cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Engineering conformal nanoporous polyaniline via oxidative chemical vapor deposition and its potential application in supercapacitors

Abstract Oxidative chemical vapor deposition (oCVD) offers unique advantages in synthesizing and integrating conducting polymers, like polyaniline (PANI), over conventional solution-based techniques, among them its ability to achieve thin films, conformal and uniform coatings, and coatings on topologically complex substrates. In this work, PANI was synthesized by oCVD via oxidative polymerization using aniline monomer and antimony pentachloride oxidant. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirm the formation of PANI. Uniquely, as evidenced by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), oCVD PANI shows a rough nanoporous morphology with pore openings of around 20 nm, while maintaining the conformality and uniformity of the coating. This nanoscale porosity leads to greater surface area that enhanced the energy storage capacity of non-porous electrospun carbon nanofibers (CNFs). With a coating thickness of ∼160 nm on CNFs, the oCVD PANI-CNF composite shows high specific capacitance and excellent cycling stability, and demonstrates the potential for porous oCVD PANI to enhance supercapacitor energy storage and power density.
Ringing of Heidrun TLP In High And Steep Random Waves

Ringing of the Heidrun TLP due to phenomenal laboratory sea waves was successfully simulated and validated with model test data. A model UNIOM was employed to calculate 1-h-long laboratory, nonlinear steep-random-wave loads on the TLP. The simulation of the nonlinear response of the coupled TLP due to the wave loads gave nearly the same typical statistical features and magnitudes as the high-frequency tension distribution observed from the model test data.
Fighting Words: The Effectiveness of Statements of Resolve in International Crisis Bargaining

This paper examines the effectiveness of public statements of resolve in international conflict. It asks whether statements can successfully convey resolve in militarized interstate disputes (MIDs) and thus convince adversaries to acquiesce. Theories of domestic audience costs and international reputational costs suggest that public statements can convey resolve effectively by making it more costly for the issuer of statements to back down. If statements successfully convey that the issuer is resolved, then the adversary is more likely to give in rather than risk escalation. This suggests that statements of resolve can be an effective tool in conflict bargaining. However, the effectiveness of statements has never been demonstrated empirically with data on real-world statements. I investigate the effect of resolved statements on convincing conflict adversaries to capitulate using data obtained through content analysis of the full universe of statements by US presidents. I find that a higher level of resolved statements is associated with a greater chance of prevailing in MIDs, suggesting that these statements are indeed effective signals of resolve. This result is robust to various specifications, including models which control for possible endogeneity between the level of statements and expectations of success.
Enlarging Translation, Empowering Translators

Beginning with the paradox that characterizes the history of translation studies in the last half century - that more and more parameters of translation have been defined, but less and less closure achieved - the first half of Enlarging Translation, Empowering Translators calls for radical inclusionary approaches to translation, including a greater internationalization of the field. The book investigates the implications of the expanding but open definition of translation, with a chapter on research methods charting future approaches to translation studies. In the second half of the book, these enlarged views of translation are linked to the empowerment and agency of the translator. Revamped ideological frameworks for translation, new paradigms for the translation of culture, and new ways of incorporating contemporary views of meaning into translation follow from the expanded conceptualization of translation, and they serve as a platform for empowering translators and promoting activist translation practices. Addressed to translation theorists, teachers, and practising translators alike, this latest contribution from one of the leading theorists in the field sets new directions for translation studies.
Studies in prebiotic synthesis. VI. Synthesis of purine nucleosides.

Abstract The isomers of 6-ribosylaminopurine (N 6 -ribosyladenine) are formed in up to 74% yield when a dry mixture of adenine and ribose is heated. Under these conditions ribose also reacts with the primary amine group of adenosine, guanosine and probably guanine to form the corresponding ribosylaminopurines, while hypoxanthine fails to react. In the presence of Mg 2+ and inorganic polyphosphates the natural nucleosides are also formed. Maximum yields of β-inosine, β-adenosine and β-guanosine were 8%, 4% and 9%, respectively.
Alterations in Cortical Activation Among Individuals With Chronic Ankle Instability During Single-Limb Postural Control.

Context Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is characterized by repetitive ankle sprains and perceived instability. Whereas the underlying cause of CAI is disputed, alterations in cortical motor functi...
Feature engineering and forecasting via derivative-free optimization and ensemble of sequence-to-sequence networks with applications in renewable energy

Abstract This study introduces a framework for the forecasting and feature engineering of multivariate processes along with their renewable energy applications. Derivative-free optimization is integrated with an ensemble of sequence-to-sequence networks to design a new resampling technique called additive resampling to exploit the repetitive behavior of time series, particularly the characteristics of renewable energy. The performance of the proposed framework is explored on three renewable energy sources—wind, solar and ocean wave—on which several short-to long-term forecasts are conducted to show the superiority of the proposed method compared to numerous machine learning techniques. The findings indicate that the introduced method performs more accurately when the forecasting horizon becomes longer. In addition, the framework for automated feature selection is modified. The model represents a clear interpretation of the selected features. Furthermore, we investigate the effects of different environmental and marine factors on the wind speed and ocean output power, respectively, and report the selected features. Finally, the online forecasting setting is explored and used to illustrate that the model outperforms alternatives through different measurement errors.
Warrants of Traffic Signals

Traffic signals are like a piano. Well-tuned and on trained hand, beautiful music flows. However, improperly handled and on untrained hand, agitation and dissatisfaction frequently occur. Due to its nature of restrictive control, signalization has been widely viewed as the universal solution to intersection problems. When traffic signal control is justified and properly designed, it may achieve orderly traffic movement, reduce the frequency of certain types of accidents, and coordinate continuous flow of traffic. However, unjustified, poorly designed, or improperly operated traffic signals may reduce movement efficiency by increasing the frequency and severity of some types of accidents, reducing intersection capacity, producing excessive intersection delay, and encouraging disobedience to signal indications. The focus of this chapter is the need studies that warrant intersection signalization, while the rest of the book deals with traffic signal design to ensure safe and efficient traffic movement.
Exemplar models are useful and deep neural networks overcome their limitations: A commentary on Ambridge (2020):

Humans are sensitive to the properties of individual items, and exemplar models are useful for capturing this sensitivity. I am a proponent of an extension of exemplar-based architectures that I br...
Splice or Die: When MYC Is Driving, Transcription Needs NUAK1 to Avoid Fatal Pileups.

In this issue of Molecular Cell, Cossa et al. (2020) uncover the basis for a dependency of tumor cells with deregulated MYC on the kinase NUAK1, which acts through PP1 and PNUTS to ensure that splicing keeps up with MYC-driven transcription.
Role of Mucolytics in the Treatment of Chronic Bronchitis or COPD

Oral mucolytic agents may reduce the number of acute exacerbations in patients with chronic bronchitis or COPD (number needed to treat [NNT] = 8 over an average of nine months; 95% CI, 7 to 10).
Immigration, jobs and employment protection: evidence from Europe before and during the Great Recession

In this paper we analyse the impact of immigrants on the type and quantity of natives’ jobs. We use data on fifteen Western European countries during the 1996-2010 period. We find that immigrants, by taking up manual-routine type of occupations pushed natives towards more “complex” (abstract and communication) jobs. This job upgrade was associated with a 0.7% increase in native wages for a doubling of the immigrants’ share. These results are robust to the use of an IV strategy based on the past settlement of immigrants across European countries. The job upgrade slowed, but did not come to a halt, during the Great Recession. We also document the labour market flows behind it: the complexity of jobs offered to new native hires was greater than that of lost jobs. Finally, we find evidence that the reallocation was larger in countries with more flexible labour laws.
Thermal stress triggers productive viral infection of a key coral reef symbiont

Climate change-driven ocean warming is increasing the frequency and severity of bleaching events, in which corals appear whitened after losing their dinoflagellate endosymbionts (family Symbiodiniaceae). Viral infections of Symbiodiniaceae may contribute to some bleaching signs, but little empirical evidence exists to support this hypothesis. We present the first temporal analysis of a lineage of Symbiodiniaceae-infecting positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses (dinoRNAVs) in coral colonies, which were exposed to a 5-day heat treatment (+2.1 C). A total of 124 dinoRNAV major capsid protein gene aminotypes (unique amino acid sequences) were detected from five colonies of two closely related Pocillopora-Cladocopium (coral-symbiont) combinations in the experiment; most dinoRNAV aminotypes were shared between the two coral-symbiont combinations (64%) and among multiple colonies (82%). Throughout the experiment, seventeen dinoRNAV aminotypes were found only in heat-treated fragments, and 22 aminotypes were detected at higher relative abundances in heat-treated fragments. DinoRNAVs in fragments of some colonies exhibited higher alpha diversity and dispersion under heat stress. Together, these findings provide the first empirical evidence that exposure to high temperatures triggers some dinoRNAVs to switch from a persistent to a productive infection mode within heat-stressed corals. Over extended time frames, we hypothesize that cumulative dinoRNAV production in the Pocillopora-Cladocopium system could affect colony symbiotic status, for example, by decreasing Symbiodiniaceae densities within corals. This study sets the stage for reef-scale investigations of dinoRNAV dynamics during bleaching events.
Health Effects of Naphthalene Exposure: A Systematic Evidence Map and Analysis of Potential Considerations for Dose-Response Evaluation.

Background: Naphthalene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon that has been associated with health effects, including cancer. As the state of the science on naphthalene toxicity continues to evolve,...
The Dirichlet problem for Monge-Ampère equations in non-convex domains and spacelike hypersurfaces of constant Gauss curvature

In this paper we extend the well known results on the existence and regularity of solutions of the Dirichlet problem for Monge-Ampere equations in a strictly convex domain to an arbitrary smooth bounded domain in R' as well as in a general Riemannian manifold. We prove for the nondegenerate case that a sufficient (and necessary) condition for the classical solvability is the existence of a subsolution. For the totally degenerate case we show that the solution is in C11(Q) if the given boundary data extends to a locally strictly convex c2 function ori Q. As an application we prove some existence results for spacelike hypersurfaces of constant Gauss-Kronecker curvature in Minkowski space spanning a prescribed boundary.
Uncertainty Estimation for Resource Assessment—An Application to Coal

The U.S. Geological Survey is conducting a national assessment of coal resources. As part of that assessment, a geostatistical procedure has been developed to estimate the uncertainty of coal resources for the historical categories of geological assurance: measured, indicated, inferred, and hypothetical coal. Data consist of spatially clustered coal thickness measurements from coal beds and/or zones that cover, in some cases, several thousand square kilometers. Our procedure involved trend removal, an examination of spatial correlation, computation of a sample semivariogram, and fitting a semivariogram model. This model provided standard deviations for the uncertainty estimates. The number of sample points (drill holes) in each historical category also was estimated. Measurement error in the thickness of the coal bed/zone was obtained from the fitted model or supplied exogenously. From this information approximate estimates of uncertainty on the historical categories were computed. We illustrate the methodology using drill hole data from the Harmon coal bed located in southwestern North Dakota. The methodology will be applied to approximately 50 coal data sets.
An investigation into the use of LibGuides for electronic resources troubleshooting in academic libraries

– The purpose of this paper is to seek to ascertain how many electronic resource troubleshooting LibGuides are in use and what level of support they tend to provide. LibGuides have become quite popular in academic libraries as a tool for subject and college liaison librarians to deliver library-mediated content to colleges and individual classes. Another promising area for their use is to provide electronic resource troubleshooting support to students and faculty, as well as to other library staff. , – A sample of electronic resource troubleshooting LibGuides was obtained through a Google advanced search augmented by additional searches in the limited LibGuides community search utility. These LibGuides were selected according to a standard definition of troubleshooting and were analyzed for content on 36 support variables. , – A relatively small number of LibGuides were located, and a thorough treatment of electronic resource access issues was present in only a limited number of the LibGuides found. , – While some LibGuides may have gone undiscovered owing to an incomplete search strategy for discovery, subsequent efforts to find overlooked pages were mostly fruitless. The relatively small number of electronic resource troubleshooting LibGuides discovered coupled with their simplicity may indicate that the use of LibGuides platform in this capacity has not gained traction. , – While there have been many case studies discussing the use of LibGuides as a subject and course guide platform, relatively few have explored the use of LibGuides outside of their traditional subject-focused implementation, and none have looked at LibGuides as a potential platform to aid in electronic resource access troubleshooting.
Firm-Level Data Analysis of the Effects of Net Investment Income on Underwriting Cycles: An Application of Simultaneous Equations

This study tests two major theories of insurer underwriting cycles and extends the hypotheses to explain insurers' reserving behaviors. By applying a simul- taneous equations model to cross-sectional and time-series firm-level data, this study proposes that insurers' net investment income can be used to explain both hypotheses regarding processes for establishing premiums and reserves. Our results confirm that the industry cycle phenomenon is reflected in individual firm dynamics. We find that net investment income is inversely related to both premiums and loss reserves, as expected, and we identify how the magnitudes of these effects correspond to the phases of the underwriting cycle. The results indicate that the effects are greatest in the hard market of underwriting cycles. Moreover, the yearly differential responses of premi- ums and reserves to net investment income are coincident with the formation of cycles. (Keywords: underwriting cycles, investment income, simultaneous equations)
Maternal phenylketonuria—Results of dietary therapy

Untreated maternal phenylketonuria (PKU) may result in nonphenylketonuric offspring with mental retardation, microcephaly, congenital heart disease, and low birth weight. We obtained information about 34 pregnancies in which dietary therapy was instituted to lower the concentration of phenylalanine in maternal blood in an attempt to avoid fetal damage. The outcomes varied from mental normality with no evidence of fetal effect to neonatal death due to congenital heart disease. Dietary therapy with control of the maternal biochemical abnormalities is not yet of proved efficacy in preventing these fetal effects. The available data tend to support initiation of dietary therapy prior to conception for best results, but the number of cases is small and points to the need for further research.
Evaluation of Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] F1 Hybrids

Heterosis is an important factor in development of hybrid cultivars. Few heterosis studies have been done in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. This is because manual cross-pollination is difficult and time-consuming, and not economical to produce large quantities of hybrid seed. Male-sterility systems identified in soybean, combined with insect-mediated cross-pollination, have been shown to produce large quantities of hybrid seed. This procedure was used in this study to produce hybrid seed for replicated yield trials with the objectives to: 1) evaluate the agronomic performance of soybean F1 hybrids; and 2) estimate heterosis for yield and other agronomic traits of the F1 hybrids. Parental genotypes were two male-sterile, female-fertile lines with the ms3 and ms9 mutations, and a group of six high-yielding male-parent lines. The experiment was conducted in two years at several locations. In 2005, twelve F1 hybrids were evaluated along with parent lines. Mid-parent heterosis (MPH) ranged from −29% to +32%...
Ins(1,4,5)P3 receptors in cerebral arteries: changes with development and high-altitude hypoxia

We and others have shown that adrenergic-mediated contractile responses in cerebral vessels in vitro differ with vessel segment, with developmental age, and with high-altitude, long-term hypoxia. This is associated with significant differences in alpha 1-adrenergic receptor density and norepinephrine (NE)-induced response of the second messenger inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate [Ins(1,4,5)P3]. To test the hypothesis that vessel-specific, developmental, and hypoxic-associated contractility changes are mediated, in part, by changes in Ins(1,4,5)P3-receptor [Ins(1,4,5)P3-R] density or affinity, we performed the following study. In common carotid (Com), circle of Willis, and main branch anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries (MBC) from normoxic fetal (approximately 140 days), newborn (3-5 days), and adult sheep and fetal and adult sheep acclimatized to high altitude, we quantified Ins(1,4,5)P3-R with [3H]Ins(1,4,5)P3. In normoxic Com, Ins(1,4,5)P3-R density values (fmol/mg protein) in fetus, newborn, and adult were 8 +/- 53, 150 +/- 18, and 357 +/- 21, respectively (P < 0.05). In normoxic MBC cerebral arteries, the receptor density values in the three age groups were 115 +/- 15, 105 +/- 9, 99 +/- 5 fmol/mg protein, respectively. For fetal and adult Com, high-altitude, long-term hypoxemia was associated with decreases in Ins(1,4,5)P3-R density of 32 (to 58 +/- 5) and 70% (to 109 +/- 12), respectively, from control values (P < 0.01). In MBC cerebral arteries of fetus and adult, hypoxic-associated decreases in Ins(1,4,5)P3-R density from control were 80 (to 23 +/- 3) and 47% (to 53 +/- 7), respectively (P < 0.01). Ins(1,4,5)P3 binding affinity to the receptor averaged 11.8 +/- 0.5 nM and did not vary significantly as a function of vessel type, developmental age, or hypoxia. In Com, but not in MBC, Ins(1,4,5)P3-R density increased dramatically with developmental age. This suggests that differences in Ins(1,4,5)P3-R density values may account, in part, for differences in contractile responses of the two artery types in the several age groups. In response to long-term, high-altitude hypoxia, Ins(1,4,5)P3-R density values in both fetal and adult Com and MBC decreased significantly, as did their NE-induced contraction. This suggests a cellular basis for changes in cerebrovascular contractility in response to long-term hypoxia and that Ins(1,4,5)P3-R may play a role in acclimatization responses to high altitude.
Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: pathology, epidemiology, and public health implications

Prion diseases, or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, include Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans and scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in animals. These neurodegenerative diseases are invariably fatal and can be transmitted by inoculation or dietary exposure. They are associated with the accumulation of an altered, disease-associated form of the normal prion protein. Pathologically, prion diseases result in neuronal cell death and a characteristic spongiform appearance of the brain tissue. The emergence of a variant form of CJD (vCJD) in the United Kingdom in 1996 has been causally and experimentally linked to the UK BSE epidemic in the 1980s and early 1990s. The finding that BSE is transmissible to different animal species, unlike previously characterized prion diseases such as sheep scrapie, has raised enormous public health concerns worldwide. Although it is not yet possible to gauge the size of a potential vCJD epidemic, preliminary data indicate a significant dietary exposure to BSE-infected material in Britain and wider implications of the transmissibility of prion diseases. The threat to public health has intensified research efforts to understand the molecular basis of prion diseases, understand their transmission between species, improve methods of diagnosis, and develop therapeutic strategies for treatment and prevention of disease. In this review, we summarize current data on the pathology of BSE and vCJD and the epidemiology of vCJD, and we outline public health implications based on these data, emphasizing preventative measures and areas of research for screening and diagnosis.
Microfibers Formed Ab Initio in Extensional Melt Flows

Recently, published work on the ultrastructure of filaments formed under quenching, stretching fields Icads to the suggestion that such fine structure is changed in kind as one approaches the practical operating conditions of commercial melt-extrusion processes. An analysis of details such as jet stretch, melt temperature, and calrillary flow velocities permits one to compare the pubtished work with data from an experimental extrusion of a polyethylene monofilament which was purposely developed to more closely approximate "commercial practice." The fine structure of the etched filament is revealed with the aid of electron microscopy, which reveals the as-extruded filament to be composed of a peripheral stockade of micro-shish-kebab fibers surrounding a central field (central in the cross section) of a lamellar type of microstructure containing numerous axially aligned bridging elements. A companion monofilament extruded from linear polyethylene oxide under relatively arbitrary conditions approximating com...
What Should We Tell Patients with Heart Failure about Sodium Restriction and How Should We Counsel Them

This article is a review of current evidence regarding the recommended level of dietary sodium, involvement of family members in adoption of a low sodium diet, and evidence-based strategies to increase patient and family member willingness and ability to a follow a low sodium diet. The available evidence suggests that recommending a 2.5 to 3 g sodium diet will meet nutritional needs and decrease risk of hospitalizations. The best strategy identified for patient success is to fully involve both patients and family members in jointly reducing sodium intake. Motivational interviewing techniques should be used before counseling begins to guide patients and family members toward realization of the need to follow a low sodium diet. Successful counseling starts with determining perceptions, barriers, and individual characteristics that impede adherence. This information is incorporated into theory-based teaching strategies to promote behavior change and successful adoption of a low sodium diet.
A Conceptual Framework for Examining Adolescent Identity, Media Influence, and Social Development:

The adolescent identity, media, and sociocognitive schema (AIMSS) framework offers a theoretical understanding of adolescent consumption and cognitive processing of media entertainment. Review and integration of mass communication theory, developmental theory, and ecological theory serves as the conceptual foundation. The framework outlines linkages between media exposure and adolescent development, in particular adolescent identity formation and social competence. A key contribution of the model is consideration of the positive and negative aspects of adolescent cognition and behavioral functioning. The present article offers several recommendations for testing the utility of the AIMSS framework.
Vibration-mediated uv photodesorption : ammonia on GaAs

A surprisingly large isotope effect is observed in nonthermal uv photodesorption of ammonia from GaAs(100). The cross section for ${\mathrm{NH}}_{3}$ photodesorption is 4 times larger than for ${\mathrm{ND}}_{3}$, a fact which cannot be explained using existing photodesorption models, e.g., the conventional Menzel-Gomer-Redhead model. We take this as the first evidence for uv-driven photodesorption from electronically quenched, vibrationally excited ground-state adsorbates.
Reducing Student Stereotypy by Improving Teachers' Implementation of Discrete-Trial Teaching.

Discrete-trial teaching is an instructional method commonly used to teach social and academic skills to children with an autism spectrum disorder. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the indirect effects of discrete-trial teaching on 3 students' stereotypy. Instructions, feedback, modeling, and rehearsal were used to improve 3 teaching aides' implementation of discrete-trial teaching in a private school for children with autism. Improvements in accurate teaching were accompanied by systematic decreases in students' levels of stereotypy.
Hippocampal MR volumetry

Goal: To estimate hippocampal volumes from in vivo 3D magnetic resonance (MR) brain images and determine inter-rater and intra- rater repeatability. Objective: The precision and repeatability of hippocampal volume estimates using stereologic measurement methods is sought. Design: Five normal control and five schizophrenic subjects were MR scanned using a MPRAGE protocol. Fixed grid stereologic methods were used to estimate hippocampal volumes on a graphics workstation. The images were preprocessed using histogram analysis to standardize 3D MR image scaling from 16 to 8 bits and image volumes were interpolated to 0.5 mm3 isotropic voxels. The following variables were constant for the repeated stereologic measures: grid size, inter-slice distance (1.5 mm), voxel dimensions (0.5 mm3), number of hippocampi measured (10), total number of measurements per rater (40), and number of raters (5). Two grid sizes were tested to determine the coefficient of error associated with the number of sampled 'hits' (approximately 140 and 280) on the hippocampus. Starting slice and grid position were randomly varied to assure unbiased volume estimates. Raters were blind to subject identity, diagnosis, and side of the brain from which the image volumes were extracted and the order of subject presentation was randomized for each of the raters. Inter- and intra-rater intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were determined. Results: The data indicate excellent repeatability of fixed grid stereologic hippocampal volume measures when using an inter-slice distance of 1.5 mm and a 6.25 mm2 grid (inter-rater ICCs equals 0.86 - 0.97, intra- rater ICCs equals 0.85 - 0.97). One major advantage of the current study was the use of 3D MR data which significantly improved visualization of hippocampal boundaries by providing the ability to access simultaneous orthogonal views while counting stereological marks within the hippocampus. Conclusion: Stereological estimates of 3D volumes from 2D MR sections provide an inexpensive, unbiased and efficient way of determining brain structural volumes. The high precision and repeatability demonstrated with stereological MR volumetry suggest that these methods may be efficiently used to measure small volume reductions associated with schizophrenia and other brain disorders.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
On the genera of graphs of group presentations. III

Abstract Any graph is a subgraph of a Cayley diagram. Planar graphs are subgraphs of planar Cayley diagrams. All Cayley diagrams mentioned are of (not usually free) presentations of free groups. A class of presentations of free groups is found whose graphs contain all planar graphs as subgraphs.
Inequality in the Third World An Assessment of Competing Explanations

The purpose of this article is to assess the relative power of developmental, neo-Marxist, and statist explanations of inequalities in the Third World. This assessment is accomplished through the analysis of cross-sectional and short-term longitudinal data as well as several brief case studies. The cross-sectional analyses tend to suggest that, over the long run, both economic development and dependence on foreign investment generate tendencies toward increased income inequalities. The short-term longitudinal analyses, however, fail to support either of these views. Instead, they suggest that short-run changes are best explained by the nature and policies of the state in question. Authoritarian-exclusionary regimes tend to worsen inequalities over the short run, while more democratic states tend to stabilize them. We conclude that this is precisely what we should expect, given that development and dependency theories are not about what happens in the short run, but about what happens over long spans of ti...
STUDIES ON THE DIFFUSION EFFECT UPON IONIC DISTRIBUTION : II. EXPERIMENTS ON IONIC ACCUMULATION.

The aim of this paper is to present confirmation of the theory of the diffusion effect. By diffusion effect is understood a redistribution of the ions in a system where a continuous diffusion of one electrolyte is going on, which results in a steady state showing accumulation and impoverishment of certain ions. Some typical experiments are recorded and discussed. The results are found in satisfactory agreement with the theory: this can be demonstrated in several ways. The importance of considering activity changes is pointed out. Water migration and the diffusion membrane probably have no appreciable influence upon the diffusion effect under the conditions of these experiments. The diffusion effect may have biological analogies.
The Mirror Dance in retrospect.

SUMMARY In this article, Susan Krieger reflects on lessons learned from her classic study of a lesbian community, The Mirror Dance, first published in 1983. Krieger's study was unusual in that it eschewed a traditional social scientist's narrative voice, and instead was written from the point of view of the multiple voices of community members. In this retrospective piece, Krieger again challenges us to think in “multiple voices” about the importance of lesbian communities.
Scientific program of the advanced light source at LBL

Abstract Construction of the Advanced Light Source (ALS) at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory is nearing completion, with operation as a US Department of Energy national user facility scheduled to begin in the spring of 1993. Based on a low-emittance, 1.5 GeV electron storage ring with ten long straight sections available for insertion devices and, initially, 24 bend-magnet ports, the ALS will be a third-generation source of soft X-ray and ultraviolet (collectively, the XUV) synchrotron radiation. Experimental facilities (insertion devices, beamlines, and end stations) will be developed and operated by participating research teams working with the ALS staff. The ability to exploit the high spectral brightness of the ALS was the main criterion for PRT selection. In the XUV spectral regions served by the ALS, a major benefit of high brightness will be the ability to achieve spatial resolution in the neighborhood of 200 A in X-ray microscopy and holography and in spatially resolved spectroscopy. Other beneficiaries of high brightness include very-high-resolution spectroscopy, spectroscopy of dilute species, diffraction from very small samples, and time-resolved spectroscopy and diffraction.
Tensile Behaviour of Pyrolytic Boron Nitride to 2,200° C

BORON nitride is sometimes referred to as ‘inorganic graphite’ because its structure is like graphite with alternating boron and nitrogen atoms replacing the carbon atoms in the hexagonal structure. Its sublimation temperature (3,000° C) is somewhat lower than that of graphite. Boron nitride has been reported to have a greater oxidation resistance than graphite and is therefore of interest for some high-temperature applications.
In vivo MR angiographic quantification of axial and twisting deformations of the superficial femoral artery resulting from maximum hip and knee flexion.

PURPOSE The goal of this study was to quantify in vivo deformations of the superficial femoral artery (SFA) during maximum knee and hip flexion with use of magnetic resonance (MR) angiography to improve description of the complex, dynamic SFA environment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Contrast medium–enhanced MR angiography was performed on the leg vasculature of eight healthy adults in the supine and fetal positions. The SFA was defined as the centerline path of the iliofemoral segment from the profunda femoris to the descending genicular artery. Deformations that resulted from flexion from the supine position to the fetal position were quantified with the SFA path and its branches. RESULTS Fourteen SFAs shortened from the supine position to fetal position, whereas two lengthened. Six of eight left SFAs twisted counterclockwise, and seven of eight right SFAs twisted clockwise. Straightness percentages for supine and fetal SFAs were 99.1% ± 0.4% and 98.7% ± 0.6%, respectively. From the supine position to the fetal position, the SFA shortened 13% ± 11% ( P P r > .8) between left and right limbs; however, no significant correlation existed for SFA twist angle. CONCLUSIONS Complex and varying vascular and muscular anatomy among study participants made SFA lengths and deformations from the supine position to the fetal position unpredictable a priori; however, there were strong symmetries between left and right SFAs in terms of arc length, length change, and direction of twist. The data show that, from the supine position to the fetal position, the SFA tended to shorten and twist substantially, suggesting these as possible fracture mechanisms and also providing important parameters for stent design.
Factors which reduce gastric acidity a survey of the problem

The foregoing discussion attempts to present all the factors in the course of a gastric analysis which cooperate in lowering the normal gastric acidity from its initial high value of the parietal secretion. One of these—admixture of test meal with stomach contents —is extraneous and non-physiological, and a method has been described whereby in future investigation its influence can be corrected for quantatively. A second of these factors — variations in composition of the parietal secretion itself—finds little support today by reason of the evidence which has already been accumulated against it. The six remaining factors — admixture of saliva, regurgitated intestinal contents, peptic secretion, a specific dilution secretion, mucous secretion, and reabsorption of HCl—are all possibilities which require painstaking investigation. Thus, this discussion is intended to serve as an analysis of the broad problem of acidity regulation, looking forward to a quantitative evalution of these several factors. From the evidence presented, there can be little doubt that the observed variations in gastric acidity are due primarily to neutralization by buffer substances—protein, phosphate, and bicarbonate—and to dilution by the fluids which contain them. But which are these fluids, and is there one which serves to a greater degree than any other in the capacity of buffer-containing secretion? From one aspect this problem reduces to the question: What are the physiological factors which give to an acidity curve the particular shape it has? To this extent it is essentially academic in interest, even though fundamental. From another aspect, however, the problem deals with the mechanism by which the body normally reduces the acidity from a value in the interval 160–170 mN to one considerably lower and which the mucosa can tolerate without detriment to itself. Considered from this angle, the problem is a vital one for the clinical gastro-enterologist who is concerned with a procedure which he can utilize to reduce or eliminate free acidity wherever this may be indicated. With a complete understanding of all the factors involved in this acidity reduction process, it is hoped that we may eventually be able to avail ourselves of at least one of them as a physiological therapeutic measure in cases of gastric or duodenal ulcer. Such a practical application requires a knowledge, not only of the chemical processes involved in the action of this factor, but also an understanding of the stimulatory mechanism whereby this factor can be evoked. Thus, even for so utilitarian a purpose, we find ourselves under the primary necessity of unraveling these fundamental physiological phenomena—which means simply that the physiology of the gastro-intestinal tract is still a very young science and that much research remains to be done before it assumes as prominent a place in our text-books of physiology as is commensurate with its importance.
Heat capacity and thermodynamic functions of LuFe2H2.41 and ErFe2H2.41

Abstract The heat capacities of LuFe2H2.41 and ErFe2H2.41 have been experimentally determined from 1.5 to 300 K. The smoothed heat capacity and thermodynamic functions (H0T  H00) and S0T are reported for the two compounds. The entropy of formation of the hydride from the parent intermetallic compound is reported for both materials and for the case of the Er compound a comparison with the literature value estimated from pressure-composition measurements is made.
Evaluation of the 1985-1990 IGRF secular variation candidates

Abstract The IGRF secular variation model for 1985–1990 was adopted by the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy at its Prague meeting in August 1985 as an average of the three candidate models submitted to the committee. We compared the three models at epoch 1985.0 against each other and against a new model based on observatory data available as of July 1, 1985. These comparisons showed that one of the three candidate models disagreed more with the other two and our model, especially in the eastern Pacific. None of the candidate models was seen to respond to a change in the secular variation of the vertical component that appears to have taken place most strongly in the western Pacific area since 1982. The lack of satellite data was seen to be a significant handicap towards prediction of the field change over most of the Earth's surface, especially the southern oceans. Maximum errors of any model are estimated to be of the order of 80 nT a−1.
The effect of a self-care minimal intervention for colds and flu on the use of medical services.

Objective:To determine the impact of mailed distribution of a brief self-care pamphlet on upper respiratory infection (URI)-related-medical care utilization.
Cerebral dominance and reading disability: left visual field deficit in poor readers.

Abstract The performance of good readers and poor readers, enrolled in grades five to seven, was compared on dichotic listening of digits (DL) visual half-field presentation of Arabic numerals (VHF-N) and visual half-field presentation of digits written as words (VHF-W). Right ear superiority on the DL test was found to be equal in both groups. The poor readers were more lateralized than the good readers on the VHF-N and CHF-W tests. Right VHF scores were at about the same level of accuracy in both groups. The deficit that the poor readers show is most evident in their left VHF scores. The results suggest that poor readers either suffer from some form of degraded ptocessing in the right hemisphere or the transmission from the right to the left hemisphere is degraded.
A New Approach for Reliability Analysis with Time-Variant Performance Characteristics

Abstract Reliability represents safety level in industry practice and may variant due to time-variant operation condition and components deterioration throughout a product life-cycle. Thus, the capability to perform time-variant reliability analysis is of vital importance in practical engineering applications. This paper presents a new approach, referred to as nested extreme response surface (NERS), that can efficiently tackle time dependency issue in time-variant reliability analysis and enable to solve such problem by easily integrating with advanced time-independent tools. The key of the NERS approach is to build a nested response surface of time corresponding to the extreme value of the limit state function by employing Kriging model. To obtain the data for the Kriging model, the efficient global optimization technique is integrated with the NERS to extract the extreme time responses of the limit state function for any given system input. An adaptive response prediction and model maturation mechanism is developed based on mean square error (MSE) to concurrently improve the accuracy and computational efficiency of the proposed approach. With the nested response surface of time, the time-variant reliability analysis can be converted into the time-independent reliability analysis and existing advanced reliability analysis methods can be used. Three case studies are used to demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of NERS approach.
Colorimetric calibration of color scanners by back-propagation

Colorimetric calibration makes it possible to define a mapping function between the color coordinate system of a particular device and a CIE (Commision Internationale de Eclairage) standard representation of color. A simple method for calibrating a color scanner is described here. It employs a multilayer feed-forward neural network trained by back-propagation, using a standard color set as the training set. Experimental results appear to confirm the feasibility of the method.
How well do patients obtain short-term follow-up after discharge from the emergency department?

Abstract Study objective: We sought to determine the follow-up rate of discharged emergency department patients who were instructed to obtain reevaluation within 48 hours at our ED, a clinic, or a private physician's office and to determine the reasons why patients do not obtain short-term follow-up when instructed. Methods: Emergency physicians prospectively enrolled a convenience sample of patients discharged from a university hospital ED who were believed to be at risk for clinical deterioration. Patients were instructed to obtain reevaluation within 48 hours at a public clinic, private physician's office, or our ED (without charge). A telephone interview was conducted after 48 hours had elapsed. Results: Three hundred twenty-five patients were enrolled, 300 were included in data analysis, and 203 (67.7%) of these obtained follow-up as instructed. Those referred to the ED had a higher follow-up rate (105/127 [82.7%]) than those referred to clinics (59/99 [59.6%]) or private physicians (39/74 [52.7%]). Inability to obtain an appointment was cited by 34.3% of those who did not obtain follow-up care as instructed. Conclusion: Many patients discharged from the ED who were believed to be at risk for clinical deterioration did not obtain medical follow-up within 48 hours when so instructed. Free ED follow-up resulted in a better rate of short-term follow-up than that for clinics and private physicians and may be especially useful if a patient's ability to obtain follow-up is uncertain or if timely reevaluation is particularly imperative. [Barlas D, Homan CS, Rakowski J, Houck M, Thode HC Jr: How well do patients obtain short-term follow-up after discharge from the emergency department? Ann Emerg Med November 1999;34:610-614.]
Some statistical and DEA evaluations of relative efficiencies of public and private institutions of higher learning

Abstract This paper uses the Charnes, Cooper and Rhodes (CCR) ratio form of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) (1) to examine how DEA can be utilized in analyzing different aspects of production behavior of institutions of higher learning (IHLs) as an alternative to more traditional approaches such as econometric-regression models, and (2) to compare “specifically” relative efficiencies of public and private doctoral-granting universities in the U.S. and to analyze technical and scale efficiencies of those universities. The separation of doctoral-granting universities into universities with and without medical colleges represents a departure from preceding studies. This division proved very important in uncovering substantial differences in behavior between the two groups even when using the “statistical averaging” approaches that were customary in previous studies. For both groups, public universities proved more efficient than private universities when managerial and program inefficiencies are present in the data. When managerial inefficiencies are disentangled from the data and medical schools are not present, private universities have more efficient programs. However, their managers are less efficient users of program opportunities than are managers in public universities. Another portion of the current study dealt with returns-to-scale possibilities. These differed markedly (even on average) between IHLs with and without medical schools. Moreover, analyses by DEA showed marked ranges of variation for returns-to-scale possibilities for individual IHLs within each group. These possibilities have generally been concealed by the statistical averaging utilized in previous econometric studies. Further, their identification is beyond the ability of the usual types of one-at-a-time ratio and trend analyses.