cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solar labor market transitions in the United Arab Emirates

Abstract Here we examine the labor and human capital dimensions of the United Arab Emirate’s (UAE) efforts to transition from an oil rich country to a solar energy hub. Building on research from energy geography and evolutionary economic geography, we study the path dependence of oil development, the structural differences between oil and solar labor markets, and the ability of solar energy to serve as an alternative source of employment for the citizens of a rentier state. We accomplish this by presenting results from an original survey of UAE solar firms and key informant interviews with industry representatives. Our findings indicate that despite the predilection for framing renewable energy investment as a transition, solar energy development in the UAE is enabled by the presence of an oil economy and is both co-constructive and restrained by these dynamics. We conclude with the implications of the study for renewable labor market transitions in oil economies of the Middle East and beyond.
Age and gender differences in physical heart failure symptom clusters.

Abstract Background Gender differences exist in structure and function of the heart resulting in HF symptom variation. Previous HF symptom cluster research described symptom clusters that were linked to functional status, mortality, quality of life and rehospitalization. Age and gender differences between cluster groups were described in one study. Objectives Identify physical HF symptom clusters and explore age and gender differences between clusters. Methods Secondary analysis study of adults with HF. Cluster analysis was conducted using hierarchical agglomerative clustering techniques. A pictorial dendrogram output displays clusters. Results Three symptom clusters were identified in this sample of 133 older HF patients that differed by gender (p = 0.04), age (p = 0.00) and beta blocker use (p = 0.01). Symptom clusters were consistent with worsening HF, acute HF and chronic HF. Conclusion Symptom clusters differ by age and gender. Education should be directed at increasing patient awareness of their individual symptom clusters.
Visualizing diversity: the Oregon Health & Science University Educational Use Photo Diversity Repository

Background: Health science education needs images that represent both the diversity of patients served and the diversity of its students and clinicians. To begin to address this need, a nurse educator and librarian collaborated to launch the Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU) Educational Use Photo Diversity Repository. This online resource provides educators of health professional students with access to photos of pathophysiological conditions in skin of various colors so their students can increase their awareness of issues related to health and diversity and prepare themselves for more effective clinical work with their future patients. Case Presentation: The OHSU Educational Use Photo Diversity Repository became a university-wide project, leveraging the thoughts of an image advisory board, clinicians, faculty members, administrators, and students. Key considerations were given to the workflows used to submit photos as well as the controlled vocabulary for submitting images. The repository was started with photos already in existence, with future plans to have images taken specifically for the repository. Conclusions: This repository is playing an important role as OHSU and the health sciences in general reflect on the role of systemic racism in health care and clinical education. Negotiating issues of consent, patient health information, and privacy around using different technologies to take photos is a complex and ongoing process. The repository provides opportunities for closely examining these processes and creating improvements that result in more equitable education.
Current-induced switching of a ferromagnetic Weyl semimetal Co2MnGa

The introduction of magnetic moments to topological materials provides rich opportunities for studying the interplay among magnetism, electron correlation, and topological orders, which can give rise to exotic magnetoelectric effects and allow one to manipulate the topological band structure via spintronic approaches. Here, we report current-induced switching in a thin film of ferromagnetic Weyl semimetal Co2MnGa with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, via the spin–orbit torque from a neighboring heavy metal Pt. The reversal of the large anomalous Hall signal indicates an effective electrical control of the Berry curvatures associated with the Weyl nodes in the topological band structure. The efficiency of the spin–orbit torque switching is calibrated to be comparable to that in conventional ferromagnets. Given the compatibility of Co2MnGa films with various spintronic devices and techniques, our work represents an essential step toward memory and computing devices built by topological ferromagnetic materials.
The Role of Oxytocin in Parturition

Publisher Summary Oxytocin is the most potent of all agents known to elicit uterine contractions. Careful analysis of the collective data supports the view that oxytocin plays an important role in both initiation and maintenance of human labor. The low blood levels found in early labor are compatible with physiological secretion rates and are comparable to values found during infusions of exogenous oxytocin for induction of labor. Because the threshold to oxytocin stimulation decreases at the time of parturition because of increases in tissue receptor numbers, the circulating oxytocin levels need not rise to provide the trigger for the labor contractions. The proposed dual role for oxytocin in the mechanism of labor, namely, the stimulation of myometrial contractions and the stimulation of prostaglandin release from the decidua and fetal membranes, provides a unifying concept for the divergent opinions that consider either prostaglandins or oxytocin as the activator of the parturient human uterus.
Bandwidth management and delay control over EPONs

Ethernet passive optical networks (EPONs) address the first mile of the communication infrastructure between the service provider central offices and the customer sites. As a low-cost, high-speed technology, EPONs are deemed as the solution to the bottleneck problem of the broadband access network. This paper proposes a dynamic bandwidth allocation scheme to control the data delay over the EPON upstream channel. The theoretical analysis of the average delay and the delay reduction, in conjunction with the extensive simulations, demonstrates that our scheme provides effective data delay control over EPONs.
Targeting Drosophila eye development

In order to understand the role of transcription factors in particular developmental processes it is necessary to know their target genes. A combination of bioinformatics, comparative expression profiling and microarray-based epistasis experiments has recently identified new targets of Eyeless, a key transcription factor in Drosophila retinal determination.
Mentoring Early Career Faculty in Geography: Issues and Strategies*

Abstract Early career geography faculty in colleges and universities in the United States are positioned at the leading edge of a challenging period of change in higher education. Demands brought on by new technologies, new administrative and research pressures, and an increasingly competitive campus climate, may make it difficult to balance teaching, research, and service while also trying to maintain a personal life. This article argues that many geographers could benefit from the support of mentoring. Using ideas generated by participants in the Association of American Geographers' recent project, the Geography Faculty Development Alliance, I provide both pragmatic and personal suggestions for establishing these all-important mentoring relationships to help cope with the pressures facing early career faculty. *The author thanks Kenneth Foote, Michal Levasseur, Stanley Brunn, and Susan Hume for their inspiration and guidance on this paper and the more than forty panelists at AAG and NCGE mentoring sessi...
Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator: A Volkswagon or a Rolls Royce: How Much Will You Pay to Save a Life?

To the Editor: I applaud Dr Zipes’ emphasis on the concept that a one-size implantable cardiac defibrillator does not fit all and that substantial cost savings may accrue by developing simple defibrillators for simple problems.1 However, I am uncomfortable with his statement that “making automated external defibrillators (AEDs) as common as fire extinguishers is a ‘no-brainer’ and offers an incredible return on the investment. . . .” Dr Zipes may be confusing the high efficacy and low cost of the AED with the issue of cost-effectiveness. Although just one AED is used in a save, it is not just that particular AED’s …
Calcium imaging of sonoporation of mammalian cells

Ultrasound mediated delivery of compounds is a relatively recent development in drug delivery and gene transfection techniques. Due to the lack of methods for real‐time monitoring of sonoporation at the cellular level, the efficiency of drug/gene delivery and sonoporation associated side effects, such as the loss of cell viability and enhanced apoptosis, have been studied only through post US exposure analyses, requiring days for cell incubation. Furthermore, because microporation appears to be transient in nature, it was not possible to correlate transfection with microporation on an individual cellular basis. By studying the role of calcium in the cell and using fluorescent calcium imaging to study sonoporation it is possible to quantify both cell porosity and sonoporation side effects. Since both post sonoporation cell survival and delivery efficiency are related to the dynamic process of the cell membrane poration, calcium imaging of sonoporation will provide important knowledge to obtain improved und...
DNA and Criminal Justice: Public Opinion on a New Policy

Genomics research will soon affect many aspects of our lives, but its political associations and implications are only beginning to develop. This paper explores one such aspect: biobanks for law enforcement purposes. All states collect genetic information from serious offenders, and some from malfeasants, arrestees or immigrants subject to deportation. DNA evidence and biobanks are frequently used to aid in prosecution and conviction and sometimes to exonerate those falsely convicted. Some elites and advocacy groups find forensic biobanking deeply troubling, but the public endorses it and politicians usually promote it. Scholars, on the other hand, know little about the political dynamics behind support or opposition. We use a new survey of 4,200 American adults and a new module on the General Social Survey to investigate how the public understands and evaluates forensic databanks. We examine respondents’ self-declared awareness of biobanks, evaluation of biobanks’ social benefits and harms, views on funding and regulation, and willingness to contribute a DNA sample. We anticipate a positive relationship with scientific literacy, Republicanism, and self-interest, and a negative relationship with being African American. Some, but not all, of these hypotheses are borne out. Blacks (and sometimes Latinos) resist forensic biobanks more than whites, although majorities of all groups endorse them. Those with more genetics knowledge are more supportive of this new technology. Republicans present a mixed picture: they trust law enforcement officials in this arena and resist federal regulation – but they also oppose increased public funding. Finally, self-interest defined as susceptibility to crime has no discernible relationship to views on legal biobanks.
Natriuretic peptide metabolism, clearance and degradation

Atrial natriuretic peptide, B-type natriuretic peptide and C-type natriuretic peptide constitute a family of three structurally related, but genetically distinct, signaling molecules that regulate the cardiovascular, skeletal, nervous, reproductive and other systems by activating transmembrane guanylyl cyclases and elevating intracellular cGMP concentrations. This review broadly discusses the general characteristics of natriuretic peptides and their cognate signaling receptors, and then specifically discusses the tissue-specific metabolism of natriuretic peptides and their degradation by neprilysin, insulin-degrading enzyme, and natriuretic peptide receptor-C.
Research on and in medical education.

Dr. George Lister of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center delivered the Lee E. Farr Lecture on Student Research Day on May 9, 2011. This day focused on the dissertation work of Yale School of Medicine MD students, whose research opportunities for prospective physicians were recently examined and critiqued by Yale’s Committee to Promote Student Interest in Careers as Physician Scientists. Lister’s talk served to highlight the importance of communication between the laboratory and the clinic in optimizing diagnostics and treatments, effectively affirming the validity of the Committee’s objectives.
Driving safety: concerns and experiences of parents of adolescent drivers with type 1 diabetes.

Driving is a dangerous activity for adolescents, perhaps being even more precarious for adolescents with type 1 diabetes due to the possibility of extreme blood glucose (BG). There is no available data on adolescent driving safety concerns and type 1 diabetes. To begin addressing this issue, we surveyed parents regarding their observations and concerns. Seventy-two parents (87.5% mothers) of adolescent drivers aged 16–19 with type 1 diabetes provided analyzable data. Females comprised 36% of their adolescents, with 74% using pump therapy. In the past year, 13% and 84% of parents reported their adolescent had experienced severe or moderate disruptive hypoglycemia, respectively. Over half (56%) of the parents reported moderate to extreme worry about how diabetes impacted their adolescent’s driving, while only 21% of parents thought their adolescents had similar concerns (p=.037). Almost a third (31%) of parents thought their adolescent need not treat low BG until it fell below 70mg/dl; 13% thought their adolescent could safely drive with BG below 65mg/dl. And, 31% and 14% of parents, respectively, reported their adolescent had been in a collision or stopped by the police in the past year, which they attributed to both hypo- and hyperglycemia. Adolescents reportedly took steps to prevent hypo- and hyperglycemia while driving, but more aggressively avoided hypoglycemia (p’s<.001). While this data is limited, lacking a non-diabetic control group and randomized sample, it does suggest that driving and adolescent type 1 diabetes deserves further attention and investigation.
Impact of DEM mesh size and soil map scale on SWAT runoff, sediment, and NO3-N loads predictions

The accuracy of agricultural nonpoint source pollution models depends to a great extent on how well model input spatial parameters describe the relevant characteristics of the watershed. It is assumed that reducing the precision of spatial input parameters affects the simulation results of runoff and sediment yield from the entire watershed. However, there may be no significant increase in the accuracy of models, as a result of more precise topographic or soil information, which increase the input data collection and preparation. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of the mesh size of the digital elevation model, DEM (from 20 to 500 m) and the soil map scale (1/25,000; 1/250,000 and; 1/500,000 scale) within the Soil and Water Analysis Tool (SWAT) to simulate runoff, sediment, and NO3–N loads at the outlet of an agricultural watershed. Results of the Lower Walnut Creek (21.8 km 2 , central Iowa) showed that an upper limit to DEM mesh size of 50 m is required to simulate watershed loads. Decreasing the mesh size beyond this threshold does not substantially affect the computed runoff flux but generated prediction errors for nitrogen and sediment yields. Whatever the DEM mesh size considered, a detailed soil map has to be considered to accurately estimate the loads. Finally, the impacts of DEM mesh size and soil map scale on the modeling results are discussed in respect of the relevant characteristics of the watershed and included in SWAT. q 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Phantom-based MRI corrections and power to track brain change

The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) employed phantom-based scaling of T1-weighted MP-RAGE brain images to improve spatial calibration of scans and longitudinal stability across study sites. Early in ADNI, errors in phantom based scaling were identified due to incorrect acquisition protocols or replacement of phantoms. Images initially made available with questionable scaling factors (scaled) were reprocessed (scaled_2) and made available to the scientific community. As many studies were conducted using images with sub-optimal scaling, we aimed to determine if the power to detect brain change differed between scaled and scaled_2 images. Using tensor-based morphometry, we found a high degree of correlation and no significant difference between scaled and scaled_2 images. We detected no significant differences between effect sizes derived from scaled and scaled_2 images. Our findings support the ADNI MRI core assessment that analyses carried out with either scaled or scaled_2 images may not offer a substantial difference in power.
Effect of Ultra-High Pressure Homogenization on the Interaction Between Bovine Casein Micelles and Ritonavir

Purpose The aim of this work was to develop a milk-based powder formulation appropriate for pediatric delivery of ritonavir (RIT).
Membrane-targeting peptides for nanoparticle-facilitated cellular imaging and analysis

The controlled delivery of nanomaterials to the plasma membrane is critical for the development of nanoscale probes that can eventually enable cellular imaging and analysis of membrane processes. Chief among the requisite criteria are delivery/targeting modalities that result in the long-term residence (e.g., days) of the nanoparticles on the plasma membrane while simultaneously not interfering with regular cellular physiology and homeostasis. Our laboratory has developed a suite of peptidyl motifs that target semiconductor nanocrystals (quantum dots (QDs) to the plasma membrane where they remain resident for up to three days. Notably, only small a percentage of the QDs are endocytosed over this time course and cellular viability is maintained. This talk will highlight the utility of these peptide-QD constructs for cellular imaging and analysis.
The vibrational spectrum of ethylene glycol

Abstract The infrared and Raman spectra of liquid DO(CH2)2OD and HO(CD2)2OH were recorded and interpreted. As a result, an assignment of the vibrational spectrum of liquid ethylene glycol is proposed. The skeletal valence vibrations are observed at 864, 1041 and 1084 cm−1. The Raman spectrum and the infrared spectrum in the 650–4000 cm−1 range of liquid trimethylene glycol has also been recorded and is evaluated briefly.
An electron microscope study of infection by the blue-green algal virus SM-1

Abstract The morphology of unicellular blue-green algae (Synechococcus) infected with virus SM-1 has been studied in thin sections prepared at various times during the 48 hr required for one cycle of virus growth. No changes in the photosynthetic lamellae are seen prior to lysis, in contrast to the extensive invagination observed in other blue-green algal virus systems. SM-1 virions accumulate in the nucleoplasm; at last times the entire space interior to the photosynthetic lamellae is packed with virus particles. Forms that could be precursors of complete particles have been identified; these include apparently empty heads and condensed “cores.” One or both of these forms could be artifacts of preparation.
Covalent Formation of Nanoscale Fullerene and Dendrimer Patterns

Localized patterns of amine-terminated monolayers obtained via the surface modification of a monolayer with the biased probe of an atomic force microscope were used to covalently attach buckminsterfullerene or dendrimers to the surface, affording lines as narrow as 20 nm.
Efficient Reductive or Oxidative Current Flow across 100 μm Using an Si Photoelectrode under High Level Injection

The photoelectrochemistry of Si/CH 3 OH contacts has been investigated under high level injection conditions. Exposure of Si samples having low doping levels (10 13 cm -3 ) and long minority carrier lifetimes (>1 ms) to modest steady-state illumination levels has produced high level injection conditions and minimal electric fields at the solid-liquid contact. Under these conditions, the solid is analogous to a large molecule, with both electrons and holes available for interfacial charge transfer (and recombination) at the solid/liquid contact. In principle, photocurrents of either sign are possible in such samples. Vectorial charge separation with a high quantum yield has been effected by selective removal of one carrier type at the back of the sample, in a fashion analogous to either oxidative or reductive quenching of a molecular excited state. Through specifying the back contact connections, the sign of the photocurrent at the solid/liquid interface, 100 μm from the initial quenching site, has been manipulated. Charge separation with high quantum yields and with 10% photoelectrode energy conversion efficiencies under solar simulation has been achieved using this approach
The effects of considering nonlist sources on the Deese–Roediger–McDermott memory illusion

Abstract In the Deese–Roediger–McDermott (DRM) memory illusion participants indicate that nonpresented words were on a list that contained the word's associates. We compared standard DRM instructions with source-monitoring/strong-warning instructions that included both an example list and a source-monitoring test that allowed participants to identify nonstudy-list sources (Experiment 1: an associate of list words; Experiment 2a: generated by participants themselves) as the origin of words. In Experiment 2b source-monitoring instructions did not include a strong warning. In all experiments the DRM illusion in the source-monitoring/strong-warning or source-monitoring/no-strong-warning condition was reduced, but not eliminated, even with immediate testing. The illusion's robustness is discussed in terms of the source-monitoring framework.
Distribution of dissolved and particulate230Th and232Th in seawater from the Gulf of Mexico and off Cape Hatteras as measured by SIMS

We present vertical and horizontal profiles of dissolved and particulate230Th and232Th concentrations in seawater from shelf and slope areas of the Gulf of Mexico and off Cape Hatteras in the Middle Atlantic Bight, as measured by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), and compare the partitioning of long-lived230Th between particles and seawater with that of short-lived234Th. Concentrations of dissolved and particulate230Th and232Th in surface seawater decreased from near-shore to off-shore in the Gulf of Mexico, demonstrating terrestrial input to the surface waters. Vertical profiles indicate that lateral transport, as well as surface inputs (e.g., fluvial and aeolian) and bottom sediment resuspension, could be an important source of230Th and232Th in ocean margin regions. Sea water samples collected off Cape Hatteras contained significantly higher dissolved and particulate230Th and232Th concentrations than those found in the open Gulf of Mexico. Likely, the distributions of230Th and232Th in seawater off Cape Hatteras are, to a large extent, controlled by terrestrial particles. In contrast, in-situ production (for230Th) and scavenging are the major processes regulating the concentrations of dissolved230Th and232Th in the open Gulf of Mexico. The observed negative correlation between log Kd (particle-solution distribution coefficient) and log Cp (concentration of suspended particulate matter) for234Th and230Thxs in both study areas, demonstrated a “particle-concentration effect” down to very low Cp concentrations (∼ 20 μg/l). Based on the230Th inventory, in-situ production, and the small estimated surface input, the overall residence time of230Th in the water column at a slope station in the Gulf of Mexico is calculated to be about 5 yr.
Evaluation of the Root Zone water quality Model using field-measured data from a sandy soil

Testing of simulation models against field-measured data is an important step that must be taken before a model can be used as a management tooL Field soil water contents, intensively measured by time-domain reflectometry (TDR) on a Zimmerman fine sand soil (Argic Udipsamments) in the Minnesota Management System Evaluation Area (MSEA), were used to evaluate the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) over two rotated crop growing seasons in 1992 (corn, Zea mays L.) and 1993 [soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. The model was evaluated based on laboratory-measured soil hydraulic properties. Reasonable agreement exists between the daily TDR-measured and RZWQM-predicted water contents for the upper soil depths. However, the model overestimated the lower soil profile, leading to a consistent overestimation of the total water depth (TWD) in the entire root zone (0 to 150 cm) during both the 1992 and 1993 growing seasons. The maximum errors in TWD for the entire root zone were 2.47 and 2.77 cm, respectively, in 1992 and 1993. Predictions of solute transport by RZWQM were examined for three herbicides: atrazine [6-chloro-N-ethyl-N'-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2.4-di-amine], alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide], and metribuzia [4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)]. Comparison between measured and predicted soil herbicide concentrations averaged over the top 15-cm layer showed that the model matched the temporal changes of the field measurements reasonably well, although the measurements showed that all pesticides were somewhat more persistent over time than the model predicted.
Enzymatic binding of aminoacyl-tRNA and peptide chain elongation by ribosomes and ribosome subunits in pea

Abstract In vitro aminoacyl transfer from aminoacyl- t RNA to elongating peptide chains and binding of aminoacyl- t RNA to ribosomes were studied with n
Studies on glucose-6-phosphatase and glutaminase in rat liver and kidney

Abstract All treatments which increased liver glucose-6-phosphatase ( d -glucose-6-phosphate phosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.3.9) activity also caused an increase in the glucose-6-phosphatase activity of the kidney cortex. Adrenalectomy and hypophysectomy both caused marked decreases in liver and kidney-cortex glucose-6-phosphatase activities. Three treatments increased liver glutaminase ( l -glutamine amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.1.2) activity; however, only one of these, a high-protein diet, increased kidney glutaminase activity. Fasting decreased both total available liver glutaminase and kidney glutaminase activities. The removal of the adrenals or pituitary caused large decreases in glutaminase activity in both the liven and cidney. It appears that factors which affected the activity of liver glucose-6-phosphatase activity had a similar effect on kidney-cortex activity. The correlations were more difficult with the glutaminase activity since alterations of glutaminase activity were not noted with as many treatments as affected glucose-6-phosphatase activity.
Sins of the fathers: The jeremiad and the Franco‐American crisis in the fast day sermons of 1798

Sermons delivered on the national fast of May 9, 1798, are viewed from the perspective of the American Jeremiad. These sermons are significant to the study of American public discourse because they represent an effort to explain an immediate political crisis in terms of “God's ultimate plan” for the American people. Rhetoric thus helps to transform both the nature of the crisis and the response required of the audience.
Cross-modality matching of muscular tension to loudness

In a single session, Ss produced and estimated a series of electromyographically measured tensions, estimated the loudness of pure tones, and then matched muscular tension to tonal loudness. In all cases, power functions adequately represented the estimation and matching data. For two Ss, who scaled tension in the abductor of the little finger, the slopes of the estimation functions successfully predicted the slopes of the matching functions. For the other Ss the prediction from estimation to matching data was fair, but not good; these Ss scaled adductor tension, for which the electromyographic measurements were methodologically questionable. The data suggest that a consistent scale of muscular tension can be constructed, and that the scale can be validated by crossmodal comparison.
CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα) is an important mediator of mouse C/EBPβ protein isoform production

Both CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPalpha) and C/EBPbeta are intronless, yet can create various N-terminally truncated protein products with distinct DNA binding and transactivation potentials. These proteins can be generated via two distinct mechanisms, one translational and the other post-translational. In the translational mechanism, there is alternative translational start site selection of the different AUG codons present in the single messenger RNA (mRNA) species via a process of leaky ribosome scanning. Additionally, a post-translational method of isoform formation, through specific proteolytic cleavage of the full length protein has also been described. In this manuscript, we present evidence that the production of C/EBPbeta protein isoforms in the neonatal mouse liver is regulated by C/EBPalpha. In C/EBPalpha knockout mice, the predominant C/EBPbeta proteins are the larger 38- and 35-kd isoforms, whereas wild-type animals primarily possess the smaller 21- and 14-kd isoforms. These C/EBPalpha-dependent differences are liver specific, not present in lung or adipose tissues, and present at day 18 of development. Additionally, we show that induction of C/EBPalpha expression leads to an increase in the production of the 21-kd C/EBPbeta isoform in cell culture studies. As the various C/EBPbeta protein isoforms have different transcriptional capabilities, it is important to understand the regulation of the production of these isoforms. Our observations suggest a novel role for the C/EBPalpha transcription factor in this process.
The B cell follicle shields HIV

Unlike the vast majority of HIV-infected individuals who gradually progress to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) (progressors), a small fraction of HIV-infected individuals called “elite controllers” develop efficient immune responses against HIV that suppress viremia and maintain CD4+ T cell counts in the absence of antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, elite controllers do harbor persistent low levels of productive HIV in sites that have yet to be identified. Using a nonhuman primate model of HIV infection—that is, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in rhesus macaques—Fukazawa et al . found that productive infection of elite controllers but not progressors was highly restricted to follicular helper T (TFH) cells, a subset of effector/memory CD4+ T cells present in B cell follicles that help B cells to produce class-switched antibodies. Furthermore, they showed that the depletion of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in elite controller monkeys led to a marked redistribution of productive SIV infection to non-TFH CD4+ T cells. Conversely, upon CTL recovery, the restriction of productive SIV infection to TFH cells was once again restored in elite controller monkeys. These data suggest that B cell follicles provide a sanctuary for SIV to escape from CTL-mediated elimination. Strikingly, the authors also showed that SIV RNA was preferentially localized to TFH cells present in B cell follicles in ART-treated monkeys, raising the possibility that B cell follicles could be the same hiding place for SIV and its human counterpart HIV in individuals undergone ART. This study represents a major step towards the identification of cellular and anatomical reservoirs of HIV in individuals with immunologically or pharmacologically controlled virus replication. Current HIV-cure strategies rely on immune-mediated elimination of HIV antigen-positive cells following latent virus reactivation. This study suggests that the destruction of B cell follicles and the induction of sufficient CTLs capable of penetrating B cell follicles will be necessary to achieve total HIV elimination. Y. Fukazawa et al. , B cell follicle sanctuary permits persistent productive simian immunodeficiency virus infection in elite controllers. Nat. Med. 10.1038/nm.3781 (2015). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v21/n2/full/nm.3781.html
Toward a body‐mind synthesis

Yasuo Yuasa. The Body: Toward an Eastern Mind‐Body Theory (N. Shigenori & T. P. Kasulis, Trans). Albany: State University of New York Press, 1987. 256 pp. $14.95 pb.
Preferential dimethylation of histone H4 lysine 20 by Suv4-20.

Post-translational modifications of histone tails direct nuclear processes including transcription, DNA repair, and chromatin packaging. Lysine 20 of histone H4 is mono-, di-, or trimethylated in vivo, but the regulation and significance of these methylations is poorly understood. The SET domain proteins PR-Set7 and Suv4-20 have been implicated in mono- and trimethylation, respectively; however, enzymes that dimethylate lysine 20 have not been identified. Here we report that Drosophila Suv4-20 is a mixed product specificity methyltransferase that dimethylates ∼90% and trimethylates less than 5% of total H4 at lysine 20 in S2 cells. Trimethylation, but not dimethylation, is reduced in Drosophila larvae lacking HP1, suggesting that an interaction with HP1 regulates the product specificity of Suv4-20 and enrichment of trimethyllysine 20 within heterochromatin. Similar to the Drosophila enzyme, human Suv4-20h1/h2 enzymes generate di- and trimethyllysine 20. PR-Set7 and Suv4-20 are both required for normal levels of methylation, suggesting they have non-redundant functions. Alterations in the level of lysine 20 methylation following knock-down or overexpression of Suv4-20 did not affect lysine 16 acetylation, revealing that these two modifications are not competitive in vivo. Depletion of Suv4-20h1/h2 in HeLa cells impaired the formation of 53BP1 foci, suggesting dimethyllysine 20 is required for a proper DNA damage response. Collectively, the data indicate that Suv4-20 generates nearly ubiquitous dimethylation that facilitates the DNA damage response and selective trimethylation that is involved in heterochromatin formation.
Quantifying the Effects of Interventions for Movement Disorders Resulting From Cerebral Palsy

The purpose of this article is to review a variety of tests and measures that are useful in documenting and quantifying the outcomes of intervention for persons with cerebral palsy. The topics included are (1) a discussion of the need for meaningful outcome measures, (2) a model of the disabling process for classifying measures used to assess several different dimensions of disablement, and (3) a review of selected tests and measures categorized according to the model described. (J Child Neurol 1996;11 (Suppl 1): S61-S70).
Immunological restitution in lymphopenic immunological deficiency syndrome.

Abstract All previous attempts at restoring immunological capacity in cases of the lymphopenic (Swiss type) immunological deficiency syndrome have failed. An 8-month-old boy with this syndrome and oral moniliasis was given maternal blood and foetal thymus and liver cells. A few days later the white-blood-cell and lymphocyte counts rose, and small lymphocytes were detected for the first time; a previously stable skin graft was rejected completely; the moniliasis disappeared; plasma cells could be detected in bone-marrow; and in-vitro challenge with typhoid antigen resulted in cellular proliferation of lymphocytes. A graft-versus-host reaction supervened, and the patient died from a massive bilateral haemorrhagic pneumonia. The thymus was found to be vestigial. It is thought that therapy should aim to replace stem cells (the thymic abnormality being secondary or concomitant), though it is not clear which cell source, maternal or foetal, was responsible for the improved capacity noted in this case.
The Effects of Response Format and Other Variables on Comparisons of Digital and Dial Displays

We compared dial and digital clock displays to determine which could be read faster by 25 young adults. The influence of several variables on differences in response speed between the 2 display types was examined. These variables included response format (times expressed as minutes before the hour, minutes after the hour, or simple reading of hour and minute values), interval difficulty (times displayed in 5-min intervals or in intervals not divisible by 5), and the quadrant from which displayed times were selected. In general, digital displays led to faster responses than did dial displays. However, several combinations of the other variables, particularly those using the before-the-hour response format, effectively eliminated the superiority of digital displays. We suggest that in designing displays requiring such a response format, designers should not assume that a digital display is necessarily the best choice, especially if other factors encourage the selection of a dial display.
Investigation of in vitro bone cell adhesion and proliferation on Ti using direct current stimulation

Our objective was to establish an in vitro cell culture protocol to improve bone cell attachment and proliferation on Ti substrate using direct current stimulation. For this purpose, a custom made electrical stimulator was developed and a varying range of direct currents, from 5 to 25 µA, were used to study the current stimulation effect on bone cells cultured on conducting Ti samples in vitro. Cell-materials interaction was studied for a maximum of 5 days by culturing with human fetal osteoblast cells (hFOB). The direct current was applied in every 8 h time interval and the duration of electrical stimulation was kept constant at 15 min for all cases. In vitro results showed that direct current stimulation significantly favored bone cell attachment and proliferation in comparison to nonstimulated Ti surface. Immunochemistry and confocal microscopy results confirmed that the cell adhesion was most pronounced on 25 µA direct current stimulated Ti surfaces as hFOB cells expressed higher vinculin protein with increasing amount of direct current. Furthermore, MTT assay results established that cells grew 30% higher in number under 25 µA electrical stimulation as compared to nonstimulated Ti surface after 5 days of culture period. In this work we have successfully established a simple and cost effective in vitro protocol offering easy and rapid analysis of bone cell-materials interaction which can be used in promotion of bone cell attachment and growth on Ti substrate using direct current electrical stimulation in an in vitro model.
Concreteness: nouns, verbs, and hemispheres.

Abstract The preferential processing of concrete versus abstract nouns, and of active versus static or “quiet” verbs, was investigated using a lateralized lexical decision task in 32 normal and 4 commissurotomized subjects. Both groups of subjects showed the concreteness effect for nouns in both visual fields. The disconnected right hemisphere of two commissurotomized subjects responded with above chance performance only to concrete nouns. Neither group showed an activeness effect for verbs in either visual field. This supports an imageability rather than a multisensory representation interpretation of the concreteness effect. A comparison of responses to words and to nonwords revealed that males had a “no” bias to stimuli in the left visual field, and both males and females showed a slight “yes” bias for stimuli in the right visual field. These data suggest that the lexical decision task is complex and that word and noword decisions constitute partly independent functional components. We interpret the sex differences as an indication of strategic rather than functional differences in lateralization patterns between males and females.
Cell cycle-related transfer of proteins between the nucleus and cytoplasm of Physarum polycephalum.

Abstract The proteins of wild-type and polyploid plasmodia of P. polycephalum were prelabelled with [ 3 H]leucine and [ 14 C]leucine. The two types of plasmodia were then fused for 2 h. Following fusion the nuclei were isolated and the smaller wild-type cell nuclei separated from the larger polyploid cell nuclei. The proteins were isolated from the recipient cell nuclei and the recipient nuclear proteins extracted. Ratios of 3 H/ 14 C in the various nuclear protein fractions show that during fusion differential transfer of labelled preformed proteins from the donor cell into the recipient cell nucleus occurs. The quantity of proteins transferred varies among the different fractions and with the phase of the cell cycle. Isotopic dilution experiments indicate that these differences in protein transfer are, in part, due to a high rate of synthesis and turnover of the nuclear proteins.
Visual cortical evoked potentials as a function of intensity variations in sequential blanking.

A sequential blanking paradigm was used to determine the effects of more intense, later appearing, stimuli upon the visual evoked potential (VEP) to earlier appearing stimuli. In sequential blanking the presentation of a sequence of visual stimuli at certain rates, and in certain orders, results in the perceptual blanking of approximately one-half of the stimuli. The precise timing and location requirements for this effect are conveniently produced with a digital computer and associated cathode ray tube display. Further evidence was found for the inhibiting effect of later occurring (more intense) stimuli on the VEP response to earlier occurring (less intense) stimuli. This effect revealed itself in the delayed appearance of the major components of the VEP. In addition, it was found that the amount of delay was related to the ratio of the intensity difference between the earlier (blanked) and later occurring (blanking) stimuli, i.e., the greater the intensity difference between them the greater the temporal displacement produced in the VEP components.
Extrasystoles in groups

Abstract Instances of alternation of cycle length during an A-V nodal tachycardia and during a paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia in man are descrbed. In the latter case a similar phenomenon was observed during the change from the tachycardia to sinus rhythm following an intravenous injection of quinine. Application of barium chloride or strophanthin to small areas of the cardiac surface of the dog also causes groups of extrasystoles separated by longer pauses. These arrhythmias were often elicited during vagus and following sympathetic stimulation in these experiments. Finally, the phenomenon was observed during warming of the site of origin of extrasystoles produced by subepicardial injection of strophanthin. Similar observations in the literature are discussed. The different mechanisms which may lead to this disturbance of rhythm are reviewed. Irregular stimulus formation in a center is probable; regular stimulus formation with a disturbance of conduction from the center to the rest of the heart is possible only in some of these tracings.
Quantification and symmetry: Commentary on Michell, Quantitative science and the definition of measurement in psychology

Several of Michell's points are amplified and emphasized and the following additional point is made. Most quantitative attributes can be measured in more than one way, and there are interesting questions about how they relate. Among other things, units of measurement and symmetries of the underlying structure may or may not agree. Because I agree with almost everything Michell says, my commentary is restricted to some amplification and to an added observation.
Can we direct organ allocation based on predicted outcome? Hepatocellular carcinoma outside of UCSF criteria or retransplant?

In this study, we ask between patients with graft failure listed for retransplant and patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) outside of UCSF criteria, who has the greater survival benefit with transplantation? This is a retrospective analysis, of liver transplant (LT) patients, done between February 2002 and December 2009 at our center. Patients were included in the “extended HCC” group if their tumor was pathologically beyond UCSF criteria at LT and in the “redo” group if they underwent LT for graft failure occurring more than 3 months after the initial LT. Extended criteria donors (ECDs) were defined as donors above 70 years old, DCD, serology positive for HCV, and split grafts. There were 25 redos and 37 extended HCC patients. Use of ECDs or high donor risk index organs was associated with poor outcome in both groups (P = 0.005). Overall, the extended HCC population had a much better survival than redos, both at 1 and 3 years. These two very different but high risk patient populations have very different survival rates. At a time where regulatory agencies demand more and more with regards to transplant outcomes, we think the transplant community has to reflect on whether allocation justice and fair access to transplant are respected if we start allocating organs based on outcomes.
Chromatographic analysis of mixtures of mono-, di-, and tristearin containing mineral oil

A procedure for the quantitative separation and determination of mono-, di-, and tristearin by elution chromatography is presented. The individual components are found to be absorbed on silica gel in the following order: mono-, di-, and triglycerides. By using a solvent system of suitable polarity, it is possible completely to separate individual components of a mixture from one another. Satisfactory separation of the stearin mixture is obtained by using 100% isopropyl ether, followed by a solution of 70% ethyl ether in isooctane. This latter solvent system is then followed by a solution of 20% ethanol in isopropyl ether. This chromatographic method compares favorably with the chemical method of analysis of glyceride mixtures.
A high-flux source of single-mode fiber-coupled nondegenerate polarization-entangled photons

We describe a design to build a highly efficient parametric downconversion source for single spatial mode polarization-entangled photons based on a periodically poled lithium niobate crystal in a polarization Sagnac interferometer. We have investigated pump focusing to improve the coupling of the output light into a single-mode fiber and obtained a single-mode generation and fiber coupling efficiency of 49%.
Toward whole-body optical imaging of rats using single-photon counting fluorescence tomography

We used single-photon counting (SPC) detection for diffuse fluorescence tomography to image nanomolar (nM) concentrations of reporter dyes through a rat. Detailed phantom data are presented to show that every centimeter increase in tissue thickness leads to 1 order of magnitude decrease in the minimum fluorophore concentration detectable for a given detector sensitivity. Specifically, here, detection of Alexa Fluor 647 dyes is shown to be achievable for concentrations as low as 1 nM (<200 fM) through more than 5 cm in tissue phantoms, which indicates that this is feasible in larger rodent models. Because it is possible to detect sub-nM fluorescent inclusions with SPC technology in rats, it follows that it is possible to localize subpicomolar fluorophore concentrations in mice, putting the concentration sensitivity limits on the same order as nuclear medicine methods.
Dislocation-density changes upon poling of polycrystalline BaTiO 3

We report evidence for a significant increase of bulk dislocation density upon poling of polycrystalline ${\mathrm{BaTiO}}_{3}.$ The synchrotron high-resolution x-ray-diffraction measurements yield a dislocation density on the order of ${10}^{9}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ and an associated strain-energy increase of about 20 ${\mathrm{k}\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{m}}^{3}$. This implies that the application of an external poling field generates defects in the structure and increases the internal stress. Possible consequences in both bulk and thin-film applications include accelerated aging and microcracking.