cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anomalous wetting of Ti–48 at.% Al–2 at.% Cr–2 at.% Nb substrates by liquid copper

Conventionally, the wetting of metallic substrates by liquid metals involves undermining of the substrate–oxide layer by the liquid. Evidence is presented here for an alternative wetting process involving spreading of liquid copper along the exterior of the oxide layer on Ti–48 at.% Al–2 at.% Cr–2 at.% Nb substrates. A mechanism is presented that involves compositional changes in the liquid, which in turn allow a wetting-promoting reaction between the (initially unreactive) liquid and the exterior layer of the substrate oxide.
Response to “Interactions Between Pharmaceutical Representatives and Doctors in Training: A Thematic Review”

To the Editor:—The findings of Zipkin and Steinman's review that residents have frequent interactions with pharmaceutical representatives and that the residents view the interactions to be favorable is hardly surprising.1 The systematic “branding” of physicians begins in the earliest stages of medical training. Medical students receive lunches, pens, and books given by drug companies throughout their clinical training, and come to expect industry freebies as an entitlement.2 Required “educational” sessions for clinical students are often sponsored by drug companies. At medical conferences, we witness our colleagues and mentors queued up for the trinkets and gadgets handed out by industry—even though the policies of the sponsoring professional medical organizations proscribe such behavior.3 Are ethics are merely words printed in esteemed journals? How are we, the next generation of physicians, to react to the hypocrisy of those scenes? The American Medical Student Association (AMSA), an organization of 60,000 physicians-in-training, started the PharmFree Campaign in 2002 to educate and train our members to professionally and ethically interact with drug companies.4 As one of very few major medical organizations that is completely independent of pharmaceutical sponsorship and advertisements, AMSA believes that students should think critically before accepting drug company gifts, and that medical schools have a responsibility to provide formal instruction for students to assess such contacts. Perhaps these efforts are the beginning of our profession restoring its principles as one that advocates for patients, not one that can be bought by drug companies.
Difference in Phototoxicity of Cyclodextrin Complexed Fullerene [(γ-CyD)2/C60] and Its Aggregated Derivatives toward Human Lens Epithelial Cells

The water-soluble fullerene derivative γ-cyclodextrin bicapped C60 [(γ-CyD)2/C60, CDF0] has several clinical applications, including use as a drug carrier to bypass the blood ocular barriers or a photosensitizer to treat tumors in photodynamic therapy. We have assessed the potential ocular toxicity of (γ-CyD)2/C60 and its aggregated derivatives induced by UVA and visible light in vitro in human lens epithelial cells (HLE B-3). Cell viability using the MTS assay demonstrated that 2 μM (γ-CyD)2/C60 was highly phototoxic to HLE B-3 cells with UVA irradiation, while no effect was observed in the presence of visible light or when maintained in the dark. In contrast, the aggregated derivative (CDF150) showed neither cytotoxicity nor any phototoxic effect even at 30 μM with either UVA or visible light irradiation. In lens cells treated with (γ-CyD)2/C60, phototoxicity was manifested as apoptosis. Singlet oxygen production measurement using the EPR/TEMP trapping technique determined that (γ-CyD)2/C60 (CDF0) effic...
Stressor- and Corticotropin releasing Factor- induced Reinstatement and Active Stress-related Behavioral Responses are Augmented Following Long-access Cocaine Self-administration by Rats

Rationale Stressful events during periods of drug abstinence likely contribute to relapse in cocaine-dependent individuals. Excessive cocaine use may increase susceptibility to stressor-induced relapse through alterations in brain corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) responsiveness.
Bilingual Pairs in Teacher Education: Exploring Wild Strategies in an Environmental Education Workshop.

In this study, the authors narrate the results of a linguistically accommodated environmental education workshop in which monolingual and bilingual preservice teachers were exposed to instruction in English and Spanish. The authors contend that environmental initiatives, such as Project Wildlife in Learning Design, can promote an understanding of interdependence as a construct that is permeated by caring behaviors that are socially and linguistically situated. This article sheds light on the complexities embedded in such efforts and highlights outcomes of this experience including feelings of empathy, resistance, and experiential learning of “otherness.”
Exploring the differences between franchisee entrepreneurs and nascent entrepreneurs

This paper is singular in its use of the PSED dataset for deriving a better understanding of the nature of nascent entrepreneurs as compared to franchisee entrepreneurs. We used previous studies on the differences between the two groups and developed variables divided into three dimensions: (1) prior experience, (2) growth objectives, and (3) motivation and risk. Jonckheere–Terpstra (J–T) tests, Chi-Square tests, F-tests and logistic regression models detected differences in all three dimensions. The conclusion is that franchisee entrepreneurs in the United States of America are distinctive in their characteristics. As compared to nascent entrepreneurs, franchisee entrepreneurs have less experience, less confidence in their skills, less capital, more aspirations for larger organizations, less confidence in their abilities to make the business a success, and more belief that their first-year incomes will be stable.
Individual differences in the exploration of a redundant space-time motor task

Abstract Individual differences in learning a motor task are rarely assessed even though they can potentially contribute to our understanding of the problem of motor redundancy—i.e., how individuals can exploit multiple different strategies to realize the task goal. This study examined individual variations in the preferred movement strategy of a redundant motor task. Thirty-two participants performed a star tracing task on a digitizing tablet with the goal of minimizing a performance score that was given as feedback. The performance score was a weighted combination of spatial error and movement time, meaning that multiple strategies could yield the same score. A cluster analysis revealed three distinct groups of individuals based on their initial movement strategy preferences. These groups were not only different on their initial performance, but also exhibited differences in both local (trial-to-trial change) and global (average change) search strategies that were reflected through differential modification of spatial and temporal components. Overall, the results in this space-time task reveal that the intrinsic dynamics of the individual channel the initial exploratory solutions to learning a redundant motor task.
Loading induces site-specific increases in mineral content assessed by microcomputed tomography of the mouse tibia

Adaptation to mechanical loading has been studied extensively in cortical, but not cancellous bone. However, corticocancellous sites are more relevant to osteoporosis and related fracture risk of the hip and spine. We tested the hypotheses that adaptation in a long bone would be greater at cancellous than cortical sites and would depend on the term of daily in vivo cyclic axial loading. We applied compressive loads to the adolescent, 10-week old, male C57BL/6 mouse tibia to examine the skeletal response immediately prior to attainment of peak bone mass. Adaptation was quantified at the completion of either 2-week (n = 8) or 6-week (n = 12) loading terms by directly comparing volumetric bone mineral content between loaded and contralateral limbs by microcomputed tomography. The increase in mineral content was site specific with a greater response found in the corticocancellous proximal metaphysis (14%) than the cortical mid-shaft (2%) after 6 weeks of loading. Furthermore, bone volume fraction and average trabecular thickness of cancellous bone in the proximal tibia increased after 6 weeks by 15% and 12% respectively. Diaphyseal response was only evident proximal to the mid-shaft as indicated by an 8% increase in maximum principal moment of inertia. Both loading terms produced similar results for mineral content, volume fraction, and moments of inertia. Our finding that non-invasive loading increases the bone volume and fraction at a corticocancellous site by as much as 15% motivates exploring the use of mechanical loading to attain greater peak bone mass and inhibit osteoporosis.
Species segregation in a model of interacting populations

Abstract We investigate segregation and spatial organization in a one-dimensional system of N competing species forming a cyclic food chain. For N
The decreasing marginal value of evaluation network size

The best way to protect information is never to release it. Yet even the earliest definition of security recognizes availability as a necessary quality. In this work, we seek to quantify the value of information disclosure for web resource evaluation and discovery. Communal evaluation tools help users share ratings on websites, music, and other online resources. This approach assumes that experiences are self-similar, so that a site one person visits is likely to have been evaluated and thus visited by others. Collaborative search tools aim for discovery as opposed to evaluation. Therefore, they assume participants in a collaborative network have large sets of non-overlapping sites so that an increase in network size corresponds to an increase in web coverage. We quantify the value of information sharing for these closely related but sometimes distinct functions.In this paper, we analyzed a dataset that includes eight weeks of browsing history of 1084 college students that live in the same dormitory. Our experiments showed that for discovery, more sharing monotonically improves results; for evaluation, however, there are decreasing marginal returns for each participant added to the network. The subject population was selected for its homogeneity in order to mimic a collaborative network.
Police service delivery and responsiveness in a period of economic instability

The ongoing fiscal crisis has resulted in substantial challenges for many police departments, not only in terms of how administrators staff and manage operations, but with respect to how street-level officers go about handling their daily tasks. Using data collected as part of an observational study (i.e. the Flint Twenty-first Century Policing Project), the present inquiry assesses how street-level officers deliver service to the public and respond to citizen requests in a city experiencing substantial socioeconomic challenges. While concerns regarding the changing reality of policing have merit, the findings indicate that the basic nature of street-level policing, in terms of service delivery and responsiveness, can still be achieved with substantial success. The implications of these findings and potential future research avenues are discussed.
Thermal stress state of a bimaterial with a closed interfacial crack having rough surfaces

We have formulated the problem of thermoelasticity for a bimaterial whose components differ only in their shear moduli, with a closed interfacial crack having rough surfaces. The bimaterial is subjected to the action of compressive loads and heat flow normal to the interfacial surface. We have taken into account the dependence of thermal conductance of the defect on the contact pressure of its faces and heat conductivity of the medium that fills it. The problem is reduced to a Prandtl-type nonlinear singular integro-differential equation for temperature jump between the crack surfaces. An analytical solution of this problem has been constructed for the case of action of the heat flow only. We have analyzed the dependence of contact pressure of the defect faces, temperature jump between them, and the intensity factor of tangential interfacial stresses on the value of given heat flow, roughness of the surfaces, and ratio between the shear moduli of joined materials.
High order wave aberration of eyes

This paper is concerned with the means and distribution of the wavefront variances and their root mean squares (RMS) of normal eyes, as measured by various techniques and computed for various pupil sizes. Using data from a subjective crossed cylinder aberroscope [Howland and Howland J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 67(1977)1508] it was found that the logarithms of the wavefront variances are approximately normally distributed. A comparison of data from this subjective study with that of six other studies using a variety of techniques of wavefront measurement showed that the relationship between RMS wavefront deviations of high order aberrations (third order polynomial terms and above) obeyed the relationship: log (RMS) (microm) = -1.918 +/- 0.048 SE + 3.023 +/- 0.111 x log (pupil radius) (mm), with R2 = 0.971.
Spinal gouty tophus presenting as an epidural mass with acute myelopathy

Abstract An uncommon case of spinal gouty tophus was diagnosed in a 74-year-old man who presented in the emergency department with sudden onset of acute paraplegia. The patient underwent laminectomy and nodule removal for neurodecompression. After surgery, the patient demonstrated good functional recovery and returned to baseline performance status. Intraspinal tophi are rare. Image study may show irrelevant findings. In patients with gout, the differential diagnosis should include tophi. In the present case, imaging did not reveal much inflammatory change, but severe symptoms were observed, and a definite preoperative diagnosis was difficult. In cases with neurological compromise, timely neurosurgical decompression leads to good outcomes, as in the present case.
Vascular dysfunction in diabetes mellitus

and cause-specific mortality in a diabetic population. Arch Intern Med 1994; 154: 2473-79. 43 Singer DE, Nathan DM, Anderson KM, et al. Association of HbAIc with prevalent cardiovascular disease in the original cohort of the Framingham Heart Study. Diabetes 1992; 41: 202-08. 44 Park S, Barrett-Connors E, Wingard DL, et al. GHb is a better predictor of cardiovascular disease than fasting or postchallenge plasma glucose in women without diabetes. Diabetes Care 1997; 19: 450-56. 45 Coutinino M, WangY, Gerstein HC,Yusuf S. Continuous relationship of glucose with cardiovacular events in non-diabetic subjects: a mctaregression analysis of 18 studies in 88,000 individuals. Civculation 1996; 94 (suppl 1): I-214. 46 Fuller JH, Shipley MJ, Rose G, Jarrett RJ, Keen H. Coronary-heartdisease risk and impaired glucose tolerance. Lancer 1980; i: 1373-76. 47 Jarrett RJ, McCartney I’, Keen H.The Bedford Survey: ten year mortality rates in newly diagnosed diabetics, borderline diabetics and normoglycaemic controls and risk indices for coronary heart disease in borderline diabetics. Diabetologia 1982; 22: 79-84. 48 Barrett-Connor E, Wingard DL, Criqui MH, Suarez L. Is borderline fasting hyperglycemia a risk factor for cardiovascular death? J Chronic Dis 1984; 31: 773-79. 49 Meigs JB, Nathan DM, Singer DE, et al. Metabolic abnormalities associated with glucose intolerance extend across the spectrum of prevalent glucose tolerance in 3297 Framingham offspring study subjects. Diabetes 1995; 44 (suppl 1): 5A. 50 Stout R. Insulin and atheroma. Diabetes Care 1990; 13: 631-54. 51 Eschwege E, Richard JL,Thibult N, et al. Coronary heart disease mortality in relation with diabetes, blood glucose, and plasma insulin levels. Harm Metab Res Suppl1985; 15: 41-45. 52 l?y6r& K. Relationship of glucose tolerance and plasma insulin to the incidence of coronary heart disease: results from two population studies in Finland. Diabetes Care 1979; 2: 131-41. 53 WelbornTA, Wearne K. Coronary heart disease incidence and cardiovascular mortality in Busso 2: 154-60. 54 Curb JD, Pressel SL, Cutler JA, et al. Effect of diuretic-based antihypertensive treatment on cardiovascular disease risk in older diabetic patients with isolated systolic hypertension.JAAU 1996; 276: 1886-92. 55 Py6rBlP K, PedersenTR, Kjekshus J. The effect of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin on coronary events in diabetic patients with coronary artery disease. Diabetes 1995; 44 (suppl 1): 35A. 56 Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA, et al. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. N EnglJ Med 1996; 335: 1001-09. 57 Garcia MJ, McNamara PM, GordonT, Kannel WB. Morbidity and mortality in diabetics in the Framingham population. Diabetes 1974; 23: 105-11. 58 Wilson PW, Kannel WE, Anderson KM. Lipids, glucose intolerance and vascular disease: the Framingham study. MonogrAtherosclerosis 1985: 13: l-l 1.
Volitional phase control of neural oscillations using a brain-machine interface

Strong oscillations present in local field potential (LFP) recordings at specific frequencies are thought to be correlated with behavior and involved in communication and coordination across brain areas. LFP-based brain-machine-interfaces (BMIs) lay the groundwork for using closed-loop BMIs to study oscillations across brain regions and to test hypotheses about the rigidity of relationships between oscillations. In this study, we demonstrate the first reported use of inter-regional phase differences to control a BMI. In a one-dimensional two target task where phase difference is mapped to cursor velocity, we show that a macaque monkey, implanted with microwire arrays bilaterally is able to control phase extracted from distal electrodes in left motor cortex (M1) and right dorsal pre-motor cortex (PMd) at frequencies of 20 Hz, 31 Hz, and 40 Hz well above chance, but not at 10 Hz and 50 Hz. Our results imply that within the beta band (15-40Hz) in motor cortex and pre-motor cortex, phase relationships can be volitionally controlled.
Family, economics and the information society ‐ How are they affecting each other?

In the twentieth century many developed countries moved from an “agricultural‐based industrial society” to an “information society.” The second part of the century saw a deterioration of social conditions in many industrialized countries. The combination of these two factors has posed to countries both serious challenges and economic burdens. There is concern about the effects of the breakdown of the family on economic development and growth. These problems are magnified when considered within the context of developing economies. Recently, some developed countries have chosen to address what is at the heart of both the social deterioration and the economic problems it brings. This paper addresses two questions. First, how can the family be viewed within economic activity? Second, why are the breakdown of the family and policies that encourage this breakdown incompatible with sustainable real economic development?
Laboratory evaluation of the Vortran Automatic Resuscitator Model RTM.

BACKGROUND: One device that has been proposed to address the need for emergency ventilation is the Vortran Automatic Resuscitator. OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that increasing load (ie, increasing resistance or decreasing compliance) significantly affects minute alveolar ventilation. METHODS: A Vortran Automatic Resuscitator was connected to a passive lung model and we measured load with 8 combinations of 4 compliances (14, 28, 46, and 63 mL/cm H2O) and 2 resistances (20 and 42 cm H2O/L/s). Source gas flow was either 20 or 40 L/min. We measured tidal volume (VT), frequency, inspiratory time, expiratory time, peak inspiratory pressure, and intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure. We calculated the ratio of inspiratory time to total cycle time (TI/Ttot), minute ventilation, minute alveolar ventilation, and estimated PaCO2. Raw data were summarized with descriptive statistics. A subset of the experimental data (outcome measures for conditions with high and low values for resistance, compliance, and source gas flow) was analyzed with a 2-level factorial design, with standard “design of experiments” procedure, including analysis of variance. Differences associated with p values ≤ 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: Assuming the model lung represented a 68-kg adult, the measured VT ranged from a low of 1.7 mL/kg to a high of 16.7 mL/kg. TI/Ttot was greatly affected by the input flow. At 40 L/min the average TI/Ttot was 30%, and at 20 L/min TI/Ttot was 52%. As the load increased, VT decreased and frequency increased. However, neither the minute ventilation nor the minute alveolar ventilation stayed constant. Minute ventilation ranged from 5.2 L/min to 11.3 L/min at 40 L/min source flow. More importantly, minute alveolar ventilation ranged from zero to 9.8 L/min, resulting in a calculated PaCO2 range of over 100 mm Hg to 16 mm Hg, respectively. Indeed, calculated PaCO2 was never in the normal range (35–45 mm Hg). “Design of experiments” analysis showed that VT was affected by compliance and resistance (p CONCLUSIONS: The Vortran Automatic Resuscitator showed an automatic increase in frequency and decrease in VT that resulted in inappropriate levels of minute alveolar ventilation over a range of compliance and resistance values expected in paralyzed patients ventilated for respiratory failure. The variable performance under changing load, along with the lack of alarms, should prompt caution in using the Vortran Automatic Resuscitator for emergency ventilatory support in situations where the patient cannot be constantly monitored by trained and experienced operators.
A dual-genome microarray for the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, and its obligate bacterial symbiont, Buchnera aphidicola

The best studied insect-symbiont system is that of aphids and their primary bacterial endosymbiont Buchnera aphidicola. Buchnera inhabits specialized host cells called bacteriocytes, provides nutrients to the aphid and has co-speciated with its aphid hosts for the past 150 million years. We have used a single microarray to examine gene expression in the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, and its resident Buchnera. Very little is known of gene expression in aphids, few studies have examined gene expression in Buchnera, and no study has examined simultaneously the expression profiles of a host and its symbiont. Expression profiling of aphids, in studies such as this, will be critical for assigning newly discovered A. pisum genes to functional roles. In particular, because aphids possess many genes that are absent from Drosophila and other holometabolous insect taxa, aphid genome annotation efforts cannot rely entirely on homology to the best-studied insect systems. Development of this dual-genome array represents a first attempt to characterize gene expression in this emerging model system. We chose to examine heat shock response because it has been well characterized both in Buchnera and in other insect species. Our results from the Buchnera of A. pisum show responses for the same gene set as an earlier study of heat shock response in Buchnera for the host aphid Schizaphis graminum. Additionally, analyses of aphid transcripts showed the expected response for homologs of known heat shock genes as well as responses for several genes with unknown functional roles. We examined gene expression under heat shock of an insect and its bacterial symbiont in a single assay using a dual-genome microarray. Further, our results indicate that microarrays are a useful tool for inferring functional roles of genes in A. pisum and other insects and suggest that the pea aphid genome may contain many gene paralogs that are differentially regulated.
Control of a Flexible Beam using Anticipatory Fuzzy Logic

The goal of this project, funded under the NASA Summer Faculty Fellowship program, was to evaluate control methods utilizing fuzzy logic for applicability to control of flexible structures. This was done by applying these methods to control of the Control Structures Interaction Suitcase Demonstrator developed at Marshall Space Flight Center. The CSI Suitcase Demonstrator is a flexible beam, mounted at one end with springs and bearings, and with a single actuator capable of rotating the beam about a pin at the fixed end. The control objective is to return the tip of the free end to a zero error position (from a non-zero initial condition). It is neither completely controllable or completely observable. [1] Fuzzy logic control was demonstrated to successfully control the system and to exhibit desirable robustness properties compared to conventional control.
Identifying oceanic foraging grounds of sea turtles in the Atlantic using lead isotopes

Many species of marine organisms go through ontogenetic shifts that occur in unknown or inaccessible locations. Finding these areas is crucial to understand con- nectivity and resilience of populations, both of which have conservation implications. When extrinsic markers are not suitable to track organisms, intrinsic markers can be use- ful to infer the location of inaccessible areas where these cryptic stages occur. Our study focuses on the location of oceanic foraging areas of the cryptic early juvenile stage of green turtles, Chelonia mydas, in the Atlantic. Due to the small size of hatchlings, the use of telemetry is limited to short periods of time and small spatial ranges, which do not allow determining the location of oceanic foraging areas. We used lead (Pb) stable isotopes to determine the possible location of oceanic foraging areas of small green turtles in the Atlantic Ocean. Pb stable isotope ratios in the scute tis- sue deposited when turtles were in the oceanic habitat were compared to ratios of major sources of lead in the Atlantic and oceanic areas in the Atlantic to determine the location of oceanic foraging grounds. The Pb isotope ratios in the scute of oceanic-stage green turtles indicated that turtles
The effect of moderate impact exercise on skeletal integrity in master athletes

Summary We measured bone mineral density (BMD) in senior athletes competing in running and swimming events and compared results to those of sedentary controls. Total body BMD was greatest among runners suggesting that moderate impact activities continue to play a role in maintaining skeletal integrity with age.
Three-layered mediator architecture based on DHT

The interchange of data between client and heterogeneous sources requires an efficient and dynamic approach to mediation. Our framework features three layers of mediators: presence, integration, and homogenization. On arrival of a request for data exchange, a session initiation server forks to the mediator group to elect one mediator as global presence mediator that is responsible for data caching and service provision. Using distributed hash table (DHT), the presence mediator dispatches the data stream request to other mediators and tracks down to the source, which is then integrated and connected to the client in a user-relevant way. Our mediation process is adaptive and dynamic upon the user request and takes QoS factors into consideration.
Mathematical analysis of investment systems

Investment systems are studied using a framework that emphasize their profiles (the cumulative probability distribution on all the possible percentage gains of trades) and their log return functions (the expected average return per trade in logarithmic scale as a function of the investment size in terms of the percentage of the available capital). The efficiency index for an investment system, defined as the maximum of the log return function, is proposed as a measure to compare investment systems for their intrinsic merit. This efficiency index can be viewed as a generalization of Shannon's information rate for a communication channel. Applications are illustrated.
Diurnal variation in rates of calcification and carbonate sediment dissolution in Florida Bay

Water quality and criculation in Florida Bay (a shallow, subtropical estuary in south Florida) are highly dependent upon the development and evolution of carbonate mud banks distributed throughout the Bay. Predicting the effect of natural and anthropogenic perturbations on carbonate sedimentation requires an understanding of annual, seasonal, and daily variations in the biogenic and inorganic processes affecting carbonate sediment precipitation and dissolution. In this study, net calcification rates were measured over diurnal cycles on 27 d during summer and winter from 1999 to 2003 on mud banks and four representative substrate types located within basins between mud banks. Substrate types that were measured in basins include seagrass beds of sparse and intermediate densityThalassia sp., mud bottom, and hard bottom communities. Changes in total alkalinity were used as a proxy for calcification and dissolution. On 22 d (81%), diurnal variation in rates of net calcification was observed. The highest rates of net carbonate sediment production (or lowest rates of net dissolution) generally occurred during daylight hours and ranged from 2.900 to −0.410 g CaCO3 m−2d−1. The lowest rates of carbonate sediment production (or net sediment dissolution) occurred at night and ranged from 0.210 to −1.900 g CaCO3 m−2 night−1. During typical diurnal cycles, dissolution during the night consumed an average of 29% of sediment produced during the day on banks and 68% of sediment produced during the day in basins. Net sediment dissolution also occurred during daylight, but only when there was total cloud cover, high turbidity, or hypersalinity. Diurnal variation in calcification and dissolution in surface waters and surface sediments of Florida Bay is linked to cycling of carbon dioxide through photosynthesis and respiration. Estimation of long-term sediment accumulation rates from diurnal rates of carbonate sediment production measured in this study indicates an overall average accumulation rate for Florida Bay of 8.7 cm 1000 yr−1 and suggests that sediment dissolution plays a more important role than sediment transport in loss of sediment from Florida Bay.
Cascaded position and heading control of a robotic helicopter

We present a cascaded control architecture for a Yamaha RMAX robotic helicopter. The controller is composed of an inner-loop that stabilizes the unstable poles of the helicopter's linear dynamic model; and an outer-loop that decouples the dynamics of the lateral, longitudinal, vertical, and heading axes and enables trajectory tracking. Actual flight results are presented to demonstrate the validity of the method. A discussion on the method's limitations and our plans on how to overcome them are also presented.
The Length and Sequence Composition of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Intergenic Regions Affect mRNA Levels and the Site of Transcript Initiation

In this study, we used a dicistronic vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) minigenome to investigate the effects of either single or multiple nucleotide insertions placed immediately after the nontranscribed intergenic dinucleotide of the M gene on VSV transcription. Both Northern blot and primer extension analysis showed that the polymerase responded to the inserted nucleotides in a sequence-specific manner such that some insertions had no effect on mRNA synthesis from the downstream G gene, nor on the site of transcript initiation, whereas other insertions resulted in dramatic reductions in transcript accumulation. Some of these transcripts were initiated at the wild-type site, while others initiated within the inserted sequence. We also examined the transcriptional events that occurred when a natural, 21-nucleotide intergenic region located between the G and L genes from the New Jersey (NJ) serotype of VSV was inserted into the minigenome gene junction. In contrast to the normal 25 to 30% attenuation observed for downstream transcription at gene junctions containing the typical dinucleotide (3'-GA-5') intergenic region, the NJ variant showed greater than 75% attenuation at the gene junction. In addition, the polymerase initiated transcription at two major start sites, one of which was located within the intergenic sequence. Collectively, these data suggest that the polymerase "samples" the intergenic sequences following polyadenylation and termination of the upstream transcript by scanning until an appropriate start site is found. One implication of a scanning polymerase is that the polymerase presumably switches states from a processive elongation mode to a stuttering mode for polyadenylation to one in which no transcription occurs, before it reinitiates at the downstream gene. Our data support the hypothesis that sequences surrounding the intergenic region modulate these events such that appropriate amounts of each mRNA are synthesized.
DNA sequence for the T7 RNA polymerase promoter for T7 RNA species II.

Abstract The DNA sequence for the T7 late region class III promoter for T7 RNA species II has been determined. I have found that the DNA sequence for this promoter presented in an earlier report (Oakley et al., 1979) is incorrect and that this class III promoter contains a 23 base-pair sequence identical to those present in all other T7 class III promoters (Rosa, 1979). The T7 RNA species II promoter has been located at 68% on the T7 genome.
An Efficient Heuristic for Security Against Multiple Adversaries in Stackelberg Games

In adversarial multiagent domains, security, commonly defined as the ability to deal with intentional threats from other agents, is a critical issue. This paper focuses on domains where these threats come from unknown adversaries. These domains can be modeled as Bayesian games; much work has been done on finding equilibria for such games. However, it is often the case in multiagent security domains that one agent can commit to a mixed strategy which its adversaries observe before choosing their own strategies. In this case, the agent can maximize reward by finding an optimal strategy, without requiring equilibrium. Previous work has shown this problem of optimal strategy selection to be NP-hard. Therefore, we present a heuristic called ASAP, with three key advantages to address the problem. First, ASAP searches for the highest-reward strategy, rather than a Bayes-Nash equilibrium, allowing it to find feasible strategies that exploit the natural first-mover advantage of the game. Second, it provides strategies which are simple to understand, represent, and implement. Third, it operates directly on the compact, Bayesian game representation, without requiring conversion to normal form. We provide an efficient Mixed Integer Linear Program (MILP) implementation for ASAP, along with experimental results illustrating significant speedups and higher rewards over other approaches.
Daytime vs. Overnight Trading in Equity Index Futures Markets

In this study, we examine the information links between daytime and overnight trading sessions in the E-mini futures markets. Our analysis includes the overnight session which hitherto remains unexplored in the E-mini literature. Overall, the results suggest that, for the sample period considered, despite being 24-hour markets, the daytime and overnight sessions appear to be segmented and that the daytime session behaves like a separate daytime market. Also, the overnight session facilitates an efficient flow of information from one daytime session to the next, thereby mitigating the pricing errors in the process.
Niclosamide suppresses cell migration and invasion in enzalutamide resistant prostate cancer cells via Stat3-AR axis inhibition.

Purpose It is known that over expression of IL6 in prostate cancer cells confer enzalutamide resistance and that this may occur through constitutive Stat3 activation. Additionally, recent pre-clinical studies suggested enzalutamide might have the potential adverse effect of inducing metastasis of prostate cancer cells via Stat3 activation. This study is aimed to target Stat3 activation and improve enzalutamide therapy.
Structural changes in switchgrass lignin and hemicelluloses during pretreatments by NMR analysis

Abstract Switchgrass is currently being developed as a sustainable bio-energy crop due to its broad adaptability, high mass yield and low agricultural input. Its current conversion to biofuels is detrimentally impacted by its native recalcitrance which is typically addressed using chemical and/or biological pretreatments. In this study, extractives free switchgrass was pretreated with steam, dilute H 2 SO 4 and lime at 160 °C for 1 h. The degradation and impact of pretreatment was estimated semi-quantitatively by 13 C– 1 H HSQC (heteronuclear single quantum coherence) NMR analysis of ball milled untreated and pretreated switchgrass samples in perdeuterated pyridinium chloride–DMSO-d 6 solvent system. As a result of steam pretreatment the resulting switchgrass was depleted of xylan and a slight degradation of lignin were observed. This was confirmed by the relative decrease of cross peak intensity for β-aryl ether, phenylcoumaran, resinol and dibenzodioxocin units. Significant structural changes observed due to the lime pretreatment of switchgrass was deacetylation/dissolution of hemicellulose and the extent of delignification was less however, a preferential removal p -hydroxy of benzoyl ester, ferulate and coumarate type linkages were notified from the HSQC studies. Finally the most significant degradation resulted in acid pretreatment involving ∼90% loss of hemicellulose and a substantial degradation of various lignin sub-units. These results are further supported by the composition analysis of the respective switchgrass samples.
Genetic Syndromes Determined by Alterations in Genomic Imprinting Pathways

Genomic imprinting appears to be a mammal-specific phenomenon whereby differential gene expression according to parent of origin has evolved as a means to regulate many complex pathways related to growth, metabolism, and neurologic development. Imprinting is accomplished by an epigenetic mechanism involving, for example, methylation of specific sequences, without changing the underlying genetic code. This process occurs with very specific timing in relation to development of an embryo and is reset in the sex-specific gametes of each individual. Epigenetic deregulation of the imprinting process is the cause of specific genetic syndromes, many of which show alterations in growth, metabolism, and neurologic development. In fact, it has been demonstrated that alterations of a single imprinting control region ( IGF2/H19 ) can lead to opposite disorders of congenital growth (Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and Silver-Russell syndrome). Recently, it has been suggested that the use of assisted reproductive techniques such as in vitro fertilization may heighten the susceptibility of embryos to epigenetic deregulation, leading to increased risk for certain imprinting disorders. Also, the knowledge that imprinted genes are involved in pathways of fetal and placental growth has prompted researchers to look into the role of imprinting in intrauterine growth restriction. This may have consequences well beyond the newborn period because epidemiologic studies have shown a strong link between poor fetal growth and the susceptibility to glucose intolerance and insulin resistance syndrome in adults.
Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of a central domain of human splicing factor 1.

Pre-mRNA splicing is an essential source of genetic diversity in eukaryotic organisms. In the early stages of splicing, splicing factor 1 (SF1) recognizes the pre-mRNA splice site as a complex with its partner, U2 auxiliary factor 65 kDa subunit (U2AF(65)). A central `mystery' domain of SF1 (SF1md) lacks detectable homology with known structures, yet is the region of highest phylogenetic sequence conservation among SF1 homologues. Here, steps towards determining the SF1md structure are described. Firstly, SF1md was expressed and purified. The presence of regular secondary structure was verified using circular dichroism spectroscopy and the SF1md protein was then crystallized. A native data set was collected and processed to 2.5 A resolution. The SF1md crystals belonged to space group C2 and have most probable solvent contents of 64, 52 or 39% with three, four or five molecules per asymmetric unit, respectively. Mutually perpendicular peaks on the κ = 180° section of the self-rotation function support the presence of four molecules in the asymmetric unit.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents.

1. J. Darrell Nesmith, MD, MPH* 1. 2. *Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR. Objectives After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Delineate the population in which type 2 diabetes mellitus is reaching epidemic proportions. 2. List the characteristics of type 2 diabetes mellitus. 3. Explain the increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus among children. 4. Characterize the clinical and laboratory features as well as the course of the disease that will assist in classification of the patient who has diabetes mellitus. 5. Describe the treatments for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common disease affecting more than 15 million Americans. Its prevalence among adults is increasing, but more worrisome is the recent recognition of type 2 DM among children and adolescents. Little is known about the etiology, management, and changing epidemiology of this disease in pediatric populations. Nonetheless, practitioners who care for children and adolescents must consider the diagnosis of type 2 DM in the child presenting with hyperglycemia. The diagnostic criteria and etiologic classification of DM are listed in Tables 1⇓ and 2⇓ . The diagnosis of DM is based on blood glucose measurements that may be obtained randomly, in the fasting state, or during an oral glucose tolerance test. The fasting blood glucose test is easy and inexpensive to perform and is recommended for screening by the American Diabetes Association (ADA). The criteria for making the diagnosis of DM were changed in 1997 by the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus to propose simple and sensitive screening tests for carbohydrate metabolism derangements. View this table: Table 1. Criteria for the Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus (DM)1 View this table: Table 2. Etiologic Classification of Diabetes Mellitus (DM)1 DM represents a group of diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Type 1 DM is due to insulin deficiency usually caused by autoimmune destruction of …
Securing Opensource Code via Static Analysis

Static code analysis (SCA) is the analysis of computer programs that is performed without actually executing the programs, usually by using an automated tool. SCA has become an integral part of the software development life cycle and one of the first steps to detect and eliminate programming errors early in the software development stage. Although SCA tools are routinely used in proprietary software development environment to ensure software quality, application of such tools to the vast expanse of open source code presents a forbidding albeit interesting challenge, especially when open source code finds its way into commercial software. Although there have been recent efforts in this direction, in this paper, we address this challenge to some extent by applying static analysis on a popular open source project, i.e., Linux kernel, discuss the results of our analysis and based on our analysis, we propose an alternate workflow that can be adopted while incorporating open source software in a commercial software development process. Further, we discuss the benefits and the challenges faced while adopting the proposed alternate workflow.
Convergence properties of systems of algebraic equations—explicit loops

Techniques are developed for using the structural information contained in algebraic equation sets to aid in the study of convergence properties of iterative equation loops. The concept of inverse mapping is applied directly in order to study convergence properties of sequences. For problems in which there exist both a direct and inverse path for the computation of iterative loops, direct substitution techniques will converge via one path and diverge via the other path. When an inverse path existed, the direct substitution method was superior to simultaneous solution techniques for the problems studied. Not all iterative loops have an inverse path. For problems in which inverse paths do not originally exist, rearrangement of the equations of an iterative loop can result in a modified loop for which an inverse path does exist. The digraph representation of an iterative loop aids in deciding whether rearrangements are feasible for a particular problem. When inverse paths cannot conveniently be obtained, direct substitution cannot be successfully used and simultaneous solution techniques such as quasi-linearization are recommended.
La extensión del seguro y la protección de salud en relación al mercado laboral: problemas y políticas en América Latina

En los ultimos 25 anos virtualmente los 20 paises de America Latina han reformado sus sistemas de salud pero la cobertura del seguro social promedia 53 por ciento de la poblacion total (inferior a la norma minima de la OIT), fluctua entre 7 por ciento y 26 por ciento en diez paises y se ha estancado o caido en al menos ocho, y el acceso a la salud es insuficiente. Este articulo: 1) analiza la transformacion del mercado laboral y su impacto en la cobertura por el seguro social de salud; describe la cobertura legal de varios grupos; estima la cobertura estadistica/acceso y sus tendencias en los tres sectores tipicos (publico, seguro social y privado); documenta las diferencias en la cobertura por ingreso, areas geograficas y etnias; identifica las dificultades en incorporar al sector informal, la poblacion rural, indigena y pobre, asi como las causas de la baja cobertura, y toca el acceso; 2) abrevia las recomendaciones sobre cobertura y acceso por los organismos internacionales, sugiere politicas especificas para expandir la proteccion en general y entre grupos vulnerables e identifica temas que requieren mas estadisticas e investigacion; y 3) resume las conclusiones y recomendaciones.
The Impact of Repeat Hospitalizations on Hospitalization Rates for Selected Conditions Among Adults With and Without Diabetes, 12 US States, 2011.

Introduction Hospitalization data typically cannot be used to estimate the number of individuals hospitalized annually because individuals are not tracked over time and may be hospitalized multiple times annually. We examined the impact of repeat hospitalizations on hospitalization rates for various conditions and on comparison of rates by diabetes status. Methods We analyzed hospitalization data for which repeat hospitalizations could be distinguished among adults aged 18 or older from 12 states using the 2011 Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's State Inpatient Databases. The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System was used to estimate the number of adults with and without diagnosed diabetes in each state (denominator). We calculated percentage increases due to repeat hospitalizations in rates and compared the ratio of diabetes with non-diabetes rates while excluding and including repeat hospitalizations. Results Regardless of diabetes status, hospitalization rates were considerably higher when repeat hospitalizations within a calendar year were included. The magnitude of the differences varied by condition. Among adults with diabetes, rates ranged from 13.0% higher for stroke to 41.6% higher for heart failure; for adults without diabetes, these rates ranged from 9.5% higher for stroke to 25.2% higher for heart failure. Ratios of diabetes versus non-diabetes rates were similar with and without repeat hospitalizations. Conclusion Hospitalization rates that include repeat hospitalizations overestimate rates in individuals, and this overestimation is especially pronounced for some causes. However, the inclusion of repeat hospitalizations for common diabetes-related causes had little impact on rates by diabetes status.