cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
"Do As I Say, Not As I Do": Challenges in Delegating Decisions to Automated Agents

There has been growing interest, across various domains, in computer agents that can decide on behalf of humans. These agents have the potential to save considerable time and help humans reach better decisions. One implicit assumption, however, is that, as long as the algorithms that simulate decision-making are correct and capture how humans make decisions, humans will treat these agents similarly to other humans. Here we show that interaction with agents that act on our behalf or on behalf of others is richer and more interesting than initially expected. Our results show that, on the one hand, people are more selfish with agents acting on behalf of others, than when interacting directly with others. We propose that agents increase the social distance with others which, subsequently, leads to increased demand. On the other hand, when people task an agent to interact with others, people show more concern for fairness than when interacting directly with others. In this case, higher psychological distance leads people to consider their social image and the long-term consequences of their actions and, thus, behave more fairly. To support these findings, we present an experiment where people engaged in the ultimatum game, either directly or via an agent, with others or agents representing others. We show that these patterns of behavior also occur in a variant of the ultimatum game -- the impunity game -- where others have minimal power over the final outcome. Finally, we study how social value orientation -- i.e., people's propensity for cooperation -- impact these effects. These results have important implications for our understanding of the psychological mechanisms underlying interaction with agents, as well as practical implications for the design of successful agents that act on our behalf or on behalf of others.
On the acquisition of present perfect "have" in normal children.

Thirty children between the ages of four and six responded to five language tasks designed to elicit the use of the present perfect have. Results demonstrate that the use of have is not stabilized by the age of six, even though the form begins to appear around age four. Intra- and inter-subject variation was high. The incidence of use of have varied according to the nature of the task and the syntactic form (question, statement, etc.) of the response. A variety of substitutions for the present perfect form was found. Results indicate that the number of different substitutions decreases with age, and the substitutions of the older children more closely resemble those of adults.
The Role of the Laity in England’s Puritan Revolution

The crafting of the New England Way was followed with interest by puritans in England and the Netherlands. John Winthrop’s belief that the eyes of all would be upon the puritan New World adventure certainly appeared to be the case in the late 1630s and early 1640s. The Atlantic debate over the nature and value of the colonial system became of even greater relevance as conflict between Charles I and his subjects broke out in England and the Long Parliament called the Westminster Assembly into existence to advise on the restructuring of the English Church. For two decades English laymen would engage in their own efforts to create a godly kingdom, part of which involved discussion of what the lay role itself should be. One result was the fragmentation of the puritan movement and its subsequent restructuring as distinct denominations. This chapter will focus on the various ways in which laymen and laywomen engaged in the efforts to restructure the English church. The following chapters will examine some of the ways in which puritans dealt with the sectarian diversity that resulted from lay explorations of the faith in the 1640s and 1650s.
A Variational Maximization–Maximization Algorithm for Generalized Linear Mixed Models with Crossed Random Effects

We present a variational maximization–maximization algorithm for approximate maximum likelihood estimation of generalized linear mixed models with crossed random effects (e.g., item response models with random items, random raters, or random occasion-specific effects). The method is based on a factorized variational approximation of the latent variable distribution given observed variables, which creates a lower bound of the log marginal likelihood. The lower bound is maximized with respect to the factorized distributions as well as model parameters. With the proposed algorithm, a high-dimensional intractable integration is translated into a two-dimensional integration problem. We incorporate an adaptive Gauss–Hermite quadrature method in conjunction with the variational method in order to increase computational efficiency. Numerical studies show that under the small sample size conditions that are considered the proposed algorithm outperforms the Laplace approximation.
Reprint of: Virus-Specific T Cells: Broadening Applicability.

Abstract Virus infection remains an appreciable cause of morbidity and mortality after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Although pharmacotherapy and/or antibody therapy may help prevent or treat viral disease, these drugs are expensive, toxic, and often ineffective due to primary or secondary resistance. Further, effective treatments are limited for many infections (eg, adenovirus, BK virus), which are increasingly detected after alternative donor transplants. These deficiencies in conventional therapeutics have increased interest in an immunotherapeutic approach to viral disorders, leading to adoptive transfer of virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (VSTs), which can rapidly reconstitute antiviral immunity post-transplantation without causing graft-versus-host disease. This review will explore how the VST field has improved outcomes for many patients with life-threatening viral infections after HSCT, and how to broaden applicability beyond the "patient-specific" products, as well as extending to other viral diseases even outside the context of HSCT.
Reporting Results in Behavioral Medicine

This chapter offers suggestions for improving the effectiveness of reporting scientific research results. As is true for other substantive areas of science, data analysis is also a dynamic, cumulative field, and researchers have an obligation to remain abreast of best practices as they evolve. The chapter is guided by the fundamental ideas that a research report should adhere to principles rooted in the philosophy of science and that sound research is ultimately a shared civil responsibility. In the concrete, these ideas are manifested in explicitly tying hypotheses to analyses; providing enough information to replicate the study, including full transparency of methods; presenting all analyses that were conducted; and accurately representing the study along the continuum of exploratory to confirmatory evidence. The chapter is organized to follow the sections of a typical research report, with suggestions for both form and content provided within each section. Each section of the chapter includes recommendations for how data might be presented for a number of specific types of analytic scenarios, with a focus on current practices in the analysis and reporting of behavioral medicine research data that appear to remain poorly understood or that have become decidedly outdated. Some general principles of table and graphic presentation also are discussed, along with examples. The chapter closes with a brief discussion of the growing influence of Bayesian statistical analysis.
Measurements of Freestream Fluctuations in the NASA Langley 20-Inch Mach 6 Tunnel

An experimental campaign was conducted to measure and to characterize the freestream disturbance levels in the NASA Langley Research Center 20-Inch Mach 6 Wind Tunnel. A pitot rake was instrumented with fast pressure transducers, hot wires, and an atomic layer thermopile to quantify the fluctuation levels of pressure, mass flux, and heat flux, respectively. In conjunction with these probe-based measurements, focused laser differential interferometry was used to optically measure density fluctuations. Measurements were made at five nominal different unit Reynolds numbers ranging from (3.28 to 26.5) times 10 (sup 6) per meter. The rake was positioned at two different stream-wise locations and several different roll angles to measure flow uniformity within the test section. In general, noise levels were spatially consistent within the tested region. Pitot pressure fluctuation levels ranged from 0.84 percent at the highest Reynolds number tested to 1.89 percent at the lowest Reynolds number tested. Freestream mass-flux fluctuations remained relatively constant between 1.8-2.5 percent of the freestream. The pressure transducers were also used to determine the dominant disturbance speed and angle of propagation. The disturbances were estimated to travel at approximately 54-81 percent of the freestream speed at an angle of approximately 21-44 degrees from the freestream direction, but these measurements had a significant amount of uncertainty. A comparison to previous measurements of pressure made in 2012 and of mass flux made in 1994 show almost no change in the RMS (Root Mean Square) fluctuation of these flow quantities.
The Extension Problem for Lipschitz-Hölder Maps between Lp Spaces

We have already shown (Theorem 11.3) that the pair (H,H), H a Hilbert space, has the extension property for Lipschitz-Holder maps of order α, 0 < α < 1. In this chapter we treat the natural and interesting generalization of this result to L p spaces. Starting with two σ-finite measure spaces (Ω, μ) and (N, v) and initial values for q and p in [1, ∞], the problem is to determine those values of α for which the pair (L q (μ), L p (v)) has the extension property for Lip(α) maps. If Lα q (μ) denotes L q (μ) with the norm ∥ x − y∥ q α, this is equivalent to determining those values of α for which the pair (Lα q (μ), L p (v)) has the extension property for contractions.
Nurse Perceptions of Influenza Vaccination

The purpose of this research study was to determine the perceptions of influenza vaccine of registered nurses who decline the annual influenza vaccination. Influenza is a serious public health issue because it is a highly contagious virus that is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. The topic of making annual influenza vaccinations mandatory for health care workers remains controversial. A comprehensive review of the literature surrounding influenza vaccinations was explored and discussed. The data for this study was obtained via anonymous voluntary surveys with one open-ended and 14 closed-ended questions. A mixed method design was used to analyze the voluntary responses from acute and critical care registered nurses employed at Rhode Island Hospital and Hasbro Children’s Hospital who declined the influenza vaccination during the 2013-2014 influenza season. The results were examined and disseminated to provide insight and possibly modify future educational campaigns to promote increased annual influenza vaccination rates among registered nurses and health care workers overall. APRNs have the opportunity to serve as leaders by advocating for annual vaccinations, providing evidence based education, and supporting policy changes to positively impact patient outcomes, institutions, communities, and overall population health.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXER FOR RECORDING SIX ANALOG DATA SIGNALS ON THE AUDIO TRACK OF A VIDEOTAPE RECORDER

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses time division multiplexer for recording six analog data signals on the audio track of a videotape recorder. To assist in microcirculatory studies in which analog data are recorded on a chart recorder while video data are recorded on videotape, an instrument has been developed that allows recording of up to six analog data on the audio track of the videotape. The device comprises two main sections: (1) the record section consisting of input buffer amplifiers, master oscillator, multiplexer, pulse-width modulator and record signal generator; and (2) the replay section, consisting of low-level preamplifier, demultiplexer, demodulators and low-pass filters. Both record and replay sections incorporate circuits that automatically reset and restart the sequencing circuits should a sequencing error occur. Used with a high quality audio record/replay system, output peak-to-peak noise and adjacent channel crosstalk are less than 1% of maximum peak-to-peak output. The performance of the system in terms of baseline flutter, and temporal and amplitude distortion caused by tape speed variation, is similar to that of an analog FM tape record/replay system with flutter compensation.
Second-Order Consensus for Multi-Agent Systems by Time-Dependent Topology Switching

This paper studies the approach of taking network topology as a control variable for the analysis of second-order multi-agent systems. We particularly consider the setting where the local control inputs of individual agents are governed by their relative positions only. Based on the known results in the theory of stability of switched linear systems, we propose a time-dependent topology-switching algorithm that enables the agents to asymptotically achieve consensus. The main advantages of the proposed method, with respect to the prior work, are twofold: we allow the control protocol to work without velocity measurements; and we do not constrain the magnitudes of coupling weights. Simulation results are provided to verify the effectiveness of the algorithm.
Stability Index Evaluation of Slender RC Bridge Columns under Seismic and Gravity Loads

AbstractThis study evaluates the stability index of slender RC bridge columns under seismic and gravity loads. Results from this research indicate that current stability indexes used in neglecting ...
Modeling Chaotic Systems

Modern science owes its success to its ability to predict natural phenomena, thus allowing man a degree of control over his surroundings. The steady increase in man’s predictive power has enabled the building of a variety of machines which have transformed daily life. However, recent work in dynamical systems theory has made clear that the predictability of even classical deterministic systems can be quite limited. Simple nonlinear systems which are just as deterministic as the motions of the planets can behave in a manner so erratic as to preclude predictability past a short time. The existence of these “chaotic” systems raises both practical and conceptual questions: What are the limits of predictability of a given system? Can this predictability be given a quantitative measure? How can one know that a limit on predictability has been attained, and that efforts to further improve predictability will be fruitless?
Microbial forensic investigation of the anthrax letter attacks: how the investigation would differ using today's technologies

Abstract In 2001, when the anthrax letters were mailed through the US Postal Service, the available microbial forensic methods for analyzing spores were limited. During the Amerithrax investigation, newly developed, sometimes unvalidated methods were hampered by the limited content of the available comparative databases and the high costs and lengthy analysis times. In the decade and a half since then, many of the methods have matured, and today it is possible to do more rapid and less-expensive deep-sequencing DNA analysis of such samples. Rapid assays developed using such sequence information can also be applied to large numbers of archived and collected samples to rapidly generate comparative forensic information. However, an investigation today would still be hampered by the limited number of archived isolates available for comparison as well as by difficulties related to the collection and handling of investigative samples under current “select agent” laws. It should be noted that molecular methods for modifying DNA, many of them readily available, have also progressed significantly since 2001, raising the possibility of the release of an intentionally modified isolate, and such a threat must be considered when assessing the adequacy of today's microbial forensic technologies.
Price, Income, and Affordability as the Determinants of Tobacco Consumption: A Practitioner’s Guide to Tobacco Taxation

Introduction Tobacco product prices and consumers' income are the two major economic determinants of tobacco demand. The affordability of tobacco products is dependent on the price of tobacco products relative to consumer income. Increase in tobacco tax is expected to lead to higher price, lower affordability, and reduced consumption. Price elasticity and affordability elasticity are used in analyzing the effect of tobacco tax increases on tobacco consumption and public health. The availability of both parameters raises the question of which one to apply in policy discussions. Aims and methods Using global data on cigarette consumption, price, income, and tobacco control measures for 169 countries over 2007-2016, this study estimated the price elasticity and affordability elasticity of cigarette consumption by country income classification using country-specific fixed effects model for panel data. Results The estimates show that the restriction of equal strength of the effects of price and income changes on tobacco consumption maintained in affordability elasticity estimation is valid for low- and middle-income countries, while it is rejected for high-income countries. Conclusions Affordability elasticity may prove to be a useful parameter to explain and predict the sensitivity of consumers to tobacco tax and price policy changes under conditions of robust economic growth, which are more likely to be observed in countries with initial low- or middle-income setting. It can provide a reasonable benchmark for tobacco tax and price increase necessary to effectively reduce affordability and consumption of tobacco, which can form a basis for building systematic tax and price increases into the tobacco tax policy mechanism. Implications Price elasticity measures the sensitivity of consumers to changes in real prices, holding real income constant. Affordability elasticity measures the sensitivity of consumers to price changes adjusted for inflation and income changes. Existing scientific literature on tobacco demand abounds in both price and affordability elasticity estimates, without providing a clear explanation of the theoretical and policy implications of using one parameter over the other. By estimating and comparing price and affordability elasticities for high-income and low-and-middle-income countries separately, this article offers a guide to the practitioners in tobacco taxation for evaluating the effectiveness of tax-induced price increases on tobacco consumption.
High-symmetry points in plasmonic lattices

This talk will describe how strongly coupled plasmonic nanoparticle arrays can support high-quality optical modes at high-symmetry points in their photonic band structure. These collective lattice excitations, often called surface lattice resonances (SLRs), show flat-banded modes whose mechanistic origins depend on the nature of the localized plasmon resonance of the constituent nanoparticles. Access to these high-symmetry modes is now possible because of advances in scalable nanofabrication processes.
The Other Half: An Examination of Monthly Food Pantry Cycles in the Context of SNAP Benefits

This study contributes to the growing literature on household resource allocation across time by examining monthly cycles of food pantry visitation. This study uses 13 years of data from over 40,000 households who visited the Food Bank for Larimer County in Northern Colorado. Analysis reveals that pantry visitation fluctuates dramatically by day of the month and is highest at the end of the month among the general pantry client population. Further analysis examines these monthly cycles with consideration for the Colorado SNAP distribution schedule, with results that suggest pantry visitation increases when SNAP benefits run out. JEL CLASSIFICATION D15 (Intertemporal Household Choice); Q18 (Food Policy)
Coolant Pressure Evaluations for a MEMS Sensor-Array Quench Detection in REBCO CICC Superconducting Cables

The initial quench pressure developments for a CICC cable of REBCO tapes have been investigated by numerical analyzing the first law of thermodynamics. The temperature and pressure rise due to the quench has been evaluated for a REBCO CICC conductor operated in helium gas coolant at 26 K. Additionally, a MEMS sensor-in-tube array method has been proposed and discussed for quench detection.
Intersectionality, social support, and youth suicidality: A socioecological approach to prevention.

Objective This study examined the relationship between social support and suicidality among youth from a public health perspective by using (1) a socioecological framework and (2) an intersectional approach to social identity. Methods Secondary analysis of cross-sectional survey data (N = 5058) involved means comparisons and a series of standard and hierarchical regression analyses. Results Youth with intersecting marginalized identities (i.e., females and racial and sexual minority youth) were significantly more likely to report higher suicidality scores. Social support at the family, school, and community levels was significantly associated with lower suicidality scores, and the combination of family and school support was associated with the lowest suicidality scores. Finally, family support significantly reduced the relationship between intersecting marginalized identities and suicidality. Conclusions Findings highlight the importance of protective factors in every context in which youth live, learn, and play. Measuring and reporting social identities as well as their intersections add to our understanding of both risk and prevention.
Growth of Bacillus methanolicus in 2 M methanol at 50 °C: the effect of high methanol concentration on gene regulation of enzymes involved in formaldehyde detoxification by the ribulose monophosphate pathway

Bacillus methanolicus MGA3 is a Gram-positive aerobic methylotroph growing optimally at 50-53°C. Methylotrophy in B. methanolicus is encoded on pBM19 and by two chromosomal copies of the methanol dehydrogenase (mdh), hexulose phosphate synthase (hps) and phosphohexuloisomerase (phi) genes. However, there are no published studies on the regulation of methylotrophy or the dominant mechanism of detoxification of intracellular formaldehyde in response to high methanol concentration. The µ max of B. methanolicus MGA3 was assessed on methanol, mannitol and glucose. B. methanolicus achieved a µ max at 25 mM initial methanol of 0.65 ± 0.007 h(-1), which decreased to 0.231 ± 0.004 h(-1) at 2 M initial methanol. Slow growth was also observed with initial methanol concentrations of >2 M. The µ max on mannitol and glucose are 0.532 ± 0.002 and 0.336 ± 0.003 h(-1), respectively. Spiking cultures with additional methanol (100 mM) did not disturb the growth rate of methanol-grown cells, whereas, a 50 mM methanol spike halted the growth in mannitol. Surprisingly, growth in methanol was inhibited by 1 mM formaldehyde, while mannitol-grown cells tolerated 2 mM. Moreover, mannitol-grown cells removed formaldehyde faster than methanol-grown cells. Further, we show that methanol oxidation in B. methanolicus MGA3 is mainly carried out by the pBM19-encoded mdh. Formaldehyde and formate addition down-regulate the mdh and hps genes in methanol-grown cells. Similarly, they down-regulate mdh genes in mannitol-grown cells, but up-regulate hps. Phosphofructokinase (pfk) is up-regulated in both methanol and mannitol-grown cells, which suggests that pfk may be a possible synthetic methylotrophy target to reduce formaldehyde growth toxicity at high methanol concentrations.
Handling Qualitative Data: A Review

In Handling Qualitative Data: A Practical Guide, Richards (2009) presents the reader with beginner-to-intermediate knowledge of qualitative research and the requirements to develop a successful project. Throughout the text there are boxes of information that capture essential steps or informative pieces that the reader should make note of or make it a point to remember. Richards also reminds the readers that one of the most important parts of research is to start. Procrastination can be the researcher’s greatest enemy.
Forskolin photoaffinity labels with specificity for adenylyl cyclase and the glucose transporter

Two photolabels, N-(3-(4-azido-3-125I-phenyl)-propionamide)-6- aminoethylcarbamylforskolin(125I-6-AIPP-Fsk) and N-(3-(4-azido-3-125I-phenyl)propionamide)-7-aminoethylcarbamyl-7- desacetylforskolin (125I-7-AIPP-Fsk) were synthesized with specific activities of 2200 Ci/mmol and used to label adenylyl cyclase and the glucose transporter. The affinities of the photolabels for adenylyl cyclase were determined by their inhibition of [3H]forskolin binding to bovine brain membranes. 6-AIPP-Fsk and 7-AIPP-Fsk inhibited [3H]forskolin binding with IC50 values of 15 nM and 200 nM, respectively. 125I-6-AIPP-Fsk labeled a 115-kDa protein in control and GTP gamma S-preactivated bovine brain membranes. This labeling was inhibited by forskolin but not by 1,9-dideoxyforskolin or cytochalasin B. 125I-6-AIPP-Fsk labeling of partially purified adenylyl cyclase was inhibited by forskolin but not by 1,9-dideoxyforskolin. 125I-7-AIPP-Fsk specifically labeled a 45-kDa protein and not a 115-kDa protein in control and GTP gamma S-preactivated brain membranes. This labeling was inhibited by forskolin, 1,9-dideoxyforskolin, cytochalasin B, and D-glucose but not cytochalasin E or L-glucose. Human erythrocyte membranes were photolyzed with 125I-6-AIPP-Fsk and 125I-7-AIPP-Fsk. 125I-7-AIPP-Fsk, but not 125I-6-AIPP-Fsk, strongly labeled a broad 45-70-kDa band. Forskolin, 7-bromoacetyl-7-desacetylforskolin, 1,9-dideoxyforskolin, cytochalasin B, and D-glucose, but not cytochalasin E or L-glucose, inhibited 125I-7-AIPP-Fsk labeling of the 45-70-kDa band. 125I-6-AIPP-Fsk and 125I-7-AIPP-Fsk are high affinity photolabels with specificity for adenylyl cyclase and the glucose transporter, respectively.
Connected invariant sets for high-speed motion planning in partially-known environments

Ensuring safety in partially-known environments is a critical problem in robotics since the environment is perceived through sensors and the environment cannot be completely known ahead of time. Prior work has considered the problem of finding positive control invariant sets (PCIS). However, this approach limits the planning horizon of the motion planner since the PCIS must lie completely in the limited known part of the environment. Here we consider the problem of guaranteeing safety by ensuring the existence of at least one PCIS in partially-known environments leading to an extension of the PCIS concept. It is shown, that this novel method is less conservative than the common PCIS approach and robust to unknown small obstacles which might appear in the close vicinity of the robot. An example implementation for loiter circles and power line obstacles is presented. Simulation scenarios are used for validating the proposed concept.
Ion Exchange Technology

Since its discovery more than a century ago, the phenomenon of ion exchange has undergone significant evolution in terms of both theory and practice, especially after the synthesis of organic (polymeric) ion exchangers. No specialty thrives in isolation. The field of ion exchange grew over decades by permeating into myriad areas from deionization to drug delivery. There have been continuous development in the synthesis of new ion exchange materials and processes that now cater to various applications in industries as diverse as power and water utilities, biotechnology, chemical purification, food and beverages, agriculture, pharmaceuticals, microelectronics, and also water treatment. Polymeric ion exchangers, viewed as a strongly ionized electrolyte with low dielectric constants, can be made suitable for various uses including trace contaminant removal in environmental separation, hydrometallurgy, catalysis, product purification, and sustainable industrial processes. Many of these specific interactions can be characterized and enhanced by making modifications to the polymer matrix, covalently attached fixed functional groups, degree of cross-linking, porosity, and morphology. Affinity for specific ions or selectivity of the ion exchangers plays a critical role and allows one to design ion exchange processes in which complete removal of the target ion from the background of other ions is required. Selectivity of the ion exchangers also influences separation of noble metals and chemical purification operations. An understanding of the basic principles of ion exchange equilibrium and kinetics is important for the development of new materials and processes. In order for an ion exchange process to be economically viable, the ion exchangers need to be regenerable so that they may be used for tens of cycles. Such a constraint demands a tradeoff between the high selectivity of the resin and its regenerability with cost-effective regenerants. Regulations related to the disposal of spent regenerant have also driven new advancements in the field of ion exchange. Keywords: ion exchange; selectivity; functional group; polymeric ligand exchange; heavy metal; softening; demineralization; regeneration
Gravity lineaments of the Cocos Plate: Evidence for a thermal contraction crack origin

Lineaments in the gravity field with wavelengths of 100–200 km affect the south-central Pacific. Because they align with absolute plate motion, it has been proposed that they reflect small-scale convection cells beneath the lithosphere that become elongated by basal shear. Alternatively, it was suggested that they reflect channelized flow of low viscosity material following the base of the lithosphere toward the East Pacific Rise, or that they result from lithospheric-scale thermal contraction cracks. Here, we report about previously undetected gravity lineaments across the Cocos Plate. Similarly to the south-central Pacific lineaments, the Cocos lineaments affect a plate that is anomalously shallow, with seamounts aligning mostly within their troughs. However, the Cocos lineaments strike markedly oblique to absolute plate motion and follow instead trajectories that are perpendicular to seafloor isochrons, a characteristic best explained by the thermal contraction crack model. The presence of steep scarps at the base of seamounts and the seismic imaging of faults striking perpendicular to isochrons further support this interpretation. Assuming that the slow subsidence rates of the south-central Pacific and Cocos plates reflect a warmer upper mantle, we propose that the associated thinner elastic plates favor the formation of thermal contraction cracks. A thinner elastic plate may also explain the pattern of ridge propagation in both areas. At large ridge offsets with a history of steady migration, the propagating segments have been those cutting into the shallower flanks, consistent with the concept that a warmer, thinner plate is more easily cracked.
The presence of both the signal sequence and a region of mature LamB protein is required for the interaction of LamB with the export factor SecB.

In the accompanying paper (Altman, E., Bankaitis, V.A., and Emr, S.D. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 18148-18153) a putative SecB binding site was identified in the mature LamB protein. The export of wild-type LamB was unperturbed when this region was removed, however, suggesting the presence of a second site of interaction between SecB and LamB. In this paper we show that the interference caused by export-defective LamB proteins is influenced by the amount of signal sequence that is present. If a large portion of the signal sequence is deleted then the interference levels are significantly reduced. This result suggests that a region of the signal sequence contributes to the interaction of SecB with the LamB protein. Using anti-SecB affinity chromatography, we demonstrated directly that the association of SecB protein with precursor LamB is dependent on the presence of both the LamB signal sequence and the interfering region which maps to amino acids 320-380 of mature LamB. Although the interfering region is not necessary for the export of wild-type LamB under normal conditions, when the signal sequence is mutationally altered the interfering region is required to promote the efficient export of LamB protein. Also, deletion of the interfering region eliminates the ability of wild-type LamB precursor to be maintained in an export competent conformation in vivo. Collectively, our results indicate that efficient export of the LamB protein is achieved by an interaction with SecB that involves both the LamB signal sequence and the interfering region in mature LamB.
Ceratophysella richardi sp. n. (Collembola: Hypogastruridae) from USA, with Synonymization of the Genus Mitchellania with Ceratophysella

Ceratophysella richardi sp. n. is described from South Carolina, USA. Unusual characteristics of a new species (post antennal organ with posterior lobes not surrounding accessory boss, macrochaetae p2 on thoracic terga II-III set nearly in line with setae p1, setae m2 on thoracic tergum II sometimes present, setae p1 and p2 on abdominal tergum IV microchaetae and macrochaetae, respectively, and all body sensilla long) are intermediate between two genera and led the authors to synonymize Mitchellania Wray, 1953 with Ceratophysella Borner, 1932.
Comparative transcriptional analysis reveals distinct expression patterns of channel catfish genes after the first infection and re-infection with Aeromonas hydrophila

To determine whether transcriptional levels of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) genes are differentially regulated between a first infection with Aeromonas hydrophila and a re-infection, suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) was performed in this study using anterior kidney cDNA after the re-infection as tester. Of the 96 clones isolated from the SSH library, 28 unique expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were obtained, of which eight were confirmed to be slightly but significantly (P < 0.05) more up-regulated by the re-infection at 6 h post infection (hpi). Expression kinetics studies at 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hpi revealed that the eight ESTs were significantly (P = 0.016) more up-regulated by the first infection, with a major peak at 3 hpi. A total of 96 genes reported in literature to be up-regulated by bacterial infections were selected and subjected to expression analysis at 3 hpi. Of the 96 selected genes, 19 were found to be significantly (P < 0.05) induced by A. hydrophila after the first infection and the re-infection. The 19 genes belonged to the following five main categories: 1) toll-like receptor (TLR2, TLR3, TLR5, TLR21); 2) antimicrobial peptide (NK-lysin type 1, NK-lysin type 2, NK-lysin type 3, cathepsin D, transferrin, hepcidin); 3) cytokine or chemokine (interleukin-1β, interleukin-10, tumor necrosis factor α, chemokine CXCL-10); 4) signaling proteins (cadherin EGF LAG seven-pass G-type receptor 1, very large inducible GTPase 1, arginine deiminase type 2, lymphokine-activated killer T-cell originated protein kinase); 5) lysozyme (lysozyme c). Overall, the total 27 genes (8 ESTs plus the 19 selected genes) were significantly (P < 0.001) more induced by the first infection. Peaked expression of lysozyme c and serum lysozyme activity after the first infection were seen at 24 hpi, whereas that after the re-infection were seen at 12 hpi, suggesting that both innate and adaptive immunity were involved in the defense against the re-infection of A. hydrophila.
Some Polarization Data of the Solar Corona

THE polarization of the solar corona was determined from plates obtained in the 1932 and 1934 total solar eclipses. These eclipses were observed under perfect atmospheric conditions. Polarigraphs, equipped with quartz Wollaston prisms and colour filters of narrow transmission ranges, were used. Intensity squares were printed on each corona plate for photometric reduction. The plates were measured with the Hartmann microphotometer of the Lick Observatory and the Zeiss microphotometer of the Physics Department, University of California.
Open-loop vehicle collision avoidance and rollover prevention using previewed Zero-Moment Point

This research estimates the minimum intervention distance needed for a vehicle to safely avoid an obstacle, while also preventing wheel lift and tire skid. The intervention strategy considered is an open-loop lane change avoidance trajectory. As the vehicle approaches the obstacle, it continually determines the available lane change maneuver, relying on predictions of the Zero-Moment Point (ZMP) metric to determine if lane change candidates may cause the onset of wheel lift. The approach used here considers both flat roads and banked curves that may occur due to highway design policy. Results show that larger distances between the vehicle and obstacle are needed to safely intervene when wheel lift and tire skid are considered.
Functional Analysis of Bre1p, an E3 Ligase for Histone H2B Ubiquitylation, in Regulation of RNA Polymerase II Association with Active Genes and Transcription in Vivo

H2B ubiquitylation is carried out by Bre1p, an E3 ligase, along with an E2 conjugase, Rad6p. H2B ubiquitylation has been previously implicated in promoting the association of RNA polymerase II with the coding sequence of the active GAL1 gene, and hence transcriptional elongation. Intriguingly, we find here that the association of RNA polymerase II with the active GAL1 coding sequence is not decreased in Δbre1, although it is required for H2B ubiquitylation. In contrast, the loss of Rad6p significantly impairs the association of RNA polymerase II with GAL1. Likewise, the point mutation of lysine 123 (ubiquitylation site) to arginine of H2B (H2B-K123R) also lowers the association of RNA polymerase II with GAL1, consistent with the role of H2B ubiquitylation in promoting RNA polymerase II association. Surprisingly, unlike the Δrad6 and H2B-K123R strains, complete deletion of BRE1 does not impair the association of RNA polymerase II with GAL1. However, deletion of the RING domain of Bre1p (that is essential for H2B ubiquitylation) impairs RNA polymerase II association with GAL1. These results imply that a non-RING domain of Bre1p counteracts the stimulatory role of the RING domain in regulating the association of RNA polymerase II with GAL1, and hence RNA polymerase II occupancy is not impaired in Δbre1. Consistently, GAL1 transcription is impaired in the absence of the RING domain of Bre1p, but not in Δbre1. Similar results are also obtained at other genes. Collectively, our results implicate both the stimulatory and repressive roles of Bre1p in regulation of RNA polymerase II association with active genes (and hence transcription) in vivo.
Juvenile temporal arteritis revisited

We describe a case of arteritis involving the superficial temporal artery in an 8-year-old boy. After a 2-week prodrome of headache in the right temporal region, a painful pulsatile 6-mm nodule developed. No history of trauma or systemic disease was noted. The differential diagnosis included vasculitis or thrombosis of a vascular malformation of the temporal artery. The lesion was surgically excised for both diagnostic and cosmetic reasons. Histologic features of the nodule were diagnostic of juvenile temporal arteritis and characterized by non-giant cell granulomatous inflammation of the temporal artery, occlusive fibrous intimal proliferation, and microaneurysmal disruption of the media. At 12-month follow-up, the patient was well; no recurrent lesions or systemic disease was noted. Although rare, this disease should be recognized as arteritis that affects the external carotid circulation and should not be confused with classic giant cell temporal arteritis. If physicians are aware of this benign inflammatory disease of the temporal artery in children and young adults, unnecessary treatment will not be administered.
Abnormality of peptide YY and pancreatic polypeptide immunoreactive cells in colonic mucosa of patients with colonic inertia.

The etiopathology of colonic inertia remains unclear. Current studies show that pancreatic polypeptide-fold family members can serve as regulators of colonic motility and transit. Thus, the cells containing these peptides on colonic mucosa could be abnormal in patients with colonic inertia. We aimed to evaluate the immunocytochemical staining of peptide YY (PYY) and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) immunoreactive cells, and detect if alteration of these cells relates to an increase in enterochromaffin cells (EC) demonstrated by chromogranin A (CgA), in the colonic mucosa of patients with colonic inertia. Nineteen consecutive patients (18 female, 1 male; age, 43.7 ± 11.5 years) who underwent subtotal colectomy for colonic inertia were assessed. The control group consisted of 15 patients (all female; age, 50.7 ± 12.5 years) who underwent colonoscopic biopsies from the right and left colon for indications other than constipation, inflammatory bowel diseases, diarrhea, or neoplasm. Hollande’s-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues of both right and left colons were collected. Immunocytochemical staining of PYY, PP, or CgA was performed on 4-μm tissue sections with the respective primary rabbit antibody, the biotinylated secondary antibody, and enzyme-labeled streptavidin. The average number of positive cells per microscopic field (200×) was calculated. Positive cells were classified as strongly, moderately, and weakly staining. The proportion of the variously stained cells is expressed as the percentage of the entire positive cell population. On both sides of the colon, the percentages of strongly and moderately stained PYY positive cells were higher in the patient group compared to the controls (right side, 10.6 and 27.3 vs. 6.1 and 18.7%, respectively; left side, 9.4 and 23.9 vs. 6.2 and 23.1%, respectively) (P&<0.01). Furthermore, in the patients with colonic inertia, the percentages of strongly and moderately stained PYY-positive cells were higher in the right-side colon than in the left (P&<0.01). There was no difference in the number of PYY-positive cells between the patients and the controls. PP-positive cells were very rare in all specimens and were found in 7 of 19 cases (36.84%) in the right-side colon and 16 of 19 (84.21%) in the left-side colon in the patient group (P&<0.01, left vs. right). In contrast, the number of EC in the left colon of patients (16.8± 10.2) was significantly higher than that in the right side (9.4± 6.0) (P&<0.01) or that in the left side in the control group (10.4± 6.0) (P&<0.05). We conclude that in the colonic mucosa of patients with colonic inertia, PYY-positive cells present with higher immunoreactivity, indicating that they may contain more hormones, especially on the right side of the colon. However, the PPY- and PP-positive cells did not relate to the increased EC. and It is therefore suggested that the altered PYY in the colonic mucosa may partially contribute to the etiopathology of colonic inertia.
IGF-1 Receptor Levels and the Proliferation of Young and Senescent Human Fibroblasts

We have investigated the role of the IGF-1 receptor in the proliferation of young and senescent human diploid fibroblasts. Using WI-38 cells, we have established the following: 1) both young and senescent cells have IGF-1 receptors, which can be autophosphorylated by IGF-1, the intensity of the autophosphorylation being roughly the same in both types of cells; 2) the levels of IGF-1 receptor mRNA are also similar in young and senescent cells; 3) both young and senescent cells have an absolute requirement for the IGF-1 receptor in order to be stimulated by either serum or SV40, respectively; 4) despite these similarities, young cells respond to IGF-1 (in combination with other growth factors) with DNA synthesis and mitosis, and senescent cells do not. We conclude that, although the IGF-1 receptor is still needed by senescent cells for a growth response to SV40, it is not, by itself, the determinant of senescence, at least in WI-38 cells.
Developments and trends in three-dimensional mesh generation

An intense research effort over the last few years has produced several competing and apparently diverse methods for generating meshes. Recent progress is reviewed and the central themes are emphasized which form a solid foundation for future developments in mesh generation.
Grappling With Language Barriers: Implications for the Professional Development of Immigrant Teachers

In this narrative inquiry, I explored the role of language in the lives of six Russian-speaking immigrant teachers. Theoretical perspectives emphasized experience, context, and culture in understanding their beliefs, and language served as an interpretive lens through which the experiences were explored. The inquiry revealed the following overlapping themes: language and regaining professional status, language and communication, and language and culture. The inquiry has implications for professional development of immigrant teachers and multicultural teaching and learning.
Retinopathy screening in individuals with type 2 diabetes: who, how, how often, and at what cost--an epidemiologic review.

Background Despite treatment regimens, which can reduce blindness, diabetic retinopathy remains the leading cause of irreversible blindness for persons less than 75 years. Screening for diabetic retinopathy in type 1 diabetes mellitus has proven to be both efficacious and cost effective. Although treatment has been shown to be equally efficacious for type 2 diabetes, the effectiveness and cost benefit of screening are less clear. Methods A systematic review of the recent literature on the epidemiology of retinopathy in type 2 diabetics was carried out. Specific issues related to the changing epidemiology of diabetes and diabetic retinopathy, as well as the effectiveness, and cost benefit of screening were evaluated. Conclusions Diabetic retinopathy is at the convergence of several epidemiologic trends. Although the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy within the population of diagnosed diabetics may be decreasing because of aggressive risk factor reduction, any gains achieved are likely to be negated by the large increase in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the population owing to obesity. The epidemiology findings suggest that certain persons with well-controlled type 2 diabetes may not warrant yearly examination for diabetic retinopathy; however, given the low percentage of diabetics who are currently screened for retinopathy, it would seem unwise to recommend changes in the timing of examination. Evidence appears to suggest that photoscreening is a viable alternative to a screening examination.
Catalytic oxidation. II. Silica supported noble metals for the oxidation of ethylene and propylene

The catalytic oxidation of C2H4 and C3H6 was studied over silica-supported Pt, Pd, Ir, Ru, and Rh. The specific activities fell in the order listed and correlated with the percentage d-character of the metal and fairly well with its atomic radius. The partial oxidation products were characterized. Acetaldehyde and acetic acid were produced from C2H4 in all cases, but only with Pd and Ir were the quantities significant. Products from C3H6 were more varied. C3 products in substantial amounts were formed over Rh, Ru, and Pd, the selectivity decreasing in the order given. Somewhat smaller amounts of C2 products were also formed over these catalysts. The principal product over Ir was acetic acid; the most active catalyst, Pt, was relatively unselective. Three different types of pressure dependencies were found: the rate of total oxidation decreased with olefin pressure and increased with oxygen pressure over Pt and Pd; the rate increased with olefin pressure and was inhibited by oxygen over Rh and Ir; and the rate increased with oxygen pressure, but was nearly independent of olefin pressure over Ru. Activation energies varied from 16 to 29 kcal/mole and tended to correlate inversely with the catalytic activity. The order of activity depended upon the ability of the metal to activate O2.