cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Backdoors in the Context of Learning

The concept of backdoor variables has been introduced as a structural property of combinatorial problems that provides insight into the surprising ability of modern satisfiability (SAT) solvers to tackle extremely large instances. This concept is, however, oblivious to "learning" during search--a key feature of successful combinatorial reasoning engines for SAT, mixed integer programming (MIP), etc. We extend the notion of backdoors to the context of learning during search. We prove that the smallest backdoors for SAT that take into account clause learning and order-sensitivity of branching can be exponentially smaller than "traditional" backdoors. We also study the effect of learning empirically.
Disjunction and Repetition in Queneau's Fiction

The status of Raymond Queneau as an important or even "seminal" novelist is no longer in dispute. Neither is the author of Zazie dans le metro (1959) summarily discounted as a mere "amuseur," or a prankster. While his texts have by no means ceased to provoke controversy, they have been shown repeatedly as revealing an informed, lucid, and rather consistent preoccupation with the problems of literary language. Among some fifteen major works of narrative fiction credited to his name, the one that displays the various aspects of that preoccupation perhaps most emphatically is Les Fleurs bleues, the novel which, with the exception of Zazie dans le metro, is also the most commented on of Queneau's novels to date.
Pinning enhancement of YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-d/ thin films with Y/sub 2/BaCuO/sub 5/ nanoparticulates

A comparison study is given of a typical superconducting YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-d/ (Y123) film and a Y123 film containing a nonsuperconducting Y/sub 2/BaCuO/sub 5/ (Y211) phase nanoparticulate dispersion. The inclusion of the second phase nanoparticulates was for the express purpose of increasing superconducting film's magnetic pinning strength with the resultant improved in-field critical current density. LaAlO/sub 3/ substrates were used and the Y123 and Y211 nanoparticulates were grown by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). The Y211 nanoparticulate dispersion in the Y123 resulted from multiple consecutive depositions by PLD of the respective targets. The Y123 phase maintained excellent epitaxy with high in-plane orientation with and without the Y211 inclusions. With the Y211 additions, the critical current densities of the films increased significantly in applied magnetic fields as compared to the high quality Y123 film with no Y211 additions.
Seismic energy transmission in an intensively scattering environment

In order to account for some special features of lunar seismograms, namely, the gradual build-up of the signal, the extremely prolonged tail, and the lack of apparent coherence among three orthogonal components of ground motion, a statistical approach is proposed for describing transmission of seismic energy through a medium in which strong scattering takes place. A seismic diffusion theory is presented for a medium with randomly distributed scatterers of a given size distribution. A solution of the resulting diffusion equation for an impulsive energy source gives a curve which fairly closely reproduces the envelope of typical lunar impact seismograms. Since the model is based on constant diffusivity, long-range transmission will require a combination of diffusion and wave propagation treatments for accurate description.
A Review of “Disorientations: Spanish Colonialism in Africa and the Performance of Identity”

The title of this book announces the author's approach. Susan Martin-Marquez draws on performance theory to expose the reasons behind Spain's traditionally ambiguous relation to Africa and to its o...
Boundary determination for trivariate solids

The trivariate tensor-product B-spline solid is a direct extension of the B-spline patch and has been shown to be useful in the creation and visualization of free-form geometric solids. Visualizing these solid objects requires the determination of the boundary surface of the solid, which is a combination of parametric and implicit surfaces. This paper presents a method that determines the implicit boundary surface by examination of the Jacobian determinant of the defining B-spline function. Using an approximation to this determinant, the domain space is adaptively subdivided until a mesh can be determined such that the boundary surface is close to linear in the cells of the mesh. A variation of the marching cubes algorithm is then used to draw the surface. Interval approximation techniques are used to approximate the Jacobian determinant and to approximate the Jacobian determinant gradient for use in the adaptive subdivision methods. This technique can be used to create free-form solid objects, useful in geometric modeling applications.
Enzymatic differentiation in human amniotic cells.

Abstract Enzymatic study in noncultured amniotic fluid cells from 87 women at different stages of pregnancy was performed by electrophoresis. Of these patients, 33 had normal pregnancies and the remaining 54 had various complications of pregnancy. The electrophoretic patterns of lactate dehydrogenase, α-esterase, and acid phosphatase were altered in samples obtained either at different gestation periods or from normal and complicated pregnancies. Malate dehydrogenase and protein bands did not show any alteration. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase were not detectable. 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase was detectable in samples of complicated pregnancies. The significance of the altered patterns of enzymes is discussed.
Diffusion and Dissociation of Two-Dimensional Islands on FCC Metal (100) Surfaces

The mobility and the stability of small two-dimensional islands on a substrate are basic issues of surface science and thin-film growth. In this article, we present our main results from a series of theoretical studies of island diffusion and dissociation on several fcc metal (100) surfaces, with and without the effects of hydrogen as surface impurities. We found that a collective atomic process, shearing of a dimer belonging to a compact island, in many cases provides the most effective pathway for island diffusion. Consideration of this novel atomic process leads to the possibility of observing a new set of critical island sizes in dynamical island growth or coarsening. When H is introduced into the Ni system, the mobility of adatoms and islands of all sizes are enhanced. This conclusion suggests that H will function as an anti-surfactant in Ni(100) homoepitaxy.
Why women gain weight with adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer.

PURPOSEAmong breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy, weight gain is a common side effect that may decrease quality of life and potentially threaten survival. Weight gain during treatment is a problem that is clinically well appreciated, and one that has been studied by a number of investigators.DESIGNA literature review was conducted to address each of the following issues: (1) the prevalence and magnitude of weight gain in women receiving adjuvant chemotherapy for early-stage breast cancer, (2) factors that might affect the amount of weight gained, (3) adverse consequences of weight gain, (4) mechanisms potentially responsible for weight gain, and (5) current dietary intervention programs directed toward women receiving adjuvant chemotherapy.RESULTSWeight gain is associated with a number of adverse effects in breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. Weight gains are exaggerated in premenopausal women and women receiving multiagent regimens. Little research has been conducte...
High pressure conversion of solid He to a conducting phase

Abstract The volume and pressure required to convert He to a conducting phase are determined. The pressure is calculated from a corresponding states argument to be P = 95 megabar at 0°K.
Securities as a hedge against inflation: 1910–1969

Abstract How well have marketable securities performed as a hedge against inflation? The question is a very old one to which many writers have addressed themselves. The evolutionary nature of financial markets, financial theory, and financial instruments requires continued reevaluation of previous investment decisions. The purpose of this study is to review the performance record of 14 risk classes of securities, which range from long-term government bonds through five different classes of common stock. The average annual investment relatives adjusted for price-level changes are compared for various periods during which the price level is essentially stable, rising, and falling.
bcl-2 Rearrangements in de novo diffuse large cell lymphoma. Association with distinctive clinical features

BACKGROUND The frequency and clinical significance of bcl-2 rearrangement in de novo B-cell diffuse large cell lymphoma is largely unknown. METHODS Using Southern blot hybridization and multiple DNA probes, the status of the protooncogene bcl-2 was investigated in frozen tissue samples from 45 carefully selected cases of de novo diffuse large cell lymphoma of B-cell origin. Results were correlated with the presenting clinical and immunophenotypic features and with the subsequent clinical course. RESULTS Rearrangements of bcl-2 were identified in nine tumor specimens (20%). The bcl-2-positive cases more often presented as early-stage, nonmucosal associated extranodal tumors (P = 0.06) and were more often HLA-DR negative (P = 0.07). Five-year failure-free survival was poor among the bcl-2-positive cases (11% versus 48%). Overall survival was no different, however, because relapses in bcl-2-positive cases tended to be responsive to further therapy. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of bcl-2 rearrangements in de novo diffuse large cell lymphoma may identify a subset of patients with unusual clinical features.
Evidence for an Association between Metabolic Cardiovascular Syndrome and Coronary and Aortic Calcification among Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) exhibit an adverse cardiovascular risk profile, characteristic of the metabolic cardiovascular syndrome (MCS). The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of coronary artery (CAC) and aortic (AC) calcification among middle-aged PCOS cases and controls and to explore the relationship among calcification, MCS, and other cardiovascular risk factors assessed 9 yr earlier. This was a prospective study of 61 PCOS cases and 85 similarly aged controls screened in 1993-1994 for risk factors and reevaluated in 2001-2002. The main outcome measures were CAC and AC, measured by electron beam tomography. Women with PCOS had a higher prevalence of CAC (45.9% vs. 30.6%) and AC (68.9% vs. 55.3%) than controls. After adjustment for age and body mass index, PCOS was a significant predictor of CAC (odds ratio = 2.31; P = 0.049). PCOS subjects were also 4.4 times more likely to meet the criteria for MCS than controls. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and insulin appeared to mediate the PCOS influence on CAC. Interestingly, total testosterone was an independent risk factor for AC in all subjects after controlling for PCOS, age, and body mass index (P = 0.034). We conclude that women with PCOS are at increased risk of MCS and demonstrate increased CAC and AC compared with controls. Components of MCS mediate the association between PCOS and CAC, independently of obesity.
Research Review: Neuropsychological test performance in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder--a meta-analysis.

Background Research into the neuropsychology of pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) reveals inconsistent results, limiting the ability to draw conclusions about possible neurocognitive deficits in youth with OCD. The aim of this study was to conduct a meta-analysis of the available literature. Methods We identified 36 studies, of which 11 studies met inclusion criteria. Results were categorized into nine functional subdomains: planning, response inhibition/interference control, set shifting/cognitive flexibility, verbal memory, nonverbal memory, processing speed, working memory, visuospatial functions, and attention. For each domain, weighted pooled Hedges' g effect size was calculated using random model analyses. Results Small effect sizes were found across all subdomains, none of which were found to be statistically significant. Discussion Results indicate that youth with OCD do not exhibit noteworthy neuropsychological deficits. This is in line with recent suggestions that OCD may not be characterized by clinically meaningful neuropsychological impairments. However, the small number of available controlled studies highlights the urgent need for more neuropsychological research in this population, as well as for further exploration of the neurodevelopmental hypothesis in pediatric OCD. Finally, the relatively low persistence rates of OCD into adulthood should be taken under consideration, especially in the context of the putative neuropsychological performance differences between adult and pediatric OCD populations.
Pretransplantation hepatitis C virus quasispecies may be predictive of outcome after liver transplantation.

The evolution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) envelope variation was studied using a liver-transplant model to evaluate the role of HCV quasispecies for hepatocyte infection. Twelve HCV polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive liver-transplant recipients (6 with posttransplantation biochemical hepatitis and 6 without hepatitis [controls]) were prospectively evaluated and underwent detailed quasispecies analysis of pre- and postoperative serum samples. HCV amino acid sequence diversity and complexity at the first hypervariable region (HVR1) of the second envelope protein (E2) was correlated with outcome. Recurrence of HCV-induced allograft injury was defined by persistently elevated serum alanine transaminase (ALT) levels. The major variant (sequences >10% of all clones) of recipients with hepatitis accounted for a significantly smaller percent of all preoperative clones compared with controls (41% ± 6% vs. 69% ± 8%; P 50% of clones) compared with 17% of those with recurrence (P < .05). These differences did not persist postoperatively. In addition, recipients without a pretransplantation predominant variant demonstrated an increased allograft fibrosis score (2.3 ± 0.3 vs. 0.5 ± 0.3; P < .015) at 181 to 360 days posttransplantation compared with those in whom a predominant variant was present. Increased HCV envelope complexity may act as a stronger antigenic stimulus or improve hepatocyte receptor binding and lead to allograft hepatitis and fibrosis. Although pretransplantation differences in HCV quasispecies did not persist postoperatively, pretransplantation quasispecies may be a predictor of HCV-induced hepatitis and graft fibrosis after liver transplantation. (Hepatology 2000;32:375-381.)
Influence of molecular weight on fatigue behavior of polyethylene and polystyrene

Fatigue tests in reversed tension-compression have been carried out on samples of polyethylene and polystyrene of widely varying molecular weights, extending up to 2, 000, 000. All tests on polystyrene specimens were made at 1600 rpm. For polyethylene, tests speeds had to be reduced to 100 rpm in order to avoid serious temperature effects. For both materials, increasing molecular weight leads to improved resistance to alternating loading. For polystyrene, this improvement in ultimate properties even continued well beyond molecular weight values where Tg, becomes effectively independent of molecular weight. For polyethylene, samples of high molecular weight did not fail even after 107 cycles of alternating loading at a stress level of 3000 psi.
Public Attitudes Toward Local Farmland Protection Programs

Using telephone survey data, this study analyzes citizen attitudes toward a locally based farmland protection program for Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. The study findings indicate widespread public support for farmland protection, in general, and strong support for zoning and purchase of development rights approaches. Testing of the anti-elitist and sociospatial explanations for public support of land use regulations is carried out. A statistical analysis of survey results finds moderate support for the sociospatial explanation.
Development of an automated climatic data scraping, filtering and display system

One of the many challenges facing scientists who conduct simulation and analysis of biological systems is the ability to dynamically access spatially referenced climatic, soil and cropland data. Over the past several years, we have developed an Integrated Agricultural Information and Management System (iAIMS), which consists of foundation class climatic, soil and cropland databases. These databases serve as a foundation to develop applications that address different aspects of cropping systems performance and management. In this paper we present the processes and approaches involved in the development of a climatic data system designed to automatically fetch data from different web sources, consolidate the data into a centralized database, and delivery the data through a web-based interface. Climatic data are usually available via web pages or FTP sites. The exact steps to scrape data from different sources vary depending on how the data are rendered. The climatic data building process presented herein is broken down into 5 major program modules, corresponding to different phases of the process: Data Requester, Data Fetcher, Data Parser, Data Filter, and Data Explorer. The Data Requester is responsible for processing the web pages that lead to the determination of the requested weather data. The Data Fetcher is responsible for fetching weather data that is made available by the data sources based on the request from the Data Requester. The Data Parser is responsible for decompressing and parsing the contents of the original data file and saving the data to an SQL Server 2005 database. The Data Filter is responsible for data quality control and for estimating missing data and saving the filtered data. The Data Explorer is designed to provide web-based user access to the consolidated and filtered climatic data using both dropdown lists and map-based navigation. Three types of data are stored in the process: original climatic data in file format, parsed climatic data in SQL Server database, and filtered climatic data in SQL Server database. The resulting consolidated and filtered climatic database provides a common foundation that allows us to develop diversified applications that require dynamic access to near real-time data. A number of applications have been and are being developed that seamlessly access the foundation class climatic database. Collectively these applications address water conservation, crop production and management, land use suitability analysis, and bioenergy refinery site selection.
Multi-objective clustering optimization for multi-channel cooperative sensing in CRNs

Cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS) has been extensively studied in the literature to mitigate the weakness of spectrum sensing against hostile propagation phenomenon. Especially for large networks, clustered CSS is preferred to alleviate the energy efficiency, delay and overhead problems. In this study, reporting and sensing channels are first modeled with the consideration of path loss and fading. Then, CSS is divided into three phases: 1) In sensing phase, optimal sensing time is obtained for each local user subject to local detection and false alarm probability thresholds, 2) In reporting phase, adopting Dijkstra's algorithm, multi-hop paths with the maximum success rate and cluster head (CH) selection which gives the mimimum total error rate within each cluster is computed, and 3) In decision phase, collecting independent but unidentically distributed (i.u.d.) member decisions, the CH decides on channel occupancy based on an optimal voting rule for i.u.d. reports. Next, following the phases above, a multi-objective clustering optimization (MOCO) is formulated to select SUs into cluster seeking energy and throughput efficiency goals subject to global detection and false alarm probability constraints. Finally, the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II) is employed to solve MOCO. Results based on our approach are presented and the merits of this approach are demonstrated.
Sperm transfer and storage in the lizard, Anolis carolinensis.

The relationship of the hemipenis to the cloaca in copula and sperm storage and transport in the female oviduct were studied in Anolis carolinensis using light and scanning electron microscopy. During copulation, the hemipenis does not penetrate beyond the cloaca, but the two apical openings of the bifurcate sulcus spermaticus appose the openings of the oviducts from the cloaca. Sperm enter the sperm storage tubules between 2 and 6 hr after insemination and small amounts of sperm reach the infundibulum 6 to 24 hr following mating. Sperm storage tubules are embedded in the wall of the utero-vaginal transition, and are formed by the folding and fusion of the oviducal epithelium. The importance of the hemipenile-cloacal relationship and the role of sperm storage in the life history of A. carolinensis are discussed.
Reaping the benefits of renal protective lipid autacoids

A key feature in the pathophysiology of acute renal injury and glomerulonephritis is exacerbated or non-resolving inflammation. A rapidly evolving field has identified lipoxins and novel ω-3 lipid autacoids as important mediators of inflammatory resolution. These renal lipid autacoid circuits counterbalance proinflammatory cascades, are antifibrotic and maintain renal function. Therapeutic or genetic amplification of protective lipid autacoid circuits heralds a new strategy to halt progressive renal disease and acute renal injury.
The Catalytic Subunit of DNA-Dependent Protein Kinase Regulates Proliferation, Telomere Length, and Genomic Stability in Human Somatic Cells

The DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) complex is a serine/threonine protein kinase comprised of a 469-kDa catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) and the DNA binding regulatory heterodimeric (Ku70/Ku86) complex Ku. DNA-PK functions in the nonhomologous end-joining pathway for the repair of DNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs) introduced by either exogenous DNA damage or endogenous processes, such as lymphoid V(D)J recombination. Not surprisingly, mutations in Ku70, Ku86, or DNA-PKcs result in animals that are sensitive to agents that cause DSBs and that are also immune deficient. While these phenotypes have been validated in several model systems, an extension of them to humans has been missing due to the lack of patients with mutations in any one of the three DNA-PK subunits. The worldwide lack of patients suggests that during mammalian evolution this complex has become uniquely essential in primates. This hypothesis was substantiated by the demonstration that functional inactivation of either Ku70 or Ku86 in human somatic cell lines is lethal. Here we report on the functional inactivation of DNA-PKcs in human somatic cells. Surprisingly, DNA-PKcs does not appear to be essential, although the cell line lacking this gene has profound proliferation and genomic stability deficits not observed for other mammalian systems.
Interactive water streams with sphere scan conversion

Fluid simulations require efficient dynamics, surface extraction and rendering in order to achieve real time interaction. We present a novel technique for the surface extraction of stream-shaped fluid simulations represented as particles. Typical surface extraction methods for particles combine implicit function evaluation with the marching cubes algorithm. In our approach, we dynamically update vertex positions in pre-generated geometry to efficiently construct and render fluid surfaces. Cylinders are wrapped to water streams composed of particles, with simulation and polygonization on the CPU, and shadows and lighting on the GPU. While limited to stream-shaped fluids, our technique is significantly faster than marching cubes, scales well with resolution and number of particles and, unlike point-based rendering, produces true 3D polygonal surfaces.
A Bivalent Ligand (KDAN-18) Containing δ-Antagonist and κ-Agonist Pharmacophores Bridges δ2 and κ1 Opioid Receptor Phenotypes†

To characterize delta- and kappa-opioid receptor phenotypes, bivalent ligands (KDAN series) containing delta-antagonist (naltrindole) and kappa(1)-agonist (ICI-199,441) pharmacophores were synthesized and evaluated by the intrathecal route using the mouse tail-flick assay and binding studies. The data have suggested that KDAN-18 (2) bridges phenotypic delta(2)- and kappa(1)-receptors. A conceptual model is presented to explain the organizational differences between the opioid receptors that give rise to the phenotypes (delta(1), delta(2), kappa(1), kappa(2)).
Thin-walled space frame analysis with geometric and flexible connection nonlinearities

Abstract The effect of nonlinear flexible connection behavior on the response of space frames composed of doubly symmetric thin-walled sections including warping deformation and first-order geometric nonlinearity (beam-column and P-delta effects) is considered. The nonlinear flexural connection behavior is modeled using a Ramberg-Osgood moment-rotation relationship. Partial torsion and warping torsion resistance is assumed to respond elastically. Numerical results are presented to examine space frame behavior, which includes both flexible connection and first-order geometric nonlinear behaviors.
Echocardiography and coronary artery disease: Current and future applications

Echocardiographic techniques are becoming more widespread for evaluating patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease. Because it affords an excellent overall view of the heart, two-dimensional echocardiography, rather than M-mode echocardiography, is the imaging procedure of choice when dealing with coronary artery disease. This technique can be used to make the initial diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction, diagnose complications, and assess prognosis following myocardial infarction. Additionally by combining this test with stress testing, latent coronary artery disease can be detected. Recovery of wall motion can be assessed following interventions such as thrombolysis or balloon angioplasty. Investigational and future uses include tissue characterization, which may allow detection of ischemic but potentially viable myocardium, direct coronary visualization for detection of atherosclerotic involvement of the proximal coronary arteries and myocardial contrast echocardiography. The latter technique allows visualization of perfusion by way of injecting contrast material into the coronary circulation. This has been demonstrated to be an accurate means of determining myocardial infarction size in an animal model and is currently being used in a number of centers in patients at the time of cardiac catheterization. In summary two-dimensional echocardiography currently allows assessment of patients with myocardial infarction from the time of their presentation through their convalescent period with respect to diagnosis, prognosis and presence of complications. Exercise echocardiography can diagnose latent coronary artery disease. The newer investigational techniques show promise for furthering our ability to evaluate patients with coronary artery disease using echocardiography.
Cash transfers versus jobs programs

Abstract This paper uses a microsimulation computer model to compare the work incentive and distributional implications of public service employment programs and direct transfer programs. The simulation findings suggest that a pure direct transfer program would diminish poverty and inequality by somewhat more than an equal cost plan than combined direct transfers with a jobs program. Moreover, the results imply that a redistribution scheme based entirely on direct transfers is at least as effective per dollar of tax expenditure in raising incomes as a combination of direct transfers and jobs. Furthermore, the simulated job and direct transfer combinations were predicted to cause reductions in private sector earnings that are at least as large as those that would result from comparable schemes that relied solely upon direct transfers.
Exponential relationships among multiple hydrogen isotope effects as probes of hydrogen tunneling

Abstract For hydrogen transfer reactions with moderate degrees of tunneling, the semiclassical relationship of deuterium, tritium to protium, tritium isotope effects is predicted to break down, such that ( k D k T ) 3.26 k H k T . By contrast, kinetically complex reactions produce ( k D k T ) 3.26 > k H k T . We now show that these limiting cases may not pertain under the conditions of (i) measured secondary kinetic isotope effects which fall below their equilibrium limits and (ii) extensive hydrogen tunneling. Although condition (i) could lead to a false signature of tunneling, ambiguities of interpretation can be avoided by the simultaneous measurement of exponential relationships for primary and secondary isotope effects. With the exception of reactions where the H-transfer process is known to be fully rate determining, condition (ii) may lead to an underestimate of quantum effects as judged by exponential relationships.
Proctocolectomy and ileo-anal anastomosis with a J-pouch.

Of 188 Patients having a total proctocolectomy and ileo-anal anastomosis, 95|X% had a successful procedure and are sarisfied with their quality of life. Mortality was zero, and mean hospital stay was 14 days after colectomy and 10 days after closure of the stoma. Pelvic spsis and small bowel obstruction remained clinical problems in the postoperative period. No male patients were impotent.
Q-Band Pulsed Electron Spin-Echo Spectrometer and Its Application to ENDOR and ESEEM

Abstract A “Q”-band (ν 0 ∼ 35 GHz; actually, K a band) homodyne electron spin-echo (ESE) spectrometer has been constructed and is described in the first section of this report. The second reformulates the expressions describing the performance of an ESE spectrometer so that they can better apply to the samples of interest in our laboratory, frozen-solution metalloproteins whose broad EPR envelopes are determined by g anisotropy. Some issues that play a central role in determining ESE performance, most especially for pulsed ENDOR, yet have not previously been described and are not quantifiable in straightforward ways, are also discussed. The third section presents Mims and Davies pulsed ENDOR and ESEEM applications and includes comparisons with a previously constructed X-band ESE spectrometer. When the same sample tube is used in both spectrometers (2.5 mm O.D. thin-walled quartz), for the applications discussed, the Q-band spectrometer exhibits sensitivity enhancements over X band that vary in understandable ways from about 10- to 3-fold, depending on the experiment.
Ground-State Proton Transfer Tautomer of Al(III)-Salicylate Complexes in Ethanol Solution

The tautomerization of salicylate anion in the presence of Al(III) in ethanol was studied by UV−visible absorption spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy, anisotropy, and lifetime measurements from 100 to 298 K. Complexation with Al(III) causes an equilibrium shift from the normal form of the salicylate anion toward the tautomer form, demonstrating that the presence of a highly charged cation, Al(III), stabilizes the tautomer form of salicylate. Spectra and fluorescence lifetimes of salicylate and other salicyl derivatives in the presence of Al(III) reveal three types of Al(III)−salicylate complexes. In type I complexes, salicylate binds to Al(III) through the carboxylate group, preserving the intramolecular hydrogen bond between the carbonyl oxygen and the phenol group, as indicated by the largely Stokes-shifted fluorescence emission following an excited state proton transfer process. In type II complexes, salicylate binds to Al(III) through the carboxylate group, but the phenol proton is oriented aw...
The habituation of event-related potentials to speech sounds and tones.

Abstract We examined the short- and long-term habituation of auditory event-related potentials (ERPs) elicited by tones, complex tones and digitized speech sounds (vowels and consonant-vowel-consonant syllables). Twelve different stimuli equated in loudness and duration (300 msec) were studied. To examine short-term habituation stimuli were presented in trains of 6 with interstimulus intervals of 0.5 or 1.0 sec. The first 4 stimuli in a train were identical standards. On 50% of the trains the standard in the 5th position was replaced by a deviant probe stimulus, and on 20% of the trains the standard in the 6th position was replaced by a target, a truncated standard that required a speeded button press response. Short-term habituation (STH) was complete by the third stimulus in the train and resulted in amplitude decrements of 50–75% for the N1 component. STH was partially stimulus specific in that amplitudes were larger following deviant stimuli in the 5th position than following standards. STH of the N1 was more marked for speech sounds than for loudness-matched tones or complex tones at short ISI. In addition, standard and deviant stimuli that differed in phonetic structure showed more cross-habituation than did tones or complex tones that differed in frequency. This pattern of results suggests that STH is a function of the acoustic resemblance of successive stimuli. The long-term habituation (LTH) of the ERP was studied by comparing amplitudes across balanced 5.25 m stimulus blocks over the course of the experiment. Two types of LTH were observed. The N1 showed stimulus-specific LTH in that N1 amplitudes declined during the presentation of a stimulus, but returned to control levels when a different stimulus was presented in the subsequent condition. In contrast, the P3 elicited by the deviant stimuli showed non-specific LTH, being reduced across successive blocks containing different stimuli. P3s elicited by target stimuli remained stable in amplitude.
Optimal design of computer-generated holograms to minimize sensitivity to fabrication errors

Aspheric optical surfaces are often tested using computer-generated holograms (CGHs). The etching of the CGH pattern must be highly accurate to create desired wavefronts. Variations of line width, etching depth, and surface roughness cause unwanted wavefront errors. The sensitivity to these manufacturing errors is studied using scalar diffraction analysis. We provide a parametric model that can be used for optimizing the CGH design to give good diffraction efficiency and limited sensitivity to manufacturing errors.
Cingulate cortex response to electrical stimulation of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus

Electrical stimulation of the lateral, parvocellular part of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus of the rabbit was found to evoke field potentials and drive single cells in the anterior cingulate cortex. Furthermore, the laminar distribution of the field responses and the population of effected cells were dependent on the frequency of the stimulation. Excitatory current sinks were produced in layers I and III (primary layers of mediodorsal input) only when the stimulus frequency was in the theta range (6 to 8 Hz); the majority of cells were reliably driven only by stimulation within this range. Lower-frequency stimulation, e.g., 0.5 Hz, produced a current sink in layer V. Cells that were driven at low frequencies might be antidromically activated. The study suggests that modulation of mediodorsal outflow in the theta range may be necessary for effective information transfer to the cortex.
Differential prognosis of reading-disabled children as a function of gender, socieconomic status, IQ, and severity: A longitudinal study

Data from 104 reading-disabled subjects tested on two occasions over an average interval of nearly five years were used to test hypotheses of differential prognosis for reading performance and symbol-processing speed as a function of gender, socioeconomic status, general intelligence, and initial severity. With respect to reading performance, significant main effects due to intelligence and severity were found. Moreover, the interaction between initial severity and test occasion was significant for reading performance due to a greater rate of improvement for the more severely disabled subjects. No evidence was obtained, however, for differential developmental rates as a unction of gender, socioeconomic status, or intelligence for this measure. With regard to symbol-processing speed, significant main effects were found due to gender, intelligence, and severity, whereas developmental rates were found to differ as a function of gender and socioeconomic status.
Low-Gravity Fuel Sloshing in an Arbitrary Axisymmetric Rigid Tank

Low gravity fuel sloshing in axisymmetric rigid tank, calculating oscillations by modified Galerkin method
Conceptual Teaching Through Multimediated Self-instruction: A Study with Professional Nursing Students

ABSTRACT A multimediated self‐instructional program was developed to introduce new concepts and techniques in an emerging area of nursing education. Two field testings of this instructional program were conducted with nursing students enrolled in a university. The results indicated that cognitive achievement did not differ between students taught by multimediated self‐instruction and lecture‐discussion. Students were able to effectively learn new nursing content through both teaching methods. There was no significant relationship found between students’ opinions about the instructional method experienced and their cognitive achievement. Students expressed some unfavourable feelings towards multimediated self‐instruction, possibly related to their general lack of prior experience with independent study or videotaped instruction. The effective use of multimediated self‐instruction is discussed.
X-ray Topography Study of Surface Damage in Single-Crystal Sapphire

X-ray diffraction topography was used to investigate the relationship between subsurface damage, near-surface microstructure, and fracture strength in a series of sapphire modulus of rupture (MOR) bars which had been fabricated to proof test fabrication processes. The strength of the bars was determined by failure in four point bending. The tensile surface of the bars was also examined using optical microscopy and non-contacting surface profilometry. Both show that the bars have good surface finish, with a typical RMS roughness of 0.7 nm. No correlation was found between RMS surface finish and fracture strength. Although the bars appeared to be indistinguishable, topographs taken prior to fracture testing revealed that they are of two distinct types. Type 1 has an oriented microstructure consisting of a pattern of linear features running the length of the bars. Type 2 was typical of well-polished sapphire, containing individual dislocations and occasional damage from handling. We attribute the Type 1 microstructure to fabrication damage that was not removed by subsequent processing and/or polishing. Fracture strength data showed that the Type I (damaged) bars had strengths less than 70 % of the bars without damage. Topography is sensitive to near-surface damage that can be correlated to fracture strength. Neither low magnification optical microscopy nor conventional surface finish statistics could be correlated to strength.
Double‐layer polarization of a non‐conducting particle in an alternating current field with applications to dielectrophoresis

Dielectrophoresis is becoming one of the most important techniques in particle manipulation including particle separation, particle assembly, and biomolecule characterization. Understanding dielectrophoretic properties of particles is a key step toward effective and efficient particle manipulation. Theoretical studies of polarization of a particle can help to understand experimental observations and also go beyond to develop a predictive theory to guide the experimental design. This article discusses recent theoretical advances in the polarization of a dielectric particle, in particular, the polarization of the electric double layer. The double-layer polarization is critical to determine particle dynamics in dielectrophoresis. The dipole moment characterizing the strength of this polarization depends on the double-layer thickness, the electric field frequency, the particle's surface charge, and other surface's properties (Pohl, H. A., Dielectrophoresis, Cambridge University Press, New York 1978). After a brief review of the mathematical model, the focus is on the following problems: (i) the polarization of a spherical particle; (ii) the polarization of an elongated cylindrical particle; (iii) the effect of the slip on the polarization of a particle. The double-layer polarization is examined here in the context of high-frequency and low-frequency dispersions induced by surface conduction and diffusion, respectively.
Genome-wide analysis of RNA–protein interactions illustrates specificity of the mRNA export machinery

Nuclear export of mRNA is mediated by a complex machinery of RNA-binding proteins that recognizes and routes mRNAs through a messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) network. The full spectrum of mRNA cargoes for any dedicated mRNA export factor is unknown. We identified the mRNAs that bind two conserved yeast mRNA export factors, Yra1 (refs. 1-5) and Mex67 (refs. 6,7), on a genome-wide scale and determined their level of binding. Yra1 and Mex67 bind approximately 1,000 and 1,150 mRNAs, respectively, corresponding to almost 20% of the yeast genome and roughly 36% of all transcriptional events each. The binding level of Yra1 targets is related to their transcriptional frequency, but that of Mex67 targets is not. Yra1-bound transcripts are enriched in mRNAs that are regulated by a number of transcription factors. Yra1- and Mex67-bound populations also show enrichment of mRNAs encoding distinct functional classes of proteins, some of which are regulated by these transcription factors. We determined that one such transcription factor, Abf1 (refs. 8-10), associates with Yra1. These results indicate a previously unidentified specificity of mRNA export factors, which coordinates the export of transcriptionally co-regulated, functional classes of transcripts, perhaps through interactions with the transcriptional machinery.
Ion Implantation and Annealing of Oxides

Ion implantation damage and annealing results are presented for a number of crystalline oxides. In A12 O3, the amorphous phase produced by ion bombardment of the pure material first crystallizes in the (crystalline) γ phase. This is followed by the transformation of γ-Al2 O3 to α-A12O3 at a well defined interface. The activation energy for the growth of α alumina from γ is 3.6 eV/atom. In CaTiO3, the implantation-induced amorphous phase transforms to the crystalline phase by solid-phase epitaxy (SPE). ZnO is observed to remain crystalline even after high implantation doses at liquid nitrogen temperatures. The near surface of KTaO3 is transformed to a polycrystalline state after implantation at room temperature or liquid nitrogen temperature.
A Proliferative Effect of Transforming Growth Factor-β1 on a Human Prostate Cancer Cell Line, TSU-Pr1

Transforming growth factor -beta (TGF-beta) is growth inhibitory to many malignant cells, including prostate cancer cells. The present study reports an unusual observation in that TGF-beta is growth stimulatory to a human prostate cancer cell line, TSU-Pr1. The TSU-Pr1 line is highly aggressive and exhibits a rapid rate of proliferation in culture. These cells underwent further proliferation in response to TGF-beta1. Both type I and II receptors to TGF-beta (TPR-I, TPR-II) are expressed in TSU-Pr1 cells. Activation of a luciferase reporter gene, which contains a TGF-beta response element, confirmed that the TGF-beta receptors in TSU-Pr1 cells were functional. RT-PCR analysis and an ELISA assay determined that TSU-Pr1 cells secreted TGF-beta. In conclusion, TSU-Pr1 cells contain functional TGF-beta receptors but instead of the usual growth inhibition by TGF-beta1, these cells undergo proliferation. The present observation provides a proliferative role of TGF-beta in TSU-Pr1 cells, which may play a part in the aggressive phenotype of these cells and, perhaps other prostate cancer cells.
the european geneses of american political science

Although American political science is, as Bernard Crick emphasised, in many respects a distinctly American science of politics, its evolution has been deeply informed by European ideas. This was quite obviously the case during the nineteenth century, when the German concept of the state dominated the discourse of the field, as well as in the early part of the twentieth century, when English scholars made significant contributions to the theory of democratic pluralism. By the middle of the century, German emigres had contributed to a fundamental transformation in political theory which challenged the mainstream vision of political enquiry; but what is less well understood is the extent to which the reaction to this challenge in behavioural political science was also based on ideas that were the product of the European exodus.
Nitrogen metabolism of infants fed human and cow's milk

Summary Nitrogen balance data on nine healthy infants indicate that nitrogen is slightly better retained from human than from cow's milk when both milks are fed at equiprotein and equicaloric levels. If correction is made for increased urea in human milk, the greater retention of nitrogen during feeding of human milk is of statistical significance. The increased nitrogen retention is apparently the result of better absorption of protein rather than of differences in metabolism of protein. Nitrogen balance studies of short duration may be misleading because of differences not associated with intake and output alone. Certain infants remained in positive nitrogen balance on feedings of 125 mg. nitrogen per kilogram per day, regardless of whether the source of the protein was human or cow's milk. This indicates that the protein of human and of cow's milk is approximately equal in biological value, and that infants may remain in positive nitrogen balance and grow satisfactorily on feedings of 0.8 Gm. protein per kilogram per day. One infant failed to thrive and could not be maintained in positive nitrogen balance except on human milk feeding. The superiority of human milk over cow's milk as an infant feeding is probably not related to superior biological value of the protein of human milk. The bacterial flora of the intestine, as determined by stool cultures, differs on feeding of human and of dilute cow's milk. A much greater proportion of the L. bifidus organisms present in the stools of babies fed human milk are of the variety “pennsylvanicus” than are those in the stools of infants fed cow's milk. A biological effect on the intestinal flora of the crude bifidus factor, as shown by a decrease in stool pH, is detectable in infants.
A simple method for in-situ purification and bridgman growth of anhydrous XCl2 single crystals (X = Fe, Co, Mg) and their mixed crystals

Abstract High purity large single crystals of anhydrous FeCl2, CoCl2, MgCl2, (Fe, Co)Cl2 and (Fe, Mg)Cl2 have been successfully prepared by simplified procedures. Purification of the material by sublimation and Bridgman growth of the crystals are performed within a sealed and evacuated silica ampoule of simple design. It requires no handling of the anhydrous material and reduces the possibility of oxidation to a minimum. This method should be useful to the preparation of other metal halides.