cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simulations of climate effects on water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and ice and snow covers in lakes of the contiguous U.S. under past and future climate scenarios.

Daily water temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO) profiles, and ice and snow covers (where applicable) were simulated for 27 types of small lakes (up to 10 km2 surface area) at 209 locations in the contiguous United States under past climate (observed from 1961 to 1979) and for projected doubled atmospheric carbon dioxide (23CO2) climate conditions. A verified, process-oriented, dynamic, and one-dimensional year-round lake water quality model (MINLAKE96) was applied to simulate water temperature and DO profiles continuously in daily time steps over a 19-yr simulation period. This regional lake model has no geographic constraints on the model’s physical and chemical processes, but the climate forcing is a function of geographic location. Model calibration parameters and initial conditions are correlated to lake geometry, trophic state, and location. The 23CO2 climate scenario is projected to increase lake surface temperatures by up to 5.2uC when the climate scenario projects an increase of mean annual air temperature up to 6.7uC. The 23CO2 climate scenario is projected to increase the duration of seasonal summer stratification by up to 67 d, to shorten ice cover by up to 90 d, and to reduce the maximum ice thickness by up to 0.44 m. Under a 23CO2 climate scenario, lake anoxia during the period of ice cover is projected to shorten so that fish winterkill can be avoided, but the periods of hypolimnetic summer anoxia are projected to lengthen. These projected changes will have many significant effects on ecological conditions and aquatic habitats in lakes in the contiguous United States. An increase of atmospheric CO2 and other greenhouse gases causes climate warming, which alters water temperature and dissolved oxygen (DO) in lake waters (Blumberg and Di Toro 1990). These water quality changes have a profound effect on fish habitat (Regier et al. 1990; Magnuson et al. 1990). Water temperatures and DO concentrations in Minnesota lakes under several projected climate scenarios were previously simulated for the open water season (Stefan et al. 1996). The following is a summary and analysis of simulations of long-term average water temperature, DO conditions, and ice and snow cover characteristics in small lakes (up to 10 km2 surface area) over the contiguous United States (U.S.) under past and
Age-dependent excision repair of damaged thymine from |[gamma]|-irradiated DNA by isolated nuclei from human fibroblasts

THE lifespan of diploid human fibroblasts in culture is limited1, although there are substantial variations in lifespan with different culturing conditions and growth media2–4. Before death, the cells pass through a period of senescence, characterised by numerous structural changes5. According to the error catastrophe hypothesis, a breakdown of the fidelity of the expression of genetic information resulting in the production of faulty proteins6–11, and the accumulation of mutations in the genome12, may represent important mechanisms of cellular ageing. It would be predicted that the deterioration of the quality of the genome would be accelerated by deficient or error-prone DNA repair. Several steps in the excision repair of damaged DNA residues have been demonstrated in mammalian cells exposed to exogenous physical or chemical agents. In the case of ionising radiation, the removal from the DNA of thymine damaged by γ rays was observed in Chinese hamster ovary13 and human WI-38 cells14, and the filling of the resulting gaps, indicated by repair replication or unscheduled synthesis, has been demonstrated in numerous cell lines15. Recently published experiments16 have demonstrated that the capacity of skin fibroblasts to perform ultraviolet-induced repair synthesis increases as a function of the lifespan of the donor species. We report that isolated nuclei or nuclear sonicates from senescent diploid human lung fibroblasts WI–38 have lost their ability to excise from DNA thymine damaged by γ rays.
Multiphase, multicomponent hydrodynamics in HCDA analysis: Present status and future trends

Abstract The scope and complexity of hypothetical core meltdown accident phenomenology is outlined. Approaches for assessing the recriticality characteristics and the tendencies for severe, containment challenging events is addressed also. Some results of initial analyses with SIMMER-II, which attempts to include the numerous multicomponent, multiphase effects on material movements and reactor neutronic response, are described. Perspectives are offered regarding the role of the internal structures in the termination of neutronic activity during a core meltdown accident sequence.
What studying genetically-based disorders can tell us about ourselves.

Abstract Bridging cognition, brain and genes: evidence from genetically-based syndromes, Fifth Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society, 5–7 April 1998, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Properties optimization for phase-change energy storage in air-based solar heating systems

Abstract A parametric study has been conducted to determine the optimum physical properties of phase-change energy storage materials for solar air-heating systems. Simulation techniques are used to determine the system performance over the entire heating season. Variations of the solar fraction of the load with melting temperature, latent heat, load characteristics, and control strategy have been determined. Air-heating systems with a wide range of hot water and space heating loads have been examined. The effect of semicongruent melting of the phase change material on system performance has also been investigated.
Beyond Eponymy: the Evidence for Loikop as an Ethnonym in Nineteenth-Century East Africa

During the early nineteenth century, European travelers and residents in east Africa wrote of an important pastoralist society, called Loikop, that dominated the plains of the Rift Valley, and whose divisions included, among others, the rapidly expanding Maasai. These pastoralists were described in detail by three missionaries: Johann Ludwig Krapf, Johannes Rebmann, and Jakob Erhardt. Their various journals, letters, and published articles, written during the 1840s and 1850s, are widely recognized as the earliest documentary evidence for Maasai and Parakuyo history. But they have often been neglected, and sometimes deliberately shunned, in favor of later written or oral sources, perhaps because their views of pastoralist history, including the idea of a pastoralist Loikop community, seem rather incongruous when compared to those of more recent vintage. This skepticism was fueled partly by the fact that during the course of the nineteenth century, Maasai expanded dramatically, demolishing and absorbing other Loikop sections; eventually, Maasai pastoralist identity superseded and erased that of Loikop. By the time of European colonial conquest, the term “Loikop” carried negative connotations, and scholars from this point forward had difficulty in seeing any other valid meaning for the term. This essay is devoted to making the case for restoring the idea of Loikop pastoralists in our narratives of east African history. In many ways, it is a response to John Berntsen's “The Enemy Is Us: Eponymy in the Historiography of the Maasai,” published in 1980.
Radiation properties of coal combustion products

Abstract An assessment is made of the experimental data and the theoretical bases for determining the absorption and scattering coefficients of the coal products of combustion. Particular attention is devoted to the complex refractive indices for char and ash. A dispersion relation is developed from sparse extinction data that can be used to estimate the optical constants of char. Considerable uncertainty and scatter are found in the literature data on ash optical constants and are attributed to variability in ash composition, lack of experimental rigor and limitations in the data reduction procedures. A correlation is presented for estimating the complex refractive indices of ash as a function of its mineral composition. A parametric study is conducted to elucidate the role of char, soot and ash particulates in determining the radiation properties of coal flames. The effects of combustion particulates are discussed in terms of the modification of the band structure of gas radiation to a luminous spectrum, introduction of scattering in radiation transport, particle size distribution, particle loading and particle composition. The results are interpreted as possible effects ofcoal beneficiation. micronization and flyash composition on heat transfer to the water walls of a coal furnace.
A Context‐Sensitive Liar

Context-sensitive approaches to the liar paradox have been given by a number of authors, including Burge, Parsons, and Gaifman. One of Burge's students, Robert Koons, has developed the context-sensitive approach in greatest detail in his (1992), a tour de force of technical sophistication and philosophical subtlety. Koons shows that Barwise and Etchemendy's 'situation-theoretic' approach is a variety of context-sensitive theory. For definiteness I will focus on the Burge-Koons version, although analogous constructions can be given for all of the theories mentioned. The context-sensitive approach assigns 'levels' to occurrences of 'true' in particular sentence tokens or types. The predicate 'true' is taken to be indexical, so that its extension varies from context to context. A context is determined by a variety of features of the world, including what sentencetokens have been uttered. The semantic paradoxes are dealt with by assigning paradoxical sentences different truth values at different levels of a
The Non‐conceptual Content of Perceptual Experience: Situation Dependence and Fineness of Grain

I begin by examining a recent debate between John McDowell and Christopher Peacocke over whether the content of perceptual experience is non-conceptual. Although I am sympathetic to Peacocke's claim that perceptual content is non-conceptual, I suggest a number of ways in which his arguments fail to make that case. This failure stems from an over-emphasis on the “fine-grainedness” of perceptual content -a feature that is relatively unimportant to its non-conceptual structure. I go on to describe two other features of perceptual experience that are more likely to be relevant to the claim that perceptual content is non-conceptual. These features are 1) the dependence of a perceived object on the perceptual context in which it is perceived and 2) the dependence of a perceived property on the object it is perceived to be a property of.
Validation of environmental content in the Young Children's Participation and Environment Measure

Abstract Objective To evaluate the concurrent validity of the environment content in the newly developed Young Children's Participation and Environment Measure (YC-PEM). Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Data were collected online. Participants Convenience and snowball sampling methods were used to survey caregivers of children (N=381; 85 children with developmental disabilities and delays and 296 children without developmental disabilities and delays) aged 0 and 5 years (mean age, 36.49±20.18mo). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures The YC-PEM includes an assessment of the effect of environment on children's participation for 3 settings: home, daycare/preschool, and community. Pearson and Spearman correlational analyses were used to examine the concurrent validity of the YC-PEM environmental content according to a criterion measure, the Craig Hospital Inventory of Environmental Factors–Child and Parent Version (CHIEF-CP). The YC-PEM and the CHIEF-CP items were first mapped to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health–Children and Youth Version to identify items for pairwise comparison. Results We found small to moderate negative associations for 51 of 66 pairwise comparisons involving CHIEF-CP and YC-PEM environment items ( r =−.13 to −.39; P Conclusions Results lend further support for the use of the YC-PEM for valid caregiver assessment of the physical, social, attitudinal, and institutional features of environments in terms of their effect on young children's participation within the home, daycare/preschool, and community settings.
Tissue Plasminogen Activator for the Treatment of Parapneumonic Effusions in Pediatric Patients

Intrapleural fibrinolysis has been investigated for the treatment of pleural effusion for several decades. Fibrinolytics have the ability to break up fibrin and loculations that characterize complicated pleural effusions, facilitating drainage. Older fibrinolytics such as urokinase and streptokinase have been replaced by tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) for this indication due to product availability and a more favorable safety profile. The literature supports tPA as a treatment approach for this indication in adult patients, and the use of tPA has become a standard management approach in this population. Over the past decade, data on the efficacy of intrapleural fibrinolytic therapy in children have also been generated, which now support the use of fibrinolysis as a treatment alternative to more invasive therapeutic options such as surgical intervention. In this review, we discuss the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of parapneumonic effusion and empyema, with a focus on intrapleural fibrinolysis, specifically tissue plasminogen activator, in the pediatric population. Recent articles provide sufficient evidence to support the use of this drug in pediatric patients for the management of pleural effusions; however, due to study heterogeneity, questions remain that may be addressed in future studies.
Clinical study of location and reproducibility of three mandibular positions in relation to body posture and muscle function

Clinical studies have confirmed the adequate reproducibility of both centric occlusion and centric relation when used as reference positions during treatment; however, the reproducibility of the neuromuscular position has been found inadequate. This study evaluated the location and reproducibility of these three mandibular positions in relation to body posture, sitting and supine, and bilateral muscle activity before and after the insertion of a flat mandibular positioning device equilibrated to balance the muscle functions, as shown by two electromyography biofeedback instruments. Intraoral recordings were made in 11 young subjects with complete natural dentition. Acrylic resin clutches that supported a screw point in the maxillary arch and painted glass in the mandibular arch were used and positioned not to interfere with the occlusion. The distances of the screw scratch from two of the edges of the painted glass were used to measure the anteroposterior and mediolateral locations with a micrometer. The reproducibility was evaluated by measuring the scratch surface by measuring the weight of the print cutouts made from photographs of the scratches taken with a stereoscope. The location and reproducibility of centric occlusion and centric relation were not affected by body posture. A more precise posterior neuromuscular position was obtained in the supine position. The insertion of a mandibular positioning device did not affect centric occlusion but gave a more precise centric relation. Neuromuscular position became as precise as centric occlusion and was located anteroposteriorly between centric occlusion and centric relation.
Hypertension, obesity and prostate cancer biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy.

Hypertension, obesity and prostate cancer biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy
Atmospheric delay tracking in a long-baseline optical stellar interferometer

The performance of a long-baseline optical stellar interferometer is greatly enhanced if the instantaneous atmospheric delay ?(t ) can be tracked to within a fraction of a wavelength, permitting coherent integration of the optical correlation (fringe visibility). Real-time fringe tracking involves a control system that servos a rapidly responding pathlength compensator in real time. However, precise delay tracking can be achieved at somewhat lower signal levels by employing an off-line delaytracking system, in which the raw data measured by the interferometer are stored for subsequent analysis. Then the estimate of ? at time t is based on data collected both before and after time ? . An optimum delaytracking algorithm embraces the a priori statistics of the atmospheric delay process. Rather than simply estimating t at a point in time, a superior estimate of ? will be obtained by comparing all possible functions ?(t ) over a time period. Using Bayes’s theorem, the a posteriori probability density of any t(t ) function can be determined. An algorithm is developed that determines one or more functions that maximize that probability. Even the ambiguous estimates that result at lower signal levels can be employed for the coherent integration of optical correlation.
A New Species of Hyla (Anura: Hylidae) from the Highlands of Venezuelan Guayana

A new species of Hyla is described from Cerro Jaua, 1600 m, Bolivar State, Venezuela. The external appearance of the new species closely resembles Hyla benitezi and Hyla lemai but differs from these species in having cream-colored digits and webbing (in live specimens), a golden iris, less foot webbing, no quadratojugal, and a characteristic advertisement call that consists of a rhythmically repeated note with a dominant frequency between 3260 and 3450 Hz.
A Bayesian Re-Assessment of the Earliest Radiocarbon Dates from Tiwanaku, Bolivia

The development of sociopolitical complexity at Tiwanaku around AD 500 was one of the major episodes of social change in the history of the Lake Titicaca Basin. It was the result of poorly understood processes that took place at a series of ceremonial centers in the preceding centuries. The history of Tiwanaku during this time is especially unclear, because the only radiocarbon dates are from excavations whose details were never completely published. Despite this, there is consensus that Tiwanaku was founded around 300 BC. A re-evaluation of the archaeological context of each of these dates shows many of them to be unreliable. Two Bayesian models from independent excavations agree that Tiwanaku was in fact founded centuries later, most likely around AD 110 (50–170, 1 σ ). This has important implications for widely used monolith and ceramic sequences, as well as understanding the rise of Tiwanaku and other archaic states. DOI: 10.2458/azu_js_rc.v54i2.15826
Cattails (Typha spp.) — Weed Problem or Potential Crop?

The prospects of converting a portion of the world's wealth of aquatic weeds into digestible protein or other useful material are currently of broad interest. The semi-aquatic cattails, which are overly aggressive and subject to vigorous control measures in many parts of the world, deserve study with a view to industrial utilization as an alternative to destruction. Being of nearly universal occurrence, cattails have had exceedingly widespread and diverse use by man and are employed to some extent commercially even today. Their stems and leaves might well be more extensively fashioned into floor coverings and other woven products, and the leaves, suitably processed, might relieve the growing shortage of papermaking substances. The family Typhaceae consists of a single genus, Typha (from the Greek rvboo, meaning marsh) (2), with an undetermined number of species. Willis hazards "10-20 temp. & trop." (150). Ewart says "about 12 existing and 2 fossil species" (39). Physical differences are minor. All inhabit the slowmoving shallow water and low banks of freshwater ponds, lakes, rivers, canals, ditches, swamps and borders of dams. Some will tolerate a moderate degree of salinity (88).
Supporting wire interference effects in supersonic near wakes of slender bodies

References ^uchs, B. A. and Levin, V. I., Functions of a Complex Variable, Pergamon Press, New York, 1961, Chap. V., Sec. 27, p. 251. Davis, L., Follin, J. W., and Blitzer, L., Exterior Ballistics of Rockets, D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., Princeton, N. J., 1958, Chap. 10, Sec. 10.13, p. 374. Laitone, E. V., "Real Part of the Square Root of a Complex Number," Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 24, May 1957, pp. 391-392. Frank, E., "On the Zeros of Polynomials with Complex Coefficients," Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, Vol. 52, Feb. 1946, pp. 144-157. Leipholz, H., Stability Theory, Academic Press, New York, 1970, Parti, Sec. 1.3, p. 24. Gantmacher, F. R., The Theory of Matrices, Vol. II, Chelsea Publishing Co., New York, 1959, Chap. XV, Sec. 5, p. 190. Nielsen, K. L. and Synge, J. L., "On the Motion of a Spinning Shell," Quarterly of Applied Mathematics, Vol. IV, No. 3, Oct. 1946, pp. 201-226.
Ultrafast investigation of electron dynamics in multi-layer metals

Abstract Ultrafast time-resolved pump–probe studies of energy relaxation and transport in polycrystalline single and multi-layer metal films are presented. The dependence of the surface electron temperature on the film structure was investigated. Vanadium was studied as possible padding layer for increasing the laser damage threshold of metal mirrors. The results, for 300 K
Reduction of Mean Arterial Pressure at Incision Reduces Operative Blood Loss in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis

Abstract Background Spinal fusion surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) has been associated with significant blood loss and transfusion requirements. Reduction of mean arterial pressure (MAP) has benefits, but has been debated. This study aimed to analyze hypotensive anesthesia (MAP less than 65 mm Hg) at incision for its effect on blood loss. Methods Retrospective analysis of 327 AIS patients treated by a single surgeon from 2000 to 2008. We recorded demographic, laboratory, and radiographic measurements and perioperative data, including complications. We estimated MAP from the anesthesia flow sheet at incision (I-MAP) and during the entire surgery (Avg MAP). Patients were stratified into 3 groups: low (MAP less than 65), medium (MAP 65–75), or high (MAP greater than 75). We also evaluated the effect of elevated blood pressure at incision. The groups were as follows: reduced (I-MAP less than Avg MAP), stable (I-MAP = Avg MAP), or elevated (I-MAP greater than Avg MAP). We performed comparisons using analysis of variance with Tukey's Multiple Comparison Test. Blood loss was recorded as absolute volume and percent total blood volume (%EBV). Results Of the 327 patients (mean age, 15 years; range, 10–21 years; 248 females), 129 received blood transfusions (29% allogenic). There was a reduction in blood loss comparing low (584 mL; 14% EBV) versus high I-MAP (871 mL; 20.3% EBV) (p = .03). Likewise, an elevated blood pressure at incision led to increased blood loss: reduced, 510 mL, 11.5% EBV; stable, 735 mL, 17.6% EBV; and elevated, 1,033 mL, 24.9% EBV (p = .000–.02). Operative time was decreased in the low group by up to 48 minutes (p = .002), as was blood loss per minute (2.6 mL/min vs. 3.8 mL/min). There were no complications related to the use of hypotension. Conclusions Induction of hypotensive anesthesia (MAP less than 65 mm Hg) at incision reduces operative blood loss by 33%. In addition, elevations in blood pressure at incision increase blood loss by 29%, and operative time by 29 minutes.
Beta-endorphin and endoloxone: Hormones of the autonomic nervous system for the conservation or expenditure of bodily resources and energy in anticipation of famine or feast ☆

The feeding pattern of mammals evolved long before the current era of plentiful food and energy. In those early millenia, species survived which could take advantage of infrequent feasts in order to store enough calories to survive the long intervening periods of famine. As a result, many mammals, including humans, acquired the capacity to eat one half to all of their daily basal calorie requirements in a single 10-minute meal (Owen et al., 1979). If given the opportunity, many people tend toward overeating and gorging themselves. They store the extra nutrient in adipose tissue. This tissue is kept plump so that it can yield back enough calories to provide the ability to survive the inevitable famine. Today in affluent nations obesity is quite common and it represents a preparation for the famine that never comes.
The Book of Job: Implications for construct validity of posttraumatic stress disorder diagnostic criteria

This project involved asking a group of clinicians experienced in working with trauma to rate (among other things) how well descriptions from the Book of Job matched current DSM diagnostic criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This research found high ratings of congruence between descriptions of Job's reactions and symptoms of PTSD described in DSM-IV-TR. However, the congruence with the traumatising events was less certain. These findings are discussed in relation to the construct validity of PTSD diagnostic criteria. While symptoms of trauma are consistent and robust over millennia of observation of the human condition, the nature of the events required in criterion A (1) is likely flawed on a number of levels.
Performance of imaging plates for electron recording

Abstract The characteristics of newly developed 25 μm pixel size imaging plates with a detection area of 3000 × 3760 pixels are measured using the same methods applied for the slow-scan CCD (SSC) camera at various electron accelerating voltages. These are compared directly with the SSC camera. Examples of electron images recorded with the imaging plate and the SSC camera are given and analysed based on the measured camera characteristics. Advantages of each system are illustrated.
Transverse flat plate heat pipe experiment

This paper describes a Shuttle-launched flight experiment to evaluate the performance of a transverse flat plate heat pipe that serves as an integral temperature control/mounting panel for electronic equipment. A transverse heat pipe is a gas-controlled variable conductance heat pipe that can handle relatively large thermal loads. An experiment designed to flight test the concept over a 6-9 month period is self-sufficient with respect to electrical power, timing sequences, and data storage.
Is bone loss after gastric bypass surgery associated with the extent of weight loss

This Practice Point commentary discusses a prospective study by Fleisher et al. that showed bone loss in response to extreme weight loss in 23 patients following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. The decline in BMD at the hip, but not at the spine or distal radius, was found to be proportional to the extent of weight loss. Although dietary calcium and vitamin D intake markedly increased after surgery, serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D, serum parathyroid hormone and urinary calcium levels remained at presurgery levels. Here, I highlight concerns about bone loss associated with severe weight loss, discuss mechanisms that might alter bone regulation during caloric restriction, and consider how diet might be used to prevent osteoporosis after weight-loss surgery.
Numerical Modeling of Nonlinear Beam Propagation Phenomena

A user-friendly beam propagation program has been developed for use over the worldwide- web to aid the optical limiting community in modeling the transmission of light through nonlinear refractive and absorptive media having local intensity-dependent or nonlocal fluencedependent mechanisms.
Efficacy of a Metalloproteinase Inhibitor in Spinal Cord Injured Dogs

Matrix metalloproteinase-9 is elevated within the acutely injured murine spinal cord and blockade of this early proteolytic activity with GM6001, a broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, results in improved recovery after spinal cord injury. As matrix metalloproteinase-9 is likewise acutely elevated in dogs with naturally occurring spinal cord injuries, we evaluated efficacy of GM6001 solubilized in dimethyl sulfoxide in this second species. Safety and pharmacokinetic studies were conducted in naive dogs. After confirming safety, subsequent pharmacokinetic analyses demonstrated that a 100 mg/kg subcutaneous dose of GM6001 resulted in plasma concentrations that peaked shortly after administration and were sustained for at least 4 days at levels that produced robust in vitro inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-9. A randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled study was then conducted to assess efficacy of GM6001 given within 48 hours of spinal cord injury. Dogs were enrolled in 3 groups: GM6001 dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (n = 35), dimethyl sulfoxide (n = 37), or saline (n = 41). Matrix metalloproteinase activity was increased in the serum of injured dogs and GM6001 reduced this serum protease activity compared to the other two groups. To assess recovery, dogs were a priori stratified into a severely injured group and a mild-to-moderate injured group, using a Modified Frankel Scale. The Texas Spinal Cord Injury Score was then used to assess long-term motor/sensory function. In dogs with severe spinal cord injuries, those treated with saline had a mean motor score of 2 (95% CI 0-4.0) that was significantly (P<0.05; generalized linear model) less than the estimated mean motor score for dogs receiving dimethyl sulfoxide (mean, 5; 95% CI 2.0-8.0) or GM6001 (mean, 5; 95% CI 2.0-8.0). As there was no independent effect of GM6001, we attribute improved neurological outcomes to dimethyl sulfoxide, a pleotropic agent that may target diverse secondary pathogenic events that emerge in the acutely injured cord.
Modeling Behavioral Complexities of Warning Issuance for Domestic Security: A Simulation Approach to Develop Public Management Theories

ABSTRACT Our daily life is full of various forms of security warnings. But do they have enough effect on people's behavior, and how can the government improve its domestic warning system? The purpose of this article is to develop a model to help examine the trade-offs inherent in issuing security warnings and identify optimal timing for warning issuance. We develop a formal dynamic model of security-based warning systems. Then we conduct several simulation-based analyses. We show that optimal policies for warning issuance are sensitive to two major behavioral characteristics of the society: how fast people might start ignoring warnings, and how adversaries perceive such ignorance. The results show that an underestimation of these effects can result in sub-optimal solutions and performance shortfall. In addition, methodologically, the article provides an example of how to use simulation techniques for theory development in public management and policy. [Supplementary material is available for this article....
A Bit-Sliced Computer Design Laboratnry

A laboratory course in computer organization and design based on the use of bit-sliced microprocessor parts is described. Course objectives are given and the course content is presented. The special laboratory facility developed for the course, which is a microcomputer-based system, is described. Experience in operating the course over the first year is discussed, and plans for the future are outlined.
Moral Relativism in Context

(1.1) The average moral relativist denies the existence of “absolute moral truths.” (1.2) The average moral relativist often expresses her commitment to moral relativism with slogans like ‘What’s true (or right) for you may not be what’s true (or right) for me’ or ‘What’s true (or right) for your culture may not be what’s true (or right) for my culture.’ (1.3) The average moral relativist endorses relativistic views of morality without endorsing relativistic views about science or mathematics. (1.4) The average moral relativist takes moral relativism to be non-relatively true and does not think there is anything contradictory about doing so. (1.5) The average moral relativist adopts an egalitarian attitude toward a wide range of moral values, practices and beliefs, claiming they are all equally legitimate or correct. (1.6) The average moral relativist often admonishes others to be more tolerant of those who engage in alternative ethical practices and to refrain from making negative moral judgments about them. (1.7) The average moral relativist sometimes makes negative moral judgments about the behavior of others—e.g., by harshly judging moral absolutists to be intolerant—but is less inclined to do so when the relativist’s metaethical views are salient in a context of moral judgment. (1.8) The average moral relativist takes anthropological evidence concerning the worldwide diversity of ethical views and practices to support moral relativism.
Role of barrier and buffer layer defect states in AlGaN/GaN HEMT structures

We have used low energy electron-excited nanoscale luminescence spectroscopy (LEEN) to detect the defects in each layer of AlGaN/GaN HEMT device structures to correlate their effect on two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) confinement. Also, we have used Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) to detect the chemical composition as a function of lateral position on a growth wafer and to correlate chemical effects with electronic properties. We investigated several high-quality AlGaN/GaN heterostructures of varying electrical properties using incident electron beam energies of 0.5–15 keV to probe electronic state transitions within each of the heterostructure layers. The LEEN depth profiles reveal differences between sucessful and failed structures and highlight the importance of acceptor deep defect levels in the near 2DEG region. Variations in the GaN and AlGaN band edge emissions, as well as the yellow defect emission across an AlGaN/GaN heterostructure growth wafer have been observed. AES and LEEN spectroscopy of the growth wafer suggest that variation in the cation concentration may play a role in the mechanism responsible for the deep aceceptor level emission in the AlGaN barrier layer.
Preparation and characterization of partially substituted LiMyMn2−yO4 (M=Ni, Co, Fe) spinel cathodes for Li-ion batteries

Abstract The electrochemical and thermal behaviors of the spinels-LiMn 2 O 4 , LiCo 1/6 Mn 11/6 O 4 , LiFe 1/6 Mn 11/6 O 4 , and LiNi 1/6 Mn 11/6 O 4 were studied using electrochemical and thermochemical techniques. The electrochemical techniques included cyclic voltammetry, charge–discharge cycling of 2016 coin cells and diffusion coefficient measurements using Galvanostatic Intermittent Titration Technique. Better capacity retention was observed for the substituted spinels (0.11% loss per cycle for LiCo 1/6 Mn 11/6 O 4 ; 0.3% loss per cycle for LiFe 1/6 Mn 11/6 O 4 ; and 0.2% loss per cycle for LiNi 1/6 Mn 11/6 O 4 ) than for the lithium manganese dioxide spinel (1.6% loss per cycle for first ten cycles, 0.9% loss per cycle for 33 cycles) during 33 cycles. The Differential Scanning Calorimetry results showed that the cobalt substituted spinel has better thermal stability than the lithium manganese oxide and other substituted spinels.
FEEDING IN PERANEMA TRICHOPHORUM REVISITED (EUGLENOPHYTA)1

Feeding in Peranema trichophorum (Ehrenberg 1838) Stein 1878 was first observed over a century ago, yet there is still contention over how the feeding apparatus is used in feeding. Using video microscopy and scanning microscopy, this study documents two types of feeding. Peranema may engulf prey cells whole. Immotile cells are preferred, but moving cells occasionally are engulfed. Details of the early stages of engulfment are presented using scanning electron microscopy. A second method of feeding begins with the attachment of Peranema to a prey cell. The rods of the feeding apparatus then are repeatedly scraped over the surface of the prey until a tear occurs in the cell. The feeding apparatus is inserted into the opening and the internal cell contents are sucked out. The anterior flagellum is inserted into the prey to help remove the cell's contents.
The Interaction of the Serotonergic and Dopaminergic Systems on Prolactin Secretion in the Rat: The Mechanism of Action of the “Specific” Serotonin Receptor Antagonist, Methysergide*

In this study, the mechanisms governing the secretion of PRL by the serotonergic system and the inhibitory effects of methysergide were analyzed. The injection of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) into rats greatly increased the serum PRL concentration. In vitro, the pituitary gland from these rats synthesized and secreted amounts of PRL similar to those produced by nontreated rats. Interaction with the dopaminergic system was investigated by testing the sensitivity of these pituitary glands in vitro to dopamine. In vitro, a comparable inhibitory effect of 500 nM dopamine on PRL secretion was observed in both control and 5-HTP-injected rats. A significant increase in PRL synthesis was observed in glands from 5-HTP-treated rats when the pituitaries were incubated in the presence of dopamine. Neither 5-HTP nor serotonin had a direct in vitro effect on PRL secretion. It is suggested that serotonin precursors exert their stimulatory effect on PRL secretion via the hypothalamus and not at the pituitary gland. Admini...
Long-Term Trends in Oil and Gas Discovery Rates in Lower 48 United States

The Gas Research Institute (GRI), in association with Energy and Environmental Analysis, Inc. (EEA), has developed a data base characterizing the discovered oil and gas fields in the lower 48 United States. The number of fields in this data base reported to have been discovered since 1947 substantially exceeds the count presented in the AAPG survey of new-field discoveries since 1947. The greatest relative difference between the field counts is for fields larger than 10 million bbl of oil equivalent (BOE) (AAPG Class C fields or larger). Two factors contribute to the difference in reported discoveries by field size. First, the AAPG survey does not capture all new-field discoveries, particularly in the offshore. Second, the AAPG survey does not update field sizes past 6 ye rs after the field discovery date. Because of reserve appreciation to discovered fields, discovery-trend data based on field-size data should be used with caution, particularly when field-size estimates have not been updated for a substantial period of time. Based on the GRI/EEA data base, the major decline in the discovery rates of large, new oil and gas fields in the lower 48 United States appears to have ended by the early 1960s. Since then, discovery rates seem to have improved. Thus, the outlook for future discoveries of large fields may be much better than previously believed.
Ion mobility in 3He in the critical region

Abstract The decrease in ion mobility in liquid 3He found near the critical point can be qualitatively explained as a consequence of the peak in compressibility near the critical point which causes an increase in the excess density around the ion due to electrostrictive forces.
Organ laceration grading adherence by radiologists

American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) abdominopelvic organ laceration grading is used to determine which patients can be managed non-operatively. We assess a change in the use of AAST grading system by radiologists at a single, large, academic institution before and after a one-time departmental intervention and reviewed non-graded reports evaluating if grading could be inferred. After IRB approval, a keyword search for “laceration” identified traumatic abdominopelvic CT reports in a 2-year period before and after the one-time intervention. Reports were reviewed to determine if an organ laceration was seen, if it was graded by AAST criteria, and if grading could be inferred for non-graded reports. T test was performed to assess statistical significance. Before the intervention, 348 reports contained the keyword “laceration,” 81 with lacerations, 31 graded (38 %). After the intervention, 302 reports were found, 79 with lacerations, 59 graded (75 %). The increase was statistically significant (p < 0.0001). A decreasing trend in grading was seen over time following the intervention. Two out of 50 (4 %) pre-intervention and four out of 20 (20 %) post-intervention reports gave enough detailed descriptions for the grading to be inferred when it was not explicitly stated. Non-graded reports did not describe laceration parenchymal depth and subcapsular hematoma surface area percentage; however, the presence/absence of active extravasation, omitted in the 20-year-old AAST grading scheme, was described in every report. One-time departmental intervention yielded a significant increase in adherence to AAST laceration grading. Lack of perfect compliance, which diminished over time, suggests a need for further reinforcement.
Statistics of aggregate interference in cognitive wireless ad hoc networks

Cognitive radios, using their advanced features including adaptability and spectrum sensing, can coexist and share the spectrum with licensed radios, under the constraint that their aggregate interference remains below a manageable level. Knowledge of interference statistics is therefore of significant importance in cognitive radio networks (CRNs). In this paper, assuming that the cognitive wireless nodes are randomly distributed according to a Poisson point process (PPP) and use ALOHA as the media access control (MAC) scheme, we lay out a framework to obtain statistics of aggregate secondary interference by incorporating spectrum sensing and power control parameters chosen by secondary nodes in our derivations. We use tools from theory of point processes for this purpose and consider different assumptions on spectrum sensing and power control capabilities in the CRN. Our simulation results confirm the accuracy of the obtained analytical derivations.
Utilizing CD-ROM in large science classes

Higher education is experiencing a period of both external and internal evaluation of its efficiency. For the most part the external reviews are outcome based, comparing expenditures to some measure of student performance. In contrast, internal evaluations are largely focused on curriculum and how well the current curriculum reflects the current state of knowledge in the field.For many departments, colleges and universities, the outcome of these internal and external reviews has created a situation in which the faculty is expected to do more for a larger student body, usually with fewer resources. In response to this situation, we have developed and placed into use an interactive CD for students of the general biology courses at the University of Tennessee. The underlying premise of this project is that while the student's ability to directly interact with faculty or to have class or lab time for learning through mistake and repetition is diminishing, an interactive CD has the potential to provide much of that inquisitive experience.There are several advantages to working in a multimedia environment. First is the ability to utilize graphics, text and video to reinforce a single concept. Second is the viewer's ability to organize information in a way that is individually meaningful. The parallel/attendant problem is the potential for the viewer to become lost in the information as well as requiring that all of the links need to be programmed, whether they are useful or not.
Tracing the origins of athlete development models in sport: a citation path analysis

Reviews of the sport psychology literature have identified a number of models of athlete development in sport (Alfermann & Stambulova, 2007; Durand-Bush & Salmela, 2001). However, minimal research has investigated the origins of knowledge from which each model was developed. The purpose of this study was to systematically examine the influential texts responsible for providing the basis of athlete development models in sport. A citation path analysis of the sport psychology literature was used to generate a knowledge development path of seven athlete development models in sport. The analysis identified influential texts and authors in the conceptualization of athlete development. The population of 229 texts (articles, books, book chapters) was selected in two phases. Phase 1 texts were articles citing seven articles depicting models of athlete development (n=75). Phase 2 included texts cited three or more times by Phase 1 articles (n=154). The analysis revealed how the scholarship of Benjamin Bloom (1985)...
Intimal Thickening Sourced From Low Wall Shear Stress in Human Left Coronary Artery Was Observed by Optical Coherence Tomography

The high resolution of optical coherence tomography (OCT) may offer improved description of luminal surfaces and intimal thickening in human coronary arteries by comparison to other imaging modalities, such as intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). We investigated the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery of a patient using both OCT and IVUS methods and found an asymmetrical distribution of intimal thickness (IT) around the lumen circumference in the OCT images, whereas the IVUS images showed a lumen with no asymmetry in IT. We reconstructed a 3D coronary artery model from the OCT slices that represented the morphological details of local luminal surfaces accurately and used this to simulate the pulsatile flow field in the model employing computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The pulsatile wall shear stress (WSS) distribution on the LAD surface was derived, and time-averaged WSS was computed. The data for IT and WSS distributions in the LAD segment were compared, and a linear inverse relationship between IT and WSS was found; higher WSS (> 25±5 dynes per square centimeter) favors thinner intima ( 0.33±0.05 millimeters). The enhanced spatial resolution of OCT offers an improved imaging technique for developing CFD models and assessing early atherosclerosis in patients with coronary artery disease.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
The regulation of Fas (CD95/Apo-1)-mediated liver apoptosis in Kupffer cell-depleted mice

Abstract The purpose of this study was to further characterize Fas-mediated liver apoptosis. We investigated whether Fas-mediated apoptosis in the liver requires induction of apoptosis-related regulators and whether Kupffer cells play a role in this process. Mice were injected with GdCl 3 to deplete/suppress Kupffer cells, followed by treatment with an anti-Fas agonistic antibody, Jo2. Hepatic mRNA levels of several pro- and anti-apoptotic regulators were determined 0.5, 1.5 and 4.0 h after Jo2 injection. Liver histology, TUNEL response, the activity of caspases-3, -8, and -9, and reduced and oxidized glutathione, were also evaluated. Jo2 dramatically increased the number of apoptotic nuclei in the liver, up-regulated mRNA for Bcl-w, Bfl-1, and Bcl-X L, but did not affect pro-apoptotic regulator mRNA expression. Caspase-3, -8 and -9 activity increased at 1.5 h after Jo2-injection. GdCl 3 treatment was associated with an increase in the apoptotic effect of Jo2. No effect of Jo2 was recorded on redox state of the free cellular thiol system. These data suggest that: (1) the prompt apoptotic response to Fas-mediated signaling in the liver does not require induction of pro-apoptotic factors; (2) Kupffer cells may play a major role in the liver apoptotic response to Fas ligation by clearing apoptotic cells by phagocytosis; (3) oxidative stress does not seem to play an important role in Fas-mediated liver apoptosis.