cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ РЕНТГЕНОСТРУКТУРНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ГАЗОДИНАМИЧЕСКИХ ПОКРЫТИЙ ГОЛОВОК БЛОКОВ ЦИЛИНДРОВ

Recovering defective parts can significantly reduce the cost of repairing cars and improve the reliability of the restored parts. The experience of leading enterprises shows that restoration of defective parts using modern advanced technologies makes it possible to reduce significantly the downtime of equipment, increase the overhaul life, and reduce the consumption of spare parts. At present, one of the most promising methods for repairing defective parts of cars is gas-dynamic spraying. One of the problems of gas-dynamic spraying technology is its price and quality of powder materials used. One of the promising and industrially not widely used materials are powder materials obtained from current-conducting waste by electrospark dispergation [9]. However, these materials have not been used so far in technologies for car defective parts recovery by gas-dynamic spraying, including the heads of the cylinder block. The aim of this work was to study and compare the X-ray diffraction analysis of gas-dynamic coatings of the heads of cylinder blocks obtained by gas-dynamic spraying using standard powder material of grade A-20-11 and the experimental (electroespark) powder material. The process of restoration of working surfaces, defective heads of engine blocks ZMZ-406, by gas-dynamic spraying, as well as comparison of X-ray analysis of gas-dynamic coatings of cylinder heads obtained using an electrospark powder material and standard powder material of grade A-20-11 is presented. It has been experimentally established that the main phases of coatings using a standard powder material are Al, Zn, ZnO, Al 2 O 3 , and the main phases of coatings using an electrospark powder material are Al, Al (OH) 3 , Al 2 O 3 . These powder materials can be used to restore a wide range of defective automotive parts.
ONE-YEAR OUTCOMES OF A NOVEL SURGICAL APPROACH FOR FIXATION OF A POSTERIOR CHAMBER INTRAOCULAR LENS USING GORE-TEX SUTURE.

Purpose To report the 1-year outcomes of a novel surgical technique for the fixation of a CZ70BD intraocular lens with Gore-Tex suture using cow-hitch knots. Methods A retrospective chart review of 15 patients (13 men and 2 women) who underwent fixation of a posterior chamber intraocular lens with Gore-Tex suture was performed. Short- and long-term outcomes data were collected 1 month and 1 year after surgery, respectively. Results Fourteen of the 15 patients met inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. Mean visual acuity improved significantly from Snellen 20/491 preoperatively to Snellen 20/59 at postoperative month 12 (P = 0.002). The most common short-term complications included increased intraocular pressure (n = 6) and cystoid macular edema (n = 4). The most common long-term complications included increased intraocular pressure (n = 2) and iris capture of the intraocular lens (n = 2). Conclusions One-year outcome data suggest that this technique is a reasonable surgical option for secondary intraocular lens placement in patients who lack capsular support.
Multiresolution Localization With Temporal Scanning for Super-Resolution Diffuse Optical Imaging of Fluorescence

A super-resolution optical imaging method is presented that relies on the distinct temporal information associated with each fluorescent optical reporter to determine its spatial position to high precision with measurements of heavily scattered light. This multiple-emitter localization approach uses a diffusion equation forward model in a cost function, and has the potential to achieve micron-scale spatial resolution through centimeters of tissue. Utilizing some degree of temporal separation for the reporter emissions, position and emission strength are determined using a computationally efficient temporal-scanning multiresolution algorithm. The approach circumvents the spatial resolution challenges faced by earlier optical imaging approaches by using a diffusion equation forward model, and is promising for in vivo applications. For example, in principle, the method could be used to localize individual neurons firing throughout a rodent brain, enabling the direct imaging of neural network activity.
What Role and Rules for Canada's Armed Drones?

The Canadian government announced in June 2017 that it was planning to purchase and deploy armed drones. Yet to date it has provided virtually no information on how and for what purpose such armed drones would be used, beyond anodyne comments that they would be used like any other conventional weapon. However, conventional weapons have varying capabilities and purposes, and implicate international law in different ways as a result. Armed drones have been primarily used for the purpose of targeted killing, in ways that have raised significant legal questions and triggered claims of excessive civilian deaths. Canadians should be concerned about how, for what purpose, and according to what limitations the government plans to deploy armed drones. Other countries have provided greater transparency than Canada regarding the law and policy framework governing the use of armed drones. This short essay reviews how armed drones have been used elsewhere, explains the significant legal issues that are implicated by the different ways in which drones have been used and what that implies for the role of Canadian armed drones. It suggests that strict, clear and publicly disclosed limits be placed on drone use to ensure compliance with Canada’s international law obligations.
Current diagnosis-related group-based bundling for upper-extremity arthroplasty: a case of insufficient risk adjustment and misaligned incentives.

Background The current Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services diagnosis-related group (DRG) bundled-payment model for upper-extremity arthroplasty does not differentiate between the type of arthroplasty (anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty [ATSA] vs. reverse total shoulder arthroplasty vs. total elbow arthroplasty [TEA] vs. total wrist arthroplasty) or the diagnosis and indication for surgery (fracture vs. degenerative osteoarthritis vs. inflammatory arthritis). Methods The 2011-2014 Medicare 5% Standard Analytical Files (SAF5) database was queried to identify patients undergoing upper-extremity arthroplasty under DRG-483 and -484. Multivariate linear regression modeling was used to assess the marginal cost impact of patient-, procedure-, diagnosis-, and state-level factors on 90-day reimbursements. Results Of 6101 patients undergoing upper-extremity arthroplasty, 3851 (63.1%) fell under DRG-484 and 2250 (36.9%) were classified under DRG-483. The 90-day risk-adjusted cost of an ATSA for degenerative osteoarthritis was $14,704 ± $655. Patient-level factors associated with higher 90-day reimbursements were male sex (+$777), age 75-79 years (+$740), age 80-84 years (+$1140), and age 85 years or older (+$984). Undergoing a TEA (+$2175) was associated with higher reimbursements, whereas undergoing a shoulder hemiarthroplasty (–$1000) was associated with lower reimbursements. Surgery for a fracture (+$2354) had higher 90-day reimbursements. Malnutrition (+$10,673), alcohol use or dependence (+$6273), Parkinson disease (+$4892), cerebrovascular accident or stroke (+$4637), and hyper-coagulopathy (+$4463) had the highest reimbursements. In general, states in the South and Midwest had lower 90-day reimbursements associated with upper-extremity arthroplasty. Conclusions Under the DRG-based model piloted by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, providers and hospitals would be reimbursed the same amount regardless of the type of surgery (ATSA vs. hemiarthroplasty vs. TEA), patient comorbidity burden, and diagnosis and indication for surgery (fracture vs. degenerative pathology), despite each of these factors having different resource utilization and associated reimbursements. Lack of risk adjustment for fracture indications leads to strong financial disincentives within this model.
Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm Rupture Associated With a Ventricular Septal Defect: The Importance of Multi-Angle Assessment by Intraoperative Transesophageal Echocardiography.

ABSTRACT Sinus of Valsalva aneurysms (SVA) is one of the rare cardiac complications which have been reported in the literature to have devastating consequences left untreated. SVA most commonly originates in the right coronary sinus, followed by non-coronary sinus and on rare occasions, left coronary sinus. It is well reported in the literature that ruptured SVA is frequently associated with ventricular septal defects (VSD), especially when the rupture is occurring into the right ventricle (RV). As with any cardiac lesion, multimodal imaging is often necessary to avoid missing the diagnosis of an SVA. Transthroacic echocardiography (TTE) is considered the first-line imaging modality for its convenience and excellent diagnostic accuracy. However, studies have shown commonly associated pathologies such as VSD, RVOT stenosis, and aortic valve insufficiency can cause diagnostic challenges for TTE. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), on the other hand, provides superior imaging quality due to the proximity of the esophagus and the aortic root. We report two cases of ruptured SVA associated with VSD which were diagnosed intraoperatively by TEE. Although ruptured SVA is rare, it is known to be commonly associated with VSD. As presented in this series, the close proximity of the two anatomical pathologies make it difficult to achieve accurate diagnosis. These cases demonstrate the importance of assessment in multiple TEE views and techniques in order to correctly diagnose an otherwise easily overlooked congenital cardiac pathology.
The relationship between stressful events, emotion dysregulation, and anxiety symptoms among youth: longitudinal support for stress causation but not stress generation

There is a clear bi-directional link between stressful events and depressive symptoms in adolescence, but the directionality of this link for anxiety symptoms remains underexamined. We critically e...
The Yates Memo: Looking for 'Individual Accountability' in All the Wrong Places

The Department of Justice has received a great deal of criticism for its failure to prosecute both corporations and individuals involved in corporate fraud. In an effort to quiet some of that criticism, on September 9, 2015, then Deputy Attorney General Sally Q. Yates issued a policy entitled, "Individual Accountability for Corporate Wrongdoing," or the "Yates Memo," as it has been called. The main thrust of the Yates Memo is that in order for a corporation to receive any credit for cooperating with the government and obtain leniency in the form of a deferred prosecution agreement, the corporation must not only conduct an internal investigation and turn over the results, but it must also point the finger at culpable employees. The Yates Memo puts a particular emphasis on the need to hold high-level officials responsible for misconduct. This Article argues that the Yates Memo is a misguided attempt to further put law enforcement responsibilities on the backs of corporations rather than the Department of Justice. In addition, the Yates Memo jeopardizes the corporation's ability to conduct effective internal investigations into corporate wrongdoing because it threatens both the corporate attorney-client privilege and the relationship between employers and employees. This Article maintains that if the Department of Justice truly wants to find "individual accountability," it must stop relying on corporations and conduct its own investigations. Furthermore, if the Department of Justice wants to obtain criminal convictions of high-level executives, there may be a need for new legislation that holds high-level executives accountable for the criminal misdeeds of their subordinates.
Rethinking Lawyer Ethics to Allow the Rules of Evidence, Rules of Civil Procedure, and Private Agreements to Control Ethical Obligations Involving Inadvertent Disclosures

This Article seeks to align the rules of ethics with the rules of evidence, rules of civil procedure, and private agreements in confronting the vexing issue of inadvertent disclosures. It proposes a clear-eyed modification of Model Rule of Professional Conduct 4.4(b) to require a lawyer to use an inadvertent disclosure of confidential or privileged information unless prohibited by the rules of evidence, rules of civil procedure, or private agreement. This inadvertent-disclosure proposal fairly balances the interests of the justice system, civility in the legal profession, and protection of clients.
Tripartite legume-rhizobia-mycorrhizae relationship is influenced by light and soil nitrogen in Neotropical canopy gaps.

Plants and their soil microbial symbionts influence ecosystem productivity and nutrient cycling, but the controls on these symbioses remain poorly understood. This is particularly true for plants in the Fabaceae family (hereafter legumes), which can associate with both arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and nitrogen (N) -fixing bacteria. Here we report results of the first manipulated field experiment to explore the abiotic and biotic controls of this tripartite symbiosis in Neotropical canopy gaps (hereafter gaps). We grew three species of Neotropical N-fixing legume seedlings under different light (gap-full light, gap-shadecloth, and understory) and soil nitrogen (20 g N·m-2 ·yr-1 vs. 0 g N·m-2 ·yr-1 ) conditions across a lowland tropical forest at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. We harvested the seedlings after 4 months of growth in the field and measured percent AMF root colonization (%AMF), nodule and seeding biomass, and seedling aboveground:belowground biomass ratios. Our expectation was that seedlings in gaps would grow larger and, as a result of higher light, invest more carbon in both AMF and N-fixing bacteria. Indeed, seedlings in gaps had higher total biomass, nodule biomass (a proxy for N-fixing bacteria investment) and rates of AMF root colonization, and the three were significantly positively correlated. However, we only found a significant positive effect of light availability on %AMF when seedlings were fertilized with N. Furthermore, when we statistically controlled for treatment, species, and site effects, we found %AMF and seedling biomass had a negative relationship. This was likely driven by the fact that seedlings invested relatively less in AMF as they increased in biomass (lower %AMF per gram of seedling). Taken together, these results challenge the long-held assumption that high light conditions universally increase carbon investment in AMF and demonstrate that this tripartite symbiosis is influenced by soil nutrient and light conditions.
Defect agglomeration in wüstite at high temperatures-II. An electrical conduction model

Abstract A defect/electrical conduction model based upon a mixture of 5:2 and 13:4 (vacancy-to-tetrahedral) clusters is proposed for FeO which is consistent with available diffraction, nonstoichiometry and electrical data. Conduction occurs via small polaron hopping between Fe 3+ and Fe 2+ on octahedral near-cluster sites with two vacancy nearest neighbors. Evidence is cited for an increase in Fe 2+ on tetrahedral (interstitial) sites as temperature increases.
Prospects for usage-based computational models of grammatical development: argument structure and semantic roles

The computational modeling of language development has enabled researchers to make impressive strides toward achieving a comprehensive psychological account of the processes and mechanisms whereby children acquire their mother tongues. Nevertheless, the field's primary focus on distributional information has lead to little progress in elucidating the processes by which children learn to compute meanings beyond the level of single words. This lack of psychologically motivated computational work on semantics poses an important challenge for usage-based computational accounts of acquisition in particular, which hold that grammatical development is closely tied to meaning. In the present review, we trace some initial steps toward answering this challenge through a survey of existing computational models of grammatical development that incorporate semantic information to learn to assign thematic roles and acquire argument structure. We argue that the time is ripe for usage-based computational accounts of grammatical development to move beyond purely distributional features of the input, and to incorporate information about the objects and actions observable in the learning environment. To conclude, we sketch possible avenues for extending previous approaches to modeling the role of semantics in grammatical development. WIREs Cogn Sci 2014, 5:489-499. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1295 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website. Conflict of interest: The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article.
Reformulating and Optimizing the Mumford-Shah Functional on a Graph -- A Faster, Lower Energy Solution

Active contour formulations predominate current minimization of the Mumford-Shah functional (MSF) for image segmentation and filtering. Unfortunately, these formulations necessitate optimization of the contour by evolving via gradient descent, which is known for its sensitivity to initialization and the tendency to produce undesirable local minima. In order to reduce these problems, we reformulate the corresponding MSF on an arbitrary graph and apply combinatorial optimization to produce a fast, low-energy solution. The solution provided by this graph formulation is compared with the solution computed via traditional narrow-band level set methods. This comparison demonstrates that our graph formulation and optimization produces lower energy solutions than gradient descent based contour evolution methods in significantly less time. Finally, by avoiding evolution of the contour via gradient descent, we demonstrate that our optimization of the MSF is capable of evolving the contour with non-local movement.
High speed and flexible optical transport network

Optical network operators have been focused on increasing channel speeds and fiber capacities to meet high data traffic demand growth in past decades. Network efficiency improvement with flexible optics will be network operators' next focus.
Advanced Correlation Analysis of Operators for the Traveling Salesman Problem

An extension to the correlation analysis of Manderick et al. and Mathias and Whitley used to study TSP operators is introduced. Part correlation and partial correlation further refine the relationship between an operator's preservation of genetic information and its overall fitness. The fitness landscapes of ten genetic operators are studied in isolation and in conjunction with the 2-opt local improvement technique in a GENITOR environment. Five variables (parent fitness, child fitness, child failure rate, insertion rate and increased tour length due to failure) are considered in the analyses. Results suggest that certain operators (Edge Family, MPX and Schleuter crossover (SCHX)) maintain higher correlations over several interesting variable relations, especially the parent to child (PC) relation, than do other genetic operators.
Effect of acetic acid and pH on the cofermentation of glucose and xylose to ethanol by a genetically engineered strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

A current challenge of the cellulosic ethanol industry is the effect of inhibitors present in biomass hydrolysates. Acetic acid is an example of one such inhibitor that is released during the pretreatment of hemicellulose. This study examined the effect of acetic acid on the cofermentation of glucose and xylose under controlled pH conditions by Saccharomyces cerevisiae 424A(LNH-ST), a genetically engineered industrial yeast strain. Acetic acid concentrations of 7.5 and 15 g L−1, representing the range of concentrations expected in actual biomass hydrolysates, were tested under controlled pH conditions of 5, 5.5, and 6. The presence of acetic acid in the fermentation media led to a significant decrease in the observed maximum cell biomass concentration. Glucose- and xylose-specific consumption rates decreased as the acetic acid concentration increased, with the inhibitory effect being more severe for xylose consumption. The ethanol production rates also decreased when acetic acid was present, but ethanol metabolic yields increased under the same conditions. The results also revealed that the inhibitory effect of acetic acid could be reduced by increasing media pH, thus confirming that the undissociated form of acetic acid is the inhibitory form of the molecule.
Association of Body Fat Distribution and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Children and Adolescents † 512

Association of Body Fat Distribution and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Children and Adolescents † 512
A diffused CMOS SRAM compiler for gate-arrays

The authors present a highly configurable embedded SRAM (static random-access memory) compiler that can generate both single and dual-port diffused SRAMs. The synthesis of these RAMs does not require any engineering intervention or knowledge of SRAM design. The compiler allows one to make accuracy vs. time tradeoffs in SRAM characterization by offering three different simulation methodologies. >
Digestibility of native and modified starches: in vitro studies with human and rabbit pancreatic amylases and in vivo studies in rabbits.

Abstract The effects of cooking and chemical modification of purified starches on the relative rates and extent of their hydrolysis were studied in vitro by using purified human and rabbit pancreatic amylases. Comparison was made with an in vivo study of postprandial glucose and insulin response in adult rabbits. Uncooked starches showed negligible hydrolysis in vitro, whereas cooking (10 min, 100 degrees C) increased both the rate and extent of hydrolysis of all starches. Soluble potato starch was the most and potato amylose the least hydrolyzed. Unmodified tapioca and waxy corn starch were hydrolyzed at the same rate and to the same extent as soluble potato starches. In most cases chemical modification did not change the rate and extent of hydrolysis of the starches. Minor differences between human and rabbit pancreatic amylase exist, but there is a general resemblance between the two amylases in their starch-hydrolyzing properties (correlation coefficient = 0.90; P less than 0.001). The in vivo study showed that uncooked starches elicited no detectable glucose and insulin responses, whereas all the cooked starches except amylose caused glucose and insulin responses comparable to the response seen when feeding glucose. Chemically modified starches (especially waxy corn acetylated distarch adipate) seemed to promote a faster rate of absorption, but the total glucose response (i.e., for the entire 180-min duration) was similar for modified starches and their unmodified counter-parts. The in vivo results showed an overall qualitative similarity to the in vitro results but presented a quantitative difference in the magnitude of the responses for various starch preparations. A good correlation exists between the in vitro and in vivo results (correlation coefficient = 0.84; P less than 0.01). This indicates that the action of pancreatic amylases is an important determinant in the digestion and absorption of these carbohydrates.
Antipsychotic drugs and risk of idiopathic venous thromboembolism: a nested case–control study using the CPRD†

Background The evidence to date on the relationship between antipsychotic drugs and the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) is limited. Purpose Our aim was to examine the association between the use of typical and atypical antipsychotics and risk of VTE and to assess the effects of dose and duration of use. Methods Among users of typical or atypical antipsychotics between 1998 and 2012 in the Clinical Practice Research Datalink, we identified all VTE cases aged 20–59 years with no major risk factors for VTE. From the same population, we randomly selected up to four controls for each case matched on age, sex, general practice, calendar time, and length of medical history. We estimated adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of VTE for current and recent use of antipsychotics compared with non-use using conditional logistic regression. Result We identified 868 cases and 3158 matched controls. Compared with non-use, any current use of antipsychotics was associated with a marginally increased risk of VTE: aOR 1.26 (95%CI [0.97, 1.63]); for new users, the aOR was 3.21 (95%CI [1.64, 6.29]). Prochlorperazine and risperidone were associated with elevated risks of VTE (aORs 2.18, 95%CI [1.47, 3.25], and 1.83, 95%CI [0.88, 3.81], respectively). Conclusion The risk of VTE with typical and atypical antipsychotics varies with type of drug and is highest just after starting the drug. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A linearization technique for RF low noise amplifier

A LNA linearization technique derived from multi-gated configuration using bipolar transistors in CMOS technology is proposed. A bipolar transistor is used to replace the auxiliary MOS transistor to achieve higher operational speed. Both single-ended and differential applications are investigated. Simulation shows that this method is competitive with already reported low noise amplifiers. For 3 GHz of frequency operation, the single-ended structure achieves +15 dBm IIP3 with 8.9 mW power consumption, and the differential architecture can achieve +14 dBm IIP3 with 21 mW power consumption.
Kinetics of Isomerization via Photoinduced Electron Transfer. I. Spectral Analysis and Structural Reorganization of Hexamethyl Dewar Benzene Exciplexes

It is well recognized that emission spectra from the reactions of excited-state electron acceptors (A*) with hexamethyl Dewar benzene (D) are typically dominated by fluorescence from exciplexes of its valence isomerization product hexamethylbenzene (B) (i.e., A•-B•+). We were able to obtain well-defined emission spectra of the A•-D•+ exciplexes with several cyanonaphthalenes as the excited-state electron acceptors by subtraction of the dominant A•-B•+ fluorescence from the total emission. Interestingly, a comparison of band shapes and maxima between the exciplexes of D and B reveals that the reorganization energy for return electron transfer in A•-D•+ is much larger than in A•-B•+ (∼1.2 vs 0.57 eV). Furthermore, a comparison between exciplexes of D and of 1,2-dimethylcyclobutene as a model compound showed that a greater reorganization energy is associated with return electron transfer from the A•-D•+ exciplexes. DFT calculations identified much of the “excess” reorganization energy in A•-D•+ with a change...
Fatigue Evaluation Incorporating Multiaxiality of Stress States

In this work the effects of multiaxiality on the fatigue evaluation by the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code procedures have been assessed. The conservatism associated with the Ke factor has been critically appraised for fatigue evaluation using a design example of a feed water nozzle subjected to pressure and thermal fluctuations. A fictitious stress concentrator is applied to account for the ratio of the peak stress to the stress linearized through the thickness of the section under consideration. The effect of the traxiality of the stress distribution has also been assessed using the same design example for fatigue evaluations. Additional analytical and experimental studies have been recommended to study these important critical factors for fatigue assessment.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Heat shock protein gp96 regulates Toll-like receptor 9 proteolytic processing and conformational stability

Nucleic acid-sensing Toll-like receptors (TLRs) initiate innate immune responses to foreign RNA and DNA, yet can detect and respond to host DNA. To avoid autoimmune pathologies, nucleic acid sensing TLRs are tightly regulated. TLR9 primarily resides in the endoplasmic reticulum, traffics to endosomes, is proteolytically processed and responds to DNA. The heat shock protein gp96 is one of several accessory proteins that regulate intracellular trafficking of TLR9. In the absence of gp96, TLR9 fails to exit the endoplasmic reticulum, and therefore gp96-deficient macrophages fail to respond to CpG DNA. However, absence of gp96 precludes studies on potential chaperoning functions of gp96 for TLR9. Here we demonstrate that pharmacologic interference with gp96 function inhibits TLR9 signaling. TLR9 remains associated with gp96 during intracellular trafficking, and gp96-specific inhibitors increase TLR9 sensitivity to proteolytic degradation. We propose that gp96 is critical for both TLR9 egress from the ER, and for protein conformational stability in the endosomal compartment. These studies highlight the importance of examining gp96-specific inhibitors for modulating TLR9 activation, and the treatment autoimmune diseases.
Acute zinc deficiency in a premature infant after bowel resection and intravenous alimentation.

Zinc deficiency in the newborn has primarily been associated with prolonged parenteral alimentation without adequate zinc supplementation. Affected infants, usually premature infants, fail to thrive despite adequate caloric intake, and irritability, lethargy, and an extensive perioral and diaper rash indistinguishable from that seen in acrodermatitis enteropathica are symptoms of this condition.1The contribution of previous gastrointestinal (GI) disturbance (chronic diarrhea or malabsorption) to the development of zinc deficiency in the neonate has received little attention. We report a case of zinc deficiency in a premature infant who received parenteral alimentation with preexisting GI disease. Report of a Case.—A 1.3-kg female infant was born to a 28-year-old woman (gravida 3, para 2) at 29 weeks' gestation. After resuscitation, a large pneumoperitoneum was noted, and, at surgery, a perforation of the distal ileum and peritoneal adhesions were found. Six centimeters of ileum was resected, and proximal and distal ileostomies were constructed. Results
New algorithm for 2-D linear system Eigenstructure assignment

An algorithm for eigenstructure assignment of two-dimensional linear systems is proposed, which reveals the degrees of freedom in selecting the feedback gain matrix of 2-D systems. Sufficient conditions for the existence of a linear state feedback gain matrix are given. By using the freedom which may be offered by these algorithms an output feedback controller can be designed to achieve the desired eigenstructure.
Delay in flowering and increase in biomass of transgenic tobacco expressing the Arabidopsis floral repressor gene FLOWERING LOCUS C.

Summary FLOWERING LOCUS C ( FLC ), a gene from Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. that acts as a flowering repressor, was expressed in tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L. ‘Samsun’). Five putative transgenic lines were selected and examined for the presence of FLC . Genomic DNA and total RNA were isolated from the leaves and used for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and RNA blot analysis, respectively. Both DNA and RNA tests confirmed the integration and transcription of FLC in all five lines and their T 1 progenies. Transgenic plants in one line showed an average of 36 d delay in flowering time compared to control plants, and the overall mean for all lines was 14 d. Transgenic plants also displayed increased leaf size and biomass yield and reduced height at flowering time. It is important to note that the delay in flowering might have been caused by a slower rate of leaf initiation (i.e. nodes/day) rather than by a change in the flowering mechanism itself.
The optimization of high indium and high phosphorus content InGaAs/GaAsP strained layer superlattices for use in multijunction solar cells

InGaAs/GaAsP strained layer superlattices (SLS) with high phosphorus and high indium content inserted into the intrinsic region of GaAs solar cells increases short circuit current with minimal impact on open circuit voltage. Very thin, high phosphorus content barriers provide several key advantages over other methods, namely 1) thin barriers occupy less space in a depletion width-limited SLS, 2) carrier transport is primarily due to tunneling, and 3) the height of the barrier, or depth of the well, is not subject to thermionic emission requirements. Our staggered well concept reduces quantum size effects to increase absorption beyond the GaAs band edge.
L2,2 X-Holomorphic Processes

SYNOPTIC ABSTRACTThe class of processes called holomorphic by Cairoli and Walsh are extended to the class of L2,2–bounded processes. In particular, the L2,2 X-holomorphic processes are shown to be Bochner L2,2–bounded and the integrals of a L2,2 X-holomorphic process are shown to preserve its L2,2 X-holomorphicity. Related to L2,2 X-holomorphic processes are certain stochastic partial derivatives. The stochastic partial derivatives are generalized to L2,2–bounded processes and the properties of path independence of the line integrals is shown to imply the existence of the derivatives. A Green's theorem is derived for stochastic partial derivatives with respect to L2,2–bounded processes.
Taking the Lead: Congressional Foreign Policy Entrepreneurs in U.S. Foreign Policy

This article examines the characteristics of individual members of Congress who become “foreign policy entrepreneurs.” Rather than simply responding to an administration’s foreign policy requests, such legislators try to lead Congress by initiating action on the foreign policy issues they care about rather than awaiting administration action. This study examines foreign policy entrepreneurs across a number of factors, including the parties to which they belong, the chambers in which they serve, the various legislative access points they employ, and the different legislative tactics they use. Also examined are the changes in such patterns over time. We test hypotheses about the characteristics and behavior of entrepreneurs using a data set of 2,621 instances of entrepreneurial behavior across the postWorld War II period. We conclude that congressional foreign policy entrepreneurs are increasingly salient players in the foreign policy process and are driven by policy disagreements and partisan calculations.
The cuff leak test: does it "leak" any information?

Post-extubation stridor and upper-airway obstruction are multifactorial in etiology and can occur as a result of laryngotracheal edema, intubation trauma, excessive cuff pressure with mucosal ulceration, and prolonged intubation with secondary inflammation and granuloma formation.[1][1] Cuff leak
The effect of personality on withdrawal severity and taper outcome in benzodiazepine dependent patients

Background. Personality psychopathology exerts a significant and independent effect on the course of benzodiazepine (BZ) discontinuation, worsening the subjective severity of withdrawal symptoms and significantly increasing the occurrence of early taper failures.Method. One hundred and seventy-one patients participating in a BZ discontinuation programme were administered several personality measures prior to taper. Patients were stabilized for 3 weeks at their baseline BZ dosage and then tapered off 25% per week over 4 weeks, with the option to extend up to 6 weeks if necessary.Results. High levels of passivity and dependency as assessed by the MMPI Dependence subcluster, and at a trend level high Eysenck Neuroticism and high TPQ Harm Avoidance contributed significantly to the prediction of benzodiazepine withdrawal severity. Though there was a high correlation between personality measures, psychopathology and adjusted BZ dose, the effects of personality on withdrawal severity was significant, particularly in the initial phases of BZ taper, when taper severity was still relatively mild.Conclusions. These findings indicate that clinical decisions on how to manage BZ tapering should be guided by personality assessments, in addition to the usual considerations of BZ dosage, residual psychopathology, duration of treatment, etc. The potential for difficulty with discontinuation related to personality traits should be one of the factors weighed in the risk–benefit assessment made in the planning of benzodiazepine treatment for patients with anxious symptomatology.
Identification of different classes of nonessential sulfhydryl groups in Escherichia coli adenylosuccinate synthetase.

Abstract Reaction of Escherichia coli adenylosuccinate synthetase with the thiol reagent 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitro-benzoic acid) (DTNB) or N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) leads to modification of one cysteine residue per enzyme monomer without significant loss of enzyme activity. Modification of a second cysteine residue occurs under mild denaturing conditions (3.5 m urea), and derivatization of this thiol followed by dialysis results in complete loss of enzyme activity. The remaining two cysteine residues react with DTNB only after treatment with 8 m urea. The location of the various cysteine residues in the enzyme was established by using [14C]NEM followed by tryptic digestion and radiopeptide isolation. The reactive cysteine has been identified as Cys291, and the thiol exposed with 3.5 m urea is Cys344. When Cys344 was replaced by either serine or alanine, the mutant enzymes were found to be as active as the wild-type enzyme. These findings point to the nonessential role of Cys344 in adenylosuccinate synthetase.
Mutation of the Lyn tyrosine kinase delays the progression of Friend virus induced erythroleukemia without affecting susceptibility.

Abstract During the initial phase of Friend virus (FV) induced erythroleukemia, the interaction between the viral envelope glycoprotein gp55, the Erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) and the naturally occurring truncated version of the Mst1r receptor tyrosine kinase, called Sf-Stk, drives the polyclonal expansion of infected progenitors in an erythropoietin independent manner. Sf-Stk provides signals that cooperate with EpoR signals to effect expansion of erythroid progenitors. The latter phase of disease is characterized by a clonal expansion of transformed leukemic cells causing an acute erythroleukemia in mice. Signaling by Sf-Stk and EpoR mediated by gp55 renders erythroid progenitors Epo independent through the activation of the EpoR downstream pathways such as PI3K, MAPK and JAK/STAT. Previous work has shown that Src family kinases also play an important role in erythropoiesis. In particular, mutation of Src and Lyn can affect erythropoiesis. In this report we analyze the role of the Lyn tyrosine kinase in the pathogenesis of Friend virus. We demonstrate that during FV infection of primary erythroblasts, Lyn is not required for expansion of viral targets. Lyn deficient bone marrow and spleen cells are able to form Epo independent FV colonies in vitro. In vivo infection of Lyn deficient animals also results in a massive splenomegaly characteristic of the virus. However, we observe differences in the pathogenesis of Friend erythroleukemia in Lyn−/− mice. Lyn−/− mice infected with the polycythemia inducing strain of FV, FVP, do not develop polycythemia suggesting that Lyn−/− infected erythroblasts have a defect in terminal differentiation. Furthermore, the expansion of transformed cells in the spleen is reduced in Lyn−/− mice. Our data show that Lyn signals are not required for susceptibility to Friend erythroleukemia, but Lyn plays a role in later events, the terminal differentiation of infected cells and the expansion of transformed cells.
Ocular Manifestations of AIDS

SELECTED CASE A 17-year-old patient with hemophilia A was diagnosed with transfusion-acquired human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in 1987. Antiretroviral therapy for diminishing CD4 cell counts included zidovudine for 3 years followed by didanosine and lamivudine (known then as 3TC). An initial ophthalmic screening examination in December 1992 revealed visual acuity of 20/20 in each eye, and retinal examination showed several nerve fiber layer infarcts (cotton-wool spots) in the left eye. In November 1993 the patient had no visual complaints, but on routine eye examination, visual acuity was 20/32 in the right eye and 20/25 in the left eye. Retinal examination revealed bilateral cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis (Figure), and the patient was started on intravenous ganciclovir at a dose of 5 mg/kg twice daily. Other medications included rifabutin (150 mg daily), captopril (12.5 mg twice a day), digoxin (0.37 mg daily), megestrol acetate (40 mg three times a day), lamivudine (175
Pagurid Crabs (Decapoda Anomura) From St. John, Virgin Islands, With Descriptions of Three New Species 1)

Dix-huit especes de Pagures sont signalees pour la premiere fois des eaux des Iles Vierges, U.S. Trois d'entre elles, Pylopagurus randalli, Pylopagurus bolthuisi et Paguristes wassi sont decrites comme nouvelles. L'auteur donne des notes de couleurs pour Pagurus marshi et pour Spiropagurus dispar, et fait des remarques sur d'autres especes.
Heterosexual adjustment among women and men with non-traditional gender identities: Testing predictions from self-verification theory

Heterosexual individuals who engage in dyadic sex are guided by scripts that dictate expectations and behavior. In our culture, these sexual scripts are based on traditional gender roles in which women are primarily expressive and men are primarily instrumental. Drawing from self-verification theory, the authors reasoned that instrumental women and expressive men experience greater psychological discomfort with sexual interactions because they are not treated in a self-verifying manner. As predicted, women who identified as highly instrumental (but not expressive) endorsed greater sexual anxiety and less desire than either traditionally expressive feminine or androgynous women. Likewise, men who identified as highly expressive (but not instrumental) endorsed less sexual desire than androgynous men. Sociocultural influences on self-views and sexual functioning are discussed.
Measurements of oscillator strength for use in elemental analysis

Abstract Electron-energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) in a conventional transmission electron microscope has been used to measure inner-shell cross-sections for aluminium, silver, indium, tin, antimony, tellurium and hafnium, using elemental thin films of known mass-thickness as standards. The results are presented in the form of differential and integral (dipole) oscillator strengths, in order to make them more widely useful for elemental microanalysis by EELS or X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and allowing comparison with previous experimental data and with the predictions of atomic theory.
The Gains from Price Stabilization: A Quantitative Assessment

A widely discussed problem in economics is the benefits from price instability. The original work by Waugh used consumer surplus to show that individuals benefit from price variation vis-a-vis stabilization at the mean. A later model by Oi did the same for producers, while Massel integrated the two analyses. An excellent account of the development of this problem is Turnovsky (1978). These analyses relied on models of consumer surplus with linear or log-linear demand functions, neither of which can be derived from utility-maximizing behavior. As a result, these demand curves do not relate to known measures of consumer welfare such as Hicksian compensated variation or the true cost of living. Realizing this, Hanock recast the problem in terms of the indirect utility function. Under the assumption of cardinal utility, Hanock; and Turnovsky, Shalit, and Schmitz derived the conditions, including those relating to risk, under which consumers gain. Under the assumption of ordinal utility, we prove the proposition that consumers gain from price instability. Next, these benefits are quantified via a Monte Carlo experiment.
In Search of Appropriate Soteriological Concepts: An Ecofeminist Perspective

Ernst Conradie offers a reconstructed soteriology from the perspective of the Christian Reform tradition and within the context of the ecological crises of today, especially with reference to South Africa. This paper is a response to his invitation to read and address his reconstruction from various viewpoints. I offer some ecofeminist reflections on and critiques of the traditional images, especially those of Gustav Aulen, which Conradie employs. I suggest that an ecofeminist perspective might engage very different images that would try to avoid the oppressive baggage the traditional redemption images have carried for women. Images that suggest the strongly transgressive nature of the cross in Christianity may be a better route from an ecofeminist perspective.
A simple algebraic model to predict burn depth and injury

Abstract A numerical model has been used to predict the depth of burns which result when human skin is exposed to high-temperature water. The model included a multi-layer facsimile of skin tissue (epidermal, dermal, subcutaneous fat, and muscle). The investigation covered a wide range of temperatures and exposure times. For lower temperatures and shorter exposure times, the model correctly predicts minimal burn injury while for higher temperatures and longer exposure durations, the burn extent is found to extend throughout the epidermal and dermal layers. Based on the results from the simulations, a simple approximating function was developed that allows medical practitioners to quickly and accurately determine the depth of injury. This tool will improve prognosis and enable more appropriate care to be delivered to patients. The approximating function was compared with data from the literature and was found to be in good agreement.
Propofol-induced seizure-like phenomena

Procedural sedation is a common practice in Emergency Medicine. Propofol has supplanted benzodiazepines in many centers as the drug of choice for procedural sedation. This article reports a case of seizure-like activity in an elderly man undergoing procedural sedation for a fracture reduction. The seizure-like activity was attributed to propofol. A review of the literature is discussed. When using propofol for sedation one should be aware of the risk of seizure-like activity.
Field and greenhouse investigations on winter bud production by Potamogeton gramineus L.

Abstract Potamogeton gramineus L. winter buds were present in the Byrnes Canal in northern California from August through October. Density (number m−2) of winter buds increased during this period and was inversely related to photoperiod. Density varied from year to year (1985–1991) and maximum average density of 761 m−2 was recorded in 1986. In greenhouse experiments, winter buds were present on plants after 8–10 weeks of growth at a 10 h photoperiod, but not at a 14 photoperiod. Plants grown at a 10 h photoperiod but with the dark period interrupted with either 20 or 60 min of dim light at 13 μM m−2 s−1 did not produce winter buds. Similar plants grown at a 10 h photoperiod with no interruption of the dark period produced winter buds. Plants grown with interruption of the dark period displayed dry matter allocation patterns similar to plants grown at a 16 h photoperiod. This information confirms earlier reports with other species about the importance of photoperiod for initiating vegetative propagule formation, and will improve capabilities for predicting vegetative reproduction by rooted aquatic plants.