cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Internalization and end flux in morphogen gradient formation

Two simple reaction-diffusion systems of partial differential equations and auxiliary conditions governing the activities of diffusible ligands such as Dpp in anterior-posterior axis of Drosophila wing imaginal discs were previously formulated and investigated by numerical simulations in [Developmental Cell 2 (2002) 785-796]. System B focuses on diffusion, reversible binding with receptors and ligand-mediated degradation for a fixed receptor concentration uniform in time and space. System C extended this basic but meaningful model to allow for endocytosis, exocytosis and receptor synthesis and degradation. The present paper provides a mathematical underpinning for the computational studies of these two systems and some insight gained from our analysis. We will see for instance that the two boundary value problems governing the steady state for the two systems are identical in form. This result will enable us to avoid dealing with internalization explicitly when we investigate other complex morphogen activities such as the effects of (1) feedback and (2) diffusible and non-diffusible molecules competing for ligands and receptors to inhibit cell signaling and pattern formation. The principal contribution of the present work pertains to the extension of System C to allow for a ligand flux at the source end. The more general model has many significant consequences including the removal of a limitation of previous models on ligand synthesis rate for the existence of steady state behavior. Linear stability of the corresponding steady state behavior is established. While the actual decay rate of transients is less accessible in this new model, it is possible to obtain tight upper and lower bounds for the decay rate in terms of the (effective) degradation rate of the receptors and that of the ligand-receptor complexes.
How to establish causality in epilepsy surgery

Focality in electro-clinical or neuroimaging data often motivates epileptologists to consider epilepsy surgery in patients with medically-uncontrolled seizures, while not all focal findings are causally associated with the generation of epileptic seizures. With the help of Hill's criteria, we have discussed how to establish causality in the context of the presurgical evaluation of epilepsy. The strengths of EEG include the ability to determine the temporal relationship between cerebral activities and clinical events; thus, scalp video-EEG is necessary in the evaluation of the majority of surgical candidates. The presence of associated ictal discharges can confirm the epileptic nature of a particular spell and whether an observed neuroimaging abnormality is causally associated with the epileptic seizure. Conversely, one should be aware that scalp EEG has a limited spatial resolution and sometimes exhibits propagated epileptiform discharges more predominantly than in situ discharges generated at the seizure-onset zone. Intraoperative or extraoperative electrocorticography (ECoG) is utilized when noninvasive presurgical evaluation, including anatomical and functional neuroimaging, fails to determine the margin between the presumed epileptogenic zone and eloquent cortex. Retrospective as well as prospective studies have reported that complete resection of the seizure-onset zone on ECoG was associated with a better seizure outcome, but not all patients became seizure-free following such resective surgery. Some retrospective studies suggested that resection of sites showing high-frequency oscillations (HFOs) at >80Hz on interictal or ictal ECoG was associated with a better seizure outcome. Others reported that functionally-important areas may generate HFOs of a physiological nature during rest as well as sensorimotor and cognitive tasks. Resection of sites showing task-related augmentation of HFOs has been reported to indeed result in functional loss following surgery. Thus, some but not all sites showing interictal HFOs are causally associated with seizure generation. Furthermore, evidence suggests that some task-related HFOs can be transiently suppressed by the prior occurrence of interictal spikes. The significance of interictal HFOs should be assessed by taking into account the eloquent cortex, seizure-onset zone, and cortical lesions. Video-EEG and ECoG generally provide useful but still limited information to establish causality in presurgical evaluation. A comprehensive assessment of data derived from multiple modalities is ultimately required for successful management.
Effects of phosphine fumigation on survivorship of Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) eggs.

Light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker), eggs were subjected to phosphine fumigations under normal atmospheric and elevated oxygen levels in laboratory-scale chamber experiments to compare their susceptibilities to the two different fumigation methods. In fumigations conducted under atmospheric oxygen at 5 and 10°C, egg survivorship decreased with increase in phosphine concentration but then increased at a concentration of 3,000 ppm; this increase was significant at 10°C. Based on egg survivorship data, phosphine fumigations conducted in a 60% oxygen atmosphere were significantly more effective than those conducted under atmospheric oxygen conditions. Oxygenated phosphine fumigations at 5 and 10°C killed all 1,998 and 2,213 E. postvittana eggs treated, respectively, after 72 h of exposure. These results indicate the great potential of oxygenated phosphine fumigation for the control of E. postvittana eggs.
Experimental study of three-dimensional separated flow surrounding a hemisphere-cylinder at incidence

Detailed experimental surface pressure coefficient measurements, obtained for a hemisphere-cylinder-flare model in a low supersonic flow (freestream M = 1.2) at various angles of attack (0 deg to 27.5 deg), have been analyzed. The pressure values for each angle of attack were smoothed and checked against their respective oil-flow photographs. The smoothed results were then used to validate a theory which relates the number and type of singular points observed in the oil-flow patterns with local surface-pressure extrema.
Developing And Implementing An Undergraduate Finance Capstone Course For Both Onground And Online Course Delivery

Capstone courses provide an opportunity to integrate several topics and to help prepare students for the real world. This paper examines the process of developing an undergraduate finance capstone course for both onground (face-to-face) and online course delivery. The process begins with the determination of the core competencies employers require of recent finance undergraduate students. Several of these core competencies are addressed in this paper, along with the challenges of assessing the competencies of team work and oral presentations skills online.
Boom-Year Savings and Budgetary Forecasting

The forecasting of government expenditure and revenue is the outcome of complicated, often intense interaction between multiple key players in the budgeting process and multifarious aspects of government operations. The existing literature is very rich on the technical aspects but is relatively thin on the impact of institutions under the public choice perspective, especially those in financial administration, the budget stabilization fund (BSF) being a typical example. This chapter aims to fill in the niche by focusing on how BSF affects forecasting. BSF as a countercyclical fiscal policy tool was created as precautionary savings against revenue shortfalls, serving to reduce financial uncertainty from cyclical fluctuations. BSF is a formal institution with an underlying public choice motive to promote fiscal and budgetary transparency: BSF legislation is written to protect savings from political spending pressure and opportunistic electoral politics. However, public finance does not operate in vacuum; BSF cannot stay free of politics. Presence of savings inherently triggers complications in the politico-technical forecasting machine. This chapter examines state forecasts of their revenue with a BSF in place to see whether adopting BSF has any impact on forecast errors and how the structural features and size of BSF influence the forecasting behavior. I use a panel (49 states, ­1979/1988–2007) plus details of state BSF features, with controls for state demographics, economy, politics, and other budgetary institutions. This chapter will contribute to the public choice literature by providing evidence on the effects of BSF on behavioral changes of state governments in their revenue forecasts.
Surface grafting of textiles

Abstract: Surface grafting of textiles is relatively recent technology that offers a variety of ways in which to alter the surface of textile substrates and, thus, impart new or improved functional properties. This chapter discusses the four main techniques for achieving surface grafting of textiles: (a) chemical graft polymerization; (b) radiation induced grafting; (c) plasma-induced grafting; and (d) light-induced grafting. The properties imparted to the surface and the application areas of the grafted surface are discussed. Strengths and weakness of each technique are reviewed.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CUTANEOUS REFLEX AND MOTOR DEVELOPMENT IN CHILDREN WITH SPASTICITY OR RIGIDITY

指に電気刺激を行い浅指屈筋上の皮膚より活動電位を記録し,短(E1)長(E2)二つの潜時の応答を得た.E1は脊髄を介する単シナプス反射,E2は脳皮質を経由する多シナプス反射と考えられる.月齢とともに,正常児ではE2/E1値の増加と姿勢反射および運動の発達を認めたが,脳性麻痺児では同様な増加や発達を認めなかった.しかしE2/E1値の増加に伴い障害児もややバラツキはあるが正常児とほぼ同様な姿勢反射および運動の発達を認めた.坐位,立位,歩行には皮膚反射における脳皮質を介する反射(E2)が,脊髄を介する反射(E1)の半分よりも高い振幅で認められることが必要と思われる.また皮膚反射は姿勢反射や運動の発達を評価するための手段としても利用し得る.
The Inverse Trans Influence in a Family of Pentavalent Uranium Complexes

Systematic ligand variation in a structurally conserved framework of pentavalent uranium complexes of the formulas UVX2[N(SiMe3)2]3 (X = F, Cl, Br, N3, NCS, 2-naphthoxide) and UVOX[N(SiMe3)2]3– (X = −CCPh, −CN) allowed an investigation into the role of the inverse trans influence in pentavalent uranium complexes. The −CCPh and −CN derivatives were only stable in the presence of the trans-U═O multiple bond, implicating the inverse trans influence in stabilizing these complexes. Spectroscopic, structural, and density functional theory calculated electronic structural data are explored. Near-IR data of all complexes is presented, displaying vibronic coupling of 5f1 electronic transitions along the primary axis. Electrochemical characterization allowed assessment of the relative donating ability of the various axial ligands in this framework. Electron paramagnetic resonance data presented display axial spectra, with hyperfine coupling along the primary axis.
Logical subtraction and the analysis of action

Critique des idees de J. L. Hudson sur la soustraction ("Logical Subtraction", ibid., 1975, 35, n4, 130-5) et de leur application a l'action (comparaison avec D.M. Armstrong), a propos de la question posee par Wittgenstein: "Que reste-t-il si je soustrais le fait que mon bras s'eleve du fait que je leve le bras?".
On Critical Event Observability Using Social Networks: A Disaster Monitoring Perspective

The proliferation of social networks with large scale information dissemination capabilities, such as Twitter, significantly increases the degree of observability of critical events, such as natural or man-made disasters. This paper analyzes the extent to which critical physical events indeed are observable, thanks to social networks, as well as the extent to which the offered view into event state that affects the state's own evolution. As a case study, we investigate the gas shortage that ensued around New York City in the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy in November 2012. Both ground truth data regarding the shortage as well as Twitter data describing it are collected. Results suggest that the social network responds to the shortage in a manner that enables (noisy) reconstruction of actual damage evolution. Non-linear models of social response tend to fit the data better, suggesting that the response switches from an initial rational reaction to a subsequent panic reaction that is largely a function of its own history, as opposed to that of the physical event. Deriving a good model of this (over)reaction is therefore critical for correct reconstruction of the actual damage. Similarly, the paper presents models for actual damage and demonstrates that combining social response with actual damage can improve the damage modeling capability.
Automatic Eating Detection using head-mount and wrist-worn accelerometers

Automatic Eating Detection (AED) provides an important tool to help users regulate their dietary behavior for many health applications, such as weight management. In this paper we propose an AED solution using a head-mount and a wrist-worn accelerometers that are commonly available in commercial wearable devices. Experimental results, using Google Glass and Pebble Watch, validated that the proposed approach is highly effective to detect head motion from chewing and to detect hand-to-mouth (HtM) gestures when eating, resulting in 89.5% to 95.1% detection accuracy. Further we combined the features from both devices to achieve 97% cross-person eating detection accuracy and the average error when predicting duration of eating meals was only 105 seconds.
Advances in spinal cord injury care.

Nurses in many health care settings are likely to encounter a patient with a spinal cord injury (SCI). This is particularly true in the critical care setting where most of these patients first reside soon after hospitalization. SCI effects multiple body systems. The purpose of this article is to present an overview of the nature of SCI with a focus on the physiological and psychosocial alterations that result. Specific medical and nursing care needed to optimize patient outcomes are addressed.
Surgical management of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in infants and small children.

Surgical ablation of accessory conduction pathways has rarely been reported in infants and small children with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. In the interval January 1985 to September 1988, 19 infants and children aged 5 or younger have undergone surgical ablation of accessory conduction pathways because of recurrent supraventricular tachycardia. There were 12 (63%) boys and seven (37%) girls. Age ranged from 4 to 66 months (mean 33.8 months). Nine infants were less than 24 months old. Weight ranged from 5.5 to 2.16 kg (mean 13.2 kg). All 19 patients had symptoms, with duration of symptoms ranging from 3 to 63 months (mean 21 months). Accessory conduction pathways were classified preoperatively as left free wall in four (21%), right free wall in nine (47%), and posterior septal in six (32%). No multiple pathways were recognized preoperatively. Left ventricular function was abnormal in four (21%) preoperatively. Free wall pathways (n=13) were surgically dissected and septal pathways (n = 6) were cryoablated at -70° C. Mean cardiopulmonary bypass time was 60 ± 4 minutes. Mean crossclamp time was 42 ± 2 minutes in those undergoing surgical dissection. Mean postoperative stay was 6.4 ± 0.2 days. There were no deaths, no significant postoperative complications, and no instance of complete heart block. All patients were considered cured at the time of discharge. At a mean follow-up of 12.7 months, 18 (94.7%) remain cured. One patient with Ebstein's anomaly and a right free wall pathway had a recurrent supraventricular tachycardia 3 months postoperatively, and repeat electrophysiologic study has shown a previously unsuspected anterior septal pathway. Ventricular function returned to normal in all four patients who had abnormal function preoperatively. Surgical ablation of accessory conduction pathways can be safely done in infants and small children with results equal to those obtained in adults.
Altered expression of genes associated with innate immunity and inflammation in recalcitrant rhinosinusitis with polyps.

Background The role of the innate immune system in the pathophysiology of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is poorly understood. In this study, we compared sinonasal expression of toll-like receptors (TLRs), complement components, serum amyloid A, and inflammatory genes (chemokines and cytokines) in control subjects and patients undergoing sinus surgery for CRS. Methods Eleven control subjects and 30 subjects with CRS unresponsive to medical management were enrolled prospectively before undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery. Ethmoid mucosal specimens were obtained surgically and processed for RNA extraction. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to quantitate the level of expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) for TLR, acute phase proteins, and cytokine genes. Subjects were followed for a minimum of 6 months postoperatively with nasal endoscopy to assess for recurrence of polyps. Results mRNA for all target genes was detected in the ethmoid mucosa of both control and CRS subjects. The level of gene expression was normalized to the housekeeping genes 18s RNA and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. As compared with controls, CRS was associated with significantly higher expression of TLR2 and the inflammatory genes macrophage-inflammatory protein alpha, RANTES, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Patients with early recurrence of polyps after surgery had significantly decreased expression of TLR2, 9, and serum amyloid A and increased expression of macrophage-inflammatory protein alpha compared with surgery-responsive patients. Conclusion This study shows the increased levels of expression of TLR2 and a variety of inflammatory genes in sinonasal mucosa of CRS patients compared with controls. Whether these differences play a role in pathogenesis or are merely manifestations of disease activity is worthy of investigation.
Legal Regulation of Addictive Substances and Addiction

Publisher Summary This chapter addresses the basic definitional and conceptual issues concerning addiction that must be clarified to make progress. The primary criteria of addiction commonly employed at present are behavioral, namely, persistent drug seeking and using, especially compulsively, in the face of negative consequences. There are many findings about the biology and psychology of addicts that differentiate this group from non-addicts, but none of these findings is independently diagnostic. Using the definition just provided, an addictive drug would be one that has a substantial potential to cause users to persistently seek and use the substance, especially compulsively and with negative consequences. Citizens appear to have a prima facie right to engage in recreational alteration of mood and cognition by drug consumption and the state surely has the burden of justifying criminal prohibition of such recreation by powerful arguments. Criminalization of drugs inhibits use generally and consequent addiction by making production, sale, possession, and use more expensive and dangerous and by sending the clearest possible message that drug use is wrong.
Flipping around the classroom: Accelerated Bachelor of Science in Nursing students' satisfaction and achievement.

Abstract Background The flipped classroom approach is based on shared responsibility for learning by students and teachers, and empowers students to take an active role in the learning process. While utilization of this approach has resulted in higher exam scores compared to traditional approaches in prior studies, the flipped classroom has not included learners in Accelerated Bachelor of Science in Nursing (ABSN) programs. Objective To examine differences on exam scores and satisfaction of teaching between a 3-week flipped and traditional classroom approach. Design Mixed methods, crossover repeated measures design. Settings Private school of nursing located in the eastern United States. Participants 76 ABSN students. Methods Two separate sections of a Pharmacology course received either 3-weeks of flipped or traditional classroom during Period 1, then switched approaches during Period 2. Two exam scores measuring knowledge and a questionnaire assessing satisfaction of teaching were collected. Focus groups were conducted to learn about students' experience in the flipped classroom. Descriptive statistics, Wilcoxon rank sum test, and stepwise linear mixed model were used to analyze quantitative data. Focus group data were transcribed, coded, and categorized in themes. Results Students in the flipped classroom achieved significantly higher scores on the first Pharmacology exam than students in the traditional classroom, but there was no significant difference on the second exam. Three themes emerged from focus groups on student perception of integrating the flipped approach: don't fix what isn't broken; treat me as an adult; and remember the work is overwhelming. Conclusions Both traditional and flipped classroom approaches successfully prepared students for the Pharmacology exams. While results support the use of the flipped approach, judicious use of this instructional pedagogy with dense or difficult content, particularly in accelerated programs, is recommended. Instructors should also provide students with enough information and rationale for using the flipped classroom approach.
A Dilemma for Non-Reductionist Accounts of Group Belief

When action theory is applied to the study of groups rather than individuals, it is a common assumption that concepts relating to the group can be analyzed in analogy to those of the individual. For instance, we typically explain an individual’s actions by citing (among other factors) the beliefs and desires of that individual. So when we explain why Bob went for a walk, we might do so by noting that Bob had the desire to get some fresh air, and that he believed he could accomplish this by going for a walk.
Managing missionary identity in the digital age: How missionaries utilize digital media among multiple social groups:

The way that missionaries manage their identities has changed significantly since the days they mailed out several printed newsletters a year to a small audience “back home.” The space for this negotiation of identity has moved from private to public; and the interlocutors who access these blogs, emails, and posts are no longer homogenous. This original research study uses quantitative and qualitative methods to understand how missionaries avow the multiple layers of their identities in the digital age. I conclude that missionary updates are encoded along indexical “cultural scripts” that can be decoded idiosyncratically by various audiences.
Real-time, data-driven system to learn parameters for multisite pacemaker beat detection

While beat detection in a Cardiac Electrical Signal (CES) is a well-studied problem, we propose a novel algorithm for implementation in pacemakers that learns the heights and widths of atrial and ventricular peaks from processing a few seconds of cardiac data sampled at 1 kHz. This purely data-driven solution to learn the parameters of atrial and ventricular peaks will allow pacemakers to set their own detection parameters and adaptively tune the parameters over time for that specific patient. We have validated our algorithm on one minute of cardiac electrical signal data from 51 separate channels, coming from 17 electrodes connected directly to cardiac tissue on each of three separate animals. Additionally, we have implemented the algorithm on a Field Programmable Gate Array and tested it on an ex-vivo rat heart to illustrate that our algorithm can run in real-time on commodity hardware.
Theoretical Quantum-Mechanical Study on the Soot Formation Process

Recent developments in computational chemistry and advances in computer technology allow for a successful application of quantum-mechanical methods to broad areas of chemistry where experimental methods are difficult to apply. For species that are awkward to handle experimentally, computational modeling is an attractive source of information. Currently, ab initio methods based on quantum-mechanical postulates prove to provide accurate data on structures and properties of small-and medium-size molecules. These data could supplement experimental results or serve as a valuable source of information when experimental data are scarce. Computerized modeling is especially attractive for systems that are dangerous to study experimentally and for short-lived reactive species as well as transient ions. A detailed knowledge of structures and properties of these agents would help in the understanding of their chemistry and might be of importance in technology.
Fourier Analysis of the Diffusion Synthetic Acceleration Method for Weighted Diamond-Differencing Schemes in Cartesian Geometries

The diffusion synthetic acceleration (DSA) method is developed for arbitrary weighted diamond-differencing schemes in general rectangular-mesh Cartesian geometry problems and is Fourier analyzed to determine its stability and convergence properties. The spectral radius is computed to be --0.25 for all meshes, angular quadrature sets, and spatial weights, for one-, two-, and three-dimensional problems. The diffusion synthetic acceleration (DSA) method is an iterative procedure for solving discrete ordinates problems.
Integrated ferroics for sensing, power, RF, and µ-wave electronics

Strong magnetoelectric (ME) coupling realized in magnetic/ferroelectric multiferroic heterostructures provides great potential for different integrated multiferroic devices for sensing, power, RF, and µ-wave electronics. Here, we present the most recent progress on new integrated multiferroic devices including novel integrated magnetic tunable inductors with a wide operation frequency range; integrated nonreciprocal bandpass filter with dual H- and E-field tunability based on magnetostatics surface waves; dual H- and E-field tunable RF bandpass filters with nanomechanical ME resonators; RF nanomechanical ME resonators with pico-Tesla DC magnetic fields sensitivity; a new antenna miniaturization mechanism, acoustically actuated nanomechanical ME antennas, which successfully miniaturize the magnitude in 1–2 orders with the advantages of the high magnetic field sensitivity, highest antenna gain within all nanoscale antennas at the similar frequency, and ground plane immunity on the metallic surface and the human body.
Thermodynamic Efficiency Limit of Bifacial Solar Cells for Various Spectral Albedos

We have adapted the Shockley-Queisser radiative flux balance model to investigate the influence of the spectral dependent albedo on the power conversion efficiency of bifacial solar cells. By taking the spectral albedo of the surroundings into account the optimal band gap becomes dependent on the type of ground-reflecting surface. Furthermore, we find that the maximum efficiency depends on the spectral albedo of the surroundings and that optimal cell performance cannot be assessed when only accounting for a spectrally-independent albedo. We predict that the power conversion efficiency for a bifacial silicon solar cell surrounded by green grass is an absolute 0.90% higher than expected from a wavelength independent albedo, and even 1.51% higher for white sand, with the spectral albedo model. Furthermore, we calculated spectral properties of antireflection coatings and we found that commonly used antireflection coatings in silicon solar cells provide good properties in order to accept back-scattered light from surfaces with different spectral albedos.
Hypoxic regulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and Mas receptor in human CD34+ cells.

CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) are vasculogenic and hypoxia is a strong stimulus for the vasoreparative functions of these cells. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)/angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas receptor (MasR) pathway stimulates vasoprotective functions of CD34+ cells. This study tested if ACE2 and MasR are involved in the hypoxic stimulation of CD34+ cells. Cells were isolated from circulating mononuclear cells derived from healthy subjects (n = 46) and were exposed to normoxia (20% O2 ) or hypoxia (1% O2 ). Luciferase reporter assays were carried out in cells transduced with lentivirus carrying ACE2- or MasR- or a scramble-3'-untranslated region gene with a firefly luciferase reporter. Expressions or activities of ACE, angiotensin receptor Type 1 (AT1R), ACE2, and MasR were determined. In vitro observations were verified in HSPCs derived from mice undergoing hindlimb ischemia (HLI). In vitro exposure to hypoxia-increased proliferation and migration of CD34+ cells in basal conditions or in response to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or stromal-derived factor 1α (SDF) compared with normoxia. Expression of ACE2 or MasR was increased relative to normoxia while ACE or AT1R expressions were unaltered. Luciferase activity was increased by hypoxia in cells transfected with the luciferase reporter plasmids coding for the ACE2- or MasR promoters relatively to the control. The effects of hypoxia were mimicked by VEGF or SDF under normoxia. Hypoxia-induced ADAM17-dependent shedding of functional ACE2 fragments. In mice undergoing HLI, increased expression/activity of ACE2 and MasR were observed in the circulating HSPCs. This study provides compelling evidence for the hypoxic upregulation of ACE2 and MasR in CD34+ cells, which likely contributes to vascular repair.
Abstract TP421: Immune, Autophagy and Regulatory Co-Expression Modules Underlie the Peripheral Immune Response to Human Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Background: The peripheral immune system is involved in the damage and repair following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Nevertheless, little is known about the transcriptional response following hu...
Functional Regulators of Bacterial Flagella.

Bacteria move by a variety of mechanisms, but the best understood types of motility are powered by flagella (72). Flagella are complex machines embedded in the cell envelope that rotate a long extr...
Damage evolution in vibration assisted nano impact machining by loose abrasives at elevated temperatures: A numerical study

Abstract In this research, a numerical study is conducted to investigate the effects of different machining parameters at elevated operating temperatures in a novel nanomachining process, Vibration Assisted Nano Impact machining by Loose Abrasives (VANILA). In this novel VANILA machining process, an atomic force microscope (AFM) is used as a platform and the nano abrasives slurry is injected between the vibrating AFM probe and the silicon workpiece. These nano abrasives are accelerated by vibration of the AFM probe and hit the workpiece and finally generate nano cavities on the top surface of workpiece. In this study, diamond particles are used as loose abrasives and the ductile mode machining is employed to describe the behavior of the brittle workpiece. The commercial finite element method (FEM) software package ABAQUS is employed to create numerical models for simulations. In addition to experimental validation, the FEM model is validated by comparing the numerical solutions against the analytic solutions to the impact problem between a semi-infinite stationary workpiece and a rigid particle at the impact speeds of 25 and 12.5 m/s. The percentage error is under 4.4%. This validated FEM model is then used to investigate the influence of the machining parameters (impact speed, impact angle, and friction coefficient between the nano particles and silicon workpiece) and the number of impact hits at elevated operating temperatures. It is found that the impact speed, impact angle, and friction coefficient between the silicon workpiece and nano particles have big influence on the damage volume and damage value (D) of the silicon workpiece at elevated temperatures. The research results show that by increasing the level of operating temperature, the machinability of silicon in the VANILA process can be improved substantially.
Visual Impairment among Developmentally Disabled Clients in California Regional Centers.

California serves its developmentally disabled population in 21 regional centers throughout the state. More than 3,700 of the 63,000 clients of these centers have a serious visual impairment. This ...
A Lentic Breeder in Lotic Waters: Sierra Nevada Yellow-Legged Frog (Rana sierrae) Habitat Suitability in Northern Sierra Nevada Streams

Ecology of the Sierra Nevada Yellow-Legged Frog (Rana sierrae) is well understood in high elevation lakes, but data on habitat preferences in stream-dwelling populations are lacking. We sought to expand understanding of stream habitat use by R. sierrae by investigating habitat suitability at the microhabitat and reach scales. We collected habitat availability and use data during 2016–2017 at five stream sites representative of geomorphic diversity in the northern Sierra Nevada mountains of California. At each frog use and availability location, we collected data on geomorphic unit type (e.g., riffles, pools), water depth, water velocity, substrate (e.g., gravel, cobble), and percent cover, including herbaceous, canopy, and total cover. Bootstrapped logistic regression models for all study sites combined indicated water depth and velocity were the strongest predictors of post-metamorphic (adult and subadult) use by R. sierrae, while substrate and total cover provided moderate improvement in microhabitat use predictions. Specifically, adults had the highest probability of use in microhabitats with <0.3 m depth and <0.1 m s–1 velocity. For tadpoles, we found velocity was the strongest microhabitat predictor for all study sites combined, with the highest probability of use in habitats with <0.01 m s–1. Site-level models highlighted the relative importance of non-hydraulic habitat variables, such as cover, when suitable depth and velocity conditions occurred. At the reach scale, we found hydraulic conditions varied widely in geomorphic units over time, but suitable microhabitat conditions emerged in differing geomorphic units as flows changed over the season. These data indicate that R. sierrae, like other ranid species, may be limited by hydraulically suitable habitat availability, but habitat preferences can be met in a variety of stream reaches when variations in flow conditions over time and space are considered.
High Sensitivity and Wide Bandwidth Airborne CMUTs with Low Driving Voltage

This paper presents a novel method to significantly broaden the bandwidth of airborne capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs) by introducing a gaseous squeeze film as a damping mechanism. The damping and stiffening effects of the squeeze film can be tuned to lower the pull-in voltage while improving the sensitivity by optimizing fluidic trenches of various heights within the gap. By only adjusting the trench height, we can control the bandwidth from 0.89% to 8.1% while keeping the pull-in voltage under 55 V and achieving the minimum detectable pressure (MDP) from 2.2 μPa/√Hz to 4.88 μPa/√Hz. We also present a vacuum CMUT with high sensitivity and extremely low MDP as low as to 1.2 μPa/√Hz with 0.93 kHz bandwidth, in which a thick plate is chosen to reduce the geometric nonlinearity. This demonstration of the high sensitivity and wide bandwidth CMUTs with low driving voltage make them applicable to medical imaging, thermoacoustics, and nondestructive testing.
Automaticity in early visual processing: ages ten to sixty

A priming paradigm and a paradigm requiring apparent duration judgments for tachistoscopic presentations were used to provide converging tests for prerecognition automatic semantic access and to investigate developmental changes in early processing. Subjects from four different age groups (fifth and sixth graders, college age, thirty year olds, fifty year olds) participated in each of the two experiments. In the priming task, prime stimuli were presented tachistoscopically for durations which had previously shown, for individual subjects, chance level detection of stimulus presence versus absence. In the duration judgment task, stimulus exposure durations were, for each age group, the means of the duration for chance level presence-absence detection. The priming paradigm did not provide evidence for automatic semantic facilitation for any age group. The data suggested a need to more clearly differentiate between a global lexical and a specific semantic access to long term memory. Prerecog­ nition processing was evident in two age groups in the apparent duration experiment, although the specific effects of lexical and semantic parameters differed from previous findings. Developmental differences were evident only in presence-absence detection thresholds; the other tasks did not reveal age-related changes.
Teaching the Designer of Now: A New Basis for Graphic and Communication Design Education

Abstract In this article, I outline the evolution of recommendations for graphic and communication design education towards professional trends and the competencies required for future professional practice. I then identify common challenges for design and design education that are often not considered in these polemics, but have great impact on design education curricula. I will go on to define and discuss three areas of student growth that can respond to challenges within the university and changes in design practice: translation, creation, and articulation.
Three-dimensional visualization and quantification of microporosity in aluminum castings by X-ray micro-computed tomography

Abstract Porosity is a major issue in solidification processing of metallic materials. In this work, wedge die casting experiments were designed to investigate the effect of cooling rate on microporosity in an aluminum alloy A356. Microstructure information including dendrites and porosity were measured and observed by optical microscopy and X-ray micro-computed tomography (XMCT). The effects of cooling rate on secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS) and porosity were discussed. The relationship between SDAS and cooling rate was established and validated using a mathematical model. Three-dimensional (3-D) porosity information, including porosity percentage, pore volume, and pore number, was determined by XMCT. With the cooling rate decreasing from a lower to a higher position of the wedge die, the observed pore number decreases, the porosity percentage increases, and the equivalent pore radius increases. Sphericity of the pores was discussed as an empirical criterion to distinguish the types of porosity. For different cooling rates, the larger the equivalent pore radius is, the lower the sphericity of the pores. This research suggests that XMCT is a useful tool to provide critical 3-D porosity information for integrated computational materials engineering (ICME) design and process optimization of solidification products.
Keeping warm cookies: Cultural discourses of fun talk in public participation

Declining rates of public participation in the United States of America have raised questions about the sustainability and effectiveness of U.S. democracy. Some scholars have called for making demo...
An Asymptotic Investigation of Modes of Instability of the Compressible Boundary Layer over a Swept Wing

Linear instability modes of the three dimensional compressible (subsonic) boundary layer over a swept wing are investigated asymptotically for case close to neutral boundary branches. The scaling and structure of both inviscid and wall modes with long time scale are determined. For inviscid modes, solutions in both inviscid zone and viscous layer are determined. For wall modes, triple-deck technique is used to determine the solutions. Different scalings for density and temperature are possible leading to different modes.
Object-Books and Exposed Writings: New Textual and Literary Landscapes in Latin America and Spain

ABSTRACT In this essay I explore new ways of literary transmission edited in formats other than the codex in Latin America and Spain. My study also analyzes what Armando Petrucci called exposed writings. Taking as departing point a review of the concept of book, I will scrutinize several object-books to offer an analysis of literary materials edited in non-codex supports. This essay also proposes a clear distinction between book-object and object-book. Since the object-books I analyze convey literary texts, a main aim of my research is to vindicate the inclusion of these new materialities of literature into the field of literary studies, an area that historically has omitted non-codex formats considering them non-serious literature or literary diversions.
Expanding the Reach of Progressive Prosecution

"Progressive Prosecutors" are flourishing in jurisdictions across the country. The question remains whether the progressive prosecutor movement will have a lasting impact and, if so, what that impact will be. This Essay explores this theme by discussing, first, the rise of progressive prosecution and, second, how this movement’s initial success can stimulate the long-overdue development of a generally applicable, normative theory of the prosecutor’s role. It suggests a conceptualization of the American prosecutor as a caretaker for the criminal justice system, who should default to lenience when that system becomes so congested and punitive that it cannot deliver on its constitutional ideals. Even as progressive prosecution remains an ongoing source of reform in liberal jurisdictions, it is important to consider the movement’s impact outside of those jurisdictions. Nonprogressive prosecutors and the voters who elect them are also open to reform. But they are not likely to embrace the “progressive” label or its accompanying rhetoric. The key to the overall success of progressive prosecution in the long run may be to invite these prosecutors in and offer them an alternative frame for prosecutor-driven reform. A new unifying norm of prosecutorial behavior, better suited to the modern era, could turn out to be the most important legacy of progressive prosecution.
Flow instability and transitions in Taylor–Couette flow of a semidilute non-colloidal suspension

Flow of a semidilute neutrally buoyant and non-colloidal suspension is numerically studied in the Taylor–Couette geometry where the inner cylinder is rotating and the outer one is stationary. We consider a suspension with bulk particle volume fraction ; thus, the transitions occur following the sequence of CCF → SVF → WSVF → WVF. Furthermore, we estimate the friction and torque coefficients of the suspension. Suspended particles substantially enhance the torque on the inner cylinder, and the axial travelling wave of spiral vortices reduces the friction and torque coefficients. However, the coefficients are practically the same in the WVF regime where particles are almost uniformly distributed in the annulus by the axial oscillating flow.
Effect of manual rupture of ovarian cysts on reproductive parameters in dairy cattle

Ovarian cysts are common pathologic structures that interfere with reproduction in dairy cattle. Studies in the 1970's effectively used manual rupture to eliminate cysts without hormonal treatment in about 45% of cases. However, reports of ovarian injuries after manual rupture deters of its wide implementation. Hormonal protocols can achieve resolution in up to 70% to 80% of cases. The objective of this study was to determine if the combination of manual rupture and hormonal treatment can help improve resolution of cystic ovarian disease in dairy cattle, compared with that of hormonal treatment alone.
Nine Levels of Explanation : A Proposed Expansion of Tinbergen's Four-Level Framework for Understanding the Causes of Behavior

Tinbergen's classic "On Aims and Methods of Ethology" (Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie, 20, 1963) proposed four levels of explanation of behavior, which he thought would soon apply to humans. This paper discusses the need for multilevel explanation; Huxley and Mayr's prior models, and others that followed; Tinbergen's differences with Lorenz on "the innate"; and Mayr's ultimate/proximate distinction. It synthesizes these approaches with nine levels of explanation in three categories: phylogeny, natural selection, and genomics (ultimate causes); maturation, sensitive period effects, and routine environmental effects (intermediate causes); and hormonal/metabolic processes, neural circuitry, and eliciting stimuli (proximate causes), as a respectful extension of Tinbergen's levels. The proposed classification supports and builds on Tinbergen's multilevel model and Mayr's ultimate/proximate continuum, adding intermediate causes in accord with Tinbergen's emphasis on ontogeny. It requires no modification of Standard Evolutionary Theory or The Modern Synthesis, but shows that much that critics claim was missing was in fact part of Neo-Darwinian theory (so named by J. Mark Baldwin in The American Naturalist in 1896) all along, notably reciprocal causation in ontogeny, niche construction, cultural evolution, and multilevel selection. Updates of classical examples in ethology are offered at each of the nine levels, including the neuroethological and genomic findings Tinbergen foresaw. Finally, human examples are supplied at each level, fulfilling his hope of human applications as part of the biology of behavior. This broad ethological framework empowers us to explain human behavior-eventually completely-and vindicates the idea of human nature, and of humans as a part of nature.
Molecular Analysis of Elements of Melanoma Insensitivity to TCR-Engineered Adoptive Cell Therapy

Metastatic melanoma accounts for the highest number of skin cancer-related deaths. Traditional treatments are ineffective due to their inability to induce tumor regression at a high rate. Newer treatments such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), targeted therapy (BRAFi and MEKi), and T cell receptor (TCR)-engineered T cells aim to increase the ability of the host immune system to recognize and eradicate tumors. ICIs inhibit negative regulatory mechanisms and boost the antitumor activity of the host’s immune system, while targeted therapy directed against aberrant signaling molecules (BRAF and MEK) will block the uncontrolled proliferation and expansion of melanomas. The basis of the TCR-engineered T cell strategy is to transduce host T cells with antigen-specific TCRα/β chains to produce high-affinity T cells for tumor-associated antigens. TCR-transgenic T cells are expanded and activated ex vivo and reinfused into patients to increase the targeting of cancer cells. While these treatments have had varyingly favorable results, their efficacy is limited due to inherent or acquired resistance. Various mechanisms explain melanoma immune-resistance, including the loss or downregulation of the MCH/peptide complex, aberrant activity of signaling pathways, and altered dynamics of apoptotic machinery. Collectively, these mechanisms confer melanoma resistance to apoptotic stimuli delivered by T cells despite a fully functional and effective antitumor immune response. Identification of biomarkers, combination treatment, and the use of CAR T cells are among the approaches that can potentially circumvent melanoma’s resistance to immunotherapy.
Language, social structure, and culture

Comparing Japanese and American interaction, Language, Social Structure, and Culture argues that language use is instrumental in the construction of social structure and culture. In order to ground the work in empirical evidence, verbal interaction in similar situations – Japanese and American cooking classes – is compared. Unlike other studies of verbal interaction, a genre analysis approach is used to examine regular patterns at three levels of language use: interaction, discourse, and grammar. Collectively, these patterns exhibit both similarities and differences across the classes in the two cultures, creating the unique event that has been institutionalized as a cooking class in each culture. In concluding, the author suggests that genre analysis is a useful approach for cross-cultural research in that it provides information about situation-specific language use, but also information about what aspects of linguistic structure are likely to become conventionalized across languages and cultures, across situations, and across time.