cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intrinsically Disordered Proteins Evolve Differently from Ordered (Structured) Proteins

There are important differences between the evolution of disordered and ordered proteins. These differences include the types of acceptable amino acid substitutions and the rates at which those substitutions occur. In general, substitutions for most amino acid types occur more rapidly in disordered versus ordered proteins, and this behavior is attributed to relaxed purifying and positive selection. The lack of sequence conservation in disordered regions does not mean that these sequences are functionally unimportant as evidenced by the frequent conservation of characterized or predicted disorder in various functional domains. Additionally, the pattern of amino acid substitutions observed for disordered proteins provides important functional clues. In particular, the least frequent amino acid types in disordered proteins are the most conserved and this conservation is correlated with burial at the interfaces with interaction partners. There are also distinct compositional and structural differences between disordered and ordered proteins. These differences were observed in the initial investigations of disordered proteins, but refining developments are leading to a deeper understanding of the structure and dynamics of disordered proteins. These recent studies show that disordered proteins have sequence-dependent conformational features ranging from extended random coil to collapsed random coil to molten globule, lending support to the concept of a structural continuum connecting disordered and ordered proteins.
On hydrodynamic effects of exothermic power in condensed explosives

Abstract The initial flow produced in an explosive by the impulsive action of a constant velocity rear-boundary is considered to provide a better understanding of the coupling between hydrodynamic flow and chemical reaction and the shock initiation of detonation in explosives impacted by flying plates. Equations determining the initial shape of the reactive shock are derived from the equations of motion for an arbitrary specific energy-pressure-specific volume-extent of reaction equation of state and an arbitrary energy release rate. These expressions for the flow derivatives define the relationship between hydrodynamic flow and energy release rate induced by a constant velocity rear boundary, and demonstrate the dependence of the shock initiation process on the equation of state of an explosive and its energy release rate. The equations for the first derivatives show that the shock accelerates with a positive particle velocity gradient; those for the second derivatives show that the wave can develop with a positive, negative, or zero pressure gradient and account for the flows observed by Bernier, Wackerle and Johnson, and Kennedy respectively. The equation determining the pressure gradient was used to check the results of numerical studies of initiation and to determine the relationship between the pressure gradient and the initial shock pressure for a series of condensed explosives. Calculations on cast TNT, PBX9404, and Composition B based on reasonable assumptions about their equations of state and energy release rates predict that the sign of the initial pressure gradient in these explosives will change from negative to positive as the initial shock pressure is increased in a series of shock initiation experiments.
Thick volume photorefractive crystal wavelength-multiplexed reflection-type matched filter

In this paper, application of thick photorefractive (PR) crystal to wavelength-multiplexed reflection-type matched filter is described. The Bragg diffraction limitation and the shift- invariant property using thick volume PR crystal are discussed, in which we see that the Bragg diffraction is severely limited by the thickness of the crystal. To alleviate the Bragg limitation in terms of shift tolerance, we have shown that the reflection-type wavelength-multiplexed PR filter can be used. Experimental confirmation of these findings are also provided.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Expression of alkaline phosphatase in differentiated rat labyrinthine trophoblast tissue.

Abstract In this report, we describe the generation of specific antibodies to rat alkaline phosphatase and the temporal and regional characteristics of alkaline phosphatase expression during maturation of the rat chorioallantoic placenta. An antipeptide antiserum was generated to the amino terminal 15 amino acids of rat alkaline phosphatase. The antiserum specifically recognized alkaline phosphatase. Alkaline phosphatase expression was monitored in the junctional and labyrinth zones of the chorioallantoic placenta by Western and Northern blot analyses. Alkaline phosphatase protein and mRNA were present in both the junctional and labyrinth zones on day 13 ofgestation. As gestation advanced, alkaline phosphatase mRNA and protein expression decreased below the limits ofdetection in the junctional zone, while alkaline phosphatase expression increased in the labyrinth zone. Labyrinthine alkaline phosphatase migrated predominantly as a 95-kDa species, whereas rat kidney expressed exclusively the 75-kDa species. Enzymatic deglycosylation of the 75- and 95-kDa alkaline phosphatase species resulted in the generation of a 55-kDa species. In summary, alkaline phosphatase expression is a useful indicator of trophoblast differentiation.
Office recognition and management of adolescent substance abuse.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Substance misuse and substance use disorders are important pediatric public health concerns. The prevalence is high, beginning in adolescence through adulthood, and there is marked morbidity. This is especially true in the adolescent population, in whom the three leading causes of death are all associated with substance abuse. The primary care physician is ideally situated to recognize, prevent, and triage significant substance abuse problems. This review will provide recent, relevant information for primary care physicians (PCP) to enable them to have the current knowledge, tools, and attitudes needed to address these issues. RECENT FINDINGS: Epidemiologic studies continue to document the widespread use of licit and illicit substances by youth. Understanding of substance use disorders is moving forward with an increasing clarity of the multiple factors important in the development of these disorders. This has already led to the establishment of effective prevention programs, which may be applicable to the primary care setting. Research into psychosocial treatment is proceeding rapidly, and psychopharmacologic approaches are also being investigated. Evidence-supported approaches to treatment now exist. SUMMARY: Substance abuse in youth is a serious public health problem, with significant morbidity and mortality. The primary care physician can make major inroads into effective prevention and treatment by recognizing and addressing these issues in the outpatient office setting.
No-clamp technique for valve repair or replacement in patients with a porcelain aorta.

Background Patients requiring valvular heart surgery may have circumferential calcification of the ascending aorta. A variety of creative procedures have been described for managing this "porcelain aorta." We describe a technique based on replacement of the ascending aorta and proximal arch under profound hypothermic circulatory arrest, followed by the valve procedure. Methods Twenty-five consecutive patients with a porcelain aorta were referred for heart valve surgery. In every case the aorta was replaced under circulatory arrest before the valve procedure. Postoperative morbidity, mortality, and univariate risk factors for death were calculated. Fisher's exact test defined significant perioperative variables with a p value less than 0.05. Results Of 25 patients, 23 (92%) survived the surgery to hospital discharge. One patient had a stroke (4%) and 2 patients (8%) required reexploration for bleeding. Risk factors for perioperative death by univariate analysis included age more than 78 years (p Conclusions Valve replacement or repair in the patient with a porcelain aorta can be safely accomplished with a technique based on aortic replacement under circulatory arrest. Elderly patients requiring extensive procedures and prolonged periods on bypass have a substantially increased risk for postoperative complications and death.
Modes and mechanisms of speciation in pteridophytes : Implications of contrasting patterns in ferns representing temperate and tropical habitats

Discovering how biological diversification results in species is one of the primary challenges facing evolutionary biologists. In the ferns, evidence indicates that dissimilar speciation modes and mechanisms may differentiate some temperate and tropical groups. The Polypodium sibiricum group contains three related diploid species that all inhabit rock outcrops in temperate forests. Although differing lettle in gross leaf morphology and joined by the distinctive morphological synapomorphy of sporangiasters, these three species have an average interspecific genetic identity developed from isozymic com-parisons of only 0.460. A likely mode of speciation is that periodic glaciation pushed Po. sibiricum populations south and, with the retreat of the glaciers, southern populations persisted, evolved diagnostic traits, and ultimately erected postzygotic barriers to interbreeding. This hypothesis follows a classic allopatric speciation model and interspecific distinctions may have been reinforced through contact mediated by subsequent ice ages. In contrast, a monophyletic group of four diploid, epiphytic Pleopeltis species centered in Mexico has an isozymically-determined average interspecific genetic identity value of 0.849. In spite of this high value, these species show greater morphological discrimination than do the Polypodium species. Although the species ranges overlap, they appear to occupy ecologically discrete habitats. These Pleopeltis species may have originated through adaptation to different ecological zones and developed individual morphologies in the process. The high interspecific genetic identity values among the Pleopeltis species suggest a relatively recent and/or rapid process. These hypotheses should be tested by further biosystematic investigations and the discovery of additional monophyletic assemblages with similar patterns of speciation.
Inverse Raman scattering in silicon: A free-carrier enhanced effect

Stimulated Raman scattering has been harnessed to produce the first silicon lasers and amplifiers. The Raman effect can also produce intensity-dependent nonlinear loss through a corollary process, inverse Raman scattering (IRS). This process has never been observed in a semiconductor. We demonstrate IRS in silicon---a process that is substantially modified by optically generated free carriers---achieving attenuation levels $g15\text{ }\text{dB}$ with a pump intensity of $4\text{ }\text{GW}/{\text{cm}}^{2}$. Surprisingly, free-carrier absorption, the detrimental effect that generally suppresses nonlinear effects in silicon, actually facilitates IRS by delaying the onset of contamination from coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering. Silicon-based IRS could be a valuable tool for chip-scale signal processing.
Robustness to the Unavailability of Data in Block Designs.

We present general results for finding or boundingtmaxB, the maximum number of arbitrary whole blocks of observations which can be removed from a block design, and still leave all of the elementary treatment contrasts estimable. The block sizes may be larger than the number of treatments. The results are applied to BBDs, reinforced BIBDs and BBDs, BTIBDs, and a series of variance balanced incomplete block designs with two block sizes. Also given for most of these designs, are results fortmax, the maximum number of arbitrary, scattered observations that can become unavailable, and still leave all of the elementary treatment contrasts estimable.
A p-i-n heterojunction model for the thin-film CuInSe 2 /CdS solar cell

By treating the high-resistivity CdS and CuInSe 2 layers in high efficiency cells as insulating, a simple p-i-n model results that predicts the behavior seen in these cells. The relatively low open-circuit voltage and the diode factor are both directly related to the width of the insulating CdS layer. Substantial improvements in both V oc and fill factor can be expected if the width of this CdS layer can be reduced.
Multigrid preconditioned conjugate-gradient solver for mixed finite-element method

The mixed finite-element approximation to a second-order elliptic PDE results in a saddle-point problem and leads to an indefinite linear system of equations. The mixed system of equations can be transformed into coupled symmetric positive-definite matrix equations, or a Schur complement problem, using block Gauss elimination. A preconditioned conjugate-gradient algorithm is used for solving the Schur complement problem. The mixed finite-element method is closely related to the cell-centered finite difference scheme for solving second-order elliptic problems with variable coefficients. For the cell-centered finite difference scheme, a simple multigrid algorithm can be defined and used as a preconditioner. For distorted grids, an additional iteration is needed. Nested iteration with a multigrid preconditioned conjugate gradient inner iteration results in an effective numerical solution technique for the mixed system of linear equations arising from a discretization on distorted grids. Numerical results show that the preconditioned conjugate-gradient inner iteration is robust with respect to grid size and variability in the hydraulic conductivity tensor.
TAXES AND THE REFUNDING OF DISCOUNT BONDS

This paper examines the effect of the Bankruptcy Tax Act of 1980 on the decision to refund corporate bonds selling at a discount. Historically, the refunding of discount debt has appeared to be profitable on a discounted cash flow basis. This study demonstrates, however, that the tax effects of the Bankruptcy Tax Act of 1980 have eliminated effectively any potential gains from refunding discounted debt.
Observer based junction temperature estimator in thermoelectrical aging

Transistor thermal model is nonlinear and highly dependent upon temperature. For reliability assessments, accurate estimation of the junction temperature is especially critical. This paper proposes a novel approach that employs an observer during thermoelectrical aging for estimation of the junction temperature based on available and measurable temperature data. 1 2
Dynamic program slicing methods

Abstract A dynamic program slice is that part of a program that “affects” the computation of a variable of interest during program execution on a specific program input. Dynamic program slicing refers to a collection of program slicing methods that are based on program execution and may significantly reduce the size of a program slice because run-time information, collected during program execution, is used to compute program slices. Dynamic program slicing was originally proposed only for program debugging, but its application has been extended to program comprehension, software testing, and software maintenance. Different types of dynamic program slices, together with algorithms to compute them, have been proposed in the literature. In this paper we present a classification of existing dynamic slicing methods and discuss the algorithms to compute dynamic slices. In the second part of the paper, we compare the existing methods of dynamic slice computation.
PUVA-induced melanocytic atypia: Is it confined to PUVA lentigines?

Widespread lentigines in fourteen patients following long-term therapy with psoralens and ultraviolet A (PUVA) for psoriasis were documented by biopsy of a representative lesion in a non-sun-exposed site. Chronically PUVA-exposed nonlesional skin was examined in ten of the fourteen patients. Melanocytic atypia consisting of large or angular hyperchromatic nuclei was observed in 57% of PUVA lentigines and 70% of the nonlesional PUVA-exposed skin. Comparison with twenty-four specimens of lentigo simplex or solar lentigines revealed melanocytic nuclear atypia in only two cases. Binucleated melanocytes suggesting disturbed cellular kinetics were seen in all types of lesions examined but most commonly in PUVA lentigines. The presence of giant melanosomes was also a frequent nonspecific finding. Our findings of melanocytic atypia in chronically PUVA-exposed skin, as well as in PUVA lentigines, suggest that both sites are at risk for potential complications of repeated melanocytic stimulation. Whether melanocytic atypia will prove to be a precursor of melanocytic dysplasia or malignancy following PUVA therapy requires long-term evaluation.
Tolerance of F1 hybrid skin homografts in the parent strain induced by parabiosis.

Summary1) Tolerance of F1 hybrid skin homografts in mice of their corresponding parent strains has been attempted by establishing “F1 to parent” parabiosis. 2) Results were: a) Mice of either Z or Ce strain joined in parabiosis with (Z x Ce) F1 hybrids became tolerant and accepted skin homografts taken from this hybrid. b) Tolerance of (A x Z)Fi skin was also obtained in Z strain mice following parabiosis with (A x Z)F1 hybrids. However, A mice joined to the same hybrids failed to develop tolerance and rejected the F1 grafts in all instances, c) While 20% of Z mice became tolerant of (Z x C57 Bl)F1 skin after being in parabiosis with this hybrid, none of C57Bl parent parabionts were susceptible of the hybrid skin grafts.
HIV Type 1 and Cytomegalovirus Coinfection in the Female Genital Tract

The relationship between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 and human cytomegalovirus (CMV) was studied in blood, saliva, and cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) specimens from 33 HIV-1-infected women. An association between HIV-1 RNA and CMV DNA was found in the CVL specimens, which also were tested for cytokine levels. Women with detectable CMV DNA in CVL specimens were more likely to have higher interleukin (IL)-1 beta and IL-8 levels than were women with undetectable CMV DNA in CVL specimens. More than 1 strain of CMV was detected in specimens from 2 patients. These results suggest mechanisms by which CMV coinfection could affect HIV-1 disease progression.
Determination of metal cations in microchip electrophoresis using on‐chip complexation and sample stacking

A method for the determination of metal cations in aqueous solution using a monolithically integrated microfabricated (microchip) device which allows sample stacking, electrophoretic separation, and postcolumn derivatization is described. The metal cations are detected by UV laser-induced fluorescence following complexation with 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid. To make use of electrokinetic stacking phenomena, the sample is added to a reservoir containing a low-conductivity buffer and is then introduced into a main separation channel using a gated injection scheme. The complexing agent is added downstream from the injection cross. For two model compounds, magnesium and calcium, detection limits were 0.5 and 18 ppb, respectively. The reproducibility for multiple injections was 1.5% relative standard deviation. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Micro Sep 10: 313–319, 1998
Finite Element Analysis using Component Decomposition and Knowledge-Based Control

This paper presents ongoing research into using Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques to intelligently control finite element thermal analyses. These techniques are used to implement component level decomposition of the physical domain, and to integrate domain information into the analysis process to increase computational efficiency. We have implemented these techniques into a new proof-of-concept finite element program which employs a blackboard architecture to integrate the various numerical and symbolic knowledge sources. The blackboard architecture also supports the storage (and retrieval) of data in an object-oriented form. A test problem involving transient thermal analysis of an integrated circuit package is presented. Use of the proposed method showed a significant decrease in the number of floating point operations required compared to conventional solution technologies. The penalty associated with this saving was approximately a 4% difference in the calculated temperature in the critical region of interest.
The effects of individual differences and goal origin on goal setting and performance

Abstract The purpose of this study is to clarify the roles played by individual differences and goal origin in the goal setting process. In order to accomplish this objective this study (a) briefly reviews the existing empirical evidence on individual differences in the goal setting literature, (b) develops a model of the goal-setting process that specifies different roles for individual differences depending upon goal origin, and (c) tests hypotheses generated by this model in a laboratory setting. The results indicate that under self-set conditions variables associated with self-perceptions of task-specific ability, but not generalized self-esteem, are related to the difficulty of the goals selected, with more difficult goals being set by individuals high in task-specific ability perceptions. Furthermore, when goals are self-set, regardless of individual differences, the expectancy and valence of goal attainment tends to be high and invariant relative to assigned conditions (i.e., the motivation to pursue the goal is high), and a strong goal difficulty-performance relationship is in evidence for all subjects. Under assigned goal conditions, individual differences determine the reaction to the assigned goal. Individuals high in task-specific self-esteem have stronger expectancies for attaining the goal relative to those low in this trait; and, individuals high in generalized self-esteem exhibit higher valence for goal attainment than those low in generalized self-esteem. In assigned conditions, there was a positive goal difficulty-performance relationship only for individuals high in generalized self-esteem. Some evidence actually suggested that for subjects low in generalized self-esteem, it is better to assign low goals. Low goals seem to increase the self-perceived task-specific ability of these subjects which relates positively with performance.
Studies investigate effects of hydraulic fracturing

The use of hydraulic fracturing, also known as fracking, to enhance the retrieval of natural gas from shale has been increasing dramatically—the number of natural gas wells rose about 50% since 2000. Shale gas has been hailed as a relatively low-cost, abundant energy source that is cleaner than coal. However, fracking involves injecting large volumes of water, sand, and chemicals into deep shale gas reservoirs under high pressure to open fractures through which the gas can travel, and the process has generated much controversy. The popular press, advocacy organizations, and the documentary film Gasland by Josh Fox have helped bring this issue to a broad audience. Many have suggested that fracking has resulted in contaminated drinking water supplies, enhanced seismic activity, demands for large quantities of water that compete with other uses, and challenges in managing large volumes of resulting wastewater. As demand for expanded domestic energy production intensifies, there is potential for substantially increased use of fracking together with other recovery techniques for “unconventional gas resources,” like extended horizontal drilling.
Hepatic oval cells express the hematopoietic stem cell marker Thy-1 in the rat

Hepatic oval cells (HOC) are a small subpopulation of cells found in the liver when hepatocyte proliferation is inhibited and followed by some type of hepatic injury. HOC can be induced to proliferate using a 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF)/hepatic injury (i.e., CCl4, partial hepatectomy [PHx]) protocol. These cells are believed to be bipotential, i.e., able to differentiate into hepatocytes or bile ductular cells. In the past, isolation of highly enriched populations of these cells has been difficult. Thy-1 is a cell surface marker used in conjunction with CD34 and lineage-specific markers to identify hematopoietic stem cells. Thy-1 antigen is not normally expressed in adult liver, but is expressed in fetal liver, presumably on the hematopoietic cells. We report herein that HOC express high levels of Thy-1. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the cells expressing Thy-1 were indeed oval cells, because they also expressed alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), cytokeratin 19 (CK-19), OC.2, and OV-6, all known markers for oval cell identification. In addition, the Thy-1+ cells were negative for desmin, a marker specific for Ito cells. Using Thy-1 antibody as a new marker for the identification of oval cells, a highly enriched population was obtained. Using flow cytometric methods, we isolated a 95% to 97% pure Thy-1+ oval cell population. Our results indicate that cell sorting using Thy-1 could be an attractive tool for future studies, which would facilitate both in vivo and in vitro studies of HOC.
Group-contribution estimation of the enthalpy of vaporization of organic compounds

Abstract A group-contribution method has been developed for predicting the enthalpy of vaporization for organic liquids. The parameters for 39 organic groups are derived from 3396 experimental enthalpy of vaporization data on 509 organic compounds. The various group constants are presented as three-constant Graue et al. equation and can be used to estimate the enthalpy of vaporization for organic liquids up to 100 kJ mol−1. With this method, enthalpies of vaporization have been calculated for 509 organic compounds, and when compared with experimental data, this method produces an average absolute error of 0.74 kJ mol−1.with a standard deviation of 1.08 kJ mol−1. The overall average absolute percentage deviation is 2.5%. The proposed method is relatively easy to use. The critical temperatures required for this method have been provided. Based on the same database, 14 correlation equations were studied and six other prediction methods in the literature were compared.
Ovarian hormones after postnatal day 20 reduce neuron number in the rat primary visual cortex.

Previous work from our lab has documented a sex difference in neuron number in the binocular region of the adult rat primary visual cortex (Oc1B), with males having 19% more neurons than females. In the present study, the role of developmental steroid hormones in the formation of this difference was explored. Male and female rats underwent neonatal hormone manipulation (female + testosterone or dihydrotestosterone; male + flutamide) followed by gonadectomy on postnatal day 20. Animals that did not undergo hormone manipulation were either gonadectomized or sham operated at day 20. Neuron number was quantified in the monocular (Oc1M) and binocular (Oc1B) subfields of the adult rat primary visual cortex using the optical disector technique. As adults, day 20 gonadectomized females, as well as females + testosterone and females + dihydrotestosterone, had significantly more neurons than intact females. There was no difference in neuron number between postnatal day 20 gonadectomized males, males + flutamide, and intact males. Also, intact males had significantly more neurons than intact females in both in Oc1M and Oc1B. It appears that ovarian steroids after day 20 are the primary cause of the lower number of neurons in the primary visual cortex of the female rat.
Growth of ice in a saltwater drop falling in an organic phase

Data on the ice formation rate are presented for a salwater drop suspended by drag forces in a flowing cold organic liquid. The effects of refrigerant undercooling, salt concentration, drop size, and time were studied. Ice formation rates in drops of 3 wt % sodium chloride solution were two to three times lower than in pure water drops. A parallel plate model was used to correlate the data and predict ice formation rates for other drops and refrigerants. Dispersing drops of brine or fruit juices in a countercurrent cold organic refrigerant is a method of desalination (or freeze concentration) that deserves further study.
A two-layer approach to wave modelling

A set of model equations for water–wave propagation is derived by piecewise integration of the primitive equations of motion through two arbitrary layers. Within each layer, an independent velocity profile is derived. With two separate velocity profiles, matched at the interface of the two layers, the resulting set of equations has three free parameters, allowing for an optimization with known analytical properties of water waves. The optimized model equations show good linear wave characteristics up to kh ≈ 6 , while the second–order nonlinear behaviour is captured to kh ≈ 6 as well. A numerical algorithm for solving the model equations is developed and tested against one– and two–horizontal–dimension cases. Agreement with laboratory data is excellent.
Stationary queue-size distribution for variable complexity sequential decoders with large timeout

Fano decoders are convolutional channel decoders having variable decoding complexity in changing channel conditions. Buffers are usually required by the Fano decoder to store data blocks due to non-deterministic decoding delays. In practice, however, a predetermined limit is typically set for the decoding time so that the Fano decoder is not allowed to devote more time than the limit in decoding any single data block. We assume that data blocks arrive to the decoder with an infinite buffer according to a Bernoulli process, and that the decoding time of the Fano decoder follows the Pareto distribution parameterized by the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the channel. If the channel has a smaller SNR, it typically takes longer time to decode a nosier data block. It is known in theory that if the SNR is lower than a certain threshold, the variance of the decoding time can go to infinity. In practice, if the decoding time of a block exceeds this limit, the block is removed from the buffer, resulting in a failure in decoding. In this paper, we present a method to obtain the stationary queue size distribution numerically for large decoding time limits.
The presence of the adult-type pattern of adrenal steroids in the one day old rat

Abstract The ability of the neonatal rat to produce corticosterone has been confirmed. The fluorescence present in a chloroform extract of plasma from one day old rats was found to be 97.9% due to corticosterone. The Chromatographic mobility of the etianic acid produced by periodate oxidation of a plasma extract was identical to that of the etianic acid of standard corticosterone, and radioactivity from a tracer amount of corticosterone-1, 2-H added to the plasma sample was confined to this region. Tentative identification of adrenal cortexone, and plasma aldosterone, 18-hydroxy cortexone, and possibly 18-hydroxy corticosterone (in addition to corticosterone in both plasma and adrenal tissue) indicates that the adrenal secretory activity of the neonatal rat is comparable to that of the adult. The previously established fact that adrenal steroidogenesis in the neonatal rat shows a “biphasic activity pattern” with age similar to that noted for the testes, suggests the possibility of a similar mechanism during early postnatal development.
Grazing by Talorchestia longicornis on an algal mat in a new England salt marsh

Abstract Grazing experiments using 14C and an analysis of fecal pellets and gut contents established that the gammaridean amphipod, Talorchestia longicornis Say, ingests blue-green algae on algal mats in a Massachusetts salt marsh. This grazing had a measurable effect on the lower algal mat, where the density of T. longicornis was high. Exclusion of amphipods resulted in increases in chlorophyll a content, carbon incorporation, and nitrogen fixation. This effect was not seen on the upper mat where T. longicornis was less abundant. The assimilation efficiency of T. longicornis feeding on a diet consisting mainly of blue-green algae was surprisingly high (67 %) considering that blue-green algae are usually considered as a poor quality food for herbivores. The population of T. longicornis seems to be annual, with growth of the overwintered juveniles in spring and early summer.
Admissible tool orientation control of gouging avoidance for 5-axis complex surface machining

This paper presents a methodology and algorithms of admissible tool orientation control for gouging avoidance in 5-axis machining. A method is proposed to find the admissible tool orientation by considering both local and global surface shapes. A filleted endmill is used in this study for 5-axis machining. Based on the evaluation of local surface shape, a geometry analysis method is developed to first find a feasible tool orientation for gouging avoidance along two orthogonal cutting places. Adjacent geometry is then taken into consideration for detecting possible rear gouging. A localization algorithm is developed for filleted endmills to identify potential rear gouging area. Both the circular approximation, and the detailed gouging checking methods are proposed for rear gouging correction. The techniques presented in this paper can be used to eliminate errors of tool paths as they are generated. Unlike the traditional graphical verification and user-interactive correction of tool path generation, the proposed methodology can be used to automate the planning and programming of cutter path generation for 5-axis machining.
Systematic Design and Yield Optimization of RF and Millimeter-Wave Oscillators Using Neuro-Genetic Algorithm

This paper presents a systematic procedure to optimize the design of RF and millimeter wave (MMW) integrated oscillators, and, at the same time, to maximize their yield using a neuro-genetic algorithm for the design centering. The design optimization procedure has been explained and demonstrated using a multi-band switched-inductor Colpitts VCO as well as a 30GHz cross-coupled VCO. The significance of the layout parasitic components in MMW oscillators has been described. An extended optimization procedure has been derived based on the sensitivity analysis involving the design components as well as the estimated layout parasitic elements. The pre-fabrication design yield for the given specifications is maximized using a genetic algorithm with neural models for the active circuit. The design yield is improved up to 90% with the developed neuro-genetic procedure.
Transforming the Frontier: Peace Parks and the Politics of Neoliberal Conservation in Southern Africa

Bram Buscher. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2013. xviii and 290 pp., maps, photos, illustrations, notes, bibliography, index. $89.95 cloth (ISBN 978-0-8223-5404-8); paper $24.95 (ISBN 978-0-82...
Measuring the nano-world

“To measure is to know”, said Lord Kelvin (1824–1907). With the intense recent interest in nanotechnology, this phrase is as apposite now as it was then. Nanotechnologists are trying to understand things at scales we humans have trouble even fathoming. How can we quantify something that we cannot see with the naked eye, and, moreover, how do we determine its effects on things around us?
Methodological challenges confronting researchers of wheeled mobility aids and other assistive technologies.

Purpose. To identify gaps in assistive technology (AT) research and solutions, with a focus on wheeled mobility.Methods. Literature review.Results. AT researchers have identified a need to move beyond determining whether a device works well in the laboratory or is perceived favorably by users. The vital next step in AT research is to determine the effects of AT when used for day-to-day activities by typical consumers. Four challenges affect AT research on everyday mobility: the heterogeneity of the population using AT, the environments in which AT is used, and the devices themselves;the dependency of empirical research on objective data for valid causal inference;the need for detailed information to capture the interaction between the person, the device, and the environment in which it is used; andthe extent to which success or failure of AT is dependent on the personal perspectives of the individual using the device. These challenges are being addressed by AT researchers through use of new measures, nove...
Evaluation of models for predicting the phototoxic potency of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the validity of two previously developed models to predict: (a) the relative phototoxic potency of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) through structure activity relationships (SARs), and (b) the interactive effects of variable light intensity and PAH dose on phototoxicity. The oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus was exposed to multiple concentrations of the PAHs anthracene, pyrene, fluorene and fluoranthene for 96 h, followed by a 96 h holding period in clean water at three different ultraviolet (UV) light intensities. Based upon measured tissue residue concentrations, anthracene and pyrene were approximately equitoxic, and both were four-fold more potent than fluoranthene. Fluorene was not phototoxic to the oligochaete. These results were in good quantitative agreement with the toxicity predictions of the SAR model. Time-dependent lethality of the three phototoxic PAHs to the oligochaete was accurately modeled by plotting mortality as a function of the product of initial tissue residue of the PAH and UV light intensity to which the organisms were exposed, which also was in good agreement with the interactive toxicity model. These studies contribute to the technical basis for developing an integrated modeling approach to predicting the ecological risk of mixtures of phototoxic PAHs.
The effect, in rats, of high fat diets on the renal excretion of water and antidiuretic substances.

IT HAS BEEN repeatedly observed that a high fat, low protein diet will cause fatty infiltration of the liver in rats and, if continued for a long enough period of time, will result in a disease of the liver consisting of portal cirrhosis with occasional necrosis (Gyorgy 1944, Webster 1941, Gyorgy and Goldblatt 1941). Shay, Kolm, and Fels (1945) reported that when rats fed this diet were subjected to water tolerance tests, they excreted less of the administered water than rats fed a normal diet. These investigators did the tolerance tests after the animals had been on the diets for periods up to eighteen days. The physiological state of the kidney was measured by the excretion of phenol red in the urine after it had been injected intraperitoneally. The diet did not impair the ability of the kidneys to excrete phenol red, although a definite depression in water excretion was observed very early in the course of the diet.
Solution Structure and Stereochemistry of Alkyl- and Silyl-Substituted Allenyl-Propargyllithium Reagents

Analysis of 13C chemical shifts and Li−C couplings showed that allenyllithium (5A-Li) was a mixture of monomer and dimer in THF, both with an allenyl structure. Similarly, the metalation products of 2-butyne (6A-Li), 4-methylpentyne (9A-Li), and 4,4-dimethylpentyne (21A-Li) in THF, as well as several 1, 3-dialkyl (32A-Li, 33A-Li, 34A-Li) propargyl-allenyllithiums formed by metalation or Li/Sn exchange were all monomeric lithioallenes in THF. Compound 6A-Li was shown to have less than 5% and 21A-Li less than 3% of the propargyllithium isomers (6P-Li, 21P-Li) present from analysis of residual broadening of the propargyl carbon by Li−C coupling. The reagent prepared by metalation of dicyclopropylacetylene (8P-Li) has a propargyl structure, but two related reagents with a cyclobutane spanning the 3,3-positions (37A-Li and 39A-Li) had allenyl structures. Several triorganosilyl-substituted reagents were also investigated. Those with silyl groups at the allenyl position (28A-Li, 31A-Li) are allenyllithiums, thos...
EVALUATION OF HEPATOBILIARY SCINTIGRAPHY AS AN INDICATOR OF HEPATIC FUNCTION IN DOMESTIC PIGEONS (COLUMBA LIVIA) BEFORE AND AFTER EXPOSURE TO ETHYLENE GLYCOL

This study investigated the use of quantitative hepatobiliary scintigraphy to assess liver function in 14 white Carneaux pigeons (Columba livia). Liver scintigraphy using 99mTc-mebrofenin was performed and liver function was quantified using deconvolutional analysis and the area under the normalized heart time-activity curve as previously described in the dog and horse. Liver biopsies were performed in all birds before and after toxin-induced liver damage with ethylene glycol. Before the induction of liver disease, all biopsy specimens showed varying degrees of granulomatous inflammation. After ethylene glycol administration, hepatic lesions were scored and compared with scintigraphic findings. Scintigraphic results showed a significant decrease (P = 0.04) in hepatic function using the area under the normalized time-activity curve. There was good correlation between the overall histologic score posttoxin exposure and scintigraphic measures of liver function (P < 0.03). Based upon these preliminary results, the area under the heart time-activity curve can determine hepatic extraction as a measure of hepatic parenchymal cell function. The results also showed that worsening hepatic cellular function correlated with increased histologic damage to the liver. The use of hepatobiliary scintigraphy using 99mTc-mebrofenin to determine liver function in pigeons has not been previously reported. Additional studies are warranted to evaluate the application of this technique in clinical patients and to establish the sensitivity of this technique.
Assembly Architecture and DNA Binding of the Bacteriophage P22 Terminase Small Subunit

Morphogenesis of bacteriophage P22 involves the packaging of double-stranded DNA into a preassembled procapsid. DNA is translocated by a powerful virally encoded molecular motor called terminase, which comprises large (gp2, 499 residues) and small (gp3, 162 residues) subunits. While gp2 contains the phosphohydrolase and endonuclease activities of terminase, the function of gp3 may be to regulate specific and nonspecific modes of DNA recognition as well as the enzymatic activities of gp2. Electron microscopy shows that wild-type gp3 self-assembles into a stable and monodisperse nonameric ring. A three-dimensional reconstruction at 18 A resolution provides the first glimpse of P22 terminase architecture and implies two distinct modes of interaction with DNA-involving a central channel of 20 A diameter and radial spikes separated by 34 A. Electromobility shift assays indicate that the gp3 ring binds double-stranded DNA nonspecifically in vitro via electrostatic interactions between the positively charged C-terminus of gp3 (residues 143-152) and phosphates of the DNA backbone. Raman spectra show that nonameric rings formed by subunits truncated at residue 142 retain the subunit fold despite the loss of DNA-binding activity. Difference density maps between gp3 rings containing full-length and C-terminally truncated subunits are consistent with localization of residues 143-152 along the central channel of the nonameric ring. The results suggest a plausible molecular mechanism for gp3 function in DNA recognition and translocation.
Bioactive oligosaccharide natural products

Covering up to December 2013. Oligosaccharide natural products target a wide spectrum of biological processes including disruption of cell wall biosynthesis, interference of bacterial translation, and inhibition of human α-amylase. Correspondingly, oligosaccharides possess the potential for development as treatments of such diverse diseases as bacterial infections and type II diabetes. Despite their potent and selective activities and potential clinical relevance, isolated bioactive secondary metabolic oligosaccharides are less prevalent than other classes of natural products and their biosynthesis has received comparatively less attention. This review highlights the unique modes of action and biosynthesis of four classes of bioactive oligosaccharides: the orthosomycins, moenomycins, saccharomicins, and acarviostatins.
Phosphocreatine in red and white muscle.

ConclusionThe creatine phosphate content of the white breast muscle of the fowl was found to be over twice as great as that of the red leg muscle. In the “flying” bird, the pigeon, the red breast muscle and the leg muscle contained approximately the same levels of this high energy phosphate.
Gender Differences in Social Acculturation and Social Capital in Determining Marital and Parental Role Expectations Among People of Mexican Descent

Men and women experience acculturation differently, creating acculturative gaps that may affect traditional family role expectations. In the current study, additive moderation between social acculturation, bonding social capital, and gender in relationship to marital and parental role expectations was explored among Mexican Americans (N = 314). The results indicate that when bonding social capital is at low to moderate levels, women are more committed to marital and parental roles and report more marital reward value as social acculturation increases. However, as bonding social capital and social acculturation increase, women report less marital reward value and marital and parental commitment. The size and quality of personal networks among Mexican American men and women appear to relate to social acculturation’s conditional relationship to family role expectations.
The degrees of freedom of the K-pair-user full-duplex two-way interference channel with a MIMO relay

In a K-pair-user two-way interference channel (TWIC), 2K messages and 2K transmitters/receivers form a K-user IC in the forward direction (K messages) and another K-user IC in the backward direction which operate in fullduplex. All nodes may interact, or adapt inputs to past received signals. The optimal degrees of freedom (DoF, also known as the multiplexing gain) is known to be K [1]: full-duplex operation doubles the DoF, but interaction does not further increase the DoF. In this paper, we characterize the DoF of the K-pair-user TWIC with a MIMO, full-duplex relay. If the relay is noncausal/instantaneous (at time k forwards a function of its received signals up to time k) and has 2K antennas, we demonstrate a one-shot scheme where the relay mitigates all interference to achieve the interference-free 2K DoF. In contrast, if the relay is causal (at time k forwards a function of its received signals up to time k − 1), we show that a full-duplex MIMO relay cannot increase the DoF of the K-pair-user TWIC beyond K, as if no relay or interaction is present.