cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Framework of Dynamic Data Driven Digital Twin for Complex Engineering Products: the Example of Aircraft Engine Health Management

Abstract Digital twin is a vital enabling technology for smart manufacturing in the era of Industry 4.0. Digital twin effectively replicates its physical asset enabling easy visualization, smart decision-making and cognitive capability in the system. In this paper, a framework of dynamic data driven digital twin for complex engineering products was proposed. To illustrate the proposed framework, an example of health management on aircraft engines was studied. This framework models the digital twin by extracting information from the various sensors and Industry Internet of Things (IIoT) monitoring the remaining useful life (RUL) of an engine in both cyber and physical domains. Then, with sensor measurements selected from linear degradation models, a long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network is proposed to dynamically update the digital twin, which can estimate the most up-to-date RUL of the physical aircraft engine. Through comparison with other machine learning algorithms, including similarity based linear regression and feed forward neural network, on RUL modelling, this LSTM based dynamical data driven digital twin provides a promising tool to accurately replicate the health status of aircraft engines. This digital twin based RUL technique can also be extended for health management and remote operation of manufacturing systems.
Thymidine salvage to reflect tumor cell proliferation: Implications for 18F-FLT PET as a biomarker in oncology

446 Objectives The PET tracer 3’-deoxy-3’[18F]-fluorothymidine (18F-FLT) potentially serves as a biomarker of proliferation by reporting utilization of thymidine salvage via thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) activity. 18F-FLT PET has shown promise in some clinical trials, yet it remains unclear what molecular processes affect TK1 regulation in cancer and thus 18F-FLT uptake in tumors. Therefore, we designed preclinical studies to explore the relationship between 18F-FLT PET imaging, cellular TK1 levels, and established metrics of proliferation in mouse models of human cancer. Methods Tumor xenografts were generated in nude mice from human colorectal cancer cell lines (HCT-116, HCT-116p21-/-, Lim2405, DiFi). 18F-FLT PET images were acquired in prognostic and therapeutic settings focusing primarily on EGFR inhibition. Tumors were harvested for molecular analysis, including Western blot, qRT-PCR, and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Correlations were noted between tumor 18F-FLT uptake and TK1 levels at cellular, proteomic and genomic scales and compared to IHC. Molecular regulation of TK1 during EGFR targeted therapies was explored in DiFi cells and xenograft tumors. Results Tumor uptake of 18F-FLT agreed well with TK1 protein levels. 18F-FLT PET and TK1 levels exhibited variable agreement with Ki67. Treatment of DiFi cells and xenografts with mAb-C225 showed that transcriptional and translational regulation of TK1 were required to reduce 18F-FLT uptake. Despite clinical response to mAb-C225 in vivo at all dosages evaluated, DiFi cells could escape translational regulation of TK1 through an mTOR-driven, cap-dependant mechanism resulting in failure of 18F-FLT PET to signal decreased tumor proliferation at lower dosages. Conclusions Molecular determinants affecting TK1 regulation and 18F-FLT PET are poorly understood across tumor types and therapeutic settings. Further basic validation studies may inform the correct clinical utilization and interpretation of 18F-FLT PET in oncology
Evolution of animal models in cancer vaccine development

Advances in cancer vaccine development are facilitated by animal models reflecting key features of human cancer and its interface with host immunity. Several series of transplantable preneoplastic and neoplastic mouse mammary lesions have been used to delineate mechanisms of anti-tumor immunity. Mimicking immune tolerance to tumor-associated antigens (TAA) such as HER2/neu, transgenic mice developing spontaneous mammary tumors are strong model systems for pre-clinical vaccine testing. In these models, HER2 DNA vaccines are easily administered, well-tolerated, and induce both humoral and cellular immunity. Although engineered mouse strains have advanced cancer immunotherapy, basic shortcomings remain. For example, multiple mouse strains have to be tested to recapitulate genetic regulation of immune tolerance in humans. Outbred domestic felines more closely parallel humans in the natural development of HER2 positive breast cancer and their varying genetic background. Electrovaccination with heterologous HER2 DNA induces robust adaptive immune responses in cats. Importantly, homologous feline HER2 DNA with a single amino acid substitution elicits unique antibodies to feline mammary tumor cells, unlocking a new vaccine principle. As an alternative approach to targeted vaccination, non-surgical tumor ablation such as cryoablation induces anti-tumor immunity via in situ immunization, particularly when combined with toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist. As strategies for vaccination advance, non-invasive monitoring of host response becomes imperative. As an example, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) scanning following administration of tryptophan metabolism tracer [11C]-alpha-methyl-tryptophan (AMT) provides non-invasive imaging of both tumor growth and metabolic activities. Because AMT is a substrate of indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), an enzyme that produces the immune regulatory molecule kynurenine, AMT imaging can provide novel insight of host response. In conclusion, new feline models improve the predictive power of cancer immunotherapy and real-time PET imaging enables mechanistic monitoring of host immunity. Strategic utilization of these new tools will expedite cancer vaccine development.
The biosynthesis and actions of prostaglandins in the renal collecting tubule and thick ascending limb.

The intent of this review is to describe our current perceptions of the biosynthesis and function of prostaglandins in the renal collecting tubule and thick ascending limb of Henle’s loop. Although the presentation will have a biochemical bias, we have attempted to couch our discussion in the context of the regulation of water reabsorption by the kidney. Specifically, our goal will be to summarize the data that support the model depicted in Fig. 1.
Making Tigers from Tamils: Long‐Distance Nationalism and Sri Lankan Tamils in Toronto

This article discusses the Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora in Toronto and its relationship to the Tamil separatist group, the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). Taking the case of the Sri Lankan Tamils, oft-cited as the example par excellence of long-distance nationalism, I argue against naturalizing diasporic ethnonationalism to investigate instead how diasporas are fashioned into specific kinds of actors. I examine tensions that emerged as an earlier elite Tamil movement gave way to the contemporary migration of much larger class-and caste-fractured communities, while a cultural imaginary of migration as a form of mobility persisted. I suggest that concomitant status anxieties have propelled culturalist imaginations of a unified Tamil community in Toronto who, through the actions of LTTE-affiliated organizations, have condensed the Tigers and their imagined homeland, Tamil Eelam, into representing Tamil community life. While most Tamils may not have explicitly espoused LTTE ideology, as a result of the LTTE becoming the backbone of community life, Tamils became complicit with and reaffirmed the LTTE project of defending “Tamilness” militarily in Sri Lanka and culturally in Toronto. I suggest that the self-presentation of diasporic communities should be analyzed within specific histories, contemporary conflicts and fractures, and active mobilizing structures.
Thoracoscopic resection of the left atrial appendage after failed focal atrial tachycardia ablation.

Background This case series describes 3 patients with the unusual location of focal atrial tachycardia in the left atrial appendage who failed catheter ablation but were successfully treated by left atrial appendage resection by a totally thoracoscopic surgical technique. Methods In all 3 cases, left atrial appendage resection was carried out by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery using only 3 5- to 10-mm incisions, eliminating the need for median sternotomy or thoracotomy. An endoscopic stapler was used to resect the left atrial appendage at its base, successfully eliminating the source of the patients' focal atrial tachycardia. Results The mean operative time was 84 minutes. All 3 patients tolerated the procedure without any complications and were discharged on postoperative day 3. At an average follow-up of 4.5 years, all patients remained asymptomatic and with normal ambulatory rhythm monitoring off all antiarrhythmic medications. Conclusions Surgical resection of the left atrial appendage using a totally thoracoscopic approach is a safe and successful treatment option for patients who have failed endocardial catheter ablation. This novel approach utilizes smaller incisions and shorter operative times than the more invasive surgical techniques previously described in the literature.
Behçet's disease: external ear involvement.

Behcet's disease is an autoimmune vasculitis characterized by recurrent episodes of oral and genital ulcerations, skin lesions and uveitis. It also affects neurological, vascular, articular and gastrointestinal systems. Although etiology and pathogenesis are under investigation, studies have shown that HLA-B51 influences genetic susceptibility. The development of the disease is associated to neutrophil activation. Treatment depends on the severity of the disease and immunosuppressive drugs are often used. Blindness and dementia are long-term concerns. We report an unprecedented case of a child with Behcet's disease presenting a skin lesion with necrosis of the external ear canal, facial paresis, Horner's syndrome and rupture of the internal carotid artery.
Predicting Improvement of Transitioning Young People in the Partnerships for Youth Transition Initiative: Findings from a Multisite Demonstration

Prior research has indicated that young people with serious mental health conditions show poorer progress and greater challenges in the transition to adulthood, as reflected by lower rates of employment and postsecondary education, higher rates of criminal justice involvement, and greater interference in daily activities from mental health and substance use disorders. Little knowledge exists, however, regarding improvement on these indicators among young people enrolled in community-based transition support programs and individual characteristics that might moderate this improvement. This study describes rates of improvement on indicators of transition progress and challenges among young people enrolled in a multisite demonstration of transition support programs. Young people in the study showed increased rates of progress and decreased rates of challenges over four quarters of enrollment. Moderation of these changes by individual characteristics including demographic, historical, and diagnostic variables suggested ways of improving transition support programs and avenues for future research.
Use of a rapid contrast-enhanced MRA protocol for confirmation of Doppler ultrasound findings

The work-up of patients who present with frequent transient ischemic attacks requires expedited carotid imaging. Gadolinium-enhanced carotid angiography is rapid, safe, and less expensive than catheter angiography. It is able to visualize nearly occluded or reconstituted internal carotid arteries that might not be detected by Doppler ultrasound or three-dimensional time-of-flight MRA. This pictorial essay illustrates advantages and clinical applications of the contrast-enhanced technique, including elimination of motion artifact, improvement of turbulent phase dispersion artifact, visualization of near-occlusion or reconstitution, and depiction of intrathoracic carotid abnormalities.
American politics and the Vietnam issue: Demonstrations, votes and public opinion

(1975). American politics and the Vietnam issue: Demonstrations, votes and public opinion. Politics: Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 207-209.
Effects of bound magnons on the thermodynamics of the Ising-Heisenberg, S= {1}/{2} linear ferromagnet

Abstract Numerical evaluations of analytical expressions for the magnetic susceptibility and specific heat are presented. Both susceptibility and specific heat show distinctive behavior. In particular, bound magnon states dominate over a much wider range of field and temperature than previously thought. The possibility of experimental investigation is discussed.
Allosteric Control through Mechanical Tension

Conformational changes of proteins modulate their function. In allosteric control, the conformational change is induced by the binding of a signaling molecule. Here we insert a "molecular spring" on the enzyme guanylate kinase, to control the conformation of this protein. The stiffness of the spring can be varied externally, which allows one to exert a controlled mechanical tension between the two points on the protein's surface where the spring is attached. We show that by applying and releasing the tension we can reversibly turn the enzyme off and on.
Selecting patients with pretreatment postvoid residual urine volume less than 100 mL may favorably influence brachytherapy-related urinary morbidity.

Objectives. To evaluate the relationship between pretreatment postvoid residual urine (PVR) less than 100 mL and brachytherapy-related urinary morbidity. Methods. A total of 204 patients with a pretreatment PVR measurement underwent permanent prostate brachytherapy with urethral-sparing techniques (100% to 140% minimal peripheral dose) for clinical Stage T1b–T2c (2002 American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system) prostate cancer. The median follow-up was 11.7 months. Evaluation of urinary morbidity consisted of the time to International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) resolution, length of catheter dependency, and the need for postimplant surgical intervention. IPSS resolution was defined as a return to within 1 point of the score at baseline. In all patients, an alpha-blocker was initiated before implantation and continued at least until the IPSS returned to baseline. Statistically significant predictors of urinary morbidity were determined using Cox regression analysis of multiple clinical, treatment, and dosimetric parameters. Results. For the entire cohort, the mean time to IPSS resolution was 2.5 months. The urinary catheter was removed on the day of implantation in 171 patients (83.8%), with no patient remaining catheter dependent for more than 3 days. To date, no patient has required postimplant surgical intervention. On multivariate analysis, pretreatment PVR predicted for clinically irrelevant differences in IPSS resolution and did not influence catheter dependency. Conclusions. The selection of patients with a pretreatment PVR of less than 100 mL was associated with rapid IPSS resolution, the absence of prolonged (more than 3 days) catheter dependency, and the elimination of postbrachytherapy surgical intervention for bladder outlet obstruction. UROLOGY 66: 1266–1270, 2005. © 2005 Elsevier Inc.
Cryogenic Micro-Calorimeters for Beta Spectroscopy - A Status Report

Status of efforts to develop a cryogenic micro-calorimeter as a beta spectrometer for 17 keV neutrino searches is given. Experimental requirements are derived. Using NTD germanium thermometry, adequate detector performance (1.5 keV resolution at a base temperature of 130 mK) is demonstrated. Exploration of source deposition and encapsulation is underway.
Electron Traps and the Stark Effect on Hydroxylated Titania Photocatalysts

Electric fields generated by photoexcited charge carriers in TiO_2 (anatase) produce Stark effect intensity and wavelength shifts for surface TiO−H stretching vibrations. Deep electron-trapping states affect a single type of TiO−H stretch (Ti(IV)O−H at 3647 cm^(-1) ⇒ Ti(III)O−H at 3716 cm^(-1)). Shallow electron-trapping states, observed as broad absorption bands above 3000 cm^(-1), produce an apparently homogeneous electric field. Intensity changes and corresponding wavelength shifts for ν(TiO−H) are proportional to the magnitude and polarity of the electric field. O_2 is shown to reversibly abstract electrons from shallow trapping states. The results suggest that shallow electron traps are not associated with localized structures, but rather are delocalized across the TiO_2 surface. This behavior may explain the photon-dependent wettability of TiO_2 surfaces.
Immunogenetic aspects of in vivo allotolerance induction during the ontogeny of Xenopus laevis.

This study describes the ontogeny of allograft immunity in a partially inbred strain of frogs (Xenopus laevis). At various times during the frogs' premetamorphic, perimetamorphic, and postmetamorphic life, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) homozygous strain JJ Xenopus (MHC haplotype j) were grafted with skin from adult donors of defined MHC homozygous (j,f) and heterozygous (j/ff/h) haplotypes. This protocol reveals that destructive allograft reactivity to MHC alloantigens in Xenopus matures slowly and that allotolerance can be induced to such MHC-encoded antigens throughout larval life. The ultimate fate of an MHC disparate transplant (survival or rejection) is dependent on several interacting variables, which include antigen dose, haplotype dose, and the developmental stage of the host frog at the time of transplantation. In contrast, minor H-locus disparate (MHC compatible) grafts never appear to be rejected by hosts grafted at any larval stage.
Frequency dispersion of nonlinear response of thin superconducting films in the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless state

The effects of microwave radiation on the transport properties of atomically thin ${\text{La}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\text{Sr}}_{x}{\text{CuO}}_{4}$ films were studied in the 0.1--13 GHz frequency range. Resistance changes induced by microwaves were investigated at different temperatures near the superconducting transition. The nonlinear response decreases by several orders of magnitude within a few GHz of a cutoff frequency ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\text{cut}}\ensuremath{\approx}2\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\text{GHz}$. Numerical simulations that assume an ac response to follow the dc $V\ensuremath{-}I$ characteristics of the films reproduce well the low-frequency behavior, but fail above ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\text{cut}}$. The results indicate that two-dimensional (2D) superconductivity is resilient against high-frequency microwave radiation, because vortex-antivortex dissociation is dramatically suppressed in 2D superconducting condensates oscillating at high frequencies.
Reflection at the Motohiro-Taga interface of two anisotropic materials with columnar microstructures

While a thin film with columnar microstructures is growing, a Motohiro-Taga interface is formed when the angle of inclination of the microstructures is abruptly altered in the vertical plane. Reflection of a normally incident plane wave by a Motohiro-Taga interface has been studied. If the plane wave is TE-polarized with respect to the plane contaming the directions of inclination of the columnar microstructures, it is not reflected by the interface; but a TM-polarized plane wave is partially reflected. Because of its polarization-discrimination property, the Motohiro-Taga interface will find application as the basis for devices in the upper millimeter wave and the lower infrared frequency ranges.
Percutaneous absorption of parathion in vitro in porcine skin: Effects of dose, temperature, humidity, and perfusate composition on absorptive flux

Abstract The effect of environmental factors on the percutaneous absorption of parathion in excised porcine skin was assessed in a flow-through diffusion cell system by varying the temperature (T), relative humidity (%RH), perfusate flow rate (F), and composition (porcine serum) at three parathion doses (4, 40, and 400 μg/cm2) compared to standard conditions (air temperature = 37°C, perfusate temperature = 37°C, %RH = 60, flow rate = 4 ml/hr, and standard bovine serum albumin medium). Parathion absorption was assessed by monitoring total radiolabeled activity appearing in the perfusate over time. High relative humidity significantly increased parathion penetration, as did two elevated temperature conditions. The effects of flow rate and perfusate composition were variable and dose dependent. In the present studies, lower applied doses appeared to be more sensitive to changes in the environmental conditions studied. These results suggest that these parameters have independent and different degrees of effect on parathion percutaneous absorption. Experimental conditions should be strictly controlled and dose-response studies need to be conducted when evaluating transdermal studies. Finally, if similar effects occur in vivo, the risk assessment calculations on percutaneous absorption should take these parameters into consideration.
High-resolution ultrasonic spectrometer using digital signal processing

We have developed an ugtrasonic system for high-resolution sound velocity and attenuation measurements using a phase-sensitive, time-of-flight technique. Signal processing, implemented in Lab VIEW, is done entirely after digitization, removing the need for analog mixers and figters. At a signal level of 10 pW, the phase resolution is better than 10−3 rad, and the signal-to-noise ratio in amplitude is better than 60 dB after averaging 400 acquisitions.
Failure of 6-Hydroxydopamine to Abolish the Circadian Rhythm of Serum Corticosterone1

Administration of 6-hydroxydopamine to rats did not alter significantly the corticoid circadian rhythm. Adrenal and serum corticoids were low in the morning and high in the evening in both 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats and in controls. Whole brain norepinephrine and dopamine in 6- hydroxydopamine-treated animals were decreased to 28.7% and 53.4% of controls, respectively. In another set of rats, hypothalamic biogenic amine depletion was compared with depletion in the rest of the brain in control and drug-treated rats. Hypothalamic and remaining brain norepinephrine were lowered to 38.0% and 39.5%, respectively, of control levels in treated rats. However hypothalamic dopamine was not lowered by drug treatment, although 6-hydroxydopamine decreased dopamine levels in the rest of the brain to 52% of controls. The results show that the circadian corticoid rhythm persists following marked norepinephrine depletion in the hypothalamus as well as in the rest of the brain. Hypothalamic dopamine is not reduced but ...
FITNESS CONSEQUENCES OF MULTIPLE PATERNITY IN WILD RADISH, RAPHANUS SATIVUS.

In natural populations, wild radish plants typically mate with 6-8 pollen donors, and seeds of individual fruits are usually sired by 1-4 fathers. Since radish fruits are indehiscent and gravity-dispersed, progeny are most likely to compete with a mixture of full and half siblings. The fitness consequences of single and multiple paternity were investigated in a greenhouse experiment. Seeds of every possible cross in a 5 times 5 reciprocal diallel mating design were assigned to one of three competition regimes (four full siblings, four maternal half siblings, or four unrelated individuals per pot) or were grown as singletons. After 14 weeks, the aboveground biomass of all plants was harvested and oven-dried. The dry weight of singletons was more than three times that of progeny grown in competition, indicating that intraspecific competition had occurred. Full- and half-sib progenies did not differ in mean dry weight. Thus, there was no evidence that multiple paternity enhances this aspect of maternal fitness. However, the competition regime dramatically affected the coefficient of variation in dry weight of progeny within a pot. Weight hierarchies were much more pronounced in pots of half sibs and unrelated neighbors than in pots of full sibs. Also variance in dry weight attributable to sire was greatest in the half-sib and "unrelated neighbors" competition regimes. These results suggest that weight hierarchies reinforce genetic differences among the offspring.
The effect of the delay phenomenon on the vascularity of rabbit abdominal cutaneous island flaps

The beneficial effects of the delay phenomenon have been evaluated extensively and are widely known. However, no study has quantified the vascular changes seen in an abdominal cutaneous island flap following a surgical delay by vascular pedicle ligation. We evaluated the effect of unilateral superficial inferior epigastric and deep inferior epigastric pedicle ligation on the vascularity of a rabbit abdominal cutaneous island flap. Thirty rabbits underwent a left superficial inferior epigastric and deep inferior epigastric pedicle ligation as a delay procedure. A 19 x 15 cm abdominal cutaneous island flap was elevated at the time of sacrifice, based solely on the right superficial inferior epigastric pedicle. The flap vasculature was then evaluated by methylene blue injection and lead oxide microangiography at 0, 5, 10, 15, 21, and 27 days following the delay procedure. Methylene blue studies revealed perfusion of only the right (nonligated) side of the flap on day 0 and perfusion of the entire flap by day 15. This "capture" of the left (ligated) superficial inferior epigastric artery angiosome by day 15 could only have been achieved through enhanced cross-midline perfusion. Lead oxide microangiography revealed an increase in the number of vessels from day 0 to day 27 on both the ligated and nonligated sides in all the following: the number of large "choke" vessels (> 0.5 mm) crossing the flap midline, total number of vessels (all sizes) crossing the flap midline, and total number of vessels (all sizes) at the medial aspect of the right and left superficial inferior epigastric artery angiosomes. A statistically significant increase in these vessels was not seen until day 21. The effect of the delay phenomenon was significantly greater on the ligated side compared with the nonligated side. The areas of the flap that were relatively more ischemic following left superficial inferior epigastric pedicle ligation (medial aspect of the caudad half of the left superficial inferior epigastric artery angiosome) showed greater increases in vascularity with the delay procedure than did areas of lesser ischemia (medial aspect of the cephalad half of the right superficial inferior epigastric artery angiosome).
Temperature and voltage driven tunable metal-insulator transition in individual W x V 1 − x O 2 nanowires

Results from transport measurements in individual ${\mathrm{W}}_{x}$V${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$O${}_{2}$ nanowires with varying extents of $W$ doping are presented. An abrupt thermally driven metal-insulator transition (MIT) is observed in these wires and the transition temperature decreases with increasing W content at a pronounced rate of $\ensuremath{-}$(48\char21{}56) K/at.% W, suggesting a significant alteration of the phase diagram from the bulk. These nanowires can also be driven through a voltage-driven MIT and the temperature dependence of the insulator-to-metal and metal-to-insulator switchings are studied. While driving from an insulator to metal, the threshold voltage at which the MIT occurs follows an exponential temperature dependence [${V}_{\mathrm{TH}\ensuremath{\uparrow}}\ensuremath{\propto}\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}T/{T}_{0})]$, whereas driving from a metal to insulator, the threshold voltage follows ${V}_{\mathrm{TH}\ensuremath{\downarrow}}\ensuremath{\propto}\sqrt{{T}_{c}\ensuremath{-}T}$ and the implications of these results are discussed.
The structures and conformations of the mixed ethylenediamine 1,3-propanediamine complexes [Cr(en)2(tn)] Br3·H2O and [Cr(en)(tn)2]I3·H2O

Abstract The crystal and molecular structures are reported for the two mixed diamine complexes [Cr(en)2(tn)]Br3·H2O (I) and [Cr(en)(tn)2]I3·H2O (II) (en = ethylenediamine, tn = 1,3-propanediamine). Single crystal X-ray diffraction data were collected by automated counter techniques using θ-2θ scans. The intensity data were corrected for absorption and both structures refined by full-matrix least-squares methods. The number of independent reflection (and final weighted agreement factor) were 1847 (5.l%) and 2292 (5.05%) for I and II, respectively. Both salts crystallize in space group Pbca (D152h) with similar structures. Unit cell constants are a = 11.571(3), 11.823(6); b = 13.152(3), 14.183(71); and c = 22.994(5), 24.023(9) A for I and II, respectively. Both the cations of I and II have only C1 point symmetry, although the coordination environment defines a pseudo-threefold axis. The [Cr(en)2(tn)]3+ cation in I exists in the Λ∂λa conformation (and its mirror image). In this conformation one of the five-membered Cren rings has its CC bond parallel to the pseudo-threefold axis (∂) and the other ring is oblique to that axis (λ). The six-membered Crtn ring is in a chair conformation The inner coordination geometry CrN bond lengths are equal within experimental error and average 2.073(4) A. The Cren interior NCrN bond angles average 82.9(2)° while the corresponding Crtn bond angle of 90.8(3)° is near that of an octahedron. The [Cr(en)(tn)2]3+ cation in II exist in the Λaa∂ conformation (and its mirror image). In this conformation the five-membered Cren ring has its CC bond parallel to the coordination pseudo-threefold axis (∂) and the six-membered Crtn rings are both in chair conformations. The inner coordination geometry has CrN bond lengths which are equal within experimental error and average 2.060(6) A. The Cren interior NCrN angle is 84.2(4)° while the corresponding Crtn angles average 88.6(9)°.
A noninvasive shallow seismic source comparison on the Oak Ridge Reservation, Tennessee

Nine seismic sources were compared in preparation for production seismic reflection profiling to about 500 m depth at a hazardous waste site on the Oak Ridge Reservation, Tennessee. Test data provided a 125-shotpoint common midpoint profile and a walkaway vertical seismic profile for each source. Sources tested included five swept sources and four impulsive sources. Eight of the sources were noninvasive, in that they would not penetrate the ground surface. When spectral whitening methods were applied to the data, the IVI Minivib provided the best image of the subsurface on the basis of continuity and clarity of reflections. Without prewhitening, the performance of the IVI Minivib and the Bison elastic wave generator were similar.
Dissipation of high impact forces to enhance safety of hockey gloves

From 1990 to 2006, 8228 hockey injuries have occurred with 14.1% of them being to the hand. Hand surgeries today can vary in cost from $15,000 to $20,000 and in extreme cases can take up to 6 months for complete recovery. The purpose of this project is to design protective sports equipment focusing on materials with respect to hockey gloves. The goal will be to offer better protection for the user, while not compromising the range of motion or the comfort of the player.
OXIDATIVE REMOVAL OF p-METH-OXYBENZYL-AMINO PROTECTING GROUP IN THE PRESENCE OF A PROXIMAL HYDROXY FUNCTION: A SOLUTION TO A PROCESS PROBLEM IN SUSTIVA® (EFAVIRENZ) SYNTHESIS

A practical and scaleable synthetic procedure for the deprotection of a p-methoxy benzyl group from the tertiary carbinol 2 in the commercial synthesis of SUSTIVA® (efavirenz) 1 is described. The methodology involves a two step, one pot operation with an isolated yield of 82.5% with a product purity of > 99.5%.
Studies on the tadpole tail. I. Structure and organization of the notochord and its covering layers in Rana catesbeiana.

This paper presents a detailed description of the notochord and its covering layers in the tail of the premetamorphic bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) tadpole. In general, the notochord is a tapered, rod-like structure composed of large vacuolated cells. It is covered by a thin basement membrane and by several thicker layers of connective tissue whose organization around the notochord differs along the length of the tail. In the proximal half of the tail the notochord and its basement membrane are followed consecutively by the notochord sheath, the elastica externa and the outer connective tissue sheath. In the distal part, however, the basement membrane is followed by the elastica interna, the notochord sheath and the outer connective tissue sheath. Toward the tip of the tail the connective tissue layers gradually become thinner and finally disappear leaving the tip of the notochord with its basement membrane lying in loose mesenchymal tissue.
Interval-based approach to lexicographic representation and compression of numeric data

This paper proposes a new method of encoding numbers by variable-length byte-strings. The primary property of the encoding is that the lexicographic comparison of the encoded numbers corresponds correctly to the order of the real numbers. The encoding is space-efficient. Further, unlike the fixed-length representations of numbers (fixed-point, floating-point, etc.,) the encoded numbers are not limited in their magnitude or the number of their significant digits. The paper also elaborates the application of the encoding method to the storage of numeric data in databases. The proposed application for databases is a uniform format for all the numbers, regardless of their types and attributes (fields). All the numbers are represented in a form of lexicographically-comparable byte-strings. This form simplifies the data management software (only one format to deal with at the physical database level) and hardware (when associative memory and storage devices etc. are used); makes the applications more flexible (by removing limitations on the sizes of numbers); and is space-efficient for all numbers while being especially concise for those numbers that are used more frequently in databases.
Element-selective detection for chromatography by plasma emission spectrometry

Abstract High-temperature argon and helium plasmas provide stable sources for emission spectroscopy. These plasmas have proven useful as a means of selective detection for column chromatography. This review is based on a survey of the literature from 1965, when the first communication on this topic appeared. The species for which liquid and gas chromatographic effluents are monitored include metal ions and elements not traditionally determined by atomic spectrometry such as C, H, N, P. 0, S, and the halogens. Applications to a wide variety of samples are discussed.
State-Space Description of Field Heterogeneity

Field heterogeneity in soil texture and site elevation (SE) may affect crop water and N use. A 2-yr (1998-1999) study was conducted on the Texas High Plains to determine the interdependence between management (irrigation and N fertilization), soil heterogeneity (texture, soil water, and NO 3 -N) and topography, and their impact on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) lint yield and N uptake. Treatments were irrigation at 50 and 75% estimated cotton evapotranspiration (ET) and N rates at 0, 90, and 135 kg ha -1 , Soil water content (SWC), lint yield, N uptake, and N fertilizer recovery, measured as a function of management and space, were higher on low positions. Mixed model analysis showed that irrigation was significant on SWC, lint yield, and N uptake (P < 0.05) each year. The N treatment had no effect on lint yield or N uptake in 1998 because of high soil residual NO 3 -N, and the model residual was significant for all measured variables (P < 0.0001). Sand, SWC, lint yield, and N uptake were negatively correlated with SE (r ≥ -0.64). In 1998, lint yield, SWC, clay, sand, and SE were cross correlated within 60 to 80 m. Multivariate state-space analysis showed that lint yield at position i was weighted on lint yield, SWC, clay, sand, and SE at previous position i - 1. It is concluded that 75% ET and N rate at 90 kg ha -1 would be the basis to consider variable water and N rates related to field conditions, and the state-space model quantified spatial interdependence between irrigation, fertilization, and field heterogeneity.
High resolution alpha particle detection using 4H–SiC epitaxial layers: Fabrication, characterization, and noise analysis

Abstract In this article we report the fabrication and characterization of large area, room-temperature operable and very high resolution Schottky barrier detectors for alpha particles using 20 μm thick n-type 4H–SiC epitaxial layers. Schottky barriers were fabricated by depositing circular nickel contacts of ~11 mm2 area on the 4H–SiC epitaxial layers. Room temperature current–voltage measurements revealed very high Schottky barrier height of 1.6 eV and extremely low leakage current of 3.5 pA at an operating reverse bias of −90 V. We also report an energy resolution of 0.29%, which is the best resolution obtained so far for uncollimated 5.48 MeV alpha particles in 4H–SiC epitaxial detectors with such a large area. Very low micropipe density (
PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES IN INSULIN TREATMENT OF ACUTE SCHIZOPHRENIA THE SERUM LIPIDS

THE INCLUSION of a study of the serum lipids in a project on insulin therapy of schizophrenic patients does not require elaborate justification. The variation of these blood constituents in the insulin treatment of diabetes, as well as the more recently suggested role of the adrenal cortical hormones and the sympathetic nervous system in the regulation of body fats, are sufficient reasons for the investigation (1). An additional justification is the variously reported, although almost as frequently negated, deficiency of serum lipids in schizophrenic subjects (2). In an earlier study of the effect of insulin treatment on whole blood lipids (4), it was found that a mild lipemia occurred during the early weeks of treatment in 14 of 16 cases studied. In 5 of these patients, showing remission, the whole blood phospholipid, total cholesterol and total lipid remained elevated after stopping treatment, while in those patients who did not show remission the lipids dropped towards the initial level.
A Further Discussion of Optimal Comparable Selection and Weighting, and a Response to Green

Using a revised model framework that views expected adjusted prices of corn-parables as random variables, Green (1994) demonstrates that Vandell's (1992) minimum variance estimator is preferred under the classical ordinary least squares (OLS) assumptions. As a result, the minimum coefficient of variation estimator proposed by Gau, et al. (1993) is preferred only when the classical OLS assumptions are relaxed. We demonstrate that, even under Green's revised framework, there is not sufficient evidence in the paper to justify this claim.
PORTAL HYPERTENSION IN HEMOCHROMATOSIS.

The case records of 40 patients with hemochromatosis histologically proved by liver biopsy in the period 1948–1962 were analyzed, particularly with regard to the presence of associated portal hypertension.
Some comments on a Viennese school of psychiatry.

The author comments on a school of psychotherapy called Logotherapy or Existential Analysis, which was originated by Victor E. Frankl of the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry at the University of Vienna. This school of analysis reflects the culture of the Hitler era and post-war Europe. Frankl
Ultrastructure of the spermatheca and its associated gland in the ant Crematogaster opuntiae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

Sperm storage by females has reached an extreme degree of development in ants. Ant queens, which are unusually long-lived insects, typically store and maintain an unreplenished supply of viable sperm for ten or more years. The spermatheca of Crematogaster opuntiae includes a receptacle and a discrete pair of accessory, or spermathecal, glands, structures commonly found in sperm storage organs of insects. The bean-shaped receptacle consists of a layer of simple epithelium externally and a cuticular layer internally. In the hilar region, the epithelium is highly columnar and exhibits ultrastructural features characteristic of transport epithelia, such as infolded basal membranes, abundant polymorphic mitochondria, and apical microvilli. The spermathecal glands contain cells that have long, dense microvilli that project into a central lumen, abundant mitochondria, and large fields of glycogen. The valve and pump region of the spermatheca provide a mechanism to conserve sperm by controlling the rate of sperm release. The columnar epithelium may function as excretory tissue that serves to maintain an environment in which sperm can remain viable for many years.
Rationing medical progress. The way to affordable health care.

We are engaged in a great struggle to reform the American health care system, a system addicted to increasing costs and decreasing equity. The first tactic of someone suffering from addictive behavior is twofold: to try to remove the bad habit with the least possible disruption to the ordinary way of life, and to try to change the undesirable behavior in a painless, incremental way. This tactic rarely works, as any reformed smoker or alcoholic can testify. The price of real change is harsher self-examination and the revision of basic values and habits. With the health care crisis, we have . . .
The nature of the warm/hot intergalactic medium. I. numerical methods, convergence, and O VI absorption

We perform a series of cosmological simulations using Enzo, an Eulerian adaptive-mesh refinement, N-body + hydrodynamical code, applied to study the warm/hot intergalactic medium (WHIM). The WHIM may be an important component of the baryons missing observationally at low redshift. We investigate the dependence of the global star formation rate and mass fraction in various baryonic phases on spatial resolution and methods of incorporating stellar feedback. Although both resolution and feedback significantly affect the total mass in the WHIM, all of our simulations find that the WHIM fraction peaks at z ~ 0.5, declining to 35%-40% at z = 0. We construct samples of synthetic O VI absorption lines from our highest-resolution simulations, using several models of oxygen ionization balance. Models that include both collisional ionization and photoionization provide excellent fits to the observed number density of absorbers per unit redshift over the full range of column densities (1013 cm?2 N O VI 1015 cm?2). Models that include only collisional ionization provide better fits for high column density absorbers (N O VI 1014 cm?2). The distribution of O VI in density and temperature exhibits two populations: one at T ~ 105.5 K (collisionally ionized, 55% of total O VI) and one at T ~ 104.5 K (photoionized, 37%) with the remainder located in dense gas near galaxies. While not a perfect tracer of hot gas, O VI provides an important tool for a WHIM baryon census.
Cholesteryl esters on the body surfaces of the camel tick, Hyalomma dromedarii (Koch, 1844) and the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806)

Cholesteryl esters were found to constitute a major component of the lipids coating the body cuticle of females of the camel tick, Hyalomma dromedarii and the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus. One or more cholesteryl esters, alone or in combination, have been shown to serve as the mounting sex pheromone of several species of ixodid ticks. Consequently, knowledge of these compounds is important for an understanding of the mating behavior of these ticks. Based on thin layer chromatography, cholesterol and cholesteryl esters were the most abundant neutral lipids found on the body surfaces of fed females of these two species. Analysis using HPLC demonstrated significant quantities of the following compounds, tentatively identified as cholesteryl esters (expressed in micrograms per female equivalent), in H. dromedarii: Cholesteryl acetate 18.2; cholesteryl laurate, 6.8; cholesteryl linoleate, 24.8; cholesteryl oleate, 12.9; cholesteryl palmitate, 0.3; and cholesteryl stearate 1.7. In contrast, the same method revealed only 3 cholesteryl esters in extracts of females of R. sanguineus: Cholesteryl acetate, 2.0; cholesteryl linoleate, 8.5; and cholesteryl oleate, 3.0. In both species, two unidentified peaks, with the spectral characteristics of cholesteryl esters, were also observed. Identification of the cholesteryl esters was confirmed: by (1) positive bioassay results with conspecific (H. dromedarii) males and heterospecific (Dermacentor variabilis) males; (2) similarity of ultraviolet spectra between identified sample peaks and authentic standards; and (3) demonstration of cholesterol and the corresponding free fatty acid following enzymatic digestion of each of the HPLC-separated fractions containing the different cholesteryl esters. Comparisons with the cholesteryl ester composition of the mounting sex pheromone of other metastriate Ixodidae are discussed. These findings, along with studies reported previously, suggest that differences in the mounting sex pheromones of ixodid ticks are an important factor in minimizing heterospecific matings in nature.
Surface interactions of a homologous series of ?,?-amino acids on colloidal silver and gold

Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) was used to characterize a homologous series of α,ω-amino acids on colloidal gold and silver. Raman and SER spectra of the α,ω-amino acids, NH2(CH2)nCOOH (n = 3–7), are presented and analyzed, revealing the probable conformations of the molecules on the metal surfaces. The α,ω-amino acids interact with silver and gold through both the amine and carboxylate end groups, and modify the conformation of the molecular backbone in order to maximize these interactions. An odd–even effect is observed for backbone conformations of molecules adsorbed to the silver substrate. The anomolous SER spectrum of 5-aminopentanoic acid on gold suggests the possibility of condensation polymerization at the gold surface. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biospectroscopy 5: 9–17, 1999
Shipibo polygyny and patrilocality

Social and cultural change is a major feature of the modern world. George Mur-dock and John Whiting have provided a theoretical framework for measuring social and cultural change by describing residence patterns and family structures, by showing how they may be linked, and by showing how changes in them can signal cultural change. This study tests the Murdock and Whiting hypotheses by determining the prevalences of polygyny and patrilocality in eight Shipibo Indian villages located in the eastern Peruvian Amazon. It also tests the hypothesis, derived from Murdock and Whiting's conclusions, that polygyny is linked to lower fertility by examining the effects of cultural change on fertility. Three indicators of cultural change are identified and measured: residence patterns, family structure, and fertility. [Shipibo, polygyny, patrilocality, Peru, Amazon, cultural change, fertility]
Effects of prospective monetary rewards on movement initiation in choice reaction-time tasks with varying stimulus-response compatibility.

Summary.—Although numerous studies have examined the facilitative and deleterious effects of monetary rewards on human behavior, little research (if any) has examined the connection between monetary rewards and choice reaction time (CRT) under varying stimulus–response (S–R) compatibility conditions. Twenty self-declared right-handed, undergraduate students, with an equal number of males and females in each group (M age = 21.6 yr., SD = 2.13), were randomly assigned to one of two groups: monetary rewards or control. Participants in the monetary rewards group had a chance to draw for a cash prize of $30.00 if their CRT performances (both speed and accuracy) were at the 50th percentile or better. Participants completed 4 tests of 40 trials that had varying S–R compatibility. Two subscales of the modified Brunel Modified Scale (BRUMS) were administered prior to testing and immediately after a 40-trial test. Dependent variables included CRT, error scores, and BRUMS survey data. Mixed-design analyses of varian...