cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mass spectra of some neopentylphosphorus derivatives

The fragmentation patterns and major metastable ions of the mass spectra of the neopentyl-phosphorus derivatives [(CH3)3CCH2]3P, [(CH3)3CCH2]2P(O)H, [(CH3)3CCH2]nPX3-n (n = 1 and 2; X = H, Cl, C6H5 and CH = CH2), [(CH3)3CCH2]3PS, [(CH3)3CCH2]nP(S)R3-n (n = 1 and 2; R = C6H5 and CH = CH2), [(CH3)3 CCH2]2PCH2CH2P[CH2C(CH3)3]2, ([CH3)3CCH2]2PCH2PCH2-CH2P(H)C6H5 and [(CH3)3CCH2]2PCH2CH2P(S)(CH3)2 are described. Fragmentation of a neopentyl group by elimination of either C4H8 or CH3 is very favourable when the neopentyl group is bonded to either a tricoordinate or tetracoordinate phosphorus atom. In neopentylphosphines with two or three neopentyl groups, stepwise elimination of C4H8 from all of the neopentyl groups occurs very readily. The resulting [(CH3)nPX]+.3-n ions are often the most intense ions in the mass spectra.
Global convergence and empirical consistency of the generalized Lloyd algorithm

The generalized Lloyd algorithm for vector quantizer design is analyzed as a descent algorithm for nonlinear programming. A broad class of convex distortion functions is considered and any input distribution that has no singular-continuous part is allowed. A well-known convergence theorem is applied to show that iterative applications of the algorithm produce a sequence of quantizers that approaches the set of fixed-point quantizers. The methods of the theorem are extended to sequences of algorithms, yielding results on the behavior of the algorithm when an unknown distribution is approximated by a training sequence of observations. It is shown that as the length of the training sequence grows large that 1) fixed-point quantizers for the training sequence approach the set of fixed-point quantizers for the true distribution, and 2) limiting quantizers produced by the algorithm with the training sequence distribution perform no worse than limiting quantizers produced by the algorithm with the true distribution.
Equiaxed dendritic solidification in supercooled melts

The growth of equiaxed dendrites from a pure supercooled melt is examined. We propose modifications to the classical Ivantsov theory that allow for consideration of multiple interacting dendrites. The modified theory reveals the existence of a steady-state dendritic solidification mode in a frame of reference moving with the dendrite tip. This regime should be valid from the onset of nucleation to the commencement of time-dependent coarsening when the mass of the solid becomes comparable to the liquid mass in the solidification chamber. This regime is characterized by a reduced (relative to the single dendrite case) heat flux leading to slower solidification rates, but with the same level of supercooling. We study the effects of the relative proximity and number of interacting dendrites through a numerical example of solidification of succinonitrile, a common material used in many experiments. The data show that the model predicts a new steady growth regime that is different than the steady growth law of a single dendrite as described by Ivantsov theory.
Orlistat Use in Type 2 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE:To review the use of orlistat in type 2 diabetes.DATA SOURCES:A MEDLINE search of the English-language literature (1990–August 2001) was performed using the key terms orlistat, obesity, glucose, and diabetes.DATA EXTRACTION:All articles pertaining to orlistat were considered for inclusion, with emphasis placed on randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trials.DATA SYNTHESIS:In April 1999, orlistat was approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of obesity. Of 13 randomized, placebo-controlled studies, only 2 reported specific data in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Both reported significant weight reduction and improved glycemic control over placebo.CONCLUSIONS:Since weight loss is a difficult goal to achieve in patients with type 2 diabetes, orlistat can be a safe, effective addition to a multidisciplinary approach.
Attribution in Groups Estimations of Personal Contributions to Collective Endeavors

Group members'estimations oftheircontributions to a collective endeavorwere investigated by assessing perceptions of responsibility following completion of an additive group task. As an information...
Sum rules for the Dirac spectrum of the Schwinger model

The inverse eigenvalues of the Dirac operator in the Schwinger model satisfy the same Leutwyler-Smilga sum rules as in the case of QCD with one flavor. In this paper we give a microscopic derivation of these sum rules in the sector of arbitrary topological charge. We also show that the sum rules can be obtained from the clustering property of the scalar correlation functions. This argument holds for other theories with a mass gap and broken chiral symmetry such as QCD with one flavor. For QCD with several flavors a modified clustering property is derived from the low-energy chiral Lagrangian. We also derive sum rules for a fixed external gauge field. Both types of sum rules are obtained from the bosonized version of the Schwinger model. In the sector of topological charge {nu} the sum rules are consistent with a shift of the Dirac spectrum away from zero by {nu}/2 average level spacings. This shift is also required to obtain a nonzero chiral condensate in the massless limit. Finally, we discuss the Dirac spectrum for a closely related two-dimensional theory with a gauge field action that is quadratic in the gauge field and has applications to the quantum Hall effectmore » and d-wave superconductors.« less
Capital markets and economic fluctuations in capitalist economies

Capital is at the heart of capitalism: it is, accordingly, not surprising that we should look to failures in capital markets to account for one of the most important failures of capitalism, the marked fluctuations in output and employment which have characterized capitalism throughout its history. For more than a decade now, I and several of my co-authors (in particular, Bruce Greenwald and Andrew Weiss) have been exploring the thesis that it is imperfections in the capital market imperfections which themselves can be explained by imperfect information which account for many of the peculiar aspects of the behavior of the economy which macroeconomics attempts to exp1ain.r In this lecture, I want to provide an overview of that endeavor, to explain why it is that we have increasing confidence in the importance of capital market imperfections, to contrast our
Comparative associations of diabetes risk factors with five measures of hyperglycemia

Objective To compare the associations of diabetes mellitus risk factors with nontraditional markers of hyperglycemia (glycated albumin, fructosamine, 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG)) to those observed with traditional markers (fasting glucose, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)). Design Cross-sectional study. Setting The community-based Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study cohort. Participants A subsample of 1764 participants (309 with diagnosed diabetes and 1455 without diagnosed diabetes) from the ARIC Study who attended a clinic visit in 2005–2006. Main outcome measures Elevated levels of glycated albumin, fructosamine, 1,5-AG, fasting glucose, and HbA1c in persons with and without a diagnosis of diabetes. Results The mean age of participants was 70 years (SD, 6), 43% were men, and 20% were African-American. Black race and family history of diabetes were generally positively associated with elevated levels of all biomarkers of hyperglycemia except 1,5-AG, which showed inverse but weaker associations with the risk factors examined. In general, patterns of risk factor associations observed for fasting glucose and HbA1c were similar to those observed for the nontraditional biomarkers of hyperglycemia but with one clear exception: body mass index (BMI). In persons without a diagnosis of diabetes, BMI was positively associated with fasting glucose and HbA1c, but the associations of BMI with glycated albumin and fructosamine were inverse, with high values of these markers at low levels of BMI. 1,5-AG, which is lowered in the setting of hyperglycemia, was positively associated with BMI. Conclusions Traditional diabetes risk factors have similar associations with glycated albumin and fructosamine as those for fasting glucose and HbA1c, with the exception of BMI. Risk factor associations with 1,5-AG were mostly inverse. The inverse associations of BMI with glycated albumin and fructosamine, and positive associations with 1,5-AG, may reflect pathways independent of glucose metabolism and merit further examination.
Limitations to Postfire Seedling Establishment: The Role of Seeding Technology, Water Availability, and Invasive Plant Abundance

Seeding rangeland following wildfire is a central tool managers use to stabilize soils and inhibit the spread of invasive plants. Rates of successful seeding on arid rangeland, however, are low. The objective of this study was to determine the degree to which water availability, invasive plant abundance, and seeding technology influence postfire seedling establishment. Across four fire complexes, whole plots were either seeded using a rangeland drill, seeded by hand where seeds could be placed at an exact depth, or left as unseeded controls. Irrigation and weeding treatments were applied to subplots within whole plots in an incomplete factorial design. In three of the four fires, seeding method was the single factor limiting establishment with seedling density over sevenfold higher in the hand-seeded compared to the drill-seeded treatments. In contrast to our hypotheses, water and weeding had no positive effect on seedling establishment in any of the four fires; however, background weed density was relatively low. The native community recovered at all sites with minimal bunchgrass mortality. These results strongly suggest a need for a decision framework that evaluates postfire seeding needs relative to natural recovery. Based on these initial results, it appears modest improvements in seeding technology may yield substantial increases in seeding success.
Large-scale Synthesis and Purification of trans-4-tert-Butyl-1-Phenylcyclohexanol, an Organic Gelation Agent

A relatively small number of organic compounds can be used to convert organic liquids into gels 1 , 2 and are referred to as low-mass organic gelators, distinguished from polymeric gelling agents. ...
Pharmacotherapy of Acute Lung Injury and the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome are common syndromes with a high mortality rate that affect both medical and surgical patients. Better understanding of the pathophysiology of acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome and advances in supportive care and mechanical ventilation have led to improved clinical outcomes since the syndrome was first described in 1967. Although several promising pharmacological therapies, including surfactant, nitric oxide, glucocorticoids and lysofylline, have been studied in patients with acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome, none of these pharmacological treatments reduced mortality. This article provides an overview of pharmacological therapies of acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome tested in clinical trials and current recommendations for their use as well as a discussion of potential future pharmacological therapies including β2-adrenergic agonist therapy, keratinocyte growth...
C-reactive protein and angiographic coronary artery disease: independent and additive predictors of risk in subjects with angina.

Abstract Objectives The objective of this study was to determine the prognostic value of C-reactive protein (CRP) independent of coronary angiographic findings. Background High sensitivity CRP, a marker of inflammation, predicts risk of cardiovascular events. However, it is uncertain whether it remains predictive once angiographic findings are considered. Methods A total of 2,554 patients with angina but without acute myocardial infarction (MI) were studied angiographically; 1,848 patients had coronary artery disease (CAD) and 706 patients did not. Coronary artery disease was quantified in five ways and combined for a CAD score. C-reactive protein was measured and patients were followed for up to five years for death or MI. Results C-reactive protein correlated with the extent of CAD, but correlation coefficients were low (0.02 to 0.08). Of angiographic measures, the CAD score best predicted future events (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.8 [1.2 to 2.6], p = 0.004, for CAD score >4). C-reactive protein ≥1.0 mg/dl was predictive in both patients without CAD (HR = 2.3 [0.9 to 5.5], p = 0.07) and with CAD (HR = 2.1 [1.5 to 3.1], p = 0.0001). Multivariate adjustment resulted in little change in HR. C-reactive protein retained predictive value within each quintile of CAD score. C-reactive protein and CAD independently and additively contributed to the risk prediction: low CRP and lowest CAD score was associated with lowest risk, and high CRP and highest CAD score was associated with the highest risk, with a 10-fold difference between extremes (2.5% vs. 24%). Conclusions C-reactive protein correlates with extent of CAD, but the degree of correlation is low. Severity/extent of CAD and CRP are independent and additive predictors of risk. Therapy should target CRP-associated risk as well as angiographically evident stenosis.
Stencil Printing Process Modeling and Control Using Statistical Neural Networks

This paper presents a neural network model for the stencil printing process (SPP) in surface-mount technology (SMT) manufacturing of printed circuit boards (PCBs). A practical model description that decomposes the overall steady-state process in independently modeled subspaces is provided. The neural network model can be updated in real-time procuring a method to control the process by dynamically searching the optimal set point of the control variables. The optimization is performed by minimizing the weighted mean squared error with respect to the desired solder brick height or volume; furthermore, in the case when multiple solutions exist, the set point that yields the lowest variance is used. The process simulator is mainly suitable for offline testing and debugging of more complex closed-loop control algorithms for the SPP optimization providing a common and realistic framework for algorithm performance evaluation. An important consideration in this paper is based on the fact that the estimation of the sampled moments of the probability distributions is made using a statistically significant number of data samples from each board, for each component type, for each printing direction, and for each pad orientation.
Individual variability of dopamine release from nucleus accumbens induced by nicotine.

Abstract Effects of subcutaneous administration of vehicle, amphetamine (1 mg/kg) or nicotine (0.4 mg/kg, injected twice, 90 min apart) on extracellular dopamine (DA) concentration in the nucleus accumbens (ACC) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the Sprague–Dawley rat were studied using microdialysis. Experiments were conducted at least 10 days following implantation of guide cannulae, and at least 2 h following insertion of microdialysis probes into the guides on the morning of each experiment. Probes were perfused at 2.5 μl/min and several fractions were collected every 10 min before and after the two test injections. Samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection for the major neurotransmitters and their metabolites. Significant DA release following nicotine administration was observed in ACC but not in VTA. By classifying ACC DA responses of individual rats, three major subgroups were identified which exhibited more robust responses. Nicotine appeared to be acting as a modulator of ACC DA, increasing DA output if baseline was
A Spin Dependent Version of the Langreth-Mehl Exchange-Correlation Functional

The exchange-correlation functional of Langreth and Mehl [Phys. Rev. B28, 1809 (1983)] is generalized to include spin dependence. It is then applied to the calculation of ground-state and electron removal energies in atoms. A functional for the correlation energy alone is also given, for use in cases where exchange can be calculated exactly.
Diagnostic Algorithm to Differentiate Lymphoma From Inflammation in Feline Small Intestinal Biopsy Samples

Differentiating between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and small intestinal lymphoma in cats is often difficult, especially when only endoscopic biopsy specimens are available for evaluation. However, a correct diagnosis is imperative for proper treatment and prognosis. A retrospective study was performed using surgical and endoscopic intestinal biopsy specimens from 63 cats with a history of chronic diarrhea or vomiting or weight loss. A diagnosis of lymphoma or inflammation was based on microscopic examination of hematoxylin and eosin (HE)–stained sections alone, HE-stained sections plus results of immunohistochemical labeling (IHC) for CD3e and CD79a, and HE staining, immunophenotyping, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results for B and/or T cell clonality. In addition, various histomorphologic parameters were evaluated for significant differences between lymphoma and IBD using Fisher’s exact test. The sensitivity and specificity of each parameter in the diagnosis of lymphoma were also determined. Results of Bayesian statistical analysis demonstrated that combining histologic evaluation of small intestinal biopsy specimens with immunophenotyping and analysis of clonality of lymphoid infiltrates results in more accurate differentiation of neoplastic versus inflammatory lymphocytes. Important histologic features that differentiated intestinal lymphoma from IBD included lymphoid infiltration of the intestinal wall beyond the mucosa, epitheliotropism (especially intraepithelial nests and plaques), heterogeneity, and nuclear size of lymphocytes. Based on the results of this study, a stepwise diagnostic algorithm that first uses histologic assessment, followed by immunophenotyping and then PCR to determine clonality of the lymphocytes, was developed to more accurately differentiate between intestinal lymphoma and IBD.
The 795 Thousand and Ending a Century of Tobacco

Tonight, a grandfather will read his grandson a soothing bedtime story. Yesterday, a mother saw her son perform a brilliant violin solo. Tomorrow, a grandfather will see his granddaughter complete the first unassisted triple play in their community’s t-ball league history.
Developmental changes in mu suppression to observed and executed actions in autism spectrum disorders

There has been debate over whether disruptions in the mirror neuron system (MNS) play a key role in the core social deficits observed in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). EEG mu suppression during the observation of biological actions is believed to reflect MNS functioning, but understanding of the developmental progression of the MNS and EEG mu rhythm in both typical and atypical development is lacking. To provide a more thorough and direct exploration of the development of mu suppression in individuals with ASD, a sample of 66 individuals with ASD and 51 typically developing individuals of 6-17 years old were pooled from four previously published studies employing similar EEG methodology. We found a significant correlation between age and mu suppression in response to the observation of actions, both for individuals with ASD and typical individuals. This relationship was not seen during the execution of actions. Additionally, the strength of the correlation during the observation of actions did not significantly differ between groups. The results provide evidence against the argument that mirror neuron dysfunction improves with age in individuals with ASD and suggest, instead, that a diagnosis-independent developmental change may be at the root of the correlation of age and mu suppression.
Computational challenges in aerospace

Abstract Computer speed and memory requirements needed for meeting various computational challenges in human vision modeling, chemistry, turbulence physics research and aerodynamics are discussed and compared with the capabilities of various existing computers and those projected to be available before the mid 1990s. Example results for problems illustrative of those currently being solved in each of the disciplines are also presented. Meeting some of the challenges using currently available solution algorithms is shown to require computer speeds in excess of exaFLOPs (1018 FLOPs) and memories in excess of petawords (1015 words), if problems are to be solved in periods of time currently believed to be acceptable. Even without these levels of computer power, it is shown how work can proceed towards meeting the ultimate challenges by treating stepping-stone problems with complexity increasing to match the computational power available at any point in time. Finally, it is speculated that improvements in algorithms ultimately will reduce these requirements to levels that can be met with computers projected to be available beyond the year 2000.
Could High Salinity Be Used to Control Bullfrogs in Small Ponds

Abstract We examined survival of bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) eggs and tadpoles at 3 ppt and 6 ppt salinity in the laboratory to determine if low-level salinity could be used to eradicate bullfrogs from small ponds that contain native fishes. Bullfrog eggs and tadpoles 9 months old) appeared unaffected by 14 days of 6 ppt salinity. Salinity of 3 ppt did not impact survival of bullfrog tadpole eggs or tadpoles at any of the life stages we tested. Adding salt to ponds in the early spring to increase salinity to 6 ppt may be a cost effective way to eradicate bullfrogs from small ponds without harming native fishes.
Integrated Investigation of Enhanced Oil Recovery in South Slattery Minnelusa Reservoir, Part 2: CO2 Miscible Injection

Abstract The authors used experiment and full-field reservoir modeling to investigate and optimize the design of a CO2 miscible flooding project for the Minnelusa reservoir of the South Slattery field. Minimum miscibility pressure and core flooding tests were conducted to estimate the CO2 injection feasibility at Slattery conditions. A full-field CO2 model with finely gridded patterns was built using oil saturations and pressures at the end of history in the waterflood model. The CO2 model identified the best patterns for CO2 flooding and was instrumental in selecting a strategy for sizing the initial flood area and in determining the size, location, and timing of future expansions of the CO2 flood. Continuous CO2 miscible injection (CMI) and alternating (WAG) were simulated. WAG injections were simulated mainly to observe the improvement of low sweep efficiency caused by override and unfavorable mobility ratio. The integrated recovery efficiency comparison of CMI and WAG was used to demonstrate the mobil...
Geranylgeranyl-regulated transport of the prenyltransferase UBIAD1 between membranes of the ER and Golgi

UbiA prenyltransferase domain-containing protein-1 (UBIAD1) utilizes geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGpp) to synthesize the vitamin K2 subtype menaquinone-4. Previously, we found that sterols trigger binding of UBIAD1 to endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized HMG-CoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in synthesis of cholesterol and nonsterol isoprenoids, including GGpp. This binding inhibits sterol-accelerated degradation of reductase, which contributes to feedback regulation of the enzyme. The addition to cells of geranylgeraniol (GGOH), which can become converted to GGpp, triggers release of UBIAD1 from reductase, allowing for its maximal degradation and permitting ER-to-Golgi transport of UBIAD1. Here, we further characterize geranylgeranyl-regulated transport of UBIAD1. Results of this characterization support a model in which UBIAD1 continuously cycles between the ER and medial-trans Golgi of isoprenoid-replete cells. Upon sensing a decline of GGpp in ER membranes, UBIAD1 becomes trapped in the organelle where it inhibits reductase degradation. Mutant forms of UBIAD1 associated with Schnyder corneal dystrophy (SCD), a human eye disease characterized by corneal accumulation of cholesterol, are sequestered in the ER and block reductase degradation. Collectively, these findings disclose a novel sensing mechanism that allows for stringent metabolic control of intracellular trafficking of UBIAD1, which directly modulates reductase degradation and becomes disrupted in SCD.
Application of the polychromatic defocus transfer function to multifocal lenses.

PURPOSE To model the performance of multifocal lenses in polychromatic lighting. METHODS The defocus transfer function (DTF) is a mathematical technique for illustrating the optical transfer function for all levels of defocus at a given wavelength. A polychromatic version of the DTF is developed that accounts for changes in cutoff frequency, reduction in diffraction efficiency, ocular chromatic aberration, and photoreceptor spectral sensitivity. The differences between the monochromatic and polychromatic DTF are illustrated with a diffractive multifocal intraocular lens. RESULTS Polychromatic analysis shows an increase in depth of field of diffractive lenses relative to assessment at a single wavelength. CONCLUSIONS The polychromatic DTF is a useful tool for analyzing presbyopia treatments under "white-light" viewing conditions and provides feedback to lens designers on anticipated performance.
An approach to weighing the benefits and burdens of artificial hydration and nutrition.

(1987). An Approach to Weighing the Benefits and Burdens ofArtificial Hydration and Nutrition. The Linacre Quarterly: Vol. 54, No. 4, pp. 67-78.
The efficacy of blood cardioplegia is not due to oxygen delivery.

Twenty-seven canine hearts instrumented with ultrasonic dimension crystals underwent simultaneous determination of stroke work and myocardial oxygen consumption during incremental volume loading on right heart bypass before and 30 minutes after 2 hours of cardioplegic arrest at 10° C. Three cardioplegic solutions were used: Hematocrit values were 17.0% (group I), 8.2% (group II), and 0% (group III). In all groups the slope of the linear stroke work versus end-diastolic volume relationship, a measure of contractility, was unchanged after ischemic arrest. However, the myocardial oxygen consumption for basal metabolism was increased an average of 25.5% after arrest with plasma (group III). Since the plasma concentration in all three groups was identical, and the oxygen available to the hearts during ischemia was the same in groups II and III, the efficacy of blood-based cardioplegic solutions cannot be attributed to a plasma component or to the greater oxygen-carrying capacity of the red blood cell. Future studies should attempt to identify the salutory entity of the red cell responsible for preservation of myocardial oxygen consumption efficiency.
Rupture nucleation on unfavorably oriented faults

Abstract For typical values of rock friction, active faults may be defined as favorably oriented for frictional reactivation, unfavorably oriented , or severely misoriented , depending on their attitude in the prevailing stress field. Continued reactivation of unfavorably oriented faults requires fluid pressures ( P f ) elevated well above hydrostatic values to prevent the formation of new, more favorably oriented faults. In cases of severe misorientation , a necessary prefailure condition is that the least principal stress becomes effectively tensile, that is P f > σ 3 . As a consequence, low-stress hydrofracture dilatancy is likely to develop in regions of rupture nucleation on such faults prior to failure. Triggering of shear failure through the buildup of fluid pressure to meet this specific condition then becomes probable. Steep reverse faults require slightly supralithostatic fluid pressures for continued reactivation. Vein systems associated with ancient high-angle reverse faults demonstrate that this prefailure condition was met repeatedly. Failure episodes on such faults involve fault-valve action, where transient postseismic rupture permeability promotes upward fluid discharge from overpressured portions of the crust, followed by self-sealing and reaccumulation of fluid pressure. In compressional regimes, where steep reverse faults and severely misoriented strike-slip faults are currently active, there is direct evidence in several instances for fluid pressure levels approaching lithostatic values, and rupturing is occasionally followed by postseismic discharge. Where fault-valving occurs, recurrence intervals depend on strength reductions from increasing fluid pressure as well as on the rate of tectonic stress accumulation, and may be highly irregular.
Bats and the Camazotz: Correcting a Century of Mistaken Identity

At the end of the nineteenth century, Eduard Seler identified the bats depicted on a ceramic vessel excavated by Erwin Dieseldorff at the site of Chama, Guatemala, as the camazotz, or death bat, from the K’iche’ Maya myth, the Popol Vuh. The attribution was never critically reviewed. Nevertheless, it became so deeply entrenched that virtually every image of a Maya bat is identified as a camazotz. We have located no ancient depictions of the Hero Twins in the chamber of the camazotz, which calls into question the salience of this scene for the ancient Maya. In iconography and ethnohistory, multiple figures with bat-like characteristics exist, both bats and anthropomorphic bat-men. Clearly, the situation is complex. We argue that bats appear principally in four roles. The first is as an emblematic symbol representing some group. The bat played a second role as a messenger, often paired on vessels with a bird. A third category relates to pollination, vegetation, and fertility, and here the bat may be paired with the hummingbird. The last and largest category is wahy beings, which most epigraphers now think were bestial forms of personified diseases. Included here are the many vessels depicting the fire-breathing bat, including Dieseldorff's Chama vessel. We argue that the identification with the camazotz should be dropped altogether and that the associations proposed by Seler need to be rethought.
Excitation Energy Transfer by Coherent and Incoherent Mechanisms in the Peridinin–Chlorophyll a Protein

Excitation energy transfer from peridinin to chlorophyll (Chl) a is unusually efficient in the peridinin–chlorophyll a protein (PCP) from dinoflagellates. This enhanced performance is derived from the long intrinsic lifetime of 4.4 ps for the S2 (11Bu+) state of peridinin in PCP, which arises from the electron-withdrawing properties of its carbonyl substituent. Results from heterodyne transient grating spectroscopy indicate that S2 serves as the donor for two channels of energy transfer: a 30 fs process involving quantum coherence and delocalized peridinin–Chl states and an incoherent, 2.5 ps process initiated by dynamic exciton localization, which accompanies the formation of a conformationally distorted intermediate in 45 fs. The lifetime of the S2 state is lengthened in PCP by its intramolecular charge-transfer character, which increases the system–bath coupling and slows the torsional motions that promote nonradiative decay to the S1 (21Ag–) state.
Seasonal dynamics of constitutive levels of phenolic components lead to alterations of antioxidant capacities in Acer truncatum leaves

Abstract Acer truncatum leaves (ATL) have long been used in China as a substitutional tea with health benefits. However, little is known about the antioxidant capacities as well as its bioactive components. The present study was to investigate constitutive phenolic compositions and evaluate antioxidant activities of ATL through its whole growing season. The results showed that all seasonal ATL samples contained remarkable phenols, tannins and flavonoids, and exhibited high antioxidant capacities. Constitutive levels of total phenols, tannins and flavonoids, and three individual phenolic compounds, namely 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β- d -glucose (PGG), methyl gallate (MG), and quercetin-3-O- l -rhamnoside (QR), and DPPH and ABTS + scavenging capacities were all significantly higher in both the beginning (S4) and ending (S11) months than those in the middle months (S5–S10), resulting in a consistent seasonal saddle-shaped pattern. Since S4 and S11 showed significant differences in oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) values but not in total flavonoids, and there was no significant correlation between ORAC and total flavonoids, it can be inferred that total flavonoids contributed less to the ORAC values than total phenols and tannins did. Correlation analyses further revealed that total phenols, tannins and flavonoids were the main contributors to antioxidant ability, and PGG, MG and QR were found to be the key components of phenols (including tannins and flavonoids) in ATL. Gallic acid was first discovered in ATL, and high levels of PGG and QR (both higher than 1 g/100 g d.w. in April) were corroborated through HPLC analysis. Impressive antioxidant abilities of S4 and S11 were further demonstrated by cellular antioxidant assay, and flavonoids showed stronger antioxidant capacity in the cellular level than other phenolic compositions. In conclusion, seasonal dynamics of constitutive levels of phenolic components lead to alterations of antioxidant capacities in ATL, and November and April were the ideal harvesting time with highest levels of phenols and antioxidant capacity.
Effective methods for fabricating trapezoidal shape microchannel of arbitrary dimensions on polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) substrate by a CO2 laser

The typical triangular-shaped microchannels fabricated by CO2 laser-based microchanneling of polymethyl methacrylate yield low performance in heat sinks, chemical reactors, and other microfluidic devices. Trapezoidal and rectangular microchannels are more commonly used and desired. To fabricate high-quality trapezoidal microchannels using a CO2 laser on polymethyl methacrylate substrates, a two-pass fabrication method is introduced using the offset ratio of 45% to yield a clean cross section. To determine the optimal process parameters to achieve trapezoidal microchannels of desired dimensions, the effects of process parameters were further investigated and groups of equations were derived based on nonlinear regression models. A microfluidic chip was fabricated to compare the performance of triangular and trapezoidal microchannels of the same cross sectional area. The results demonstrated the superior performance of the trapezoidal microchannel fabricated using two-pass fabrication. This indicates that the two-pass fabrication method is a viable rapid and economic solution for fabrication of high-quality microchannels on polymethyl methacrylate-based devices.
Maternal Depression and Child Behavior Problems: Longitudinal Considerations

Abstract It is widely acknowledged that mothers of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) experience increased levels of stress and depression when compared with mothers of typically developing children. In cross-sectional work addressing the relationship between child behavior problems and maternal depression, it is more often the child's maladaptive behaviors—rather than his/her disability status—that explained the variation in maternal depressive symptoms. The extant literature that examines maternal depression from both cross-sectional and longitudinal perspectives provides some empirical support for reciprocal effects between mothers and their children. Limited research exists, however, examining these processes utilizing mixed samples that include mothers of children with and without intellectual disability. This chapter provides a review of the literature pertaining the maternal depression and child behavior problems from cross-sectional, longitudinal, and transactional perspectives. We conclude with a discussion of future directions for researchers studying maternal depression in samples including mothers of children with IDD.
Differential Recruitment of Competing Valence-Related Amygdala Networks during Anxiety

The basolateral amygdala (BL) is involved in fear and anxiety, but it is currently unclear how the same network supports these two states. To address this question, we trained rats on appetitive and aversive conditioning in different contexts. Distinct groups of BL neurons displayed increased activity during appetitive (CS-R) versus aversive (CS-S) conditioned stimuli (R cells and S cells, respectively), and they were typically inhibited by the other CS. When the CS-S was presented in the safe context, rats entered a long-lasting, anxiety-like state characterized by increased inter-CS freezing and impaired reward seeking. During this state, a subset of BL cells ("state cells") showed sustained shifts in baseline activity whose time course matched that of the behavioral changes. Many state cells with increased firing rates were S cells, whereas R cells only included state cells with reduced firing rates. Thus, anxiety involves persistent activity changes that are differentially expressed by subsets of valence-specific BL neurons.
Price Discovery Among the Punters: Using New Financial Betting Markets to Predict Intraday Volatility

The migration of financial betting to prediction market exchanges in the last 5 years has facilitated the creation of contracts that do not correspond to a security traded on a traditional exchange. The most popular of these have been binary options on the closing value of Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA). Prices of these options imply expectations of volatility over the very short term, and they can be used to construct an index that has significant incremental predictive power, even after controlling for multiple lags of realized volatility and implied volatility from longer-term options. The index also has significant incremental power in predicting volatility over the next day, week, or month and in predicting trending or mean reversal in the level of the DJIA.
A Framework for Elucidating Causes and Consequences of Malnutrition in Anorexia Nervosa

Abstract Anorexia nervosa (AN) has the highest mortality rate of any psychiatric disease, and there are no effective treatments. A major obstacle to identifying new therapeutic targets is the lack of insight into causes of pathophysiological eating behavior. Malnutrition and comorbid psychiatric illnesses cause dramatic changes in the brain and periphery that complicate efforts to uncover factors responsible for disease onset. Biological, genetic, psychosocial, and behavioral variables associated with increased AN risk provide insight into the prodromal phase prior to disease conversion. However, the critical involvement of psychosocial risk factors has been an impediment to developing reliable animal models that approximate the human disease. In this chapter, we provide an overview of risk factors for and consequences of the disease in humans and then discuss progress in developing animal models that recapitulate one or more of these characteristics.
The omnipresent influence of the SEC in the work of the Accounting Principles Board, 1959–1973

Abstract During the tenure of the Accounting Principles Board, the Securities and Exchange Commission frequently played an influential role in its deliberations and in its process of establishing accounting principles, as a reminder to the Board of its obligation to serve the investing public. The object of this paper is to document these influences and therefore to explore why the APB seemed to fail in its mission.
Reorganization of Ternary Lipid Mixtures of Nonphosphorylated Phosphatidylinositol Interacting with Angiomotin

Phosphatidylinositol (PI) lipids are necessary for many cellular signaling pathways of membrane associated proteins, such as angiomotin (Amot). The Amot family regulates cellular polarity, growth, and migration. Given the low concentration of PI lipids in these membranes, it is likely that such protein–membrane interactions are stabilized by lipid domains or small lipid clusters. By small-angle X-ray scattering, we show that nonphosphorylated PI lipids induce lipid demixing in ternary mixtures of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), likely because of preferential interactions between the head groups of PE and PI. These results were obtained in the presence of buffer containing tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid, NaCl, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, dithiothreitol, and benzamidine at pH 8.0 that in previous work showed an ability to cause PC to phase separate but are necessary to stabilize Amot for in vitro experimentation. Collectiv...
Measurement Error and Its Impact on Estimates of Income and Consumption Dynamics

This paper uses data from the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study (KLIPS) to examine whether measurement error in income and consumption has the potential to generate biases for studies on income and consumption dynamics. A first-differenced dynamic panel model is estimated with lagged income and consumption as internal instruments and the household head's satisfaction with their household income as an external instrument. This study suggests that there is substantial time-varying measurement error in reported income and consumption, leading to a bias towards zero in the estimates of income and consumption dynamics. Time-invariant measurement error and unobserved heterogeneity are also found to be important and to lead to upward biases in the estimated coefficients, offsetting the effect of time-varying measurement error. The standard deviation of time-varying measurement error is as large as the standard deviation of the equation error for both income and consumption dynamics. This result also supports the view that time-varying measurement error exists in reported income and consumption and has a substantial magnitude.Interestingly, the standard deviation of time-varying measurement error, as well as that of the equation error, is much larger in the model for the income dynamics than that for consumption dynamics. This result suggests that time-varying measurement error is more prevalent and varies more across households in income than in consumption and also indicates that households smooth their consumption relative to their income in the face of shocks.
Cloning and partial characterization of an avirulence determinant from race 1 of Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola

Abstract A gene conferring avirulence on a race 3 strain and several race 2 strains of Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola has been isolated from a race 1 genomic bank. The genomic bank of the race 1 strain HB33 was constructed in the broad host range cosmid vector pLAFR1, maintained in Escherichia coli HB101 and conjugally transferred to the race 2 strain HB36. The resulting transconjugants were individually infiltrated into primary leaves of cv. Red Mexican plants, in which wild type race 2 isolates produce advancing watersoaked lesions. Of 820 transconjugants thus screened, one induced a hypersensitive reaction (HR). The cosmid (pMS2330) present in that transconjugant, which contained a 21·2 kb insert, was transferred to two other race 2 strains and to a race 3 strain, and the resulting transconjugants similarly induced HR in cv. Red Mexican. When transferred to P. syringae pv. syringae, another pathogen of bean, the resulting transconjugants produced light browning instead of brown spot symptons in cv. Red Mexican plants. Neither P. fluorescens wild type nor the transconjugants containing pMS2330 produced any symptoms in cv. Red Mexican. A restriction map of the 21·2 kb insert has been constructed and the gene encoding avirulence has been located by Tn5 mutagensis.
Clarifying the Associations between Mindfulness Meditation and Emotion: Daily High- and Low-arousal Emotions and Emotional Variability.

Background Research examining the effects of mindfulness meditation (MM) on emotion seldom considers differences by arousal level or emotion variability. Methods In the present study, 115 participants (64% Female, 72% White, Mage = 19.03) were randomly assigned to a brief MM intervention condition (n = 60) or a wait-list control condition (n = 51). Participants in the MM condition were trained in MM and instructed to practice MM daily for one week. All participants provided daily diary reports of both higher- and lower-arousal positive (PE) and negative (NE) emotions. Emotions were weighted by valence and arousal. Multilevel modeling was used to examine valence, arousal, and their interaction; multivariate regression was used to examine emotional variability. Results More time spent meditating (but not the MM condition itself) was associated with increased lower arousal emotions, and exhibited a significant effect on the interaction between valence and arousal. Examination of individual emotion items suggested that more time meditating significantly predicted increased feelings of quiet and calm and marginally increased relaxation and sleepiness among participants, but did not predict any other emotions assessed in daily life. MM was not associated with emotional variability. Conclusion These results may suggest that PE should be separated by arousal when examining the effects of MM interventions.
Erythropoietin levels in uremic nephric and anephric patients

Abstract Erythropoietin titers were measured in anemic nephric and anephric patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis by utilizing a plasma concentration technique. In eight out of 11 anephric patients studied, decreased but detectable levels of erythropoietin were found, suggesting that extrarenal erythropoietin plays a role in the regulation of red cell production in anephric patients. In 14 nephric uremic patients, erythropoietin production was found to be more variable, with one group of eight patients having erythropoietin levels in the range for normal nonanemic individuals (3.9 to 15 mU/ml), and a second group of six patients with erythropoietin higher than normal (> 15 mU/ml). Both groups were found to be equally anemic, indicating that in the second group the bone marrow is less responsive to erythropoietin. The severity of secondary hyperparathyroidism was found to be higher in this second group, suggesting a role of PTH in the bone marrow unresponsiveness. A good correlation between biological and immunological erythropoietin activities was found in the plasma from normal subjects and uremic nephric and anephric patients.
Tunneling Junction Phenomena: an Answer to Unanswered Questions

In tunneling experiments whose objective it is to investigate the existence of multiple superconducting energy gaps and/or anisotropy of the superconducting energy gap value(s), data is obtained from individual tunnel junctions and displayed in the form of I-V and dI/dV (or dV/dI) characteristics (see Fig.l). The jump in current at the bias (ΒA+ΒB) is a key feature in the curves and is used by experimenters to determine the values of the energy gaps ΒA. and ΒB of the junction electrodes. It is general practice to design the junction to have one electrode exhibit a single-valued, isotropic energy gap (e.g., a thin film) so that all multiple gap and/or anisotropy effects in the data may be ascribed to the other electrode /1-7/. Such effects are thought to manifest themselves in the junction characteristics in the form of multiple current steps (at \(\left( {{\rm{at}}\,\Delta _{\rm{A}}^1 + {\Delta _{\rm{B}}},\,\Delta _{\rm{A}}^2 + {\Delta _{\rm{B}}},\,\Delta _{\rm{A}}^3 + {\Delta _{\rm{B}}},\,{\rm{etc}}{\rm{.}}} \right)\) etc.) corresponding to each gap value, and in the variation in magnitude of \({\Delta _{\rm{A}}^{\rm{n}}}\) with crystal orientation of the tunneling direction. Since much of the anisotropy literature is based largely on the interpretation of tunneling data, clearly, considerable care must be exercised in working backwards from tunneling characteristics to conclusions concerning fundamental energy gap properties.