cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physical, biogeochemical, and meteorological factors responsible for interannual changes in cyanobacterial community composition and biovolume over two decades in a eutrophic lake

This study used a 20-year dataset (1995–2014) to identify factors affecting cyanobacterial community composition (CCC) and abundance in a eutrophic lake. We hypothesized that differences in thermal structure, nutrients, and meteorology drive interannual variability in CCC and abundance. Cluster analysis differentiated dominant cyanobacteria into rare, low abundance, or sporadically occurring taxa. The bloom-forming genera were Microcystis and Aphanizomenon, accounting for ~ 70% of total cyanobacterial biovolume (BV) on average, whereas unusually high abundance of Planktothrix, Synechococcus, and Oscillatoria were clear outliers in three of the years. Variability in CCC was significantly correlated (P 0.3) with ice duration, Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), and spring nitrite + nitrate (NO2+3); ice duration and TKN were associated with the occurrence of primarily non-bloom-forming genera. Pairwise correlations tested linear, exponential, and polynomial correlates of absolute and relative total Cyanophyta, Microcystis, or Aphanizomenon BV. TKN, total nitrogen (TN) and phosphorus (TP), TN:TP ratio, Schmidt stability, and rainfall correlated with total Cyanophyta, Microcystis, and Aphanizomenon BV, whereas ice cover, NO2+3, and TKN correlated with relative Microcystis and Aphanizomenon BV. Despite increasing TN:TP ratio over two decades, cyanobacterial abundance had not changed significantly. These data suggest differing responses of cyanobacterial genera to important environmental factors over two decades.
At the intersection of DNA damage and immune responses

DNA damage occurs on exposure to genotoxic agents and during physiological DNA transactions. DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are particularly dangerous lesions that activate DNA damage response (DDR) kinases, leading to initiation of a canonical DDR (cDDR). This response includes activation of cell cycle checkpoints and engagement of pathways that repair the DNA DSBs to maintain genomic integrity. In adaptive immune cells, programmed DNA DSBs are generated at precise genomic locations during the assembly and diversification of lymphocyte antigen receptor genes. In innate immune cells, the production of genotoxic agents, such as reactive nitrogen molecules, in response to pathogens can also cause genomic DNA DSBs. These DSBs in adaptive and innate immune cells activate the cDDR. However, recent studies have demonstrated that they also activate non-canonical DDRs (ncDDRs) that regulate cell type-specific processes that are important for innate and adaptive immune responses. Here, we review these ncDDRs and discuss how they integrate with other signals during immune system development and function.
Abstract ES2-3: Exosome-mediated stimulation of metastasis

Although cancer cell intrinsic mechanisms are important in driving aggressive features of cancer, stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment also serve critical roles. In particular, heterotypic interaction between cancer cells and stromal fibroblasts can generate signals for cancer progression, therapy resistance, and inflammatory responses. Among the signals resulting from cellular cross-talk include anti-viral pathways that induce interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). These observations suggest 1) the existence of signals in the tumor microenvironment that mimic a viral infection, 2) resulting activation of anti-viral signaling may contribute to how stromal cells promote aggressive features of cancer, and 3) mechanisms must exist to prevent this anti-viral signaling under non-pathological conditions. We have demonstrated that exosomes and their RNA produced by stromal fibroblasts represents one such “virus mimic” by engaging RNA pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as RIG-I. Triggering of stromal NOTCH-MYC by breast cancer cells results in a POL3-driven increase in RN7SL1, an endogenous non-coding RNA normally shielded from PRR recognition by RNA binding proteins SRP9/14. This increase in RN7SL1 alters its stoichiometry with SRP9/14 and generates unshielded RN7SL1 that is deployed in stromal exosomes. After these stromal exosomes are transferred to immune cells, the unshielded RN7SL1 can drive an inflammatory response. Upon exosome transfer to breast cancer cells, unshielded RN7SL1 activates the RIG-I to enhance tumor growth, metastasis, and therapy resistance. The significance of this “virus mimicry” and failure to shield endogenous RN7SL1 from PRR activation is corroborated by evidence from patient tumors and blood. In total, these results demonstrate how exosomes, unshielding of endogenous RNAs, and engagement of pattern recognition receptors couple stromal activation with aggressive features of breast cancer. Citation Format: Minn A. Exosome-mediated stimulation of metastasis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr ES2-3.
Identity, self and other: The emergence of police and victim/survivor identities in domestic violence narratives

This article analyzes narratives about encounters between police officers and domestic violence victim/survivors in the context of domestic violence calls. Narratives are sites in which individuals...
Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of PF-06650833, a selective interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) inhibitor, in single and multiple ascending dose randomized phase 1 studies in healthy subjects

PF-06650833 is a potent, selective inhibitor of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4). Two randomized, double-blind, sponsor-open phase 1 studies evaluated the safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of single (SAD) and multiple ascending doses (MAD) of PF-06650833 immediate-release (IR) and modified-release (MR) oral formulations in healthy adult subjects. Study 1 (NCT02224651) was a 96-day, placebo-substitution, SAD study of once-daily (QD) oral PF-06650833 IR 1 to 6000 mg and MR 30 to 300 mg in fasted and fed states. Study 2 (NCT02485769) was a 14-day, placebo-controlled, MAD study of PF-06650833 IR 25 to 750 mg twice daily, IR 1000 mg four times per day, IR 330 mg three times per day, and MR 300 mg QD. PF-06650833 was generally well tolerated, with no dose-limiting treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) identified in either study. TEAEs were generally mild in severity, with headache, gastrointestinal disorders, and acne most commonly reported. No serious AEs or deaths were reported. A maximum tolerated dose was not established in either study. In the SAD study, food intake delayed absorption of IR 30 mg and increased total exposure by 33%. Delayed absorption was achieved with the MR formulation (Tmax of 1 h versus 8 h for IR 100 mg and MR 100 mg formulations, respectively). Food had no effect on total exposure for MR 30 mg, but reduced half-life 1.8-fold and increased Cmax by 62%. In the MAD study, accumulation ranged from 0.9-fold to 1.4-fold for AUCtau and 0.9-fold to 1.3-fold for Cmax. Less than 1% of the dose was recovered unchanged in urine for all dose groups, with renal clearance ranging from 14 to 23 mL/min for IR < 750 mg and MR 300 mg. There was a sustained decrease in serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein for IR ≥ 250 mg and MR 300 mg. Based on the cholesterol/hydroxycholesterol ratio, no apparent CYP3A induction or inhibition was observed. PF-06650833, the first IRAK4 inhibitor to enter clinical development, has a favorable safety and pharmacokinetic profile and has shown evidence of pharmacological effect. The data support continued evaluation in human clinical trials for the treatment of rheumatic and autoimmune diseases. Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02224651, registered 25 August 2014; NCT02485769, registered 30 June 2015
Deploying airbag in motor vehicle collision as the mechanism of neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome: a case report

Neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome (NTOS) is a disorder that is often misdiagnosed and challenging to treat due to the varied and complex mechanisms that precipitate common sensory symptoms associated with neurovascular dysfunction. In this report, we describe a 21-year-old male who presented with left NTOS after being involved in a motor vehicle collision the previous year. Although NTOS is a condition known to develop after motor vehicle collisions, the mechanism of NTOS in this case, the deploying airbag, has not been documented in existing literature. The patient was first treated conservatively with physical therapy, but treatment failed to relieve his symptoms. A left first rib resection using the transaxillary approach and an anterior scalenectomy was performed without any complications, and the patient's symptoms had improved 3 months postoperation.
Quantifying scientific jargon.

When scientists disseminate their work to the general public, excessive use of jargon should be avoided because if too much technical language is used, the message is not effectively conveyed. Howe...
Adam Smith and the poor: A textual analysis

Abstract Scholars of classical economics have largely rejected the popular view of Adam Smith as an apologist for big business indifferent to the plight of the poor. To test and ultimately vindicate this consensus, I attempt to tabulate all mentions of the poor in Smith's published works in which their well-being is under discussion. For each such appearance I assess his attitude toward such well-being, as well as where his sympathies lie should there be a conflict between the poor on one side and the rich and powerful on the other. The textual search strongly supports the idea that Smith was indeed partial to workers and the poor, although this judgment requires that the reader enter into Smith's patterns of thought about property rights, economic growth, and the system of natural liberty.
Resident Physician Experiences With and Responses to Biased Patients.

Importance Biased patient behavior negatively impacts resident well-being. Data on the prevalence and frequency of these encounters are lacking and are needed to guide the creation of institutional trainings and policies to support trainees. Objective To evaluate the frequency of resident experiences with and responses to a range of biased patient behaviors. Design, Setting, and Participants A retrospective survey was sent via email to 331 second- and third-year internal medicine residents from 3 academic medical centers in California and North Carolina. First-year residents were excluded owing to their limited interactions with patients at the time of participant recruitment. Data were collected from August 21 to November 25, 2019. Main Outcomes and Measures Descriptive statistics were used to report the frequency of experience of various types of biased patient behavior, residents’ responses, the factors impeding residents’ responses, and residents’ experiences and beliefs regarding training and policies. Results Overall, 232 of 331 residents (70%) participated; 116 (50%) were women; 116 of 247 (47%) were White (participants had the option of selecting >1 race/ethnicity); and 23 (10%) identified as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or queer. The frequency of resident-reported experience of types of biased patient behaviors varied. The most common behaviors—belittling comments and assumption of nonphysician status—were reported to be experienced 1 or more times per week by 14% of residents (32 of 231) and 17% of residents (38 of 230), respectively. Women, Black or Latinx, and Asian residents reported experiencing biased behavior more frequently. Forty-five percent of Black or Latinx residents (17 of 38) encountered instances of explicit epithets or rejection of care. All 70 Asian residents reported experiencing inquiries into their ethnic origins. Most women residents (110 of 115 [96%]) experienced role questioning behaviors, and 87% (100 of 115) experienced sexual harassment. The need to prioritize clinical care and a sense of futility in responding were the most common factors (cited by 34% of residents [76 of 227] and 25% of residents [56 of 227], respectively) significantly impeding responses to biased behaviors. Eighty-five percent of residents (191 of 226) never reported incidents to their institution. Eighty-nine percent of residents (206 of 232) identified training and policies as necessary or very necessary. Conclusions and Relevance This survey study suggests that biased patient behavior is experienced frequently by internal medicine residents. Non-White and women residents reported experiencing a disproportionate burden of these incidents. Residents’ responses rarely included institutional involvement. Residency programs and health care systems should prioritize training and policies to address biased patient behavior and support affected residents.
Behavioral and physiological stress responses: Within-person concordance during pregnancy

During pregnancy, a woman's emotions can have longstanding implications for both her own and her child's health. Within-person emotional concordance refers to the simultaneous measurement of emotional responses across multiple levels of analysis. This method may provide insight into how pregnant women experience emotions in response to stress. We enrolled 162 pregnant women and assessed concordance through autonomic physiology (electrodermal activity [EDA], respiratory sinus arrhythmia [RSA]), and coded behavior (Prosocial, Flight, Displacement) during the Trier Social Stress Test-Speech. We used multilevel models to examine behavioral-physiological concordance and whether self-reported emotion dysregulation moderated these effects. Participants exhibited EDA-Prosocial concordance, suggesting that prosocial behavior may be a marker of stress. Emotion dysregulation did not moderate concordance. These findings provide novel information about behavioral coping to stress in pregnancy. Given the importance of observed behavior in the maintenance and treatment of psychopathology, these findings may provide a launchpad for future perinatal intervention research.
Effect of cyclic loading on reverse torque values of angled screw channel systems.

Abstract Statement of problem The angled screw channel concept has become popular. However, research is lacking as to how reverse torque values of nonaxially tightened implant crowns compare with axially tightened cement-retained crowns restored on angle-correcting abutments when subjected to long-term cyclic loading. Purpose The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the ability of different 25-degree angled screw channel hexalobular systems to apply the target torque value on their screws, the effect of cyclic loading on their reverse torque values, and their survival compared with crowns cemented on conventional 0-degree screw channel abutments. Material and methods A total of 28 implants were divided into 4 groups. Twenty-one angled screw channel crowns were fabricated at a 25-degree angle correction by using angled titanium (Ti) bases by 3 manufacturers DY (Dynamic Tibase), DE (AngleBase), and ASC (Angulated Screw Channel) (n=7). The fourth group, UB (Universal Base, Control), had cement-retained crowns with 25-degree custom-milled, angled zirconia abutments that were cemented onto their respective Ti bases (n=7). All implants were embedded in epoxy resin blocks and tightened to manufacturer recommended values: 35 Ncm for ASC, UB, and DE and 25 Ncm for DY. Initial torque values (ITV1) were recorded. After 24 hours, the reverse torque values (24hr-RTV1) were recorded. A new set of screws was then used for each group, and the initial torque values (ITV2) were recorded. Specimens were loaded at 2 Hz for 5 million cycles under a 200-N load, and reverse torque values (RTV2) were recorded. ANOVA (α=.05) was used to compare differences in the means of deviation of initial torque values and means of reverse torque values followed by a Tukey-Kramer post hoc analysis (α=.05). Preload efficiency was calculated for each system (RTV2/ITV2), and a survival analysis was performed by using the Lifetest procedure. Results A significant difference in the means of deviation of initial torque values of the groups with 25-degree torque application (DY, DE, and ASC) was found when compared with UB at 0 degrees. ASC and DE had lower initial torque values than UB (P .05). Conclusions The hexalobular system of DY delivered comparable initial torque values to its target value at 25 degrees, similar to how UB (control group) delivered at 0 degrees. ASC and DE scored lower initial torque values than their target value compared with UB. The DY abutment, which had a lower manufacturer recommended torque value, had lower reverse torque values compared with those of other groups. Time-to-failure survival of all groups was similar. Fractures at the zirconia to titanium base connection were seen with ASC crowns.
Polanyi's revenge and AI's new romance with tacit knowledge

Artificial intelligence systems need the wisdom to know when to take advice from us and when to learn from data.
Partisan Return Gap: The Polarized Stock Market in the Time of a Pandemic

We document sharp differences in stock price responses to COVID-19-related news between public firms headquartered in blue counties (dominated by Democratic voters) and those in red counties (dominated by Republican voters). Red-county stocks on average experience 18 basis points higher ab-normal returns than blue-county stocks on days with important COVID-19 news. We call this the Par-tisan Return Gap. We find the return gap can be explained by different risk attitudes towards COVID (measured by social distancing behavior) between red and blue counties. Overall, this paper shows that investors’ political leanings affect their attitudes toward COVID-19, resulting in politically polarized stock prices during the pandemic.
RNA codons and protein synthesis. 15. Dissimilar responses of mammalian and bacterial transfer RNA fractions to messenger RNA codons.

Abstract Unfractionated aminoacyl-tRNA preparations from guinea pig liver and Escherichia coli respond similarly to most, but not to all, mRNA codons. To clarify the dissimilar responses, liver and E. coli aminoacyl-tRNA preparations were fractionated by column chromatography, and the effects of trinucleoside diphosphate codons upon the binding of purified aminoacyl-tRNA fractions to ribosomes were determined. Sixteen species of mammalian aminoacyl-tRNA were found corresponding to seven amino acids. Codon-anticodon relationships for six amino acids were compared. Only seven universal species of aminoacyl-tRNA were found with both E. coli and liver aminoacyl-tRNA. Seven species of aminoacyl-tRNA were obtained from liver that were not detected with E. coli preparations; conversely, five species of aminoacyl-tRNA were obtained from E. coli that were not found with liver preparations. The results also suggest that some organisms may contain little or no aminoacyl-tRNA for certain codons. For example, liver isoleucine-tRNA responds well to AUA; no response was detected with E. coli isoleucine-tRNA. Liver arginine-tRNA responds well to AGG, but was deficient in response to AGA; E. coli arginine-tRNA was relatively deficient in response to AGA and AGG. One species of E. coli cysteine-tRNA recognizes UGU, UGC and UGA; under identical conditions liver cysteine-tRNA responds to UGU and UGC, but not to UGA. A species of serine-tRNA responding to UAG was obtained from E. coli CR63, but not from E. coli B. These findings are discussed in terms of tRNA suppressors and possible mechanisms for regulating protein synthesis. Mammalian and bacterial aminoacyl-tRNA fractions respond to sets of codons according to wobble base-pairing. Another pattern of degeneracy, in which A, G or U may occupy the third position of synonym triplets, was observed with two peaks of E. coli serine-tRNA.
Interactively Guiding Semi-Supervised Clustering via Attribute-Based Explanations

Unsupervised image clustering is a challenging and often ill-posed problem. Existing image descriptors fail to capture the clustering criterion well, and more importantly, the criterion itself may depend on (unknown) user preferences. Semi-supervised approaches such as distance metric learning and constrained clustering thus leverage user-provided annotations indicating which pairs of images belong to the same cluster (must-link) and which ones do not (cannot-link). These approaches require many such constraints before achieving good clustering performance because each constraint only provides weak cues about the desired clustering. In this paper, we propose to use image attributes as a modality for the user to provide more informative cues. In particular, the clustering algorithm iteratively and actively queries a user with an image pair. Instead of the user simply providing a must-link/cannot-link constraint for the pair, the user also provides an attribute-based reasoning e.g. “these two images are similar because both are natural and have still water” or “these two people are dissimilar because one is way older than the other”. Under the guidance of this explanation, and equipped with attribute predictors, many additional constraints are automatically generated. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach by incorporating the proposed attribute-based explanations in three standard semi-supervised clustering algorithms: Constrained K-Means, MPCK-Means, and Spectral Clustering, on three domains: scenes, shoes, and faces, using both binary and relative attributes.
Book Review: Edward F Mannino. Shaping America: The Supreme Court and American Society

Edward F. Mannino, an accomplished practitioner and scholar, brings astute, practical understanding to his book Shaping America: The Supreme Court and American Society. He has written a refreshing, narrative history -- not a casebook or treatise -- about the forces that have shaped the Court, and how the Court has shaped America. The book is concise, yet ambitious in its scope. It purports to put the Court into historical perspective by emphasizing personalities and issues over doctrine and abstract theories of constitutional interpretation. Mannino believes that understanding the Court’s decision-making throughout its history requires an assessment of three factors: (1) the impact of the appointment of domineering justices; (2) the influence of the dominant political culture of the era; and (3) popular opinion. The author will doubtless be criticized by some for his approach, but it makes this book accessible to a wider audience.
Geotechnical Aspects of Trans-Alaska Pipeline

Geotechnical design aspects of the 798-mile (1,285-km) trans-Alaska pipeline differ from those of more conventional pipelines in four respects: (1) The arctic climate and consequent presence of permafrost soils; (2) the remoteness of the project location; (3) design for seismic effects, and (4) specific environmental considerations. To accomodate these requirements, aboveground construction on structural vertical supports replaces the more conventional belowground construction for about half of the line. Use of belowground line is limited to areas that are stable under the applicable thawing and seismic conditions. It has been found necessary to consider quantitatively and design for the lateral and longitudinal support of the belowground restrained cross-country pipeline in bends and at the ends of belowground sections. The aboveground support bents consist of two vertical support members (VSM) and a cross beam. Several VSM types, including one that removes heat from the ground during freezing weather, were developed and design criteria for them generated.
Molecular studies of prion diseases.

Publisher Summary The study of prions has taken several unexpected directions over the past few years. The discovery that prion diseases in humans are uniquely both genetic and infectious has greatly strengthened and extended the prion concept. To date, 20 different mutations in the human PrP gene have been found that cause the inherited prion diseases. Yet, the transmissible prion particle is composed largely, if not entirely, of PrPSC. These findings and many others argue that prions differ from all known micro-organisms as well as viruses and viroids. The knowledge accrued from the study of prion diseases may provide an effective strategy for defining the etiologies and dissecting the molecular pathogenesis of the more common neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Since people at risk for inherited prion diseases can now be identified decades before neurologic dysfunction is evident, the development of an effective therapy is imperative. The study of prion biology and diseases is a new and emerging area of biomedical investigation. While prion biology has its roots in virology, neurology, and neuropathology, its relationships to the disciplines of molecular and cell biology as well as protein chemistry have become evident only recently. Learning how prions multiply and cause disease will certainly open up new vistas in biochemistry and genetics.
Anomalous Left Coronary Artery Originating from the Pulmonary Artery Report of Two Surgically Treated Cases with a Proposal of Hemodynamic and Therapeutic Classification

Case histories of two infants with anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery are presented. Both infants underwent ligation of the left coronary artery at its entrance into the pulmonary artery. One survived the operation and is asymptomatic 3 years postoperatively, whereas the second one died at surgery. A classification of instances of anomalous left coronary artery according to adequacy of the collateral circulation between the left and right coronary systems is proposed. Surgical ligation of the pulmonary artery orifice of the left coronary artery is indicated only if the presence of a left-to-right shunt into the pulmonary artery is demonstrated. If the direction of blood flow is from pulmonary artery to left coronary artery, surgical procedures should be aimed toward increasing either pulmonary artery oxygen content or left coronary artery perfusion pressure.
An overview of the University of Texas at Dallas' center for advanced telecommunications systems and services (CATSS)

The University of Texas at Dallas' Center for Advanced Telecommunications Systems and Services (CATSS) was founded in January 1998 to satisfy the acute needs of the growing Dallas/Richardson telecommunications industry. Its mission is to foster a strong Industry-University partnership to advance local telecommunications industries to the next generation of systems and products. Composed of UTD faculty and industry researchers and managers, the Center's focus is exclusively telecommunications-related fields of study and research. The technical foci of the Center reflect the current needs of the telecommunications industry, including but not limited to wireless and optical networking. The Center's work spans the entire range of available technical expertise---hardware, communications, transmission modalities, algorithms, systems architecture, and applications. As part of its activities, the Center organizes workshops and conferences on topics solicited by industry and the community. It offers seminars and courses featuring talks from leading experts both from the public and private sectors, and publishes journals and magazines. By accomplishing this, CATSS serves as a clearing house for advanced telecommunications research and development in the short run, and incubates long term vision, enabling a continuation of the robust development and rapid expansion of the telecommunications industry.
Central configurations with many small masses

Abstract By using the method of analytical continuation, we find the exact numbers of central configurations for some open sets of n positive masses for any choice of n. It turns out that the numbers increase dramatically as n increases; e.g., for some open set of 18 positive masses, some 2.08766 × 1020 classes of distinctive central configurations are found. In the mean time, we obtained some results about the Hausdorff measure for the set of n positive masses where degenerate central configuration arises.
Catalytic Aerobic Oxidation by a Trianionic Pincer CrIII/CrV Couple

Aerobic oxidation that incorporates both O atoms into a substrate (PPh3) is achieved by employing a CrIII/CrV≡O catalytic couple. A terphenyl trianionic pincer ligand stabilizes a high oxidation state CrV≡O complex, and both the reduced (CrIII, IR/X-ray) and oxidized (CrV≡O, electron paramagnetic resonance/IR/X-ray) participants in the catalytic cycle are characterized.
Microseismic depletion delineation

ABSTRACTHess Corporation performed an extensive data collection project in 2011 designed to investigate infill well spacing in the Williston Basin. Using combined microseismic and pressure data collected from six observation wells and the original depleted horizontal wellbore, we identified the potential for using microseismic data to monitor the extent of depletion in unconventional reservoirs. We propose broader use of this surveillance process, which we call microseismic depletion delineation. We recommend pumping pressurized fluids into, or in the vicinity of, a well that has been on production while simultaneously monitoring for microseismic events as a means to discover the optimal spacing for development wells. Our measurements revealed that depletion over a two-and-a-half year period puts the reservoir in a critically stressed state. By repressurizing the depleted wellbore to a level below the minimum horizontal stress, we promoted shear events that revealed the location of the connected, permeabl...
Ultimate noise isolation in high-speed digital systems on packages and printed circuit boards

A novel idea for ultimate noise isolation in high-speed digital systems on packages and printed circuit boards (PCBs) is presented. Ultimate noise isolation in high-speed digital systems on packages and PCBs can be achieved using the following concept: ‘a power island surrounded by a plurality of mixed alternating impedance electromagnetic bandgap (AI-EBG) structures-based power distribution network’. In this idea, the gap around the power island provides excellent isolation from DC to the first resonant frequency of the parallel plates in packages or in PCBs and mixed AI-EBG structures provide excellent isolation from around the first resonant frequency to a substantially infinite frequency. This novel structure is designed, fabricated, and measured, which demonstrates ultimate noise isolation capability in high-speed digital systems on packages and PCBs.
The Forced Damped Pendulum: Chaos, Complication and Control

We show that a "simple" differential equation modeling a garden-variety damped forced pendulum can exhibit extraordinarily complicated and unstable behavior. While instability and control might at first glance appear contradictory, we can use the pendulum's instability to control it. Such results are vital in robotics: the forced pendulum is a basic subsystem of any robot. Most of the mathematical methods used in this paper were initially developed in celestial mechanics, largely by Poincare. The literature of the field tends to be quite advanced indeed (see [1] and [11]); one object of this paper is to show that computer programs, properly used, can make these advanced topics transparent. All the computer-generated pictures in this paper were produced by the programs Planar Systems and Planar Iterations [6], both written by Ben Hinkle (now at Maple). 1. SOME PARALLELS IN CELESTIAL MECHANICS. When I was a graduate
Abnormal cardiac sensitivity in patients with chest pain and normal coronary arteries

The causes of chest pain in patients found to have angiographically normal coronary arteries during cardiac catheterization remain controversial. Cardiac sensitivity to catheter manipulation, pacing at various stimulus intensities and intracoronary injection of contrast medium was examined in several groups of patients who underwent cardiac catheterization. Right heart (especially right ventricular) catheter manipulation and pacing and intracoronary contrast medium provoked chest pain typical of that previously experienced in 29 (81%) of 36 patients with chest pain and angiographically normal coronary arteries and 15 (46%) of 33 symptomatic patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. In contrast, only 2 (6%) of 33 symptomatic patients with coronary artery disease experienced their typical chest pain with these sensitivity tests (p less than 0.001). None of 10 patients with valvular heart disease but without a chest pain syndrome experienced any sensation with these tests. Cutaneous pain threshold testing demonstrated that patients with chest pain and normal coronary arteries had a higher pain threshold to thermal stimulation compared with patients who had coronary artery disease or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. No relation existed between cardiac sensitivity and cutaneous sensitivity testing. Thus, patients who have chest pain despite angiographically normal coronary arteries may have abnormal cardiac sensitivity to a variety of stimuli. This increased sensitivity may be of causal importance to their chest pain syndrome or may contribute to their perception of ischemia-induced pain. The same phenomenon was also commonly seen in symptomatic patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Whether this phenomenon represents abnormal activation of pain receptors within the heart or abnormal processing of visceral afferent neural impulses in the peripheral or central nervous system is unknown.
Uncertainty Estimates of Purity Measurements Based on Current Information: Toward a “Live Validation” of Purity Methods

Purpose To predict precision and other performance characteristics of chromatographic purity methods, which represent the most widely used form of analysis in the biopharmaceutical industry.
Predictors of rehospitalization after acute coronary syndromes.

Coronary heart disease is a common and costly problem in the United States. Acute coronary syndromes (ACSs) accounted for nearly 1 million hospitalizations in the United States in 2002, and conditions related to cardiac ischemia cost the Medicare system approximately $11.6 billion in 2001.[1][1],[2
Therapeutic implications of prognostic factors in differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid gland

Differentiated thyroid carcinoma is a relatively indolent disease. Despite the usually favorable prognosis, differentiated thyroid cancer is fatal in some patients. In the past, treatment strategies were often based upon incomplete knowledge or inaccurate assumptions regarding the significance of the presenting characteristics of the tumor and patient. More recently, several large retrospective reviews have analyzed various presenting factors and have identified those that have prognostic significance and those that do not. Significant prognostic factors are age, primary tumor size, histology, grade, local tumor extension, and M stage. N stage appears to be a significant factor in older patients but not in younger patients. Gender, focality, and a history of prior irradiation are not significant prognostic factors. Using this knowledge, patients can be grouped into low, intermediate, and high risk groups. Prognostic factor and risk group analysis has facilitated the development of more rational treatment algorithms. Low risk patients can usually be treated with lobectomy and suppression therapy. For high risk patients, total thyroidectomy and adjuvant radioiodine is advocated. Treatment for patients in the intermediate risk group should be individualized. Prognostic factor and risk group analysis makes a selective approach to differentiated thyroid cancer possible. Such an approach can spare many patients the morbidity and expense of unnecessarily aggressive treatment without compromising outcome. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
RECENT TRENDS IN LAURENTIAN GREAT LAKES ICE COVER

A 39-winter (1963-2001) record of annual maximum ice concentration (AMIC), the maximum fraction of lake surface area covered by ice each year, is analyzed for each Great Lake. Lake Erie has the largest median AMIC (94%) followed by Lakes Superior (80%), Huron (63%), Michigan (33%), and Ontario (21%). The frequency distribution of AMICs is negatively skewed for Lakes Superior and Erie and positively skewed for Lakes Michigan and Ontario. Temporal and spatial patterns of typical and extreme AMICs is presented within the context of long-term average air temperatures and lake bathymetry. The variation of spatially averaged ice concentration with discrete depth ranges are discussed for each lake for the upper and lower end of the typical range of AMIC values. In general, ice concentration decreases with increasing depth ranges for a given winter. A decrease in the gradient of ice concentration with depths was also observed with an increase in the AMIC from winter 1983 to winter 1984. A temporal trend in the AMICs supports the hypothesis of three ice cover regimes over the past 39 winters. Approximately 44% of the highest quartile (10 highest) AMICs for the Great Lakes occurred during the 6-winter period: 1977-1982 providing evidence of a higher ice cover regime during this period relative to the 14 winters before them (1963- 1976) and the 19 winters after them (1983-2001). Winter 1998 established new low AMIC extremes, and the AMIC averaged over the 1998-2001 winters is the lowest for the period of record on four of the five Great Lakes. These recent trends taken together are noteworthy as they may be harbingers of a period of even lower AMICs in the 21st Century.
Synthesis and Characterization of [(1-benzylpyrazole) [ N , N -bis(2-aminoethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine]copper(II)] Diperchlorate, a Structure with a Sterically Strained, Distorted-Trigonal-Bipyramidal Cation

The synthesis, characterization, and molecular structure of the title compound, [(1-benzylpyrazole)[N,N-bis(2-aminoethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine]copper(II)] diperchlorate, [(nbp)(tren)Cu(II)](ClO4)2, 2 · 2ClO4, is reported. The salt crystallized in the monoclinic space group P21/n with a = 10.1453(5) A, b = 17.5250(8) A, c = 13.6021(6) A, β = 100.737(19)° and V = 2376.06(19) A3 with Z = 4. The structure contains copper(II) (nbp)(tren) cations, each with a distorted-trigonal-bipyramidal CuN5 coordination geometry, separated by perchlorate anions. The cations exhibit steric strain associated primarily with close contacts between the methylene protons of the nbp ligand and one of the amine groups of the tren ligand. The strain has a noticeable effect on the coordination geometry and certain physical properties of the complex. In the title structure, steric strain in the (nbp)(tren)Cu(II) cations, associated with close contacts between protons of the nbp ligand and two of the amine groups of the tren ligand (dashed lines in the figure below) affects certain physical properties of the cation and is consistent with an anomalously long Cu(II)–N(pyrazole) distance (Cu–N41) and an unusually large axial–equatorial angle, N41–Cu–N12.
A novel Bayesian change-point algorithm for genome-wide analysis of diverse ChIPseq data types.

ChIPseq is a widely used technique for investigating protein-DNA interactions. Read density profiles are generated by using next-sequencing of protein-bound DNA and aligning the short reads to a reference genome. Enriched regions are revealed as peaks, which often differ dramatically in shape, depending on the target protein1. For example, transcription factors often bind in a site- and sequence-specific manner and tend to produce punctate peaks, while histone modifications are more pervasive and are characterized by broad, diffuse islands of enrichment2. Reliably identifying these regions was the focus of our work. Algorithms for analyzing ChIPseq data have employed various methodologies, from heuristics3-5 to more rigorous statistical models, e.g. Hidden Markov Models (HMMs)6-8. We sought a solution that minimized the necessity for difficult-to-define, ad hoc parameters that often compromise resolution and lessen the intuitive usability of the tool. With respect to HMM-based methods, we aimed to curtail parameter estimation procedures and simple, finite state classifications that are often utilized. Additionally, conventional ChIPseq data analysis involves categorization of the expected read density profiles as either punctate or diffuse followed by subsequent application of the appropriate tool. We further aimed to replace the need for these two distinct models with a single, more versatile model, which can capably address the entire spectrum of data types. To meet these objectives, we first constructed a statistical framework that naturally modeled ChIPseq data structures using a cutting edge advance in HMMs9, which utilizes only explicit formulas-an innovation crucial to its performance advantages. More sophisticated then heuristic models, our HMM accommodates infinite hidden states through a Bayesian model. We applied it to identifying reasonable change points in read density, which further define segments of enrichment. Our analysis revealed how our Bayesian Change Point (BCP) algorithm had a reduced computational complexity-evidenced by an abridged run time and memory footprint. The BCP algorithm was successfully applied to both punctate peak and diffuse island identification with robust accuracy and limited user-defined parameters. This illustrated both its versatility and ease of use. Consequently, we believe it can be implemented readily across broad ranges of data types and end users in a manner that is easily compared and contrasted, making it a great tool for ChIPseq data analysis that can aid in collaboration and corroboration between research groups. Here, we demonstrate the application of BCP to existing transcription factor10,11 and epigenetic data12 to illustrate its usefulness.
ROUTINE ACTIVITIES AND MOTOR VEHICLE THEFT: A CRIME SPECIFIC APPROACH

ABSTRACT The routine activity approach to crime predicts that the routine daily activities of populations affect the availability of targets and, thereby, shape the crime rate. Routine activity researchers have realized the benefits of using crime-specific models. The current study follows this tradition by examining how the routine daily activities of populations affect the supply ofpotential offenders, the availability of targets, and the level of capable guardianship against crime, and thereby, shape the rate of motor vehicle theft. Results from multiple regression analysis show that measures of potential offenders, suitable targets, and guardianship explain variation in the rate of motor vehicle theft. Findings suggest that crime-specific measures are an appropriate method for examining the merits of routine activity theory.
Recursive equations for hardwired binary adders

A sum equation for the implementation of parallel hardwired binary adders is introduced. It is suggested that the proposed sum equation, when compared with Ling's high-speed sum, will result in some advantages, and that it can be used in the design of high-speed parallel adders using generally available technologies. It is shown that a 32-bit adder can be designed in three stages using 3 × 8 AND-ORs, 3 × 4 AND-OR-INVERTs and 2 × 4 OR-ANDs CMOS gates, and that a bipolar adder can be designed in four stages, with three-way NANDs and eight-way AND-dotting. In addition, it is suggested that a three-stage 32-bit adder using NANDs and AND-dotting is most likely unrealistic. The paper also describes the design of a number of adders, and discusses the speed, feasibility and complexity of their design.
WAVELENGTH REGULATION IN VISUAL PIGMENT CHROMOPHORE: LARGE INDUCED BATHOCHROMIC SHIFTS IN RETINOL AND RELATED POLYENES.

— Low temperature techniques are used to record spectra of long wavelength absorbing electrochromic species formed from retinol and related compounds. Formation of these electrochromic species is induced either by iodine or trichloroacetic acid which merely act as acids. The electrochromic species are the corresponding carbonium ions of the respective polyenes. The resulting carbonium ions of a given polyene are identical regardless of whether they are formed by iodine or trichloroacetic acid. The molecular structures of the carbonium ions can be written with certainty. Consequently, the exact nature of the π-electron system in the polyene and its carbonium ion may be elucidated.
Transgenic insulin released from G cells preferentially signals in the liver.

Abstract We have previously produced transgenic G-InsKi mice, a model allowing regulated portal insulin delivery from gastric G cells without using β cells. Here, we report that in G-InsKi mice portal levels of transgenic human insulin are 6-fold higher than in peripheral circulation. Peptone-induced release of transgenic human insulin from G cells preferentially stimulated signaling cascades in the liver rather than in peripheral insulin-sensitive tissues, as judged by tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor β subunit and phosphorylation of protein kinase Akt/PKB at Thr-308. G-InsKi mice provide a novel animal model for elucidating direct effects of insulin on liver functions.
Neural mechanisms of cognitive reappraisal in remitted major depressive disorder

Abstract Background Down-regulation of negative emotions by cognitive strategies relies on prefrontal cortical modulation of limbic brain regions, and impaired frontolimbic functioning during cognitive reappraisal has been observed in affective disorders. However, no study to date has examined cognitive reappraisal in unmedicated euthymic individuals with a history of major depressive disorder relative to symptom-matched controls. Given that a history of depression is a critical risk factor for future depressive episodes, investigating the neural mechanisms of emotion regulation in remitted major depressive disorder (rMDD) may yield novel insights into depression risk. Method We assessed 37 individuals (18 rMDD, 19 controls) with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during a task requiring cognitive reappraisal of sad images. Results Both groups demonstrated decreased self-reported negative affect after cognitive reappraisal and no group differences in the effects of cognitive reappraisal on mood were evident. Functional MRI results indicated greater paracingulate gyrus (rostral anterior cingulate cortex, Brodmann area 32) activation and decreased right midfrontal gyrus (Brodmann area 6) activation during the reappraisal of sad images. Limitations Trial-by-trial ratings of pre-regulation affect were not collected, limiting the interpretation of post-regulation negative affect scores. Conclusions Results suggest that activation of rostral anterior cingulate cortex, a region linked to the prediction of antidepressant treatment response, and of the right midfrontal gyrus, a region involved in cognitive control in the context of cognitive reappraisal, may represent endophenotypic markers of future depression risk. Future prospective studies will be needed to validate the predictive utility of these neural markers.