cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A hybrid two-stage approach for discipline-independent canonical representation extraction from references

In education and research, references play a key role. However, extracting and parsing references are difficult problems. One concern is that there are many styles of references; hence, given a surface form, identifying what style was employed is problematic, especially in heterogeneous collections of theses and dissertations, which cover many fields and disciplines, and where different styles may be used even in the same publication. We address these problems by drawing upon suitable knowledge found in the WWW. In particular, we research a two-stage classifier approach, involving multi-class classification with respect to reference styles, and partially solve the problem of parsing surface representations of references. We describe empirical evidence for the effectiveness of our approach and plans for improvement of our methods.
Controlled-release mitochondrial protonophore reverses diabetes and steatohepatitis in rats.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major factor in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The mitochondrial protonophore 2,4 dinitrophenol (DNP) has beneficial effects on NAFLD, insulin resistance, and obesity in preclinical models but is too toxic for clinical use. We developed a controlled-release oral formulation of DNP, called CRMP (controlled-release mitochondrial protonophore), that produces mild hepatic mitochondrial uncoupling. In rat models, CRMP reduced hypertriglyceridemia, insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, and diabetes. It also normalized plasma transaminase concentrations, ameliorated liver fibrosis, and improved hepatic protein synthetic function in a methionine/choline–deficient rat model of NASH. Chronic treatment with CRMP was not associated with any systemic toxicity. These data offer proof of concept that mild hepatic mitochondrial uncoupling may be a safe and effective therapy for the related epidemics of metabolic syndrome, T2D, and NASH.
Looking behind the stars.

In his Perspective “An infrared look behind stars” ( Science 's Compass, 14 Apr., p. [281][1]), Craig J. Hogan discusses recent developments ([1][2], [2][3]) in measuring the total cosmic emission at near infrared wavelengths, based on data from the Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment (DIRBE
Asymmetric outcome in a symmetric dynamic duopoly

Abstract In a dynamic duopoly, will an initial asymmetry between firms increase or decrease over time? We examine this issue within a stochastic dynamic alternate-move duopoly model that explicitly accounts for action and reaction between firms. We consider two firms that are symmetric with regard to all primitives such as demand, cost and production functions, and which are subject to the same stochastic environment. The only asymmetry is with regard to their initial capital stocks which in turn asymmetrically influences their current and future profit and investment possibilities. We offer a characterization of the stochastic steady state and its supporting ergodic set for each firm. We are then able to identify the precise restrictions on the initial conditions under which the two firms either converge or diverge in the long run.
The effect of solidification rate on the growth of small fatigue cracks in a cast 319-type aluminum alloy

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of solidification rate on the growth behavior of small fatigue cracks in a 319-type aluminum alloy, a common Al-Si-Cu alloy used in automotive castings. Fatigue specimens were taken from cast material that underwent a hot isostatic pressing (HIP) process in order to eliminate shrinkage pores and to facilitate the observation of surface-initiated cracks by replication. Naturally initiated surface cracks ranging in length from 17 µm to 2 mm were measured using a replication technique. Growth rates of the small cracks were calculated as a function of the elastic stress-intensity-factor range (ΔK). Long-crack growth-rate data (10 mm≤length≤25 mm) were obtained from compact-tension (CT) specimens, and comparison to the small-crack data indicates the existence of a significant small-crack effect in this alloy. The solidification rate is shown to have a significant influence on small-crack growth behavior, with faster solidification rates resulting in slower growth rates at equivalent ΔK levels. A stress-level effect is also observed for both solidification rates, with faster growth rates occurring at higher applied-stress amplitudes at a given ΔK. A crack-growth relation proposed by Nisitani and others is modified to give reasonable correlation of small-crack growth data to different solidification rates and stress levels.
Red-cell and platelet fragmentation in idiopathic autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura.

Abstract We investigated the abnormal small-particle spike discerned in the platelet-rich plasma of patients with severe idiopathic autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura. By electron microscopy, erythrocyte as well as platelet fragments were found in the 27,000 X g plasma sediment of 15 patients with severe disease. These fragments were not observed in the plasma sediment of 12 normal subjects, two healthy asplenic subjects, three patients with thrombocytopenia of nonimmunologic origin, and two with autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura in remis sion. Weak complement sensitization of red blood cells was noted in seven out of 12 patients with the disease. Coating of red blood cells with IgG or IgM was not detected in these patients. Whereas erythrophagocytosis was conspicuously absent, phagocytosis of intact platelets as well as platelet fragments and other cellular debris was frequently observed. Autoimmune mechanisms may be directed against erythrocytes as well as platelets in most cases of severe idiopathic...
“we are mayordomo”: a reinterpretation of women's roles in the Mexican cargo system

This paper explores the empirical consequences of moving beyond the use of the domestic/public framework in analyzing gender roles in the cargo system of the Mexican community of San Miguel. Data demonstrating that religious cargos are held by household units on the basis of wealth are presented. Male and female sponsors are given joint title to office and have parallel roles and duties. In the newly emerging civil sphere, however, officials are elected on the basis of specific individual skills which women often lack. Consequently, as the civil sphere assumes increasing importance over the religious in regulating community affairs, women are being deprived of opportunities to hold community posts. [gender roles, cargo system, Mexico, social structure, community change]
Oceanography: Mountain waves in the deep ocean

Internal lee waves are a player in ocean dynamics that may make an important contribution to deep-ocean mixing. They warrant serious consideration for inclusion in the next generation of climate models.
Localization and trapping of light in one- and two-dimensional nonlinear periodic structures

Novel photonic crystals have been proposed and built where the phenomenon of light localization occurs. This localization takes many forms, including discrete and continuous gap solitons, trapping via defect modes, localization due to randomness, just to name some. In this paper we discuss pulse dynamics in nonlinear one-dimensional fiber Bragg gratings and two-dimensional periodic waveguides. Here, gap solitons propagate and are trapped into defect via resonant interactions. A third case we consider is that of light propagation in nonlinear fiber arrays where we add randomness that model imperfections in the separation between fibers. The model which describes the dynamics is the discrete nonlinear Schroedinger equation with random coupling coefficients. The question we address is whether light localization as a balance of discrete diffraction and nonlinearity is robust when random effects are present.
Addressing Success: Fame and Narrative Strategies in Colette's La Naissance du jour

Colette's La Naissance du jour (1928) is probably her most renowned work on the complex mother-daughter relations between her mother Sido and herself. Yet, as I demonstrate in this article, the book is just as much about renown itself. Beginning with the theoretical works of Leo Braudy (The Frenzy of Renown), John Rodden (The Politics of Literary Reputation), and a close analysis of La Naissance du jour, I look at the ways in which Colette manipulated her narratives to create her own public images ofherself. These manipulations would allow her to perpetuate the fame that she had enjoyed for the first twenty years of her writing career as a "daughter" figure, while simultaneously allowing her to begin to shape the public's reception of her to include a more mature authority figure for herself and her prose narratives in French literary circles of her day. This article is available in Studies in 20th Century Literature: http://newprairiepress.org/sttcl/vol20/iss2/13 Addressing Success: Fame and Narrative Strategies in Colette's La Naissance du jour Juliette M. Rogers University of New Hampshire To be talked about is to be part of a story, and to be part of a story is to be at the mercy of storytellers-the media and their audience. The famous person is thus not so much a person as a story about a person. -Braudy, The Frenzy of Renown (592) Colette, as one of France's most well-known femmes de lettres of the twentieth century, rebelled from Braudy's definition of a famous person. Although she is obviously "part of the story" of twentieth-century French literature, Colette struggled publicly with the images that her "storytellers" produced of her and made direct contributions to change those stories about herself. Her fame thus went through many phases over the course of her literary career and while she was sometimes left at the "mercy" of the media and her reading public, she made concerted efforts to shape her own fame. It has been difficult for critics of the past to discuss an author's urge to fame or even her desire to shape the type of fame that she enjoys without encountering a certain amount of uneasiness or resistance on the part of either the author, her public, or other critics. The urge to fame has often been viewed in a negative light, that is, as selfish, egotistical, and greedy, or as evidence of an uncontrollable hunger for power, money, and prestige, all of which have been conceived to be especially unattractive qualities for women. This cultural attitude explains in part the surfeit of gushing admiration that characterizes almost all Colette biographies, or "hagiographies," as Elaine Marks 1 Rogers: Addressing Success: Fame and Narrative Strategies in Colette's La Published by New Prairie Press 506 STCL, Volume 20, No. 2 (Summer, 1996) has aptly named them (Marks xi), and the careful sidestepping of the issue of fame in most psychoanalytical or theoretical works on
Electrodynamics of Cholesteric Liquid Crystals

Abstract A continuum theory is presented for the cholesteric liquid crystals subject to electromagnetic interactions. Complete field equations, jump conditions and constitutive equations are obtained. Constitutive equations include all first and second degree effects some of which are new. These include the curvature piezomagnetism, electrostrictive and magnetostrictive couples, magnetization due to motion, etc. The thermodynamic restrictions and other invariance requirements are studied. The field equations are employed to study the effect of the magnetic field on the reorientation of the molecules and transition to nematic state.
Midseason Nitrogen Fertility Management for Corn Based on Weather and Yield Prediction

Nitrogen fertilizer applications for irrigated corn (Zea mays L.) based on yield goals established before planting may result in under- or overapplication of N because of weather-induced variations in yield potential from year to year. This study was conducted to develop and evaluate a regression model to predict corn grain yield at a midpoint in the growing season based on the current year's cumulative thermal factors and N fertility levels. The relationship among early-season growing conditions, N fertility, and corn grain yield under continuous corn production and sprinkler irrigation was investigated from 1990-1995 in southeastern North Dakota. Fertility levels on small plots ranged from 0 to 224 kg ha -1 applied N. There was a wide range of cumulative growing degree days (GDD) and evapotranspiration (ET) during the study period. Least-squares regression was used to develop equations to predict, on 10 July, grain yield based on cumulative ET or GDD from 1 May to 10 July and soil N plus applied N. Yields predicted on 10 July corresponded well to individual observed yields (r 2 = 0.80), and predicted optimum yield (Y OPT ) was highly correlated to observed Y OPT (r 2 = 0.885). The model could provide a season-specific yield potential used to modify N application during the growing season, resulting in fertilizer savings in the extreme years when cool early-season weather limited yield potential or fertilizer increases to take advantage of optimum growing conditions and increase yields. Including meteorological measurements can improve fertilizer management decisions by providing midseason adjustments to fertilizer recommendations.
Group B streptococcal conjugate vaccines elicit functional antibodies independent of strain O-acetylation

Recently, it was discovered that sialic acid residues on group B streptococcal (GBS) capsular polysaccharides (CPS) are O-acetylated. Since GBS vaccine development has focused on de-O-acetylated CPS, it became germane to investigate the influence of de-O-acetylated GBS vaccine formulations on functional activity of sera against strains that bear the O-acetyl modification. Post-immunization sera from healthy adult recipients of de-O-acetylated GBS CPS-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccines were evaluated in opsonophagocytosis assays using 20 GBS clinical isolates representing type Ia, Ib, II, III, or V CPS that varied in amount of O-acetylation from 2% to 40%. Ninety percent or greater opsonophagocytosis and killing of all strains were achieved, using CPS type-specific post-immunization sera. These data indicate that de-O-acetylated CPS-conjugate vaccines contain immunogenic epitopes that offer protection against GBS, independent of O-acetyl CPS modifications. Thus, presence of O-acetyl groups on the GBS CPS is not essential for functional antibodies to be elicited by GBS glycoconjugate vaccines.
Plasmodium research in the postgenomic era

The complete genomic sequence of Plasmodium falciparum strain 3D7 was published in October 2002. At the Next Steps in Malaria Research meeting in April 2005, the next practical steps were considered and the priorities ranked for postgenomic research in Plasmodium. The high-throughput approaches that will help to answer the major biological questions regarding Plasmodium should, like the genome project itself, build community-shared resources, and efforts must be made to help researchers ready themselves to use the tools that will become available.
Abstract 5054: Inferring mutational chronology in breast cancer by deep-sequencing tumor subpopulations

Heterogeneous breast carcinomas often contain nuclei with multiple distributions of ploidy, each representing a distinct genomic subpopulation. We present an approach called Ploidy-Seq that combines flow-sorting and next-generation sequencing to isolate tumor subpopulations and deep-sequence the nuclei at high coverage (80-100X) to identify somatic mutations. We applied Ploidy-Seq to a triple-negative (ER-, PR-, Her2-) ductal carcinoma that showed three major tumor subpopulations and one stromal subpopulation. In order to distinguish germline from somatic mutations, we first identified all of the SNPs in the 2N stromal cells. We then studied the evolution of different molecular clocks within the breast tumor, including single nucleotide variations (SNVs), indels, structural rearrangements, copy number changes and translocations. By applying set theory operations, we compared the three tumor subpopulations to identify early mutations (present in all subpopulations), intermediate events (shared between two subpopulations) and late mutations (exclusive to each subpopulation). Overall we identified 101 nonsynonymous point mutations of which 31 had occurred early and were present in all tumor subpopulations. Many of the early mutations occurred in cancer genes including THSD7B involved in TGFβ signaling, the CDH26 cadherin-like 26 gene, and the kinesin gene KIF2B. Early mutations were further studied by single-cell sequencing, which showed evidence of clonal expansions within the tumor, suggesting that they provided a major selective advantage. These early mutations are of considerable interest for therapeutic targeting since they are present in all of the tumor subpopulations, and are likely to be driving the growth of the cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5054. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5054
Translation Research: Where Do We Go from Here?

Aim: Where do we go from here? This article draws on other articles in this supplement, the dialogue from the meeting that generated it, and other sources to identify steps to advance translation research, and in particular to achieve broader translation and use of evidence. Implications: To move from the growing accumulation of individual successes in translation to broader scale translation and implementation of evidence, those who use research and those who do research will need to do four things: (1) increase synergy and synchronization across studies, through cross-disease studies, adoption of a common and precise language to describe interventions, addressing issues of customization of interventions, and finding commonality in quality and outcomes measures; (2) take account of organizational factors that can shape the impact of interventions, and also move to the implementation of organizational evidence; (3) address environmental factors such as reimbursement and market competition; and (4) take findings to a larger scale through national demonstrations, efforts of national agents of change, challenge or partnership grants, or use of provider-based networks.
Adverse childhood experiences: translating knowledge into identification of children at risk for poor outcomes.

Abstract Objective To pilot test a tool to screen for adverse childhood experiences (ACE), and to explore the ability of this tool to distinguish early child outcomes among lower- and higher-risk children. Methods This cross-sectional study used data collected of 102 children between the ages of 4 and 5 years presenting for well-child visits at an urban federally qualified health center. Logistic regression analyses adjusted for child sex, ethnicity, and birth weight were used to test the association between each dichotomized child outcome and risk exposure based on a 6-item (maltreatment suspected, domestic violence, substance use, mental illness, criminal behavior, single parent) and 7-item (plus maternal education) Child ACE tool. Results Effect sizes were generally similar for the 6-item and 7-item Child ACE tools, with the exception of 2 subscales measuring development. The adjusted odds of behavior problems was higher for children with a higher compared to a lower 7-item Child ACE score (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.34–7.22), as was the odds of developmental delay (aOR 3.66, 95% CI 1.10–12.17), and injury visits (aOR 5.65, 95% CI 1.13–28.24), but lower for obesity (aOR 0.32, 95% CI 0.11–0.92). Conclusions Brief tools can be used to screen for ACE and identify specific early child outcomes associated with ACE. We suggest that follow-up studies test the incorporation of the 7-item Child ACE tool into practice and track rates of child behavior problems, developmental delays, and injuries.
Dramatic steric behavior in electron transfer from various donors to CF3Br.

Different alkali metal atoms are observed to donate electrons to CF3Br molecules that are oriented in space. For collision energies high enough to overcome the Coulomb attraction, a positive ion/negative ion pair is observed and mass-analyzed using coincident time-of-flight mass spectroscopy. The alkali metal cation and various negative ions are observed. The most abundant negative ion is the bromide ion, Br-, formed preferentially by attack at the Br end of the molecule. The steric asymmetry to produce Br- is almost identical for all of the alkali metal donors. Fluoride ions are formed in smaller abundance and reflect completely different behavior among the donors. Sodium and potassium have high thresholds and prefer the CF3 end of the molecule, whereas cesium prefers the Br end of the molecule. Sodium and potassium apparently interact with the transient CF3Br- molecular negative ion while it is in the process of decomposing.
Alternative splicing in lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase mRNA: an evolutionary paradigm in humans and great apes

Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), an important enzyme affecting reverse cholesterol transport, is expressed in liver and cultured fibroblasts. Sequencing of LCAT cDNA clones demonstrated the coexistence of two mRNA products. In addition to the normal transcript, we identified an alternate message with a splice-mediated insertion of a 95 bp Alu cassette at the junction of exons 5 and 6. In humans, the alternate transcript represents 5-20% of the complete LCAT message in cultured fibroblasts and liver. It is present in humans and the great apes but not in lesser apes (gibbon, siamang) or lower-order primates (e.g., old or new world monkeys). Sequencing of intron 5 of the LCAT locus in several primates revealed a G-->A transition at the splice donor recognition site in the Alu repeat of the gibbon and a G-->A substitution in the last position of the 95 bp Alu sequence of the rhesus monkey, an old world monkey. Both substitutions have been associated with exon skipping in other genes. These results demonstrate that alternative splicing of LCAT mRNA is variant among primates and suggest a potential role of Alu elements in the evolutionary diversity of proteins.
Abstract 2570: Role of PPAR gamma in chemoprevention of renal cell carcinomas by omega-3 fatty acids

Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma (RCC) is the tenth most prevalent cancer, accounting for 80% of all renal cancers. Recent results of a 15.3 year epidemiological study indicate that a diet of fatty fish offers significant protection against RCC, results which were attributed to omega-3 fatty acids. The question arises as to the molecular mechanisms by which such omega-3 fatty acids exert their protective effect. Our hypothesis is that omega-3 fatty acids exert their protective effects by activating Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs), which in turn reduce the level of expression of Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF). The level of HIF increases as a consequence of mutations in the von Hippel Lindau (VHL) gene, which is key to the development of RCCs. In order to begin to examine this hypothesis, primary cultures of renal proximal tubule cells have been examined with regards to their growth responses to PPAR agonists (as the RCC is of renal proximal tubule origin). Fibrate drugs and thiazolidinediones (TZDs) have been identified which have a high affinity for two different classes of PPARs, PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma, respectively. We have observed that troglitazone, a PPAR gamma agonist, caused a 4-fold increase in growth a concentration range of 10-6 to 5 x 10-6 M. A physiologically produced PPAR gamma agonist, Prostaglandin J2 (PGJ2), was also growth stimulatory, albeit to a lesser extent. In contrast, fenofibrate, a PPAR alpha agonist, had no significant affect. In order to examine our hypothesis that PPAR gamma activation affects signaling through HIF, transient transfection studies were conducted with HRE-Luc, a HIF regulatory element/reporter construct. The level of expression of HRE-Luc increases during hypoxia, leading to metabolic changes that promote tumorigenesis. Our studies with HRE-Luc indicate that 5 x 10-6 M troglitazone reduces the increase in HRE-Luc gene expression by over 50%. Similarly, troglitazone prevented the increase in HIF which occurs under normoxia in the presence of the hydroxylase inhibitor dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG). Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2570. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2570
Arterial calcification is driven by RAGE in Enpp1-/- mice.

Background/Aims: Ectopic osteochondral differentiation, driven by ENPP1-catalyzed generation of the chondrogenesis and calcification inhibitor inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), promotes generalized arterial calcification of infancy. The multiligand receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE), which promotes atherosclerosis and diabetic cardiovascular and renal complications, also mediates chondrocyte differentiation in response to RAGE ligand calgranulins such as S100A11. Here, we tested RAGE involvement in ENPP1 deficiency-associated arterial calcification. Methods: Because ectopic artery calcification in Enpp1–/– mice is Pi-dependent and mediated by PPi deficiency, in vitro studies on effects of S100A11 and RAGE on mouse aortic explants were conducted using exogenous Pi, as well as alkaline phosphatase to hydrolyze ambient PPi. Results: S100A11 induced cartilage-specific collagen IX/XI expression and calcification dependent on RAGE in mouse aortic explants that was inhibited by the endogenous RAGE signaling inhibitor soluble RAGE (sRAGE). Enpp1–/– aortic explants demonstrated decreased Pi-stimulated release of sRAGE, and increased calcification and type IX/XI collagen expression that were suppressed by exogenous sRAGE and by Rage knockout. Last, Rage knockout suppressed spontaneous aortic calcification in situ in Enpp1–/– mice. Conclusion: Cultured Enpp1–/– aortic explants have decreased Pi-stimulated release of sRAGE, and RAGE promotes ectopic chondrogenic differentiation and arterial calcification in Enpp1–/– mice.
Rifampin in the Management of Early Prosthetic Staphylococcus epidermidis Endocarditis

Staphylococcus epidermidis endocarditis occurred four days following aortic valve replacement with a Bjork-Shiley prosthesis. Antimicrobial therapy, shown to be effective by in vitro and in vivo studies, failed to eradicate the infection. When rifampin was added to the existing antibiotic regimen, peak serum bactericidal activity increased, the patient defervesced, and blood cultures became negative.
Motives and Points of Attachment of Professional Golf Spectators

Although professional golf has emerged as a leading spectator sport during the 20th century, there has been little research examining the consumption behaviour of those who attend tournaments across the three professional tours in North America. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the motives as measured by the Motivation Scale for Sport Consumption and points of attachment as measured by the Point of Attachment Index differed by gender and/or the tour event watched, after controlling for age and employment status. The relationship between motives and points of attachment was also examined. Data were collected at a PGA, an LPGA and a PGA Senior Tour event on each day of each tournament. A 2 (gender) × 3 (tour) multivariate analysis of covariance procedure on each of the areas (motives and points of attachment) was conducted. Finally, multivariate multiple regression analysis was used to predict a combined set of dependent variables (points of attachment) from a combined set of predictors (motives). The MANCOVA procedure for the motive factors indicated that the interaction effect was significant but the amount of variance explained was small. The multivariate analysis of covariance procedure for the motive factors indicated that the main effects of spectator and gender were significant as was the interaction effect but the amount of variance explained by each independent variable and the interaction was small. There was also a significant but small association between the dependent variables and the covariates of age and employment status. The MANCOVA procedure for the points of attachment factors also indicated that the interaction effect was significant but the amount of variance explained was minimal. The multivariate analysis of covariance procedure for the points of attachment factors also indicated that the main effects of spectator gender and tour were significant. The interaction effect was also significant but the amount of variance explained by each independent variable and the interaction was minimal. There was a significant but small association between the covariate of age but not between employment status and the dependent variables. The multivariate multiple regression procedure indicated that the motives were significantly related to the points of attachment and the variance explained was large. Specifically, vicarious achievement explained a moderate to large amount of variance in identification with a golfer, tour and hosting community. Based on all of this information, marketing plans do not need to differ based on the tour and the primary focus should be on a specific golfer or set of golfers who are playing in the event.
Oil absorption into cotton-phenolic material

The kinetics of oil absorption into cotton-phenolic ball-bearing retainer material was determined. The results fit a model of two-step absorption in which the first step can be described by capillary rise and the second step by diffusion of oil from the capillaries into the bulk phenolic resin. The capillaries are associated with the cotton threads and are on the order of several micrometers or less in radius. The model successfully describes data for two cotton-phenolics with different cloth weaves, and five nonpolar liquids (four lubricating oils and heptane) with viscosities that vary over 3 orders of magnitude. The total amount of oil absorbed at the completion of the first step (1.5 to 3.4% v/v in this work) is proportional to the volume of the sample, not its surface area, suggesting that the entire volume of the material stores oil and not just the surface region. If the material is not completely dry when submerged in oil, the capillaries are blocked and only surface absorption of oil can take place. The saturation amount of oil in the resin after diffusion is complete at about 2 to 3% v/v (not including the amount of oil stored in the capillaries). The diffusion coefficient calculated using our model is 3 × 10−12 cm2/s, which is reasonable when compared with available literature data on large and small molecules diffusing into polymers.
Isoelectronic homologues and isomers: tropolone, 5-azatropolone, 1-H-azepine-4,5-dione, saddle points, and ions.

Computational studies of 12 64-electron homologues and isomers of tropolone in the S0 electronic ground state are reported. Three minimum-energy structures, tropolone (Tp), 5-azatropolone (5Azt), and 5-H-5-azatropolonium (5AztH+), have an internal H-bond and planar Cs geometry, and three, tropolonate (TpO-), 5-azatropolonate (5AzO-), and 1-H-azepine-4,5-dione (45Di), lack the H-bond and have twisted C2 geometry. All 6 substances have an equal double-minimum potential energy surface and a saddle point with planar C2v geometry. The energy for the gas-phase isomerization reaction 45Di → 5Azt is near +4 kJ mol-1 at the MP4(SDQ)/6-311++G(df,pd)//MP2/6-311++G(df,pd) (energy//geometry) theoretical level and around −20 kJ mol-1 at lower theoretical levels. The dipole moments computed for 45Di and 5Azt are 9.6 and 2.1 D, respectively, and this large difference contributes to MO-computed free energies of solvation that strongly favoras experimentally observed45Di over 5Azt in chloroform solvent. The MO-computed ene...
TVA and Black Americans : planning for the status quo

Acknowledgments Introduction 1. The Promise 2. The Reality 3. Hiring and Promotions for Blacks 4. Regional and Community Development 5. Critics of TVA's Racial Policies 6. The Fair Employment Practices Committee 7. Beyond the New Deal Notes Bibliography Index
Decay of correlations. IV. Necessary and sufficient conditions for a rapid decay of correlations

We considerN-particle systems whose probability distributions obey the master equation. For these systems, we derive the necessary and sufficient conditions under which the reducedn-particle (n<N) probabilities also obey master equations and under which the Ursell functions decay to their equilibrium values faster than the probability distributions. These conditions impose restrictions on the form of the transition rate matrix and thus on the form of its eigenfunctions. We first consider systems in which the eigenfunctions of theN-particle transition rate matrix are completely factorized and demonstrate that for such systems, the reduced probabilities obey master equations and the Ursell functions decay rapidly if certain additional conditions are imposed. As an example of such a system, we discuss a random walk ofN pairwise interacting walkers. We then demonstrate that for systems whoseN-particle transition matrix can be written as a sum of one-particle, two-particle, etc. contributions, and for which the reduced probabilities obey master equations, the reduced master equations become, in the thermodynamic limit, those for independent particles, which have been discussed by us previously. As an example of suchN-particle systems, we discuss the relaxation of a gas of interacting harmonic oscillators.
Relationships as dialogues

This article discusses five interrelated conceptions of dialogue in the works of Russian scholar Mikhail Bakhtin that ground relational dialectics theory: (a) dialogue as constitutive process, (b) dialogue as dialectical flux, (c) dialogue as aesthetic moment, (d) dialogue as utterance, and (e) dialogue as critical sensibility. The author's recent research in relational dialectics is discussed, as are directions for future research. Relational dialectics is positioned as a sensitizing theory different from systems theory and other dialectically oriented approaches.
Using Clar sextets for two- and three-dimensional aromatic systems

After a brief history of the aromaticity concept, the use of Clar sextet circles is reviewed for explaining various aspects of planar aromatic systems (benzenoids, heterocycles) and of tridimensional carbon aggregates. When folding a graphene sheet for obtaining nanotubes, nanotori, or nanocones, the congruence of Clar sextet circles allows the classification of all such aggregates into two classes (congruent or incongruent) with marked differences in properties; this is in agreement with the well-known condition h − k ≡ 0 (mod 3), equivalent to congruence, in terms of the chiral vectors h and k for graphene sheets.
Herculaneum: Clues to Vesuvius eruption

More than 80 skeletons have been unearthed in the ancient Mediterranean town of Herculaneum, west of Italy's Mount Vesuvius. This anthropological find corroborates a reinterpretation by three University of Rhode Island scientists of the sequence of the August A.D. 79 eruption of Vesuvius. In addition, the discovery is the first proof that large numbers of people perished as they tried to flee from the eruption, estimated to have been about 10 times more powerful than the May 1980 Mount St. Helens blast. ‘Who says dead men don't talk? Their bones have something to say about them and their everyday lives,’ says Sara C. Bisel, a physical anthropologist who analyzed the skeletons. Among the remains are a cluster of skeletons from six adults, four children, and two infants trying to shield themselves from the volcanic onslaught; the skeleton of a sailor, still clutching an oar, lying on his back beside an 8-m-long capsized boat; a woman whose now bony hand was still graced with gem-encrusted gold rings; and a soldier (see Figure 1). From these and other finds the anthropological team was able to discern that the ancient Romans, on average, were shorter than modern citizens and, judging from the condition of some of the teeth, probably had a low-sugar diet.
Long-Term Follow-Up of Technical Outcomes for Incisional Hernia Repair

Background Incisional hernia repair (IHR) is plagued by high recurrence rates and lack of long-term outcomes data to guide repair technique. Mesh repair reduces recurrence rates but lacks standardization of technique. We investigated long-term outcomes of elective IHR, focusing on technical predictors of recurrence. Study Design This retrospective multicenter cohort study included elective IHR performed at 16 Veterans Affairs hospitals between 1997 and 2002. Hernia characteristics and operative details were abstracted from operative notes, and chart review was performed to identify recurrence and complications. Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression models were used to evaluate the effects of hernia characteristics and operative technique on recurrence. Results There were 1,346 elective IHRs, of which 22% were recurrent hernias. Repair technique was primary suture in 31%, open inlay or onlay mesh in 30%, open underlay in 30%, and laparoscopic in 9%. At median follow-up of 73.4 months, there were 383 recurrences (28.5%), 23 mesh removals (1.7%), and 7 enterocutaneous fistulas (ECF) (0.5%). On Cox regression modeling with adjustment for hernia and Veterans Affairs site characteristics, the effectiveness of mesh varied by position. Compared with suture repair, laparoscopic (hazard ratio=0.49; 95% CI, 0.28−0.84) and open underlay mesh repair (hazard ratio=0.72; 95% CI, 0.53−0.98) substantially reduced the recurrence risk, but onlay or inlay mesh repair did not. Mesh position did not affect mesh removal or ECF rates. Conclusions Underlay technique, either laparoscopic or open, for mesh implantation during elective IHR substantially reduces the risk of recurrence, without increasing the risk of serious mesh infection or ECF.
Deformation mechanisms in h.c.p. metals at elevated temperatures—II. Creep behavior of a Mg-0.8% Al solid solution alloy

Experiments were conducted to determine the creep behavior of a Mg-0.8% Al solid solution alloy over the temperature range from 473 to 810 K. The results show the occurrence of three different mechanisms, with the creep process dependent on the testing temperature and stress level. In the lower temperature range, up to ~600–750 K depending on the stress, the behavior divides into two regions: 1. (i) at the lower normalized stresses, the activation energy for creep is ~ 140 ± 10 kj mole−1. there is a very small or no measurable instantaneous strain, there is a very brief normal or inverted primary stage of creep, the stress exponent is ~ 3.0. there is extensive basal slip, and the substructure consists of a random distribution of dislocations 2. (ii) at the higher normalized stresses, the activation energy for creep is ~ 140 ± 10 kJ mole−1, there is a measurable instantaneous strain, there is an extensive normal primary stage, the stress exponent is ~6.0, and the substructure consists of well-defined subgrains. The data are consistent with viscous glide at the lower stresses (class A behavior) and a transition to dislocation climb at the higher stresses when the dislocations break away from their solute atmospheres. From measurements of the critical break-away stress, the solute-dislocation binding energy is estimated as ~0.14 ± 0.03 eV. In the higher temperature range, above ~ 600–750 K depending on the stress, there is a measurable instantaneous strain, a normal primary stage of creep, the activation energy is ~230 ± 15 kJ mole−1 and decreases with increasing stress, the stress exponent is ~4.0. and there is extensive non-basal slip. This behavior is consistent with the cross-slip of dislocations from the basal to the prismatic planes, and the constriction energy is estimated as ~ 160 ± 10 kJ mole−1.
Differences in Weight Loss and Gut Hormones: Rouen-Y Gastric Bypass and Sleeve Gastrectomy Surgery

Bariatric surgery is arguably the most effective therapy for weight loss, and Rouen-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is considered the "gold-standard" procedure. However, sleeve gastrectomy (SG) surgery has become more prevalent in recent years and it is unclear if weight loss differences occur between these procedures. Herein, we discuss evidence from randomized clinical trials comparing the effectiveness of RYGB and SG on weight loss. Moreover, we highlight gut hormones (e.g., GLP-1, ghrelin, bile acids, etc.) as potentially important mechanisms that contribute to the durability of decreased appetite and opposed fat storage following RYGB and SG. Collectively, although a subtle (∼ 3-5 kg) weight loss difference may exist in favor of RYGB up to 3 years post-operation, it appears that RYGB and SG induce comparable weight loss and changes in gut physiology that parallel reduced disease risk. These findings are clinically relevant for optimizing treatment strategies that combat obesity-related diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
THERMAL RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT ACROSS A WICK STRUCTURE USING A NOVEL THERMOSYPHON TEST CHAMBER

A novel system is developed for measuring the thermal resistance across thin layers of sintered copper wicks of varying porosity. Wicks to be tested are integrated into a passive vertical thermosyphon system, and the resistance is measured for a series of input power levels. The wicks are sintered to a thermally conducting pedestal above a pool of deionized water and heated from below. The apparent thermal resistance across the wick (from the pedestal/wick interface to the vapor space) under the evaporative operating conditions encountered in heat pipes is measured using thermocouples. The apparent thermal resistance across the wick is measured to be as low as 0.01°C/W, corresponding to an evaporative heat transfer coefficient of greater than 128,000 W/m2K.
Accessory cervix: An unusual congenital malformation

A woman with a septate vagina and two cervices was observed. One of the cervices ended blindly. The other cervix communicated with a normal corpus and two normally positioned patent fallopian tubes. Two explanations for the origin of this accessory cervix are offered: (1) that it originated from a fusion failure of the lower portions of the mullerian ducts, and (2) that it arose from the urogenital sinus.
Amide I Band and Photoinduced Disassembly of a Peptide Hydrogel.

Abstract Peptide hydrogels are promising candidates for a wide range of medical and biotechnological applications. To further expand the potential utility of peptide hydrogels, herein we demonstrate a simple yet effective strategy to render peptide hydrogels photodegradable, making controlled disassembly of the gel structure of interest feasible. In addition, we find that the high-frequency amide I′ component (i.e., the peak at ∼1685 cm −1 ) of the photodegradable peptide hydrogel studied shows an unusually large enhancement, in comparison to that of other peptide fibrils consisting of antiparallel β-sheets, making it a good model system for further study of the coupling–structure relationship.
Circulating tumor cells from 4D model have less integrin beta 4 expression.

Background Currently, there is no in vitro or ex vivo model that can isolate circulating tumor cells (CTCs). Recently, we developed a four-dimensional (4D) lung cancer model that allows for the isolation of CTCs. We postulated that these cells have different properties than parental (2D) cells.
Fate and effects of trace particulate explosives

In this work we deposit particles of explosives by different techniques including sieving, inkjetting, and pipetting and monitor their sublimation by photo/video-microscopy. We compare and contrast the effect of deposition technique on particle fabrication and subsequent sublimation or related effects influencing particle lifetime. Analysis of 2D microscopic images is used to compute and track particle size and geometrical characteristics as functions of time and experimental test conditions. In this preliminary work a limited set of test conditions were used including variable airflow rates and fixed humidity, temperature and substrate type.
Nonperturbative QED and loop bremsstrahlung of neutral lepton pairs in heavy-ion collisions.

A simplified model of an eikonal representation for the scattering of high-$Z$ ions is formulated, involving an IR approximation to closed fermion loops which themselves carry full radiative corrections. Signals are found for the possible production of "resonances" from such a loop when the impact-parameter-dependent electric field between the ions reaches successive thresholds on the order of ${m}^{2}{c}^{\frac{5}{2}}{h}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{3}{2}}$. Qualitative arguments are given leading to narrow widths (\ensuremath{\sim}30 keV) and a prediction of peak energies in reasonable agreement with the data. An explicit enhancement factor, arising from the computation of low-frequency radiative corrections across the loop in the presence of a sufficiently strong external field, compensates the smallness of the fine-structure constant.
Improving performance and energy efficiency of matrix multiplication via pipeline broadcast

Boosting performance and energy efficiency of scientific applications running on high performance computing systems arise cruicially nowadays. Software and hardware based solutions for improving communication performance have been recognized as significant means of achieving performance gain and thus energy savings for such applications. As a fundamental component of most numerical linear algebra algorithms, improving performance and energy efficiency of distributed matrix multiplication is of major concerns. For such purposes, we propose a high performance communication scheme that fully exploits network bandwidth via non-blocking pipeline broadcast with tuned chunk size. Empirically, substantial performance gain up to 8.4% and energy savings up to 6.9% are achieved compared to blocking pipeline broadcast, and against binomial tree broadcast, performance gain up to 6.5% and energy savings up to 6.1% are observed on a 64-core cluster.
t-linked extensions, the t-class group, and Nagata's theorem

Abstract Let A be a subring of the integral domain B . Then B is said to be t-linked over A if for each finitely generated ideal I of A with I -1 = A , we have ( IB ) -1 = B . If A and B are Krull domains, this condition is equivalent to PDE. We show that if B is t-linked over A , then the map I →( IB ) t gives a homomorphism from the group of t-invertible t-ideals of A to the group of t-invertible t-ideals of B and hence a homomorphism Cl t ( A )→Cl t ( B ) of the t-class groups. Conditions are given for these maps to be surjective which extend Nagata's Theorem for Krull domains to a much larger class of domains including, e.g., Noetherian domains each of whose grade-one prime ideals has height one.
Optimal data scheduling for uniform multidimensional applications

Uniform nested loops are broadly used in scientific and multidimensional digital signal processing applications. Due to the amount of data handled by such applications, on-chip memory is required to improve the data access and overall system performance. In this study a static data scheduling method, carrot-hole data scheduling, is proposed for multidimensional applications, in order to control the data traffic between different levels of memory. Based on this data schedule, optimal partitioning and scheduling are selected. Experiments show that by using this technique, on-chip memory misses are significantly reduced as compared to results obtained from traditional methods. The carrot-hole data scheduling method is proven to obtain smallest on-chip memory misses compared with other linear scheduling and partitioning schemes.