cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microwave absorption observation of melting of vortex lattice in Tl2Ba2Ca2Cu3Ox

Abstract It is shown that the microwave energy absorbed due to flux motion in the superconducting state of Tl 2 Ba 2 Ca 2 Cu 3 O x above 0.05 T can be described by two thermally processes between 77 and 125 K depending on the temperature. The temperature at which the change in kinetics occurs depends on the magnetic field at which the measurement is made and is lower at higher magnetic fields. The transition is associated with a change in the pinning barriers resulting from the melting of Abrikosov lattice to the vortex fluid. A measurement of the transition temperature between the two thermally activated regimes as a function of magnetic field allows a measurement of the H - T irreversibility line in the surface regions of the material.
Combinatorial regulation of the murine RAG-2 promoter by Sp1 and distinct lymphocyte-specific transcription factors.

The recombination activation genes, RAG-1 and RAG-2, encode the critical components of the recombinase complex responsible for the generation of functional antigen receptor genes. In order to gain an insight into the transcription factors and cis-acting elements that regulate the lymphocyte-specific expression of RAG-2, the promoter-region of this gene was isolated and characterized. This analysis demonstrated that a relatively small promoter fragment could confer lymphocyte-restricted expression to a reporter construct. Our work and that of others subsequently revealed that RAG-2 promoter expression is positively regulated by BSAP (PAX-5) and c-Myb transcription factors in B- and T-lineage cells, respectively. Although BSAP and c-Myb were deemed necessary for lymphocyte-specific expression, our analysis also uncovered a G-rich region at the 5′-end of the core promoter that was essential for full activity in lymphocyte cell lines. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that a GA-box within the G-rich region was required for full promoter activity and subsequent DNA binding assays demonstrated that this element was specifically recognized by Sp1. Apart from showing that Sp1 interacts within the RAG-2 promoter, we also demonstrate that the Sp1-binding site is necessary for the high-level activation of this promoter.
String quantization on group manifolds and the holomorphic geometry of DiffS1/S1

The recent results by Bowick and Rajeev on the relation of the geometry of DiffS1/S1 and string quantization in ℝd are extended to a string moving on a group manifold. A new derivation of the curvature formula (−26/12m3+1/6m)δn, −m for the canonical holomorphic line bundle over DiffS1/S1 is given which clarifies the relation of that bundle with the complex line bundles over infinite-dimensional Grassmannians, studied by Pressley and Segal.
Synthesis and characterization of single-source molecular precursors to binary metal sulphides: bis(diethyldithiocarbamato)M(II)trialkylphosphine (M = Zn and Cd) adducts

Abstract Monomeric, five-coordinate bis(diethyldithiocarbamato)M(II)(trialkylphosphine) complexes, 1 (M = Zn, alkyl = Me), 2 (M = Zn, alkyl = Et), 3 (M = Cd, alkyl = Me), and 4 (M = Cd, alkyl = Et) have been synthesized by addition of trialkylphosphine ligands to toluene solutions of bis(diethyldithiocarbamato)M(II) (M = Zn, and Cd). The bidentate ligand, 1,2-bis(diethylphosphino)ethane (DEPE) reacted with bis(diethyldithiocarbamato)M(II) (M = Zn, Cd) and a 1:1 mixture of [(Et2NCS2)2Zn]2: [(Et2NCS2)2Cd]2 in toluene to form five-coordinate, dinuclear DEPE-bridged complexes, [(Et2NCS2M]2(μ-DEPE), 5 (M = Zn), 6 (M = Cd) and 7 [(Et2NCS2)2Zn](μ-Et2PCH2CH2PEt2)[Cd(Et2NCS2)2], respectively. The composition and structure of all compounds was confirmed by elemental analyses, infra-red spectroscopy, 1H, 13C{1H} and 31P{1H} nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and in selected cases by X-ray crystallography. Variable temperature 31P{1H} and 113Cd{1H} NMR showed that these complexes undergo a dynamic exchange process at room temperature involving MP bond cleavage with activation parameters of ΔH‡ = 9 kcal mol−1 and ΔS° = −7 eu as determined by two independent measurements based on simulation of variable temperature 31P{1H} and 113Cd{1H} NMR data for 4. The solid-state structures of (Et2NCS2)2ZnPMe3 (1) and (Et2NCS2)CdPEt3 (4) have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The single crystal X-ray diffraction structure of [(Et2NCS2)2Zn]2(μ-DEPE) · 2C7H8 (5) has been reported earlier and confirmed the dinuclear nature showing that the two zinc units were bridged by the DEPE ligand and not chelated. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of compounds 1–3 showed that the PR3 ligands dissociated prior to thermal decomposition. However, compound 4 exhibited a single weight loss to give crystalline CdS as determined by X-ray powder diffraction, electron diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The homobimetallic species, 5 and 6, also decomposed to give ZnS and CdS, respectively while the heterobimetallic species, 7, thermally decomposed to give crystalline Zn0.5Cd0.5S according to X-ray powder diffraction data.
Applications of statistical mechanics to natural hazards and landforms

Abstract The concept of self-organized criticality was introduced to explain the behavior of the cellular-automata sandpile model. A variety of multiple slider-block and forest-fire models have been introduced which are also said to exhibit self-organized critical behavior. It has been argued that earthquakes, landslides, forest-fires, and extinctions are examples of self-organized criticality in nature. The basic forest-fire model is particularly interesting in terms of its relation to the critical-point behavior of the site-percolation model. In the basic forest-fire model trees are randomly planted on a grid of points, periodically sparks are randomly dropped on the grid and if a spark drops on a tree that tree and the adjacent trees burn in a model fire. In the forest-fire model there is an inverse cascade of trees from small clusters to large clusters, trees are lost primarily from model fires that destroy the largest clusters. This quasi-steady-state cascade gives a power-law frequency–area distribution for both clusters of trees and smaller fires. The site-percolation model is equivalent to the forest-fire model without fires. In this case there is a transient cascade of trees from small to large clusters and a power-law distribution is found only at a critical density of trees. The earth's topography is an example of both statistically self-similar and self-affine fractals. Landforms are also associated with drainage networks, which are statistical fractal trees. A universal feature of drainage networks and other growth networks is side branching. Deterministic space-filling networks with side-branching symmetries are illustrated. It is shown that naturally occurring drainage networks have symmetries similar to diffusion-limited aggregation clusters.
Risk factors for contact lens associated microbial keratitis

Although the risk of developing contact lens associated microbial keratitis is small, the potential consequences of this condition, such as vision loss, are serious. This paper presents an analysis of the risk factors that have been identified for contact lens induced microbial keratitis, which include extended wear, hypoxia, non-compliance, blepharitis, diabetes mellitus, epithelial trauma, steroid use, therapeutic lens use, tobacco use, and possibly travel to warm climates. By remaining mindful of these risk factors, practitioners can take action and offer advice to patients so as to optimize the safety of contact lens wear.
Thoughts on critical infrastructure collaboration

In this paper, we describe what we believe to be the characteristics of the collaborations required in the domain of critical infrastructure modeling, based on our experiences to date. We adopt a knowledge management philosophy, which imposes two classes of requirements, contextualwho, when, and why), and semanticwhat interactions are conducted around). We observe that infrastructure models can often engender more insight when used as the basis for a meaningful discussion between the disparate stakeholder groups (private industry, trade organizations, industry lobbying groups, etc.) than when exercised computationally.
The proton magnetic resonance spectra of tetravinylsilane and vinylphenylsilanes

Abstract Proton magnetic resonance spectra of tetravinylsilane and the three vinylphenylsilanes in dilute cyclohexane solution, at 40 Mc s , have been analyzed and the parameters have been compared with those obtained for some vinylmethylsilanes under similar conditions. Calculations were made of the effect of the phenyl-group anisotropy on the vinylic shifts assuming free rotation of the phenyl rings. The anisotropy effects appear to be negligible except at the α-position, in which case observed and calculated values are in fair agreement. The β-shift values are interpreted as indicating that d π - p π , bonding between vinyl and Si is not appreciably affected by the phenyl substituents. The approximately constant phenyl substituent effect at the α-position indicates that the phenyl groups might be freely rotating.
Preparation of 1,2-dimethoxy-4-(bis-diethylaminoethyl-[14C]-amino)-5-bromobenzene

1,2-Dimethoxy-4-(bis-diethylaminoethyl-[14C]-amino)-5-bromobenzene (III) was synthesized for in vivo pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation. The synthesis of (III) was easily obtained by the direct alkylation of 1,2-dimethoxy-5-bromo-aniline with beta-diethylaminoethyl chloride-ethylene-[14C], using CH3MgCl as the proton abstractor. Compound III was obtained with a 22.3% yield. The specific activity was 2.2mCi/mmol, with a radiochemical purity of >99%.
Mechanisms of recurrent atrial fibrillation after pulmonary vein isolation by segmental ostial ablation

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to determine the mechanisms responsible for recurrent atrial fibrillation (AF) after pulmonary vein isolation (PV) by segmental ostial ablation. Background Recovery of conduction into a previously isolated PV is a common observation when there is recurrent AF soon after segmental ostial ablation. However, the mechanisms of recurrent AF have been unclear. Methods A repeat ablation procedure was performed in 50 patients who had recurrent paroxysmal AF at a mean of 7 ± 6 months after segmental ostial ablation to isolate the PVs. During the repeat procedure, a ring catheter was inserted into each PV during sinus rhythm and AF to determine whether the veins were still isolated and, if not, whether there were PV tachycardias with a cycle length shorter than in the adjacent left atrium during AF. Results There was recovery of conduction over a previously ablated muscle fascicle in ≥1 PV in 49 patients (98%). There were 10 ± 2 episodes of PV tachycardia per minute in 36 (72%) of the 50 patients during AF. Repeat ablation was performed by segmental ostial ablation (23 patients) or by left atrial catheter ablation to encircle the left- and right-sided PVs 1 to 2 cm from the ostia, with additional ablation lines in the posterior left atrium and mitral isthmus (27 patients). At 6-month follow-up, among 23 patients who underwent repeat ablation by segmental ostial ablation, AF recurred in 4 (21%) of the 19 patients who had PV tachycardias and in 3 (75%) of the 4 patients who did not ( P = .03). Among the 27 patients who underwent left atrial ablation, AF recurred in 2 (12%) of the 17 patients who had PV tachycardias and in 1 (10%) of the 10 patients who did not ( P = 0.7). Conclusions Recovery of conduction in previously ablated muscle fascicles is a common finding in patients with recurrent AF after segmental ostial ablation. The efficacy of repeat segmental ostial ablation depends on the presence of PV tachycardias, whereas left atrial ablation is effective regardless of whether PV tachycardias are present or not during AF.
Design of optimal lattice space-time codes

In this paper we propose a systematic procedure for designing optimal lattice (space-time) codes. By employing stochastic optimization techniques we design lattice codes with minimum error rates when lattice decoders are employed at the receiver. Our design methodology can be tailored to obtain optimal lattice (space-time) codes for any fading statistics and SNR of interest. Further, we obtain fundamental lower bounds on the error probabilities yielded by lattice decoders and characterize their asymptotic behavior.
Emergency physicians' knowledge of the total charges of medical care.

Abstract Study Objectives This study aimed to evaluate emergency medical physician's knowledge of the charges for the entirety of medical care provided to patients they treated and discharged from the emergency department (ED). Methods The study was administered in an academic ED. Patients were eligible for the study if they were discharged from the ED by the attending who first evaluated them. Following patient discharge from the ED, the attending physician and resident were asked to estimate the total billed to the patient (all charges billed to patient before adjustments for insurance provider or coverage status were applied). The median error of the physician's estimate was compared to their years of experience. Results Physicians underestimated actual total charges 93% (127/136) of the time. The median estimate was 36% (IQR 23%-54%) of the actual final ED charge, representing a median underestimation of $1268 (IQR $766-$2347). There was no correlation between degree of error and postgraduate years of the physician. Conclusion This study demonstrated a significant underestimation of a patient's total charges by emergency medical physicians. There was no correlation in years of experience and ability to accurately estimate charges. While all physicians tended to underestimate charges, physicians tended to have good inter-rater agreement.
GIS and health care.

▪ Abstract GIS and related spatial analysis methods provide a set of tools for describing and understanding the changing spatial organization of health care, for examining its relationship to health outcomes and access, and for exploring how the delivery of health care can be improved. This review discusses recent literature on GIS and health care. It considers the use of GIS in analyzing health care need, access, and utilization; in planning and evaluating service locations; and in spatial decision support for health care delivery. The adoption of GIS by health care researchers and policy-makers will depend on access to integrated spatial data on health services utilization and outcomes and data that cut across human service systems. We also need to understand better the spatial behaviors of health care providers and consumers in the rapidly changing health care landscape and how geographic information affects these dynamic relationships.
Dielectric relaxation in dimethyl sulfoxide/water mixtures studied by microwave dielectric relaxation spectroscopy.

Dielectric spectra of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)/water mixtures, over the entire concentration range, have been measured using the transmission line method at frequencies from 45 MHz to 26 GHz and at temperatures of 298−318 K. The relaxation times of the mixtures show a maximum at an intermediate molar fraction of DMSO. The specific structure of mixtures in different concentration regions was determined by the dielectric relaxation dynamics, obtained from the effect of temperature on the relaxation time. A water structure “breaking effect” is observed in dilute aqueous solutions. The average number of hydrogen bonds per water molecule in these mixtures is found to be reduced compared to pure water. The increase in the dielectric relaxation time in DMSO/water mixtures is attributed to the spatial (steric) constraints of DMSO molecules on the hydrogen-bond network, rather than being due to hydrophobic hydration of the methyl groups. The interaction between water and DMSO by hydrogen bonding reaches a maximum...
Coarse optical circuit switching by default, rerouting over circuits for adaptation

As Internet traffic continues to grow unabated at an exponential rate, it is unclear whether the existing packet-routing network architecture based on electronic routers will continue to scale at the necessary pace. On the other hand, optical fiber and switching elements have demonstrated an abundance of capacity that appears to be unmatched by electronic routers. In particular, the simplicity of circuit switching makes it well suited for optical implementations. We present what we believe to be a new approach to optical networking based on a paradigm of coarse optical circuit switching by default and adaptive rerouting over circuits with spare capacity. We consider the provisioning of long-duration quasi-static optical circuits between edge routers at the boundary of the network to carry the traffic by default. When the provisioned circuit is inadequate, excess traffic demand is rerouted through circuits with spare capacity. In particular, by adaptively load balancing across circuits with spare capacity, excess traffic is routed to its final destination without the need to create circuits on the fly. Our evaluations on two separate real, large Internet service provider point-of-presence-level topologies, Abilene and GEANT, show that only a very small amount of excess traffic needs to be rerouted even during peak traffic hours when the circuit configurations are carefully chosen and that this excess traffic could always be accommodated using our adaptive rerouting approach. We also demonstrate that our adaptive load-balancing approach is robust to sudden unexpected traffic changes by demonstrating its ability to reroute traffic under a number of hot-spot scenarios.
Anomalous Right Coronary Artery Arising From the Pulmonary Artery

A42-year-old man with a history of cocaine abuse presented to the emergency department with severe acute exertional chest pain. Electrocardiographic findings were consistent with ischemia. However troponin levels were normal. A 64-slice coronary computed tomography angiogram was performed, which revealed an anomalous dominant right coronary artery originating from the pulmonary artery (ARCAPA) (Fig 1 [LAD left anterior descending; PA pulmonary artery and Fig 2 [Ao aortic artery; PA pulmonary artery; RCA right coronary artery]). There were extensive collaterals from the left anterior descending artery to the ARCAPA in the absence of coronary artery disease. After confirmation of these findings by cardiac catheterization, the patient was scheduled for immediate surgical repair to prevent further ischemic episodes. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography revealed the ARCAPA, which was implanted into the ascending aorta (Fig 2, Videos 1 and 2; accompanying videos for this article can be viewed at http://ats.ctsnetjournals.org/content/vol93/issue3/ images/data/e75/DC1/warraich1.avi and http://ats. ctsnetjournals.org/content/vol93/issue3/images/data/e75/ DC1/warraich2.avi.). ARCAPA is a rare but potentially fatal congenital abnormality, with surgical repair recommended even in asymptomatic patients [1]. The extent of collateralization
Chaco reloaded: Discursive social memory on the post-Chacoan landscape

Archaeologists have recently begun to address the ways in which past peoples revived, referenced, utilized, and amended their own, more distant pasts for diverse social and political ends. Social m...
Individual differences and the chemical senses.

A powerful approach in the search for general principles in biology focuses on analyses of differences among individuals and groups. Such differences arise from variation in genes, variation in individual experiences and their interactions. The chemical senses provide a particularly rich source of such differences in both signal perception and signal production. In the following essay, we describe how studies focusing on variation in the production of odorous compounds illuminate important aspects of how animals communicate with body odors. By gazing at a person’s face, a remarkable amount of information can be obtained. More or less constant characteristics that can often be identified include ethnicity, gender, age and individual identity. More effervescent information, such as mood, motivational state and even health status, may also be inferred. Visual signals may not always be interpreted correctly—eyewitnesses to crimes may mistake one individual for another—or the message itself may be falsified, for example by an actor. Yet it is remarkable how accurate people are at making these distinctions and how difficult it is to explain what exactly distinguishes one person from another or how one knows that someone is angry or sick. For many animals vision is less important than olfaction in making these discriminations; indeed, the precision by which animals can identify characteristics of each other by scent is almost beyond understanding. Nevertheless, it is this area we have been investigating for many years.
Longitudinal program analysis

The field of program analysis has made significant improvements recently, but still faces some major obstacles. In this talk I argue that considering analysis as applying longitudinally across the multitude of versions created during a program's lifetime -rather than to a given instance of a program - shows significant promise in overcoming some of these obstacles. I focus on identifying a set of opportunities that arise when this shift in outlook is taken.Most program analysis techniques have focused on questions of the form "Does program P satisfy a given property A?" or "What program points in P satisfy a given property A?" Type-checking is the classic example of the first form, while lexical, syntactic, and semantic analyses are examples of the second form. The key point (with respect to this talk) is that a single program P is being analyzed.Some analyses expand this view and explicitly consider a pair of programs, P and P', where P' represents a modified version of P. Test selection and prioritization techniques are among the best examples of this approach: the idea is to analyze the delta between P and P', and to use that information to determine which test cases must be re-run (for test selection) or should be re-run (for test prioritization). (There are dozens of results in these areas; Harrold et al.'s empirical study is one recent example of test selection [1], and the recent work at Microsoft Research is an example of test prioritization [2].There are at least three ways in which a longitudinal approach could improve analysis.Second, we can use previously computed information to better inform analysis on a newer version. One recent example of this is the work by Kim and Porter that uses historical information about the application of tests of a set of versions as a basis for test prioritization algorithms [3].Third, we can imagine applying otherwise "intractable" analyses over the lifetime of (multiple versions of) a program, as opposed to the (much more limited) time available to analyze a specific version. In essence, there is an opportunity to compute the analysis in stages, with the goal of completing the analysis by specific important points in the program lifetime (e.g., external releases). Work on vertical staging of analyses for runtime compilation is one place to look for ideas and techniques for this kind of "horizontal" staging [4].The traditional view of software evolution says that (to accommodate needed change) program structure degrades and program size increases [5][6]; this in turn tends to increase the difficult of analysis. I propose here some opportunities for viewing time and change as potential benefits with respect to analysis, rather than as roadblocks. This provides potential for significantly improving software dependability over time.
Dieback of Salt-water Cordgrass ( Spartina alterniflora Loisel.) in the Lower Cape Fear Estuary of North Carolina: An Experimental Approach to Re-establishment

Spartina alterniflora is the dominant endemic saltmarsh angiosperm along the East and Gulf coasts of the United States. Dieback of S. alterniflora became evident through aerial surveys of the Lower Cape Fear Estuary of North Carolina. The areas affected varied in size, the largest being greater than 40 ha in areal extent. As S. alterniflora productivity losses can subsequently affect the productivity of the estuarine detritus-based food-web, studies were initiated in 1975 to examine the dieback phenomenon, follow successional trends, and determine the recolonization potential of S. alterniflora in dieback-affected salt-marshes. Three S. alterniflora dieback sites in the Lower Cape Fear Estuary were selected for study. Two of the sites, both above mean high-water, were recolonized by Salicornia europaea, Distichlis spicata, Scirpus robustus, Spartina patens , and S. alterniflora . At a third site, found to be below mean high-water, all volunteer plants were of S. alterniflora . Final stabilization of all three sites was mainly by S. alterniflora , with the living standing-crop biomass ranging from 341 to 1,565 g/m 2 in September of 1978. Experimental plots within each of the three dieback sites were sprigged with S. alterniflora plants from three sources: (i) sandy dredge-material, (ii) volunteer plants within affected sites, and (iii) unaffected sites near the dieback areas. The success of these sprigs was strongly site-dependent. It is suggested that the plants used for revegetation of dieback sites should be obtained from areas similar to the site that is being transplanted and/or plants which have large rhizome systems.
Alteration in Renal Organic Anion Transporter 1 After Ischemia/Reperfusion in Cadaveric Renal Allografts

We have previously shown that postischemic injury to renal allografts results in profound impairment of p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) extraction. To elucidate the cellular integrity of the human organic anion transporter 1 (hOAT1) in postischemic acute renal failure (ARF), immunohistochemical analysis of hOAT1 was performed in cadaveric renal allografts using confocal microscopy for three-dimensional reconstruction of serial optical images. Biopsy samples were obtained from 10 cadaveric renal allografts 1 hr after reperfusion during transplant operation. Control tissues were obtained from four living donors of healthy kidneys immediately before an arterial clamp was applied to the renal artery. Control tissues demonstrated hOAT1 distributed to basolateral membrane of proximal tubule cells. In contrast, maldistribution of hOAT1 to cytoplasm and/or diminution of the protein was noted in cadaveric allografts. Characteristics of maldistribution were variable: disappearance of lateral distribution, diffuse cytoplasmic aggregates, apical cytoplasmic aggregates, and disappearance of the staining. In addition, iothalamate and PAH clearances were performed on posttransplant days 3-7 in 18 recipients of a cadaveric renal allograft. PAH clearance was depressed <250 ml/min in all but three subjects. We conclude that reperfused, transplanted kidneys exhibit maldistribution of hOAT1 in proximal tubule cells, resulting in impairment of PAH clearance. This manuscript contains online supplemental material at http://www.jhc.org. Please visit this article online to view these materials.
Tomographic physical phantom of the newborn child with real-time dosimetry I. Methods and techniques for construction

A tomographic phantom representing a newborn female patient was constructed using tissue-equivalent materials previously developed at the University of Florida. This phantom was constructed using contoured images from an actual patient data set, a whole-body computed tomography of a newborn cadaver previously described by Nipper et al. [Phys. Med. Biol. 47, 3143-1364 (2002)]. Four types of material are incorporated in the phantom: soft tissue, bone tissue, lung tissue, and air. The phantom was constructed on a slice-by-slice basis with a z-axis resolution of 5 mm, channels for dosimeters (thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD), metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor, or gated fiber-optic-coupled dosimeter (GFOC)) were machined into slices prior to assembly, and the slices were then fixed together to form the complete phantom. The phantom will be used in conjunction with an incorporated dosimetry system to calculate individual organ and effective doses delivered to newborn patients during various diagnostic procedures, including, but not limited to, projection radiography and computed tomography. Included in this paper are images detailing the construction process, and images of the completed phantom.
Preserving Social Locality in Data Replication for Online Social Networks

An on line social network usually requires many servers to store its user data so that a large number of users can be served. The data should also be replicated across the servers to provide a high degree of availability in case failures occur. In this paper we discuss the importance of social locality in the replication procedure. To substantiate this importance, we propose and evaluate a replication method that can significantly improve the system efficiency by leveraging the social relationships of the data.
Subsequent recognition of items subjected to proactive interference in short-term memory

Each of 90 Ss was given five successive short-term memory (STM) tests with a triad of country names as the memory material on each test. Recall performance deteriorated across the series of STM tests. Immediately subsequent to the tests, each S was given a recognition test consisting of the 15 country names presented in the STM test series and 30 “new” country names. Each S was required to indicate whether a word was “old” or “new” and to give a confidence rating of his judgment. Operating characteristics for each of the five STM tests were computed for recalled and nonrecalled words. The data suggest that decline in recall performance across a series of STM tests (proactive interference) is due to several factors: an increasing inability to discriminate among items in storage and an increasing failure of items to gain access to storage or to stay in storage.
BCL6 canalizes Notch-dependent transcription, excluding Mastermind-like1 from selected target genes during left-right patterning

Although the Notch signaling pathway is one of the most intensely studied intracellular signaling pathways, the mechanisms by which Notch signaling regulates transcription remain incompletely understood. Here, we report that B cell leukemia/lymphoma 6 (BCL6), a transcriptional repressor, is a Notch-associated factor. BCL6 is necessary to maintain the expression of Pitx2 in the left lateral plate mesoderm during the patterning of left-right asymmetry in Xenopus embryos. For this process, BCL6 forms a complex with BCL6 corepressor (BCoR) on the promoters of selected Notch target genes such as enhancer of split related 1. BCL6 also inhibits the transcription of these genes by competing for the Notch1 intracellular domain, preventing the coactivator Mastermind-like1 (MAM1) from binding. These results define a mechanism restricting Notch-activated transcription to cell-type-appropriate subsets of target genes, and elucidate its relevance in vivo during left-right asymmetric development.
Bayesian Mapping of Genomewide Interacting Quantitative Trait Loci for Ordinal Traits

Development of statistical methods and software for mapping interacting QTL has been the focus of much recent research. We previously developed a Bayesian model selection framework, based on the composite model space approach, for mapping multiple epistatic QTL affecting continuous traits. In this study we extend the composite model space approach to complex ordinal traits in experimental crosses. We jointly model main and epistatic effects of QTL and environmental factors on the basis of the ordinal probit model (also called threshold model) that assumes a latent continuous trait underlies the generation of the ordinal phenotypes through a set of unknown thresholds. A data augmentation approach is developed to jointly generate the latent data and the thresholds. The proposed ordinal probit model, combined with the composite model space framework for continuous traits, offers a convenient way for genomewide interacting QTL analysis of ordinal traits. We illustrate the proposed method by detecting new QTL and epistatic effects for an ordinal trait, dead fetuses, in a F2 intercross of mice. Utility and flexibility of the method are also demonstrated using a simulated data set. Our method has been implemented in the freely available package R/qtlbim, which greatly facilitates the general usage of the Bayesian methodology for genomewide interacting QTL analysis for continuous, binary, and ordinal traits in experimental crosses.
Basic Esters of Cyclopropanecarboxylic Acids

A number of important musculotropic spasmolytic agents are esters of aminoalcohols and arylaliphatic acids, and their activity appears to depend to some degree on the number and complexity of the aryl groups or related hydroaromatic groups in the acid moiety. Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid can be modified by substitution with aryl groups to produce a greater variety of compounds than is possible by similar substitution of the more frequently encountered acyclic aliphatic acids. Several cyclopropanecarboxylic acids have been prepared by the reaction of ethyl diazoacetate with the appropriate hydrocarbon or diphenyldiazomethane with ethyl cinnamate, and converted to aminoalkyl esters in the usual way. By such reactions the following esters have been prepared: diethylaminoethyl 2,2-diphenylcyclopropanecarboxylate; diethylaminoethyl 2,3-diphenylcyclopropanecarboxylare;diethylaminoethyl 2,2,3-triphenylcyclopropanecarboxylate; and diethylaminoethyl dibenzonorcaradienecarboxylate.
Determining routes for the analysis of partial discharge signals derived from the field

This paper discusses the experience of the National Electric Energy Testing Research and Applications Center (NEETRAC) with condition assessment of medium voltage power distribution cable systems using Partial Discharge (PD) measurements. Specifically, the main goal is to address the issue of selection of the appropriate PD diagnostic features. A large number of features for which a physical basis can be described are selected for analysis. The features are investigated using data obtained from field and laboratory tests. The investigation shows that two traditional diagnostic features are not enough to classify samples that are prone to fail in a four-year time window. Subsequently, cluster variable analysis is performed for a considerable number of PD diagnostic features. The analysis enables significant feature elimination and reveals that at least seven different types of PD diagnostic features are needed to achieve an acceptable level of dissimilarity between features. Future work, conclusions and remarks are also discussed.
A robust envelope following method applicable to both non-autonomous and oscillatory circuits

In this paper, we propose a novel envelope-following method which is uniformly applicable to both non-autonomous and oscillatory circuits. A key feature of our technique is the use of an efficient minimum least squares solution technique to solve an underdetermined envelope system directly. This leads to a general purpose approach which is much easier to solve than previous phase condition based envelope-following method, improving numerically robustness dramatically. We validate our method on a variety of autonomous and non-autonomous circuits, including a PLL in transition to lock. The new method provides speedups of 1-2 orders of magnitude over transient simulation, while obtaining results that are equally or more accurate.
Polyamines and cancer: implications for chemotherapy and chemoprevention

Polyamines are small organic cations that are essential for normal cell growth and development in eukaryotes. Under normal physiological conditions, intracellular polyamine concentrations are tightly regulated through a dynamic network of biosynthetic and catabolic enzymes, and a poorly characterised transport system. This precise regulation ensures that the intracellular concentration of polyamines is maintained within strictly controlled limits. It has frequently been observed that the metabolism of, and the requirement for, polyamines in tumours is frequently dysregulated. Elevated levels of polyamines have been associated with breast, colon, lung, prostate and skin cancers, and altered levels of rate-limiting enzymes in both biosynthesis and catabolism have been observed. Based on these observations and the absolute requirement for polyamines in tumour growth, the polyamine pathway is a rational target for chemoprevention and chemotherapeutics. Here we describe the recent advances made in the polyamine field and focus on the roles of polyamines and polyamine metabolism in neoplasia through a discussion of the current animal models for the polyamine pathway, chemotherapeutic strategies that target the polyamine pathway, chemotherapeutic clinical trials for polyamine pathway-specific drugs and ongoing clinical trials targeting polyamine biosynthesis.
Volunteering and Trajectories of Depression

Objective: The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to examine the association between volunteering and trajectories of depression; and (2) to evaluate whether this relationship varies by age. Method: Data come from three waves of the Americans’ Changing Lives (ACL) study. ACL is a nationally representative sample of adults 25 years of age or older who lived in the United States. Results: Latent growth model analysis indicates that although volunteering is associated with lower levels of baseline depression, it does not predict trajectories of depression. Nevertheless, further analyses reveal an age variation in the relationship between volunteering and trajectories of depression. Specifically, we find that volunteering affects the decline of depression for individuals above age 65; yet there is no effect of volunteering on trajectories of depression for younger and middle-aged adults. Discussion: Overall findings highlight the importance of assessing the long-term health impact of volunteering and doing so under diverse social structural contexts.
Genomic Reconstruction of an Uncultured Hydrothermal Vent Gammaproteobacterial Methanotroph (Family Methylothermaceae) Indicates Multiple Adaptations to Oxygen Limitation.

Hydrothermal vents are an important contributor to marine biogeochemistry, producing large volumes of reduced fluids, gasses, and metals and housing unique, productive microbial and animal communities fueled by chemosynthesis. Methane is a common constituent of hydrothermal vent fluid and is frequently consumed at vent sites by methanotrophic bacteria that serve to control escape of this greenhouse gas into the atmosphere. Despite their ecological and geochemical importance, little is known about the ecophysiology of uncultured hydrothermal vent-associated methanotrophic bacteria. Using metagenomic binning techniques, we recovered and analyzed a near-complete genome from a novel gammaproteobacterial methanotroph (B42) associated with a white smoker chimney in the Southern Lau basin. B42 was the dominant methanotroph in the community, at ∼80x coverage, with only four others detected in the metagenome, all on low coverage contigs (7x–12x). Phylogenetic placement of B42 showed it is a member of the Methylothermaceae, a family currently represented by only one sequenced genome. Metabolic inferences based on the presence of known pathways in the genome showed that B42 possesses a branched respiratory chain with A- and B-family heme copper oxidases, cytochrome bd oxidase and a partial denitrification pathway. These genes could allow B42 to respire over a wide range of oxygen concentrations within the highly dynamic vent environment. Phylogenies of the denitrification genes revealed they are the result of separate horizontal gene transfer from other Proteobacteria and suggest that denitrification is a selective advantage in conditions where extremely low oxygen concentrations require all oxygen to be used for methane activation.
Inflammatory Response to Lipopolysaccharide on the Ocular Surface in a Murine Dry Eye Model.

Purpose Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) alerts cells to the presence of bacteria by initiating an inflammatory response. We hypothesize that disruption of the ocular surface barrier in dry eye enhances TLR4 signaling. This study determined whether dry eye enhances expression of inflammatory mediators in response to topically applied TLR4 ligand. Methods A single dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or vehicle (endotoxin-free water) was applied to the cornea of nonstressed (NS) mice or mice subjected to 5 days of desiccating stress (DS). After 4 hours, corneal epithelium and conjunctiva were extracted to analyze expression of inflammatory mediators via PCR. Protein expression was confirmed by immunobead assay and immunostaining. Results Topically applied LPS increased expression of inflammatory mediators IL-1β, CXCL10, IL-12a, and IFN-γ in the conjunctiva, and IL-1β and CXCL10 in the cornea of NS mice compared to that in untreated controls. LPS in DS mice produced 3-fold increased expression of IL-1β in cornea and 2-fold increased expression in IL-12a in conjunctiva compared to that in LPS-treated control mice. Conclusions LPS increased expression of inflammatory cytokines on the ocular surface. This expression was further increased in dry eye, which suggests that epithelial barrier disruption enhances exposure of LPS to TLR4+ cells and that the inflammatory response to endotoxin-producing commensal or pathogenic bacteria may be more severe in dry eye disease.
Diagmosis of a suspicious acute case of brucellosis

Objective To diagnose if the patient sufferring from a continuous fever infected Brucella.Methods Brucellosis tests of serology and pathogeny was taken.The instrument of automatically identifying bacteria was used,and the way to identify salmonella was adopted.Results Brucellosis serologic tests were positive.The strain isolated from the blood and bone marrow of the patient as not Brucella,and was identified to belong to Salmonella by the instrument.Furthermore,it was confirmed as S.paratyphi A on base of Salmonella serotypes.Conclusions The patient was diagnosed to infect S.paratyphi A.It is the strain of S.paratyphi A that cause sever serologic cross reaction with Brucella.
The basics of diffusion and perfusion imaging in brain tumors.

Perfusion and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are commonly used by neuroradiologists in everyday clinical practice. These techniques provide information not available with conventional MRI. Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology Criteria (RANO)1 and Macdonald2 criteria have been used extensively to evaluate tumor response based on measurement of T1 postcontrast images. However, relying on these changes can lead to misinterpretation of treatment response, since enhancement volume is a relatively nonspecific feature of tumor behavior.3 Perfusion and diffusion imaging are recent advances that can help predict tumor type and grade, as well as predict patient survival and optimal therapeutic options.4 This article will present the basic principles of perfusion and diffusion imaging, and provide clinical examples of their application.
The Time Scales of Variability of Marine Low Clouds

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Optimal Replacement Policy Based on Cumulative Damage for a Two-Unit System

This article studies a two-unit system with failure interactions. The system is subject to two types of shocks (I and II). A type I shock, removed by a minimal repair, causes a minor failure of unit A and type II shock causes a complete system failure that calls for a corrective replacement. Each unit A minor failure also results in a random amount of damage to unit B and such a damage to unit B can be accumulated to trigger a preventive replacement or a corrective replacement action. Besides, unit B with cumulative damage of level z may become minor failed with probability π(Z) at each unit A minor failure and fixed by a minimal repair. This paper proposes a more general replacement policy which prescribes that a system is preventively replaced at the Nth type I shock, or the time which the total damage to unit B exceeds a pre-specified level Z (but less than the failure level K where K>Z) or is replaced correctively either at the first type II shock or when the total damage to unit B exceeds a failure level K, whichever occurs first.
Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning, Instructional Design Principles, and Students with Learning Disabilities in Computer-Based and Online Learning Environments.

Struggling learners and students with Learning Disabilities (LD) often exhibit unique cognitive processing and working memory characteristics that may not align with instructional design principles...
Mechanical behavior of metallic nanolaminates

Publisher Summary Nanolaminate materials, also referred to as “superlattices” or “multilayers”, represent a class of composite materials that are made up of alternating nanometer-scale layers of two different materials, where the individual layer thickness may vary from a few atomic layers to a few tens of nanometers. Nanolaminates have been the subject of significant recent research worldwide due to the novel mechanical and physical properties that emerge as the individual layer thickness is reduced to nanometer-scale. Nanolaminates may be metal–metal, metal–intermetallic, metal–ceramic, ceramic–ceramic, or crystalline amorphous. This chapter focuses on the mechanical behavior of metallic nanolaminates. Besides the technological applications, metal–metal systems are studied extensively as model systems for fundamental research on the effects of nanometer length scales and the interface structures on the mechanical properties of nanolaminates. The chapter presents a brief description of the commonly used methods of synthesis, a brief overview of the strengthening mechanisms relevant to nanolaminates. It also presents experimental data on the strength as a function of bilayer period of the nanolaminates and the interpretation of these data in terms of the dislocation pile-up based Hall–Petch model. Single dislocation-based deformation models are developed to account for the increasing strength with decreasing layer thickness at length scales where the continuum Hall–Petch model is not applicable. The chapter describes atomistic modeling that predicts the limiting strength value for these nanolaminates and discusses the deformation behavior of nanolaminates subjected to large plastic strains to highlight the dislocation storage, work hardening, and texture evolution in these materials.