cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transmutation of Basal Dislocations by $$ \{ 1\,0\,{\bar{\text{1}}\,\text{2}}\} $$ Twinning in Magnesium

Basal dislocations in hexagonal close-packed materials remarkably can enhance the mobility of \( \{ 10{\bar{\text{1}}\text{2}}\} \) twin boundaries which absorb them. This behavior has been extensively studied and leads to complex faceting, disclination content, and mobile disconnections. However, we recently uncovered that under loading which suppresses \( \{ 10{\bar{\text{1}}\text{2}}\} \) twin mobility, certain basal dislocations can punch through the boundary, generating \( \left\langle {c + a} \right\rangle \) dislocations inside the twin. The transmutation requires two mixed basal dislocations to move into the boundary and produces a mixed \( \left\langle {c + a} \right\rangle \) dislocation on the prismatic plane of the twin along with a mobile twinning disconnection. This reaction is nearly identical to one predicted decades ago by Price. The reaction is both stress and temperature sensitive and depends heavily on complex faceting reactions at the boundary. By studying the dependence of transmutation versus absorption upon stress and faceting, we have uncovered general new insights showing how interfaces react with dislocations.
Abstract 322: Optimizing Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory Utilization

Background: Optimizing efficient utilization of the catheterization lab is an important concern. Inefficient use of this limited resource increases costs and can compromise patient care. At times o...
Measurement of protein turnover in animal cells.

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews techniques to measure protein turnover. It also discusses advantages and limitations of these techniques. Turnover refers to the overall process of renewal of tissue proteins and includes both their synthesis and degradation. In the steady-state condition, i.e., when the amount of specific protein is not changing, the rates of synthesis and degradation of the protein must be equal. The rate of degradation is expressed as a first-order constant because degradation with few exceptions conforms to first-order kinetics, while protein synthesis conforms to zero-order kinetics. Hence, in the steady state, the level of a specific protein is determined by both its rate of synthesis and its rate of degradation. The steady state should be considered a limited case of the more general condition in which tissue levels of specific proteins are changing continuously in response to various alterations in the local environment. Both the synthesis and the degradation of a protein are complex cellular processes involving many different steps and that the mathematical formulation is a very simplified treatment of these processes. In a turnover experiment, synthesis is usually measured as the appearance of “new” protein molecules in the tissue, while degradation is usually measured as the loss of a protein from an intracellular pool of like molecules.
What learning is needed for white teachers’ race-visible teaching? Racialised curriculum recoding of cherished knowledges

AbstractIn support of the special issue of Whiteness and Education, ‘White Scholars Working against Whiteness’, the author approaches the research question: What learning is needed for White teachers’ race-visible teaching? Through a topical life history reflection adding to second-wave White teacher identity studies, the author narrates racialised curriculum recoding of cherished knowledge as one component of teacher education instructors’ work with White preservice and in-service teachers. Providing this narrative, the author recounts the creative-destruction of his own cherished knowledge of ‘the radicalism of the American Revolution’. In the discussion and conclusion, the author discusses implications of racialised curriculum recoding for race-visible teaching in teacher education.
Cofacially Arrayed Polyfluorenes: Spontaneous Formation of π-Stacked Assemblies in the Gas Phase.

Understanding geometrical and size dependencies of through-space charge delocalization in multichromophoric systems is critical to model electron transfer and transport in materials and biomolecules. In this work, we examine the size evolution of hole delocalization in van der Waals clusters of fluorene (i.e., (F)n), where a range of geometries are possible, reflecting both π-stacking and C–H/π interactions. Using mass-selected two-color resonant two-photon ionization spectroscopy (2CR2PI), we measure electronic spectra and vertical ionization potentials (IPs) in the gas phase. Results are compared with model covalently linked assemblies (denoted Fn), exhibiting a sterically enforced cofacial (i.e., π-stacked) orientation of chromophores. For both systems, an inverse size dependence (i.e., 1/n) of IP vs cluster size is found. Surprisingly, the values for the two sets fall on the same line! This trend is examined via theory, which emphasizes the important role of π-stacking, and its geometrical dependencie...
Immunological difference in Th1 and Th2 dominant mouse strains in an ICD model. (IRM15P.601)

Of reported occupational injury associated with workman’s compensation, contact dermatitis ranks second most prevalent overall. C57BL/6 and BALB/c differ in their immune responses, tending to be either Th1- or Th2-dominant, respectively. Irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) is an acute inflammatory response that can vary among individuals. Therefore; to better characterize ICD, these two mouse strains were utilized. C57 and BALB/c mice were exposed to benzoalkonium chloride, (BKC) or acetone (control) for 3 or 7 days. Multiplex protein analysis showed pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-22, and CSFs (GM-CSF and G-CSF) were all significantly upregulated in C57s at Day 3 as compared to BALB/c. Inflammatory cell chemoattractants such as CXCL1, 2, and 10, as well as CCL3, 4, 5, and 7 also displayed higher expression in C57s. Interestingly, it wasn’t until Day 7 that BALB/c mice showed significantly elevated levels of inflammatory mediators such as IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-31, IL-9, IFN-γ, and CCL2 compared to C57. Cytokine mRNA expression also varied between the two strains, but did not necessarily correlate with protein data. In addition, C57 appeared to have worse inflammation than BALB/c as indicated via histopathology. Overall, these results further confirm previous findings in which BALB/c and C57 exhibit different immune responses and may provide a better understanding of dermopathology and allow for specific immunomodulation for therapy.
Forced Relocation and Assimilation: Dillon Myer and the Native American

(1986). Forced Relocation and Assimilation: Dillon Myer and the Native American. Amerasia Journal: Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 161-165.
From Static to Dynamic: Electron Density of HOMO at Biaryl Linkage Controls the Mechanism of Hole Delocalization.

In order to extend the physical length of hole delocalization in a molecular wire, chromophores of increasing size are often desired. However, the effect of size on the efficacy and mechanism of hole delocalization remains elusive. Here, we employ a model set of biaryls to show that with increasing chromophore size, the mechanism of steady-state hole distribution switches from static delocalization in biaryls with smaller chromophores to dynamic hopping, as exemplified in the largest system, tBuHBC2 (i.e., “superbiphenyl”), which displays a vanishingly small electronic coupling. This important finding is analyzed with the aid of Huckel molecular orbital and Marcus–Hush theories. Our findings will enable the rational design of the novel molecular wires with length-invariant redox/optical properties suitable for long-range charge transfer.
Multiple subpial transection: a clinical assessment.

Publisher Summary Multiple subpial transection is a surgical technique applied both in the laboratory and in the operating theater, whereby a number of thin cuts are made through the depth of the cortical ribbon to produce a disconnection of the horizontal fibers. It was proposed by Frank Morrell, who had a long and distinguished career investigating experimental models of both epilepsy and behavior in the laboratory and was an astute and careful neurologist with a special interest in epilepsy. Because of this interest in the electrophysiological and molecular mechanisms of epilepsy, in both the experimental situation and the clinical setting, it was inevitable that Frank Morrell should become involved in surgical strategies for the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy. Any physician or surgeon, who spends time in assessing patients with chronic epilepsy for surgery, and following their treatment, will be fascinated by the interactions of brain pathology, maturation, and pathophysiology. They will also realize that although procedures can be divided into resective and functional operations, the mechanisms by which they exert their effects are a mixture of structural changes and physiological changes. Once one retreats from the “simple” cases, it may be necessary to use a variety of techniques for treating one particular patient either in combination or sequentially and in considering the application of multiple subpial transection, these strategies will have to be borne in mind.
Oral contraceptives and nutrient requirements.

The last twenty years have witnessed the development, introduction, and worldwide acceptance of oral antiovulatory drugs. The implications of this phenomenon have been enormous. Never before has a population amounting to many millions of women of childbearing age been voluntarily subjected to a treatment with drugs which, in addition to their primary action in preventing fertilization, have resulted in many, often undesirable, side effects.
Deficits in Physiological and Self-Conscious Emotional Response to Errors in Hoarding Disorder

Hoarding disorder (HD) has been hypothesized to arise from deficits in error monitoring and abnormalities in emotional processing, but the relationship between error monitoring and emotional processing has not been examined. We examined measures of self-report, as well as behavioral, physiological, and facial responses to errors during a Stop-Change Task. 25 participants with HD and 32 healthy controls (HC) were recruited. Participants reported on number of errors committed and pre/post emotional response to errors. Skin conductance response (SCR) during correct and error commission trials was examined. Facial expression during task performance was coded for self-conscious and negative emotions. HD and HC participants had significantly different error rates but comparable error correction and post-error slowing. SCR was significantly lower for HD during error commission than for HC. During error trials, HD participants showed a significant deficit in displays of self-conscious emotions compared to HC. Self-reported emotions were increased in HD, with more negative and self-conscious emotion reported than was reported for HC participants. These findings suggest that hypoactive emotional responding at a physiological level may play a role in how errors are processed in individuals with HD.
Methods in Mathematical Modeling for Stem Cells

As the field of stem cell research advances, there will be an ongoing and increasing need for mathematical models and other quantitative tools which facilitate research and discovery. Our main concern in this chapter is the description of the applications for several available models to this field of stem cell research. Two important examples of such models include the use of hyperbolastic growth models in stem cell proliferation and the hypertabastic survival model in analysis of time until differentiation. In addition we describe a number of other cases where development of mathematical models or quantitative tools may facilitate stem cell research. One additional area of particular concern is in mathematical modeling related to the cancer stem cell hypothesis. The targeting of cancer stem cells has the potential to transform cancer treatment, and we discuss several related issues and directions for mathematical modeling.
Soluble Excipients Assisting Dissolution of Drugs: Importance of Amorphous State

The absorption of drugs from solid state preparations can be improved by additives which increase their rates of dissolution. Three new classes of additives/solubilizers were developed. (1) Polymethionine sulfoxide: this polymer has all the structural elements of the powerful solvent dimethyl sulfoxide and some of its solubilizing power; the undesired bioeffects of the dimethyl sulfoxide were suppressed. (2) Hydroxyalkyldigitonin: the saponin, digitonin, was condensed with epoxides and this substitution increased the solubility and suppressed the toxicity of the parent compound. (3) Cy-clodextrins substituted with alkyl or 2-hydroxyalkyl groups: these compounds had considerably higher water solubility than the parent cyclodextrins; also, their inclusion complexes with drugs were very soluble.
Overview of Ultrasonic NDE Research

One of the shortcomings of current ultrasonic NDE technology is the inability to obtain quantitative measurements of defect parameters for failure prediction. Flaws near criticality may produce smaller indications in standard testing procedures than more benign flaws, and parts may be unnecessarily reworked or scrapped at great expense. There is, consequently, a large need to broaden our ultrasonic capabilities so that the size, shape, and orientation or defects can be determined. This chapter describes a research program jointly undertaken by a number of university and industrial scientists which is making significant progress towards this goal. Included are discussions of disciplinary research results such as improvements in ultrasonic transducers and signal processing using modern electrical engineering techniques, and advances in our understanding of the flaw-ultrasound interaction based on the physics of elastic wave scattering. Interdisciplinary interpretative approaches, such as imaging and adaptive learning procedures, to combine these capabilities to identify defects are also presented. Applications of the results of this research to ultrasonic standards and the inspection of ceramic components are summarized.
Adherence to Measuring What Matters: Description of an Inpatient Palliative Care Service of an Urban Teaching Hospital

Abstract Background: Benefits of palliative care have been extensively described; however, reports on adherence to national quality indicators are limited. Objectives: This study focuses on describ...
Frequency of BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline mutations in uterine serous carcinomas and uterine carcinosarcomas.

e13521Background: Germline mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 may increase the risk of developing uterine serous carcinoma (USC). The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) identified BRCA2 mutations in uterine carci...
Effect of CCR2 inhibitor-loaded lipid micelles on inflammatory cell migration and cardiac function after myocardial infarction.

Background After myocardial infarction (MI), inflammatory cells infiltrate the infarcted heart in response to secreted stimuli. Monocytes are recruited to the infarct via CCR2 chemokine receptors along a CCL2 concentration gradient. While infiltration of injured tissue with monocytes is an important component of the reparatory response, excessive or prolonged inflammation can adversely affect left ventricular remodeling and worsen clinical outcomes. Materials and methods Here, we developed poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-distearoylphos-phatidylethanolamine (PEG-DSPE) micelles loaded with a small molecule CCR2 antagonist to inhibit monocyte recruitment to the infarcted myocardium. To specifically target CCR2-expressing cells, PEG-DSPE micelles were further surface decorated with an anti-CCR2 antibody. Results Targeted PEG-DSPE micelles showed eight-fold greater binding to CCR2-expressing RAW 264.7 monocytes than plain, non-targeted PEG-DSPE micelles. In a mouse model of MI, CCR2-targeting PEG-DSPE micelles loaded with a CCR2 small molecule antagonist significantly decreased the number of Ly6Chigh inflammatory cells to 3% of total compared with PBS-treated controls. Furthermore, CCR2-targeting PEG-DSPE micelles significantly reduced the infarct size based on epicardial and endocardial infarct arc lengths. Conclusion Both non-targeted and CCR2-targeting PEG-DSPE micelles showed a trend toward improving cardiac function. As such, PEG-DSPE micelles represent a promising cardiac therapeutic platform.
Beyond 5 years: enduring risk of recurrence in oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer

Women with early-stage oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive (ER+) breast cancer who receive standard endocrine therapy for 5 years remain at risk of distant recurrence for at least 15 years after treatment discontinuation. The extension of the duration of adjuvant endocrine therapy to 10 years has been shown to reduce the risk of recurrence only in a subset of women and, to date, predictive biomarkers of benefit from therapy do not exist. In this Review, we briefly explore the epidemiology of late recurrence (>5 years after diagnosis) in patients with ER+ breast cancer. The mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain poorly understood; we discuss the evidence currently available on processes such as alterations of gene expression or specific genomic aberrations and examine several models used for risk prognostication and for estimating the presence of minimal residual disease, as well as the relevance of these prediction tools for clinicians and patients. Our aim is to enable clinicians to make well-informed decisions on whether to extend endocrine therapy for each individual patient.
The Bundle Theory

The first objection, we have seen, insists that since he identifies substances with the properties associated with them, the bundle theorist is committed to the view that substances are necessary beings. The claim here is that since the bundle theorist takes all of the constituents of ordinary objects to be necessary beings, he is forced to construe the wholes which they comprise as necessary. Now, when it is expressed in these terms, it becomes clear that the first objection involves the fallacy of composition, the fallacy of assuming that if each object entering into the constitution of a complex exhibits a certain property, the resulting complex must exhibit that property as well. But while the argument underlying this objection may be fallacious, there clearly are ways of parsing the “bundling” metaphor at work in traditional formulations of the view which have just the consequences the first objection reads into the bundle theory. If, for example, the bundle theorist tells us that an ordinary object is a bundle of properties in the sense that it is to be identified with the set of properties we associate with it, then it seems plausible to suppose that his account forces us to construe substances as necessary existents. It is unclear whether all sets are necessary beings; there are genuine grounds for doubting whether a set at least one of whose members is a contingent being is itself a necessary being. However, where a set is composed exclusively of necessary beings, it is plausible to think that the set itself is necessary.
Novel Dimethyltyrosine-Tetrahydroisoquinoline Peptidomimetics with Aromatic Tetrahydroisoquinoline Substitutions Show in Vitro Kappa and Mu Opioid Receptor Agonism.

The dimethyltyrosine–tetrahydroisoquinoline (Dmt-Tiq) scaffold was originally developed in the production of selective delta opioid receptor (DOR) antagonists. Installation of a 7-benzyl pendant on...
Host Conditions Affecting the Course of Coxsackievirus Infections

A search of the literature showed that specific review articles on host conditions affecting viral infection or specifically group coxsackievirus (CV) infection could not be found in the major data bases. Consequently, the reader is referred to general reviews on group CV and/or enteroviruses for additional details.1–8 The paucity of reviews in this area is indicative of a general trend that has emphasized the role of the infectious agent and minimized the importance of the interaction between the host and the infecting virus.
Maladaptive Downregulation of Autonomous Subthalamic Nucleus Activity following the Loss of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons.

Summary Abnormal subthalamic nucleus (STN) activity is linked to impaired movement in Parkinson’s disease (PD). The autonomous firing of STN neurons, which contributes to their tonic excitation of the extrastriatal basal ganglia and shapes their integration of synaptic input, is downregulated in PD models. Using electrophysiological, chemogenetic, genetic, and optical approaches, we find that chemogenetic activation of indirect pathway striatopallidal neurons downregulates intrinsic STN activity in normal mice but this effect is occluded in Parkinsonian mice. Loss of autonomous spiking in PD mice is prevented by STN N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) knockdown and reversed by reactive oxygen species breakdown or KATP channel inhibition. Chemogenetic activation of hM3D(Gq) in STN neurons in Parkinsonian mice rescues their intrinsic activity, modifies their synaptic integration, and ameliorates motor dysfunction. Together these data argue that in PD mice increased indirect pathway activity leads to disinhibition of the STN, which triggers maladaptive NMDAR-dependent downregulation of autonomous firing.
A Cultural Basis for Arab-Israeli Accommodation (1970)

Written in the late 1960s and published in 1970, before I conducted the fieldwork on which most of the chapters in this volume are based, this reflective essay offers an overview and interpretation of the Arab-Israeli conflict. It was written soon after the June 1967 war, at a time when the future of the Arab territories occupied by Israel was uncertain and changes in the leadership and ideology of the Palestine Liberation Organization were only beginning to take shape. Accordingly, this chapter is set in an important historical moment, a moment of transition in the aftermath of the June 1967 war that structured the regional environment within which Jews in Tunisia and Morocco and Arabs in Israel resided. Attention is paid to the rise of Arab nationalism and Arab aspirations, to the Zionist project and Zionist aspirations, and to the ways that Arabs and Israelis view one another. Somewhat idealistically, perhaps, but hopefully not naively, the chapter also considers whether parallel political aspirations and comparable internal debates about ideology might provide a basis for Arab-Israeli cooperation. In any event, beyond whatever might be the prospects for greater mutual understanding at the level of the broader Middle East, attention to the symmetries in Arab and Israeli aspirations will contribute to a deeper understanding of the normative and political environment in which Jews in Tunisia, Jews in Morocco, and Arabs in Israel found themselves during the early and mid-1970s.
Ross Procedure: How to Do It and How to Teach It:

Prosthesis choice for aortic valve replacement (AVR) in children is frequently compromised by unavailability of prostheses in very small sizes, the lack of prosthetic valve growth, and risks associated with long-term anticoagulation. The Ross procedure with pulmonary valve autograft offers several advantages for pediatric and adult patients. We describe our current Ross AVR technique including replacement of the ascending aorta with a prosthetic graft. The procedure shown in the video involves an adult-sized male with a bicuspid aortic valve, mixed aortic stenosis and insufficiency, and a dilated ascending aorta.
Finite Temperature Matrix Product State Algorithms and Applications

We review the basic theory of matrix product states (MPS) as a numerical variational ansatz for time evolution, and present two methods to simulate finite temperature systems with MPS: the ancilla method and the minimally entangled typical thermal state (METTS) method. A sample calculation with the Bose–Hubbard model is provided.
Analysis of Differences Across Two Unaffiliated Systematic Reviews Using What Works Clearinghouse Single-Case Design Standards:

The system of least prompts response prompting procedure has a rich history in special education research and practice. Recently, two independent systematic reviews were conducted to determine if t...
Offline Returns for Online Retailers via Partnership

Online shoppers often prefer to return items to stores (or “offline return”) than to mail them back. We study a new business practice, return partnership, wherein online retailers partner with store retailers to offer offline returns. We seek to identify when return partnerships benefit both store and online retailers. Customers are heterogeneous in their distance to a store, and they choose between the online and store channels for their initial purchase, and if needed, for exchanging or returning an online purchase. We find that online retailers have incentives to choose a store retailer who has a low overlap with the online retailer’s product range as in the case of Happy Returns – a service provider that partners with apparel online retailers and mostly housewares store retailers – since this limits the loss of online customers to the store retailer at the time of their offline return. We show that, contrary to initial intuition, return partnerships may also feature retailers with high product overlap as in the case of Amazon-Kohl’s. In this case, the high overlap causes some store customers to migrate to shopping online, thereby keeping an online retailer’s incentive to partner. However, this migration of store customers to online limits the incentive of a store retailer with many stores because the added convenience induces a store visit from these customers only if they need to return items. Thus, we caution that with large overlap in product offerings, offline returns should not be too convenient for a partnership to form.
Headspace analysis of shelf life of postharvest arugula leaves using a SERS-active fiber

Abstract The increasing market demand for Ready-To-Eat fresh produce promotes the keen interest in developing a rapid, sensitive and reliable method for determining the shelf life of fresh-cut produce. In this study, we developed a non-destructive headspace detection approach using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) coated fibers coupled with surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), to detect volatile biochemical changes during postharvest storage of arugula leaves. The headspace detection revealed significant spectral changes during the freshness decline, in the shifts around 500, 950 and 1030 cm−1. These changes were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) to classify and establish a prediction model for remaining shelf life determination. Through analyzing reference standard volatile organic compounds (VOCs), we identified dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), methanethiol (MT) and 1-propanethiol were most likely to account for the signature spectra of arugula headspace at the late storage period due to the growth of spoilage bacteria. In conclusion, the headspace detection based on SERS fibers provides a new strategy for monitoring the quality and shelf life of fresh produce and thus reducing food waste.
Group III selenides: Controlling dimensionality, structure, and properties through defects and heteroepitaxial growth

This Review describes behaviors and mechanisms governing heteroepitaxial nucleation and growth of group III (Al, Ga, and In)–selenium (Se) based semiconductors by molecular beam epitaxy and the properties of the resultant nanoscale films. With nine bonding electrons per A III – B VI pair, these chalcogenide semiconductors crystallize in a variety of locally tetrahedral bulk structures that incorporate intrinsic vacancies (atom-sized voids) lined with doubly occupied lone-pair orbitals, including layered, defected zinc blende and defected wurtzite structures. During heteroepitaxial growth, the choice of how the vacancies order and which phase results, as well as interface reactions, intermixing, surface passivation, and film morphology, are controlled by electron counting, substrate symmetry, and size mismatch. Nucleation and growth of A l x S e y, G a x S e y, and I n x S e y compounds on Si and GaAs, including initial reactions, layer nucleation, symmetry, crystal structure, defects, dimensionality, and stoichiometry, were studied with a combination of techniques, including photoelectron spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron diffraction, scanning tunneling microscopy, x-ray absorption spectroscopy, and low energy electron diffraction. The unique crystal structure of G a 2 S e 3 was also investigated as a novel platform for doping with transition metals to create a dilute magnetic semiconductor: Cr : G a 2 S e 3 is ferromagnetic at room temperature, while Mn : G a 2 S e 3 results in the precipitation of MnSe. The present study provides new insight into growing interest in variable dimensional materials, using group III selenides as prototypes, to address the basic physical chemistry governing the heteroepitaxy of dissimilar materials.
End-to-end learning of multiple sequence alignments with differentiable Smith-Waterman

Multiple Sequence Alignments (MSAs) of homologous sequences contain information on structural and functional constraints and their evolutionary histories. Despite their importance for many downstream tasks, such as structure prediction, MSA generation is often treated as a separate pre-processing step, without any guidance from the application it will be used for. Here, we implement a smooth and differentiable version of the Smith-Waterman pairwise alignment algorithm that enables jointly learning an MSA and a downstream machine learning system in an end-to-end fashion. To demonstrate its utility, we introduce SMURF (Smooth Markov Unaligned Random Field), a new method that jointly learns an alignment and the parameters of a Markov Random Field for unsupervised contact prediction. We find that SMURF mildly improves contact prediction on a diverse set of protein and RNA families. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate that by connecting our differentiable alignment module to AlphaFold2 and maximizing the predicted confidence metric, we can learn MSAs that improve structure predictions over the initial MSAs. This work highlights the potential of differentiable dynamic programming to improve neural network pipelines that rely on an alignment.
Free Fatty Acid Receptor 4 (FFA4) Mediates the Inhibitory Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Growth Factor-mediated Proliferation and Migration in Human Prostate Cancer Cells

Both in vitro and in vivo experiments have shown that omega-3 fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have promising inhibitory effects on prostate cancer cell growth and invasion. Omega-3 fatty acids act via several potential molecular mechanisms that include their action as agonists at free fatty acid receptors (FFARs), which are G protein-coupled receptors. Two FFARs that bind omega-3 fatty acids, FFA1 and FFA4, are expressed in DU145 and PC-3 cells, two late-stage human prostate cancer cell lines. Our group has shown that both EPA and TUG-891, a synthetic, highly selective FFA4 (formerly GPR120) agonist, completely inhibit lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)- and epidermal growth factor (EGF)-mediated proliferation and migration in DU145 and PC-3 cells. The FFA4 agonists also significantly inhibit proliferation induced by fetal bovine serum. The inhibitory effects are readily reversed upon removal of TUG-891 or EPA., demonstrating that the FFA4 agonists must be continu...
Combining artificial intelligence and databases for data integration

Data integration is a problem at the intersection of the fields of Artificial Intelligence and Database Systems. The goal of a data integration system is to provide a uniform interfacc to a multitude of data sources, whether they are within one enterprise or on the World-Wide Web. The key challenges in data integration arise because the data sources being integrated have been designed independently for autonomous applications, and their contents are related in subtle ways. As a result, a data integration system requires rich formalisms for describing contents of data sources and relating between contents of different sources. This paper discusses works aimed at applying techniques from Artificial Intelligence to the problem of data integration. In addition to employing Knowledge Representation techniques for describing contents of information sources, projects have also made use of Machine Learning techniques for extracting data from sources and planning techniques for query optimization. The paper also outlines future opportunities for applying AI techniques in the context of data integration.
A cooperative problem solving framework for computer-aided process planning

Computer aided process planning is the link between design and manufacturing in a computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) environment. The process planning problem comes out as a rigid hierarchical structure of tasks where the lowest levels are well certified tasks, such as determination of machine and cutting parameters, while the top levels control, coordinate, and manage the entire system. Such a top down manner of coordination makes it a tightly coupled distributed decision making situation. The complexity of CIM system with hierarchical structures grows rapidly with the size of the system, making them very expensive. Also, assimilating a large array of knowledge sources to plan the activities is a major hurdle. Cooperative distributed problem solving (CDPS) is concealed with the cooperative solution of problems by a decentralized group of cooperating intelligent agents. CDPS techniques have good adaptive capability, make the system modular, are faster due to parallel operation of subsystems, possess greater reliability through redundancy, can over-ride limited resources, and can collect knowledge. The paper describes a conceptual framework of applying CDPS to CAPP for general purpose process modeling. The problem in process planning has been mapped onto a CDPS architecture based on multistage negotiation. The needed agents are defined and their roles in the architecture and the knowledge that each agent would need are described at the conceptual level. Potential benefits of the framework in solving process planning problems, in an intelligent and distributed manner are discussed.
Adolescent Substance Abuse: Research and Clinical Advances

Drs. Liddle and Rowe have compiled an excellent collection of chapters written by experts in the field covering a wide array of pertinent issues. This book begins with a concise overview chapter, p...
Automotive High-Pressure Sensor

Recently, a need for detecting high pressure range in electrical automotive systems using oil air and refrigerant media has increased. A high-pressure sensor with simple structure and high reliability is desired.
"Something Savage and Luxuriant": American Identity and the Indian Place-Name Literature

The treatment of American Indian place-names provides a window into the growth of American nationalism since 1776 and attitudes towards Indians by the new settler society. Originally ignored or erased by European colonists, Indian place-names became a subject of fascination and scholarship from the late-nineteenth century, at the same time that Indians themselves were marginalized to reservations. A large body of literature produced by non-Natives sometimes frames these place names as "romantic," and other times as distinctly unromantic. In the voluminous literature on this topic, the treatment of Indians and their place-names reflects diverse and shifting attitudes towards American Indians in United States culture, as elaborated by Philip Deloria and Robert Berkhofer. Drawing on approximately 120 texts on Indian place-names, this study uses the lens of romance, a polyvalent term with various implications, to examine how non-Native writings on these toponyms reveals attitudes towards Indians themselves an...
A role for Ca(2+)-conducting ion channels in mechanically-induced signal transduction of airway epithelial cells

Mechanical stimulation of a single cell in a cultured monolayer of airway epithelial cells initiates an intercellularly communicated increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) that propagates radically through adjacent cells via gap junctions, forming an intercellular Ca2+ wave. Mechanically-induced intercellular Ca2+ waves also occur in the absence of extracellular Ca2+. However, in Ca(2+)-free medium an increase in [Ca2+]i of the stimulated cell does not occur. Thus, mechanically-induced [Ca2+]i changes in the stimulated cell are influenced by the extracellular Ca2+ concentration. To investigate if a channel-mediated Ca2+ flux across the plasma membrane contributes to the elevation of [Ca2+]i in the stimulated cell we used digital image microscopy to measure mechanically-induced [Ca2+]i changes in the presence of Ca2+ channel blockers. In Ca(2+)-free medium containing Gd3+ (20 microM) mechanical stimulation resulted in an [Ca2+]i increase in the stimulated cell. The delay time between mechanical stimulation and increase in [Ca2+]i of the stimulated cell was dependent on extracellular [Gd3+], with a half-maximal effective concentration of approximately 40 microM. Mechanical stimulation in Ca(2+)-free medium containing La3+ (10 microM) or Ni2+ (100 microM) gave similar results. Mechanical stimulation in Ca(2+)-free medium containing the dihydropyridine Ca2+ channel blockers nifedipine (10 microM) and nimodipine (10 microM) also resulted in an increase of [Ca2+]i of the stimulated cell. Mechanical stimulation of cells treated with thapsigargin to deplete intracellular Ca2+ stores, in the presence of 1.3 mM extracellular Ca2+, results in an increase in [Ca2+]i of the stimulated cell without the propagation of an intercellular Ca2+ wave.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Structure of Ancient Maya Society: Evidence from the Southern Lowlands

IT HAS been a somewhat generally accepted opinion of Maya scholars that the structure of old Maya society was severely dichotomized into a village folk and a ceremonial center, or urban, elite, Obviously, there is much to support this view. The great politico-religious centers of the Late Formative (ca. 1000 B.C. to 200 A.D.) and Classic (ca. 200 to 900 A.D.) periods with their impressive temple and palace architecture, elaborate tombs, and the records of calendrical science and hieroglyphic texts carved on stone, stand in dramatic contrast to a jungle village of thatched huts. It is not my purpose to argue here that there was no gulf whatsoever between the Maya farmer of Classic times and his theocratic betters. Such a separation did exist. It is the profundity of the split that I question. There is, it is true, a reasonable continuity and parallel between the life and culture of the common Maya villager of the past and his present-day counterpart. On the other side, there is also a partial analogy between the Spanish urban-Catholic church tradition and the prehistoric Mayan theocratic tradition. Both represent centers of authority toward which the village Indian faced or faces; both were nuclei of civilizations and ideologies which penetrated in a less than full manner into the world of the simple farming communities. I think, however, that the qualification partial should be emphasized. An overstress on this analogy has perhaps been responsible for a too ready acceptance of ancient Maya social structure as but an image of historic and modern times.
Interaction of nerve growth factor with pheochromocytoma cells. Evidence for tight binding and sequestration.

Abstract When the rat pheochromocytoma clonal cell line PC 12 is incubated with nerve growth factor a portion of the bound ligand does not dissociate from the cells in a medium free of nerve growth factor. This fraction is defined as tightly bound nerve growth factor and is further separable into trypsin sensitive and trypsin resistant compartments. These findings suggest that a series of events occur in which nerve growth factor is bound, sequestered and then taken into the cell. The tight binding of nerve growth factor is linearly dependent on cell density, raising the possibility of its participation in the increase in cell-to-cell and cell-to-substrate adhesivity that is mediated by nerve growth factor.
The application of reinforcement and participant modeling procedures in the treatment of snake-phobic behavior.

In Experiment I, one group of snake phobic Ss was reinforced (with tokens) for approaching a harmless snake. A second group received token reinforcement on a non-contingent basis, in the same setting, with a third group serving as non-treated controls. Although slight improvement was noted for all three groups, the groups did not differ significantly with respect to an increase in approach behavior or a reduction in subjective fear rating. A fourth group of snake phobic Ss was reinforced with money for approaching the snake, but showed no more improvement than the other three groups. In Experiment II. Ss who had participated in Experiment I were assigned to a participant modeling (P-M) group, in which they observed a fearless model interact with a snake and were subsequently guided through similar interactions with the snake, or to a non-treated control group. The P-M Ss showed a very marked decrement in snake phobic behavior (which generalized to a non-treatment snake) following the 40-min treatment, in contrast to control Ss who showed virtually no change.
Interaction of E. coli G factor with the 50S ribosomal subunit.

TRANSLOCATION, the movement of the ribosome along mRNA, is an active process which requires the hydrolysis of GTP and the participation of the soluble protein, G factor1–5. The discovery6,7 that fusidic acid, an antibiotic inhibitor of translocation, stabilizes a, complex involving ribosomes, G factor, and GDP provides a new and powerful tool with which to investigate the interaction among these participants in translocation and to provide at least indirect insight into the mechanism of this step in protein synthesis.
Effective Parameters and the Renormalization Group in Grand Unified Theories

A straightforward determination of the low-energy effective gauge couplings of the light effective theories which result from the breakdown of a simple unifying gauge group is presented. The procedure utilizes the decoupling equation, which has been proved to all orders in previous papers. The method developed is applied to the minimal SU(5) model to calculate ${{sin}^{2}\ensuremath{\theta}}_{w}$, with two-loop Higgs effects included. The difference between the physical and minimally subtracted $X$-gauge boson mass is also evaluated.
The ghost dimension of a ring

We introduce the concept of the ghost dimension gh.dim. R of a ring R. This is the longest nontrivial chain of maps in the derived category emanating from a perfect complex such that each map is zero on homology. We show that w.dim. R < gh.dim. R with equality if R is coherent or w.dim. R = 1.
Theorem on the distribution of short time single particle displacements

Abstract The distribution of the initial very short-time displacements of a single particle is considered for a class of classical systems with Gaussian initial velocity distributions and arbitrary initial particle positions. A very brief sketch is given of a rather intricate and lengthy proof that for this class of systems the n th order cumulants behave as t 2 n for all n > 2 , rather than as t n . We also briefly discuss some physical consequences for liquids.
Emotional feelings originate below the neocortex: Toward a neurobiology of the soul

Disregard of primary-process consciousness is endemic in mind science. Most neuroscientists subscribe to ruthless reductionism whereby mental qualities are discarded in preference for neuronal functions. Such ideas often lead to envisioning other animals, and all too often other humans, as unfeeling zombies. Merker correctly highlights how the roots of consciousness exist in ancient neural territories we share, remarkably homologously, with all the other vertebrates.
Lack of Association of the TP53 Arg72Pro SNP and the MDM2 SNP309 with systemic lupus erythematosus in Caucasian, African American, and Asian children and adults:

The p53 tumour suppressor is the central regulator of apoptosis. Previously, the functional TP53 Arg72Pro polymorphism was found to be associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in Koreans but not Spaniards. MDM2 is the major negative regulator of p53. An intronic polymorphism in MDM2, the SNP309, attenuates p53 activity and is associated with accelerated tumour development in premenopausal women. Polymorphic variation in MDM2 has never been studied in SLE. The aim of this study is to further assess the contribution of p53-pathway genetic variation to SLE by testing the association of the TP53 Arg72Pro polymorphism and the MDM2 SNP309 with SLE in a well-characterised and ethnically diverse cohort of patients with both childhood- and adult-onset SLE (n = 314). No association was found between the TP53 Arg72Pro polymorphism and SLE in patients of European descent, Asian descent or in African Americans, nor was an association found between the MDM2 SNP309 and SLE in patients of European descent or in African Americans. In addition, there was no correlation between either variant and early-onset disease or nephritis, an index of severe disease. It is concluded that neither the TP53 Arg72Pro polymorphism nor the MDM2 SNP309 contributes significantly to either susceptibility or disease severity in SLE.
Transfected Cyclic Nucleotide–Gated Channels as Biosensors

The cyclic nucleotides, cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP, like intracellular calcium, are involved in a vast array of intracellular signaling processes. But knowledge of the cellular and subcellular concentrations of cAMP and cGMP, and of the kinetics and spatial distributions of the changes of their concentration in situ, have lagged far behind our knowledge of the corresponding features of calcium signaling, which were propelled by developments in calcium-sensing dyes and imaging technology (Tsien 1989, Tsien 1998). In this issue, J.W. Karpen and colleagues advance the issue of cAMP measurement in living cells by developing and convincingly calibrating the use of transfected cyclic nucleotide–gated channels as cAMP sensors (Rich et al. 2000).
Unsteady Thermosolutal Transport Phenomena Due to Opposed Buoyancy Forces in Shallow Enclosures

Thermosolutal convection driven by opposed thermal and solutal buoyancy forces is experimentally investigated by employing on electrochemical system in a low aspect ratio enclosure. In certain parametric ranges, it is observed that both the current and the temperature fluctuate. Criteria associated with the solutal Grashof number, and buoyancy and aspect ratios have been correlated to classify the characteristics of mass and heat transfer processes and various flow regimes, and a new length scale is suggested. The unsteady transport phenomena are found to depend on the Lewis number, Grashof number, and buoyancy and aspect ratios.
S-oxygenation of thiocarbamides II: Oxidation of trimethylthiourea by chlorite and chlorine dioxide.

The kinetics of the oxidation of a substituted thiourea, trimethylthiourea (TMTU), by chlorite have been studied in slightly acidic media. The reaction is much faster than the comparable oxidation of the unsubstituted thiourea by chlorite. The stoichiometry of the reaction was experimentally deduced to be 2ClO2- + Me2N(NHMe)CS + H2O → 2Cl- + Me2N(NHMe)CO + SO42- + 2H+. In excess chlorite conditions, chlorine dioxide is formed after a short induction period. The oxidation of TMTU occurs in two phases. It starts initially with S-oxygenation of the sulfur center to yield the sulfinic acid, which then reacts in the second phase predominantly through an initial hydrolysis to produce trimethylurea and the sulfoxylate anion. The sulfoxylate anion is a highly reducing species which is rapidly oxidized to sulfate. The sulfinic and sulfonic acids of TMTU exists in the form of zwitterionic species that are stable in acidic environments and rapidly decompose in basic environments. The rate of oxidation of the sulfoni...