cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of semduramicin and salinomycin against different stages of Eimeria tenella and E. acervulina in the chicken

Abstract The efficacy of a new ionophore, semduramicin, was compared with salinomycin in a series of in ovo and in vivo trials. Semiduramicin was more efficacious than salinomycin against Eimeria tenella sporozoites as judged by oocyst production in embryonated eggs. When the two drugs were given in ovo at 93 h post inoculation (PI), both drugs exerted some effect against late schizogonous stages of E. tenella. In three battery studies, semduramicin (25 ppm) and salinomycin (60 and 66 ppm) were tested against E. tenella and E. acervulina. Medicated feed was withdrawn at 24-h intervals PI to study the stage of action of the anticoccidials. In E. tenella infected chickens, both anticoccidials exerted their maximum effect on weight gain and feed: gain ratio through the first 72 h PI. Semduramicin was more effective than salinomycin in controlling E. tenella lesions and coccidiosis mortality. With E. acervulina, both drugs acted similarly on early life cycle stages and no improvement in performance was recorded when medicated feed was given for longer than 72 h. Semduramicin was more effective than salinomycin in controlling E. acervulina lesions.
A hybrid architecture for cost-effective on-demand media streaming

We propose a new architecture for on-demand media streaming centered around the peer-to-peer (P2P) paradigm. The key idea of the architecture is that peers share some of their resources with the system. As peers contribute resources to the system, the overall system capacity increases and more clients can be served. The proposed architecture employs several novel techniques to: (1) use the often-underutilized peers' resources, which makes the proposed architecture both deployable and cost-effective, (2) aggregate contributions from multiple peers to serve a requesting peer so that supplying peers are not overloaded, (3) make a good use of peer heterogeneity by assigning relatively more work to the powerful peers, and (4) organize peers in a network-aware fashion, such that nearby peers are grouped into a logical entity called a cluster. The network-aware peer organization is validated by statistics collected and analyzed from real Internet data. The main benefit of the network-aware peer organization is that it allows to develop efficient searching (to locate nearby suppliers) and dispersion (to disseminate new files into the system) algorithms. We present network-aware searching and dispersion algorithms that result in: (i) fast dissemination of new media files, (ii) reduction of the load on the underlying network, and (iii) better streaming service.We demonstrate the potential of the proposed architecture for a large-scale on-demand media streaming service through an extensive simulation study on large, Internet-like, topologies. Starting with a limited streaming capacity (hence, low cost), the simulation shows that the capacity rapidly increases and many clients can be served. This occurs for all studied arrival patterns, including constant rate arrivals, flash crowd arrivals, and Poisson arrivals. Furthermore, the simulation shows that a reasonable client-side initial buffering of 10-20 s is sufficient to ensure full quality playback even in the presence of peer failures.
Squamous cell carcinoma of the pyriform sinus treated with surgery and/or radiotherapy

One hundred fifty-five patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the pyriform sinus were treated with curative intent at the University of Florida between 1962 and 1984. All patients were staged according to the AJCC staging system and had a minimum 2-year follow-up; 84% had at least 5 years of follow-up. The locoregional control rates, the incidence of treatment-related complications, and survival rates are presented for radiotherapy as well as for surgery, with or without adjuvant irradiation.
Intrinsic determinants of retinal axon collateralization and arborization patterns.

Permanent, novel retinal projections to the principal thalamic somatosensory (ventrobasal) or auditory (medial geniculate) nuclei can be produced in adult hamsters if the superior colliculus is ablated bilaterally and the somatosensory and auditory lemniscal axons are transected unilaterally on the day of birth. We studied the development of those novel projections by labeling retinal axons with the fluorescent tracer 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate to examine the relative roles of intrinsic factors and axon-target interactions in the specification of retinal axon connections. Our principal findings are as follows: (1) In hamsters operated on the day of birth to produce the novel retinal projections, retinal ganglion cell axons projecting to the ventrobasal or medial geniculate nuclei develop in three morphologically distinct stages, i.e., elongation, collateralization, and arborization, as do retinal axons projecting to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, the principal thalamic visual nucleus, in normal hamsters. (2) In both the ventrobasal and medial geniculate nuclei of operated hamsters, as in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of normal hamsters, collateral branches were initially formed by retinal ganglion cell axons in both the superficial and internal components of the optic tract and only collaterals from the superficial component formed permanent projections. (3) The retinofugal axon terminal arbors in the ventrobasal and medial geniculate nuclei of mature, operated hamsters resemble the same three morphologic classes that are observed in the lateral geniculate nucleus of normal hamsters, although their absolute size appears to be altered. These data suggest that both superficial and internal optic tract axons can produce thalamic collaterals during development but that only superficial optic tract axons can permanently retain thalamic collaterals. Furthermore, the same morphologic types of retinofugal axons appear to contribute to normal and surgically induced retinal projections. J. Comp. Neurol. 411:119–129, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Investigations of Nonlinear Femtosecond Pulse Propagation with the Inclusion of Raman, Shock, and Third-Order Phase Effects

The propagation of intense femtosecond pulses in a nonlinear, dispersive bulk medium is investigated numerically in the regime where the combined effects of diffraction, normal dispersion, and cubic nonlinearity lead to pulse splitting. We present numerical solutions of a modified $(3+1)$-dimensional nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation, accounting for the Raman effect, linear and nonlinear shock terms, third-order dispersion, and initial temporal third-order phase modulation. The calculated results are found to be in good agreement with experimental measurements.
Behavior of CNS single units in the vicinity of topically applied crystalline neurohumors

Abstract To clarify the neural effects of stimulation by topical application of crystalline neurohumors to brain tissue, the effects of such stimulation on single units were observed by placing a microelectrode in the region immediately surrounding the tip of an applicator cannula. It was concluded that epinephrine, nor-epinephrine and acetylcholine applied in this manner do not act in a physiologically abnormal fashion, but appear to function in the manner expected of neurotransmitter substances at normal concentrations. The action of carbamylcholine suggested that, in addition to cholinergic effects, it may have a non-specific action on non-cholinoceptive neurons.
The Decline in Expenditures for Clothing Relative to Total Consumer Spending, 1929–1986

Although total expenditures for clothing and shoes (CSX) have increased greatly since 1929, they have declined as a share of total personal consumption expen ditures (PCE) in nominal dollars, particularly since the end of World War II. Anal yses of time series data indicate that, in real dollars, per-person CSX is a function of the previous year's CSX and the year-to-year change in PCE; the levels of total PCE and clothing inventory seem to have less effect on CSX than in the past. Meanwhile, based on survey data, the slope of the Engel curve relating clothing expenditures to total personal consumption expenditures at a given time has not changed. Hypotheses about why CSX/PCE has declined in nominal dollars in clude changes in the relative price and quality of clothing, relationships among clothing and other commodities, fashion change, demographic factors, and struc tural changes in the economy.
Development of a physical map for three Frankia strains and a partial genetic map for Frankia EuI1c

Physical maps for Frankia strains Ccl3, EAN 1 pec and Eul1 c chromosomes were constructed by the use of macrorestriction analysis and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The restriction enzymes Asel, Pmel, Swal and Sspl were used to cut the Frankia chromosome into a limited number of large fragments and for double digestions. The genomes sizes, as determined by the addition of the estimated fragment sizes, were 5430 ± 35 kb, 9101 ±109 kb and 8105 ± 842 kb for strains Ccl3, EAN1pec and Eul1c, respectively. A complete physical map was achieved by the analysis of PFGE for the single and double digestions and by two-dimensional PFGE to determine doublets and overlapping fragments. For strain Eul1c, a partial genetic map was also constructed by positioning the 1 6S rRNA, g/nll, glnA and hboO genes on the physical map. PFGE analysis of DNAwith and without proteinase K treatment together with the other results suggested a circular genome.
‘The Minister will tell the nation’: the role of the media for archaeology in Mauritius

AbstractThis article presents four short case studies detailing the breadth of media engagement with archaeology on the island of Mauritius. Beyond exemplifying the varied roles of the media for an archaeological agenda, these case studies are used to discuss how to better garner media attention, how it may be possible to benefit from those who use archaeological data, why archaeologists should do this and the value of being better managers of our media image. Ultimately, the article advocates greater control over our side of the archaeology–media relationship, and questions whether archaeologists are taking advantage of the power of the media to advance public archaeology.
What is Electrical Overstress? - Analysis and Conclusions

Abstract In order to analyse the reasons for continuously high failure rates due to electrical overstress (EOS) a large number of publications published over the past 40 years in the field of EOS is investigated and evaluated. It is found that there is no common understanding on EOS. To resolve this problem criteria for a suitable EOS definition are introduced and a corresponding definition is proposed.
Space, time, sensors, and data semantics

In this talk we will discuss the issues concerning data management for environmental monitoring of moving phenomena in continuous media. Specifically, we will concentrate on three topics: non-Newtonian notions of time, measurement units, and the need for better spatio-temporal data models, such as fiber bundle data models to model vector field data.Classical temporal data modeling for databases has invoked a Newtonian conception of time, with the notion of universal simultaneous time. Einstein's theory of relativity has supplanted the earlier Newtonian model of time among physicists, astronomers, and now GPS users. We will discuss why and how this matters for DBMS systems.Most contemporary DBMS systems, query languages, etc. entirely ignore issues of measurement units failing to adequately support many sensor based applications. We will discuss some measurement unit issues and dimensional analysis and suggest that they be incorporated into our type systems for DBMSs.We note that conventional DBMSs (relational, object oriented, OLAP, and XML) are built from collections of discrete things (tuples, objects, "facts", or trees). However, for many applications, such as weather forecasting, climate simulations, oceanography, water pollution studies, astrophysics, and other fluid dynamics applications, such collections of discrete objects (e.g., sets) are not an appropriate data model. Common to many of these applications is the notion of vector field data (such as velocity fields for wind or ocean currents). It hardly makes sense to talk about interpolation in classical data models of collections of discrete objects. We will recount some of the basic ideas of fiber bundle data models, first investigated by Lloyd Treinish at IBM for data visualization applications. Variations of such data models have sometimes been referred to as vector bundle data models or as sheaf data models.We summarize by suggesting that sensor data management for environmental monitoring of fluid dynamics phenomena (weather, climate, oceanography, etc.) is an area of growing importance, rapidly growing data sets, and in need of considerable development of better data management technology. We will then discuss a number of funding opportunities at National Science Foundation that support such research.
Nonrandom segregation during meiosis: the unfairness of females.

Most geneticists assume that chromosome segregation during meiosis is Mendelian (i.e., each allele at each locus is represented equally in the gametes). The great majority of reports that discuss non-Mendelian transmission have focused on systems of gametic selection, such as the mouse t-haplotype and Segregation distorter in Drosophila, or on systems in which post-fertilization selection takes place. Because the segregation of chromosomes in such systems is Mendelian and unequal representation of alleles among offspring is achieved through gamete dysfunction or embryonic death, there is a common perception that true disturbances in the randomness of chromosome segregation are rare and of limited biological significance. In this review we summarize data on nonrandom segregation in a wide variety of genetic systems. Despite apparent differences between some systems, the basic requirements for nonrandom segregation can be deduced from their shared characteristics: i) asymmetrical meiotic division(s); ii) functional asymmetry of the meiotic spindle poles; and iii) functional heterozygosity at a locus that mediates attachment of a chromosome to the spindle. The frequency with which all three of these requirements are fulfilled in natural populations is unknown, but our analyses indicate that nonrandom segregation occurs with sufficient frequency during female meiosis, and in exceptional cases of male meiosis, that it has important biological, clinical, and evolutionary consequences.
Density profile and flow of driven gas in an open porous medium with a computer simulation

Abstract A computer simulation model is used to study the flow of gas from a source through open porous media on a simple cubic lattice with a pressure bias. This model is used to represent marine sediments through which fluid flows. Isotropic and layered porous media are considered and the gas fluid is modeled by an interacting lattice gas. In isotropic porous medium with porosity ps=0.35, the density profile is linear in the absence of bias (B=0) and oscillations develop in the presence of bias. At low porosity (ps=0.32), the density profile becomes nonlinear in the presence of bias. The response of the flow rate to bias is linear in media with high porosity – consistent with the Darcy law. In porous medium with low porosity, the response of flow rate is linear only in low bias (B⩽0.3) which crosses over to a different linear response at moderate values of bias (0.30⩽B⩽0.7) before it becomes negative at extreme bias (B⩽0.8). The presence of fault planes (i.e., linear zones of higher porosity within a low-porosity system) broadens the linear-response regime.
How Insulin Binds: From the Co-Crystal Structure of a Model Hormone-Receptor Complex to Novel Therapeutics

Recent advances in the crystallographic analysis of the insulin receptor and its mode of activation by insulin provide a novel foundation for the design of insulin analogues for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The structure of the receptor ectodomain, elucidated by M. Lawrence, C. Ward, and their colleagues in Melbourne, Australia, revealed an inverted-V dimer in which the primary insulin-binding site comprises the N-terminal beta-helix of one alpha-subunit and a nascent C-terminal alpha-helix from the other. Contact sites and evidence for bidirectional induced fit have been obtained from cross-linking studies employing synthetic photo-reactive insulin derivatives or biosynthetic photo-reactive receptor variants engineered by expanded genetic-code technology. Such basic advances have enabled translational progress toward the development of ultra-concentrated and rapid-acting insulin analogs designed to address unmet clinical needs of minority populations, including African-American women and indigenous Americans with diabetes complicated by obesity and marked insulin resistance. Together, our biochemical, biophysical, and structural studies illustrate the potential value of basic science to multi-disciplinary approaches to health-care disparities among disadvantaged populations.
A problem in the mechanism of carbodiimide-mediated synthesis of peptides in aqueous medium.

Abstract Leucylleucine was synthesized in aqueous solution using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide as the condensing agent. The yield was strongly dependent on acid concentration and was maximal at about 0.1 M HCl. The nature of this dependence suggests that the mechanism established for aprotic systems may not apply at all acid concentrations to aqueous peptide syntheses.
Contraception with an intramuscular estrogen-progestogen preparation administered monthly experience with 4512 cycles of use

A parenteral estrogen-progestogen preparation administered intramuscularly at monthly intervals has been studied in 385 patients during 4512 cycles. No pregnancies were established during the use of the medication. The discontinuation rate over the course of 25 months was 43.6%. Thirty-three pregnancies are known to have occurred within 1 to 20 months of discontinuation. Cervical cytology, endometrial histology, and liver function, investigated during the program, were not adversely affected. The most frequent associated effect was prolonged or excessive vaginal bleeding. The preparation and mode of contraception were well tolerated and readily accepted.
Diffusion of Selenium in Liquid-Phase Epitaxy–Grown Hg 0.78 Cd 0.22 Te

We present preliminary results on Se diffusion in liquid-phase epitaxy (LPE)–grown HgCdTe epilayers. The LPE Hg0.78Cd0.22Te samples were implanted with Se of 2.0 × 1014/cm2 at 100 keV and annealed at 350–450°C in mercury saturated vapor. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) profiles were obtained for each sample. From a Gaussian fit, we find that the Se diffusion coefficient D Se is about 1–2 orders of magnitude smaller than that of arsenic. The as-implanted Se distribution is taken into account in case of small diffusion length in Gaussian fitting. The D Se was found to satisfy the Arrhenius relationship $$ D_{{Se}} = D_{0} e^{{ - E/K_{B} T}}$$ .
Renal cell type specificity of cephalosporin-induced cytotoxicity in suspensions of isolated proximal tubular and distal tubular cells.

Abstract We have developed an in vitro model for investigation of nephron heterogeneity and cell type-specific patterns of renal injury. To further validate our model and to study biochemical mechanisms of cephalosporin-induced injury, cytotoxicity of three cephalosporins was studied in freshly isolated proximal tubular (PT) and distal tubular (DT) cells from rat kidney. The three cephalosporins [cephaloridine (CPH), cephalexin (CXN), cephalothin (CTN)] were chosen because they exhibit varying degrees of nephrotoxicity in vivo and contain different functional groups. CPH produced greater amounts of lactate dehydrogenase release from PT cells than either CXN or CTN, indicating greater toxicity of CPH, which agrees with in vivo observations. DT cells were not affected by any of the cephalosporins. Thus, the cephem ring is sufficient to produce PT cell injury but the presence of other functional groups modifies toxicity. SKF-525A and α-tocopherol protected PT cells from both CPH and CTN, suggesting involvement of cytochrome P -450 metabolism and oxidative stress. Both PT and DT cells exhibited transport of CPH or CXN and transport of CPH into PT cells was inhibitable by probenecid, consistent with action of a specific carrier. Transport alone, therefore, cannot account for the cell type specificity pattern in vitro. Effects on intracellular glutathione status, malondaldehyde formation, and uncoupler-stimulated respiration were also investigated, and these generally correlated with cell type specificity patterns but not always with degree of cytotoxicity. These results validate further the isolated PT and DT cells as in vitro models to study cell type-specific renal injury and show a role for oxidative stress, cytochrome P -450 bioactivation, and mitochondrial dysfunctions in cephalosporin-induced PT cell injury.
The effects of reserpine, L-dopa and 5-hydroxytryptophan on 5-hydroxyindoleacetic and homovanillic acids in cerebrospinal fluid, behaviour and EEG in cats.

Abstract Four hours after injection of reserpine (0.5 mg/kg). concentrations of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and homovanillic acid in cerebrospinal fluid increased by 130 and 83% respectively. Eight hours after injection, the first periods of EEG synchronization appeared coinciding with a decrease in homovanillic acid concentration. Slow-wave sleep episodes appeared at 16 hr, at which time the concentration of homovanillic acid approached control levels while the 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentration remained significantly elevated. Administration of l -dihydroxyphenylalanine (50 mg/kg) increased homovanillic acid above control levels through 21 hr with a peak increase of 2428% at 4 hr. 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentration did not change significantly. The animals were alert with mydriatic pupils. The 9 hr EEG record showed desynchronization in the cortical leads, increased dorsal neck muscle tone and active eye movements. Four hours following administration of 5-hydroxytryptophan (50 mg/kg) both 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and homovanillic acid increased by 1120 and 75% respectively. Synchronization with short periods of low amplitude appeared during 9 hr of EEG recording. During this time the animals were awake, but demonstrated miotic pupils and recurrent periods of drowsiness. These results suggest that behaviour and EEG can be related to changes in brain monoamine metabolism measured in cerebrospinal fluid. Increased metabolism of 5-hydroxytryptamine, as indicated by increased 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentration, correlates with cortical synchronization. Homovanillic acid, the major metabolite of dopamine, was increased in waking behaviour and EEG desynchronization.
Reevaluation of Electrocardiographic and Bedside Criteria for Diagnosis of Ventricular Tachycardia

Electrically induced ventricular and atrial tachycardias were observed in 12 cases, and ventriculoatrial (V-A) and atrioventricular (A-V) relationships were studied. It was noted that retrograde V-A conduction is a common phenomenon and that A-V dissociation is not a prerequisite for diagnosis of ventricular tachycardia. Conduction through the A-V node occurred readily in both antegrade and retrograde directions; and, all grades of block from first to complete and including the Wenckebach phenomenon were observed in both directions. The intensity of the first heart sound and the amplitude of the jugular a wave were governed directly by the temporal relationship between the P and the QRS regardless of whether conduction was antegrade, atrioventricular, or retrograde, ventriculoatrial. It is concluded that at present no electrocardiographic or bedside criteria are available for an unequivocal diagnosis of ventricular tachycardia and that further studies are needed.
Control of cell division in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by methionyl-tRNA.

Abstract We suggest that two events are necessary for an asynchronous population of cells to undergo arrest in the GI phase of the cell cycle upon nutrient starvation. First, passage through GI must be prevented by a deficiency of some metabolic intermediate. Since this intermediate may act indirectly to arrest division, we designate it the "signal". We have found three conditions under which Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells arrest division in GI: sulfate starvation of a prototroph, methionine starvation of an auxotroph, or a shift of a conditional methionyl-tRNA synthetase mutant [L-methionine: tRNA Met ligase (AMP-forming), EC 6.1.1.10] to a restrictive condition. We interpret these results to indicate that the signal for sulfate starvation in S. cerevisiae is generated near the end of the sulfate assimilation pathway (at or beyond the formation of mehtionyl-tRNA). As a unifying hypothesis, we propose that the signal for all nutrients is generated at the level of protein biosynthesis.
Brain Dominance Cognitive Style and the Graduate Record Examination Aptitude Test

Self-report subscale scores from the Herrmann Brain Dominance Profile (HBDP) were correlated with the Graduate Record Examination Aptitude Test (GRE) Verbal (V), Quantitative (Q), and Total (T) scores of 98 primarily doctoral level graduate students. Findings included (a) modest relationships between the Herrmann left cerebral and total cerebral scores and the GRE-Q, and GRE-T scores (b) inverse relationships between the Herrmann limbic scores and the GRE scores, and (c) a modest positive correlation (+.40) and negative correlation (-.40) between the GRE-Q and the Herrmann left and right hemisphere scores respectively. Findings parallel those using the HBDP and Scholastic Aptitude Test.
Generation of finely-divided nickel particles in a protective medium and their use as high-activity catalysts

In this technique, a relatively unreactive substance is transformed into a catalytically-active one within a protective environment. In this illustrative case, nickel formate was dissolved in a solution of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) in ethylene glycol, and then thermally decomposed in-situ to form finely-divided nickel particles. The mixture was dried, thereby protecting the nickel by encapsulating it in the polymer matrix. The distribution and the dispersity of nickel particles were investigated by electron microscopy. Upon adding portions of the catalyst-containing polymer to a reaction medium, the protective polymer dissolves, which releases the nickel particles and permits them to catalyze the reaction. In this particular case, the Ni-PEO sample was evaluated for the hydrogenation of an olefin, and found to be a highly efficient catalyst.
Prospects for using a cyclone melter for obtaining fused refractories

Studies showed that it is in principle possible to use melting cyclones employing oxygen-enriched blast for obtaining fusion cast refractories with fusion points of 1800–1900°C providing the melt is collected in a heated collecter. The dust emission during cyclone melting does not exceed 5%, which ensures the production of melt whose chemical composition is close to the original batch.
A Mechanical Actuator Driven Electrochemically by Artificial Molecular Muscles

A microcantilever, coated with a monolayer of redox-controllable, bistable [3]rotaxane molecules (artificial molecular muscles), undergoes reversible deflections when subjected to alternating oxidizing and reducing electrochemical potentials. The microcantilever devices were prepared by precoating one surface with a gold film and allowing the palindromic [3]rotaxane molecules to adsorb selectively onto one side of the microcantilevers, utilizing thiol-gold chemistry. An electrochemical cell was employed in the experiments, and deflections were monitored both as a function of (i) the scan rate (≤20 mV s−1) and (ii) the time for potential step experiments at oxidizing (>+0.4 V) and reducing (<+0.2 V) potentials. The different directions and magnitudes of the deflections for the microcantilevers, which were coated with artificial molecular muscles, were compared with (i) data from nominally bare microcantilevers precoated with gold and (ii) those coated with two types of control compounds, namely, dumbbell m...
EPR studies of single crystals of CsCdCl3 doped with Mn2+: Isolated ions and pairs

Abstract The salt CsCdCl 3 crystallizes in a hexagonal lattice in which the cadmium ions occupy two crystallographically distinct sites (I and II). In both sites the cadmium ions are surrounded by axially distorted octahedrons of chloride ions. The symmetry at site I is D 3 d , while the site II symmetry is C 3 η . The EPR spectra of single crystals of CsCdCl 3 doped with Mn 2+ have been studied at room and liquid-nitrogen temperatures. The spectra indicate that the impurity ions substitute into both cadmium sites. The spectra of the isolated ions in the two sites can be described by an axial spin Hamiltonian. In addition to the isolated ion spectra, resonances from magnetically coupled pairs of Mn 2+ ions are observed. The spin Hamiltonian parameters and the angular dependence of the pair spectra indicate that the pairs are formed by the substitution of Mn 2+ for Cd 2+ in two adjacent site II octahedrons.
Visual Simulation of a Chemical Reaction

To assist the computational study of chemical reactions, this paper presents a new visualization method for elec tronic structures and discusses how to use it in the search for the atomic configurations of transition states. The simulated reaction of butadiene and ethylene C 4H6 + C2H4 is presented in the accompanying video tape, in which the electron density and interacting fron tier orbitals are displayed as semitransparent multiple surfaces along the intrinsic reaction coordinate.
Measurement of a Markov jump process by hypothesis tests

This paper considers measurement of a continuous-time finite-state Markov jump process. The measurements take the form of hypothesis tests, which determine whether the system is in an inspected state or not. This model is relevant to determining policies for performing medical exams, inspecting machinery, and tracking targets. Measurement policies are selected so as to minimize an average cost criterion that penalizes both uncertainty about the state of the system and the frequency of measurements. Unlike observation control for LQG systems, where the optimal input to a Kalman filter may be selected by an open-loop policy, for Markov jump processes, the optimal measurement schedule depends on the outcomes of prior measurements. The policy iteration algorithm is shown to give a convergent method for finding optimal feedback measurement rules. The model is applied to find the optimal screening frequency for diabetes.
Clinical implications of thrombocytopenia among patients undergoing intra-aortic balloon pump counterpulsation in the coronary care unit.

Background Thrombocytopenia Hypothesis: intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP)-associated thrombocytopenia is not associated with an increased risk of major bleeding or in-hospital death. Thrombocytopenia is a common adverse effect of the IABP. However, the clinical implications of IABP-associated thrombocytopenia are unknown. Methods We assessed the incidence and predictors of thrombocytopenia, and the association between thrombocytopenia and relevant clinical end points, using prospectively collected data on 252 consecutive patients undergoing IABP in a single coronary care unit (CCU). Results Anticoagulation with intravenous heparin was administered to 182 patients (72%). Baseline platelet counts were 232 000 ± 96 000 mL, decreased to 154 000 ± 74 000 mL at day 3, and recovered to baseline by day 8. Thrombocytopenia (nadir 50% reduction from baseline) occurred in 109 patients (43%), with a similar incidence among patients who received heparin and those who did not (45% vs 40%, P = 0.5). Independent predictors of thrombocytopenia were lower body weight, cardiogenic shock, and duration of IABP support. The incidence of both major bleeding and in-hospital death were higher among patients who developed thrombocytopenia than among those who did not (13.8% vs 4.2%, P = 0.01 and 28% vs 16%, P = 0.02, respectively). However, after controlling for confounding variables, thrombocytopenia was not an independent predictor of either major bleeding (odds ratio [OR]: 2.2, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.8–6.4, P = 0.1) or in-hospital death (OR: 1.5, 95% CI: 0.8–2.9, P = 0.3). Conclusions Among patients undergoing IABP in the CCU, thrombocytopenia is generally mild, appears to be unrelated to concomitant heparin use, and is not associated with an increased risk of major bleeding or in-hospital death. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gender-Role Stereotypes and Perceptions of Heterosexual, Gay and Lesbian Domestic Violence

Although domestic violence occurs in all types of relationships, non-prototypical cases (e.g., gay male, lesbian, female-against-male) are often overlooked. We replicated and extended previous research demonstrating that perceptions of heterosexual and same-sex domestic violence are generally consistent with gender-role stereotypes. Male and female undergraduates read one of four domestic abuse cases varying by victim and perpetrator sex and sexual orientation. Victim sex, ratherthan sexual orientation, was the most potent predictor of responses, although male-against-female violence was considered the most serious and deserving of active intervention. Domestic violence perpetrated by men or against women was judged more serious than violence perpetrated by women or against men. Perceptions that male perpetrators were more capable of injuring victims, and female victims were more likely to suffer serious injury were consistent with gender-role stereotypes.
Hospital-wide breastfeeding rates vs. breastmilk provision for very-low-birth-weight infants.

Author(s): Lee, Henry C; Jegatheesan, Priya; Gould, Jeffrey B; Dudley, Raymond A | Abstract: AimTo investigate the relationship between breastmilk feeding in very-low-birth-weight infants in the neonatal intensive care unit and breastmilk feeding rates for all newborns by hospital.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study of 111 California hospitals in 2007 and 2008. Correlation coefficients were calculated between overall hospital breastfeeding rates and breastmilk feeding rates of very-low-birth-weight infants. Hospitals were categorized in quartiles by crude and adjusted very-low-birth-weight infant rates to compare rankings between measures.ResultsCorrelation between breastmilk feeding rates of very-low-birth-weight infants and overall breastfeeding rates varied by neonatal intensive care unit level of care from 0.13 for intermediate hospitals to 0.48 for regional hospitals. For hospitals categorized in the top quartile according to overall breastfeeding rate, only 46% were in the top quartile for both crude and adjusted very-low-birth-weight infant rates. On the other hand, when considering the lowest quartile for overall breastfeeding hospitals, three of 27 (11%) actually were performing in the top quartile of performance for very-low-birth-weight infant rates.ConclusionsReporting hospital overall breastfeeding rates and neonatal intensive care unit breastmilk provision rates separately may give an incomplete picture of quality of care.
Flow-induced vein-wall vibration in an arteriovenous graft

The hemodynamic environment of an arteriovenous (AV) graft differs from that of arterial grafts because mean flow rates are typically 10 times greater. This increased flow rate can create a weakly turbulent state, which alters the biomechanical environment greatly and may play a role in AV graft failure. A canine animal study was conducted to simulate the hemodynamic environment of a human AV graft. In vivo measurements were obtained for vein-wall vibration (VWV), graft geometry, and blood flow rate. In order to investigate the complex flow structure at the venous anastomosis of an AV graft, which is thought to induce these vibrations, a computational fluid dynamics study was conducted by direct numerical simulation under pulsatile flow and geometry conditions based on the animal study. The simulation technique employs the spectral element method, which is a high-order discretization ideally suited to the simulation of transitional flows in complex domains. The minimum and maximum Reynolds numbers entering the graft, based on average velocities, were 875 and 1235, respectively. While velocity and pressure fluctuations are clearly present in the numerical simulations, their magnitude and frequency do not correlate well with the in vivo VWV measurements. Potential reasons for this discrepancy are threefold. First, a quiescent inflow condition was used in the present computations; a more realistic inflow condition might alter the velocity fluctuations significantly. Second, simulations were conducted with a rigid geometry; compliance may play an important role in flow stability within an AV graft. Third, the flow split between the graft and vein inlet may also play an important role in the stability of the flow structures.
Child welfare outcomes revisited

Abstract The use of outcome measures in child welfare has been part of agency and academic discussions for at least two decades. In 1989, McDonald, Lieberman, Poertner and Hornby contributed to the implementation of an outcome focus through the publication of “Child Welfare Standards for Success.” That paper presented the results of a comprehensive review of published and unpublished research that reported on outcomes of the major public child welfare programs: protective services, substitute care and adoption. The purpose of this paper is to revisit the field to gather additional outcome studies and to determine if broader agreement can be reached on both the definitions of outcome measures and standards for evaluating success. Discussion is included on issues of the use of outcome data for management decision-making, court monitoring, and community involvement.
Scattering of waves from periodic surfaces

The scattering of waves from periodic surfaces is studied. We give a general review of this problem and compare three analytical methods for a conducting sinusoidal surface in detail for both TE and TM polarized waves. The three methods are: 1) the method developed by Masel, Merrill, and Miller (MMM); 2) the Modified Physical Optics (MPO) method; and 3) Waterman's Plane Harmonics (WPH) approach. We find the MMM method to be the most efficient one in terms of the rate and range of convergence. For dielectric media with periodic rough surfaces, an improved method is developed for calculating the reflected and transmitted powers. The results are used to compare with experimental data obtained at optical frequencies. It is shown that good agreement is achieved when the complex permittivity of the metal for the grating at the corresponding frequency is used.
Estimation of cross-directional properties: Scanning vs. Stationary Sensors

Periodic time varying Kalman filter calculations for problems involving scanning sensors are solved using "lifting" techniques common for multirate systems. The solution of this problem is used to compare the performance of scanning sensors versus stationary sensors in the estimation of cross directional properties. Furthermore, we examine controller performance when the outputs from the Kalman filter are used as inputs to a state feedback control law. Although adding sensors may significantly enhance the estimates of cross directional properties, feedback of these improved estimates may translate to lower levels of improvement in cross directional variations.
Research on the treatment of sexually abused children: a review and recommendations

ABSTRACT Objective To review findings and conclusions from 29 studies that evaluated with quantitative outcome measures the effectiveness of treatments for sexually abused children. Results The studies overall document improvements in sexually abused children consistent with the belief that therapy facilitates recovery, but only five of them marshal evidence that the recovery is not simply due to the passage of time or some factor outside therapy. There has yet to be a true large-scale, randomized trial of treatment versus control. The studies suggest that certain problems, such as aggressiveness and sexualized behavior, are particularly resistant to change and that some children do not improve. A number of considerations that merit special attention in future sexual abuse therapy outcome research are identified, including (1) the diversity of sexually abused children, (2) the problem of children with no symptoms, (3) the possible existence of serious “sleeper” effects, (4) the importance of family context on recovery, (5) the utility of abuse-focused therapy and targeted interventions, (6) the optimal length of treatment, (7) the problem of treatment dropouts, and (8) the development and use of abuse-specific outcome measures. Conclusion The need for more treatment outcome research is highlighted by the rising demand for accountability in the health care system that will increasingly require professionals in the field of sexual abuse treatment to justify their efforts and their methods.
Concavity of monotone matrix functions of finite order

Let f (0, ∞) → R be a monotone matrix function of order n for some arbitrary but fixed value of n. We show that f is a matrix concave function of order [n/2] and that for all n-by-n positive semidefinite matrices A and B, and all unitarily invariant norms . Because f is not assumed to be a monotone matrix function of all orders, Loewner's integral representation of functions that are monotone of all orders is not applicable, instead we use the functional characterization of f in proving these results.
Myocardial Blood Flow in Man Measured by a Coincidence Counting System and a Single Bolus of 84Ribidium Chloride

Using a coincidence counting system and a single bolus injection of 84RbCl, the effect of sublingual nitroglycerin (0.6 mg) on myocardial blood flow (MBF) in normal human subjects was studied. Concomitant pressure time per minute work of the heart was calculated as the product of heart rate, systolic mean pressure, and systolic ejection period. Seventeen subjects were studied. In seven, repeat measurements were made 3 minutes after administration of nitroglycerin and in 10 subjects 10 minutes after the drug was given. There was no predictable direction of change in myocardial blood flow, seven subjects showing an increase and 10 subjects a decrease. There was a highly significant correlation (P<0.001), however, between the changed in myocardial blood flow and concomitant pressure time. It is concluded that sublingual nitroglycerin does not a priori increase myocardial blood flow in normal man at 3 or 10 minutes; rather, the changes may be related to changes in myocardial oxygen requirements. It would appe...
Volume replacement in the neonatal ICU: Crystalloids and colloids

Abstract The perinatal foal has a higher body water content and turnover rate than adult horses. Critically ill foals have even more complex fluid requirements, dictated by hemodynamic alterations associated with systemic inflammatory response syndromes such as sepsis or peripartum asphyxia syndrome. Understanding fluid requirements and available fluid choices is an important part of managing the ICU patient, to maximize fluid balance and oxygen delivery to tissues. This paper reviews some of the unique features of water balance in neonatal foals, fluid requirements for replacement and maintenance needs, as well as available fluid choices. Crystalloid and colloid solutions are discussed, emphasizing advantages and disadvantages of each.
Schistosoma mansoni: stimulation of artificial granuloma formation in vivo by carbohydrate determinants.

Abstract A subset of Schistosoma mansoni egg glycoproteins that share a common carbohydrate epitope recognized by monoclonal antibody 128C3 was shown to induce formation of hepatic granulomata when conjugated to Sepharose beads and injected into the portal circulation of naive mice. Concanavalin-binding egg glycoproteins exhibited more granuloma-inducing activity than did total egg extract, although deglycosylated egg proteins also induced granulomata; thus, both amino acid and carbohydrate epitopes appeared to be involved. Glycoproteins derived from adult male worms also were active, indicating that immunological processes responsible for granuloma formation may not be absolutely Stage specific.
Effect of the peroxisome proliferator LY171883 on triglyceride accumulation in rats fed a fat-free diet.

Abstract LY171883 is a leukotriene D4 antagonist that induces peroxisome proliferation in the rodent liver. Like many peroxisome-proliferating agents, it causes transient lipid accumulation and several other changes in hepatic lipid metabolism. The effect of LY171883 on lipid metabolism was studied further in rats maintained on a fat-free diet. Administration of a fat-free diet for 14 days caused a 5.6-fold increase in liver triglycerides associated with a 3.3-fold increase in fatty acid synthetase. Co-administration of 0.1% LY171883 increased liver triglycerides slightly, whereas 0.3% LY171883 prevented the accumulation of triglycerides. Furthermore, treatment with 0.3% LY171883 reversed the fatty liver in rats pretreated with the fat-free diet for 14 days. Fatty acid synthetase activity increased comparably in all treatment groups, indicating that 0.3% LY171883 did not prevent the lipogenic response to a fat-free diet. In rats treated with 0.3% LY171883, peroxisomal β-oxidation increased 9.5-fold, mitochondrial β-oxidation 4.8-fold, carnitine palmitoyltransferase I 1.9-fold, and plasma ketones 3-fold. In the 0.1% dose group the increases in these parameters were smaller. The data indicate that 0.3% LY171883 sufficiently increased mitochondrial and peroxisomal β-oxidation such that fatty acids generated by lipogenesis were preferentially oxidized rather than esterified to triglycerides. In the 0.1% dose group oxidation was only mildly increased, and the excess fatty acids continued to be esterified.
Investigation of states in 17 F by the 15 N( 3 He,n) 17 F reaction

The absolute differential cross sections for several levels in the15N(3He,n)17F reaction were measured at laboratory scattering angles from 0 to 140 degrees using neutron time-of-flight techniques. Angular distributions were obtained at effective helion bombarding energies of 3.8 and 4.8 MeV. A new state was identified at 5.18 ±0.02 MeV excitation energy which is probably the analogue of the 5.217 MeV state in17O. Spectroscopic factors were obtained for the low-lying states using distorted wave method calculations.
Elastic-electron-scattering cross sections for N 2 from 0 to 1000 eV. Energy-dependent exchange potentials

Integrated and differential cross sections for vibrationally elastic ${e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$-${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ scattering from 0 to 1000 eV are calculated by means of the continuum multiple-scattering method (CMSM) with the Hara free-electron-gas and semiclassical exchange approximations. The present results represent a significant improvement over earlier CMSM calculations employing the Slater $X\ensuremath{\alpha}$ exchange approximation. The physical basis for this improvement is discussed. Resonance structures appear at 2.4, 13, and 26 eV in the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}_{g}$, ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{g}$, and ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{u}$ channels, respectively; however, the latter two are very weak and only the ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{u}$ resonance has been observed in elastic scattering. Agreement between the present calculation and experiment is good over the entire energy range, although at fixed (equilibrium) internuclear distance, the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}_{g}$ resonance is too narrow and high. The agreement at the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}_{g}$ resonance is significantly improved by taking into account the effects of nuclear motion in the adiabatic nuclei approximation.