cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEWS AND CASE STUDIES: Trade and the Environment Debate: Recent Developments and Implications for China

This report focuses on the current state of debate surrounding environmental goods negotiations under the World Trade Organization in the context of Chinese exports and imports. The report also examines some recent proposals (in United States and European Union) that called for increased trade barriers against imports from nations that have less stringent carbon policies and then draws implications for China.Environmental Practice 15:313–322 (2013)
A new survivable mapping problem in IP-over-WDM networks

We introduce a new version of the widely studied survivable mapping problem in IP-over-WDM networks. Unlike the original survivable mapping problem, the new survivable mapping problem (NSM) allows the given logical topology to be augmented by adding new logical links to it. NSM is stated as follows: given a physical topology and a logical topology, compute a survivable logical topology that contains the given logical topology such that the minimal survivable mapping cost for the resulting logical topology is minimized. The problem is significant for two reasons. First, if the given logical topology does not have a survivable mapping, we can add logical links to it to enable a survivable mapping. Second, if the given logical topology has a survivable mapping, it is possible to reduce the minimal survivable mapping cost by adding logical links to the given logical topology. We first prove that a solution to NSM always exists and then provide a straightforward integer linear program (ILP) formulation for NSM. Moreover, we present a theoretical result that leads to an improved ILP formulation for NSM and an NP-hardness proof for NSM. The significance of both the new survivable mapping problem and the theoretical result is demonstrated by simulation
Exome sequencing and complex disease: practical aspects of rare variant association studies

Genetic association and linkage studies can provide insights into complex disease biology, guiding the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Over the past decade, genetic association studies have largely focused on common, easy to measure genetic variants shared between many individuals. These common variants typically have subtle functional consequence and translating the resulting association signals into biological insights can be challenging. In the last few years, exome sequencing has emerged as a cost-effective strategy for extending these studies to include rare coding variants, which often have more marked functional consequences. Here, we provide practical guidance in the design and analysis of complex trait association studies focused on rare, coding variants.
Alternative Magnesium Calcium Oxide Gate Dielectric for Silicon Carbide MOS Application

Films of MgO and MgCaO ternaries were grown at low temperature as dielectrics on 6H-SiC by gas-source MBE. MgO grown at 300 and 400°C revealed crystallites textured toward the (111) orientation on SiC (0001). A solid-solution Mg.75Ca.25O ternary was grown having a minimal lattice mismatch and low root mean square (RMS) roughness of 0.5 nm. SiC pretreatments in UV-ozone reduced carbon contaminants on the surface of SiC, but resulted in the increase of fixed oxide charge in the oxide/SiC interface. Electrical breakdown fields >3.5 MV cm -1 and low density of interface states on the order of 1011 cm-2eV-1 were achieved for a Mg.75Ca.25O ternary grown at 300°C. These oxides are presented for the first time as low temperature alternatives to SiO 2 gate dielectrics for SiC MOS applications.
High Reynolds number steady separated flow past a wedge of negative angle

According to classical boundary-layer theory, uniform flow past a semi-infinite wedge, inclined at a negative angle ½πβ to the direction of the free stream, does not separate unless β ≤−0·1988. It has been assumed, therefore, that, in the range −0·1988 −0·1988. In addition, the structure of the high Reynolds number flow for β < −0·1988 has remained, to date, unresolved.We present here a fundamentally different solution to this classical problem which eliminates the singularity in the potential region by allowing the flow to separate at the leading edge of the inclined surface. The associated flow field is then characterized by an essentially uniform free stream flowing over an inviscid and, to a high approximation, irrotational region of reverse flow in which the velocity is of O(R−½) in magnitude, R being the Reynolds number. Mixing of these two streams is confined to a free shear boundary layer, of O(R−½) in thickness, extending downstream from the leading edge and parallel to the direction of the undisturbed main flow. Finally, an additional boundary layer, of O(R−½) in thickness, is shown to exist between the separated region and the surface of the wedge. Owing to the absence of a characteristic length in the problem, similar solutions to the appropriate equations describing the flow in each region are obtained and are valid for all β < 0, provided that the Reynolds number is sufficiently large. The analysis is then extended to higher order in R to increase its range of validity and to demonstrate that the proposed structure of the flow field remains self-consistent. Although the solution is developed only for a semi-infinite wedge with β < 0, it is believed that certain of its features may be of value in the analysis of other problems involving high Reynolds number separated flows.
Application of distributed Compressive Sensing to Power System State Estimation

This paper presents an application of distributed Compressive Sensing (CS) for data recovery/reconstruction in Power System State Estimation (PSSE). Transmitted measurements to power system control centers may disappear due to congestion or disconnection in communication links, sensor failures, and cyber-attacks. Consequently, the state estimator may encounter problems. In the proposed method, the identified (Phasor Measurement Unit) PMU bad/missing measurement(s) are reconstructed using CS. Data reconstruction exploits the correlation in both time and space among the PMU measurements using a random projection matrix and a wavelet dictionary. The linear state estimation is then carried out using the available and reconstructed PMU measurements. The proposed method is evaluated on the IEEE 57-Bus transmission system. The capabilities and limitations of the proposed method are also discussed.
Primary Herbivory by Wood-Boring Insects along an Architectural Gradient of Rhizophora mangle

We investigated the distribution of primary xylovores in Rhizophora mangle (red mangrove) first-order branches, i.e., "twigs", along an architectural gradient on Belizean mangrove cays. Greater structural diversity in R. mangle architecture, xylovore availability, occurrence of natural enemies, and habitat do not result in variable xylovore species richness. Despite large differences in architectural complexity, tall, fringe, dwarf, and sapling trees host the same set of primary twig borers. However, tall trees support greater diversity and abundance of twig inquilines than other tree forms. Primary twig borers have a key role in structuring these mangrove communities because their galleries and pupal chambers provide habitats for numerous species of secondary xylovores and inquilines. We also measured the amount of leaf area removed from R. mangle's canopy by wood- and leaf-feeding herbivores. Vigorously growing tall and sapling trees sustain greater losses because of twig borers than dwarf trees. However, xylovory in fringe trees was not different from any of the other categories. Cumulative herbivory was greatest in the tall trees. In most cases, leaf-area loss as an indirect or collateral result of primary xylovory equaled or exceeded leaf-area loss as a direct result of folivory. Kty words: diversity; herbivory; inquilines; mangrove; plant architecture; primary xylovory; Rhizophora mangle; species richness; twig-feeding guild; wood-boring insects.
Continuous infusion of methohexital and alfentanil hydrochloride for general anesthesia in outpatient third molar surgery

Abstract Three anesthetic techniques were compared in this study: 1) Intermittent Brevital ® boluses supplemented with fentanyl and midazolam all titrated to patient movement, 2) constant infusion of Brevital ® supplemented with fentanyl and midazolam all delivered in calculated mg/kg doses based on total body weight, and 3) constant infusion of methohexital (Brevital ® ) and alfentanil (Alfenta ® ) supplemented by midazolam (Versed ® ), droperidol, and glycopyrolate (Robinul ® ) delivered in calculated mg/kg doses based on lean body mass. Nitrous oxide was delivered in all cases via nasal mask in a 30% to 50% concentration. The mean total dose of Brevital ® in group 1 (intermittent Brevital ® bolus) was 0.17 mg/kg/min (SD = 0.07), group 2 (Brevital ® infusion) was 0.23 mg/kg/min (SD = 0.06), and group 3 (alfentanil/Brevital ® infusion) was 0.12 mg/kg/min (SD = 0.07). Mean total dose of alfentanil in group 3 equaled 1.58 mcg/kg/min (SD = 0.73). In group 1, 94% of the patients experienced moderate to severe movement intraoperatively. Twenty-three percent of the patients in group 2, and only 7% of group 3 exhibited moderate to severe movement. Emergence in group 3 averaged 4.5 minutes (SD = 1.6). Three patients (7%) in group 3 had postoperative nausea. Additional subjective findings in group 3 included easier airway maintenance during administration of the anesthetic, lack of unpleasant emergence phenomena such as crying, and prompt readiness for discharge. It was concluded that continuous alfentanil and Brevital ® infusion satisfied the objectives of safety, stability, predictability, and rapid recovery, while improving operating conditions (less patient movement) when compared with more traditional anesthetic techniques.
Staffing, Spending, and Funding of State Inland Fisheries Programs

Abstract In 2001, 41 state fish and wildlife agencies employed from 5.6 to 416.0 full-time permanent employees responsible for inland fisheries programs. An average of 35.6% were assigned to sport fisheries management, 31.7% were responsible for fish production and distribution, 6.8% conducted research, 5.4% were administrators, 5.2% provided secretarial and clerical services, 3.9% dealt with environmental services and concerns, 2.9% furnished aquatic education, 2.5% created motorboat and angler access, 2.0% manipulated aquatic habitat, and 1.1% managed nongame, threatened, and endangered fisheries. Inland fisheries programs spent from $432,000 to $39,276,052 annually, financed primarily with a combination of fishing, hunting, and trapping license, permit, and stamp revenues and Sport Fish Restoration apportionments. For each state, inland fisheries program employees and expenditures were compared to predicted values from a model that considered income generated by fishing licenses, permits, and stamps; a...
Probe detection of time-varying electron tails

Acceleration of electrons by wave-particle interactions has been proposed as an ionization mechanism in helicon wave plasma sources, and a number of authors have shown distribution functions with a fast electron tail. Using a carefully RF-compensated Langmuir probe, we have reported the absence of such fast electrons. We find that the discrepancy lies in the delicate nature of RF compensation and in the time variation of the fast electrons, which appear only in the acceleration phase of the RF cycle. When the probe is made to follow RF fluctuations in the floating potential (by use of an auxiliary electrode), the electron tail cannot be seen on the time-averaged I-V trace because the floating potential itself shifts whenever the tail is present. On the other hand, if the probe is inadequately RF-compensated, the tail is masked by the apparent tail that is seen in the de average in the presence of RF. These effects are shown in I-V curves computed with model distribution functions. A properly designed probe should follow the fluctuations in space potential, not floating potential.
Optoelectronic array that computes error and weight modification for a bipolar optical neural network

The design, fabrication, and results of an optoelectronic device that computes the weight changes required by the delta-rule learning algorithm and encodes the result on a pair of optical beams are presented. This very-large-scale-integrated ferroelectric liquid-crystal array was designed specifically to permit bipolar optoelectronic neural networks to learn without the limitations of an external controlling computer. The device contains 64 smart pixels, which represent the processing elements in an artificial neural network. Each processing element consists of two photodetectors, a current-to-voltage converter, two comparators, two switches, and two output liquid-crystal modulating pads. The device has a measured contrast ratio of 10:1, a 10%-to-90% rise time of 350 μs, and a 90%-to-10% fall time of 150 μs.
Virtual Organizational Imitation for Construction Enterprises: Agent-Based Simulation Framework for Exploring Human and Organizational Implications in Construction Management

AbstractNumerous efforts have been made to investigate organizational and human implications in construction management. Despite the major contribution of these efforts, future research efforts should be able to capture complex interactions of social processes in the construction environment. This paper proposes the use of agent-based modeling (ABM) to study the interactions of organizational and human factors and their effects on construction performance. Literature was used to identify the main model components and inputs. A simulation model, virtual organizational imitation for construction enterprises (VOICE), was built to explore how construction performance emerges from microlevel construction processes and work-related behaviors. A case study was conducted to investigate several managerial scenarios. Results demonstrate the need to understand social and managerial effects on the performance of construction processes. Results were verified and validated against multifold sources. VOICE is expected t...
Cobalt chloride induces delayed cardiac preconditioning in mice through selective activation of HIF-1α and AP-1 and iNOS signaling

Acute systemic hypoxia induces delayed cardioprotection against ischemia (I)-reperfusion (R) injury via inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-dependent mechanism. Because CoCl2 is known to elicit ...
The Interpretive Turn in Media Research Innovation, Iteration, or Illusion?

The turn toward interpretive media research is often said to portend a break with various media research traditions, including uses and gratifications and social‐structural approaches. A comparison of interpretivism with these approaches suggests two things: First, interpretivism's distinctiveness from earlier work is not always entirely clear. In particular, a comparison of interpretivism with gratifica‐tionism in terms of underlying philosophical premises and technique of discovery reveals continuity rather than rupture between the two approaches. Second, an analysis of the challenges that interpretivism poses to preceding traditions (particularly social‐deter minist positions) suggests that these challenges may be illusory. Particular attention is given to the concept of interpretive community, issues of dominance and resistance in relation to media content and reception, and scholarly‐political objectives in theory construction.
Beta-adrenergic receptor antagonism preserves myocardial function after brain death in a porcine model.

Background Cardiac dysfunction after brain death decreases the already limited number of potential donors for cardiac transplantation. Acute beta-adrenergic receptor (βAR) desensitization after the brain death–associated catecholamine surge is an important mechanism. We hypothesized that acute βAR antagonism could improve myocardial function after brain death by preserving βAR signaling. Methods Pigs were randomly assigned to three study groups ( n = 5): sham; brain death; and brain death with βAR antagonist (200 μg/kg/min esmolol), 30 minutes before brain death until 45 minutes after brain death. Functional data were collected for 6 hours after brain death and tissues procured. Results Compared with baseline, pre-load recruitable stroke work (PRSW), a pre-load–independent measure of systolic function (21.4 ± 7.5 vs 43.3 ± 6.8, slope of regression line during vena caval occlusion, p p = 0.03) and systemic oxygen delivery (151 ± 79.7 vs 298 ± 78.7 ml/min, p p = 0.92), diastolic function (Tau, 32.6 ± 5.1 vs 48.5 ± 28.3 ms, p = 0.57) and oxygen delivery (427 ± 116 vs 397 ± 98.8 ml/min, p = 0.36) at 6 hours after brain death. βAR antagonist preserved βAR signaling, as demonstrated by similar left ventricular (LV) basal (55.4 ± 32.8 vs 58.8 ± 10.9 pmol/mg/min, p = 0.40) and isoproterenol-stimulated (125 ± 70.5 vs 124 ± 52.0 pmol/mg/min, p = 0.49) adenylate cyclase activity at 6 hours after brain death, upon comparing βAR antagonist and sham treatment groups. Both LV basal and isoproterenol-stimulated adenyl cyclase activity were higher with βAR antagonist (25.9 ± 4.8 pmol/mg/min, p = 0.03) than with untreated brain death (55.6 ± 17.3 pmol/mg/min, p = 0.02). Conclusions Beta-adrenergic receptor antagonism before brain death preserves cardiac function by preventing βAR desensitization. This therapy in potential donors might increase the number of organs available for transplantation.
Vascular tissue engineering : designer arteries.

The fields of vascular biology and vascular medicine are so intertwined that advances in one predict, explain, or are required for progress in the other. Bypass grafting, which once served as a “bailout” procedure,1 2 is now performed more than 600 000 times annually in the United States. In major part, this increase can be attributed to a surge in understanding of the vascular response to injury. At the same time, the science of vascular biology has been primarily stimulated by the clinical imperative to combat complications that ensue from vascular interventions.3 Thus, when a novel vascular biological finding or cardiovascular medical/surgical technique is presented, we are required to ask the 2-fold question: what have we learned about the biology of the blood vessel, and how might this knowledge be used to enhance clinical perspective and treatment? The innovative method of engineering arterial conduits presented by Campbell et al4 in this issue of Circulation Research presents us with just such a challenge, and I will attempt to deal with the biological and clinical ramifications of this work. Although routinely applied and ubiquitously used, vascular grafting is not without significant constraints and complications.3 Arterial conduits are in limited supply and restricted dimensions. Venous conduits are more abundant but lack vasomotor tone and are prone to thrombotic and hyperplastic occlusion and, less frequently, infection. Veins and arteries must be harvested from sites that leave wounds that can break down or become infected. Synthetic materials do not fare well in small-bore vascular beds and are excessively thrombotic. Graft passivation has been attempted to minimize material-blood interaction by surface modification with coatings of proteins,5 polymer materials, or cells.6 7 Although somewhat successful in limiting thrombosis and hyperplasia, such linings do not provide vascular responsiveness or other biochemical secretory …
A Novel Nonnull ZIP1 Allele Triggers Meiotic Arrest With Synapsed Chromosomes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

During meiotic prophase, assembly of the synaptonemal complex (SC) brings homologous chromosomes into close apposition along their lengths. The Zip1 protein is a major building block of the SC in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In the absence of Zip1, SC fails to form, cells arrest or delay in meiotic prophase (depending on strain background), and crossing over is reduced. We created a novel allele of ZIP1, zip1-4LA, in which four leucine residues in the central coiled-coil domain have been replaced by alanines. In the zip1-4LA mutant, apparently normal SC assembles with wild-type kinetics; however, crossing over is delayed and decreased compared to wild type. The zip1-4LA mutant undergoes strong checkpoint-induced arrest in meiotic prophase; the defect in cell cycle progression is even more severe than that of the zip1 null mutant. When the zip1-4LA mutation is combined with the pch2 checkpoint mutation, cells sporulate with wild-type efficiency and crossing over occurs at wild-type levels. This result suggests that the zip1-4LA defect in recombination is an indirect consequence of cell cycle arrest. Previous studies have suggested that the Pch2 protein acts in a checkpoint pathway that monitors chromosome synapsis. We hypothesize that the zip1-4LA mutant assembles aberrant SC that triggers the synapsis checkpoint.
Management of a Patient With Advanced BRAF-Mutant Melanoma

A 49-year-old man initially diagnosed in 1995 with cutaneous melanoma presented to the authors' institution in 2009 with metastatic, BRAF V600E-mutant melanoma. His treatment course to date has included surgery, adjuvant radiotherapy, and interferon, metastasectomies, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors, a clinical trial with the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib (PLX-4032), clinical trial with combination BRAF plus MEK inhibition with vemurafenib plus GDC-0973, and combination targeted and immune therapy with vemurafenib plus the anti-CTLA4 antibody ipilimumab. This case report illustrates the long-term management of a patient with metastatic melanoma using targeted and immune therapy, evolution in treatment guidelines, next directions in research, and the critical role of clinical trials in advancement of patient care.
Fast measurement of binding kinetics with dual slope SPR microchips

We demonstrate a new dual slope SPR technique that is ten-fold faster than the conventional step-response method. The new scheme utilizes rapid slope-based measurements followed by rapid reset, and it separates association and dissociation half reaction measurements at two separate sites inside a dual-chamber PDMS microfluidic chip. For a model CAII-ABS test system, the association and dissociation slopes were measured in 30 seconds compared to 5 minutes for step-response. The values of ka and kd calculated from the slope method are 3.66 ± 0.19 × 103 M−1 s−1 and 4.83 ± 0.17 × 10−2 s−1, respectively, matching well with step-response values while facilitating ∼10 to 15 fold faster detection and quantification.
The Ones That Are Wanted: Communication and the Politics of Representation in a Photographic Exhibition.

The Ones That Are Wanted: Communication and the Politics of Representation in. Photographic Exhibition. Corinne A. Kratz .Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002. vii. 307 pp., illustrations, appendixes, notes, bibliography, index.
Microbiological quality of fresh produce obtained from retail stores on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, United States of America.

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the microbiological quality of six types of fresh produce obtained from three retail stores located on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, USA. A total of 414 samples representing basil, cilantro, lettuce, scallion, spinach, and parsley were analyzed for total aerobic bacteria (APC), total coliforms, Escherichia coli, and three pathogenic bacteria (E. coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella), using standard methods. Presumptive pathogenic isolates were confirmed using BAX Polymerase Chain Reaction. Total aerobic populations varied widely between samples, while 38.41% were positive for total coliforms and only 10.15% for E. coli. Median abundance (log CFU/g) of total coliforms and E. coli were less than the limit of detection and that of APC ranged from 5.78 to 6.61 over the six produce types. There was a statistically significant difference in prevalence of total coliforms among the retail stores, but not for abundance of APC or prevalence of E. coli. E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes were detected in one spinach sample each, while one parsley and one cilantro sample were positive for Salmonella. There were no statistically significant differences in microbiological quality among produce types. Although the results of this study provided some indices of sanitary and/or spoilage level, no relationship was observed among the total aerobic bacteria, total coliforms, E. coli, and the presence of pathogenic bacteria in the samples tested.
Student-Focused Strategies for the Modern Classroom.

As the method we use to measure the effectiveness of educational institutions changes to focus more on learning outcomes rather than learning processes, teaching styles may need to adapt to facilitate this approach to evaluation. This paper proposes several strategies to build a more student-focused classroom including the “servant-professor” model, techniques to measure student-learning outcomes, and active learning. The application of these strategies in the classroom may be one way to place more focus on the needs of the student, thereby generating stronger learning outcomes. The learning systems and technology provided by textbook publishers and instructional designers to facilitate the development of a student-focused classroom are also discussed.
A Review of Swimming Cues and Tips for Physical Education.

Swimming is a low-impact activity that causes little stress on joints so it can be done for a lifetime. Many teachers may wish to teach swimming but do not have cues or ideas for doing so. This article reviews swimming cues, relays and equipment that can help a physical education teacher include a swimming unit in their curriculum. Certification and adaptation for some disabilities are also mentioned.
The myths of Edward Teller

(1983). The myths of Edward Teller. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 6-12.
Effects of N-Ethyl Maleimide and Insulin upon Adipose Tissue

SummaryN-ethyl maleimide, a sulfhydryl blocking agent, is capable of inhibiting the response of adipose tissue to insulin. The inhibitory mechanism is not competitive. Although the effect appears to be upon the cell surface, the binding of insulin to the tissue is not impaired.
BREAKING UP CORAL-LIKE EUTECTIC SILICON IN HYPOEUTECTIC Al-Si ALLOYS

The unmodified eutectic silicon is rosette-like. On a polished surface, the eutectic silicon looks like flakes. With an addition of up to 0.02 wt%Sr, the large silicon flakes become small fibrous structures, and the mechanical properties of the material, especially the elongation and ductility, are improved. On a polished surface, the fibrous silicon looks like spherical particles shown in Figure 1. Three dimensionally, the fibrous silicon is actually part of a coral-like structure. If this coral-like eutectic silicon can be broken down into isolated silicon particles, the mechanical properties, especially the ductility, of the hypoeutectic Al-Si alloy can be further improved.
Frequencies of Ty1- copia and Ty3- gypsy retroelements within the Triticeae EST databases.

The frequency of Ty1-copia-type and Ty3-gypsy-type retrotransposons in the International Triticeae EST Consortium (ITEC) database (61,942 sequences: 82% wheat, 10% barley, 8% rye) and the DuPont EST database (86,628 wheat sequences) was estimated using BLASTN searches. These ESTs were obtained from 94 cDNA libraries from different tissues (leaves, roots, spikes, flowers and seeds) and different growing conditions, excluding subtracted and normalized cDNA libraries. Triticeae EST databases were screened using four different Ty1--copia-type, 12 reverse transcriptase sequences, and three Ty3-gypsy-type Triticeae retrotransposon sequences. Using a selection threshold of BLASTN scores higher than 100 or E values smaller than e–20, 0.145% of the ESTs were found to be significantly similar to at least one of the retrotransposons used in the search (0.064% Ty1-copia, 0.081% Ty3-gypsy). This percentage increased to 0.176% when the BLASTN threshold was changed to E<e–10. The percentage of ESTs similar to retrotransposons was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in cDNA libraries from leaf tissues than in cDNA libraries from roots, anthers, or spikes. In addition, the percentage of ESTs similar to retrotransposons in cDNA libraries from plants under stress conditions (0.25% at E<e–20, and 0.30% at E<e–10) was three to four folds higher (P < 0.0001) than in cDNA libraries from plants grown under normal conditions (0.07% at E<e–20, and 0.09% at E<e–10). Identification of retrotransposons within the Triticeae EST databases provides an indirect estimation of the patterns of transcriptional activity of these repetitive elements and is important to improve the annotation of genomic sequences used to search these EST databases.
Analysis on Water Quality of Centralized Water-supply Project for Rural Areas in Huaihua in 2008

Objective To understand the water quality and sanitary situation of centralized drinking water supply safety project in the rural areas of Huaihua.Methods The treated water and tap water were randomly collected from the rural centralized drinking water supply safety project in Hecheng District,Zhongfang County,and Hongjiang City as samples in March (dry season) and July (wet season),and the samples were analyzed according to the national standard.Results The eligible rates of the treated water in dry and wet seasons were 44.1% and 12.1%,respectively.The eligible rates of the tap water in dry and wet seasons were 45.5% and 26.3%,respectively.Conclusions The rural centralized drinking water supply safety project is deeply impacted by natural factors and excrement from human,livestock and poultry,the fundamental ways to save rural drinking water safety are protecting water resources,improving purification and disinfection facilities,and strengthening surveillance on the rural centralized drinking water supply safety project.
THE EFFECT OF PROLONGED ATELECTASIS OR ISCHEMIA UPON THE LUNGS OF GROWING DOGS.

SUMMARY Transection of bronchi in 3 young puppies led to failure of growth, cystic transformation of the atelectatic lung, and contraction of the smaller pulmonary arteries. Simple ligation of a pulmonary artery at the same stage in development led only to moderate decrease in growth of the lung and increased bronchial arterial collateral circulation.
Endor of Metalloproteins at X-Band and Q-Band Microwave Frequencies

One of the common difficulties in the ENDOR studies of many metalloproteins is that the resonances of non-protonic elements in the site of interest frequently are obscured by the more intense proton ENDOR signal. This makes it difficult and often impossible to detect, assign and analyze the ENDOR response from other nuclei. The proton pattern is centered at the proton Larmor frequency, νH which is proportional to the microwave frequency; at X-band and g∼2, νH∼14 MHz. The overlap problem can be eliminated by performing the ENDOR measurements at Q-band (35 GHz). At Q-band, g∼2 corresponds to a magnetic field of 12500 G and the proton pattern is shifted to a center frequency of νH∼50 MHz. In contrast, the center-frequency of the 14N, 17O and 57Fe, etc. resonances is determined by the hyperfine coupling constant, and they remain at 0–30 MHz. Q-band measurements have been made on the copper sites of cytochrome oxidase from different organisms, the type I copper sites of copper blue proteins and the iron sulphur cluster of reduced aconitase. These studies, which have revealed distinct signals due to 14N and 57Fe nuclei not previously seen at X-band, will be discussed.
Extremely Low Frequency Electric and Magnetic Field Measurement Methods

During the early 1970’s, reports originating in the Soviet Union described a variety of ill effects experienced by personnel working in 500 kV and 750 kV switchyards [1, 2]. the effects were attributed to the presence of the ac electric fields as well as to the occurrence of spark discharges between the workers and ground. at about the same time questions were raised regarding the possible environmental impact of high voltage transmission lines in the U.S. by the American author L.B.Young [3]. in response to the concerns generated by these and similar reports, numerous bioeffect studies with extremely low frequency (ELF) electric and magnetic fields were initiated in the U.S. by the Department of Energy [4], the Electric Power Research Institute, and during the early 1980’s, the New York State Department of Health. the results of these and many newer studies which have focussed on magnetic field effects are now readily found in the technical literature. However, after more than 20 years of research, questions related to possible health effects from exposure to power frequency and other ELF fields remained unresolved. Evidence for the unresolved situation was given by Congress when it initiated an expanded 5-year research program which began in the early 1990’s [5].
Beyond microbes: Are fauna the next frontier in soil biogeochemical models?

Abstract The explicit representation of microbial communities in soil biogeochemical models is improving their projections, promoting new interdisciplinary research, and stimulating novel theoretical developments. However, microbes are the foundation of complicated soil food webs, with highly intricate and non-linear interactions among trophic groups regulating soil biogeochemical cycles. This food web includes fauna, which influence litter decomposition and the structure and activity of the microbial community. Given the early success of microbial-explicit models, should we also consider explicitly representing faunal activity and physiology in soil biogeochemistry models? Here we explore this question, arguing that the direct effects of fauna on litter decomposition are stronger than on soil organic matter dynamics, and that fauna can have strong indirect effects on soil biogeochemical cycles by influencing microbial population dynamics, but the direction and magnitude of these effects remains too unpredictable for models used to predict global biogeochemical patterns. Given glaring gaps in our understanding of fauna-microbe interactions and how these might play out along climatic and land use gradients, we believe it remains early to explicitly represent fauna in these global-scale models. However, their incorporation into models used for conceptual exploration of food-web interactions or into ecosystem-scale models using site-specific data could provide rich theoretical breakthroughs and provide a starting point for improving model projections across scales.
Use of Lipoprotein Particle Measures for Assessing Coronary Heart Disease Risk Post-American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Guidelines The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Objective— The American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association have issued guidelines indicating that the contribution of apolipoprotein B-100 (ApoB) to cardiovascular risk assessment remains uncertain. The present analysis evaluates whether lipoprotein particle measures convey risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in 4679 Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) participants. Approach and Results— Cox regression analysis was performed to determine associations between lipids or lipoproteins and primary CHD events. After adjustment for nonlipid variables, lipoprotein particle levels in fourth quartiles were found to convey significantly greater risk of incident CHD when compared to first quartile levels (hazard ratio [HR]; 95% confidence interval [CI]): ApoB (HR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.25–2.69), ApoB/ApoA-I (HR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.32–2.76), total low-density lipoprotein-particles (LDL-P; HR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.21–2.58), and the LDL-P/HDL-P (high-density lipoprotein-P) ratio (HR, 2.28; 95% CI, 1.54–3.37). Associations between lipoprotein particle measures and CHD were attenuated after adjustment for standard lipid panel variables. Using the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology risk calculator as a baseline model for CHD risk assessment, significant net reclassification improvement scores were found for ApoB/ApoA-I (0.18; P =0.007) and LDL-P/high-density lipoprotein-P (0.15; P C -statistics revealed no significant increase in CHD event discrimination for any lipoprotein measure. Conclusions— Lipoprotein particle measures ApoB/ApoA-I and LDL-P/high-density lipoprotein-P marginally improved net reclassification improvement scores, but null findings for corresponding c -statistic are not supportive of lipoprotein testing. The attenuated associations of lipoprotein particle measures with CHD after the adjustment for lipids indicate that their measurement does not detect risk that is unaccounted for by the standard lipid panel. However, the possibility that lipoprotein measures may identify CHD risk in a subpopulation of individuals with normal cholesterol, but elevated lipoprotein particle numbers cannot be ruled out.
Secretory Function of the Ovine Uterus: Effects of Gestation and Steroid Replacement Therapy

In Exp. 1, changes in uterine fluid content of protein, calcium and prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF) were examined between d 30 to 144 of gestation. Volume of uterine fluid (mean +/- SE) in the nongravid uterine horn of unilaterally pregnant ewes increased (P less than .05) between d 30 (8 +/- 1 ml) and d 144 (749 +/- 46 ml) of gestation. Protein concentration and total protein in uterine fluid also increased (P less than .05) between d 30 (2.3 +/- .4 mg/ml; 19 +/- 7 mg) and d 144 (23.5 +/- 3.3 mg/ml; 17.4 +/- 2.0 g). Total recoverable calcium (mg) in secretions increased from .1 mg (d 30) to over 1.4 g (d 144) due to day of gestation effects (P less than .05). Total PGF also increased (P less than .01) from 7 ng on d 30 to 15.7 g on d 144. In Exp. II, ovariectomized (OVX) ewes were treated with either corn oil, estrone (E), progesterone (P) or P+E (PE) for 30 d. Treatment with P or PE increased calcium concentration and content (P less than .01) in secretions, but differences in uterine fluid volumes and concentrations of protein and PGF were not significant. Treatment of OVX ewes with P stimulated (P less than .05) in vitro synthesis of secretory proteins by endometrium, whereas treatment with E enhanced release of unlabeled proteins (P less than .05). The major endometrial secretory proteins were identified in allantoic fluids from d 60 to term and were detected along the mesenchymal border of the chorioallantois using immunohistochemistry. Results from this study indicate that P may be a primary hormone regulating accumulation of fluid, protein, calcium and specific endometrial proteins in the uterine lumen during gestation, and that uterine milk proteins gain access to the fetal-placental unit.
Justice in the Higher Education Classroom: Students’ Perceptions of Unfairness and Responses to Instructors

We investigated college students’ perceptions of instructor unfairness and their emotional and behavioral reactions to perceived injustice. Results obtained from 397 undergraduates from three universities in the United States indicate that anger and dissent were the strongest emotional and behavioral responses to injustice. Furthermore, disgust mediated the influence of injustice on student behaviors most damaging to professors—taking action, expressing verbal aggression, and dissenting to authority. Stress mediated the effect of injustice on the most constructive student behaviors—changing their approach and engaging in the class. We discuss the implications of the results of our study for the student-instructor relationship and learning in the contemporary higher education environment.
Enhancing youth development programs through logic model assessment. [Aumentar los programas de desarrollo juvenil a través de la evaluación del modelo lógico].

espanolEn los enfoques tradicionales de evaluacion, a menudo enfasis en determinar el ultimo resultados o productos finales de un programa. Por lo tanto, poca atencion se da a los resultados que definen las operaciones reales o fidelidad del programa de mediacion. Este proposito del articulo es describir como puede utilizarse un modelo logico para evaluar la fidelidad de la programacion de desarrollo de la juventud. En la descripcion del modelo se incluyen varias cosas. Evaluacion del programa de supuestos basicos, primer se describen. Estos ayudan a comprender como y por que se evaluan los programas. Junto con esto, se presentan disenos de evaluacion basica que se han utilizado tipicamente en los esfuerzos de evaluacion. A continuacion, se presenta un modelo de logica que plantea la idea de mirar tanto de proceso como de producto aspectos de un programa. Una teoria del cambio de enfoque se utiliza aqui (Connell y Kibrich, 1998; Izzo, et al., 2004) donde se aplican los principios basicos y estrategias para el proceso de evaluacion. Por ultimo, un ejemplo de como este enfoque se aplica a un programa deportivo es proporcionada. Los resultados inmediatos e intermedios se muestra en el ejemplo y mostrar como crean una via para impactar los resultados del ultimo programa. El producto final esperado de este retrato es ofrecer un lente mas amplio para evaluar con eficacia la eficacia de los programas de desarrollo juvenil. EnglishIn traditional approaches to evaluation, emphasis is often placed on determining the ultimate outcomes or end products of a program. Consequently, little regard is given to those mediating outcomes that define the actual operations or fidelity of the program. This purpose of the article is to describe how a logic model can be used to evaluate the fidelity of youth development programming. In describing the model several things are included. First, basic assumptions underlying program evaluation are described. These assist in understanding how and why programs are assessed. Along with this, basic evaluation designs that have typically been used in evaluation efforts are presented. Next, a logic model which embraces the idea of looking at both process as well as product aspects of a program is presented. A theory of change approach is used here (Connell & Kibrich, 1998; Izzo, et al., 2004) where basic principles and strategies to the evaluation process are applied. Finally, an example of how this approach is applied to a youth development sport program is provided. Immediate and intermediate outcomes are illustrated in the example and show how they create a pathway for impacting ultimate program outcomes. The expected end product from this portrayal is to offer a broader lens for effectively evaluating the efficacy of youth development programs.
Synthesis of cross-linked cationic surfactant nanoparticles for removing anions from water

A new quaternary ammonium hydroxypropyl conjugated linoleic acid ester (QACLE, a mixture of 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-3-(9,11-octadeca-dienoyloxy)propyl-1-aminium chloride and 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-3-(10,12-octadeca-dienoyloxy)propyl-1-aminium chloride) cationic surfactant has been synthesized via reaction between conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and (2,3-epoxypropyl)-trimethylammonium chloride (ETAC). The QACLE surfactant was identified by measuring the molecular weight by electrospray mass spectroscopy (ESI-MS), and Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR) absorbance bands were consistent with known functional group characteristics. Several chemical properties were determined, including the critical micelle concentration (CMC) and the size distribution of the micelles. For this surfactant, these and other property values were compared to those of two commercially available cationic surfactants, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC). When present in aqueous micellar form, QACLE was cross-linked by UV-light in the presence of a photo-initiator, forming stable nanoparticles with high anion exchange capacity. Because the cross-linking reaction destroys the conjugated double bonds, the nanoparticle product contains cross-linked monomers of a (propyl) quaternary amine stearic (acid) ester (QASE). The cationic QASE nanoparticles were separated from non-cross-linked monomers by dialysis, and the stability of the nanoparticles was studied and confirmed by dialysis and solvency. Results of chromate removal by the cationic nanoparticles across an ultrafiltration membrane are presented as an initial study of potential applications.
Abstract 2610: A database for evaluating methylation biomarkers in bladder cancer

Bladder cancer is the fourth-most common cancer in men, one of the most expensive types of cancer to treat, and recurs frequently. While the genomic pathways associated with high-grade, muscle invasive (MI) tumors and low-grade, non-muscle invasive (NMI) tumors are well-established, recent studies have also found that MI and NMI tumors have unique methylation patterns, and that methylation may play a role in the development of early-stage bladder cancer. Interestingly, bladder cancer patients have frequent mutations in chromatin remodeling genes that alter known histone markers of DNA methylation. Since methylation marks are pharmacologically reversible, the identification of methylation biomarkers is a promising avenue for therapeutic treatment. Indeed, several candidate prognostic methylation biomarkers have been identified, but await prospective evaluation. The Bladder Cancer Biomarker Evaluation Tool (BC-BET) is a web-based resource for rapidly evaluating biomarkers in publicly available genomic datasets. Initially developed for gene expression biomarkers, BC-BET includes 1451 patients across 13 cohorts, and 40 bladder cancer cell lines, with gene expression profiles. In this work, we describe the addition of methylation data to BC-BET, so that candidate methylation biomarkers can be rapidly evaluated across multiple patient cohorts. BC-BET now contains methylation profiles from four patient cohorts (250 patients) and includes the available bladder cancer data from the Gene Expression Omnibus and The Cancer Genome Atlas. In "evaluation" mode, a user selects a gene of interest, and BC-BET evaluates whether the selected gene is differentially methylated between tumor vs. normal samples, NMI vs. MI tumors, and low- vs. high-grade tumors. Alternatively, the “biomarker discovery” mode allows a user to identify all differentially methylated genes at a desired false discovery rate (FDR). In both cases, graphical summaries of the results are displayed and statistical results can be downloaded to an Excel spreadsheet. The methylation module of BC-BET is implemented using shiny, a web application framework for R for developing interactive web pages. The addition of methylation data to BC-BET makes it a valuable resource for evaluating methylation biomarkers in bladder cancer. BC-BET is available from the following link: https://gdancik.github.io/bioinformatics/BCBET Citation Format: Meaghan M. Kennedy, Garrett M. Dancik. A database for evaluating methylation biomarkers in bladder cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2610. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-2610
Post Myocardial Infarction

This paper examines several aspects of behavioral science related to cardiac rehabilitation and emphasizes subjects the author believes are on the forefront of the field. Of special interest are behavioral factors which may influence the recovery process after a cardiac event. Although these comments may apply to many clinical states, this discussion emphasizes myocardial infarction.