cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stability of immunoblot profile of anti-SSA/Ro-SSB/La antibodies over time in mothers whose children have neonatal lupus:

Neonatal lupus is strongly associated with antibodies reactive with SSA/Ro-SSB/La pro teins, independent of maternal disease activity or classification. We sought to determine whether the fine specificity of antibody profiles remains stable or evolves over time and whether these findings relate to clinical status. Sera from 23 mothers whose children had neonatal lupus (22 heart block, one skin) were evaluated by SDS-immunoblot. For each mother two samples were available at least 13 months apart; the mean duration of time between testing was 45 months ± 27 S.D. (range 13-108 months). Twenty-two of the 23 initial profiles were identical to the results obtained in a later sample. The health status of seven (30%) of 23 mothers changed after the birth of the affected infant but the immunoblot specificity of the antibodies remained unchanged. SLE was the initial and final diagnosis in the only mother whose profiles differed, with development of weak reactivity to 48 kD SSB/La in addition to the 52 kD SSA/Ro aft...
Enzymatic oxidation of p-nitrophenol

Abstract A Moraxella sp. capable of growth with p-nitrophenol was isolated from activated sludge. Differential centrifugation of crude cell extracts gave a membrane preparation that oxidized p-nitrophenol to hydroquinone and nitrite. Enzymatic activity was dependent on the presence of oxygen and reduced pyridine nucleotides and was stimulated by the addition of flavin adenine dinucleotide. Experiments with 18O2 showed that the incoming hydroxyl group was derived from molecular oxygen. The soluble fraction prepared from crude cell extracts oxidized hydroquinone to a product whose spectral properties were identical to those reported for γ-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde.
Dynamic expression of a native chondroitin sulfate epitope reveals microheterogeneity of extracellular matrix organization in the embryonic chick heart.

Department of Rheumatology (SH), Medical University of South Carolina,Charleston, South Carolina 29425ABSTRACTTC2 is a novel monoclonal antibody produced by in vitro immunization ofsplenocytes with a peanut agglutinin-positive fraction from extracts of prechon-drogenic micromass cultures of chick limb mesenchyme. ELISA results demon-strated TC2 reactivity with a native epitope on a glycosaminoglycan (GAG)enriched in chondroitin-4-sulfate and with multiple intact proteoglycans, but notwith other GAGs tested. TC2 immunohistochemical reactivity was abolished bypretreatmentofsectionswithchondroitinaseACorpreadsorptionwithchondroi-tin-4-sulfate GAG. Strong TC2 localization occurred throughout the developingheartatstage9.Asloopingensued,agradedreactivitywasobservedfromlowestin the atrium to highest in the conotruncus that correlated well with versicanlocalization. The superior atrioventricular cushion stained preferentially withTC2 as compared to the inferior cushion at stages 16–18. At these later stagesTC2 patterns did not agree completely with anti-versican reactivity. By stage 23there was a marked reduction in TC2 localization in the heart, however, strongreactivityremainedatcertainsites,includingtheconotruncusandinsubcompart-ments of both atrioventricular cushions. A heterogeneous distribution of othernative chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycan epitopes recognized by monoclonalantibodies d1C4 and CS-56 was observed as well. The distribution of the TC2epitope usually did not overlap with d1C4 or CS-56 localization at the stagesexamined. Overall, the spatiotemporal characteristics of TC2 reactivity in thedeveloping chick heart appear to correlate with subdomains of the endocardialcushions as well as with trabecular and atrial septal formation. Anat Rec254:181–195, 1999.
Nanofabrication of Double-Gyroid Thin Films

Nanoporous silica films with the double-gyroid structure offer tremendous technological potential for sensors and separations because of their high surface area and potentially facile transport properties. Further, metals and semiconductors with similar structure open up new opportunities for high-surface-area electrodes, photoelectrochemical devices, photovoltaics, and thermoelectrics. Here, we report a new robust synthesis of highly ordered nanoporous silica films with the double-gyroid structure by evaporation-induced self-assembly (EISA) at room temperature and laboratory humidity using a commercially available EO17−PO12−C14 surfactant. The continuous nanoporous films are synthesized on conducting electrodes. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is then used to quantitatively measure the accessible surface area of the underlying electrode via transport through the pore system. It is found that the double-gyroid-structure silica films expose a much higher fraction of the electrode than other commonly...
Longitudinal Changes in the Accuracy of New Group Members' In-Group and Out-Group Stereotypes

The accuracy of sorority members' in-group and out-group stereotypes was examined during their 1st year of membership by comparing their perceptions of group stereotypicality and dispersion with full members' aggregated self-ratings. Participants more accurately judged in-group than out-group stereotypicality at every wave. Although stereotypicality overestimation decreased over time, the in-group/out-group difference did not change. In contrast, participants initially underestimated in-group more than out-group dispersion, but in-group judgments became more accurate, whereas out-group judgments became less accurate over time. Further, although participants judged the groups to be less variable and more negative over time, within-subject sensitivity correlations indicated increasing accuracy. The implications of these results for stereotype development and accuracy are discussed.
Effect of various chemical agents for the inhibition of Sphaerotilus natans in paper mill process water

Abstract In order to effectively control slime production in paper plants and other major water consuming industries, the efficacy of selected chemical compounds as inhibitors of growth of Sphaerotilus natans was investigated. It was determined that a few products were effective against Sp. natans in paper mill process water (80°F). These are listed in the following order of decreasing effectiveness: chlorine, Busan 90, chlorine dioxide and Slimacide V-10. In vitro studies can suggest those chemicals which may be useful; however, the choice of inhibitors depends largely on the individual plant, i.e., the mill processes' capacity to tolerate the concentration, contact time or cost of the specific chemical.
Intermittency Based Unsteady Boundary Layer Transition Modeling: Implementation Into Navier-Stokes Equations

This paper presents recent advances in boundary layer research that deal with an intermittency based unsteady boundary layer transition model and its implementation into the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations (RANS). RANS equations are conditioned to include the ensemble averaged unsteady intermittency function. The unsteady boundary layer transition model is based on a universal unsteady intermittency function developed earlier. It accounts for the effects of periodic unsteady wake flow on the boundary layer transition. The transition model is the result of an inductive approach analyzing the unsteady data obtained by experiments on a curved plate at zero-streamwise pressure gradient under periodic unsteady wake flow. To validate this model, systematic experimental investigations were conducted on the suction and pressure surfaces of turbine blades that were integrated into a turbine cascade test facility, which was designed for unsteady boundary layer investigations. This model is implemented into the above mentioned conditioned RANS-equations and calculation results are presented.© 2005 ASME
Concentration additivity of coefficients for maxillofacial elastomer pigmented to skin colors

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study is to determine a regression model which performs accurately for predicting Kubelka–Munk (K–M) absorption ( K ) and scattering ( S ) coefficients of pigment mixtures in maxillofacial elastomer (MFE). Methods Specimens at varying thicknesses of 19 shades of skin-colored MFE were made incorporating tan, red, yellow and black pigments. Using a non-contact 45°/0° spectral reflectance system, reflectance values were obtained and fit by non-linear regression to corrected K–M theory to determine observed K and S values. Predicted values were calculated using: first order linear regression model (M 1 ), second order square-factor model (M 2S ), second order interaction-factor model (M 2I ) and complete second order model (M 2C ). Errors between observed and predicted values for each model at each wavelength studied are evaluated. Differences in color and the Translucency Parameter (TP) at a thickness of 1.5 mm based on CIE2000 color difference formula between observed and predicted values were also analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA ( α = 0.05). Results M 2C shows less absolute differences in color and TP (1.5 mm) than those for the M 1 and M 2S models ( P Significance Within limitations of this study, the complete second order regression model performs accurately in concentration additivity of pigmented maxillofacial elastomer mixture. This regression model is recommended as a viable alternative in the application of colorant formulation based on corrected K–M model for improving appearance match of pigmented maxillofacial prosthesis to human skin.
Mutagenicity studies of selected antihistamines, their metabolites and products of nitrosation

Methapyrilene, four structurally related antihistamines, three metabolites of methapyrilene and two products of the reaction of methapyrilene with nitrite were all tested for mutagenicity to Salmonella typhimurium. The two products of the methapyrilene-nitrite reaction have also been identified as metabolites of methapyrilene. None was mutagenic alone, either with or without rat liver S-9 activation. After reaction with sodium nitrite in acetic acid solution (nitrosation), the products of five of the ten compounds were mutagenic. These compounds were methaphenilene, 2-thiophenemethanol, 2-thiophenecarboxylic acid, N-(2-pyridyl)-N′N′-dimethylethylenediamine and N-(2-thenylmethyl)-2-aminopyridine.
Cortical regions involved in visual texture perception: a fMRI study.

To determine visual areas of the human brain involved in elementary form processing, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to measure regional responses to two types of achromatic textures. Healthy young adults were presented with 'random' textures which lacked spatial organization of the black and white pixels that make up the image, and 'correlated' textures in which the pixels were ordered to produce extended contours and rectangular blocks at multiple spatial scales. Relative to a fixation condition, random texture stimulation resulted in increased signal intensity primarily in the striate cortex, with slight involvement of the cuneus and middle occipital, lingual and fusiform gyri. Correlated texture stimulation also resulted in activation of these areas, yet the regional extent of this activation was significantly greater than that produced by random textures. Unlike random stimulation, correlated stimulation additionally resulted in middle temporal activation. Direct comparison of the two stimulation conditions revealed significant differences most consistently in the anterior fusiform gyrus, but also in striate, middle occipital, lingual and posterior temporal regions in subjects with robust activation patterns. While both random and correlated stimulation produced activation in similar areas of the occipital lobe, the increase in regional activation during the correlated condition suggests increased recruitment of neuronal populations occurs in response to textures containing visually salient features. This increased recruitment occurs within striate, extrastriate and temporal regions of the brain, also suggesting the presence of receptive field mechanisms in the ventral visual pathway that are sensitive to features produced by higher-order spatial correlations.
LISA time-delay interferometry zero-signal solution: Geometrical properties

Time-delay interferometry (TDI) is the data processing technique needed for generating interferometric combinations of data measured by the multiple Doppler readouts available onboard the three Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) spacecraft. Within the space of all possible interferometric combinations TDI can generate, we have derived a specific combination that has zero response to the gravitational wave signal, and called it the zero-signal solution (ZSS). This is a two-parameter family of linear combinations of the generators of the TDI space, and its response to a gravitational wave becomes null when these two parameters coincide with the values of the angles of the source location in the sky. Remarkably, the ZSS does not rely on any assumptions about the gravitational waveform, and in fact it works for waveforms of any kind. Our approach is analogous to the data analysis method introduced by Guersel and Tinto in the context of networks of Earth-based, wideband, interferometric gravitational wave detectors observing in coincidence a gravitational wave burst. The ZSS should be regarded as an application of the Guersel and Tinto method to the LISA data.
Relativistic plane-wave impulse approximation for nuclear inelastic scattering of protons and electrons

We establish the general form of inelastic scattering amplitudes based on invariance principles and derive simple relations between these amplitudes and spin-transfer observables. We then examine a plane-wave relativistic impulse approximation for (p,p') which is a simple extension of the relativistic impulse approximation for elastic scattering. We show under what approximations this amplitude reduces to the standard (nonrelativistic) impulse approximation and then examine the novel features of the free relativistic impulse approximation which results from less restrictive assumptions. We also derive free relativistic impulse approximation inelastic electron scattering form factors and then use our (p,p') and (e,e') formulations to extract nuclear structure information for the first two ${1}^{+}$ levels in $^{12}\mathrm{C}$. We consider possible experimental signatures of the strong scalar and timelike vector potentials of modern relativistic theories.
CYBERNETICS AND GENERAL SYSTEMS—A UNITARY SCIENCE?

After considering some ideas propounded in the nineteenth century and the early part of the twentieth century, the author discusses the concepts of “cybernetyka,” “tektology” and “holism.” Particular attention is paid to the ideas of Trentowski in respect of cybernetics. The problem of tektology is then studied in detail as enunciated by Bogdanov. This is followed by an analysis of holism based on Smuts' ideas. In the epilogue the author combines all these ideas and shows how cybernetics and general systems may become unitary.
Statistical data in machine-readable form from International, intergovernmental organizations

Abstract The need for increased public access to statistical data in machine-readable form compiled by international, intergovernmental organizations is discussed. The current tape sales programs of the major IGOs are described.
Structure and magnetization of (100) FeCr and FeV films deposited on Pd/Cu/Si(100)

Abstract (100) oriented FeCr and FeV films, 1000 A thick, have been deposited on (100)Si using (100)Pd/Cu seed layers. Three compositions are made for each alloy, 75/25, 50/50 and 25/75, all show lattice spacings corresponding to a body-centered cubic structure. Magnetic measurement shows composition dependent magnetization: both FeCr and FeV with compositions of 75/25 and 50/50 are ferromagnetic, but not the ones with the composition of 25/75. In-plane magnetization along different crystalline axes shows the same crystalline anistropy as that of bulk Fe crystal for both 75/25 structures, with a higher magnetization along the [100] edge than the [110] one. For the 50/50 structures, the [100] edge shows a smaller magnetization at low fields than the [110] one, but exceeds the latter at higher field. The measured magnetizations are less than those from linearly diluted Fe lattices. The correlation between the structures and magnetic properties is discussed.
Does word training increase or decrease interference in a Stroop task

Abstract First and second graders (6- and 7-year-olds) practiced reading 20 words. Before and after word training, they named pictures printed with and without these words as distractors. Of interest was whether training would enhance or diminish the interference created by these words in the picture-naming task. Results indicated that children who learned to recognize unfamiliar distractor words more accurately suffered more interference after training. In contrast, children who were already familiar with the words and learned to recognize them faster experienced less interference following training. Results are interpreted as supporting LaBerge and Samuels' model of automatic word processing. Effects of accuracy training are attributed to the elimination of attention as a requirement for processing distractor words. Effects of speed training are attributed to a reduction in the time consumed by distractor words in the central processor.
An introduction to fly: a smaller smalltalk

Fly is a lightweight version of the Smalltalk programming environment. Fly attempts to preserve the benefits of Smalltalk as a development system while making it feasible to develop applications for embedded systems, PDAs, and other limited resource environments. Here we introduce the Fly project and its current and expected results.
Spatial Reconfigurations, Imagined Geographies, and Social Conflicts in Cartagena, Colombia

This essay looks at struggles for control over space in the context of recent economic changes in Cartagena, Colombia, focusing on how the construction of space is central to claims of identity and relations of inequality. I begin by examining the spatial reorganization of ruling class power, that is, how the ruling class has built, regulated, and endowed urban space with meaning. I argue that this reorganization must be understood in the context of Cartagena's shifting place in the international political economy. My analysis then shifts to popular-class responses to these developments: how poor people use available spaces to their advantage, occupying them, loading them with oppositional meanings, stretching their borders in novel ways. One important way that popular-class people create meanings is by drawing on images of extranational territory-namely Africa-that contest dominant notions of racial hierarchy. This racial hierarchy is, in turn, sustained by elites' invocation of their own real and imagined relationship to extranational communities, namely North America and Europe. I then discuss how these responses exacerbate racial and gender divisions within the popular class, divisions that are themselves couched in a spatial idiom. The article concludes by briefly examining recent efforts to reimagine Cartagena as part of the Caribbean. While elites promote Cartagena as a peaceful Caribbean tourist destination, some middle-class intellectuals' discourse endows Caribbeanness with liberatory cultural and political meaning. The city's identity, cast increasingly in regional terms (with very definite racial significance), is thus becoming a focus of political struggle.
Outcome of discontinuing bevacizumab prior to malignant glioma progression.

Bevacizumab (Avastin , Genentech Inc., San Francisco, CA) was granted accelerated approval from the Food and Drug Administration as single agent treatment of recurrent glioblastoma (GB) based on the high radiologic response rate demonstrated in two phase 2 clinical trials. The approval of bevacizumab has been controversial despite the impressive radiographic response. It is argued that neutralization of vascular endothelial growth factor results in stabilization of the blood brain barrier (BBB) with resultant decrease in vascular permeability, leading to an improvement in edema and a decrease in enhancement on imaging, rather than a true anti-tumor effect [1, 2]. In addition, the optimal dose, schedule, and duration of bevacizumab treatment has not been determined. Given its moderate toxicity and the treatment unresponsive, invasive ‘‘gliomatosis’’ pattern of recurrence that occurs in a subset of patients [3] it may be favorable to discontinue bevacizumab prior to tumor progression. Contrarily, early discontinuation of bevacizumab could lead to a ‘‘rebound’’ in edema and tumor progression, compromising patient function and survival. The outcome of discontinuing therapy in bevacizumab responders has not been described, but many clinicians fear rebound cerebral edema and rapid clinical decline. We evaluated whether our bevacizumab responders who discontinued therapy prior to tumor progression experienced a radiographic ‘‘rebound’’ effect, early tumor recurrence and clinical decline, and a second radiographic response following re-challenge with bevacizumab at subsequent tumor progression.
Numerical methods for describing chemical transport in the unsaturated zone of the subsurface

Abstract Finite-difference and finite-element methods of approximation have been extended to solve the one-dimensional nonlinear partial differential equations that describe the simultaneous transport of heat, moisture and chemical in the unsaturated zone. Especially for chemical transport, nodal spacing criteria are required to minimize numerical dispersion and oscillatory behavior in the solution vector for chemical concentration. Conservative criteria for nodal spacing for saturated flow can be used to set nodal spacing for unsaturated zone transport. When nodal spacing criteria are satisfied, for the same set of transport and boundary conditions, chemical concentration profiles calculated by the two numerical methods will be almost the same. A situation that is simulated very well with one-dimensional models, is the application of chemicals to land surfaces. To compare and contrast the characteristics of solutions given by the two numerical methods, moisture content, temperature and chemical concentration profiles for a 75-day period after application in the unsaturated zone are calculated for two representative types of organic chemicals. In the first, the chemical is very slowly degraded in the subsurface environment but strongly sorbed to soil surfaces. In the second, the chemical is rapidly degraded but weakly sorbed to soil surfaces. Because of differences in sorption coefficients and mechanisms of degradation, for the same set of hydrodynamic properties of the subsurface, the weakly sorbed chemical is more widely distributed throughout the unsaturated zone, whereas the strongly sorbed chemical stays very close to where it is put initially with little penetration into the subsurface. Satisfying nodal spacing criteria minimizes the impact of the method of approximation on the calculated solutions of the transport equations. For better model predictive performance, however, there are needs for more fundamental information on processes governing transport in the subsurface.
Non-infectious complications of transfusion therapy

Blood transfusion is considered safe when the infused blood is tested using state of the art viral assays developed over the past several decades. Only rarely are known viruses like HIV and hepatitis C transmitted by transfusion when blood donors are screened using these sensitive laboratory tests. However, there are a variety of transfusion risks which still remain that cannot be entirely eliminated, many of which are non-infectious in nature. Predominantly immune-mediated complications include the rapid intravascular or slow extravascular destruction (hemolysis) of transfused red cells or extravascular removal of platelets by pre-formed antibodies carried by the transfusion recipient. Alternatively, red cells can be damaged when exposed to excessive heat or incompatible intravenous fluids before or during the transfusion. Common complications of blood transfusion that at least partly involve the immune system include febrile non-hemolytic and allergic reactions. While these are usually not life-threatening, they can hamper efforts to transfuse a patient. Other complications include circulatory overload, hypothermia and metabolic disturbances. Profound hypotensive episodes have been described in patients on angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors who receive platelet transfusions through bedside leukoreduction filters. These curious reactions appear to involve dysmetabolism of the vasoactive substance bradykinin. Products contaminated by bacteria during blood collection and transfused can cause life-threatening septic reactions. A long-term complication of blood transfusion therapy unique to chronically transfused patients is iron overload. Less common - but serious - reactions more specific to blood transfusion include transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease and transfusion-associated acute lung injury. Many of these complications of transfusion therapy can be prevented by adhering to well-established practice guidelines. In addition, individuals who administer blood transfusions should recognize these complications in order to be able to quickly provide appropriate treatment.
Solar wind effects on the surface chemistry of lunar grains

Surface enhancements of iron and magnesium in crystals from lunar rock and soil samples have been measured by ion microprobes and were attributed to solar wind implantation of these elements. In this paper it is shown that these surface enhancements and in particular the Fe/Mg surface concentration ratios can also be explained as resulting from the sputter action of solar wind protons and He ions. Furthermore, since these ions are ten thousand times more abundant in the solar wind than ions of the elements which principally constitute the lunar grains, calculations demonstrate that sputtering by protons and He ions moves approximately a hundred times more Mg atoms, for example, than the number of solar wind Mg ions striking the surface. Ion implantation is unlikely, thus, to have a dominant effect on the major element composition of the surface of lunar grains.
Cytoneme-mediated contact-dependent transport of the Drosophila Decapentaplegic signaling protein

Decapentaplegic (Dpp), a Drosophila morphogen signaling protein, transfers directly at synapses made at sites of contact between cells that produce Dpp and cytonemes that extend from recipient cells. The Dpp that cytonemes receive moves together with activated receptors toward the recipient cell body in motile puncta. Genetic loss-of-function conditions for diaphanous, shibire, neuroglian and capricious perturbed cytonemes by reducing their number or only the synapses they make with cells they target; and reduced cytoneme-mediated transport of Dpp and Dpp signaling. These experiments provide direct evidence that cells use cytonemes to exchange signaling proteins, that cytoneme-based exchange is essential for signaling and normal development, and that morphogen distribution and signaling can be contact-dependent, requiring cytoneme synapses.
Fund-Raising Coalitions in School Board Elections

This article examines campaign finance activity in two large school districts: San Francisco, California and Hillsborough County, Florida. Using datasets containing contributions to school board candidates, it explores from whom candidates raise campaign funds. The findings indicate that entities with material interests in school board decisions, such as teachers' unions and businesses with school district contracts, are active contributors but do not dominate fundraising activity. School board candidates typically assemble broad fund-raising coalitions comprising of a diverse range of groups and individuals. Even though established interests are often part of fund-raising coalitions, few candidates rely heavily on them for funds. These groups may exercise substantial influence through other means, but they typically do not use the campaign finance system as a means through which they exert influence.
ELECTRON-ELECTRON INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ORBITAL PAIRS IN QUANTUM DOTS

We derive a simple model for the estimates of the orbital-pair interaction in self-assembled dots and show that many-body interactions between all orbital pairs for a few electrons are determined in a first approximation by the classical Coulomb interaction between the first two electrons. The estimated values are within 35% of the accurate results derived from local density functional theory. We extend the model to electrostatically defined planar quantum dots and find a better agreement (20%). This is a result of the weakening of the individual orbital-pair interactions with the number of electrons in the dot caused by the screening of the confining potential.
Effects of age on sympathetic innervation of the myenteric plexus and gastrointestinal smooth muscle of Fischer 344 rats

Loss of myenteric neurons with age is well documented, however little is known about age-related changes of the sympathetic innervation of the myenteric plexus and gastrointestinal smooth muscle. The goal of the present study, therefore, was to evaluate the influence of age on the sympathetic innervation of the myenteric plexus throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Ad libitum fed virgin male Fischer 344 rats at 3, 15-16, 24, and 27-28 months of age were sampled. Whole mounts of the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine were processed with an antibody to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Additionally, some specimens labeled for TH were stained for NADPH-diaphorase to selectively label the nitrergic subpopulation of neurons in the myenteric plexus. Age-related changes in the TH-positive axons occurred as early as 15-16 months and became more pronounced by 27-28 months. Changes included markedly swollen axons and terminals and a decrease in the intensity of TH staining in some of the surviving processes. Similarly, swollen NADPH-diaphorase-positive axons were found in the myenteric ganglia and secondary plexus between ganglia in the whole mounts of rats 15-28 months of age, but swollen nitrergic axons and dystrophic TH-positive axons were never present in the same ganglion or connective. Therefore, in the aged rat, deterioration of the sympathetic innervation of the myenteric plexus could be one possible mechanism for the age-related decline in gastrointestinal motor function evidenced in the elderly.
Logic in the Twenties: The Nature of the Quantifier

We are often told, correctly, that modern logic originated with Frege. For Frege clearly depicted polyadic predication, negation, the conditional, and the quantifier as the bases of logic; moreover, he introduced the idea of a formal system, and argued that mathematical demonstrations, to be fully precise, must be carried out within a formal language by means of explicitly formulated syntactic rules.Consequently Frege has often been read as providing all the central notions that constitute our current understanding of quantification. For example, in his recent book on Frege [1973], Michael Dummett speaks of ”the semantics which [Frege] introduced for formulas of the language of predicate logic.” That is, “An interpretation of such a formula … is obtained by assigning entities of suitable kinds to the primitive nonlogical constants occurring in the formula … [T]his procedure is exactly the same as the modern semantic treatment of predicate logic” (pp. 89–90). Indeed, “Frege would therefore have had within his grasp the concepts necessary to frame the notion of the completeness of a formalization of logic as well as its soundness … but he did not do so” (p. 82).This common appraisal of Frege's work is, I think, quite misleading. Even given Frege's tremendous achievements, the road to an understanding of quantification theory was an arduous one. Obtaining such understanding and formulating those notions which are now common coin in the discussion of logical systems were the tasks of much of the work in logic during the nineteen-twenties.
New formulation of quantum mechanics

A reformulation of the mathematical foundations of quantum mechanics is presented. This new framework is based on the concepts of measurement, generalized action, and a unique universal influence function. The main axiom is that the probability of a measurement outcome is the sum (or integral) of the influences between pairs of alternatives that result in the outcome when the measurement is executed. The framework provides answers to various puzzling questions of traditional quantum mechanics. Moreover, it gives a realistic model that extends the usual quantum mechanical formalism.
Multiple Sclerosis in the Elderly Patient

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an acquired inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS that is typically diagnosed in the second or third decade of life. It is generally believed that over the last few decades the life expectancy of patients with adult onset MS (AOMS) has approached that of the general population as a result of better medical and nursing care. Thus, an increasing number of MS patients are entering or have reached senescence. A second group of elderly patients with MS that may be very different in terms of disease pathogenesis are patients with late onset MS (LOMS). The diagnosis in LOMS patients can be challenging because of a large number of age-associated MS differential diagnoses, atypical presentations, a low index of suspicion and the lack of diagnostic criteria specific to this age group. Also, specific problems these patients encounter have only recently become a focus of attention. Changes in renal and hepatic function with age, in addition to the coexistence of medical co-morbidities, require special attention in the management of elderly patients with MS. In this review we outline the characteristics of senescent AOMS and LOMS patients. In addition, we discuss therapeutic strategies in elderly patients with MS based on our knowledge of immunosenescence and age-associated characteristics of this disorder. Given the overall aging of the population, focusing on these two patient groups appears highly relevant.
Estrogens and Parkinson disease: neuroprotective, symptomatic, neither, or both?

Parkinson disease is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by substantia nigra dopamine cell death and is characterized by bradykinesia, rigidity, rest tremor, and postural instability. Epidemiologic and clinical studies have suggested that gender and estrogen play a role in modulating Parkinson disease. The etiology of the estrogenic effect is unclear—it may be neuroprotective, symptomatic, or both. Retrospective studies suggest a possible neuroprotective role. Interventional studies have suggested a positive modulatory role or no role at all. While it is difficult to establish whether there is a true neuroprotective benefit of estrogen in the setting of even mild symptomatic benefit, laboratory data suggest such a neuroprotective role. Estrogen may act as an antiapoptotic agent, an antioxidant, or a neurotrophic modulating agent, promoting crosstalk with neurotrophic factors. The selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) may also confer neuroprotection. However, prior to establishing the role of estrogen in Parkinson disease, additional study, including of the SERMs, is warranted.
Effects of Cross-Linking on the Morphology of Structured Latex Particles. 2. Experimental Evidence for Lightly Cross-Linked Systems

Elastic forces within very lightly cross-linked seed latex particles are able to compete with interfacial forces to influence latex particle morphology. At higher levels of cross-linking the elastic forces dominate those at the interfaces. PMMA seed latices were prepared at (nominally) 0, 0.015, 0.10, and 0.2 mol % (based on monomer) EGDMA cross-linking agent and subsequently swollen with styrene at a stage ratio of about 235%. After reaction, transmission electron micrographs of microtomed sections of the second stage latex particles showed that as little as 0.015% EGDMA (over 9000 repeating units between cross-links) began to shift the particle morphology from inverted core-shell (i.e. the second stage PS in the core) toward core-shell. At 0.2% EGDMA the particles were essentially of the core-shell morphology. Comparisons with predictions from a Gibbs free energy analysis of the effect of seed latex cross-linking on particle morphology are presented and show agreement with the experimental results.
Lack of relationship between menstrual cycle phase and mood in a sample of women with rapid cycling bipolar disorder

Abstract Background: Women are overrepresented in samples of patients with rapid cycling bipolar disorder (RCBD). To explore whether menstrually related mood changes might account for this gender difference, we studied the relationship between menstrual cycle phase and mood in a sample of premenopausal women with rapid cycling bipolar disorder (RCBD). Methods: Twenty-five women with RCBD completed daily self-rating forms indicating their mood and days of menstruation for a minimum of three months. The data were analyzed for each individual and for the group as a whole, categorically (depression, euthymia, and hypomania) and ordinally (0–100, with 0 being “most depressed ever felt” and 100 being “most manic”), with and without normalization of the menstrual cycle to a 28-day cycle. Results: None of the group analyses showed a significant effect of menstrual cycle on mood. Although some women did exhibit significant relationships between menstrual cycle phase and categorical mood state, there was no consistent pattern to the relationship. Conclusions: There was no systematic relationship between menstrual cycle and mood in a sample of women with RCBD.
Helper T Cells Infiltrating Human Renal Cell Carcinomas Have the Phenotype of Activated Memory-Like T Lymphocytes

Human renal cell carcinomas are characterized by an inflammatory infiltrate containing many T lymphocytes. Attempts to grow T cells from such tumors by culture in interleukin (IL)-2 have yielded heterogeneous populations of cells with functional characteristics typical of lymphokine-activated killer cells obtained by similar culture of cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. We examined a panel of surface markers expressed on T lymphocytes to determine if the CD4 + T cells infiltrating human renal cell carcinomas are different from those in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. By flow cytometry analysis the CD4 + T cells in a panel of freshly digested human renal cell carcinoma primary and metastatic tumors expressed the activation markers CD69 and HLA-DR and manifested an increase in CD45RO and a reciprocal decrease in CD45RA expression as compared with peripheral blood CD4 + T cells. This suggests that CD4 + T cells infiltrating renal cell carcinomas are activated and have encountered antigen. However, the expression of the IL-2R α chain (CD25) was not different in tumor-infiltrating CD4 + T cells and peripheral blood CD4 + T cells, suggesting that T cells infiltrating human renal cell carcinomas may have a block in proliferative capacity. The general failure of cultured tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) from renal cell carcinoma to demonstrate tumor-specific reactivity may be due to the failure of such cells to grow in IL-2
Nano-spheres dispersed nematic liquid crystals for broadband tunable negative-zero-positive index materials

It is demonstrated that by introducing gain and nano-spheres in aligned nematic liquid crystals, one can design metamaterials which possess broadband tunable negative-zero-positive index with relatively low loss compared to other material systems.
Modeling of time-varying Instanteous Frequency in a finitely correlated environment

A TVAR model has been shown to perform well when applied to short data records for Instantaneous Frequency (IF) estimation of frequency modulated (FM) components in white noise. However, when the model is applied to a signal containing a finitely correlated signal in addition to the white noise, estimation performance degrades; especially when the correlated signal is not weak relative to the FM components. We extend the time-varying autoregressive (TVAR) model-based IF estimation for a finitely correlated environment by introducing a decorrelation delay larger than one between the time-varying coefficients. Comparison of the decorrelating TVAR based IF estimator to a conventional TVAR based IF estimator reveals performance gains at moderate to high signal to FM component power ratios.
Surgical management and outcome of osteosarcoma patients with unilateral pulmonary metastases.

Abstract Purpose The surgical management of osteosarcoma patients with unilateral pulmonary nodules is controversial. The authors reviewed their institutional experience to evaluate the incidence of occult contralateral metastases. Methods Data were obtained retrospectively on all consecutive osteosarcoma patients from 1980 to 2002. Eighty-four patients with pulmonary nodules were identified. Forty-one had bilateral disease, and 43 had unilateral involvement by computed tomography (CT) scan. Results All 43 patients with unilateral nodules underwent ipsilateral thoracotomies. Fifteen patients had negative exploration findings, and only 1 had pulmonary relapse. Of the 28 patients with metastases confirmed at initial thoracotomies, 14 had extensive pleural or extrapulmonary disease at initial thoracotomy followed by disease progression. The other 14 are separated into early versus late metastases, using 2 years from diagnosis as the cutoff point. Seven of the 9 (78%) patients with early metastases had or subsequently had contralateral disease; 6 were identified at staged contralateral thoracotomy and 1 had relapsed in the unexplored lung a year later. Only 1 of the 5 patients with late unilateral metastases had relapse in the contralateral side. Conclusions Our data indicate that there is a high rate of contralateral involvement in osteosarcoma patients with unilateral nodules diagnosed by CT scan. Staged bilateral thoracotomies should be considered in osteosarcoma patients presenting with unilateral pulmonary disease on imaging studies within 2 years of diagnosis.
Propagation of designer surface plasmons in structured conductor surfaces with parabolic gradient index

In this work, we investigate the propagation of designer surface plasmons in planar perfect electric conductor structures that are subject to a parabolic graded-index distribution. A three-dimensional, fully vectorial finite-difference time-domain method was used to engineer a structure with a parabolic effective group index by modulating the dielectric constant of the structure's square holes. Using this structure in our simulations, the lateral confinement of propagating designer surface plasmons is demonstrated. Focusing, collimation and waveguiding of designer plasmons in the lateral direction is realized by changing the width of the source beam. Our findings contribute to applications of designer surface plasmons that require energy concentration, diffusion, guiding, and beam aperture modification within planar perfect electric conductors. .
Sexual desire, not hypersexuality, is related to neurophysiological responses elicited by sexual images

Background: Modulation of sexual desires is, in some cases, necessary to avoid inappropriate or illegal sexual behavior (downregulation of sexual desire) or to engage with a romantic partner (upregulation of sexual desire). Some have suggested that those who have difficulty downregulating their sexual desires be diagnosed as having a sexual “addiction”. This diagnosis is thought to be associated with sexual urges that feel out of control, high-frequency sexual behavior, consequences due to those behaviors, and poor ability to reduce those behaviors. However, such symptoms also may be better understood as a non-pathological variation of high sexual desire. Hypersexuals are thought to be relatively sexual reward sensitized, but also to have high exposure to visual sexual stimuli. Thus, the direction of neural responsivity to sexual stimuli expected was unclear. If these individuals exhibit habituation, their P300 amplitude to sexual stimuli should be diminished; if they merely have high sexual desire, their P300 amplitude to sexual stimuli should be increased. Neural responsivity to sexual stimuli in a sample of hypersexuals could differentiate these two competing explanations of symptoms. Methods : Fifty-two (13 female) individuals who self-identified as having problems regulating their viewing of visual sexual stimuli viewed emotional (pleasant sexual, pleasant-non-sexual, neutral, and unpleasant) photographs while electroencephalography was collected. Results : Larger P300 amplitude differences to pleasant sexual stimuli, relative to neutral stimuli, was negatively related to measures of sexual desire, but not related to measures of hypersexuality. Conclusion : Implications for understanding hypersexuality as high desire, rather than disordered, are discussed. Keywords: sex addiction; sexual motivation; sexual desire; electroencephalography; event-related potentials; P300; sexual regulation (Published: 16 July 2013) Citation: Socioaffective Neuroscience & Psychology 2013, 3 : 20770 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/snp.v3i0.20770
Corynebacterium parvum- and Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette and Guerin-induced granuloma formation in mice lacking CD4 and CD8.

Abstract Granuloma formation is a T-cell-dependent inflammatory response that is important in the host defense against intracellular bacteria. The role of CD4 and CD8 molecules in the development ofCorynebacterium parvum- andMycobacterium bovisBacillus Calmette and Guerin (BCG)-induced granulomas was examined in CD4/CD8 knockout (KO) mice. CD4/CD8 KO mice developed a greater granulomatous response to heat-killedC. parvumand heat-killed BCG than did control mice. Thus, granuloma formation is not dependent upon the presence of CD4 and CD8. On the other hand, CD4/CD8 KO mice challenged with live BCG showed initially fewer and smaller granulomas but later more and larger granulomas than control mice. CD4/CD8 KO mice had a greater BCG load than control mice. The absence of CD4 and CD8 therefore impaired the host defense against infection with BCG. αβ T-cells were present in the granulomas of both CD4/CD8 KO and control mice in similar numbers. Also the production of IFN-γ mRNA was similar in the two groups. In conclusion, CD4 and CD8 are not essential to the granulomatous response againstC. parvumand BCG, but contribute to the host defense against live BCG infection.
Pharmacological characterization of the dopaminergic stimulation of mucociliary particle transport by Mytilus edulis gill.

1. 1. Dopamine and serotonin were equipotent stimulators of particle transport by frontal cilia on the isolated gill of Mytilus edulis during winter experiments, but serotonin was more potent during summer months. 2. 2. The dopaminergic stimulation was reversible following washout and was mimicked by epinine and 2-amino-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene in an equipotent manner, but the β-hydroxy-catecholamines norepinephrine, epinephrine and isoproterenol were weak partial agonists. 3. 3. Tyramine, m-tyramine and apomorphine were less potent agonists than dopamine. 4. 4. Evidence is presented to support a role for dopamine as an excitatory neurohumor involved with the regulation of mucociliary transport on the lamellibranch gill epithelium possibly acting through d-1 dopamine receptors on the frontal ciliated cells.
Field Tests of Organic Additives for Scale Control at the Salton Sea Geothermal Field

A pilot-size brine handling system was operated from Magmamax Well 1 in southern California to study the characteristics of siliceous scale deposition and to evaluate the possibility of treating the brine with chemical additives to control scaling. The rates of formation, chemical constitution, and morphology of the scales were examined as functions of temperature, brine salinity, substrate material, and antiscalant additive activity. The most active classes of compounds were those containing polymeric chains of oxyethylene and polymeric nitrogen compounds that are cationic in character. The best single compound was Corcat P-18. 30 refs.