cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Saddam Can Handle the Truth

Saddam Hussein brazenly admitted command responsibility in his trial at the Iraqi High Tribunal. The proceeding, known as the Dujail case, was the first in a series of trials planned against Saddam and his co-defendants. The charges stemmed from a failed July 1982 assassination attempt against the former dictator in the town of Dujail, north of Baghdad. In retaliation, Saddam and his seven co-defendants were alleged to have ordered and carried out the aerial bombardment of the town, the burning of its groves of date palm trees, the destruction of its water supply, the bulldozing of the its houses, and the imprisonment, torture, and execution of hundreds of the town's inhabitants. The keys to proving Saddam guilty were: first, proving that the crimes occurred, a nearly indisputable fact for which substantial evidence has been admitted; second, proving that the defendants were tied to and responsible for the crimes, and finally addressing the defendants' affirmative defense that their actions were justified. The prosecutors, with Saddam's admission, all but proved the second element. In the trial's morning session prosecutors presented before and after satellite photos of the farmlands around Dujail. On the left was a shot taken before the attempted assassination of Saddam in July 1982. It showed green farmlands. On the right was a satellite photo of the same land, taken on July 31, 1983. In the newer photo the land was brown from the demolition of the orchards. The evidence proved the fact that someone committed the war crime of destroying the village's crops. But like all evidence in the case, the prosecution still needed to tie the evidence to Saddam. This editorial details Saddam's admission.
End-User-Aware Community Energy Management in a Distribution System Exposed to Extreme Temperatures

Extreme temperatures can push various power grid components to their operational limits. To make matters worse, the available capacity of most assets gets negatively affected as the temperature increases beyond certain thresholds. Unsurprisingly, this temperature-induced reduction in available power generation and transmission capacities coincides with higher electric demand on the system, mostly attributed to the over-utilization of air-conditioning (A/C) systems. This can jeopardize the ability of the power grid to effectively maintain the balance between load and generation. Incorporating temperature into the dispatch model of the grid is not only critical for the reliability and security of the grid operation, but also helps avoid overloading assets, which could otherwise lead to loss of life and premature failure. A unified framework is proposed in this paper to optimally allocate available energy and demand responsive resources in a power distribution system exposed to a heat wave event in order to simultaneously maintain load-generation balance and minimize operational cost. To regulate demand, the proposed solution generates temperature set-points for individual demand responsive A/C units. However, it utilizes this resource conservatively in order to avoid health risks to the residents, particularly children and the elderly. Due to the multi-objective nature of the problem, a goal programming approach is adopted to ensure the Pareto optimality of the final solution.
Transportation and Assignment Problems

Transportation and assignment problems are traditional examples of linear programming problems. Although these problems are solvable by using the techniques of Chapters 2–4 directly, the solution procedure is cumbersome; hence, we develop much more efficient algorithms for handling these problems. In the case of transportation problems, the algorithm is essentially a disguised form of the dual simplex algorithm of 4§2. Assignment problems, which are special cases of transportation problems, pose difficulties for the transportation algorithm and require the development of an algorithm which takes advantage of the simpler nature of these problems.
Resonance Raman imagery of semi-fossilized soft tissues

The discovery of soft structures in dinosaur bone with the morphological and molecular characteristics of blood vessels in extant vertebrates was both surprising and controversial. Mounting evidence suggests that these soft tissues are blood vessels, their preservation driven in part by reactive oxygen species derived from hemoglobin degradation. More data are needed to support this hypothesis. Raman spectroscopy, and resonance Raman in particular, can provide detailed information as to the chemical makeup of these samples. We used two different excitation wavelengths in microscale Raman measurements to look for lines characteristic of degraded heme molecules, both in ancient vessels and modern analogues taken from semi-fossilized, hemoglobin-soaked ostrich bones. In both samples, we observed two regimes: dark colored, stiff regions and more transparent, elastic regions. We discovered that the two apparent regimes in the samples had different strengths of Raman returns, and that resonance effects greatly affected the Raman intensity. In all cases, there was some evidence of degraded heme spectra, though the increased returns indicated that the dark regimes had reacted more strongly with the heme specie. The modern vessels displayed a resonance Raman intensity consistent with hemoglobin molecular structures, which indicated resonance spectra would provide understanding of the ancient heme molecule. To investigate the two regimes more thoroughly, we acquired Raman spectra over areas where the sample transitioned from one regime to another. Variable wavelength resonance Raman measurements over the whole sample were used to give more information about the heme species present, in both ancient and modern samples.
Imprecise Epistemic Values and Imprecise Credences

AbstractA number of recent arguments purport to show that imprecise credences are incompatible with accuracy-first epistemology. If correct, this conclusion suggests a conflict between evidential a...
Searches for supersymmetry at the Large Hadron Collider

Abstract The Standard Model of particles and fields describes the fundamental particles and their interactions to high level of precision. The SM is nevertheless considered to be a low energy effective theory as it leaves many open questions including: What is the origin of the dark matter in the Universe? What is the origin of the matter-antimatter asymmetry in the Universe? What is the origin of mass? Supersymmety is one of the most appealing theories of physics beyond the Standard Model as it can address the SM shortcomings in an elegant framework. This paper reviews the most recent direct searches for supersymmetry developed by the ATLAS and CMS collaborations at the Large Hadron Collider.
Puppies, Ponies, Pigs and Parrots: Policies, Practices, and Procedures in Pubs, Pads, Planes and Professions: Where we Live, Work, and Play, and How we Get There: Animal Accommodations in Public Places, Housing, Employment, and Transportation

This is an expanded and updated version of an article published in Animal Law Review. It examines how disability discrimination policy clarifies when animals may be allowed as accommodations in various settings. It provides basic statutory and regulatory framework for these settings, administrative agency guidance, and judicial interpretations of these requirements in various settings. Major settings where animals might be an accommodation are addressed separately, with particular focus on higher education institutions and health care settings.
Modeling the control of bacterial infections via antibiotic-induced proviruses

Most bacteria and archaea are infected by latent viruses that change their physiology and responses to environmental stress. We use a population model of the bacteria-phage relationship to examine the role that latent phage play on the bacterial population over time in response to antibiotic treatment. We demonstrate that the stress induced by antibiotic administration, even if bacteria are resistant to killing by antibiotics, is sufficient to control the infection under certain conditions. This work expands the breadth of understanding of phage-antibiotic synergy to include both temperate and chronic viruses persisting in their latent form in bacterial populations. Importance Antibiotic-resistance is a growing concern for management of common bacterial infections. Here we show that antibiotics can be effective at sub-inhibitory levels when bacteria carry latent phage. Our findings suggest that specific treatment strategies based on the identification of latent viruses in individual bacterial strains may be an effective personalized medicine approach to antibiotic stewardship.
New Trends in Pragmatics Assessment Research: An Introduction

Even though it can be argued that pragmatics is an important element of the second language (L2) assessment research agenda, a number of challenges have consistently surfaced in this field. For example, adequate coverage of the construct has been consistently formidable, particularly considering that many studies take an atomistic view of pragmatics through their focus on speech acts rather than on contextualized language use (Roever, 2010). Likewise, issues of practicality and benchmarking remain underdeveloped, and understanding regarding the hierarchy of different types of pragmatic meanings continues to be limited (Roever, 2012, 2014). However, in recent years, there have been several attempts to expand our understanding of L2 pragmatics. As illustration, new models of pragmatic ability have been proposed (Purpura, 2017; Timpe-Laughlin, Wain, & Schmidgall, 2015), and it is hoped that these theoretical developments lead to practical applications in L2 pragmatics research and pedagogy.
Efficient and Robust Dynamic Simulation of Power Systems With Holomorphic Embedding

Dynamic simulation is vitally important in power system analysis, but traditional approaches based on numerical integration over small time steps are time-consuming. Also, the Newton-Raphson method suffers from difficulty in convergence when solving nonlinear algebraic equations. This paper proposes a novel dynamic simulation approach based on holomorphic embedding. By obtaining a high-order approximation of system dynamics, it achieves a much larger time step and thus enhances the computational efficiency significantly. In addition, the new approach avoids non-convergence issues in solving algebraic equations, which improves robustness. The approach includes flexible modeling of synchronous generators and controllers, and we propose a method for modeling generator coordinate transformations. The approach is tested on the IEEE 39-bus, 10-generator system and a Polish 2383-bus, 327-generator system. The results demonstrate promising computational efficiency and satisfactory numerical robustness for the analysis of large-scale power systems.
Sex, Money, and Modern-Day Slavery: Trafficking of Women and Children in China

As globalization has increased economic, social, and political ties across borders, often in beneficial ways, it has also facilitated the spread of harmful activities such as human trafficking. This chapter describes the phenomenon of sex trafficking in China, and identifies groups susceptible to this form of exploitation, as well as cultural factors that influence trafficking. Catalysts for the sex slave trade include consumer demand, government policies, lack of rule of law and alternative employment opportunities, and poverty, among others. Because these catalysts operate at both micro- and macro-levels, addressing sex trafficking is complicated. This chapter discusses Chinese policy towards the sex trafficking issue, and how the national response has changed over time. The chapter concludes with recommendations for further action.
Surgeons, Scholars, and Leaders Symposium: A 5-Year Experience:

The Department of Surgery at the University of Cincinnati developed the Surgeons, Scholars, and Leaders Symposium to address the underappreciated aspects of surgical education that are critical in the development of the academic surgeon. Surgical education has undergone many gaps since the beginning of a traditional surgical residency, first pioneered by Dr. Halsted in 1904; still, many gaps in surgical education remain. Topics such as research, financial planning, leadership, career development, and many others are not adequately addressed in formalized training. The Surgeons, Scholars, and Leaders Symposium was first held in January 2015 in Jackson Hole, WY, and has subsequently become an annual event. Recurrent themes addressed at the Symposium include global health, resident autonomy, research program development, leadership, mentorship, career development, and managing transitions. The annual Surgeons, Scholars, and Leaders Symposium has been instrumental in addressing these underappreciated aspects of surgeon development and will continue to be an important venue for the next generation of surgical leaders.
Engineered Fluorescent E. coli Lysogens Allow Live-Cell Imaging of Functional Prophage Induction Triggered inside Macrophages.

Summary Half of the bacteria in the human gut microbiome are lysogens containing integrated prophages, which may activate in stressful immune environments. Although lysogens are likely to be phagocytosed by macrophages, whether prophage activation occurs or influences the outcome of bacterial infection remains unexplored. To study the dynamics of bacteria-phage interactions in living cells—in particular, the macrophage-triggered induction and lysis of dormant prophages in the phagosome—we adopted a tripartite system where murine macrophages engulf E. coli, which are lysogenic with an engineered bacteriophage λ, containing a fluorescent lysis reporter. Pre-induced prophages are capable of lysing the host bacterium and propagating infection to neighboring bacteria in the same phagosome. A non-canonical pathway, mediated by PhoP, is involved with the native λ phage induction inside phagocytosed E. coli. These findings suggest two possible mechanisms by which induced prophages may function to aid the bactericidal activity of macrophages.
Climate Urbanism and the Implications for Climate Apartheid

This chapter examines the concept of climate urbanism as a response to climate change that is dominated by the financialization and prioritization of major physical and digital infrastructure projects, securitization, and carbon control. In its current mode, the policy paradigm of climate urbanism advances a technocratic, neoliberal approach to development. Situated within the oppressive structures of racial capitalism, heteropatriarchy, and coloniality, this mode of climate urbanism contains significant potential to create a system of climate apartheid. We acknowledge, however, that the dominant trajectory of climate urbanism is not predetermined. Alternative visions of climate urbanism are emerging that explore, imagine, and advance more just and democratic futures. As activists and scholars engage a more heterogeneous and resistant mode of climate urbanism, we see the potential for an emergent form of climate justice.
History of conditioned reward association disrupts inhibitory control: an examination of neural correlates.

Abstract The neural processes that support inhibitory control in the face of stimuli with a history of reward association are not yet well understood. Yet, the ability to flexibly adapt behavior to changing reward-contingency contexts is important for daily functioning and warrants further investigation. This study aimed to characterize neural and behavioral impacts of stimuli with a history of conditioned reward association on motor inhibitory control in healthy young adults by investigating group-level effects as well as individual variation in the ability to inhibit responses to stimuli with a reward history. Participants (N = 41) first completed a reward conditioning phase, during which responses to rewarded stimuli were associated with money and responses to unrewarded stimuli were not. Rewarded and unrewarded stimuli from training were carried forward as No-Go targets in a subsequent go/no-go task to test the effect of reward history on inhibitory control. Participants underwent functional brain imaging during the go/no-go portion of the task. On average, a history of reward conditioning disrupted inhibitory control. Compared to inhibition of responses to stimuli with no reward history, trials that required inhibition of responses to previously rewarded stimuli were associated with greater activity in frontal and striatal regions, including the inferior frontal gyrus, insula, striatum, and thalamus. Activity in the insula and thalamus during false alarms and in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex during correctly withheld trials predicted behavioral performance on the task. Overall, these results suggest that reward history serves to disrupt inhibitory control and provide evidence for diverging roles of the insula and ventromedial prefrontal cortex while inhibiting responses to stimuli with a reward history.
g-factor of the 19/2/sup -/ isomer in /sup 115/Sb

The $g$ factor of the ${t}_{\frac{1}{2}}=156$ nsec $\frac{19}{{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}}$ isomer in $^{115}\mathrm{Sb}$ was measured by the time differential perturbed angular distribution technique using the reaction $^{115}\mathrm{In}$($a$,$4n$)$^{115}\mathrm{Sb}$. The measured value $g=+0.287(4)$ agrees with the structure ${[\ensuremath{\nu}{h}_{\frac{11}{2}}\ensuremath{\bigotimes}\ensuremath{\nu}{d}_{\frac{3}{2}}\ensuremath{\bigotimes}\ensuremath{\pi}{d}_{\frac{5}{2}}]}_{\frac{19}{{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}}}$ assuming additivity. The $g$ factor of the $\frac{11}{{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}}$ ${t}_{\frac{1}{2}}=6.2$ ns state fed by the $\frac{19}{{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}}$ isomer decay was found to be + 1.06(10).
A method of identifying allographs in undeciphered scripts and its application to the Indus Valley Script

This work describes a general method of testing for redundancies in the sign lists of ancient scripts by data mining the positions of the signs within the inscriptions. The redundant signs are allographs of the same grapheme. The method is applied to the undeciphered Indus Valley Script, which stands out from other ancient scripts by having a large proposed sign list that contains dozens of asymmetric signs that have mirrored pairs. By a statistical analysis of mirrored asymmetric signs, this paper shows that the Indus Valley Script was multi-directional and the mirroring of signs often denotes only the direction of writing without any difference in meaning. For this and five other specific reasons listed in the paper, 50 pairs of signs, 23 mirrored, and 27 non-mirrored, can be grouped together because each pair consists of only insignificant variations of the same original sign. The reduced sign list may make decipherment easier in the future.
MOLECULAR, GENETIC, AND BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SERC GENE OF METHANOSARCINA BARKERI FUSARO

The Methanosarcina barkeri serC gene, encoding phosphoserine aminotransferase, was cloned by complementation of an Escherichia coli serC mutant, and its nucleotide sequence was determined. The M. barkeri SerC protein shares significant homology with other known SerC proteins. E. coli serC hosts carrying the cloned gene express phosphoserine aminotransferase activity, verifying the function of this gene.
Fracture Toughness Testing Methods

Fracture mechanics is a technology that deals with the effects of a sharp crack on the load-bearing capacity of materials and structures. It is a tool used to translate the results of laboratory fracture toughness testing into an analysis of structural safety and integrity of structural components. In this unit, the load–displacement behaviors of notched specimens are discussed and a brief description of G, K, J, and δ is presented. Keywords: fracture toughness; testing; linear elastic; elastic–plastic; ASTM standards
Control, Sense of

Purely biomedical explanations of disease originating in medicine, public health, and epidemiology often focus on proximate pathogenic factors, or on the very diseases themselves, to unravel increasingly complex disease processes. However, many medical sociologists, social epidemiologists, and other forward-looking professionals in medicine, nursing, and public health emphasize the significance of distal factors and their roles in the origins of disease. Among investigations of health, sense of control has emerged as a particularly important variable of interest in recent decades. In studies of social factors and their ubiquitous health effects, sense of control as an explanatory concept yields valuable insights into the impacts of social factors and how these forces actually impinge on individuals’ lives. Thus this idea is an important one that helps researchers and practitioners span multiple levels of social and epidemiological analysis. Early investigations related to control yielded models related to effort–reward imbalance and job strain, which have been further evaluated and subsequently refined. However the concept is measured, it is typical that as one moves down in a particular social hierarchy, one has less control over life, work, and environment, and this control (or lack of it) exhibits measurable effects on mental and physical health. Keywords: causation; class; disease; epidemiology; health
CPS Earnings Data for the Self-Employed: Words of Caution for Use and Interpretation

This paper examines several problems that one faces when using self-employment earnings data from the Annual Demographic Files for the 1976--91 March CPS, including: (i) variation in earnings definitions across different classes of workers (wage-and-salary, unincorporated selfemployed, and incorporated self-employed workers), (ii) changes in earnings definitions between years, (iii) relatively high nonresponse rates for the self-employed (about 30 percent, versus 1719 percent for wage-and-salary workers), and (iv) inaccurate coding of earnings imputation flags in the public use files. In short, the evidence presented here suggests that how one handles each of these problems can have a significant effect on estimates of the returns to time spent self-employed. The author thanks John Coder, Enrique Lamas, Chuck Nelson, and Ed Welnaik for their willingness to answer her long list of questions about Census procedures, and Joyce Mlakar, John Morgan, and Amy Pavelko for their help in sorting out the tax code. Support from the Census Research Fellow Program and the National Science Foundation (SES 90--23-776 and SES 90--103-07) is gratefully acknowledged.
The Human Face of Self-Interest

Moralists tend to have a low opinion of self-interest. It is seen as force that has to be controlled or transcended. This essay tries to get beyond the bifurcation of human motivations into self-interest (which is seen as vicious or non-moral) and concern for others (which is virtuous). It argues that there are some surprising affinities between self-interest and morality. Notably the principal force that checks self-interest is self-interest itself. Consequently, self-interest often coincides with and reinforces the commands of morality and promotes civility and consideration for others. Therefore it provides us with resources for constructing a more humane and civil society.
The design and implementation of multidimensional systolic arrays for DSP applications

The authors present a technique for transforming DSP (digital signal processing) algorithms to a form suitable for multidimensional systolic array implementation. The aim of the transformation is to speed up computation without much increase in area requirement. The price to be paid is the small amount of additional circuitry (usually in the form of adders and interconnection wires) required for interrow or interplane communications. The application of the technique to some DSP algorithms is presented. The systolic networks produced are implemented using NORA CMOS logic structure and laid out using 3- mu m CMOS p-well technology. Areas and times for the resulting architectures are evaluated and discussed. >
Plasmid control of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas putida phenotypes and of linalool and p-cymene oxidation.

Abstract Two Pseudomonas strains (PpG777 and PaG158) were derived from the parent isolate Pseudomonas incognita (putida). Strain PpG777 resembles the parental culture in growth on linalool as a source of carbon and slight growth on p-cymene, whereas PaG158 grows well on p-cymene, but not on linalool or other terpenes tested, and has a P. aeruginosa phenotype. Curing studies indicate that linalool metabolism is controlled by an extrachromosomal element whose loss forms a stable strain PaG158 with the p-cymene growth and P. aeruginosa phenotype characters. The plasmid can be transferred by PpG777 to both P. putida and P. aeruginosa strains. Surprisingly, the latter assume the P. putida phenotype. We conclude that the genetic potential to oxidize p-cymene is inherent in PpG777 but expression is repressed. Similarly, this observation implies that support of linalool oxidation effectively conceals the P. aeruginosa character.
Phase stability and cohesive properties of Au–Sn intermetallics: A first-principles study

The total energies and cohesive properties of 29 Au–Sn intermetallics (stable, metastable, and virtual) are calculated from first-principles density-functional theory (DFT) employing ultrasoft pseudopotentials (USPP) and both local-density approximation (LDA) and generalized gradient approximation (GGA) for the exchange-correlation functional. Among the intermetallics considered, the ground-state structures are found to be AuSn, AuSn2, and AuSn4. Another phase Au5Sn, though present in the equilibrium diagram, lies slightly above the ground state convex hull. The formation energies of stable phases calculated using USPP–LDA and USPP–GGA are nearly the same. Except for AuSn, calorimetric data for enthalpies of formation show a good agreement with the calculated formation energies. Based on our first-principles results, it is argued that the structures of two metastable phases are cP52-type γ brass (isotypic with Al4Cu9) at Au–20.5 at.% Sn and hP1-type γ (isotypic with HgSn6–10) at Sn–8 at.% Au. For the intermetallics considered in this study, we provide optimized values of lattice parameters and Wyckoff positions. The experimental lattice parameters show a better agreement with those calculated using USPP–LDA than with USPP–GGA. The results presented here form the basis for creating a reliable thermodynamic database to facilitate calculations of stable and metastable phase diagrams of binary and multicomponent systems containing Au and Sn, relevant to electronic packaging and many other joining applications.
Institutional Resilience and Economic Systems: Lessons from Elinor Ostrom’s Work

Comparative economic systems literature deals extensively with ‘systemic functions’ and ‘performance criteria’ such as growth, efficiency and equity but rarely mentions the topic of resilience. This paper focusses on the issue of resilience while drawing several important lessons from the contributions in this respect of 2009 Nobel Prize in Economics co-recipient, Elinor Ostrom: The effects of alternative institutional arrangements and social norms as a source of both resilience and vulnerability; the problem of ‘highly optimized tolerance’ to specific sources of uncertainty; polycentricity as a possible structural solution to sustainability problems. A key point is that resilience is more than mere ‘absorptive capacity’ or ‘speed of recovery’: it depends on innovation and creative socio-cultural adaptations made possible by flexible and polycentric institutional processes. That has important implications for the ways we define and assess institutional performance and institutional design.
Mosquito vectors of dog heartworm in the United States: vector status and factors influencing transmission efficiency

Dog heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) is dependent on mosquito vectors for its maintenance and transmission among vertebrate hosts. Consequently, D. immitis abundance and distribution are closely linked with mosquito vector biology and ecology. Information on the important dog heartworm vectors in the United States is limited and no comprehensive surveillance of dog heartworm in US mosquitoes has been undertaken to date. Here, we review information gleaned from a number of field surveys documenting heartworm presence in wild mosquito populations as well as laboratory assessments of mosquito vector capacity. Various biological and ecological factors likely contribute to the relative importance of different vector species. We describe some of these factors, rank the leading criteria for efficient vectors, and present the most likely vector species found across the United States. Considering the recent emergence of drug resistance among D. immitis strains, practical knowledge of heartworm vector biology and control should be incorporated into heartworm disease management programs. We conclude by proposing that heartworm control would benefit by targeting mosquito vectors, and we suggest ways in which veterinarians can incorporate the recognition of vector importance into heartworm prevention recommendations imparted to clients.
5-Phenyl-1,2,5-di­thia­zepane

In the title compound, C10H13NS2, the seven-membered ring adopts a chair conformation. The S—S bond length is 2.0406 (5) A and the C—S—S—C torsion angle is −83.89 (7)°. The amine group is sp2-hybridized. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked into chains along [001] by weak inter­molecular S⋯S contacts of 3.5246 (5) A.
Balloon-based Measurements of the Profile of Downwelling Shortwave Irradiance in the Troposphere

Using a helium plus reversible fluid balloon system as the observing platform, multiple profiles of shortwave irradiance between 4 and 10 km were recently obtained over the Los Angeles basin. Measurements of downwelling hemispheric broadband irradiance were made over a period of six hours in conditions that could be characterized by a mid-latitude, summer model atmosphere. These data are described and compared to model computations using a spectrally-resolving, plane parallel, multiple scattering model. The systematic difference between model and observations (10%) at high altitudes is discussed in terms of possible factors that affect the instrument measurement response under cold temperature conditions. The measurements and calculations of downwelling irradiance agree to better than 5% in the lower troposphere.
Variation in Fe-organic complexation with depth in the Northwestern Atlantic Ocean as determined using a kinetic approach

Abstract 1-nitroso-2-napthol (1N2N) was used as a complexing ligand to study Fe speciation and the kinetic interaction of Fe 3+ with excess organic ligands in seawater. Two independent experimental approaches measured Fe speciation in seawater collected from the Northwestern Atlantic Ocean during an October 1996 cruise. Competitive ligand equilibration–cathodic stripping voltammetry (CLE–CSV), at pH 6.9 with complete equilibrium established for the samples, determined an average 1.8±0.8 nM `excess' of Fe-binding ligands. The conditional stability constants of these FeL complexes were invariant with depth, and ranged from log K Fe 3+ L =22.2±0.5 at 500 m, to log K Fe 3+ L =22.9±0.3 at 200 m. Kinetic experiments in which Fe 3+ was added to pH 8.0 seawater from six depths revealed log K Fe 3+ L values ranging between 20.1–22.7. Formation rate constants, k f , for inorganic Fe′ complexation by excess organic ligands ranged from 1.13×10 6 M −1 s −1 at 200 m to 4.21×10 4 at 2874 m. Dissociation rate constants, k d , for the recovery of inorganic Fe′ as Fe(1N2N) 3 from FeL complexes ranged from 3.92×10 −5 s −1 in surface water to 1.0×10 −7 s −1 at 2000 m. The kinetic results show significant differences in the formation and dissociation rates for Fe-organic complexes, indicating different ligands are responsible for Fe complexation with depth. Results obtained using these two methods suggest that `excess' organic ligands in seawater complex Fe with conditional stability constants ∼log K 22 , and slow the hydrolysis and/or polymerization of added Fe 3+ , thereby keeping Fe soluble, and perhaps more biologically available in seawater.
Raman Scattering from Localized Vibrational Modes in GaP

High-frequency localized vibrational modes of impurities in a III-V compound have been observed by Raman scattering. Three lines from the GaP samples closely correspond to some local modes previously reported in infrared studies, and depolarization measurements tend to confirm their proposed assignments. We describe several attractive features of this method for the study of semiconductor impurities.
The missing link: Riemann's “Commentatio,” differential geometry and tensor analysis

Abstract Riemann's Collected Works contains a seldom mentioned paper on heat conduction, written in Latin and unsuccessfully submitted for a prize to the Academie des Sciences in Paris in 1861. This paper has been presented by many, including Riemann's editors, as a contribution to the development of his geometrical ideas, first outlined in his famous Habilitationsvortrag of 1854, Uber die Hypothesen welche der Geometrie zu Grunde liegen. Through a discussion of the paper, we offer a new perspective on its importance: rather than a development of the mathematics underlying new conceptions of space, it should be seen as a contribution to the development of what later became known as tensor analysis. This interpretation allows a fresh perspective to be brought to the history of a particular field of mathematics. Indeed, both Riemann's geometry and tensor analysis (as developed later) combine in general relativity. However, until then they were developed independently of one another despite both being present in different aspects of Riemann's work. Since the argument proceeds from a detailed consideration of the paper by Riemann, we give the first translation into English of that paper in the Appendix.
Short-pulse terahertz radiation from high-intensity-laser-produced plasmas.

The interaction between high-intensity, ultrashort laser pulses and plasmas leads to the emission of coherent, short-pulse radiation at terahertz frequencies. In this work we discuss a model for this effect and its experimental realization. Our measurements constitute the direct observation of laser-induced wake fields. From gas-density targets, resonant enhancement of the terahertz emission is observed if the plasma frequency is close to the inverse pulse length of the exciting laser pulse. At higher plasma densities, the emission of subpicosecond, unipolar electromagnetic pulses is observed. With the use of solid density targets, emission of more than 0.5 \ensuremath{\mu}J of far-infrared-radiation energy was measured. Simultaneous emission of MeV x rays and 0.6-MeV electrons was observed and correlated with the terahertz emission. This indicates that the radiative processes in such plasmas are driven by ponderomotively induced space-charge fields in excess of ${10}^{8}$ V/cm.
The Obama Presidency, Public Position-Taking, and Mass Opinion

This article examines the degree to which President Obama's public positions are congruent with mass opinion, and compares his position-taking behavior with that of recent administrations. We consider the impact of congressional agenda setting and the electoral cycle on the degree of congruence between Obama's positions and public opinion. Additionally, we investigate whether positions that were only marginally popular early in the term have retained support. The findings indicate that Obama's presidency resembles other recent administrations in terms of policy congruence. First, blame-game politics between the president and opposition party have significantly reduced policy congruence. Second, for recurring issues, electoral proximity appears to be correlated with higher congruence. Finally, as in other recent administrations, the overall level of responsiveness is not significantly greater than one would expect by chance.
Characterization of the human alpha 2-macroglobulin gene promoter: identification of a novel, triple TRE/RARE/ERE response element.

Abstract Human α 2 -macroglobulin is synthesized in the liver and in some extra-hepatic tissues but the physiological role of the protein remains unexplained. We initiated studies to characterize the promoter of the gene. In transient transfections 240 bp of the proximal promoter were necessary and sufficient for CAT-expression in HepG2 cells and lung fibroblasts. This promoter was silent in skin fibroblasts. In DNase I footprint analyses, five regions bound nuclear factors from expressing and non-expressing cells. FPII (−144 to −104) was most prominent with extracts from HepG2 cells and lung fibroblasts. In mobility shifts, FPII bound nuclear factors present in the order : HepG2 > lung ⪢ skin fibroblasts. This region contains a canonical TRE/RARE/ERE halfsite (TGACCT) flanked by 2 related hexamers in the combinations PR4 (palindromic repeat, spacing 4) and ER1 (everted repeat, spacing 1). The interplay of (orphan) members of the steroid receptor family could explain the tissue- and species-specific regulation of the α 2 M gene.
Formation of Single-Magnetic-Domain Iron Particles via Vapor-Phase Nucleation: Implications for the Solar Nebula

Abstract We report experimental evidence of the production of single-magnetic-domain iron grains via vapor-phase nucleation even in the absence of an ambient magnetic field. These single domain grains are thermodynamically stable as fully saturated magnetic dipoles. The spontaneous formation of fully magnetized single-domain iron grains, and by inference a variety of other single-domain particles such as taenite or magnetite, could greatly increase the coagulation efficiency of submicrometer-sized grains in the primitive solar nebula. An important test of this hypothesis is proposed: an examination of 20- to 50-nm diameter iron grains in the matrix of very primitive chondrites should reveal an interconnected, three-dimensional string or web-like structure within the matrix.
Characterization of some sugars of interest to biochemistry.

Summary Up till now readily formed derivatives from which the free sugars could be easily recovered were lacking in the case of several carbohydrates of biochemical interest. 2,5-Dichlorophenylhydrazones satisfy these requirements. Their preparation and characteristics are described. Asymmetrical diphenylhydrazine is preferable as a reagent for the separation of arabinose and ribose.
A calcium regulated adenosine triphosphatase in Entamoeba histolytica

Axenically grown trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica (NIH-200 strain) contain an active ATPase (170 nmol PO4/min per mg protein) with maximal activity at pH 8.8, a high affinity for ATP (Km ⋍ 40 μM) and an absolute and specific requirement for Ca2+. The activation by Ca2+ shows positive cooperativity (nH = 2.48) at calcium concentrations below 8 μM and no cooperativity between 8 and 25 μM. The latter concentration fully saturates the enzyme. The observed activity is insensitive to oligomycin, ouabain and ruthenium red and is unaffected by a range of inhibitors of electron transport and uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation. The enzyme exhibits structure bound latency and is tightly bound to cellular membranes. It is sedimentable (>80%) by high speed centrifugation of cell homogenates which are either protected osmotically or in which subcellular structures are damaged by sonication or treatment with Triton X-100. Arrhenius plots of V in the temperature range of 0–38°C are linear without breaks, similar to other pyrophosphatases of E. histolytica. The calculated activation energy is 14.8 kcal/mol. This finding as well as the failure of phospholipase treatment to affect activity indicate that interactions with membrane lipids play no role in the catalytic function of this tightly membrane-bound ATPase.
Recent advances in the understanding of vision

Better understanding of vision is the goal of workers in many branches of science and medicine, from neurochemistry to cybernetics. But, although they study the system or measure vision daily, all may not be able to fully comprehend the visual process from their single perspective or by reading within their own discipline. This review surveys a large part of the broad subject of ‘How we see’ from several levels of understanding: (1) Component and circuit analysis of the system; (2) mechanisms and (3) algorithms of the visual process; and (4) computational theory of vision. It attempts to bring together and occasionally synthesize the results of research in many areas over the past several decades. The references will lead workers in one branch of research efficiently into the work of other branches. The survey can provide important perspectives for clinicians; a background that is desirable because the complexity of vision requires that a large part of the central nervous system be devoted to processing a...
Daily treatment with parathyroid hormone is associated with an increase in vertebral cross-sectional area in postmenopausal women with glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis

Daily treatment with hPTH (1–34) is associated with a significant increase in bone formation which results in large gains in lumbar spine bone mass. However, bone formation is known to occur on trabecular, endocortical and periosteal surfaces. The purpose of this study was to determine whether daily treatment with hPTH (1–34) for 1 year was associated with a change in vertebral cross-sectional area, or vertebral size, as measured by serial quantitative computed tomography scans. Fifty-one postmenopausal women treated chronically with both glucocorticoids and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) were randomized to either daily hPTH (1–34) for 1 year and HRT or to a control group treated with only HRT. Measurements of bone density of the spine were obtained every 6 months by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and annually by QCT of the L1 and L2 vertebrae. Vertebral cross-sectional area (VCSA) was obtained from the QCT scans. In addition, we estimated the vertebral compressive strength (VSFOM, g2/cm4 = trabecular BMD2 × VCSA). After 1 year of hPTH (1–34) treatment, VCSA increased 4.8% (p < 0.001), and 1 year after treatment was discontinued VCSA was still 2.6% higher than the baseline value (p < 0.05). The control group had no change in VCSA. In addition, estimated vertebral compressive strength increased more than 200% over baseline levels in the hPTH (1–34) treatment group and no change was observed in the control group. In summary, daily treatment with hPTH (1–34) for 1 year increased vertebral size as measured by VCSA and this increase was maintained after hPTH (1–34) was discontinued. Since vertebral fracture risk is related to both bone size and bone mass, we cautiously speculate that the increase in vertebral size associated with hPTH (1–34) treatment is at least partially responsible for increased vertebral bone strength and reduction of fracture risk associated with this therapy in postmenopausal osteoporosis.
Women's health insurance coverage 1980-2005.

Background In the fragmented US health insurance system, women’s health insurance coverage is an outcome both of changes in the availability of private and public health insurance and of changing patterns of labor force participation and household formation. Over the past 2 decades, women’s socioeconomic circumstances have changed and public policy around health insurance coverage for low-income women has also undergone substantial modification. Methods This study examines the roles of these changes in circumstances and policy on the level and composition of women’s health insurance. Using the Census Bureau’s March Current Population Survey 1980–2005, the government’s principal source of nationally representative labor market and health insurance data, we examine how changes in marriage, full-time and part-time labor force participation, and public policy around coverage affected the level and source of women’s health insurance coverage over 3 periods: 1980–1987, 1988–1994, and 1995–2005. Results Health insurance coverage rates have fallen for both women and men since 1980. What makes women different is that, in addition to the decline in coverage, the composition of health insurance coverage for women has also changed markedly. More women now obtain health insurance on their own, rather than as dependents, than did in 1980. A larger fraction of insured women are now enrolled in Medicaid than were in 1980. Women’s routes to coverage have changed as their social and economic circumstances have changed and as policy, especially Medicaid policy, has evolved. Conclusions Women’s channels for obtaining health insurance coverage are more fragmented than those of men. The availability of multiple sources of coverage, and the possibility of moving amongst them, have not, however, insulated women from the overall declines in health insurance coverage caused by the rising cost of private health insurance.
Characteristics of Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-O powders produced by aerosol decomposition and their rapid conversion to the high-Tc phase

Abstract Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-O powders were produced by aerosol decomposition of nitrate solutions. The effects of reactor temperature and residence time on particle morphology and evaporative Pb loss from particles were demonstrated, and conditions necessary to control Pb loss established. Pb loss was roughly proportional to residence time, and minimal loss occurred with short residence times (3s) and T≤800°C. Particles produced at 700°C typically contained significant porosity, while those produced at T≥800°C were solid. Mixtures of the Bi2Sr2CuOy (2201) and Bi2Sr2CaCu2Oy (2212) phases were produced at 700–900°C in nitrogen and air. However, after hearing in air for 16 h at 850°C, pellets of powder produced at 700°C with nominal composition Pb0.44Bi1.8Sr2Ca2.2Cu3Oy converted to approximately 79 vol.% of the Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3Oy (2223) phase and displayed a Tc (onset) of 110 K. Rapid conversion to 2223 was promoted by powder synthesis conditions, leading to controlled Pb loss and a homogeneous fine-grained dispersion of mixed-oxide precursor phases within particles.
In vitro correction of anticoagulant activity and specific clotting factor assays in SLE

Abstract Six patients with circulating anticoagulants, four of whom had proven SLE, were investigated. The plasma of five patients demonstrated ostensibly low specific clotting factor activities by standard PTT methods which were corrected by the addition of from four to eight times the usual concentration of phospholipid. Normal factor VIII levels were obtained in each case when a two-stage clotting assay was employed and normal factor IX activities were measured when heterologous substrate was substituted for deficient plasma of human origin. Specific immunoglobulin fractions of whole serum localized the clotting inhibitory activity of the PTT system to the IgG fraction of one patient and the IgG and IgM fractions of another. The plasma of three patients inhibited platelet factor 3 activity and in three cases inhibition of rabbit but not human thromboplastin was observed. Inhibitors directed against the phospholipid components of the coagulation system may cause the appearance of specific factor deficiencies when PTT assays are employed. Such deficiences should not be reported as “true” factor deficiencies, until multiple assays have been performed that employ a related technique.
The Influence of Nonlinear Damping on the Random Response of Panels by Time Domain Simulation

The effects of nonlinear damping on the large-deflection response of symmetrically laminated composite panels is studied by time-domain simulation in an attempt to quantify experimentally observed phenomena. A single-mode deflection approach is used in the equations of motion and in the linear and nonlinear damping models. The probability, peak-probability, and spectral-density data are compiled for both strains and deflection. The rms responses as a function of input excitation level are also obtained and compared to linear, equivalent-linearization, and Fokker-Planck equation solutions.