cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antidromic identification of dopaminergic and other output neurons of the rat substantia nigra.

In the present study dopamine (DA)-containing and other output neurons of the substantia nigra (SN) were identified by antidromic stimulation from postulated target nuclei, the caudate-putamen, the thalamus, the cortex and the pontine reticular formation. To guide electrode placements, the topography of the nigrostriatal projection system was determined by retrograde tracing methods. Spontaneously active cells present in the SN were then classified in two groups according to the shape of their action potentials and their firing rate. Type I cells were located mainly in the pars compacta and could be antidromically-activated (AD-activated) from various locations along the course of the nigrostriatal pathway (caudate-putamen, globus pallidus, MFB) but not from other brain areas (ventromedial thalamus, motor cortex, pontine reticular formation). These neurons had a slow bursting pattern of firing, a very slow conduction velocity (0.58m m/sec), and a wide action potential. Their firing rate was dramatically reduced following the intravenous administration of apomorphine (ID50:9.3 μg/kg), or the iontophoretic application of DA and GABA. Type II cells were located predominantly in the pars reticula; most of them could be AD-activated from the ventromedial thalamus and the MFB but not from the motor cortex. A few of these cells could be AD-activated from the pontine reticular formation and the thalamus. A minority of type II cells, located in or near the pars compacta could be AD-activated from the caudate-putamen. In addition, the their conduction velocity was much higher (2.8 m/sec) and their firing rate far in excess of that exhibited by type I neurons. These neurons were inhibited by the iontophoretic application of GABA but not of DA. The microinjection of 6-hydroxydopamine (a neurotoxin relatively specific against catecholamine-containing neurons) in the vicinity of the MFB blocked selectively the propagation of antidromic spikes in type I but not type II cells. It is concluded that type I cells are the DA neurons of the nigrostriatal pathway. Type II cells are mainly output neurons that project to the ventromedial thalamus, the pons and the forebrain. This telencephalic projection most likely constitutes a second, non-DA, fast-conducting nigrostriatal pathway.
Linguistic Traces of a Scientific Fraud: The Case of Diederik Stapel

When scientists report false data, does their writing style reflect their deception? In this study, we investigated the linguistic patterns of fraudulent (N = 24; 170,008 words) and genuine publications (N = 25; 189,705 words) first-authored by social psychologist Diederik Stapel. The analysis revealed that Stapel's fraudulent papers contained linguistic changes in science-related discourse dimensions, including more terms pertaining to methods, investigation, and certainty than his genuine papers. His writing style also matched patterns in other deceptive language, including fewer adjectives in fraudulent publications relative to genuine publications. Using differences in language dimensions we were able to classify Stapel's publications with above chance accuracy. Beyond these discourse dimensions, Stapel included fewer co-authors when reporting fake data than genuine data, although other evidentiary claims (e.g., number of references and experiments) did not differ across the two article types. This research supports recent findings that language cues vary systematically with deception, and that deception can be revealed in fraudulent scientific discourse.
Effects of varying the parameters in witness-sample-based photoresist outgas testing: dependence of the carbon growth on pumping speed and the dose, time, and area of resist exposure

In this work, we discuss several parameters influencing extreme ultraviolet (EUV) resist qualification test results. The witness sample resist qualifications test is implemented on several different instruments world wide. The original protocol for the test developed by the tool manufacturer requires that a 300 mm wafer be exposed to a dose to clear in one hour. Also required is that the carbon contamination rate on the witness sample be mass limited, i.e., that the rate be saturated with respect to the EUV or e-beam intensity. Simple arguments have been presented in the past to show that the thickness of the carbon growth should be inversely proportional to the pumping speed and proportional to the area exposed if dose and duration were held constant. The present experiments demonstrate the real-life limitations of these arguments and provide validation to our area scaling procedure to equate test results done with 200 mm wafers to results expected for 300 mm wafers. In the process of studying the dependence of carbon growth on pumping speed, we encountered the important effect of increased partial pressure on the degree of intensity saturation.
Determination of personal exposure of non-smokers to environmental tobacco smoke in the United States.

Abstract The potential health effects of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is a controversial subject, especially in the United States. Most studies on this subject have relied on reports of exposure from interviews or from questionnaires administered to the subjects. Other studies have derived data from actual measurements of markers of ETS in areas where tobacco products, especially cigarettes, are “being smoked” and the exposure of the subjects have been extrapolated from the values obtained. In this study, measurements of airborne ETS markers were made in ∼1000 non-smokers in the US, who wore personal air sampling systems “at work” and “away from work”. Participants in this study stated that they had not used tobacco products, nicotine patches, or nicotine gum for at least 6 months. It was found that the largest concentrations of ETS markers were encountered “away from work” and that, in general, the amount of ETS to which the subjects were exposed was markedly lower than those estimated in previous studies. Additionally, it appears that there is an important difference between the exposure to ETS perceived by participants and the actual exposures measured in this study.
The Chemistry of Cell Division: VI. The Inhibition of Tumor and Liver Nuclease by Arsenicals

In our recent investigations (1), as well as in those of Edlbacher and Kutscher (2), sulphydryl compounds were found to inhibit the nuclease of tumor tissue. The effect of arsenic upon the nuclear enzymes of animal tissues is therefore of particular interest since work from this laboratory (3) has shown that arsenic can combine with the sulphydryl groups of tissues. Klein (4) has shown that arsenate inhibits the liberation of phosphoric acid from nucleotide by an enzyme of the intestinal mucosa, while Harden and Young (S), Meyerhof (6), and others have found that the phosphatase action of yeast and muscle extracts on hexosephosphate is accelerated by arsenic. For a long time arsenic has been associated with the production of cancer. This association is probably based upon the early observations by Hutchinson (7) of skin cancers in patients who had received prolonged treatment with Fowler's solution. Following these clinical observations numerous attempts have been made to produce cancer in animals by arsenicals, with contradictory results, as, for example, by Leitch and Kennaway (8) in 1922, Carrel (9) in 1926, and Begg and Cramer (10) in 1929. It would seem that further experimental work is necessary to establish definitely the relationship of arsenic to the production of cancer. In the work reported here an effort was made ( a ) to determine the effect of trivalent and pentavalent arsenic compounds upon the different steps occurring in the breakdown of nucleic acid by tumor and liver enzymes, and ( b ) to study the modifying effect of added sulphydryl compounds. In order to determine the effect of arsenic upon the splitting of the phosphoric acid ester group at the pH of our digests, sodium glycerophosphate was also used as a substrate. Since both the trivalent arsenicals and the sulphydryl compounds are subject to oxidation by atmospheric oxygen, the digestions were made anaerobically as well as aerobically.
Pulsed Gradient NMR Probes for Solid State Studies

Abstract Recently introduced studies of the spatial characteristics of spin dynamics in dipolarly coupled solids rely upon NMR probes with strong magnetic field gradients to create spatial magnetization gratings with periods of from 1 μm to 1 nm. The measurements are carried out as scattering experiments where the spatial displacement of spin coherence is recorded as a phase shift or attenuation of the magnetization grating. Recently we have employed these techniques to make a direct measurement of the spin diffusion rate in single crystal CaF 2 . Here we discuss designs for strong pulsed gradient NMR probes. Three gradient coil sets were designed and constructed, with coil constants of 0.32, 0.67, and 4.15 T/m/A. When driven by a pulsed current source that provides up to 300 A, pulsed gradients of 100, 200, and 600 T/m, respectively, were generated. These designs are fully described, along with practical issues of coil heating and probe stability.
Thermal reactions of m-cresol over calcium oxide between 350 and 600 °C

m-Cresol conversion over powdered (< 10 μm) calcium oxide in a fixed bed pulse reactor ranged from 60% at 350 °C to 80% at 600 °C. Other conditions were: contact time 1.5 s, initial concentration 5% (VV) in helium; total pressure 101 kPa. Control runs with 180–250 μm quartz particles at 500–650 °C, gave conversions from 5 to ≲ 30% respectively. Water was a major product with CaO at all temperatures. This finding and other observations here reported, lead to the conclusion that formation of calcium-m-cresolate salts via an acid-base reaction dominates conversion chemistry up to 500 °C, and that thermal cracking of the feed and/or the salts to yield CO, CH4 and toluene grows rapidly in importance above this temperature. The activity of fresh CaO (70–100% m-cresol conversion) is strongly degraded to a level relatively insensitive to continued stone utilization but greatly dependent on temperature (conversions of 10–15% at 500 °C and 60–80% at 600 °C). Onset of this plateau region roughly coincides with a predicted surface coverage of about one monolayer of products. Continued CaO utilization is hypothesized to occur via transport of m-cresol through a product layer of temperature dependent porosity.
Asymptotic expansion of a class of integral transforms with algebraically dominated kernels

Abstract A technique is developed here which yields the asymptotic expansion, in the two limits λ → 0+ and λ → +∞, for a class of functions defined by integrals I(λ) = ∝0∞ h(λt)f(t) dt where h(t) and f(t) are algebraically dominated near both 0+ and +∞. The integral I(λ) is first expressed as a contour integral of Barnes type through the Parseval theorem for Mellin transforms. The integrand is found to involve M[h; z] and M[f, 1 − z], the Mellin transforms of h and f evaluated at z and 1 − z respectively. Under rather general conditions, these Mellin transforms can be analytically continued to meromorphic functions in a suitable half plane, with poles that can be located and classified. The desired asymptotic expansions of I(λ) are then obtained by systematically moving the contour of its Barnes integral representation to the right for λ → +∞ and to the left for λ → 0+. Each term in either of these expansions is just the residue corresponding to a pole of M[h; z]M[f; 1 − z]. Under somewhat stronger conditions, the expansions obtained originally for real λ are extended to complex λ and shown valid in appropriate sectors. Several examples are considered to illustrate the range of these results.
Increasing the chance that landscape- and regional-level hypotheses will reflect important spatial patterns

Development of new ecological knowledge depends in part on the hypotheses that get tested, and little headway in establishing ecological truth is likely if hypotheses fail to reflect important spatial patterns. Careful exploration for spatial patterns during initial hypothesis formation—before tests of hypotheses and tests of statistical significance are pursued—is therefore essential. Exploratory analyses that rely on quantitative methods alone would preclude detection of important and unexpected spatial patterns that might be suggested or become apparent only through graphical visualization of spatial structure. Geographic mapping of spatial eigenvectors has the potential to improve knowledge about autocorrelation-related patterns by revealing pattern size, shape, geographic location, and directional orientation. Such map information is valuable because it may visually elicit insights about possible landscape- and regional-level drivers that no summary statistic, bivariate scatter plot, or statistical model alone could evoke. Including visual assessments of spatial structure in exploratory analyses may improve the chance that important spatial patterns will be discovered and hence considered during development of initial landscape- and regional-level hypotheses. These benefits in turn have the potential to strengthen the spatial validity of associated inferences.
Unidirectional non-cross-tolerance (UNCT) in rats and an apparent dissociation between narcotic tolerance and physical dependence

Abstract The phenomenon of unidirectional non-cross tolerance (UNCT) to etorphine was observed in adult male rats tolerant to morphine. Using a morphine pellet (four 75 mg morphine pellets) implantation protocol, a 10-fold increase in the analgesic ED 50 value, obtained by tail-flick assay, was observed for morphine sulfate, with no alteration in analgesic ED 50 value for etorphine. After etorphine pellet (two 60 μg pellets) implantation, no significant change in the ED 50 value for etorphine was observed, but the ED 50 value for morphine increased 15-fold. Both morphine and etorphine pellet-implanted animals, challenged with naloxone, showed similar qualitative signs of precipitated withdrawal. This seeming dissociation obtained by demonstration of physical dependence in the absence of tolerance to etorphine has its basis in the UNCT phenomenon. Thus, appropriate experimental paradigms must be included when evaluating tolerance to avoid specious conclusions.
Results of a Comparative Study of a Reconstruction Procedure for Producing Improved Estimates of Radioactivity Distributions in Time-of-Flight Emission Tomography

Several reconstruction algorithms for estimating distributions of radioactivity in an emission-tomography system having time-of-flight measurements have previously been identified. We present here a comparative study of various images reconstructed from data acquired with an emission-tomography system having time-of-flight data. Preliminary results indicate that a new recursive algorithm provides substantial improvements in image quality.
The structure and reactivity of phenylacetylene-derived metallacycles containing cobalt and mercury

The crystal structure of the product of the reaction of phenylacetylene and Hg[Co(CO)4]2, viz. (C6H5)2C4H3[Co(CO)2HgCo(CO)4]2 (1) was determined by X-ray diffraction (space group C2/c; Z = 8; R = 0.051; a 22.08, b 11.62, c 28.08 A; β 114.78°) to be a C4Co2-containing dimetallacycle the cobaltcobalt bond distance of which (2.548(3) A) is asymmetrically bridged by the mercury atom of an HgCo(CO)4 moiety. The three-coordinate, bridging mercury atom, Hg(2), is 2.553(2) A from the π-bonded cobalt and 2.641(2) A from the σ-bonded cobalt of the metallacycle. This bridged Hg is compared to the semi-bridging CO in the iron metallacycles, Fe2(CO)6(C4R4)2. The two-coordinate mercury, Hg(1), of the second HgCo(CO)4 group is 2.475(2) A from the σ-bonded cobalt fo the metallacycle. Symmetrization reaction of 1 gave previously known Hg{Co2(CO)4(C6H5C2H)2[Hg-Co(CO)4]}2 (2), the structure of which was also determined by X-ray diffraction (space group P1; Z = 1; R = 0.065' a 11.448, b 12.757, c 10.353 A; α 94.37, β 75.49, γ 66.87°). Compound 2 contains two [HgCo(CO)4]-bridged metallacyclic units symmetrically disposed about a third Hg atom. The metal-metal distances of compound 2 are similar to those in 1. Sodium amalgam reduction of 1 gave, in addition to NaCo(CO)4, an anion postulated to be [(CO)2Co(η5-C5H2(C6H5)2O)]− (3) on the basis of its reaction with acetyl chloride to give 1-acetoxy-2,5-diphenyl-cyclopentadienyldicarbonylcobalt (4). Although no reaction was observed with acetic acid, treatment of 3 with trifluoroacetic acid produced a hydroxy-derivative, 5 analogous to the acetoxy compound, 4.
Comparative effects of progesterone and alphaxalone on aggressive, reproductive and locomotor behaviors

Progesterone can reduce aggressive behaviors in rodents under various experimental conditions, but it could be argued that this effect is due to the well known anesthetic/sedative properties of some steroids. We have tested this hypothesis by comparing the effects of progesterone and the anesthetic progestin, alphaxalone, on the aggressive, reproductive and locomotor behaviors of hamsters. Locomotion is used as a sensitive index of sedative/soporific effects. Progesterone reduced aggressive behavior without depressing the general locomotor activity of the animals, and it also facilitated feminine sexual behaviors in both sexes. Alphaxalone induced mild sedation in hamsters but this did not decrease their aggressive display. Alphaxalone did not facilitate feminine sexual behavior in either sex. We proposed that the inhibitory effect of progesterone on hamster aggressiveness is unlikely to follow from the hormone's sedative properties.
Analysis of plus-strand primer selection, removal, and reutilization by retroviral reverse transcriptases.

The ability of reverse transcriptase to generate, extend, and remove the primer derived from the polypurine tract (PPT) is vital for reverse transcription, since this process determines one of the ends required for integration of the viral DNA. Based on the ability of the RNase H activity of Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase to cleave a long RNA/DNA hybrid containing the PPT, it appears that cleavages that could generate the plus-strand primer can occur by an internal cleavage mechanism without any positioning by an RNA 5′-end, and such cleavages may serve to minimize cleavage events within the PPT itself. If the PPT were to be cleaved inappropriately just upstream of the normal plus-strand origin site, the resulting 3′-ends would not be extended by reverse transcriptase. Extension of the PPT primer by at least 2 nucleotides is sufficient for recognition and correct cleavage by RNase H at the RNA-DNA junction to remove the primer. Specific removal of the PPT primer after polymerase extension deviates from the general observation that primer removal occurs by cleavage one nucleotide away from the RNA-DNA junction and suggests that the same PPT specificity determinants responsible for generation of the PPT primer also direct PPT primer removal. Once the PPT primer has been extended and removed from the nascent plus-strand DNA, reinitiation at the resulting plus-strand primer terminus does not occur, providing a mechanism to prevent the repeated initiation of plus strands.
Social Capital and Racial Inequality in America

“Social capital” is said to be strongly associated with better substantive outcomes as well as with civic and economic dimensions of equality in the United States. Robert Putnam argues in Bowling Alone that “the American states with the highest levels of social capital are precisely the states most characterized by economic and civic equality.” He adds: “[B]oth across space [i.e., states] and across time, equality and fraternity [social capital] are strongly positively correlated …. [T]he empirical evidence on recent trends is unambiguous …. Community and equality are mutually reinforcing, not mutually incompatible.”Putnam 2000, 358–63 (emphasis in original) and chapter 22 more generally; also see Rice and Sumberg 1997.He specializes in U.S. democracy and politics, especially as viewed through the analytical lenses of Latino and ethnic/minority politics, state/urban politics, and federalism. His book Faces of Inequality: Social Diversity in American Politics received the American Political Science Association's 1999 Woodrow Wilson Foundation Award.
The distribution of brachyuran crustacean megalopae in the waters of the York river, lower Chesapeake Bay and adjacent shelf: Implications for recruitment

Abstract Vertical and horizontal distributions are described for megalopae of 11 brachyuran taxa common to the lower Chesapeake Bay and adjacent shelf. Three distribution patterns are apparent from horizontal distribution. 1. (1) More than 75% of the megalopae of estuarine adults, such as Hexapanopeus angustifrons, Neopanope sayi, Panopeus herbstii, Rhithropanopeus harrisii and Pinnotheres ostreum, are retained in estuarine waters. 2. (2) The megalopae of three estuarine taxa, Callinectes sapidus, Uca spp. and Pinnixa sp., are most abundant on the shelf. 3. (3) More than 90% of the megalopae of the shelf species, Portunus sp., Cancer irroratus and Libinia spp. remained in shelf waters. Vertical distributions indicate the megalopae of a majority of estuarine crabs are epibenthic when waters are stratified. Exceptions include the megalopae of both Rhithropanopeus which are found slightly shallower in well mixed waters and Callinectes sapidus which are generally most abundant in the neuston. The megalopae of two shelf species, Portunus sp. and Cancer irroratus, reach highest densities in surface waters, while those of Libinia spp. are common in the epibenthos. Megalopal distributions analyzed with respect to water column stratification show megalopae never reached highest densities within the layer of the pycnocline. The megalopae of five species show significant shifts in vertical distributions between stratified and homogeneous water columns.
The a.c. corrosion of stainless steel—II. The polarization of ss304 and ss316 in acid sulfate solutions

Abstract An experimental study has been made to examine the effect of alternating current on the corrosion of Types 304 and 316 Stainless Steels in acidic aqueous sulfate solutions. The polarization curves were measured with an alternating voltage (AV) modulation technique and the pitting behavior of the stainless steels was examined with a constant potentiostatic coulometry and SEM photomicrography. The experiments were made with sinusoidal, square and triangular AV over a range of AV frequencies from 60 to 1000 Hz and AV magnitudes from 0 to 1000 mV rms. The results indicate that AV increased the critical current density for passivity and decreased the passive potential regime by shifting the transpassive potential toward the active direction and increasing the current density in the passive regime. The effect was similar to the addition of chloride ions to the corrosion environment. AV enhanced the pitting of the stainless steels at both the passive and transpassive potentials. Passivity was destroyed regardless of the AV waveforms; triangular wave caused the severest destruction, followed by sinusoidal and square waves.
Organic carbon deposition on the North Carolina continental slope off Cape Hatteras (USA)

Abstract The continental slope off Cape Hatteras, NC is a region of high sediment accumulation and organic matter deposition. Sediment accumulation rates range from 3 to 151 cm kyr−1. Organic carbon deposition rates are 5–13 moles C m−2 yr−1, the highest reported for the slope off the eastern US. Burial efficiencies are 3–40%. The organic matter deposited is marine in origin and a mix of old and young particles. High organic carbon deposition rates support remineralization throughout the upper 2–3 m of sediment. Deep bioirrigation to depths of 60–100 cm within the seabed affects the biogeochemistry of the sediments by extending the zone of sulfate reduction and by steepening DIC porewater gradients through the non-local exchange of porewater. Stable and radiocarbon isotope mixing curves for porewater dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) indicate that the dominant source of DIC accumulating in the upper 2–3 m of the seabed is of nearly uniform δ13C (−21.10‰) and Δ14C (−546‰).
The spectrum of nail disease in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection

There are no known pathognomonic nail signs of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. However, several presentations should increase the index of suspicion. (1) Proximal white subungual onychomycosis or superficial white onychomycosis, especially of the fingernails, is present. Trichophyton rubrum appears to cause both most commonly in HIV-infected patients. Periungual dermatophyte involvement and involvement of all 10 fingernails is unusual in non-HIV-infected persons. (2) Candida is a primary pathogen of the nail bed and nail plate especially if many nails are involved. (3) A destructive, almost granulomatous-like psoriatic involvement of the nails is present. (4) Squamous cell carcinoma of the nail bed in a young adult. There are no clinical trials to confirm the efficacy of therapy mentioned in this article. The treatment suggestions are empirical and are the personal views of the authors.
Brief announcement: parameterized maximum and average degree approximation in topic-based publish-subscribe overlay network design

Designing an overlay network for publish/subscribe communication in a system where nodes may subscribe to many different topics of interest is of fundamental importance. For scalability and efficiency, it is important to keep the degree of the nodes in the publish/subscribe system low. It is only natural then to formalize the following problem: Given a collection of nodes and their topic subscriptions connect the nodes into a graph which has low average and maximum degree and in such a way that for each topic t, the graph induced by the nodes interested in t is connected. We present the first polynomial time parameterized sublinear approximation algorithm for this problem.
The effects of internal versus external integration practices on time-based performance and overall firm performance

Abstract This paper examines the effects of integration practices on time-based performance and on overall firm performance (financial and market share). Integration practices are grouped into two categories: (1) external strategic design integration, which reaches across firm boundaries to involve suppliers and customers and (2) internal design-process integration, which comprises more tactically oriented, integration practices that match design requirements and process capabilities. First, regression results show that both internal and external integration are related to time-based performance, which in turn is related to firm performance. Thus, two indirect routes to firm performance are identified. Second, hierarchical regression reveals that integration directly affects firm performance even after time-based performance is accounted for. Finally, we found that the interaction of internal and external integration is significantly related to both market share and financial performance (after controlling for all other effects). This latter result suggests that the joint use of external and internal integration practices has a synergistic effect on firm performance.
Broad-band X-ray telescope observations of the magnetic cataclysmic variable H0538 + 608 = BY Camelopardalis

We report on BBXRT observations of the cataclysmic variable H0538 + 608 (BY Cam). The unexcelled energy resolution of BBXRT in the vicinity of the iron K line allows the line strength and energy to be constrained more tightly than has previously been possible. We are able to rule out a significant contribution from fluorescence on iron more neutral than Fe XVIII. Implications for the conditions in the accreting gas are discussed.
Saturation of the biological response to orthodontic forces and its effect on the rate of tooth movement.

Structured Abstract Objectives Investigate the expression and activity of inflammatory markers in response to different magnitudes of orthodontic forces and correlate this response with other molecular and cellular events during orthodontic tooth movement. Setting and Sample Population CTOR Laboratory; 245 Sprague Dawley male rats. Methods and Materials Control, sham, and 5 different experimental groups received different magnitudes of force on the right maxillary first molar using a coil spring. In the sham group, the spring was not activated. Control group did not receive any appliance. At days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28, the maxillae were collected for RNA and protein analysis, immunohistochemistry, and micro-CT. Results There was a linear relation between the force and the level of cytokine expression at lower magnitudes of force. Higher magnitudes of force did not increase the expression of cytokines. Activity of CCL2, CCL5, IL-1, TNF-α, RANKL, and number of osteoclasts reached a saturation point in response to higher magnitudes of force, with unchanged rate of tooth movement. Conclusion After a certain magnitude of force, there is a saturation in the biological response, and higher forces do not increase inflammatory markers, osteoclasts, nor the amount of tooth movement. Therefore, higher forces to accelerate the rate of tooth movement are not justified.
Stock market interdependencies: Evidence from the asian NIEs☆

Abstract National asset markets have become more integrated in recent years. This paper investigates the interrelationship, if any, among the stock markets in four newly industrialized economies (NIEs) in Asia. The results indicate that a significant link exists between the stock markets of Hong Kong and Singapore and those of Japan and the United States. On the other hand, the markets with severe restrictions on cross-country investing, that is, Korea and Taiwan, are not responsive to innovations in foreign markets. Finally, the United States stock market influences, but is not influenced by, the four Asian markets.
Linear Seven-Decade Current/Voltage-to-Frequency Converter

A current-to-frequency converter was developed for low level current measurements of wide dynamic range. It measures currents from 5 × 10-13 to 6 × 10-5 amperes without range switching and by the use of state-of-the-art circuit components. It has a corresponding linear seven-decade transfer characteristic of 10-11 amperes per Hertz with a maximum output frequency of greater than 5 × 106 Hz. The converter was designed to monitor photomultiplier tube current in an automated thermoluminescent dosimetry (TLD) system.
On the reciprocal relationship between gender and occupation: Rethinking the assumptions concerning masculine career development

Abstract Social scientists who study the career development of women have tended to ignore variables which function to inhibit or facilitate change in the traditional pattern of men's vocational behavior. Although such neglect is understandable, given the pervasive promasculine bias of society and the parallel disparagement of what has traditionally been considered “women's work,” economists and sociologists have long pointed out that the vocational behavior of both sexes must change for there to be any significant alteration in the sexual division of labor. The present paper suggested the utility of viewing masculine career behavior as an extension of male sex role, and investigated counselors' reactions to an experimental analog of the vocational counseling process. As predicted, the counselors demonstrated negative reactions to a male aspiring to a nontraditional (i.e., feminine) occupation. The discussion outlined suggestions for research into factors which may relate to change in the traditional patterns of men's vocational behavior.
Deception tactics for network interdiction: A multiobjective approach

This article develops defender-attacker network interdiction models with deception. Here, deception refers to a preemptive and intelligent use of concealed interdiction assets and decoys by the defender, in addition to transparent assets commonly employed in modeling defender-attacker problems. These models can help security planners to locate a limited number of checkpoints and sensors of various types to, for example, detect the smuggling of illegal products. The problem is complex, in part, because the objective functions of the defender and the attacker are different, and because the latter (which represents the attacker's behavior) is difficult to predict by the defender. First, we use duality theory and a generalized network flow model to devise an equivalent mixed-integer programming formulation, and develop its Benders decomposition. We extend this formulation with a multiobjective approach to account for several behaviors simultaneously. The computational effort to solve these models is considerable, as exemplified by our testing on a variety of cases for a medium-sized, notional network. Published 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2012 (This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.)
Frequentist Model-averaged Estimators and Tests for Univariate Twin Models

Parameter estimates from analyses of univariate twin data usually do not reflect the uncertainty due to the model selection phase of the data analysis. To address the effect of model selection uncertainty on parameter estimates, we introduce frequentist model-averaged estimators for univariate twin data analysis that use information-theoretic criteria to assign model weights. We conduct simulation studies to examine the performance of model-averaged estimators of additive genetic variance, and for tests for additive genetic variance based on model-averaged estimators. In simulation studies with small or moderate sample sizes, model-averaged estimators of additive genetic variance typically have lower mean-squared error than either (i) estimators from individual twin models, or (ii) estimators obtained from a decision procedure where the best-fitting model from likelihood-ratio testing is used to estimate additive genetic variance. For each sample size simulated, bootstrap tests based on model-averaged estimators have higher power to detect additive genetic variance than currently-used tests in most cases.
Development of a small-scale computer cluster

An increase in demand for computing power in academia has necessitated the need for high performance machines. Computing power of a single processor has been steadily increasing, but lags behind the demand for fast simulations. Since a single processor has hard limits to its performance, a cluster of computers can have the ability to multiply the performance of a single computer with the proper software. Cluster computing has therefore become a much sought after technology. Typical desktop computers could be used for cluster computing, but are not intended for constant full speed operation and take up more space than rack mount servers. Specialty computers that are designed to be used in clusters meet high availability and space requirements, but can be costly. A market segment exists where custom built desktop computers can be arranged in a rack mount situation, gaining the space saving of traditional rack mount computers while remaining cost effective. To explore these possibilities, an experiment was performed to develop a computing cluster using desktop components for the purpose of decreasing computation time of advanced simulations. This study indicates that small-scale cluster can be built from off-the-shelf components which multiplies the performance of a single desktop machine, while minimizing occupied space and still remaining cost effective.
DETRUSOR AREFLEXIA IN A PATIENT WITH MYASTHENIA GRAVIS

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a common neuromuscular disorder, however, voiding dysfunction in conjunction with MG is rare. A review of the literature yielded only 7 prior reports of such a combination. Most of the reported cases involved incontinence in males which developed after a transurethral resection of the prostate. Only 3 cases described de novo voiding dysfunction. We report a fourth patient. In all 4 cases of de novo dysfunction, the voiding problem either heralded a new diagnosis of MG or an exacerbation of the disease process. It is hypothesized that autonomic dysfunction in patients with MG might indicate a unique subset with a worse prognosis.
An Evaluation of Stream Restoration Structures in a Coastal Oregon Stream, 1981–1993

Abstract A 1.7-km reach of East Fork Lobster Creek, an Oregon coastal tributary of the Alsea River, was treated with mostly full-spanning, rock-filled gabions in 1981 and boulder structures in 1987. East Fork Lobster Creek (EFLC) supports runs of coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch and fall chinook salmon O. tshawytscha, winter steelhead O. mykiss, and sea-run and resident cutthroat trout O. clarki. The main objective of treatment was to improve spawning and summer rearing habitat for coho salmon, habitat determined to be lacking during 1980 surveys. Freshets in the winter of 1981–1982 filled all gabion structures with large gravel; the surface area of pool and low-gradient riffle habitats increased but area of high-gradient riffle habitat decreased. From 1985 through 1993, the average number of coho salmon spawners in EFLC increased 2.5 times compared with returns during 1981–1984. In EFLC, treated areas supported significantly more juvenile coho salmon and cutthroat trout and had higher overall salmonid bi...
Development of large-aperture aspherical lens with glass molding

Glass molding is an advantageous method to manufacture aspherical lenses. However, it was not applicable for aspherical lenses with large aperture. We have succeeded in the development and manufacturing of glass molded aspherical lenses with large diameter of 60.5 mm by newly developed molding machine, process control and new material of mold.
Technical Note: Effect of Specimen Thickness on Cracking Susceptibility of Alloy 600 in High-Temperature Water

Abstract The effect of specimen thickness on the environmental crack growth rate (CGR) of alloy 600 (UNS N06600) in high-temperature water was studied. Results showed the environmentally induced CGR in high-temperature water did not change when the alloy 600 specimen thickness changed from 1 mm to 6 mm. Loading that enhanced plane stress conditions promoted transgranular (TG) cracking, and loading that reduced plane stress conditions promoted intergranular (IG) cracking. Results suggested that the criteria for fracture mechanics plane strain testing are too restrictive (conservative) for environmental testing purposes.
Conditions for high pressure inactivation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in oysters.

Abstract The objective of this study was to identify the high pressure processing conditions (pressure level, time, and temperature) needed to achieve a 5-log reduction of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in live oysters (Crassostrea virginica). Ten strains of V. parahaemolyticus were separately tested for their resistances to high pressure. The two most pressure-resistant strains were then used as a cocktail to represent baro-tolerant environmental strains. To evaluate the effect of temperature on pressure inactivation of V. parahaemolyticus, Vibrio-free oyster meats were inoculated with the cocktail of V. parahaemolyticus and incubated at room temperature (approximately 21 °C) for 24 h. Oyster meats were then blended and treated at 250 MPa for 5 min, 300 MPa for 2 min, and 350 MPa for 1 min. Pressure treatments were carried out at − 2, 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 45 °C. Temperatures ≥ 30 °C enhanced pressure inactivation of V. parahaemolyticus. To achieve a 5-log reduction of V. parahaemolyticus in live oysters, pressure treatment needed to be ≥ 350 MPa for 2 min at temperatures between 1 and 35 °C and ≥ 300 MPa for 2 min at 40 °C.
Using granular film to suppress charge leakage in a single-electron latch

A single-electron latch is a device that can be used as a building block for quantum-dot cellular automata circuits. It consists of three nanoscale metal ``dots'' connected in series by tunnel junctions; charging of the dots is controlled by three electrostatic gates. One very important feature of a single-electron latch is its ability to store (``latch'') information represented by the location of a single electron within the three dots. To obtain latching, the undesirable leakage of charge during the retention time must be suppressed. Previously, to achieve this goal, multiple tunnel junctions were used to connect the three dots. However, this method of charge leakage suppression requires an additional compensation of the background charges affecting each parasitic dot in the array of junctions. We report a single-electron latch where a granular metal film is used to fabricate the middle dot in the latch which concurrently acts as a charge leakage suppressor. This latch has no parasitic dots, therefore the background charge compensation procedure is greatly simplified. We discuss the origins of charge leakage suppression and possible applications of granular metal dots for various single-electron circuits.
The reactions of iminosulfur difluorides and chlorine monofluoride

Abstract The reactions of perfluoroalkyl- and perfluoroacyl-iminosulfur difluorides with chlorine monofluoride result in the preparation of perfluoroalkyldichloroamines and a new class of compounds N,N -dichloroperfluoroamides, R f C(O)NCl 2 , via the elimination of SF 4 . The amides, FC(O)NCl 2 and CF 3 C(O)NCl 2 , in addition to 1,2-bis-(dichloroamino)tetrafluoroethane, Cl 2 NCF 2 CF 2 NCl 2 , are reported and characterized. The reactions of CIF with other sulfur(IV) imines proceed in an analogous manner to form perfluoroalkyl-dichloroamines via the elimination of the corresponding sulfur(IV) fluoride.
Lymphocytoma cutis: a series of five patients successfully treated with cryosurgery.

Background: Lymphocytoma cutis is a rare cutaneous eruption that may possess clinical and histologic features resembling malignant lymphoma. Objective: Our purpose was to find a good method to treat patients with lymphocytoma cutis. Methods: Five patients with lymphocytoma cutis were seen; each agreed to cryosurgery. Results: In each patient the lesions responded well to cryosurgery. Conclusion: Cryosurgery appears to be an excellent therapeutic option for patients with lymphocytoma cutis. To our knowledge this is the first time liquid nitrogen has been used to eradicate these lesions.
Vibration isolator design via energy confinement through eigenvector assignment and piezoelectric networking

The objective of this research is to investigate the feasibility of utilizing eigenvector assignment and piezoelectric networking for enhancing vibration isolator design through energy confinement. For a classical periodic isolator structure, the material discontinuity creates stop bands that could suppress the wave propagation of external excitation in a particular frequency range. While effective, such method can not always create wide enough stop bands such that all the disturbance frequencies are covered. In this study, the eigenvector assignment technique and piezoelectric networks are utilized to reduce the transmissibility of the isolator modes near the boundary of the stop bands, and therefore widen the effective frequency range and enhance the performance of the isolator. The eigenvector assignment principle is to alter the mode shapes of the system so that the modal components have smaller amplitude in concerned coordinates than in other parts of the system. By applying the eigenvector assignment method on the spatially tailored periodic isolator structure, the attenuated end (the end of the isolator designed to have small vibration) response amplitude at resonant frequencies near the stop band can be reduced, which enhances the vibration isolation performance in the frequency range of interest. On the other hand, piezoelectric networks connecting to the isolator structure increase the degrees of freedom of the integrated system, and enlarge the design space for achievable eigenvectors. The right eigenvectors of this integrated system are selected such that the modal energy in the concerned area is minimized by using the Rayleigh Principle. The integrated system with assigned eigenvectors will re-distribute vibratory energy of the complete electromechanical system. Small vibration at the attenuated end of the isolator is achieved since the energy is confined in the circuitry and other parts of the isolator. Numerical simulations are performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method on vibration confinement for isolator designs. Frequency responses of the different generalized coordinates in the selected frequency range are illustrated. It is shown that with the piezoelectric networking and eigenvector assignment, the system energy is redistributed and confined in the unconcerned areas, which can greatly enhance the performance of the vibration isolation system.
A scale analysis for natural convective flows over vertical surfaces

Abstract A scale analysis is presented for natural convection from the face of a vertical plate. Three types of thermal boundary conditions are considered: (1) constant surface temperature; (2) constant surface heat flux, and (3) plate heated from its back surface. Unlike previous studies, the scale for the thickness of the hydrodynamic boundary layer is here obtained by strictly restricting the continuity and momentum equations to the region between the thermal and hydrodynamic boundary layers. This results in expressions for the local Nusselt number that are valid for all values of the Prandtl number and that approach the solutions found in the literature for the limiting cases of very high and very low Prandtl numbers. Furthermore, for all cases the order of magnitude of the local Nusselt number was found to be a function of the parameter grouping Bo /(1 + Pr ), where Bo and Pr are the Boussinesq and Prandtl numbers, respectively, raised to a power that depends on the boundary condition. For condition (3), the local Nusselt number is an implicit function of the Biot number characterizing the convective heating on the backside of the plate. The order of magnitude of the local Nusselt number was therefore evaluated numerically for three values each of the Boussinesq, Prandtl, and Biot numbers.
An MHD simulation of the inner heliosphere during Carrington rotations 2060 and 2068: Comparison with MESSENGER and ACE spacecraft observations

Abstract We present results from a new magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model of the inner heliosphere. The model is adapted from the well-established Lyon–Fedder–Mobarry (LFM) MHD simulation code, which until recently mostly applied to studies of the terrestrial magnetosphere. We perform quasi steady-state simulations of two Carrington rotations: 2060 and 2068. During both of these periods, the heliosphere remained quiet and undisturbed by transient phenomena, making them well-suited for simulation studies of Corotating Interaction Regions (CIRs). The MHD model of the solar wind is driven at the inner boundary by the Wang–Sheeley–Arge (WSA) model of the corona augmented with empirical relations to infer the solar wind velocity, density, and temperature. Here we report on a validation exercise whereby LFM-helio simulation results are compared with in situ data from the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) and MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft. We find that the model successfully reproduces the large-scale configuration of the inner heliosphere, namely timing and duration of high-speed streams and heliospheric current sheet crossings, as reflected in ACE and MESSENGER observations. Discrepancies between in situ measurements and simulations, such as 1–2 day errors in the time of arrival of a CIR or the strength of the simulated magnetic field at the spacecraft, are attributed to the uncertainty in the specification of the coronal conditions, rather than a poor performance of the solar wind model. More comparisons between different inner heliosphere models driven with identical coronal conditions are suggested as a way to explore their comparative strengths and weaknesses.