cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficient Software Partial Packet Recovery in 802.11 Wireless LANs

In 802.11 wireless LANs, partial packets are often received which usually contain only a few errors. According to the current 802.11 standard, such packets have to be retransmitted. Much effort has been invested recently in repairing such packets without retransmitting the entire packet, e.g., by using error correction (EC) code or retransmitting only the corrupted blocks. In this paper, we study the software partial packet recovery and propose a comprehensive scheme called UNITE with the following key features. First, UNITE supports both the EC-based and block-based methods, because they are suited for different scenarios and can complement each other to achieve higher performance. Second, UNITE employ AMPS, an error estimator designed by us, which is capable of estimating the error condition in each individual partial packet and providing key information for repairing the packet. Third, UNITE selects the repair method for each packet to optimize the link performance under configurable system resource constraint, such as CPU or power. We implement UNITE on the Madwifi open-source driver. Our experiments show that UNITE outperforms other recovery schemes while not over-consuming the system resources.
Time perception in the diffusion of safety hazard information

Under natural marketplace conditions for a period of 12 weeks, the effect of relevance on time perception was examined in the diffusion of safety hazard information about the use of a brand of tampon. As hypothesized, a two-stage log-linear model showed that the relevance of the health hazard threat was positively related to time distortion.
Interpreting comparative constructions in biomedical text

We propose a methodology using underspecified semantic interpretation to process comparative constructions in MEDLINE citations, concentrating on two structures that are prevalent in the research literature reporting on clinical trials for drug therapies. The method exploits an existing semantic processor, SemRep, which constructs predications based on the Unified Medical Language System. Results of a preliminary evaluation were recall of 70%, precision of 96%, and F-score of 81%. We discuss the generalization of the methodology to other entities such as therapeutic and diagnostic procedures. The available structures in computable format are potentially useful for interpreting outcome statements in MEDLINE citations.
The fate of trace metals in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island: Radiotracer experiments in microcosms

Experiments designed to determine removal rate constants and removal mechanisms of various radioactive trace metals ( 51 Cr, 54 Mn, 58 Co, 59 Fe, 65 Zn, 75 Se, 115m Cd, 134 Cs, 210 Po, 210 Pb, 226 Ra, 228 Th) in controlled ecosystems simulating Narragansett Bay conditions in spring and early summer seasons are described. Overall removal could adequately be described with a model assuming first order removal to several reservoirs. Initial removal rates in two identical tanks replicated well during the early summer experiment. The removal behavior of Mn, Cr and Se changed after the first 1–2 weeks of the same experiment. Although adsorption to walls and other tank parts was significant, that fraction seemed to be effectively removed from further interaction and would be accounted for in the model. The major mechanisms for metal uptake that would be characteristic of the natural system were found to be scavenging by particles that settled from the water column (mostly resuspended sediment) and direct adsorption within the bioturbated layer of the sediment. By comparing the relative importance of these sinks and considering the similarities in respective half removal times, the 12 elements studied were grouped according to general behaviour: (1) hydrolysable elements including Fe, Th, Po, Cr (-III), and Se (as SeO 2− 3 ), with half removal times ranging from 4 to 40 days; (2) particle-reactive elements Mn and Co with half removal times ranging from 2 to 140 days; (3) Zn and Cd which were removed more slowly, with half removal times ranging from 50 to 400 days and about equally by settling particles and by adsorption within the bioturbated layer of the sediment; (4) Cs and Ra, which were removed most slowly, with half removal times ranging from 600 to 800 days, mostly by adsorption within the bioturbated layer of the sediments. Generally slower removal was observed during the early summer relative to the spring and was ascribed to a combination of trace metal association with low molecular weight organic compounds and increasing rates of return from the sediments. Bioturbation rates in the top 3 cm of the sediments in the spring experiments were similar to other experimental values for Narragansett Bay and other coastal regions: a mixing coefficient of 2−5×10 −7 cm 2 s −1 was calculated.
High electrochemical activity of the oxide phase in model ceria–Pt and ceria–Ni composite anodes

Fuel cells, and in particular solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), enable high-efficiency conversion of chemical fuels into useful electrical energy and, as such, are expected to play a major role in a sustainable-energy future. A key step in the fuel-cell energy-conversion process is the electro-oxidation of the fuel at the anode. There has been increasing evidence in recent years that the presence of CeO_2-based oxides (ceria) in the anodes of SOFCs with oxygen-ion-conducting electrolytes significantly lowers the activation overpotential for hydrogen oxidation. Most of these studies, however, employ porous, composite electrode structures with ill-defined geometry and uncontrolled interfacial properties. Accordingly, the means by which electrocatalysis is enhanced has remained unclear. Here we demonstrate unambiguously, through the use of ceria–metal structures with well-defined geometries and interfaces, that the near-equilibrium H_2 oxidation reaction pathway is dominated by electrocatalysis at the oxide/gas interface with minimal contributions from the oxide/metal/gas triple-phase boundaries, even for structures with reaction-site densities approaching those of commercial SOFCs. This insight points towards ceria nanostructuring as a route to enhanced activity, rather than the traditional paradigm of metal-catalyst nanostructuring.
An Inversion Method for Measuring β in Large-Redshift Surveys

A precision method for determining the value of β = Ω/b, where b is the galaxy bias parameter, is presented. In contrast to other existing techniques that focus on estimating this quantity by measuring distortions in the redshift-space galaxy-galaxy correlation function or power spectrum, this method removes the distortions by reconstructing the real-space density field and determining the value of β that results in a symmetric signal. To remove the distortions, the method modifies the amplitudes of a Fourier plane-wave expansion of the survey data parameterized by β. This technique is not dependent on the small-angle/plane-parallel approximation and can make full use of large-redshift survey data. It has been tested using simulations with four different cosmologies and returns the value of β to ±0.031, more than a factor of 2 improvement over existing techniques.
Electron-impact excitation of atomic copper

Cross sections are calculated for excitation of Cu for elastic scattering of electrons from the 4s ground state and for excitation to excited states 3d/sup 9/4s/sup 2/, 4p, and 4d. A three-state close-coupling approximation is used for the energy range 3.8 < E < 10 eV, and a four-state one for 6 < E < 100 eV. Accurate target functions are used in the expansion. Poor agreement is obtained with renormalized experimental data of Trajmar et al.
A backward–forward regularization of the Perona–Malik equation

Abstract It is shown that the Perona–Malik equation (PME) admits a natural regularization by forward–backward diffusions possessing better analytical properties than PME itself. Well-posedness of the regularizing problem along with a complete understanding of its long time behavior can be obtained by resorting to weak Young measure valued solutions in the spirit of Kinderlehrer and Pedregal (1992) [1] and Demoulini (1996) [2] . Solutions are unique (to an extent to be specified) but can exhibit “micro-oscillations” (in the sense of minimizing sequences and in the spirit of material science) between “preferred” gradient states. In the limit of vanishing regularization, the preferred gradients have size 0 or ∞ thus explaining the well-known phenomenon of staircasing. The theoretical results do completely confirm and/or predict numerical observations concerning the generic behavior of solutions.
The Two-Hybrid System to Detect Protein-Protein Interactions

Abstract The two-hybrid system is a yeast-based genetic assay for detecting protein-protein interactions. In this method, genes encoding two hybrid proteins are constructed: one hybrid consists of the DNA-binding domain of a transcriptional activator fused to some protein "X"; the other consists of the transcriptional activation domain fused to some protein "Y". Interaction between proteins X and Y reconstitutes the function of the transcriptional activator and leads to transcription of a reporter gene containing sites for the DNA-binding domain. This system has been used successfully to analyze interactions of nuclear, cytoplasmic, mitochondrial, and membrane-associated proteins from a variety of organisms. Applications of this system include the following: (i) testing for interaction between known proteins whose genes are available; (ii) delineating the domains of two proteins involved in an interaction; (iii) identifying specific residues of a protein important for interaction with another protein; and (iv) screening libraries of activation domain hybrids to identify proteins that bind to some protein of interest.
Serials subscription payment losses: An analysis

Abstract Concern for the loss of monies is always present in the minds of many serials librarians. At one medium-sized academic library, this concern is shown to have been somewhat alleviated through the results of a study of the serials payment records over a nineteen year period. This study both identifies those sources of payment losses which create the problem and serves as a reminder that periodic reviews of the payment records are necessary for monitoring and control of the percentage of monies lost. The review is not intended to be comparative study but rather an analysis of a situation which may exist in serials departments everywhere.
Anti‐feminism in western Europe 1975–1987

This study traces the development of anti‐feminist attitude trends in Western Europe from 1975–1987. It focuses in particular on the sources of and changes in opposition to women's participation in politics by noting the percentages of Eurobarometer survey respondents who agreed in 1975, 1983, and 1987 that ‘politics should be left to men’.
Interaction of water with native collagen

The interaction of water with collagenous tissue was investigated using dynamic mechanical spectroscopy and cryogenic X-ray techniques. The loss spectrum was found to be very sensitive to water which is highly associated with the macromolecule. Two water-sensitive loss peaks were observed below 0°C: the β2 or “water dispersion” at 150°K and the β1 at 200°K which is attributed to motion of polar side chains. Changes in peak temperature and intensity were not continuous with water content, but exhibited regimes in behavior which were associated with two types of nonfreezable water, structural and bound water. In cryogenic X-ray experiments, specimens which contained some freezable water exhibited reflections identified with the cubic form of ice. These ice crystals underwent an irreversible transition to the more common hexagonal form when warmed above 200°K. On the basis of these experiments, a model for the hydration of native collagenous tissue was proposed.
The Effect of Prolactin Deficiency During Sexual Maturation in the Male Rat

The effect of prolactin deficiency on sexual development and serum hormone concentrations in male rats was investigated. Prolactin deficiency was induced by a series of sc injections of either normal rabbit serum (NRS) or rabbit antirat prolactin (ARP) beginning on Day 3 of life. The animals were sacrificied either on Day 49 or 61 and body weights and wet weights of the pituitary testis ventral prostate seminal vesicle and adrenal gland were determined. Serum concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) prolactin (PRL) and testosterone (T) were measured by radioimmunoassay. Prolactin could not be detected in the serum of ARP-treated animals. Serum LH concentrations on Day 49 were significantly (p less than .001) higher in ARP-treated rats than in NRS controls though serum concentrations of FSH and T were similar in both groups. However on Day 61 serum levels of LH FSH and T in ARP-treated animals were comparable to those in NRS controls. On Day 61 but not on Day 49 prostate and seminal vesicle weights were significantly (p less than .05) lower in ARP-treated animals compared with NRS controls. ARP did not affect body weights and weights of the pituitary testis and adrenal gland. The results suggest that prolactin inhibits LH secretion during sexual maturation in the rat and stimulates the development of secondary sex tissues.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of [Cu4(3-aminopyridine)8(μ3-OH)4]4BF4 • 2MeCN: A Novel Copper(II) Cubane

Abstract A new tetrameric copper species is formed from the reaction of 3-aminopyridine and [Cu(MeCN)4]BF4. Four molecules per unit cell crystallize in the monoclinic space group P21/c, having a = 13.2552(7) A, b = 17.8202(9) A, c = 28.527(2) A, β = 91.105(1), and a volume of 6737.1 A [3], giving a calculated density of 1.482 g/mol. 22315 reflections were observed and the structure was refined to a final R 1 = 0.063 [I > 2σ(I)]. The distorted cubic core is composed of four copper(II) cations and four μ3-OH− ions. Two pyridine nitrogen atoms from the 3-aminopyridine ligands complete the Jahn-Teller distorted square-pyramidal coordination sphere around each copper. Longer, sixth bonds on two of the copper centers are made to a bridging MeCN. Three of the BF− 4 anions participate in intramolecular O[sbnd]H … F hydrogen bonding with the bridging hydroxide ions and N[sbnd]H … F with the free amino groups, while the remaining (disordered) BF4 forms intermolecular hydrogen bonds between tetramers.
Influence of acutely altered loading conditions on left atrial appendage flow velocities

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of altered loading conditions on left atrial appendage flow velocities. Background. Although studies have suggested that Doppler analysis of left atrial appendage blood flow may have clinical utility, the hemodynamic and cardiac mechanical determinants of left atrial appendage flow are poorly understood. Methods. Transesophageal Doppler echocardiography was performed in eight atrially paced anesthetized dogs instrumented with sonomicrometers on the left atrial appendage and the left ventricular minor axis and with left atrial and left ventricular micromanometers. Left atrial appendage emptying and filling velocities corresponding to early and late ventricular diastole, respectively, were measured using volume expansion and phenylephrine infusion. Results. Volume infusion caused a significant decrease in the early to late emptying and filling ratios (mean ± SD 0.85 ± 0.24 vs. 0.46 ± 0.17 and 0.80 ± 0.50 vs. 0.40 ± 0.20, both p < 0.05). By contrast, phenylephrine infusion did not significantly alter either filling or emptying ratio. The independent determinants of each flow wave were identified with multiple regression analysis: early emptying velocity—time constant of left ventricular relaxation, left ventricular end-systolic dimension and aortic pressure (r = 0.75, p < 0.001); late emptying velocity—left ventricular peak positive time derivative of left ventricular pressure (dPdt) and fractional shortening (r = 0.74, p < 0.001); early filling velocity—left atrial appendage shortening fraction (r = 0.45, p = 0.01) and late filling velocity—left atrial appendage lengthening rate and left ventricular fractional shortening (r = 0.56, p < 0.01). Conclusions. These results indicate that 1) both the magnitude and the pattern of left atriai appendage emptying and filling velocities are dependent on loading conditions, and 2) left atrial appendage velocities are influenced to a greater extent by changes in left ventricular than in left atrial appendage function. These findings may have implications for the pathogenesis of left atrial appendage thrombi.
Reduction in Dental X-Ray Exposures During the Past 60 Years

Exposure of patients to X rays from dental radiographic procedures is currently of great concern. In this study, the radiation from a 1920 dental X-ray machine and a 1980 machine are measured, and the findings are compared.
A student-designed and student-led sexual-history-taking module for second-year medical students.

Background: Sexual history taking is a core clinical skill for all physicians, yet many medical schools do not adequately address this important topic within the curriculum. This article describes a sexual-history-taking module that was initiated, designed, and presented by 2nd-year medical students for their peers as part of the required Introduction to Clinical Medicine (ICM) course. Description: As part of this module, a group of 2nd-year medical students developed a large-group presentation and small-group role play cases to enhance students' basic sexual-history-taking skills in challenging situations, teach ways to ask nonjudgmental questions, and introduce legal issues that may arise. Under faculty supervision, the students recruited and trained peer and faculty facilitators and designed, developed, and analyzed the survey evaluation tools. Evaluation: Both the students and facilitators completed an anonymous questionnaire within 1 to 4 weeks of completing the activity. Of the 92 students completin...
Product demonstrator: a system for up-front testing of user-related product features

Prototypes and models have been used to obtain information on detailed engineering parameters of design for quite some time. Prototypes reduce complexity in the design process by providing a platform for empirical testing of design assumptions. Unfortunately, the production of sufficiently complex prototypes for products such as hand-held mobile terminals, which incorporate both physical and data features, has been costly and time consuming. Thus it has been difficult to use them to generate up-front data such as details of customer needs. To address this problem, the notions of virtual prototypes, use of several successive prototype rounds, and partial prototypes have been put forth. The use of virtual prototypes has been useful, but the lack of a physical domain in them has been a limiting factor in product concept testing and user feedback studies. Resorting to several prototyping rounds has taken into account the need to take in customer feedback between design iterations and has allowed changes to be...
Vibrationally resolved collisions in cold hydrogen plasma

Abstract Slow collisions (0.5–100 eV) of hydrogen atoms and ions with vibrationally excited hydrogen molecules and molecular ions are studied using fully quantal (below 10 eV) and semi-classical approaches. Considered transitions include charge transfer, excitation, dissociation, three-body diatomic association, as well as energy and angular spectra of dissociation fragments. Mutual relations of various elastic and inelastic processes, the relevant physical mechanisms governing vibrational dynamics in inelastic channels and comparison of the fully quantal and semi-classical results are also reported.
Intersections: Teaching Research Through a Rhetorical Lens

Abstract Use of a rhetorical framework provides an effective tool for teaching undergraduate students the research process. The authors, a reference librarian and a writing instructor, explore a teaching strategy (model) that has evolved through their work in an undergraduate writing course. The three-stage model introduces students to their field of research as eavesdropping on, then entering into, and finally engaging with an ongoing scholarly conversation.
Site-specific Phosphorylation of the p65 Protein Subunit Mediates Selective Gene Expression by Differential NF-κB and RNA Polymerase II Promoter Recruitment

Phosphorylation of NF-κB plays an important role in modulating transcriptional activity of NF-κB independently of inhibitor of κB (IκB) proteins. For the p65 subunit, multiple phosphorylation sites have been mapped in and adjacent to both the N-terminal Rel homology domain and the C-terminal transactivation domain. Their impact on NF-κB-dependent transcription, however, has never been assessed at a broader level. In this study, we evaluate the importance of differential p65 phosphorylation on four serine acceptor sites in the Rel homology domain for the expression of an array of NF-κB-dependent genes in endothelial cells. We find that inhibition of p65 phosphorylation on these serine residues targets NF-κB activity to distinctive gene subsets in a κB enhancer element-specific context. We show that the phosphorylation-dependent alterations in gene and protein expression are reflective of the amount of p65 and phosphorylated RNA polymerase II (p-RNAP II) bound to respective gene promoter regions. Depending on the gene subset, impaired gene expression was either a result of decreased p65 promoter recruitment or of a failure of bound p65 to recruit p-RNAP II. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that site-specific p65 phosphorylation targets NF-κB activity to particular gene subsets on a global level by influencing p65 and p-RNAP II promoter recruitment.
The identity of the current carriers in canine lingual epithelium in vitro

Abstract Ion transport across the lingual epithelium has been implicated as an early event in gustatory transduction. The fluxes of isotopically labelled Na+ and Cl− were measured across isolated canine dorsal lingual epithelium under short-circuit conditions. The epithelium actively absorbs Na+ and to a lesser extent actively secretes Cl−. Under symmetrical conditions with Krebs-Henseleit buffer on both sides, (1) Na+ absorption accounts for 46% of the short-circuit current ( I sc ); (2) there are two transcellular Na+ pathways, one amiloride-sensitive and one amiloride-insensitive; (3) ouabain, added to the serosal solution, inhibits both I sc and active Na+ absorption. When hyperosmotic (0.25 M) NaCl is placed in the mucosal bath, both I sc and Na+ absorption increase; net Na+ absorption is at least as much as I sc . Ion substitution studies indicate that the tissue may transport a variety of larger ions, though not as effectively as Na+ and Cl−. Thus we have shown that the lingual epithelium, like other epithelia of the gastrointestinal tract, actively transports ions. However, it is unusual both in its response to hyperosmotic solutions and in the variety of ions that support a transepithelial short-circuit current. Since sodium ion transport under hyperosmotic conditions has been shown to correlate well with the gustatory neural response, the variety of ions transported may likewise indicate a wider role for transport in taste transduction.
Primary Acute Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection of Intestinal Lymphoid Tissue Is Associated with Gastrointestinal Dysfunction

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated intestinal abnormalities can occur before immunodeficiency or infection with opportunistic enteropathogens. Rhesus macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) develop an AIDS-like illness that frequently includes enteropathy. The development of enteropathy and its association with SIV infection in the intestinal tract was examined. By 1 week after infection, SIV-infected macrophages and T lymphocytes were detected in gut-associated lymphoid tissue. In contrast to findings in the asymptomatic stage, SIV-infected macrophages were numerous in primary and terminal stages of infection. An acute enteropathy syndrome was observed in the primary acute stage of infection. Functional abnormalities of absorptive epithelium, indicated by D-xylose malabsorption and decreased sucrase activity, occurred before the onset of diarrhea or opportunistic enteric infections. These findings indicate that macrophages and T cells in the intestinal tract are early targets of SIV infection and may play a critical role in the development of SIV-associated intestinal dysfunction.
Creating Hope Through Employment for People Who are Homeless or in Transitional Housing

Persons with significant disabilities, especially those with problems relating to mental illness and/or substance abuse, face numerous challenges in securing employment. The program described in this article, Hope, Vocations, Progress (HVP) of Columbia River Mental Health Services (CRMHS) in Vancouver, WA, represents an aggressive strategy to facilitate the entry into work for persons with significant disabilities of mental illness and/or substance abuse, who also are in need of shelter, transitional housing, and other life supports. HVP was funded under a Rehabilitation Services Administration (RSA) demonstration grant and includes as its key partners a comprehensive community mental health center, a transitional housing program for women who are exoffenders, and a homeless shelter system. The program design is examined and program results through 39 months of a 60-month cycle are provided. The author examines the impact of the program to date, its strengths and weaknesses in relation to evidence-based p...
Update on Australia's National Reference Stations

The scope of Australia's National Reference Stations has been progressively expanded with funding from the Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS). From the original three sites around the Australian coastline a further six sites have now been established and instrumented. Besides the deployment of sensors there has been an expansion of the original once- monthly water sampling at each site for the measurement of further parameters, both physical and biological. The deployment of the initial infrastructure and sampling is nearing completion. Additional sensors to study remotely sensed ocean color products, ocean acidification and backscatter proxies for zooplankton have recently been funded. With these new sensors the scientific rationale of the NRS has changed emphasis, with the sites been primarily seen as providing biological oceanography data streams while having a support function for measurements of boundary currents and cross shelf processes.
Electromagnetic properties of natural expansive soils under one-dimensional deformation

Macroscopic behavior of expansive soil is governed by surface forces rather than gravitational forces. These physicochemical surface forces can be investigated through two electromagnetic properties in response to an applied electromagnetic field as real (relative) permittivity, κ′, and effective (electrical) conductivity, σ. This paper presents the results of dielectric measurements on four natural expansive soils using 1–100 MHz electromagnetic waves in two different test setups. The equipment setup, calibration process and measurement limitations are evaluated, and the dielectric spectra, in terms of the dispersion of real permittivity/effective conductivity with frequency, are presented. A procedure is presented to quantify the thickness of a fully developed diffuse double layer (DDL). The influence of salt concentration on DDL, as well as the dielectric responses, is assessed. Two parameters of special physical meaning are defined in the article: $${\upkappa} _{{{\text{inf}}}}^{\prime }$$ , representative of the dielectric response by sample mineralogy, microstructure and saturation ratio, and σdc, combining the roles assumed by both surface conduction and pore fluid conduction. Evaluation is attempted on their magnitudes at the optimum compaction state and evolutions at different one-dimensional deforming stages. Extensive analysis is performed on the roles of $${\upkappa} _{{{\text{inf}}}}^{\prime }$$ and σdc on the hydration status and structural anisotropy of an oedometer sample.
Use of Pyrosequencing Technology to Genotype Imidazolinone-Tolerant Wheat

15 16 Cultivars of several cereal crops have been developed with acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) 17 insensitivity to imidazolinone herbicides and are now an important tool for weed management. 18 Options for screening for imidazolinone resistant lines include direct herbicide application, 19 biochemical assays for AHAS activity and DNA-based methods. Herbicide and biochemical 20 assays for AHAS activity provide limited information as to mutation copy number and provide 21 no information as to the genome on which the mutation is located without extensive test 22 crossing. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) can have between one and six copies of the resistant 23 acetohydroxyacid synthase on any of three genomes. A novel DNA-based screening protocol is 24 described here in which pyrosequencing is used to screen for the S653N imidazolinone tolerant 25 mutation in wheat. One assay is shown to successfully detect zero to four copies of the S653N 26 mutation, while additional assays can detect the presence of S653N in individual wheat genomes. 27 All of these assays are based on a single 298-bp PCR fragment and can be easily scaled up or 28 down depending on the number lines that need to be screened. Potential applications include 29 detection of mutant copy number in segregating populations, and the selection of parental lines 30 with genome specific mutant composition. 31 32 Crop Science: Posted 24 June 2013; doi: 10.2135/cropsci2013.01.0048
The Emission of Secondary Electrons Under High Energy Positive Ion Bombardment

The yield of secondary electrons from metallic surfaces produced by high energy positive ions has been measured for the energy range 43 to 426 kv. Cold targets of Mo, Pb, Al and Cu were bombarded by protons, $\mathrm{H}_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{+}$ ions and ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ ions. For protons the yield decreased from approximately 4 at low energies to approximately 2 at high energies. For $\mathrm{H}_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{+}$ ions the yields were more nearly constant with energy and about equal to 6. No great dependence of the yield on the kind of metal used was detected. The yield of secondaries from Mo under ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ bombardment was approximately 13 and varied very slowly with the energy. The great majority of the secondaries had energies less than 30 volts in all cases. The electrostatic generator and associated high voltage apparatus is of a type which has been described before. However, several new features in the design and operation are described in detail here. The proton source is of the low voltage, capillary type and delivers 50 \ensuremath{\mu}a of focused ions of which approximately 50 percent are protons. This arc has been in operation for a year without replacement.
Understanding Web Credibility: A Synthesis of the Research Literature

As more of our communication, commerce, and personal data goes online, credibility becomes an increasingly important issue. How do we determine if our e-commerce sites, our healthcare sites, or our online communication partners are credible? This paper examines the research literature in the area of web credibility. This review starts by examining the cognitive foundations of credibility. Other sections of the paper examine not only the general credibility of web sites, but also online communication, such as e-mail, instant messaging, and online communities. Training and education, as well as future issues (such as CAPTCHAs and phishing), will be addressed. The implications for multiple populations (users, web developers, browser designers, and librarians) will be discussed.
Financial support of continuing medical education.

CONTINUING MEDICAL EDUCATION (CME) IS A MULTIbillion-dollar industry. In 2006, the CME providers accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME) had a total income of $2.38 billion. In 1998, the income was $889 million, and most had come from the registration fees of participants or sponsoring organizations. Since 2003, however, most of the income for CME providers has come from industry. CommercialsupportforCMEaccreditedbytheACCMEquadrupled between 1998 and 2006–from $302 million to $1.2 billion–and doubled from other sources. In 2006, the combined for-profit support (commercial support andadvertising and exhibit income) represented 60.6% of total income. An industry magazine stated in its annual medical education report:“Forcontinuingeducationtocontinue,commercial funding must remain healthy. The future of CME depends on it.” The profit margin for ACCME-accredited providers increased from 5.5% in 1998 to 31.0% in 2006. The 3 main types of CME providers are physician member organizations, publishing and education companies, and medical schools. In 2006, their margins were 46.3%, 34.7%, and 20.7%, respectively. Nonprofit organizations often use CME revenue to subsidize other activities. Continuing medical education has become so heavily dependent on support from pharmaceutical and medical device companies that the medical profession may have lost control over its own continuing education. Commercial funding may inherently distort education and practice to the detriment of physicians and patients, regardless of the various safeguards to protect the integrity of the enterprise. Problems associated with commercial support of CME, current safeguards, and other approaches to funding are discussed below.
Adaptive sensors and sensor networks for structural health monitoring

Conflicting levels of spatial and temporal scales often hamper using sensor systems to monitor the health of large structures. Some structures, such as dams, bridges and pipelines can be huge, with spans often measured in kilometers. These structures also have lifetimes that can be measured in terms of decades and occasionally even centuries. However, damage to the structure is often localized both spatially and temporally. Cracks are very local events. The critical loading on the structure and/or the occurrence of critical damage may occur on time scales that are very short compared to the lifetime of the structure. Detecting and determining the extent of damage in a structure under these circumstances is often difficult. It is usually uneconomical to cover a large structure with a dense array of sensors that sample at high speed continuously. One possible solution is to have the sensor system be adaptable to changes in the structural health and to key events. This paper will discuss several strategies that can be used in adaptive structural sensing systems. One approach is to use an array of localized data processors with sophisticated trigger and data preprocessing algorithms that only send pertinent data to a central data logger/processor. Another approach is to use imaging systems, such as visible light images or those obtained from ground penetrating radar, to identify potential damage sites that require closer inspection, or squinting, of the imaging system. These could be coupled with a robotic inspection system that changes its inspection route based on the condition of the structure, or the occurrence of a possible damage-causing event, such as an earthquake.
13C CIDNP derived from a 1,4-biradical generated in a norrish type II photolysis

Abstract NorRIsh type II photolysis of 1-benzoyl-1-methylcyclopentane, labeled with 13 C in the carbonyl position, produces emissive CIDNP in the cyclization product. The polarization is consistent with the formation of a 1,4-biradical with a singlet ground state. By comparing this result with those for other biradicals, inferences are drawn about possible factors governing the singlet—triplet splittings of biradicals.
Evaluation of an extremely flatulent patient ☆: Case report and proposed diagnostic and therapeutic approach

We recently encountered a patient with severe flatulence who previously had been subjected to innumerable diagnostic tests and ineffective therapies based on the belief that his rectal gas was produced in the colon. Analysis of three flatus samples demonstrated that nitrogen (N2) was the predominant flatus gas whereas the three gases produced in the gut (CO2, H2 [hydrogen], and CH4 [methane]) comprised <16% of rectal gas. This result plus a series of other diagnostic tests clearly indicated that the patient's flatus was derived almost entirely from swallowed air. Based on this case, the present report summarizes available data on excessive flatulence and suggests a rational approach to the patient complaining of this problem. Particular emphasis is placed upon a sequential strategy consisting of: 1) a count of flatus passages to determine if the subject truly is abnormal (normal: <20 passages/day); 2) an analysis of flatus to determine if the flatus originates from swallowed air (predominantly nitrogen) or intraluminal production (predominantly CO2, H2, and CH4); and 3) treatment based upon the origin of the rectal gas.
A CONCEPTUAL AND (PRELIMINARY) NORMATIVE EXPLORATION OF WASTE

In this paper, I first argue that waste is best understood as (a) any process wherein something useful becomes less useful and that produces less benefit than is lost—where benefit and usefulness are understood with reference to the same metric—or (b) the result of such a process. I next argue for the immorality of waste. My concluding suggestions are that (W1) if one person needs something for her preservation and a second person has it, is avoidably wasting it, and refuses to allow the first to make some greater use of it, the second may be morally wrong and that (W2) if one person needs something for her preservation understood according to her metric and a second person has it, is avoidably wasting it according to his own metric, and refuses to allow the first to make some greater use of it, the second is morally wrong.
Magnetic properties of antiferromagnetic superlattices

The temperature dependence of the magnetic properties of magnetic superlattices by using the Bethe approximation to the inhomogeneous Ising model is studied. A self‐consistent equation which determines the variation of the magnetic moment for any layer thicknesses is derived. In particular, the crossover from bulk‐dominated behavior for large thicknesses of layers to interface‐dominated behavior for small thicknesses is discussed. The results both qualitatively and quantitatively differ from mean‐field theory; the experimental observation for FeF2/CoF2 and CoO/NiO superlattices is explained.
Warfarin Causes Rapid Calcification of the Elastic Lamellae in Rat Arteries and Heart Valves

Abstract —High doses of warfarin cause focal calcification of the elastic lamellae in the media of major arteries and in aortic heart valves in the rat. Aortic calcification was first seen after 2 weeks of warfarin treatment and progressively increased in density at 3, 4, and 5 weeks of treatment. By 5 weeks, the highly focal calcification of major arteries could be seen on radiographs and by visual inspection of the artery. The calcification of arteries induced by warfarin is similar to that seen in the matrix Gla protein (MGP)–deficient mouse, which suggests that warfarin induces artery calcification by inhibiting γ-carboxylation of MGP and thereby inactivating the putative calcification-inhibitory activity of the protein. Warfarin treatment markedly increased the levels of MGP mRNA and protein in calcifying arteries and decreased the level of MGP in serum. Warfarin treatment did not affect bone growth, overall weight gain, or serum calcium and phosphorus levels, and, because of the concurrent administration of vitamin K, prothrombin times and hematocrits were normal. The results indicate that the improved warfarin plus vitamin K treatment protocol developed in this study should provide a useful model to investigate the role of MGP in preventing calcification of arteries and heart valves.
Differential effects of 5,6-EET on segmental pulmonary vasoactivity in the rabbit.

In the rabbit, 5,6-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) was reported both to dilate and to constrict pulmonary blood vessels. We propose that these seemingly contradictory results could be explained by d...
Status of School Entry Requirements for Varicella Vaccination and Vaccination Coverage 11 Years after Implementation of the Varicella Vaccination Program

We reviewed progress toward adoption of day care and school entry requirements in each state and the District of Columbia (DC) and compared varicella vaccination coverage by state to year of implementation of day care entry requirements. By the start of the 2006-2007 school year, 46 states (92%) and DC had implemented entry requirements for varicella vaccination. Between 1997 and 2005, national varicella vaccination coverage among children 19-35 months of age increased from 25.8% to 87.9%. Implementation of day care entry requirements in 2000 or earlier was associated with higher vaccination coverage (> or =90%; P=.002). Implementation of day care and school entry requirements for varicella vaccination is an important strategy for achieving and maintaining high vaccination coverage among preschool- and school-aged children in the United States. The newly adopted vaccine policy recommendation of 2 doses of varicella vaccine for all school-aged children should be incorporated into the states' school entry requirements.
The Future of Restoration and Management of Prairie-Oak Ecosystems in the Pacific Northwest

Abstract The 24 papers in this issue of Northwest Science summarize research and management presented at a 2010 meeting convened by the Cascadia Prairie-Oak Partnership, a collaboration focusing on the prairie/oak ecosystems of the Willamette Valley-Puget Trough-Georgia Basin ecoregion. We present an overview that builds on these papers to consider future threats and conservation priorities in these systems. Human population growth, encroachment by woody vegetation, the spread of invasive non-native organisms, and climatic changes all will provide future challenges. Developing and implementing techniques to abate these threats will require effective collaboration, creative research, and innovative management of natural areas. One priority will be the restoration of highly degraded habitats to increase acreage of native ecosystems, create buffers, and enhance connectivity. Other priorities will focus on detecting and eradicating newly-arrived invasives, enhancing species diversity and habitat heterogeneity...
LEADERSHIP AND PERFORMANCE BEYOND EXPECTATIONS

The article reviews the book "Leadership and Performance Beyond Expectations," by Bernard M. Bass.
CALCULATION OF REFRACTIVE INDEX OF A GLASS AS A DIRECT FUNCTION OF ITS COMPOSITION

Methods have been presented for the direct calculation of refractive index of a glass from its composition. For a given region of composition and structure of silicate glasses, defined by the ratio of Si to the total number of oxygen, or NSi, the excess refractive index (n— 1) is found to be linearly additive of composition. Equations and constants are given for various expressions of composition, including the weight percentages. Part of the constants have physical significance since they represent the refractive-index contribution of the components concerned.
Device Area Scale-Up and Improvement of SWNT/Si Solar Cells Using Silver Nanowires

DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201400186 Si solar cells. This difference becomes more problematic during the scale up to larger size cells, because the total resistive power loss per unit area ( P R ) scales with the cell area. [ 17 ] P R is given by / / R S max 2 s max 2 S max 2 P R I A R J A A R AJ ( ) = = = , where R s is the series resistance in the device, A is the device area, I max and J max are the cell current and current density in the maximum power output respectively. This equation illustrates that the P R is proportional to the product of the series resistance and the area ( R s A ), which directly scales with the cell area. As a result, all the CNT/Si and graphene/Si solar cells with high effi ciency (>10%) reported in the literature are limited with very small junction area (<15 mm 2 ), while the cells with large junction area (≈50 mm 2 ) suffers from very poor effi ciencies (≈1.3%) ( Table 1 ). Besides the effi ciency, a drastic degradation of other device parameters is also observed with a scale-up of the junction-area. For example, Shi et al. reported that the fi ll factor decreased from 72% to 50% when the junction area of graphene/Si solar cells increased from 4.7 mm 2 to 14.5 mm 2 . [ 10 ] A similar reduction of fi ll factor from 45% to 38% was also observed in the scale up of organic solar cells from 2.4 mm 2 to 1.13 cm 2 . [ 18 ]
Dorsal eye selector pannier (pnr) suppresses the eye fate to define dorsal margin of the Drosophila eye

Axial patterning is crucial for organogenesis. During Drosophila eye development, dorso-ventral (DV) axis determination is the first lineage restriction event. The eye primordium begins with a default ventral fate, on which the dorsal eye fate is established by expression of the GATA-1 transcription factor pannier (pnr). Earlier, it was suggested that loss of pnr function induces enlargement in the dorsal eye due to ectopic equator formation. Interestingly, we found that in addition to regulating DV patterning, pnr suppresses the eye fate by downregulating the core retinal determination genes eyes absent (eya), sine oculis (so) and dacshund (dac) to define the dorsal eye margin. We found that pnr acts downstream of Ey and affects the retinal determination pathway by suppressing eya. Further analysis of the "eye suppression" function of pnr revealed that this function is likely mediated through suppression of the homeotic gene teashirt (tsh) and is independent of homothorax (hth), a negative regulator of eye. Pnr expression is restricted to the peripodial membrane on the dorsal eye margin, which gives rise to head structures around the eye, and pnr is not expressed in the eye disc proper that forms the retina. Thus, pnr has dual function, during early developmental stages pnr is involved in axial patterning whereas later it promotes the head specific fate. These studies will help in understanding the developmental regulation of boundary formation of the eye field on the dorsal eye margin.
Rootstock-to-scion transfer of transgene-derived small interfering RNAs and their effect on virus resistance in nontransgenic sweet cherry

Summary Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are silencing signals in plants. Virus-resistant transgenic rootstocks developed through siRNA-mediated gene silencing may enhance virus resistance of nontransgenic scions via siRNAs transported from the transgenic rootstocks. However, convincing evidence of rootstock-to-scion movement of siRNAs of exogenous genes in woody plants is still lacking. To determine whether exogenous siRNAs can be transferred, nontransgenic sweet cherry (scions) was grafted on transgenic cherry rootstocks (TRs), which was transformed with an RNA interference (RNAi) vector expressing short hairpin RNAs of the genomic RNA3 of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV-hpRNA). Small RNA sequencing was conducted using bud tissues of TRs and those of grafted (rootstock/scion) trees, locating at about 1.2 m above the graft unions. Comparison of the siRNA profiles revealed that the PNRSV-hpRNA was efficient in producing siRNAs and eliminating PNRSV in the TRs. Furthermore, our study confirmed, for the first time, the long-distance (1.2 m) transfer of PNRSV-hpRNA-derived siRNAs from the transgenic rootstock to the nontransgenic scion in woody plants. Inoculation of nontransgenic scions with PNRSV revealed that the transferred siRNAs enhanced PNRSV resistance of the scions grafted on the TRs. Collectively, these findings provide the foundation for ‘using transgenic rootstocks to produce products of nontransgenic scions in fruit trees'.