cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Separation, Enumeration, and the Implied Bill of Rights

The United States Constitution sets forth two strategies for distributing power within the system of government that it establishes. To distribute power horizontally within the national government, the Constitution seeks to separate power by kind – legislative, executive, and judicial. To distribute power vertically between the national and state governments, the Constitution seeks to enumerate power by subject. Neither strategy works. Separation by kind fails because governing actions are not of single kinds. Governing in all three branches necessarily involves both lawmaking and law executing. Enumeration by subject fails because governing actions are not about single subjects. Governing actions can readily be characterized in more than one way, as about more than one subject. Consequently, those who must decide disputes about the distribution of power are obliged to create a law of institutional competence and a law of constitutional characterization with far less guidance from the Constitution than it purports to give them. How did these two unachievable strategies come to be adopted? What should guide courts in creating a law of institutional competence and a law of constitutional characterization to settle the actual horizontal and vertical distribution of power? Examining these questions illuminates a clearer path for courts to expound the Constitution’s meaning in ways that expand its protections. Deciding the distribution of power lets courts create an implied bill of rights.
Proteomic assessment of serum biomarkers of longevity in older men.

The biological bases of longevity are not well understood, and there are limited biomarkers for the prediction of long life. We used a high-throughput, discovery-based proteomics approach to identify serum peptides and proteins that were associated with the attainment of longevity in a longitudinal study of community-dwelling men age ≥65 years. Baseline serum in 1196 men were analyzed using liquid chromatography-ion mobility-mass spectrometry, and lifespan was determined during ~12 years of follow-up. Men who achieved longevity (≥90% expected survival) were compared to those who died earlier. Rigorous statistical methods that controlled for false positivity were utilized to identify 25 proteins that were associated with longevity. All these proteins were in lower abundance in long-lived men and included a variety involved in inflammation or complement activation. Lower levels of longevity-associated proteins were also associated with better health status, but as time to death shortened, levels of these proteins increased. Pathway analyses implicated a number of compounds as important upstream regulators of the proteins and implicated shared networks that underlie the observed associations with longevity. Overall, these results suggest that complex pathways, prominently including inflammation, are linked to the likelihood of attaining longevity. This work may serve to identify novel biomarkers for longevity and to understand the biology underlying lifespan.
Cleft Palate Repair by Otolaryngologist-Head and Neck Surgeons: Risk Factors for Postoperative Fistula.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To assess the incidence of palatal fistula after primary repair of the cleft palate among two cohorts of Otolaryngologist-Head and Neck Surgeons and to identify patient and surgeon characteristics that may predict fistula development. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case series with chart review. METHODS Children who underwent primary repair of cleft palate at one of two multidisciplinary cleft centers over a 10 year period were identified. Charts were reviewed for the presence of palatal fistula; chi square test and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed to determine variables associated with fistula formation. RESULTS From 2007 to 2017, 477 patients underwent primary repair of cleft palate by one of 6 Otolaryngologist-Head and Neck Surgeons. Twenty-four children had incomplete charts, allowing 453 patients to be included in the final analysis. The pooled mean incidence of palatal fistula was 6.6% (P = .525) and varied significantly by cleft type. Logistic regression analysis controlling for multiple variables, showed that Veau IV classification had the highest risk of fistula (OR = 10.582; P = .004). Repair by a specific surgeon was not a significant risk factor for fistula development (P > .07 for each surgeon). CONCLUSIONS Among six Otolaryngologist-Head and Neck Surgeons with fellowship training in cleft palate repair postoperative fistula rates were consistent and compared favorably to standards in the Cleft and Craniofacial surgery literature established by other surgical specialties. Consistent with larger database studies involving multiple surgical specialties, Veau IV classification was the strongest predictor of palatal fistula development, even after adjusting for multiple variables, including differing levels of experience. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 131:1281-1285, 2021.
A Spatiotemporal Assessment of Dietary Partitioning between Color Morphs of a Terrestrial Salamander

When color pattern variation is co-adapted with other biological features, distinct color morphs may be separated along divergent niche axes, and data on niche partitioning can provide insight into how distinct color morphs are maintained over spatiotemporal scales. The Eastern Red-backed Salamander, Plethodon cinereus, contains two common color morphs (striped and unstriped) that differ along several trait axes in addition to coloration. Previous studies from a single population have suggested that dietary composition represents an important axis of ecological differentiation between morphs of P. cinereus. To determine if morphs partition prey resources over space and time, we collected stomach contents from morphs across six populations that ranged in color morph frequency from 100% striped to >99% unstriped, and sampled each population in a spring and a fall season. From each population and season, we also sampled leaf litter invertebrates to quantify morph differences in prey selection. Based on previous studies, we predicted striped morph diet would consist of higher quality prey in polymorphic populations, whereas in monomorphic populations, we predicted both morphs would have a more variable diet due to ecological release from intermorph competition. In the two polymorphic populations we examined, one showed no evidence of diet differences and the other mirrored differences reported from previous studies. There was no change in dietary breadth between polymorphic and monomorphic populations, and thus no signature of dietary release. Our results show there is a high degree of overlap between dietary and leaf litter invertebrates, suggesting both morphs of P. cinereus are generalist predators. Finally, we found dietary composition varied across seasons and populations, which demonstrates the importance of examining morph traits over spatial and temporal scales.
The Need for Milk and Meat in Contemporary Christian Worship Part One: Music That “Moves” Worshipers to Spiritual Growth and Activism

For though by this time you ought to be teachers, you need someone to teach you again the first principles of the oracles of God; and you have come to need milk and not solid food. For everyone who...
Overarching Properties as means of compliance: An industrial case study

The Overarching Properties (OPs) have been created by an international working group and are being evaluated by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), industry, and other certifying agencies in an effort to streamline certification processes. Their intent is to facilitate the use of alternative approaches and to allow flexibility to combine the system, software, and complex hardware certification. The hope is that the FAA may eventually establish an Advisory Circular that offers the OPs as a Means of Compliance (MoC) for software approval (and eventually systems and hardware) by showing the product possesses the three OPs: Intent (specification of the intended behavior), Correctness (implementation of the intended behavior) and Innocuity (safety of unintended behavior). In the certification community, there is still a concern about the practicability of using such high level properties in certification. This paper aims to address that concern by showing possession of the OPs in an industrial case study using assurance arguments. The two main contributions of this paper are: a certification process based on OPs as Means of Compliance, and a certification argument for an on-board physical model of an UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle), as industrial example. We propose a hybrid approach for the certification process that combines OPs with existing certification standards. Thus, OPs can be used for parts of a system that uses technologies that are not supported by current standards or for which existing standards require additional effort without commensurate additional safety assurance.
On Similarity to Normal Operators

This paper gives a characterization of the asymptotic limit AT associated to a contraction T that is similar to a normal operator (Theorem 2). Extensions from contractions to power bounded operators intertwined to a contraction with a \({\mathcal{C}_{0}}\). completely nonunitary part (not necessarily a normaloid contraction) are considered as well (Theorem 1). It is also given a characterization of the asymptotic limit AT for a hyponormal contraction T, and it is shown that if a hyponormal contraction has no nontrivial invariant subspace, then one of the defect operators is not finite-rank (Corollary 1).
Polarographic reduction of aldehydes and ketones: Part XXIV. Electroreduction of pyridinecarboxaldehydes in acidic solutions

Abstract In strongly acidic solutions pyridinecarboxaldehydes predominate as a species protonated both at the nitrogen and the carbonyl group. Dissociation constants (pKspec, Table 2) for the diprotonated species were determined spectrophotometrically using an acidity function HC(OH)2. The diprotonated species is reduced in a two-electron process involving an ECE mechanism. In more dilute solutions of sulfuric acid the diprotonated species is formed in an acid catalyzed dehydration. The rate determining step involves protonation of the pyridiniumcarboxaldehyde geminal diol, followed by a rapid loss of water.
Creating and Passing a Successful Sentencing Commission in California: An Examination of Failed Attempts in California and Successful Sentencing Commissions Across the Country

Several organizations have conducted original research regarding the problems facing the California prison system, and credible solutions have been offered. This paper will focus on a solution that has been commonly recommended in policy reports (and even introduced as legislation) for at least fifteen years: the development of a sentencing commission. That various "commissions" have been created and appointed to analyze the California prison system over time reflects the instinctual need for an insulated group who can monitor and respond to these problems. However despite support from academics, policy organizations, and many state politicians the numerous attempts to establish a sentencing commission in California have failed. This paper offers explanations for those failures, assesses the success of sentencing commissions in other states, and provides recommendations for how to implement a sentencing commission in California that will enjoy both substantive and political success.
On the performance of hyperelliptic cryptosystems

In this paper we discuss various aspects of cryptosystems based on hyperelliptic curves. In particular we cover the implementation of the group law on such curves and how to generate suitable curves for use in cryptography. This paper presents a practical comparison between the performance of elliptic curve based digital signature schemes and schemes based on hyperelliptic curves. We conclude that, at present, hyperelliptic curves offer no performance advantage over elliptic curves.
Violence and Postcoloniality in Yasar Kemal's Memed, My Hawk

Emerging from the ashes of the Ottoman Empire, Turkey occupies a unique position as a post-imperial state, complicating the Eurocentric definitions of postcolonialism. The purpose of this paper is to explore the way contemporary Turkish literature addresses the relationship between culture and violence in shaping national identity. In pre-modern settings as observed in Yasar Kemal's Mehmet My Hawk , the rural landscape presents an ostensible clash between national and tribal identity, complicating the legitimacy of authority. Kemal's novel takes place in the countryside, mainly away from the literate society. The absence of culture, the novel seems to suggest, produces violence. The state authority, in this case, is replaced by local hudlums who rule as they please. In this case, the site of cultural production literally becomes the site of violence. By focusing on this specific novel, this paper articulates the way Turkish literature uses postcolonial tools to complicate the definition of postcoloniality--not only by expanding the geographical scope of the field, but also by challenging some of the theoretical models embedded in postcolonial studies related to violence and resistance.
Breast-feeding trends: a cause for action.

Breast-feeding in the United States reached a peak in 1982 after suffering an abysmal decline in the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s which followed the introduction of the many conveniences afforded by infant formulas. Much effort, energy, and enthusiasm has been poured into the encouragement of women to breast-feed their infants for at least the first 6 months. In 1984, C. Everett Koop, MD, Surgeon General of the United States, said, "We must identify and reduce the barriers that keep women from beginning or continuing to breast-feed their infants."1 A major national effort followed the Surgeon General9s Workshop on Breast-feeding and Human Lactation in 1984.2
Microfilament-Membrane Interactions in Cell Shape and Surface Architecture

Since the first conference on cell motility in 1963 (Allen and Kamiya) substantial evidence has been acquired that sliding interactions between myosin and filaments of actin power many forms of motility exhibited by eucaryotic cells such as muscle contraction, amoeboid movement, cytoplasmic streaming, changes in cell shape, saltatory particle movement, redistribution of cell surface components, endocytosis and exocytosis (Taylor and Condeelis 1979; Condeelis 1980). A logical and necessary assumption in how sliding interactions between actin and myosin move the cell and its components is that either one or both of these proteins must be attached to cell membranes. A brief survey of the literature for examples of microfilament-membrane interactions provides both biochemical (Wickus et al. 1975; Weihing 1976; Ceccarini et al. 1978; Spudich 1974; Koch and Smith 1978; Condeelis 1979) and morphological (Pollard and Korn 1973; Mooseker and Tilney 1975; Schroeder 1973; Goldman et al. 1976; Begg et al. 1978; Condeelis 1979; Salisbury et al. 1980) evidence that such interactions occur. It is also clear from these studies that microfilamentmembrane interactions occur with differences in morphology and stability that are probably significant for the function of these structures. These differences also suggest that there may be multiple mechanisms by which microfilament-membrane interactions occur although as yet none of these mechanisms have been elucidated.
KIERKEGAARD'S “NEW ARGUMENT” FOR IMMORTALITY

This essay examines texts from Kierkegaard's signed and pseudonymous authorship on immortality and the resurrection, challenging the received opinion that Kierkegaard's account of eternal life merely connotes a temporal, existential modality of experience as a present eternity. Kierkegaard's thoughts on immortality are more complicated than this reading allows. I demonstrate that Kierkegaard's ideas on the afterlife emerge out of a context in which the topic had been vigorously debated in both Germany and Denmark for more than a decade. In responding to these debates, Kierkegaard establishes a “new argument” for immortality that stands as a robust account of the Christian resurrection and highlights the power of a personal God at the center of life, death, and post-mortem existence.
Ergonomic and behavioral interventions as the primary treatment for work-related lateral epicondylitis.

Objective Work-related injuries (WRI) are costly to employers and the United States government due to missed days at work and medical expenses. This case report documents the results of using ergonomic and behavioral changes to address a client's symptoms due to a WRI. Participant The client worked as an administrative assistant at a small, private medical college and presented with lateral epicondylitis. Method She received ergonomic and behavioral interventions to treat her injury that included modification to her work environment and education on modifying behaviors that would decrease stress and excessive work. Results The client reported decreased headaches with improved lighting and increased tolerance to typing with the addition of a keyboard tray, but not elimination of her chief complaints with the tray, floor mat, and behavioral changes. Conclusion Some interventions that occurred at the client's desk resulted in decreased secondary symptoms. No improvements in the primary symptoms were found.
Cytochalasin B blocks sperm incorporation but allows activation of the sea urchin egg

Abstract Cytochalasin B (CB) (2 × 10−6 M) prevents the incorporation of sperm into the eggs of Lytechinus pictus and Strongylocentrotus purpuratus as judged by light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). At lower concentrations of CB (2 × 10−7 M), sperm are successfully incorporated into the egg, but their migration in the area of the egg cortex is impaired. The site of action of CB on the sperm may be on the initial rotation of the sperm nucleus in the cortex; the subsequent migration is not affected by CB. Although sperm incorporation is prevented at the higher CB concentrations, the eggs become activated—as judged by cortical reaction, increased protein synthesis and increased respiration. These findings raise the concept that egg activation by sperm could result from some pre-fusion event and hence that sperm-egg fusion would not be a prerequisite for the triggering of development. An alternative hypothesis is that fusion occurs between the acrosome process membrane and egg membrane, but since CB has destroyed the integrity of the cortex actin, the fusion bridge is so weak that it cannot be maintained without some contractile or cytoskeletal support by the cortex. The sperm may activate the CB-treated egg in the same manner as pricking with a microelectrode sometimes does.
Structural evolution in mechanically alloyed Al-Fe powders

The structural evolution in mechanically alloyed binary aluminum-iron powder mixtures containing 1, 4, 7.3, 10.7, and 25 at. pct Fe was investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron microscopic techniques. The constitution (number and identity of phases present), microstructure (crystal size, particle size), and transformation behavior of the powders on annealing were studied. The solid solubility of Fe in Al has been extended up to at least 4.5 at. pct, which is close to that observed using rapid solidification (RS) (4.4 at. pct), compared with the equilibrium value of 0.025 at. pct Fe at room temperature. Nanometer-sized grains were observed in as-milled crystalline powders in all compositions. Increasing the ball-to-powder weight ratio (BPR) resulted in a faster rate of decrease of crystal size. A fully amorphous phase was obtained in the Al-25 at. pct Fe composition, and a mixed amorphous phase plus solid solution of Fe in Al was developed in the Al-10.7 at. pct Fe alloy, agreeing well with the predictions made using the semiempirical Miedema model. Heat treatment of the mechanically alloyed powders containing the supersaturated solid solution or the amorphous phase resulted in the formation of the Al3Fe intermetallic in all but the Al-25 at. pct Fe powders. In the Al-25 at. pct Fe powder, formation of nanocrystalline Al5Fe2 was observed directly by milling. Electron microscope studies of the shock-consolidated mechanically alloyed Al-10.7 and 25 at. pct Fe powders indicated that nanometer-sized grains were retained after compaction.
A generalized thermal explosion criterion—Exposition and illustrative applications

A generalized thermal explosion criterion is presented, based on the inert and adiabatic solutions to the sensitivity equation. The algorithm can be used to find critical conditions and explosion delays for many thermal explosion problems. The technique is applied in illustration to find critical linear hot spot size and the explosion delay of a convectively-heated semi-infinite explosive body.
Integration regions for visual hyperacuity

Abstract The robustness of vernier acuity to retinal image motion is not due to target feature detection while the pattern is swept past one or more “templates” that match the target offset. Stimuli which by themselves are subthreshold. devoid of contours or even of contrary information content, can be pooled and used for a visual hyperacuity response, i.e. differential spatial localization precise to a few seconds of arc in the human fovea. These integration processes take place in regions extending over several min arc in the direction along which differential localization takes place, and not only, as suggested by Hering, along the length of vernier lines.
The medial femoral condyle free osteocutaneous flap for osteomyelitis in pilon fractures.

Abstract Background High energy tibial plafond (pilon) fractures are known to have a high rate of complication, particularly wound dehiscence and infection. Wound infection, requiring debridement of both soft tissue and bone can be especially challenging to reconstruct due to the combination of high load-bearing requirements within a thin soft tissue envelope. Method We present a case of a pilon fracture with a post-operative complication of wound dehiscence and infection necessitating bone debridement, ultimately resulting in chronic osteomyelitis. We used a medial femoral osteocutaneous free flap to provide vascularised structure to the defect. Included is a comprehensive literature review for the use of the MFC osteocutaneous free flaps in lower extremities. Results This flap provided restoration of the medial column of the ankle. The use of vascularised bone resulted in rapid post-operative bony union. The vascularised bone flap was press fit into the defect ruling out the potential for further hardware related infections. We report follow up of over one year. Conclusion The MFC free osteocutaneous flap is a good option for small bone and soft tissue defects of lower extremities, especially in setting of chronic osteomyelitis. It can be custom fabricated and either fixated or press fit into a chronic pilon fracture cavity to obliterate dead space with vascularised bone. Level of evidence Level IV, retrospective case study.
Sputtering measurements by cavity ring-down spectroscopy and application to electric propulsion and plasma engineering

We describe the use of cavity ring-down spectroscopy for measurement of number densities of sputtered particles. Applications for thruster characterization in electric propulsion and process monitoring in plasma engineering are discussed.
Schedulability analysis in hard real-time systems under thermal constraints

In this paper, we study thermal-constrained hard real-time systems, where real-time guarantees must be met without exceeding safe temperature levels within the processor. Dynamic speed scaling is one of the major techniques to manage power so as to maintain safe temperature levels. As example, we adopt a reactive speed control technique in our work. We design an extended busy-period analysis methodology to perform schedulability analysis for general task arrivals under reactive speed control with First-In-First-Out (FIFO), Static-Priority (SP), and Earliest-Deadline-First (EDF) scheduling. As a special case, we obtain a closed-form formula for the worst-case response time of jobs under the leaky-bucket task arrival model. Our data show how reactive speed control can decrease the worst-case response time of tasks in comparison with any constant-speed scheme.
A Special Algorithm for an Additive Model in Data Envelopment Analysis

A special algorithm is presented for the additive model in data envelopment analysis (DEA). The special algorithm first classifies a data set into several subsets. Then the subset is solved by a different algorithmic framework. In simulation studies, the algorithm outperformed available DEA codes. The proposed algorithm can efficiently deal with a large data set.
Design and development of a baseline deep-space optical PPM transceiver

One of the NASA technology development program at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory aims to increase the information return capability while reducing the size of the spacecraft via laser communications.
Combating the unsilent enemy—noise

The cacophony of urban sounds, the roar of overhead jets and the blaring of loud music don't just represent disruptive and interfering sounds—such noises are a danger to our health and well‐being. ...
Blends of sulphonated polystyrene and polystyrene: Morphology and deformation modes†

Morphology, microstructure and deformation modes of strained, cast thin films of the blends were studied as functions of blend composition and ion content. In blends of low ionomer concentration, the ionomer component phase separates and takes the form of small dispersed particles. With the increase of ion content, the average particle size increases and, as crazes develop in the matrix, particles elongate and fibrillate. These ionic crosslinked particles adhere well to the matrix, share in carrying the applied stress and reinforce the polymer.
MSI in endometrial cancer: Prevalence and clinical applications

Background: Loss of DNA mismatch repair is a frequent event in endometrial cancers, leading to an easily recognizable molecular phenotype referred to as microsatellite instability (MSI). In colorectal cancers MSI appears to be of prognostic significance. The relationship between MSI and outcome and other clinicopathologic variables in endometrial cancer has not been firmly established. Objectives: Assess the relationship between tumor MSI and clinicopathologic variables in our large cohort of endometrial cancer cases, and compare our findings with previous reports on MSI in endometrial cancers. Methods: 600 hundred prospectively acquired uterine cancers were assessed for MSI using 5 microsatellite repeat markers and MSI status classified using standard conventions. All MSI-positive tumors were evaluated for methylation of the MLH1 DNA mismatch repair gene promoter. Information on patient age at diagnosis, tumor histology and stage were obtained at time of surgery. For 411 patients treated in the period 1991–2001, medical records were reviewed for evidence of other malignancies. Follow-up for 178 patients with endometrioid adenocarcinomas treated in the period 1992–1999 was completed mid-2004 by contacting patients and/or their physicians. Detailed family histories of cancer were developed for 164 probands in the series. Results: MSI was seen in 28% of the endometrial tumors in our series. There was a significant association between MSI and endometrioid histology but not with any of the other clinicopathologic variables investigated. However, when MSI was further classified according to MLH1 promoter methylation status, clear associations between high-level MSI in the absence of MLH1 methylation and clinical variables became evident. Women with MSI-positive tumors lacking MLH1 methylation were younger than women with tumors that showed MLH1 methylation. Furthermore, women with MSI-positive tumors lacking MLH1 methylation had significantly increased risk for second tumors that are associated with the hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome. Women with MSI-positive tumors that lack methylation frequently harbor inherited mutations in DNA mismatch repair. There was no association between tumor MSI and survival for patients with endometrioid endometrial cancers. Conclusions: MSI is a common defect in endometrial cancers. MSI in the absence of MHL1 methylation may point to women who are at increased risk for second cancers associated with the hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome. Typing tumors for MSI and MLH1 methylation coupled with immunohistochemistry to assess mismatch repair gene expression may prove useful in identifying women with inherited forms of endometrial cancer.
Capsicum tovarii (Solanaceae), a new species of pepper from Peru

A new species ofCapsicum (Capsicum tovarii), found on the slopes of the Mantaro river basin, Departments Huancavelica and Ayacucho of Peru, is described. Distribution and relationships within the genus are discussed.
Analytical model for solar irradiance near a planar vertical diffuse reflector – Formulation, validation, and simulations

Abstract An analytical model is formulated for the irradiance on a surface (collector) with a rear (opposite the sun) planar vertical diffuse reflector, as is common for a lower roof on a multi-story building. The vast majority of research on solar reflectors has been for specular, or mirror, reflectors, with any diffuse reflections modeled about the specular reflection angle. This model is capable of calculating incident and reflected direct, diffuse, and ground-reflected radiation using components borrowed from the Hay, Davies, Klucher, Reindl (HDKR) irradiance model, and is easily implemented in any computation programming software capable of numeric integration. The model accounts for reflector edge effects and shading of diffuse and ground-reflected radiation by the reflector, but it does not account for shading of beam radiation by the reflector. The model shows good overall agreement with experimental tests, and is three percentage points more accurate than a standard radiation model for tilted surfaces. The model indicates that a planar vertical diffuse reflector increases the irradiance at high clearness indices and low reflector incidence angles, and decreases the irradiance otherwise. Increasing the reflector height and decreasing the collector pitch and distance between the collector and reflector increases the irradiance during clear periods, but decreases the irradiance, to a lesser absolute extent, during cloudy periods. Annual simulations show a gain in winter insolation and a loss in summer insolation for an average collector/reflector, with an increase in annual insolation for collectors near high albedo reflectors.
Spin effects in InSb quantum wells

Abstract Among the III–V semiconductors, InSb has the smallest electron effective mass and the largest g-factor. We make use of these properties to explore some aspects of electron spin in InSb quantum wells with far-infrared magneto-spectroscopy. We observe the clear signature of spin-resolved cyclotron resonance caused by the non-parabolicity of the conduction band. We observe avoided-level crossings at magnetic fields where Landau levels of the same spin are predicted to intersect. We also study electron spin resonance in the far infrared over a wide range of magnetic field. In samples with symmetrically designed quantum wells we find cyclotron masses and observed g-factors in good agreement with a Pidgeon–Brown analysis adapted to the two-dimensional band structure. However, the spin splitting approaches ∼3 meV as the magnetic field approaches zero in samples intentionally asymmetrically doped.
Predicting community outcomes from pairwise interactions: integrating density- and trait-mediated effects.

Understanding how species interactions shape the structure of ecological communities based on pairwise comparisons has been a difficult undertaking for ecologists because effects in reassembled communities can be different than simple density-mediated interactions would suggest. Part of this complexity occurs because many species change their behavior and morphology with different predators and competitors and, thus, change their per-capita interaction rates (i.e. trait-mediated interactions). Our objective was to use a simple experimental community of two predators (larval dragonflies, Anax longipes, and larval salamanders, Ambystoma tigrinum), two prey (larval green frogs, Rana clamitans, and larval bullfrogs, R. catesbeiana), and a shared prey resource to determine whether we can predict interactions in a reassembled community by combining our knowledge of density- and trait-mediated interactions,. We combined pairwise laboratory experiments on predation rates and predator-induced behaviors with a mesocosm experiment to examine density- and trait-mediated effects. We used a factorial combination of no predators, caged Anax (to induce anti-predator traits without changing prey density), and lethal Anax crossed with no predators, caged Ambystoma, and lethal Ambystoma. The species interactions in the reassembled community were qualitatively predictable based on the pairwise experiments. Lethal Anax preyed upon Ambystoma and green frogs while lethal Ambystoma only preyed upon green frogs. Anax also reduced the activity of the green frogs; this caused a decrease in salamander predation on green frogs, a decrease in green frog acquisition of resources, and an increase in bullfrog acquisition of resources. Ambystoma had no effect on green frog activity, no effect on resource acquisition by green frogs, and no effect on resource acquisition by bullfrogs. These results suggest that we can better understand how species interact in natural communities if we have a more detailed understanding of trait-mediated mechanisms. However, if predicting the structure of large communities requires identifying how each species alters its traits in the presence of all other species along with altering density, improving our predictive ability may be a prohibitively large undertaking.
A Human Platelet Calcium Calculator Trained by Pairwise Agonist Scanning

Since platelet intracellular calcium mobilization [Ca(t)]i controls granule release, cyclooxygenase-1 and integrin activation, and phosphatidylserine exposure, blood clotting simulations require prediction of platelet [Ca(t)]i in response to combinatorial agonists. Pairwise Agonist Scanning (PAS) deployed all single and pairwise combinations of six agonists (ADP, convulxin, thrombin, U46619, iloprost and GSNO used at 0.1, 1, and 10xEC50; 154 conditions including a null condition) to stimulate platelet P2Y1/P2Y12 GPVI, PAR1/PAR4, TP, IP receptors, and guanylate cyclase, respectively, in Factor Xa-inhibited (250 nM apixaban), diluted platelet rich plasma that had been loaded with the calcium dye Fluo-4 NW. PAS of 10 healthy donors provided [Ca(t)]i data for training 10 neural networks (NN, 2-layer/12-nodes) per donor. Trinary stimulations were then conducted at all 0.1x and 1xEC50 doses (160 conditions) as was a sampling of 45 higher ordered combinations (four to six agonists). The NN-ensemble average was a calcium calculator that accurately predicted [Ca (t)]i beyond the single and binary training set for trinary stimulations (R = 0.924). The 160 trinary synergy scores, a normalized metric of signaling crosstalk, were also well predicted (R = 0.850) as were the calcium dynamics (R = 0.871) and high-dimensional synergy scores (R = 0.695) for the 45 higher ordered conditions. The calculator even predicted sequential addition experiments (n = 54 conditions, R = 0.921). NN-ensemble is a fast calcium calculator, ideal for multiscale clotting simulations that include spatiotemporal concentrations of ADP, collagen, thrombin, thromboxane, prostacyclin, and nitric oxide.
Ciprofloxacin versus gentamicin in prophylaxis against bacteremia in transrectal prostate needle biopsy.

Consecutive patients with abnormal rectal examinations underwent transrectal needle prostate biopsy at VA Medical Center, New Orleans. Each patient was randomized to receive either gentamicin 1.5 mg/kg intravenously (IV) or 500 mg ciprofloxacin (Cipro-Miles) p.o., before and after the biopsy. Serum and prostate tissue levels of ciprofloxacin and gentamicin were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography and by competitive binding immunoassay, respectively. Blood cultures were obtained, and the patients were observed for twenty-four hours after biopsy. After discharge the patients were followed up by telephone. The incidence of bacteremia and postbiopsy symptoms were less with ciprofloxacin. Prostate tissue levels of this drug were higher than gentamicin, while serum levels were roughly equivalent. Ciprofloxacin is less nephrotoxic, can be given orally, and has a better antimicrobial spectrum. We, therefore, recommend it as prophylaxis against bacteremia in transrectal prostate needle biopsy. Furthermore, it appears that prostatic drug levels are more important than serum levels in preventing bacteremia.
The phonetics of contrastive phonation in Gujarati

Abstract The current study examines (near-)minimal pairs of breathy and modal phonation produced by ten native speakers of Gujarati in connected speech, across different vowel qualities and separated by nine equal timepoints of vowel duration. The results identify five spectral measures (i.e. H1–H2, H2–H4, H1–A1, H1–A2, H1–A3), four noise measures (i.e. cepstral peak prominence and three measures of harmonics-to-noise ratio), and one electroglottographic measure (i.e. CQ) as reliable indicators of breathy phonation, revealing a considerably larger inventory of cues to breathy phonation than what had previously been reported for the language. Furthermore, while the spectral measures are consistently distinct for breathy and modal vowels when averaging across timepoints, the efficacy of the four noise measures in distinguishing phonation categories is localized to the midpoint of the vowel's duration. This indicates that the magnitude of breathiness, especially in terms of aperiodicity, changes as a function of time. The current study supports that breathy voice in Gujarati is a dynamic, multidimensional feature, surfacing through multiple acoustic cues that are potentially relevant to the listener.
Tunneling injection lasers: a new class of lasers with reduced hot carrier effects

In conventional quantum-well lasers, carriers are injected into the quantum wells with quite high energies. We have investigated quantum-well lasers in which electrons are injected into the quantum-well ground state through tunneling. The tunneling injection lasers are shown to have negligible gain compression, superior high-temperature performance, lower Auger recombination and wavelength chirp, and better modulation characteristics when compared to conventional lasers. The underlying physical principles behind the superior performance are also explored, and calculations and measurements of relaxation times in quantum wells have been made. Experimental results are presented for lasers made with a variety of material systems, InGaAs-GaAs-AlGaAs, InGaAs-GaAs-InGaAsP-InGaP, and InGaAs-InGaAsP-InP, for different applications. Both single quantum-well and multiple quantum-well tunneling injection lasers are demonstrated.
Nonperturbative unification in the manner of Maiani, Parisi, and Petronzio at intermediate energies

A nonasymptotically free gauge theory with many couplings is shown to exhibit a ``trapping'' mechanism, in the sense that, as soon as one (or more) of the couplings grows large, the rest of the couplings will follow suit. This mechanism can help achieve a nonperturbative ``unification'' of the standard model in the manner of Maiani, Parisi, and Petronzio at relatively ``low'' energies (TeV scales). Two scenarios are given, one of which is just the standard SU(3${)}_{\mathrm{c}}$\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}SU(2${)}_{\mathrm{L}}$\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}U(1${)}_{\mathrm{y}}$ and the other one involves, in addition, technicolor interactions. Predictions for ${\mathrm{sin}}^{2}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\theta}}}_{\mathrm{w}}$(${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}_{\mathrm{F}}$\ensuremath{\simeq}250 GeV) and ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{3}$(${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{F}$) are presented for both scenarios. Both scenarios make use of SU(2${)}_{\mathrm{L}}$-singlet heavy fermions which carry charge, color (model I), and technicolor (model II). Some experimental implications are also discussed.
The Labor Force Survey and Unemployment: A Philosophical Note

The charge that the official unemployment rate of Japan is a misleading indicator of labor force underutilization has been heard ever since Japan's labor force survey began in July 1947 after a test period of several months (Magota and Honda 1974:46). When the general public felt that Japan was full of unemployed and underemployed workers, the labor force survey produced an incredible picture of "full employment." The official unemployment rate was only 0.7 percent in 1948 and 1.0 percent in 1949. The concepts were also strange to the ordinary Japanese. The modern labor force survey was generous in classifying as "employed" anyone who worked even an hour during the survey week, while in the popular feeling, working only an hour per week was more unemployed than employed.
Linking habitat use of Hudson River striped bass to accumulation of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners

Since 1976, the commercial striped bass fishery in the Hudson River (NY) has been closed due to total polychlorinated biphenyl (t-PCB) concentrations that exceed the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's advisory level of 2 μg/g-wet weight. Extensive monitoring of Hudson River striped bass demonstrated much more variability in t-PCB levels among individual striped bass than could be explained by their age, sex, or lipid contents. To investigate the possible role of differential habit use among subpopulations of striped bass in controlling their PCB exposures, 70 fish collected throughout the Hudson River estuary and Long Island Sound in 1994−1995 were analyzed for PCB congeners, and their lifetime migration behaviors were estimated by otolith microchemistry. The mean salinity encountered during the fish's last growth season prior to capture was inversely correlated with the t-PCB body burden. Striped bass permanently residing in fresh and oligohaline portions of the estuary adjacent to known PCB sources had...
Decomposing symmetric exchanges in matroid bases

LetB,B? be bases of a matroid, withX ? B, X? ? B?. SetsX,X? are asymmetric exchange if(B ? X?) ? X? and(B? ? X?) ? X are bases. SetsX,X? are astrong serial B-exchange if there is a bijectionf: X ? X?, where for any ordering of the elements ofX, sayxi,i = 1, ?, m, bases are formed by the sets B0 = B, Bi = (Bi?1 ? xi) ?f(xi), fori = 1, ?, m. Any symmetric exchangeX,X? can be decomposed by partitioning X = ?i=1m Yi, X? = ?i=1m Yi, X?, where (1) bases are formed by the setsB0 =B, Bi = (Bi?1 ?Yi)? Yi?; (2) setsYi,Yi? are a strong serialBi?1-exchange; (3) properties analogous to (1) and (2) hold for baseB? and setsYi?,Yi.
Influence of sleep position experience on ability of prone-sleeping infants to escape from asphyxiating microenvironments by changing head position.

Objective. Several studies have found that back- or side-sleeping infants who are inexperienced in prone sleeping are at much higher risk for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) when they turn to prone or are placed prone for sleep compared with infants who normally sleep prone. Moreover, such inexperienced infants are more likely to be found in the face-down position at death after being placed prone compared with SIDS infants who are experienced in prone sleeping. We hypothesized that lack of experience in prone sleeping is associated with increased difficulty in changing head position to avoid an asphyxiating sleep environment. Methods. We studied 38 healthy infants while they slept prone. Half of these were experienced and half were inexperienced in prone sleeping. To create a mildly asphyxiating microenvironment, we placed infants to sleep prone with their faces covered by soft bedding. We recorded inspired CO2 (CO2I), electrocardiogram, and respiration, and we videotaped head movements. Also, we assessed gross motor development (Denver Development Scale). Results. When sleeping prone, with their faces covered by bedding, all infants experienced mild asphyxia as a result of rebreathing. All aroused and attempted escape from this environment. Infants used 3 stereotyped head-repositioning strategies. The least effective was nuzzling into the bedding with occasional brief head lifts. More effective were head lifts combined with a head turn. Some infants, however, could turn only to 1 side, right or left. Infants who were inexperienced in prone sleeping had less effective protective behaviors than experienced infants. Infant age did not correlate with efficacy of protective behaviors. Infants who were experienced in prone sleep had advanced gross motor development compared with inexperienced infants. Conclusion. Infants who are inexperienced in prone sleeping have decreased ability to escape from asphyxiating sleep environments when placed prone. These observations potentially explain the increased risk associated with prone sleep in infants who are inexperienced. The increased occurrence of the face-down position in such infants is also potentially explained. These findings suggest that airway protective behaviors may be acquired through the mechanism of operant conditioning (learning).
Effects on electrical distribution networks of dispersed power generation at high levels of connection penetration

SYNOPSIS The advent and deployment of significant levels of photovoltaic and wind energy generation in the spatially dispersed mode (i.e. residential and intermediate load centres) may have deleterious effects upon existing protective relay equipment and its time-current co-ordination on radial distribution circuits to which power conditioning equipment may be connected for power sell-back purposes. Note that significant in this context is now generally agreed to mean greater than 50% of a feeder's minimum load capacity rating. The problems that may arise involve harmonic injection from power conditioning inverters that can affect protective relays and cause excessive voltage and current from induced series and parallel resonances on feeders and connected passive equipment. Voltage regulation, var requirements, and consumer metering can also be affected by this type of dispersed generation. The creation of “islands” of supply is also possible, particularly on rural supply systems. This paper deals mainly ...
Literature review of head injury biomechanics

Summary The high incidence of head injuries resulting from transportation system crashes, sports, military activities, falls, assaults, etc. contributes to a preponderance of head injury biomechanics research. A wealth of publications result, addressing phenomenological and mechanistic issues associated with head response to mechanical impact. This literature survey provides an assessment of hypothesized brain injury mechanisms, brain injury criteria, mathematical models of head injury and available techniques for measuring head kinematics and brain tissue deformations associated with exposure to dynamic loads.