cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Innovation within a university setting.

Elisabeth K. Wynne, MD, completed her undergraduate degree in bioengineering and is currently a surgical resident in training at the University of Washington. From 2014–2016, she served as a Biodesign Fellow at Stanford University. She plans to pursue a career of innovation as an academic surgeon. Thomas M. Krummel, MD, is the Emile Holman Professor and Chair Emeritus of the Department of Surgery at Stanford University School of Medicine. Throughout his career, Dr Krummel has been a pioneer and an innovator. For >12 years, he has partnered with Dr Paul Yock to co-direct the Stanford Biodesign program, which is designed to teach innovation at the emerging frontiers of engineering and biomedical sciences. Dr Krummel is Chairman of the Fogarty Institute for Innovation Board of Directors, and President of the International Scientific Committee at Institut de Recherche contre les Cancers de l'Appareil Digestif - IRCAD at the University of Strasbourg and is a frequent consultant to the medical device industry.
Case 4: Leg Pain and Refusal to Walk in a 4-year-old Boy

1. Michelle Schimelpfenig, DO* 2. Jennifer Thompson, MD* 3. Samuel Milanovich, MD* 1. *Sanford Children's Hospital – Pediatrics, Sioux Falls, SD A 4-year-old previously healthy white boy is hospitalized with worsening leg pain, refusal to ambulate, and elevated inflammatory markers. Five days ago he was hospitalized and discharged with a diagnosis of suspected transient synovitis. However, his clinical condition worsened over the next several days, and he is readmitted to the hospital for further evaluation and management. His illness started 2 weeks ago when he presented to his primary care physician with difficulty walking. There was no history of trauma, but he had a history of upper respiratory tract infection symptoms. His physical examination results and vital signs were unremarkable. Evaluation at that visit included pelvis radiographs that were normal. Recommended treatment was anti-inflammatory medications and close observation. His symptoms worsened over the course of the week, with refusal to ambulate. He was afebrile and had stable vital signs. Laboratory studies revealed an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) of 89 mm/hour and C-reactive protein (CRP) of 28.3 mg/L (269.53 nmol/L). He was hospitalized to rule out septic arthritis. Further evaluation included a complete blood cell (CBC) count, which yielded normal results, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which revealed right hip effusion and multifocal-enhancing lesions in the pelvis and right femoral head. These findings were concerning for possible chronic osteomyelitis or inflammation. He had symptomatic improvement with ketorolac, remained afebrile, and had negative blood cultures. Further invasive diagnostic evaluation was not pursued because of significant improvement in his symptoms with anti-inflammatory medications. His …
The impact of a head and neck microvascular fellowship program on otolaryngology resident training

Objective To assess the impact of a microvascular head and neck (H&N) fellowship on senior residents' surgical experience. Study Design Retrospective review of Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education-generated operative case log reports, retrospective chart review, and electronic survey. Methods A retrospective review of one institution's residents' H&N operative case logs and free flap operative reports was performed to determine changes in key indicator cases (KICs) after the addition of a H&N fellowship. An electronic survey was distributed to senior residents at all U.S. otolaryngology residency programs to determine residents' perceptions of a H&N fellow's impact on their surgical experience. An electronic survey was distributed to senior medical students applying to surgical residencies to explore the perceived impact that a fellowship has on the desirability of a residency program. Results The average number of each postgraduate year (PGY)5's HN neck dissection, 33.2 versus 40.6; oral cavity resection, 15.3 versus 12.6; thyroid/parathyroid, 45.5 versus 45.6; and flaps/grafts, 56.7 versus 42. PGY5 participation as first assistant in free flaps dropped from 78% to 17%; however, residents still participated in some aspect of 45% of the cases. Seventy percent of senior residents reported a positive perception of the H&N fellow on their H&N operative experience. Eighty-nine percent of senior medical student respondents reported a nonnegative perception of a fellowship in their applied field. Conclusion The addition of a H&N fellowship did not decrease senior residents' H&N KIC, and most senior residents at programs with fellowships report that the fellow has a positive impact on their H&N operative experience. Level of Evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 2017
Supply chain design considering correlated failures and inspection in pharmaceutical and food supply chains

Abstract This paper studies the impact of correlated supplier failures as well as inspection to detect these failures in the context of a supplier selection problem. A two-stage stochastic programming model is developed to explore the tradeoffs between costs and risk when designing a supply network. The first-stage decisions include the strategic decisions of determining which suppliers should be selected considering suppliers location and capacity while in the second stage, operational decisions related to transportation and inspection are determined. Several computational results are presented examining the effect of supplier correlation and inspection on supplier selection, transportation, and inspection strategies. A sensitivity analysis is also performed to explain the effect of key parameters on expected total cost and expected cost of shipped tainted materials.
“My Understanding … Has Literally Changed”: Addressing the Military-Civilian Gap with an Academic-Community Engagement Project

The Military-Civilian Gap, a label for the lack of civilian understanding about the military, is one of many concerns for those invested in supporting the military and the nation. While the factors contributing to the Military-Civilian Gap are many and are nuanced, academic-community engagement course projects provide one strategy for improving understanding between civilians and military-affiliated individuals and thus bridging the gap. This article analyzes final reflections of forty-four upper-level business communication students who completed an academic-community engagement project for which they developed a proposal for a recreational retreat for local military personnel and veterans. Analysis of the reflections shows that such service-learning projects increase civilian students' knowledge of the military and its members as well as civilian students' commitment to future engagement with military-affiliated individuals. In addition, student-veterans' reflections reveal that working with civilian students on projects that serve military-affiliated individuals improves the student-veterans' understanding of the military-civilian gap and potentially how to address it.
Intraoperative Neurophysiologic Monitoring in Brain Aneurysm Surgery

Abstract Intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring (IONM) is quickly gaining popularity across the full spectrum of neurosurgical subspecialties. It is particularly useful during brain aneurysm surgery, given its ability to detect cerebral ischemia in a timely manner. This electrophysiologic feedback provides the neurosurgeon with an opportunity to undertake corrective surgical actions before irreversible brain injury occurs. In this chapter, we offer a practical review of the various IONM modalities used in aneurysm surgery, their indications, advantages, and limitations.
Madison academic brewery: Engineering the better brewer

At James Madison University we currently offer Brewery Engineering courses. To support these courses, we required a unique laboratory to provide for proper experiential learning. In this paper, we will chronicle the process that has taken us through three locations to our final home. We will also explore the decision made along the way in equipment selection and installation. In addition to the physical components of the Madison Academic Brewery, there was consideration to the system of courses offered and the creating the network of local and craft brewers that will be discussed. Lesson learned and future directions will be offered to assist others that may be undertaking a similar enterprise.
Network Happiness: How Online Social Interactions Relate to Our Well Being

As social animals, social interactions play a fundamental role in shaping our emotional well-being. The emergence of online social networks over the past decade has allowed us to study human social behavior at a previously unimaginable scale and level of detail through the availability of extensive detailed social records for billions of individuals. In this chapter we review several recent results on the structure of the social networks of which we are all a part of. In particular we will analyze how simple mechanisms of network formation such as Preferential Attachment result in broad tailed degree distributions and assortativity that are characteristic of this kind of network. A result of positive degree assortativity is the fact that hubs are necessarily connected to by lower degree nodes, a fact that leads to the so-called Friendship Paradox. Finally, we consider a novel measure of Subjective Well Being or happiness that is derived from a longitudinal sentiment analysis of the content written by each user over an extended period of time. We find that such Happiness is correlated with Popularity within social networks resulting in a so-called Happiness Paradox. In other words, individuals with many friends are indeed happier and their happiness gives a large number of people the impression that they are less happy than their friends on average. This finding may point to explanations of other paradoxical results; in spite of satisfying a primordial human need for social relations social media use has been found to lead to higher levels of psychological and social dysfunction.
Longitudinal Relations between Dating Violence Victimization and Perpetration and Substance Use: The Moderating Role of Gender and School Norms for Dating Violence

LONGITUDINAL RELATIONS BETWEEN DATING VIOLENCE VICTIMIZATION AND PERPETRATION AND SUBSTANCE USE: THE MODERATING ROLE OF GENDER AND SCHOOL NORMS FOR DATING VIOLENCE By Katherine A. Taylor A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University Virginia Commonwealth University, 2013 Director: Terri N. Sullivan, PhD Associate Professor, Department of Psychology Adolescent dating violence is commonly experienced by adolescents and is associated with a variety of negative outcomes. Stress and coping and social learning theories suggest that dating violence victimization may predict increased substance use and dating violence perpetration. However, few studies have assessed these relations over time, and existing studies have not assessed physical and psychological dating violence victimization separately nor focused on early adolescent populations. The current study addressed these gaps by examining longitudinal relations between physical and psychological dating violence victimization and substance use and physical and psychological dating violence perpetration among early adolescents. The extent to which gender and class norms for dating violence moderated these relations was also examined. Participants included two cohorts of sixth grade students who reported being involved in a dating relationship at Waves 1 and 2 (N = 2,022; 43% female; 52% African American, 21% Latino/a, 20% European American, and 7% other). Analyses utilized a multilevel approach whereby students were represented at Level 1 and classes (scores for students in the same cohort and school; n = 74) at Level 2. Models tested direct effects from Wave 1 psychological and physical victimization to Wave 2 outcomes and the extent to which gender moderated this effect. Models including psychological and physical perpetration also tested cross-level interactions between Level 1 dating violence victimization and Level 2 class norms for dating violence. Key findings indicated that gender moderated relations between physical and psychological victimization and psychological perpetration. High levels of psychological victimization predicted greater change in psychological perpetration for girls as compared to boys and high levels of physical victimization predicted greater change in psychological perpetration for boys as compared to girls. Additionally, physical and psychological victimization significantly predicted changes in substance use. High levels of physical victimization predicted greater change in substance use, whereas high levels of psychological victimization predicted less change in substance use. These findings highlight the need to address dating violence early in middle school, so as to prevent negative outcomes associated with victimization by a dating partner.
Heritable α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency

A heritable deficiency of circulating α1-antitrypsin (AAT) can lead to the development of pulmonary emphysema in response to the elastolytic destruction of lung connective tissue. Inappropriate accumulation of the molecule in hepatocytes, the primary site of biosynthesis, is an etiologic agent of liver injury. The deficiency results from inappropriate structural maturation of the newly synthesized molecule, whereas defective folding and incomplete clearance lead to intrahepatic accumulation. A small ensemble of processing enzymes modify the asparagines-linked oligosaccharides to generate fate determinants that promote the molecule’s entrance into either pathway. The interconnection of these systems, thought to represent the decentralized surveillance of eukaryotic genome expression, is suspected to contain potential modifiers of both diseases. For this reason, the chapter focuses on the elucidation of cellular strategies used by cells to handle mutant forms of AAT.
Stories in Children’s Literature. An Analysis of Transcendent Language

Children’s literature plays an essential role in their development through the use of characters that they become familiar with, which become like friends. Stories have become a useful source of information for increasing reading skills, which are necessary for the development of new words. It is through the fiction literature that is based on real-life where children are able to understand traumatic events and complex ideas. They are able to understand life experiences and diversity of the world that they live in. Even with increased learning through literature, the National Literary Strategy conducted a study of words to show that children need 100 words in order to read a “real” children’s book. It is essential to distinguish between ‘restrictive texts,’ which allow for fewer perceptions to take place for active reader judgment of text that enables critical and thoughtful responses.
MALDI Mass Spectrometry Imaging of N-Linked Glycans in Tissues

Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has been used for two decades to profile the glycan constituents of biological samples. An adaptation of the method to tissues, MALDI mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI), allows high-throughput spatial profiling of hundreds to thousands of molecules within a single thin tissue section. The ability to profile N-glycans within tissues using MALDI-MSI is a recently developed method that allows identification and localization of 40 or more N-glycans. The key component is to apply a molecular coating of peptide-N-glycosidase to tissues, an enzyme that releases N-glycans from their protein carrier. In this chapter, the methods and approaches to robustly and reproducibly generate two-dimensional N-glycan tissue maps by MALDI-MSI workflows are summarized. Current strengths and limitations of the approach are discussed, as well as potential future applications of the method.
Cognitive abilities, affective characteristics and learning strategies as related to academic achievement among first year nursing students: test validation and causal modelling

50 Key Concepts 51 VALIDATION OF THE LEARNING AND STUDY STRATEGIES INVENTORY WITH A NURSING SAMPLE 52 Methodology 56 Subjects 56 Instrumentation 56 Procedures 59 Data analyses 59 Results 60 Discussion 63 SECTION II. ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT AMONG UNDERGRADUATE NURSING STUDENTS: THE DEVELOPMENT AND TEST OF A CAUSAL MODEL 81 ABSTRACT 83 Key Concepts 84 ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT AMONG UNDERGRADUATE NURSING STUDENTS: THE DEVELOPMENT AND TEST OF A CAUSAL MODEL 85 Methodology 91 Subjects 91 Instrumentation 92 Procedure 98 Preliminary analysis 99 Data analysis 99 Results 100
Vulnerability Assessment of Controller Designs

Finite state machines (FSMs) control the functionality of System-on-Chip (SoC) designs. The security and trustworthiness of SoCs can be compromised by exploring the vulnerabilities of their FSMs. Any deviation from the specification of FSMs can endanger the security and trustworthiness of SoCs. This is a critical concern when an FSM is responsible for controlling the usage or propagation of protected information (e.g., secret keys) in a secure component. FSM vulnerabilities may be introduced by a rogue designer or an attacker who inserts hardware Trojans in the FSM implementation. Traditional FSM design flows as well as CAD tools may create unintentional security vulnerabilities in FSM designs (e.g., when a synthesis tool is trying to optimize a gate-level netlist). These vulnerabilities can also be introduced unintentionally by a CAD tool. In this chapter, we present an efficient formal analysis framework based on symbolic algebra to find FSM vulnerabilities. The proposed method tries to find inconsistencies between the specification and FSM implementation through manipulation of respective polynomials. Security properties (such as a safe transition to a protected state) are derived using specification polynomials and verified against implementation polynomials. In case of a failure, the vulnerability is reported. While existing methods can verify legal transitions, the proposed approach tries to solve the important and non-trivial problem of detecting illegal accesses to the design states (e.g., protected states).
TMI: Thermodynamic inference of data manifolds

The Gibbs-Boltzmann distribution offers a physically interpretable way to massively reduce the dimensionality of high dimensional probability distributions where the extensive variables are `features' and the intensive variables are `descriptors'. However, not all probability distributions can be modeled using the Gibbs-Boltzmann form. Here, we present TMI: TMI, {\bf T}hermodynamic {\bf M}anifold {\bf I}nference; a thermodynamic approach to approximate a collection of arbitrary distributions. TMI simultaneously learns from data intensive and extensive variables and achieves dimensionality reduction through a multiplicative, positive valued, and interpretable decomposition of the data. Importantly, the reduced dimensional space of intensive parameters is not homogeneous. The Gibbs-Boltzmann distribution defines an analytically tractable Riemannian metric on the space of intensive variables allowing us to calculate geodesics and volume elements. We discuss the applications of TMI with multiple real and artificial data sets. Possible extensions are discussed as well.
Association of body mass index with longitudinal rates of retinal atrophy in multiple sclerosis.

Background:Studies evaluating associations between body mass index (BMI) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) measures in multiple sclerosis (MS) are lacking.Objective:To assess whether elevated ...
Pilot test of an interactive obesity treatment approach among employed adults in a university medical billing office

There is a need for workplace programs promoting healthy eating and activity that reach low-wage employees and are scalable beyond the study site. Interventions designed with dissemination in mind aim to utilize minimal resources and to fit within existing systems. Technology-based interventions have the potential to promote healthy behaviors and to be sustainable as well as scalable. We developed an interactive obesity treatment approach (iOTA), to be delivered by SMS text messaging, and therefore accessible to a broad population. The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate participant engagement with, and acceptability of, this iOTA to promote healthy eating and activity behaviors among low-wage workers with obesity. Twenty participants (self-reporting body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2) of a single workgroup employed by a university medical practice billing office had access to the full intervention and study measures and provided feedback on the experience. Height and weight were measured by trained research staff at baseline. Each participant was offered a quarterly session with a health coach. Measured weight and a self-administered survey, including dietary and activity behaviors, were also collected at baseline, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. Participant engagement was assessed through responsiveness to iOTA SMS text messages throughout the 24-month pilot. A survey measure was used to assess satisfaction with iOTA at 3 months. Due to the small sample size and pilot nature of the current study, we conducted descriptive analyses. Engagement, weight change, and duration remaining in coaching are presented individually for each study participant. The pilot was originally intended to last 3 months, but nearly all participants requested to continue; we thus continued for 24 months. Most (14/20) participants remained in coaching for 24 months. At the 3-month follow-up, eight (47%) of the remaining 17 participants had lost weight; by 24 months, five (36%) of the remaining 14 participants had lost weight (one had bariatric surgery). Participants reported very high satisfaction. This pilot provides important preliminary results on acceptability and participant engagement with iOTA, which has significant potential for dissemination and sustainability.
Productivity costs associated with metastatic breast cancer in younger, midlife, and older women.

Background The objective of the current study was to estimate productivity costs due to metastatic breast cancer (mBC) via productive time lost among survivors and potential life-years lost from premature mortality among 3 age groups: younger (aged 18-44 years), midlife (aged 45-64 years), and older (aged ≥65 years) women. Methods The authors estimated the number of work and home productivity days missed due to mBC by age group using data from the 2000 to 2016 National Health Interview Survey. Years of potential life lost (YPLL) due to mBC were calculated for each age group using 2015 National Vital Statistics System data. The authors valued both sources of lost productivity time using the Current Population Survey and prior studies. Results The per-woman value of lost productive days (work and home) due to mBC ranged from $680 for older women to $5169 for younger women. In 2015, the value of lost work and home productivity days associated with mBC nationally was $67 million for younger women, $246 million for midlife women, and $66 million for older women. YPLL were highest among midlife women (403,786 life-years), followed by older women (248,522 life-years) and younger women (95,943 life-years). Midlife women were found to have the highest market value of YPLL ($4.1 billion), followed by younger women ($1.6 billion) and older women ($527 million). Conclusions The results of the current study demonstrated that mBC generates a high economic burden through lost productivity, especially among midlife women.
Propofol versus dexmedetomidine during drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea

To test for differences in DISE findings in children sedated with propofol versus dexmedetomidine. We hypothesized that the frequency of ≥ 50% obstruction would be higher for the propofol than dexmedetomidine group at the dynamic levels of the airway (velum, lateral walls, tongue base, and supraglottis) but not at the more static adenoid level. A single-center retrospective review was performed on children age 1–18 years with a diagnosis of sleep disordered breathing or obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) who underwent DISE from July 2014 to Feb 2019 scored by the Chan-Parikh scale sedated with either propofol or dexmedetomidine (with or without ketamine). Logistic regression was used to test for a difference in the odds of ≥ 50% obstruction (Chan-Parikh score ≥ 2) at each airway level with the use of dexmedetomidine vs. propofol, adjusted for age, sex, previous tonsillectomy, surgeon, positional OSA, and ketamine co-administration. Of 117 subjects, 57% were sedated with propofol and 43% with dexmedetomidine. Subjects were 60% male, 66% Caucasian, 31% obese, 38% syndromic, and on average 6.5 years old. Thirty-three percent had severe OSA and 41% had previous tonsillectomy. There was no statistically significant difference in the odds of ≥ 50% obstruction between the two anesthetic groups at any level of the airway with or without adjustment for potential confounders. We did not find a significant difference in the degree of upper airway obstruction on DISE in children sedated with propofol versus dexmedetomidine. Prospective, randomized studies would be an important next step to confirm these findings.
The girl who cried wolf: A literature review and case report of pediatric factitious disorder.

Pediatric presentations of factitious disorder (Munchausen syndrome) remain underdiagnosed and poorly understood compared to adult cases. The purpose of this study is to review the current literatu...
Understanding spontaneous volunteering in crisis: towards a needs-based approach of explanation

Despite the fast growth of informal, episodic, and individualistic style of volunteering, most existing volunteering literature has been driven by the traditional model of volunteering with less fo...
Prolonged Time from Diagnosis to Breast-Conserving Surgery is Associated with Upstaging in Hormone Receptor-Positive Invasive Ductal Breast Carcinoma.

Time to surgery (TTS) has been suggested to have an association with mortality in early-stage breast cancer. This study aims to determine the association between TTS and preoperative disease progression in tumor size or nodal status among women diagnosed with clinical T1N0M0 ductal breast cancer. Women diagnosed with clinical T1N0M0 ductal breast cancer who had breast-conserving surgery as their first definitive treatment between 2010 and 2016 (n = 90,405) were analyzed using the National Cancer Database. Separate multivariable logistic regression models for hormone receptor (HR)-positive and HR-negative patients, adjusted for clinical and demographic variables, were used to assess the relationship between TTS and upstaging of tumor size (T-upstaging) or nodal status (N-upstaging). T-upstaging occurred in 6.76% of HR-positive patients and 11.00% of HR-negative patients, while N-upstaging occurred in 12.69% and 10.75% of HR-positive and HR-negative patients, respectively. Among HR-positive patients, odds of T-upstaging were higher for 61–90 days TTS (odds ratio [OR] 1.18, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05–1.34) and ≥91 days TTS (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.17–1.84) compared with ≤30 days TTS, and odds of N- upstaging were higher for ≥91 days TTS (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.13–1.62). No association between TTS and either T- or N-upstaging was found among HR-negative patients. Other clinical and demographic variables, including grade, tumor location, and race/ethnicity, were associated with both T- and N-upstaging. TTS ≥61 and ≥91 days was a significant predictor of T- and N-upstaging, respectively, in HR-positive patients; however, TTS was not associated with upstaging in HR-negative breast cancer. Delays in surgery may contribute to measurable disease progression in T1N0M0 ductal breast cancer.
Extension of the IEEE 1451 Standards to Geophysical Assessment

The IEEE1451 Standards describe a series of standards that define interfaces for sensors and actuators to communicate with data acquisition and control devices. Furthermore, the standards are required to enable interconnected smart transducers at lowered costs and advanced technology due to the spread of IoT devices. The transducer electronic data sheet (TEDS) model for sensors and actuators has been adapted to the geophysical assessment process for overcoming various engineering challenges to construct, modify, and maintain infrastructure in many regions. This paper describes transmitter and receiver coil TEDS to deliver extensions of the IEEE standards for contributing an improved element model to predict geophysical conditions in soils as well as electrical and mechanical responses of soils.
Evaluation of energy intake compared with indirect calorimetry requirements in critically ill patients with acute brain injury.

BACKGROUND Nutrition support in critically ill patients with acute brain injury is vitally important because of known hypermetabolism. We aimed to describe energy and protein intake within the first 72 h in a broad neurocritical care population and compare energy intake with the indirect calorimetry (IC) resting energy expenditure (REE) target. METHODS IC data, daily energy, and protein intake were collected through chart review over the first 7 days of hospital admission. We evaluated the type and amount of tube-feed product received, volume of propofol (1.1 kcal/ml) and clevidipine (2 kcal/ml), and amount of supplemental protein received. RESULTS Ninety-one patients were included, with the majority presenting with either intracerebral hemorrhage (35.2%) or acute ischemic stroke (26.4%). The median day of admission on which IC was completed and enteral nutrition was initiated was day 3 (2-5) and day 1 (1-2), respectively. The difference in kilocalories received compared with IC REE target within the first 72 h was significantly different (2831 kcal [1663-4072] vs 4275 kcal [3450-5811]; Z = -6.469; P < .001). The median kilocalories received as tube feeds during the first 72 h was 88% (55%-99%), and the mean protein received in the first 72 h was 0.7 ± 0.5 g/kg/day. CONCLUSION In this population, patients had lower energy intake compared with their energy needs determined by IC during the first 72 h of admission but attained 7-day goals. Future studies should investigate barriers to improve energy delivery in this patient population.
Factor Models, Machine Learning, and Asset Pricing

We survey recent methodological contributions in asset pricing using factor models and machine learning. We organize these results based on their primary objectives: estimating expected returns, factors, risk exposures, risk premia, and the stochastic discount factor, as well as model comparison and alpha testing. We also discuss a variety of asymptotic schemes for inference. Our survey is a guide for financial economists interested in harnessing modern tools with rigor, robustness, and power to make new asset pricing discoveries, and it highlights directions for future research and methodological advances.
WORKSHOP: Facilitating classrooms: Enhancing skills and expanding toolkits through simulations (40 mins)

Many professors use the skill of professing to translate concepts and encourage learning. Hours are spent preparing for class, organizing a lecture and producing notes, and the ensuing class session follows in a comfortable and predicable mode. But what about professors who release control of class content and process? Can they be equally effective? Can you teach without a prepared lecture? Do you have the courage to teach without a safety net? In this workshop, we discuss the art of classroom facilitation and of having the courage to relinquish control and allow class sessions to evolve naturally. These are skills that are rarely taught in doctoral programs. New and early-career faculty may possess limited awareness of the value of such skills in effective classroom teaching. New faculty often have difficulty in putting these skills into practice, even if they have a desire to do so. Among other benefits, this session will seek to shorten the learning curve, so that faculty will not have to look back in later years and say “I wish I could have mastered facilitation skills early in my teaching experience.” Having an opportunity to practice these skills in a “safe” environment will also help develop the courage to apply them in the classroom. According to Webster, to facilitate means to make easier. In a team setting, facilitators or process consultants are charged with enhancing team processes such as communication, problem solving, decision making and conflict resolution, while simultaneously educating the team on the use of these skills. Given the collective diversity of skills, backgrounds, and experiences that characterize most teams, the application of facilitation skills can mean the difference between a team achieving and not achieving desired outcomes. Is a classroom not a team or a collection of teams? Are teaching and learning not processes? How can we apply to facilitation skills to the classroom to make the process of teaching and learning easier and more effective? To do this, we look at facilitation skills in three broad categories, those that can be used before, during and after class (individual sessions or an entire semester). For example, when a professor takes the time to jointly develop ground rules or behavioral norms, some ineffective classroom behaviors--such as laughing at other students or bringing cellphones to class--may be prevented and reduce the burden of dealing with such behaviors in the future. Facilitative interventions during class, such as using leading questions and the parking lot, can be used to keep discussions on track, or if need be, can be combined with checking for agreement should the class decide to move in a new direction. When allowing the learning process to unfold naturally, it becomes helpful to engage the class in reflecting on the process as well as the key learning points or take-aways.
The motion of a crack in an elastic solid subjected to general loading

The mode I extension of a plane crack in an elastic solid is discussed. The solid is subjected to general time-independent loading and the crack is assumed to extend in its own plane from an initial equilibrium position. The solutions of problems for two particular crack tip motions are first discussed. In the first of these, the crack tip suddenly begins to move at a constant speed and continues to move at that speed for all time. The second problem is the same as the first except that at a certain instant the crack tip suddenly stops. The complete elastic stress wave solution can be found for each of these problems. Certain remarkable features of the solutions of these problems are exploited to construct the exact stress intensity factor for arbitrary, nonuniform extension of the crack tip. An energy balance fracture criterion is then imposed to determine an equation of motion for the crack tip, which takes the form of a first-order ordinary differential equation governing the amount of extension as a function of time. Finally, certain features of the equation of motion are discussed, such as the fact that a constant specific fracture energy predicts a terminal crack velocity equal to the Rayleigh wave speed. A few speculative remarks are made on variations of specific fracture energy with crack tip speed which predict more realistic values of terminal velocities.
Examples of non-discreteness for the interaction geometry of semilinear progressing waves in two space dimensions

The interaction geometry for the conic wave solutions of a semilinear wave equation with Cauchy data conormal at the three vertices and center of an equilateral triangle is analyzed. It is shown that there is a point of accumulation in a finite time. This illustrates a general conjecture on the occurrence of such non-discreteness in the interaction set.
Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) and uncertainty in the ocean color calibration methodology

During the first few years of the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (NPP) mission, the NASA Ocean Color calibration team continued to improve on their approach to the on-orbit calibration of the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS). As the calibration was adjusted for changes in ocean band responsitivity, the team also estimated a theoretic residual error in the calibration trends well within a few tenths of a percent, which could be translated into trend uncertainties in regional time series of surface reflectance and derived products, where biases as low as a few tenths of a percent in certain bands can lead to significant effects. This study looks at effects from spurious trends inherent to the calibration and biases that arise between reprocessing efforts because of extrapolation of the timedependent calibration table. With the addition of new models for instrument and calibration system trend artifacts, new calibration trends led to improved estimates of ocean time series uncertainty. Table extrapolation biases are presented for the first time. The results further the understanding of uncertainty in measuring regional and global biospheric trends in the ocean using VIIRS, which better define the roles of such records in climate research.
Fluid membranes with acidic domains activate DnaA, the initiator protein of replication in Escherichia coli.

Acidic phospholipids in a fluid phase dissociate ADP or ATP tightly bound to DnaA protein and, in the presence of ATP and DNA, can restore an inactive ADP form to full activity (Sekimizu, K., and Kornberg, A. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 7131-7135). Further studies of the interactions between DnaA protein and lipids have used two functional assays: 1) release of ADP or ATP from DnaA and 2) DNA replication upon rejuvenation of an inactive ADP-DnaA protein complex. Among a variety of phospholipids tested were pure synthetic compounds and the mixtures from Escherichia coli auxotrophs (fabA), which are unable to synthesize unsaturated fatty acids and can be supplemented with different acyl derivatives. Fatty acid composition was determined by gas-liquid chromatography and membrane fluidity by fluorescence spectroscopy using 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene as a probe. Lipid requirements of DnaA protein were shown to be: 1) phospholipids in a fluid phase (i.e. above the transition temperature), 2) a charged polar head group, 3) a lamellar phase (i.e. hexagonal II structures were inactive), and 4) a certain degree of fluidity imparted by the fatty acids esterified to the glycerol backbone. This conclusion was based on the incorporation of: 1) cholesterol, known to increase the packing of lipids, or 2) a branched fatty acyl derivative, which exhibits a fluidizing effect similar to that of a cis double bond. Both agents demonstrated that membrane fluidity is required for DnaA protein function in vitro, consistent with early studies of chromosome initiation in growing cells.
Line-Focus Acoustic Microscopy Measurements of Thin-Film Elastic Constants

Thin film materials are widely used as hard, protective coatings for softer surfaces. It is known that fracture strength and hardness are related to the elastic and plastic properties [1]. The elastic constants of the film deposited on a substrate are, however, difficult to measure. By a technique which was recently discussed [2] the elastic constants of amorphous (isotropic) films and single-crystal (anisotropic) films can be obtained by measuring the velocities of surface acoustic waves (SAWs) propagating over a thin-film/ substrate specimen by the use of a line-focus acoustic microscope.
Parallel execution of equational programs

Equational programming is a style of declarative programming with very simple semantics, based on logical consequences, which coincides with the traditional semantics of mathematical expressions. Sequential evaluation strategies for such programs are well known. However, not much seems to be known about evaluating equational programs on parallel computers. An overview is presented of a research project initiated for developing compilation and execution techniques for parallel evaluation of equational programs. Topics discussed include the following: the case for lazy evaluation; path sequential systems and parallel evaluation; parallelism in equational programs; automatic extraction of parallelism; and load balancing and load estimation. >
Dynamical gap and cupratelike physics from holography

We study the properties of fermion correlators in a boundary theory dual to the Reissner-Nordstr\"om ${\mathrm{AdS}}_{d+1}$ background in the presence of a bulk dipole (Pauli) interaction term with strength $p$. We show that by simply changing the value of the parameter $p$ we can tune continuously from a Fermi liquid (small $p$), to a marginal-Fermi liquid behavior at a critical value of $p$, to a generic non-Fermi liquid at intermediate values of $p$, and finally to a Mott insulator at large values of the bulk Pauli coupling. As all of these phases are seen in the cuprate phase diagram, the holographic model we study has the key elements of the strong-coupling physics typified by Mott systems. In addition, we extend our analysis to finite temperature and show that the Mott gap closes. Of particular interest is that it closes when the ratio of the gap to the critical temperature is of the order of 10. This behavior is very much similar to that observed in the classic Mott insulator ${\mathrm{VO}}_{2}$. We then analyze the nonanalyticities of the boundary theory fermion correlators for generic values of frequency and momentum by calculating the quasinormal modes of the bulk fermions. Not surprisingly, we find no evidence for the dipole interaction inducing an instability in the boundary theory. Finally, we briefly consider the introduction of superconducting condensates and find that, in that case, the fermion gap is driven by scalar-fermion couplings rather than by the Pauli coupling.
A Computational Study of the Combinatorial Addition of Oxygen to Buckminsterfullerene

All possible isomers of C60Ox have been investigated for x=1, 2, and 3. The method used is a modified extended Huckel method. There is a single C60O isomer, 8 unique C60O2 isomers, and 47 unique C60O3 isomers. It is found that a single C60O2 isomer is much more stable than the remaining 7 and that 3 C60O3 isomers are more stable than the remaining 44. A qualitative reason for these results is proposed. The results indicate that the three lowest-energy C60O3 isomers should exist in equilibrium at room temperature.
MAP-ing glioma invasion: MKK3 and p38 are drivers of glioma invasion and predict patient survival

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 3527 The early and pervasive tendency of glioma cells to invade into peritumoral normal brain underlies the poor prognosis for patients with glial tumors. This malignant diffusion of glioma prevents complete surgical resection, positions tumor cells behind an intact blood-brain barrier, and sequesters tumor cells outside the fields of focal radiation; each of these leads to heightened (almost certain) tumor recurrence. A three dimensional spheroid invasion assay was employed to determine the transcriptome of invasive glioma cells compared to their non-invading counterparts from the spheroid center. Cells from invasive rim and spheroid core were collected from three biological replicates by laser capture microdissection and prepared for whole human genome microarray analysis. Here we report Mitogen activated protein Kinase Kinase 3 (MKK3), a member of the MAP-kinase family, to be significantly up-regulated in invasive cells. MKK3 is involved in stress signaling, tumor cell invasion, apoptosis resistance and activates p38. Phosphorylated forms of MKK3 and p38 were found to be increased during in-vitro invasion as assessed by immunoblotting. Phosphorylated MKK3 and p38 were exclusively detected in high-grade glioma specimens (n= 40) by immunoblotting; tissue-microarray of glioma invasion exhibited stronger staining intensity for MKK3 in invasive glioma cells compared to their stationary cognates. In an expression data set of 170 glial tumors MKK3 and p38 were found to be predictors for poor survival as assessed by cox proportional hazard analysis. Inhibition of MKK3 by siRNA and p38 by small molecule revealed decreased invasiveness of spheroids in-vitro and ex-vivo in rat brain slices while sensitizing to apoptosis induction through temozolomide, confirming significance of this pathway for glioma invasion and survival. MKK3 and p38 were identified to be important drivers of glioma invasion that strongly predict patient survival. Small molecule inhibition of p38 resulted in decreased invasiveness and heightened glioma cells susceptibility to undergo apoptosis rendering MKK3 and p38 novel targets for anti-invasive therapies in combination with cytotoxic agents.
Using Risk Analysis to Inform Intelligence Analysis

The study and application of risk analysis provides a set of tools with a strong methodological foundation. This article describes how risk analysis can be integrated into the intelligence cycle for producing terrorism threat assessments and warnings. Intelligence professionals can use the risk analyst's toolbox to sharpen conclusions that are made in intelligence products by providing support for identification of scenarios of greatest concern. Risk analysis can also be used to focus future collection efforts on information that appears to be most relevant to refining existing estimates of terrorism risks. However, risk analysis must be conducted to meet challenges of information availability, matching resolution of results to the problem, reflecting risk as the social construct that it is, and not ignoring the possibility of surprise. Keywords: intelligence analysis; risk analysis
Replication of bacteriophage M13. V. Single-strand synthesis during M13 infection.

Abstract M13 single-strand synthesis is occurring as early as four minutes after infection but does not become predominant during the first 15 minutes. There appears to be no time during the M13 infectious process when the cell exclusively replicates RF § . The viral and complementary strands of the RF are replicated to approximately the same extent during the first few minutes of the infection. By 20 minutes after infection, however, synthesis of the complementary strand of the RF represents less than 5% of total phage-specific DNA synthesis. Two-thirds of the RFII molecules isolated from M13-infected Escherichia coli during active single-strand synthesis have covalently closed complementary strands and unit-length linear viral strands. The major RFII species remaining after a 30-minute chase of fully labeled RF contains a radioactive complementary circle and a non-radioactive viral strand. These results suggest that the template for M13 viral strand synthesis is a covalently closed complementary circle.
Effect of acute alcohol intoxication on granulocyte mobilization and kinetics

Granulocyte mobilization into skin abrasions in human volunteers was significantly inhibited by acute alcohol intoxication (45,-800 cells in 8 hr versus 353,000 in normal controls). Alcohol applied locally did not inhibit granulocyte delivery, and protection of the abrasion against heat loss did not reduce the inhibited delivery in intoxicated volunteers. Intoxication inhibited granulocyte adherence and local mobilization in parallel. Alcohol administration to rabbits shifted granulocytes from marginal to circulating pool in a manner similar to epinephrine. Mobilization of bone marrow granulocytes by glucocorticoid or endotoxin administration was not inhibited by intoxication, nor did it prevent the endotoxin-induced shift of granulocytes from circulating to marginal pool.