cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fatty Acids from Membrane Lipids Become Incorporated into Lipid Bodies during Myxococcus xanthus Differentiation

Myxococcus xanthus responds to amino acid limitation by producing fruiting bodies containing dormant spores. During development, cells produce triacylglycerides in lipid bodies that become consumed during spore maturation. As the cells are starved to induce development, the production of triglycerides represents a counterintuitive metabolic switch. In this paper, lipid bodies were quantified in wild-type strain DK1622 and 33 developmental mutants at the cellular level by measuring the cross sectional area of the cell stained with the lipophilic dye Nile red. We provide five lines of evidence that triacylglycerides are derived from membrane phospholipids as cells shorten in length and then differentiate into myxospores. First, in wild type cells, lipid bodies appear early in development and their size increases concurrent with an 87% decline in membrane surface area. Second, developmental mutants blocked at different stages of shortening and differentiation accumulated lipid bodies proportionate with their cell length with a Pearson's correlation coefficient of 0.76. Third, peripheral rods, developing cells that do not produce lipid bodies, fail to shorten. Fourth, genes for fatty acid synthesis are down-regulated while genes for fatty acid degradation are up regulated. Finally, direct movement of fatty acids from membrane lipids in growing cells to lipid bodies in developing cells was observed by pulse labeling cells with palmitate. Recycling of lipids released by Programmed Cell Death appears not to be necessary for lipid body production as a fadL mutant was defective in fatty acid uptake but proficient in lipid body production. The lipid body regulon involves many developmental genes that are not specifically involved in fatty acid synthesis or degradation. MazF RNA interferase and its target, enhancer-binding protein Nla6, appear to negatively regulate cell shortening and TAG accumulation whereas most cell-cell signals activate these processes.
Region-based enhancement of chest and cervical spine radiographs

We have developed a region-based image processing method to enhance selective radiodense regions on digital radiographs. We employ a wavelet filtering technique to locate the radiodense regions-of-interest and then apply different degrees of enhancement procedure to them. The enhancement procedure is based on an unsharp masking technique controlled by a set of sigmoidal functions. The method was tested on computed chest radiographs to improve the visualization of the mediastinum and radiodense spine areas. The enhanced chest images showed improved visualization in the mediastinum area, and the visibility of vascular structures which were obscured by the diaphragm and mediastinum was improved. To demonstrate the method's potential in other medical image processing tasks, we applied it to cervical spine images. The processed cervical spine images also showed better visualization of the seventh cervical vertebrae and the first thoracic vertebrae in the high radiodense area caused by the superimposition of the patient's shoulder tissue over these regions of interest.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Persistence and stability of seed-dispersed species in a patchy environment

A mathematical model is developed for the dynamics of seed-dispersed tree species in a region of forest patches or islands. The relevant variables are the population numbers of individual species populations on each patch. A model that considers only one tree species (of the many present) in a region of N distinct patches is formally analogous to a model of an N-species mutualistic community. Using the theory of M-matrices, which has been successfully applied to mutualistic communities, criteria for persistence and stability of the species are derived. The model is then extended to a community of L species that interact competitively and mutualistically in an N-island region. The possibilities of obtaining numerical parameters for the models are discussed.
Fabrication and characterization of compact 100nm scale metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors

Abstract This article describes an exploratory study of miniaturization of metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) to 100nm dimensions. The study has provided a first demonstration of MOSFETs which meet 100nm design rules for all critical device levels and the resulting devices have active areas which measure only 700nm by 150nm. Allowing for device isolation, this corresponds to an integration density of 4 devices per square micron. The peak transconductance of the devices, for 120nm gate lengths, is 410mS/mm at room temperature. This combination of extreme miniaturization and very high transconductance is achieved partly through conventional scaling and partly through use of a new ultracompact device configuration. This article describes design and fabrication of these devices, and follows with a discussion of their electrical properties.
The Great Naval Game: Britain and Germany in the Age of Empire – By Jan Rüger

Reading this book, the reviewer is certain of three points. First, the author is an excellent and talented historian. Second, despite recent debates, military history is alive and well. Third, the ...
Research to improve extension ladder angular positioning

A leading cause for extension ladder fall incidents is a slide-out event usually related to suboptimal ladder inclination. An improved ladder positioning method or procedure could reduce the risk of ladder stability failure and the related fall injury. The objective of the study was to comparatively evaluate the effectiveness of a multimodal angle indicator with other existing methods for extension ladder angular positioning. Twenty experienced and 20 inexperienced ladder users participated in the study. Four ladder positioning methods were tested in a controlled laboratory environment with 4.88 m (16 ft) and 7.32 m (24 ft) ladders in extended and retracted positions. The positioning methods included a no-instruction method, the current standard anthropometric method, and two instrumental methods – a bubble level indicator, and a multimodal indicator providing direct feedback with visual and sound signals. Performance measures included positioning angle and time. The results indicated that the anthropometric method was effective in improving the extension ladder positioning angle (p < 0.001); however, it was associated with considerable variability and required 50% more time than no-instruction. The bubble level indicator was an accurate positioning method (with very low variability), but required more than double the time of the no-instruction method (p < 0.001). The multimodal indicator improved the ladder angle setting as compared to the no-instruction and anthropometry methods (p < 0.001) and required the least time for ladder positioning among the tested methods (p < 0.001). An indicator with direct multimodal feedback is a viable approach for quick and accurate ladder positioning. The main advantage of the new multimodal method is that it provides continuous feedback on the angle of the device and hence does not require repositioning of the ladder. Furthermore, this indicator can be a valuable tool for training ladder users to correctly apply the current ANSI A14 standard anthropometric method in ladder angular positioning. The multimodal indicator concept has been further developed to become a hand-held tool in the form of a smart phone application.
Blood Pressure Stress Reactivity and Left Ventricular Mass in a Random Community Sample of African-American and Caucasian Men and Women

Exaggerated blood pressure (BP) reactivity to stress may contribute to left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, a major risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity. This study examined the extent to which BP responses to acute stress are associated with LV mass and relative wall thickness in a community sample of African-American and white men and women. BP was measured at rest and in response to 2 acute challenges (mental arithmetic and handgrip). Systolic BP at rest was positively associated with LV mass and relative wall thickness (p
Effects of Estuarine Organic Matter Biogeochemistry on the Bioaccumulation of PAHs by Two Epibenthic Species

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAF) were quantified in sediments from two sites in southeastern Louisiana in a 14 d microcosm study usingPalaemonetes pugio, andRangia cuneata and two radiolabeled PAHs, phenanthrene and benzo[a]pyrene (b[a]p). For both PAHs studied, mean BSAFs were significantly higher (p<0.0001) in both organisms in sediments from Bayou Trepagnier, (BSAF=0.628 g OC g TLE−1), a brackish swamp, compared to Pass Fourchon (0.065 g OC g TLE−1), a coastal salt marsh. In order to explain observed patterns in BSAFs, organic carbon-normalized PAH distribution coefficients between the sediment and freely dissolved phases (KOC)OBS were determined as well as the various geochemical variables of particulate and dissolved organic matter (POM and DOM, respectively). These included analyses of particle surface area, total organic carbon (TOC), carbon to nitrogen ratios (C∶N), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Bayou Trepagnier was higher in surface area, TOC, C∶N, as well as DOC suggesting that the difference in BSAFs may be attributed to compositional differences in POM and DOM between sites. We can not exclude the possibility that other factors (such as differences in organism behavior resulting from contrasting sediment characteristics) were responsible for BSAFs varying between the two sites. Phenanthrene BSAFs were typically higher than b[a]p BSAFs, suggesting contaminants were limited in their desorption from sediment particles as a function of PAH molecular weight. Mean BSAFs for both PAHs were higher on Day 7 than on Day 14. The reason for this decrease is unclear, but did not appear to be due to organisms becoming increasingly stressed in the microcosms. Visual observations indicated that animals remained feeding while no decreases in organism total lipid levels were detected. The trends in BSAFs between sites and over the time course of this experiment suggest that contaminant bioaccumulation in estuarine systems should not be considered to be an equilibrium process.
In vivo characterization of fatty acids in human adipose tissue using natural abundance 1H decoupled 13C MRS at 1.5 T: clinical applications to dietary therapy.

Natural abundance proton-decoupled 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to establish the in vivo lipid composition of normal adipose tissue and the corresponding effects of altered lipid diets. Experiments were performed on a standard 1.5 T clinical MR scanner using a double-tuned 1H-13C coil. Peaks from double-bonded and methylene carbons were analyzed. Normal lipid composition was established in 20 control subjects. For comparison, five subjects on altered lipid diets were studied. Four subjects were on a fish oil supplement diet or predominantly seafood diet (polyunsaturated fatty acids), and one subject was on a Lorenzo's oil diet (monounsaturated fatty acids). Well-resolved 13C spectra were obtained from the calf adipose tissue with a total acquisition time of 10 min. Model oil solutions were used to identify specific 13C resonances. Subjects on lipid diets showed significantly elevated levels of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids for Lorenzo's and fish oil diets, respectively. We conclude that 13C MR spectroscopy can readily detect changes in lipid composition due to medium- and long-term therapeutic lipid diets. Since the examination is rapid, robust and noninvasive, opportunities arise for large clinical trials of preventive or therapeutic diets to be performed with 13C MRS on a clinical MR scanner. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On-Site Immunoanalysis of Nitrate and Nitroaromatic Compounds in Groundwater

A miniaturized field-portable immunosensor (FAST 2000) was field tested at former military munitions sites for the detection and quantitation of TNT and RDX in groundwater. Developed by the Naval R...
Retinal horizontal cells lacking Rb1 sustain persistent DNA damage and survive as polyploid giant cells.

The retinoblastoma tumor susceptibility gene, Rb1, is a key regulator of the cell cycle, and mutations in this gene have been found in many human cancers. Prior studies showed that retina-specific knockout of Rb1 in the mouse results in the formation of abnormally large horizontal cells, but the development, fate, and genomic status of these cells remain unknown. In this study, we conditionally inactivate Rb1 in early retinal progenitors and show that the loss of Rb1 leads to the rapid degeneration of most retinal cells except horizontal cells, which persist as giant cells with aberrant centrosome content, DNA damage, and polyploidy/aneuploidy. We observed inappropriate cell cycle entry of Rb1-deficient horizontal cells during the first postnatal weeks, which dropped off abruptly by P30. Despite extensive DNA damage in Rb1-deficient horizontal cells, these cells can still enter mitosis. Adult Rb1-deficient horizontal cells display elevated DNA content (5N–34N) that varied continuously, suggesting the presence of aneuploidy. We also found evidence of supernumerary and disoriented centrosomes in a rare population of mitotic cells in the mutant retinas. Overall our data demonstrate that horizontal cells are a remarkably robust cell type and can survive for months despite extensive DNA damage and elevated genome content.
Effect of frequency on entrance and propagation pattern of high-frequency (radiofrequency) electrical currents in biologic tissues.

Background Radiofrequency electrical currents have a tendency to move toward the center of the bulk of biologic tissues. Objectives To evaluate the effect of the frequency of currents on their entrance and propagation pattern in biologic tissues. Materials and Methods Three electrosurgical generators with 0.4, 1.5, and 3 MHz frequency outputs were studied. Current was applied using a metallic needle introduced into a piece of cow liver, with different amounts of energy delivered at multiple points. Cross-sections of the liver were then studied for tissue effect. The diameters of the coagulated areas at the deepest and most superficial parts were measured. The tendency of the currents for penetration in the deeper layers of tissue rather than in the superficial layers was assessed using the superficial diameter/deep diameter ratio. Results Diameter of coagulated area was larger around deeper parts than around superficial parts of the electrode. No correlation between frequency of current and the superficial/deep diameter ratio of the coagulation zone was found. Conclusion Radiofrequency currents have a tendency to move toward the center of the tissue. Frequency of current over the range of 0.4–3 MHz did not show any effect on this tendency.
Responses of dopaminergic and serotonergic systems to triethyllead intoxication.

Abstract Rats treated with triethyllead (TEL) exhibit a behavioral supersensitivity to challenge with dopamine agonists at 7 days following administration of TEL. In the present series of experiments, some neurochemical mechanisms which may affect this behavioral supersensitivity were detected. Administration of a single dose of TEL chloride (7.88 mg/kg, SC) to male Fischer-344 rats decreased the concentrations of dopamine in hippocampus, and of serotonin in olfactory tubercle, at Day 7 posttreatment. The ratio of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid/5-hydroxytryptamine (one estimate of serotonin turnover) was increased in nucleus accumbens ( p p 3 H]spiperone to D 2 dopamine receptors in striatum or olfactory tubercle. However, although basal adenylate cyclase activity was unaltered in TEL-treated rats, the V max for dopamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity was significantly elevated in olfactory tubercle. Conversely, TEL at micromolar concentrations markedly attenuated both basal and dopamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in vitro in striatal homogenates. These data suggest the hypothesis that administration of TEL to rats results in an up-regulation of D 1 dopamine receptors in olfactory tubercle, and that the behavioral supersensitivity of TEL-treated animals to dopamine agonists may, in part, be a result of this receptor supersensitivity.
Density of Water adsorbed on Wyoming Bentonite

AT the present time, two schools of thought exist concerning the density of water adsorbed on clays. Hendricks and Jefferson1 and Macey2 postulated structures for this adsorbed water which are less dense than free water; whereas, Williamson3,4 and Mackenzie5 have argued against these postulates and have suggested that the adsorbed water is denser than free water. Barshad6 has proposed that the adsorbed water is closely packed at high states of hydration.
Out-of-Season Spawning Method for Florida Largemouth Bass to Produce Advanced-Sized Fingerlings by Early Spring

Abstract The objective of this research was to establish a production-scale “out-of-season” (OS) spawning protocol yielding Florida Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides floridanus swim-up fry in a 3- to 4-week period in the fall. The OS photothermal manipulation began each year on approximately June 18 and was completed by September 20. The intent was to simulate winter to spring temperatures and day length over a 90-d period to naturally induce gonad development without the use of hormones. Adult bass were stocked at a 1:1 or 2:3 male-to-female sex ratio and spawned in late September through mid-October. Total numbers of spawns collected for 2009, 2010, and 2011 were 193, 205, and 199, representing an average 1.4, 2.0, and 1.0 spawns per female, respectively. Spawning duration required to achieve production numbers were 26, 31, and 23 d, respectively. Off-season spawning was accomplished without photothermal manipulation in December 2008–January 2009, but cold pond temperatures resulted in 10% survival....
Interaction of two mechanisms regulating alkali cations in HeLa cells.

The alkali cation content of HeLa cells is independent of culture density and of whether the cells are grown in suspension or attached to the culture vessel. With a cell doubling time of 28 hours, the cell K content turns over approximately once per hour. Following partial blockade of the alkali-cation transport system with ouabain, two distinct but interrelated mechanisms operate in the cellular response: (a) an increase in intracellular Na stimulates the pump so that the short-term alteration in electrolyte composition is less than would be expected from the fraction of pump sites inhibited, and (b) there is a cyclo-heximide-sensitive recovery in transport capacity reflecting a restoration of functional transport sites to their normal density on the cell surface. Experimental manipulations that mimic the effect of ouabain lead to a stimulation of transport, but they do not result in an increase in the number of ouabain-binding sites on the surface. The data are consistent with a four-to-six-hour turnover of transport sites at the surface, but there is no evicence for a specific induction of the transport system within this short-term recovery period. (auth)
Immunopathology of postprimary tuberculosis: Increased T-regulatory cells and DEC-205-positive foamy macrophages in cavitary lesions

Postprimary tuberculosis occurs in immunocompetent people infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is restricted to the lung and accounts for 80% of cases and nearly 100% of transmission. Little is known about the immunopathology of postprimary tuberculosis due to limited availability of specimens. Tissues from 30 autopsy cases of pulmonary tuberculosis were located. Sections of characteristic lesions of caseating granulomas, lipid pneumonia, and cavitary stages of postprimary disease were selected for immunohistochemical studies of macrophages, lymphocytes, endothelial cells, and mycobacterial antigens. A higher percentage of cells in lipid pneumonia (36.1%) and cavitary lesions (27.8%) were positive for the dendritic cell marker DEC-205, compared to granulomas (9.0%, P < .05). Cavities contained significantly more T-regulatory cells (14.8%) than found in lipid pneumonia (5.2%) or granulomas (4.8%). Distribution of the immune cell types may contribute to the inability of the immune system to eradicate tuberculosis.
Seeing Gender over the Short and Long Haul

One might break research questions about gender and politics over time into two basic categories. On the one hand, there are questions that speak to processes unfolding, perhaps rather slowly, over time. In this long-haul category, we might find studies of such things as generational shifts in patterns of attitudes about gendered political roles (Jennings 2006) or of the development of gendered national identities with evolving constitutional interpretations (Ritter 2006). On the other hand, there are inquiries about the dynamics, or instability, of shorter-run patterns. These intellectual pursuits might include seeking to explain short-haul phenomena like changes in partisan gaps between men and women, perhaps even within the duration of a single campaign season (Sapiro and Conover 1997). Both categories, of course, are incredibly important realms of inquiry. My argument is for improvements in our studies of shorter-term dynamics and, ultimately, for the integration of studies of both short- and long-run processes, with improved measurement and modeling strategies as the crucial tools we need to get there.
Plasma temperature incineration

In this paper, the characteristics of a different type of incinerator are reviewed. This incinerator burns the PCB waste in a pressurized stream of preheated oxygen. The operation can achieve temperatures of 2760/sup 0/C and maintain them at elevated levels for periods up to one second. In this plasma-temperature operating range, many molecules are highly disassociated and have free electrons that greatly increase their reactivity. The combustion-reaction rates have been shown to increase tenfold in some studies. In similar systems it has been shown that solid fuels were completely consumed in 35 to 50 milliseconds. The higher combustion efficiencies that are achieved by this design yield a much more compact unit that will substantially reduce the cost of incineration. This unit can be built as a stand-along incinerator or it can be combined with heat-recovery systems to conserve the energy that is released. The major limitation of this design is that only liquid and fluidized solid waste materials can be destroyed, so it will not consume such materials as whole capacitors, hammermill fluff, or waste packed into drums. 4 references, 1 figure.
Parental Socioeconomic Status, Communication, and Children's Vocabulary Development: A Third‐Generation Test of the Family Investment Model

This third-generation, longitudinal study evaluated a family investment perspective on family socioeconomic status (SES), parental investments in children, and child development. The theoretical framework was tested for first-generation parents (G1), their children (G2), and the children of the second generation (G3). G1 SES was expected to predict clear and responsive parental communication. Parental investments were expected to predict educational attainment and parenting for G2 and vocabulary development for G3. For the 139 families in the study, data were collected when G2 were adolescents and early adults and their oldest biological child (G3) was 3-4 years of age. The results demonstrate the importance of SES and parental investments for the development of children and adolescents across multiple generations.
Membrane Control of Ciliary Activity in the Protozoan Euplotes

1. Membrane control of ciliary activity in the protozoan Euplotes was investigated by a combination of electrophysiological and cinematographic techniques. 2. The anal cirri, which are quiescent in the absence of stimulation, were selected for this study. 3. Membrane depolarization by means of injected current produced a reversal of the direction of beating (i.e. towards the cell anterior so as to make the ciliate swim backwards). Depolarization also increased the frequency of beating. Increasing depolarizations resulted in an increased number of reversed beats and increased frequency. 4. When the membrane potential was shifted beyond +70 mV, reversed beating did not occur until after the current pulse ended. 5. Depolarization did not evoke reversed beating when the external calcium (Ca) concentration was reduced to 10 -6 M with EGTA. 6. Hyperpolarization caused the cirri to beat in a normal direction (i.e. towards the rear of the ciliate so as to cause the animal to swim forward). Increasing hyperpolarizations resulted in an increased number of forward beats and an increased frequency. 7. The cell was treated with the detergent Triton X-100 to permit Ca, Mg and ATP direct access through the extracted membrane to the cell interior. At Ca concentrations below 10 -7 M, Mg-ATP-reactivated cilia of Triton-extracted cells beat normally. At Ca concentrations above approximately 10 -7 M the reactivated beat resembled the reversed beat in the living cell. 8. The evidence suggests that membrane-regulated concentrations of intracellular Ca control the direction of ciliary beating. Thus, stimuli which produce an adequate Ca influx lead to ciliary reversal.
Thermal Decomposition of Radiation-Damaged Polystyrene

The radiation-damaged polystyrene material (''polycube'') used in this study was synthesized by mixing a high-density polystyrene (''Dylene Fines No. 100'') with plutonium and uranium oxides. The polycubes were used on the Hanford Site in the 1960s for criticality studies to determine the hydrogen-to-fissile atom ratios for neutron moderation during processing of spent nuclear fuel. Upon completion of the studies, two methods were developed to reclaim the transuranic (TRU) oxides from the polymer matrix: (1) burning the polycubes in air at 873 K; and (2) heating the polycubes in the absence of oxygen and scrubbing the released monomer and other volatile organics using carbon tetrachloride. Neither of these methods was satisfactory in separating the TRU oxides from the polystyrene. Consequently, the remaining polycubes were sent to the Hanford Plutonium Finishing Plant (PFP) for storage. Over time, the high dose of alpha and gamma radiation has resulted in a polystyrene matrix that is highly cross-linked and hydrogen deficient and a stabilization process is being developed in support of Defense Nuclear Facility Safety Board Recommendation 94-1. Baseline processes involve thermal treatment to pyrolyze the polycubes in a furnace to decompose the polystyrene and separate out the TRU oxides. Thermal decomposition products from this degraded polystyrene matrix were characterized by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory to provide information for determining the environmental impact of the process and for optimizing the process parameters. A gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) system coupled to a horizontal tube furnace was used for the characterization studies. The decomposition studies were performed both in air and helium atmospheres at 773 K, the planned processing temperature. The volatile and semi-volatile organic products identified for the radiation-damaged polystyrene were different from those observed for virgin polystyrene. The differences were in the n umber of organic species generated and their concentrations.
Disruption of Methyl Group Metabolism by Ethanol

Recent studies have focused on establishing a link between the pathogenesis of ethanol and the disruption of metabolic pathways in the liver. Ethanol alters hepatic methionine metabolism, leading to perturbation of S-adenosylmethionine-dependent transmethyl-ation. Therefore, the supply of metabolically related nutrients such as folate may play a role in the hepa-totoxic effects of ethanol.
Design of a rule-based fuzzy controller for the pitch axis of an unmanned research vehicle

A control scheme based on fuzzy logic is proposed. The objective is to design a fuzzy controller for the pitch axis of an unmanned research vehicle. The inputs to the controller are the error and the change in error. A set of fuzzy rules that makes the controller look like a proportional-plus-derivative controller is obtained and simulated on Matrix/sub s/, a software package for the analysis and design of control systems. The fuzzy controller was found to give better results than those obtained from the existing analog controller. >
Orienting Response Research in Schizophrenia: Where We Have Come and Where We Might Go

This review and critique of orienting response (OR) research in schizophrenia examines the initial Western work, outlines current positions, and notes several areas in which further lines of research are needed. Discussion involves characteristics of schizophrenic patients who are OR nonresponders; OR nonresponding as a possible trait marker; the question of OR nonresponding in child patients; the association between negative symptoms and OR nonresponding as well as the possible existence of a specific subgroup marked by emotional withdrawal and cognitive disorganization; slow habituation as a prognostic index in high-risk children and adult acute patients; the need for research into defensive and startle responses as well as the OR, and possible interactions among them; electroencephalographic-autonomic differences in OR; and the need to explore the functional meaning of OR nonresponding in schizophrenia.
Behavioral challenges in the management of childhood diabetes.

For many individuals, the diagnosis of diabetes is accompanied by the need for significant lifestyle changes, many of which seem difficult or impossible to implement. When diabetes is diagnosed in a child, those lifestyle changes may involve radical alterations in family life and significantly impact the child’s normal growth and development as well as the family’s social and economic status. This article describes some of the behavioral challenges associated with childhood diabetes and the importance of identifying strong, developmentally appropriate family support. Specific emphases are given to the complexity of the treatment regimens, the physiologic and emotional challenges associated with normal growth and development, and the family’s role in ensuring successful diabetes management. Challenges inherent in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus are discussed as are factors important to ensuring adherence to the treatment plan.
Risk of breast cancer in relation to the use of rauwolfia alkaloids.

In a case-control study of 1881 women with breast cancer and 1523 controls with benign conditions, 65 cases (3.5%) and 64 controls (4.2%) reported having used a drug that contained rauwolfia, giving a rate ratio estimate of 0.8 (95% confidence interval, 0.5–1.1). Use that ended more than a year previously was negatively associated with breast cancer (rate ratio, 0.5; 95% confidence interval, 0.2–0.9). The risk of breast cancer did not vary significantly according to duration of use. Nor did it vary within strata of varying base-line risk, such as age at first pregnancy. The data suggest that rauwolfia alkaloids do not increase the risk of breast cancer.
Real-time cavity QED with single atoms

We report the first measurement of the real-time evolution of the complex field amplitude brought on by single atom transits. We show the variation in time of both quadrature amplitudes (simultaneously recorded) of the light transmitted through the cavity, as well the resultant optical phase for a single atom transit event. In this particular measurement, the cavity and laser were both detuned by 10 MHz from the Cs resonance.
Parental suicide: an organizing event in the development of latency age children

This paper proposes that children who are especially vulnerable to parental suicide have not resolved earlier developmental issues of separation-individuation. Five children, ages 6 to 12, were studied intensively. Parental suicide during the child's latency age period has profound influences on children's ego development and character formation because during this time childhood ego functioning is rapidly maturing and superego functions are developing. The trauma of parental suicide is heightened when difficulties for the surviving parent in mourning interfere with open discussion between the parent and child about the death. Parental suicide may stimulate childhood suicidal impulses if the child identifies with and idealizes the dead parent and has wishes of reuniting with the deceased.
Immersed radiation detectors

This paper is concerned with the gain in performance that may be obtained by placing a detector element in optical contact with a lens having a high index of refraction. Three different kinds of “immersed” detectors are considered. The first is a highly impractical variety in which the detector element is spherical, and is placed inside a spherical shell of high index material. The second is a practical type in which the plane detector element is placed in optical contact with the plane surface of a hemisphere. The third involves a plane detector element in optical contact with the plane surface of an aplanatic hyperhemisphere. The evaluation is based on the detectivities usually denoted by D* and D**, and two mutually exclusive cases are considered: First, where the detectivity is determined by the internal noise of the detector, and second, where the detectivity is limited by the radiation noise of the ambient radiation. The immersion of the lens may change the effective area A of the detector (as seen from the outside), it may change the solid angle Ω from which the detector will accept radiation, or it may change both. The conclusions of the paper are summarized in two tables. Only the conclusions with respect to D** may be summarized simply: For detectors limited by internal noise, immersing the lens increases D** by the factor n, where n is the smallest index of refraction among the index of the lens, the index of the detector element, and the index of the cement (if any) used to fasten the detector to the lens; for detectors limited by radiation noise, immersion does not change D**. The results are interpreted in terms of the optical invariant AΩn2.
Habituation, sensitization, and infants' responses to motherese speech.

Four-month-old infants were tested for their visual responses to infant-directed (ID) speech versus adult-directed (AD) speech in a fixed-trial habituation procedure. In Experiment I, infants looked significantly longer in response to a 4 × 4 checkerboard pattern that was compounded with an ID speech segment than an AD speech segment. Looking times increased significantly between the first and second presentations of the ID speech segment only. In Experiment II, infants looked slightly more during ID than AD trials when the two were alternated from trial to trial. Responding to the first AD speech segment was significantly greater than when it was preceded by ID speech than when it was not, while responding to the first ID speech segment was significantly less when it was preceded by AD speech than when it was not. These findings are discussed in relation to the hypothesized differential arousing properties of ID and AD speech. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Transboundary Water Agreements and Development Assistance

This chapter examines the effect of development assistance on the process and outcomes of transboundary water transfer and pollution abatement agreements. We consider two countries applying for donor funding for joint water projects. Bilateral negotiations over funding proposal terms are modeled as a strategic bargaining game. The bargaining model illustrates three policy relevant points. First, environmental regulations or water entitlements can affect countries’ bargaining power and payoffs even when countries do not currently use all their water entitlements or when countries are supplying water that exceeds minimum quality standards. This arises because changes in these nonbinding constraints can alter countries’ disagreement payoffs. Countries may desire unused water use or pollution rights to preserve the option of future use, but unexercised rights have a bargaining value over and above any such option value. Second, development assistance need not benefit both parties and can even make a country worse off. To avoid unintended equity problems, donor agencies must consider how program design affects countries’ pre-existing negotiations. Third, the ability of negotiators to make and respond to offers quickly increases their country’s bargaining power. This timeliness may indicate negotiator experience or skill or greater resources devoted to negotiations themselves. Assessing offers requires evaluation of complex physical and economic systems. Some countries may lack the underlying data or expertise to rapidly analyze options. Aid agencies may balance bargaining asymmetries by providing disadvantaged countries with expertise, data, or other services to improve their, negotiating capacity.
Communication, Teamwork and Stress in Long Term Care Administration

The goals of this study were to identify how long term care administrative employees felt about communication, teamwork and stress in doing their work. Data from long term care administrative employees on their comparative opinions of receiving information and being asked for their input, giving help to others and receiving help in doing their jobs, and their opinions of the stress level in their jobs were collected through an online survey. Analysis provides an assessment of associations between demographic information and administrative employees’ opinions. Results include statistically significant associations, using Pearson correlations. The differences between being told what they needed to know and being asked for their input, as well as the opinions about giving as opposed to receiving help from others and the level of stress in their jobs were found meaningful. Implications from these data include value and contribution in implementing health care management curriculum delivery based upon long term care administrative employees’ perceptions. Keywords: Communication, Teamwork, Stress, Long Term Care
The Art and Science of Total Synthesis at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century

A new millenium has begun—grounds enough to question the present state of the total synthesis of natural products. In this review we answer this question by tracing the evolution of this fine art and science from its birth to the present time. This retrospective on total synthesis should serve to demonstrate how far we have come, yet show that the science of total synthesis is still in its infancy.
Reconsidering the classification of schizophrenia and manic depressive illness--a critical analysis and new conceptual model.

The idea of ‘disease entity’ in psychiatry and the nosologic map of insanity with the distinction between dementia praecox (schizophrenia since Bleuler 1911) and manic depressive insanity, originally developed by Emil Kraepelin (1896), is an important landmark in the history of psychiatry (Jablensky 1995). This classification, however, has been vigorously debated throughout the years, and new evidence emerging from epidemiological, clinical, genetic and biological research demonstrates that the two nosological categories have distinct features as well as share many similarities in their risk factors, genetic predisposition, brain pathology, neurophysiology, clinical phenomenology and response to treatment, thus raising questions about the validity of the categorical classification of psychoses.In this paper we examine some of the similarities and differences between schizophrenia and bipolar illness emerging from recent biological and clinical research and attempt to clarify major inherent logical contrad...
Aging-dependent alterations in gene expression and a mitochondrial signature of responsiveness to human influenza vaccination

To elucidate gene expression pathways underlying age-associated impairment in influenza vaccine response, we screened young (age 21-30) and older (age≥65) adults receiving influenza vaccine in two consecutive seasons and identified those with strong or absent response to vaccine, including a subset of older adults meeting criteria for frailty. PBMCs obtained prior to vaccination (Day 0) and at day 2 or 4, day 7 and day 28 post-vaccine were subjected to gene expression microarray analysis. We defined a response signature and also detected induction of a type I interferon response at day 2 and a plasma cell signature at day 7 post-vaccine in young responders. The response signature was dysregulated in older adults, with the plasma cell signature induced at day 2, and was never induced in frail subjects (who were all non-responders). We also identified a mitochondrial signature in young vaccine responders containing genes mediating mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation that was consistent in two different vaccine seasons and verified by analyses of mitochondrial content and protein expression. These results represent the first genome-wide transcriptional profiling analysis of age-associated dynamics following influenza vaccination, and implicate changes in mitochondrial biogenesis and function as a critical factor in human vaccine responsiveness.
Virtual backbone construction for cognitive radio networks without common control channel

The advantages of virtual backbones have been proven in wireless networks. In cognitive radio networks (CRNs), virtual backbones can also play a critical role in both routing and data transport. However, the virtual backbone construction for CRNs is more challenging than for traditional wireless networks because of the opportunistic spectrum access. Moreover, when no common control channel is available to exchange the control information, this problem is even more difficult. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for constructing virtual backbones in CRNs, without relying on a common control channel. Our approach first utilizes the geographical information to let the nodes of a CRN self-organize into cells. Next, the nodes in each cell form into clusters, and a virtual backbone is established over the cluster heads. The virtual backbone is then applied to carry out the end-to-end data transmission. The proposed virtual backbone construction approach requires only limited exchange of control messages. It is efficient and highly adaptable under the opportunistic spectrum access. We evaluate our approach through extensive simulations.
Novel Physics with Tensor Polarized Deuteron Targets

Development of solid spin-1 polarized targets will open the study of tensor structure functions to precise measurement, and holds the promise to enable a new generation of polarized scattering experiments. In this talk we will discuss a measurement of the leading twist tensor structure function b1, along with prospects for future experiments with a solid tensor polarized target. The recently approved JLab experiment E12-13-011 will measure the lead- ing twist tensor structure function b1, which provides a unique tool to study partonic effects, while also being sensitive to coherent nuclear properties in the simplest nuclear system. At low x, shadowing effects are expected to dominate b1, while at larger values, b1 provides a clean probe of exotic QCD effects, such as hidden color due to 6-quark configuration. Since the deuteron wave function is relatively well known, any non-standard effects are expected to be readily observable. All available models predict a small or vanishing value of b1 at moderate x. However, the first pioneer measurement of b1 at HERMES revealed a crossover to an anomalously large negative value in the region 0.2 < x < 0.5, albeit with relatively large experimental uncertainty. E12-13-011 will perform an inclusive measurement of the deuteronmore » tensor asymmetry in the region 0.16 < x < 0.49, for 0.8 < Q2 < 5.0 GeV2. The UVa solid polarized ND3 target will be used, along with the Hall C spectrometers, and an unpolarized 115 nA beam. This measurement will provide access to the tensor quark polarization, and allow a test of the Close-Kumano sum rule, which vanishes in the absence of tensor polarization in the quark sea. Until now, tensor structure has been largely unexplored, so the study of these quantities holds the potential of initiating a new field of spin physics at Jefferson Lab.« less
Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: History, Pathophysiology, Clinical Features and Rome IV.

Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs), the most common diagnoses in gastroenterology, are recognized by morphologic and physiological abnormalities that often occur in combination including motility disturbance, visceral hypersensitivity, altered mucosal and immune function, altered gut microbiota, and altered central nervous system processing. Research on these gut–brain interaction disorders is based on using specific diagnostic criteria. The Rome Foundation has played a pivotal role in creating diagnostic criteria, thus operationalizing the dissemination of new knowledge in the field of FGIDs. Rome IV is a compendium of the knowledge accumulated since Rome III was published 10 years ago. It improves upon Rome III by: (1) updating the basic and clinical literature; (2) offering new information on gut microenvironment, gut–brain interactions, pharmacogenomics, biopsychosocial, gender and cross-cultural understandings of FGIDs; (3) reduces the use of imprecise and occasionally stigmatizing terms when possible; (4) uses updated diagnostic algorithms; and (5) incorporates information on the patient illness experience, and physiological subgroups or biomarkers that might lead to more targeted treatment. This introductory article sets the stage for the remaining 17 articles that follow and offers a historical overview of the FGID field, differentiates FGIDs from motility and structural disorders, discusses the changes from Rome III, reviews the Rome committee process, provides a biopsychosocial pathophysiological conceptualization of FGIDs, and offers an approach to patient care.
Study on influence factors of children immunization behavior in Mentougou district of Beijing

Objective To understand the attitude and behavior towards children immunization programme among parents in Mentougou District and the reasons for the failure to immunize timely,therefore to provide a scientific evidence for immunization strategies. Methods Two vaccination clinics were sampled randomly in this district. Self-designed questionnaire was enrolled in the investigation. Epidata was used in data collection. SPSS 13. 0 software and chi-square tests were applied in data analysis and rates comparison. Results Total 287 effective questionnaires were collected during the survey. Among them,225 were local residents and 62 were migrants,which accounted for 78. 40% and 21. 60% respectively. Parents with high school or less education and with tertiary education accounted for 26. 86% and 73. 14%. Families with annual income under 50K RMB,between 50 ~ 100 K RMB and more than 100 K RMB accounted for 36. 13%,39. 38% and 22. 64% respectively. There were93. 37% persons had the knowledge that national immunization programme was free for children. 54. 74% of parents could visit the vaccination clinic with their children on every due time and 89. 79% of them could stay at clinic for 30 minutes after vaccination. 52. 96% parents acquired the information of vaccination mainly though internet and secondly through books. The ages,genders,incomes and education degrees of parents were not influence factors of timely inoculation,however,the household registration and knowledge of vaccination had impacts on immunization. Conclusion Although the children's parents had a certain understanding of vaccination knowledge,the propaganda work should be strengthened through popular ways in the future to improve the awareness of parents,especially for migrant parents.