cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Persistent hypersomnolence in an elderly male.

A 73-year-old male presents with hypersomnolence and witnessed pauses in breathing during sleep lasting 30–60 seconds. He was diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea in 1996 and underwent uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP). His symptoms re-emerged 2 years later. Multiple sleep studies done since then demonstrated Cheyne Stokes breathing. He was treated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), bilevel PAP (with and without backup rate), and/or supplemental oxygen but he continued to have unabated diurnal hypersomnolence and his wife noted incomplete resolution of pauses in breathing. He had history of atrial fibrillation, coronary artery disease, and permanent pacemaker placement. A representative tracing from his diagnostic polysomnogram is shown below (display range 240 seconds). Which of the following treatments is likely to be MOST effective in treating his sleep disordered breathing? Beta blockers Adaptive Servoventilation Automatically adjusting PAP Theophylline Supplemental CO2 Answer B Adaptive servoventilation
Genetic improvement programs in livestock: swine testing and genetic evaluation system (stages).

Genetic evaluations for the U.S. swine industry are conducted by the eight purebred associations of the National Association of Swine Records. Within-herd evaluations of the growth traits (days to 105 kg [market] and backfat depth) were first reported in 1986. Analyses of the maternal traits (litter size at birth and weaning, and litter 21-d weight) were inaugurated in 1987. Expected progeny differences (EPD) are reported for all traits and for general, paternal, and maternal bioeconomic indexes. A sow productivity index combining only maternal traits is available. All records are adjusted according to National Swine Improvement Federation (NSIF) guidelines for effects such as number of pigs transferred at crossfostering and age at recorded observation prior to the BLUP evaluation. Within-herd analyses of individual contemporary groups are conducted immediately on receipt of performance records at each breed association office. All parents in the herd and the young pigs in the current group are evaluated. A report is returned to the breeder for use in herd selection and the EPD are placed in the pedigree file. The genetic base of each herd is defined as the first n tested pigs or litters, where n is the number of pigs registered annually within the herd. Change in mean EPD between groups is indicative of genetic trend. Periodic across-herd analyses are used to update interim within-herd analyses and a national sire summary is published.
Breast Cancer Screening with Digital Breast Tomosynthesis: Are Initial Benefits Sustained?

The benefits of reduced false-positive examinations and higher specificity with screening digital breast tomosynthesis were sustained after the first screening round.
El deseo y los orígenes cristianos de la gubernamentalidad liberal

Abstract : This article focuses on Michel Foucault’s investigation on Christianity in order to discuss some contemporary readings that consider Saint Augustine’s theory of desire as a crucial focal point of Foucault’s genealogy of liberalism. The main hypothesis of the article is that such readings may lead to a partial understanding of the Christian dimension of Foucault’s genealogy of liberalism. This is for, by focusing exclusively on Saint Augustine’s theory of desire, these readings may not be able to account for the crucial relevance that Foucault gives to monasticism in the shaping of liberalism. In order to emphasise the role of monasticism in Foucault’s genealogy of liberalism, the article draws on the notion of “discipline”. On the one hand, the article analyses Saint Augustine’s account of discipline, which constitutes the political consequence of the perspective on libido built up by the bishop of Hippo. In order to examine Saint Augustine’s account of libido, the article particularly draws on Foucault’s The Confessions of the Flesh . On the other hand, the article centres on the relevance played by monasticism in Foucault’s genealogy of modern discipline. Based on the contrast displayed by the comparison between Foucault’s and Saint Augustine’s perspective on discipline, the article thematises the crucial role of monasticism in Foucault’s genealogy of liberalism by focusing on Foucault’s reflection on Jeremy Bentham.
Autonomous Power Grid Formation for Surface Assets Using Multiple Unmanned Ground Vehicles

Mobile microgrid formation using multiple Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGV) can establish surface power sources and integrate mission infrastructure autonomously. Advancement of this technology is martialed by the expedited Artemis mission to return to the Moon by 2024, with residence there by 2028. Many of the infrastructure deployment tasks to support this mission will depend on advance assembly by robotic agents. Consider the deployment of multiple Kilopower reactors to supply power to a lunar habitation module, with UGVs to position the reactors and connect power grid elements with cables. To accomplish this complex task, a number of robotic controllers have been integrated on all-terrain UGVs. These controllers comprise waypoint navigation, visual docking, electrical connection coupling, and electrical cable deployment. Hardware which supports the mission includes the UGV platform, odometry and perception sensors, distributed communications, and electrical grid infrastructure. Robot Operating System (ROS) provides a core development architecture. Subsystem tests in an unstructured terrestrial environment have been performed, with a full system test including multiple UGVs planned. This work reports on the current operating capability of subsystems in an outdoor terrestrial environment, and suggests the system-level validation test objectives for power grid formation.
Molecular Profiling of Pediatric and Adult Glioblastoma.

Objectives Although glioblastoma (GBM) is rare in the pediatric population, it is the most common cause of death among children with central nervous system neoplasms. Recent molecular profiling of these neoplasms has demonstrated distinct differences in comparison to their adult counterparts. Moreover, many pediatric GBMs occur within the context of cancer predisposition syndromes, such as constitutional mismatch repair deficiency syndrome (CMMRD). Children with CMMRD who develop GBM exhibit a high tumor mutational burden and may benefit from treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Methods We performed next-generation sequencing and immunohistochemistry for mismatch repair proteins in our cohort of pediatric and adult GBMs to further characterize the molecular profiles of these groups. Results We examined a total of 11 pediatric and 11 adult GBMs. Pediatric patients had a higher number of alterations compared to their adult counterparts. They also had a higher frequency of alterations in the mismatch repair genes, which can be detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). We also identified one pediatric patient with CMMRD syndrome. Conclusions Our study highlighted the distinct molecular differences between pediatric and adult GBM. We also demonstrated that pediatric patients have a higher frequency of alterations in the mismatch repair genes, which may render them susceptible to treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors. These alterations can be detected using routine IHC and should be performed on all pediatric GBM.
Correction to the article Finite generation of the cohomology of some skew group algebras

For the class of examples in Section 5 of the article in question, the proof of finite generation of cohomology is incomplete. We give here a proof of existence of a polynomial subalgebra needed there. The rest of the proof of finite generation given by the authors then applies.
N-quandles of links

Abstract The fundamental quandle is a powerful invariant of knots and links, but it is difficult to describe in detail. It is often useful to look at quotients of the quandle, especially finite quotients. One natural quotient introduced by Joyce [1] is the n-quandle. Hoste and Shanahan [2] gave a complete list of the knots and links which have finite n-quandles for some n. We introduce a generalization of n-quandles, denoted N-quandles (for a quandle with k algebraic components, N is a k-tuple of positive integers). We conjecture a classification of the links with finite N-quandles for some N, and we prove one direction of the classification.
Strong coupling in polaritonic media: towards on-chip infrared nanophotonics

The field of nanophotonics is based on the ability to confine light to sub-diffractional dimensions. In the infrared, this requires compression of the wavelength to length scales well below that of the free-space values, which requires the implementation of polaritons, such as the plasmon and phonon polaritons. Here we will discuss the opportunity to implement polaritonic strong coupling between different media in an effort to dictate the polaritonic dispersion relation, and thus, the propagation and resonant properties of these materials. Within the talk results highlighting ultra-strong coupling in both forms of polaritons will be presented in the context of infrared emitters, as a means to control planar propagation using hyperbolic polaritons and in an effort to dictate the IR dielectric function using superlattice designs, with n-doped CdO offering an exemplary material in this regard.
Orexin (hypocretin) mediates light-dependent fluctuation of hippocampal function in a diurnal rodent.

Environmental lighting conditions play a central role in cognitive function, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Utilizing a diurnal rodent model, the Nile grass rat (Arvicanthis niloticus), we previously found that daytime light intensity affects hippocampal function in this species in a manner similar to its effects in humans. Compared to animals housed in a 12:12 h bright light-dark (brLD) cycle, grass rats kept in a 12:12 h dim light-dark (dimLD) cycle showed impaired spatial memory in the Morris water maze (MWM) and reduced CA1 apical dendritic spine density. The present study explored the neural substrates mediating the effects of daylight intensity on hippocampal function focusing on the hypothalamic orexin (hypocretin) system. First, animals housed in dimLD were treated with daily intranasal administration of orexin A peptide over five training days of the MWM task. Compared to vehicle controls, this treatment led to superior spatial memory accompanied by increased phosphorylation of Ca2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II α and glutamate receptor 1 within the CA1. To assess the role of hippocampal orexinergic signaling, an adeno-associated viral vector (AAV) expressing an orexin receptor 1 (OX1R) shRNA was injected into the dorsal hippocampus targeting the CA1 of animals housed in brLD. AAV-mediated knockdown of OX1R within the hippocampus resulted in deficits in MWM performance and reduced CA1 apical dendritic spine density. These results are consistent with the view that the hypothalamic orexinergic system underlies the modulatory role of daytime illumination on hippocampal function in diurnal mammals.
Pleading a Loss Cause: Resolving the Pleading Standard for the Element of Loss Causation in a Private Securities Fraud Claim and a Plaintiff's Heavy Burden Pleading it Under IQBAL

Introduction 175 I. Background 181 A. An Introduction to the Element of Loss Causation and the General Standards of Pleading 181 1. A private securities fraud claim and the element of loss causation 181 2. Pleading requirements under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act 183 3. Rule 8(a)(2) 184 4. Rule 9(b) 187 B. Judicial Application of Pleading Standards to the Element of Loss Causation 189 1. The Supreme Court‘s implicit adoption of Rule 8(a)(2) .... 190 2. The Rule 8(a)(2) approach 191
Invariant-strength propagation of a spherical shock in inhomogeneous media

Invariant finite amplitude spherical shock wave propagation in medium with inversely radial density
Design Choices and Theoretical Issues for Relative Feature Importance, a Metric for Nonparametric Discriminatory Power

We have developed relative feature importance (RFI), a metric for the classifier-independent ranking of features. Previously, we have shown the metric to rank accurately features for a wide variety of artificial and natural problems, for both two-class and multi-class problems. In this paper, we present the design of the metric, including both theoretical considerations and statistical analysis of the possible components.
Multidisciplinary Support for Healthcare Transitioning Across an Urban Healthcare Network.

Background A successful transition from pediatric to adult oriented health care is a vital process in maintaining a patient-centered medical home for youth with special health care needs (YSHCNs). We assessed practices of pediatric providers who transition YSCHNs to adult-oriented medical care in a large urban academic healthcare network. Methods A cross-sectional Web-based survey was distributed to 376 generalist and subspecialist pediatric providers. Survey assessed provider-reported utilization of 11 Essential Steps adapted from the 2002 Consensus Statement on Health Care Transitions for YSHCNs, and recent transitioning literature. Compliance score (CS11) was calculated as a sum of steps completed. Additional items assessed knowledge of transitioning literature and respondent demographics. Results Survey achieved a 28% response rate (n=105), of whom 84 reported assisting transitioning YSHCNs. Only 16.7% of these respondents were compliant with 7 or more of the 11 Essential Steps. Respondents who identified social work or nursing were more likely to have CS11 scores ≥7 compared to those without and were more likely to be compliant with specific steps. Conclusion We found limited and incomplete utilization of recommended transitioning steps for YSHCNs by pediatric providers within a large urban healthcare network. Access to support from social work and nursing was associated with greater utilization of specific recommended steps, and with more optimal compliance. Further research needs to assess the transitioning practices of all members of the multidisciplinary team and whether operationalizing healthcare transition for YSHCNs as a multidisciplinary activity impacts the transitioning process and patient outcomes.
Glacial marine nutrient and carbon redistribution: Evidence from the tropical ocean

The nature and timing of marine nutrient and carbon redistribution through a glacial cycle remains unclear. Understanding transfers to and from the surface and deep ocean reservoirs is important to explaining Pleistocene variation in atmospheric CO2 content. Observations in the modern ocean show that the nutrient supply to the tropical upwelling regions depends on content of deep reservoirs and vertical mixing in the Southern and subantarctic oceans. Previous work in the Pacific demonstrated that nutrient supply to the tropics was reduced during the Glacial, consonant with reduced vertical mixing in the Southern Ocean. We examine the glacial record of the tropical Atlantic with the same methods used in the Pacific (N. dutertrei carbon isotope data combined with export production estimates to evaluate changes in thermocline nutrient content). In contrast to the Pacific, we find evidence for an increase in tropical Atlantic nutrient supply under glacial conditions. The source of nutrients can be traced to subantarctic surface waters and ultimately to an enriched abyssal reservoir. Bathymetrically forced vertical mixing could account for the transfer of nutrients from this reservoir in the S. Atlantic. The enriched reservoir developed in early MIS 4 (75 ka) and persisted until about 14.5 ka (Bolling/Allerod). This timing corresponds to shifts in atmospheric CO2 content from intermediate to minimum (full glacial) levels at 75 ka and from intermediate to Holocene concentrations near 14.5 ka.
The Struggles of John Brown Russwurm: The Life and Writings of a Pan-Africanist Pioneer, 1799-1851

Preface and Acknowledgments A Note on Quotations Part I Prologue 1 From Boy to Man 2 Freedom's Journal: Pleading Our Own Cause 3 Quitting America and Its Cost 4 "We Have Found a Haven": In the Land of His Fathers 5 Governor Russwurm: The Cape Palmas Years Epilogue: Russwurm in His Rightful Place Part II Editorial Note 1 Early Writings 2 Writings from Freedom's Journal Part A. Uplift, Abolitionism, and Opposition to Colonization To Our Patrons Part B. Our Views Are Materially Altered: Looking toward Liberia 3 Writings from Liberia Part A. First Impressions: Two Early Letters from Liberia Part B. Writings from the Liberia Herald Part C. Letters Home from Afar to a Brother Part D. Governor Russwurm: Departing from the Old and Beaten Paths Part E. Sometimes We Despond a Little: Some Candid and Private Thoughts on the Liberian Project Part F. Home from Home: A Visit to Maine and After Part G. "None in Your Employ Eat the Bread of Idleness in Africa": A Governor's Dispatches Notes Index About the Author
Alternating dynamic state self-generated by internal resonance in stacks of intrinsic Josephson junctions

Intrinsic Josephson-junction stacks realized in high-temperature superconductors provide a very attractive base for developing coherent sources of electromagnetic radiation in the terahertz frequency range. A promising way to synchronize phase oscillations in all the junctions is to excite an internal cavity resonance. We demonstrate that this resonance promotes the formation of an alternating coherent state, in which the system spontaneously splits into two subsystems with different phase-oscillation patterns. There is a static phase shift between the oscillations in the two subsystems, which changes from 0 to $2\ensuremath{\pi}$ in a narrow region near the stack center. The oscillating electric and magnetic fields are almost homogeneous in all the junctions. The formation of this state promotes efficient pumping of the energy into the cavity resonance leading to strong resonance features in the current-voltage dependence.
Implementable Bio-Inspired Passive Negative Spring Actuator for Full-Scale Structural Control under Seismic Excitation

AbstractA bio-inspired passive negative spring actuator inspired by an energy-dissipating mechanism called sacrificial bonds and hidden length is designed, fabricated and implemented in a test case of a three-story structural model for testing its performance and demonstrating the effectiveness as a passive controller. Specifically, a unique design of a negative spring actuator is developed and combined with a viscous damper to exhibit aspects of the force-displacement relation of negative sacrificial bonds and hidden length. This novel actuator can output a unique force-displacement profile, capable of large control forces, making the bio-inspired passive actuator practical for implementation in real structures. Results obtained from numerical simulation were validated experimentally on a model structure. The results showed that the bio-inspired passive negative spring actuator has comparable structural control performance to state-of-the-art semiactive actuators. Therefore, the actuator could be a pract...
Communicating Potential Radiation-Induced Cancer Risks From Medical Imaging Directly to Patients.

OBJECTIVE. Over the past decade, efforts have increasingly been made to decrease radiation dose from medical imaging. However, there remain varied opinions about whether, for whom, by whom, and how these potential risks should be discussed with patients. We aimed to provide a review of the literature regarding awareness and communication of potential radiation-induced cancer risks from medical imaging procedures in hopes of providing guidance for communicating these potential risks with patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS. We performed a systematic literature review on the topics of radiation dose and radiation-induced cancer risk awareness, informed consent regarding radiation dose, and communication of radiation-induced cancer risks with patients undergoing medical imaging. We included original research articles from North America and Europe published between 1995 and 2014. RESULTS. From more than 1200 identified references, a total of 22 original research articles met our inclusion criteria. Overall, we fo...
A Method for the Investigation of the Integrability of Dynamical Systems

Conventional approaches to theories of motion of dynamical systems generally involve using integrable approximations (or truncated Birkhoff normal forms), and often the equations of motion are modified by an averaging procedure that eliminates one or more variables. The averaged system has no rigorous connection with the original system.
Improving access to health care for children, youth, and pregnant women.

Twenty-five years ago it seemed that America was on the verge of universal health care coverage.1 A large and growing number of workers and their dependents had gained employer-based health insurance coverage.2 Medicaid and Medicare were enacted to serve the needs of those who did not work—notably the poor and the elderly. Direct service programs, such as community health centers, maternal and infant care projects, and children and youth projects, were also established in the mid-1960s to serve low-income families. At the time, it appeared that this pluralistic approach to financing health care was leading to universal access to health care.
Does Preservation of the Posterior Chordae Tendineae Enhance Survival during Mitral Valve Replacement

Abstract During a 30-month period, 51 patients underwent mitral valve replacement. There were 3 hospital deaths (5.9%), 2 of which were due to ventricular rupture. The 3 patients who died were among 13 patients in whom mitral valve replacement was combined with tricuspid or aortic valve operation or both. Postmortem findings in the 2 patients who died of ventricular rupture showed that the ventricular tears were located between the atrioventricular groove and the unresected papillary muscle stumps, in an area of ventricle formerly tethered by the posterior chordae tendineae. In the last 14 patients in the series, the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve and its chordae tendineae were left intact, and there was no mortality or prosthetic valve dysfunction. In patients with myxomatous or ischemic disease, the posterior leaflet was left completely intact. For patients with fibrocalcific rheumatic disease, we have developed a technique of partial excision and debridement of the posterior leaflet, preserving the intermediate and basal chordae tendineae attachments. With the techniques described, preservation of all or part of the posterior leaflet and its chordae tendineae does not appear to interfere with prosthetic valve function and, by reducing the risk of ventricular rupture, should enhance survival after mitral valve replacement.
The Friend of GATA protein U-shaped functions as a hematopoietic tumor suppressor in Drosophila.

Abstract Drosophila has emerged as an important model system to discover and analyze genes controlling hematopoiesis. One regulatory network known to control hemocyte differentiation is the Janus kinase (JAK)/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) signal-transduction pathway. A constitutive activation mutation of the Janus kinase Hopscotch ( hopscotch Tumorous-lethal ; hop Tum-l ) results in a leukemia-like over-proliferation of hemocytes and copious differentiation of lamellocytes during larval stages. Here we show that the Friend of GATA (FOG) protein U-shaped (Ush) is expressed in circulating and lymph gland hemocytes, where it plays a critical role in controlling blood cell proliferation and differentiation. Our findings demonstrate that a reduction in ush function results in hematopoietic phenotypes strikingly similar to those observed in hop Tum-l animals. These include lymph gland hypertrophy, increased circulating hemocyte concentration, and abundant production of lamellocytes. Forced expression of N-terminal truncated versions of Ush likewise leads to larvae with severe hematopoietic anomalies. In contrast, expression of wild-type Ush results in a strong suppression of hop Tum-l phenotypes. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that U-shaped acts to control larval hemocyte proliferation and suppress lamellocyte differentiation, likely regulating hematopoietic events downstream of Hop kinase activity. Such functions appear to be facilitated through Ush interaction with the hematopoietic GATA factor Serpent (Srp).
STUDIES IN STEROID METABOLISM. XVII. INTRACELLULAR DISTRIBUTION OF (16-14C)ESTRONE IN RAT LIVER.

Abstract Liver tissue obtained from rats after short-term infusion of [16- 14 C]estrone was homogenized and differentially fractionated into nuclei, mitochondria, microsomes and supernatant. The greatest amount of radioactivity was found in the supernatant fraction, followed by the nuclei and mitochondria with the lowest amount in the microsomes. The highest specific activity was present in the supernatant fraction followed by the mitochondria and microsomes with the lowest value obtained for the nuclei. Examination of the individual fractions showed probable evidence for binding of estrogen to liver protein, formation of little if any conjugates, possible degradation of ring D and the production of estradiol and another substance more polar than estriol.
Behavioral responses of male and female Mexican fruit flies, Anastrepha ludens, to male-produced chemicals in laboratory experiments

The behavioral responses of male and female Mexican fruit flies elicited by male abdominal extracts were measured in laboratory cages where pheromone was applied to the undersides of some leaves on a treated tree but to none of the leaves on a control tree. After arrival to the treated tree, females came directly to pheromone sources. Females on the treated tree visited leaves and fought other females at higher rates than on the control tree. Females stayed on treated leaves and trees longer than on control leaves and trees. In separate experiments, the number of males on pheromone-treated trees and leaves was higher than on controls, but other behavior was unchanged. The results indicate that the pheromone stimulates a complex of behavior involved in the mating ecology of the species.
Sweet cherry floral organ size varies with genotype and temperature

Abstract Floral organ attributes are important for pollinator attraction and pollination success in many plants. As part of a broader effort investigating causes for variable fruit set among sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) genotypes, we have studied the role of temperature on floral organs in cultivars exhibiting high (‘Sweetheart’ and ‘Rainier’) or low fruit set (‘Benton’ and ‘Tieton’) in field conditions. In 2010 and 2011, two-year old sweet cherry limbs collected at ‘tight cluster’ flower stage were distributed randomly among three controlled environment chambers programmed to mimic a warm, moderate, or cool blooming period. Entire flowers were sampled and dissected at ‘tight cluster’, ‘first white’, ‘half white’, ‘first open’ and ‘full open’ stages. There was high year-to-year variability in size of all organs except stylar and filament lengths. ‘Tieton’ floral organs were significantly larger than other cultivars with the exception of filament, style and pedicel lengths. Between the earliest and the latest developmental stages petal area enlarged ca. 4.5 times, filament length increased ca. 3 times and styles doubled in length, across all cultivars. Irrespective of cultivar, the lengths of the styles and filaments were the most sensitive to temperature, being about 11% and 25% shorter in the low temperature environment compared to high temperature, respectively. This suggests that temperatures after the ‘tight cluster’ stage play an important role in the growth of styles and filaments. In addition, interestingly, our current results revealed that low productivity cultivars, i.e. ‘Tieton’ and ‘Benton’, have relative short styles to its petal size compared to the other two high productivity cultivars.
Life Tables with Covariates: Dynamic Model for Nonlinear Analysis of Longitudinal Data

ABSTRACT Life table models based on nonlinear dynamics of risk factors are developed using stochastic differential Equations for individual changes and on the resulting Fokker-Planck equation to describe population changes. Central to the model is a microsimulation strategy developed as a numerical procedure to represent a mortality effect when analytic approaches are not applicable. The model is applied to the Framingham Heart Study 46-year follow-up data. Life table functions and projections of risk factors are calculated to demonstrate the nonlinear effects on observable quantities over time. A set of statistically significant nonlinear contributions to covariate dynamics is identified. Their synergistic effect on dynamics and use of them as “new” risk factors are discussed. An important advantage of this approach is the ability to study the effects of health interventions at the individual level. This is illustrated in several examples.
Subretinal displacement of photoreceptor nuclei in human retina.

Abstract A quantitative study of the number and distribution of photoreceptors with displaced nuclei (PDN) in paraffin sections of 100 human eyes was conducted. The presence of PDN in the human was similar to the reported phenomenon of subretinal photoreceptor cells in the rat retina. PDN were distributed over the entire retina but occurred more frequently in the periphery and posterior pole. Cells with PDN subsequently degenerated and were removed by either subretinal macrophages or the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The number of PDN tended to increase with age. More PDN were found in eyes with age-related degenerative disorders, such as senile macular degeneration and senile cataract, than in normal eyes. The number of PDN was also increased in eyes with diabetes mellitus and systemic infections (septicemia and systemic fungi infections). PDN were also observed in the macular, where displacement of photoreceptor nuclei and their subsequent degeneration would have a greater impact on visual acuity than in other areas of the retina. Displacement of the photoreceptor nuclei into the subretinal space and their subsequent necrosis is a general phenomenon, undoubtedly contributing to photoreceptor cell loss in the human retina, and may be one of the important factors accounting for the decline in vision which accompanies old age.
Interethnic Marriage as an Index of Assimilation: The Case of Singapore

Registration data on intergroup marriages in Singapore for 1962-69 are analyzed to study assimilation patterns. The need for standardized data which are not affected by group size and sex ratios is stressed and a probability index of intermarriages between groups is generated. The Chinese are the most isolated of groups while the Indians and Malays, among the major groups, are the closest on the basis of this index. Assortative mating rather than random intermarriage is occurring and assimilation patterns appear to be of a stratified rather than a general-mixture or melting-pot character. No evidence of change in these patterns was observed during the 1960s. The advantage of using standardized data for the analysis of intermarriages between different groups is emphasized. Singapore is a multi-ethnic society.1 Since its separation from the Malaysian Federation, the government has attempted to forge a new national unity (see Chee, 1973). The extent to which such unity has been achieved is still an open question. For example, Hassan (1970; 1971) in his review of available data remains uncertain. Part of the problem is traceable to the nature of the data but it is also, in part, a function of inadequate analysis of existing data. The present paper deals with one aspect of this issue. It investigates the process of assimilation between ethnic groups in Singapore through a reanalysis of registration data on intermarriages between 1962 and 1969. Generally the concept of "assimilation" presupposes a distinction between a majority and minority group. Simpson (1968:438; emphasis added) refers to interaction, free of ethnic or racial constraints, "in the life of the larger community," and Gordon (1964:71; emphasis added) lists "the development of a sense of peoplehood based exclusively on the host society" as one of the subprocesses of assimilation. However, when there exists no determinable "representative" or "dominant" group in the larger community or host society, assimilation must be defined and operationalized in terms of pair relationships between specific ethnic or racial groups. In other words, overall assimilation can be reflected only by the total picture of all pair relationships or, more precisely, by looking at change in social distance between the various groups. This is the situation
Comparison of Short-Circuit Current and Net Water Movement in Single Perfused Proximal Tubules of Rat Kidneys

THE major portion of renal salt and water reabsorption occurs within the proximal convoluted tubule, amounting in mammalian kidneys to about 80 per cent of the quantities present in the glomerular nitrate. Based on indirect evidence, proximal sodium transport has been postulated to be active. Recently, however, results obtained in stop-flow experiments were interpreted in such a way as to indicate passive bulk movement of tubular fluid as the predominant mode of proximal tubular salt transfer. Micropuncture work on rats has demonstrated unequivocally the existence of active sodium transport across proximal epithelium1, but did not provide information as to the relative contribution of active sodium transport to the overall net movement of this ion species. The present work represents an attempt to clarify this point by correlating active transport of ions as measured by the short-circuit method with measurements of net movement of water under comparable conditions. Assuming that proximal fluid reabsorption is isosmotic—an assumption in agreement with all known measurements of osmotic pressure of proximal tubular fluid—net water movement can be used as an index of net transport of sodium. Thus short-circuit current can be correlated with net movement of sodium.
Failure of Graphdiyne: Structurally Directed Delocalized Crack Propagation

Among the many potential two-dimensional carbon allotropes inspired by graphene, graphynes have received exceptional attention recently. Graphynes exhibit remarkable mechanical properties depending on their structure. The similar structure and two-dimensional nature of these materials yield many properties that are similar to those of graphene, but the presence of heterogeneous bond types is expected to lead to distinct properties. The main subject of this work is graphdiyne, one of the few graphynes that has been fabricated in large quantities. In this paper, we perform fracture analysis on graphdiyne and find a delocalized failure mechanism in which a crack propagates along a diagonal with respect its original direction. The covalence of the material allows for this simple but intriguing phenomenon to be investigated. Graphene is also tested to compare the behavior. This mechanism has implications for the toughness and robustness of this material, which is topical for many device applications recently proposed in the literature. Further, connections of such delocalized failure mechanisms are made to that of hidden length and sacrificial bonding in some biological systems such as proteins, bone, and nacre.
Heavy-lepton production in a scalar model of weak interactions

The production of heavy leptons through the reaction ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{L}^{+}{L}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ is considered in a model in which the weak interactions are mediated by the exchange of a heavy scalar. It is found that the weak contribution to the production cross section can be large, in fact, larger than the contribution from the electromagnetic interaction in some cases. Decays of the heavy leptons and angular correlations of their decay products are calculated.
Regeneration of Sulfided Calcium-Based Sorbents by a Cyclic Process

A unique process for regenerating calcium-based sorbents which are in the form of calcium sulfide was demonstrated by employing thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The process converts calcium sulfide to calcium oxide by subjecting particles of the material to repeated cycles of oxidation and reduction at temperatures between 950 and 1100 °C. During each cycle a small portion of material is first converted to calcium sulfate by oxidation and then to calcium oxide by reduction. Air can be used for oxidation and any of the following gases can be used for reduction: 30 mol % CO, 5 mol % CH4, or 2 mol % C3H8. Repeated sulfidation and regeneration of typical calcium-based sorbents seems to enhance the reactivity of the materials. However, incorporation of iron oxide or flyash containing an appreciable concentration of iron oxide in the sorbent has a deleterious effect.
Critical reflections on the life of Malcolm X

(1986). Critical reflections on the life of Malcolm X. Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs. Journal: Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 331-340.
Tacrolimus: the good, the bad, and the ugly.

: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and side-effects of tacrolimus in pediatric transplant patients previously receiving cyclosporin A (CsA). This study was a retrospective chart review strengthened by a concomitant patient interview. Eleven pediatric cardiac or renal transplant patients, who had been converted from CsA to tacrolimus from October 1995 to January 1999 at The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, were included; there were six renal and five cardiac transplant patients. Each chart was reviewed to assess transplanted organ function pre- and post-conversion. For the six renal transplant patients, creatinine levels and biopsy findings were evaluated. For the five cardiac transplant patients, cardiac catheterization and routine biopsy data were analyzed likewise. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) status was also evaluated in each patient. In addition, each parent or patient was interviewed to ascertain dates of transplant, current medications, and side-effects. The patients' ages ranged from 6 to 20 yr (mean age 14.6 yr). All patients had been converted to tacrolimus. Eight patients were converted for treatment of refractory rejection, two were converted because of CsA-associated side-effects, and one patient was converted empirically for a history of multiple previous transplant rejections. Seven out of eight patients who received tacrolimus for rejection therapy improved. One patient had complete resolution of gingival hyperplasia. Another patient who previously developed hemolytic uremic syndrome on CsA had no further evidence of hemolysis. Four patients were weaned off steroid therapy. Despite conversion, two renal transplant patients progressed to chronic rejection. Five patients exhibited no side-effects. Side-effects experienced included transient hyperglycemia in conjunction with steroid use, headaches, and tremors that subsided rapidly. Four of 11 patients developed post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD). Fortunately, reducing the dose of tacrolimus and/or surgical resection of the mass (if present), eradicated the disease. In conclusion, conversion therapy successfully provides an alternate treatment for acute rejection. It also enabled some patients to discontinue steroid therapy, maximizing growth potential. PTLD is a severe, potentially life-threatening complication that needs to be recognized and monitored closely. In conclusion, tacrolimus has been shown to be a very effective agent for the treatment of refractory organ rejection, but must be used cautiously.
Phosphorous and Calcium in the Eggs and Bodies of Trout

(1936). Phosphorous and Calcium in the Eggs and Bodies of Trout. The Progressive Fish-Culturist: Vol. 3, No. 17, pp. 10-15.
Building a large scale climate data system in support of HPC environment

The Earth System Grid Federation (ESG) is a large scale, multi-institutional, interdisciplinary project that aims to provide climate scientists and impact policy makers worldwide a web-based and client-based platform to publish, disseminate, compare and analyze ever increasing climate related data. This paper describes our practical experiences on the design, development and operation of such a system. In particular, we focus on the support of the data lifecycle from a high performance computing (HPC) perspective that is critical to the end-to-end scientific discovery process. We discuss three subjects that interconnect the consumer and producer of scientific datasets: (1) the motivations, complexities and solutions of deep storage access and sharing in a tightly controlled environment; (2) the importance of scalable and flexible data publication/population; and (3) high performance indexing and search of data with geospatial properties. These perceived corner issues collectively contributed to the overall user experience and proved to be as important as any other architectural design considerations. Although the requirements and challenges are rooted and discussed from a climate science domain context, we believe the architectural problems, ideas and solutions discussed in this paper are generally useful and applicable in a larger scope.
Ethnic Differences in Carotid Artery Diameter and Stiffness: The Northern Manhattan Study

Objective Race/ethnic differences in carotid arterial function and structure exist among those with cerebrovascular disease, but whether differences persist among healthy populations is unknown. Our objective was to investigate differences in carotid artery diameter and stiffness between race/ethnic groups, and examine whether these race/ethnic differences were age-dependent.
Anomalous infrared reflectivity minimum in NaN O 3

The infrared reflectivity minimum in the transverse-longitudinal band gap of the ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{3}({E}_{u})$ mode of NaN${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ cannot be described by the usual damped-harmonic-oscillator model of the dielectric constant if only one resonance is assumed. A comparison of the single-crystal infrared reflectivity spectra of Na $^{14}\mathrm{N}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and Na $^{15}\mathrm{N}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ establishes that the minimum occurs in the vicinity of twice the frequency of the ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{4}({E}_{u})$ or ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{4}({E}_{g})$ modes. The dielectric constant is described in terms of a formalism involving a frequency-dependent damping factor. In systems containing chemically distinct, polyatomic subunits, the contribution of the internal modes to the damping factor is proportional to the two-phonon density-of-states functions normalized to the appropriate branches provided only cubic anharmonic terms in the vibrational potential energy are considered. It is then shown that the anomalous reflectivity minimum in NaN${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ is due to a frequency-dependent damping factor sharply peaked in the vicinity of $2{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{4}$ and originating in the various two-phonon processes of ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{4}({E}_{u})$ and ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{4}({E}_{g})$.
Clinical diagnosis of substance use disorders in private psychiatric populations

The clinical diagnoses of comorbid substance use and psychiatric disorders by psychiatrists in a private psychiatric inpatient setting were analyzed. Two hundred patients consecutively discharged from a private university-affiliated psychiatric service by clinical psychiatrists were examined for concomitant substance use and psychiatric disorders according to DSM-III-R criteria for Axis I and Axis II disorders. Fifty-nine patients (30%) were diagnosed with a comorbid substance use and psychiatric disorder on Axis I, supporting findings of previous studies. Comorbid diagnosis patients were more likely to be male (54%, 32) than were psychiatric only (noncomorbid diagnosis) patients (males 37%, 51). There were no differences between comorbid (dual diagnosis) and noncomorbid diagnoses in age, mean length of stay, or discharge type. Of the 59 patients with comorbid disorders, 83% had Axis I diagnoses, and 64% had Axis II diagnoses. Polysubstance use disorder was the most common dual diagnosis, cooccurring with an Axis I diagnosis in 47% of patients with an Axis II diagnosis in 45%. Psychiatrists in clinical psychiatric inpatient settings diagnose substance use disorders in rates similar to public settings despite absence of specific addiction treatment.
Sensitive immunoassays of nitrated fibrinogen in human biofluids

Three new sandwich immunoassays for detection of nitrated biomarker have been established with potential applications in biomedical studies and clinical practice. In this study, nitrated human fibrinogen, a potential oxidative stress biomarker for several pathologies, was chosen as the target. To improve the sensitivity and overcome the interference caused by the complexity of human biofluids, we developed three sandwich strategies using various combinations of primary antibody and secondary antibody. All three strategies demonstrated high sensitivity and selectivity towards nitrated forms of fibrinogen in buffer, but their performances were dramatically reduced when tested with human plasma and serum samples. Systematically optimizations were carried out to investigate the effects of numerous factors, including sampling, coating, blocking, and immunoreactions. Our final optimization results indicate that two of these strategies retain sufficient sensitivity and selectivity for use as assays in human physiological samples. Specifically, detection limits reached the pM level and the linear response ranges were up to nM level with a correlation coefficient > 0.99. To our best knowledge, this is the first example of using an electrochemical immunoassay for a nitrated biomarker in a physiological fluid. This novel approach provides a rapid, sensitive, selective, cost efficient and robust bioassay for detection of oxidative stress in pathology and for clinical applications. Moreover, the sandwich strategies developed in this paper can be readily used to establish effective methods targeting other nitration biomarkers.
NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS IN INFANTS FED AN ELEMENTAL FORMULA

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a catastrophic disease that occurs in 5% of admissions to our neonatal ICU. Although a number of associations have been suggested, the pathogenesis of NEC has not been defined. Based on observations in our nursery that: 1) the incidence increases with prematurity (60% of cases occur in < 1200 G infants), 2) the incidence increased at about the time increased emphasis was placed on oral alimentation, 3) we have found increased fecal reducing substances in 10-14 infants for 1-5 days prior to developing NEC, 4) fat absorption is decreased in the newborn, we initiated a controlled clinical study to determine the effect of formula on development of NEC. Infants <1200 G were randomized and fed either a standard premature formula (PF) or a 0.67 cal/ml elemental formula (EF) with medium chain triglycerides. The gestational age, birth weight and severity of illness was similar in the two groups. The average rate of increase of formula feeding during the first 8 days was similar (EF=19.4, PF=16.7 ml/kg/day). NEC developed in 7 of 8 infants fed EF and in 2 of 8 fed PF (p <.005). The incidence of NEC in the PF group was unchanged from that occurring during the previous 16 months when 20 of 76 infants <1200 G developed NEC. In a retrospective review, 5 infants with 2 or more episodes of NEC had been fed EF on recovery from the first episode. The high osmolarity of EF may be important in the increased incidence of NEC in EF fed infants.