cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relations between Basin Characteristics and Stream Chemistry in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA

Acid deposition has impacted stream chemistry in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GRSM), however, basin-scale factors governing local chemical processes affect stream acidification response differently in distinct basins. The primary objective of this research was to examine the effects of elevation, basin area, and geology on episodic stream acidification. A secondary objective was to investigate the influence of physical and chemical soil properties and dominant vegetation on stream chemistry. Considering basin area, site elevation, and presence of Anakeesta geology, eight study sites were selected; baseflow and stormflow chemistries were monitored at these sites. Study basins were characterized using ArcGIS considering topographical, geological, pedological, and vegetative factors. Multiple statistical analyses were employed to relate baseflow and stormflow chemistry to basin factors. Following precipitation events, stream water pH was significantly reduced and aluminum concentrations increased in seven of the eight study sites (p<0.05), while the response of ANC, nitrate, sulfate, and base cations varied. Decreasing concentrations of sodium (-4.72 µeq/L) and silicon (0.55 ppm), and increasing concentrations of magnesium (+2.06 µeq/L), calcium (+8.27 µeq/L), potassium (+4.15 µeq/L), and DOC (+1.83 µeq/L) were observed from baseflow to stormflow. Stream sites at higher elevations had significantly lower pH, ANC, sodium, and silicon and higher nitrate concentrations than lower elevation sites (p<0.05). In smaller basin areas, streams exhibited significantly lower nitrate, sodium, magnesium, silicon, and base cation concentrations (p<0.05). Streams in basins with greater than 10% Anakeesta area had significantly lower pH, sodium, and higher calcium concentrations than basins without Anakeesta geology (p<0.05). During stormflow, Anakeesta streams sites had significantly higher concentrations of aluminum (0.15 ppm) than streams in basins without Anakeesta (0.06 ppm). Area-weighted average soil slopes and saturated hydraulic conductivities were negatively correlated with pH, ANC, sodium, potassium, and silicon concentrations, and were positively correlated with nitrate, sulfate, aluminum, and magnesium concentrations; the percentage of low elevation xeric forests had opposite correlations with these chemical constituents (p<0.01). Elevation, basin slopes, and chemical and physical soil characteristics were found to be the primary basin factors influencing episodic stream acidification in these streams.
Expectations of the Consequences of New International Adoption Policy in the U.S.

In 2006, the State Department published its Final Rules for implementation of the Hague Convention and the Intercountry Adoption Act. This new rule, which took effect in 2008, signifies a departure from previous practice by specifying national, uniform conditions and terms for international adoption practice by U.S. agencies and professionals. Interviews with adoption professionals reveal their predictions regarding the potential consequences of the new rule. Participants indicate the new rule will protect children and families from unscrupulous adoption practices, thereby fulfilling its stated purposes. Paradoxically, they also predict that the new rule will have latent consequences that will negatively impact waiting children, prospective families, and adoption agencies.
High clinical response rate with multimodality immunomodulatory therapy for Sézary syndrome.

Abstract Purpose The goal of this study was to evaluate the clinical response rate of patients with Sezary syndrome (SS) to multimodality immunomodulatory therapy consisting of extracorporeal photopheresis in combination with ≥ 2 systemic biologic response modifiers (interferon-α, interferon-γ, retinoids, and/or sargramostim) and psoralen plus UV-A. Patients and Methods Twenty-eight patients who met established criteria for SS were treated with multimodality immunomodulatory therapy at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania between January 2000 and December 2002. All patients received > 6 cycles of extracorporeal photopheresis. Patients were categorized into groups based on their response to therapy. Results An overall clinical response of 89% was achieved with multimodality immunomodulatory therapy. Twenty-nine percent of patients exhibited a complete response, characterized by no evidence of cutaneous disease and a Sezary count ≤ 5%. Sixty-one percent exhibited a partial response. Eleven percent were nonresponders. Conclusion Based on our experience, multimodality immunomodulatory therapy is an exceptionally effective treatment for SS. The durability of response and impact on overall survival remains to be determined; however, this approach offers an appealing alternative to treatments associated with higher morbidity rates.
Polyhedral silver nanocrystals with distinct scattering signatures

Silver nanoparticles are ideal building blocks for opticalmaterials that seek to manipulate, transport, or amplify light becausethey support surface plasmons with frequencies in the visible and near-IRregime. We demonstrate that polyhedral silvernanocrystals displaycomplex and distinct scattering signatures dictated by shape and size.The ability to engineer specific plasmon modes should have profoundconsequences for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, sub-wavelengthoptics, and plasmonic transport.
Analysis-aware design of embedded systems software

In the past many different methodologies have been devised to support software development and different sets of methodologies have been developed to support the analysis of software artefacts. We have identified this mismatch as one of the causes of the poor reliability of embedded systems software. The issue with software development styles is that they are “analysis-agnostic.” They do not try to structure the code in a way that lends itself to analysis. The analysis is usually applied post-mortem after the software was developed and it requires a large amount of effort. The issue with software analysis methodologies is that they do not exploit available information about the system being analyzed. In this thesis we address the above issues by developing a new methodology, called “analysis-aware” design, that links software development styles with the capabilities of analysis tools. This methodology forms the basis of a framework for interactive software development. The framework consists of an executable specification language and a set of analysis tools based on static analysis, testing, and model checking. The language enforces an analysis-friendly code structure and offers primitives that allow users to implement their own testers and model checkers directly in the language. We introduce a new approach to static analysis that takes advantage of the capabilities of a rule-based engine. We have applied the analysis-aware methodology to the development of a smart home application.
The physics and chemistry of solar cells

Abstract The physics of the photovoltaic effect is analyzed using the example of a frontwall solar cell. The effect results from the interplay of the emitter, in which minority cariers are generated via absorbed light an diffuse to the junction, and the junction, in which the essential voltage drop occurs. The interplay is established by the minority carrier density at the emitter-junction interface, acting as prominent boundary condition, and connecting current through the device with applied voltage. The chemistry of the interlayer between emitter and junction has essential influence on this boundary condition by determining interface recombination and space charge. Both of these determine band connection and performance of the device. A brief review of material properties in the light of the basic cell operation is given.
Tidal and seasonal variations in calving flux observed with passive seismology

The seismic signatures of calving events, i.e., calving icequakes, offer an opportunity to examine calving variability with greater precision than is available with other methods. Here using observations from Yahtse Glacier, Alaska, we describe methods to detect, locate, and characterize calving icequakes. We combine these icequake records with a coincident, manually generated record of observed calving events to develop and validate a statistical model through which we can infer iceberg sizes from the properties of calving icequakes. We find that the icequake duration is the single most significant predictor of an iceberg's size. We then apply this model to 18 months of seismic recordings and find elevated iceberg calving flux during the summer and fall and a pronounced lull in calving during midwinter. Calving flux is sensitive to semidiurnal tidal stage. Large calving events are tens of percent more likely during falling and low tides than during rising and high tides, consistent with a view that deeper water has a stabilizing influence on glacier termini. Multiple factors affect the occurrence of mechanical fractures that ultimately lead to iceberg calving. At Yahtse Glacier, seismology allows us to demonstrate that variations in the rate of submarine melt are a dominant control on iceberg calving rates at seasonal timescales. On hourly to daily timescales, tidal modulation of the normal stress against the glacier terminus reveals the nonlinear glacier response to changes in the near-terminus stress field.
Modeling determinants of urban growth in Dongguan, China: a spatial logistic approach

This paper examines spatial variations of urban growth patterns in Chinese cities through a case study of Dongguan, a rapidly industrializing city characterized by a bottom-up pattern of development based on townships. We have employed both non-spatial and spatial logistic regression models to analyze urban land conversion. The non-spatial logistic regression has found the significance of accessibility, neighborhood conditions and socioeconomic factors for urban development. The logistic regression with spatially expanded coefficients significantly improves the orthodoxy logistic regression with lower levels of spatial autocorrelation of residuals and better goodness-of-fit. More importantly, the spatial logistic model reveals the spatially varying relationship between urban growth and its underlying factors, particularly the local influence of environment protection and urban development policies. The results of the spatial logistic model also provide clear clues for assessing environmental risks to take the local contexts into account.
Vibration of Thin Shells under Initial Stress

Using a general bending theory of circular cylindrical shells under the influence of initial stress, simple but accurate expressions for the resonant frequency are presented. These expressions are applicable to a wide range of shell parameters. The results are compared with those of previous investigations. Experimental results are also given.
Disaster Training Exercises: An Educationally-Based Hierarchy

The literature of disaster planning and management makes frequent reference to disaster drills and exercises as a fundamental training tool. Such exercises have been variously described as ranging from full-scale, all-day events involving many agencies and resources to table-top simulations using models and prepared scenarios. Because of this large gamut of disaster training activities, often it is difficult for trainers to select the most appropriate model. The purpose of this paper is to place various types of disaster training exercises in a hierarchial order based on fundamental educational principles.
The War on Defense Lawyers

In this article, Professor Finkelman argues that the war on drugs has done a great deal of damage to the Bill of Rights. He discusses how the regulations which have come along with the war on drugs have compromised the American justice system and undermined the work of defense attorneys. Instead of “innocent until proven guilty,” Professor Finkelman suggests that those brought up on drug charges are “guilty until proven innocent.”
Sales Managers' Perceptions of Gray Markets: The Role of Incentives, Channel Dependence, and Type of Gray Market

The objective of this paper is to develop an empirical understanding of sales managers' perceptions of gray markets, that is, exclusive territory violations. We examine a number of factors that can affect these perceptions and then make recommendations about how senior management can align actions on gray markets by changing aspects of the contexts in which sales managers operate. Specifically, we develop a typology of gray markets and use the typology in conjunction with the constructs of distributor dependence and managerial incentives to make predictions regarding sales managers' positive or negative perceptions of gray markets. We test these predictions with a within-subjects, full-factorial experiment that incorporates role-playing by experienced managers. Most of the predictions are supported by the analysis and we develop recommendations based on these results involving compensation design and distributor dependence by which top management can achieve consensus within firms about managing gray markets.
Interaction of socio-structural characteristics to predict Roma's identification and desire to challenge low status position

We examined the interaction of socio-structural variables predicting Roma's identification and endorsement for collective action. Roma from Slovakia rated perceived stigma and status, their perception of the intergroup context, identification, and desire for Roma to join together to compete with the high status non-Roma majority. The results showed that greater perceived permeability predicted lower Roma identification. The socio-structural variables also interacted such that Roma who perceived group boundaries as impermeable and status difference as unstable and illegitimate expressed the highest desire for collective action. Lastly, identification was also a strong predictor of desire to directly compete with non-Roma. The results highlight both the usefulness of a social identity perspective for understanding resistance to discrimination and perceived context for collective action.
X-Ray Diffraction Studies of Protein Monolayers Bound to Self-Assembled Monolayers

X-ray interferometry was used to study monolayers of the protein yeast cytochrome c and a bimolecular cytochrome c/photosynthetic reaction center complex bound to self-assembled monolayers of 11-trichlorosilylundecyl thiol on inorganic substrates. Optical absorption spectroscopy and dissociation experiments show that the cytochrome c monolayer is covalently attached to the self-assembled monolayer via a disulfide bond and they are consistent with the cytochrome c and its bimolecular reaction center complex forming a close-packed array on the surface of the solid substrate. By sequentially forming these bio-organic monolayers on synthetic inorganic multilayers (“quantum wells”), we were able to determine the electron density profile of the protein layers to ∼13 A resolution using x-ray interferometry and refinement techniques.
Planar Velocity and Temperature Measurements in Rarefied Hypersonic Flow Using Iodine LIF

A planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) technique is discussed and applied to measurement of time-averaged values of velocity and temperature in an I2-seeded N2 hypersonic free jet facility. A low temperature, non-reacting, hypersonic flow over a simplified model of a reaction control system (RCS) was investigated using the PLIF technique. Data are presented of rarefied Mach 12 flow over a sharp leading edge flat plate at zero incidence, both with and without an interacting jet issuing from a nozzle built into the plate. The velocity profile in the boundary layer on the plate was resolved. The slip velocity along the plate, extrapolated from the velocity profile data, varied from nearly 100% down to 10% of the freestream value. These measurements are compared with results of a DSMC solution. The velocity variation along the centerline of a jet issuing from the plate was measured and found to match closely with the correlation of Ashkenas and Sherman. The velocity variation in the oblique shock terminating the jet was resolved sufficiently to measure the shock wave thickness. I. Iodine fluorescence measurement technique Numerous methods have been reported in the literature for measurement of thermodynamic properties in supersonic flows using laser-induced fluorescence. This paper presents results of a technique based on narrowband excitation of fluorescence from nuclear hyperfine components in the B↔X electronic transition of molecular iodine. This approach was developed to study low temperature flows of I2-seeded N2 gas. A tunable single frequency laser beam is expanded and collimated into a thin sheet and passed into a low density wind tunnel flow, causing I2 molecules to fluoresce within a selected planar section of the flow-field. A series of images are taken of the fluorescence with a charge-coupled device (CCD) array as the laser frequency is incrementally tuned over selected lines in the I2 absorption spectrum. The fluorescence signal versus frequency is thereby obtained for any point in the plane of the laser sheet, within the resolution of the digital image. These absorption spectra can provide information on the local thermodynamic conditions in the flow. This paper describes planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) measurements of velocity and temperature made in a low density, low temperature, hypersonic flow over a simplified model of a reaction control system (RCS) jet, 1 intended to support assessment of a hybrid numerical solution method for such flows. 2, 3
Teaching Chinese Film in an Advanced Language Class

Instructors often face a dilemma when using film in language classes. While film is appealing for the rich cultural and linguistic information it offers, finding the balance between teaching content and building language skills can present significant challenges for an instructor. Common approaches to using film in courses taught in English, such as screening one film a week, reading critical essays about the films, and class discussions and lectures, seldom offer the same benefits in a foreign language course due to the fact that students with only three years of foreign language study frequently lack the language skills necessary to discuss films in a foreign language. Yanfang Tang and Qianghai Chen, authors of the textbook Advanced Chinese: Intention, Strategy, & Communication (2005), have argued that “[n]either interpreting textual meanings nor decoding linguistic patterns leads naturally to the productive skills needed” for communicating in the target language at the advanced level. They further suggest that “practice, in a conscious but meaningful way is the key to successful transformation of input knowledge into productive output skills.”
Handshape complexity as a precursor to phonology: Variation, emergence, and acquisition

ABSTRACTIn this article two dimensions of handshape complexity are analyzed as potential building blocks of phonological contrast—joint complexity and finger group complexity. We ask whether sign language patterns are elaborations of those seen in the gestures produced by hearing people without speech (pantomime) or a more radical reorganization of them. Data from adults and children are analyzed to address issues of cross-linguistic variation, emergence, and acquisition. Study 1 addresses these issues in adult signers and gesturers from the United States, Italy, China, and Nicaragua. Study 2 addresses these issues in child and adult groups (signers and gesturers) from the United States, Italy, and Nicaragua. We argue that handshape undergoes a fairly radical reorganization, including loss and reorganization of iconicity and feature redistribution, as phonologization takes place in both of these dimensions. Moreover, while the patterns investigated here are not evidence of duality of patterning, we conclu...
American Indian/Alaska Native Elders: A Growing Demographic that Is Changing How We View Aging

Today, AIAN Elders are more actively engaged in their families and communities, encouraging the development of intergenerational programs, language and cultural revitalization, being stewards in research conducted in their communities, as well passing on their knowledge and experiences on how to live as healthy Native people. Elders have traditionally been quiet and observant of their environment, but the current and future cohorts of Elders are advocates, leaders, and culture bearers for their families and communities and they are now in positions of leadership. Western society acknowledges the value of traditional knowledge and AIAN Elders are viewed as exemplars of healthy aging and their lessons and experiences can be attributed to our own lives. This commentary highlights the paradigm shift in how society views older adults, specifically AIAN Elders and their role in health and wellbeing.
Imaging of Spine Trauma.

: Imaging with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging is fundamental to the evaluation of traumatic spinal injury. Specifically, neuroradiologic techniques show the exact location of injury, evaluate the stability of the spine, and determine neural element compromise. This review focuses on the complementary role of different radiologic modalities in the diagnosis of patients with traumatic injuries of the spine. The role of imaging in spinal trauma classifications will be addressed. The importance of magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of soft tissue injury, particularly of the spinal cord, will be discussed. Last, the increasing role of advanced imaging techniques for prognostication of the traumatic spine will be explored. Abbreviations ADC, apparent diffusion coefficientALL, anterior longitudinal ligamentAS, ankylosing spondylitisASIA, American Spine Injury AssociationCTA, computed tomography angiographyCVJ, craniovertebral junctionDISH, diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosisDTI, diffusion tensor imagingFA, fractional anisotropyMDCT, multidetector computed tomographyMRA, magnetic resonance angiographySCI, spinal cord injurySTIR, short tau inversion recoveryVAI, vertebral artery injury.
An “A Priori Analytical” Justification of Induction

We have seen in the light of Levis’ arguments, that necessary connections of ideas are pertinent to the interpretation of the empirically given and that our empirical knowledge of reality resulting from our conceptual interpretation of experience is not invalid on the ground that it lacks necessary connections of ideas. However, this does not necessarily show that it is therefore valid. The problem of validating empirical knowledge of reality, as Lewis deals with it in his book Mind and the World-Order, is the same problem of justifying induction and empirical generalization. It is the problem of producing and formulating the trustworthiness of induction.
Antarctica: Cold Stress Risks during Occupational and Leisure Activities

A growing tourism industry in Antarctica raises concerns about occupational health risks. Risks associated with cold exposure were explored during three voyages of an Antarctic cruise vessel. Eight...
Does Internal or External Locus of Control Have a Stronger Link to Mental and Physical Health

When examining the relationship of locus of control (LOC) with mental and physical health, internal and external loci of control have typically been defined as a single, bipolar construct, despite prior evidence that the two are orthogonal. Across three cross-sectional studies, we hypothesized that internal and external locus of control would each predict unique variance in well-being. Study 1 examined the association of LOC with psychological well-being, Study 2 examined the association between LOC and physical well-being, and Study 3 examined the association of three types of LOC with psychological, subjective, and physical well-being. Study 3 also employed three types of LOC assessments. In all three studies (n = 1181 for Study 1, n = 577 for Study 2, n = 271 for Study 3), undergraduate participants completed self-report surveys through an online data-collection system. Through a series of regression analyses, the results showed that external LOC was a more consistent predictor of well-being than Internal LOC. More specifically, perceived constraints (a form of external LOC) were the strongest LOC predictor over all other types. This suggests that internal and external LOC should be measured as two separate constructs, and that external LOC is more strongly associated with well-being than internal LOC.
Self-Calibrating Protocols as diagnostic aids for personal medicine, neurological conditions and pain assessment

Recent advances in the tracking and quantification of pain using consumer-grade wearable EEG headbands, such as Muse [8] and Neurosky [12], coupled to efficient machine learning [9], pave the way towards applying Self-Calibrating Protocols (SCP) [10] and Dynamic Background Reduction (DBR) [11] principles to basic research, while empowering new applications. In the cases of neurological conditions and chronic pain management, SCP is of particular interest during the early diagnostic process as well as an aid in personalizing intervention strategies. In this paper, we outline a framework based on SCP, to design machine learning systems that completely bypass the pitfalls of using normed neurophysiological states for diagnostics. This effort targets short-term practical development of personalized early diagnostics and treatment strategies and has longer-term implications for Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) and Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) methodologies.
ENVIRONMENTAL SITE CHARACTERISTICS AND INCIDENCE OF CHOKECHERRY BLACK KNOT IN UTAH

Black knot disease of chokecherries, induced by Dibotryon morbosum (Schw.) Th. & Syd., is widely distributed in Utah. The incidence of black knot was measured by determining the ratio of total black knot gall length to total stem length of plants and then expressing that value as a percentage of diseased stems in the sample plot. The environmental site factors measured were elevation, exposure, slope, soil pH, soil depth, distance to surface water, plant moisture stress, and associated vegetation. Numerical values were determined for each of these variables at each of 18 randomly located plots. Correlation coefficients for plant moisture stress and soil temperature were -.439 (p = .065) and -.440 (p = .055). Multiple regression analyses using plant moisture stress and soil temperature gave a regression coefficient of -.641 (p = .05). As plant moisture stress and soil temperature decreased, incidence of black knot increased. Black knot, induced by Dibotryon morbosum (Schw.) Th. & Syd., is common on chokecherry (Prunus virginiana) in its native habitat throughout Utah. The disease is characterized by elongated black swellings on the stems and branches (Fig. 1). A slight swelling of the current season twigs in the fall is the first symptom of infection. The following spring, knots become larger, bark ruptures, and the surface of the gall becomes covered Fig. 1. Black knot on chokecherry. 'Department of Botany and Range Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602.
Representing South Africa: Apartheid from Print to Film

In translating Cry Freedom, A World Apart and A Dry White Season from their literary sources to film the horrors of apartheid are diluted and the politics of apartheid mediated for audiences outside of South Africa.
Fetoscopy and Fetal Blood Sampling

Exciting successes in fetal diagnostic medicine have resulted from the study of amniotic fluid and its cells during the past decade. These studies have accomplished extensive definition of the fetus, including its karyotype, the presence or absence of many inborn errors of metabolism, and the diagnosis of several developmental anomalies. However, inasmuch as amniocentesis and the study of amniotic cells have given us a window to the fetus, they have also emphasized the limitations of that view. Amniotic fluid and amniotic cells reveal only limited information about the genetic and metabolic status of the fetus and even less about fetal morphology. For example, diseases characterized by enzyme or other protein abnormalities in liver, muscle, endocrine glands, or blood cells often cannot be diagnosed from amniotic fluid studies available today. Also, modern imaging techniques, using X rays or sound waves, still cannot clearly define many major anatomical abnormalities.
Anisometropia at Age 5 Years After Unilateral Intraocular Lens Implantation During Infancy in the Infant Aphakia Treatment Study.

Purpose To report the prevalence of anisometropia at age 5 years after unilateral intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in infants. Design Prospective randomized clinical trial. Methods Fifty-seven infants in the Infant Aphakia Treatment Study (IATS) with a unilateral cataract were randomized to IOL implantation with an initial targeted postoperative refractive error of either +8 diopters (D) (infants 28 to Results Median age at cataract surgery was 2.2 months (interquartile range [IQR], 1.2, 3.5 months). The mean age at the age 5 years follow-up visit was 5.0 ± 0.1 years (range, 4.9–5.4 years). The median refractive error at the age 5 years visit of the treated eyes was −2.25 D (IQR −5.13, +0.88 D) and of the fellow eyes +1.50 D (IQR +0.88, +2.25). Median anisometropia was −3.50 D (IQR −8.25, −0.88 D); range −19.63 to +2.75 D. Patients with glaucoma in the treated eye (n = 9) had greater anisometropia (glaucoma, median −8.25 D; IQR −11.38, −5.25 D vs no glaucoma median −2.75; IQR −6.38, −0.75 D; P = .005). Conclusions The majority of pseudophakic eyes had significant anisometropia at age 5 years. Anisometropia was greater in patients that developed glaucoma. Variability in eye growth and myopic shift continue to make refractive outcomes challenging for IOL implantation during infancy.
Outcomes related to delayed initiation of anti-HER 2 therapy in pregnant HER2 positive breast cancer patients.

e12059Background: Overexpression of HER2 is associated with aggressive breast cancers. In non-pregnant HER2+ breast cancer patients, anti-HER2 therapy is usually initiated after surgery or in the neoadjuvant setting. However, for pregnant HER2+ breast cancer patients, anti-HER2 therapy must be delayed until after delivery due to fetal toxicity. We describe here the outcomes of pregnant patients with HER2+ breast cancer at a single center. Methods: Twenty-three pregnant HER2+ breast cancer patients were treated between November 1989 to October 2016. Median age at diagnosis was 31.8. (Table 1) We report Kaplan-Meier estimates of OS from diagnosis and PFS from surgery. The effect of time from diagnosis to anti-HER2 therapy (TTH) on OS and PFS from HER2 therapy initiation was assessed using Cox proportional hazards regression models. Results: Seventeen patients received anti-HER2 therapy after delivery, 6 did not – 4 were treated prior to the use of HER2 therapies, and 2 were lost to follow-up. Median TTH was...
The Effect of Travel Time Information, Reliability, and Level of Service on Driver Behavior Using a Driving Simulator

Abstract: This study investigates travelers’ perception of and response to travel time information and its reliability, in terms of their route choice behavior elicited through a driving simulator and a stated preference (SP) survey. In the driving simulator-based experiments, a 220 mi 2 network in Maryland is developed, and different scenarios of traffic and driving conditions, information provision, and reliability levels are considered. The travel time information is provided using a dynamic message sign (DMS). There are three major routes between the origin and destination, one of which is a toll road. 216 experiments are conducted using a sample of 65 participants from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds. Multinomial logistic regression models are used to analyze the collected data. The results illustrate that trip purpose, travel time reliability, congestion level, and income are important determinants of drivers’ route choice behaviors. The route choice behavior revealed through the driving simulator is shown to be significantly different from that stated in the survey questionnaire.
Clinical and Biological Insights from the University of California San Francisco Prospective and Longitudinal Cohort.

Sarcoidosis is a systemic inflammatory disease characterized by non-necrotizing granulomas in involved organs, most commonly the lung. Description of patient characteristics in the Western United States is limited. Furthermore, blood-based measures that relate to clinical sarcoidosis phenotypes are lacking. We present an analysis of a prospective, longitudinal sarcoidosis cohort at a Northern Californian academic medical center. We enrolled 126 sarcoidosis subjects and 64 healthy controls and recorded baseline demographic and clinical characteristics. We used regression models to identify factors independently associated with pulmonary physiology. We tested whether blood transcript levels at study entry could relate to longitudinal changes in pulmonary physiology. White, non-Hispanics composed ~70% of subjects. Hispanics and Blacks had a diagnostic biopsy at an age ~7 years younger than whites. Obstructive, but not restrictive, physiology characterized Scadding Stage IV patients. Subjects reporting use of immunosuppression had worse FEV1%p, FVC%p, and DLCO%p compared to subjects never treated, regardless of Scadding stage. We defined sarcoidosis disease activity by a drop in pulmonary function over 36 months and found that subjects meeting this definition had significant repression of blood gene transcripts related to T cell receptor signaling pathways, referred to as the “TCR factor.” Obstructive pulmonary physiology defined Stage IV patients which were mostly white, non-Hispanics. Genes comprising the composite gene expression score, TCR factor, may represent a blood-derived measure of T-cell activity and an indirect measure of active sarcoidosis inflammation. Validation of this measure could translate into individualized treatment for sarcoidosis patients.
Nasal DNA methylation differentiates corticosteroid treatment response in pediatric asthma: A pilot study

Background Treatment response to systemic corticosteroid in asthmatic children is heterogeneous and may be mediated by epigenetic mechanism(s). We aim to identify DNA methylation (DNAm) changes responsive to steroid, and DNAm biomarkers that distinguish treatment response. Materials and methods We followed 33 children (ages 5–18) presenting to the Emergency Department (ED) for asthma exacerbation. Based on whether they met discharge criteria in ≤24 hours, participants were grouped into good and poor responders to steroid treatment. Nasal samples were collected upon presentation to the ED (T0) and 18–24 hours later (T1). Genome-wide DNAm was measured for both time points in 20 subjects, and compared between T0 and T1 in good and poor responders respectively. DNAm at T1 was also compared between two responder groups. DNAm of selected CpGs was verified in the complete cohort, and expression of associated genes was examined. Interactions between DNAm, common single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) located at the CpG sites and treatment responses were assessed. Results Three CpGs located in the OTX2 promoter showed responder-specific DNAm changes from T0 to T1, in which DNAm decreased in good but not in poor responders. Good and poor responders showed differential DNAm at T1 in 127 CpGs without and 182 CpGs with common SNP co-localization. Negative correlations between DNAm and gene expression were observed at CpGs located within the LDHC promoter, suggesting an impact of DNAm on gene regulation. Interactions between SNPs, DNAm and treatment response were detected. Conclusion Acute systemic steroid treatment modifies nasal DNAm in good responders. Nasal DNAm, dependent or independent of SNPs, can differentiate response to treatment in acute asthmatic children.
Factors associated with food insecurity among older homeless adults: results from the HOPE HOME study.

Author(s): Tong, M; Tieu, L; Lee, CT; Ponath, C; Guzman, D; Kushel, M | Abstract: BackgroundThe US homeless population is aging. Older adults and those living in poverty are at a high risk of food insecurity.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from a population-based study of 350 homeless adults aged ≥50. We assessed food security and receipt of food assistance. We used multivariable logistic regression to examine factors associated with very low food security.ResultsThe majority of the cohort was male and African American. Over half (55.4%) met criteria for food insecurity, 24.3% reported very low food security. Half (51.7%) reported receiving monetary food assistance. In the multivariable model, those who were primarily sheltered in the prior 6 months, (multi-institution users [AOR = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.22-0.86]) had less than half the odds of very low food security compared with those who were unsheltered. Depressive symptoms (AOR = 3.01, 1.69-5.38), oral pain (AOR = 2.15, 1.24-3.74) and cognitive impairment (AOR = 2.21, 1.12-4.35) were associated with increased odds of very low food security.ConclusionsOlder homeless adults experience a high prevalence of food insecurity. To alleviate food insecurity in this population, targeted interventions must address specific risk groups.
The right to argue: teaching and assessing everyday argumentation skills

Even though there is wide agreement on the importance of argumentation in modern societies, only a minority of students in secondary and postsecondary education receive direct and explicit instruct...
Cdk1 phosphorylation of the dynein adapter Nde1 controls cargo binding from G2 to anaphase

Cytoplasmic dynein is involved in diverse cell cycle-dependent functions regulated by several accessory factors, including Nde1 and Ndel1. Little is known about the role of these proteins in dynein cargo binding, and less is known about their cell cycle--dependent dynein regulation. Using Nde1 RNAi, mutant cDNAs, and a phosphorylation site-specific antibody, we found a specific association of phospho-Nde1 with the late G2-M nuclear envelope and prophase to anaphase kinetochores, comparable to the pattern for the Nde1 interactor CENP-F. Phosphomutant-Nde1 associated only with prometaphase kinetochores and showed weaker CENP-F binding in in vitro assays. Nde1 RNAi caused severe delays in mitotic progression, which were substantially rescued by both phosphomimetic and phosphomutant Nde1. Expression of a dynein-binding-deficient Nde1 mutant reduced kinetochore dynein by half, indicating a major role for Nde1 in kinetochore dynein recruitment. These results establish CENP-F as the first well-characterized Nde1 cargo protein, and reveal phosphorylation control of Nde1 cargo binding throughout a substantial fraction of the cell cycle.
The Effect of Focal Depth and Source Type on Synthetic Seismograms

The effects of various parameters such as focal depth, source type, and source-to-receiver distance on the vertical components of Pn, Pg, Lg, and Rg are investigated using synthetic seismograms formed by the summation of P-SV normal modes. The normal mode method of seismogram synthesis is particularly well suited for studies of this type. The calculation of the normal modes, the most time-consuming part of the computations, depends only on the earth model and can be done once. The computation of the synthetic seismograms then requires summation of the individual modes as excited by the source function. The cost of computing the suite of seismograms in this step is due mainly to the inverse Fourier transformation. Summation of normal modes has been successfully used previously to synthesize crustal phases such as the transverse component of Lg (1,2), the transverse component of Sn (3,4) and the vertical component of Pg (5). In this study, we will investigate the source and depth dependence of the vertical component of all of the major crustal phases.
Development of an orthotopic canine prostate cancer model expressing human GRPr.

Background Ace-1 canine prostate cancer cells grow orthotopically in cyclosporine immunosuppressed laboratory beagles. We previously transfected (human Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor, huGRPr) into Ace-1 cells and demonstrated receptor-targeted NIRF imaging with IR800-G-Abz4-t-BBN, an agonist to huGRPr. Herein, we used the new cell line to develop the first canine prostate cancer model expressing a human growth factor receptor. Methods Dogs were immunosuppressed with cyclosporine, azathioprine, prednisolone, and methylprednisolone. Their prostate glands were implanted with Ace-1huGRPr cells. The implantation wounds were sealed with a cyanoacrylic adhesive to prevent extraprostatic tumor growth. Intraprostatic tumors grew in 4-5 week. A lobar prostatic artery was then catheterized via the carotid artery and 25-100 nmol IR800-Abz4-t-BBN was infused in 2 mL followed by euthanasia in dogs 1-2, and recovery for 24 h before euthanasia in dogs 3-6. Excised tissues were imaged optically imaged, and histopathology performed. Results Dog1 grew no tumors with cyclosporine alone. Using the four drug protocol, Dogs 2-6 grew abundant 1-2 mm intracapsular and 1-2 cm intraglandular tumors. Tumors grew >5 cm when the prostate cancer cells became extracapsular. Dogs 4-6 with sealed prostatic capsule implantation sites had growth of intracapsular and intraglandular tumors and LN metastases at 5 weeks. High tumor to background BPH signal in the NIRF images of sectioned prostate glands resulted from the 100 nmol dose (∼8 nmol/kg) in dogs 2-4 and 50 nmol dose in dog 5, but not from the 25 nmol dose in Dog 6. Imaging of mouse Ace-1huGRPr tumors required an intravenous dose of 500 nmol/kg body wt. A lymph node that drained the prostate gland was detectable in Dog 4. Histologic findings confirmed the imaging data. Conclusion Ace-1huGRPr cells created viable, huGRPr-expressing tumors when implanted orthotopically into immune-suppressed dogs. Local delivery of an imaging agent through the prostatic artery allowed a very low imaging dose, suggesting that therapeutic agents could be used safely for treatment of early localized intraglandular prostate cancer as adjuvant therapy for active surveillance or focal ablation therapies, or for treating multifocal intraglandular disease where focal ablation therapies are not indicated or ineffective.
Moving toward and away from others: Social orientations in emerging adulthood

Abstract As emerging adults navigate numerous changes to their relationships, the ways in which they connect with and move away from others, or how they are socially oriented, may play an important role in their relational and individual well-being. The current study explored holistic types of social orientations (i.e., social motivations, the self in relation to others, other-directed emotions, and actual behaviors) and how they relate to the quality of close relationships, depression, and substance use in a sample of 787 US emerging adult college students. Results from latent profile analysis suggested five types of social orientations, each showing a distinct pattern of moving toward or away from others and links to varying degrees of relational and individual well-being. This study's consideration of multiple aspects of social orientations not only advances current theoretical models of social interaction, but also has important implications for understanding mechanisms that lead to flourishing and floundering in emerging adulthood.
Peers to Peers: Developing a Student-Coordinated Conversation Partner Program

The lack of meaningful interaction between domestic and international students is a persistent concern in international higher education. Conversation partner programs are a promising measure to promote the rich and repeated contact necessary for the development of intercultural relationships and communication skills. This article describes the process of launching and managing a successful student-coordinated conversation partner program with no or minimal funding. The five core team members (two faculty advisors and three student leaders) explain why they created or joined the program, their responsibilities, what worked, what was challenging, and what they recommend should other institutions want to start a similar program.
Selective capture of radionuclides (U, Pu, Th, Am and Co) using functional nanoporous sorbents.

Abstract This work evaluated sorbent materials created from nanoporous silica self-assembled with monolayer (SAMMS) of hydroxypyridinone derivatives (1,2-HOPO, 3,2-HOPO, 3,4-HOPO), acetamide phosphonate (Ac-Phos), glycine derivatives (IDAA, DE4A, ED3A), and thiol (SH) for capturing of actinides and transition metal cobalt. In filtered seawater doped with competing metals (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Se, Mo) at levels encountered in environmental or physiological samples, 3,4-HOPO-SAMMS was best at capturing uranium (U(VI)) from pH 2–8, Ac-Phos and 1,2-HOPO-SAMMS sorbents were best at pH DE4A > ED3A > Ac-Phos > SH on SAMMS. Iminodiacetic acid (IDAA)-SAMMS was also outstanding at capturing Co(II) in ground and seawater. Within 5 min, over 99% of U(VI) and Co(II) in seawater was captured by 3,4-HOPO-SAMMS and IDAA-SAMMS, respectively. These nanoporous materials outperformed the commercially available cation sorbents in binding affinity and adsorption rate. They have great potential for water treatment and recovery of actinides and cobalt from complex matrices.
Chapter 23 – Introduction to Video Processing

The importance of this chapter is on the processing of video. Video signal processing is used throughout the broadcast industry, the surveillance industry, in many military applications and is the basis of many consumer technologies. Video data can be in several formats, which are introduced and explained. Support for both color and black/white video is explained. Important concepts such as color spaces and interlacing/deinterlacing are covered. The primary video interfaces and cabling standards are also introduced. The need for video compression is also covered.
Closing Governance Gaps in Bangladesh's Garment Industry – The Power and Limitations of Private Governance Schemes

Private governance schemes have become a default response for regulating governance gaps, situations in which government actors are neither able nor willing to provide basic human rights for their citizens. Particularly in moments of crisis, the collaboration of private actors often presents the only viable option for addressing immanent human rights risks.Whether private governance schemes are successful at addressing governance gaps hinges on their legitimacy, their perceived credibility and effectiveness. In this paper, we analyze the legitimacy of two private governance schemes that formed after the tragic Rana Plaza factory collapse in Bangladesh in 2014. Both initiatives share a common objective, namely to make the Bangladesh garment industry safe and sustainable for workers in the garment sector. We apply a theoretical legitimacy framework by Mena & Palazzo (2012) and conclude that both private initiatives suffer from major legitimacy deficits. Based on our findings, we derive suggestions for a comprehensive industry transformation in Bangladesh.