cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effector Cell Protease Receptor-1, a Platelet Activation-dependent Membrane Protein, Regulates Prothrombinase-catalyzed Thrombin Generation*

At sites of vascular injury thrombin is generated via prothrombinase, a stoichiometric (1:1), Ca2+-dependent, and membrane-bound complex consisting of the nonenzymatic cofactor factor Va and the serine protease factor Xa. While the importance of anionic platelet membrane phospholipids in regulating thrombin generation is well recognized, the identification of regulatory protein receptors has eluded investigators. This study reports the first description of a human platelet membrane protein that regulates prothrombinase complex assembly and function. Direct platelet-protein binding studies indicated that, although required, platelet-bound factor Va alone is insufficient to mediate factor Xa binding, and that factor Va and factor Xa bind to discrete sites on activated platelets for which expression is independently regulated as a function of the agonist concentration. When specific monoclonal antibodies against effector cell protease receptor-1 (EPR-1, a 65-kDa membrane receptor for factor Xa) were used in Western blotting, immunohistochemical staining, and/or flow cytometric analyses, activated platelets and their precursors, megakaryocytes, were shown to express EPR-1. These results were confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction of mRNA extracted from megakaryocyte-like cell lines. Additional flow cytometric studies demonstrated that a platelet-bound factor Va/factor Xa complex precluded binding of the anti-EPR-1 antibody, B6, to activated platelets by approximately 50%. Likewise, the anti-EPR-1 antibody was shown to inhibit prothrombinase-catalyzed thrombin generation on activated platelets in a dose- and platelet donor-dependent manner, indicating that platelet-expressed EPR-1 mediates factor Xa assembly into the prothrombinase complex. These collective data indicate that both EPR-1 and membrane-bound factor Va are required to mediate factor Xa binding to the activated platelet to form a functional prothrombinase complex.
Sub-threshold circuit design with shrinking CMOS devices

This paper examines the impact of technology scaling to 22nm on sub-threshold circuit design and proposes several solutions for sub-threshold circuits in new processes. To maintain energy-efficient sub-threshold operation, we must reduce variation and suppress leakage current. To combat random variation and minimize energy for nodes below 45nm, we show that special strategies are needed for different categories of sub-threshold circuits.
Statistical Power and Estimation of the Number of Required Subjects for a Study Based on the t-Test: A Surgeon’s Primer

The underlying concepts for calculating the power of a statistical test elude most investigators. Understanding them helps to know how the various factors contributing to statistical power factor into study design when calculating the required number of subjects to enter into a study. Most journals and funding agencies now require a justification for the number of subjects enrolled into a study and investigators must present the principals of powers calculations used to justify these numbers. For these reasons, knowing how statistical power is determined is essential for researchers in the modern era. The number of subjects required for study entry, depends on the following four concepts: 1) The magnitude of the hypothesized effect (i.e., how far apart the two sample means are expected to differ by); 2) the underlying variability of the outcomes measured (standard deviation); 3) the level of significance desired (e.g., alpha = 0.05); 4) the amount of power desired (typically 0.8). If the sample standard deviations are small or the means are expected to be very different then smaller numbers of subjects are required to ensure avoidance of type 1 and 2 errors. This review provides the derivation of the sample size equation for continuous variables when the statistical analysis will be the Student's t-test. We also provide graphical illustrations of how and why these equations are derived.
Feasibility of Biosignal-guided Chest Compression During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: A Proof of Concept.

Objectives Cardiac arrest is one of the leading causes of death in the United States and is treated by cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). CPR involves both chest compressions and positive pressure ventilations when given by medical providers. Mechanical chest compression devices automate chest compressions and are beginning to be adopted by emergency medical services with the intent of providing high-quality, consistent chest compressions that are not limited by human providers who can become fatigued. Biosignals acquired from cardiac arrest patients have been characterized in their ability to track the effect of CPR on the patient. The authors investigated the feasibility and appropriate response of a biosignal-guided mechanical chest compression device in a swine model of cardiac arrest. Methods After a custom signal-guided chest compression device was engineered, its ability to respond to biosignal changes in a swine model of cardiac arrest was tested. In a preliminary series of six swine, two biosignals were used: mean arterial pressure (MAP) and a mathematical derivative of the electrocardiogram waveform, median slope (MS). How these biosignals changed was observed when chest compression rate and depth were adjusted by the signal-guided chest compression device, independent of the user. Chest compression rate and depth were adjusted by the signal-guided chest compression device according to a preset threshold algorithm until either of the biosignals improved to satisfy a set “threshold” or until the chest compression rate and depth achieved maximum values. Defibrillation was attempted at the end of each resuscitation in an effort to achieve return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Results The signal-guided chest compression device responded appropriately to biosignals by changing its rate and depth. All animals exhibited positive improvements in their biosignals. During the course of the resuscitation, three of the six animals improved their MS biosignal to reach the MS threshold, while two of the six animals improved their MAP biosignal to reach the MAP threshold. In the six experiments conducted, defibrillation was attempted on five animals, and two animals achieved ROSC. Conclusions In this proof-of-concept study, a signal-guided chest compression device was demonstrated to be capable of responding to biosignal input and delivering chest compressions with a broad range of rates and depths.
Quality assurance in neurosurgery: United States concepts.

At present, quality assurance in United States neurosurgery is based primarily on neurosurgeons meeting requirements for certification by the American Board of Neurological Surgery and residency training programs meeting requirements for approval by the neurosurgical Residency Review Committee. These organizations, plus a number of other private, autonomous, physician directed groups have assumed responsibility for assuring neurosurgical quality. There are, however, no reliable data that such processes are effective and it is likely that neurosurgical quality assurance will move toward outcomes based documentation in the future.
Electron Transfer and Catalytic Mechanism of Organic Molecule-Adsorbed Graphene Nanoribbons as Efficient Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction and Evolution Reactions

Adsorption of organic molecules onto graphene can tune the electronic structure of graphene, providing a simple approach to tailor electrochemical properties of graphene for catalytic applications. Graphene sheets adsorbed with tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) molecules were studied using first-principles calculations to predict their catalytic activities for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in fuel cells and metal–air batteries. The electronic structures and reaction free energies were calculated to analyze effect of electron transfer between graphene and TCNE on the catalytic mechanisms of the graphene. Stone–Wales defects and edges were also introduced into the models to understand their role in catalysis. The results show that TCNE-adsorbed graphene has a lower limit of overpotentials of 0.425 V for OER and ORR, comparable to that of noble metals and S-doped graphene. The most active sites locate at the edges of the graphene. Stone–Wales defects enhance the catalytic activi...
A Bayesian machine learning model for estimating building occupancy from open source data

Understanding building occupancy is critical to a wide array of applications including natural hazards loss analysis, green building technologies, and population distribution modeling. Due to the expense of directly monitoring buildings, scientists rely in addition on a wide and disparate array of ancillary and open source information including subject matter expertise, survey data, and remote sensing information. These data are fused using data harmonization methods, which refer to a loose collection of formal and informal techniques for fusing data together to create viable content for building occupancy estimation. In this paper, we add to the current state of the art by introducing the population data tables (PDT), a Bayesian model and informatics system for systematically arranging data and harmonization techniques into a consistent, transparent, knowledge learning framework that retains in the final estimation uncertainty emerging from data, expert judgment, and model parameterization. PDT aims to estimate ambient occupancy in units of people/1000 ft2 for a number of building types at the national and sub-national level with the goal of providing global coverage. We present the PDT model, situate the work within the larger community, and report on the progress of this multi-year project.
Do Parents’ Life Experiences Affect the Political and Civic Participation of Their Children? The Case of Draft-Induced Military Service

Myriad studies show that politically-salient events influence civic and political engagement. Yet, on the other hand, decades of research indicate that familial factors mold political and civic dispositions early in life, before an individual experiences political events outside the family. Viewing these two lines of research together, we ask if individuals’ political and civic dispositions might be influenced not solely by their own experiences, but, also, by the experiences of those individuals who create their family environment—namely, their parents. Do parents’ life experiences—before the birth of their children—affect their offspring’s public engagement? To answer that question, we examine how the assignment of military service, via the Vietnam-era Selective Service Lotteries, affected rates of public participation among the children of draft-eligible men. Our analysis finds a negative relationship between a father’s probability of draft-induced military service and his offspring’s public participation. In addition to highlighting how parents’ life experiences can influence the social behavior of their children, this finding challenges the prevailing view that the Vietnam conflict did not contribute to declining civic engagement and it shows how experiences within bureaucratic institutions can yield long-standing effects on politically-relevant behaviors.
Infected aortic aneurysmal rupture masquerading as pneumonia.

Learning point for clinicians This case report highlights (i) The importance of ruling out infectious aortic aneurysm in a patient with rapidly expanding lung infiltrates with signs of sepsis and respiratory symptoms. (ii) The rare occurrence of fusobacterium bacteremia secondary to infected aneurysm. A 59-year-old male with history of hypertension, presented with substernal chest pain, vomiting, fever and one episode of hemoptysis. Patient was admitted a week ago with similar pain and stress ECHO was negative for ischemia. He had presented to the ED (emergency department) 4 days ago, was diagnosed with pneumonia and was discharged on levofloxacin. The new onset of hemoptysis and the persistent symptoms prompted him to come to the ED again. He had a 10 pack year smoking history, consumed alcohol every day and used marijuana. He was tachycardic, but otherwise hemodynamically stable and was saturating …
Lupus online: chronic autoimmune disease Internet resources

The immune system normally protects the body from germs, viruses, and bacteria. In lupus erythematosus, a chronic autoimmune disease, the immune system loses its ability to tell the difference between foreign substances and its own cells and tissues. The immune system becomes overactive and attacks normal tissue. This attack causes inflammation, redness, pain, and swelling, especially in skin, joints, brain, blood, and kidneys. This article reviews a number of the important information providers based on their ability to help in living with I upus on a day-to-day basis.
Studies on methylazoxymethanol: methylation of nucleic acids in the fetal rat brain.

SummaryMethylazoxymethanol, the aglycone of cycasin, reacted with nucleic acids and proteins in the fetus of rats injected with the compound on Day 14 of pregnancy. Guanine methylated in the seven position was found in both DNA and RNA. The protein reaction products were not identified. The distribution of the injected compound in the tissues and fluids of the mother rat was determined.This communication is published as Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. 1111. This investigation was supported in part by Public Health Service Research Grant NB-3909 from the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness, U. S. Public Health Service.
Outcome of 1152 patients with smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis in Fengtai district of Beijing

[Objective]To study the outcome of smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis cases in Fengtai district of Beijing,evaluate the control effect of infectious source of pulmonary tuberculosis.[Methods]1 152 cases of smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis were studied by cohort analysis.[Results]The average cure rate of 1 152 cases of smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis in Fengtai district during 2000-2009 was 73.4%,which did not reach the requirement the Beijing tuberculosis control programme(2003-2010).[Conclusion]The perfect mechanism and sufficient personnel can ensure tuberculosis control.The high-quality directly observed treatment short-course(DOTS) technology is the main measure for infectious source control of pulmonary tuberculosis.
164 SUSTAINED SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM AND THE RECOVERY OF FALLEN EXTRACELLULAR CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM IN RATS WITH CHRONIC ALDOSTERONISM.

Purpose Congestive heart failure (CHF) has its origins rooted in an activation of the circulating renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. In patients with protracted CHF of 4 wks or more, where chronic aldosteronism is contributory to their salt-avid state, we found ionized hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia together with elevations in serum parathyroid hormone (PTH). In a rat model of chronic aldosteronism (ALDOST), extracellular concentrations of these divalent cations are reduced in response to an early and persistent increase in both urinary and fecal excretion. The resultant secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) and continual PTH-mediated resorption of bone is invoked to restore homeostasis of these cations. Bone Ca and Mg are each reduced by 10% at 4 wks and more than 40% at 6 wks of ALDOST with a corresponding fall in bone strength to flexor stress. The time course to the restoration of fallen plasma Ca and Mg that accompanies SHPT in rats with ALDOST remains uncertain. Methods Toward this end, we monitored plasma total Ca and Mg and PTH in uninephrectomized rats with 1, 4, and 6 weeks ALDOST generated by aldosterone infusion (0.75 μg/h, by implanted minipump; and 1% NaCl/0.4% KCl in drinking water), without or with prior parathyroidectomy (PTx). Results In rats with ALDOST and intact parathyroids, plasma PTH was increased (p Conclusions In rats with chronic aldosteronism, accompanied by hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia, sustained SHPT is required to restore Ca and Mg homeostasis. These findings suggest that supplemental Ca, Mg, and vitamin D may be required to minimize SHPT and preserve Ca and Mg balance in patients with protracted CHF.
Analysis on Results of Sentinel Surveillance on HIV/AIDS,Qiannan Prefecture,2012

Objective To understand the HIV,syphilis and HCV infection status of male patients,female sex workers,drug abusers and pregnant women in Qiannan prefecture out-patients,so as to provide the basis for making effective intervention strategies. Methods Serological test was made for HIV,syphilis and HCV of male patients,female sex workers,drug abusers and pregnant women in Qiannan out-patients in 2012,to make a survey on the awareness of the AIDS-related knowledge. Results In the total detection of 4groups,2416people,the positive rate of HIV antibody was0.70%,the positive rate of syphilis antibody was 2.32%,the positive rate of HCV antibody was 12.79%.The positive rate of HIV antibody,syphilis antibody,HCV antibody was 0.25%,2.70%,and 0.49% in male patients,that was0.50%,0.62%,and 0.37%in female sex workers,that was 0.00%,0.25%,and 0.00%in pregnant women and that was1.49%,4.84%,and 37.72% in drug abusers.The awareness rate of knowledge about AIDS among male patients was26.80%,that was 37.66%among female sex workers,that was 38.46%among pregnant women and that was 38.46%among drug abusers(P 0.01).Condan use rate was 52.74%among female sex workers in the past month.The proportion of shared syringes was 9.43%among drug abusers in the past month.The rate of Intervention services was 85.41%among female sex workers,25.55%among male patients,59.93%among drug abusers. Conclusion The prevalence of HIV,syphilis,and HCV infection is higher among drug users,commercial sex workers and male out-patients in Qiannan prefecture,and the awareness rate on HIV/AIDS is lower.
On the Robustness of the Biological Correlation Network Model

Recent progress in high-throughput technology has resulted in a significant data overload. Determining how to obtain valuable knowledge from such massive raw data has become one of the most challenging issues in biomedical research. As a result, bioinformatics researchers continue to look for advanced data analysis tools to analysis and mine the available data. Correlation network models obtained from various biological assays, such as those measuring gene expression levels, are a powerful method for representing correlated expression. Although correlation does not always imply causation, the correlation network has been shown to be effective in identifying elements of interest in various bioinformatics applications. While these models have found success, little to no investigation has been made into the robustness of relationships in the correlation network with regard to vulnerability of the model according to manipulation of sample values. Particularly, reservations about the correlation network model stem from a lack of testing on the reliability of the model. In this work, we probe the robustness of the model by manipulating samples to create six different expression networks and find a slight inverse relationship between sample count and network size/density. When samples are iteratively removed during model creation, the results suggest that network edges may or may not remain within the statistical parameters of the model, suggesting that there is room for improvement in the filtering of these networks. A cursory investigation into a secondary robustness threshold using these measures confirms the existence of a positive relationship between sample size and edge robustness. This work represents an important step toward better understanding of the critical noise versus signal issue in the correlation network model.
Hypoglycemia: A tale of three causes

Abstract A 52-year old male with a history of insulin treated T2DM complicated by end stage renal disease (ESRD requiring hemodialysis and prior gastric bypass surgery presented with severe recurrent hypoglycemia with seizures. A 72 hour fast demonstrated hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. Abdominal CT scan and endoscopic ultrasound guided biopsy demonstrated a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (pNET). Symptoms persisted despite pNET resection and on further testing he was found to have a highly specific insulin antibody resulting in insulin autoimmune syndrome. He responded well to prednisone therapy with resolution of hypoglycemia and decline in the insulin autoantibody titers. This study concludes that autoimmune forms of hypoglycemia are uncommon and interpretation of tests can be challenging. However, insulin autoimmune syndrome (IAS) should be considered in a patient with both fasting and postprandial hypoglycemia in setting of very high insulin levels with associated anti-insulin antibodies and elevated insulin to C peptide molar ratio.
The Effect of Perceived Fit on Consumer Expectations of Brand Extension Success

This paper investigates consumer expectations about the potential success of a proposed brand extension. Initial expectation of success without attribute-specific information forms the foundation of the consumer’s evaluation of the extension. We demonstrate that expectation of success, confidence in the expectation, and likelihood of extension trial vary according to the degree of perceived fit between the core brand and the extension. Principal component analysis reveals that bases of similarity used in assessing category fit can be characterized as manufacturing company features and situational features. Additionally, results show that considerations other than degree of fit influence the formation of initial expectations.
Clinical Presentation and Therapy of Ebstein Anomaly

Ebstein anomaly is relatively rare constituting <1 % of cardiac malformations and occurring in 1 of 210,000 live births. Although primarily a malformation of the tricuspid valve, the right ventricle is myopathic as well.
Multidimensional and dual frequency infrared analogues of NMR: Applications to peptides and isotopomers of secondary structures

The development of methods to time resolve structural changes in complex systems is an important challenge. Because of its time resolution, multidimensional infrared spectroscopies 2D-IR and 3D-IR, can contribute to this challenge complementing the knowledge on average structures obtained by the established methods of structural biology and their time dependent variants. The multidimensional infrared experiment arose from many years of theoretical and experimental research on laser technology, nonlinear optics, and infrared spectroscopy. The manipulation of multidimensional data sets in time or frequency domains are also basic material in NMR even though the practical aspects of the two experiments are quite different and they arose quite independently. The heterodyned 2D-IR approach has proven useful in determining structures of peptides in solution and the anharmonic nature of the potential surfaces of peptides and secondary structures, as have polarized photon echo or pump-probe techniques. A full 2D-IR spectrum is obtained in which the two frequency axes correspond to the quite different spectral regions at 3300 cm -1 and 1650 cm -1 : the amide-A and amide-I modes influence each other in N-H O=C hydrogen bonding configurations.
High School Sport Specialization Patterns of Current Division I Athletes

Background:Sport specialization is a strategy to acquire superior sport performance in 1 sport but is associated with increased injury risk. Currently, the degree of high school specialization among Division I athletes is unknown.Hypothesis:College athletes will display increased rates of specialization as they progress through their high school careers.Study Design:Descriptive epidemiological study.Level of Evidence:Level 4.Methods:Three hundred forty-three athletes (115 female) representing 9 sports from a Midwest Division I University completed a previously utilized sport specialization questionnaire regarding sport participation patterns for each grade of high school. McNemar and chi-square tests were used to investigate associations of grade, sport, and sex with prevalence of sport specialization category (low, moderate, high) (a priori P ≤ 0.05).Results:Specialization increased throughout high school, with 16.9% (n = 58) and 41.1% (n = 141) of athletes highly specialized in 9th and 12th grades, resp...
Exploiting persymmetry for adaptive detection in distributed MIMO radar

We consider the adaptive detection problem in colored Gaussian noise with unknown persymmetric covariance matrix in a multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) radar with spatially dispersed antennas. To this end, a set of secondary data for each transmit-receive pair is assumed to be available. MIMO versions of the persymmetric generalized likelihood ratio test (MIMO-PGLRT) detector and the persymmetric sampler matrix inversion (MIMO-PSMI) detector are proposed. Compared to the MIMO-PGLRT detector, the MIMO-PSMI detector has a simple form and is computationally more efficient. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate that the proposed two detection algorithms can significantly alleviate the requirement of the amount of secondary data, and allow for a noticeable improvement in detection performance.
Effect of Relocation to the U.S. on Asthma Risk Among Hispanics

Introduction Asthma prevalence is reportedly higher among U.S.-born relative to foreign-born Hispanics/Latinos. Little is known about rates of asthma onset before and after relocation to the U.S. in Latinos. Asthma rates were examined by U.S. residence and country/territory of origin. Methods In 2015–2016, age at first onset of asthma symptoms was analyzed, defined retrospectively from a cross-sectional survey in 2008–2011, in relation to birthplace and U.S. residence among 15,573 U.S.-dwelling participants (aged 18–76 years) in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. Results Cumulative incidence of asthma through age 30 years ranged from 7.9% among Mexican background individuals to 29.4% among those of Puerto Rican background. Among those born outside the U.S. mainland, the adjusted hazard for asthma was 1.52-fold higher (95% CI=1.25, 1.85) after relocation versus before relocation to the U.S. mainland, with heterogeneity in this association by Hispanic/Latino background ( p -interaction Conclusions The effect of relocation to the U.S. on asthma risk among Hispanics is not uniform across Hispanic/Latino groups.
Observation on High-frequency oscillatory ventilation in the treatment of severe neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

Objective To evaluate the effectives of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV)in the treatment of severe NRDS.Methods The severe NRDS who failed to response to conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV) were changed to HFOV treatment.Ventilator parameters and blood gas analysis were compared before and after treatment.Results Among thirty patients,19 cases were significantly improved and 11 cases were failed,the success rate was 63％.Nineteen patients with HFOV,the main ventilator parameters and blood gas results such as FiO2 ( 0 h:0.87 ± 0.09 vs 3 h:0.67 ± 0.10,6 h:0.54 ±0.08,12h:0.44 ±0.08),MAP[0 h:(14.47 ±1.17) mbar vs 3 h:(13.79 ± 1.03) mbar,6 h:(13.26 ±1.05) mbar,12 h:( 12.37 ±0.83) mbar],f[0 h:(7.26 ±0.56) Hz vs 3 h:(7.89 ±0.57) Hz,6 h:(8.42±0.51 ) Hz,12 h:(9.26 ±0.45) Hz] and PaCO2 [0 h:(9.69 ±0.86) kPa vs 3 h:(6.00 ±0.55) kPa,6 h:(5.62 ± 1.03)kPa,12 h:(5.47 ±0.55)kPa] were decreased while pH(0 h:7.21 ±0.06 vs 3 h:7.35 ±0.07,6 h:7.39 ±0.07,12 h:7.40 ±0.06) and PaO2[0 h:(5.46 ±0.82)kPa vs 3 h:(7.92 ± 1.13)kPa,6 h:(9.25 ± 0.99)kPa,12 h:(9.20 ± 0.96)kPa] were significantly increased compared with before treatment ( P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The patients of severe NRDS who failed to response to CMV were treated with HFOV,some patients received a significant effect with HFOV treatment. Key words: High-frequency ventilation/MT; Respiratory distress syndrome, newborn/TH
A Financial Framework for Understanding Macroeconomic Cycles: The Time Structure of Production is Relevant

A comprehensive understanding business-cycles needs to account not only for the allocation of resources over time, but also for resource allocation across industries at any point in time. Intertemporal disequilibrium has been a common theme of many theories of the business-cycle. But to properly understand how these “time-distortions” take place and how the price-mechanisms that drive them work, a clear and well-defined conceptualization of the “average length” of the structure of production, is required. The insights provided by Macaulay’s duration and Hicks’s Average Period do this. We show that financial duration and related concepts have a direct connection to macroeconomic stability. By doing this we point to important implications for macroeconomic policy. We claim not only that a low interest rate contributes to the creation of asset bubbles, we show also the market mechanism through which the real sector is affected. We argue that to accept that duration matters for resource allocation is to accept the core of the Austrian Theory of the Business Cycle (ABCT) and, therefore, that to reject the ABCT core thesis suggests also rejecting the importance of duration for resource allocation.
Association of decreased carboplatin dosage and obesity in women with papillary serous endometrial cancer.

e16529 Background: Undertreatment with chemotherapy has been reported for obese women with breast cancer. Patients with uterine papillary serous carcinoma, at high risk for recurrence, are treated ...
Crossing the arterial wall with CARS

Regulation of the flow and movement of water is essential to the health and well-being of our bodies. Involving a diverse array of structures that range from molecular gatekeepers to tissue barriers, water flow and concentration are maintained at precise levels. However, in many instances we do not have a complete picture of how this works. A case in point is the arterial wall, which separates the luminal space of the artery, where water flow is highly directional and at high pressure, from the surrounding tissue, where the movement of water is diffusive and pressures are lower. To maintain the pressure difference across the arterial wall, the permeability of water through this barrier is necessarily low. Although the limited water permeability of the arterial wall has been measured extensively, it has remained unclear how this dedicated tissue structure is able to limit the flow of water or even which layer of the wall is responsible for the decrease in permeability. To solve this puzzle, a closer look at the water barrier is needed to bring the location of the water-blocking component into sharper view. … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: epotma{at}uci.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
No Effect of Pretreatment Breast MRI on the Timing of Surgical Treatment of Newly Diagnosed Breast Cancer.

Abstract Background Although breast MRI has been shown to be more sensitive in the diagnosis of breast cancer than conventional mammography, one criticism breast MRI has faced in the preoperative treatment planning is that it can delay treatment. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed of all women diagnosed and treated for breast cancer over three consecutive years at an American university hospital. The subjects were divided into two groups: those who received preoperative breast MRI and those who did not. There were 189 patients included in this study, of whom 109 (57.67%) received pretreatment breast MRI. Results Median time to treatment was not significantly different between pretreatment MRI and no pretreatment MRI groups (32 days versus 34.5 days, P = .950). Adjusting for age, detection method, stage, and histology type did not change this conclusion. Conclusions At this institution, preoperative breast MRI for patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer seemed to have no significant effect on the timing of surgical treatment in cases of newly diagnosed breast cancer.
Society Case Study: Why Formal Education is the Common Goal of Human Progress

Abstract. The case study discusses the importance of formal education not only as a means to economic empowerment but also its application in intra cultural harmony that may solve for many intra national and international conflicts. Education for women is emphasised as useful economic strategy whereby women participation in skilled labour force may improve the trading capacity of developing countries in international markets. Keywords. Formal education, Conflict mitigation, Cultural harmony, Economic empowerment. JEL. E50, E52, E60.
HYMENOLEPIS MICROSTOMA (Dujardin, 1845) A COSMOPOLITAN CESTODE OF THE BILE DUCT OF RODENTS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses Hymenolepis microstoma, which is a cosmopolitan cestode of the bile duct of rodents. Hymenolepis microstoma, reported by 13 different workers over a period of 120 years, from Europe, North Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Americas, has recently been rediscovered, in Tennessee, USA. The taxonomic description must be amended to allow variation in numbers of rostellar hooks and in size of testes. The laboratory strain now available is being used for studies in physiology, development, and radiation biology. At The University of Tennessee, surgically removed worms are given high doses of X-rays and are then inserted into the duodenum of new hosts, in which they quickly become established in the bile duct.
Spiritual Formation in Online Higher Education Communities: Nurturing Spirituality in Christian Higher Education Online Degree Programs:

Spiritual formation is one of the recognized benchmarks of higher education that is Christian. A communal commitment to spiritual formation is indeed part of the Christian higher education communit...
Effectiveness of a low-cost household electrolyzed water generator in reducing the populations of Escherichia coli K12 on inoculated beef, chevon, and pork surfaces

Acidic and alkaline electrolyzed water (EW) were investigated for their bactericidal effects when sprayed on the surface of beef, chevon (goat meat), and pork inoculated with Escherichia coli K12. Inoculated meat samples were subjected to different treatment times ranging from 2 to 12 min and enumerated on tryptic soy agar to determine the effective log reductions of microbial populations. Acidic EW treated beef, chevon, and pork samples resulted in the highest log reductions of approximately 1.16 (4 min), 1.22 (12 min), and 1.30 log₁₀ CFU/mL (10 min), respectively; and alkaline EW treatments resulted in 1.61, 0.96, and 1.52 log₁₀ CFU/mL reductions at 12 min treatment, respectively. In general, no significant difference in bacterial reduction (p > .05) among the different types of meat was observed. Experimental data were used to fit two microbial reduction models. The Weibull model best described E. coli reduction from meat surfaces. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Foodborne microorganisms are responsible for a large number of outbreaks and foodborne illnesses. Several conventional methods such as heat and chemicals have been used for many years to ensure the safety of food. Meat is the most consumed food as a source of protein. Since meat is usually marketed raw, chlorine‐based washing technologies are commonly preferred for surface decontamination. However, these technologies may leave some chemical residues in meat that might alter its color, flavor, and texture. Electrolyzed oxidizing water is an alternative nonthermal technology that has been used in recent years to improve the safety of food products. This study thus focuses on determining the efficacy of acidic and alkaline electrolyzed water in inactivating Escherichia coli on beef, chevon, and pork surfaces.
Surface Chemistry Affects the Efficacy of the Hydration Force between Two ZnO(101̅0) Surfaces

The hydration force is an important component of the energy landscape for particle–particle aggregation. Here, we use molecular simulation to investigate the length scale and the oscillatory nature of the hydration force that manifests between two hydrophilic surfaces that undergo hydroxylation in water. We identify how this force is modified due to the details of chemistry at the interface of ZnO(1010) in aqueous solution. Importantly, our research demonstrates that the size-dependent nature of oriented attachment does not originate from the hydration force. Rather, we find that the hydration force has qualitatively different outcomes based on the details of the surface chemistry, occurring at structurally specific aqueous solid–liquid interfaces.
Leukotoxin of Bibersteinia trehalosi Contains a Unique Neutralizing Epitope, and a Non-Neutralizing Epitope Shared with Mannheimia haemolytica Leukotoxin

Bibersteinia trehalosi and Mannheimia haemolytica, originally classified as Pasteurella haemolytica biotype T and biotype A, respectively, under Genus Pasteurella has now been placed under two different Genera, Bibersteinia and Mannheimia, based on DNA-DNA hybridization and 16S RNA studies. While M. haemolytica has been the predominant pathogen of pneumonia in ruminants, B. trehalosi is emerging as an important pathogen of ruminant pneumonia. Leukotoxin is the critical virulence factor of these two pathogens. While the leukotoxin of M. haemolytica has been well studied, the characterization of B. trehalosi leukotoxin has lagged behind. As the first step towards addressing this problem, we developed monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against B. trehalosi leukotoxin and used them to characterize the leukotoxin epitopes. Two mAbs that recognized sequential epitopes on the leukotoxin were developed. One of them, AM113, neutralized B. trehalosi leukotoxin while the other, AM321, did not. The mAb AM113 revealed the existence of a neutralizing epitope on B. trehalosi leukotoxin that is not present on M. haemolytica leukotoxin. A previously developed mAb, MM601, revealed the presence of a neutralizing epitope on M. haemolytica leukotoxin that is not present on B. trehalosi leukotoxin. The mAb AM321 recognized a non-neutralizing epitope shared by the leukotoxins of B. trehalosi and M. haemolytica. The mAb AM113 should pave the way for mapping the leukotoxin-neutralizing epitope on B. trehalosi leukotoxin and the development of subunit vaccines and/or virus-vectored vaccines against this economically important respiratory pathogen of ruminants.
Granulomatous inflammation in BK polyomavirus-associated nephropathy.

Evolving BK polyomavirus-associated nephropathy (BKPyVAN) is characterized by tubulointerstitial inflammation that closely resembles acute T-cell-mediated allograft rejection if tubulitis is significant. The cellular composition of the inflammation varies during the course of BKPyVAN, and clusters of plasma cells may herald resolution of the infection. Less commonly, BKPyVAN can present with a predominance of histiocytes and granuloma formation. Granulomatous interstitial nephritis is uncommon in biopsies of either native or transplant kidneys. In both settings, this distinctive type of inflammatory response requires a systematic approach with careful clinicopathological assessment to determine its etiology. We present three patients with granulomatous BKPyVAN in the first year post-transplantation. These allograft biopsies at 4, 6, and 12 months post-transplant exemplify spontaneously resolving BKPyVAN, resolving infection after immunosuppression reduction, and early BKPyVAN, respectively. In immunosuppressed patients, BKPyVAN should be added to the relatively broad differential diagnosis of granulomatous tubulointerstitial nephritis.
Small Signal Model Averaging of Bi-Directional Converter

We consider the problem of modeling a bi-directional AC/DC converter using a small signal approach coupled with cycle averaging to simplify the model for use in digitized control. Small power sources (≤ 1000W) tend to have more abrupt transient power flow due to the associated characteristic low inertia. This is prevalent in small wind turbine systems. In an effort to reduce the complexity of system control under fast power transients, we develop an averaged model which allows for more advanced controller design while keeping computations reasonable low. This effort is intended to complement related work in distributed generation power flow measurement and control suitable for emerging smart-grid and micro-grid systems. We also utilize a more accurate inductor model incorporating resistive effects for the converter power coupling device. Simulation results are provided demonstrating the capability of the model.
The Bio-psycho-social Perspective in Alcoholism

In the past several decades, a bio-psycho-social perspective has become very popular in psychiatry, most particularly in the field of psychosomatic medicine but elsewhere as well.1–4 There is general agreement that certain behavioral disorders may involve several pathogenetic mechanisms at one level or another; however, in any given syndrome, there is wide disagreement as to the relative impact of these mechanisms. Thus, for schizophrenia, biological psychiatry stresses aberration in biogenic amine metabolism, psychoanalysis emphasizes defective ego structures and traumatic early experience, and social psychiatry describes pathological family constellations. Although each discipline tends to acknowledge the existence of the others and the legitimacy of their findings, little attempt is made to investigate possible interactions among pathogenetic mechanisms at different levels. Rather, each discipline tends to see its own explanations as paramount, with other influences either adding or substracting (in a purely arithmetic and linear fashion) to the critical mass necessary to achieve clinical pathology. This viewpoint tends to dominate psychiatry, which, like its parent discipline, medicine, recognizes that multiple explanations frequently signify only that the real etiology has not yet been discovered.
Found in Translation: An Arabic Phaedo Fragment (107d6-108c1) in Ruhāwī’s Adab al-ṭabīb and the Late Antique Transmission of Plato

I provide the first study of an extended Arabic quotation from Plato’s Phaedo preserved in a work of medical ethics by the ninth-century physician al-Ruhāwī. This quotation, I argue, is valuable both for its antiquity (its Vorlage likely predated all extant non-papyri witnesses to the Phaedo ) and for the text that it transmits. Through an analysis of seven readings transmitted in the quotation, I conclude that the Arabic version is of significant textual value. A valuable new witness to the late antique, Neoplatonic tradition of Plato, it presents a plausible and unique set of variants and confirms that the tradition had been extensively contaminated even before the production of the earliest extant codices.
Factors Influencing Men's Interest in Gene Testing for Prostate Cancer Susceptibility.

Interest in genetic testing for inherited cancer susceptibility is high in the general population. Women at risk for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations represent the best-studied population undergoing genetic testing for cancer susceptibility. However, it is unclear whether factors influencing interest in genetic testing in women are directly applicable to men. We designed a study to examine factors associated with men's interest in genetic testing to identify prostate cancer susceptibility. Our sample consisted of 267 men present in waiting rooms of a urology clinic in an urban area. We examined whether the concept of “monitoring” could be used to predict the interest of men in a genetic test for prostate cancer susceptibility. Our results indicated that “monitoring” trait was positively associated with interest in genetic testing in these men, but principally for patients rather than nonpatients. Moreover we found that monitoring was associated with over estimation of risk in those men with prostate cancer. Other factors found to influence interest in genetic testing included recommendation by a doctor, family history of prostate cancer, and cost. This study indicated that interest in genetic testing and estimation of risk is influenced by a complex interaction between both psychological factors (monitoring) and nonbehavioral factors (such as patient status, cost, and doctor recommendation).
Semantic Tableaux and Resolution

We will be presenting several proof procedures for propositional logic in this chapter and the next. Two of them are especially suitable for automation: resolution [35] and semantic tableaux [40]. Of these, resolution is closely connected with conjunctive normal or clause forms, while the semantic tableaux system is similarly connected with disjunctive normal or dual clause forms. We discuss semantic tableaux rules in this section and resolution in Section 3.3. We begin with a general description that is suited to either hand or machine implementation, and give a Prolog implementation in Section 3.2.
The run-down immunologic neighborhood in Hodgkin lymphoma.

In this issue of Blood, Cader et al dissect the T-cell subsets within the tumor microenvironment of Hodgkin lymphoma, revealing an overabundance of CD4+ regulatory T cell (Treg) and exhausted T helper 1 (Th1) effector cells within the Reed-Sternberg cell9s dysfunctional immunologic milieu.1
Minimal PAM specificity of a highly similar SpCas9 ortholog

RNA-guided DNA endonucleases of the CRISPR-Cas system are widely used for genome engineering and thus have numerous applications in a wide variety of fields. CRISPR endonucleases, however, require a specific protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) flanking the target site, thus constraining their targetable sequence space. In this study, we demonstrate the natural PAM plasticity of a highly similar, yet previously uncharacterized, Cas9 from Streptococcus canis (ScCas9) through rational manipulation of distinguishing motif insertions. To this end, we report affinity to minimal 5′-NNG-3′ PAM sequences and demonstrate the accurate editing capabilities of the ortholog in both bacterial and human cells. Last, we build an automated bioinformatics pipeline, the Search for PAMs by ALignment Of Targets (SPAMALOT), which further explores the microbial PAM diversity of otherwise overlooked Streptococcus Cas9 orthologs. Our results establish that ScCas9 can be used both as an alternative genome editing tool and as a functional platform to discover novel Streptococcus PAM specificities.
Parents' Experience During a Child's Resuscitation: Getting Through It.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to elucidate the experiences of parents during their child's resuscitation in the hospital setting. Design and methods This qualitative descriptive study took place in a 280 bed children's hospital with parents whose children experienced resuscitation while they were present in the room or nearby. Semi-structured interviews were conducted between one and twelve months following a child's resuscitation. A rigorous thematic analysis was performed. Results This study elucidates parent experience during a child's resuscitation using four overarching themes; “Overwhelming chaos”, “Getting through it”, “Cognitive presence” and “Joy mixed with heartache”. Parents described their experience to be stressful, yet identified things that helped them get through it and make sense of the experience. Conclusions During a child's resuscitation parents perceived a sense of overwhelming chaos, yet still had an innate need to be present and know what was going on. While emotional support was appreciated, most important was to receive real time clinical information from healthcare staff and to see and feel that the team was personally invested in their child. Practice implications During a child's resuscitation, parents should be allowed to choose their level of presence to meet their individual needs. A clinical staff member should answer questions and share clinical information with parents. In addition, clinicians should allow themselves to connect with parents on a personal level. This research provides a foundation for further study, including parents' experience after experiencing a child's resuscitation.