cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gas velocity and collision line-width measurements using a laser source—I. theory

Abstract Theoretical relations are given for the spectral absorption coefficients of Doppler-broadened and dispersion-broadened lines, and also for lines with combined Doppler and dispersion broadening, in flow systems. It is then shown how absorption-coefficient measurements with laser light sources may be used to determine flow velocities or collision half-widths without the use of a high-resolution spectrograph.
Goals and characteristics of family-owned small businesses: an international replication and comparison between Middle America and Western Australia hospitality providers

This paper reports the results of an exploratory survey of family-owned small business operations in four Middle America states: Kansas, Oklahoma, Arkansas and Missouri. The survey is partially based on an earlier exploratory study done in rural Western Australia by Getz and Carlsen (2000). The results of the two sets of responses from the two regions of the world are compared and discussed, including the impact of the Hofstede cultural dimensions. The survey incorporates a series of questions related to starting the business, operational goals, succession goals, the nature of the business and family-related issues and goals. The implications for future research and for practitioners are discussed.
Event-based systems: opportunities and challenges at exascale

Streaming data models have been shown to be useful in many applications requiring high-performance data exchange. Application-level overlay networks are a natural way to realize these applications' data flows and their internal computations, but existing middleware is not designed to scale to the data rates and low overhead computations necessary for the high performance domain. This paper describes EVPath, a middleware infrastructure that supports the construction and management of overlay networks that can be customized both in topology and in the data manipulations being performed. Extending from a previous high-performance publish-subscribe system, EVPath not only provides for the low overhead movement and in-line processing of large data volumes, but also offers the flexibility needed to support the varied data flow and control needs of alternative higher-level streaming models. We explore some of the challenges of high performance event systems, including those experienced when operating an event infrastructure used to transport IO events at the scale of hundred+ thousand nodes. Specifically, when transporting output data from a large-scale simulation running on the ORNL Cray Jaguar petascale machine, a surprising new issue seen in experimentation at scale is the potential for strong perturbation of running applications from inappropriate speeds at which IO is performed. This requires the IO system's event transport to be explicitly scheduled to constrain resource competition, in addition to dynamically setting and changing the topologies of event delivery.
Dynamic changes in 13C NMR spectra of intact hearts under conditions of varied metabolite enrichment.

Dynamic changes in 13C NMR signal from enriched glutamate pools within hearts have been examined under varied conditions of metabolite pool size and fractional enrichment. Relative signal intensities of 13C-enriched glutamate isotope isomers were similar within spectra from both intact hearts and corresponding in vitro samples. The parameters used to assess metabolic activity with 13C NMR proved independent of fractional enrichment and pool size. The data show the importance of acknowledging unlabeled, 13C NMR invisible metabolites. © 1991 Academic Press, Inc.
Higher-harmonic bond-orientational correlations in a model planar hexatic glass

Experimental data on a laboratory model of a planar hexatic glass composed of ball bearings of two different diameters have been reanalyzed using digital imaging techniques. Higher-harmonic bond-orientational correlation functions are obtained up to the fourth order. They are found to exhibit a scaling behavior which is consistent with that expected in the spin-wave description of the low-temperature phase of the two-dimensional $\mathrm{XY}$ model.
446 ENDOCRINE FUNCTIONS DURING CARDIAC SURGERY IN HYPOTHERHIA

Hyperglycemia and hypocalcemia frequently complicate open heart surgery (OHS) in hypothermia (HOTH). We have studied 21 children (8wks-6yrs) before, during, and after OHS in HOTH and determined serum glucose (G), insulin (IN), growth hormone (GH), calcium (Ca) calcitonin (CT), and thyroid concentrations: IN conc. were suppressed during HOTH with an attendant increase in serum G levels. During rewarming, IN rebounded rapidly but transiently, suggesting insufficient hormone reserve. Ca declined during HOTH, but increased with rewarming. CT showed no variation with changing body temp. or Ca conc. GH increased with HOTH and post-arrest rewarming, but returned to normal within one hr of surgery. Preliminary thyroid studies suggested decreasing TSH and T4 with HOTH, which returned to baseline upon rewarming. CONCLUSION: OHS in HOTH is associated with profound endocrine changes. Their understanding may greatly aid in the management of OHS patients and improve surgical outcome.
Development of a Hybrid Involute Gear Profile

To achieve a gearset which will maintain the beneficial properties of using involute shaped teeth, while allowing the gear ratio to vary, a new gear profile has been identified. This new gear profile termed the “Hybrid Involute Profile”, maintains the unique characteristics of an involute gear profile with the addition of a specified angular acceleration. This allows for one gear to be engaged with another gear while the ratio between the two gears is changing. The development of the Hybrid Involute Profile exploits involutometry relationships and properties. The derivation of the Hybrid Involute Profile along with validation case studies are presented.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Effect of insulin on the metabolic distribution of carbons 1, 2, and 3 of pyruvate.

Abstract It has long been known that the carbons of pyruvate are converted to CO 2 at different points in the metabolic process. This report deals with the observation that insulin affects the oxidation of carbons 2 and 3 primarily and has little effect on the oxidation of the carboxyl carbon. Oxidation of different carbons of pyruvate and their incorporation into various metabolic components was studied in isolated rat hepatocytes. Insulin stimulated the 14 CO 2 production from [2- 14 C] and [3- 14 C]pyruvate and from [U- 14 C]alanine. However, it had little or no effect on the activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex as measured by the evolution of 14 CO 2 from [1- 14 C]pyruvate or [1- 14 C]alanine. Insulin also stimulated the incorporation of carbons 2 and 3 of pyruvate into protein but had no effect on the incorporation of carbon 1. Incorporation of [1- 14 C] and [U- 14 C]alanine into protein was differentially enhanced by insulin in a manner similar to that of the pyruvate carbons. The fact that insulin stimulates the incorporation of [1- 14 C]alanine into protein but not [1- 14 C]pyruvate suggests the possibility of a compartmentation of pyruvate metabolism in the isolated hepatocytes. These studies show that the stimulation of [2- 14 C]- and [3- 14 C]pyruvate incorporation into protein involves the stimulatory effect of insulin on the activity of the Krebs cycle which is evident from the fact that insulin did not stimulate the pyruvate carbons to enter protein via alanine but the incorporation via glutamate was increased by about 40%.
A class of single replicate orthogonal designs

A simple method is given to calculate the number of degrees of freedom confounded with blocks of a specific factorial effect in a single replicate orthogonal design. Two classes of designs having partial orthogonality are also discussed
Drought and urban water supplies: the case of metropolitan Athens

Abstract Droughts are ubiquitous phenomena presenting nascent obstacles for any planning and management efforts. Such difficulties may emanate from the fact that the pertinent efforts try to incorporate physical processes as well as highly complex interactions with the surrounding environment. The Athens metropolitan area, in Greece, has recently suffered through some of the worst droughts on record. In this context, the Athenian region provides a unique opportunity for a specific examination of drought, drought management implementation efforts on a large scale and of their evaluation under stressed physical, structural and socio-economic conditions. The overall approach allows also for a broader consideration of water resources in Greece, and of water resources planning and management status. As a result, drought management options may be introduced of both structural and non-structural measures with a greater sensitivity to the particular environment of the Athenian metropolis and by extension to similar localities around the world.
Peyronie's disease: A newly recognized autosomal‐dominant trait

Peyronie's disease, a connective tissue disorder of unknown cause, is characterized by the formation of thickened fibrous plaques on the dorsum of the penis. It often occurs simultaneously with other fibrotic changes, most notably Dupuytren's contracture of the hands or feet. There are no previous reports suggesting inheritance of this syndrome; however, Willscher et al reported an association between Peyronie's disease and antigens of the HLA-B7 cross-reacting group. Family studies were undertaken when three patients reported similarly affected first-degree relatives. One kindred showed father-to-son transmission of Peyronie's disease with Dupuytren's contracture in three generations. Pedigree analysis of the three families suggests that Peyronie's syndrome is a male-limited, autosomal-dominant trait. Antigens of the HLA-B7 cross-reacting group occurred in all three kindreds; however, the data ruled out close linkage of the disease and HLA.
Allograft Rejection by Primed/Memory CD8+ T Cells Is CD154 Blockade Resistant: Therapeutic Implications for Sensitized Transplant Recipients

We have shown that CD8+ CTLs are the key mediators of accelerated rejection, and that CD8+ T cells represent the prime targets of CD154 blockade in sensitized mouse recipients of cardiac allografts. However, the current protocols require CD154 blockade at the time of sensitization, whereas delayed treatment fails to affect graft rejection in sensitized recipients. To elucidate the mechanisms of costimulation blockade-resistant rejection and to improve the efficacy of CD154-targeted therapy, we found that alloreactive CD8+ T cells were activated despite the CD154 blockade in sensitized hosts. Comparative CD8 T cell activation study in naive vs primed hosts has shown that although both naive and primed/memory CD8+ T cells relied on the CD28 costimulation for their activation, only naive, not primed/memory, CD8+ T cells depend on CD154 signaling to differentiate into CTL effector cells. Adjunctive therapy was designed accordingly to deplete primed/memory CD8+ T cells before the CD154 blockade. Indeed, unlike anti-CD154 monotherapy, transient depletion of CD8+ T cells around the time of cardiac engraftment significantly improved the efficacy of delayed CD154 blockade in sensitized hosts. Hence, this report provides evidence for 1) differential requirement of CD154 costimulation signals for naive vs primed/memory CD8+ T cells, and 2) successful treatment of clinically relevant sensitized recipients to achieve stable long term graft acceptance.
Experimental Identification of Dynamic Force Coefficients for a 110 MM Compliantly Damped Hybrid Gas Bearing

Compliant hybrid gas bearings combine key enabling features from both fixed geometry externally pressurized gas bearings and compliant foil bearings. The compliant hybrid bearing relies on both hydrostatic and hydrodynamic film pressures to generate load capacity and stiffness to the rotor system, while providing damping through integrally mounted metal mesh bearing support dampers. This paper presents experimentally identified force coefficients for a 110 mm compliantly damped gas bearing using a controlled-motion test rig. Test parameters include hydrostatic inlet pressure, excitation frequency, and rotor speed. The experiments were structured to evaluate the feasibility of implementing these bearings in large size turbomachinery. Dynamic test results indicate weak dependency of equivalent direct stiffness coefficients to most test parameters except for frequency and speed, where higher speeds and excitation frequency decreased equivalent bearing stiffness values. The bearing system equivalent direct damping was negatively impacted by increased inlet pressure and excitation frequency, while the cross-coupled force coefficients showed values an order of magnitude lower than the direct coefficients. The experiments also include orbital excitations to simulate unbalance response representative of a target machine while synchronously traversing a critical speed. The results indicate that the gas bearing can accommodate vibration levels larger than the set bore clearance while maintaining satisfactory damping levels.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Relative Importance of Demographics, Locale, and Seasonality Underlying Louse and Flea Parasitism of Raccoons (Procyon lotor)

Abstract A variety of demographic, seasonal, and site-specific variables may influence parasitism, but the relative importance of these variables is generally unclear. We measured the relative ability of host characteristics, season, and site to explain louse (Trichodectes octomaculatus) and flea (Orchopeas howardi) infestation across 10 populations of raccoons (Procyon lotor). Lice are highly dependent on specific hosts and are predicted to display a relatively strong relationship with factors intrinsic to the host, when compared to fleas, which can infest multiple species and survive off-host for weeks without feeding. We developed a priori models that represented explicit hypotheses and contrasted their ability to predict infestation patterns. While the abundance of lice was seasonal, models that included solely host age and sex best predicted prevalence and abundance, in part because males were infested with 3 times the number of lice than were females. Conversely, flea prevalence and abundance, which...
The Small-for-Gestational Age Infant

After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Compare and contrast symmetric and asymmetric growth in small-for-gestational age (SGA) infants. 2. Describe common physical characteristics of the SGA infant. 3. Describe common problems encountered in SGA infants and their management. 4. Characterize postnatal growth and neurodevelopmental outcomes of SGA infants. More than 50 years ago, pediatricians and early “neonatologists” observed that newborns who had birthweights that were statistically less than the 10th percentile or 2 standard deviations below the mean weight for their gestational age experienced unique medical problems. These infants, termed small for gestational age (SGA), had more frequent problems with perinatal depression (“asphyxia”), hypothermia, hypoglycemia, polycythemia, long-term deficits in growth, and neurodevelopmental handicaps and higher rates of fetal and neonatal mortality (Fig. 1⇓ ). Despite improvements in perinatal diagnosis and treatment, SGA infants are still born regularly (more frequently in underdeveloped countries, but also in the United States and other developed areas), and their perinatal morbidity and mortality rates continue to exceed those of normal fetuses and infants. Figure 1. Morbidities specific to SGA infants. Adapted from Lubchenco LO. The High Risk Infant . Vol. XIV. In: Schaffer AJ, Markowitz M, eds. Major Problems in Clinical Pediatrics . Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders; 1976. As the specific morbidities associated with SGA infants were recognized, relatively standardized approaches to their evaluation and clinical management were established. However, there always have been conflicting data in the literature regarding differences between SGA and appropriate-for-gestational age (AGA) infants in areas such as long-term outcome, nutrient metabolism, and growth potential. Recent literature suggest that adults who experienced severe growth restriction in utero have a significantly increased incidence of hypertension, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. Additionally, new evidence suggests that untoward metabolic events in utero that produce fetal growth restriction also may produce lifelong alterations in growth …
Data reduction method for Q measurements of strip-line resonators

A technique that enables the attenuation constant alpha of a microstrip line to be found from the measured return loss curve as a function of frequency for a half-wavelength resonator is described. Data averaging is incorporated and the effects of dispersion are included. This method does not require the use of an equivalent resonator model for the stripline, nor does it rely on graphical techniques. >
Environmental benefits of biochar.

Understanding and improving environmental quality by reducing soil nutrient leaching losses, reducing bioavailability of environmental contaminants, sequestering C, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and enhancing crop productivity in highly weathered or degraded soils, has been the goal of agroecosystem researchers and producers for years. Biochar, produced by pyrolysis of biomass, may help attain these goals. The desire to advance understanding of the environmental and agronomic implication of biochar utilization led to the organization of the 2010 ASA-CSSA-SSSA Environmental Quality Division session entitled Biochar Effects on the Environment and Agricultural Productivity (Long Beach, CA; Oct. 31-Nov. 3). Twenty-five presentations from this session, and sessions at the 2010 U.S. Biochar Initiative Conference (Ames, IA; June 27-30) and Biochar Symposium 2010 (organized by Dr. Bruno Glaser; University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany, July 8-9), make up a special collection of review and technical research papers focused on biochar creation and utilization. Individual contributions deal with improvement of the biochar knowledge base, current information gaps, and future biochar research needs. The prospect of biochar utilization is promising, as biochars may be custom designed for specific environmental applications.
EilA, a HilA‐like regulator in enteroaggregative Escherichia coli

Summary Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is increasingly recognized as a diarrhoeal pathogen in developing and industrialized countries. Most EAEC virulence factors thus far described are encoded on virulence plasmid pAA, yet recent completion of the EAEC genome has suggested the presence of additional factors encoded on chromosomal islands. Previous reports have recognized the presence of a type III secretion system (T3SS), designated ETT2, at the glyU locus of prototype EAEC strain 042, along with possible T3SS effectors at the selC locus. The selC locus was also noted to harbour homologues of Salmonella enterica regulator HilA and of invasin from Yersinia spp., yet previous publications suggested that these loci may be silent. Here, we show that the genes of the selC locus are present inconsistently among a collection of well-characterized EAEC strains. Notably, however, there was perfect correlation between the presence of hilA-homologue eilA and predicted Yersinia invasin homologue gene eaeX. We hypothesized that if expressed, the putative gene product EilA would contribute to EAEC virulence in part by activation of the T3SS and its effectors. An eilA mutant was constructed in EAEC strain 042, and complementation was achieved by cloning the eilA gene under control of an arabinose-dependent promoter. In this system, we observed expression of at least seven genes to be affected by expression of eilA, either directly or indirectly: selC locus genes eipB, eipC, eipD, eicA and eaeX (renamed here air), as well as glyU ETT2 genes eivF and eivA. Notably, the eilA mutant was shown to be less adherent to epithelial cells in culture and to form less abundant biofilms than the isogenic parent. These effects were recapitulated in the air mutant, suggesting that the predicted outer membrane protein product of the air gene is involved as an accessory adhesin and aggregin of EAEC, coexpressed with the T3SS. Our data suggest that the T3SS of EAEC and presumed effectors located on different chromosomal islands may be coordinately activated by EilA, which also activates the genetically linked high molecular weight bacterial surface protein Air. Contributions of this new putative virulence-related regulon in EAEC may include adherence, aggregation, and as yet uncharacterized roles for the T3SS.
Chronic centrifugation (hypergravity) disrupts the circadian system of the rat.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the response of rat deep body temperature (DBT) and gross locomotor activity (LMA) circadian rhythms to acute hypergravity onset and adaptation to chroni...
Block circulant quasi-band matrix property for the SENSE unfolding in k-space and justification for GRAPPA

The k-space unfolding matrix for parallel imaging in MRI was examined and was found to have the structure of block circulant quasi-band, providing a rigorous mathematical justification for the interpolation kernel in the commonly used GRAPPA method. The optimal GRAPPA kernel size and dimension were closely related to sensitivity spectrum.
Induced Policy Innovation: Environmental Compliance Requirements for Dairies in Texas and Florida

Environmental policies make a difference in shaping producers’ choices among dairy production technologies, the sizes and locations of their dairies, and even which dairies ultimately survive. Induced policy innovation means producers reacting to policies, and policies, in turn, being shaped by their effects. Profiles of experiences with environmental compliance in Texas and Florida were analyzed. Results demonstrate that the timing and sequencing of policy signals make a difference in compliance behavior and options. Furthermore, ex ante assessments of the costs of environmental compliance are challenging to carry out, and consequently can undermine the policy goal of maintaining the maximum number of options for compliance.
Looking at Hubble through the Eyes of JWST

The phase retrieval algorithm developed for the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is applied to archival image data that was originally used to characterize the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) primary mirror edge defect. The value obtained for the spherical aberration is compared with earlier values reported by several teams comprising the Hubble Aberration Recovery Project (HARP). Several lessons learned from the Hubble phase retrieval problem are described and a discussion is given on how these have been incorporated into the JWST Observatory design.
Arrhythmias in the Athlete With Congenital Heart Disease: Guidelines For Participation

Advances in the diagnosis and early management of congenital heart disease in recent decades have led to increasing numbers of individuals being sufficiently well to participate in social as well as truly competitive sports. Physicians are increasingly asked whether such participation is safe, advisable, and efficacious, yet few guidelines exist to help them make these decisions. There are three apparent subgroups of patients: (a) those with mild or repaired problems, who function normally or nearly so and may fully participate; (b) those with severe functional deficit or known high risk, for whom strenuous exertion must be strictly proscribed; and (c) those who fall in between, with some limitations and some risk—these patients present a great challenge to the wisdom and clinical skill of the physician.
Macular pigment: influences on visual acuity and visibility.

There is increasing evidence that the macular pigment (MP) carotenoids lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z) protect the retina and lens from age-related loss. As a result, the use of L and Z supplements has increased dramatically in recent years. An increasing number of reports have suggested that L and Z supplementation (and increased MP density) are related to improved visual performance in normal subjects and patients with retinal and lenticular disease. These improvements in vision could be due either to changes in the underlying biology and/or optical changes. The optical mechanisms, i.e., preferential absorption of short-wave light, underlying these putative improvements in vision, however, have not been properly evaluated. Two major hypotheses are discussed. The acuity hypothesis posits that MP could improve visual function by reducing the effects of chromatic aberration. The visibility hypothesis is based on the idea that MP may improve vision through the atmosphere by preferentially absorbing blue haze (short-wave dominant air light that produces a veiling luminance when viewing objects at a distance).
Incremental programming with extensible decisions

Languages that support incremental programming, that is, the construction of new program components by specifying how they differ from existing components, allow for clean separation of concerns. Object-oriented languages support incremental programming with inheritance and dynamic dispatch features: whenever a message is sent, a decision occurs, but the branches of the decision can be specified in separate components. Aspect-oriented programming and predicate dispatching both introduce language mechanisms that improve on this support by allowing an extensible decision to depend on information about the message send other than just the dynamic type of the receiver or arguments. A small prototype language is presented that unifies the best features of these mechanisms, providing uniform support for incremental programming whether concerns are crosscutting or not. The language is demonstrated with a running example, a small data structure library that is incrementally extended with optimizations and new operations.
A design for a security-typed language with certificate-based declassification

This paper presents a calculus that supports information-flow security policies and certificate-based declassification. The decentralized label model and its downgrading mechanisms are concisely expressed in the polymorphic lambda calculus with subtyping (System F≽). We prove a conditioned version of the noninterference theorem such that authorization for declassification is justified by digital certificates from public-key infrastructures.
HEp-2 cell classification in IIF images using Shareboost

Indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) imaging is a method used for detection of antinuclear auto-antibodies (ANA) for the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. We present a feature extraction and classification scheme to classify the fluorescence staining patterns of HEp-2 cells in IIF images. We propose a set of complementary features that are sensitive to staining pattern variations among classes. Our feature set utilizes local shape measures via Hessian matrix, gradient features using our adaptive robust structure tensors and texture features. We apply our multi-view ShareBoost algorithm to this set using each feature descriptor as a separate view. ShareBoost utilizes a single re-sampling distribution for all views that helps the classifier to exploit the interplay between subspaces and is robust to noisy labels. Our experimental results show an average of over 90 percent accuracy in classification of six HEp-2 cell types.
A family of suboptimum detectors for coherent multiuser communications

Consideration is given to a class of suboptimum detectors for data transmitted asynchronously by K users employing direct-sequence spread-spectrum multiple access (DS/SSMA) on the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. The general structure of these detectors consists of a bank of matched filters, a linear transformation that operates on the matched-filter outputs, and a set of threshold devices. The linear transformations are chosen to minimize either a mean-squared-error or a weighted-squared-error performance criterion. Each detector can be implemented using a tapped delay line. The number of computations performed per detected bit is linear in K in each case, and the resulting detectors are thus much simpler than the optimum detector. Under typical operating conditions, these detectors will perform much better than the conventional receiver and often nearly as well as the optimum detector. >
ICA of fMRI data: Performance of three ICA algorithms and the importance of taking correlation information into account

Independent component analysis (ICA) has proven useful for the analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. In this paper, we compare the performance of three ICA algorithms and show the importance of taking sample correlation information into account. The three ICA algorithms are Infomax, the most widely used algorithm for fMRI analysis, entropy bound minimization (EBM) that adapts to a wide range of source distributions, and full blind source separation (FBSS) which has the ability to incorporate a flexible density model along with sample correlation information. We apply these three ICA algorithms to fMRI data from multiple subjects performing an auditory oddball task (AOD). We show that FBSS leads to significant improvement in the estimation of both the spatial activation and the time courses of several components. More importantly, by taking the correlation information into account, the default mode network (DMN) component, an important one in the study of brain function, is more consistently estimated using FBSS.
Digital mountain: from granite archive to global access

Large-scale, multiterabyte digital libraries are becoming feasible due to decreasing costs of storage, CPU, and bandwidth. However, costs associated with preparing content for input into the library remain high due to the amount of human labor required. We describe the digital microfilm pipeline -sequence of image processing operations used to populate a large-scale digital library from a "mountain" of microfilm and reduce the human labor involved. Essential parts of the pipeline include algorithms for document zoning and labeling, consensus-based template creation, reversal of geometric transformations and just-in-time browsing, an interactive technique for progressive access of image content over a low-bandwidth medium. We also suggest more automated approaches to cropping, enhancement and data extraction.
Differential regulation of mnp2, a new manganese peroxidase-encoding gene from the ligninolytic fungus Trametes versicolor PRL 572

A peroxidase-encoding gene, mnp2, and its corresponding cDNA were characterized from the white-rot basidiomycete Trametes versicolor PRL 572. We used quantitative reverse transcriptase-mediated PCR to identify mnp2 transcripts in nutrient-limited stationary cultures. Although mnp2 lacks upstream metal response elements (MREs), addition of MnSO4 to cultures increased mnp2 transcript levels 250-fold. In contrast, transcript levels of an MRE-containing gene of T. versicolor, mnp1, increased only eightfold under the same conditions. Thus, the manganese peroxidase genes in T. versicolor are differentially regulated, and upstream MREs are not necessarily involved. Our results support the hypothesis that fungal and plant peroxidases arose through an ancient duplication and folding of two structural domains, since we found the mnp1 and mnp2 polypeptides to have internal homology.
Serialization of Behavior During Car Following in Older Drivers

Age-related declines in cognitive functioning can push older adults to adopt strategies that may or may not improve their driving safety. Previous research suggests one strategy involves performing complex driving tasks (e.g., right turn negotiation) in discrete steps (“serialization”) rather than fluidly. The current study used simulator scenarios developed to test possible age-related serialization of behavior during complex car following. In all scenarios, participants closely monitored a lead vehicle using sustained attention. During multi-tasking scenarios, drivers performed an additional localization task designed to increase the demands on attention. The results demonstrate that older adults showed general impairments in multi-tasking and vehicle control during car following. Importantly, age-associated changes in task execution were observed, demonstrating older adults also serialize car following behavior under certain conditions. As a result, older drivers withdrew attention from the lead vehicle for several seconds. This pattern of behavior identifies a remediable situation where age-associated impairments may increase crash risk.
SIGOURNEA MULTIDENTATA , A NEW STEM TETRAPOD FROM THE UPPER MISSISSIPPIAN OF IOWA, USA

Abstract Sigournea multidentata n. gen. and sp., an early tetrapod, is described from the Late Mississippian Delta locality of southern Iowa, USA. The holotype and only known specimen, a right mandible, is unique in the structure of the symphysial region, and in addition has a unique combination of characters that are shared with other tetrapods. The free ventral border of the single exomeckelian fenestra is formed by infradentary bones. Its visible portion shows several arch bases, separated by notched or straight intervals. This morphology is interpreted as indicating that the arch bases and intervals between them reflected a series of Meckelian fenestrae that were partly exo- and partly endoskeletal, due to the fact that the exoskeletal arch bases continued dorsally in Meckelian cartilage. We suggest that this may exemplify a stage in the evolution of exomeckelian fenestrae, in at least some lineages of early tetrapods. The relations of Sigournea are indeterminate. That it is a tetrapod is indicated by...
Intrinsic Circuitry of the Superior Colliculus: Pharmacophysiological Identification of Horizontally Oriented Inhibitory Interneurons

Meredith, M. Alex and Ary S. Ramoa. Intrinsic circuitry of the superior colliculus: pharmacophysiological identification of horizontally oriented inhibitory interneurons. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 1597–...
Antiplatelet Agents in Cardiology: A Report on Aspirin, Clopidogrel, Prasugrel, and Ticagrelor

Antiplatelet drugs are the cornerstone of therapy in many cardiovascular conditions. With the current success and increased use of transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI), the use of antiplatelet therapy is considered part of the medical therapy for these patients. Clinicians caring for these patients need to have a thorough understanding of the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamic, and clinical efficacy and safety of commonly used antiplatelet therapy. While aspirin therapy is widely used, dual antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel has become part of standard of care. Despite the extensive experience with clopidogrel, there are limitations such as drug interactions, metabolism genetic polymorphisms, and variability in the antiplatelet response. More predictable and more potent antiplatelet agents, prasugrel and ticagrelor, have demonstrated superior reductions in ischemic endpoints as part of dual antiplatelet therapy compared to clopidogrel, but at the cost of more major bleeding in patients with an acute coronary syndrome. Significant research needs to be conducted in the setting of TAVI to help define the optimal antiplatelet regimen.
A double-blind comparative immunotypic study between two institutions phenotyping non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.

To establish the feasibility of immunotyping specimens transported over great distance, the University of Arizona and the Cleveland Clinic exchanged 39 lymphoma cases (26 B-cell, 13 T-cell cases) via air express for phenotyping. They were exchanged with the use of glass slides with adherent snap-frozen sections. The method involved immunohistochemistry using a common battery of 20 antibodies directed at B- and T-cell antigens. Using similar, but not identical, methods and reagents, cases were assayed before and after transport. Results were generated as paired determinations in a double-blind fashion (1,338 total determinations, 669 paired determinations/669 antigens). Using "pretransport" values as the baseline, there was subsequent agreement with baseline in 624 of 669 antigenic determinations (93.3%) and disagreement in 45 (6.7%). Interinstitutional agreement was 94% for T-antigens (Leu-1-7,9) and 93% for B-antigens (K, lambda; IgM, G, A, D; B1, B2, B4, L14; J5, common acute lymphocyte leukemia antigen [CALLA]; Ia). In spite of 6.7% disagreement, there was agreement of overall phenotypic profile (e.g., B vs. T and subset stage) in all 39 cases. This is because discrepancies were isolated and the battery offset undue reliance on a single antigen. The disagreements relate mainly to certain B-antigens: CALLA/J5 (eight disagreements) and B1 and B2 (six and five disagreements, respectively). T-antigen disagreements were more sporadic (e.g., Leu-5 [three disagreements]). These discrepancies may relate to antigen loss with transport, variable antigen density or antibody avidity, methodologic differences, quality of reagents, or differences of phenotype interpretation. A further exchange of the 45 disagreement slides indicated that difference of observer interpretation was a minor factor (3 of 45). In conclusion, the authors' study demonstrates a high degree of immunotype reproducibility (approximately 93%), suggesting promise for institutions doing collaborative lymphoma studies.
A New Notonecta from Arabia.

In a collection of insects sent to me for determination by Dr. W. E. China, of the British Museum, were two specimens of a large backswimmer from Arabia. Dr. China wrote that the specimens appeared to him to be undescribed. I was inclined at first to ascribe them to N. violacea Kirkaldy. A comparison with Kirkaldy's type, however, convinces me that these two female specimens represent an undescribed species.
PS2-41: Mapping VDW Data Using SAS/GRAPH

Background Most healthcare data have a spatial dimension. For investigators preparing a study, displaying the target population sizes or certain healthcare utilization in different geographic areas in a map will be very visual for investigators to know how the disease is spread and how much healthcare resources are used. For programmers who manage the database, presenting the geographic distribution of patient demographics, enrollment and utilization in a map could be the first step to check whether the data volume is normal and complete. When healthcare data are presented to audience, an informative map is worth a thousand words! However, map creation usually involves specialized software and is time-consuming. In SAS 9.2, creating highly-customized maps becomes surprisingly easy using GMAP procedure. This presentation/poster introduces several SAS macros that can transfer frequency tables of variables in VDW into colors and symbols on maps.
Glycolytic Products and Ischemic Myocardial Damage

The biochemical cause of the time dependent transition from reversible to irreversible damage in ischemic myocardium is not known. Tissue damage has been reported to involve alterations in many cellular events, several of which are interrelated. This makes it difficult to distinguish cause and effect relationships. Either or both of the primary factors causing ischemic damage, i.e., decreased oxygen supply and ATP content or accumulation of metabolic products, may initiate a heterogeneous cascade of metabolic and structural alterations that collectively cause irreversible damage. However, the precise nature of this initiating factor is still poorly understood.
Food security in the face of climate change: Adaptive capacity of small-scale social-ecological systems to environmental variability

Abstract Improving the adaptive capacity of small-scale irrigation systems to the impacts of climate change is crucial for food security in Asia. This study analyzes the capacity of small-scale irrigation systems dependent on the Asian monsoon to adapt to variability in river discharge caused by climate change. Our study is motivated by the Pumpa irrigation system, a small-scale irrigation system located in Nepal that is a model for this type of system. We developed an agent-based model in which we simulated the decisions farmers make about the irrigation strategy to use according to available water flow. Given the uncertainty associated with how climate change may affect the Asian monsoon, we simulated the performance of the system under different projections of climate change in the region (increase and decrease in rainfall, reduction and expansion of the monsoon season, and changes in the timing of the onset of the monsoon). Accordingly to our simulations, farmers might need to adapt to rainfall intensification and a late onset in the monsoon season. The demands for collective action among farmers (e.g. infrastructure repair, meetings, decisions, etc.) might increase considerably due to climate change. Although our model suggests that investment in new infrastructure might increase the performance of the system under some climate change scenarios, the high inequality among farmers when water availability is reduced might hinder the efficiency of these measures due to a reduction of farmers’ willingness to cooperate. Our modeling exercise helps to hypothesize about the most sensitive climate change scenarios for smallscale irrigation farming in Nepal and helps to frame a discussion of some possible solutions and fundamental trade-offs in the process of adaptation to improve for food and water security under climate change.
Multiscale Traffic Flow Modeling

Thus far, this book has presented traffic flow theory progressively from macroscopic to microscopic to picoscopic and from the “obvious” field observations to simple equilibrium models to involved dynamic models to complicated driver-vehicle-environment closed-loop systems. It is natural to extend the line of thinking to multiscale modeling, where high-level models provide a system-wide overview, whereas low level models describe local operation details. This chapter presents a broad perspective on traffic flow modeling for a spectrum of four scales. Modeling objectives and model properties at each scale are discussed and existing efforts are reviewed. To ensure modeling consistency and provide a microscopic basis for macroscopic models, it is critical to address the coupling among models at different scales—that is, how less detailed models are derived from more detailed models and, conversely, how more detailed models are aggregated to less detailed models. With this understanding, a consistent modeling approach is proposed on the basis of field theory, and modeling strategies at each of the four scales are discussed. In addition, a few special cases are formulated at the both microscopic scale and the macroscopic scale. Numerical and empirical results suggest that these special cases perform satisfactorily and aggregate to realistic macroscopic behavior. By ensuring model coupling and modeling consistency, the proposed approach establishes the theoretical foundation for traffic modeling and simulation at multiple scales seamlessly within a single system.
Voltage stability evaluation by using extended modal analysis with dynamic internal impedance of synchronous generators

The steady-state analysis of power system voltage stability usually overlooks the dynamic characteristic of internal impedance of synchronous generators, which may cause errors when evaluating the margin of voltage stability. In this paper, the dynamic generator internal impedance (dGII) is calculated based on phasor measurements. Then the dGIIs are incorporated into the modal analysis of the power system to get an extended admittance matrix and the corresponding Jacobian matrix. The eigenvalue of the extended Jacobian matrix offers a relative measure to predict the voltage instability. By considering the dGIIs, the extended modal method is able to estimate the voltage instability more accurately than the conventional one without dGIIs. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by the simulation studies on a 4-bus system, a WECC 9-bus system, and an IEEE 14-bus system.
A Musician Presents with Unusual Facial Movements, Insomnia, and Depression

RB, a relatively healthy 68-year-old musician, is referred for psychiatric treatment after reporting several months of distressing episodic movements. His partner described the sudden-onset episodes as spasm-like flexing of one arm and hand, accompanied by bizarre facial grimaces. The episodes, which occurred day and night and lasted 1–2 s, had been increasing in frequency over the few months prior to evaluation. Nocturnal episodes could approach 45 per night, severely disrupting his sleep. Episodes were associated with speech arrest but preserved consciousness and “weird, intrusive thoughts and images,” such as thinking of the letter “X.”
The Colin de Verdière parameter, excluded minors, and the spectral radius

Abstract In this paper we characterize graphs which maximize the spectral radius of their adjacency matrix over all graphs of Colin de Verdiere parameter at most m. We also characterize graphs of maximum spectral radius with no H as a minor when H is either K r or K s , t . Interestingly, the extremal graphs match those which maximize the number of edges over all graphs with no H as a minor when r and s are small, but not when they are larger.
Defining the location of promoter-associated R-loops at near-nucleotide resolution using bisDRIP-seq

Genes contain coded instructions for making proteins. When the cell needs to use a gene, molecular machinery assembles near the start of the gene in regions called promoters. Part of this machinery then reads along the gene, making a copy of the code in the form of a DNA-like molecule called RNA. These RNAs typically contain regions called exons, which carry the instructions, interspersed with spacer regions called introns. As RNAs are made they are 'spliced' to chop out the introns, leaving behind the final instructions. Most DNA exists in a double helix shape with two connected DNA strands, but the regions near the start of genes often contain structures called R-loops. In these structures, one strand of the DNA partners up with a single strand of RNA, forcing the other strand to bulge out on its own. Their location at gene promoters indicates that R-loops could change the cell's use of genes by impacting the machines that assemble near the start of genes. However, R-loops are not well understood. A major barrier to understanding the role of R-loops is that we do not know exactly where they are with respect to the start of genes. Dumelie and Jaffrey now report a new method to map R-loops almost to the resolution of single letters of the DNA code – a method which they called bisDRIP-seq. The approach extends an existing technique called DRIP-seq, which uses antibodies to capture DNA sequences stuck to strands of RNA. It can find R-loops, but it cannot tell the difference between the loop itself and the DNA surrounding it. The new technique uses a chemical called bisulfite to alter the DNA letters. It only affects the loop of the R-loop because the RNA shields the other strand. Sequencing then pinpoints the modified letters, revealing the exact location of the loop. For human cells grown in the laboratory, the technique found that R-loops form between the start of the gene and its first intron. Some genes do not have any introns, and in these cases, the R-loops extended deep into the code. Most human genes have only a small amount of DNA between the start site and the first intron, which may act to limit the effect of R-loops in these genes. This new technique allows the high-resolution study of R-loops, and could help to reveal their role in regulating genes. Abnormal R-loops have already been linked to a small set of human diseases like fragile-X syndrome. As the tools to study R-loops improve, it is possible that scientists will make connections to other diseases. In time, improved understanding of these structures could lead to better diagnosis, and eventually treatment, for these conditions.