cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Joseph Henry Beale, Jr.

This short entry in the The Yale Biographical Dictionary of American Law, edited by Roger K. Newman, discusses Joseph Henry Beale, Jr. (1861-1943), Royall Professor of Law at Harvard Law School and the founding dean of the University of Chicago Law School. Beale is best remembered for his work on conflict of laws, which was the highest expression of a decidedly formalistic approach to the subject, and the foil for the Legal Realist critiques that eventually overturned that formalism.Beale's work on conflict of laws spanned much of his career, culminating with his 1935 treatise and with the First Restatement of Conflict of Laws, for which he was the reporter. His approach emphasized mechanical rules based on identifying specific, territorially defined, rights-creating events, and was already the object of sustained attack by the time these publications appeared. Legal Realist opponents battered his notions of territorially defined vested rights, and their critique ultimately led to a revolution in choice of law. More profoundly, Beale's work became for many the emblem of antiquated formalism in legal thinking.Such criticism aside, however, Beale grounded his approach in sophisticated, if debatable, jurisprudential assumptions. He was a more subtle thinker, widely read in foreign sources and interested in legal theory and history, and often a more wry and ironic writer than the caricature would allow. A surprising number of his writings, which ranged widely from criminal procedure to taxation and municipal corporations, paid heed to social facts and legal adaptation.Beale was an interdisciplinary thinker in his own way and was more jurisprudentially self-conscious than most American legal scholars of his generation. Indeed, there is no better evidence of his intellectual breadth than his commitment to conflict of laws, which Beale introduced to the law school curriculum and put at the center of legal scholarship.
Alexandrian Hexameter Fragments

In the winter of 1900 a number of Greek papyrus fragments came into my hands in Cairo, through one of the most trustworthy of the local dealers. They had to be sorted out from a mass of miscellaneous fragments, with which they had probably been found. The shop was rather dark, and the pieces had not been cleaned; but the hand was clearly literary, and the few words I made out in sorting them over, led me to think that they were, like most literary papyri, Homeric. It was not until some months later, in Oxford, that a more leisurely inspection of them revealed their unusual character, and convinced me of their true importance, as the fragments, unfortunately meagre, of some Alexandrian hexameter poem, no longer extant. A further examination disclosed some curious features, chief among them a system of spelling that seems to mark these pieces as unique among published Greek papyri.
Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Affects Mating Success of the Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

In laboratory choice tests, males from a colony of diamondback moth, Plutella Xylostella (L.), resistant to Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner toxins mated fewer times than did males from a susceptible colony. Resistant and susceptible males did not differ in mating duration or ability to mate first with virgin females. Thus, the mating deficiency of resistant males was caused by reduced success in obtaining subsequent matings. Reduced mating success of resistant males is a fitness cost that may contribute to loss of resistance in the absence of exposure to toxins. Resistant females mated as frequently as susceptible females, suggesting that no change in female mating success was associated with resistance. We found no evidence for assortative mating between resistant and susceptible moths that would diminish the effectiveness of refuges in resistance management.
Stochastic PDE from the Point of View of Particle Systems and Duality

We give an informal introduction to some results about parabolic stochastic partial differential equations (SPDE). Our main tool is to view solutions in terms of particle systems. Then we can use classical tools from particle systems such as duality. This gives us uniqueness for several equations. We also explore the connection between SPDE and superprocesses, which are branching particle systems with infinitesimally small particles. Finally, we give an outline of some recent results based on these methods.
The green ash transcriptome and identification of genes responding to abiotic and biotic stresses

To develop a set of transcriptome sequences to support research on environmental stress responses in green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), we undertook deep RNA sequencing of green ash tissues under various stress treatments. The treatments, including emerald ash borer (EAB) feeding, heat, drought, cold and ozone, were selected to mimic the increasing threats of climate change and invasive pests faced by green ash across its native habitat. We report the generation and assembly of RNA sequences from 55 green ash samples into 107,611 putative unique transcripts (PUTs). 52,899 open reading frames were identified. Functional annotation of the PUTs by comparison to the Uniprot protein database identified matches for 63 % of transcripts and for 98 % of transcripts with ORFs. Further functional annotation identified conserved protein domains and assigned gene ontology terms to the PUTs. Examination of transcript expression across different RNA libraries revealed that expression patterns clustered based on tissues regardless of stress treatment. The transcripts from stress treatments were further examined to identify differential expression. Tens to hundreds of differentially expressed PUTs were identified for each stress treatment. A set of 109 PUTs were found to be consistently up or down regulated across three or more different stress treatments, representing basal stress response candidate genes in green ash. In addition, 1956 simple sequence repeats were identified in the PUTs, of which we identified 465 high quality DNA markers and designed flanking PCR primers. North American native ash trees have suffered extensive mortality due to EAB infestation, creating a need to breed or select for resistant green ash genotypes. Stress from climate change is an additional concern for longevity of native ash populations. The use of genomics could accelerate management efforts. The green ash transcriptome we have developed provides important sequence information, genetic markers and stress-response candidate genes.
Spectral-domain signal processing based on comb-based direct Fourier decomposition

This talk reviews the advances in low-noise parametric frequency comb synthesis and the application in unconventional sensing. High SNR, phase-correlated parametric combs have recently enabled sub-noise detection of ephemeral (ps-scale) event through direct Fourier decomposition.
High-performance ink-jet printed graphene resistors formed with environmentally-friendly surfactant-free inks for extreme thermal environments

Abstract In this work, a surfactant-free graphene ink is prepared in a mixture of terpineol ( T ) and cyclohexanone ( C ) and optimized to yield rheologies appropriate for ink-jet printing on both rigid SiO 2 /Si and flexible polyimide substrates. The surfactant-free ink optimized here, clearly demonstrates its enhanced electrical transport characteristics, where resistivity ρ values are 7× lower, i.e. 1.1 mΩ m, compared to 7.1 mΩ m for the surfactant-assisted formulations derived from N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and ethyl cellulose (EC) reported earlier. The C:T surfactant-free ink is stable with aging, exhibiting minimal signs of graphene nano-membrane re-agglomeration. The mechanical elasticity and robustness of the printed structures is evaluated through strain-dependent bending tests that reveal minimal variations in resistance (∼8%) with bending radii of curvature up to 0.16 cm −1 . Finally, the thermal behavior of the printed features formed using the surfactant-free ink is deciphered from the Resistance–Temperature data obtained from 6 K to 350 K, where the temperature coefficient of resistivity (TCR) is calculated to be very low (e.g. 1 Ω/K in the range of 6–80 K, or −2.7 × 10 −4 ppm/K), comparable to other low TCR materials such as polymer/carbon composites. In summary, the resistive structures designed using the surfactant-free, environmentally-friendly inks formulated here, exhibit attributes that are extremely desirable for flexible electronics, such as enhanced electronic transport, good mechanical robustness and a TCR that varies minimally with temperature.
Effect of aging of 2507 super duplex stainless steel on sliding tribocorrosion in chloride solution

Abstract The tribocorrosion behavior of SAF 2507 (UNS S32750) superduplex stainless steel exposed to heat treatments at 800 °C was examined in 0.6 M NaCl and in deionized water. Heat treatment induced the growth of secondary phases including sigma phase, secondary austenite, and chi phase. Potentiostatic and potentiodynamic polarization revealed no significant effect of the presence of these secondary phases on the electrochemical behavior in the absence of sliding contact. Reciprocating sliding experiments revealed that material loss rates were inversely proportional to the sample hardness in deionized water as well as at 100 mV SCE in the chloride solution under potentiostatic conditions. Worn surfaces readily repassivated during experiments at 100 mV SCE, but at 600 mV SCE , with longer heat treatments, current transients increased over time and pitting was observed in and near wear tracks. Pitting was preferentially associated with secondary austenite, and material loss calculated from the current transients during pitting was much greater than that measured through surface profiling of wear tracks.
Resource partitioning for real-time communication

We investigate the network resource partitioning problem for real-time communication. Resource partitioning is useful for a number of applications, including virtual private subnetworks, advance reservation of real-time network services, fast establishment of real-time connections and support for mobile computing with real-time communication. We propose a scheme where resource partitioning requires extra computation only at connection establishment time, and where per-packet scheduling and rate control do not require any extra work for supporting resource partitioning. >
The Structure of Country Drinking Parties on Pine Ridge Reservation, South Dakota

Drinking parties in country Indian homes display a regular structure that does not seem to be necessarily related to the amount of alcohol consumed. Elements of this structure include changes in in...
Are Eating Disorders and Related Symptoms Risk Factors for Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors? A Meta-analysis

This meta-analysis addressed whether eating disorders (EDs) are risk factors (i.e., longitudinal predictors) for suicidal thoughts and behaviors. We identified 2,611 longitudinal studies published through August 1, 2017. Inclusion required studies include at least one longitudinal analysis predicting suicide ideation, attempt, or death using an ED diagnosis and/or symptom. Fourteen studies (42 prediction cases) met criteria. Results indicated that clinically diagnosed EDs and disordered eating symptoms were significant but weak predictors of suicide attempts but not death. Effects remained weak when moderators were considered. By reviewing the methodological limitations of previous research, these results highlight avenues for future research.
17 – Aggressive Behavior

Publisher Summary This chapter presents two brief case studies. Each example has been chosen to highlight the utility of conducting a functional analysis of aggressive behavior within the context of a nested ecological approach. A functional analysis of aggression considers the purpose of the behavior and emphasizes situational factors that might elicit, suppress, and/or maintain the aggression. The nested ecological approach considers how the individual is embedded in multiple levels of context, each of which may be exerting an influence on his or her expression of aggression. This combined approach is chosen because of its clinical and theoretical utility. Due to the expertise of the current authors, the chapter gives particular attention to the assessment of aggression occurring within the context of an intimate relationship.
Pollyanna and Congruence Dynamics: From Yang and Yin to and or but

In this lecture we will begin at the beginning—the ancient Chinese metaphysics of Yang and Yin—where some of the most basic principles of human thinking were first (I believe) described. Then we will explore the simplest expressions of Yang and Yin in human thinking and talking—the dynamics of primitive affective Positiveness vs Negativeness, or what I will call Pollyannaism. We will then move on to more complex expressions of Yang and Yin in cognizing and sentencing—the dynamics of Congruence vs Incongruence, or what I will call Psycho-logic. And in both of these explorations we will, of course, be primarily interested in how these dynamics function in psycholinguistic theory and are tested in research. Finally we will inquire into the finer semantic details of cognitive congruence/incongruence relations as they are postulated to operate in this APG within the constituents of simplexes and between the clauses of complexes.
Bayesian Subgroup Analysis with Hierarchical Models

Estimates of treatment effects within subgroups tend to have too much variation relative to the true treatment effects, hampering clinical interpretation. To address this unwanted variation, we consider Bayesian hierarchical modeling of subgroups. When considered exchangeable in a one-way hierarchical structure, the subgroup treatment effects have posterior means that shrink the sample estimates toward the overall estimate. The amount of shrinkage increases with decreasing evidence of treatment effect heterogeneity, as measured by the variation between relative to within the subgroups. Because the shrinkage estimates borrow strength from the overall estimate, Bayesian subgroup analysis is more precise than separate analyses of the sample treatment effects. To illustrate, we re-analyze race subgroups in the LIFE study comparing hypertension treatments losartan and atenolol on time to first major adverse cardiac event. We also present exchangeability structures for two or more subgrouping factors. Aims of the chapter are to provide a basic understanding of the behavior of Bayesian hierarchical models for subgroup analysis and how to implement them. To facilitate understanding, formulas for Bayesian posterior means, interval estimates and hypothesis tests are presented and interpreted when the parameters of a hierarchical model are known. For implementation, we provide an Appendix listing code for analysis of the LIFE study with empirical Bayes and more fully Bayes approaches. The discussion section includes selected bibliographic notes on Bayesian hierarchical subgroup analysis and computation.
The Role of Hypoxia in Corneal Extracellular Matrix Deposition and Cell Motility.

The cornea is an excellent model tissue to study how cells adapt to periods of hypoxia as it is naturally exposed to diurnal fluxes in oxygen. It is avascular, transparent, and highly innervated. In certain pathologies, such as diabetes, limbal stem cell deficiency, or trauma, the cornea may be exposed to hypoxia for variable lengths of time. Due to its avascularity, the cornea requires atmospheric oxygen, and a reduction in oxygen availability can impair its physiology and function. We hypothesize that hypoxia alters membrane stiffness and the deposition of matrix proteins, leading to changes in cell migration, focal adhesion formation, and wound repair. Two systems-a 3D corneal organ culture model and polyacrylamide substrates of varying stiffness-were used to examine the response of corneal epithelium to normoxic and hypoxic environments. Exposure to hypoxia alters the deposition of the matrix proteins such as laminin and Type IV collagen. In addition, previous studies had shown a change in fibronectin after injury. Studies performed on matrix-coated acrylamide substrates ranging from 0.2 to 50 kPa revealed stiffness-dependent changes in cell morphology. The localization, number, and length of paxillin pY118- and vinculin pY1065-containing focal adhesions were different in wounded corneas and in human corneal epithelial cells incubated in hypoxic environments. Overall, these results demonstrate that low-oxygenated environments modify the composition of the extracellular matrix, basal lamina stiffness, and focal adhesion dynamics, leading to alterations in the function of the cornea. Anat Rec, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
eWOM across channels: comparing the impact of self-enhancement, positivity bias and vengeance on Facebook and Twitter

When sharing personal details, versus talking about others, consumers tend to accentuate the positive experiences they have with brands in order to self-enhance amongst friends. Consumers also take...
Accelerating Real-Time, High-Resolution Depth Upsampling on FPGAs

While the popularity of high-resolution, computer-vision applications (e.g. mixed reality, autonomous vehicles) is increasing, there have been complementary advances in time-of-flight depth sensor resolution and quality. These advances in time-of-flight sensors provide a platform for new research into real-time, depth-upsampling algorithms targeted at high-resolution video systems with low-latency requirements. This paper describes a case study in which a previously developed bilateral-filter-style upsampling algorithm is profiled, parallelized, and accelerated on an FPGA using high-level synthesis tools from Xilinx. We show that our accelerated algorithm can effectively upsample the resolution and reduce the noise of time-of-flight sensors. We also demonstrate that this algorithm exceeds the real-time requirements of 90 frames per second necessitated by mixed-reality hardware, achieving a lower-bound speedup of 40 times over the fastest CPU-only version.
A Finite Multi-Dimensional Generalized Gamma Mixture Model

Over the last two decades, statistical mixture models have been widely exploited to tackle the issue of data modeling. Examples of statistical mixture models' applications in data modeling include object recognition, speech recognition, information retrieval, and intrusion detection. In this paper, an unsupervised learning algorithm, based on a finite multi-dimensional generalized Gamma mixture model (GGMM) is presented for the purpose of positive vectors clustering. Maximum likelihood (ML) is a well-known method conducted via expectation maximization algorithm (EM) and used for estimating the parameters of the proposed model. Newton Raphson's optimization algorithm was also utilized to solve the problem (obstacle) of the non-existence of closed form. Experiments are conducted using both synthetic data and a real data set of images representing shapes to test the performance of the proposed model. Moreover, we compared the performance of the generalized Gamma mixture model with Gamma and Gaussian mixture models.
A Birth Cohort Analysis of Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment Incidence in the Einstein Aging Study (EAS) Cohort.

BACKGROUND The transition from normal cognition to Alzheimer's disease is considered a continuum, with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) an intermediate clinical cognitive state. Although prior work suggests that dementia incidence rates may be declining, there is little information regarding temporal trends in aMCI incidence. OBJECTIVE To determine whether age specific rates of aMCI have changed over sequential birth cohorts among individuals included in the population-based Einstein Aging Study (EAS) cohort. A secondary objective was to examine trends in aMCI rates among Blacks and Whites and by sex. METHODS Age specific incidence of aMCI was examined by birth year among 1,233 individuals age 70 years and above enrolled in the population-based EAS cohort between November 1, 1993 and February 22, 2016 and who had at least one annual follow-up assessment (5,321 person years of follow-up). Poisson regression was used to determine whether there has been a change in age specific aMCI rates over sequential years of birth. RESULTS No significant change in aMCI rates was identified in the overall cohort, among Blacks or Whites, or among males or females born between 1899 and 1946. CONCLUSIONS Despite a trend for decreased dementia incidence in the EAS cohort, rates of incident aMCI have not changed. These apparently conflicting results may indicate a delay or decrease in the rates of transition from aMCI to dementia within the cohort. However, further studies are needed to confirm whether rates of aMCI have changed in other populations, and how aMCI rates are related to secular trends in dementia risk factors.
Conocimiento, Colectividad y Curación: Understanding and Addressing Latinx Youth Mental Health and Wellness Through PAR Entremundos

Still one of the fasting growing minoritized groups in the U.S., Latinxs [we are using the term Latinx rather than Latino/a or Hispanic, unless a term is used by cited resources. See Scharron-de Rio and Aja (The case For “Latinx”—And why this term matters for intersectionality—everyday feminism [magazine], 2016)], historically, have endured major socio-economic and educational crises that have produced challenges to mental health and wellness. Unfortunately, the challenges many Latinxs face are often overlooked, misunderstood and underserved. This paper is a study of high school youth who were part of the Education in our Barrios Project, #BarrioEdProject, a Philadelphia-based participatory action research (PAR) collaborative, where high school-aged and undergraduate youth work together to conduct research on issues that affect their local communities and schools. Using an ecological-feminist-Latinx framework (Heiman and Artiga in Beyond health care: the role of social determinants in promoting health and health equity, 2015; Nelson and Prilleltensky in Pursuit of Liberation and Well-being, 2nd ed. Palgrave, New York, 2010; Smith and Romero in AJOP Am J Orthopsychiatr 80(1):12–25, 2010) the authors consider how #BarrioEdProject, as a form of PAR Entremundos, function as a space to support youth mental health and address oppressive social determinants of mental health. Drawing on observations, interviews, and written responses from participants, the authors assert that #BarrioEdProject and its curriculum of conocimiento can help participants identify the kinds of trauma that young people face, and create an experience where participants are humanized, share power and develop the skills to take social action.
Draft Genome Sequences of Klebsiella pneumoniae Strains Isolated from Immunocompromised NOD-scid Gamma Research Mice.

ABSTRACT Thirteen Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates cultured from feces, intestines, liver, lungs, and blood from immunocompromised NOD-scid gamma (NSG) mice with clinical illness, housed at a biomedical research institute, were sequenced using Illumina MiSeq technology for elucidation of pathogenic potential and genes encoding antibiotic resistance.
Efficient sizing of single layer graphene oxide with optical microscopy under ambient conditions

Abstract Graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets are 2D particles with many advantageous properties including high gas barrier and mechanical strength, and can also be used as precursors to electronically conductive graphene-like structures. Characterizing the size of GO nanosheets is challenging because of the heterogeneous nature and ultra-thin 2D structure (∼1 nm). Current approaches for GO size measurements include atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), which both require significant time and environmental or financial resources. In response to these challenges, we herein report a facile method to size GO nanosheets using optical microscopy. As directly visualizing GO nanosheets is difficult due to poor contrast, we utilized the oil-water interfacial co-assembly of GO and charged particles to image single layer GO in situ. Contrast is generated between the ‘dark’ particles that occupy interstitial regions between ‘light’ GO nanosheets. The method allows GO to be imaged in a large area, in contrast to SEM and AFM, covering >200 nanosheets in one image. The size distribution of the nanosheets can be easily determined, giving results consistent to multiple SEM images. The novel method described herein is low cost and efficient, can be applicable to other 2D materials, and is amenable to manufacturing environments.
Bloody Brilliant: A History of Blood Groups and Blood Groupers

CONCLUSIONS What a joy and privilege to read and reread this unique and extraordinarily informative history for this review! Pierce and Reid have authored a 633-page, 28-chapter tome, containing 796 illustrations, including photographs of individual contributors to the field of blood group serology, as well as group photographs of landmark meetings and conferences held during the past 100 years. The Index lists the names of 1046 individuals who are acknowledged as contributors to the history of blood group serology, many of whom are the subject of cameo biographies.
Temporal stability of E . coli and Enterococci concentrations in a Pennsylvania creek

Microbial quality of irrigation waters is a substantial food safety factor. Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Enterococci are used as the fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) to assess microbial water quality. Analysis of temporally stable patterns of FIB can facilitate effective monitoring of microbial water quality. The objectives of this study were (1) to investigate the spatiotemporal variation of E. coli and Enterococci concentrations in a large creek traversing diverse land use areas and (2) to explore the presence of temporally stable FIB concentration patterns along the creek. Concentrations of both FIB were measured weekly at five water monitoring locations along the 20-km long creek reach in Pennsylvania at baseflow for three years. The temporal stability was assessed using mean relative deviations of logarithms of FIB concentration from the average across the reach measured at the same time. The Spearman rank correlation coefficients between logarithms of FIB concentrations on consecutive sampling times was another metric used to assess the temporal stability of FIB concentration patterns. Logarithms of FIB concentrations had sinusoidal dependence on time and significantly correlated with temperature at all locations Both FIB exhibited temporal stability of concentrations. The two most downstream locations in urbanized areas tended to have logarithms of concentrations higher than the average along the observation reach. The location in the upstream forested area had mostly lower concentrations (log E. coli 1.59, log Enterococci 1.69) than average (log E. coli 2.07, log Enterococci 2.20). concentrations in colony-forming units (CFU) (100 mL)−1. Two locations in the agricultural and sparsely urbanized area had these logarithm values close to the average. The temporal stability was more pronounced in cold seasons than in warm seasons. No significant difference was found between pattern determined for each of three observation years and for the entire three-year observation period. The Spearman rank correlations between observations on consecutive dates showed moderate to very strong relationships in most cases. Existence of the temporal stability of FIB concentrations in the creek indicates locations that inform about the average logarithm of concentrations or the geometric mean concentrations along the entire observation reach.
HIGH BLEEDING RISK AFTER PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION: IMPACT OF RACE/ETHNICITY

Distribution of high bleeding risk (HBR) factors varies widely in the population. Consequently, the interplay between race, bleeding risk and outcomes remains unclear. The Academic Research Consortium (ARC) recently provided a definition of HBR expected to capture a >4% risk of major bleeding at 1
Abstract 357: Will a College Student Perform Conventional Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation on a Stranger?

Background: For many years, significant effort has been placed on training students in CPR earlyto develop a generation of bystanders willing to act during a cardiac arrest event. This traininghas ...
Design of Broadband circularly polarized antenna array

A broadband circularly polarized antenna array is presented in this paper. An open-loop antenna revolving laid in the array is chosen as the radiating elements to achieve a better wide-angle axial ratio and suit the distribution of CMOS chips and circuit in T/R modules built in tile. The proposed array achieves 12.5% bandwidth and radiation efficiency greater than 90% across the entire band-width. A 6*4 prototype was fabricated and tested to validate the design.
Epidemiological Significance of Toxoplasma gondii Infections in Wild Rodents: 2009–2020

Toxoplasma gondii infections are common in humans and animals worldwide. Rodents are one of the most important intermediate hosts for T. gondii because they are preyed on by cats, who in turn excrete the environmentally resistant oocysts in their feces and thus spread the infection. Information on T. gondii infections is spread in numerous reports and is not easily accessible to readers. Here, we review prevalence, persistence of infection, clinical disease, epidemiology, and genetic diversity of T. gondii infections in wild rodents worldwide. Data are tabulated by country, by each rodent species alphabetically, and chronologically. Recent genetic diversity of T. gondii strains in rodents is critically evaluated.
Computational Morphology with Neural Network Approaches.

Neural network approaches have been applied to computational morphology with great success, improving the performance of most tasks by a large margin and providing new perspectives for modeling. This paper starts with a brief introduction to computational morphology, followed by a review of recent work on computational morphology with neural network approaches, to provide an overview of the area. In the end, we will analyze the advantages and problems of neural network approaches to computational morphology, and point out some directions to be explored by future research and study.
Opening Remarks for the VIII Hotine-Marussi Symposium

Opening remarks for the 2013 Hotine-Marussi Symposium Special Session at the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei.
On the sensitivity of low temperature combustion to spark assist near flame limit conditions

Abstract Spark assisted compression ignition (SACI) is a practical mode for controlling the heat release rate of low temperature combustion (LTC). While flames are key phenomena in the SACI combustion process, they may not always be effective or viable under the mildly stratified and highly dilute low burned gas temperature conditions of LTC. To better understand the limits of flammability or flame effectiveness, this work explores combustion within a single cylinder direct injection engine near the high load limit of the HCCI combustion regime, where spark induced flame propagation has been seen to affect combustion phasing and heat release rate. Flame limiting conditions were identified using progressively more advanced spark timing, up to 120° before top dead center, for differing levels of air and EGR dilution while holding the chemical energy content of the charge constant. Under air dilute conditions, the measured combustion phasing advanced from 8° to 0° after top dead center with spark advance, while almost no effect was seen under EGR dilute conditions. Estimates of the experimental global and local state conditions were made at the time of spark using heat release analysis and a KIVA-3V engine model, respectively, and the flammability for each case was evaluated using the Karlovitz criterion. The results show that fuel rich stratification near the spark plug was likely responsible for the observed variations in the SACI flame behavior.
NADPH oxidase 1 (Nox1)-mediated Reactive Oxygen Species generation stimulate gut homeostasis and restitution

It is well established that physiological generation of low levels of ROS act as critical second messengers in multiple signaling pathways. These include the regulatory networks that control growth...
Community culture and social welfare

The rise and transformation of community cultural engagement provides one lens through which to view the changing definition of social welfare in contemporary society. The history of community culture is tied to two reactions to the crisis of the welfare state: the rise of marketization and the challenges of social transformation.
Shining a Light on Semiconductors

The Story of Semiconductors . By John Orton . Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2004. 522 pp. $54.50, £35. ISBN 0-19-853083-8. Surveying the physics, devices, and applications of semiconductors, Orton offers a historical perspective that highlights interactions among research, industry, and consumer demands.
Reflections of the Weaver's World

Reflections of the Weaver's World. The Gloria Ross Collection of Contemporary Navajo Weaving. ANN LANE HEDLUND. Denver: Denver Art Museum, 1992.112 pp.,. map,. black-and-white drawing, 89 color plates,. color fold-out plates, glossary, bibliography. Distributed by the University of Washington Press. $29.95 (paper).
Symposium: "Every Shut Eye, Ain't Sleep": Exploring The Impact of Crack Cocaine Sentencing and the Illusion of Reproductive Rights for Black Women from a Critical Race Feminist Perspective

Introduction 124 I. Black Women Standing at the Intersection of Race, Class, and Gender 125 A. Critical Race Feminist Perspective 126 B. "Her-storical" Lens 128 II. Crack Cocaine Sentencing of Black Mothers and its Intergenerational Impact 133 Conclusion 136
Solvent-polymer interaction

Abstract Methods and microtechniques for determining solubility, diffusivity, thermodynamic properties, and kinetic parameters of 12 selected organic liquid solvents in polyurethane membrane by thermogravimetry (TG) are described. TG provides a simple, sensitive, rapid, and accurate microtechnique for measuring a minute change in weight (or mass) of a substance as a function of time at isothermal condition or as a function of temperature at dynamic manner. Thus from a single isothermal TG-desorption experiment, solubility and diffusivity of solvent molecules in polyurethane membrane were obtained simultaneously. Furthermore, by a dynamic TG-desorption run, kinetic parameter such as activation energy of desorption of solvent molecules from polyurethane membrane was determined. In addition, much other useful information such as equilibrium sorption constant, the changes in standard enthalpy and standard entropy of sorption, permeability, the activation energy of diffusion and so forth for solvents in polyurethane membrane are also evaluated and discussed. Finally, the correlation between the microscopic molecular structure and macroscopic properties of solvent molecules in polymer membrane is interpreted in terms of linear free energy relationships.
Fish consumption in relation to other foods in the diet

Our aim was to investigate whether fish consumption is associated with the consumption of other healthy foods. The study population consisted of 2605 men and 3199 women from the nationally representative Health 2000 survey and 114 professional fishermen and 114 fishermen's wives (the Fishermen substudy) in Finland. Dietary data were collected using a calibrated (i.e. determined to have relative validity) FFQ. Model-adjusted means for food consumption and P values for linear trend were calculated across fish consumption tertiles. Those with the highest fish consumption had the highest consumption of vegetables, fruit and berries, potatoes, oil and wine even after adjusting for other food groups. The consumption of red meat and sausages had a tendency to decrease across fish consumption tertiles but the associations were inconsistent in the study populations. In conclusion, fish consumption had a positive linear association with the consumption of some other healthy foods such as vegetables, fruit, berries, and oil both in the general population of Finland and in a population with high fish consumption. Additional adjustment for other food groups had a clear effect on some of the studied associations. Therefore, when evaluating the health effects of fish consumption, confounding by other foods characterising a healthy diet needs to be considered.
Chemotherapy for advanced adrenal cancer: improvement from a molecular approach?

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? Adrenal cancer is classically a silent tumour that is often advanced at presentation. Conventional approaches to systemic therapy have been associated with relatively low objective tumour response rates, and modest survival benefit. More recent approaches have implemented targeted therapies focused on gene expression of these tumours, with some sustained remissions reported. This review assesses the utility of conventional and novel systematic therapies for adrenal carcinoma, and points the way to future implementation of molecular biology in the design and execution of clinical trails for advanced adrenal carcinoma. Advanced adrenal carcinoma remains a significant therapeutic challenge, with conventional approaches to systemic therapy having failed to achieve sustained objective remissions or major survival benefit in most instances. Several systemic therapies, including mitotane, suramin and gossypol, as well as cytotoxic agents, such as cisplatin and etoposide, have produced responses of ≈15–30%, with median survival figures of ≈6–15 months, depending on case selection bias, with only <10% 5-year survival rates. Recent preclinical and pathological studies have indicated a range of potential targets for drugs, including WNT/beta-catenin, epidermal growth factor receptor, RAF and k-RAS; similar applications in melanoma and renal carcinoma have achieved significant gains, and these targets are worthy of further, structured investigation. Advanced adrenal carcinoma constitutes an orphan disease, with a high mortality rate, and merits investment in clinical trials.
Holographic recording in specially doped lithium niobate crystals.

A set of twelve specially doped lithium niobate crystals were grown to test the effect of the dopant on holographic recording in the crystals via the photorefractive effect. The crystals were doped with Ce, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Rh, Tb, Fe:Ce, Fe:Cr, and Fe:Mn. The transmission spectra was measured for each crystal and holograms have been written in each of the crystals with wavelengths from 457 nm to 671 nm. The wavelength sensitivity, scattering, and stability of the holograms varied substantially among the crystals. A qualitative description of the hologram’s properties and a comparison of sensitivities between the crystals will be presented.
APPALACHIAN MIGRANTS IN NORTHERN CITIES

A lot of places won't hire people from the South. They say, “They won't work.” If they paid a little bit more money they might damn work a lot bit better. Like Chicago Cork, you know what they pay an hour? A dollar and a quarter an hour. And I wouldn't work for no sonofabitch for no dollar and a quarter an hour. Shit, I'd steal off the street first. Can't pay your rent on it. Now down home I'd work for a dollar and a quarter an hour, but that's different. You know what they should do? They should take some a these damn factories, say from Chicago, and just spread em around, you know. Not just only in this state but in different states, or make more in different states or somethin. People from the South down there, they have to leave to come up to this shithole. They don't want up here. That's the only other place. You gotta realize these goddamn people from the South is the ones run most of these plants—most of their employees is people from the South. I can't understand them sonofabitch factories.
Endothelial response to cardiopulmonary bypass surgery

Abstract Background . The vascular endothelium has been shown to actively participate in maintaining normal cardiovascular homeostasis by influencing the regulation of membrane permeability, lipid transport, vasomotor tone, coagulation, fibrinolysis, and inflammation. Endothelial cells are very responsive to a wide range of local and systemic stimuli that occur during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) operation. Major pathologic conditions result from impaired vascular function secondary to CPB, including vasospasm, coagulopathy, and widespread neutrophil adhesion secondary to a systemic inflammatory response. Additionally, more chronic responses to endothelial cell injury include the development of intimal hyperplasia and arteriosclerosis, both of which limit the long-term success of coronary artery bypass grafting. Methods . Because of the increasingly recognized role of the endothelium in the maintenance of normal cardiovascular function, this article will review the normal structure and function of the endothelium, as well as the major pathologic conditions that result in response to CPB. Results . Potential treatments to counteract endothelial cell dysfunction secondary to CPB are under active investigation. Strategies may be directed toward blocking single cytokines, integrins, or adhesion molecules involved in endothelial dysfunction or, alternatively, toward targeting a molecular event that governs the expression of these proinflammatory, procoagulant, and vasoactive genes. In our laboratory, we have used both strategies to study the pathologic response to CPB. We blocked neutrophil adhesion in subhuman primates with a monoclonal antibody. Alternatively, we targeted the transcriptional activation of multiple genes involved in the endothelial cell's response to CPB. Conclusions . Although both therapies help elucidate the multiple, redundant pathways involved in the pathologic response to CPB, it is through molecular biology that we are beginning to understand the mechanics of transcriptional control and translational expression that occurs in the endothelial cell in response to CPB. This knowledge will allow the development of therapies that inhibit not a single cytokine or adhesion molecule, but rather an array of substances that result in the endothelial cell's pathologic response to CPB.
ORAL TUMORS INDUCED BY POLYOMA VIRUS IN MICE.

Abstract This report has described the histopathologic features of tumors appearing in oral, dental, and related tissues of mice inoculated at birth with polyoma virus. A total of seventy tumors were found in eleven mouse heads that were serially sectioned. The tumors apparently arose from gingival epithelium, nasal mucosa, accessory salivary glands, and osseous tissue. The tumors arising within the incisal and molar areas presented several characteristics of human ameloblastoma. The hypothesis is put forth that this type of tumor represents one type of ameloblastoma for this species (Mus musculus).
Resonant finite-size impurities in graphene, unitary limit, and Friedel oscillations

A unitary limit for model point scatterers in graphene is known to reveal low-energy resonances. The same limit could be achieved from hybridization of band electrons with the localized impurity level positioned in the vicinity of the Fermi level. The finite-size defects represent an easier realization of the effective unitary limit, occurring when the Fermi wavelength induced by the potential becomes of the order of the size of the defect. We calculate the induced electron density and find two signatures of a strong impurity, independent of its specific realization. The dependence of the impurity-induced electron density on the distance changes near resonances from $\ensuremath{\propto}$${r}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ to $\ensuremath{\propto}$${r}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$. The total number of induced particles at the resonance is equal to one per degree of spin and valley degeneracy. The effects of doping on the induced density are found.
Light synchronization of the preovulatory LH surge in adrenalectomized rats.

SummaryPossible effects of adrenalectomy (adx) on light-dependent changes in the timing of the preovulatory LH surge have been investigated. In the first experiment, female rats were maintained on a standard light schedule of 14 hr light: 10 hr dark (lights on 0500-1900 hr). Intact and adx rats showing at least two consecutive 4-day estrous cycles were bled at 1400, 1600, 1800, or 2000 hr on proestrus. The timing and amplitude of the preovulatory surge of LH were very similar in intact and adx animals. In a second experiment, intact animals were maintained under standard lighting conditions (lights on 0500-1900 hr) until the establishment of regular 4-day cycles. Intact rats and experimental animals immediately after adx were then transferred to an altered light regime in which the 14-hr light period was advanced 7 hr (i.e., lights on 2200-1200 hr). After 3 weeks or more in the altered light environment, animals showing regular 4-day estrous cycles were bled at 0700, 0900, 1100, 1300, or 1500 hr on proest...
China's Economic Opening to the Outside World: The Politics of Empowerment

Prologue Strategy The Opening in Historical Perspective The Feudal Problem The Opening as Change Agent Facts The Opening to the Outside World Ventures in China Interpretation Interest Groups and the Opening The Trend to Individual Empowerment Bibliography Index
Race, religion, altruism, and the transracial adoption debate: A survey of Catholic, Protestant, and Jewish social workers

Abstract An analysis of 363 questionnaires assessing social worker attitudes toward transracial adoption (TRA)‐i‐e., black children being adopted by white parents‐found interactions between race, religion, and altruism in influencing TRA views. Among white social workers, those who were Catholic and those who were altruistic had more favorable attitudes toward TRA than those who were Protestant and those who were less altruistic. However, altruism was not correlated with TRA score among white Catholics. Among black social workers, no relationship between religion, altruism, and TRA score was found. Religiosity was not related to TRA score for either black or white social workers. Implications of the findings were discussed.
Increased level of exogenous zinc induces cytotoxicity and up-regulates the expression of the ZnT-1 zinc transporter gene in pancreatic cancer cells

A balance between zinc uptake by ZIP (SLC39) and efflux of zinc from the cytoplasm into subcellular organelles and out of the cell by ZnT (SLC30) transporters is crucial for zinc homeostasis. It is not clear whether normal and cancerous pancreatic cells respond differently to increased extracellular zinc concentrations. Use of flow cytometry-based methods revealed that treatment with as little as 0.01 mM zinc induced significant cytotoxicity in two human ductal adenocarcinoma cell lines. In contrast, normal human pancreatic islet cells tolerated as high as 0.5 mM zinc. Insulinoma cell lines of mouse and rat origin also succumbed to high concentrations of zinc. Exposure to elevated zinc concentrations enhanced the numbers of carcinoma but not primary islet cells staining with the cell-permeable zinc-specific fluorescent dye, FluoZin-3, indicating increased zinc influx in transformed cells. Mitochondrial membrane depolarization, superoxide generation, decreased antioxidant thiols, intracellular acidosis and activation of intracellular caspases characterized zinc-induced carcinoma cell death. Only the antioxidant glutathione but not inhibitors of enzymes implicated in apoptosis or necrosis prevented zinc-induced cytotoxicity in insulinoma cells. Immunoblotting revealed that zinc treatment increased the ubiquitination of proteins in cancer cells. Importantly, zinc treatment up-regulated the expression of ZnT-1 gene in a rat insulinoma cell line and in two human ductal adenocarcinoma cell lines. These results indicate that the exposure of pancreatic cancer cells to elevated extracellular zinc concentrations can lead to cytotoxic cell death characterized by increased protein ubiquitination and up-regulation of the zinc transporter ZnT-1 gene expression.