cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A continuum mechanical theory for turbulence: a generalized Navier–Stokes-α equation with boundary conditions

We develop a continuum-mechanical formulation and generalization of the Navier–Stokes-α equation based on a recently developed framework for fluid-dynamical theories involving higher-order gradient dependencies. Our flow equation involves two length scales α and β. The first of these enters the theory through the specific free-energy α2|D|2, where D is the symmetric part of the gradient of the filtered velocity, and contributes a dispersive term to the flow equation. The remaining scale is associated with a dissipative hyperstress which depends linearly on the gradient of the filtered vorticity and which contributes a viscous term, with coefficient proportional to β2, to the flow equation. In contrast to Lagrangian averaging, our formulation delivers boundary conditions and a complete structure based on thermodynamics applied to an isothermal system. For a fixed surface without slip, the standard no-slip condition is augmented by a wall-eddy condition involving another length scale l characteristic of eddies shed at the boundary and referred to as the wall-eddy length. As an application, we consider the classical problem of turbulent flow in a plane, rectangular channel of gap 2h with fixed, impermeable, slip-free walls and make comparisons with results obtained from direct numerical simulations. We find that α/β ~ Re0.470 and l/h ~ Re−0.772, where Re is the Reynolds number. The first result, which arises as a consequence of identifying the specific free-energy with the specific turbulent kinetic energy, indicates that the choice β = α required to reduce our flow equation to the Navier–Stokes-α equation is likely to be problematic. The second result evinces the classical scaling relation η/L ~ Re−3/4 for the ratio of the Kolmogorov microscale η to the integral length scale L.
Variational Inequalities,Bifurcation and Applications

Although the study of variational inequalities dates back to the origins of the calculus of variations, their systematic development began in the sixties with the work of Fichera ([20]) and Stampacchia ([40], [41]), which was motivated by problems in mechanics (obstacle problems in elasticity — the Signorini problem) and potential theory (the study of the capacity of sets). After the fundamental work of Lions and Stampacchia ([32]), the study of variational inequalities intensified and became an important subject in nonlinear analysis. The rapid growth of the theory was made possible by the work of Brezis ([4], [5]), Browder ([8], [9]), Kinderlehrer and Stampacchia ([25]), Duvaut and Lions ([18]),…. It brought about important contributions to nonlinear analysis, calculus of variations, optimization theory, optimal control, and to many branches of mechanics, mathematical physics, and engineering.
Growth Control of Asiatic Jasmine and Carolina Jessamine with Uniconazole

Abstract A single foliar spray of 75 to 300 ppm uniconazole suppressed runner elongation of Trachelospermum asiaticum (Siebold & Zucc.) Nakai (Asiatic or Japanese star jasmine) for 9 weeks. Uniconazole did not, however, affect number of runners exceeding 20.3 cm (8 in) in length or shoot dry weight. Two foliar sprays of 300 to 900 ppm uniconazole or two drench applications of 3 to 20 mg ai/pot, applied 6½ weeks apart, suppressed lengths of the longest runners for at least 19 and 6 weeks, respectively, and runner number exceeding 20.3 cm (8 in) and shoot dry weight for 46 weeks. Two foliar sprays of 75 to 300 ppm uniconazole or two drench applications of 1 to 5 mg ai/pot, applied 14 weeks apart, reduced shoot dry weight of Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) Ait. (Carolina jessamine) 38 and 59 weeks after initial treatment, but had no effect on shoot length as early as 14 weeks after initial treatment. Shoot length of jessamine was reduced 6 and 19 weeks after initial treatment with two foliar sprays of 300 to 900...
Voting system design pitfalls: Vulnerability analysis and exploitation of a model platform

Homomorphic encryption may be seen as a substantial potential boon to voting systems. If properly used, it allows provably anonymous elections to take place. However, when poorly constructed, using weak cryptographic primitives results in highly vulnerable systems that are prone to attacks. This paper details one attack done against a model of an election system as part of a security competition, where a hardware Trojan has weakened its security. We designed a proof of concept exploit and implemented it on an FPGA, demonstrating weaknesses in the system regardless of the existence of this Trojan.
Nitric Oxide: Friend or Foe in Cancer Chemotherapy and Drug Resistance:A Perspective

A successful treatment of cancers in the clinic has been difficult to achieve because of the emergence of drug resistant tumor cells. While various approaches have been tried to overcome multi-drug resistance, it has remained a major road block in achieving complete success in the clinic. Extensive research has identified various mechanisms, including overexpression of P-glycoprotein 170, modifications in activating or detoxification enzymes (phase I and II enzymes), and mutation and/or decreases in target enzymes in cancer cells. However, nitric oxide and/or nitric oxide-related species have not been considered an important player in cancer treatment and or drug resistance. Here, we examine the significance of nitric oxide in the treatment and resistance mechanisms of various anticancer drugs. Furthermore, we describe the significance of recently reported effects of nitric oxide on topoisomerases and the development of resistance to topoisomerase-poisons in tumor cells.
Carbon dioxide reduction with homogenous early transition metal complexes: Opportunities and challenges for developing CO2 catalysis

Abstract The field of carbon dioxide reduction by homogeneous early transition complexes (groups 3–7) is reviewed. Many reactions with CO2 have been studied with late transition metal complexes (groups 8–10), and significant progress has been made in developing active and selective homogeneous catalysts for CO2 reduction with late metals. However, one major drawback of these systems is that they generally only produce the 2e− reduction products CO or formate. In comparison, early transition metal complexes have been neglected for the development of CO2 reduction catalysts. Stoichiometric and catalytic reductions of CO2 to methanol and similar products have been observed with early transition metal complexes, and highly active catalysts may be developed based on early transition metal complexes that could reduce CO2 to liquid fuels such as methanol or to hydrocarbons such as methane.
Listening to Umm Kulthūm

A well-known journalist in Cairo, Rajā’ al-Naqqāsh, wrote that, as a child, he thought “listening to Umm Kulthūm” meant “listening to singing.” When the adults around him listened to singing, they listened to Umm Kulthūm, thus “singing,” in his youthful experience, equated to “Umm Kulthūm.” While this attitude would be rare in Egypt now as listeners have moved other music into the domains of their daily life, Umm Kulthūm remains a formidable presence as she has been for nearly a century.
Using a pulsed laser beam to investigate the feasibility of sub-pixel position resolution with time-correlated transient signals in 3D pixelated CdZnTe detectors

Abstract We evaluated the X-Y position resolution achievable in 3D pixelated detectors by processing the signal waveforms readout from neighboring pixels. In these measurements we used a focused light beam, down to 10 μ m, generated by a ∼1 mW pulsed laser (650 nm) to carry out raster scans over selected 3 × 3 pixel areas, while recording the charge signals from the 9 pixels and the cathode using two synchronized digital oscilloscopes.
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Pediatric Hypertension: A Mini Review

Adults with arterial hypertension (HTN) have stroke, myocardial infarction, end-stage renal disease (ESRD), or die at higher rates than those without. In children, HTN leads to target organ damage, which includes kidney, brain, eye, blood vessels, and heart, which precedes "hard outcomes" observed in adults. Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) or an anatomic and pathologic increase in left ventricular mass (LVM) in response to the HTN is a pediatric surrogate marker for HTN-induced morbidity and mortality in adults. This mini review discusses current definitions, clinically relevant methods of LVM measurements and normalization methods, its epidemiology, management, and issue of reversibility in children with HTN. Pediatric definition of LVH and abnormal LVM is not uniformed. With multiple definitions, prevalence of pediatric HTN-induced LVH is difficult to ascertain. In addition while in adults cardiac magnetic resonance imaging is considered "the gold standard" for LVM and LVH determination, pediatric data are limited to "special populations": ESRD, transplant, and obese children. We summarize available data on pediatric LVH treatment and reversibility and offer future directions in addressing LVH in children with HTN.
Does mindfulness prepare adolescents for value-behavior concordance? Examining the role of value content.

Great thinkers throughout history advocated living one's values, yet little research has examined factors that contribute to adolescents' value-behavior concordance (VBC). Mindfulness may foster VBC via heightened awareness of values, but VBC for intrinsic values may be more adaptive than VBC for extrinsic values. To situate mindfulness in developmental context, we examined age and attachment security as predictors of mindfulness. We collected self- and parent-report data from 299 families (Mage-adolescents = 14.45, SD = 1.68; 51% female) from 42 US states to test these ideas. Results indicated that mindfulness was positively associated with intrinsic VBC but was negatively linked with extrinsic VBC, and both kinds of VBC partially mediated the link from mindfulness to meaning (but not life satisfaction). Attachment security was associated with higher mindfulness. Overall, mindfulness may deliver its benefits by helping young people avoid behaviors that align with extrinsic values.
Applying SSAT in Computer-Based Analysis and Investigation of Operator Errors

Through the vision of the systemic-structural activity theory, a method of modeling human operator performance in complex systems, realized as a DSS, is presented. It allows to conduct a detailed analysis of an operator’s performance to observe the nature of his errors in different stages of his control action: the perception of a problem, the motivation for solving it, the evaluation of variants of a solution; then, making a decision and subsequently implementing it. This method provides a deeper analysis of underlying factors using the general model of activity self-regulation, along with the proposed frame descriptions for errors with logical, decision-making, and classification algorithms. The specific feature of the suggested approach is that it presents the opportunity to provide a comprehensive functional analysis of erroneous actions and their underlying factors in the process of collecting data on them, instead of following the traditional approach of drawing conclusions from investigation reports.
Draft genome sequences of blaKPC-containing Enterobacter aerogenes, Citrobacter freundii, and Citrobacter koseri strains

We report here the draft genome sequences of four blaKPC-containing bacteria identified as Klebsiella aerogenes, Citrobacter freundii, and Citrobacter koseri Additionally, we report the draft genome sequence of a K. aerogenes strain that did not contain a blaKPC gene but was isolated from the patient who had the blaKPC-2-containing K. aerogenes strain.
Game-Based Health Education: The Case of Hexacago Health Academy

It is a well-documented fact that women and minorities are currently underrepresented in STEM higher education degree programs and careers. As an outreach measure to these populations, we established the Hexacago Health Academy (HHA), an ongoing summer program. Structured as an informal learning environ¬ment with a strong youth initiated mentoring component, HHA uses game-based learning as both a means of health education and stimulating interest in careers in medicine among adolescents from underrepresented mi¬nority populations. In this article, we describe the 2015 session of the Hexacago Health Academy, which focused on the topic of sexual and reproductive health (SRH). The overall structure of HHA, with its dual focus on game design and enabling youth interaction with science and health professionals, is discussed. Qualitative data from the 24 youths that participated in the 2015 summer session was collected. Results indicated that the initial session of HHA succeeded in its goals of developing critical thinking skills among participants, encouraging teamwork, broadening understanding of the health sciences, and encouraging risk-taking in education. The overall potential efficacy of informal learning environments that use game design as a core component to stimulate interest in STEM fields is discussed.
The Pathogenesis of Typical, Diarrhea-Associated, Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome

Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is an important cause of renal failure, morbidity and mortality and is classified broadly into typical (epidemic, diarrheaassociated or D+) and atypical (sporadic or D-) forms (1, 2). Atypical forms more closely resemble thrombocytopenic thrombotic purpura (TTP) than do typical forms. There is a distinctive form of HUS (typical, D+, Shiga-like toxin-associated HUS) (1–3) which occurs mainly in childhood and is characterized by the rapid onset of acute hemolysis, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal injury. These are preceded by a prodromal illness of acute gastroenteritis, usually with bloody diarrhea. Renal failure predominates over brain involvement. Typical HUS is uncommon in blacks. Typical HUS is associated with infection by organisms that produce Shiga-like toxins (SLT), especially Escherichia coli 0157:H7 (3). Most cases have a neutrophilia. The endothelial injury and thrombotic microangiopathy predominantly involve glomeruli (4). The immediate prognosis is excellent and recurrences are rare (1, 2, 5, 6).
Introduction to Mental Health Self-Help

Mental health self-help (MHSH) refers to any mutual support-oriented initiative directed by people with mental illness or their family members. These initiatives have become increasingly widespread over the years and today MHSH initiatives outnumber traditional mental health organizations in the United States (Goldstrom et al., 2006). The goal of this book is to provide research-based insight into the development of effective MHSH initiatives. This chapter explores the defining characteristics of MHSH and reviews its historical development. Building on this foundation, the chapter examines several factors contributing to the growth and popularity of MHSH, along with an exploration of factors impeding the use of MHSH. Following is a discussion of future directions for research and practice. Finally, the chapter provides a summary of the topics covered by each subsequent chapter.
The “Is-Ought” Passage

No discussion of Hume’s ethics, and particularly of his considerations of the role of reason in moral decisions, could be considered adequate if it did not take into account the famous “is-ought” passage. It is with this passage that this chapter deals. There are at least two good reasons for devoting a separate chapter to the discussion of this passage. First of all, in the preceding chapter, I pointed out how the arguments of section I, those directed against the rationalists, bear out my thesis that Hume is (a) primiraly concerned with exciting reasons and disregards justifying reasons, and (b) that he contends that reason is not the source of moral distinctions because reason cannot cause actions. The last chapter further illustrated that Hume, in collapsing justifying and exciting reasons, i.e., in considering exciting reasons as the only type of reasons that justify the course of action taken, has inextricably bound up the notion of obligation with the notion of having a cause for doing an act. And this means that a motive is necessary in order for there to be an obligation. All of the arguments of section I rest on these points, and by analyzing these arguments Hume offers against the rationalists I tried to substantiate my arguments of Chapters III and IV. But the “is-ought” passage, though it is in section I, does not, on the face of it, seem to involve these points. The “is-ought” passage seems, to many commentators and ethicists, to make an argument that is obvious in meaning just from considering the paragraph itself. Most anti-naturalists, for example, appeal to Hume’s “is-ought” passage as the first clear statement of the position that from factual assertions we cannot deduce moral assertions. This passage is, consequently, probably the most quoted passage of Book III. However, what Hume means in this passage is not altogether clear, as I shall point out, and this passage, if we are to understand what Hume meant by it, must be interpreted in light of his previous considerations in section I. I think we will find that Hume is really unaware of the naturalist-anti-naturalist controversy, and intends to say nothing on such an issue.
Developing Distinct Chemical Environments in Ionic Liquid Films

We report the reversible transitions from two distinct chemical environments (interfacial and bulk) to a single, globally ordered dominant environment that extends to 800 nm, within two triflate-based ionic liquid (IL) films. Vibrational spectra for supported IL films exhibit multiple peaks for the same vibrational mode, indicating the presence of multiple chemical environments (interfacial and bulk) in the film. After a quiescent maturation time, the vibrational spectra show much simpler absorption profiles indicating coalescence of the IL molecules into a global preferred phase, which resembles the interfacial environment that propagates throughout the film as a function of time. Data analysis suggests significant reorientation of the triflate anion with small changes of the cation, indicating a weakly interacting cation–anion pair. The distal extent of the self-organization is much thicker than that generally reported for solid–fluid interfaces. The ordering is reversible on replenishing the film with ...
Current Treatment Strategies and Future Treatment Options for Dravet Syndrome

Dravet syndrome is a rare but severe genetic epilepsy that has unique treatment challenges. This is a review of current and future potential treatment options. Treatment for Dravet syndrome should encompass many aspects of the syndrome such as gait, behavior, and nutrition, as well as focus on seizure control. Many sodium channel blockers should be avoided as they are likely to exacerbate seizures. Current options for treatment include valproic acid, clobazam, stiripentol, and ketogenic diet. Testing is underway for several new treatment options with unique mechanisms of action and therapeutic targets, including the serotonin system and genetic modulation. Accurate and early diagnosis of Dravet syndrome will lead to avoidance of medications that may exacerbate seizures. Additionally, a multi-disciplinary approach and careful planning for management of episodes of status epilepticus may lead to improved outcomes. Ongoing research for novel approaches to treatment creates optimism for future improvement in outcomes.
Determination of appropriate urine volume cutoff values for voided urine specimens to assess adequacy.

Introduction Incorporating urine volume into adequacy assessment was recommended by The Paris System for Reporting Urinary Cytology. The concept was relatively new, however, and supportive studies were sparse. We accordingly aimed to determine the role of urine volume in adequacy assessment and cutoff values for urine samples using ThinPrep (Hologic, Inc, MA) processing. Material and methods Archived consecutive urine cytology cases (n = 2117) were analyzed. Patient age, sex, collection method, urine volume and fixative (CytoLyt, Hologic, Inc) added, adequacy and diagnoses were documented. Adequate samples were defined as samples with >50 well-preserved, well-visualized urothelial cells. Diagnoses of suspicious and positive for high-grade urothelial carcinoma were combined for analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows. Results There was a correlation between urine volume and the unsatisfactory/less than optimal cellularity versus satisfactory samples (P ≤ 0.001) in voided urine specimens. A minimum of 10 mL of fresh voided urine was found to be a reasonable cutoff to achieve sufficient cellularity. Cutoff values of 30 mL for voided urine for the high-risk diagnosis were associated with the highest χ2 statistic, although this was not statistically significant. Conclusions Urine volume was justified as an adequacy criterion in voided urine. Although 10 mL of fresh voided urine might achieve sufficient cellularity, higher volume (≥30 mL) is recommended in order to maximize the chance of detecting a high-risk diagnosis. Nevertheless, the presence of high-grade urothelial carcinoma can still be detected in low-volume (
The effect of SANGUINATE® (PEGylated carboxyhemoglobin bovine) on cardiopulmonary bypass functionality using a bovine whole blood model of normovolemic hemodilution.

Background:Cardiac surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass carries a high risk of bleeding and need for blood transfusion. Blood administration is associated with increased rates of morbidity and mort...
Do Latinos Consider Themselves Mainstream? The Influence of Region:

Drawing from 89 in-depth interviews with Latinos, this article asks how Latinos perceive their relationship to U.S. mainstream society. As regional location matters to racial identity, this compara...
Launching an online graduate degree for tourism management in China: lessons in Chinese-foreign cooperation

This paper qualitatively analyzes the most recent, transnational graduate-level tourism program in China to follow the country’s so-called Chinese-Foreign Cooperation Model. Approved by the Chinese...
Oceanographic Drivers of Deep-Sea Coral Species Distribution and Community Assembly on Seamounts, Islands, Atolls, and Reefs Within the Phoenix Islands Protected Area

The Phoenix Islands Protected Area, in the central Pacific waters of the Republic of Kiribati, is a model for large marine protected area (MPA) development and maintenance, but baseline records of the protected biodiversity in its largest environment, the deep sea (>200m), have not yet been determined. In general, the equatorial central Pacific lacks biogeographic perspective on deep-sea benthic communities compared to more well-studied regions of the North and South Pacific Ocean. In 2017, explorations by the NOAA ship Okeanos Explorer and R/V Falkor were among the first to document the diversity and distribution of deep-water benthic megafauna on numerous seamounts, islands, shallow coral reef banks, and atolls in the region. Here, we present baseline deep-sea coral species distribution and community assembly patterns within the Scleractinia, Octocorallia, Antipatharia, and Zoantharia with respect to different seafloor features and abiotic environmental variables across bathyal depths (200-2500m). Remotely operated vehicle transects were performed on 17 features throughout the Phoenix Islands and Tokelau Ridge Seamounts resulting in the observation of 12,828 deep-water corals and 167 identifiable morphospecies. Anthozoan assemblages were largely octocoral-dominated consisting of 78% of all observations with seamounts having a greater number of observed morphospecies compared to other feature types. Overlying water masses were observed to have significant effects on community assembly across bathyal depths. Revised species inventories further suggest that the protected area it is an area of biogeographic overlap for Pacific deep-water corals, containing species observed across bathyal provinces in the North Pacific, Southwest Pacific and Western Pacific. These results underscore significant geographic and environmental complexity associated with deep-sea coral communities that remain in under-characterized in the equatorial central Pacific, but also highlight the additional efforts that need to be brought forth to effectively establish baseline ecological metrics in data deficient bathyal provinces.
PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION IN PATIENTS WITH OUT-OF-HOSPITAL CARDIAC ARREST: SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC AND IN-HOSPITAL MORTALITY DISPARITIES

PCI has shown to have a positive impact on the Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest (OHCA) outcomes since the 90's. However, many studies have suggested that it has been underused, especially in the setting of non-shockable rhythms. This is a retrospective cohort study in which we used the 2016 National
A Low-Power CMOS Temperature Sensor for On-Chip Thermal Gradient Detection

In this paper, a low-power CMOS temperature sensor based on a diode-connected NMOS FET is proposed. A sub-1V voltage reference is adopted to generate a temperature-invariant current source to bias the sensor device. The temperature sensing NMOS transistor is sized to maximize the temperature sensitivity. The proposed design is simulated based on 90 nm CMOS process technology, which shows temperature sensitivity of 0.25 mV/0C with a temperature range of from 00C to 1000C.
Freedom Giving Birth to Order: Philosophical Reflections on Peirce's Evolutionary Cosmology and its Contemporary Resurrections

The first part of this paper will discuss Peirce's evolutionary cosmology, which is centered around the thesis that the laws of nature evolve, and his motivations for it. The second part of this paper will discuss the contemporary resurrection, by Lee Smolin and Roberto Unger, of Peirce's thesis. The discussion will revolve around the philosophical implications of this thesis, especially with regard to the need to rethink the nature of causation in order to make sense of this thesis, and the need to recognize (and perhaps abandon) the metaphorical nature of the way that we talk about laws as being "obeyed" by systems, or as "governing" systems. I will be focusing on three aspects of this evolutionary (and revolutionary) approach to the laws of nature. First, the idea (advanced explicitly by Smolin and Unger) that causal relations and processes are primary and that laws, understood as representations of a special case of causation taking the form of repetition and having a determinate structure, are derivative. I will argue that this approach, which purports to provide an account of causation in terms of powers and dispositions, runs into difficulties about the identity of the entities whose causal powers are taken to behave in a non-lawlike manner. I will then attempt to show how these difficulties can be mitigated by drawing on discourses of identity and individuation from early Chinese metaphysics. Second, I will engage with Smolin's claim that an evolutionary cosmology requires a preferred global time . I will argue that the relativity of simultaneity does not preclude the existence of a determinate order of succession between causally related events, and hence, if a preferred global time is being introduced in order to guarantee the existence of a determinate order of succession between causally related universes (i.e., a 'parent universe' and its progeny) then it is superfluous (assuming that we can independently establish that the universes in question are causally related). Third, I will argue that emphasizing the primacy of becoming over being has wider implications for the axiology of the sciences, i.e., the way in which we traditionally rank different sciences with physics at the top, then chemistry, then biology, then the human sciences on successively lower rungs
5.17 – Effects of Sex Steroids on Damaged Neural Systems

Progesterone has shown neuroprotective effects in preclinical studies in traumatic brain injury (TBI), various types of stroke, spinal cord injury and peripheral nerve damage, neonatal hypoxic/ischemic injury, and some neurodegenerative diseases. This chapter discusses evidence for progesterone's wide range of endogenous effects, sex differences in response to nervous system damage, and the major strands of animal research in progesterone treatment for a range of indications. Finally, it surveys the outcomes and issues in the clinical trials for progesterone in TBI, which failed to corroborate preclinical findings, and suggests approaches for improving preclinical research and clinical trial design for this field.
Southern-led development finance: Solutions from the global South

Southern-Led Development Finance examines some of the innovative new south-south financial arrangements and institutions that have emerged in recent years, as countries from the Global South seek to transform their economies and to shield themselves from global economic turbulence Even before the Covid-19 crisis, it was clear to many that the global economy needed a reset and a massive increase in public investment In the last decade southern-owned development banks, infrastructure funds, foreign exchange reserve funds and Sovereign Wealth Funds have doubled the amount of long-term finance available to developing countries Now, as the world considers what a post-Covid-19 future will look like, it is clear that Southern-led institutions will do much of the heavy lifting This book brings together insights from theory and practice, incorporating the voices of bankers, policymakers and practitioners alongside international academics It covers the most significant new initiatives stemming from Asia, tried and tested examples in Latin America and in Africa, and the contribution of advanced economies Whilst the book highlights the potential for Southern-led initiatives to change the global financial landscape profoundly, it also shows their varied impacts and concludes that more is needed for development than just the technical availability of funds As governments and businesses become frustrated by the traditional North-dominated mechanisms and international financial system, this book argues that southern-led development finance will play an important role in the search for more inclusive, equitable and sustainable patterns of investment, trade and growth in the post-Covid landscape It will be of interest to practitioners, policy makers, researchers and students working on development and finance everywhere © 2021 selection and editorial matter, Diana Barrowclough, Kevin P Gallagher and Richard Kozul-Wright;individual chapters, the contributors
Nest predation and adult mortality relationships with post-natal metabolic rates and growth among songbird species.

Metabolism is thought to mediate the connection between environmental selection pressures and a broad array of life history tradeoffs, but tests are needed. High juvenile predation correlates with fast growth, which may be achieved via fast juvenile metabolism. Fast offspring metabolism and growth can create physiological costs later in life that should be minimized in species with low adult mortality. Yet, relations between juvenile metabolism and mortality at offspring versus adult stages are unexplored. We found that post-natal metabolism was positively correlated with adult mortality but not nest predation rates among 43 songbird species on three continents. Nest predation, but not adult mortality, explained additional variation in growth rates beyond metabolism. Our results suggest that metabolism may not be the mechanism underlying the relations between growth and mortality at different life stages.
“Remedios in the Sky with Diamonds: Gabriel García Márquez and the Beatles in their own Write.”

This paper reflects on some of the parallels and intersections in the life and work of Garcia Marquez and the Beatles, and delves into the connections between their seemingly related composition of literary, visual, and musical artifacts during the 1960s. Thus, specific, and at times unexpected, correspondences unfold: themes like solitude and dementia, characters like Rebeca Buendia/Eleanor Rigby or Remedios, la bella/Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds, ships like the yellow train/the yellow submarine, journeys to the bottom of the sea and to fictional places like Macondo/Pepperland that question reality and authority, and even the lives and deaths of John Lennon and Garcia Marquez. By examining Beatles songs and films and with close reading of several chapters from Cien anos de soledad and from several short stories and opinion columns written by Garcia Marquez, I unravel an exciting implicit collaboration between Colombia’s most famous writer and one of the world’s most celebrated musical bands.
Insomnia and Sleep Disorders in Older Women

Insomnia and sleep disorders affect one in four adults and significantly impact the quality of life of those affected. Older women face unique challenges to restorative sleep such as age-related changes to sleep architecture, perimenopausal symptoms, lower urinary tract symptoms, chronic medical conditions, mood disorders, and dementia. Sleep-related concerns should be explored by taking a detailed history, performing a relevant physical exam, and advising patients to keep a sleep diary for at least 2 weeks. Effective management of insomnia is multimodal and involves both nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic treatment strategies. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) should be offered as a first-line treatment strategy; sleep hygiene and relaxation training may have limited utility. The use of biofeedback is controversial. Medications can be incorporated with caution, keeping in mind the increased risk of side effects in older patients. Herbals/supplements may also be safely integrated as adjuvant therapies for interested patients. Medical providers should become familiar with available resources (websites, phone applications, patient handouts, and books) that can be utilized in the management of sleep-related complaints. It is important that medical providers employ shared decision-making and partner with the patient when choosing from various treatment strategies to optimize outcomes.
Mixture effects of prenatal exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and polybrominated diphenyl ethers on maternal and newborn telomere length.

Author(s): Eick, Stephanie M; Goin, Dana E; Cushing, Lara; DeMicco, Erin; Park, June-Soo; Wang, Yunzhu; Smith, Sabrina; Padula, Amy M; Woodruff, Tracey J; Morello-Frosch, Rachel | Abstract: BackgroundPer- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are endocrine disrupting chemicals with widespread exposures across the U.S. given their abundance in consumer products. PFAS and PBDEs are associated with reproductive toxicity and adverse health outcomes, including certain cancers. PFAS and PBDEs may affect health through alternations in telomere length. In this study, we examined joint associations between prenatal exposure to PFAS, PBDEs, and maternal and newborn telomere length using mixture analyses, to characterize effects of cumulative environmental chemical exposures.MethodsStudy participants were enrolled in the Chemicals in Our Bodies (CIOB) study, a demographically diverse cohort of pregnant people and children in San Francisco, CA. Seven PFAS (ng/mL) and four PBDEs (ng/g lipid) were measured in second trimester maternal serumnsamples. Telomere length (T/S ratio) was measured in delivery cord blood of 292 newborns and 110nsecond trimester maternal whole blood samples. Quantile g-computation was used to assess the joint associations between groups of PFAS and PBDEs and newborn and maternal telomere length. Groups considered were: (1) all PFAS and PBDEs combined, (2) PFAS, and (3) PBDEs. Maternal and newborn telomere length were modeled as separate outcomes.ResultsT/S ratios in newborn cord and maternal whole blood were moderately correlated (Spearman ρ = 0.31). In mixtures analyses, a simultaneous one quartile increase in all PFAS and PBDEs was associated with a small increase in newborn (mean change per quartile increase = 0.03, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.03, 0.08) and maternal telomere length (mean change per quartile increase = 0.03 (95% CI = -0.03, 0.09). When restricted to maternal-fetal paired samples (N = 76), increasing all PFAS and PBDEs combined was associated with a strong, positive increase in newborn telomere length (mean change per quartile increase = 0.16, 95% CI = 0.03, 0.28). These associations were primarily driven by PFAS (mean change per quartile increase = 0.11 [95% CI = 0.01, 0.22]). No associations were observed with maternal telomere length among paired samples.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that PFAS and PBDEs may be positively associated with newborn telomere length.
Maternal nativity and risk of adverse perinatal outcomes among Black women residing in California, 2011-2017.

Objective Examine the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes among the United States (US)-born and foreign-born Black women in California. Study design The study comprised all singleton live births to Black women in California between 2011 and 2017. We defined maternal nativity as US-born or foreign-born. Using Poisson regression, we computed risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for three adverse perinatal outcomes: preterm birth, small for gestational age deliveries, and infant mortality. Results Rates of adverse perinatal outcomes were significantly higher among US-born Black women. In adjusted models, US-born Black women experienced an increased risk of preterm birth (RR 1.51, 95% CI 1.39, 1.65) and small for gestational age deliveries (RR 1.52, 95% CI 1.41, 1.64), compared to foreign-born Black women. Conclusions Future studies should consider experiences of racism across the life course when exploring heterogeneity in the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes by nativity among Black women in the US.
National Prevalence of Alcohol and Other Substance Use Disorders Among Emergency Department Visits and Hospitalizations: NHAMCS 2014–2018

Acute healthcare utilization attributed to alcohol use disorders (AUD) and other substance use disorders (SUD) is rising. To describe the prevalence and characteristics of emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalizations made by adults with AUD or SUD. Observational study with retrospective analysis of the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (2014 to 2018), a nationally representative survey of acute care visits with information on the presence of AUD or SUD abstracted from the medical chart. Outcome measured as the presence of AUD or SUD. From 2014 to 2018, the annual average prevalence of AUD or SUD was 9.4% of ED visits (9.3 million visits) and 11.9% hospitalizations (1.4 million hospitalizations). Both estimates increased over time (30% and 57% relative increase for ED visits and hospitalizations, respectively, from 2014 to 2018). ED visits and hospitalizations from individuals with AUD or SUD, compared to individuals with neither AUD nor SUD, had higher percentages of Medicaid insurance (ED visits: AUD: 33.1%, SUD: 35.0%, neither: 24.4%; hospitalizations: AUD: 30.7%, SUD: 36.3%, neither: 14.8%); homelessness (ED visits: AUD: 6.2%, SUD 4.4%, neither 0.4%; hospitalizations: AUD: 5.9%, SUD 7.3%, neither: 0.4%); coexisting depression (ED visits: AUD: 26.3%, SUD 24.7%, neither 10.5%; hospitalizations: AUD: 33.5%, SUD 35.3%, neither: 13.9%); and injury/trauma (ED visits: AUD: 51.3%, SUD 36.3%, neither: 26.4%; hospitalizations: AUD: 31.8%, SUD: 23.8%, neither: 15.0%). In this nationally representative study, 1 in 11 ED visits and 1 in 9 hospitalizations were made by adults with AUD or SUD, and both increased over time. These estimates are higher or similar than previous national estimates using claims data. This highlights the importance of identifying opportunities to address AUD and SUD in acute care settings in tandem with other medical concerns, particularly among visits presenting with injury, trauma, or coexisting depression.
Bank Presence and Health

I use a policy of the Reserve Bank of India from 2005 that incentivizes banks to set up new branches in underbanked districts, defined as having a population-to-branch ratio larger than the national average. In a regression discontinuity design, I compare households in districts just above and just below the national average. Six years after the policy introduction, households in treatment districts are a third less likely to be affected by an illness in a month. They miss fewer days of work or school due to an illness and have lower medical expenses. Ten years after the policy was introduced, I observe persistently lower morbidity rates, higher vaccination rates, and lower risks associated with pregnancies. I provide evidence that two previously understudied aspects of banking played a role: households gain access to health insurance and health care providers gain access to credit. In equilibrium, I observe an increase in health care demand and supply.
Prohibiting Barriers to the Booth: The Case for Limited Nationwide Preclearance Under a Modified Voting Rights Act

The right to vote is fundamental to American democracy, yet for hundreds of years American history has been marked by efforts to restrict voting. Often, voting restrictions disproportionately affect minority voters, through both intentional discrimination and facially-neutral voting laws. Since its 1965 implementation, the Voting Rights Act (“VRA”) has been used to fight discriminatory voting laws through affirmative suits and mandatory federal approval of voting changes for states with a history of voter discrimination. On June 25, 2013, the Supreme Court struck down a crucial part of the VRA, eliminating the requirement that jurisdictions with storied pasts of voter discrimination seek federal approval for voting law changes. Despite this holding, discriminatory voting laws persist and are on the rise nationwide. In the wake of the Court’s holding and renewed state efforts to implement restrictive voting laws, this Note argues for a limited, nationwide expansion of federal preclearance under the VRA to confront modern, wide-ranging threats to voting rights.
In Enterobacter Cloacae Alterations Induced by Glycine and d-Amino Acids in the Composition and Structure of Peptidoglycan Are Accompanied by Induction of Chromosomal β-Lactamase: A Model Involving ftsZ and Septation

The induction of Class I β-lactamase (Bla) in the Enterobacteriaceae and other Gram negative organisms has been studied extensively but as yet no information is available as to the nature of the event(s) which triggers it nor of the specific molecule that might act as the inducer. It is the purpose of this paper to present evidence and to suggest a model which makes septation/division the controlling factor for the induction of Bla.
Characterization of recombinant glutathione reductase from the psychrophilic Antarctic bacterium Colwellia psychrerythraea

Glutathione reductases catalyze the reduction of oxidized glutathione (glutathione disulfide, GSSG) using NADPH as the substrate to produce reduced glutathione (GSH), which is an important antioxidant molecule that helps maintain the proper reducing environment of the cell. A recombinant form of glutathione reductase from Colwellia psychrerythraea, a marine psychrophilic bacterium, has been biochemically characterized to determine its molecular and enzymatic properties. C. psychrerythraea glutathione reductase was shown to be a homodimer with a molecular weight of 48.7 kDa using SDS-PAGE, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and gel filtration. The C. psychrerythraea glutathione reductase sequence shows significant homology to that of Escherichia coli glutathione reductase (66 % identity), and it possesses the FAD and NADPH binding motifs, as well as absorption spectrum features which are characteristic of flavoenzymes such as glutathione reductase. The psychrophilic C. psychrerythraea glutathione reductase exhibits higher k cat and k cat/K m at lower temperatures (4 °C) compared to mesophilic Baker’s yeast glutathione reductase. However, C. psychrerythraea glutathione reductase was able to complement an E. coli glutathione reductase deletion strain in oxidative stress growth assays, demonstrating the functionality of C. psychrerythraea glutathione reductase over a broad temperature range, which suggests its potential utility as an antioxidant enzyme in heterologous systems.
Skew-Symmetric Matrix Equations in Multivariable Control Theory

By introducing a set of analytical transformations new representations of the continuous-time algebraic Riccati and Liapunov equations are obtained as matrix equations in the field of real orthogonal matrices. Making use of different functional relationships, linking orthogonal and skew-symmetric real matrices, new canonical representations are derived on the field of real skew-symmetric matrices. As a main result of those reformulations a reduction in the number of coupled quadratic equations to be solved is achieved. Closed form analytical solutions are obtained when some special functional or structural conditions are fulfilled in the transformed spaces. As an immediate application of the transformation approach closed form solutions for general Riccati equations in ℝ2x2 and near analytical solutions in ℝ3x3 are given by the first time. The theory is then formalized to the ‘Algebraic Riccati Generator’ concept and new useful bounds for the solutions of Riccati and Liapunov equations are derived.
Aerosol Delivery With Different Interfaces: Redirecting Our Focus.

Aerosol delivery applied with different interfaces has become an important topic of interest among respiratory care practitioners across the continuum. Thanks to the work of Lin et al,[1][1] presented in this issue of Respiratory Care, clarification of details surrounding the selection of aerosol
A study of free energy relationships in the urea-sodium sulfate-water system.

Abstract Activity coefficients for each of the components, urea and sodium sulfate, in their ternary mixtures with water have been obtained using the isopiestic vapor pressure method over the concentration ranges 0 to 19.4 molal urea and 0 to 2.4 molal Na2SO4. At the lower molalities of the solutes, there is mutual salting-in of the components which changes to salting-out at 0.4 molal Na2SO4 and 5 molal urea. These results are considered as a model for certain interactions in the denaturation of proteins by electrolytes.
Individual Welfare in the Soviet Union

World Values Survey data, collectedJune-October 1990, are used to exploredeterminants of individual welfare in variousregions of the Soviet Union. Emphasis isplaced on the role of household income andperceived health status in determining thehappiness of an individual. Comparisons aremade across five Soviet regions and between theSoviet Union, the U.S., and West Germany. Thedata indicate similar patterns existedregarding welfare determinants though Sovietcitizens were relatively unhappy. There arealso differences between the two marketeconomies and the Soviet Union regarding theextent to which income influenced health andhappiness.
The Evolution of the Sun’s Angular Momentum

We discuss the observational data that are available to illustrate the rotational history of the Sun, and those data that are particularly pertinent to the interiors of the Sun and stars.