cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Beat-to-beat heart rate and blood pressure variability and hypertensive disease in pregnancy.

Objective The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between heart rate and/or blood pressure variability, measured at 28 weeks' gestation, and the incidence of pregnancy-induced hypertension or preeclampsia. Study Design Secondary analysis of data from a prospectively enrolled cohort of 385 active military women in whom spectral analysis of continuous heart rate and variability was measured at 28 weeks' gestation. The primary outcome was the predictive value of spectral analysis of heart rate and blood pressure for hypertensive diseases of pregnancy. Results High-frequency heart rate variability was reduced and low-frequency variability of systolic and diastolic blood pressure increased in women who would develop pregnancy-induced hypertension but not preeclampsia. Low-frequency variability of diastolic blood pressure remained a significant predictor of pregnancy-induced hypertension but not preeclampsia after adjustment for age, weight, and blood pressure in a multivariate model. Conclusion Early identification of pregnancy-induced hypertension can facilitate treatment to avoid maternal morbidity. Understanding the physiological underpinnings of the two very different diseases may lead to improved treatment and prevention. If proven effective in a broader population, the ability to differentiate pregnancy-induced hypertension from preeclampsia may reduce unnecessary iatrogenic interventions or inappropriate preterm delivery.
Text mining policy: Classifying forest and landscape restoration policy agenda with neural information retrieval

Dozens of countries have committed to restoring the ecological functionality of 350 million hectares of land by 2030. In order to achieve such wide-scale implementation of restoration, the values and priorities of multi-sectoral stakeholders must be aligned and integrated with national level commitments and other development agenda. Although misalignment across scales of policy and between stakeholders are well known barriers to implementing restoration, fast-paced policy making in multi-stakeholder environments complicates the monitoring and analysis of governance and policy. In this work, we assess the potential of machine learning to identify restoration policy agenda across diverse policy documents. An unsupervised neural information retrieval architecture is introduced that leverages transfer learning and word embeddings to create high-dimensional representations of paragraphs. Policy agenda labels are recast as information retrieval queries in order to classify policies with a cosine similarity threshold between paragraphs and query embeddings. This approach achieves a 0.83 F1-score measured across 14 policy agenda in 31 policy documents in Malawi, Kenya, and Rwanda, indicating that automated text mining can provide reliable, generalizable, and efficient analyses of restoration policy.
Functional and Genomic Variation between Human-Derived Isolates of Lachnospiraceae Reveals Inter- and Intra-Species Diversity.

Summary Bacteria belonging to the Lachnospiraceae family are abundant, obligate anaerobic members of the microbiota in healthy humans. Lachnospiraceae impact their hosts by producing short-chain fatty acids, converting primary to secondary bile acids, and facilitating colonization resistance against intestinal pathogens. To increase our understanding of genomic and functional diversity between members of this family, we cultured 273 Lachnospiraceae isolates representing 11 genera and 27 species from human donors and performed whole-genome sequencing assembly and annotation. This analysis revealed substantial inter- and intra-species diversity in pathways that likely influence an isolate’s ability to impact host health. These differences are likely to impact colonization resistance through lantibiotic expression or intestinal acidification, influence host mucosal immune cells and enterocytes via butyrate production, or contribute to synergism within a consortium by heterogenous polysaccharide metabolism. Identification of these specific functions could facilitate development of probiotic bacterial consortia that drive and/or restore in vivo microbiome functions.
COVID-19 and emergency department volume: The patients return but have different characteristics.

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic has altered behaviors in the general population, as well as processes in the healthcare industry. Patients may be afraid to pursue care in the emergency department (ED) due to perceived risk of infection. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of COVID-19 on ED metrics. Methods At one metropolitan trauma center ED, we conducted a review of all visits from February to May in 2020 and compared findings with the same months from 2019. Results A total of 34,213 ED visits occurred during the study periods (18,471 in 2019 and 15,742 in 2020), with a decline in patient visits occurring after state emergency declarations. In 2020, patients were less likely to be female and more likely to arrive by ambulance. Diagnoses in the musculoskeletal, neurologic, and genitourinary categories occurred in lower proportions in 2020; toxicology, psychiatry, and infectious diseases occurred in higher proportions. In contrast to other insurance categories, Medicare patients comprised a larger share of ED visits in 2020 compared to 2019. Discussion Despite relatively low local prevalence of COVID-19, we report decreases in ED volume for some medical diagnosis categories. A volume rebound occurred in May 2020, but did not reach 2019 levels. Public health officials should encourage local populations to seek emergency care when concerned, and could consider programs to provide transportation. Patients should continue to protect themselves with social distancing and masks.
Treating Comorbid Sexual Dysfunctions Using the Intersystem Sex Therapy Approach

Couples with comorbid or co-occurring sexual dysfunctions are likely to experience mental, emotional and relationship issues that negatively impact the couple relationship and each individual partner. Yet, for many couples with co-occurring sexual dysfunctions, the treatment utilized is often focused on the individual and is medical in nature, with relational factors often excluded from treatment. The Intersystem Approach to sex therapy is one method that aims to systemically treat sexual dysfunction as it appears in a couple’s relationship. This article explores the Intersystem Approach to sex therapy as a method to treat co-occurring sexual dysfunctions in couples. A case study is presented to demonstrate this systemic approach in context.
Disparities in disordered eating between gender minority and cisgender adolescents

Objective Adolescence is a developmental period of increased risk for disordered eating. Gender minority adolescents (GMAs), or those whose gender identity does not align with their sex assigned at birth, may experience body image concerns related to unique gender-related stressors. GMAs may use disordered eating to affirm a feminine, masculine, or nonbinary gender identity. However, little is known about differences in disordered eating between GMAs and cisgender adolescents. Therefore, this study had two primary goals: (a) to compare disordered eating between GMAs and cisgender adolescents by examining the role of gender identity and sex assigned at birth; and (b) within GMAs, to examine associations between gender identity congruence and disordered eating. Method A large U.S. sample of GMAs and cisgender adolescents (n = 1,191 GMAs; 919 cisgender; Mage = 15.93 years) reported their disordered eating on an anonymous online survey. Results A MANOVA revealed a significant interaction between gender identity and sex assigned at birth. Follow-up ANOVAs demonstrated that purging, caloric restriction, excessive exercise, and muscle building differed as a function of gender identity and sex assigned at birth. Among GMAs, a multiple multivariate regression model demonstrated that disordered eating was lower among participants who reported greater gender identity congruence. Discussion GMAs should not be considered a homogenous group, as differences in gender identity may lead to the internalization of different appearance ideals and disparate eating disorder symptomatology. Results suggest that clinicians working with GMAs consider the unique body image concerns that could accompany a specific gender identity.
Nanoconfinement Raises the Energy Barrier to Hydrogen Atom Exchange between Water and Glucose.

In bulk aqueous environments, the exchange of protons between labile hydroxyl groups typically occurs easily and quickly. Nanoconfinement can dramatically change this normally facile process. Throu...
Hyperboloidal Shells on Discrete Supports

The purpose of this study is to present a finite element solution for a column supported hyperboloidal shell taking into account the thickened base and the discrete support system. Essentially, this represents a synthesis of earlier studies with necessary extensions thereof to derive an improved model for the base region of the shell.
Make Way for the Penguin? Explaining Commitment to Linux by Independent Software Companies

Linux is an important phenomenon at the center of the current open source software [OSS] movement. Academic research has thus far focused on motivations of individual programmers to participate in this movement and on the economics of OSS. There has been inadequate focus on the level of network effects enjoyed by Linux within the community of complementors: those independent software companies that design and deliver complementary products on the Linux platform. The success of the OSS movement relies on indirect network effects through the provision of complementary commercial software products to make the Linux platform attractive and acceptable to end-customers. Using data from over 1100 software companies over five years 1998-2002, we develop and test a model of why and when independent software product companies first embrace the Penguin icon representing Linux. We find strong support that commitment to Linux is explained by the age and business scope of independent software companies. Moreover, we find that the software firm's position relative to Microsoft is a significant predictor of commitment to Linux: higher dependence on Microsoft lowers the likelihood of Linux commitment and that the dependence on Microsoft is sticky. Collectively, we provide the first set of empirical results on the development and evolution of indirect network effects for Linux. We identify fruitful directions for further research to understand the dynamics of evolution in software networks.
Importance sampling on Bayesian networks with deterministic causalities

Importance sampling is a powerful approximate inference technique for Bayesian networks. However, the performance tends to be poor when the network exhibits deterministic causalities. Deterministic causalities yield predictable influences between statistical variables. In other words, only a strict subset of the set of all variable states is permissible to sample. Samples inconsistent with the permissible state space do not contribute to the sum estimate and are effectively rejected during importance sampling. Detecting inconsistent samples is NP-hard, since it amounts to calculating the posterior probability of a sample given some evidence. Several methods have been proposed to cache inconsistent samples to improve sampling efficiency. However, cache-based methods do not effectively exploit overlap in the state patterns generated by determinism in a local network structure to compress state information. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm to reduce the overhead of caching by using an adaptive decision tree to efficiently store and detect inconsistent samples. Experimental results show that the proposed approach outperforms existing methods to sample Bayesian networks with deterministic causalities.
Familial Granular Cell Tumors: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

: Granular cell tumors are uncommon neoplasms postulated to derive from Schwann cells. They are histologically unique and exhibit S-100 positivity. Pediatric occurrences are uncommon, and familial cases are rare. A limited number of familial granular cell tumors have been reported. We describe two siblings with granular cell tumors and review the relevant literature.
Pertussis Toxin Inhibits Induction of Tissue-Specific Autoimmune Disease by Disrupting G Protein-Coupled Signals

Pertussis toxin (PTX) has been used for many years as an adjuvant that promotes development of tissue-specific experimental autoimmune diseases such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU), and others. Enhancement of vascular permeability and of Th1 responses have been implicated in this effect. Here we report a surprising observation that, in a primed system, PTX can completely block the development of EAU. Disease was induced in B10.RIII mice by adoptive transfer of uveitogenic T cells, or by immunization with a uveitogenic peptide. A single injection of PTX concurrently with infusion of the uveitogenic T cells, or two injections 7 and 10 days after active immunization, completely blocked development of EAU. EAU also was prevented by a 1-h incubation in vitro of the uveitogenic T cells with PTX before infusing them into recipients. Uveitogenic T cells treated with PTX in vitro and lymphoid cells from mice treated with PTX in vivo failed to migrate to chemokines in a standard chemotaxis assay. Neither the isolated B-oligomer subunit of PTX that lacks ADP ribosyltransferase activity nor the related cholera toxin that ADP-ribosylates G(s) (but not G(i)) proteins blocked EAU induction or migration to chemokines. We conclude that PTX present at the time of cell migration to the target organ prevents EAU, and propose that it does so at least in part by disrupting signaling through G(i) protein-coupled receptors. Thus, the net effect of PTX on autoimmune disease would represent an integration of enhancing and inhibitory effects.
An era of webs: Technique, technology and the new cognitive (r)evolution

Abstract This paper explores the relationship between technology and technique in the use of computers as tools and how it is leading cognitive sciences into to an era of “webs.” Ernst Kapp suggested that it is humans who determine the “appropriate form” of any tool through the way they use and think about it; Douglas Engelbart, a pioneering computer researcher suggested that tools change to meet our expectations pushing us to understand the world in different ways. These two interrelated observations about technology are especially salient for our burgeoning information age. The current intersection of technologies leads to two competing visions of the computer – both deeply influenced by the concept of human–computer symbiosis – and to very different conceptions of human thinking. The vision of computer as recreation of human thinking, heavily influenced by the development of tools such as the personal computer and object-oriented programming, leads to viewing ideal human thinking as efficiently designed, well organized, and locally regulated by executive functions. The second vision of computers, as augmenting the human mind by extending brain activity out into the information universe, leads to web or trails related themes that focus on non-linear, non-hierarchical inter-linking of information into cohesive patterns. This paper suggests that because of the pace of tool development in these two computer capabilities the theme of the central processing unit dominated early, but we are now entering a new, more complex “age of webs.”
Effects of crop field characteristics on nocturnal winter use by American woodcock

Since the late 1960s, American woodcock (Scolopax minor) have undergone population declines because of habitat loss. Previous research suggested ridge and furrow topography in conventionally tilled soybean fields provided critical nocturnal cover as birds foraged on earthworms. However, the use of no-till technology has increased and many fields now lack ridge and furrow topography. We assessed woodcock winter nocturnal foraging habitat use given recent changes in agricultural technology, and investigated how field treatment, earthworm abundance, and environmental variables affect the selection of nocturnal foraging sites. We counted woodcock along transects in 5 field treatments twice in each of 67 fields during December–March 2008–2009 and 72 fields during December–March 2009–2010. During both seasons, we collected earthworm and soil samples from a subset of fields of each field treatment. Woodcock densities were at least twice as high in no-till soybean fields planted after corn and in undisked corn fields with mowed stalks than in other field treatments. No-till soybean planted after corn and undisked corn fields contained ridge and furrow topography, whereas other crops did not, and earthworms were at least 1.5 times more abundant in no-till soybean fields than other field treatments. Ridges and furrows in no-till soybean fields planted after corn and undisked corn fields may provide wintering woodcock with thermal protection and concealment from predators. No-till soybean fields planted after corn offered the additional benefit of relatively high food availability. The presence of ridge and furrow topography can be used to predict woodcock field use on the wintering grounds in agricultural areas. Farmers can provide nocturnal winter foraging sites for woodcock by delaying field disking and leaving ridge and furrow topography in crop fields. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Significance and management of systolic hypertension.

Abstract Systolic hypertension may occur early in the onset of essential hypertension when the cardiac output is increased and peripheral resistance is normal and only the systolic blood pressure is elevated. These patients seem to pursue a more benign course than those with true diasolic hypertension, and usually antihypertensive drugs are withheld unless there is evidence of vascular damage in the main target organs of hypertension. Probably the most common disease state with which systolic hypertension is encountered is that of arteriosclerosis of the aorta and its main branches. Here antihypertensive therapy, if effective, would be helpful in preventing the blood pressure peaks which are known to occur in this type of labile hypertension. Potent anti-hypertensive drugs are definitely contraindicated since they are not well tolerated and the effect of precipitous drops in blood pressure may be disastrous. Rauwolfia alkaloids and thiazide diuretics used conservatively may be helpful in reducing the blood pressure. The third and least common category of systolic hypertension concerns those patients who exhibit severe anemia, thyrotoxicosis, beriberi, arteriovenous fistula, complete heart block, aortic insufficiency, and coarctation of the thoracic aorta. Although there may be some variability in the mechanism for the production of systolic hypertension among these patients, they have in common the fact that treatment of the blood pressure elevation should be directed at the specific etiologic factor and should not be relegated to the use of nonspecific antihypertensive agents.
Specific antibodies directed against toxins of Ptychodiscus brevis (Florida's red tide dinoflagellate)

Abstract Specific antibodies directed against Ptychodiscus brevis ‘brevetoxins’ have been produced in a goat. The haptenic toxin T34 was chemically reduced to toxin T17, covalently-linked to succinic acid via anhydride coupling, and coupled to bovine serum albumin using standard carbodiimide condensation procedures. The hapten coupling efficiency ranged from 10.4 to 13.5 moles of toxin bound per mole of protein. Antibody titers were directly related to the frequency of immunization, and weekly intervals appeared optimum for maintaining adequate titers. [ 3 H]Brevetoxin T17 is displaced in a competitive manner from the antibody - antigen complexes by unlabeled toxin, but the antibodies do not distinguish between T17 and T34. The sensitivity achieved, using purified brevetoxins as competitive inhibitors of [ 3 H]T17 binding, was 600 picograms. The assay linearity ranged from 1.5 to 48 ng.
Analysis of express forwarding schemes in wireless mesh networks

In wireless mesh networks that are built using IEEE 802.11 techniques, there are significant problems in maintaining fairness and low delay to provide QoS for long-hop flows. To address these issues, express forwarding has been proposed. However, existing studies of express forwarding are simulation based, and the main benefits that have been demonstrated are limited to shortened delay for long-hop flows. In contrast, we present an analytical model in this paper that considers the possible interruptions of the express forwarding mechanism. Based on this model, we evaluate the fairness and efficiency of express forwarding with different queue management schemes. The evaluation shows the benefits of express forwarding in terms of removing spatial bias, obtaining higher end-to-end throughput, and achieving more efficient use of resources.
2-Fluoro-l-histidine.

The title compound, C6H8FN3O2, an analog of histidine, shows a reduced side-chain pKa (ca 1). The title structure exhibits a shortening of the bond between the proximal ring N atom and the F-substituted ring C atom, indicating an increase in π-bond character due to an inductive effect of fluorine.
Least-squares finite element formulation for shear-deformable shells

Abstract We present a least-squares based finite element formulation for the numerical analysis of shear-deformable shell structures. The variational problem is obtained by minimizing the least-squares functional, defined as the sum of the squares of the shell equilibrium equations residuals measured in suitable norms of Hilbert spaces. The use of least-squares principles leads to a variational unconstrained minimization problem where compatibility conditions between approximation spaces never arise, i.e. stability requirements such as inf–sup conditions never arise. The proposed formulation retains the generalized displacements and stress resultants as independent variables and, in view of the nature of the variational setting upon which the finite element model is built, allows for equal-order interpolation. A p -type hierarchical basis is used to construct the discrete finite element model based on the least-squares formulation. Exponentially fast decay of the least-squares functional is verified for increasing order of the modal expansions. Several well established benchmark problems are solved to demonstrate the predictive capability of the least-squares based shell elements. Shell elements based on this formulation are shown to be effective in both membrane- and bending-dominated states.
INHIBITION OF TWO PSYCHROTROPHIC Pseudomonas SPECIES BY BUTYLATED HYDROXYANISOLE

The antimicrobial activity of the phenolic antioxidant, butylated hydroxyanisole (bHA), was evaluated against Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas fragi. Pseudomonas fluorescens ATCC 15456 was extremely susceptible to the antimicrobial effects of BHA. In Trypticase Soy Broth (TSB) 100 ppm BHA delayed the growth of P. fluorescens at 22°C and totally inhibited growth at 7°C. In phosphate-peptone buffer, 100 or 200 ppm BHA was lethal to P. fluorescens. The extent of lethality was dependent upon BHA concentration, temperature and prior exposure to sub-inhibitory levels of BHA. In contrast to P. fluorescens, growth occurred with P. fragi ATCC 4973 in TSB even at 400 ppm BHA at 7° and 22°C. Pseudomonas fragi was also more resistant to the lethal effects of BHA in phosphate-peptone buffer.
Atoms to autos: A multi-scale approach to modeling aluminum deformation

A multi-scale, computational design approach for aluminum sheet alloys, which includes key inputs from the electronic, atomistic, microstructural, and continuum length scales, is reviewed within the context of room and elevated temperature forming. Specific examples, which are aimed at improving aluminum sheet materials for automobile components, include prediction of flow curves from tensile testing, forming limit diagrams, and component forming.
Ruminal degradation and intestinal digestibility of dried or wet distillers grains with increasing concentrations of condensed distillers solubles.

The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect that the amount of condensed distillers solubles (CDS) added back to distillers grains (DG) and its form, wet or dried, have on nutrient digestion. Three Holstein cows with ruminal cannulas were used to evaluate in situ ruminal degradability of DM and CP and in vitro intestinal digestibility of CP. Condensed distillers solubles were added back to wet DG in the following ratios of wet DG to CDS: 100:0, 86.7:13.3, 73.3:26.7, and 60:40. One-half of each mixed feed at each ratio was dried, and the other one-half remained wet, resulting in 8 DG samples. Feeds were incubated in the rumen for 0, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 48 h. Intestinal CP digestibility was measured on residue from 12-h ruminal incubation feeds by the pepsin-pancreatin method. The soluble fraction of DM and CP was greater (P 0.05) affected by form or inclusion of CDS. Rumen-degraded DM was greater (P < 0.001) for wet compared with dried DG (59.7 vs. 48.6%), and as the percentage of CDS increased, it increased (P < 0.001) from 49.3 to 61.2%. Rumen-degraded protein (RDP) was greater (P < 0.001) for wet DG than dried DG (53.1 vs. 38.0%). In addition, RDP increased (P < 0.001) from 42.0 to 50.5% as the concentration of CDS increased from 0 to 40%. Estimated intestinal digestibility of rumen-undegraded protein was greater (P = 0.003) for wet DG compared with dried DG (69.7 vs. 64.0%), but was unaffected (P = 0.11) by the addition of CDS. Intestinal absorbable dietary protein was greater (P < 0.001) for dried DG (39.7%) compared with wet DG (32.7%), and decreased (P < 0.001) from 39.9 to 32.0% with increasing concentrations of CDS. Total digestible protein (TDP) increased (P < 0.001) from 77.7 to 85.8% for dried and wet DG, whereas different ratios of DG to CDS resulted in similar TDP. Based on this study, ruminal DM and CP degradability and intestinal protein digestibility of DG increased when the percentage of CDS increased. Although dried DG can supply more ruminal undegraded protein, wet DG can supply more TDP.
Iatrogenic superior vena cava syndrome treated with streptokinase

The development of an iatrogenic superior vena cava syndrome secondary to a thrombosis from an indwelling Hickman catheter in a patient with ovarian carcinoma is presented. The patient was treated with a combination of streptokinase and heparin with successful and dramatic results. Streptokinase appears to be highly effective in the treatment of iatrogenic superior vena cava syndrome from Hickman catheters. It appears that the Hickman catheter may be safely left in situ post-treatment.
Sources of presumptive glutamergic/aspartergic afferents to the rat ventral striatopallidal region.

The distribution of presumptive glutamergic and/or aspartergic neurons retrogradely labeled following injections of 3H-D-aspartate (3H-D-Asp) into the ventral Striatopallidal region was compared with the distribution of neurons labeled by comparable injections of wheat germ agglutunin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP). The afferents labeled by 3H-D-Asp were a subset of those labeled by WGA-HRP. The major sources of afferents to the nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle that could be labeled by 3H-D-Asp were in the medial frontal and insular cortices; the olfactory cortex; the lateral, basolateral, and basomedial amygdaloid nuclei; and the midline nuclear complex of the thalamus. The corresponding afferents to the ventral pallidum arose in the central, medial, and basomedial amygdaloid nuclei and the midline thalamic nuclei. In addition, the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract was moderately or heavily labeled by 3H-D-Asp injections into all three areas, and cells were labeled in the subiculum following injection in the anteromedial part of the nucleus accumbens. Conversely the ventral Striatopallidal structures themselves were, at best, sparsely labeled by any of the 3H-D-Asp injections. Neurons in the substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, dorsal raphe, and locus coeruleus were labeled by WGA-HRP but not by 3H-D-Asp, except for an occasional cell in the raphe. The results indicate that 3H-D-Asp is a specific retrograde tracer and suggest that there are widespread, presumably excitatory, glutamergic and/or aspartergic inputs to the ventral striatum and pallidum.
EM-Fold: De Novo Atomic-Detail Protein Structure Determination from Medium-Resolution Density Maps

Electron density maps of membrane proteins or large macromolecular complexes are frequently only determined at medium resolution between 4 A and 10 A, either by cryo-electron microscopy or X-ray crystallography. In these density maps, the general arrangement of secondary structure elements (SSEs) is revealed, whereas their directionality and connectivity remain elusive. We demonstrate that the topology of proteins with up to 250 amino acids can be determined from such density maps when combined with a computational protein folding protocol. Furthermore, we accurately reconstruct atomic detail in loop regions and amino acid side chains not visible in the experimental data. The EM-Fold algorithm assembles the SSEs de novo before atomic detail is added using Rosetta. In a benchmark of 27 proteins, the protocol consistently and reproducibly achieves models with root mean square deviation values <3 A.
Effects of lateral compression on a non-registered monolayer

Abstract A thermodynamic description is developed for the lateral compression observed in a non-registered monolayer as the pressure or temperature of coexisting three-dimensional gas is varied. The isothermal lateral compressibility of the monolayer is expressed in terms of structural data obtained in low energy electron diffraction studies. The limit-of-compression is determined by the onset of a second adsorbed layer. Detailed calculations of the limit-of-compression at zero temperature are performed for a Lennard-Jones pair potential model and for a model of xenon adsorbed on silver. The results show that the lateral spacing of the adsorbed monolayer at the onset of the second layer is very close to the nearest neighbor spacing of the bulk adsorbate, in agreement with observations on several non-registered systems. The calculations also predict a difference in the lateral lattice constant for the coexisting monolayer and bilayer; this has not been observed.
Foreword to special issue on music visualization

This special issue on music visualization focuses on the visual conveyance of music structural information through the automated analysis of digital music and the graphical rendering of its analytical forms. Music can be described as highly organized sounds that exhibit time-varying structures in the pitch (frequency) and time domains. When we listen to music, our minds group pitch structures into horizontal streams (such as melodies) and vertical bunches (such as chords and keys). These pitch collections create musical contexts that situate and orient our hearing of the music. It is the visualization of these time-varying pitch contexts that forms the common theme among the contributions in this special issue.In music-theoretic terms, all four articles are concerned with the tonal structure of music. Tonal structure emerges in music that is tonal, music for which the pattern of notes generates the perception of varying levels of stability amongst the pitches. The term "tonal" applies to almost all of the music that we hear. Computer systems for music visualization that automatically capture and display such structures will enable people to see, and better understand, the tonal patterns that they hear.The large-scale availability of music in digital format, coupled with the rapid increase in computational prowess, has made the automatic visual rendering of musical structure more accessible than ever. According to Jeremy Strick, one of the organizers of the Visual Music exhibit (2005) at the Los Angeles Museum of Contemporary Art and Hirshhorn Museum of the Smithsonian Institute, "In digital media, ... music and visual art truly are united, ... They are created out of the same stuff, bits of electronic information, infinitely interchangeable. ... the aspiration to novel experience created by the compounding of sensation and association has never been more possible" [Strick 2005, p.20]. Even though scientific visualizations of musical structure do not pretend to be fine art, the interlocking of visual and musical sensations featured in this collection similarly seeks to evoke what might be illusive mental associations between music and its analytical structures through visual mediation.
Social and individual risk determinants of HIV testing practices among noninjection drug users at high risk for HIV/AIDS

HIV testing services and research among drug users has largely focused on injection drug users (IDUs); yet noninjection drug users (NIDUs) are also at increased risk for HIV due to high-risk sexual behaviors and overlapping networks with IDUs. This study examined drug use, sexual risk, and social network characteristics associated with recent HIV testing (testing within past year) among NIDUs. Interviewer-administered questionnaires were conducted among 418 NIDUs and log-binomial regression models were used to identify correlates of recent HIV testing. Prevalence ratios (PR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were reported. Nearly 97% of NIDUs reported having ever been tested for HIV and most participants (85.7%) indicated testing for HIV within the past year. Factors independently associated with recent HIV testing were higher educational attainment (PR: 1.86; 95% CI: 1.03, 3.34) and networks to discuss health and medical services (PR: 1.84; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.20). A prior positive sexually transmitted infection was associated with decreased likelihood of recent HIV test (PR: 0.43; 95% CI 0.25, 0.74). Identifying specific social network characteristics may be effective in facilitating HIV testing and prevention strategies targeting NIDUs.
The effect of obesity on clinical outcomes in presumed sepsis: a retrospective cohort study

Sepsis is a major cause of hospital admissions and mortality. Nevertheless, there are significant gaps in our knowledge of the epidemiology of sepsis in obese people, who now represent more than one-third of the population in the United States. The objective of this study was to measure the association between obesity and mortality from presumed sepsis. A retrospective cohort study was used of 1,779 adult inpatients with presumed sepsis at a Tertiary Care Academic Institution from March 1, 2007 to June 30, 2011. Cases of sepsis were identified using a standardized algorithm for sepsis antibiotic treatment. Exposure (i.e., obesity) was defined as a body mass index ≥30 kg/m2. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the adjusted association between obesity and mortality. Patients with presumed sepsis were of a median age of 60.9 years (interquartile range 49.7–71) and 41.1 % were women. A total of 393 patients died, resulting in a 28-day in-hospital mortality of 22.1 %. In adjusted analysis, obesity was not significantly associated with increased mortality (odds ratio 1.11, 95 % CI 0.85–1.41, P = 0.47). There was also no difference in the in-hospital length of stay (P = 0.45) or maximum percent change in serum creatinine (P = 0.32) between obese and non-obese patients. Finally, there was no difference in the proportion of initial inadequate vancomycin levels (P = 0.1) after presumed sepsis. Obesity was not associated with increased mortality in patients with presumed sepsis. Further research is needed to determine how excess adiposity modulates inflammation from sepsis.
The haematological response to androgens in sickle cell anaemia.

To 11 patients with sickle cell anaemia pharmacological doses of androgens were given for periods varying between 3 and 16 weeks. To 3 of the patients two courses of treatment were given. During the treatment 10 of the patients showed an increase of the total red cell mass varying between 25 and 125% of the control value. One patient did not respond. The treatment had no discernible effect on the sickling tendency of the erythrocytes at different levels of oxygen tension and there was no consistent alteration of the red cell survival measured with radioactive chromium. Weight gain was seen in all patients and hirsutism was seen in most of the females. In spite of the marked increase in red cell mass there was no certain increase in the frequency of crisis among the female patients. Priapism occurred in all of the adult males responding to the therapy. The number of patients studied is, however, small and the observation time too short to allow any firm conclusion on the effect of androgen treatment on the frequency of vaso-occlusive crisis.
Performing the ‘wounded Indian’: a new platform of democracy and human rights in Bolivia’s autonomy movement

This article examines Right-wing political performances in the Bolivian Eastern lowlands where regional elites claim to be living under the authoritarian dictatorship of Left-leaning President Evo Morales. We analyse how regional elites advocate for political autonomy through embodied and spectacular performances linked to discourses of indigeneity, human rights and democracy. Right-wing leaders try to legitimise their claims for justice and territorial control by strategically aligning themselves with lowland ‘Indians’ – who are equally wounded by Morales’s plan to run a massive highway though their communities and territories. Through theatrical exhibits in the plaza and a spectacular assembly spotlighting an indigenous representative as an emblematic hero of TIPNIS, regional elites perform a shared history of marginalisation, while simultaneously presenting themselves as ‘saviors’. We argue, however, that there is a dark side to these performances, as they elide long histories of racialised labour and ...
Finding needles in a haystack: A case series of carbon monoxide poisoning detected using new technology in the emergency department

Introduction. The diagnosis of carbon monoxide poisoning can be difficult because the symptoms are nonspecific and may mimic other illnesses. If carbon monoxide poisoning is suspected, the standard test at this time is venous or arterial carboxyhemoglobin levels. A new device, the Rad-57 pulse CO-oximeter (Masimo Inc.), can measure carboxyhemoglobin levels non-invasively at emergency department triage. Methods. The pulse CO-oximeter was utilized in our emergency department triage to measure carboxyhemoglobin levels on all patients. A retrospective chart review was then conducted to identify all patients with elevated levels. Case Series. Out of an estimated 74,880 patients who had their SpCO measured and documented at triage, seven patients who presented with vague complaints were diagnosed with occult carbon monoxide poisoning. Their diagnosis was facilitated by the non-invasive pulse CO-oximeter, which measured their carboxyhemoglobin levels when the standard vital signs were also documented at triage. ...
40Ar/39Ar ages of hornblende grains and bulk Sm/Nd isotopes of circum-Antarctic glacio-marine sediments: Implications for sediment provenance in the southern ocean

Abstract The transfer of terrigenous sediments from Antarctica to the Southern Ocean results from glaciological processes and subsequent transport by ocean currents. Establishing the link between the composition of circumpolar sediments and the geology of Antarctica can provide important insights into past ice sheet and ocean current dynamics. Here we document the variability of Antarctic sediment sources using 40Ar/39Ar ages of individual detrital hornblende grains and bulk (
A Synthesis of "Best Practice" Guidelines for Early Childhood Services

"Best practice" guidelines drawn from recent advances within the field of disability are reviewed and synthesized for the purpose of defining exemplary early childhood special education services. With both empirical and ideological support, the paper identifies six major characteristics of exemplary programs. Such programs provide services that are (a) integrated, (b) comprehensive, (c) normalized, (d) adaptable. (e) peer and family-referenced, and (f) outcome-based. Programmatic guidelines are addressed for each characteristic.
Drainage and tillage effects on a crosby-kokomo soil association in Ohio IV. Soil physical properties

Abstract Bulk density, soil structure, penetrometer resistance, and moisture retention characteristics were examined for the Crosby-Kokomo Association near Columbus, Ohio. The soils are classified as fine mixed, mesic, Aeric Ochraqualf and fine, mixed, mesic, Typic Argiaquoll, respectively. Effects of four tillage methods were studied with and without subsurface drainage. Tillage methods were: no-till, raised beds, ridge till and moldboard plow. The tillage treatments were laid out according to a Randomized Block Design with three replicates on each drainage site. Soil samples obtained in August, 1987 to 50 cm depth in 10 cm increments, were analyzed for aggregate size distribution, and moisture retention characteristics. In addition, surface (0–10 cm and 10–20 cm depths) core samples were obtained in July 1989 for measurement of soil bulk density, and moisture retention characteristics. Penetrometer resistance and soil moisture content for the surface layers were also measured in July 1989. The mean weight diameter (MWD) was higher for undrained than drained treatment, 2.94 mm vs. 2.49 mm, respectively. Neither drainage nor tillage treatments had a significant effect on soil bulk density measured about 8 weeks after sowing. Penetrometer resistance was lower, and surface soil moisture content was higher in the undrained compared with the drained treatment. Soil moisture retention at all suctions and plant-available soil moisture reserves were more in undrained than drained soil. Differences in soil moisture retention among drainage treatments are attributed more to organic matter induced differences in pore size distribution than to total porosity. For these soils in central Ohio, drainage had a more significant effect on soil physical properties than tillage operations performed in the fall and/or spring.
Distraction induced enterogenesis: a unique mouse model using polyethylene glycol

Background Recent studies have demonstrated that the small intestine can be lengthened by applying mechanical forces to the bowel lumen—distraction-induced enterogenesis. However, the mechanisms which account for this growth are unknown, and might be best examined using a mouse model. The purpose of this study is to establish the feasibility of developing distractive-induced small bowel growth in mouse. Methods Twelve-week old C57BL/6J mice had a jejunal segment taken out of continuity, and distended with polyethylene glycol (PEG: 3350 KDa); this group was compared with a control group without stretching. Segment length and diameter were measured intra-operatively and after 5 d. Villus height, crypt depth, and muscle thickness in the isolated segment were assessed. Rate of epithelial cell proliferation (5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine: BrdU incorporation) in crypts were also examined. The mucosal mRNA expression of targeted factors was performed to investigate potential mechanisms which might lead to distraction-induced enterogenesis. Results At harvest, the PEG-stretched group showed a significant increase in length and diameter versus controls. Villus height, crypt depth, and muscular layer thickness increased in the PEG group. The PEG group also showed significantly increased rates of epithelial cell proliferation versus controls. Real-time PCR showed a trend toward higher β-catenin and c-myc mRNA expression in the PEG-stretched group; however, this difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions Radial distraction-induced enterogenesis with PEG is a viable method for increasing small intestinal length and diameter. This model may provide a new method for studying the mechanisms leading to distraction-induced enterogenesis.
Wound care for elderly patients : Advances and clinical applications for practicing physicians

Chronic ulcers (wounds) are commonly encountered in medical practice, particularly in elderly patients who have chronic medical conditions. Health care providers must be adept at diagnosing chronic ulcers and optimizing medical treatment. We describe the best medical practice for the 4 common types of chronic ulcers: pressure ulcers, ischemic ulcers, venous ulcers, and neuropathic ulcers. We emphasize the importance of nutrition and proper wound care as a foundation for the management of all chronic ulcers. There is a unique therapeutic goal for each chronic ulcer. Pressure relief should be provided for both pressure ulcers and neuropathic ulcers. Ischemic ulcers require revascularization. Patients with venous ulcers need adequate edema control. We outline advances in each of these areas and discuss the newest developments in wound care, including growth factors, hyperbaric oxygen, and vacuum-assisted devices. Chronic ulcers in elderly patients can heal with proper diagnosis and good medical care.
Interferon Production in Chickens Injected with Brucella abortus

Intravenous injection of large numbers of live, virulent Brucella abortus in chickens resulted in the appearance in the serum of a viral inhibitor indistinguishable from interferon. Inhibitor was detected as early as 3 hours after inoculation of brucellae and reached a peak between 6 and 12 hours.
Estimating densities of small fishes and decapod crustaceans in Shallow estuarine habitats : A review of sampling design with focus on gear selection

Shallow estuarine habitats often support large populations of small nekton (fishes and decapod crustaceans), but unique characteristics of these habitats make sampling these nekton populations difficult. We discuss development of sampling designs and evaluate some commonly used devices for quantitatively sampling nekton populations. Important considerations of the sampling design include the size and number of samples, their distribution in time and space, and control of tide level. High, stable catch efficiency should be the most important grear characteristic considered when selecting a sampling device to quantify nekton densities. However, the most commonly used gears in studies of estuarine habitats (trawls and seines) have low, variable catch efficiency. Problems with consistently low catch efficiency can be corrected, but large unpredictable variations in this gear characteristic pose a much more difficult challenge. Study results may be bised if the varibility in catch efficiency is related to the treatments or habitat characteristics being measured in the sampling design. Enclosure devices, such as throw traps and drop samplers, have fewer variables influencing catch efficiency than do towed nets (i.e., trawls and seines); and the catch efficiency of these enclosure samplers does not appear to vary substantially with habitat characteristics typical of shallow estuarine areas (e.g., presence of vegetation). The area enclosed by these samplers is often small, but increasing the sample number can generally compensate for this limitation. We recommend using enclosure samplers for estimating densities of small nekton in shallow estuarine habitats because these samplers provide the most reliable quantitative data, and the results of studies using these samplers should be comparable. Many kinds of enclosure samplers are now available, and specific requirements of a project will distate which gear should be selected.