cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Risk for Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis with Gadoteridol (ProHance) in Patients Who Are on Long-Term Hemodialysis

Background and objectives: Recent studies strongly link nephrogenic systemic fibrosis to gadolinium administration for magnetic resonance imaging. In a recent advisory, the Food and Drug Administration stated that all gadolinium-containing chelates are potentially associated with nephrogenic systemic fibrosis; however, most reported cases are linked to gadodiamide (Omniscan) and gadopentetate dimeglumine (Magnevist). Given the severe consequences of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, it is critical to define the risks associated with each gadolinium-containing chelate. The purpose of this study was to examine nephrogenic systemic fibrosis risk in a hemodialysis population exposed to gadoteridol (ProHance). Design, setting, participants, & objectives: Appointment logs were used to generate a database of all long-term hemodialysis patients at the Dallas Veterans Affairs hospital since August 2001. These patients were then examined in the Veterans Affair's electronic medical record system for gadolinium exposure during magnetic resonance imaging from 2000 through 2007, a period during which gadoteridol was the sole contrast agent used. Results: A total of 141 patients were identified with 198 gadoteridol exposures. No cases of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis were identified. The observed frequency of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis was compared with the expected frequency (2.4%) using one-way χ2 and binomial analysis, yielding a P < 0.05, indicating that the result was not explained by chance alone. Conclusions: It is concluded that the risk for nephrogenic systemic fibrosis with gadoteridol in patients who are on long-term hemodialysis may be lower than with gadodiamide and gadopentetate dimeglumine.
A local mean value theorem for the complex plane

The equationneed not have a solution z in the complex plane, even when ƒ is entire. For example, let ƒ(z) = ez, z1 = z0+2kπi. Thus the classical mean value theorem does not extend to the complex plane. McLeod has shown (2) that if ƒ is analytic on the segment joining z1 and z0, then there are points w1 and w2 on the segment such that where The purpose of this article is to give a local mean value theorem in the complex plane. We show that there is at least one point z satisfying (1), which we will call a mean value point, near z1 and z0 but not necessarily on the segment joining them, provided z1 and z0 are sufficiently close. The proof uses Rouche's Theorem (1).
A singular pencil model and neural network cascade fault diagnosis strategy for the lumber-drying process

This paper presents some results that were obtained in fault diagnosis for a wood-drying process. It is difficult to detect and diagnose faults or failure in the drying process due to complex dynamic nonlinearity, coupling effects among key variables, and process disturbances caused by the variation of lumber sizes, species and environmental factors. In this paper, a real-time fault diagnosis algorithm is developed based on a singular pencil model and neural network classifier. Inputs of the network are the process I/O data, such as moisture and temperature, and estimated parameters and states, while outputs of the network are process fault situations. A wood-drying kiln is studied as a test case, which is with two actuators and 23 sensors, six estimated parameters and states, and 11 fault situations. The simulation results show that the strategy appears to be better suited to diagnose faults of such industrial processes.
Rising Inequality, Public Policy, and America's Poor

Those who defended the American model during its long period of growing income inequality argued that rising incomes at the top would result in faster economic growth and therefore rising incomes for those at the bottom. When looking at experiences in many countries, Lane Kenworthy finds that was not the case. Nor was it the case that rising incomes at the top measurably hurt the poor. It was public policy that made the difference.
Inefficient coherent carrier transport in quantum cascade lasers at high temperature

We show that coherent carrier transport in quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) decreases as temperature increases due to a corresponding decrease in the quantum coherence time between the injector and active region levels.
Three-dimensional (3D) microstructure visualization and finite element modeling of the mechanical behavior of SiC particle reinforced aluminum composites

Abstract A serial sectioning process was used to develop a three-dimensional (3D) representation of the microstructure of a SiC particle reinforced Al composite, for visualization and finite-element modeling (FEM). The Young's modulus and stress–strain behavior of the composite predicted by the 3D model of microstructure correlated very well with experimental results.
CAEVA: cognitive architecture to evaluate visualization applications

We describe a cognitive architecture to evaluate visualization applications (CAEVA). This architecture requires gathering domain knowledge to adapt existing evaluation models to new domains and applications. This architecture has two main components: one for interoperability and one for cognitive models. The interoperability component uses client-server protocols. The cognitive component includes three subcomponents: knowledge about visualization, knowledge about the data domain, and knowledge about data analysis strategies. CAEVA was used to evaluate the visualizations generated to compare environmental products. The cognitive model is written in ACT-R and simulates how human beings use visualizations to perform data analysis tasks. The data produced by the simulation model is validated with empirical data obtained from human subjects performing the same task. The simulation model produces traces that allow researchers to analyze the strategies followed by the users in the task. The data produced by the model allowed us to study the learning process of visualization users.
A systems approach to scalable transportation network modeling

Emerging needs in transportation network modeling and simulation are raising new challenges with respect to scalability of network size and vehicular traffic intensity, speed of simulation for simulation-based optimization, and fidelity of vehicular behavior for accurate capture of event phenomena. Parallel execution is warranted to sustain the required detail, size and speed. However, few parallel simulators exist for such applications, partly due to the challenges underlying their development. Moreover, many simulators are based on time-stepped models, which can be computationally inefficient for the purposes of modeling evacuation traffic. Here an approach is presented to designing a simulator with memory and speed efficiency as the goals from the outset, and, specifically, scalability via parallel execution. The design makes use of discrete event modeling techniques as well as parallel simulation methods. Our simulator, called SCATTER, is being developed, incorporating such design considerations. Preliminary performance results are presented on benchmark road networks, showing scalability to one million vehicles simulated on one processor.
Decision Analysis for Product Development

The decision analysis described considers four major installation development alternatives upon which management decisions were required. The analysis has a number of phases. The technical-economic system is first modeled deterministically to describe the characteristics of the business. The deterministic model, or expected value business model, is then exercised in a sensitivity phase to determine what parameters are most influential to the outcomes. The analysis uses present worth methods for the time preference for money. Pricing strategies and market feedback capability are included. Adjunct businesses that develop as a result of the original business have been modeled in the deterministic model. The deterministic or nominal value outcomes show a clear progression of improvement over a 20 year period for the more technically advanced installation developments. The cost of development is an influential contributor to deterministic outcomes. The influence on near term outcomes of development costs was sufficient to make the issue of time value of outcomes very significant. The value of identifying the short term and long term outcomes on the basis of the time value of outcomes becomes identifiable as a significant contribution to decision making. The thinking which contributed to choosing the parameters used in the uncertainty analysis proved to be an important means of clarifying the issues surrounding what uncertainty analysis of a given development alternative venture really consists of.
The Importance of an Integrative Approach To Strategic Management Research

There is enormous potential for cross-fertilization in theory-building and applied research if the individual perspectives of industrial organization, marketing, and administrative behavior are utilized as complex tools for the strategic management scholar. In general, industrial organization and marketing can contribute to better understanding of strategy content issues, and administrative behavior to strategy process issues. Research findings will be richer if strategic management scholars work to develop mid-range theories that draw from the existing knowledge base of these disciplines and if they establish close working relationships with researchers from disciplines other than their own.
Opioid receptors and endogenous opioid peptides.

The field to be reviewed is now 16 years old and is based on knowledge dating back centuries. It is therefore evident that an exhaustive review is impossible. The author plans to discuss areas likely to be of interest to the readers of this journal. He will also use his prerogative to favor those aspects of the field most closely related to his interests and expertise. Whereas much of the review will deal with biochemical aspects it is clearly essential to discuss, at least briefly, what we know about the physiological function of the endogenous opioid system
Using Implicit Bias Training to Improve Attitudes toward Women in STEM.

Implicit biases can foster negative attitudes and lead to damaging stereotypical behaviors. Stereotypes can negatively affect the education, hiring, promotion, and retention of women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). This study evaluated the impact of diversity training on university faculty ( $$N = 234$$ ) by assessing changes in implicit associations and explicit attitudes toward women in STEM. Personal implicit associations about women in STEM improved for men, but not for women who already tended toward more positive implicit associations at pre-test. Men were more likely than women to explicitly endorse stereotypes about women in STEM at both pre- and post-test, and these attitudes did not change as a result of the diversity training. These findings suggest that participation in a brief diversity training can improve implicit associations about women in STEM.
An overlooked argument for epistemic conservatism

The weak form of epistemic (or methodological) conservatism that I defend is that believing that p is a reason for belief or continued belief that p. The principle will not seem weak, if we read 'reason' as 'ground' or 'evidence'. (Indeed, such a principle is dismissed out of hand in the best known, if circumspect, defence of conservatism Sklar 1975: 377). But I will argue against that interpretation. The defence involves a comparison with practical reasoning, and it has two parts. First, the defence simply brings together a dominant view of the epistemics of belief, as a decision to accept, with a particular analysis of decision. Second, I try to diagnosis and undermine the intuitive force of a main anti-conservatism argument, drawing on the levels of justification distinction central to rule-utilitarianism. The following is a widely accepted position in epistemology and the philosophy of science: The justification for moving from partial (or degrees of) belief to full belief or acceptance involves a decision and an action. It is the decision to cease inquiry into a hypothesis, and the act of accepting it as true. (See, for a recent example, Harman 1986: Chapters 3 and 5). But what force does the decision to, and act of, acceptance, have distinct from the assignment of probability or support (each on the same evidence)? If we understand decision according to analyses in the study of practical reasoning, then there is force just in conceiving of acceptance as a decision. On these analyses a decision, like an intention, supplies an additional (second-order) reason to act (Raz 1990). Joining these two assumptions unargued for here, but defended elsewhere on independent grounds together, we derive the form of epistemic conservatism stated above. The decision to accept p as true, which represents one's coming to fully believe it, provides a reason in itself to believe (or continue to believe) that p, and so, to extend the point, an epistemic advantage over an otherwise equally warranted hypothesis q. (Comparison of theoretical and practical reasoning is limited. The relation of reasons to belief is more intimate than reasons to actions. Arguably, to recognize reasons as establishing a statement as true is to believe it; while, if weakness of will is possible, recognizing a reason to act does not entail the intention to perform an act, let alone being identical to it.) The analysis of decision and its relevance to the problem of conservatism is illustrated by the following example. Jane shops intensely for a car, and after a careful investigation opts for the Dodge Intrepid. She decides
Association of a Chicken Repetitive Element with the Endogenous Virus-21 Slow-Feathering Locus

The DNA sequences of an endogenous virus ev21-cell junction fragment (JFIL-1), and the pristine ev21 unoccupied region were analyzed. Comparisons of 3' proviral sequences of JFIL-1 with comparable regions of ev2, the prototype Rous-associated provirus (RAV-0), revealed minor single-base substitutions in the transmembrane domain of proviral envelope glycoprotein and the long terminal repeat of ev21. In the cell component of the JFIL-1, insertion of a 9-bp direct repeat and deletion of a guanine deoxynucleotide abolished HaeIII and BalI recognition sites that were present in the pristine region. Upstream from the insertion site, a large region was 71 and 75% homologous with dispersed chicken repetitive (CR1) elements associated with vitellogenin and very low density apolipoprotein II genes, respectively. Southern blot hybridizations and comparisons of CR1 motifs such as polypurine tracts, a tandem imperfect octamer, and 6-bp duplications indicated that this sex-linked, CR1 element (CR1ev21) may be the longest member of this family reported thus far.
Atopodontus adriaensi, a new genus and species of African suckermouth catfish from the Ogooué and Nyanga River systems of Gabon (Siluriformes: Mochokidae)

ABSTRACT Atopodontus adriaensi, a new genus and species of suckermouthed mochokid catfish, is described from the Ogooue and Nyanga basins of Gabon. It superficially resembles Atopochilus savorgnani, and is known to co-occur with this species at several localities. This new taxon can be distinguished from all other chiloglanidin species by a combination of features including robust mandibular teeth arranged in transverse rows that are approximately 66% of the width of the paired premaxillary tooth patches, and the presence of an anteriorly directed cavity located dorsal to the lower lip and ventral to the oral cavity. New taxa: Atopodontus Friel and Vigliotta, Atopodontus adriaensi Friel and Vigliotta
Slow/Fast Decoupling — Analytical and Numerical Aspects

The numerical solution of linear two-point boundary value problems for vector systems of the form (1) (2) is a fundamental question of importance in control theory and throughout science (for such singular perturbation problems, see O’Malley (1974) and (1978)). It is naive to think that much progress has been made when one writes down the variation of parameters formula (3) for a solution, since it, in large part, merely converts the problem to others involving properties and determination of a fundamental matrix X(t) which satisfies the homogeneous matrix system (4) .
Handgrip Strength and Socially Dominant Behavior in Male Adolescents

Handgrip strength (HGS) is highly heritable and a good overall measure of strength and muscle function. Indicative of blood testosterone levels and fat-free body mass, HGS is also highly sexually dimorphic. Recent psychological research shows that HGS is correlated with a number of social variables, but only in males. We conducted three studies to further investigate the relationship between HGS and measures of aggression and social competition among adolescents. Consistent with previous reports, correlations were almost exclusive to males, but this was only visible during late adolescence (i.e., high school). These findings support evolutionary hypotheses regarding grip strength in male-male competition and suggest that similar to measures of testosterone, HGS is a measure that is predictive of social behavior in older adolescent males.
Sepsis in mice stimulates muscle proteolysis in the absence of IL-6

We tested the role of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in sepsis-induced muscle proteolysis by determining ubiquitin mRNA levels and protein breakdown rates in incubated extensor digitorum longus muscles from ...
Tackling Truncation Errors in CSL Model Checking through Bounding Semantics

Model checking aims to give exact answers to queries about a model’s execution but, in probabilistic model checking, ensuring exact answers might be difficult. Numerical iterative methods are heavily used in probabilistic model checking and errors caused by truncation may affect correctness. To tackle truncation errors, we investigate the bounding semantics of continuous stochastic logic for Markov chains. We first focus on analyzing truncation errors for model-checking the time-bounded or unbounded Until operator and propose new algorithms to generate lower and upper bounds. Then, we study the bounding semantics for a subset of nested CSL formulas. We demonstrate result on two models.
Maximum entropy approach to the identification of stochastic reduced-order models of nonlinear dynamical systems

Data-driven methodologies based on the restoring force method have been developed over the past few decades for building predictive reduced-order models (ROMs) of nonlinear dynamical systems. These methodologies involve fitting a polynomial expansion of the restoring force in the dominant state variables to observed states of the system. ROMs obtained in this way are usually prone to errors and uncertainties due to the approximate nature of the polynomial expansion and experimental limitations. We develop in this article a stochastic methodology that endows these errors and uncertainties with a probabilistic structure in order to obtain a quantitative description of the proximity between the ROM and the system that it purports to represent. Specifically, we propose an entropy maximization procedure for constructing a multi-variate probability distribution for the coefficients of power-series expansions of restoring forces. An illustration in stochastic aeroelastic stability analysis is provided to demonstrate the proposed framework.
DESIGN IN NATURE: TINKERING AND THE CONSTRUCTAL LAW

A review of The Tinkerer’s Accomplice: How Design Emerges from Life Itself. By J Scott Turner. Cambridge (Massachusetts): Harvard University Press. $27.95. ix 282 p; ill.; index. ISBN: 0-674-02353-6. 2007. This is an inspiring volume about the emergence of “designedness” in biological systems. It will make readers think, particularly because it deviates from dogma and openly asks questions about the principle of design generation in nature. The “tinkerer” in the book’s title is Darwinism. The “accomplice” is the something else that is needed. Turner calls it “intentionality” and defines it as “actions that are explicitly geared toward creating some future or other abstract state” (p 200). He does not say what universal features the future state should have. He argues that biologists must come to grips with the fact that tinkering alone does not explain design, or self-organization, or self-optimization. I agree, and so do growing numbers of biologists, physicists, and engineers. For example, see the thick “animal design” issue of the Journal of Experimental Biology (Hoppeler and Weibel 2005). Turner’s book is rich in examples and illustrations that support this argument (muscle weave, blood circulation, smart bones, efficient digestive tube, and vision, among others). This volume is excellent because it triggers new questions and cements new connections. The reason is that its theme has a lot in common with constructal theory, which is a theory of physics (e.g., Bejan 1997, 2000; Bejan and Lorente 2006; to read more, see www. constructal.org). The author devoted pages 58 to 63 to this theory with the demonstration of how a tree-shaped flow structure (river basin, lung, blood, lightning, cooling a heat-generating volume) is deducible from principle. In constructal theory, the principle is known as the constructal law of generation of configuration as a physics phenomenon: “For a finite-size flow system to persist in time (to live), it must evolve in such a way that it provides easier access to the imposed (global) currents that flow through it” (Bejan 1997:807). This law accounts for the time arrow of the physics phenomenon (the “animated movie”) of configuration generation and evolution. A time arrow is also implicit in Turner’s use of the concept of “intentionality.” Another similarity is the author’s use of the concept of homeostasis, or the action of Bernard machines and Aristotle’s equipoise. In constructal theory, this is the “optimal distribution of imperfection”—i.e., the balance between highly dissimilar flow resistivities, such as the balance between the fast (river channel, bronchial airways) and the slow (hill slope seepage, diffusion in the alveolar tissue) in the design of river basins and lungs with space as a constraint. Turbulent flow is another example of the allocating of fast
Polo-Like Kinase 3 Appears Dispensable for Normal Retinal Development Despite Robust Embryonic Expression.

During retinogenesis seven different cell types are generated in distinct yet overlapping timepoints from a population of retinal progenitor cells. Previously, we performed single cell transcriptome analyses of retinal progenitor cells to identify candidate genes that may play roles in the generation of early-born retinal neurons. Based on its expression pattern in subsets of early retinal cells, polo-like kinase 3 (Plk3) was identified as one such candidate gene. Further characterization of Plk3 expression by in situ hybridization revealed that this gene is expressed as cells exit the cell cycle. We obtained a Plk3 deficient mouse and investigated changes in the retina’s morphology and transcriptome through immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization and gene expression profiling. These experiments have been performed initially on adult mice and subsequently extended throughout retinal development. Although morphological studies revealed no consistent changes in retinogenesis upon Plk3 loss, microarray profiling revealed potential candidate genes altered in Plk3-KO mice. Further studies will be necessary to understand the connection between these changes in gene expression and the loss of a protein kinase such as Plk3.
A group of sequence-related sphingomonad enzymes catalyzes cleavage of β-aryl ether linkages in lignin β-guaiacyl and β-syringyl ether dimers

Lignin biosynthesis occurs via radical coupling of guaiacyl and syringyl hydroxycinnamyl alcohol monomers (i.e., “monolignols”) through chemical condensation with the growing lignin polymer. With each chain-extension step, monolignols invariably couple at their β-positions, generating chiral centers. Here, we report on activities of bacterial glutathione-S-transferase (GST) enzymes that cleave β-aryl ether bonds in lignin dimers that are composed of different monomeric units. Our data reveal that these sequence-related enzymes from Novosphingobium sp. strain PP1Y, Novosphingobium aromaticivorans strain DSM12444, and Sphingobium sp. strain SYK-6 have conserved functions as β-etherases, catalyzing cleavage of each of the four dimeric α-keto-β-aryl ether-linked substrates (i.e., guaiacyl-β-guaiacyl, guaiacyl-β-syringyl, syringyl-β-guaiacyl, and syringyl-β-syringyl). Although each β-etherase cleaves β-guaiacyl and β-syringyl substrates, we have found that each is stereospecific for a given β-enantiomer in a r...
The Open-Source Cornell Spectrum Imager

Hyperspectral imaging (also known as spectrum imaging) requires software for extracting the signatures present in every spectrum. However, commercial software available for spectrum analysis remains expensive, complicated, and often not transparent regarding the internal workings and approximations made. For user facilities, educational institutes, and other settings where multiple users on a single tool can be expected, the limited availability of software becomes the bottleneck to data analysis, user training, and throughput. The Cornell Spectrum Imager (CSI) was developed as a universal data analysis tool to be freely distributed, to run on all computers, and to minimize training. This is accomplished by using one simple interface for imaging, cathodoluminescence, Raman, Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopic (EELS), and EDX data analysis. This article demonstrates the CSI plugins for ImageJ by guiding you through the basic workflow for processing EELS maps.
Pain, Affect, and Rumination: An Experimental Test of the Emotional Cascade Theory in Two Undergraduate Samples

In spite of the fact that pain is an unpleasant experience that is generally avoided, recent research suggests that there may be some positive conquences of experiencing pain, including a reduction...
Abstract A15: Epigenetic regulators maintain neuroblastoma cancer stem cells: Model to treatment

High risk neuroblastoma (NB) represents a major clinical challenge in pediatric oncology and accounts for 15% of pediatric cancer deaths. Our recent studies suggest that neuroblastoma tumors are heterogeneous and composed of multiple subpopulations including cancer stem cells (CSCs), marked by Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor Receptor (G-CSFR or CD114) positive cells. These CD114+ cells are shown to be highly tumorigenic, metastatic, self-renewing and can differentiate into non-tumorigenic progeny. As tumor subpopulations typically demonstrate distinct epigenetic modifications at histone H3K4 and H3K27, we evaluate these epigenetic marks at the CSF3R locus (gene encoding G-CSFR) by ChIP-qPCR. Results suggest that the CSF3R gene is switched ‘on’ in NB CSCs via reversible epigenetic histone modifications. The CSF3R promoter in CD114+ NB CSCs, shows increased activating H3K4me3 marks and reduced repressive H3K27me3 marks. In the CD114- bulk tumor population, we found the opposite pattern of increased H3K27me3 marks and reduced H3K4me3 marks. In addition, knockdown of EZH2 (the PRC2 methyltransferase responsible for H3K27me3 marks) increases CD114+ expression in both cell culture and murine xenograft models of neuroblastoma. Furthermore, gene expression studies revealed high levels of MLL1 (encoded by KMT2A), and Jumonji D3 (JMJD3, encoded by KDM6B) in CD114+ cells. MLL1 is a histone methyltransferase that catalyzes mono-, di- and tri-methylation on H3K4, while JMJD3 is an H3K27me3 demethylase. Blocking MLL1 and JMJD3 with specific small molecule inhibitors, MM-102 and GSK-J4 reduces overall survival of NB cells and also reduces the percentage of CD114+ cells in vitro. Importantly, targeting these epigenetic regulators rapidly down-regulate the G-CSF receptor expression and induces apoptosis specifically in CD114+ cells but not in CD114- cells, suggesting maintenance of NB CSCs by these epigenetic modifiers. In vivo studies of these epigenetic inhibitors in neuroblastoma murine xenograft models validate our in vitro studies and demonstrate highly significant reduction in overall tumor size and metastasis with correlated reduction of total CD114+ cells in resected tumors. Overall, we demonstrate that histone modifications play a key role in maintaining the NB cancer stem cells, and that specific epigenetic inhibitors are highly potent anti-tumor agents for high risk neuroblastoma. Our findings have direct translational impact and support the development of epigenetic stem cell targeted therapies for neuroblastoma. Citation Format: Saurabh Agarwal, Zaowen Chen, Sanjeev Vasudevan, Jason M. Shohet. Epigenetic regulators maintain neuroblastoma cancer stem cells: Model to treatment. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Pediatric Cancer Research: From Mechanisms and Models to Treatment and Survivorship; 2015 Nov 9-12; Fort Lauderdale, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(5 Suppl):Abstract nr A15.
Percutaneous management of a nephrocutaneous fistula due to a pyelocaliceal diverticular calculus

AbstractNephrocutaneous fistulas arising from stone-containing pyelocaliceal diverticula are rare. We describe 2 patients who were treated by open drainage for perirenal abscesses. Subsequently, both patients presented with a nephrocutaneous fistula from a stone-containing pyelocaliceal diverticulum. These patients were successfully treated by percutaneous nephrostolithotomy with fulguration of the diverticula.
The Mechanical Properties of Bone

Publisher Summary The mechanical properties of bone include all of the properties measured and all of the mathematical complexities developed by engineers to understand and use solid materials to build houses, cars and electronics. Fortunately, only some of the mechanical properties and almost none of the mathematical complexity are needed to understand the important functional properties of bone. In life, the important mechanical properties result in a bone that is strong, tough and sufficiently long lived that it does not hurt or break when we use it! Whole bone properties come both from the structure (the anatomy) and the material properties of the hard tissue. This chapter considers the effects of anatomy first and then examines key mechanical properties of the hard tissue that are essential to function. It aims to understand the mechanical properties of bone without the engineering complexity. The chapter uses example mechanical tests as illustrations and relegates mathematical analysis to separate sections.
Making the hard work of recovery more attractive for those with substance use disorders

Background Research has led to improvements in the effectiveness of interventions for substance use disorders (SUD), but for the most part progress has been modest, particularly with regard to longer-term outcomes. Moreover, most individuals with SUD do not seek out treatment. Argument/analysis This paper presents two recommendations on how to improve treatment engagement and long-term outcomes for those with SUD. First, treatments should go beyond a focus on reducing or eliminating substance use to target greater access to and more time spent in experiences that will be enjoyable or otherwise rewarding to clients. Secondly, there must be sufficient incentives in the environment to justify the effort needed to sustain long-term abstinence for individuals who often have limited access to such incentives. Conclusions To increase rates of long-term recovery from substance misuse, treatments should link clients to reinforcers that will make continued abstinence more appealing. This work needs to extend beyond interventions focused on the individual or family to include the local community and national policy in an effort to incentivize longer-term recoveries more strongly.
The Two Beauties: A Perspective on Hutcheson's Aesthetics

L'heritage contemporain des theories esthetiques du XVIII siecle: examen de la theorie de la beaute formulee par Francis Hutcheson, Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue, 1725. Beaute absolue (originelle) et comparative (relative). Le sens inne comme principal apport philosophique de Hutcheson.
Antimicrobial Activity of Sorbate

During the last 30 years sorbate has been tested and used widely in the preservation of various food products throughout the world. Currently it has received increased attention as a potential replacer of nitrite for botulism control in processed meat products. Previous reports, however, had suggested sorbate as a selective agent for clostridia in laboratory media. Recent developments as well as the need for safe, practical and effective food preservatives in current and future food processing have generated intense interest in preservatives such as sorbate. This paper reviews the significant developments relating to use of sorbate as a food preservative - its antimicrobial effects, applications, advantages and limitations. A summary of the current status as well as unanswered questions relevant to the mechanism(s) through which the compound exerts its antimicrobial activity also is presented.
Uterine fibroids: Correlations of anemia and pain to fibroid location and uterine weight.

Objective To estimate the prevalence of anemia, pelvic pain and heavy vaginal bleeding among symptomatic women with and without submucosal fibroids who presented for uterine fibroid embolization (UFE), and to determine if uterine weight was related to patient reports of heavy bleeding and pelvic pain. Study design A case series study was performed that reviewed the ambulatory medical records of 357 symptomatic women with uterine fibroids seeking UFE from 2001 to 2009. Women with at least one submucosal fibroid were included as cases. Uterine weight was calculated by using ultrasound measurements. Results Women, regardless of fibroid location, were equally likely to report heavy bleeding or be diagnosed with anemia. However, among women with complaints of pelvic pain or heavy bleeding, uterine weight was found to be higher in women with at least one submucosal fibroid as compared to women with fibroids in locations other than submucosal. Conclusion These data do not support the clinical perception that symptomatic women with at least one submucosal fibroid are at greater risk of becoming anemic or reporting heavy bleeding and pelvic pain than symptomatic women with fibroids in nonsubmucosal locations. It appears, however, that submucosal fibroids are related to increased patient symptoms with increasing uterine size.
Analysis of device capacitance and subthreshold behavior of Tri-gate SOI FinFET

This paper presents a study of the structure and the characteristics of the emerging device - SOI-FinFET. Close form models are developed to estimate the values of the device capacitances. Using these capacitance models, an expression for subthreshold swing of the SOI-FinFET is derived. These models have been used to investigate the behavior of SOI-FinFET in the subthreshold region, the I-V characteristics, and the drain induced barrier lowering (DIBL). These approximations are based on the structure and the internal capacitive coupling of SOI-FinFET. The effects of doping attenuation in the channel, charge trapping in the insulator, and some other factors are not taken into consideration, because the focus of this paper is to investigate the impact of the geometric dimensions and related factors on the behavior and the operation of SOI-FinFET. The channel of SOI-FinFET is either undoped or lightly doped. In addition to analyzing the impact of various geometric parameters on the behavior of the device, the developed models and the presented analysis would be of great importance for future CAD tool development and design automation. It is observed that by optimizing these dimensional factors, a subthreshold swing (S) value very close to 60mV/decade can be achieved for SOI-FinFET. Display Omitted Modeling and evaluation of the intrinsic capacitance components of SOI-FinFET.Analytical approach to model and estimate the subthreshold swing of SOI-FinFET.The aspect ratio Fin-height/Fin-width (AR) can be improved for ULP applications.High AR the transistor effective area increases, which enhance driving capability.A high aspect ratio will give a lower DIBL and lower subthreshold swing.
Cenozoic Muricidae of the Western Atlantic Region Part VII - Calotrophon and Attiliosa

The two small genus-groups of Calotrophon Hertlein and Strong and Attiliosa Emerson are shown to be recently derived lines, presumed to come from a Poirieria (Panamurex) ancestor sometime during the Miocene. As emerging groups both demonstrate an amount of specific variability unusual in the Muricinae. There are only six species in Calotrophon: one from the eastern Pacific (the type) and five western Atlantic, of which two are described herein. These are C. ascensus, n. sp., from the Pleistocene of Costa Rica, and C. andrewsi, n. sp., from the Recent fauna of Yucatan and south Florida. There are but five species of Attiliosa, three western Atlantic and two eastern Pacific. All of the western Atlantic species are treated systematically.
Enhancement of thermoelectric characteristics in AlGaN/GaN films deposited on inverted pyramidal Si surfaces

In this letter, we demonstrate an engineering strategy to boost thermoelectric power factor via geometry-induced properties of the pyramid structure. Aluminum gallium nitride (AlGaN)/GaN heterostructured films grown on inverted pyramidal silicon (Si) demonstrate higher power factor as compared to those grown on conventional flat Si substrates. We found that the magnitude of the Seebeck coefficient at room temperature increased from approximately 297 μVK−1 for the flat film to approximately 849 μVK−1 for the film on inverted pyramidal Si. In addition, the “effective” electrical conductivity of the AlGaN/GaN on the inverted pyramidal structure increased compared to the flat structure, generating an enhancement of thermoelectric power factor. The results demonstrate how manipulation of geometry can be used to achieve better thermoelectric characteristics in a manner that could be scaled to a variety of different material platforms.
A Critical Analysis of the Utility of Intraoperative Angiography

Objective Intraoperative digital subtraction angiography (ioDSA) is touted as the gold standard imaging evaluation for aneurysm clip constructs. Candid evaluations of its limitations are sparse. Methods A prospectively collected hospital billing database was queried to identify craniotomies for aneurysm clipping from January 2010 to December 2013. We evaluated the rate of occult residual and parent vessel stenosis determined on follow-up angiography for patients undergoing ioDSA and those not undergoing ioDSA. Comparisons were performed via Fisher exact test, with P Results From our database search, we found 187 patients who underwent ioDSA after aneurysm clipping and an additional 91 patients who did not. Results from ioDSA influenced operative management in 17% of cases. Sixty-four patients with 70 treated aneurysms undergoing ioDSA had postoperative angiography; 7 occult residuals were discovered, yielding a 10% false-negative rate, with 10% of aneurysms showing residual. Occult residuals at the middle cerebral artery bifurcation represented most discovered residuals (6/7). Thirty-two patients with 37 treated aneurysms did not undergo ioDSA and had angiographic follow-up; 24% of patients were found to have residual aneurysms ( P = 0.08 compared with patients undergoing ioDSA). Residuals at the anterior communicating artery (ACoA) represented 56% of all residuals, whereas the ACoA represented only 18% of aneurysms clipped. The rate of residuals was significantly higher than that for patients with clipped ACoA aneurysms undergoing ioDSA ( P = 0.008). Conclusions ioDSA influenced management in nearly one fifth of cases. It can be particularly beneficial in detecting residuals for ACoA aneurysms; its benefit was less apparent for middle cerebral artery aneurysms.
Unsteady boundary layer development on a wind turbine blade: an experimental study of a surrogate problem

Wind turbines with thick blade profiles experience turbulent, periodic approach flow, leading to unsteady blade loading and large torque fluctuations on the turbine drive shaft. Presented here is an experimental study of a surrogate problem representing some key aspects of the wind turbine unsteady fluid mechanics. This experiment has been designed through joint consideration by experiment and computation, with the ultimate goal of numerical model development for aerodynamics in unsteady and turbulent flows. A cylinder at diameter Reynolds number of 65,000 and Strouhal number of 0.184 is placed 10.67 diameters upstream of a NACA 63215b airfoil with chord Reynolds number of 170,000 and chord-reduced frequency of $$k=2\pi f\frac{c}{2}/V=1.5$$ . Extensive flow field measurements using particle image velocimetry provide a number of insights about this flow, as well as data for model validation and development. Velocity contours on the airfoil suction side in the presence of the upstream cylinder indicate a redistribution of turbulent normal stresses from transverse to streamwise, consistent with rapid distortion theory predictions. A study of the boundary layer over the suction side of the airfoil reveals very low Reynolds number turbulent mean streamwise velocity profiles. The dominance of the high amplitude large eddy passages results in a phase lag in streamwise velocity as a function of distance from the wall. The results and accompanying description provide a new test case incorporating moderate-reduced frequency inflow for computational model validation and development.
Mental Models of Navigation Safety to Inform Risk Management Decisions: Case Study on the Houston Ship Channel

AbstractThe Houston Ship Channel (HSC) is one of the busiest waterway corridors in the United States. Since the channel’s expansion in 2005, concerns have arisen about design deficiencies in the HS...
AIDS: problem solving in infection control. Infection control, human immunodeficiency virus, and home health care: I. Infection risk to the patient.

Brandon and associates give a practical overview of infection control in the future, Education, which has been a major part of infection control activities in the past, will take on a more important, perhaps mandatory, role as the HIV epidemic continues to evolve. To prepare for this, read about what medical students do and do not know. Much of what we take for granted is new information to many students.
Elder Abuse and Neglect Cases Reviewed by Appellate Courts.

With increasing attention focused on abuse and neglect of the elderly in domestic and institutional settings, nearly every state has passed legislation to protect these vulnerable adults. While the legal system has become involved at the trial court level, the appellate courts have not yet been very active. Only ten reported cases in the United States during 1981–1993 were appealed to a higher court. This article documents these few cases and explores the reasons for their ultimate dispositions.
The aerodynamics of the curled wake: a simplified model in view of flow control

Abstract. When a wind turbine is yawed, the shape of the wake changes and a curled wake profile is generated. The curled wake has drawn a lot of interest because of its aerodynamic complexity and applicability to wind farm controls. The main mechanism for the creation of the curled wake has been identified in the literature as a collection of vortices that are shed from the rotor plane when the turbine is yawed. This work extends that idea by using aerodynamic concepts to develop a control-oriented model for the curled wake based on approximations to the Navier–Stokes equations. The model is tested and compared to time-averaged results from large-eddy simulations using actuator disk and line models. The model is able to capture the curling mechanism for a turbine under uniform inflow and in the case of a neutral atmospheric boundary layer. The model is then incorporated to the FLOw Redirection and Induction in Steady State (FLORIS) framework and provides good agreement with power predictions for cases with two and three turbines in a row.
Dissecting bidder security returns on payment methods

Abstract The choice of payment methods in M&A deals can affect bidder stock and bond value through two channels simultaneously: signaling and wealth transfer. We propose a method to disentangle these two effects by combining observed bidder stock and bond abnormal returns around deal announcements. Our findings indicate that the negative average bidder stock return in stock deals is mostly caused by signaling, and the negative average bidder bond return in cash deals is mostly due to wealth transfer. We also hypothesize that signaling is related to bidder information uncertainty, while wealth transfer is related to deal significance and bidder default risk. Cross-sectional analysis supports our conjecture.
Fracture mechanics of multi-layer molybdenum disulfide

Abstract Molecular dynamics modeling is used to study the mechanism of brittle fracture in multi-layer two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide ( MoS 2 ) with a center crack subjected to mode-I loading. The simulation data is used to verify the application of Griffith, Inglis and quantized fracture mechanics theories for the fracture of monolayer MoS2 sheets. Results show that the Griffith theory cannot accurately predict the fracture strength of cracked MoS2 sheets. Since tip radius is quantized at the nanoscale, Inglis and quantized fracture theory are examined for cracks with different tip radii. Inglis theory is valid for cracks with blunt tips but is not accurate if the crack tip radius is less than 1.15 nm. In comparison to Inglis theory, quantized fracture mechanics gives a better prediction for the fracture strength of MoS2 sheets when the crack tips are very sharp. The simulation results also predict that the structure of the initial crack highly influences the crack advancing path. While at the macroscale, cracks propagate along a straight line perpendicular to loading, at the microscale level cracks in MoS2 kink to grow along a zigzag direction. The toughness and strength of the MoS2 sheets are not significantly affected by an increase in the number of layers from one to three.