cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Systematic Review of Pretreatment Prostate-Specific Antigen Velocity and Doubling Time As Predictors for Prostate Cancer

Purpose Pretreatment prostate-specific antigen (PSA) dynamics (PSA velocity and PSA doubling time) are widely advocated as useful prognostic markers in prostate cancer. We aimed to assess the published evidence for the clinical utility of PSA dynamics in this population. Methods We conducted a systematic review of studies published before March 2007 in which a PSA dynamic (velocity or doubling time) was calculated in patients before definitive treatment, a subsequent event (such as biopsy or recurrence) was ascertained, and the association between the two was analyzed. Our principal end point was the type of analysis reported, particularly whether the predictive accuracy of a statistical model that included both absolute PSA level and a PSA dynamic was compared with that of a model that included only PSA. Results Eighty-seven articles were eligible for analysis. The most common end points were biopsy (42 articles), and either recurrence (14 articles) or metastases or death (14 articles) after definitive therapy. Although PSA dynamics were generally found to be associated with outcome, only one article compared predictive accuracy of models with and without a PSA dynamic: this reported that PSA velocity improved prediction slightly (from 0.81 to 0.83), but was subject to verification bias. No article used decision analytic methods to examine the clinical impact of PSA dynamics. Conclusion There is little evidence that calculation of PSA velocity or doubling time in untreated patients provides predictive information beyond that provided by absolute PSA level alone. We see no justification for the use of PSA dynamics in clinical decision making before treatment in early-stage prostate cancer.
Gel permeation chromatography: Examination of column efficiency

Gel permeation chromatographic (GPC) separations have been performed with several commercially available column packing materials. The results have been analyzed in the conventional manner to obtain the ratio of weight average to number-average molecular weight, Mw/Mn, for solutes with narrow molecular weight distribution. Various other parameters proposed to measure the efficiency of GPC columns have been evaluated and compared. It is proposed that the experimentally determined value of Mw/Mn for a series of different molecular weight samples with similar, narrow distribution for a given set of columns is a convenient parameter for comparing column efficiency in GPC. This parameter may be calculated from a single chromatogram unlike resolution, R, resolution index, RI, or specific resolution, RS, which require a pair of chromatograms. Results from the Mw/Mn method are usually in agreement with those from the R, RI, and RS calculations but one exception has been found. The number of theoretical plates calculated from the elution of a small molecule or from the polymer peak bears little relation to efficiencies predicted from the proposed Mw/Mn method or from R, RI, or RS.
Thank you reviewers- CytoJournal 2007

Significant efforts, time, and resources are devoted for peer-reviewing numerous CytoJournal manuscripts. The Editorial Board of CytoJournal shares a significant proportion of this activity. Additional peers are requested to join periodically as 'academic editors' and reviewers to review CytoJournal manuscripts. We thank all the reviewers and academic editors for their time and efforts for completing the peer-review of CytoJournal manuscripts during 2006. The continued success of this important academic exercise depends on their continued enthusiasm to support with their highest standards. We also thank all the contributing authors for selecting CytoJournal and supporting open access initiative, which allows retention of the copyrights to their corresponding academic accomplishments.
Clause Aggregation Using Linguistic Knowledge

By combining multiple clauses into one single sentence, a text generation system can express the same amount of information in fewer words and at the same time, produce a great variety of complex constructions. In this paper, we describe hypotactic and paratactic operators for generating complex sentences from clause-sized semantic representations. These two types of operators are portable and reusable because they are based on general resources such as the lexicon and the grammar.
Hypothalamic Cooling Elicits Eating: Differential Effects on Motivation and Pleasure

The perceived attractiveness of stimuli to humans has been modulated by changes in cephalic blood temperature. Can similar effects be produced in animals by manipulation of hypothalamic temperature? This study examined the attractiveness and pleasure of food to rats during hypothalamic cooling or hypothalamic heating, by measuring feeding and hedonic and aversive facial reactions to taste. Hypothalamic cooling administered through a permanently implanted thermode elicited feeding. Hypothalamic heating did not. Hedonic and aversive reactions to taste were unaltered by hypothalamic cooling or heating, even for rats that ate during cooling. Hypothalamic cooling may thus potentiate the attractive quality of food without modulating basic taste pleasure.
Is there a role for cytokine-induced killer cells in cancer immunotherapy?

867 ISSN 1750-743X 10.2217/IMT.12.89 © 2012 Future Medicine Ltd Immunotherapy (2012) 4(9), 867–869 “There is no doubt that the use of cytokine-induced killer cells holds promise but only the future will tell us whether this relatively simple form of adoptive cellular immunotherapy will really have an impact on the still dismal prognosis of patients affected by some solid or hematological malignancies.”
Comparison of two methods for blood lead analysis in cattle: graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry and LeadCare® II system.

The current study compared the LeadCare® II test kit system with graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry for blood lead (Pb) analysis in 56 cattle accidentally exposed to Pb in the field. Blood Pb concentrations were determined by LeadCare II within 4 hr of collection and after 72 hr of refrigeration. Blood Pb concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry, and samples that were coagulated (n = 12) were homogenized before analysis. There was strong rank correlation (R2 = 0.96) between atomic absorption and LeadCare II (within 4 hr of collection), and a conversion formula was determined for values within the observed range (3–91 mcg/dl, although few had values >40 mcg/dl). Median and mean blood pb concentrations for atomic absorption were 7.7 and 15.9 mcg/dl, respectively; for LeadCare II, medians were 5.2 mcg/dl at 4 hr and 4.9 mcg/dl at 72 hr, and means were 12.4 and 11.7, respectively. LeadCare II results at 4 hr strongly correlated with 72 hr results (R2 = 0.96), but results a...
Orbit monitoring in the SLC

Beam orbits in the SLC are monitored in real time, and the data are stored for future trend and correlation analysis. Software has been developed that permits both real-time and offline continuous monitoring and analysis of the beam orbits in all parts of the machine. A background process acquires beam position monitor (BPM) and toroid data on a periodic basis and saves the general quantities such as orbit RMS and beam intensity in addition to the individual readings. Some of this data is archived by the SLC history buffer facility and the rest is saved in files for later analysis. This has permitted the tracing of interaction point instabilities to specific devices as far away as the damping rings. In addition, the data are displayed for the operators both in summary and in full form. The different displays can be configured from the control consoles. >
Production and cytogenetics of tetraploid-octoploid Avena hybrids

The objectives of this research were to gather hybridization information about crosses between tetraploid and synthetically derived octoploid lines of Arena and their reciprocals, and to study the cytology of the hybrids obtained. When the octoploid plants were used as females, only 2.6% of the pollinated florets set seed, while seed set increased to 39.0% in reciprocal crosses. However, germination was 95.7% for the first group of hybrids and only 18.2% for the reciprocals. These diverse results can be explained by the paternal : maternal endosperm genomic ratios and the hypothesis of polar nuclei activation. The tetraploidoctoploid hybrids did not always contain 42 chromosomes. Octoploid lines derived indirectly from tetraploid (AABB)xhexaploid (AACCDD) crosses were found to retain their A and B genome chromosomes. Univalents in the above hybrids averaged 15.44 in 1990 and 15.15 in 1991, indicating the presence of C and D genome chromosomes inherited from the octoploid lines. Directly synthesized octoploids from diploid (A c A c )xhexaploid (AACCDD) crosses were found to form 20.44 univalents, 5.30 bivalents, and 2.69 trivalents when crossed with AABB tetraploid species. The high number of univalents indicates that chromosomes from at least three genomes, i.e. B, C, and D, remain unpaired, while trivalents are the result of homology between the A and A c genomes. Hybrids between tetraploid and octoploid lines can be obtained at low frequencies but, regardless of the direction of the cross, these hybrids are highly sterile.
Update on the Laboratory Aspects of the Cellular Immunotherapy of Human Cancer

There has been tremendous progress made in the field of cellular immunotherapy over the last six years since the publication of the second edition of Principles of Cancer Biotherapy. In our chapter in that Edition, we focused on the nonspecific arm of the cellular immune response (LAK cells, macrophages) and how it could be utilized clinically to cure metastatic cancer [103]. We discussed rapidly developing large scale cell culture technologies used to generate LAK cells and macrophages. Our emphasis was on the generation of the cells in such a way that they could be routinely infused into cancer patients. At the time, we could only hint at what has occurred between 1991 and 1996 in terms of basic lymphocyte biology and cellular immunotherapy. These advances have dramatically affected our most recent approaches to immunotherapy. While we introduced the potential of the specific arm of the immune system in fighting cancer, we could only speculate on the impact tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) would make in the immunotherapy of tumors. In addition, the various specificities of TIL have allowed the identification of lymphocyte defined tumor antigens on melanoma tumor cells. These discoveries have been of immense value toward expanding and improving our approach to immunotherapies. It is not unreasonable to plan for the day when all manipulations of the immune system will be accomplished in vivo through the use of specific vaccines.
Heart rate of the albino rat.

Summary1. A method is presented for accurate determination of the normal, conscious, resting heart rate in the albino rat. 2. The average value obtained on 113 adult males of 200-370 g body weight was 4.4 ± 0.30 beats per second, or 264 ±18 per minute. 3. Emotional states were found to cause greater variation in heart rate than muscular activity. 4. Alterations in environmental temperature proved to exert a decided influence on the rat heart rate.
Atomic Interdiffusion in Au/Amorphous Ni-Nb/Semiconductor Systems

Backscattering measurements were performed to assess the stability of amorphous Ni-Nb for contacts of high temperature electronics. The interdiffusion of amorphous Ni-Nb and three semiconductors—silicon, GaAs and GaP—was measured to study the stability for primary metallization applications. Diffusion of gold with amorphous Ni-Nb and the same three semiconductors was also investigated in order to address diffusion barrier applications of amorphous metals. The results indicate that the use of amorphous Ni-Nb as a contact or a diffusion barrier could extend the useful operation temperature range for GaP devices to above 550°C.
An Experimental Evaluation of Bayesian Soft Human Sensor Fusion in Robotic Systems

As we move forward into the twenty-rst century, we are seeing new horizons opening to us through the use of autonomous robots as explorers, going places we can’t or won’t. The interaction between the human operator and robotic agent is of paramount importance in exploring these new horizons. Both humans and robots have their strengths and weaknesses, and this paper explores how they compliment each other and looks at new, more ecient ways to facilitate communication between the robot and its operator. This paper investigates conditions to the use of Bayesian information fusion algorithms with Gaussian mixture models to fuse soft human input with robotic sensor data to complete cooperative mission objectives. The condition investigated here are the benets of training individual models for the human input, or if a generic model trained on many people is sucient to complete the mission; we are also seeking to determine if it is useful to allow the human operator to assign a condence value to the information sent to the robot. These two conditions are evaluated with sizable number of human subjects working with a robotic platform to complete a multi-target search mission. Along with the results of these two conditions, reactions to the limited interaction with a robotic partner of a variety of people will be presented based on a survey that was performed once the trials were completed.
Moral Obligations: Actualist, Possibilist, or Hybridist?

ABSTRACTDo facts about what an agent would freely do in certain circumstances at least partly determine any of her moral obligations? Actualists answer ‘yes’, while possibilists answer ‘no’. We defend two novel hybrid accounts that are alternatives to actualism and possibilism: Dual Obligations Hybridism and Single Obligation Hybridism. By positing two moral ‘oughts’, each account retains the benefits of actualism and possibilism, yet is immune from the prima facie problems that face actualism and possibilism. We conclude by highlighting one substantive difference between our two hybrid accounts.
Half a Century of Hawaiian Marine Natural Products

The following review covers the primary literature concerning marine natural products isolated for the first time from organisms collected around the islands of Hawaii published in the 51-year period 1964 to July 2015. The review is divided into seven main sections based on major taxonomic groupings; algae, sponges, mollusks, miscellaneous invertebrates, cyanobacteria, bacteria, and fungi. The aim of the review is to discuss the compounds and information concerning their original biological activity and other potentially interesting properties. The majority of the 320 structures of isolated compounds are not shown directly in the review but are contained in the Supporting Information section in 22 figures, Figs. 1 S–22 S. The Supporting Information section also contains Table 1 S that has information relating to the taxonomic identification of the source organism of each compound, collection location of the source organism, a trivial or semi-systematic name for each compound, as well as its general structural class. The authors hope that this review will be the spawning ground for other reviews and the basis for a great deal more research into the marine life found in Hawaiian waters.
Hereditary hemolytic anemia associated with glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI) deficiency--a new enzyme defect of human erythrocytes.

A new congenital hemolytic anemia not characterized by spherocytosis has been defined as due to a deficiency in another glycolytic enzyme, glucosephosphate isomerase, the catalyst specific for the second step of the Embden-Meyerhof glycolytic pathway. The leukocytes and the plasma are involved as well as the erythrocytes, but there is no clinical evidence of dysfunction other than the hemolytic anemia. Family studies are consistent with an autosomal-recessive mode of inheritance with the asymptomatic heterozygotes demonstrating an intermediate enzyme deficiency, and the symptomatic homozygote, the propositus, demonstrating a marked enzyme deficiency.
Molecular and Cellular Characterization of GCC185: A Tethering Protein of the Trans-Golgi Network

Transport vesicle tethers are proteins that link partner membranes together to permit subsequent SNARE protein pairing and fusion. Despite the identification of a relatively large number of tethering proteins, little is known about the precise mechanisms by which they act. Biochemical isolation of tethers permits direct analysis of their physical characteristics and molecular interactions. Here, we describe the expression and purification of GCC185, a trans-Golgi-localized, 190-kDa coiled-coil tethering protein. In addition, we present a gene rescue approach to analyze the function of this tether after its depletion from cells using siRNA.
Laser surgery for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

SUMMARY The laser has provided a relatively easy and safe method for treating all types of CIN. The advantages of lasers include great conservatism due to tissue sparing, great precision because of microsurgical method, combination of excisions and vaporization possible, suitable for therapy of multifocal disease, uncluttered field, and good hemostasis. Although other modalities have also been used successfully in the therapy of this disease, it appears that none are so versatile as CO2 laser or possess its ability to accurately treat the multifocal disease that may involve large surface areas of the lower reproductive tract. It seems unlikely that any of the cervical ablation methods—chemical destruction, hot cautery, diathermy electrode, cryoprobe, laser, and diathermy loop—will completely disappear from use in the near future. Ablation is an attractive alternative to cold-knife excision in properly triaged patients, since it is almost always an outpatient procedure done without anesthesia or with only local anesthesia. Most importantly, a large number of patients have completely visible lesions of a severity less than that of in situ cancer; they really do not need excisional conization by any technique and benefit by quick ablation of the transformation zone. A conization, to be diagnostic and therapeutic, must remove the entire transformation zone to the proper depth. This procedure is almost always attended by a higher morbidity rate than is simple ablation. Laser excisional conization and the large loop excision of the transformation zone procedure are similar in a number of respects, because the operator must have certain capabilities and a thorough understanding of the disease to be treated to perform the operation correctly.
Lack of magnetic resonance imaging lesion activity as a treatment target in multiple sclerosis: An evaluation using electronically collected outcomes

Abstract Background The appropriate treatment target in multiple sclerosis (MS) is unclear. Lack of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) lesion activity, a component of the no evidence of disease activity concept, has been proposed as a treatment target in MS. We used our MS database to investigate whether aggressively pursuing MRI stability by changing disease modifying therapy (DMT) when MRI activity is observed leads to better clinical and imaging outcomes. Methods The Knowledge Program (KP) is a database linked to our electronic medical record allowing capture of patient and clinician reported outcomes. Through KP query and chart review, we identified all relapsing-remitting MS patients visiting between 1 January 2008 and 31 December 2014 with active MRIs despite DMT. Propensity modeling based on demographic and disease characteristics was used to match DMT switchers to non-switchers. KP and MRI outcomes were compared 18 months after the active MRI using mixed-effects linear regression models. Results We identified 417 patients who met criteria for our analysis. After propensity matching, 78 switchers and 91 non-switchers were analyzed. There was no difference in clinical or radiologic outcomes between these groups at 18 months. Conclusions We did not find a short-term benefit of changing DMT to pursue MRI stability.
The Behavioral Assessment and Treatment of an Alcoholic Marriage

This chapter describes the behavioral assessment and treatment of a couple, Mr. and Mrs. L., who were experiencing significant problems related to their alcohol consumption. The couple also had severe marital problems. The case of Mr. and Mrs. L. was chosen for inclusion in this text because it was unique in a number of ways.
Korean Script: History and Description

The author first traces the history of the writing systems in Korea. After a brief survey of early conventions, idu, hyangch'al, and kugyŏl, that adapted Chinese writing and characters, the author reviews the invention of a native script hangul, in the 15th century, especially its authorship, origin of letter shapes, graphic structures, possible relations with other scripts, and its distinctive features. The author then touches upon some post-15th century changes that took place in the script and evolution of current orthographic practices. Last, some differences in orthographic practices between North and South Korea are described in some detail.
Exploring the Relationship Between Dual Diagnosis and Recidivism in Drug Court Participants

There is limited research investigating the relationship between dual diagnosis and offender outcomes in drug court settings, specifically regarding recidivism. The current study examined the effects of dual diagnosis on recidivism following participation in one drug court in the Southwestern United States. Results provided mixed evidence surrounding the impact of dual diagnosis on recidivism outcomes. Dual diagnosis significantly increased the odds of recidivism for participants at 6 months but the effect was not significant at 12 months. These findings suggest that dual diagnosis may play a role in offender recidivism shortly after participation in drug court. In addition, some differences between dually diagnosed participants and those with only substance use diagnoses were found.
Reward the lucky? An experimental investigation of the impact of agency and luck on bonuses

Abstract We examine the impact of agency and luck on bonuses in a two player, two stage controlled laboratory experiment. In the first stage, Player A makes an investment decision on behalf of Player B. In the second stage, Player B makes a dictator allocation for each possible outcome from the investment. We compare dictator giving (bonuses) across outcomes and with a control treatment in which the stage 1 outcomes are determined randomly. We do not find that luck is rewarded with higher bonuses. However, we do find a general tendency to respond to agency with reduced bonuses and, in particular, a significant tendency to reduce bonuses to agents who are unlucky. Additionally, we find that those who are more risk tolerant are less likely to give no bonus under agency but not in the control.
Modeling aerosol climate effects over monsoon Asia: A collaborative research program

This paper describes the latest progress of a collaborative research program entitled “Modeling Aerosol Climate Effects over Monsoon Asia”, under the Climate Sciences agreement between the U.S. Department of Energy and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (in the early 1980s, Professor Duzheng YE played a critical role in leading and formalizing the agreement). Here, the rationale and approach for pursuing the program, the participants, and research activities of recent years are first described, and then the highlights of the program’s key findings and relevant scientific issues, as well as follow-up studies, are presented and discussed.
Georg Iggers, 1926–2017

Georg Gerson Iggers, a world-renowned historiographer and cofounder of the International Commission for the History and Theory of Historiography, passed away in Buffalo, New York, on 26 November 2017. He was 90 years old.
Design, construction, and characterization of a compact DD neutron generator designed for 40Ar/39Ar geochronology

Abstract A next-generation, high-flux DD neutron generator has been designed, commissioned, and characterized, and is now operational in a new facility at the University of California Berkeley. The generator, originally designed for 40Ar/39 Ar dating of geological materials, has since served numerous additional applications, including medical isotope production studies, with others planned for the near future. In this work, we present an overview of the High Flux Neutron Generator (HFNG) which includes a variety of simulations, analytical models, and experimental validation of results. Extensive analysis was performed in order to characterize the neutron yield, flux, and energy distribution at specific locations where samples may be loaded for irradiation. A notable design feature of the HFNG is the possibility for sample irradiation internal to the cathode, just 8 mm away from the neutron production site, thus maximizing the neutron flux (n/cm 2 /s). The generator’s maximum neutron flux at this irradiation position is 2.58 × 10 7 n/cm 2 /s ± 5% (approximately 3 × 10 8 n/s total yield) as measured via activation of small natural indium foils. However, future development is aimed at achieving an order of magnitude increase in flux. Additionally, the deuterium ion beam optics were optimized by simulations for various extraction configurations in order to achieve a uniform neutron flux distribution and an acceptable heat load. Finally, experiments were performed in order to benchmark the modeling and characterization of the HFNG.
Cyclase-associated protein 1 (CAP1) is a prenyl-binding partner of Rap1 GTPase.

Rap1 proteins are members of the Ras subfamily of small GTPases involved in many biological responses, including adhesion, cell proliferation, and differentiation. Like all small GTPases, they work as molecular allosteric units that are active in signaling only when associated with the proper membrane compartment. Prenylation, occurring in the cytosol, is an enzymatic posttranslational event that anchors small GTPases at the membrane, and prenyl-binding proteins are needed to mask the cytoplasm-exposed lipid during transit to the target membrane. However, several of these proteins still await discovery. In this study, we report that cyclase-associated protein 1 (CAP1) binds Rap1. We found that this binding is GTP-independent, does not involve Rap1's effector domain, and is fully contained in its C-terminal hypervariable region (HVR). Furthermore, Rap1 prenylation was required for high-affinity interactions with CAP1 in a geranylgeranyl-specific manner. The prenyl binding specifically involved CAP1's C-terminal hydrophobic β-sheet domain. We present a combination of experimental and computational approaches, yielding a model whereby the high-affinity binding between Rap1 and CAP1 involves electrostatic and nonpolar side-chain interactions between Rap1's HVR residues, lipid, and CAP1 β-sheet domain. The binding was stabilized by the lipid insertion into the β-solenoid whose interior was occupied by nonpolar side chains. This model was reminiscent of the recently solved structure of the PDEδ–K-Ras complex; accordingly, disruptors of this complex, e.g. deltarasin, blocked the Rap1–CAP1 interaction. These findings indicate that CAP1 is a geranylgeranyl-binding partner of Rap1.
Evaluation of a Hydrogel Matrix for Baiting Western Yellowjacket (Vespidae: Hymenoptera)

Baiting is an effective method to manage Vespula spp. yellowjacket (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) populations without having to locate and treat nests. Here, we assessed the utility of a commercially available polyacrylamide hydrogel as an alternative bait material for yellowjacket baiting. The experimental bait (hereafter referred to as ‘hydrogel bait’) consisted of diluted chicken juice (from canned chicken meat) and fipronil (0.025%, wt/wt) absorbed into granular polyacrylamide hydrogel particles. Three separate 24-h baiting trials were conducted at two different field sites with the western yellowjacket, Vespula pensylvanica (Saussare), as the target species. The monitoring data from pre- and posttreatment periods indicated that baiting with polyacrylamide hydrogel baits provided ≈74–96% reduction in the foraging activity of V. pensylvanica during its active season. In addition to their ability to absorb large quantities of aqueous bait containing phagostimulants and toxicants, the hydrogels’ tactile resemblance to fresh meat upon hydration makes them a promising option as a non-meat material for delivering small amounts of insecticides to yellowjacket populations in a highly targeted manner.
Current Status of Pancreas Transplantation

Transplantation of whole pancreas can restore euglycemia in patients with insulin-dependent, type 1 diabetes (T1D). It reverses diabetes in most patients, improving complications and quality of life, but requires chronic immunosuppression. Given the side effects and health risks associated with immunosuppression, exogenous insulin therapy remains the mainstay of treatment for most patients with T1D, unless patients cannot adequately control their metabolism with exogenous insulin or develop life-threatening complications (such as severe hypoglycemia and kidney failure) that can be corrected by transplantation. Pancreas transplantation (PT) is presently associated with excellent graft survival and function but requires surgery with the risk of perioperative mortality and morbidity. Thus, clinical indications and patient selection are very important. Patients with end-stage renal disease are candidates for simultaneous kidney–pancreas transplantation, which accounts for the majority of pancreas transplants. This chapter will review the current status of PT and discuss major challenges and future directions.
Analytical Techniques in Nuclear Safeguards

In this chapter, we present an overview of the measurement and analysis techniques used to quantify the mass of special nuclear material in containers that are typically sealed. Other item characteristics, such as enrichment for uranium or isotopic composition for plutonium, may also be measured. These measurements are performed in support of safeguards objectives. Nuclear safeguards is the system of policies and technical measures developed to ensure that fissionable materials are being used for their intended purposes and are controlled through the implementation of technologies, procedures, and policies. Fissionable material of safeguards concern is often referred to as Special Nuclear Material (SNM). The most commonly performed measurement techniques fall into one of three categories: photon measurements, which include x-ray, gamma-ray, and Cerenkov radiation; neutron measurements, which include the use of total neutron rates or careful analysis of the time correlation between neutron detection events (neutron coincidence analysis or neutron multiplicity analysis); and heat flow calorimetry, the measurement of the decay heat produced by nuclear materials, primarily through alpha particle decay. In almost every case, the results obtained from more than one of these measurements must be combined to obtain the mass of special nuclear material. The most common analytical techniques are discussed in terms of theory of operation, limitations, accuracy/precision, and operational considerations. This chapter is not an exhaustive discussion of the measurement techniques applied to special nuclear material in safeguards or for other reasons, but it should serve as an excellent starting point for studying the topic, and further information for more detailed study is available in the references or in the publications of the Institute for Nuclear Material Management or the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Forced Migration: Its Impact on Shaping Coping Strategies

Small settlements of tribal and indigenous native groups scattered in various countries are being forced to leave their ancestral homes; for many, if not for all such groups, the move is permanent. Many of the group’s members are confronted with new, complex circumstances that demand attention and require the use of a variety of known coping and adaptive mechanisms. New forces stemming from the move, the settlement, and the new environment impinge upon individuals, compelling them to deal with the stressors in the best way they know how. Many of the forces create stress, tension, anxiety, and related life strains. Sadly, many relocated individuals are unable to prevent, avoid, or control the distress, and succumb in a number of tragic ways.
Residual Dipolar Couplings in Protein Structure Determination

Each magnetic nucleus behaves like a magnetic dipole able to create a local magnetic field at the position of nearby nuclei. In the presence of an external magnetic field, the local field modifies the original Larmor frequency of the affected nucleus. Such an interaction is called the dipole-dipole interaction or dipolar coupling. Its magnitude depends on, among other factors, the distance between the interacting nuclei and the angle that the internuclear vector forms with the magnetic field. Through this angular dependence it is possible to relate the position of the two interacting nuclei with respect to an arbitrary axis system of reference. Therefore, dipolar couplings can be used to obtain structural information. In liquid samples, which usually provide high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra, the internuclear vector moves isotropically and the dipolar coupling averages to zero. In the solid state, where this vector has a fixed orientation, the dipole-dipole interactions are numerous and strong, broadening NMR signals such that structural information at high resolution cannot be obtained. An intermediate situation is achieved by partially restricting molecular tumbling of liquid samples. The alignment of a fraction of molecules in the presence of the magnetic field allows the measurement of dipolar couplings. Because they are scaled down owing to partial alignment, we refer to them as residual dipolar couplings (RDCs). The structural information obtained from RDCs has impacted enormously traditional protein structure determination based on nuclear Overhauser effect-derived distance restraints. Methods to measure RDCs and their application to protein structure determination are illustrated.
Effects of explicit instruction on acquisition and generalization of mathematical concepts for a student with autism spectrum disorder

Abstract Background This study investigated the effects of explicit instruction on acquisition and generalization of mathematical concepts (more, different, long) by an elementary student with autism and co- morbid intellectual disability. Method This study used a single-case multiple probe across behaviors design to measure the acquisition and generalization of concepts across four categories of stimuli: (a) far distractor objects, (b) near distractor objects, (c) near distractor pictures, and (d) environmental objects. Results A functional relation was found between explicit instruction and independent identification of mathematical concepts. Data indicate the intervention was effective and treatment effects were maintained across concepts. Variable generalization patterns were observed across concepts. Conclusions Explicit instruction is an effective instructional strategy for teaching mathematical concepts to learners with autism and co-morbid intellectual disability. Future research should measure the efficacy of explicit instruction for more advanced generalization of concepts and application to functional tasks.
Assessing impacts of offshore pile driving noise on the antipredator defense and shoaling behaviors of squid (Doryteuthis pealeii)

Impulsive pile driving occurs during construction of marine platforms, producing intense sounds that may adversely impact animals’ physiology and behavior. Little is known regarding how this noise impacts sound-sensitive invertebrates such as squid, which is surprising given squids’ relative abundance and key ecological role. We quantified how a commercially important squid species (Doryteuthis pealeii) behaviorally responded (in a controlled environment) to pile driving sounds recorded from an offshore windfarm installation within this species' habitat. Both sound pressure and particle motion components of the sound were quantified. Fifteen-minute portions of the recordings were played to individual squid. Body pattern changes, inking, jetting, and startle responses were observed during sound exposure and all squid exhibited at least one response. These responses occurred primarily during the first few noise impulses and diminished quickly over the first minute of playback, indicating short-term habituation. Responses returned after a 24-hr rest, indicating re-sensitization. Separate experiments investigated changes in shoaling behaviors by quantifying shoal cohesion and polarity in groups of squid during ten-minute noise exposures. Rapid habituation of antipredator alarm responses and changes in shoaling dynamics may alter squids’ susceptibility to predation. Noise exposure may also disrupt normal intraspecific communication and ecologically relevant behavioral responses to sounds.Impulsive pile driving occurs during construction of marine platforms, producing intense sounds that may adversely impact animals’ physiology and behavior. Little is known regarding how this noise impacts sound-sensitive invertebrates such as squid, which is surprising given squids’ relative abundance and key ecological role. We quantified how a commercially important squid species (Doryteuthis pealeii) behaviorally responded (in a controlled environment) to pile driving sounds recorded from an offshore windfarm installation within this species' habitat. Both sound pressure and particle motion components of the sound were quantified. Fifteen-minute portions of the recordings were played to individual squid. Body pattern changes, inking, jetting, and startle responses were observed during sound exposure and all squid exhibited at least one response. These responses occurred primarily during the first few noise impulses and diminished quickly over the first minute of playback, indicating short-term habituat...
Joint evaluation of system host and developer financial perspectives within the System Advisor Model

The System Advisor Model (SAM)11https://sam.nrel.gov already contains several RE project financing including residential mortgage, commercial loan partnership flips, and third-party ownership. However, a variety of SAM users wanted to evaluate a system in which a third party owned the system, both from the developer's perspective and the system host perspective concurrently. Therefore, a new host and developer co-model has been added and is described. This model effectively combines the previously-released “third party ownership” and “Single owner” models into the same analysis.
Mobile Acoustic Communications: Real Data Analysis of Partial FFT Demodulation with Coherent Detection

We address the use of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) for high-rate communication over a mobile acoustic channel. To counteract the frequency offset and time-variability of the broadband mobile channel, we employ a dedicated method for synchronization and partial FFT (P-FFT) demodulation, cast into the framework of multichannel diversity combining. Unlike conventional receivers, where the signal is demodulated using a single FFT operating over the full OFDM block interval, P-FFT employs multiple FFT operations to demodulate the signal over several partial intervals. The partial demodulator outputs are subsequently combined, and the combined signal is fed to a second stage, where refined channel estimation and data detection take place. We investigate both coherent and differentially coherent detection, and test refined channel estimation with least squares (LS) and matching pursuit (MP) algorithms. Partial interval demodulation offers an additional degree of freedom by allowing for suppression of time-variation before inter-carrier interference has been created in the process of demodulation. The result is an improved quality of data detection, which we demonstrate using real data recorded during the 2010 Mobile Acoustic Communications Experiment MACE’10. Results of experimental data processing show excellent performance with up to 2048 QPSK-modulated carriers operating in the 10.5 kHz -15.5 kHz acoustic band over varying distance (3-7 km) and speeds up to 1.5 m/s.
Urbanization predicts infection risk by a protozoan parasite in non-migratory populations of monarch butterflies from the southern coastal U.S. and Hawaii

Urbanization can affect the density of hosts, altering patterns of infection risk in wildlife. Most studies examining associations between urbanization and host-parasite interactions have focused on vertebrate wildlife that carry zoonotic pathogens, and less is known about responses of other host taxa, including insects. Here we ask whether urban development predicts infection by a protozoan, Ophyrocystis elektroscirrha, in three populations of monarchs (Danaus plexippus): migratory monarchs in northeastern U.S., non-migratory monarchs in southeastern coastal U.S., and non-migratory monarchs in Hawaii. We used impervious surface and developed land cover classes from the National Land Cover Database to derive proportional measures of urban development and an index of land cover aggregation at two spatial scales. Parasite data were from previous field sampling (Hawaii) and a citizen science project focused on monarch infection in North America. Proportional measures of urban development predicted greater infection prevalence for non-migratory monarchs sampled in the southern coastal U.S. and Hawaii, but not in the northern U.S. Aggregations of low intensity development, dominated by single-family housing, predicted greater infection prevalence in monarchs from the northern and southern coastal U.S. populations, but predicted lower infection prevalence in Hawaii. Because natural habitats have been reduced by land-use change, plantings for monarchs in residential areas and urban gardens has become popular among the public. Mechanisms that underlie higher infection prevalence in urban landscapes remain unknown. Further monitoring and experimental studies are needed to inform strategies for habitat management to lower infection risk for monarchs.
Comparison of pharmacy students randomized to receive drug information reference education via recording or interactive Moodle lesson

This study assessed the efficacy of an interactive Moodle lesson teaching the subject of references commonly used to answer drug information (DI) questions on pharmacy student performance and retention. Students were randomized to receive education via either the lesson or a recorded lecture. Students completed a baseline knowledge assessment, an assignment following instruction, the same baseline assessment at the end of the semester to assess retention, and a survey on their experience with the assigned education technique. The differences of median grades on assessments and survey results between groups were compared via Mann-Whitney U tests. Student performance on the baseline assessment was comparable between groups (n = 40 per group; 47.22% vs. 48.61%). Retention of knowledge was less in students in the lesson group (63.89%) than in the lecture group (75%). Students taught by lecture performed better (90.63%) than those taught by lesson (87.5%) on the post-instruction assignment. Survey results from participants (n = 32/80) showed more students in the lecture group (n = 16) agreed time associated with educational technique was reasonable (69% vs. 31%), technique was valuable to learning (75% vs. 44%), and experience was satisfying (56% vs. 31%). These results show student retention of knowledge was not improved with use of a Moodle lesson in comparison with a recorded lecture. Student performance was better immediately following education when taught by lecture and more lecture-taught students agreed the educational technique was time-appropriate, valuable, and satisfying.
Teaching NeuroImages: A Rare Case of Jacobsen Syndrome With Global Diffuse Hypomyelination of Brain

An 8-month-old boy presented with developmental delay, diffuse hypotonia, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, undescended testes, neonatal thrombocytopenia, and unusual facies. Chromosome microarray showed an 11q23-11q24 deletion, consistent with Jacobsen syndrome (JS).
Climate affects the rate at which species successively flower: Capturing an emergent property of regional floras

AIM: Climate affects the flowering time of many species. Little is known, however, about how climate influences the properties of regional floras, including the rate at which taxa flower sequentially throughout the flowering season. This study is the first to detect geographical variation in this rate across North America. In addition, we tested for the independent effects of intraspecific variation in flowering time and taxonomic composition on the rate of sequential flowering among regional floras distributed across a temperature gradient. LOCATION: North America. TIME PERIOD: This study examined >59,000 herbarium specimens that were collected in flower from 1901 to 2013. MAJOR TAXA STUDIED: 2,803 angiosperm taxa. METHODS: We identified 51 climatically homogeneous regions across the continental, mostly western states of the USA, in each of which ≥100 species were represented by herbarium specimens. We then examined the effects of mean annual temperature (MAT) on the rate of sequential flowering among species in each region. We also evaluated whether geographical variation in the rate of sequential flowering was attributable to intraspecific variation in the flowering time and/or the taxonomic composition of regional floras. RESULTS: As MAT increased over space, the rate of sequential flowering (standardized by the absolute length of the flowering season in each region) increased among relatively early‐flowering taxa but decreased among the latest‐flowering taxa. Both intraspecific variation and shifts in taxonomic composition among floras contributed to this pattern. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Among floras throughout North America, the rate of sequential flowering among co‐occurring taxa changes with MAT. Intraspecific phenological variation primarily affects the rate of sequential flowering during the first half of the growing season, consistent with the inference that future warming will most strongly affect flowering synchrony among early‐flowering taxa.
Shaking Acoustic Spectral Sub-Bands can Letxer Regularize Learning in Affective Computing

In this work, we investigate a recently proposed regularization technique based on multi-branch architectures, called Shake-Shake regularization, for the task of speech emotion recognition. In addition, we also propose variants to incorporate domain knowledge into model configurations. The experimental results demonstrate: 1) independently shaking subbands delivers favorable models compared to shaking the entire spectral-temporal feature maps. 2) with proper patience in early stopping, the proposed models can simultaneously outperform the baseline and maintain a smaller performance gap between training and validation.