cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oceanic and Hydrologic Influences on Flow and Water Properties in the St. Jones River Estuary, Delaware

Influences of tides, freshwater discharge, and winds on water properties in the St. Jones River estuary (USA), a Delaware National Estuarine Research Reserve, were investigated using multiyear records of sea level, salinity, and turbidity, supplemented by a current profiler time series in 2007. Results demonstrate that instantaneous properties fluctuate with semidiurnal tides and resonant overtides, whereas tidal mean variations are forced by seasonal freshwater inflow and offshore winds. Mean sea level and salinity are highest in summer and vary with seasonal water temperature and rainfall, whereas sea level variability and turbidity are highest in winter on account of storm effects. Salinity and discharge modeling suggest that much (43–65%) of the freshwater resident in the estuary is derived from non-point sources below the head of tide. This diffuse freshwater inflow produces a seaward surface slope and weak mean current, which temporarily reverses under the influence of storm–wind setup within Delaware Bay.
Properties of the Sea Breeze Front as Shown by a Numerical Model

Abstract A simple model of the sea breeze is integrated numerically. If the total beat input into the air is kept constant, the speed of the sea breeze front is found to be independent of the vertical distribution of the temperature change, the stability of the atmosphere, and the Coriolis parameter. The speed V of the front is shown to increase as the square root of the vertically integrated change in the buoyancy of the air. This is a type of Froude-number relationship with V2=k∫ohg(θ′/θ0)dz. After about a half-pendulum day, this front decreases in intensity and becomes slower. The addition of drag and diffusion significantly alters the velocity and temperature structure of the sea breeze but only decreases slightly the speed of the front.
Center of pressure measures during standing tasks in minimally impaired persons with multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Balance impairments are common in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS), but clinical balance tests may not detect subtle deficits in adults with MS who are not yet experiencing functional limitations or disability. The purpose of this study was to determine if center of pressure (COP) displacement during standing tasks could be a useful performance-based evaluative measure for adults with MS who have minimal or no balance deficits on clinical examination using the Berg Balance Scale (BBS). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twenty-one adults with MS were compared with 21 age- and gendermatched healthy adults. Subjects with MS were tested with the BBS, Mini-mental State Exam, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), and Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC). They also performed voluntary leaning and reaching movements while kinematic and kinetic data were collected. Control subjects performed the same tasks with the exception of the EDSS and MSFC. RESULTS: COP displacement during reaching and leaning was less in adults with MS when compared to control subjects. There were no differences in anthropometric, kinematic, or foot position variables that could account for this difference. Furthermore, there was no difference between groups when COP displacement during reaching was expressed as a percentage of the maximum COP displacement during leaning. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: COP measures show clear differences when comparing healthy adults with minimally impaired adults with MS. The lack of between-group differences when COP displacement during reaching was expressed as a percentage of the maximum COP displacement during leaning suggests that the subjects with MS adopt a reaching strategy that allows them to stay within their reduced limits of stability. COP measures during standing tasks appear well-suited to quantifying changes in postural control over time or in response to intervention for minimally impaired persons with MS.
Protection of Murine Gestational Tissues from Picornavirus Infection in the Preimplantation Period

Mice were inoculated with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) on gestational days 1-3 (pre-implantation) or days 4-5 (peri- or post-implantation) or with control cell lysate (days 1-5). Dams were subsequently sacrificed between days 11-14 of gestation, and placentae and fetuses were harvested. Few placentae from dams inoculated with virus on days 1-3 were positive by virus culture (2 per cent) or in situ hybridization (6 per cent), and no fetuses were positive by either technique. In contrast, most placentae from dams inoculated with virus on days 4-5 were virus-positive by culture (96 per cent) or in situ hybridization (100 per cent), and a moderate number of fetuses were also positive (30 per cent by culture, 19 per cent by in situ hybridization). Necrosis was present more frequently in placentae from mice inoculated with virus on days 4-5 (55 per cent) than in placentae from dams inoculated with virus on days 1-3 (19 per cent) or with control cell lysate (18 per cent). Viral infection, mononuclear inflammation and cell necrosis were identified in the heart and great vessels of TMEV-infected fetuses. These results indicate that gestational tissues are largely protected from viral infection before implantation. After implantation, gestational tissues are more readily infected and damaged by maternal picornavirus infection.
Effect of Alternate Feedback Strategies on Performance for a Synthetic Aircraft Visual Inspection Task

Feedback training has been shown to be one of the most effective ways of improving inspection performance. One important issue surrounding the use of feedback is providing the type of information that inspectors find most useful, including determining the format for presenting this information in a way easy to interpret and utilize. The objective of this study was to conduct subjective and performance evaluations of graphical displays used to provide performance and process feedback. Ten subjects, randomly assigned to one of the two sequences in which they underwent two treatment levels (performance feedback, process feedback), inspected a simulated aircraft cargo bay for three types of defects (crack, corrosion and damaged conduit). The subjects then filled out a subjective questionnaire on the content, format and usefulness of the feedback information provided and the display used to provide the information. The results on performance and subjective evaluation of feedback information are analyzed and re...
Biochemistry of the initial steps of mycothiol biosynthesis.

Abstract Mycothiol is the major thiol produced by mycobacteria and is required for growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The final three steps in the biosynthesis of mycothiol have been fully elucidated but the initial steps have been unclear. A glycosyltransferase, MshA, is required for production of the mycothiol precursor, 1-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α-d-glucopyranosyl)-d-myo-inositol, but its substrates and immediate products were unknown. In this study, we show that the N-acetylglucosamine donor is UDP-N-acetylglucosamine and that the N-acetylglucosamine acceptor is 1l-myo-inositol 1-phosphate. The reaction generates UDP and 1-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α-d-glucopyranosyl)-d-myo-inositol 3-phosphate. Using cell-free extracts of M. smegmatis mc2155, little activity was obtained with myo-inositol, 1d-myo-inositol 1-phosphate, or myo-inositol 2-phosphate as the N-acetylglucosamine acceptor. A phosphatase, designated MshA2, is required to dephosphorylate 1-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α-glucopyranosyl)-d-myo-inositol 3-phosphate to produce 1-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α-d-glucopyranosyl)-d-myo-inositol. The latter is deacetylated, ligated with cysteine, and the cysteinyl amino group acetylated by acetyl-CoA to complete the mycothiol biosynthesis pathway. Uptake and concentration of myo-[14C]inositol is rapid in Mycobacterium smegmatis and leads to production of radiolabeled inositol 1-phosphate and mycothiol. This demonstrates the presence of a myo-inositol transporter and a kinase that generates 1l-myo-inositol 1-phosphate. The biochemical pathway of mycothiol biosynthesis is now fully elucidated.
The "Evolutionary Synthesis" of George Udny Yule

This article discusses the work ofGeorge Udny Yule in relation to theevolutionary synthesis and thebiometric-Mendelian debate. It has generallybeen claimed that (i.) in 1902, Yule put forththe first account showing that the competingbiometric and Mendelian programs could besynthesized. Furthermore, (ii.) the scientificfigures who should have been most interested inthis thesis (the biometricians W. F. RaphaelWeldon and Karl Pearson, and the MendelianWilliam Bateson) were too blinded by personalanimosity towards each other to appreciateYule's proposal. This essay provides adetailed account of (i.), maintaining thatYule's 1902 proposal is better understood as areduction, not a synthesis of the two programs.The results of this analysis are then used toevaluate (ii.), where I will instead argue thatBateson and the biometricians had good reasonsto avoid endorsing Yule's account.
Determination of crystal site occupancy in an improved Synroc-D ceramic using analytical electron microscopy

The rate of radiation damage from radioactive species in nuclear waste ceramics and the long-term stability of the crystalline phases may depend on the crystallographic site of the emitting species. It is therefore of importance to determine the site occupancy of the radioactive elements. Hitherto, no established crystallographic technique has been suitable for such studies due to the small grain size and the many different phases in nuclear waste ceramics, such as Synroc. By taking advantage of the fact that an electron beam can be focussed, and the electron intensity localized, to a particular crystal site by electron diffraction, a new technique capable of locating small concentrations of atoms in small crystal volumes >(10 nm)/sup 3/ has recently been developed. The application of the technique to determining the site occupancy of solutes, including U, Sr, Th, in the perovskite and ulvo-spinel phases of a Synroc ceramic is described. In the perovskite phase, U, Th, Sr, Zr and Mn, are shown to substitute on the Ca site with Fe partitioning between the Ca and Ti sites.
Improving misalignment for feedback path estimation in hearing aid by multiple short-time noise injections

Adaptive Feedback Cancellation (AFC) methods are used to find an FIR filter to cancel the negative effect of acoustic feedback between the loudspeaker and microphone of the hearing aid. Finding the AFC filter of appropriate order/length directly affects the performance and complexity of the system. In this paper, we use noise injection method to find the AFC filter estimating the feedback path model. We show that the optimum length which guarantees a good compromise between the quality and the complexity of the system may be smaller than the length of the actual feedback path model. However, in order to improve the performance of the system in terms of Misalignment criterion, we propose using multiple short-time noise injections and averaging method to find the best filter estimate of appropriate length.
Barista's Battle Scars

This case tells the story of an entrepreneur couple who launched an upscale retail coffee business in a mid-sized college town in the Midwest. Barista's enjoyed immediate and overwhelming market acceptance and was even named “Entrepreneur of the Year,” yet had tremendous difficulty in obtaining expansion capital. The choice of legal advisor also proved to have enormous impact on the future viability of the business. Written from the perspective of the entrepreneurs, the case provides unique insight regarding the importance of cultivating the effective professional relationships needed for business success.
Interpersonal Trust and Construct Complexity for Positively and Negatively Evaluated Persons

College subjects were administered Rotter's Interpersonal Trust Scale and a modified version of Bieri's grid procedure for measur ing cognitive complexity for positive and negative social stimuli. As hypothesized, low trusters had significantly more differentiated cognitions for socially distant persons than high trusters. Contrary to hypotheses, socially close persons yielded significantly lesser complexity for high trusters than low trusters and significantly greater complexity for females than males. It was concluded that low generalized expectancies for interpersonal trust might be more adaptive and less problematical than previously contended.
TRAF2-MLK3 interaction is essential for TNF-α-induced MLK3 activation

Mixed lineage kinase 3 (MLK3) is a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase that is activated by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and specifically activates c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) on TNF-α stimulation. The mechanism by which TNF-α activates MLK3 is still not known. TNF receptor-associated factors (TRAFs) are adapter molecules that are recruited to cytoplasmic end of TNF receptor and mediate the downstream signaling, including activation of JNK. Here, we report that MLK3 associates with TRAF2, TRAF5 and TRAF6; however only TRAF2 can significantly induce the kinase activity of MLK3. The interaction domain of TRAF2 maps to the TRAF domain and for MLK3 to its C-terminal half (amino acids 511-847). Endogenous TRAF2 and MLK3 associate with each other in response to TNF-α treatment in a time-dependent manner. The association between MLK3 and TRAF2 mediates MLK3 activation and competition with the TRAF2 deletion mutant that binds to MLK3 attenuates MLK3 kinase activity in a dose-dependent manner, on TNF-α treatment. Furthermore the downstream target of MLK3, JNK was activated by TNF-α in a TRAF2-dependent manner. Hence, our data show that the direct interaction between TRAF2 and MLK3 is required for TNF-α-induced activation of MLK3 and its downstream target, JNK.
LAX REPRESENTATION OF RIEMANN ELLIPSOIDS

Abstract The fluid dynamical equations of motion for rotating Riemann ellipsoids are presented as a Lax equation, X = [F, X]. Riemann ellipsoids model rotating galaxies, stars, and atomic nuclei. The elements of the Lax pair X-F are matrices in the symplectic Lie algebra sp(3, R). The matrix X is formed from the inertia and virial momentum tensors; F is composed from the potential energy, angular velocity, and pressure tensors. The Kelvin circulation is conserved by the Lax system. Riemann ellipsoidal solutions are given by symplectic isospectral deformations.
The Use of Polysiloxanes to Elucidate Molecular Aspects of Rubberlike Elasticity

Polysiloxanes can be formed into a variety of elastomeric networks that are of fundamental as well as commercial interest. This review, which primarily focuses on the author’s own work, illustrates the use of experiments and simulations to establish structure–property relationships for these materials. Studies of this type have been very useful in obtaining a better molecular understanding of rubberlike elasticity in general.
Identifying Widely Covered Drugs and Drug Coverage Variation Among Medicare Part D Formularies

ContextClinicians can find it difficult to know which drugs are covered for their Medicare patients because formularies vary widely among Medicare Part D plans and many states have 50 or more such plans.ObjectiveTo determine whether Part D formularies in California (the state with the most Medicare beneficiaries) and Hawaii have at least 1 drug within each of 8 treatment classes for hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and depression that can be identified for clinicians as “widely covered” by the vast majority of Part D plans.Design and SettingUse of the medicare.gov Web site (March 1-April 15, 2006) to examine 72 California and 43 Hawaii Part D formularies' coverage of 8 treatment classes (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, β-blockers, calcium channel blockers, loop diuretics, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, statins, and thiazide diuretics), with evaluation of how often drugs were widely covered (defined as inclusion in ≥90% of formularies at co-payments of ≤$35 without prior authorization).Main Outcome MeasureIdentification of treatment classes with at least 1 widely covered drug.ResultsFor California, coverage for the 75 drugs examined ranged from 7% to 100%. Despite this variation, 7 of 8 classes (excluding angiotensin II receptor blockers) had at least 1 widely covered drug. Of the 34 widely covered drugs (45%), all but 2 were generic. Restricting widely covered to include 95% or more of formularies at co-payments of $15 or less still resulted in 7 of 8 classes with at least 1 widely covered drug. Overall, 73% of generic drugs and 6% of brand-name drugs were widely covered. Findings were similar for Hawaii.ConclusionsFormularies varied substantially; however, all but 1 treatment class examined had 1 or more widely covered drugs at low co-payments. Knowing which drugs are widely covered would assist clinicians in prescribing, since not all generic drugs were widely covered. Clinicians should know that few brand-name drugs are widely covered and check coverage before prescribing.
Approximation Metrics for Discrete and Continuous Systems

Established system relationships for discrete systems, such as language inclusion, simulation, and bisimulation, require system observations to be identical. When interacting with the physical world, modeled by continuous or hybrid systems, exact relationships are restrictive and not robust. In this paper, we develop the first framework of system approximation that applies to both discrete and continuous systems by developing notions of approximate language inclusion, approximate simulation, and approximate bisimulation relations. We define a hierarchy of approximation pseudo-metrics between two systems that quantify the quality of the approximation, and capture the established exact relationships as zero sections. Our approximation framework is compositional for a synchronous composition operator. Algorithms are developed for computing the proposed pseudo-metrics, both exactly and approximately. The exact algorithms require the generalization of the fixed point algorithms for computing simulation and bisimulation relations, or dually, the solution of a static game whose cost is the so-called branching distance between the systems. Approximations for the pseudo-metrics can be obtained by considering Lyapunov-like functions called simulation and bisimulation functions. We illustrate our approximation framework in reducing the complexity of safety verification problems for both deterministic and nondeterministic continuous systems
Preparation and isolation of a taste bud-derived fraction from bovine circumvallate papillae

A crude extract from taste buds was prepared from circumvallate papillae of bovine tongues by a procedure consisting of freezing, coring, excision, treatment with hypotonic buffer, nitrogen pressurization and selective homogenization. Examination of taste buds by light and electron microscopy before and after this procedure indicated that some of the contents of the buds, mainly from the more apical portions, was extruded following the procedure; anatomical changes could not be observed in the epithelial tissue immediately surrounding the taste buds.
Rich Pompeiian Houses, Shops for Rent, and the Huge Apartment Building in Herculaneum as Typical Spaces for Pauline House Churches:

This article reevaluates previously held assumptions that the atrium house was the primary setting for Pauline house churches, and includes insulae in the discussion. There were massive social contrasts within Roman domus, so that many rich and poor lived in the same domestic spaces. Meggitt’s argument that 1 percent lived totally different lives than the other 99 percent was not the case in Pompeii. Both domus and insulae (apartment buildings) often incorporated shops, again relating owners and slaves to the same spaces. Women owned some domus, the foreign goddess Isis was influential in some wealthy Pompeiian domus, and many owners displayed gorgons to ward off evil influences.
Conceptual framework for a study of authority

Despite significant vagueness, Weber's empiricist concept of authority has had a prominent position in social theory, which reflects a need for concepts of legitimacy and authority developed for the purpose of understanding subjective reasons for obedience. Since Weber's day, the philosophies of language and law have provided insights capable of enhancing the potential of these concepts as analytical tools. Austin's distinction between locutionary and illocutionary acts enables us to define these concepts more precisely than Weber did. Hart's distinction between primary and secondary rules is a key to understand why the question of legitimacy often becomes pressing in relation to law. When supplemented with clarification of the nature of authority-based obligation, the insights of these scholars pave the way for concepts of authority and legitimate command that may not only be useful in general theories of the state, but also in empirical research aimed to understand the subjective aspects of law-abidingness.
Predicting treatment seekers' readiness to change their drinking behavior in the COMBINE Study.

Background: Initial motivation and readiness to change (RTC) are complex constructs and have been important but inconsistent predictors of treatment attendance and drinking outcomes in studies of alcoholism treatment. Motivation can be described in multiple ways as simply the accumulation of consequences that push change, a shift in intentions, or engagement in various tasks that are part of a larger process of change. Method: Using baseline data from participants in the COMBINE Study, this study reevaluated the psychometric properties of a 24-item measure of motivation derived from the University of Rhode Island Change Assessment Scale that yielded 4 subscales representing attitudes and experiences related to tasks of stages of Precontemplation, Contemplation, Action, and Maintenance Striving as well as a second-order factor score representing a multidimensional view of RTC drinking. A variety of hypothesized predictors of readiness and the stage subscales were examined using multiple regression analyses to better understand the nature of this measure of motivation. Results: Findings supported the basic subscale structure and the overall motivational readiness score derived from this measure. RTC drinking behavior was predicted by baseline measures of perceived stress, drinking severity, psychiatric comorbidity, self-efficacy, craving, and positive treatment outcome expectancies. However, absolute values were small, indicating that readiness for change is not explained simply by demographic, drinking severity, treatment, change process, or contextual variables. Conclusion: This measure demonstrated good psychometric properties and results supported the independence as well as convergent and divergent validity of the measured constructs. Predictors of overall readiness and subscale scores indicate that a variety of personal and contextual factors contribute to treatment seekers' motivation to change in an understandable but complex manner. Language: en
Automatic Control of Mechanical Ventilation. Part 1: Theory and History of the Technology

In this article, automatic control technology as applied to mechanical ventilation is discussed and the techniques that have been reported in the literature are reviewed. The information in the literature is reviewed and various techniques are compared. Automatic control has been applied in many ways to mechanical ventilation since several decades ago. More aggressive techniques aimed at automatic and more optimal control of the main outputs of the machine have emerged and continue to be enhanced with time. Development of more efficient automatic techniques and/or enhancement of the present methods are likely to be pursued to make this technology more compatible with future healthcare requirements.
Some Effects of Photoperiod on the Pituitary/Thyroid Axis of Castrated Cockerels

Pituitary cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase (cAMP-PK) activity ratios of castrated cockerels on a short photoperiod are highest 2 weeks after testosterone removal in castrated birds and remain high through a 3rd week. Castrated cockerels on long photoperiods have a decline in cAMP-PK activity ratios after an elevation at 1 week following testosterone removal. This is interpreted to mean that the pituitaries of cockerels on short photoperiods are sensitive to testosterone inhibition but that this sensitivity disappears in long photoperiod-stimulated birds. Long daylengths also appear to enhance thyroid activity in castrated cockerels, although thyroid cAMP-PK activity ratios increase in the thyroid of all cockerels following the removal of testosterone (castration). These results suggest that testosterone has an inhibitory effect on both the pituitary and thyroid glands.
Recursive Decimation/Interpolation for ML Chirp Parameter Estimation

We present a fast implementation of the optimal linear processor for “chirp” signals with O() computational load for data length. The method is technically an approximation since it has an interpolation step but we show that the errors are negligible. In simulations it performs up to 20 times faster than the existing method using radix-2 fast Fourier transform (FFT) and has significantly lower threshold signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) against noise and interference compared with a leading fast method.
Blood-feeding and capacity for increase in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii.

Northern Wyeomyia smithii (Coquillett) (Diptera: Culicidae) are obligatorily autogenous; southern W. smithii , although capable of autogenous development, may consume a blood meal. The clutch of eggs resulting from a blood meal contributes little to capacity for increase. Capacity for increase is inversely correlated with mean crowding of the overwintering population. These results suggest that the principal role of hematophagy in W. smithii relates to increasing the contribution to total reproductive effort made by the 2nd and subsequent ovarian cycles.
Spectroscopic evidence for radiation‐induced crosslinking of poly(tetrafluoroethylene)

Direct spectroscopic evidence for radiation-induced crosslinking of poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) is presented for all x-ray and electron dose levels above which it is possible to distinguish between deliberately introduced radiation damage and the x-ray damage inherent in obtaining an x-ray photoelectron spectrum (XPS). The C(1s) spectrum obtained after irradiation with 2 keV electrons for all doses greater than 1 μA-min/cm 2 consists of a four-peak spectrum identical to that previously obtained for plasma-polymerized tetrafluoroethylene and assigned to carbon atoms with variable numbers of bound F atoms (CF 3 , CF 2 , CF 1 , and CF 0 )
Direct Observation of Prognosis Communication in Palliative Care: A Descriptive Study

Abstract Context Palliative care (PC) consultations result in improved patient understanding of prognosis and better quality of life, yet the content and processes of prognosis communication during PC consultations remain unknown. Objectives To describe prognosis communication during PC consultation with seriously ill hospitalized patients. Methods We audio recorded 71 sequential inpatient PC consultations (initial visit) with seriously ill patients and their families who were referred for "goals of care" clarification or help with "end-of-life decision making." Conversations were coded using reliable methods and we then linked conversation codes to clinical record and clinician interview data. Results Ninety-three percent of consultations contained prognosis communication. Participants communicated prognoses regarding quality of life more frequently than survival; focused prognosis estimates on the unique patient more frequently than on a general population; and framed prognosis using pessimistic cues more frequently than optimistic ones. Prognoses were more commonly spoken by PC clinicians than by patients/families. The following two factors demonstrated an association with the rate of prognostic communication and with the pessimistic framing of that information: whether the patient, family, or both participated in the conversation, and shorter expected survival (as estimated by the attending physician). Conclusion Prognoses are routinely communicated in PC consultations with hospitalized patients and their families. The rate and characteristics of prognosis communication differ based on the length of time the patient is expected to live.
On the validation of discriminant functions: an empirical analysis using event related potentials.

Discriminant analysis is becoming increasingly popular in psychophysiology. Appropriate use of this technique requires computation of the discriminant function using one set of data followed by its validation using a new data set (i.e., cross-validation). Recent studies have relied on an alternative method of validation referred to as the jackknife or leave-one-out procedure. This study examined the appropriateness of such a procedure in instances like those typical of psychophysiology, where only a subset of the available variables is used in the discriminant function. Results are presented which indicate that the jackknife procedure can be misleading when the variables entering the discriminant function are selected on the basis of differences between the groups (i.e., stepwise discriminant analysis). It is concluded that under such circumstances cross-validation is the more appropriate procedure.
Integrating mathematics and science in undergraduate early childhood teacher education programs

Abstract In this article, we examine the integration of science and mathematics teaching in early childhood education. We explore the meaning of integration and offer a rationale for integrating science and mathematics methods classes for pre‐service teachers. The case is made that pre‐service teachers should develop an understanding of the connections between mathematics and science so that they can be better prepared to teach with an emphasis on the connections between these two content areas.
Subjective Assessment of Relationships With Parents by Sexually Aggressive and Nonaggressive Men

Data are reported from three studies that describe the development of a self-report assessment of subjects' relationships with their parents and the replication of previous findings of a link between a negative father-son relationship and the son's tendency toward sexual aggression. Factor and item analyses of the assessment instruments indicated conceptually coherent and reliable subscales. In each of the three studies, sexually aggressive men rated their relationships with their fathers as significantly more problematic than did nonaggressive men. There were no similar findings for subjects' relationships with their mothers. Results are discussed in relation to increasing evidence of the importance of factors in the home environment and delinquent behavior in the fostering of male sexual aggression.
Radio-iodination of plasma membranes of toad bladder epithelium.

The present report describes high yield enzymatic radio-iodination of the apical and basal-lateral plasma membranes of toad bladder epithelium, by a procedure that does not breach the functional integrity of the epithelium, as assessed by the basal and vasopressin-sensitive short-circuit current (SCC). Restriction of the label to the membrane surface was ascertained by light and electron-microscopic autoradiographs. On the apical surface, the grains were over the glycocalyx and the plasma membrane. Analysis of the labeled glycocalyx by agarose gel filtration, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), as well as enzymatic and pH-dependent hydrolysis indicated that the glycocalyx is a trichloro-acetic acid-soluble macromolecular complex of high molecular weight composed of a peptide moiety attached to large prosthetic groups (presumably carbohydrates) by O-glycosidic bonds. Analysis of the labeled apical plasma membrane components by agarose gel filtration and SDS-PAGE disclosed the presence of six major species of apparent molecular weights: 23,000, 28,000, 37,000, 44,000, 68,000, and 95,000. More than half of the membrane-associated radio-iodine was in two bands of molecular weights 37,000 and 44,000. Concentrations of vasopressin and cyclic AMP sufficient to increase the SCC significantly did not modify the extent of membrane labeling or the distribution of the label among the apical membrane components (presumably proteins) as assessed by SDS-PAGE. Iodination in the presence of amiloride inhibited incorporation but did not change the pattern of the distribution of the label among the components resolved by SDS-PAGE. Iodination of basal-lateral plasma membranes, at a yield comparable to that obtained with apical labeling, was attained after about 30 min of exposure of the intact bladder to the labeling solutions. Approximately 25% of the basal-lateral labeling was lost when the epithelial cells were harvested after collagenase treatment, implying that some iodination of the basement membrane had taken place. Less than 10% of iodination of the apical or basal-lateral surfaces was accounted for by lipid-labeling. Analysis of the labeled apical and basal-lateral species by enzymatic digestion and thin layer chromatography disclosed that virtually all the radioactivity was present as mono-iodotyrosine (MIT).
Entrepreneurial orientation and SME performance in China’s changing environment: The moderating effects of strategies

Recent research has found an inverted U-shape relationship between entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and firm performance in the Chinese context. Building on Miles and Snow’s (1978) strategy framework and Scott’s (1995) country institutional profile, we propose that prospector and analyzer strategies align better with entrepreneurial orientation to allow firms to fully benefit from their risk-taking, proactiveness, and innovativeness. Data collected from 155 SMEs in China confirmed that prospector and analyzer strategies alleviated the curve significantly. The defender strategy enhanced the curvilinearity, yet this moderating effect was insignificant. Implications for policy-makers, international businesses, and entrepreneurial firms in China are discussed.
Impact of the destination state on migrants’ remittances: a study of remitting among Bangladeshi migrants in the USA, the UAE and Japan

The literature on migrants’ remittances largely explains remittances as motivated by migrants’ altruism and self-interest. While few studies emphasize the sending state’s role in determining remittances, that of the destination state remains unstudied. Based on a comparison among Bangladeshi migrants remitting from the USA, the UAE and Japan, this qualitative study demonstrates how the destination state affects migrants’ remittances by immigration policies regarding entry, period of stay and labour market participation of the migrants in the destination country. Empirical findings show that the destination state exerts its influence by bestowing different legal categories onto the migrants based on those legal statuses. While arguing for recognizing the destination state as a structural determinant of migrants’ remitting, this study does not refute those identifying migrants’ altruism and self-interest as the determinants of remitting. Instead, this study complements the existing migration literature by a...
Racial Discrimination as a Moderator of the Links Among Stress, Maternal Psychological Functioning, and Family Relationships

This study focuses on the links between social contexts and normative family patterns to identify factors at the societal, community, family, and individual levels that enhance African Americans' ability to overcome stressful life events and foster positive family relationships. The Mundane Extreme Environmental Stress Model was used to explore these links. From urban and rural areas in Iowa and Georgia, 383 families with 10- or 11-year-old children were recruited. Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypotheses. Maternal psychological distress was linked with parent-child relationship quality both directly and indirectly through its association with intimate partnership quality. When racial discrimination was greater, stronger links emerged between stressor pileup and psychological distress, as well as between psychological distress and the quality of both intimate partnerships and parent-child relationships. Future research on African American family processes should include the effects of racial discrimination.
THE USES OF THE ENGLISH PERFECT

The English perfect, a “phase” or relative tense, indicates that the situation described in a clause is relevant to the situation described in a chronologically later clause or time Grammarians of modern English have been faced with the problem of reconciling this meaning of the perfect with its disparate uses—to describe situations that have ended, that have not ended, or that arc indeterminate as to ending before the later clauses or times. This paper shows that the three uses arise from the co-occurrence of perfect with information outside the clause and with noun, verb, adverbial, and negation structures within the clause In addition, the paper presents evidence—from elicitation testing that these structures affect the uses and that speakers of English make and respond to these uses
When are frames close to equal-norm Parseval frames?

We derive lower and upper bounds for the distance between a frame and the set of equal-norm Parseval frames. The lower bound results from variational inequalities. The upper bound is obtained with a technique that uses a family of ordinary differential equations for Parseval frames which can be shown to converge to an equal-norm Parseval frame, if the number of vectors in a frame and the dimension of the Hilbert space they span are relatively prime, and if the initial frame consists of vectors having sufficiently nearly equal norms.
CODEX sounding rocket wire grid collimator design

CODEX is a sounding rocket payload designed to operate in the soft x-ray (0.1-1.0 kV) regime. The instrument has a 3.25 degree square field of view that uses a one meter long wire grid collimator to create a beam that converges to a line in the focal plane. Wire grid collimator performance is directly correlated to the geometric accuracy of actual grid features and their relative locations. Utilizing a strategic combination of manufacturing and assembly techniques, this design is engineered for precision within the confines of a typical rocket budget. Expected resilience of the collimator under flight conditions is predicted by mechanical analysis.
Defoliation effects on isoprene emission from Populus deltoides

Isoprene emission from plants is one of the principal ways in which plant processes alter atmospheric chemistry. Despite the importance of this process, few long-term controls over basal emission rates have been identified. Stress-induced changes in carbon allocation within the entire plant, such as those produced by defoliation, have not been examined as potential mechanisms that may control isoprene production and emission. Eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides) saplings were partially defoliated and physiological and growth responses were measured from undamaged and damaged leaves 7 days following damage. Defoliation reduced isoprene emission from undamaged and damaged leaves on partially defoliated plants. Photosynthetic rates and leaf carbon and nitrogen pools were unaffected by damage. Photosynthetic rate and isoprene emission were highly correlated in undamaged leaves on undamaged plants and damaged leaves on partially defoliated plants. There was no correlation between photosynthetic rate and isoprene emission in undamaged leaves on partially defoliated plants. Isoprene emission was also highly correlated with the number of source leaves on the apical shoot in damage treatments. Increased carbon export from source leaves in response to defoliation may have depleted the amount of carbon available for isoprene synthesis, decreasing isoprene emission. These results suggest that while isoprene emission is controlled at the leaf level in undamaged plants, emission from leaves on damaged plants is controlled by whole-branch allocation patterns.
Psychometric Analysis of the Emotional Tone Rating Scale: A Measure of Person-Centered Communication

Psychometric analysis of the Emotional Tone Rating Scale (ETRS) was completed using ratings of naive listeners who evaluated staff-resident communication in three nursing homes. Interrater consistency was high with ICC (2, 1) for agreement = 0.95 and consistency = 0.95. Factor analysis revealed two factors-person-centered communication and controlling communication-that explained 84.8% of the variance. Person-centered communication included seven descriptors (items) with loadings ranging from 0.84 to 0.98 and a coefficient alpha of 0.98. Controlling communication included five items that loaded from -0.63 to .99 with a coefficient alpha of 0.94. These factors were negatively correlated p = -.64 and demonstrated good ranges, standard deviations, and high item-total correlations. Person-centered communication correlated with higher resident engagement in conversation in contrast to controlling communication. The ETRS provides a measure of person-centered communication that can be used to evaluate interactions between nursing staff and older adults who reside in long term care settings.
THE RATIO OF GROWTH HORMONE (GH) BY TANDEM MONOCLONAL ASSAY/POLYCLONAL RIA DOES NOT PREDICT RESPONSE TO GH THERAPY

Blethen and Chaslow (JCEM 57:1031, 1983), recently reported that the ratio of GH by Tandem Hybritech monoclonal immunoradiometric assay (Tandem) to standard polyclonal radioimmunoassay (RIA), might predict the outcome of GH therapeutic trials. We studied the effect of GH therapy on 16 patients whose height was 2 cm/yr (R). Nine patients did not respond to GH (NR). There was no significant difference between the Tandem/RIA ratio of R and NR patients. The ratio did not predict the response to GH therapy.
Horizontal nystagmus of rhesus monkeys.

Horizontal optokinetic nystagmus (OKN), caloric nystagmus, and positional alcohol nystagmus (PAN) of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatto) were surveyed using electrooculography. OKN of the monkey appears to be similar in most respects to that of man although optokinetic after-nystagmus is more prominent in the monkey. of the parameters of OKN which were measured, slow phase velocity was most closely related to the optokinetic stimulus. Caloric nystagmus is easily induced in the monkey and parameters of caloric nystagmus declined exponentially on repeated testing. The first phase of positional alcohol nystagmus was present in all animals tested and the secondary phase in some. The data indicate that oculomotor findings in the monkey can probably be applied to man with few reservations.
Religious Statements and the World

In the past few years philosophers of religion and theologians have devoted much attention to the status of religious statements. There are three main positions: (1) The statements as generally understood are (false) empirical statements. The people who make them have either made honest mistakes (they are unaware of the counter evidence) or they are irrational. This view may be coupled with the claim that religious language can be reconstructed in such a way that we may continue to use it and yet avoid making false assertions. (The position Braithwaite outlines in An Empiricist's View of the Nature of Religious Belief seems to be close to this.) (2) The statements are not empirical and are therefore not significant. (3) The statements are not empirical— common sense and science are irrelevant to the truth and falsity of religious claims—and yet they are significant.
Measurement of machinery noise

MACHINE NOISE INVESTIGATIONS should include vibration tests at various points on the machine and its support, as well as loudness measurements at various points in the surroundings pace. With the “audio noise meter” described in this article, both types of measurements can be made and information thus obtained is extremely valuable in the study of machine noises, their causes and remedies.
Parametric modeling of the Wigner half-kernel and its application to spectral estimation

Abstract Parametric spectral estimation methods provide high frequency resolution and allow a compact representation. The Wigner-Ville distribution (WVD), on the other hand, presents high frequency concentration and temporal resolution, but produces spectral crossterms and abundant data. WVD autoregressive (AR) modeling combines the advantages of both techniques. Using the analytic signal to compute the WVD kernel cancels negative frequency crossterms and provides a low-order complex predictor, half the size of real AR models. Crossterms and potential kernel symmetry problems are avoided by modeling the Smoothed WVD (SWVD) half-kernel. The developed representation is analyzed and compared to real and analytic AR spectral estimators. It is shown that the SWVD half-kernel AR covariance poles produce precise frequency estimates for monocomponent signals, independent of data length and phase, just like real and analytic AR estimators, but with the advantage of excellent performance in noise. These properties are verified experimentally and extended to multicomponent signals in noise, showing that while the analytic AR estimator performs slightly better than its real counterpart, the SWVD half-kernel results in a frequency estimation error reduction of around two orders of magnitude.
Na+ and K+ electrochemical potential gradients and the transport of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.

Abstract 1. 1. The uptake of α-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) was measured in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells which were treated by osmotic shock and cold incubation to elevate cell Na + and lower K + . These cells were suspended in media in which Na + was partially replaced by choline or K + , thereby reversing the Na + concentration gradient or both the Na + and K + concentration gradients. 2. 2. There was an inward transport of AIB against its concentration gradient when the Na + concentration gradient was reversed and also when both the Na + and K + concentration gradients were reversed. 3. 3. In other experiments, the steady-state AIB and ion distribution ratios were measured, and the energy expenditure needed to maintain the AIB concentration gradient was calculated and compared with the energy expenditure calculated to be available from the ion electrochemical potential gradients in two model carrier systems. 4. 4. A model in which there was a 1:1 cotransport of Na + and AIB and no associated K + movement was found to be inadequate to explain the entire AIB accumulation. 5. 5. A model in which the carrier operated electro-neutrally, returning one K + for each Na + and AIB brought in, comes closer to satisfying the data from the studies of the steady state. However, there are a few discrepancies and the hypothesis does require a 100% efficiency of coupling between the ion fluxes and the uptake of AIB to explain most of the data from the steady-state studies.