cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fluids and Electrolytes

In this chapter, the basic physiology of fluid and electrolytes is reviewed before attempting to examine how pathological conditions affect homeostasis. Rules have been established based on the phenomenon of osmosis to help you better comprehend physiological parameters that govern the movement of fluids between body compartments. Some useful tips for the correct diagnosis of fluid and electrolyte imbalances are also discussed. The first part of the chapter is about understanding the interplay between electrolyte deficit and fluid shifts and making the right decision for appropriate clinical interventions. Through various practice examples, you will learn how to calculate the volume fraction of a replacement fluid that is distributed to different body fluid compartments and how cells manage to counteract a hypotonic or hypertonic environment. The second part of the chapter discusses osmotic diuretics and calculations related to electrolytes. You are given the opportunity to learn how to calculate electrolyte doses expressed in the units of Eq and convert those into actual salt mass.
Acute Dystonic Reactions in Children Treated for Headache With Prochlorperazine or Metoclopramide.

Abstract Background The incidences of dystonic reactions to metoclopramide and prochlorperazine have not been well characterized in children. Methods Medical record data were reviewed for patients at a tertiary care pediatric hospital who received metoclopramide or prochlorperazine for treatment of headache. Results A total of 4588 clinical encounters were identified, 2542 with prochlorperazine and 2046 with metoclopramide. One patient had a dystonic reaction with metoclopramide (0.049%). Eleven patients had a dystonic reaction with prochlorperazine (0.43%). The relative risk of a dystonic reaction with prochlorperazine over metoclopramide is 8.85 (95% confidence interval 1.15 to 68.5). There were differences between groups of patients who received metoclopramide versus prochlorperazine in terms of age, number of doses, and coadministration of diphenhydramine. In a logistic regression, administration of prochlorperazine over metoclopramide (P = 0.019) and greater number of doses (P Conclusions Dystonic reactions are rare events among pediatric patients treated for acute headache, but are more common with prochlorperazine than metoclopramide.
Widespread targeting of nascent transcripts by RsmA in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

In the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, RsmA is an RNA-binding protein that plays critical roles in the control of virulence, interbacterial interactions, and biofilm formation. Although RsmA is thought to exert its regulatory effects by binding full-length transcripts, the extent to which RsmA binds nascent transcripts has not been addressed. Moreover, which transcripts are direct targets of this key posttranscriptional regulator is largely unknown. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with high-throughput DNA sequencing, with cells grown in the presence and absence of the RNA polymerase inhibitor rifampicin, we identify hundreds of nascent transcripts that RsmA associates with in P. aeruginosa We also find that the RNA chaperone Hfq targets a subset of those nascent transcripts that RsmA associates with and that the two RNA-binding proteins can exert regulatory effects on common targets. Our findings establish that RsmA associates with many transcripts as they are being synthesized in P. aeruginosa, identify the transcripts targeted by RsmA, and suggest that RsmA and Hfq may act in a combinatorial fashion on certain transcripts. The binding of posttranscriptional regulators to nascent transcripts may be commonplace in bacteria where distinct regulators can function alone or in concert to achieve control over the translation of transcripts as soon as they emerge from RNA polymerase.
Torsor-cotorsor duality of Ext groups

Let $A$ be a ring, and let $M$ and $N$ be $A$-modules. Then $N$ can be viewed as a group object in the category $A$-Mod/$M$ of $A$-modules over $M$ and Ext$^1(M, N)$ can be interpreted as the set of isomorphism classes of $N$-torsors. Alternatively, $M$ can be viewed as a cogroup object in the category $N$/$A$-Mod of $A$-modules under $N$ and Ext$^1(M, N)$ can be interpreted as the set of isomorphism classes of $M$-cotorsors.
Dynamic Control of Elementary Step Energetics via Pulsed Illumination Enhances Photocatalysis on Metal Nanoparticles

Photon illumination of metal nanoparticle catalysts can promote reaction rate and selectivity through transient charge transfer to adsorbed species. Here we demonstrate that illumination of 2 nm di...
To treat or not to treat: CFTR modulators after lung transplantation

Evidence for the extrapulmonary benefits of (CFTR) modulators is rapidly expanding. The use of CFTR modulators in CF patients who have undergone lung transplantation is not clear without guidance published in the medical literature to assist clinicians in the care of these patients. We discuss the potential benefits of CFTR modulators and provide insight into their use based on our experience in a small cohort of CF LTx recipients. We present pros and cons of CFTR modulator therapy for LTx recipients with CF. CFTR modulators should be considered in CF patients after lung transplantation for the time being until further research defines how to best use these therapies in transplant recipients.
Letter to the Editor: 1H, 13C and 15N resonance assignments and secondary structure of the N-terminal domain of human tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) hydrolyze diverse protein components of the extracellular matrix during the course of tissue remodeling in reproduction, development, wound healing and diseases including cancer, arthritis, atherosclerosis and macular degeneration. Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) appear to regulate such processes by high affinity noncovalent binding of MMPs. Sensitivity to inhibition by TIMPs distinguishes MMPs from other methionineturn-containing zinc endopeptidases. TIMPs-1, 2, 3 and 4 tightly bind 1:1 the activated forms of most MMPs with Ki values less than 1 nM (Murphy and Willenbrock, 1995). TIMPs are secreted by many cultured cell lines and are found in body fluids and tissue extracts (Murphy and Willenbrock, 1995). TIMPs can inhibit MMP-mediated aspects of disease progression, such as angiogenesis. Delivery of TIMPs in vivo causes significantly fewer and smaller metastatic tumors to form in animal hosts (Khokha, 1994). TIMPs may slow tumor growth by preventing MMP-mediated establishment of the blood supply, i.e. angiogenesis. TIMP-1 inhibits new blood vessel formation in assays in vivo (Johnson et al., 1994). The N-terminal domain of 126 residues, two-thirds of the full length, of recombinant human TIMP-1 (NTIMP-1) inhibits MMPs-1, -2, -3 and −3(1C) with Ki values of less than 2 nM (Huang et al., 1996). This domain, with three disulfide bridges, can be refolded from E. coli inclusion bodies much more readily than can full-length TIMPs which contain six disulfide
Promoting Mask-Wearing in COVID-19 Brand Communications: Effects of Gain-Loss Frames, Self- or Other-Interest Appeals, and Perceived Risks

During the COVID-19 pandemic, many businesses displayed signs to promote preventive behaviors, such as wearing masks in public, but the effectiveness of this practice largely remains unknown. This ...
Classification of horizontal s

We classify the horizontal -split polarized mixed Hodge structures on a Mumford–Tate domain.
Buck Converter Design

The operation of the buck converter can be in continuous mode or discontinuous mode. In a power electronic circuit, the semiconductors are one of the most significant sources of loss. For a given device, this loss has two components: the conduction loss associated with the forward voltage drop, which occurs as a part of conducting current, and the switching loss, which occurs when a device turns on or off. Switching losses are proportional to the voltage that the semiconductor must block in the off state and the value of current that was or will be conducted following the change in switching state. The chapter considers a passive air‐cooled scenario in which the transistor and diode are each mounted on their own heat sink. It focuses on polypropylene film capacitors, which are very commonly used in power electronics applications. The chapter considers the electrothermal analysis of an operating point.
Towards hybrid swimming microrobots: bacteria assisted propulsion of polystyrene beads.

Compactness and efficiency of biomotors makes them superior to man-made actuators and a very attractive choice of actuation for micro/nanorobots. However, biomotors are difficult to work with due to complications associated with their isolation and reconstitution. To circumvent this problem, here we use flagellar motors inside the intact cell of S. marcescens bacteria. An array of bacteria is used as propeller for a 10 μm polystyrene (PS) bead. PS bead is tracked for several seconds and its displacements is compared with diffusion length of a 10 μm particle. It is shown that the bead moves with an average velocity of 17 μm/s. Orientation of adhesion of S. marcescens to polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) chips and microscale PS fibers was also investigated. It is shown that for both substrates; only bacteria from farther behind the leading edge of the swarm, adhere in end-on configuration. (ii) control of the speed of the bacteria, (iii) Orientation and configuration of the adhered bacteria. In this paper, preliminary experimental results on the development of a hybrid swimming microrobot are pre- sented. To demonstrate the feasibility of the idea, 10 μm polystyrene (PS) beads are propelled by an attached array of S. marcescens bacteria. PS beads are tracked and their displacements are compared with diffusion length for 10 μm particles. The large difference between the two values for displacement proves that the beads are propelled by bacteria and their displacement is not due to Brownian motion. In order to study these mobile beads in further detail, it is imperative to seek methods in which we can repeatedly fabricate mobile beads with similar density and orientation of bacteria attached. As the first step, experiments were performed to investigate whether there exists a preferential orientation of adhesion for the bacteria grown in different media. The experiments were carried out using small poly- dimethylsiloxane(PDMS) chips and a grid of mircoscale PS fibers as substrates. Orientation and density of the adhesion for the bacteria from L-broth culture and swarm plate was studied.
A New Classification of Public Policies in the American States

In this paper we produce a classification of public policies which relies directly on the actual patterns of policymaking that occur across a range of substantive program areas. We use expenditure data from 1982 through 2005 from the American states to create a dichotomous breakdown of policy areas. Unlike most previous efforts, our resultant classification scheme is empirically-grounded, and it differentiates clearly between two sets of policies: Those that provide collective goods fairly broadly across a state’s entire population and those that distribute benefits to particular groups within a state. Our dichotomous system conforms to the ways that states actually allocate resources across substantive policy areas, and it compares quite favorably to other categorizations of public policies. But, it also illuminates important differences between policies than have not been clearly identified in the classifications found in previous research. Therefore, we believe our measure provides a valid and reliable empirical representation of the variability that exists in state policy priorities which can used in broader models of the political system.
Intoxication from Accidental Marijuana Ingestion

The increasing availability and use of marijuana in children, adolescents, and adults have been well documented in recent years. Adverse reactions have been described in adults who absorb the drug via inhalation or by oral and intravenous routes.1-5 To our knowledge, no cases of oral intoxication in very young children have been reported in the pediatric literature. We describe the adverse effects experienced by three children after an accidental oral ingestion of marijuana. CASE REPORTS Case 1 J.H., a 3-year-old previously healthy, white girl, was noted by her baby-sitter to be behaving abnormally a short time after lunch. Approximately two hours later, her mother observed the child to have an ataxic gait and a voracious appetite.
Renal hemodynamic effects of oxytocin in antepartal and postpartal women

Abstract Renal clearances (C IN , C CR , C PAH , C H 2 O , and C OSM ) were performed in 12 antepartal and 14 postpartal healthy, hydrated subjects during periods of 0, 20, 100, and 1,000 mU. per minute of oxytocin. The antidiuresis which resulted from oxytocin infusions was found to be due to absorption of water from the renal distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts. Slight decreases in C IN , C CR , and C PAH were demonstrated during most of the oxytocin infusions, but these are believed to have been caused principally by the relatively large urinary "dead space" and low flow rates. We do not believe that the glomerular filtration rate or renal plasma flow is materially affected by oxytocin, even in doses as large as 1,000 mU. per minute.
New concepts in environmental monitoring: the question of indicators

Abstract Current environmental issues such as declining biodiversity, sustainability of ecosystems, and global atmospheric change are manifestations of multiple stresses. The need to establish baseline ecological conditions as a reference for assessing future change has grown more acute with the increasing complexity and scale of environmental issues. In the United States the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program is an interagency effort to provide a long-term monitoring program to determine status and trends in ecological resources at regional and national scales. This paper discusses the indicator framework for this monitoring program, the linkage between indicator selection and successful assessment, and the status of indicator selection in 1992.
Mind the Generation Gap: Millennials and Boomers in the Library Workplace

As editor of On My Mind, I wanted to introduce myself and let you, the reader, know a little bit about what I intend this column to be. Primarily, I want it to be a venue for you to write about anything that has been bugging you or that you think needs to be said. This is an opinion column so please share your opinion. Maybe you want to talk about what you wished you had learned in library school. Or, perhaps you have a bone to pick with people who rely too much on using statistics in their weeding of books from the library's shelves. Whether the majority of librarians hold your opinion or not, I will try to give you a venue to express your thoughts. Also, this column is intended to be informal; feel free to use the first person. That does not mean that you cannot or should not back up statements you make with research. Please do. It does mean that personal anecdotes and stories are encouraged and make for a more interesting read. Finally, inquiries into writing for this column should be directed to me vi...
SDF-1α Promotes Invasion of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Activating NF-κB

CXCL12/stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α), a chemokine ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor CXCR4, plays an important role in the directed movement of cells. Many studies have documented the importance of CXCR4 in tumor progression and organ-specific metastasis. Recently, several studies have implicated a role for SDF-1α in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) metastasis, but currently there is little information about how SDF-1α promotes HNSCC metastasis. In this report we show that the NF-κB signaling pathway is activated in response to SDF-1α in HNSCC while primary and immortalized keratinocytes show no SDF-1α-mediated NF-κB activity. We found that SDF-1α-mediated NF-κB signaling is independent of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt and ERK/MAPK pathways. We observed that SDF-1α induces IκBα phosphorylation and degradation and the nuclear translocation of NF-κB in HNSCC cell lines, suggesting that SDF-1α activates the classical NF-κB signaling pathway. Contrary to previous reports, SDF-1α-induced NF-κB activation is not mediated by tumor necrosis factor α. Furthermore, blocking the NF-κB signaling pathway with an IKKβ inhibitor significantly reduces SDF-1α-mediated HNSCC invasion. Taken together, our data suggest SDF-1α/CXCR4 may promote HNSCC invasion and metastasis by activating NF-κB and that targeting NF-κB may provide therapeutic opportunities in preventing HNSCC metastasis mediated by SDF-1α.
Ultra-thin silver films obtained by sequential quench-anneal processing

Abstract We have used the “two-step” growth technique, quench condensing followed by an anneal, to grow ultra-thin films of silver on glass substrates. As has been seen with semiconductor substrates this process produces a metastable homogeneous covering of silver. By measuring the in situ resistance of the film during growth we are able to see that the low temperature growth onto substrates held at 100 K produces a precursor phase that is insulating until the film has been annealed. The transformation of the precursor phase into the final, metallic silver film occurs at a characteristic temperature near 150 K where the sample reconstructs. This reconstruction is accompanied by a decrease in resistance of up to 10 orders of magnitude.
A PREPARATION OF THE SPINAL CAT BY AN ANTERIOR APPROACH.

A method for preparation of the spinal cat through an anterior approach is described. It has certain advantages over the classical posterior approach and is particularly useful in preparations for studying the superior cervical ganglion or nictitating membrane since the entire procedure may be carried out through the same exposure.
Current Use of Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification by AUGS and ICS Members.

OBJECTIVE : To determine the current use of the pelvic organ prolapse quantification (POP-Q) by members of the American Urogynecologic Society (AUGS) and the International Continence Society (ICS). METHODS : Surgically active members of AUGS and ICS completed a Web-based questionnaire about their use of the POP-Q and included queries regarding respondent's clinical training, surgical experience, and practice setting. Users of POP-Q described their POP-Q use including patient's position, tools used to measure or assist with exposure, use of strain, and bladder volume. Strengths and weaknesses of the POP-Q system were also assessed. RESULTS : The 308 respondents had a median of 8 years (range, 0-35 years) of independent performance of POP surgery. Most were from the United States (70%), in a shared practice (64%), with at least 2 years of fellowship training (61%), and had trainees participating in patient care (81%). Of the respondents, 76% reported using the POP-Q; however, the technique of POP-Q varied. Of the 24% not using the POP-Q, two-thirds reported past POP-Q use. For these individuals, prolapse description was done using Baden-Walker (57%), descriptive words (38%), or other grades (7%). More than 50% of nonusers reported that the POP-Q is "too time-consuming" or that their "colleagues do not use it." CONCLUSIONS : Although most surveyed members of AUGS and ICS are using the POP-Q, we detected variability in the day-to-day practice of POP-Q use. To further advance the communication benefits of the POP-Q, a revision that provides evidence-based guidance may be a worthwhile refinement.
The society of Surgical Oncology Lucy Wortham James Research Award 1983. Radioimmunoassay in oncology.

The role of radioimmunoassay (RIA) in the diagnosis and management of endocrine tumors, such as pituitary tumors, insulinomas, and gastrinomas, has long been well established. A variety of nonendocrine tumors are capable of elaborating one or more humoral substances that resemble immunologically well-known, well-characterized biologically active hormones or their prohormone precursors or metabolic products. The possible value of mass screening for carcinoma of the lung by the detection of precursor adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in plasma was tested. However, the usefulness was limited by the potential for false-positives, i.e., elevation of marker concentration in the plasma of heavy smokers even in the absence of invasive carcinoma. Although on occasion a dramatic decrease of plasma ACTH after surgical resection or on some chemotherapeutic schedules has been observed, this does not occur with sufficient regularity to serve definitely as an objective measure of efficacy of therapy. The limitations of nonhormonal tumor markers, such as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), are also considered. Cancer 53:1426-1431, 1984.
Immunoproteasome Overexpression Underlies the Pathogenesis of Thyroid Oncocytes and Primary Hypothyroidism: Studies in Humans and Mice

Background Oncocytes of the thyroid gland (Hurthle cells) are found in tumors and autoimmune diseases. They have a unique appearance characterized by abundant granular eosinophilic cytoplasm and hyperchromatic nucleus. Their pathogenesis has remained, thus far, unknown. Methodology/Principal Findings Using transgenic mice chronically expressing IFNγ in thyroid gland, we showed changes in the thyroid follicular epithelium reminiscent of the human oncocyte. Transcriptome analysis comparing transgenic to wild type thyrocytes revealed increased levels of immunoproteasome subunits like LMP2 in transgenics, suggesting an important role of the immunoproteasome in oncocyte pathogenesis. Pharmacologic blockade of the proteasome, in fact, ameliorated the oncocytic phenotype. Genetic deletion of LMP2 subunit prevented the development of the oncocytic phenotype and primary hypothyroidism. LMP2 was also found expressed in oncocytes from patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis and Hurthle cell tumors. Conclusions/Significance In summary, we report that oncocytes are the result of an increased immunoproteasome expression secondary to a chronic inflammatory milieu, and suggest LMP2 as a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of oncocytic lesions and autoimmune hypothyroidism.
THE IMPORTANCE OF INTEGRATING RESEARCH EXPERIENCES IN TODAY'S UNDERGRADUATE CRIMINAL JUSTICE CURRICULUM

ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the importance of integrating “hands on” research into the undergraduate criminal justice curriculum. Between Spring 1986 and Summer 1988, University of Wisconsin, Parkside criminal justice students participated in a unique “learning by doing” experience conducting gang research in their own community. Students were exposed to a variety of skills ranging from social scientific research methods, statistical analysis, and computer applications. In addition, they learned about the politics and ethics of doing research, self-discipline, professionalism, team work, and decision-making.
Chirality Breeding via Asymmetric Phosphination. Palladium-Catalyzed Diastereoselective Synthesis of a P-Stereogenic Phosphine

Methylation of the crystallographically characterized primary alkylphosphine-borane PH2Men(BH3) (3, Men = (−)-menthyl) under phase-transfer conditions, followed by deprotection, gave the secondary ...
Privacy-preserving alibi systems

An alibi provides evidence of a person's past location and can be critical in proving ones innocence. An alibi involves two parties: the owner, who benefits from the alibi, and the corroborator, who testifies for the owner. As mobile devices become ubiquitous, they can determine where we are and what we are doing, and help us to establish evidence of our location as they accompany us on our daily activities. Existing location-based services like Google Latitude can already track and record our every move, but these systems require us to reveal our identity when recording our location. This leaves our privacy at risk, and requires a trusted third party to maintain our location information.
A Sixty-Year Perspective on Psychological I Measurement

Based upon experiences with most kinds of meth ods of psychological measurement, this article presents comments on a variety of uses, including psychophys ics, scaling, testing, and factor analysis. Some diffi culties are pointed out, some faults are mentioned, and a variety of applications are discussed, some of them unusual.
Remembering and knowing: Two means of access to the personal past

The nature of recollective experience was examined in a recognition memory task. Subjects gave “remember” judgments to recognized items that were accompanied by conscious recollection and “know” judgments to items that were recognized on some other basis. Although a levels-of-processing effect (Experiment 1) and a picture-superiority effect (Experiment 2) were obtained for overall recognition, these effects occurred only for “remember” judgments, and were reversed for “know” judgments. In Experiment 3, targets and lures were either preceded by a masked repetition of their own presentation (thought to increase perceptual fluency) or of an unrelated word. The effect of perceptual fluency was obtained for overall recogrntion and “know” judgments but not for “remember” judgments. The data obtained for confidencejudgments using the same design (Experiment4) indicated that “remember”/”know” judgments are not made solely on the basis of confidence. These data support the two-factor theories of recognition memory by dissociating two forms of recognition, and shed light on the nature of conscious recollection.
The Advantages of a Rooftop Garden and Other Things

Design education is an aesthetic and humanistic approach for teaching how to contribute to the improvement of the conditions that affect everyone's lives. This article offers an overview of some important concepts to teach young people about regeneration design and the future of our changing environment. It is becoming increasingly evident that we are immersed in vital ecological relationships and with that awareness comes the undertaking of responsibly sharing the planet with non-human life, of the need to live within environmental limits, and of ways to create communities that enhance life. There is movement toward a transition from a society preoccupied with consumerism and exploitation, to one that gives priority to a more sustainable future. Underscoring the importance of this issue are three regeneration principles adhered to by many city planners, architects, and product designers: smart growth, sustainable development, and new urbanism. Each has a slightly different set of theories and practices but all have a common thread in restructuring efforts for cities and buildings to be aesthetically, economically, and ecologically healthier places for human and non-human life. Students should be taught that life-enhancing design embraces inclusiveness, is built to human scale, is eco-effective, is aesthetically enriching, and is embedded in social responsibility
Relation between estrogen replacement therapy and restenosis after percutaneous coronary interventions

Objectives. We attempted to determine the relation between estrogen replacement therapy and the rate of restenosis after coronary angioplasty and atherectomy. Background. Although estrogen replacement therapy in women has been associated with a reduction in cardiovascular events and improvement in endothelial function, no study has examined whether estrogen reduces restenosis rates after percutaneous coronary interventions. Methods. A total of 204 women enrolled in the Coronary Angioplasty Versus Excisional Atherectomy Trial with angiographic follow-up were contacted, and their menopausal and estrogen replacement status was determined. Late loss in minimal lumen diameter, late loss index, minimal lumen diameter, rate of restenosis >50% and actual percent of stenosis were compared in estrogen users and nonusers by quantitative coronary angiography at 6-month follow-up. Results. Late loss in minimal lumen diameter was significantly less in women using estrogen than in nonusers (−0.13 vs. −0.46 mm, p = 0.01). A regression analysis of the determinants of late loss in minimal lumen diameter revealed that estrogen use was the single most important predictor of subsequent late loss (F = 13.38, p = 0.0006). Formal testing revealed a highly significant interaction between the use of estrogen and intervention (angioplasty or atherectomy). Women undergoing atherectomy who received estrogen had a significantly lower late loss index (0.06 vs. −0.63, p = 0.002), less late loss (0.06 vs. −0.61 mm, p = 0.0006), larger minimal lumen diameter (p = 0.044) and lower restenosis rates (p = 0.038 for >50% stenosis) than those not using estrogen. In contrast, estrogen had minimal effects on restenosis end points after angioplasty. Conclusions. This study demonstrates the potential for estrogen replacement therapy to reduce angiographic measures of restenosis in postmenopausal women after coronary intervention, particularly in those undergoing atherectomy.
Optimal trajectory generation for NextGen flight management systems

The motivation of this work is the NextGen flight management system concepts. The spatial and temporal constraint which is feasible for an aircraft. The fuel-efficient and computationally efficient of an aircraft.
Postbuckling behavior of circular rings with two or four concentrated loads

Abstract Exact solutions are obtained for the deformations of circular rings which have buckled under two or four equal and equally spaced normal or centrally directed concentrated loads. The ring is assumed to be inextensible and the local moment to be proportional to the local change of curvature. The results indicate that the ring with four loads is neutrally stable at its bifurcation load while the ring with two loads is unstable.
EphA7-ephrin-A5 Signaling in Mouse Somatosensory Cortex: Developmental Restriction of Molecular Domains and Postnatal Maintenance of Functional Compartments

Members of the Eph family of receptor tyrosine kinases and their ligands, the ephrins, are expressed in distinct patterns in the forming cortex. EphA7 is expressed early in cortical development, becoming concentrated in anterior and posterior domains, whereas ephrin-A5 is expressed later in corticogenesis, highest in the middle region that has low levels of EphA7. The EphA7 gene produces full-length and truncated isoforms, which are repulsive and adhesive, respectively. Analysis of cortical RNA expression demonstrates that proportions of these isoforms change with time, from a more repulsive mix during embryogenesis to a more permissive mix postnatally. To examine how EphA7 and ephrin-A5 influence the formation of cortical regions, EphA7-/- mice were analyzed. Within the cortex of EphA7-/- mice, the distribution of ephrin-A5 was more extensive, encompassing its usual medial domain but also extending more posteriorly toward the occipital pole. Moreover, relative levels of ephrin-A5 along the cortex's anatomical axes changed in EphA7-/- animals, creating less striking shifts in ligand abundance. Furthermore, in vivo functional studies revealed that EphA7 exerts a repulsive influence on ephrin-A5-expressing cells during corticogenesis. In contrast, EphA7 appears to mediate permissive interactions in the postnatal cortex: the area of somatosensory cortex was significantly reduced in EphA7-/- mice. A similar reduction was present in ephrin-A5-/- animals and a more pronounced decrease was observed in EphA7/ephrin-A5-/- cortex. Taken together, this study supports a role for EphA7 and ephrin-A5 in the establishment and maintenance of certain cortical domains and suggests that the nature of their interactions changes with cortical maturity.
Thermochemical production of methanol from biomass in Hawaii

Abstract Sufficient trees or grasses can be grown in Hawaii and converted into enough methanol to replace all of the gasoline and diesel fuel consumed in the State for ground transportation. A recent Hawaii Natural Energy Institute study shows that methanol can be produced from biomass via partial oxidation for $0·16 liter−1 (wholesale price at the plant gate), based on a 760 million liter per year (MLPY) methanol plant processing 7000 tonnes day−1 of biomass feedstock (50% moisture content) from a recurring annual harvest of approximately 36 000 hectares of intensively managed, short-rotation energy crops. The capital cost of this methanol-from-biomass facility would be roughly $280 million. Sufficient hydrogen added to the synthesis gas to convert all of the biomass carbon into methanol carbon would more than double the methanol produced from the same biomass base, yielding 1700 MLPY at $0·28 liter−1 at a capital cost of $335 million.
To Pray or Not to Pray: Reflections on the Intersection of Prayer and Medicine

Recent medical studies documenting the influence of prayer in our physical lives challenge mainstream Christians to rethink their ideas and practice of prayer. A new model of prayer questions dysfunctional images of prayer based on 1) the doctrine of divine omnipotence, 2) the rewards-punishments notion of health and illness, and 3) linear notions of the power of prayer. Relational, holistic, and multidimensional images of God, human existence, and the effects of prayer provide the basis for a constructive theology of prayer. Ironically, the fact that prayer is not omnipotent makes it possible to practice prayer in a technological context.
Dietary α-linolenic acid increases brain but not heart and liver docosahexaenoic acid levels

Fish oil-enriched diets increase n-3 FA in tissue phospholipids; however, a similar effect by plant-derived n-3 FA is poorly defined. To address this question, we determined mass changes in phospholipid FA, individual phospholipid classes, and cholesterol in the liver, heart, and brain of rats fed diets enriched in flax oil (rich in 18:3n-3), fish oil (rich in 22:6n-3 and 20:5n-3), or safflower oil (rich in 18:2n-6) for 8 wk. In the heart and liver phospholipids, 22:6n-3 levels increased only in the fish oil group, although rats fed flax oil accumulated 20:5n-3 and 22:5n-3. However, in the brain, the flax and fish oil diets increased the phospholipid 22:6n-3 mass. In all tissues, these diets decreased the 20:4n-6 mass, although the effect was more marked in the fish oil than in the flax oil group. Although these data do not provide direct evidence for 18:3n-3 elongation and desaturation by the brain, they demonstrate that 18:3n-3-enriched diets reduced tissue 20:4n-6 levels and increased cellular n-3 levels in a tissue-dependent manner. We hypothesize, based on the lack of increased 22:6n-3 but increased 18:3n-3 in the liver and heart, that the flax oil diet increased circulating 18:3n-3, thereby presenting tissue with this EFA for further elongation and desaturation.
Shaping a VLSI wire to minimize Elmore delay with consideration of couple capacitance

In this paper, by using calculus of variations, we determine the optimal shape for a wire under the Elmore delay model. Coupling capacitance has been taken into consideration explicitly by treating it as another source of grounded capacitance. Given two wires in parallel, one has uniform width and the other has non-uniform width whose shape is described by a function f(x). Let TD be the delay through the non-uniform wire. We determine f(x) such that TD is minimized. We also extend our study to the case where a non-uniform wire has two neighboring wires. Our study shows that the optimal shape function satisfies an integral equation. Numerical methods are employed to solve the corresponding differential equation and carry out the integration. We provide an efficient algorithm to find the optimal solution. Experiments show that it only takes several iterations to get the optimal results by using our algorithm. Our experiments also show that the wire delay TD is a convex function of the wire width at the driver end.
Devices for optoelectronic integrated systems

A class of integrated devices with high electronic circuit complexity and a multiplicity of optical inputs and outputs can appropriately be called optoelectronic integrated systems. Although free-space propagation implies that the complete system extend physically beyond the integrated device, the term is suitable if a primary system-level processing task is performed on the optoelectronic substrate itself. Examples of such devices are the VLSI-based spatial light modulator, the optical-in/optical-out silicon retina device, and monolithic, optically interconnected, digital processor arrays. These devices must match systems requirements; whereas conventional (VLSI) integrated systems must comply with constraints on speed, power, and area, optoelectronic integrated devices must satisfy additional requirements founded in optical physics and established by the imaging configuration in the overall system. The interplay of device constraints with characteristics of various technologies for electronic-optical transduction will be examined in different regimes of granularity, concurrency, and speed. The holistic consideration of optical devices as parts of systems leads to a number of non-obvious conclusions. For example, in optoelectronic systems that are optimal in a certain sense, light modulators need not always dissipate less power than one or even 100 transistors, nor need they always switch in less than 1 ns, or even 100 ns. Examination of the liberal, but nonetheless realistic, constraints arising from this analysis will reveal that a number of existing light modulator technologies can offer satisfactory performance in interesting and important applications.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Study of Poisson's Models for Jury Verdicts in Criminal and Civil Trials

Abstract This article gives an exposition of models provided by Poisson to account for actual jury decisions in criminal and civil trials in France in the first half of the 19th century. The model parameters are jury size, juror error, and probability that the accused is guilty. Poisson's models are cast in a modern setting, and this provides a framework in which new investigations can be initiated. A recent decision by the U.S. Supreme Court on jury size for felony proceedings in state courts should provoke more analyses that can build on the basis provided.
Tetrabot: Resonance based locomotion for harsh enviroments

We describe a robotic architecture that combines the benefits of existing enclosed robots with passive dynamics. This combination results in a mobile robot with no moving parts exposed to the environment, making it ideal for tasks where wheeled or legged robots fail. Instead of suppressing resonance, the new robot morphology relies on the dynamics of resonance for locomotion. Actuators mounted on a central sphere excite a natural mode of vibration by pulling on strings through which the sphere is mounted to a tetrahedral frame. A simple open loop controller is sufficient to cause directed motion by hopping and sliding in a prototype. Rolling as a further gait is investigated theoretically. Fully enclosed resonant dynamic robots could lead to a new type of robot locomotion powered from a vibration source only. This is useful in the microscale where traditional actuators are not available, and at the macroscale where the robot's high ruggedness is favorable.
Critical exponents and the size of the critical region in amorphous GdAl spin glass

Abstract A scaling for susceptibility below the transition temperature T G of a spin glass is proposed. In a GdAl spin glass, it is found to hold at all temperatures below T G and out to 5000 Oe in field.
Dilemmas and Dimensions of Non-indigenous Organisms and Pathogens in the Marine Environment: A Sea Change

“Although scientific and technical approaches are indispensable in managing the problem, bioinvasions are fundamentally a human phenomenon, driven by economic activity and by our choices as consumers, travelers, gardeners, pet owners, fishermen, and so on … No one advocates an attempt to unscramble the world's biota and return it to some historical state, even if that were possible … Our ultimate goal ust be … to preserve or restore something we value: native biodiversity and the wild places and systems where it can thrive, the look of a landscape, a sense of place, the functioning of an ecosystem, the economic productivity of our working lands and waters, the health of people, animals, and plants.” 2 1Graduate College of Marine Studies, University of Delaware. E-mail: jf@udel.edu 2 Yvonne Baskin, A Plague of Rats and Rubbervines: The Growing Threat of Species Invasions, 8, 17 (2002).
1: Policy Implications of the IQ Controversy:

Since Jensen's (1969) famous (some might say infamous) article in the Harvard Educational Review, there has been a lively debate over the origin and nature of individual differences in behavior and the implications of these differences for educational policy. After almost a decade, it seems that most points of view have been thoroughly aired, and much of the heat of argument has been dissipated. It may now be time to review the points that have been made, to attempt to sort out what is known from what is not known, and to assess the educational implications. The argument has focused primarily on individual differences in intelligence, although several writers have maintained that other traits are equally, if not more, important. This review will be concerned with intelligence first and will then briefly extend the discussion to other traits. Jensen's definition of intelligence as the large general factor underlying most mental abilities has been generally accepted, although there has been disagreement over the appropriateness of its operational measurement by verbal tests of IQ and academic aptitude. Historically, however, the concept of intelligence came not from factor analytic studies but from Terman's Stanford revision of the Binet scales, which measure mainly verbal comprehension and reasoning factors. The Stanford-Binet has been the operational standard against which other measures of intelligence have been validated, a role which the Wechsler tests may now be in part assuming.
The density of natural ice accretions related to nondimensional icing parameters

The meteorological conditions under which atmospheric icing occurs determine the density of the accreted ice. A density relationship developed by Macklin from artificially iced samples is often used to calculate rime ice density as a function of R (effective droplet radius multiplied by droplet impact speed divided by icing surface temperature). In this study icing data collected in natural conditions at the summit of Mt Washington in New Hampshire were used to test Macklin's relationship. the Mt Washington Observatory has been making icing measurements using rotating multicylinders since 1969. Meteorological and icing data from these observations were used along with accretion weight and volume data from each of the six cylinders in the multicylinder set to relate ice accretion density to Macklin's R parameter. the relationship obtained was compared with Macklin's and with those developed by other authors who also related their measured rime densities to R. However, R is difficult to calculate and has been defined differently by various researchers. Therefore, a multiple regression analysis was performed to relate the ice accretion density to easily calculated nondimensional numbers describing the icing process. the inertia coefficient, ϕ parameter, and a heat flux ratio were used to predict rime accretion density. For a given cylinder diameter the cloud median volume droplet diameter and the wind speed were found to be the most important factors in controlling the ice accretion density.
Spectral radiance of model rocket exhaust plumes at high altitudes.

Model rocket exhaust plumes spectral radiance at high altitudes measured by rapid scanning IR spectrometer
Subnuclear distribution of the entire complement of linker histone variants in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Linker histones (e.g. H1, H5, H1 degrees ) are thought to exert control on chromatin function by restricting nucleosomal dynamics. All higher eukaryotes possess a diverse family of linker histones, which may exhibit functional specialization. Arabidopsis thaliana apparently contains a minimal complement of linker histone structural variants and therefore is an ideal model for investigating functional differentiation among linker histones. Histones H1-1 and H1-2 are relatively similar proteins that are expressed in a wide variety of tissues and make up the majority of linker histone while H1-3 is a highly divergent minor variant protein that is induced by drought stress. We are interested in determining whether the in vivo distribution of each of these proteins also differs. To this end, we have produced subtype-specific antibodies and have localized each of the three proteins at the intranuclear and DNA sequence levels by indirect immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation, respectively. Antibodies against linker histones H1-1 and H1-2 decorate nuclei in patterns very similar to 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining, but different than the staining pattern of total histones. In contrast, antibodies made against two regions of H1-3 bind to chromatin in a diffuse pattern distinct from the DAPI-staining pattern. We also describe a technique to determine the localization of plant linker histone variants along regions of chromatin, employing in vivo chemical DNA-protein cross-linking to preserve native associations followed by immunoprecipitation with subtype-specific antibodies. We use this technique to demonstrate that, in contrast to the major linker histones, H1-3 does not bind the repetitive sequences pAL1 and 5S rDNA. In addition, we show that linker histones are bound to the compacted nucleosomal arrays at the telomere but with reduced stoichiometry. Taken together, our results suggest that plants, as has been shown for animals, possess a variant linker histone that is differentially localized.
Linear aggregation of proteins on the membrane as a prelude to membrane remodeling

Adhesion and insertion of curvature-mediating proteins can induce dramatic structural changes in cell membranes, allowing them to participate in several key cellular tasks. The way proteins interact to generate curvature remains largely unclear, especially at early stages of membrane remodeling. Using a coarse-grained model of Bin/amphiphysin/Rvs domain with an N-terminal helix (N-BAR) interacting with flat membranes and vesicles, we demonstrate that at low protein surface densities, binding of N-BAR domain proteins to the membrane is followed by a linear aggregation and the formation of meshes on the surface. In this process, the proteins assemble at the base of emerging membrane buds. Our work shows that beyond a more straightforward scaffolding mechanism at high bound densities, the interplay of anisotropic interactions and the local stress imposed by the N-BAR proteins results in deep invaginations and endocytic vesicular bud-like deformations, an order of magnitude larger than the size of the individual protein. Our results imply that by virtue of this mechanism, cell membranes may achieve rapid local increases in protein concentration.
Rivanol treatment of cystic fibrosis serum: effect of supernatant upon ciliary action

Serum from cystic fibrosis patients and their parents will inhibit ciliary movement on oyster gill tissue. Previous studies have indicated the factor responsible for ciliary inhibition is a cationic protein with a molecular weight between 125,000 to 200,000, and has properties similar to γG-globulin. To support this evidence, sera from CF patients, heterozygotes, and control individuals were subjected to rivanol precipitation and the supernatants tested on oyster cilia. In addition other sources of cilia and flagella were examined as possible assay systems for the CF factor.
Electron transport in Nb-Nb oxide-Bi tunnel junctions

Abstract Two stable conduction states have been observed in tunnel junctions composed of Nb-Nb oxide-Bi. The conduction characteristics, including switching between the two states, are interpreted using a potential barrier model which is alterable by internal polarizations.