cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Designing an Autonomous Cruise Control System using an A3 LIDAR

Modern technology is vibrant and playing its magic by introducing new trends in the transportation industry. Electric and autonomous vehicles are the latest and advanced inventions of this field. An autonomous vehicle constitutes multiple subsystems to implement automotive safety called "Advanced Driver Assistance Systems" (ADAS) which is further broken down into "Adaptive Cruise Control" (ACC), "Lane Change Assist" and pre-crash systems. This paper talks about ACC and its implementation using a LIDAR as the main sensor to capture a vehicle’s environment. The images are processed and the final decision is made for the vehicle to take the next step.
Sleep, cognition and executive functioning in young children with cerebral palsy

Children with cerebral palsy (CP) are at higher risk for sleep disturbances than their typically developing peers. In typically developing young children, lack of sufficient sleep results in deficits in cognition, behavior and executive functioning. Unfortunately, research on sleep in infancy rarely focuses on children with neurodevelopmental disabilities. Studies of older children with CP demonstrate that roughly half of children with CP have a sleep disorder, though screening for sleep disorders in children with CP is not routinely performed. Given the high prevalence of sleep abnormalities in older children with CP and the resulting adverse effects on functioning, understanding sleep derangements and how they affect cognition and executive functioning in these children at earlier ages is critical. In this chapter, we present the state of the evidence for sleep characteristics, cognition and executive functions for infants and toddlers 0-3years old with CP.
Feminism and #MeToo: The Power of the Collective

In this chapter, written for the forthcoming Oxford Handbook on Feminism and Law in the U.S. (Deborah Brake, Martha Chamallas, & Verna Williams eds.) (forthcoming 2021), I situate #MeToo as a feminist movement and consider what it — and the responses to it — reveal about challenges for feminism, especially the challenges brought on by individualization and emerging anti-feminist collective narratives. In doing so, I draw lessons from history, including the effort to combat sexual harassment through employment discrimination law, as well as from contemporary commentary. #MeToo may turn out to be the most powerful feminist movement of the 21st century. It brings to the forefront the depth and breadth of sexual abuse and harassment in our society and calls for meaningful change. It will only achieve that change, however, if its supporters can resist individualization and respond adequately to competing collective counter-narratives.
Chapter 4: The Opiate Receptor

Publisher Summary There has been significant progress in the elucidation of the opiate receptor(s). During this period of progress there was also elucidated the structure of endogenous hypothalamic and hypophyseal peptides of low molecular weight having the analgetic properties of morphine, including antagonism of its effects by naloxone. Further significant progress in the separation of analgetic, tolerance, and dependence producing properties has been affected by molecular modification. The work on the opiate receptor has been a landmark development in biochemistry, representing the first significant definition of receptor sites be the elucidation of the structure of hemoglobin. This chapter covers the opiate receptor(s) and the endogenous analgetic substances, on which significant and rapidly developing progress has been made in the last few years. It is of interest that the affinity of opiates for the myenteric plexus of the guinea-pig ileum parallels brain affinity. Similar results were obtained by Kosterlitz with tissue mince and with homogenate preparations. Among subcellular fractions binding is greatest in the synaptosomal-mitochondrial fractions. Certain ubiquitous lipids like cerebrosides and other acidic lipids (for example, phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylinositol, triphosphoinositide, phosphatidylserine and ganglioside) can bind opiates stereospecifically. On the other hand, the binding of prostaglandins by opiate receptors is in dispute.
UHF SiGe push-pull VCO MEMS oscillators

UHF quartz MEMS oscillators operating at 813 MHz, 920 MHz and 1.048 GHz carrier frequencies utilizing a push-pull topology based on MOSIS SiGe 7WL technology have been demonstrated. The 1048 MHz resonator has an unloaded Q of 6,920 and a motional resistance of 31.7 ohms, as measured in a vacuum. This yields an fxQ product of 7.25×1012, close to the expected limit for quartz devices of 1×1013. Device phase noise was measured showing a minimum phase noise of −100dBc/Hz for an 813 MHz oscillator at 1 kHz offset. A tuning range of 80 ppm was demonstrated at 920 MHz.
Perioperative renal failure in pediatric heart transplant recipients: outcome and risk factors

PRF is encountered in 10-13% of adult heart transplants. Only one study of a single center's experience with PRF has been reported in pediatric patients. This study examines the effect of PRF on pediatric heart transplant outcome using the UNOS database. A total of 3598 patients met inclusion criteria, of whom 254 (7%) had PRF. The PRF group comprised 31 recipients requiring PRE and 223 recipients requiring POST. Compared with No-PRF patients, PRE patients had similar survival rate and POST patients had decreased survival rate at 30 days, one, five, and 10-yr post-transplant (p < 0.001). PRF patients also had significantly lower graft survival at one, five, and 10 yr (p < 0.001). Risk factors for developing PRF included ECMO, ventilator, and inotropic support at listing and CHD as the listing diagnosis. PRF increased the duration of hospital stay and the incidence of chronic severe renal dysfunction. PRF that requires POST (whether or not it began pretransplant) has a significant negative impact on pediatric heart transplant outcome. Specific characteristics identify patients at particular high risk of developing PRF.
Genetic and structural characterization of endA. A membrane-bound nuclease required for transformation of Streptococcus pneumoniae.

The endA gene encoding the membrane nuclease of Streptococcus pneumoniae , which is necessary for DNA uptake in genetic transformation, was cloned in a streptococcal vector. This was accomplished by insertional mutagenesis of the gene, cloning of the mutant allele, and substitution of the wild-type allele by chromosomal facilitation of plasmid establishment. Plasmids carrying the endA + gene complemented cells with endA − in the chromosome to restore DNAase activity and transformability. Determination of its DNA sequence showed the gene to encode a 30 kDa protein, EndA, with a typical signal sequence for membrane transport at its amino end. In vitro synthesis of EndA showed the initial translation product to be enzymatically active without further processing. Comparison with EndA found in cell membranes indicated that the enzyme retained its signal sequence, which apparently anchored the otherwise hydrophilic protein to the membrane. From the nucleotide sequence in the vicinity of endA and the effect of various insertions and deletions, it appears that endA is the last gene in an operon containing at least two other genes. Neither of these upstream genes, nor the downstream gene, are essential for either cell viability or transformability.
Predictions of barrier island berm evolution in a time‐varying storm climatology

Low-lying barrier islands are ubiquitous features of the world's coastlines, and the processes responsible for their formation, maintenance, and destruction are related to the evolution of smaller, superimposed features including sand dunes, beach berms, and sandbars. The barrier island and its superimposed features interact with oceanographic forces (e.g., overwash) and exchange sediment with each other and other parts of the barrier island system. These interactions are modulated by changes in storminess. An opportunity to study these interactions resulted from the placement and subsequent evolution of a 2 m high sand berm constructed along the northern Chandeleur Islands, LA. We show that observed berm length evolution is well predicted by a model that was fit to the observations by estimating two parameters describing the rate of berm length change. The model evaluates the probability and duration of berm overwash to predict episodic berm erosion. A constant berm length change rate is also predicted that persists even when there is no overwash. The analysis is extended to a 16 year time series that includes both intraannual and interannual variability of overwash events. This analysis predicts that as many as 10 or as few as 1 day of overwash conditions would be expected each year. And an increase in berm elevation from 2 m to 3.5 m above mean sea level would reduce the expected frequency of overwash events from 4 to just 0.5 event-days per year. This approach can be applied to understanding barrier island and berm evolution at other locations using past and future storm climatologies.
The cytopathology of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor

BACKGROUND: Among sarcomas, a diagnosis of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) is often one of exclusion due to the absence of unequivocally characteristic histopathology, a conclusive immunohistochemical profile, or even a unique chromosomal anomaly. Because of this, the fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytopathology of MPNST is extremely challenging. In the current study, the authors review their FNA experience with this neoplasm. METHODS: The authors searched their combined departmental cytology files for all lesions signed out as MPNST or suspicious for MPNST, as well as their own surgical pathology files for any cases of MPNST that had corresponding cytology. FNA was performed using standard techniques. RESULTS: A total of 55 cases of MPNST, all with tissue confirmation, and 1 misdiagnosed example of melanoma were retrieved from 52 patients (M:F ratio of 1.5:1; average age, 46 years), 26 of whom had a history of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1). Aspirates were from primary (27 cases), locally recurrent (14 cases), or metastatic (10 cases) MPNST; 4 primary tumor aspirates were of ex vivo specimens. Sites included the extremities (22 cases), trunk/pelvis (22 cases), head and neck (6 cases), and deep-seated masses (6 cases). FNA diagnoses were MPNST (24 patients); consistent with MPNST (5 patients); sarcoma, not otherwise specified (10 patients); atypical (3 patients); spindle cell neoplasm (6 patients); malignant neoplasm (1 patient); and nondiagnostic (3 patients). A definitive diagnosis of either MPNST or consistent with MPNST was issued in 30%, 93%, and 70%, respectively, of primary, locally recurrent, and metastatic lesions. CONCLUSIONS: FNA cytopathology is limited as a diagnostic instrument for the initial diagnosis of MPNST, but is exceedingly accurate and valuable in the recognition of metastatic and locally recurrent MPNST. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2012. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Brook Trout Distribution, Genetics, and Population Characteristics in the Driftless Area of Minnesota

AbstractThe Driftless Area in southeastern Minnesota is on the southwestern edge of the native range of Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis. It was assumed that native Brook Trout were extirpated from this region in the early 1900s due to degraded stream conditions and stockings of eastern-origin Brook Trout and European Brown Trout Salmo trutta. Our objectives were to examine Brook Trout populations in the region to determine their spatial and genetic distribution and quantify population characteristics. Information on presence or absence of Brook Trout was gathered by electrofishing 174 streams in southeastern Minnesota. Brook Trout were present in 68% of coldwater streams compared with only in 3% in the early 1970s. The increase is likely due to increasing stream discharge throughout the Driftless Area, enabling recolonization or successful establishment of stocked populations. Streams with higher base flow discharge also had higher abundance, larger size at maturity, and larger Brook Trout present. Gene...
Nearest neighbor rules using ordinal information

Focuses on the task of obtaining missing information about some object using nearest-neighbor-type methods. These approaches mediate this problem with the aid of a collection of data objects about which we have full knowledge. These methods require the calculation of the similarity between target and data objects and then the fusion of known values guided by these similarities. We concentrate on a mixed-scale situation: the similarities are numeric values but the missing information is drawn from an ordinal scale. We show that the weighted median provides a fusion operation that can be used in this mixed-scale environment. We look at some classes of nearest-neighbor rules that can be expressed using this framework. Finally, we turn to the problem of learning weighted median-type rules and provide a learning algorithm.
Ancient Egyptian Astronomy

IN a recent communication to NATURE1, Dr. H. Chatley points out that in my former communication2 I did not take account of a whole group of important papers of well-known scholars, and he adds some remarks on stars and planets in ancient Egypt. I think Dr. Chatley must have overlooked my first sentence, where I speak on “Egyptian calculating astronomy”. We were, in fact, speaking on entirely different problems.
Stimulation of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity after a single dose of the porphyrogenic chemical, allylisopropylacetamide

Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity in fasting rats was almost doubled 12 h following a single dose (400 mg/kg) of the porphyrogenic chemical allylisopropylacetamide. This doubling effect of the drug on enzyme activity was observed during the basal period, as well as at midnight, when it is maximal in the diurnal rhythm. Cycloheximide, whether given alone or simultaneously with the drug, reduced the enzyme activity to very low levels. Actinomycin D administered alone prevented the normal rise in reductase activity which occurs at night; however, when administered with the drug, it inhibited but did not completely suppress the inducing effect of allylisopropylacetamide. These data suggest a requirement for protein synthesis to observe the stimulating effect of allylisopropylacetamide on hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity. A modification in the reductase assay is also described wherein the formation of mevalonolactone from mevalonic acid, the end-product of the assay, is maximized with 3 M HCl. Using this procedure, consistent yields of mevalonolactone in the 90% range are observed since the use of 3 M HCl prevents dehydration of mevalonic acid to Δ3, 4-methyl-δ-valerolactone.
Composite Conjugated Polymer/Fullerene Nanoparticles as Sensitizers in Photodynamic Therapy for Cancer

The fabrication and study of composite conjugated polymer nanoparticles doped with fullerene for application in photodynamic therapy (PDT) is reported. The nanoparticles are not intrinsically cytotoxic and show specificity towards cancer cells without surface modification. The high absorption cross-section and efficient charge transfer from conjugated polymer to fullerene in the composite nanoparticles results in only moderate light levels being necessary for PDT. The PDT scheme was tested in vitro for MDA-MB-231 (human breast cancer), A549 (human lung cancer), and OVCAR3 (human ovarian cancer) cell lines. While the treatment was observed to be only marginally effective for the MDA-MB-231 cell line, 60 % and complete cell death was observed for the A549 and OVCAR3 cell lines, respectively. Differences in PDT efficiency are attributed to the difference in nanoparticle uptake between these cell lines, and is potentially related to differences in metabolic rate. Through live/dead cell staining apoptotic cell death was observed for OVCAR3. This is a promising finding for potential development of treatment for ovarian cancer by the PDT scheme discussed herein.
A Child With a Massive Abdomen

5-year-old white boy was sent to the emergency department by his pediatrician for fever and abdominal Adistention. For 1 month, his parents had noted intermittent fevers, with daily fevers (maximum temperature, 38.5°C) for 1 week. He had an enlarging “bump” over the right upper quadrant of his abdomen for 2 weeks and vague intermittent abdominal pain for 2 days. There was no history of vomiting, and stools had been normal (1-2 per day, loose, malodorous, no blood). His parents reported decreased energy for the last month but a normal appetite. No recent weight loss, bone or joint pain, or rashes were noted. Review of systems was positive for seasonal allergies and 1 month of nonproductive cough, which was diagnosed as cough-variant asthma. The nocturnal component of the cough improved with the initiation of nebulized budesonide 4 weeks ago and a 5-day course of prednisone 2 weeks before presentation. He was born full-term via cesarean delivery for failure to progress. There were no complications during pregnancy or delivery. He had been previously well except for 1 hospitalization for pneumonia at 3 years of age and had multiple episodes of otitis media as a toddler. His growth and development were within normal limits. His current medication was nebulized budesonide. He had no known drug allergies, and his immunizations were up to date. His father and mother were in good health. There was no family history of asthma, liver disease, kidney disease, or childhood cancers. There was no history of travel, and the family had no pets nor was he exposed to any animals. On physical examination, he was thin and pale with a protuberant abdomen, and he appeared tired but was alert and interactive. His vital signs included a temperature of 37°C, heart rate of 100 beats/min, respiratory rate of 28 breaths/min, and blood pressure of 96/59 mm Hg. His weight and height were at the
DNA polymerase zeta (pol zeta) in higher eukaryotes.

Most current knowledge about DNA polymerase zeta (pol ζ) comes from studies of the enzyme in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, where pol ζ consists of a complex of the catalytic subunit Rev3 with Rev7, which associates with Rev1. Most spontaneous and induced mutagenesis in yeast is dependent on these gene products, and yeast pol ζ can mediate translesion DNA synthesis past some adducts in DNA templates. Study of the homologous gene products in higher eukaryotes is in a relatively early stage, but additional functions for the eukaryotic proteins are already apparent. Suppression of vertebrate REV3L function not only reduces induced point mutagenesis but also causes larger-scale genome instability by raising the frequency of spontaneous chromosome translocations. Disruption of Rev3L function is tolerated in Drosophila, Arabidopsis, and in vertebrate cell lines under some conditions, but is incompatible with mouse embryonic development. Functions for REV3L and REV7(MAD2B) in higher eukaryotes have been suggested not only in translesion DNA synthesis but also in some forms of homologous recombination, repair of interstrand DNA crosslinks, somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes and cell-cycle control. This review discusses recent developments in these areas.
Filtering techniques for complex geometry fluid flows

We develop a class of filters based upon the numerical solution of high-order elliptic problems in ℝd which allow for independent determination of order and cut-off wave number and which default to classical Fourier-based filters in homogeneous domains. However, because they are based on the solution of a PDE, the present filters are not restricted to applications in tensor-product based geometries as is generally the case for Fourier-based filters. The discrete representation of the filtered output is constructed from a Krylov space generated in solving a well-conditioned system arising from a low-order PDE. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical problem solving and therapeutic noncompliance: A heuristic for enhancing the clinician's generation of alternatives

A social-cognitive model of rule-governed interpersonal request processes is adapted from sociolinguistic research and applied to the context of therapeutic noncompliance. It is predicted that the categories of the model will function as a superior heuristic aid to clinicians' generation of alternative reasons for noncompliance. A study using 38 professional nurses as subjects provided strong support for the hypothesis.
Regulation of cyclic AMP levels in mammalian retina: Effects of depolarizing agents and transmitters.

Abstract Cellular depolarization in brain results in a modulation of cAMP levels by releasing neurotransmitters having receptors linked via GTP-binding proteins to adenylate cyclase. In order to determine the transmitters regulating cAMP during cellular depolarization in mammalian retina, the modulation of cAMP by depolarizing media was investigated. Cyclic AMP levels in light adapted retinas increased following exposure to depolarizing media, but levels in dark adapted retinas remained unaltered. The depolarization-induced modulation of cAMP levels persisted in dystrophic retinas, suggesting that the response occurred in the inner retina. In microdissected discrete retinal layers from rabbit, levels of cAMP were increased following perfusion with depolarizing medium in the outer plexiform and inner nuclear layers, consistent with the observation seen with mouse retinas. To begin to identify transmitters released by cellular depolarization, a variety of transmitters and/or antagonists were included in the incubation medium. Haloperidol reduced the depolarization induced increase in cAMP levels by 25% in normal mouse retinas, and 75% in dystrophic retinas. Dopamine elevated cAMP levels in normal and dystrophic mouse retinas, and when combined with depolarizing medium, additive increases were observed. The effects of various neurotransmitters on retinal cAMP levels in the absence of any phosphodiesterase inhibitors were assessed, and both dopamine and norepinephrine were found to increase cAMP levels in normal and dystrophic retinas. Phentolamine antagonized the increase elicited by norepinephrine. When dopamine and norepinephrine were combined non-additive increases were observed. Serotonin, GABA, acetylcholine, histamine and adenosine had little or no significant effect on the retinal levels of cAMP in either normal or dystrophic mouse retinas. These results indicate that depolarizing media increase cAMP levels partially by releasing dopamine. The processes regulating cAMP levels in retina are both different and similar to those in brain.
Condensed Heterocycles VIA a-Heterosubstituted Phosphonate Carbanions

In a series of papers we showed that α-heterosubstituted phosphonate carbanions in a modified Horner-Emmons reaction are useful for the preparation of a variety of classes of compounds such as enamines, desoxybenzoines, trisubstituted vinyl chlorides, enynes, and acetylenes. We found that strategically substituted diphenyl α-(aminoaryl)-α-[4-nitrophenyl] methanephosphonates react with phenylpropynal to the expected enamines. Without isolation they could be cyclized to the corresponding condensed N-heterocycles. For the reported syntheses the following arylamines were used: 4-amino-2-methylquinoline, 5-aminoquinoline, 8-aminoquinoline, 1-amino-4-nitronaphthalene, 5-amino-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene, 1, 5-diaminonaphthalene, and 1-aminoanthracene. These aminoarylsubstituted diphenyl methanephosphonates yielded the following 4-nitrophenyl substituted heterocycles: benzo[h][1,6]naphthyridine, [1,7]phenanthroline, [1,10]phenanthroline, benzo[h]quinoline, quino[8,7,h]quinoline, and naphtho[2,3,h]quinoline. The struct...
GENITAL HERPES: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC INQUIRY INTO BEING DISCREDITABLE IN AMERICAN SOCIETY

Leprosy in its heydey aroused a . .. disproportionate sense of horror. In the Middle Ages, the leper was a social text in which corruption was made visible; an exemplum, an emblem of decay. Nothing is more punitive than to give a disease a meaning-that meaning being invariably a moralistic one. Any important disease whose causality is murky, and for which treatment is ineffectual, tends to be awash in significance (1979:57).
An evaluation of social and adaptive skills in adults with bipolar disorder and severe/profound intellectual disability

Abstract The purpose of this study was to explore the interrelationship of social and adaptive skills in adults with bipolar disorder and severe or profound intellectual disability. A bipolar group (N = 14), a severe psychopathology group without bipolar disorder (N = 14), and a control group with no DSM-IV Axis I diagnosis (N = 14) were compared on the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale (VABS) and the Matson Evaluation of Social Skills for Individuals with sEvere Retardation (MESSIER). Bipolar patients had significantly more negative verbal social skills than the other two groups on the MESSIER, but no group differences on the VABS were noted. The implications of these data are discussed for a better understanding of bipolar disorder in persons with intellectual disability.
The Epidemiology of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Alaska, 1986-1990 Ethnic Differences and Opportunities for Prevention

To assess prevention strategies for pneumococcal disease in Alaska, prospective surveillance during 1986-1990 identified 672 invasive pneumococcal infections, including 315 among Alaska Natives. Age-adjusted annual incidence was 74 per 100,000 for Alaska Natives and 16 per 100,000 for nonnatives. The annual incidence in Alaska Native children 94% of serotypes identified in Alaska Native toddlers and adults, should be used more widely.
H. C. Brown Centennial (1912–2004)

Herbert Brown discovered the reaction of hydroboration and the most successful compound he made was sodium borohydride. His life and research activities took interesting turns and seemed often governed by serendipity. He was consistent in his hard work and dedication to chemistry. He was both an inorganic and an organic chemist and his research often presented challenges to the structural chemists.
Stellar Coronal Abundances. VI. The First Ionization Potential Effect and ξ Bootis A: Solar-like Anomalies at Intermediate-Activity Levels

Lines from different elements in the Extreme-Ultraviolet Explorer spectra of the corona of the intermediate-activity star ξ Bootis A have been analyzed. Assuming that a photospheric composition for the plasma is responsible for the observed coronal emission, emission measures derived from lines of elements with low first ionization potentials (FIPs) are systematically higher than emission measures derived from lines formed at similar temperatures but due to elements with high FIPs. This problem is alleviated by adopting a "coronal" abundance pattern similar to that which appears to characterize the average solar corona. We interpret these results as evidence that the same FIP-based compositional fractionation mechanism at work in the solar outer atmosphere is also operational in the coronae of significantly more active stars such as ξ Boo A.
THE EFFECTS OF MATERNAL NARCOTIC VS NONNARCOTIC ADDICTION ON NEONATAL NEURO-BEHAVIOR AND INFANT DEVELOPMENT

In order to evaluate the effects of maternal abuse of non-narcotic drugs during pregnancy, four groups of infants born to drug-addicted mothers were evaluated and compared to a control group of normals. Group I infants (N=51) were delivered to mothers on methadone maintenance, Group II infants (N=22) to sedative/stimulant (nonnarcotic)-abusing mothers, Group III (N=13) to T's and blues-abusing mothers, Group IV (N=9) to PCP-abusing mothers and Group V (N=27) to mothers who had no evidence of drug abuse. All five groups were similar in maternal age, gravidity, socioeconomic class and neonatal gestational age. Significant decreases in weight, length and head circumference at birth were found (ANOVA) for the narcotic-exposed (Groups I and III) infants while nonnarcotic-exposed infants demonstrated normal growth parameters at birth. Using the BNBAS, Group I infants demonstrated deficits in visual and auditory orientation and motor maturity. All four groups of drug-exposed neonates demonstrated deficits in state control. Group IV infants, in addition, showed increased lability of state and poor consolability when compared to all other drug groups (Fischer's LSD). On the Bayley Scales, scores for all groups, including the control, began to fall away from the normal range at 18 months of age, a phenomenon not uncommon in infants from lower socioeconomic homes.
Schedule-dependent differences among anti-anxiety drugs.

Abstract Five anti-anxiety drugs were administered to rats on either a variable-interval (VI 1-min) schedule, a chained 10-sec differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO), fixed-ratio (FR 25) procedure, or an FR 15-satiation schedule. Two dose levels, free of effects on behavior not related to lever pressing, for each anxiolytic were selected for testing. On the VI schedule, the anti-anxiety drugs uniformly increased response rates. On the DRO-FR procedure all the anxiolytics increased responding during the DRO component, but produced dissimilar biphasic increases or decreases in FR response rates. The anti-anxiety drugs also produced dissimilar effects on the FR-satiation schedule: chlordiazepoxide, phenobarbital, and meprbamate disrupted satiation (increased responding), diazepam did not affect satiation (no change in responding), and oxazepam facilitated satiation (decreased responding). None of the anxiolytics altered FR response rates in the FR-satiation schedule. The discrepancies recorded suggest that schedule-dependent differences exist between the anti-anxiety drugs studied.
Variable nuclear markers for a Sonoran Desert bark beetle, Araptus attenuatus Wood (Curculionidae: Scolytinae), with applications to related genera

We report eight new co-dominant nuclear markers for population genetics of the bark beetle Araptus attenuatus Wood. Several loci include introns from low-copy genes, and four cross-amplify in one or more related genera. The markers show moderate levels of polymorphism (2–19 alleles per locus), and no loci showed significant deviations from Hardy–Weinberg or linkage equilibrium across both of the two populations examined, consistent with Mendelian inheritance patterns.
Pregnancy-associated major basic protein: Deposition of protein and expression of mRNA at the maternal-fetal junction in early and late gestation

Summary Pregnancy-associated major basic protein (pMBP) has previously been isolated from human placenta and localized to the X cell. Here we used immunofluorescence staining and in situ hybridization to determine the distribution of pMBP and pMBP mRNA throughout the maternal-fetal junction in both early gestation tissues and at term. In early gestation tissues, pMBP was present only at the placental insertion site. Specifically, pMBP was present in (a) the decidua basalis (in the extracellular space, in interstitial pools and inside endometrial glands) and (b) intracellularly within extravillous interstitial trophoblasts in the decidua, in the myometrium and surrouding but not within luminal cells of spiral arteries. At term, the placental bed showed intense extracellular pMBP staining with little intracellular pMBP. In situ hybridization showed the presence of pMBP mRNA in both the early and late gestational tissues. pMBP mRNA was present in cells in the decidua, at the decidual-myometrial junction and in cell islands. Quantitative image analysis showed statistically significant hybridization signals with the pMBP antisense probe as compared to the control/sense probe. These results indicate that pMBP mRNA is expressed and pMBP is extensively deposited at the maternal-fetal junction in early pregnancy and at term.
Structure of Liquid-Quenched Aluminum

Electron Microscopic observations were made on aluminum liquid-quenched from temperatures ranging between 750° and 950°C. In these liquid-quenched specimens, dislocation loops with and without stacking fault fringes were observed. The equivalent vacancy concentration corresponding to the dislocation loops is estimated to be approximately 2×10 -4 ; thereby, indicating that the vacancy concentration quencned-in by liquid-quenching is not significantly different from the vacancy concentration obtained by solid-quenching. Tangled dislocations oriented toughly parallel to the specimen plane were also observed in various isolated places throughout specimen. The density of these dislocations is estimated to be of the order of 10 10 /cm 2 .
Elevator mode convection in flows with strong magnetic fields

Instability modes in the form of axially uniform vertical jets, also called “elevator modes,” are known to be the solutions of thermal convection problems for vertically unbounded systems. Typically, their relevance to the actual flow state is limited by three-dimensional breakdown caused by rapid growth of secondary instabilities. We consider a flow of a liquid metal in a vertical duct with a heated wall and strong transverse magnetic field and find elevator modes that are stable and, thus, not just relevant, but a dominant feature of the flow. We then explore the hypothesis suggested by recent experimental data that an analogous instability to modes of slow axial variation develops in finite-length ducts, where it causes large-amplitude fluctuations of temperature. The implications for liquid metal blankets for tokamak fusion reactors that potentially invalidate some of the currently pursued design concepts are discussed.
Recovery of central respiratory function following anticholinesterase intoxication.

Abstract Spontaneous recovery of central respiratory function was studied in anesthetized guinea pigs intoxicated with pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate (Soman) or isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate (Sarin). I.v. administration of either agent produced an immediate disruption of phrenic nerve activity and resulting ventilatory failure. Animals were maintained on artificial respiration until spontaneous functional recovery was complete, as evidenced by the re-establishment of synchronized burst activity on the phrenic nerve and return of tracheal airflow. This usually occurred within 1 h. Animals were sacrificed at predetermined intervals after intoxication, and the brainstem homogenates were analyzed for AChE activity. Results showed no significant return of AChE activity after 1 h, although functional recovery of respiration was complete within this time. Additional doses of the agents were administered at various times after recovery from the respiratory blockade. Following spontaneous restoration of ventilatory function, subsequent injections of the organophosphorus compounds failed to reinstate central respiratory paralysis, although they further depressed brainstem AChE levels. These data suggest that spontaneous recovery of central respiratory function after intoxication with Soman or Sarin may not be related to the return of AChE activity.
Post-RT CT results as a predictive model for the necessity of planned post-RT neck dissection in patients with cervical metastatic disease from squamous cell carcinoma

Abstract Purpose: To establish whether the extent of neck disease on postradiation therapy (RT) computed tomography (CT) can predict the likelihood of positive neck nodes and, thereby, the necessity of planned post-RT neck dissection. Methods and Materials: Ninety-five patients who underwent post-RT neck dissection within 2 months for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were eligible. Of the 95 patients, 37 (32.7%) of 113 hemineck specimens were pathologically positive. On post-RT CT imaging studies, the number and size of lymph nodes >1 cm were recorded. Internal focal defects and the likelihood of extracapsular spread were graded. Results: If lymph nodes on post-RT CT were ≤15 mm, free of significant internal focal low-attenuation or calcification, and without imaging evidence of extracapsular spread, the surgical hemineck specimen was positive in 1 (3.4%) of the 29 hemineck specimens. A focal low-attenuation defect (p = 0.0078) and evidence of extracapsular spread (p = 0.0721) seen in the residual nodal mass on CT were independent predictors of a positive surgical specimen by multivariate analysis. Conclusion: CT findings on post-RT neck studies can help predict the likelihood of residual disease and, thereby, the necessity of planned post-RT neck dissection.
Martian dust mantling and surface composition: Interpretation of thermophysical properties

The goal of the study presented here is to use the diurnal variation of the differences in the brightness temperatures between each of the four surface-sensing IRTM (infrared thermal mapper) wavelength bands to separate the average grain size determined by the thermal inertia into the surface block population and the inertia of the fine component. It is noted that the thermal emissivity of the surface can also be determined and that this in turn can be used to estimate compositional variations. What is more, the atmospheric dust content can be estimated and used to infer sources and sinks of airborne dust. Owing to the number of unknowns, observations at more than one time of day are necessary to determine each of these parameters independently. The data discussed here were obtained by the IRTM, which had five thermal channels centered at 7, 9, 11, 15, and 20 microns and one channel that measured solar reflectance for from 0.3 to 3.0 microns.
Observation of crystallization in Fe80B20 metallic glass by DSC and Moessbauer spectroscopy

Abstract The crystallization behavior of the Fe 80 B 20 metallic glass ribbon (MG2605) has been observed by using isothermal differential scanning calorimetry, DSC, and Moessbauer spectroscopy. The crystallization kinetics follow an Avrami-type relation with an activation energy of 3.04∓0.1 eV., and characteristic time exponent, n = 3.38∓0.1. Eutectic phase separation of α-Fe and tetragonal Fe 3 B is observed as the first stage of crystallization. The structure of the amorphous phase has been evaluated in terms of the distribution of the hyperfine field, obtained from the Moessbauer spectra by Window's method 1 . The intermediate metastable crystalline phases and final stable crystalline phases produced from the initially amorphous Fe 80 B 20 have also been characterized.
A novel approach to the evaporation of complex fragments

Abstract The formalism describing the evaporation of complex fragments on the basis of the final state phase space are shown to be seriously inaccurate. The relevance of shape polarization is discussed and new expressions for the decay widths and the kinetic energy distributions are derived.
Time Variability in the Radio Brightness Distribution of Saturn

Abstract We present images of Saturn at wavelengths of 0.35, 2.0, 3.6, and 6.1 cm taken in 1990–1995. These include the first radio images of the planet's entire southern hemisphere, which is shown to be ≈5% brighter than the northern at 6.1 and 2.0 cm, and possibly at 0.35 cm. The latitudinal brightness distribution varies substantially over time. The bright band at latitude 30°N seen throughout the 1980s at wavelengths 6.1 cm and longer by A. W. Grossman, D. O. Muhleman, and G. L. Berge (1989, Science 245 , 1211–1215), by I. de Pater and J. R. Dickel (1991, Icarus . 94 , 474–492), and in our 1990 6.1-cm image is absent in our 6.1-cm image from 1995. Instead, this image shows a bright band around latitude ≈40°S and a dark zone around the equator. An image at 2.0 cm from 1994 shows a bright band around latitudes ≈40°N and another one around ≈17°N which displays substructure. This contrasts with the flat 2.0-cm brightness distribution observed throughout the 1980s. We model the changes in Saturn's brightness at radio wavelengths caused by supersaturation and humidity effects in the NH 4 SH and NH 3 -ice clouds, as well as by variations in the temperature structure of the upper troposphere. It is found that each of these processes is by itself able to change the planet's radio brightness, but that a multiwavelength study can disentangle their effects. The 3.6- and 6.1-cm observations from 1990 can be reproduced by supersaturation of the NH 4 SH cloud, while humidity effects and supersaturation of NH 3 ice are ruled out. Detailed modeling of the data from 1990 shows that at northern midlatitudes, NH 4 SH condensed at the thermochemical equilibrium temperatue of 235.5 K, while over most of the planet, condensation did not occur until T =(190±5) K. Supersaturation may also cause the dark equatorial region seen in 1995 at 6.1 cm. Observations of the rings show that the west (dusk) ansa is brighter than the east (dawn) ansa by factors of up to 2. The polarization characteristics are as expected in the case of single scattering of Saturn's thermal emission. The magnitude of the asymmetry increases with increasing wavelength and with decreasing distance to the planet, implying the effect arises in the scattered planetary emission rather than in the rings' thermal emission. We show that the east–west asymmetry may be due to multiple scattering in gravitational (Julian–Toomre) wakes, although more detailed models are needed to assess this possibility. The measured brightness of the A and inner B rings as a function of scattering angle agrees to within ≈30% with model calculations by J. N. Cuzzi, J. B. Pollack, and A. L. Summers (1980, Icarus 44 , 683–705) of scattering of Saturn's thermal emission off ice particles with N ( r )∼ r −3 between r =0.1 and 100 cm. In particular, the predicted strong forward peak of the scattering is clearly seen in the data. The brightness of both ansae in the outer B ring is a factor of 2 lower than that of the model and than the brightness at intermediate scattering angles, suggesting an excess of large (radius ≳100 cm) particles in this ring.
New variant of human tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) with enhanced efficacy and lower incidence of bleeding compared with recombinant human TPA

Background The thrombolytic properties of a new variant of tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) (T103N, N117Q, KHRR 296-299 AAAA, or TNK-TPA) with longer plasma half-life, greater fibrin specificity, and increased resistance to inhibition by plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) were investigated in a rabbit thrombosed carotid artery model. Methods and Results After 60 minutes of arterial occlusion, TPA (1.5, 3.0, 6.0, or 9.0 mg/kg as a front-loaded IV infusion for 90 minutes; n=22) or TNK-TPA (0.38, 0.75, or 1.5 mg/kg as IV bolus; n=16) was administered. Blood flow through the artery was monitored for an additional 120 minutes. Bleeding was assessed by weighing the amount of blood absorbed in a gauze pad placed in a subcutaneous muscular incision. Recanalization rates and duration of recanalization were dose dependent. The doses that produced >80% recanalization rates with the longest duration of recanalization were 9.0 mg/kg for TPA and 1.5 mg/kg for TNK-TPA. At these doses, time to reperfusion (mean±SE...
Maximal GABA and muscimol binding to high-affinity sites differ in physiological and in non-physiological buffers

Abstract The sensitivity of [ 3 H]GABA and [ 3 H]muscimol high-affinity binding sites to physiological (Krebs-Ringer's bicarbonate) and non-physiological (Tris-citrate) buffers was examined using synaptosomal membranes from bovine retinas. The maximum number of sites ( B max ) for [ 3 H]GABA was present when the tissue was assayed in KRB. With only one exception, this effect was independent of the washing conditions used or a small change in pH. In contrast, [ 3 H]muscimol binding sites were maximally present when the tissue was washed in Tris, regardless of the assaying conditions or the small change in pH. Neither [ 3 H]GABA nor [ 3 H]muscimol was displaced by ( - )baclofen. The apparent dissociation constants ( K d ) of the ligands did not change under any of the conditions tested. These findings demonstrate a fundamental difference between GABA and muscimol binding sites.
A reconfigurable dual-band metasurface for EMI shielding of specific electromagnetic wave components

Metasurfaces are becoming more of an interest to the research community because of the unusual electromagnetic properties that can be achieved. This paper presents a reconfigurable metasurface for EMI shielding purposes. In particular, a dual-band Jersualem cross is developed and pin diodes are use to interconnect elements to control the specific polarization properties of the shield. It is shown that the response of the shield to specific field components can be controlled with simple control voltages. Simulations are validated with measurements throughout this work.
α-Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Kinase II is Associated with Paired Helical Filaments of Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized pathologically by two distinguishable deposits in the brain, namely senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). Senile plaques are composed of fragments of the amyloid precursor protein, whereas NFT are composed primarily of paired-helical filaments (PHF). The latter are in turn composed principally of the microtubule-associated protein, tau. Tau in PHF is highly and unusually phosphorylated but the mechanisms leading to this unusual phosphorylation are not known. Using a combination of immunoblotting and kinase assays, we demonstrate that a discreet set of kinases copurify with PHF. One of these kinases was found by immunoblotting to be alpha-calcium-calmodulin-dependent kinase II (alpha-CaM kinase). Immunogold labeling revealed that alpha-CaM kinase was localized to a novel globular membranelike structure found at the ends of PHF. Since previous studies have shown alpha-CaM kinase to be involved in memory, its association with PHF may have important implications in understanding memory loss in AD. We also discuss the possibility that the association of alpha-CaM kinase with PHF may indicate sites where tau protein is converted into PHF.
Factors Influencing the Collection Efficiency of Estuarine Fishes

Abstract We evaluated the efficiency with which estuarine fishes were collected in a haul seine on 11 dates from 1984 to 1988. Comparisons between the catch in the first haul and the total population in a tidal creek pool demonstrated that species richness, species rank, and size distributions of dominant taxa were represented well in the first haul. However, abundance was not reliably estimated by a single collection. Collection efficiency for the six most common taxa ranged from 7 to 91%. A two-way analysis of variance, used to examine the efficiency of the first haul, indicated significant main effects for species and season. In general, efficiencies were significantly higher in summer and winter than in spring and autumn. Multiple-regression analyses, used to predict the efficiency of the first haul as a function of water temperature, salinity, total numbers, and modal length, only yielded significant relationships for some species. Collection efficiencies of striped mullet Mugil cephalus were related...