cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetics of human hydrocephalus.

Human hydrocephalus is a common medical condition that is characterized by abnormalities in the flow or resorption of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), resulting in ventricular dilatation. Human hydrocephalus can be classified into two clinical forms, congenital and acquired. Hydrocephalus is one of the complex and multifactorial neurological disorders.
Complete Compositional Monitoring of the Weathering of Transportation Fuels Based on Elemental Compositions from Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry

The authors have determined elemental compositions for hundreds of components of diesel fuel, jet fuel (JP-8), and gasoline and characterized each of their chemical compositions before and after artificial "weathering" (ie evaporation to a specified fraction of the original weight). An all-glass heated inlet system (AGHIS) coupled to a home-built 6.0 T Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometer provides ultrahigh mass resolving power and sufficiently high mass accuracy (less than or equal 0.8 ppm) for unique identification of all chemical components. A 1 micronL septum injection of each weathered/unweathered transportation fuel into the AGHIS yields a mass spectrum containing 100-500 peaks, 50 less than or equal to m/z less than or equal to 300, with as many as five peaks (of different elemental composition) at a given nominal mass. Elemental composition assignment of every peak in the mass spectrum of each fuel and its weathered analogues provides a unique chemical "fingerprint" that serves to identify positively the contaminant and quantitate the extent of weathering. Weathered jet and diesel fuels (and gasoline to a lesser extent) exhibit a significant shift in the relative abundance to higher-mass (m/z greater than or equal to 200) species, in accord with prior gas chromatographic (GC) evidence for a shift toward increased retention time with increased degree of weathering. (A)
Clustering of cell bodies, bundling of dendrites, and gap junctions: morphological substrate for electrical coupling in the prepacemaker nucleus.

Abstract The possible morphological basis for electrical coupling between neurons of the prepacemaker nucleus was studied in weakly electric gymnotiform fish at the ultrastructural level. Three structural characteristics were found: Extremely dense clustering of cell bodies; ‘bundling’ of dendrites; and gap junctions between neurons. Electrical coupling may take place through gap junctions and the spatial arrangement of elements in the prepacemaker nucleus, which could enable ephaptic interactions. Such mechanisms may also be used for averaging the responses of individual neurons in the whole assembly in order to render more predictable behavioral reactions.
Biogenic amines and pterins in cerebrospinal fluid: some pitfalls with interpretation

The quantification of neurotransmitters or their metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) can provide valuable clues for the detection of (often treatable) genetic disorders or their biosynthesis or salvage pathways. These analyses are technically demanding since the concentrations to be assessed are in the nanomolar range. To date, only a few laboratories worldwide offer these analyses. Since some metabolites are unstable at room temperature and sensitive to light or oxygen, special preparation of sampling tubes is helpful and the samples should be immediately frozen at the bedside. Furthermore, due to a craniocaudal gradient, a sampling protocol with numbered tubes should be adhered to. In addition to the technical difficulties, interpretation of the biochemical findings in lumbar CSF is much more complex than the interpretation of results in urine or blood. This article will focus on some pitfalls associated with the interpretation of analyses of dopamine, serotonin and pterin metabolites, and examines clinical data from pediatric patients to further illustrate those pitfalls. A mainstay for the interpretation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) results is a valid reference range for each metabolite. While appearing simple in practice, this is a challenge and has provoked some debate. First, there is a craniocaudal gradient from ventricular to lumbar CSF to take into account substances that are produced mainly in the brain, such as the dopamine and serotonin metabolites. The concentrations of homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in CSF have been shown to be an overall estimate of dopamine and serotonin turnover, respectively. Unfortunaelty, more subtle imbalances between some receptor subpopulations or
Concepts in the Diagnosis of Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency

Background: To make a diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency (GHD), individuals with normal GH levels must be distinguished from those who are deficient. This requires an understanding of how GH secretion and other related factors differs between these two groups. The presence of a normal insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) level does not necessarily preclude a diagnosis of GHD, whereas a low IGF-I level in a subject with three or four other hormone deficiencies and no conditions that would otherwise lower IGF-I might be sufficient to make the diagnosis. Provocative testing is a clinically relevant method of testing, but not all tests in use have comparable specificity and sensitivity. Conclusions: Insulin-induced hypoglycemia is the recommended test to diagnose GHD, but the arginine-GH-releasing hormone test achieves comparable separation between normal and hypopituitary subjects in most groups. Future studies using large surveillance databases may further expand our understanding of concepts underlying GHD and its diagnosis.
Phonon–phonon interactions in (Lu, Y)Ni2B2C

Abstract The temperature dependence of the Δ 4 acoustic and optic mode, measured at q =(0.5,0,0) in LuNi 2 B 2 C, YNi 2 B 2 C were extended to 1000 K and new measurements on the mixed compound, Y 0.5 Lu 0.5 Ni 2 B 2 C, were undertaken to explore the mode coupling in these materials. The temperature behavior of each is different and cannot be explained by a simple mode coupling scheme of the acoustic and optic modes.
Impacts of upscale heat and momentum transfer by moist Kelvin waves on the Madden–Julian oscillation: a theoretical model study

The Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) is observed to interact with moist Kelvin waves. To understand the role of this interaction, a simple scale-interaction model is built, which describes the MJO modulation of moist Kelvin waves and the feedback from moist Kelvin waves through upscale eddy heat and momentum transfer. The backward-tilted moist Kelvin waves produce eddy momentum transfer (EMT) characterized by the lower-tropospheric westerly winds and eddy heat transfer (EHT) that warms the mid-troposphere. The EHT tends to induce the lower-tropospheric easterly winds and low pressure, which is located in front of the “westerly wind burst” induced by the EMT. Adding the eddy forcing to a neutral MJO skeleton model, we show that the EHT provides an instability source for the MJO by warming up the mid-troposphere, and the EMT offers an additional instability source by enhancing the lower-tropospheric westerly winds. The eddy forcing selects eastward propagation for the unstable mode, because it generates positive/negative eddy available potential energy for the eastward/westward modes by changing their thermal and dynamical structures. The present results show that moist Kelvin waves can provide a positive feedback to the MJO only when they are located within (or near) the convective complex (center) of the MJO. The EHT and EMT feedback works positively in the front and rear part of the MJO, respectively. These theoretical results suggest the potential importance of moist Kelvin waves in sustaining the MJO and encourage further observations to document the relationship between moist Kelvin waves and the MJO.
Distinct patterns of abnormal GNAS imprinting in familial and sporadic pseudohypoparathyroidism type IB

Pseudohypoparathyroidism type IB (PHPIB) is associated with abnormal imprinting of GNAS, the gene encoding the heterotrimeric G protein Gsalpha and other alternative products. The gene contains three differentially methylated regions (DMRs) located upstream of the Gsalpha promoter (from upstream to downstream): the paternally methylated NESP55 promoter region, the maternally methylated NESP antisense (NESPAS)/XLalphas promoter region and the maternally methylated exon 1A region located just upstream of the Gsalpha promoter. We have now performed a detailed analysis of the GNAS methylation profile in 20 unrelated PHPIB probands. Consistent with prior results, all have loss of exon 1A imprinting (a paternal epigenotype on both alleles). All five probands with familial disease had a deletion mutation within the closely linked STX16 gene and a GNAS imprinting defect involving only the exon 1A region. In contrast, the STX16 mutation was absent in all sporadic cases. The majority of these patients had abnormal imprinting of the more upstream regions in addition to the exon 1A imprinting defect, with eight of 15 having a paternal epigenotype on both alleles throughout the GNAS locus. In virtually all cases, the imprinting status of the NESP55 and NESPAS/XLalphas promoters is concordant, suggesting that their imprinting is co-regulated, whereas the imprinting of the NESPAS/XLalphas promoter region and XLalphas first exon is not always concordant even though they are closely linked and lie within the same DMR. Familial and sporadic forms of PHPIB have distinct GNAS imprinting patterns that occur through different defects in the imprinting mechanism.
Revised Procedures for Developing Reading-Input Materials and Reading-Storage Testsa

Reading-input and reading-storage are two new, completely objective techniques, useful for measuring certain aspects of reading. Reading-input is similar to the cloze technique. Reading-storage appears to provide a good measure of reading comprehension. Reading-input and reading-storage materials are produced from prose materials using algorithms. A revised algorithm is presented for preparing reading-input materials which is easier to implement than the earlier version. A new algorithm is also presented for preparing reading-storage tests. This new algorithm produces a test quite different from that of its forerunner, and one much easier to implement. These two new techniques are compared to the multiple-choice and cloze techniques and found to encompass most of their advantages while compensating for most of their disadvantages.
Hydrodynamic forces on hair bundles at low frequencies

We have analyzed a model for the motion of hair bundles of hair cells at low frequencies. In the model, hair-cell organs are represented as a system of rigid mechanical structures surrounded by fluid. A rigid body, that represents a hair bundle, is hinged to a vibrating plate that represents the sensory epithelium. These structures are surmounted by a second vibrating plate that represents a tectorial structure. The analysis shows that both viscous and inertial properties of the fluid are important even at asymptotically low frequencies. The relative importance of these properties depends critically on the presence and mode of motion of the tectorial plate. As a result, the angular displacement of the body at low frequencies can be proportional to basal plate displacement, velocity, acceleration, or to no simple integral of its motion; the functional relation depends upon the disposition of the tectorial plate.
Glutamate activates multiple single channel conductances in hippocampal neurons.

There is considerable evidence that glutamate is the principal neurotransmitter that mediates fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the vertebrate central nervous system1–3. This single transmitter seems to activate two or three distinct types of receptors, defined by their affinities for three selective structural analogues of glutamate, NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate), quisqualate and kainate1–6. All these agonists increase membrane permeability to monovalent cations7–9, but NMDA also activates a conductance that permits significant calcium influx10,11 and is blocked in a voltage-dependent manner by extracellular magnesium12,13. Fast synaptic excitation seems to be mediated mainly by kainate/quisqualate receptors14–18, although NMDA receptors are sometimes activated 19–21. We have investigated the properties of these conductances using single-channel recording22 in primary cultures of hippocampal neurons, because the hippocampus contains all subtypes of glutamate receptors23,24 and because long-term potentiation of synaptic transmission occurs in this structure25,26. We find that four or more distinct single-channel currents are evoked by applying glutamate to each outside-out membrane patch. These conductances vary in their ionic permeability and in the agonist most effective in causing them to open. Clear transitions between all the conductance levels are observed. Our observations are compatible with the model that all the single channel conductances activated by glutamate reflect the operation of one or two complex molecular entities.
Lingering Problems in Gamma-Ray Observations of GRBs

Although observations of Gamma Ray Bursts (GRBs) in other wavelengths have transformed the field, the gamma-ray region of the spectrum remains important. This talk will summarize a number of unresolved issues specific to gamma-ray observations. For example, the apparent narrowness of the distribution of peak energy is difficult to explain either as an intrinsic characteristic of bursts or as a selection effect. There have also been controversial claims for anisotropy in subgroups of bursts.
Interannual mesoscale physical and biological variability in the North Pacific Central Gyre

Abstract Springtime composites of surface chlorophyll a (chl) from the SeaWiFS instrument show a sharp increase in chl standing stock (from ∼0.1 to 0.3 mg m−3) occurring between 30° and 40°N in the eastern North Pacific Ocean. To investigate the spatial and interannual variability of this springtime feature, multi-platform surveys (23°–33°N, 158°W), including shipboard and satellite measurements, were conducted in April 1998 and 1999 to characterize the hydrographic conditions associated with the large chl gradient. Irradiance and chl data collected during the cruise periods were used in an optical model to compute depth-integrated rates of primary production. The southern portion of both transects resembled the climatological conditions at the Hawai'i Ocean Time-series (HOT) study site, Station ALOHA (22.75°N, 158°W), with two major physical and biological frontal features encountered: 1) the South Subtropical Front (SSTF) in 1998 at 27°–28°N and in 1999 at 32.5°N; and 2) the Subtropical Front (STF) in 1998 at 32°N, which in 1999 had migrated northward out of our study area to ∼34°N. Integrated chl and primary production both increased at the frontal locations in both years. Increases in surface chl from SeaWiFS and shipboard measurements were not apparent at the SSTF, yet the subsurface chl maximum both shallowed and doubled at this front. In addition, primary production modeled from the satellite chl data did not reflect the smaller mesoscale variability of the SSTF. The increase in surface chl at the STF, however, was clearly recorded in both the satellite and shipboard chl measurements. HPLC pigment analysis was performed for select samples collected during the 1998 cruise and revealed a change in phytoplankton composition at all frontal locations. Specifically, there were distinct increases in the dinoflagellate marker, peridinin, and the diatom marker, fucoxanthin, at the SSTF. The same patterns at the SSTF were observed during both cruises, except all gradients were shifted to the north, as a result of changes in the large-scale circulation of the gyre in 1999. While the eastern equatorial Pacific experienced a dramatic decrease in chl concentrations during El Nino events, the subtropical Pacific appeared to be more ‘green’ with a southward shift of the circulatory and high surface chl fronts.
Carbohydrate composition of the second, third and fifth components and factors B and D of human complement

Abstract The carbohydrate composition of the second, third and fifth components of human complement (C2, C3 and C5) and of factors B and D was determined employing gas-chromatographic and mass-spectrometric methods. C2 was found to contain 15.9% carbohydrate composed of fucose, galactose, mannose, N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylneuraminate (approximate molar ratio 1:4:9:9:4). N-acetylglucosamine and mannose (approximate molar ratio 1:4), amounting to 1.7% of the mass of the molecule, were the only monosaccharides detected in C3. C5 contained 3.8% carbohydrate composed of galactose, mannose, N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylneuraminate (approximate molar ratio 2:4:4–5:2). The carbohydrate moiety of B consisted of fucose, galactose, mannose, N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylneuraminate (molar ratio 1:2:3:4:2). The total carbohydrate content of B was estimated at 8.6%. In addition to these monosaccharides, glucose (0.4–0.9%) was also detected in all preparations analysed. Glucose was the only sugar detected in D.
Radiation lethality enhancement with 9-aminocamptothecin: Comparison to other topoisomerase I inhibitors

PURPOSE Preclinical studies have demonstrated differences in potency, solubility, and tumor specific activity among the camptothecin (CPT) analogues. 9-Aminocamptothecin (9-AC) has demonstrated greater potency in animal studies than other clinically available Topoisomerase I (Topo I) inhibitors. We sought to determine: (a) if 9-AC enhanced the lethal effects of ionizing radiation to a greater extent than other Topo I inhibitors; and (b) the biological and biochemical characteristics of the enhancement. METHODS AND MATERIALS Quiescent radioresistant human melanoma (U1-Mel) cells were x-irradiated (1-7 Gy) and exposed to various concentrations of 9-AC (0.1-100 microM), either before (for 4 h), during, or after (for 4 h) irradiation. Survival was determined via colony forming assays and normalized to correct for drug cytotoxicity. The effect of 9-AC on radiation-related potential lethal damage repair PLDR) (PLDR) was also measured. A modification of the SDS-KCl assay was used to quantify DNA-Topo I complexes. RESULTS Enhancement of radiation lethality was observed using confluent U1-Mel cells. The sensitizer enhancement ratio (SER) after a 4 h postirradiation exposure of 10 microM 9-AC was 2.5 at 10% survival. Toxicity from the drug alone was greater than topotecan (TPT), but less than CPT. The radiation synergy effect was: (a) dependent on drug concentration (> or = 2 microM); (b) dependent on timing, with enhancement present only when the drug was present at the time of, or shortly after, radiation; and (c) irreversible, with inhibition of PLDR. Exposure to 9-AC during or after irradiation substantially elevated the number of DNA-Topo I complexes (four- to tenfold) over control levels and correlated with enhanced loss of survival. CONCLUSION 9-Aminocamptothecin enhanced radiation lethality in vitro at low drug concentrations with characteristics similar to other Topo I inhibitors. A greater SER, but greater lethality with the drug alone, was obtained in comparison to TPT. The clinical implications of these findings remain unexplored.
Left bundle-branch block artifact on single photon emission computed tomography with technetium Tc 99m (Tc-99m) agents: Mechanisms and a method to decrease false-positive interpretations

Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy is a well validated noninvasive method of evaluating for significant coronary artery disease, especially in cases where electrocardiographic changes are nondiagnostic, including left bundle-branch block. However, such testing with a technetium Tc 99m agent is often confounded by left ventricular septal-based false-positive perfusion defects. These defects can be either reversible or irreversible in the septal or anteroseptal wall, problematically then, in the territory supplied by the left anterior descending coronary artery. Mechanisms explaining false-positive defects include decreased perfusion via impaired microvessel flow and normal perfusion with apparent decrease in counts in a relatively thin septum (partial-volume effect). Key findings in myocardial perfusion images in the presence of left bundle-branch block that define true positives (ischemia) are reversible perfusion defects (especially at end diastole), a concomitant apical defect, and systolic dysfunction matching the perfusion defect.
14C Measurements Elucidate Isotopic Differences between Nails and Hair in Modern Humans

In forensic sciences, radiocarbon found in modern human nails and hair is evaluated to determine the year of death. However, 14 C analyses presented herein of fingernails and hair from the same infant demonstrated 14 C values of hair that were lower than would be expected (e.g. depleted relative to the fingernails by at least 10‰). These results prompted a series of 14 C measurements on infant hair strands, fingernails, and infant shampoo, which suggested the presence of C contamination due to cosmetic products. To further evaluate these discrepancies, several hair strands and fingernail samples from multiple donors were collected, pretreated by several approaches, and measured using isotopic analysis ( δ 13 C, δ 15 N, and C/N as well as 14 C accelerator mass spectrometry). SEM images of the surface of chemically pretreated hair strands were also taken to inspect the performance of the chemical pretreatments applied. Our 14 C and stable isotope results show that modern human hair is likely contaminated with fossil-fuel-derived carbon, which is found in most hair care products. Currently, the various chemical pretreatments available in the literature and presented herein show that it is not possible to completely remove foreign carbon contaminates. Thus, the human 14 C and δ 13 C values between keratinous tissues (fingernails and hair) are not in agreement. From these observations, it becomes apparent that isotopic interpretations using human hair should be used with extreme caution and additional work is needed for its use in forensic and dietary research. DOI: 10.2458/56.17503
Challenging Temperament, Teacher–Child Relationships, and Behavior Problems in Urban Low-Income Children: A Longitudinal Examination

Research Findings: Racial/ethnic minority low-income children with temperaments high in negative reactivity are at heightened risk for developing disruptive behavior problems. Teacher–child relationships characterized by high levels of closeness and low levels of conflict may protect against the development of disruptive behaviors in school. The present study examined whether teacher–child closeness and conflict moderated the association between temperamental negative reactivity and growth in disruptive behaviors in low-income Black and Hispanic kindergarten and 1st-grade children. Findings revealed that negative reactivity predicted higher overall levels of in-school disruptive behavior problems at the beginning of kindergarten as well as growth in behavior problems over kindergarten and 1st grade. However, the effect of negative reactivity on disruptive behaviors was attenuated when children had relationships with teachers characterized by high levels of closeness and low levels of conflict. Practice or...
Electronic Structure of Si/InAs Composite Channels

Electronic structure calculations on composite channels, consisting of indium arsenide grown on the technologically relevant (001), (011) and (112)-orientated silicon surfaces are reported. The calculations are performed with NEMO 3-D, where atoms are represented explicitly in the sp3d5s* tight-binding model. The Valence Force Field (VFF) method is employed to minimize the strain. NEMO 3-D enables the calculation of localized states in the quantum well (QW) and their dispersion in the quantum well plane. From this dispersion, the bandgap, its direct or indirect in character, and the associated effective masses of the valence and conduction band can be determined. Such composite bandstructure calculations are demonstrated here for the first time. The numerical results presented here can then be included in empirical device models to estimate device performance. Pure InAs QWs create a direct bandgap material, with a relatively small gap and effective masses of about one order of magnitude smaller than for pure Si QW of equivalent thickness. Si, on the other hand, has a larger bandgap, superior thermal and mechanical properties, and a heavily invested industry. Thus heteroepitaxy of both components is expected to yield a highly optimized overall system. For samples grown along the (001) direction, Si is a direct bandgap material, and deposition of an InAs 3nm layer reduces substantially the hole effective mass and slightly the electronic mass, decreasing the magnitude of the gap. Along the (011) and (112)-growth direction, Si QWs are indirect bandgap material, and deposition of a few InAs layers suffies to make the new material a direct-bandgap heterostructure, decreasing significantly the electronic effective mass. (011) and (112) are the experimentally most relevant growth directions since they prevent heterointerface dipoles.
A Unique Space Saving Accelerator Cavity Design

A cavity with 3 series gaps was designed and modeled to operate at 70 MHz as a SuperHILAC post acceleration buncher (8.5 MeV/A). Because of a cross-coupling scheme, the 3 cells operate in the 1/2 s? mode instead of the s? mode of an Alvarez cavity. This coupling results in a cavity with diameter reduced from 3 to less than one meter and a length half that of an Alvarez cavity for the same energy gain. The 3 gaps are electrically in parallel but mechanically in series. The cavity has high Q and shunt impedance. This type of cavity appears to be useful for low velocity beams with s? 0.2.
Effect of surface ice on solar pond performance

A solar pond simulation model is described which includes the capability for predicting surface ice growth. The model is a direct extension of a previous numerical wind-mixing model. Ice predictions are based on studies of lake and sea ice growth and dissipation. The model incorporates the effect of salinity on freezing temperature and on the temperature of maximum density. Ice growth rates predicted by the model are verified using data from a simple laboratory experiment. Results from numerical simulations of a hypothetical pond in the Buffalo, New York area are presented and these demonstrate a net positive effect of ice cover, notably in reducing gradient maintenance needs for the surface layer.
MAL2 Selectively Regulates Polymeric IgA Receptor Delivery from the Golgi to the Plasma Membrane in WIF-B Cells

Myelin and lymphocyte protein 2 (MAL2) has been identified as a hepatic transcytotic regulator that mediates delivery from basolateral endosomes to the subapical compartment (SAC). However, overexpression of polymeric immunoglobulin A-receptor (pIgA-R) in polarized, hepatic WIF-B cells led to the dramatic redistribution of MAL2 into the Golgi and all the transcytotic intermediates occupied by the receptor. Although overexpressed hemagglutinin and dipeptidylpeptidase IV (DPPIV) distributed to the same compartments, MAL2 distributions did not change indicating the effect is selective. Cycloheximide treatment led to decreased pIgA-R and MAL2 intracellular staining, first in the Golgi then the SAC, suggesting they were apically delivered and that MAL2 was mediating the process. This was tested in Clone 9 cells (that lack endogenous MAL2). When expressed alone, pIgA-R was restricted to the Golgi whereas when coexpressed with MAL2, it distributed to the surface, was internalized and delivered to MAL2-positive puncta. In contrast, DPPIV distributions were independent of MAL2. Surface delivery of newly synthesized pIgA-R, but not DPPIV, was enhanced greater than ninefold by MAL2 coexpression. In WIF-B cells where MAL2 expression was knocked down, pIgA-R, but not DPPIV, was retained in the Golgi and its basolateral delivery was impaired. Thus, in addition to its role in transcytosis, MAL2 also regulates pIgA-R delivery from the Golgi to the plasma membrane.
Microbiological Benefits of Removing Foam Formed After UV-Enhanced Ozonation of Poultry-Processing Chiller Water for Recycling

Prior experiments using 250 mL samples of unscreened poultry overflow chiler water evaluated the beneficial bactericidal and oxidative effects of 4 different treatments (namely, O 2 /O 3 , O 2 /UV 5 O 8 /O 8 /UV, and O 2 as the control) for improving microbiological safety, turbidity, and water use efficiency allowing its reconditioning for reose. When excluding foam as in this present study, synergistic reductions > 1.5 log CFU/ml, for acrobic plate counts (APC) were additionally achieved after 4 min for all O 3 /UV treatment combinations as compared to serially applied treatments of O 3 and UV acting separately. With foam present, 16-min O 3 /UV treatments were required to achieve similar results. We now report these additional benefits achieved by removing the foam formed by the advanced oxidation process of ultraviolet-photon enhanced ozonation. Furthermore, foarn microbial and general physical content were analyzed to determine suitability as an additive in rendering-type processes. Treatment of the wastewater resulted in total plate counts between 2 to 4 Log CFU/mL In the foam after 8 min. Fat and protein constituted 89% of the solids collected (384 mg/L or 14% of the foans) with trace amounts of metal elements (for example, Ca, Na, K, Fe, Cu) present. Irradiating had negligible effect on foam characteristics yet decreased the amount of solids collected. Cette etude evalue le procede d'ozonation activee par UV comme methode de traitement pour ameliorer la securite microbiologique, la turbidite et l'efficacite de l'utilisation de l'eau de refroidissement dans la transformation de volaille. Elle evalue de plus l'elimination de la mousse en exces, permettant son recyclage. L'elimination de la mousse permet des reductions > 1,5 log CFU/ml de la flore aerobie, obtenues additionnellement apres 4 mn de traitement combine O 3 /UV en comparaison a des traitements O 3 et UV utilises separement.
Radius two trees specify k-bounded classes

A class of graphs χ is said to be χ-bounded, with χ-binding function f, if for all G ϵ Γ, χ (G) ≦ f (ω(G)), where χ(G) is the chromatic number of G and ω(G) is the clique number of G. It has been conjectured that for every tree T, the class of graphs that do not induce T is χ-bounded. We show that this is true in the case where T is a tree of radius two. © 1994 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dynamic Sitting — How Much do We Move When Working at a Computer?:

This study investigated the effects of a dynamic chair backrest on body movements while typing on a computer. Eighteen subjects typed continuously with either the chair backrest locked (30 minutes) or unlocked (30 minutes). Treatment order was counterbalanced. Results showed no significant differences between chair back conditions in either the total number of movements or specific body movements over the duration of the test. Even though body movements occurred, typing is a task that inherently requires a relatively static posture, and sitting in a chair with a dynamic back may not necessarily encourage greater movement while typing. However, use of a free moving dynamic chair back did provide better back support for subjects when they changed from upright to reclined postures.
Colored diagonal loading

We develop a beamforming technique called colored diagonal loading. This technique is a generalization of diagonal loading in which the covariance matrix is augmented with a scaled version of a colored matrix as opposed to using the identity matrix as with conventional diagonal loading. Thus as the loading is increased, the beampattern increasingly takes on the form of a desired quiescent pattern as opposed to that of a conventional (high sidelobe) pattern. The attractiveness of this technique is that it retains the robustness and simple formulation of diagonal loading while allowing insertion of additional quiescent structure. We compare this technique is to conventional diagonal loading and to other quiescent pattern techniques.
Pulmonary bioassay studies with nanoscale and fine-quartz particles in rats: toxicity is not dependent upon particle size but on surface characteristics.

Pulmonary toxicology studies in rats demonstrate that nanoparticles are more toxic than fine-sized particles of similar chemistry. This study, however, provides evidence to contradict this theory. The aims of the study were (1) to compare the toxicity of synthetic 50 nm nanoquartz I particles versus (mined) Min-USil quartz (~500 nm); the toxicity of synthetic 12 nm nanoquartz II particles versus (mined) Min-U-Sil (~500 nm) versus (synthetic) fine-quartz particles (300 nm); and (2) to evaluate the surface activities among the samples as they relate to toxicity. Wellcharacterized samples were tested for surface activity and hemolytic potential. In addition, groups of rats were instilled with either doses of 1 or 5 mg/kg of carbonyl iron (CI) or various aquartz particle types in phosphate-buffered saline solution and subsequently assessed using bronchoalveolar lavage fluid biomarkers, cell proliferation, and histopathological evaluation of lung tissue at 24 h, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months postexposure. Exposures to the various a-quartz particles produced differential degrees of pulmonary inflammation and cytotoxicity, which were not always consistent with particle size but correlated with surface activity, particularly hemolytic potential. Lung tissue evaluations of three of the quartz samples demonstrated ‘‘typical’’ quartzrelated effects—dose-dependent lung inflammatory macrophage accumulation responses concomitant with early development of pulmonary fibrosis. The various a-quartz‐related effects were similar qualitatively but with different potencies. The range of particle-related toxicities and histopathological effects in descending order were nanoscale quartz II ¼ Min-U-Sil quartz > fine quartz > nanoscale quartz I > CI particles. The results demon
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN BELIEFS OF WHY WOMEN LIVE LONGER THAN MEN

Research supports an interaction of biological and sociocultural factors to account for why women live longer than men. This study investigated whether men and women of college age have similar attributions for this difference in longevity. Responses to an open-ended questionnaire by 507 college aged students confirmed a significant gender difference in attribution of life expectancy. Young men attributed such differences to greater physical labor of men and the less stressful life of women. Young women, in contrast, thought women took better care of their health.
La construcción cultural del cuerpo: El paradigma de los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria

Antecedentes: La construccion de la imagen corporal ideal se basa en valores, creencias y patrones esteticos caracteristicos de nuestra sociedad occidental, en cuyo contexto emergen los trastornos alimentarios (TCA). Objetivo: Describir los factores que contribuyen a la construccion cultural del cuerpo en los TCA. Metodo: Se efectuo una revision exhaustiva de la evidencia en la literatura especializada nacional e internacional. Resultados: El modelo de belleza occidental contemporaneo promueve una silueta corporal delgada, sinonimo de exito, atractivo e inteligencia, observada principalmente en la clase social alta, enfatizada por el modelaje, los medios de comunicacion, la publicidad y el culto narcisista al cuerpo, predisponiendo al desarrollo de los TCA. Tambien contribuyen a la construccion cultural del cuerpo, factores individuales, tales como las diferencias genericas (95% de los casos de TCA afectan a mujeres), la identificacion predominante con el estereotipo de rol de genero femenino, la mayor prevalencia en la raza blanca, la relevante influencia de la familia y las amistades sobre el peso, silueta y alimentos, las criticas y/o burlas de los otros significativos, el reforzamiento social respecto a los cambios biologicos y emocionales de la adolescencia, los rasgos perfeccionistas y la filiacion a los sitios web "pro-ana" y "pro-mia". Conclusiones: La internalizacion de las presiones socioculturales genera consecuencias negativas y distorsionadas en los cuerpos femeninos, especialmente en mujeres adolescentes y adultas jovenes en riesgo para desarrollar TCA. Son necesarias las estrategias de prevencion primaria y psicoeducacion para manejar en un estilo mas sano los mensajes mediaticos enfocados en la perfeccion corporal.
Assessment of Locally Recurrent Disease

• Imaging is a key component of routine screening to evaluate local control of disease and for the evaluation of suspected local recurrence.
Impact of phonon-boundary scattering and multilevel copper-dielectric interconnect system on self-heating of SOI transistors

The paper investigates the relevance and impact of nanoscale thermal phenomena (e.g., phonon-boundary scattering) on the thermal performance of state-of-the-art semiconductor device technologies. Moreover, the impact of the multilevel copper-dielectric structure on the total thermal resistance of SOI transistors is demonstrated for the first time. The proposed thermal resistance model incorporates the impact of via separation, metal and dielectric layer thickness, and the dimension of the heated region (e.g., device). The predicted thermal resistance values for a multi-level copper-dielectric interconnect system agree well with the three dimensional finite element simulations. It is concluded that the heat conduction through the Cu-dielectric interconnect network can reduce the thermal resistance of a single SOI transistor by a factor of 3-4, depending on the dimension and specifics of the Cu-dielectric structure and the transistor.
Random Matrices and Brownian Motion

For T ∈ GLn (Fq), let Ωn (t, T) be the number of irreducible factors of degree less than or equal to nt in the characteristic polynomial of T. Letand suppose T is chosen from G Ln(Fq) at random uniformly. We prove that the stochastic process ≺Zn(t)≻t∈[0, 1] converges to the standard Brownian motion process W(t), as n → ∞.
Drugs that modulate aging: the promising yet difficult path ahead

Once a backwater in medical sciences, aging research has emerged and now threatens to take the forefront. This dramatic change of stature is driven from 3 major events. First and foremost, the world is rapidly getting old. Never before have we lived in a demographic environment like today, and the trends will continue such that 20% percent of the global population of 9 billion will be over the age of 60 by 2050. Given current trends of sharply increasing chronic disease incidence, economic disaster from the impending silver tsunami may be ahead. A second major driver on the rise is the dramatic progress that aging research has made using invertebrate models such as worms, flies, and yeast. Genetic approaches using these organisms have led to hundreds of aging genes and, perhaps surprisingly, strong evidence of evolutionary conservation among longevity pathways between disparate species, including mammals. Current studies suggest that this conservation may extend to humans. Finally, small molecules such as rapamycin and resveratrol have been identified that slow aging in model organisms, although only rapamycin to date impacts longevity in mice. The potential now exists to delay human aging, whether it is through known classes of small molecules or a plethora of emerging ones. But how can a drug that slows aging become approved and make it to market when aging is not defined as a disease. Here, we discuss the strategies to translate discoveries from aging research into drugs. Will aging research lead to novel therapies toward chronic disease, prevention of disease or be targeted directly at extending lifespan?
Differential Frontal Involvement in Shifts of Internal and Perceptual Attention

Abstract Background Perceptual attention enhances the processing of items in the environment, whereas internal attention enhances processing of items encoded in visual working memory. In perceptual and internal attention cueing paradigms, cues indicate the to-be-probed item before (pre-cueing) or after (retro-cueing) the memory display, respectively. Pre- and retro-cues confer similar behavioral accuracy benefits (pre-: 14–19%, retro-: 11–17%) and neuroimaging data show that they activate overlapping frontoparietal networks. Yet reports of behavioral and neuroimaging differences suggest that pre- and retro-cueing differentially recruit frontal and parietal cortices (Lepsien and Nobre, 2006). Objective/hypothesis This study examined whether perceptual and internal attention are equally disrupted by neurostimulation to frontal and parietal cortices. We hypothesized that neurostimulation applied to frontal cortex would disrupt internal attention to a greater extent than perceptual attention. Methods Cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) was applied to frontal or parietal cortices. After stimulation, participants completed a change detection task coupled with either pre- or retro-cues. Results Cathodal tDCS across site (frontal, parietal) hindered performance. However, frontal tDCS had a greater negative impact on the retro-cued trials demonstrating greater frontal involvement during shifts of internal attention. Conclusions These results complement the neuroimaging data and provide further evidence suggesting that perceptual and internal attention are not identical processes. We conclude that although internal and perceptual attention are mediated by similar frontoparietal networks, the weight of contribution of these structures differs, with internal attention relying more heavily on the frontal cortex.
CTH05-4: Effect of Geometry on the Diversity-Multiplexing Tradeoff in Relay Channels

We consider the diversity-multiplexing tradeoff in half duplex relay channels. In recent work by Azarian et al. [2], it was shown that Dynamic Decode and Forward (DDF) strictly dominates all the other schemes in the high SNR (HSNR) regime, with the inherent assumption that all the links have the same average SNR p. In this work, we introduce geometry into the problem by letting the SNR of different links scale differently with p. We exhaustively identify the tradeoff for DDF and Non- Orthogonal Amplify and Forward (NAF) when the SNRs are different. We show that, even when geometry is included, the dominance behavior of DDF still holds. In some regions, NAF can at most do as well as DDF. We also show that when the multiplexing gain exceeds the exponential order of the SNR of either source to relay or relay to destination channels, the tradeoff curve of DDF reduces to that of direct transmission.
Effect of Postmortem Storage on Degradation of the Myofibrillar Protein Titin in Bovine Longissimus Muscle

Purified bovine longissimus muscle myofibrils were prepared from muscle at death and from muscle samples stored at 2°, 25°, or 37°C for 1, 3, and 7 days postmortem. Tbe myofibrils were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis. Titin migrated as a closely spaced doublet of very high molecular weight (Mr∼ 1 × 106) in myofibrils from at-death muscle samples. With increased storage time and temperature, the top band of the titin doublet gradually disappeared. the lower doublet band (putative breakdown product of upper band) remained after 7 days storage at 2° or 25°C, but disappeared by 3 days of postmortem storage at 37°C. Thus, titin is degraded in postmortem muscle, and the rate of degradation is enhanced by increases in storage time and temperature.
Parallelizing clustering of geoscientific data sets using data streams

Computing data mining algorithms such as clustering on massive geospatial data sets is still not feasible nor efficient today. In this paper, we introduce a k-means algorithm that is based on the data stream paradigm. The so-called partial/merge k-means algorithm is implemented as a set of data stream operators which are adaptable to available computing resources such as volatile memory and processing power. The partial data stream operator consumes as much data as can befit into RAM, and performs a weighted k-means on the data subset. Subsequently, the weighted partial results are merged by a second data stream operator. All operators can be cloned, and parallelized. In our analytical and experimental performance evaluation, we demonstrate that the partial/merge k-means can outperform a one-step algorithm by a large margin with regard to overall computation time and clustering quality with increasing data density per grid cell.
Pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer exosome-induced lipolysis in adipose tissue

Background and objectives New-onset diabetes and concomitant weight loss occurring several months before the clinical presentation of pancreatic cancer (PC) appear to be paraneoplastic phenomena caused by tumour-secreted products. Our recent findings have shown exosomal adrenomedullin (AM) is important in development of diabetes in PC. Adipose tissue lipolysis might explain early onset weight loss in PC. We hypothesise that lipolysis-inducing cargo is carried in exosomes shed by PC and is responsible for the paraneoplastic effects. Therefore, in this study we investigate if exosomes secreted by PC induce lipolysis in adipocytes and explore the role of AM in PC-exosomes as the mediator of this lipolysis. Design Exosomes from patient-derived cell lines and from plasma of patients with PC and non-PC controls were isolated and characterised. Differentiated murine (3T3-L1) and human adipocytes were exposed to these exosomes to study lipolysis. Glycerol assay and western blotting were used to study lipolysis. Duolink Assay was used to study AM and adrenomedullin receptor (ADMR) interaction in adipocytes treated with exosomes. Results In murine and human adipocytes, we found that both AM and PC-exosomes promoted lipolysis, which was abrogated by ADMR blockade. AM interacted with its receptor on the adipocytes, activated p38 and extracellular signal-regulated (ERK1/2) mitogen-activated protein kinases and promoted lipolysis by phosphorylating hormone-sensitive lipase. PKH67-labelled PC-exosomes were readily internalised into adipocytes and involved both caveolin and macropinocytosis as possible mechanisms for endocytosis. Conclusions PC-secreted exosomes induce lipolysis in subcutaneous adipose tissue; exosomal AM is a candidate mediator of this effect.
The C-terminal SH2 domain of p85 accounts for the high affinity and specificity of the binding of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase to phosphorylated platelet-derived growth factor beta receptor.

Abstract Upon stimulation by its ligand, the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor associates with the 85-kDa subunit of phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase. The 85-kDa protein (p85) contains two Src homology 2 (SH2) domains and one SH3 domain. To define the part of p85 that interacts with the PDGF receptor, a series of truncated p85 mutants was analyzed for association with immobilized PDGF receptor in vitro. We found that a fragment of p85 that contains a single Src homology domain, the C-terminal SH2 domain (SH2-C), was sufficient for directing the high-affinity interaction with the receptor. Half-maximal binding of SH2-C to the receptor was observed at an SH2-C concentration of 0.06 nM. SH2-C, like full-length p85, was able to distinguish between wild-type PDGF receptor and a mutant receptor lacking the PI 3-kinase binding site. An excess of SH2-C blocked binding of full-length p85 and PI 3-kinase to the receptor but did not interfere with the binding of two other SH2-containing proteins, phospholipase C-gamma and GTPase-activating protein. These results demonstrate that a region of p85 containing a single SH2 domain accounts both for the high affinity and specificity of binding of PI 3-kinase to the PDGF receptor.