cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kinetic frustration and the nature of the magnetic and paramagnetic states in iron pnictides and iron chalcogenides

The iron pnictide and chalcogenide compounds are a subject of intensive investigations owing to their surprisingly high temperature superconductivity. They all share the same basic building blocks, but there is significant variation in their physical properties, such as magnetic ordered moments, effective masses, superconducting gaps and transition temperature (T(c)). Many theoretical techniques have been applied to individual compounds but no consistent description of the microscopic origin of these variations is available. Here we carry out a comparative theoretical study of a large number of iron-based compounds in both their magnetic and paramagnetic states. Taking into account correlation effects and realistic band structures, we describe well the trends in all of the physical properties such as the ordered moments, effective masses and Fermi surfaces across all families of iron compounds, and find them to be in good agreement with experiments. We trace variation in physical properties to variations in the key structural parameters, rather than changes in the screening of the Coulomb interactions. Our results also provide a natural explanation of the strongly Fermi-surface-dependent superconducting gaps observed in experiments.
Principal Component Regression for Fitting Wing Weight Data of Subsonic Transports

This paper documents the lessons learned from fitting the wing weight data of 41 subsonic transports by a semi-empirical regression model, least polynomial interpolation, radial basis function interpolation, Kriging interpolation, Gaussian process, and principal component regression using radial basis function interpolation. The paper discusses various aspects of fitting data to a wing weight model: data scaling, variable selection, principal component analysis, subjective choice of input variables, interpolation methods, and verification of constructed wing weight models. The numerical results show that principal component regression using multiquadric radial basis function interpolation is capable of capturing physical trends buried In the wing weight data and generates the most useful wing weight model for conceptual design of subsonic transports among the tested data fitting methods. Even though the benefits of principal component regression are only demonstrated by the wing weight data fitting problem, the methodology could have significant advantages in fitting other historical or sparse data.
Numerical modeling of a non-flooding hybrid polymer electrolyte fuel cell

Abstract Experimental results were recently reported regarding a novel “non-flooding” hybrid fuel cell consisting of proton exchange membrane (PEM) and anion exchange membrane (AEM) half-cells on opposite sides of a water-filled, porous intermediate layer. Product water formed in the porous layer, where it could permeate to the exterior of the cell, rather than at the electrodes. Although electrode flooding was mitigated, the reported power output was low. To investigate the potential for increased power output, a physicochemical charge transport model of the porous electrolyte layer is reported here. Traditional electrochemical modeling was generalized in a novel way to consider both ion transport and reaction in the aqueous phase and electronic conduction in the graphitic scaffold using a unified Poisson–Nernst–Planck framework. Though the model used no arbitrary or fitting parameters, the ionic resistance calculated for the porous layer agreed well with the highly non-Ohmic experimental values previously reported for the entire fuel cell. Interestingly, electronic charge carriers in the scaffold were found to obviate the need for counterion presence in this unique electrolyte structure. Still, the thickness- and temperature-dependent model results offer limited prospects for improving the power output.
Global Regularity for General Non-Linear Wave Equations I. (6 + 1) and Higher Dimensions

Abstract Following work of Tataru [Tataru, D. (1998). Local and global results for wave maps I. Comm. Partial Differential Equations 23(9–10):1781–1793; Tataru, D. (1999). On the equation in 5 + 1 dimensions. Math. Res. Lett. 6 (5–6):469–485], we solve the division problem for wave equations with generic quadratic non-linearities in high dimensions. Specifically, we show that non-linear wave equations which can be written as systems involving equations of the form and are well-posed with scattering in (6 + 1) and higher dimensions if the Cauchy data are small in the scale invariant l1 Besov space . This paper is the first in a series of works where we discuss the global regularity properties of general non-linear wave equations for all dimensions 4 ≤ n.
A Conversation with Dorothy Gilford

In 1946, Public Law 588 of the 79th Congress established the Office of Naval Research (ONR). Its mission was to plan, foster and encourage scientific research in support of Naval problems. The establishment of ONR predates the National Science Foundation and initiated the refocusing of scientific infrastructure in the United States following World War II. At the time, ONR was the only source for federal support of basic research in the United States. Dorothy Gilford was one of the first Heads of the Probability and Statistics program at the Office of Naval Research (1955 to 1962), and she went on to serve as Director of the Mathematical Sciences Division (1962 to 1968). During her time at ONR, Dorothy influenced many areas of statistics and mathematics and was ahead of her time in promoting interdisciplinary projects. Dorothy continued her career at the National Center for Education Statistics (1969 to 1974). She was active in starting international comparisons of education outcomes in different countries, which has influenced educational policy in the United States. Dorothy went on to serve in many capacities at the National Academy of Sciences, including Director of Human Resources Studies (1975 to 1978), Senior Statistician on the Committee on National Statistics (1978 to 1988) and Director of the Board on International Comparative Studies in Education (1988 to 1994). The following is a conversation we had with Dorothy Gilford in March of 2004. We found her to be an interesting person and a remarkable statistician. We hope you agree.
A Physical Orbit for the High Proper Motion Binary HD 9939

We report spectroscopic and interferometric observations of the high proper motion double-lined binary system HD 9939, with an orbital period of approximately 25 days. By combining our radial-velocity and visibility measurements, we estimate the system physical orbit and derive dynamical masses for the components of MA = 1.072 ± 0.014 M☉ and MB = 0.8383 ± 0.0081 M☉, with fractional errors of 1.3% and 1.0%, respectively. We also determine a system distance of 42.23 ± 0.21 pc, corresponding to an orbital parallax of πorb = 23.68 ± 0.12 mas. The system distance and the estimated brightness difference between the stars in V, H, and K yield component absolute magnitudes in these bands. By spectroscopic analysis and spectral energy distribution modeling, we also estimate the component effective temperatures and luminosities as T = 5050 ± 100 K and T = 4950 ± 200 K and LA = 2.451 ± 0.041 L☉ and LB = 0.424 ± 0.023 L☉. Both our spectral analysis and comparison with stellar models suggest that HD 9939 has elemental abundances near solar values. Further, comparison with stellar models suggests that the HD 9939 primary has evolved off the main sequence and appears to be traversing the Hertzsprung gap as it approaches the red giant phase of its evolution. Our measurements of the primary properties provide new empirical constraints on stellar models during this particularly dynamic evolutionary phase. That HD 9939 is currently in a relatively short lived evolutionary state allows us to estimate the system age as 9.12 ± 0.25 Gyr. In turn, the age and abundance of the system place a potentially interesting, if anecdotal, constraint on star formation in the Galactic disk.
A mild, one-pot preparation of 1,3,4-oxadiazoles

Abstract A mild and efficient one-pot protocol for the synthesis of 1,3,4-oxadiazoles from carboxylic acids and acylhydrazides was developed. Diacylhydrazide formation via HATU coupling followed by addition of Burgess reagent afforded the corresponding 1,3,4-oxadiazoles in 63–96% yields at room temperature. The reaction conditions are tolerant of a variety of functional groups, including esters, nitriles, alkynes, olefins, alkyl halides, phenols, carbamates and sulfonamides.
An indo investigation of the structure and bonding in malondialdehyde and lithium malondialdehyde

Abstract The geometries of the enol forms of malondialdehyde and its lithium analog have been investigated using the INDO MO method in its original parametrization. The former molecule is predicted to have a planar, symmetric structure nearly identical with that of acetylacetone. Optimization of the geometry of lithium malondialdehyde yielded questionable results. The covalent bonding in both molecules is discussed with the aid of localized molecular orbitais and calculated interference energies.
Banking deregulation and credit risk: Evidence from the EU

Abstract This paper studies the effect of banking deregulation on credit risk. Its theoretical model shows that a bank is willing to invest more resources in screening borrowers when there is an entry threat, even though loan rates are driven lower. Thus, deregulation may result in improved loan quality and lower credit risk. This result is tested using bank-level balance sheet data and macroeconomic data for the European Union. The data reveal that competition intensified after the completion of the Second Banking Directive, while loan quality improved in most markets. Evidence is found that the loan quality improvement is associated with lower interest margin.
On the Evolution of Helium in Blue Compact Galaxies

We discuss the chemical evolution of dwarf irregular and blue compact galaxies in light of recent data, new stellar yields, and chemical evolution models. We examine the abundance data for evidence of H ii region self-enrichment effects, which would lead to correlations in the scatter of helium, nitrogen, and oxygen abundances around their mean trends. The observed helium abundance trends show no such correlations, although the nitrogen-oxygen trend does show strong evidence for real scatter beyond observational error. We construct simple models for the chemical evolution of these galaxies, using the most recent yields of {sup 4}He, C, N, and O in intermediate- and high-mass stars. The effects of galactic outflows, which can arise both from bulk heating and evaporation of the interstellar medium and from the partial escape of enriched supernova ejecta are included. In agreement with other studies, we find that supernova-enriched outflows can roughly reproduce the observed He, C, N, and O trends; however, in models that fit N versus O, the slopes {Delta}{ital Y}/{Delta}O and {Delta}{ital Y}/{Delta}N consistently fall more than 2 {sigma} below the fit to observations. We discuss the role of the models and their uncertainties in the extrapolation of primordial helium from themore » data. We also explore the model dependence arising from nucleosynthesis uncertainties associated with nitrogen yields in intermediate-mass stars, the fate of 8{endash}11 {ital M}{sub {circle_dot}} stars, and massive star winds. {copyright} {ital {copyright} 1998.} {ital The American Astronomical Society}« less
Radial velocity jitter in stars from the California and Carnegie Planet Search at Keck Observatory

ABSTRACT I present an empirical model for predicting a star’s radial velocity jitter from its \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{stmaryrd} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{portland,xspace} \usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra} \usepackage[OT2,OT1]{fontenc} \newcommand\cyr{ \renewcommand\rmdefault{wncyr} \renewcommand\sfdefault{wncyss} \renewcommand\encodingdefault{OT2} \normalfont \selectfont} \DeclareTextFontCommand{\textcyr}{\cyr} \pagestyle{empty} \DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6} \begin{document} \landscape $B-V$ \end{document} color, activity level, and absolute magnitude. This model is based on observations of ∼450 well‐observed stars from Keck Observatory for the California and Carnegie Planet Search Program. The model includes noise from both astrophysical sources and systematic errors, and describes jitter as generally increasing with a star’s activity and height above the main sequence.
An Approach to Robust Multiattribute Concept Selection

In this paper, we investigate and extend a method of selecting among a set of concepts or alternatives using multiple, potentially conflicting criteria. This method, called the Hypothetical Equivalents and Inequivalents Method (HEIM), has been shown to avoid the many pitfalls of already existing methods for such problems, such as pair-wise comparison, ranking methods, rating methods, and weighted sum approaches. The existence of multiple optimal sets of attribute weights based on a set of stated preferences is investigated. Using simple visualization techniques, we show that there is a range of weights that satisfy the constraints of HEIM. Depending on the attribute weights used, multiple possible alternative winners could exist. The visualization techniques, coupled with an indifference point analysis, are then used to understand the robustness of the solution obtained and determine the appropriate additional constraints necessary to identify a single robust optimal alternative.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Low-energy QCD: Chiral coefficients and the quark quark interaction

A detailed investigation of the low-energy chiral expansion is presented within a model truncation of QCD. The truncation allows for a phenomenological description of the quark-quark interaction in a framework which maintains the global symmetries of QCD and permits a 1/${\mathit{N}}_{\mathit{c}}$ expansion. The model dependence of the chiral coefficients is tested for several forms of the quark-quark interaction by varying the form of the running coupling, \ensuremath{\alpha}(${\mathit{q}}^{2}$), in the infrared region. The pattern in the coefficients that arises at tree level is consistent with large ${\mathit{N}}_{\mathit{c}}$ QCD, and is related to the model truncation. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Using Hyperion imagery to monitor the spatial and temporal distribution of colored dissolved organic matter in estuarine and coastal regions

Abstract Establishing a link between the optical and biogeochemical properties of near-shore waters continues to be a challenge for both riverine and estuarine areas worldwide due to terrestrial influences. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of an inversion algorithm for the extraction of riverine and estuarine CDOM properties at global scales. Our CDOM evaluation focused on five aspects: 1) the range of worldwide CDOM levels, 2) spatial distribution patterns, (3) climatic influences, (4) influences of land cover change, and (5) seasonal effects. The study locations consisted of the estuarine and coastal regions of 10 major rivers spread across five continents. Our approach was to examine the QAA-CDOM algorithm by extracting CDOM properties from hundreds of EO-1 Hyperion images acquired during the last decade (2001–2011). Preliminary results showed that CDOM absorption coefficients at 440 nm within the 10 selected rivers exhibited a broad range (0.02–7.2 m − 1 ). Spatial CDOM distribution patterns showed many plumes dispersing from source areas (e.g. adjacent terrestrial vegetated areas) along the direction of flow. Seasonal variations in CDOM levels are also evident (i.e. 0.5–4.0 m − 1 ) as illustrated by the January, April, August and October images of the Volga River. CDOM levels also appeared to trend upward with the increase in forest coverage (i.e. terrestrial influence) within the watersheds studied over the last decade. Our results strongly suggest that the algorithm is effective in distinguishing riverine and estuarine CDOM levels affected by factors such as global biogeography, climate conditions and regional land surface processes.
ON THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF EDUCATIONAL VOUCHERS

Abstract Two significant challenges hamper the analyses of the collective choice of educational vouchers. One is the multi-dimensional choice set arising from the interdependence of the voucher, public education spending, and taxation. Second, even absent a voucher, preferences over public spending are not single-peaked; a middling level of public school spending may be less attractive to a household than either high public school spending or private education coupled with low public spending. We show that Besley and Coate's (1997) representative democracy model provides a viable approach to overcome these hurdles. We provide a complete characterization of equilibria with an endogenous voucher. A voucher is adopted in political equilibrium provided the coefficient of variation of income is sufficiently small. We undertake a parallel quantitative analysis and we find that no voucher arises in equilibrium for the U.S. income distribution, which exhibits too much heterogeneity. For a tighter income distribution, including those in Douglas County, Colorado where a voucher was recently adopted, our model predicts a positive voucher. Public support for a not-too-large voucher arises because the cross subsidy to public school expenditure from those switching to private schools outweighs the subsidy to those who attend private school in the absence of a voucher.
The Total Synthesis of (−)-Lemonomycin

The first total synthesis of the novel glycosylated tetrahydroisoquinoline antitumor antibiotic (−)-lemonomycin has been accomplished (15 steps from 9). The highly convergent synthesis relies on a key asymmetric dipolar cycloaddition to set the stereochemistry of the aglycone core, a Suzuki fragment coupling to connect the diazabicycle to the aryl subunit, and a stereoselective Pictet−Spengler reaction that incorporates the aminoglycoside subunit directly into the core structure without the need for late-stage glycosylation or protecting group manipulations. The novel aminoglycoside was prepared using a highly diastereoselective Felkin-controlled acetate aldol addition reaction to a threonine-derived ketone.
Has Mexico City’s shift to commercially produced housing increased car ownership and car use?

Mexico City’s principal form of housing production has shifted over the past two decades. More households now purchase houses in large commercially built housing developments than move into informal settlements. Looking at 1500 households in two suburban municipalities from a 2007 metropolitan travel survey, this study is the first to quantify differences in car ownership and car use across households in informal settlements and commercial housing developments. Accounting for income, proxies for wealth, household composition, and geography, households living in commercial housing developments are likely to own more cars and drive more than similar households in neighboring informal settlements. A test for residential self-selection finds no unobserved correlations across households that own cars and live in commercial housing developments, suggesting that the included controls do a good job of capturing the effects of residential self-selection or that the effects are limited. Something about the local land use and design of new commercial housing developments appears conducive to car ownership and use. Differences between the two settlement types, including more parking, wider streets, less-connected street-grids, and less accessible transit stops in commercial settlements, likely play a role.
Benefits of bias: towards better characterization of network sampling

From social networks to P2P systems, network sampling arises in many settings. We present a detailed study on the nature of biases in network sampling strategies to shed light on how best to sample from networks. We investigate connections between specific biases and various measures of structural representativeness. We show that certain biases are, in fact, beneficial for many applications, as they "push" the sampling process towards inclusion of desired properties. Finally, we describe how these sampling biases can be exploited in several, real-world applications including disease outbreak detection and market research.
Geotechnical Instrumentation Requirements for at-Depth Testing and Repository Monitoring in TUFF

This paper outlines geotechnical instrumentation requirements for the possible establishment of a nuclear waste repository in tuff on the Nevada Test Site (NTS). The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) has specified a continuing program to confirm performance during the operational period of the repository, which could last 50 years. Minimum required geotechnical measurements for confirmation of performance include thermal and thermomechanical responses; changes in stress, strain, and displacements; and pore pressure and groundwater flow characteristics. Conditions expected in tuff are: maximum rock temperatures of less than 250°C, stresses less than 100 MPa, strains between ±0.01 mm/mm, and pore pressures less than 35 KPa in the unsaturated zone where hydraulic head is not the primary contributor. The paper describes instrumentation needed to make the desired measurements. In general, the instrumentation and data system are required to be stable and reliable for tens of years. Designs must consider requirements for temperature stability, temperature expansion compensation, moisture resistance, and long-term durability in mining-type environments. Severe requirements such as these suggest consideration of techniques for in-situ replacement of instrumentation. State-of-the-art instrumentation is briefly described along with a discussion of needs for refinement, replacement/ recalibration and instrumentation development.
Detecting Outer Planets in Edge-on Orbits: Combining Radial Velocity and Astrometric Techniques

The astrometric and radial velocity techniques of extrasolar planet detection attempt to detect the periodic reflex motion of the parent star by extracting this periodic signal from a time-sampled set of observations. The extraction is generally accomplished using periodogram analysis or the functionally equivalent technique of least-squares fitting of sinusoids. In this paper, we use a frequentist approach to examine the sensitivity of the least-squares technique when applied to a combination of radial velocity and astrometric observations. We derive an analytical expression for the sensitivity and show that the combined approach yields significantly better sensitivity than either technique on its own. We discuss the ramifications of this result to upcoming astrometric surveys with the Full-Sky Astrometric Mapping Explorer, the Keck Interferometer, and the Space Interferometry Mission.
Do immigrant outflows lead to native inflows? An empirical analysis of the migratory responses to US state immigration legislation

I estimate the impact on internal migration for 52 different demographic groups of the recent influx of state omnibus immigration laws targeting undocumented immigrants in the United States. I find evidence that while the demographic groups pinpointed as having higher percentages of undocumented immigrants certainly experience population and employment ‘outflows’ from states implementing these immigration laws, there is a lack of associated ‘inflows’ for those demographic groups identified by economic theory as being probable substitutes for undocumented immigrants. Several segments designated as probable substitutes actually experience an adverse effect on population and employment. This finding provides rigorous empirical backing to existing anecdotal evidence of the same cross-state migratory phenomenon, resulting in clear policy implications in relation to the ongoing debate over immigration.
Five years in the life of an inertial system operating in orbit

In the 1960s, the authors, as part of a team of engineers at the Instrumentation Laboratory‡ of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), participated in the design, build and test of gyroscopes and a strapdown attitude reference system for use in the National Aeronautecs and Space Administration's (NASA) Orbiting Astronomical Observatory (OAO). The OAO satellites were designed to support astronomical telescopes with a diameter of 1 m or less in circular orbit at an altitude of approx. 740 km. In order to fulfill NASA's requirements, the inertial system had to survive the launch environment; operate for at least 1 year in orbit without failure; and, after calibration in orbit, maintain an inertial reference with an uncertainity of 50 μrad or less for at least 1hr and to control attitude changes with an accuracy of at least 30 parts per million (ppm). This paper describes the results of designing and building the inertial reference system in terms of the continuous and failure-free operation on OAO-C (Copernicus) that was launched on 21 August 1972. During that period (5-34 years as of this writing) the inertial system has demonstrated a capability for maintaining an inertial reference that is significantly better than the performance goal cited above. This information is presented to the Symposium on Space Relativity to determine whether the very stable operation of the inertial system over very long periods of time could, with appropriate system modifications, provide the basis for relativity measurements of a truly scientific nature.
Pre-positioning of emergency supplies for disaster response

Pre-positioning of emergency supplies is one mechanism of increasing preparedness for natural disasters. The goal of this research is to develop an emergency response planning tool that determines the location and quantities of various types of emergency supplies to be pre-positioned, under uncertainty about if, or where, a natural disaster will occur. The paper presents a two-stage stochastic mixed integer program (SMIP) that provides an emergency response pre-positioning strategy for hurricanes or other disaster threats. The SMIP is a robust model that considers uncertainty in demand for the stocked supplies as well as uncertainty regarding transportation network availability after an event. Due to the computational complexity of the problem, a heuristic algorithm referred to as the Lagrangian L-shaped method (LLSM) is developed to solve large-scale instances of the problem. A case study focused on hurricane threat in the Gulf Coast area of the US illustrates application of the model.
Status of the James Webb Space Telescope Observatory

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is the largest cryogenic, space telescope ever built, and will address a broad range of scientific goals from first light in the universe and re-ionization, to characterization of the atmospheres of extrasolar planets. Recently, significant progress has been made in the construction of the observatory with the completion of all 21 flight mirrors that comprise the telescope's optical chain, and the start of flight instrument deliveries to the Goddard Space Flight Center. In this paper we discuss the design of the observatory, and focus on the recent milestone achievements in each of the major observatory sub-systems.
A new stable hybrid three-dimensional generalized finite difference time domain algorithm for analyzing complex structures

In this paper, we propose a new stable hybrid, three-dimensional (3-D), generalized finite difference time domain algorithm-formulated by using of the cell method (CM) (a finite volumes type method)-designed to analyze objects with fine details without using very small time steps dictated by the Courant condition. The new algorithm is an extension to the 3-D cases of an analogous hybrid two-dimensional algorithm, also formulated by the CM, and presented earlier by the authors in a previous publication. We carry out a detailed analysis of the stability of the proposed algorithm, paying special attention to the phenomenon of late time instabilities. Finally, the results of some numerical tests are provided to show the absence of instabilities and the efficiency of the hybrid algorithm.
Density-dependent analysis of nonequilibrium paths improves free energy estimates

When a system is driven out of equilibrium by a time-dependent protocol that modifies the Hamiltonian, it follows a nonequilibrium path. Samples of these paths can be used in nonequilibrium work theorems to estimate equilibrium quantities such as free energy differences. Here, we consider analyzing paths generated with one protocol using another one. It is posited that analysis protocols which minimize the lag, the difference between the nonequilibrium and the instantaneous equilibrium densities, will reduce the dissipation of reprocessed trajectories and lead to better free energy estimates. Indeed, when minimal lag analysis protocols based on exactly soluble propagators or relative entropies are applied to several test cases, substantial gains in the accuracy and precision of estimated free energy differences are observed.
Femtosecond laser heating of multi-layer metals—I. Analysis

Abstract Multi-layer metal films such as metallic coatings on metal substrate are important elements in modern engineering applications. Specifically, gold-coated metal mirrors are widely used in high-power laser systems. This work studies microscopic energy deposition and transport processes during short-pulse laser heating of multi-layer metals: the absorption of radiation energy by free electrons and the energy exchange between electrons and the lattice. The results show that multi-layer metals present very different thermal responses from single-layer metals during the heating process. In a gold and chromium multi-layer film, although laser energy is absorbed by free electrons in the top gold coating layer, most of the absorbed energy is converted into lattice energy not in the gold layer but rather in the underlying chromium layer. The underlying chromium layer reduces the lattice-temperature rise of the top gold layer significantly during short-pulse laser heating, suggesting a new way to increase the resistance of mirrors to thermal damage in applications of high-power lasers.
Efficacy of Functional Electrical Stimulation in Treating Genuine Stress Incontinence: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Our objective was to determine the efficacy of functional electrical stimulation as a stand-alone therapy for female stress incontinence. The study was conducted as a prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled trial using subjective and objective outcome criteria. Patients enrolled in this study had stress incontinence consistent with International Continence Society criteria. Patients with significant pelvic prolapse or detrusor instability were excluded. Patients underwent twice-daily treatment sessions for a total of 3 months. Results were analyzed for confounding variables between the treatment and control groups. Statistical analysis was performed utilizing Fisher's exact test and the paired t-test. Of the 54 patients enrolled in this study, 44 completed the program. The dropout rate was similar for both the treatment and control groups. There was no statistically significant difference between the treatment and control groups with regard to age, gravity, parity, previous antiincontinence surgery, menopausal status, or previous hysterectomy. Objective success for the treatment group was 15% and for the control group, 12.5% (NS). The subjective success for the treatment group was 25% and for the control group, 29% (NS). There was no relationship demonstrated between age, parity, previous surgery, hysterectomy, or menopausal status and the successful treatment of genuine stress incontinence with functional electrical stimulation. In this patient population, functional electrical stimulation was no more effective at improving or eliminating the symptoms of genuine stress incontinence than was the daily retention of the control probe. Neurourol. Urodynam. 16:543–551, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
HIGH GALACTIC LATITUDE INTERSTELLAR NEUTRAL HYDROGEN STRUCTURE AND ASSOCIATED (WMAP) HIGH-FREQUENCY CONTINUUM EMISSION

Spatial associations have been found between interstellar neutral hydrogen (H I) emission morphology and small-scale structure observed by the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) in an area bounded by l = 60°, 180° and b = 30°, 70°, which was the primary target for this study. This area is marked by the presence of highly disturbed local H I and a preponderance of intermediate- and high-velocity gas. The H I distribution toward the brightest peaks in the WMAP Internal Linear Combination (ILC) map for this area is examined, and by comparing with a second area on the sky it is demonstrated that the associations do not appear to be the result of chance coincidence. Close examination of several of the associations reveals important new properties of diffuse interstellar neutral hydrogen structure. In the case of the high-velocity cloud MI, the H I and WMAP ILC morphologies are similar, and an excess of soft X-ray emission and Hα emission have been reported for this feature. It is suggested that the small angular scale, high-frequency continuum emission observed by WMAP may be produced at the surfaces of H I features interacting one another, or at the interface between moving H I structures and regions of enhanced plasma density in the surrounding interstellar medium. It is possible that dust grains play a role in producing the emission. However, the primary purpose of this report is to draw attention to these apparent associations, without offering an unambiguous explanation as to the relevant emission mechanism(s).
Permanently Reinvested Foreign Earnings, Taxes, and Earnings Management

Firms can delay financial statement recognition of U.S. taxes on repatriations by designating foreign subsidiary earnings as “permanently reinvested” under APB Opinion No. 23. This paper examines (1) whether firms use the permanently reinvested earnings (PRE) designation to manage reported earnings, and (2) whether amounts reported as permanently reinvested reflect investment and tax incentives to reinvest foreign subsidiary earnings abroad. Consistent with the prediction that firms use PRE to manage earnings, year‐to‐year changes in amounts reported as PRE are positively related to the difference between analyst forecasts and pre‐managed earnings. Additionally, changes in reported PRE are positively related to the difference between the foreign and domestic after‐tax return on assets and negatively related to the tax benefit of deductible repatriations, thus reflecting investment and tax incentives to reinvest abroad.
Astrometric Distances of Globular Clusters

With high-precision radial velocities and proper motions, one can equate the proper motion and radial velocity dispersions to obtain astrometric distances independent of any standard candles. We discuss the method and the small distance it yields to M 22.
Constraints on neutrino mixing

Abstract We explore the implications of imposing the constraint that two neutrino flavors (which for definiteness we take to be ν μ and ν τ ) are similarly coupled to the mass basis in addition to the unitarity constraints. We allow three active and an arbitrary number of sterile neutrinos. We show that in this scheme one of the mass eigenstates decouples from the problem, reducing the dimension of the flavor space by one. This result allows significant simplification in the treatment of matter-enhanced neutrino transformation where multiple flavors and level crossings are involved.
Mortality Risk and Human Capital Investment: The Impact of HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa

Abstract Over the past several decades, the HIV/AIDS epidemic has dramatically altered patterns of morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa, with potential consequences for human capital investment and economic growth. Using data from Demographic and Health Surveys for fifteen countries in sub-Saharan Africa, I estimate the relationship between regional HIV prevalence and the change in individual human capital investment over time. Consistent with a simple model of human capital investment incorporating mortality risk, I find that areas with higher levels of HIV experienced relatively larger declines in schooling.
Bile acid-based polyaminocarboxylate conjugates as targeted antitumor agents.

Bile acid–polyaminocarboxylate conjugates containing NE3TA, a potential iron chelator displayed significant cytotoxicities in both HeLa and HT29 colon cancer cells, and cholic acid–NE3TA attached to an organic fluorophore was shown to enter the HT29 cancer cells.
THE ROLE OF COLLECTIVE FLOW IN HEAVY ION COLLISIONS

The motivation for flow measurements and the actual measurements at different energy domains are reviewed. At energies around 1 AGeV flow measurements have yielded information about the equation of state of nuclear matter. At RHIC energies partonic collectivity has been established.
Synthesis of vicinal cyclopropanes

Abstract An iterative strategy for the synthesis of conjugated cyclopropanes was developed, resulting in the generation of the trans,trans dicyclopropane derivative 16 in high enantiomeric excess.
Higher order dynamic equivalents for power systems

Abstract A methodology for obtaining dynamic equivalents of a detailed power system is presented. Two types of reduced order models are developed: a model describing the local behaviour in each area and a model describing the global behaviour between areas. The centre-of-area variables developed for the global model describe equivalent aggregate machines and clarify the nature of the aggregate models. A ten-machine example illustrates the theory.
Evaluation of Polyolefin High-Voltage Insulating Compounds; Dendrite (Tree) Formation Under Highly Divergent Fields

A continuing investigation into the dielectric breakdown of polyolefin resin is reported. When sharp needle-point electrodes are embedded into solid resin, the highly divergent field allows relatively slow development of discharge channels, which can be observed as they grow to produce ultimate failure. The merits of two different electrode systems are discussed: (1) a single molded-in needle with a remotely located external ground, and (2) both high-voltage and ground electrodes, molded-in.
Brownian Particles far from Equilibrium

We study a model of Brownian particles which are pumped with energy by means of a non-linear friction function, for which different types are discussed. A suitable expression for a non-linear, velocity-dependent friction function is derived by considering an internal energy depot of the Brownian particles. In this case, the friction function describes the pumping of energy in the range of small velocities, while in the range of large velocities the known limit of dissipative friction is reached. In order to investigate the influence of additional energy supply, we discuss the velocity distribution function for different cases. Analytical solutions of the corresponding Fokker-Planck equation in 2d are presented and compared with computer simulations. Different to the case of passive Brownian motion, we find several new features of the dynamics, such as the formation of limit cycles in the four-dimensional phase-space, a large mean squared displacement which increases quadratically with the energy supply, or non-equilibrium velocity distributions with crater-like form. Further, we point to some generalizations and possible applications of the model.
Negotiating in the 21st Century: Bridging the Gap Between Technology and Hostage Negotiation

Hostage negotiation is a communicative event developed to save lives through interpersonal tactics. The current protocol in hostage negotiation relies primarily on verbal communication through landlines. This protocol severely handicaps negotiators as landlines only open a single channel of communication. The purpose of this study is to promote the inclusion of new technology, specifically cell phones with text, call, and video capabilities, into hostage situations. The injection of new technology, and thus new communicative mediums, allows negotiators to adapt to the perpetrator's fluctuating level of communication apprehension, communication competency, and levels of trust.
A real-time screened-Poisson solver for interactive surface editing

We describe a real-time system for editing large 3D meshes. The system supports both global and local modulation of surface detail, expressing the position of vertices on the edited geometry as the solution to a linear system of equations defined over the surface. The interactivity of our system is enabled by the design of an efficient sparse linear solver, providing an interface with which users can explore a broad landscape of possible surface modifications.
Effects of computational variations for determining binding energies of diastereomeric complexes when using MM2

Variations of a procedure have been examined for minimization of the energies, calculated using MM2, of two docked molecules. After doing the intramolecular minimization of the individual molecules, randomized orientations of the rigid molecules were brought together to form complexes and the nonbonded energies of interaction were then minimized. Next, pairs having energies within 4.0 kcal/mol of the most stable pair were minimized further by atom-by-atom relaxation of the complex. Only two repetitions of the last two steps were found to give values within 0.001 kcal/mol in more than 90% of the cases. Compared to two other variations of the procedure, this method appeared to avoid erroneous (local, not global) minima. Finally, this overall procedure was tested against chromatographic data in the literature. Using only the most stable comformer of each species, the results appeared to be in qualitative agreement with fractionation data for enantiomeric aminoethanes on a chiral packing very similar to the one modeled here.
Size-Specific Reactivities of Vanadium Oxide Cluster Cations

This article is intended to summarize recent studies on the reactivity and dynamics of gas-phase vanadium oxide cluster cations in terms of their dependence on the size and stoichiometry of the selected clusters. In addition, the effects of coordination, oxidation states of the vanadium atoms, influence of charge, and ionization potentials on the reactivity of these clusters are presented. Reactions of the clusters V3 O 7 + and V5 O 12 + with 1-butene, 1,3-butadiene, and difluoromethane differ significantly from those of similar clusters such as V3 O 6 + and V5 O 11 + . While oxygen transfer and carbon–carbon cracking reactions are observed for the former clusters, the latter primarily associate the neutral reactant species. These differences are largely related to the oxidation states of the vanadium atoms within the cluster, but also display a dependence on the size of the cluster, with the smaller clusters being more reactive than the larger ones. Reactions with carbon tetrachloride display a dependence on the coordination of the clusters, but also display a distinct change in reaction channels from the chloride transfer reaction for the smaller clusters to the oxidative chloride transfer and formation of neutral phosgene for cluster with more than three vanadium atoms. In contrast, the dehydrohalogenation reactions of CH3CF3 display little dependence on the size of the clusters.
Interfaces Between Fatigue, Creep, and Fracture

Crack initiation and propagation formula through fatigue process applied to interface problems, noting creep
Evidence for Early Circumstellar Disk Evolution in NGC 2068/71

We study the disk and accretion properties of young stars in the NGC 2068 and NGC 2071 clusters. Using low-resolution optical spectra, we define a membership sample and determine an age for the region of ~2 Myr. Using high-resolution spectra of the Hα line we study the accretion activity of these likely members and also examine the disk properties of the likely members using IRAC and MIPS mid-infrared photometry. A substantial fraction (79%) of the 67 members have an infrared excess while all of the stars with significant infrared excess show evidence for active accretion. We find three populations of evolved disks (IRAC weak, MIPS weak, and transition disks) all of which show decreased accretion activity in addition to the evidence for evolution in the dust disk.
Some Advanced Concepts in Discrete Aerodynamic Sensitivity Analysis

An efficient incremental iterative approach for differentiating advanced flow codes is successfully demonstrated on a two-dimensional inviscid model problem. The method employs the reverse-mode capability of the automatic differentiation software tool ADIFOR 3.0 and is proven to yield accurate first-order aerodynamic sensitivity derivatives. A substantial reduction in CPU time and computer memory is demonstrated in comparison with results from a straightforward, black-box reverse-mode applicaiton of ADIFOR 3.0 to the same flow code. An ADIFOR-assisted procedure for accurate second-rder aerodynamic sensitivity derivatives is successfully verified on an inviscid transonic lifting airfoil example problem. The method requires that first-order derivatives are calculated first using both the forward (direct) and reverse (adjoinct) procedures; then, a very efficient noniterative calculation of all second-order derivatives can be accomplished. Accurate second derivatives (i.e., the complete Hesian matrices) of lift, wave drag, and pitching-moment coefficients are calculated with respect to geometric shape, angle of attack, and freestream Mach number.
Linear operators on correlated landscapes

In this contribution we consider the effect of a class of «averaging operators» on isotropic fitness landscapes. Explicit expressions for the correlation function of the averaged landscapes are derived. A new class of tunably rugged landscapes, obtained by iterated smoothing of the random energy model, is established. The correlation structure of certain landscapes, among them the Sherrington-Kirkpatrick model, remains unchanged under the action of all averaging operators considered here
Corruption and Democracy

Abstract Most models and empirical tests of the relationship between corruption and democracy assume corruption falls as democracy matures. Yet recent theoretical developments and case evidence suggest an inverted U relationship between the two, although so far no one has tested for this relationship. By drawing on a panel data set covering a large number of countries between 1982–1997, substantial empirical support is found for an inverted U relationship between the durability (age) of democracy and corruption. Fortunately, the turning point in corruption occurs rather early in the life of new democracies – between 10–12 years.
Nuclear magnetic resonance in archaeology

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for the examination of archaeological artifacts. Both organic and inorganic materials have been examined in solution and in the solid. NMR can identify sources of raw materials, verify artifact authenticity, delineate ancient technology, and specify ancient diet.
A CHARACTERIZATION OF FIBRANT SEGAL CATEGORIES

In this note we prove that Reedy fibrant Segal categories are fi- brant objects in the model category structure SeCatc. Combining this result with a previous one, we thus have that the fibrant objects are precisely the Reedy fibrant Segal categories. We also show that the analogous result holds for Segal categories which are fibrant in the projective model structure on simplicial spaces, considered as objects in the model structure SeCatf.