cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Low-Cost Metallic Cathode for a Vircator HPM Source

Recent research efforts at TTU include the testing of a rapidly charged, rep-rated Marx generator driving a reflex triode vircator [1]. As expected, the burning of the cathode material (ordinary cloth velvet), was the primary failure mechanism during repetitive operation. In an effort to achieve a repetitive vircator (>10 Hz), we are exploring a low-cost, all-metal cathode. The cathode is made from aluminum with a patterned surface. A typical pattern is composed of peaks and troughs with dimensions on the order of tens of microns. The pattern is achieved with a simple, low-cost chemical etching process. Results include current, voltage, and microwave waveforms from two solid metal cathodes and a cloth velvet cathode.
Pressure variation due to heat shock of CO2hydrate desserts

CO2 hydrate desserts are carbonated frozen desserts in which the CO2 is trapped in a crystalline water-carbon dioxide structure called a CO2 clathrate hydrate. The CO2 concentration of the dessert enables strong perception of carbonation, but CO2 hydrate dissociation during heat shock can cause high package pressures during storage and distribution. In this work, a model is developed for package pressure as a function of temperature, CO2 content, package volume, dessert mass, and recipe. The model is validated by comparison with an experimental measurement of the pressure and mass of a CO2 hydrate dessert subjected to heat shock. It is shown that during heat shock a sealed package can reach pressures greater than the ice-CO2 hydrate equilibrium pressure. At pressures above the ice-CO2 hydrate equilibrium pressure, the fraction of water crystallized in the dessert can be increased, potentially mitigating heat shock damage. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Solid-Organ Transplantation in Childhood: Transitioning to Adult Health Care

Pediatric solid-organ transplantation is an increasingly successful treatment for solid-organ failure. With dramatic improvements in patient survival rates over the last several decades, there has been a corresponding emergence of complications attributable to pretransplant factors, transplantation itself, and the management of transplantation with effective immunosuppression. The predominant solid-organ transplantation sequelae are medical and psychosocial. These sequelae have a substantial effect on transition to adult care; as such, hurdles to successful transition of care arise from the patients, their families, and pediatric and adult health care providers. Crucial to successful transitioning is the ongoing development of a sense of autonomy and responsibility for one's own care. In this article we address the barriers to transitioning that occur with long-term survival in pediatric solid-organ transplantation. Although a particular transitioning model is not promoted, practical tools and strategies that contribute to successful transitioning of pediatric patients who have received a transplant are suggested.
Children Less Than Three-Years-Old With Pharyngitis Are Group A Streptococci Really That Uncommon?

During a 15-month period, 148 infants and children less than 3-years-old who presented with signs and/or symptoms of pharyngitis were monitored in a private pediatric practice. Clinical signs included fever (95 or 64%), tonsillar exudate (16 or 11%), and cervical adenopathy (5 or 3%). Beta-hemolytic streptococci (BHS) from group A were isolated from throat swabs in 37 (25%) instances. These isolations were more common among children 25-35 months old than among children less than 2 years old (35% vs. 19%, p less than 0.05), and were significantly more likely when overnight anaerobic culture techniques were used rather than conventional aerobic methods (23% vs. 11%, p less than 0.01). Group A BHS may be isolated relatively frequently from symptomatic children under 3-years-old. Whether these isolations reflect invasive infection or asymptomatic carriage is uncertain.
Control system analysis and synthesis for a six degree-of-freedom universal force-reflecting hand controller

A six degree-of-freedom joystick with feedback motors, called the Force-Reflecting Hand Controller (FRHC) is used as control input for the human operator in a teleoperator system. The geometric and dynamic properties of the FRHC are entirely different from those of the manipulator being controlled. The paper discusses the analysis and synthesis of the control loop between the FRHC and the robot arm and examines the necessary position and force transformations. The controller is implemented through a dedicated minicomputer.
Self inflicted submental and intraoral gunshot wounds: A single centre retrospective review

s / British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 52 (2014) e43–e74 e63 fellowships supported by both research council funding and BAOMS. We emphasise the availability of trainee led collaboratives such as the North West OMFS/Otolaryngology Trainee Collaborative (NOTCh) that exist with the express aim of helping drive novel research projects from concept to implementation. Results & Discussion: As a direct consequence of new initiatives in surgical clinical trial training, fellowship establishment and design education, A Phase III Randomised Controlled Trial aimed at “Determining the Efficacy of Fibrin glue in Neck Dissection (DEFeND)” can be reported upon. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjoms.2014.07.064
A novel, conserved cluster of genes promotes symbiotic colonization and σ54‐dependent biofilm formation by Vibrio fischeri

Summary Vibrio fischeri is the exclusive symbiont residing in the light organ of the squid Euprymna scolopes. To understand the genetic requirements for this association, we searched a library of V. fischeri transposon insertion mutants for those that failed to colonize E. scolopes. We identified four mutants that exhibited severe defects in initiating colonization. Sequence analysis revealed that the strains contained insertions in four different members of a cluster of 21 genes oriented in the same direction. The predicted gene products are similar to proteins involved in capsule, exopolysaccharide or lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, including six putative glycosyltransferases. We constructed mutations in five additional genes and found that they also were required for symbiosis. Therefore, we have termed this region syp, for symbiosis polysaccharide. Homologous clusters also exist in Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus, and thus these genes may represent a common mechanism for promoting bacteria–host interactions. Using lacZ reporter fusions, we observed that transcription of the syp genes did not occur under standard laboratory conditions, but could be induced by multicopy expression of sypG, which encodes a response regulator with a predicted σ54 interaction domain. This induction depended on σ54, as a mutation in rpoN abolished syp transcription. Primer extension analysis supported the use of putative σ54 binding sites upstream of sypA, sypI and sypM as promoters. Finally, we found that multicopy expression of sypG resulted in robust biofilm formation. This work thus reveals a novel group of genes that V. fischeri controls through a σ54-dependent response regulator and uses to promote symbiotic colonization.
Rapid Communication: Ca2+ Channel Blockers Attenuate β‐Amyloid Peptide Toxicity to Cortical Neurons in Culture

Deposit of beta-amyloid protein (A beta) in Alzheimer's disease brain may contribute to the associated neurodegeneration. We have studied the neurotoxicity of A beta in primary cultures of murine cortical neurons, with the aim of identifying pharmacologic ways of attenuating the injury. Exposure of cultures to A beta (25-35 fragment; 3-25 microM) generally triggers slow, concentration-dependent neurodegeneration (over 24-72 h). With submaximal A beta-(25-35) exposure (10 microM), substantial (> 40% within 48 h) degeneration often occurs and is markedly attenuated by the presence of the Ca2+ channel blockers nimodipine (1-20 microM) and Co2+ (100 microM) during the A beta exposure. However, A beta neurotoxicity is not affected by the presence of glutamate receptor antagonists. We suggest that Ca2+ influx through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels may contribute to A beta-induced neuronal injury and that nimodipine and Co2+, by attenuating such influx, are able to attenuate A beta neurotoxicity.
Activation-induced non-responsiveness (anergy) limits CD8 T cell responses to tumors.

Naive CD8 T cells respond to signals provided by Ag, costimulation and cytokines by proliferating and differentiating to develop effector functions. Following initial clonal expansion, however, the cells develop activation-induced non-responsiveness (AINR), a form of anergy characterized by an inability to produce IL-2. Cells in the AINR state can carry out effector functions (cytolysis, IFN-γ production) but cannot continue to proliferate and expand in the face of persisting Ag. AINR limits the ability of activated CTL to control tumor growth but can be reversed by IL-2, provided either therapeutically or by activated CD4 T helper cells, to allow continued expansion.
Strabismus due to flap tear of a rectus muscle.

PURPOSE: To present a previously unreported avulsion-type injury of the rectus muscle, usually the inferior rectus, and detail its diagnosis and operative repair. METHODS: Thirty-five patients underwent repair of flap tears of 42 rectus muscles. The muscle abnormality was often subtle, with narrowing or thinning of the remaining attached global layer of muscle. The detached flap of external (orbital) muscle was found embedded in surrounding orbital fat and connective tissue. Retrieval and repair were performed in each case. RESULTS: Fourteen patients had orbital fractures, 7 had blunt trauma with no fracture, and 9 had suspected trauma but did not undergo computed tomographic scan. Five patients experienced this phenomenon following retinal detachment repair. Diagnostically, the predominant motility defect in 25 muscles was limitation toward the field of action of the muscle, presumably as a result of a tether created by the torn flap. These tethers simulated muscle palsy. Seventeen muscles were restricted away from their field of action, simulating entrapment. The direction taken by the flap during healing determined the resultant strabismus pattern. All patients presenting with gaze limitation toward an orbital fracture had flap tears. The worst results following flap tear repair were seen in patients who had undergone orbital fracture repair before presentation, patients who had undergone previous attempts at strabismus repair, and patients who experienced the longest intervals between the precipitating event and the repair. The best results were obtained in patients who underwent simultaneous fracture and strabismus repair or early strabismus repair alone. CONCLUSIONS: Avulsion-type flap tears of the extraocular muscles are a common cause of strabismus after trauma, and after repair for retinal detachment. Early repair produces the best results, but improvement is possible despite long delay.
Mathematical modeling and simulations of the pathophysiology of Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus

The pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is modelled using a coupled system of non-linear deterministic differential equations. An attempt is made to construct to a clinically plausible mathematical model that incorporates the homeostasis associated with endocrinological regulation of glucose and glycogen levels in the human body, by the hormones, insulin and glucagon. The model variables include the concentrations of glucose in the venous blood plasma, the concentration of glycogen in the liver/tissues, the concentration of the hormone glucagon, and the concentration of insulin in the venous blood plasma. The physiological interactions between the model parameters are depicted by clinically measurable rate constants and biophysically quantifiable stoichiometric coefficients. The processes of gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, and pulsatile insulin secretion during type 2 diabetes are modelled using plausible auxiliary functions. Investigative computer simulations are performed to elucidate various hypothetical scenarios of glycemia, patho-physiology of T2DM and insulinoma associated hypoglycemia which results from excessive insulin production probably due to a tumor. This study has demonstrated the necessity of simultaneous monitoring of plasma glucose, glucagon, insulin, and glycogen levels in the proper assessment of the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes and during determination of the therapeutic efficacy of anti-diabetic drugs.
Puerperal infectious morbidity: A two-year review

Abstract Two years' experience with infection on two obstetric services with a total delivery load of 6,436 patients is presented. Data were available from a prospective and retrospective system of surveillance. Dependence upon a standard temperature definition of morbidity does not seem justifiable in view of current practice patterns where potent systemic antibiotics are frequently used. A statistically significantly greater incidence of infection following cesarean section was seen on the indigent service as compared to the service with a more affluent patient population. There has been a change in the microbiological recovery of organisms from patients with postpartum endometritis with the gram-negative aerobe Escherichia coli, the most frequently recovered bacterial isolate. Other organisms frequently recovered include the peptostreptococcus, Streptococcus viridans , members of the bacteroides genus, the enterococcus, and the coagulase-negative staphylococci.
Security and Lock-In

The cases of set-top boxes in the U. S. cable industry, video games and their cartridges, and printers and their cartridges all illustrate ways in which security technology can play an enhanced role in lock-in of customers by their suppliers through creation of substantial switching costs. Openness of technology, normally an inhibitor of lock-in, can be argued against in the case of security on the basis of a presumed increase in security by keeping details of the security system secret and proprietary. Whether open or not, security technology can be used to make permissible reverse engineering equivalent to an infeasible problem of breaking a cryptographically strong algorithm. And what might appear to be permissible reverse engineering may be conflated with an effort to enable illegitimate piracy and rendered illegal. The extra potential for security technology as a locus of lock-in raises its importance in the strategic considerations of both customers and vendors and for legislators and regulators. Customers will want to consider how to reduce the effect of lock-in, particularly on access to innovation; vendors will want to consider how to increase lock-in where possible, and policy makers will want to consider where the public interest motivates efforts to intervene to mitigate lock-in.
Electric-field alignment of aqueous multi-walled carbon nanotubes on microporous substrates

Abstract Carbon nanotube membranes and polymer composites are used in a wide range of applications including flexible electronics, energy storage devices, and water treatment. Here, we present a method to produce a dense network of regionally aligned multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) on the surface of microporous substrates using a combination of electric field alignment and vacuum filtration. The effect of electric field strength (0–22 Vrms mm−1), MWCNT concentration (0.002–0.01 wt% in water), and sample volume (0.025–0.150 mL) on the degree of alignment was examined. Qualitatively, increasing both electric field strength and MWCNT concentration resulted in an increase in differential resistance between the aligned and non-aligned directions. To quantitatively analyze the data, a statistical regression model was developed. The model indicates there is a quadratic dependence of MWCNT alignment with the strength of the electric field, MWCNT concentration, and total MWCNT mass. The best alignment within the experimental parameter space was achieved using 0.25 mL of 0.01 wt% MWCNT at an electric field strength of 22 Vrms mm−1; the log-ratio of resistance was 0.8.
The Weakness of the Case for Cameras in the United States Supreme Court

Many people regard it as obvious that Supreme Court proceedings should be open to video cameras, and should be broadcast live on television and online. After all, the activities of Congress and the President are routinely publicized in this way, as are the proceedings of many state and lower federal courts. The benefits of such broadcasting seem manifest, and by stubbornly resisting this trend the Supreme Court apparently runs afoul of the basic demands of democratic transparency. In this Article, I show that these familiar positions are very difficult to sustain. On close inspection, all of the common arguments for cameras in the Supreme Court fail to persuade, either because they rest on speculative empirical premises, or else because they extrapolate unconvincingly from generic propositions about government openness. Not only is video not required by our commitment to transparency, I argue, but there are no reasonable grounds for confidence that it would promote any of the goods claimed in its name, including public understanding, accountability, and legitimacy. In fact, there are affirmative reasons to doubt that video, at least as ordinarily experienced in our present social context, would improve the public’s understanding of the Court and its process. In short, the case for cameras in the Supreme Court turns out to be surprisingly weak. My analysis suggests that, at least for now, Congress should defer to the Court’s prudential judgment on this issue, and that the Justices are right to regard video skeptically. Nevertheless, I conclude by explaining why the Court may eventually find itself with compelling reasons to reverse that judgment, and to embrace cameras.
The Pathology of Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease

The histologic assessment of an endoscopic biopsy or intestinal resection is a cornerstone of the evaluation of a child suspected to have inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Endoscopic biopsies and surgical specimens are obtained most frequently in those cases which have a prolonged clinical course, when no pathogen is identified by routine cultures, to confirm the diagnosis of IBD, in the course of treatment or to monitor response to therapy. Although IBD typically refers to two major entities, ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD), the differential diagnosis of colitis and enteritis in pediatrics encompasses numerous disorders (Table 22.1), including self-limited entities related to infections or medication, or enteritis due to immunodeficiency states. Because these entities may have overlapping histologic features, close collaboration between the pathologist and treating physician is important in arriving at a correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment plan. Furthermore, the current practice of endoscopy and biopsy has presented the pathologist with more extensive sampling of the gastrointestinal tract, with samples from earlier stages of disease, or from disease with atypical clinical features. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss and illustrate the pathologic manifestations and differentiating features of UC and CD in biopsies and surgical specimens, the conditions that enter into the differential diagnosis as well as features that are atypical or which can result in difficulties in diagnosis.
Photoconductivity in TiO2 nanotubes measured by Time Resolved Terahertz Spectroscopy

Picosecond time resolved photoconductivity of TiO2 single crystals, nanoparticles, and nanotubes is reported. Long range photoconductivity of both nanomaterials is impaired. The THz data reveal a very different microscopic mechanism reducing conductivity nanotubes vs. nanoparticles.
Non-muscle Mlck is required for β-catenin- and FoxO1-dependent downregulation of Cldn5 in IL-1β-mediated barrier dysfunction in brain endothelial cells

Aberrant elevation in the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) contributes to neuroinflammatory diseases. Blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction is a hallmark phenotype of neuroinflammation. It is known that IL-1β directly induces BBB hyperpermeability but the mechanisms remain unclear. Claudin-5 (Cldn5) is a tight junction protein found at endothelial cell–cell contacts that are crucial for maintaining brain microvascular endothelial cell (BMVEC) integrity. Transcriptional regulation of Cldn5 has been attributed to the transcription factors β-catenin and forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1), and the signaling molecules regulating their nuclear translocation. Non-muscle myosin light chain kinase (nmMlck, encoded by the Mylk gene) is a key regulator involved in endothelial hyperpermeability, and IL-1β has been shown to mediate nmMlck-dependent barrier dysfunction in epithelia. Considering these factors, we tested the hypothesis that nmMlck modulates IL-1β-mediated downregulation of Cldn5 in BMVECs in a manner that depends on transcriptional repression mediated by β-catenin and FoxO1. We found that treating BMVECs with IL-1β induced barrier dysfunction concomitantly with the nuclear translocation of β-catenin and FoxO1 and the repression of Cldn5. Most importantly, using primary BMVECs isolated from mice null for nmMlck, we identified that Cldn5 repression caused by β-catenin and FoxO1 in IL-1β-mediated barrier dysfunction was dependent on nmMlck.
A NEW SPECIES OF CAMPOMANESIA (MYRTACEAE) FROM BRAZIL

Campomanesia espiritosantensis Landrum is described from the coastal forests of Espirito Santo, Brazil. Its relationship to other species in the genus is discussed.
Probing Two-Photon Properties of Molecules: Large Non-Condon Effects Dominate the Resonance Hyper-Raman Scattering of Rhodamine 6G

Experimentally measured resonance hyper-Raman (RHR) spectra spanning the S1 ← S0, S2 ← S0, and S3 ← S0 transitions in rhodamine 6G (R6G) have been recorded. These spectra are compared to the results of first-principles calculations of the RHR intensity that include both Franck–Condon (A-term) and non-Condon (B-term) scattering effects. Good agreement between the experimental and theoretical results is observed, demonstrating that first-principles calculations of hyper-Raman intensities are now possible for large molecules such as R6G. Such agreement indicates that RHR spectroscopy will now be a routine aid for probing multiphoton processes. This work further shows that optimization of molecular properties to enhance either A- or B-term scattering might yield molecules with significantly enhanced two-photon properties.
“And men ne'er spend their fury on a child” – killing children in Shakespeare's early histories

ABSTRACTThis essay offers a fresh reading of Shakespeare's preoccupation with the sacrifice of children to dynastic futurity in the first tetralogy, the three parts of Henry VI and Richard III. It shows how these plays blend psychological, metaphysical and political perspectives and veer from a world of disenchanted politics into the claustrophobic blood-feuding of classical tragedy. It argues that children in this world exist as figures in someone else's play; as royal pawns in adult power games they are the fragile vessels of dynastic ambition. The fate of children offers a spectacle of English history as a tragedy of failed succession, a viewpoint which not only politically troubles triumphant Elizabethan providentialism, but also reminds us of the existential role that children play in negotiating the fear of human mortality. It rereads Richard III against the earlier tetralogy to show how the ontological vulnerability of Richard is connected to the killing off of heirs. These dead children reveal the...
Ancient human sialic acid variant restricts an emerging zoonotic malaria parasite

Plasmodium knowlesi is a zoonotic parasite transmitted from macaques causing malaria in humans in Southeast Asia. Plasmodium parasites bind to red blood cell (RBC) surface receptors, many of which are sialylated. While macaques synthesize the sialic acid variant N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), humans cannot because of a mutation in the enzyme CMAH that converts N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) to Neu5Gc. Here we reconstitute CMAH in human RBCs for the reintroduction of Neu5Gc, which results in enhancement of P. knowlesi invasion. We show that two P. knowlesi invasion ligands, PkDBPβ and PkDBPγ, bind specifically to Neu5Gc-containing receptors. A human-adapted P. knowlesi line invades human RBCs independently of Neu5Gc, with duplication of the sialic acid-independent invasion ligand, PkDBPα and loss of PkDBPγ. Our results suggest that absence of Neu5Gc on human RBCs limits P. knowlesi invasion, but that parasites may evolve to invade human RBCs through the use of sialic acid-independent pathways. Plasmodium knowlesi infects macaques and can cause malaria in humans. Here, Dankwa et al. show that the absence of a sialic-acid component on the surface of macaque red blood cells (RBCs) limits infection of human RBCs with P. knowlesi, but the parasite can adapt to invade human RBCs by using alternative pathways.
Framing from the inside: an examination of Pakistani newspapers’ house editorials on Osama bin Laden's targeted assassination

ABSTRACTThis study examined how two prominent Pakistani newspapers framed the US Navy Seals killing of Osama bin Laden. Framing and content analysis were used as theoretical and methodological tools, respectively. Only in-house editorials were analysed. Results show the newspapers blaming the Pakistani government for its security laxity during the invasion that killed Osama bin Laden. Results also focused on the ruptured diplomatic ties between the USA and Pakistan, but not on condemning the USA for the breach of Pakistan's national sovereignty in the process of assassinating the al-Qaeda leader.
Application of Frequency-conversion Driving Technology in Walking System of Continuous Miner

According to specific conditions of continuous miner and comparing three kinds of walking driving mode of continuous miner of hydraulic drive,DC drive and AC drive,the paper proposed a design scheme of frequency-conversion driving walking system of continuous miner.It analyzed several control modes and characteristics of converter,and introduced selection of vector converter used in traction of continuous miner and hardware structure of the system in details.The result of industrial test of coal mine underground showed that using AC frequency-conversion technology to control walking system of continuous miner not only can meets with requires of traction of continuous miner,but also(doesn't) interfere other underground consumer equipments,which has certain practicality.
Epidemiological characteristics and etiological surveillance of hand-foot-and-mouth disease(HFMD)in Majiang county from 2008 to 2012

Objective To explore the epidemiological characteristics and the dominant strain switchover of hand-foot-and-mouth disease(HFMD)in Majiang county from 2008 to 2012and to provide scientific evidence for the prevention and control of the disease.Methods The descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted on the incidence data of HFMD in Majiang county obtained from the National Disease Reporting Information System during 2008-2012.Results A total of 118 HFMD cases were reported with the average annual morbidity of 11.93/lakh without one severe case and no deaths.The highest case number and incidence were reported in Xingshan town.Most cases appeared between April and July.94.92%of all cases were the children aged below 5years old.The incidence of the children aged1 year was the most highest in the population.The incidence of HFMD was reducing along with ages.The incidence of males was higher than females.A total 53 samples were detected from 2010 to 2012,The positive rates of enterovirus,EV71,CA16 and other enterovirus were 45.28%,11.32%,16.98%,and 16.98%,respectively.Conclusions There are significant differences of HFMD cases in year,geographic,time and age distributions in Majiang during 2008-2012.The predominant strains are CA16 and other enterovirus.Comprehensive measures have to be taken for HFMD control and prevention.
Multiple Birth: Signal for Scrutiny

Infections, congenital malformations, the transfusion syndrome, monozygosity… these are some of the diagnoses that can be made or suggested by careful delivery-room examination of the placenta in every multiple birth. Following is a description of procedures that can facilitate such examination and an evaluation of the clinical importance of their application.
Cytokines regulate apolipoprotein B secretion by Caco-2 cells: differential effects of IL-6 and TGF-beta 1.

A variety of cytokines are found in the intestinal mucosa of individuals with inflammatory diseases. The potential role of cytokines in mediating lipoprotein assembly and secretion in the human intestinal cell line, Caco-2, was investigated. Interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha all decreased the basolateral secretion of apolipoprotein B (apo B), with IL-6 being the most potent. IL-6 was also found to inhibit triacylglycerol secretion. In contrast, transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) increased the secretion of apo B and triacylglycerol. In pulse-chase experiments, IL-6 decreased the rate of synthesis and secretion of apo B-100 and apo B-48 without altering the rate of apo B degradation, whereas TGF-beta 1 increased the rate of synthesis and secretion of apo B-100 and apo B-48. Degradation of apo B was also not affected by TGF-beta 1. The abundance of apo B mRNA in cells incubated with IL-6 was decreased, whereas cells incubated with TGF-beta 1 had higher leve...
Effects of coronary bypass surgery on the electrical activity of revascularized myocardium Immediate and early postoperative observations

The effect of myocardial revascularization on bipolar epicardial electrograms was recorded with fixed wire electrodes from revascularized left ventricular sites and from control sites on the right ventricle. Studies were performed during and after surgery in 19 patients undergoing aorta-coronary bypass grafting for occlusive coronary artery disease and in 6 additional patients having aortic valve replacement for isolated aortic valve disease. In the latter 6 patients, neither left nor right ventricular electrogram voltage changed immediately following aortic valve replacement; however, left ventricular electrogram voltage gradually decreased for 5 days postoperatively. In the 19 patients with coronary artery disease, electrogram voltage in the revascularized area increased immediately following coronary bypass grafting (+40 to +300 per cent) in 13 patients (68 per cent) and immediately decreased (–20 to –70 per cent) in 6 patients (32 per cent). In 5 of the patients showing immediate increases, temporary occlusion of the bypass grafts for 3 minutes during surgery resulted in a decrease of electrogram voltage in the distribution of the occluded bypass, followed by return to preocclusion levels after release. Postoperative monitoring of electrogram voltage for 5 days in all patients with coronary artery disease revealed that the electrogram voltage in the revascularized area decreased to or below control levels in 16 patients (84 per cent) and remained increased in 3 patients (16 per cent). These observed changes did not correlate with preoperative hemodynamics, number of grafts, graft flow rate, aortic cross-clamp time, cardiopulmonary bypass time, and the early postoperative course. These preliminary observations suggest that coronary bypass grafting does affect the electrophysiological state of the revascularized myocardium. However, the mechanism by which it occurs and its clinical implications remain to be determined.
Congenital Inflammatory Myopathy

Three patients with congenital inflammatory myopathy are reported from the Montreal Children's Hospital and Neurological Institute McGill University, Montreal, Canada. Seven additional cases are reviewed from the literature.
Crime „Money Laundering” in Regulations of Polish and German Criminal Code

In today’s world money are the value that wants to achieve almost everyone. Unfortunately, the desire to have them sometimes leads to reach for illegal means and the offense which is also a “money laundering”. In the case of this particular crime we can say that this is a global problem. Combating these practices are legal regulations, also in the field of criminal law. This article aims to bring regulation of Polish and German Criminal Code on “money laundering”, to identify the similarities and differences as well as the attempt to answer the question whether such regulations are needed.
Abstract PR15: Engineering phagocytic signaling

Phagocytosis of specific targets in clinically-relevant settings, including engulfment of tumor cells and removal of cell corpses following aggressive cancer treatment, has been hampered by an incomplete understanding of phagocytic signaling. Therefore, we developed a cellular reconstitution platform amenable to direct, real-time imaging to dissect phagocytic signaling in molecular detail. Our gain-of-function system converts inept phagocytes into efficient ones, enabling us to appreciate the signaling behaviors associated with phagocytic proficiency. We report that 1) phagocytosis receptors form mobile microclusters in response to ligation, 2) microclusters recruit cytosolic collaborators to the plasma membrane and spatially organize actin dynamics at the phagocytic synapse, and 3) the natural ligand-receptor pair can be replaced by an engineered module, indicating that phagocytic signaling can be reprogrammed towards specific targets. Thus, we have discovered that a conserved signaling system required for recognition and removal of altered self bears unexpected mechanistic similarity to adaptive immune responses directed towards pathogens and tumor cells. In addition, our ability to replace the endogenous receptor with a heterologous system indicates that phagocytosis can be programmed in a manner conceptually similar to the Chimeric Antigen Receptor used in the clinic to program cytotoxic T cells to kill tumor cells. Our ability to engineer the process suggests that methods to re-direct phagocytes towards targets of clinical importance are possible, approaches that may enable recognition and removal of tumor cells and boost the anti-tumor immune response. Citation Format: Adam Williamson, Ron Vale. Engineering phagocytic signaling [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Second CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; 2016 Sept 25-28; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2016;4(11 Suppl):Abstract nr PR15.
Missing Persons: Forensic Sociology Factors

Using data from published self-reports and the results from the Missing Persons Project (MPP), this chapter analyzes the ways in which different individual, family/friendship, community, media, law enforcement, organizational, legal, and technological factors may influence the social construction and prevalence of missing persons. It analyzes how these conditions may affect the structure, process, and outcomes of missing person investigations. In addition, the impact of missing persons on their families and friends and the effects of missing persons on the larger community are assessed.
Intermediate-term performance of CryoLife cryopreserved heart valve allografts

CryoLife, Inc., a tissue processing laboratory, specializes in ultra-low temperature preservation of human tissues for transplant, including aortic and pulmonary heart valve allografts. Since CryoLife’s inception in 1984, the company has processed over 18000 donated hearts, received from 150 Tissue Banks and Organ Procurement Organizations throughout the United States, and documented the implantation of more than 16000 cryopreserved allograft heart valves from 450 institutions in the United States, Canada, and Europe (Fig. 1). The following chapter provides a summary of CryoLife’s tissue processing methodology and documented clinical experience of allograft heart valves.
Conclusion: Durable Solutions During Transient Years: Lessons Learned

This concluding chapter critically evaluates existing strategies aimed at providing short-, intermediate-, and long-term durable solutions for migrant children and youth identified by the contributors to this book. The discussion is intended to heighten policymakers and practitioners’ understanding about the experiences of child migrants and to identify gaps in the existing solutions and resolutions.
¿Qué era la representación política en los Reinos de las Indias? Notas basadas sobre el caso novohispano

Resumen : Este texto es una reflexion sobre los significados que adquirio el concepto de representacion politica en el amplio arco temporal que empieza con la fundacion de los reinos americanos y finaliza en el periodo de la invasion napoleonica al territorio peninsular espanol. Aunque muchas referencias se hacen tomando en cuenta el caso novohispano en particular, es un analisis que puede proyectarse al conjunto de la America hispanica. Palabras clave : Representacion estamental, Cortes, procuradores, Juntas, mandato representativo. ********************************************************************** ?What was political representation in the Reins de las India’s . Notes based on the novo-Hispanic case Abstract: This text is a reflection on the meanings acquired by the concept of political representation in the wide time span that begins with the foundation of American Kingdoms and ends in the period of the Napoleonic invasion to Spanish peninsular territory. Even though many references are made taking into account particularly the novo-Hispanic case, the text provides an analysis that can be projected to Hispanic America as a whole. Key words: Stratified representation, Courts, prosecutors, assembly, representative mandate. ********************************************************************** O que era a representacao politica nos reinos das Indias? Notas baseadas no caso novo hispano. Resumo Este texto reflete sobre os significados do conceito de representacao politica no amplo periodo que comeca com a fundacao dos reinos americanos e termina com o periodo de invasao napoleonica ao territorio da peninsula espanhola. Embora muitas referencias sejam feitas considerando o caso especifico do caso novo hispano, trata-se de uma analise que pode ser projetado para o conjunto da America hispânica. Palavras chave: Representacao estamental, Cortes, juntas, mandato representativo
Proton-induced radiation damage in BGO, LFS, PWO and a LFS/W/Quartz capillary shashlik cell

Future high energy physics experiments at the energy and intensity frontiers will face challenges of a severe radiation environment from both ionization dose and charged and neutral hadrons. In this paper, we report an investigation on charged hadron-induced radiation damage in BGO, LYSO/LFS, PWO and a LYSO/W/Capillary shashlik cell by using 800 MeV and 24 GeV protons at LANL and CERN respectively. Degradations in both transmittance and light output are reported. The results show excellent radiation resistance of LYSO/LFS crystals and the LFS/W/Capillary shashlik cell against charged hadrons.
Large Eddy Simulations of Unsteady Flows over a Stationary Airfoil

Abstract Two groups of unsteady flows over a stationary SD7003 airfoil are studied with the large eddy simulation method. In the first group, the angle of attack (AoA) is fixed, while the freestream velocity magnitude varies harmonically with various frequencies and amplitudes. In the second group, the freestream velocity magnitude is fixed but its direction, therefore the AoA varies harmonically. Over the range of parameters considered in this study the mean lift and drag coefficients of the unsteady flows with oscillating freestream velocity magnitude are found to be nearly the same as those calculated for steady flows. However, there are significant phase shifts between the aerodynamic forces and the unsteady freestream velocity. The phase shift for drag force is larger than that for lift force, even though both increase as the frequency of freestream velocity oscillations increases. Furthermore, the computed lift amplitudes are found to be noticeably higher than those predicted by Greenberg's inviscid theory, while the lift phase shifts are in better agreement with the theory. For flows with oscillating freestream AoA, there is little change in the mean lift, while the mean drag is reduced by oscillations in AoA due to Katzmayr effect. As the frequency of oscillations in AoA increases, the phase shift for lift increases while that for drag decreases. Our results also indicate that the mean separation point moves downstream and the mean reattachment point moves upstream when the freestream velocity magnitude or the freestream flow direction oscillates with respect to the airfoil.
Origami silicon optoelectronics for hemispherical electronic eye systems

Digital image sensors in hemispherical geometries offer unique imaging advantages over their planar counterparts, such as wide field of view and low aberrations. Deforming miniature semiconductor-based sensors with high-spatial resolution into such format is challenging. Here we report a simple origami approach for fabricating single-crystalline silicon-based focal plane arrays and artificial compound eyes that have hemisphere-like structures. Convex isogonal polyhedral concepts allow certain combinations of polygons to fold into spherical formats. Using each polygon block as a sensor pixel, the silicon-based devices are shaped into maps of truncated icosahedron and fabricated on flexible sheets and further folded either into a concave or convex hemisphere. These two electronic eye prototypes represent simple and low-cost methods as well as flexible optimization parameters in terms of pixel density and design. Results demonstrated in this work combined with miniature size and simplicity of the design establish practical technology for integration with conventional electronic devices.
Anatomical-Molecular Distribution of EphrinA1 in Infarcted Mouse Heart Using MALDI Mass Spectrometry Imaging

EphrinA1 is a tyrosine kinase receptor localized in the cellular membrane of healthy cardiomyocytes, the expression of which is lost upon myocardial infarction (MI). Intra-cardiac injection of the recombinant form of ephrinA1 (ephrinA1-Fc) at the time of ligation in mice has shown beneficial effects by reducing infarct size and myocardial necrosis post-MI. To date, immunohistochemistry and Western blotting comprise the only experimental approaches utilized to localize and quantify relative changes of ephrinA1 in sections and homogenates of whole left ventricle, respectively. Herein, we used matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) coupled with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (MALDI/TOF MS) to identify intact as well as tryptic fragments of ephrinA1 in healthy controls and acutely infarcted murine hearts. The purpose of the present study was 3-fold: (1) to spatially resolve the molecular distribution of endogenous ephrinA1, (2) to determine the anatomical expression profile of endogenous ephrinA1 after acute MI, and (3) to identify molecular targets of ephrinA1-Fc action post-MI. The tryptic fragments detected were identified as the ephrinA1-isoform with 38% and 34% sequence coverage and Mascot scores of 25 for the control and MI hearts, respectively. By using MALDI-MSI, we have been able to simultaneously measure the distribution and spatial localization of ephrinA1, as well as additional cardiac proteins, thus offering valuable information for the elucidation of molecular partners, mediators, and targets of ephrinA1 action in cardiac muscle.
Determining the Validity of Preclinical Behavioral Assessments for Extrapolation to a Clinical Setting

Abstract The use of animals is essential to understanding the relationship between the brain and behavior. While animal models of human cognition provide a unique opportunity to study the output of the brain in its entirety, they also present unique challenges. To bridge the gap between preclinical results derived from research using laboratory animals and clinical predictions, five types of validity must be taken into consideration: ecological, face, convergent, construct, and predictive validity. Just as there is typically no “best test,” there is typically no hard rule about which of these different validities to emphasize: this will depend on the particular research question at hand. However, utilizing testing endpoints that are well defined and that can be obtained from human and nonhuman subjects will enhance the likelihood that the testing of a novel hypothesis using a preclinical species will result in scientifically relevant predictions for the clinical setting.
Efficient selection of mappings and automatic quality-driven combination of matching methods

The AgreementMaker system for ontology matching includes an extensible architecture that facilitates the integration and performance tuning of a variety of matching methods, an evaluation mechanism, which can make use of a reference matching or rely solely on "inherent" quality measures, and a multi-purpose user interface, which drives both the matching methods and the evaluation strategies. In this paper, we focus on two main features of AgreementMaker. The former is an optimized method that performs the selection of mappings given the similarities between entities computed by any matching algorithm, a threshold value, and the desired cardinalities of the mappings. Experiments show that our method is more efficient than the typically adopted combinatorial method. The latter is the evaluation framework, which includes three "inherent" quality measures that can be used both to evaluate matching methods when a reference matching is not available and to combine multiple matching results by defining the weighting scheme of a fully automatic combination method.
Developmentally appropriate intelligent spatial tutoring for mobile devices

Given the centrality of spatial reasoning to the STEM disciplines, it is commonly acknowledged that it is of great importance that researchers determine effective ways to train our next generation to be spatially literate. Early childhood has been shown to be a very important time in a child's development of spatial skills and it is also known that certain types of interventions can help children develop higher levels of spatial ability. However, teaching young children comes with unique challenges, such as Developmentally Appropriate teaching and open-ended instruction and play. We propose that an Intelligent Tutoring System might be useful to address these challenges and present an initial research plan to design one to teach young children spatial skills in a Developmentally Appropriate, open-ended play-based manner.
Alternative Splicing: Mechanistic and Biological Implications of Generating Multiple Proteins from a Single Gene

One of the fundamental characteristics of multicellular organisms is their ability to generate diverse phenotypes among cells sharing a common genome. These specific cell phenotypes result from the regulated expression of protein isoforms that are structurally distinct, developmentally regulated and cell specific. The molecular mechanisms responsible for the generation of this protein diversity fall into two main classes: those that select a particular member of a multigene family for expression at a particular stage, cell type or physiological condition, as it occurs with the myosin heavy chain (1) and globin (2) gene families, and those that produce several proteins from a single gene. These latter mechanisms include DNA rearrangement (3), as it occurs in the immunoglobulin and T cell receptor gene families, and alternative pre-mRNA splicing that is very widespread and uses post-transcriptional steps to accomplish similar ends.