cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thickness-dependent scatter correction algorithm for digital mammography

We have implemented a scatter-correction algorithm (SCA) for digital mammography based on an iterative restoration filter. The scatter contribution to the image is modeled by an additive component that is proportional to the filtered unattenuated x-ray photon signal and dependent on the characteristics of the imaged object. The SCA's result is closer to the scatter-free signal than when a scatter grid is used. Presently, the SCA shows improved contrast-to-noise performance relative to the scatter grid for a breast thickness up to 3.6 cm, with potential for better performance up to 6 cm. We investigated the efficacy of our scatter-correction method on a series of x-ray images of anthropomorphic breast phantoms with maximum thicknesses ranging from 3.0 cm to 6.0 cm. A comparison of the scatter-corrected images with the scatter-free signal acquired using a slit collimator shows average deviations of 3 percent or less, even in the edge region of the phantoms. These results indicate that the SCA is superior to a scatter grid for 2D quantitative mammography applications, and may enable 3D quantitative applications in X-ray tomosynthesis.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Analysis and control of PV inverters operating in VAR mode at night

PV inverters are an important element of the future smart grids. Not only they contribute to the active power generation as distributed generators (DGs), but also they can help grid voltage/frequency stability by generating VAR. Although the number of PV installations is rapidly growing, the effective utilization of PV inverters remains low. As even if inverters are to operate in VAR mode during night hours, they still need some active power to compensate for their internal losses, regulate the DC bus and provide the desired level of reactive power. This paper will provide a detailed analysis of PV inverters' operation in VAR compensation mode when active power is not available. A new control scheme is proposed that enables inverter to absorb little active power from grid, regulate its DC bus voltage within limits, and inject the desired level of reactive power. Simulation and experimental results are provided to validate the analysis.
Social work in Scotland: lessons for America

Shirley Weber, MSW, is a doctoral student at the Graduate School of Social Work, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey. This article is based on a paper delivered at the American Public Welfare Association, Northeast Regional Conference, September 6, 1972, in San Juan, Puerto Rico. The author is grateful to the English-Speaking Union of the United States, Philadelphia Branch, for a Travel-Study Grant to Scotland, which made possible the field study on which this article was based.
Maintenance of high-density lipoprotein blood levels prior to spontaneous abortion in pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina).

Blood was drawn throughout the first half of the pregnancies of 24 pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) to evaluate longitudinal high-density lipoprotein (HDL) changes. In all 15 normal pregnancies, HDL decreased at least 50%; the mean value for the group fell from 0.45 gm/liter to 0.17 gm/liter. HDL began to fall after about four weeks of pregnancy. However, no comparable HDL change occurred in nine pregnancies that terminated in spontaneous abortions. This lack of an HDL decrease was unexpected. Subsequent studies showed that the predominant decrease was in the HDL2 subfraction. The data indicate that the normal physiologic metabolism or utilization of HDL is aberrant early in pregnancies ending in spontaneous abortions and may be due to a dysfunctional fetal-placental unit.
A unified approach to solving the harmonic elimination equations in multilevel converters

A method is presented to compute the switching angles in a multilevel converter so as to produce the required fundamental voltage while at the same time not generate higher order harmonics. Using a staircase fundamental switching scheme, previous work has shown that this is possible only for specific ranges of the modulation index. Here it is shown that, by considering all possible switching schemes, one can extend the lower range of modulation indices for which such switching angles exist. A unified approach is presented to solve the harmonic elimination equations for all of the various switching schemes. In particular, it is shown that all such schemes require solving the same set of equations where each scheme is distinguished by the location of the roots of the harmonic elimination equations. In contrast to iterative numerical techniques, the approach here produces all possible solutions.
Toward a Tribal Critical Race Theory in Education

Recently, I attended a celebration for the graduating cohort of the University of Utah’s American Indian Teacher Training Program (AITTP). 1 The AITTP is a program that prepares American Indians to become teachers with the stipulation that they teach in Indian-serving schools upon their graduation. The program is rooted in the idea that American Indians can engage in the process of educating themselves, and can do so through both Indigenous wisdom and knowledges often found in dominant society. The eight graduates had worked for two years in an institution that often devalued their presence. They were joined by 180 family members and supporters for the celebration. During the course of the evening, each graduate had an opportunity to speak to the assembled group. Every graduate thanked the many family members who contributed to their academic successes, and each told a story about why they wanted to be a teacher and what it meant for their communities. One of the graduates said, ‘‘I struggled in school for a long time, not knowing whether or not I was able to do this work. Now I know I am.’’ She continued by stating, ‘‘Now, I
Effects of chromosome-specific introgression in upland cotton on fiber and agronomic traits.

Interspecific chromosome substitution is among the most powerful means of introgression and steps toward quantitative trait locus (QTL) identification. By reducing the genetic “noise” from other chromosomes, it greatly empowers the detection of genetic effects by specific chromosomes on quantitative traits. Here, we report on such results for 14 cotton lines (CS-B) with specific chromosomes or chromosome arms from G. barbadense L. substituted into G. hirsutum and chromosome-specific F2 families. Boll size, lint percentage, micronaire, 2.5% span length, elongation, strength, and yield were measured by replicated field experiments in five diverse environments and analyzed under an additive–dominance (AD) genetic model with genotype and environment interaction. Additive effects were significant for all traits and dominance effects were significant for all traits except 2.5% span length. CS-B25 had additive effects increasing fiber strength and fiber length and decreasing micronaire. CS-B16 and CS-B18 had additive effects related to reduced yields. The results point toward specific chromosomes of G. barbadense 3-79 as the probable locations of the genes that significantly affect quantitative traits of importance. Our results provided a scope to analyze individual chromosomes of the genome in homozygous and heterozygous conditions and thus detected novel effects of alleles controlling important QTL.
Mechanics of Form-Persuasive Garments Based on Spandex Fibers1

Form-persuasive garments are new lightweight briefs and panty girdles which use 40-140-den spandex yarns and have a level of control intermediate between stretch nylon panties and conventional high-support foundations. This work was done to provide a basic understanding of the functionality of these garments and to provide a basis for proper garment design. Consumer tests showed high interest in this concept, and a new market potential exists for form-persuasive garments to complement the high-sup port segment of the foundation market, particularly for casual wear and sportswear . and for subjects requiring relatively minor adjustments to their figures. The major functional contribution of form-persuasive garments is to provide geometric adjustments and dynamic control of the body approaching that of high-support foundations but with about 60% of the constraint. The required levels of fabric extension were specified, and expressions were derived and confirmed by actual wear tests to predict these levels. ...
High-Reflectivity Broadband Photonic Crystal Mirror MEMS Scanner With Low Dependence on Incident Angle and Polarization

In this paper, we introduce a single-axis resonant comb drive highly reflective broadband photonic crystal (PC) mirror microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) scanner with low dependence of reflectivity on incident angle and polarization. Two-dimensional PC mirrors have several advantages over metal coatings and dielectric stacks (1-D PCs) as mirrors. They can tolerate much higher processing temperatures and higher incident powers, as well as operate in more corrosive environments than metals. Compared to multilayer dielectric stacks, 2-D PC mirrors are compact and allow for simpler process integration, making them highly compatible with CMOS and MEMS processing. Our PC mirrors show broadband high reflectivity of > 90% in the wavelength range from 1345 to 1490 nm (> 95% for 1380 to 1450 nm) and very low angular and polarization dependence over this same range. The single-axis MEMS scanners are fabricated on silicon-on-insulator wafers with the PC mirrors fabricated in polysilicon films on oxide. Although the scanner presented in this paper is single axis, the low angular and polarization dependence properties of the 2-D-PC mirror also make it useful for dual-axis scanners. The scanners are actuated by in-chip plane electrostatic combdrives on resonance. Dynamic deflection measurements show that the scanners can achieve 20deg total scan angle with an input square wave of 40 V and up to 120deg total scan angle with 190 V at a resonance frequency of 2.03 kHz. Although the achievable scan ranges are very large, the useful scan angles will be limited by the angular and polarization dependence properties of the PC reflector and its application. For the 2-D PC scanner presented in this paper, applications that can tolerate 10% decrease in reflectivity will have a scan range of 20deg.
Some New Mathematical Methods for Variational Objective Analysis Using Splines and Cross Validation

Abstract Let Φ(x,y,p,t) be a meteorological field of interest, say, height, temperature, a component of the wind field, etc. We suppose that data concerning the field of the form ΦI = LiΦ + ϵi are where each Li is an arbitrary continuous linear functional and ϵi is a measurement error. The data Φi may be the result of theory, direct measurements, remote soundings or a combination of these. We develop a new mathematical formalism exploiting the method of Generalized Cross Validation (GCV), and some recently developed optimization results, for analyzing this data. The analyzed field ΦN,m,λ is the solution to the minimization problem: Find Φ in a suitable space of functions to minimize where Functions of d=1, 2 or 3 of the four variables x, y, p, t are also considered. The approach can he used to analyze temperature fields from radiosonde-measured temperatures and satellite radiance measurements simultaneously, to incorporate the geostrophic wind approximation and other information. In a test of the method (...
Performance of Maximum Likelihood Estimators of Mean Power and Doppler Velocity with A Priori Knowledge of Spectral Width

Abstract The performance of the maximum likelihood (ML) estimates of mean velocity and signal power for Doppler radar and Doppler lidar, assuming known signal spectral width, is presented. The results are compared with the theoretical limit of the Cramer–Rao bound (CRB). The performance of the ML estimator for mean velocity is similar to the performance when the signal power is known ahead of time. For cases of very high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and typical values of the spectral width, the performance of the maximum likelihood estimator of signal power, assuming known spectral width, does not approach the CRB for the limit of infinite SNR. The ML estimates of mean power for Doppler radar operated in Doppler lidar mode are more accurate than are traditional estimates.
A Second-Order Longitudinal Model for Binary Outcomes: Item Response Theory Versus Structural Equation Modeling

Measuring academic growth, or change in aptitude, relies on longitudinal data collected across multiple measurements. The National Educational Longitudinal Study (NELS:88) is among the earliest, large-scale, educational surveys tracking students’ performance on cognitive batteries over 3 years. Notable features of the NELS:88 data set, and of almost all repeated measures educational assessments, are (a) the outcome variables are binary or at least categorical in nature; and (b) a set of different items is given at each measurement occasion with a few anchor items to fix the measurement scale. This study focuses on the challenges related to specifying and fitting a second-order longitudinal model for binary outcomes, within both the item response theory and structural equation modeling frameworks. The distinctions between and commonalities shared between these two frameworks are discussed. A real data analysis using the NELS:88 data set is presented for illustration purposes.
Integrative Medicine in Urology

As complementary and alternative practices become more widely accepted by our patients in the West, it is necessary for health-care providers to become familiar with many of these new concepts. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of CAM commonly used in the USA at this time. Whenever possible, related urological trials are cited.
People and other Animals

Late in the twentieth century, we still need to think through anew the basic principles of our view of nature and of man and especially of the relation between nature and man. The trouble we are still, and more urgently than ever, faced with in this endeavor, began, if one may say so yet again, in the seventeenth century when Descartes split apart the inner life of consciousness from the external, material world. For despite the ingenuity of some of his remarks about the interaction of mind and body, the radical disconnection of these two kinds of finite substances made a coherent understanding of the world in terms of them impossible. And as men’s knowledge of physical nature increased by leaps and bounds, the mind understood as disembodied spirit shrivelled to a mere ‘ghost in the machine’, gibbering but impotent – or else vanished altogether into the software of the brain. Man was displaced from the center of nature and become no longer his Maker’s image, but only a handful of dust. Paradigmatic of this displacement, and even debasement, of man, was Laplace’s famous boast of 1814: that if an omniscient observer knew the position of all the particles in the universe at time t 0, he would be able to predict their position at time t 1, and so would know everything there was to know. Now without returning, or even longing to return, to the tidy theocentric cosmos of earlier centuries, we do need, it’s clear, to repopulate the Laplacean desert, to find a way of understanding the world more coherent and more adequate to our own experience than the Laplacean conception: our own experience whether as ordinary mortals, as scholars or as scientists. This is the task that Wilfrid Sellars calls reconciling the manifest and the scientific image of man.
Compressed spatial hierarchical bitmap (cSHB) indexes for efficiently processing spatial range query workloads

In most spatial data management applications, objects are represented in terms of their coordinates in a 2-dimensional space and search queries in this space are processed using spatial index structures. On the other hand, bitmap-based indexing, especially thanks to the compression opportunities bitmaps provide, has been shown to be highly effective for query processing workloads including selection and aggregation operations. In this paper, we show that bitmap-based indexing can also be highly effective for managing spatial data sets. More specifically, we propose a novel compressed spatial hierarchical bitmap (cSHB) index structure to support spatial range queries. We consider query workloads involving multiple range queries over spatial data and introduce and consider the problem of bitmap selection for identifying the appropriate subset of the bitmap files for processing the given spatial range query workload. We develop cost models for compressed domain range query processing and present query planning algorithms that not only select index nodes for query processing, but also associate appropriate bitwise logical operations to identify the data objects satisfying the range queries in the given workload. Experiment results confirm the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed compressed spatial hierarchical bitmap (cSHB) index structure and the range query planning algorithms in supporting spatial range query workloads.
Addressing Intimate Partner Violence: Reducing Barriers and Improving Residents' Attitudes, Knowledge, and Practices.

Objective This study aims to assess residents’ attitudes, knowledge, practices, and barriers in addressing intimate partner violence and create a curriculum targeting self-identified deficits.
Production of arteriosclerosis in birds by the prolonged feeding of dihydrocholesterol.

Summary1. The feeding of a diet containing 0.5% dihydrocholesterol (DHC) for 6 months resulted in the development of severe arteriosclerosis of the thoracic and abdominal aortas in 12 birds. 2. The aortic lesions observed were identical with those induced in the bird by the feeding of cholesterol, and appeared to have resulted from deposition of dihydrocholesterol in the vascular wall. 3. Hepatic enlargement in DHC-fed birds was similar to that observed previously in cholesterol-fed birds, and was due in part to reticuloendothelial storage of dihydro-cholesterol.
Egg Neglect in the Procellariiformes: Reproductive Adaptations in the Fork-Tailed Storm-Petrel

The eggs of many procellariiform birds may still hatch even though temporarily abandoned during the incubation period. Distant foraging and long incubation periods, characteristic of these birds, increase the probability that storms or undependable food resources will delay an individual's returning to relieve its incubating partner. Consequently, tolerance to chilling by the embryo has evolved to a greater degree in the Procellariiformes than in other orders. This paper reports the incidence of egg neglect in the Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel (Oceanodroma furcata), and discusses the adaptive significance and costs of egg neglect in the Procellariiformes.
The development of water markets in China: progress, peril, and prospects.

This article employs the case of China to address questions concerning the proper design and implementation of Water Rights Trading (WRT) and its applicability in developing countries. The article relies on key-informant interviews and Chinese-language sources to explain the development of China9s water markets to date, and to assess their future prospects for expansion. The article proceeds in three parts. First, it identifies three distinctive features of water policy in China that limit the applicability of market-based responses to water scarcity: a legacy of administrative control over water, a distinctive agricultural structure and politics, and central–local tensions and conflicts. Second, it surveys the status of current WRT projects in China, highlighting their limited scope by examining three case studies. Finally, the article identifies specific issues that must be addressed to further develop Chinese water markets. The article argues that water markets have an important but only partial role in meeting China9s water resource challenges. Scholars interested in the design and implementation of water markets in developing countries should pay greater attention to such fundamental features of governance and water resource management, and the prospect of integrating market mechanisms with administrative and supply-augmentation approaches.
Feminism's there: On post-ness and nostalgia

Over the past decade, feminists born during and after the rise of women's liberation have become increasingly preoccupied with the movement's past – its documents and artefacts. This is evident in ...
Effect of Process Variables on the Inertia Friction Welding of Superalloys LSHR and Mar-M247

The effect of inertia friction welding process parameters on microstructure evolution, weld plane quality, and the tensile behavior of welds between dissimilar nickel-base superalloys was established. For this purpose, the fine-grain, powder metallurgy alloy LSHR was joined to coarse-grain cast Mar-M247 using a fixed level of initial kinetic energy, but different combinations of the flywheel moment of inertia and initial rotation speed. It was found that welds made with the largest moment of inertia resulted in a sound bond with the best microstructure and room-temperature tensile strength equal to or greater than that of the parent materials. A relationship between the moment of inertia and weld process efficiency was established. The post-weld tensile behavior was interpreted in the context of observed microstructure gradients and weld-line defects.
Cardiovascular Risk in HIV-Infected and Uninfected Postmenopausal Minority Women: Use of the Framingham Risk Score.

Abstract Objective: To characterize and compare cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in HIV-infected and uninfected postmenopausal minority women using the Framingham Risk Score (FRS) as an assessment measure. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was performed in 152 (109 HIV+, 43 HIV−) subjects from an existing study cohort of postmenopausal Hispanic and African American women. Data necessary to calculate FRS and menopause features were retrieved by retrospective chart review. Bivariate statistics was used to compare CVD risk factors. Multivariable linear regression was used to determine factors associated with FRS in HIV-infected women. Results: The HIV-infected group was younger, less obese, and with lower rates of diabetes versus controls. In a subset of age-matched participants, median FRS did not differ between groups (14.6 [IQR = 9.1, 21.6] vs. 15.5 [IQR = 12.3, 22.1]; p = 0.73). Fourteen percent of HIV-infected women meeting criteria for the low-risk FRS category (<10%) had a history of CVD, a similar...
The Chinese Birdcage

Under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping, China in 1978 started to open up to the outside world. It did so without abandoning the centrally planned economy, gradually introducing market elements instead. According to Zhao Ziyang, who was premier under Deng Xiaoping and was banned from public life after 1989 for being too sympathetic to the students in Tiananmen Square, the Chinese leadership envisioned a birdcage economy in which the centrally planned economy was the cage and the birds were the market economy. The three key elements that contributed to the success of China’s economic transformation are gradualism, decentralism, and experimentation. Given the dismal state of China’s economy after Mao’s ruinous reign, there was widespread support among the elite for economic reforms.
Attenuation of synaptic toxicity and MARK4/PAR1-mediated Tau phosphorylation by methylene blue for Alzheimer's disease treatment.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by genotypic and phenotypic heterogeneity. Critical components of the two AD pathological pathways, Aβ-amyloidosis and Tauopathy, have been considered as therapeutic targets. Among them, much effort is focused on aberrant Tau phosphorylation and targeting Tau-phosphorylating kinases. Methylene blue (MB), a phenothiazine dye that crosses the blood-brain barrier, has been shown to hit multiple molecular targets involved in AD and have beneficial effects in clinical studies. Here we present evidence that microtubule affinity-regulating kinase (MARK4) is a novel target of MB. MB partially rescued the synaptic toxicity in Drosophila larva overexpressing PAR1 (MARK analog). In 293T culture, MB decreased MARK4-mediated Tau phosphorylation in a dose dependent manner. Further studies revealed a two-fold mechanism by MB including down-regulation of MARK4 protein level through ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and inhibition of MARK4 kinase activity in vitro. This study highlights the importance of MARK4 as a viable target for Tauopathy and provides fresh insight into the complex mechanism used by MB to treat AD.
Development of a Standardized Kalamazoo Communication Skills Assessment Tool for Radiologists: Validation, Multisource Reliability, and Lessons Learned

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to develop and test a standardized communication skills assessment instrument for radiology. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The Delphi method was used to validate the Kalamazoo Communication Skills Assessment instrument for radiology by revising and achieving consensus on the 43 items of the preexisting instrument among an interdisciplinary team of experts consisting of five radiologists and four nonradiologists (two men, seven women). Reviewers assessed the applicability of the instrument to evaluation of conversations between radiology trainees and trained actors portraying concerned parents in enactments about bad news, radiation risks, and diagnostic errors that were video recorded during a communication workshop. Interrater reliability was assessed by use of the revised instrument to rate a series of enactments between trainees and actors video recorded in a hospital-based simulator center. Eight raters evaluated each of seven different video-recorded interactions bet...
Teaching Entry Level Control Course via a Pilot Design Proect: A Motivation-By-Chalange Approch

Abstract An unconventional, motivation-by-challenge approach is reported for teaching entry level control courtes. This approach recognizes the difference between passive learning and active learning, therefore emphasizes on motivating the entry level students with a pilot design project that is woven into lectures from beginning through end.
Dual-nozzle spray deposition process for improving the stability of proteins in polymer microneedles

Polymer microneedles are an attractive way of transdermal delivery of various pharmaceutical compounds. Fabrication of drug-encapsulating polymer microneedles, however, often involves processing conditions unfavorable for maintaining the stability of drugs, including highly concentrated formulations, high temperature and long drying time. The stability of labile substances in biodegradable polymer matrices could also be significantly reduced by the use of organic solvents and emulsification. In this paper, we reported a new fabrication technique called the dual-nozzle spray deposition process, which utilizes a separate deposition of drug and polymer solutions, as a potential way to address the stability issue associated with current microneedle fabrication processes. A model protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA), was successfully incorporated into both water-soluble poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microneedles by the dual-nozzle spray deposition process. The conformational change of BSA examined by circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy suggests that the developed process helps maintain the structural stability of BSA during encapsulation in both PVA and PLGA matrices. We anticipate that the dual-nozzle spray deposition process would improve the stability of drugs by reducing adverse interaction with solvents and eliminating the emulsification process. Also, the developed process could be an attractive approach to fabricating polymer-based drug delivery devices.
Small-signal modeling and stability analysis of a bidirectional electric vehicle charger

This paper addresses the stability challenges that exist in a bidirectional grid connected electric vehicle (EV) charger. The EV charger under consideration comprises of an ac-dc single phase active rectifier stage followed by a dc-dc dual active bridge (DAB) stage. small-signal models suited for stability analysis of this charger are derived. Controller design considerations are discussed in order to ensure closed loop stability of individual stages and to prevent any instability due to interaction between the stages. Experimental results on an EV charger hardware prototype are presented to validate the proposed models and control design considerations.
The Economy Effect: Conceptual Innovation and Benefit Corporations

What kind of thing is the economy, and how might we act to change it? This article draws on the work of Timothy Mitchell and J. K. Gibson-Graham to suggest that the economy may be fruitfully unders...
Coaching Actors with Stage Fright: A Literature Review for Coaches with Tangible Tips and Guides

This article offers tangible tips and guides for coaching actors with stage fright. The article begins by defining stage fright and gives a call to address this concern in a deeper way within actor...
A Game-Based Approach to Teaching and Learning Anatomy of the Liver and Portal Venous System.

Introduction The use of games and game elements as teaching tools has received increasing attention in the medical education literature. Used formatively, games promote student engagement and satis...
Postoperative Pain and Opioid Analgesic Requirements After Orthognathic Surgery.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of individual characteristics, such as age, gender, and type of surgery, on postoperative pain intensity and opioid analgesic consumption after orthognathic surgery. Patients and Methods This prospective observational study was conducted at a single academic medical center during a 12-month period from 2015 to 2016. Thirty of 125 patients 18 to 65 years of age who had American Society of Anesthesiologists status I and II and were admitted to the hospital after orthognathic surgery were recruited. The main outcome variable was opioid analgesic consumption measured in morphine milligram equivalents (MME) during the patients' hospital stay. Secondary outcome variables were postoperative pain intensity measured using the numeric rating scale (0 to 10) and length of hospital stay. Data on age, gender, type of surgery, postoperative pain intensity, and opioid and nonopioid analgesic consumption for each 24-hour period during hospitalization were collected. The analgesic regimen consisted of oxycodone, hydromorphone, and acetaminophen. Differences in postoperative pain and opioid requirements between men and women, older and younger, and 1- and 2-jaw surgery were assessed using unpaired Student t test for statistical analysis. A P value less than .05 was considered statistically significant. Results Thirty patients (14 men, 16 women) with an average age of 26.3 years (18 to 50 yr) were admitted to the hospital for an average of 61 hours (24 to 170 hours) after orthognathic surgery. Twenty-three of 30 patients (77%) had bimaxillary surgery. The average postoperative pain score was 6.0 (2 to 8.5) on a scale of 0 to 10 and average opioid consumption was 106 MME (range, 0 to 407 MME). Women reported more postoperative pain (6.3 vs 5.3) and consumed more opioid analgesic than men (131 vs 78 MME). Patients younger than 25 years required 112 MME of opioid compared with 98 MME for those older than 25 years, although the 2 age groups reported similar pain scores. Patients who had 2-jaw surgery and mandibular (1-jaw) surgery reported more pain and required more opioid analgesics than those who had only maxillary surgery. Conclusion Based on these study results, there appears to be a trend for increased opioid analgesic requirement in women and younger patients during the immediate postoperative period after orthognathic surgery.
Agency, perception, space and subjectivity

The goal of this paper is to illuminate the connections between agency, perception, subjectivity, space and the body. Such connections have been the subject matter of much philosophical work. For example, the importance of the body and bodily action on perception is a growth area in philosophy of mind. Nevertheless, there are some key relations that, as will become clear, have not been adequately explored. We start by examining the relation between embodiment and agency, especially the dependence of agency on perception and the dependence of perception on agency. We also consider the nature of subjectivity itself: In virtue of what do humans and animals but not rocks and pencils have genuine perceptual and agentive intentional contents? We sketch a hylomorphic account of subjects and subjectivity, which highlights connections between the conclusions argued for in the previous sections and some basic principles of teleosemantics.
Primary cancer of the liver: considerations about resection

Cancer may arise from any of the great variety of cells that comprise the liver, and each type of cell may be incited to malignant change in a variety of ways [1]. Therefore, the spectrum of primary hepatic malignancies that may or may not be resectable is so broad as to preclude generalizations about therapy.
Phase II trial of carboplatin, paclitaxel and temozolomide in metastatic melanoma.

e21012Background: Temozolomide (TMZ) as single agent and combination of carboplatin paclitaxel are active as first and second line therapies for metastatic melanoma (MM). Although immune and target...
Pathways between maternal depression, the family environment, and child BMI z scores

Abstract Purpose Modifiable aspects of the family environment that contribute to overweight in younger children have been identified, including parental feeding practices, child eating behaviors, and parenting practices related to eating and household routines. Maternal depression influences many of these factors, yet research examining pathways that may link maternal depression through the family environment to child weight is lacking. The current study examined parental feeding practices, child eating behaviors, and eating and household routines as potential mediators between maternal depressive symptoms and child weight at age six. The study also tested for differential effects of early versus concurrent maternal depressive symptoms. Methods Longitudinal data on 1130 mothers and their children who participated in the Infant Feeding Practices Study II (IFSP II) and its Year 6 Follow-Up study were analyzed. A multi-step, multiple mediator model assessed direct and indirect relationships between early depressive symptoms (two months post-partum) and concurrent depressive symptoms with child Body Mass Index (BMI) z scores at age six. Potential mediators included parental feeding practices, child eating behaviors, and eating and household routines. Results Higher early depressive symptoms directly explained lower child BMI z scores. Early depression also worked through concurrent depression, the child's food responsiveness, and the hours the child slept on week nights to explain higher child BMI z scores. Parental efforts to make sure the child eats enough directly predicted lower child weight but did not mediate the effects of early or concurrent maternal depressive symptoms. Conclusions The findings suggest the need for greater attention to the relationships between maternal depression and child weight as a critical step toward developing effective obesity prevention strategies.
Impact of low molecular weight heparin on overall survival in patients with advanced lung cancer: A retrospective study.

e19150 Background: Low Molecular Heparin (LMWH) is approved for treatment of and secondary prophylaxis against thromboembolic events in patients with cancer. However, its role in improving Overall ...
Structure and behavior of organic analytical reagents

Abstract The reactions of the chelating reagents named in the title, with a number of metal ions, have been studied in order to evaluate the behavior of reagents containing reactive groupings analogous to those of 8-hydroxyquinoline, but so arranged as to form six-membered ring chelates with metal ions. All three reagents have been found to give less stable chelates than 8-hydroxyquinoline, indicating that for this type of reagent, six-membered ring chelates are less stable than five. 2-( o -Hydroxy-phenyl)-benzoxazole and 2-( o -hydroxyphenyl)-benzothiazole have been found to be potentially useful as organic precipitating agents for metal ions, being more selective than 8-hydroxyquinoline, which they somewhat resemble in behavior. In contrast to the oxazole and thiazole, 2-( o -hydroxyphenyl)-benzothiazoline was found to react with most of the metal ions tried. Because of the solubility of its chelates in organic solvents, 2-( o -hydroxyphenyl)-benzothiazoline may be a useful solvent extraction agent for metal ions.
Recyclable polymer networks containing hydroxyurethane dynamic cross-links: Tuning morphology, cross-link density, and associated properties with chain extenders

Abstract Conventional polymer networks are incapable of being reprocessed or recycled in the melt state, leading to sustainability and economic losses associated with spent polymer networks. With the incorporation of hydroxyurethane dynamic cross-links resulting from reaction of tricyclocarbonate and telechelic amine-terminated polymer, polybutadiene (PB) networks and poly(tetramethylene oxide) (PTMO) networks are reprocessable with full property recovery after multiple molding steps. Two types of small-molecule chain extender are incorporated into these networks to tune their morphologies, cross-link densities and associated properties. Addition of m-xylylenediamine (XYL) chain extender to PTMO networks increases the hard-segment content and leads to nanophase separation, which is absent when XYL is not present, and the elimination of cold crystallization behavior that is observed in PTMO networks without XYL. Addition of XYL also increases the cross-link density and rubbery plateau modulus of both PB and PTMO networks, and the resulting materials remain fully reprocessable. In contrast, addition of divinylbenzene dicyclocarbonate (DVBDC) chain extender enhances the cold crystallization behavior of molded PTMO-based networks and their crystallinity. Addition of DVBDC reduces the cross-link density and rubbery plateau modulus of both PB and PTMO networks, and the resulting networks exhibit selective property losses after reprocessing. This study demonstrates the simple and effective use of chain extenders in achieving tunability of dynamic network properties to satisfy requirements in different potential applications. It also provides a better understanding of structure-property relationships in dynamic covalent networks from both chemical and physical standpoints.
Association of salivary C-reactive protein with the obesity measures and markers in children

Objective Overweight and obesity is a pro-inflammatory state. This study aimed to examine the level of the salivary obesity markers in normal weight (NW) and overweight/obese (OW/OB) children, association with the obesity measures and the interrelations between the biomarkers. Subjects and methods Seventy-six children (40 normal weight and 36 overweight/obese) were recruited for this study. Body weight, height, and waist circumference measurement were obtained. The saliva sample was collected from all the participants. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the participants were classified into the normal weight or overweight/obese depending upon the body mass index (BMI) percentile ranking. The obesity panel of salivary markers resistin, C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 (CCL2)/monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), complement factor D, and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were determined using human magnetic Luminex performance assay. The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis was used to determine the area under the curve (AUC) to identify the best salivary biomarker in children. Linear regression and Pearson's correlation analyses to determine the association between the parameters. Results The obesity biomarkers resistin, MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-6 and CRP were significantly high in overweight/obese compared to normal weight. Salivary CRP (AUC: 0.866, 95% CI: 0.780-0.952; p<0.0001) showed superiority area under ROC curves with good discriminatory power than resistin, MCP-1, TNF-α, and IL-6. BMI z-score, WC z-score, and WHtR z-score showed a significant association (p<0.0001) with CRP. The CRP significantly (p<0.0001) correlated with resistin, CCL2/MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 by linear regression and Pearson's correlation analysis. Conclusion Increased level of salivary CRP in children may be considered as a non-invasive marker for childhood obesity for detection of the risk factors for the development of metabolic dysregulation.
Film as Phantasm: Dogville’s Cinematic Re-evaluation of Values

This chapter interprets von Trier’s Dogville as a suspension of belief that provokes a re-evaluation of contemporary moral values. Reading Dogville through the Stoic concept of phantasms and Nietzsche’s perspectivism, I analyze the plot and visual techniques as revealing how we form, evaluate, and re-evaluate our beliefs based on changing impressions and shifting perspectives. The philosophy of the Stoics and Nietzsche and the visual techniques of Dogville demonstrate that the recognition of the artificiality of appearances serves a moral purpose by forcing us to examine our beliefs more deeply. In this way, von Trier presents film as a powerful art form for suspending and evaluating how we see and understand the world.
A New Look at the Variance of Summertime Temperatures over Land

AbstractThe increasing frequency of very high summertime temperatures has motivated growing interest in the processes determining the probability distribution of surface temperature over land. Here...
Aural epistemology: Hearing and listening in the text of the Qur’an

This article takes the Qur’an’s discourse on the sense of hearing as part of its greater world of emotion and affect, wherein sense perceptions can be understood as part of its felt landscape. Taking the prevalence of the Qur’an’s recitation in tradition and the Qur’an’s own discourse about orality and revelation as a starting point, the paper examines the understanding of the sense of hearing found within the text. Specifically, in the Qur’an, the sense of hearing is linked to ideas of cognition and comprehension. Understanding of the discursive content or meaning of a message is obtained through hearing.
The split of a fricative merger due to dialect contact and societal changes: A sociophonetic study on Andalusian Spanish read-speech

In line with a growing body of literature suggesting that mergers are reversible given the adequate dialect contact and social context, the present study examines the phonetic split of the Andalusian Spanish merger of ceceo into the Castilian Spanish feature of distincion. Specifically, the study analyzes 19,420 coronal fricatives produced by 80 Western Andalusian speakers from the city of Huelva and the nearby town of Lepe using a reading passage and wordlist. The analyses find that leaders of this change are younger speakers, women, those with more educational attainment, those of service and professional occupations, and those from Huelva. The implications are that large-scale societal changes have allowed for the split of the ceceo merger into distincion in both speech communities, albeit at different rates of change due to their unique socioeconomic histories, demonstrating that a split is possible given the right social context.
Lung surgery in children and their post-operative risk of respiratory infection

Pediatric surgeons at our institution are often asked by families about a theoretical increased risk of severe common upper respiratory infections in children status post lung resection. No data exist on this topic. We, therefore, aimed to examine the risk of severe respiratory infection in children after pulmonary resection. A chart review was conducted on all pediatric patients who underwent pulmonary resection between August 1st, 2009 and January 31st, 2019. Collected data included patient characteristics, operation, complications and any admission for respiratory infection. Fifty-seven patients met inclusion criteria. Resections included lobectomy (45.6%), segmentectomy (14.0%), and wedge resection (40.4%). Twelve (21.1%) were immunocompromised and 6 (10.5%) had post-operative complications. Within 1 year of surgery, 2 (3.5%) patients were hospitalized for a viral upper respiratory illness (URI), 1 (1.8%) for bacterial pneumonia, and none due to influenza. In the general pediatric population, the risk of admission for respiratory illness is 3–21%. At this institution, overall risk of respiratory infection after lung resection appears comparable to baseline community risk. Our findings could aid counseling pediatric patients and their families regarding the 1-year risk of infection after lung resection.
Are Socially-Responsible Firms Less Likely to Expatriate? An Examination of Corporate Inversions

This study examines whether corporate social responsibility (CSR) is related to the likelihood of corporate inversions, a legal tax planning strategy. We use a full sample to test stakeholder theory and a risk-management view of CSR. We find that firms with higher CSR performance are less likely to expatriate compared to firms with lower CSR performance. Although equity investors react positively to inversion announcements, we find that the reaction is less positive for firms with higher CSR ratings. These results are consistent with stakeholder theory. We do not find evidence that inversion firms experience significant improvements in operating performance after inversion. Overall, this study improves our understanding of the role of CSR in corporate expatriation decisions and has practical implications for a firm’s stakeholders.
Neurocognitive Constructs Underlying Executive Control in Statistically-Determined Mild Cognitive Impairment.

BACKGROUND The model of executive attention proposes that temporal organization, i.e., the time necessary to bring novel tasks to fruition is an important construct that modulates executive control. Subordinate to temporal organization are the constructs of working memory, preparatory set, and inhibitory control. OBJECTIVE The current research operationally-defined the constructs underlying the theory of executive attention using intra-component latencies (i.e., reaction times) from a 5-span backward digit test from patients with suspected mild cognitive impairment (MCI). METHODS An iPad-version of the Backward Digit Span Test (BDT) was administered to memory clinic patients. Patients with (n = 22) and without (n = 36) MCI were classified. Outcome variables included intra-component latencies for all correct 5-span serial order responses. RESULTS Average total time did not differ. A significant 2-group by 5-serial order latency interaction revealed the existence of distinct time epochs. Non-MCI patients produced slower latencies on initial (position 2-working memory/preparatory set) and latter (position 4-inhibitory control) correct serial order responses. By contrast, patients with MCI produced a slower latency for middle serial order responses (i.e., position 3-preparatory set). No group differences were obtained for incorrect 5-span test trials. CONCLUSION The analysis of 5-span BDT serial order latencies found distinct epochs regarding how time was allocated in the context of successful test performance. Intra-component latencies obtained from tests assessing mental re-ordering may constitute useful neurocognitive biomarkers for emergent neurodegenerative illness.