cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simulation of Water‐Table Aquifers Using Specified Saturated Thickness

Simulating groundwater flow in a water-table (unconfined) aquifer can be difficult because the saturated thickness available for flow depends on model-calculated hydraulic heads. It is often possible to realize substantial time savings and still obtain accurate head and flow solutions by specifying an approximate saturated thickness a priori, thus linearizing this aspect of the model. This specified-thickness approximation often relies on the use of the “confined” option in numerical models, which has led to confusion and criticism of the method. This article reviews the theoretical basis for the specified-thickness approximation, derives an error analysis for relatively ideal problems, and illustrates the utility of the approximation with a complex test problem. In the transient version of our complex test problem, the specified-thickness approximation produced maximum errors in computed drawdown of about 4% of initial aquifer saturated thickness even when maximum drawdowns were nearly 20% of initial saturated thickness. In the final steady-state version, the approximation produced maximum errors in computed drawdown of about 20% of initial aquifer saturated thickness (mean errors of about 5%) when maximum drawdowns were about 35% of initial saturated thickness. In early phases of model development, such as during initial model calibration efforts, the specified-thickness approximation can be a very effective tool to facilitate convergence. The reduced execution time and increased stability obtained through the approximation can be especially useful when many model runs are required, such as during inverse model calibration, sensitivity and uncertainty analyses, multimodel analysis, and development of optimal resource management scenarios.
Just War Theory and the U.S. Counterterror War

This article addresses three sets of questions. First, the George W. Bush administration claims that its cause and conduct in counterterror war are just. Such a claim invites moral assessment. How do normative beliefs and ethical concerns affect U.S. conduct in the counterterror war? Is the war just in cause and conduct? Second, many observers argue that warfare is “transformed.” How so? And is it possible to fight a just counterterror war in this context? Third, the transformation of war raises new questions for just war theory itself. Is the framework still useful? I argue that it is extremely difficult to fight a just counterterror war given the nature of terrorism and the realities of contemporary warfare. Yet I show that the Bush administration has made an effort to engage in a just counterterror war by meeting the criterion of self-defense and seeking to avoid noncombatant harm. Even so, current U.S. policy and practice in the counterterror war are not just. But any government would have a problem fighting a just counterterror war in the current context; indeed, the utility of just war theory itself is challenged. I discuss 12 conceptual and practical problems that arise at the intersection of just war theory and counterterror war, including the limits of self-defense, preemption, last resort, and discrimination. Despite these problems, I argue that just war theory is a useful method of inquiry into the problems of contemporary war. Our nation's cause has always been larger than our nation's defense. We fight, as we always fight, for a just peace—a peace that favors human liberty …. Building this just peace is America's opportunity, and America's duty. —George W. BushBush 2002.The Americans who conduct those operations are a tough and proud bunch. Their cause is a just one. It's to stop terrorists from killing Americans and others.—Donald H. RumsfeldRumsfeld 2001e.This is not a linear war; this is not a sequential war …. This is a different kind of conflict. This is asymmetric warfare. We have to use all the instruments of national power.—General Richard MyersMyers 2001b.
Satellite imagery activism: Sharpening the focus on tropical deforestation

Since the first land remote sensing satellite was launched in the early 1970s, government agencies, private companies and research institutions have used satellite imagery data for a growing range of civil and commercial applications focused on natural resource management and exploitation, and environmental monitoring. The global diffusion of remote sensing expertize, along with growing public access to satellite images, has created conditions for improving levels of global transparency. One aspect of this global transparency is the advent of new users of imagery data – or ‘imagery activists’– including, among others, issue-oriented nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), media groups, multinational organizations and academic researchers who now are able to access satellite imagery in order to draw domestic and international attention to particular public policy concerns. This paper broadly surveys the contemporary phenomenon of satellite imagery activism and outlines the main challenges facing imagery activists, particularly in relation to deforestation and other forest monitoring issues.
Individuality as a Factor in the Success of Management Personnel

Summary Sixty-Three administrators in the Italian Civil Service were rated by their peers on 18 traits pertaining to their job performance. The intercorrelations among persons were computed and cluster analysed. Each man was scored in terms of the degree to which his pattern of traits was dissimilar to those characterizing men in any of the clusters. The coefficient of correlation between these values, termed measures of individuality, and over-all job success was found to be .541.
Cultural and Contextual Analysis of Quality of Life Among Older Nepali Women

The quality-of-life construct can be used to assess how well an individual's needs are met or being met by the society. However, in the dominant narratives of quality of life in old age, exploration of the impact of cultural differences on how older adults define and assess their quality of life has been limited. Moreover, the examination of heterogeneity within one culture and its influence on quality of life has been largely ignored. The present study compares the quality of life as defined by two samples of Nepali elderly women, those who live with their families and those who live in an old-age home, and presents data on factors associated with quality of life in the two samples. The results show that social and cultural norms, informed by religious principles that prescribe familial elder care, impact how quality of life is described by both groups of women.
New Governance Practices in U.S. Health Care

The problems of the uninsured, cost escalation, and improving quality in United States health care are once again on the front pages. There is a sense that these problems can be resolved despite the magnitude of the issues. This optimism is related to new techniques and approaches to governance. This new approach is called "new governance" and includes devolution, public-private partnerships, stakeholder collaboratives, network creation, coordinated date collection, benchmarking and monitoring. This paper examines the way new governance tools are being incorporated in resolving health care problems. The first section discusses stakeholder collaborations, the arenas in which leading actors are developing ways of dealing with three health care conundrums: how to embed technology, how to eliminate racial and ethnic disparities, and how to achieve universal coverage. The paper then describes how the effort to resolve these problem areas moves from traditional regulation to a different set of strategies. The first shift is in the strategy for embedding technology from command and control to standard setting and local collaborations. The second example is the shift in eliminating racial and ethnic disparities from anti-discrimination litigation to quality assurance tools. The final example is the shift to envision universal coverage from a centralized single system to linked state experimentation. The paper concludes with a discussion of how regulation and governance must be rethought to allow these emerging practices to resolve the health care conundrums.
Application of the convolution difference resolution method in reconstruction techniques in EPR imaging

Nitroxides are versatile, stable organic free radicals which are important as spin labels or spin probes in biological EPR studies (1). Recently, they have been used as contrast agents in NMR imaging (2, 3) and as “magic bullets” in EPR imaging (4). While we have previously demonstrated the feasibility of making two-dimensional images by EPR, there were several unsolved resolution problems, which may plague NMR image reconstruction as well. The hyper6ne or chemical-shift problem (5) is a general resolution problem caused by superposition of peaks from (1) hyperfine structure: for nitroxides, the low-field peak is superimposed on the central peak of the triplet in a strong magnetic field gradient, ultimately contributing to image distortion and overlapping; and (2) intrinsic linewidth: this may not be small compared with the linewidth in a strong field gradient, again causing image distortion and image overlap. Furthermore, the Lorentzian-like lineshape obtained in EPR imaging experiments makes the spectral analysis very complex. When the same half-width is assumed for both Lorentzian and Gaussian lineshapes, the Lorentzian falls off in the wings more slowly than does the Gaussian (6). In practice, this is a common problem with large field gradients and/or very large samples. While some resolution enhancement methods have been reported for organic radical EPR spectra (7), no reports address the problems above for image reconstruction with nitroxides. Hoch et al. (8) reported deconvolution methods applicable to the single line spectrum of DPPH, where it was relatively trivial to subtract the intrinsic linewidth contribution. Ohno (9) attempted deconvolution on simulated spectra only. We have applied image reconstruction for nitroxides by the convolution difference method. Several examples are compared with and without this treatment. The convolution difference method, which has been applied extensively to NMR resolution enhancement, is a straightforward mathematical manipulation which sacrifices signalto-noise in order to achieve increased resolution (10, II). When the lineshape is Lorentzian, the Fourier transform is multiplied by eVar (where a is a constant and t is time), and the resulting lineshape will also be Lorentzian (L,). In a similar manner, convolution by e -bt leads to another Lorentzian (Lb). By subtracting the two Loren-
Processing strategies and secondary memory in very rapid forgetting

When a memory test is unexpected, recall performance is quite poor at retention intervals as short as 2–4 seconds. Orienting tasks that change encoding conditions are known to affect forgetting in such “very rapid forgetting” paradigms where people are misled to believe that recall will not be required. We evaluated the hypothesis that differences in forgetting among orienting tasks are attributable to contributions of secondary memory during encoding in two experiments. In Experiment 1, short-term recall performance was inversely related to task demands during encoding, although long-term memory performance was not. Task demands were assessed by making the duration of stimulus presentation dependent on the time required to perform three different orienting tasks. In Experiment 2, we compared performance of that variable-length stimulus presentation to the fixed-length presentation used in most prior research. The results suggested that additional encoding or rehearsal time does not have an appreciable impact on short-term performance. Thus, differences in forgetting appeared to be a function of the contribution of secondary memory rather than a function of the time available to engage in primary memory rehearsal strategies.
Zinc Release from Protein Kinase C as the Common Event during Activation by Lipid Second Messenger or Reactive Oxygen

Zinc is a structural component of many regulatory molecules including transcription factors and signaling molecules. We report that two alternate signaling pathways of protein kinase C (PKC) activation involving either the lipid second messengers (diacylglycerol and its mimetics, the phorbol esters) or reactive oxygen converge at the zinc finger of the regulatory domain. They all trigger the release of zinc ions. An increase in intracellular free Zn(2+) was observed by confocal microscopy in intact cells treated with phorbol ester or by mild oxidation. The source of liberated Zn(2+) was traced to PKC and particularly the zinc finger domains. The activated form of native PKCalpha contained significantly less Zn(2+) than the resting form. Furthermore, purified recombinant PKC protein fragments shed stoichiometric amounts of Zn(2+) upon reaction with diacylglycerol, phorbol ester, or reactive oxygen in vitro. Our results offer new insight into the regulation of PKC. Far from cementing rigid structures, zinc actually is the linchpin that orchestrates dynamic changes in response to specific signals, allowing kinase activity to be turned on or off.
B-Methyl Amine Borane Derivatives: Synthesis, Characterization, and Hydrogen Release

We describe the synthesis of MeH2N–BH2Me (3) and H3N–BH2Me (4) as potential hydrogen storage materials with 6.8 wt-% and 8.9 wt-% capacity, respectively. Compounds 3 and 4 readily release 2 equivalents of H2 at 80°C in the presence of a CoCl2 catalyst to furnish the corresponding trimerized borazine derivatives. Regeneration of 3 from its spent fuel material can be accomplished using a simple two-step process: activation with formic acid followed by reduction with LiAlH4.
Sexual functioning 1 year after traumatic brain injury: findings from a prospective traumatic brain injury model systems collaborative study.

Abstract Sander AM, Maestas KL, Pappadis MR, Sherer M, Hammond FM, Hanks R, and the NIDRR Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems Module Project on Sexuality After TBI. Sexual functioning 1 year after traumatic brain injury: findings from a prospective Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems collaborative study. Objective To investigate the incidence and types of sexual difficulties in men and women with traumatic brain injury (TBI) 1 year after injury, as well as their comfort level in discussing problems with health care professionals. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Community. Participants Persons with TBI (N=223; 165 men and 58 women) who had been treated at 1 of 6 participating TBI Model Systems inpatient rehabilitation units and were living in the community. Interventions None. Main Outcome Measures Derogatis Interview for Sexual Functioning-self-report (DISF-SR); Global Sexual Satisfaction Index (GSSI); structured interview regarding changes in sexual functioning; and comfort level discussing sexuality with health care professionals. Results Women with TBI scored significantly below the normative sample for all subscales of the DISF-SR, including sexual cognition/fantasy, arousal, sexual behavior/experience, and orgasm. Men scored significantly below the normative sample on all scales except arousal. Women reported greater dysfunction than men for sexual cognition/fantasy and arousal. Twenty-nine percent of participants reported dissatisfaction with sexual functioning on the GSSI, with a greater percentage of men reporting dissatisfaction. Sixty-eight percent of participants indicated that they would spontaneously raise issues of sexual difficulties with health care professionals, while the remainder would either bring it up only if directly asked or would not discuss it at all. Conclusions Sexual difficulties were present in a substantial portion of community-dwelling people with TBI at 1 year after injury. Educational interventions to increase awareness among people with TBI and rehabilitation professionals are warranted, as well as interventions to improve sexual functioning.
Elemental composition and water content of rat optic nerve myelinated axons and glial cells: effects of in vitro anoxia and reoxygenation

Electron probe x-ray microanalysis was used to measure water content and concentrations (mmol/kg dry weight) of elements (Na, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, and Mg) in myelinated axons and glial cells of rat optic nerve exposed to in vitro anoxia and reoxygenation. In response to anoxia, large, medium, and small diameter fibers exhibited an early (5 min) and progressive loss of Na and K regulation which culminated (60 min) in severe depletion of respective transmembrane gradients. As axoplasmic Na levels increased during anoxic exposure, a parallel rise in Ca content was noted. For all axons, mean water content decreased progressively during the initial 10 min of anoxia and then returned toward normal values as anoxia continued. Analyses of mitochondrial areas revealed a similar pattern of elemental disruption except that Ca concentrations rose more rapidly during anoxia. Following 60 min of postanoxia reoxygenation, the majority of larger fibers displayed little evidence of recovery, whereas a subpopulation of small axons exhibited a trend toward restoration of normal elemental composition. Glial cells and myelin were only modestly affected by anoxia and subsequent reoxygenation. Thus, anoxic injury of CNS axons is associated with characteristic changes in axoplasmic distributions of Na, K, and Ca. The magnitude and temporal patterns of elemental Na and Ca disruption are consistent with reversal of Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange and subsequent Ca entry (Stys et al., 1992). During reoxygenation, elemental deregulation continues for most CNS fibers, although a subpopulation of small axons appears to be capable of recovery.
Ethane in planetary and cometary atmospheres: Transmittance and fluorescence models of the ν7 band at 3.3 μm

[1] Ethane and other hydrocarbon gases have strong rovibrational transitions in the 3.3 μm spectral region owing to C-H, CH2, and CH3 vibrational modes, making this spectral region prime for searching possible biomarker gases in extraterrestrial atmospheres (e.g., Mars, exoplanets) and organic molecules in comets. However, removing ethane spectral signatures from high-resolution terrestrial transmittance spectra has been imperfect because existing quantum mechanical models have been unable to reproduce the observed spectra with sufficient accuracy. To redress this problem, we constructed a line-by-line model for the ν7 band of ethane (C2H6) and applied it to compute telluric transmittances and cometary fluorescence efficiencies. Our model considers accurate spectral parameters, vibration-rotation interactions, and a functional characterization of the torsional hot band. We integrated the new band model into an advanced radiative transfer code for synthesizing the terrestrial atmosphere (LBLRTM), achieving excellent agreement with transmittance data recorded against Mars using three different instruments located in the Northern and Southern hemispheres. The retrieved ethane abundances demonstrate the strong hemispheric asymmetry noted in prior surveys of volatile hydrocarbons. We also retrieved sensitive limits for the abundance of ethane on Mars. The most critical validation of the model was obtained by comparing simulations of C2H6 fluorescent emission with spectra of three hydrocarbon-rich comets: C/2004 Q2 (Machholz), 8P/Tuttle, and C/2007 W1 (Boattini). The new model accurately describes the complex emission morphology of the ν7 band at low rotational temperatures and greatly increases the confidence of the retrieved production rates (and rotational temperatures) with respect to previously available fluorescence models.
The priority token bank: Integrated scheduling and admission control for an integrated-services network

The author proposes a mechanism called the priority token bank for admission control, scheduling, and policing in integrated-services networks, where arrival processes and performance objectives can vary greatly from one packet stream to another. There are two principal components to the priority token bank: accepting or rejecting requests to admit entire packet streams, where acceptance means guaranteeing that the packet stream's performance objectives will be met, and scheduling the transmission of packets such that performance objectives are met, even under heavy loads. To the extent possible, the performance of traffic is also optimized beyond the requirements. The performance achieved with the priority token bank is compared to that of other typical algorithms. It is shown that, when operating under the constraint that the performance objectives of applications such as packet voice, HDTV (high-definition television) and bulk data transfer must be met in an ATM (asynchronous transfer mode) network, the mean delay experienced by other traffic is much better with the priority token bank. Equivalently, to achieve the same performance with other algorithms, it would be necessary to greatly reduce the network load. >
A functional approach to assessing the impact of health interventions on people with disabilities

Abstract Two indicators – the Activity Limitation Score (ALS) and the Participation Restriction Score (PRS) – are presented in this paper for assessing the impact of public health interventions on the lives of disabled people. These indicators, grounded in the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), supplement previous indicators, in that they are sensitive to changes in people's functional status resulting from interventions that do not change an underlying medical condition. Using data collected from a national survey of living conditions among people with disabilities carried out in Zambia in 2006, we performed comparative analyses on two weighted summary scores: the ALS describing limitations in basic actions (sensory experiences, basic learning & applying knowledge, communication, and mobility) and the PRS describing restrictions in complex activities (self-care, domestic life, interpersonal behaviors, major life activities and community, social & civic life). These scores were created as the weighted sum of individual activity items under each of the activity domains listed above. High scores represent less capacity to perform basic functions and more difficulty in carrying out complex activities. Results from the Zambian data demonstrated how the ALS and PRS can depict the range of functioning within a country. Results also indicated that the ALS and PRS indicators are sensitive to changes in people's functional status resulting from interventions that do not change an underlying medical diagnosis and address, thereby a shortcoming inherent in the Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) measurement. Furthermore, the relationship between the ALS and PRS can provide important insight into the extent to which environmental conditions help translate functional limitations into disabilities. This could be an important approach to measuring the impact of various programs and policies.
Age-related hyperkyphosis, independent of spinal osteoporosis, is associated with impaired mobility in older community-dwelling women

Summary While many assume hyperkyphosis reflects underlying spinal osteoporosis and vertebral fractures, our results suggest hyperkyphosis is independently associated with decreased mobility. Hyperyphosis is associated with slower Timed Up and Go performance times and may be a useful clinical marker signaling the need for evaluation of vertebral fracture and falling risk.
Regulation of Circulating Progenitor Cells in Left Ventricular Dysfunction

Background—Reductions in numbers of circulating progenitor cells (CD34+ cell subsets) have been demonstrated in patients at risk for, or in the presence of, cardiovascular disease. The mediators of these reductions remain undefined. To determine whether neurohumoral factors might regulate circulating CD34+ cell subsets in vivo, we studied complementary canine models of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. Methods and Results—A pacing model of severe LV dysfunction and a hypertensive renal wrap model in which dogs were randomized to receive deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) were studied. Circulating CD34+ cell subsets including hematopoietic precursor cells (HPCs: CD34+/CD45dim/VEGFR2−) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs: CD34+/CD45−/VEGFR2+) were quantified. Additionally, the effect of mineralocorticoid excess on circulating progenitor cells in normal dogs was studied. The majority of circulating CD34+ cells expressed CD45dimly and did not express VEGFR2, consistent with an HPC phenotype. HPCs were dec...
Emerging Bcl-2 inhibitors for the treatment of cancer.

Introduction: Bcl-2 family proteins are a component of the antiapoptotic machinery and are overexpressed in different malignancies. Accordingly, their enhanced expression has been attributed to the observed chemoresistance in most of the cancers. Therefore, targeting Bcl-2 family members becomes an important and attractive approach towards cancer therapy and is currently a very rapidly evolving area of research. This article highlights the numerous advancements that have been made in the design and synthesis of small molecule inhibitors (SMI) of pro-survival Bcl-2 proteins. Areas covered: This review comprehensively describes the progress made over the last 2 decades on this subject, including the clinical status of SMIs of Bcl-2 family proteins. Newer insights on the status of our knowledge on SMIs of Bcl-2 family proteins, their most beneficial application as well as current and future directions in this field are discussed. Expert opinion: Targeting Bcl-2 family proteins using SMI strategies is gaining...
Adaptive (T/sub 1/, T/sub 2/)-multiplexing transmission schemes for voice/data integrated networks

Integrated multiplexing schemes are needed to optimize the use of transmission bandwidth in integrated networks. In this paper, we introduce the idea of a dynamically controlled (T/sub 1/, T/sub 2/) multiplexing scheme. The advantages of this transmission policy is that it allocates the transmission capacity of the channel to two traffic types according to the instantaneous needs. We consider only two types of traffic, voice band traffic and digital data. The channel access times for voice and data are T/sub 1/ and T/sub 2/, respectively. In this paper, we present some preliminary results of our proposed scheme. In our simulations, we observe that a reduction in blocking probability of 15% or more is possible.
Foreign object damage in disks of gas-turbine-grade silicon nitrides by steel ball projectiles at ambient temperature

Foreign object damage (FOD) behavior of two commercial gas-turbine grade silicon nitrides, AS800 and SN282, was determined at ambient temperature through strength testing of flexure test specimens impacted by steel-ball projectiles with a diameter of 1.59 mm in a velocity range from 220 to 440 m/s. AS800 silicon nitride exhibited a greater FOD resistance than SN282, primarily due to its greater value of fracture toughness (K(sub IC)). Additionally, the FOD response of an equiaxed, fine-grained silicon nitride (NC132) was also investigated to provide further insight. The NC132 silicon nitride exhibited the lowest fracture toughness of the three materials tested, providing further evidence that K(sub IC) is a key material parameter affecting FOD resistance. The observed damage generated by projectile impact was typically in the forms of well- or ill-developed ring or cone cracks with little presence of radial cracks.
An analytical model for intrinsic carbon nanotube FETs

A simple and efficient model of carbon nanotube field effect transistor (CNFET) is necessary to perform system-level optimization. In this paper, an analytical model with no iteration or integration is developed, including an analytical electrostatic model for the surface potential and simplification of scattering effects. The model is computationally efficient, but includes essential physics such as DIBL effect and scattering.
A Model Approach for Studying Race: Provocative Theory, Sound Science, and Very Good History

The Problem of Race in the Twenty-First Century. Thomas C. Holt. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002. 146 pp. Race in Mind: Race, IQ, and Other Racisms. Alexander Alland Jr. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. 219 pp. The Funding of Scientific Racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund. William H. Tucker. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2002. 286 pp.
Admixture mapping of coronary artery calcified plaque in African Americans with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Background—The presence and severity of coronary artery calcified plaque (CAC) differs markedly between individuals of African and European descent, suggesting that admixture mapping may be informa...
UNDERSTANDING ORGANIZATIONAL IMPACT OF COMPLEX IT INFRASTRUCTURE THROUGH AGILITY: THE CASE OF ENTERPRISE RESOURCES PLANNING SYSTEMS

This paper reports the progress of an attempt to examine how and why complex integrated IT infrastructures, such as ERP systems, impact firm performance. Based on emerging literature on agility, IT management and organizational theories, a conceptual model that describes a nomological network linking IT infrastructure characteristics, organizational culture, agility and firm performance is presented. In particular, we argue that a firm’s IT infrastructure technical characteristics, IT function skills, infrastructure complexity, and its external orientation will contribute to its potential for agility, which ultimately improves firm performance through various effective competitive actions. The proposed research methodology is also described.
V2G electric power capacity estimation and ancillary service market evaluation

Sharing power assets between transportation and power system is the focus of V2G that can create a compelling new economics. Projected V2G penetration levels across utility customers are a promising clue that V2G may dominate the market in the near future. This will herald evolution of V2G parking lots. This paper describes mathematical model for estimating the electric power capacity of a V2G parking lot system. The electric vehicle demand/supply model was formulated as a queuing theory problem, exhibiting stochastic characteristics. This paper addresses the modeling of V2G power demand and supply as well as evaluation of its electricity market potentials. Promising simulation results are gained leading to a claim that V2G electric power capacity can be substantial with attractive ancillary services revenue opportunities. The proposed model was tested using Tesla Roadster EV and PHEV versions. Results could be useful for power system software developers seeking base case data capacity estimation of V2G parking lots. An expression for grid gain factor was developed, and analysis showed that 40.3% optimal gain factor is obtainable.
Immediate-Head Parsing for Language Models

We present two language models based upon an "immediate-head" parser --- our name for a parser that conditions all events below a constituent c upon the head of c. While all of the most accurate statistical parsers are of the immediate-head variety, no previous grammatical language model uses this technology. The perplexity for both of these models significantly improve upon the trigram model base-line as well as the best previous grammar-based language model. For the better of our two models these improvements are 24% and 14% respectively. We also suggest that improvement of the underlying parser should significantly improve the model's perplexity and that even in the near term there is a lot of potential for improvement in immediate-head language models.
An Integrated Phase Change Memory Cell With Ge Nanowire Diode For Cross-Point Memory

We demonstrate a novel phase change memory cell utilizing doped Ge nanowire pn-junction diode both as a bottom electrode and a memory cell selection device. This memory cell can be used for a cross-point memory array with diode selection. Using selective growth of isolated vertical nanowires in each cell, we have minimized the contact area below the lithography limit. A very low SET programming current of 10's of muA was achieved. RESET/SET resistance ratio of 100x was obtained. The diode provides 100x isolation between forward and reverse bias in the SET state.
The diagnosis and management of maternal and congenital syphilis.

Abstract A clinical update is presented regarding the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of maternal and congenital syphilis. Syphilis is reemerging as an endemic disease among minority heterosexual populations of the United States; the widespread use of crach cocaine has been identified as a major contributing factor. The dramatic nationwide increase of primary and secondary syphilis in women has precipitated a dramatic rise in congenital syphilis. The key to prevention of syphilitic stillbirths and congenitally infected infants is early diagnosis and treatment of syphilis in infected pregnant women.
Potentiation of Myocardial Contractility by Continual Premature Extra-activations

Introduction of a premature activation into each interval between regular contractions of isolated kitten papillary muscles greatly increases isometric tension development. This premature extra-activation potentiation is a manifestation of the interval-strength relationship of ventricular myocardium and results both from the increase in the overall frequency of activation (frequency potentiation) and from the prematurity of the extra-activations (prematurity potentiation). A premature electrical stimulus which elicits a propagated action potential is always followed by a mechanically apparent activation of the contractile element. Potentiation of the regular contractions follows from the occurrence of premature, propagated action potentials, and/or the resulting activation processes. It does not depend on the extent to which the contractile element can respond to the premature activation. Prematurity potentiation results solely from an increase in the degree of activation of the contractile element. It in...
Sociodemographic and Psychological Correlates of Sun Protection Behaviors among Outdoor Workers: A Review

Outdoor workers are at a higher risk for developing skin cancer due to their increased sun exposure. The primary objective of this review was to synthesize the current research literature that addresses sociodemographic and psychological factors related to sun protection behaviors in outdoor workers. Two additional purposes were to provide an overview of sun exposure and describe sun protection behaviors of outdoor workers. To identify the studies for this review, a methodical search was performed in the PubMed, PsycInfo, MEDLINE, and ERIC databases. Fifteen studies met the review criteria. Despite regular and prolonged sun exposure, many outdoor workers fail to engage in sufficient sun protection behaviors. Correlates of outdoor workers' sun protection behaviors include being female, older age, being white, personal skin cancer history, time (hours/years) spent at work, sun safety training, perceived prioritization of sun protection, concern about sun exposure, workplace support, families' expectations, and familial information giving. However, limited attention is given to designing theoretically grounded studies to identify factors to inform future research. There is a need to conduct research based on solid theoretical foundations that explains the relationships among the factors in this domain.
Scan Parameters and CT Radiation Dose

The most important parameter for reducing radiation dose is ensuring appropriate clinical indication for CT scanning. Once appropriateness of clinical indication for CT has been established, radiologists, physicists and radiologic technologists should work closely to adapt individual scanning parameters that affect radiation dose. Establishing dose-efficient CT protocols is by no means a task simpler than orchestrating a symphony where scan parameters have to be in sync in order to yield satisfactory results. This chapter briefly describes scan parameters that affect radiation dose in CT.
Informed Consent Client Participation in Childbirth Decisions

In recent years, there has been a tremendous rise in public consciousness concerning patients' rights. Previously, patients relied upon the expertise of healthcare providers, but now it is more common for patients to seek active involvement in the decision-making process affecting their care. The patient's right to self-determination is central to the decision-making process between the client and the provider. A patient's right to autonomy, therefore, imposes an obligation upon the health-care provider to obtain informed consent from the obstetric client.
Parameter optimization of parenchymal texture analysis for prediction of false-positive recalls from screening mammography

This work details a methodology to obtain optimal parameter values for a locally-adaptive texture analysis algorithm that extracts mammographic texture features representative of breast parenchymal complexity for predicting falsepositive (FP) recalls from breast cancer screening with digital mammography. The algorithm has two components: (1) adaptive selection of localized regions of interest (ROIs) and (2) Haralick texture feature extraction via Gray- Level Co-Occurrence Matrices (GLCM). The following parameters were systematically varied: mammographic views used, upper limit of the ROI window size used for adaptive ROI selection, GLCM distance offsets, and gray levels (binning) used for feature extraction. Each iteration per parameter set had logistic regression with stepwise feature selection performed on a clinical screening cohort of 474 non-recalled women and 68 FP recalled women; FP recall prediction was evaluated using area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and associations between the extracted features and FP recall were assessed via odds ratios (OR). A default instance of mediolateral (MLO) view, upper ROI size limit of 143.36 mm (2048 pixels2), GLCM distance offset combination range of 0.07 to 0.84 mm (1 to 12 pixels) and 16 GLCM gray levels was set. The highest ROC performance value of AUC=0.77 [95% confidence intervals: 0.71-0.83] was obtained at three specific instances: the default instance, upper ROI window equal to 17.92 mm (256 pixels2), and gray levels set to 128. The texture feature of sum average was chosen as a statistically significant (p<0.05) predictor and associated with higher odds of FP recall for 12 out of 14 total instances.
Chemical Bonding of Partially Fluorinated Graphene

Understanding the interactions of graphene and chemical additives is crucial to achieve control over chemically modified graphene materials. Here, density functional theory and experiments are used to elucidate the chemical bonding of partially fluorinated graphene. This material includes F–C bonds whose ionicity varies depending upon local concentration and structure. Three bonding states dominate. Single fluorine on graphene forms a semi-ionic bond with a C atom in an sp2 configuration. Fluorine in highly stable domains of poly(carbon fluoride) consists of covalent F–C bonds alternating in ortho position one to another on both sides of graphene. Fluorine in regions of poly(tetracarbon fluoride) has F species on one side of graphene in para position one to another, and F–C bonds with a character intermediate between the semi-ionic and covalent. Such variability in chemical bonding could be exploited to tailor fluorinated graphene materials to achieve a variety of properties.
Pediatric blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm, acute leukemic variant

![Figure][1] A previously healthy 2-year-old girl had fever and cough for 2 days. Peripheral blood showed marked leukocytosis (white blood cells, 75 000/μL) with 76% blasts (panels A-D). The blasts were medium to large size with scant agranular pale-blue cytoplasm. The nuclei were
A study of Helmholtz resonators to stabilize thermoacoustically driven pressure oscillations

This paper studies passive control of thermoacoustic instabilities from an unconventional mathematical perspective. These instabilities are notoriously known to result from the complex dynamic exchange between the unsteady heat release and the acoustic waves within a finite volume such as a combustor. One possible passive control strategy is to utilize Helmholtz resonators. Under certain simplifications, the ensemble combustion dynamics including the resonators reduces to a linear-time invariant–multiple time-delayed system (LTI–MTDS). As the main contribution of the paper, an exact analytical procedure is proposed to determine the placement of the resonators to avoid instabilities. A unique mathematical paradigm, called the cluster treatment of characteristic roots, is used to accomplish this task. It declares exactly the necessary and sufficient stability conditions for an LTI–MTDS in the space of the system parameters. This concept paper is written with the mindset that this analytical tool can invite yet unexplored design capabilities for similar noise control applications where acoustic dampers are used.
Hydroxyl Radical Control through Hydrogen Bonding: Photolysis of Platinum(IV)hydroxido Complexes with Intramolecular H-Bonding

By introducing hydrogen-bonding groups into the coordination sphere of Pt(IV) hydroxido complexes photogenerated hydroxyl radicals are tethered and directed to abstract a hydrogen atom from the ethyl group of a triethylphosphine ligand, even at 25 °C, to yield phosphaplatinacycle complexes.
Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) (Glass)

Publisher Summary The room-temperature optical properties of silicon dioxide (SiO2) glass is extensively analyzed to obtain a self-consistent set of optical constants, refractive index n and extinction coefficient k , for this material, especially in the regions of strong absorption in the infrared and vacuum ultraviolet. However, when the absorption is high, these optical constants are usually obtained by Kramers- Kronig (KK) analysis of reflectance data that are difficult to measure with high accuracy. The KK analysis requires extrapolations into spectral regions for which no data exist, thereby introducing additional uncertainties in the derived n and k values. But in the region of low absorption, the index of refraction can be evaluated from prism data, and this is accomplished with great precision for SiO2. It is also noted for SiO2, the presence of water or OH absorption in the samples makes the determination of the intrinsic k values extremely difficult in certain parts of the infrared and vacuum ultraviolet spectral regions.
Psychiatric medication preferences of sports psychiatrists

ABSTRACTObjectives: When prescribing psychiatric medications to athletes, it is important to consider issues that are especially important for this population, including side effects, safety concerns, and anti-doping policies. Only one report, from 2000, describes the prescribing preferences of psychiatrists who work with athletes. This manuscript aims to update the findings from that report, so as to help inform prescribing practices of primary care physicians, psychiatrists, and other clinicians who work with athletes.Methods: Physician members of the International Society for Sports Psychiatry (ISSP) were sent an email invitation in 2016 to complete an anonymous web-based survey on psychiatric medication prescribing preferences in working with athletes with a variety of mental health conditions.Results: Forty of 100 (40%) members of the ISSP who identified as physicians and who were emailed the survey ultimately completed it. Top choices of psychiatric medications for athletes across categories assesse...
Triple Antithrombotic Therapy and Outcomes in Post-PCI Patients Undergoing Non-cardiac Surgery.

Triple therapy, or the use of anticoagulants with dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), is often used to protect against ischemic events in post-percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) patients with indications for anticoagulation, but is associated with increased bleeding. As both ischemic and bleeding risks increase in the perioperative period, the impact of triple therapy may be especially pronounced in patients undergoing surgery. Outcomes in this population are currently unknown. We identified patients undergoing non-cardiac surgeries within 2 years of PCI in Veterans Affairs hospitals from 2004 to 2012. We compared perioperative major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE: mortality, myocardial infarction, stroke, revascularization) and bleeding events (in-hospital bleeding, transfusion) between surgeries in patients prescribed triple therapy and DAPT, adjusting for clinical, demographic, and operative characteristics. Among 7811 surgeries, 391 (5.0 %) occurred in patients receiving triple therapy. 44 (11.3 %) MACCE and 107 (27.4 %) bleeding events occurred with surgeries in triple therapy patients, compared to 366 (4.9 %) MACCE and 980 (13.2 %) bleeding events in DAPT patients. After adjustment, surgery in triple therapy patients was associated with higher rates of MACCE [odds ratio (OR) 1.65, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.16–2.34] or bleeding (OR 1.52, 95 % CI 1.17–1.99) as compared to surgery in DAPT patients. One in twenty post-PCI patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery were on triple therapy. Surgery in these patients was associated with higher MACCE and bleeding events compared to surgery in patients on DAPT, independent of clinical and operative characteristics. These findings identify a high-risk population for surgery, which may warrant increased surveillance for adverse perioperative events.
Evaluating the role of soluble aluminum in manganese removal via MnOx(s)-coated filtration media in drinking water treatment.

The Mn oxide (MnOx(s)) surfaces of water treatment filtration media are known to aid in the capture of dissolved Mn species, but the discovery of significant deposits of Al within these coatings (Tobiason et al., 2008) raised certain questions about the possible role of Al in soluble Mn removal and the formation of the MnOx(s) surface on the media. This phenomenon was addressed by conducting a series of bench-scale column studies that involved the application of solutions containing varying amounts of soluble Al and Mn to MnOx(s)-coated media. The experimental results confirmed that soluble Al was removed in significant amounts by adsorption onto the MnOx(s) media surface. The deposition of soluble Al onto the media surface did not have any significant effect on its ability to remove soluble Mn. Likewise, the relative amounts of Al incorporated into the media coating suggested that uptake of soluble Al alone cannot fully explain the levels of Al often found in real-world, MnOx(s)-coated filter media; instead, the incorporation of particulate forms of Al (routinely found in water treatment plant situations) must contribute to the formation of the MnOx(s) coatings on these media.
Aspects of Social Change in Modern Japan

(1968). Aspects of Social Change in Modern Japan. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 235-237.