cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An improved free amino acid diet for growing chicks.

Abstract Although Almquist and Grau (1944) and Almquist (1947) were able to grow chicks on free amino acid diets, the rate of growth obtained compared with that on protein-containing diets was very poor. There have been several recent unsuccessful attempts to improve the earlier diets of Almquist (Glista, 1951; Lewis, 1953). From the results of his extensive work, Lewis concluded that proteins provide unknown growth essentials not supplied by the free amino acids. Since these studies, Rose et al. (1954), in their classical studies on the amino acid requirements of man, pointed out that the energy intake must be significantly increased upon changing from an intact protein to hydrolyzed protein to free amino acids. Incorporating these findings in their work, Fisher and Johnson (1956) succeeded in formulating a free amino acid diet on which hens would maintain normal production. Since egg production seems to be a more sensitive criterion of dietary …
A non-photorealistic rendering framework with temporal coherence for augmented reality

Many augmented reality (AR) applications require a seamless blending of real and virtual content as key to increased immersion and improved user experiences. Photorealistic and non-photorealistic rendering (NPR) are two ways to achieve this goal. Compared with photorealistic rendering, NPR stylizes both the real and virtual content and makes them indistinguishable. Maintaining temporal coherence is a key challenge in NPR. We propose a NPR framework with support for temporal coherence by leveraging model-space information. Our systems targets painterly rendering styles of NPR. There are three major steps in this rendering framework for creating coherent results: tensor field creation, brush anchor placement, and brush stroke reshaping. To achieve temporal coherence for the final rendered results, we propose a new projection-based surface sampling algorithm which generates anchor points on model surfaces. The 2D projections of these samples are uniformly distributed in image space for optimal brush stroke placement. We also propose a general method for averaging various properties of brush stroke textures, such as their skeletons and colors, to further improve the temporal coherence. We apply these methods to both static and animated models to create a painterly rendering style for AR. Compared with existing image space algorithms our method renders AR with NPR effects with a high degree of coherence.
The educationally influential physician

AbstractThe existence of physicians who were educationally influential to their peers was confirmed by a series of studies in the 1960s. Methodology to facilitate their identification led to several studies that confirmed their role in the dissemination of information. It was originally thought that
Targeted delivery of TrkB receptor to phrenic motoneurons enhances functional recovery of rhythmic phrenic activity after cervical spinal hemisection.

Progressive recovery of rhythmic phrenic activity occurs over time after a spinal cord hemisection involving unilateral transection of anterolateral funiculi at C2 (SH). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) acting through its full-length tropomyosin related kinase receptor subtype B (TrkB.FL) contributes to neuroplasticity after spinal cord injury, but the specific cellular substrates remain unclear. We hypothesized that selectively targeting increased TrkB.FL expression to phrenic motoneurons would be sufficient to enhance recovery of rhythmic phrenic activity after SH. Several adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotypes expressing GFP were screened to determine specificity for phrenic motoneuron transduction via intrapleural injection in adult rats. GFP expression was present in the cervical spinal cord 3 weeks after treatment with AAV serotypes 7, 8, and 9, but not with AAV2, 6, or rhesus-10. Overall, AAV7 produced the most consistent GFP expression in phrenic motoneurons. SH was performed 3 weeks after intrapleural injection of AAV7 expressing human TrkB.FL-FLAG or saline. Delivery of TrkB.FL-FLAG to phrenic motoneurons was confirmed by FLAG protein expression in the phrenic motor nucleus and human TrkB.FL mRNA expression in microdissected phrenic motoneurons. In all SH rats, absence of ipsilateral diaphragm EMG activity was confirmed at 3 days post-SH, verifying complete interruption of ipsilateral descending drive to phrenic motoneurons. At 14 days post-SH, all AAV7-TrkB.FL treated rats (n = 11) displayed recovery of ipsilateral diaphragm EMG activity compared to 3 out of 8 untreated SH rats (p<0.01). During eupnea, AAV7-TrkB.FL treated rats exhibited 73±7% of pre-SH root mean squared EMG vs. only 31±11% in untreated SH rats displaying recovery (p<0.01). This study provides direct evidence that increased TrkB.FL expression in phrenic motoneurons is sufficient to enhance recovery of ipsilateral rhythmic phrenic activity after SH, indicating that selectively targeting gene expression in spared motoneurons below the level of spinal cord injury may promote functional recovery.
14C distribution and utilization in blue grama as affected by temperature, water potential and defoliation regimes.

Water stress and temperature effects on growth, translocation and reallocation of 14C assimilated by blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis (H.B.K.) Lag. ex Steud.) were studied for sods extracted from shortgrass prairie. The sods were kept at either 24°/16° or 34°/16°C (day/nigh) temperatures and were labeled at two phenological stages. Three soil water potential (Ψ s) regimes of approximately 0 to -1, 0 to -15, and 0 to -30 bars were maintained by wetting and drying cycles. Reproductive plants retained more 14C in aboveground organs, used more assimilated 14C for respiration, and allocated a higher proportion of photosynthate to the labile fraction than did plants labeled at a vegetative stage. Low temperature and a Ψ s of 0 to -30 bars resulted in greater 14C translocation to belowground organs, but a larger proportion of the 14C went into structural components. Sods stressed to-30 bars and maintained at higher temperatures had higher respiration losses of 14C. No significant differences in allocation and respiration uses of 14C were found among sods grown at field capacity and at 0 to-15 bars Ψ s. During regrowth of clipped sods, more than 60% of the labile 14C in belowground organs was respired within four weeks. Higher respiration losses of labile 14C were found in severely water stressed sods that regrew under the higher temperature regime. Use of labile 14C for regrowth of new foliage was greatest for sods kept under conditions of high temperatures and optimum to moderate Ψ s. Height growth and biomass increas of new foliage were significantly less for sods stresses to -30 bars. No significant differences in reallocation or respiration losses of 14C, growth, and biomass increases were observed for sods maintained at field capacity and 0 to -15 bars. These results suggested that physiological processes in blue grama were affected and could not recover fully when plants were subjected to severe water stress. However, upon relief of stress, those sods maintained at a moderate soil water stress level to 0 to -15 bars were capable of rapid recovery. Significance of these findings is discussed in the context of evolutionary success of blue grama in a semi-arid environment.
Investigating the Phase-Dependent Reactivity of Chlorine Dioxide Using Resonance Raman Spectroscopy

Recent progress in understanding the phase-dependent reactivity of chlorine dioxide (OClO) is outlined. Specifically, resonance Raman intensity analysis (RRIA) and time-resolved resonance Raman (TRRR) studies of OClO photochemistry in solution are presented. The RRIA studies demonstrate that the optically prepared excited-state undergoes significant modification in solution relative to the gas phase. Specifically, the substantial evolution that occurs along the asymmetric-stretch coordinate in the gas phase is restricted in solution. The absence of substantial evolution along the asymmetric-stretch coordinate results in the preservation of ground-state symmetry in the excited state. The role of symmetry in defining the reaction coordinate and the solvent−solute interactions responsible for modification of the excited-state potential energy surface are discussed. TRRR studies performed with pump and probe wavelengths at 390 nm are presented which demonstrate that geminate recombination of the primary photo...
Expanded and packed bed albumin adsorption on fluoride modified zirconia

The expanded bed characteristics of 75–103μm fluoride-modified zirconia (FmZr) particles synthesized by a fed batch oil emulsion process were investigated. These particles are distinguished from commercially available expanded-bed adsorbents by virtue of their high density (2.8 g/cc) and the mixed mode protein retention mechanism which allows for the retention of both cationic and anionic proteins. The linear velocity versus bed porosity data agree with the Richardson–Zaki relationship with the terminal velocity in infinite medium of 2858.4 cm/h and a bed expansion index of 5.1. Residence time distribution (RTD) studies and bovine serum albumin (BSA) adsorption studies were performed as a function of the height of the settled bed to the column diameter (H:D) ratio and degree of bed expansion with superficial velocities of 440 to 870 cm/h. The settled bed, a 2× expanded bed, and a 3× expanded bed were studied for the H:D ratios of 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1. The dynamic binding capacity (DBC) at 5% breakthrough was low (2–8 mg BSA/mL settled bed) and was independent of the H:D ratio or the degree of bed expansion. The saturation DBC was 32.3 ± 7.0 mg BSA/mL settled bed. The adsorption–desorption kinetics and intraparticle diffusion for protein adsorption on FmZr (38–75 μm) were investigated by studying the packed bed RTD and BSA adsorption as a function of temperature and flow rate. The data show that the adsorption–desorption kinetics along with intraparticle diffusion significantly influence protein adsorption on FmZr. Low residence times (∼0.8 min) of BSA result in a DBC at 5% breakthrough which is 3.5-fold lower compared to that at 6-fold higher protein residence time. At low linear velocity (45 cm/h) the breakthrough curve is nearly symmetrical and becomes asymmetrical and more dispersed at higher linear velocity (270 cm/h) due to the influence of slow adsorption–desorption kinetics and intraparticle diffusion.© 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Bioeng 60: 333–340, 1998.
A model for teaching criminal justice ethics

This article asks whether we can reasonably expect to make people more ethical by teaching ethics to them. We suggest that a justifiable aim in teaching ethics is to engage students in a serious dialogue concerning how they should conduct their lives as they embark on their careers. If a model for teaching ethics can accomplish this, it also might make students more ethical. After identifying several options that must be considered in designing a model, we describe and give a rationale for a model that involves students in evaluating two different ethical approaches by applying them to a wide range of cases and by assessing the kind of life they would lead if they adopted each approach.
Stable Carbon Isotope Fractionation by Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria

Biogeochemical transformations occurring in the anoxic zones of stratified sedimentary microbial communities can profoundly influence the isotopic and organic signatures preserved in the fossil record. Accordingly, we have determined carbon isotope discrimination that is associated with both heterotrophic and lithotrophic growth of pure cultures of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). For heterotrophic-growth experiments, substrate consumption was monitored to completion. Sealed vessels containing SRB cultures were harvested at different time intervals, and delta(13)C values were determined for gaseous CO(2), organic substrates, and products such as biomass. For three of the four SRB, carbon isotope effects between the substrates, acetate or lactate and CO(2), and the cell biomass were small, ranging from 0 to 2 per thousand. However, for Desulfotomaculum acetoxidans, the carbon incorporated into biomass was isotopically heavier than the available substrates by 8 to 9 per thousand. SRB grown lithoautotrophically consumed less than 3% of the available CO(2) and exhibited substantial discrimination (calculated as isotope fractionation factors [alpha]), as follows: for Desulfobacterium autotrophicum, alpha values ranged from 1.0100 to 1.0123; for Desulfobacter hydrogenophilus, the alpha value was 0.0138, and for Desulfotomaculum acetoxidans, the alpha value was 1.0310. Mixotrophic growth of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans on acetate and CO(2) resulted in biomass with a delta(13)C composition intermediate to that of the substrates. The extent of fractionation depended on which enzymatic pathways were used, the direction in which the pathways operated, and the growth rate, but fractionation was not dependent on the growth phase. To the extent that environmental conditions affect the availability of organic substrates (e.g., acetate) and reducing power (e.g., H(2)), ecological forces can also influence carbon isotope discrimination by SRB.
Polymeric Octahedral and Monomeric Tetrahedral Group 12 Pseudohalogeno (NCX - : X = O, S, Se) Complexes of 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine

Abstract A series of new pseudohalogeno complexes of Zn(II), Cd(II) and Hg(II) with 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine (4-dmap) has been prepared. The compounds Zn(NCS)2L2 (1), Cd(NCS)2L2 (2a), Hg1.5(NCS)3L2 (3), Zn(NCO)2L2 (4), Cd(NCO)2L2 (5), Hg(NCO)2L (6), Zn(NCSe)2L2 (7) and Cd(NCSe)2L2 (8a) (L=4-dmap) were characterized by elemental analyses, mid and far IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. The structures of 1, 2a, 4 and 8a have been confirmed by X-ray crystallography. In addition, molecular geometries of Cd(NCS)2L2·2DMSO (2b) and Cd(NCSe)2L2·2DMSO (8b) have been determined by X-ray crystallography. Compounds 1 and 4 consist of monomeric units in which the Zn(II) atoms are tetrahedrally surrounded by two N-donating pseudohalide ions and two 4-dmap moities, coordinating at the endocyclic nitrogen atom. Complexes 2a and 8a are isostructural polymers comprised of chains of the monomeric unit MX2N2, where X is NCS− or NCSe−. Within each monomeric unit one pseudohalide ligand is bound through the chalcogen atom; the other through the nitrogen atom. The polymer chain is a distorted octahedron sharing common edges through nearly linear bridging pseudohalide groups displaced trans to each other; the two 4-dmap ligands are also displaced trans to each other. Complexes 2b and 8b are isostructural monomeric units, in which the central Cd(II) atom exhibits an N4O2 octahedral geometry.
Subtotal Open-Sky Vitrectomy for Severe Retinal Detachment Occurring as a Late Complication of Ocular Trauma

Subtotal open-sky vitrectomy was performed on 50 eyes with severe retinal detachment that developed as a late complication of ocular trauma. The retina was reattached in 32% of the eyes and vision was improved in 50% of the reattached cases. Two cases of giant retinal tear with massive preretinal retraction were successfully treated by suturing the retinal flap of the tear to the choroid. Subtotal open-sky vitrectomy may be helpful in cases in which closed vitrectomy has failed or would be likely to fail.
SHELTERED CARE RESIDENCE: Ten-Year Personal Outcomes

A ten-year follow-up study of 393 seriously mentally ill sheltered-care residents examined the type and degree of handicap characterizing the sample and estimated effects of ten-year residence. Results showed higher levels of helper-supported social functioning and of physical and mental health, accompanied by significant reductions in independent social functioning.
Quantitative histochemistry of oxalate in vesiculated hairs of Atriplex halimus L.

A quantitative microchemical technique was devised to detect 2 to 3 μg oxalate in plant materials. This technique was used to measure the molarity of oxalate in the giant vesiculated hairs covering leaves of Atriplex halimus L. Oxalate concentration in the hairs was found to be approximately 1.4 molar. This technique is much simpler and more sensitive than previously reported methods.
Sphingolipids: major regulators of lipid metabolism.

Purpose of review Sphingolipids and their metabolites regulate a great variety of cellular processes. Recent findings implicate sphingolipids in the regulation of lipid synthesis, lipoprotein metabolism and the development of atherosclerosis. Recent findings Sphingolipid synthesis correlates with the regulation of the sterol-regulatory element-binding proteins - key transcription factors of genes of lipid metabolism. Inhibition of sphingolipid synthesis decreases synthesis of genes regulated by sterol regulatory element-binding protein, such as the rate-limiting enzymes of fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis as well as fatty-acyl-CoA synthases, important in the synthesis of phospholipids. In animal models, inhibition of sphingolipid synthesis correlates with decreased atherosclerotic lesions and a decreased susceptibility of lipoproteins to aggregate--a key mechanism in the development of the atherosclerotic lesion. The demonstration that ceramide and glucosylceramide (metabolites of sphingolipid synthesis) affect cholesterol efflux and mechanisms that regulate plasma high-density lipoprotein concentrations is further evidence for a role of sphingolipids in the regulation of lipid homeostasis. Direct mechanisms of how sphingolipid synthesis regulates lipid synthesis are currently unknown. The recent identification of key proteins of synthesis and specific transport proteins that regulate sphingolipid synthesis, however, is expected to contribute to the understanding about the interdependent regulation of sphingolipid and lipid metabolism. Summary Emerging data strongly suggest a role of sphingolipid synthesis in the regulation of transcription factors and regulatory proteins that control cellular lipid homeostasis.
Ab Initio Direct Dynamics Trajectory Study of the Cl- + CH3Cl SN2 Reaction at High Reagent Translational Energy

An ab initio (HF/3-21+G*) direct dynamics quasiclassical trajectory study was performed for the Cl- + CH3Cl SN2 reaction at a reagent relative translational energy of 100 kcal/mol. Initial conditions for the trajectories were averaged over the orientation of CH3Cl and the reaction dynamics studied versus collision impact parameter. The trajectories reacted by a backside attack mechanism and reaction by frontside attack was not observed. The calculated backside reaction cross reaction is 0.22−0.40 A2 and approximately two to four times larger than the experimental value (J. Phys. Chem. A 1997, 101, 5969). The absence of reaction by frontside attack was investigated by initiating trajectories at the Cs transition state for the frontside attack mechanism. These trajectories formed Cl- + CH3Cl reactants with a large vibrational energy and low relative translational energy, which suggests extensive CH3Cl vibrational excitation is needed to access the frontside reaction pathway.
mTOR trains heightened macrophage responses

The ability of a primary challenge to protect against secondary infection (e.g., during vaccination) independent of the adaptive immune system is mediated in part by macrophage ‘training’. Two new studies show that macrophage training is associated with genome-wide epigenetic changes and is regulated by the mTOR pathway and metabolic reprogramming.
Microcomputer control for soil moisture-based scheduling center pivot irrigation systems

Abstract A microprocessor-based controller has been developed to regulate soil water levels under center pivot irrigation systems. Inputs from a rain gauge and soil water sensors placed at two depths at several locations in the field provide information by which control decisions are made. Control algorithms based on soil-water retention curves determine when to begin irrigating the field and the amount of water to apply. A field test was performed and changes to the algorithm are suggested as a result of the test. The controller developed to implement the algorithms consists of a card cage containing both pre-manufactured boards and custom designed circuitry.
Synthesis and characterization of polydiacetylene films and nanotubes.

We report here the synthesis and characterization of polydiacetylene (PDA) films and nanotubes using layer-by-layer (LBL) chemistry. 10,12-Docosadiyndioic acid (DCDA) monomer was self-assembled on flat surfaces and inside of nanoporous alumina templates. UV irradiation of DCDA provided polymerized-DCDA (PDCDA) films and nanotubes. We have used zirconium-carboxylate interlayer chemistry to synthesize PDCDA multilayers on flat surfaces and in nanoporous template. PDCDA multilayers were characterized using optical (UV−vis, fluorescence, ellipsometry, FTIR) spectroscopies, ionic current−voltage (I−V) analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. Ellipsometry, FTIR, electronic absorption and emission spectroscopies showed a uniform DCDA deposition at each deposition cycle. Our optical spectroscopic analysis indicates that carboxylate-zirconium interlinking chemistry is robust. To explain the disorganization in the alkyl portion of PDCDA multilayer films, we propose carboxylate-zirconium interlinkages act as “loc...
Adaptation of high-gamma responses in human auditory association cortex

This study investigates adaptation of high-frequency cortical responses [>60 Hz; high-gamma (HG)] to simple and complex sounds in human nonprimary auditory cortex. We used intracranial electrocorticographic recordings to measure event-related changes in HG power as a function of stimulus probability. Tone and speech stimuli were presented in a series of traditional oddball and control paradigms. We hypothesized that HG power attenuates with stimulus repetition over multiple concurrent time scales in auditory association cortex. Time-frequency analyses were performed to identify auditory-responsive sites. Single-trial analyses and quantitative modeling were then used to measure trial-to-trial changes in HG power for high (frequent), low (infrequent), and equal (control) stimulus probabilities. Results show strong reduction of HG responses to frequently repeated tones and speech, with no differences in responses to infrequent and equal-probability stimuli. Adaptation of the HG frequent response, and not stimulus-acoustic differences or deviance-detection enhancement effects, accounted for the differential responses observed for frequent and infrequent sounds. Adaptation of HG responses showed a rapid onset (less than two trials) with slower adaptation between consecutive, repeated trials (2–10 s) and across trials in a stimulus block (∼7 min). The auditory-evoked N100 response also showed repetition-related adaptation, consistent with previous human scalp and animal single-unit recordings. These findings indicate that HG responses are highly sensitive to the regularities of simple and complex auditory events and show adaptation on multiple concurrent time scales in human auditory association cortex.
Protein kinase C in the hippocampus is altered by spatial but not cued discriminations: a component task analysis.

Abstract The exact role of the mammalian hippocampus in memory formation remains essentially as an unanswered question for cognitive neuroscience. Experiments with humans and with animals indicate that some types of mnemonic associative processes involve hippocampal function while others do not. Support for the spatial processing hypothesis of hippocampal function has stemmed from the impaired performance of rats with hippocampal lesions in tasks that require spatial discriminations, but not cued discriminations. Previous procedures, however, have confounded the interpretation of spatial versus cued discrimination learning with the number and kinds of irrelevant stimuli present in the discrimination. An empirical set of data describing a role of protein kinase C (PKC) in different mnemonic processes is similarly being developed. Recent work has implicated the activation of this serine-threonine kinase in a variety of learning paradigms, as well as long-term potentiation (LTP), a model system for synaptic plasticity which may subserve some types of learning. The present study employs the principles of component task analysis to examine the role of membrane-associated PKC (mPKC) in hippocampal-dependent memory when all factors other than the type of learning were equivalent. The results indicate that hippocampal mPKC is altered by performance in hippocampally-dependent spatial discriminations, but not hippocampally-independent cued discriminations and provide a general experimental procedure to relate neural changes to specific behavioral changes.
Delivery Quality Product in Value Chain: A Case Study to Rebuild Broken Quality System in Piecewise Organization

Globalization has been around for a couple of centuries but never like today. Even not far just a decade ago, companies setting up a branch office overseas was a subsidiary for management team to operate. Today, there are ODM/OEM, Build-to-Order, B2B, or other kinds of business relationships, but less and less of headquarter-subsidiary relationship. The evolving of the new business relationships in today’s globalization creates a huge potential quality risk which actually exists behind the whole value chain: (1) product quality from design to manufacture, and (2) quality cost due to defective products, reputation loss, recall, delinquency, etc. The Quality System used to commit quality that serves enterprise now under pressure to reapply to a cross-the-boundary value chain environment. This paper is a case study that demonstrates a methodology solving the previously addressed quality issues by installing a Qualify System into a piecewise organization in a supply chain. In this case the quality factor has been nearly eliminated since 2000 with millions of wafers supplying from supply network by adapting this methodology: a Quality System Vee Model.
Hospital-based routine HIV testing programs.

The debate about the risks and harms resulting from the diagnosis of an asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection was resolved, at least for adults, after the demonstration of sufficient benefit from zidovudinel and pneumocystosis prophylaxis.2 Now we must promote the HIV testing necessary to apprise asymptomatic HIV-infected persons of their status. To this end, HIV counseling and testing sites are widely available. But these sites require untested persons to come forward. Furthermore, since the benefits of detecting an HIV infection cannot be realized practically without entering a healthcare system, there is no rational benefit to the anonymous testing they can provide. Public health officials have recommended hospital-based programs for certain generally advocated medical activities, such as immunization.3,4 This editorial considers hospital-based, routine HIV testing programs as a way of effecting broader HIV screening. The choice of hospitals for routine HIV screening is demographically disadvantageous. HIV infection is overrepresented among young adults and those without adequate health insurance. Except for those ill with HIV disease, these two groups are underrepresented among hospitalized persons. But there is insufficient recognition that the institution of screening programs can be considered on a location-specific basis. For instance, in a recent analysis of the cost and benefits of premarital screening, Centers for Disease Control (CDC) authors considered only the national aggregate.5 More challenging and relevant judgements should have been offered about the prevalence threshold
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of the Enantiomers of the Potent and Selective A1-Adenosine Antagonist 1,3-Dipropyl-8-[2-(5,6-epoxynorbonyl)]- xanthine

The individual enantiomers 8 and 12 of the potent and highly selective racemic A1-adenosine antagonist 1,3-dipropyl-8-[2-(5,6-epoxynorbornyl)]xanthine (ENX, 4) were synthesized utilizing asymmetric Diels-Alder cycloadditions for the construction of the norbornane moieties. The absolute configuration of 12 was determined by X-ray crystallography of the 4-bromobenzoate 14, which was derived from the bridged secondary alcohol 13. The latter was obtained from 12 by an acid-catalyzed intramolecular rearrangement. The binding affinities of the enantiomers 8 and 12 and the racemate 4 at guinea pig, rat, and cloned human A1- and A2a-adenosine receptor subtypes were determined. The S-enantiomer 12 (CVT-124) appears to be one of the more potent and clearly the most A1-selective antagonist reported to date, with K1 values of 0.67 and 0.45 nM, respectively, at the rat and cloned human A1-receptors and with 1800-fold (rat) and 2400-fold (human) subtype selectivity. Both enantiomers, administered intravenously to saline-loaded rats, induced diuresis via antagonism of renal A1-adenosine receptors.
Proposal of a fitting accuracy metric suitable for compact model qualification in all MOSFET operation regions

Proposed is a fitting accuracy metric suitable for compact model qualification in all MOSFET operation regions. Fitting accuracy is quantified with a logarithmic deviation of simulated characteristics (such as current) from their measurement counterparts, normalized with the logarithmic deviation amplitude estimated with processs-kewed parameters (corner model). The use of this new metric successfully captures, in all MOSFET operation regions, a “hot spot” where fitting accuracy is compromised. With this knowledge, circuit designers would be able to take a necessary precaution by adding a right amount of margin on top of existing ones.
Application of GPC to Studies of the Viscose Process. I. Evaluation of the Method

Abstract This is the first part in a series of papers describing the application of GPC to studies of the viscose process. In this part the procedures used are described. For these studies THF solutions of nitrocellulose were used. Modifications were made to the standard nitration procedures, resulting in improved efficiency. The importance of sampling homogeneity was studied and precision was-obtained. In addition, a computer program to handle the data was developed.
Spectrophotometric titration of phenolic groups of pepsin.

Abstract The ionization of tyrosine residues in diazotized pepsin under various solvent conditions was studied. All tyrosyl residues of the protein titrated normally with a p K of 10.02 in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride solution. On the other hand, two stages in the phenolic group titration curve were observed for the inactivated protein in the absence of guanidine hydrochloride; only about 10 tyrosine residues ionized reversibly up to pH 11, above which titration was irreversible. The irreversible titration zone corresponds to the pH range 11–13 in which unfolding, leading to the random coil state, was shown to occur by circular dichroism and viscosity measurements. The number of tyrosine residues exposed in the native and alkali-denatured (pH 7.5) states of diazotized protein were also studied by solvent perturbation techniques; 10 and 12 groups are exposed in the native and denatured states, respectively.
Clean STD-NMR spectrum for improved detection of ligand-protein interactions at low concentration of protein

Saturation transfer difference (STD)-NMR has been widely used to screen ligand compound libraries for their binding activities to proteins and to determine the binding epitopes of the ligands. We report herein, a Clean STD-NMR method developed to overcome false positives (artifacts) observed in the STD-NMR spectrum due to the power spillover of RF irradiation. The method achieved higher degree of resonance saturation through digital editing of two STD-NMR spectra to generate a concatenated difference spectrum and three times of sensitivity enhancement for a loose binding complex involving DNA oligonucleotide and an RNA-binding protein, CUGBP-1ab (25.2 kDa). The interesting binding characteristics of the complex dCTGTCT-CUGBP1ab were obtained. The method was applied to a mixture of small ligand and bovine serum albumin protein (BSA, 66.3 kDa), and detected the intermolecular contacts at a BSA concentration as low as 0.1 µM, a working concentration useful for the detection of proteins of low solubility at biologically relevant conditions.
Influence of dietary fat on the effect of endotoxin on murine hepatic peroxisomes

Abstract This study investigates the effects of either a high-fat diet or endotoxin on peroxisome metabolism as assessed by measuring catalase activity, catalase mass, and peroxisomal beta-oxidation. Three mouse strains C3H/HeJ, BALB/c, and C57BL/6J were fed either a low-fat or a high-fat diet and injected intraperitoneally with 1 microg Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. These parameters were not different in C3H/HeJ mice fed a high-fat diet compared with controls fed a low-fat diet. Total liver catalase activity and peroxisomal beta-oxidation were higher in BALB/c mice fed high-fat diet compared with low-fat controls. Total liver catalase activity, catalase mass and peroxisomal beta-oxidation increased to the greatest extent in C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet. Endotoxin treatment did not alter any of the parameters in mice fed a low-fat diet. Among mice fed a high-fat diet, endotoxin did not affect hepatic catalase or peroxisomal beta-oxidation in the C3H/HeJ mice, decreased catalase activity in BALB/c mice (28%), and greatly decreased both catalase (66%) and peroxisomal beta-oxidation (69%) in C57BL/6J mice. The decrease in catalase activity in C57BL/6J mice was apparently because of an inactivation of the enzyme as determined by the activity/mass ratio. Thus, endotoxin is showed to inhibit both catalase and peroxisomal beta-oxidation in mice and the sensitivity to endotoxin is greatest in C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet. (Hepatology 1996 Sep;24(3):592-5)
Punishment insensitivity in early childhood: A developmental, dimensional approach

Impairment in learning from punishment (“punishment insensitivity”) is an established feature of severe antisocial behavior in adults and youth but it has not been well studied as a developmental phenomenon. In early childhood, differentiating a normal: abnormal spectrum of punishment insensitivity is key for distinguishing normative misbehavior from atypical manifestations. This study employed a novel measure, the Multidimensional Assessment Profile of Disruptive Behavior (MAP-DB), to examine the distribution, dimensionality, and external validity of punishment insensitivity in a large, demographically diverse community sample of preschoolers (3–5 years) recruited from pediatric clinics (N = 1,855). Caregivers completed surveys from which a seven-item Punishment Insensitivity scale was derived. Findings indicated that Punishment Insensitivity behaviors are relatively common in young children, with at least 50 % of preschoolers exhibiting them sometimes. Item response theory analyses revealed a Punishment Insensitivity spectrum. Items varied along a severity continuum: most items needed to occur “Often” in order to be severe and behaviors that were qualitatively atypical or intense were more severe. Although there were item-level differences across sociodemographic groups, these were small. Construct, convergent, and divergent validity were demonstrated via association to low concern for others and noncompliance, motivational regulation, and a disruptive family context. Incremental clinical utility was demonstrated in relation to impairment. Early childhood punishment insensitivity varies along a severity continuum and is atypical when it predominates. Implications for understanding the phenomenology of emergent disruptive behavior are discussed.
Sensing Technologies for Societal Well-Being: A Needs Analysis

Sensing technologies by design are calibrated for accuracy against an expected measurement scale. Sensor calibration and signal processing criteria are one type of sensor data, while the sensor readings are another. Ensuring data accuracy and precision from sensors is an essential, ongoing challenge, but these issues haven't stopped the potential for pervasive application use. Technological advances afford an opportunity for sensor data integration as a vehicle for societal well-being and the focus of ongoing research. A lean and flexible architecture is needed to acquire sensor data for societal well-being. As such, this research places emphasis on the acquisition of environmental sensor data through lean application programming protocols APIs through services such as SMS, where scant literature is presented. The contribution of this research is to advance the research that integrates sensor data with pervasive applications.
Extensible security architectures for Java

Mobile code technologies such as Java, JavaScript, and ActiveX generally limit all programs to a single restrictive security policy. However, software-based protection can allow for more extensible security models, with potentially significant performance improvements over traditional hardware-based solutions. An extensible security system should be able to protect subsystems and implement policies that are created after the initial system is shipped. We describe and analyze three implementation strategies for interposing such security policies in software-based security systems. Implementations exist for all three strategies: several vendors have adapted capabilities to Java, Netscape and Microsoft have extensions to Java's stack introspection, and we built a name space management system as an add-on to Microsoft Internet Explorer. Theoretically, all these systems are equivalently secure, but many practical issues and implementation details favor some aspects of each system.
Expertise in your midst: How congruence between status and speech style affects reactions to unique knowledge

We examine how the status and speech style of experts impacts how they are perceived and their level of influence. In our experiment we manipulate whether high-status and low-status experts share their expert knowledge using a more or less powerful style of speech, and find that experts are more liked, more influential, and engender more confidence when they express themselves in a manner congruent with their status (i.e., high status with powerful speech and low status with powerless speech). We further show that liking acts as a mediator between congruence and influence. This study suggests that experts with low-status characteristics who want to be influential should ensure that their expertise, a marker of high status, is known to the listener before engaging in powerful styles of speech.
Enzymatic preparation of radiolabeled succinic semialdehyde.

Abstract [U-14C]Succinic semialdehyde was prepared with yields of 30–40% by oxidation of purified [U-14C]4-aminobutyric acid with commercially available bovine plasma monoamine oxidase. [U-14C]Succinic semialdehyde was purified by cation-exchange chromatography and quantified as the oxime and methoxime derivatives using liquid partition chromatography on silicic acid. The availability of [U-14C]succinic semialdehyde permits the reliable assay of succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase in crude cell extracts of lymphocytes isolated from human blood, cultured human lymphoblasts, and other tissues where 4-aminobutyric acid metabolism is known to occur.
Non-Algal Seston, Light, Nutrients and Chlorophyll in Missouri Reservoirs

ABSTRACT Limnological measurements were performed at five or six Missouri reservoirs in June-September 1992–1995 to examine the relation of light conditions and non-algal seston (NAS) to chlorophyll (CHL) and dissolved nutrient concentrations. NAS was estimated as the sum of non-volatile suspended solids and filterable (Whatman 934AH filter) suspended solids. Mean mixed layer irradiance (I mix ) varied ≈20 fold among observations, largely due to variation in light attenuation by NAS. In 42% of the observations, I mix was less than 7 E·m−2 d−1, a range where light limitation is likely. NAS comprised 15–96% (mean= 58%) of total seston and accounted for 89% of the temporal and inter-site variation in I mix . NAS was strongly correlated to total phosphorus (TP) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) concentrations (r= 0.91 and r=0.84, respectively, p 5 mg·L−1 or I mix was < 5 E m−2 d−1, SRP and dissolved inorganic N (DIN) were usually at concentrations capable of saturating algal nutrient u...
Applying a Global Justice Lens to Health Systems Research Ethics: An Initial Exploration

Recent scholarship has considered what, if anything, rich people owe to poor people to achieve justice in global health and the implications of this for international research. Yet this work has primarily focused on international clinical research. Health systems research is increasingly being performed in low and middle income countries and is essential to reducing global health disparities. This paper provides an initial description of the ethical issues related to priority setting, capacity-building, and the provision of post-study benefits that arise during the conduct of such research. It presents a selection of issues discussed in the health systems research literature and argues that they constitute ethical concerns based on their being inconsistent with a particular theory of global justice (the health capability paradigm). Issues identified include the fact that priority setting for health systems research at the global level is often not driven by national priorities and that capacity-building efforts frequently utilize one-size-fits-all approaches.
Optical characterization and confocal fluorescence imaging of mechanochromic acrylate polymers

The development of mechanochromic molecules has opened new pathways for the study of localized stress and failure in polymers. Their application as stress or temperature diagnostics, however, requires suitable measurement techniques capable of detecting the force- and temperature-sensitive chemical species with high spatial resolution. Confocal imaging techniques offer excellent spatial resolution but the energy input during these measurements can itself affect the activation state of the mechanochromic species. Here, we present a systematic study of the effects of laser-based imaging on the activation and fluorescence behavior of mechanochromic spiropyran (SP) integrated into poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA) and poly(methyl methacrylate) matrices using a confocal Raman microspectrometer. Localized stress and temperature activation were studied by means of high-rate compressive loading and dynamic fracture. Laser illumination of SP in PMA revealed a strong excitation wavelength- and power-dependence. Suitable correction functions were established and used to account for the observed laser effects. The presented study demonstrates that confocal imaging using conventional Raman spectrometers is a powerful characterization tool for localized stress analysis in mechanochromic polymers, offering quantifiable information on the activation state with high spatial resolution. However, laser-mechanophore interactions must be well understood and effects of laser excitation and exposure times must be taken into consideration when interpreting the obtained results.
1429 LACK OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN UMBILICAL ARTERIAL CATHETER COMPLICATIONS AND NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS

To determine the effects of umbilical arterial catheter(UAC) position on UAC complications, we prospectively randomized 174 infants to high(T6-T10) and 167 to low(L3-L5) placement. The relationship of NEC to UAC position and complications was explored to test the hypothesis that NEC is a complication of UACs. 16 cases of NEC were identified, incidence 4.7%. These infants were significantly lighter BW 1.38±0.5 vs non-NEC 2.17±0.9kg and less mature GA 30.6±3.1 vs 33.0±4.4 wks(p<0.01). Catheter complications are tabulated: The incidence of IUGR, PDA, anemia, polycythemia, birth asphyxia, indocin therapy and exchange transfusion was similar between NEC and non-NEC. Furthermore, UAC size(3.5Fr vs 5Fr), high vs low position and duration(mean 5.2 days) were similar in NEC and non-NEC patients. The prevalence of RDS was greater among NEC patients. The incidence of catheter complications in patients who develop NEC is thus no greater than observed in the total population of infants with UACs.
EVALUATION OF THREE SLIP FIT HEXAGONAL IMPLANTS

Three external hexagonal implant systems were evaluated for machining tolerances and component fit. Mean implant hexagonal flat to flat size dimension varied from 2.685 to 2.700 mm, and a close correlation among corresponding analog hexagonal flat to flat dimensions for each system was noted. Rotational misfit for implant abutment matings varied from 1.6 to 5.3 degrees. Torsional strength for four different matings ranged from 122.7 to 175.8 N-cm. The data presented suggest a trend by some implant manufacturers toward improved tolerances, accuracy, fidelity, and consistency of implant components.
The complexity of skewlinear tuple languages and o-regular languages

Skewlinear tuple grammars are introduced as generalization of even linear and k -linear context-free grammars. The family of skewlinear tuple languages coincides with the family of languages generated by o -regular expressions. Many questions which are unsolvable for context-free languages and hence for tuple languages are solvable for skewlinear tuple languages. Every skewlinear tuple language can be recognized by a deterministic one-tape Turing machine of time complexity T ( r ) = r 2 and by a deterministic one-tape Turing machine with two-way input tape of tape complexity L ( r ) = log r .
Theory of the photoelectron spectrum in double ionization through two-photon absorption from He(2s2).

We analyze in this paper the role of the correlations during double-electron ejection through two-photon absorption from the lowest autoionizing state $^{1}$${\mathit{S}}^{\mathit{e}}$ of helium. Emphasis will be put on the pertinence of the notion of simultaneity for double-electron ejection when this process does not require electron interaction.
Heteroleptic platinum(II) complexes with crown thioethers and diimine ligands: the crystal structures of [Pt(9S3)(2,2′-bipy)](PF6)2 and [Pt(9S3)(4,4-dimethyl-2,2′-bipy)](PF6)2 · 2.5CH3NO2

Abstract We wish to report the synthesis, crystal structures, spectroscopic and electrochemical properties of new Pt(II) heteroleptic complexes with two diimines (2,2′-bipyridine, 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine), and the crown trithioether 9S3 (1,4,7-trithiacyclononane). In addition, we report the synthesis and spectroscopic properties of three related 9S3/diimine (4,4′-di-t-butyl-2,2′-bipyridine, 4,4′-dinonyl-2,2′-bipyridine, 3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline) complexes as well as an examination of the spectroscopic and electrochemical properties of the reported [Pt(9S3)(1,10-phenanthroline)](PF6)2. All complexes have the general formula [Pt(9S3)(N2)](PF6) (N2 = diimine) and form similar structures in which the Pt(II) center is surrounded by a cis arrangement of the two N donors from the diimine chelate and two sulfur atoms from the 9S3 ligand. The 195Pt NMR chemical shifts for all six complexes show a value near −3290 ppm, consistent with a cis-PtS2N2 coordination sphere. The third sulfur in each structure forms a longer interaction with the platinum resulting in an elongated square pyramidal structure. These distances, however, are approximately 0.2 A longer than with the analogous diphosphine complexes, demonstrating that better π acids, in fact, do not result in shorter Pt–S axial distances as has previously been proposed.