cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dopamine D2 receptors and striatopallidal transmission in addiction and obesity

Drug addiction and obesity share the core feature that those afflicted by the disorders express a desire to limit drug or food consumption yet persist despite negative consequences. Emerging evidence suggests that the compulsivity that defines these disorders may arise, to some degree at least, from common underlying neurobiological mechanisms. In particular, both disorders are associated with diminished striatal dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) availability, likely reflecting their decreased maturation and surface expression. In striatum, D2Rs are expressed by approximately half of the principal medium spiny projection neurons (MSNs), the striatopallidal neurons of the so-called 'indirect' pathway. D2Rs are also expressed presynaptically on dopamine terminals and on cholinergic interneurons. This heterogeneity of D2R expression has hindered attempts, largely using traditional pharmacological approaches, to understand their contribution to compulsive drug or food intake. The emergence of genetic technologies to target discrete populations of neurons, coupled to optogenetic and chemicogenetic tools to manipulate their activity, have provided a means to dissect striatopallidal and cholinergic contributions to compulsivity. Here, we review recent evidence supporting an important role for striatal D2R signaling in compulsive drug use and food intake. We pay particular attention to striatopallidal projection neurons and their role in compulsive responding for food and drugs. Finally, we identify opportunities for future obesity research using known mechanisms of addiction as a heuristic, and leveraging new tools to manipulate activity of specific populations of striatal neurons to understand their contributions to addiction and obesity.
The Development of Early Computer-Assisted Writing Instruction (1960–1978): The Double Logic of Media and Tools

This essay traces a distinction between computer-mediated writing environments that are tools for correcting student prose and those that are media for communication. This distinction has its roots in the influence of behavioral science on teaching machines and computer-aided writing instruction during the 1960s and 1970s. By looking at the development of the time-shared, interactive, computer-controlled, information television (TICCIT) and early human–computer interaction (HCI) research, this essay demonstrates that hardware and software systems had the potential to work as both tools and media. The influence of this double logic is not only historical but also has implications for post-secondary writing instruction in the age of Microsoft Word, ETS's e-rater, and the “reading/assessment” software tools being developed by Knowledge Analysis Technologies (KAT). This essay challenges composition researchers and computational linguists to develop pedagogies and software systems that acknowledge writing environments as situated within the logic of both tools for correction and media for communication.
Tabu Search Variable Selection with Resource Constraints

Abstract A Tabu search procedure for determining the optimal number of variables to use in a regression analysis when resource constraints are imposed on the measurement design is presented. The procedure is illustrated for the case where the costs per variable vary within the database of independent variables.
Comparison of cinoxacin and nalidixic acid in patients with cystitis.

Abstract A single-blind comparative study was undertaken in 95 patients with cystitis. Each patient received either cinoxacin, 250 mg. qid or nalidixic acid, 1 Gm. qid for seven to fourteen days. Fifty-five patients fulfilled all the criteria for efficacy evaluation; in the cinoxacin-treated group, 26 patients (93 per cent) had a satisfactory symptomatic response, and in the nalidixic acid group there were 25 patients (93 per cent) with a satisfactory symptomatic response. The bacteriologic response was also similar in both groups. One patient in each group became reinfected with a new pathogen and in 1 patient, who received cinoxacin, the causative pathogen was not eliminated. Four female patients in the cinoxacin group had seven adverse drug reactions, compared with 9 patients in the nalidixic acid group who had 18 adverse reactions. It is concluded that cinoxacin has advantages over nalidixic acid for the treatment of patients with cystitis due to susceptible organisms.
Obesity, Nutrition, and Physical Activity in Blacks and Whites: Implications for Cardiovascular Disease

Rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD), obesity, and obesity-related CVD risk factors such as hypertension are higher in blacks than whites in the United States. Obesity, poor nutrition, and physical inactivity as well as psychosocial and environmental factors may contribute to ethnic differences in CVD. Survey data from the United States show that black populations consume fewer vegetables and CVD-protective micronutrients such as calcium, potassium, and magnesium than whites. Black populations are also less physically active. Physiologic factors may also contribute to ethnic differences in CVD. Blacks are more insulin resistant than whites, predisposing them to type 2 diabetes and CVD, and healthy black adults have higher levels of inflammatory markers, potentially increasing their risk for CVD. Although obesity does not appear to have a differential impact on CVD risk factors by race, the higher obesity prevalence of blacks combined with their higher-risk diet, lack of exercise, and psychosocial stress places this population at significant excess risk for CVD.
Coherent scattering law for dilute polymer solutions: Continued fraction formalism

The continued fraction formalism of Mori is adapted to study the coherent scattering law of dilute polymer solutions. Calculations are carried out for the Rouse chain to see the effects of the memory function. We find such effects to be significant.
Finding strongly connected components in parallel using O(log2n) reachability queries

We give a randomized (Las-Vegas) parallel algorithm for computing strongly connected components of a graph with n vertices and m edges. The runtime is dominated by O(log2n) multi-source parallel reachability queries; i.e. O(log2n) calls to a subroutine that computes the union of the descendants of a given set of vertices in a given digraph. Our algorithm also topologically sorts the strongly connected components.Using Ullman and Yannakakis's [22] techniques for the reachability subroutine gives our algorithm runtime O(t) using mn/t2 processors for any (n2/m)1/3 ≤= t ≤= n. On sparse graphs, this improves the number of processors needed to compute strongly connected components and topological sort within time n1/3 ≤= t ≤= n from the previously best known (n/t)3 [20] to (n/t)2.
Response to Otterbein

Keegan, John 1976 The Face of Battle. London: Jonathan Cape. 1993 A History of Warfare. London: Hutchinson. Keeley, Lawrence H. 1996 War before Civilization. New York: Oxford University Press. Lan, David 1985 Guns and Rain: Guerrillas and Spirit Mediums in Zimbabwe. Berkeley: University of California Press. Malkki, L. 1995 Purity and Exile: Violence, Memory and National Cosmology among Hutu Refugees in Tanzania. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Nordstrom, Carolyn, and Antonius Robben, eds. 1995 Fieldwork under Fire. Berkeley: University of California Press. Rosaldo, Renato 1980 Ilongot Headhunting, 1883-1974: A Study in Society and History. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 1762 Du Contract Social. Amsterdam: M. M. Rey. Sanday, Peggy R. 1986 Divine Hunger: Cannibalism as a Cultural System. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Scheper-Hughes, Nancy 1992 Death without Weeping: The Violence of Everyday Life in Brazil. Berkeley: University of California Press. Scott, James 1990 Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Stewart, Pamela, and Andrew Strathern 1999 Feasting on My Enemy: Images of Violence and Change in the New Guinea Highlands. Ethnohistory 46(4):645-670. Tambiah, S. 1986 Sri Lanka: Ethnic Fratricide and the Dismantling of Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Taussig, Michael 1986 Shamanism, Colonialism, and the Wild Man: A Study in Terror and Healing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Taylor, C. 1999 Sacrifice as Terror: The Rwandan Genocide of 1994. New
Interactive poster: Visual analytic techniques for CO 2 emissions and concentrations in the United States

Climate change has emerged as one of the grand global challenges facing humanity. The dominant anthropogenic greenhouse gas that seems to be contributing to the climate change problem, carbon dioxide (CO2), has a complex cycle through the atmosphere, oceans and biosphere. The combustion of fossil fuels (power production, transportation, etc.) remains the largest source of anthropogenic CO2 to the Earthpsilas atmosphere. Up until very recently, the quantification of fossil fuel CO2 was understood only at coarse space and time scales. A recent research effort has greatly improved this space/time quantification resulting in source data at a resolution of less than 10 km2/hr at the surface of North America. By providing visual tools to examine this new, high resolution CO2 data, we can better understand the way that CO2 is transmitted within the atmosphere and how it is exchanged with other components of the Earth System. We have developed interactive visual analytic tools, which allows for easy data manipulation, analysis, and extraction. The visualization system is aimed for a wide range of users which include researchers and political leaders. The goal is to help assist these people in analyzing data and enabling new policy options in mitigation of fossil fuel CO2 emissions in the U.S.
Stability of doripenem in polyvinyl chloride bags and elastomeric pumps

Purpose The stability of doripenem 500 and 1000 mg in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) bags and elastomeric pumps at various storage temperatures was evaluated. Methods Commercially available dori‐penem vials were reconstituted and mixed with either 0.9% sodium chloride injection or 5% dextrose injection to produce 100‐mL solutions with concentrations of 5 and 10 mg/mL. Six replicate solutions in either PVC bags or elastomeric pumps were prepared. Bags were sampled immediately after preparation and stored at 25 °C, 4 °C, or −20 °C. Those stored at 25 °C were sampled for an additional 48 hours, and bags stored at 4 °C were sampled for 12 days. Bags frozen at −20 °C for 14–28 days were allowed to thaw at either 25 °C for 4–6 hours or 4 °C for 24 hours and sampled for an additional 48 hours. Solutions retaining ≥90% of the initial concentration were considered stable. Results At 25 °C, both concentrations were stable for 24 hours in 0.9% sodium chloride injection and for 16 hours in 5% dextrose injection. At 4 °C, 5‐mg/mL solutions were stable for 10 days in both 0.9% sodium chloride injection and 5% dextrose injection, while 10‐mg/mL solutions were stable for 10 days in 0.9% sodium chloride injection and 7 days in 5% dextrose injection. A white precipitate, which returned to solution by shaking, was noted after thawing the frozen containers. Whether thawed at 4 °C or 25 °C, both 5‐ and 10‐mg/mL solutions were stable for 16 hours at 25 °C. Conclusion Doripenem 5‐ and 10‐mg/mL solutions were stable for 24 hours at 25 °C when diluted in 0.9% sodium chloride injection. When diluted in 5% dextrose injection, the stability of both concentrations of doripenem decreased to 16 hours at 25 °C. When stored at 4 °C, 5‐mg/mL solutions in either 0.9% sodium chloride or 5% dextrose injection were stable for at least 10 days, and all solutions containing doripenem 10 mg/mL were stable for at least 7 days. Both concentrations of doripenem were stable for 16 hours when previously frozen and thawed at 25 °C and 4 °C. The rate of dorip‐enem degradation was similar between PVC and elastomeric containers.
The Environmental Movement and the Left: Antagonists or Allies?

This paper examines the potential impact of the Left on the goals, issues, strategies, and constituencies of the contemporary environmental movement, Contrasting the earlier disparagement of the movement by the Left with increased Leftist attraction to the mature movement, it is argued that the Left could contribute a theoretical context for environmental issues and influence segments of the environmental movement through an emphasis on protest strategies and the differential economic impacts of environmental problems.
Morphology Control in Block Copolymer/Polymer Derived Ceramic Precursor Nanocomposites

Block copolymer−polymer derived ceramic (PDC) precursor nanocomposites were prepared using amorphous poly(isoprene-block-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PI-b-PDMAEMA) and semicrystalline poly(i...
Know when to fold [box designs]

Boxes made of corrugated cardboard are ubiquitous, but often overlooked. Some boxes are remarkable because they're made of a single piece of cardboard, which is neither glued nor taped. Yet they're capable of great strength, rigidity and longevity. In this article, I share a few box designs and talk a little about how I like to think about them. My goal is not so much to present specific boxes, but to get your 3D visualization skills fired up. Once you make the models and play with them and start thinking about where the pieces fold and where the clearances should be, then you can start seeing the entire shape in your head. The simple 2D layout transforms into an imminent 3D object: the template seems to want to jump up and fold itself up into a box, and you can see in your mind's eye just how cleanly everything fits and how strong and stable the result will be.
Entropy and Susceptibility of a Pure Dipole-Dipole Substance

Recalculation of the lattice sums for a pure dipole-dipole interaction show that the Curie-Weiss constant, for fields perpendicular to the c-axis is equal to 0.273 mdeg for cerous magnesium nitrate. A g-value of 1.82 was used. The temperature dependence of the entropy was determined and is compared with the experimental values of Hudson and Kaeser. All lattice sums have been determined as a function of slight changes in the lattice constants. The z-component of the dipolar lattice sum is determined by means of a new procedure to improve the slow convergence of this series. Eine Neuberechnung der Gittersummen fur reine Dipol-Dipol-Wechselwirkung zeigt, das die Curie-Weis-Konstante fur Felder senkrecht zur c-Achse in Cer-Magnesiumnitrat 0,273 mgrd betragt. Fur g wurde ein Wert von 1,82 benutzt. Die Temperaturabhangigkeit der Entropie wurde bestimmt und mit den experimentellen Werten von Hudson und Kaeser verglichen. Alle Gittersummen wurden als Funktion schwacher Anderungen der Gitterkonstanten bestimmt. Die z-Komponente der dipolaren Gittersumme wurde mit einer neuen Methode zur Verbesserung der geringen Konvergenz dieser Reihen bestimmt.
Engineering protein and cell adhesivity using PEO-terminated triblock polymers.

Previous studies on customizing cell culture environments have utilized a variety of microfabrication-based tools to control the spatial localization of adhesive proteins and subsequently mammalian cells. Others have used various methods to immobilize nonadhesive PEO-based polymers on surfaces to inhibit protein absorption and cell adhesion. In this study, we report the application of a well-characterized, commercially available, PEO-terminated triblock polymer (Pluronic F108) to create micropatterned nonadhesive domains on a variety of biomaterials that deter cell adhesion for up to 4 weeks in culture. The Pluronic can be applied using microfluidic tools or photolithographic techniques, and can be adsorbed to a variety of common surfaces including tissue culture polystyrene, methylated glass, silicone, and polylactic-co-glycolic acid. The effectiveness of the Pluronic in inhibiting cell adhesion in the presence of collagen I is also quantified. Finally, these patterning techniques are generalized to control tissue organization on a variety of common biomaterials. This simple method for micropatterning PEO and, therefore, proteins and cells should prove useful as a tool for biomolecular surface engineering.
Catecholamine levels and turnover during aging in brain regions of male C57BL/6J mice

A radioenzymatic assay is described for measuring brain catecholamines (CA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in the same tissue extract. The [3H]-methylated products are differentially extracted and then acetylated by acetic anhydride, followed by thin layer chromatography in non-basic solvents. Routine sensitivity is 3–5 pg per sample. This assay gave CA levels in brain regions which generally agreed with previous reports. CA levels/mg protein and turnover (after injection ofα-methyl-p-tyrosine) were measured in male C57BL/6J mice at various ages between 4 and 30 months, the average lifespan of male C57BL/6J mice. No region showed progressive age changes in levels or turnover, or changes before midlife, 8–12 months. Brain regions with no evidence of age changes include globus pallidus, zona incerta, substantia nigra, cerebellum, and olfactory bulbs. Small changes (10–25%) were detected in only some regions of mice aged ≥ 24 months; few changes were statistically significant. CA levels and turnover decreased in some samplings of striatum and median eminence-arcuate nucleus. In contrast, DA levels increased in anterior pituitary and possibility in medial preoptic region. DOPAC levels (measured only in rostral striatum) decreased by 20% at 28 months. These results diverge from the larger, progressive decreases of DA reported in human striatum during aging.
Making and Mobilizing Moderates: Rhetorical Strategy, Political Networks, and Counterterrorism

Studies of counterterrorism have argued for the importance of bolstering, or “mobilizing,” moderates in the confrontation with violent extremists. Yet the literature has not elucidated when states seek to mobilize moderates and marginalize extremists, how they do so, or when they prove successful. The received wisdom is that states should cultivate and strengthen moderate allies by reaching out to them. This approach, however, fails to grasp the political challenges confronting potential moderates, whose priority is to build and retain legitimacy within their political community. Inspired by network approaches, we maintain that moderates can more easily emerge when their political interactions with the authorities are relatively sparse. We further argue that the state's strategies, including crucially its rhetorical moves, can bolster the moderates' local legitimacy. At times, this will entail not reaching out to moderates but isolating them. Before moderates can be mobilized, they must be made, and the s...
Constitutive activation of P38 mapk, but not nf-κb, in leukemia cells from patients with acute myeloid leukemia

Abstract Activation of p38 MAPK and NF-κB plays a role in cell proliferation. We found that constitutive activation of both NF-κB and p38 MAPK is critical for survival and proliferation of the Hut-78 lymphoma cell line and the activation of NF-κB and p38 MAPK was observed in TNF-α-treated leukemia cell lines including Mo7e and HEL cell lines. We and others also reported that activation of p38 MAPK was required for expression of NF-κB-driven genes. To determine the role of constitutively activation of these molecules in survival of leukemia cells, we analyzed the activation and relationship of p38, p44/p42 and NF-κB signaling molecules in primary leukemia cells from bone marrow or peripheral blood of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). When phosphorylation of p38 and p44/p42 was analyzed by Western blotting, constitutive phosphorylation of p38 MAPK was detected in 11 of 22 (50%) AML patients, but only 1 of 22 samples showed slight p42 MAPK phosphorylation. When anti-p65 NF-κB antibody was used in Western blotting to examine activation in terms of the nuclear accumulation of p65 NF-κB, the results showed that only 3 of 22 samples had slight accumulation of nuclear p65 NF-κB. There is no significant correlation of the activation of p38 MAPK, p44/p42 MAPK and nuclear accumulation of p65 NF-κB in these primary AML cells. Although a high percentage of these primary AML cells showed constitutively activated p38 MAPK, the cells from only five of 22 primary AML cells survived in culture for more than 2–3 weeks. Among them, two samples had the constitutively activated p38 MAPK. Thus, our data indicated that (1) there is a differential pattern of the activation of p38, P44/p42 and NF-κB molecules in primary AML cells; (2) there is no correlation of activation among these signaling molecules, and p38 MAPK activation is not depended on the activation of either p44/p42 MAPK or NF-κB; (3) the mechanisms resulting in p38 MAPK activation in AML cells is unclear; and (4) constitutive activation of p38, p44/p42 MAPK, and NFκB had no obvious role, but themselves, in promoting growth of AML cells in culture.
Quantitative Determination of Serotonin in Panaeolus Species

A method was developed for the quantitative estimation of serotonin (5-hydroxy-tryptamine) in mushrooms, especially species of the genus Panaeolus. The procedure involves extraction of the dried, finely powdered carpophores with acidified alcohol, application of the extract to filter paper strips, formation of these chroma-tograms with n -propanol: 1 N ammonium hydroxide (5:1), development of colored serotonin spots with a modified Pauly's reagent, determination of the total color of these spots with an automatic recording electronic densitometer, and calculation of the serotonin content from a standard curve. Each step in the procedure was evaluated to determine the influence of certain variables, and the results obtained by the final method were subjected to statistical evaluation.
Initial performance of the EXITE2 imaging phoswich detector/telescope for hard X-ray astronomy

The authors have developed, tested, and flown a large-area imaging phoswich detector/telescope for hard X-ray astronomy. This second-generation Energetic X-ray Imaging Telescope Experiment (EXITE) is designed to detect and image cosmic X-ray sources in the 20-600 keV energy range from a high-altitude balloon. Imaging is accomplished via the coded-aperture technique. Laboratory tests have shown that the detector achieves 14% (FWHM) energy resolution and /spl sim/10 mm (FWHM) spatial resolution at 60 keV, and that the pulse-shape discrimination circuit effectively distinguishes between NaI(Tl) and CsI(Na) events from /spl sim/40-400 keV. The first flight of the instrument was from Palestine, Texas, on 13-14 June 1993. The authors present details of the laboratory performance of the system and some flight results. >
Growth of spontaneous periodic surface structures on solids during laser illumination

Spontaneous periodic surface structures, or ripples, are frequently observed after illumination of metals, semiconductors, and dielectrics by intense laser pulses. We develop a theory which predicts the observed spacing, polarization, and growth properties of these ripples. In this model, one or several Fourier components of a random surface disturbance scatter light from the incident beam very nearly along the surface. The interference of this diffracted optical wave with the incident beam then gives rise to optical interference fringes which can reinforce the initial disturbance. Sinusoidal corrugations on either metallic or molten surfaces seem to provide strong positive feedback for ripple growth, whereas sinusoidal gratings in temperature, electron-hole density, or dielectric constant seem much less well correlated with observations.
High efficient optical focusing of a zone plate composed of metal/dielectric multilayer

We numerically investigate the optical field enhancement by a metal/dielectric multilayered zone plate. The optical field enhancement at the focal point of a zone plate originates not only from surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs)-assisted diffraction process along the propagation direction of incident light, but also from multiple scattering and coupling of surface plasmons (SPs) along the metal/dielectric multilayer films. By comparing multilayered zone plates to a conventional monolayered zone plate, we present the effects associated with the number of building blocks and different dielectric materials in the building block on the efficiency of the transmission.
Does more generous dental insurance coverage improve oral health

An examination of whether dental insurance affects oral health is discussed in terms of different subgroups, including children and disadvantaged groups.
Phase relations between carotid pressure and ongoing electrocortical activity

The behavioral significance of changes in the cardiovascular system has been a major source of controversy in psychophysiology. In view of this, it is surprising that so few studies have examined the relationship between cardiac events and electrocortical (EEG) activity in human subjects. In the present study, this relationship was examined by comparing phase, amplitude and frequency of EEG activity sampled during systolic and diastolic pressure recorded from the carotid artery of resting subjects. The results indicated that rhythmic oscillations of the EEG (particularly those in the alpha range) were time-locked to the carotid pressure wave, and EEG samples taken during systolic and diastolic pressure were distinctly out of phase. In addition, EEG activity sampled during systolic pressure was comprised of slower frequencies than EEG activity sampled during diastolic pressure. It was suggested that the relationship between cardiac events and behavior may be mediated in part by influences of the cardiovascular system on electrocortical rhythms.
Frontiers in Green Chemistry: meeting the grand challenges for sustainability in R&D and manufacturing

Abstract Green Chemistry is the design, development, and implementation of chemical products and processes to reduce or eliminate the use and generation of substances hazardous to human health and the environment. It is an innovative, non-regulatory, economically driven approach toward sustainability. The unequivocal value of Green Chemistry to the business and to the environment is illustrated through industrial examples. Green Chemistry must be recognized for its ability to address sustainability at the molecular level. By designing for sustainability at this fundamental level, Green Chemistry challenges innovators to design and utilize matter and energy in a way that increases performance and value while protecting human health and the environment. The principles of Green Chemistry today need to become the core for tomorrow's chemistry, integrating sustainability into science and its innovations.
Performance of a Permanent-Magnet Axial-Field d.c. Machine

The performance of permanent-magnet d.c. disc-armature motors is discussed. Calculation of the field distribution allows this to be accurately predicted, and it also permits study of power losses associated with commutation. It is found that, when several pairs of brushes are used with a wave-wound armarure, and each is located opposite a different pole, then every brush will carry terminal current only intermittently. This effect severely degrades motor performance, and indicates that, whenever possible, only a single brush pair should be used with this winding. If additional current capacity is required, then extra brushes should be added opposite the same two poles.
High-Resolution Telescope And Spectrograph And The Instrument Pointing System (HRTS/IPS) Pointing Interface On Spacelab 2

The High Resolution Telescope and Spectrograph (HRTS) instrument on Spacelab 2 has a stringent pointing stability duration requirement. Therefore an image drift compensation system has been developed which transmits data from solar sensors located within the HRTS to the Instrument Pointing System (IPS) control loop. Internal image drift compensation and a step-rastering capability have also been designed into the HRTS. Solar feature target selection is achieved in real time by using a manual pointing controller and an H-alpha TV slit display in closed loop with the payload specialist. The pointing stability requirement of the HRTS, based on the results of three rocket flights, is compared with the expected IPS performance.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The CorA Mg2+ Transporter Is a Homotetramer

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium has three transport systems mediating influx of Mg2+: CorA, MgtA, and MgtB (6, 7, 22, 24). The CorA system is encoded by the corA gene that constitutively expresses a 37-kDa integral membrane protein (19).
The importance and invasiveness of student team selection criteria

The type of information that students desire to know about prospective team members and the degree to which the behaviors covered by that information had affected satisfaction in previous classroom team experiences were examined. Communication skills, achievement orientation, and dependability explained a large proportion of the variance in overall satisfaction with a team member. Surprisingly, a number of items that could be considered both task relevant and relatively public knowledge were seen as invasive. The results provide a framework for allowing students to choose team members that will result in more cohesive teams and more satisfying classroom experiences.
Observation of indium-vacancy and indium-hydrogen interactions in Hg 1− x Cd x Te

We have used a nuclear hyperfine technique, perturbed γγ angular correlation (PAC), to study the interactions between111In and native defects and impurities in Hg1−xCdxTe. The PAC technique uses the quadrupole interaction of111In with local electric field gradients to characterize the local environment of this donor dopant. We observed that when In was diffused into a bulk or thin film sample of Hg1−xCdxTe (x=0.21 and x=0.3) at 350°C and the sample was slow cooled, the In occupied sites with near-cubic symmetry, presumably the substitutional metal site. However, when the sample was quenched, a fraction of the In was incorporated into defects characterized by quadrupole interaction strengthsvQ1 andvQ2 and asymmetries of ν1=ν2=0.08. These defects are attributed to the trapping of a metal vacancy at a next-nearest neighbor site to the In atom. The introduction of hydrogen by boiling the samples in distilled water for >4h eliminated the previously observed PAC signals and created defects characterized byvQ3=35 MHz, ν3 <0.1 andvQ4=MHz, ν4 <0.1. These defects are attributed to the decoration of the In-VHg complex by a hydrogen atom. Hall effect measurements showed that hydrogenation increased the hole concentration in p-type quenched samples and even converted n-type indium-doped samples to p-type. A possible model for hydrogen incorporation which includes self-compensation by vacancy creation is suggested.
Longitudinal polarization transfer in the D(d,n)3He reaction at 0°

Abstract We have measured the longitudinal neutron polarization in the D( d , n ) 3 He reaction, at θ=0°, for an incident longitudinally polarized deuteron beam. A deuteron energy range of 3.3–14.9 MeV was covered. The polarization transfer from the deuteron to the neutron is found to be large, and the reaction is potentially useful as a source of polarized neutrons.
Expression of thyroid transcription factor-1, surfactant proteins, type I cell-associated antigen, and Clara cell secretory protein in pulmonary hypoplasia.

Pulmonary hypoplasia (PH) is a developmental abnormality characterized by diminished distal lung parenchyma. Recent studies have demonstrated that thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1), a member of NK×2 family of homeodomain transcription factors, plays an important role in lung organogenesis and lung epithelial gene expression. In order to evaluate whether abnormal expression of TTF-1 contributes to the pathophysiology of PH, we studied the expression of TTF-1, as well as that of the surfactant proteins (SPs), Clara cell secretory protein (CCSP), and type I cell–associated antigen (T1 cell-Ag), in PH. Immunolocalization patterns of these proteins were evaluated in 15 cases of PH with different associated diseases and compared with those of 14 matched controls. Our study demonstrated that the concentration gradient of TTF-1 along the proximal–distal axis in normal fetal lung is disrupted in PH after 24 weeks gestational age, while the expression of the SPs, CCSP, and T1 cell-Ag seemed to be preserved. We conclude that a normal TTF-1 expression pattern might be crucial in the control of distal lung development. Failure to switch off expression of TTF-1 in PH of more than 24 weeks gestational age may be a final common pathway leading to PH associated with the disease processes investigated in this study.
How to Integrate a Lactation Consultant in an Outpatient Clinic Environment

Successful efforts in improving breastfeeding initiation rates at an urban teaching hospital prompted the hospital to create a lactation consultant (LC) position in the outpatient setting to focus on breastfeeding duration. This article reviews the complexity of the clinic setting, with the challenges and benefits of the consultant's first year in one of the hospital's outpatient clinics. Preliminary data collected by the consultant suggest that patients counseled by the LC in the outpatient clinic setting have longer breastfeeding duration rates.
Fine-needle aspiration and the diagnosis of thyroid cancer.

This article reviews the indications, use, and interpretation of fineneedle aspiration (FNA) of the thyroid. As described previou~ly,’~ the author believes it is more accurate to refer to this procedure as fine-needle aspiration rather than needle aspiration biopsy (which creates unnecessary confusion with the largeneedle biopsies). Needle biopsies of the thyroid have been proven to be less accurate and more traumatic than FNA and are performed only rarely.3, 12, l3 Palpable asymmetry of the thyroid gland (e.g., a nodule) may represent a congenital anomaly of development, irregular involvement of the organ by autoimmune thyroiditis, or a localized proliferation of thyroid tissue. Rarely, an enlarged lymph node, a parathyroid lesion, or a neoplasm of adipose tissue? connective tissue, or skeletal muscle may lie so close to the gland that it is mistaken for a thyroidal mass. FNA can be utilized to differentiate effectively between these possibilities and to guide subsequent management of the patient. Symmetrical enlargement of the gland also can be assessed by FNA, but, in most instances, the physician evaluates the functional status with other tests as well.
Advanced laser-backlit Grazing-Incidence X-Ray Imaging Systems for Inertial Confinement Fusion Research. I. Design.

By use of a focusing configuration analogous to a Gregorian or a Cassegrain telescope, the on-axis aberration of a grazing-incidence spheric-based Kirkpatrick–Baez compound microscope may be precisely corrected. For finite fields, the off-axis performance degrades too rapidly for high-spatial-resolution imaging of even the smallest objects of interest. However, by use of ray-trace optimization it is possible to perturb the system such that the perfect, but impractical, on-axis performance is modestly degraded and uniformly distributed over a chosen object field. By use of this and other performance-enhancing features, two example ultrahigh-spatial-resolution laser-backlit x-ray microscope designs suitable for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) research have been developed. A companion paper [Appl. Opt.40, 4588 (2001)] describing the tolerance analysis indicates that <0.5-µm spatial resolution at x-ray energies as high as 25 KeV is possible. As a prototype step, simpler noncompound devices are under consideration for Sandia National Laboratories’ Z accelerator/Z-Beamlet ICF facility.
Resuspension of polychlorinated biphenyl-contaminated field sediment: release to the water column and determination of site-specific KDOC

Sediments from the New Bedford Harbor (NBH) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) Superfund site (Massachusetts, USA), contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), were resuspended under different water column redox conditions: untreated, oxidative, and reductive. The partitioning of PCBs to the overlying water column was measured with polyethylene samplers and compared to partitioning without resuspension. Greater concentrations of total aqueous (freely dissolved + dissolved organic carbon (DOC)-associated) PCBs were found in all resuspended treatments for PCBs with mid-range KOWs, but no difference was observed in total aqueous concentrations among different redox conditions. The magnitude of increased concentrations depended on resuspension time and congener KOW, but ranged from approximately one to eight times those found without resuspension. In a parallel study, DOC was flocculated and removed from smaller-scale NBH sediment resuspensions. In situ KDOCs were determined and used to calculate freely dissolved and DOC-associated fractions of the increase in total aqueous PCB concentrations due to resuspension. The importance of DOC-associated PCBs increased with increasing KOW. In situ KDOCs were approximately one to two orders of magnitude greater than those calculated with a commonly used linear free energy relationship (LFER). The present study demonstrates that resuspension of contaminated sediments releases PCBs to the water column, of which a significant fraction are DOC-associated (e.g., 28, 65, and 90% for PCBs 28, 66, and 110, respectively). Results also imply that site-specific PCB KDOCs are superior to those calculated with generic LFERs. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:377–384. © 2010 SETAC
Amino acid differences in glycoproteins B (gB), C (gC), H (gH) and L(gL) are associated with enhanced herpes simplex virus type-1 (McKrae) entry via the paired immunoglobulin-like type-2 receptor α

Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) enters into cells via membrane fusion of the viral envelope with plasma or endosomal membranes mediated by viral glycoproteins. HSV-1 virions attach to cell surfaces by binding of viral glycoproteins gC, gD and gB to specific cellular receptors. Here we show that the human ocular and highly neurovirulent HSV-1 strain McKrae enters substantially more efficiently into cells via the gB-specific human paired immunoglobulin-like type-2 receptor-α (hPILR-α). Comparison of the predicted amino acid sequences between HSV-1(F) and McKrae strains indicates that amino acid changes within gB, gC, gH and gL may cause increased entry via the hPILR- α receptor. HSV-1 (McKrae) entered substantially more efficiently than viral strain F in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing hPIRL-α but not within CHO-human nectin-1, -(CHO-hNectin-1), CHO-human HVEM (CHO-hHVEM) or Vero cells. The McKrae genes encoding viral glycoproteins gB, gC, gD, gH, gL, gK and the membrane protein UL20 were sequenced and their predicted amino acid (aa) sequences were compared with virulent strains F, H129, and the attenuated laboratory strain KOS. Most aa differences between McKrae and F were located at their gB amino termini known to bind with the PILRα receptor. These aa changes included a C10R change, also seen in the neurovirulent strain ANG, as well as redistribution and increase of proline residues. Comparison of gC aa sequences revealed multiple aa changes including an L132P change within the 129-247 aa region known to bind to heparan sulfate (HS) receptors. Two aa changes were located within the H1 domain of gH that binds gL. Multiple aa changes were located within the McKrae gL sequence, which were preserved in the H129 isolate, but differed for the F strain. Viral glycoproteins gD and gK and the membrane protein UL20 were conserved between McKrae and F strains. The results indicate that the observed entry phenotype of the McKrae strain is most likely due to a combination of increased binding to heparan sulfate receptors and enhanced virus entry via gB-mediated fusion of the viral envelope with plasma membranes.
Family history and stroke outcome in a bi-ethnic, population-based stroke surveillance study

Background The genetic epidemiology of ischemic stroke remains relatively unstudied, and information about the genetic epidemiology of ischemic stroke in populations with significant minority representation is currently unavailable.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Is Strikingly More Virulent for Mice When Given via the Respiratory than via the Intravenous Route

Fewer Mycobacterium tuberculosis colony-forming units given by aerosol were substantially more virulent for mice than much larger numbers inoculated intravenously (iv), as shown by a faster rate of bacillary growth in the lungs and much shorter survival of the host. Earlier death of mice infected by aerosol was associated with faster development of lung pathology, even though the number of M. tuberculosis given iv resulted in the same number of bacilli initially implanting in the lungs as the number given by aerosol. Mice depleted of CD4 T cells died of infection much sooner than immunocompetent mice but at about the same time after being infected via either route. The results indicate that a small number of M. tuberculosis colony-forming units given by aerosol is less immunogenic than a larger number given iv.
A Lumped-Circuit Model for a Triband Trapped Dipole Array-Part 1: Model Description

Demands on emergency radio frequency (RF) links have shown how important high-frequency (HF) (330 MHz) communications can be for medium to long range. The YagiUda and the log period antenna are among some of the more popular HF antennas. The KLM's Communications Equipment, Inc., four-element KT-34A antenna is based on both types of antennas and operates in the 10-, 15-, and 20-m bands. It relies on parallel LC-circuits acting as traps to form three desired element lengths. A lumped-circuit model of this type of antenna has been developed based on the dimensions in the original manual. In part 1 we tune this numerical model to approximate the KT-34A and use it to investigate performance over an imperfect ground plane.
Robust data placement in urgent computing environments

Distributed urgent computing workflows often require data to be staged between multiple computational resources. Since these workflows execute in shared computing environments where users compete for resource usage, it is necessary to allocate resources that can meet the deadlines associated with time-critical workflows and can tolerate interference from other users. In this paper, we evaluate the use of robust resource selection and scheduling heuristics to improve the execution of tasks and workflows in urgent computing environments that are dependent on the availability of data resources and impacted by interference from less urgent tasks.
Non-myopic sensor scheduling for a distributed sensor network

When tracking a target in a sensor network with constrained resources, significant reductions in sensor communications and usage cost can be realized by using non-myopic sensor scheduling. The use of integer non-linear programming is beneficial for obtaining myopic sensor schedules. In this paper, we extend its benefits to a non-myopic sensor scheduling scenario consisting of a distributed network of bearing sensors. We formulate this problem, which we call the Leader Node Scheduling problem, as an integer non-linear programming problem with the objective of minimizing the total sensor usage and communications cost over a planning horizon subject to tracking error constraints per time step.
RbfA, a 30S ribosomal binding factor, is a cold‐shock protein whose absence triggers the cold‐shock response

The cold-shock response, characterized by a specific pattern of gene expression, is induced upon a downshift in temperature and in the presence of inhibitors of ribosomal function. Here, we demonstrate that RbfA of Escherichia coli, considered to be involved in ribosomal maturation and/or initiation of translation, is a cold-shock protein. Shifting the rbfA mutant to a lower temperature resulted in a constitutive induction of the cold-shock response accompanied by slower growth at low temperatures, while shifting the rbfA mutant that overproduces wild-type RbfA resulted in an increase in total protein synthesis accompanied by faster growth adaptation to the lower temperature. Furthermore, the cold-shock response was also constitutively induced in a cold-sensitive 16S rRNA mutant at low temperatures. Accompanying the transient induction of the cold-shock response, we also report that shifting E. coli from 37 degrees C to 15 degrees C resulted in a temporary inhibition of initiation of translation, as evidenced by the transient decrease in polysomes accompanied by the transient increase in 70S monosomes. The accumulative data indicate that the inducing signal for the cold-unadapted non-translatable ribosomes which are converted to cold-adapted translatable ribosomes by the association of cold-shock proteins such as RbfA. Therefore, the expression of the cold-shock response, and thus cellular adaptation to low temperature, is regulated at the level of translation. The data also indicate that cold-shock proteins can be translated by ribosomes under conditions that are not translatable for most mRNAs.
Ubiquitin, cellular inclusions and their role in neurodegeneration

Covalent binding of ubiquitin to proteins marks them for degradation by the ubiquitin/ATP-dependent pathway. This pathway plays a major role in the breakdown of abnormal proteins that result from oxidative stress, neurotoxicity and mutations. Failure to eliminate ubiquitinated proteins disrupts cellular homeostasis, causing degeneration. Inclusions containing ubiquitinated proteins are commonly detected in many neurological disorders. These aggregates are mostly cytosolic; nevertheless, ubiquitinated inclusions are found in endosomes/lysosomes in Alzheimer's disease and prion encephalopathies, and in nuclei in disorders associated with CAG/polyglutamine repeats, such as Huntington's disease and spinocerebellar ataxias. Ubiquitinated aggregates must result from a malfunction or overload of the ubiquitin/ATP-dependent pathway or from structural changes in the protein substrates, halting their degradation. Prevention of protein aggregation in these diseases might offer new therapeutic leads.
Effects of the optical system on the output from wavefront coding masks

We show that the output from wavefront coding systems depends critically upon the optical imaging system. Our analysis is based on results using nondiffracting accelerated Airy beams. We review the similarities and critical differences between various optical systems and show computational results. We suggest new directions for improving the performance of these wavefront coding masks.
Ethos: character and ethics in technical writing

Technical writing tries to be "objective" and "audience-oriented", but it neglects an element of persuasion known in ancient rhetoric as "ethos". This concept translates from the Greek as "character", but that English word does not convey the concept's richness; nor does the Latin "persona", a term sometimes used to describe the narrative voice in technical prose. "Ethos" is the root of "ethics", which tends to objectify values and choices, alienating them from the people making them. In this paper, I suggest that an understanding of "ethos" in all its richness can help writers of technical prose to produce work that, in relation to traditionally "objective" prose, is both more readable and more ethical. >
Communication and computation performance of the CM-5

The Thinking Machines CM-5 is one of the first of a new generation of massively parallel systems. To assess the scalability of the CM-5's computation and interprocessor communication rates, a series of benchmarks was used to measure the performance of the CM-5 data and control networks, the node vector units, and the balance of computation and communication. At the application level, the achievable communication bandwidth and processing rates were found to be roughly 50% and 40%, respectively, of the corresponding theoretical peak rates. The early assessment is that the CM-5 is scalable but that a better balance of communication and processing rates would increase its effectiveness.