cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Moderate diabetes alters myosin isoenzyme distribution in cardiac but not skeletal muscle of male rats

Abstract Diabetes is known to alter the myosin phenotype of striated muscle, but the impact of the same diabetic state on different types of striated muscles remains unknown. Therefore, this study determined the myosin isoenzyme profile in the left ventricle, soleus, plantaris, and extensor digitorium longus (EDL) of young male rats made moderately diabetic with streptozotocin, (45 mg/kg, ip). Eight weeks after the single streptozotocin injection, tissues were collected and subsequently electrophoretically analyzed for native myosin isoenzyme distribution. Skeletal muscles were additionally analyzed for myosin heavy chain distribution. Neither the native myosin isoform nor the myosin heavy chain (MHC) distribution profiles of the skeletal muscles were altered by the diabetic state. In contrast, the high ATPase cardiac isoform, V1, was significantly replaced by the low ATPase isoform, V3 (p
Ternary I-III-VI quantum dots luminescent in the red to near-infrared.

We report the synthesis of a size series of copper indium selenide quantum dots (QDs) of various stoichiometries exhibiting photoluminescence (PL) from the red to near-infrared (NIR). The synthetic method is modular, and we have extended it to the synthesis of luminescent silver indium diselenide QDs. Previous reports on QDs luminescent in the NIR region have been primarily restricted to binary semiconductor systems, such as InAs, PbS, and CdTe. This work seeks to expand the availability of luminescent QD materials to ternary I−III−VI semiconductor systems.
Parent and Child Attributions for Child Behavior: Distinguishing Factors for Engagement and Outcome:

Attribution theory (e.g., Gotlib & Abramson, 1999) was used to inform this process-based research on the spontaneous attributions children and parents make to explain children's appropriate and inappropriate behaviors. Attribution patterns from 29 transcribed 1st sessions of solution-focused therapy were found to relate to treatment dropout and good and poor outcome. In addition, children made many more attributions for positive behavior than did parents, who made many more attributions for children's negative behavior. Implications of this study for social work practice are explored.
Proton Affinity of Lysine Homologues from the Extended Kinetic Method

The proton affinities of lysine (1) and its three homologues ornithine (2), 2,4-diaminobutanoic acid (3), and 2,3-diaminopropanoic acid (4) have been determined using two different variants of the extended kinetic method in an electrospray ionization−quadrupole ion trap instrument. A value of 1004.2 ± 8.0 kJ/mol is recommended for the proton affinity for lysine on the basis of this work and previous experimental measurements and theoretical predictions. Values of 1001.1 ± 6.6, 975.8 ± 7.3, and 950.2 ± 7.1 kJ/mol have been determined for the proton affinities of 2−4. These experimental results are supported by hybrid density functional theory calculations at B3LYP/6-311++G**//B3LYP/6-31+G*. An analysis of the derived entropy terms lends support to the notion that these values can be used as a quantitative prediction for the thermodynamic entropy of protonation provided that appropriate error bars are assigned. Finally, for systems in which this entropy term is large, it is essential that the extended kinet...
FDA considerations regarding new hypolipidemic agents.

Food and Drug Administration policy being considered for new marketed hypolipidemic agents includes: long-term safety to be demonstrated in postmarketing studies; evidence of clinical effectiveness to be demonstrated within a specified time period. Effectiveness is to be judged by one or more of the following: reduction in xanthomata, reduction in atherosclerotic plaque, reduction in morbidity of coronary artery disease or peripheral and cerebral atherosclerosis, and reduction in mortality. Randomized double blind trials are deemed necessary.
Crystal structure of the methanol solvate of (η5-cyclopentadienyl)[1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane] nitroruthunium(II) Ru(η5-C5H5)dppe)(NO2)·CH3OH

The title complex crystallizes in the centrosymmetric monoclinic space group C2/c (No. 15) withZ=8. The structure was refined toR=4.49% for those 2745 independent reflections with 2θ=5–50o and |Fσ|>6σ(F). Ruthenium-ligand distances are as follows: Ru-P=2.284(2) and 2.286(2) A, Ru-NO2=2.049(6) A and Ru-C(Cp)=2.210(10)-2.246(9) A. Bond lengths within the nitro ligand are N(1)-O(1)=1.226(10) A and N(1)-O(2)=1.244(10) A. The methanol of solvation is ordered but is subject to large thermal vibrational motions.
Down syndrome mouse models are looking up

A new mouse model of Down syndrome (DS) carries a copy of human chromosome 21 (Hsa21), in addition to a full complement of mouse chromosomes. In terms of the number of trisomic genes represented, this model, known as 'Tc1', is closer to the genetic background of DS than any previous model. The Tc1 model not only recapitulates several of the DS features present in other mouse models but also exhibits heart defects that are similar to those that make trisomy 21 the leading cause of congenital heart disease in humans. Many cells in adult Tc1 mice show mosaicism - that is, the Hsa21 is lost from some cells during development - increasing the complexity of analyses using this model. Tc1 mice provide a powerful tool for investigation of the pathogenesis of trisomy 21, and a platform for analysis of similarities and differences in the evolution of gene regulation.
Arthroscopy of the shoulder: Technique and normal anatomy:

We present our technique of diagnostic and surgical arthroscopy of the shoulder and describe the normal and normal variational arthroscopic anatomy of the structures within the shoulder joint. To ensure accuracy, strict attention is given to consistent patient position and technical detail. Posterior and anterior portals are consistently located with the aid of bony anatomic landmarks. Using a large diameter angled arthroscope, structures within the shoulder joint are identified and examined in sequential order. Diagnostic arthroscopy of the shoulder can be systematic and reproducible when the surgeon is knowledgeable of the normal and normal variational anatomy of the shoulder and when attention is given to accurate placement of the arthroscopic portals and to consistent surgical technique.
Regulation of Growth Factor mRNA Levels in the Eyes of Diabetic Rats

The underlying etiology of diabetic microvascular disease remains unknown. To examine the potential contribution of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), which is an angiogenic factor, and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) to the development of diabetic microvascular disease, bFGF and IGF-I mRNA levels were measured in tissues of control, diabetic, and insulin-treated diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced in rats by intravenous injection of streptozotocin (STZ) 65 mg/kg, and the rats were maintained for 21 days. bFGF mRNA levels increased threefold in the eyes of diabetic versus control rats, whereas a consistent change in bFGF mRNA levels was not observed in other tissues. In contrast, IGF-I mRNA levels decreased in the eyes and other tissues, including kidney, lung, and skeletal muscle, of diabetic as compared with control rats. Insulin treatment prevented the diabetes-induced increase in bFGF and decrease in IGF-I mRNA levels. Acidic FGF (aFGF) mRNA levels were unchanged in eyes from diabetic versus control rats. In partially purified retinas, diabetes increased bFGF mRNA levels twofold as compared with levels in control retinas, whereas IGF-I mRNA levels decreased to 58% of control levels in retinas from diabetic rats. Insulin treatment again prevented the diabetes-induced increase in IGF-I mRNA levels in the retina but had no effect on the diabetes-induced increase in bFGF mRNA levels. bFGF peptide levels were minimally increased in diabetic versus control retinas.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Implications of small comets for the noble gas inventories of Earth and Mars

Frank et al. [1986a,b] proposed the possibility of large numbers of small comets impacting the Earth. Using the parameters for the small comets suggested by Frank and Sigwarth [1993], we find that, over the lifetime of the solar system, such small comets would deliver far more Ar, Kr, and Xe to the atmospheres of Earth and Mars than those atmospheres presently contain if, as Frank and Sigwarth [1993] assumed, the small comets formed in very cold regions far from the Sun. Comets can be greatly depleted in noble gases if they form relatively close to the Sun (for example, near Jupiter), but this source region is inconsistent with other features of the proposed model. Alternatively, if the comets did form in very cold regions far from the Sun, the current flux would have to be at least a factor of 30,000 higher than the long-term average.
Crystal quality analysis and improvement using x-ray topography.

The Topography X-ray Laboratory of the Advanced Photon Source (APS) at Argonne National Laboratory operates as a collaborative effort with APS users to produce high performance crystals for APS X-ray beamline experiments. For many years the topography laboratory has worked closely with an on-site optics shop to help ensure the production of crystals with the highest quality, most stress-free surface finish possible. It has been instrumental in evaluating and refining methods used to produce high quality crystals. Topographical analysis has shown to be an effective method to quantify and determine the distribution of stresses, to help identify methods that would mitigate the stresses and improve the Rocking curve, and to create CCD images of the crystal. This paper describes the topography process and offers methods for reducing crystal stresses in order to substantially improve the crystal optics.
Meissner effect in anisotropic superconductors.

The Meissner effect in non-s-wave superconductors is studied. In contrast to the isotropic s-wave case, it is shown that even in transverse gauge one must, in general, include contributions from collective modes of the order parameter, in particular the phase mode, in the expression for the screening currents induced in a superconductor by a magnetic field. Expressions for the screening currents applicable to the case of heavy-fermion superconductors are given. Anisotropy of London penetration depth is shown to occur in general for anisotropic superconductors.
Social Work Education: Issues and Problems in Light of Recent Developments

Abstract This paper examines several aspects of the crisis in social work education, which has been aggravated by changes in American society and developments in higher education. Under “Crisis in Higher Education,” four developments are reviewed: the straining toward equality between student and teacher, the integration of subjective experience with formal content, the increased importance of continuing education, and the renewed attention needed for the place of values in teaching. The expanded definition of practice and the creation of new categories of professional personnel have triggered and exacerbated problems of quality, content, and goal. The paper concludes with suggestions for remedying the crisis.
Genomic organization and isoform-specific tissue expression of human NAPOR (CUGBP2) as a candidate gene for familial arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia.

Neuroblastoma apoptosis-related RNA-binding protein (NAPOR; HGMW-approved symbol CUGBP2) is a newly discovered gene prominently induced during apoptosis, suggesting that it plays a role during apoptosis. We have found that it is encoded by a gene located on chromosome 10p13-p14 between Genethon markers D10S547 and D10S223, a region to which we have recently localized a gene responsible for arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD). To examine its possible role in the pathogenesis of ARVD, we determined the genomic organization of the human NAPOR gene including its exon-intron boundaries and the putative promoter sequence, which provide a plausible mechanism for its alternative mRNA splicing. We also demonstrated that three isoforms of the NAPOR transcript were differently expressed, with NAPOR-3 being nearly neuron specific while the other two forms were ubiquitously expressed. The expression of NAPOR is differentially regulated during development. Finally, we screened the members of the ARVD family for mutations and identified two DNA sequence variants in the protein-coding exons of NAPOR, neither of which was responsible for ARVD. While the function of NAPOR remains to be elucidated, our current characterization of the NAPOR gene will be valuable for further clinical and functional study.
Solubility of ettringite (Ca6[Al(OH)6]2(SO4)3 · 26H2O) at 5–75°C

Abstract The solubility of ettringite (Ca6[Al(OH)6]2(SO4)3 · 26H2O) was measured in a series of dissolution and precipitation experiments at 5–75°C and at pH between 10.5 and 13.0 using synthesized material. Equilibrium was established within 4 to 6 days, with samples collected between 10 and 36 days. The log KSP for the reaction Ca6[Al(OH)6]2(SO4)3 · 26H2O ⇌ 6Ca2+ + 2Al(OH)4− + 3SO42− + 4OH− + 26H2O at 25°C calculated for dissolution experiments (−45.0 ± 0.2) is not significantly different from the log KSP calculated for precipitation experiments (−44.8 ± 0.4) at the 95% confidence level. There is no apparent trend in log KSP with pH and the mean log KSP,298 is −44.9 ± 0.3. The solubility product decreased linearly with the inverse of temperature indicating a constant enthalpy of reaction from 5 to 75°C. The enthalpy and entropy of reaction ΔH°r and ΔS°r, were determined from the linear regression to be 204.6 ± 0.6 kJ mol−1 and 170 ± 38 J mol−1 K−1. Using our values for log KSP, ΔH°r, and ΔS°r and published partial molal quantities for the constituent ions, we calculated the free energy of formation ΔG°f,298, the enthalpy of formation ΔH°f,298, and the entropy of formation ΔS°f,298 to be −15211 ± 20, −17550 ± 16 kJ mol−1, and 1867 ± 59 J mol−1 K−1. Assuming ΔCP,r is zero, the heat capacity of ettringite is 590 ± 140 J mol−1 K−1.
Toward prescription: Testing the rhetoric of atonement's applicability in the athletic arena

Abstract For over 30 years, scholars have been studying the intricacies of apologia. Over the years, understanding this line of research has become essential for scholars of public relations. Recently, Koesten and Rowland [Koesten, J., & Rowland, R. C. (2004). The rhetoric of atonement. Communication Studies , 55 , 68–87] proposed the rhetoric of atonement, a prescriptive typology of apologia designed to guide rhetors facing the need to atone for sins that cannot be denied, justified, or transcended. Newly proposed, however, their typology has yet to be tested outside of the political realm. The current study applies the typology to the image repair campaign run by Tony Stewart, the 2002 NASCAR (National Association of Stock Car Auto Racing) Winston Cup Champion, after he physically attacked Indianapolis Star photographer, Gary Mook, following a disappointing finish in the Brickyard 400 in August of 2002.
Equivalence of branch flow and bus injection models

A branch flow model has recently been proposed for the analysis and optimization of power flows. In this paper we show that the model is equivalent to the more popular bus injection model. Moreover, we prove the equivalence of various relaxations of these two models.
A comment on axiomatic approaches to programming

Reference is made to the paper by C. A. R. Hoare [1] which discusses the fundamentals of an axiomatic approach to computer programming. One advantage for an axiomatic system proposed by Hoare is that an axiomatic description of computer programs would allow the application of deductive inference to formally and conclusively prove that a computer program performs the computation the designer intended. The purpose of this short communication is to discuss the relationship between Hoare's concepts and an approach in a book by Wymore [2].
Jahn-Teller effects in metalloporphyrins and other four-fold symmetric systems

The Jahn-Teller (J-T) effect in systems of four-fold symmetry is well known to differ from that in all other point groups with respect to the nature of the J-T active normal modes of vibration. The present report addresses some previously unnoticed features which are of intrinsic importance in recognizing and understanding the unique manifestations of quadrate symmetry in both the static and dynamic Jahn-Teller effects. We first consider the nature of the static J-T potential surfaces when coupling to and strains in two modes, b 1 and b 2, are included in the hamiltonian. The second part of this paper is devoted to an examination of the dynamic J-T effect in four-fold systems. Utilizing both perturbation theory and numerical solution to the Schrodinger equation, we examine the spin-hamiltonian parameters for a metalloporphyrin 3 Eu triplet state and discuss some dynamical processes, including reorientation of the system between minima, spin-lattice relaxation, and the dependences of these phenomena on the...
Rapid-onset antidepressant action of ketamine: potential revolution in understanding and future pharmacologic treatment of depression.

Summary What is known and objective The current pharmacotherapeutic treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) generally takes weeks to be effective. As the molecular action of these drugs is immediate, the mechanistic basis for this lag is unclear. A drug that has a more rapid onset of action would be a major therapeutic advance and also be a useful comparator to provide valuable mechanistic insight into the disorder and its treatment. Comment Recent evidence suggests that ketamine produces rapid-onset antidepressant action. Important questions are as follows: is it specific or coincidental to other effects; is there a dose–response relationship; and is the mechanism related to that of current antidepressants. NMDA receptor antagonism is unlikely the explanation for ketamine's antidepressant action. What is new and conclusion It is not an exaggeration to state that the new findings, if validated, might produce a revolution in understanding and treating depressive disorders.
Results With the Special-Purpose Ammonia Frequency Standard

A special-purpose frequency standard and clock has been developed, featuring a novel combination of stability and eccuracy performance, shock and temperature insensitivity, instant turn-on characteristics, and the potential for low weight, low power consumption and fabrication costs. This device should be able to fill a metrology need not satisfied by presently available atomic and quartz-crystal standards.
Vitamin and food supplement practices and nutrition beliefs of the elderly in seven Western states

Abstract A mail survey of 2,451 non-institutionalized subjects, including 595 sixty years or older living in seven Western state (Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, New Mexico, Nevada and Washington) reported frequencies and factors associated with vitamin and mineral supplementation. Sixty percent of subjects over 60 years reported using one or more supplements with multiple vitamin, vitamin D and vitamin E being most frequently used (>50%). Reasons for use ranged from lack of vitamin in food to energy and/or tiredness. Sources of nutrition information cited most frequently were newspapers and books. The level of usage in the elderly is a major concern for health providers as well as the lack of information from professional resources.
Organizational Sensemaking: Interpretations of Workplace “Strangeness”

This study examined strange experiences in the workplace from an interpretive-empirical framework. The goal of this study was to examine employee interpretation of strange, unusual, and unexpected workplace experiences. Interviews were conducted with 22 employees of a large national insurance firm in the Midwest that were intended to capture the story theme, employee response, attributions or assignments of causes, and degree of organizational change. Results indicated that the most common strangeness experience themes were lapse or lack of professionalism, general uncertainty, threat to the internal organizational environment, and embarrassment. Employee responses to strange experiences included greater efforts toward information seeking, assistance giving, use of humor, and accommodation to others in the organization. Causal attributions revolved around themes of communication, organizational change, and the nature of personal problems in the workplace. Finally, change themes included “no changes,” cons...
The glutathionyl radical formation in the reaction between manganese and glutathione and its neurotoxic implications.

Abstract Electron spin resonance (ESR) spin trapping methodology has been used to study the reactions of manganese dusts with glutathione, employing α-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-tert-butyl-nitrone (PBN) and 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) as spin traps. The results show evidence for the glutathionyl radical formation in the reactions of both MnO 2 and manganese (III) acetate with glutathione. Based on these experimental observations, we hypothesise that the mechanism of neurotoxic effects of manganese might be due to the fact that the generation of glutathionyl radicals depletes the glutathione pool and reduces the glutathione shield against free radical products of dopamine metabolism and manganese induced reactive oxygenated species.
Surgery and prosthesis in jaw reconstruction

Abstract Dr. Edgerton : It might be said in summary that the surgeon treating tumors of the upper or lower jaw today will find that the help of the prosthodontist is an invaluable aid in acquiring maximum functional results. The particular anatomical requirements of each case must dictate whether the primary reliance should be on prosthetic or living-tissue restoration. Reconstruction with living tissue yields an oral cavity that enjoys better hygiene and does not depend on the permanent retention of teeth. However, this often requires prolonged or elaborate surgery, which may not be reasonable in view of the particular patient's age or his special needs.
On the cooperative formation of non-hydrogen-bonded water at molecular hydrophobic interfaces

Hydrophobe/water interfaces are crucial for many chemical processes, but to be fully understood, a better appreciation of the behaviour of non-hydrogen-bonded OH groups of water is required. It is now shown that such ‘dangling’ OH structures are entropically stabilized and form cooperatively, that is, the probability of their formation depends nonlinearly on hydrophobic surface area.
d-Ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase fromThiobacillus neapolitanus

d-Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase fromThiobacillus neapolitanus was isolated by differential centrifugation, sucrose density gradient centrifugation, and DEAE-Sephadex column chromatography. The specific activity of the purified enzyme was 2.8 μmol CO2 fixed/min/mg protein. The enzyme's homogeneity was indicated by a single migrating band during polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis and as a single symmetrical schlieren peak that sedimented at a constant rate during ultracentrifugation. TheS 20,w was 18.2; the molecular weight, 500,000±20.000. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis resolved two polypeptide chains of 55,000 and 11,000 daltons. The pH optimum 0f 7.75 with 9 mM MgCl2 shifted to 7.45 with 59 mM MgCl2. Enzyme dialyzed free of Mg++ was inactive and no other divalent cation substituted for Mg++. TheK m (Mg++),K m (CO2), andK m (RuBP) were 0.59 mM, 0.85 mM, and 0.092 mM, respectively. The inhibition by 6-phosphogluconate was competitive and no stimulation of activity could be demonstrated.
Nuclear Energy Levels and the Model of a Potential Hole

Part I contains the solution of the problem of a particle for which the potential energy $V(r)$ is a simple rectangular hole of finite depth, such a model being of interest in connection with the spacing of nuclear energy levels. Formulae are given by which a numerical determination of energies can be carried out for any assumed depth of the hole. In part II the results are extended to finite holes of different shape, and an argument is presented which proves the inadequacy of any such model to explain the arrangement of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-ray levels in Ra C'.
Context dependent hyperspectral subpixel target detection

A new class of subpixel target detection algorithms that use a local structured background model is introduced. Our approach, referred to as Context Dependent Target Detectors, extends existing structured detectors to multiple contexts. It is based on a robust context dependent spectral unmixing algorithm that uses multiple linear models to take into account the background variability. The claim is that robust context dependent unmixing provides a better description of the background with minimum target leakage, compared to global unmixing, and hence results in a better target-background separation. The approach is evaluated using the Orthogonal Subspace Projection (OSP) detector, the Adaptive Matched Subspace Detector (AMSD) and the Hybrid Subspace Detector (HSD). Experimental results show that our approach outperforms the baseline detectors (that use one global model for background).
Awareness of peers' judgments of oneself: Accuracy and process of metaperception

This research focused on children's awareness of peers' social judgments of them, age differences in accuracy attained, and the process by which accuracy is achieved. Children were accurately aware of peers' perceptions of them on behavioral, social status, and ability dimensions in Grades 1 through 6. Older children were more accurate than younger children, yet even the youngest children were able to accurately infer peers' judgments of them. In terms of process, the best fitting model suggested that academic ability affects both self and others' (i.e., teacher and peers') perceptions, and that self-perception is the basis for predicting others' judgments of oneself. Because self and other perception have a common cause (i.e., academic performance) accuracy is achieved.
TDP-43 is a developmentally regulated protein essential for early embryonic development.

TDP-43 is a DNA/RNA-binding protein implicated in multiple steps of transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Alteration of this multifunctional protein is associated with a number of neurodegenerative diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ubiquitin positive inclusions. Whereas a pathological link to neurodegenerative disorders has been established, the cellular and physiological functions of TDP-43 remain unknown. In this study, we show that TDP-43 is a nuclear protein with persistent high-level expression during embryonic development and with progressively decreased protein levels during postnatal development. In mice where the TDP-43 gene (Tardbp) was disrupted using a gene trap that carries a β-galactosidase marker gene, heterozygous (Tardbp+/−) mice are fertile and healthy, but intercrosses of Tardbp+/− mice yielded no viable homozygotic null (Tardbp−/−) mice. Indeed, Tardbp−/− embryos die between 3.5 and 8.5 days of development. Tardbp−/− blastocysts grown in cell culture display abnormal expansion of their inner cell mass. The pattern of β-galactosidase staining at E9.5 Tardbp+/− embryos is predominantly restricted to the neuroepithelium and remains prominent in neural progenitors at E10.5–12.5. TDP-43 is detected in spinal cord progenitors and in differentiated motor neurons as well as in the dorsal root ganglia at E12.5. β-Galactosidase staining of tissues from adult Tardbp+/− mice shows widespread expression of TDP-43, including prominent levels in various regions of the central nervous system afflicted in neurodegenerative disorders. These results indicate that TDP-43 is developmentally regulated and indispensible for early embryonic development.
Ethanol-induced analgesia

Abstract The effect of ethanol (ET) on nociceptive sensitivity was evaluated using a new tail deflection response (TDR) method. The IP injection of ET (0.5 – 1.5 g/kg) produced rapid dose-dependent analgesia. Near maximal effect (97% decrease in TDR) was produced with the 1.5 g/kg dose of ET ten minutes after injection. At ninety minutes post-injection there was still significant analgesia. Depression of ET-induced nociceptive sensitivity was partially reversed by a 1 mg/kg dose of naloxone. On the other hand, morphine (0.5 or 5.0 mg/kg IP) did not modify ET-induced analgesia, while 3.0 minutes of cold water swim (known to produce non-opioid mediated analgesia) potentiated ET-induced analgesic effect. The 0.5 g/kg dose of ET by itself did not depress motor activity in an open field test, but prevented partially the depression in motor activity produced by cold water swim (CWS). Thus the potentiation by ET of the depression of the TDR produced by CWS cannot be ascribed to the depressant effects of ET on motor activity.
REPRODUCTIVE TRACT AS SITE OF SYNTHESIS AND SECRETION OF INOSITOL IN THE MALE RAT.

THE discovery of an active system in rat testis for synthesis of inositol has been reported recently1. The possibility that spermatozoa are the cellular site of synthesis was considered, and epididymal sperm cells were therefore tested for synthetic ability; no significant formation of inositol was observed. Further tracing of the male reproductive tract showed that minces of epididymis and combined seminal vesicle, coagulating gland, and prostate were less than 1/100 as active as whole testis and less than 1/30 as active as testis homogenate in forming inositol from glucose-U-14C. Previous investigations1 with tissue homogenates failed to elicit synthesis in rat brain, kidney, lung, liver, spleen, and lactating mammary gland ; a small synthesis of inositol has been demonstrated2 in slices of rat brain, kidney, and liver.
Isolation and characterization of an NAD+-degrading bacterium PTX1 and its role in chromium biogeochemical cycle

Microorganisms can reduce toxic chromate to less toxic trivalent chromium [Cr(III)]. Besides Cr(OH)3 precipitates, some soluble organo-Cr(III) complexes are readily formed upon microbial, enzymatic, and chemical reduction of chromate. However, the biotransformation of the organo-Cr(III) complexes has not been characterized. We have previously reported the formation of a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-Cr(III) complex after enzymatic reduction of chromate. Although the NAD+-Cr(III) complex was stable under sterile conditions, microbial cells were identified as precipitates in a non-sterile NAD+-Cr(III) solution after extended incubation. The most dominant bacterium PTX1 was isolated and assigned to Leifsonia genus by phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence. PTX1 grew slowly on NAD+ with a doubling time of 17 h, and even more slowly on the NAD+-Cr(III) complex with an estimated doubling time of 35 days. The slow growth suggests that PTX1 passively grew on trace NAD+ dissociated from the NAD+-Cr(III) complex, facilitating further dissociation of the complex and formation of Cr(III) precipitates. Thus, organo-Cr(III) complexes might be an intrinsic link of the chromium biogeochemical cycle; they can be produced during chromate reduction and then further mineralized by microorganisms.
Review: Preoperative smoking cessation interventions reduce postoperative complications

Source Citation Thomsen T, Tonnesen H, Moller AM. Effect of preoperative smoking cessation interventions on postoperative complications and smoking cessation. Br J Surg. 2009;96:451-61. 19358172
Delay-Constrained Source Coding for a Peak Distortion Measure

We consider the problem of lossy source coding under a peak distortion measure in which source symbols are revealed to the encoder in real time and need to be reconstructed by the decoder within a fixed end-to-end delay. We investigate the tradeoff between end-to-end delay and the probability of distortion violation. As in the lossless case, the delay-constrained error (distortion-violation) exponent is generally much higher than the fixed-block coding case.
A study of cortical and hippocampal NMDA and PCP receptors following selective cortical and subcortical lesions

The neuronal localization of glutamate and phencyclidine (PCP) receptors was evaluated in the cerebral cortex and hippocampal formation of rat CNS using quantitative autoradiography. Scatchard analysis of [3H]glutamate binding in the cortex (layers I and II and V and VI) showed no difference in the total number of binding sites (Bmax) or apparent affinity (Kd) 1 week, 1 month and 2 months following unilateral ibotenate lesions to nucleus basalis of Meynert (nbM) compared to the non-lesioned side. Quisqualic acid displacement of [3H]glutamate in layers I and II, 1 week following nbM destruction, revealed both high- and low-affinity binding sites (representing the quisqualate (QA) andN-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) sites, respectively). Compared to the control side, there was no difference in binding parameters for either of the receptors sites. In similarly lesioned animals, the NMDA receptor was specifically labelled with [3H]glutamate and the associated PCP receptor labelled with[3H]N-(1-[2-thienyl]cyclohexyl)3,4-piperidine ([3H]TCP) in adjacent brain sections. For both receptors, there was no change in the total number of binding sites in the cortex following destruction of nbM. On the other hand, virtually all binding to NMDA and PCP receptors was eliminated following chemical destruction of intrinsic cortical neurons. These results suggest that the NMDA/PCP receptor complex does not exist on the terminals of cortical cholinergic afferents. One week after knife cuts of the glutamatergic entorhinal pathway to the hippocampal formation only an approximate 10% reduction of NMDA and PCP receptors was seen in the dentate gyrus. Conversely, selective destruction of the dentate granule cells using colchicine caused a near identical loss of NMDA and PCP receptors (84% vs 92% respectively). It is concluded from these experiments that glutamate and PCP receptors exist almost exclusively on neurons intrinsic to the hippocampal formation and that no more than 10% of NMDA and PCP receptors exist as autoreceptors on glutamatergic terminals.
Correspondence of silver nitrate staining patterns in decalcified bone with the microradiographic image

A procedure for differential staining of decalcified bone with silver nitrate showed major histological features which appeared to correspond closely to microradiographic images. The extent to which this is actually the case was investigated directly by preparing microradiographs of ground sections of baboon and dog radii and then decalcifying and staining the same sections. The many detailed similarities indicate that this staining procedure is a useful adjunct to microradiography. Thus, poorly mineralized osteons or layers of circumferential lamellae are darker stained by silver nitrate, and the variably mineralized layers of circumferential lamellae are closely duplicated by light and dark bands in the stained sections. These similarities imply that there is a relationship between the mineral density of bone and some condition of the organic matrix which is probably related to maturation changes in the collagen.
Histologic evaluation of metastases in renal cell carcinoma with sarcomatoid transformation and its implications for systemic therapy

Renal tumors with a sarcoma-like appearance were initially called renal sarcomas.1 However, once it became apparent that most of these tumors also contained classic features indicative of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), these tumors were designated as sarcomatoid RCC. Tumors with sarcomatoid features demonstrate unique cellular architecture and are characterized by spindle cells, increased cellularity, and frequent atypia. These tumors generally contain both epithelial and mesenchymal differentiation, and dense fibrotic stroma is often observed. Common histologic patterns of sarcomatoid elements may resemble fibrosarcomas or malignant fibrous histiocytoma; however, heterologous elements (usually osteoid or chondroid differentiation) may also be present.2–4 Because of their highly aggressive nature and unique microscopic appearance, renal tumors with sarcomatoid features were once considered a separate histologic subtype. This classification was later questioned, as these tumors generally also contained elements of clear cell, papillary, chromophobe, or collecting duct tumors. Ultimately, both the Heidelberg and the American Joint Committee on Cancer classification of renal tumors removed sarcomatoid RCC as a distinct subgroup. Renal tumors with sarcomatoid features now are believed to result from extensive chromosomal rearrangements leading to identical spindle cell morphology regardless of primary histology.5,6 However, as limited cytogenetic and molecular studies have been performed on these tumors, it is unclear whether sarcomatoid transformation represents a clonal dedifferentiated component of the tumor or just a tumor phenotype. Most series report a 1%to 5%incidence of sarcomatoid tumors; however, the frequency greatly varies by stage.3,7–9 In patients with stage IV disease, 15% to 20% of tumors have sarcomatoid features. Patients with sarcomatoid tumors have extremely limited survival, with most series reporting median survival of only 6 months to 12 months.2,7,10 Response to systemic therapy is extremely limited, with immunotherapy and chemotherapy consequently having limited efficacy.11,12 Many clinical trials therefore exclude this subset of patients altogether or base inclusion criteria on an arbitrary percentage of sarcomatoid features. To evaluate the hypothesis that these tumors represented an aggressive clone of the primary tumor, we set out to determine the histologic appearance and pattern of spread at resected sites of metastases from primary tumors having sarcomatoid features. It was hypothesized that if sarcomatoid features arise as a distinct subclone, then distant sites would contain a single histologic pattern and most commonly would demonstrate a sarcomatoid pattern. In addition, it was hypothesized that a higher percentage of sarcomatoid features in the primary tumor would increase the likelihood of finding sarcomatoid features in the metastasis.
Large-scale modes of turbulent channel flow: transport and structure

Turbulent flow in a rectangular channel is investigated to determine the scale and pattern of the eddies that contribute most to the total turbulent kinetic energy and the Reynolds shear stress. Instantaneous, two-dimensional particle image velocimeter measurements in the streamwise-wall-normal plane at Reynolds numbers Re h = 5378 and 29 935 are used to form two-point spatial correlation functions, from which the proper orthogonal modes are determined. Large-scale motions – having length scales of the order of the channel width and represented by a small set of low-order eigenmodes – contain a large fraction of the kinetic energy of the streamwise velocity component and a small fraction of the kinetic energy of the wall-normal velocities. Surprisingly, the set of large-scale modes that contains half of the total turbulent kinetic energy in the channel, also contains two-thirds to three-quarters of the total Reynolds shear stress in the outer region. Thus, it is the large-scale motions, rather than the main turbulent motions, that dominate turbulent transport in all parts of the channel except the buffer layer. Samples of the large-scale structures associated with the dominant eigenfunctions are found by projecting individual realizations onto the dominant modes. In the streamwise wall-normal plane their patterns often consist of an inclined region of second quadrant vectors separated from an upstream region of fourth quadrant vectors by a stagnation point/shear layer. The inclined Q4/shear layer/Q2 region of the largest motions extends beyond the centreline of the channel and lies under a region of fluid that rotates about the spanwise direction. This pattern is very similar to the signature of a hairpin vortex. Reynolds number similarity of the large structures is demonstrated, approximately, by comparing the two-dimensional correlation coefficients and the eigenvalues of the different modes at the two Reynolds numbers.
High-Rate Formability of High-Strength Aluminum Alloys: A Study on Objectivity of Measured Strain and Strain Rate

Aluminum alloy AA7075 sheets were deformed at room temperature at strain-rates exceeding 1000 /s using the electrohydraulic forming (EHF) technique. A method that combines high speed imaging and digital image correlation technique, developed at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, was used to investigate high strain rate deformation behavior of AA7075. For strain-rate sensitive materials, the ability to accurately model their high-rate deformation behavior is dependent upon the ability to accurately quantify the strain-rate that the material is subjected to. This work investigates the objectivity of software-calculated strain and strain rate by varying different parameters within commonly used commercially available digital image correlation software. The results show that except for very close to the time of crack opening the calculated strain and strain rates are consistent and independent of the adjustable parameters of the software.
An application of group testing to the file comparison problem

The file comparison problem involves the detection of differences between two copies of the same file located at different sites in a distributed computing system. The file is assumed to be partitioned into n pages, and a signature (checksum) is available for each page. Some ideas from nonadaptive group testing are used to obtain a solution to this problem for the case of arbitrary d, where d is a fixed bound on the maximum number of differing pages. A deterministic construction is presented which, for the special case d=2, improves upon previous results. For values of n >
What should we teach in biology

Dr. Novak, who is Associate Professor of Biological Education at Purdue University, prepared this article originally for News and Views of NABT, an official publication of the National Association of Biology Teachers, and it was published there in April, 1963. In view of its importance to science educators, the article is reprinted here with the permission of Dr. Novak and NABT.
A power allocation game in a four node relay network: An upper bound on the worst-case equilibrium efficiency

We introduce a power allocation game in a four node relay network which consists of two source and two destination nodes. The sources employ a time sharing protocol such that in each discrete time instance one of the sources communicates with its destination while the other source aids this communication by acting as a relay. Each source uses some portion of its limited power for its own transmission and uses the remaining portion to aid the other source. The noncooperative solution, which is the Nash equilibrium of the game where each source tries to maximize its own rate, dictates each source to use all of its power for its own use, i.e., no relaying. This results in an inferior sum rate with respect to the optimum sum rate jointly maximized over all possible power allocations. The main contribution of this paper is to establish an upper bound on the worst-case equilibrium efficiency (a.k.a. the price of anarchy), defined as the ratio of the equilibrium sum rate to the optimal sum rate for the worst channel conditions. More specifically, we show that if the path loss coefficient is beta > 0 and the received signals are corrupted by additive white Gaussian noise, then the worst case equilibrium efficiency is upper bounded by (1/2)beta. We also note that this upper bound can be extended to relay networks with more than two sources.
Critical Theorizing: Enhancing Theoretical Rigor in Family Research

Theory performs vital descriptive, sensitizing, integrative, explanatory, and value functions in the generation of knowledge about families. Yet theory and research can also simultaneously misconceive, desensitize, misdirect, misinterpret, and devalue. Overcoming the degenerative potentialities of theory and research requires attention to critical theorizing, a joint process of (a) critically examining the explicit and implicit assumptions of theory and research and (b) using dialogical theoretical practices. I draw upon the work of John Stuart Mill to argue that critical and dialogical theorizing is a vital and necessary practice in the production of understandings of family phenomena that are more fully scientific and empirical. A brief examination of behavioral research on marital interaction illustrates the importance of critical theorizing. Language: en
On State-dependent dynamic graphs and their controllability properties

We consider distributed dynamic systems operating over a graph or a network. The geometry of the network is assumed to be a function of the underling system's states-giving it a unique dynamic character. Certain aspects of the resulting abstract structure, having a mixture of combinatorial and system theoretic features, are then studied. In this venue, we will explore an interplay between notions from extremal graph theory and system theory by considering a controllability framework for such state-dependent dynamic graphs.
Internal energy of ions generated by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization.

To provide an objective measure of the correlation between the internal energy content of ions generated by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and the matrix properties, a series of well-characterized benzyl-substituted benzylpyridinium salts were used as thermometer molecules (TMs). To determine the internal energy variations of analyte ions, the survival yields of TM molecular ions were measured in three different matrixes, α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA), 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (sinapinic acid, SA), and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB). Statistical analysis of extensive survival yield data indicated that there were discernible differences among the studied matrixes. The experimental survival yields of the TM ions were used to calculate the unimolecular decomposition rate coefficient. Corresponding theoretical reaction rate coefficients were calculated based on the Rice−Ramsperger−Kassel−Marcus (RRKM) theory for different internal energies of the TMs. The internal ene...
The effect of hepatocyte growth factor on turkey satellite cell proliferation and differentiation

The effect of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) on turkey satellite cell proliferation and differentiation was examined in cell culture. Satellite cell clones were established from one muscle of an individual turkey. The results showed that HGF is a potent activator and mitogen of turkey satellite cells and embryonic myoblasts with maximal stimulation at 1 ng/mL. HGF is also an inhibitor of differentiation of turkey satellite cells. Heterogeneity in the responsiveness to HGF in the turkey satellite cell population was observed between clones selected for fast (Early) or slow (Late) rates of proliferation. However, two other Early clones exhibited responses similar to those of two other Late clones. When combined with insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF), singularly or in combination, HGF did not exert any additive or synergistic effects on Early or Late clone proliferation. Whereas when combined with IGF, FGF, and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), HGF significantly stimulated proliferation of the Late clone but not the Early clone. Addition of anti-HGF antibody to culture media diminished proliferation and provided evidence of autocrine production of HGF by turkey satellite cell cultures. Heterogeneity also exists in the turkey satellite cell population with respect to autocrine production of HGF.