cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parenteral Nutrition (PN) Use for Adult Hospitalized Patients: A Study of Usage in a Tertiary Medical Center

The use of parenteral nutrition (PN) is essential for patients who are unable to meet their nutrition requirements through oral or enteral nutrition. Many earlier studies have noted that PN is often inappropriately used in the hospital setting, thereby increasing the risk of associated complications and costs. A prospective study was performed at the Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), using a nutrition support database to determine the appropriateness of PN use and the associated hospital costs for patients on 3 surgical services over a 6-month period. Appropriateness of PN therapy was determined according to the American Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.) guidelines. A total of 139 new PN therapies were initiated in the 6-month period. Forty percent of the cases were deemed inappropriate. A total of 573 PN days ($80,000 hospital PN costs) could have been saved if inappropriate PN therapy had not been ordered. The avoidable costs only reflect the PN solution and not the additional costs associated with laboratory monitoring, central line placement and maintenance care, nursing administration, and ongoing pharmacy and dietitian clinical management. This study illustrated that PN was not always being provided according to A.S.P.E.N. guidelines. In addition, cost savings could be achieved if PN was provided only to MUSC patients who meet these guidelines.
Synthesis of (S,E)‐1‐(Methoxymethoxy)‐1‐Tributylstannyl‐2‐Butene

Synthesis of (S,E)-1-(methoxymethoxy)-1-tributylstannyl-2-butene product: (S,E)-1-methoxymethyl)-1-tributylstannyl-2-butene Keywords: metalation reactions, tin; protection, oxygen; reduction, CO CHOH; stereoselective reactions, enantioselective
Familial Hairy Cell Leukemia

Familial hairy cell leukemia (HCL) occurs rarely, and HCL occurring in association with other hematologic malignancies is even rarer. We describe two cases of familial HCL syndromes: a mother and son with HCL, and a HCL patient whose aunt developed Hodgkin's Disease (HD). This is the first reported familial association of HCL with HD.
Performance characterization of mobile-class nodes: Why fewer bits is better

Mobile-class nodes, also known as netbooks, have become increasingly popular in the personal computing market. As is the trend in the computing market, the processors in these mobile-class nodes moving from 32 bits to 64 bits. This move extends the memory ceiling beyond the traditional 4GB, allowing for a significantly larger virtual address space. In addition, on the x86_64 architecture, 64-bit technology gives mobile-class processors access to eight extended 64-bit registers, as well as eight additional extended registers and eight additional 32-bit registers.
Raman spectra of disordered Hg(NH3)2Cl2 and Hg(NH3)2Br2

The Raman spectra of disordered Hg(NH3)2Cl2, Hg(ND3)2Cl2 and Hg(NH3)2Br2 are reported. The spectra consist of the internal vibrations of the mercuric complex with no lattice phonons being observed. The bending and the symmetric stretching mode for the complex (Hg(NH3)) occur at 110 cm−1 and 413 cm−1 in the chloride and at 85 cm−1 and 381 cm−1 in the bromide.
Out-of-School Time and Adolescent Substance Use.

Abstract Purpose High levels of adolescent substance use are linked to lower academic achievement, reduced schooling, and delinquency. We assess four types of out-of-school time (OST) contexts—unsupervised time with peers, sports, organized activities, and paid employment—in relation to tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use at the end of high school. Other research has examined these OST contexts in isolation, limiting efforts to disentangle potentially confounded relations. Methods Longitudinal data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (N = 766) examined associations between different OST contexts during high school and substance use at the end of high school. Results Unsupervised time with peers increased the odds of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use, whereas sports increased the odds of alcohol use and decreased the odds of marijuana use. Paid employment increased the odds of tobacco and alcohol use. Unsupervised time with peers predicted increased amounts of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use, whereas sports predicted decreased amounts of tobacco and marijuana use and increased amounts of alcohol use at the end of high school. Conclusions Although unsupervised time with peers, sports, and paid employment were differentially linked to the odds of substance use, only unsupervised time with peers and sports were significantly associated with the amounts of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use at the end of high school. These findings underscore the value of considering OST contexts in relation to strategies to promote adolescent health. Reducing unsupervised time with peers and increasing sports participation may have positive impacts on reducing substance use.
Military Tactics as Cross-Cultural Public Relations Gesture: Chinese Military Tactics in Tibet as Possible Indicator of Paralleled Chinese Actions Outside of China

This report addresses how the military actions of China exemplify public relations gestures of intention within the realm of armed conflict. In doing so Chinese military tactics used in Tibet are interpreted as gestures of intent that can serve as foundation for speculating on possible paralleled Chinese actions outside of China. The study of cross-cultural relations encompasses a wide range of perspectives and contexts. Cross-cultural relations can occur on multiple levels, from subtle nonverbal expressions within interpersonal encounters to bold military attacks that play out in the international arena. The findings conveyed are presented in a developmental progression whereby the preceding section(s) serve as context and foundation for what is conveyed.
SHELF LIFE OF HHP-PROCESSED PEACH PUREE WITH ANTIBROWNING AGENTS

Natural peach puree and peach puree containing 500 ppm of ascorbic acid (AA) or cysteine (250 ppm) were treated at high pressure (517 MPa/ 5 min). High hydrostatic processing (HHP)-processed and control purees were stored at 3, 21 and 35 ± 1C for 30 days. Total count, yeast/molds, color and polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity were analyzed regularly. PPO activity was reduced to 12.1, 26.4 and 5.5% in both the natural puree and puree containing AA and cysteine after applying HHP. PPO activity of the non-HHP-processed puree containing cysteine was different from the other purees, as well as the PPO activity of HHP-processed purees. Non-HHP-processed natural puree (yellow color) and purees containing AA (yellow color) and cysteine (orange color) maintained their colors individually for 9 days. HHP-processed purees maintained their yellow (natural puree and puree with AA) and orange colors (puree containing cysteine) for 21 to 24 and 30 days, respectively. Less than 10 cfu/g were counted in HHP-processed purees stored at 3C.
Novel Dual-FCL Connection for Adding Distributed Generation to a Power Distribution Utility

A novel dual-connection of fault current limiters is described for use when connecting new distributed generation plants to the electric grid. The operation and control scheme of this connection are described and analysed. The proximate arrangement of the two current limiters has the advantage that they can share one cryogenic system. The dual connection limits fault currents sufficiently to avoid disturbing the original protection relay schemes of the utilities, and also improves synchronism between the new generator and the grid. These benefits are proven by simulations of a 36 MW, 4.16 kV gas turbine generator connected to an infinite grid. This dual-FCL connection reduces fault current contributions of the DG by 97% (from 41 to 1 kA), and maintains the circuit breakers within their duty limits when a three-phase fault occurs at a bus connected to the DG. Otherwise, when a three-phase fault occurs in the infinite system, this connection limits the fault current contribution of the DG from 4.8 to 0.4 kA, and frequency oscillations of the DG from 0.14 to 0.01 Hz. The power continuity in the local network is improved, as the voltage sag at the bus connected to the DG is reduced by 96% (from 851 to 32 V) during and after serious short-circuit faults.
LF and MF observations of the lightning electromagnetic pulse at ionospheric altitudes

For the first time the full ionospheric signature of the lightning electromagnetic pulse (EMP) was measured up to a frequency of 2 MHz. At altitudes below 225 km, the upward-going whistler wave is found to have a nose-whistler wave shape with the fastest propagating frequency (nose frequency) near 80 kHz. The bulk of the EMP energy is at the nose frequency, and there is a sharp upper limit near 175 kHz where the group delay is very long. We believe the group delay is due to a propagation resonance for the whistler mode (slightly non-longitudinal propagation) associated with the low plasma frequencies in the F-layer valley. MF emissions were seen below the F peak, but not above. These results verify earlier speculation that the leading intense edge of the lightning EMP was carried by 50–125 kHz waves. In addition, we present tantalizing evidence for detection of a pulse pair prior to the stroke that is similar to transionospheric pulse pairs (TIPPs) detected in satellite data.
In vivo validation of a bimodal technique combining time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy and ultrasonic backscatter microscopy for diagnosis of oral carcinoma

Tissue diagnostic features generated by a bimodal technique integrating scanning time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy (TRFS) and ultrasonic backscatter microscopy (UBM) are investigated in an in vivo hamster oral carcinoma model. Tissue fluorescence is excited by a pulsed nitrogen laser and spectrally and temporally resolved using a set of filters/dichroic mirrors and a fast digitizer, respectively. A 41-MHz focused transducer (37-μm axial, 65-μm lateral resolution) is used for UBM scanning. Representative lesions of the different stages of carcinogenesis show that fluorescence characteristics complement ultrasonic features, and both correlate with histological findings. These results demonstrate that TRFS-UBM provide a wealth of co-registered, complementary data concerning tissue composition and structure as it relates to disease status. The direct co-registration of the TRFS data (sensitive to surface molecular changes) with the UBM data (sensitive to cross-sectional structural changes and depth of tumor invasion) is expected to play an important role in pre-operative diagnosis and intra-operative determination of tumor margins.
A methodology to generate evenly distributed input stimuli by clustering of variable domain

Constrained Random Verification (CRV) is becoming the mainstream methodology for the functional verification of complex System on Chip (SoC) designs. In order to achieve verification closure, CRV tools have to produce a large number of solutions, evenly distributed, in the search space. To attain this requirement, we propose a technique which analyzes the solution space by using consistency algorithm and splits the variable's domain into clusters. The proposed technique helps to generate input stimuli which are evenly distributed in search space. The proposed technique has been validated through experimental results. Experimental results show that the proposed methodology guarantees evenly distributed stimuli and improves by about 15% the veriication coverage.
Acid modulation of HT29 cell growth and differentiation. An in vitro model for Barrett's esophagus

Cell proliferation and differentiation are influenced by environmental factors, including the extracellular pH. We recently showed, using an ex vivo organ culture system of human mucosal Barrett's esophageal biopsies, that acid has a highly variable effect on cell proliferation and differentiation depending on the pattern of acid exposure. Study of the mechanisms underlying these dynamic effects of acid on this premalignant intestinal-like epithelium is hampered by lack of an immortalized cell line. We therefore investigated the effect of acid exposure on the human colonic carcinoma cell line HT29, chosen because of its intestinal cell derivation and its ability to differentiate in vitro. HT29 cells exposed to pH 5 medium either continuously (up to 3 weeks), or as a short (1 hour) pulse, were compared with cells cultured at pH 7.4. Villin expression was induced only by long term acid exposure, and correlated with the development of differentiated polarized cells that contain a brush border and microvillus inclusions. Chronic acid exposure arrested cell proliferation, whereas a 1 hour acid-pulse enhanced cell proliferation, as determined by [3H]thymidine incorporation assays and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression. Serum starvation attenuated the hyperproliferative effect of an acid-pulse. In addition, the doubling time of at least the first cell cycle after an acid-pulse was shortened. The Na/H exchanger is likely to play a role since the hyperproliferative acid-induced response was blocked by amiloride; and the activity of the exchanger was increased at acidic pH as determined by 22Na uptake. These results support a role for extracellular pH on cell proliferation and differentiation of HT29 cells. Furthermore, these findings parallel the dynamic effects of acid on Barrett's esophagus, and suggest that HT29 cells could serve as an in vitro model for studying the mechanism of acid modulation in Barrett's esophagus.
Identification of the Cell-Intrinsic and -Extrinsic Pathways Downstream of EGFR and IFNγ That Induce PD-L1 Expression in Head and Neck Cancer

Many cancer types, including head and neck cancers (HNC), express programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1). Interaction between PD-L1 and its receptor, programmed death 1 (PD-1), inhibits the function of activated T cells and results in an immunosuppressive microenvironment, but the stimuli that induce PD-L1 expression are not well characterized. Interferon gamma (IFNγ) and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) utilize Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) as a common signaling node to transmit tumor cell-mediated extrinsic or intrinsic signals, respectively. In this study, we investigated the mechanism by which these factors upregulate PD-L1 expression in HNC cells in the context of JAK/STAT pathway activation, Th1 inflammation, and HPV status. We found that wild-type, overexpressed EGFR significantly correlated with JAK2 and PD-L1 expression in a large cohort of HNC specimens. Furthermore, PD-L1 expression was induced in an EGFR- and JAK2/STAT1-dependent manner, and specific JAK2 inhibition prevented PD-L1 upregulation in tumor cells and enhanced their immunogenicity. Collectively, our findings suggest a novel role for JAK2/STAT1 in EGFR-mediated immune evasion, and therapies targeting this signaling axis may be beneficial to block PD-L1 upregulation found in a large subset of HNC tumors.
What would a “responsible health secretary” do?

I don’t want this weekly column to become party political. But I do need to discuss (again) the behaviour of Jeremy Hunt, England’s health secretary. I have never seen frontline NHS staff so pressured, finances so parlous, and clinicians’ mood so low. Hunt has told parliament that he is commissioning a review into the poor morale of junior doctors, apparently in denial about his own leading role in its causes.1 Hunt’s lack of insight was apparent in a recent Guardian interview, in which he asserted his commitment to the NHS’s values and funding model, his regard for doctors’ work ethic, and his view that …
Archives Administration in Australia

INTEREST in national archives developed later in the Commonwealth of Australia than in European countries or in the Australian states. When the Commonwealth was formed in 1901, the six states of Australia already existed. These states, whose history and records began early in the 19th century, not only became archives conscious earlier than did the Commonwealth Government but from the beginning were mainly interested in locating and preserving records of the past. The new Commonwealth Government, with fewer old records, became concerned with archives largely because of the proliferation and wanton destruction of Federal records. Thus, on the Commonwealth level, attention has been primarily directed toward accession, use, storage, and disposal of predominantly 20th-century records. Yet, because of its youth, the Commonwealth was aware of the necessity for a records management program far earlier than most countries or states. In spite of these two contrasting motivations, both the Federal Government and the Australian states until recently have administered their archives programs through sections of the national and state libraries. By 1 96 1 most of the permanent Federal archives were in Melbourne or Canberra, in the Archives Division of the National Library, but these two repositories were staffed by a total of only seven archivists, plus other, nonprofessional workers, to administer, service, arrange, and describe the Central Government's permanently valuable records. Clearly, the central archives administration was understaffed. Another problem was that of accessibility. Australia, proceeding in the fashion of the British Government, opened to the public only records over 50 years old. Because few records could be opened before 1962, many requests for access had to be referred to the Government department concerned, a time-consuming procedure. The Archives Division was also handicapped because a central
Response of Lutz, Sitka, and white spruce to attack by Dendroctonus rufipennis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) and blue stain fungi

Mechanical wounding and wounding plus inoculation with a blue-stain fungus, Leptographium abietinum (Peck), associated with the spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby), caused an induced reaction zone or lesion around the wound sites in Lutz spruce, Picea lutzii Little, Sitka spruce, P. sitchensis (Bong.) Carr., and white spruce, P. glauca (Moench) Voss, in south-central Alaska. The effects of tree species on lesion length were nonsignificant; however, the effects of wounding versus wounding plus blue-stain inoculate were highly significant. Lesion length was significantly longer in high-flow Lutz spruce compared with low-flow trees that were wounded. There was a significant change in monoterpene composition in the induced reaction zones of wounded phloem compared with unwounded phloem. The total percentage of potential toxic monoterpenes such as limonene, myrcene, 3-carene, and beta phellandrene increased in all three host species. Egg gallery length and the area of phloem consumed by larvae outside of lesions was significantly less for trees with wounds caused by fungal inoculation compared with mechanical wounds only. Trees with fungal inoculations appeared to deter larval feeding. Hydroxystilbenes were not found in the three species of spruce; however, differences were found in the chemical content of the reaction and the nonreaction zones. Two unknown chemicals present in nonreaction zones were not found in the induced reaction zone. One chemical appears to be a dimer with a carbohydrate moeity. A low molecular weight chemical found in the induced reaction zone could not be identified by mass spectroscopy.
Classification of cycling exercise status using short-term heart rate variability

Introduction of effective home-based exercise programs in older adults and people with chronic conditions requires implementation of appropriate safeguards to prevent possible side effects of strenuous exercise. In each exercise program the following exercise modes can be generally recognized: rest, main exercise, and exercise recovery. However, approaches for automated identification of these exercise modes have not been studied systematically. The primary purpose of this study was (1) to assess whether time-domain HRV parameters differ depending on exercise mode; (2) to identify optimal set of time-domain parameters for automated classification of exercise mode and build a classification model. Using discriminant analysis, two HRV parameters (RRtri and MeanRR) were identified which yielded 80% classification success in identifying correct exercise mode by applying generated discriminant functions.
"The Guilt of Fragile Sovereigns": Tyranny, Intrigue, and Martyrdom in an Unchanging Regime (Virginia, 1829-32)

This essay canvasses how far meanings of “regime change” can be stretched beyond their current invocation as anodyne neologistic cover for the illegality of a “coup d’etat.” Some years ago the anthropologist John Borneman made one attempt to extend the compass of regime change beyond simple realist “topplings” of governments one disfavors to responsibility for legal reconstruction of the target regime because he wished to argue that idealistic interventions against tyrannical rule should always be legitimate. This essay asks whether the term can be stretched in a different direction, to encompass instances of intervention against tyrannical rule beyond the sphere of interstate relations where it is currently lodged. To test the proposition I turn here to a particular event—the Turner Rebellion, a slave rebellion that took place in Virginia in 1831—and to recent work in political theory that dwells on the politics of counter-sovereignty. Here regime change encompasses a rebellion of slaves against a tyrannical slaveholding regime, a failed attempt to deploy a revolutionary politics of counter-sovereignty against the regime’s pretensions to legality. Here tyranny remains the target of regime change. But rather than the solvent of tyrannical rule, law in this case is the instrument of its expression.
Estimation of a Multiplicative Model for Locating Large Retail Stores

A Multiplicative Competitive Interaction Model may be used for predicting the sales volumes for new locations of large scale stores or shopping centers. The paper reviews the least squares technique for evaluating the parameters of the model. Teekens ’ approach is applied to obtain the maximum likelihood estimators for the multiplicative competitive interaction model. The minimum variance unbiased estimators and limitations of the various techniques are discussed.
Picosecond laser with specialized optic for facial rejuvenation using a compressed treatment interval.

Studies using a 755 nm picosecond laser with a focus lens array have been reported to be effective for facial wrinkles and pigmentation. This study reports the safety and efficacy using a shorter interval of 2-3 weeks between treatments. Nineteen female subjects and one male subject, primarily Fitzpatrick skin types II and III (one skin type I), who had mild to moderate wrinkles and sun-induced pigmentation were enrolled and treated using the 755 nm PicoSure Laser with focus lens array. The skin was cleansed then wiped with an alcohol wipe prior to treatment. Lidocaine 30% ointment and/or forced air cooling could be used to increase subject comfort. Adjacent pulses, with minimal overlap (10% or less), were delivered to the full face. Subjects received four treatments, performed at 2-3-week intervals. The laser energy used was 0.71 J/cm2 . The physician administered 3-7 passes with an average total of 6,253 pulses per treatment. Follow-up visits occurred at 1 and 3 months post-last treatment at which the physician scored satisfaction and improvement and subjects scored satisfaction and likelihood to recommend to others. The most common side effects were mild swelling, pain, redness, and crusting, most of which subsided within hours of the treatment, with the latest resolving within 48 hours. This is similar to a previous reported study (Weiss et al. ASLMS 2015) where treatments were performed every 6 weeks with side effects resolving within 24 hours. At the 1 and 3 month follow-up visits, 94% (n = 19) and 93% (n = 15) of subjects scored themselves as satisfied or extremely satisfied with their overall results and 81% and 93% were likely to recommend the treatment based on global assessment, respectively. The treating physician was satisfied with 93% of subject's overall results. Three blinded evaluators were able to correctly identify the baseline from post-treatment photographs in 77% of the subjects at the 1 month follow-up and 69% of the subjects at the 3 month follow-up, on average. The average treatment pain score was 4.2 on a 1-10 scale. A compressed treatment interval expedites results without increasing side effects and resulted in a high physician and subject satisfaction rate. Lasers Surg. Med. 48:723-726, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Memory of a tonal center after modulation

This study examines how long the percept of a tonal center is retained in memory following a modulation to a new key, and how harmonic context in the new key area affects recall of the original key. In Experiment 1, musically trained listeners (N = 50) were asked to rate perceived harmonic tension while listening to chord sequences that consisted of three parts: the first section established an initial key, the second section modulated to a new key, and the last section modulated back to the original key. The duration of the new key section ranged from 3 to 21 seconds. The tension slopes following the modulations indicated a gradual decay in the memory of the previous key as the length of the new key section increased. When sequences lacked cadences, traces of the initial key appeared to persist longer. In Experiment 2, musically trained listeners (N = 31) were asked to rate harmonic tension while listening to sequences with longer timescales of up to 45 s in a new key area. Additionally, responses to “closed” modulations, which returned to the original key, and “open” modulations, which departed from both the original and new keys, were compared. The combined results of Experiments 1 and 2 showed that the original key was retained in memory after 15-20 s in a new key. However, there was not enough evidence to conclude it persisted beyond 20 s.
Constructs in Knowledge Organization Systems: Rhythm in Time, Intention, and Form

In the context of the International Society for Knowledge Organization, we often consider knowledge organization systems to comprise catalogues, thesauri, and bibliothecal classification schemes ??? schemes for library arrangement. In recent years we have added ontologies and folksonomies to our sphere of study. In all of these cases it seems we are concerned with improving access to information. We want a good system.And much of the literature from the late 19th into the late 20th century took that as their goal ??? to analyze the world of knowledge and the structures of representing it as its objects of study; again, with the ethos for creating a good system. In most cases this meant we had to be correct in our assertions about the universe of knowledge and the relationships that obtain between its constituent parts. As a result much of the literature of knowledge organization is prescriptive ??? instructing designers and professionals how to build or use the schemes correctly ??? that is to maximize redundant success in accessing information.In 2005, there was a turn in some of the knowledge organization literature. It has been called the descriptive turn. This is in relation to the otherwise prescriptive efforts of researchers in KO. And it is the descriptive turn that makes me think of context, languages, and cultures in knowledge organization???the theme of this year???s conference.
Effect of an iPad-Based Intervention to Improve Sexual Health Knowledge and Intentions for Contraceptive Use Among Adolescent Females at School-Based Health Centers.

Objectives: The use of effective contraception can decrease the incidence of unplanned pregnancy among adolescents. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of an iPad-based application (app) o...
Insights into Jumonji C-domain containing protein 6 (JMJD6): a multifactorial role in foot-and-mouth disease virus replication in cells

The Jumonji C-domain containing protein 6 (JMJD6) has had a convoluted history, and recent reports indicating a multifactorial role in foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection have further complicated the functionality of this protein. It was first identified as the phosphatidylserine receptor on the cell surface responsible for recognizing phosphatidylserine on the surface of apoptotic cells resulting in their engulfment by phagocytic cells. Subsequent study revealed a nuclear subcellular localization, where JMJD6 participated in lysine hydroxylation and arginine demethylation of histone proteins and other non-histone proteins. Interestingly, to date, JMDJ6 remains the only known arginine demethylase with a growing list of known substrate molecules. These conflicting associations rendered the subcellular localization of JMJD6 to be quite nebulous. Further muddying this area, two different groups illustrated that JMJD6 could be induced to redistribute from the cell surface to the nucleus of a cell. More recently, JMJD6 was demonstrated to be a host factor contributing to the FMDV life cycle, where it was not only exploited for its arginine demethylase activity, but also served as an alternative virus receptor. This review attempts to coalesce these divergent roles for a single protein into one cohesive account. Given the diverse functionalities already characterized for JMJD6, it is likely to continue to be a confounding protein resulting in much contention going into the near future.
Precipitation and Temperature Effects on Stable Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Population Dynamics.

The dynamics of stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), populations relative to temperature and precipitation were evaluated in a 13-yr study in eastern Nebraska. During the course of the study, >1.7 million stable flies were collected on an array of 25 sticky traps. A log-normal model using degree-days with a 15 °C threshold and weekly lags 0-4 for temperature and 2-7 for precipitation provided the best fit with the observed data. The relationships of temperature and precipitation to stable fly trap catches were both curvilinear, with maxima at 6.6 degree-day-15 (≈22 °C) and 7.4 mm precipitation per day, respectively. The temperature and precipitation model accounted for 72% of the variance in seasonal trap catches.
Monitoring and modulating ion traffic in hybrid lipid/polymer vesicles.

Abstract Controlling the traffic of molecules and ions across membranes is a critical feature in a number of biologically relevant processes and highly desirable for the development of technologies based on membrane materials. In this paper, ion transport behavior of hybrid lipid/polymer membranes was studied in the absence and presence of ion transfer agents. A pH-sensitive fluorophore was used to investigate ion (H + /OH − ) permeability across hybrid lipid/polymer membranes as a function of the fraction of amphiphilic block copolymer. It was observed that vesicles with intermediate lipid/polymer ratios tend to be surprisingly more permeable to ion transport than the pure lipid or pure polymer vesicles. Hybrid vesicle permeability could be further modulated with valinomycin, nigericin, or gramicidin A, which significantly expedite the dissipation of externally-imposed pH gradients by facilitating the transport of the rate-limiting co-ions ( e.g. K + ) ions across the membrane. For gramicidin A, ion permeability decreased with increasing polymer mole fraction, and the method of introduction of gramicidin A into the membrane played an important role. Strategies to incorporate biofunctional molecules and facilitate their activity in synthetic systems are highly desirable for developing artificial organelles or other synthetic compartmentalized structures requiring control over molecular traffic across biomimetic membranes.
Hypoglycemia After Gastric Bypass Surgery: Current Concepts and Controversies.

Context Hypoglycemia, occurring after bariatric and other forms of upper gastrointestinal surgery, is increasingly encountered by clinical endocrinologists. The true frequency of this condition remains uncertain, due, in part, to differences in the diagnostic criteria and in the affected populations, as well as relative lack of patient and physician awareness and understanding of this condition. Postbariatric hypoglycemia can be severe and disabling for some patients, with neuroglycopenia (altered cognition, seizures, and loss of consciousness) leading to falls, motor vehicle accidents, and job and income loss. Moreover, repeated episodes of hypoglycemia can result in hypoglycemia unawareness, further impairing safety and requiring the assistance of others to treat hypoglycemia.
Pro-tumorigenic roles of fibroblast activation protein in cancer: back to the basics

Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a cell-surface serine protease that acts on various hormones and extracellular matrix components. FAP is highly upregulated in a wide variety of cancers, and is often used as a marker for pro-tumorigenic stroma. It has also been proposed as a molecular target of cancer therapies, and, especially in recent years, a great deal of research has gone into design and testing of diverse FAP-targeted treatments. Yet despite this growing field of research, our knowledge of FAP's basic biology and functional roles in various cancers has lagged behind its use as a tumor-stromal marker. In this review, we summarize and analyze recent advances in understanding the functions of FAP in cancer, most notably its prognostic value in various tumor types, cellular effects on various cell types, and potential as a therapeutic target. We highlight outstanding questions in the field, the answers to which could shape preclinical and clinical studies of FAP.
Static Analysis and Symbolic Execution for Deadlock Detection in MPI Programs

Parallel computing using MPI has become ubiquitous on multi-node computing clusters. A common problem while developing parallel codes is determining whether or not a deadlock condition can exist. Ideally we do not want to have to run a large number of examples to find deadlock conditions through trial and error procedures. In this paper we describe a methodology using both static analysis and symbolic execution of a MPI program to make a determination when it is possible. We note that using static analysis by itself is insufficient for realistic cases. Symbolic execution has the possibility of creating a nearly infinite number of logic branches to investigate. We provide a mechanism to limit the number of branches to something computable. We also provide examples and pointers to software necessary to test MPI programs.
A Heterogeneous Robotic Network for Distributed Ambient Assisted Living

Networks of robots and sensors have been recognized to be a powerful tool for developing fully automated systems that monitor environments and daily life activities in Ambient Assisted Living applications. Nevertheless, issues related to active control of heterogeneous sensors for high-level scene interpretation and mission execution are still open. This work presents the authors’ ongoing research about the design and implementation of a heterogeneous robotic network that includes static cameras and multi-sensor mobile robots for distributed target tracking. The system is intended to provide robot-assisted monitoring and surveillance of large environments. The proposed solution exploits a distributed control architecture to enable the network to autonomously accomplish general-purpose and complex monitoring tasks. The nodes can both act with some degree of autonomy and cooperate with each other. The chapter describes the concepts underlying the designed system architecture and presents the results of simulations performed in a realistic scenario to validate the distributed target tracking algorithm. Preliminary experimental results obtained in a real context are also presented showing the feasibility of the proposed system.
CLASSIFICATION AND TYPOLOGY

Classification is the most fundamental of interpretive activities in all the natural sciences, including archaeology. The sheer accumulation of data in time requires its subdivision into groups, before any other analytical or interpretive procedures can be undertaken. In archaeology, this has been true in the case of both artifacts and cultures. As a result, archaeological classification has a long history; in the broadest sense it probably dates back to the beginnings of archaeology itself.
The Political Economy of Redistribution Through Higher Education Subsidies

State governments provide the majority of support for higher education in the United States. Across all states in the year 2000, eleven percent of total expenditures were spent on higher education—a figure totaling 56 billion dollars. Without this level of subsidy from states, higher education as it is known in the United States simply would not exist. Unlike other large state subsidized programs such as elementary and secondary education, higher edcucation is not a service available to all. Instead, in different ways in different states, the provision of higher education is rationed. For example, higher education is rationed at selective institutions according to the characteristics of students. In every state, selective public institutions deny some state citizens access to their services on the basis of the citizens’ academic qualifications. It is hard to imagine other services being rationed in this way—for instance, limiting transportation services to only the best drivers would never be an acceptable method of rationing this state-provided good. In perhaps a less familiar way, higher education is also rationed on the basis of price. Since even public higher education is not offered free of charge in every state, decisions about how much to charge for higher education are also necessarily decisions about who will be able to take advantage of this state service. As a result of this rationing, both on the basis of academic qualifications and by price, public higher education is consumed primarily by higher income individuals. Access to higher education in the United States is inversely proportional to income. Even after controlling for
Massive Lepton Pair Production

The study of high mass lepton pair production originated as a by-product of the search for new particles. In 1969, the Columbia-BNL group searching for the intermediate vector boson observed1 the production of direct μ+μ− pairs with masses of up to about 5 GeV which could not have been explained by experimental background. An explanation of the production process was proposed in 1970 by Drell and Yan2 in terms of the quark parton model. Their approach has been, in general, successful, and it is now customary to call production of massive lepton pairs the Drell-Yan process. Today the lepton pair continuum is no more an unwanted background masking the production of resonances. It is a topical subject providing the sensitive testing ground for the various models of strong interaction dynamics. In the parton model, and recently in Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), one can calculate a number of predictions for this process which can be tested with high accuracy.
Natural Killer Cells in Viral Infection

In human and experimental animals, the outcome of a virus infection is determined by the infecting agent’s virulence and the host’s ability to limit virus spread. Both specific immune response and natural mechanisms of defense act in limiting infection. The efferent arm of the specific immune response may limit virus growth by various effector mechanisms: virus inactivation by antibodies, complement-mediated lysis of enveloped viral particles or virus-infected cells coated with appropriate antibody, lysis of infected cells by antibody-dependent cytotoxic cells or specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). T cells have virtually no detectable spontaneous cytotoxic activity. Generation of CTL requires activation of T cells by antigen presented on accessory cells such as macrophages. Usually, a lag period of 7 to 10 days is required before T cells develop peak primary reactivity, which rapidly abates. An accelerated memory response of T cells occurs in 2 to 5 days upon reexposure to the antigen. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) can be mediated by different kinds of leukocytes bearing receptors of the Fc portion of IgG molecules, including monocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), and a subset of lymphocytes, without the requirement of prior activation. ADCC, however, as well as complementmediated lysis of infected cells, requires the presence of antibodies specific for structures expressed at the surface of the infected cells.
Modern and Paleocene Metasequoias: A Comparison of Foliage Morphology

Silicified peat from the Paleocene Fort Union Group in North Dakota has been studied using thin-section and peel methods. The internal structure of foliage identified as Metasequoia sp . is well preserved and is compared to the internal morphology of M. glyptostroboides foliage.
Pharmacogenetic Labeling of FDA-Approved Drugs: A Regulatory Retrospective.

SummaryThe U.S. Food and Drug Administration recently marked 10 years since first updating the labeling for warfarin (often referred to as the “poster child” of pharmacogenomics) to include informa...
Meta-Agents: Using Multi-Agent Networks to Manage Dynamic Changes in the Internet of Things

Abstract We explore the idea of online agent creation and deployment as a way to realize emergent configurations (EC). In the context of our work, eta-agents are agents in a multi-agent software paradigm that utilizes reasoning to both construct and deploy special-purpose agents that form an EC. Unfortunately, and opportunistically research-wise, reasoning models that can support the idea of meta-agents in the context of EC have not been explored. To realize EC using meta-agents, we discuss managing the complexity of the problem, then develop a multi-agent framework capable of supporting meta-agents, and, finally, explore known reasoning models.
The Inflammatory Response After Ischemic Stroke: Targeting β 2 and β 1 Integrins.

Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and disability with limited therapeutic options. Resulting inflammatory mechanisms after reperfusion (removal of the thrombus) result in cytokine activation, calcium influx, and leukocytic infiltration to the area of ischemia. In particular, leukocytes migrate toward areas of inflammation by use of integrins, particularly integrins β1 and β2. Integrins have been shown to be necessary for leukocyte adhesion and migration, and thus are of immediate interest in many inflammatory diseases, including ischemic stroke. In this review, we identify the main integrins involved in leukocytic migration following stroke (α L β2, αDβ2, α4β1, and α5β1) and targeted clinical therapeutic interventions.
Orchiectomy as Bridge or Alternative to Vaginoplasty

Simple orchiectomy for gender affirmation is a low-risk, minimally invasive, generalizable procedure that eliminates circulating endogenous testosterone, allowing reduced hormonal supplementation. This article describes a technique that serves as a step in definitive phenotypic transition while maximally preserving healthy tissue for future sex reassignment surgery. Orchiectomy should be offered routinely as a bridge or alternative to vaginoplasty, particularly in the setting of limited access to specialized centers for transgender surgery.
Comorbidity of migraine: the connection between migraine and epilepsy.

Abstract Although an association between migraine and epilepsy has long been discussed, it has rarely been studied systematically. According to the evidence from the large epidemiologic study reviewed in this article, individuals with epilepsy are 2.4 times more likely to develop migraine than their relatives without epilepsy. Risk of migraine is elevated in patients with partial-onset and generalized-onset seizures. The comorbidity of migraine and epilepsy may be explained by a state of neuronal hyperexcitability that increases the risk of both disorders. Clinical and EEG features useful in the differential diagnosis of migraine and epilepsy as well as in the diagnosis of both conditions when they occur concurrently are reviewed. When migraine and epilepsy occur together, therapy with agents effective for both conditions should be considered.
Chronic Tobacco Exposure by Smoking Develops Insulin Resistance.

Background and objectives The present review critically discusses the high occurrence rate, insulin resistance and type-2 diabetes in tobacco exposed individuals. Tobacco extracts and smoke contain a large number of toxic materials and a significant number of those are metabolic disintegrators. Discussion Glucose and lipid homeostasis is severely impaired by this compound. Tobacco exposure contributes to adverse effects by impairing the physical, biochemical and molecular mechanisms in the tissues. The immunological components are damaged by tobacco with high production of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-∞) and augmentation of inflammatory responses. These events result in damages to cytoskeletal structures of different tissues. Degradation of matrix structure (by activation of different types of MMPs) results in the permanent damages to the tissues and their metabolic functions. Cellular antioxidant defense system mostly cannot or hardly nullify CS-induced ROS production that activates polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), which are a major source of cytokines and chemokines (TNFα, IL6, IL8, INFγ). Additive effects of these immediately promote the low energy-metabolism as well as inflammation. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation contribute to the direct nicotine toxicity via nAChRs in diabetes. The investigator identified that skeletal muscle insulin-resistance occurs in smokers due to phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate1 (IRS1) at Ser-636 position. Conclusion Tobacco exposure initiates free radical related immunological impairment, DNA damage, and inflammation. So, the present analysis is of importance to figure out the mechanistic layout of tobacco-induced tissue damage and its possible therapeutic interventions.
A Novel Technique in Treatment of Calcaneocuboid Dislocation with Bifurcate Ligament Reconstruction Using a Semitendinosus Allograft: A Case Report.

CASE A 19-year-old woman sustained a plantar flexion-inversion injury to her right ankle after a low-speed motor vehicle collision. Clinical examination demonstrated supinated, adducted deformity of the foot, and prominent calcaneus laterally. Radiographs revealed dislocation of the calcaneocuboid joint, a rare injury, which was successfully stabilized by a novel technique using a hamstring allograft. The presentations and clinical and surgical management of this rare condition are discussed. CONCLUSION We present a technique that has shown good long-term results in a young patient with recurrent calcaneocuboid joint dislocations. Our novel ligament reconstruction technique using a semitendinosus allograft seems to be a promising treatment option in young patients with unstable calcaneocuboid joints.