cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The bond energies of Cr2 and Cr+2

Abstract The collision-induced dissociation (CID) of Cr + 2 , Cr + 3 , Cr + 4 , and Cr + 5 with Xe is studied by using guided ion beam mass spectrometry. Measurement of the threshold for CID of Cr + 2 gives its bond energy as 1.30 ± 0.06 eV. This value is combined with the thresholds for CID of Cr + 3 to form Cr + 2 + Cr and Cr + + Cr 2 to yield a neutral Cr 2 bond energy of 1.42 ± 0.10 eV and an ionization energy for Cr 2 of 6.89 ± 0.08 eV. Studies of the CID of Cr + 4 and Cr + 5 provide similar but less precise values. The neutral bond energy measured here agrees well with the literature but IE(Cr 2 ) and D (Cr + 2 ) differ from previous work. The bonding in Cr + 2 is discussed in an effort to explain the origins of the discrepancies.
The use of motivational interviewing to manage behavioral changes in hand injured clients.

Abstract Individuals vary in the degree in which they are willing to make significant changes in areas of their daily life, especially after an illness or injury. Motivational interviewing (MI) has been used to predict a persons’ readiness to change and to build the necessary intrinsic motivation that is needed to make difficult changes. The article describes the stages of change model and strategies that can be applied to patients in different stages of change. Vignettes are provided to apply the various principles of MI and to assist hand therapists with an approach that supports the recovery efforts of their patients.
Modeling Moisture Transport from a Portland Cement-Based Material During Storage in Reactive and Inert Atmospheres

Abstract Monolithic samples of a cement mortar were stored in reactive (100% CO2) and inert (100% N2) atmospheres at three levels of relative humidity (23, 48, and 98%). Atmospheric conditions were monitored and the mass of each sample was measured periodically over a period of 88 days. Carbonation depth of split samples was delineated using 1% phenolphthalein solution. In addition, a solid–liquid isotherm was developed by drying smaller monoliths over eight hygroscopic salt solutions in 100% N2 until a constant mass was obtained. Isotherm experimental data was used to parameterize a two-regime moisture transport model based on previously developed drying approaches. This first-order model accounts for both funicular moisture transport and isothermally controlled drying in a fixed porous matrix. Kinetic drying data for the cement mortar was described adequately by simulation of mean relative saturation as a function of drying time and external relative humidity. Comparison of moisture transport in the ine...
A dynamic solution concept for abstract games

Several solution concepts have been defined for abstract games. Some of these are the core, due to Gillies and Shapley, the Von Neumann-Morgenstern stable sets, and the subsolutions due to Roth. These solution concepts are rather static in nature. In this paper, we propose a new solution concept for abstract games, called the dynamic solution, that reflects the dynamic aspects of negotiation among the players. Some properties of the dynamic solution are studied. Also, the dynamic solution of abstract games arising fromn-person cooperative games in characteristic function form is investigated.
Neurotoxic implications of the agonistic action of CS-syndrome pyrethroids on the N-type Cav2.2 calcium channel

BACKGROUND: Cismethrin (T-syndrome) and deltamethrin (CS-syndrome) pyrethroids have been previously shown to increase membrane depolarization and calcium influx, but only deltamethrin increased Ca2+-dependent neurotransmitter release from rat brain synaptosomes. Deltamethrin's action was blocked by ω-conotoxin GVIA, delineating a separate action at N-type Cav2.2 channels that is consistent with the in vivo release of neurotransmitter. It is hypothesized that other CS-syndrome pyrethroids will elicit similar actions at presynaptic nerve terminals. RESULTS: Nine additional pyrethroids were similarly examined, and these data were used in a cluster analysis. CS-syndrome pyrethroids that possessed α-cyano groups, cypermethrin, deltamethrin and esfenvalerate, all caused Ca2+ influx and neurotransmitter release and clustered with two other α-cyano pyrethroids, cyfluthrin and cyhalothrin, that shared these same actions. T-syndrome pyrethroids, bioallethrin, cismethrin and fenpropathrin, did not share these actions and clustered with two non-α-cyano pyrethroids, tefluthin and bifenthrin, which likewise did not elicit these actions. Deltamethrin reduced peak current of heterologously expressed wild-type Cav2.2, increased peak current of T422E Cav2.2 and was 20-fold more potent on T422E Cav2.2 than on wild-type channels, indicating that the permanently phosphorylated form of Cav2.2 is the preferred target. CONCLUSIONS: Cav2.2 is directly modified by deltamethrin, but the resulting perturbation is dependent upon its phosphorylation state. The present findings may provide a partial explanation for the different toxic syndromes produced by these structurally distinct pyrethroids. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
In vivo and in vitro applications of collagen-GAG scaffolds

Tissue engineering scaffolds are used extensively as three-dimensional analogs of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Collagen-glycosaminoglycan (CG) scaffolds have long been utilized as ECM analogs for the regeneration of skin and are currently being considered for the regeneration of nerve, conjunctiva, and a host or orthopedic tissues. Recently a series of CG scaffolds with a uniform pore microstructure has been developed with a range of sizes of equiaxed pores. Experimental characterization and theoretical modeling techniques have been used to describe the pore microstructure, specific surface area, tensile and compressive mechanical properties, cell attachment, and permeability of these variants. Here we describe the fabrication, and characterization, and modeling of a series of CG and mineralized CG scaffolds. We then discuss their use in vivo to induce tissue regeneration following injury and in vitro as standardized 3D materials to study the influence of microstructural and mechanical features on cell behaviors such as motility and contraction.
DNA Mismatch Repair Enzyme Activity and Gene Expression in Prostate Cancer

Microsatellite instability (MSI) of short repetitive sequences in human chromosomal DNA can result from defective DNA mismatch repair function in tumor cells. We hypothesize that DNA mismatch repair (MMR) activity is down-regulated during prostatic carcinogenesis. To test this hypothesis, MMR activities and mismatch repair-related genes were analyzed in five different prostate cancer cell lines. Our results demonstrate that MMR activities were decreased as compared to MMR proficient HeLa cells. Interestingly, LNCaP, PC-3 and DU145 had much lower MMR activities as compared to DUPro and TSUPr1. The MMR-related genes (hMLH1, hPMS1, hPMS2, hMSH2, hMSH3, hMSH6) showed mRNA transcripts in all prostate cancer cell lines. However, Western blotting showed decreased or absent hMLH1 protein expression in PC-3, DU145, DUPro and TSUPr1 cells. Similarly, the hMSH2 protein expression was low or absent in DU145 and LNCaP cells. This is the first report that demonstrates decreased MMR activities is associated with low expression of hMLH1, hMSH2 and other MMR-related proteins in prostate cancer.
Nuclear disintegration of some complex nuclei by 60-MeV muons

Cross sections for muodisintegration reactions ((${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$,${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}\mathrm{xN}$)) at ${T}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}=60$ MeV on eight nuclei from $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ to $^{203}\mathrm{Tl}$ have been measured by activation techniques. The cross sections, like those for comparable electron reactions, increase with target mass number. An additional measurement with 30-MeV ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}$ on $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ shows a positive energy dependence. The observation that $\ensuremath{\sigma}({\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+},{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}xn)l\ensuremath{\sigma}({\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}},{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}xn)$ for heavy nuclei implies the presence of Coulomb distortion of the muon trajectories. Calculations employing the virtual photon method in the plane-wave Born approximation, together with reported photonuclear cross sections, give good agreement with the $^{12}\mathrm{C}$($\ensuremath{\mu}$,${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{'}}n$)$^{11}\mathrm{C}$ results, but not with those for higher-$Z$ nuclei.NUCLEAR REACTIONS Muon scattering, 60-MeV (${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}$,${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+\ensuremath{'}}\mathrm{xN}$) cross sections in $^{12}\mathrm{C}$, $^{46,48}\mathrm{Ti}$, $^{58}\mathrm{Ni}$, $^{63}\mathrm{Cu}$, $^{174}\mathrm{Yb}$, $^{197}\mathrm{Au}$, $^{203}\mathrm{Tl}$; 30-MeV ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}$ on $^{12}\mathrm{C}$; 60-MeV ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ on $^{12}\mathrm{C}$, $^{63}\mathrm{Cu}$, $^{197}\mathrm{Au}$, and $^{203}\mathrm{Tl}$. Activation method, natural targets, enriched $^{203}\mathrm{Tl}$. Comparison with plane-wave Born approximation (PWBA) virtual photon calculations.
Identification of Inhibin Secreted by Cynomolgus Monkey Sertoli Cell Cultures

An inhibin was identified in the media of primary Sertoli cell-enriched cultures from the cynomolgus monkey, Macaca fascicularis, and some of its biochemical properties were studied. Conditioned monkey Sertoli cell culture medium (m-SCCM), when added to pituitary cells from 6-week-old male rats, inhibited the basal secretion of FSH but not that of LH. This specificity was lost after the addition of GnRH; mSCCM inhibited not only FSH but also LH release, determined by both RIA and mouse interstitial cell bioassay, from pituitary cells exposed for 6 h to 10 nm GnRH. FSH-inhibiting activity persisted when m-SCCM was boiled for 30 min, but activity was lost after incubation for 1 h at 37 C with 0.1% trypsin. m-SCCM inhibin activity was completely retained by Concanavalin A-Sepharose and could be eluted with 0.2 m α-methyl-d-glucoside. Gel filtration high pressure liquid chromatography with a Su-perose-12 column revealed inhibin activity between 20–60K, with the greatest activity at 40K. Our results indicate t...
K-Series Centrifuges I. Development of the K-II continuous-sample-flow-with-banding centrifuge system for vaccine purification

Summary The K-II continuous-sample-flow-with-banding-9 zonal centrifuge hasbeen developed for large-scale virus isolation. The cylindrical aluminum rotor (capacity 3600 ml) contains a 3 liter gradient and has a 700 ml stream volume. Fluid line seals are located on opposite ends of the rotor, eliminating the possibility of cross-leakage. An air turbine drive is used to accelerate the rotor to 35,000 rpm (83,440g, maximum). The development of safe armor and control systems is described.
Spectral Analysis of Two-Dimensional Contact Problems

Contact problems can be converted into the spatial frequency domain using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) techniques. Spectral analysis is used to develop an algebraic relationship between the surface displacement and the contact pressure. This relationship can be used to find the contact pressure or displacement for the contact of smooth surfaces or the complete contact of rough surfaces. In addition to providing rapid, robust solutions to contact problems, the algebraic relationship contains details of the relationship between surface displacement and contact pressure on different length scales. In particular, it is shown that the frequency composition of pressure is similar to that for slope of the surface displacement. Thus, the high frequency content of the surface profile gives rise to high localized contact pressure, in some cases singular pressure for complete contact. However, measurement limitations always lead to the omission of certain high frequency components of the surface profile. Assuming that the high frequency content of the surface profile obeys a power law, spectral analysis is also used to estimate partial contact parameters. This result relates the exponent of the power law to the contact pressure and implied surface integrity. It is concluded that spectral analysis can be combined with the FFT to provide a useful technique for classifying rough surface contacts.
Synthesis and reactivity of bis(heptamethylindenyl) yttrium (Ind*2Y) complexes containing alkyl and hydride ligands: crystal structure of Ind*2YCl(THF)

The syntheses and reactivities of yttrium alkyl and hydride complexes containing a sterically demanding, bis(heptamethylindenyl) ligand set are reported. The chloride complex Ind*2YCl(THF) (2, Ind* = heptamethylindenyl) was prepared by the reaction of Ind*Na (1, 2 equiv) with YCl3 in THF. Compound 2 was structurally characterized. Complex reaction mixtures were obtained when compound 2 was treated with KSi(SiMe3)3 or (THF)3LiSi(SiMe3)3, although 2 reacted readily with MeLi to yield the methyl complex Ind*2YMe(THF) (3). Treatment of 3 with H2 or PhSiH3 gave the base-stabilized hydride complex Ind*2YH(THF) (4). The base-free chloride complex Ind*2YCl (5) was synthesized by the reaction of 1 (2 equiv) with YCl3 in toluene. Treatment of 2 with LiCH(SiMe3)2 yielded the base-free alkyl complex Ind*2YCH(SiMe3)2 (6). No reaction was observed between 6 and CH4, and complex reaction mixtures were obtained when 6 was treated with H2 or PhSiH3. However, when 6 was treated with H2 in the presence of THF, the transient hydride Ind*2YH was trapped as complex 4. The increased steric bulk of 6 leads to a slower reaction with PhSiH3 as compared to Cp*2YCH(SiMe3)2 (7).
Controlled Electromigration for Field Failure Acceleration

The advent of SMT has caused a new concern for the electromigration failure mechanism. The new smaller electronic assemblies with higher density interconnections now are prime candidates for catastrophic field failures. Since the failure mechanism is so well-known and documented, it is possible to take advantage of these known responses to environmental, chemical, and physical properties and develop a procedure for testing components, boards, and entire assemblies. In order for electromigration to occur three things are necessary: ions, moisture, and an electric potential. Since removal of any one of these three necessary items will inhibit the process and prevent electromigration, a carefully controlled experiment Can be established to determine threshold values for each parameter. Once these threshold values are quantified, they can be used to predict the outcome of a device under test. A simple test for stressing specific areas of an assembly has been developed. This test can then be applied to a functional system or component and a life expectancy can be predicted. In this manner, incompatible components can be eliminated from the system or their surfaces prepared in such a manner as to prevent its premature demise. Some of the areas to which this type of testing is well-suited are printed circuit board platings, component platings, and final assembly cleaning. With this information the best possible process can be determined for coating the exposed metal surfaces so that maximum reliability is achieved.
Age-dependent branching processes and sampling frameworks for mortality and marital variables in nonstable populations

Abstract During recent years there has been increasing recognition of the problem of understanding sampling frameworks when attempts are being made to estimate various probability distributions from fertility survey data. It is widely recognized that survey data are “selected” in certain ways, depending on how the sample is defined, andthe need arises to somehow accomodate “selection” in estimation procedures. The purpose ofthis paper is, accordingly, to develop sampling frames for studying several mortality and marital variables within the framework of generalized age-dependent branching processes. By studying mortality and marital variables within the framework of branching processes, it is possible to remove the restriction, underlying the work of Sheps and Menken (1972), that the population must be in a stable or stationary state.
Mindfulness Facets Predict Helping Behavior and Distinct Helping-Related Emotions

Contemplative practices have long emphasized the development of mindfulness: a skill that involves present-focused attention and nonjudgmental acceptance of experiences. In the current study, we examine the relationship between these two facets of mindfulness—which are independent in novices—and helping behavior and its emotional correlates. Attention and acceptance each predicted self-reported engagement in real-world helping behavior. Additionally, present-focused attention predicted increased positive emotions during helping—such as love/closeness, moral elevation, and joy—but did not predict negative emotions. By contrast, nonjudgmental acceptance predicted decreased negative emotions during helping—such as stress, disgust, and guilt—but did not predict positive emotions. When helping others, it appears to take two processes—attention and acceptance—to support our intention and reap the richest emotional consequences.
Child sexual revictimization by multiple perpetrators

Abstract Objective: The objectives of this study were to describe feelings, disclosure characteristics, family dysfunction, and health risky behaviors in those adolescents having unwanted sexual experiences (USE; any kind of sexual touching that was bad, uncomfortable, or forced) with multiple perpetrators and to compare these parameters with those adolescents having USE(s) with single perpetrators. Method: A cross-sectional survey of consecutive waiting room patients from four clinic sites was done in 538 adolescents and young adults; 76% of the study population were Hispanic and over half were poor. One hundred sixty-one subjects with single perpetrator USE(s) were compared with 97 subjects who had USE(s) with more than one perpetrator. Results: Victims of multiple perpetrators were more likely than victims of single perpetrators to react with self-blame and delay disclosure of USE due to shame. When compared with victims of single perpetrators, those with multiple perpetrators were more likely to disclose their USE to protect self or others or because they became weary or intolerant of the abuse. Although family violence and substance abuse were common in both victims of single and multiple perpetrators of USE, these factors appeared to potentiate the likelihood of repeated victimization in childhood. Prevalence of health risky behaviors did not differ between the two groups. Conclusions: The findings indicated that sexual revictimization by multiple perpetrators is not uncommon and suggest that abused children should be questioned about this possibility. Children and teenagers who have USE(s) with more than one perpetrator may have more difficulties with psychological recovery due to increased shame and self-blame.
The influence of fish size on the avoidance of hypoxia and oxygen selection by largemouth bass

When an oxygen gradient ranging from c. 10 to 95% air saturation was formed in a 5 m chamber, largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides avoided water in which dissolved oxygen values were <27% air saturation. There was a significant (P<0·05) correlation between fish mass and the level of dissolved aquatic oxygen that was selected. Small fish (23–500 g) utilized waters of lower oxygen levels than did the larger fish (1000–3000 g). The results of this study suggest that largemouth bass are able to sense and avoid hypoxic water, and select aquatic oxygen tensions that maintain their metabolic scope for growth and activity.
Progress in predicting seizure episodes with nonlinear methods

Abstract One of the most interesting and significant areas of epileptology has been the prediction of the onset of a seizure episode from preictal activity with nonlinear methods. Not only does this type of study have heuristic value for clinical neurophysiology, but it also has potential utilitarian value for the patient with seizures. In this review, 47 reports from 12 centers with multiple studies are presented in chronological order, as are single reports from 21 other centers. The chronological order was chosen to see if progress in the form of earlier prediction was made over time. Only 21% of these reports could provide specific times for the prediction of seizure onset. The range of values was several minutes to 4 hours, with an average (median) of 6–7 minutes. Some reports (16%) had negative or nonspecific findings that prediction times could not be provided. Thus, only limited progress has been made in predicting a seizure from preictal activity, but many other related phenomena have also been studied with nonlinear methods with some success.
Stability of polysomnographic parameters in unipolar depression: A cross-sectional report

Reduced rapid eye movement (REM) latency, increased REM density, decreased slow-wave sleep, and an increased number of arousals are reliably found in unipolar depression (see Reynolds and Kupfer 1987 for review). Sleep abnormalities in major depression represent an interaction between the effects of depressive ilhress and the effects of aging (Gillin et al. 1981; Reynolds et al. 1985; Giles et al. 1987b). REM latency and slow-wave sleep decrease linearly as a function of age in cross-sectionally studied depressed patients aged 20-80 years. Physiological or biochemical processes affecting both sleep and depression may interact with aging such that the normal functioning associated with aging is impaired or normal age-related deterioration is exacerbated. One could hypothesize that altered electroencephalographic (EEG) sleep is a consequence of the illness and is influenced by the course of depression such that processes involved in sleep generation become increas-
Testosterone conversion blockade increases breathing stability in healthy men during NREM sleep.

STUDY OBJECTIVES Gender differences in the prevalence of sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome may be mediated via male sex hormones. Our objective was to determine the exact pathway for a testosterone-mediated increased propensity for central sleep apnea via blockade of the 5α-reductase pathway of testosterone conversion by finasteride. DESIGN Randomization to oral finasteride vs. sham, single-center study. SETTING Sleep research laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Fourteen healthy young males without sleep apnea. INTERVENTION Hypocapnia was induced via brief nasal noninvasive positive pressure ventilation during stable NREM sleep. Cessation of mechanical ventilation resulted in hypocapnic central apnea or hypopnea. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS The apnea threshold (AT) was defined as the end-tidal CO₂(P(ET)CO₂) that demarcated the central apnea closest to the eupneic P(ET)CO₂. The CO₂ reserve was defined as the difference in P(ET)CO₂ between eupnea and AT. The apneic threshold and CO₂ reserve were measured at baseline and repeated after at a minimum of 1 month. Administration of finasteride resulted in decreased serum dihydrotestosterone. In the finasteride group, the eupneic ventilatory parameters were unchanged; however, the AT was decreased (38.9 ± 0.6 mm Hg vs.37.7 ± 0.9 mm Hg, P = 0.02) and the CO₂ reserve was increased (-2.5 ± 0.3 mm Hg vs. -3.8 ± 0.5 mm Hg, P = 0.003) at follow-up, with a significantly lower hypocapnic ventilatory response, thus indicating increased breathing stability during sleep. No significant changes were noted in the sham group on follow-up study. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of testosterone action via the 5α-reductase pathway may be effective in alleviating breathing instability during sleep, presenting an opportunity for novel therapy for central sleep apnea in selected populations.
Biochemical genetics of mosquitofish III. Incidence and significance of multiple insemination

Evidence for multiple insemination in the mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, was detected by statistical analysis of the enzyme phenotypes in mother-offspring combinations for three loci. The probability of nondetection of multiple insemination events for diallelic loci with two or more males mating with a female was presented. The frequency of multiple insemination for G. affinis is at least 56% but is probably nearer to 100%. The high incidence of multiple insemination together with sperm storage and delayed fertilization could have important effects on allele frequencies through time and space. These effects are due to the increase in effective population size and overlap among generations.
Picrotoxinin binding sites at the GABA synapse: A target for drug action

Abstract α-Dihydropicrotoxinin (DHP), a GABA synaptic antagonist, binds to rat brain and crayfish membranes with an apparent K D of 1–2 μ.M. Based on several lines of evidence, it appears that DHP binds to GABA-receptor-ionophore complex at a site distinct from the GABA receptor sites. A variety of centrally acting depressant and convulsant drugs which affect GABAergic transmission inhibit DHP and not GABA binding. The data suggest that DHP-sensitive site at the GABA receptor ionophores may be involved not only in drug action but in possible regulation of the chloride ionophores.
Specification-driven directed test generation for validation of pipelined processors

Functional validation is a major bottleneck in pipelined processor design due to the combined effects of increasing design complexity and lack of efficient techniques for directed test generation. Directed test vectors can reduce overall validation effort, since shorter tests can obtain the same coverage goal compared to the random tests. This article presents a specification-driven directed test generation methodology. The proposed methodology makes three important contributions. First, a general graph model is developed that can capture the structure and behavior (instruction set) of a wide variety of pipelined processors. The graph model is generated from the processor specification. Next, we propose a functional fault model that is used to define the functional coverage for pipelined architectures. Finally, we propose two complementary test generation techniques: test generation using model checking, and test generation using template-based procedures. These test generation techniques accept the graph model of the architecture as input and generate test programs to detect all the faults in the functional fault model. Our experimental results on two pipelined processor models demonstrate several orders-of-magnitude reduction in overall validation effort by drastically reducing both test-generation time and number of test programs required to achieve a coverage goal.
Structural and Thermodynamic Properties of the Argon Dimer

Using readily available computational applications and resources, students can construct a high-level ab initio potential energy surface (PES) for the argon dimer. From this information, they can obtain detailed molecular constants of the dimer, including its dissociation energy, which compare well with experimental determinations. Using both numerical and analytical techniques, the PES can be used to provide the second virial coefficient of argon, which agrees well with the value obtained from equation-of-state studies. By applying statistical mechanical methods, students can also calculate the standard thermodynamic functions including the equilibrium constant for argon dimerization.
Rubredoxin Variant Folds without Iron

Pyroccocus furiosus rubredoxin (PFRD), like most studied hyperthermophilic proteins, does not undergo reversible folding. The irreversibility of folding is thought to involve PFRD’s iron-binding site. Here we report a PFRD variant (PFRD-XC4) whose iron binding site was redesigned to eliminate iron binding using a computational design algorithm. PFRD-XC4 folds without iron and exhibits reversible folding with a melting temperature of 82 °C, a thermodynamic stability of 3.2 kcal mol^(-1) at 1 °C, and NMR chemical shifts similar to that of the wild-type protein. This variant should provide a tractable model system for studying the thermodynamic origins of protein hyperthermostability.
The accuracy of distal posterior interosseous and anterior interosseous nerve injection.

Purpose To standardize a technique of delivering a local anesthetic to the posterior interosseous nerve (PIN) and anterior interosseous nerve (AIN) by using the anatomic landmarks of the wrist and to evaluate the accuracy of the technique in a cadaver model. Methods Techniques for PIN and AIN injection and for PIN injection alone are described. Techniques were tested in a fresh frozen cadaver model by using methylene blue injections. Stained nerves were dissected under loupe magnification. Digital photographic images were taken of each nerve. Staining was quantified by calculating the mean density and area stained. Results For both techniques methylene blue was delivered accurately to the PIN in 100% of the samples. Methylene blue was delivered accurately to the AIN in 100% of samples in which it was injected. Conclusions These techniques saturated successfully the PIN and AIN and may be useful as diagnostic and therapeutic tools for chronic wrist pain and in evaluating presurgically the effectiveness of partial wrist denervation.
Public sector promotion of exports: A needs-based approach

Abstract Export assistance programs in the United States tend to receive low national recognition and priority compared to other industrialized countries. Awareness, knowledge, and utilization of the existing export assistance programs by U.S. firms have also been very limited. This paper identifies the differences in needs for assistance by firms in different stages of the internationalization process and proposes strategies to overcome some of the deficiencies. In an attempt to formulate more suitable export assistance programs, this article proposes strategies based on the needs of the firms targeted for assistance.
Seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 in pregnant women in the United States.

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) in a national cross-sectional sample of pregnant women. Study design Pregnancy tests (urine and serum) were performed for female patients 12-59 years of age who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999-2002. Immunodot assays were used to detect antibodies to HSV-1 and HSV-2. Results The mean age of the 626 pregnant women was 27 years, and the median number of lifetime sex partners was 4. Overall, HSV-1 seroprevalence was 63%; HSV-2 seroprevalance was 22%; infection with both HSV-1 and HSV-2 was 13%, and HSV seronegativity was 28%. HSV seroprevalence differed by race/ethnicity, with nonHispanic white patients more likely to be seronegative compared with other racial/ethnic groups (40% vs 11%; P Conclusion The seroprevalence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 varied by race/ethnicity; babies born to nonHispanic white mothers, whose HSV seroprevalence was the lowest, appear to be at greater risk for neonatal herpes.
The theory of reasoned action and self‐construal: Evidence from three cultures

Self‐construals have been advanced as individual level cultural dimensions, and are thought to explain and mediate the effects of culture on a variety of outcome measures. This study (total N = 439) investigated the effects of self‐construals on the attitudinal and normative components of the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) in Korea, Hawaii, and the mainland United States. Self‐construals were investigated as both mediators and moderators of cultural effects. Across cultures, the data were consistent with the TRA, scores on independent self‐construal were positively related to personal attitudes toward behavior, and scores on interdependent self‐construal were positively related to normative beliefs and social attitudes toward behavior. Specific effects, however, varied from location to location suggesting a moderating role for self‐construals. Mixed results were obtained for the link between culture and self‐construals, and for the mediation model. Individuals in all three locations scored higher on inde...
Moisture and temperature sensitivity of CH4 oxidation in boreal soils

Abstract We used laboratory experiments to evaluate CH4 uptake kinetics and the influence of soil moisture and temperature on rates of CH4-oxidation by boreal soils at in situ CH4 concentrations. Two upland forest sites (AS2 and BS2) were atmospheric CH4 sinks; a bog site (LB) was an atmospheric CH4 source characterized by distinct depth zonation of CH4 production and consumption. Apparent half-saturation constants (Ks) for CH4-oxidation showed relatively well-adapted communities. The Ks for the high CH4-source soil (LB) was 1.1 μ m , about 10-fold higher than values for CH4-sink soils (AS2 and BS2), 37 and 124 n m . Experiments assessing the individual effects of moisture and temperature on CH4-oxidation indicated that moisture was the primary control in CH4-sink soils at AS2 and BS2, while temperature was more important in CH4-source soil at LB. A combination of the highest moisture content and lowest temperature for each soil gave the lowest CH4-oxidation rates in experiments evaluating the interactive effects of these two variables. Conversely, a soil moisture content close to the optimum identified in moisture dependence experiments combined with the highest soil temperature consistently gave the highest CH4-oxidation rate.
Isolated cardiac myocytes A new cellular model for studying insulin modulation of monosaccharide transport

Abstract The usefulness of isolated Ca2+-tolerant myocytes as a cellular model system for investigating modulation of monosaccharide transport by insulin was investigated. We have found that the isolation technique described by Haworth et al. (Haworth, R.A., Hunter, D.R. and Berkoff, H.A. (1980) J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 12, 715–724), with some minor modifications, consistently gave the highest yield of quiescent, rod-shaped myocytes which maintained their integrity in the presence of 2 mM calcium. Using 3-O-methylglucose, a non-metabolized sugar, transport was shown to possess saturability, substrate stereospecificity, competition and countertransport; all of which have been thoroughly established for d -glucose transport in other systems. The apparent Km of transport ranged from 2.3 to 3.5 mM. Insulin (10 nM) caused a small but significant increase in Km and a 2–3-fold increase in Vmax. These results suggest that this myocyte preparation will provide a useful model for studying the transport-related effects of insulin as well as current hypotheses regarding the mechanism of insulin modulation of transport at the cellular level.
The effect of cue-fading on the DRL performance of septal and normal rats

The effect of a cue-light fading procedure on the subsequent noncued performance under a differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate schedule (DRL) of food reinforcement was determined for rats with septal lesions and normal rats. Following initial DRL-20 sec training, all animals were trained with a cued DRL schedule in which a light signaled the end of the required delay and the availability of reinforcement. Subsequently, for one-half of the animals, the cue light was abruptly discontinued; for the remainder of the subjects, the cue was gradually faded out over succeeding sessions. Septal animals, which had the cue gradually faded, were more efficient by the end of training than septal animals which had the light abruptly discontinued. Moreover, the former did not differ from normal controls. For septal animals in the Fade group, the relative frequency distributions of interresponse times (IRTs) were bimodal, a characteristic of normal animals; septal animals which had the cue abruptly terminated, displayed the unimodal distribution of IRTs which is a characteristic of septal animals on the DRL schedule. In summary, the cue-fading procedure completely eliminated the major differences in behavior between normal and septal rats typically observed on a DRL schedule of food reinforcement.
Redundant and Differential Roles of Transcription Factors Gli1 and Gli2 in the Development of Mouse Fetal Leydig Cells

Appearance of mouse fetal Leydig cells requires activation of the Hedgehog pathway. Upon binding to the membrane-bound receptor patched, Hedgehog ligands induce intracellular responses via a combined effect of Gli transcription factors. Szczepny et al. (Biol Reprod 2009; 80:258–263) found that Gli1, one of the three Gli transcription factors, is present in the fetal testis and that its expression is suppressed by the Hedgehog inhibitor cyclopamine. In this study, we investigated the involvement of the Gli1 and Gli2 factors in mouse fetal Leydig cell differentiation. The Gli1 and Gli2 transcription factors showed an overlapping expression pattern in the testis interstitium at the time when fetal Leydig cells appear. Despite their similar expression, Gli1 and Gli2 patterns were differentially regulated. Initial Gli1 and Gli2 expression depends upon an active Hedgehog pathway; however, maintenance of only Gli1, but not Gli2, expression requires activation of the pathway. Inactivation of either the Gli1 or Gli2 gene did not affect fetal Leydig cell development and testis morphology, suggesting a functional redundancy. When the transcriptional activity of both GLI1 and GLI2 was suppressed by a selective inhibitor, GANT61, in cultured fetal testes before the appearance of fetal Leydig cells, Gli1 and Gli2 expression and steroidogenic marker activity were completely abolished. However at later stages when Leydig cells were already present, GANT61 treatment inhibited Gli1 expression but had no effects on Gli2 expression and fetal Leydig cell appearance. Our results reveal overlapping and redundant Gli1 and Gli2 roles in fetal Leydig cell differentiation and a novel regulation of Gli2 expression in the fetal testis.
Cigarette smoking and completed suicide: Results from 3 prospective cohorts of American adults

Abstract Background Prior reports have indicated a potential dose–response relationship between smoking and suicide. However, this relationship is controversial. Methods This study evaluated the association between smoking and risk of death from suicide in three large-scale cohorts of U.S. men and women ( n =253,033). Suicides were identified from death certificates among 43,816 men enrolled in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS) between 1986 and 2008, 116,566 women in the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) between 1976 and 2008, and 92,651 women in the NHS II between 1989 and 2007. Information on smoking was obtained at baseline and updated every 2 years. Relative risks (RRs) of suicide were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression models. Cohort specific RRs were pooled using random-effects models. Suicide deaths were determined by physician review of death certificates. Results A total of 457 deaths from suicide were documented. Compared to never smokers, the pooled multivariate RR (95% confidence interval [CI]) of suicide was 1.15 (0.91–1.45) for former smokers and 2.69 (2.11–3.42) for current smokers. A nonmonotonic dose–response relationship was noted between the number of cigarettes smoked per day (CPD) and suicide risk ( P trend Limitations Smoking was self-reported and had some degree of measurement error. Participants were not a representative sample of the U.S. population. Conclusions Results from three large cohorts suggest a nonmonotonic dose–response association between smoking and suicide risk.
Emerging nonvolatile memory (NVM) technologies

Significant progress has been made recently in emerging nonvolatile memories (NVMs). This paper will discuss advantages and challenges of several promising NVM devices, as well as their potential applications. Changing market trends toward mobile, IoT, and data-centric applications create new opportunities for NVMs. High-performance NVMs may enable novel architectures and designs, e.g., more uniform memory hierarchy, co-located logic and memory, and fine-grained power gating. Storage-class memories based on high-density NVMs could fill the performance and density gap between memory and storage. Some unique characteristics of emerging NVMs can be utilized to extend their applications beyond memory space, e.g., synaptic functions, security elements, etc.
Inhibition of desmosome formation with tunicamycin and with lectin in corneal cell aggregates.

Abstract Desmosome formation in chick corneal epithelium can be used as a tool to study cell interaction. In the present work, the possible role of carbohydrates in initiating junction formation is investigated. When corneal cells of 15-day chicks are dispersed, then aggregated in rotating medium, desmosomes form on a regular schedule and can be quantitated as desmosomes per micrometer of cell membrane cross section. Tunicamycin, at 0.05 μg/ml has little effect on incorporation of leucine into TCA-precipitable cell fractions, but lowers mannose incorporation, and inhibits desmosome formation. The inhibition is counteracted by the presence of leupeptin, a protease inhibitor. This finding can be interpreted as favoring a role of stabilization, rather than recognition for the carbohydrate moiety. Cytochalasin B inhibits cell surface turnover in isolated cells and enhances desmosome formation. Enhancement occurs even in the presence of tunicamycin. Ferritin-conjugated succinyl-Con A will label surfaces of freshly dispersed cells and when cells are aggregated in its presence, the label is internalized in cytoplasmic vacuoles and desmosomes do not form. To test further the possibility that a lectin binding component of the surface may be a specific recognition factor, cells were aggregated in the presence of a number of sugars. None inhibited junction formation. Thus, evidence favors a stabilizing role for carbohydrates, acting at some point in the process of junction formation and leaves open the possibility that a “recognition” function may also be involved.
A robust multilevel approach for minimizing H(div)-dominated functionals in an H1-conforming finite element space

The standard multigrid algorithm is widely known to yield optimal convergence whenever all high-frequency error components correspond to large relative eigenvalues. This property guarantees that smoothers like Gauss–Seidel and Jacobi will significantly dampen all the high-frequency error components, and thus, produce a smooth error. This has been established for matrices generated from standard discretizations of most elliptic equations. In this paper, we address a system of equations that is generated from a perturbation of the non-elliptic operator I-grad div by a negative e Δ. For enear to one, this operator is elliptic, but as eapproaches zero, the operator becomes non-elliptic as it is dominated by its non-elliptic part. Previous research on the non-elliptic part has revealed that discretizing I-grad div with the proper finite element space allows one to define a robust geometric multigrid algorithm. The robustness of the multigrid algorithm depends on a relaxation operator that yields a smooth error. We use this research to assist in developing a robust discretization and solution method for the perturbed problem. To this end, we introduce a new finite element space for tensor product meshes that is used in the discretization, and a relaxation operator that succeeds in dampening all high-frequency error components. The success of the corresponding multigrid algorithm is first demonstrated by numerical results that quantitatively imply convergence for any eis bounded by the convergence for eequal to zero. Then we prove that convergence of this multigrid algorithm for the case of e equal to zero is independent of mesh size. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multivariate Lyapunov inequalities

Abstract We transfer here basic univariate Lyapunov inequalities to the multivariate setting of a shell by using the polar method.
A new type of lethal short-limbed dwarfism.

Details are presented of a most unusual osteo-chondrodysplasia which presents with lethal neonatal short-limbed dwarfism, defective ossification and nodular calcification within cartilage. The features resemble one case previously described in the literature.
Applying Design Verification Tools in Automotive Software V&V

Design verification technology promises comprehensive analysis of design models against the specified properties, thereby overcoming the limitations of traditional simulation-based and testing-based approaches. It helps in detecting design bugs early, thereby reducing the software development cycle time and cost. In this paper, we present our experiences with three state-of-the-art design verification tools - Reactis Validator, Simulink Design Verifier and Embedded Validator - for Simulink/Stateflow models. We also identify some challenges in employing them in an industrial production environment. We also suggest some automation steps to ease the design verification effort.
A Mathematical Model for Frictional Elastic-Plastic Sphere-on-Flat Contacts at Sliding Incipient

This paper presents a mathematical model for frictional elastic-plastic sphere-on-flat contacts at sliding incipient. The model is developed based on theoretical work on contact mechanics in conjunction with finite-element results. It incorporates the effects of friction loading on the contact pressure, the mode of deformation, and the area of contact. The shear strength of the contact interface is, in this paper, assumed to be proportional to the contact pressure with a limiting value that is below the bulk shear strength of the sphere. Other plausible interfacial-shear-strength characteristics may also be implemented into the contact model in a similar manner. The model is used to analyze the frictional behavior of a sphere-on-flat contact where the experimental data suggest that the interfacial shear strength is similar in nature to the one implemented in the model. The theoretical results are consistent with the experimental data in all key aspects. This sphere-on-flat contact model may be used as a building block to develop an asperity-based contact model of rough surfaces with friction loading. It may also serve in the modeling of boundary-lubricated sliding contacts where the interfacial shear strength in each micro-contact is coupled with its flash temperature and related to the lubricant/ surface physical-chemical behavior.
Novel phenomena in high-density QCD

Abstract This paper is a summary of Refs. [1,2]. We discuss QCD with two light quark flavors at large baryon chemical potential μ. We study the lightest excitations in this theory. We show that the infrared physics is described by a pure 2-color gluodynamics with large dielectric constant and exponentially soft confinement scale. We also show that at a shorter scale, associated with a light pseudoscalar excitation η, QCD admits a long-living domain wall configuration.
Theory of photoacoustic signal generation for optimized photoacoustic cells

Recent advances in the theory of the photoacoustic effect are applied to the problem of cell optimization. Three‐dimensional heat flow, including conduction to the cell window and walls, is considered. A relatively simple theoretical expression for the signal is obtained, provided certain experimental conditions are satisfied.