cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detection of the Second r-Process Peak Element Tellurium in Metal-Poor Stars

Using near-ultraviolet spectra obtained with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph on board the Hubble Space Telescope, we detect neutral tellurium in three metal-poor stars enriched by products of r-process nucleosynthesis, BD +17 3248, HD 108317, and HD 128279. Tellurium (Te, Z = 52) is found at the second r-process peak (A ≈ 130) associated with the N = 82 neutron shell closure, and it has not been detected previously in Galactic halo stars. The derived tellurium abundances match the scaled solar system r-process distribution within the uncertainties, confirming the predicted second peak r-process residuals. These results suggest that tellurium is predominantly produced in the main component of the r-process, along with the rare earth elements.
A comprehensive review of alkaline–surfactant–polymer (ASP) flooding

Alkaline–surfactant–polymer (ASP) flooding is a combination process in which alkali, surfactant, and polymer are injected in the same slug. Because of the synergy of these three components, ASP is the current worldwide focus of research and field trial in chemical enhanced oil recovery (EOR). This paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the ASP process. The reviewed topics include the following: ASP synergy and its EOR mechanisms Screening criteria Laboratory work Numerical simulation work Summary of pilots and large-scale applications Project economics Chemicals used Water quality Mobility control requirement Problems associated with ASP flooding and possible solutions In addition to the comprehensive review, future developments are also discussed. Data and analyzed results presented in this review will provide the reader with the updated information about ASP and a guide to read relevant papers for those who are new to chemical EOR. The survey data also provide operators with some reference data for their project design and optimization. © 2014 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Connectivity of some Algebraically Defined Digraphs

Let $p$ be a prime, $e$ a positive integer, $q = p^e$, and let $\mathbb{F}_q$ denote the finite field of $q$ elements. Let $f_i\colon\mathbb{F}_q^2\to\mathbb{F}_q$ be arbitrary functions, where $1\le i\le l$, $i$ and $l$ are integers. The digraph $D = D(q;\bf{f})$, where ${\bf f}=f_1,\dotso,f_l)\colon\mathbb{F}_q^2\to\mathbb{F}_q^l$, is defined as follows. The vertex set of $D$ is $\mathbb{F}_q^{l+1}$. There is an arc from a vertex ${\bf x} = (x_1,\dotso,x_{l+1})$ to a vertex ${\bf y} = (y_1,\dotso,y_{l+1})$ if $x_i + y_i = f_{i-1}(x_1,y_1)$ for all $i$, $2\le i \le l+1$. In this paper we study the strong connectivity of $D$ and completely describe its strong components. The digraphs $D$ are directed analogues of some algebraically defined graphs, which have been studied extensively and have many applications.
Debye sources and the numerical solution of the time harmonic Maxwell equations

In this paper, we develop a new representation for outgoing solutions to the timeharmonic Maxwell equations in unbounded domains in R 3 . This representation leads to a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind for solving the problem of scattering from a perfect conductor, which does not suffer from spurious resonances or low-frequency breakdown, although it requires the inversion of the scalar surface Laplacian on the domain boundary. In the course of our analysis, we give a new proof of the existence of nontrivial families of time-harmonic solutions with vanishing normal components that arise when the boundary of the domain is not simply connected. We refer to these ask-Neumann fields, since they generalize, to nonzero wave numbers, the classical harmonic Neumann fields. The existence ofk-Neumann fields was established earlier by Kress. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
THE INTRINSIC QUASAR LUMINOSITY FUNCTION: ACCOUNTING FOR ACCRETION DISK ANISOTROPY

Quasar luminosity functions are a fundamental probe of the growth and evolution of supermassive black holes. Measuring the intrinsic luminosity function is difficult in practice, due to a multitude of observational and systematic effects. As sample sizes increase and measurement errors drop, characterizing the systematic effects is becoming more important. It is well known that the continuum emission from the accretion disk of quasars is anisotropic—in part due to its disk-like structure—but current luminosity function calculations effectively assume isotropy over the range of unobscured lines of sight. Here, we provide the first steps in characterizing the effect of random quasar orientations and simple models of anisotropy on observed luminosity functions. We find that the effect of orientation is not insignificant and exceeds other potential corrections such as those from gravitational lensing of foreground structures. We argue that current observational constraints may overestimate the intrinsic luminosity function by as much as a factor of ~2 on the bright end. This has implications for models of quasars and their role in the universe, such as quasars' contribution to cosmological backgrounds.
Detection of Management Fraud: A Neural Network Approach

The detection of management fraud is an important issue facing the auditing profession. A major contributor to this issue is the Loebbecke and Willingham 1988 conceptual model for the detection of management fraud. A cascaded Logit approach using the Loebbecke and Willingham model was developed in Bell et al. 1993. The present study offers an alternative approach using Artificial Neural Networks ANNs. This paper develops a successful discriminator of management fraud using both the generalized adaptive neural network architectures GANNA and the Adaptive Logic Network ALN approaches to designing neural networks. The discriminant functions can distinguish between fraudulent and non-fraudulent companies with superior accuracy to the cascaded Logit results of Bell et al. 1993. Finally, the discriminant function provides a parsimonious set of questions useful for detecting management fraud.
Groundwater‐controlled valley networks and the decline of surface runoff on early Mars

[1] Fluvial erosion on early Mars was dominated by valley networks created through a combination of groundwater processes and surface runoff. A reduced greenhouse effect due to CO 2 loss, together with a declining geothermal heat flux, promoted the growth of a cryosphere and a Hesperian hydrologic regime dominated by outflow channel formation. We test the hypothesis that the transition from valley network to outflow channel formation was preceded by a more subtle evolution characterized by a weakening of surface runoff, leaving groundwater processes as the dominant, final source of valley network erosion. Our hypothesis, supported by a terrestrial analog in the Atacama desert of Chile, is related to the groundwater sapping reactivation hypothesis for densely dissecting highland valley networks on Mars suggested by Baker and Partridge in 1986 and focuses on the age analysis of large, sparsely dissecting valley networks such as Nanedi Valles, Nirgal Vallis, valleys in fretted terrain, and tributaries of outflow channels and Valles Marineris chasmata. We find that these features are consistently late Noachian to Hesperian in age, younger than Noachian densely dissecting dendritic valley networks in the southern highlands. In the Tharsis region the observation of dense and sparse valley network morphologies on Hesperian terrain suggests that while surface runoff gave way to groundwater processes consistent with our hypothesis, the transition may have occurred later than elsewhere on the planet. The volcanic nature of Tharsis suggests that geothermal heat and volatile production led to episodically higher volumes of surface runoff in this region during the Hesperian.
Access to a Responsiveness to Intervention Model Does Beginning Intervention in Kindergarten Matter

In this study, we tested the outcomes of access to a response to intervention (RtI) model in kindergarten or in first grade on end-of-Grade-2 reading achievement and placement in special education. Across five schools, 214 students who began having access to Tier 2 intervention in kindergarten or first grade were compared in Grades 1 and 2 with 208 cohort peers who were average readers and 102 historical control condition second grade poor readers who did not receive Tier 2 intervention. Results demonstrated significant effects on reading achievement for access to RtI in kindergarten at the end of first grade (effects averaged 0.48), but not in second grade, except for students who were English language learners (ELLs), who showed an advantage through the end of second grade. Students with access to RtI overall had significantly higher outcomes at the end of Grade 2 than students in the historical control, with no differences resulting from ELL status. No significant difference in the proportion of students placed in special education was noted; however, a greater proportion of the students found eligible as with learning disabilities had poor reading scores if they were placed after participating in RtI.
On the Nature of Stars with Planets

We consider the metallicities and kinematics of nearby stars known to have planetary-mass companions in the general context of the overall properties of the local Galactic disk. We have used Stromgren photometry to determine abundances both for the extrasolar planet host stars and for a volume-limited sample of 486 F, G, and K stars selected from the Hipparcos Catalogue. The latter data show that the Sun lies near the modal abundance of the disk, with over 45% of local stars having supersolar metallicities. Twenty of the local stars (4.1%) are known to have planetary-mass companions. Using that ratio to scale data for the complete sample of planetary host stars, we find that the fraction of stars with extrasolar planets rises sharply with increasing abundance, confirming previous results. However, the frequency remains at the 3%-4% level for stars within ±0.15 dex of solar abundance and falls to ~1% only for stars with abundances less than one-half solar. Given the present observational constraints, both in velocity precision and in the available time baseline, these numbers represent a lower limit to the frequency of extrasolar planetary systems. A comparison between the kinematics of the planetary host stars and a representative sample of disk stars suggests that the former have an average age that is ~60% of the latter.
Deformations of permutation representations of Coxeter groups

The permutation representation afforded by a Coxeter group W acting on the cosets of a standard parabolic subgroup inherits many nice properties from W such as a shellable Bruhat order and a flat deformation over ?[q] to a representation of the corresponding Hecke algebra. In this paper we define a larger class of "quasiparabolic" subgroups (more generally, quasiparabolic W-sets), and show that they also inherit these properties. Our motivating example is the action of the symmetric group on fixed-point-free involutions by conjugation.
A simple motion-planning algorithm for general robot manipulators

A simple and efficient algorithm is presented, using configuration space, to plan collision-free motions for general manipulators. An implementation of the algorithm for manipulators made up of revolute joints is also presented. The configuration-space obstacles for an n degree-of-freedom manipulator are approximated by sets of n - 1- dimensional slices, recursively built up from one-dimensional slices. This obstacle representation leads to an efficient approximation of the free space outside of the configuration-space obstacles.
OPTIMAL OPT-IN "CLIMATE" CONTRACTS

The paper studies the design of a tradeable permit system with voluntarily opt-in possibilities for LDCs in the context of climate change. In setting the optimal opt-in rule, the social planner faces a trade-off between production efficiency (minimization of control costs) and information rent extraction (reduction of excess permits). Results from a simulation exercise based on data from MIT's EPPA model are also provided.
CATEGORY EQUIVALENCES INVOLVING GRADED MODULES OVER PATH ALGEBRAS OF QUIVERS

Abstract Let Q be a finite quiver with vertex set I and arrow set Q 1 , k a field, and k Q its path algebra with its standard grading. This paper proves some category equivalences involving the quotient category QGr ( k Q ) ≔ Gr ( k Q ) / Fdim ( k Q ) of graded k Q -modules modulo those that are the sum of their finite dimensional submodules, namely QGr ( k Q ) ≡ Mod S ( Q ) ≡ Gr L ( Q ∘ ) ≡ Mod L ( Q ∘ ) 0 ≡ QGr ( k Q ( n ) ) . Here S ( Q ) = lim ⟶ End k I ( k Q 1 ⊗ n ) is a direct limit of finite dimensional semisimple algebras; Q ∘ is the quiver without sources or sinks that is obtained by repeatedly removing all sinks and sources from Q ; L ( Q ∘ ) is the Leavitt path algebra of Q ∘ ; L ( Q ∘ ) 0 is its degree zero component; and Q ( n ) is the quiver whose incidence matrix is the n th power of that for Q . It is also shown that all short exact sequences in qgr ( k Q ) , the full subcategory of finitely presented objects in QGr ( k Q ) , split. Consequently qgr ( k Q ) can be given the structure of a triangulated category with suspension functor the Serre degree twist ( − 1 ) ; this triangulated category is equivalent to the “singularity category” D b ( Λ ) / D perf ( Λ ) where Λ is the radical square zero algebra k Q / k Q ≥ 2 , and D b ( Λ ) is the bounded derived category of finite dimensional left Λ -modules.
Polynomials, meanders, and paths in the lattice of noncrossing partitions

For every polynomial f of degree n with no double roots, there is an associated family C(f) of harmonic algebraic curves, fibred over the circle, with at most n- 1 singular fibres. We study the combinatorial topology of C(f) in the generic case when there are exactly n - 1 singular fibres. In this case, the topology of C(f) is determined by the data of an n-tuple of noncrossing matchings on the set {0,1,...,2n-1} with certain extra properties. We prove that there are 2(2n) n-2 such n-tuples, and that all of them arise from the topology of C(f) for some polynomial f.
Novel aromatic species containing group 14 atoms

The dianions of tetraphenylsilole and tetraphenylgermole behave as aromatic species, as shown by the equalization of C-C bond lengths in these rings and by nucleus-in- dependent chemical shift (NICS) calculations. Similarly, the dianions of 9-silafluorene and 9-germafluorene are aromatic. In the latter species, the heteroatom five-membered rings are more aromatic than the attached benzene rings. Also to be recognized as aromatically stabilized compounds are the stable unsaturated diiminocarbenes, diiminosilylenes, and diiminogermylenes. Evidence for the aromatic delo- calization in these molecules comes from NMR, NICS calculations, Raman spectroscopy, isodesmic molecular orbital (MO) calculations, and calculated isomerization stabilization en- ergies. From the presently available evidence, the aromaticity appears to alternate, with C > Ge > Si, going down group 14.
Recent developments in two-dimensional (2D) correlation spectroscopy

Abstract Recent noteworthy developments in the field of two-dimensional (2D) correlation spectroscopy are reviewed. 2D correlation spectroscopy has become a very popular tool due to its versatility and relative ease of use. The technique utilizes a spectroscopic or other analytical probe from a number of selections for a broad range of sample systems by employing different types of external perturbations to induce systematic variations in intensities of spectra. Such spectral intensity variations are then converted into 2D spectra by a form of correlation analysis for subsequent interpretation. Many different types of 2D correlation approaches have been proposed. In particular, 2D hetero-correlation and multiple perturbation correlation analyses, including orthogonal sample design scheme, are discussed in this review. Additional references to other important developments in the field of 2D correlation spectroscopy, such as projection correlation and codistribution analysis, were also provided.
Learning classification trees

Algorithms for learning classification trees have had successes in artificial intelligence and statistics over many years. This paper outlines how a tree learning algorithm can be derived using Bayesian statistics. This introduces Bayesian techniques for splitting, smoothing, and tree averaging. The splitting rule is similar to Quinlan's information gain, while smoothing and averaging replace pruning. Comparative experiments with reimplementations of a minimum encoding approach,c4 (Quinlanet al., 1987) andcart (Breimanet al., 1984), show that the full Bayesian algorithm can produce more accurate predictions than versions of these other approaches, though pays a computational price.
Separation of liquid phases in giant vesicles of ternary mixtures of phospholipids and cholesterol.

We use fluorescence microscopy to directly observe liquid phases in giant unilamellar vesicles. We find that a long list of ternary mixtures of high melting temperature (saturated) lipids, low melting temperature (usually unsaturated) lipids, and cholesterol produce liquid domains. For one model mixture in particular, DPPC/DOPC/Chol, we have mapped phase boundaries for the full ternary system. For this mixture we observe two coexisting liquid phases over a wide range of lipid composition and temperature, with one phase rich in the unsaturated lipid and the other rich in the saturated lipid and cholesterol. We find a simple relationship between chain melting temperature and miscibility transition temperature that holds for both phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin lipids. We experimentally cross miscibility boundaries both by changing temperature and by the depletion of cholesterol with β-cyclodextrin. Liquid domains in vesicles exhibit interesting behavior: they collide and coalesce, can finger into stripes, and can bulge out of the vesicle. To date, we have not observed macroscopic separation of liquid phases in only binary lipid mixtures.
Observations on the sonographic measurement of cervical length and the risk of premature birth.

Objective: There is increasing evidence that sonographic measurement of cervical length may be a useful predictor of the risk of spontaneous premature birth. The purpose of this study is to determine whether the measurement of cervical length in a high-risk population at 24 weeks gestation, or the relative change over 24-28 weeks gestation, is more accurate in predicting the risk of spontaneous preterm birth before 35 weeks gestation.Methods: Over a 4-year period from 1993-1996, 443 patients with a singleton pregnancy who were at increased risk of preterm birth were studied by serial endovaginal sonography performed at 24 and 28 weeks gestation.Results: There was a positive association between a short cervix and increased risk of preterm birth (F = 13.3, P <. 0001). The variable with the highest predictive value for preterm birth was the cervical length at 24 weeks gestation. Changes over time did not substantially improve the predictive accuracy for spontaneous preterm birth.Conclusions: We conclude that...
Policy model for space economy infrastructure

Abstract Extraterrestrial infrastructure is key to the development of a space economy. Means for accelerating transition from today's isolated projects to a broad-based economy are considered. A large system integration approach is proposed. The beginnings of an economic simulation model are presented, along with examples of how interactions and coordination bring down costs. A global organization focused on space infrastructure and economic expansion is proposed to plan, coordinate, fund and implement infrastructure construction. This entity also opens a way to raise low-cost capital and solve the legal and public policy issues of access to extraterrestrial resources.
The Calculation of NMR Parameters in Transition Metal Complexes

An overview is presented of the methodology and computations of nuclear shielding and spin–spin coupling constants of transition–metal complexes. The material presented also includes an outline of relativistic approaches and their applications to heavy transition–metals.
Stochastic modeling and estimation of multispectral image data

Multispectral images consist of multiple channels, each containing data acquired from a different band within the frequency spectrum. Since most objects emit or reflect energy over a large spectral bandwidth, there usually exists a significant correlation between channels. Due to often harsh imaging environments, the acquired data may be degraded by both blur and noise. Simply applying a monochromatic restoration algorithm to each frequency band ignores the cross-channel correlation present within a multispectral image. A Gibbs prior is proposed for multispectral data modeled as a Markov random field, containing both spatial and spectral cliques. Spatial components of the model use a nonlinear operator to preserve discontinuities within each frequency band, while spectral components incorporate nonstationary cross-channel correlations. The multispectral model is used in a Bayesian algorithm for the restoration of color images, in which the resulting nonlinear estimates are shown to be quantitatively and visually superior to linear estimates generated by multichannel Wiener and least squares restoration. >
Recent Advances in Turbine Heat Transfer—With A View of Transition to Coal-Gas Based Systems

The performance goal of modern gas turbine engines, both land-base and air-breathing engines, can be achieved by increasing the turbine inlet temperature (TIT). The level of TIT in the near future can reach as high as 1700°C for utility turbines and over 1900°C for advanced military engines. To ensure the turbine airfoil component integrity operated under such a condition, advanced cooling capacity by both external and internal means is necessary to remove the excessive heat load from the turbine airfoil. This paper discusses state-of-the-art airfoil cooling technologies along with the associated thermal transport issues. Discussion is given based on five key regions on and around an airfoil: leading edge, main body, trailing edge, endwall and near tip. Potential implications and challenges of near-term developments in coal-gas based turbines on the cooling technologies are identified. A literature survey focusing primarily on the past four to five years since the last International Heat Transfer Conference has also been performed.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
An improved method for the stereoselective synthesis of β-lactams from carboxylic acids and imines

Abstract Carboxylic acids activated with Mukaiyama's reagent (2-chloro-N-methylpyridinium iodide) reacted with imines to produce β-lactams in good yields and with high stereoselectivity. The utilization of three equivalents of tripropylamine as the base was necessary to obtain high chemical yield and good stereoselectivity.
Analysis of peering strategy adoption by transit providers in the Internet

The Internet is a complex and dynamic interconnection of about 40,000 Autonomous Systems (ASes). A link in this context represents a business agreement between the corresponding two ASes that they can exchange traffic under various policy and capacity constraints. Each AS X follows a peering strategy (or “peering policy”) that is used to determine whether X will accept to peer with another AS Y. Even though they vary in their details, most peering policies can be grouped in three distinct classes: Restrictive (X peers only if necessary to avoid Internet partitioning; typically used by Tier-1 transit providers), Selective (X peers only with ASes that have comparable traffic volume), and Open (X is willing to peer with everyone, except its customers). The conventional wisdom is that transit providers use Restrictive or Selective peering, so that they can engage other ASes as their customers, and thus increase their transit revenues. In the last few years, however, there is evidence that an increasing fraction of the interdomain traffic flows through peering links between content providers (or CDNs) and access providers that serve end users. A major fraction of the Internet's traffic thus bypasses intermediate transit providers, and flows directly from producers to consumers. So, a question that motivated this study is: How are transit providers reacting to the previous peering trend?
NEW ASPECTS OF THE CHEMISTRY OF 2,4,6-TRIS(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)BENZOIC ACID AND RELATED COMPOUNDS

Abstract 1,3,5-Tris(trifluoromethyl)benzene reacts with n-butyllithium and carbon dioxide to give a high yield of 2,4,6-tris(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid. The acid has been well characterized by spectral and pK a data. The acid chloride is formed only slowly under stringent conditions. The acid fails to undergo normal esterification with ethanol because of steric hindrance to the required tetrahedral intermediate. The ester does form via the linear acylium ion. A highly substituted phenolic ester of the acid has been obtained via a mixed anhydride. Attempts to prepare the corresponding acetophenone and a related vinyl ketone are described.
Fluoride based electrode materials for advanced energy storage devices

Energy storage and conversion have become a prime area of research to address both the societal concerns regarding the environment and pragmatic applications such as the powering of an ever increasing cadre of portable electronic devices. This paper reviews the use of fluoride based electrode materials in energy storage devices. The majority of the energy storage and conversion applications for fluorine based materials resides in present and future lithium battery chemistries. The use of fluorides either as coatings or in the formation of oxyfluorides has resulted in a marked increase of the stability and morphological development of electrodes for use in nonaqueous lithium and lithium-ion batteries. Pure fluorides, despite their intrinsic insulative properties, have demonstrated the capability to exhibit exceptional energy densities and have the potential to open the door to future high energy lithium battery technology.
Negotiation in Semi-cooperative Agreement Problems

In this paper we introduce the Semi-Cooperative Extended Incremental Multiagent Agreement Problem with Preferences (SC-EIMAPP). In SC-EIMAPPs, variables arise over time. For each variable, a set of distributed agents gain utility for agreeing on an option to assign to the variable. We define semi-cooperative utility as an agent's privately owned preferences, discounted as negotiation time increases. SC-EIMAPPs reflect real world agreement problems, including meeting scheduling and task allocation.We analyze negotiation in SC-EIMAPPs theoretically. We note that agents necessarily \emph{reveal} information about their own preferences and constraints as they negotiate agreements. We show how agents can use this limited and noisy information to learn to negotiate more effectively. We demonstrate our results experimentally.
The Paradox of Risk Balancing: Do Risk-reducing Policies Lead to More Risk for Farmers?

The study presents stochastic optimal control/dynamic programming (SOC/DP) to derive the optimal debt level and consumption in farm models concerning two sources of uncertainty: the return on assets and interest rate. The SOC/DP analytic framework is used to analyze the impacts of risk-reducing farm policies on farm’s financial and risk adjustments. The results show the violations of the risk-balancing concept, which theorizes that risk-reducing farm policies may lead to increases in financial leverage, total risk, and the expected returns. Also, this study examines the extent to which the estimates of the optimal debt level are biased when interest rate risk is ignored.
Experimental study of transient waves in a plane grid structure

Flexural waves were generated and measured in a two-dimensional laboratory structure that is in many respects dynamically representative of flexible, large spacecraft structures. The structure's first vibration mode is at 0.6 Hz, and its average modal density for 0-100 Hz is 0.55 mode/Hz. The excitation used was suddenly applied sinusoidal forcing at a point on the structure, with frequencies from 15-240 Hz. Time-series motion responses were measured at several points on the structure, permitting observation of waves traveling outward from the point of excitation. Complementary theoretical transient responses were computed for a refined finiteelement model of the laboratory structure, and the theoretical predictions are compared with the experimental measurements.
Oxygenate reaction pathways on transition metal surfaces

Abstract The importance of various oxygenates as fuels and as chemical intermediates and products continues to grow. Alcohols and aldehydes have also been the subjects of numerous surface reactivity studies. We review here the decomposition mechanisms of oxygenates on transition metal surfaces focusing primarily on metals of Groups VIII and IB. Common pathways as well as deviations from these serve to illustrate the patterns of oxygenate reactions. Several major divisions in the preferred pathways can be rationalized in terms of the affinities of metals for making metal–oxygen and metal–hydrogen bonds. Other important factors determining oxygenate reactivities include surface crystallographic structure and the detailed molecular structure of the oxygenate. Differences in product distribution between metals are frequent, even in cases where many of the reaction steps are common, primarily because of the plethora of elementary reaction steps usually involved in oxygenate decomposition on transition metal surfaces. As a result, differences late in the reaction sequence can obscure important similarities in the overall reaction network. Spectroscopic identification of common surface reaction intermediates including alkoxides, acyls, and oxametallacycles, has become increasingly important in revealing the underlying similarities in seemingly diverse oxygenate reaction pathways on transition metal surfaces.
Liberalizing Trade in Services: Lessons from Regional and WTO Negotiations

Abstract Liberalization of trade and investment in services through trade agreements has progressed less than trade in goods. We review the limited progress achieved to date in the WTO and major regional agreements on services and possible explanations why trade agreements have not been more effective at integrating the services markets of participating countries. We argue that the prospects for both services liberalization and welfare-enhancing regulatory reform in the context of trade agreements can be enhanced through mechanisms that enhance transparency, dialogue and cooperation between regulators, trade officials and stakeholders.
Locality in the Everett Interpretation of Heisenberg-Picture Quantum Mechanics

Bell's theorem depends crucially on counterfactual reasoning, and is mistakenly interpreted as ruling out a local explanation for the correlations which can be observed between the results of measurements performed on spatially-separated quantum systems. But in fact the Everett interpretation of quantum mechanics, in the Heisenberg picture, provides an alternative local explanation for such correlations. Measurement-type interactions lead, not to many worlds but, rather, to many local copies of experimental systems and the observers who measure their properties. Transformations of the Heisenberg-picture operators corresponding to the properties of these systems and observers, induced by measurement interactions, “label” each copy and provide the mechanism which, e. g., ensures that each copy of one of the observers in an EPRB or GHZM experiment will only interact with the “correct” copy of the other observer(s). The conceptual problem of nonlocality is thus replaced with a conceptual problem of proliferating labels, as correlated systems and observers undergo measurement-type interactions with newly-encountered objects and instruments; it is suggested that this problem may be resolved by considering quantum field theory rather than the quantum mechanics of particles.
Universal Base Functions and Modules for Realizing Arbitrary Switching Functions

Universal base functions (UBF's) which are generalizations of universal logic functions are defined. An (n, m, r)-UBF can be implemented as a single module (UBM) with n+m inputs and 1 output. An arbitrary n-variable switching function f n (X) is then realized on the fixed UBM by realizing a suitable set of m r-variable functions with which to drive m inputs of the UBM, the remaining n inputs being driven by X. The fan-in of a UBM for r ?2 is shown to be considerably less than that of a universal logic module (a special case corresponding to r = 1). Specific UBF's are proposed for r = 2 in which m is on the order of 60 percent of the value obtained by using the UBF defined by the familiar Shannon decomposition formula. This is close to the theoretical lower bound on m. The use of UBM's provides a new way to realize an arbitrary function or set of functions, completely specified or otherwise, by assembling a small number of circuits selected from a small set of standard logic modules of limited fan-in. For the case r = 2, the number of two-input devices required to drive the m inputs of the UBM is often considerably less than m. DON'T CARES can be used to advantage to reduce this number still further.
CP violation and beauty decays - a case study of high impact, high sensitivity and even high precision physics

The narrative of these lectures contains three main threads: (i) CP violation despite having so far been observed only in the decays of neutral kaons has been recognized as a phenomenon of truly fundamental importance. The KM ansatz constitutes the minimal implementation of CP violation: without requiring unknown degrees of freedom it can reproduce the known CP phenomenology in a nontrivial way. (ii) The physics of beauty hadrons — in particular their weak decays — opens a novel window onto fundamental dynamics: they usher in a new quark family (presumably the last one); they allow us to determine fundamental quantities of the Standard Model like the b quark mass and the CKM parameters V(cb), V(ub), V(ts) and V(td); they exhibit speedy or even rapid oscillations. (iii) Heavy Quark Expansions allow us to treat B decays with an accuracy that would not have been thought possible a mere decade ago. These three threads are joined together in the following manner: (a) Huge CP asymmetries are predicted in B decays, which represents a decisive test of the KM paradigm for CP violation. (b) Some of these predictions are made with high parametric reliability, which (c) can be translated into numerical precision through the judicious employment of novel theoretical technologies. (d) Beauty decays thus provide us with a rich and promising field to search for New Physics and even study some of its salient features. At the end of it there might quite possibly be a New Paradigm for High Energy Physics. There will be some other threads woven into this tapestry: electric dipole moments, and CP violation in other strange and in charm decays.
Enantioselective Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Alkynylation of Oxocarbenium Ions to Set Diaryl Tetrasubstituted Stereocenters

An enantioselective, copper(I)-catalyzed addition of terminal alkynes to isochroman ketals to set diaryl, tetrasubstituted stereocenters has been developed. The success of this reaction relies on identification of a Cu/PyBox catalyst capable of distinguishing the faces of the diaryl-substituted oxocarbenium ion. This challenging transformation enables efficient conversion of readily available, racemic ketals into high-value enantioenriched isochroman products with fully substituted stereogenic centers. High yields and enantiomeric excesses are observed for various isochroman ketals and an array of alkynes.
Enantioselective Friedel–Crafts Reactions of Aromatic Amines with Ethyl Glyoxylate in Pyridinium-Based Ionic Liquids

The Friedel–Crafts reactions of aromatic amines with ethyl glyoxylate in pyridinium-based ionic liquids (ILs) are investigated using 2,2′-dihydroxy-1,1′-binaphthyl (BINOL) metal complexes as chiral catalysts. Reaction parameters such as the catalyst–IL compositions, reactant compositions, reaction time, and reaction temperature are studied. High yields and excellent enantioselectivities are achieved under the relatively mild conditions. The ILs can also be recycled and reused as opposed to traditional solvent systems.
Optimal Policies for a Capacitated Two-Echelon Inventory System

This paper demonstrates optimal policies for capacitated serial multiechelon production/inventory systems. Extending the Clark and Scarf (1960) model to include installations with production capacity limits, we demonstrate that a modified echelon base-stock policy is optimal in a two-stage system when there is a smaller capacity at the downstream facility. This is shown by decomposing the dynamic programming value function into value functions dependent upon individual echelon stock variables. We show that the optimal structure holds for both stationary and nonstationary stochastic customer demand. Finite-horizon and infinite-horizon results are included under discounted-cost and average-cost criteria.
Exploration and Exploitation Revisited: Extending March's Model of Mutual Learning

Abstract A system of actors, appropriately organized, is able to learn even in situations where individuals in isolation cannot. This was one of the most important, though seldom emphasized, insights of March's paper [March, J. G. (1991). Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning. Organization Science , 2 (1), 71–87]. The present paper builds on March's original simulation and incorporates a number of different real-world organizational features. The results suggest that unconstrained experimentation is of great benefit to organizational learning, although it should not be carried to excess. Low levels of turnover in personnel are beneficial and mitigate the problem of high socialization March noted in 1991. Inclusion in the policy-making elite should be predicated on performance rather than seniority and on shorter rather than longer individual performance histories, particularly when environments are changing rapidly. Finally, erring on the side of stringency in selecting members of the organization for the policy-making elite is better than erring toward laxity.
Gravity and Magnetic Expression of the San Leandro Gabbro with Implications for the Geometry and Evolution of the Hayward Fault Zone, Northern California

The Hayward Fault, one of the most hazardous faults in northern California, trends north-northwest and extends for about 90 km along the eastern San Francisco Bay region. At numerous locations along its length, distinct and elongate gravity and magnetic anomalies correlate with mapped mafic and ultramafic rocks. The most prominent of these anomalies reflects the 16-km-long San Leandro gabbroic block. Inversion of magnetic and gravity data constrained with physical property measurements is used to define the subsurface extent of the San Leandro gabbro body and to speculate on its origin and relationship to the Hayward Fault Zone. Modeling indicates that the San Leandro gabbro body is about 3 km wide, dips about 75°-80° northeast, and extends to a depth of at least 6 km. One of the most striking results of the modeling, which was performed independently of seismicity data, is that accurately relocated seismicity is concentrated along the western edge or stratigraphically lower bounding surface of the San Leandro gabbro. The western boundary of the San Leandro gabbro block is the base of an incomplete ophiolite sequence and represented at one time, a low-angle roof thrust related to the tectonic wedging of the Franciscan Complex. After repeated episodes of extension and attenuation, the roof thrust of this tectonic wedge was rotated to near vertical, and in places, the strike-slip Hayward Fault probably reactivated or preferentially followed this preexisting feature. Because earthquakes concentrate near the edge of the San Leandro gabbro but tend to avoid its interior, we qualitatively explore mechanical models to explain how this massive igneous block may influence the distribution of stress. The microseismicity cluster along the western flank of the San Leandro gabbro leads us to suggest that this stressed volume may be the site of future moderate to large earthquakes. Improved understanding of the three-dimensional geometry and physical properties along the Hayward Fault will provide additional constraints on seismic hazard probability, earthquake modeling, and fault interactions that are applicable to other major strike-slip faults around the world. Manuscript received 11 January 2002.
Performance instrumentation and measurement for terascale systems

As computer systems grow in size and complexity, tool support is needed to facilitate the efficient mapping of large-scale applications onto these systems. To help achieve this mapping, performance analysis tools must provide robust performance observation capabilities at all levels of the system, as well as map low-level behavior to high-level program constructs. Instrumentation and measurement strategies, developed over the last several years, must evolve together with performance analysis infrastructure to address the challenges of new scalable parallel systems.
The effect of income taxes on optimal portfolio selection

The ability to defer federal and state income taxes on both the periodic contribution and annual returns in a qualified retirement plan provides a well-known and powerful wealth accumulation tool. Given aggressive investing in these plans and a continuation of historic rates of return on financial assets, some investors will find that both income during the retirement years and the effective marginal tax rate will be higher than in the working years. Consequently, part of the additional expected return to taking greater risk would be lost to taxes. This article demonstrates that efficient (i.e., utility-maximizing) portfolio design should account for the potential for higher average and marginal income tax rates in retirement. Failure to fully consider the ultimate tax effects probably will result in a suboptimal portfolio of assets during both the accumulation and distribution phases. Essentially, assets may be invested with less risk and yet achieve the same or even higher levels of economic welfare. In general, failure to consider progressive taxes will tend to result in a portfolio being overinvested in higher-risk assets such as common stock.
Lattice resistance and Peierls stress in finite size atomistic dislocation simulations

Atomistic computations of the Peierls stress in fcc metals are relatively scarce. By way of contrast, there are many more atomistic computations for bcc metals, as well as mixed discrete-continuum computations of the Peierls-Nabarro type for fcc metals. One of the reasons for this is the low Peierls stresses in fcc metals. Because atomistic computations of the Peierls stress take place in finite simulation cells, image forces caused by boundaries must either be relaxed or corrected for if system size-independent results are to be obtained. One of the approaches that has been developed for treating such boundary forces is by computing them directly and subsequently subtracting their effects, as developed in (Shenoy V B and Phillips R 1997 Phil. Mag. A 76 367). That work was primarily analytic, and limited to screw dislocations and special symmetric geometries. We extend that work to edge and mixed dislocations, and to arbitrary two-dimensional geometries, through a numerical finite element computation. We also describe a method for estimating the boundary forces directly on the basis of atomistic calculations. We apply these methods to the numerical measurement of the Peierls stress and lattice resistance curves for a model aluminium (fcc) system using an embedded-atom potential.
The effectiveness of credit rating agency monitoring: Evidence from asset securitizations

ABSTRACT: This study investigates how differences between the rating agencies' initial (at the date of debt issuance) and subsequent (post-issuance) monitoring incentives affect securitizing banks'...
Effects of solute concentrations on kinetic pathways in Ni–Al–Cr alloys

The kinetic pathways resulting from the formation of coherent gamma'-precipitates from the gamma-matrix are studied for two Ni-Al-Cr alloys with similar gamma'-precipitate volume fractions at 873 K. The details of the phase decompositions of Ni-7.5Al-8.5Cr at.% and Ni-5.2Al-14.2Cr at.% for aging times from 1/6 to 1024 h are investigated by atom-probe tomography, and are found to differ significantly from a mean-field description of coarsening. The morphologies of the gamma'-precipitates of the alloys are similar, though the degrees of gamma'-precipitate coagulation and coalescence differ. Quantification within the framework of classical nucleation theory reveals that differences in the chemical driving forces for phase decomposition result in differences in the nucleation behavior of the two alloys. The temporal evolution of the gamma'-precipitate average radii and the gamma-matrix supersaturations follow the predictions of classical coarsening models. The compositional trajectories of the gamma-matrix phases of the alloys are found to follow approximately the equilibrium tie-lines, while the trajectories of the gamma'-precipitates do not, resulting in significant differences in the partitioning ratios of the solute elements.
Singular vertices and the triangulation space of the D-sphere

Abstract By a sequence of numerical experiments we demonstrate that generic triangulations of the D-sphere for D > 3 contain one singular (D - 3)-simplex. The mean number of elementary D-simplices sharing this simplex increases with the volume of the triangulation according to a simple power law. The lower dimension subsimplices associated with this (D - 3)-simplex also show a singular behaviour. Possible consequences for the DT model of four-dimensional quantum gravity are discussed.
The differential impact on stockholder wealth of various antitakeover provisions

This paper examines the relationship between the passage of six types of corporate antitakeover provisions (supermajority, classified boards, fair-price, reduction in cumulative voting, anti-greenmail and poison pills) and stockholder wealth. Our event study from a sample of 381 firms that adopted 486 antitakeover provisions in the 1984 to 1988 period indicates a strongly negative effect on stockholder wealth, supporting the management entrenchment view of the antitakeover provisions. Moreover, the empirical results of this paper indicate that the market reacts equally negatively to both non-operating provisions that require stockholder approval and to operating provisions that do not require stockholder approval. However, separate analyses of the antitakeover provisions provide some support for the argument that stockholders discriminate between individual provisions.
Anticipatory brain activity predicts the success or failure of subsequent emotion regulation

Expectations about an upcoming emotional event have the power to shape ones subsequent affective response for better or worse. Here, we used me- diation analyses to examine the relationship between brain activity when anticipating the need to cognitively reappraise aversive images, amygdala responses to those images and subsequent success in diminishing negative affect. We found that anticipatory activity in right rostrolateral prefrontal cortex was associated with greater subsequent left amygdala responses to aversive images and decreased regulation success. In contrast, anticipatory ventral anterior insula activity was associated with reduced amygdala responses and greater reappraisal success. In both cases, left amygdala responses mediated the relationship between anticipatory activity and reappraisal success. These results suggest that anticipation facilitates successful reappraisal via reduced anticipatory prefrontalcognitiveelaboration and better integration of affective information in paralimbic and subcortical systems.