cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Network competition with heterogeneous customers and calling patterns

Abstract The telecommunications industry is a fragmented market, characterized by a tremendous amount of customer heterogeneity. This paper shows how such customer heterogeneity dramatically affects nonlinear pricing strategies: (i) First, if there are unbalanced calling patterns between different customer types, networks make larger profits on the least attractive customers. In addition, the nature of the calling pattern substantially affects how networks discriminate implicitly between different customer types. (ii) Second, different customer types often perceive the substitutability of competing networks differently. The profit neutrality of the access charge, highlighted in the literature, is then shown to break down.
Smoking and Membership in a Fraternity or Sorority: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Abstract Objective: Fraternity and sorority members have higher rates of smoking than other college students. This systematic review examines studies that included fraternity/sorority membership in their investigation of smoking behaviors. Participants/Methods: Studies identified in MEDLINE, PsychInfo, JSTOR, CINAHL, ERIC, and Google Scholar published between 2003 and 2013 were included if they included fraternity and/or sorority membership, were written in English, published in a peer-reviewed journal, and had smoking as an outcome variable. Nineteen studies were identified for the review. Results: Fraternity/sorority members were more likely to be nondaily smokers. Members who lived in the fraternity/sorority house had higher rates of smoking than members who lived elsewhere. Fraternity/sorority member smoking was associated with alcohol and other substance use. The influence of no-smoking policies on fraternity/sorority member smoking was also examined. Conclusions: Fraternity/sorority membership was a...
Improving treatment for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia

The last two decades have been time of tremendous progress in treatment for patients with chronic lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL). Chemoimmunotherapy (CIT) combining anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies with purine nucleoside analogs has been a substantial advance for patients with CLL and results in increased response rates, progression-free survival, and overall survival. Despite these improved outcomes, only ≈ 45% of patients achieve a complete remission with CIT and nearly all patients eventually relapse and their remains a need to improve efficacy. Although new combinations of traditional agents may lead to incremental progress, more substantive improvements are likely to result through therapeutic targeting of novel pathways critical to CLL B-cell survival including targeting: (1) leukemia cell apoptotic resistance; (2) survival signals mediated through the B-cell receptor; and (3) nurturing interactions with the microenvironment. In this mini-review, we summarize Mayo Clinic's recent efforts to improve CIT for patients with CLL.
Does high weight loss in older adults with knee osteoarthritis affect bone-on-bone joint loads and muscle forces during walking?

Summary Objective The aim of this study was to examine the effects of high weight loss on knee joint loads during walking in participants with knee osteoarthritis (OA). Design Data were obtained from a subset of participants enrolled in the Arthritis, Diet, and Activity Promotion Trial (ADAPT). Complete baseline and 18-month follow-up data were obtained on 76 sedentary, overweight or obese older adults with radiographic knee OA. Three-dimensional gait analysis was used to calculate knee joint forces and moments. The cohort was divided into high (>5%), low ( Results From baseline body weight, the high weight loss group lost an average of 10.2%, the low weight loss group lost an average of 2.7%, and the no weight loss group gained 1.5%. Adjusted 18-month outcome data revealed lower maximum knee compressive forces with greater weight loss ( P =0.05). The difference in compressive forces between the high weight loss and no weight loss groups was due primarily to lower hamstring forces ( P =0.04). Quadriceps forces were similar between the groups at 18-month follow-up. There was no difference between the groups in 18-month joint space width or Kellgren–Lawrence scores. Conclusions These results suggest that a 10% weight loss in an overweight and obese osteoarthritic population elicits positive changes in the mechanical pathway to knee OA by having lower knee joint compressive loads during walking compared to low and no weight loss groups. The difference in compressive forces was due, in large part, to reductions in hamstring co-contraction during the initial portion of the stance phase.
Response of non-linear non-stationary systems subjected to pulse excitation

The study involves an approximate analysis of non-linear, non-stationary vibrational systems subjected to an arbitrary pulse excitation. The non-stationary system parameters, which may include masses, restoring forces, material properties or damping, are considered to be slowly varying functions of time. A general procedure for obtaining the first and the second order approximate solutions is presented through an application of the Bogoliubov-Mitropolsky technique. Illustrative examples are included and the results are compared with fourth-order Runge-Kutta numerical solutions.
Entropically Driven Motion of Polymers in Nonuniform Nanochannels

In nanofluidic devices, nonuniform confinement induces an entropic force that automatically drives biopolymers toward less-confined regions to gain entropy. To understand this phenomenon, we first analyze the diffusion of an entropy-driven particle system. The derived Fokker-Planck equation reveals an effective driving force as the negative gradient of the free energy. The derivation also shows that both the diffusion constant and drag coefficient are location dependent on an arbitrary free-energy landscape. As an application, DNA motion and deformation in nonuniform channels are investigated. Typical solutions reveal large gradients of stress on the polymer where the channel width changes rapidly. Migration of DNA in several nonuniform channels is discussed.
Transient granulocytopenia of the newborn associated with sepsis due to Shigella alkalescens and maternal leukocyte agglutinins: a case report.

Summary A newborn infant with granulocytopenia and sepsis caused by Shigella alkalescens is presented. Eight months post partum the mother's serum was found to contain agglutinins against the neutrophils of both the baby and the father. It is concluded that the granulocytopenia was probably secondary to sepsis caused by Shigella alkalescens resulting from transplacental infection shortly preceding birth, or from direct maternal fecal contamination, and that sequestration of neutrophils by transplacentally acquired maternal leukoagglutinins may also have contributed to the granulocytopenia.
Heat capacity measurements of 3He-4He mixtures in aerogel.

We have measured the heat capacity of3He−4He mixtures in aerogels for high3He concentrations. For temperatures greater than 150 mK the heat capacity is linear in T. This linear region grows substantially with increasing4He concentration and for sufficiently lwo temperature the heat capacityper unit volume becomes independent of the total concentration.
The role of fuel-borne catalyst in diesel particulate oxidation behavior

This study addresses the difference in oxidation behavior of diesel particulates at two different load conditions with and without incorporated metal oxides from an iron-based fuel-borne catalyst (FBC). High-resolution transmission electron microscopy imaging, together with electron energy loss spectroscopy is used to evaluate the microstructure and chemical state of the metal oxides that occur during soot formation and to understand the manner in which these properties can affect subsequent soot oxidation. The results here show that FBC-doped soot at low load is more likely to have enrichment of metal oxide on the outer periphery of the soot surface than FBC-doped soot at high load. From element microanalysis, a higher ratio of metal oxide to carbon was observed with FBC-doped soot at low load. Oxidation results indicate that the higher oxidative reactivity is associated with better spreading of the metal oxide on the soot surface.
Asynchronous replication of homologous loci on human active and inactive X chromosomes.

Abstract The two X chromosomes in mammalian females replicate asynchronously, the inactive later than the active one. Using BrdUrd-sensitive restriction and UV irradiation to identify newly synthesized DNA directly on Southern blots, and restriction fragment length differences to discriminate alleles on active and inactive human X chromosomes, we examined the replication of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) and clotting factor IX (F9) loci in clonal populations of mouse-human hybrids. We find that HPRT replicates at different times during the period of DNA synthesis (S phase), depending on its activity: It replicates in early S phase, when expressed (on the active X chromosome), and in late S phase when silent (on the inactive X chromosome). Furthermore, when reactivated, the derepressed locus is earlier replicating, supporting a relationship between replication and transcription. Neither F9 allele is expressed in these cells, and both replicate in the second half of S phase, (slightly earlier on active than on inactive X chromosome).
Keeping Communism Down on the Farm: The Brazilian Rural Labor Movement during the Cold War

Drawing on primary and secondary sources, this article discusses the durability of communist ideology in rural Brazil during the second half of the twentieth century. It analyzes the theme in two major periods: the Populist Republic (1945-1964) and the Military Regime (1964-1985). Concluding with a discussion of the first years of the New Republic, it argues that the political mobilization of Brazilian peasants defied the geopolitical logic of the era, which dictated the elimination of communist thought by the conclusion of the cold war.
Recognizing, Measuring, and Interpreting The Potential/Enacted Power Distinction In Organizational Research

Although theoretical conceptualizations of power suggest that the concept has both potential and enacted components, attempts to measure and interpret power using this distinction have been rare in empirically based studies of organizations. In this paper, I explain the theoretical distinction between potential and enacted power and then discuss the measurement and interpretation of each, especially with respect to macrolevel organizational research. I review and categorize the major approaches used by organizational researchers in measuring organizational power, focusing on the strengths and weaknesses of each measure in making the potential/enacted distinction, and concluding that a multidimensional approach to measuring organizational power is best.
Is seasonal variation in leaf traits adaptive for the annual plant Dicerandra linearifolia

Empirical studies of phenotypic plasticity have often relied on the plausibility that a plastic response to the environment would increase fitness in order to diagnose the response as adaptive. I conducted a test of the hypothesis that seasonal variation in leaf traits is an adaptive response to seasonal variation in environmental conditions faced by the annual plant Dicerandralinearifolia. This species exhibits variation in leaf morphology and anatomy in response to temperature that is consistent with the expectations for adaptive plasticity. I examined variation in the size, thickness and density of stomata of leaves that develop in summer and winter and used analysis of phenotypic selection during winter and summer seasons to test the hypothesis that seasonal variation in these traits is adaptive. Regression analyses of estimated dry mass (as a proxy for fitness) on leaf traits revealed no evidence supporting the adaptive hypothesis. Selection favoured individuals with large and thick leaves in both winter and summer, and density of stomata had little or no effect on estimated relative fitness in any season. Correspondence between seasonal variation in leaf thickness and density of stomata and expectations for adaptive plasticity appears to be purely fortuitous. Seasonal variation in leaf traits may persist simply because there is no selection against individuals in which these traits vary. My results underscore the importance of definitive tests of the hypothesis of adaptation to distinguish adaptive plasticity from neutral or nonadaptive phenotypic plasticity.
Cardiovascular Disease After SCI: Prevalence, Instigators, and Risk Clusters

As life expectancy has increased for persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) in recent decades, health concerns related to aging have begun to play a greater role in the management of this condition. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has emerged as a major concern for the SCI population. For long-term SCI, morbidity and mortality from CVD now exceeds that due to renal and pulmonary conditions. Nearly all CVD risk factors tend to be more prevalent in SCI than ambulatory populations. This article reviews the prevalence of CVD in SCI, describes estimates of mortality from cardiovascular causes in the current treatment era, and briefly reviews the instigators of cardiovascular risk unique to these individuals.
Control of strength anisotropy of metal matrix fiber composites

This paper examines theoretically the stress distribution around fiber breaks in a unidirectional reinforced metal matrix composite, subjected to axial loading when plastic yielding of the matrix is allowed to occur. The composites considered have a ductile interphase, bonding the matrix to the fiber. The likelihood of failure of a fiber adjacent to the existing broken fiber is considered. Detailed and systematic results are given for composites with a wide range of fiber volume fractions, Young's modulus of the fibers and the matrix, interphase properties and Weibull modulus for the strength of the fibers. The objective is the optimization of these material and geometric variables to ensure global load sharing among the fibers in the longitudinal direction, which will give the composite good longitudinal strength. Calculations are carried out for transverse loading of the composite to determine the effect of the ductile interphase on the yield strength. Characteristics of the ductile interphase are determined that will provide good longitudinal strength through global load sharing and a relatively high yield strength in the direction transverse to the fibers. This, in turn, will allow control of the strength anisotropy of uniaxially reinforced metal matrix composites.
TRPV4 as a therapeutic target for joint diseases

Biomechanical factors play a critical role in regulating the physiology as well as the pathology of multiple joint tissues and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Therefore, the mechanisms by which cells sense and respond to mechanical signals may provide novel targets for the development of disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs (DMOADs). Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) is a Ca2+-permeable cation channel that serves as a sensor of mechanical or osmotic signals in several musculoskeletal tissues, including cartilage, bone, and synovium. The importance of TRPV4 in joint homeostasis is apparent in patients harboring TRPV4 mutations, which result in the development of a spectrum of skeletal dysplasias and arthropathies. In addition, the genetic knockout of Trpv4 results in the development of osteoarthritis and decreased osteoclast function. In engineered cartilage replacements, chemical activation of TRPV4 can reproduce many of the anabolic effects of mechanical loading to accelerate tissue growth and regeneration. Overall, TRPV4 plays a key role in transducing mechanical, pain, and inflammatory signals within joint tissues and thus is an attractive therapeutic target to modulate the effects of joint diseases. In pathological conditions in the joint, when the delicate balance of TRPV4 activity is altered, a variety of different tools could be utilized to directly or indirectly target TRPV4 activity.
Δn89β-Catenin Induces Precocious Development, Differentiation, and Neoplasia in Mammary Gland

To investigate the role of β-catenin in mammary gland development and neoplasia, we expressed a stabilized, transcriptionally active form of β-catenin lacking the NH2-terminal 89 amino acids (ΔN89β-catenin) under the control of the mouse mammary tumor virus long terminal repeat. Our results show that ΔN89β-catenin induces precocious lobuloalveolar development and differentiation in the mammary glands of both male and female mice. Virgin ΔN89β-catenin mammary glands resemble those found in wild-type (wt) pregnant mice and inappropriately express cyclin D1 mRNA. In contrast to wt mammary glands, which resume a virgin appearance after cessation of lactation, transgenic mammary glands involute to a midpregnant status. All transgenic females develop multiple aggressive adenocarcinomas early in life. Surprisingly, the ΔN89β-catenin phenotype differs from those elicited by overexpression of Wnt genes in this gland. In particular, ΔN89β-catenin has no effect on ductal side branching. This suggests that Wnt induction of ductal branching involves additional downstream effectors or modulators.
MobilityFirst future internet architecture project

This short paper presents an overview of the MobilityFirst network architecture, which is a clean-slate project being conducted as part of the NSF Future Internet Architecture (FIA) program. The proposed architecture is intended to directly address the challenges of wireless access and mobility at scale, while also providing new multicast, anycast, multi-path and context-aware services needed for emerging mobile Internet application scenarios. Key protocol components of the proposed architecture are: (a) separation of naming from addressing; (b) public key based self-certifying names (called globally unique identifiers or GUIDs) for network-attached objects; (c) global name resolution service (GNRS) for dynamic name-to-address binding; (d) delay-tolerant and storage-aware routing (GSTAR) capable of dealing with wireless link quality fluctuations and disconnections; (e) hop-by-hop transport of large protocol data units; and (f) location or context-aware services. The basic operations of a MobilityFirst router are outlined. This is followed by a discussion of ongoing proof-of-concept prototyping and experimental evaluation efforts for the MobilityFirst protocol stack. In conclusion, a brief description of an ongoing multi-site experimental deployment of the MobilityFirst protocol stack on the GENI testbed is provided.
Cambio climático y salud. Informe SESPAS 2010

Objectives: To present the available evidence on the impacts of climate change on health, to analyze the situation in Spain in relation to the European context, to discuss barriers to and catalysts for climate change, and to recommend policy options to reduce the effects of climate change on health. Methods: We reviewed the literature on the impact of climate change on health. The proposals for adaptation to climate change identified in the framework of the European project coordinated by the WHO/Europe on )Climate, Environment and Health action plans and information systems* were analyzed. Results: The effects of climate change on health include: 1) an increase in the impacts of extreme weather events; 2) an increase of the frequency of respiratory diseases due to changes in air quality and pollen distribution; 3) an increase in the incidence of food-borne, zoonotic and waterborne diseases; and 4) a change in the distribution of infectious diseases and/or their vectors. In Spain, the morbidity and mortality due to heat waves are expected to increase. The main impact related to atmospheric contamination is a predicted increase in fine particles and ozone. There is also a risk of an increase in the geographical distribution of vector borne diseases that are already established in Spain or the establishment of new subtropical vectors. Spain is one of the first European countries to have developed a climate change adaptation plan. This plan provides a framework for coordination among public institutions on activities to evaluate the impacts of climate change, as well as vulnerability and adaptation to this phenomenon, and makes reference to the health sector. Conclusions: Policy options to reduce the impacts of climate change on health include: 1) integrating health in all policies, strategies and interventions to mitigate and adapt to climate change; 2) strengthening health systems and public health systems to improve their ability to prevent, prepare and respond to the impacts of climate change; 3) raising awareness among all sectors to promote the co-benefits to health of adaptation and mitigation strategies; and 4) promoting research, technological development, data sharing and information exchange across sectors.
The separation and photometric determination of chromium and vanadium

A study was made on the extraction of hexavalent chromium from hydrochloric acid solutions with methyl isobutyl ketone. Quantitative extraction was accomplished from 3 N hydrochloric acid with 25 ml of solvent. Under these conditions, it was found that chromium could be extracted from vanadium. A procedure was developed for the colorimetric determination of chromium in the ketone phase and of vanadium in the aqueous phase. The analytical procedure was used to analyze standard steel samples for chromium and vanadium, and the results obtained by this method were found to agree with the accepted values.
The antibody response to primary and secondary infection with respiratory syncytial virus: Kinetics of class-specific responses*

Serum antibody responses to primary and secondary infections with respiratory syncytial virus were determined in 67 hospitalized infants. Responses in IgG, IgM, and IgA immunoglobulin fractions were assayed using an indirect immunofluorescent technique. Infection was confirmed by identification of RSV antigen in nasopharyngeal secretions using indirect immunofluorescence, and by recovery of the virus in tissue culture. IgM specific antibody response was commonly observed within a few days of onset of primary infection and persisted from two to ten weeks. Increases in titer of virus-specific IgG and IgA were observed ten days after the onset of illness, and peak titers were attained three to four weeks after onset of illness. Greater convalescent titers and more frequent fourfold increases in antibody titers were observed in infants aged 6 months or more at the time of infection than in younger infants. At one year after primary infection, IgA and IgM specific antibody was undetectable, and IgG antibody was absent or present in low titer. Subsequent reinfection resulted in accelerated antibody response in all three classes of serum immunoglobulin. High titers of RSV-specific IgG, IgM, and IgA antibody were detectable at five and seven days after reinfection. These observations may explain the relatively mild nature of clinical illness associated with RSV reinfections in childhood.
Electrical responses of cardiac muscle in Na-free high-Ca solution

L'activite electrique de preparations atriales de grenouille soumises a un milieu de Ringer dont tout le Na+ est remplace par du Ca++ a ete enregistree a l'aide de microelectrodes. Dans ces conditions, il a ete possible d'obtenir des potentiels d'action propages. Ces reponses sont caracterisees par une tres grande inversion de potentiel dont l'amplitude, augmentee par la presence d'adrenaline dans le milieu, peut atteindre 90 mV pour une depolarisation totale de 185 mV, du fait d'une hyperpolarisation de la membrane. Ces resultats demontrent clairement le role du Ca++ dans l'activite electrique cardiaque.
Subspaces ofLp (G) spanned by characters: 0<p<1

LetG be an infinite compact abelian group,μ a Borel measure onG with spectrumE, and 0<p<1. We show that ifμ is not absolutely continuous with respect to Haar measure, thenLEP(G), the closure inLp (G) of theE-trigonometric polynomials, does not have enough continuous linear functionals to separate points. Ifμ is actually singular, thenLEp(G) does not have any nontrivial continuous linear functionals at all. Our methods recover the classical F. and M. Riesz theorem, and a related several variable result of Bochner; they reveal the existence of small sets of characters that spanLP (T), where T is the unit circle; and they show that theHp spaces of the “big disc algebra” have one-dimensional dual.
Electrical Responses of Insect Central Neurons: Augmentation by Nerve Section or Colchicine

Intracellular recording from the somata of central motor neurons in the cockroach Periplaneta americana normally shows little or no electrical response evoked by soma depolarization or by antidromic stimulation. Within 4 days after either cutting the axon or administration of colchicine, large action potentials can regularly be recorded from cell bodies of metathoracic motor neurons. Each experimental procedure evokes formation of a dense, perinuclear ribonucleic acid ring in the soma of neurons showing augmented electrical responses.
Selective Predation by Larval Striped Bass on Native and Introduced Copepods

Abstract Year-class strength of striped bass Morone saxatilis is often determined by the success of first-feeding larvae. In the Sacramento–San Joaquin estuary, this success may be influenced by the recent invasion of exotic copepods that appear to be displacing native copepods important as food. We tested selection by larval striped bass on native copepods (Eurytemora affinis and Cyclops sp.) and on introduced copepods (Sinocalanus doerri and Pseudodiaptomus forbesi). Two-species and single-species tests established the following order of preference: Cyclops sp. (most preferred), E. affinis, P. forbesi, and S. doerri (rarely eaten). Tests to evaluate the underlying mechanism of prey selection showed that the presence of egg sacs and copepod size did not affect the larvae's choice of prey. Instead, selection by larval striped bass apparently involved differences in copepod swimming and escape behaviors.
AN ONTOLOGICAL PROOF OF MORAL REALISM

The essay argues that while there is no general agreement on whether moral realism is true, there is general agreement on at least some of the moral obligations that we have if moral realism is true. Given that moral realism might be true, and given that we know some of the things we ought to do if it is true, we have a reason to do those things. Furthermore, this reason is itself an objective moral reason. Thus, if moral realism might be true, then it is true.
Effective compliance of an elastic inhomogeneity with non-uniform strain

A method is proposed to estimate contribution of an elastic inhomogeneity into the overall strain of the material for the case when strain inside the inhomogeneity is not uniform. Uniform strain is a common situation when the inhomogeneity has an ellipsoidal shape and placed into the uniform stress field. However, the assumption of uniformity is inadequate in many applications when geometrical irregularities of the inhomogeneity, surface effects as well as interactions with other inhomogeneities cause local strain variations in the medium. The proposed method may have far reaching implications when impact of local strain variations on the material overall elastic response is of interest. For example, it may bring insight on how to account for strong interactions between inhomogeneities when predicting material properties and how to mobilize these interactions to achieve better properties. It is well known that interactions may produce stiffening and toughening effects depending on the material microstructure. The compliance contribution tensor is found to be dependent on the boundary displacements of the inhomogeneity and material properties. To illustrate the method we calculated elastic compliances of (1) a circular inclusion with perfectly bonded interface (test problem), (2) a circular inclusion with partially debonded interface, and (3) two strongly interacting cracks in parallel setting.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Bladder cancer SNP panel predicts susceptibility and survival

Bladder cancer is the fourth most common malignancy in men and the eighth most common in women in western countries. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes that regulate telomere maintenance, mitosis, inflammation, and apoptosis have not been assessed extensively for this disease. Using a population-based study with 832 bladder cancer cases and 1,191 controls, we assessed genetic variation in relation to cancer susceptibility or survival. Findings included an increased risk associated with variants in the methyl-metabolism gene, MTHFD2 (OR 1.7 95% CI 1.3-2.3), the telomerase TEP1 (OR 1.8 95% CI 1.2-2.6) and decreased risk associated with the inflammatory response gene variant IL8RB (OR 0.6 95% CI 0.5-0.9) compared to wild-type. Shorter survival was associated with apoptotic gene variants, including CASP9 (HR 1.8 95% CI 1.1-3.0). Variants in the detoxification gene EPHX1 experienced longer survival (HR 0.4 (95% CI 0.2-0.8). These genes can now be assessed in multiple study populations to identify and validate SNPs appropriate for clinical use.
The macrotransport of aerosol particles in the lung: Aerosol deposition phenomena

Abstract The macrotransport model of lung dispersion ( Edwards, 1994 ) is generalized to incorporate phenomena involving the nonconservation of gas and/or aerosol species in the airways and acini of the human lung during a single breath. The three principal parameters measured in single-breath gas or aerosol bolus dispersion experiments, namely, net deposition rate ( K ∗ ), mean bolus velocity ( U ∗ ) and effective dispersion coefficient ( D ∗ ), are theoretically determined in terms of the detailed microtransport, branch-level phenomena underlying them. Explicit formulas are provided for the macroscale coefficients ( K ∗ , U ∗ , D ∗ ). Additionally, a formula is provided for a coefficient A ∗ that serves to characterize a novel “apparent initial condition” to be imposed upon the aerosol concentration profile as viewed from its coarse-grained level. Numerical calculations are made in the case of aerosols. These are based upon a symmetrical Weibel model A geometry, and employ the deposition model of Landahl (1950) for assigning constitutive laws to the branch-level deposition-rate parameters that underly the theory. Branch-level dispersion coefficients are described by an axial-streaming constitutive law, as in the previous contribution, while taking explicit account of the diminution of axial streaming caused by aerosol deposition. Comparison is made with the aerosol bolus experimental data of Heyder et al. (1988) and Anderson et al. (1989) . Predictions of net aerosol deposition in the human lung as a function of aerosol particle size are compared with predictions made on the basis of former aerosol-deposition theories, as well as with additional aerosol-deposition data appearing in the literature. Very good agreement is found for all of these comparisons.
Über Endigungen zentrifugaler Nervenfasern an den Blutgefäßen der menschlichen Netzhaut

Histologisch last sich nachweisen, das die Blutgefase der menschlichen Netzhaut durch zentrifugale Nervenfasern der Nervenfaserschicht versorgt werden. Diese Fasern sind als einer von zwei verschiedenen Nerventypen aufzufassen, die an den Netzhautgefasen enden.
Towards a simple, saliva-based test for the detection of oral cancer 'oral fluid (saliva), which is the mirror of the body, is a perfect medium to be explored for health and disease surveillance'.

Survival rates have not changed in the past 30 years.*Percentage survival.N: Lymph node staging; T: Tumor staging.The final logistic model included four salivary mRNA biomarkers, interleukin (IL)-1...
The lover of the beautiful and the good: Platonic foundations of aesthetic and moral value

Though acknowledged by scholars, Plato’s identification of the Beautiful and the Good has generated little interest, even in aesthetics where the moral concepts are a current topic. The view is suspect because, e.g., it is easy to find examples of ugly saints and beautiful sinners. In this paper the thesis is defended using ideas from Plato’s ancient commentators, the Neoplatonists. Most interesting is Proclus, who applied to value theory a battery of linguistic tools with fixed semantic properties—comparative adjectives, associated gradable adjectives, mass nouns, and predicate negations—all with a semantics that demand a privative scale of value. It is shown how it is perfectly possible to interpret value terms Platonically over privative Boolean algebras so that beautifuland good diverge while at higher levels other value terms are coextensional. Considerations are offered that this structure conforms to actual usage.
Integration Solar Cycles for Natural Gas and Coal Power Plants

As fossil fuel prices rise and emission allowances are implemented, solar augmented steam cycles might be an attractive option for energy companies. The system utilizes steam generated by a solar field in a conventional natural gas or coal-powered steam cycle, offsetting some of the fuel required to generate power. Many energy companies are interested in adding solar power to their generating mix, but today most solar applications are not cost-competitive with other power generating options. Solar augmentation potentially is the lowest cost option for adding solar power to the generation fleet. The highest intensity solar energy typically is within a few hours of peak summer loads, making it a particularly attractive renewable option.© 2009 ASME
Caregiver reports of sleep problems on a convenience sample of children with fragile X syndrome.

Abstract Caregivers reported on sleep in a convenience sample of 90 children with fragile X syndrome utilizing a standardized assessment tool, the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ), and a 14-day sleep diary. CSHQ data indicated that 47% of participants had sleep problems at a level that suggested referral and further evaluation. Sleep diary data indicated high rates of several sleep problems. These problems did not appear to follow a typical developmental trajectory and were not related to gender or demographic variables. Nineteen percent of the sample was currently receiving medication to improve sleep; however, there were no significant differences between those receiving medications and those not receiving medications.
Ginsenoside Rb1 increases insulin sensitivity by activating AMP-activated protein kinase in male rats

Although ginseng has been reported to ameliorate hyperglycemia in animal models and clinical studies, the molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. We previously reported that chronic treatment with ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1), a major component of ginseng, significantly reduced fasting glucose and improved glucose tolerance in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese rats. These effects were greater than those observed in pair-fed rats, suggesting a direct effect of Rb1 on glucose homeostasis, and this possibility was confirmed in the present study. In lean rats fed standard rodent chow, 5-day treatment with Rb1 significantly improved glucose tolerance and enhanced insulin sensitivity. Notably, those effects were not accompanied by reduced food intake or changed body weight. To elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms, rats fed a HFD for 4 weeks were treated with Rb1 for 5 days. Subsequently, euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp studies found that compared to vehicle, Rb1, while not changing food intake or body weight, significantly increased glucose infusion rate required to maintain euglycemia. Consistent with this, insulin-induced inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis was significantly enhanced and hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase gene expression was suppressed. Additionally, glucose uptake was significantly increased in skeletal muscle. While proximal insulin signaling was not changed after Rb1 treatment, increased phosphorylation of TBC1D4, a downstream target of AMPK signaling, appears to be a key part of the mechanism for Rb1-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. These findings indicate that Rb1 has multiple effects on glucose homeostasis, and provide strong rationale for further evaluation of its potential therapeutic role.
Reflexive Attention Modulates Processing of Visual Stimuli in Human Extrastriate Cortex

Attention can be oriented reflexively to a location in space by an abrupt change in the visual scene. In the present study, we investigated the consequences of reflexive attention on the neural processing of visual stimuli. The findings show that reflexively oriented attention produces modulations in early sensory analysis at the same extrastriate neural locus as the earliest effects of voluntarily focused attention. In addition, stimulus processing was found to be enhanced at later stages of analysis, which reflect stimulus relevance. As is the case with behavioral measures of reflexive attention, these physiological enhancement effects are rapidly engaged but short-lived. As time passes between the initial attention-capturing event and subsequent stimuli, the extrastriate effect reverses, and the enhancement of higher order processing subsides. These findings indicate that reflexive attention is able to affect perceptions of the visual world by modulating neural processing as early as extrastriate visual cortex.
Lipid composition of mesophilic and psychrophilic yeasts (Candida species) as influenced by environmental temperature.

The lipids of three psychrophilic yeasts of the genus Candida, grown at 10°, were compared with those of a mesophilic yeast (Candida lipolytica) grown at 25° and at 10°. All the yeasts examined had similar contents of total lipids and of phosphatides, and similar phosphatide and neutral lipid compositions. However, the total fatty acids of the psychrophiles and of the mesophile grown at 10° had much higher proportions of linoleic acid and lower proportions of oleic acid than those of the mesophilic yeast grown at 25°; the psychrophilic yeasts also contained linolenic acid, not detected in the mesophilic yeast. The fatty acid composition of the psychrophilic yeast remained fairly constant during its growth cycle, but that of the mesophilic yeast at 10° showed marked changes in the proportions of oleic and linoleic acids in the early stages of growth; similar changes occurred in the mesophile grown at 25°, but at much faster rates. On the basis of these observations and others it is concluded that in the ea...
Communicating Qualitative Research: Some Practical Guideposts for Scholars

The purpose of this article is to provide guidance to scholars regarding key aspects of writing qualitative manuscripts. The aim is to offer practical suggestions as opposed to examining epistemological or theoretical issues and debates related to qualitative family research. The authors begin by providing guideposts in writing the major sections of a qualitative article (Introduction, Method, Results, and Discussion). In doing so, they address issues such as composing a literature review, providing sufficient details on the qualitative data analysis, and effectively communicating the contribution of the work. They end by providing some general suggestions for scholars seeking professional development in qualitative research methods and analysis.
Food Supplementation during Lactation Shortens Anestrus and Elevates Gonadotropins in Rats

Breastfeeding delays the resumption of ovulation in women, a phenomenon particularly important in less developed areas. Although human and animal studies indicate that undernutrition extends the period of lactational anestrus, the effect of improving nutritional status during lactation on this time of infecundability, however, is less clear. To assess the effects of food supplementation on duration of lactational anestrus, Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to one of three dietary groups: 1) control (C), given unrestricted access to diet AIN-76A; 2) food-restricted (FR), fed 50% of the control intake; and 3) food-supplemented (FS), food-restricted until d 0 of lactation and thereafter given unrestricted access to diet AIN-76A. Time to first detectable proestrus was monitored starting on d 10 of lactation. Nursing behaviors and gonadotropin and prolactin concentrations were measured in both intact and ovariectomized dams on d 10, 15 and 20 of lactation; we report these data only on the ovariectomized group, which represents the more appropriate animal model of human reproductive physiology during lactation. Proestrus returned significantly (P < 0.0001) sooner in both FS (18.1 +/- 2.4 d) and C (18.0 +/- 2.9 d) than in FR (28.8 +/- 2.8 d) intact dams. FS rats had higher luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone concentrations than FR rats (P < 0.0001 for each). Prolactin concentrations were lower on d 20 than on d 10 of lactation for all groups (P < 0.02), but we found no effect of dietary treatment. FS rats spent more time away from their pups (P < 0.05) and experienced less suckling (P < 0.05) than FR rats on d 15 of lactation. These results indicate that food supplementation of previously underfed rats hastens the return of ovulation and is accompanied by alterations in nursing behaviors.
Aromatic interactions in homeodomains contribute to the low quantum yield of a conserved, buried tryptophan.

Trp 48, a conserved, buried residue commonly found in the hydrophobic core of homeodomains, has an unusually low fluorescence quantum yield. Chemical denaturation of Drosophila homeodomains Engrailed and Antennapedia(C39S) result in a four-fold increase in quantum yield, while unfolding of Ultrabithorax causes a twenty-fold enhancement. Global analysis of time-resolved fluorescence decay monitored at multiple emission wavelengths reveals sub-nanosecond lifetime components which dominate the overall intensity. Based on structure and sequence analysis of several homeodomains, we deduce that quenching is due to a transient, excited-state NH … π hydrogen bond involving Trp 48 and a conserved aromatic residue at position 8. Additionally, both time-resolved fluorescence of indole-benzene mixtures and an electrostatic model of the proposed tryptophan-aromatic interaction substantiate different aspects of this mechanism. A survey of the Protein Data Bank reveals many proteins with tryptophan-aromatic pairs where the indole nitrogen participates in a NH … π hydrogen bond with the ring of another aromatic residue. Chemical denaturation of one protein found in this survey, human fibronectin type III module 10, causes an enhancement of the fluorescence quantum yield. This unique interaction has implications for many other systems and may be useful for studying larger, multi-tryptophan containing proteins. Proteins 2000;40:112–125. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
N-Heterocyclic carbenes: deducing σ- and π-contributions in Rh-catalyzed hydroboration and Pd-catalyzed coupling reactions

Abstract The effect of tuning the electronic properties of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands was evaluated in multiple, mechanistically distinct, metal-mediated reactions. Hydroboration and Heck reactions, catalyzed by Rh–NHC and Pd–NHC complexes, respectively, were found to result in yields that were up to ten times lower when π-withdrawing substituents were incorporated into the NHC backbone relative to analogues bearing σ-withdrawing groups.
THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL SHAPE OF PLANT CELLS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO PATTERN OF TISSUE GROWTH

Summary Two geometric models were devised for the shape of plant cells, one for those cells undergoing three-dimensional expansion and the other for cells enlarging in one dimension (elongation). Probability distributions for the number and shape of wall facets were generated from the models and compared favourably with those found for real cells by other investigators. The i-D growth model gave averages for the facet number and geometry of cells at interphase, division and daughter cell formation that closely approximated the averages from data collected by previous workers. These two types of developmental models, that is, ones following the quantitative relationships between cells over several generations, have two advantages over the standard interpretation of cell shape as the expression of packing forces. First, shape is explicitly explained from defined positions of cell plates during divisions. Second, subtle features of cell shape have morphogenetic importance in revealing the recent history of a cell with respect to its growth and its ontogenetic relationship to neighbouring cells.
Coordinated Metabolic Transitions During Drosophila Embryogenesis and the Onset of Aerobic Glycolysis

Rapidly proliferating cells such as cancer cells and embryonic stem cells rely on a specialized metabolic program known as aerobic glycolysis, which supports biomass production from carbohydrates. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster also utilizes aerobic glycolysis to support the rapid growth that occurs during larval development. Here we use singular value decomposition analysis of modENCODE RNA-seq data combined with GC-MS-based metabolomic analysis to analyze the changes in gene expression and metabolism that occur during Drosophila embryogenesis, spanning the onset of aerobic glycolysis. Unexpectedly, we find that the most common pattern of co-expressed genes in embryos includes the global switch to glycolytic gene expression that occurs midway through embryogenesis. In contrast to the canonical aerobic glycolytic pathway, however, which is accompanied by reduced mitochondrial oxidative metabolism, the expression of genes involved in the tricarboxylic cycle (TCA cycle) and the electron transport chain are also upregulated at this time. Mitochondrial activity, however, appears to be attenuated, as embryos exhibit a block in the TCA cycle that results in elevated levels of citrate, isocitrate, and α-ketoglutarate. We also find that genes involved in lipid breakdown and β-oxidation are upregulated prior to the transcriptional initiation of glycolysis, but are downregulated before the onset of larval development, revealing coordinated use of lipids and carbohydrates during development. These observations demonstrate the efficient use of nutrient stores to support embryonic development, define sequential metabolic transitions during this stage, and demonstrate striking similarities between the metabolic state of late-stage fly embryos and tumor cells.
ACTIVITY PATTERNS OF MARBLED MURRELETS IN DOUGLAS-FIR OLD-GROWTH FORESTS OF THE OREGON COAST RANGE

Abstract We monitored activity patterns of Marbled Murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus) on a near-daily basis using audio-visual surveys during three breeding seasons at five forest stands in the Oregon Coast Range. Three measures of activity were recorded: number of daily detections, number of daily vocalizations, and duration of daily activity. Each measure was highly variable within and among stands and years, and we recorded greater variability than has been previously reported for this species. The three measures of activity were strongly correlated within a day at each survey station, but correlative relationships at temporal and spatial scales greater than this were inconsistent. Activity varied greatly from one day to the next during all portions of the breeding season, and we did not identify any month when variability in activity was consistently higher or lower than any other month. Multivariate analyses revealed that weather and date variates explained little of the variability in daily activi...