cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhanced susceptibility to immune nephritis in DBA/1 mice is contingent upon IL-1 expression.

Abstract The DBA/1 mouse strain is particularly sensitive to experimental immune-mediated nephritis. Previous studies have indicated that various chemokines/cytokines are elevated in strains of mice susceptible to immune-mediated glomerulonephritis. One of the many elevated cytokines is IL-1. This study was designed to determine if IL-1 is essential for the development of immune-mediated nephritis in the DBA/1 mouse strain that is particularly sensitive to this disease. Both male and female DBA/1 mice and DBA/1.IL-1R1−/− mice were challenged with anti-GBM sera. We then compared DBA/1 mice to DBA/1.IL-1R1−/− mice to determine the influence of IL-1 on immune-mediated nephritis. Compared to DBA/1 mice, DBA/1.IL-1R1−/− mice excreted significantly less protein post anti-GBM serum challenge. None of the DBA/1.IL-1R1−/− mice, male or female, had a BUN higher than 22 mg/dl post-challenge whereas wild-type DBA/1 mice had significantly elevated BUN. Wild-type DBA/1 mice exhibited pronounced glomerulonephritis, with crescent formation, as well as tubulo-interstitial disease compared to DBA/1.IL1R1−/− mice. These findings indicate that IL-1 is necessary for the development of nephritis in DBA/1 mice and suggest that the elevated IL-1 levels in these mice may be one reason why the DBA/1 strain is particularly sensitive to multiple end organ diseases.
Growth Response of Cultivars to Conservation Tillage in a Continuous Wheat Cropping System

In general, reducing tillage intensity delayed plant maturation beginning in the spring. Anthesis and leaf-area duration periods occurred about 1 to 8 d later in mulch-tilled and no-tilled plots, compared with plowed plots. The prolonged vegetative phase indicated a potential benefit of no-tillage in a wheat-production system that includes a livestock grazing component during the winter months. The lack of tillage method×cultivar interaction for grain yield indicated that development of wheat cultivars for emerging conservation technology may not be necessary. No-tillage wheat yields were similar to conventional-tillage yields, or slightly better in years with cold autumns that hat erosive rains or dry springs
A central cholinergic deficit in rats with dietary thiamin deficiency

Dietary thiamin deficiency decreased the performance of rats on a standardized tight rope test. After 10 d of treatment, the scores of one-third of the treated rats declined by four or more points. Injections of thiamin or the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, physostigmine, partially ameliorated the behavioral deficits; physostigmine was as effective as thiamin. Nicotinic (mecamylamine) and muscarinic (atropine) cholinergic antagonists that act on the central and peripheral nervous system blocked the beneficial effects of physostigmine. However, the peripheral muscarinic cholinergic blocker methatropine did not alter physostigmine’s actions. Thus, dietary thiamin deprivation appears to produce a physiologically important cholinergic deficit in the central nervous system.
Computational characterization of how the VX nerve agent binds human serum paraoxonase 1.

Human serum paraoxonase 1 (HuPON1) is an enzyme that can hydrolyze various chemical warfare nerve agents including VX. A previous study has suggested that increasing HuPON1’s VX hydrolysis activity one to two orders of magnitude would make the enzyme an effective countermeasure for in vivo use against VX. This study helps facilitate further engineering of HuPON1 for enhanced VX-hydrolase activity by computationally characterizing HuPON1’s tertiary structure and how HuPON1 binds VX. HuPON1’s structure is first predicted through two homology modeling procedures. Docking is then performed using four separate methods, and the stability of each bound conformation is analyzed through molecular dynamics and solvated interaction energy calculations. The results show that VX’s lone oxygen atom has a strong preference for forming a direct electrostatic interaction with HuPON1’s active site calcium ion. Various HuPON1 residues are also detected that are in close proximity to VX and are therefore potential targets for future mutagenesis studies. These include E53, H115, N168, F222, N224, L240, D269, I291, F292, and V346. Additionally, D183 was found to have a predicted pKa near physiological pH. Given D183’s location in HuPON1’s active site, this residue could potentially act as a proton donor or accepter during hydrolysis. The results from the binding simulations also indicate that steered molecular dynamics can potentially be used to obtain accurate binding predictions even when starting with a closed conformation of a protein’s binding or active site.
Eleven highly polymorphic microsatellite markers for the lizard Anolis distichus

We isolated and characterized 11 polymorphic microsatellite loci for Anolis distichus, a West Indian lizard endemic to Hispaniola and the Bahamas. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 10 to 34, with levels of observed heterozygosity ranging from 0.10 to 1.00. Four loci significantly deviated from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium for most of the populations sampled, and seven pairs of loci demonstrated linkage disequilibrium for 1–2 populations. These markers provide a valuable set of tools for fine-scale population genetics studies of A. distichus, a species that exhibits striking geographic variation in dewlap coloration and pattern.
Potency ranking of methemoglobin-forming agents.

This study represents the first systematic attempt to rank methemoglobin-forming agents. It is a quantitative potency ranking study utilizing linear regression analysis of dose-response data for comparative purposes. Six agents that are direct-acting and eight that require bioactivation were tested for their ability to induce methemoglobin formation in Dorset sheep erythrocytes under defined in vitro conditions. The agents were then ranked according to three complementary methods based on the slope of the linear regression, the calculated dose expected to induce a given amount of methemoglobin formation and the calculated percentage methemoglobin response induced by 1 mmol l -l of the agent. The direct-acting agents, ranked from most to least potent inducers of methemoglobin formation, are : p-dinitrobenzene > o-dinitrobenzene > copper = nitrite > chlorite > chlorate. The ranking from most to least potent inducers of the bioactivated agents are : α-naphthol > p-nitroaniline > m-nitroaniline, o-nitroaniline > p-nitrotoluene = aniline > m-nitrotoluene = o-nitrotoluene. The ranking procedures are discussed and issues of interindividual variation and agent-specific sensitivities are addressed.
Gene-environment Interaction Models to Unmask Susceptibility Mechanisms in Parkinson's Disease

Lipoxygenase (LOX) activity has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, but its effects in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis are less understood. Gene-environment interaction models have utility in unmasking the impact of specific cellular pathways in toxicity that may not be observed using a solely genetic or toxicant disease model alone. To evaluate if distinct LOX isozymes selectively contribute to PD-related neurodegeneration, transgenic (i.e. 5-LOX and 12/15-LOX deficient) mice can be challenged with a toxin that mimics cell injury and death in the disorder. Here we describe the use of a neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), which produces a nigrostriatal lesion to elucidate the distinct contributions of LOX isozymes to neurodegeneration related to PD. The use of MPTP in mouse, and nonhuman primate, is well-established to recapitulate the nigrostriatal damage in PD. The extent of MPTP-induced lesioning is measured by HPLC analysis of dopamine and its metabolites and semi-quantitative Western blot analysis of striatum for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of dopamine. To assess inflammatory markers, which may demonstrate LOX isozyme-selective sensitivity, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and Iba-1 immunohistochemistry are performed on brain sections containing substantia nigra, and GFAP Western blot analysis is performed on striatal homogenates. This experimental approach can provide novel insights into gene-environment interactions underlying nigrostriatal degeneration and PD.
The Impact of School Policies on Noncustodial Parents

The present study surveyed the policies of school districts of a midwestern state to determine their stated or implied practices concerning the noncustodial parent. Interview questions asked seventy nine school districts to reveal their policies regarding involving noncustodial parents in the educational program of their children, especially with those children experiencing academic problems. Results suggest that in almost one half of the school districts surveyed, noncustodial parents are excluded from the educational process. A large percentage of school districts did not collect identifying information concerning noncustodial parents and the majority implemented their practices regarding noncustodial parents without written policy guidelines. Suggestions are offered to assist school districts in developing more innovative practices enabling them to lake a leadership role in serving nontraditional families.
Correlation of clinical diagnosis and bacteriologic status of symptomatically involved pulps

Abstract 1. 1. A total of 771 pulps were cultured aerobically, samples being taken in separate culture tubes from the coronal and radicular portions of the same pulp. 2. 2. The cultures were correlated with the clinical diagnosis in each case. 3. 3. Cultures of the coronal portion of the pulp were correlated with those of the radicular portion of the pulp. 4. 4. The data have been presented in tabular form.
Parameter robust linear-quadratic-Gaussian design synthesis with flexible structure control applications

An asymptotic linear quadratic Gaussian design synthesis technique is described that explicitly includes a class of structural plant uncertainties by viewing plant parameter variations as an internal feedback loop. A direct structural relationship between this class of parameter uncertainties and the weighting matrices in the design of the LQG compensator is exploited by an asymptotic procedure in which either the regulator or the filter becomes insensitive to parameter variations. This asymptotic approach represents a generalization of the linear-quadratic-Gaussian/loop transfer recovery (LQG/LTR) technique. Controllers designed by this new LQG method and LQG/LTR are compared by application to a mass-spring-damper system, which approximates the dynamics of flexible structures. For both colocated and noncolocated sensor and actuator configurations, the LQG/LTR design is extremely sensitive to parameter variations, whereas the new LQG design allows considerably improved parameter robustness.
Effect of Different Allylic Diphosphates on the Initiation of New Rubber Molecules and on Cis-1,4-polyisoprene Biosynthesis in Guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray)

Summary Natural rubber biosynthesis is the rubber-particle-bound rubber-transferase-catalyzed cis-1,4-polymerization of isoprene monomers derived from isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP). In addition to IPP, allylic diphosphate is required to initiate new rubber molecules. In this paper we describe, for the first time, detailed kinetic analyses of rubber molecule initiation and polymerization in Parthenium argentatum Gray . We compare the effects of four different allylic diphosphate initiators on the rate of rubber biosynthesis using [ 14 C]IPP. Also, we compare the rates of rubber molecule initiation and polymerization using [ 3 H]allylic diphosphates as well as [ 14 C]IPP. Under non-limiting substrate concentrations, new rubber molecules were initiated and terminated at a constant rate for each initiator. The rate of rubber biosynthesis increased with the chain length of the initiator up to C,s. Our results indicate that initiation regulates the overall rate of rubber biosynthesis. Therefore, strategies to enhance in vivo rubber yield by genetic manipulation should focus on rubber molecule initiation.
Effects of heavy in utero cocaine exposure on adolescent caudate morphology.

We assess the effects of in utero cocaine and polysubstance exposure on the adolescent caudate nucleus through high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging. Cocaine exposure may compromise the developing brain through disruption of neural ontogeny in dopaminergic systems, effects secondary to fetal hypoxemia, or altered cerebrovascular reactivity. Cocaine exposure may also lead to neonatal lesions in the caudate. However, long-term or latent effects of intrauterine cocaine exposure are rarely found. We use T 1 -weighted magnetic resonance imaging to quantify caudate nucleus morphology in matched control and exposed groups. The literature suggests that in utero cocaine exposure consequences in adolescents may be subtle, or masked by other variables. Our comparison focuses on contrasting the control group with high-exposure subjects (mothers who reported 2 median of 117 days of cocaine use during pregnancy; 82% tested positive for cocaine use at term). We use advanced image registration and segmentation tools to quantify left and right caudate morphology. Our results indicate that the caudate is significantly larger in controls versus subjects ( P P P
A simplified model for heterotopic heart transplantation in rats.

In a new simplified model, heterotopic heart transplants in rats function normally with only an aortoaortic anastomosis when one of the 5 lobes of the lungs is attached to the transplant. If an attempt is made to remove the remaining lobe of the lung, the heart dilates, fibrillates, and eventually stops beating. Since the surgery is not very complicated, this procedure can be performed by nonsurgeons in an unhurried manner with minimal training.
Analysis of magnetic resonance spectra by mole percent: comparison to absolute units.

A variety of metabolites present in perchloric acid extracts of brain tissue were measured by 1H and 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and HPLC in the same tissue sample and the MRS results were expressed both in terms of mole % and μmole/g based on an internal standard. The levels of 16 metabolites were compared by linear regression analysis and the mole % results were found to correlate very well with the results expressed as μmole/g. To compare the two units under typical experimental conditions, the percent change in metabolites in a group of Alzheimer's disease brains was compared to a control group using both units. The results were essentially identical for the mole % and μmole/g methods. We conclude that the use of the mole % method of expressing MRS data yields results which are equivalent to those expressed in absolute units and suggest that, for in vivo MRS studies, use of the mole % method is preferable because fewer artifacts, such as partial volume effects, are introduced.
Evaluation of ionic contribution to the toxicity of a coal-mine effluent using Ceriodaphnia dubia.

The United States Environmental Protection Agency has defined national in-stream water-quality criteria (WQC) for 157 pollutants. No WQC to protect aquatic life exist for total dissolved solids (TDS). Some water-treatment processes (e.g., pH modifications) discharge wastewaters of potentially adverse TDS into freshwater systems. Strong correlations between specific conductivity, a TDS surrogate, and several biotic indices in a previous study suggested that TDS caused by a coal-mine effluent was the primary stressor. Further acute and chronic testing in the current study with Ceriodaphnia dubia in laboratory-manipulated media indicated that the majority of the effluent toxicity could be attributed to the most abundant ions in the discharge, sodium (1952 mg/L) and/or sulfate (3672 mg/L), although the hardness of the effluent (792 ± 43 mg/L as CaCO3) ameliorated some toxicity. Based on laboratory testing of several effluent-mimicking media, sodium- and sulfate-dominated TDS was acutely toxic at approximately 7000 μS/cm (5143 mg TDS/L), and chronic toxicity occurred at approximately 3200 μS/cm (2331 mg TDS/L). At a lower hardness (88 mg/L as CaCO3), acute and chronic toxicity end-points were decreased to approximately 5000 μS/cm (3663 mg TDS/L) and approximately 2000 μS/cm (1443 mg TDS/L), respectively. Point-source discharges causing in-stream TDS concentrations to exceed these levels may risk impairment to aquatic life.
Differential effect of trypsin and trypsin inhibitors on lipopolysaccharide stimulation of hamster lymphoid cells

Abstract Activation of hamster lymphoid cells by the mitogen lipopolysaccharide was shown to be greatly potentiated by addition of the protease trypsin. However, activation of cells by the polyanion, dextran sulfate, was not altered by this enzyme. Addition of the soybean trypsin inhibitor inhibited lipopolysaccharide stimulation of lymph node cells from animals 1–4 months of age but only partially inhibited stimulation of splenocytes from young animals (5–6 weeks) and did not inhibit stimulation of splenocytes from older animals. Dextran sulfate stimulation was not inhibited by soybean trypsin inhibitor.
New concepts (distraction) in ankle arthroscopy.

Summary Because of the problems inherent in arthroscopic visualization of the ankle, a new distraction technique has been devised to help overcome them. This technique has been used on 131 cases with few and relatively minor complications. It has greatly facilitated visualization of the ankle, and it is now possible to perform certain surgical procedures effectively and safely.
The Myth of “Security Moms” and “NASCAR Dads”: Parenthood, Political Stereotypes, and the 2004 Election*

Objective. The objective of this article is to explore the impact of being a parent on political views and to test the accuracy of the “Security Mom” and “NASCAR Dad” labels that were pervasively applied in the context of the 2004 presidential election. Methods. The methods we employed consist of using data primarily from the 2004 National Election Study to determine whether parents differ from nonparents in terms of their political attitudes on a wide range of issues. We argue that parenthood affects women and men differently, so we analyze the sexes separately. Results. Mothers have important political distinctions from women without children, mostly in the case of social welfare issues. They do not, however, appear to be “Security Moms” in the post-9/11 world. As for fathers, for the most part it makes little sense to talk about dads as a distinct voting bloc, as in very few cases do their political attitudes differ from men without children. Conclusions. The media's use of the labels “NASCAR Dad” and Security Mom” promoted an inaccurate understanding of the political preferences of parents. Beyond debunking these media myths, our results provide one of the first comprehensive looks at the impact of parenthood on political attitudes, an overlooked area in the adult socialization literature.
The biology of caring: researching the healing effects of stress response regulation through relational engagement.

Caring, a core tenet of nursing practice, grew out of a holistic approach. Nurse theorists often note the establishment of a therapeutic relationship as the beginning point of caring, with subseque...
The mechanism of the photochemical activity of isolated chloroplasts. I. Effect of temperature.

Abstract 1. 1. The rate-limiting step in the dark process of the Hill reaction has the same activation energy of 10 kcal. for several varieties of the species Beta vulgaris . 2. 2. The loss of Hill-reaction reactivity of isolated chloroplast fragments is due to at least two different processes: one, significant at temperatures greater than 30 °C., is first-order and demonstrates the characteristics of thermal denaturation of proteins; another, significant at both low and high temperatures, is second-order and has an activation energy of 8 kcal. Both reactions appear to involve participation of at least one common chloroplast substance. 3. 3. Some samples of chloroplast fragments prepared under nitrogen rather than air can be activated by incubation to a Hill-reaction reactivity as much as 50% higher than normal.
Replication of influenza virus in chick embryo fibroblasts after inhibition of host cell macromolecular synthesis by frog virus 3.

Abstract Influenza viruses replicated in chick embryo fibroblast cell cultures after inhibition of cellular macromolecular synthesis by heat-inactivated FV 3. Evidence is presented for the usefulness of suppression of host cell biosynthesis by FV 3 in unmasking influenza virus-specific macromolecular syntheses.
Energy utilization in the induced release of γ-aminobutyric acid from synaptosomes

Newly accumulated gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was released from synaptosomes by treatment with 30 mM K+ or the Ca2+ ionophore A23187. Release was Ca2+-dependent and energy-dependent. The induced release of GABA was inhibited by S-13, an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation, by azide, a blocker of mitochondrial respiration, and by oligomycin, efrapeptin, tributyltin and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD), which are inhibitors of Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPases, including mitochondrial ATPase. Efrapeptin blocked GABA release induced by K+ but not A23187-induced release. Azide and oligomycin appeared to inhibit GABA release as a consequence of their effects on mitochondrial ATP synthesis. However, the inhibition of GABA release by the other compounds could not be totally accounted for by their effects on synaptosomal ATP stores. It is proposed that these compounds, in addition to affecting ATP synthesis, directly affect biochemical reactions involved in GABA release. Thus, these and similar inhibitors seem to be useful probes of the transmitter release process.
Practitioner Perceptions of the A3 Method for Process Improvement in Health Care

The focus of this article is to present students' perceptions of the recently developed A3 method, a structured problem-solving approach based on lean concepts and tools that have been adapted to the health care environment. The students were all employees of a large health care provider and were enrolled in a customized health care executive MBA Program. Each student was required to complete an individual A3 Project in order to improve a process at the department for which they worked. At the end of the semester the students presented their A3 projects to their peers who voted on the best projects. A survey measuring perceptions of the A3 method for problem solving in health care was administered and from it we present propositions for A3 implementation. These propositions are applicable both to health care practitioners and to academic researchers.
Multi-observation sensor resetting localization with ambiguous landmarks

Successful approaches to the robot localization problem include particle filters, which estimate non-parametric localization belief distributions. Particle filters are successful at tracking a robot's pose, although they fare poorly at determining the robot's global pose. The global localization problem has been addressed for robots that sense unambiguous visual landmarks with sensor resetting, by performing sensor-based resampling when the robot is lost. Unfortunately, for robots that make sparse, ambiguous and noisy observations, standard sensor resetting places new pose hypotheses across a wide region, in poses that may be inconsistent with previous observations. We introduce multi-observation sensor resetting (MOSR) to address the localization problem with sparse, ambiguous and noisy observations. MOSR merges observations from multiple frames to generate new hypotheses more effectively. We demonstrate experimentally on the NAO humanoid robots that MOSR converges more efficiently to the robot's true pose than standard sensor resetting, and is more robust to systematic vision errors.
Checkerboard immunoblotting (CBIB): an efficient, rapid, and sensitive method of assaying multiple antigen/antibody cross-reactivities.

Abstract A simple technique, checkerboard immunoblotting (CBIB), is described, which facilitates the examination of multiple antigen/antibody interactions, conveniently and reproducibly, using minimal amounts of reactants. Antigens, immobilized on a solid-phase membrane in parallel lanes, are allowed to react with primary antibodies, applied in lanes perpendicular to the antigens, and the reactions are developed with appropriately labeled secondary antibody and substrate. Positive reactions, at the intersections of antigen/antibody lanes, are small squares, giving a checkerboard apperance to the blot. The results are easily read visually and presented in the form of a permanent record. CBIB has wide range of applications, including the screening of hybridomas for monoclonal antibody production. With the cholera toxin (CT)-related antigens used, homologous reactions were markedly stronger then heterologous reactions.
Towards Extending the Concept of Human Capital: A Note on Cultural Capital:

Economists have progressively recognised the importance of human capital in explaining differences in the economic performance of nations. In the context of the knowledge intensity of today’s global economy, the acquisition of human capital takes on added significance. At the micro level too, endowments and upgrading of human capital are seen as the key to employment and better paying jobs for individuals. Commonly subscribed to notions of human capital are, however, based on neoclassical theory of human capital investment. This note argues that this approach fails to recognise adequately the cultural capital of individuals and communities. It is suggested that the concept of human capital should therefore be widened to include embodied cultural capital, with the term used here in the Bourdieuan sense. Broadening the definition of human capital in this way would overcome the predilection to believe that some groups, especially ethnic minorities, are necessarily less employable because they are lacking in ...
Confronting hardness using a hybrid approach

A hybrid algorithm is a collection of heuristics, paired with a polynomial time selector S that runs on the input to decide which heuristic should be executed to solve the problem. Hybrid algorithms are of particular interest in scenarios where the selector must decide between heuristics that are "good" with respect to different complexity measures.We focus on hybrid algorithms with a "hardness-defying" property: for a problem II, there is a set of complexity measures {mi} whereby II is known or conjectured to be unsolvable for each mi, but for each heuristic hi of the hybrid algorithm, one can give a complexity guarantee for hion the instances of II that S selects for hi that is strictly better than mi. More concretely, we show that for several NP-hard problems, a given instance can either be solved exactly with substantially improved runtime (e.g. 2o(n)), or be approximated in polynomial time with an approximation ratio exceeding that of the known or conjectured inapproximability of the problem, assuming P ≠ NP.
Boundedness of Spacecraft Hovering Under Dead-Band Control in Time-Invariant Systems

DOI: 10.2514/1.20179 In this paper, we derive sufficient conditions for local and global boundedness of spacecraft motion inside a prescribed region subject to a dead-band hovering thrust control law in time-invariant Lagrangian dynamical systems. Using the conservative properties of the system, we define a zero-velocity restriction on the spacecraft motion, then show that a dead-band controller exists that bounds nearby trajectories arbitrarily close to the desired hoveringposition.Theminimumnumberofindependentdirectionsthatthedeadbandmustrestrictiswelldefinedas a function of hovering position and divides the position space into distinct dynamical regions. We present numerical plotsoftheseregionsinthetwo-body,restrictedthree-body,andHillproblemsand findhoveringnearacentralbody usually requires dead-band control in only one or two independent directions to be bounded. The effects of uncertainty in the initial hovering state on the zero-velocity surface are evaluated and the largest allowable perturbations in the Jacobi constant that maintain boundedness are formulated.
Exploring student representational approaches in solving rechargable battery design problems

The focus of this study is to characterize the representational practices of engineering graduate students who were involved in using computational and analytical mathematical models to solve a complex battery system design problem. The research question of this study is: How do students develop and use representational artifacts, while using mathematical or computer simulation models, for articulating their solutions to a complex battery system design problem? Results of this study provide descriptions of students representational artifacts produced in each of the stages of the problem solving process. The outcome of the study provides a framework for future studies using a larger sample size for investigating the role of mathematical and computational models in supporting students' problem solving processes in engineering education.
CD1d-dependent B-cell help by NK-like T cells leads to enhanced and sustained production of Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin-neutralizing antibodies.

The current Bacillus anthracis vaccine consists largely of protective antigen (PA), the protein of anthrax toxin that mediates entry of edema factor (EF) or lethal factor (LF) into cells. PA induces protective antibody (Ab)-mediated immunity against Bacillus anthracis but has limited efficacy and duration. We previously demonstrated that activation of CD1d-restricted natural killer-like T cells (NKT) with a CD1d-binding glycolipid led to enhanced Ab titers specific for foreign antigen (Ag). We therefore tested the hypothesis that activation of NKT cells with the CD1d ligand (α-galactosylceramide [α-GC]) at the time of immunization improves PA-specific Ab responses. We observed that α-GC enhanced PA-specific Ab titers in C57BL/6 mice. In CD1d−/− mice deficient in type I and type II NKT cells the anti-PA Ab response was diminished. In Jα281−/− mice expressing CD1d but lacking type I α-GC-reactive NKT cells, α-GC did not enhance the Ab response. In vitro neutralization assays were performed and showed that the Ab titers correlated with protection of macrophages against anthrax lethal toxin (LT). The neutralization capacity of the Ab was further tested in lethal challenge studies, which revealed that NKT activation leads to enhanced in vivo protection against LT. Anti-PA Ab titers, neutralization, and protection were then measured over a period of several months, and this revealed that NKT activation leads to a sustained protective Ab response. These results suggest that NKT-activating CD1d ligands could be exploited for the development of improved vaccines for Bacillus anthracis that increase not only neutralizing Ab titers but also the duration of the protection afforded by Ab.
Promoting the Utilization of Educational Leadership Research in Preparation, Practice, and Policy:

Within this article, the authors explore the disconnect between research production, dissemination, and utilization, particularly within the field of educational leadership in the United States. Their exploration begins with an examination of the macro-level contexts within which such activities currently take place. They then turn to an examination of the relative value placed on educational research and its utilization as well as the threats that emerge when high-quality research is not (perceived as) accessible or aligned with perceived needs. Through their explorations, the authors identify significant challenges to research utilization, challenges they argue can be understood, addressed, and overcome.
Glycoprotein M of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Is Incorporated into Virions during Budding at the Inner Nuclear Membrane

It is widely accepted that nucleocapsids of herpesviruses bud through the inner nuclear membrane (INM), but few studies have been undertaken to characterize the composition of these nascent virions. Such knowledge would shed light on the budding reaction at the INM and subsequent steps in the egress pathway. The present study focuses on glycoprotein M (gM), a type III integral membrane protein of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) that likely contains eight transmembrane domains. The results indicated that gM localized primarily at the perinuclear region, with especially bright staining near the nuclear membrane (NM). Immunogold electron microscopic analysis indicated that, like gB and gD (M. R. Torrisi et al., J. Virol. 66:554-561, 1992), gM localized within both leaflets of the NM, the envelopes of nascent virions that accumulate in the perinuclear space, and the envelopes of cytoplasmic and mature extracellular virus particles. Indirect immunofluorescence studies revealed that gM colocalized almost completely with a marker of the Golgi apparatus and partially with a marker of the trans-Golgi network (TGN), whether or not these markers were displaced to the perinuclear region during infection. gM was also located in punctate extensions and invaginations of the NM induced by the absence of a viral kinase encoded by HSV-1 U(S)3 and within virions located in these extensions. Our findings therefore support the proposition that gM, like gB and gD, becomes incorporated into the virion envelope upon budding through the INM. The localization of viral glycoproteins and Golgi and TGN markers to a perinuclear region may represent a mechanism to facilitate the production of infectious nascent virions, thereby increasing the amount of infectivity released upon cellular lysis.
Interpreting the Challenger disaster: communication under conditions of risk and liability

This research is a case study of the events following the Challenger accident and focuses on the way in which members of NASA before the accident and the Presidential Commission following the accident acted in ways to protect the survival of NASA as a viable agency. The central theme of the strategies of protection was to localize the blame to individuals at lower levels in NASA and to fix blame on a communications failure (a technical problem) rather than blaming the leadership of NASA (an institutional problem). In its conclusion the article addresses the issues involved in crossing entrepreneurial cultures that include risk and high technology with bureaucratic cultures that are safe and procedural.
Nanostructured high-energy xLi2MnO3·(1-x)LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 (0.3 ≤ x ≤ 0.6) cathode materials

Nanostructured lithium-manganese-rich nickel-manganese-oxide xLi2MnO3·(1-x)LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 (0.3 ≤ x ≤ 0.6) composite materials were synthesized via spray pyrolysis using mixed nitrate precursors. All the materials showed a composite structure consisting of Li2MnO3 (C2/m) and LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 (R3¯m) components, and the amount of Li2MnO3-phase appeared to increase with x, as observed from XRD analysis. These composite materials showed a high-discharge capacity of about 250 mAhg−1. In the range of x considered, the layered 0.5Li2MnO3·0.5LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 materials displayed the highest capacity and superior cycle stability. Nonetheless, voltage suppression from a layered-spinel phase transition was observed for all the composites produced. This voltage suppression was dependent of the amount of Li2MnO3 phase present in the composite structure. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J 60: 443–450, 2014
The Initiation of Cooperation Through Role Reversal

(1970). The Initiation of Cooperation Through Role Reversal. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 82, No. 2, pp. 193-203.
Identification and Field Evaluation of Attractants for the Cranberry Weevil, Anthonomus musculus Say

Studies were conducted to develop an attractant for the cranberry weevil, Anthonomus musculus, a pest of blueberry and cranberry flower buds and flowers in the northeastern United States. In previous studies, we showed that cinnamyl alcohol, the most abundant blueberry floral volatile, and the green leaf volatiles (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and hexyl acetate, emitted from both flowers and flower buds, elicit strong antennal responses from A. musculus. Here, we found that cinnamyl alcohol did not increase capture of A. musculus adults on yellow sticky traps compared with unbaited controls; however, weevils were highly attracted to traps baited with the Anthonomus eugenii Cano aggregation pheromone, indicating that these congeners share common pheromone components. To identify the A. musculus aggregation pheromone, headspace volatiles were collected from adults feeding on blueberry or cranberry flower buds and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Three male-specific compounds were identified: (Z)-2-(3,3-dimethyl-cyclohexylidene) ethanol (Z grandlure II); (Z)-(3,3-dimethylcyclohexylidene) acetaldehyde (grandlure III); and (E)-(3,3- dimethylcyclohexylidene) acetaldehyde (grandlure IV). A fourth component, (E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol (geraniol), was emitted in similar quantities by males and females. The emission rates of these volatiles were about 2.8, 1.8, 1.3, and 0.9 ng/adult/d, respectively. Field experiments in highbush blueberry (New Jersey) and cranberry (Massachusetts) examined the attraction of A. musculus to traps baited with the male-produced compounds and geraniol presented alone and combined with (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and hexyl acetate, and to traps baited with the pheromones of A. eugenii and A. grandis. In both states and crops, traps baited with the A. musculus male-produced compounds attracted the highest number of adults. Addition of the green leaf volatiles did not affect A. musculus attraction to its pheromone but skewed the sex ratio of the captured adults towards females. Although the role of plant volatiles in host-plant location by A. musculus is still unclear, our studies provide the first identification of the primary A. musculus aggregation pheromone components that can be used to monitor this pest in blueberry and cranberry pest management programs.
Lymphoepithelial Cysts of the Pancreas: An EUS Case Series

Background Lymphoepithelial cysts (LEC) of the pancreas are rare benign lesions that can be misdiagnosed as pancreatic masses or cystic neoplasms. With widespread use of abdominal cross-sectional imaging, more pancreatic lesions are being discovered, with EUS being used to further evaluate the abnormality. Objective Our purpose was to describe EUS and cyst aspirate features of LEC of the pancreas. Design Case series. Setting Single tertiary referral center. Patients Nine patients with lymphoepithelial cysts who underwent EUS-FNA. Results Five male and 4 female patients were identified (mean age 51 years). All lesions were discovered by CT and described as "peripancreatic" in 67% of cases (6/9). EUS examination described a solid-appearing hypoechoic and heterogeneous mass with subtle postacoustic enhancement in 5 of 9 cases. Four lesions were described as purely cystic: 2 were septated, 1 was unilocular, and 1 had internal papillary fronds. Mean cyst size was 5.2 cm (range 1.7-12 cm). Cyst aspirates revealed a thick milky, creamy, or frothy aspirate in 56% of cases (5/9). Cyst cytologic examination revealed squamous material (nucleated/anucleated cells or keratin debris) in all cases. Lymphocytes were seen in 56% of aspirates (5/9). Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels were obtained in 5 cases (median 6.5 ng/mL [range 2.9-493.4 ng/mL]). Six patients have avoided surgery on the basis of EUS-FNA cytologic results confirming the diagnosis of LEC. Three patients underwent surgical resection: 2 for symptomatic lesions and 1 for concern for a mucinous cystic neoplasm given an elevated aspirate CEA level. Surgical pathologic examination confirmed LEC in each. Limitations Retrospective single-center study. Conclusions LEC should be considered whenever a large, well-defined solid or cystic peripheral pancreatic lesion is found. A thick milky, creamy, or frothy aspirate is common. The presence of squamous material and lymphocytes on cytologic examination is diagnostic of LEC. Aspirate CEA level may be elevated and should be considered in conjunction with cytologic results to avoid misdiagnosis as a mucinous cystic neoplasm. Asymptomatic LEC should be managed conservatively.
Course of cytomegalovirus retinitis in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: 2. Second eye involvement and retinal detachment.

Purpose To describe the course of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in patients with AIDS in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Design Multicenter, prospective, observational study. Participants Two hundred seventy-one patients with AIDS and CMV retinitis. Methods Follow-up every 3 months with medical history, ophthalmologic examination, laboratory testing, and fundus photographs. Main outcome measure Second (contralateral) eye involvement among patients with unilateral disease and retinal detachment (RD). Results The overall rate of second eye involvement among patients with unilateral CMV retinitis was 0.07 per person-year (PY); among those with CD4+ T-cell counts of P P Conclusions Compared with the rates reported in the pre-HAART era of second eye involvement (∼0.40/PY) and RD (∼0.50/PY), the rates of these events were reduced among patients in the HAART era. However, among patients with CD4+ T-cell counts of
Restoration and Correction of Time Functions by the Synthesis of Inverse Filters on Analog Computers

Time functions of physical phenomena may be deliberately or inadvertently altered before recording by a system whose bandwidth is less than that of the signal. It is often desired to later restore such data by removing the effects of linear filters. This restoration may be accomplished by synthesizing inverse linear filters on either analog or digital computers. Approximations are sometimes necessary to insure stability of the inverse filter; compromises must be made between amplitude and phase distortion, dynamic range, bandwidth, and signal-to-noise ratio. Examples are shown in which test signals are first filtered and then restored. The analog computer treatment has proved useful in processing geophysical data.
An index of early left ventricular filling that combined with pulsed Doppler peak E velocity may estimate capillary wedge pressure

Objectives. This study sought to determine the applicability of the combined information obtained from transmitral Doppler flow and color M-mode Doppler flow propagation velocities for estimating pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. Background. Although Doppler-derived measurements of left ventricular (LV) filling have been applied to determine left atrial pressure, their accuracy has been limited by the variable effect of ventricular relaxation in these indexes. Recently, flow propagation velocity measured by color M-mode Doppler echocardiography has been suggested as an index of ventricular relaxation. Methods. We studied 45 patients admitted to the intensive care unit who underwent invasive hemodynamic monitoring. We measured peak early (E) and late (A) transmitral Doppler velocities, E/A ratio and flow propagation velocity (vp) and compared them by linear regression with pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (pw). Results. We found a modest positive correlation between pwand E (r = 0.62, p < 0.001) and the E/A ratio (r = 0.52, p < 0.001) and a negative correlation between pwand vp(r = −0.34, p = 0.02). By stepwise linear regression, only E and vpwere statistically significant predictors of pw. However, the E/vpratio provided the best estimate of pw(r = 0.80, p < 0.001; pw= 5.27 × [E/vp] + 4.6, SEE 3.1 mm Hg). Conclusions. The ratio of component velocity (E) over the color M-mode propagation velocity during early LV filling, by correcting for the effect of LV relaxation, provides a better estimate of pwthan standard measurements of transmitral Doppler flow. (J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:448–54)
Diagnoses of an Eddy-Resolving Atlantic Ocean Model Simulation in the Vicinity of the Gulf Stream. Part II: Eddy Potential Enstrophy and Eddy Potential Vorticity Fluxes

Abstract Output of an eddy-resolving model of the North Atlantic is diagnosed in the vicinity of the Gulf Stream (GS), using quasigeostrophic potential vorticity (QGPV), quasigeostrophic potential enstrophy (QGPE), and modified divergent eddy potential vorticity flux, (V′hq′*)d. A tongue or an elongated island of large mean QGPV along the model GS in the top 1000 m is associated with predominantly downgradient (V′hq′*)d, suggesting that the horizontal eddy fluxes are balancing a sink of eddy QGPE in most of the tongue or island by converting the mean QGPE into eddy QGPE. Some large upgradient (V′hq′*)d is observed to the north of the center of the tongue or island, however, suggesting that some of the eddy fluxes in the northern half of the tongue or island of high QGPV are balancing a source of eddy QGPE there by converting eddy QGPE into the mean QGPE. At the intermediate levels of the model, under the GS, eddy QGPE is small, and the role of eddies appears to be mixed; they are forcing the mean to some ...
Lethocolea naruto-toganensis, a New Hepatic from Swamps of Japan

Abstract Lethocolea naruto-toganensis is described as a new species from central Honshu of Japan. It is closely allied to L. congesta (Lehmann) S. W. Arnell from South Africa, L. javanica (Schiffn.) Grolle from Indonesia, and L. pansa (Taylor) G. A. M. Scott & K. Beckm. from Australia in having multicellular discoid gemmae. However, L. naruto-toganensis is distinguished from these species by purple-red rhizoids, ovate leaves, smooth cell surfaces, small trigones, and short marsupia.
Telling Stories About Women and Work: Judicial Interpretations of Sex Segregation on the Job in Title VII Cases Raising the Lack of Interest Argument

Decades after Title VII prohibited sex discrimination in employment, most women continue to work in low-paying, low-status, traditionally female jobs. Employers have avoided liability for sex segregation by arguing that women lack interest in the more highly rewarded jobs done by men. This analysis of Title VII cases addressing the lack of interest argument shows that courts have failed to recognize the role of labor markets and firms in shaping women's work aspirations. Courts attribute sex segregation either to women's choice or to employer coercion. Both these explanations, however, incorrectly assume that women form stable preferences for jobs of a certain sex type before they ever begin working. Sociological research reveals that, like men, women develop their job preferences instead in response to changing structural and cultural features of work organizations. This Article draws on sociological research to propose a new way of understanding sex segregation that will enable courts and policymakers to fulfill title VII's unrealized promise to working women and men.
Testing Post-Tensioned Slab and Beams Without Grouting

Two industrial building post tensioned members were tested in laboratories at University of Mississippi; one was 5 ft × 30 ft × 11 ft roof channel slab, and other was 25 ft long roof girder; wire units were coated with mastic, and were not grouted in; end anchorages are steel plate shims; load vs deflection curves were plotted and cracking and ultimate loads were noted.