cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rediscovering the idols: K-pop idols behind the mask

In 2011, the SMTOWN Paris concert, featuring the roster of singers under the SM Entertainment label, became a media sensation after European fans protested at the Louvre Museum for additional ticke...
Experimental study of cryofreezing energy applications on the ventricular myocardium using sheep hearts

Background Cryofreezing energy has been utilized to abolish arrhythmogenic substrates of various kinds of tachyarrhythmias. However, systematic electrophysiological and histological investigations of cryothermia have never been performed. The aim of this study was to clarify those aspects using sheep beating hearts. Methods A total of eight adult sheep were utilized under total anesthesia, and a pericardial cradle was made by opening the pericardium. Eight epicardial plaque electrodes were sutured on the epicardial surface of the left ventricle 2∼3 cm apart from each other. A cryoprobe was inserted through a vent made in the left ventricular apex, and positioned so as to locate the probe tip at a site just opposite the center of the epicardial plaque electrodes. Ventricular electrograms and pacing threshold were measured during endocardial freezing. The volume of the necrotized lesion created by the cryofreezing was measured in the excised hearts after staining. Results The cryoprobe tip temperature was lowered to −50°C for 10 minutes. A significant increase in the pacing threshold and significant reduction in the ventricular electrograms were observed after endocardial freezing. The transmurality of the necrotized lesions varied depending on the situation of the cryoapplications, and the lesion depth and volume were significantly larger in the transmural lesions; however, there was no significant difference between the transmural and nontransmural lesions regarding the lesion width. Conclusions Endocardial cryofreezing could provoke significant electrophysiological and injurious effects on the ventricular myocardium in the goat heart. Transmural cryolesions could be created when cryoprobe was appropriately applied.
Women Learning About Entrepreneurship: The Case of Singapore

This chapter focuses on the ways in which the women in Singapore created and operated their businesses. Original, innovative ideas for business as well as creative methods of operations that were based on understandings of theory and practice gained in higher education programs contributed to the entrepreneurs’ learning experiences.
A survey suggests individual priorities are virtually unique: Implications for group dynamics, goal achievement and ecology

Abstract Recently, a game-theoretic analysis highlighted the attractiveness of motivation asymmetry and anti-coordination as a strategy for groups to achieve multiple simultaneous goals. To test the prevalence of motivation asymmetry, a survey was performed that asked participants to divide resources among four different societal goals pertaining to economic growth, poverty reduction, health and environmental protection. It is shown, that the survey responses can be modelled by a Dirichlet distribution. It is argued, that the observed high diversity in priority combinations − while at first sight a problem − can be viewed as evidence for an “individual purpose game”, where there is a one-to-one mapping between group participants and the goals they are highly motivated to achieve. Based on these results, two strategies (the majority strategy and the heroic effort strategy) for achieving multiple simultaneous goals in a group are discussed. It is argued, that motivation asymmetry can − if understood in the light of game theory of voluntary efforts − lead to highly effective groups. Also, important implications for the field of ecology are dissussed.
Cigarette Smoking among Male Teenagers in Malaysia ― A Narrative Review

This narrative review of a contemporary healthcare issue focuses on strategies and healthcare initiatives to curtail the increasing prevalence of active cigarette smoking among male teenagers in Malaysia — a mission of the Malaysian Millennium Development Goal and the United Nations Development Programmes on all health sectors. This narrative review analysed global and Malaysian views on cigarette smoking.
Enteroviruses Remodel Autophagic Trafficking through Regulation of Host SNARE Proteins to Promote Virus Replication and Cell Exit

Summary Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is a medically important respiratory plus-strand RNA virus of children that has been linked to acute flaccid myelitis. We have determined that EV-D68 induces autophagic signaling and membrane formation. Autophagy, a homeostatic degradative process that breaks down protein aggregates and damaged organelles, promotes replication of multiple plus-strand viruses. Induction of autophagic signals promotes EV-D68 replication, but the virus inhibits the downstream degradative steps of autophagy in multiple ways. EV-D68 proteases cleave a major autophagic cargo adaptor and the autophagic SNARE SNAP29, which reportedly regulates fusion between autophagosome to amphisome/autolysosome. Although the virus inhibits autophagic degradation, SNAP29 promotes virus replication early in infection. An orphan SNARE, SNAP47, is shown to have a previously unknown role in autophagy, and SNAP47 promotes the replication of EV-D68. Our study illuminates a mechanism for subversion of autophagic flux and redirection of the autophagic membranes to benefit EV-D68 replication.
Integrated inductors, capacitors, and damping in bus bars for dv/dt filter applications

A dv/dt filter is useful to mitigate the deleterious effects of voltage pulses with high edge rates, such as voltage overshoot in motor drive systems, which can cause premature motor failure. With the introduction of wide-bandgap semiconductor drives, these issues will become more pronounced. This paper introduces a new type of dv/dt filter where the inductor, capacitor, and damping resistor are integrated into the output bus bar or cable of the inverter. This integrated filter may be smaller, lighter, and cheaper to construct than filters built from discrete components. An analytical model of the integrated dv/dt filter is developed, and this model is used to design output filters for a 460 V AC, 3-phase silicon carbide motor drive that meet the NEMA MG 1 Part 31 requirements for inverter-rated motors. Prototype filters are constructed and tested with a silicon carbide inverter connected to a 460 Vrms induction motor, and experimental results demonstrate output waveforms that match the analytical model and meet the NEMA requirements.
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist as a novel treatment for interstitial cystitis: A rat model.

Purpose To understand the therapeutic potential of pioglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) agonist with a propensity to cause bladder mucosal proliferation, on interstitial cystitis (IC) in a rat model. Materials and Methods Using a previously described animal model for IC, Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with biweekly cyclophosphamide injections (35 mg/kg) to induce cystitis. Animals were divided into 4 groups (n=6 for each group): IC plus daily sham saline gavage (IC+Pio-), IC plus daily pioglitazone gavage (15 mg/kg) (IC+Pio+), normal rats with daily pioglitazone (IC-Pio+), and normal rats with neither IC nor pioglitazone (IC-Pio- or Control). At the end of four weeks, urinary frequency and bladder capacity were measured. Histologic examination of urothelial integrity was also performed. Results Average voids per hour were significantly lower in IC+Pio+ (4.0±1.9) vs. IC+Pio- (10.0±2.4) rats (p<0.01) and were similar to IC-Pio+ (6.0±1.4) and IC-Pio- (6.0±1.5) controls. Cystometric capacity was significantly higher in IC+Pio+ (0.945±0.122 mL) vs. IC+Pio- rats (0.588±0.165 mL, p=0.01) and was comparable to IC-Pio- capacity (0.817±0.196 mL) and IC-Pio+ capacity (0.941±0.188 mL). Urothelial structural integrity was improved in IC+Pio+ rats versus IC+Pio- rats upon histologic observation. Conclusions Pioglitazone, a PPAR-γ agonist, improved bladder function in cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis by both observed urinary frequency and measured cystometric capacity. Urothelial structural integrity was also improved. Pioglitazone, due to a propensity to cause bladder mucosal proliferation, may prove useful for treating IC, and deserves further investigation.
Testis-Determining H-Y Antigen and the Induction of the hCG Receptor

The discovery of H-Y (“male specific”) antigen is the result of a finding in the field of transplantation immunology (Eichwald and Silmser, 1955). In some highly inbred strains of the mouse, male skin grafts are rejected by female recipients, but not vice versa. Due to the genetic identity of animals within an isogenic strain, this rejection phenomenon must be attributed to an antigen coded or controlled by the Y chromosome (which is absent in the female). The term H-Y (histocompatibility-Y) refers to the dependence of this male-specific antigen on the Y chromosome.
Pirates vs. Private Security: Commercial Shipping, the Montreux Document, and the Battle for the Gulf of Aden

The scourge of Somali piracy has imperiled the free movement of commercial shipping vessels in the Gulf of Aden, a major conduit of global commerce. A “grand armada” of international naval forces sent to safeguard commercial vessels near Somalia has been unable to stem the growth of Somali pirate syndicates capable of brazen attacks and bolstered by the promise of multimillion dollar ransoms. This Comment explores the commercial shipping industry’s increasing reliance on private military and security companies (PMSCs) to secure their vessels, cargo, and crews from pirate attacks. The International Maritime Organization and other groups have vehemently opposed PMSC employment aboard commercial vessels, citing the inevitable escalation of violence and excessive use of force that are part of the PMSC modus operandi. This Comment highlights the factual underpinnings that animate these concerns and suggests that the PMSC misconduct in the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan provide instructive, indeed critical, lessons regarding the responsible employment of PMSC forces to combat piracy.
Practice and Knowledge Management

In this chapter, I will discuss the word `practice’ in the context of knowledge and knowledge management partially. This will allow us to focus both on tacit and explicit knowledge. But what is a practice? To approach this question, I would like to discuss eight heuristics that carry with them assumptions that are fairly well accepted among knowledge practitioners regarding notions of `understanding’.
A new approach in functionalization of carbon nanoparticles for optoelectronically relevant carbon dots and beyond

Abstract Carbon dots (CDots), generally small carbon nanoparticles with surface passivation by a soft corona-like layer of mostly organic species, have been actively pursued for potential applications in optoelectronics, including various functions that have been served by some popular fullerene derivatives. For the preparation of CDots, chemical functionalization of pre-processed and selected small carbon nanoparticles by organic molecules, so far mostly molecules with primary and secondary amine groups, has been an effective method. In this study, carbon nanoparticles were functionalized by N-ethylcarbazole (NEC) under microwave-assisted reaction conditions for NEC-CDots, analogous but with advantages to the CDots of surface functionalization by poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK, which holds a special place in optoelectronics). NEC molecules can apparently be activated under the reaction conditions for reactive functionalities such as radicals to bind to surface carbons of the nanoparticles, consistent with the observed high stability of NEC-CDots. These dots, likely with a unique surface passivation scheme, exhibited optical properties and photoinduced redox characteristics similar to those found in other high-performance CDots. The potentially broad applicability of the new functionalization approach is discussed, so are implications of the unique surface passivation of carbon nanoparticles by the carbazole moieties.
Abstract 411: Human Species-specific Loss of the CMP-N-acetylneuraminic Acid Hydroxylase Fuels Atherosclerosis Development via Intrinsic and Extrinsic Mechanisms

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) events due to atherosclerosis are very common in humans, but rarely occur spontaneously in other mammals, absent experimental manipulation. All humans exhibit a species...
Geographic and demographic disparities in neuroendocrine tumors (NETs): A population-based study.

e15694Background: The incidence and prevalence of Neuroendocrine Tumors (NETs) are rapidly rising. There are very few studies investigating the role of sociodemographic factors on NETs. The aim of ...
Online Millimeter Wave Phased Array Calibration Based on Channel Estimation

This paper proposes a new over-the-air (OTA) calibration method for millimeter wave phased arrays. Our method leverages the channel estimation process which is a fundamental part of any wireless communication system. By performing the channel estimation while changing the phase of an antenna element, the phase response of the element can be estimated. The relative phase of the phased array can also be obtained by collecting all the estimated phase responses with a shared reference state. Hence, the phase mismatches of the phased array can be resolved. Unlike prior work, our calibration method embraces all the array components such as power-divider, phase shifter, amplifier and antenna and thus, spans the full chain. By overriding channel estimation, our proposed technique does not require any additional circuits for calibration. Furthermore, the calibration can be performed online without the need to pause the communication. We tested our method on an eight element phased array at 24GHz which we designed and fabricated in PCB for verification. The measured beam pattens prove the viability of our proposed method.
Polymethylmethacrylate Microsphere Injections in the Face

Microspheres of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) have been injected beneath wrinkles and for facial volume augmentation since 1990 in more than 500,000 patients worldwide. They remain in the body permanently and are as safe as hyaluronic acid injections if injected strictly subdermally and epiperiosteally. Most serious complications occur after intra-arterial injections, and most nodules form after intramuscular injections. Foreign body granulomas are rare but can occur years after injection of PMMA subsequently to a systemic bacterial infection.
Neurological Monitoring and Complications of Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Support

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is extracorporeal life support for life-threatening cardiopulmonary failure. Since its introduction, the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation has expanded to patients with more complex comorbidities without change in patient mortality rates. Although many patients survive, significant neurological complications like seizures, ischemic strokes, and intracranial hemorrhage can occur during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation care. The risks of these complications often add to the complexity of decision-making surrounding extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. In this review, we discuss the pathophysiology and incidence of neurological complications in children supported on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, factors influencing the incidence of these complications, commonly used neurological monitoring modalities, and outcomes for this complex patient population. We discuss the current literature on the use of electroencephalography for both seizure detection and monitoring of background electroencephalographic changes, in addition to the use of less commonly used imaging modalities like transcranial Doppler. We summarize the knowledge gaps and the lack of clinical consensus guidelines for managing these potentially life-changing neurological complications. Finally, we discuss future work to further understand the pathophysiology of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation-related neurological complications.
Subgingival microbiome is associated with alveolar bone loss measured 5 years later in postmenopausal women

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to quantify the association between subgingival microbiota and periodontal disease progression in older women, for which limited published data exist. METHODS A total of 1016 postmenopausal women, aged 53 to 81 years, completed baseline (1997 to 2001) and 5-year (2002 to 2006) dental exams that included probing depth, clinical attachment level, gingival bleeding, and radiographic alveolar crestal height (ACH). Baseline microbiota were measured in subgingival plaque using 16S rRNA sequencing. Associations between 52 microbiota we previously found statistically significantly associated with clinical periodontal disease at baseline, were examined with disease progression. The traditional Socransky microbiota complexes also were evaluated. Side-by-side radiograph comparisons were used to define progression as ≥2 teeth with ≥1 mm ACH loss or ≥1 new tooth loss to periodontitis. The association between baseline centered log(2) ratio transformed microbial relative abundances and 5-year periodontal disease progression was measured with generalized linear models. RESULTS Of 36 microbiota we previously showed were elevated in moderate/severe disease at baseline, 24 had statistically significantly higher baseline mean relative abundance in progressing compared with non-progressing women (P < .05, all); which included all Socransky red bacteria (P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, T. denticola). Of 16 microbiota elevated in none/mild disease at baseline, five had statistically significantly lower baseline abundance in non-progressing compared with progressing women (P < 0.05, all), including one Socransky yellow bacteria (S. oralis). When adjusted for baseline age, socioeconomic status, and self-rated general health status, odds ratios for 5-year progression ranged from 1.18 to 1.51 (per 1-standard deviation increment in relative abundance) for microbiota statistically significantly (P < 0.05) positively associated with progression, and from 0.77 to 0.82 for those statistically significantly (P < 0.05) inversely associated with progression. These associations were similar when stratified on baseline levels of pocket depth, gingival bleeding, ACH, and smoking status. CONCLUSIONS These prospective results affirm clearly that subgingival microbiota are measurably elevated several years prior to progression of alveolar bone loss, and include antecedent elevations in previously undocumented taxa additional to known Socransky pathogenic complexes.
Mortgage Relief: Who CARES?

The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act) provides mortgage forbearance relief to qualifying borrowers, whose loans are placed in a government backed mortgage pool. We analyze the effects of being ineligible for the program by examining the aftermath of the same requirement in the Home Affordable Refinance Program (HARP). Using a comparable sample of borrowers with Freddie Mac loans and privately securitized loans (Bbx) we compare loan performance and quantify potential wealth, consumption, and credit consequences for prime borrowers whose loans were placed in private securitization pools and who were thus ineligible for a government relief program. We show that restricting modification benefits to include only borrowers in federally backed mortgage pools results in significant loss in wealth (through reduced prepayment and increased default) for those otherwise similar borrowers whose loans are placed outside of GSE pools. The greatest detriment is documented in CBSAs with the largest housing price declines.
An African-centered self-regard scale for Black youth: Development and initial validation

Theorists of the African centered perspective propose that constructs derived from indigenous African frameworks are associated with positive developmental outcomes amongst Black American youth. Ho...
The Lowell Observatory Solar Telescope: observing the sun as an exoplanet host star with the EXtreme PREcision Spectrograph

The Lowell Observatory Solar Telescope (LOST) will fiber feed sunlight into the EXtreme PREcision Spectrograph (EXPRES) to observe the Sun during the day in an analogous way to stars at night. One main hurdle remains in detecting a terrestrial exoplanet orbiting in the habitable zone of a Sun-like star. The star itself can induce radial velocity jitter of several m/s, completely drowning the minuscule signal from an orbiting planet. Understanding this jitter has proved extremely challenging owing to the fact that the majority of stellar surfaces are unresolved. One star for which this isn’t the case is the Sun. Combining our EXPRES solar spectra with spacecraft data from missions like NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory and the recently launched Parker Solar Probe will revolutionize our capability to remove the stellar induced RV jitter, greatly increasing our ability to detect a true Earth analog.
The impact of ownership political ideology on firm performance: evidence from major league baseball (MLB) franchises

This paper utilises the political ideology literature in conjunction with frameworks of sport ownership to investigate the link between franchise owners’ political ideology and organisation-level p...
Relationship between circulating tumor-associated autoantibodies and clinical outcomes in advanced-stage NSCLC patients receiving PD-1/-L1 directed immune checkpoint inhibition.

Abstract Background Durable tumor regressions are observed in a subset of advanced-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients receiving PD-1/−L1 targeted immune checkpoint inhibitors (or ‘immunotherapy’) alone or in combination with chemotherapy. However, the majority of advanced NSCLC patients receiving these agents do not experience long-term disease control. Existing methods to identify patients most likely to gain clinical benefit from PD-1/−L1 immunotherapy have limitations, creating a need for improved methods to guide treatment selection, particularly for those likely to benefit from single-agent immunotherapy. Here, we describe the development of a series of novel assays for tumor-associated autoantibodies as part of an exploratory study intended to determine if these biomarkers have potential prognostic value in this setting. Method A selection of recombinant tumor autoantigens previously characterized for their diagnostic utility were developed and preliminarily evaluated by this study. These include: Fumarate Dehydrogenase (FH), Hydroxysteroid 17-Beta Dehydrogenase 10 (HSD17B10), Inosine Monophosphate Dehydrogenase 2 (IMPDH2), New York Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma-1 (NY ESO-1), Phosphoglycerate Mutase 1 (PGAM1), and Vimentin. Custom Luminex immunobead assays were developed for these targets to quantitatively assess autoantibody levels in individual patient sera. Assays were erected as indirect immunoassays on MagPlex® Microspheres using standard carbodiimide/NHS-based chemistries, utilizing a biotin-conjugated secondary (i.e. anti-human IgG) antibody and R-phycoerythrin-conjugated streptavidin reporter system. Standard curves were created for quantitative purposes using commercially-available anti-antigen antibodies and permitted analytical performance characteristics to be calculated. These assays were used to preliminarily evaluate a series of pretreatment serum samples from stage IV NSCLC patients receiving anti PD-1/−L1 therapy after failure of at least one prior line of therapy (n = 40) and their classification efficiency calculated based on 12 months overall survival (OS) threshold. Results Six assays were developed that each showed dynamic ranges of four orders of magnitude and provided more than 90% classification accuracy based on the observed clinical outcome data. Inter- and intra-assay precision was assessed within these standards and overall %CVs of ≤7% and ≤ 10%, respectively, were calculated. Generally, the baseline level of autoantibodies were significantly (p Conclusion This study demonstrates an efficient and promising means for assessing circulating autoantibody titers that could be useful in selecting advanced NSCLC patients for PD-1/−L1 directed immunotherapy. Further exploration and validation of this paradigm is warranted to further refine current treatment selection methods for this therapeutic strategy.
BTS as method: a counter-hegemonic culture in the network society:

This study focuses on the BTS sensation, examining how three entities – digital networks, the K-pop industry, and fandom – have engaged in the production of an alternative global culture. Based on ...
Access and dissemination of information and emerging media convergence in the Democratic Republic of Congo

We explore practical implications of emerging media convergence for journalists and citizens regarding access to information in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Using data from 34, semi-stru...
Factors Associated with Very Long-Term Survival for Lung Transplant Recipients

Purpose While median survival for adult lung transplants recipients is approximately 6 years, there is a subset of patients that experiences much greater longevity. We sought to elucidate the characteristics of very long-term survivors and determine the factors associated with this outcome. Methods Utilizing the United Network for Organ Sharing Standard Transplant Analysis and Research files, we retrospectively identified adult recipients of lung transplants between 1987 and 2004. We defined the very long-term survival (VLT) cohort by those who lived ≥15 years post transplant. The remaining patients served as the control group. Baseline recipient and donor characteristics as well as outcomes were compared using chi-squared analyses for categorical data and t-tests for continuous variables. A multivariate logistic regression model was implemented to determine the influence of these factors on the odds of VLT survival. Results Between 1987 and 2004, 11,669 patients met inclusion criteria, and 1,296 (11%) survived ≥ 15 years. VLT survivors were younger (43±12 vs 49±12 years; p Conclusion Approximately 11% of lung transplant recipients from 1987 to 2004 have lived to become VLT survivors. Factors associated with the odds of VLT survival were related to younger age, race congruence between donor and recipient, and receipt of a double lung transplant. Information gleaned from VLT survivors can inform best practices for allograft selection with the aim of prolonging survival for the lung transplant population at large.
AEC Classifier: A Tree-Based Classifier with Error Control for Medical Disease Diagnosis and Other Applications

In medical disease diagnosis, the cost of a false negative could greatly outweigh the cost of a false positive. This is because the former could cost a life, whereas the latter may only cause medic...
Adolescent Medicine Fellowship

Adolescent medicine is a subspecialty of pediatrics dedicated to the care and guidance of adolescents as they transition from childhood into adulthood. In this chapter, the authors discuss the history of adolescent medicine and the things that make the subspecialty of adolescent medicine unique from general pediatrics. They also discuss skills that are essential to establishing rapport and improving communication with adolescents. Furthermore, the authors deliberate reasons for choosing a career in adolescent medicine and discuss fellowship training and factors to consider in choosing a fellowship.
Writing the Book of the World

1. Structure 2. Primitivism 3. Connections 4. Substantivity 5. Metametaphysics 6. Beyond the predicate 7. Questions 8. Rivals 9. Ontology 10. Logic 11. Time 12. Modality 13. A Worldview References
Curiouser and Curiouser: A Personal Evaluation of Modal Interpretations

I feel honored to have been asked to write the concluding essay to this volume. I was in fact asked to comment on and discuss the implications of all the contributions to this volume, and all the discussions at the conference on modal interpretations held in Utrecht in June of 1996. But I have not adhered exactly to the task given. Rather than comment on each contribution individually I have given myself the liberty to expound on four themes that collectively cover most of the subjects discussed at the conference and in this volume, while only occasionally commenting on specific contributions.
Traditional, Democratic, Accountable? Navigating Citizen-Subjection in Rural South Africa

Nearly two decades after South Africa’s democratization, questions of tradition and accountability continue to trouble the polity as more than 14 million black South Africans remain subject to state-recognized, so-called “traditional” leaders – kings, queens, chiefs and regents. This article deepens our understanding of contemporary governance by exploring the agency of these citizen-subjects through close examination of traditional leaders’ strategies and citizen-subjects’ mobilizations in four rural localities. These cases illustrate how citizen-subjects are working with, against and through traditional leaders and councils, hybrid organizations and independent groups to pursue community development and effective, accountable governance, and show how the present governance framework enables traditional leaders to block or undermine collective initiatives. In drawing attention to citizen-subjects’ agency and their difficulties in holding traditional leaders accountable, this analysis of contemporary traditional governance underscores the need for further democratizing reforms.
Representing the Graphics Context to Support Understanding Plural Anaphora in Multi-modal Interfaces

Previous communication provides important context for new communication in an interaction. In natural language interfaces, the discourse context represents and maintains information about what has been said before. When other modes of communication are also used, they must also contribute to the context. In this paper, we describe how information about the graphics can be represented and maintained in the graphics context. We are particularly interested in how the graphics context can be used to support finding referents for plural anaphora.
Prepartum protein restriction does not alter norepinephrine-induced thermogenesis or brown adipose tissue function in newborn calves.

We examined the effect of prepartum protein restriction on thermogenesis and several aspects of perirenal (brown) adipose tissue (BAT) in newborn calves. Lipid synthesis and morphology also were compared between BAT and sternum (white) adipose tissue. During the last 140 d of gestation, heifers were fed isocaloric diets containing adequate (10.4%) or restricted (average of 6.8%, dry matter basis) levels of protein. Body condition scores and weight gain during gestation were significantly lower in heifers fed the restricted-protein diet. However, newborn calf birth weight, calf BAT weight and composition, and calf thermoneutral metabolic rates were not affected by prepartum protein restriction. Similarly, visceral organ weights, except for lung plus trachea, were not affected (P > 0.10) by prepartum protein treatment. Peak metabolic rates were not affected (P > 0.10) by prepartum protein treatment and on average were twice the thermoneutral metabolic rates. Consistent with this, BAT of calves from heifers fed adequate- or restricted-protein diets did not differ in lipid synthesis, cellularity, or uncoupling protein mRNA:28S rRNA ratios. Although both perirenal and sternum adipocytes were mostly unilocular, perirenal adipocytes contained numerous large mitochondria with well-differentiated cristae; sternum adipocytes contained a small number of mitochondria with poorly developed cristae. Fatty acid biosynthesis from acetate was high in BAT (55-57 nmol acetate incorporated. 100 mg -l . h -l ) but barely detectable in sternum adipose tissue. Conversely, fatty acid biosynthesis from glucose was 80-110% higher in sternum adipose tissue than in BAT (4.5 vs 2.1-2.5 nmol glucose incorporated 100 mg -l . h -l ). Thus maternal protein restriction severely affected heifers but had no effect on neonatal calf thermogenesis or BAT function.
The problem of bullying in schools and the promise of positive behaviour supports

Bullying in schools is recognised as a global problem. In the USA, school shootings and increasing school aggression focused research on the causes of bullying and interventions that could reduce or eliminate bullying behaviours. A variety of bullying programs have generated mixed results with some actually increasing bullying behaviours. There are consistent limitations on the research, including problems of definition, scope, generalisability, complexity and philosophy and model, but slowly, consensus on these issues is being reached. Positive behaviour supports (PBIS) in schools provides a framework for comprehensive behavioural management. PBIS is being implemented across the USA as part of a national response to intervention (RTI) model. PBIS might offer an opportunity to address some of these persistent problems and to avoid others altogether. This literature review considers the nature of the problems limiting success of bullying prevention programs and will offer recommendations for potential solutions within a PBIS framework.
Two Methods for Collecting Decapods in Shallow Water

While working in Tunisia from 1972 to 1974 on the field portion of a research program on the marine decapods of North Africa, it was learned that two kinds of collecting gear were particularly successful in shallow water habitats there and elsewhere in the Mediterranean. These pieces of gear, a pushnet for collecting shrimps and other organisms from grass flats and a yabby pump for collecting callianassids and other burrowing decapods, are used commercially in other parts of the world but apparently are not in general use in the Mediterranean. A brief description of the gear and their use is presented here for those who might wish to experiment with these collecting techniques in shallow water habitats. My study of North African decapods is being supported by the Smithsonian Institution through its Foreign Currency Program. The field study was carried out with the cooperation of the Institut National Scientifique et Technique d'Oc?anographie et de P?che, Salammb?, directed by A. Azouz. I thank M. Azouz for his cooperation during my stay in Tunisia. I also thank D. J. G. Griffin for providing me with a reference to the use of the yabby pump in Australia.
Estimation of Inelastic Deformation Demands of SDOF Systems

Two recently proposed and closely related approximate methods to estimate the maximum lateral inelastic deformations demands of single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) systems subjected to earthquake ground motions are investigated. In both methods, maximum inelastic displacements are estimated from maximum elastic displacements through the use of parameters that relate the response of elastic and inelastic SDOF systems. In the first method, the maximum inelastic displacement is estimated from the maximum elastic displacement through mean strength reduction factors derived from statistical studies. In the second method, the maximum inelastic displacement is estimated from the maximum elastic displacement through inelastic displacement ratios also derived from statistical studies. It is shown that the first method is actually a first-order approximation of the second method and that only in the absence of variability the two methods provide the same result. Furthermore, it is shown that the systematic error introduced by the first method leads to underestimations of maximum inelastic displacement demands. The error is evaluated and examples using results from statistical results of the seismic response of SDOF systems are presented.
The classification of digenetic trematoda: a review and a new system.

Abstract The higher taxa in the older systems of classification of the Digenea were based largely on external characters; the families in later systems were based on the comparative morphology of adult worms. Such systems do not agree in many areas with concepts of genetic relationships derived from data provided by comparative studies of life histories and embryonic processes. For this reason a system based on life history data and particularly on the development of the excretory bladder and associated structures has been developed and presented in the form of a key from which adult characters are omitted. In order to express the author's interpretation of genetic relationships between families it has been necessary to employ taxa at suprafamily levels. This system includes a number of families for which information of life history is lacking, or very incomplete. These families are assigned to positions in the system on the basis of the comparative morphology of the adult worms. A re-evaluation of the positions assigned to these families and the placing of the score or more of families omitted from this system must await information to be derived from life history studies. That the author's interpretations of relationships or his use of taxa at supra-family levels will be accepted in their entirety is scarcely to be expected, for it is freely admitted that the same data will be evaluated differently by competent workers in this field. Nevertheless, the system is presented in the hope that its publication may lead eventually to the development of a system which will portray with some degree of accuracy the genetic relationships within the Digenea.
Mapping Capabilities Of Television Systems

As a photographic system, television has three unique advantages: 1) It provides a real-time, remote, visual display of the object field; 2) a hard copy of the imagery can be obtained at the remote station without actual access to the TV camera; and 3) the video signal from the TV camera can be digitized directly and thus providing an excellent potential for real-time geometric measurement. Largely because of these reasons, television has been used extensively in space exploration, in medical, biological and ballistic research, and in the supervision of industrial processes. Because of its high sensitivity, television is also used in astronomical and underwater observations. However, in all of these applications, TV imageries have been used primarily for qualitative analysis.© (1971) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Surgical Anatomy of the Anterior Cervical Spine: The Disc Space, Vertebral Artery, and Associated Bony Structures

OBJECTIVE : To elucidate the relationships between the neurovascular structures and surrounding bone, which are hidden from the surgeon by soft tissue, and to aid in avoiding nerve root and vertebral artery injury in anterior cervical spine surgery. METHODS : Using six cadaveric spines, we measured important landmarks on the anterior surface of the spine, the bony housing protecting the neurovascular structures in the lateral disc space, and the changes that occur during the discectomy with interbody distraction of the vertebral bodies. The measurements included the distance between the medial borders of the longus colli muscle at the level of each interspace ; the width and height of each disc space at the midline ; the width and height of the costal process ; the distances between the cranial tip of the uncinate process (UP) and the vertebral body (VB) above and from the tip of the UP to the vertebral artery ; the anteroposterior diameter or the extent of the disc spaces in the midline ; the height at the midpoint of the distracted disc space ; the UP-VB distance in distraction ; and the width of the visible nerve root. RESULTS : The distance between the medial borders of the longus colli muscles increased in a rostral to caudal direction. The height of the UP was shortest at C4-C5 and greatest at C5-C6 ; the width was narrowest at C4-C5 and widest at C6-C7. The width of the costal process measured from the VB to the anterior tubercle was narrowest at C2-C3 and widest at C6-C7. The midpoint height of the costal process was smallest at C6-C7 and tallest at C4-C5 and C5-C6. The nondistracted UP-vertebral artery distance was the shortest at C2-C3 and longest at C4-C5. The nondistracted UP-VB distance averaged 1 mm at C2-C3 and C6-C7 and 1.5 mm at C4-C5. The height of the distracted disc space was shortest at C2-C3 and C6-C7. The UP-VB distance after distraction was greatest at C4-C5. Only at the C2-C3 interspace was the nerve always above the process. The vertebral artery entered the foramen transversarium of C6 in all the specimens. CONCLUSION : Although avoiding unfortunate injury is not always possible, understanding the locations and relations among the anatomic features is the only safeguard against unwarranted damage.
Crystal Engineering through Halogen Bonding. 2. Complexes of Diacetylene-Linked Heterocycles with Organic Iodides

The bis(aryl)diacetylenes 1,4-bis(3-quinolyl)-1,3-butadiyne (1), 1,4-bis(4-isoquinolyl)-1,3-butadiyne (2), and 1,4-bis(3-pyridyl)-1,3-butadiyne (3) form strongly halogen bonded complexes with organ...
Elastic second-order analysis for frame design

Abstract The aim of this work is to provide a practical method for the elastic second-order analysis of rigidly connected frames. In the first part of the paper some existing approximate methods of analysis are reviewed, the formulations of the well-established geometric matrix approach and stability functions approach are discussed, and these various methods are evaluated. Finally, a simple yet practical method of analysis is proposed, based on the matrix formulation of stability functions of beam-columns. The method is tested by solving five frame examples. Comparison of the results with the exact method and the AISC/LRFD B1-B2 method confirms the validity of the proposed method and shows its advantages over the B1-B2 method. The proposed method of analysis can easily be implemented on personal computers.
“Pipping” Mechanism and Hatching in Nidifugous Birds

THE hatching of nidifugous birds involves complex biological and mechanical factors, some of which are poorly understood. In the herring gull, Larus argentatus1, and the black-tailed godwit, Limosa limosa2, the extent of shell breakage, or pipping, is reported to be little more than a quarter of the circumference. Breakage of most of the circumference, however, has been noted in the turnstone, Arenaria interpres3, the pigeon, Columba livia4, the fowl5–7 and many species of Anatidae (unpublished work of P. M. D.). Pipping obviously needs study.
A model for predicting magnetic targeting of multifunctional particles in the microvasculature

A mathematical model is presented for predicting magnetic targeting of multifunctional carrier particles that are designed to deliver therapeutic agents to malignant tissue in vivo. These particles consist of a nonmagnetic core material that contains embedded magnetic nanoparticles and therapeutic agents such as photodynamic sensitizers. For in vivo therapy, the particles are injected into the vascular system upstream from malignant tissue, and captured at the tumor using an applied magnetic field. The applied field couples to the magnetic nanoparticles inside the carrier particle and produces a force that attracts the particle to the tumor. In noninvasive therapy, the applied field is produced by a permanent magnet positioned outside the body. In this paper, a mathematical model is developed for predicting noninvasive magnetic targeting of therapeutic carrier particles in the microvasculature. The model takes into account the dominant magnetic and fluidic forces on the particles and leads to an analytical expression for predicting their trajectory. An analytical expression is also derived for predicting the volume fraction of embedded magnetic nanoparticles required to ensure capture of the carrier particle at the tumor. The model enables rapid parametric analysis of magnetic targeting as a function of key variables including the size of the carrier particle, the properties and volume fraction of the embedded magnetic nanoparticles, the properties of the magnet, the microvessel, the hematocrit of the blood and its flow rate.
Continuous cell separation using novel magnetic quadrupole flow sorter

Abstract A laboratory prototype of a flow cell sorter based on magnetic quadrupole field was built and evaluated. The magnetic force acting on magnetically labeled cells in such a field has a `centrifugal’ character which provides a basis for the design of a continuous separation process. The sorter was tested on a model cell system of human peripheral lymphocytes labeled with magnetic colloid.
Coarsening mechanisms in a metal film: From cluster diffusion to vacancy ripening

Coarsening of Ag films on Ag(100) at room temperature occurs primarily via diffusion-mediated coalescence of two-dimensional adatom clusters, rather than by Ostwald ripening, up to a coverage of 0.65 monolayer. Above 0.8 monolayer, vacancy clusters coarsen primarily via Ostwald ripening, due to their much lower diffusivity. An asymmetric transition region separates these two regimes, characterized by a near-percolating structure which undergoes self-similar coarsening.
Variational principles and entropy production in creeping flow of non-newtonian fluids

Abstract The extension of Helmholtz—Korteweg's theorem to purely viscous non-Newtonian fluids yields a variational principle for steady creeping flow for a rather wide class of fluids. Only for a restricted subclass (Newtonian and power-law fluids) does the quantity to be minimized coincide with the total rate of entropy production. It is argued that the Helmholtz—Korteweg theorem is a purely mechanical result which has no significant thermodynamic content.
Preface to the Special Issue in Honor of Dr. James E. Slosson

In the fall of 2006, the Management Board of the Engineering Geology Division, Geological Society of America (GSA), decided to honor Dr. James E. Slosson with a set of symposia to be held at the annual meeting of the GSA in October 2007, highlighting areas in which he had made significant contributions throughout his career. (Links to the papers presented at the GSA symposia are listed at the end of this preface.) The Association of Environmental and Engineering Geologists (AEG) subsequently joined in the effort, scheduling a symposium in Jim's honor at their annual meeting in September 2007. In addition to the AEG symposium, Mark Legg led a memorable field trip dedicated to Jim Slosson, exploring the geology of Santa Catalina Island, just as Jim had for an AEG meeting in the 1960s. These symposia attracted a total of 49 presentations at the GSA and AEG meetings, resulting in the papers in this issue of Environmental and Engineering Geosciences , published in honor of Jim Slosson. The Slosson Family and I sincerely thank all who have contributed to this project, as authors, symposium co-chairs, reviewers, editors, and general supporters. Jim and Nancy Slosson were aware of the plan to honor Jim's professional contributions and planned to attend the GSA and AEG meetings in the fall of 2007. Indeed, it would be unjust to honor Jim's contributions to geoscience and society without mention of his wife of 60 years, Nancy, because she was such a fundamental part of his personal and professional life. Nancy passed away on April 27, 2007, and Jim followed one day later on April 28, at age 84. Both ultimately succumbed to illnesses that had become chronic. Jim and Nancy moved on down the road as they had lived their lives: together. Biographical information about Jim Slosson …