cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exome sequencing identifies a mutation in OFD1 in a male with Joubert syndrome, orofaciodigital spectrum anomalies and complex polydactyly

Orofaciodigital syndrome type 1 or oral–facial–digital syndrome type 1 (OFDS1, OMIM #311200) is an X-linked malformation syndrome caused by hemizygous mutations in the OFD1 (OMIM #300170) gene with presumed male lethality. Recently males with OFDS1 and mutations in OFD1 have been described. We report a 17-year-old male with molar tooth sign, small cerebellum with absence of the cerebellar vermis, complex polydactyly with a Y-shaped metacarpal, renal failure and craniofacial anomalies caused by a novel splice-mutation (c.1129+4A>T) in the OFD1 gene identified by exome sequencing.
François Noël (1651–1729) a jeho latinské překlady konfuciánských klasických knih vydané v Praze v roce 1711

Prvni setkani Evropy s konfucianismem se připisuje jesuitům, kteři působili v Cině v 16. až 18. stoleti. Na pocatku byl překlad uvodu k Da xue 大學 do latiny, publikovaný v Řimě roku 1593. Nicmeně, prvni překlad konfucianských klasických knih, jenž přitahl znacnou pozornost, byl Confucius Sinarum Philosophus , publikovaný v Pařiži v roce 1687. Tato publikace obsahovala komentovaný překlad tři ze Ctyř knih konfucianskeho kanonu. Nový překlad uvedených knih byl vydan v Praze v roce 1711. Jeho autorem byl Francois Noel (1651–1729), belgický (vlamský) basnik, dramatik a jezuita v Cině. Jeho Sinensis Imperii Libri Classici Sex obsahovaly nový překlad prvnich tři z již dřive přeložených Ctyř knih a byl doplněn o Mencia ( Mengzi 孟子). V teto sve knize rovněž zahrnul i Klasickou knihu synovske ucty ( Xiao jing 孝經), jednu z třinacti klasických knih, a Male ci Zakladni uceni ( Xiao Xue 小學), sbirku textů pro děti pořizenou Zhu Xim 朱熹. Překlady jsou rozděleny do malých, cislovaných oddilů, stejně jako cinský original. Pokud jsou uvedeny poznamky, casto na konci useku, jsou obvykle doprovazeny jmenem komentatora. Noelova prace se jevi jako důležitý pokus o vědeckou prezentaci starověkeho textu, snad v zaměrnem kontrastu k cilům jesuitů, kteři sestavili knihu Confucius Sinarum Philosophus o půl stoleti dřive.
Seizure Forecasting and the Preictal State in Canine Epilepsy

The ability to predict seizures may enable patients with epilepsy to better manage their medications and activities, potentially reducing side effects and improving quality of life. Forecasting epileptic seizures remains a challenging problem, but machine learning methods using intracranial electroencephalographic (iEEG) measures have shown promise. A machine-learning-based pipeline was developed to process iEEG recordings and generate seizure warnings. Results support the ability to forecast seizures at rates greater than a Poisson random predictor for all feature sets and machine learning algorithms tested. In addition, subject-specific neurophysiological changes in multiple features are reported preceding lead seizures, providing evidence supporting the existence of a distinct and identifiable preictal state.
Hypertension Management in Transition: From CKD to ESRD

Hypertension is present in ∼90% of patients in late-stage CKD. There are scarce data focusing on the transition period between CKD Stages 4 and 5 (end-stage kidney disease) as it relates to hypertension evaluation and management. Here, we propose that a combination of the principles used in the management of patients with CKD Stages 4 and 5 be applied to patients in this transition. These include the use of out-of-office blood pressure (BP) monitoring (eg, home BP), avoidance of excessively tight BP goals, emphasis of sodium restriction, preferential use of blockers of the renin-angiotensin system and diuretics, and consideration of the use of beta blockers.
Bifacial photodetector using CZTS absorber material

This paper present a new “Bifacial photodetector” using CZTS absorber material. A device has been fabricated using fluorinated tin oxide (FTO) coated glass substrate. This substrate is utilized for growth of thin CZTS layer. CZTS layer was synthesized using electrodeposition of tri-layer stacks and subsequent elevated temperature sulfurization. Prior to device fabrication electrical characterization of CZTS thin film was performed. Results show a significant reduction of film resistance during illumination. A complete photosensor was fabricated using additional steps of CdS chemical bath deposition and subsequent ZnO sputtering. A Labview controlled system was used to monitor change in potential across photosensor terminal during illumination. It was observed that both front and rear illumination produces a potential increment when multiplied by Labview and a control board to illuminate a light emitting diode. This bifacial device can be more useful than a conventional photodiode as it provide more angular range for light signal detection.
Extreme Vertebral Collapse

A 97-year-old woman presented with new, severe pain in her back around the T12 level. She had experienced compression fractures before but had never had vertebroplasty. She had mild age-related medical problems and was ambulatory with minimal assistance before this injury. Her pain was focal and without radicular symptoms. The pain was worse with standing and bending. She did not tolerate strong analgesics and therefore was made basically immobile by the new problem.
Chapter 11 – Symmetrization of the effective stress tensor

Publisher Summary The aim of this chapter is to provide a solid mathematical basis for symmetrization methods of the effective stress tensor, and justification for their use and validity. The effective stress tensor is examined within the framework of continuum damage mechanics. For a general state of deformation and damage, it is seen that the effective stress tensor is usually not symmetric. Therefore, its symmetrization is necessary for a continuum theory to be valid. There are three types of symmetrization methods: explicit symmetrization, square root symmetrization, and implicit symmetrization. These three symmetrization methods are compared, and certain recommendations are made regarding their suitability. This chapter concludes that the explicit method produces higher damage effect values, thus resulting in higher effective stresses than the other two methods. The implicit method produces the lowest symmetrized stress values. All three symmetrization methods display qualitatively the same variation of the damage effect tensor. Only the explicit and implicit symmetrization methods depict more accurately the physics of the material damage behavior.
Conversation as a model to build the relationship among libraries, digital humanities, and campus leadership

By committing to two conversation-based concepts, David Lankes's Mission for New Librarians and the “Scholarship as Conversation” Information Literacy Frame, Bethel University's Library has establi...
Characteristics and Significance of Sodium-Dependent, High Affinity Choline Uptake

The notion that choline (Ch) transport is an important aspect of a functioning cholinergic nerve terminal has long been suspected and now seems firmly established. In a classic study of acetylcholine (ACh) metabolism in the sympathetic ganglion of the cat, Birks and MacIntosh (5) made the following statements, which in light of the developments of the last 15 years are indeed remarkable: “. . . the nerve endings must be remarkably efficient in extracting choline from the extracellular fluid. The superior cervical ganglion preparation of the cat. . . will continue to release acetylcholine. . . during an indefinitely long period of preganglionic stimulation. This acetylcholine must be derived from plasma choline. . . the nerve endings are therefore able to take up and acetylate choline supplied to the ganglion during the few seconds required for the plasma to pass through the ganglionic vessels. Since choline as a quaternary base diffuses slowly into most cells, and since the nerve endings can form only a small part of the bulk of the ganglion, this fact is rather remarkable. It suggests that the endings. . . must be provided with some special mechanism for the entry of choline ions. . .. it seems very likely that some sort of choline carrier, located in a membrane lying between the extracellular fluid and the sites of acetylcholine formation, is a constant feature of cholinergic mechanisms.” (5).
May the force be with you

How strong is the bond formed between a protein and its ligand? Individual protein-ligand pairs can be pulled apart experimentally, and the force required to do so measured using atomic force microscopy. But, according to a new study, that's not the end of the story — the strength of the bond may also depend on how hard and fast you pull.
Inverse measurement of wall pressure field in flexible-wall wind tunnels using global wall deformation data

The Kevlar-wall anechoic wind tunnel offers great value to the aeroacoustics research community, affording the capability to make simultaneous aeroacoustic and aerodynamic measurements. While the aeroacoustic potential of the Kevlar-wall test section is already being leveraged, the aerodynamic capability of these test sections is still to be fully realized. The flexibility of the Kevlar walls suggests the possibility that the internal test section flow may be characterized by precisely measuring small deflections of the flexible walls. Treating the Kevlar fabric walls as tensioned membranes with known pre-tension and material properties, an inverse stress problem arises where the pressure distribution over the wall is sought as a function of the measured wall deflection. Experimental wall deformations produced by the wind loading of an airfoil model are measured using digital image correlation and subsequently projected onto polynomial basis functions which have been formulated to mitigate the impact of measurement noise based on a finite-element study. Inserting analytic derivatives of the basis functions into the equilibrium relations for a membrane, full-field pressure distributions across the Kevlar walls are computed. These inversely calculated pressures, after being validated against an independent measurement technique, can then be integrated along the length of the test section to give the sectional lift of the airfoil. Notably, these first-time results are achieved with a non-contact technique and in an anechoic environment.
“Here the Professors Are Your Guide, Tus Guías”: Latina/o Student Validating Experiences With Faculty at a Hispanic-Serving Community College:

Through interviews with nine Latina/o students enrolled in a 2-year Hispanic-Serving Institution (HSI), this study examined their interactions with faculty utilizing validation theory as a guiding ...
Writing the Selfie: Using Selfies to Practice Character Presentation and Rhetorical Discourse

“The Selfie Project” is the final assignment in an upper-level undergraduate course on writing with digital and social media. The assignment intends to increase students' awareness of their everyday practices by asking them to critically analyze the act of taking pictures of themselves. Selfies have become an integral part of students' daily lives. For example, students post selfies on social media, they take selfies at parties and on vacation, and they use them to connect with their communities. Though they might seem inconsequential, selfies are rhetorically rich sites of character presentation in the world of social media: practicing their composition offers students a novel way to enhance understanding of character presentation in social media. With this assignment, students successfully brainstorm, compose, and revise rhetorical content in a genre they are already culturally familiar with.
Synthesis of Part Orienting Devices for Spatial Assembly Tasks

A novel dimensional synthesis technique for solving the mixed exact and approximate motion synthesis problem for spherical RR kinematic chains is presented. The methodology uses an analytic representation of the spherical RR dyad’s rigid body constraint equation in combination with classical geometric constructions for exact motion synthesis to yield designs that exactly reach two of the prescribed orientations while approximating the remaining. The result is a mixed exact and approximate motion dimensional synthesis technique that is applicable to spherical open and closed kinematic chains. Here, we specifically address the design of spherical RR open and 4R closed chains since they form the foundation of a new class of devices being developed called PODs or Part Orienting Devices. An example that demonstrates the synthesis technique is included.
A file system bypassing volatile main memory: towards a single-level persistent store

Existing persistent memory (PM) based file systems rely on a DRAM and PM hybrid store. Although a hybrid store does boost system performance while avoiding some current PM limitations like limited endurance, we envision that with more advances PM technologies could provide applications with a single-level persistent store in the not-so-distant future. As a first step to explore this direction, in this paper we design, implement, and evaluate a new persistent memory file system called SPFS (Single-level Persistent File System), which completely bypasses conventional DRAM-based volatile main memory. Unlike all existing PM-based file systems, SPFS never leverages DRAM to manage its metadata. Thus, redundant copies of metadata in volatile main memory (e.g., a copy of an inode in DRAM) and data movements between the two memories (e.g., copying an inode from PM to DRAM) can be totally eliminated. The goal of this paper is to explore how to manage files and their metadata with guaranteed data consistency on PM without the support of DRAM, which makes a first step towards the ultimate success of a single-level persistent store. Our experimental results demonstrate that SPFS outperforms traditional DRAM-based in-memory file systems ramfs and tmpfs in most cases. Besides, its performance is only moderately worse than that of NOVA, a state-of-the-art PM-based file system.
Determination of Nanoparticle Macrotransport Coefficients from Pore Scale Processes

Nanoparticle transport in porous media is modeled using a hierarchical set of differential equations corresponding to pore scale and macroscale. At the pore scale, movement and interaction of a single particle with a solid matrix is modeled using the advection–dispersion–sorption equation. A single nanoparticle entering the space encounters viscous, diffusion and surface forces. Surface forces (electrostatic and van der Waals forces) between nanoparticles and mineral grains appear as sorption propensity on solid matrix boundary condition. These local events are then transformed into a macroscale continuum by imposing periodic boundary conditions for contiguous unit cells representing porous media and using a scheme of moment analysis. At the macroscale, propagation and retention of particles are characterized by three position-independent coefficients: mean nanoparticle velocity vector $${\bar{\mathbf{U}}}^*$$ , macroscopic dispersion coefficient $${\bar{\mathbf{D}}}^*$$ , and mean nanoparticle retention rate constant $${\bar{K}}^*$$ . The modeling results are validated with a set of nanoparticle transport tests in porous microchips. We also present simulations of realistic porous media, where an actual image of sandstone samples is processed into binary tones. The representative unit cells are constructed from the resulting binary image by searching for areas within the sample with maximum similarities to the whole sample in terms of porosity and specific surface area, which are found to show strong correlations with the resulting $${\bar{\mathbf{U}}}^*$$ and $${\bar{K}}^*$$ , respectively.
From Women-Staffed to Women-Led: Gender and Leadership in Academic Libraries, 1974-2018

This article reviews post-1974 scholarly literature on women’s leadership in academic libraries, with the emphasis on the United States. The purpose of this synthesis is to highlight research areas...
Overcoming the limitations of the Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction: a rapid and general synthesis of alpha-alkenyl-beta'-hydroxy thioesters.

Acryloyl chlorides, aldehydes, and PhSLi undergo a direct aldol cascade sequence in the presence of MgBr2·OEt2 via in situ derived thioester enolates, which is followed by oxidative elimination to give α-alkenyl-β′-hydroxy thioesters. Overall, the procedure is rapid, efficient, and generally applicable, even to β-substituted acryloyl chlorides, thus providing an alternative to the Morita−Baylis−Hillman reaction with substantially greater synthetic scope and utility.
Adolescents in Juvenile Court Systems

Juvenile justice systems can vary greatly from one jurisdiction to the next. They can vary according to who they have control over (such as offenders, victims, and/or families) and what they can do with them. This chapter focuses on how the legal system treats offenders, particularly delinquent youth in the juvenile justice system. In that system, we learn that juveniles need important protections. Despite granting juveniles broad protection, the Court limits them in two important ways: either juveniles’ rights are limited because the Court does not grant full protections or because the Court grants full protections but minors may have limited capacities/abilities to benefit from them. For example, juveniles are given due process protections, under the Fourteenth Amendment, in detention hearings, but the Court reduces the protection by supporting justifications that permit treating juveniles differently when making detention decisions. Similarly, the Court recognizes many rights in juvenile adjudications, including the right to notice of the charges (6th Amendment), right to counsel (6th Amendment), right to confrontation and cross-examination (6th Amendment), and privilege against self-incrimination (5th Amendment). But it denies what might be perceived as key due process rights like the right to a transcript of the proceedings and right to appellate review: two limitations that leave immense discretion to the juvenile courts and that would be quite outrageous if denied by any other court. In other cases, the Court denies the right to speedy, public and impartial jury trials (6th Amendment). Few systems involve explicitly stated constitutional rights as much as juvenile courts. The chapter underscores how this area of law may recognize rights explicitly identified in the Constitution but, while doing so, this area of law may not necessarily apply well to adolescents. This area of law helps readers understand the rationales for the legal system’s differential treatment of adolescents and the relative legitimacy of those rationales.
On the Cutting Edge or the Chopping Block? Fostering a Digital Mindset and Tech Literacy in Business Management Education.

We are on the precipice of significant change in industry. Some have called it industry 4.0, and without significant attention, business management educators will be unfamiliar and underprepared—an...
Chapter 16 – Conditional Expectation

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on conditional expectation. The concept of conditional probability, on the one hand, and of mathematical expectation, on the other hand, are essential to the development and application of the probability model. The chapter brings these ideas together. Mathematical expectation is viewed as a probability weighted average over the set of all possible values of a random variable. The idea that knowledge of the occurrence of an event C modifies the possible outcomes—restricts them to set C—is utilized to modify the manner in which probabilities are assigned. The result is the introduction of the concept of conditional probability. The chapter reviews how the averaging process should be modified by knowledge of the occurrence of a conditioning event C. The notion of mathematical expectation is a formalization of the idea of the probability weighted average of the values of a random variable. The averaging takes place over the whole basic space Ω.
Inpatient rehabilitation facilities' hospital readmission rates for medicare beneficiaries treated following a stroke.

Stroke is the leading cause for admission to the nearly 1,200 Inpatient Rehabilitation Facilities (IRFs) nationally in the US. For many patients, post-acute care is an important component of their ...
Spectrally resolved hyperfine interactions between polaron and nuclear spins in organic light emitting diodes: Magneto-electroluminescence studies

We use spectrally resolved magneto-electroluminescence (EL) measurements to study the energy dependence of hyperfine interactions between polaron and nuclear spins in organic light-emitting diodes. Using layered devices that generate bright exciplex emission, we show that the increase in EL emission intensity I due to small applied magnetic fields of order 100 mT is markedly larger at the high-energy blue end of the EL spectrum (ΔI/I ∼ 11%) than at the low-energy red end (∼4%). Concurrently, the widths of the magneto-EL curves increase monotonically from blue to red, revealing an increasing hyperfine coupling between polarons and nuclei and directly providing insight into the energy-dependent spatial extent and localization of polarons.
Notes on Covid-19, Potential GDP, and Hysteresis

This note provides a model framework for thinking about stabilization policies in the presence of hysteresis after a negative shock like the Covid-19 pandemic. Headline measures of the so-called po...
Motorized Treadmill and Optical Recording System for Gait Analysis of Grasshoppers

(1) Background: Insects, which serve as model systems for many disciplines with their unique advantages, have not been extensively studied in gait research because of the lack of appropriate tools and insect models to properly study the insect gaits. (2) Methods: In this study, we present a gait analysis of grasshoppers with a closed-loop custom-designed motorized insect treadmill with an optical recording system for quantitative gait analysis. We used the eastern lubber grasshopper, a flightless and large-bodied species, as our insect model. Gait kinematics were recorded and analyzed by making three grasshoppers walk on the treadmill with various speeds from 0.1 to 1.5 m/s. (3) Results: Stance duty factor was measured as 70–95% and decreased as walking speed increased. As the walking speed increased, the number of contact legs decreased, and diagonal arrangement of contact was observed at walking speed of 1.1 cm/s. (4) Conclusions: This pilot study of gait analysis of grasshoppers using the custom-designed motorized insect treadmill with the optical recording system demonstrates the feasibility of quantitative, repeatable, and real-time insect gait analysis.
The role of high-density and low-density amorphous ice on biomolecules at cryogenic temperatures: a case study with polyalanine.

Experimental techniques, such as cryo-electron microscopy, require biological samples to be recovered at cryogenic temperatures (T ≈ 100 K) with water being in an amorphous ice state. However, (bulk) water can exist in two amorphous ices at P < 1 GPa, low-density amorphous (LDA) ice at low pressures and high-density amorphous ice (HDA) at high pressures; HDA is ≈20–25% denser than LDA. While fast/plunge cooling at 1 bar brings the sample into LDA, high-pressure cooling (HPC), at sufficiently high pressure, produces HDA. HDA can also be produced by isothermal compression of LDA at cryogenic temperatures. Here, we perform classical molecular dynamics simulations to study the effects of LDA, HDA, and the LDA–HDA transformation on the structure and hydration of a small peptide, polyalanine. We follow thermodynamic paths corresponding to (i) fast/plunge cooling at 1 bar, (ii) HPC at P = 400 MPa, and (iii) compression/decompression cycles at T = 80 K. While process (i) produced LDA in the system, path (iii) produces HDA. Interestingly, the amorphous ice produced in process (ii) is an intermediate amorphous ice (IA) with properties that fall in-between those of LDA and HDA. Remarkably, the structural changes in polyalanine are negligible at all conditions studied (0–2000 MPa, 80–300 K) even when water changes among the low and high-density liquid states as well as the amorphous solids LDA, IA, and HDA. The similarities and differences in the hydration of polyalanine vitrified in LDA, IA, and HDA are described. Since the studied thermodynamic paths are suitable for the cryopreservation of biomolecules, we also study the structure and hydration of polyalanine along isobaric and isochoric heating paths, which can be followed experimentally for the recovery of cryopreserved samples. Upon heating, the structure of polyalanine remains practically unchanged. We conclude with a brief discussion of the practical advantages of (a) using HDA and IA as a cryoprotectant environment (as opposed to LDA), and (b) the use of isochoric heating as a recovery process (as opposed to isobaric heating).
Jointly Optimized Spatial Histogram UNET Architecture (JOSHUA) for Adipose Tissue Segmentation

Objective: We quantify adipose tissue deposition at surgical sites as a function of biomaterial implantation. Impact Statement: To our knowledge, this study is the first investigation to apply convolutional neural network (CNN) models to identify and segment adipose tissue in histological images from silk fibroin biomaterial implants. Introduction: When designing biomaterials for the treatment of various soft tissue injuries and diseases, one must consider the extent of adipose tissue deposition. In this work, we implant silk fibroin biomaterials in a rodent subcutaneous injury model. Current strategies for quantifying adipose tissue after biomaterial implantation are often tedious and prone to human bias during analysis. Methods: We used CNN models with novel spatial histogram layer(s) that can more accurately identify and segment regions of adipose tissue in hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Masson9s Trichrome stained images, allowing for determination of the optimal biomaterial formulation. We compared the method, Jointly Optimized Spatial Histogram UNET Architecture (JOSHUA), to the baseline UNET model and an extension of the baseline model, Attention UNET, as well as to versions of the models with a supplemental "attention"-inspired mechanism (JOSHUA+ and UNET+). Results: The inclusion of histogram layer(s) in our models shows improved performance through qualitative and quantitative evaluation. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that the proposed methods, JOSHUA and JOSHUA+, are highly beneficial for adipose tissue identification and localization. The new histological dataset and code for our experiments are publicly available.
CONCRETE BEAMS WITH PRESTRESSED REINFORCEMENT

Tests on six rectangular beams reinforced with variable amounts of deformed steel bars and precast prestressed concrete prisms are reported. Methods are suggested for computing the moment causing cracking of the in situ concrete and that causing cracking of the prestressed reinforcement. After cracking of prestressed reinforcement, and up to commencement of yield of nonprestressed tension reinforcement, flexural analysis could be done using same assumptions of classic working stress design by associating to the combined area of strand and deformed bars a Pseudo Modulus of Elasticity E ps higher than that of ordinary steel E s . During that stage it was found that for similar beams with equal total areas of tension reinforcement, the ratio between their maximum crack widths was practically equal to the inverse of their respective Pseudo Moduli. Strain hardening effects should be taken into consideration in estimating ultimate moment capacity of beams reinforced with such composite reinforcement.
An accessible, scalable ecosystem for enabling and sharing diverse mass spectrometry imaging analyses.

Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is used in an increasing number of biological applications. Typical MSI datasets contain unique, high-resolution mass spectra from tens of thousands of spatial locations, resulting in raw data sizes of tens of gigabytes per sample. In this paper, we review technical progress that is enabling new biological applications and that is driving an increase in the complexity and size of MSI data. Handling such data often requires specialized computational infrastructure, software, and expertise. OpenMSI, our recently described platform, makes it easy to explore and share MSI datasets via the web - even when larger than 50 GB. Here we describe the integration of OpenMSI with IPython notebooks for transparent, sharable, and replicable MSI research. An advantage of this approach is that users do not have to share raw data along with analyses; instead, data is retrieved via OpenMSI's web API. The IPython notebook interface provides a low-barrier entry point for data manipulation that is accessible for scientists without extensive computational training. Via these notebooks, analyses can be easily shared without requiring any data movement. We provide example notebooks for several common MSI analysis types including data normalization, plotting, clustering, and classification, and image registration.
Cost-effectiveness of early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock

Early goal-directed therapy (EGDT) for severe sepsis and septic shock has been shown to significantly decrease 60 day mortality and survivor hospital length of stay [1]. However, concern exists over the additional resources and personnel required for this labor-intensive therapy.
Retirement and health benefits for Mexican migrant workers returning from the United States

In the absence of a bilateral agreement for the portability and totalization of social security contributions between the United States and Mexico, this article examines the access to pension and health insurance benefits and employment status of older Mexican return migrants. We find that return migrants who have spent less than a year in the United States have a similar level of access to social security benefits as non-migrants. Return migrants who have spent at least a year in the United States are less likely to have public health insurance or social security benefits, and could be more vulnerable to poverty in old age. These results inform the debate on a bilateral social security agreement between the United States and Mexico to improve return migrants' social security.
Fighting the Resource Curse: Uganda's Pivotal Moment

On the eve of Uganda’s 44th anniversary of independence in 2006, President Yoweri Museveni announced the discovery of oil in the Lake Albert rift on the western border between Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Touting an initial find of 300 million barrels of oil, Museveni called for a national day of prayer, thanking God “for having created for us a rift valley” and for giving Uganda’s leaders “the wisdom...to discover this oil.” In the seven years since Museveni’s landmark announcement, circumstances have changed dramatically. Estimates of Uganda’s oil reserves have gone up twelvefold to 3.5 billion barrels, and the sector could reach a production rate of nearly 200,000 barrels annually at full capacity. In a country where 1 in 10 children die before reaching the age of five and where 64.7 percent of citizens live on less than $2 a day, oil could transform Uganda. Most observers, however, fear that Uganda’s discovery is more bad news than good. In countries that lack the rule of law required to control both public and private sector actors, oil has historically been more likely to correlate with periods of endemic corruption, instability, and economic underperformance rather than positive and inclusive development. When an influx of natural resource wealth is introduced into a state with weak controls on elite behavior and dominated by graft and patronage, this phenomenon known as the “resource curse” often occurs. Due to its long history of corruption and patronage-based governance, Uganda appears to be a perfect candidate for the resource curse. To make matters worse, Ugandan policymakers have already begun to create a regulatory framework for the oil sector that, in its current form, will invite further corruption, worsen governance, and all but guarantee long-term underdevelopment.
Time of suppression of human rRNA genes in mouse-human hybrid cells

Abstract In mouse-human hybrids that were destined to lose human chromosomes, silver-stained nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) were present on both human and mouse chromosomes in metaphase cells harvested during the first few days after fusion. The amount of silver stain on the human NORs decreased gradually and disappeared by about 12 days, presumably reflecting suppression of the transcriptional activity of the human rRNA genes. The time of disappearance of human NORs depended on the relative number of mouse and human chromosomes in the hybrid cells and on the type of parental cells. It was not closely correlated with loss of human chromosomes.
Preoperative pelvic radiation increases the risk for ileal pouch failure in patients with colitis-associated colorectal cancer☆☆☆

Abstract Background and aims To evaluate the impact of preoperative radiation on pouch outcomes in patients with colitis-associated cancer (CAC). Methods CAC patients who underwent restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) from 1984 to 2009 were identified from our registry. The impact of preoperative pelvic radiation for CAC or other pelvic cancer on pouch related outcomes was evaluated. Results Sixty-three pouch patients with confirmed CAC were included (37 male, 58.7%). The mean age at pouch construction was 46.9 ± 10.6 years. Seven patients were excluded due to the presence of persistent diverting ileostomy (n = 2) or no follow-up (n = 5). The remaining 56 patients were analyzed, including 9 who received pelvic radiation prior to IPAA creation for CRC or other cancers. Preoperative pelvic radiation was significantly associated with chronic pouchitis (P = 0.024). There was, however, no correlation between pelvic radiation and pouch/anal transitional zone neoplasia, pouch stricture, pelvic abscess and pouch fistula/sinus. Pouch failure occurred in 13 patients after a median follow-up of 66.4 (range: 2.7–322.2) months. Although a simple statistical analysis based on the number of patients with pouch failure did not achieve significance (4/9 vs. 9/47, P = 0.19), Kaplan–Meier analysis showed a strong association between preoperative pelvic radiation and the risk for pouch failure (P Conclusions Pelvic radiation administered prior to IPAA creation appears to be associated with poor pouch outcomes. Oncological benefits and pouch functional outcomes should be carefully balanced before pelvic radiation is considered prior to restorative proctocolectomy.
Competition Among Stem Cells Gets Sticky

In a recent report in Science, Issigonis et al. (2009) demonstrate that an inhibitor of JAK-STAT signaling controls integrin-mediated niche adhesion in the Drosophila testis, thereby limiting competition between germline and somatic stem cells for niche space.
Effect of pressure on physical phenomena in the crust

The physical properties of materials as tabulated in handbooks and as used in our everyday life refer to measurements made in the environment which surrounds us, namely at atmospheric pressure (slightly more than one bar at sea level). If we were able to move down into the interior of the Earth with our testing equipment we would find the environmental pressure increasing at a rate of about 30,000 bars for each 100 km of descent. We would find, moreover, that under these conditions our testing apparatus would record very different physical behavior from that which might be anticipated from observations made at the surface under our normal atmospheric environment.
Central neuron initiation of periodic gill movements.

In Aplysia periodic spontaneous gill movements are controlled by activity endogenous to the abdominal ganglion. These movements were still observed when only the ctenidio-genital nerve was left intact between the ganglion and the gill. One kind of spontaneous gill movement (one per 5 minutes at 15°C) was correlated with the expression of activity of interneuron II; others were not. With reference to this kind of spontaneous gill movement, four types of central neurons in the ganglion send processes to the gill via the nerve. Two cell types (ii, iii) are inhibited and the other two (i, iv) are excited. Two types (i, ii) elicited gill movement—one type activating large gill areas elicited spontaneous gill movements, and the other activating specific gill regions did not participate in the spontaneous gill movements. The value of this preparation in studying the role of central neurons eliciting specific patterned movements and the temporal organization of their activity is shown.
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Nef associates with a cellular serine kinase in T lymphocytes.

Abstract With T-cell lines constitutively expressing Nef from the SF2 strain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1SF2) in the form of a hybrid CD8-Nef fusion protein or T-cell lines chronically infected with HIV-1SF2, a cellular serine kinase was found that specifically associates with Nef. Proteins of 62 kDa and 72 kDa, which coimmunoprecipitated with Nef, were phosphorylated in in vitro kinase assays. This Nef-associated serine kinase activity was not blocked by inhibitors of protein kinase C or protein kinase A and was lost when Nef was truncated at amino acid 94 or 99. These findings present evidence that a serine kinase activity is associated with Nef expressed in human T lymphocytes.
Continuous electrophoresis in fluid endless belts

Abstract Continuous endless-belt electrophoresis has demonstrated an applicability to the separation and characterization of particles ranging in size from diazo dye molecules to large mammalian cells. The method is currently being used in hematological and microbiological studies in the authors' laboratory as well as for the fractionation of subcellular particles. The separation of particulate components with mobility differences in the range of 0.02 to 0.05 μ/sec per V/cm is now being investigated.
Foreign Policy Restructuring: Egypt's Disengagement from the Arab–Israeli Conflict Revisited

This article first examines the relative potency of explanations of Egypt's disengagement from the Arab–Israeli conflict that have stressed Sadat's beliefs, class interests or US influence, and it then makes the case for a state–society-centred explanation. Much is written about a diversionary internal–external linkage when a state threatened by internal unrest resorts to international aggression. This article makes the case for a preservative linkage between domestic tensions and accommodationist external behaviour. It identifies the fiscal crisis and societal challenges as key factors behind the policy shift and examines state utilisation of the policy shift to reduce domestic threats. Foreign policy provided the means for easing strained state–society relations by generating resources to alleviate societal crisis and limit the politically costly domestic taxation. Though this did not necessitate making a specific decision (e.g. the visit to Jerusalem), it tipped the scales towards a particular policy o...
An Ounce of Prevention: A New Look at the Manchurian Incident

This article is scheduled for future publication in a testimonial volume honoringthe retirement of Professor Woodbridge Bingham of the University of California, Berkeley.
Variational inequalities in the analysis and computation of multi-sector, multi-instrument financial equilibria☆

Abstract In this paper, a general model of competitive financial equilibrium is developed with multiple sectors and multiple instruments that can be held as assets and/or as liabilities. The model assumes that the economic behavior of each sector is that of utility maximization and yields the equilibrium asset, liability, and price pattern. The variational inequality formulation of the equilibrium conditions is first derived and then utilized to investigate qualitative properties of the equilibrium pattern. A computational procedure is proposed for the solution of the model and convergence results given. The algorithm decomposes the variational inequality problem into series of quadratic programming problems. Finally, a numerical example is given to illustrate the algorithm.
Cost Effective Reliability Centric Validation Model for Automotive ECUs

Automotive Electronic Control Units (ECUs) are usually the most complicated and powerful embedded systems in an automobile. Verification and validation of these ECUs poses challenges due to exponential growth in the size and complexity of ECUs's software. This paper provides a new functional complexity metric that can be derived from the specification and can be used to estimate the total number of test cases required. Further, ECUs need to be verified and validated in accordance with their operational profile. Testing with operational profile will be cost effective with better reliability confidence. At the same time operational profile based testing can speed-up the VaV process by allocating the resources in relation to use and criticality. In this paper, the operational profile method is applied, as a case study, to the front and rear fog light ECU. Methods for deriving function points, functional complexity, computing the number of test cases, developing operational profiles, and test case allocation are presented. Additional benefits are also shown by integrating the functional complexity metric with the operational profile.
The importance of the time-lag parameter in a laser/time-of-flight mass spectrometer

Abstract The time-lag delay has been shown to be an important experimental parameter in the measurement of fragmentation patterns in multiphoton ionization spectra obtained using a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Experimental data indicate that ions formed by multiphoton ionization acquire greater translational energies and are lost more rapidly from the ionization region than those formed by electron-impact ionization. Time-lag focussing does produce improved resolution in multiphoton ionization, but it is only effective for those ions which have not moved out of the draw-out volume. Utilization of a low-level electron beam trap has been found to be ineffective in retarding ion loss in multiphoton ionization experiments.
Improved Bandwidth Approximation for Trees and Chordal Graphs

A linear arrangement of an n-vertex graph G=(V,E) is a one?one mapping f of the vertex set V onto the set n]={0,1,?,n?1}. The bandwidth of this linear arrangement is the maximum difference between the images of the endpoints of any edge in E(G). When the input graph G is a tree, the best known approximation algorithms for the minimum bandwidth linear arrangement (which are based on the principle of volume respecting embeddings) output a linear arrangement which has bandwidth within O(log3n) of the optimal bandwidth. In this paper, we present a simple randomized O(log2.5n)-approximation algorithm for bandwidth minimization on trees. We also show that a close variant of this algorithm gives a similar performance guarantee for chordal graphs.
Adsorption, surface energy and the driving force for the migration of grain boundaries in substitutional alloys

Abstract A thermodynamic model for the solute flux driven migration of grain boundaries in substitutional alloys based upon absorption has been developed. The model envisions the grain boundary core as a distinct phase separating interfaces of different atomic structure on either side. Equations for the composition and surface energy of adsorbed layers have been derived in terms of the local grain boundary core concentration. As the free energy curves for layers of different composition result in different equilibria within the core, a gradient in chemical potential exists across the grain boundary. It is shown that this free energy gradient can drive migration of the grain boundary in the opposite direction at a rate proportional to the difference between the core chemical potentials.
There Are No Criteria of Identity Over Time

Soulignant l'evidence des criteres informatifs de l'identite dans le temps, l'A. rejette la these criterialiste qui consiste a affirmer l'existence de tels criteres. Denoncant la confusion entre l'expression critere d'identite dans le temps et l'evidence des faits qui justifient nos jugements sur l'identite, l'A. critique l'analogie etablie entre l'identite dans le temps et les criteres epistemologiques de la connaissance, d'une part, ainsi que l'analogie etablie avec l'analyse de l'appartenance a une espece, d'autre part
Areal extent quantification of functional representations using intrinsic signal optical imaging

An important parameter often investigated in the characterization of cortical functional organization is the areal extent of functional modules. Because it allows the visualization of functional modules with high spatial resolution in a noninvasive way to the cortex, intrinsic signal optical imaging (ISI) can be employed for the quantification of these areal extents. The present paper describes the use of the normalized threshold analysis of areal extent quantification for the objective assessment of single-whisker functional representations in the primary somatosensory cortex of adult rats. As the success of areal extent quantification depends on the ability of ISI to allow visualization of cortical representations with minimal stimulus-dependent blood vessel representations, which are commonly encountered by ISI, the present paper also describes the further development of the intratrial analysis of visualization for minimizing these vessel representations. Both analyses are discussed with respect to their advantages as well as their inherent limitations.
Development of DNA-based radiopharmaceuticals carrying Auger-electron emitters for antigene radiotherapy.

Abstract Purpose: Antigene radiotherapy (AR) is based on targeting localized radiodamage to specific sites in the genome by using sequence-specific triplex-forming oligonucleotides (TFO) to carry Auger-electron-emitters (A-Ettr) such as Iodine-125 ( 125 I) to the target gene sequence. The radiodecay of an A-Ettr produces a cascade of low-energy electrons and creates a highly positively-charged daughter atom; delivered by a TFO, it should produce double-strand breaks (dsb) localized to the specific DNA target sequence. The result should be a "knock-out" of the targeted gene. Methods and Materials: As a model, we used the MDR 1 gene amplified nearly 100 times in the human KB-V1 carcinoma cell line. Chemically modified TFO complementary to the polypurine/polypyrimidine region of the MDR 1 gene were synthesized and radiolabeled with 125 I-dCTP by the primer extension method. Purified plasmid and genomic DNA and extracted nuclei were treated with 125 I-TFO and analyzed for sequence-specific cleavage by electrophoresis in agarose gel and Southern hybridization. Results: We created 125 I-TFO that could effectively recognize, bind, and cleave the target sequence in plasmid and genomic DNA. We showed that these 125 I-TFO in nanomolar concentrations were able to cleave the target MDR 1 gene sequence in a natural environment, i.e., within the eucaryotic nucleus. Conclusion: 125 I-TFO can effectively introduce sequence-specific dsb to a target within the MDR 1 gene, both in purified DNA and inside intact nuclei. Chemically modified TFO conjugated with nuclear localization signal appear to be a promising delivery vehicle for future in vivo trials of AR.
Non-islet cell hypoglycemia

NICTH is a fairly uncommon disorder but has been well characterized and the molecular mechanisms involved have given insights into the IGF system, both normal and abnormal. NICTH has brought together the molecular biologists and endocrinologists in a classic cross cultural coordination to study the disorder from all angles and to further understand the disorder.