cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of a population-specific regression equation to estimate total body water in hemodialysis patients

Development of a population specific regression equation to estimate total body water in hemodialysis patients. We have previously shown that the impedance index (height corrected resistance) is a valid and reliable correlate of total body water (TBW) in hemodialysis patients. We estimated TBW by single frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) in 3009 in-center hemodialysis patients, and developed an ESRD-specific TBW equation from routinely available demographic and anthropometric variables. The mean ± SD age was 60.5 ± 15.5 years; 47% were female, 47% African-American, and 36% diabetic. Dialysis duration was 3.8 ± 3.7 years. Mean TBW was 40.8 ± 9.3 kg, 56 ± 9% of body weight. A stepwise linear regression equation was fit on a two-thirds random sample, deriving significant parameter estimates for the variables age, gender, height, weight, diabetic status, weight squared, and the cross-products of age and gender, age and weight, gender and weight, and height and weight. The equation was then validated in the remaining one-third sample, and compared with TBW estimates by the Watson and Hume-Weyer formulae. TBW estimated by our equation (40.6 ±8.6 kg) was not significantly different from the BIA TBW (40.5 ± 9.3 kg). In contrast, TBW estimated by the Watson (37.0 ± 7.6 kg) and Hume-Weyer (37.9 ± 7.7 kg) formulae underestimated TBW by a mean of 3.5 and 2.6 kg, respectively. A population-specific equation provides superior prediction of TBW in hemodialysis patients. The use of formulae developed and validated in non-uremic populations may result in underestimates of TBW in patients with ESRD, and potentially, overestimates of dialysis dose approximated by the clearance-time to TBW ratio (Kt/V).
Cross-Cultural Issues in Illness and Wellness: Implications for Depression

This paper addresses cultural factors in illness and wellness, using depression as a specific context. The issue of cultural relativism and commensurability of diagnosis and evaluation of outcomes across cultures is discussed. The concepts underlying traditional systems of healing are compared to those of Western orthodox medicine.
Differential expression of retinoic acid receptor‐β isoforms during chick limb ontogeny

Retinoids influence both morphogenetic events and differentiation during development of the vertebrate limb. These effects are mediated through nuclear retinoid receptors, which modulate target gene expression. We report here the cloning and characterization of three promoter- and splicing-variants of the retinoic acid receptor-beta (RAR-beta) from chick. These receptor isoforms are independently expressed during limb development. RAR beta 2 but not RAR beta 1 transcripts are enriched three-fold in the posterior limb bud, reflecting the increased RA concentrations in this region. RAR beta 1 transcripts are initially present throughout the limb bud mesenchyme and ectoderm, then become restricted within perichondrial regions and loose connective tissue of the limb. RAR beta 1 expression closely overlaps that of NCAM (neural cell adhesion molecule) and tenascin in non-neuronal tissues. RAR beta 2 transcripts are present within a subset of those limb tissues which express RAR beta 1. In the early limb bud RAR beta 2 transcripts are detected in proximal limb mesenchyme and in the initial mesenchymal condensate. In older limbs RAR beta 2 mRNAs are abundant in cells lateral to the digit cartilage. Neither RAR beta 1 nor RAR beta 2 transcripts are associated specifically with regions of limb cell death. The differential expression and regulation of RAR beta isoforms suggests these variants may have different roles in limb development.
Optical rotation of the second harmonic radiation from retinal in bacteriorhodopsin monomers in Langmuir-Blodgett film: evidence for nonplanar retinal structure

We observed optical rotation of the plane of polarization of the second harmonic (SH) radiation at 532 nm (in resonance with the retinal absorption) generated in reflection geometry in Langmuir-Blodgett film of bacteriorhodopsin (bR). The analysis of the experimental data showed that this effect arises from the nonvanishing contribution of the antisymmetrical part of the hyperpolarizability tensor. This requires that the dipole moment of the resonant electronic transition, the change of the dipole moment upon electronic excitation, and the long axis of the retinal not be coplanar. Such conditions are satisfied only if the retinal has a nonplanar geometry, a conclusion that could lend support to the heterogeneity model of the origin of the biphasic band shape of the linear CD spectrum of the retinal in bR. On the basis of our theoretical analysis, we were able to estimate the angle between the induced dipole moment and the plan that contains the long axis of the chromophore and the transition dipole moment of the retinal absorption.
Long-time stability of superexcited high Rydberg molecular states

Abstract Using a time-resolved, mass analyzed, pulsed field ionization technique it is shown that molecules excited to energies within several electron volts above their lowest ionization thresholds can survive for several microseconds. These observations are consistent with the recent observations of efficient dissociative electron attachment to molecules excited to energies above their ionization thresholds.
The role of drinking in new and existing friendships across high school settings

We use 9 Add Health high schools with longitudinal network data to assess whether adolescent drinkers choose friends who drink, prefer friends whose friends drink, if selection differs between new and existing friendships, and between schools. Utilizing dynamic social network models that control for friend influences on individual alcohol use, the results show that drinkers do not strongly prefer friends who drink. Instead, they favor close friends whose friends' drink, suggesting that alcohol matters for selection on the social groups and environments that friends connect each other to. The role of alcohol use differs by whether friendships are new or existing, however, with bridging connections being less stable. Moreover, selection processes, and the implications of alcohol use for friendship, vary in important ways between schools.
(Re)implementing the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights to Foster Innovation

This article considers the impact of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) in developing countries. After an initial phase of “paper compliance” with TRIPS, followed by efforts to manage the welfare costs of its implementation, a number of developing countries are looking at ways to optimize the implementation or reimplementation of the agreement to foster domestic competitiveness and innovation. One part of the equation involves attracting technology-intensive foreign direct investment. Another involves enhancing local innovation potential. Surfing the wave of outsourcing, which increasingly targets higher knowledge functions, a number of developing countries are becoming globally competitive innovators and displacing the geographical centres of innovation, with substantial political and economic impacts.
The Role of Mood in Quantitative and Qualitative Aspects of Performance: Single or Multiple Mechanisms?

Abstract Previous research by Hirt, Melton, McDonald, and Harackiewicz (1996) found that mood effects on creativity were not mediated by the same mechanisms as were mood effects on quantitative measures of performance and evaluations of performance, suggesting that mood may simultaneously be working through different processes (dual process view). However, other research (Martin & Stoner, 1996; Sinclair, Mark, & Clore, 1994) supports a single process, mood-as-information model for similar effects of mood on processing. In the present research, we hypothesized that if a single, mood-as-information process accounts for mood effects on both creativity and quantitative performance, then all mood effects should be eliminated if participants are cued that their mood is irrelevant to the task (cf. Schwarz & Clore, 1983). We manipulated participants' moods prior to task performance and presented them with either an enjoyment-based or a performance-based stop rule; half of the participants were cued to the true source of their moods, half were not. Cueing participants eliminated mood effects on quantitative measures of performance (e.g., number generated). However, consistent with a dual-process view, the cueing manipulation did not affect creativity; happy participants generated the most creative responses regardless of stop rule or cue.
Explicit Numerical Diffusion in the WRF Model

Abstract Diffusion that is implicit in the odd-ordered advection schemes in early versions of the Advanced Research core of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is sometimes insufficient to remove noise from kinematical fields. The problem is worst when grid-relative wind speeds are low and when stratification is nearly neutral or unstable, such as in weakly forced daytime boundary layers, where noise can grow until it competes with the physical phenomena being simulated. One solution to this problem is an explicit, sixth-order numerical diffusion scheme that preserves the WRF model’s high effective resolution and uses a flux limiter to ensure monotonicity. The scheme, and how it was added to the WRF model, are explained. The scheme is then demonstrated in an idealized framework and in simulations of salt breezes and lake breezes in northwestern Utah.
Appendix interposition for total left ureteral reconstruction

Abstract Introduction Appendix interposition has been described as an option for surgical reconstruction of partial and total ureteral defects both in children and adults. However, to our knowledge, appendix interposition for a total left ureteral reconstruction has never been described. Case report We report the first case of total left ureteral reconstruction with cecal appendix to connect the renal pelvis of a native kidney to the urinary bladder in a 3-month-old child with ureteral necrosis following pyeloplasty. Results Postoperative recovery was uneventful. Postoperative intravenous pyelogram showed good flow of dye from the pelvis past the appendicular graft into the bladder. After 6 months, the child was asymptomatic, within the normal growth curve for height and weight. Conclusion Total ureteral reconstruction with cecal appendix is a feasible technique in young children. Surveillance for late operative complications is required, since this is the first case of total left ureteral reconstruction with appendix to connect the renal pelvis of a native kidney to the urinary bladder.
and : Marks, Maps, Media, and the Materiality of Ambrose Bierce's Style

Reveling in the language and logic of markup thrown into relief by digital media, Carey's essay calls for a renewed scholarly focus on the material histories of markup encoded in literary and cultural history. The essay relocates Ambrose Bierce's stylistic operations at the intersection of literary and media history, drawing attention to what contemporary German media theorists refer to as cultural techniques, a complex term that combines an attention to media with a focus on the elementary techniques (reading, writing, and counting) that historically and logically precede the aesthetic distinctions they generate. Drawing on archival material related to Bierce's experience as a topographical engineer in the Civil War-maps, telegrams, circulars, and other official war documents-Carey reengages Bierce's style in a mutually constitutive relationship with the cultural techniques that marked it up. In the midst of media, the idiosyncratic mark of Bierce's style emerges not only as an aesthetic quality, but also as a strategically deployed technology for tagging, marking, and remixing points and properties on paper. The essay reminds us that procedures of markup are not new, only newly mediated by different techniques and technologies.
Language Modeling and Reading Achievement: Variations across Different Types of Language Instruction Programs.

This study investigated the degree to which the quality of teachers’ language modeling contributed to reading achievement for 995 students, both English language learners and native English speakers, across developmental bilingual, dual language, and monolingual English classrooms. Covariates included prior reading achievement, gender, eligibility for free lunch, and ethnicity. A 2-level hierarchical linear modeling analysis revealed that (a) prior achievement, Latino ethnicity, and eligibility for free lunch contributed significantly to the model but gender did not; (b) students gained 3 points for each unit increase in the quality of language modeling across classrooms; and (c) reading achievement for English language learners was not significantly different than that for native English-speaking students. In addition, cross-level interactions revealed that the slope of the quality of language modeling and reading achievement for students in monolingual English classrooms and developmental bilingual clas...
Do Takeover Targets Overinvest

I examine the capital expenditures of a sample of 700 takeover targets and firms that went private over the period 1972-1987. For the complete sample, I do not find evidence that takeover targets increase their capital expenditures over the four-year period before the acquisition or that they overinvest in capital expenditures relative to several benchmarks. Subsample results provide some evidence of overinvestment in oil and gas firms and large firms. There is no evidence of overinvestment, however, for firms acquired in a hostile takeover or firms that went private. In general, these results are not consistent with the conjecture that takeovers are motivated by the need to reduce excess investment in capital expenditures in target firms. Article published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Financial Studies in its journal, The Review of Financial Studies.
Histochemical localization of monoamine oxidase types A and B in the adrenal gland.

The distribution of monoamine oxidase types A and B within the adrenal galdn was studied in several mammals by histochemical methods. Controls showed that the methods were valid. The bovine adrenal medulla contained mostly the B type enzyme, distributed heterogeneously, with some A type associated with endothelium, nerves, and cells surrounding the nerves. The bovine adrenal cortex showed a marked zonation of the two types of monoamine oxidase. The zona glomerulosa contained the B type enzyme and the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis contained the type A enzyme. The adrenal medulla of the dog, cat, and rat demonstrated relatively little enzyme activity and it appeared to be both type A and B. The adrenal cortex of these animals appeared to contain mostly the B type enzyme, except the canine zona reticularis, which contained some A type monoamine oxidase as well.
Evaluation of accelerated H+ applications in predicting soil chemical and microbial changes due to acid rain

Abstract A comparison was made between three acidified, simulated rain treatments which have been used to assess the impact of acid rain on soil chemical and microbial processes. There were significant differences in effects on chemical and microbial characteristics of soil exposed to the three treatments due to differences in the rate of H+ ion application, even though the total quantity of protons supplied was the same in each case. An input of 30 cm of simulated rain of pH 3.0 over 6 months increased microbial activity and caused only slight changes in soil pH and soil nitrogen status. Treatments in which the rate of H+ input was accelerated by increasing solution volume, or acidity, inhibited microbial activity and caused soil chemical changes in excess of those produced by the more gradual yet equivalent H+ loading. We conclude that the effects of short‐term, accelerated acid treatments cannot be used to realistically forecast long‐term impacts of acid rain. The results of such experiments may be use...
Concentration dependence of the viscoelastic properties of polymer solutions and suspensions

Abstract A physical motivation is provided for the existence of a multiple scattering representation of the concentration dependence of the hydrodynamics of polymer solutions and suspensions as well as an approximate effective medium solution of these equations. An explanation is provided of the origins of “hydrodynamic screening” in polymer solutions and suspensions. Particular applications to the calculation of the leading concentration dependence of polymer relaxation times and to a scaling theory derivation of the empirical Martin equation for the concentration dependence of the polymer viscosity are discussed.
Approach to quality control of texture web materials

This paper describes digital image processing techniques that can be used for on-line quality assurance in web material manufacturing. The primary concentration of this work is on describing properties of the random texture patterns formed by melt blowing polypropylene resin. The proposed descriptors characterize statistical properties of a texture pattern and are related to material performance. It is envisioned that the descriptors will be used eventually to establish quantitative relationships between the microscopic properties of the material and its performance.
Measurement of Electronic Services in Libraries: Statistics for the Digital Age:

Les statistiques de bibliotheques concernent generalement un large eventail de sujets et de fonctions: administration et management; analyse et programmation; developpement des collections, recherche. Les statistiques descriptives sont plus ou moins comparables et ne presentent pas toujours les memes notions et les memes contenus. Cependant, un accord sur des informations statistiques a jour et compatibles sur les donnees importantes concernant les medias electroniques et les services en reseau doit etre trouve. Cet article pose les problematiques et explore les questions posees par la mesure des medias electroniques et des services en reseau, plus particulierement Internet dans les bibliotheques publiques, mais pas uniquement. L'auteur presente aussi les nouveaux defis lances aux systemes existants, dont l'acces partage ou la cooperation entre bibliotheques pour les services electroniques, l'identification des documents electroniques, et l'acces local et a distance aux services electroniques en bibliotheque.
Identification of sex, age and species-specific proteins on the surface of the harpacticoid copepod Tigriopus japonicus

Behavioral experiments have shown that male copepods of the species Tigriopus japonicus (Nori) can distinguish species, sex, and developmental stage of potential mates using contact chemoreception. Lectin-binding patterns on the body surface of females have indicated that surface-bound glycoproteins may be important signals in mate choice. In the present study, the proteolytic enzyme trypsin was used to cleave surface proteins from females, reducing their attractiveness to males. The protein fragments released were used to make monoclonal antibodies. Three levels of screening were used to identify monoclonal antibodies that recognized proteins involved in mate recognition. One monoclonal antibody bound to the terminal urosome and lateral prosome of CV females, and its binding significantly decreased female attractiveness to males. Western blotting showed that this antibody bound the trypsin-cleaved fragment and proteins of homogenized CV females and virgin adult females, but did not bind proteins of homogenized males, CIII females, or females of T. californicus or T. fulvus. This antibody recognized proteins on the surface of females that may enable males to discriminate conspecifics, sex, and age. It is likely that this molecule has a central role in the evolution of reproductive isolation in this group.
Numerical simulation studies of the planar entry flow of polymer melts

Abstract This paper is concerned with the numerical simulation of planar entry flow using a penalty finite element method and the comparison of predictions with flow visualization and birefringence data for two polymer melts. The Phan-Thien Tanner (PTT) model was fit to the steady state shear and extensional viscosity data and the transient extensional viscosity data of both polystyrene and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) melts to obtain the parameters λ, ξ, and ϵ in this model. Agreement was found between the flow visualization and birefringence data and the predictions of streamlines and stress. With some modification of the constitutive equation, the vortex growth and intensity observed for LDPE could be predicted by the use of the PTT model and the material parameters fit to the rheological properties. Likewise, the flow behavior of polystyrene, in which only small vortices with no growth were observed, was also predicted. Furthermore, it was found that the size and intensity of the vortex could be affected by the parameter ϵ in the PTT model which controls the predictions of the extensional viscosity. Based on these results it seems that accurate simulation of entry flow behavior requires the use of a constitutive equation which is capable of giving realistic preciction's of a fluid's extentional flow properties.
The Modification of Racial Bias in Preschool Children.

Abstract In previous studies using the Preschool Racial Attitude Measure (PRAM) and other measurement procedures, preschool children have displayed a tendency to evaluate light-skinned (Euro-American) persons more positively than dark-skinned (Afro-American) persons. Both Euro- and Afro-American children demonstrate this pro-Euro/anti-Afro ( E+ A− ) bias, though it is less pronounced among Afro children. Two experiments designed to modify this racial bias are reported. The first study involved 39 Euro- and Afro-American preschool children and employed operant learning principles to modify E+ A− bias via a teaching machine procedure which provided reinforcement for pro-Afro/anti-Euro responses. Following training, the children showed a reduction in E+ A− bias on a test procedure not associated with the training. Follow-up testing of 30 of the children approximately 1 yr after the posttest revealed a tendency for the pro-Euro bias to be partially reestablished. The second study involved 70 Euro-American kindergarten children and was concerned with the modification of E+ A− bias via a classroom curriculum procedure and the possible influence of the race of the teacher associated with the curriculum. The experimental curriculum, designed to develop positive associations to dark-skinned persons and to the colors black and brown, was shown to have no effect on E+ A− bias, nor was race of teacher a variable of significance. Possible explantations for the findings of both experiments were discussed.
Proteinuria, Hematuria, Hypertension, and Decreased Renal Function in a Patient With Diabetes for 9 Years

The patient is a 29-year-old white man with a history of insulindependent diabetes mellitus (100M) for 9 years. He had been previously healthy until the age of 20 and was found to be diabetic during a hospitalization for a pilonidal cyst. He has required insulin ever since. A 24-hour urine collection 2 years ago demonstrated 150 mg of protein. Three months ago, a repeat 24-hour urine collection contained 650 mg of protein. Mild hypertension was noted at that time and he was started on captopril. He was told that the onset of hypertension and proteinuria portended a poor prognosis and he sought a second opinion. There is no history of rash, fever, arthralgias, weight loss, photophobia, flank pain, gross hematuria, or drug or nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agent use. His medications include captopril12.5 mg twice daily, insulin (units): 18 NPH, 8 regular in the AM, 8 NPH, 4 regular in the PM , and 325 mg aspirin daily. Diabetic retinopathy had been diagnosed 2 years earlier by an ophthalmologist, but he had not received laser therapy. There is no family history of diabetes, renal disease or deafness. On physical examination, the patient's blood pressure was 140/90 mm Hg with a pulse of80/min. He was well developed and well nourished; his height and weight were 185 cm and 95 kg, respectively. His optic fundi demonstrated bilateral microaneurysms without hemorrhages, exudates, proliferative changes, or cataracts. Examination of the heart, lungs, and abdomen was normal. The vascular examination demonstrated strong pulses in all extremities. A mild sensory deficit of the feet was noted with decreased pinprick sensation in the toes. There was no edema. Laboratory results were sodium 144 mmol/L, K+ 4.3 mmol/ L, Cl\04 mmol/L, HCO)28 mmol/L, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) 5.7 mmol/L (16 mg/dL), creatinine 115 ILmol/L (1.3 mg/dL), albumin 4.3 g/dL, cholesterol 167 mg/dL, hemoglobin Alc 8.7% (5% to 8%), hemoglobin I 5A g/dL, white blood cell count 10,200/ ILL, and platelet count 178,000/ ILL. Twenty-four-hour urine collection showed 575 mg of pro-
Correcting for electron contamination at dose maximum in photon beams

Data are presented to allow the photon beam quality specifier being used in the new AAPM TG-51 protocol, %dd(10)x, to be extracted from depth-dose data measured with a 1 mm lead foil either 50 cm or 30 cm from the phantom surface. %dd(10)x is the photon component of the percentage depth dose at 10 cm depth for a 10x10 cm2 field on the surface of a phantom at an SSD of 100 cm. The purpose of the foil is to remove the unknown electron contamination from the accelerator head. Monte Carlo calculations are done: (a) to show these electrons are reduced to a negligible level; (b) to calculate the amount of electron contamination from the lead foil at the depth of dose maximum; and (c) to calculate the effect of beam hardening on %dd(10). The analysis extends the earlier work of Li and Rogers [Med. Phys. 21, 791-798 (1994)] which only provided data for the foil at 50 cm. An error in the earlier Monte Carlo simulations is reported and a more convenient method of analyzing and using the data is presented. It is shown that 20% variations in the foil thickness have a negligible effect on the calculated corrections.
Bubble nucleation characteristics in pool boiling of a wetting liquid on smooth and rough surfaces

Abstract Quantitative measurements are obtained from high-speed visualizations of pool boiling at atmospheric pressure from smooth and roughened surfaces, using a perfluorinated hydrocarbon (FC-77) as the working fluid. The boiling surfaces are fabricated from aluminum and prepared by mechanical polishing in the case of the smooth surface, and by electrical discharge machining (EDM) in the case of the roughened surface. The roughness values ( R a ) are 0.03 and 5.89 μm for the polished and roughened surfaces, respectively. The bubble diameter at departure, bubble departure frequency, active nucleation site density, and bubble terminal velocity are measured from the monochrome movies, which have been recorded at 8000 frames per second with a digital CCD camera and magnifying lens. Results are compared to predictions from existing models of bubble nucleation behavior in the literature. Wall superheat, heat flux, and heat transfer coefficient are also reported.
Cross-language identification of consonants. Part 1. Korean perception of English.

Twenty native Korean‐speaking subjects heard 22 English word‐initial consonants in three vowel contexts produced by three native English talkers. The subjects orthographically labeled each English consonant as the closest Korean consonant. They then judged how similar the English consonant was to the Korean consonant on a scale of 1 to 5. Some English consonants were labeled consistently as a single Korean consonant and judged to be very similar. Other English consonants were labeled consistently as a single Korean consonant but judged to be less similar. Still other English consonants were inconsistently labeled. Korean acoustic cues, vowel context, and token differences appeared to influence labeling choices.
Theory of non-Kerr law solitons

This paper is a theoretical study of solitons governed by the nonlinear Schrodinger's equation (NLSE) with non-Kerr law nonlinearity. The soliton perturbation theory is used to obtain the parameter dynamics of solitons that are governed by this equation. This study is extended to the case of the vector NLSE and its further generalization. In addition, we have studied the adiabatic parameter dynamics of solitons in presence of perturbation terms.
Gulf of Mexico dissolved hydrocarbons associated with the Ixtoc I mousse

Abstract Increased levels of dissolved hydrocarbons were observed in the western Gulf of Mexico during the late summer of 1979. This period was associated with heightened levels of surface tar and oil/water emulsion (mousse) directly resulting from the blowout of the Ixtoc I oil well in the Bay of Campeche on 3 June 1979. The observed concentrations of total dissolved hydrocarbons (up to 656.9 ng l −1 , n -alkanes) were one to two orders of magnitude above levels observed at control stations (5.2 ng l −1 , n -alkanes) and stations in the same area during the earlier Bureau of Land Management (BLM) baseline study. The highest concentrations observed were approximately of the same level as those obtained in an artificial spill/weathering experiment.
Spongiform encephalopathy induced in rats and guinea pigs by cuprizone

Abstract Cuprizone (biscyclohexanone oxaldihydrazone) was neurotoxic when fed to rats and guinea pigs and produced spongy degeneration of the white and gray matter of various parts of the brain. Signs of neurologic disturbances and hydrocephalus did not occur. The lesions were more severe in the rat and sites of predilection included areas of the telencephalon, including the neocortex in guinea pigs, thalmic nuclei, medial geniculate body, caudal colliculi, and cerebellum. Most severe and consistent changes were present in the rat, and were found in the white matter around the cerebellar nuclei. The basis alteration was edema creating, when severe, a status spongiosus. The vacuolar changes were accompanied by glial hypertrophy and demyelination in rats, but no reactive astroglia were observed in guinea pigs.
Effect of exogenous and endogenous nitric oxide on the airway and tissue components of lung resistance in the newborn piglet.

Despite widespread reports of the vasodilatory actions of nitric oxide(NO), little is known of the relaxant effect of NO on newborn airways or lung parenchymal structures. We studied the effects of inhaled NO at 20, 40, and 80 ppm on lung (Rl), tissue (Rti), and airway (Raw) resistance in 13 2-5-d-old anesthetized, ventilated, open-chested piglets. Rl was measured from transpulmonary pressure and air flow. Rti was measured by alveolar capsules, and Raw was calculated as the difference between Rl and Rti. Any given concentration of inhaled NO (20, 40, or 80 ppm) significantly decreased Rl (p< 0.001), Rti (p < 0.001), and Raw (p< 0.05). In addition, blockade of endogenous NO with 30 mg/kg Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) given i.v. in 12 piglets significantly increased Rti and Rl with variable changes in Raw, and caused a decrease in dynamic compliance. Readministration of NO to eight piglets induced a significant decrease in Rl and Rti at 20 and 80 ppm, whereas Raw significantly decreased only at 80 ppm. Pulmonary arterial pressure decreased after exposure to inhaled NO and increased after L-NAME administration. Systemic arterial pressure was unaffected by inhaled NO but increased after L-NAME administration. Our results indicate that Rl, Raw, and Rti are reduced by exogenous NO, suggesting NO-mediated airway smooth muscle relaxation throughout the newborn lung. In contrast, blockade of endogenous NO significantly increases only Rti, suggesting a physiologic role for endogenous NO in regulation of peripheral contractile elements. We speculate that NO-mediated modulation of resistance in pulmonary parenchyma may serve to regulate the balance of ventilation and perfusion and resultant gas exchange in the lungs during early postnatal development.
Gas-phase synthesis of singly and multiply charged polyoxovanadate anions employing electrospray ionization and collision induced dissociation.

Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) combined with in-source fragmentation and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) experiments were used to generate a wide range of singly and multiply charged vanadium oxide cluster anions including VxOyn– and VxOyCln– ions (x = 1–14, y = 2–36, n = 1–3), protonated clusters, and ligand-bound polyoxovanadate anions. The cluster anions were produced by electrospraying a solution of tetradecavanadate, V14O36Cl(L)5 (L = Et4N+, tetraethylammonium), in acetonitrile. Under mild source conditions, ESI-MS generates a distribution of doubly and triply charged VxOyCln– and VxOyCl(L)(n–1)– clusters predominantly containing 14 vanadium atoms as well as their protonated analogs. Accurate mass measurement using a high-resolution LTQ/Orbitrap mass spectrometer (m/Δm = 60,000 at m/z 410) enabled unambiguous assignment of the elemental composition of the majority of peaks in the ESI-MS spectrum. In addition, high-sensitivity mass spectrometry allowed the charge state of the cluster ions to be assigned based on the separation of the major from the much less abundant minor isotope of vanadium. In-source fragmentation resulted in facile formation of smaller VxOyCl(1–2)– and VxOy(1–2)– anions. Collision-induced dissociation (CID) experiments enabled systematic study of the gas-phase fragmentation pathways of the cluster anions originating from solution and from in-source CID. Surprisingly simple fragmentation patterns were obtained for all singly and doubly charged VxOyCl and VxOy species generated through multiple MS/MS experiments. In contrast, cluster anions originating directly from solution produced comparatively complex CID spectra. These results are consistent with the formation of more stable structures of VxOyCl and VxOy anions through low-energy CID. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that solution-phase synthesis of one precursor cluster anion combined with gas-phase CID is an efficient approach for the top-down synthesis of a wide range of singly and multiply charged gas-phase metal oxide cluster anions for subsequent investigations of structure and reactivity using mass spectrometry and ion spectroscopy techniques.
Ultra-fine cellulose acetate/poly(ethylene oxide) bicomponent fibers

Formation of cellulose acetate (CA) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) bicomponent fibers by electrospinning of binary mixtures of these polymers was strongly influenced by their chain lengths, concentrations and mixed ratios as well as the solvents employed. Individually, the threshold molecular weights that supported fiber generation were 50 kDa and 100 kDa for CA and PEO, respectively. Adding dioxane, a lower dielectric constant co-solvent, enabled fiber formation from CA alone at a lower 30 kDa as well as from binary systems with one low molecular weight polymer that was not fiber forming. While bicomponent fiber formation generally improved with longer polymers and higher concentrations, fiber sizes also increased with both these factors. PEO in the bicomponent fibers was clearly phase-separated and the phase separation of long chains was facilitated by DMF, whereas that of shorter chains by DMF/dioxane. A phase-separated CA core and PEO sheath structure of the bicomponent fibers was strongly supported by experimental evidence.
A discrete event simulation of the adult trabecular skeleton

Abstract A verified, but unvalidated discrete event computer simulation of the adult bone remodeling system is presented. It implements the unit-based theory of adult skeletal remodeling proposed by Frost. The simulation allows a scientist to design trials involving the adult skeleton by inputting the times of administration, and effects (remodeling cycle initiation, activity, lifespan, proliferation) on bone cells of drugs, according to his current understanding of their mechanisms of action. The simulation constantly tracks the contents and age of all bone structural units, updating each every 2.5 days, to reflect ongoing bone resorption, osteoid formation, osteoid mineralization, and the passage of time. In reality, the simulation tabulates the results of remodeling cycles which take place during the trial. The investigator may receive histomorphometric, densitometric, and biochemical data, as indicators of skeletal status, as often as every 2.5 days during the trial, far more frequently than is usually done in real experiments. At the conclusion of a trial, he may plot/review time-related graphs of the interim data. Validation trials of aging, “activation,” and clodronate administration, are presented. This simulation, when validated, could be a cost-saving device because it can increase the chance for success of any adult skeletal experiment by guiding investigators toward taking fewer, better selected measurements. Furthermore, when refined to include color graphics display of skeletal structure, it could be the basis for an educational device. This could help both the medical community and the public by providing a more ready understanding than can currently be had of adult skeletal remodeling, its relationship to adult metabolic bone disease, and the prevention/treatment of adult metabolic bone disease (e.g. osteoporosis).
Comparing the Structure and Behavior of Point Defects in Silicon Oxynitride Gate Dielectrics Formed by NH3-Nitridation and N2O-Growth/Nitridation

In this work, an electron spin resonance study of NH3-nitrided, N2O-nitrided, and N2O-grown oxides yields information relating the process history, point defect structure, and electrical behavior. NH3-nitridation is responsible for the introduction of bridging nitrogen centers, high capture cross section neutral electron traps, while N2O-processed dielectrics never exhibit these defects. In addition, structural changes at the interface due to nitridation result in observable differences in the interfacial defects.
Attracting and Retaining Hospitality Employees

Management, recruiting, and retention techniques are critical to the hospitality industry. In surveys and interviews of both employees and employers, employees responded that job referrals by friends, family and current employees were a primary way of obtaining their jobs, while employers indicated help want ads as a primary means to recruit. The study found that many employees enjoyed their work, respected their managers, and were generally satisfied with the benefits This article is available in Hospitality Review: http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/hospitalityreview/vol19/iss1/1 Attracting and retaining hospitality employees by Emery H. Trowbridge Management, recruiting, andretention techniques are critical to the hospitalify industry In surveys andinterviews ofboth employees and employers, employees responded that job refenals by friends, fami& and current employees were a primary way of obtaining their jobs, while employers indicated help want ads as a primarymeans to recruit. The study found that many employees enjoyed their work, respected their managers, and were generally satisfie0 with the benefits. T he United States unemployment rate has been falling steadily for several years and at the end of December 1998 was 4.3 percent.' In metropolitan areas unemployment averaged 2 percent or lower. While this seems to indicate that all available jobs are nearly filled, what il really means is that all available workers are already employed and that few exist to fill any new jobs being created. Economists have long argued that once the unemployment rate reaches 5 percent, all remaining workers can't work, don't want to work, or won't work. This is significant to the hospitality industry. In the fastest growing states such as Nevada, Arizona, and Florida, the growth of new residents is being easily absorbed by the new jobs being created by the booming economy. Many of these jobs are being created to match the increase in tourism even as other jobs remain unfilled. ORen these new residents find work in the hospitality sector before moving on to more glamorous jobs, leaving the hospitality industry competing within itself for workers, relying on immigrant or illegal aliens, and getting bogged down in the quagmire of costly training and retraining. Employee turnover increases during full employment. Many employees who are dissatisfied with their pay and benefits change jobs for more money. Wage increases as low as 35 cents per hour have caused employees to Yjump" jobs.z The national focus on health care costs has caused many line FIU Hospitality Review, Volume 19, Number 1, 2001
Using domain decomposition to solve symmetric, positive‐definite systems on the hypercube computer

A distributed method of solving sparse, positive-definite systems of equations, like those arising from many finite-element problems, on a hypercube computer is studied. A domain-decomposition method is introduced wherein the domain of the problem to be solved is physically split into several subdomains. Each of these subdomains is then distributed to a separate processor on the hypercube where the fill, factorization and solution of the system of equations proceeds. This physical split is based on a nodal ordering known as one-way dissection.4 The method is applied to two-dimensional electrostatic problems which are governed by Laplace's equation. Since the finite-element method is used to discretize the problem, the algorithm is developed to take full advantage of the inherent sparsity in the system of equations by using an envelope storage scheme. The method is applied to several geometries, and results as well as performance data for the algorithm will be given.
Simulation-based education with deliberate practice may improve intraoperative handoff skills: a pilot study

Abstract Study Objective To examine the results of simulation-based education with deliberate practice on the acquisition of handoff skills by studying resident intraoperative handoff communication performances. Design Preinvention and postintervention pilot study. Setting Simulated operating room of a university-affiliated hospital. Measurements Resident handoff performances during 27 encounters simulating elective surgery were studied. Ten residents (CA-1, CA-2, and CA-3) participated in a one-day simulation-based handoff course. Each resident repeated simulated handoffs to deliberately practice with an intraoperative handoff checklist. One year later, 7 of the 10 residents participated in simulated intraoperative handoffs. All handoffs were videotaped and later scored for accuracy by trained raters. A handoff assessment tool was used to characterize the type and frequency of communication failures. The percentage of handoff errors and omissions were compared before simulation and postsimulation-based education with deliberate practice and at one year following the course. Main Results Initially, the overall communication failure rate, defined as the percentage of handoff omissions plus errors, was 29.7%. After deliberate practice with the intraoperative handoff checklist, the communication failure rate decreased to 16.8%, and decreased further to 13.2% one year after the course. Conclusions Simulation-based education using deliberate practice may result in improved intraoperative handoff communication and retention of skills at one year.
Crystal Structures of Deoxy and CO-Bound bjFixLH Reveal Details of Ligand Recognition and Signaling‡

Rhizobia directly regulate the expression of genes required for symbiotic nitrogen fixation in response to oxygen concentration via the sensor protein FixL. The N-terminal PAS domain of FixL contains a histidine-coordinated heme and regulates the activity of its effector domain, a C-terminal histidine kinase, in response to binding of oxygen and other ligands at the heme. To further investigate ligand-induced inhibition of FixL, we have determined the crystal structures of the heme domain in both the deoxy state and bound to carbon monoxide, a weak inhibitor of FixL kinase activity. Structures collected at room temperature are presented in each state from two crystallographic space groups at 1.8 and 2 A resolution. These structures reveal displacement of the residues of the H(beta) and I(beta) strands by Leu236 upon CO binding, and this structural change propagates more than 15 A to a region of the structure implicated in signal transduction in PAS proteins. Displacement of residues Ile215, Ile216, and Gly217 in the FG loop is also evident, accompanied by the movement of heme propionate 6 upon change in iron ligation. CO binding increases the temperature factors in the FG loop of the protein and disorders the side chain of Arg206, a conserved residue involved in the FG loop switch mechanism. We relate these results to structural changes in other PAS sensor domains and their involvement in catalytic control.
Synthesis of well‐defined photoresist materials by SET‐LRP

Single electron transfer-living radical polymerization (SET-LRP) provides an excellent tool for the straightforward synthesis of well-defined macromolecules. Heterogeneous Cu(0)-catalysis is employed to synthesize a novel photoresist material with high control over the molecular architecture. Poly(γ-butyrolactone methacrylate)-co-(methyladamantly methacrylate) was synthesized. Kinetic experiments were conducted demonstrating that both monomers, γ-butyrolactone methacrylate (GBLMA) and methyl adamantly methacrylate (MAMA), are successfully homopolymerized. In both cases polymerization kinetic is of first order and the molecular weights increase linearly with conversion. The choice of a proper solvent was decisive for the SET-LRP process and organic solvent mixtures were found to be most suitable. Also, the kinetic of the copolymerization of GBLMA and MAMA was investigated. Following first order kinetics in overall monomer consumption and exhibiting a linear relationship between molecular weights and conversion a "living" process was established. This allowed for the straightforward synthesis of well-defined photoresist polymers.
THE TARGETS OF VITAMIN D DEPEND ON THE DIFFERENTIATION AND ACTIVATION STATUS OF CD4 POSITIVE T CELLS

Vitamin D is a potent immune system regulator. The active form of vitamin D (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)) suppresses the development of animal models of human autoimmune diseases. 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) decreased the proliferation of all T helper (h) cells and decreased the production of IFN-gamma, IL-2, and IL-5. In Th2 cells 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) increased the production of IL-4. Quiescent CD4+ T cells express vitamin D receptors but only at a low level, which increased five-fold following activation. 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) treatment of Th0 cells, but not Th1 or Th2 cells, induced the expression of the transcription factor GATA-3. Microarray technology identified over 102 targets of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) in CD4+ T cells. Of the 102 genes, 57 genes were down-regulated and 45 were up-regulated by 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) treatment of the CD4+ T cells. Two of the identified genes are regulators of NFkB. Other genes of interest included the IL-2Rbeta gene and IgE binding factor. Th2 and Th0 cells produced more IgE binding factor after treatment with 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) while Th1 cell IgE binding factor expression was unaffected by 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) addition. It is unclear why some of the genes identified are expressed in CD4+ T cells and furthermore why 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) regulates the expression of these genes. Clearly CD4+ T cells can be direct targets of vitamin D. The targets of vitamin D in CD4+ T cells depend on the state of activation and differentiation status of the cells.