cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
COMMUNITY COLLEGE RETENTION: DIFFERENTIATING AMONG STOPOUTS, DROPOUTS, AND OPTOUTS

One fact often overlooked in discussing the retention issue is that not everyone who fails to return to school is a dropout. Some persons return after an absence of a semester or more; they can be called stopouts. Some intended to take only a few classes and stop attending when they accomplish their educational goals; they can be called optouts. The only persons who should be labeled dropouts are those who failed to accomplish their educational goal and have no definite plans to accomplish it later. During the 1990‐91 school year, Del Mar College (DMC) and the Texas A&M Adult and Extension Education program developed and executed a plan to identify, count, and interview nonreturnees at DMC. The purposes of the study were toprovide DMC with baseline data on its nonreturnees and to test the feasibility of gathering interview information by telephone. Stopouts far outnumbered dropouts and optouts among respondents, with 303 of 399 nonreturnees identifying themselves as such. In this article, we define releva...
The inferior pedicled L-scar mammaplasty

Limited scar mammaplasties have increased in popularity as surgeons seek alternatives to the scar burden of thecommon inverted-T closure. As experience has been gained with these relatively underutilized methods, it has become evident that suboptimal results may be obtained if large reductions or lengthy nipple transpositions are attempted through limited incisions. Furthermore, the majority of limited scar techniques are based on a superior pedicle, which is not as familiar to some surgeons. The “L-scar” mammaplasty described herein is an inferior pedicle technique that offers a modest reduction in scar burden, while retaining many of the advantages of the classic reduction mammaplasty.
TapGlance: designing a unified smartphone interface

The difference between using one mobile phone and another can feel like learning a new language based on our extensive experience designing mobile applications for spatial data navigation, faceted search, and glanceable information, we have developed design principles for unifying the various aspects of the internet connected mobile phone ("smartphone") user experience.This paper presents TapGlance, a design proposal for a novel mobile phone user interface. TapGlance adapts its presentation to different levels of user attention, provides ubiquitous faceted search, and uses a zooming metaphor to unite inter- and intra-application navigation. Because our interface relies on a spatial metaphor it can also be adapted to non-textual representations and thus useful to broader populations. This paper describes our design goals, design process, and the resulting TapGlance design.
Avian scale development. III. Ultrastructure of the keratinizing cells of the outer and inner epidermal surfaces of the scale ridge

Ultrastructural features of keratinization differ for the inner and outer epidermal surfaces of developing avian scales. Only the alpha stratum develops along the inner scale surface, and it is retained after hatching and is still present in adult birds. The cells of the alpha stratum are characterized by lipid droplets, multigranular bodies, and peripherally located keratohyalin granules. In contrast, the epidermis of the outer scale surface develops both alpha and beta strata. The alpha stratum is lost soon after hatching and only the beta stratum is found in the mature bird. Bundles of 30 A filaments fill the cells of the beta stratum and keratohyalin granules are not present. The outermost peridermal and subperidermal cell layers develop along both epidermal surfaces of the scale. These two cell layers are characteristic of the embryonic period and are lost at the time of hatching.
The Creative Experience in Engineering Practice: Implications for Engineering Education

This research came about as an outgrowth of mounting concern among industrial leaders about the impact of traditional engineering education on the creative potential of future engineers. As there is little agreement on creativity or how to teach it, we chose to begin the study without assuming a theoretical stance about engineering creativity. Instead, we started with a search for first-hand information about creativity and the creative process experienced by working engineers. This phenomenological research paradigm is a way to describe a complex, dynamic experience without prior assumptions, the results of which can then be used to generate theory or develop a structure directly from the data. This approach has similarities to an expert system development, in which the knowledge and skills of an expert are gathered and processed to develop an understanding of the system or phenomenon. Eight professional engineers from the southeastern United States were selected by peer nomination as examples of (expert) creative engineers. They were trained in different areas of engineering (eg. chemical, mechanical, industrial) and worked in organizations ranging from large international consulting firms to small regional businesses. These subjects were interviewed about their experiences in doing creative work and their thoughts about the creative process, including the impact of relevant educational experiences. These interviews were audio-recorded and subjected to a phenomenological data analytic procedure, which extracted the experiential themes and educational issues. The experiential themes involved in the creative process of working engineers clustered as • Desire and fulfillment (motivation), • Autonomy and support (environment), • Openness and knowledge (tools), and • Engrossment and connection (process). This paper discusses the implications and application of these themes for curricular innovation in engineering education.
A probability-based method for calculating effective diffusion coefficients of composite media

Abstract A probability-based method is proposed for calculating the concentration of chloride at specified points of deterministic and random heterogeneous microstructures. The method, referred to as local method, is used to calculate effective diffusion coefficients of composite media. The effective diffusion coefficient of a heterogeneous material specimen is defined as the diffusion coefficient of a fictitious homogeneous specimen with the same global properties as those of the original specimen. The local method is based on properties of diffusion processes and Ito’s formula; it is simple to code, always stable, accurate and suitable for parallel computing. We use the method to calculate effective diffusion coefficients of a material specimen with a deterministic diffusivity field and a random heterogeneous mortar specimen calibrated to an experiment reported in Ref. Care (2003) [11] .
PHASE DRIFT CHARACTERISTICS OF SELF-EXCITED, COMBUSTION-DRIVEN OSCILLATIONS

Abstract This paper describes an experimental characterization of the phase drift characteristics of the oscillating pressure in an unstable combustor. It is shown that the phase continuously drifts in a predominantly irregular manner and, given enough cycles, substantially drifts from its “initial” value. It is also shown that the mean-squared value of the phase drift monotonically increases with the number of cycles, a result that is consistent with the predictions of a random walk model. It is concluded that these phase drift characteristics are primarily caused by random processes (i.e., noise) and, thus, do not reflect the underlying low-dimensional dynamics of the instability.
Patient-clinician ethnic concordance and communication in mental health intake visits

Abstract Objective This study examines how communication patterns vary across racial and ethnic patient–clinician dyads in mental health intake sessions and its relation to continuance in treatment, defined as attending the next scheduled appointment. Methods Observational study of communication patterns among ethnically/racially concordant and discordant patient–clinician dyads. Primary analysis included 93 patients with 38 clinicians in race/ethnic concordant and discordant dyads. Communication was coded using the Roter Interaction Analysis System (RIAS) and the Working Alliance Inventory Observer (WAI-O) bond scale; continuance in care was derived from chart reviews. Results Latino concordant dyad patients were more verbally dominant (p Conclusion Communication patterns seem to explain the role of ethnic concordance for continuance in care. Practice implications Improve intercultural communication in cross cultural encounters appears significant for retaining minorities in care.
Characterization and evaluation of DOTA-conjugated Bombesin/RGD-antagonists for prostate cancer tumor imaging and therapy

Abstract Introduction Here we present the metallation, characterization, in vivo and in vitro evaluations of dual-targeting, peptide-based radiopharmaceuticals with utility for imaging and potentially treating prostate tumors by virtue of their ability to target the α V β 3 integrin or the gastrin releasing peptide receptor (GRPr). Methods [RGD-Glu-6Ahx-RM2] (RGD: Arg-Gly-Asp; Glu: glutamic acid; 6-Ahx: 6-amino hexanoic acid; RM2: (D-Phe-Gln-Trp-Ala-Val-Gly-His-Sta-Leu-NH2)) was conjugated to a DOTA (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid) bifunctional chelator (BFCA) purified via reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), characterized by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), and radiolabeled with 111 In or 177 Lu. Natural-metallated compounds were assessed for binding affinity for the α V β 3 integrin or GRPr in human glioblastoma U87-MG and prostate PC-3 cell lines and stability prior to in vivo evaluation in normal CF-1 mice and SCID mice xenografted with PC-3 cells. Results Competitive displacement binding assays with PC-3 and U87-MG cells revealed high to moderate binding affinity for the GRPr or the α V β 3 integrin (IC 50 range of 5.39±1.37 nM to 9.26±0.00 nM in PC-3 cells, and a range of 255±47 nM to 321±85 nM in U87-MG cells). Biodistribution studies indicated high tumor uptake in PC-3 tumor-bearing mice (average of 7.40±0.53% ID/g at 1h post-intravenous injection) and prolonged retention of tracer (mean of 4.41±0.91% ID/g at 24h post-intravenous injection). Blocking assays corroborated the specificity of radioconjugates for each target. Micro-single photon emission computed tomography (microSPECT) confirmed favorable radiouptake profiles in xenografted mice at 20h post-injection. Conclusions [RGD-Glu-[ 111 In-DO3A]-6-Ahx-RM2] and [RGD-Glu-[ 177 Lu- DO3A]-6-Ahx-RM2] show favorable pharmacokinetic and radiouptake profiles, meriting continued evaluation for molecular imaging in murine U87-MG/PC-3 xenograft models and radiotherapy studies with 177 Lu and 90 Y conjugates. Advances in Knowledge and Implications for Patient Care These heterovalent, peptide-targeting ligands perform comparably with many mono- and multivalent conjugates with the potential benefit of increased sensitivity for detecting cancer cells exhibiting differential expression of target receptors.
Parallax correction in collocating CloudSat and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) observations: Method and application to convection study

[1] Parallax is associated with an apparent shift of the position of an object when viewed from different angles. For satellite observations, especially observations with clouds, it affects collocation of measurements from different platforms. In this study, we investigate how the parallax problem affects the collocation of CloudSat and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) observations of tropical convective clouds by examining the impact of parallax correction on statistics of convective cloud properties such as cloud top temperature (CTT) and buoyancy. Previous studies circumvented the parallax problem by imposing a “flat-top” condition on the selection of convective clouds, but it inadvertently biases the statistics toward convections at mature or dissipating stages when convective plumes cease to grow but flatten out to form cirrus anvils. The main findings of this study are the following: (1) Parallax correction reduces CTT of convective clouds; the magnitude of the reduction increases with cloud top height (CTH). (2) Parallax correction also reduces the spread of CTT estimates, making it more closely clustered around the corresponding CTH. (3) The fraction of convection with positive buoyancy decreases after the parallax correction. All these changes that are due to parallax correction are most pronounced for convections above 10–12 km, highlighting the importance of parallax correction in satellite-based study of deep convection. With parallax correction applied, we further examine the contrast in convective cloud buoyancy between land and ocean and day and night and the dependence on convective cloud size; results are consistent with our general understanding of tropical convection.
An Oligonucleotide Inhibits Oligomerization of a Rolling Circle Initiator Protein at the pT181 Origin of Replication

A large number of plasmids have been shown to replicate by a rolling circle (RC) mechanism. The initiators encoded by these plasmids have origin-specific, nicking-closing activity that is required for the initiation and termination of RC replication. Since the initiators of many RC plasmids are rate-limiting for replication, these proteins are usually inactivated after supporting one round of replication. In the case of the pT181 plasmid, inactivation of the initiator RepC protein occurs by the attachment of an oligonucleotide to its active tyrosine residue. We have generated the inactivated form of RepC, termed RepC*, in vitro and investigated the effects of attachment of the oligonucleotide on its various biochemical activities. Our results demonstrate that while RepC* is inactive in nicking-closing and replication activities due to the blockage of its active tyrosine residue, it is competent in origin DNA binding and DNA religation activities. We have investigated the oligomeric state of RepC and RepC* and found that RepC exists as a dimer in solution and can oligomerize on the DNA. We have generated heterodimers in vitro between the wild-type and epitope-tagged RepC proteins. In electrophoretic mobility shift experiments, the initiator heterodimers generated a novel DNA-protein complex, demonstrating that it binds to DNA as a dimer. We have shown that a DNA binding mutant of RepC can be targeted to the origin in the presence of the wild-type protein primarily through a protein-protein interaction. Interestingly, RepC* is defective in its ability to oligomerize on the DNA. RepC* inhibited the DNA binding and replication activity of wild-type RepC to only a very limited extent, suggesting that it may play only a minor regulatory role in replication in vivo. Based on these and earlier results, we propose a model for the role of RepC during the initiation and termination of pT181 RC replication.
Guanine nucleotides distinguish between two dopamine receptors

BEHAVIOURAL1 and neurophysiological2 data suggest the existence of more than one dopamine receptor in the brain3. Differences in drug specificity of the dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase and dopamine receptors labelled by the butyrophenones, 3H-haloperidol or 3H-spiroperidol, indicate that the cyclase and the binding sites may, in part, involve distinct receptors4,5. Lesion studies directly demonstrate the existence of physically distinct dopamine receptors in the corpus striatum6. Kainic acid microinjections, which selectively destroy intrinsic neurones in the corpus striatum, almost totally deplete the dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase while producing only a 40–50% decline in 3H-haloperidol or 3H-spiroperidol binding. Most of the remaining 3H-haloperidol or 3H-spiroperidol binding is lost following cerebral cortex ablation, which removes a major neuronal input to the corpus striatum, indicating that these binding sites are localised to axons and terminals of the cortico-striate projection6. As the dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase is not reduced by cerebral cortex ablation, the cortico-striate dopamine receptors do not seem to be linked to adenylate cyclase. Whether or not the 3H-butyrophenone binding sites destroyed by kainic acid represent the same dopamine receptors as those linked to adenylate cyclase has not been clear. Guanine nucleotides regulate binding at several hormone and neurotransmitter receptors, especially those associated with adenylate cyclase7–13. Previously, we14–16 and others17 showed that dopamine receptor binding of 3H-agonists and 3H-antagonists can be regulated by guanine nucleotides. We now report that kainic acid lesions abolish the sensitivity of dopamine receptor binding to guanine nucleotides. Thus, 3H-spiroperidol and 3H-apomorphine binding sites involve two dopamine receptors, only one of which is regulated by guanine nucleotides.
Measurement of Sea Ice Thickness With Airborne Electromagnetic Equipment

The topography along the ice-water interface can be recovered from airborne electromagnetic data with an iterative inversion scheme. This method is based on a new fast algorithm for solving the forward problem, which can be used to evaluate the electromagnetic scattering by an irregular but highly conductive surface.
Photovoltaic operation of quantum dot quantum cascade detector with low photoconductive gain for midwave infrared photodetection

We demonstrate photovoltaic operation of midwave (MW) quantum dot infrared photodetector (QDIP) with conventional n-i-n geometry, with a quantum cascade design. Quantum dot quantum cascade detector (QD-QCD) provides zero bias operation with responsivity of 10 mA/W and detectivity of 9×109 cm.Hz1/2W-1 at 77 K for f/2 optics. Measured photoconductive gain is below 0.4, which is difficult to obtain with the traditional QDIP architecture, and is highly attractive for focal plane array applications. (© 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Lateral epicondylitis: Open and arthroscopic treatment

Lateral epicondylitis is the most common affliction of the elbow. It occurs in middle-aged individuals and is self-limiting in the majority of cases. The etiology of the condition is not completely understood. Based on clinical, histologic, and imaging data, the tendinous origin of the extensor carpi radialis brevis is the most likely site of pathology. A variety of procedures have been described to treat epicondylitis. Most commonly, the extensor carpi radialis brevis tendon origin is debrided with either open or arthroscopic methods. Both techniques require a thorough understanding of the anatomy of the extensor tendon origin at the humeral epicondyle. Improvement is reported in the majority of cases treated surgically, although residual symptoms persist in a substantial number of patients. Copyright © 2001 by the American Society for Surgery of the Hand
Preoperative assessment and preparation for mandible reconstruction

Most patients with segmental mandibulectomy defects caused by cancer resection, traumatic injury, and congenital abnormalities are suitable candidates for mandibular reconstruction. Reconstructive goals are to provide bone and soft tissue, bone continuity for primary healing, normal upper aerodigestive tract function, and acceptable form. A multidisciplinary team approach is important to avoid the late effects of scar contracture. Immediate reconstruction is preferred whenever possible. Preoperative planning must focus on the pathologic process, anticipated nature and extent of the defect, baseline upper aerodigestive tract function and anatomy, prior therapies, medical comorbidity, and donor site availability. Protection of airway and maintenance of nutrition are important preoperative considerations. A two-team approach to resection and reconstructive operative sites is ideal. In postoncologic reconstructions, adequate clearance of the tumor should be meticulously assessed before flap inset. Management of the residual mandible and maintenance of intramaxillary relationships and occlusion is facilitated by intermaxillary stabilization techniques. In most cases, microvascular composite free tissue transfer is the reconstructive technique of choice. The availability and quality of recipient vessels must be carefully considered when planning vascularized free tissue transfers.
An analysis of high birefringence fibers

A fiber is birefringent if it has a non-circular core and/or cladding, or is subjected to anisotropic stress. As a result of anisotropic stress, the fibers become biaxial. In this work, a theoretical study on the fields and dispersion of polarization modes in biaxial fibers is presented. The analysis is based on a perturbation method. In particular, the inclusion or exclusion of a term is determined by the differential equations, the boundary conditions and the symmetry of the problem, and does not rely on the prior knowledge of the fields in the fibers. The dependence of the fiber birefringence on the index difference and index anisotropy are determined. With the fields known, the excitation of high birefringent fibers can be analyzed. Methods for studying these excitation problems are indicated and some of the results are presented.
Ozone induced alterations in phenol red absorption from the rat lung.

Abstract The effect of inhaled ozone (O 3 ) on the integrity of lung transport processes for phenol red has been determined. Phenol red (1, 10, or 100 μmol) was applied intratracheally to rat lungs in vivo and in an isolated lung preparation. In both test systems the rates of removal were found to be similar and to compare favorably with reported values. Animals exposed to O 3 for 24 h demonstrated loss of carrier-mediated transport for this ion. The effect was also found to be related to the concentration of O 3 . These results indicate that the carrier-mediated component of phenol red removal from the airways of the lung may be used as a marker for pulmonary membrane damage resulting from the inhalation of atmospheric toxicants.
Dexmedetomidine and Pulmonary Hypertension: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Given its favorable effects on respiratory and hemodynamic function, dexmedetomidine remains a commonly used agent for procedural sedation in various scenarios in infants and children. Procedural sedation may be particularly problematic in patients with co-morbid conditions such as pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). To date, there are limited data regarding the administration of dexmedetomidine in the setting of PAH. We report the use of dexmedetomidine at part of a sedative regimen for procedural sedation during incision and drainage of an abscess and bone marrow biopsy in an adolescent with PAH. Previous reports regarding the use of dexmedetomidine in patients with PAH are reviewed and its applications in this scenario are discussed. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4021/jmc1279w
Unilateral pleasure-center stimulation in split-brain cats.

Abstract Unilateral bipolar stimulation at seven positively reinforcing sites ranging from the ventral mesencephalic reticular formation to the preoptic region, in five split-brain cats, was shown to reinforce pattern discrimination learning in both hemispheres. The training method used permitted simultaneous presentation of discriminanda to both hemispheres of the split-brain animal. The separated hemispheres were subsequently tested individually for establishment of learning, and it was found that learning had occurred in both hemispheres, in most cases. Monocular training showed reinforcement of behavior can be produced in both hemispheres at every electrode site tested. It is concluded that unilateral pleasure-center stimulation may exert a bilateral central effect via direct and crossed projections from the brain stem.
A framework for transforming structured analysis and design artifacts to UML

The Unified Modeling Language (UML) has become the de facto standard for modeling the architecture and behavior of an object-oriented software system. However, many legacy systems have been documented using non-object structured analysis and structured design. This paper proposes a framework to convert a data flow diagram and an entity relationship diagram into UML artifact, including a use case diagram, sequence diagrams, and a class diagram. The new UML model can be used by analysts or computer aided software engineering tools to implement new object-oriented system. The set of rules for transformation is tested on a structured analysis and design example
Adaptive image watermarking based on a dynamic fuzzy inference system

In this paper, a novel image watermarking algorithm is introduced that consists of an adaptive watermarking algorithm based on the human visual system (HVS) model and a dynamic fuzzy inference system (DFIS). This scheme relies on the DFIS to extract the human eye sensitivity knowledge using the HVS model. The DFIS and the HVS combined are used to adjust and select the appropriate watermark strength for each pixel in an image. The main goal of the algorithm is to provide a more robust and imperceptible watermark. The aforementioned has been implemented and tested under various attacks including image compression, cropping, and additive noise distortion. The results achieved demonstrate that the watermark can survive these attacks while remaining imperceptible. The primary contribution of this adaptive watermarking scheme is introducing the DFIS to extract with good precision the image characteristics by means of the HVS model
Expression of genes encoding antimicrobial proteins and members of the toll‐like receptor/nuclear factor‐κB pathways in engineered human skin

Skin functions as a first line of defense against microbial invasion. Tissue-engineered cultured skin substitutes (CSS) are used to aid wound closure in massively burned patients, and have been used to facilitate safe and effective wound closure in adult patients with chronic wounds. Although they contain only two cell types at grafting, they can potentially contribute to innate defense against pathogens and stimulation of adaptive immunity. Gene microarrays were used to identify expression in cultured skin of genes involved in innate and adaptive immune responses, and to evaluate the effects of cytokine stimulation on expression levels. Cultured skin expressed multiple antimicrobial protein genes, including human beta defensins 1 and 2 and S100A12. In addition, the antiviral gene APOBEC3G, which was not previously identified in skin, was expressed in CSS and up-regulated by interleukin-1alpha and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Cathelicidin was not expressed in unstimulated CSS, but was induced by cytokine treatment. Further, genes encoding several proinflammatory cytokines and members of the toll-like receptor and nuclear factor kappa B pathways were expressed in CSS, suggesting that cells in CSS can mediate activation of inflammatory responses. The observed expression patterns indicate that engineered human skin utilizes innate defense mechanisms similar to those reported for native skin. Therefore, regulation of these pathways by cytokine stimulation may offer a mechanism for increasing innate immunity in CSS to combat wound infection after grafting onto patients.
Usage patterns of collaborative tagging systems

Collaborative tagging describes the process by which many users add metadata in the form of keywords to shared content. Recently, collaborative tagging has grown in popularity on the web, on sites that allow users to tag bookmarks, photographs and other content. In this paper we analyze the structure of collaborative tagging systems as well as their dynamic aspects. Specifically, we discovered regularities in user activity, tag frequencies, kinds of tags used, bursts of popularity in bookmarking and a remarkable stability in the relative proportions of tags within a given URL. We also present a dynamic model of collaborative tagging that predicts these stable patterns and relates them to imitation and shared knowledge.
Temperature and Current Distribution in Thin‐Film Batteries

For electric-vehicle and hybrid-vehicle applications, it is expedient to determine what factors are likely to limit battery performance and determine cell designs that optimize operation for a particular application. This paper provides a derivation of the governing equations and an analytic solution useful for thin-film battery design. Specifically, differential equations consistent with a two-dimensional representation of a thin-film battery are developed based on the underlying physical chemistry. A perturbation approach is used to derive a simpler set of governing equations, and associated analytic solutions for cell energy, power, and thermal characteristics are constructed. The analytic solution of this work assumes a secondary current distribution and linear kinetics for the porous electrodes; the associated system of model equations is thus linear. These assumptions should be valid for short times after the start of charging or discharging from a quiescent state.
Comparing reordering constraints for SMT using efficient Bleu oracle computation

This paper describes a new method to compare reordering constraints for Statistical Machine Translation. We investigate the best possible (oracle) Bleu score achievable under different reordering constraints. Using dynamic programming, we efficiently find a reordering that approximates the highest attainable Bleu score given a reference and a set of reordering constraints. We present an empirical evaluation of popular reordering constraints: local constraints, the IBM constraints, and the Inversion Transduction Grammar (ITG) constraints. We present results for a German-English translation task and show that reordering under the ITG constraints can improve over the baseline by more than 7.5 Bleu points.
MATH HABITUS, THE STRUCTURING OF MATHEMATICAL CLASSROOM PRACTICES, AND POSSIBILITIES FOR TRANSFORMATION

In this paper, I discuss the social philosopher Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of habitus, and use it to locate and examine dispositions in a larger constellation of related concepts, exploring their dynamic relationship within the social context, and their construction, manifestation, and function in relation to classroom mathematics practices. I describe the main characteristics of habitus that account for its invisible effects: its embodiment, its deep and pre-reflective internalization as schemata, orientation, and taste that are learned and yet unthought, and are subsumed by our practices, which we understand as something that “goes without saying.” I also propose that, similarly to Bourdieu’s concept of linguistic habitus, a math habitus is made up of a complex intertwining of collective and individual histories that turn into “nature,” which structure all individual and collective action and inform mathematical classroom practice. I suggest that individual math dispositions may be liable to reconstruction through the reconstruction of the collective math habitus, which follows from opening spaces for dialogue, problematization and reconstruction of the unthought categories of the doxa. This requires that students acquire new concrete and symbolic means with which to challenge their current sense of mathematics as a discipline, and mathematical practice tout court. Finally, I argue that community of inquiry, employed as a pedagogical model, provides an avenue for both: for opening those spaces for reflective dialogical inquiry into concepts and questions whose meanings and references have so far been taken for granted, and for acquiring critical thinking and dialogical skills and dispositions that are a necessary means for participating in such reflective inquiry that offers significant promise for reconstructing individual and collective habitus in school settings.
THE COLORS OF FIREFLY BIOLUMINESCENCE—I. OPTIMIZATION MODEL

— A model is developed for the optimization of signal-to-noise ratio for the detection of bioluminescence by fireflies during twilight. The relative degree of optimization is derived in terms of a dimensionless ratio, a biologically effective adaptation. The numerical values of this adaptation can be used to predict the sequence of adaptations of both visual spectral sensitivities and bioluminescence spectral emissions that result in the range of colors of bioluminescence of fireflics from green through yellow. It is shown that a narrowing of visual spectral sensitivity via a screening pigment pathway in order to discriminate against green ambient light is more efficient than a shift in visual spectral sensitivity via change in the opsin photoprotein. The model predicts that the range of wavelengths for the peak intensities of bioluminescence for North American fireflies should be between 550 and 580 nm and provides the physical basis for the observations that in general dark-active firefly species cmit green bioluminescence and twilight-active firefly species emit yellow bioluminescence.
FROM SOCIALIZATION TO CO-DETERMINATION: THE US, BRITAIN, GERMANY, AND PUBLIC OWNERSHIP IN THE RUHR, 1945–1951

The failure of the socialization of heavy industry in West Germany following the Second World War has often been ascribed to American reluctance to allow meaningful social reform in the face of an intensifying Cold War. But a closer look at the socialization issue during the latter half of the 1940s demonstrates the enormous complexity of transforming Germany's heavy industry. First, the British, who originally advocated socialization, i.e. the public ownership of heavy industry, had done so on security grounds. But when trying to reach out to ‘democratic’ Germans, such as social democrats and left wing members of the Christian democratic union, the British realized the difficulty of cultivating a meaningful consensus within western Germany concerning the fate of heavy industry. In the end, they therefore acceded to American arguments that socialization of such important industries should wait until the creation of a central German government. But once a central German government existed from 1949, socialization did not take place. The chief reason for this was that West German social democrats had already concluded in 1947 that American ‘domination’ of western Germany meant the stifling of social reform. They therefore ceded leadership over German affairs to a Christian democratic union decidedly more favourable to free enterprise. Instead, the social democrats and their trade union allies concentrated their efforts at social reform in the introduction and institutionalization of management–labour co-determination.
Social Capital Activation and Job Searching: Embedding the Use of Weak Ties in the American Institutional Context

By comparing job seekers’ use of weak ties in Israel and the United States, this article shows that Granovetter’s canonical findings are rooted in the particular institutional context of the American white-collar labor market. Drawing on in-depth interviews with three distinct groups of white-collar job seekers: Americans searching in the United States, Israelis searching in Israel, and Israelis searching in the United States, this article untangles cultural and institutional factors underlying the use of weak ties and shows how labor market institutions and processes of hiring shape systematic variations in job seekers’ utilization of weak ties.
Potentiation of the Effect of Bradykinin

In previous reports we have demonstrated that certain naturally occurring polypeptides released during the thrombin catalyzed conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin could markedly potentiate the contraction of smooth muscle induced by bradykinin (Gladner et al., 1963; Osbahr et al., 1963; Laki and Gladner, 1964). This critical stage of blood coagulation is illustrated in Fig. 1, of which only the first line need be of interest to this discussion. In every species where this reaction has been studied to date (Laki and Gladner, 1964) the action of thrombin has always resulted in the release of two major acidic peptides, A and B (sometimes referred to as fibrinopeptides or cofibrin). This paper proposes to extend and expand some of the previous work as well as to include some of our more recent findings.
QLMOR: a new projection-based approach for nonlinear model order reduction

We present a new projection-based nonlinear model order reduction method, named QLMOR (MOR via quadratic-linear systems). QL-MOR employs two novel ideas: (1) we show that DAEs (differential-algebraic equations) with many commonly-encountered nonlinear kernels can be re-written equivalently into a special format, QL-DAEs (quadratic-linear differential algebraic equations, i.e., DAEs that are quadratic in their state variables and linear in their inputs); (2) we adapt the moment-matching reduction technique of NORM[1] to reduce these QLDAEs into QLDAEs of much smaller size. Because of the generality of the QLDAE form, QLMOR has significantly broader applicability than Taylor-expansion based methods [2, 3, 1]. Importantly, QLMOR, unlike NORM, totally avoids explicit moment calculations (AiB terms), hence it has improved numerical stability properties as well. Because the reduced model has only quadratic nonlinearities (i.e., no cubic and higher-order terms), its computational complexity is less than that of similar prior methods[2, 3, 1]. We also prove that QLMOR-reduced models preserve local passivity, and provide an upper bound on the size of the QLDAEs derived from a polynomial system. We compare QLMOR against prior methods [2, 3, 1] on a circuit and a biochemical reaction-like system, and demonstrate that QLMOR-reduced models retain accuracy over a significantly wider range of excitation than Taylor-expansion based methods [2, 3, 1]. Indeed, QLMOR is able to reduce systems that Taylor-expansion based methods fail to reduce due to passivity loss and impracti-cally high computational costs. QLMOR therefore demonstrates that Volterra-kernel based nonlinear MOR techniques can in fact have far broader applicability than previously suspected, possibly being competitive with trajectory-based methods (e.g., TPWL [4]) and nonlinear-projection based methods (e.g., maniMOR [5]).
Pediatric fever and leg pain.

*Division of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, †Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, and ‡Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Reprint Address: David F. M. Brown, MD, Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Founders 114, Boston, MA 02114
Conclusions and Final Observations

This book’s survey of what economists have written about immigration concludes that neither the theoretical models nor their supporting evidence provide accurate information on which to base efficient immigration policies. To develop more accurate models and more accurately test those models, economists \must take a broader, holistic view of immigration. Immigration is a complex and dynamic process that cannot be captured in a partial equilibrium static model. Even with a better understanding of the economics of immigration, however, it is not clear that policymakers will embrace more efficient internationally-coordinated immigration policies.
Genetic evidence that the Vibrio cholerae monolayer is a distinct stage in biofilm development

Biofilm development is conceived as a developmental process in which free swimming cells attach to a surface, first transiently and then permanently, as a single layer. This monolayer of immobilized cells gives rise to larger cell clusters that eventually develop into the biofilm, a three-dimensional structure consisting of large pillars of bacteria interspersed with water channels. Previous studies have shown that efficient development of the Vibrio cholerae biofilm requires a combination of pili, flagella and exopolysaccharide. Little is known, however, regarding the requirements for monolayer formation by wild-type V. cholerae. In this work, we have isolated the wild-type V. cholerae monolayer and demonstrated that the environmental signals, bacterial structures, and transcription profiles that induce and stabilize the monolayer state are unique. Cells in a monolayer are specialized to maintain their attachment to a surface. The surface itself activates mannose-sensitive haemagglutinin type IV pilus (MSHA)-mediated attachment, which is accompanied by repression of flagellar gene transcription. In contrast, cells in a biofilm are specialized to maintain intercellular contacts. Progression to this stage occurs when exopolysaccharide synthesis is induced by environmental monosaccharides. We propose a model for biofilm development in natural environments in which cells form a stable monolayer on a surface. As biotic surfaces are degraded with subsequent release of carbohydrates, the monolayer develops into a biofilm.
Optimal rectangle packing: new results

We present new results on the problem of finding an enclosing rectangle of minimum area that will contain a given a set of rectangles. Many simple scheduling tasks can be modelled by this NP-complete problem. We present a new lower bound on the amount of wasted space in a partial solution, a new dominance condition that prunes many partial solutions, and extend our algorithms to packing unoriented rectangles. For our experiments, we consider the set of squares of size 1x1, 2x2,...,NxN, and find the smallest rectangle that can contain them for a given value of N. While previously we solved this problem up to N=22, we extend this to N=25. Overall, our new program is over an order of magnitude faster than our previous program running on the same machine. We also show that for the larger problems, our optimal algorithm is faster than one that finds the best slicing solution, a popular approximation algorithm. In addition, we solve an open problem dating to 1966, concerning packing the set of consecutive squares up to 24x24 in a square of size 70x70.
RI clinicians share timely reviews in nephrology.

Much has changed since the launching in the US of the EndStage Renal Disease (ESRD) Program under Medicare on July 1, 1973, a unique entitlement program based solely on the presence of a clinical condition. Dialysis, initially a privilege for a select few, has exploded since then to become a multibillion dollar industry today, with over 600,000 patients on dialysis in the US, and over 1.6 million worldwide. The first patient on chronic hemodialysis was 39-yearold American Clyde Shields who had glomerulonephritis; he survived for 11 years. Today, the elderly population has the fastest growing ESRD rate, with often a large burden of comorbidities and very high mortality rates. Close to half of patients older than 75 years of age have some degree of chronic kidney disease (CKD), many of whom are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease and death. It is then very timely that this year’s theme for World Kidney Day, which occurred on March 13, 2014, was “CKD and aging.” On the other end of the age spectrum, the obesity epidemic has led to an increase in the rate of hypertension in the pediatric population. The metabolic syndrome/obesity epidemic is also likely responsible for the dramatic increase in nephrolithiasis rate. Previously largely regarded as a benign condition, nephrolithiasis is associated with huge costs of care and increased risk of acute kidney injury and CKD.
New daunorubicin analogs. 3-Amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-alpha- and beta-D-arabino- and 3,6-diamino-2,3,6-trideoxy- alpha-D-ribo-hexopyranosides of daunomycinone.

Glycosidation of 2, 3, 6-trideoxy-3-trifluoroacclamido-4-O-tritluoroacetyl-α-D-arabino-hexopyranosyl chloride (19) (or the corresponding 4-p-nitrobenzoate, 20) with daunomycinone under KOENIGS-KNORR conditions afforded, after separation of the anomers and removal of the protecting groups, the individual target glycosides 8 (α anomer; major product) and 9 (β; minor) in acceptable yields. In contrast, the title diamino sugar, suitably protected with N-trifluoroacetyl and O-acetyl (or O-p-nitrobenzoyl) groups, underwent stereospecific coupling to the anthracycline aglycon by the glycal procedure to give, after deprotection, the α glycoside 12. All three analogs were assayed in vivo against P388 lymphocytic leukemia. They showed little (T/C 125 for 8; T/C 115 for 9) or no (compound 12) activity, but were essentially devoid of toxicity at the dose-levels tested.
Religious Media Use Among African Americans, Black Caribbeans, and Non-Hispanic Whites

The purpose of this study was to examine the correlates of watching religious television programs and listening to religious radio programs. Data are taken from the National Survey of American Life, a nationally representative study of African Americans, Black Caribbeans, and non-Hispanic Whites. Several significant findings were noted. Both African Americans and Black Caribbeans watched religious television programs and listened to religious radio programs significantly more frequently than non-Hispanic whites. These differences in electronic religious media consumption were particularly large, especially listening to religious radio programming. Among African Americans and Black Caribbeans, several significant demographic differences in frequency of consuming religious programming (e.g., age, gender, region, marital status, immigration status) emerged. Lastly, our analysis found that consuming electronic religious programming did not substitute for attending church service but, instead, complemented weekly service attendance.
EFFECT OF THYROXINE, HYDROCORTISONE AND GROWTH HORMONE ON FOOD INTAKE IN RATS.

SummaryThe mean daily food intake of female Sprague-Dawley-Rolfsmeyer rats weighing 200 to 270g was determined during 6-day periods. Then Na L-thyroxine (T4), hydrocortisone acetate (HCA) and growth hormone (GH) were administered separately and together to determine their influence on food consumption. T4 had a non-significant effect, HCA induced a significant increase of 6.32%, whereas GH increased total food intake slightly but based on a 24 g increase in bw, the food intake/100 g bw was reduced 4.02%. The combination of 2 or 3 hormones in all cases depressed food consumption/100 g bw.
Monitoring and control effect of malaria in Yinzhou District of Ningbo from 1950 to 2010

Objective To summarize the epidemic status of malaria and the experience of malaria control in Yinzhou district between 1950 and 2010,to evaluate the effect of malaria prevention and control,and to discuss the feasibility of malaria elimination.Methods On a review of malaria control process,this paper summarized the controlling measures applied for the control of malaria epidemic.Results The P.vivax was highly epidemic before 1970s,and the incidence since 1979 was under 1 per 10 000.In 1987 we reached the standard that malaria is basically eliminated and came into the monitoring phase.From 2006 to 2009,the number of import infected malariea case is increasing,but secondary cases were not found.The incidence of malaria was under 1 per 100 000 in 2010.The controlling prosess could be divided into four stages including focus on the investigation and study on the prevention pilot,disease control,reduction of the incidence and consolidation,with appropriate control measures for each stage.Conclusion In the past 61 years,rich experience in malaria control has been obtained in Yinzhou district,which has laid the foundation for the elimination of malaria.When these points,including health education for the floating population,efforts to improve the quality and skill to prevent malaria,collaboration among more departments,in-time elimination of sources of infection,are really done,our aim of malaria elimination in 2016 is achievable.
Does Trade Liberalisation Hurt Nigeria's Manufacturing Sector?

This study examines the role of trade liberalization in the growth of manufacturing output in Nigeria, focusing on the short to medium term period while not ignoring the very important long term on which most studies have focused. Data for the period 1980 to 2013 were obtained from CBN and WDI, with which parameter estimates were extracted for the short to medium term using the error correction mechanism. Trade liberalization was found to hurt manufacturing output in the short run although it showed a real potential to boost it in the long term. An overhaul of competition policy was recommended with a view to establishing Neutral Status in manufacturing export trade.