cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A suggested role for hydrogen peroxide in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins

Abstract Prostaglandin E and F biosynthesis from eicosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid in microsomes from bovine seminal vesicles is inhibited by catalase. Prostaglandin biosynthesis in the same system is also inhibited by 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (AT) and NaN 3 , reagents which function as heme enzyme inhibitors. AT and NaN 3 inhibit arachidonic acid induced platelet aggregation. Chlorpromazine, a hydroxyl radical scavenger, inhibits platelet aggregation. 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2.] octane, a singlet oxygen scavenger, does not inhibit either microsomal biosynthesis or platelet aggregation. The results are consistent with a mechanism requiring the enzymatic decomposition of H 2 O 2 to a radical, possibly ·OH, in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins.
Social processes used by African American women in making decisions about mammography screening.

Purpose: To describe the social processes used by African American (AA) women ages ≥50 years in making decisions about mammography screening. Design: Grounded theory methodology. Methods: Tape-recorded interviews with a researcher-designed, semi-structured interview guide with an initial and theoretical sample of 30 AA women ages 52 to 71 of diverse socioeconomic status. Interviews occurred in various settings such as the church rectory, women's homes, and work settings. Extensive written field notes and tapes were transcribed verbatim immediately after the interviews by an experienced transcriptionist. Findings: The women's decisions about mammography screening were associated with five social processes: (a) acknowledging prior experiences with healthcare providers and systems; (b) reporting fears and fatalistic beliefs of breast cancer and related treatment; (c) valuing the opinions of significant others; (d) relying on religious beliefs and supports; and (e) caregiving responsibilities of significant others. The processes were further differentiated by three distinct decision-making styles: taking charge, enduring, and protesting. Conclusions: Each of the social processes was reported equally and emphasized by the diverse sample of AA women in decisions related to mammography screening. Mammography screening decisions were heavily influenced by caregiving responsibilities. Further research is needed to explain and understand this social process on the health and well-being of AA women over time.
EFFECTS OF CONJUGATED LINOLEIC ACID ISOMERS ON SERUM TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR‐A CONCENTRATION IN MICE

In previously studies, we showed that tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-a), a cytokine involved in a variety of biologically important events, is partially involved in the effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). In this report, we further tested the effects of individual CLA isomers on serum TNF-a concentration along with other biological markers in mice. The animals were fed experimental diets (control, 0.5% CLA-mixed isomer, 0.25% cis-9, trans-11 CLA or 0.25% trans-10, cis-12 CLA) for 5 days and were then challenged with endotoxin. Both cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 CLA isomers reduced serum TNF-a levels compared to control. CLA had no effect on the other biological markers examined. These results suggest possible early involvement of CLA in immune and/or inflammatory responses, followed by reduction of body fat. Its effect on TNF-a helps explain in part how CLA modulates other biological functions such as immune response, insulin responses, atherosclerosis and cancer.
The contribution of deformation twins to yield stress: The Hall-Petch law for inter-twin spacing

Deformation twins in shock-loaded metals contribute to the residual yield stress through a Hall--Petch law form sigma approx. ..delta../sup -//sup 1/2/, where ..delta.. is the inter-twin spacing. This contribution is unclear because no evidence of dislocation pile-ups was found. Pile-ups appear to be absent in most materials.
The effect of kinetic chain length on the mechanical relaxation of crosslinked photopolymers

Abstract This work investigates the effect of kinetic chain length on the network structure of multi-functional (meth)acrylates. Two chain transfer agents, dodecanethiol and m -toluenethiol, were added to a series of crosslinking free radical polymerizations to decrease the kinetic chain length. Using near-IR spectroscopy and dynamic mechanical analysis, the effect of chain transfer on the polymerization rate and network properties (i.e. T g and modulus) was investigated. The results suggest that macroradical chain length, which has been shown to play a role in the termination kinetics of crosslinking systems, may also impact the network properties of the formed polymer. With the addition of only 0.5–1 wt% chain transfer agent, differences in the polymerization rate and mechanical properties were observed in the crosslinking methacrylate systems. The polymerization rate was significantly suppressed and the T g of the cured network was found to decrease by up to 10 °C, depending on the monomer formulation. The largest differences in the mechanical properties occurred in the systems with the lowest crosslinking density and diminished as the crosslink density of the cured polymer increased. Furthermore, the differences were less dramatic in the multi-EGDMA systems, that have some inherent ability to chain transfer, and were not discernable in the transfer dominated diacrylate systems.
Asymptomatic kidney stones in long-term survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

We hypothesized an association between renal calculi and bone mineral density (BMD) deficits, shown in adults, exists in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Thus, we analyzed the associations between quantitative computed tomography (QCT)-determined renal calcifications and clinical parameters (gender, race, age at diagnosis and age at the time of QCT), BMD, treatment exposures and Tanner stage. We investigated the associations between stone formation and nutritional intake, serum and urinary calcium and creatinine levels, and urinary calcium/creatinine ratio. Exact χ2-test was used to compare categorical patient characteristics, and the Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test to compare continuous measurements. Of 424 participants, 218 (51.4%) were males; 371 (87.5%) were nonblack. Most (n=270; 63.7%) were ⩾3.5 years at ALL diagnosis. Mean (s.d.) and median (range) BMD Z-scores of the entire cohort were −0.4 (1.2) and −0.5 (−3.9 to 5.1), respectively. Nineteen participants (10 males; 10 Caucasians) had kidney stones (observed prevalence of 4.5%; 19/424) with a significant negative association between stone formation and body habitus (body mass index, P=0.003). Stone formation was associated with treatment protocol (P=0.009) and treatment group (0.007). Thus, kidney stones in childhood ALL survivors could herald the future deterioration of renal function and development of hypertension. Long-term follow-up imaging may be warranted in these patients to monitor for progressive morbidity.
The molecular core in G34.3 + 0.2 - Millimeter interferometric observations of HCO(+), H(C-13)N, H(C-15)N, and SO

This study presents high-resolution observations of the molecular core in the star-forming region G34.3 + 0.2. Maps at 6-arcsec resolution of emission and absorption of the J = 1 - 0 transitions of HCO(+), H (C-13)N, H(C-15)N, and of the 2(2) - 1(1) transition of SO were obtained in addition to a map of the 3.4-mm continuum emission from the compact H II component. The HCL(+) emission toward G34.3 + 0.2 traces a warm molecular core about 0.9 pc in size. Emission from H (C-13)N is detected over about 0.3 pc. The cometary H II region lies near the edge of the molecular core. The blueshift of the radio recombination lines with respect to the molecular emission suggests that gas from the H II region is accelerated in a champagne flow caused by a steep gradient in the ambient gas density.
SKELETAL MANIFESTATIONS OF RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY IN CHILDREN

The nature of skeletal lesions in renal osteodystrophy(RO) is still controversial. Our experience is based on sequential X-ray studies of 211 children with chronic renal failure(CRF)with or without haemodialysis (HD) and iliac crest histology of 98 children. 1. Histology:Abnormal bone histology(increased osteoid, endosteal fibrosis, Howship's lacunae)is encountered even in incipient RF(SCr 2.5 mg/dl)together with an increase of PTH. HD fails to normalize the bony changes. In terminal RF, growth cartilage mineralization is preserved and osteitis fibrosa is present in the metaphysis(primary and secondary spongiosa). These lesions are distinct from classical rickets. 2. Radiology:Cortical lesions(subperiostal resorption,periostal neostosis,cortical striation)are more frequent than in adults and obligatorily accompanied by changes in the growth zone: in contrast to distinct histology radiolucent zones are indistinguishable from rickets. 3 important biochemical consequences are observed: a)metaphyseal deformities of tubular bones, b) epiphyseal slipping and c) metaphyseal fractures. Advanced RO is always accompanied by retardation of growth and bone maturation. In agreement with the high rate of bone turnover in children lesions may appear rapidly and disappear likewise rapidly in response to therapy.
The ligand that came from within

Recent evidence suggests that the endogenous activators of neuronal vanilloid (capsaicin) receptors should be sought inside, not outside, the neuron. 12-Lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid, produced by pain-inducing mediators such as bradykinin, might trigger vanilloid receptor activation by interacting with an intracellular site on the receptor. Are these lipid-like second messengers the long-sought endogenous vanilloids?
Seawater lubricated polymer journal bearings for use in wave energy converters

Abstract This study investigates the wear characteristics of polymeric journal bearings while immersed in seawater, and their applicability towards wave energy conversion. A block on ring wear machine was used to test four commercially available bearing materials under unidirectional and oscillatory sliding conditions at low pressure. It was observed that wear generally increases with counterface roughness; however, major deviations to this trend exist, depending on the bearing’s composition. Stable wear rates were shown to vary widely depending on velocity profile, though a general trend could not be established for the sample group as a whole. It was shown that polymer wear rates cannot be attributed to any one parameter, and that detailed testing at several characteristic pressures and velocities is needed to determine a material’s applicability towards wave energy converters operating in real seas.
Foam-PVDF smart skin for active control of sound

This work is concerned with the development and testing of a foam-PVDF smart skin designed for active noise control. The smart skin is designed to reduce sound by the action of the passive absorption of the foam (which is effective at higher frequencies) and the active input of an embedded PVDF element driven by an oscillating electrical input (which is effective at lower frequencies). It is primarily developed to be used in an aircraft fuselage in order to reduce interior noise associated with turbulent boundary layer excitation. The device consists of cylindrically curved sections of PVDF piezoelectric film embedded in partially reticulated polyurethane acoustic foam. The active PVDF layer was configured to behave in a linear sense as well as to couple the predominantly in-plane strain due to the piezoelectric effect and the vertical motion that is needed to accelerate fluid particles and hence radiate sound away from the foam surface. For performance testing, the foam-PVDF element was mounted near the surface of an oscillating rigid piston mounted in a baffle in an anechoic chamber. A far-field and a near-field microphone were considered as an error sensor and compared in terms of their efficiency to control the far-field sound radiation. A feedforward LMS controller was used to minimize the error sensor signal under broadband excitation (0 - 1.6 kHz). The potential of the smart foam-PVDF skin for globally reducing sound radiation is demonstrated as more than 20 dB attenuation is obtained over the studied frequency band. The device thus has the potential of simultaneously controlling low and high frequency sound in a very thin compact arrangement.
Squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx: surgery, radiation therapy, or both.

BACKGROUND The treatment of patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the oropharynx remains controversial. No randomized trial has addressed adequately the question of whether surgery (S), radiation therapy (RT), or combined treatment is most effective. METHODS Treatment results from North American academic institutions that used S with or without adjuvant RT (S ± RT) or used RT alone or followed by neck dissection (RT ± ND) for patients with SCC of the tonsillar region or the base of tongue were compiled through a MEDLINE search (from 1970 to August, 2000) and from the references cited in each report. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they contained direct, actuarial (life-table), or Kaplan–Meier calculations for the following end points: local control, local-regional control, 5-year absolute survival, 5-year cause specific survival, or severe or fatal treatment complications. Weighted average results, which took into account series size, were calculated for each end point for the purposes of treatment comparison. Results and conclusions were based on data from 51 reported series, representing the treatment of approximately 6400 patients from the United States and Canada. RESULTS The results for patients with SCC of the base of tongue who underwent S ± RT versus RT ± ND, respectively, were as follows: local control, 79% versus 76% (P = 0.087); local-regional control, 60% versus 69% (P = 0.009); 5-year survival, 49% versus 52% (P = 0.2); 5-year cause specific survival, 62% versus 63% (P = 0.4); severe complications, 32% versus 3.8% (P < 0.001); and fatal complications, 3.5% versus 0.4% (P < 0.001). The results for patients with SCC in the tonsillar region who underwent S ± RT versus RT ± ND, respectively, were as follows: local control, 70% versus 68% (P = 0.2); local-regional control, 65% versus 69% (P = 0.1); 5-year survival, 47% versus 43% (P = 0.2); 5-year cause specific survival, 57% versus 59% (P = 0.3); severe complications, 23% versus 6% (P < 0.001); and fatal complications, 3.2% versus 0.8% (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The information in this article provides a useful benchmark for evidence-based counseling of patients with SCC of the oropharynx. The rates of local control, local-regional control, 5-year survival, and 5-year cause specific survival were similar for patients who underwent S ± RT or RT ± ND, whereas the rates of severe or fatal complications were significantly greater for the S ± RT group. Furthermore, available data on the functional consequences of treatment suggest the superiority of RT ± ND. The authors conclude that RT ± ND is preferable for the majority of patients with SCC of the oropharynx. Cancer 2002;94:2967–80. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10567
Nuclear waste transportation: case studies of identifying stakeholder risk information needs.

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is responsible for the cleanup of our nation's nuclear legacy, involving complex decisions about how and where to dispose of nuclear waste and how to transport it to its ultimate disposal site. It is widely recognized that a broad range of stakeholders and tribes should be involved in this kind of decision. All too frequently, however, stakeholders and tribes are only invited to participate by commenting on processes and activities that are near completion; they are not included in the problem formulation stages. Moreover, it is often assumed that high levels of complexity and uncertainty prevent meaningful participation by these groups. Considering the types of information that stakeholders and tribes need to be able to participate in the full life cycle of decision making is critical for improving participation and transparency of decision making. Toward this objective, the Consortium for Risk Evaluation with Stakeholder Participation (CRESP) participated in three public processes relating to nuclear waste transportation and disposal in 1997-1998. First, CRESP organized focus groups to identify concerns about nuclear waste transportation. Second, CRESP conducted exit surveys at regional public workshops held by DOE to get input from stakeholders on intersite waste transfer issues. Third, CRESP developed visual tools to synthesize technical information and allow stakeholders and tribes with varying levels of knowledge about nuclear waste to participate in meaningful discussion. In this article we share the results of the CRESP findings, discuss common themes arising from these interactions, and comment on special considerations needed to facilitate stakeholder and tribal participation in similar decision-making processes.
Comparison of Monte Carlo with pencil beam dosimetry for lung CyberKnife SBRT, correlation with local recurrence

Object Promising results have been obtained using stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for early-stage lung cancer. The calculation of dose in pulmonary parenchyma can be inaccurate.
Conflict, Incommensurability, and Theory Groups: A Longitudinal Investigation of Citations in the Organization-Environment Literature

Much is already known about how theory groups—schools of thought centered on the influential works of a small number of scholars—emerge. Yet, little is known about how prolonged periods of conflict between theory groups affects the theory-group life cycle. The author presents a review of critiques and exchanges published by scholars in the organization-environment subfield, and shows that these can be used to identify “emergence,” “conflict,” and “postconflict” periods. Poisson and negative binomial regression analyses of 656 publications show that the frequency of intertheory-group citations decreased following the conflict period (1985-1994). Linear regression models show that, when intertheory-group citations appeared following the conflict period, they were increasingly likely to be of older rather than newer publications. The results suggest that periods of heightened conflict, because of their effect on intertheory-group citations, may impact future theory development.
Specifying and Analysing System-Level Inter-Component Interfaces

In control systems, the interfaces between software and its embedding environment are a major source of costly errors. For example, Lutz reported that 20% 35% of the safety related errors discovered during integration and system testing of two spacecraft were related to the interfaces between the software and the embedding hardware. Also, the software’s operating environment is likely to change over time further complicating the issues related to system-level inter-component communication. In this paper we discuss a formal approach to the specification and analysis of inter-component communication using a revised version of RSML (Requirements State Machine Language). The formalism allows rigorous specification of the physical aspects of the inter-component communication and forces encapsulation of communication related properties in well defined and easy to read interface specifications. This enables us to both analyze a system design to detect incompatibilities between connected components and use the interface specifications as safety kernels to enforce safety constraints.
An invariant theory approach to graph enumeration

Abstract The paper exploits a connection between the graphs on n vertices and the invariants of the pair group S (2) n .
Efficacy and tolerability of lovastatin in a six-month study: analysis by gender, age and hypertensive status.

Abstract This study reports the results of a 6-month, open-label multicenter study of the efficacy and tolerability of lovastatin, a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase inhibitor, in the management of nonfamilial primary hypercholesterolemia. The study enrolled 489 patients with elevated total serum cholesterol levels, whose lipids were not controlled sufficiently by diet. There was good representation of gender (48.3% women and 51.7% men), age (mean 57, range 25 to 83) and hypertension status (55.4% normotensive and 43.6% hypertensive) in the sample. Within 1 month of lovastatin therapy, total cholesterol was reduced 19% (from a mean of 269 to 217 mg/dl, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol was reduced 27% (191 to 140 mg/dl), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol increased 6% (42.6 to 45.1 mg/dl), the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL was reduced 24% (6.7 to 5.1) and the ratio of LDL to HDL was reduced 30% (4.7 to 3.3). These results were consistent across age group, gender and hypertension status, and were maintained for a period of 6 months of therapy. Lovastatin was generally well tolerated. Of the 489 patients enrolled, 449 (92%) completed 6 months of therapy. Only 21 (4%) withdrew because of adverse experience regardless of cause. None of the few serious adverse experiences (e.g., myocardial infarction) could be attributed to the drug. Abnormal laboratory values during the 6 months of therapy were within expectations. Seventy-four patients had at least 1 abnormal value during 6 months of treatment. Of these, 42 had at least 1 mild to moderate creatine phosphokinase elevation during this period. Only 1 patient had an adverse change on ophthalmologic examination: a posterior subcapsular opacity in both eyes just visible on 6-month examination.
Indomethacin therapy on the first day of life in infants with very low birth weight

To investigate the optimal for treatment of small premature infants, we performed a double-blind, controlled trial of indomethacin therapy on the first day of life in 104 infants weighing between 700 and 1300 gm. Infants were given indomethacin or placebo at a mean age of 15 hours. Eleven of the 56 infants given placebo developed large left-to-right shunts through a patent ductus arteriosus. In contrast, only two of the 51 infants given indomethacin developed large shunts (P
Hearing outcomes after loss of brainstem auditory evoked potentials during microvascular decompression.

Abstract The primary aim of this paper is to study the pre-operative characteristics, intra-operative changes and post-operative hearing outcomes in patients after complete loss of wave V of the brainstem auditory evoked potential. We retrospectively analyzed the brainstem auditory evoked potential data of 94 patients who underwent microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm at our institute. Patients were divided into two groups – those with and those without loss of wave V. The differences between the two groups and outcomes were assessed using t-test and chi-squared tests. In our study 23 (24%) patients out of 94 had a complete loss of wave V, with 11 (48%) patients experiencing transient loss and 12 (52%) patients experiencing permanent loss. The incidence of hearing loss in patients with no loss of wave V was 5.7% and 26% in patients who did experience wave V loss. The incidence of hearing change in patients with no loss of wave V was 12.6% and 30.43% in patients who did experience wave V loss. Loss of wave V during the procedure or at the end of procedure significantly increases the odds of hearing loss. Hearing change is a significant under-reported clinical condition after microvascular decompression in patients who have loss of wave V.
Insertion site specificity of the transposon Tn3

The Tn3-deletion method [Davies and Hutchison, Nucleic Acids Res. 19, 5731-5738, (1991)] was used to sequence a 9.4 kb DNA fragment. Transpositional 'warm' spots were not a limiting factor but a 935 bp 'cold' spot was completed using a synthetic oligonucleotide primer. Two hundred and twenty three miniTn3 insertion sites from three sequencing projects were aligned and a 19 bp asymmetric consensus site was identified. There is no absolute sequence requirement at any position in this consensus, so insertion occurs promiscuously (approximately 37% of sites are potential targets). In our sequencing projects, multiply targeted sites always closely matched the consensus, although not all close matches were targeted frequently. The 935 bp cold spot showed no unusual features when analysed with the consensus sequence. The consensus can be used to accurately predict likely insertion sites in a new sequence. Synthetic oligonucleotides based on the consensus and a known hot spot for Tn3 were mutagenised. These sequences were not hot spots in our vectors, suggesting that the primary sequence alone is not sufficient to create an insertional hot spot. We conclude that some other factor, such as DNA secondary structure, also plays an important role in target site selection for the transposon Tn3.
Welfare implications of avian osteoporosis

Cage layer fatigue was first noticed after laying hens began to be housed in cages in the mid-20th century. Hens producing eggs at a high rate were most susceptible to the disease. Early research revealed that cage layer fatigue was associated with osteoporosis and bone brittleness. Severe osteoporosis leads to spontaneous bone fractures commonly in the costochondral junctions of the ribs, the keel, and the thoracic vertebrae. Vertebral fracture may damage the spinal cord and cause paralysis. Osteoporosis appears to be inevitable in highly productive caged laying hens. The condition can be made worse by metabolic deficiency of calcium, phosphorus, or vitamin D. Hens in housing systems that promote physical activity tend to have less osteoporosis and rarely manifest cage layer fatigue. Genetic selection may produce laying hens that are less prone to bone weakness. The welfare implications of osteoporosis stem from pain, debility, and mortality associated with bone fracture. The chicken has well-developed neural and psychological systems specialized to respond to pain associated with trauma and inflammation. Although studies on the chicken have not focused on pain due to bone fracture, physiological and behavioral similarities to other species allow inference that a hen experiences both acute and chronic pain from bone fracture. There is little information on osteoporosis in commercial caged layer flocks, however, evidence suggests that it may be widespread and severe. If true, most caged laying hens suffer osteoporosis-related bone fracture during the first laying cycle. Osteoporosis also makes bone breakage a serious problem during catching and transport of hens prior to slaughter. Estimates of mortality due to osteoporosis in commercial caged layer flocks are few, but range up to a third of total mortality. Many of these deaths would be lingering and attended by emaciation and possibly pain. Osteoporosis-related bone breakage during processing has reduced the marketability of spent caged laying hens, contributing to the need to develop humane on-farm killing methods to support alternative means of spent hen disposition. Overall, the evidence indicates that cage layer osteoporosis is a serious animal welfare problem. A determined effort must be made to make the laying hen no longer susceptible to the harmful effects of excessive bone loss.
Customer relationship management and Web mining: the next frontier

After a decade of successful development of new Web mining technologies, it is a good time to examine novel promising areas that will advance Web mining over the next decade. This paper argues that CRM is such an area that can benefit from and contribute to further advancements of the Web mining research. This is the case because CRM is an underexplored field that has many open and interesting problems important to the industry and academia. This paper reviews some of the key aspects of CRM, describes certain problems and promising research directions in the field, and discusses how Web mining can contribute to solving these problems.
Thermal and electronic contributions to switching in melanins

Melanins respond at a critical applied electrical field by changing their conductivity. The nature of the response depends upon the hydration and temperature of the sample and, to some extent, on the external circuitry. The response falls into two categories: threshold and memory switching. Threshold switching occurs when a sample cycles from an off (low conductivity) to an on (high conductivity) state at a critical electric field and returns to the off state when the electric field is removed. Memory switching, on the other hand, refers to a sample which remains in the on state when the field is removed but can be restored to the off state by larger electric fields or currents. Both threshold and pseudomemory switching have been reported in melanins. The memory state was found to return slowly to the off state; however, Culp et al., were unable to restore the on state electrically. This communication presents criteria which are particularly useful in separating thermal from electrical contributions. The memory state is reversible, destroyed by heating above 110/sup 0/C, suggesting the existence of a true memory state.
The structure of bone apatite surfaces.

This is a review of the surface chemistry of bone mineral and its synthetic counterpart hydroxypapatite. Small-angle x-ray scattering and low-temperature nitrogen adsorption measurements show bone mineral surfaces range from 100 to 200 m2/g. The heats of adsorption of small molecules on bone and apatite surfaces show that these materials have polarizing surfaces which form strong bonds with polar and polarizable molecules. Water is hydrogen bonded to these surfaces with energies ranging from 23 Kcal/mol, for low coverage, to 11 Kcal/mol after two full layers; the latter value shows that after two monolayers the water is bonded as strongly to the solution as it is to the apatite surface. Stearic acid in cyclohexane adsorbs on bone and apatite surfaces in a closed-packed manner with the straight-chain molecules in parallel array with the end carboxyl groups hydrogen bonded to surface electronegative ions. Synthetic hydroxyapatite has long been used in chromatography because of the bonding capacity apatite surface has for certain proteins and polynucleotides. The metabolic interplay between bone mineral and the body results from the high magnitude and high reactivity of the mineral surface.
The nitrous oxide-hydrogen flame in atomic absorption and emission spectroscopy

Abstract A study of the behavior of twelve metals in the premixed nitrous oxide-hydrogen flame suggests only a limited usefulness for this flame in analytical atomic absorption and emission spectroscopy, in spite of the fact that its temperature is not more than 150° below that of nitrous oxide-acetylene. Metals which form stable monoxides, such as aluminum, vanadium, and titanium, are almost undetectable in absorption, whereas their limits of detection in emission are very much poorer in nitrous oxide-hydrogen than in nitrous oxide-acetylene. These data do not support several of the main conclusions in the paper by D agnall , T hompson and W est [Analyst 93, 153 (1968)]. The nitrous oxide-hydrogen flame, however, may be useful for emission studies of easily atomized metals and for reducing several chemical interferences encountered in cooler flames without at the same time producing the high degree of ionization found for some metals in nitrous oxide-acetylene and oxygen-acetylene flames.
Party Constraints on Leaders in Pursuit of Change

Since the late nineteenth century, dissatisfaction with the U.S. party system has led political scientists to look across the Atlantic for ”responsible parties,” cohesive teams with leaders who articulate and promote distinctive programs for public policy. Yet U.S. political scientists have been misguided when they have searched for a different, superior set of parties in the United Kingdom. British parties have never possessed the internal cohesion characteristic of the responsible-parties model. Nor have they, for that matter, empowered their leaders to pursue change. When parties prove significant, influence operates in the British environment much as it does in the U.S. context—as a commodity bargained for among groups within the two major parties.
Zeroth-order eikonal approximation in relativistic charged-particle--magnetic-monopole scattering

The relativistic spin-1/2 charged-particle-magnetic-monopole scattering is considered in the high-energy, low-momentum-transfer limit. Under these circumstances the differential cross section is calculated in the zeroth-order eikonal approximation and shown to be independent of the choice of the singularity line. In the same context, the remote contribution to the variation of the action induced by a change in the singularity line is shown to be nonzero, contrary to what is usually assumed.
Bone chip-induced rhinosinusitis.

This case report describes both the pathophysiology and management of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Specifically, we report a case of chronic maxillary rhinosinusitis with a free-floating maxillary sinus calcification (bone chip). After obtaining the computed tomography scan, the patient underwent endoscopic sinus surgery, with removal of the uncinate, enlargement of the diseased natural ostium of the maxillary sinus, and removal of the diseased bone chip. This eliminated the nidus for infection, ultimately restoring mucociliary flow. Laryngoscope, 2009
Advancing research on children with speech-language impairment: an introduction to the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study--Kindergarten Cohort.

Purpose The Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS–K; U.S. Department of Education, 2000) includes comprehensive assessments of home, classroom, and school contexts and developmental outcomes for a nationally representative sample of more than 20,000 children who began kindergarten in 1998–1999. The purposes of this article are to describe the ECLS–K and provide an example of how to use these data to advance speech-language-hearing research. Method Special education questionnaires were analyzed from subsamples of children with diagnosed disabilities. The frequencies of different disabilities at kindergarten, 1st, 3rd, and 5th grade were calculated, and for children whose primary diagnosis was speech-language impairment, special education experiences were summarized. Results There are relatively large subsamples of children with learning disabilities, physical disabilities, and speech-language impairments. Among children with speech-language impairments, there is substantial variabili...
Studies of aerodynamic technology for VSTOL fighter/attack aircraft

The paper summarizes several studies to develop aerodynamic technology for high performance VSTOL aircraft anticipated after 1990. A contracted study jointly sponsored by NASA-Ames and David Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center is emphasized. Four contractors analyzed two vertical-attitude and three horizontal-attitude takeoff and landing concepts with gross weights ranging from about 10433 kg (23,000 lb) to 17236 kg (38,000 lb). The aircraft have supersonic capability, high maneuver performance (sustained load factor 6.2 at Mach 0.6, 3048 m (10,000 ft)) and a 4536 kg (10,000-lb) STO overload capability. The contractors have estimated the aerodynamics and identified aerodynamic uncertainties associated with their concept. Example uncertainties relate to propulsion-induced flows, canard-wing interactions, and top inlets. Wind-tunnel research programs were proposed to investigate these uncertainties.
pH-sensitive siRNA delivery systems

RNA interference is a promising therapeutic modality to treat human diseases by specifically silencing the expression of disease-related genes. Effective gene silencing requires specific delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) into target tissue and cytosolic release in target cells. The cytoplasmic membrane of endosomal-lysosomal compartments is the final barrier for effective cytosolic siRNA delivery. pH-sensitive siRNA delivery systems have been designed to overcome this barrier and to facilitate cytosolic siRNA release utilizing the pH difference between plasma and endosomal-lysosomal compartments. The pH-sensitive delivery systems have a common feature of using materials with pH-sensitive amphiphilicity. The pH-sensitive materials, both lipids and polymers, become more amphiphilic at decreased pH in endosomes and destabilize the cytosolic membrane to facilitate cytosolic siRNA release. Significant progress has been made on the design and development of both lipid and polymer based pH-sensitive siRNA delivery systems. These systems exhibit pH-sensitive cell membrane destabilization and enhanced intracellular gene silencing efficiency. The pH-sensitive siRNA delivery systems have shown a great promise for efficient delivery of therapeutic siRNA. This review summarizes the concept, design and recent development on pH-sensitive siRNA delivery systems.
Effect of alterations in reaction conditions on vaccinia virus transcription in vitro.

Abstract RNA synthesized in vitro by the RNA polymerase associated with vaccinia virions was analyzed by hybridization to Southern blots of vaccinia DNA. Changes in the concentrations of ATP and KCI were observed to alter the transcription pattern. The nature of these alterations depended upon whether Mg 2+ or Mn 2+ was present. In the presence of Mg 2+ and high concentrations of ATP, at least part of every Hind III restriction fragment of the vaccinia genome is transcribed. In the presence of Mn 2+ , increasing the ATP concentration limits the extent of transcription. KCI inhibits both activities, but the Mn 2+ activity is more sensitive. Lowering the ATP concentration causes the Mn 2+ activity (but not the Mg 2+ activity) to become more resistant to KCI.
THE STRUCTURE OF RANDOM UTILITY MODELS

I am grateful to Joseph B. Kadane for numerous constructive suggestions offered during discussions of this research. The financial sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Transportation through grant DOT-OS-4006 is also acknowledged. The opinions and conclusions expressed herein are solely those of the author.
Measurements of 65 MeV Fe, Sn, and Pb(n,n'x) continuum cross sections.

Inclusive inelastic scattering ({ital n},{ital n}{prime}{ital x}) continuum cross sections have been measured at 65 MeV for Fe, Sn, and Pb targets using a detection system consisting of large area wire chambers and {Delta}{ital E}{center_dot}{ital E} scintillation detectors in conjunction with a CH{sub 2} {ital n}{minus}{ital p} converter. The continuum ({ital n},{ital n}{prime}{ital x}) spectra are compared with earlier ({ital p},{ital p}{prime}{ital x}) data, and comparisons with cascade-statistical and preequilibrium continuum models are also made. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
An Experimental Technique for Studying Chemisorption Reactions by Means of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

A new experimental method and a specially designed EPR cell are described for use in the study of chemisorption reactions. By studying the EPR spectrum of a surface both before and after chemisorption, it can be shown whether unpaired d electrons are used in the chemisorption bond and the nature of this bond. The EPR spectra of a cupric chloride surface, both before and after a gaseous ligand (diisopropyl methyl phosphonate) is chemisorbed, are shown and the results are interpreted in terms of the type of bond formed.
GPU conversion of quad meshes to smooth surfaces

We convert any quad manifold mesh into an at least C1 surface consisting of bi-cubic tensor-product splines with localized perturbations of degree bi-5 near non-4-valent vertices. There is one polynomial piece per quad facet, regardless of the valence of the vertices. Particular care is taken to derive simple formulas so that the surfaces are computed efficiently in parallel and match up precisely when computed independently on the GPU.
Laboratory exercises in online information assurance courses

Information assurance courses delivered in an online environment pose challenges to the development of meaningful hands-on exercises for students. This article presents techniques on furnishing laboratory exercises to online students and presents examples of assignments drawn from the author's experiences in teaching online courses for over three years. These assignments have proven successful in enhancing the learning experiences of undergraduate and graduate computer science students in introductory and advanced courses in the area of information assurance. Typical courses include introduction to computer networks, computer and network security, information assurance, network management, wireless networks and applications, computer forensics, and risk assessment.
Effect of directivity on estimates of radiated seismic energy

To accurately estimate the seismic energy radiated in an earthquake, it is important to use appropriate corrections for path and source effects. Using slip models obtained by inversion of seismic data, we examine the effect of directivity on estimates of radiated energy and develop a method to correct for this source effect. From our calculations we suggest that the directivity correction for the earthquakes we studied is less than a factor of three; we also conclude that the directivity correction for dip-slip earthquakes with rupture propagating along strike is less than a factor of two at teleseismic distances. Thus teleseismic energy estimates of large subduction zone earthquakes will not be significantly affected by directivity.
miXED messages in ion channel modulation.

Ion channels are modulated by multiple molecular mechanisms. In this issue of Neuron , Pietrzykowski et al. expand the mechanistic repertoire by demonstrating that ethanol-induced microRNA can modulate the pattern of mRNA splice variants from which BK potassium channels are constructed. Because BK channels are important targets of ethanol, this finding has implications for mechanisms of ethanol sensitivity and tolerance.
THE EFFECT OF SMALL DOSES OF DIETHYLSTILBESTROL ON THE ANTERIOR HYPOPHYSIS OF THE IMMATURE RAT

INVESTIGATORS are not agreed whether the secretory activity of the anterior hypophysis is stimulated or depressed by stilbestrol and other estrogens. Diethylstilbestrol has been shown to alter significantly both reproductive activity (Noble, 1938) and carbohydrate metabolism (Janes and Nelson, 1942; Fry, Miller and Long, 1942) through the mediation of this gland. In view of this evidence and the widespread clinical use of stilbestrol, exact information concerning the possible stimulating or inhibiting effect of stilbestrol on each of the hypophyseal cell types is desirable. Morrell and Hart (1941), Von Haam, Hammel, Rardin and Schoene (1941) and Foster (1942) have demonstrated that diethylstilbestrol will simulate the naturally occurring estrogens in bringing about a reduction in number of basophiles and acidophiles and an increase in the relative number of chromophobes.
Dislocation-Pairing Transitions in Hot Grain Boundaries

We report the finding of a novel grain-boundary structural phase transition in both molecular-dynamics and phase-field-crystal simulations of classical models of bcc Fe. This transition is characterized by pairing of individual dislocations with mixed screw and edge components. We demonstrate that this type of transition is driven by a combination of factors including elastic softening, core interaction, and core disordering. At high homologous temperatures the occurrence of this transition is shown to prevent premelting at misorientation angles where it would otherwise be expected.
Intertextuality and Translation: Borges, Browne, and Quevedo

This essay will explore how Jorge Luis Borges' approach to literary translation anticipates some of the claims of intertextual theory. His translation of the Hydriotaphia, Urne Buriall, or, A Discourse of the Sepulchrall Urnes lately found in Norfolk by Sir Thomas Browne (1658) is a product of a complicated network of texts that recalls Browne's own practices of mixing translation, quotation, paraphrase, and allusion. But Borges also outdoes his model in ingenious ways, self-consciously undermining conventional claims of authorial autonomy and subjectivity even as he undertakes a novel form of literary criticism. By making his friend and contemporary Bioy Casares, together with the great Spanish conceptista poet, Francisco de Quevedo, complicit in his translation of Browne's magnificent meditation on funerary practices and mortality, Borges effectively redefines translation as proof of the notion of the universal author. He confirms, in effect, what Antoine Berman calls Tetayage de l'acte traductif, that is: 'd'une maniere generate, traduire exige des lectures vaste et diversifies'. * In 1944, a translation attributed to Borges and Adolfo Bioy Casares of the fifth chapter of the Hydriotaphia was published in Victoria Ocampo's avant-garde journal Sur.2 This translation, as we shall see, is a product of Borges' lifelong fascination, if not obsession, with the English writer. One aspect of this fascination is traced nicely by Cynthia Stephens, who shows how Borges adopts in various narratives Browne's conceit of the universal author. Marina Kaplan, considering Borges' appropriation of Browne's metaphysics, sees in their relation a 'vision ironica total' which 'tiende a la paradoja'.3 But while both Stephens and
A problem in machine breakdown

Consider a machine subject to breakdown. The machine, if working, performs a certain kind of task and the probability of completion of a task in time intervalδt isλδt+o (δt). The running time, set-up time (that elapses before repair starts) and the repair time are independent random variables, each following exponential distribution. Explicit expressions are derived for quantities of interest, for example (i) the variance of the number of tasks completed in an arbitrary time interval and (ii) the covariance between the number of tasks completed in two successive non-overlapping time intervals. Each result is presented in a slightly more general form obtained by considering that each task may consist of one or more pieces, the number of pieces in each task has a distribution with finite mean and variance.
The many faces of CREB

The transcription factor CREB is best known for its involvement in learning and memory. However, emerging evidence suggests that CREB activity has very different roles – sometimes beneficial, sometimes detrimental – depending on the brain region involved. Induction of CREB in the hippocampus by antidepressant treatments could contribute to their therapeutic efficacy. By contrast, activation of CREB in the nucleus accumbens and several other regions by drugs of abuse or stress mediates certain aspects of drug addiction, and depressive and anxiety-like behaviors. These complexities suggest that strategies that exploit regional differences in upstream factors or that target specific CREB-regulated genes, rather than CREB itself, could make a promising contribution to the treatment of neuropsychiatric conditions.
On the relative comprehensibility of various control structures by novice Fortran programmers

Two similar experiments were conducted. In the first, subjects found Fortran programs written with IF—THEN constructs a little easier to comprehend than comparable programs using GOTOs. In the second experiment, programs written with GOTOs were found to be slightly easier to understand than similar programs with the GOTOs replaced by IF—THEN and WHILE—DO control structures.