cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Atomic force microscopy surface morphology studies of ‘in situ’ deposited polyaniline thin films

Abstract An ‘in situ’ deposition method is presented where combination of solutions of aniline monomer and an oxidizing agent leads to the growth of uniform polyaniline (PAn) conducting thin films on submerged substrates. The PAn films can be deposited on a variety of substrates including glass and organic materials. Film thickness can be controlled by varying the duration of the substrate dipping time; about 300 A was produced during a dipping time of 5 min. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to analyze the PAn film surface morphology and roughness. AFM images of the PAn surfaces revealed very smooth surfaces having a surface roughness (mean and root mean square) of about 30 A. Measurements on the PAn films using UV, visible and near IR were consistent with the thickness measurements obtained with AFM. The PAn film surface morphology, as determined from AFM images, was found to be characterized by particle-like features of about 50 to 100 nm in size which were packed tightly to produce a high density structure. Using a four-probe measurement approach, the conductivity of the doped PAn films was determined to be 2–6 S/cm.
Computers in Libraries Conference, Washington, DC

Provides an overview of the 19th annual Computers in Libraries conference held in Washington, DC, in March 2004. The main theme of the conference was to focus on “all aspects of library and information delivery technology”. States that the popular topics of discussion were search engine updates, federated searching, blogging, RSS, social networking, institutional repositories, and portals. Notes that the conference was not for the technology beginner or librarians uncomfortable with technology. The conference had over 2,400 attendees from 14 countries and almost every US state, and 50 different exhibitors. It featured over 100 sessions, three keynotes, several pre‐conference and post‐conference workshops, and many 15‐minute “cybertour” sessions in the exhibition area.
Mercury and methylmercury, in individual zooplankton: Implications for bioaccumulation

Using trace-metal-clean sampling and handling techniques along with ultrasensitive analytical procedures, it is possible to measure both total Hg and monomethylmercury (methyl-Hg) in natural planktonic communities with the same level of taxonomic, ontogenic, and trophic resolution that is currently possible in fish communities. In an experimentally manipulated lake, both acidification and trophic position enhanced the bioaccumulation of methyl-Hg in the plankton. A consistant pattern of methyl-Hg enrichment (2−4 ×) in water, bulk phytoplankton, and individual zooplankton was associated with a 1.5 unit pH decrease in Little Rock Lake. Regardless of pH, bioconcentration factors [Bf = log(Cb/Cw), where Cb and Cw are Hg concentrations in biota and water] were substantially higher for methyl-Hg than those for total Hg or nonmethyl-Hg at three pelagic trophic levels (~10−100×). Between each trophic level, the Bf(methyl-Hg) increased by ~0.5 log units, clearly indicating biomagnification. Although somewhat higher in the acidified basin, Bf(methyl-Hg) was more strongly influenced by trophic position than by pH. This suggests that methyl-Hg was bioaccumulated largely in proportion to supply and that acidification may have directly increased supply to the base of the food chain.
The Reduction-Coupled Oxo Activation (ROA) Mechanism Responsible for the Catalytic Selective Activation and Functionalization of n-Butane to Maleic Anhydride by Vanadium Phosphate Oxide

We report here the results of density functional theory quantum mechanical (QM) studies of the detailed chemical mechanism underlying the n-butane selective oxidation to form maleic anhydride (MA) on vanadyl pyrophosphate [(VO)2P2O7] and vanadyl phosphate [VOPO4] surfaces. This QM-derived mechanism differs substantially from previous suggestions but is in excellent agreement with key experimental observations. We find that the O(1)=P bond of the oxidized X1 phase of the VOPO4 surface is the active site for initiating the VPO chemistry, by extracting the H from the n-butane C–H bond. This contrasts sharply with previous suggestions, all of which involved the V=O bonds. The ability of O(1)=P to cleave alkane C–H bonds arises from a new unique mechanism that decouples the proton transfer and electron transfer components of this H atom transfer reaction. We find that the juxtaposition of a highly reducible V+5 next to the P=O bond but coupled via a bridging oxygen dramatically enhances the activity of the P=O bond to extract the proton from an alkane, while simultaneously transferring the electron to the V to form V+4. This Reduction-Coupled Oxo Activation (ROA) mechanism had not been known prior to these QM studies, but we believe that it may lead to a new strategy in designing selective catalysts for alkane activation and functionalization, and indeed it may be responsible for the selective oxidation by a number of known mixed metal oxide catalysts. To demonstrate the viability of this new ROA mechanism, we examine step by step the full sequence of reactions from n-butane to MA via two independent pathways. We that find that every step is plausible, with a highest reaction barrier of 21.7 kcal/mol.
Persuasive dimensions of see it now's “report on senator Joseph R. McCarthy”

The “See It Now” broadcast in which Edward R. Murrow and Fred W. Friendly directly assailed Senator Joseph R. McCarthy is often cited as a prominent example of the questionable use of materials as instruments of impartial journalistic reporting. The available evidence concerning the “Report on Senator Joseph R. McCarthy” is examined and evaluated in light of the format and function of the broadcast.
Improved Strategies for Radial basis Function Methods for Global Optimization

We propose some strategies that can be shown to improve the performance of the radial basis function (RBF) method by Gutmann [J. Global optim. 19(3), 201---227 (2001a)] (Gutmann-RBF) and the RBF method by Regis and Shoemaker [J. Global optim. 31, 153---171 (2005)] (CORS---RBF) on some test problems when they are initialized by symmetric Latin hypercube designs (SLHDs). Both methods are designed for the global optimization of computationally expensive functions with multiple local optima. We demonstrate how the original implementation of Gutmann-RBF can sometimes converge slowly to the global minimum on some test problems because of its failure to do local search. We then propose Controlled Gutmann-RBF (CG-RBF), which is a modification of Gutmann-RBF where the function evaluation point in each iteration is restricted to a subregion of the domain centered around a global minimizer of the current RBF model. By varying the size of this subregion in different iterations, we ensure a better balance between local and global search. Moreover, we propose a complete restart strategy for CG-RBF and CORS-RBF whenever the algorithm fails to make any substantial progress after some threshold number of consecutive iterations. Computational experiments on the seven Dixon and Szego [Towards Global optimization, pp. 1---13. North-Holland, Amsterdam (1978)] test problems and on nine Schoen [J. Global optim. 3, 133---137 (1993)] test problems indicate that the proposed strategies yield significantly better performance on some problems. The results also indicate that, for some fixed setting of the restart parameters, the two modified RBF algorithms, namely CG-RBF-Restart and CORS-RBF-Restart, are comparable on the test problems considered. Finally, we examine the sensitivity of CG-RBF-Restart and CORS-RBF-Restart to the restart parameters.
Optimal management of night eating syndrome: challenges and solutions

Night Eating Syndrome (NES) is a unique disorder characterized by a delayed pattern of food intake in which recurrent episodes of nocturnal eating and/or excessive food consumption occur after the evening meal. NES is a clinically important disorder due to its relationship to obesity, its association with other psychiatric disorders, and problems concerning sleep. However, NES often goes unrecognized by both health professionals and patients. The lack of knowledge regarding NES in clinical settings may lead to inadequate diagnoses and inappropriate treatment approaches. Therefore, the proper diagnosis of NES is the most important issue when identifying NES and providing treatment for this disorder. Clinical assessment tools such as the Night Eating Questionnaire may help health professionals working with populations vulnerable to NES. Although NES treatment studies are still in their infancy, antidepressant treatments and psychological therapies can be used for optimal management of patients with NES. Other treatment options such as melatonergic medications, light therapy, and the anticonvulsant topiramate also hold promise as future treatment options. The purpose of this review is to provide a summary of NES, including its diagnosis, comorbidities, and treatment approaches. Possible challenges addressing patients with NES and management options are also discussed.
Determination of L-Amino Acids and L-Amino Acid Oxidase Activity Using Luminol Chemiluminescence

Abstract A quantitative enzymatic method has been developed for analysis of most of the naturally occurring L-amino acids as well as the enzyme L-amino acid oxidase. The method is based on the reaction of L-amino acid oxidase with L-amino acids to generate hydrogen peroxide. The peroxide is then determined by reacting it with excess luminol and ferricyanide and measuring the resulting chemiluminescence. The lower limit of detection for any particular amino acid is related to the specific activity of the enzyme for that substrate. Concentrations as low as 5.0 × 10−8 M are measurable for some amino acids. Using L-phenylalanine as a substrate, enzyme activity can be measured in the range of 0.012 to 0.21 U. of enzyme.
High performance reaction-induced quasi-ceramic silicone conversion coating for corrosion protection of aluminium alloys

Abstract Regulations posed by the Environmental Protection Agency on the use of chromate conversion coatings have triggered the need to find alternative materials for the corrosion protection of aluminium and its alloys. A simple four-step process of creating a quasi-ceramic coating has been developed. The coating, which is made of environmentally safe chemicals, should be easily and safely manufactured for bulk production. Here, we describe the synthesis, characterization and evaluation of a silicone conversion coating for aluminium metal and its alloys. The spectroscopic techniques utilised in this study have shown the mode of the bonding mechanism between the metal and the coating. Thermal analysis of the material was conducted to evaluate its stability, while nano-mechanical properties were determined and correlated with the surface morphology of the coating. Results obtained from FTIR and XPS spectroscopic techniques suggested that the coating adhered to the metal substrates through active surface functionalities, and thermal analysis showed that the coatings contained volatile solvents including water that evaporated at lower temperatures. Nano-mechanical tests suggested that the coating had elastic properties. Accelerated corrosion and immersion tests were also performed on coated and uncoated aluminium alloys. Coated and uncoated aluminium alloys were also exposed to soil containing sulphate-reducing bacteria. Coated coupons showed excellent corrosion protection and antifouling characteristics indicating that the coatings were impervious and of high integrity.
Hydrogen induced yellow luminescence in GaN grown by halide vapor phase epitaxy

Strong yellow luminescence (YL) was found in GaN grown by the halide vapor phase epitaxy technique, using an NH3-HCl-GaCl-N2-H2 growth chemistry. The low-temperature (less than 100K) thermal activation energy of the yellow luminescence was determined to be ∼18 meV, which indicates that a shallow donor, rather than a ‘shallow’ acceptor, was involved in observed radiative transition. The temperature dependence of the YL peak energy and the shape of the YL band imply that there are multiple recombination channels involved in the YL band. The ratio of integrated intensity of yellow-to-bandedge luminescence decreased with an increase of HCl (and hence GaCl and growth rate) in the growth ambient.
Cozzy's Restaurant: An Exploration of the Writing Process through the Eyes of a Food Critic

Like many high school English teachers, I often had a difficult time getting my students to write. I knew the key to getting them to write was to find activities that interested them. What do most students love? They love going out to eat! They love not just the food, but the whole experience of “going out.” Cozzy's Restaurant was this teacher's answer to getting students to take notes, make outlines, create drafts, and write a paper they didn't mind taking home and sharing with their families—all while enjoying music, cooking, and “going out.”
A suspended sediment flow model for high solids concentration using higher order turbulence closure

Abstract A predictive model of sediment laden flows using a second order closure is presented. Damping of turbulence due to the presence of suspended solids is included in the model through consideration of local damping of turbulence kinetic energy. A modified k - ϵ model is used which utilizes damping terms to account for both sediment-induced density stratification and particle interference with eddy motions. Comparisons of model predictions for solids and velocity vertical distributions to measurement are presented for both negatively buoyant and neutrally buoyant solids with good agreement. Free surface damping of turbulence is also included in the model, and the effect upon the suspended solids concentration of this damping is demonstrated.
An Empirical Assessment of Cooperative Groups in Large, Time-compressed, Introductory Courses

We measured student knowledge and motivation at the beginning and end of a three-week general psychology course. Two large lecture sections (N = 215 and N = 154) were compared; one used a cooperative learning process, and one did not. Student knowledge significantly improved in both sections, but there was no additional benefit derived from using cooperative learning. Interestingly, student motivation significantly decreased in the cooperative learning section. With recognition of the study’s limitations, we conclude that cooperative learning has limited efficacy in large enrollment, compressed courses.
FloTracker: Log-Free and Instantaneous Host-Based Intrusion Root-Cause Analysis

Preserving the availability and integrity of security-critical computer systems in a fast-spreading sophisticated intrusions environment, requires advance algorithms, accurate and efficient intrusion diagnosis, along side with root-cause analysis techniques. In this paper we introduce FloTracker that is an online log-free host-based root-cause analysis detection engine, with instantaneous forensics capabilities. FloTracker presents security administrators as well as automated response systems, with immediate forensics information. For instance, it will identify a system's entry point of intrusion as soon as a critical security incident occurs, e.g., a sensitive system file modification is detected within the target system. To this end, FloTracker automatically defines an access control policy set (possibly with no access restriction) for the target system that facilitates real-time backtracking of an intrusion, given a detection point. Our experimental results on a real-world SE-Linux test-bed showed that the FloTracker could efficiently update the system's configuration thus modifications will not affect the functionalities of the system, yet providing a log-free and instantaneous root-cause analysis capability.
A classroom/time assignment model

Abstract Typically, university classroom space is grossly underutilized as measured by factor such as the number of vacant classroom slots and the percentage of empty seats. This inefficiency is caused, in part, by the propensity of faculty and students to select classes in the prime periods (9 A.M. – 12 and 1 P.M. – 3 P.M.) to the exclusion of alternative time slots. However, another difficulty is the combinatorial size of realistic scheduling problems; most optimization models cannot cope with even example problems. The trend has been to develop pure heuristic techniques. The author has devised a network-based optimizing approach to the classroom/time model which rapidly approximates the solutions. This model combines the insight of the scheduler with combinatorial and searching ability of a computer via a transshipment optimization network model.
Variability of soluble seed proteins, peroxidase and leucine aminopeptidase, in populations of Juglans nigra

Abstract Investigations of soluble seed proteins, peroxidase and leucine aminopeptidase were made by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and starch gel electrophoresis. Nuts from 94 trees representing 17 populations from throughout the geographic range of black walnut were analyzed. The extent of protein and isozyme variability was determined. Probable centers of origin of the species and its subsequent evolution leading to incipient races were hypothesized.
Role of deformation in deep inelastic heavy ion collisions

Abstract The transport theory previously developed for heavy ion deep inelastic collisions is generalized to include phenomenologically nuclear deformations. Calculated cross sections for the reaction 136 Xe+ 209 Bi show substantial improvements over previous results obtained without deformations. In particular, the new calculated cross sections exhibit a peak at low relative kinetic energy of the two outgoing nuclei.
MEASUREMENT OF THE POLARIZATION OF LINE PROFILES IN THE X-RAY REGION AND THE DIAGNOSTIC POSSIBILITIES

Abstract A relatively new technique for polarization analysis of X-ray line profiles was employed. A significant difference in profiles of the Al XII Lyman γ line registered in two orthogonal linear polarizations was observed in a powerful Z-pinch. This is a measurement of a polarization of X-ray line profiles in laboratory plasmas. The observed polarization of the profiles was interpreted as being due to strong Langmuir waves developed primarily along the discharge current. This diagnostic technique could also be applied to other areas of high-temperature plasma research, for example, to laser fusion. It may be the first measurement of polarization using the profiles of X-ray lines.
Abstract 2429: Temporally and spatially inducible mouse model of aneuploidy

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Aneuploidy, the state in which cells have an abnormal number of chromosomes, is a hallmark of most human cancers. Despite aneuploidy's near-ubiquitous presence in tumors, it is unknown whether aneuploidy is a driver or passenger in cancer progression. Aneuploidy is normally prevented by the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), a critical cellular mechanism which blocks chromosomal missegregation by inhibiting premature sister chromatid separation during mitosis. Although transgenic mouse models with defective SAC proteins exist, the dysfunctional proteins are expressed constitutively from birth in all tissues, a milieu that differs from that of an in vivo human tumor in which cancer cells develop aneuploidy de novo in the context of a euploid organism. In order to generate a mouse model that more closely approximates this tumor environment, we will insert single copies of shRNA hairpins that target SAC proteins BubR1 or Mad2 into the mouse genome at the Col1A1 locus using recombination mediated cassette exchange. shRNA expression will be under the control of a tetracycline responsive element in tissues that co-express rtTA, leading to temporally and spatially inducible disruption of the SAC, and thus aneuploidy. In vitro shRNA construct validation experiments indicate our shRNAs successfully knockdown target RNA and protein levels, as well as functionally promote mitotic slippage after nocodazole arrest, which is indicative of an impaired SAC. We will use this mouse model to investigate the role of increased chromosomal missegregation on tumor initiation and evolution, as well as the impact of increased aneuploidy on normal organ function. [Daniel Eichberg is a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Medical Research Fellow.] Citation Format: Daniel Eichberg, Kristin Knouse, Angelika Amon. Temporally and spatially inducible mouse model of aneuploidy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2429. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2429
A Constructivist Teacher Education Program That Incorporates Community Service To Prepare Students To Work with Children Living in Poverty.

Abstract This article describes a program designed to strengthen the preparation of teachers for their work in schools with children at risk due to poverty. The program emphasizes how the incorporation and integration of university classroom instruction with relevant community service learning experiences contributes to a strong knowledge base for students. Rather than a random set of learning experiences, the program is structured around a systematic constructivist pedagogical model which contributes to high quality design and organization of curriculum and instruction.
The Arctic Amplification Debate

Rises in surface air temperature (SAT) in response to increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) are expected to be amplified in northern high latitudes, with warming most pronounced over the Arctic Ocean owing to the loss of sea ice. Observations document recent warming, but an enhanced Arctic Ocean signal is not readily evident. This disparity, combined with varying model projections of SAT change, and large variability in observed SAT over the 20th century, may lead one to question the concept of Arctic amplification. Disparity is greatly reduced, however, if one compares observed trajectories to near-future simulations (2010–2029), rather than to the doubled-CO2 or late 21st century conditions that are typically cited. These near-future simulations document a preconditioning phase of Arctic amplification, characterized by the initial retreat and thinning of sea ice, with imprints of low-frequency variability. Observations show these same basic features, but with SATs over the Arctic Ocean still largely constrained by the insulating effects of the ice cover and thermal inertia of the upper ocean. Given the general consistency with model projections, we are likely near the threshold when absorption of solar radiation during summer limits ice growth the following autumn and winter, initiating a feedback leading to a substantial increase in Arctic Ocean SATs.
INCIDENCE, LOCATION, AND DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION OF METASTATIC BONE DISEASE

Metastatic carcinoma is the most common malignancy of bone. The clinical presentation of patients with skeletal metastasis is variable. When asked to evaluate a patient with a pathologic lesion or unexplained bone pain, the orthopedic surgeon should follow a logical sequence of steps in evaluating the patient with suspected metastasis to optimize care and avoid complications. In the majority of cases, a systematic approach to the patient with skeletal metastasis leads to the correct diagnosis.
Intercomparison of lumped versus distributed hydrologic model ensemble simulations on operational forecast scales

Summary Distributed hydrologic models, with the capability to incorporate a variety of spatially-varying land characteristics and precipitation forcing data, are thought to have great potential for improving hydrologic forecasting. However, uncertainty in the high resolution estimates of precipitation and model parameters may diminish potential gains in prediction accuracy achieved by accounting for the inherent spatial variability. This paper develops a probabilistic methodology for comparing ensemble streamflow simulations from hydrologic models with high- and low-spatial resolution under uncertainty in both precipitation input and model parameters. The methodology produces ensemble streamflow simulations using well calibrated hydrologic models, and evaluates the distinctiveness of the ensembles from the high- and low-resolution models for the same simulation point. The study watersheds are of the scale for which operational streamflow forecasts are issued (order of a few 1000 km2), and the models employed are adaptations of operational models used by the US National Weather Service. A high-resolution (i.e., spatially distributed) model and a low-resolution (i.e., spatially lumped) model were used to simulate selected events for each of two study watersheds located in the southern Central Plains of the US using operational-quality data to drive the models. Ensemble streamflow simulations were generated within a Monte Carlo framework using models for uncertainty in radar-based precipitation estimates and in the hydrologic soil model parameters. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was then employed to assess whether the ensemble flow simulations at the time of observed peak flow from the high- and low-resolution models can be distinguished with high confidence. Further assessment evaluated the model performance in terms of reproducing the observed peak flow magnitude and timing. Most of the selected events showed the high- and low-resolution models produced statistically different flow ensembles for the peak flow. Furthermore, the high-resolution model ensemble simulations consistently had higher frequency of occurrence within specified bounds of the observed peak flow magnitude and timing.
The effect of micellar media on photoinduced electron transfer reactions in methylviologen-naphthalene ground-state charge-transfer complexes

Abstract We have studied photoinduced electron transfer reactions by photoexcitation of ground-state charge-transfer complexes between methylviologen ions and several differently charged naphthalene derivatives. Using laser flash photolysis and picosecond absorption spectroscopy techniques, we have determined ion pair lifetimes and charge separation efficiencies. One-electron oxidation potentials of the naphthalene compounds have been measured by cyclic voltametry and complex formation equilibrium constants have been obtained from Benesi-Hildebrand plots. Since most of the biologically relevant electron transfer reactions occur in or close to membranes, we have been interested in the effects of interfaces on the electron transfer reactions studied. Using sodium dodecyl sulfate micellar dispersions as model interfacial environment we have studied the micellar effects on charge recombination and escape rate constants and on the escape yields.
Male investment under changing conditions among chacma baboons at Suikerbosrand.

Male investment in infant baboons was measured by frequency of carrying from 1978 through 1985. A series of hypotheses was generated and tested with the carrying data, based on the assumptions that: male baboons have some capacity to estimate likelihood of paternity; where paternity probability is greater, males will invest more, where potential benefits to males or infants are higher, males will invest more. Carrying was affected by probability of paternity, availability of estrous females, season of conception and season of carrying, infant age, subtrooping, and predation risk. Infants were carried by probable fathers, siblings, mothers' siblings, and unrelated “suitors.” Male investment increased female reproductive fitness: carried infants were more likely to survive, and mothers of carried infants had shorter interbirth intervals. Males appeared to estimate paternity both by observed copulations by other males and by the likelihood that copulations could have occurred without being observed. Male care of infant baboons may also be affected by female choice among males, the distribution of probable infants in time, male tenure at alpha rank, the number of males per troop, the probability of infanticide, and energy demands. Subtrooping seems to be historically crucial, by initially creating a situation in which some males have high paternity certainty.
Does trauma survey research cause more distress than other types of survey research

Members of institutional review boards who evaluate trauma research protocols frequently face the task of balancing potential risk with potential benefit. However, no known study has examined the relative effect of participating in a trauma-related survey compared to participating in a nontrauma survey. The authors randomly assigned participants receiving care in an outpatient PTSD treatment program to complete questionnaires assessing either trauma-related or nontrauma content. Participants completing trauma-related questionnaires reported feeling sadder and more tense than other participants, though they did not report differences in perceived gain from participation or retrospective willingness to participate. Results suggest that level of distress after participating in trauma research was insufficient to reduce willingness for, or perceived benefit from, participation in trauma survey research.
Visualizing Cross-Media Encounters: From Derek Walcott’s Omeros to Isaac Julien’s Paradise Omeros

Focusing primarily on Isaac Julien’s two Paradise Omeros films (2002–3), but also with further reference to Looking for Langston (1989) and Ten Thousand Waves (2010), I explore the figure of the poet and the concept of the poetic in Julien’s visual work. Just as Paradise Omeros engages Derek Walcott, so Looking and Waves draw inspiration from their poets, Langston Hughes and Wang Ping, respectively.
The effects of relational structure on analogical learning

Abstract Relational structure is important for various cognitive tasks, such as analogical transfer, but its role in learning of new relational concepts is poorly understood. This article reports two experiments testing people’s ability to learn new relational categories as a function of their relational structure. In Experiment 1, each stimulus consisted of 4 objects varying on 2 dimensions. Each category was defined by two binary relations between pairs of objects. The manner in which the relations were linked (i.e., by operating on shared objects) varied between subjects, producing 3 logically different conditions. In Experiment 2, each stimulus consisted of 4 objects varying on 3 dimensions. Categories were defined by three binary relations, leading to six logically different conditions. Various learning models were compared to the behavioral data, based on the theory of schema refinement. The results highlight several shortcomings of schema refinement as a model of relational learning: (1) it can make unreasonable demands on working memory, (2) it does not allow schemas to grow in complexity, and (3) it incorrectly predicts learning is insensitive to relational structure. We propose schema elaboration as an additional mechanism that provides a more complete account, and we relate this mechanism to previous proposals regarding interactions between analogy and representation construction. The current findings may advance understanding of the cognitive mechanisms involved in learning and representing relational concepts.
Teaching High-Value, Cost-Conscious Care to Residents: The Alliance for Academic Internal Medicine–American College of Physicians Curriculum

Postgraduate trainees have historically received little specific training in the stewardship of health care resources and minimal feedback on resource utilization and its effect on the cost of care...
Territoriality and spatial patterns of white rhinoceros in Matobo National Park, Zimbabwe

Boundaries associated with reserves or conservation areas may alter spatial patterns of individuals, and may aVect the sexes diVerently in species that exhibit sex-specific patterns of space use. Because of poaching threats, most African rhinos today persist within sanctuaries or reserves with fenced perimeters. We examined spatial patterns of adult white rhinos (Ceratotherium simum) in Matobo National Park, Zimbabwe. Matobo Park contains a high-density population of rhinos within a fenced reserve and a lower-density group outside of the fenced area. Adult females in the lowerdensity group used significantly larger home ranges than those in the high-density group. Overlap among female home ranges was extensive in both groups. Adult male white rhinos establish territories that are exclusive of other males performing scent-marking behaviours, and in Matobo Park, male territories were much larger than those observed in other populations of white rhinos. Additionally, few adult males in the high-density reserve held territories that occupied most available space; two-thirds of adult males were excluded from establishing territories, and followed a non-territorial tactic. In the absence of dispersal opportunities, managers may need to regulate the number of males within smaller reserves. Monitoring of spatial patterns should be undertaken to permit management decisions to be made with an understanding of male behaviour and territorial status.
Sex Differences in Negative Emotional Responses to Chronic Pain

Abstract We proposed a sequential model of pain processing with pain intensity as stage 1, pain unpleasantness as stage 2, pain-related emotions (depression, anxiety, frustration, anger, fear) as stage 3, and overt behavioral expression of pain as stage 4. We tested hypotheses about relationships between sex and the first 3 stages of pain processing by conducting simultaneous regression analysis using LISREL-8 with data collected from 967 women and 680 men with chronic pain. We found the following results: (1) women reported higher pain-related frustration and fear; (2) frustration related most highly to pain intensity among women, as compared with anxiety and depression among men; (3) depression and frustration related most highly to usual and highest pain unpleasantness among women, as compared with frustration among men; and (4) contrary to expectations, pain-related emotions were more strongly related to pain for men. Consistent with the sequential model of pain processing, emotional response to pain was more closely related to pain unpleasantness than to pain intensity across sex. Anxiety and frustration were the emotions most highly related to pain. The current results highlight sex differences in the experience of chronic pain and the importance of assessing a range of emotions in patients with pain. © 2001 by the American Pain Society
Functions and mechanisms of action of CCN matricellular proteins.

Members of the CCN (CYR61/CTGF/NOV) family have emerged as dynamically expressed, extracellular matrix-associated proteins that play critical roles in cardiovascular and skeletal development, injury repair, fibrotic diseases and cancer. The synthesis of CCN proteins is highly inducible by serum growth factors, cytokines, and environmental stresses such as hypoxia, UV exposure, and mechanical stretch. Consisting of six secreted proteins in vertebrate species, CCNs are typically comprised of four conserved cysteine-rich modular domains. They function primarily through direct binding to specific integrin receptors and heparan sulfate proteoglycans, thereby triggering signal transduction events that culminate in the regulation of cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, gene expression, differentiation, and survival. CCN proteins can also modulate the activities of several growth factors and cytokines, including TGF-β, TNFα, VEGF, BMPs, and Wnt proteins, and may thereby regulate a broad array of biological processes. Recent studies have uncovered novel CCN activities unexpected for matricellular proteins, including their ability to induce apoptosis as cell adhesion substrates, to dictate the cytotoxicity of inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα, and to promote hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal. As potent regulators of angiogenesis and chondrogenesis, CCNs are essential for successful cardiovascular and skeletal development during embryogenesis. In the adult, the expression of CCN proteins is associated with injury repair and inflammation, and has been proposed as diagnostic or prognostic markers for diabetic nephropathy, hepatic fibrosis, systemic sclerosis, and several types of cancer. Targeting CCN signaling pathways may hold promise as a strategy of rational therapeutic design.
Attitudes, Beliefs, and Referral Patterns of PCPs to Bariatric Surgeons

Background As severe obesity (BMI >40kg/m2) and its surgical treatment rise, primary care physicians (PCPs) will more frequently evaluate, refer, and oversee the long-term medical management of bariatric patients. A cross-sectional mail survey was conducted to assess the attitudes, knowledge, and bariatric referral practices among family and internal medicine physicians in North Carolina. Materials and methods Forty-seven percent of 611 randomly chosen PCPs returned a self-completed questionnaire. The effect of demographics, PCP attitudes, and PCP knowledge on referral practices was evaluated. Results Over 85% (221) of PCPs have treated operated bariatric patients within the last year and 76% (203) have referred patients for surgical evaluation. Thirty-five percent of practitioners felt unprepared to provide good quality long-term medical care to operated patients, and just 45% felt competent to address medical complications of bariatric surgery. Compared with nonreferring PCPs, referring physicians provided medical care to a greater number of severely obese (mean 9.9 versus 7.5, P Conclusions Bariatric surgeons will optimize referrals and postoperative care for patients by working cooperatively with PCPs and by providing educational resources.
Subjects and Agents of Empire: German Jews in Post‐Colonial Perspective

Scholars of German-Jewish Studies have built on Suzanne Zantop's groundbreaking work on German colonial fantasies by encouraging us to consider more fully the role of Jews and of antisemitism in German colonialism's contradictory evolution. I briefly outline some of this scholarship along with the ways post-colonial theory has and, more to the point, has not been employed as a theoretical framework in these studies. Even as we pay attention to colonial fantasies about Jews, I argue that colonial fantasies (and actions) by Jews deserve more explicit consideration. In the remainder of my discussion, I examine the colonialist motivations of the late nineteenth century Austrian-Jewish writer, Karl Emil Franzos (1847–1904), and of his ethnographic writings about Habsburg Eastern Europe. Always keeping in mind the ways in which German Jews were subjects of internal colonization, by paying attention to Jews as colonial agents as well, we may increase our understanding of the possible roles for Jews in the development of German national and colonial discourses prior to World War II.
The 15-Billion-Dollar Broadband Bonus

In September 2001, approximately 45 million US households accessed the Internet through a dial-up connection, while 10 million used a broadband connection. In March, 2006, a survey by the Pew Internet and American Life Project found a sharply contrasting picture: Approximately 42 percent (and growing) had broadband, while dial-up use was dropping rapidly. That contrast motivates a seemingly straightforward question: What is the economic value created by the increasing use of broadband? As it turns out, popular discussion often gets the answer wrong. The confusion is understandable. There are two alternative economic concepts for understanding the value created by a new good, one pertaining to gross domestic product (GDP) and another pertaining to users. Neither is better than the other. Each measures something different. In today's column, I aspire to use each concept to estimate the economic value created by broadband. I will aspire to be as transparent as possible, so at the outset I must admit that it is impossible to be absolutely precise in this exercise. Rather, I am going to perform a bit of "ballpark" economics. That is, I will aspire to get the numbers "in the right ballpark" - that is, within an acceptable margin of error. To whet your appetite, let me foreshadow the answer: Broadband created at least an additional 15 billion dollars of economic value in 2006, but less than half of that shows up in GDP.
Preparation and properties of Arsenic thin films deposited by Mercury-photosensitized chemical vapor deposition

Abstract Deposition of arsenic thin films on quartz substrates utilizing mercury-photosensitized decomposition of arsine is reported. The deposition process is discussed and a simple model is proposed suggesting that the rate-limiting step in the deposition process involves the collision between the excited mercury atoms and arsine molecules. In addition, the arsenic thin films obtained using this technique are characterized utilizing X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, optical absorption and cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry. Results of this characterization indicate minor differences in the optical absorption spectra for the amorphous arsenic thin films deposited by means of Hg-photosensitization as opposed to films obtained by sputtering or evaporation. In this work, rhombohedral arsenic thin films were obtained at a substrate temperature of 240°C and amorphous films were obtained at substrate temperatures less than 150°C.
Non-associative Drucker-Prager plasticity at finite strains

A straightforward extension of the return mapping algorithm for J 2 -plasticity at finite strains to a non-associative Drucker-Prager yield criterion, assuming elastic volumetric response, is presented. It is shown that the concept of plastic incompressibility, assumed at the outset, does not hold for a certain range of stresses
Determination of Lactate in Parenterals Containing Reducing Sugars

Abstract Reducing sugars in parenterals containing sodium lactate interfere with the determination of the lactate. An acid‐diatomaceous earth column separation of sodium lactate (as lactic acid) is proposed which uses ether as the eluting solvent. After esterification, the lactate is converted to a hydroxamic acid which reacts with iron(III) to form a reddish‐purple complex which absorbs at 515 nm. The standard deviation of the method is 1.07% of the average amount declared as being present. The method is rapid and can be used for parenterals containing 20% or less of reducing sugar. Parenterals containing partially hydrolyzed protein give high results.
Mimesis in the origins of bourgeois culture

Efforts to understand the problems of contemporary society have frequently led to a search for the origins of these problems in key transformations of the past, especially those in which economic reorganizations have been transcribed into new cultural forms. Research on such periods of social change often views certain social classes as having made the decisive break from one social system to another. These classes' formulation of prototypical social values, as well as their realization of such values, are identified as significant to the change. So there is a recognized though undetermined relationship between social class and social change. While an increasing number of sociologists and historians are seeking the substance of this relationship by investigating the institutional rearrangements of early modern society, the analysis of social class in that period remains problematic. Possibly the fault lies in the failure to supersede the nineteenth-century paradigm of class with a more systematic theory.1 Even today, controversies continue to be generated by very basic analyses of social classes in such cases of change as the transformation from feudalism to capitalism; the outbreak of the French Revolution; the origins of the "modern world system"; the emergence of the affection-based nuclear family; and the collective choice or rejection of a work ethic.2 Intertwined in the problematic of such analyses are three questions: the historical analysis of a particular process of change, the analytic problem of social class, and the philosophical concept of innovation.
Keynesian real business cycles in a neoclassical framework

Abstract Simple, old fashioned Keynesian models of cyclical fluctuations provide a legitimate alternative to neoclassical real business cycle models. Not only can these models mimic many of the characteristics of actual business cycles, the ad hoc behavioral rules on which they are based are vastly simpler and easier to calculate than the often insoluble maximization problems faced by representative agents in neoclassical models. In addition, these simple rules often imply a negligible loss of utility compared to that achieved when decision rules are derived as solutions to an intertemporal optimization problem. As a result, even though Keynesian models are apparently based on suboptimal behavior by individual agents, one cannot assume that these models are dominated by neoclassical alternatives.
Late Cenozoic Pull-Apart Graben Development, Big Bend Region, Texas: ABSTRACT

The Big Bend region is a giant rhomb-shaped structure with the Presidio (west) and Black Gap (east) pull-apart grabens marking the north-northwest-trending ends and the north and south branches of the Texas lineament (TL) marking its west-northwest-trending strike-slip ends. This large rhomb is broken internally by many faults (west, west-northwest, and north-northwest trends) that have generated numerous small to large pull-apart grabens. Black Gap graben is divided into segments by west-northwest faults that drop each segment deeper (250-1,050 m, 820-3,450 ft, structural relief) and southeastward in the United States part. The continuation into Mexico has not been studied. Presidio graben also has a complex bounding fault pattern of north-northwest-, west-northwest-, and west-trending segments. Depth of the graben in unknown, although outcrop and well data give a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). The internal shape is poorly known because of widespread pediment gravel cover. The Presidio and Black Gap grabens are the southeastern continuation of the Rio Grande graben system that terminates southward against the north-branch of the TL (that extends from El Paso to Valentine Black Gap across Texas). The south-branch of TL extends east-southeast from near Presidio across Mexico to the Gulf of Mexico near the mouth of the Rio Grande. Right slip along the west-northwest trends is demonstrated in the Sierra del Carmen by slickensides and by a first-motion study of the Valentine earthquake. Strike-slip displacement is presumably modest across the region (under 10 km, 6 mi, ?), but actual slips are indeterminate with the present data set. The Presidio graben lies along the eastern boundary of the Laramide Chihuahua overthrust belt. The Black Gap graben lies along the eastern boundary of the Laramide Rocky Mountain front. End_of_Article - Last_Page 510------------