cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calcium as an Acceptor Impurity in BaTiO3

The equilibrium electrical conductivity of polycrystalline, calcium-doped BaTiO3 was studied over the oxygen partial pressure range 10-13 to 105 Pa and the temperature range 800° to 1000°C. There is little effect if CaO is substituted for a corresponding amount of BaO, i.e., Ba, 1-xCaxTiO3. If CaO is substituted for a corresponding amount of the TiO2 content, i.e., BaTi1-xCaxO3-x, the equilibrium conductivity shows strong evidence of acceptor-doped behavior. If the corresponding amount of excess CaO is added to stoichiometric BaTiO3, i.e., BaCaxTiO3+x, the conductivity profiles are very close to those for samples with TiO2 replaced by CaO, and show highly acceptor-doped behavior. This is in agreement with the replacement of a small amount of Ti by Ca2+ on the octahedral B-sites of BaTiO3, where it acts as an acceptor center, CaT
Imprint of galaxy clustering in the cosmic gamma‐ray background

Star-forming galaxies are predicted to contribute considerably to the cosmic gamma-ray background (CGB) as they are confirmed γ-ray emitters and are the most numerous population of γ-ray sources, although individually faint. Even though the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope will be able to resolve few star-forming galaxies individually, their fractional contribution to the CGB should become far more significant than it was for past measurements of the CGB as many of the brighter, formerly unresolved sources will be resolved out. Thus, the clustering feature of galaxies imprinted on the CGB might be detectable by Fermi. In anticipation of such measurements, we calculate the predicted angular auto- and cross-power spectra of the CGB from normal galaxies. We find that the amplitude of the auto-power spectrum is smaller than that for other sources, such as blazars and dark matter annihilation; the shape is also characteristic. We also show that the cross-power spectrum with galaxy surveys features larger amplitude. Fermi should be able to detect the correlation signature in both the auto- and cross-power spectra at angular scales of ~1°–10° after 5 years of operation. Such a detection would be valuable in confirming the level of the star-forming galaxy contribution to the CGB and, more importantly, in serving as a tool in the effort to discriminate between possible origins of the CGB.
Revenue and Cost Management for Remanufactured Products

This paper considers pricing and remanufacturing strategy of a firm that decides to offer both new and remanufactured versions of its product in the market and is concerned with demand cannibalization. We present a model of demand cannibalization and a behavioral study that estimates a key modeling parameter: a fraction of consumers who switch from new to remanufactured product. As we show, this fraction has an inverted-U shape, and, thus, the underlying consumer behavior cannot be modeled using the standard methodologies that rely on consumers' willingness to pay (WTP). We find that by incorporating the inverted-U-shaped consumer behavior, the firm remanufactures under broader conditions, charges a much lower price, and typically remanufactures more units—leading to an increase of profits from remanufacturing by up to a factor of two as compared with making decisions based on the WTP only. Lastly, we find that the behavior of the low-price market segment plays an important role because the firm reacts to it differently than the WTP-based logic would suggest.
Higher Spin Black Holes

We study classical solutions of three dimensional higher spin gravity in the Chern-Simons formulation. We find solutions that generalize the BTZ black hole and carry spin-3 charge. The black hole entropy formula yields a result for the asymptotic growth of the partition function at finite spin-3 chemical potential. Along the way, we develop technology for computing AdS/CFT correlation functions involving higher spin operators.
Does regional travel time unreliability influence mode choice

Researchers and practitioners highlight the unreliability of travel as a potential weak link in the transportation system which may inhibit individuals’ accessibility and urban economic activity. With the trend towards increasing traffic congestion, the outlook suggests that travel conditions will become structurally less reliable over time, but that not all places will be equally affected. But is travel time unreliability a problem? This study uses global positioning systems travel survey data for Chicago to build a regional model of travel time unreliability. The results suggest that unreliability varies spatially during different time periods, but that the average overall network unreliability varies little across times in the day. Using the Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning (CMAP)’s 2007 Travel Tracker Survey, a household travel diary survey including both GPS and non-GPS components, we estimate a mode choice model for work trips to explore the influence of unreliability on travel behavior. The results suggest that unreliable auto travel conditions induce mode switching to transit and that the influence is strongest when service by train is already faster than by car. This further suggests that auto travel unreliability may have the strongest influence in metropolitan regions with highly-competitive transit systems. Nevertheless, the influence of travel unreliability is limited and is not the underlying driver of travel decision-making.
Organizations and Trade

We survey an emerging literature at the intersection of organizational economics and international trade. We argue that a proper modeling of the organizational aspects of production provides valuable insights on the aggregate workings of the world economy. In reviewing the literature, we describe certain predictions of standard models that are affected or even overturned when organizational decisions are brought into the analysis. We also suggest potentially fruitful areas for future research.
It's only words : validating the CPIA governance assessments

This study analyzes the validity of the World Bank's Country Policy and Institutional Assessments governance ratings, an important factor in allocating the Bank's concessionary International Development Association funds. It tests for certain biases in the ratings, and examines the quality of the written justifications that accompany the ratings. The study finds no evidence of bias in favor of International Development Association-eligible countries, despite a potential moral hazard problem inherent in the ratings process. However, there is some evidence of an upward bias in ratings for one region, relative to the other five regions. The study finds significant regional differences in the quality of the written justifications accompanying the six World Bank regions' proposed ratings. The length of these write-ups has exploded over time. Although higher-quality write-ups are also longer on average, there is wide dispersion in the word count at any given quality level, and some long write-ups provide little relevant information. Higher quality write-ups are associated with a lower likelihood that central unit reviewers will either disagree with proposed ratings, or request additional information to assess the proposed rating. Controlling for quality, longer write-ups are associated with a greater probability that central reviewers will disagree with a proposed rating. Although checks and balances built into the process appear to work reasonably well, the author concludes that a more proactive role for central unit reviewers and regional chief economists' offices could further enhance the quality of write-ups and reduce regional bias.
Analyzing the Gap between Workflows and their Natural Language Descriptions

Scientists increasingly use workflows to represent and share their computational experiments. Because of their declarative nature, focus on pre-existing component composition and the availability of visual editors, workflows provide a valuable start for creating user-friendly environments for end user scientists. However, there is still work to be done to create even more user-friendly environments. In this paper, we aim to identify key constructs that intelligent workflow systems could support to allow for more natural workflow representations. These constructs are identified through a comparison of bioinformatics workflows and their associated natural language descriptions obtained from the virtual research environment myExperiment.
Enantioselective synthesis of tryptophan derivatives by a tandem Friedel-Crafts conjugate addition/asymmetric protonation reaction.

The tandem Friedel–Crafts conjugate addition/asymmetric protonation reaction between 2-substituted indoles and methyl 2-acetamidoacrylate is reported. The reaction is catalyzed by (R)-3,3′-dibromo-BINOL in the presence of stoichiometric SnCl4, and is the first example of a tandem conjugate addition/asymmetric protonation reaction using a BINOL·SnCl4 complex as the catalyst. A range of indoles furnished synthetic tryptophan derivatives in good yields and high levels of enantioselectivity, even on a preparative scale. The convergent nature of this transformation should lend itself to the preparation of unnatural tryptophan derivatives for use in a broad array of synthetic and biological applications.
Direct Trajectory Optimization and Costate Estimation via an Orthogonal Collocation Method

A pseudospectral method, called the Gauss pseudospectral method, for solving nonlinear optimal control problems is presented. In the method presented here, orthogonal collocation of the dynamics is performed at the Legendre-Gauss points. This form of orthogonal collocation leads a nonlinear programming problem (NLP) whose Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) multipliers can be mapped to the costates of the continuous-time optimal control problem. In particular the Legendre-Gauss collocation leads to a costate mapping at the boundary points. The method is demonstrated on an example problem where it is shown that highly accurate costates are obtained. The results presented in this paper show that the Gauss pseudospectral method is a viable apprach for direct trajectory optimization and costate estimation.
Scale without Conformal Invariance at Three Loops

We carry out a three-loop computation that establishes the existence of scale without conformal invariance in dimensional regularization with the MS scheme in unitary theories in d = 4 - e spacetime dimensions. We also comment on the effects of scheme changes in theories with many couplings, as well as in theories that live on non-conformal scale-invariant renormalization group trajectories. Stability properties of such trajectories are analyzed, revealing both attractive and repulsive directions in a specific example. We explain how our results are in accord with those of Jack & Osborn on a c-theorem in d = 4 (and d = 4-e) dimensions. Finally, we point out that limit cycles with turning points are unlike limit cycles with continuous scale invariance. © 2012 SISSA.
Bureaucrats, State Banks, and the Efficiency of Credit Allocation: The Experience of Chinese State-Owned Enterprises

Abstract We describe features of the Chinese financial system that inhibited effective financial intermediation from 1980 to 1994 and investigate whether, despite these impediments, bank finance flowed to state-owned enterprises with higher subsequent productivity than did direct government transfers. We find that it did, at least in the 1980s, and conclude that bank employees assessed SOE credit risks substantially better than did the bureaucrats responsible for allocating direct transfers. Banks imposed harder budget constraints on SOEs than bureaucrats, but those constraints softened as the 1990s progressed. As a result, increased bank finance did not flow to relatively productive SOEs later in the period.J. Comp. Econom., March 2000, 28(1), pp. 1–31. The World Bank, 1818 H Street, NW, Washington, DC 20433.
Volunteer motivations at the 2012 Super Bowl

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine mega-event volunteers’ motivations and their impact on volunteer satisfaction. Additionally, this study investigated motivational differences between volunteers based upon four demographic variables: age, gender, educational level, and income. Design/methodology/approach – A modified version of the Volunteer Motivations Scale for International Sporting Events (Bang and Chelladurai, 2009) was administered to 8,000 Super Bowl volunteers via Survey Monkey with the permission of the Indiana Sports Corporation. In all, 24 percent (n=1,928) of the volunteers completed the survey. Exploratory factor analysis was used to reduce the survey questions into a smaller number factors. Multivariate analysis of variance was utilized to compare differences in the four demographic variables on the factors. Multiple regression was used to predict satisfaction on the basis of the four factors. Findings – Volunteers were motivated by four factors: Community Support, Love of Sp...
Biochemical Outcome After Radical Prostatectomy, External Beam Radiation Therapy, or Interstitial Radiation Therapy for Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer

terval [CI], 0.5-2.7), 0.5 (95% CI, 0.1-1.9), and 1.1 (95% CI, 0.3-3.6), respectively, compared with those patients treated with RP. The RRs of PSA failure in the intermediate-risk patients (stage T2b or Gleason score of 7 or PSA level .10 and #20 ng/mL) and high-risk patients (stage T2c or PSA level .20 ng/mL or Gleason score $8) treated with implant compared with RP were 3.1 (95% CI, 1.5-6.1) and 3.0 (95% CI, 1.8-5.0), respectively. The addition of androgen deprivation to implant therapy did not improve PSA outcome in high-risk patients but resulted in a PSA outcome that was not statistically different compared with the results obtained using RP or RT in intermediate-risk patients. These results were unchanged when patients were stratified using the traditional rankings of biopsy Gleason scores of 2 through 4 vs 5 through 6 vs 7 vs 8 through 10. Conclusions.— Low-risk patients had estimates of 5-year PSA outcome after treatment with RP, RT, or implant with or without neoadjuvant androgen deprivation that were not statistically different, whereas intermediate- and high-risk patients treated with RP or RT did better then those treated by implant. Prospective randomized trials are needed to verify these findings.
Dividend Taxes and Corporate Behavior: Evidence from the 2003 Dividend Tax Cut

This paper analyzes the effects of dividend taxation on corporate behavior using the large tax cut on individual dividend income enacted in 2003. We document a 20 percent increase in dividend payments by nonfinancial, nonutility publicly traded corporations following the tax cut. An unusually large number of firms initiated or increased regular dividend payments in the year after the reform. As a result, the number of firms paying dividends began to increase in 2003 after a continuous decline for more than two decades. Firms with high levels of nontaxable institutional ownership did not change payout policies, supporting the causality of the tax cut in increasing aggregate dividend payments. The response to the tax cut was strongest in firms with strong principals whose tax incentives changed (those with large taxable institutional owners or independent directors with large share holdings), and in firms where agents had stronger incentives to respond (high share ownership and low options ownership among top executives). Hence, principal-agent issues appear to play an important role in corporate responses to taxation.
Enantioselective synthesis of (+)-kjellmanianone

Abstract An asymmetric synthesis of the highly oxygenated cyclopentanoid antibiotic (+)-kjellmanianone ( 1 ) has been achieved. The key step entailed enantioselective hydroxylation of the prochiral sodium enolate of β-keto ester 2 with the new, enantiomerically pure N-sulfonyloxaziridine 7b , affording 1 in 68.5% ee (60% yield). Possible transition state structures for the asymmetric oxidation are evaluated.
Asset Salability and Debt Maturity: Evidence from Nineteenth-Century American Railroads

I investigate the effect of assets’ liquidation values on capital structure by exploiting the diversity of track gauges in nineteenth-century American railroads. The abundance of track gauges limited the redeployability of rolling stock and tracks to potential users with similar track gauge. Moreover, potential demand for both rolling stock and tracks was further diminished when many railroads went under equity receiverships. I find that the potential demand for a railroad’s rolling stock and tracks were significant determinants of debt maturity and the amount of debt that was issued by railroads. The results are consistent with liquidation values models of financial contracting and capital structure. (JEL G32, G33, L92, N21, N71) An extensive theoretical literature analyzes financial decisions from an “incomplete contracting” perspective. The driving force in this approach is the right to foreclose on the debtor’s assets in the case of default, and the theory predicts that optimal debt structure depends on how costly it is for creditors to liquidate assets. Despite the abundant theory, there is relatively little empirical evidence on the relation between liquidation value and debt structure. Testing the theory requires detailed information about the assets, their liquidation values, and the capital structure of the firm. Unfortunately, liquidation values are typically not observed by the econometrician, and crude accounting proxies such as fixed-asset ratio are far from being accurate. I provide empirical evidence on the link between liquidation values and debt maturity using a unique data set of nineteenth-century American railroads and exploiting variation in track gauges—the width of the tracks—to measure asset salability.
Friend of My Friend: Network Formation with Two-Hop Benefit

How and why people form ties is a critical issue for understanding the fabric of social networks. In contrast to most existing work, we are interested in settings where agents are neither so myopic as to consider only the benefit they derive from their immediate neighbors, nor do they consider the effects on the entire network when forming connections. Instead, we consider games on networks where a node tries to maximize its utility taking into account the benefit it gets from the nodes it is directly connected to (called direct benefit), as well as the benefit it gets from the nodes it is acquainted with via a two-hop connection (called two-hop benefit). We call such games Two-Hop Games. The decision to consider only two hops stems from the observation that human agents rarely consider "contacts of a contact of a contact" (3-hop contacts) or further while forming their relationships. We consider several versions of Two-Hop games which are extensions of well-studied games. While the addition of two-hop benefit changes the properties of these games significantly, we prove that in many important cases good equilibrium solutions still exist, and bound the change in the price of anarchy due to two-hop benefit both theoretically and in simulation.
How much do valley fills influence headwater streams

Valley fill mining has the potential to alter headwater stream habitat in many areas in the eastern United States. In valley fill mining, overburden is removed to expose underlying coal seams. The overburden is then deposited in the adjacent valley. The deposited overburden from mining increases sedimentation, increases stream conductivity, and alters hydrologic regimes downstream of the fill. Changes in downstream communities are not well documented. However, it was suspected the increased sedimentation and conductivity would have deleterious effects upon the downstream macroinvertebrate communities. In southern West Virginia, four pairs of streams, each consisting of a fill and a reference stream, were selected as representative of watersheds experiencing valley fill mining. Stream pairs were selected for similar environmental conditions, with one stream having a valley fill in its headwaters. Each stream was sampled by replicate Surber samples (n=9 per stream). Water chemistry and sediment measurements also were taken at each location. Valley fill streams experienced significantly higher specific conductance (p < 0.01), but did not have elevated levels of fine sediment. Fills exhibited elevated levels of Na, K, Mn, Mg, Ca, Ni and Fe relative to reference streams. Additionally, valley fill streams demonstrated significantly lower densities of Ephemeroptera, Coleoptera, Odonata, Non-insects, Scrapers, and Shredders (p < 0.03) than reference streams. Further, Ephemeroptera richness was negatively related to specific conductivity and many of the richness metrics were negatively related to metals, both of which were generally elevated in fill streams. It appears that at the minimum, valley fills increase specific conductance and metals in streams and this or some other unqualified factors structure the macroinvertebrate community downstream of the valley fill. However, given the level of disturbance in valley fills, it is surprising how little differences existed between fills and reference stream biota.
Selecting Empirical Green’s Functions in Regions of Fault Complexity: A Study of Data from the San Jacinto Fault Zone, Southern California

Abstract To constrain an earthquake’s source properties, the path‐ and site‐effect contributions to the seismic waveform can be approximated using another earthquake as an empirical Green’s function (EGF). An ideal EGF earthquake is smaller in magnitude than the mainshock and shares a similar focal mechanism and hypocenter. Here, we quantify how to optimally select EGF events using data from the spatially complex San Jacinto Fault Zone (SJFZ) in southern California. The SJFZ’s high seismicity rate allows us to test the EGF method for 51 target 3 M w 200 for each mainshock). We purposefully select a large population of inappropriate EGFs in order to identify thresholds and restrictions that optimize EGF selection criteria. For each mainshock/EGF pair, we compute the spectral ratio, fit the mainshock corner frequency, and measure the variability of these corner frequencies across the network. We assume a suitable EGF event will produce similar corner frequency estimates at every station. We discover that limiting hypocentral separation distances between mainshock and EGF events to Online Material: Map of earthquake locations within our study region color‐coded to indicate the mapped spatial differential between the original catalog location in the ANZA catalog and the location in the Lin et al. (2007) relocated catalog.
Two-dimensional angle and polarization estimation using the ESPRIT algorithm

It is shown how the ESPRIT (estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance techniques) algorithm may be used with a square array of crossed dipoles to estimate both the two-dimensional arrival angles and the polarization of incoming narrowband signals. The ESPRIT algorithm exploits the invariance properties of such an array so that both angle and polarization estimates may be computed. Some typical examples showing the use of this approach are presented. >
Resonant snubber-based soft-switching inverters for electric propulsion drives

This paper summarizes recently developed soft-switching inverters and proposes two possible options for electric propulsion motor drive applications. The newly developed soft-switching inverter employs an auxiliary switch and a resonant inductor per phase to produce a zero voltage across the main switch, so that the main switch can turn-on at the zero-voltage condition. Both the auxiliary switch and the resonant inductor are operating at a fractional duty and, thus, are small in size as compared to the main inverter circuit components. Operation modes in a complete zero-voltage switching cycle for the single-phase soft-switching inverter are described in detail, with graphical explanations. The circuit operation was first verified by a computer simulation, and then further tested with a 1 kW single-phase and a 100 kW three-phase inverter. Both simulation and experimental results are presented to show the superior performance in efficiency improvement, EMI reduction and dv/dt reduction of the proposed soft-switching inverters.
Thermal phonon boundary scattering in anisotropic thin films

Boundary scattering of thermal phonons in thin solid films is typically analyzed using Fuchs-Sondheimer theory, which provides a simple equation to calculate the reduction of thermal conductivity as a function of the film thickness. However, this widely used equation is not applicable to highly anisotropic solids like graphite because it assumes the phonon dispersion is isotropic. Here, we derive a generalization of the Fuchs-Sondheimer equation for solids with arbitrary dispersion relations and examine its predictions for graphite. We find that the isotropic equation vastly overestimates the boundary scattering that occurs in thin graphite films due to the highly anisotropic group velocity, and that graphite can maintain its high in-plane thermal conductivity even in thin films with thicknesses as small as 10 nm.
The “Reverse Polarity” Approach to Ravidomycin. Aryl C‐Aminoglycosides from a Lithiated Aminoglycal

A three‐step sequence affects the regio‐ and stereospecific elaboration of an aryl C‐aminoglycoside from a simple aminoglycal and a quinone. Direct lithiation of the glycal followed by addition of the quinone, reduction of the quinol adduct, and hydroboration gives a product with a trans‐trans stereochemical relationship between the substituents at C1′, C2′, and C3′, appropriate for compounds in the ravidomycin series.
Limits on Alternation Trading Proofs for Time---Space Lower Bounds

This paper characterizes alternation trading-based proofs that the Boolean satisfiability problem is not in the time- and space-bounded class DTISP$${(n^c,n^\epsilon)}$$(nc,n∈), for various values c < 2 and $${\epsilon < 1}$$∈<1. We characterize exactly what can be proved in the $${\epsilon = 0}$$∈=0 case with currently known methods and prove the conjecture of Williams that $${c=2\cos(\pi/7)}$$c=2cos(?/7) is optimal for this. For time---space trade-offs and lower bounds on satisfiability, we give a theoretical and computational analysis of the alternation trading proofs for $${0 < \epsilon < 1}$$0<∈<1.
Graph varieties in high dimension

We study the picture space $${\mathcal{X}^d(G)}$$ of all embeddings of a finite graph G as point-and-line arrangements in an arbitrary-dimensional projective space, continuing previous work on the planar case. The picture space admits a natural decomposition into smooth quasiprojective subvarieties called cellules, indexed by partitions of the vertex set of G, and the irreducible components of $${\mathcal{X}^d(G)}$$ correspond to cellules that are maximal with respect to a partial order on partitions that is in general weaker than refinement. We study both general properties of this partial order and its characterization for specific graphs. Our results include complete combinatorial descriptions of the irreducible components of the picture spaces of complete graphs and complete multipartite graphs, for any ambient dimension d. In addition, we give two graph-theoretic formulas for the minimum ambient dimension in which the directions of edges in an embedding of G are mutually constrained.
Conformationally rigid proteomimetics: a case study in designing antimicrobial aryl oligomers

The promise of proteomics to provide a vast library of protein structural data is exciting to scientists desiring an unprecedented understanding of the relationship between protein structure and function. This powerful knowledge will provide insight into the design rules for proteomimetics which are oligomers and polymers that can be more stable and inexpensive to produce than natural proteins, but still emulate the main biological function of the natural molecule. This Emerging Area article is intended to stimulate discussion on innovative strategies to design the next generation of proteomimetics. Specifically we will examine the design evolution of facially amphiphilic aryl oligomers, compounds that act as synthetic mimics of antimicrobial peptides (SMAMPs) and are known to interact with lipid bilayers. An increasingly important goal in the field of antimicrobial polymers is to develop strategies to rationally design membrane-binding SMAMPs, that are highly cell-selective, from any preferred backbone and molecular weight. It is expected that lessons learned from studying these oligomers can be applied to other systems where mimics are desired to interact with extended surfaces and where it would be most productive to consider mimicking the protein of interest with a large molecule. Obvious examples include disrupting protein–protein interactions or binding long tracts of DNA to control gene expression.
Chemoselective cyclizations of divinyl ketones to cyclohexenones mediated by Lewis acid and base.

Chemoselective cyclizations of divinyl ketones to cyclohexenones mediated by a sterically demanding Lewis acid and an amine base have been accomplished under mild reaction conditions. The extension of this methodology to the synthesis of eight-membered rings is also demonstrated.
Decays of metastable vacua in SQCD

The decay rates of metastable SQCD vacua in ISS-type models, both towards supersymmetric vacua as well as towards other nonsupersymmetric configurations arising in theories with elementary spectators, are estimated numerically in the semiclassical approximation by computing the corresponding multifield bounce configurations. The scaling of the bounce action with respect to the most relevant dimensionless couplings and ratios of scales is analyzed. In the case of the decays towards the susy vacua generated by nonperturbative effects, the results confirm previous analytical estimations of this scaling, obtained by assuming a triangular potential barrier. The decay rates towards susy vacua generated by R-symmetry breaking interactions turn out to be more than sufficiently suppressed for the phenomenologically relevant parameter range, and their behavior in this regime differs from analytic estimations valid for parametrically small scale ratios. It is also shown that in models with spectator fields, even though the decays towards vacua involving nonzero spectator VEVs don’t have a strong parametric dependence on the scale ratios, the ISS vacuum can still be made long-lived in the presence of R-symmetry breaking interactions.
Voluntary Disclosure in R&D-Intensive Industries*

Disclosures about R&D activities could potentially help market participants understand the future prospects of R&D intensive firms, but at the same time could be costly to make if the disclosure is related to proprietary information. I examine R&D-related disclosures made by R&D intensive firms in their annual report, as well as throughout the year to financial analysts. I find that the level of R&D-related voluntary disclosure is higher when proprietary costs are lower and when the book to market ratio is lower, perhaps because the basic financial statements are less informative about market value. In addition, after controlling for the level of general disclosure and forward looking disclosure, I find a negative relation between disclosures about development stage R&D and both analysts' one-year-ahead sales forecast error and dispersion. This is consistent with disclosures about development stage R&D reducing analyst uncertainty about one-year-ahead sales. I find mixed evidence about earnings forecasts. A higher level of disclosure about both R&D projects in progress and development stage R&D is associated with less error in analysts' one-year-ahead earnings forecasts. However, I find no evidence of a relation between R&D-related disclosure and the dispersion in one-year-ahead earnings forecasts.
Graham and Dodd: A Perspective on Its Past, Present, and Possible Future

Value investing generates a great deal of attention from the practitioner community; however, no one has formally categorized the development of this influential school of thought over time. The consequences of this extend beyond the obvious losses to financial history, to a lack of perspective on what the school’s future developments could entail. Those developments could be significant to the investment community given the level of success many value investors have achieved in both traditional and alternative forms of investment. To facilitate inquiry in this area, this article categorizes historical and modern eras of value investing and presents thoughts on what a post-modern era could hold. Two potential developments are discussed: The first extends value investing concepts to corporate management, which could result in a level of financial asset allocation expertise not frequently demonstrated by corporate managers. The second potential development involves integrating insights derived from bottom-up fundamental analysis with those of complexity theory to inform margin-of-safety analysis.
The zirconium-platinum phase diagram

Abstract Phase relationships were studied in Pt-rich, near-equiatomic Zr–Pt alloys. The composition range of the previously unreported rhombohedral compound Zr3Pt4, isomorphous with Zr3Pd4 above room temperature, extends to the Zr-rich composition Zr9Pt11 by the formation of lattice vacancies on certain Pt sites. A metastable tetragonal Zr9Pt11 compound is formed, however, when vacancy formation is inhibited. The rhombohedral structure undergoes a displacement transformation on cooling between 90 and 140 °C to a low-temperature structure that is presumably triclinic. The orthorhombic compound ZrPt is stable from room temperature to 1590 °C where it transforms to a cubic B2-type structure. Structural data are given for the compounds ZrPt, Zr9Pt11, Zr3Pt4 and Zr7Pt10, and a complete Zr–Pt phase diagram is presented.
Economics of modern energy boomtowns: Do oil and gas shocks differ from shocks in the rest of the economy?

Abstract The US shale boom has intensified interest in how the expanding oil and gas sector affects local economic performance. Research has produced mixed results and has not compared how energy shocks differ from equal-sized shocks elsewhere in the economy. What emerges is that the estimated impacts of energy development vary by region, empirical methodology, as well as the time horizon that is considered. This paper captures these dimensions to present a more complete picture of energy boomtowns. Utilizing US county data, we estimate the effects of changes in oil and gas extraction employment on total employment growth as well as growth by sector. We compare this to the effects of equal-sized shocks in the rest of the economy to assess whether energy booms are inherently different. The analysis is performed separately for nonmetropolitan and metropolitan counties using instrumental variables. We difference over 1-, 3-, 6-, and 10-year time periods to account for county-fixed effects and to assess responses across different time horizons. The results show that in nonmetro counties, energy sector multiplier effects on total county employment first increase up to 6-year horizons and then decline for 10-year horizons. We also observe positive spillovers to the non-traded goods sector, while spillovers are small or negative for traded goods. In metro counties, there are no significant effects on total employment, although positive spillovers are present in some sectors. Yet, equal-sized shocks in the rest of the economy produce more jobs on average than oil and gas shocks, suggesting that policymakers should seek more diversified development.
“Our Usable Past”: A Historical Contextual Approach to Administrative Values

In responding to Professor Lynn's criticism that the field of public administration has been insufficiently attentive to law, this article offers an alternative perspective on the source of administrative legitimacy. Leonard White understood that public administration is shaped by its broader context. It does not assert its own values but, in an effort to maintain legitimacy, reflects the political and cultural values of its environment. In White's time, the extraordinary challenges that the state faced, and its subsequent transformation, demanded a management capacity that previously had not existed. While the role of law as a formal means of control is generally accepted, it must take its place with management and other administrative values in the exercise of legal discretionary behavior. Asserting law, or any other single administrative value, as dominant undercuts other values that act as sources of legitimacy.
Anticompetitive Financial Contracting: The Design of Financial Claims

This paper presents the first model where entry deterrence takes place through financial rather than product-market channels. In standard models of the interaction between product and financial markets, a firm’s use of financial instruments deters entry by affecting product market behavior, whereas in our model entry deterrence occurs by affecting the credit market behavior of investors towards entrant firms. We find that in order to deter entry, the claims held on incumbent firms should be sufficiently risky, i.e. equity, in contrast to the standard BranderLewis (1986) result that debt deters entry. The model sheds light on the policy debate on the separation of banking as to whether banks should be permitted to hold equity in firms. It also provides an explanation for why venture capitalists hold automatically convertible securities in start-up firms.
Pressure Effects on the Thermal Stability of Silicon Carbide Fibers

Commercially available polymer derived SiC fibers were treated at temperatures from 1000 to 2200 C in vacuum and argon gas pressure of 1 and 1360 atm. Effects of gas pressure on the thermal stability of the fibers were determined through property comparison between the pressure treated fibers and vacuum treated fibers. Investigation of the thermal stability included studies of the fiber microstructure, weight loss, grain growth, and tensile strength. The 1360 atm argon gas treatment was found to shift the onset of fiber weight loss from 1200 to above 1500 C. Grain growth and tensile strength degradation were correlated with weight loss and were thus also inhibited by high pressure treatments. Additional heat treatment in 1 atm argon of the fibers initially treated at 1360 atm argon caused further weight loss and tensile strength degradation, thus indicating that high pressure inert gas conditions would be effective only in delaying fiber strength degradation. However, if the high gas pressure could be maintained throughout composite fabrication, then the composites could be processed at higher temperatures.
Dark matter before the LHC in a natural supersymmetric standard model

We show that the solid lower bound of about 10{sup -44} cm{sup 2} is obtained for the cross section between the supersymmetric dark matter and nucleon in a theory in which the supersymmetric fine-tuning problem is solved without extending the Higgs sector at the weak scale. This bound arises because of relatively small superparticle masses and a fortunate correlation that the two dominant diagrams for the dark matter detection always interfere constructively if the constraint from the b {yields} s{gamma} measurements is obeyed. It is, therefore, quite promising in the present scenario that the supersymmetric dark matter is discovered before the LHC, assuming that the dark matter is the lightest supersymmetric particle.
Examining the Impact of Welfare Reform, Labor Market Conditions, and the Earned Income Tax Credit on the Employment of Black and White Single Mothers

Examining the Impact of Welfare Reform, Labor Market Conditions, and the Earned Income Tax Credit on the Employment of Black and White Single Mothers * Mary C. Noonan Department of Sociology University of Iowa E-mail: mary-noonan-1@uiowa.edu Sandra S. Smith Department of Sociology University of California at Berkeley E-mail: sandra_smith@berkeley.edu Mary E. Corcoran Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy University of Michigan E-mail: marycor@umich.edu WORD COUNT: 14,589 The first two authors contributed equally to this paper. The authors would like to thank the following people and groups for their invaluable input: Sheldon Danziger and participants of the Spring Seminar of the Poverty Research and Training Center at the University of Michigan; seminar participants of the Institute for Research on Poverty at the University of Wisconsin; participants of the Gender Workshop in the Department of Sociology at New York University; Rebecca Blank, John Bound; and Stephen Raudenbush.
Aqueous-phase, palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of aryl bromides under mild conditions, using water-soluble, sterically demanding alkylphosphines.

Sterically demanding, water-soluble alkylphosphines have been used in combination with various palladium salts in Suzuki, Sonogashira, and Heck couplings of aryl bromides under mild conditions in aqueous solvents. The tert-butyl-substituted ligands 2-(di-tert-butylphosphino)ethyltrimethylammonium chloride (t-Bu-Amphos) and 4-(di-tert-butylphosphino)-N,N-dimethylpiperidinium chloride (t-Bu-Pip-phos) in combination with palladium(II) salts were found to give catalysts that were significantly more active than catalysts derived from tri(3-sulfonatophenyl)phosphine trisodium (TPPTS). Suzuki couplings of unactivated aryl bromides occurred efficiently at room temperature in water/acetonitrile and water/toluene biphasic mixtures or in neat water. Notably, Suzuki couplings of hydrophilic aryl bromides gave high yields without using organic solvents for the reaction or purification. This methodology has been applied to a highly efficient synthesis of diflunisal. The catalyst derived from t-Bu-Amphos was recycled th...
Toward parallel mathematical software for elliptic partial differential equations

Three approaches to parallelizing important components of the mathematical software package ELLPACK are considered: an explicit approach using compiler directives available only on the target machine, an automatic approach using an optimizing and parallelizing precompiler, and a two-level approach based on extensive use of a set of low level computational kernels. The focus is on shared memory architectures. Each approach to parallelization is described in detail, along with a discussion of the effort involved. Performance on a test problem, using up to sixteen processors of a Sequent Symmetry S81, is reported and discussed. Implications for the parallelization of a broad class of mathematical software are drawn.
The Management of Scientists: Determinants of Perceived Role Performance

There is a need for more empirical studies of the management of scientists in research laboratories. The point is frequently made in the literature that the research scientist experiences considerable difficulty in identifying with basic management objectives as well as in adapting to the organization structure in the laboratory setting (3, 4). It would appear, therefore, that the research laboratory is an ideal place for the study and evaluation of the "organic" system of management propounded in the studies of the Scottish and English electronics industries by Burns and Stalker during the 1950s (1). In the organic system, positions lose much of their formal definition in terms of methods, duties, and powers which have to be refined continually by interaction with others participating in a given task. Communication between people of different ranks tends to resemble lateral consultation rather than vertical command. Moreover, while the organic system is not hierarchic in an administrative sense, it is stratified, but on a different basis. Individuals tend to be differentiated on the basis of
A remarkable bismuth nitrate-catalyzed protection of carbonyl compounds

Abstract Bismuth nitrate has been found to be an outstanding catalyst for the protection of carbonyl compounds as acetal, ketal, mixed ketal and thioketal with an excellent yield.
A Computational Analysis of Complex Noun Phrases in Navy Messages

Methods of text compression in Navy messages are not limited to sentence fragments and the omissions of function words such as the copula be. Text compression is also exhibited within "grammatical" sentences and is identified within noun phrases in Navy messages. Mechanisms of text compression include increased frequency of complex noun sequences and also increased usage of nominalizations. Semantic relationships among elements of a complex noun sequence can be used to derive a correct bracketing of syntactic constructions.
THE APPROXIMATE MOMENTS OF THE LEAST SQUARES ESTIMATOR FOR THE STATIONARY AUTOREGRESSIVE MODEL UNDER A GENERAL ERROR DISTRIBUTION

I derive the approximate bias and mean squared error of the least squares estimator of the autoregressive coefficient in a stationary first-order dynamic regression model, with or without an intercept, under a general error distribution. It is shown that the effects of nonnormality on the approximate moments of the least squares estimator come into play through the skewness and kurtosis coefficients of the nonnormal error distribution.The author is grateful to the co-editor Paolo Paruolo and two anonymous referees for helpful comments. The author is solely responsible for any remaining errors.
Regulation of sugar transport and metabolism in lactic acid bacteria

Abstract The phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)-dependent lactose: phosphotransferase system (PTS), P-β-galactosidase, and enzymes of the d -tagatose-6P pathway, are prerequisite for rapid homolactic fermentation of lactose by Group N (‘starter’) streptococci. Moreover, the reactions of transport and catabolism constitute an open cycle in which ATP and lactic acid are metabolic products. The efficient and controlled operation of this cycle requires ‘fine-control’ mechanisms to ensure: (i) tight coupling between transport and energy-yielding reactions, (ii) co-metabolism of both glucose and galactose moieties of the disaccharide, and (iii) coordination of the rate of sugar transport to the rate of sugar catabolism. The elucidation of these fine-control mechanisms in intact cells of Streptococcus lactis has required the isolation of glucokinase (GK) and mannose-PTS defective mutants, the synthesis of novel lactose analogs, and the use of high resolution [ 31 P]NMR spectroscopy. It has been established that PEP provides the crucial link between transport and energy-yielding reactions of the PTS: glycolysis cycle, and that both ATP-dependent glucokinase and PEP-dependent mannose-PTS can participate in the phosphorylation of intracellular glucose. Finally, evidence has been obtained in vivo, for modulation of pyruvate kinase activity in response to fluctuation in, concentrations of positive (FDP), and negative (P i ) effectors of the allosteric enzyme. Fine-control of pyruvate kinase activity may in turn regulate: (i) the distribution of PEP to either the PTS or ATP synthesis, (ii) overall activity of the PTS: glycolysis cycle, and (iii) the formation of the endogenous PEP-potential in starved organisms. The accumulation of non-metabolizable PTS sugars (e.g., 2-deoxy- d -glucose) by growing cells can perturb these fine-control mechanisms and, by establishment of a PEP-dissipating futile cycle, may result in bacteriostasis.