cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Archetype-based design: Sensor network programming for application experts, not just programming experts

Sensor network application experts such as biologists, geologists, and environmental engineers generally have little experience with, and little patience for, general-purpose and often low-level sensor network programming languages. We believe sensor network languages should be designed for application experts, who may not be expert programmers. To further that goal, we propose the concepts of sensor network application archetypes, archetype-specific languages, and archetype templates. Our work makes the following contributions. (1) We have examined a wide range of wireless sensor networks to develop a taxonomy of seven archetypes. This taxonomy permits the design of compact languages that are appropriate for novice programmers. (2) We developed a language (named WASP) and its associated compiler for a commonly encountered archetype. (3) We conducted user studies to evaluate the suitability of WASP and several alternatives for novice programmers. To the best of our knowledge, this 56-hour 28-user study is the first to evaluate a broad range of sensor network languages (TinyScript, Tiny-SQL, SwissQM, and TinyTemplate). On average, users of other languages successfully implemented their assigned applications 30.6% of the time. Among the successful completions, the average development time was 21.7 minutes. Users of WASP had an average success rate of 80.6%, and an average development time of 12.1 minutes (an improvement of 44.4%).
Wasabi nose: an underreported complication of cyclophosphamide infusions

Wasabi nose, a term used to describe the nasopharyngeal discomfort experienced during cyclophosphamide infusions, is a rare phenomenon, previously described in case reports of adult oncology patients typically receiving high-dose chemotherapy regimens. The underlying mechanism by which this phenomenon occurs is unknown. We report four cases of children with rheumatic diseases afflicted by profound nasopharyngeal discomfort secondary to low-dose cyclophosphamide infusions. We additionally review the literature regarding potential medical management of these complications and describe our experience using these interventions.
Shadow overlap ion-beam lithography for nanoarchitectures

Precisely constructed nanoscale devices and nanoarchitectures with high spatial resolution are critically needed for applications in highspeed electronics, high-density memory, efficient solar cells, optoelectronics, plasmonics, optical antennas, chemical sensors, biological sensors, and nanospectroscopic imaging. Current methods of classical optical lithography are limited by the diffraction effect of light for nanolithography, and the state of art of e-beam or focused ion beam lithography limit the throughput and further reduction less than few nanometers for large-area batch fabrication. However, these limits can be surpassed surprisingly by utilizing the overlap of two shadow images. Here we present shadow overlap of ion-beam lithography (SOIL), which can combine the advantages of parallel processing, tunable capability of geometries, cost-effective method, and high spatial resolution nanofabrication technique. The SOIL method relies on the overlap of shadows created by the directional metal deposition and etching angles on prepatterned structures. Consequently, highly tunable patterns can be obtained. As examples, unprecedented nanoarchitectures for optical antennas are demonstrated by SOIL. We expect that SOIL can have a significant impact not only on nanoscale devices, but also large-scale (i.e., micro and macro) three-dimensional innovative lithography.
Virus Receptors on Somatic and Immune Cells

The susceptibility of cells to viral infection is often determined during the early stages of interaction.1 This is particularly evident in the mammalian viruses, where infection and virus disease are largely determined by the ability of viruses to bind to the cells of a particular species. Even within a given species, the expression of different genes in different cell types or within the same cell type at different stages of development can result in the formation of different sets of specific virus receptors. The identification of virus receptors and the study of their interactions with ligands are therefore of critical importance in understanding viral tropism and subsequent disease patterns.2,3
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Issues

This article provides an overview of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) issues in theory, research, and practice related to mental health. First, the complexity of sexual orientation and gender identity constructs and definitions of LGBT identities are described. Second, a brief history of the conceptualizations of LGBT mental health is provided. Third, evidence of mental health disparities and current theory and research on minority stressors as contributors to mental health concerns in LGBT populations are summarized. Fourth, professional guidelines for psychological practice with LGBT populations are described. Finally, directions for future theory, research, and practice are offered.
Desensitization of IgE-mediated IL-4 release from human basophils.

Previous studies demonstrated marked differences in the time course of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and histamine release, implying different mechanisms of desensitization. To explore this possibility basophils were desensitized with anti-IgE antibody by treating the cells for various periods of time in the absence of extracellular calcium (Ca[e]). The basophil response following addition of Ca(e) was assessed by measuring IL-4 or histamine release by measuring the cytosolic calcium response ([Ca2+]i). The kinetics of desensitization for IL-4 and histamine release did not differ; 50% desensitization occurred at 37+/-8 and 29+/-16 min for IL-4 and histamine release, respectively. The kinetics of desensitization as assessed by the [Ca2+]i response was found to be biphasic; an initial enhancement of the [Ca2+]i response after 5-15 min of desensitization was followed by a rapid decrease so that by 30 min the amount of desensitization was equivalent to that observed for histamine release. Other than this initial period of enhanced calcium response, desensitization kinetics were unexpectedly similar for all measured endpoints. These results suggest that, during stimulation in the absence of Ca(e), there is a down-regulation process that influences all events on a similar time scale. Because the time scales for secretion of histamine, LTC4 or IL-4 or the [Ca2+]i response markedly differ (i.e., stimulation in the presence of Ca(e), these results also indicate that down-regulatory processes differ depending on the presence or absence of Ca(e).
DScanPUF: A Delay-Based Physical Unclonable Function Built Into Scan Chain

Physical unclonable function (PUF) has emerged as an attractive primitive to address diverse hardware security issues in integrated circuits, such as authentication and cryptographic key generation. Most of the existing PUFs rely on dedicated circuit structure for generating random signatures. It often causes concerns due to extra design efforts and hardware overhead. Moreover, the hardware complexity increases with higher entropy requirement, which may be unacceptable in area-constrained applications. In this paper, we propose DScanPUF, a novel PUF structure that leverages on the scan chain, a prevalent design-for-test structure in a chip. It is based on a low-overhead delay measurement structure consisting of a phase-locked loop and multiple clock delay lines to measure scan path delays at high resolution. A method is proposed to transform the responses into robust binary signatures. We note that the area of DScanPUF is only 18% of the ring-oscillator (RO) PUF with 1024 ROs. Moreover, it can be easily integrated into a design without any influence on testability. DScanPUF is evaluated with test results from 31 field-programmable gate array chips, which show good randomness, uniqueness and reproducibility under temperature, and supply voltage fluctuations. We also show that the signature is robust under aging effects on scan paths through a simulation at 45-nm CMOS process. Finally, we propose a simple structural modification to further improve the signature robustness.
Cardiovascular and Neuronal Responses to Head Stimulation Reflect Central Sensitization and Cutaneous Allodynia in a Rat Model of Migraine

Reduction of the threshold of cardiovascular and neuronal responses to facial and intracranial stimulation reflects central sensitization and cutaneous allodynia in a rat model of migraine. Current...
L’offensive contre l’État-providence aux États-Unis

L’article decrit brievement une serie de facteurs politiques et economiques qui ont contribue a la montee du neo-conservatisme aux Etats-Unis. Il dresse un bilan critique des orientations economiques promues par l’administration Reagan, denonce l’offensive dont l’Etat-providence est l’objet, souligne les liens qui existent entre la production de la pauvrete et les processus de restructuration economique. Il s’interroge sur l’ampleur du soutien populaire dont jouit l’administration Reagan et propose une serie de strategies susceptibles de prevenir le desastre economique et politique vers lequel s’acheminent les Etats-Unis.
Development of a Remotely Collaborative Pseudo-dynamic Testing Platform for Bridge Structures

A remotely collaborative pseudo-dynamic testing platform for the seismic response simulation of bridge structures under earthquake excitations has been developed based on the communication platform of NetSLab system.The testing platform consists of three types of modules,namely control center,physical tester and virtual tester.The control center organizs the testing procedure,coordinats data communication,and handls numerical integration.The physical tester and virtual tester generate restoring forces of substructure by operating testing facilities and computing resources respectively.A standard ActiveX control,developed in the structural laboratory of Hunan University,was utilized to provide transferring of control signal and feedback data between physical tester and MTS Electro-hydraulic servo system.Based on communication speed tests and the investigation of network environment as well as the characteristic of pseudo-dynamic testing,a reasonable framework for dealing with communication tasks was established. Using the testing platform,a series of virtual hybrid tests of bridge structures under earthquake excitations were carried out.The application of the program was verified well with the results.
Repeat liposuction-curettage for failed bromhidrosis surgery

Objective To investigate efficacy and side-effects of a second Liposuction-curettage (LC) in patients with insufficient prior surgery for bromhidrosis. Methods 32 nonresponders to prior minimally invasive surgery (21 female and 11 male) underwent a second LC. Side-effects, patient satisfaction, the surgeons' intraoperative evaluation after surgery were documented,to compared with 382 patients of first LC(253 female and 129 male). Results There were no significant differences in therapeutic effect and complications. In second LC,91% of all patients were satisfied with postoperative results (vs 93% in first LC,P0.05). No severe side-effects were observed. Five patients (16%) slightly increased difficulties during dissection of dermis from subcutaneous fat in second LC. Conclusion LC is effective for patients with insufficient response to prior minimally invasive surgery, with less side-effects, deserved to clinical application.
Trypsin sensitivity of mammallian cells grown in a serum-free medium.

Two mammalian cell lines which multiply in vitro in culture medium devoid of serum were investigated for sensitivity to twice crystallized trypsin. The minimum trypsin concentration which showed a concomitant increase in cell numbers and detachment from the surface of the culture vessel in one cell line was 0.01 μg per ml or approximately 10−8 μg per cell. These effects could be neutralized by normal human or calf serum at a dilution of 1∶500. The second cell line, which normally grows in suspension, was unaffected by these concentrations of trypsin.
Relational turbulence among military couples after reunion following deployment

Reintegration following deployment is a pivotal time for returning service members and at-home partners. We test logic derived from the relational turbulence model about depressive symptoms, relational uncertainty, and interference from a partner as predictors of people's appraisals of turmoil during the post-deployment transition. Participants were 118 military couples who completed an online questionnaire once per month for the first 3 months after homecoming. Multilevel models predicting people's appraisals of turmoil revealed (a) actor and partner effects of depressive symptoms, (b) actor effects of relational uncertainty, and (c) actor effects of interference from a partner that were apparent beyond people's appraisals of turmoil during the previous month. These findings advance both theory and practice.
Prelingually deafened children’s performance with the nucleus multichannel cochlear implant

The speech perception abilities of 19 children with onset of deafness before age 3 years was examined after they received the Nucleus multichannel cochlear implant. The children were divided into two groups based on age at onset of deafness: children with congenital deafness (n = 8) and children with onset of deafness after birth but before age 3 (n = 11). There was no statistically significant difference between the scores of the two groups of subjects on 12 of the 13 speech perception tests administered. This finding suggests that children who are born deaf have the potential to derive the same benefit from cochlear implants as do children who have had some exposure to spoken language before the onset of their deafness. Examination of performance in terms of communication mode revealed that prelingually deafened children with implants who used oral communication obtained significantly higher scores on only 2 of the 13 speech perception measures than did children who used total communication. The data suggest that communication mode does not appear to account for large differences in speech perception performance among prelingually deafened children with multichannel cochlear implants.
The effects of telepsychology format on empathic accuracy and the therapeutic alliance: An analogue counselling session

Objective The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate whether psychotherapy format (videoconferencing, telephone or in-person) influenced therapist empathic accuracy and clients’ perceptions of the therapeutic alliance. We also evaluated whether client attitudes towards using telepsychology influenced the therapeutic alliance in the telepsychology formats. A secondary purpose was to determine whether empathic accuracy predicted the therapeutic alliance differently across service delivery formats. Method A randomised block design was used to assign volunteer clients (N = 58) to receive one session of psychotherapy in a videoconferencing, telephonic or in-person format. Clients completed two therapeutic alliance measures and a telepsychology attitudes measure, and both therapists and clients completed an empathic accuracy measure. Results There were no statistically significant differences between the conditions on therapist empathic accuracy or therapeutic alliance. Attitudes towards telepsychology and empathic accuracy were both significant predictors of alliance in the telepsychology delivery formats. Interestingly, empathic accuracy did not predict the therapeutic alliance for clients in the in-person condition. Conclusions Although preliminary, the results suggest that the technology-mediated psychotherapy processes of empathic accuracy and therapeutic alliance seem to be similar to in-person psychotherapy. Empathic accuracy, however, may be a more salient process for clients who receive services in a telepsychology format. Process-focused research may highlight important distinctions in technology-mediated psychological services that inform both practice and policy.
Project Cyclops: The Greatest Radio Telescope Never Built

Each summer NASA sponsors a number of research and development projects at their various research centers across the country, often in cooperation with a nearby university. Selected groups of university faculty and professionals are brought together to study some research problem of interest to NASA, and to provide continuing education for the participants. The great advantage of these summer research programs is that NASA gains the experience of talented people who can look at problems with fresh eyes and no preconceived solutions. The participants are freed from their normal day-to-day responsibilities, and can let their imaginations run wild and be totally dedicated to the problem at hand. These programs are exhilarating, wonderful and can even be career-changing experiences.
Syphilis Screening: A Review of the Syphilis Health Check Rapid Immunochromatographic Test.

Objective: To provide a review on the use, percent positive agreement (PPA), percent negative agreement (PNA), and utilization of Syphilis Health Check for syphilis screening in community pharmacies (in coordination with public health departments) in an effort to increase overall syphilis screening in high-risk populations. Data Sources: PubMed was searched for the following keywords: syphilis, sexually transmitted diseases, diagnosis, public health, point-of-care tests. The search included all dates up to December 2016. Study Selection: Data from studies including the use of the Syphilis Health Check Rapid Immunochromatographic Test were included. Data Synthesis: There are many existing tests to aid in the diagnosis of syphilis. The Syphilis Health Check was compared with these assays using PPA and PNA, where it demonstrated a high level of accuracy in the detection of syphilis antibodies. Conclusion: The Syphilis Health Check Rapid Immunochromatographic Test is a Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendmen...
Differential phenotypes of memory CD4 and CD8 T cells in the spleen and peripheral tissues following immunostimulatory therapy

Studies assessing immune parameters typically utilize human PBMCs or murine splenocytes to generate data that is interpreted as representative of immune status. Using splenocytes, we have shown memory CD4-T cells that expand following systemic immunostimulatory therapies undergo rapid IFNg-mediated activation induced cell death (AICD) resulting in a net loss of total CD4-T cells which correlates with elevated PD-1 expression. This is in contrast to CD8-T cells which expand with minimal PD-1 upregulation and apoptosis. In this study we expand upon our previous work by evaluating CD4 and CD8-T cell phenotype and distribution in peripheral organs which are more representative of immune responses occurring at metastatic sites following immunotherapy. Phenotypic assessment of T cells in both lymphoid (spleen and LN) as well as peripheral organs (liver and lungs) in control and immunotherapy treated mice was performed to survey the impact of location on memory phenotype and activation marker status. Peripheral blood from patients undergoing systemic high dose IL-2 was also assessed for expression of PD-1 and memory phenotype. Here we reveal that, similar to what occurs in the spleen and lymph nodes, CD4-T cell numbers decreased while CD8-T cells expanded at these peripheral sites. In contrast to having differential expression of PD-1 as occurs in the spleen, both CD4 and CD8-T cells had significantly elevated levels of PD-1 in both the liver and lungs. Further analysis correlated PD-1 expression to CD62Llow (T effector/effector memory,TE/EM) expression which are more prevalent in CD4-T cells in general as well as CD8-T cells in peripheral organs. Similar elevated PD-1 expression on TE/EM cells was observed in patients undergoing systemic high-dose IL-2 therapy. These data highlight PD-1 expressing and/or TE/EM subsets of T cells in circulation as more representative of cells at immune sites and underscore the importance of valuation both in lymphoid as well as target organs when making determinations about immune status. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01416831 . Registered August 12, 2011.
Heart rate variability: implications for perioperative anesthesia care.

Purpose of reviewHeart rate variability (HRV) is a measure of the balance between both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system and may provide useful information for anesthesia care providers. HRV may offer predictive information about critically ill and operative patients. Further, HRV c
Title IX sexual violence reporting requirements: Knowledge and opinions of responsible employees and students.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine how university employees’ and students’ understandings of Title IX may affect both students’ disclosure of victimization and perpetration and employees’ reporting to Title IX coordinators. Design/methodology/approach Study 1 surveyed 114 university employees about their knowledge of Title IX and what it requires of them. Study 2 surveyed 845 students to determine their knowledge of and opinions about Title IX mandatory reporting requirements, their beliefs regarding rape myths and feminism, and their sexual victimization history. Findings In general, faculty/staff members thought they were required to report sexual violence to Title IX coordinators and agreed with the reporting requirement. The majority (78.9 percent) of faculty/staff members said they would report a sexual assault disclosed by a student to the Title IX coordinator. Most students believed faculty/staff members were required to report sexual violence and reported high agreement with the reporting requirement. More than a third of students (36.3 to 36.9 percent) were unsure whether they would tell a faculty member about sexual assault (their own or that of a third party), and about a fifth (16.7 to 22.8 percent) were not willing to disclose. Originality/value These results underscore the importance of trainings to encourage both student disclosure and reporting by mandated reporters of sexual violence on college campuses.
Pediatric multiple sclerosis: current perspectives on health behaviors.

Purpose Pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis (POMS) accounts for ~5% of all multiple sclerosis cases, and has a prevalence of ~10,000 children in the USA. POMS is associated with a higher relapse rate, and results in irreversible disability on average 10 years earlier than adult-onset multiple sclerosis. Other manifestations of POMS include mental and physical fatigue, cognitive impairment, and depression. We believe that the health behaviors of physical activity, diet, and sleep may have potential benefits in POMS, and present a scoping review of the existing literature. Methods We identified papers by searching three electronic databases (PubMed, GoogleScholar, and CINAHL). Search terms included: pediatric multiple sclerosis OR pediatric onset multiple sclerosis OR POMS AND health behavior OR physical activity OR sleep OR diet OR nutrition OR obesity. Papers were included in this review if they were published in English, referenced nutrition, diet, obesity, sleep, exercise, or physical activity, and included pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis as a primary population. Results Twenty papers were identified via the literature search that addressed health-promoting behaviors in POMS, and 11, 8, and 3 papers focused on diet, activity, and sleep, respectively. Health-promoting behaviors were associated with markers of disease burden in POMS. Physical activity participation was associated with reduced relapse rate, disease burden, and sleep/rest fatigue symptoms. Nutritional factors, particularly vitamin D intake, may be associated with relapse rate. Obesity has been associated with increased risk of developing POMS. POMS is associated with better sleep hygiene, and this may benefit fatigue and quality of life. Discussion Participation in health behaviors, particularly physical activity, diet, and sleep, may have benefits for POMS. Nevertheless, there are currently no interventions targeting promotion of these behaviors and examining the benefits of managing the primary and secondary manifestations of POMS.
The effect of Person on cardiac and motor responsivity to shock in dogs

Interaction between effect of social stimulus (Person) and a faradic shock on heart rate and motor response (leg flexion) in four dogs was observed and recorded. The trials during which the shock and petting were presented simultaneously showed a significant suppression of heart rate increase to shock when compared to the shock alone trials. The lack of this suppression effect in the motor response to the shock is discussed in relation to the concept of schizokinesis. The importance of controlling prior experience of subjects is also discussed.
Regulation of rat liver glycogen synthetase D. Role of glucose 6-phosphate and enzyme sulfhydryl groups in activity and glycogen binding.

Abstract Reaction of four of the eight sulfhydryl groups per subunit of rat liver glycogen synthetase D through mixed disulfide formation with oxidized glutathione leads to inactivation of the enzyme and its dissociation from glycogen. The differential protection offered by glucose 6-phosphate against inactivation and dissociation permits determination of the number of sulfhydryl groups involved in each process. Modification of the first sulfhydryl group had no effect on enzyme activity or glycogen binding. Reaction of the second sulfhydryl group led to complete inactivation of the enzyme and was accompanied by an increase in the Ka for glucose-6-P. Modification of two more sulfhydryl groups per subunit resulted in release of the enzyme from glycogen. Gel filtration experiments revealed that disruption of the glycogen-glycogen synthetase D complex was a consequence of dissociation of the enzyme itself into a subunit (mol wt 86,000) which could not bind glycogen. The enzyme-glycogen complex could be reconstituted from glycogen and glycogen-free, inactive glycogen synthetase D by treatment with glucose-6-P. Reduction with dithiothreitol, which by itself failed to restore the complex, significantly lowered the concentration of glucose-6-P required to fully achieve reconstitution. Treatment with glucose-6-P, but not reduction with dithiothreitol, reassociated the inactive subunit into a high molecular weight species which is the form capable of binding glycogen. These results suggest that glucose-6-P plays an important role in maintaining the glycogen-glycogen synthetase D complex.
A Multilevel Meta-analysis on Academic Achievement Among Maltreated Youth

Maltreatment can influence normative development and negatively impact emotional, behavioral, and social functioning in youth. As a result, it is not surprising that maltreated youth, as compared to non-maltreated youth, tend to underperform academically. Research on the academic performance of maltreated youth has increased over the last decade and several review papers have been published in this area. While the conclusions of these review articles have been that maltreated youth are at greater risk for academic deficits as compared to their non-maltreated peers, there are several conflicting findings within the literature that make it difficult to determine if or to what extent maltreated youth may demonstrate academic difficulty. Using a multilevel, structural equation model meta-analysis technique, the current study sought to provide a quantitative synthesis of the literature by examining the mean difference between maltreated and non-maltreated youth on measures of academic performance. Moreover, the current study also examined group differences between academic subject and maltreatment type. A total of 72 effect sizes were extracted from 32 studies that met inclusion criteria. Results demonstrated an overall negative, medium effect size, such that maltreated youth tended to perform slightly greater than half a standard deviation below non-maltreated youth on measures of academic performance. Moderation analyses suggest deficits may be greater on measures of general academic performance, as compared to language arts measures. No differences were observed for maltreatment type. These findings highlight the need for increased focus on academic difficulties among maltreated youth.
Tirilazad and Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

A randomized double-blind dose-escalation trial of tirilazad mesylate versus placebo was done in patients admitted within 72 hours from SAH. 3 escalating doses of tirilazad were administered (0.6 mg, 2.0 mg, 6.0 mg/kg/day). 245 patients from 12 canadian centers were included in the study: all received concurrent therapy with oral nimodipine, and hypertensive hypervolemic hemodilution therapy as indicated. Out of these patients, 61 received placebo, 51 the 0.6 mg/kg dose, 42 the 2.0 mg/kg dose and 91 the 6.0 mg/kg dose. The group treated with the highest dose presented a significantly higher incidence of thick layers of blood in the subarachnoid space by CT scan.
Hematopoietic Depression Induced by Chloromycetin

Two cases of salmonella infection receiving Chloromycetin therapy developed erythropoietic hypoplasia and myeloid maturation arrest. In both cases there was prompt hematologic recovery with well defined reticulocytosis after discontinuance of the drug.
Growth of anisotropic single crystals of a random copolymer, poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-(R)-3-hydroxyhexanoate] driven by cooperative –CH···O H-bonding

Abstract Single crystals of a random copolymer, Poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-(R)-3-hydroxyhexanoate] (PHBHx), with a relatively high (R)-3-hydroxyhexanoate (3HHx) content of 3.9 mol% were grown from dilute solutions over a wide range of crystallization temperatures (Tc) from −20 °C to 75 °C. Unlike Poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-(R)-3-hydroxyvalerate] (PHBV) which allows the 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV) to be included into PHB lattice, 3HHx is excluded from the lattice as a non-crystallizable molecular defect. Remarkably, however, even at such a high defect content, all the samples (except for Tc = −20 °C) formed well-developed needle-shaped single crystals, with a crystal morphology similar to that found for crystals of the homopolymer PHB. A very characteristic anisotropic lateral growth habit is observed, with the growth rate along the a axis being much higher than that along the b axis. This anisotropic growth pattern was significantly enhanced at Tc = 20 °C, wherein the unit cell packing velocity along the a direction is approximately 55 times faster than that along the b direction. This thermal dependent anisotropy was attributed to an unusual cooperative hydrogen bond-like network formed by methyl hydrogen and a neighboring carbonyl oxygen in the α crystal of PHB. Another manifestation of this H-bonding network can be seen in unusually thin crystal lamellae at −20 °C, with only ∼6 repeat units per stem, suggesting a superior stability of crystal structure. Interestingly, at this temperature, although 3HHx still cannot be accommodated along the a direction (the H-bonding direction), it could be included along the b direction, indicated by the observation of lattice expansion along the b direction. Also at Tc = −20 °C, we found that 3HHx began to show some impact on the crystalline morphology, indicated by the development of a twisted lamellar texture. This effect was believed to arise from the release of stress induced by a congested fold surface dominated by non-crystalline 3HHx and 3HB units.
On-line coupling of hydrophobic interaction column with reverse phase column -charged aerosol detector/mass spectrometer to characterize polysorbates in therapeutic protein formulations

Polysorbates are complex mixtures of over a thousand components with a wide range of hydrophobicity. This paper describes a methodology for characterization of heterogeneity and stability of polysorbates in therapeutic protein formulation. The method utilizes on-line coupling of a hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) column with reverse phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) and charged aerosol detection (CAD)/mass spectrometer (MS). The addition of a low concentration of formic acid and organic solvent (e.g. 0.05% formic acid and 3% acetonitrile) in the mobile phase enables the use of the HIC column to separate small molecule excipients (including major components of polysorbates) and the large protein molecules by a mixed mechanism of size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and RPLC. The protein and the charged excipients, which elute early from the HIC column, are directed by a switching valve to waste. The polysorbates and other neutral excipients, which elute later from the HIC column, are directed to the RPLC column for further separation. The separated polysorbate components are detected by CAD, and characterized by MS. This method has been used to characterize the degradation of polysorbate 80 (PS80) in placebo and protein formulations. Our studies have revealed different degradation behavior of PS80 in placebo vs. protein formulation.
Quantifying the Value of Prevention: A Survey of Public Health Departments' Quantitative and Economic Modeling Capacity.

Objective To improve the understanding of local health departments' (LHDs') capacity for and perceived barriers to using quantitative/economic modeling information to inform policy and program decisions. Design We developed, tested, and deployed a novel survey to examine this topic. Setting The study's sample frame included the 200 largest LHDs in terms of size of population served plus all other accredited LHDs (n = 67). The survey was e-mailed to 267 LHDs; respondents completed the survey online using SurveyMonkey. Participants Survey instructions requested that the survey be completed from the perspective of the entire health department by LHD's top executive or designate. A total of 63 unique LHDs responded (response rate: 39%). Main outcome measure(s) Capacity for quantitative and economic modeling was measured in 5 categories (routinely use information from models we create ourselves; routinely use information from models created by others; sometimes use information from models we create ourselves; sometimes use information from models created by others; never use information from modeling). Experience with modeling was measured in 4 categories (very, somewhat, not so, not at all). Results Few (9.5%) respondents reported routinely using information from models, and most who did used information from models created by others. By contrast, respondents reported high levels of interest in using models and in gaining training in their use and the communication of model results. The most commonly reported barriers to modeling were funding and technical skills. Nearly all types of training topics listed were of interest. Conclusions Across a sample of large and/or accredited LHDs, we found modest levels of use of modeling coupled with strong interest in capacity for modeling and therefore highlight an opportunity for LHD growth and support. Both funding constraints and a lack of knowledge of how to develop and/or use modeling are barriers to desired progress around modeling. Educational or funding opportunities to promote capacity for and use of quantitative and economic modeling may catalyze use of modeling by public health practitioners.
Toward an Integrative Conceptual Model on the Relations Between Discrimination and Prosocial Behaviors in US Latino/Latina Youth

Theorists and scholars assert that ethnic/racial marginalization and discrimination have important deleterious consequences for adolescents Schmitt, M. T., & Branscombe, N. R. (2002). The meaning and consequences of perceived discrimination in disadvantaged and privileged social groups. European Review of Social Psychology, 12(1), 167-199. US Latino adolescents are at high risk for experiencing such discrimination, and, therefore, understanding the associations between discrimination and developmental outcomes in this population is important. Traditionally, research on discrimination and US Latino youth development has focused on maladjustment, such as internalizing and externalizing symptoms (see Brittian et al. J Youth Adolesc 42(3):328–341, 2013). However, several scholars (e.g., Cabrera, Soc Policy Rep 27:1–30, 2013) have noted the need to study both positive and negative outcomes in Latino populations to redress deficit models and provide a more balanced perspective on US Latino youth. One indicator of positive adjustment and social functioning is prosocial behaviors, which are defined as actions intended to benefit others (Carlo & Randall, J Youth Adolesc 31(1):31–44, 2002). Prosocial behaviors are important markers of psychological and behavioral well-being, health, and social engagement. Discrimination is important for predicting prosocial behaviors particularly because of the social exclusion and marginalization that often occurs when adolescents perceive ethnic/racial bias. Discrimination experiences are also stressful, which may deplete the cognitive and emotional resources necessary to engage in prosocial behaviors (see Batson & Powell, Handbook of psychology, Volume 5: Personality and social psychology. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. 2003; Davis et al. J Youth Adolesc 45(3):457–470, 2016). Although the research on discrimination and prosocial behaviors is limited, the existing studies demonstrate complex relations among experiences of discrimination and multiple forms of prosocial behaviors. This chapter explores theories and research on the role of discrimination experiences in US Latino youth prosocial behaviors and the associated risk and protective factors.
A test of the relationship between sexist television commentary and enjoyment of women’s sports: impacts on emotions, attitudes, and viewing intentions

Televised coverage of the 2016 Summer Olympic Games featured a record number of female athletes competing. However, NBC and its commentators faced public scrutiny for their use of sexist language i...
Electrification of Industry: Potential, Challenges and Outlook

Industry is one of the most difficult sectors to decarbonize. With the rapidly falling cost of solar PV, wind power, and battery storage, industry electrification coupled with renewable electricity supply has the potential to be a key pathway to achieve industry decarbonization. This paper summarizes the latest research on the possibility of electrification of the industry sector. The transition to industry electrification would entail major changes in the energy system: large scale increases in renewable electricity or nuclear power supplies, the expansion of electricity transmission and distribution networks, completely different end-use technologies for process heating, and new infrastructure for distributing and dispensing hydrogen. Thus, aggressive and sustained supportive policies and much wider research, development, demonstration, and deployment activities are required to meet net zero carbon emissions goals in the industrial sector. Existing economically competitive electrified industrial processes (such as electric arc furnaces for secondary steelmaking from scrap steel), coupled with zero-carbon electricity sources can sharply reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) compared to manufacturing processes that rely on fossil fuels. Fuel switching in industry from fossil fuel–based process heating to electrified heat can offer many product and productivity benefits, but operating costs in general are much higher than fossil fuel-based heating. Either much lower costs of electricity and energy storage are required and/or new, cost-competitive electric-technology applications are needed to enable further electrification of industry. Indirect electrification i.e., hydrogen production via water electrolysis is another complimentary technology reliant on electricity. Hydrogen can be used as an energy carrier, industrial feedstock for products and fuels, or for long-duration energy storage, and thus can also play a key role in industry decarbonization when the hydrogen is produced from zero-carbon electricity and/or with carbon capture and storage. As with direct electrification, cost is the key barrier for the deployment of hydrogen resources.
Teaching networking and distributed systems with Seattle

In this tutorial we describe an educational testbed called Seattle [1] that an instructor can use to enhance a course on networks or distributed systems. We give an overview of the Seattle educational testbed and describe assignments and resources available to educators planning to use Seattle in the classroom. Finally, we discuss the applicability of Seattle to other types of distributed systems paradigms such as cloud computing, peer-to-peer networking, and ubiquitous computing. The purpose of the Seattle testbed is to provide instructors with resources on computers all around the world. This allows students to learn about real world network behavior as well as topics like cloud computing and peer-to-peer computing. Seattle is free and is comprised of resources donated from universities. Today, Seattle consists of resources on about 1000 computers at over 100 universities on 6 continents.
Editorial for the Special Issue on Emerging Memory and Computing Devices in the Era of Intelligent Machines.

Computing systems are undergoing a transformation from logic-centric toward memory-centric architectures, where overall performance and energy efficiency at the system level are determined by the density, bandwidth, latency, and energy efficiency of the memory, rather than the logic sub-system [...]
Differences in Transcriptional Dynamics Between T-cells and Macrophages as Determined by a Three-State Mathematical Model

HIV-1 viral transcription persists in patients despite antiretroviral treatment, potentially due to intermittent HIV-1 LTR activation. While several mathematical models have been explored in the context of LTR-protein interactions, in this work for the first time HIV-1 LTR model featuring repressed, intermediate, and activated LTR states is integrated with generation of long (env) and short (TAR) RNAs and proteins (Tat, Pr55, and p24) in T-cells and macrophages using both cell lines and infected primary cells. This type of extended modeling framework allows us to compare and contrast behavior of these two cell types. We demonstrate that they exhibit unique LTR dynamics, which ultimately results in differences in the magnitude of viral products generated. One of the distinctive features of this work is that it relies on experimental data in reaction rate computations. Two RNA transcription rates from the activated promoter states are fit by comparison of experimental data to model predictions. Fitting to the data also provides estimates for the degradation/exit rates for long and short viral RNA. Our experimentally generated data is in reasonable agreement for the T-cell as well macrophage population and gives strong evidence in support of using the proposed integrated modeling paradigm. Sensitivity analysis performed using Latin hypercube sampling method confirms robustness of the model with respect to small parameter perturbations. Finally, incorporation of a transcription inhibitor (F07#13) into the governing equations demonstrates how the model can be used to assess drug efficacy. Collectively, our model indicates transcriptional differences between latently HIV-1 infected T-cells and macrophages and provides a novel platform to study various transcriptional dynamics leading to latency or activation in numerous cell types and physiological conditions.
Learning to Detect 3D Reflection Symmetry for Single-View Reconstruction

3D reconstruction from a single RGB image is a challenging problem in computer vision. Previous methods are usually solely data-driven, which lead to inaccurate 3D shape recovery and limited generalization capability. In this work, we focus on object-level 3D reconstruction and present a geometry-based end-to-end deep learning framework that first detects the mirror plane of reflection symmetry that commonly exists in man-made objects and then predicts depth maps by finding the intra-image pixel-wise correspondence of the symmetry. Our method fully utilizes the geometric cues from symmetry during the test time by building plane-sweep cost volumes, a powerful tool that has been used in multi-view stereopsis. To our knowledge, this is the first work that uses the concept of cost volumes in the setting of single-image 3D reconstruction. We conduct extensive experiments on the ShapeNet dataset and find that our reconstruction method significantly outperforms the previous state-of-the-art single-view 3D reconstruction networks in term of the accuracy of camera poses and depth maps, without requiring objects being completely symmetric. Code is available at this https URL.
RNA-directed DNA methylation prevents rapid and heritable reversal of transposon silencing under heat stress in Zea mays.

Abstract In large complex plant genomes, RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) ensures that epigenetic silencing is maintained at the boundary between genes and flanking transposable elements. In maize, RdDM is dependent on Modifer of Paramutation 1 (Mop1), a putative RNA dependent RNA polymerase. Here we show that although RdDM is essential for the maintenance of DNA methylation of a silenced MuDR transposon in maize, a loss of that methylation does not result in a restoration of activity. Instead, heritable maintenance of silencing is maintained by histone modifications. At one terminal inverted repeat (TIR) of this element, heritable silencing is mediated via H3K9 and H3K27 dimethylation, even in the absence of DNA methylation. At the second TIR, heritable silencing is mediated by H3K27 trimethylation, a mark normally associated with somatically inherited gene silencing. We find that a brief exposure of high temperature in a mop1 mutant rapidly reverses both of these modifications in conjunction with a loss of transcriptional silencing. These reversals are heritable, even in mop1 wild type progeny in which methylation is restored at both TIRs. These observations suggest that DNA methylation is neither necessary to maintain silencing, nor is it sufficient to initiate silencing once has been reversed. However, given that heritable reactivation only occurs in a mop1 mutant background, these observations suggest that DNA methylation is required to buffer the effects of environmental stress on transposable elements. Author Summary Most plant genomes are mostly transposable elements (TEs), most of which are held in check by modifications of both DNA and histones. The bulk of silenced TEs are associated with methylated DNA and histone H3 lysine 9 demethylation (H3K9me2). In contrast, epigenetically silenced genes are often associated with histone lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3). Although stress can affect each of these modifications, plants are generally competent to rapidly reset them following that stress. Here we demonstrate that although DNA methylation is not required to maintain silencing of the MuDR element, it is essential for preventing heat-induced, stable and heritable changes in both H3K9me2 and H3K27me3 at this element, and for concomitant changes in transcriptional activity. These finding suggest that RdDM acts to buffer the effects of heat on silenced transposable elements, and that a loss of DNA methylation under conditions of stress can have profound and long lasting effects on epigenetic silencing in maize.
Presentation and Referral Patterns in Pediatric Closed Hand Fractures

BackgroundAlthough pediatric hand fractures are common and generally have good outcomes, they remain a considerable source of anxiety for non–hand surgeons, who are less familiar with these injurie...