cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Machine learning approaches to analyze histological images of tissues from radical prostatectomies

Computerized evaluation of histological preparations of prostate tissues involves identification of tissue components such as stroma (ST), benign/normal epithelium (BN) and prostate cancer (PCa). Image classification approaches have been developed to identify and classify glandular regions in digital images of prostate tissues; however their success has been limited by difficulties in cellular segmentation and tissue heterogeneity. We hypothesized that utilizing image pixels to generate intensity histograms of hematoxylin (H) and eosin (E) stains deconvoluted from H&E images numerically captures the architectural difference between glands and stroma. In addition, we postulated that joint histograms of local binary patterns and local variance (LBPxVAR) can be used as sensitive textural features to differentiate benign/normal tissue from cancer. Here we utilized a machine learning approach comprising of a support vector machine (SVM) followed by a random forest (RF) classifier to digitally stratify prostate tissue into ST, BN and PCa areas. Two pathologists manually annotated 210 images of low- and high-grade tumors from slides that were selected from 20 radical prostatectomies and digitized at high-resolution. The 210 images were split into the training (n=19) and test (n=191) sets. Local intensity histograms of H and E were used to train a SVM classifier to separate ST from epithelium (BN+PCa). The performance of SVM prediction was evaluated by measuring the accuracy of delineating epithelial areas. The Jaccard J=59.5 ± 14.6 and Rand Ri=62.0 ± 7.5 indices reported a significantly better prediction when compared to a reference method (Chen et al., Clinical Proteomics 2013, 10:18) based on the averaged values from the test set. To distinguish BN from PCa we trained a RF classifier with LBPxVAR and local intensity histograms and obtained separate performance values for BN and PCa: JBN=35.2 ± 24.9, OBN=49.6 ± 32, JPCa=49.5 ± 18.5, OPCa=72.7 ± 14.8 and Ri=60.6 ± 7.6 in the test set. Our pixel-based classification does not rely on the detection of lumens, which is prone to errors and has limitations in high-grade cancers and has the potential to aid in clinical studies in which the quantification of tumor content is necessary to prognosticate the course of the disease. The image data set with ground truth annotation is available for public use to stimulate further research in this area.
Virus-specific cellular immune correlates of survival in vaccinated monkeys after SIV challenge

Understanding the characteristics of the virus-specific T lymphocyte response that will confer optimal protection against the clinical progression of AIDS will inform the development of an effective cellular immune-based HIV vaccine. We have recently shown that survival in plasmid DNA-primed/recombinant adenovirus-boosted rhesus monkeys that are challenged with SIVmac251 is associated with the preservation post-challenge of central memory CD4+ T lymphocytes and robust IFN-g-producing SIV-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T lymphocyte responses. Further studies were initiated to extend these observations to determine which virus-specific T lymphocyte subpopulations play a primary role in controlling disease progression and characterize the functional repertoire of these cells. We show that the preservation of the SIV-specific central memory CD8+ T lymphocyte population and a linked SIV-specific CD4+ T lymphocyte response are associated with prolonged survival in vaccinated monkeys following challenge. Further, we demonstrate that SIV-specific IFN-g, TNF-a, and IL-2 producing T lymphocytes are all comparably associated with protection against disease progression. These findings underscore the contribution of virus-specific central memory T lymphocytes in controlling clinical progression in vaccinated individuals following a primate immunodeficiency virus infection.
Heat and hot air: influence of local temperature on journalists' coverage of global warming

This study examines relationships between local temperature in two cities (New York and Washington, D.C.) and coverage of global climate change in their local newspapers (the Times and the Post). T...
Directional dependent stretch-induced response in neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes (699.3)

Static, mechanical stretch of neonatal cardiomyocytes induces changes in gene expression and can be used as a model to study cardiac hypertrophy. It has been hypothesized that the location of mechanosensors in relation to the cytoskeletal alignment may cause a directionally dependent response. To investigate the directionally-dependent cellular response to stretch, neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes are cultured on a deformable silicone membrane, which is micropatterned to create parallel grooves that align the cardiomyocytes. By adjusting the groove orientation, the primary direction of stretch can be applied along or transverse to the cell alignment. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) results show a more robust gene response to longitudinal than to transverse stretch. After 30 minutes of stretch, 349 and 1161 genes are considered differentially expressed (DE) from transverse and longitudinal stretch, respectively. After 4 hours, the number of DE genes increases to 962 and 3925. Pathway enrichment analysis indicates th...
Aromatic ring cleavage of a β-biphenyl ether dimer catalyzed by lignin peroxidase of phanerochaete chrysosporium

Under aerobic conditions homogeneous lignin peroxidase catalyzed the oxidation of 1-(4'-methoxyphenyl)-2-(2″,5′-dimethoxy-4″-phenylphenoxy)-1,3-dihydroxypropane (I) to yield four products: 1-(4'-methoxy-phenyl)-1,2,3-trihydroxypropane (X), 4-[α-hydroxy-α-(4'-methoxyphenyl)-methyl]-1,3-dioxolane-2-one (V), 4-(4'-methoxyphenyl)-5-hydroxymethyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-one (VI) and 5-hydroxy-5-carbomethoxy-4-phenyl-oxol-3-en-2-one (VIII). V, VI and VIII are all products of ring opening reactions. When the reaction was conducted under anaerobic conditions, the substrate was oxidized but no ring-cleaved products were detected. During the oxidation of I, 4 atoms of 18O from 18O2 were incorporated into the lactol product VIII.
A novel protocol for studying food or drug seeking in rhesus monkeys.

The purpose of this study was to determine if multiple aspects of drug and food-reinforced behavior could be measured in a single study. Drug or food seeking can be observed under four conditions: 1) internal drug or food cues and external stimulus cues present; self-administration, 2) only internal cues present; priming, 3) no internal or external stimulus cues present; abstinence, and 4) no internal cues, but external stimulus cues present; extinction. Six adult rhesus monkeys lived in three-chambered enclosures: fluid (0.26, 0.52 mg/kg per delivery cocaine hydrochloride, sweetened-vehicle, or water)- related cues and oral fluid self-administration were specific to one end chamber, food pellet-related cues and food self-administration were specific to the other end chamber, and no food cues or fluid cues were available in the middle chamber. Throughout the 10-h experimental day, monkeys experienced multiple food, fluid, and stimulus-cue test sessions. Adding cocaine to the vehicle initially increased fluid intake during training (condition 1), but vehicle intake did not return to baseline levels after cocaine was later removed (condition 4). Monkeys developed a location preference for the fluid chamber, even when fluid was not available, when responding was reinforced by cocaine, but not when responding was reinforced by vehicle (condition 3). Non-contingent food or fluid delivery did not increase responding in non-deprived animals (condition 2). The current protocol provides both self-administration and place-preference measures of the motivational effects of drugs. Given that human drug abusers spend much time thinking about and seeking drugs prior to actual self-administration, an animal model that uses multiple measures of drug seeking may be useful in the preclinical testing of pharmacological adjuncts for the treatment of drug abuse.
Effect of Depression Care Management on Acute Hospitalization Risk Among Medicare Home Health Patients: The CAREPATH Trial

This research was funded by: The project was supported by the University of Rochester CTSA award number UL1 RR024160 from the National Center for Research Resources and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health and was partially supported by the National Institutes of Health, Grant R25 MH071544/MH/ NIMH (PI: Dilip V. Jeste, M.D.) and the University of California, San Diego, Stein Institute for Research on Aging. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
Dopamine inhibition of prolactin release but not synthesis in the male Syrian hamster: in vitro studies.

Abstract The hypothalamic mechanisms controlling prolactin (PRL) cell function in the male Syrian hamster are unclear. Equally unclear is the role of dopamine (DA) in regulating lactotrophic cell activity in long photoperiod-exposed hamsters particularly with respect to PRL synthesis and release. The synthesis of PRL, as measured by the incorporation of 3H-leucine into newly synthesized PRL, by anterior pituitary glands from male hamsters is linear over a five h incubation period. Approximately two-fold more 3H-PRL remained in the pituitary glands than in the medium by the end of the incubation period. The incubation of hamster hemipituitaries with DA at concentrations of either 5 × 10−7M or 5 × 10−5 M, resulted in a 77% to 83% inhibition of the release of immunoreactive PRL into the medium as compared with controls. Similarly, the release of 3H-PRL into the medium was inhibited by 71% to 76% as compared with controls; however, the synthesis of PRL was virtually the same among the experimental and control groups. These results suggest that DA may be an important regulator of short-term PRL release but not synthesis in the long photoperiod-exposed male hamster.
Hydrogen-Bond-Assisted, Crossed Dipole π-Stacking in 1,4-Bis(phenylethynyl)benzene

2,5-Bis(2-hydroxyethoxy)-1,4-bis(phenylethynyl)benzene (BHE-PE2.5) was synthesized and characterized by X-ray single-crystal diffraction analysis: formula = C 26 H 22 O 4 , M = 398.44, orthorhombic unit cell, Pbcn, a = 22.5520(9) A, b = 12.9259(4) A, c = 7.2463(2) A, a = β = y = 90.00(0)°, V = 2112.33(12) A 3 , Z = 4, R 1 = 0.1194, wR 2 = 0.1455. The molecules are somewhat deplanarized, with a 19.8° interplane torsion between phenyl rings. They form π-stacks with a centroid-centroid distance of 3.62 A along the stack axis, a cant angle of the central phenyl ring of 13.2° relative to the jr-stack c-axis, and a 99.2° rotation of each molecule along the π-stack, yielding crossed-dipole stacks in which the molecular long axes alternate nearly perpendicularly to one another. This unusual crossed dipole pattern is induced by a network of hydrogen bonds that assembles the BHE-PE2.5 molecules into the stacks and further associates the stacks into two-dimensional sheets.
The locus and basis of influence on organizational decisions.

Abstract A conceptual approach to studying interpersonal influence is outlined as a framework within which results of a study of purchase decisions in business firms are presented. Data concerning the bases of influence in these organizations—especially data showing the importance of a person's stake in the decision—do not fit neatly into the well-known influence categories proposed by French and Raven. Disagreements among informants about who had most influence on each decision also raises questions about the general applicability of certain often-used measures of influence in organizations.
“Meant to be”: how religious beliefs and cultural religiosity affect the implicit bias to think teleologically

A large body of previous research has found that people exhibit a cognitive bias to reason teleologically about natural kinds, explaining them in terms of intelligent design and inherent purpose. In the present study, we examined whether people are also cognitively biased to explain naturally occurring events in terms of inherent purpose (i.e., mistakenly attributing intentional design behind naturally caused life events), and if so, how explicit religious beliefs may interact with this implicit bias. A semi-structured interview was conducted concerning important autobiographical events. Overall, results indicated that differing levels of cultural religiosity (i.e., whether participants were from the relatively religious USA or the relatively secular UK) did not affect the tendency to reason teleologically. As predicted, explicit religious beliefs had an effect in that atheists gave significantly fewer teleological explanations than theists; however, half the atheists (n=17) gave at least one teleological...
Association of clinical presentation, laboratory findings, and virus serotypes with the presence of meningitis in hospitalized infants with enterovirus infection.

One hundred eight hospitalized infants with enteroviral infections were studied to determine the association of clinical presentation, laboratory findings, and virus serotypes with the presence of meningitis. Of 108 infants, 55 (51%) had meningitis. Clinical manifestations on admission did not distinguish between infants with and those without meningitis. Echoviruses 30 and 11 and coxsackie virus B were frequently associated with meningitis (34/38; 90%) whereas echoviruses 18, 24, and 25 were not (5/35; 4%). The virus isolation rate was directly proportional to the number of leukocytes in cerebrospinal fluid: 5 of 58 (9%) when up to 9 cells/mm 3 were found, 10 of 21 (48%) when 10 to 99/mm 3 cells were found, and 25 of 29 (86%) when ≥100 cells/mm 3 were found. Meningitis is often unsuspected in children hospitalized with enterovirus infection. The frequency of meningitis among hospitalized infants is serotype dependent and is most frequently, but not exclusively, found with pleocytosis of the cerebrospinal fluid.
Amount of invested mental effort (AIME) in online searching

This research investigates how people's perceptions of information retrieval (IR) systems, their perceptions of search tasks, and their perceptions of self-efficacy influence the amount of invested mental effort (AIME) they put into using two different IR systems: a Web search engine and a library system. It also explores the impact of mental effort on an end user's search experience. To assess AIME in online searching, two experiments were conducted using these methods: Experiment 1 relied on self-reports and Experiment 2 employed the dual-task technique. In both experiments, data were collected through search transaction logs, a pre-search background questionnaire, a post-search questionnaire and an interview. Important findings are these: (1) subjects invested greater mental effort searching a library system than searching the Web; (2) subjects put little effort into Web searching because of their high sense of self-efficacy in their searching ability and their perception of the easiness of the Web; (3) subjects did not recognize that putting mental effort into searching was something needed to improve the search results; and (4) data collected from multiple sources proved to be effective for assessing mental effort in online searching.
5-bromodeoxyuridine does not affect development of the sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata.

Development of Arbacia punctulata embryos in the presence of bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) was investigated under conditions which allowed about 20% substitution of BUdR for thymidine residues in DNA. Development was essentially normal from fertilization to the feeding larva. There appeared to be no restricted stretches of DNA which failed to incorporate BUdR. Even very early stages were permeable to BUdR, which entered all the nuclei. The failure of BUdR substitution to block development in Arbacia is discussed in the light of evidence that this analogue blocks the onset of differentiative product synthesis in many cellular systems.
Gasoline Consumption: Can it be Curtailed?:

Reasons for the current gasoline shortages are many and extremely complex. Basically, the shortages can be attributed to limited supplies while the demand has been steadily increasing for the crude oil by-product. The increased gasoline consumption can be directly traced to some degree to a sharp increase in miles driven and declining efficiency of automobiles. The basic objective of this study was to determine how gasoline consumption can be curtailed. A multiple log-linear regression model with nine variables related to miles driven for various purposes, and automobile efficiency was used to estimate elasticity coefficients. Analysis of 232 observations resulted in highly inelastic coefficients. Based on the results of the analysis, it is fair to conclude that policies directed toward reducing automobile weight, eliminating gas guzzling gadgets, and a pricing strategy avoiding the burden of higher gasoline prices on low income households may help curtail gasoline consumption.
Mumps surveillance and prevention: putting mumps back on our radar screen.

Summaryof notifiable diseases—United States, 2003. MMWR 2005;52(54).2. Plotkin SA, Orenstein WA, editors. Vaccine. 4th ed.Philadelphia: Elsevier Inc 2003:441–445. 3. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Measles,mumps and rubella—vaccine use and strategies for elimina-tion of measles, rubella, and congenital rubella syndromeand control of mumps: recommendations of the AdvisoryCommittee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR 1998;47:No. RR-8.4. Davidkin I, Jokinen S, Paananen A, Leinikki P, Peltola H. Etiology of mumps-like illness in children and adolescentsvaccinated for measles, mumps and rubella. J Infect Dis2005; 191:719–723.5. Jin L, Vyse A, Brown DWG. The role of RT-PCR assay of oralfluid for diagnosis and surveillance of measles, mumps andrubella. Bull World Health Org 2002; 80:76–77.6. Jin L, Brown DWG, Litton PA, White JM. Genetic diversity ofmumps virus in oral fluid specimens: application to mumpsepidemiology. J Infect Dis 2004; 189:1001–1008.7. Warrener L, Samuel D.
Disqualified in the human race: a close reading of the autobiographies of individuals identified as autistic

Much can be learned about the experience of autism by listening to the voices of individuals so labelled. They describe their understanding of competence, living in a culture where autism is considered deviant, deficient and outside the range of ‘normal’ human experience. This paper utilises autobiographical accounts written by individuals who identify as autistic as a source of qualitative research data and specifically explores the ways in which these texts address issues of competence. Using narrative inquiry, it explores how individuals with autism, both adults and adolescents, describe their own notions of competence and, further, the instructional practices that support their ability to demonstrate their competence.
Effects of protease inhibitors on degradation of H3[14C]-casein by ruminal microorganisms

Effects of various chemicals on proteolytic activity of mixed ruminal microbes was evaluated as the rate of release of trichloroacetic soluble 14C (TCAS-14C) during 15 min incubation of H3[14C]-casein with ruminal fluid with or without 0.1 – 1 mm of the chemical. That TCAS-14C, presumed to be small peptides of H3[14C]-lysine or H3[14C]-lysine, was not further metabolized was confirmed by quantitative recovery of TCAS-14C on continued incubation. The viability of the microbial ecosystem was indicated by the rapid disappearance of TCAS-14C when 1-[14C]-leucine was similarly incubated. Synthetic protease inhibitors of serine and cysteine proteases (n-tosyl-1-lysine, chloromethyl ketone, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, p-chloromercuribenzoate and iodoacetate) caused significant (P < .01) inhibition of proteolysis at all concentrations tested. Diphenyliodonium chloride, at 0.8 mM, resulted in a similar degree of inhibition as the most effective protease inhibitors. Inhibitors of microbial origin that inhibit cysteine and cysteine-serine protease, E-64 and leupeptin, respectively, also showed significant (P < .05) inhibitory effects at all concentrations, whereas inhibitors of aspartic proteases (pepstatin) had no inhibitory effect. Inhibitors of serine proteases, soybean trypsin inhibitor type II, also had significant (P < .05) inhibitory effects. These results confirm that protease of mixed ruminal microbes are predominantly of the cysteine and serine types. Such inhibition occurs within 2 minutes or less and, therefore, is likely a specific effect of protease inhibition. The microbial protease inhibitors E-64 and leupeptin appear potentially most useful for limiting excessive degradation of intake proteins by the ruminal microbial ecosystem.
Stability and load-carrying capacity of three-dimensional long-span steel arch bridges

Abstract The behavior of several models of three-dimensional long-span steel arch bridges is investigated for evaluating the effects of various design parameters on both the strength and stability of these special structures. The major concerns in the design of a long-span steel arch bridge, from the structural safety point of view, are the yield and buckling failures. Different design parameters may affect the failure load for either type of failure in various ways. This study investigates how changes in certain design parameters would affect the behavior of steel arch bridges, which could lead to an optimum design of this type of bridge structures. The effects of the plate girder stiffness and arch bracing stiffness as well as the rise-to-span ratio and inclination of the arches towards each other are examined in this study. Both critical buckling load and the load-carrying capacity of each design alternative are investigated using the finite element method. All design alternatives are based on the latest AASHTO code for highway bridge design. It is concluded from this study that the inclined arch bridge using the maximum practical rise-to-span ratio (which is about 0.25) is the most favorable design. In addition, the increase in the stiffness of the plate girder does not reduce the bending moments in the arch ribs. However, providing a lateral bracing system with sufficient stiffness greatly reduces the out-of-plane bending moments and increases the load-carrying capacity and the critical buckling load of a long-span arch bridge.
Chain elongation of fatty acids by cell-free extracts of epidermis from pea leaves (Pisumsativum)

Summary A 27,000 × g supernatant from extracts of epidermis of pea leaves ( Pisum sativum ) incorporated acetate-1-14C into C18 to C26 fatty acids in the presence of ATP, CoA, NADPH (but not NADH), HCO3− and Mn+2. Avidin inhibition of this reaction and incorporation of malonyl-2-14C-CoA in the absence of HCO3− showed that malonyl-CoA was the elongating agent. Palmitoyl-CoA did not stimulate the reaction nor was stearic acid-1-14C elongated. Micro-Schmidt degradation of the individual acids showed that the synthesis of the very long acids was exclusively by elongation of preformed endogenous chains. Subcellular fractionation indicated that the elongating activity was in the microsomal fraction.
Consuming Desires: Consumption, Romance, and Sexuality in Best-Selling Teen Romance Novels

This interpretive study examined consumption and brand names within the best-selling young adult romance series Gossip Girl, A-List, and Clique. This study demonstrated similarities of this romantic fiction to marketing promotions. The key finding is that consumption, often in the forms of specified brands and product lines, was linked to heroines' romantic and sexual desirability. I argue that this is a limited and limiting understanding of femininity that benefits marketers and retailers rather than girl readers.
Tolerance-related V beta clonal deletions in normal CD4-8-, TCR-alpha/beta + and abnormal lpr and gld cell populations.

We have analyzed tolerance-related clonal deletion of Mls-and I-E- reactive thymocytes at the RNA level using a multi-V beta probe RNAse protection assay, and used this phenomenon to identify the maturation stage of the abnormally expanded CD4-8-, TCR-alpha/beta + subset in lpr and gld homozygous mice, and of the phenotypically similar minor thymocyte subset found in normal mice. Essentially complete V beta clonal deletions were detected in lpr and gld cells of all appropriate background strains. Substantial, but not complete, V beta clonal deletions were also detected in the CD4-8- TCR-alpha/beta + subset of normal mice. Since expression of CD4/CD8 is required for V beta clonal deletions to occur, we conclude that lpr and gld cells, and at least a portion of CD4-8- TCR-alpha/beta + thymocytes in normal mice, are derived by secondary loss of CD4/CD8 accessory molecules from more mature CD4+8+ precursors. One possible interpretation of these findings is that such CD4/CD8 loss may affect a class of self-reactive thymocytes that have escaped direct clonal deletion. Exportation and expansion of such cells in the periphery may be an important contributory factor in the induction of systemic autoimmunity.
Predictors of Clonidine Response in Tourette Syndrome: Implications and Inferences

Clonidine is an alpha-adrenergic agonist which may alleviate emerging symptoms in Tourette syndrome, an observation that has fueled speculation regarding involvement of stress-sensitive central noradrenergic systems in this disorder. We conducted a retrospective study of 53 juvenile patients with Tourette syndrome to assess predictors of short-term behavioral and tic response to oral clonidine and to examine the relationship, if any, among pretreatment blood pressure, tic severity, and clonidine response. When adverse effects were considered, older subjects experienced a better therapeutic response to clonidine, independent of dose. Improvement in symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder was associated with a longer duration of vocal tics before treatment. Baseline sitting diastolic blood pressure was directly correlated with measures of tic severity but not with tic response to clonidine. The findings (1) provide indirect support for involvement of central noradrenergic systems in tic expression; (2) suggest that emergence of a tic-related neurophysiologic dysfunction may be necessary for optimal behavioral response to clonidine in Tourette syndrome; and (3) provide broad guidelines for the clinician considering clonidine therapy for pediatric patients with Tourette syndrome, particularly those with comorbid attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Expansion and dissemination of a standardized accuracy and precision assessment technique

The advent and development of new imaging techniques and image-guidance have had a major impact on surgical practice. These techniques attempt to allow the clinician to not only visualize what is currently visible, but also what is beneath the surface, or function. These systems are often based on tracking systems coupled with registration and visualization technologies. The accuracy and precision of the tracking systems, thus is critical in the overall accuracy and precision of the image-guidance system. In this work the accuracy and precision of an Aurora tracking system is assessed, using the technique specified in " novel technique for analysis of accuracy of magnetic tracking systems used in image guided surgery." This analysis yielded a demonstration that accuracy is dependent on distance from the tracker's field generator, and had an RMS value of 1.48 mm. The error has the similar characteristics and values as the previous work, thus validating this method for tracker analysis.
Functional MR imaging to evaluate sensory processing in dyslexia.

Dyslexia is a common neurobehavioral disorder affecting a large percentage of the population, with reported prevalence rates of 5%–10% of school-age children and 5% of the global population (1–5). Dyslexia manifests as reading difficulty, typically measured as single-word reading, in people who otherwise have sufficient education, intelligence, and motivation to read normally (6). Researchers agree that dyslexia has a neurobiologic and genetic basis, and such knowledge has been gleaned from numerous research techniques, including postmortem anatomic studies (7), genetic linkage studies (8,9), electroand magnetoencephalography (10–14), and neuroimaging, including positron emission tomography (15–20) and functional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (1,21–23). These myriad studies point to a biologic basis for dyslexia, but the exact mechanisms at the core of this disorder remain unknown, as researchers actively pursue a theory to describe its constellation of deficits. There are several theories concerning the core deficits of language processing seen in dyslexics. Researchers have shown that many dyslexics have difficulty processing basic sensory information from at least one modality, such as auditory or visual stimuli. In addition, recent reports suggest that the temporal processing impairments seen in dyslexics are not limited to single sensory modalities (24,25). Our proposed research aims to study both unimodal (auditory or visual stimuli separately) and cross-modal (auditory and visual together) sensory processing in dyslexia by means of psychophysiological studies and functional MR imaging brain-mapping studies in dyslexics. The broad, long-term objective of this project is to determine the role played by sensory processing abnormalities in the language deficits observed in dyslexia. Our specific aims include testing hypotheses that dyslexics and control subjects will exhibit different neural activation patterns while performing two different paradigms: a unimodal (auditory or visual) letter discrimination task and a crossmodal letter matching task. We hope through our research on sensory processing to gain a better understanding of the neurobiology of dyslexia, thereby optimizing treatment strategies.
Enhancing pregnant, donor oocyte recipient women's health in the infertility clinic and beyond: a phenomenological investigation of caring behaviour.

Aim To describe pregnant, donor oocyte recipient women's perceptions of the essence of caring behaviour among nurses and other healthcare providers who they encountered in the clinic environment.
Crystal Phases and Phase Transitions in a Highly Polymorphogenic Solid-State Molecular Gyroscope with meta-Methoxytrityl Frames

The energy landscape of molecular gyroscopes with meta-methoxy substituted trityl groups may include many stereoisomers due to the helicity of the two triarylmethyl propeller moieties and the stereochemical label provided by the meta-methoxy group. While low equilibration barriers and rapid equilibration in solution prevent isolation and observation by relatively slow techniques such as 1H and 13C NMR, their many structural options may offer opportunities to prepare several crystal forms, or conformational polymorphs. In this paper, we report the synthesis and characterization of 1,4-bis[tri-(meta-methoxyphenyl)propynyl]benzene (2), a crystalline molecular gyroscope with a phenylene rotator, a dialkyne axle, and two tri-meta-methoxy-substituted trityl frames. Using a combination of single-crystal X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), high resolution 13C cross-polarization magnetic-angle spinning (CPMAS) NMR, and polarized microscopy, we obtained expe...
Theory of Mind and conduct problems in children: Deficits in reading the “emotions of the eyes”

A significant clinical feature of disorders of antisocial behaviour involves difficulties in social functioning. It has been suggested that deficits in “theory of mind” (ToM) reasoning—the ability to decode others’ emotions and thoughts—may underlie social difficulties in these populations. Success in demonstrating ToM impairment associated with antisocial behaviour and psychopathy in adults and children have been limited. In the current study, parent-reported conduct problems were concurrently measured with performance on an advanced test of ToM developed for children, the Child Eyes Test (Journal of Developmental and Learning Disorders, 5, 47–78). Preadolescent and young adolescent children (n=79) drawn from a community sample were required to identify emotions from photographic stimuli depicting the eye region of the face only. Findings suggested a generalised impairment in ToM in children with conduct problems, as indicated by a significant relationship between poor Eyes Test performance and conduct p...
Fluorinated electrolytes for 5-V Li-ion chemistry: Dramatic enhancement of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4/graphite cell performance by a lithium reservoir

Abstract A fluorinated electrolyte was galvanostatically charged and discharged for 100 cycles at an elevated temperature (55 °C) with a LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 cathode coupled with a graphite anode in the presence of a lithium reservoir. The incorporation of the lithium reservoir was able to compensate for the loss of the active lithium from the LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 cathode due to the electrolyte oxidative decomposition. Our experimental data demonstrate for the first time that lithium compensation is an efficient way to enhance the performance of high voltage LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 /graphite cell at a high temperature (55 °C).
Automated system for numerically rating document image quality

As part of the Department of Energy document declassification program, we have developed a numerical rating system to predict the OCR error rate that we expect to encounter when processing a particular document. The rating algorithm produces a vector containing scores for different document image attributes such as speckle and touching characters. The OCR error rate for a document is computed from a weighted sum of the elements of the corresponding quality vector. The predicted OCR error rate will be used to screen documents that would not be handled properly with existing document processing products.
An improved preparation of phosphatidylglycerophosphate

Abstract Phosphatidylglycerophosphate is not normally accumulated in the reaction mixture. It was found that octyl-β- d -glucopyranoside greatly stimulated the synthesis and inhibited the degradation of phosphatidylglycerophosphate. The phenomenon could be used for the preparation of phosphatidylglycerophosphate from CDPdiacylglycerol and the sn -glycero-3-phosphate with the crude membrane enzyme preparation. The optimal concentration of octyl-β- d -glucopyranoside to be used for such a purpose was 24.5 mM.
Automated layout and phase assignment techniques for dark-field alternating PSM

We describe new, efficient algorithms for layout modification and phase assignment for dark field alternating-type phase- shifting masks in the single-exposure regime. We make the following contributions. First, we give optimal and fast algorithms to minimize the number of phase conflicts that must be removed to ensure 2-colorability of the conflict graph. These methods can potentially reduce runtime and/or improve solution quality, compared to previous approaches of Moniwa et al. and Ooi et al. Second, we suggest a new iterative 2- coloring and compaction approach that simultaneously optimizes layout and phase assignment. The approach iteratively performs the following steps: (1) compact the layout and find the conflict graph; (2) find the minimum set of edges whose deletion makes the conflict graph bipartite; and (3) add a new compaction constraint for each edge in this minimum set, such that the corresponding pair of features will no longer conflict. Third, we describe additional approaches to co- optimization of layout and phase assignment for alternating PSM. Preliminary computational experience appears promising.
Treatment of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder among Children with Special Health Care Needs

Objectives To describe the parent-reported prevalence of treatments for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among a national sample of children with special health care needs (CSHCN), and assess the alignment of ADHD treatment with current American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines. Study design Parent-reported data from the 2009-2010 National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs allowed for weighted national and state-based prevalence estimates of medication, behavioral therapy, and dietary supplement use for ADHD treatment among CSHCN aged 4-17 years with current ADHD. National estimates were compared across demographic groups, ADHD severity, and comorbidities. Medication treatment by drug class was described. Results Of CSHCN with current ADHD, 74.0% had received medication treatment in the past week, 44.0% had received behavioral therapy in the past year, and 10.2% used dietary supplements for ADHD in the past year. Overall, 87.3% had received past week medication treatment or past year behavioral therapy (both, 30.7%; neither, 12.7%). Among preschool-aged CSHCN with ADHD, 25.4% received medication treatment alone, 31.9% received behavioral therapy alone, 21.2% received both treatments, and 21.4% received neither treatment. Central nervous system stimulants were the most common medication class (84.8%) among CSHCN with ADHD, followed by the selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor atomoxetine (8.4%). Conclusion These estimates provide a benchmark of clinical practice for the period directly preceding issuance of the American Academy of Pediatrics' 2011 ADHD guidelines. Most children with ADHD received medication treatment or behavioral therapy; just under one-third received both. Multimodal treatment was most common for CSHCN with severe ADHD and those with comorbidities. Approximately one-half of preschoolers received behavioral therapy, the recommended first-line treatment for this age group.
Optical Fourier Synthesis for Non-centrosymmetric Projections of Crystal Structures

THE production of an X-ray image showing details of the atomic arrangement in a crystal is not possible because X-radiation cannot be focused; the possibility of representing the diffracted X-ray beams by beams of visible light which can be focused has therefore always been attractive. The first step is, of course, to obtain complete information about the X-ray spectra; it is a fairly simple matter to measure their amplitudes, but it is not possible to record their relative phases experimentally. The determination of the phases is, therefore, the major problem in X-ray diffraction investigations of crystal structures. Once the phases have been determined by one of the many techniques available the production of an ‘image’ by Fourier synthesis is possible.
Coping Strategies and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Post-ICU Family Decision Makers

Objective:To assess the coping strategies used by family decision makers of adult critical care patients during and after the critical care experience and the relationship of coping strategies to posttraumatic stress symptoms experienced 60 days after hospitalization.Design:A single-group descriptiv
Dithiobiuret toxicity in the rat: Evidence for latency and cumulative dose thresholds

Abstract Treatment of rats with 2,4-dithiobiuret (DTB) causes a delayed onset skeletal muscle weakness which was detected by a rotarod test. Daily doses of 0.125 mg/kg failed to cause muscle weakness after 52 days of treatment (cumulative dose = 6.5 mg/kg). However, daily doses of DTB ranging from 0.25 to 16 mg/kg caused muscle weakness, and the onset of this weakness was determined by either a latency threshold of 3–4 days or a cumulative dose threshold of 4–5 mg/kg. At daily doses greater than 1 mg/kg, the latency threshold determined the onset of toxicity; at daily doses of 0.25–1 mg/kg the cumulative dose threshold was the determining factor. The basis for these thresholds is not known. When DTB treatment was stopped after the first day of toxicity, rats treated with 0.25–1 mg/kg/day regained normal rotarod performance within 2–5 days. However, rats treated with 2 mg/kg/day or more, died between 0 and 2 days of stopping treatment. Distribution and elimination studies revealed that urine was the main route of elimination of DTB-derived 14C and that feces was a minor route. Inasmuch as only 70–75% of a daily dose was eliminated in the first 24 hr, when administered at the rate of 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/kg/day, DTB-derived 14C accumulated in rats maintained on these dosing regimens. On the second day of rotarod test failure, the body burden of DTB equivalents in the three dosage groups ranged from 0.7 to 1 mg/kg. The highest concentration of DTB-derived 14C was found in the thyroid gland. However, accumulation of DTB in the thyroid and its potential antithyroid action are probably not responsible for toxicity. The most important finding was the demonstration that latency and cumulative dose thresholds determine the onset of DTB intoxication. The cause of these thresholds, if determined, may ultimately lead to an understanding of the mechanism of the toxicity of DTB.
Barrelene derivatives — potential modules for assembly

Abstract Dihydrobarrelene tetraamide 8 was prepared by Diels-Alder reaction of 4 and 5 and indirect transformation of the ester into amide groups. The crystal structure of 8 showed an unpredicted conformation of the four amide groups.
A Photoelectric Reflection-Transmission Densitometer

A Western Electric ERPD Transmission Densitometer has been modified to permit the reading of diffuse reflection density values. The alterations do not interfere in any way with the original function of the instrument. Construction details of the reflection viewer added to the densitometer and the accompanying optical and electrical changes are discussed. Performance data are briefly summarized, including observations of density values in excess of 2.0 for certain glossy photographic papers.
Evolutionary history determines how plant productivity responds to phylogenetic diversity and species richness

The relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem function has received a great deal of attention in ecological research and recent results, from re-analyses, suggest that ecosystem function improves with increases in phylogenetic diversity. However, many of these results have been generalized across a range of different species and clades, and plants with different evolutionary histories could display different relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem function. To experimentally test this hypothesis, we manipulated species richness and phylogenetic diversity using 26 species from two subgenera of the genus Eucalyptus (subgenus Eucalyptus and subgenus Symphyomyrtus). We found that plant biomass (a measurement of ecosystem function) sometimes, but not always, responded to increases in species richness and phylogenetic diversity. Specifically, Symphyomyrtus plants showed a positive response while no comparable effect was observed for Eucalyptus plants, showing that responses to biodiversity can vary across different phylogenetic groups. Our results show that the impacts of evolutionary history may complicate the relationship between the diversity of plant communities and plant biomass.
Effects of “nonrational” influences on decision making in higher education: A simulation test

The purpose of the present study was to determine if a nonrational model of decision-making was used by college administrators in three typical areas of college operations. Were the value positions taken by three college constituency groups (faculty, students, community board) on problems in curriculum, student affairs, and personnel influencing decisions made by administrative groups?
Simultaneous measurement of polymerization kinetics and Stress development in radiation-cured coatings : A new experimental approach and relationship between the degree of conversion and Stress

Stress buildup and polymerization kinetics in UV-cured multifunctional (functionality 4−8) acrylic monomers in coating fabrications have been studied simultaneously using a newly developed combined...
Implicit constitutive relations in thermoelasticity

Abstract In this paper, after a brief discussion on the implicit constitutive relations used in thermoelasticity, based on Fox’s [1] work, we derive a general implicit relation for the heat flux vector. In the section following that we use the methodology suggested by Rajagopal [2] , [69] whereby we derive a class of implicit constitutive relations for q and we show that by selecting appropriate functions appearing in the formulation, we can obtain as special cases the Fourier heat conduction and the Maxwell–Cattaneo–Fox model. We do not discuss the implications of the second law of thermodynamics.
The role of gut microbiota in immune homeostasis and autoimmunity.

Keeping a delicate balance in the immune system by eliminating invading pathogens, while still maintaining self-tolerance to avoid autoimmunity, is critical for the body’s health. The gut microbiota that resides in the gastrointestinal tract provides essential health benefits to its host, particularly by regulating immune homeostasis. Moreover, it has recently become obvious that alterations of these gut microbial communities can cause immune dysregulation, leading to autoimmune disorders. Here we review the advances in our understanding of how the gut microbiota regulates innate and adaptive immune homeostasis, which in turn can affect the development of not only intestinal but also systemic autoimmune diseases. Exploring the interaction of gut microbes and the host immune system will not only allow us to understand the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases but will also provide us new foundations for the design of novel immuno- or microbe-based therapies.
In vivo test for myelinotoxicity of cerebrospinal fluid.

Abstract A quantitative double blind procedure is described to test the myelinotoxicity of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by using optic nerves ofXenopus tadpoles as an in vivo model of a myelinated CNS tract. Only 0.5 ml of unconcentrated CSF is needed for a test and the result is known in 5 days. Groups of 8–10Xenopus tadpoles received a subcutaneous injection of 12–13 μl of a coded CSF sample or of a saline control solution around the right optic nerve. After 48 h, whole mounts of the right optic nerves were prepared and the slides were randomized before using a differential-interference contrast microscope to count the myelin lesions. The myelinotoxicity of a CSF sample was considered positive (+) when it produced significantly higher (P
Outpatient Commitment for Adults With Psychiatric Disabilities: Examining the Underlying Assumptions

Outpatient commitment laws have been proposed as one way to increase service utilization among adults with psychiatric disabilities. While these laws vary from state to state, they are linked by a ...
Predicted efficiency of Si wire array solar cells

Solar cells based on arrays of CVD-grown Si nano- or micro-wires have attracted interest as potentially low-cost alternatives to conventional wafer-based Si photovoltaics [1–6], and single-wire solar cells have been reported with efficiencies of up to 3.4% [7]. We recently presented device physics simulations which predicted efficiencies exceeding 17%, based on experimentally observed diffusion lengths within our wires [8]. However, this model did not take into account the optical properties of a wire array device - in particular the inherently low packing fraction of wires within CVD-grown wire arrays, which might limit their ability to fully absorb incident sunlight. For this reason, we have combined a device physics model of Si wire solar cells with FDTD simulations of light absorption within wire arrays to investigate the potential photovoltaic efficiency of this cell geometry. We have found that even a sparsely packed array (14%) is expected to absorb moderate (66%) amounts of above-bandgap solar energy, yielding a simulated photovoltaic efficiency of 14.5%. Because the wire array comprises such a small volume of Si, the observed absorption represents an effective optical concentration, which enables greater operating voltages than previously predicted for Si wire array solar cells.