical training and occupational tasks may help prevent injury.
The role of librarians in teaching evidence-based medicine to pediatric residents: a survey of pediatric residency program directors

Objective: The research sought to identify the general use of medical librarians in pediatric residency training, to define the role of medical librarians in teaching evidence-based medicine (EBM) to pediatric residents, and to describe strategies and curricula for teaching EBM used in pediatric residency training programs. Methods: We sent a 13-question web-based survey through the Association of Pediatric Program Directors to 200 pediatric residency program directors between August and December 2015. Results: A total of 91 (46%) pediatric residency program directors responded. Most (76%) programs had formal EBM curricula, and more than 75% of curricula addressed question formation, searching, assessment of validity, generalizability, quantitative importance, statistical significance, and applicability. The venues for teaching EBM that program directors perceived to be most effective included journal clubs (84%), conferences (44%), and morning report (36%). While 80% of programs utilized medical librarians, most of these librarians assisted with scholarly or research projects (74%), addressed clinical questions (62%), and taught on any topic not necessarily EBM (58%). Only 17% of program directors stated that librarians were involved in teaching EBM on a regular basis. The use of a librarian was not associated with having an EBM curriculum but was significantly associated with the size of the program. Smaller programs were more likely to utilize librarians (100%) than were medium (71%) or large programs (75%). Conclusions: While most pediatric residency programs have an EBM curriculum and engage medical librarians in various ways, librarians’ expertise in teaching EBM is underutilized. Programs should work to better integrate librarians’ expertise, both in the didactic and clinical teaching of EBM.
HIV1-human protein-protein interaction prediction based on interface architecture similarity

In this paper, we computationally predicted the interactions between HIV-1 and human proteins, based on the hypothesis that proteins with similar interface architecture share similar interaction partners. Evolution – aware protein structural alignment method UniAlign was used to calculate the similarity between two protein interface architectures. Using experimentally verified HIV-1, human protein-protein interactions data, we first selected 12 features, including geometric similarity, conversion similarity etc.; then trained a support vector machine (SVM) with Gaussian kernel for the binary classification problem: whether a given protein pairs ‘interact’ or ‘no interact’. We used the trained and tuned SVM classifier to discover potential novel HIV-1 interacting partners for human proteins. Many predicted interactions had significant literature support, and we modeled the novel 3D interacting complex for HIV-1 envelope gp120 and gp41 proteins. We provided the first structural evidence for those interactions.
Outdoor Recreation in America: Trends, Problems and Opportunities. By Clayne R. Jensen

(1972). Outdoor Recreation in America: Trends, Problems and Opportunities. By Clayne R. Jensen. Journal of Leisure Research: Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 79-80.
Post-structural aesthetica: a discourse on culture representation and meaning.

This essay attempts to shed some light on the relationship between Kantian aesthetics and post-structuralism theory. As point of departure, I will argue that a close examination of aesthetics and post-structuralism engages much more than a major discussion on cultural representation and meaning. It also prompts an investigation into aesthetic criteria as ontological and socio-political forms. Like language, aesthetics is subject to its own historical and cultural revival, accrued from external inorganic forces such as the physicality of the art forms, ideas, concepts and nar - rative signiicance.
Correlation of neurocognitive function and brain lesion load on magnetic resonance imaging in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Neurocognitive dysfunction and brain injury on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are common in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. However, brain MRI is expensive, is restricted by payers, and requires high expertise. Neurocognitive assessment is an easily available, safe, and inexpensive clinical tool that may select patients needing brain MRI. In this cross-sectional and controlled study, 76 SLE patients (69 women, age 37 ± 12 years) and 26 age and gender-matched healthy subjects (22 women, age 34 ± 11 years) underwent assessment of attention, memory, processing speed, executive function, motor function, and global neurocognitive function. All subjects underwent brain MRI with T1-weighted, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR), and diffusion-weighted imaging. Hemispheric and whole brain lesion load in cm3 were determined using semi-automated methods. Neurocognitive z-scores in all clinical domains were significantly lower and whole brain and right and left hemispheres brain lesion load were significantly greater in patients than in controls (all p ≤ 0.02). There was significant correlation between neurocognitive z-scores in all domains and whole brain lesion load: processing speed (r = − 0.46; p < 0.0001), attention (r = − 0.42; p < 0.001), memory (r = − 0.40; p = 0.0004), executive function (r = − 0.25; p = 0.03), motor function (r = − 0.25; p = 0.05), and global neurocognitive function (r = − 0.38; p = 0.006). Similar correlations were found for brain hemisphere lesion loads (all p ≤ 0.05). These correlations were strengthened when adjusted for glucocorticoid therapy and SLE disease activity index. Finally, global neurocognitive z-score and erythrosedimentation rate were the only independent predictors of whole brain lesion load (both p ≤ 0.007). Neurocognitive measures and brain lesion load are worse in SLE patients than in controls. In SLE patients, neurocognitive z-scores correlate negatively with and independently predict brain lesion load. Therefore, neurocognitive testing may be an effective clinical tool to select patients needing brain MRI.
X-RAYS AND POSITRONS FROM HEAVY-ION COLLISIONS*

ABSTRACT If two atoms are made to coalesce slowly enough, the inner-shell electrons adjust themselves to the two-center electric potential. Thus, quasimolecular systems with a combined charge up to 184 have been studied. Calculations, particularly by Greiner and coworkers, show that extreme relativistic, electronic effects are expected. Among these are (1) a very high probability of inner-shell vacancy formation, (2) the possibility of filling these vacancies with electrons from the negative-energy Dirac sea with emission of positrons, in addition to the filling with electrons from bound orbitals with the emission of x-rays. Recent measurements of the inner-shell vacancy-formation probability are presented. Evidence for positron emission from atomic and nuclear processes in energetic high-Z collisions is given.