cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of sodium butyrate on tyrosine aminotransferase induction in primary cultures of normal adult rat hepatocytes.

Abstract Treatment of primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes with 5 m m butyrate inhibited the spontaneous decrease in basal activity and mRNA levels of tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) that occurred during culture (Staecker et al., submitted). We report here that butyrate treatment of primary cultures of rat hepatocytes initially inhibited the induction of TAT. This inhibition was followed by a period of accelerated TAT induction. TAT induction in butyrate-treated primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes occurred only after metabolism of butyrate by the cultured hepatocytes. The accelerated induction of TAT in hepatocyte cultures treated with sodium butyrate was reflected by increased TAT activity and mRNA levels. Cultured hepatocytes rapidly metabolized butyrate, but the addition of more butyrate into cultures after its initial metabolism resulted in a rapid reduction in TAT activity. These findings indicate that butyrate treatment can affect the expression of TAT in primary hepatocyte cultures in both a positive (increased basal TAT expression) and a negative (inhibition of the induced expression of TAT) manner.
Multi-chroic Feed-Horn Coupled TES Polarimeters

Multi-chroic polarization sensitive detectors offer an avenue to increase both the spectral coverage and sensitivity of instruments optimized for observations of the cosmic-microwave background (CMB) or sub-mm sky. We report on an effort to adapt the Truce Collaboration horn coupled bolometric polarimeters for operation over octave bandwidth. Development is focused on detectors operating in both the 90 and 150 GHz bands which offer the highest CMB polarization to foreground ratio. We plan to deploy an array of 256 multi-chroic 90/150 GHz polarimeters with 1024 TES detectors on ACTPol in 2013, and there are proposals to use this technology for balloon-borne instruments. The combination of excellent control of beam systematics and sensitivity make this technology ideal for future ground, ballon, and space missions.
Experimental and modeling analysis of diffusive release from single‐shell microcapsules

There is much experimental and mathematical work that describes chemical transport from multilayered films of planar geometries. There is less so, however, for chemical transport from multilayered spheres, a common structure for controlled-release materials. Based on the Sturm–Liouville approach of Ramkrishna and Amundson (1974), explicit analytical solutions for the concentration profiles and release kinetics from spherical capsules are presented. Fluorescent dye-release studies using single-shelled microspheres called nanoparticle-assembled capsules were performed to validate the model for uniformly and nonuniformly sized capsules. The combined experiment-modeling approach allows optical microscopy images and release measurements to be readily analyzed for estimating diffusion coefficients in capsule core and shell walls. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Redistribution and loss of side chain entropy upon formation of a calmodulin-peptide complex

The response of the internal dynamics of calcium-saturated calmodulin to the formation of a complex with a peptide model of the calmodulin-binding domain of the smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase has been studied using NMR relaxation methods. The backbone of calmodulin is found to be unaffected by the binding of the domain, whereas the dynamics of side chains are significantly perturbed. The changes in dynamics are interpreted in terms of a heterogeneous partitioning between structure (enthalpy) and dynamics (entropy). These data provide a microscopic view of the residual entropy of a protein in two functional states and suggest extensive enthalpy/entropy exchange during the formation of a protein-protein interface.
Denaturation of a membrane transport protein by urea: the erythrocyte anion exchanger.

Chloride equilibrium exchange was measured in the presence of intracellular and extracellular urea, several different alkylureas and thiourea. Urea half-inhibited Cl exchange at about 2.5m, but the other, less polar analogs had significantly higher potencies; e.g., butylurea half-inhibited at about 60mm. Onset and reversal of inhibition occurred within less than 2 sec. The inhibition exhibited no obvious sigmoidal dependence on urea concentration, and at low concentrations dimethylurea was a noncompetitive inhibitor of Cl exchange. However, at higher concentrations the Dixon plots were curved upward and a Hill analysis of the dimethylurea data yielded a Hill coefficient of at least 1.5. When present on only one side of the membrane, the slowly penetrating thiourea inhibited Cl exchange with a higher potency from the outside of the cell. Cl/Br exchange was inhibited less under conditions of self-inhibition of anion exchange than in the absence of self-inhibition. These data indicate that the ureas inactivate the anion transporter by a reversible denaturation process, and that the function of the anion transport mechanism may be more sensitive to small perturbations of protein structure than are spectroscopically derived structural parameters.
Dental x-ray equipment of the future

Abstract It is possible that dental x-ray equipment of the future will be designed to be safer, cleaner, and less cumbersome and to produce roentgenograms that will display superior definition and less enlargement.
An experimental investigation of temperatures due to rubbing at the blade-seal interface in an aircraft compressor

Abstract Experimentally measured and numerically predicted results are presented for temperatures generated by the rubbing of titanium blade specimens, with different plasma-sprayed tip coatings, against an abradable porous seal material at incursion rates of 0.0127 or 0.0254 mm s −1 . The numerically predicted values of blade and seal temperatures closely correspond to those obtained experimentally. During the process of rubbing the seal surface temperature reached a high overall level with a superposed significant increase during each rub followed by a corresponding decrease during the rest of the rotation. Of the wear resistance coating materials used, NiCr-50%SiC showed the most desirable performance. In general, there was a good correspondence between the average transverse force of rubbing and the seal surface temperature.
Metal Complexes of 2,6-Bis[(pyrazol-1-yl)methyl]pyridine: The Search for Aryl−Pyrazolyl Embrace Interactions as a Synthon for Crystal Engineering

The 2,6-py(CH2-pz)2 ligand was used to prepare metal complexes as follows: [py(CH2pz)2](BiI3), {Ag[py(CH2pz)2](OTf)·CH3CN}∞, {PtCl[py(CH2pz)2]}(BF4), {Cd[py(CH2pz)2]2}(BF4)2·[4,4‘-bipy]·0.5H2O, and {Cd[phen]3}2(BF4)4·[py(CH2pz)2]·5H2O (py = pyridyl, pz = pyrazolyl, and phen = 1,10-phenanthroline). The solid state structures of each complex show that all five compounds are organized by noncovalent forces into complex extended structures. Each structure has a common supramolecular organizational feature between the ligands of a cooperative offset face-to-face π−π stacking and C−H···π interaction formed from both the pyridyl and the pyrazolyl rings that is termed the aryl−pyrazolyl embrace. The systematic analysis of this synthon showed that the π−π stacking component of the aryl−pyrazolyl embrace always involves rings of the same type.
A proof of Price's Law on Schwarzschild black hole manifolds for all angular momenta

Price's Law states that linear perturbations of a Schwarzschild black hole fall off as $t^{-2\ell-3}$ for $t \to \infty$ provided the initial data decay sufficiently fast at spatial infinity. Moreover, if the perturbations are initially static (i.e., their time derivative is zero), then the decay is predicted to be $t^{-2\ell-4}$. We give a proof of $t^{-2\ell-2}$ decay for general data in the form of weighted $L^1$ to $L^\infty$ bounds for solutions of the Regge--Wheeler equation. For initially static perturbations we obtain $t^{-2\ell-3}$. The proof is based on an integral representation of the solution which follows from self--adjoint spectral theory. We apply two different perturbative arguments in order to construct the corresponding spectral measure and the decay bounds are obtained by appropriate oscillatory integral estimates.
Emotionality changes following septal and neocortical ablations in the albino rat

Albino rats with neocortical-septal lesions exhibited the sustained emotionality following a three week recovery period that has been observed in hooded Ss. The maintenance of this behavior could not be accounted for in terms of locus or laterality of the neocortical lesion.
Equipment maintenance focus in defect density improvements IBM microelectronics, Burlington, Vermont

In this paper, the process used to increase equipment maintenance involvement in defect density reductions was discussed. Summaries of some of the key actions that were executed as a result of this ongoing process will be described. The long-term results in defect density improvements realized after over 1.5 years of this process will be summarized in this paper.
Modeling Perennial Crop Supply: An Illustration from the Pecan Industry

Two methodological approaches were applied to estimating the number of non-bearing trees in the absence of such data using data for the Southern USA pecan industry. The first approach distinguished between bearing and non-bearing phases of a tree life and directly estimated the number of non-bearing trees. The second focused on indirect estimating of the non-bearing tree number from changes in production. This approach relaxed the assumption of maintaining maximum yields for infinite period as used in earlier studies. Empirical applications used two data sets from the pecan industry. The comparison of empirical results suggested that the first method was more accurate than the alternative approach in predicting the number of newly planted trees over an extended period of time. Additional data collection will allow for further application of available methodology to the pecan industry
Networks of information, markets, and institutions in the rise of London as a financial centre, 1660–1720

Seventeenth century London formed a network of credit and information, necessary for the City to become a hub of international finance. Lacking a central exchange bank, London-based finance involved bankers and merchants monitoring overseas agents and enforcing international claims. Using archival sources, we show how London bankers employed merchants to channel funds around Europe. As merchants became stakeholders in the payments system, they developed incentives to monitor foreign agents and spread information of defaults. The resulting web of information flows encouraged market integration by facilitating arbitrage. Finally, the availability of instruments for formal legal enforcement assisted informal enforcement.
Highlights from STAR: probing the early medium in heavy ion collisions

Abstract We present highlights of recent results from the STAR Collaboration at RHIC, focusing on the properties of the early medium created in heavy ion collisions. We emphasize the strangeness production including the observation of a hypernucleus (the hypertriton), the observation of reaction-plane-dependent angular correlation of charged particles searching for local strong parity violation effects in heavy ion collisions, and the evaluation of the medium viscosity from measurements of elliptic flow. We discuss STAR's plan for the “Critical Point Search” program at RHIC.
Potential field methods and their inherent limitations for mobile robot navigation

Based on a rigorous mathematical analysis, the authors present a systematic overview and a critical discussion of the inherent problems of potential field methods (PFMs). The authors previously (1989) developed a PFM called the virtual force field (VFF) method. Much insight has been gained into the strengths and weaknesses of this method. Four distinct drawbacks with PFMs are identified. Because of these drawbacks, the authors abandoned potential field methods and developed a new method for fast obstacle avoidance. This method, called the vector field histogram method, produces smooth, nonoscillatory motion, while sampling time and hardware are identical to those used in the VFF method. >
Visual capture in visual illusions

Visual capture is the resolution of visual-tactual conflicts in favor of vision. In each previous demonstration of this phenomenon, a distorted optic array, or some mechanical analog for a distorted optic array, has produced a conflict between erroneous visual information and presumably veridical tactual information. The present experiments demonstrate visual capture in the Muller-Lyer and Ponzo illusions in the absence of any distortions of the optic array.
Privatization and Globalization: A Critical Analysis with Implications for Public Management Education and Training

This article addresses the phenomenon of sweeping privatization as a ‘strategic instrument of globalization of capital’. Using a political economy analysis, it argues that, among other things, but most importantly, privatization should be understood in a direct correlation with the globalization of capital under late or corporate capitalism. It argues that privatization has been conceived by design, not by chance and haphazard events, and that its implementation has been pursued purposely, deliberately and vigorously around the world to accomplish the objectives of the globalization of capital. This has been happening despite evidence of extremely successful experiences with public enterprise management and government-owned enterprises worldwide. The article also treats the phenomenon of globalization as a globally transcending process towards a more rapid accumulation of surplus value of advance or corporate capitalism; hence a change within the continuity of the process of surplus accumulation by global...
Global Genetic Variation at OAS1 Provides Evidence of Archaic Admixture in Melanesian Populations

Recent analysis of DNA extracted from two Eurasian forms of archaic human shows that more genetic variants are shared with humans currently living in Eurasia than with anatomically modern humans in sub-Saharan Africa. Although these genome-wide average measures of genetic similarity are consistent with the hypothesis of archaic admixture in Eurasia, analyses of individual loci exhibiting the signal of archaic introgression are needed to test alternative hypotheses and investigate the admixture process. Here, we provide a detailed sequence analysis of the innate immune gene OAS1, a locus with a divergent Melanesian haplotype that is very similar to the Denisova sequence from the Altai region of Siberia. We resequenced a 7-kb region encompassing the OAS1 gene in 88 individuals from six Old World populations (San, Biaka, Mandenka, French Basque, Han Chinese, and Papua New Guineans) and discovered previously unknown and ancient genetic variation. The 5' region of this gene has unusual patterns of diversity, including 1) higher levels of nucleotide diversity in Papuans than in sub-Saharan Africans, 2) very deep ancestry with an estimated time to the most recent common ancestor of >3 myr, and 3) a basal branching pattern with Papuan individuals on either side of the rooted network. A global geographic survey of >1,500 individuals showed that the divergent Papuan haplotype is nearly restricted to populations from eastern Indonesia and Melanesia. Polymorphic sites within this haplotype are shared with the draft Denisova genome over a span of ∼90 kb and are associated with an extended block of linkage disequilibrium, supporting the hypothesis that this haplotype introgressed from an archaic source that likely lived in Eurasia.
Expression of T-bet by CD4 T Cells Is Essential for Resistance to Salmonella Infection

Despite the recognized role of the T-bet transcription factor in the differentiation of Th1 cells, T-bet-deficient mice can develop small numbers of IFN-gamma-producing CD4 T cells. Although these are not sufficient to allow normal handling of some pathogens, T-bet-deficient mice do resolve infection with the intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. In contrast, we report that expression of T-bet is required for resistance to Salmonella infection. T-bet-deficient mice succumbed to infection with attenuated Salmonella and did not generate IFN-gamma-producing CD4 T cells or isotype-switched Salmonella-specific Ab responses. Spleen cells from Salmonella-infected T-bet-deficient mice secreted increased levels of IL-10, but not IL-4, upon in vitro restimulation. A Salmonella-specific TCR transgenic adoptive transfer system was used to further define the involvement of T-bet expression in the development of Salmonella-specific Th1 cells. Wild-type Salmonella-specific CD4 T cells activated in T-bet-deficient recipient mice displayed no defect in clonal expansion, contraction, or IFN-gamma production. In contrast, T-bet-deficient, Salmonella-specific CD4 T cells activated in wild-type recipient mice produced less IFN-gamma and more IL-2 upon in vivo restimulation. Therefore, expression of T-bet by CD4 T cells is required for the development of Salmonella-specific Th1 cells, regulation of IL-10 production, and resistance to Salmonella infection.
Cancellation of Debt and Related Transactions

If a taxpayer borrows money, the borrowed funds are not included in the taxpayer’s gross income. That treatment is proper even though the taxpayer has increased his assets by the amount he borrowed since he has also has created a corresponding liability to pay back the loan. The taxpayer’s net wealth has not increased. The more difficult and interesting questions arise when the taxpayer fails to repay the loan. At first blush, it would appear that upon cancellation of a loan, the taxpayer should have income for the amount that was canceled. However, the current tax treatment is not that simple. A number of exceptions exist to the straightforward treatment under which the cancellation requires the taxpayer to recognize income. Some of those exceptions reflect an application of normal tax principles while others exist for programmatic purposes. Those exceptions make the tax treatment of cancellation of debt particularly complex.The goal of this article is to set out the tax treatment of cancellation of debt, including the many exceptions that apply. It reviews the history of the cancellation of debt rules which help explain how we arrived at the current treatment. It covers the current statutory treatment of cancellation of debt as well as the many common law rules (such as the transactional approach and the tax benefit rule) that apply.
Harnessing the Power of Relational Databases for Managing Subsurface Geotechnical and Geologic Data

Knowledge of surface and subsurface geology as well as geotechnical properties is fundamental to the planning and development of transportation systems. Through dynamic linkage of readily available spatial geographic information system data and subsurface borehole data stored in a relational database, we have created a spatially referenced, digital catalog of borehole data for two pilot areas in Rhode Island. The borehole database is populated with data from Rhode Island Department of Transportation geotechnical reports and supplemental data from the U.S. Geological Survey groundwater site inventory system as well as local storm-water and sewer projects. Most of these data were previously stored in paper format, making historical or inter-project data comparisons very difficult, if not impossible. Consolidation of these data in a single relational database yields two primary benefits: Historical data are readily accessible for review and, therefore, can be easily incorporated into the planning stages of new projects, and sophisticated analysis of the region becomes possible with access to data from multiple projects with both spatial and temporal layers. Geologic data include bedrock geology, surface outcrops, unconsolidated materials, soil type, topographic and orthophotographic base maps, and location of boreholes and wells. Subsurface data include land-surface elevation, depth to water table, depth to bedrock, and presence or absence of fill, high and low blow-count zones, and organic sediment. The digital catalog is distributed on a CD-ROM that includes ArcView project files and an Access relational database. The borehole data are also accessible through the Internet (http://geo.uri. edu/borehole/index.asp), with public retrieval access for all users but data entry restricted to registered users only.
A novel integrated three-phase, switched multi-winding power electronic transformer converter for wind power generation system

In this paper, a novel wind power generation system is proposed which uses an intermediate high frequency (few kHz) ac link for power conversion. The high frequency ac link is achieved by using a reduced switch-count three-phase power electronic transformer (PET). There are two primary windings and one secondary winding in each phase of the PET. The primary windings are coupled in exact phase opposition. A 3×3 matrix converter is used to convert the high frequency secondary voltage to the desired low frequency voltage to be applied at the generator terminals. Two modulation modes as a part of the PWM of the matrix converter are described. In the first mode of operation, the common-mode voltage is eliminated at the generator terminals however, the output voltage transfer ratio of the matrix converter is limited to 0.75. The other modulation mode has higher output voltage transfer ratio equal to 0.866 with finite high-frequency common-mode voltage at the generator terminals. A method for smooth transition between the two modes of operation is described.
Employee Rewards And The Likelihood Of A Successful Initial Public Offering

In this paper, we survey employees about human resources practices regarding employee stock ownership plans (ESOPs) and profit sharing plans of firms that have registered for an IPO offering. We find that firms that had ESOPs in place prior to the registration of an IPO have a greater likelihood of eventually launching an IPO than those registered firms who do not. Our results broaden the existing finance literature of IPO analysis as we survey registered companies prior to their attempted IPO launch to determine whether their employee-based compensation structure impacts the likelihood of a successful IPO launch.
An efficient multilevel placement technique using hierarchical partitioning

Ratio cut hierarchical partitioning, which enables efficient multilevel simulated annealing, is applied to the row placement problem for large circuits. An overlapping moving window scheme is used to compensate for the effect of partitioning on the placement quality. Through the use of hierarchical partitioning, the asymptotic run time complexity of this algorithm grows linearly as the function of the circuit size. The system is called placement by ratio cut partitioning (PRC). The results from several benchmark tests are presented demonstrating PRC to be 2.49% on average better than TimberWolfSC Ver5.6. Furthermore, the run time for PRC is 18.3% on average less than that required for TimberWolfSC Ver5.6 for large test cases with more than 2000 cells. For a 100-K sea of gates test case, a 7.09% reduction in total wire length over TimberWolfSC Ver5.6 and a 51.7% saving in CPU time were achieved. >
Numerical modeling of the influence of photon recycling on lifetime measurements

Accurate determination of minority carrier lifetimes in solar cell devices is important for developing numerical models and making performance predictions. One popular technique is the time-resolved photoluminescence method. While the technique is straight-forward, analysis of the results can be complicated for direct band-gap semiconductors such as GaAs and InP due to the photon recycling effect. Reabsorption of radiative recombination radiation leads to an enhancement of the radiative lifetime, so that an estimate of the efficiency of the recycling process is required in order to permit extraction of the nonradiative component of the minority carrier lifetime. This paper investigates the effects of photon recycling on the measured minority carrier lifetime using ADEPT, a complete numerical simulation program developed at Purdue University. Initial modeling of TRPL measurements on a series of AlGaAs/GaAs/AlGaAs double heterostructures are presented. >
Ancient discipline, modern concern: Geographers in the field of energy and society

Abstract If energy and society are parts of the same cloth, geography is the thread that ties them together. As a social science, geography has become more critical than ever to our understanding of how inhabitants of our planet interact and how the quest for energy is affecting economic and political stability everywhere. There is no avoiding the important interplay of energy, geography, and society. More, importantly, when we bring the three together it helps us better understand what we have created and what we will be facing. Despite its growing value, however, we have directed only periodic attention to the contributions of geography. Future research needs to consider the expansive concept of energy security as a place and context-specific condition. Energy externalities, spillovers, leakages, and free riders loom large as policy challenges with geographic dimensions. Understanding spatial variations in the link between affluence and pollution is important, because increased prosperity may eventually enable sustainable development. Facilitating the spatial diffusion of energy innovations and the process of technology learning are also key to solving energy/society problems. Finally, optimizing polycentrism as an approach to “scaling up” energy and climate policy would also benefit from geographic analysis.
The world of instruction: undertaking the impossible

Throughout history, philosophers have reflected on educational questions. Some of their ideas emerged in defense of, or opposition to, skepticism about the possibility of formal teaching and learning. These philosophers include Plato, Augustine, St Thomas Aquinas, Soren Kierkegaard, Martin Heidegger, and Ludwig Wittgenstein. Together, they comprise a tradition that establishes the impossibility of instruction and the imperative to undertake it. The value of this tradition for contemporary education is that it redirects attention away from performance assessments and learning outcomes to the ethical, aesthetic, and metaphysical dimensions of schooling. I argue that philosophers of education are uniquely responsible for teaching this tradition so that instruction might be undertaken in the right spirit. To this end, my essay is divided into three parts. In the first part, I explain why instructional skepticism has not been prominent in philosophy of education. I follow up, in the second part, by clarifying ...
Placing Paul Robeson in History: Understanding His Philosophical Framework

Paul Robeson is one of the greatest yet most unknown figures of the 20th century. This article goes beyond the traditional bibliographic style of documenting this great life, toward constructing a ...
Bárbara Mujica, A New Anthology of Early Modern Spanish Theater. Play and Playtext

Review of Barbara Mujica, A New Anthology of Early Modern Spanish Theater. Play and Playtext , Yale University Press, New Heaven y Londres, 2015, 697 pp. ISBN: 9780300109566.
The Effect of Business Cycles on Voters' Behavior

This paper is an attempt to model the effect of economic changes in voting behavior through exploiting rational choice theory. In fact, I apply a modified version of Peter Diamond's two-periods overlapping generations model(OLG) to study voters' behavior in an election through extending his two periods model to a three periods model and endogenizing tax-rate in this model. This formal framework justifies a clear relationship between economic fluctuations and voters' behavior in elections. I show that economic shock has a signi cant e ect on election result from a rationalist point of view. Change in economic conditions causes change in individuals' income, and voting is a chance for them to react to these shocks in the economy through choosing the candidate who provides more utility for them. Empirical study in this paper manifests a significant relation between economic shocks and election result.
The effect of colchicine and indolyl acetic acid on diploid and tetraploid strains of red and white clovers in aseptic and pot culture

The effect of different concentrations of colchicine and indolyl acetic acid (IAA) on diploid and tetraploid strains of red clover (Trifolium pratense) and white clover (Trifolium repens) was tested in both non-sterile pot culture and in aseptic culture. It was found that in pot culture, concentrations of one in ten thousand and one in five thousand colchicine considerably increased nodulation of both the diploid and the tetraploid plants. This was equally true of red and white clovers. In aseptic culture a concentration of one in five thousand had adverse effects on growth of white clover plants though concentrations of one ppm colchicine or one in ten thousand colchicine again produced higher nodule numbers than untreated, control plants. This was regarded as probably due to a slower breakdown of the colchicine in aseptic culture than in the soil.
PATTERNS OF HYBRIDIZATION IN THE PIRIQUETA CAROLINIANA COMPLEX IN CENTRAL FLORIDA: EVIDENCE FOR AN EXPANDING HYBRID ZONE.

We have identified a broad zone of hybridization between two morphologically and ecologically distinct herbaceous perennial taxa (morphotypes) within the Piriqueta caroliniana complex, which extends more than 300 km across the central Florida peninsula. Phylogeographic analyses indicate that the carolinfiana morphotype has been present in north and central Florida since the early Pleistocene and that the viridis morphotype has immigrated into southern Florida much more recently. We examine the distribution of diagnostic morphological characters and nuclear genetic markers to assess the extent and patterns of introgression in this system. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that this hybrid zone has expanded north in recent history as iridis alleles have introgressed into regions that were previously occupied by populations of caroliniana. Genetic markers diagnostic for caroliniana have con- sistently high frequencies across the hybrid zone, whereas markers for iridis are extremely variable among populations with frequency reversals in adjacent populations. The latter pattern is probably the result of the combined stochastic effects of dispersal and drift on iridis alleles as they introgressed northward. Additional evidence for the recent expansion of this hybrid zone comes from patterns of variation for morphological and genetic markers. As expected for an expanding hybrid zone, within-population morphological variation was greatest toward the advancing front of introgression and levels of genetic variation for neutral diagnostic markers were greatest in the region of initial contact and lower in areas of recent expansion. The observed patterns of variation suggest that at least some hybrid genotypes have high fitnesses, which has led to the expansion of the hybrid zone via the displacement of parental genotypes in central Florida.
Euclid's Algorithm =Reverse Gaussian Elimination

Summing up As we have seen, your chances of winning a game of Even Up are f(20,20, ? .)/(2() By the formula for f(x, y, z), this equals 10 20 / 40 , approxi40) (20 40) mately 0.2476. So you have almost exactly a 1 in 4 chance at Even Up. Your odds may be a little lower than [2] claimed, but they still beat the odds for Clock Solitaire! And even if you lose, you will probably come close to winning. Your chances of having exactly four cards left at the end (the fewest you can leave in a losing deal) are over 40 percent.
Resuscitation of the Newborn Infant

There is nothing in the immediate resuscitation of the newborn infant that only a physician can accomplish. Everyone in the delivery room should be able to clear an airway, administer oxygen by mask and bag, and give closed chest cardiac massage. Guidelines for resuscitative management are described, giving special attention to neonatal depression, neonatal shock, meconium aspiration, and the maintenance of a neutral thermal environment.
Preoperative assessment of the high risk surgical patient.

With the potential causes of respiratory failure defined in the first article, a rational approach to prevention can be outlined. Van De Water supplies a protocol for pulmonary prophylaxis in the "routine" surgical patient—the patient with normal lung function prior to operation. He reminds us of a fact that our English colleagues know well — routine pulmonary prophylaxis is a function of good nursing care. Special attention should be paid to the patient who is at high risk for pulmonary complications. Hechtman and colleagues discuss identification of these patients, taking us from the obvious risk factors, such as obesity and smoking, to the subtle interrelationships of cardiac and pulmonary function in patients already hospitalized with acute disease. Shah and Powers discuss pulmonary prophylaxis in high risk patients. Their article necessarily includes detailed methods of management of respiratory failure.
In vitro fertilization of bovine oocytes by spermatozoa capacitated in vitro.

In vitro fertilization of ovulated bovine oocytes was attempted with fresh or frozen semen after capacitation in vitro. Sperm incubations and oocyte cultures were performed in a Krebs Ringer bicarbonate medium containing Na pyruvate, glucose and .3% bovine serum albumin. High ionic strength (HIS) medium was prepared by adding NaCl to provide an osmolarity of 370 to 380 nOsmol/kg. Donor cows were treated with prostaglandin F2 alpha and a series of follicle-stimulating hormone injections and ovulated oocytes were recovered 72 h after prostaglandin treatment. Fresh or frozen semen was: 1) placed directly into a microdrop of standard medium (SM) under oil; 2) washed by centrifugation with SM and placed in a microdrop of SM or 3) pretreated with HIS for 10 min, washed and placed into a microdrop of SM. In all cases, spermatozoa were preincubated for 3 h at a concentration of approximately 10(6) cells/ml before addition of oocytes. Oocytes were incubated with spermatozoa for 6 h, transferred to fresh medium and cultured for 24 h. When spermatozoa were placed directly into a microdrop, three of 34 (9%) oocytes were penetrated, but none divided. Spermatozoa washed with SM penetrated 20 of 45 (44%) oocytes and three (7%) divided. Spermatozoa incubated in HIS penetrated 14 of 47 (30%) oocytes and five (11%) divided. The washing of spermatozoa with standard medium was equally as effective as incubation with high ionic strength medium in inducing in vitro capacitation of bovine spermatozoa.
Blinding Eyewitness Identifications

A lineup, or a police eyewitness identification procedure, is a type of experiment used to test the memory of a person who saw a crime occur. However, until recently, few police agencies have followed scientific methods when conducting lineups. One of the most important recommendations to improve lineups is to conduct them blind, so that the administrator does not know which is the suspect, or blinded, so that the administrator cannot see which images the eyewitness is looking at during the procedure. This chapter explores the pros and cons of this approach.
Uniform Versus Discretionary Regimes in Reporting Information with Unverifiable Precision and a Coordination Role: UNIFORM AND DISCRETIONARY REPORTING REGIMES

We examine uniform and discretionary regimes for reporting information about firm performance from the perspective of a standard setter, in a setting where the precision of reported information is difficult to verify and the reported information can help coordinate decisions by users of the information. The standard setter's task is to choose a reporting regime to maximize the expected decision value of reported information for all users at all firms. The uniform regime requires all firms to report using the same set of reporting methods regardless of the precision of their information, and the discretionary regime allows firms to freely condition their sets of reporting methods on the precision of their information. We show that when unverifiable information precision varies across firms and users' decisions based on reported information have strong strategic complementarities, a uniform regime can have a beneficial social effect as compared to a discretionary reporting regime. Our analysis generates both normative and positive implications for evaluating the necessity and effectiveness of reporting under standards.
The Association between Filial Piety and Perceived Stress among Chinese Older Adults in Greater Chicago Area.

Background Perceived stress influences the health and well-being of older adults. This study aims to examine the association between the expectation and the receipt of filial piety and perceived stress among U.S Chinese older adults. Methods Data were drawn from the PINE study, a population-based study of Chinese older adults aged 60 and above in the greater Chicago area. Perceived stress was assessed by the PSS-10 and was the dependent variable. Independent variables were the expectation and the receipt of filial piety examined in six domains. Negative Binomial Regression and Multivariable Logistic Regression analyses were conducted. Results Of the 3,159 Chinese older adults interviewed, the mean age was 72.8 (SD=8.3) and 58.9% were female. Compared with older adults who received a high level of filial piety, older adults who received a medium level of filial piety were 1.57 (1.29-1.93) times more likely to perceive stress as high, and older adults who received a low level of filial piety were 2.74 (2.26-3.33) times more likely to perceive stress as high, after controlling for the potential confounding variables. The expectation of filial piety was not significantly associated with perceived stress. Conclusion A low level of filial piety receipt may be a risk factor for perceived stress. Our findings suggest incorporating cultural contributors into the analyses of perceived stress.
Causal Mediation in the Development of Painful Temporomandibular Disorder

Abstract We explored causal mediation of sleep quality and perceived stress in development of painful temporomandibular disorder (TMD). Sleep quality and perceived stress were assessed at baseline and quarterly intervals thereafter in 2,737 initially TMD-free adults in the Orofacial Pain Prospective Evaluation and Risk Assessment study (OPPERA) prospective cohort study. During follow-up, incident TMD cases were classified using research diagnostic criteria. Mediation analysis was conducted using a weighted Cox proportional hazards regression model that estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence limits (CL) of first-onset TMD. Models determined whether: 1) poor sleep quality during follow-up mediated the effect of baseline perceived stress on first-onset TMD, and 2) perceived stress during follow-up mediated the effect of baseline poor sleep quality on first-onset TMD. In both analyses, the total effect was decomposed into natural direct and indirect effects. Poor baseline sleep quality led to heightened perceived stress that then contributed to TMD development. When the total effect of poor sleep quality (HR = 2.10, CL = 1.76, 2.50) was decomposed, 34% of its effect was mediated by perceived stress (indirect effect HR = 1.29, CL = 1.06, 1.58). The effect of perceived stress on first-onset TMD was not mediated by sleep quality. Improving sleep may avert escalation of stress, limiting effects of both factors on TMD development. Perspective Causal mediation analysis highlights mechanisms by which poor sleep quality promotes development of TMD. First, poor sleep quality exerts a direct effect on pain. Second, it triggers a heightened perception of stress, which acts as an intermediate factor in the causal pathway between poor sleep quality and first-onset TMD pain.
Structuring hydrosocial relations in urban water governance.

This article concentrates on how hydro-social relations are differentially structured across technical experts engaged within diverse and multiple networks of institutional and bureaucratic practice and the implications this has for more inclusive forms of environmental governance and decision-making. I empirically focus on stormwater governance in Chicago and Los Angeles as a means to capture the range of geographical and institutional variations in environmental knowledge. Both cities face considerably different water resource challenges in the United States but are at the forefront of developing comprehensive and progressive urban water governance programs. In the article, I identify four visions of hydrosocial relations: hydro-reformist, hydro-managerial, hydro-rationalist, and hydro-pragmatist. Each of these represents a particular understanding of how hydrosocial relations should proceed. They all align around shared framings of integrated management and the utilization of the best available science...
A conversion-based highly energy dense Cu2+ intercalated Bi-birnessite/Zn alkaline battery

Manganese dioxide (MnO2)–zinc (Zn) batteries are cheap and environmentally benign and have sufficient theoretical energy density to be used as an energy storage device for the grid; however, they have been relegated to primary systems, where the complete energy is delivered in a single discharge, due to the irreversibility of their active materials. Until recently, rechargeable MnO2–Zn batteries have only been able to cycle ∼10% of MnO2's theoretical 2-electron capacity (617 mA h g−1), thus delivering significantly reduced energy density. In a recent paper from our group, we reversibly accessed the full theoretical 2-electron capacity of MnO2 for >6000 cycles by using a layered polymorph of MnO2 mixed with bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) called Bi-birnessite (Bi–δ-MnO2) intercalated with Cu2+ ions. This discovery highlighted the possibility of achieving very high energy densities from inexpensive aqueous batteries; however, a full-cell demonstration with Zn as the anode was not studied. Here we report for the first time the effect of Zn anodes on the cycle life and energy density of a full cell, where we observe that 15% depth-of-discharge (DOD) of the Zn's theoretical capacity (820 mA h g−1) creates a cell energy density of ∼160 W h L−1; however, this causes a drastic shape change and formation of irreversible zinc oxide (ZnO) at the anode, which ultimately causes cell failure after ∼100 cycles. A drop in energy density is also observed as a result of the interaction of dissolved Zn ions with the cathode, which forms a resistive Zn-birnessite compound in the early cycles, and then forms a highly resistive haeterolite (ZnMn2O4) in the later cycles, and ultimately causes cathode failure. A possible solution using a calcium hydroxide layer as a separator is presented, where the layer blocks the interaction of zinc ions through a complexing mechanism to obtain >900 cycles with >80% retention of MnO2 DOD.
At the Margins of the Minor

Taiwanese indigenous literatures, the literatures of the Austronesian, indigenous cultures of Taiwan, mainly written in Chinese, constitute ultraminor literatures at the margins of Taiwanese culture which is itself at the margins of Chinese-language culture. This essay uses the case of Taiwanese indigenous literatures as the basis for a reflection on the notion of literary minority. It argues that the example of Taiwanese indigenous literatures draws attention to the importance of thinking minority as a radically comparative category, one that makes sense only with reference to complex, dynamic constellations. As such, minority needs to be understood with regard to three vectors in dynamic interaction: scalarity, relationality, and translation. To probe the margins of the minor means not only to theorize forms of the ultraminor but instead to put pressure on the very concept of the minor from a variety of directions.
Quantitative PET Imaging in Drug Development: Estimation of Target Occupancy

Positron emission tomography, an imaging tool using radiolabeled tracers in humans and preclinical species, has been widely used in recent years in drug development, particularly in the central nervous system. One important goal of PET in drug development is assessing the occupancy of various molecular targets (e.g., receptors, transporters, enzymes) by exogenous drugs. The current linear mathematical approaches used to determine occupancy using PET imaging experiments are presented. These algorithms use results from multiple regions with different target content in two scans, a baseline (pre-drug) scan and a post-drug scan. New mathematical estimation approaches to determine target occupancy, using maximum likelihood, are presented. A major challenge in these methods is the proper definition of the covariance matrix of the regional binding measures, accounting for different variance of the individual regional measures and their nonzero covariance, factors that have been ignored by conventional methods. The novel methods are compared to standard methods using simulation and real human occupancy data. The simulation data showed the expected reduction in variance and bias using the proper maximum likelihood methods, when the assumptions of the estimation method matched those in simulation. Between-method differences for data from human occupancy studies were less obvious, in part due to small dataset sizes. These maximum likelihood methods form the basis for development of improved PET covariance models, in order to minimize bias and variance in PET occupancy studies.
Very young infants learn abstract rules in the visual modality.

Abstracting the structure or ‘rules’ underlying observed patterns is central to mature cognition, yet research with infants suggests this far-reaching capacity is initially restricted to certain stimuli. Infants successfully abstract rules from auditory sequences (e.g., language), but fail when the same rules are presented as visual sequences (e.g., shapes). We propose that this apparent gap between rule learning in the auditory and visual modalities reflects the distinct requirements of the perceptual systems that interface with cognition: The auditory system efficiently extracts patterns from sequences structured in time, but the visual system best extracts patterns from sequences structured in space. Here, we provide the first evidence for this proposal with adults in an abstract rule learning task. We then reveal strong developmental continuity: infants as young as 3 months of age also successfully learn abstract rules in the visual modality when sequences are structured in space. This provides the earliest evidence to date of abstract rule learning in any modality.
Emerging Conceptions of Family Development over the Life Course

Life-cycle models assume universal, fixed, sequential stages of individual and family development and thus ignore the diversity of people, social and physical environments, and culture. The author ...
A 1.2–12 GHz Sliced Notch Antenna Array

Historically, Vivaldi arrays are known to suffer from high cross-polarization when scanning in the nonprincipal planes—a fault without a universal solution. In this paper, a solution to this issue is proposed in the form of a new Vivaldi-type array with low cross-polarization termed the Sliced Notch Antenna (SNA) array. For the first proof-of-concept demonstration, simulations and measurements are comparatively presented for two single-polarized $19 \times 19$ arrays—the proposed SNA and its Vivaldi counterpart—each operating over a 1.2–12 GHz (10:1) band. Both arrays are built using typical vertically integrated printed-circuit board cards, and are designed to exhibit VSWR $\theta \!=\!45 {^{\circ }}$ polarization purity improvement at the high frequency. Moreover, the SNA element also: 1) offers better suppression of classical Vivaldi E-plane scan blindnesses; 2) requires fewer plated through vias for stripline-based designs; and 3) allows relaxed adjacent element electrical contact requirements for dual-polarized arrangements.