cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Gender Equity Issue in Collegiate Athletics: A Method to Determine “Equally Effective” Participation

ABSTRACT A methodology is developed to determine eligibility percentages relative to the gender issue in collegiate sports. Relevant factors of interest in and ability to play sports are evaluated, a statistical model is generated and a case study of one institution (using university ACT information, a telephone survey, focus groups, and participation rates) is presented.
A Cycloaddition Model for Fullerene Formation

Since their discovery, the fullerenes have challenged scientists with a wide array of problems concerning their properties, behavior, and potential applications. One such fundamental question is that of the assembly of these carbon cages. Much effort has been directed at obtaining an understanding of the process whereby graphite is transformed into fullerenes. In a previous work, we introduced a novel interpretation of the ion chromatography results from fullerene generation experiments. In this work, that interpretation is expanded and ab initio calculations are performed to illustrate how the model explains the experimental results. This “cycloaddition model” is then used to develop a plausible fullerene assembly mechanism.
Stretchable and Twistable Bones for Skeletal Shape Deformation

Skeleton-based linear blend skinning (LBS) remains the most popular method for real-time character deformation and animation. The key to its success is its simple implementation and fast execution. However, in addition to the well-studied elbow-collapse and candy-wrapper artifacts, the space of deformations possible with LBS is inherently limited. In particular, blending with only a scalar weight function per bone prohibits properly handling stretching, where bones change length, and twisting, where the shape rotates along the length of the bone. We present a simple modification of the LBS formulation that enables stretching and twisting without changing the existing skeleton rig or bone weights. Our method needs only an extra scalar weight function per bone, which can be painted manually or computed automatically. The resulting formulation significantly enriches the space of possible deformations while only increasing storage and computation costs by constant factors.
College Students’ Perceptions of Attributes Associated With Autism Spectrum Disorders

The purpose of this study was to examine college students’ perceptions of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and identify contributing factors that influence perceptions and reactions to students with ASD. Participants included 1,185 college students who responded to a survey in class or online. Trends in responses suggested that experience and exposure to ASD were positively associated with sympathy and helping reactions given a simulated scenario that included challenging behavior. Conversely, experience and exposure to ASD were associated with lower anger, perceived controllability, and punitive reactions. Multiple regression analyses indicated that punitive intentions were largely predicted by feelings of anger toward the behaviors. Feelings of sympathy significantly contributed to reactions of wanting to help the child (vs. punishing).
Mirar y desear: la construcción del personaje femenino en El perro del hortelano de Lope de Vega y de Pilar Miró

Explorar la adaptacion cinematografica de una obra literaria del Siglo de Oro obliga a pensar la cultura como un producto en continuo dialogo con la historia, como un artefacto cuyo sentido se perf...
Uncertainty Quantification for New Approaches to Spent Fuel Assay

Estimating plutonium (Pu) mass in spent nuclear fuel assemblies (SFAs) helps inspectors ensure that no Pu is diverted. Therefore, nondestructive assay (NDA) methods are being developed to assay Pu ...
Recovery of antenna pattern loss in a search radar

Abstract An algorithm is presented for the maximisation of the signal-to-noise power ratio (SNR) at the output of a radar receiver when the target direction of arrival (TDOA) is unknown. The target detection is affected by receiver noise and clutter. The radar has a beam which is scanning with a priori known pattern. For the maximisation of SNR, the knowledge of TDOA would be needed; in practice, the TDOA is unknown and the detection is also affected by the so-called antenna pattern loss. In fact when the antenna pattern sweeps across the target, the received signal experiences an amplitude modulation in lieu of a constant amplitude. It is the purpose of this paper to exploit this modulation to estimate the TDOA and conceive a detection processor which recovers the antenna pattern loss.
Public agricultural R&D over the past half century: an emerging new world order

Recent trends in farm productivity and food prices raise concerns about whether the era of global agricultural abundance is over. Agricultural R&D is a crucial determinant of agricultural productivity and production, and therefore food prices and poverty. In this article, we present entirely new evidence on investments in public agricultural R&D worldwide as an indicator of the prospects for agricultural productivity growth over the coming decades. The agricultural R&D world is changing, and in ways that will definitely affect future global patterns of poverty, hunger, and other outcomes. The overall picture is one in which the middle-income countries are growing in relative importance as producers of agricultural innovations through investments in R&D, and have consequently better prospects as producers of agricultural products.
Promotion of vesicular zinc efflux by ZIP13 and its implications for spondylocheiro dysplastic Ehlers–Danlos syndrome

Zinc is essential but potentially toxic, so intracellular zinc levels are tightly controlled. A key strategy used by many organisms to buffer cytosolic zinc is to store it within vesicles and organelles. It is yet unknown whether vesicular or organellar sites perform this function in mammals. Human ZIP13, a member of the Zrt/Irt-like protein (ZIP) metal transporter family, might provide an answer to this question. Mutations in the ZIP13 gene, SLC39A13, previously were found to cause the spondylocheiro dysplastic form of Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (SCD-EDS), a heritable connective tissue disorder. Those previous studies suggested that ZIP13 transports excess zinc out of the early secretory pathway and that zinc overload in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) occurs in SCD-EDS patients. In contrast, this study indicates that ZIP13’s role is to release labile zinc from vesicular stores for use in the ER and other compartments. We propose that SCD-EDS is the result of vesicular zinc trapping and ER zinc deficiency rather than overload.
Applied visual analytics for economic decision-making

This paper introduces the application of visual analytics techniques as a novel approach for improving economic decision making. Particularly, we focus on two known problems where subjectspsila behavior consistently deviates from the optimal, the Winnerpsilas and Loserpsilas Curse. According to economists, subjects fail to recognize the profit-maximizing decision strategy in both the Winnerpsilas and Loserpsilas curse because they are unable to properly consider all the available information. As such, we have created a visual analytics tool to aid subjects in decision making under the Acquiring a Company framework common in many economic experiments. We demonstrate the added value of visual analytics in the decision making process through a series of user studies comparing standard visualization methods with interactive visual analytics techniques. Our work presents not only a basis for development and evaluation of economic visual analytic research, but also empirical evidence demonstrating the added value of applying visual analytics to general decision making tasks.
Accurate frequency estimation using an all-pole filter with mostly zero coefficients

An all-pole Lth order filter with only M (M < L) nonzero coefficients is used to estimate accurately the frequencies of M closely spaced sinusoidal signals in noise. The method eliminates redundancy in the linear prediction equations which caused the spurious spectral peaks observed in previously known methods [3], [4]. Since most filter coefficients are zero, the computational effort required is small.
Direct resolution of chiral 'pineno' fused terpyridyl ligands on amylose based chiral stationary phase using long chain alcohol modifiers

Abstract Chiral separation of novel pineno fused terpyridyl ligands have been investigated on a silica-based amylose tris(3,5-dimethylphenyl carbamate) stationary phase (Chiralpak AD), using normal phase conditions. The chromatographic parameters investigated include retention factor (k), separation factor (α), column efficiency (N) and resolution (RS) of the analytes. In addition, the effect of alcohol modifiers on the enantioselectivity of the column has been discussed. The chiral resolution of the ligands was significantly improved by using 1-pentanol as alcohol modifier in the mobile phase. The reversal of the elution order achieved in this study allows a lower detection limit (
You Can Fool Some of The People All of The Time, Everything Else Being Equal; Hedged Laws and Psychological Explanations

First blush, anyhow, the notion of a psychological law appears to be at the intersection of a number of projects that are currently active in philosophy and in science. For example: i. Commonsense psychological explanation. The idea that commonsense intentional psychology should be construed as a prototheory of the etiology of behavior comports with the idea that commonsense intentional explanation/prediction is (at least implicitly) at least from time to time a species of explanation/ prediction by law subsumption. And, as a matter of fact, a law-subsumption view of commonsense intentional explanation often seems independently plausible. Here's a fragment of the commonsense psychology of expertise: Repetition facilitates rote recall, and rehearsal improves peiformance. It's hard to doubt that we appeal to this generalization to explain and predict the successes of behavioral strategies ("How do you get to Carnegie Hall?" "Practice, practice."), and it's hard to doubt that we are often right to do so. It's not the whole story about Horowitz that he spent a lot of time playing scales; but surely it's part of the story. The relation between practice and expertise isn't conceivably accidental. And it iSii't conceivably conceptual either. You can imagine a world where repeating a list doesn't help with learning it; or where it only helps on Tuesdays; or where it's only repeating the list backwards that helps. But if the connection between practice and performance is reliable and contingent, why shouldn't explanations and predictions that invoke this connection count as law subsumptions? Similarly, though perhaps more tendentiously, with explanations that appeal to a nomological counterpart of modus ponens to connect John's believing that (P and P -X Q) to his believing that Q. ii. Cognitive science. In commonsense psychological explanation, appeals to intentional laws are often only more or less explicit; but in cognitive science, they're up front. There has, in fact, been some confusion about this in the literature about cognitive science; some philosophers have thought they saw a conflict
Calculated buildup curves for photons with energies up to 60Co.

This report investigates the buildup region of the depth‐dose curve for broad parallel beams of 6 0Co and lower energy photons incident on slabs of tissue as defined by the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) and other materials. The EGS Monte Carlo system was used to simulate the transport of photons and electrons in the materials. Calculated buildup regions of the depth‐dose curves are presented for photons incident on ICRU tissue. For 6 0Co beams, the primary and scatter dose components are presented, both for the buildup region and at depth in the phantom. Effects of beam radius were investigated and found to have only a small effect in the buildup region of the central axis depth‐dose curve. The calculated effects of beam radius are larger at depth and in good agreement with experiment. Effects of scatter and attenuation in a small miniphantom of water were investigated as a function of photon energy and were found to cancel within 0.8%. The mean distance of electrontransport was calculated for 6 0Co beams incident on carbon, water, polystyrene, aluminum, and lead.
Helium pneumoperitoneum specifically alters liver function tests

Abstract Abdominal surgery is now commonly accomplished laparoscopically using carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) insufflation. Increased intraabdominal pressure (IAP) decreases hepatic blood flow, portal vein pressure, and hepatic pH. Furthermore, CO 2 pneumoperitoneum worsens systemic acidosis. Liver function tests (LFTs) are often elevated following laparoscopic cholecystectomy albeit without any clinical significance. Helium (He) may be an alternative to CO 2 pneumoperitoneum. We examined effects of IAP and the potential benefits afforded by He pneumoperitoneum on hepatocellular toxicity. Fifty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to anesthesia control, CO 2 pneumoperitoneum at 4 mmHg, CO 2 pneumoperitoneum at 8 mmHg, CO 2 pneumoperitoneum at 12 mmHg, and Helium pneumoperitoneum at 12 mmHg. Rats received pneumoperitoneum or control procedure for 30 min. Alkaline phosphatase (AlkPhos), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were measured at baseline, 2 h, and 24 h following pneumoperitoneum. Helium increased ALT and AST at 2 h compared to all other groups. By 24 h AST was elevated in all groups except the He group. These differences between He and all other groups were not seen in AlkPhos. CO 2 pneumoperitoneum did not cause a significant change in LFTs compared to control regardless of changes in IAP, at any time point. Helium pneumoperitoneum acutely increases AST and ALT without altering AlkPhos. These results imply that hepatocellular function is altered by He without significantly influencing biliary function, thus suggesting a highly specific mechanism of action. Furthermore, CO 2 pneumoperitoneum does not cause hepatocellular damage in the acute postoperative period regardless of IAP. TABLE—ABSTRACT P81 . Alk Phos ALT AST t = 0 t = 2 h t = 24 h t = 0 t = 2 h t = 24 h t = 0 t = 2 h t = 24 h Control 200 193 219 42 42 48 74 78 137 CO 2 4 mmHg 217 189 198 34 30 35 73 78 118 CO 2 8 mmHg 278 268 319 41 39 40 76 82 115 CO 2 12 mmHg 221 215 248 44 42 44 78 90 138 He 12 mmHg 248 215 243 37 55 34 68 109 77
Rat Phospholipid-hydroperoxide Glutathione Peroxidase cDNA CLONING AND IDENTIFICATION OF MULTIPLE TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION START SITES

Phospholipid-hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PhGPx) is a selenoenzyme that reduces hydroperoxides of phospholipid, cholesterol, and cholesteryl ester. Previous studies suggested that both the mitochondrial and nonmitochondrial forms of PhGPx are ~170 amino acids long. In this study, we isolated a full-length cDNA clone encoding rat testis PhGPx. Based on sequence analysis, the cDNA encodes a protein of 197 amino acids, with translation initiating at AUG61. The additional 27 amino acids at the N terminus contain the features of a mitochondrial targeting sequence. In vitro translation of the full-length PhGPx mRNA initiated predominantly at AUG61. However, translation initiated at AUG141 when AUG61 was deleted. An RNase protection assay was used to map the 5′-ends of PhGPx mRNAs in rat tissues. We identified two major windows of transcription initiation that are tissue-specific. Rat testis predominantly expresses larger transcripts that encode the 197-amino acid protein containing the potential mitochondrial targeting signal. The predominant smaller transcripts in somatic tissues lack AUG61 and encode a 170-amino acid protein, which may represent the nonmitochondrial forms of PhGPx. Our results suggest that the use of alternative transcription and translation start sites determines the subcellular localization of PhGPx in different tissues.
Preventive medicine through genetic counseling: a regional program.

Abstract Genetic counseling is today's preventive medicine. To be maximally effective it must be routinely available over widespread areas and coupled with training programs for health professionals and educational programs for the general public. We here describe the first Regional Genetic Counseling Program expressly designed to implement these principles. This innovative Program was designed to serve the 201,000 square miles of Colorado and Wyoming, extending genetic counseling to more than 200 otherwise underserved families a year. The need for Regional Genetic Counseling Programs, their establishment, operation, feasibility, and impact on health case are discussed. The long-term goal of minimizing the frequency of genetic diseases by this approach is attainable.
Localized partial oxidation of acetic acid at the dual perimeter sites of the Au/TiO2 catalyst-formation of gold ketenylidene.

Chemisorbed acetate species derived from the adsorption of acetic acid have been oxidized on a nano-Au/TiO2 (∼3 nm diameter Au) catalyst at 400 K in the presence of O2(g). It was found that partial oxidation occurs to produce gold ketenylidene species, Au2═C═C═O. The reactive acetate intermediates are bound at the TiO2 perimeter sites of the supported Au/TiO2 catalyst. The ketenylidene species is identified by its measured characteristic stretching frequency ν(CO) = 2040 cm–1 and by 13C and 18O isotopic substitution comparing to calculated frequencies found from density functional theory. The involvement of dual catalytic Ti4+ and Au perimeter sites is postulated on the basis of the absence of reaction on a similar nano-Au/SiO2 catalyst. This observation excludes low coordination number Au sites as being active alone in the reaction. Upon raising the temperature to 473 K, the production of CO2 and H2O is observed as both acetate and ketenylidene species are further oxidized by O2(g). The results show that...
2.1.2 Cyclone Process: Dealing with Vague Requirements

The main goal of current requirement processes is to define requirements that are complete and unambiguous. Though this is a commendable goal, in the everyday workplace this task is usually unfeasible due to other restraints such as budget, schedule, and/or difficult customers. To handle the balance of creating requirements with integrity and dealing with the aforementioned restraints this paper puts forth a new requirement process, the cyclone process, which allows some requirements to remain vague throughout the requirement process. The cyclone process handles vague requirements by adding a new dimension to the requirements process, which is risk assessment. By associating risk with requirements the user is able to proceed through the requirements process with a known risk level that is acceptable between the stakeholders. An example of the cyclone process is included to demonstrate how the risk assessment dimension is integrated into the requirement process.
Basis for new strategies in postoperative radiotherapy of bronchogenic carcinoma.

In order to improve our understanding of the role of postoperative radiotherapy and to search for new strategies in the management of N1 N2 T3 stage carcinoma of the lung, we analyzed results of treatment in 148 of 166 patients who were registered at the Massachusetts General Hospital Tumor Registry from 1971–1977 with a pathological diagnosis of N1 N2, T3 carcinoma of the lung after pulmonary resection. Ninety-three patients received postoperative radiotherapy and another 55 were followed without further treatment. Patients with adenocarcinome showed significant improvement of survival by postoperative radiotherapy; actuarial NED (no evidence of disease) survival rates were 85 % and 51 % at 1 year, and 43 % and 8 % at 5 years for S + RT (patients treated with surgery plus postoperative radiotherapy) and S (patients treated with surgery only) groups, respectively, (P < 0.01). The brain was the most common site of failure in adenocarcinoma, 53 % and 58 % of all failures occurred in the brain in S and S + RT groups suggesting elective whole brain irradiation in a future trial. For the sguamous cell carcinoma group, there was no improved survival in the irradiated patients, actuarial NED survival rates were 63 % for both S + RT and S groups at 2 years, and 42 % and 33 % for S + RT and S groups at 4 years. These figures should be considered in the light of the following: In 52 % (24/46) of S + RT vs. 27% (8/29) of S group, disease was in N2, T3 stages. Regional recurrence was the most common failure in squamous cell carcinoma; 76% (13/17) and 45% (10/22) of all failures were in the regional area in S and S + RT groups. Regional failure in S + RT group was noted with radiation dose up to 5000 rad (TDF 82) which suggests radiation dose higher than 5000 rad in future trial.
Suppression of contact sensitivity and cell-mediated lympholysis by oral administration of hapten is caused by different mechanisms

Abstract Oral administration of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS), a water-soluble analog of trinitrochlorobenzene (TNCB), causes suppression of contact sensitivity (CS) to picryl chloride. We wished to determine what effect oral administration of TNBS would have on in vivo development of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) oriented toward hapten “altered self.” A single oral administration of TNBS (10 mg), 10–12 days prior to sensitization, caused significant suppression of CS to picryl chloride. However, mice had to be fed at least three times at weekly intervals to cause suppression of the CTL response. CS was inhibited both at the afferent (induction) as well as at the efferent (effector) phase of the response. The unresponsiveness for CS was readily transferrable with cells from spleen, Peyer's patches, and mesenteric lymph node cells from fed mice. In contrast, although the hapten specific CTL response was significantly suppressed in mice fed three times, suppression could not be transferred with any of the aforementioned lymphoid populations. Furthermore, spleen cells from fed mice showed a significantly enhanced in vitro CTL response after stimulation with hapten-modified syngeneic stimulator cells. The results indicate that suppression of CS and of the CTL response in TNBS fed mice is probably caused by different mechanisms.
Thermal Properties of Tin/Silver Alloy Nanoparticles for Low Temperature Lead-free Interconnect Technology

Tin/silver alloy nanoparticles with various sizes were synthesized by the chemical reduction method and their thermal properties were studied by differential scanning calorimetry. Both the particle size dependent melting temperature and latent heat of fusion have been observed. The melting point can be achieved as low as 194degC when the diameter of the nanoparticles is around 10 nm. The 64 nm (average diameter) SnAg alloy nanoparticle pastes showed good wetting properties on the cleaned copper foil surface and the intermetallic compounds formed. These low melting point SnAg alloy nanoparticles could be used for low temperature lead-free interconnect applications.
Generation of highly ionized cadmium plasma columns for a discharge-pumped Nickel-like Cd laser

We report the observation of strong line emission from Ni-like Cd ions in a capillary discharge plasma. Spectroscopically pure Cd vapor was produced in a room temperature environment utilizing a capacitive discharge. The metal vapor was injected into a capillary channel where it was subsequently excited with fast current pulses of up to 200 kA. These results open the possibility of observing laser amplification in the 3d 9 4d-3d 9 4p line of Ni-like Cd at 13.2 nm and in laser lines of other Nickel-like ions in a discharge-created plasma.
A high-order mixture model for periodic particulate composites

Abstract A deterministic mixture theory is presented for periodic paniculate composites. The model is constructed by introducing convenient microdisplacement and microstress variables, and by using a regular asymptotic technique with multiple scales. Governing equations and appropriate boundary conditions are then deduced from Reissner’s mixed variational principle ( J. Math. Phys. 29 , 90–95 (1950)). In order to test the accuracy of the present model, harmonic wave propagation is examined and compared with available experimental data for glass/epoxy and steel/PMMA composites reported by Kinra and Ker ( Int. J. Solids Structures 19 , 393–410 (1983)). Also, the effective elastic moduli are computed, and the results compared with other analytical methods.
Tests of hypotheses on predation as a factor maintaining polymorphic melanism in coastal‐plain fox squirrels (Sciurus niger L.)

Fox squirrels (Sciurus niger) in the south-eastern U.S. coastal plain differ from those in the rest of the species' range by having black heads with white nose and ears. Postcranially on the dorsum, they also show interindividual colour variation, ranging from all-light agouti to all-black non-agouti. I present results of experiments undertaken to test whether the evolution of these pigmentary features can be attributed to interactions with predators. Comparative static crypsis (when the squirrels are still) was tested by determining how well specimens of the squirrel morphs matched their backgrounds in terms of intensity (brightness) distributions and patch size. Comparative dynamic effects (when the squirrels are moving) were tested using captive red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) and models of the fox squirrel morphs. Results indicated that morphs of coastal-plain fox squirrels with all-light backs are better static matches to unburned backgrounds than are the darker morphs with which they coexist. Against fire-blackened backgrounds, fox squirrel morphs with intermediate and all-black backs are better intensity matches than those with all-light backs, but the dark morphs are not better patch-length matches than light morphs. The superiority of dark morphs in intensity matching for a short time after a fire does not seem sufficient to account for their long-term maintenance. Hawks responded more slowly to moving fox squirrel models with intermediate amounts of black on the back than to all-light or all-dark morphs; this result suggests a possible factor that would favour retention of genes for dorsal blackness in the coastal-plain population. Patchy black and white heads appear to promote static crypsis of south-eastern fox squirrels, and hawks reacted more slowly to moving squirrel models with such colouration than to those with plain heads.
Solution conformation of human apolipoprotein C-1 inferred from proline mutagenesis: far- and near-UV CD study.

Solution structure of lipid-free apolipoprotein C-1 (apoC-1, 6.6 kD) was analyzed by circular dichroism (CD) of 15 mutants containing single Pro or Ala substitutions in predicted α-helical regions. While the majority of Pro substitutions induce complete (L11P, L18P, R23P, I29P, M38P, W41P, T45P) or partial (G15P, L34P) helical unfolding, similar substitutions at other sites (A7P, Q31P, V49P, L53P) do not cause large changes in the secondary structure or stability. The results suggest that lipid-free apoC-1 is comprised of two dynamic helices that are stabilized by interhelical interactions and are connected by a short linker containing residues 30−33. We propose that the minimal folding unit in the lipid-free state of this and other exchangeable apolipoproteins comprises the helix−turn−helix motif formed of four 11-mer sequence repeats. Comparison of the helical content in lipid-free and lipid-bound apoC-1 suggests that lipid binding shifts the conformational equilibrium toward preexisting highly helical ...
The force-restore method revisited

The so-called ‘force-restore method’ has been used with considerable success in numerical weather prediction models to simulate diurnal variations of ground temperature. This note demonstrates that the force-restore equation is no more nor less than an approximation to the surface-energy-balance equation. The applicability of the method to the case of multi-component heating functions and to the case in which the soil is covered by a litter layer is discussed.
On the Instability of Asymmetric Jets

Abstract A linear, quasi-geostrophic, channel model is used to study the instability of zonally independent jets on a midlatitude beta plane. The jets possess strong horizontal as well as vertical wind shear. The most unstable normal mode solution for a symmetric jet is compared to corresponding solutions for asymmetric jets, where the maximum winds are skewed toward the cyclonic side. A significant increase in the growth rate is found for the asymmetric jets, the rate increasing with the amount of skew. In addition, skewing the jet results in raising the maximum of the eddy momentum flux to the top of the channel, compared to maxima at lower levels for the symmetric jet solution. Thus, the use of more realistic, cyclonically skewed jets as basic states for instability studies may result in more realistic growth rates as well as in more realistic eddy flux patterns. Results qualitatively similar to those of Brown (1969) are found in that a weak, secondary maximum in the growth rate curve shows up for shor...
Irradiated magnet-wire insulation

MAGNET wire is probably the most basic component of electric equipment. With the advent of nuclear power and the application of electric apparatus in a radiation ambient, it becomes important to determine the capabilities of electrical materials in a radiation ambient as well as the effect of irradiation on the engineering properties of the material. While there are relatively abundant sources of information on the mechanical property changes induced in insulation by high-energy radiation, there is comparatively little information on the induced electrical property changes.
On the symmetries of multi-palindromic DNA sequences.

Abstract There are several instances of multiple, overlapping palindromes in DNA sequences which have recently been reported. To ascertain the likelihood of specific biological function for these interdigitating symmetries it is necessary to calculate their probabilities of occurrence. While the probability of occurrence of a single palindrome in a random sequence is calculated in a straightforward fashion, the occurrence of overlapping palindromes is not so simply analyzed. In this paper a general method for handling multiple symmetries is presented. Several theorems concerning the constraints which overlapping symmetries place on each other are presented. A general result is that the probability of occurrence of a symmetry can be significantly enhanced by already existing symmetries. As examples of the theorems and methods developed, the lac operator, the lac CAP-binding site and a region of the λ left operator are examined. The occurrence of several overlapping symmetries appears to be fairly common in such sequences.
An intrinsically n-dimensional generalized flux vector splitting implicit finite element Euler algorithm

A generalized flux-vector splitting implicit Galerkin finite-element algorithm for the Euler equations in curvilinear coordinates for ideal and reacting gases is derived. For an arbitrary equation of state, the curvilinear-coordinate flux vector is split in kinematic and kinetic components, and the associated jacobian matrix eigenvalues explicitly depend on the metric data. After directional semidiscretization, the terminal ordinary differential-equation system is solved via a nonlinearly stable implicit Runge-Kutta scheme in concert with an accurate tensor matrix product factorization. The results for selected two-dimensional supersonic and axisymmetric hypersonic flows validate the algorithm and verify its robustness for curvilinear-coordinate computations. The evolution towards a steady state is achieved for large Courant numbers without indication of numerical instabilities.
Pertussis: Bacteriologic and agglutination studies

Summary 1. Seventy-four comparative tests with nasopharyngeal swab cultures, laryngeal suctions and cough plates were made in fifty-three cases of pertussis. In every age group and in every week of the disease the swabs yielded a higher percentage of cultures positive for H. pertussis than did either the laryngeal suctions or the cough plates, and the suction material more positives than the cough plates. 2. The suction method of obtaining specimens is cumbersome and as the results are only slightly better than the cough plates it cannot be considered as a practical routine procedure. 3. The nasopharyngeal swab in combination with the cough plate are the methods of choice for obtaining the maximum number of cultures positive for H. pertussis. 4. Serial streaking of swabs on the media yielded individual colonies from which H. pertussis could be readily identified. 5. Circulating pertussis agglutinins were found only in 14 per cent of the patients. The absence of agglutinins, therefore, does not exclude the diagnosis of pertussis.
Induction Time Studies of Fe18Cr and 430 SS under Open Circuit Conditions in Chloride-Containing Sulfuric Acid

Abstract In order to promote the effective and efficient application of corrosion resistant metals and alloys in mineral processing environments, the Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interio...
Relativistic all-electron two-component self-consistent density functional calculations including one-electron scalar and spin–orbit effects

We have implemented a Gaussian basis-set two-component self-consistent field method based on the fourth-order nuclear-only Douglas–Kroll–Hess approximation. Two-electron spin–orbit effects are included using Boettger’s screened-nuclear spin–orbit approximation [Phys. Rev. B 62, 7809 (2000)]. In our two-component approach, the spin–orbit interaction is taken into account in a variational fashion employing a generalized Kohm–Sham scheme which allows one to work with hybrid density functionals. For open-shell systems we adopt the noncollinear spin-density approximation. Results are presented for equilibrium bond lengths, harmonic vibrational frequencies, and bond dissociation energies with local spin-density, generalized gradient approximation, and hybrid functionals in a set of benchmark molecules.
Song as an aggressive signal in songbirds

Birdsong is often regarded as an aggressive signal. More specifically, particular singing behaviours are hypothesized to be threatening, including song type matching, frequency matching, song overlapping, song type switching and low-amplitude song. The term aggressive signal should be reserved for behaviours that are associated with, and, in that sense, signal aggressive escalation. Three criteria are relevant to whether a signal should be classified as aggressive: (1) whether the signal increases in aggressive contexts (the context criterion); (2) whether the signal predicts aggressive escalation by the signaller (the predictive criterion); and (3) whether receivers respond to the signal (the response criterion). Adequate evidence on all three criteria is not available for most putative aggressive signals. The evidence that is available suggests that low-amplitude song and perhaps frequency matching are strongly aggressive signals in some species; that type matching is not a signal of attack but may be a signal of lower levels of aggressive escalation; that type switching can be either a signal of escalation or of de-escalation; and that overlapping may not be a signal at all. Song performance is probably mainly a signal of male quality, but may additionally signal aggressive escalation in some cases. We propose that more attention be devoted to testing the predictive criterion: an aggressive signal should either predict attack, or if not, it should predict escalation to the next higher level of aggressive signalling, and each higher level of signalling should more reliably predict the ultimate response of actual attack.
Localizability of the embedding problem with symplectic kernel

In this paper we consider the question of how much information is supplied by local solutions to a global embedding problem for the special case in which the normal subgroup belonging to the given group extension is the projective symplectic group PSp(2m, q). It is proved that for suitable Galois extensions K of a given number field k (which constitute part of the data of the embedding problem), the local solutions in a sense determine whether or not an extension K ⊃ K, Galois over k, with G(LK) ≈ PSp(2m, q), represents a global solution to the embedding problem.
Tunnel diode time marker circuit for use with scintillation counters

Abstract A tunnel diode time marker circuit for use with scintillation counters is presented. The primary advantage of the circuit is its simplicity. Sufficient sensitivity is available to permit use of the circuit with moderate gain photomultipliers. The output timing signal is a high level pulse and can be fed directly to fast coincidence or time-to-pulse height circuitry. Results obtained with the circuit are described and some considerations concerning construction are discussed.
Evidence for the use of nutritional supplements and herbal medicines in common eye diseases.

Purpose To provide a perspective by reviewing the evidence for the role of nutritional supplements and herbal medicines in the common causes of visual impairment. Design Retrospective literature review. Methods Published studies and information found in PubMed, International Bibliographic Information of Dietary Supplements, and selected websites were reviewed for the role of nutritional and herbal medicines in the treatment of age-related macular degeneration, cataract, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma. The studies were evaluated systematically for their study design, study population, benefits, risks, biases, and criteria for the categorization of the level of evidence. Results The available evidence does support the use of certain vitamins and minerals in patients with certain forms of age-related macular degeneration. For cataracts, the available evidence does not support these supplements to prevent or treat cataracts in healthy individuals. For diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma, the available evidence does not support the use of these supplements. In the category of herbal medicines, the available evidence does not support the use of herbal medicines for any of these ocular diseases. Conclusion Because of the widespread use of nutritional supplements and herbal medicines, ophthalmologists should be aware of their use so that they can inform patients properly when the supplements and herbal medicine are being used for eye disease.
EVOLUTIONARY CHANGES IN THE SEASONAL CURVE OF THE BIRTH RATE.

W HENEVER the birth rate is mentioned, the word " decline " immediately comes into our minds due to the emphasis that has been placed on this phase of the birth rate question. In considering the downward trend in the rate of production of offspring, it is customary to use annual death rates, and so far as the writer is aware the possibility that this decline is not uniform throughout the year has been overlooked. The object of the present paper is to present evidence to show that the decline of the birth rate is differential as to season. That there is a definite seasonal wave in the production of births has been noted by many writers on demography and the form of this seasonal wave has been shown to be similar for most of the civilized countries of the world. As a typical curve of the birth rate by season, we may use that for the United States Birth Registration Area for 1922. We note in the graph that there are two high points in birth production, one in February and the other in August, with minimum points occurring in April and December. Although the maximum and minimum points do not always occur in these particular months, it is true that the general picture does persist of high birth production in the winter months with a diminished production in the spring and early summer months, increasing in the summer months and declining again in the fall. The summer maximum is usually lower than the
Evidence for two-photon generation of propagating bipolaritons in CuCl

Unlike the conventional theory of giant oscillator strength, the recently proposed bipolariton model describes two-photon excitation of an excitonic molecule in terms of resonant polariton-polariton Coulomb scattering. Using angle-resolved spectroscopy, we directly measure the angular dependence of the molecule luminescence under resonant two-photon excitation. We find that the observed photoluminescence is highly directional and well correlated with the propagation direction of the incident laser. This observation unambiguously supports the core idea of this model that replaces the idea of a biexciton by that of a mutually bound propagating polariton molecule.
A note on the nature of 'water'

In his essay on the study of language Chomsky (1995) notes that substances such as tea and Sprite, although they (are believed to) contain roughly the same proportion of H20 molecules as tap water, are nevertheless not called "water". In so doing he wants to challenge the essentialist semantics of Putnam (1975) and Kripke (1972), according to which reference for words like "water" is determined by internal structure properties, and suggests instead that "special human interests and concerns" (p. 22) play a role in categorization in this case no less than in the case of artifact terms. Coincidentally, in a paper titled "Water is not H20" Malt (1994) has argued along very similar lines. Both Chomsky and Malt echo concerns expressed by Wilson (1982, p. 578). However, while Wilson (1982) generally supported Putnam's psychologically externalist semantics, and Malt remains neutral on this issue, Chomsky's remarks are part of an extended plea for psychological internalism. In this paper I want to reassert the claim that water is H20, and respond in a way that is consistent with that fact to Chomsky's observations. This requires explaining why substances which are largely H20 may be called something else (?3), and explaining why what we call "water" does not have to be pure H20 (?4). But first I want to clarify the extent to which the conclusions of Putnam (1975) have been challenged.
Impact of GaAs and Si technologies on adder characteristics

Two radiation-hard technologies, E/D-MESFET GaAs and SOS-CMOS Si are compared, from the point of view of propagation delay and VLSI layout area, for different types of adders. The major intention was to evaluate the impact of two technologies on the adder design. However, the overall results are more general. They show how the adder design trade-offs change when the dependency of gate delays on fan-in and fan-out changes. The major conclusion of this research is that traditionally slow adders, like ripple-carry or similar, although still slower than traditionally fast adders, like carry-lookahead or similar, may be better suited for incorporation into GaAs microprocessors with word lengths of up to 32 bits. This is because the delay gap between the two adder groups has decreased and the VLSI area gap between the same two adder groups has increased. Consequently, if simpler adder is incorporated, the remaining area could be 'invested' into resources that would speed up the execution of compiled HLL code more than the incorporation of a faster (but area-consuming) adder and a faster system clock. >
Chronic weight cycling increases oxidative DNA damage levels in mammary gland of female rats fed a high‐fat diet

Abstract Oxidative DNA damage levels may be a marker of breast cancer risk that is modulated by diet. We examined the effects of a high‐fat diet fed in varying feeding regimens on levels of 5‐hydroxymethyl‐2'‐deoxyuridine (5‐OHmU), an oxidized thymidine residue, in DNA from mammary gland of aging female rats. A total of 48 rats were randomly divided into four groups: ad libitum fed (AL), weight cycled above baseline (WC‐G), weight cycled below baseline (WC‐L), or energy restricted (ER) for 28 weeks. WC groups were fed repeated ad libitum/restricted amounts of the diet. At sacrifice, both WC groups had body weights similar to the ER group but higher levels of 5‐OHmU (p < 0.01). 5‐OHmU levels were higher in the WC groups than in the AL group, even though body weights of the WC groups were significantly lower (p < 0.001). These results indicate that a history of weight cycling, even when body weight is reduced, can have adverse effects on 5‐OHmU levels in mammary gland DNA, a potential biomarker of cancer ri...
The Effects of Sliding Scale Averaging on Nuclear Pulse-Height Analysis

This paper presents examples of the effective channel profiles which result from sliding scale averaging in an R-2R converter. Expressions are developed which describe the shapes of the effective channel profiles since the moments of these profiles affect the shape of a digitized distribution. The digitization of a Gaussian distribution by a sliding scale converter is also considered. Expressions are derived for the centroid and the second and third moments of a sliding scale digitized Gaussian distribution. These results are then corroborated with a computer simulation of a sliding scale converter.
High-temperature structure and properties of grain boundaries: long-range vs. short-range structural effects

Recent molecular-dynamics simulations of the high-temperature structure of high-energy grain boundaries in silicon and in f.c.c. metals have revealed a universal, highly confined, liquid-like structure. As a consequence, at elevated temperatures grain-boundary properties, such as the diffusivity and mobility, involve liquid-like mechanisms and are independent of the boundary misorientation, with activation energies related to the liquid state. At lower temperatures these boundaries undergo a reversible structural and dynamical transition from a confined liquid to a more or less disordered solid. Consistent with experiments, the temperature for this transition decreases with increasing grain-boundary energy, suggesting an important role of the degree of short-range grain-boundary structural disorder in key GB properties.
NEW PRECISION ORBITS OF BRIGHT DOUBLE-LINED SPECTROSCOPIC BINARIES. II. HR 2962, HD 214686, AND 16 PSC

Radial velocities from the 2.1 m telescope at McDonald Observatory and the coude feed telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory are used to determine new spectroscopic orbits for the double-lined spectroscopic binaries HR 2962 (F5V), HD 214686 (F8IV), and 16 Psc (F6Vb vw). The new orbital dimensions (a 1sin i and a 2sin i) and minimum masses (m 1sin3 i and m 2sin3 i) have accuracies of 0.1-1%. In the case of HD 214686, which has components of nearly the same mass (m 1/m 2 = 1.0080 ± 0.0013), we confirm that the component labeled as the primary in previous spectroscopic studies of this system is the slightly more massive component. We find that in HR 2962 the primary is rotating much more rapidly than the pseudosynchronous rate, while the rotation of the secondary is slightly faster than pseudosynchronous; in HD 214686 the primary is rotating at the pseudosynchronous rate or perhaps slightly less, while the rotation of the secondary is pseudosynchronous; and in 16 Psc both components rotate somewhat more rapidly than the pseudosynchronous rates. The three systems, which are of naked-eye brightness, are good potential targets for resolution by modern optical interferometers and so are promising candidates for full determination of their orbits and associated precise masses and distances.
Integrating integrins into HIV pathogenesis

In this issue of Blood, Ballana and colleagues show that integrins that mediate macrophage adhesion are important for HIV replication and inhibition of these integrins suppresses HIV replication at the transcriptional level.