cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transition probabilities, lifetimes, and branching ratios in hydrogen-like atoms in the linear stark effect

Transition probabilities, lifetimes, and branching ratios in hydrogen-like atoms corresponding to the linear Stark effect are tabulated in terms of the principal quantum number n, and the electric quantum number k, based on the model that states are populated in proportion to their degeneracy quantum numbers. For given initial state n′k′, and final state nk, it is shown that the polarization of radiation depends on the relative parity of n′ − n and k′ − k. The number of spectral lines for transitions between arbitrary n′ and n is given. The intensities of the spectral lines are calculated for n′ = 10 to n = 9 and n = 2 transitions. It is shown that for n′ = 10 to n = 9 transitions the line intensities are maximum when the absolute value of the energy shift which is proportional to Δν = n′k′ − nk is zero or minimum, and it decreases exponentially as |Δν| increases. For n′ = 10 to n = 2 transitions the line intensities are randomly distributed. Transition probabilities are tabulated for the transitions n′k′ → n, where 2 ⩽ n′ ⩽ 10, 0 ⩽ k′ ⩽ n′ − 1, and 1 ⩽ n < n′. Averages with respect to k′ and sums with respect to n are given. Lifetimes for the initial states 2 ⩽ n′ ⩽ 10 and 0 ⩽ k′ ⩽ n′ − 1 have been tabulated. Also tabulated are the transitions n′k′ → nk, where 2 ⩽ n′ ⩽ 11, −(n′ − 1) ⩽ k′ ⩽ n′ − 1, and where 1 ⩽ n ⩽ 5 and 0 ⩽ k ⩽ n − 1. Branching ratios are tabulated for the transitions n′k′ → n, where 3 ⩽ n′ ⩽ 10, 0 ⩽ k′ ⩽ n′ −1, and 2 ⩽ n < n′. Similary, the branching ratios for the transitions n′k′ → nk are tabulated, where 3 ⩽ n′ ⩽ 11, −(n′ − 1) ⩽ k′ ⩽ n′ − 1, and where 2 ⩽ n ⩽ 5 and 0 ⩽ k ⩽ n − 1.
Staggered molecular packing in crystals of a collagen-like peptide with a single charged pair.

The crystal structure of the triple-helical peptide, (Pro-Hyp-Gly)(4)-Glu-Lys-Gly-(Pro-Hyp-Gly)(5) has been determined to 1.75 A resolution. This peptide was designed to examine the effect of a pair of adjacent, oppositely charged residues on collagen triple-helical conformation and intermolecular interactions. The molecular conformation (a 7(5) triple helix) and hydrogen bonding schemes are similar to those previously reported for collagen triple helices and provides a second instance of water mediated N--H . . . O==C interchain hydrogen bonds for the amide group of the residue following Gly. Although stereochemically capable of forming intramolecular or intermolecular ion pairs, the lysine and glutamic acid side-chains instead display direct interactions with carbonyl groups and hydroxyproline hydroxyl groups or interactions mediated by water molecules. Solution studies on the EKG peptide indicate stabilization at neutral pH values, where both Glu and Lys are ionized, but suggest that this occurs because of the effects of ionization on the individual residues, rather than ion pair formation. The EKG structure suggests a molecular mechanism for such stabilization through indirect hydrogen bonding. The molecular packing in the crystal includes an axial stagger between molecules, reminiscent of that observed in D-periodic collagen fibrils. The presence of a Glu-Lys-Gly triplet in the middle of the sequence appears to mediate this staggered molecular packing through its indirect water-mediated interactions with backbone C==O groups and side chains.
Heterodyne detection of swept-carrier frequency-selective optical memory signals

Swept-carrier time-domain optical memories [Opt. Lett. 17, 535 (1992)] are unique in that memory output signals occur cotemporally with the excitation field (read field) responsible for their generation. We demonstrate that this fact provides for the convenient detection of memory signals through their heterodyne interference with the cotemporal read field. Memory implementation is dramatically simplified.
The ambiguity of clinical intentions.

Medical ethicists place great weight on the intentions of clinical actions. The religious principle of “double effect,” based on a distinction between intentions and consequences, is an ethical cor...
The anthrax attacks in New York City: the "Giuliani press conference model" and other communication strategies that helped.

(2003). The Anthrax Attacks in New York City: The 'Giuliani Press Conference Model' and Other Communication Strategies That Helped. Journal of Health Communication: Vol. 8, No. sup1, pp. 15-16.
A Methodology for co‐registering abdominal MR images over multiple breath‐holds

Previous studies have demonstrated that the SNR of abdominal MR images can be increased by averaging images obtained in different breath-hold acquisitions. In this note, the authors present a simple new methodology for ensuring that images acquired in multiple breath-hold periods are accurately co-registered. Within each breath-hold, a quick coronal scout scan is followed by a longer axial scan. The scout is used to position the axial slices in a fixed position relative to the organ under examination. This MR technique can, in principle, be automated so as to add less than 1 s to the imaging time of the axial scan. The method can be used to increase SNR by signal averaging or to co-register images acquired during, for example, uptake of contrast agents. SNR improvement with negligible blurring is demonstrated in liver images acquired by this method from healthy volunteers.
Progression of chronic renal disease.

Abstract Risk factors for progression of kidney disease include hypertension, proteinuria, male sex, obesity, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, smoking, high-protein diets, phosphate retention, and metabolic acidosis. Angiotensin II production upregulates the expression of transforming growth factor-β1, tumor necrosis factor-α, nuclear factor-κB, and several adhesion molecules and chemoattractants. In addition to angiotensin, other vasoactive compounds, such as thromboxane A 2 , endothelin, and prostaglandins, are upregulated. Treatment with one of several growth factors may ameliorate the progression of kidney disease: insulin-like growth factor-1, hepatocyte growth factor, and bone morphogenetic protein-7. Am J Kidney Dis 41(S1):S3-S7. © 2003 by the National Kidney Foundation, Inc.
DNA homologies between strains of herpes simplex virus

Abstract Twelve strains of herpes simplex virus from various geographical areas and different sites of isolation were compared by nucleic and hybridization. Within each serological type there was no detectable difference between strains gauged by the extent of the nucleic acid homology and the thermal stability of the hybrid molecules. Based on these results there is less than 5% nucleotide sequence variation within each serological type and less than 20% true homology between the two types.
Biotransfer of selenium: effects on an insect predator, Podisus maculiventris.

The effects of selenium (Se) accumulation in phytophagous insects on predators in the next trophic level were investigated. The generalist predator Podisus maculiventris Say (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) was fed an herbivore Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae from control diet and diets at two Se levels (0, 109, and 135 microg/g sodium selenate dry weight added). Predators reared on larvae grown on diets with sodium selenate took longer to complete each developmental stage and had significantly higher mortality rates. Predators achieving the adult stage on Se-containing hosts weighed 20% less than those feeding on control larvae. Reduced adult weight of insects has been associated with reduced fitness (longevity, egg production, etc.), which would have long-term negative impacts on population dynamics. These developmental and mortality effects resulted from biotransfer of Se, not biomagnification since the trophic transfer factor was less than 1.0 (approximately 0.85). Host larvae in Se-treatments contained significantly more total Se (9.76 and 13.0 microg/g Se dry weight host larvae) than their predators (8.34 and 11 microg/g Se dry weight predatory bugs, respectively). Host larvae and predators in the control groups did not differ in their Se content. These data demonstrate that Se in the food chain may have detrimental population level effects on insects even in the absence of biomagnification, given the host contains significantly elevated concentrations of selenium.
A cyano-bridged FeIIReIV(CN)2 cluster incorporating two high-magnetic anisotropy building units

Abstract The pentagonal bipyramidal high-spin iron(II) complex, [(TPA2C(O)NHtBu)Fe(CF3SO3)]+, is shown to exhibit a high-anisotropy ground state, with fits to dc magnetization data providing an axial zero-field splitting parameter of D = − 7.9 cm−1. The utility of this compound as a building unit is demonstrated, as its reaction with [ReCl4(CN)2]2− affords the cyano-bridged dinuclear cluster (TPA2C(O)NHtBu)FeReCl4(CN)2. dc magnetic susceptibility measurements reveal intracluster ferromagnetic exchange interactions between FeII and ReIV centers, with J = +3.0 cm−1, giving rise to a spin ground state of S = 7/2. Moreover, fits to dc magnetization data obtained for the FeRe cluster show the presence of strong axial anisotropy, with D = −2.3 cm−1. Finally, variable-frequency ac susceptibility measurements reveal the onset of slow magnetic relaxation at low temperature, suggesting that the FeRe cluster is a single-molecule magnet.
Toward a Complete Economic Theory of the Utilization and Management of Recreational Fisheries

Abstract A model of individual behavior for recreational fisheries which considers both the participation decision and the activity level decision is developed. The model also distinguishes between the catch rate, which is a biologically determined parameter, and the landings rate, which is a control variable. Individual and fisherywide equilibria under open access are described for both homogeneous and heterogeneous participants. Optimal utilization is also described. Optimal utilization differs from open access in terms of activity levels of participants and number and type of participants. Regulations to achieve optimal utilization are described.
Interspersion of short repetitive sequences studied in cloned sea urchin DNA fragments

The length and spacing of repetitive sequence elements were studied in several cloned sea urchin DNA fragments. Sequence organization in these fragments was found to be of the short interspersed form expected for sea urchin DNA, and for one clone the evidence shows that nearby repeats do not belong to the same repetitive sequence family.
A problem of language disorder: length versus structure.

The effects of sentence length and structure on the accuracy of sentence repetition by 13 normal-speaking and 13 language-disordered children were compared. The sentences were from three to five wo...
The asthma and obesity epidemics: The role played by the built environment—a public health perspective

Obesity and asthma have reached epidemic proportions in the United States. The reasons for these epidemics are complex, and the solutions to address them are many. This article explores the epidemics, their causes and consequences, associations and relationships, an expansion of the definition of the environment, and current national initiatives that address the components of the built and social environments that promote obesity and precipitate asthma.
The Medication Recommendation Tracking Form: A novel tool for tracking changes in prescribed medication, clinical decision making, and use in comparative effectiveness research

This paper describes the development and use of the Medication Recommendation Tracking Form (MRTF), a novel method for capturing physician prescribing behavior and clinical decision making. The Bipolar Trials Network developed and implemented the MRTF in a comparative effectiveness study for bipolar disorder (LiTMUS). The MRTF was used to assess the frequency, types, and reasons for medication adjustments. Changes in treatment were operationalized by the metric Necessary Clinical Adjustments (NCA), defined as medication adjustments to reduce symptoms, optimize treatment response and functioning, or to address intolerable side effects. Randomized treatment groups did not differ in rates of NCAs, however, responders had significantly fewer NCAs than non-responders. Patients who had more NCAs during their previous visit had significantly lower odds of responding at the current visit. For each one-unit increase in previous CGI-BP depression score and CGI-BP overall severity score, patients had an increased NCA rate of 13% and 15%, respectively at the present visit. Ten-unit increases in previous Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) scores resulted in an 18% and 14% increase in rates of NCAs, respectively. Patients with fewer NCAs had increased quality of life and decreased functional impairment. The MRTF standardizes the reporting and rationale for medication adjustments and provides an innovative metric for clinical effectiveness. As the first tool in psychiatry to track the types and reasons for medication changes, it has important implications for training new clinicians and examining clinical decision making. (ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT00667745).
Implications of global climate change for snowmelt hydrology in the twenty-first century.

For most of the global land area poleward of about 40° latitude, snow plays an important role in the water cycle. The (seasonal) timing of runoff in these areas is especially sensitive to projected losses of snowpack associated with warming trends, whereas projected (annual) runoff volume changes are primarily associated with precipitation changes, and to a lesser extent, with changes in evapotranspiration (ET). Regional studies in the USA (and especially the western USA) suggest that hydrologic adjustments to a warming climate have been ongoing since the mid-twentieth century. We extend the insights extracted from the western USA to the global scale using a physically based hydrologic model to assess the effects of systematic changes in precipitation and temperature on snow-affected portions of the global land area as projected by a suite of global climate models. While annual (and in some cases seasonal) changes in precipitation are a key driver of projected changes in annual runoff, we find, as in the western USA, that projected warming produces strong decreases in winter snow accumulation and spring snowmelt over much of the affected area regardless of precipitation change. Decreased snowpack produces decreases in warm-season runoff in many mid- to high-latitude areas where precipitation changes are either moderately positive or negative in the future projections. Exceptions, however, occur in some high-latitude areas, particular in Eurasia, where changes in projected precipitation are large enough to result in increased, rather than decreased, snow accumulation. Overall, projected changes in snowpack and the timing of snowmelt-derived runoff are largest near the boundaries of the areas that currently experience substantial snowfall, and at least qualitatively, they mirror the character of observed changes in the western USA. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Health effects of residence in homes with urea formaldehyde foam insulation: a pilot study

Abstract All full-time residents ( N = 24) from six homes with urea formal dehyde foam insimulation underwent standardized allergy, respiratory, and neuropsychiatric tests. Skin testing did not reveal an increased prevalence of atopy or reaction to 4% formalin. Spirometry was normal in all subjects, and bronchial reactivity was not significantly different from a population-based response to the same challenge. Memory difficulty was a frequently reported symptom. Memory storage deficits could not be documented, but 11 of 14 subjects had abnormal tests of attention span. Eight of the 11 subjects with attention span deficits had elevated depression scores. Chronic low level exposure to formaldehyde may cause significant mental status changes, but further testing of a larger, randomly population is necessary to evaluate this question.
Thinking about denial of service in Internet protocols

Many critical services have become dependent on the Internet as a communication medium. This has highlighted the vulnerability of the Internet to denial-of-service attacks. While the TPC/IP protocol stack was never intended to provide guaranteed quality of service, many of the vulnerabilities are simple accidents and make it unnecessarily easy for DoS attackers to reach their goals. In this talk, I suggest that DoS-resistance is becoming a key requirement for all network protocols and draw examples mostly from the design of mobility protocols.
2-Amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid receptors are not involved in synaptic transmission from hair cells to auditory neurons

Abstract The chemical 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (APB, AP4), an excitatory amino acid antagonist, was perfused through the guinea-pig cochlea while monitoring various cochlear potentials. The drug (0.6–10 mM) had no effect on the magnitude of the compound action potential of the cochlear nerve, N1 latency, cochlear microphonics, or the summating potential (SP). The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the APB receptor is not involved in neurotransmission between cochlear hair cells and afferent nerve fibers.
Fasting blood glucose levels and initiation of insulin therapy in gestational diabetes.

Objective: To determine whether an initial fasting blood glucose determination will predict which pregnant women will need insulin in addition to dietary measures to maintain fasting glucose levels during gestation. Methods: All women referred for management of gestational diabetes received dietary counseling and instructions for self-monitoring of blood glucose levels during fasting and at 2 hours after each meal. Insulin therapy was initiated if the fasting blood glucose value exceeded 5.8 mmol/L (105 mg/dL) on more than one occasion, the 2-hour postprandial glucose exceeded 8.3 mmol/L (150 mg/dL), or the 2-hour postprandial glucose exceeded 6.7 mmol/L (120 mg/dL) three times in a week. The use of diet alone or diet plus insulin therapy was determined by review of medical records. Results: Fifty-two pregnant women with fasting blood glucose levels of less than 5.8 mmol/L (105 mg/dL) and with two or more elevated blood glucose values on a 3-hour glucose tolerance test underwent follow-up at least through...
A study of the effects of training in visual literacy on verbal language behavior

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the language behavior of four and five-year old children when they are talking about pictures they have taken themselves with a still camera. Language samples were obtained from the children when they were describing their pictures made under three conditions: 1) pictures of ten individual toys; 2) pictures taken at home; 3) for an experimental group pictures taken at home following instruction in ways in which pictures go together to tell a story. Measures obtained in condition three were compared to a control group who received no training. Four language measures were applied to the samples obtained. Differences within measures for the three conditions were tested statistically for significance and the statistical relationships among the measures were determined. The incidence of picture sequencing before and after training was noted.
Association of Social Stress, Illicit Drug Use, and Health Beliefs with Nonadherence to Antiretroviral Therapy

OBJECTIVE: To assess the roles of socioeconomic status, social stability, social stress, health beliefs, and illicit drug use with nonadherence to antiretroviral therapy.
Stability of streams and lakes on Mars

The freezing of small Martian streams is modelled for a variety of climatic conditions, on the supposition that the Martian atmosphere may have been considerably thicker in the past, at the time of the formation of the valley networks. This model examines the energy balance at the upper and lower surfaces of ice on streams, in order to determine the rate at which ice thickens with time. Results indicate that freezing rates are not strongly dependent on atmospheric pressure, and, under windy conditions, dependence on atmospheric pressure is even weaker. It is noted that the main problem in valley formation is in initiating the flow. Groundwater seepage alone is inadequate, due to the difficulty of groundwater system replenishment.
Recurrent primary fibrosarcoma of the brain treated with the GliaSite brachytherapy system: case report.

Abstract Background Primary brain sarcomas are rarely curable with surgery and standard radiation therapy. They typically recur locally within 6 months of treatment. This case report describes a novel treatment approach for primary or recurrent brain sarcomas with intracavitary brachytherapy. Case description This 34-year-old female presented with a large and rapidly recurrent primary fibrosarcoma in the right fronto-parietal brain only 1 month postinitial total resection. She was reoperated, again with an MRI-documented gross total resection, but at this second surgery a GliaSite RTS (a recently FDA-approved balloon catheter system for intracranial intracavitary brachytherapy) was inserted into the surgical cavity. Over four days a radiation dose of 152 Gy was delivered at the balloon surface dose and 50.0Gy was delivered at a depth of 7 mm from balloon surface. The patient received subsequent treatment with external beam radiation and chemotherapy. The patient tolerated her treatment well and has shown no evidence of tumor recurrence with a follow up of 18 months. Conclusion Boost intracavitary brachytherapy can play a critical role in preventing local recurrence and early death in patients with primary brain sarcomas.
Separation of L-phenylalanine: Pyruvate transaminase and L-phenylalanine: α-ketoglutarate transaminase by Sephadex-electrophoresis

Abstract By means of a Sephadex-electrophoresis column, L-phenylalanine: pyruvate transaminase (PPT) was separated from L-phenylalanine: α-ketoglutarate transaminase (PKT) from rat liver. These enzymes differed in heat lability in vitro and in their inducibility by glucagon in vivo . PPT was heat-stable and was induced by chronic glucagon injection. On the other hand, PKT was heat-labile and was not induced by glucagon under the experimental conditions used. These studies provide evidence that distinct enzymes catalyze the transamination of phenylalanine with pyruvate or with α-ketoglutarate as the amino acceptor.
On the Null Distribution of Jonckheere's Statistic Used in Two-Way Models for Ordered Alternatives

Jonckheere (1954) proposed a test for ordered alternatives in a design with k treatments and b levels of another factor (blocks). In this paper tables are given for the null distribution of Jonckheere's statistic. Exact probabilities and critical values are given for α-levels near .2, .l, .05, .01 and .001, where k = 2(1)6 and b = 2(1)5. Tables appear for designs in which there are an equal number of observations in treatments within a block, with cell sample sizes ranging from one to five.
On the ion-stimulated autolytic capability of ALD and PLD muscle homogenates.

Abstract Avian anterior (ALD) and posterior (PLD) latissimus dorsi muscle homogenates were tested for autolysis of proteins at pH values for which muscle proteases have been described (pH 4.0, 7.0, and 8.5). The action of MgCl 2 and CaCl 2 at physiological concentrations on these autolytic activities was measured to determine if changes in ion concentration could initiate proteolysis. At pH 7.0, it was found that alterations in CaCl 2 concentrations within physiological limits in the presence of a MgCl 2 concentration below physiological levels could activate or inhibit autolysis. Changes in magnesium concentration also could activate autolysis. This calcium effect was greatest for the PLD muscle. The possible role of calcium compartmental changes in initiation of contractile protein breakdown following denervation is discussed.
Thought suppression in spider-fearful and nonfearful individuals.

Abstract The authors examined the suppression of spider-related thoughts in spiderfearful (n = 23) and nonfearful (n = 22) individuals. Participants were primed with vivid pictures of spiders and a story about spiders. Next, they were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 conditions: (a) suppression of thoughts associated with the previously presented spiderrelated stimuli or (b) free expression of any thoughts, including those related to the spider-related stimuli. All participants completed a subsequent free-expression exercise. Results indicated that spider-fearful individuals expressed thoughts about the spider-related stimuli for a longer length of time than did nonfearful individuals, particularly in the suppression condition. Participants in both groups demonstrated a rebound of thoughts associated with the spider-related stimuli following suppression. The authors propose that the priming of feared stimuli makes suppression of fear-related thoughts particularly difficult for fearful individuals, perhaps by a...
Lead exposure alters cyclic-AMP response element binding protein phosphorylation and binding activity in the developing rat brain.

Abstract We examined the effect of lead (Pb 2+ ) exposure during development on cyclic-AMP response element binding protein (CREB) expression and phosphorylation in cortical and hippocampal nuclear extracts at postnatal (PN) days 7, 14, 21 and 50. We also examined the binding of CREB family proteins to the cyclic-AMP response element (CRE) using a novel filter-binding assay that provides a quantitative measure of binding kinetics. In the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of control rats, CREB and phospho-CREB (pCREB; serine-133) expression is highest at PN7 and decreases steadily until PN50. Developmental Pb 2+ exposure does not affect total CREB levels but decreases pCREB levels at PN14 and PN50 in the cortex and at PN50 in the hippocampus. Using the filter-binding assay, we measured a 30% decrease in B max and 38% decrease in the Kd of CREB family proteins for the CRE in PN50 hippocampal nuclear fractions prepared from Pb 2+ -exposed rats. A similar, but nonsignificant, trend is observed in the cortex of PN50 lead-exposed rats. In addition, a 70% increase in the B max was observed in the cortex of PN14 lead-exposed rats without a significant change in the Kd. These disruptions in pCREB expression and binding activity of CREB family members during the ontogeny of the rat brain begin to decipher intracellular mechanisms of Pb 2+ neurotoxicity.
Combustion Synthesis of Niobium Aluminide Matrix Composites

Combustion synthesis of NbAl3-matrix composites with Al2O3 and B additions was studied using the thermal explosion mode. The addition of B to the reaction mixture resulted in the formation of NbB2, small amounts of NbB and unreacted Al. The Al2O3 addition did not affect the NbAl3-matrix reaction completion but the final product density increased with increasing Al2O3 loading. In both NbAl3-matrix composites, the reaction was initiated above the melting point of Al.
Mean Square Angles of Bremsstrahlung and Pair Production

The mean square angles of bremsstrahlung and pair production have been derived and formulas for them are given in terms of the energies of the particles involved, the target material, and the maximum angle up to which the integration is taken. Calculations from these formulas have been made for incident energies between 50 and 300 Mev and for a maximum angle of 20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, and these have been graphed (Figs. 4 and 5). It is shown that the root-mean-square angle of bremsstrahlung goes as $\frac{\ensuremath{\mu}}{{E}_{0}}\frac{\mathrm{ln}{E}_{0}}{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ and similarly for pair production. The dependence of the mean square on the maximum angle of integration is briefly discussed.
The Life Force and the Utopia of the Post-Human

Immortality is humanity’s great quest, the supreme utopia. In his science fiction novel Le Grand Secret, Rene Barjavel reflects on the convergence between love that defies time, science that conquers sickness and wisdom that triumphs over death. Spinoza reminds us that death cannot ontologically have a place in thinking about the living and Bergson assumes a ‘current of life’ running through bodies and generations, dividing up and flowing together without losing its force. That life force has no connection with the new philosophies of the trans-human or post-human which imagine a post-humanity living longer, healthier and less miserably, thanks to biotechnology. If human beings were an exceptional diversion in the course of evolution, it is one of intensification, creation and emancipation, and not of extension and addition as the life-sciences would have it.
Chromatography of leaf chloroplast pigments on ion-exchange papers

Abstract For the separation of leaf carotenoid pigments, some ion-exchange papers are more effective than pure cellulose papers. Separations of the major pigments on ion-exchange paper are superior to those obtained by uni-dimensional paper chromatography. For green-leaf extracts, ion-exchange papers offer no advantage. Ion-exchange columns do not separate the chloroplast pigments. On ion-exchange paper, there is no major yellow pigment in addition to neoxanthin, violaxanthin, lutein, and carotene.
Differential Tannakian categories

Abstract We define a differential Tannakian category and show that under a natural assumption it has a fibre functor. If in addition this category is neutral, that is, the target category for the fibre functor are finite dimensional vector spaces over the base field, then it is equivalent to the category of representations of a (pro-)linear differential algebraic group. Our treatment of the problem is via differential Hopf algebras and Deligne's fibre functor construction [P. Deligne, Categories tannakiennes, in: The Grothendieck Festschrift, vol. II, in: Progr. Math., vol. 87, Birkhauser Boston, Boston, MA, 1990, pp. 111–195].
Constitutive Expression of PU.1 in Fetal Hematopoietic Progenitors Blocks T Cell Development at the Pro-T Cell Stage

The essential hematopoietic transcription factor PU.1 is expressed in multipotent thymic precursors but downregulated during T lineage commitment. The significance of PU.1 downregulation was tested using retroviral vectors to force hematopoietic precursors to maintain PU.1 expression during differentiation in fetal thymic organ culture. PU.1 reduced thymocyte expansion and blocked development at the pro-T cell stage. PU.1-expressing cells could be rescued by switching to conditions permissive for macrophage development; thus, the inhibition depends on both lineage and developmental stage. An intact DNA binding domain was required for these effects. PU.1 expression can downregulate pre-Tα, Rag-1, and Rag-2 in a dose-dependent manner, and higher PU.1 levels induce Mac-1 and Id-2. Thus, downregulation of PU.1 is specifically required for progression in the T cell lineage.
The Leech lattice and complex hyperbolic reflections

We construct a natural sequence of finite-covolume reflection groups acting on the complex hyperbolic spaces ℂH 13, ℂH 9 and ℂH 5, and show that the 9-dimensional example coincides with the largest of the groups of Mostow [11]. Our reflection groups arise as automorphism groups of certain Lorentzian lattices over the Eisenstein integers, and we obtain our largest example by using the complex Leech lattice in a manner inspired by Conway [5]. We also construct finite-covolume reflection groups on the quaternionic hyperbolic spaces ?H 7, ?H 5 and ?H 3, again using the Leech lattice, and apply results of Borcherds [4] to obtain automorphic forms for our groups.
Contacts between receptors and electrophysiologically identified neurones in the retina of the larval tiger salamander.

1. Following the intracellular recording of bipolar and horizontal cell responses, each unit was injected with horseradish peroxidase and a histochemical staining used to identify it at the level of the light and electron microscopes. 2. Centre-depolarizing bipolar cells made contact with rods and cones at basal and ribbon junctions, the latter being fewer. Centre-hyperpolarizing bipolar cells made the same types of contacts with the receptors, but ribbon junctions predominated. 3. It appears, therefore, that there is no fixed relationship between the sign of synaptic transmission from receptors to bipolar cells and the junctional features revealed by present methods for electron microscopy of tissue sections. Accordingly, the reason for the existence of more than one type of contact between receptors and bipolar cells remains to be determined. 4. Light microscopy of the peroxidase-injected horizontal cells gave further support to the notion that type B responses are recorded from the cell body, and type A responses from the axon terminal, of a single type of horizontal cell. Electron microscopy showed that the processes (dendrites) originating from the cell body make ribbon and distal junctions with rods and cones, just as shown before for the axon terminals. 5. As a result of these observations, it is possible to exclude one of two alternative hypotheses previously proposed to account for the properties of the surround responses recorded from the horizontal cell bodies.
Directed Graphs, von Neumann Algebras, and Index

In this paper, we assign index numbers to finite directed graphs. Motivated by the indices of Jones and Watatani (from operator algebra theory), we introduce and compute a new graph-theoretical index, and consider the connection with Watatani’s extended Jones index. Starting with an inclusion of finite directed graphs, we show that there is a natural subgroupoid inclusion, and then a tower of von Neumann algebras. In particular, each step in the tower having the same index number, under certain normalization.
A study of phase transitions in sodium hydroxide

As a part of a broad programme of investigation of sodium hydroxide, the transitions up to its melting point were studied. This was accomplished by correlation of results obtained through use of differential thermal, high-temperature microscopic, and high-temperature X-ray analyses. The melting of sodium hydroxide monohydrate, the driving off of entrapped water at higher temperatures, the transition of x-sodium hydroxide to β-sodium hydroxide, and the melting point of β-sodium hydroxide were the transitions identified and studied. An X-ray powder pattern for β-sodium hydroxide was obtained; it appeared to indicate a cubic structure for this material, with a lattice parameter of 11.0 A.
Landscapes of Erotophobia: The Sexual(ized) Child in the Postmodern Anglophone West

The issue of ‘child sexualization’ is widely addressed in the mass media of the Anglophone West. It is a topic on which many voices, both lay and professional, pronounce upon with conviction. Almost universally the judgment is that this is a damaging and unwanted consequence of the ‘modern world’ that cannot be avoided, so that protection of ‘the child’ is the only recourse. This introduction argues that this hegemonic discourse entails unchallenged and naturalized assumptions. We identify three: the normative distinction between ‘proper’ and improper sexualization––where the former involves the staged transmission of approved knowledge from adult to child; while the latter is the consequence of a ‘free market’ in exploitative imagery and inappropriate expectations of the unprotected child in the adult world. Second, the sexually agentic child is not only missing but logically excluded. Paradoxically the very capacity essential for growing to full citizenship is denied the citizens of the future. Finally, that though ‘the child’ is deemed at risk, it is girls who are the naturalized victims within traditionally gendered framings. We develop these themes in relation to the work of the other contributors, whose work strengthens and deepens the necessary critical challenge.
Early postpartum reproductive profiles in Holstein cows with retained placenta and uterine discharges.

Abstract Sixty Holstein cows were allocated to three groups. Twenty cows had retained placenta. The remaining cows were examined on d 14 postpartum and those with purulent discharges (n = 22) were assigned to one group and the remaining (n = 18) to a control group. Within each group, cows were given randomly either gonadotropin-releasing hormone (i.m., 200 μ g) or saline on d 15 postpartum to evaluate the effect on changes in ovarian structures and plasma progesterone through 50 d postpartum and fertility. Corpora lutea were found in control cows by d 21, cows with uterine discharge by d 28, and cows with retained placenta by d 27. Maximum progesterone production during the first luteal phase was higher in control cows than in cows with purulent discharge or retained placenta (4.66ng/ml compared with 3.23 and 3.34ng/ml, respectively). Duration of the first corpus luteum was affected by clinical condition. Only 6.2% of cows with retained placenta had corpora lutea of normal duration (12 to 16 d), whereas 43.8 and 50.0% of cows with uterine discharge and control cows had normal postpartum luteal phases. Measures of fertility were not affected by gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Control cows had less days to conception (97) and fewer services per conception (1.6) than cows with retained placenta (134 and 2.5, respectively). Clinical group affected reproduction more than gonadotropin-releasing hormone did, possibly by altering ovarian function.
Feasibility study of wave analysis for delamination detection of thick laminated composite beams

Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites have been increasingly used for civil infrastructure in recent years, and the applications have promoted interest in health monitoring of structural composites. Although primary layouts of these composite structures are similar, the FRP composites used in civil engineering structures are usually relatively thicker and larger in size. Hence, more power authority is needed in the experimental procedure for health monitoring purposes. In this study, health monitoring of thick composite structures using smart piezoelectric materials is presented. Monitoring technique based on wave propagation is evaluated for possible damage detection in civil composite structures. For comparison purposes, the composite laminated beams with two different thickness are made of E-glass fiber and epoxy resins by vacuum bagging process, and the damage in the form of delamination is created by inserting Teflon sheet between the lamina at certain location. Smart piezoelectric materials are used as both the emitter and receiver of the wave. The exploratory experimental program developed in this study can be used for better understanding of the possibility of wave propagation based technique in health monitoring and damage detection of large civil FRP composite structures.
Toward 21st Century Blood Component Replacement Therapeutics: Artificial Oxygen Carriers, Platelet Substitutes, Recombinant Clotting Factors, and Others

In this brief overview, recent progress and current status of blood substitute research and development is summarized. Current blood substitute development efforts are focused on red blood cell substitutes but substitutes for platelets and other blood components are also in progress. Red cell substitutes currently in various stages of development are semi-synthetic or synthetic oxygen carriers that include "stealth" or "masked" red cells, hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers and perfluorocarbon-based oxygen carriers. Artificial platelets (or platelet substitutes) are in early stages of development and include human platelet fragments or particles of synthetic/semi-synthetic materials or recombinant human serum albumin coupled with platelet surface receptor fragments. Of note, some recombinant clotting factors (Factors VII, VIII, IX) have already been successfully developed and licensed for treatment of hemophilia. In addition, some future approaches and prospects of blood component replacement therapeutics are discussed.
Functional role of amino terminus in ClC-3 chloride channel regulation by phosphorylation and cell volume.

Aim: This study investigated the functional role of the CIC-3 amino-terminus in channel regulation in response to changes in cell volume. Methods: Wild-type sClC-3 tagged with a green fluorescence protein (GFP) at the C-terminus was used as a template to construct a number of deletion mutants which were functionally expressed in NIH-3T3 cells. Whole cell and single channel patch-clamp electrophysiology was used to determine the functional properties of heterologously expressed channels. Results: The first 100 amino acids of the CIC-3 N-terminus were removed and the truncated channel (sCIC-3ANT) was functionally expressed. Im-munocytochemistry confirmed membrane expression of both wtsClC-3 and sCIC-3ANT channels in NIH/3T3 cells. sCIC-3ANT yielded constitutively active functional channels, which showed no response to protein kinase C or changes in cell volume. Deletion of a cluster of negatively charged amino acids 16-21 (sClC-3A16-21) within the N-terminus also yielded a constitutively active open channel phenotype, indicating these amino acids are involved in the N-type regulation. Intracellular delivery of a thiol-phosphorylated peptide corresponding to N-terminal residues 12-61 (NT peptide) markedly inhibited sCIC-3ANT whole-cell and single-channel currents, further confirming the essential role of the N-terminus in volume regulation of channel activity. Conclusions: These data strongly suggest the N-terminus of sClC-3 channels acts as a blocking particle inhibiting the flow of anions through the channel pore. This 'N-type' regulation of sClC-3 channels may be an important transducing mechanism linking changes in cell volume and channel protein phosphorylation to channel gating.
Lack of Interleukin-10-Mediated Anti-Inflammatory Signals and Upregulated Interferon Gamma Production Are Linked to Increased Intestinal Epithelial Cell Apoptosis in Pathogenic Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an immunomodulatory cytokine that is important for maintenance of epithelial cell (EC) survival and anti-inflammatory responses (AIR). The majority of HIV infections occur through the mucosal route despite mucosal epithelium acting as a barrier to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Therefore, understanding the role of IL-10 in maintenance of intestinal homeostasis during HIV infection is of interest for better characterization of the pathogenesis of HIV-mediated enteropathy. We demonstrated here changes in mucosal IL-10 signaling during simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in rhesus macaques. Disruption of the epithelial barrier was manifested by EC apoptosis and loss of the tight-junction protein ZO-1. Multiple cell types, including a limited number of ECs, produced IL-10. SIV infection resulted in increased levels of IL-10; however, this was associated with increased production of mucosal gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), suggesting that IL-10 was not able to regulate AIR. This observation was supported by the downregulation of STAT3, which is necessary to inhibit production of IFN-γ and TNF-α, and the upregulation of SOCS1 and SOCS3, which are important regulatory molecules in the IL-10-mediated AIR. We also observed internalization of the IL-10 receptor (IL-10R) in mucosal lymphocytes, which could limit cellular availability of IL-10 for signaling and contribute to the loss of a functional AIR. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that internalization of IL-10R with the resultant impact on IL-10 signaling and dysregulation of the IL-10-mediated AIR might play a crucial role in EC damage and subsequent SIV/HIV pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE Interleukin-10 (IL-10), an important immunomodulatory cytokine plays a key role to control inflammatory function and homeostasis of the gastrointestinal mucosal immune system. Despite recent advancements in the study of IL-10 and its role in HIV infection, the role of mucosal IL-10 in SIV/HIV infection in inducing enteropathy is not well understood. We demonstrated changes in mucosal IL-10 signaling during SIV infection in rhesus macaques. Disruption of the intestinal epithelial barrier was evident along with the increased levels of mucosal IL-10 production. Increased production of mucosal IFN-γ and TNF-α during SIV infection suggested that the increased level of mucosal IL-10 was not able to regulate anti-inflammatory responses. Our findings demonstrate that internalization of IL-10R with the resultant impact on IL-10 signaling and dysregulation of the IL-10-mediated anti-inflammatory responses might play a crucial role in epithelial cell damage and subsequent SIV/HIV pathogenesis.
Molecular approach to dorsoanterior development in Xenopus laevis.

Abstract RNA from ventralized Xenopus laevis embryos has been used to generate a subtracted library consisting of genes whose expression is dependent upon dorsoanterior development. Clones were selected on the basis of two criteria: (1) at least 10-fold reduction in ventralized versus control embryo RNA, and (2) absence of hybridization to RNA from adult muscle. One of these clones, designated UVS.2, was characterized further. UVS.2 was found by in situ hybridization to be expressed exclusively in the anterior neural fold of neurula stage embryos. By the tailbud stage, the UVS.2 protein and transcript were localized in specialized cephalic ectoderm, in a region probably corresponding to the hatching gland. UVS.2 expression could be induced in ectodermal explants by contact with dorsal mesodermal tissue. Furthermore, in lithium-treated embryos, which have exaggerated dorsoanterior structures, UVS.2 expression was increased four- to fivefold. A molecular marker such as UVS.2 will be useful in defining and studying the induction and organization of cephalic tissues.
Do those who study norms have any themselves

for a Science of Culture. New York: Random House. 1985 Culture, People, Nature: An Introduction to General Anthropology, 4th ed. New York: Harper & Row. Mann, Michael 1986 The Sources of Social Power. Vol. 1: A History of Power from the Beginning to A.D. 1760. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Orloff, Ann Shola and lTeda Skocpol 1984 "Why not equal protection: Explaining the politics of public social spending in Britain, 1900-1911, and the United States, 1880s-1920." American Sociological Review 49:726-750. Parkin, Frank 1979 Marxism and Class Theory: A Bourgeois Critique. New York: Columbia University Press. Sanderson, Stephen K. 1987 "Eclecticism and its alternatives." In John Wilson (ed.), Current Perspectives in Social Theory, Vol. 8. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. Skocpol, Theda 1979 States and Social Revolutions. New York: Cambridge University Press. Weber, Max 1976 The Agrarian Sociology of Ancient Civilizations. London: New Left Books. Wiener, Jonathan M. 1982 "Max Weber's Marxism: Theory and method in The Agrarian Sociology of Ancient Civilizations." Theory and Society 11:389-401. Zeitlin, Irving M. 1973 Rethinking Sociology: A Critique of Contemporary Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Data converters performance at extreme temperatures

Space missions often require radiation and extreme-temperature hardened electronics to survive the harsh environments beyond Earth's atmosphere. Traditional approaches to preserve electronics incorporate shielding, insulation and redundancy at the expense of power and weight. However, a novel way of bypassing these problems is the concept of evolutionary hardware. Are configurable device, consisting of several switches interconnected with analog/digital parts, is controlled by an evolutionary processor (EP). When the EP detects degradation in the circuit it sends signals to reconfigure the switches, thus forming a new circuit with the desired output. This concept has been developed since the mid-90s, but one problem remains - the EP cannot degrade substantially. For this reason, extensive testing at extreme temperatures (-180/spl deg/ to 120/spl deg/C) has been done on devices found on FPGA boards (taking the role of the EP) such as the analog to digital and the digital to analog converter. Analysis of the results has shown that FPGA boards implementing EP with some compensation may be a practical solution to evolving circuits. This paper describes results on the tests of data converters at extreme temperatures.