cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Obesity and Acute Lung Injury

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a clinical syndrome defined by the acute onset of hypoxemic respiratory failure and bilateral pulmonary infiltrates not primarily due to left atrial hypertension (1;2). When hypoxemia is more severe, the condition is termed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). ALI/ARDS is a common cause of respiratory failure with a crude incidence of 78.9 per 100,000 person-years and an age-adjusted incidence of 86.2 per 100,000 person-years (3). In-hospital mortality remains unacceptably high between 38% and 60% (2;3). It is estimated that there are almost 191,000 cases of ALI annually, accounting for 3.6 million hospital days and almost 75,000 deaths (3). Because of physiologic and biochemical changes associated with obesity, it is possible that excess weight affects the incidence and/or outcome of ALI. Alterations in thoraco-abdominal compliance and gas exchange might predispose obese patients to respiratory failure and ALI and could affect the response to therapeutic measures. The inflammation of obesity might also incline obese patients to lung injury when they suffer a secondary insult (e.g. sepsis). However, provider bias and disparities in provided care could be as influential in the outcome of obese patients with ALI and require consideration in the assessment of any such association (4;5).
Contrasting effects of acute and chronic ethanol administration on rat liver tyrosine aminotransferase

Abstract We compared the effects of acute and chronic ethanol administration on the activity and synthesis of tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) in rat liver. In acute experiments, chow-fed rats received a single dose of either ethanol (6 g/kg body wt.) or saline. In chronic studies, rats were pair-fed liquid diets containing either ethanol (36% of calories) or isocaloric maltose-dextrin for 6–8 weeks. In rats acutely fed ethanol, the relative rate of TAT synthesis was more than twofold higher than in saline-treated controls. In rats subjected to chronic ethanol administration, both the TAT activity and synthesis rate were the same as in pair-fed controls, but both these parameters in the two groups were equal to those in animals given acute ethanol acutely. These findings indicate that whereas acute ethanol administration was associated with a stimulation of TAT synthesis, long-term ethanol administration was not. The data suggest that ethanol itself does not directly induce TAT. Rather, enzyme synthesis is regulated by one or more endogenous secondary effector(s) whose production is influenced differently by acute or chronic ethanol feeding.
Applying a Durable Press Finish to Wet Fabrics Using a Low Wet Pickup Method to Conserve Energy

Wet cotton twill fabrics containing 30, 58, or 83% water were fogged with DMDHEU to determine the feasibility of wet-on-wet chemical finishing. The fogging process added 14, 20, or 26% water along with 6, 8, or 10% DMDHEU. The influence of processing variables on stiffness, breaking strength, nitrogen content, wrinkle recovery, and durable press properties of treated fabrics were determined. Breaking strength was significantly influenced by the amount of water in wet fabrics before the DMDHEU was applied, but the amount of water added during fogging had little or no effect on strength of fabrics. The amount of water in fabrics before fogging had a slight effect on the amount of nitrogen fixed in treated fabrics, whereas the amount of water added by fogging (with DMDHEU solution) had a significant effect on amount of nitrogen fixed in fabrics. Wrinkle recovery values of wet-on-wet finished fabrics were similar to values of pad-dry-cure fabrics with the same amount of fixed nitrogen; however, durable press ...
Some more inverse solutions of a non-newtonian fluid

Abstract Solutions for the equations of motion of steady plane flows of a second grade fluid are obtained by assuming a certain form for the stream function and the results for streamlines are compared with the corresponding results of a viscous fluid.
Rapid diagnostic approach to amebic liver abscess

A Viet Nam veteran was found to have a large liver abscess, almost certainly due toE. histolytica, although the organism was not recovered. A prompt diagnosis was made within 5 days of admission to the hospital, and thus proper chemotherapy and needle aspiration of the abscess were accomplished without undue delay. Confirmation of the clinical suspicion of amebiasis of the liver was achieved by a positive serologic test for amebiasis, and a large defect in the right lobe of the liver shown on radioisotope liver scan.
Potential for drug-drug interactions in treating cancer-related nausea and distress.

Purpose. To determine the extent and severity of drug–drug interactions between anti-emetics and antipsychotics or antidepressants.Summary. Oncology patients are often required to deal with chemoth...
POWER‐ AND TIME‐RESOLVED RESONANCE RAMAN STUDIES AND CONFORMATIONAL CHANGES IN BACTERIORHODOPSIN

— By comparing the resonance Raman spectra of the retinal of the intermediates of bacteriorho-dopsin (obtained by using fixed flow with residence of time of 10 ps. variable laser power and frequency as well as computer subtraction techniques) with those of model compounds and with each other, the following possible conclusions can be obtained: (1) There exists stronger interaction between the retinal and the opsin in bacteriorhodopsin than that present in rhodopsin. (2) Conformational changes seem to take place during the dark light adaptation process as well as during the photosynthetic cycle. (3) The appearance of the spectrum of the retinal in the fingerprint region for the bL550 and bM412 intermediates is similar despite large shifts in their optical absorption maxima. This might argue against the theory that proposes ground state retinal conformational changes to explain the observed red shift in the optical spectra of retinal upon combining with the opsin. (4) Contrary to bM412, the bL550 species seems to be protonated. The fact that loss of proton does not seem to change the retinal conformation greatly might suggest that the protein and its ionic environment might carry the larger share of the load in the deprotonation process.
The effect of salicylate treatment on plasma proteins in rats infected with Trypanosoma lewisi.

Abstract Studies were conducted to determine the effect of salicylate treatment on the electrophoretic patterns of rat plasma in an attempt to find an explanation for the marked alteration of the course of T. lewisi infections in rats subjected to salicylate treatment. The following conclusions are drawn from the data presented: 1. 1. Considerable variability occurs in the electrophoretic patterns of rat plasma, in the response of the animals to salicylate treatment, and in infection with T. lewisi. 2. 2. The mean concentration of γ-globulin in salicylate treated infected animals over the course of the experimental period was reduced approximately 55% below that found in the infected animals not receiving salicylate. 3. 3. Plasma protein variations under the conditions of this experiment are most nearly equated with γ-globulin alterations (and presumably antibody). 4. 4. Reduced concentrations of γ-globulin in salicylate treated animals are in part attributable to inhibition of antibody synthesis and in part to the increased catabolism of proteins. 5. 5. Salicylate treatment alone is incapable of producing significant protein alterations, but under the added stress of an infection there may be sufficient stimulation of the pituitary to produce the observed reductions.
The “New Environmental Paradigm”

(1978). The “New Environmental Paradigm”. The Journal of Environmental Education: Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 10-19.
CALCULATION OF HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS FOR FOODS

ABSTRACT The design of food refrigeration equipment requires estimation of the cooling and freezingtimes of foods and beverages, as well as the corresponding refrigeration loads. The accuracyof these estimates, in turn, depends upon accurate estimates of the surface heat transfercoefficient for the cooling or freezing operation. A unique iterative algorithm, utilizing theconcept of “equivalent heat transfer dimensionality,” was developed to obtain heat transfercoefficients from cooling curves. Cooling curves were obtained from an industrial survey,and, utilizing the iterative algorithm, heat transfer coefficients were determined for variousfood items. A small portion of that data presented in this paper. This information will makepossible a more accurate determination of cooling and freezing times and correspondingrefrigeration loads. Introduction In many food processing applications, including cooling and freezing, transient convective heattransfer occurs between a fluid medium and the solid food item [1]. Knowledge of the surface heat transfercoefficient is required to design the equipment wherein convection heat transfer is used to process foods andbeverages. Newton's law of cooling defines the surface heat transfer coefficient,
Using Learning Styles Data to Inform e-Learning Design: A Study Comparing Undergraduates, Postgraduates and e-Educators

What are the differences in learning styles between students and educators who teach and/or design their e-learning environments? Are there variations in the learning styles of students at different levels of study? How may we use this learning styles data to inform the design in e-learning environments? This paper details mixed-methods research with three cohorts teaching and learning in e-learning environments in higher education: novice undergraduate e-learners, graduate e-learners, and educators teaching in, or designing for, e-learning environments (Willems, 2010). Quantitative findings from the Index of Learning Styles (ILS) (Felder & Silverman, 1988; Felder & Soloman, 1991, 1994) reflect an alignment of the results between both the graduate e-learner and e-educator cohorts across all four domains of theILS, suggesting homogeneity of results between these two cohorts. By contrast, there was a statistically significant difference between the results of the graduate and educator cohorts with those of the undergraduate e-learners on two domains: sensing-intuitive (p=0.015) and the global-sequential (p=0.007), suggesting divergent learning style preferences. Qualitative data was also gathered to gain insights on participants' responses to their learning style results
The Inositol 5′-Phosphatase SHIP-2 Negatively Regulates IgE-Induced Mast Cell Degranulation and Cytokine Production

Aggregation of the high-affinity IgE receptor (FceRI) on mast cells initiates signaling pathways leading to degranulation and cytokine release. It has been reported that SHIP-1 negatively regulates FceRI-triggered pathways but it is unknown whether its homologous protein SHIP-2 has the same function. We have used a lentiviral-based RNA interference technique to obtain SHIP-2 knockdown bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) and have found that elimination of SHIP-2 results in both increased mast cell degranulation and cytokine (IL-4 and IL-13) gene expression upon FceRI stimulation. Elimination of SHIP-2 from BMMCs has no effect on FceRI-triggered calcium flux, tyrosine phosphorylation of MAPKs or in actin depolymerization following activation. Rather, we observe that absence of SHIP-2 results in increased activation of the small GTPase Rac-1 and in enhanced microtubule polymerization upon FceRI engagement. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments in rat basophilic leukemia (RBL 2H3) cells show that SHIP-2 interacts with the FceRI β-chain, Gab2 and Lyn and that unlike SHIP-1, it does not associate with SHC in mast cells. Our results report a negative regulatory role of SHIP-2 on mast cell activation that is calcium independent and distinct from the regulation by SHIP-1.
Anomalies in sedimentation. III. A model for the inherent instability of solutions of very large particles in high centrifugal fields

Sedimentation, diffusion, and hydrodynamic interaction are included in a simplified model for the behavior of a solution macromolecules in a centrifugal field. The model is simulated by a program on a digital computer. As the diffusion coefficient is allowed to decrease, the simulation shows that the molecules tend to cluster in high centrifugal fields. The clusters move through the solution in the direction of sedimentation in a wave-like fashion, acquiring new molecules at the front and shedding old ones to the rear. It is suggested that this tendency to cluster could account for the loss of DNA and other very large molecules from solution which is observed to occur at high centrifugal fields.
Action Spectrum of Drosophila Cryptochrome

Cryptochromes are a highly conserved class of UV-A/blue light photoreceptors. In Drosophila, cryptochrome is required for the normal entrainment of circadian rhythms to light dark cycles. The photocycle and molecular mechanism of animal cryptochrome photoreception are presently unknown. Drosophila cryptochrome undergoes light-dependent degradation when heterologously expressed in Schneider-2 cells. We have generated Drosophila luciferase-cryptochrome fusion proteins to more precisely monitor light-dependent cryptochrome degradation. We found that the luciferase-cryptochrome fusion protein undergoes light-dependent degradation with luciferase activity declining ∼50% within 5 min of light exposure and ∼85% within 1 h of light exposure. Degradation is inhibited by MG-132, consistent with a proteasomal degradation mechanism. Irradiance-response curves yield an action spectrum similar to absorption spectra for prokaryotic and eukaryotic cryptochromes with highest sensitivity in the UV-A. A luciferase-cryptochrome fusion protein lacking the terminal 15 amino acids is stably expressed in the dark but demonstrates increased sensitivity to light-induced degradation. The conferral of light-dependent degradation on a heterologous protein by fusion to cryptochrome may be a useful tool for probing protein function in cell expression systems.
Assigning time-linked exposure status to controls in unmatched case-control studies: alcohol use and nearly lethal suicide attempts

In case-control studies, determination of alcohol consumption by cases immediately prior to the injury event is often conceptually straightforward. However, determination of consumption status by controls is difficult because they lack a reference point, especially when cases and controls are not individually matched. We describe a method of assigning alcohol consumption status to controls using a 24-hour drinking history, the distribution in time of case events, and the random assignment of a specific time period to each control subject. This methodology offers a practical approach for determining alcohol consumption status among control subjects immediately prior to a case event, when controls lack a reference point and have not been individually matched to cases. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wide bandgap compound semiconductors for superior high-voltage power devices

A critical evaluation of the performance capabilities of various wide-bandgap compound semiconductors for superior high-power and high-frequency unipolar electronic devices is presented. A wide range of semiconductors, including the III-V and II-VI compounds, various semiconducting oxides, and some pseudobinary intermetallic compounds, have been analyzed. In order to cover all possible features of power device performance, seven different figures of merit are evaluated for the various semiconductors. Besides diamond and SiC, it is found that AlN, GaN, ZnO, and the intermetallic compounds Ga/sub x/In/sub 1-x/N, Al/sub x/In/sub 1-x/N, Al/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/N, and (AlN)/sub x/(SiC)/sub 1-x/ offer significantly improved unipolar power device performance over Si. >
Exact Finite Sample Density Functions of GCL Estimators of Structural Coefficients in a Leading Exactly Identifiable Case

Abstract As is true of any statistical application, testing econometric statistical hypotheses involves constructing critical regions with prescribed probabilities of Type I error and determining probabilities of Type II error under alternative hypotheses. Such constructions and determinations presuppose knowledge of exact statistical distribution functions of econometric estimators and test statistics either directly, or indirectly, as in the case where a statistical distribution function that approximates the exact distribution with known margin of error is used. If this requisite information is not available, econometric statistical inference remains guesswork. Partly because of the complicated nature of systems of simultaneous econometric structural equations and the large numbers of structural constants required to characterize distribution functions of econometric statistics, however, only a few exact marginal distributions of econometric estimators and test statistics have been extracted so far. Th...
Some calculations on the proton magnetic resonance shift due to hydrogen bonding of ammonia molecules

The effect of hydrogen bonding on the proton magnetic shielding constants in the ammonia molecule has been calculated from gauge invariant atomic orbitals. FollowingSchneider, Bernstein andPople, the effect is regarded as made up of two contributions:a) the inter-molecular shift, which is caused by the induced electronic currents in the adjacent molecule, andb) the polarization shift, which is caused by the polarization of the N-H bond due to the electrostatic field of the adjacent molecule. The computed intermolecular shift is −1.02·10−6, the computed polarization shift is −0.45·10−6. The experimental value of the total effect is −1.05·10−6.
Persistence and performance of esfenvalerate residues on broccoli.

The efficacy of esfenvalerate (84 g litre−1 EC; Asana XL) at 7.0 g AI ha−1 on broccoli was tested against the flea beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae Goeze (Chrysomelidae: Coleoptera) and the imported cabbage worm, Pieris rapae L (Pieridae: Lepidoptera) under field conditions. Insect populations were monitored before and after treatment. Periodic sweep-net collections and examination of the leaves in treated and untreated broccoli plots revealed mean reductions of P cruciferae levels of nearly 98% 1 week post-application compared with untreated plots. The residual toxicity of esfenvalerate was also effective for 2 weeks in reducing population density of P rapae by 69% on broccoli leaves. The impact of esfenvalerate on feeding damage to broccoli leaves was established by counting the number of feeding holes made by P cruciferae on spring broccoli and P rapae on fall broccoli. As the leaf area ingested increased, a linear relationship was seen between the number of holes and number of insects. Results indicated that forage destruction by the two pests was significantly reduced by esfenvalerate application. Esfenvalerate was extracted from broccoli at 1 h and 1, 3, 7, 10, and 14 days post-application for residue analysis. Residues on spring broccoli were 12.2, 5.2 and 2.9 µg cm−2 on the leaves and 0.13, 0.05 and 0.02 µg g−1 on the heads at 1 h, 1 and 3 days, respectively. Only trace levels (0.001 µg g−1) were detected in/on the heads 14 days after spraying. On the basis of half-life (T1/2) values, persistence of esfenvalerate on spring broccoli leaves (T1/2 = 1 day) was shorter than on fall broccoli (T1/2 = 1.6 days). T1/2 values were 2.1 and 3.6 days on spring and fall broccoli heads, respectively. The implications of these residue levels on re-entry times into treated fields are discussed. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Analytical expression for the average ensquared energy

We derive an expression for the average area of intersection between a blur spot of radius R and a square pixel, where the center of the blur is uniformly chosen from the pixel interior. Implications of the result are then discussed in the context of a point source detection problem.
Women's health: problems and options. An overview.

This overview has evolved from a review of the literature pertaining to women's health in the areas of historical perspectives, demographic trends, health assessment, emerging alternatives to health care, and research implications. Appendices include a comprehensive listing of feminist women's health clinics and a resource guide for herpes simplex II.
A monomial‐based method for non‐linear structural analysis

The analysis of certain structures must be performed with due consideration to non‐linear behavior, such as material and geometric non‐linearities. The existing methods for treating non‐linear structural behavior generally make use of repeated linearization, such as load increment methods. This paper demonstrates that there is an alternative type of linearization that appears to have significant advantages when applied to the analysis of non‐linear structural systems. Briefly stated, this alternative linearization can be thought of as a “monomialization”. This monomial (single‐termed power function) approximation more faithfully models the power function behavior inherent in typical structural systems. Conveniently, it becomes a linear form when transformed into log space. Thus, computational tools based on linear algebra remain useful and effective. Preliminary results indicate that the monomial approximation provides a higher quality approximation to non‐linear phenomena exhibited in structural applications. Consequently, incremental and iterative methods become more effective because larger steps can be taken. The net result is an increase in reliability of the solution process and a significant reduction in computational effort. Two examples are presented to demonstrate the method.
JOVIAN STRATOSPHERE AS A CHEMICAL TRANSPORT SYSTEM: BENCHMARK ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS

We systematically investigated the solvable analytical benchmark cases in both one- and two-dimensional (1D and 2D) chemical-advective-diffusive systems. We use the stratosphere of Jupiter as an example but the results can be applied to other planetary atmospheres and exoplanetary atmospheres. In the 1D system, we show that CH_4 and C_2H_6 are mainly in diffusive equilibrium, and the C_2H_2 profile can be approximated by modified Bessel functions. In the 2D system in the meridional plane, analytical solutions for two typical circulation patterns are derived. Simple tracer transport modeling demonstrates that the distribution of a short-lived species (such as C_2H_2) is dominated by the local chemical sources and sinks, while that of a long-lived species (such as C_2H_6) is significantly influenced by the circulation pattern. We find that an equator-to-pole circulation could qualitatively explain the Cassini observations, but a pure diffusive transport process could not. For slowly rotating planets like the close-in extrasolar planets, the interaction between the advection by the zonal wind and chemistry might cause a phase lag between the final tracer distribution and the original source distribution. The numerical simulation results from the 2D Caltech/JPL chemistry-transport model agree well with the analytical solutions for various cases.
Passive Flow Control on Low-Pressure Turbine Airfoils

Two-dimensional rectangular bars have been used in an experimental study to control boundary layer transition and reattachment under low-pressure turbine conditions. Cases with Reynolds numbers (Re) ranging from 25,000 to 300,000 (based on suction surface length and exit velocity) have been considered at low (0.5%) and high (8.5% inlet) free-stream turbulence levels. Three different bars were considered, with heights ranging from 0.2% to 0.7% of suction surface length. Mean and fluctuating velocity and intermittency profiles are presented and compared to results of baseline cases from a previous study. Bar performance depends on the bar height and the location of the bar trailing edge. Bars located near the suction surface velocity maximum are most effective. Large bars trip the boundary layer to turbulent and prevent separation, but create unnecessarily high losses. Somewhat smaller bars had no immediate detectable effect on the boundary layer, but introduced small disturbances that caused transition and reattachment to move upstream from their locations in the corresponding baseline case. The smaller bars were effective under both high and low free-stream turbulence conditions, indicating that the high free-stream turbulence transition is not simply a bypass transition induced by the free stream. Losses appear to be minimized when a small separation bubble is present, so long as reattachment begins far enough upstream for the boundary layer to recover from the separation. Correlations for determining optimal bar height are presented. The bars appear to provide a simple and effective means of passive flow control. Bars that are large enough to induce reattachment at low Re, however, cause higher losses at the highest Re. Some compromise would, therefore, be needed when choosing a bar height for best overall performance. @DOI: 10.1115/1.1626685#
Nested intervals tree encoding in SQL

Nested Intervals generalize Nested Sets. They are immune to hierarchy reorganization problem. They allow answering ancestor path hierarchical queries algorithmically - without accessing the stored hierarchy relation.
Adventures in Engineering: a unique program to attract under-represented groups to engineering

As part of the National Science Foundation's Young Scholars program, a unique program to attract outstanding high-school students from groups traditionally under-represented in engineering was held at the University of Alabama in Huntsville. During a two week summer residence at the university, students participated in an intensive program involving labs and lectures in three major disciplines of engineering; discussed scientific method, engineering ethics, and aspects of many engineering disciplines; and designed and tested entries for an "egg-drop" competition. Follow-up activities continued throughout the school year. As a result of the program, 100% of the participants stated that they will at least consider careers in science or engineering, and 71% cite participation in the Adventures in Engineering program as a factor in this interest. >
Climate change and spotted owls: potentially contrasting responses in the Southwestern United States

Developing strategies that reduce the impacts of climate change on biodiversity will require projections of the future status of species under alternative climate change scenarios. Demographic models based on empirical data that link temporal variation in climate with vital rates can improve the accuracy of such predictions and help guide conservation efforts. Here, we characterized how population dynamics and extinction risk might be affected by climate change for three spotted owl (Strix occidentalis) populations in the Southwestern United States over the next century. Specifically, we used stochastic, stage-based matrix models parameterized with vital rates linked to annual variation in temperature and precipitation to project owl populations forward in time under three IPCC emissions scenarios relative to contemporary climate. Owl populations in Arizona and New Mexico were predicted to decline rapidly over the next century and had a much greater probability of extinction under all three emissions scenarios than under current climate conditions. In contrast, owl population dynamics in Southern California were relatively insensitive to predicted changes in climate, and extinction risk was low for this population under all scenarios. The difference in predicted climate change impacts between these areas was due to negative associations between warm, dry conditions and owl vital rates in Arizona and New Mexico, whereas cold, wet springs reduced reproduction in Southern California. Predicted changes in population growth rates were mediated more by weather-induced changes in fecundity than survival, and were generally more sensitive to increases in temperature than declines in precipitation. Our results indicate that spotted owls in arid environments may be highly vulnerable to climate change, even in core parts of the owl's range. More broadly, contrasting responses to climate change among populations highlight the need to tailor conservation strategies regionally, and modeling efforts such as ours can help prioritize the allocation of resources in this regard.
Recent advances in the chemistry and immunochemistry of human chorionic gonadotropin: impact on clinical measurements.

SINCE the discovery of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) by Hirose (1) and Ascheim and Zondek (2) nearly three quarters of a century ago, its measurement has been the basis of pregnancy diagnosis and, coincidentally, a marker for many trophoblastic and nontrophoblastic tumors, including some tumors of the testes (3). The first measurements of hCG were by biological activity, which restricted detection to the intact, heterodimeric molecule. The advent of immunoassays in the 1960s (4) permitted not only quantification of the parent molecule but also differential estimation of gonadotropin free subunits and fragments. Since then the isolation and characterization of an ever expanding spectrum of hCG-related molecular forms in blood and urine have begun to enlarge the scope of clinical applications served by their measurement. Variations in the hCG molecule isolated from biological fluids include the following: those affecting sialic acid content (5–7) or carbohydrate structure and composition (8–11), those ...
Elevation of Level of 3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase in Rats by Extracts of DNA or RNA

ABSTRACT We have investigated the capacity of various preparations of RNA and DNA to affect the level of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the adrenals and ovaries of normal rats, and the depressed level of the dehydrogenase in rats treated with an analog of a C-19 substrate of this enzyme. The preparations included nucleic acids from beef adrenals, and from adrenals, livers and spleens of non-inhibited rats, and adrenals from rats inhibited with the analog. Control preparations consisted of extracts treated with RNase and DNase, and polyuridylic acid. Injection of any nucleic acid preparation produced a significant increase both of the wet weight and of the level of activity of the dehydrogenase (activity/mg tissue protein) in each gland of normal and inhibited rats. The increase in gland weight was a reflection of a rise in total gland protein. Treatment of the extracts with RNase and DNase prior to administration to the analog-treated animals reduced these effects the levels occurring in analog-treate...
Uniform damping and stiffness control of structures with distributed actuators

The research in this paper introduces an algorithm for uniformly damping and stiffening structures using distributed actuators. Inherent in this algorithm is the ability to eliminate structural biases, which can cause steady state error. The method involves the utilization of modal techniques to calculate the proportional, integral, and derivative gains in a feedback control law. The gains are calculated by first converting the system into the modal domain, second by employing the principles of uniform damping and stiffening to the system in the modal domain, and finally by converting that system back into the physical domain. The beauty of this technique lies in the fact that even though the principles of modal control are used in gain setting, no modal information is needed in the final control law. The theory is validated by simulations and is illustrated in an example. Since a modal approach and distributed actuation is utilized, the benefit to active control and adaptive structures is discussed.
Thinking about modeling

A model is a system for interpreting, explaining, describing, thinking about and designing…another system. The models we will use are mathematical, generally involving geometry, trigonometry, calculus, statistics, and sometimes numerical and computer methods. The systems we model are (big surprise) MEMS!
Behaviour of Egg-Laying Virgin and Mated Queen Honey Bees (Apis mellifera L.) and the Composition of Brood in their Colonies

SUMMARYVirgin and mated cordovan queen honey bees (Apis mellifera) were introduced into two-frame colonies containing workers that were not related to the queens. The percentage of times that queens laid eggs after assuming an egg-laying position was lower for virgin queens than for mated queens. In most instances, mated queens laid more eggs per observation interval than virgin queens. Virgin queens were accepted and cared for by workers as were mated queens, and all virgin queens survived in the colonies. Colonies headed by virgin queens produced 0–58.1 % of their brood from the eggs of laying workers, while colonies headed by mated queens did not produce any laying worker brood. Ovarian development was completely suppressed in colonies headed by mated queens. Although only early stage ovarian development was observed in workers sampled from colonies headed by virgin queens, from the composition of the brood it was deduced that some workers must have had completely developed ovaries and were laying eggs.
Mesolimbic expression of neurotensin and neurotensin receptor during stress-induced gastric mucosal injury

Neurotensin is a neurotransmitter present in the brain and gastrointestinal tract. Intracerebroventricular injection of neurotensin protects rats from gastric mucosal injury caused by cold water restraint (CWR). Direct injection of neurotensin into the nucleus accumbens (NACB), part of the mesolimbic dopamine system, reduces gastric mucosal injury, suggesting that neurotensin confers protection on the mucosa through interaction with the mesolimbic system. The hypothesis is that the concentration of neurotensin in the mesolimbic system decreases during CWR, affecting the expression of neurotensin and the neurotensin receptor. After 1 h of CWR, neurotensin concentration significantly decreased 41% in the NACB and returned toward control concentrations after 2 h of CWR. The concentration of neurotensin mRNA significantly decreased 46% after 1 h CWR and returned toward control after 2 h. In contrast, neurotensin binding sites in the NACB increased from 159 to 228 fmol/mg protein after 1 h of CWR and increased significantly to 280 fmol/mg protein after 2 h CWR, whereas the level of neurotensin receptor mRNA significantly decreased 51 and 50% at 1 and 2 h, respectively. These studies show that neurotensin concentration within the mesolimbic system is transiently reduced by CWR stress and that the number of neurotensin binding sites increases, presumably in response to the decrease in neurotensin.
A study of Mach wave radiation using active control

Mach wave radiation is one of the better understood sources of jet noise. However, the exact conditions of its onset are difficult to determine and the literature to date typically explores Mach wave radiation well above its onset conditions. In order to determine the conditions for the onset of Mach wave radiation and to explore its behaviour during onset and beyond, three ideally expanded jets with Mach numbers Mj = 0.9, 1.3 and 1.65 and stagnation temperature ratios ranging over To/T∞ = 1.0–2.5 (acoustic Mach number 0.83–2.10) were used. Data are collected using a far-field microphone array, schlieren imaging and streamwise two-component particle image velocimetry. Using arc filament plasma actuators to force the jet provides an unprecedented tool for detailed examination of Mach wave radiation. The response of the jet to various forcing parameters (combinations of one azimuthal mode m = 0, 1 and 3 and one Strouhal number StDF = 0.09–3.0) is explored. Phase-averaged schlieren images clearly show the onset and evolution of Mach wave radiation in response to both changes in the jet operating conditions and forcing parameters. It is observed that Mach wave radiation is initiated as a coalescing of the near-field hydrodynamic pressure fluctuations in the immediate vicinity of the large-scale structures. As the jet exit velocity increases, the hydrodynamic pressure fluctuations coalesce, first into a curved wavefront, then flatten into the conical wavefronts commonly associated with Mach wave radiation. The results show that the largest and most coherent structures (e.g. forcing with m = 0 and StDF ~ 0.3) produce the strongest Mach wave radiation. Conversely, Mach wave radiation is weakest when the structures are the least coherent (e.g. forcing with m = 3 and StDF > 1.5).
Stability of the Lipid and Protein of Hepatitis-Associated (Australia) Antigen

Since discovery of the close correlation between hepatitis-associated (Australia) antigen (HAA) and acute viral hepatitis [1-5], evidence has been accumulating that the antigen is the virus (or one of the viruses) of hepatitis or is a closely associated particle, perhaps a viral subunit [6-11]. A method for preparation of homogeneous HAA has been developed in this laboratory, and some physical properties of the antigen have been described. In the course of this work, the stability of the antigen to a variety of agents was tested to gain some qualitative information about the chemical structure of the antigen. The present report describes these studies.
Multiplicity distributions in ν̄ μ p interactions

We present the multiplicity distributions of the hadrons produced in antineutrino-proton interactions. The data sample, which consists of 2025 charged-current events with antineutrino energy greater than 5 GeV, comes from exposures of the 15-foot hydrogen bubble chamber to the broad-band antineutrino beam at Fermilab. The distributions in hadronic mass W has an average value of 3.7 GeV but extends up to 10 GeV. The mean multiplicity of charge hadrons depends on the hadronic mass W and varies as = (-0.44 +- 0.13) + (1.48 +- 0.06)lnW/sup 2/ for W/sup 2/>4 GeV/sup 2/. The mean multiplicities for events with three or more charged tracks averaged over the total data sample are = 1.68 +- 0.03 and = 1.11 +- 0.07 for ..pi../sup -/ and ..pi../sup 0/ production, respectively. The mean ..pi../sup 0/ multiplicity is found to increase slowly with n/sub -/. The integrated correlation coefficient f/sup - -//sub 2/ and the dispersion D/sup -/ are given as a function of n/sub -/. When compared to the distributions characteristic of other leptonic and hadronic reactions, we find a similarity between the nu-bar data and results from hadronic reactions that have no diffractive component. Multiplicity data for the heavier particles K/sup 0/, rho/supmore » 0/, and ..lambda.. are also summarized. The pion multiplicities in the current fragmentation region exceed those for the target fragmentation at all W values. They also satisfy the isospin relation 2 = + required for the fragmentation of an I = 1/2 quark when a W>4 GeV selection is imposed.« less
Prostaglandin F1α Induced Stimulation of Rabbit Testicular Contractions in Vitro1

SummaryExcised rabbit testes were observed to contract autorhythmically in vitro at a frequency of 2-3 times/min. When PGF1a was added to the bathing media, an increase in rate and overall tone with a change in amplitude was observed. At lower concentrations of prostaglandin, the amplitude increased; but at higher levels (greater than 71 nM), amplitude was decreased. The response of the testicular capsule was dose dependent from 0.4 to 213 nM concentration of PGF1a. When PGF1a was added to a testicular preparation during the latent period, before contractions were initiated spontaneously, an overall increase in tone was observed at 14 nM concentration, and the appearance of contractions approximately 7 min after treatment. At 57 nM concentration, PGF1a initiated a series of modulated contractions within 1-3 min that increased in amplitude with time. The available data now suggest that prostaglandins may modulate testicular contractions in vitro: one group inhibiting and a second group stimulating this act...
Effect of Sulfur Fumigated Dioscorea opposita Thunb on Oxidative Stress in Liver and Kidney of Rats

Objective To investigate the influence of sulfur fumigated Dioscorea opposita Thunb on peroxidation and antioxidation in liver and kidney of rats.Methods Wistar rats were divided randomly into 4 groups,one control and three experimental groups administrated diets mixed with concentrated extractions from unfumigated,commercial and sulfur fumigated Dioscorea opposita Thunb respectively.The level of MDA and activities of SOD and GSH-Px 14 weeks after treatment were measured.Results(1) Dioscorea opposita Thunb enhanced the activity of antioxidation;(2) Level of oxidative stress is different in liver and kidney,and depended on the concentration of sulfur fumigated Dioscorea opposita Thunb extractions.(3) There were sexual differences in levels of oxidation damage by Sulfur fumigated Dioscorea opposita Thunb,so did in various organs.Conclusion It is possible to cause lipid peroxidation in liver and kidmey by long-term use of Sulfur fumigated Dioscorea opposita Thunb.
Determination of Plasma Concentration of Methotrexate by UPLC

Objective To establish a rapid and accurate method to determine the plasma concentration of methotrexate in children with tumor. Methods 0.25 μL plasma specimen taken from tumorous children was extracted with 7% perchloric acid and swirled 1 min, then it was high-speed centrifuged 5 min(15 000 × g). 5 μL supernate was injected in UPLC assay for analysis. The analytical column was BEH C18(50 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm), the flow rate was 0.3 mL·min-1, and the mobile phase was the buffer of acetonitrile-40 mol·L-1and NaH2PO4(91 ∶ 9, pH = 4.5). The column temperature was 30 ℃, the sample size was 5 μL, and the wavelength was 304 nm. Results The chromatographic peak of methotrexate in plasma separated good without interference. The curve was y = 41 729x- 810.29, R2= 0.9 997, the recycle rate was between 90% and 100%. Conclusions UPLC is easy to operate and fit for fast determination of MTX in human plasma.
Etiology analysis of limb shaking in transient ischemic attack patients

Objective To identify clinical characteristics,etiology and mechanism of limb shaking in patients with transient ischemic attack(TIA).Methods A retrospective study was performed in eleven patients with shaking TIA.Clinical manifestations and laboratory examination results including transeranial Doppler ultra- sound,cervical artery ultrasound,magnetic resonance image(MRI)and MRA and digital subtraction angiogra- phy(DSA)were analyzed.Results The paroxysmal and temporal attacks involved limbs of one side or single extremity,with involuntary movement in 2 patients.MRI showed border zone infarcts between middle cerebral artery(MCA)and anterior cerebral artery or posterior cerebral artery in 3 patients.Ultrasound and DSA found moderate stenosis of contralateral MCA in 8 patients.Six patients had severe stenosis of contralateral internal carotid artery or stenosis of both common and intemal carotid arteries. CT perfusion and single photon emission computerized tomography(SPECT)showed perfusion deficit in frontal,temporal and parietal cortex of con- tralateral MCA region.No epileptic spikes in all electroencephalogram examinations.Symptoms disappeared after endovascular stenting and antiplatelet therapy.Conclusions Shaking TIA is associated with perfusion deficit in MCA territory caused by intra or extra cranial artery stenosis.Attacks would be reduced or ceased by improving focal blood flow.
Dealing with Long-Term Deficits†

Abstract The United States faces a rising future ratio of debt to GDP that, if allowed to continue, would have serious adverse consequences for the American economy. Fortunately, policy changes can increase the size of the future GDP and shrink the future budget deficits. Relatively small reductions in future annual deficits could reverse the increasing ratio of national debt to GDP. Those annual deficit reductions could be best achieved by slowing the growth of Social Security and Medicare and by raising revenue by limiting tax expenditures or increasing the tax on gasoline.
Therapeutic uses of gastrointestinal peptides.

The GI tract is one of nature's great pharmacies. Most, if not all, biologically active peptides can be found there, and it is quite likely that others remain to be discovered. Our ability to exploit this resource has expanded considerably over the past two decades. Advances in analytical techniques have allowed investigators to rapidly isolate and purify new compounds from tissue extracts. Sequencing and de novo synthesis of newly discovered peptides are now routine, and the structural modifications required to alter activity and tailor a compound to a particular use are easily made. A number of gastrointestinal peptides or their analogues for use in clinical studies are available from commercial sources (see Table 7). Somatostatin is the first gut peptide to successfully complete development and yield a pharmaceutical compound with a broad range of action. Several of the peptides discussed in this article have similar potential. TRH stands out as a candidate because of its effectiveness in the treatment of experimental spinal cord injury and a variety of shock states. Such a broad range of action in critical fields may justify the intensive development required to yield potent, long-acting, and highly specific analogues. Similarly, the antimetastatic and immunostimulant properties of the enkephalins offer promise for new therapies in the treatment of AIDS, ARC, and cancer. Studies with amylin may lead to new and more precise regimens of blood sugar control in insulin-dependent diabetics and could in turn, prevent some of the worst long-term effects of the disease. The development of effective intranasal forms of GHRH could spare children with GH-GHRH deficiency the distress of repeated injections and help to prevent excessive GH blood levels. Secretin, glucagon, or CGRP might be used one day in cardiovascular emergencies, and VIP or its analogues could prove effective in the treatment of asthma. Although preliminary results with many of these peptides are encouraging, further progress will require the development of standardized experimental models and a more rigorous approach to experimental design. Many of the studies reported here suffered from small patient numbers, a narrow or nonexistent range of doses, or the use of only one or two dosing regimens. Lack of objective criteria for determining the level of response, e.g., in studies of mental illness or degenerative diseases, and the ethical problems of withholding treatment from some patients to establish proper controls further hamper research in this area. If the questions of efficacy and safety are to be resolved, thorough, well-planned trials will be required.