cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A review of gluten- and casein-free diets for treatment of autism: 2005–2015

Background The gluten free, casein free (GFCF) diet is heralded by strong anecdotal parental reports to greatly improve and even "cure" symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Yet to date, little conclusive empirical evidence exists supporting its use. Objective The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the state of the recent evidence regarding use of GFCF diet for treatment of individuals with ASD. Methods Five database providers (PubMed, Web of Knowledge, EBSCO, ProQuest, and WorldCat) were used to search 19 databases yielding a total of 491 articles that were published through February 2015. Peer reviewed articles published between 2005 and February 2015 were included for review if study participants were identified as having ASD and investigated the effects of the GFCF diet on ASD behaviors or the relationship between the diet and these behaviors. Results Evaluation of search results yielded 11 reviews, 7 group experimental studies including 5 randomized controlled trials, 5 case reports, and 4 group observational studies published during the last 10 years. These studies represent a marked increase in number of reported studies as well as increased scientific rigor in investigation of GFCF diets in ASD. Conclusions While strong empirical support for the GFCF diet in ASD is currently lacking, studies point to the need for identifying subsets of individuals (e.g., those with documented gastrointestinal abnormalities) who may be the best responders to the GFCF diet. Identifying these subsets is critically needed to enhance rigor in this research area. Until rigorous research supporting use of GFCF diet is reported, clinicians should continue use caution and consider several factors when advising regarding implementation of the GFCF diet for individuals with ASD.
Institutional Change and the University of Wisconsin-Madison Writing Fellows Program

Writing Fellows are a unique brand of peer tutors who work closely with both university faculty members and other undergraduates.Writing Fellows are chosen from a diverse pool of applicants in many majors and serve in many disciplines. They are carefully trained to work across the curriculum helping other students improve their writing skills. In their first semester, Fellows enroll in a special training course on the theory and practice of teaching writing. A Writing Fellow works with 12-20 students in a course whose professor has requested Fellows’ support. Writing Fellows comment extensively on student drafts and meet individually with each writer to collaborate on possible revision techniques and strategies. The student is then given time to revise before turning in a final draft to his or her professor. Students remain the authorities of their work, and professors evaluate final drafts without any input from Fellows, although professors generally review the first drafts and Fellows’ comments. The first Writing Fellows Program was started at Brown University in 1982, and in 1997-98 the University of Wisconsin-Madison selected its inaugural class of Writing Fellows, who began training and work with great success.
Social Science Emphasis in Engineering Education

Education of engineering professionals for the future superindustrial state requires greater emphasis on economical/political/sociological subjects in current engineering curricula so that graduates will be able to communicate with experts from these disciplines and avoid shortening the life span of products, structures, or systems caused by sociological or economical failures associated with such designs. Examples are cited. A post-baccalaureate program of 2 to 4 years, including internships, is recommended to educate these professional broadly educated cultured experts. Loan funds or Federal Assistance Programs requiring subsequent government service are suggested. These future leaders could: (1) Fill leadership roles in industrial, governmental, or political arenas; (2) become advocates of the public’s interest whenever technology involved the public health and safety; and (3) assume an adversary stance against overzealous lobbyists — and their corporate or bureaucratic masters — whenever their technological proposals wasted the public’s funds or its material resources.
The Problem of Tax Law Uncertainty and the Role of Tax Insurance

In the broadest sense this is an article about legal or regulatory uncertainty and the role that private and public insurance can play in managing it. More narrowly, the article is about tax law enforcement and the familiar if ill-defined distinctions between tax evasion, tax avoidance, and abusive tax avoidance. Most specifically, the article is about a new type of tax risk insurance policy, sometimes called tax indemnity insurance (or transactional tax risk insurance) that provides coverage against the risk that the IRS will disallow a taxpayer-insured's tax treatment of a particular transaction. The question is whether this type of insurance coverage increases incentives for illegitimate tax avoidance or, alternatively, provides needed certainty to taxpayers, certainty that the IRS is not able or willing to provide. Should tax insurance be banned? Encouraged? Ignored? To what extent should the government, instead of commercial insurance companies, provide such legal-uncertainty insurance directly either by increasing the use of private rulings or by selling the equivalent of tax indemnity insurance policies? On the question of commercially provided tax indemnity insurance, the article concludes that the appropriate regulatory response is probably (a) to allow the policies to be purchased (and perhaps in some situations to subsidize their purchase) but (b) to compel taxpayers who purchase such policies to disclose this fact to the IRS. Such a response allows the use of tax risk insurance as a supplement to private letter rulings while at the same time minimizing the possibility that the insurance will be sold to cover pure detection risk.
Bilateral force transients in the upper limbs evoked by single-pulse microstimulation in the pontomedullary reticular formation

Neurons in the pontomedullary reticular formation (PMRF) give rise to the reticulospinal tract. The motor output of the PMRF was investigated using stimulus-triggered averaging of electromyography (EMG) and force recordings in two monkeys (M. fascicularis). EMG was recorded from 12 pairs of upper limb muscles, and forces were detected using two isometric force-sensitive handles. Of 150 stimulation sites, 105 (70.0%) produced significant force responses, and 139 (92.5%) produced significant EMG responses. Based on the average flexor EMG onset latency of 8.3 ms and average force onset latency of 15.9 ms poststimulation, an electromechanical delay of ∼7.6 ms was calculated. The magnitude of force responses (∼10 mN) was correlated with the average change in EMG activity (P < 0.001). A multivariate linear regression analysis was used to estimate the contribution of each muscle to force generation, with flexors and extensors exhibiting antagonistic effects. A predominant force output pattern of ipsilateral flexion and contralateral extension was observed in response to PMRF stimulation, with 65.3% of significant ipsilateral force responses directed medially and posteriorly (P < 0.001) and 78.6% of contralateral responses directed laterally and anteriorly (P < 0.001). This novel approach permits direct measurement of force outputs evoked by central nervous system microstimulation. Despite the small magnitude of poststimulus EMG effects, low-intensity single-pulse microstimulation of the PMRF evoked detectable forces. The forces, showing the combined effect of all muscle activity in the arms, are consistent with reciprocal pattern of force outputs from the PMRF detectable with stimulus-triggered averaging of EMG.
Effect of certain liquid organopolysiloxanes on cholesterol atherosclerosis of the rabbit.

SummaryAddition of dimethylpolysiloxane to a diet containing 2% cholesterol does not alter hypercholesterolemia and cholesterol content of the liver of rabbits. However, it increases cholesterol content of the aorta and produces atheromatous lesions of the intima. Addition of phenylmethyl-polysiloxane to a diet containing 2% cholesterol prevents severe hypercholesterolemia and increases cholesterol content of the liver. It lowers the cholesterol content of the aorta and prevents atheromatous proliferation.
Self psychology and its relationship to the practice of group psychotherapy.

ABSTRACTThis article discusses self psychology as a theory of personality development and conceptual framework for diagnosing psychopathology. It seeks to show how specific components of this theory, including selfobjects, bipolar self, mirroring, tension arc, and nuclear self, can be compared with the “curative factors” of group psychotherapy as presented by Yalom (1975). These include altruism, group cohesiveness, universality, interpersonal learning, guidance, and family reenactment. Existing literature is used to explain both theories and develop their synthesis.
Protege Extensions for Scientist-Oriented Modeling of Observation and Measurement Semantics.

We present Protege-OWL extensions designed to help scientists define domain-specific ontologies for describing observational data. The extensions provide high-level forms that users can fill out from within Protege to specify classes used to describe scientific measurements. As a user fills out a form, underlying OWL-DL axioms are automatically asserted, thus allowing users to specify relatively complex OWL-DL constraints without requiring an understanding of the technical details of OWL. Encoded in the constraints generated by the extension are a set of “best practices” for enabling improved data discovery and integration of observational data.
Maternal Super Obesity and Neonatal Morbidity after Term Cesarean Delivery.

Objective To estimate the association between maternal super obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 50 kg/m2) and neonatal morbidity among neonates born via cesarean delivery (CD). Methods Retrospective cohort of singleton neonates delivered via CD ≥ 37 weeks in the Maternal-Fetal Medicine Unit Cesarean Registry. Maternal BMI at delivery was stratified as 18.5 to 29.9 kg/m2, 30 to 39.9 kg/m2, 40 to 49.9 kg/m2, and ≥ 50 kg/m2. Primary outcomes included acute (5-minute Apgar score Results Of 41,262 maternal–neonatal dyads, 36% of women were nonobese, 49% had BMI of 30 to 39.9 kg/m2, 12% had BMI of 40 to 49.9 kg/m2, and 3% were super obese. Compared with nonobese women, super obese women had twofold odds of acute (5 vs. 10%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.81, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.59–2.73) and severe (3 vs. 6%; aOR: 2.08; 95% CI: 1.59–2.73) neonatal morbidity. Conclusion Among term infants delivered via CD, maternal super obesity is associated with increased risk of neonatal morbidity.
Discussion by Suketu P. Bhavsar

John Barrow addresses one of the key challenges faced by cosmologists today: the nature of large-scale structure in the universe and its origin. He discusses the related practical problem of quantifying the measures of the distribution of galaxies, the visible “building blocks” of the material universe and assumed tracers of this structure. The generally accepted view is that the origin of the observed distribution of galaxies is the initial density fluctuations that existed in the universe at early epochs. The fluctuations evolve through physical processes, creating the distribution of galaxies observed at the present epoch.
Influence of manufacturing processes on RF planar passive components electrical parameters

This paper describes the different constructions of planar capacitors and inductors which are able to work up to UHF frequencies. Described passive components were manufactured using three different technologies: photolithography on policarbonate film (60μm) and on FR-4 substrate (1.5mm), screen printing technology [2]. The high-frequency characteristics of the main electrical parameters (capacitance, inductance, quality factor and impedance) of passive components were measured and compared. Suitable finite element models of capacitors were created using multiplatform software applications COMSOL Multiphysics®. Based on obtained data the resonant circuits for wireless operating principle devices were designed and fabricated.
Breakdown statistics of polyimide at low temperatures

The dielectric breakdown data of polyimide at liquid nitrogen temperature are investigated. The applicability of the Weibull distribution is discussed. A new distribution function is proposed, and its utility and strength are illustrated distinctly by employing the Monte Carlo method.
Oxidative phosphorylation: unique regulatory mechanism and role in metabolic homeostasis

A model developed for oxidative phosphorylation in vivo is shown to predict behavior patterns that are both novel and consistent with experimental measurements of metabolism in working muscle and o...
Role of stem cell transplant and maintenance therapy in plasma cell disorders

Autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) has been an important component of therapy for myeloma patients eligible for high-dose chemotherapy. Recent studies comparing early transplant to low-dose chemotherapy support the continued use of ASCT as consolidation following induction therapy, even in the era of immunomodulatory drugs, proteasome inhibitors, and other novel agents. Despite the marked improvements in outcomes with this approach, most patients will eventually experience disease progression. Thus, inclusion of post-ASCT consolidation/maintenance strategies is used to improve long-term disease control. Multiple randomized studies support the use of lenalidomide maintenance therapy following ASCT. The next generation of clinical trials will incorporate novel agents such as monoclonal antibodies, proteasome inhibitors, and other novel pathway modulatory agents into post-ASCT treatment strategies with the goal of achieving even deeper responses and longer durations of disease control.
Synthesis and properties of Pr 3+ -doped ZnO nanowires

Well-aligned Pr3+-doped ZnO nanowires (NWs) were obtained by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method without catalysts on silicon substrates by vapor-solid process. The length and diameter of ZnO NWs were 1–2 μm and 50–100 nm, respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) have been used to characterize the obtained Pr3+-doped ZnO nanowires. The concentration of dopant in the synthesized nanowires was 0.7 at %, according to EDX measurements. XPS was also used to characterize the samples and to confirm their composition. Pr3+-doped ZnO sensors were fabricated using a focused ion beam (FIB) with Au/Ti electrodes. A nanosensor is invented from an individual zinc oxide nanowire (80 nm in diameter). Response characteristics of the single nanowire towards dinitrogen monoxide (N2O), hydrogen (H2), ammonia (NH3) were examined at room temperature at different concentrations of gases.
Suspension-based imprint lithography of ZnO–PMMA hybrids

Imprint lithography has been explored as a method to transfer arrays of patterned features onto pure polymers and polymer/metallic nanoparticle composites. Despite the success of this method for those materials, it has never been achieved on the sub-micron scale with polymer–oxide particle hybrids. This study patterns ZnO–PMMA (poly(methyl methacrylate)) hybrids via imprint lithography from co-suspensions of PMMA and ZnO nanoparticles in anisole from 1 vol% to 20 vol% ZnO solids loading. ZnO nanoparticles are functionalized with nonanoic acid to disperse the nanoparticles in anisole with dissolved PMMA. The feature fidelity of the patterned arrays decreases with increasing ZnO content, indicating an increase in particle agglomeration as the ZnO particle content increases. Feature size, ZnO content, and ZnO nanoparticle agglomeration are critical factors influencing the photoluminescence (PL) intensity. The ZnO solids loading at a 500 nm feature size needs to be 10 vol% or higher for the enhanced PL response. When the ridge size increases to 1 μm, ZnO solids loading as low as 1 vol% is feasible. This method of lithographic patterning of nanoparticle–polymer suspensions can be applied to a wide variety of hybrid devices and has the potential to open many applications including optical devices and biomedical screening.
New classification and update on the quinolone antibiotics.

The newer fluoroquinolones have broad-spectrum bactericidal activity, excellent oral bioavailability, good tissue penetration and favorable safety and tolerability profiles. A new four-generation classification of the quinolone drugs takes into account the expanded antimicrobial spectrum of the more recently introduced fluoroquinolones and their clinical indications. First-generation drugs (e.g., nalidixic acid) achieve minimal serum levels. Second-generation quinolones (e.g., ciprofloxacin) have increased gram-negative and systemic activity. Third-generation drugs (e.g., levofloxacin) have expanded activity against gram-positive bacteria and atypical pathogens. Fourth-generation quinolone drugs (currently only trovafloxacin) add significant activity against anaerobes. The quinolones can be differentiated within classes based on their pharmacokinetic properties. The new classification can help family physicians prescribe these drugs appropriately.
Assessing location attractiveness for manufacturing automobiles

Purpose: Evaluating country manufacturing location attractiveness on various performance measures deepens the analysis and provides a more informed basis for manufacturing site selection versus reliance on labor rates alone. A short list of countries can be used to drive regional considerations for site-specific selection within a country. Design/methodology/approach: The two-step multi attribute decision model contains an initial filter layer to require minimum values for low weighted attributes and provides a rank order utility score for twenty three countries studied. The model contains 11 key explanatory variables with Labor Rate, Material Cost, and Logistics making up the top 3 attributes and representing 54% percent of the model weights. Findings: We propose a multi attribute decision framework for strategically assessing the attractiveness of a country as a location for manufacturing automobiles. Research limitations/implications: Consideration of country level wage variation, specific tariffs, and other economic incentives provides a secondary analysis after the initial list of candidate countries is defined. Practical implications: The results of our modeling shows China, India, and Mexico are currently the top ranked countries for manufacturing attractiveness. These three markets hold the highest utility scores throughout sensitivity analysis on the labor rate attribute weight rating, highlighting the strength and potential of manufacturing in China, India, and Mexico. Originality/value: Combining MAUT with regression analysis to simplify model to core factors then using a “must have” layer to handle extreme impacts of low weight factors and allowing for ease of repeatability.
A review of the role of estrogen in dermal aging and facial attractiveness in women.

Estrogens are known to have protective and favorable influences on skin health; conversely, androgens oppose the actions of estrogens. Estrogen's chemical messages are transmitted via the classical nuclear hormone estrogen receptors (ER) alpha and beta and the rapid-acting G-coupled membrane estrogen receptor. Androgens [both testosterone and 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT)] bind the same androgen receptor. Estrogen levels peak in the mid- to late 20s in women and then decline by 50% by 50 years of age and dramatically decrease further after menopause. The loss of estrogens with aging contributes to diminished dermal health, whereas estrogen hormone therapy [eg, oral conjugated equine estrogens (CEE)] restores skin health. Several reports suggest positive correlations between the levels of circulating estrogens and: (1) perceived age, (2) attractiveness, (3) enhanced skin health, and (4) facial coloration in women. Based upon a psychological dermato-endocrine perspective, the positive correspondence of high estrogens levels with perceived age and facial attractiveness in women especially with aging demonstrates the importance of hormonal influences on observed dermal health and youthful appearance.
Lost Retransmission Detection for TCP Part 1: TCP Reno and NewReno

As a well-known issue, the performance of transmission control protocol (TCP) is affected by its loss recovery mechanism working based on two algorithms of fast retransmit and fast recovery. In particular, the fast recovery algorithm has been modified for improvement and become a basis on which each TCP implementation is differentiated such as TCP Tahoe, Reno, NewReno, and selective acknowledgement (SACK) option. Despite the recent improvement achieved in TCP NewReno and SACK option, TCP still has a problem that it cannot avoid retransmission timeout (RTO) when a retransmitted packet is lost. Therefore, in this paper, we introduce a simple algorithm for detecting a lost retransmission that can be applied to TCP implementations that do not use SACK option such as TCP Reno and NewReno. Using ns simulations, we show the microscopic behaviors of the lost retransmission detection algorithm when it works with each TCP. The numerical results based on existing analytic models are also shown.
Traumatic Injury of the Spine

Acute injury to the spine is a major cause of morbidity in trauma patients. Of 39.15 million reported injury-related emergency department visits in 2002, 5.1% (1.997 million) were related to the spine.1 The incidence of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) alone is estimated to be 11,000 to 14,000 cases per year in the United States, with an estimated annual cost of medical and supportive care exceeding $9.7 billion.2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 SCI are particularly debilitating; more than 50% of patients with SCI are between 16 and 30 years old.2 In the acute trauma setting, SCI may be missed if appropriate clinical and radiographic tests are not performed. For example, in a 10-year retrospective study, Poonnoose et al. found that among 569 patients with SCI, 9.1% of the diagnoses were missed initially; in 50% of missed cases, mismanagement resulted in worsened neurological status.8,9 The medical and fiscal costs of caring for spine injuries are high, and spinal pathology, especially if undiagnosed, may complicate the prognosis and treatment of the trauma patient. Outcome depends highly on appropriate management, skilled surgical intervention, and management of comorbid conditions. As such, it is important to approach the patient with a potential traumatic injury of the spine with an accurate understanding of potential pathology and stability, to manage the patient appropriately.
Environmental Chemistry of PAHs

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous contaminants of the human environment, and some PAHs are relatively potent carcinogens. This chapter reviews the chemistry of the PAHs and their heterocyclic analogs and surveys their most important types of reactions from the viewpoint of their potential environmental significance. PAHs in the environment are subject to various chemical and photochemical processes some of which result in degradation to less toxic products, while others result in formation of compounds, such as nitrosubstituted PAHs, which exhibit greater carcinogenicity. While the major focus is on the reactions of the more intensively investigated alternant hydrocarbons, the nonalternant PAHs and the heterocyclic aza- and thio-PAHs are also discussed. Current concepts concerning the mechanisms of carcinogenesis of the PAHs and their heterocyclic analogs are also reviewed.
Infinite families of accelerated series for some classical constants by the Markov-WZ Method

In this article we show the Markov-WZ Method in action as it finds rapidly converging series representations for a given hypergeometric series. We demonstrate the method by finding new representations for log(2),ζ (2) and ζ (3).
Protection Strategies Against Botulinum Toxin

The clostridial neurotoxins are the most toxic substances known to science. The neurotoxin (tetanus toxin) produced from Clostridium tetani is encountered by humans as a result of wounds, and remains a serious public health problem in developing countries around the world. Humans are usually exposed to the neurotoxins (botulinum toxins) produced by Clostridium botulinum through food poisoning, although there are rare incidents of wound botulism and colonizing infections in neonates known as infant botulism (Tacket and Rogawski, 1989).
Towards Creating Business Process Models from Images

Business process modeling is an integral task needed for efficient running of business operations. Often process models remain buried in unstructured documents as images or screenshots. Such embedded process model images may become quickly obsolete as the underlying business process evolves. Thus, there is value in digitizing the unstructured images. We propose a novel automated solution to transform a process model image into the standard Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) format. Our deep-learning based approach performs well in practice achieving good precision and recall.
The Effect of Patient-Facing Applications on Positive Airway Pressure Therapy Adherence: A Systematic Review.

Study Objectives:Many patients struggle with adherence to positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy for sleep apnea. In this systematic review we examined the effect that patient-facing applications (...
Techniques for Screening Conduct Disturbed Children

A direct observation technique was used to investigate differences between children classified as conduct disturbed or normal on the basis of ratings given by their regular classroom teachers. It was found that subjects rated as conduct disturbed engaged in significantly more deviant behavior and significantly less task oriented behavior than subjects rated as normal on a 10 item rating scale. The simultaneous comparison of the overt behavior of children differentially rated by their teacher not only serves as a check on the validity of the teacher's judgment, but also provides a technique for observing the conduct problem child in relation to normative classroom behavior, as perceived by his teacher.
Determinants of Cardiac Growth and Size

Within the realm of zoological study, the question of how an organism reaches a specific size has been largely unexplored. Recently, studies performed to understand the regulation of organ size have revealed that both cellular signals and external cues contribute toward the determination of total cell mass within each organ. The establishment of final organ size requires the precise coordination of cell growth, proliferation, and survival throughout development and postnatal life. In the mammalian heart, the regulation of size is biphasic. During development, cardiomyocyte proliferation predominantly determines cardiac growth, whereas in the adult heart, total cell mass is governed by signals that regulate cardiac hypertrophy. Here, we review the current state of knowledge regarding the extrinsic factors and intrinsic mechanisms that control heart size during development. We also discuss the metabolic switch that occurs in the heart after birth and precedes homeostatic control of postnatal heart size.
Virtual screening to identify potent sepiapterin reductase inhibitors.

Abstract Sepiapterin reductase has been identified as a potential drug target for neuropathic and inflammatory pain. Virtual screening was executed against a publicly available x-ray crystal structure of sepiapterin reductase. A set of structurally diverse and potent sepiapterin reductase inhibitors was identified. This set of compounds with favorable ligand efficiency and lipophilic efficiency are tractable for further optimization. An SAR follow-up library was synthesized based on one of the virtual screening hits exploring SAR.
Pathologic grading of mucoepidermoid carcinomas of the salivary gland and its effect on clinicopathologic follow-up: an institutional experience

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is the most common malignant salivary gland tumor. Differences inprognosis can be noted owing to the tumor grade determined using multiple grading schemes (2-tier: low- and high-grade vs. 3-tier: low-, intermediate-, and high-grade). We studied clinicopathologic features of MEC using a 3-tier grading system and retrospectively categorized cytologic diagnoses as per the Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology (MSRSGC).A total of 69 cases of MEC were identified, and most were seen in the parotid gland. Aggressive clinical behavior was seen in high-grade MEC compared with intermediate- and low-grade MEC. By fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis, MAML2 rearrangements were seen in 78% of cases.The MSRSGC subcategorized the majority (63.8%) of MEC as salivary gland neoplasm of uncertain malignant potential, suspicious for malignancy, or malignant. Clustering intermediate- with low-grade cases did not significantly impact the clinical behavior. Both high-grade and oncocytic MEC can be MAML2 FISH negative.
Pursuing a Correctional Career: The Motivations and Reasons for Staying

Researchers have argued that the field of corrections is plagued by problems such as high turnover and increasing difficulties with hiring. There are a number of reasons to avoid pursuing correctio...
Is Distance Between Home and Treatment Site a Risk Factor for Complications After Treating Mandibular Fractures

Purpose Our level I trauma center provides care over a large geographic area including Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming, with many patients traveling hundreds of miles to receive care. Distance to a treatment site is documented to be an independent risk factor for complications after multisystem trauma, but it is unclear if it is a risk factor for isolated mandibular fractures. The study purpose was to measure the association between distance to treatment site and risk for postoperative complications after treatment of isolated mandibular fractures. Materials and Methods The investigators designed and implemented a retrospective cohort study and enrolled a sample derived from patients treated for isolated mandibular fractures at Harborview Medical Center by the oral and maxillofacial surgery service between June 2012 and December 2016. The primary predictor variable was distance (miles) between the patient’s residence and site of treatment (Harborview Medical Center). The primary outcome variable was postoperative complication (yes or no), subcategorized as major and minor. Secondary outcome variables were time to treatment between injury and operative treatment (days) and length of hospital stay (LOS) (days). Descriptive, bivariate, and multiple logistic regression statistics were computed to measure the association between distance to treatment site and postoperative complications, time to treatment, and LOS. The level of statistical significance was set at P ≤ .05. Results The study sample was composed of 403 subjects with a mean age of 32.6 ± 14.3 years and 80% were men. The average distance from the patient's residence to treatment site was 44.8 ± 128.6 miles (range, 0 to 1,440 miles; median, 20.4 miles). Major complications occurred in 11.6% of patients. The average distance between patients with and without postoperative complications was not significantly different (42.3 ± 55.8 miles vs 45.5 ± 141.7 miles; P = .8). Increasing distance was significantly associated with longer LOS (r = 0.16; P Conclusions In contrast to other studies regarding multisystem trauma, complications after treating isolated mandible fractures were not associated with increasing distance to treatment site. Increasing distance may be associated with longer LOS but not time to treatment.
Identifying and Controlling Biases in Expert-Opinion Research: Guidelines for Variations of Delphi, Nominal Group Technique, and Focus Groups

AbstractIn construction engineering and management (CEM) research, conducting field studies often is infeasible because of resource constraints, limited access to sites, practicality, confounding f...
D2R: Policy-Compliant Fast Reroute

In networks today, the data plane handles forwarding--- sending a packet to the next device in the path---and the control plane handles routing---deciding the path of the packet in the network. This architecture has limitations. First, when link failures occur, the data plane has to wait for the control plane to install new routes, and packet losses can occur due to delayed routing convergence or central controller latencies. Second, policy-compliance is not guaranteed without sophisticated configuration synthesis or controller intervention. Fast reroute mechanisms in the data plane cannot provide both connectivity and policy-compliance guarantees. We take advantage of the recent advances in fast programmable switches to perform policy-compliant route computations entirely in the data plane, thus providing fast and programmable reactions to failures. D2R provides the illusion of a hierarchical network fabric that is always available and policy-compliant under failures. We implement our data plane in P4 and show its viability in real world topologies.
Discussion to: Bayesian graphical models for modern biological applications by Y. Ni, V. Baladandayuthapani, M. Vannucci and F.C. Stingo

In this writing we discuss the contributions made in the article (Ni et al. Stat Methods Appl, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10260-021-00572-8 ).
The Humanitarians: The International Committee of the Red Cross

Preface Introduction Part I. Historical Analysis: 1. The ICRC during its early years 2. The ICRC during the Cold War 3. The ICRC after the Cold War 4. The ICRC and the US 'war' on terrorism Part II. Policy Analysis: 5. ICRC principles and policies 6. ICRC structure and management 7. The ICRC and international humanitarian law Part III. Conclusion: 8. The ICRC and Red Cross humanitarianism Annex A. The ICRC and the Red Cross Movement Annex B. The ICRC and Selected Private Relief Agencies Annex C. The ICRC: One of the Big Four Relief Agencies Annex D. The ICRC and Selected Advocacy Groups Annex E. The ICRC Organizational Chart Bibliography.
Design and Testing of Composite Flywheel Rotors

A complete method of designing high-performance composite flywheel rotors is presented in this paper. One rotor design consists of multiple concentric rings of filament-wound, epoxy-matrix composites either press fitted or separated by compliant elastomeric interlayers. The other design involves a novel, thick filament-wound elastomer matrix composite. The elastomer matrix composite offers the potential dual benefits of manufacturing simplicity and fail-safe operation. A summary of design equations, predicted stress distributions during operation, and preliminary test data are presented. Energy densities measured in spin tests and predicted for future burst tests compare favorably with published results of other investigators.
Nanoscale TiO2 films and their application in remediation of organic pollutants

Abstract Photocatalysis is an advanced process for treatment of air, wastewater, and drinking water, the primary advantage being its ability to mineralize many pollutants. Among several nanoscale arrangements of photocatalysts, there has been a strong push to develop them as thin films because of several advantages when compared to photocatalysts in suspension form. Within this context, the present review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of current knowledge regarding UV/vis and natural solar light photocatalysis of pollutants using titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) nanoparticles in thin film form. Various synthesis techniques for the assembly of thin films, their characterization and comprehensive experimental results demonstrating their application as photocatalysts for decomposition of organic contaminants are summarized. Finally, current state of the art is discussed with associated challenges for the deployment of thin films for water treatment.
Evolution of Moral Norms

Moral norms are the rules of morality, those that people actually follow, and those that we feel people ought to follow, even when they don’t. Historically, the social sciences have been primarily concerned with describing the many forms that moral norms take in various cultures, with the emerging implication that moral norms are mere arbitrary products of culture. Philosophers, on the other hand, have been more concerned with trying to understand the nature and source of rules that all cultures ought to follow, with relatively little regard for what people actually do. The tension between the two approaches has to do with whether there are any standards higher than the whims of culture in determining right and wrong. Typically, the social sciences say “no”, pointing at the diversity of moral beliefs. Most philosophers (along with people of moral conviction) feel that there must be some deeper source of morality than the trends and fads of culture. Unfortunately, the nature and source of such standards has remained something of a mystery. Recent work on the evolution of norms has changed this picture dramatically.
The Ethiopia Food Crisis--Uses and Limits of Climate Forecasts

Post-cold war investment in science--particularly in the case of seasonal to interannual climate forecasting--is increasingly justified by the goal of demonstrating explicit societal benefit. A review of the 2000 food crisis in Ethiopia and the state of the science of seasonal forecasting is sobering and underscores the need to foster more realistic expectations among both policy-makers and scientists about the uses and limits of climate forecasts in alleviating complex social problems.
Changing Patterns of Steroid Production in the Fetus and Placenta and their Effects on Development

A variety of radioimmunoassays specifically characterized for use with fetal and maternal ovine plasma have been used to measure steroid hormone concentrations in small plasma samples drawn simultaneously from mother and fetus. By repeated sampling from the same animal preparation the changes over time of plasma concentrations of cortisol, pregnenolone and its sulphate, and oestrone and oestrone sulphate have been systematically studied. In animals delivering spontaneously at term the fetal plasma cortisol concentration rises between 120 and 130 days gestation and plays an important part in the maturation of several vital physiological systems, including the fetal thyroid axis. In normal term deliveries and premature deliveries induced by synthetic adrenocorticotropin (ACTH(1-24), 1 microgram h-1), the concentration of oestrone sulphate in maternal plasma increases before the fetal plasma concentration. Fetal and maternal oestrogens are probably important in the control of the low-grade tonic myometrial activity that occurs throughout gestation, in the initiation of labour and in the control of uterine blood flow. Low-grade tonic myometrial activity affects fetal oxygenation, fetal breathing and the fetal sleep state and may constitute a pathway through which the mother influences fetal development, with important physiological and possibly pathological consequences.
Analysis of SiC based power electronic inverters for high speed machines

Silicon carbide (SiC) based power switching devices have been extensively studied by researchers and engineers in recent years because of their superior physical properties compared to silicon. However, the benefits of using SiC devices have yet to be fully explored, especially for high-speed or high-fundamental frequency motor drive applications. Hence, this paper contributes to the understanding of the benefits of SiC inverters as applied to high-speed or high-fundamental frequency drives. This research investigates the high switching frequency capabilities of SiC inverter to improve the performance of high-speed machines or high fundamental frequency operation and achieve lower weight and volume of the both motor and inverter.
Two Perspectives on Inclusion in the United States.

The history of schooling for students with disabilities in the United States is marked by exclusion and, until the passage of the Education for All Children Act in the 1970s, a substantial number of students with disabilities were denied free public education and many more were poorly served by public schools. The requirement that all children be educated in the ΓC£least restrictive environmentΓC¥ gradually allowed many students with disabilities to be educated alongside their non-disabled peers and today a majority of students with disabilities spend more than 80% of their school days in regular classroom settings. Still, the meaning of inclusion is bitterly disputed fueled in large part by two contrasting views of disability. This paper discusses these two views ΓCo a deficit stance and a social constructivist perspective ΓCo and the effects of these views on the meaning of inclusion, the purpose of inclusion, and how inclusive education is achieved.
Correlations and collisions in air laser emission for atmospheric remote sensing

We measure strong correlations between the forward and backward emitted pulses from the atomic oxygen laser. We show that the laser spikes are correlated with the pump and do not depend on the collisional frequency.
Effects Of Gain Displacements On A Tapered Wiggler Free-Electron Laser

The performance of a low gain, free-electron laser (FEL) operating in the Compton regime is evaluated in the presence of e-beam displacements in planes parallel or perpendicular to the FEL linearly polarized wiggler magnetic field. In this fully coupled, nonlinear formalism, the gain is described by a 3-D extension of the Kroll-Morton-Rosenbluth (KMR) equations and evaluated by using optical fields that are propagated numerically between sections of the wiggler (and the oscillator) using the Gardner-Fresnel-Kirchhoff (GFK) algorithm. The oscil-lator extraction efficiency, optical gain, and the 3-D transverse mode and gain distributions are computed in the absence of slippage between the optical and e-beam pulses, using standard iterative techniques for obtaining resonator solutions. The influence of local off-axis magnetic fields and betatron oscillations on individual particles is included in the gain computations.© (1984) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
CRT-203 Safety and Clinical Outcomes of Endovascular Treatment for Extrinsic Pulmonary Artery Stenosis: A Systematic Review

Endovascular stent implantation for extrinsic pulmonary arterial stenosis (PAS) in adults is anecdotal. We systematically reviewed etiology, clinical characteristics, safety and outcomes of the published cases of extrinsic PAS treated with endovascular approach. A total of 113 published cases of
A suggested screening test for ASR in cement-bound composites containing glass aggregate based on autoclaving

Abstract The alkali–silica reaction (ASR) in concrete and its effects were studied in great detail within the last half century. Although the phenomenon itself is not fully understood, its potentially severe consequences require extensive testing of mix recipes before service. A reliable yet rapid test to determine the reactivity of a specific mix is a necessity. At Columbia University, research has been conducted to use post-consumer waste glass as concrete aggregate. One of the objectives was to develop mixes of relatively low reactivity containing glass, pozzolanic materials and various admixtures. With this large number of variables, the detection of unfavorable components prior to excessive long-term testing is essential. The work led to the development of a reliable and extremely rapid ASR test based on autoclave treatment, suitable for both, traditional concrete mixtures and multi-component systems. Test results can be obtained within only three days. Using relative comparison, the proposed autoclave test provides a valuable screening device to reduce the number of possible compositions during mix design.
Effect of electrical stimulation on the viability of the hippocampal slice preparation.

Abstract Continuous electrical stimulation of rat hippocampal slices at a frequency of 1 Hz brought about a 50% decline in the evoked population spike amplitude at a rate 5 times faster than that caused by very low frequency ( 1 600 Hz) stimulation. Within 2 hr after the high frequency stimulation began the evoked response totally disappeared. By contrast low frequency stimulated slices maintained an evoked response for at least 9 hr. Continuous electrical stimulation, especially at high frequency seems to facilitate the deterioration of the in vitro hippocampal slice preparation.
The Privatization Decision Do Public Managers Make a Difference

In this article, the political environment of privatization and its impact on public management are examined in the context of the privatization of a state park in Georgia. The study specifically focuses on the actions of public managers in the privatization formulation and implementation stage. Public management capacity actually increased as a result of privatization. This is an outcome quite different from those reported by public management studies of other privatized services. Applying a principal-agent framework, this study yielded several lessons that may strengthen public managers’capacity to act as “smart buyers” of goods and services and to enforce accountability when managing contractual relationships. This study links theory to practice using a case study that allows a careful examination of the strategic responses of public managers confronted by largely political, as opposed to economic, pressures to privatize an already successful state park.
Synthesis of 1-(5-phenyl-2H-tetrazol-2-ylacetyl)-4-substituted thiosemicarbazides as possible antiinflammatory agents

A series of 1-(5-phenyl-2H-tetrazol-2-ylacetyl)-4-substituted thiosemicarbazids were prepared as possible antiinflammatory agents. Their antiproteolytic activity was reported.
Partial improvement in negative schizophrenic symptoms after amphetamine.

In stable schizophrenic outpatients with predominantly "defect state" symptomatology amphetamine caused a reduction in negative symptoms that was statistically significant but not complete (i.e. these symptoms remained clinically discernible). The possibility that dopaminergic hypofunction contributes some elements to the schizophrenic defect state is presented, along with some limited data compatible with this concept. These findings are compared to prior studies in recently hospitalized schizophrenic subjects, and discussed with respect to recent theoretical concepts regarding the role of dopamine in schizophrenic psychopathology.
The effects of contextual cues on making occupational and gender categorizations

We report one study investigating how persons are categorized when the targets are presented with contextual cues. Using photos of either persons in occupational clothing and in occupational contexts or photos of college students and without distracting stimuli, the response times to verify various group memberships were tested, with the underlying interest of determining how persons are perceived when the persons are clearly members of multiple categories. Consistent with past research, when using rather simplistic photos, women were categorized as women faster than men were categorized as men. With occupational photos, however, women were not categorized as women faster than men were as men, nor were men categorized by occupation faster than were women, contrary to predictions derived from the ‘white male default' (Zarate & Smith, 1990). Rather, for female stereotypic occupations, female targets were classified by occupation faster than were male targets, while for male stereotypic occupations, male targets were classified by occupation faster than were female targets. Across all comparisons, subjects categorized same-sex targets faster than other sex targets. Results are discussed for their implications for various person perception models.