cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Implicit Causality and Discourse Focus: The Interaction of Text and Reader Characteristics in Pronoun Resolution

Abstract We conducted this study to examine how pronoun resolution is affected by the implicit causality inherent in certain verbs. In three probe-recognition experiments, we found that the implicit causality effect depended on important characteristics of the reader and of the stimuli. First, only skilled readers showed an early effect of implicit causality on pronoun resolution, responding faster to names that matched the causal bias of the verb than to names that did not match. Implicit causality influenced less skilled readers' performance at the end of the sentence, when they integrated information from the two clauses. Second, the implicit causality effect exhibited by skilled readers was limited to NP2 verbs, those verbs in which the implied cause of the event was the grammatical object of the sentence. In order to explore why the effect was limited to NP2 verbs, we examined a small corpus of natural texts. We found that NP2 verbs were better predictors of the subsequent mention of the implied cause than were NP1 verbs.
Metabolism of halosulfuron-methyl by corn and wheat

Halosulfuron-methyl is the active ingredient in a new class of herbicide products by Monsanto which are used for the control of broadleaf and sedge weeds in corn, turf, sugarcane, and other crops. The metabolic basis for the corn and wheat selectivity of halosulfuron-methyl was studied using cell suspension cultures and young seedlings. Both seedlings and cell suspensions were found to completely metabolize halosulfuron-methyl within hours of incubation, suggesting that corn and wheat tolerance to halosulfuron-methyl was due to rapid metabolism or detoxification. In marked contrast, in a halosulfuron-methyl sensitive species such as soybean very little metabolism occurred. The key metabolic route by which corn rapidly inactivates halosulfuron-methyl was found to be hydroxylation of the pyrimidine ring followed by rapid conjugation with glucose. The predominant pathway in wheat was O-demethylation of the methoxy group of the pyrimidine ring. Further oxidative biotransformation of the early primary metabolites led to the cleavage of the pyrimidine ring to form pyrazolesulfonamide as a terminal metabolite.
Computational methods for probability of instability calculations

This paper summarizes the development of the methods and a computer program to compute the probability of instability of a dynamic system than can be represented by a system of second-order ordinary linear differential equations. Two instability criteria based upon the roots of the characteristics equation or Routh-Hurwitz test functions are investigated. Computational methods based on system reliability analysis methods and importance sampling concepts are proposed to perform efficient probabilistic analysis. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the methods.
Cell death and the developing enteric nervous system.

This review discusses current knowledge about cell death in the developing enteric nervous system (ENS). It also includes findings about the molecular mechanisms by which such death is mediated. Additional consideration is given to trophic factors that contribute to survival of the precursors and neurons and glia of the ENS, as well to genes that, when mutated or deleted, trigger their death. Although further confirmation is needed, present observations support the view that enteric neural crest-derived precursor cells en route to the gut undergo substantial levels of apoptotic death, but that once these cells colonize the gut, there is relatively little death of precursor cells or of neurons and glia during the fetal period. There are also indications that normal neuron loss occurs in the ENS, but at times beyond the perinatal stage. Taken together, these findings suggest that ENS development is similar is some ways, but different in others from extra-enteric areas of the vertebrate central and peripheral nervous systems, in which large-scale apoptotic death of precursor neurons and glia occurs during the fetal and perinatal periods. Potential reasons for these differences are discussed such as a fetal enteric microenvironment that is especially rich in trophic support. In addition to the cell death that occurs during normal ENS development, this review discusses mechanisms of experimentally-induced ENS cell death, such as those that are associated with defective glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor/Ret signaling, which are an animal model of human congenital megacolon (aganglionosis; Hirschsprung’s disease). Such considerations underscore the importance of understanding cell death in the developing ENS, not just from a curiosity-driven point of view, but also because the pathophysiology behind many disorders of human gastrointestinal function may originate in abnormalities of the mechanisms that govern cell survival and death during ENS development.
Toward a Contextual Social Psychology of Clothing: A Synthesis of Symbolic Interactionist and Cognitive Theoretical Perspectives

This paper proposes an interdisciplinary, conceptual framework for the study of clothing behavior, based upon a synthesis of major concepts from cognitive social psychology and symbolic interactionism. Cognitive theorists regard clothes as cues that may be selected by perceivers to understand observed persons. A symbolic interactionist approach places more emphasis on the role of dress in social communication, with consideration for both wearers' and perceivers' viewpoints. The two conceptual approaches are not mutually exclusive, and they share common concerns for perceivers' evaluations of other persons and situations. A contextual social-psychological study of clothing would allow researchers, using multi-methodological approaches, to test hypotheses that consider social and cognitive dimensions of dress in interpersonal situations.
Partial photoionization cross sections for Hg between 600 and 250 Å. Effect of spin-orbit coupling on theD522D322branching ratio of Hg

By means of photoelectron spectroscopy, we have measured the branching ratios for production of the $^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}$, $^{2}D_{\frac{5}{2}}$, and $^{2}D_{\frac{3}{2}}$ states of ${\mathrm{Hg}}^{+}$ by photoionization of Hg in the wavelength range 600-250 \AA{}. These branching ratios are combined with earlier measurements of the total photoionization cross section to produce partial photoionization cross sections for the above processes. The wavelength dependence of the $^{2}D_{\frac{5}{2}}:^{2}D_{\frac{3}{2}}$ branching ratio exhibits a systematic deviation relative to the statistical value of 3:2. That is, this ratio is greater than statistical where the respective partial cross sections are increasing with photon energy and is less than statistical when the partial cross sections are decreasing. This effect was previously predicted and is a consequence of spin-orbit coupling in the ionized subshell, in this case, the $5d$ subshell of Hg.
An Application of Razor Search to Semi-Lumped Networks

A great deal of work has been published on the design of broadband matching networks between fixed dissimilar impedances. Quarter-wave transformers and lumped-element low-pass filters have been analyzed thoroughly.
Non-LTE modeling of gold plasmas

Abstract We continue our work to explore the feasibility of creating detailed atomic models for application to ICF simulations. By further optimizing our atomic data codes we are able to create non-LTE models with a level of complexity approximately one order of magnitude greater (in the number of configurations) than previously obtained. We have calculated emissivities for gold which include on the order of 100,000 configurations per temperature–density point. The inclusion of additional configurations has yielded improved results for quantities such as the emissivity, but the question of spectral convergence is as yet unanswered. Discussion of an effective rate method as a possible way to use these data for in-line, radiation-hydrodynamics modeling is also provided.
The Religious Racial Integration of African Americans into Diverse Churches

Recent scholarship asserts that members of racial groups can transcend their ethnic differences, but other research asserts that ethnoracial identities must be reinforced in order to participate in multiracial churches. Analysis of field notes and interview data from a large, black-white Protestant congregation shows that while the core membership of African Americans come specifically for its ethnic and racial diversity, they also look for markers that affirm a distinctive African-American experience. Ethnic reinforcement attracts highly race-conscious participants who eventually move toward processes of ethnic transcendence and congregational integration. The value for researchers is that distinguishing ethnically transcendent and ethnically reinforcing processes encourages the discovery of subtle, racially specific, and continually reinforced affinities that would otherwise remain hidden in seemingly ethnically transcendent settings.
NP-Completeness and an Approximation Algorithm for Rectangle Escape Problem With Application to PCB Routing

In this paper, we introduce and study the rectangle escape problem (REP), which is motivated by printed circuit board (PCB) bus escape routing. Given a rectangular region R and a set S of rectangles within R, the REP is to choose a direction for each rectangle to escape to the boundary of R, such that the resultant maximum density over R is minimized. We prove that the REP is NP-complete, and show that it can be formulated as an integer linear programming (ILP). A provably good approximation algorithm for the REP is developed by applying linear programming (LP) relaxation and a special rounding technique to the ILP. In addition, an iterative refinement procedure is proposed as a postprocessing step to further improve the results. Our approximation algorithm is also shown to work for more general versions of REP: weighted REP and simultaneous REP. Our approach is tested on a set of industrial PCB bus escape routing problems. Experimental results show that the optimal solution can be obtained within several seconds for each of the test cases.
Extraction of the magnetohydrodynamic blood flow potential from the surface electrocardiogram in magnetic resonance imaging

The magnetohydrodynamic effect generates voltages related to blood flow, which are superimposed on the electrocardiogram (ECG) used for gating during cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A method is presented for extracting the magnetohydrodynamic signal from the ECG. The extracted magnetohydrodynamic blood flow potential may be physiologically meaningful due to its relationship to blood flow. Removal of the magnetohydrodynamic voltages from the ECG can potentially lead to improved gating and diagnostically useful ECGs.
Assessment of mucosal hemodynamics in normal human colon and patients with inflammatory bowel disease

Reflectance spectrophotometry measures indices of mucosal hemoglobin concentration (IHB) and oxygen saturation (ISO 2 ). In the rat colon, characteristic patterns of IHB and IS0 2 are associated with ischemia with congestion (increased IHB and decreased ISO 2 ) and ischemia without congestion (decreased IHB and decreased ISO 2 ). Endoscopic measurements with acceptable interobserver variability was demonstrated in the canine stomach. In eight healthy subjects, endoscopic measurement in different areas of the colon and rectum revealed significantly lower IHB values in the splenic flexure. These observations are compatible with reduced flow and increased susceptibility to ischemic damage in this watershed area. The endoscopic measurements in 13 patients with active inflammatory bowel disease revealed an increase in IHB and IS0 2 values in the involved areas, indicating an increase in mucosal blood flow. In six patients restudied when the disease remitted, these values returned to normal.
AACR meeting on programmed cell death, Lake George, 19–23 October 1996

Martin Raft (University College London) opened the meeting, which was organized by Stan Korsmeyer (Washington University), Shigekazu Nagata (Osaka Bioscience Institute) and Andrew Wyllie (Edinburgh), by reviewing the history ofapoptosis as a field of study and then raising a number of pertinent questions that still need to be answered; for example, how do Bcl-2 protein family members regulate cell death and what is the role of individual death inducing caspase proteases and their target substrates? Raft presented evidence that caspases are involved in normal developmental cell deaths in addition to death by insult as the caspase inhibitor zVADfmk blocks neural tube closure in the chick embryo. He also provided further evidence for his theorems that all cells (except blastomeres) require extracellular signals for survival, and that all cells possess the required components to undergo apoptosis without de novo transcription. Raft summarized data demonstrating that single cell organisms such as Dictyostelium, trypanosomes and bacteria undergo programmed cell death. The role for proteases in programmed cell death in mammals was likened to the E. coli Lit protease which is activated by the head protein of bacteriophage T4 (through a proteolysis step) which in turn cleaves EF-Tu leading to cell death.
AIDS-Dedicated Nurses: What Can Be Learned From Their Perceptions and Experiences

Throughout the history of the AIDS epidemic, the theoretical and empirical literature have emphasized the stressors related to the care of patients with AIDS and the reluctance of health professionals to provide AIDS care. Since the beginning, however, there have been individuals who dedicated themselves to the care of patients with AIDS. This descriptive, qualitative study explored the perceptions and experiences of nurses who have chosen to work on an AIDS-dedicated unit in a New York City medical center, with regard to both their patients and their own personal and professional responses to caring for patients with AIDS. In addition to presenting the interview data of 12 AIDS-dedicated nurses, included are researcher observations, based on 4 months of participatory observation on an AIDS unit. These findings provide insight into the development of the relationship between nurses and their patients with HIV/AIDS and lessons in supporting and enriching those caregiving relationships.
Comment on ''Minimal atmospheric finite-mode models preserving symmetry and generalized Hamiltonian structures, Physica D 240 (2011) 599-606''

Abstract Bihlo and Staufer (2011), point out that “truncation to systems in coupled gyrostats form (Gluhovsky, 2006, Gluhovsky et al., 2002) may also lead to models that retain the conservation properties of the original equations and that a single gyrostat is a Nambu system and hence using such a truncation, conservation of the underlying geometry may be implemented at least in some minimal form”. In this note, we demonstrate that example systems in Bihlo and Staufer (2011) may indeed be treated in terms of gyrostats; in particular, their central example (six-mode system (13)) proves to be a four-dimensional gyrostat.
Stability of bubbles in a Hele-Shaw cell

The linear stability of steadily moving bubbles in a Hele–Shaw cell is investigated. It is shown analytically that without the effect of surface tension, the bubbles are linearly unstable with the stability operator having a continuous spectrum. For small bubbles that are circular, analytical calculations also show that any amount of surface tension stabilizes a bubble. Numerical calculations suggest that the branch of bubble solutions that, in the limit of large area, corresponds to the McLean–Saffman finger is stable for any nonzero surface tension. However, the decay rate of disturbances on the McLean–Saffman branch depends appreciably on the bubble size even for large bubbles. This suggests that the stability results on this branch cannot be immediately extrapolated to the McLean–Saffman fingers. For another branch of bubble solution, which in the limit or large area corresponds to the first of the Romero–Vanden-Broeck finger solutions, numerical evidence suggests that it is unstable to one symmetric and one antisymmetric mode for any surface tension. The symmetric unstable mode tends to break the tip of the bubble and the growth rate of this mode is unaffected by further increase in bubble size, once the bubble is large enough. This suggests that there is an analogous instability for the finger, and this agrees with the numerical findings of Kessler and Levine [Phys. Rev. A 33, 2632 (1986)]. Agreement is noted in the quantitative comparison of the growth rate with the predictions [Tanveer, Phys. Fluids 30, 2318 (1987)] on the limiting growth rate for the symmetric unstable mode for the first Romero–Vanden-Broeck branch of finger solution.
The transmission of racist ideology in sport: Using photo-elicitation to gauge success in professional baseball

This study examines those attributes people perceive to be the best indicators of success in professional baseball. Responses were derived from 811 people using a survey employing a photo-elicitation technique. The findings of the study strongly indicate that more than any other factor, the race or ethnicity of professional baseball players influences people’s perceptions of what attributes contribute most to their success. The implications of the findings are discussed with a focus on how they affect social relations and suggestions are offered regarding what might be done to ameliorate the existing disparity in respondent perceptions of factors matter most for black, white, and Latino athletes.
Occult radiologic changes in the skull and jaw in familial adenomatous polyposis coli

It has been suggested that radiology of the skull and jaw in familial polyposis coli may be a useful marker in up to 90 percent of cases. These x-rays were reviewed independently by a dental surgeon and a neuroradiologist in 51 patients. Only seven patients (14 percent) had significant lesion seen in the context of screening. Each of these patients also had other extracolonic manifestations of familial polyposis coli. The Cleveland Clinic Foundation experience with radiology of the jaw and skull is that it is not a useful screening tool.
The Hubble Space Telescope: New And Improved

The successful 1993 First Servicing Mission has made the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) the premier instrument in optical and ultraviolet (UV) astronomy.
The effect of elevated temperature on the retention of 3H-norepinephrine in the hearts of normal and thyroidectomized rats.

Abstract Heating thyroidectomized rats failed to reverse the increased cardiac NE turnover displayed by these animals. This is evidence against temperature regulation playing a major role in the genesis of this phenomenon. The data raise the possibility that heating may be associated with decreased cardiac NE turnover.
The ilvG gene is expressed in Escherichia coli K-12.

Abstract Three genes code for isozymes of acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS) in Escherichia coli K-12. To test the previously published supposition that one of them, ilvG, is silent in ilvO+ strains, we isolated mutants which had deletions of various lengths in the ilvGEDA operon. Some of these mutants have severely reduced levels of AHAS activity. We conclude that ilvG is expressed in ilvO+ strains but is deleted in these mutants. In addition, we find that AHAS II, the ilvG gene product, is sensitive to feedback inhibition by valine. We hypothesize that ilvO− mutations are ilvG frameshift mutations which render AHAS II valine resistant and enhance transcription of distal genes.
Coexistence and B(E2)'s in even Ge nuclei.

Values of B(E2) strengths connecting low-lying ${0}^{+}$ and ${2}^{+}$ states in $^{70}$,72,74,76Ge are examined in the context of an earlier coexistence model previously applied to two-neutron transfer.
The KIc to E relationship in phase separated glasses

Abstract Examination of the K Ic to Young's elastic modulus relationship for structurally similar homogeneous glasses reveals that the toughness is directly proportional to Young's elastic modulus. This can be substantiated theoretically on the basis of an elastic fracture model. If, however, the results of K Ic measurements are examined for glasses known to be phase separated in the PbOB 2 O 3 and Na 2 OB 2 O 3 systems, then a different fracture toughness to Young's elastic modulus relationship results. Higher Young's modulus phase separated glasses have the lower fracture toughnesses. This trend can be explained on the basis of microcracking in the crack tip process zone which shields the primary crack from the applied stress.
On the virtues of laboratory babies and student bath water: A reply to Dobbins, Lane, and Steiner

This article responds to criticism by Dobbins, Lane and Steiner (1988) of the position taken by Gordon, Slade and Schmitt (1986) on the advisability of relying upon student subjects in applied behavioural research. It rejects the view ascribed to us by our critics that laboratory research should be abandoned. Further, a serious confounding of experimental design and subject population in Dobbins et al.'s discussion is explicated. Our initial position is reiterated: more scrupulous subject selection is a means of improving the external validity of applied research.
Analysis of an open tandem queueing network with population constraint and constant service times 1

Abstract We consider an open tandem queueing network with population constraint and constant service times. The total number of customers that may be present in the network can not exceed a given value K . Customers arriving at the queueing network when there are more than K customers are forced to wait in an external queue. The arrival process to the queueing network is assumed to be arbitrary. We show that this queueing network can be transformed into a simple network involving only two nodes. Using this simple network, we obtain an upper and lower bound on the mean waiting time. These bounds can be easily calculated. Validations against simulation data establish the tightness of these bounds.
CASTA DIVA ® : Experiments and Modeling of Oxide-Induced Deformation in Nuclear Components

In-pile deformation of nuclear structural components remains a major preoccupation for fuel vendors and utilities, especially when introducing new alloys or extending burn-ups. The usual invoked causes of such deformations are free growth, hydriding (hydrides induce a volume expansion which translates into deformation), irradiation creep if the component is subjected to external loads (e.g., axial load for the fuel assembly), and flux gradients (for fuel channel bow). In this paper we show through out-of-pile experiments (autoclave corrosion and low temperature air oxidation) and in-pile data analysis that the oxide layer significantly contributes to the deformation. A model (CASTA DIVA®) taking into account all the above mentioned phenomena has been derived and correctly predicts the deformation behavior, the stresses in the oxide layer, as well as the external cracking of the oxide. The relative impacts of hydriding and stresses in the metal are computed. A comparison between Zircaloy-4 and M5® is made, showing the better behavior of M5.
Retinal area and optic disc rim area in amblyopic, fellow, and normal hyperopic eyes: a hypothesis for decreased acuity in amblyopia.

Purpose Defects in visual functions in amblyopic eyes may have a neuroretinal explanation. The retinal area to optic disc rim area ratios of hyperopic normal, amblyopic, and fellow eyes were evaluated. Design Case-controlled study. Participants A total of 293 patients with amblyopia and bilateral hyperopia and 77 non-amblyopic bilaterally hyperopic patients without strabismus. Methods Disc areas were measured using magnification correction formulas developed by Bengtsson and Krakau. Axial lengths were determined by ultrasound biometry or laser interferometry with a Zeiss AOL Master (Carl Zeiss Co., Oberkochen, Germany). The visual area of the retina was calculated using axial length measurements. Main Outcome Measures Optic disc rim areas, corrected for magnification, retinal areas, and a derived ratio, retinal area/disc rim area (RetA/DRimA). Results The RetA/DRimA for the amblyopic eyes was significantly greater than that of the fellow and normal eyes, indicating that amblyopic eyes have larger retinal receptor areas than fellow or normal eyes. The RetA/DRimA of the fellow eyes was smaller than for the amblyopic but larger than that of the normal eyes. These differences were due to smaller optic disc rim areas in the amblyopic and fellow eyes. Conclusions Amblyopic and their fellow eyes, when compared with normal eyes, have reduced innervations of comparable retinal areas. These differences can be attributed to a paucity of nerve fibers, as indicated by the smaller neuroretinal rim areas. Financial Disclosure(s) The authors have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
Comparative evaluation of the indigenous microbial diversity vs. drilling fluid contaminants in the NEEM Greenland ice core

Demonstrating that the detected microbial diversity in nonaseptically drilled deep ice cores is truly indigenous is challenging because of potential contamination with exogenous microbial cells. The NEEM Greenland ice core project provided a first-time opportunity to determine the origin and extent of contamination throughout drilling. We performed multiple parallel cultivation and culture-independent analyses of five decontaminated ice core samples from different depths (100-2051 m), the drilling fluid and its components Estisol and Coasol, and the drilling chips collected during drilling. We created a collection of diverse bacterial and fungal isolates (84 from the drilling fluid and its components, 45 from decontaminated ice, and 66 from drilling chips). Their categorization as contaminants or intrinsic glacial ice microorganisms was based on several criteria, including phylogenetic analyses, genomic fingerprinting, phenotypic characteristics, and presence in drilling fluid, chips, and/or ice. Firmicutes and fungi comprised the dominant group of contaminants among isolates and cloned rRNA genes. Conversely, most Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria originating from the ice were identified as intrinsic. This study provides a database of potential contaminants useful for future studies of NEEM cores and can contribute toward developing standardized protocols for contamination detection and ensuring the authenticity of the microbial diversity in deep glacial ice.
Homeostatic Responses Fail to Correct Defective Amygdala Inhibitory Circuit Maturation in Fragile X Syndrome

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a debilitating neurodevelopmental disorder thought to arise from disrupted synaptic communication in several key brain regions, including the amygdala, a central processing center for information with emotional and social relevance. Recent studies reveal defects in both excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission in mature amygdala circuits in Fmr1(-/y) mutants, the animal model of FXS. However, whether these defects are the result of altered synaptic development or simply faulty mature circuits remains unknown. Using a combination of electrophysiological and genetic approaches, we show the development of both presynaptic and postsynaptic components of inhibitory neurotransmission in the FXS amygdala is dynamically altered during critical stages of neural circuit formation. Surprisingly, we observe that there is a homeostatic correction of defective inhibition, which, despite transiently restoring inhibitory synaptic efficacy to levels at or beyond those of control, ultimately fails to be maintained. Using inhibitory interneuron-specific conditional knock-out and rescue mice, we further reveal that fragile X mental retardation protein function in amygdala inhibitory microcircuits can be segregated into distinct presynaptic and postsynaptic components. Collectively, these studies reveal a previously unrecognized complexity of disrupted neuronal development in FXS and therefore have direct implications for establishing novel temporal and region-specific targeted therapies to ameliorate core amygdala-based behavioral symptoms.
Hemispheric processing of anaphoric inferences: The activation of multiple antecedents

This research investigates the hemispheric processing of anaphors when readers activate multiple antecedents. Participants read texts promoting an anaphoric inference and performed a lexical decision task to inference-related target words that were consistent (Experiment 1) or inconsistent (Experiment 2) with the text. These targets were preceded by constrained or less constraining text and were presented to participants' right visual field-left hemisphere or to their left visual field-right hemisphere. In Experiment 1, both hemispheres showed facilitation for consistent antecedents and the right hemisphere showed an advantage over the left hemisphere in processing antecedents when preceded by less constrained text. In Experiment 2, the left hemisphere only showed negative facilitation for inconsistent antecedents. When readers comprehend text with multiple antecedents: both hemispheres process consistent information, the left hemisphere inhibits inconsistent information, and the right hemisphere processes less constrained information.
Functionalized hyperbranched grafts on polyethylene powder for support of Pd(0)-phosphine catalyst

Hyperbranched grafts of poly(acrylic acid) have been modified with phosphine ligands for support of Pd(0) for use in allylic substitution chemistry.
Virtues and Animals: A Minimally Decent Ethic for Practical Living in a Non-ideal World

Traditional approaches to animal ethics commonly emerge from one of two influential ethical theories: Regan’s deontology (The case for animal rights. University of California, Berkeley, 1983) and Singer’s preference utilitarianism (Animal liberation. Avon Books, New York, 1975). I argue that both of the theories are unsuccessful at providing adequate protection for animals because they are unable to satisfy the three conditions of a minimally decent theory of animal protection. While Singer’s theory is overly permissive, Regan’s theory is too restrictive. I argue that a minimally decent animal ethic requires a framework that allows for context-dependent considerations of our complex human–animal relationship in a non-ideal world. A plausible theory which exemplifies this new ethic is virtue ethics.
Increasing extraction efficiency in supercritical fluid extraction from complex matrices Predicting extraction efficiency of diuron and linuron in supercritical fluid extraction using supercritical fluid chromatographic retention

Abstract Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) conditions have been investigated in terms of mobile phase modifier, pressure, temperature and flow-rate to improve extraction efficiency. Extraction efficiencies of up to 100% in less than 2 h have been obtained. These extraction efficiencies resulted from our extensive parameter optimization experiments. Packed column supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) has been used to examine the effect of these parameters on retention behavior. A relationship between chromatographic retention and extraction efficiency was sought. By determining trends of the chromatographic capacity factors using SFC conditions corresponding to SFE parameters, a prediction of extraction efficiency can be made. These predictions have shortened method development time in SFE.
AVID: An intelligent CAI system for small computers

A computer-assisted instruction (CAI) system which includes facilities for interactive graphics and for limited natural language processing has been implemented on a DEC PDP-11 minicomputer. Lesson authoring aids permit inexperienced authors to create lessons with ease and permit transporting lessons to and from other systems. The system supports eight simultaneous independent users and provides facilities for student performance evaluation and record management.
Baby Steps in the Prevention of Childhood Obesity: IOM Guidelines for Pediatric Practice

The aim of this paper is to present an overview of the infancy-related guidelines from the Institute of Medicine (IOM, 2011) report “Early Childhood Obesity Prevention Policies” and highlight research studies that support their implementation in pediatric practice. Findings from recent studies of infant growth monitoring, feeding, sleep, and physical activity are presented. Research strategies that may be applied to today's clinical assessments and interventions are specified. Participation by pediatric nurses in the development of future multi-component interventions to prevent rapid infant weight gain is recommended.
A New Species of Anelpistina (Nicoletiidae: Zygentoma: Insecta) from Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve in Mexico

Abstract.— Anelpistina tuxtlensis n. sp., from the tropical rain forest of the Biosphere Reserve of Los Tuxtlas, Mexico, is described. Males have an assortment of characters similar to species from the Caribbean; the articulated submedian appendages on urosternum IV are similar to those found in A. arubana (Mendes 1986), while the genital area is similar to A. puertoricensis Espinasa and Baker Alpheis 2003 and A. acanthocrus Espinasa and Fisher 2006. Preliminary molecular data with the 16S rRNA also appears to support a closer relationship with Caribbean species over other Mexican species. Molecular and morphological data also show that Los Tuxtlas is inhabited by a second and as of yet undescribed species of Anelpistina. These species appear to be sympatric.
Uncertainties in tort liability for uncertainty

In Tort Liability under Uncertainty, Ariel Porat and Alex Stein build upon the proposition that tort law values accurate fact-finding as a means of avoiding unfairness to parties and reducing inefficiencies due to over-deterrence or under-deterrence. Courts should base their judgements on findings that are true, and order compensatory awards that are set neither too high nor too low. But certain types of case challenge this ideal by exhibiting considerable uncertainty in fact-finding. Such cases are notorious in tort law, and judges have addressed the problems with a variety of doctrinal theories (such as res ipsa loquitur) and a variety of procedural devices (such as shifting the burdens of production or persuasion). The aim of the authors is ‘to place these solutions on a principled footing and to supplement them with a comprehensive treatment of the uncertainty problem’ (p. 11). The resulting book makes a very important contribution to our thinking about how to handle uncertainty in those cases. The critical first chapter sets up the main topic of the book, and also provides a favourable framework for the authors’ preferred solution. That framework presupposes a fairly simple notion of fact-finding uncertainty. In the second half of this review essay, I shall raise some questions about the wisdom of imposing this conceptual framework on the problem, and about their proposed solution to the cases. First, however, I shall describe the major contents of the book, assuming for the time being the usefulness of the authors’ framework.
HOME RANGE AND RESIDENCY STATUS OF NORTHERN GOSHAWKS BREEDING IN MINNESOTA

Abstract We used radio-telemetry to estimate breeding season home-range size of 17 male and 11 female Northern Goshawks (Accipiter gentilis) and combined home ranges of 10 pairs of breeding goshawks in Minnesota. Home-range sizes for male and female goshawks were 2593 and 2494 ha, respectively, using the minimum convex polygon, and 3927 and 5344 ha, respectively, using the 95% fixed kernel. Home ranges of male and female members of 10 goshawk pairs were smaller than combined home-range size of those pairs (mean difference = 3527 ha; 95% CI = 891 to 6164 ha). Throughout the nonbreeding season, the maximum distance from the nest recorded for all but one goshawk was 12.4 km. Goshawks breeding in Minnesota have home ranges similar to or larger than those reported in most other areas. Home-range overlap between members of breeding pairs was typically ≤50%, and both members of breeding pairs were associated with breeding home ranges year round. Goshawk management plans based on estimated home-range size of indi...
Automatic Profiling of Network Event Sequences: Algorithm and Applications

The behavior of network entities, such as flows, sessions, hosts, and users, can often be described by communication event sequences in the time domain. For the purpose of many network measurement and monitoring tasks, it is desirable to have an accurate yet information-compact profiling of the behavior of massive event sequences. This paper proposes a new method to achieve this goal. On a given set of event sequences, the proposed method automatically learns a mixture model which fully captures the sequence behavior including both event pattern and duration between events. The learned mixture model is information-compact as it classifies sequences into a set of behavior templates, each of which is described by a Markov Chain. The model parameters are estimated in an iterative procedure which is developed from the Expectation Maximization algorithm. Two network management applications are proposed based on the method: a visualization tool for network administrators to conduct exploratory traffic analysis, and an efficient anomaly detection mechanism. In the evaluation, we validate the method accuracy as well as the usefulness of the two applications by using three networking datasets with different types: TCP packet traces, VoIP calls, and syslog traces in wireless networks.
A high OIP3 quadrature mixer using cross-coupled transconductor

A new quadrature mixer topology, utilizing cross-coupled transconductance stages for linearity improvement is presented. The fabricated mixer showed OIP3 of 129.6 dBmuV (resp. 133.8 dBmuV), input referred noise of 4.7 nV/radicHz (resp. 5 nV/radicHz) with current consumption of 3.8 mA (resp. 4.8 mA) at a 2.9-V supply voltage using a 0.5-mum BiCMOS process
Multimodal imaging and detection approach to 18F-FDG-directed surgery for patients with known or suspected malignancies: a comprehensive description of the specific methodology utilized in a single-institution cumulative retrospective experience

18F-FDG PET/CT is widely utilized in the management of cancer patients. The aim of this paper was to comprehensively describe the specific methodology utilized in our single-institution cumulative retrospective experience with a multimodal imaging and detection approach to 18F-FDG-directed surgery for known/suspected malignancies. From June 2005-June 2010, 145 patients were injected with 18F-FDG in anticipation of surgical exploration, biopsy, and possible resection of known/suspected malignancy. Each patient underwent one or more of the following: (1) same-day preoperative patient diagnostic PET/CT imaging, (2) intraoperative gamma probe assessment, (3) clinical PET/CT specimen scanning of whole surgically resected specimens (WSRS), research designated tissues (RDT), and/or sectioned research designated tissues (SRDT), (4) micro PET/CT specimen scanning of WSRS, RDT, and/or SRDT, (5) total radioactivity counting of each SRDT piece by an automatic gamma well counter, and (6) same-day postoperative patient diagnostic PET/CT imaging. Same-day 18F-FDG injection dose was 15.1 (± 3.5, 4.6-26.1) mCi. Fifty-five same-day preoperative patient diagnostic PET/CT scans were performed. One hundred forty-two patients were taken to surgery. Three of the same-day preoperative patient diagnostic PET/CT scans led to the cancellation of the anticipated surgical procedure. One hundred forty-one cases utilized intraoperative gamma probe assessment. Sixty-two same-day postoperative patient diagnostic PET/CT scans were performed. WSRS, RDT, and SRDT were scanned by clinical PET/CT imaging and micro PET/CT imaging in 109 and 32 cases, 33 and 22 cases, and 49 and 26 cases, respectively. Time from 18F-FDG injection to same-day preoperative patient diagnostic PET/CT scan, intraoperative gamma probe assessment, and same-day postoperative patient diagnostic PET/CT scan were 73 (± 9, 53-114), 286 (± 93, 176-532), and 516 (± 134, 178-853) minutes, respectively. Time from 18F-FDG injection to scanning of WSRS, RDT, and SRDT by clinical PET/CT imaging and micro PET/CT imaging were 389 (± 148, 86-741) and 458 (± 97, 272-656) minutes, 619 (± 119, 253-846) and 661 (± 117, 433-835) minutes, and 674 (± 186, 299-1068) and 752 (± 127, 499-976) minutes, respectively. Our multimodal imaging and detection approach to 18F-FDG-directed surgery for known/suspected malignancies is technically and logistically feasible and may allow for real-time intraoperative staging, surgical planning and execution, and determination of completeness of surgical resection.
Why Human Disease-Associated Residues Appear as the Wild-Type in Other Species: Genome-Scale Structural Evidence for the Compensation Hypothesis

Many human-disease associated amino acid residues (DARs) appear as the wild-type in other species. This phenomenon is commonly explained by the presence of compensatory residues in these other species that alleviate the deleterious effects of the DARs. The general validity of this hypothesis, however, is unclear, because few compensatory residues have been identified. Here we test the compensation hypothesis by assembling and analyzing 1,077 DARs located in 177 proteins of known crystal structures. Because destabilizing protein structures is a primary reason why DARs are deleterious, we focus on protein stability in this analysis. We discover that, in species where a DAR represents the wild-type, the destabilizing effect of the DAR is generally lessened by the observed amino acid substitutions in the spatial proximity of the DAR. This and otherfindings provide genome-scale evidence for the compensation hypothesis and have important implications for understanding epistasis in protein evolution and for using animal models of human diseases.
A Switch-Band Antenna for Software-Defined Radio Applications

A novel method is introduced which enables the use of a tunable narrowband antenna within a wide frequency range. The resulting antenna is able to operate in multifrequency bands simultaneously. In addition, the number of frequency bands and their center frequencies can be changed dynamically. A time domain simulation is provided using a simple circuit model for two simultaneous frequency bands. A tunable antenna is designed and tested for two simultaneous frequency bands as well.
Moment based texture segmentation

Texture segmentation is one of the early steps towards identifying surfaces and objects in an image. In the paper a moment based texture segmentation algorithm is presented. The moments in small windows of the image are used as texture features which are then used to segment the textures. The algorithm has successfully segmented binary images containing textures with identical second-order statistics as well as a number of natural gray level texture images. >
Biodiversity management in the face of climate change: A review of 22 years of recommendations

Abstract Climate change creates new challenges for biodiversity conservation. Species ranges and ecological dynamics are already responding to recent climate shifts, and current reserves will not continue to support all species they were designed to protect. These problems are exacerbated by other global changes. Scholarly articles recommending measures to adapt conservation to climate change have proliferated over the last 22 years. We systematically reviewed this literature to explore what potential solutions it has identified and what consensus and direction it provides to cope with climate change. Several consistent recommendations emerge for action at diverse spatial scales, requiring leadership by diverse actors. Broadly, adaptation requires improved regional institutional coordination, expanded spatial and temporal perspective, incorporation of climate change scenarios into all planning and action, and greater effort to address multiple threats and global change drivers simultaneously in ways that are responsive to and inclusive of human communities. However, in the case of many recommendations the how, by whom, and under what conditions they can be implemented is not specified. We synthesize recommendations with respect to three likely conservation pathways: regional planning; site-scale management; and modification of existing conservation plans. We identify major gaps, including the need for (1) more specific, operational examples of adaptation principles that are consistent with unavoidable uncertainty about the future; (2) a practical adaptation planning process to guide selection and integration of recommendations into existing policies and programs; and (3) greater integration of social science into an endeavor that, although dominated by ecology, increasingly recommends extension beyond reserves and into human-occupied landscapes.
Experimental Approach to the Selection of the Components in the Minimum Noise Fraction

An experimental method to select the number of principal components in minimum noise fraction (MNF) is proposed to process images measured by imagery sensors onboard aircraft or satellites. The method is based on an experimental measurement by spectrometers in dark conditions from which noise structure can be estimated. To represent typical land conditions and atmospheric variability, a significative data set of synthetic noise-free images based on real Multispectral Infrared and Visible Imaging Spectrometer images is built. To this purpose, a subset of spectra is selected within some public libraries that well represent the simulated images. By coupling these synthetic images and estimated noise, the optimal number of components in MNF can be obtained. In order to have an objective (fully data driven) procedure, some criteria are proposed, and the results are validated to estimate the number of components without relying on ancillary data. The whole procedure is made computationally feasible by some simplifications that are introduced. A comparison with a state-of-the-art algorithm for estimating the optimal number of components is also made.
Cholesterol Concentration of Egg Yolk and Blood Plasma and Performance of Laying Hens as Influenced by Dietary α-Ketoisocaproic Acid

Abstract Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of supplemental α-ketoisocaproic acid (KIC) or Leu on layer performance and plasma and egg cholesterol levels. In the first experiment, 0, .09, or .27% KIC and .09 or .27% Leu were fed to 62-wk-old laying hens. In a second experiment, the same levels plus another level of .54% KIC and .54% Leu were fed to 32-wk-old hens for an 8-wk period. The basal diet or the basal diet supplemented with .27% KIC or .27% Leu were continued for 20 wk to determine the long-term effects of these supplements. In a third experiment, hens were fed 0, .1, .2, or .4% KIC for 8 wk. The addition of KIC and Leu to the hen diets did not affect percentage egg production, egg weight, shell thickness, or Haugh units. In Experiment 1, .27% KIC and .09% Leu significantly increased BW gain. Neither KIC or Leu significantly affected BW gain in Experiment 2 when measured at 8 or 28 wk. In the third experiment, diets supplemented with KIC increased significantly BW gain. In Experiment 1, .09% KIC and .09% Leu significantly reduced egg cholesterol at 4 wk. After 8 wk, .27% KIC reduced egg cholesterol significantly below the controls. No effect on plasma or egg cholesterol was observed in Experiments 2 and 3.