cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of cis and trans elements involved in cAMP‐inducible gene expression in Dictyostelium discoideum

Expression of the Dictyostelium discoideum pst-cath (CP2) gene is transcriptionally regulated during multicellular development, and the gene is inducible in competent single cells following administration of exogenous cAMP. The 5' flanking region of pst-cath (CP2) that extends from -313 to the Cap site (+1) has previously been shown to contain sufficient cis-acting regulatory elements for proper developmental and cAMP-inducible expression of a foreign gene [Datta and Firtel, 1987, Mol Cell Biol 7:149-159]. The -283 to -201 region includes two exceptional "G-boxes" centered at -233 and -217 respectively, and this approximately 80 bp region is essential for basal as well as regulated expression of the pst-cath (CP2) gene. Here we summarize results obtained from a detailed analysis of a series of linker-scanner mutants and mutants that carry small internal deletions within the essential 80-bp region. Insertion of a synthetic oligonucleotide that includes the downstream G-box is demonstrated to rescue a low level of cAMP-inducible expression following insertion into cassette mutants. The effect of introducing a change in the relative spacing between regulatory elements has also been investigated. We have analyzed nuclear extracts for the presence of DNA-binding proteins that interact specifically with the pst-cath (CP2) regulatory region and identified two such putative trans-acting factors: 1) the AT-factor that is observed within a few hours following the onset of starvation and that binds tightly to stretches of alternating adenine-thymine residues (poly(dA-dT]; and 2) the AG-factor that is present in nuclear extracts of aggregated cells. Competition studies have demonstrated significant differences in the affinity that characterizes the binding of the two factors to G-box-containing sequences. The binding specificities of these DNA-binding proteins have been analyzed using gel mobility-shift and DNaseI footprinting assays.
A method of general moments for orienting 2D projections of unknown 3D objects

Abstract We develop a technique using general moments to find the orientation of 2D planar orthographic projections of 3D objects, even if the 3D object has a completely unknown structure. The technique should open new classes of biological materials for ultrastructural analysis, through molecular scale transmission electron microscopy reconstruction applications where the original 3D object's structure is unknown. In machine vision applications where the full 3D structure is known, the technique provides a fast and computationally efficient way to orient projections. The technique can also be used to orient 1D line projections of 2D unknown objects.
Studies on Chloroplast Development and Replication in Euglena III. A Study of the Site of Synthesis of Alkaline Deoxyribonuclease Induced during Chloroplast Development in Euglena gracilis

During chloroplast development in Euglena , the activity of a specific DNase, Euglena alkaline DNase, increases in a manner similar to that of chlorophyll synthesis, but without the lag customarily associated with the early hours of chlorophyll synthesis. The increase in Euglena alkaline DNase activity is not inhibited by chloramphenicol or by streptomycin, but is inhibited by cycloheximide. Euglena alkaline DNase activity is present in a group of aplastidic substrains which contain carotenoids. These results are interpreted to mean that this chloroplast-related DNase is synthesized in the cytoplasm, and that the genetic information for this enzyme is probably nuclear. It is also shown that different bleached substrains exhibit substantial variation, both in total carotenoids and in Euglena alkaline DNase activity. These results are discussed in terms of the possibility that a cytoplasmic photoreceptor system is influencing the light-induced increase in Euglena alkaline DNase activity.
Predicting Potential Kernel Set in Maize from Simple Flowering Characteristics

Accurate prediction of kernel number per plant is critical for yield simulation in maize (Zea mays L.). Model predictions of kernel number generally are based on empirical relationships between final kernel number and carbohydrate supply or plant growth at silking, without regard to flowering dynamics. The objective of this study was to develop a model for predicting kernel set from seasonal dynamics of pollen shed and silk exsertion. Hybrids were planted in isolated plots at four ratios of male fertile (MF) and male sterile (MS) plants. Dynamics of pollen shed in each plot was described by a Gauss curve and by a population index (P ind ) derived from the percentage of plants at beginning, maximum, and ending pollen shed. Percentage of plants at silking followed a sigmoid curve, whereas the number of silks exposed daily per ear followed a monomolecular model. Pollen shed and silk exsertion curves were translated to potential kernel set using a published relationship. Excellent agreement was observed between predicted and measured number of florets per hectare available for pollination. The model overpredicted kernel number per hectare at high pollen shed densities. Predicted kernels per hectare were within 5% of actual kernel numbers at low pollen shed densities when delayed development of subapical ears and asynchronous pollination within ears were considered. These results indicate kernel set in maize can be predicted from simple measures of the flowering process. They confirm that kernel set is limited primarily by factors other than pollen amount when all plants in the population are MF.
IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATION OF AN ASSESSMENT CLASSIFICATION MODEL FOR MANPOWER UTILIZATION1

The present study deals with implementing and evaluating Schoenfeldt's assessment-classification model in an industrial setting using a multiplicity of job families and a range of criteria. A total of 1,987 non-exempt employees of a U. S. oil company were administered an extensive autobiographical inventory. Hierarchical clustering of the resulting biographical profiles produced 18 subgroups of employees such that within any one subgroup, background experiences and interests were similar and between subgroups they were different. A similar methodology was applied to job analysis data in creating a structure of 19 job families for 939 office and clerical jobs. Significant relationships were found between biodata subgroups and criteria of sex, education level, termination rate, equal employment opportunity job classification and performance ratings. There was no statistically significant relationship between subgroup membership and race. In addition, there was a significant relationship between subgroups and job families. Applications for a variety of personnel management practices are discussed.
Ultra-short pulsed fiber ring laser using photonic crystal fiber

A fiber ring laser which generates ~ 570 ps wide pulse train at 40 GHz has been demonstrated using a photonic crystal fiber as a nonlinear optical loop mirror (NOLM). Theoretical simulation of the NOLM transmission has been carried out using the split-step Fourier method.
Application of the Berry-Esséen inequality to combinatorial estimates

Abstract The Berry-Esseen inequality is used to obtain asymptotic solutions to a class of enumeration problems.
From Nature Tourism to Ecotourism? The Case of the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania

This paper examines what is needed to transform nature tourism to protected areas into ecotourism, having genuine social benefits and serving as a tool for sustainable community development. It draws on the case of the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania’s most visited protected area, and a multiple land use zone inhabited by the pastoral Maasai peoples. I argue that for ecotourism to promote sustainable development in communities that are its supposed beneficiaries, three fundamental conditions must be met. First, opportunities to capture the economic benefits of tourism must be structured in a way that is culturally appropriate, and therefore accessible to the target population. Second, for communities to benefits from ecotourism, they need secure land tenure over the area in which it takes place, as well as the ability to make land use decisions for that area. Third, tourism benefits to local communities must be more than economic; they must promote deeper social and political justice goals that, if...
Induction of elongation factor Tu-GDP crystal polymorphism by polyethylene glycol contaminants.

Abstract Trypsin-modified elongation factor (EF-)Tu-GDP from Escherichia coli is known to crystallize in several different unit cells under apparently identical conditions. The crystal polymorphism was investigated and found to be correlated with the source of polyethylene glycol used in the crystallization procedure. The use of highly purified polyethylene glycol promoted the growth of a new crystal form belonging to space group P 2 1 2 1 2 1 with cell dimensions of a = 71.9 A , b = 74.7 A , c = 170.9 A and two molecules per asymmetric unit. In extensive crystallization trials, substances that typically contaminate commercial preparations of polyethylene glycol were screened. The final results show that the presence of the divalent anions, HPO 4 2− or S0 4 2− , at different concentrations induce the growth of two known crystal forms belonging to space groups C 222 1 and P 4 3 2 1 2. The relevancy of the findings is discussed.
Development of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal infection and the uptake of immobile nutrients in Leucaena leucocephala

The level of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) infection in the roots of Leucaena grown in a sand-soil mixture in the greenhouse increased rapidly with time and reached a peak value of 84% at 30 days from planting. The pattern of immobile nutrient uptake and accumulation closely paralleled that of the development of infection, particularly during the first 10–30 days after planting. Significant changes in dry matter yield were also observed only after a significant portion of the root length was colonized byGlomus aggregatum. The development of VAM infection was not accompanied by growth depression at any of the sampling periods. However, VAM roots had very high levels of Cu which was not translocated to shoots. It is hypothesized that such a diversion of Cu by the endophyte from the host could cause growth depression under conditions where the soil volume is supplied with sub-optimal levels of Cu.
PP2A: a new link between peroxynitrite and endothelial barrier dysfunction?

Recent studies have identified many important signalling pathways that regulate endothelial cell (EC) barrier functions during physiological and pathological conditions. Understanding how these signalling pathways target their downstream effectors and thereby coordinate changes in EC cytoskeleton, junctional adhesion molecules and integrins to regulate EC barrier functions has been the focus of many recent studies. An interesting study by Wu and Wilson addresses the role of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) in regulating microvascular EC barrier dysfunction induced by LPS plus interferon (IFNγ).1 The authors used mouse skeletal microvascular ECs and demonstrate that PP2A is required for the development of EC barrier dysfunction induced by LPS plus IFNγ. Moreover, the investigators presented a series of carefully conducted biochemical analyses showing that LPS plus IFNγ cause an increase in the activity of PP2A, tyrosine nitration of the catalytic subunit of PP2A (PP2Ac), and a decrease in tyrosine phosphorylation of PP2Ac, in a manner that depends on NADPH oxidase and inducible NO synthase (iNOS). These data raise the hypothesis that peroxynitrite targets PP2Ac by inducing its tyrosine nitration, a response that correlates with decreased tyrosine phosphorylation of PP2Ac and increases in its activity. The experiments … *Corresponding author. Tel: +1 212 342 0237; fax: +1 212 305 5337. E-mail address : qw2109{at}columbia.edu
Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1A with a pes planovalgus foot type: a case report.

The classic foot type of Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1A is pes cavovarus with associated digital contractures. In this article, we describe a painful pes planovalgus foot type in a 10-year-old child with progressive Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1A polyneuropathy. The authors discuss possible etiologies and treatment options in this isolated case. The value of gait analysis in preoperative planning and postoperative surveillance are also discussed. Level of Clinical Evidence: 4
High-redshift galaxy populations

We now see many galaxies as they were only 800 million years after the Big Bang, and that limit may soon be exceeded when wide-field infrared detectors are widely available. Multi-wavelength studies show that there was relatively little star formation at very early times and that star formation was at its maximum at about half the age of the Universe. A small number of high-redshift objects have been found by targeting X-ray and radio sources and most recently, γ-ray bursts. The γ-ray burst sources may provide a way to reach even higher-redshift galaxies in the future, and to probe the first generation of stars.
Gordon Memorial Lecture. The genetic-behavior interface and well-being of poultry.

Abstract 1. Marked changes have occurred in poultry production practices and in stocks bred for the production of meat and eggs. 2. Of behaviour patterns that originally favoured domestication, positive responses to humans and adaptability to environments are now most important. 3. Development of specific strains for production of meat or eggs resulted in correlated responses in behavioural traits. Compared with egg strains, meat strains are docile and have excessive appetites, poor immunoresponsiveness and reduced motor ability. 4. Genotype by environment interactions for behaviour limit inferences concerning responses of stocks across environments. 5. Innate behaviour patterns and habituation processes can prevent some stimuli from causing physiological manifestations observed in general responses to stressors. 6. Husbandry procedures should optimise phenotypic expressions of genetic potential to enhance well‐being.
The Role of Nutrition in Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation

The role of nutrition in weaning patients from mechani cal ventilation is receiving increased attention. The net protein catabolism and loss of protein stores that are characteristic of the metabol...
Family Status, Preference for Sport Aggressiveness, and Sport Fan Motivation:

This study tested two hypotheses involving the use of sport spectating as an opportunity to spend time with one's family. First, it was hypothesized that scores on Family Motivation would be higher for fans who were married or had children than for unmarried fans without children. Second, it was predicted that among sport fans who were married or had children, those preferring a Nonaggressive sport would report higher scores on Family Motivation than those preferring an Aggressive sport. Analysis confirmed the first hypothesis while refuting the second.
DNA aneuploidy in adult acute leukemia.

Abstract Using flow cytometric techniques, we determined DNA ploidy levels in the bone marrow of 318 successive adult patients with newly diagnosed acute leukemia. Overall, 26% exhibited DNA stem line abnormalities, usually with a 10%–15% DNA excess, regardless of morphologic diagnosis. DNA aneuploidy was seen most frequently in patients with a hyperdiploid chromosome number and karyotype instability (50%), but was also present in a third of patients with chromosomal translocations and in 20% of patients with a normal diploid karyotype. Thus, among 73 patients with DNA aneuploidy, quantitatively concordant karyotype abnormalities were observed in almost 40% of patients; the discrepancy between DNA content and chromosome number in the remaining patients may reflect differences in the cell cycle position of target cells in G1/0 phase or mitosis, respectively. Cytogenetics affected treatment outcome in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) with more favorable short- and long-term prognosis among patients with translocations compared with those with numeric abnormalities. The presence of an abnormal DNA stem line, among AML patients with translocations, identified a favorable subgroup with significantly longer remission duration and survival (25 and 26 months versus 18 and 13 months, respectively). In addition, the prognostic implications of DNA aneuploidy in AML were age-dependent, in that favorable effects among patients with translocations and unfavorable effects among those with numeric abnormalities or diploid karyotypes were most obvious in young and not in older patients (≥40 years). In adults with ALL, DNA aneuploidy was associated with shorter survival (15 versus 39 months in the diploid group), an observation that is distinctly at variance with recent findings in childhood ALL. Our results indicated that DNA flow cytometry was complementary to standard cytogenetics for the detection of genomic abnormalities; and DNA aneuploidy emerged, like in children but not in adults with ALL, as a new favorable prognostic feature in a subgroup of adults with AML, the biologic basis of which remains to be determined.
Social Movements, Political Elites and Political Opportunity Structures: The Case of the Woman Suffrage Movement from 1890-1920

Under what conditions are members of Congress and the president (political elites) responsive to social movements and when do social movements gain access to members of Congress and the president? This research explores the ebb and flow of political elite responsiveness to social movements, and social movement access to political elites, through a longitudinal analysis of one of the waves of the women's movement: 1890-1920. It focuses on the political opportunity structure as a determinant of the degree of responsiveness and access, and of relations between social movements and political elites. The political opportunity structure is a term used to describe the political climate and institutional arrangements of a political system. It is composed of the level of electoral stability, level of unity among elites, mass opinion, and powers granted to party leaders. Findings include that the political opportunity structure (POS) was a key determinant of the relations between the women's movement and political ...
Selective attention in animal discrimination learning.

The traditional approach to the study of selective attention in animal discrimination learning has been to ask if animals are capable of the central selective processing of stimuli, such that certa...
Baked Products: Batters and Dough

This baked products chapter builds on knowledge of the functional properties of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins discussed in previous chapters. Specific batter and dough ingredients that are discussed in this chapter include previously studied commodities, such as flour, eggs, milk, fats and oils, and sweeteners. Among other important points, this chapter will view the functions of various ingredients in a general manner and the role of those ingredients in specific baked products.
Structure of cytochrome b5 and its topology in the microsomal membrane.

Abstract The complete amino acid sequence of human and chicken liver microsomal cytochrome b5 was determined. The amino termini of cytochrome b5 from four other mammalian species were examined in order to determine their complete covalent structure. As in the rat species, cytochrome b5 preparations from man, rabbit, calf and horse had an acetylated alanine as the first residue. In contrast, the pig cytochrome had alanine at the amino terminus. The amino terminus of the chicken cytochrome b5 was also unmodified, and extended three residues absent in the mammalian species. In order to investigate whether the car☐y-terminal segment of cytochrome b5 is located on the cytosolic or the luminal side of the microsomal membrane, rabbit liver microsomes were treated with trypsin and subjected to gel filtration and high-pressure liquid chromatography. The nonpolar peptide isolated from these microsomes lacked the terminal hexapeptide, indicating that when cytochrome b5 is bound to intact microsomes, the car☐y terminus is located on the cytosolic side of the membrane and does not extend in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum.
Concordant paleolatitudes for Neoproterozoic ophiolitic rocks of the Trinity Complex, Klamath Mountains, California

[1] New paleomagnetic results from the eastern Klamath Mountains of northern California show that Neoproterozoic rocks of the Trinity ophiolitic complex and overlying Middle Devonian volcanic rocks are latitudinally concordant with cratonal North America. Combining paleomagnetic data with regional geologic and faunal evidence suggests that the Trinity Complex and related terranes of the eastern Klamath plate were linked in some fashion to the North American craton throughout that time, but that distance between them may have varied considerably. A possible model that is consistent with our paleomagnetic results and the geologic evidence is that the Trinity Complex formed and migrated parallel to paleolatitude in the basin between Laurasia and Australia–East Antarctica as the Rodinian supercontinent began to break up. It then continued to move parallel to paleolatitude at least through Middle Devonian time. Although the eastern Klamath plate served as a nucleus against which more western components of the Klamath Mountains province amalgamated, the Klamath superterrane was not accreted to North America until Early Cretaceous time. INDEX TERMS: 1525 Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism: Paleomagnetism applied to tectonics (regional, global); 5475 Planetology: Solid Surface Planets: Tectonics (8149); 8157 Tectonophysics: Evolution of the Earth: Plate motions—past (3040); 9350 Information Related to Geographic Region: North America; 9619 Information Related to Geologic Time: Precambrian
Properties of the Group VI B Elements under Pressure. II. Semiconductor-to-Metal Transition of Tellurium

The electrical resistance of tellurium was measured at pressures to 60 kbar and temperatures to 600\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C in a tetrahedral anvil device. A semiquantitative resistance-pressure-temperature phase diagram was determined, showing three solid polymorphs and the liquid phase. The room temperature Te I-II transition pressure was found to be at about 43 kbar. The Te I-II phase boundary has a slope of -30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C/kbar. The triple point for coexistence of Te I, Te II, and liquid Te is at about 29 kbar and 445\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. The semiconductor-to-metal nature of the Te I-II phase change is well established by the isobaric temperature characteristics of the resistance. The magnitude of the resistance change at the Te I-II phase transformation was found to decrease significantly with increasing temperature. At room temperature the resistance of Te I just above the transition is smaller than the atmospheric-pressure resistance of Te by a factor of about ${10}^{3}$. The locus of points defining the pressure dependence of the electronic energy gap ${E}_{g}$ of Te I, determined from the resistance measurements, is convex toward the pressure axis, ${E}_{g}$ decreasing monotonically from 0.33 eV at atmospheric pressure to zero at the Te I-II phase boundary. The slope of this curve is about -0.017 eV/kbar at atmospheric pressure. The experimental data are used with theoretical expressions to calculate the electronic contribution to the thermal conductivity and an upper bound on the thermoelectric figure of merit as a function of pressure. The pressure-induced approach to the metallic state of the Group VI B elements is discussed.
Coupling and enrichment schemes for finite element and finite sphere discretizations

We present a technique to couple finite element and finite sphere discretizations. The finite elements and finite spheres are coupled with full displacement compatibility. We also present a technique in which a finite element discretization is enriched with finite spheres. We consider two-dimensional conditions and present solutions to illustrate the analysis procedures.
Richard Lavenham and the Cambridge Logic

SUMMARYThis paper argues that the 14th-century Oxford Carmelite Richard Lavenham was the author of the treatise De syncategorematibus that was used as a text-book in 15th-century Cambridge, a version of which was printed several times in the late 15th and early 16th centuries in the Libellus sophistarum ad usum Cantabrigiensium. The manuscript versions of this treatise differ significantly from one another and from the printed editions, so that the claim of Lavenham's authorship needs to be carefully considered. The evidence for this claim is described briefly. The identification of the De syncategorematibus in the Cambridge Libellus as Lavenham's provides the first real indication that Lavenham, whose works testify to the influence of other authors on logico-linguistic studies in late 14th-century Oxford, was himself not without influence as late as the early 16th century. On the other hand, the De syncategorematibus is not a very competent treatise, so that its inclusion as a textbook in the Libellus sophistarum is an indication of the decline of the logical study of language in England during this period. A brief analysis of the contents of the treatise supports this observation.RESUMERichard Lavenham,' carme oxonien du XlVe siecle, fut l'auteur du traite De syncategorematibus, utilise comme ouvrage de reference a Cambridge au XVe siecle et dont une version fut imprimee a plusieurs reprises a la fin du XVe et au debut du XVIe dans le Libellus sophistarum ad usum Cantabrigiensium — telle est la these du present article. D'un manuscrit a 'autre et des manuscrits aux editions imprimees, les divergences sont importantes: il faut donc proceder avec prudence pour affirmer la paternite de Lavenham. Le lecteur trouvera ici une breve presentation de ce qui etaie cette affirmation. Si le De syncategorematibus publie dans le Libellus de Cambridge est donc bien de Lavenham, nous avons pour la premiere fois une indication concrete que Lavenham, dont les ouvrages temoignent de l'influence de plusieurs autres auteurs sur les etudes logico-linguistiques a Oxford a la fin du XlVe siecle, ne fut pas lui-meme sans influence jusque vers le debut du XVIe siecle. D'un autre cote', le De syncategorematibus n'est pas un traite d'une tres grande competence: son admission en tant qu'ouvrage de reference dans le Libellus sophistarum est donc un indice du declin de l'e'tude logique du langage en Angleterre a cette epoque. Cette observation se confirme quand on analyse brievement le contenu du traite.
Teaching Epidemiologic Methods

Advances in causal inference, study designs, and quantitative methods have led to new challenges for structuring a cohesive epidemiology methods course. This is particularly true for courses aimed at students who are training for a research career. Such students are expected to have a strong understanding of epidemiologic inference and modeling. They should grasp the principles of study design and analysis, and be able to interpret and report results effectively. This commentary discusses ways in which courses on epidemiologic methods can be made more effective, including: (1) a definition of the scope of epidemiologic methods; (2) a framework for defining a curriculum for heterogeneous student populations; (3) the need for computing and practical exercises; and (4) a call for increased attention to epidemiology education.
A Stable, Highly Fluorescent Vinylogous β-Diketonate Silicon Complex

We report the synthesis of a novel, highly fluorescent pentacoordinate silicon compound which is apparently the first example of a vinylogous β-diketonate complex. The compound was generated by slow, solid-state oxidation of a methoxysilane derivative of tetraphenylcyclopentadiene.
Coherent optical interference effects in external-cavity semiconductor lasers

A broadening of the apparent linewidth of the semiconductor laser modes with external optical feedback is observed. This is shown to be due to the coherent nature of the feedback and multiple reflections in the external cavity. A theory for the steady-state behavior of the external-cavity semiconductor laser taking into account such coherent optical effects is developed. The inclusion of these effects is also important in the interpretation of the threshold data of such lasers.
Thermophilic anaerobic co-digestion of olive mill wastewater with olive mill solid wastes in a tubular digester

Abstract This study investigates for the first time the thermophilic (55 °C) anaerobic co-digestion of olive mill wastewater (OMW) with olive mill solid wastes (OMSW) in laboratory scale semi-continuous tubular digesters. Each digester was fed with an influent composed of OMW and OMSW over a range of hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of 12, 24 and 36 days and at organic loading rates (OLRs) between 1.19 and 10.84 g COD/(l day). The TCOD concentration of OMW were 43, 67 and 130 g COD/l and the amount of the dry OMSW co-digested with OMW was 56 g TS/l. The results indicated that the best methane productivity and SCOD removal efficiency of 46 l/((l OMW) day) and 69%, respectively, were achieved at an OLR of 3.62 g COD/(l day) corresponding to an OMW of 130 g COD/l digested at an HRT of 36 days. Furthermore, the best net energy production from digesters operated at thermophilic temperature was 427 kJ/day higher than from those operated at mesophilic temperature for the same conditions of feed concentration and HRT. In contrast, an HRT of 12 days caused a sharp increase of both total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) contents in the effluents and a cessation in methane production for the three influents substrate concentrations studied.
Centroid-moment tensor solutions for October-December 1989

Abstract Centroid-moment tensor solutions are presented for 202 earthquakes that occurred during the fourth quarter of 1989. The solutions are obtained using corrections for aspherical Earth structure.
Spatial patterns of total and available N and P at alpine treeline

Vegetation can have direct and indirect effects on soil nutrients. To test the effects of trees on soils, we examined the patterns of soil nutrients and nutrient ratios at two spatial scales: at sites spanning the alpine tundra/subalpine forest ecotone (ecotone scale), and beneath and beyond individual tree canopies within the transitional krummholz zone (tree scale). Soils were collected and analyzed for total carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) as well as available N and P on Niwot Ridge in the Colorado Rocky Mountains. Total C, N, and P were higher in the krummholz zone than the forest or tundra. Available P was also greatest in the krummholz zone while available N increased from the forest to the tundra. Throughout the krummholz zone, total soil nutrients and available P were higher downwind compared to upwind of trees. The krummholz zone in general, and downwind of krummholz trees in particular, are zones of nutrient accumulation. This pattern indicates that the indirect effects of trees on soils are more important than the direct effects. The higher N:P ratios in the tundra suggest nutrient dynamics differ from the lower elevation sites. We propose that evaluating soil N and P simultaneously in soils may provide a robust assay of ecosystem nutrient limitation.
Calcium signaling in immune cells

Calcium acts as a second messenger in many cell types, including lymphocytes. Resting lymphocytes maintain a low concentration of Ca2+. However, engagement of antigen receptors induces calcium influx from the extracellular space by several routes. A chief mechanism of Ca2+ entry in lymphocytes is through store-operated calcium (SOC) channels. The identification of two important molecular components of SOC channels, CRACM1 (the pore-forming subunit) and STIM1 (the sensor of stored calcium), has allowed genetic and molecular manipulation of the SOC entry pathway. In this review, we highlight advances in the understanding of Ca2+ signaling in lymphocytes with special emphasis on SOC entry. We also discuss outstanding questions and probable future directions of the field.
A 30 GHz Monolithic Single Balanced Mixer with Integrated Dipole Receiving Element

This paper will describe a 30-GHz monolithic low-noise balanced mixer which has been developed using an integrated bow-tie antenna to waveguide transition and low parasitic Mott diodes. The diodes and mixer circuit were developed using MBE material and were fabricated using a plated airbridge technology. Measurements on the diode at dc and RF showed that the zero bias junction capacitance was 0.025 pF and the series resistance was 10 Omega. A mixer conversion loss of 6 dB was measured at 30 GHz with an IF of 1 GHz.
Comorbid posttraumatic stress symptoms in an urban population of mothers screening positive for depression.

Screening for maternal depression in clinical and community settings has been the topic of numerous recent studies and an important component of the 2009 Institute of Medicine (IOM) report, Depression in Parents, Parenting, and Children.1 According to the IOM report, however, studies of maternal depression screening have largely ignored the implications of comorbid mental health conditions on screening approaches and evaluation of screening effectiveness.1 One condition that may accompany – and complicate – maternal depression is posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD and depression share several diagnostic criteria, and depression – when accompanied by posttraumatic stress symptoms – is less responsive to treatment.2 Whereas depression has an extensive evidence-base for effective primary care-based treatment, PTSD typically requires mental health specialty services. In certain high risk populations, therefore, it is important to understand the likelihood with which depression screening instruments identify mothers who may have PTSD.
The effect of captopril on postural hemodynamics and autonomic responses in chronic heart failure

Both postural abnormalities and autonomic dysfunction have been identified in patients with chronic congestive heart failure (CHF). However, the effect of long-term vasodilator therapy on these phenomena has not been assessed. In this study the hemodynamic and plasma norepinephrine (PNE) responses to upright posture, as well as the cold pressor test and Valsalva's maneuver in 12 patients with severe chronic CHF during both acute and long-term captopril (CPT) therapy, were evaluated. This revealed an absence of the normal hemodynamic adjustments to upright posture and a blunted response of PNE. The heart rate and blood pressure responses to the cold pressor test and Valsalva's maneuver were similarly blunted. The reflex adjustments of systemic resistance during tilt improved with CPT therapy, but the absence of reflex tachycardia in the upright posture persisted. Additionally, there was improvement of the PNE response, and the responses of heart rate and blood pressure to the cold pressor test were virtually normalized during long-term CPT therapy. The abnormal response to the Valsalva maneuver persisted. In conclusion, hemodynamic and reflex-mediated responses to upright posture and the standard assessment of autonomic control mechanisms revealed abnormal patterns in heart failure. While the hemodynamic adjustment to postural changes and sympathetic responsiveness were improved with CPT, complete correction of these abnormalities did not occur. Whether the improvement was a nonspecific vasodilator effect or the result of specific CPT therapy remains to be determined.
Heat Transfer from Aluminum to He II—Application to Superconductive Magnetic Energy Storage

Heat transfer problems associated with large scale Superconductive Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) are unique due to the proposed size of a unit. The Wisconsin design consists of a cryogenically stable magnet cooled with He II at 1.8 K. The special properties of He II (T<2.17 K) provide an excellent heat transfer medium for magnet stability. Design values are determined from an experimental study of heat transfer from aluminum to He II. Under near saturated conditions we observe a maximum surface heat flux of 1.7 W/cm/sup 2/ at 1.91 K and a recovery at 0.7 W/cm/sup 2/. The advantages of operating the magnet under subcooled conditions are exemplified by improved heat transfer. The maximum at 1.89 K and 1.3 atm pressure is 2.3 W/cm/sup 2/ with recovery enhanced to 1.9 W/cm/sup 2/. A conservative maximum heat flux of 0.5 W/cm/sup 2/ with an associated temperature difference of 0.5 K has been chosen for design. Elements of the experimental study as well as the design will be discussed.
A Spatial Vector Analyzer for the Conventional Electrocardiogram

Present methods of spatial vector analysis are descriptive rather than quantitative, or require lengthy calculations. With the spatial vector analyzer, the spatial vector is constructed from the conventional electrocardiogram, with only minor modifications of electrocardiographic routine. The method is simple, can be applied to mean and instantaneous vectors, and a quantitative characterization of any vector in terms of a horizontal angle, vertical angle, and magnitude can be obtained in about three minutes. It may be expected that the description of any deflection in simple, quantitative terms will improve the electrocardiographic interpretation by eliminating distortion resulting from the limitation to one (frontal) plane.
Impact of Available Nitrogen in Mine Site Revegetation: A Case Study in the Coeur d'Alene (Idaho) Mining District

A variety of soil amendments were evaluated for suitability in revegetation of waste rock piles in the Coeur d'Alene Mining District of northern Idaho. The amendments included biosolids, composts, log yard wastes, and two liquid‐based organic treatments. Initial available nitrogen (N) (ammonia plus nitrate) values varied significantly with the type of amendment, ranging from 20 lb/ac in the liquid‐based soil treatments to 2800 kg/ha in a biosolids treatment. As would be expected, high available N increased the potential for high runoff N. The level of available N also had a strong impact on plant frequency vs. density, species distribution, and the extent of unseeded vegetation. For example, high N amendments promoted a high‐frequency/low‐density vegetation profile that was dominated by grass species and contained low content of unseeded vegetation. Conversely, the low N amendments promoted a low‐frequency/high‐density profile with a diverse grass–legume mixture but also a greater density of weeds.
Cultivating a Religiously Literate Society: Challenges and Possibilities for America's Public Schools

Abstract This article presents a rationale as well as a proposal for a religious literacy curriculum in U.S. public high schools. Relying on the Religious Education curriculum currently in use in the United Kingdom, the authors sketch a religious literacy curriculum designed to help students thrive in a pluralistic and democratic society. In order to help young citizens develop the skills, dispositions, and knowledge to thrive in an increasingly global, pluralistic, and democratic society, they need to become religiously literate. For students to be religiously literate they must learn to respect the religious other as well as understand the role of religions in contributing to civic life.
Leydig Cell Desensitization by Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Does Not Occur in the Human Fetal Testis

In vivo data concerning human fetal testicular testosterone production as well as in vitro findings in fetal and neonatal rats suggest that fetal Leydig cells may be capable of responding to gonadotropins and secreting testosterone at high levels for prolonged periods, in contrast to adult testes which reportedly become desensitized after high dose gonadotropin administration. To evaluate fetal testicular testosterone production during long term, high dose gonadotropic stimulation, we cultured human, rhesus monkey, and rabbit fetal testes in organ and cell cultures. After 24 h of culture with different concentrations of hCG (0-100 ng/ml, physiological fetal concentrations during human gestation), the fetal testes were still able to respond to a second hCG stimulus (no desensitization). The 24-h incubation with hCG (0-100 ng/ml) also increased the capacity of the cultures to secrete testosterone during a second incubation in a dose-dependent manner even in the absence of hCG (steroidogenic enzyme induction). Furthermore, hCG increased thymidine incorporation into DNA by the human fetal testis. The results of this study substantiate the role of hCG in the regulation of fetal Leydig cells. They suggest that long term effects via nuclear mechanisms (RNA and DNA synthesis) may be important aspects of this regulation, and that fetal Leydig cells are able to respond to sustained concentrations of gonadotropin without being desensitized.
The Intraseasonal Variability of African Easterly Wave Energetics

AbstractAfrican easterly waves (AEWs) and associated perturbation kinetic energy (PKE) exhibit significant intraseasonal variability in tropical North Africa during boreal summer. Consistent with East Africa (e.g., east of Lake Chad) being an initiation region for AEWs, previous studies have shown that increased East African PKE precedes and leads to increased West African AEW activity on intraseasonal time scales. In this study, reanalysis budgets of PKE and perturbation available potential energy (PAPE) are used to understand this behavior. The variability of PKE and PAPE sources is analyzed as a function of Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) phase and a local 30–90-day West African PKE index to diagnose when and where eddy energy conversions terms are important to periods of increased or decreased intraseasonal AEW activity. In East Africa, an increased meridional temperature gradient locally enhances baroclinic energy conversion anomalies to initiate periods of increased intraseasonal AEW activity. Downs...
Agnathia and associated malformations: a case report.

Abstract A case of a rare first branchial arch anomaly with severe hypoplasia of the mandible and fusion between the mandible and adjacent bones is presented. The patient also had intracranial, cardiac, and acral deformities. The craniofacial malformations may reflect incomplete separation of the first branchial arch into its maxillary and mandibular processes. The association between the craniofacial and other corporal anomalies is unknown.
Sensitivity and reactivity to foot shock following electroconvulsive shock stimulation.

Abstract Shock aversion, difference and tetanization thresholds were used as indicies of the rat's sensitivity to foot shock at various temporal intervals after electroconvulsive shock (ECS) administration. Activity elicited by inescapable foot shock was used as a measure of the rat's unconditioned reaction to foot shock. A single ECS was found to decrease the rat's sensitivity only to low levels of foot shock at short intervals following its administration. On the other hand both excitatory and inhibitory effects of ECS on the rat's unconditioned reaction to foot shock were noted. A decreased reaction to foot shock occurred between 45 and 90 min after ECS and was followed by a period of hyperreactivity 6–24 hr after ECS. These findings lend support to a stimulus change interpretation of the proactive effects of ECS particularly when the criterional response involves foot shock.
Becoming experts: measuring attitude development in introductory computer science

We have begun the process of examining how students perceive the field of computer science by employing a novice-to-expert continuum framework. As part of this exploration we have developed and are validating the Computing Attitudes Survey (CAS). In this study, our research focuses on how students develop expert-like attitudes and what effect an introductory course may have on that development. In particular, we find that the CAS instrument can be used to detect pre/post attitude shifts after a single introductory course of instruction and that individual subpopulations show positive attitude gains across gender, area of study and pedagogy Further, the CAS can also be used to identify significant pre/post attitude shifts among individual component factors, groupings of items on the survey that characterize different aspects of novice thought processes.
Relaxation in disordered systems

Abstract Non-exponential relaxation in disordered systems may be interpreted in terms of a distribution of exponential rate constants that arises naturally from a narrow, random distribution in the value of a structural parameter (distance or angle) which characterizes the inequivalent sites within the system. This analysis is applied to the decay of methyl radicals in glassy methanol and to other systems. In the former case, the underlying assumptions have been tested experimentally. Such an approach indicates in general terms which kind of disorder is responsible for the observed decay. It also offers the prospect of obtaining a detailed description of the microscopic structure of a reactive site.
Applications of ergodic theory and sofic systems to cellular automata

Abstract We indicate a mathematical framework for analysing the evolution of cellular automata. Those automata obeying an additive rule are shown to be the same as endomorphisms of a compact abelian group, and therefore their statistical and dynamical behavior can be told exactly by using Fourier analysis and ergodic theory. Those obeying certain nonlinear rules are closely tied to a finitely-described object called a sofic system, but the underlying statistics appear to be more complicated and interesting. We conclude by formulating several conjectures about one such system.
Review of "Reasoning about Uncertainty by Joseph Y. Halpern." The MIT Press, 2003.

Dealing with uncertain and imprecise information has been one of the major issues in almost all intelligent systems. Uncertainty is a fundamental and unavoidable feature of our daily life. It arises because agents almost never have access to the whole truth about their environment. It can also occur when the agents have incomplete and/or incorrect information about the properties of their environment.
Multiresolution data acquisition and detection in functional MRI.

In an investigation of a multiresolution and multistaged approach in functional MRI, the relationship between spatial resolution and detection of functional activation is examined. The difference between functional detection and mapping is defined, and a multiresolution approach to functional detection is analyzed by constructing simple theoretical and experimental models simulating variations of in-plane resolution. Experimentally measured blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal changes as well as BOLD contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) with respect to different spatial resolutions are compared with results from theoretical predictions and simulation. From both an experimental and a theoretical perspective, it is shown that BOLD CNR and, thus, the concomitant detection of the functional activation are maximized when the resolution matches the size of activation.
Epistemic Foundations of Solution Concepts in Game Theory: An Introduction

We give an introduction to the literature on the epistemic foundations of solution concepts in game theory. Only normal-form games are considered. The solution concepts analyzed are rationalizability, strong rationalizability, correlated equilibrium and Nash equilibrium. The analysis is carried out locally in terms of properties of the belief hierarchies. Several examples are used throughout to illustrate definitions and concepts.