cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Therapeutic and preventative options for the management of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infections.

Enterococci are naturally resistant to a wide range of antimicrobial agents. In addition, some enterococci, known as vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) have become resistant to glycopeptide antibiotics. The therapeutic options for VRE infections are therefore very limited. New antimicrobials have been developed that are active against VRE, such as linezolid and quinupristin/dalfopristin. Others, e.g. tigecycline, daptomycin and oritavancin, are in the later stages of development. However, resistance has already been detected to some of these agents. Some success has been enjoyed through the application of older antibiotics against VRE. The lack of therapeutic options has led to the consideration of measures to prevent infection with VRE. In addition to standard infection control procedures such as isolation and hand washing, decolonization of the gastrointestinal tract has been investigated as a method for the prevention of VRE infection in vulnerable patient groups. Several decolonization regimens have been investigated. These include the use of ramoplanin, a new glycolipodepsipeptide antibiotic that has features that particularly suit it for decolonization. Ramoplanin is not absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, has potent bactericidal activity against Gram-positive organisms and limited side effects. These features and current clinical evidence suggest that ramoplanin may have a role in future gastrointestinal decolonization regimens.
MOCVD Routes to Thin Films for Superconducting Applications. Precursor Synthesis and Film Processing Issues

Low pressure metal-organic chemical vapor deposition has been used to grow dielectric thin films of the tetragonal perovskites LaSrGaO4 and PrSrGaO4 on (110) LaAlO3 using the volatile metal sources Pr(dpm)3, La(hfa)3•tri, Ga(dpm)3, and Sr(hfa)2•tet (dpm = dipivaloylmethanate, hfa = hexafluoroacetylacetonate, tet = tetraglyme, and tri = triglyme). The PrSrGaO4, a new ternary oxide, was found to have a body-centered tetragonal lattice with a = b = 3.80 and c = 12.59 A. Epitaxial c-axis oriented growth of these materials has been revealed by both x-ray and electron diffraction, with an average surface roughness, measured by AFM, of 1.2 nm for LaSrGaO4 and 3.0 nm for PrSrGaO4. In addition to this, the ability of these materials to function as lattice-matched buffer layers for the growth of the high temperature superconductor YBa2Cu3O7−x has been explored. The superconductive properties of the YBCO layer do not indicate any degradation attributable to the buffer layers, with the onset of superconductivity displaying a sharp metal-superconductor transition at Tc = 87.3 K and 84.5 K for the LaSrGaO4 and PrSrGaO4 systems, respectively.
Age, Size and Water Status of Acacia gregii Influencing the Infection and Reproductive Success of Phoradendron californicum

Abstract The incidence of infection and reproductive success of Phoradendron californicum (desert mistletoe) on its host, Acacia gregii (catclaw), was quantitatively investigated in two localities of the Las Vegas Valley, Nevada, from March through November 1997. Similar patterns were detected between the two study sites. The abundance of Phoradendron was significantly positively correlated with age of Acacia trees, and more positively correlated with size. Phoradendron-infested trees were significantly older and larger, and had significantly lower diurnal and seasonal water potentials than adjacent uninfested trees. Phoradendron-infested trees were significantly more water-stressed than uninfested trees of similar age and size. Infested Acacia trees occurring on an extensive terrace surface were significantly more water-stressed than Acacia occurring along an intermittent wash during the dry summer season. Phoradendron canopy cover and fruit production were significantly larger on Acacia trees occurring ...
Tropical cyclone kinematic structure retrieved from single-doppler radar observations. Part II: The GBVTD-Simplex center finding algorithm

Abstract This paper is the second of a series and focuses on developing an algorithm to objectively identify tropical cyclone (TC) vorticity centers using single-Doppler radar data. The first paper dealt with the formulation of a single-Doppler radar TC wind retrieval technique, the ground-based velocity-track-display (GBVTD), and the results are verified using analytical TCs. It has been acknowledged that the quality of the GBVTD-retrieved TC circulation strongly depends on accurately knowing its center position. However, existing single-Doppler radar center finding algorithms are limited to estimate centers for axisymmetric TCs. The proposed algorithm uses a simplex method to objectively estimate the TC vorticity center by maximizing GBVTD-retrieved mean tangential wind. When tested with a number of axisymmetric and asymmetric analytical TCs, the accuracy of the TC centers estimated by the GBVTD-simplex algorithm is ≈340 m from the true center. When adding 5 m s−1 random noise to the Doppler velocities,...
Factors associated with contraceptive use differ between younger and older African-American female adolescents.

Abstract Study Objective To examine differences in factors associated with contraceptive use between younger and older adolescent age groups, which has not previously been well described. Design Age group-specific analyses were performed on cross-sectional survey data to identify factors associated with any contraceptive use at last sex among younger (14- to 16-year-old) and older (17- to 19-year-old) sexually active African American female adolescents; interaction analyses were used to assess whether these associations differed by age. Setting Adolescent reproductive health clinic in Atlanta, Georgia. Participants Sexually active African American female adolescents 14-19 years of age. Interventions No intervention tested; cross-sectional design. Main Outcome Measure Self-reported contraceptive use during most recent vaginal sex with a male partner. Results The prevalence of contraceptive use at last sex was identical in both groups; however, factors associated with contraceptive use differed according to age. The only factor associated with contraceptive use in both age groups was involvement in decisions about sexual health in the most recent relationship. Associations between factors and contraceptive use significantly differed according to age. History of sexually transmitted infection, age difference with partner, discussion of condoms with partner, and concurrent partners were important factors among younger adolescents; worry about pregnancy and discussion of birth control with partner were important among older adolescents. Conclusion Factors associated with contraceptive use at last sex differ according to adolescent age; this should be considered when designing counseling and interventions for teens, as well as research.
Abstract 335: Atheroma-specific Delivery of Synthetic High-density Lipoprotein Containing Sphingosine-1-phosphate for Modulation of Vascular Inflammation.

Introduction: Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a potent anti-inflammatory signaling lipid carried in the body by circulating HDL. HDL has been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory activities through activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and subsequent production and release of nitric oxide (NO) by endothelial cells. Objective: The aim of this study is to use synthetic HDL particles to selectively deliver S1P to the site of arterial plaques in order to exert anti-inflammatory activity and modulate the progression of atherosclerosis. Methods/Results: Synthetic HDL (sHDL) particles were prepared using the ApoA1 mimetic peptide 22A (PVLDLFRELLNELLEALKQKLK), dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and sphingomyelin. We also prepared sHDL containing either the hydrophobic dye, DiD, or S1P to assess the capability of sHDL to effectively reach atheroma site and induce nitric oxide (NO) release, respectively. The purity of all particles was determined to be > 97% and average particle size was 9.6 ± 0.4 nm for all preparations. To measure sHDL accumulation in the plaque, ApoE-/- mice were intravenously injected with 0.2 mg/kg HDL-DiD. Whole aortas were excised and analysed by IVUS imaging system, revealing significant accumulation of sHDL-DiD in the atherosclerotic lesions. We then tested the ability of sHDL to deliver S1P in vitro and induce NO production by treating human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) with 1 mg/mL of 22A-DPPC-sHDL containing 0, 0.05, 0.5, or 5 nmol/mL of S1P using free 22A peptide (1 mg/mL) and saline as controls, and analyzing media by ozone chemiluminescence. Blank sHDL particles increased NO production two-fold over controls (0.27 ± 0.02 μM for 22A-DPPC-sHDLDL, 0.13 ± 0.01 μM PBS and 0.14 ± 0.02 μM for 22A peptide), while HDL-S1P further increased NO release: 0.35 ± 0.03, 0.44 ± 0.01, and 0.59 ± 0.01 μM for HDL with 0.05, 0.5, and 5 nmol/mL S1P, respectively. Conclusions: Our studies show that HDL is capable of delivering hydrophobic cargo to atherosclerotic plaques, making HDL a promising platform to deliver S1P for modulation vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. In vitro studies have revealed that HDL-S1P is able to increase NO production 2 to 4-fold over saline control setting the basis for future in vivo studies.
Dentinal Tubule Penetration of Tricalcium Silicate Sealers.

Introduction The treatments for which mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)-based materials can be used in dentistry are expanding. Smaller particle size and easier handling properties have allowed the advent of tricalcium silicate sealers including EndoSequence BC Sealer (Brasseler USA, Savannah, GA), QuickSet2 (Avalon Biomed, Bradenton, FL), NeoMTA Plus (Avalon Biomed), and MTA Fillapex (Angelus, Londrina, Brazil). The objective of this study was to measure the tubule penetration with these sealers using continuous wave (CW) and single-cone (SC) obturation techniques.
Can Sex Partner Therapy Treat Sexual Distress and Dysfunction in Transgender Patients After Gender Confirmation Surgery

Sex surrogacy, or sex partner therapy (SPT), is a form of therapy that aims to increase patients' comfort and confidence in sexual activity through a supportive, often sexually (though not necessarily) intimate connection with a trained surrogate partner/sex therapist. The therapy has been used to treat various disabilities, sexual dysfunctions, and anxieties related to sexual activity. Recently, there has been discussion about using SPT as a treatment for sexual distress and dysfunction in transgender patients who have undergone gender confirmation surgery (GCS). The use of SPT in this patient population has not been studied. The purpose of this letter to the editor is to call attention to and encourage discussion about the potential benefits and risks of using SPT as a treatment modality for sexual distress and dysfunction in post-GCS patients.
Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. tenebrionis Sprays Affect Hatching of Colorado Potato Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Eggs and Subsequent Larval Dispersal

Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis (Novodor Insecticide, Novo Nordisk, Danbury, CT) sprays on hatching of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), eggs and subsequent dispersal of larvae. In laboratory treatments, nearly all egg masses hatch after treatments of 0, 0.2, 1.0, 5.0, and 10.0% (vol:vol) Novodor. Although all larvae from egg masses treated with only water dispersed within 4 d of hatch, larval dispersal and subsequent survival was < 50% in the 0.04% (vol:vol) Novodor treatment, 4% in the 1 and 5% (vol:vol) Novodor treatments, and 0% in the highest Novodor treatment. In the field, freshly deposited egg masses on eggplant were marked; spray applications of Novodor at rates of 0, 1.17,2.34,4.68, and 7.02 liters/ha were applied; and the marked egg masses were monitored over the following 6 d for hatching and dispersal of larvae. Percentage egg masses hatching and dispersal of larvae from the egg mass (survival) declined as the rate of Novodor increased. Plots treated with the high rate (7.02 liters/ha) of Novodor had only 5% dispersal of larvae from treated eggs. These data show that B. thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis applications on Colorado potato beetle egg masses can be of benefit to growers by killing larvae as they emerge from the egg, thus reducing dispersal of larvae from the egg mass. Implications of this pesticide activity for pest management strategies are discussed.
Effect of a season of varsity track and field on selected anthropometric, circulatory, and pulmonary function parameters

Abstract Numerous skinfold and girth measurements, vital capacity, maximum breathing capacity, and pulse recovery counts after a 5-min. bench step were taken on members of a college track and field team before, in the middle, and at the end of a season of training and competition. No significant changes were observed in any girth measurements, the vital capacity, or the maximum breathing capacity. The estimated body density also did not change, but five of six other skinfold measurements were significantly less at the end of the season. Possible explanations for this finding, and a comparison of skinfold changes effected by athletic team training in other studies, were presented. Neither the resting nor terminal step test heart rate changed. However, a significant reduction in recovery pulse counts was noted. It was pointed out that no significant change in any of the measurements taken occurred between midseason and the end of the season. Mean values for several subgroups of the team at the beginning and...
Elastic constitutive laws for cow teat tissue undergoing finite deformations

Five constitutive laws are investigated to model the effect of machine milking. A nonlinear least squares procedure is employed to estimate material constants from in vivo teat inflation data. An exponential form is found to be statistically adequate as a constitutive law, and is used to determine the mechanical stresses in teat tissue during finite deformations.
Optic Internal Urethrotomy Under Transrectal Ultrasonographic Guide And Suprapubic Fiberoscopic Aid

Optic internal urethrotomy is the initial treatment of choice for most urethral strictures because of the relatively low morbidity and ease of accomplishment. However, the procedure is difficult and frustrating if a severe stricture or complete disruption of the urethra is encountered. Transrectal ultrasonography of the urethra offers good anatomical visualization, and defines the exact length and extent of bulbous and posterior urethral strictures, which could ensure a more accurate and aggressive incision of the stricture. Eleven patients (8 with posttraumatic and 3 with iatrogenic strictures) with complete obliteration of the bulbous and posterior urethra were successfully treated by optic internal urethrotomy with the aid of transrectal ultrasonography and a suprapubic fiberscope. After 1 year of followup, 5 of the 8 posttraumatic urethral strictures required further management, while the remaining patients had satisfactory results. Although the recurrence rate is high in the posttraumatic patients, transrectal ultrasound and the suprapubic fiberoscope afford a reliable and satisfactory aid during optic internal urethrotomy.
The Government's Hostage: The Conviction and Execution of Ethel Rosenberg

Whether or not Ethel Rosenberg was guilty of the offense for which she was tried, convicted, and executed, there is little doubt that the evidence upon which the conviction was based was threadbare. Indeed, even the government itself thought so. The government’s prosecution of Ethel relied exclusively on the testimony of David and Ruth Greenglass, Ethel’s brother and sister-in-law. A July 17, 1950 internal FBI memo declared there was not enough evidence to arrest Ethel Rosenberg. The government did not discover any new evidence against Ethel between the release of that memo and Ethel’s arrest on August 11, 1950. Furthermore, no new evidence was discovered in the time between her arrest and her indictment on January 31, 1951, shortly before her trial in March. And it was in that brief period that both the Greenglasses’ stories dramatically evolved as to the extent of Ethel’s supposed connections with the alleged conspiracy.Her conviction and execution rested on three claims: (1) Ethel asked Ruth to convey Julius’ espionage recruitment offer to David; (2) Ethel typed up notes containing nuclear secrets in order to transmit them to the Soviets; and (3) Ethel and Julius received a mahogany table and other gifts from the Soviets as a reward for their commitment to the cause. Of the three, the only evidence present at the time Ethel was indicted was Ruth’s statement that Ethel asked Ruth to convey Julius’ recruitment offer to David. Despite giving several statements, over the course of eight months, neither Ruth nor David Greenglass mentioned Ethel typing up the notes until two weeks before trial. The indictment and pretrial documents also fail to report that Ethel received gifts from the Russians. This accusation was first introduced into the trial documents during the Greenglasses’ trial testimony. The conclusion in the July 17, 1950 FBI memo, stating that the evidence against Ethel was insufficient to warrant prosecution, remained true throughout her arrest, prosecution, conviction, and execution.The reason for her prosecution seems clear: Ethel was executed because she refused to cooperate with the Government to help convict her husband, Julius. Ethel was merely a pawn used for leverage in the government’s attempt to build a case against Julius Rosenberg.
Confabulation and constructive memory

Confabulation is a symptom central to many psychiatric diagnoses and can be severely debilitating to those who exhibit the symptom. Theorists, scientists, and clinicians have an understandable interest in the nature of confabulation—pursuing ways to define, identify, treat, and perhaps even prevent this memory disorder. Appeals to confabulation as a clinical symptom rely on an account of memory’s function from which cases like the above can be contrasted. Accounting for confabulation is thus an important desideratum for any candidate theory of memory. Many contemporary memory theorists now endorse Constructivism, where memory is understood as a capacity for constructing plausible representations of past events (e.g., De Brigard in Synthese 191:155–185, 2014; Michaelian in Philos Psychol 24:323–342, 2012, 2016). Constructivism’s aim is to account for and normalize the prevalence of memory errors in everyday life. Errors are plausible constructions that, on a particular occasion have led to error. They are not, however, evidence of malfunction in the memory system. While Constructivism offers an uplifting repackaging of the memory errors to which we are all susceptible, it has troubling implications for appeals to confabulation in psychiatric diagnosis. By accommodating memory errors within our understanding of memory’s function, Constructivism runs the risk of being unable to explain how confabulation errors are evidence of malfunction. After reviewing the literature on confabulation and Constructivism, respectively, I identify the tension between them and explore how different versions of Constructivism may respond. The paper concludes with a proposal for distinguishing between kinds of false memory—specifically, between misremembering and confabulation—that may provide a route to their reconciliation.
Pursuit of Noncovalent Interactions for Strategic Site-Selective Catalysis

Selective reactions on structures of high complexity can move beyond the mind’s eye and proof-of-principle. Enhanced understanding of noncovalent interactions and their interdependence, revealed through analysis of multiple parameters, should accelerate the discovery of efficient reactions in highly complex molecular environments.
Research Article: Extraction of Small Spatial Plots from Geo-Registered UAS Imagery of Crop Fields

Experimental crop fields often contain large numbers of small spatial plots that require separate analysis. It can be difficult to precisely locate these plots in high-resolution imagery of the fie...
A data-driven adaptive Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes k–ω model for turbulent flow

Abstract This paper presents a new data-driven adaptive computational model for simulating turbulent flow, where partial-but-incomplete measurement data is available. The model automatically adjusts the closure coefficients of the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) k – ω turbulence equations to improve agreement between the simulated flow and the measurements. This data-driven adaptive RANS k – ω (D-DARK) model is validated with 3 canonical flow geometries: pipe flow, backward-facing step, and flow around an airfoil. For all test cases, the D-DARK model improves agreement with experimental data in comparison to the results from a non-adaptive RANS k – ω model that uses standard values of the closure coefficients. For the pipe flow, adaptation is driven by mean stream-wise velocity data from 42 measurement locations along the pipe radius, and the D-DARK model reduces the average error from 5.2% to 1.1%. For the 2-dimensional backward-facing step, adaptation is driven by mean stream-wise velocity data from 100 measurement locations at 4 cross-sections of the flow. In this case, D-DARK reduces the average error from 40% to 12%. For the NACA 0012 airfoil, adaptation is driven by surface-pressure data at 25 measurement locations. The D-DARK model reduces the average error in surface-pressure coefficients from 45% to 12%.
Methylation interference experiments identify bases that are essential for distinct catalytic functions of a group I ribozyme

Methylation interference experiments reveal bases involved in three different catalytic functions of the T4-phage derived sunY self-splicing intron. RNA molecules methylated at the N-7 position of the guanine at the cofactor binding site are inactive in cofactor-dependent splicing and 3' splice-site hydrolysis. In contrast, 5' splice-site hydrolysis occurs despite methylation at this position. Specific adenines that have been implicated in docking of the P1 stem to the catalytic core are shown to be important for cofactor-dependent splicing and essential for 5' splice-site hydrolysis. Similarly, methylation of bases in the P9.0 stem, as well as C56 in J5/4, interferes with 3' splice-site hydrolysis and with the splicing reaction. All of the bases identified as important for the overall splicing reaction are also identified as essential for either the 5' or 3' splice-site hydrolysis reactions, and vice versa. It is inferred that the bases implicated in 5' and 3' splice-site hydrolysis are involved in specific interactions of the 5' and 3' splice site, respectively, with the catalytic core.
An Investigation of Side Flow during Chip Formation in Orthogonal Cutting

Abstract Orthogonal cutting is a simplified two-dimensional model that neglects many geometric complexities, which describes complicated three-dimensional cutting process quite well in most cases. The orthogonal cutting should satisfy the plane strain assumption to prevent the extensive deformation perpendicularly to the cutting direction due to the pressure between the cutting tool and the workpiece, which is named as the side flow. To satisfy this assumption, the depth of cut (the uncut chip width) needs to be much greater than the feed (the uncut chip thickness) with a certain ratio. However, this criterion is not valid all the time. This paper presents an experimental study of the side flow with different cutting conditions by comparing the profiles of the cross section of the machined chip in machining of aluminum alloy. It is shown that the higher ratio between the uncut chip width and the uncut chip thickness (chip width-to-thickness ratio) and the lower cutting speed can prevent the side flow during chip formation. A new criterion for plane strain assumption has been proposed in this study as well.
Review of Out of the Running: Why Millennials Reject Political Careers and Why It Matters

We know this fact too well: Older, white, upper class males are overrepresented in US politics. Scholars studying the underrepresentation of (young) women and minorities have pointed to a lack of p...
David Oliver: Accountability-individual blame versus a "just culture".

I’d love to stop the constant talk of “accountability” and individuals being “held to account” in state provided, free-at-point healthcare. Now, I don’t doubt for a minute that NHS clinicians and managers who wilfully break criminal law should face the same consequences as other citizens. And I believe that NHS clinicians are personally responsible for their own decisions and behaviours and for keeping their skills and knowledge up to date. But the clamour for accountability goes well beyond this. Public debate in mainstream and social media is obsessed with the notion that, when things go wrong in healthcare, this must indicate failures by individuals. In …
NITROGEN OXIDATION AND REMOVAL EFFICIENCY USING ACTIVATED ALGAE

SUMMARY Laboratory and pilot scale research at Kansas University has demonstrated the potential of activated algae as a method of obtaining improved wastewater treatment when applied as a secondary-tertiary process. The research described herein was directed at obtaining the process operating limits in terms of light availability, organic loading, and solids residence time for various treatment objectives including nitrogen oxidation and removal efficiency. Under high rate conditions, nitrogen levels were found to be controlled by autotrophic oxidation, photosynthetic and heterotrophic assimilation kinetics. Activated algae provided maximum growth rates at 43 cm., the shallowest depth examined. Operation at a COD loading rate of 1600 to 1800 mg/1/day did not indicate limiting conditions were obtained. Growth rate became limiting at 1 and 2 days SRT for the synthesis and nitrification reactions, respectively. Nitrification was reduced by continuous operation at DO levels near 0.3 mg/l. Denitrification within the settling columns was indicated in some experiments. Nitrification was found to decrease alkalinity at a rate of 7.1 g as CaCO3 for each g of ammonia nitrogen removed. Further research is needed to test the use of activated algae when applied as an improvement over conventional stabilization pond operation.
Proposed Measurements of the Anomalous Magnetic Moment of the Electron and Positron

We will describe two new experiments at the University of Michigan to measure the g-factor anomalies of the electron and positron to accuracies of 25 parts per billion (ppb) and 3 parts per million (ppm) respectively. The features of these experiments that differ from previous g-factor measurements and allow higher statistical and systematic accuracy will be emphasized. We will also point out several theories of current interest which will be tested by these results. In particular, we describe in the Appendix how these results will constitute the most precise test of special relativity to date. First, however, we outline recent theoretical and experimental progress in lepton g-factor research.
Can Technological Code-switching be Taught: Utilizing Twitter as a Classroom Communication Tool

Undergraduates use Twitter as a means of constant communication with one another. Trying to harness this incredible writing tool, the author attempted to utilize Twitter as part of the classroom communication requirement. However, the students were unable to differentiate effectively between their external classroom communication and using Twitter for an educational purpose. They lacked the understanding of codeswitching, that it is possible to use the same tool to facilitate discussion across their multiple life roles. This idea contrasts drastically to the many academic professionals on Twitter who utilize the technology for personal, professional, and classroom communication. This disconnection between academics and their students begs the question of whether technological codeswitching can be taught. This chapter will discuss the challenges of engaging students in multiple formats to consider if requiring communication in multiple modes is as effective as allowing students the opportunity to mature into their own technological codeswitching capabilities. This chapter will consider the future of education in which K-12 education becomes much more familiarized with Web 2.0 technologies, in which case the impact of early exposition to these tools would change the outlook in higher education as well.
Seasonal incidence of insect stings: autumn 'yellow jacket delirium'.

BACKGROUND: Insect stings are a common injury. One of the most important aspects of stings is prevention through patient awareness. Little is known, however, about when most stings occur. This study was designed to define the seasonal pattern of stings. METHODS: A retrospective review of the sting activity at a large emergency department (over 40,000 visits annually) was conducted for a 5-year period from 1991 to 1996. The clinical/financial data system identified 449 sting victims during this period. The average rate of stings was calculated for each month of the year. RESULTS: The 2 months with the highest sting rates were August and September. The monthly sting rates in late summer and autumn were significantly higher than for late spring and summer (P = .002). Sting rates in other months were much lower. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that the highest incidence of stings occurs in late summer and early autumn. This is when yellow jacket "delirium" occurs, in preparation for cold weather. If studies in other settings confirm this pattern, the information can be used in modifying behavior to prevent stings. Language: en
Complexity, Contradiction, and Carnival: Microethnographic Research on Student Disruption in a High School English Language Arts Classroom

[full article in English] When teaching, many educators must respond to unruly and disruptive students. While most scholarship on student disruption focuses on classroom management strategies and tactics, few studies consider the nature of the disruption, its ideological significance and the social consequences that follows. Via ethnographic methods and microethnographic discourse analysis, this paper examines the complexity and contradictions of macro- and microstructures as they manifest during a student’s disruption of a classroom discussion of a novel in an 11th and 12th grade English Language Arts class in the United States. Using Bakhtin’s notion of carnival as a theoretical framework, this paper examines the pattern of disruption in the classroom that evoked multiple and contradictory ideologies and both maintained and subverted power structures in the context. Contrary to the belief that classroom disruptions are always challenges to power, they sometimes reinforced power relations on a broader cultural level. This paper urges that research and scholarship embrace complexity and contradiction as inherent in the interactions of people in schools and seeks to rethink how educators view and respond to classroom disruption. It concludes by advocating that embracing complexity and contradiction will better allow teachers and researchers to think through systems of education as a way to effectively and ethically intervene when these structures prove problematic.
The complexity of the cilium: spatiotemporal diversity of an ancient organelle

Cilia are microtubule-based appendages present on almost all vertebrate cell types where they mediate a myriad of cellular processes critical for development and homeostasis. In humans, impaired ciliary function is associated with an ever-expanding repertoire of phenotypically-overlapping yet highly variable genetic disorders, the ciliopathies. Extensive work to elucidate the structure, function, and composition of the cilium is offering hints that the `static' representation of the cilium is a gross oversimplification of a highly dynamic organelle whose functions are choreographed dynamically across cell types, developmental, and homeostatic contexts. Understanding this diversity will require discerning ciliary versus non-ciliary roles for classically-defined `ciliary' proteins; defining ciliary protein-protein interaction networks within and beyond the cilium; and resolving the spatiotemporal diversity of ciliary structure and function. Here, focusing on one evolutionarily conserved ciliary module, the intraflagellar transport system, we explore these ideas and propose potential future studies that will improve our knowledge gaps of the oversimplified cilium and, by extension, inform the reasons that underscore the striking range of clinical pathologies associated with ciliary dysfunction.
Polyacrylonitrile/boron nitride nanotubes composite precursor and carbon fibers

Abstract Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) composite fibers were spun using gel spinning method and the resulting carbon fibers were processed after the fibers were stabilized in air and subsequently carbonized in nitrogen. PAN fibers containing 1 wt% BNNTs show comparable drawability to the control PAN fiber while the drawability of composite fibers significantly decreases as BNNT concentration increases from 1 to 5 wt%. Differential scanning calorimetry suggests that the presence of BNNTs reduces the activation energy of oxidation and crosslinking reactions but has little effect on the activation energy of cyclization reaction during stabilization. In the PAN/BNNTs based carbon fibers, the graphitic carbon structure that formed in the vicinity of BNNT was directly observed by transmission electron microscopy.
Ocular complications in Ebola virus disease survivors: the importance of continuing care in West Africa.

Introduction The largest Ebola virus (EBOV) outbreak occurred from 2013 - 2016 in West Africa and consequently resulted in the largest cohort of Ebola virus disease (EVD) survivors to date. Ocular disease is among the most common sequelae reported in EVD survivors. This review discusses the prevalence, manifestations, pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of EVD-related ocular disease. Areas covered An extensive review of the literature was performed to detail the prevalence and manifestations of EVD-related ocular disease. We also review current eye screening and treatment strategies and our current understanding and approach to invasive ophthalmic procedures including surgery. Expert opinion The ocular sequelae of EVD can lead to vision impairment or blindness, if untreated. Keys to the prevention of such an outcome include timely evaluation and access to appropriate ophthalmic care. The persistence of EBOV in the eye and other immune-privileged sites is the subject of ongoing investigation, but should not be a barrier to care if appropriate screening and biosafety measures are taken. Improved understanding of the pathogenesis of this condition and ongoing clinical care are needed for EVD survivors at-risk for ocular complications.
Engulfment and cell motility protein 1 potentiates diabetic cardiomyopathy via Rac-dependent and Rac-independent ROS production

Engulfment and cell motility protein 1 (ELMO1) is part of a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate (Rac), and ELMO1 polymorphisms were identified to be associated with diabetic nephropathy in genome-wide association studies. We generated a set of Akita Ins2C96Y diabetic mice having 5 graded cardiac mRNA levels of ELMO1 from 30% to 200% of normal and found that severe dilated cardiomyopathy develops in ELMO1-hypermorphic mice independent of renal function at age 16 weeks, whereas ELMO1-hypomorphic mice were completely protected. As ELMO1 expression increased, reactive oxygen species indicators, dissociation of the intercalated disc, mitochondrial fragmentation/dysfunction, cleaved caspase-3 levels, and actin polymerization increased in hearts from Akita mice. Cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression in otherwise ELMO1-hypomorphic Akita mice was sufficient to promote cardiomyopathy. Cardiac Rac1 activity was positively correlated with the ELMO1 levels, and oral administration of a pan-Rac inhibitor, EHT1864, partially mitigated cardiomyopathy of the ELMO1 hypermorphs. Disrupting Nox4, a Rac-independent NADPH oxidase, also partially mitigated it. In contrast, a pan-NADPH oxidase inhibitor, VAS3947, markedly prevented cardiomyopathy. Our data demonstrate that in diabetes mellitus ELMO1 is the "rate-limiting" factor of reactive oxygen species production via both Rac-dependent and Rac-independent NADPH oxidases, which in turn trigger cellular signaling cascades toward cardiomyopathy.
Prevalence and Characteristics of Virginia Hospitals Suing Patients and Garnishing Wages for Unpaid Medical Bills

This study uses 2017 court records to characterize how frequently Virginia hospitals take legal action to garnish patients’ wages to recover unpaid medical expenses, and the characteristics of hospitals and patient employers associated with the actions.
Nanoparticle assembly modulated by polymer chain conformation in composite materials

Mixing nanoparticles into a strategically selected polymer matrix yields nanocomposites with well-controlled microstructures and unique properties and functions. The modulation of nanoparticle assembly by polymer chain conformation can play a dominant role in determining nanocomposite structures, yet such a physical mechanism remains largely unexplored. We hypothesize that highly ordered microdomains of rigid linear polymers provide a template for nanoparticle assembly into open fractal structures. We conducted mesoscopic computer simulations and physical experiments to elucidate how polymer chain conformation regulates the dynamic evolution of nanoparticle structures during the drying processing of polymer nanocomposite films. The evaporation of polymer-nanoparticle mixtures with varying chain stiffnesses was simulated using dissipative particle dynamics. The formation of distinguished nanoparticle assemblies as a result of matrix selection was further corroborated by probing nanoparticle aggregation in different polymer nanocomposite coatings. The results show that polymer conformation not only influences the dispersion states of individual particles (dispersed vs. aggregated), but also modulates the morphologies of large-scale assembly (globular vs. fractal). The emergence of nematically ordered polymer clusters when the chain rigidity is increased creates local solvent-rich "voids" that promote anisotropic particle aggregates, which then percolate into open fractal structures upon solvent evaporation. The nanoparticle dynamics also exhibits an intriguing non-monotonic behavior attributed to the transitions between the coupling and decoupling with polymer dynamics. The nanoparticle assembly morphologies obtained in simulations match well with the electron microscopy images taken in physical experiments.
Integrated Digital Patient Education at the Bedside for Patients with Chronic Conditions: Observational Study

Background: Patient education delivered by a health care provider increases patients’ understanding and adherence to medical instructions, which helps to improve patient health. Multiple challenges exist to delivering effective patient education to patients with multiple chronic conditions, including giving the necessary time, range, and types of learning materials, and assessing the level of understanding. To help overcome these challenges, it is important to study new electronic means to assist in patient education, such as the use of mobile devices, interactive media, 3-dimensional images, and multimedia educational content at the bedside. Objective: The goal of this study was to address the need for blended learning strategies combining technical and workflow integration of digital patient education systems for patients with chronic conditions within and across the regular process of care. Studies are needed to evaluate the utility and benefits of these technologies for providers and patients alike. Methods: A mixed-methods approach was employed including survey administration to 178 patients after they received digital patient education in person with a health care provider, and qualitative interviews with 16 nurse educators who used the mobile digital health education technology to deliver instruction to patients. Patient survey data were analyzed using chi-square statistical tests. Qualitative interviews were analyzed for user acceptance and perceived value themes. Results: Patients who were counseled using a blended digital health education approach reported improved understanding of educational content (P=.034) and chronic health conditions (P<.001), were more motivated to care for themselves at home (P<.001), were more likely to say that they felt capable of making health care decisions with their doctors (P<.001) and on their own (P=.001), and were more likely to report their intention to follow their doctor’s instructions (P<.001) than were patients whose education was not computer-based. Nurse educators felt that the digital education system and content enhanced their education efforts and could be easily integrated into the outpatient clinical workflow. Conclusions: Patient education for individuals with chronic conditions may be more effective than traditional formats when provided in blended digital formats supervised by a health care provider.
One Hundred Years After Keynes’s a Treatise on Probability Appeared, There Is Still Pervasive Confusion Among Academics About the Logical Theory of Probability: Keynes’s Theory of Logical Probability Is an Interval Valued Theory of Probability Based On Boole That the 18 Year Old Ramsey Never Understood in His Life

The very recent publication of C. Misak’s autobiography of F P Ramsey in 2020, as well as a number of book reviews made by different reviewers of that book, have resulted in the resurrection of highly misleading claims made by F. Ramsey, when he was 18 years old, that can only be characterized as being silly -to someone who has actually read the entire book. Therefore, individuals, who have only read Part I of Keynes’s book, are highly susceptible to claims made when reading book reviews of academics who never read the book they claimed to be reviewing. Such is the case with Frank Ramsey. The Keynes -Townshend correspondence in 1937 – 1938 over the connections between the A Treatise on Probability and the General Theory, as well as the Keynes-Tinbergen exchanges of 1938-1940 concerning Keynes’s critique or Tinbergen’s use of precise probability and the Normal distribution to model the business cycle, make it crystal clear that Keynes never accepted Ramsey’s critique in his lifetime and continued to use his own logical theory of imprecise probability .Ramsey’s subjective theory of probability is a theory of precise probability that can’t deal with overlapping evidence or conflicting evidence. Of course, Keynes did believe that Ramsey had strengthened the logical foundations for PRECISE probability with his betting quotient approach combined with his Dutch book argument regarding degrees of belief. However, Keynes’s logical theory is one that is based on rational degrees of belief and imprecise probability. Only in a very special case, where Keynes’s degree of the completeness of the relevant evidence, w, equaled 1 on the unit interval would Keynes have considered using Ramsey’s theory. A similar fate has occurred regarding Keynes’s separate theory of the Evidential Weight of the Argument. Here we will find a plethora of mathematical and logical errors littering the academic journals in economics and philosophy.
Intimately Old: From an Embodied to Emplaced Feminist Approach to Aging

Aging transcends and intersects all structured social differences as a fluid complex of positionalities: a temporal situatedness in relation to gender, class, race, and sexuality. Age's operation as an organizing principle of power remains undertheorized in feminist philosophy. This article employs a geographical lens to spatialize feminist thought on old age to enrich understanding of factors underpinning expectations and practices of what particular bodies can and should do in particular spaces. Vignettes from twelve months of ethnographic fieldwork with six older individuals in a midwestern American city demonstrate the utility of advancing not just an embodied feminist philosophy of aging, but one that is emplaced to deepen understanding of the body as situated in time and space. A person's situatedness in dynamic place-events, ranging from daily life at home and engagement in supportive social spaces to experiences of discrimination and even inclement weather, produce distinct ways of being old. Investigating intimate geographies of later life from the micro to macro scale can help destabilize and challenge the objectification, control, and Othering of old people, the majority of whom are female. This article contributes greater “body a-where-ness” to feminist philosophy and stimulates novel investigation into the spatiotemporal situatedness of later life.
Echocardiographic pre-pause imaging and identifying the acoustic window during CPR reduces CPR pause time during ACLS - A prospective Cohort Study.

Abstract Objectives Pre-pause imaging during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) involves the acquisition of poor-quality, brief images immediately prior to stopping CPR to allow shorter, better-quality images during the pause. We hypothesize that pre-pause imaging is associated with a decrease in CPR pause length and shorter image acquisition time. Methods Prospective, interventional cohort study enrolling out-of-hospital (OOH) cardiac arrest patients. Pre-pause imaging involves pre-localizing of the approximate sonographic window during CPR to support subsequent fine tuning when CPR pauses. Physicians were educated on pre-pause imaging and data was recorded prior- and post- introduction of pre-pause imaging into American cardiac life support (ACLS). Timing of CPR pauses and identification of interventions and events during pause were recorded (e.g., intubation, defibrillation, multiple cardiac ultrasounds). Ultrasound (US) images were reviewed for image quality using a 5-point scale. Primary outcome was length of CPR pause with and without pre-pause imaging. Secondary outcome included US length. Results One hundred and forty five subjects presenting after OOH cardiac arrest were enrolled over 13 months, 70 during the baseline period prior to pre-pause imaging and 75 after pre-pause imaging was integrated into ACLS. Pre-pause imaging decreased CPR pause length from 28.3 s (95%CI 25.1–31.5) to 12.8 s (95%CI 11.9–13.7). US image acquisition time decreased with pre-pause imaging from 20.4 (95%CI 18.0–22.7) to 11.0 s (95%CI 10.1–11.8). US image quality was unchanged despite the decrease in image acquisition time. (3.0 (95%CI 2.8–3.2) vs 2.7 (95%CI 2.5–2.9)). Multivariate modeling showed that ultrasound did not prolong CPR pause length. Conclusion Pre-pause imaging was associated with significant decrease in CPR pause length and US image acquisition time. Pre-pause imaging should be encouraged for any clinicians who use ultrasound during ACLS.
Strategy, economic relations, and the definition of national interests

(1999). Strategy, economic relations, and the definition of national interests. Security Studies: Vol. 9, Power and the Purse: Economic Statecraft, Interdependence, and National Security, pp. 119-156.