cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Sociology of Micro-politics: An Examination of a Neglected Field of Political Action in the Middle East and Beyond

In this paper, the political dimensions of the social interactions of everyday life are investigated. The perspectives of Michel Foucault and Michel de Certeau, George Herbert Mead and Erving Goffman, are applied. A close analysis of micro-politics in Israel–Palestine and the Sinai is used to reveal the independent significance of micro-politics, as it is shown that such politics constitute the prevailing order of things, but also present the possibility of escaping, subverting, criticizing and transforming that order.
A. J. Eardley, profile of a geologist

Profiles of Rocky Mountain Geologists – a continuing series The writer sees much in favor of the hypothesis of primary vertical movements and has perhaps accorded it greater attention than some will like. —A. J. Eardley, 1962 When I think of Armand Eardley (Fig. 1), who became a friend, I remember late summer 1968, the first time I went into the field with him. We drove to Antelope Island, normally the largest island in Great Salt Lake, though it is sometimes joined to the land. There we looked at Recent deposits of the lake around the island's margins. These sediments were Armand's foremost interest then, a return to studies that culminated in the pioneering publication in 1938 of “Sediments of Great Salt Lake, Utah.” In the several years that followed, we went into the Wasatch Mountains, the range that he knew best throughout his professional life and wrote about most often. Figure 1. Formal photograph of Armand taken not long before he received an honorary Doctor of Science degree from the University of Utah in 1970 and became Professor Emeritus in 1971. I recall that first trip because I had just come to the University of Utah and wanted to know and be accepted on the faculty, particularly by the senior members, W. L. Stokes and A. J. Eardley. When Armand called with his invitation, I said I would love to go but was watching my older son, then four years old. “Bring him along,” he said. Now, thirty-eight or so years later, much of his introduction that day to the geology has dimmed. The deposits with the largest ooliths of Great Salt Lake lie on a bar off the southwest end of the island, washed by waves driven by the prevailing winds, the northwesterlies and southwesterlies. Aragonite algal mounds, which he …
Hospital Care at the End of Life: An Institutional Assessment

Decisions about care at the end of life are not only influenced by doctor-patient-family relationships and physician practice, but also by institutional "culture." An institutional assessment of the quality of care provided to dying hospitalized patients was undertaken to characterize and identify factors influencing it and to find opportunities for improvement. An analysis of hospital data, three physician and nursing focus group discussions, structured review of records of targeted patients (61) who had an "expected death," and interviews with 31 surviving family members of the targeted patients served as the basis for an institutional needs assessment intended to precede the development of a quality improvement program to improve hospital care of patients at the end of life. Data were primarily gathered regarding older adults, including a significant number of nursing home residents. The assessment led to a methodology for developing a quality improvement program based upon feedback to physicians and nurses regarding the quality of end-of-life care.
Composition of estuarine bacterial communities assessed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and fluorescence in situ hybridization

We compared the results from two culture-independent techniques commonly used to investigate microbial community composition in aquatic ecosystems: fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with oligonucleotide probes and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). These two techniques were used with samples from the Delaware Estuary and from experiments in the estuary and Chesapeake Bay. Most of the ribotypes identified by DGGE were members of the phylogenetic groups identified by FISH (alpha, β, and γ proteobacteria and the Cytophaga-like bacteria). DGGE and FISH usually (64% of all comparisons) identified the same phylogenetic group as being dominant, and both methods revealed systematic changes in bacterial community structure along the estuarine gradient. Cytophaga-like bacteria appeared to be sampled adequately by DGGE, even though bacteria from this cluster are often underrepresented in clone libraries of 16S rRNA genes. However, there were notable instances when DGGE and FISH failed to identify the same phylogenetic group as being most abundant. In several cases, the dominant group was β-proteobacteria according to FISH but these bacteria were absent in DGGE gels.
Long-Term Trends in Glaucoma-Related Blindness in Olmsted County, Minnesota

Objective To determine the longitudinal trends in the probability of blindness due to open-angle glaucoma (OAG) in Olmsted County, Minnesota, from 1965 to 2009. Design Retrospective, population-based cohort study. Participants All residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota (aged ≥40 years) who were diagnosed with OAG between January 1, 1965, and December 31, 2000. Methods All available medical records of every incident case of OAG were reviewed until December 31, 2009, to identify progression to blindness, defined as visual acuity ≤20/200 or visual field constriction to ≤20°. Kaplan–Meier analysis was used to estimate the cumulative probability of glaucoma-related blindness. Population incidence of blindness within 10 years of diagnosis was calculated using US Census data. Rates for subjects diagnosed in the period 1965–1980 were compared with rates for subjects diagnosed in the period 1981–2000 using log-rank tests and Poisson regression models. Main Outcome Measures Cumulative probability of OAG-related blindness and population incidence of blindness within 10 years of diagnosis. Results Probability of glaucoma-related blindness in at least 1 eye at 20 years decreased from 25.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 18.5–32.5) for subjects diagnosed in 1965–1980 to 13.5% (95% CI, 8.8–17.9) for subjects diagnosed in 1981–2000 ( P = 0.01). The population incidence of blindness within 10 years of the diagnosis decreased from 8.7 per 100 000 (95% CI, 5.9–11.5) for subjects diagnosed in 1965–1980 to 5.5 per 100 000 (95% CI, 3.9–7.2) for subjects diagnosed in 1981–2000 ( P = 0.02). Higher age at diagnosis was associated with increased risk of progression to blindness ( P Conclusions The 20-year probability and the population incidence of blindness due to OAG in at least 1 eye have decreased over a 45-year period from 1965 to 2009. However, a significant proportion of patients still progress to blindness despite recent diagnostic and therapeutic advancements.
Nationalizing Abject American Artists: Jackson Pollock, Lee Krasner, and Jean-Michel Basquiat

(2011). Nationalizing Abject American Artists: Jackson Pollock, Lee Krasner, and Jean-Michel Basquiat. a/b: Auto/Biography Studies: Vol. 26, Biopics and American National Identity, pp. 118-137.
Profiling the optical parameters of the atmosphere with lidar: measurement or a simulation based on past observations?

The distortions of the inverted lidar signals can be caused by (i) the constant offset that remains in the backscatter signal after removing the background component, (ii) the multiplicative distortion component, which level is related with the lidar signal intensity, and (iii) the signal noise in the wide wavelength spectra; the latter includes lowfrequency components, which do not obey common random-noise statistics. These distortions, even minor, may yield significant distortions in the retrieved outputs obtained by the inversion of the lidar signal. Implicit and explicit premises and assumptions required for any solution of the lidar equation are additional sources of the uncertainty in the inversion results. There is no reliable way for checking whether used assumptions are valid, therefore, the lidar signal inversion can yield significantly biased results. As a result, instead some statistically mean profile of the atmospheric parameter of interest with the corresponding probability function, one obtains some qualitative estimate of the profile with unknown uncertainty, which depends on the validity of used assumptions. It means that lidar profiling is not a measurement but a result of some simulation based on past observations.
Layer-mean quantities, local conservation laws, and vorticity

We derive local conservation laws for layer-mean quantities in two general settings. When applied to Euler flows, the first of these settings yields well-known local conservation laws for quantities averaged between material surfaces. The second, however, leads to new local conservation laws for quantities involving the vorticity that are averaged between arbitrary surfaces. These produce the crucial vorticity conservation laws in shallow water models that admit nonhydrostatic and noncolumnar motion. Moreover, they seem to lie outside the Hamiltonian paradigm of fluid dynamics. The formalism generalizes to skew-symmetric matrix fields; applications to electromagnetism are suggested. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Multiple scattering for laser beams propagating in a layered atmosphere

Theoretical formulation of scattering for a layered atmosphere is presented in this paper. This theory is a generalization of previous formulation based on the small-angle approximation of the radiative transfer equation for laser beams propagating through spherical aerosols. Relative contribution to the beam irradiance from the various orders of scattering are presented for the case of laser beam propagating in successive layers of clouds. Numerical data on broadening as a function of optical depth is presented.
CHILDREN S CHOICES: A COMPARISON OF BOOK PREFERENCES BETWEEN HISPANIC AND NON-HISPANIC FIRST-GRADERS

This report describes a study of book preferences among 190 first graders. Students were exposed to nine different, high-quality, picture books of various genres (including multicultural texts) and asked to select one to own. A mixed subgroup of students had the texts read to them during read aloud sessions, but the majority made selections based on surface-level text structures. Results indicate that Hispanic and non-Hispanic students were more alike than different in their preferences. An overwhelming majority selected informational, rather than narrative books. This finding counters notions that young readers prefer stories and desire books that mirror them in culturally pertinent ways.
Isotope Effects in the Band Spectra of Boron Monoxide and Silicon Nitride

IN 1914 Jevons1 made measurements on a band spectrum which he attributed to boron nitride. He correlated most of the bands into two systems (“” and “”); a number of weaker bands remained. Recent investigation by the writer2 shows that the spectrum—which is probably due to the compound BO—really consists of two superposed spectra.3 These are related to each other exactly as would be predicted by the quantum theory of band spectra if the more intense spectrum is due to the more abundant isotope B11O, and the less intense to the less abundant isotope B10O. Every one of the approximately 80 bands of B11O, including those both of the and of the systems, is matched, so far as can be determined4, by a corresponding B10O band of about the expected intensity.5 In each system, the central band, corresponding to an electronic change alone in a vibrationless molecule, is practically coincident for the two isotopes.6 From this centre the bands extend both toward lower and toward higher frequencies, the pattern being exactly the same for both isotopes, the scale or spacing of this pattern, however, being larger for the lighter isotope in a ratio approximately equal to the ratio of the molecular vibration frequencies. This is exactly as predicted by the quantum theory. The maximum separation between corresponding bands of the two isotopes is more than 300 wavenumber units in each system (this amounts to about 200 A. U. near 8500 in the system).
Inactivation of the cytochrome P450 gene CYP82E2 by degenerative mutations was a key event in the evolution of the alkaloid profile of modern tobacco

Summary • The alkaloid profile of cultivated tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) is different from that of its two progenitors, Nicotiana sylvestris and Nicotiana tomentosiformis, in that tobacco accumulates nicotine as the most abundant alkaloid, while its ancestors convert nicotine to nornicotine in the senescing leaf. The nicotine-retaining phenotype of tobacco is thought to have evolved through the inactivation of the conversion loci inherited from its two progenitors. Here, the genetic changes associated with the inactivation of the conversion locus derived from N. sylvestris were investigated. • Candidate genes were isolated from a N. sylvestris senescing leaf cDNA library and characterized by heterologous gene expression in yeast, site-directed mutagenesis and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. • A cytochrome P450 gene, designated NsylCYP82E2, was isolated from N. sylvestris. Located on the chromosomal fragment defined by the N. sylvestris conversion locus, NsylCYP82E2 confers high nicotine N-demethylase (NND) activity in the senescing leaves of N. sylvestris, but the gene is inactivated by two degenerative mutations in tobacco. • Collectively with previously published data, these results show that inactivation of NND genes by degenerative mutations and/or transcriptional suppression played a key role in the evolution of the alkaloid profile of modern tobacco.
Multilayer relaxation of interlayer registry and spacing at high-index metal surfaces

Oscillatory multilayer relaxation of both interlayer spacing and registry at certain high-index metal surfaces is predicted via minimization of a simple model for the total energy of a semi-infinite crystal. Results for the (210) and (211) surfaces of bcc and fcc simple metals indicate that the relaxation parallel to the surface plane moves the surface layers toward more symmetrical configurations with respect to adjacent layers.
Endrin: Use of Concentration in Blood To Diagnose Acute Toxicity to Fish

Channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), were exposed to continuously renewed solutions of endrin in water. Analyses of the fish blood by gas chromatography revealed a well-defined threshold concentration of endrin in the blood, approximately 0.30 microgram per gram, that, if exceeded, results in death. Fish exposed to lethal concentrations of endrin in water for periods of time insufficient to cause death had blood-endrin concentrations markedly lower than those that died from exposture to the same water. There was little overlap in range of endrin concentration in blood between dead and living exposed fish.
Long-range atom-wall interactions and mixing terms: Metastable hydrogen

The interaction of metastable 2s hydrogen atoms with a perfectly conducting wall is studied, finding the long-range asymptotics of the retarded Casimir--Polder potentials and s-p-mixing amplitudes, but no evidence for the so-called Sokolov effect.
The Continuum of Consciousness

Abstract Research in a wide variety of domains provides converging evidence for the psychological unconscious—percepts, memories, and other mental contents that influence experience, thought, and action outside of phenomenal awareness. Studies of preconscious processing indicate that two continua underlie conscious experience—one having to do with the quality of the stimulus event or its mental representation, and the other having to do with the cognitive resources brought to hear on the processing of that representation. However, evidence of subconscious processing violates these conclusions and suggests that something more is involved—perhaps a link between mental representations of events and of the self as the agent or experiencer of them.
Deficits in hippocampal CA1 LTP induced by TBS but not HFS in the Ts65Dn mouse: a model of Down syndrome.

Abstract Down syndrome (DS) is the most common genetically defined cause of intellectual disabilities. Both hippocampal function and volume seem to be disproportionally reduced in individuals with DS and in at least one aneuploid murine model of DS, the Ts65Dn mouse. Two previous studies by one research group [R.J. Siarey, J. Stoll, S.I. Rapport, Z. Galdzicki, Altered long-term potentiation in the young and old Ts65Dn mouse, a model for Down syndrome, Neuropharmacology 36 (1997) 1549–1554; R.J. Siarey, E.J. Carlson, C.J. Epstein, A. Balbo, S.I. Rapport, Z. Galdzicki, Increased synaptic depression in the Ts65Dn mouse, a model for mental retardation in Down syndrome, Neuropharmacology 38 (1999) 1917–1920] have reported deficits in long-term potentiation (LTP) induced by in vitro high-frequency stimulation (HFS) of hippocampal CA1 synapses of adult Ts65Dn mice. Here, we report on the results of our own investigation on LTP in Ts65Dn mice. This study was designed to confirm the previous findings and possibly shed some light onto potential mechanisms underlying the reported deficit in this important form of long-term synaptic plasticity in a mouse model of DS. LTP was induced in area CA1 with either theta burst stimulation (TBS) or HFS. Contrary to the previous reports, our results showed no significant difference in HFS-induced LTP between Ts65Dn and euploid littermate mice. We have found, however, a significant reduction of the amount of TBS-induced LTP in Ts65Dn mice compared to euploid controls. Because this specific LTP deficit can be rescued by bath application of picrotoxin (10 μM), we hypothesize that an increase in GABA(A)-mediated inhibition or in plasticity of the inhibitory circuitry in Ts65Dn mice may underlie the observed deficits. However, future experiments to examine the state of hippocampus CA1 GABAergic inhibition in Ts65Dn mice will be necessary to further explore these hypotheses.
Taking Stock of Gaps to Be Closed: Survey Findings From the States

"Gaps to be closed" is a term used by the Federal Highway Administration to identify an incomplete roadway system. The term describes a section of highway that was under construction, but for some reason construction was halted and the highway was not completed. This paper provides a comprehensive examination of the prevalence and location of gaps to be closed, reasons for their existence, and the current state of practice for addressing the issue of gaps to be closed. A survey of state departments of transportation (DOTs) officials in all 50 states was conducted to collect information on gaps to be closed, and a response rate of 66% was achieved. Results showed that 7 states that responded to the survey currently have gaps to be closed, which can be attributed to a lack of funding, citizen and interest group opposition, the presence of historical landmarks, an impasse on construction plans, and other political and environmental issues. Formal policies and specific management approaches exist in several states to address the issue of gaps to be closed. Several conclusions can be drawn from the study's findings. First, a proactive approach for identifying state and local transportation needs, which continuously examines the roadway system to develop future plans for addressing infrastructure needs, should be incorporated into any asset management policy. Second, funding and environmental issues should be adequately resolved prior to commencing construction projects. Third, communication and coordination among state and local governments is essential for managing gaps to be closed.
Molecular flow of gases of short-lived radioactive nuclides

Abstract Formulas are presented for describing the transport by molecular flow of gases of nuclides sufficiently short-lived to decay appreciably while moving distances as short as a few centimeters through conventional laboratory apparatus. Special attention is given to the effects of sticking to the walls.
Perception of internal elements of compound figures by one-month-old infants.

Abstract Previous research has shown that infants younger than 2 months frequently concentrate their attention on peripheral or external features of visual stimuli and that they do not appear to process the internal elements of a compound visual stimulus composed of a simple geometric figure enclosed in a larger figure. A visual habituation-dishabituation paradigm was used to determine whether 1-month-old infants would process internal information if the internal elements of the stimulus were patterns often found to be preferred by young infants. Four groups of eight infants each were habituated to a compound stimulus consisting of a square or triangle surrounding a checkerboard or bull's-eye. Following habituation each group was presented with one of four types of stimulus: the identical stimulus (control group), a stimulus differing only in the internal component, a stimulus differing only in the external component, or a stimulus differing in both components. The results of the present study suggest that when the internal element of a compound stimulus is a highly preferred or salient stimulus, the young infant will process information about its characteristics.
A fast method for solving the heat equation by layer potentials

Boundary integral formulations of the heat equation involve time convolutions in addition to surface potentials. If M is the number of time steps and N is the number of degrees of freedom of the spatial discretization then the direct computation of a heat potential involves order N2M2 operations. This article describes a fast method to compute three-dimensional heat potentials which is based on Chebyshev interpolation of the heat kernel in both space and time. The computational complexity is order p4q2NM operations, where p and q are the orders of the polynomial approximation in space and time.
The Relation between Being Away and Privacy in Urban Forest Recreation Environments

There are many reasons for visiting nearby natural environments, including the opportunity to get away from everyday places and to go away to nearby natural places for moments of privacy in our lives. This study surveyed 422 visitors to four metroparks in Cleveland, Ohio, to investigate the construct of being away and its association with the desire, achievement, and functions of privacy during on-site visits. Results indicated that being away-from and being away-to are distinct concepts in the minds of visitors and that attributes of being away-to are more important than attributes of being away-from. The importance of the being away phenomenon had a significant association with visitors’ desire for privacy, the level of privacy achieved, and the functions that privacy served. It was concluded that when researching the privacy benefits (functions) of urban forest visitors, one also should investigate the role of being away on privacy desired and achieved and on functions served.
Bayes Prediction in a Pareto Lifetime Model With Random Sample Size

The prediction of future ordered observations shows how long a sample of units might run until all fail in life testing. This paper deals with the problem of predicting the future ordered observations in a sample of size n from a Pareto distribution where the first r ordered observations have been observed. The analysis will depend mainly on assuming that the sample size n is a random variable having a Poisson or binomial distribution. Numerical examples are used to illustrate the procedure.
Priority based data flow testing

Software testing is an expensive component of software development and maintenance. For data flow testing, test cases must be found to test the def-use pairs in a program. Since some of the def-use pairs identified through static analysis may be infeasible, no amount of testing effort may result in exhaustive testing of a program. Therefore in practice a fixed amount of effort is spent in testing a program. We develop an approach for assigning priorities to def-use pairs, such that the def-use pairs with higher priorities can be expected to require less effort for test case generation and therefore testing. Thus, by using the priorities as a guide for ordering the def-use pairs for testing, we can maximize the number of def-use pairs tested using a fixed amount of testing effort. We apply the technique to regression testing during the software maintenance phase, in which case the priorities are assigned to capture not only the difficulty in test case generation but also the likelihood that an error introduced by a program change is uncovered by the test case.
Safety of regadenoson in patients with end-stage liver disease

Regadenoson is a selective A2A receptor agonist that is used for vasodilator stress myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). Since the drug is partially metabolized by the liver, its safety in patients with end-stage liver disease (ESLD) needs to be determined. We studied 168 consecutive patients with ESLD who had regadenoson stress gated single photon emission computed tomography MPI between January 2008 and March 2010 before planned orthotopic liver transplantation and compared the hemodynamic responses and safety profile to 168 control patients. There were 72 women (43%) in ESLD versus 87 (52%) in the control group (P = .1). The patients with ESLD were younger (58 ± 7 vs 62 ± 12 years, P = .0002), but more likely to be Caucasians (P = .002). The MPI images were normal in 161 patients (96%) in each group. The left ventricular ejection fraction was 72 ± 10% in ESLD and 66 ± 11% in the control patients (P = .0001). The heart rate increase in response to regadenoson was lower in patients with ESLD than in the control group (16 ± 11 vs 23 ± 16 bpm, P = .0001), but the changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressures were similar (−9 ± 12 vs −11 ± 14 mmHg and −6 ± 8 vs −7 ± 10 mmHg, respectively, P = NS). There were no deaths or medication-related adverse events that required hospitalization in either group within 30 days of the study. This is the first study to document the tolerability and safety profile of regadenoson in patients with ESLD.
Tools for Assessing Lipoprotein Metabolism in Diabetes Mellitus

Understanding the whole body (systemic) and cellular metabolism of lipoproteins, including that of the modified lipoproteins that occur in diabetes mellitus, has potential to improve the quantitative and qualitative changes in lipoproteins that contribute to the macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 1 and type 2 diabetes [1, 2] and facilitate development of therapeutics that can improve clinical outcomes. An excellent example of how understanding lipoprotein metabolism has improved clinical outcomes is that an understanding of the LDL receptor, intracellular cholesterol metabolism, and the central role of HMG-CoA reductase led to the development of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), which substantially reduce cardiovascular events in both diabetic and nondiabetic people [3–5].
Hapten-specific IgE antibody responses in mice. I. Secondary IgE responses in irradiated recipients of syngeneic primed spleen cells.

The present studies have established conditions for the demonstration of cooperative interactions between specific T and B lymphocyte populations in the development of IgE antibody responses in vivo in mice. This has been accomplished by utilizing a system which permits the successful adoptive transfer to irradiated recipients of DNP-specific secondary IgE responses with spleen cells from suitably primed syngeneic donor mice. Thus, adoptively transferred DNP-KLH or DNP-ASC-primed spleen cells produced high levels of anti-DNP antibodies of both IgE and IgG antibody classes in response to challenge with the appropriate homologous priming conjugate but failed to develop more than meager responses to the reciprocal heterologous conjugate. However, when spleen cells from donors primed to the second carrier were concomitantly transferred with hapten-primed lymphocytes, secondary IgE ant-DNP responses were consistently obtained upon challenge with the heterologous conjugate. Moreover, we have been able to elicit augmented primary IgE anti-DNP antibody responses to either DNP-ASC or DNP-KLH after adoptive transfer of spleen cells from donors primed only to the carrier, ASC or KLH, respectively. This adoptive transfer system has enabled us to provide direct proof for the participation of θ-bearing T lymphocytes in antibody responses of the IgE class. Thus, the capacity of ASC-primed spleen cells to effectively cooperate with the DNP-KLH-primed lymphocytes in the adoptive secondary response to DNP-ASC could be abolished by in vitro treatment of such cells with anti-θ serum plus complement. This was true not only for the anti-DNP response of the IgG antibody class, but for the IgE antibody class as well. These studies have, furthermore, demonstrated the capacity to stimulate secondary anti-DNP antibody production in vivo by the concomitant administration of the DNP and relevant carrier determinants on separate molecules. This was more readily seen in the IgE than in the IgG antibody class. Thus, DNP-ASC-primed cells developed significant IgE, but more variable IgG, anti-DNP responses upon challenge with DNP-KLH plus unconjugated ASC. Antibody responses of both classes elicited in this manner were appreciably improved by the transfer of additional carrier (ASC)-primed cells. These and other results presented herein suggest that IgE B lymphocyte precursors may be inherently more sensitive than IgG B cells to at least certain of the functions of T lymphocytes concerned with regulatory mechanisms involved in antibody production.
The mass spectra of diaziridinones

The electron-impact induced fragmentation of four N,N′-di-t-alkyl-substituted diaziridinones (I to IV) has been studied by both conventional and high resolution mass spectrometry. All diaziridinones exhibit weak molecular ions. Ejection of an alkyl isocyanate, corresponding to the N-alkyl substituent, from the molecular ion, is a dominant and general fragmentation process. Isocyanate-type odd-electron fragment ions occur only in III and IV (where at least one R group is phenyl) and are of low abundance. Elimination of a hydrocarbon radical from the tertiary alkyl substituents is observed in all compounds investigated. McLafferty rearrangement with elimination of a neutral alkene occurs in all compounds. Abundant even-electron hydrocarbon ions corresponding to the mass of the N-alkyl substituent are prevalent. The complete absence of elimination of carbon monoxide is noted. Loss of oxygen from the [M RCH2]+ species has been confirmed by accurate mass measurement. Several remarkable rearrangement reactions have been uncovered by high resolution studies and deuteration experiments.
Identity, race, CMC and cyberspace

This paper documents key issues associated with teachers' and other educators' beliefs about intercultural and cross cultural teaching practices. Social identity, computer mediated communication and new constructs are discussed that aid in the process of engaging teachers in critical cultural consciousness. Educational implications and suggestions are provided.
Synthesizing FPGA Digital Modules for Software Defined Radio

Software defined radio (SDR) has gained much interest in recent years due to the advancements in FPGA technology. FPGA provides the capability of programming analog components (Mixers, PLL, Filters etc...) which were traditionally implemented in hardware. In this paper digital functional blocks that need to be programmed in FPGA core are designed and simulated using Matlab for amplitude demodulation for double side band (DSB) with carrier, double side band with suppressed carrier (DSB-SC) and Single side band with suppressed carrier (SSB-SC). Sampling frequency of 4 MHz is selected to ensure that sampling rate is greater than twice of maximum commercially available AM carrier frequency (of 1720 kHz) and carrier frequency of 610 kHz is used for simulations. This simulation result concludes the proper operation of the design.
Learning About Causes From People: Observational Causal Learning in 24-Month-Old Infants

How do infants and young children learn about the causal structure of the world around them? In 4 experiments we investigate whether young children initially give special weight to the outcomes of goal-directed interventions they see others perform and use this to distinguish correlations from genuine causal relations—observational causal learning. In a new 2-choice procedure, 2- to 4-year-old children saw 2 identical objects (potential causes). Activation of 1 but not the other triggered a spatially remote effect. Children systematically intervened on the causal object and predictively looked to the effect. Results fell to chance when the cause and effect were temporally reversed, so that the events were merely associated but not causally related. The youngest children (24- to 36-month-olds) were more likely to make causal inferences when covariations were the outcome of human interventions than when they were not. Observational causal learning may be a fundamental learning mechanism that enables infants to
Asymmetry and China's Tributary System

In his article, ‘Equilibrium Analysis of the Tributary System’, Zhou Fangyin presents an important and stimulating application of the game theory of patterns of interaction to China’s traditional diplomacy with its neighbors. 1 His analysis contradicts the realist expectation that the larger power would simply dominate smaller powers in the context of international anarchy. However, his explanation of the tributary system does not rely on a cultural explanation based on Confucian morality, but rather on processes of conflictual interaction that lead to mutual accommodation between China and its neighbors. Zhou rightly emphasizes the two-way character of the tributary system and the centrality of its basic idea for Chinese diplomacy. In contrast to John Fairbank, he argues that it is more than a diplomatic cover for a trade relationship. In contrast to the general assumption that tribute is a form of booty that a larger power requires from a smaller power, he emphasizes China’s primary interest in stabilizing its relationships with neighbors through concessions. Indeed, it appears from Zhou’s narration that China is at the disadvantaged side of tributary relationships: frustrated in conflicts and conceding to neighbors in order to pacify its borders. By providing a clear and plausible model for interaction and interesting, complex cases of processes through which to arrive at equilibrium, Zhou has, indeed, made a contribution to both theory and history. Perhaps, further progress can be made by separating the necessarily unique case of China from the general theory of relationships between large and small neighbors. It is certainly useful to view China’s diplomatic history from the perspective of an analytic model, but the necessary simplification may lose features of the Chinese situation that are unique but no less
Chimerism in scleroderma

1presents evidence from PCR experiments that some women with scleroderma who have given birth to sons have male cells in their peripheral blood. Possibly these invaders cause scleroderma, and getting rid of them would cure patients with scleroderma. 2 Their hypothesis that autoimmune diseases are characterised by, indeed caused by, cell lines acquired during pregnancy—either mother-to-child or child-to-mother—is not original. Nor is the finding of male-cell determinants in the peripheral blood of patients with scleroderma by PCR. We have presented the hypothesis and PCR findings.
Characterisation of a human chromosome 1 somatic cell hybrid mapping panel and regional assignment of 6 novel STS

SUMMARY A somatic cell hybrid mapping panel has been constructed which allows subdivision of human chromosome 1 into 8 distinct subregions. All of the hybrids carry copies of chromosome 1 with specific deletions and the position of the breakpoints has been determined relative to the location of microsatellite markers in the genetic linkage map produced by Genethon. The majority of the breakpoints can be positioned between adjacent loci on the map. The usefulness of this hybrid panel for physical mapping has been demonstrated by the regional assignment of 6 novel STS markers made from Alu-PCR clones generated from a hybrid which contains the short arm of chromosome 1.
Exploring the Intel Teach Elements in Teacher Education

This chapter reviews the integration of ICT through the development of preservice teacher Technological, Pedagogical, Content Knowledge (TPACK), as well as how the Intel Teach Elements (Elements) have been used to develop teacher knowledge of pedagogy and technologies. In this context, results are shared on the use of the Elements course modules within four teacher educator preparation institutions. Presented are those Elements courses and modules that were used, how they were used within teacher education coursework, and how preservice teacher TPACK changed as a result of being enrolled in a course where they were part of course activities. Data were collected through multiple measures, including a pretest/posttest preservice teacher survey and pretest/posttest performance assessment, which allowed for preservice teacher TPACK to be analyzed. An open-ended faculty questionnaire was also used to describe the integration of the courses or modules, faculty satisfaction, and future plans for Elements use within coursework. Results indicated that faculty integrated the resources into face-to-face, blended, and online modes of instruction using them as both a curricular resource and as part of lesson design projects. Results also suggested that preservice teacher knowledge of each of the TPACK constructs increased at statistically significant levels.
Simplified Theory of Kinematic Waves

Whereas the numerical models in Chapter 9 solve the LWR model by discretizing the time-space plane into cells and tracking vehicles in each cell, this chapter introduces a totally different approach named the simplified theory of kinematic waves. Combining the shock wave solution with D/D/1 queuing theory, this theory simplifies the solution to the LWR model as counting vehicles at a set of strategic locations. At any moment, the total number of vehicles that can pass a location is the minimum number of total arrivals from the upstream link, available “seats” in the downstream link, and the amount allowed by local capacity.
Isolation and identification of four Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria isolates which cross-reacted with Vibrio cholerae O139

Objective:System identification of four suspected Vibrio Cholerae O139 isolates which isolated from 2005 to 2008.Methods:The suspected strains were identified by various methods,including biochemical and cultural methods,serotyping test,the VITEK-32 system,PCR typing and detection of virulence genes by PCR reaction.Results:Four suspected Vibrio Cholerae O139 isolates were identified as Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria which cross-reacted with Vibrio Cholerae O139 diagnostic serum,and one of the four strains gave cross-agglutination with Escherichia coli O157 diagnostic Serum.Conclusion:Four suspected isolates were Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria which show cross-agglutination with Vibrio Cholerae O139 diagnostic serum.To prevent the possibility of false-positive results,the different methods should be performed to determine whether the suspected isolates belonged to the Vibrio Cholerae O139 serovar.
Hydrofoil addition to a fast oil containment system

The U.S. Coast Guard uses flexible, floating barriers known as boom to trap and collect spilled oil from the surface of the ocean, bays, and rivers. Typical boom is effective for collecting oil at incident water velocities of up to 1 knot, but the Coast Guard has a need for a barrier which is effective for velocities up to 5 knots. The University of New Hampshire (UNH) has researched and developed barrier technology that allows the barrier to experience incident velocities up to 5 knots. The barrier utilizes an inclined, submergence plane bow to drive incident oil downwards to a gap opening where the oil enters a protected containment volume. UNH has developed two primary systems, one towed alongside a vessel or vessels, and the other moored in an estuary or bay. Initial testing of the towed system indicated a tendency for it to rise significantly out of the water, thereby limiting its overall effectiveness. This paper highlights UNH's efforts to add a hydrofoil to the towed system. The new system, known as the Hydrofoil/Fast Sweep Conversion, was subsequently modeled and tested for its seakeeping abilities.
Multi-Objective Optimization

Life is a compromise, often involving more than one objective. Even Noah at the time of the great flood faced the same dilemma. Noah’s problem was to build an ark to accommodate a maximum number of animals and to store the maximum amount of food on the ark.
Encounters with the Television Image: Thirty Years of Encoding Research

This chapter surveys 30 years of research on the audiovisual codes of television. This research centers on close readings of encoded texts and the processes and practices of television encoding. The chapter discusses the humanist precursors of encoding research (McLuhan, Ong, Carpenter); the first phase of educational research on individual production variables; the next phase, in which scholars of literary texts applied their methodologies to television studies; and finally the phase in which forms of critical theory and cultural studies were related to the study of the audiovisual codes of television. Forefront work of leading scholars (Horace Newcomb, Herbert Zettl, Stuart Hall) is discussed as it has affected this newly emerging field.
Effects of metallothionein expression on development of drug resistance

Metallothioneins (MTs) are low molecular weight metal-binding proteins with about 30% cysteine content [1]. MTs have been postulated to function in the protection against heavy metals, scavenging of free radicals, and control of homeostasis of essential metals. We have shown that metallothionein expression protects cells against spontaneous mutagenesis [2], and suggest that low MT expression might be a risk factor for cancer. High expression of metallothionein in certain tumors was associated with resistance to chemotherpeutic agents [3, 4]. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the antimutagenic action of MT might be useful in preventing tumor cells from developing mutation to drug resistance. In order for this to be feasible, the action of the chemotherapeutic agent cannot itself be blocked by high MT expression.
Quantum dots protected from oxidative attack using alumina shells synthesized by atomic layer deposition

Applications of luminescent quantum dots require the materials to be stable under a wide range of temperatures, photon fluxes and chemical environments. In this work, we demonstrate that Al2O3 shells synthesized by atomic layer deposition on films of CdTe quantum dots are effective to prevent chemical degradation for up to 17 hours under continuous illumination at 90 °C in ambient air. Control samples with no Al2O3 coating experienced extensive oxidation and severe quenching of the photoluminescence intensity under these conditions.
Numbers, Motivated Reasoning, and Empirical Legal Scholarship

This piece is a brief response to Todd E. Pettys, Free Expression, In-Group Bias, and the Court's Conservatives: A Critique of the Epstein-Parker-Segal Study, 62 Buffalo L. Rev. 1 (2015). The piece discusses the relationship between ideology and judging, particular judging on the Supreme Court, and argues that there is a legitimate role for ideology or subjectivity that is often not discussed or acknowledged.
Conditional Cash Transfers and Electoral Behavior: Experimental Evidence from Mexico

Recent research launched an intense debate over whether conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs affect electoral behavior in Mexico. Using experimental data, I analyze the effects of CCT treatment on incumbent party support and voter turnout in multiple levels of Mexican elections. I find that both sides of the debate are partially correct: CCTs boost voter turnout, but they have no effect on incumbent party support. Moreover, the evidence suggests that an alternative mechanism produces the positive effect on voter turnout. My findings join a small but growing literature that challenges whether CCTs lead to increased vote share for the incumbent party in the Global South.
Feedforward Tracking Controller Design for High-Speed Motion Control

Abstract A methodology for designing feedforward tracking controllers for high-speed motion control is presented. The feedforward controller consists of two components. The first is a Zero Phase Error Tracking Controller (ZPETC), which compensates for dynamic lag in the feedback control system. The second component is a nonlinear feedforward command generator to eliminate tracking errors due to low velocity friction. A new controller architecture consisting of the union of these two components is proposed as a control system to achieve near-perfect tracking of machine tool feed drive trajectories.
Synthetic Organic Electrochemical Methods Since 2000: On the Verge of a Renaissance

Electrochemistry represents one of the most intimate ways of interacting with molecules. This review discusses advances in synthetic organic electrochemistry since 2000. Enabling methods and synthetic applications are analyzed alongside innate advantages as well as future challenges of electroorganic chemistry.
EFFECT OF ETHANOL ON THE SOLUBILIZATION OF HYDROPHOBIC MOLECULES BY SODIUM CASEINATE

Abstract Many food and pharmaceutical ingredients are lipophilic small molecules, insoluble in water, and therefore difficult to disperse in aqueous oral formulations. While some can be solubilized with surfactants or with ethanol, there is a demand for alternative approaches including binding by proteins. This study examines the use of ethanol to enhance the loading of sodium caseinate with pyrene and piperine. A large excess of pyrene or piperine (i.e., many times the aqueous solubility limit) was mixed with sodium caseinate in buffer and varying amounts of ethanol as a co-solvent, then lyophilized to remove ethanol and water. The resultant powder was rehydrated in buffer, the remaining insoluble pyrene or piperine was removed by gentle centrifugation and the concentration of solubilized fraction was determined. Pyrene is effectively insoluble in water however, in the presence of the caseinate, it was solubilized and showed a characterized fluorescence spectrum in buffer, the magnitude of which increased linearly with the concentration of protein present at the loading step. The fluorescence was lost following in vitro treatment with acid or proteolytic enzymes. The solubility of piperine in water was only 49 mg/L but increased to 130 mg/L in the presence of 2% sodium caseinate and 521 mg/L in the presence of 4% sodium caseinate if 40% ethanol was present at the loading step (i.e., 50 or 175 mol of piperine per mole of caseinate). Two mechanisms are studied to explain the role of ethanol in enhancing the loading capacity of caseinate. First, ethanol increases the solubility of piperine in water, which could facilitate better mass transport from undissolved piperine powder to the protein during the loading step. Second, ethanol changes the structure of the protein or protein aggregates which may allow improved loading.