cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ophthalmic malpractice and physician gender: a claims data analysis (an American Ophthalmological Society thesis).

PURPOSE: To analyze and compare malpractice claims rates between male and female ophthalmologists and test the hypothesis that claims rates are equal between the two sexes. METHODS: A retrospective, cohort study review was made of all claims reported to the Ophthalmic Mutual Insurance Company from January 1990 through December 2008 in which an expense (including indemnity and/or legal defense costs) was paid or reserved. A total of 2,251 claims were examined. Frequency (claims per physician) and severity (indemnity payment, associated expenses and reserves per claim) were analyzed for both male and female ophthalmologists. Frequency and severity data were further stratified by allegation, type of treatment, and injury severity category. RESULTS: Men were sued 54% more often than females over the period studied (P<.001). Women had lower claims frequencies across all allegations and within the treatment areas of cataract, cornea, and retinal procedures (P<.7). Men had more claims associated with severe injury, including permanent major injury and death (P<.001). The average amount paid in indemnity and expenses was 7% higher for claims against women ($115,303 compared to $107,354 against men). CONCLUSIONS: Nearly 20 years of closed claim data reveal male ophthalmologists are significantly more likely than women to have reported malpractice activity. Claims against men were associated with more severe injury to the patient but were slightly less costly overall compared to claims against women. Further study is necessary to understand the reasons underlying gender disparities in malpractice claims rates and whether the observed past differences are predictive of future results.
Virological surveillance and analysis of HA1 gene of influenza B viruses in Jiaxing City from 2011 to 2012

[Objective] To study the variation and genetic characteristics of hemagglutinin gene HA1 of influenza virus B strains isolated in Jiaxing City since 2011,and evaluate the protective effect of the influenza vaccine strains recommended by WHO.[Methods] The influenza viruses were isolated by using MDCK cell culture from specimens of the influenza-like cases in Jiaxing City,and further identified by serological test and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR).Six isolated strains were selected randomly and their sequences of the HA1 genes were analyzed by the software DNAStar.[Results] The viruses of Yamagata lineage and Victoria lineage were both found to be existent.The 4 strains of selected strains were Victoria lineage,whose homologies of nucleotide acids were 98.6% to 99.7% and those of amino acids were 98.8% to 100.0%,of which,as compared with vaccine strains of 2009-2012,two of them appeared 4 amino acids substitutions at the sites of L58P,N129S,I146V and N171D in HA1 respectively.The 2 strains of selected strains were Yamagata lineage,with the homologies of nucleotide acids and amino acids of 99.4%,and a high similarity to the vaccine strains of 2012 to 2013 recommended by WHO.[Conclusion] The vaccines recommended by WHO from 2009 to 2012,be-longed to Victoria lineage,with a certain protective effect against Victoria lineage strains of influenza B vi-rus,but were unable to provide optimum prevention from Yamagata lineage strains,which also simultane-ously prevailed in Jiaxing City during this period.
The robustness of majority voting compared to filtering misclassified instances in supervised classification tasks

Removing or filtering outliers and mislabeled instances prior to training a learning algorithm has been shown to increase classification accuracy, especially in noisy data sets. A popular approach is to remove any instance that is misclassified by a learning algorithm. However, the use of ensemble methods has also been shown to generally increase classification accuracy. In this paper, we extensively examine filtering and ensembling. We examine 9 learning algorithms individually and ensembled together as filtering algorithms as well as the effects of filtering in the 9 chosen learning algorithms on a set of 54 data sets. We compare the filtering results with using a majority voting ensemble. We find that the majority voting ensemble significantly outperforms filtering unless there are high amounts of noise present in the data set. Additionally, for most cases, using an ensemble of learning algorithms for filtering produces a greater increase in classification accuracy than using a single learning algorithm for filtering.
Optimization of a PET scanner design for prostate lesion detection

The recent development of new prostate tracers has motivated us to build a low cost PET camera optimized to image the prostate. Coincidence imaging of positron emitters is achieved using a pair of curved detector banks. In this paper, we optimize the design of septa in the prostate camera for detecting prostate tumors. The performance of the system is measured using a prewhitening observer with a background-known-statistically task. The results show that the septa design has a large impact on lesion detection. At the background activity level of 0.1 /spl mu/Ci/cc, a novel septa design with 8-crystal spacing outperforms the traditional two-dimension (interplane septa) and three-dimension (septa-less) designs.
Intelligent, automated red team emulation

Red teams play a critical part in assessing the security of a network by actively probing it for weakness and vulnerabilities. Unlike penetration testing - which is typically focused on exploiting vulnerabilities - red teams assess the entire state of a network by emulating real adversaries, including their techniques, tactics, procedures, and goals. Unfortunately, deploying red teams is prohibitive: cost, repeatability, and expertise all make it difficult to consistently employ red team tests. We seek to solve this problem by creating a framework for automated red team emulation, focused on what the red team does post-compromise - i.e., after the perimeter has been breached. Here, our program acts as an automated and intelligent red team, actively moving through the target network to test for weaknesses and train defenders. At its core, our framework uses an automated planner designed to accurately reason about future plans in the face of the vast amount of uncertainty in red teaming scenarios. Our solution is custom-developed, built on a logical encoding of the cyber environment and adversary profiles, using techniques from classical planning, Markov decision processes, and Monte Carlo simulations. In this paper, we report on the development of our framework, focusing on our planning system. We have successfully validated our planner against other techniques via a custom simulation. Our tool itself has successfully been deployed to identify vulnerabilities and is currently used to train defending blue teams.
Accelerating NWChem Coupled Cluster through dataflow-based execution

Numerical techniques used for describing many-body systems, such as the Coupled Cluster methods (CC) of the quantum chemistry package NWChem, are of extreme interest to the computational chemistry community in fields such as catalytic reactions, solar energy, and bio-mass conversion. In spite of their importance, many of these computationally intensive algorithms have traditionally been thought of in a fairly linear fashion, or are parallelised in coarse chunks.
Assessing the changes in the spatial stiffness of the posterior sclera as a function of IOP with air-pulse OCE

The mechanophysiology of tissues in the posterior eye have been implicated for diseases such as myopia and glaucoma. For example, the eye-globe shape, and consequently optical axial length, can be affected by scleral stiffness. In glaucoma, an elevated intraocular pressure is the primary risk factor for glaucoma, which is the 2nd most prevalent known cause of blindness. Recent work has shown that biomechanical properties of the optic nerve are critical for the onset and progression of glaucoma because weak tissues cause large displacements in the optic nerve, causing tissue damage. In this work, we utilize air-pulse optical coherence elastography (OCE) to quantify the spatial distribution of biomechanical properties of the optic nerve, its surrounding tissues, and the posterior sclera. Air-pulse measurements were made in a grid on in situ porcine eyes in the whole eye-globe configuration as various IOPs. The OCE-measured displacement process was linked to tissue stiffness by a simple kinematic equation. The results show that the optic nerve and peripapillary sclera are much stiffer than the surrounding sclera, and the stiffness of the optic nerve and peripapillary sclera increased as a function of IOP. However, the stiffness of the surrounding sclera did not dramatically increase. Our results show that understanding the dynamics of the biomechanical properties of the eye are critical to understand the aforementioned diseases and may provide additional information for assessing visual health and integrity.
Reifying Age-Related Employment Problems Through the Constructions of the “Problematic” Older and Younger Worker

This study investigates the discursive representation of the older/younger worker within business textbooks over the past 100 years. Through Critical Discourse Analysis of these textbooks, we demonstrate the textbook authors’ privileging of the male, able-bodied worker who is neither too young nor too old to be a “productive” employee. Older and younger workers were situated as falling outside this “ideal” age range and so were characterized as being highly “problematic.” We review our results within the context of several broader discourses such as able-bodiedness, gender, generational differences, and diversity management. We also discuss the power implications of our findings, showing how the selective representations of the older/younger worker serve to privilege managers by granting them the authority to control these so-called “problematic” workers.
Effects of dopamine receptor antagonist antipsychotic therapy on blood pressure.

SummaryWhat is known and Objective Hypertension, a major risk factor for adverse cardiovascular events, such as stroke and myocardial infarction, affects 80 million American adults. The aetiology of hypertension is multifaceted and difficult to identify. Dopamine receptors, especially those in the kidneys, play a role in blood pressure regulation, and alterations in their function can cause hypertension. The objective of this review was to investigate the association between the use of dopamine antagonists with hypertension focusing especially on second-generation antipsychotics, like clozapine that is D4 receptor antagonist. Methods A literature review was conducted using MEDLINE, Ovid, Science Direct, Web of Science and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews databases with keywords:hypertension, hypotension, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, dopaminergic receptors, blood pressure, antipsychotics. Inclusion criteria were human or animal studies, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, case report/series, published in selected for inclusion. Results and Discussion All 5 dopamine receptor subtypes (ie D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5) regulate sodium excretion and BP. The D1, D3 and D4 receptors interact directly with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, whereas D2 and D5 receptors directly interact with the sympathetic nervous system to regulate BP. Use of dopaminergic agonists or antagonists could therefore disturb the regulation of BP by dopamine receptors. What is new and Conclusion Based upon this review, individuals on antipsychotic agents, particularly clozapine, should be routinely monitored for hypertension, and addition of antihypertensive agents such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) is indicated if hypertension occurs.
Trends in types of calls managed by U.S. poison centers 2000-2015

AbstractAim: The number of cases reported to poison centers has decreased since 2008 but there is evidence that the complexity of calls is increasing.Objectives: The objectives are to evaluate national poison center data for trends in reason and how these changes effect management site, medical outcomes, and poison center workload.Methods: Data regarding reason, age, management site, and medical outcome were extracted from annual reports of the National Poison Data System from 2000 to 2015. The proportion of cases by year were determined for unintentional and intentional exposures. Analysis of data from a single poison center from 2005 to 2015 compared the number of interactions between poison center staff and callers for unintentional versus intentional reasons.Results: Trend analyses found that from 2000 to 2015 the percent of unintentional cases decreased (from 85.9 to 78.4%, p < .0001) and the percent of intentional cases increased (from 11.3 to 17.6%, p < .0001). Age distribution changed with a decre...
Effectiveness of a Low Fidelity Cast Removal Module in Orthopaedic Surgical Simulation.

Objective The purpose of this study is to determine if an educational model during a surgical skills laboratory results in a significant reduction in cast saw blade temperatures generated during cast removal. Design As part of an orthopedic resident surgical skills laboratory an Institutional Review Board-approved study was performed. A total of 17 study subjects applied a short arm cast. Everyone removed 1 short arm cast with temperatures recorded on the saw blade. Following cast removal, an educational session was conducted on proper cast removal and blade cooling techniques. Everyone then removed a second cast. Blade temperatures were recorded. To assess reproducibility, the 5 PGY-1 orthopedic residents removed a short arm cast 3 months later. Setting Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC, tertiary care center Participants A total of 17 study subjects with minimal casting experience (5 PGY-1 orthopedic residents and 12 senior medical students) applied a short arm cast. Results Following the educational session there was a significant reduction in mean and mean maximum blade temperatures (p Conclusions The intervention in this study reduced the maximum blade temperatures to levels below the threshold known to cause burns. This simple, low cost, and easily reproducible model can easily be disseminated across institutions and simulation laboratories.
Individualized growth assessment: conceptual framework and practical implementation for the evaluation of fetal growth and neonatal growth outcome

Fetal growth abnormalities can pose significant consequences on perinatal morbidity and mortality of nonanomalous fetuses. The most widely accepted definition of fetal growth restriction is an estimated fetal weight less than the 10th percentile for gestational age according to population-based criteria. However, these criteria do not account for the growth potential of an individual fetus, nor do they effectively separate constitutionally small fetuses from ones that are malnourished. Furthermore, conventional approaches typically evaluate estimated fetal weight at a single time point, rather than using serial scans, to evaluate growth. This article provides a conceptual framework for the individualized growth assessment of a fetus/neonate based on measuring second-trimester growth velocity of fetal size parameters to estimate growth potential. These estimates specify size models that generate individualized third-trimester size trajectories and predict birth characteristics. Comparisons of measured and predicted values are used to separate normally growing fetuses from those with growth abnormalities. This can be accomplished with individual anatomical parameters or sets of parameters. A practical and freely available software (Individualized Growth Assessment Program) has been developed to allow implementation of this approach for clinical and research purposes.
Anhedonia reflects impairment in making relative value judgments between positive and neutral stimuli in schizophrenia.

Abstract Anhedonia (i.e., diminished capacity to experience pleasure) has traditionally been viewed as a core symptom of schizophrenia (SZ). However, modern laboratory-based studies suggest that this definition may be incorrect, as hedonic capacity may be intact. Alternative conceptualizations have proposed that anhedonia may reflect an impairment in generating mental representations of affective value that are needed to guide decision-making and initiate motivated behavior. The current study evaluated this hypothesis in 42 outpatients with SZ and 19 healthy controls (CN) who completed two tasks: (a) an emotional experience task that required them to indicate how positive, negative, and calm/excited they felt in response to a single emotional or neutral photograph; (b) a relative value judgment task where they selected which of 2 photographs they preferred. Results indicated that SZ and CN reported similar levels of positive emotion and arousal in response to emotional and neutral stimuli; however, SZ reported higher negative affect for neutral and pleasant stimuli than CN. In the relative value judgment task, CN displayed clear preference for stimuli differing in valence; however, SZ showed less distinct preferences for positive over neutral stimuli. Findings suggest that although in-the-moment experiences of positive emotion to singular stimuli may be intact in SZ, the ability to make relative value judgments that are needed to guide decision-making is impaired. Original conceptualizations of anhedonia as a diminished capacity for pleasure in SZ may be inaccurate; anhedonia may more accurately reflect a deficit in relative value judgment that results from impaired value representation.
Use of Inpatient Behavioral Health Services by Children and Adolescents With Private Insurance Coverage

Objective:This study examined trends in hospitalizations of youths for behavioral health conditions in acute care hospital nonpsychiatric beds, acute care hospital psychiatric and detoxification be...
The Commentarial Tradition

In the Confucian tradition, few students of the classics read canonical writings without the aid of some form of gloss or commentary. Not only was commentary necessary to illuminate the numerous obscurities in the canonical texts, but also to defend against heterodox interpretations that might arise from “naive” explanations of the “plain meaning” of the text. But however valuable the services that commentators performed in illuminating obscurities in the canonical texts, this was not the only and perhaps not even the principal function of commentaries. Commentaries to the Analects also served a polemical purpose, to establish that the text lived up to a fairly universal set of criteria.
Essential Self-Adjointness for Powers of Schrödinger Operators

Conditions are given which are sufficient for the minimal operator T 0 associated with a second order elliptic differential expression on n to be essentially self-adjoint, and for all powers of T 0 to be self-adjoint. The conditions for T 0 which are similar to the most general conditions from the one-dimensional case, allow some coefficients not covered by other criteria and avoid some of their technical assumptions. The conditions for powers of T 0 allow faster growth by the leading terms than previous results.
Differential heat and mass transfer rate influences on the activation efficiency of laminar flow condensation particle counters

Abstract Laminar flow condensation particle counters (CPCs) are uniquely sensitive detectors for aerosol particles in the nanometer size range (i.e. below 10 nm in size they can have single particle sensitivity). Their operation hinges upon the creation of supersaturation of a working fluid; particles exposed to supersaturated vapor grow by condensation to optically detectable sizes. The degree of supersaturation is fully controlled via differential rates of heat transfer and working fluid vapor mass transfer. Because of the Kelvin relationship governed vapor pressure of small particles, in all CPCs there is a critical size/cut-size (diameter), and particles smaller than this size do not grow and are not detected efficiently. While efforts have been made to control the CPC activation efficiency (i.e. the fraction of particles detected as a function of size), prior studies have not examined how differential heat and mass transfer in CPCs are governed by changes in gas composition. Here, we measure and model CPC activation efficiencies (with 1-butanol as the working fluid) in mixtures of gases of disparate thermophysical properties, namely helium and molecular nitrogen. Our experiments show that the activation efficiency of smaller particles (i.e. below 8 nm in the tested CPC) can be increased by adding a modest amount of helium to the aerosol (mole fractions near 0.20). This is expected based upon the increased Lewis number brought about by Helium addition, and supported by predictions of CPC activation efficiency based upon thermophysical property variable models of coupled heat, mass, and momentum transfer within the CPC condenser region. Interestingly, we find that when operating with a constant precision orifice diameter (choked flow), the activation efficiency for a given sub-10 nm particle diameter first increases with increasing Helium mole fraction and then decreases as the Helium mole fraction increases beyond 0.67. In comparison, experiments with constant mass transfer Peclet number (Pem = 77) show an increase in CPC activation efficiency up to a helium mole fraction of 0.67, but then the activation efficiency decreases more modestly beyond this helium mole fraction. We attribute these contrasting results to the increased flowrate through the instrument under constant orifice diameter conditions, which affects the performance of the CPC saturator. Finally, through modeling we show that the ability to enhance the activation efficiency of a CPC via a modest amount of helium addition is general, and can be applied with other heavy working fluids. The results presented in this study elucidate the importance of gas composition and Lewis number controlled differential heat and mass transfer rates on the performance of condensation based nanoparticle detectors.
An assessment of the microbial community in an urban fringing tidal marsh with an emphasis on petroleum hydrocarbon degradative genes

Abstract Small fringing marshes are ecologically important habitats often impacted by petroleum. We characterized the phylogenetic structure (16S rRNA) and petroleum hydrocarbon degrading alkane hydroxylase genes (alkB and CYP 153A1) in a sediment microbial community from a New Hampshire fringing marsh, using alkane-exposed dilution cultures to enrich for petroleum degrading bacteria. 16S rRNA and alkB analysis demonstrated that the initial sediment community was dominated by Betaproteobacteria (mainly Comamonadaceae) and Gammaproteobacteria (mainly Pseudomonas), while CYP 153A1 sequences predominantly matched Rhizobiales. 24 h of exposure to n-hexane, gasoline, dodecane, or dilution culture alone reduced functional and phylogenetic diversity, enriching for Gammaproteobacteria, especially Pseudomonas. Gammaproteobacteria continued to dominate for 10 days in the n-hexane and no alkane exposed samples, while dodecane and gasoline exposure selected for gram-positive bacteria. The data demonstrate that small fringing marshes in New England harbor petroleum-degrading bacteria, suggesting that petroleum degradation may be an important fringing marsh ecosystem function.
Feasibility and Initial Results: Fluciclovine Positron Emission Tomography/Ultrasound Fusion Targeted Biopsy of Recurrent Prostate Cancer.

Purpose:We assessed the feasibility and cancer detection rate of fluciclovine (18F) positron emission tomography-ultrasound fusion targeted biopsy vs standard template biopsy in the same patient wi...
A reliable technique for detecting the second subglottal resonance and its use in cross-language speaker adaptation.

In previous work [1], we proposed a speaker adaptation technique based on the second subglottal resonance (Sg2), which showed good performance relative to vocal tract length normalization (VTLN). In this paper, we propose a more reliable algorithm for automatically estimating Sg2 from speech signals. The algorithm is calibrated on children’s speech data collected simultaneously with accelerometer recordings from which Sg2 frequencies can be directly measured. To investigate whether Sg2 frequencies are independent of speech content and language, we perform a cross-language study with bilingual Spanish-English children. The study verifies that Sg2 is approximately constant for a given speaker and thus can be a good candidate for limited data speaker normalization and cross-language adaptation. We then present a cross-language speaker normalization method based on Sg2, which is computationally more efficient than maximum-likelihood based VTLN, and performs more robustly than VTLN.
Cerebral Small Vessel Disease and Vascular Cognitive Impairment: Preclinical Aspects

Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is a leading cause of stroke and dementia in the population. Hypertension is a key risk factor for the disease, and animal models have been widely utilized to elucidate the mechanisms by which elevated blood pressure impairs cerebrovascular structure and function to result in cognitive decline. Among the mechanisms identified, endothelial dysfunction and vascular inflammation are thought be key determinants of the condition. In this chapter we will describe the anatomy of the cerebral vasculature and the mechanisms that regulate cerebral perfusion paying particular attention to how hypertension affects each mechanism. Finally, we will discuss the knowledge gaps that currently exist in the field.
Polarized near-infrared intersubband absorptions in CdSe colloidal quantum wells

Colloidal quantum wells are two-dimensional materials grown with atomically-precise thickness that dictates their electronic structure. Although intersubband absorption in epitaxial quantum wells is well-known, analogous observations in non-epitaxial two-dimensional materials are sparse. Here we show that CdSe nanoplatelet quantum wells have narrow (30–200 meV), polarized intersubband absorption features when photoexcited or under applied bias, which can be tuned by thickness across the near-infrared (NIR) spectral window (900–1600 nm) inclusive of important telecommunications wavelengths. By examination of the optical absorption and polarization-resolved measurements, the NIR absorptions are assigned to electron intersubband transitions. Under photoexcitation, the intersubband features display hot carrier and Auger recombination effects similar to excitonic absorptions. Sequenced two-color photoexcitation permits the sub-picosecond modulation of the carrier temperature in such colloidal quantum wells. This work suggests that colloidal quantum wells may be promising building blocks for NIR technologies. Multiple infrared lasing and detection technologies exploit intersubband transitions of epitaxial quantum wells, but such transitions are mainly limited to the mid-infrared. Here, the authors report narrow, polarized intersubband transitions up to telecom wavelengths in CdSe colloidal quantum wells.
An Assessment of Cancer Education Needs to Promote Mid-Adult HPV Vaccination Among Male Sexual Minorities

The purpose of this study was to assess behavioral expectations and related psychosocial factors regarding an age-expanded human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine schedule among male sexual minorities (MSM). A measure of behavioral expectation (BE) (“How likely are you to get the HPV vaccine if the CDC recommendation was changed to include men older than 26?”) was evaluated on an ethnoracially diverse sample (N = 318) of MSM. Sixty-seven percent would likely initiate vaccination if the recommendations change. Benefits of HPV vaccination were widely endorsed. Barriers/harms of vaccination were endorsed less frequently. Only 15.4% were concerned that the vaccine would not be effective. The main driver of BE was perceived physical benefits (R2 = 0.34). Psychological benefits were independently associated with BE but did not improve the explanatory model. Expectation of HPV vaccination is high among MSM in the expanded age range. Prevention of anogenital warts and anal cancer is an important consideration for this population; however, promoting the benefits of vaccination must be done in accordance with realistic expectations of vaccine efficacy in older sexually active MSM.
Generation and representation of synthetic smart meter data

Advanced energy algorithms running at big-data scale will be necessary to identify, realize, and verify energy savings to meet government and utility goals of building energy efficiency. Any algorithm must be well characterized and validated before it is trusted to run at these scales. Smart meter data from real buildings will ultimately be required for the development, testing, and validation of these energy algorithms and processes. However, for initial development and testing, smart meter data are difficult to work with due to privacy restrictions, noise from unknown sources, data accessibility, and other concerns which can complicate algorithm development and validation. This study describes a new methodology to generate synthetic smart meter data of electricity use in buildings using detailed building energy modeling, which aims to capture the variability and stochastics of real energy use in buildings. The methodology can create datasets tailored to represent specific scenarios with known truth and controllable amounts of synthetic noise. Knowledge of ground truth also allows the development and validation of enhanced processes which leverage building metadata, such as building type or size (floor area), in addition to smart meter data. The methodology described in this paper includes the key influencing factors of real-world building energy use including weather data, occupant-driven loads, building operation and maintenance practices, and special events. Data formats to support workflows leveraging both synthetic meter data and associated metadata are proposed and discussed. Finally, example use cases of the synthetic meter data are described to illustrate potential applications.
Promoting the Promotore Role in Higher Education

Latines experience disparities in higher education, similar to disparities in healthcare. Latines are less likely to utilize support services in both settings. In healthcare, the promotore, a profe...
Therapeutic Hypothermia in Transport Permits Earlier Treatment Regardless of Transfer Distance

Objective Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) is currently the only effective therapy available to improve outcomes in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) and has maximal effect when initiated within 6 hours of birth. Neonates affected by HIE are commonly born outside of cooling centers and transport is a barrier to timely initiation. In this study, we sought to determine if the initiation of servo-controlled TH in transport allowed neonates to reach target temperature earlier, without a significant delay in the transfer process, for both local and long-distance transport. Study Design In this single-center cohort study of neonates referred to a level IV neonatal intensive care unit for TH, we determined the chronologic age at which target temperature was reached for those cooled in transport. Short-term outcome measures were assessed, including survival, incidence of electrographic seizures, discharge feeding method, and length of hospitalization. Results In a study population of 85 neonates, those receiving TH during transport (n = 23), achieved target temperature (33–34°C) 77 minutes sooner (230 ± 71 vs. 307 ± 79 minutes of life (MOL); p Conclusion For those starting TH in transport, time to target temperature was decreased. In our cohort, cooling in transport was associated with improved short-term outcomes, although additional studies are needed to correlate these findings with long-term outcomes. Key Points
Waiting for the Verdict on Spain's New Jury System

This article discusses Spain’s history of trial by jury, focusing on the reinstatement of trial by jury in Spain by the 1995 jury legislation implementing Article 125 of the post-Franco Spanish Constitution. It discusses key provisions of the new Spanish jury law with illustrations from the cases of Otegi and others. It also predicts as to whether the classic jury will acquit itself as a catalyst for criminal justice reform in a Civil Law system such as that of Spain.
Hydroxyl Group Separation Distances in Anti-Freeze Compounds and Their Effects on Ice Nucleation

Since the discovery of biological antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGPs), which can inhibit ice nucleation, there has been considerable interest in understanding their mechanisms and mimicking them in synthetic polymers. In this study, we used molecular dynamics simulations of modified polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) compounds to show that the hydroxyl (OH) group distance is a key factor in whether certain compounds promote or inhibit ice nucleation. A hydroxyl distance smaller than ~2.8 A but greater than ~7.1 A in modified PVA (MPVA) compounds was associated with the promotion of ice nucleation, while a hydroxyl group separation distance of approximately ~5.0 A was correlated with a delay in ice nucleation, owing to changes in the energy of the system. Thus, these results may help explain some of the mechanisms of current known anti-freeze compounds and may have implications for designing new anti-freeze compounds in the future.
Job loss predicts worsening depressive symptoms for young adults with autism: A COVID-19 natural experiment.

Adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience high rates of both unemployment and depression. Though job loss predicts increased risk of depression in the general population, studies have yet to directly examine this relationship among individuals with ASD. With the backdrop of rising unemployment due to COVID-19, we used a longitudinal design to examine whether employment changes predicted increasing depressive symptoms among young adults with ASD. Online surveys were collected from young adults with ASD at two times: just before widespread social distancing measures were adopted in the United States, and again 10 weeks later. Both time points included measurement of depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory-2). At Time 2, COVID-related employment changes and the perceived impact of those changes on well-being were collected. Of the young adults who were employed at Time 1 (n = 144), over one-third (37.5%) reported employment changes during the first 2 months of COVID-19. Most of this change was job loss or reductions in hours or pay ("job loss/reduction"). Controlling for Time 1 depressive symptoms, young adults who experienced job loss/reduction had significantly higher depressive symptoms at Time 2 than those without an employment change. Individuals' perceived impact of employment change also predicted depressive symptoms. These findings suggest that losing a job or experiencing reductions in hours or pay leads to worsening depressive symptoms among adults with ASD. Better supporting autistic adults in the workplace may not only decrease the likelihood of job loss, but also combat the exceedingly high rates of depression in this group. LAY SUMMARY: Though unemployment has been linked to mental health problems in the general population, this relationship is seldom considered among adults with autism. In this study, we found that adults on the autism spectrum who lost their jobs or experienced reductions in pay or hours during the first 2 months of COVID-19 had worsening depression compared to adults who did not have job changes. Our findings suggest that increasing access to employment may help alleviate poor mental health among autistic adults.
Antigenic Requirements for the Recognition of Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus-Induced Tumors by Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes

During viral transformation and/or infection, antigenic changes occur on the surface of transformed and infected cells that initiate a variety of cellular as well as humoral immune responses. A major component of this cellular immune response is the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) which are capable of specifically recognizing and then lysing transformed or infected cells. Analysis of the specificity of these CTL has shown that immune recognition of virus-encoded antigens expressed as integral membrane proteins on the surface of these cells is in association with the class I major histocompatibility antigens H-2K, D, and L.(1–3) Target cells must not only express the appropriate viral antigen but must also express the same class I major histocompatibility antigen (H-2K, D, and L) as the effector CTL. This phenomenon is referred to as H-2-restricted, CTL recognition. This associative recognition (viral + H-2 antigens) required for CTL recognition contrasts with the recognition of antigen alone by antibody and has made it difficult to precisely define the antigenic determinants recognized by H-2-restricted, virus-specific CTL.
Reassessing Concurrent Tribal-State-Federal Criminal Jurisdiction in Kansas

This Article questions the continued viability of the Kansas Act federal legislation, which extended Indian country criminal jurisdiction to the state of Kansas, while leaving unimpaired preexisting tribal and federal jurisdiction over the same offenses. This Article concludes with recommendations for legislative reform and the consideration of intergovernmental agreements with an eye toward providing a solution that respects modern policies of tribal self-determination, protects the financial resources and judicial economy of state and tribal courts, and protects the rights of defendants who may be subject to multiple prosecutions for the same offense.
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder’s effects on individuals' scan paths during a simulated drive

Individuals who have Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) experience adverse effects relating to driving; additionally, they experience deficits in scanning ability. The present study examined the effects of ADHD on eye tracking while driving. This study consisted of ten participants, of which, five have ADHD. It was hypothesized that individuals who have ADHD will make more saccadic eye movements and thus shorter fixations than individuals without ADHD (Control). Furthermore, it was hypothesized that despite the fact that individuals who have ADHD will make more saccadic eye movements than individuals without ADHD, those individuals with ADHD will commit more traffic violations including collisions compared to the control group. Findings indicated that hypothesis one was not supported by the data, whereas hypothesis two was supported in that ADHD individuals' had more collisions and committed more traffic violations than the control group. Additionally, a significant difference was found in the spatial distributions of the fixations between the ADHD and Control groups. The findings of this study could help better understand the factors involved in ADHD driving and could be used to train individuals with ADHD to become more aware of their surroundings and driving habits and thus become safer drivers.
Selected results from the latest decade of quorum systems research

Over the past decade, work on quorum systems in non-traditional scenarios has facilitated a number of advances in the field of distributed systems. This chapter surveys a selection of these results including: Byzantine quorum systems that are suitable for use when parts of the system cannot be trusted; algorithms for the deployment of quorum systems on wide area networks so as to allow for efficient access and to retain load dispersion properties; and probabilistic quorum systems that yield benefits for protocols and applications that can tolerate a small possibility of inconsistency. We also present a framework grounded in Byzantine quorum systems that can be used to explain, compare, and contrast several recent Byzantine fault-tolerant state-machine and storage protocols. The framework provides a path to understanding the number of servers required, the number of faults that can be tolerated, and the number of rounds of communication employed by each protocol.
Induction and Characterization of β-Galactosidase in an Extreme Thermophile

A thermostable beta-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23; beta-dgalactoside galactohydrolase) was found to be inducible in an extreme thermophile resembling Thermus aquaticus. Enzyme induction was achieved by the addition of lactose, galactose, or the alpha-galactoside, melibiose, to growing cultures. The addition of glucose to induced cultures had a repressive effect on further enzyme synthesis. The enzyme was purified 78-fold, and the optimum temperature and pH for activity were determined to be 80 C and pH 5.0, respectively. The enzyme was activated by both manganese and ferrous iron. Sulfhydryl activation and thermal stabilization indicate that the thermophilic beta-galactosidase is a sulfhydryl enzyme. Kinetic determinations at 80 C established a K(m) of 2.0 x 10(-3)m for the chromogenic substrate o-nitrophenyl beta-d-galactopyranoside (ONPG) and a K(1) of 7.5 x 10(-3)m for lactose. The Arrhenius energy of activation (for the hydrolysis of ONPG) was calculated to be 13.7 kcal/mole. A molecular weight of 5.7 x 10(5) daltons was estimated by elution of the enzyme from Sephadex 4B.
Disparities in Influenza Vaccine Coverage in the United States, 2008

OBJECTIVES: To determine the distribution of influenza vaccine coverage in the United States in 2008. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis. SETTING: The 2008 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey, which employs random-digit dialing to interview noninstitutionalized adults in the United States and territories. PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred forty-nine thousand seven hundred twenty-three persons aged 50 and older. MEASUREMENTS: Participants were asked whether they had had an influenza vaccination during the previous 12 months. RESULTS: In 2008, 42.0% of adults aged 50 to 64 and 69.5% of adults aged 65 and older reported receiving an influenza vaccination in the past 12 months. Vaccine coverage generally increased with advancing age (P<.001), higher levels of education (P<.001) and total household income (P<.001), and greater morbidity (P<.001). In participants aged 50 to 64, vaccine prevalence was lower in men (39.9%) than in women (44.1%; P<.001), although no significant differences were observed in older adults. Within each 5-year interval of age, non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics had significantly lower vaccine prevalence than non-Hispanic whites (P<.001 for all comparisons). For participants aged 65 and older, non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics were 56% (adjusted prevalence ratio (PR)=1.56, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.48, 1.64) and 44% (adjusted PR=1.44, 95% CI=1.35, 1.54) more likely, respectively, to be unvaccinated than non-Hispanic whites, adjusting for age and sex. Racial and ethnic disparities in vaccine coverage narrowed with increasing number of diseases, although these disparities remained significant in older adults with two or more diseases (P<.05). CONCLUSION: There were large disparities in influenza vaccine coverage in 2008, particularly across race and ethnicity and socioeconomic position. Accordingly, more targeted interventions are needed to improve vaccine delivery to disadvantaged segments of the U.S. population.
Adenyl Cyclase of Rat Cerebral Cortex ACTIVATION BY SODIUM FLUORIDE AND DETERGENTS

Abstract Sodium fluoride activates adenyl cyclase at a rate that is dependent on temperature and the concentration of NaF. The activation is not readily reversed by dilution, extensive washing of the membrane-bound enzyme, or dialysis. Activation occurs in the absence of added Mg++, but the rate of activation is increased 2-fold by 5 mm Mg++. The NaF-activated enzyme is more stable at 40° and during dialysis than the native enzyme. The enzyme also is activated by Triton X-100 and to a lesser extent by sodium dodecyl sulfate. The activity of the detergent-treated enzyme is not stimulated by NaF, but the activity of the NaF-activated enzyme can be increased by Triton X-100. Thus, NaF does not cause full expression of adenyl cyclase activity. Freezing and thawing of the cerebral cortex of young (1 to 20 days) rats prior to homogenization causes a 2-fold increase in enzyme activity. It was concluded that adenyl cyclase exists in its membranous environment in a state of inhibition. Treatment with detergents or freezing of the tissue could lead to nonspecific changes in membrane structure which cause reduction of the inhibition and increased catalytic activity.
Induction of cellular DNA synthesis by polyoma virus: II. Increase in the rate of enzyme synthesis after infection with polyoma virus in mouse kidney cells☆

Abstract An induction of cellular DNA synthesis and an increase in the activity of three enzymes involved in DNA synthesis, dCMP deaminase, TdR Kinase, and DNA polymerase, following the infection of mouse kidney cells with polyoma virus was described previously (Dulbecco et al. , 1965). Experiments described in this paper elucidate the mechanism of the increase in enzymatic activities of dCMP deaminase and TdR kinase. Three alternative mechanisms are considered: (1) an increase in the rate of enzyme synthesis, (2) a stabilization of labile enzyme molecules, and (3) an activation of enzyme activity. Experimental evidence is presented which rules out the latter two possibilities. We conclude therefore that the rate of synthesis of dCMP deaminase and TdR kinase is increased as a result of polyoma infection.
Quantifying the performance effect of window snipping in multiple-monitor environments

Snip is a tool that allows a user to constrict the view onto any window. We report on a controlled study of the snip tool in the context of a multiple-monitor environment. The study was designed based on observed user behavior in a field study of multiple-monitor users' snipping habits. Analysis provided results that indicate that users can expect to reference information approximately 15% to 30% faster from snipped windows than from non-snipped windows. Further, users need to pay only a small overhead cost to perform the snip operation. The result extends to other recently presented region-based interface tools that aim to assist multiple-monitor users interact effectively and employ additional monitor space for information-referencing activities.
Lymphosarcoma of the mandible; report of a case.

Abstract A case of a solitary, primary lesion of lymphosarcoma, occurring on the buccal surface of the mandible, has been reported. The treatment consisted of x-ray irradiation; a total of 3,200 r in twelve doses was administered.
Analyzing the Mechanistic Role of an Active Site Lysine Residue in Monofunctional and Bifunctional Proline Dehydrogenases

The catabolism of proline to glutamate is a critical pathway in all organisms and holds roles in mental illness and cancer. The two enzymes utilized in the oxidation of proline are proline dehydrog...
Mechanism of competition between chloride and stilbenedisulfonates for binding to human erythrocyte band 3 (AE1)

Stilbenedisulfonates (S) constitute an important class of competitive inhibitors of the anion exchange (AE) function found in plasma membranes of various cell types. I present a brief summary of recent kinetic studies that provide insight into the mechanism of stilbenedisulfonate-chloride competition in binding to human erythrocyte band 3 (AE1) (B), the chloride-bicarbonate exchanger. Reversible stilbenedisulfonate binding follows a two-step mechanism (S + B SB SB*). Several lines of evidence are summarized that show that chloride, stilbenedisulfonates, and band 3 form a ternary complex, with chloride lowering stilbenedisulfonate affinity allosterically, by accelerating the rate of stilbenedisulfonate release. Of particular significance was our evidence demonstrating that extracellular chloride could accelerate stilbenedisulfonate release from its binding site on the outer surface of band 3 in resealed ghosts (i.e., acceleration in the release of a bound competitive inhibitor by a cis substrate). ...