cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Direct and dual elasticities of substitution under non-homogenous technology and nonparametric distribution

Purpose – This paper revisits the derivation and properties of the Allen-Uzawa and Morishima elasticities. Using a Swiss dataset, this paper empirically estimates various elasticities both in a dual and primal framework using a production theory open economy model and tests for linear homogenous technology. In addition to reporting elasticity at the mean, the standard practice in the literature, this paper also calculates nonparametric distribution of various elasticities. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – To assess the effect of price change on input, the paper estimates a translog cost function and to assess the effect of quantity change on price, the paper estimates the translog distance function using the data on Swiss economy. The paper estimates Allen-Uzawa and Morishima elasticity both under homogenous and non-homogenous technology using the Swiss dataset of one aggregate gross output and four inputs (resident labor, non-resident labor, imports, and capital) over...
Molecular cloning of a candidate chicken prion protein.

Abstract Fractions enriched for acetylcholine receptor-inducing activity from chicken brain were found to contain a protein that was approximately 30% homologous with mammalian prion proteins [Harris, D. A., Falls, D. L., Johnson, F. A. & Fischbach, G. D. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 7664-7668]. To extend these observations, we recovered genomic clones encoding a putative chicken prion protein (PrP). Like mammalian PrP molecules, the candidate chicken PrP is encoded by a single-copy gene and the entire open reading frame is found within a single exon. All of the structural features of mammalian PrP were found in the chicken protein. When the N-terminal repeats of PrP were not considered, the chicken and mammalian proteins were approximately 55% homologous, allowing for conservative substitutions. Screening of a chicken genomic DNA library failed to identify a more closely related chicken PrP homologue. These findings argue that the protein which purifies with acetylcholine receptor-inducing activity is chicken PrP.
Quasi-static typing

We present a new approach to dynamic typing in a static framework. Our main innovation is the use of structural subtyping for dynamic types based on the idea that possible dynamic typing as a property should be inherited by objects of all types. Two properties of our system set it apart from existing systems which combine static and dynamic typing: all tagging and checking takes place via implicit coercions, and the semantics of dynamic typing is representation independent. The latter property leads to a significant increase in expressive power—for instance it allows us to define a general call-by-value fixpoint operator.The resulting system—which we call quasi-static typing—is a seamless merger of static and dynamic typing. The system divides programs into three categories: well-typed, ill-typed and ambivalent programs. Ill-typed programs contain expressions that are guaranteed to go wrong. Run-time checking is limited to doubtful function applications in ambivalent programs. Conceptually, quasi-static typing takes place in an unusual two-phase process—a first phase infers types and coercions and a second plausibility checking phase identifies ill-typed programs. The typing rules allow minimal typing judgements and plausibility checking can be characterized as simplification via a canonical set of rewrite rules. The two phase process can therefore be implemented with a one pass algorithm.
A geomorphic analysis of Hale crater, Mars: The effects of impact into ice-rich crust

Abstract Hale crater, a 125 × 150 km impact crater located near the intersection of Uzboi Vallis and the northern rim of Argyre basin at 35.7°S, 323.6°E, is surrounded by channels that radiate from, incise, and transport material within Hale’s ejecta. The spatial and temporal relationship between the channels and Hale’s ejecta strongly suggests the impact event created or modified the channels and emplaced fluidized debris flow lobes over an extensive area (>200,000 km2). We estimate ∼1010 m3 of liquid water was required to form some of Hale’s smaller channels, a volume we propose was supplied by subsurface ice melted and mobilized by the Hale-forming impact. If 10% of the subsurface volume was ice, based on a conservative porosity estimate for the upper martian crust, 1012 m3 of liquid water could have been present in the ejecta. We determine a crater-retention age of 1 Ga inside the primary cavity, providing a minimum age for Hale and a time at which we propose the subsurface was volatile-rich. Hale crater demonstrates the important role impacts may play in supplying liquid water to the martian surface: they are capable of producing fluvially-modified terrains that may be analogous to some landforms of Noachian Mars.
Basic fibroblast growth factor: expression in cultured cells derived from corneal endothelium and lens epithelium.

We have examined the possible expression of fibroblast growth factor in cultured cells derived from bovine lens epithelium and corneal endothelium. Lens epithelial, but not corneal endothelial, cells were found to express the acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) gene, whereas both cell types express the gene encoding basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), a related mitogen. Expression of bFGF was further examined. Both corneal endothelial and lens epithelial contain 3.7 and 7.0 k bFGF gene transcript, which are translated into material closely related, if not identical with bFGF. Essentially all of the bFGF-like material is bioactive, i.e. it can stimulate the proliferation of capillary endothelial or corneal endothelial cells and the stimulation is blocked by anti-bFGF antibodies. Our results indicate that bFGF derived from corneal endothelial and lens epithelial cells may act as a paracrine and autocrine growth factor in both cell types. Thus, bFGF present in both cell types may play an important role in the proliferation of injured or transformed ocular tissues.
Influence of grain size on defect-related early failures in VLSI interconnects

A model for the effect of grain size on the defect-related early failures is proposed, and experimental work that supports the model reported. In addition, the differences between life-test results at accelerated and at use conditions are shown to cause problems when extrapolation of early failure times is attempted from accelerated life-tests, in the case of small-grain-size metallizations. Significant differences in the way defects influence the failure distributions at 80 degrees C and 200 degrees C indicate that it is nontrivial to determine early failure times by extrapolation of accelerated life-test results of operating conditions, when the grain size is small. >
Mentor Commitment in Formal Mentoring Relationships

Abstract This research examined the role of mentor commitment relative to protege perceptions of relationship quality within formal mentoring programs. Based on a matched sample of 91 mentors and proteges, the results indicated that mentor commitment related positively to protege reports of relationship quality. This relationship was stronger for male proteges than for female proteges. The results indicated that proteges reported higher quality relationships when mentors underestimated their commitment to the relationship relative to the proteges estimate of mentor commitment. Suggestions for future research are offered.
Are skeptical theists really skeptics? Sometimes yes and sometimes no

Skeptical theism is the view that God exists but, given our cognitive limitations, the fact that we cannot see a compensating good for some instance of evil is not a reason to think that there is no such good. Hence, we are not justified in concluding that any actual instance of evil is gratuitous, thus undercutting the evidential argument from evil for atheism. This paper focuses on the epistemic role of context and contrast classes to advance the debate over skeptical theism in two ways. First, considerations of context and contrast can be invoked to offer a novel defense of skeptical theism. Second, considerations of context and contrast can be invoked to undermine the two most serious objections to skeptical theism: the global skepticism objection and the moral objection. The gist of the paper is to defend a connection between context and contrast-driven views in epistemology with skeptical views in philosophy of religion.
The Chastened Cosmopolitan

Cosmopolitanism and International Relations Theory. By Richard Beardsworth. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2011. 237 pp., $18.99 paperback (ISBN-13: 978-0-745-64324-3). These are—once again—tough times for cosmopolitans. Not only does their model political community (the European Union) seem to be slowly imploding, but their liberal philosophy is increasingly on the defensive as well, put to flight at times by forces ranging from a reinvigorated Islam to scholars given more to Marxism and Continental postmodernism than to classical liberalism. Nevertheless, Richard Beardsworth's book, Cosmopolitanism and International Relations Theory , keeps hope alive for those who believe that cosmopolitanism should never abandon its responsibility to speak to the theory and practice of international relations and, in so doing, unlock our full global potential for peace and prosperity. Beardsworth's book attempts to bridge the gap between international relations theory—here understood chiefly as an empirical enterprise—and cosmopolitanism, here understood primarily as a normative one. Beardsworth's contention is that “growing interdependence” allows for greater normative purchase on the world, especially in relation to a host of global issues …
Grain boundary effects and void porosity evolution

A multiple-slip dislocation-density based constitutive crystalline formulation that is coupled to a kinematic scheme that accounts for grain boundary (GB) interfacial interactions with dislocation densities, and an internal porosity formulation have been used to predict how void porosity is affected by GB interactions, such as dislocation-density pile-ups at GB interfaces, partial and total dislocation-density transmission from one grain to neighboring grains, and dislocation-density absorption within GBs. Void nucleation and growth is represented by a single scalar that is a function of total dislocation density, stress triaxiality, accumulated plastic strains, and temperature. The proposed methodology provides an understanding of how interactions at the GB interface scale affect overall macroscopic behavior due to the interrelated effects of GB orientations, the evolution of mobile and immobile dislocation densities, and porosity evolution, which occur at smaller physical scales. It is shown that the accumulation of pile-ups at GB interfaces and GB absorption at different GB regions are the triggering mechanisms that lead to porosity localization, and subsequently to void nucleation and growth.
A glycobiology review: carbohydrates, lectins, and implications in cancer therapeutics

This review is intended for general readers who would like a basic foundation in carbohydrate structure and function, lectin biology, and the implications of glycobiology in human health and disease, particularly in cancer therapeutics. These topics are among the hundreds included in the field of glycobiology and are treated here because they form the cornerstone of glycobiology or the focus of many advances in this rapidly expanding field.
Direct aqueous photochemistry of isoprene high-NOx secondary organic aerosol

Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) generated from the high-NOx photooxidation of isoprene was dissolved in water and irradiated with λ > 290 nm radiation to simulate direct photolytic processing of organics in atmospheric water droplets. High-resolution mass spectrometry was used to characterize the composition at four time intervals (0, 1, 2, and 4 h). Photolysis resulted in the decomposition of high molecular weight (MW) oligomers, reducing the average length of organics by 2 carbon units. The average molecular composition changed significantly after irradiation (C12H19O9N0.08 + hν → C10H16O8N0.40). Approximately 65% by count of SOA molecules decomposed during photolysis, accompanied by the formation of new products. An average of 30% of the organic mass was modified after 4 h of direct photolysis. In contrast, only a small fraction of the mass (<2%), belonging primarily to organic nitrates, decomposed in the absence of irradiation by hydrolysis. Furthermore, the concentration of aromatic compounds increased significantly during photolysis. Approximately 10% (lower limit) of photodegraded compounds and 50% (upper limit) of the photoproducts contain nitrogen. Organic nitrates and multifunctional oligomers were identified as compounds degraded by photolysis. Low-MW 0N (compounds with 0 nitrogen atoms in their structure) and 2N compounds were the dominant photoproducts. Fragmentation experiments using tandem mass spectrometry (MSn, n = 2–3) indicate that the 2N products are likely heterocyclic/aromatic and are tentatively identified as furoxans. Although the exact mechanism is unclear, these 2N heterocyclic compounds are produced by reactions between photochemically-formed aqueous NOx species and SOA organics.
A helical turn motif in Mss4 is a critical determinant of Rab binding and nucleotide release.

Monomeric Rab GTPases function as ubiquitous regulators of intracellular membrane trafficking. Mss4, an evolutionarily conserved Rab accessory factor, promotes nucleotide release from exocytic but not endocytic Rab GTPases. Here we describe the results of a high-resolution crystallographic and mutational analysis of Mss4. The 1.65 A crystal structure of Mss4 reveals a network of direct and water-mediated interactions that stabilize a partially exposed structural subdomain derived from four highly conserved but nonconsecutive sequence elements. The conserved subdomain contains the invariant cysteine residues required for Zn2+ binding as well as the residues implicated in the interaction with Rab GTPases. A strictly conserved DΦΦ motif, consisting of an invariant aspartic acid residue (Asp 73) followed by two bulky hydrophobic residues (Met 74 and Phe 75), encodes a prominently exposed 310 helical turn in which the backbone is well-ordered but the side chains of the conserved residues are highly exposed and...
Branes wrapping black holes

We examine the dynamics of extended branes, carrying lower-dimensional brane charges, wrapping black holes and black hole microstates in M and type II string theory. We show that they have a universal dispersion relation typical of threshold bound states with a total energy equal to the sum of the contributions from the charges. In near-horizon geometries of black holes, these are BPS states, and the dispersion relation follows from supersymmetry as well as properties of the conformal algebra. However they break all supersymmetries of the full asymptotic geometries of black holes and microstates. We comment on a recent proposal which uses these states to explain black hole entropy.
Existence of a positive solution to a first-order p-Laplacian BVP on a time scale

Abstract In this paper, we consider a first-order delta dynamic boundary value problem of the form ϕ p ( y Δ ( t ) ) = h ( t ) f ( y σ ( t ) ) , for t ∈ ( a , b ) T , subject to either the boundary condition y ( a ) = ψ ( y ) , the boundary condition y ( a ) = B 0 ( y Δ ( b ) ) , or the boundary condition y ( a ) = ( y Δ ( b ) ) m for m ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) , where T is a time scale, h : [ a , b ] T → [ 0 , + ∞ ) and f : [ 0 , + ∞ ) → [ 0 , + ∞ ) are continuous functions, ψ : C rd ( [ a , σ ( b ) ] T ) → R is a given linear functional with the restriction that ψ depends upon y ( σ ( b ) ) , and B 0 : R → R is a given continuous function. In this case, the function ϕ p ( ⋅ ) is the so-called one-dimensional p -Laplacian. Our results here generalize recent results in the literature on this type of problem. We conclude with several numerical examples illustrating the results and the improvements and generalizations that they provide.
Prospective Identification of Risk Factors for Wound Infection After Lower Extremity Oncologic Surgery

Background: Surgical site infections (SSI) are frequent causes of morbidity and mortality after orthopaedic oncologic procedures. This study was conducted to identify the surgical site infection rate following a lower extremity or pelvic procedure and assess the risk factors for acquiring SSI by direct observation of orthopaedic oncology patients’ wounds at a comprehensive cancer center. Methods: One hundred ten consecutive patients were prospectively studied. The surveillance of surgical site infections was carried out by a surgeon-trained nurse from the Infectious Disease Service. Nineteen variables were analyzed as risk factors. Results: The overall SSI rate was 13.6% (15 of 110). Excluding those patients with known preoperative infections, the SSI rate was 9.5% (10 of 105). Two statistically significant risk factors for surgical site infection in these patients emerged in the multivariate analysis: blood transfusion (P = .007) and obesity (P = .016). Procedure category was significant in univariate analysis only. Preoperative length of stay, length of procedure, prior adjuvant treatment (chemotherapy or radiotherapy), prior surgery, and use of an implant or allograft were not statistically significant risk factors for wound infection. Antibiotic usage patterns did not influence SSI rate. Conclusions: Blood transfusion and obesity should be considered individual risk factors for the development of wound infection in patients having orthopaedic oncologic procedures.
The effects of low spinal injury on somatosensory evoked potentials from forelimb stimulation.

Abstract Spinal cord transection below C 6 in anesthetized cats results in an alteration in the configuration of the SEP following direct or percutaneous stimulation of the median or radial nerves. The most significant alterations were in components occurring at latencies from 40 to 60 msec. The results of these experiments support the general conclusion that the spinal cord and supraspinal structures act as a functional unit and that the SEP is not solely determined by input over segmental pathways. In addition, the alteration in the SEP produced by median nerve stimulation following spinal cord injury below C 6 may serve clinically as a monitor of events at the site of injury in cases where an SEP from lower limb stimulation is no longer obtainable.
On the Pironneau-Polak method of centers

The method of centers is a well-known method for solving nonlinear programming problems having inequality constraints. Pironneau and Polak have recently presented a new version of this method. In the new method, the direction of search is obtained, at each iteration, by solving a convex quadratic programming problem. This direction finding subprocedure is essentially insensitive to the dimension of the space on which the problem is defined. Moreover, the method of Pironneau and Polak is known to converge linearly for finite-dimensional convex programs for which the objective function has a positive-definite Hessian near the solution (and for which the functions involved are twice continuously differentiable). In the present paper, the method and a completely implementable version of it are shown to converge linearly for a very general class of finite-dimensional problems; the class is determined by a second-order sufficiency condition and includes both convex and nonconvex problems. The arguments employed here are based on the indirect sufficiency method of Hestenes. Furthermore, the arguments can be modified to prove linear convergence for a certain class of infinite-dimensional convex problems, thus providing an answer to a conjecture made by Pironneau and Polak.
Measured posterior annuloplasty for repair of non-ischemic mitral regurgitation. A single unit follow-up.

UNLABELLED The aim of this report is to evaluate short- and long-term outcomes of annuloplasty method of our choice: measured posterior annuloplasty (MPA). MPA is a piece of a Duran ring cut to the length of free-edge of anterior mitral leaflet (AML) and anchored with multiple pledgeted U-sutures from trigone to trigone into the posterior annulus. MATERIAL AND METHODS From 1988 to 2000, 103 consecutive patients with non-ischemic mitral regurgitation were scheduled preoperatively to be repaired by MPA. RESULTS Preoperative mitral valve regurgitation (MR) grade was 3.8+/-0.5 and decreased to 0.1+/-0.3 (P 1) MR after the procedure. There was one operative death (1.0%) and 3 hospital/30-day deaths (2.9%). Sixteen patients (16.3%) expired during the follow-up to 91 months (mean 57.4+/-19.5, median 60 months) none due to failure of MPA. There were no reoperations due to failure of MPA. Three patients had a reoperation, one for dehiscence of reconstruction after P2 resection and two patients due to progression of anterior leaflet degeneration and calcification with 4+ MR. New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classification decreased from 2.3+/-0.8 to 1.4+/-0.6 (P<0.0001) and only one patient had an increase from II to III. Eighty-eight patients (96.7%) were in NYHA class I-II. Ten patients had an increase of MR from 0 to trace or 1 and one from 0 to 2. Two patients were diagnosed with mild stenosis without need of reoperation. CONCLUSIONS MPA is a durable and stable alternative for repair of non-ischemic mitral regurgitation of different etiologies. The technique gives an objective measure of the length of the band and no patient is left with a significant MR or mitral valve stenosis (MS). First-time success rate is very high and instant repairs few and minor. Freedom of MPA related reoperations is 100%.
Assessing sustainability using data from the Forest Inventory and Analysis Program of the United States Forest Service

Abstract Forest sustainability has emerged as a crucial component of all current issues related to forest management. The seven Montreal Process Criteria are well accepted as categories of processes for evaluating forest management with respect to sustainability, and data collected by the Forest and Inventory Analysis (FIA) program of the United States Forest Service are well suited for such evaluations. The FIA program focuses on the collection, analysis, and distribution of data for a core set of variables obtained using a plot configuration, a sampling design, and measurement protocols that all feature national consistency. Plot, subplot, and tree-level observations include traditional mensurational measurements such as forest area, tree species, diameter, and survival and a suite of non-tree measurements related to the health of the forest. FIA data are recognized for their completeness, geographic coverage, and accessibility to users via a user-friendly interface to a national database. Three example...
Mission design of the Phoenix Mars Scout mission

[1] The Phoenix Mars Scout Lander, the first robotic explorer in NASA's “Scout Program,” launched on 4 August 2007, will land on the northern plains of Mars in late May 2008, prior to the northern Martian summer. The Phoenix mission “follows the water” by landing in a region where NASA's Mars Odyssey orbiter has discovered evidence of ice-rich soil very near the Martian surface. For 3 months after arrival, the fixed Lander will perform in situ investigations that will characterize the chemistry of the materials at the local surface, subsurface, and atmosphere, and will identify potential evidence of key elements significant to the biological potential of Mars. The Lander will employ a robotic arm to dig to the ice layer, and will analyze the acquired samples using a suite of deck-mounted science instruments. The development of the baseline strategy to achieve the objectives of this mission involves the integration of a variety of elements into a coherent mission plan. These elements are involved in defining plans for the launch phase, interplanetary cruise, atmospheric entry, descent and landing, landing site selection, and the surface operations. An overview of the integrated mission plan, from launch through surface operations, is described.
The interaction between propranolol and epinephrine as observed in patients undergoing Mohs' surgery

The blood pressure response to the administration of epinephrine-containing local anesthetics was studied prospectively in ten patients taking propranolol and in ten control patients. While no significant alteration in blood pressure was documented for the patients taking propranolol, the blood pressures of the control group tended to decrease following injection of anesthetic. The variation in blood pressure response between the two groups was statistically significant and represents a mild manifestation of the blockade of beta-2 receptors of the vascular beds from the propranolol. The uncommon occurrence of a malignant hypertensive response from a propranolol-epinephrine reaction is probably a dose-related, somewhat idiosyncratic sensitivity of the peripheral vasculature to the alphapressor effect of epinephrine unmasked by the blockade of beta receptors. The risk of this catastrophic event must be weighed against the risk of precipitating a myocardial ischemic event from too rapid an alteration in propranolol dosage. Malignant hypertension is probably uncommon in patients receiving low doses of epinephrine during most dermatologic procedures. (J Am Acad Dermatol 15:71-75, 1986.)
Acute optic nerve sheath fenestration with the free-electron laser

Purpose: To determine if the free electron laser (FEL) energy can be delivered to a small space to perform optic nerve sheath fenestration with minimal acute nerve damage. Methods: A 530 mm hollow waveguide probe was designed. Optic nerve sheath fenestration (1.0 mm diameter) was performed in 8 rabbits using either the FEL (4 eyes, 6.45mm, 10 Hz, 2 mJ) or a knife (4 eyes). Within 2 hours following surgery, the animals were perfused with aldehyde fixative. The integrity of the optic nerve and glial response at the site of fenestration were evaluated on tissue selections with H&E, and antibodies to S100β or GFAP. Results: Surgery using the FEL probe was found to be technically superior to the knife. The glial reaction was limited to a zone adjacent to the fenestration and was similar in both the FEL and knife incisions. Conclusions: The FEL appears capable of efficiently performing an optic nerve sheath fenestration in a small space with minimal acute damage. Both the FEL and knife incisions result in a rapid glial response at the site of fenestration even when optic nerve integrity is not compromised.
Mitigating Crew Health Degradation During Long-Term Exposure to Microgravity Through Countermeasure System Implementation

Experience with the International Space Station (ISS) program demonstrates the degree to which engineering design and operational solutions must protect crewmembers from health risks due to long-term exposure to the microgravity environment. Risks to safety and health due to degradation in the microgravity environment include crew inability to complete emergency or nominal activities, increased risk of injury, and inability to complete safe return to the ground due to reduced strength or embrittled bones. These risks without controls slowly increase in probability for the length of the mission and become more significant for increasing mission durations. Countermeasures to microgravity include hardware systems that place a crewmember’s body under elevated stress to produce an effect similar to daily exposure to gravity. The ISS countermeasure system is predominately composed of customized exercise machines. Historical treatment of microgravity countermeasure systems as medical research experiments unintentionally reduced the foreseen importance and therefore the capability of the systems to function in a long-term operational role. Long-term hazardous effects and steadily increasing operational risks due to non-functional countermeasure equipment require a more rigorous design approach and incorporation of redundancy into seemingly nonmission-critical hardware systems. Variations in the rate of health degradation and responsiveness to countermeasures among the crew population drastically increase the challenge for design requirements development and verification of the appropriate risk control strategy. The long-term nature of the hazards and severe limits on logistical re-supply mass, volume and frequency complicates assessment of hardware availability and verification of an adequate maintenance and sparing plan. Design achievement of medically defined performance requirements by microgravity countermeasure systems and incorporation of adequate failure tolerance significantly reduces these risks. Future implementation of on-site monitoring hardware for critical health parameters such as bone mineral density would allow greater responsiveness, efficiency, and optimized design of the countermeasures system.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
LPCVD of Silicon Nitride Films From Hexachlorodisilane and Ammonia

Hexachlorodisilane (Si2Cl6) has been used as an alternative to dichlorosilane and silane for growth of silicon nitride films. The films were grown at a pressure of 0.7 Torr at temperatures between 450° and 850°C. Growth rate data indicates a kinetically controlled deposition with an activation energy of 29.3 kcal/mole. Growth rates are substantially higher than those obtained from SiH2Cl2 under similar conditions, and the physical properties of the films are essentially the same. At the higher growth temperatures stoichiometric Si3N4 films with no detectable chlorine can be obtained when a NH3/Si2Cl6 ratio of 60 or greater is used.
Direct numerical simulation of the turbulent channel flow of a polymer solution

In this work, we present from first principles a direct numerical simulation (DNS) of a fully turbulent channel flow of a dilute polymer solution. The polymer chains are modeled as finitely extensible and elastic dumbbells. The simulation algorithm is based on a semi-implicit, time-splitting technique which uses spectral approximations in the spatial coordinates. The computations are carried out on a CRAY T3D parallel computer. The simulations are carried out under fully turbulent conditions albeit, due to computational constraints, not at as high Reynolds number as that usually encountered in polymer-induced drag reduction experiments. In order to compensate for the lower Reynolds number, we simulate more elastic fluids than the ones encountered in drag reduction experiments resulting in Weissenberg numbers (a dimensionless number characterizing the flow elasticity) of similar magnitude. The simulations show that the polymer induces several changes in the turbulent flow characteristics, all of them consi...
Endocardial fibroelastosis associated with glycogen tumors of the heart and tuberose sclerosis.

Abstract Endocardial fibroelastosis, associated with glycogen tumors of the heart and tuberose sclerosis, is described in a 10-month-old boy. The relationship of endocardial fibroelastosis to glycogen storage and other metabolic disorders of the myocardium is discussed.
Depression among elderly patients in a General Hospital setting

For the elderly patient, hospital admission is an intensely stressful event. Facing a physical illness, the unknown and sometimes faceless environment of the modern hospital and the separation from family and friends disturbs the frail emotional balance that characterizes the elderly patient. This “disturbance” of the physical, psychological and social wellbeing of the elderly is not restored by treating the physical reason for admission alone.
Infanticide in Prairie Dogs: Lactating Females Kill Offspring of Close Kin

Infanticide, although common in a wide range of species including humans and other primates, is poorly understood. A 7-year study under natural conditions reveals that infanticide within colonies of black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) is striking for three reasons. It is the major source of juvenile mortality, accounting for the total or partial demise of 51 percent of all litters born. The most common killers are resident lactating females. The most common victims are the offspring of close kin.
Neutron diffraction and structural models of RbC60 phases

Abstract Pair distribution functions (PDFs), obtained from powder neutron diffraction measurements have been used to construct structural models for the body centered orthorhombic (bco) and fcc phases of RbC 60 . The PDF exhibits small differences, primarily due to the shortened inter-fullerene distance in the bco phase. The bco-RbC 60 system is well fit to a model derived from first-principles quantum molecular dynamics in which the C-C interfullerene distance is 1.57 A. While the geometry of the interfullerene linkages is similar to a previously proposed model, the present results imply less distortion of the C 60 molecules and larger interfullerene distances. The PDF analysis also indicates significant orientational disorder between chains of linked molecules.
Hydrogen bonding and two-dimensional condensation in uracils

Abstract The molecular organization in compact uracil films at the mercury/water interface is suggested to be a planar array of hydrogen—bonded molecules, similar to that found in the solid state.
Advances in 4D Radiation Therapy for Managing Respiration: Part II – 4D Treatment Planning

The development of 4D CT imaging technology made possible the creation of patient models that are reflective of respiration-induced anatomical changes by adding a temporal dimension to the conventional 3D, spatial-only, patient description. This had opened a new venue for treatment planning and radiation delivery, aimed at creating a comprehensive 4D radiation therapy process for moving targets. Unlike other breathing motion compensation strategies (e.g. breath-hold and gating techniques), 4D radiotherapy assumes treatment delivery over the entire respiratory cycle – an added bonus for both patient comfort and treatment time efficiency. The time-dependent positional and volumetric information holds the promise for optimal, highly conformal, radiotherapy for targets experiencing movements caused by respiration, with potentially elevated dose prescriptions and therefore higher cure rates, while avoiding the uninvolved nearby structures. In this paper, the current state of the 4D treatment planning is reviewed, from theory to the established practical routine. While the fundamental principles of 4D radiotherapy are well defined, the development of a complete, robust and clinically feasible process still remains a challenge, imposed by limitations in the available treatment planning and radiation delivery systems.
Dietary repair of defective lipogenesis and cholesterogenesis (from C14-acetate) in the liver of the hypophysectomized rat.

EARLIER reports from this laboratory dealt with the conversion of the C14 of acetate-1-C14 to cholesterol, fatty acids, and CO2 by liver slices prepared from hypophysectomized rats that had been fed a stock diet adequate in all respects and containing ground whole wheat as the main carbohydrate source (Tomkins et al., 1952; Baruch and Chaikoff, 1955). Under those dietary conditions, the incorporation of the C14 into fatty acids and cholesterol was depressed, but that into CO2 was well within the normal range. Since the availability of glucose is of importance in the maintenance of lipogenesis (Masoro et al., 1950; Lyon et al., 1952; Masri et al., 1952; Hirsch et al., 1954), we have investigated both lipogenesis and cholesterogenesis in the livers of hypophysectomized rats that were fed synthetic diets in which the amounts and type of carbohydrate were controlled.
The effect ofsome andall on reaction time for semantic decisions.

Two experiments tested a model proposed by Meyer (1970) to account for the times required to verify semantic-memory statements quantified byall orsome. Each S was presented with bothall andsome statements in a mixed list, and the discriminability of false statements of the two quantifier types was controlled. In Experiment I positive subset statements (“horses are animals”) were verified more quickly when quantified byall rather thansome; the reverse ordering occurred for negative subset statements (“horses are not animals”). Sentences with pseudowords in subject or predicate position took longer to reject than false real-word sentences. These findings contradict :Meyer’s theoretical predictions and suggest that his earlier results were artifactual. Experiment II replicated the faster verification of positive subset statements quantified byall. This result was further shown to be predictable from the frequency with which Ss gave the predicate as a completion ofAll/Some S are _. The production frequency of predicates which form subset statements was lower when the quantifier wassome rather thanall. However, holding predicate production frequency constant, sentences with different quantifiers were verified equally quickly.
Clinical experience with intracoronary tissue plasminogen activator: Results of a multicenter registry

Clinical experience with the use of intracoronary tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) is limited. We therefore undertook this study to document current clinical usage of intracoronary t-PA during a 2-yr period in a multicenter registry. Intracoronary t-PA was utilized on 206 occasions in 198 patients (154 men and 44 women; mean age, 59 ± 12 yr). The mean dose of intracoronary t-PA was 31 ± 15 mg. Indications for use included acute myocardial infarction (MI) (n = 83), preexisting thrombus with (n = 49) or without (n = 41) percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), unstable angina (n = 14), abrupt vessel closure (n = 11), and post-PTCA “clean-up” (n = 8). The Thombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI Phase I) criteria were used to assess perfusion and degree of thrombus formation. Overall, the mean TIMI flow grade increased from 1.2 ± 1.1 before treatment to 2.3 ± 1.0 after treatment (P<0.0001); the mean TIMI thrombus grade decreased from 3.2 ± 1.0 before treatment to 1.6 ± 1.4 after treatment (P<0.0001). Complications included bleeding (9.2%), MI (17.6%), need for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) (9.2%), need for repeat PTCA/atherectomy/stents (4.9%), and ventricular fibrillation (1.7%, all associated with opening totally occluded vessels). There were 14 subsequent in-hospital deaths: 13 of the patients who died had originally presented with MI; the other had experienced abrupt vessel closure during a PTCA procedure. Intracoronary t-PA appears to be effective in improving distal flow and decreasing thrombus burden; however, intracoronary delivery of t-PA has associated risks. Further prospective evaluations of intracoronary t-PA will be necessary to determine the optimal clinical situations for its use, as well as the appropriate dose regimen.
Measurements of nonlinear optical polarizabilities for twelve small molecules

Second- and third-order nonlinear optical polarizabilities for a number of small molecules---${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, CO, NO, C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O, ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$S, N${\mathrm{H}}_{3}$, S${\mathrm{F}}_{6}$, (C${\mathrm{H}}_{3}$)$_{2}\mathrm{O}$, and C${\mathrm{H}}_{3}$OH---are derived from measurements of the temperature dependence of dc-electric-field-induced optical second-harmonic generation in the gas phase. Agreement with related measurements (where available) is generally adequate, but the results of theoretical calculations taken from the literature are in poor agreement with the experimental data. Consideration of the present results for ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O together with liquid-phase measurements by Levine and Bethea offers a means of investigating intermolecular interactions in liquid water. The bond-additivity approximation applied to ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O, (C${\mathrm{H}}_{3}$)$_{2}\mathrm{O}$, and C${\mathrm{H}}_{3}$OH yields surprisingly good fits of the dipole moment, linear polarizabilities, and second- and third-order nonlinear polarizabilities to experimental data.
Social organization, incest, and fertility in a Kosraen village

General fertility data from the village of Yewan, Kosrae Island, could be used to argue that a decrease in fertility among younger women is a functional adaptation to population growth and/or modernization. However, an examination of Yewan social organization in light of past historical and demographic events shows that the fertility reduction can be better understood as resulting from (1) the bilateral extension of the incest taboo during a past period of depopulation and [2] the rapid growth of the current population from a few individuals. This case illustrates the complex interrelationships between population and social organization and demonstrates the need to interpret aggregate demographic data in the context of the history and social system of the people involved. [population, kinship and social organization, incest, Oceania]
Third‐Year Growth of Channel Catfish

Abstract Fish production, feed consumption, and feed conversion were evaluated for 2-year-old channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) raised an additional growing season. Channel catfish averaging 1.5 lb each were stocked into two 4.0-acre ponds and fed a floating 32% protein commercial feed for approximately 160 d. At harvest the fish averaged 3.1 lb and attained a feed conversion of 2.2. Feed consumption, expressed as a percent of the estimated standing crop weight, decreased from approximately 1.25 to 0.70% over the growing season.
Adapted Physical Education Teachers’ Concerns in Teaching Students with Disabilities in an Urban Public School District

The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not adapted physical education (APE) teachers had job‐related concerns associated with teaching students with disabilities in an urban public school district. The participants were six experienced, itinerant APE teachers, who taught in urban public schools in a midwestern state in the United States. The research method was a collective case study situated in concerns theory. Data were collected from teacher interviews, on‐site observations, and stimulated recall sessions. Case analyses and cross‐case analyses were conducted using constant comparative procedures. Findings indicate that the teachers had job‐related concerns explainable within the tenets of concerns theory. They also had concerns not situated within concerns theory that were unique to their itinerant status.
Kinesin’s Front Head Is Gated by the Backward Orientation of Its Neck Linker

SUMMARY Kinesin-1 is a two-headed motor that takes processive 8-nm hand-over-hand steps and transports intracellular cargos toward the plus-end of microtubules. Processive motility requires a gating mechanism to coordinate the mechanochemical cycles of the two heads. Kinesin gating involves neck linker (NL), a short peptide that interconnects the heads, but it remains unclear whether gating is facilitated by the NL orientation or tension. Using optical trapping, we measured the force-dependent microtubule release rate of kinesin monomers under different nucleotide conditions and pulling geometries. We find that pulling NL in the backward direction inhibits nucleotide binding and subsequent release from the microtubule. This inhibition is independent of the magnitude of tension (2‐8 pN) exerted on NL. Our results provideevidence that the front head of a kinesin dimer is gated by the backward orientation of its NL until the rear head releases from the microtubule.
Sexual potency of patients on chronic hemodialysis

Abstract A study was made of sexual function of 22 patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. Approximately 46 per cent maintained some sexual function. Patients on home dialysis appear to perform better sexually. Patients on chronic hemodialysis may produce a model for the etiology and treatment of organic impotence, a problem which needs further study.
Trapping the stable fly by using CO2 or CO as attractants.

Malaise traps baited with CO2 or CO (both gases released at 3 liter per minute) and experimental control traps without any gas released were operated on a dairy ranch on 3 consecutive days. The experimental design, a double 3×3 Latin square, was balanced for both site and day effects. The traps at which CO2 was released caught about 3 times as many stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L..), as did either the traps at which CO was released or the experimental control traps. These results are significant at the 0.005 level. There were no significant differences between the numbers of flies caught at the CO-baited trap and the numbers caught in the experimental control traps.
The role of NOP receptors in psychomotor stimulation and locomotor sensitization induced by cocaine and amphetamine in mice

We have previously shown that orphanin FQ (also known as nociceptin; OFQ/N) attenuates the motor stimulatory effect of cocaine and blocks locomotor sensitization induced by cocaine. Furthermore, we have shown that cocaine treatment altered the level of endogenous OFQ/N, raising the possibility that endogenous OFQ/N and its receptor (NOP) may be crucial in these actions of cocaine. Accordingly, in the present study, we sought to determine the role of NOP receptors in psychomotor stimulation and locomotor sensitization induced by cocaine or amphetamine. Mice lacking the NOP receptor and their wild-type littermates were habituated to motor activity chambers for 1 h, injected with cocaine (0, 15 or 30 mg/kg) or amphetamine (0, 1 or 3 mg/kg), and motor activity was recorded for 1 h. For sensitization induced by these drugs, mice were treated with saline or the highest dose of each drug once daily for three consecutive days and tested on day 8. On this day, mice were habituated to the chambers for 1 h, then received a challenge dose of cocaine (15 mg/kg) or amphetamine (1 mg/kg), and motor activity was recorded for 1 h. Cocaine and amphetamine each induced hyperlocomotion but the extent of this response was not different between NOP receptor null mice and their controls. Sensitization developed to the motor stimulatory action of each drug, but the magnitude of cocaine-induced sensitization was only higher in null mice compared to their controls. Together, the present results suggest that the endogenous OFQ/N/NOP receptor system may modulate the development of cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization.
Integrated days off and shift personnel scheduling

Abstract The two levels of personnel scheduling, that is, determination of the days an employee should work and determination of the time an employee should start each workday, are integrated. The integration allows constraints involving hourly fluctuations in demand and fixed work force size to interact. The objective is to minimize the cost of premium pay plus customer inconvenience due to understanding. An optimal solution is attained via linear programming. In a realistic service system environment, the model outperformed an integrating heuristic by 13.56%.
Quasi-elastic p-α collisions

The quasi-elastic p-α collision gives information about the clustering of the nucleons within the nucleus. Since the quasi-free p-p scattering has been successful in clarifying the single-particle shell structure of nuclei, single-particle harmonic oscillator wave functions are used here to calculate the angular correlation distribution of the quasielastic p-α collision. An interaction length is defined in terms of the probability of finding the α-particle cluster within the nucleus.