cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multi-segment foot motion during single limb toe raises in healthy individuals

Background The standing toe raise, or heel rise, requires ankle plantarflexor strength, and is often used to assess foot and ankle muscle function. There is limited research on the mechanics within the foot during this task. Houck et al., [1] found that hindfoot eversion/inversion was significantly different than controls during a bilateral toe raise task in patients with posterior tibialis tendon dysfunction. They concluded, however, that most differences in foot kinematics in this patient population occurred as an offset rather than a change in pattern of motion. However the kinematic patterns of motion during a unilateral toe raise task remain unknown. The purpose of this study was to describe the multi-segment foot kinematics during a single legged toe raise in adults without a history of foot disease.
Cancer pain and palliative care in children

Pediatric cancer-related mortality has fallen in the past 25 years, but terminal symptoms and pain persist. This brief report on cancer pain in children reviews the barriers to adequate care, the presentation of pediatric pain problems, developmental features of pain assessment, and current pain management strategies for this vulnerable population.
Reading the Surface: Body Language and Surveillance

This article explores the role played by body language in recent examples of popular culture and political news coverage as a means of highlighting the potentially deceptive character of speech and promising to bypass it altogether. It situates the promise of “visceral literacy” – the alleged ability to read inner emotions and dispositions – within emerging surveillance practices and the landscapes of risk they navigate. At the same time, it describes portrayals of body language analysis as characteristic of an emerging genre of “securitainment” that instructs viewers in monitoring techniques as it entertains and informs them. Body language ends up caught in the symbolic impasse it sought to avoid: as soon as it is portrayed as a language that can be learned and consciously “spoken” it falls prey to the potential for deceit. The article’s conclusion considers the way in which emerging technologies attempt to address this impasse, bypassing the attempt to infer underlying signification altogether.
The Relationship Between Substance User Treatment and 12-Step Fellowships: Current Knowledge and Research Questions

This article reviews and synthesizes information about the relationship between two distinct approaches to helping substance users, formal “addiction treatment” and 12-step mutual aid. The following issues are addressed: Extent of formal treatment and 12-step fellowship participation for persons with substance use-related problems; overlap between treatment and 12-step participation; early attempts to “integrate” treatment and 12-step mutual aid; differences and similarities between the 12-step program and treatment; issues of spirituality in the 12-step program; effectiveness of 12-step participation as treatment aftercare; and whether help-seekers can be “matched” to 12-step. The article poses pertinent questions that could answered by additional research, including life cycle patterns of usage of treatment and 12-step, outcomes of such episodes, reasons for using different interventions at different times, feasibility of 12-step participation as a primary intervention, the relative contributions of str...
A gedanken experiment to find a neuroanatomical model for post-traumatic stress disorder

Post-traumatic stress disorder is a persistent stress syndrome in which abnormal brain physiology persists long after cessation of the acute psychological event that causes it. Normal physiological homeostasis depends on equilibria. The basic unit of equilibrium is the negative feedback loop (NFL) and the simplest way to disrupt homeostasis would be to break an NFL. The resulting model requires two nuclei in the brain reciprocally-connected in an NFL, one of which, in response to the perception of overwhelming threats or demands, generates rapid pacemaker firing which leads to excitotoxic cell death in the other. The injured nucleus must also be able to undergo neurogenesis, which would explain clinical recovery. The relevant site of neurogenesis is the hippocampus, which is reciprocally connected with the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), a serotonergic pacemaker nucleus which has been shown to light up on PET scan (i.e. undergo burst firing) in response to stress. The model postulates that the DRN delivers an excitotoxic blow to the hippocampus. Then, via a second pathway, it promotes neurogenesis. The model incorporates potential sites of action for several psychoactive drugs, including anti-depressants and lithium, which promote neurogenesis; and valproate and atypical anti-psychotics, which block excitotoxicity. The theory has the advantage of being formulated in terms of how the brain actually works, i.e. through the interaction between pacemakers and processed sensory input from the outside world. It also directs pharmacological thinking to the role played by pacemakers and pacemaker currents.
Thermal conductivity of some electron transfer polymers

A number of electron transfer polymers were prepared by reacting various α, ω-alkanediamines with benzoquinone. The resulting polymers, through the formation of inter and intramolecular complexes, displayed high thermal conductivity with a strong temperature dependency. The mechanism contributing to the increased thermal conductivity was attributed to strong interchain complexing.
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in patients with end-stage liver disease: results in 85 patients.

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) is becoming an accepted procedure as a bridge to orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in patients with end-stage liver disease (ESLD) and bleeding from portal hypertension. It allows the immediate control of acute bleeding and decreases the risk of recurrent acute bleeding while the patient is awaiting OLT. We review in this report, our experience with 85 patients who underwent a TIPS procedure for gastrointestinal variceal bleeding from September 1991 until April 1994. All patients had liver cirrhosis and all had previous sclerotherapy before TIPS. Child-Pugh score was calculated at enrollment, and all patients were evaluated for possible OLT. Thirteen patients were Child A, 49 were Child B, and 23 were Child C. Fifty-three patients were candidates for OLT, and 32 were not. TIPS was performed urgently in 25 patients. At a median follow-up of 582 days (range, 1 to 1,095), 35 patients underwent transplantation, 21 patients died, and 29 patients are still alive and did not undergo transplantation. Technical complications were observed in 7% of patients and new onset of clinical encephalopathy in 37%. The 30-day mortality rate after TIPS was 13%. Actuarial survival was 60% at 1 and 3 years. Child class C and urgent TIPS were shown to be two independent predictor factors for mortality. TIPS was shown to be a valuable procedure, not only as a bridge to OLT but also as palliation for bleeding from portal hypertension in patients who were not candidates for either surgical shunt or OLT. However, its role in bleeding patients with acceptable liver function needs further investigation. Copyright © 1996 by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.
Detection and Monitoring of Microparticles Under Skin by Optical Coherence Tomography as an Approach to Continuous Glucose Sensing Using Implanted Retroreflectors

We demonstrate the feasibility of using optical coherence tomography (OCT) to image and detect 2.8 μm diameter microparticles (stationary and moving) on a highly-reflective gold surface both in clear media and under skin in vitro. The OCT intensity signal can clearly report the microparticle count, and the OCT response to the number of microparticles shows a good linearity. The detect ability of the intensity change (2.9%±0.5%) caused by an individual microparticle shows the high sensitivity of monitoring multiple particles using OCT. An optical sensing method based on this feasibility study is described for continuously measuring blood sugar levels in the subcutaneous tissue, and a molecular recognition unit is designed using competitive binding to modulate the number of bound microparticles as a function of glucose concentration. With further development, an ultra-small, implantable sensor might provide high specificity and sensitivity for long-term continuous monitoring of blood glucose concentration.
Resonance Region Covariance Analysis Method and New Covariance Data for 232Th, 233U, 235U, 238U, and 239Pu

Resonance-parameter covariance matrix (RPCM) evaluations in the resolved resonance region were done for {sup 232}Th, {sup 233}U, {sup 235}U, {sup 238}U, and {sup 239}Pu using the computer code SAMMY. The retroactive approach of the code SAMMY was used to generate the RPCMs for {sup 233}U and {sup 235}U. RPCMs for {sup 232}Th, {sup 238}U and {sup 239}Pu were generated together with the resonance parameter evaluations. The RPCMs were then converted in the ENDF format using the File32 representation. Alternatively, for computer storage reasons, the File32 was converted in the File33 cross section covariance matrix (CSCM). Both representations were processed using the computer code PUFF-IV. This paper describes the procedures used to generate the RPCM with SAMMY.
Correlation between Met-enkephalin and substance P immunoreactivity in the primate globus pallidus.

Abstract Using immunohistochemical techniques, the distribution of enkephalin and substance P immunoreactive fibers and terminals was studied in the globus pallidus of the non-human primate. In the external segment of the globus pallidus, enkephalin immunoreactivity was very dense while only sparse to moderate substance P staining was observed. Enkephalin immunoreactivity in the inner portion of the internal segment was moderate while such fibers were sparse in the outer portion of the internal segment. Substance P immunoreactivity was dense throughout the internal segment of the globus pallidus. The pattern of enkephalin and substance P immunoreactivity in the globus pallidus of the non-human primate as reported in the present study is of interest with regard to pallidal efferents. The pallidosubthalmic projection, arising from the external segment of the globus pallidus, is likely to be strongly influenced by the very dense network of enkephalin immunoreactive fibers and terminals in this region. Conversely, substance P immunoreactive elements are sparse in the external segment, and are, therefore, unlikely to influence significantly activity carried by the pallidosubthalmic projection. Since the inner portion of the internal segment contains moderate enkephalin immunoreactivity and dense substance P immunoreactivity, the information carried by the lenticular fasiculus may be modulated by both of these putative transmitters. On the other hand, based on the densities of immunoreactivity, the ansa lenticularis, which arises from the outer portion of the internal segment, is likely to be under greater influence of the dense substance P projection to this area.
Development and validation of a measure of emotional intelligence.

This series of studies describes the development of a measure of emotional intelligence based on the model of emotional intelligence developed by Salovey and Mayer [Salovey, P. & Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 9, 185–211.]. A pool of 62 items represented the different dimensions of the model. A factor analysis of the responses of 346 participants suggested the creation of a 33-item scale. Additional studies showed the 33-item measure to have good internal consistency and testretest reliability. Validation studies showed that scores on the 33-item measure 1. (a) correlated with eight of nine theoretically related constructs, including alexithymia, attention to feelings, clarity of feelings, mood repair, optimism and impulse control; 2. (b) predicted first-year college grades; 3. (c) were significantly higher for therapists than for therapy clients or for prisoners; 4. (d) were significantly higher for females than males, consistent with prior findings in studies of emotional skills; 5. (e) were not related to cognitive ability and 6. (f) were associated with the openness to experience trait of the big five personality dimensions.
Chemical composition of Naja naja: extractable lipids.

Abstract Crude lipids extracted from Naja naja were separated by column, thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography. Cholesterol was found to be the chief neutral lipid (10 per cent of total). Phosphatidyl choline (lecithin) represented 83 per cent of the total and was the only phospholipid detected. The fatty acid content of neutral lipids represented saturated acids, while the phospholipids had a predominance of unsaturated fatty acids.
Fear of Crime Online? Examining the Effect of Risk, Previous Victimization, and Exposure on Fear of Online Interpersonal Victimization

Research exploring the extent and nature of fear of crime has spanned decades; it has been examined in many contexts, among varied populations, and from different theoretical perspectives. However, researchers have been slow to estimate or explain individuals’ fear of online crime. The current study is among the first to address this issue by examining experiences from a random sample of undergraduate students enrolled at a large public university. In particular, we explore the links between perceived risk, online victimization, and fear of online interpersonal victimization (OIPV) and how these relationships vary by the victim–offender relationship. The effects of online exposure and demographic characteristics were also estimated. Results suggest that perceived risk of OIPV was significantly related to fear of OIPV for all types of victim–offender relationships, while previous online victimization was significant for fear of OIPV by intimate partners and friends/acquaintances only.
Mature Results of a Phase II Trial of Concomitant Cisplatin/Pelvic Radiotherapy for Locally Advanced Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Cervix

Abstract Purpose: Patients with locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix have a poor prognosis when treated by standard ratiotherapy (RT) alone. Factors such as large tumor volume or nodal disease result in pelvic and distant treatment failures. Cisplatin (CDDP), a known radiosensitizer with documented activity in squamous cell carcinomas, was used in a phase II prospective study to evaluate the efficacy of combined chemo/radiotherapy in locally advanced squamous cell carcinomas of the cervix. Method: CDDP was administered (20 mg/m 2 ) daily × 5 at 21-day intervals with concomitant external beam and intracavity RT. Standard RT was delivered at 1.8–2.0 Gy/day, 5 fractions per week for 5 weeks. Intracavitary cesium insertions were planned to treat point A to approximately 80 Gy. Results: Fifty-nine patients were enrolled from March 1986 to July 1990. Four patients were voluntarily withdrawn, leaving 55 patients evaluable for response. Of these, 16 were Stage IB/IIA, 11 were Stage IIB, 24 were Stage III, and 4 were Stage IV. The median age of patients enrolled was 47 years (range 27–79). Median follow-up time was 65 months (range 60–113). Histopathologic confirmation of node status was available in 33 patients, of whom 45.5% (15/33) had nodal metastases. Overall response was 96% (CR = 87%, PR=9.0%) and 3.6% had progressive disease during treatment. Forty-six patients were evaluable at 5 years for overall and disease-free survival. Calculations were based on Kaplan–Meier product limit estimates. The 5-year survival was 73% for Stage IB/IIA, 60% for Stage IIB, 67% for Stage III, and 25% for Stage IV. The disease-free survival at 5 years was 73% for Stage for IB/IIA, 50% for Stage IIB, 67% for Stage III, and 25% for Stage IV. Hematologic toxicity was severe but tolerable. No treatment-related deaths occurred. Conclusion: Concomitant CDDP/RT is a safe and tolerable method of treating patients with locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. Our data suggest a benefit in both disease-free and 5-year survival, particularly notable among patients with Stage III disease.
Conservation of Calmodulin Regulation Across Sodium and Calcium Channels

Voltage-gated Na and Ca2+ channels comprise two major ion-channel superfamilies supporting divergent biology and biophysics. Yet, the carboxyl tails of these channels exhibit remarkable homology, hinting at a long-shared and purposeful module. If homologous tail domains elaborated functions of like correspondence, the common origins of such a module could be assured. Indeed, dynamic interactions between calmodulin and tail domains of Ca2+ channels elaborate robust and recognizably similar forms of Ca2+ regulation. However, years of Na channel research have only revealed subtle and variable Ca2+ effects, with divergent mechanisms. These studies employed BAPTA or EGTA to statically elevate intracellular Ca2+ to 1-10 micromolar, a range well above their dissociation constants (A). With Ca2+ appropriately buffered using HEDTA (A), no discernible Ca2+-dependent shift in steady-state inactivation of Na channels was observed (B), thus intensifying the discordance between homology and function and casting doubt on prior structure-function studies. However, using Ca2+ photouncaging, we find that these dissimilarities in Na channels are only apparent. Indeed, Ca2+ regulatory function and mechanism are fundamentally conserved across channel superfamilies, thus substantiating the preservation of an ancient Ca2+-regulatory design featuring calmodulin as a modulator throughout much of living history.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
Maternal depression and epstein-barr virus reactivation in early pregnancy

OBJECTIVE:Recent evidence suggests a link between Epstein-Barr virus reactivation and chronic stress due to decreased cellular immune responses. Maternal depression complicates 10% to 20% of pregnancies and is accompanied by stress. We sought to estimate the association of Epstein-Barr virus reactiv
Photon echo studies of LaF3:Pr3+ nanocrystals in glass

Abstract Optical dephasing of rare-earth ions doped in LaF3 nanocrystals embedded in the glass ceramics is studied by the two-pulse photon echo. It is found that the dephasing time, T2, is 30– 50 ns for 3 H 4 – 3 P 0 transition of Pr3+-doped samples that has a nanoparticle size of 30– 40 nm . A quasilinear temperature dependence is observed and a zero-temperature residual line width is also obtained as seen by spectral hole burning. Possible mechanisms that dominate the dephasing process and that contribute to the spectral diffusion (slower process) are discussed by comparing the echo results with those of the spectral hole burning.
Dopamine autoreceptor reserve in vitro : possible role of dopamine D3 receptors

Receptor alkylation in vivo with N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1, 2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ) decreased the potency, but not the efficacy, of the dopamine D3 receptor-preferring agonist 7-hydroxy-N, N-di-n-propyl-2-aminotetralin (7-OH-DPAT) at synthesis modulating dopamine autoreceptors in striatal and olfactory tubercle slices stimulated by 30 mM K+. In contrast, 7-OH-DPAT was ineffective in slices exposed to forskolin (10 microM). The results support the presence of autoreceptor reserve in vitro, and the partial involvement of dopamine D3 receptors in the autoregulation of dopamine synthesis.
Combined Effects of Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Ozone on Soybean Whole-Plant Water Use

Increasing concentrations of atmospheric trace gases such CO2 and O3 might affect agricultural crop productivity in as yet unforeseen ways. A critical issue is how changes in these trace gas concentrations will affect agricultural hydrologic cycles. In order to address part of this question, a study was undertaken to test the effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 and O3 on whole-plant water loss. In a 2-year experiment, pot-grown soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr., Essex] was exposed from emergence to maturity to reciprocal treatments of elevated CO2 and O3 in open-top field chambers. Plants were treated with charcoal-filtered air (CF) (18 nmol O3 mol–1) or CF air plus O3 (72 nmol mol–1) in combination with ambient (369 μmol mol–1) or elevated CO2 (718 μmol mol–1). Whole-plant water loss was monitored by measuring mass changes of potted plants placed on electronic balances in each chamber. Plants on the balances were harvested weekly to determine leaf area, and were replaced with another plant previously exposed to similar treatment conditions. Seasonal average daily whole-plant water loss was lower by 17% and 28% in plants treated with elevated CO2 and O3, respectively, compared with the control. Water loss from plants treated with both elevated CO2 and O3 was 22% lower than the control. Elevated CO2 treatments suppressed water loss per unit leaf area by 28%, whereas water loss per unit leaf area was not significantly affected by the O3–ambient CO2 treatment. Water use efficiency for seed production was increased 45% in the elevated CO2 treatments, but was not significantly affected by the O3 treatments. These results suggest that whole-plant water use was lowered by elevated CO2 because of decreased stomatal conductance despite 9% more leaf area. Decreased whole-plant water loss and seed production in the O3-ambient CO2 treatment was caused by suppressed growth and 28% less leaf area. Overall, elevated CO2 counteracted the effects of O3 on water use, growth, and yield. These results indicate that elevated CO2 should help to buffer soybean crops against O3 injury and water stress.
Time and frequency domain analyses of single-degree-of-freedom systems

Time and frequency domain analysis methods for calculating the relative displacement and velocity responses of single-degree-of-freedom systems are examined. Various problems associated with both methods are discussed and solutions to the problems are presented for oscillators with low to high frequencies. Straight-line interpolation of the forcing function in time domain analysis introduces frequencies that are greater than the Nyquist frequency, leading to an inaccurate relative velocity response for the high (greater than the Nyquist) frequency oscillators. One method of avoiding this problem is to use higher order interpolation functions. As an alternative, a frequency domain analysis method is presented.
Comparison of selected perceptual and personality variables among college men, deviant and non-deviant in hair length.

Summry.-The study sought to determine differences on selected perceptual and personality variables between two groups of college men, deviant and nondeviant in hair length. Male students, 30 in each group, were administered measures of field dependence, psychological security-insecuriw, and interpersonal values measuring six critical areas of value: Support, Conformity, Recognition, Independence, Benevolence, Leadership. Deviant Ss were significantly more field independent than non-devianr Ss; they assigned significantly more value to Independence and less value to Recognition and Conformity than the non-deviant Ss. No difference was found between the groups in regard to psychological security. Behavior is influenced by experience; deviancy and conformity in varying degrees develop in interaction with the environment. Reflection of the psycliological, sociological and cultural adjustments of the individual indicate a major problem of social interaction which has been diagnosed as the differing attitudes existing between divergent age groups in the basic areas of living. Characteristic of social interaction is the wearing of clothing, a practice about which much is assumed and little is actually known. The concepts of deviancy and conformity of youth are discussed freely and repeatedly by the general public and through mass media; yet, understanding is confused by the actual physical appearance of the youth, their clothing, adornment, and hair styles. Characteristics of personality relevant to perceptual style (Witkin, et al., 1954) are reviewed under three headings: the nature of the individual's relation to his environment, the way he manages his impulses and strivings, and the conception he has of himself. Witkin, et al. (1954) showed that individual modes of perception must be taken into account when studying behavior. In his research persons may be classified as field dependent or field independent, depending upon the way the individuals perceive their bodies in relation to the environment. The field-independent or analytical individual is less markedly influenced by authority and is more guided by his own standards, needs, and values. It has been noted by Witkin, et nl. (1954) that the field-dependent person or global perceiver finds influences of the surrounding field difficult to overcome and relies on others for guidance and attention, However, the existence of conflict of values is easily recognized and the evaluation of the relation of values to the surrounding field seems feasible. Indi
Equivariant Analytic Torsion for Compact Lie Group Actions

Abstract We define the equivariant analytic torsion for a compact Lie group action and study its dependence on the geometric data.
Septicemic Listeriosis in a Reindeer Calf

Septicemic listeriosis is described in a 2-day-old reindeer calf (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) from a local zoo. The gross and microscopic lesions were typical of disease caused by bacterial septicemia. Major lesions included necrosis of the liver, lung, adrenal gland, spleen, and lymph node. The diagnosis was suspected by special histopathological stains and confirmed by isolation of Listeria monocytogenes from multiple organs. This is the first report of listeriosis in a reindeer.
Tobacco industry profits from smoking images in the movies.

To the Editor .— Previous studies have estimated that images of smoking in the movies lead ∼390000 adolescents to start smoking each year,1 which creates a regular stream of profits for the cigarette companies. Using data on average revenue and operating income (as a measure of profit) per smoker by Philip Morris USA (PMUSA) and Reynolds American Inc (RJR), we calculate the present value of the revenues and operating income delivered to the cigarette companies by images of smoking in the movies each year. Total revenues and operating income (as a measure of profit) for both …
A field test of the effects of familiarity and relatedness on social associations and reproduction in prairie voles

Inbreeding depression is a well-documented phenomenon. In animals, one means of avoiding the costs of inbreeding is through the recognition and avoidance of kin as mates. Prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) are short-lived, socially monogamous rodents that demonstrate inbreeding depression in the laboratory. Field data indicate that pair formation in nature is opportunistic but pairing among close relatives seems uncommon. We examined the role of relatedness and familiarity on prairie vole social associations and reproduction by placing adult voles into 0.1-ha enclosures with familiar siblings, unfamiliar siblings, and unrelated, unfamiliar conspecifics. Live-trapping data indicated that indices of social pair bonding were random with respect to relatedness and familiarity. Among females whose litters were sired by a single male, litters were significantly more likely to be sired by unfamiliar than familiar males, but the number of litters sired by males that were unrelated to their partner was not different from the number of litters sired by males that were related to their partner. Additionally, females that produced offspring with familiar siblings were significantly more likely to have litters with multiple paternity than females not producing offspring with familiar siblings. However, multiple paternity was not influenced by relatedness of sires. Finally, older individuals were more likely to produce offspring with each other than with younger individuals. Our findings suggest that prior association is a more important mechanism of inbreeding avoidance than phenotype matching for prairie voles mating under ecologically relevant conditions.
Comparison of Solid and Solution Conformations of Hydroxyurea and 3-Ethyl-1-hydroxyurea Utilizing IR-X-Ray Method

Abstract The IR-X-ray method for determining solution conformation was used to compare the conformations of the antitumor agents hydroxyurea and its 3-ethyl analog in solutions with conformations in the solid state. X-ray crystal analysis data for hydroxyurea obtained from the literature and the 3-ethyl analog data determined experimentally indicated that similar conformations are present in both compounds, with a car bony1 bond of mostly double bond character and intermolecular hydrogen bonding. The ethyl analog also possessed inter- and intramolecular hydrogen bonding involving the I- and 3-hydrogens and the carbonyl and hydroxyl oxygens. Comparison of IR spectra (1780-1550 cm − 1 ) of the solid state (mineral oil mulls) with solution spectra (taken in dry octanol, in octanol equilibrated with water and dried, and in wet and dry acetonitrile) indicated that only in dry acetonitrile did the spectrum of hydroxyurea resemble that of the solid. The ethyl analog possessed absorptions similar to the solid only in dry octanol, while spectra of all other solutions for both compounds had strong C = N character and diminished C = O double bond character. The IR solution data were rationalized according to the conformational system of hydroxyureas, which is represented by canonical forms possessing a C = O bond or strong C = N bonds and a CO bond. Hydroxyurea appears to prefer hydrogen bonding to a solvent (water) to bonding with itself, while the ethyl analog possesses internal hydrogen bonding which changes the conformational preferences and conformational equilibrium. In solvents where this inter- or intramolecular hydrogen bonding competes with bonding with the solvent, interconversion of conformers takes place; but this interconversion cannot occur when strong hydrogen bonding (with solvate formation) exists with water. Hydroxyurea tends to exhibit this behavior only when hydrogen bonding to solvent or water is not possible, allowing interconversion through a form possessing a C = O bond. Hydroxyurea and its 3-ethyl analog thus have different solution conformational equilibria depending on the solvent.
Hepatic Endosomal Trafficking of Lipoprotein-Bound Endotoxin in Rats

Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (chylomicrons (CM), VLDL) can bind and protect against endotoxin (LPS)-induced shock and mortality in rodents. The protective effect of lipoproteins is in part due to the increased plasma clearance and biliary excretion of LPS. Specifically, CM–LPS complexes are principally removed from the circulation by the liver with a rapid plasma half-life approximating that for CM alone. Thus, we hypothesized that hepatocytes clear CM-bound LPS via known lipoprotein receptors and traffic the toxic macromolecule through the same endosomal pathway employed for the catabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. To examine the endosomal uptake and biliary excretion of LPS, we isolated early and late hepatic endosomal fractions and hepatic bile from rats following the injection of radiolabeled CM-bound LPS. The uptake of 125I-LPS was compared in animals that overexpressed either the LDL receptor or the LDL receptor-related protein (LRP) versus untreated control with normal lipoprotein levels. Herein we present data indicating that both the LDL receptor and the LRP participate in the rapid internalization of CM-bound LPS by hepatocytes. Upregulation of the LDL receptor increased the accumulation of 125I-LPS in late endosomes (P < 0.03). In contrast, increased levels of the LRP were associated with negligible movement of LPS into late endosomes but a trend toward the increased biliary excretion of the radiolabeled macromolecule. Taken together these data further elucidate the role of the liver in the host innate immune response to infection and potentially implicate distinct roles for the LDL receptor and LRP in the catabolism of CM-bound LPS.
Glenohumeral arthroplasty for arthritis after instability surgery

Seventeen patients who had osteoarthritis of the glenohumeral joint after surgery for glenohumeral instability underwent prosthetic replacement. Thirteen men and four women with an average age of 43 years were studied. The interval from the initial instability repair to prosthetic replacement averaged 16 years. Before the operation all patients had severe functional disability caused by pain and limited range of motion, especially external rotation. Twelve patients underwent total shoulder replacement, and five patients underwent humeral head replacement. At an average follow-up period of 3 years, 13 (77%) satisfactory results and four (23%) unsatisfactory results were obtained. Pain was relieved in 16 (94%) of the 17 patients. Range of motion improved by an average of 37° of elevation and 53° of external rotation. Previous surgery had distorted the anatomy, and special techniques were required to correct anterior soft-tissue contracture and to compensate for posterior glenoid bone loss.
Seal and sea lion hunting: A zooarchaeological study from the southern Northwest Coast of North America

Abstract Zooarchaeological analyses of late Holocene faunas from three southern Northwest Coast sites in Oregon, in conjunction with a reanalysis of seven late Holocene faunas from the northern California coast, indicate mainland coastal rookeries and hauling areas were the foci of pinniped hunting there. Migrational patterns indicated by zooarchaeological and historical data, prehistoric demographic data for pinniped remains, and pinniped behavior on rookeries reported in the biological literature suggest hunting from oceangoing canoes is unnecessary to successfully and efficiently exploit pinnipeds.
Abstract 2533: Synergistic leukemic killing when combining a small molecule Pim protein kinase inhibitor and standard chemotherapeutic agents

The serine/threonine Pim protein kinases, originally cloned from a M-MuLV integration site, are up-regulated and associated with poor outcomes in multiple human hematologic malignancies including chronic lymphocytic leukemia, myeloid leukemia, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and T-cell lymphoma. We have developed novel benzylidene-thiazolidine-2, 4-diones inhibitors of Pim kinases that kill a wide range of both myeloid and lymphoid cell lines and shown that one of those inhibitors, SMI-4a inhibits subcutaneous tumor growth of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) in nude mice by an average of 47.9% (p Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2533.
Planetary boundary layer and surface layer sensitivity to land surface parameters

The sensitivity of the development of the convective planetary boundary layer (PBL) and the surface layer are examined using a coupled surface parameterization and detailed PBL model. First, the coupling is verified against observations from the First ISLSCP (‘International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project’) Field Experiment (FIFE). Results of the sensitivity experiments indicate that the PBL is most sensitive to the amount of soil water content, and the proximity of the soil water content to critical soil texture values (field capacity and wilting point). While vegetation cover is not the most sensitive parameter at the surface, its influence on the surface energy and hydrologic balance is crucial. Model sensitivity to minimum stomatal resistance, type of soil parameterization and canopy height (surface roughness and displacement depth) is also discussed.
Performance of UWB RAKE receivers with imperfect tap weights

In this paper, we develop an analytical framework to quantify the effects of the channel estimation error on ultra-wideband systems operating in dense multipath environments in terms of the receiver performance, the receiver complexity and the channel estimation measurement. The focus of the paper is to characterize the SEP performance using the saddle-point approximation. We find that the performance of P-RAKE with a limited number of fingers degrades much less than the A-RAKE with imperfect channel estimation. And channel estimation by averaging two channel measurements greatly improves the performance with a small rate loss. Furthermore, the performance of the P-RAKE receiver with greater than four fingers is similar to that achievable by using a S-RAKE with the same number of fingers in the presence of channel estimation error.
Basal ganglia mechanisms of reward-oriented eye movement.

Expectation of reward facilitates motor behaviors that enable the animal to approach a location in space where the reward is expected. It is now known that the same expectation of reward profoundly mod- ifies sensory, motor, and cognitive information processing in the brain. However, it is still unclear which brain regions are responsible for caus- ing the reward-approaching behavior. One candidate is the dorsal stria- tum where cortical and dopaminergic inputs converge. We tested this hypothesis by injecting dopamine antagonists into the caudate nucleus (CD) while the monkey was performing a saccade task with a position- dependent asymmetric reward schedule. We previously had shown that: (1) serial GABAergic connections from the CD to the superior colliculus (SC) via the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) exert powerful control over the initiation of saccadic eye movement and (2) these GABAergic neurons encode target position and are strongly influenced by expected reward, while dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars com- pacta (SNc) encode only reward-related information. Before injections of dopamine antagonists the latencies of saccades to a given target were shorter when the saccades were followed by a large reward than when they were followed by a small reward. After injections of dopamine D1 receptor antagonist the reward-dependent latency bias became smaller. This was due to an increase in saccade latency on large-reward trials. After injections of D2 antagonist the latency bias became larger, largely due to an increase in saccade latency on small-reward trials. These results indicate that: (1) dopamine-dependent information processing in the CD is necessary for the reward-dependent modulation of saccadic eye move- ment and (2) D1 and D2 receptors play differential roles depending on the positive and negative reward outcomes.
Susceptibility of five nightshade ( Solanum ) species to phytophthora infestans

The susceptibility of leaves and berries of five night-shade species to infection by the potato late blight pathogenPhytophthora infestans was tested. American black nightshade (Solanum americanum) and eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum) were resistant to infection. However, two accessions (entire-edged and dentate-edged leaf) of hairy nightshade (Solanum sarrachoides), cutleaf nightshade (Solanum triflorum), and bitter or climbing nightshade (Solanum dulcamara) were susceptible. Survival of the pathogen in susceptible species was tested under different environmental conditions. The pathogen survived for at least 2 wk in both hairy nightshade accessions when plant material was kept in soil at a temperature of 20 C. However,P. infestans survived 48 h at −15 C only in the entire-leaf hairy nightshade accession. In the laboratory, oospores of the pathogen were formed in inoculated plants of the two hairy nightshade accessions, cutleaf nightshade, and ‘Russet Burbank’ potato, but not in American black nightshade, bitter nightshade, or eastern black nightshade.
Total laparoscopic resection for advanced gastric cancer is safe and feasible in the Western population.

There is debate surrounding the use of laparoscopic resection for advanced gastric cancer in the Western population. Here we aim to assess the feasibility and short-term outcomes of laparoscopic gastrectomy in consecutive patients in a Western population. From 2012 to 2014, retrospective review of 28 patients with clinically staged advanced gastric cancer (≥T3 or ≥N1) treated with laparoscopic resection. Sixty-one percentage of patients were male. Median age was 67 years (range 35–86). Median BMI was 26.5 (range 19.4–46.1). Resection types were proximal (n = 2), distal (n = 14), and total (n = 12). Twenty-six (93 %) patients underwent D2 lymphadenectomy. Four patients underwent conversion to open. Median blood loss was 125 mL (range 30–300). Median LOS was 7 days (range 4–16). Of postoperative complications, five were minor: arrhythmia (n = 1), surgical site infection (n = 3), in-hospital fall (n = 1); and four were major (intra-abdominal abscess, stricture, PE, and anastomotic bleed). T stages were Tx (n = 1), T2 (n = 3), T3 (n = 18), and T4 (n = 6). N stages were N0 (n = 4), N1 (n = 8), N2 (n = 1), and N3 (n = 15). Median tumor size was 5.8 cm (range 0–9.5). Median lymph node yield was 22 (range 6–53). All margins were negative. Median follow-up was 12.8 months (range 2–27). Six patients have died of progressive disease. Following total laparoscopic resection for advanced gastric cancer, oncologic endpoints, postoperative course, and early cancer-specific follow-up are excellent. The results demonstrated here support the routine use of these techniques in the Western patient population.
The Ability of Blood Plasma from Drinking Water Vaccinated Turkeys to Protect Against a Lethal Challenge of Pasteurella multocida

Abstract Turkeys were vaccinated against fowl cholera with the Clemson University avirulent Pasteurella multocida vaccine strain (C.U. strain), using the drinking water route. Plasma was harvested from these turkeys, which later withstood challenge with a highly virulent P-1059 strain of P. multocida. Baby chicks were injected between the thigh and abdominal cavity with the immune plasma and simultaneously, into the breast muscle, with the same highly virulent strain referred to in the foregoing. The results demonstrated that plasma from turkeys vaccinated by the drinking water route protected baby chicks against intramuscular challenge with a virulent strain of P. multocida and suggest that a favorable systemic immunologic response did occur. This is in contrast to the Minnesota M-2283 strain which, reportedly, produces a localized protection only, when used as a drinking water vaccine.
Chronic hypothermia and energy expenditure in a neurodevelopmentally disabled patient: a case study

Hypothermia is defined as a core body temperature of <35°C and results in a decrease in measured resting energy expenditure. A 51-year-old mentally disabled patient experienced chronic hypothermia from neurologic sequelae. Because of her continued weight gain and increased body fat in the presence of presumed hypocaloric nutrition, indirect calorimetry measurements were performed twice in a 3-month period. The resting energy expenditure measurements prompted a reduction of her daily caloric intake to prevent further overfeeding. Hypothermia reduces oxygen consumption and, as a consequence, decreases resting energy expenditure. In patients for whom chronic hypothermia is a problem, nutritional intake must be adjusted to prevent overfeeding, excessive weight gain, and the long-term complications of an excess of total calories.
A new design for high speed and high-density carry select adders

An algorithm with logarithmic carry propagation delay is developed for high-density adders. The design procedure is introduced for the construction of a 64-bit adder with maximum path delay equivalent to 8 gate delays. The algorithm is based on the carry select technique with operands partitioned into very fine slices for both quick response and low gate counts. Another property observed in this algorithm is resource (hardware) sharing which is due to regularity of the carry channel structure. The design is coded in Verilog, simulated and implemented using XC4010E Xilinx FPGA technology.
POTENTIATION OF SUBSTANCE P BY LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE IN VIVO

In doses of 10 mug/kg or more, lysergic acid diethylamide enhanced the fourth potential (DR IV) of the dorsal root potential complex in the cat. Smaller doses of lysergic acid diethylamide did not in themselves alter the DR IV, but revealed an enhancement of the potential by substance P, which by itself had no effect. 2-Bromolysergic acid diethylamide had no action on the dorsal root potentials, but prevented the actions of lysergic acid diethylamide.
SiO 2 -clad fibers with selectively volatilized soft-glass cores

By using a thick-walled SiO2 tube (25-mm outside diameter, 1-mm inside diameter), a soft-glass core containing Nd or Yb–Er has its alkali (and to a lesser extent its alkaline earth) components volatilized during drawing to give a good-quality laser fiber with Nd- or Yb–Er-doped cores.
Recent trends in the molecular diagnosis of infectious bursal disease viruses

Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) causes an immunosuppressive disease in young chickens. Two serotypes of this double-stranded RNA virus exist but only serotype 1 viruses cause disease in chickens. Detection and strain identification of IBDV is important because antigenic subtypes found within serotype 1 make it necessary to tailor vaccination programs to the antigenic type found in the bird's environment. Because conventional virus isolation and characterization are not practical for routine diagnosis of IBDV, antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and molecular assays based on reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technology were developed. Compared with antigen-capture ELISA, RT-PCR assays have greater versatility and are more sensitive and specific. Strain identification has been accomplished using a variety of post-RT-PCR assays, including restriction enzyme digestion of the RT-PCR products. The resulting restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) are used to differentiate viruses into molecular groups that correlate with antigenic and pathogenic types. Recently, two types of real-time RT-PCR have been used to identify and differentiate strains of IBDV. Both methods use distance-dependent interaction between two dye molecules, known as fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). The dye molecules are attached to one or more nucleotide probes that detect specific nucleotide sequences of the virus. Our laboratory has used a two-probe assay to identify single-nucleotide mutations among IBDV strains. A mutation probe is used in this assay to detect substitution mutations in a region of the viral genome that encodes a neutralizing epitope of the virus. These assays are accurate, reliable and inexpensive compared with conventional RT-PCR because they do not require RFLP or other labor-intensive post-RT-PCR assays to distinguish viral strains.
Design of Formula SAE Suspension

Formula SAE is a Student project that involves a complete design and fabrication of an open wheel formula-style racecar. This paper will cover the suspension geometry and its components, which include the control arm, uprights, spindles, hubs, and pullrods. The 2002 Lawrence Technological Universities Formula SAE car will be used as an example throughout this paper.