cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changes of sodium channel expression in experimental painful diabetic neuropathy

Although pain is experienced by many patients with diabetic neuropathy, the pathophysiology of painful diabetic neuropathy is not understood. Substantial evidence indicates that dysregulated sodium channel gene transcription contributes to hyperexcitability of dorsal root ganglion neurons, which may produce neuropathic pain after axonal transection. In this study, we examined sodium channel mRNA and protein expression in dorsal root ganglion neurons in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes and tactile allodynia, using in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry for sodium channels Na v 1.1, Na v 1.3, Na v 1.6, Na v 1.7, Na v 1.8, and Na v 1.9. Our results show that, in rats with experimental diabetes, there is a significant upregulation of mRNA for the Na v 1.3, Na v 1.6, and Na v 1.9 sodium channels and a downregulation of Na v 1.8 mRNA 1 and 8 weeks after onset of allodynia. Channel protein levels display parallel changes. Our results demonstrate dysregulated expression of the genes for sodium channels Na v 1.3, Na v 1.6, Na v 1.8, and Na v 1.9 in dorsal root ganglion neurons in experimental diabetes and suggest that misexpression of sodium channels contributes to neuropathic pain associated with diabetic neuropathy.
Droplet motion in an electrohydrodynamic fine spray

The results of a combined experimental and numerical study on droplet behavior within an electrohydrodynamic fine spray are presented. The fine spray exists in the transition region between the multiple cone-jet and rim emission spray modes. Experiments were conducted specifically to characterize the motion of droplets within the spray. Light-sheet visualizations and measurements of droplet speed and velocity using laser-based, single-particle counters were obtained. Additionally, a numerical simulation of the droplet motion within the spray was made and compared to the experimental results. The electrohydrodynamic fine spray of ethanol droplets (∼ 1 to 40 μm diameter) was generated using a typical capillary-plate configuration, with a capillary tip electric field intensity of ∼ 106 V/m and a spray charge density of ∼70 C/m3. Acquired images of the spray revealed a zone of rapid expansion near the capillary followed by a more gradual expansion farther from the capillary. In situ laser-diagnostic measurements confirmed these observations. Measured droplet speeds decreased rapidly with increasing axial distance from the capillary, but then increased beyond the spray's axial mid-plane as a result of a change in the sign of the axial internal electric field. Droplet axial velocity components behaved similarly. The radial velocity components exhibited a maximum value off of the spray's centerline in the near-capillary region. Farther away from the capillary, they increased monotonically with increasing radial position. These trends identified the significant role that the radial internal electric field plays in spray expansion. The numerical simulation of the normal spray verified the inferred change in sign of the axial internal field and underscored the dominant contribution of the external electric field in the near-capillary region and of the internal electric field farther away.
Mesial Temporal Sclerosis After Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome

Neither intrathecal methotrexate nor posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome has previously been reported to result in mesial temporal sclerosis. Described here is the case of a boy with no risk factors for mesial temporal sclerosis who presented with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome and partial complex seizures 8 days after initiation of intrathecal methotrexate for treatment of Burkitt lymphoma, and who ultimately progressed to intractable temporal lobe epilepsy due to left mesial temporal sclerosis.
Managing the International Strategic Sourcing Process as a Market‐Driven Organizational Learning System*

This study examines the effects of market-driven organizational learning on a select set of strategic sourcing outcomes involving the sourcing function of a Fortune 500 multinational corporation. The focus is on the dyadic activities and relationships between the domestic and international strategic business units (SBUs) and the corporate buying center. The hypothesized relationships are tested on the overall sample and based on a two-by-two matrix framework defined by international versus domestic settings and frequent versus infrequent sourcing scenarios. Based on a sample of 179 domestic and 167 international SBUs, the results suggest that market-driven organizational learning in the strategic sourcing units influences customer satisfaction, relationship commitment, and cycle time of the sourcing process. However, while the set of learning orientations appears to be strategically robust across the four quadrant scenarios (moderator settings), the sourcing situations differ somewhat in the specific tactical learning orientations preferred.
How can we predict bacterial eradication

Antimicrobial efficacy is measured in vitro by determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of antimicrobials, but these values do not account for fluctuations of drug concentrations within the body or the time course of the drug's in vivo antibacterial activity. However, in vivo bacteriologic efficacy can be predicted by pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) parameters, such as the time for which the serum drug concentration is above the MIC (T>MIC), the ratio of peak serum concentration to the MIC, and the ratio of the area under the 24-h serum concentration-time curve to the MIC (AUC/MIC). Different patterns of antibacterial activity correlate with different PK/PD parameters. For example, a T>MIC of 40-50% of the dosing interval is a good predictor of bacteriologic efficacy for penicillins, cephalosporins, and most macrolides, and an AUC/MIC ratio of at least 25 is required for efficacy with fluoroquinolones and azalides. The PK/PD breakpoint for susceptibility of an organism to a specific dosing regimen of an agent can be determined as the highest MIC met by the relevant PK/PD parameter for bacteriologic efficacy for that agent. These parameters have been validated extensively in animal models, as well as in many human studies where bacteriologic outcome has been determined. The PK/PD breakpoint of an agent is determined primarily by the dosing regimen, and generally applies to all pathogens causing disease at sites where extracellular tissue levels are similar to non-protein-bound serum levels. On this basis, many parenteral beta-lactams are active against almost all strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, including 'penicillin-non-susceptible' strains, in all body sites except for the central nervous system. Application of PK/PD breakpoints to standard dosing regimens of oral beta-lactams predicts that agents such as cefaclor and cefixime will have efficacy only against penicillin-susceptible strains of S. pneumoniae, while cefuroxime axetil, cefpodoxime and cefdinir will be effective against all penicillin-susceptible as well as many penicillin-intermediate strains. However, the most active oral beta-lactams, amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanate, have predicted efficacy against all penicillin-susceptible and -intermediate pneumococci, as well as against most penicillin-resistant strains, at amoxicillin doses of 45-90 mg/kg per day in children and 1.75-4.0 g/day in adults. These predictions are supported by evidence from animal studies of bacteriologic efficacy. The use of PK/PD parameters to predict bacterial eradication therefore allows an evidence-based approach to the selection of appropriate antimicrobial therapy.
PECAM-1–dependent neutrophil transmigration is independent of monolayer PECAM-1 signaling or localization

Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1/CD31), a tyrosine phosphoprotein highly expressed on endothelial cells and leukocytes, is an important component in the regulation of neutrophil transendothelial migration. Engagement of endothelial PECAM-1 activates tyrosine phosphorylation events and evokes prolonged calcium transients, while homophilic engagement of neutrophil PECAM-1 activates leukocyte β-integrins. Although PECAM-1 modulates polymorphoneutrophil transmigration via homophilic PECAM-1–PECAM-1 interaction, the mechanisms underlying endothelial PECAM-1 function are unknown. Proposed mechanisms include (1) formation of a haptotactic gradient that “guides” neutrophils to the cell-cell border, (2) service as a “passive ligand” for neutrophil PECAM-1, ultimately mediating activation of neutrophil β integrins, (3) regulation of endothelial calcium influx, and (4) mediation of SH2 protein association, and/or (5) catenin and non-SH2 protein interaction. Utilizing PECAM-1–null “model” endothelial cells (REN cells), we developed a neutrophil transmigration system to study PECAM-1 mutations that specifically disrupt PECAM-1–dependent signaling and/or PECAM-1 cell localization. We report that interleukin-1β (IL-1β) elicits PECAM-1–dependent transmigration that requires homophilic PECAM–PECAM-1 engagement, but not heterophilic neutrophil PECAM-1 interactions, and is intercellular adhesion molecule-1 dependent. Conversely, whereas IL-8 and leukotriene-B4–mediated transmigration is PECAM-1–independent, PECAM-1 and IL-8–dependent transmigration represent separable and additive components of cytokine-induced transmigration. Surprisingly, neither monolayer PECAM-1–regulated calcium signaling, cell border localization, nor the PECAM-1 cytoplasmic domain was required for monolayer PECAM-1 regulation of neutrophil transmigration. We conclude that monolayer (endothelial cell) PECAM-1 functions as a passive homophilic ligand for neutrophil PECAM-1, which after engagement leads to neutrophil signal transduction, integrin activation, and ultimately transmigration in a stimulus-specific manner.
Surface tension of water at 100°C

Abstract The surface tensions of water samples of various degrees of purity were measured at 100°C using the Wilhelmy slide method. The purest water, obtained by constant redistillation and overflowing of the distillate surface assayed at 60.22 dyn/cm which may be compared with 58.74 dyn/cm (σ = 5.994 mg/mm) reported in the literature. Samples of distilled water of lesser purity gave values between σ = 59.48 dyn/cm and σ = 60.16 dyn/cm. It is concluded that the accepted value at 100°C for water should be increased by ∼ 2.5%.
The prediction of methane production of Holstein cows by several equations

Ruminants are one of many sources contributing to atmospheric methane. The accuracy of seven published equations for methane prediction was evaluated using a data file consisting of 16 experiments (602 observations). Methane energy emissions ranged from .89 to 7.21 Mcal/d for Holstein cows. The DMI ranged from 9.7 to 28.7 kg/d for lactating cows and 4.0 to 12.9 kg/d for nonlactating cows. Mean dietary concentrations of ADF, CP, and ether extract were similar for lactating and nonlactating cows (20.9, 16.5, and 3.0% for lactating cows versus 21.2, 15.7, and 2.9% for nonlactating cows, respectively). Milk production ranged from 2.7 to 55.9 kg/d. Prediction equations were ranked by correlation coefficients and error of prediction. Prediction of methane energy loss from lactating and nonlactating Holstein cows with equations based on the daily total intake or intake of digested cellulose, hemicellulose, and nonfiber carbohydrates (OM - NDF - CP - ether extract) provided the highest correlation coefficients for reproducibility and the lowest errors of prediction. Predictions were poor for lactating cows when a quadratic function of DMI was used. In general, equations estimated methane production more accurately and precisely for nonlactating than for lactating cows.
Development of a Novel Hydrophilic, Biocompatible Adhesive

The synthesis of two novel hydrogel adhesive films, poly(butoxy- Entprol) and poly(butoxy/ethylene-Entprol) was accomplished by crosslinking either epoxy end-capped oligomeric-butoxy-Entprol or epoxy end-capped oligo meric-butoxy/ethylene-Entprol with 5-10 mole% diethylenetriamine. The two oligomers with Mn 1700 to 5000 were obtained in a 78-87% yield, by the reac tion of one equivalent of N,N'-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)ethylenediamine with either one equivalent of 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether or one equivalent of a 1:1 mole ratio mixture of 1,2,7,8-diepoxyoctane and 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether.Peel adhesion to glass for poly(BE) and poly(BEE) gave peel forces of 12.02 and 13.61 N, respectively, as compared to five acrylate adhesives, ranging from 4.90-11.56 N. Poly(BE) had superior adhesion to skin (3.45 N) compared to poly(BEE) (0.97 N) and the acrylate-based adhesives (0.79-2.64 N). In addition, fully hydrated poly(BE) and poly(BEE) have both a high water uptake (971% and 630%, respectively) and equil...
Steroid-free maintenance immunosuppression after heart transplantation

Abstract Background . Steroids are routinely used in almost all immunosuppressive protocols after cardiac transplantation. The metabolic side effects of steroids are well known and could lead to significant morbidity and mortality in the posttransplant period. There is growing evidence to suggest that steroids may not be a requirement for adequate immunosuppression and that morbidity may be reduced by withdrawing steroids in select patients. We have reviewed our series of patients undergoing heart transplantation in whom steroids were weaned postoperatively. Methods . We retrospectively reviewed all adult patients undergoing heart transplantation at our institution between November 1993 and April 2000 treated with a triple-drug immunosuppressive regimen. Medications were recorded at discharge and at 6, 12, and 24 months posttransplant to determine the success of steroid weaning. Freedom from infection and rejection as well as overall survival was calculated using Kaplan-Meier methods. Results . By 24 months posttransplant, almost 70% of patients were receiving double-drug therapy. Survival for the entire group was excellent with 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival of 98% ± 2.0%, 93.2% ± 3.8%, and 88.3% ± 6.0%, respectively. Freedom from rejection at 6 months was 60.7% ± 6.5%, at 1 year was 60.7% ± 6.5%, and at 2 years was 58.5% ± 6.7%. Infectious complications were low with freedom from infection at 6 months of 78.5 ± 5.5%, at 1 year of 76.5% ± 5.7%, and at 2 years of 72.0% ± 6.2%. Conclusions . Our data suggest that an immunosuppressive regimen without long-term steroid administration results in excellent survival rates without an apparent increase in rejection or infectious complications.
Alcohol effects on human risk taking

Despite a well-established relationship between alcohol and risky behavior in the natural environment, laboratory investigations have not reliably shown acute alcohol effects on human risk-taking. The present study was designed to demonstrate a dose-response relationship between acute alcohol administration and human risk taking. Further, this investigation sought to delineate behavioral mechanisms that may be involved in alcohol-induced changes in the probability of risky behavior. Using a laboratory measure of risk taking designed to address acute drug effects, 16 adults were administered placebo, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 g/kg alcohol in a within-subject repeated measures experimental design. The risk-taking task presented subjects with a choice between two response options operationally defined as risky and non-risky. Data analyses examined: breath alcohol level (BAL), subjective effects, response rates, distribution of choices between the risky and non-risky option, and trial-by-trial probabilities of making losing and winning risky responses. The alcohol administration produced the expected changes in BAL, subjective effects, and response rate. Alcohol dose-dependently increased selection of the risky response option, and at the 0.8 g/kg dose, increased the probability of making consecutive losing risky responses following a gain on the risky response option. Acute alcohol administration can produce measurable changes in human risk-taking under laboratory conditions. Shifts in trial-by-trial response probabilities suggest insensitivity to past rewards and more recent losses when intoxicated, an outcome consistent with previous studies. This shift in sensitivity to consequences is a possible mechanism in alcohol-induced changes in risk taking.
In vivo inhibition of N-nitrosodimethylamine metabolism by 4-methylpyrazole: a model for endogenous nitrosation

The endogenous formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) was investigated in the ferret by inhibiting metabolism and monitoring urinary NDMA levels. The addition of 1.0 mg/ml of 4-methylpyrazole (4-MP) to the drinking water was sufficient to allow a 13% urinary recovery of a 4.0 nmol oral dose of NDMA to be made in 24 h. Without 4-MP, no NDMA could be detected in urine. There was no detectable urinary NDMA when dimethylamine (DMA) alone was given but when as little as 5 mumol of nitrite and 0.75 mmol of DMA were given, the urine contained approximately 0.3 nmol NDMA/day. Nitrite doses of 0-100 mumol along with 0.75 mmol of DMA resulted in a dose-dependent excretion of less than 0.1-2.5 nmol NDMA/day. When 10 mumol of aminopyrine was substituted for DMA and 40 mumol of nitrite given, the excretion of NDMA was 10 nmol day. Administration of ascorbic acid inhibited NDMA excretion and thiocyanate increased NDMA formation. Consumption of foods containing trace amounts of NDMA resulted in the excretion of NDMA but in most cases at levels that were lower than those ingested in the food. These data suggest that mumol amounts of nitrite can result in the endogenous formation of nmol amounts of NDMA in the acidic environment of the stomach. It also suggests that short-term ingestion of 4-MP might be an approach to studying the possible endogenous formation of NDMA in humans.
Uncoupling of Secretion From Growth in Some Hormone Secretory Tissues

Context: Most syndromes with benign primary excess of a hormone show positive coupling of hormone secretion to size or proliferation in the affected hormone secretory tissue. Syndromes that lack this coupling seem rare and have not been examined for unifying features among each other. Evidence Acquisition: Selected clinical and basic features were analyzed from original reports and reviews. We examined indices of excess secretion of a hormone and indices of size of secretory tissue within the following three syndromes, each suggestive of uncoupling between these two indices: familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia, congenital diazoxide-resistant hyperinsulinism, and congenital primary hyperaldosteronism type III (with G151E mutation of the KCNJ5 gene). Evidence Synthesis: Some unifying features among the three syndromes were different from features present among common tumors secreting the same hormone. The unifying and distinguishing features included: 1) expression of hormone excess as early as the first d...
DISEASE ACCOMPANYING IN UTERO VIRAL INFECTION THE ROLE OF MATERNAL ANTIBODY IN TISSUE INJURY AFTER TRANSPLACENTAL INFECTION WITH LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS VIRUS

Early, after in utero infection with LCM virus, SWR/J and HA/ICR mice developed manifestations of immune complex disease. Observations based on nursing such mice with virus-infected, immune, or noninfected mouse mothers indicated that maternal antiviral antibody was responsible for the early immune complex glomerulonephritis. Despite comparable viral persistance, in utero -infected offspring failed to develop glomerulonephritis when nursed by noninfected mouse mothers, but did when suckled by virus-infected mouse mothers. Nursing by mouse mothers carrying high titers of anti-LCM viral antibody markedly enhanced the Ig glomerular deposits and the resultant nephritis.
Infiltrative hepatocellular carcinoma: What radiologists need to know

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. The macroscopic growth pattern of HCC is subdivided into three categories: nodular, massive, and infiltrative. Infiltrative HCC accounts for 7%-20% of HCC cases and is confirmed at pathologic analysis on the basis of the spread of minute tumor nodules throughout large regions of the liver. Infiltrative HCC may represent a diagnostic challenge because it is often difficult to distinguish from background changes in cirrhosis at imaging. Infiltrative HCC usually spreads over multiple hepatic segments, occupying an entire hepatic lobe or the entire liver, and it is frequently associated with portal vein tumor thrombosis. The tumor is usually ill defined at ultrasonography and shows minimal and inconsistent arterial enhancement and heterogeneous washout at contrast material-enhanced computed tomography and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. The tumor may be more visible among the surrounding liver parenchyma at diffusion-, T1-, and T2-weighted MR imaging. Several liver diseases can mimic the infiltrative appearance of this malignancy, including focal confluent fibrosis, hepatic fat deposition, hepatic microabscesses, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, and diffuse metastatic disease (pseudocirrhosis). The prognosis for patients with infiltrative HCC is poor because the tumor is often markedly advanced and associated with vascular invasion at presentation. Survival after surgical resection is decreased; thus, infiltrative HCC is a contraindication for resection and transplantation. Knowledge of the key tumor characteristics and imaging findings will help radiologists formulate a correct and timely diagnosis to improve patient management.
Genomic organization, nucleotide sequence, biophysical properties, and localization of the voltage-gated K+ channel gene KCNA4/Kv1.4 to mouse chromosome 2/human 11p14 and mapping of KCNC1/Kv3.1 to mouse 7/human 11p14.3-p15.2 and KCNA1/Kv1.1 to human 12p13.

Abstract A genomic clone encoding the Shaker -related potassium channel gene, Kcna4/mKv1.4 , was isolated from mice. Its coding region is contained in a single exon, encodes a protein of 654 amino acids, and shares ∼91% nucleotide sequence identity with human KCNA4/hKv.14 . We show that 0.8 kb of the 5′ noncoding region (NCR), the entire protein coding region (∼2.0 kb), and all of the known 3′ NCR (∼ 1.1 kb) are contained within a single exon; the remaining 0.5 kb of the 5′ NCR is separated from this exon by a 3.4-kb intron. The sequenced genomic region thus accounts for essentially all of the longest known transcript (4.5 kb), although the precise ends of this transcript have not been defined. The 3′ NCR contains several ATTTA and ATTTG motifs that are thought to destabilize mRNAs, and these are also present in rat, bovine, and human Kcna4/Kv1.4 cDNAs. It also contains three conserved polyadenylation signals, alternate utilization of which could generate mRNAs of differing stabilities. The 5′ NCR of Kcna4/mKv1.4 may also serve to regulate channel expression. This region is ∼85% identical to KCNA4/hKv1.4 and contains eight consensus translation start sites [(G, A)NNATG] that, based on the 5′-3′ scanning model, would lead to a lowering of translational efficiency. The shortest Kcna4/Kv1.4 transcript (2.4 kb) can contain at most 400 bp of NCR and should lack the 3′ ATTTAs and most of the 5′ ATGs; this transcript might therefore exhibit increased stability and translational efficiency. The Kcna4/mKv1.4 channel exhibited biophysical and pharmacological properties indistinguishable from its rat and human homologues. Kcna4/mKv1.4 lies on mouse chromosome 2, near the Fshb locus, and in humans on the proximal half of chromosome 11p14 near human FSHB . Another K + channel gene, Kcnc1/mKv3.1 , lies ∼1.8 cM from the Myod-1 gene on mouse chromosome 7, and in situ hybridization localizes KCNC1/hKv3.1 to the homologous region on human chromosome 11p14.3-p15.2. A third gene, KCNA1/hKv1.1 , was mapped to human 12p13.
Structural and Individual Determinants of Outmarriage Among Chinese‐, Filipino‐, and Japanese‐Americans in California*

This study combines structural factors of intergroup relations with personal assimilation factors to examine Asian American intermarriage in California. We conduct a multilevel logistic regression analysis of outmarriage among Chinese, Filipinos, and Japanese in 14 California metropolitan statistical areas with high concentrations of Asian Americans by using the 1980 Census Public-Use Microdata Sample. The results show that Asian intermarriage is affected by both assimilation and structural determinants. Some theoretically unexpected findings are discussed that hint at alternative interpretations.
Optimal Characteristics of an Arbitrary Receive Antenna

Several fundamental questions about the operation of receiving antennas are addressed, such as ldquoWhy does a receiving antenna scatter an incident field?rdquo and ldquoUnder what conditions does a receive antenna capture all of the available incident power?rdquo A new method is described by which the received power can be maximized for an arbitrary receiving antenna. The technique is first illustrated for two-dimensional infinite receiving arrays of electric and/or magnetic dipole elements, which result in simple plane waves for the scattered (re-radiated) fields. Optimal results (for maximum received power) are derived for several cases, and it is established that half the available incident power may be received by an array of electric (or magnetic) elements in free space, and that all available incident power may be received by an array that combines electric and magnetic elements, or one that incorporates a ground plane. Next, an arbitrary finite three-dimensional antenna enclosed by a mathematical spherical surface is treated using spherical vector wave functions. It is shown that half the available incident power can be received by such an antenna consisting of either TM or TE only elements, while all available incident power can be received when both TM and TE elements are used. It is also shown that the absorption efficiency for any optimal arbitrary antenna is 50%.
Characterizing mineral dusts and other aerosols from the Middle East--Part 1: ambient sampling.

The purpose of the Enhanced Particulate Matter Surveillance Program was to provide scientifically founded information on the chemical and physical properties of dust collected over a period of approximately 1 year in Djibouti, Afghanistan (Bagram, Khowst), Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Iraq (Balad, Baghdad, Tallil, Tikrit, Taji, Al Asad), and Kuwait (northern, central, coastal, and southern regions). Three collocated low-volume particulate samplers, one each for the total suspended particulate matter, <10 µm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10) particulate matter, and <2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) particulate matter, were deployed at each of the 15 sites, operating on a ‘1 in 6’ day sampling schedule. Trace-element analysis was performed to measure levels of potentially harmful metals, while major-element and ionchemistry analyses provided an estimate of mineral components. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy was used to analyze the chemical composition of small individual particles. Secondary electron images provided information on particle size and shape. This study shows the three main air pollutant types to be geological dust, smoke from burn pits, and heavy metal condensates (possibly from metals smelting and battery manufacturing facilities). Non-dust storm events resulted in elevated trace metal concentrations in Baghdad, Balad, and Taji in Iraq. Scanning-electron-microscopy secondary electron images of individual particles revealed no evidence of freshly fractured quartz grains. In all instances, quartz grains had rounded edges and mineral grains were generally coated by clay minerals and iron oxides.
Personnel Department Activities: Constituency Perspectives and Preferences.

The multiple constituency approach is proposed as a meaningful framework for analyzing the activities of the personnel department. A basic hypothesis on the differences in constituency preferences was empirically tested in 150 organizational units of three large organizations. Four constituencies were found to desire significantly different activities from the department. Minor contextual effects on the pattern of differences were also observed across the three organizations. Future research agendas and implications for practice based on the multiple constituency approach are discussed.
Microstructure of nanocomposite R-Fe-B die-upset magnets (R=Pr, Nd) produced from mechanically milled powders

The microstructure of nanocomposite R-Fe-B (R = Pr, Nd) die upset magnets is studied by TEM and HRTEM. The anisotropic magnets are produced by hot pressing, followed by a subsequent hot plastic deformation on the mechanically activated powders. For the Nd/sub x/Fe/sub 93.5-x/Ga/sub 0.5/B/sub 6/ magnet, data show that the relative difference in the rare earth content results in dramatic difference in the grain size and texture corresponding to /spl alpha/-Fe phases of the magnet. The remanence, coercivity and maximum energy product are found to increase with x values from 15 to 15.5. The Pr/sub 12/Fe/sub 80/Cu/sub 1/Ga/sub 1/B/sub 6/ magnet containing Pr/sub 2/Fe/sub 14/B and bcc /spl alpha/-Fe phases is found to have elongated morphology with stronger texture.
Graft Length Affects Outcome in Fetal Small Bowel Transplants

Multiple studies have demonstrated the ability of the fetal rat small intestine to be transplanted successfully as a free graft, devoid of its mesentery. While maintaining normal histologic architecture, portal circulation, and digestive and absorptive properties, the initial myeloelectric activity is delayed. The purpose of this study was to investigate how abnormal early motility affects functional outcome and survival. Using a syngeneic model, fetal rat small intestine segments were transplanted into adolescent rat recipients as free grafts into the omentum. After a maturation period, viable segments measuring 1 or 2 cm were placed into continuity with the native intestine after a standardized resection of either jejunum-ileum, ileum-cecum, or cecum. Control animals had native intestinal resection without graft interposition. Survival, daily weight gain, oral intake, and fecal output were monitored. In this model, overall survival was improved with the use of the shorter 1-cm graft segment compared wit...
Noise and resolution of Bayesian reconstruction for multiple image configurations

Images reconstructed by Bayesian and maximum-likelihood (ML) using a Gibbs prior with prior weight beta were compared to images produced by filtered backpropagation (FBP) from sinogram data simulated with different counts and image configurations, Bayesian images were generated by the OSL algorithm accelerated by an overrelaxation parameter and modified by a simple averaging procedure to dampen instabilities caused by acceleration. For relatively low beta , Bayesian images can yield an overall improvement of the images compared to ML. However, for larger beta , Bayesian images degrade from the standpoint of noise and quantitation. Compared to FBP, the ML images were superior in a mean-square error sense in regions of low activity level and for small structures. Bayesian reconstruction can recover resolution without sacrificing noise performance and is dependent on the image structure and the weight of the Bayesian prior. >
Patterns in stream longitudinal profiles and implications for hyporheic exchange flow at the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon, USA

There is a need to identify measurable characteristics of stream channel morphology that vary predictably throughout stream networks and that influence patterns of hyporheic exchange flow in mountain streams. In this paper we characterize stream longitudinal profiles according to channel unit spacing and the concavity of the water surface profile. We demonstrate that: (1) the spacing between zones of upwelling and downwelling in the beds of mountain streams is closely related to channel unit spacing; (2) the magnitude of the vertical hydraulic gradients (VHGs) driving hyporheic exchange flow increase with increasing water surface concavity, measured at specific points along the longitudinal profile; (3) channel unit spacing and water surface concavity are useful metrics for predicting how patterns in hyporheic exchange vary amongst headwater and mid-order streams. We use regression models to describe changes in channel unit spacing and concavity in longitudinal profiles for 12 randomly selected stream reaches spanning 62 km 2 in the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest in Oregon. Channel unit spacing increased significantly, whereas average water surface concavity (AWSC) decreased significantly with increasing basin area. Piezometer transects installed longitudinally in a subset of stream reaches were used to measure VHG in the hyporheic zone, and to determine the location of upwelling and downwelling zones. Predictions for median pool length and median distance between steps in piezometer reaches bracketed the median distance separating zones of upwelling in the stream bed. VHG in individual piezometers increased with increasing water surface concavity at individual points in the longitudinal profile along piezometer transects. Absolute values of VHG, averaged throughout piezometer transects, increased with increasing AWSC, indicating increased potential for hyporheic exchange flow. These findings suggest that average hyporheic flow path lengths increase—and the potential for hyporheic exchange flow in stream reaches decreases— along the continuum from headwater to mid-order mountain streams. Copyright  2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rawls, Kant's Doctrine of Right, and Global Distributive Justice

Cosmopolitans have criticized Rawls’Law of Peoples for abandoning the egalitarianism of A Theory of Justice, a retreat they trace to his concern to articulate justice as fairness as a freestanding political conception. Yet the comprehensive liberalisms they propose to underwrite as global distributive principles fall short to the extent that they neglect Kant's defense in the Doctrine of Right (1797) of property rights as a “permissive law (lex permissiva) of practical reason.” Were Rawls’ critics to utilize this resource, the law of peoples might be refashioned in a manner both affirming Rawls’ earlier universalism and immune to claims that any comprehensive liberalism must betray its commitments to toleration and reciprocity.
Pre-operative imaging of esthesioneuroblastoma

The pre-operative images of three patients with biopsy proven esthesioneuroblastoma are presented. The role of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the pre-operative determination of tumour extent is discussed.
Influence of intraocular lens haptic design on refractive error

Purpose To assess the influence of intraocular (IOL) haptic design on the refraction prediction error in patients having cataract surgery. Setting Private practice. Design Comparative case series. Methods Corneal power and axial length were measured with the same devices in eyes with a 3-piece Acrysof IOL and eyes with a 1-piece Acrysof IOL and were entered into the Haigis, Hoffer Q, Holladay 1, and SRK/T formulas. The median absolute error and mean absolute error in refraction prediction (ie, difference between expected refraction and actual refraction) were assessed 1 month postoperatively. Results The study evaluated 110 eyes with the 3-piece IOL and 84 eyes with the 1-piece IOL. With all formulas, the median absolute error was lower with the 3-piece IOL. It ranged between 0.15 diopter (D) (Haigis and Holladay 1) and 0.19 D (SRK/T) with the 3-piece IOL and between 0.23 D (Haigis) and 0.30 D (SRK/T) with the 1-piece IOL. With all formulas, a higher percentage of eyes with the 3-piece IOL were within ±0.25 D and ±0.50 D of the target refraction. Conclusions Three-piece IOLs may yield better refractive outcomes than 1-piece IOLs. A possible reason is that once the early forward IOL shift previously observed with the 3-piece design occurs because of the haptic-compression force decay typical of these IOLs, the rigid haptics of 3-piece IOLs still exert more pressure against the capsular bag than the haptics of 1-piece IOLs. Therefore, 3-piece IOLs may better resist subsequent capsule contraction and provide a more predictable effective lens position. Financial Disclosure Dr. Hoffer receives royalties for his book IOL Power , Slack, Inc., and formula royalties from all manufacturers using the Hoffer Q formula. No other author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Random walk methods for scalar transport problems subject to Dirichlet, Neumann and mixed boundary conditions

Three stochastic-based methods are proposed for solving unsteady scalar transport problems in bounded, single-phase domains. The first (Method I), a local solution appropriate to problems having Dirichlet conditions, adapts a well-known local stochastic solution of a backward Fokker–Planck equation to scalar transport. Method II, a local solution applicable to Dirichlet, Neumann and/or mixed initial boundary value problems (IBVPs), and representing a time-dependent extension of a recently reported heuristic steady solution, provides a straightforward addition to the limited collection of techniques available for Neumann and mixed problems. This approach is shown to be equivalent to a long-standing, rigorous low-order solution and, in addition, allows development of a probabilistic-based analytical solution to Neumann problems, stated in terms of an exit probability. Method III, a global solution, likewise suitable for Neumann and mixed IBVPs, follows by combined application of domain boundary Taylor expansions and Method I. This approach is shown to be computationally equivalent to a global version of Method II.
Inventing Twitter: An Iterative Approach to New Media Development

This article analyzes the creation of Twitter by developing an iterative approach that accounts for feedback loops between developers and users, sequences of interaction between these actors over time, and the various identities that media technologies enact during these processes. To implement this approach, the article integrates studies of remediation strategies, analyses of the role of users in shaping technological change, and scholarship on the multiplicity of technological objects. This approach enables theorizing about novel processes of new media development characterized by the interweaving of production and use activities. It also expands the heuristic reach of established approaches to new media development (namely, work on remediation and user agency). The theoretical implications of this approach are discussed.
Non-profit cost-adjusting with quality as a private good

Nonprofit firms that produce multiple outputs may lower service intensity for one patient group in response to lower reimbursements for another group. This is termed ‘cost-adjusting’ behaviour. Cost-adjusting implies a serious welfare transfer. The results of this analysis suggest that the potential for this welfare transfer exists; however, the ability of a firm to exploit this welfare transfer depends largely on the demand conditions present in the market. An empirical analysis finds evidence that nonprofit hospitals in Washington State do practise cost-adjusting.
Emplacement of Adirondack anorthosite

In 1907 Cushing [see 1 of “References” at end of paper[ published evidence that dikes of quartz syenite sharply cut the western side of the large Adirondack anorthosite body (or massif), thus indicating a distinctly younger age of the Adirondack syenite-granite series. He then also described an intermediate rock, lying without sharp contacts, between the anorthosite and the synite, and gave reasons for believing that this rock was a product of assimilation or digestion of anorthosite by syenite magma.
Potential new therapeutic modality revealed through agent-based modeling of the neuromuscular junction and acetylcholinesterase inhibition.

Background: One of the leading causes of death and illness within the agriculture industry is through unintentionally ingesting or inhaling organophosphate pesticides. OP intoxication directly inhibits acetylcholinesterase, resulting in an excitatory signaling cascade leading to fasciculation, loss of control of bodily fluids, and seizures. Methods: Our model was developed using a discrete, rules-based modeling approach in NetLogo. This model includes acetylcholinesterase, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor responsible for signal transduction, a single release of acetylcholine, organophosphate inhibitors, and a theoretical novel medical countermeasure. We have parameterized the system considering the molecular reaction rate constants in an agent-based approach, as opposed to apparent macroscopic rates used in differential equation models. Results: Our model demonstrates how the cholinergic crisis can be mitigated by therapeutic intervention with an acetylcholinesterase activator. Our model predicts signal rise rates and half-lives consistent with in vitro and in vivo data in the absence and presence of inhibitors. It also predicts the efficacy of theoretical countermeasures acting through three mechanisms: increasing catalytic turnover of acetylcholine, increasing acetylcholine binding affinity to the enzyme, and decreasing binding rates of inhibitors. Conclusion: We present a model of the neuromuscular junction confirming observed acetylcholine signaling data and suggesting that developing a countermeasure capable of reducing inhibitor binding, and not activator concentration, is the most important parameter for reducing organophosphate (OP) intoxication.
Fanout optimization using bipolar LT-trees

In this paper we present a new fanout optimization algorithm which is particularly suitable for digital circuits designed with submicron CMOS technologies. Restricting the class of fanout trees to the so-called bipolar LT-trees, the topology of the optimal fanout tree is found by means of a dynamic programming algorithm. The buffer selection is in turn performed by using a continuous buffer sizing technique based on a very accurate delay model especially developed for submicron CMOS processes. The fanout trees can distribute a signal with arbitrary polarity from the root of the tree to a set of sinks with arbitrary required time, required minimum signal slope, polarity and capacitive load. These trees can be constructed to maximize the required time at the root or to minimize the total buffer area under a required time constraint at the root. The performance of the algorithm shows several improvements with respect to conventional fanout optimization methods. More precisely, the average improvements in area and delay of the optimized circuits, using a standard library which contains tapered and nontapered buffers with different strengths, are 30% and 7%, respectively.
De-Institutionalizing the Mentally Disabled: The Canadian Solution

This article reviews the book "A Textured Life: Empowerment and Adults with Developmental Disabilities", by Alison Pedlar, Larry Haworth, Peggy Hutchison, Andrew Taylor, and Peter Dunn. "A Textured Life" is a comprehensive look at life for Canada's developmentally disabled citizens. The authors systematically walk the reader through a developmentally disabled Canadian citizen's home life, work environment, family relationships, personal relationships, and leisure activities. Throughout the well-researched and well-documented analysis, the authors have interspersed the narrative of their subjects, as well as comments from personal care workers and family members. Overall, the authors have provided a very comprehensive glimpse into Canada's treatment of developmentally disabled citizens. The text is very thorough and helpful in providing a glimpse into the daily lives of developmentally disabled citizens in Canada. Works like "A Textured Life" provide guidance to other nations and care providers in analyzing the programs that are in place to support developmentally disabled citizens.
Bibliography on piezo-electricity

In response to various requests, there is presented herewith a general bibliography on piezo-electricity and its applications. While the writer hopes that it is fairly complete to the beginning of 1928, still he realizes that some of the literature on the subject has doubtless been overlooked. He would be grateful to any who would call his attention to errors or omissions, since he hopes to publish a supplementary list at some future time.
Variability of the Outer Wind Profiles of Western North Pacific Typhoons: Classifications and Techniques for Analysis and Forecasting

Abstract The hazard posed by tropical cyclones (TCs) is often quantified in terms of the minimum central pressure (MCP) or maximum wind speed. While significant, these qualities must be balanced against considerations for the strength and spatial extent of the outer-core circulation, which also significantly determines the total peril posed by these storms. To this end, the results of recent studies on the time evolution of the outer wind structure of western North Pacific typhoons are presented. The results include a technique for diagnosing the azimuthally averaged wind profile from a combination of regional synoptic data and estimates of MCP. Aircraft reconnaissance data, augmented with available synoptic and scatterometer data, are used to determine the radial extent of 15 (R15), 25 (R25), and 33 (R33) m s−1 winds for 50 typhoons. Thirty-five of these typhoons were designated as the developmental dataset and 15 were reserved for use as independent data. Using the developmental data, concurrent time se...
C. Derivation of the Chebyshev Polynomials

First published in 1981, Robert S. Elliott's Antenna Theory and Design is one of the most significant works in electromagnetic theory and applications. In its broad-ranging, analytic treatment, replete with supporting experimental evidence, Antenna Theory and Design conveys fundamental methods of analysis that can be used to predict the electromagnetic behavior of nearly everything that radiates. After more than two decades, it remains a key resource for students, professors, researchers, and engineers who require a comprehensive, in-depth treatment of the subject. In response to requests from many of our members, IEEE is now reissuing this classic. Newly revised, it once again will be an invaluable textbook and an enduring reference for practicing engineers. The IEEE Press Series on Electromagnetic Wave Theory offers outstanding coverage of the field. It consists of new titles of contemporary interest as well as reissues and revisions of recognized classics by established authors and researchers. The series emphasizes works of long-term archival significance in electromagnetic waves and applications. Designed specifically for graduate students, researchers, and practicing engineers, the series provides affordable volumes that explore and explain electromagnetic waves beyond the undergraduate level.