cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tandem ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) study of ion evaporation from ionic liquid-acetonitrile nanodrops.

Ion evaporation is an essential step in the formation of charged ions from electrosprays, yet many aspects of the process are poorly understood. The ion evaporation kinetics of the 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium+ (EMI+) based ionic liquids (ILs) EMI-BF4, EMI-bis(perfluoroethylsulfonyl)imide, EMI-bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide and EMI-tris(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)methide (EMI-Methide) are studied by tandem ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) of IL nanodrop residues from positive and negative electrosprays of IL–acetonitrile solutions. Two-dimensional (2D) IMS-MS spectra are obtained using a differential mobility analyzer (DMA) coupled to a commercial quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Nanodrops of different charge states (z = 1,2,…,10,…) are separated into distinct bands in 2D DMA-MS spectra, allowing for determination of both nanodrop size (radius) and charge. With the exception of negatively charged EMI-BF4, all clusters observed are charged below the Rayleigh limit of both the ILs and acetonitrile, showing that the charge loss mechanism is ion evaporation. Solvation energies, ΔG0s, of evaporating ions from acetonitrile are inferred from radius and charge state data. With the exclusion of EMI-BF4 in negative mode (ΔG0s > 1.84 eV), all are in the 1.54–1.65 eV range, considerably lower than previously reported for tetra-alkyl ammonium salts in formamide. Measured size distributions of EMI-Methide nanodrops agree with those predicted by ion evaporation theory, though with narrower widths observed for doubly and singly charged nanodrops.
Quantitation of LH subunits released by rat anterior pituitary cells in primary culture

Immunoreactive rLH, rLH alpha, rLH beta and rFSH in the cell extracts and medium of rat anterior pituitary cell cultures were measured after gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 Superfine. Cell extracts contained uncombined rLH alpha and rLH beta present as approximately 40% and 4%, respectively, of native rLH on a molar basis. Unstimulated cultures appeared to release a large excess of rLH alpha (approximately 2560% of rLH on a molar basis) as well as a minimum of uncombined rLH beta. Stimulation of cultures with physiological (LHRH) or non-physiological agents (A23187, elevated K+) increased the absolute but not the relative quantities of uncombined subunits released relative to those present intracellularly. Thus, rat anterior pituitary cell cultures appear to produce and release an excess of free alpha subunit as well as a minimum of uncombined rLH beta. However, one cannot be certain whether the uncombined rLH beta represents a pool of 'free' rLH beta or simply results from the dissociation of rLH.
A dynamic processor allocation policy for multiprogrammed shared-memory multiprocessors

We propose and evaluate empirically the performance of a dynamic processor-scheduling policy for multiprogrammed shared-memory multiprocessors. The policy is dynamic in that it reallocates processors from one parallel job to another based on the currently realized parallelism of those jobs. The policy is suitable for implementation in production systems in that:—It interacts well with very efficient user-level thread packages, leaving to them many low-level thread operations that do not require kernel intervention.—It deals with thread blocking due to user I/O and page faults.—It ensures fairness in delivering resources to jobs.—Its performance, measured in terms of average job response time, is superior to that of previously proposed schedulers, including those implemented in existing systems.It provides good performance to very short, sequential (e.g., interactive) requests.We have evaluated our scheduler and compared it to alternatives using a set of prototype implementations running on a Sequent Symmetry multiprocessor. Using a number of parallel applications with distinct qualitative behaviors, we have both evaluated the policies according to the major criterion of overall performance and examined a number of more general policy issues, including the advantage of “space sharing” over “time sharing” the processors of a multiprocessor, and the importance of cooperation between the kernel and the application in reallocating processors between jobs. We have also compared the policies according to other criteia important in real implementations, in particular, fairness and respone time to short, sequential requests. We conclude that a combination of performance and implementation considerations makes a compelling case for our dynamic scheduling policy.
Noise characteristics of heterodyne/homodyne frequency-domain measurements

We theoretically develop and experimentally validate the noise characteristics of heterodyne and/or homodyne measurements that are widely used in frequency-domain diffusive imaging. The mean and covariance of the modulated heterodyne output are derived by adapting the random amplification of a temporal point process. A multinomial selection rule is applied to the result of the temporal noise analysis to additionally model the spatial distribution of intensified photons measured by a charge-coupled device (CCD), which shows that the photon detection efficiency of CCD pixels plays an important role in the noise property of detected photons. The approach of using a multinomial probability law is validated from experimental results. Also, experimentally measured characteristics of means and variances of homodyne outputs are in agreement with the developed theory. The developed noise model can be applied to all photon amplification processes.
ULTRAVIOLET ACTION SPECTRUM FOR FLUOROGEN PRODUCTION IN THE OCULAR LENS

— …Previous work has demonstrated that fluorescent material (360nm excitation, 440nm emission), whose concentration normally increases with age in human lenses, can be generated artificially by exposing cultured human or animal lenses to UV radiation. In the present paper we report measurements of the rate of production of this fluorescent material in rat lenses in vitro as a function of UV irradiation wavelength. A plot of the observed rate of fluorogen production normalized to constant photon flux vs irradiation wavelength shows little action at 360 or 320nm, increases sharply at 300nm, remains relatively constant in the range 300–280nm, and then exhibits a further gradual rise from 270–250nm. The results on rat lenses are compared with results reported elsewhere for tryptophan in aqueous solution. The action spectrum for photochemical destruction of tryptophan in solution closely parallels that for fluorogen production in rat lenses. This result and other evidence suggest that photochemical destruction of tryptophan might be the initial event in UV-induced fluorogen production in the ocular lens.
Effects of Heavy-Resistance Triceps Surae Muscle Training on Strength and Muscularity of Men and Women

The purpose of this study was to determine selected functional and structural effects of heavy-resistance training on the triceps surae muscles of men and women. We pretested 28 men and 28 women for triceps surae muscle isotonic strength and muscularity after five practice sessions that familiarized them with the study equipment. Triceps surae muscle isotonic strength was determined using a 1-repetition maximum seated heel raise. Muscularity involved the measurement of relaxed lower leg circumference and net circumference and ultrasonically determined triceps surae muscle thickness. Twenty-eight subjects (14 men, 14 women) were selected randomly after pretesting to participate in 24 sessions of standardized weight training primarily involving the triceps surae muscles, and the remaining subjects (14 men, 14 women) served as nontraining controls. After eight weeks of training, triceps surae muscle isotonic strength had increased significantly (p less than .001) for both men and women in the Treatment Group when compared with the Control Group. No other dependent variables changed significantly. We concluded that eight weeks of heavy-resistance training involving the triceps surae muscles elicits similar significant increases in isotonic muscle strength in both men and women without concurrent increases in muscularity.
Can Choice of the Sample Population Affect Perceived Performance: Implications for Performance Assessment

BACKGROUND There is accelerating interest in measuring and reporting the quality of care delivered by health care providers and organizations, but methods for defining the patient panels for which they are held accountable are not well defined.
Elevated urinary testosterone excretion and decreased maternal caregiving effort in marmosets when conception occurs during the period of infant dependence

The proximate mechanisms that regulate transitions in mammalian female reproductive effort have not been widely studied. However, variation in circulating levels of the androgenic steroid hormone testosterone (T) appears to mediate a trade-off between investment in current and future offspring in males [Ketterson, E.D., Nolan, V., Jr., 1992. Hormones and life histories: an integrative approach. Am. Nat. 140, S33–S62;Ketterson,E.D.,Nolan,V.,Jr.,1994.Hormonesandlifehistories:anintegrativeapproach.In:L.A.Real(Ed.),BehavioralMechanisms in Evolutionary Ecology, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 327–353; Ketterson, E. D., Nolan,V., Jr., 1999. Adaptation, exaptation, and constraint:Ahormonalperspective.Am.Nat.154S,S4–S25].ThepurposeofthisstudywastoinvestigatethepossibilitythatTisalsoassociated with transitions in the reproductive effort of females, by examining the relationship between urinary Texcretion, maternal caregiving behavior, andthetimingofthepostpartum conceptioninfemaleWied’s blacktufted-ear marmosets (Callithrixkuhlii).Weexaminedthe maternalcarrying effort and peripartum T profiles of six females across two conditions: (1) when they conceived during the period of infant dependence (DPID), such that gestation was coupled with lactation; and (2) when the same females conceived after the period of infant dependence (APID). We also assessed the relationship between postpartum T levels and caregiving effort. When female marmosets conceived DPID, they dramatically reduced their caregiving effort, and had higher levels of urinary T, relative to when they conceived APID. Further, the litter-to-litter changes in maternal caregiving effort that we observed were related to variation in urinary T excretion; as weekly levels of urinary T excretion increased, concurrent caregiving effort declined. Our results suggest that variation in Tsecretion may regulate transitions in female reproductive behavior, and that the regulation of male and female parental behavior may be mediated by homologous neuroendocrine mechanisms.
Performance Analysis of a Salinity/ Temperature/Depth System

An analysis is made of the performance characteristics of a salinity/temperature/depth (STD) system manufactured by Bissett-Berman Corporation and used widely for oceanographic measurements. Particular attention is given to the influence of ambient vertical temperature gradient and rate of instrument descent on the registrations of salinity. An equation is derived for adjustment of indicated salinity values.
Intercropping switchgrass with loblolly pine does not influence the functional role of the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus)

Intercropping biofuel feedstocks in managed forests of the southeastern United States is a potentially sustainable source of renewable energy. Ecological effects of energy crops in forests are poorly understood, and it is unknown whether the ecological role of native rodents is influenced by alternative food resources. Therefore, we used a stable isotope analysis to compare diet and trophic responses of white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) in 1) plots where switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), a C4 plant, was intercropped with loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), a C3 plant, 2) plots of loblolly pine, and 3) plots of monocropped switchgrass. We collected fur from live-trapped rodents and potential dietary sources in 2010. We predicted δ13C and δ15N values of mice in switchgrass plots would reflect a C4-based, granivorous, diet if there was an effect of intercropping on the functional role of mice. Del13C values of mouse fur in monocropped switchgrass, but not intercropped switchgrass plots, shifted more toward a C4 signal. However, δ15N values indicated that mice remained functionally omnivorous across treatments. Our results were supported by isotope values from invertebrates across guilds. Diet and trophic position of white-footed mice was not influenced by intercropping switchgrass in pine plantations indicating they maintained their functional role in this biofuels management regime. Future research should focus on individual and population responses of rodents to altered vegetation structure where biofuels feedstocks are grown and indirect effects on inter- and intra-species interactions.
Establishment of a bovine blastocyst-derived cell line collection for the comparative analysis of embryos created in vivo and by in vitro fertilization, somatic cell nuclear transfer, or parthenogenetic activation

Tools and methods for analyzing differences in embryos resulting from somatic cell nuclear transfer (NT) in comparison to those derived from normal fertilization are needed to define better the nature of the nuclear reprogramming that occurs after NT. To this end, a collection of bovine blastocyst-derived cell lines was created. In vitro expanded or hatched blastocysts, used as primary culture tissue, were from NT; in vitro maturation, fertilization, and culture (IVF); or parthenogenetic (P) activation. Also, five in vivo-fertilized and developed blastocysts were collected by uterine flushing on the eighth d postfertilization. Whole blastocysts were physically attached to STO feeder layers to initiate all of the cell lines generated. The majority of the cell lines in the collection are trophectoderm, 38 NT-derived, 6 in vivo-derived, 20 IVF-derived, and 13 P-derived. Trophectoderm identity was ascertained by morphology and, in many cases, interferon-tau production. Several visceral endoderm cell lines and putative parietal endoderm cell lines were also established. At approximately 5% efficiency, epiblast masses from NT and IVF blastocysts survived and were isolated in culture. Two epiblast masses were also isolated from P blastocysts. Spontaneous differentiation from the epiblast outgrowths resulted in the establishment of fibroblast cell lines. The use of the trophectoderm cell lines as a comparative in vitro model of bovine trophectoderm and placental function is discussed in relation to NT reprogramming.
Rate Dependent Aberrancy

Forty patients with "rate dependent aberrancy" (RDA) were studied. This large group of patients permitted a clear definition of the syndrome and recognition of a number of features not previously described. These proved to have a significant bearing on the recognition and differential diagnosis of RDA and non-rate dependent aberrancy. It was found that a small change in cycle length, perhaps too small to be recognized in the surface ECG, can result in RDA. Consequently, if a critical shortening of cycle length is to be recognized, it is necessary to record not only the onset of aberrant rhythm but also sufficiently long strips with normal intraventricular conduction preceding and following the RDA. In some patients there was no recognizable sudden change in cycle length and the onset of aberrancy was a function of the duration of the accelerated rate. In others only the first cycle of the rhythm with RDA was shortened and the remaining R-R intervals were paradoxically longer than the R-R cycle which initi...
Intensive Incarceration Programs Offer Hope of Rehabilitation to a Fortunate Few: Orleans Parish Prison Does an "About Face"

The purpose of this article is twofold. First, it re-examines the commonly espoused rationale for incarceration in the United States in light of the realities of life behind bars. Second, it focuses on an emerging type of prison rehabilitation program, referred to as intensive incarceration, which is theoretically likely to realize its lofty goal of inmate rehabilitation. Specifically, the author recounts his observation of one intensive incarceration program in the Orleans Parish Prison System, and analyzes the likelihood of its success in terms of Labeling Theory and Self-Concept Theory.
New results about the centroid of an interval type-2 fuzzy set, including the centroid of a fuzzy granule

The centroid of an interval type-2 fuzzy set (IT2 FS) provides a measure of the uncertainty of such a FS. Its calculation is very widely used in interval type-2 fuzzy logic systems. In this paper, we present properties about the centroid of an IT2 FS. We also illustrate many of the general results for a T2 fuzzy granule (FG) in order to develop some understanding about the uncertainty of the FG in terms of its vertical and horizontal dimensions. At present, the T2 FG is the only IT2 FS for which it is possible to obtain closed-form formulas for the centroid, and those formulas are in this paper.
Changes in racial categorization over time and health status: an examination of multiracial young adults in the USA

Objective. Multiracial (two or more races) American health related to racial stability over the life course is a pressing issue in a burgeoning multi-ethnic and multicultural global society. Most studies on multiracial health are cross-sectional and thus focus on racial categorization at a single time point, so it is difficult to establish how health indicators change for multiracials over time. Accordingly the central aim of this paper was to explore if consistency in racial categories over time is related to self-rated health for multiracial young adults in the USA.Methods. Data were drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) survey (N = 7957). Weighted multivariate logistic regression was used to exam health status in early adulthood between individuals who switched racial categories between Waves 1 and 3 compared to those who remained in the same racial categories.Results. There were significant differences in report of self-rated health when comparing consistent mono...
Culture and the climacteric.

This paper examines the effects of 2 separate cultures on the climacteric with the assumption that culture also impacts certain physiological aspects of the female climacteric. A brief perspective on the climacteric is presented and following are data on Cuban and Jewish women from New Jersey who represent the same socioeconomic class. Data analysis was carried out on 38 Jewish and 32 Cuban women age range 44-72 the majority of whom were married with results gathered from a questionnaire. The 2 groups differed significantly with respect to the number of children born and they were equal in the number of women who had had 1 miscarriage. 60.5% of the Jewish women reported that they had consulted a physician for climacteric-related symptoms as compared to 43.7% of the Cuban women. Analysis of the items on the self-image questionnaire showed that 4 self-image items yielded a significant F ratio at the 0.05 level. The analysis of the attitude items indicated that no item was significant in the Jewish group. Data on symptoms indicated that only 2 physical complaints showed a difference between the 2 groups. The profile of the Cuban women shows that they had a mostly positive self-image together with 2 negative attitudes towards menopause; the Jewish profile had a more negative self-image but a more positive attitude towards menopause. The 15 variables which distinguished between Jewish and Cuban women were subjected to discriminate analysis. It appears that the reproductive background and menopause-related history of these 2 groups are similar with the exception of the number of children born. The negative attitude of Cuban women concerning menopause is linked to cultural heritage; i.e. if menopause is psychologically linked to a loss of feminity then it could be perceived as a threat to the womans ability to keep her man and therefore unpleasant. Negative Jewish attitudes can be simply a reflection of the pattern of most American women. A discussion of the menopause follows this document.
Estimation of partial correlation matrices using Cholesky decomposition

A method for obtaining estimates of the partial correlation matrices of a multivariate process using Cholesky decomposition is described. The estimates provide a minimum phase autoregressive model for the observed data and a positive definite autocorrelation function estimate.
Studies in magnetochemical engineering. Part II: Theoretical development of a practical model for high-gradient magnetic separation

High-gradient magnetic separation (HGMS) is an existing commercial technology which promises to be an effective means for the large-scale separation of both weakly magnetic and practically nonmagnetic, micron-sized particles. It utilizes the strong magnetic forces created typically by placing filamentary ferromagnetic packing materials inside a separator matrix magnetized by a uniform background magnetic field. In this paper, a practical mathematical model for HGMS is developed for quantitatively predicting the grade and recovery of the separated product and the capacity (concentration breakthrough) of the separator. Computer implementation and experimental verification of the new model for HGMS applied to pilot-scale coal beneficiation are described in Part III.
An analytical study of strategy-oriented restructuring algorithms☆

Abstract Considerable experimental evidence has been accumulated showing that the performance of programs in virtual memory environments can be significantly improved by restructuring the programs, i.e., by modifying their block-to-page or block-to-segment mapping. This evidence also points out that the so-called strategy-oriented algorithms, which base their decisions on the knowledge of the memory management strategy under which the program will run, are more efficient than those algorithms which do not take this strategy into account. We present here some theoretical arguments to explain why strategy-oriented algorithms perform better than other program restructuring algorithms and determine the conditions under with these algorithms are optimum. In particular, we prove that the algorithms oriented towards the working set or sampled working set policy are optimum when applied to programs having no more than two blocks per page, and that, when this restriction is removed, they minimize both upper and lower bounds of the performance index they consider as the figure of merit to be reduced. We also prove that the restructuring algorithms aimed at reducing the page fault rate of programs to be run under such policies as LRU, Global LRU and PFF (the Page Fault Frequency policy) minimize an upper bound of the page fault rate, and we extend some of our results to some non-strategy-oriented algorithms. Throughout the paper, the only assumption about program behavior is that it can be accurately modeled as a stationary discrete-state stochastic process.
Magneto-optical trapping and its application to helium metastables

A quantitative discussion of several interesting and attractive properties of magneto-optical traps is presented. Calculations are given for the trap depth, sample size, and intrinsic cooling capability of this especially simple example of a radiative force trap. The discussion is directed toward the cooling and confinement of metastable 23S neutral helium, and a new loading procedure suitable for this atom is proposed. It is planned to operate the trap and to cool atoms in it with 1.08-μm light from solid-state, single-mode lasers pumped by efficient diode lasers. Because of the dissipative nature of the radiative force, a trapped sample of atoms may be magnetically compressed without increasing its millikelvin optical temperature, so that a subsequent adiabatic expansion can cool it to the nanokelvin temperature range.
Spectroscopic study of secondary structure and thermal denaturation of recombinant human factor XIII in aqueous solution.

The secondary structure and thermal denaturation (in H2O vs D2O) of recombinant human factor XIII in aqueous solutions were investigated using infrared and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopies. The infrared amide I spectrum of the protein in H2O solution at 25 degrees C exhibited an absorbance maximum near 1642 cm-1, indicating the presence of a predominantly beta-sheet structure. Quantitative analysis revealed that the native protein contains 13-16% alpha-helix, 41-49% beta-sheet, 29% beta-turn, and 10-14% extended strand structures. The presence of a strong low-wavenumber beta-sheet band at 1641 cm-1 and a weak high-wavenumber beta-sheet band at 1689 cm-1 indicated that the beta-sheet structure of the protein is predominantly antiparallel. Quantitative analysis of the CD spectrum using the SELCON method indicated a secondary structural content of 10% alpha-helix, 40-50% beta-sheet, 20-35% beta-turns, and 20-35% unordered elements, which matches that determined by X-ray crystallography. The apparent discrepancy with the contents of unordered element determined by infrared spectroscopy is reconciled by considering that CD spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography assign extended loops and strands to unordered elements, whereas infrared spectroscopy recognizes these as distinct structured elements. During heating above 60 degrees C, a pair of new infrared bands appeared at 1626 and 1693 cm-1 for the protein in H2O and 1619 and 1683 cm-1 in D2O, indicating a formation of intermolecular beta-sheet aggregates. The intensities of the new bands increased as a function of temperature, concomitant with an intensity decrease in bands for the native protein structural elements. As expected, there was an increase in thermal stability in D2O relative to that in H2O, which was manifested as an increase of about 5 degrees C in the temperature for initial loss of infrared bands assigned to native structural elements and for appearance of bands due to intermolecular beta-sheet. In addition, the midpoint of the thermally induced transitions in infrared spectra were about 2.5 degrees C higher in D2O than in H2O. Based on the infrared analysis, the thermally denatured state of the protein in both H2O and D2O contains predominantly intermolecular beta-sheet. The broad, poorly resolved absorbance that spans the region between the intermolecular beta-sheet bands was assigned to an ensemble of heterogeneous structural elements (including unordered), none of which is populated to a high enough degree to result in a distinct infrared band. Results from CD spectroscopy support these conclusions about the structure of the denatured, aggregated protein.
Orbitofrontal cortex neurons as a common target for classic and glutamatergic antipsychotic drugs

Until recently, all known antipsychotic drugs were thought to block the dopamine D2 receptor. New evidence that agonists of the metabotropic glutamate 2/3 (mGlu2/3) receptors ameliorate psychotic and affective symptoms of schizophrenia suggests that compounds with different molecular targets may act on a common cellular target to treat schizophrenia. We hypothesized that normalizing the activity of neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), a region that is increasingly implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, presents such a target. We disrupted OFC activity in behaving rats with a use-dependent NMDA antagonist to model the NMDA hypofunction state that may occur in schizophrenia. This systemic treatment increased the activity of most pyramidal cells while inhibiting the activity of putative inhibitory GABA interneurons and increasing behavioral stereotypy. A similar pattern of OFC firing disruption was observed after amphetamine, which models a dopamine hyperactivity state in schizophrenia and which produces a pattern of firing disruption different from those of NMDA antagonists in other prefrontal cortex regions. Antipsychotic drugs haloperidol and clozapine, which target monoamine receptors, as well as an mGlu2/3 agonist and an mGlu5 receptor modulator proposed to have antipsychotic efficacy, reversed the impact of NMDA hypofunction on OFC cells and on behavior. A similar pattern of normalization of OFC activity was observed when treatments were given after amphetamine. Thus, proven or putative antipsychotic drugs with different mechanisms of action similarly reduced the impact of NMDA hypofunction and dopamine hyperfunction on OFC neurons, suggesting that these neurons are a candidate target for the therapeutic effects of antipsychotic medications.
Delay insensitive logic for RSFQ superconductor technology

Asynchronous designs have been touted as having potential advantages in average performance, power consumption, modularity and tolerance of metastability as compared to traditional synchronous logic. While delay-insensitive (DI) asynchronous circuits are theoretically the most desirable type of asynchronous logic because they make the weakest timing assumptions, the complexity of implementing DI circuits in CMOS or similar technologies may make them impractical to use. The fact that event-based DI circuits are ill matched to CMOS does not necessarily mean that they are inherently inefficient, however. In this paper we show that using Rapid Single Flux Quantum (RSFQ) superconducting circuits, in which information is represented as discrete voltage pulses or magnetic flux quanta, many powerful DI circuit primitives can be implemented at least as efficiently as Boolean logic gates. Since DI logic also alleviates the severe clock skew problems that can be expected at the switching speeds approaching a terahertz in this technology, it may well be a more practical basis for digital circuit design than alternatives traditionally used for CMOS.
Democratic Inclusion and “Suffering Together” in The Eumenides: Duality of Immigrants

Drawing upon the dual status of the Eumenides as metics who were neither included in nor excluded from Athenian democratic politics, this essay attempts to bring the last scene of The Eumenides to contemporary political settings wherein we observe the duality of immigrants—that is, the tension between political citizenship and cultural foreignness—in our liberal society. The controversial bride kidnapping cases among Hmong immigrants show that the liberal regulative principles such as reciprocity and mutual respect cannot work in the context of powerful and irreconcilable cultural and moral conflicts, which go beyond the line that we can tolerate in the name of cultural diversity. Instead, this essay focuses on the Athenian citizens’ and the Eumenides’ courageous decision to suffer together, not merely to live together, in an attempt to find a new possibility of democratic coexistence.
Direct and indirect aggression tactics as a function of domain-specific self-esteem

Abstract Most studies on aggression focus on direct aggression or fail to distinguish between types of aggression tactics. Similarly, the relationship between self-esteem and aggression is not well understood. The present research examines whether certain domains of self-esteem lead people to differentially employ direct and indirect aggression tactics. Overall, our findings suggest that people who are high in competitive types of self-esteem (mate value and dominance) are less likely to endorse indirect aggression or more likely to endorse direct aggression than those low in competitive types of self-esteem. In an online study, we found that men reported more direct aggression in response to provocation than women, while there was no sex difference in indirect aggression responses. Self-perceived mate value negatively predicted indirect aggression in men but positively predicted direct aggression in women. In a second study, experimentally manipulated mate value predicted indirect aggression in women. Furthermore, self-perceived mate value positively predicted direct aggression in women, while dominance predicted direct aggression in men. In Study 3, a replication of Study 2 using an undergraduate sample, we found that manipulated mate value predicted indirect aggression in men and women. We conclude that particular domains of self-esteem may calibrate preferred aggression tactics.
Island Specialists: Shared Flora of the Alta and Baja California Pacific Islands

The floristic connection between the mediterranean region of Baja California and the Pacific islands of Alta and Baja California provides insight into the history and origin of the California Floristic Province. We present updated species lists for all California Floristic Province islands and demonstrate the disjunct distributions of 26 taxa between the Baja California and the California Channel Islands. These 26 plant taxa are found among the 16 Pacific islands without occurring on the intervening mainland of Alta California. Separate species lists for each island group (8 California Channel Islands and 8 Baja California Islands) were compiled. These lists were compared to the mainland California flora to identify species that occur on the California Islands and either the Baja California Pacific Islands or the mediterranean region of the Baja California Peninsula, but not the mainland of Alta California. This first compilation of the flora of the Baja California Islands and nomenclatural updates for the Channel Islands provide a platform for future research and conservation planning.
Zweistufige Kompression mit Unterkühlung durch den Kaltdampf

Um die vom Kondensator kommende Kalteflussigkeit kraftig unterkuhlen zu konnen, auch wenn warmes Kuhlwasser zur Verfugung steht, benutzt man dazu den im Verdampfer entstandenen Kaltdampf und leitet ihn durch ein Doppelrohrensystem U (Abb. 30) der abzukuhlenden Flussigkeit entlang. Der in diesem Unterkuhler stattfindende Warmeaustausch uberhitzt den Kaltdampf und unterkuhlt den Kaltetrager vor seinem Eintritt in das Regulierventil. Der Dampf wird vom Niederdruckzylinder N D angesaugt und durch den Zwischenkuhler Z zum Hochdruckzylinder H D gedruckt. Diese Anordnung gibt wohl eine Vergroserung der Kalteleistung, doch wachst auch der Energiebedarf.
An Evaluation of Two Dating Violence Prevention Programs on a College Campus

Dating violence is a serious and prevalent public health problem that is associated with numerous negative physical and psychological health outcomes, and yet there has been limited evaluation of prevention programs on college campuses. A recent innovation in campus prevention focuses on mobilizing bystanders to take action. To date, bystander programs have mainly been compared with no treatment control groups raising questions about what value is added to dating violence prevention by focusing on bystanders. This study compared a single 90-min bystander education program for dating violence prevention with a traditional awareness education program, as well as with a no education control group. Using a quasi-experimental pre-test/post-test design with follow-up at 2 months, a sample of predominately freshmen college students was randomized to either the bystander ( n = 369) or traditional awareness ( n = 376) dating violence education program. A non-randomized control group of freshmen students who did not receive any education were also surveyed ( n = 224). Students completed measures of attitudes, including rape myth acceptance, bystander efficacy, and intent to help as well as behavioral measures related to bystander action and victimization. Results showed that the bystander education program was more effective at changing attitudes, beliefs, efficacy, intentions, and self-reported behaviors compared with the traditional awareness education program. Both programs were significantly more effective than no education. The findings of this study have important implications for future dating violence prevention educational programming, emphasizing the value of bystander education programs for primary dating violence prevention among college students.
Parametric investigation of load-induced structure remodeling in the proximal femur.

The process of adaptive bone remodeling can be simulated with a self-optimizing finite element method. The basic remodeling rules attempt to obtain a constant value for the strain energy per unit bone mass, by adapting density. The precise solution is dependent on the loads, initial conditions, and the parameters of the remodeling rule. While there are several investigations on developing algorithms leading to the bone density distribution in the proximal femur, these algorithms often require a large number of iterations. The aim of this study was to develop a more efficient adaptive bone remodeling algorithm, and to identify how the bone density distribution of the proximal femur was affected by parameters that govern the remodeling process. The forces at different phases of the gait cycle were applied as boundary conditions. The bone density distributions from these forces were averaged to estimate the density distribution in the proximal femur. The effect of varying the initial bone density, spatial in...
Using the Voting Rights Act to Discriminate: North Carolina's Use of Racial Gerrymanders, Two Racial Quotas, Safe Harbors, Shields, and Inoculations to Undermine Multiracial Coalitions and Black Political Power

This Article focuses on new developments in the ongoing saga of North Carolina’s 2011 state legislative and congressional reapportionment and gerrymander. The earlier article included a review of devices, including changes in election laws, used in North Carolina in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries — at first, without explicit use of racial classifications — to undermine black voting and to disrupt the biracial Republican coalition. The North Carolina legislature’s 2011 redistricting and revision of statutes dealing with voting were also “reforms” with a rich potential to depress black voting and to disrupt the multiracial coalition of which blacks are a crucial part.
Performance characteristics of two volume phase holographic grisms produced for the ESPRESSO spectrograph

The ESPRESSO spectrograph [1] , a new addition to the European Southern Observatory’s (ESO) Very Large Telescope (VLT), requires two volume phase holographic (VPH) grisms, one blue and the other red, splitting the overall spectral range of the instrument to maximize throughput while achieving high resolution. The blue grism covers the spectral range from 375 nm to 520 nm with a dispersion of 0.88 degrees/nm at the central wavelength of 438 nm. The red grism operates from 535 nm to 780 nm with a dispersion of 0.47 degrees/nm at 654.8 nm. Both designs use a single input prism to enhance the dispersion of the grism assembly. The grisms are relatively large in size with a working aperture of 185 mm x 185 mm for the blue grism and 215 nm x 185 mm for the red grism respectively. This paper describes the specifications of the two grating types, gives the rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA) theoretical performances of diffraction efficiency for the production designs and presents the measured performances of each of the delivered grisms.
Flash-Induced Oxygen Evolution and Other Oscillatory Processes

The light-induced oxidation of water by Photosystem II (PS II) of higher plants, algae and cyanobacteria is the main source of atmospheric oxygen. The discovery of the flash-induced period-four oscillations in the O2 evolution [Joliot P, Barbieri G and Chabaud R (1969) Photochem Photobiol 10: 309–329] has had a lasting impact on current photosynthesis research. Such oscillations were explained by introducing the cycle of flash-induced transitions of states of an oxygen evolving complex [Kok B, Forbush B and McGloin M (1970) Photochem Photobiol 11: 467–475]. In order to describe dampening of the oscillations in the O2 evolution the Kok model introduces misses, which characterize the failure to advance the S-states, and double hits, which characterize the two-step advancement of S-states. While the Kok model has been successfully used for over 30 years for interpretation of experimental data in photosynthesis, until recently there was no simple analytical solution for it. A much overdue analytical solution is presented here. Correlation of S-states transitions at the donor side of the PS II and QB transitions at the acceptor side leads to the recognition of two different reaction sequence cycles of PS II, so called cycles V and W [Shinkarev VP and Wraight CA (1993a) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:1834–1838]. In each of these cycles the quantitative description of binary oscillations of the QB semiquinone can be obtained from the analytical solution for individual S-states. Standard application of the Kok model consists in finding misses and double hits from measured sequence of flash-induced O2 evolution. In alternative approach known kinetic and thermodynamic data are used to reconstruct period-four oscillations of O2 evolution. This general kinetic model allows calculation of all transition probabilities in the Kok model from first principles. The model predicts that misses in the V and W cycles are different. The general character of the model allows simultaneous consideration of different flash-induced oscillation phenomena at the donor and acceptor sides of PS II, without limitations on the number of states needed to be considered.
Valuing Art, Trusts, and Return to the Beginning

Early in August 2013 Orr announced he was hiring outside experts to appraise “the full range of city assets” such as parking meters and garages, parks, including Belle Isle located in the Detroit River, other publicly owned land, the Detroit–Windsor Tunnel, the Coleman A. Young International Airport (a small, old private-use airport), and the DIA. Orr followed through on the proposal Christie’s auction house prepared earlier in the summer to appraise about 2800 works in the museum’s collections—just those purchased with City of Detroit funds—and to “advise the city whether or not there are ways to create a cash flow from the art without giving up [its] ownership.” The works included many of the museum’s most significant and valuable holdings including the Bruegel and Van Gogh (Figs. 2.2 and 4.7), as well as a Rembrandt and Degas (Figs. 6.1 and 6.2). By confining the appraisal to city-purchased works, Orr enabled Christie’s to concentrate on a more practical, if still-rushed, number of pieces to be evaluated. But there were other reasons too. Of the remaining nearly 62,000 works in the collection, a large but uncertain number had donor restrictions concerning the works’ future disposition. By focusing on just those for which the city’s “title is more clear,” Orr could avoid “hundreds of lawsuits” likely to be filed if it sold pieces given by third parties. Then too, Orr and his allies may have been concerned about public relations. When they and the museum’s leadership squared off for “the fight that clearly was going to be coming,” Beal observed, it might “seem more reasonable” to most outside observers if Detroit sold only those artworks acquired with city funds.1
Dramatic Increase in the Rate of Olefin Insertion by Coordination of Lewis Acids to the Oxo Ligand in Oxorhenium(V) Hydrides

In this work we show that classic coordination of the oxo group in an oxorhenium hydride complex to M(C6F5)3 (M = Al, B) leads to dramatic increases in the rate of migratory olefin insertion. Combined experimental and computational studies have been utilized to understand the reasons for the rate enhancement upon coordination of the oxo group to the Lewis acid. The mechanism for migratory insertion involves coordination of the olefin to rhenium in the equatorial plane. This induces mixing of the rhenium–hydride σ bond with a rhenium–oxygen π* orbital. This results in an accumulation of electron density on the oxo ligand. The Lewis acid lowers the barrier for migratory insertion by diminishing the electron density on the oxo ligand in the transition state.
Unfreezing the Arctic

Stuhl is an assistant professor of environmental history based at Bucknell University. The subtitle of this book— Science, Colonialism, and the Transformation of Innuit Lands—gives a strong glimpse...
Pulmonary Injury and Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease: Do We Miss the Signs and Symptoms?

• Histopathologic findings of the lung on autopsy in patients after allogeneic HCT are much more frequent than clinically suspected.
Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for testicular seminomas: population-based practice and survival outcomes.

While retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) is traditionally reserved for nonseminomatous germ cell tumors, recent efforts to reduce long-term toxicities of radiation and chemotherapy have turned attention to its application for testicular seminomas. Currently, RPLND is reserved for the post-chemotherapy for stage II testicular seminomas; we aimed to describe current utilization of RPNLD for testicular seminomas by stage and implications for survival. A national sample of men diagnosed with stage IA/IB/IS/IIA/IIB/IIC testicular seminoma (1988–2013) was evaluated from SEER Program registries. Stage-specific utilization of RPLND was determined. Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for age, race, and radiotherapy, evaluated overall (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) for the RPLND cohort. Adjusted models assessed predictors of RPLND. A total of 17,681 men (mean age 38.1 years) with testicular seminoma were included with low utilization of RPLND for stage I disease (1.3% overall) and higher rates for stage II disease (10.6% overall). There were no appreciable trends over time. Patients receiving RPLND did not appear to have worse OS or CSS on adjusted stage-by-stage analysis. Higher stage disease (IIA-IIC) was associated with greater need for RPLND while radiotherapy was associated with decreased use [OR 0.40 (0.32–0.51), p < 0.001]. Utilization of RPLND for testicular seminomas in the post-chemotherapy setting has remained stable over a 25-year period. Patients undergoing RPLND are a higher risk cohort but stage-by-stage survival outcomes appeared comparable to men not undergoing RPLND. Upcoming trials implementing RPLND as a first-line modality for testicular seminoma or isolated retroperitoneal relapse will help better quantify relative recurrence and survival.
Firm-Level Reputation Estimates as Computed Using Reputation Construct in Obrimah (2016)

Obrimah (2016) motivates a new measure of market reputation for venture capitalists (VCs). This document reports firm level estimates of market reputations for sample VCs in Obrimah (2016). Explanatory notes can be found on last page of the document. For more detailed explanations, see Obrimah (2016).