cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
p53-Based Strategy for Protection of Bone Marrow From Y-90 Ibritumomab Tiuxetan

Purpose The main drawbacks of radioimmunotherapy have been severe hematological toxicity and potential development of myelodysplastic syndrome and secondary leukemia. Activation of p53 follows a major pathway by which normal tissues respond to DNA-damaging agents, such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy, that result in injuries and pathological consequences. This pathway is separate from the tumor suppressor pathway of p53. We have previously reported that use of low-dose arsenic (LDA) temporarily and reversibly suppresses p53 activation, thereby ameliorating normal tissue toxicity from exposure to 5-fluorouracil and X rays. We have also demonstrated that LDA-mediated protection requires functional p53 and thus is selective to normal tissues, as essentially every cancer cell has dysfunctional p53. Here we tested the protective efficacy of LDA for bone marrow tissue against radioimmunotherapy through animal experiments. Methods and Materials Mice were subjected to LDA pretreatment for 3 days, followed by treatment with Y-90 ibritumomab tiuxetan. Both dose course (10, 25, 50, 100, and 200 μCi) and time course (6, 24, and 72 hours and 1 and 2 weeks) experiments were performed. The response of bone marrow cells to LDA was determined by examining the expression of NFκB, Glut1, and Glut3. Staining with hematoxylin and eosin, γ-H2AX, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) was used to examine morphology, DNA damage response, and apoptotic cell populations. Results Elevated levels of NFκB, Glut1, and Glut3 were observed in bone marrow cells after LDA treatment. Bone marrow damage levels induced by Y-90 ibritumomab tiuxetan were greatly reduced by LDA pretreatment. Consistent with this observation, significantly less DNA damage and fewer apoptotic cells were accumulated after Y-90 ibritumomab tiuxetan treatment in LDA-pretreated mice. Furthermore, in the mouse xenograft model implanted with human Karpas-422 lymphoma cells, LDA pretreatment did not have any detectable effect on either tumor growth or Y-90 ibritumomab tiuxetan (200 μCi)-induced tumor suppression. Conclusions LDA pretreatment protected bone marrow without compromising tumor control caused by Y-90 ibritumomab tiuxetan.
Synthesis of poly(1,3-cyclohexadiene) containing star-shaped elastomers

The synthesis of high molecular weight star-shaped polymers comprising poly(1,3-cyclohexadiene-block-isoprene) diblock arms coupled to a divinyl benzene (DVB) core is reported. The number average molecular weights of the diblock arms were varied from 30000 to 50000 and the ratio of DVB to n-butyllithium (nBuLi) was systematically varied from 3:1 to 12:1. Size exclusion chromatography coupled with light scattering detection was utilized to detect the formation of star-shaped polymers and the presence of star-star coupling. The molecular weight distribution ( / ) of the star polymers ranged from 1.25 to 1.50. The effect of poly(1,3-cyclohexadiene) content on the mechanical properties of these novel elastomers is reported. The elastic modulus, elongation at break, and tensile strength of these elastomers were all found to be a function of the percentage of poly(1,3-cyclohexadiene). The glass transition temperatures were determined using both differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Atomic force microscopy was performed in the tapping mode (TMAFM) to verify the presence of microphase separation.
Attributes of Exemplary Research Manuscripts Employing Quantitative Analyses

Seven attributes that I think distinguish exemplary from other manuscripts that use quantitative research methods are discussed in this article. The attributes have evolved in unknown ways as a result of my experiences as a doctoral student, contributor to the literature, and service as an editor of scholarly publications. My hope is that the suggestions provided herein will be of use to graduate students and junior scholars as they prepare manuscripts for publication consideration.
Filtration of Particles by a Fiberglass Bed

This paper was inspired by interest in assessing the effectiveness with which a bed of fibers, composed of fiberglass released from fractured insulation and deposited on a strainer or grid following a loss-of-coolant-accident (LOCA) in a nuclear plant, would filter and trap particulate matter of various sizes and properties. The limiting structures or random morphology of a fiber bed are analyzed, leading to estimates of the pore sizes of the passages through which the particulate suspension flows, and the likelihood of entrapment is then deduced. This multiphase flow topic appears particularly appropriate for the symposium as it exemplifies Professor Zuber’s characteristic approach of using fundamental mechanics and mathematics to derive approximate and effective models of physical reality.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Endotension distribution and the role of thrombus following endovascular AAA exclusion.

PURPOSE To determine the pattern of strain and pressure transmitted to an aortic aneurysm wall before and after endovascular exclusion and to evaluate the role of sac thrombus on the conduction of pressure and wall strain. METHODS Three canine thoracic aortas were used to create abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA). The segments were placed on a pulsatile pump system, and 8 strain transducers were positioned in the aneurysm sac. Baseline strain/pressure (S/P) was recorded in 1 animal, then the AAA was excluded with a stent-graft. Thrombin was injected into the sac, and strain/pressure was recorded at 7 systemic pressures (35 to 120 mmHg) over 6 hours. The thrombus was replaced with fibrin glue, and S/P was recorded over 4 hours. Additional trials using whole and 50% diluted unclotted blood were performed prior to sac thrombosis. Computed tomography and angiography were performed before and after aneurysm exclusion. RESULTS Pressure transmitted to the aneurysm wall decreased following stent-graft placement (p<or=0.001). Strain/pressure was not distributed evenly in the sac (p<or=0.05), and varying systemic pressures did not affect this distribution. Pressures near the stent-graft were higher than those laterally (p<or=0.001) in all trials with interposed fresh thrombus and fibrin thrombus. The fibrin group had elevated baseline measurements, but correction for the elevated values did not influence the statistical significance (p<or=0.001). Blood and fibrin thrombus reduced transmitted wall pressure to a similar degree. Overall S/P in the fluid-filled nonclotted sac was significantly lower (p<or=0.001) than in the thrombus groups. CONCLUSIONS Endovascular AAA exclusion reduced strain and pressure conducted to the aneurysm wall, and the distribution of transmitted pressure in the excluded sac without endoleak differed regardless of the sac contents. Fresh thrombus reduced transmittedS/P in all trials at all systemic pressures, as did fibrin thrombus but in a less predictable fashion.
Genetic factors for resistance to diet-induced obesity and associated metabolic traits on mouse chromosome 17.

Obesity is associated with increased susceptibility to dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and hypertension, a combination of traits that comprise the traditional definition of the metabolic syndrome. Recent evidence suggests that obesity is also associated with the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Despite the high prevalence of obesity and its related conditions, their etiologies and pathophysiology remains unknown. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of obesity and NAFLD. Previous genetic analysis of high-fat, diet-induced obesity in C57BL/6J (B6) and A/J male mice using a panel of B6-ChrA/J/NaJ chromosome substitution strains (CSSs) demonstrated that 17 CSSs conferred resistance to high-fat, diet-induced obesity. One of these CSS strains, CSS-17, which is homosomic for A/J-derived chromosome 17, was analyzed further and found to be resistant to diet-induced steatosis. In the current study we generated seven congenic strains derived from CCS-17, fed them either a high-fat, simple-carbohydrate (HFSC) or low-fat, simple-carbohydrate (LFSC) diet for 16 weeks and then analyzed body weight and related traits. From this study we identified several quantitative trait loci (QTLs). On a HFSC diet, Obrq13 protects against diet-induced obesity, steatosis, and elevated fasting insulin and glucose levels. On the LFSC diet, Obrq13 confers lower hepatic triglycerides, suggesting that this QTL regulates liver triglycerides regardless of diet. Obrq15 protects against diet-induced obesity and steatosis on the HFSC diet, and Obrq14 confers increased final body weight and results in steatosis and insulin resistance on the HFSC diet. In addition, on the LFSC diet, Obrq 16 confers decreased hepatic triglycerides and Obrq17 confers lower plasma triglycerides on the LFSC diet. These congenic strains provide mouse models to identify genes and metabolic pathways that are involved in the development of NAFLD and aspects of diet-induced metabolic syndrome.
Embryonic phenotype, β-carotene and retinoid metabolism upon maternal supplementation of β-carotene in a mouse model of severe vitamin A deficiency.

Abstract We investigated the effect of β-carotene (bC) supplementation during pregnancy in a mouse model of severe vitamin A deficiency, i.e. Lrat−/−Rbp−/− dams maintained on a vitamin A-deficient diet during gestation. bC, a provitamin A carotenoid, can be enzymatically cleaved to form vitamin A for use by the developing embryo. We found that an acute supplementation (13.5 days post coitum, dpc) of bC to Lrat−/−Rbp−/− dams on a vitamin A-deficient diet activated transcriptional mechanisms in the developing tissues to maximize the utilization of bC provided to the dams. Nevertheless, these regulatory mechanisms are inefficient under this regimen, as the embryonic phenotype was not improved. We further investigated the effect of a repeated supplementation of bC during a crucial developmental period (6.5–9.5 dpc) on the above-mentioned mouse model. This treatment improved the embryonic abnormalities, as 40% of the embryos showed a normal phenotype. In addition, analysis of retinoic acid-responsive genes, such as Cyp26a1 in these embryos suggests that bC cleavage results in the production of retinoic acid which then can be used by the embryo. Taken together, these in vivo studies show that bC can be used as a source of vitamin A for severely vitamin A-deficient mammalian embryos.
An adaptive modulation scheme in wireless multimedia sensor networks

In this paper, we propose an adaptive modulation approach in an adaptive way guaranteeing signal interpretation quality and energy efficiency in wireless multimedia sensor networks. The performance of QPSK, QAM with OFDM are compared and designed for diverse channel environments. MATLAB Simulink simulations illustrated the transmitting and receiving performance based on the bit error rate, Discrete-Time Scatter, Spectrum Scope, and constellation diagram.
Chromatin Proteins Do Double Duty

The histone acetyltransferase MOF (males-absent-on-the-first) is required for the regulation of X chromosome gene dosage compensation in Drosophila males. In this issue, Kind et al. (2008) show that MOF is also found on autosomes and that it has two modes of binding: one in males for X chromosome dosage compensation and the other in both sexes for X chromosome and autosomal gene regulation independent of dosage compensation.
Platelet Activation in the Lung after Antigen Challenge in a Model of Allergic Asthma

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether platelets are activated and release their products in the human lung after antigen challenge. Using subsegmental antigen challenge as a model of asthma, bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from ragweed-allergic asthmatic subjects were assayed for the alpha granule products, platelet factor 4 (PF4) and beta-thromboglobulin (beta-TG), prior to challenge (baseline) and at 5 min and 19 h after challenge with ragweed antigen. Airway segments challenged with normal saline were used as controls. Five minutes after antigen challenge, levels of platelet products in BAL fluid were not elevated from baseline or normal saline control levels. However, 19 h after antigen challenge, a 10-fold increase in platelet products in BAL fluids was found. The mean PF4 levels increased from baseline and saline control values of less than 1.0 to 7.2 ng/ml (p less than 0.05) 19 h after antigen challenge. beta-TG increased from baseline and control levels of less than 1.0 to 6.6 ng/ml (p less than 0.05). Elevations in PF4 and beta-TG were highly correlated with each other (r = 0.98, p less than 0.0001). Levels of platelet products during the 19-h response correlated with albumin, with kinins, with the prostaglandins 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, PGE2, and PGF2 alpha, and with the eosinophil-derived proteins, eosinophil-derived neurotoxin and eosinophil peroxidase. We conclude that platelet activation in the lung is a feature of the late inflammatory response to antigen challenge and that platelets may play an important role in allergic inflammation and asthma.
Pumping for Power in the Colorado Rockies

The vast colorado-big thompson transmountain water diversion project for irrigation and power development has for its operating heart the Granby pumping plant. This plant is of special interest due to its size, its unusual construction, its related storage and diversion facilities, and its key position with respect to a large hydroelectric power development.
Procedure for the Rapid Synthesis of the Monomer 1,4-Bis(chloromethyl)-2-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-5-methoxybenzene

Abstract The alkylation of 4-methoxyphenol with 2-ethylhexyl bromide was accelerated by using potassium tert-butoxide in dimethylformamide. Subsequent chloromethylation occurred quickly using acetic acid as a cosolvent to give the poly[(2-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-5-methoxy-p-phenylene)vinylene] (MEH-PPV) monomer in 61% overall yield on a 2-mol scale.
Neomycin enhances extracellular matrix stability of glutaraldehyde crosslinked bioprosthetic heart valves.

Glutaraldehyde (GLUT) crosslinked porcine aortic heart valves are continued to be extensively used in heart valve replacement surgeries. GLUT does not crosslink glycosaminoglycans in the tissue and we have demonstrated that GAG loss is associated with tissue degeneration. In this study, we examined the ability of neomycin to enhance GLUT crosslinking to stabilize GAGs, as well as provide evidence of improved functional integrity. Neomycin enhanced GLUT crosslinked (NG) leaflets exposed to collagenase and elastase enzymes exhibited an increased resistance to proteolytic degradation. Furthermore, NG leaflets exhibited small but significant increases in collagen denaturation temperatures when compared to that of standard GLUT crosslinked BHVs. NG leaflets subjected to storage, accelerated cyclic fatigue, and in vitro enzyme mediated GAG degradation revealed improved GAG stabilization versus standard GLUT crosslinked valves, which sustained substantial decreases in GAG content. Ultrastructural analysis using transmission electron microscopy qualitatively confirmed NG leaflets preserved GAGs after enzymatic degradation. Biomechanical analyses demonstrated that NG leaflets were functionally similar to GLUT tissues but were slightly stiffer under both planar biaxial tension and under flexure. Interestingly, after GAGase treatment, GLUT tissues showed increased areal compliance and reduced hysteresis, while NG leaflets were unchanged. Collectively, NG cross-linking functionally insulated the tissue from GAG digestion, and imparted modest additional matrix stiffness but maintained tissue hysteresis properties. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2011.
The number of lymph nodes examined debate in colon cancer: how much is enough?

Background Much debate exists over the significance of the number of lymph nodes (LN) examined after colon resection. Materials and Methods The Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database was queried for patients who presented with colonic adenocarcinoma. Multiple Cox proportional hazard regressions were run using successive LN cut-offs (6–26), first controlling for and then stratifying by T-stage. This was repeated in subsets of patients delineated by LN status. Additional variables controlled for in every regression were age, gender, ethnicity, marital status, number of positive LN, grade, metastases, and extent of surgery. After each regression, a Harrell's C statistic and an Akaike's information criterion (AIC) were performed to test the predictive capacity and fit of the model, respectively. Results 128,071 patients met selection criteria. The highest Harrell's C statistics among all patients were the cutoffs at 14 LN and 15 LN. Between those, the AIC shows that the cutoff at 15 LN fit the data more closely than the 14 LN cutoff. The models with the best predictive ability and best fit by T-stage were T1, 14 LN; T2, 10 LN; T3, 10 LN; T4, 12 LN. Conclusions Using a population-based dataset, we show the optimal number of LN examined is dependent upon the patient's tumor stage. Across all T-stages, the highest optimal number of LN resected was 15. Since it is possible to estimate but not perfectly predict the stage of a patient's tumor preoperatively, we believe the recommendation should be based on the most conservative measure.
Test characteristics and decision rules

We have demonstrated using several examples how different test characteristics can be used to assist clinicians in making better decisions for their patients. These probabilistic models may seem confusing and difficult to implement. Some general rules may help, such as SnNout and SpPin. Clinicians should know the test characteristics and decision rules for the acute problems they may face. For chronic conditions, advanced planning may be helpful. Electronic medical record systems may be able to incorporate these at the user interface. The improvements in hand-held computers may bring clinical decision-support systems directly to the point of service. We may also begin to see laboratories report test characteristics for important conditions as likelihood ratios (we already see estimates of the risk of heart disease corresponding to different lipid ratios). We also suspect that the medical literature will report likelihood ratios more frequently. As practice networks develop more sophisticated disease-tracking mechanisms, clinicians will be able to obtain estimates of disease prevalence more appropriate to their practice. Ultimately, for physicians to make better decisions, appropriate data are needed, including accurate estimates of test characteristics and of disease probability.
Reducing Uncertainties In Saturation Scales Using Fluid Flow Models

The sensitivity of seismic velocities to pore fluids has been recognized for years (Gassmann, 1951; Nur, 1969). Less widely known is that seismic velocities depend not only on the types and saturations of the pore fluids (water, oil, gas), but also on the spatial scales of heterogeneous fluid distributions (White, 1975). Spatially varying saturations give rise to wave-induced pore pressure gradients, which in turn cause wave attenuation and velocity dispersion (Akbar et al., 1994).
Myosin I localizes to the midbody region during mammalian cytokinesis.

During cytokinesis, daughter cells are cleaved in two by the constriction of an actin-rich contractile ring which encircles the equator of the dividing cell. Filamentous myosin II is present in the contractile ring and necessary for constriction of the furrow, as shown in several cell types [Satterwhite and Pollard, 1992: Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 4:43–52]. However, no functional role nor distinctive localization has been previously identified for non-filamentous “unconventional” myosins, such as myosin I, during cytokinesis. Using antibodies to adrenal medullary myosin I, we report that myosin I is localized in 3T3 fibroblasts to the mid-equatorial plane during late-cytokinesis, as well as to the polar edges as previously described in ameboid cells [Fukui et al., 1989: Nature 341:328–331]. Confocal microscopy revealed that myosin I is concentrated at the midbody region in a nearly continuous transverse disk, extending from the cortical region of the furrow through the midbody itself. These findings suggest that, in addition to the accepted role of filamentous myosin II in constriction of the contractile ring, non-filamentous myosin I might contribute to motile events occurring late in cytokinesis. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Ultrastructural observations on sperm storage in the ovary of the platyfish, Xiphophorus maculatus (Teleostei: poeciliidae): the role of the duct epithelium.

Sperm storage is an important phenomenon occurring in viviparous and oviparous teleosts and contributes to the reproductive life history of these forms. There is a paucity of morphological studies on sperm storage in fishes. The majority of these have been confined to the light level of investigation. In this report, we describe, at the ultrastructural level, sperm storage in the viviparous platyfish, Xiphophorus maculatus. Female platyfish, as is typical of the poeciliids, are capable of storing viable sperm for up to several months within the ovary and gonoduct. We observed that sperm stored within inseminated platyfish became associated with specific epithelial cells (SACs) lining the oviduct. Two forms of association were seen: 1) sperm were found within deep surface pits and pockets, and 2) the spermatozoa were taken up and incorporated within the cytoplasm of the SACs. Junctional complexes in the form of tight junctions (zona occludens) and desmosomes at the apico-lateral surfaces of the SACs were prevalent. The junctions could have contributed to allograft survival of the haploid heterogenetic sperm cells within the female's reproductive tract. Our results shed light on the mechanism of sperm storage in the platyfish and could serve as a model for other poeciliid species and teleosts that are capable of storing sperm.
Use of turbidometry to characterize suspended sediment and phosphorus fluxes in the Lake Tahoe basin, California, USA

The efficacy of in-stream nephelometric turbidometry as a surrogate for total suspended solids (TSS) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations was evaluated for use in low turbidity (<50 NTU) subalpine watersheds at Lake Tahoe, California–Nevada, USA. Continuous turbidity records for the 1999, 2000 and 2001 snowmelt seasons and data from water quality samples (1982–2000) were examined to determine watershed sediment delivery dynamics. Strong correlations were found between turbidity and both TSS and TP concentration. The strong correlation indicates that turbidity can serve as a good surrogate for direct measurement in these watersheds. The watersheds displayed clockwise hysteresis: sediment flushing and depletion, on daily, seasonal and decadal time-scales. The hysteresis curves had strong concave shapes, indicating a sensitive response to peak flow. A pronounced seasonal trend was observed for the ratio of suspended sediment concentration (SSC)/discharge over time, indicating early season flushing of available sediment. Significant linear relationships (p < 0·05) were found for 12 of 17 years. Comparison of annual sediment rating curve coefficients indicated smaller coefficients during high sediment loading years and in the years following. The smaller coefficients are evidence of sediment depletion during high flow years. The effect of hysteresis on monitoring methods was illustrated by comparing turbidity estimates of TSS load with sediment rating curve estimates of SSC. After accounting for differences in SSC/TSS methods of analysis, daily loads calculated with turbidity methods were 58–98% of rating curve estimates for the spring snowmelt seasons of 1999–2001. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sex differences-similarities in job preference factors

Abstract In this article, the author investigates sex differences in preferences for various job factors which college students consider important in their job selection decisions. The results showed that while college students have stronge differences in their preferences, these differences are not stereotypically male or female. Overall, both male and female college students are primarily looking for jobs in which they can learn, accomplish something worthwhile, and work with friendly and congenial co-workers. Furthermore, having knowledge regarding the extent to which a company demonstrates broad social concern is not among the most important criteria used by students when making their decisions.
Notes on Piezo-remanent Magnetization of Igneous Rocks II

Various observed characteristics of the six types of stress-affected remanent magnetization of igneous rocks are theoretically derived for a model rock in which a large number of ferrimagnetic minerals having an isotropic magnetostriction are distributed at random.For small magnetic fields (H) and small uniaxial compressions (P) irreversible displacements of 90° domain walls alone are subjected to a uniaxial compression in the acquisition process of remanent magnetization. Hence Rayleigh's law of the magnetic hysteresis loop is adopted in examining the effect of H and P on the displacement of 90° walls.Results of calculations based on these assumptions give theoretical curves of JR(P+P0H+H0) vs P/H, JR(H+H0P+P0) vs P/H, JR(H+P+P0H0) vs H/P, JR(P+H+P0H0) vs H/P, JR(H+P+P0H0) vs H/P and JR(P+H+H0P0) vs H/P. These theoretical curves reasonably well fit the observed curves, having all observed characteristics of respective types of stress-affected remanent magnetization. The effect of P on the remanent magnetization is a little smaller in the case of P⊥H than in the case of P//H in both the experiment and the theory. However, numerical disagreement between experimental and theoretical results are still noticed in regard to details of the phenomena.
Comprehensive nomenclature for the fragment ions produced from collisional activation of peptide nucleic acids

A relatively new class of DNA mimics, peptide nucleic acids (PNA’s), have generated increasing interest and importance over the last few years. These molecules have a neutral ‘peptide-like’ backbone granting them many advantageous properties which lead to their potential use as antisense and antigene therapeutics. Due to the promising properties possessed by PNA’s, there is a demand for the development of analytical methods for characterization of these molecules. We have been investigating the gas-phase fragmentation pathways of singly and multiply charged PNA’s using electrospray ionization in conjunction with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Fragmentations induced by sustained off-resonance irradiation and nozzle–skimmer dissociation have revealed water loss, cleavages of the methylene carbonyl linker (to which the nucleobases are attached), fragmentation along the PNA backbone, and the elimination of single nucleobases. It is becoming increasingly evident that multi-stage MS is especially suited to structural characterization of large bio-molecules such as PNA’s, and herein we propose a comprehensive nomenclature for the product ions produced upon collisional activation of PNA’s, which is based upon extensive experimental studies. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Active knowledge structures in natural language understanding

To investigate a theory of message and discourse understanding based on the building of explanatory causal models and the nested beliefs of discourse agents, so as to construct robust systems for message understanding with wider application to machine translation and text retrieval.
Isotropic liquid crystal cored fiber structures for optical limiting of nanosecond and picosecond laser pulses

M. V. Wood, M. Lee, Brett D. Guenther, I.C. KhooElectrical Engineering DepartmentPennsylvania State UniversityABSTRACTWe have studied the nonlinear optical transmission of several isotropic liquid crystal cored fiber and fiber array.These fiber arrays are capable of good image transmission as well as optical limiting of nanosecond and picosecond laserpulses with low threshold and clamped transmission. The nonlinear optical mechanics involved are nonlinear absorptionsand nonlinear scattering by thermal and density index changes.Various nonlinear materials are being investigated for possible use in fast all-optical modulators, switches andlimiters.1 For protection of eyes or sensors against short laser pulses, the material's nonlinear response must reach asubstantial magnitude within a fraction of the incident laser pulse, thus enabling the nonlinear optical device to channel thelater (larger energy) portion of the pulse away from downstream optics, sensors or eyes. It is well known that liquid ciystals(LC's) in their ordered or isotropic phases possess large optical nonlinearities.2 In the ordered phase, such as nematicwhere most studies ore conducted, the principal nonlinearities are due to molecular (or director) axis reorientation andthermal index change. The fast electronic optical nonlinearities ofliquid crystai are also known to be sufficiently large forpractical application. However, in these ordered phases, orientationai fluctuation induced scattering losses2 are very high(typically the scattering loss on the order of 100 cm1), and thus the interaction length is limited to 100 m or so.In the isotropic (liquid) phase, onentational fluctuations are reduced by several orders of niagnitude, and thusmuch longer interaction lengths become possible and could compensate for the relatively (versus the nematic phase) smalleroptical nonlinearities. The isotropic state also allows one to construct specialized device structures without the need forsurface alignment treatments.We have previously reported observation of optical limiting and stimulated backscattering in isotropic liquidciystal cored fibers.35The nonlinear core material used is an isotropic liquid crystal (JLC) mixture that was observed to give interestingnoiilinear propagation, limiting, and backscattering effect.6 For fabricating fiber arrays (faceplate) of practicaldimensionlweight suitable for insertion at an intermediate focal plane in an image transmission system, c.f. fig. 1, muchshorter fiber lengths in the millimeters range are more desirable.Fig. 1 Schematic Description of an optical limiting system with a fiber array in an intermediate focalplane. The incident laser is focused be the low F# (F/3 in this case) input optics into one ofthe constituent fibers. The nonlinear core material limits the laser pulse transmission througha variety of nonlinear optical processes.
Effects of Using a Posteriori Methods for the Conservation of Integral Invariants

The nature and effect of using a posteriori adjustments to nonconservative finite-difference schemes to enforce integral invariants of the corresponding analytic system are examined. The method of a posteriori integral constraint restoration is analyzed for the case of linear advection, and the harmonic response associated with the a posteriori adjustments is examined in detail. The conservative properties of the shallow water system are reviewed, and the constraint restoration algorithm applied to the shallow water equations are described. A comparison is made between forecasts obtained using implicit and a posteriori methods for the conservation of mass, energy, and potential enstrophy in the complete nonlinear shallow-water system.
The Theory of the Anelastic Fluid

The general theory of anelastic substances is simplified for the case of an anelastic fluid. It is shown that slow steady motions and the diffusion of vorticity obey the same laws as in the Stokes-Navier theory of a viscous fluid. A criterion for the validity of these equations is derived.The propagation and absorption of longitudinal isentropic waves exhibits new phenomena, however. There is hysteresis in the response of the density to the pressure. This hysteresis vanishes for very low and very high frequencies. The compressibility for these two limiting cases approaches different, real, values. For intermediate values the compressibility is a complex number, corresponding to the hysteresis. The velocity of propagation is also a complex number, which is a function of the frequency. The roots of this function are two in number, and determine two relaxation times. One of these is associated with the hysteresis mentioned above, the other with viscosity.
Emerging patterns of cardiac conduction in the chick embryo: waveform analysis with photodiode array-based optical imaging.

Major difficulties investigating the developing cardiac conduction system stem from that the embryonic heart is extremely small (< 2 mm) and cardiac activation is relatively rapid (< 8 msec). The objective of this study was to investigate the electrophysiology of the embryonic chick cardiac conduction system at periseptation stages with a photodiode array-based detection method of optical mapping capable of high spatial and temporal resolution. Previous work indicated that, in chicken embryos, a switch occurs in ventricular activation pattern from immature base-to-apex to mature apex-to-base pattern at the time of ventricular septation. It was our aim to map activation in more detail to identify the active pathway or pathways of atrioventricular conduction at these particular stages. Analysis of preseptated hearts (n = 10) showed that the latest atrial activation took place just above the site of the earliest ventricular activation at the ventral left ventricular base. Analysis of postseptated hearts (n = 11) showed apex-to-base conduction consistent with activation through the maturing His–Purkinje system. Evaluation of hearts during septation revealed a gradual transition of ventricular activation patterns rather than an abrupt “switch.” External pacing of preseptated hearts revealed significant slowing of interventricular conduction compared with spontaneous beats (spontaneous, 61.7 cm/sec ± 9 cm/sec vs. paced, 36.5 cm/sec ± 10 cm/sec). The more detailed mapping revealed that, before septation, the pattern of activation of the ventricular myocardium is consistent with direct atrial–ventricular myocardial connections at the left lateral atrioventricular junction; however, functional evidence for a preferential conduction pathway within the ventricles was present before septation. Developmental Dynamics 233:456–465, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Promotion of Cell Wall Synthesis by Indolylacetic Acid

IT is widely believed that the increase in cell wall synthesis which occurs when growth of plant cells is promoted by auxin is neither a direct consequence of hormone action nor a causal factor in cell enlargement, but is induced indirectly by the occurrence of cell enlargement1. A principal reason for this view is that if elongation is inhibited osmotically by mannitol, wall synthesis becomes reduced2, and promotion of wall synthesis by auxin does not occur3.
The mutual exclusivity bias in children's word learning: A reply to Woodward and Markman

Abstract My reply to Woodward and Markman's (1990) commentary on the monograph that I coauthored with Bowman ( Merriman & Bowman, 1989 ) has three parts. First, I elaborate on the aspect of our position that they liked the most—namely, our conceptualization of the Mutual Exclusivity bias in children's word learning as a default assumption that can be maintained by four strategies. Second, I present an updated review of the factors that affect whether a particular strategy will be used by children who are 2 1 2 years or older. Woodward and Markman accepted some of our claims about the way the bias is manifest after toddlerhood, but made a few mistakes in summarizing evidence and ignored some of our proposals. Finally, I consider what was Woodward and Markman's least favorite part of the monograph—namely, our conclusion that children who are less than 2 1 2 years old lack the bias. I retrace the steps that Bowman and I took in reaching this conclusion, respond to specific criticisms, and acknowledge that the case for the bias in toddlers is stronger than we thought, though still not completely convincing. I emphasize that, at most, toddlers have a weak bias that has little impact on their solution to the problem of overextension.
Impact of operational performance on air carrier cost structure: Evidence from US airlines

Abstract The impact of operational performance on airline cost structure is empirically investigated using an aggregate, statistical cost estimation approach. Two distinct sets of operational performance metrics are developed and incorporated into the airline cost models as arguments. Results from estimating a variety of airline cost models reveal that both delay and schedule buffer are important cost drivers. We also find that flight activity outside schedule windows increases cost, whereas flight inactivity within schedule windows does not. Using the estimated cost models, we predict the cost savings to airlines of “perfect” operational performance, obtaining an estimate in the range of $7.1–13.5 billion for 2007.
Beyond war: Pre-conditions and prophets

Synopsis Against the background of the harm of war to women and the new frontiers in weapons research driven by the demand-side of war, there are four social and cultural pre-conditions that must take root and proliferate in society in order for peace to become a dynamic state of action, a political platform that contends cogently with the demand-side of war — and not merely the intermezzo between acts of armed conflict. They include: truth telling about the full harm of war, conscientious objection to war, foregrounding models of human progress in democracy and human rights which have been won by non-violent social movements, and public prophets of peace among us, that is, individuals who champion non-violence on the public stage of human history. These pre-conditions for peace are necessary to help create the base of public opinion needed for political solutions, but they are not sufficient as a counterweight to militarism. They must be joined with political initiatives, government action, and political movements that tackle the demand factors of war.
Wannier-Stark localization in modulation-doped multiple-quantum-well structures.

The external-electric-field effect and the doping effect on a modulation-doped finite-length GaAs/${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$As superlattice have been studied by solving the Schr\"odinger-Kohn-Sham equation and the Poisson equation self-consistently. In the heavy-doping case, the external electric field makes electrons sequentially tunnel through several potential barriers, and accumulates electrons near one side of the finite-length superlattice. The collective motion of the electrons results in high- and low-field domains in the superlattice. We have found that Wannier-Stark localization exists only in the high-field domain, and that the electronic states are not evenly spaced. The electric-field-induced (doping induced) depopulation (population) of subbands has been studied. We have also found oscillatory behavior of the calculated conductivity near the Fermi energy as a function of the external electric field.
Relationships between the rate of synthesis of ATP and the concentrations of reactants and products of ATP hydrolysis in maize root tips, determined by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance.

Using 31P NMR spectroscopy, we have measured the rate of ATP synthesis, and the free concentrations of ATP, ADP, cytoplasmic Pi, and H+ in maize root tips under a wide range of conditions. We show that the ratio [ATP]/[ADP] in normoxic root tips is greater than 25. We found no simple relationship between the concentration of ATP and the rate of ATP synthesis: when the rate of ATP synthesis decreases in response to different treatments, the concentration of ATP can increase, decrease, or remain unchanged. Clear relationships were obtained, however, when the rate of synthesis of ATP was plotted against the logarithm of the ratio psi, defined as [ATP]/[ADP][Pi][H+]. Two curves were obtained, depending on which of two situations pertained. First, if mitochondrial ATP synthesis was inhibited, e.g., by KCN or hypoxia, ln psi decreased monotonically as rates of ATP synthesis decreased. The decrease in ln psi may account for decreases in the rates of biosynthetic reactions dependent on ATP, such as protein synthesis, as they approach equilibrium. Second, if consumption of ATP for biosynthetic reactions was inhibited, by treatment with succinate, ln psi increased as rates of ATP synthesis decreased. The increase in ln psi may account for decreases in the rate of ATP synthesis, as oxidative phosphorylation approaches equilibrium.
Iron mobilization from crocidolite asbestos by human lung carcinoma cells.

Abstract Neutron-activated crocidolite, containing 55 Fe and 59 Fe, was used to determine whether iron was mobilized from crocidolite phagocytized by cultured human lung carcinoma cells (A549 cells). Cells were treated with neutron-activated crocidolite in medium at pH 6.8 or 7.4 for 24 h. The mobilization of iron into two subcellular fractions, 10,000 g supernatant (total iron) or in vitro when citrate was incubated with crocidolite for 24 h at pH 7.4, but the amount mobilized was greater when cells were cultured at pH 6.8 than at 7.4. Iron mobilization was not due to the medium nor did it appear to be due to differences in the amount of crocidolite phagocytized. At the highest concentration of crocidolite used for treatment at pH 7.4 (4.5 μg/cm 2 ), a total of 3600 pmol iron/10 6 cells was mobilized of which 54 pmol/10 6 cells was in a LMW fraction. After estimation of the volume of the cells, this was calculated to be equivalent to an intracellular concentration of 1.4 mM iron of which 22 μM was in the LMW fraction. Cell survival decreased linearly as the iron mobilized into the LMW fraction increased, independent of the pH of the culture medium being used. These results suggest that iron mobilization from crocidolite into a LMW fraction may represent "iron overload" in cells which have phagocytized the fibers and may be responsible for crocidolite-dependent cytotoxicity and possibly other crocidolite-dependent biological effects.
Increased OMAR MA1 DV in PTSD

Author(s): Neumeister, A; Normandin, MD; Pietrzak, RH; Piomelli, D; Zheng, M-Q; Gujarro-Anton, A; Potenza, MN; Bailey, CR; Lin, S-F; Najafzadeh, S; Ropchan, J; Henry, S; Corsi-Travali, S; Carson, RE; Huang, Y
In Situ Dry Matter, Protein, and Fiber Degradation of Perennial Forages

Eight forages (alfalfa, birdsfoot trefoil, red clover, bromegrass, orchardgrass, perennial ryegrass, quackgrass, and timothy) at three maturities were evaluated for ruminal DM, CP, and NDF degradation kinetics. Duplicate dacron bags were incubated for 0, 3, 6, 10, 13, 25, 48, and 72 h in two late lactation Holstein cows fitted with ruminal cannulas over eight experimental periods. Species and maturity effects were observed for soluble, slow, and undegraded fractions; degradation rate; and ruminally degradable DM, CP, and NDF. Significant species by maturity interactions also were evident for fractions and ruminal degradabilities of DM, CP, and NDF. Legumes exhibited more extensive ruminal DM degradation than did grasses. No clear trends were evident in rate of ruminal CP degradation between legumes and grasses. Mature grasses were lowest in ruminally degradable CP. Legumes exhibited a higher undegraded fraction and faster degradation rate of slowly degraded NDF fractions, resulting in similar ruminally degraded NDF for legumes and grasses. Extensive differences in ruminal degradation kinetics existed between perennial legume and grass species and maturities. Species by maturity interactions were diverse, making categorization of degradation characteristics of legumes and grasses difficult.
Systems development risks in strategic information systems

Abstract Business executives and systems professionals are frequently confronted with suggestions to use information technology (IT) strategically. While this advice has had a number of positive effects, including broadening the thinking about how IT can be used, it has at the same time failed to suggest the significant difficulties in actually implementing these systems. The paper highlights a dozen significant barriers to the successful definition, development, and maintenance of strategic information systems (SISs). These problems are illustrated with actual examples gleaned from an extensive review of the business literature and from confidential interviews with managers who have attempted to develop SISs. A risk matrix is provided to assist managers in determining their relative exposure to these pitfalls.
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 endocytic trafficking through macrophage bridging conduits facilitates spread of infection

Bridging conduits (BC) sustain communication and homeostasis between distant tethered cells. These are also exploited commonly for direct cell-to-cell transfer of microbial agents. Conduits efficiently spread infection, effectively, at speeds faster than fluid phase exchange while shielding the microbe against otherwise effective humoral immunity. Our laboratory has sought to uncover the mechanism(s) for these events for human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV-1) infection. Indeed, in our prior works HIV-1 Env and Gag antigen and fluorescent virus tracking were shown sequestered into endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi organelles but the outcomes for spreading viral infection remained poorly defined. Herein, we show that HIV-1 specifically traffics through endocytic compartments contained within BC and directing such macrophage-to-macrophage viral transfers. Following clathrin-dependent viral entry, HIV-1 constituents bypass degradation by differential sorting from early to Rab11+ recycling endosomes and multivesicular bodies. Virus-containing endocytic viral cargoes propelled by myosin II through BC spread to neighboring uninfected cells. Disruption of endosomal motility with cytochalasin D, nocodasole and blebbistatin diminish intercellular viral spread. These data lead us to propose that HIV-1 hijacks macrophage endocytic and cytoskeletal machineries for high-speed cell-to-cell spread.
Larval release behaviors in the Caribbean spiny lobster, Panulirus argus: role of peptide pheromones.

Larval release in the Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus is highly synchronous and is controlled by a “pumping pheromone” released from the hatching eggs. The pheromone induces a parent female to undergo stereotypical larval release behaviors, including rapid abdominal extensions and pleopod pumping. These behaviors help to break open the egg membranes and result in the synchronous release of larvae. Based on previous studies on larval release in brachyuran crabs, we hypothesized that larval release behaviors are induced by pheromones composed of small peptides. We quantified pleopod pumping activity upon exposure to a range of synthetic peptides to identify compounds that will induce larval release behaviors. Chemically cued pumping behavior was described in terms of the threshold concentration for response, maximum percentage response, and effective concentration range. Pleopod pumping behavior was evoked by di- and tripeptides with a neutral amino acid at the amino terminus and a basic amino acid at the carboxy terminus and also by the basic–basic dipeptide Lys–Arg. All carboxy-terminal arginine peptides tested produced a significant pumping response, with the exception of Trp–Ile–Arg. Response concentration thresholds ranged from 10−9 M for the most potent peptide (Gly–Arg) to 10−4 M for the least potent (Gly–His–Lys). The maximum percentage of lobsters responding was largely independent of the threshold concentration and ranged from 24.3 to 58.3%. Effective concentration ranges for the peptides were variable from 1 to 4 orders of magnitude. Pumping response usually declined with increasing concentration beyond the concentration that evoked the maximum response of the peptides. Our results support the conceptual model that larval release in subtidal crustaceans is controlled by small peptides that act as pheromones.