cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Institutional environment and entrepreneurship: An empirical study across countries

Drawing on institutional theory, we synthesize previous literature that examined the impact of the regulatory, normative, and cognitive dimension of local institutional environment on entrepreneurship. We then test and replicate the link between the institutional environment and two types of entrepreneurial activities—opportunity-driven and necessity-driven entrepreneurship—using recent data on 43 countries. Consistent with prior literature, we find that countries characterized by less market openness, greater power distance, and collectivism tend to have higher levels of necessity-driven entrepreneurship and regulatory quality, and uncertainty avoidance do not seem to have a profound impact on this type of activity. On the other hand, countries with less market openness and regulatory quality, and smaller power distance are associated with opportunity-driven entrepreneurship.
Synergistic relationship between pharmacy leadership development and pharmacy service innovation.

I want to thank the Northeastern University School of Pharmacy for the honor of being named the 2008 John W. Webb award recipient. This award, dedicated to an individual who exemplified hospital pharmacy leadership, is very important to me personally, since leadership development has been the focus
Incorporating Flight Data into a Robust Aeroelastic Model

Stability analysis and control synthesis for high-performance aircraft must account for errors in the aircraft model. This paper introduces a method to update a theoretical model using measured flight data. Variations between the flight data and model are represented as uncertainty operators in a robust stability framework. The structured singular value can directly account for these uncertainty operators to compute stability margins robust to the associated dynamical variations. This procedure is used to formulate an uncertain model of an F/A-18 fighter aircraft and compute stability margins that indicate the worst-case flutter conditions.
Do Client‐Prepared Internal Control Documentation and Business Process Flowcharts Help or Hinder an Auditor's Ability to Identify Missing Controls?

SUMMARY: The purpose of this study is to examine the extent to which client‐prepared internal control documentation and business process flowcharts affect auditors' ability to detect missing internal controls. A total of 395 experienced auditors participated in a two (internal control matrix: blank or client‐prepared) by two (business process flowchart: absent or present) between‐participants experiment. The research findings indicate that auditors who were supplied with a blank internal control matrix and a business process flowchart identified significantly more missing controls relative to the three other treatment conditions, among which there were no differences in the number of identified missing controls. The results indicate that when auditors are evaluating the effectiveness of a client's internal control system for a significant business process, they should be provided with a flowchart of the business process under examination and complete their internal control design evaluation before reading...
Discrimination characteristics of the turtle's retinal ganglion cells

Die Reaktionscharakteristiken von Ganglienzellen der Netzhaut eines Reptils (Emys blandings) wurden untersucht und dabei festgestellt, dass die Ganglienzellen mannigfaltige Detektionscharakteristiken aufweisen.
SPICE: a sparsity promoting iterated constrained endmember extraction algorithm with applications to landmine detection from hyperspectral imagery

An extension of the Iterated Constrained Endmembers (ICE) algorithm that incorporates sparsity promoting priors to find the correct number of endmembers is presented. In addition to solving for endmembers and endmember fractional maps, this algorithm attempts to autonomously determine the number of endmembers required for a particular scene. The number of endmembers is found by adding a sparsity-promoting term to ICE's objective function. This method is applied to long wave infrared, LWIR, hyperspectral data to seek out vegetation endmembers and define a vegetation mask for the reduction of false alarms in landmine data.
Role of scale and environmental factors in regulation of community structure.

Pattern in ecological communities - the distribution, abundance and diversity of species - depends on a complex interplay between large - and local-scale processes. Large-scale variation in factors such as environmental stress, dispersal or productivity sets the stage for local-scale ecological processes such as predation or competition. Until recently, most research focused on local-scale explanations of community pattern. Current models attempt to integrate the role of individual large-scale factors with local-scale processes. This trend will continue, with increased effort to understand the specific means by which large-scale factors cause variation among communities.
Adding Erlotinib to Chemoradiation Improves Overall Survival but Not Progression-Free Survival in Stage III Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Purpose To test, in a single-arm, prospective, phase 2 trial, whether adding the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor erlotinib to concurrent chemoradiotherapy for previously untreated, locally advanced, inoperable non-small cell lung cancer would improve survival and disease control without increasing toxicity. Methods and Materials Forty-eight patients with previously untreated non-small cell lung cancer received intensity modulated radiation therapy (63 Gy/35 fractions) on Monday through Friday, with chemotherapy (paclitaxel 45 mg/m², carboplatin area under the curve [AUC] = 2) on Mondays, for 7 weeks. All patients also received the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor erlotinib (150 mg orally 1/d) on Tuesday-Sunday for 7 weeks, followed by consolidation paclitaxel–carboplatin. The primary endpoint was time to progression; secondary endpoints were overall survival (OS), toxicity, response, and disease control and whether any endpoint differed by EGFR mutation status. Results Of 46 patients evaluable for response, 40 were former or never-smokers, and 41 were evaluable for EGFR mutations (37 wild-type [WT] and 4 mutated [all adenocarcinoma]). Median time to progression was 14.0 months and did not differ by EGFR status. Toxicity was acceptable (no grade 5, 1 grade 4, 11 grade 3). Twelve patients (26%) had complete responses (10 WT, 2 mutated), 27 (59%) partial (21 WT, 2 mutated, 4 unknown), and 7 (15%) none (6 WT, 2 mutated, 1 unknown) ( P =.610). At 37.0 months' follow-up (range, 3.6-76.5 months) for all patients, median OS time was 36.5 months, and 1-, 2-, and 5-year OS rates were 82.6%, 67.4%, and 35.9%, respectively; none differed by mutation status. Twelve patients had no progression, and 34 had local and/or distant failure. Eleven of 27 distant failures were in the brain (7 WT, 3 mutated, 1 unknown). Conclusions Toxicity and OS were promising, but time to progression did not meet expectations. The prevalence of distant failures underscores the need for effective systemic therapy.
Cognition without classical architecture

Fodor and Pylyshyn (1988) argue that any successful model of cognition must use classical architecture; it must depend upon rule-based processing sensitive to constituent structure. This claim is central to their defense of classical AI against the recent enthusiasm for connectionism. Connectionist nets, they contend, may serve as theories of the implementation of cognition, but never as proper theories of psychology. Connectionist models are doomed to describing the brain at the wrong level, leaving the classical view to account for the mind.
Streaming tetrahedral mesh optimization

Improving the quality of tetrahedral meshes is an important operation in many scientific computing applications. Meshes with badly shaped elements impact both the accuracy and convergence of scientific applications. State-of-the-art mesh improvement techniques rely on sophisticated numerical optimization methods such as feasible Newton or conjugate gradient. Unfortunately, these methods cannot be practically applied to very large meshes due to their global nature. Our contribution in this paper is to describe a streaming framework for tetrahedral mesh optimization. This framework enables the optimization of meshes an order of magnitude larger than previously feasible, effectively optimizing meshes too large to fit in memory. Our results show that streaming is typically faster than global optimization and results in comparable mesh quality. This leads us to conclude that streaming extends mesh optimization to a new class of mesh sizes without compromising the quality of the optimized mesh.
q dependence of magnetic turbulence in a tokamak

Low‐frequency (ω≪ωci) radial magnetic field turbulence has been measured over the full minor radius for discharges in the Tokapole II tokamak [Nucl. Fusion 9, 1509 (1979)], and scaled over the range of edge safety factor 0.6≤qa≤5.0. It was found that qa served as a control parameter for both the magnetic fluctuation amplitude and the global confinement time. As qa is reduced from 5 to 0.6 the turbulence level increases by a factor of 50 while the confinement time decreases by more than a factor of 10. At qa≤1, the full fluctuation amplitude is roughly large enough to account for the global confinement using simple estimates of collisionless stochastic magnetic transport. At high qa, the turbulence is too small to account for transport using these estimates. Frequency spectra have been obtained from 10 to 400 kHz. For all qa most of the fluctuation power appears below 100 kHz. This low‐frequency structure changes as the safety factor is varied. Although broadband in frequency, the long radial coherence len...
Heavy-fermion uranium systems

Abstract We review the experimental results on heavy-fermion uranium based superconductors and magnets.
Treatment of sensory defensiveness in adults.

This pilot study explored the relationship between sensory defen- siveness and anxiety, as well as the impact of a sensory integration treatment protocol on normal adults. Fifteen adult subjects identified as having sensory defensiveness completed the Adult Sensory Questionnaire (ASQ), Adult Sensory Interview (ADULT-SI), and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) at pre-test and post-test intervals to measure sensory defensiveness and anxiety. A treatment protocol was imple- mented which included providing insight into sensory defensiveness, regular and daily sensory input, and engagement in activities of choice providing primarily proprio- ceptive, vestibular and tactile sensory input. Subjects engaged in an individualized self-treatment protocol for one month. Results indicated a significant correlation between anxiety and sensory defensiveness (r = 0.62, p = 0.027). The differences in pre-test and post-test mean scores of the Adult Sensory Interview (p = 0.048) and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (p = 0.0453) supported the use of a sensory treatment protocol to decrease sensory defensiveness and secondary anxiety. There is a need for further research using experimental methodology with a control group to explore the effectiveness of a sensory treatment protocol on sensory defensiveness and anxiety.
Magnetohydrodynamic Wakes in a Viscous Conducting Fluid

The steady two-dimensional flow of an incompressible fluid with finite electric conductivity is discussed. It is assumed that the magnetic field and velocity vectors are in the plane of flow and each reaches a constant value at infinity. Formulas were obtained for the cases where: the undisturbed velocity and magnetic field are parallel: the magnetic Prandtl number, lambda = /K, is unity, where is the kinematic viscosity, and K is the magnetic viscosity of the fluid; and the Stokes flow in which the undisturbed velocity U is very small compared to the Alfven-wave propagation speed a. The formation of two wakes. instead of one. is observed, and, in general, the points are in different directions. It was found that the upstream wake appearing for U > /sup s/sup 1/>s, in which both wakes have equal strength. The drag and lift for an insulating circular cylinder are determined. (B.0.G.)
Strategies to motivate helpless and mastery-oriented children: The effect of gender-based expectancies

Five studies examined potential determinants of gender differences in helplessness by investigating two major steps in the expectancy confirmation process. The first step, i.e., an examination of gender-based expectancies, was addressed in three studies in which subjects (parents and college students) read vignettes that included either masculine or feminine sex-linked tasks performed by helpless and mastery-oriented children. We hypothesized that across tasks subjects would consider a “helpless” approach toward achievement as stereotypic of girls and “mastery-oriented” behavior as stereotypic of boys. The next step of the expectancy confirmation process, and central question addressed here, centered on the proposed differential treatment prescribed for children who performed inadequately on an academic activity, depending on whether these children's behaviors were consistent or inconsistent with stereotypic expectations. The pattern of data obtained generally supported hypotheses that (1) under conditions in which children's behavior confirmed expectancies, i.e., girls acting helpless and boys showing mastery-oriented behaviors, supportive responses would be prescribed, whereas (2) when children's behavior violated expectancies, i.e., girls acting in a mastery-oriented manner and boys acting in a helpless manner, more controlling techniques would be used. These findings are discussed in terms of consequences of use of these different strategies to remedy helpless behaviors in children.
Interactions of Tyr-MIF-1 at opiate receptor sites.

Binding of Tyr-MIF-1 (Tyr-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2) to mu and delta opiate receptors was compared with other putative opiate antagonist peptides by displacement of iodinated ligands selective for mu (DAGO, FK33824, and morphiceptin) and delta (DPDPE) receptors. Tyr-MIF-1 and ACTH (1–24 and 1–39) inhibited binding of 125I-DAGO with IC50's of about 1 μM. FMRF-NH2 was about an order of magnitude weaker while CCK-8 and MIF-1 failed to inhibit 50% of binding at concentrations up to 100 μM. Morphiceptin, Tyr-MIF-1, and ACTH were less potent but more efficacious than DAGO, FK33824, morphine, or naloxone in inhibiting the binding of 125I-morphiceptin. Tyr-MIF-1 appeared to have a more selective action at opiate receptors than ACTH; in contrast to their effects at 125I-DAGO-labeled sites, morphiceptin and Tyr-MIF-1 inhibited less than 50% of 125I-DPDPE binding at concentrations up to 10 and 50 μM, while ACTH 1–39 and 1–24 inhibited more than 80% of the binding at 2.5 and 5 μM, respectively. The results indicate that at relatively high concentrations Tyr-MIF-1, like ACTH, can affect binding to the opiate receptor, but unlike ACTH, binding of Tyr-MIF-1 appears relatively selective for the mu site.
An Echelle Spectrometer-Spectrograph for Astronomical Use

A compact echelle spectrometer-spectrograph has been designed for use at the Cassegrain focus of the University of Wisconsin 91-cm telescope at Pine Bluff. Laboratory results obtained with this instrument show that it has great potential for both stellar and nebular studies. Typical photographs and photoelectric scans of laboratory spectra are shown. A method of determining the profile of the echelle blaze is discussed. The instrument has high dispersion, 2.5 A/mm at 5000 A with a camera focal length of 0.5 m, and a spectral purity of 1.25 A/mm of entrance slit.
Common Data Model for Neuroscience Data and Data Model Exchange

Objective: Generalizing the data models underlying two prototype neurophysiology databases, the authors describe and propose the Common Data Model (CDM) as a framework for federating a broad spectrum of disparate neuroscience information resources. Design: Each component of the CDM derives from one of five superclasses—data, site, method, model, and reference—or from relations defined between them. A hierarchic attribute-value scheme for metadata enables interoperability with variable tree depth to serve specific intra- or broad inter- domain queries. To mediate data exchange between disparate systems, the authors propose a set of XML-derived schema for describing not only data sets but data models. These include biophysical description markup language (BDML), which mediates interoperability between data resources by providing a meta-description for the CDM. Results: The set of superclasses potentially spans data needs of contemporary neuroscience. Data elements abstracted from neurophysiology time series and histogram data represent data sets that differ in dimension and concordance. Site elements transcend neurons to describe subcellular compartments, circuits, regions, or slices; non-neuroanatomic sites include sequences to patients. Methods and models are highly domain-dependent. Conclusions: True federation of data resources requires explicit public description, in a meta- language, of the contents, query methods, data formats, and data models of each data resource. Any data model that can be derived from the defined superclasses is potentially conformant and interoperability can be enabled by recognition of BDML-described compatibilities. Such meta- descriptions can buffer technologic changes. � J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2001;8:17-33.
Du Messingkauf au Schnittchenkauf : d'un retour problématique à Brecht

A l’avant-garde d’un theâtre anti-representationnel, Rene Pollesch, jadis etudiant de l’Institut d’Etudes Theâtrales Appliquees de Giesen, ouvre son essai Der Schnittchenkauf par ce constat : « Dans le Messingkauf de Brecht, le personnage du philosophe exprime certaines exigences vis-a-vis du theâtre, qui maintenant dans le Schnittchenkauf sont a nouveau reclamees par le theâtre ». Cet article etudie, a partir d’une analyse contrastee des textes de Brecht et de Pollesch, les enjeux et les motifs de ce retour recent a Brecht, dans le contexte global du theâtre allemand contemporain et dans la pratique theâtrale de Pollesch. Quelles sont ces reclamations adressees au theâtre ? A quoi ressemble la pratique theâtrale correspondante ? Comme toujours chez Pollesch, les reponses arrivent sous la forme de nouvelles questions, soulevees par le travail de la contradiction et de la provocation. La revolution politique ne saurait jamais chez lui etre pensee en dehors de la revolution theâtrale – et vice-versa.
Assessment of the applicability of COTS microprocessors in high-confidence computing systems: a case study

Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) components are increasingly used in building high-confidence systems to assure their dependability in an affordable way. The effectiveness of such a COTS-based design critically depends on the design of the COTS components. Their dependability attributes need a thorough understanding and rigorous assessment yet has received relatively little attention. The research presented in this paper investigates the error detection and recovery features of contemporary high-performance COTS microprocessors. A method of assessment is proposed and two state-of-the-art microprocessors are studied and compared.
Generator-coordinate wave functions suitable for a many-body description of nuclear reactions

Abstract Generator-coordinate wave functions suitable for nuclear reactions are constructed from Peierls-Thouless wave functions for separate clusters of nucleons. Antisymmetrization of the total wave function is achieved by ensuring that the basic many-body wave function in the Peierls-Thouless linear combination is a Slater determinant. A prescription is given for the calculation of operator matrix elements such that only smooth functions, and not Dirac δ-functions, are explicitly calculated. For certain oscillator single-particle wave functions the present method is shown to give results identical to those of previous formulations of the generator-coordinate method. The generator-coordinate wave functions used here are wave functions of good cluster momenta: momenta conjugate to the actual cluster c.m. coordinates, not their average values. Consequently the interaction kernel in coordinate representation is identically the kernel of the resonating-group theory. Finally channel-channel coupling is formally included by considering the Griffin-Hill-Wheeler variational equations as coupled-channel equations.
Aerodynamics of Sports Balls

Research data on the aerodynamic behavior of baseballs and cricket and golf balls are summarized. Cricket balls and baseballs are roughly the same size and mass but have different stitch patterns. Both are thrown to follow paths that avoid a batter's swing, paths that can curve if aerodynamic forces on the balls' surfaces are asymmetric. Smoke tracer wind tunnel tests and pressure taps have revealed that the unbalanced side forces are induced by tripping the boundary layer on the seam side and producing turbulence. More particularly, the greater pressures are perpendicular to the seam plane and only appear when the balls travel at velocities high enough so that the roughness length matches the seam heigh. The side forces, once tripped, will increase with spin velocity up to a cut-off point. The enhanced lift coefficient is produced by the Magnus effect. The more complex stitching on a baseball permits greater variations in the flight path curve and, in the case of a knuckleball, the unsteady flow effects. For golf balls, the dimples trip the boundary layer and the high spin rate produces a lift coefficient maximum of 0.5, compared to a baseball's maximum of 0.3. Thus, a golf ball travels far enough for gravitational forces to become important.
Plasma resistance of perfluoroelastomer and fluoroelastomer seals used in plasma environments

Plasma is a very versatile tool for many applications. Due to its high reactivity and harsh environments, sealing materials are crucial for safety, process stability and productivity. Seals made from perfluoroelastomers and fluoroelastomers are normally used in critical locations in plasma environment due to their extraordinary chemical inertness, high thermal stability and cleanness. Elastomeric sealing materials made from perfluoroelastomers and fluoroelastomers as well as other elastomers are studied in various plasma environments and plasma attack mechanism will be discussed.
Distant positioning of proteasomal proteolysis relative to actively transcribed genes

While it is widely acknowledged that the ubiquitin– proteasome system plays an important role in transcription, little is known concerning the mechanistic basis, in particular the spatial organization of proteasome-dependent proteolysis at the transcription site. Here, we show that proteasomal activity and tetraubiquitinated proteins concentrate to nucleoplasmic microenvironments in the euchromatin. Such proteolytic domains are immobile and distinctly positioned in relation to transcriptional processes. Analysis of gene arrays and early genes in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos reveals that proteasomes and proteasomal activity are distantly located relative to transcriptionally active genes. In contrast, transcriptional inhibition generally induces local overlap of proteolytic microdomains with components of the transcription machinery and degradation of RNA polymerase II. The results establish that spatial organization of proteasomal activity differs with respect to distinct phases of the transcription cycle in at least some genes, and thus might contribute to the plasticity of gene expression in response to environmental stimuli.
Properties of Low‐Fat Frankfurters Containing Monounsaturated and Omega‐3 Polyunsaturated Oils

Properties of low-fat (<18%) frankfurters containing high-oleic acid sunflower oil (HOSO) and fish oil were studied. Replacement of animal fats by the oils had little effect on emulsion stability. Frankfurters with 5% fish oil had very low sensory scores due to undesirable fish flavor. Incorporation of maximum amounts of HOSO into low-fat beef/pork and all-beef frankfurters increased oleic acid by 34% and 62%, respectively, and the monounsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio by 178% and 468%, respectively, compared to a regular (30% fat) product containing only animal fats. Sensory evaluation and instrumental texture profile analysis showed that the reduction in total fat caused texture problems, especially increased firmness and springiness and decreased juiciness.
Sample selection: an algorithm for requirements prioritization

In this paper, we illustrate sample selection as an effective technique for surveying customers in order to prioritize requirements. This technique allows customers to rank a relatively small set of items then combines these rankings over a large number of customers to determine an ordering for a large requirements set. The algorithm selects a subset of items to present to the next participant based on previous responses, the size of the requirements set, and the number of customers. By giving each item a fair opportunity, a complete ordering of the requirements set is possible. We utilize a simulation to verify the technique and to determine if the results meet the objectives.
Quantitative Trait Locus Analyses of Sleep‐Times Induced by Sedative‐Hypnotics in LSXSS Recombinant Inbred Strains of Mice

The long-sleep (LS) and short-sleep (SS) selected lines of mice show highly significant differences in sleep-time for many sedative-hypnotic drugs, and the quantitative genetic nature of these differences has been well-established. Using an interval-mapping approach, quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses of LSXSS recombinant inbred (RI) strains have been applied to sleep-time responses for various classes of sedative-hypnotic drugs: alcohols (ethanol, n-propanol, and n-butanol), the atypical anesthetic chloral hydrate, barbiturates (pentobarbital and secobarbital), and benzodiazepines (chlordiazepoxide and flurazepam). Several provisional QTLs were mapped to similar locations within and between drug classes, suggesting that some common loci are involved in sleep-times elicited by these drugs. Consistent with correlations of strain mean sleep-times between drugs tested in the LSXSS recombinant inbred strains, the number of provisional QTLs mapping to the locations of highest significance for ethanol decreases when the lipid solubility of a particular drug becomes less similar to that of ethanol. Provisional QTLs mapped for the benzodiazepines, however, revealed considerable overlap with those mapped for ethanol, although these drugs represented the most lipid-soluble category of sedative-hypnotics tested. Provisional QTLs for pentobarbital and secobarbital differed from most of those mapped for the alcohols, which supports the hypothesis that alcohols and barbiturates exert their effects mainly through different biological mechanisms in the LS and SS lines. Blood ethanol concentrations at regaining the righting reflex also mapped to several provisional QTLs corresponding to ethanol-induced sleep-times that support the contention that sleep-time is a reasonable index of the observed differences in central nervous system sensitivities to ethanol between LS and SS mice.
The Role of New Directions for Teaching and Learning in Documenting Changes in Postsecondary Education.

New Directions for Teaching and Learning was first published in 1980. Since that time, there have been some changes, but many aspects have remained. NDTL issues are designed for faculty across the disciplines and are written in a way that they can be read easily and widely. This provides an important and distinctive variety of perspectives.
A hybrid phish detection approach by identity discovery and keywords retrieval

Phishing is a significant security threat to the Internet, which causes tremendous economic loss every year. In this paper, we proposed a novel hybrid phish detection method based on information extraction (IE) and information retrieval (IR) techniques. The identity-based component of our method detects phishing webpages by directly discovering the inconsistency between their identity and the identity they are imitating. The keywords-retrieval component utilizes IR algorithms exploiting the power of search engines to identify phish. Our method requires no training data, no prior knowledge of phishing signatures and specific implementations, and thus is able to adapt quickly to constantly appearing new phishing patterns. Comprehensive experiments over a diverse spectrum of data sources with 11449 pages show that both components have a low false positive rate and the stacked approach achieves a true positive rate of 90.06% with a false positive rate of 1.95%.
Specialized Living Environments for Older People: A Conceptual Framework for Evaluation

Some demographic and social factors that indicate the need to place high priority on the development of specialized living environments and of community settings that are responsive to the needs of older people are described. The article then focuses on one central aspect of this issue: the formulation of a conceptual framework to guide evaluations of the features and impacts of specialized living settings. The implementation of portions of the framework is illustrated by a description of a new environmental assessment procedure and by discussion of two aspects of congregate settings: person-environment selection and allocation; and the provision of opportunities for resident choice and control.
A unified formal model of ISA and FSMD

In this paper, we develop a formal framework to widen the scope of retargetable compilation. The goal is achieved by the unification of architectural models for both the processor architecture and the ASIC architecture. This framework enables the unified treatment of code generation and behavioral synthesis, and is being used in our experimental codesign environment to drive system-on-a-chip synthesis from an object oriented language.
Methodology for Flexibility Measurement in Semi-automatic Production

Demands on production systems are changing constantly as a result of changing competitive conditions and are also closely linked to the performance goals of time, quality, costs and innovation ability. This results in an ever increasing selection between various competitors, with the most important selection criteria being customer individualization, an increasingly shorter product life cycle and new technological innovations. This situation creates an existential need for production companies to manage to adapt over time to the changed surrounding conditions and plan their resources in a way that makes them suitable for cost-effective and market-oriented manufacturing. The following article presents the computerized methodology of an innovative evaluation technique called ecoFLEX which allows the measurement of a production system’s flexibility. At first the paper details the general concept for estimating production flexibility and the approach to concretely calculating the flexibility on different production levels. Furthermore, it presents the practical experience gained in ecoFLEX during its application at a small and medium enterprise (SME) to evaluate the complex manufacturing coherencies from the perspective of their efficiency. Especially it will be shown how the usage of flexibility indices calculated by ecoFLEX helps to come to the right decision on the strategic and operational level in production systems.
Genetic variation in Schistosoma mansoni: enzyme polymorphisms in populations from Africa, Southwest Asia, South America, and the West Indies.

To assess the genetic differences underlying geographic variation in Schistosoma mansoni, individual adult worms from 22 populations, from East and South Africa, South west Asia, South America, and the West Indies, were processed for enzyme electrophoresis on starch gels. Fourteen enzyme systems were analyzed. An estimated seven of 18 loci were polymorphic, and the most variable population was polymorphic at six of the loci (P = 0.33), with a heterozygosity H of 0.07. These results suggest that S. mansoni is as variable genet ically as most other organisms. Most S. mansoni strains showed relatively low variability, however (P = 0. 13 Â±0.02, H = 0.04 Â±0.005). This may be attributed to small founding populations and passage in the laboratory through low numbers of infected snails and through abnormal laboratory hosts, resulting in random fixation of alleles by the action of genetic drift and possibly in selection against particular alleles. This finding implies that geographic corn parisons of any traits should be based on several isolates from each region compared, so as to adequately sample the total variation occurring within each region. Genetic distances between all strains were low (mean 0.052 , range 0â€"0.2 75), suggesting that little intraspecific differentiation has occurred in S. mansoni, even between Old and New World populations. These results contrast with published electrophoretic evidence of significant divergence be tween geographic strains of S. japonicum. Most polymorphisms were consistent with a simple Mendelian interpretation, although formal genetic crosses were not performed. For those enzymes, the banding patterns of heterozygotes indicated that subunit structure is the same in S. mansoni as in many other organisms. Sexual differences in mobility and in number of bands were found in a few enzymes. The polymorphisms uncovered can eventually be used as genetic markers to map chromosomes and to study various traits, such as infectivity to snails and drug resistance.
Dental Floss Selection and Its Impact on Evaluation of Interproximal Contacts in Licensure Exams

Ideal interproximal contacts between adjacent natural teeth or dental restorations are a critical factor for the health of the dental-alveolar complex. Interproximal contact tightness is a physiological entity affected by many patient-related and restorative parameters. This variation poses a challenge in defining the "clinically acceptable" contact area tightness (CAT) and therefore how students and clinicians should be trained to evaluate this parameter. The most widely used method to evaluate interproximal contacts is to pass dental floss between contact areas. Candidates for licensure exams are instructed to check contact areas with dental floss and are advised that this will be one of the crucial parameters to be evaluated in the overall restoration quality. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a standardized interproximal contact with six brands of dental floss. Thirty faculty members and thirty dental students at one U.S. dental school evaluated the tightness of a single interproximal contact on a typodont. The results showed that no difference was found between CAT evaluations by faculty and students, whereas significant differences were found between different floss brands. In light of the results, it is suggested that licensure boards should standardize the recommendation for which floss brand should be used in order to avoid inconsistencies in students' preparation.
Optimizing Partial Credit Algorithms to Predict Student Performance.

As adaptive tutoring systems grow increasingly popular for the completion of classwork and homework, it is crucial to assess the manner in which students are scored within these platforms. The majority of systems, including ASSISTments, return the binary correctness of a student’s first attempt at solving each problem. Yet for many teachers, partial credit is a valuable practice when common wrong answers, especially in the presence of effort, deserve acknowledgement. We present a grid search to analyze 441 partial credit models within ASSISTments in an attempt to optimize per unit penalization weights for hints and attempts. For each model, algorithmically determined partial credit scores are used to bin problem performance, using partial credit to predict binary correctness on the next question. An optimal range for penalization is discussed and limitations are considered.
Efficient implementations of a delay-constrained least-cost multicast algorithm

Constrained minimum Steiner tree (CMST) problem is a key issue in multicast routing with quality of service (QoS) support. Bounded shortest path algorithm (BSMA) has been recognized as one of the best algorithms for the CMST problem due to its excellent cost performance. This algorithm starts with a minimum-delay tree, and then iteratively uses a k-shortest-path (KSP) algorithm to search for a better path to replace a “superedge” in the existing tree, and consequently reduces the cost of the tree. The major drawback of BSMA is its high time complexity because of the use of the KSP algorithm. For this reason, we investigate in this paper the possibility of more efficient implementations of BSMA by using different methods to locate the target path for replacing a superedge. Our experimental results indicate that our methods can significantly reduce the time complexity of BSMA without deteriorating the cost performance.
Integrated space: authoring in an immersive environment with 3D body tracking

Our research explores the use of real-time computer vision techniques and a pair of standard computer cameras to provide 3D human body awareness in an inexpensive, immersive environment system, Fig. 1. The goal is to enhance the user experience of immersion in a virtual scene that is displayed by a 3D screen. We combine stereo vision and stereo projection to allow for both the user and the virtual scene to become aware of each others 3D presence as part of a single, integrated 3D space.
Referral patterns and incidence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in adolescent and pregnant patients: the impact of the 2006 guidelines.

OBJECTIVE The 2006 American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology consensus guidelines for management of abnormal cervical cytologic diagnosis made significant changes to referral recommendations for adolescent and pregnant populations. In this study, we sought to review the impact of these new guidelines on referral patterns, along with the incidence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2/3 and cervical cancer in these 2 populations. MATERIALS AND METHODS After obtaining institutional review board approval, a retrospective chart review of 12,333 patients referred to a single colposcopy clinic between January 2004 and November 2009 was performed. This colposcopy clinic serves as a statewide referral center. All adolescent patients (<21 y) and pregnant patients were included for analysis. Patients were analyzed in 2 groups with respect to implementation of the 2006 guidelines. Statistical analysis was performed using χ2 and Student t test. RESULTS Between 2004 and 2007, before implementation of the 2006 guidelines, 9,346 patients were referred to the colposcopy clinic. Overall, 1,398 adolescents and 958 pregnant patients were identified and included in the analysis. The mean age was 23.0 years (range = 10-60 y). Of the 1,398 adolescent patients, atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) Pap smears accounted for 406 referrals (29.0%). Of the 958 pregnant patients, ASCUS cytologic diagnosis accounted for 284 referrals (29.6%). One case of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was identified in the pregnant population (0.1%), and no cases of SCC were diagnosed in the adolescent population. After implementation of the 2006 guidelines, between 2008 and 2009, a total of 2,987 patients were referred, including 113 adolescent patients and 168 pregnant patients. Mean age was 25.5 (range = 16-54 y), which was not significantly different from 2004 to 2007, p = .79. Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance accounted for 6 referrals (5.3%) in the adolescent population and 15 referrals (8.9%) in the pregnant population. The decrease in the proportion of ASCUS cytologic diagnosis referrals in these populations was statistically significant at p < .001. No adolescent or pregnant patients were diagnosed with SCC during their colposcopic evaluation. CONCLUSIONS The 2006 American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology consensus guidelines decreased the number of ASCUS cytologic diagnosis referrals to colposcopy in the adolescent and pregnant populations. The overall number of patients with SCC in these populations is quite small, therefore practitioners can be reassured that the new screening guidelines are unlikely to miss this diagnosis. These guidelines provide an efficient, evidence-based approach to the cytologic evaluation of these special populations.
Women With Heart Failure Are Disproportionately Studied as Compared With Prevalence: A Review of Published Studies from 2013

Background Women with heart failure (HF) have been underrepresented in research. Objective The aim of this study was to determine participation of women in HF research by evaluating research studies published in 2013 in 11 peer-reviewed journals. Methods Titles, abstracts, and full publications were reviewed to determine if studies met eligibility criteria and to abstract data. Data analysis was completed using means, standard deviations, quartiles, and Pearson correlation coefficients. Results A total of 264 studies met eligibility criteria and were reviewed. Mean percentage of women was 32% across 129 studies that used original data sources and 34% across 135 studies that used existing data sources. Median percentage of women was 29% across studies using original and existing data sources. Conclusions Current data from studies published in 2013 support that women continue to be underrepresented in HF studies. Further research may provide insights to better understand the experiences, needs, and outcomes of women with HF.
Semiconducting ferroelectric photovoltaics through Zn 2 + doping into KNbO 3 and polarization rotation

We demonstrate a new band engineering strategy for the design of semiconductor perovskite ferroelectrics for photovoltaic and other applications from first principles. We study six ferroelectric solid solutions created by partially substituting ${\mathrm{Zn}}^{2+}$ for ${\mathrm{Nb}}^{5+}$ into the parent ${\mathrm{KNbO}}_{3}$ material, combined with charge compensation at the $A$ sites with different combinations of higher valence cations. Our first-principles calculations with the HSE06 functional yield a low band gap of only 2.1 eV for the 75%${\mathrm{KNbO}}_{3}$-25$%$(${\mathrm{Sr}}_{1/2}{\mathrm{La}}_{1/2}$)(${\mathrm{Zn}}_{1/2}{\mathrm{Nb}}_{1/2}$)${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ solid solution, and this can be lowered further by 0.6 eV under strain through polarization rotation. The large polarization, especially under strain, of these materials provides a charge separation route by the bulk photovoltaic effect that could potentially allow power conversion efficiency beyond the Shockley-Queisser limit. This band engineering strategy is applicable to other perovskites and should be realizable by standard solid-state synthesis and thin film growth methods.
Mutational analysis of the autoinhibitory domain of calmodulin kinase II

Calmodulin (CaM)-kinase II is inactive in the absence of Ca2+/CaM due to interaction of its autoinhibitory domain with its catalytic domain. Previous studies using synthetic autoinhibitory domain peptides (residues 281-302) identified several residues as important for inhibitory potency and suggested that His282 may interact with the ATP-binding motif of the catalytic domain. To further examine the autoinhibitory domain, site-specific mutants were expressed using the baculovirus/Sf9 cell system. The purified mutants had many biochemical properties identical to wild-type kinase, but mutants H282Q, H282R, R283E, and T286D had 10-20% constitutive Ca(2+)-independent activities, indicating that these residues are involved in the autoinhibitory interaction. The Ca(2+)-independent activities of the H282Q, H282R, and R283E mutants exhibited 10-fold lower Km values for ATP than the wild-type kinase. Wild-type and mutant kinases, except T286A and T286D, generated Ca2+ independence upon autophosphorylation in the presence of Ca2+/CaM, and those mutants having constitutive Ca2+ independence also exhibited enhanced Ca2+/CaM-independent autophosphorylation. This Ca(2+)-independent autophosphorylation resulted in a decrease in total kinase activity, but there was little increase in Ca(2+)-independent activity, consistent with autophosphorylation of predominantly Thr306 rather than Thr286. These results are consistent with an inhibitory interaction of His282 and possibly Arg283 with the ATP-binding motif of the catalytic domain, and they indicate that constitutively active CaM-kinase II cannot autophosphorylate on Thr286 in the absence of bound Ca2+/CaM. Based on these and other biochemical characterizations, we propose a molecular model for the interaction of a bisubstrate autoinhibitory domain with the catalytic domain of CaM-kinase II.
Social Work Science and Knowledge Utilization.

Objective:This article advances understanding of social work science by examining the content and methods of highly utilized or cited journal articles in social work.Methods:A data base of the 100 most frequently cited articles from 79 social work journals was coded and categorized into three primary domains: content, research versus nonresearch, and, for research articles only, method used.Results:Findings show that knowledge utilization occurs on a conceptual level (related to professional developments, theory, and service needs of specific populations) as well as an instrumental level (such as related to intervention effectiveness). Fifty-one percent of highly cited articles were empirical and, of these, 33% relied on descriptive methods, 45% on explanatory methods, and 22% on control methods used primarily to study intervention effectiveness.Conclusion:Operationalizing the utilization of scientific knowledge in terms of the demand for specific journal articles reveals the content and methodological do...
Two distinct mediated pathways to disordered eating in response to weight stigmatization and their application to prevention programs

ABSTRACTObjective: Disordered eating behaviors among undergraduate women are common and, thus, are an important public health concern. Weight stigmatization, stress, and social withdrawal are often associated with disordered eating behaviors; however, it is unclear whether stress and social withdrawal act as mediators between weight stigmatization and disordered eating. By testing specific pathways to disordered eating, theory-driven prevention programs can be implemented. Methods: Self-reported surveys were administered to 217 undergraduate women during the Fall 2014 semester. Results: There were 2 distinct mediational pathways in response to weight stigmatization. Stress partially mediated the path between weight stigmatization and emotional eating (38%), whereas social withdrawal partially mediated the path between weight stigmatization and dietary restraint (44%). Conclusions: Stress and social withdrawal mediate the relationship between weight stigmatization and disordered eating. The results of this...
Reform and Exploration of Environmental Microbiology Experimental Teaching

According to the problems of environmental microbiology in traditional experiment teaching and social needs,a set of reforms had been explored and practiced,which included construction environmental microbiology knowledge system,concerning reality,using advanced technology,comprehensive experiments and flexible forms of examination,in order to improve students’ interest,research capacity and innovative ability.