cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From Testing to Implementation: Managing Full-Scale RDA Adoption at the University of Chicago

The University of Chicago Library was a formal participant in the U.S. National Libraries’ Resource Description and Access (RDA), Test from October–December 2010. Immediately following the test period, the Library implemented RDA for original cataloging. This article will reflect on our RDA testing experience, and will address some of the major issues related to managing its adoption, including: staff training; implications on cataloging policies; preparing the integrated library system (ILS) for RDA metadata; managing the integration of RDA with Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules (AACR2) records; major costs associated with full implementation; and finally, what RDA may mean for the future of our metadata infrastructures.
Pre-delivery changes in amniotic fluid volume and composition in sheep.

To determine the changes in amniotic fluid (AF) volume and solute concentrations during the last 3 weeks of gestation in fetal sheep with a ligated urachus. AF volume as well as solute concentrations of AF, fetal urine, fetal blood, and maternal blood were measured serially over the last 24 days of gestation in chronically catheterized fetal sheep. Statistical analyses included regression analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Delivery occurred at 145.5 ±1.1 (SE) days (n = 11 animals). AF volume averaged 913 ± 46 mL (n = 119 determinations total from 11 animals) and was unchanged with time when analyzed against either gestational age (P =.9) or time prior to delivery (P =.81). Amniotic osmolality, sodium, chloride, glucose, and calcium concentrations decreased as gestation progressed, while potassium and lactate concentrations increased. Only amniotic lactate underwent a pre-delivery increase in concentration. From multivariate regression, AF solute concentrations correlated positively with fetal blood and urine concentrations and negatively with gestational age. In fetal sheep with a ligated urachus, AF volume does not decrease prior to labor and delivery. This differs from the sharp pre-delivery decrease in AF volume that occurs in rats, mice, and pigs and is similar to the relatively constant AF volume in humans, baboons, and monkeys. Further, pre-delivery changes in AF lactate concentration may reflect the consequences of a low AF volume. Regression analysis suggests that fetal blood and urine independently contribute to AF solute concentrations and that gestational age-specific changes in intramembranous transport also may contribute.
A new formula for the Shapley value

Abstract In this letter we present a simple and straightforward proof of a new formula for the Shapley value. Unlike the usual weighted-average-of-marginal-contributions expression, our formula emphasizes the relative worths of players within each coalition size.
5α-reductase type I expression is downregulated in the prefrontal cortex/Brodmann’s area 9 (BA9) of depressed patients

The implications of the neurosteroid 3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one [allopregnanolone (Allo)] in neuropsychiatric disorders have been highlighted in several recent clinical investigations. For instance, Allo levels are decreased in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major unipolar depression. Neurosteroidogenic antidepressants [i.e., selective brain steroidogenic stimulants (SBSSs)], including fluoxetine and analogs, correct this decrease in a manner that correlates with improved depressive symptoms. Allo positively and allosterically modulates GABA action at postsynaptic and extrasynaptic GABAA receptors. It is synthesized in both the human and rodent brain cortices by principal glutamatergic pyramidal neurons from progesterone by the sequential action of 5α-reductase type I (5α-RI), which is the rate-limiting step enzyme in Allo biosynthesis, and 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3α-HSD), which converts 5α-dehydroprogesterone into Allo. We thus hypothesized that decreased CSF levels of Allo in depressed patients could reflect a brain dysfunction of 5α-RI. In a pilot study of samples from six patients per group [six depressed patients and six nonpsychiatric subjects (NPS)], we studied the expression of 5α-RI messenger RNA (mRNA) in prefrontal cortex Brodmann’s area 9 (BA9) and cerebellum from depressed patients obtained from the Maryland Brain Collection at the Maryland Psychiatric Research Center (Baltimore, MD) that were age-matched with NPS. The levels of 5α-RI mRNA were decreased from 25 ± 5.8 in NPS to 9.1 ± 3.1 fmol/pmol neuronal specific enolase (NSE) (t1,10 = 2.7, P = 0.02) in depressed patients. These differences are absent in the cerebellum of the same patients. The levels of neurosteroids were determined in the prefrontal cortex BA9 of depressed patients obtained from the Stanley Foundation Brain Bank Neuropathology Consortium, Bethesda (MD). The BA9 levels of Allo in male depressed patients failed to reach statistical difference from the levels of NPS (1.63 ± 1.01 pg/mg, n = 8, in NPS and 0.82 ± 0.33 pg/mg, n = 5, in nontreated depressed patients). However, depressed patients who had received antidepressant treatment (three patients SSRI and one TCA) exhibited increased BA9 Allo levels (6.16 ± 2.5 pg/mg, n = 4, t1,9 = 2.4, P = 0.047) when compared with nontreated depressed patients. Although in a small number of patients, this finding is in-line with previous reports in the field that have observed an increase of Allo levels in CSF and plasma of depressed patients following antidepressant treatment. Hence, the molecular mechanisms underlying major depression may include a GABAergic neurotransmission deficit caused by a brain Allo biosynthesis downregulation, which can be normalized by SBSSs.
Growth studies of plasmid bearing and plasmid cured Yersinia enterocolitica GER O:3 in the presence of cefsulodin, irgasan and novobiocin at 25 and 37°C

AIM In this study, the growth characteristics of Yersinia enterocolitica biotype 4, GER O:3 plasmid bearing (P+) and plasmid cured (P-) strain types were evaluated in brain heart infusion broth supplemented with cefsulodin, irgasan, and novobiocin alone or in combination. METHODS AND RESULTS Growth curves were obtained for the two strain types in broth supplemented with selective agents at 25 or 37 degrees C for 32 h to obtain data on the lag phase durations and growth rates of the strains. Generally, the lag times and growth rates of the P+ and P- strains were similar for cultures incubated at 25 degrees C regardless of the selective agent added and where plasmid replication and expression were not under any significant burden. However, where the lag times and growth rates of the strains were examined at 37 degrees C, significant differences were observed in the lag phase durations of the plasmid bearing strain type compared the plasmid cured strain, an effect that was due to the burden of the plasmid and the influence of selective agents. Generally, when two or more agents were present, lag phase durations were longer for the plasmid bearing strain. Some exceptions noted where in the presence of irgasan or full selective agent (CIN) the opposite case was observed. When growth rates were compared, the plasmidless strain type was typically faster than the plasmid bearing strain in the presence of most selective agents at 37 degrees C and the growth rates of both strain types at 25 degrees C were similar where the temperature appeared to negate the effects of plasmid. CONCLUSIONS The data obtained in these studies suggest that selective agents (in particular irgasan) and incubation temperature play a significant role in influencing the growth characteristics of plasmid bearing and plasmid cured strains of Y. enterocolitica. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This data presented in this study has significant implications for enrichment methods used in the detection or recovery of plasmid bearing Y. enterocolitica strains from food, environmental or clinical samples.
FATTY ACID INCORPORATION INTO MEMBRANES OF DISPERSED RAT SUBMANDIBULAR SALIVARY GLAND CELLS AND THEIR EFFECT ON ADENYLATE CYCLASE ACTIVITY

Abstract Dispersed cells from rat submandibular salivary glands were incubated in medium supplemented with different fatty acids, such as stearic (18:0), oleic (cis 18:1 ω9) and elaidic acid (trans 18:1 ω9). The exogenous fatty acids were incorporated into the membrane lipids. A comparison of the adenylate cyclase activity in membranes of cells incubated with different fatty acids revealed the following order (from highest to lowest specific activity): stearic, elaidic, oleic. The findings suggest that changes in adenylate cyclase activity in these dispersed membranes enriched with different fatty acids may be related to the possible changes in membrane fluidity. The synthesis of glycoproteins was studied by measuring the incorporation of [1-14C]-glucosamine into TCA-PTA-precipitable material in the presence or absence of fatty acids. No effect of the exogenous fatty acids on glycoprotein synthesis was observed.
Microglioma--unusual computed tomographic appearance and course of neoplasm.

Abstract Microglioma accounts for 0.8–1.5% of primary brain tumors. Eight cases of primary lymphoma of brain are presented. 50% of the patients demonstrated unusual computed tomographic appearances. These patients were divided into three groups depending on clinical outcome. Survival seems to be related to treatment modality. Longest survival times were in patients treated with radiation alone or radiation following biopsy.
A mechanism for the proapoptotic activity of ursodeoxycholic acid: effects on Bcl-2 conformation.

Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), a relatively nontoxic bile acid, enhanced the apoptotic response of tumor cells to both photosensitizers that cause photodamage to Bcl-2 and to the nonpeptidic Bcl-2/Bcl-xL antagonist HA14-1. The latter agent binds to the surface pocket formed by the BH1, BH2 and BH3 domains of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. Fluorescence polarization studies indicated that affinity of HA14-1 for Bcl-2 was enhanced in the presence of UDCA. Moreover, Bcl-2 photodamage was promoted by UDCA using a photosensitizing agent with affinity for the endoplasmic reticulum, a site of Bcl-2 localization. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) studies revealed that the proximity of Bcl-2 to a hydrophobic photosensitizing agent embedded in liposomes was enhanced by UDCA. Since photodamage will occur only if a protein is in close contact with a photosensitizing agent, we propose that these findings support the hypothesis that UDCA causes a conformational change in Bcl-2, promoting HA14-1 binding and enhancing affinity for certain membrane-bound photosensitizers.
Reactions of Photoexcited Aromatic Radical Cations with Polar Solvents

Reactions of electronically excited radical cations of various simple aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., naphthalene, biphenyl, perylene) and amines (indole and l-tryptophan) with polar solvents (alcohols, ethers, and water) were studied. The radical cations were generated by biphotonic (248 nm) photoionization of aromatic solutes in oxygen-saturated solutions and subsequently excited by 2.3 eV photons from a Nd:YAG laser. The photobleaching is initiated by a transfer of the valence electron of the solvent to the solute radical cation (“hole injection”). In the polar liquids, a proton transfer occurs concurrently with this electron transfer and may occur in several ways. Hole injection is the general mechanism for decay of photoexcited radical cations, in both polar and nonpolar media. The efficiency of this process correlates with the ionization potential (IP) of the solute and optical absorbance of the corresponding radical cation. For high-IP solutes, the quantum yield of the photobleaching is 0.3−0.5. From ...
School Counselors' Perceptions of Their Academic Preparedness and Job Activities

School counselors are trained in academic preparation programs for future job activities. However, job expectations taught in such programs can differ from actual school counseling activities. This article reports the findings of a national survey of school counselors' (N = 1,052) perceived preparation and practice.
Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery initially visualized by echocardiography and multidetector computed tomography coronary angiography.

Introduction Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) is a rare coronary anomaly comprising 0.2-0.5% of all congenital cardiac malformations. Although ALCAPA has high mortality of 90% within the 1st year of life, 10-15% of patients survive to adulthood in case of existence of extensive intercoronary collaterals. In the past, ALCAPA was diagnosed exclusively by cardiac catheterization and angiography. However, recent technical advances in echocardiographic imaging and multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) coronary angiography enabled better visualization of the anomalous origin of coronary artery and associated findings. In Korea, there have been several reports of adult type ALCAPA. Most of them are diagnosed by invasive coronary angiography with or without diagnostic clue of echocardiography. Here, we report a 35-year-old female patient with ALCAPA initially visualized by echocardiography and MDCT coronary angiography.
Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Induces an Invasive Phenotype in Human Squamous Cell Carcinomas

Inhibition of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF. receptor Flk-1 has been shown to prevent invasion of experimental squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). To directly investigate the role of VEGF in tumor invasion, we stably transfected human SCC-13 cells, which are characterized by a noninvasive phenotype in vivo , with expression vectors containing murine VEGF 164 in sense (SCC/VEGF+) or antisense (SCC/VEGF−) orientation or with vector alone (SCC/vec). SCC/vec cells formed slowly growing, well-differentiated tumors with well-defined borders between tumor and stroma, after intradermal or subcutaneous injection. In contrast, SCC/VEGF+ tumors were characterized by rapid tumor growth, with small cell groups and single cells invading into the surrounding tissue, and by admixture of blood vessels and tumor cells in areas of tumor invasion. We detected an increase in tumor vessel density and size in VEGF-overexpressing tumors, resulting in a more than fourfold increase in total vascular areas. In contrast, SCC/VEGF− clones formed noninvasive, sharply circumscribed tumors with reduced vascular density. These findings demonstrate that selective VEGF overexpression was sufficient to induce tumor invasiveness, and they provide further evidence for an active role of the tumor stroma in cancer progression.
Nebulization of single-walled carbon nanotubes for respiratory toxicity studies

An ultrafine aerosol consisting of airborne single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) was produced by nebulizing functionalized SWCNTs in methanol. Prior to atomization, purified SWCNTs were functionalized with aryl sulfonate groups via a Birch reaction. The functionalized SWCNTs were then dispersed in methanol and nebulized using a TSI-3076 constant output atomizer. Atomic force microscopy of a mica plate placed in the flow revealed both individual and bundled SWCNTs. We anticipate that this method for producing ultrafine mists of SWCNTs will enable respiratory toxicity studies of inhaled ultrafine SWCNT particulate.
Kinetic Studies of Chromium (VI) Binding to Carboxylic Acid- and Methyl Ester-Functionalized Silica/Water Interfaces Important in Geochemistry

Real-time kinetic measurements of hexavalent chromium binding to fused silica surfaces functionalized with carboxylic acid and methyl ester terminal groups are performed in situ using resonantly enhanced surface second harmonic generation (SHG) at pH 7 and 300 K. These functional groups were chosen because of their high abundance in humic acids and related biopolymers. Kinetic measurements are conducted in the submonolayer regime using chromate solution concentrations ranging from 1 × 10-6 to 2 × 10-5 M. The adsorption rates were analyzed using the standard Langmuir model and the Frumkin−Fowler−Guggenheim model. The desorption kinetics are consistent with a first-order process. These results indicate that hexavalent chromium mobility in carboxylic acid- and ester-rich soil environments increases with decreasing chromate concentrations. Based on the measured half-lives of the adsorbed Cr(VI) species, remobilization of bound hexavalent chromium due to natural or anthropogenic events that lower the chromate ...
Regulated gene expression in gene therapy.

: The original model of gene therapy, that of efficient delivery, durable transfer, and stable expression of transgenes to correct a gene defect underlying an inherited disease, is limited in light of improved understanding of the processes involved. Techniques that enable regulated expression of transgenes may enhance safety and allow us to regulate the timing and level of expression with a goal of precisely targeting a therapeutic level between the extremes of suboptimal and supraoptimal thresholds. Using regulated systems to control protein expression has practical and possibly essential roles for the success of safe and effective gene therapy in a number of clinical situations. Pharmacologically regulated gene expression is an evolving tool, and no individual system may be effective in all clinical applications.
Relationship between Strength of Hydrogen Bond and Barrier to Proton Transfer

Abstract Barriers to proton transfer are computed using ab initio methods for a number of systems, charged and uncharged, that contain either intramolecular or intermolecular H-bonds. It is shown that the very strong H-bonds that occur in ionic H-bonds between electronegative atoms like O or F are characterized by proton transfer potentials that have a single symmetric minimum. The transfer barrier that separates the two minima in less strongly-bound complexes rises as the H-bond weakens, as a result of involvement of less electronegative atoms. The weakening is evident from the equilibrium H-bond lengths, as well as the calculated energetics. The strain introduced into intramolecular H-bonds can act to raise the proton transfer barrier. Nonetheless, the relationship between weaker H-bonds and lower barriers is apparent, even in excited electronic states.
Determining Emergency Medical Service Vehicle Deployment in Austin, Texas

In 1978 the city of Austin, Texas, began a study of its emergency medical service (EMS) system to determine what services should be delivered, by whom, via what number and types of equipment, and sited at which locations. The resulting plan called for a system quite different from that in operation since 1976: four advanced life-support and eight basic life-support vehicles were to operate from two EMS-only stations and 10 shared-use fire stations. The plan, which the city council unanimously passed in 1980, has saved $3.4 million (1984 dollars) in construction costs and $1.2 million (1984 dollars) per year in operating costs. Average response time has been reduced despite an upsurge in calls for service, and equitable service is provided to those who need it most.
Amorphous intergranular phases control the properties of rodent tooth enamel

Dental enamel, a hierarchical material composed primarily of hydroxylapatite nanowires, is susceptible to degradation by plaque biofilm-derived acids. The solubility of enamel strongly depends on the presence of Mg(2+), F(-), and CO3(2-). However, determining the distribution of these minor ions is challenging. We show—using atom probe tomography, x-ray absorption spectroscopy, and correlative techniques—that in unpigmented rodent enamel, Mg(2+) is predominantly present at grain boundaries as an intergranular phase of Mg-substituted amorphous calcium phosphate (Mg-ACP). In the pigmented enamel, a mixture of ferrihydrite and amorphous iron-calcium phosphate replaces the more soluble Mg-ACP, rendering it both harder and more resistant to acid attack. These results demonstrate the presence of enduring amorphous phases with a dramatic influence on the physical and chemical properties of the mature mineralized tissue.
Dynamics of Global Governance: Building on What We Know

It is hard to quarrel with Weiss and Wilkinson's argument that deeper investigation of global governance could have big payoffs, and the four “primary pursuits” or research tasks they sketch will interest many scholars in this field. My concern is that while Weiss and Wilkinson nicely describe the importance of these tasks, they offer only cursory suggestions about ways forward when they could do much more. Unlike Weiss and Wilkinson (hereafter W&W), I see a great deal of first rate work being done that speaks directly to issues they raise—how power is exercised globally,2 structures of global authority,3 increasing complexity,4 actor proliferation, and change. The problem, I would argue, is not that scholars are ignoring these issues, but that so much more could and should be done. In this short essay, I build on foundations laid by others to sketch more focused research agendas for global governance scholars in four areas to tackle some of the central questions W&W identify, with particular attention to their laudable interest in change.
Steady-state pharmacokinetics of intramuscular imipenem-cilastatin in elderly patients with various degrees of renal function.

We studied the concentrations in plasma and pharmacokinetics of imipenem and cilastatin in elderly patients (greater than 65 years old) who had various degrees of renal function and who were hospitalized with soft tissue infections. Three groups of patients received imipenem-cilastatin (500/500 mg) intramuscularly every 12 h: group I consisted of eight patients with a creatinine clearance (CLCR) of greater than 50 ml/min (range, 51 to 84 ml/min; mean, 65.8 ml/min); group II consisted of three patients with a CLCR of 20 to 50 ml/min; and group III consisted of two patients with a CLCR of less than 20 ml/min. Imipenem and cilastatin concentrations were measured at steady state on day 5. Mean peak and trough plasma imipenem concentrations were 5.28 +/- 1.78 and 1.43 +/- 0.76 micrograms/ml in group I, 6.25 +/- 0.78 and 2.50 +/- 0.00 micrograms/ml in group II, and 14.3 +/- 0.71 and 6.85 +/- 1.06 micrograms/ml in group III, respectively. Mean peak and trough plasma cilastatin concentrations were 11.8 +/- 2.85 and 0.31 +/- 0.43 microgram/ml in group I, 15.5 +/- 2.48 and 2.03 +/- 2.05 micrograms/ml in group II, and 24.5 +/- 6.72 and 10.7 +/- 5.94 micrograms/ml in group III, respectively. Mean imipenem AUCss (area under the concentration-time curve over a dosage interval at steady state) values were 38.7 +/- 7.9 micrograms.h/ml for group I, 52.3 +/- 7.3 micrograms.h/ml for group II, and 143.7 +/- 11.9 micrograms.h/ml for group III. Mean cilastatin AUCss values were 45.6 +/- 12.5 micrograms.h/ml for group I, 93.8 +/- 51.2 micrograms.h/ml for group II, and 217.5 +/- 57.8 micrograms.h/ml for group III. Cilastatin mean apparent body clearance values (normalized to weight) were 2.78 +/- 0.67 ml/min for group I, 1.43 +/- 0.81 ml/min for group II, and 0.71 +/- 0.24 ml/min for group III. Imipenem open-lactam metabolite levels were all below the level of detective of the assay (<3.9 micrograms/ml). There was a progressive increase in plasma imipenem and cilastatin levels and AUCss and there was a decline in body clearance as renal function declined.
Some aspects of permanent-magnet aerospace-instrument devices

The paper presents modeling techniques for simulating permanent magnets in computer-aided analysis for either the finite-element or finite-difference schemes, methods to deal with various geometries and inherent symmetry that may be a characteristic of the problem. By numberically analyzing the model, detailed flux-distribution plots have been obtained by means of a high-speed digital computer. The paper discusses typical cases that have been studied. By making the computer programs sufficiently flexible for a given class of problems, various configurations could be studied with the ultimate aim of optimized designs, size and weight reduction, and improved sensitivity, stability and overall reliability.
Nanostructured ruthenium oxide electrodes via high-temperature molecular templating for use in electrochemical capacitors.

Ruthenium oxide is a model pseudocapacitive materials exhibiting good electronic and protonic conduction and has been shown to achieve very high gravimetric capacitances. However, the capacitance of thermally prepared ruthenium oxide is generally low because of low protonic conductivity resulting from dehydration of the oxide upon annealing. High-temperature processing, however also produces the electrically conducting ruthenium oxide rutile phase, which is of great interest for electrochemical capacitors. Here, unusual electrochemical characteristics were obtained for thermally prepared ruthenium oxide when fabricated in the presence of alkyl-thiols at high temperature. The performance characteristics have been attributed to enhanced multifunctional properties of the material resulting from the novel processing. The processing method relies on a simple, solution-based strategy that utilizes a sacrificial organic template to sterically direct hierarchical architecture formation in electro-active ruthenium...
Improving predictive distributions

Consider a sequence of decision problems S1, S2, ... and suppose that in problem Si the statistician must specify his predictive distribution Fi for some random variable Xi and make a decision based on that distribution. For example, Xi might be the return on some particular investment and the statistician must decide whether or not to make that investment. The random variables X1, X2, ... are assumed to be independent and completely unrelated. It is also assumed that each predictive distribution Fi assigned by the statistician is a subjective distribution based on his information and beliefs about Xi. In this context, the standard Bayesian approach provides no basis for evaluating whether the statistician's subjective predictive distribution for Xi is good or bad, and does not even recognize this question as being meaningful. In this paper we describe models in which the statistician can study his process for specifying predictive distributions, identify bad habits, and improve his predictions and decisions by gradually breaking these habits.
Plane geometry theorem proving using forward chaining

A computer program is described which operates on a subset of plane geometry. Its performance not only compares favorably with previous computer programs, but within its limited problem domain (e.g., no curved lines nor introduction of new points), it also invites comparison with the best human theorem provers. The program employs a combination of forward and backward chaining with the forward component playing the more important role. This, together with a deeper use of diagrammatic information, allows the program to dispense with the diagram filter in contrast with its central role in previous programs. An important aspect of human problem solving may be the ability to structure a problem space so that forward chaining techniques can be used effectively.
Limiting density behavior of quartz powders

Abstract An experimental study into the effects of varying particle characteristics on maximum and minimum bulk densities of dry quartz powders is presented. The characteristics which were varied are particle size, particle size distribution (or gradation), and particle shape. It is found that both maximum and minimum densities increase with increasing size, gradation and sphericity. Furthermore, the difference between these limiting densities is quite constant. An empirical formula for the maximum density of such powders is proposed.
Unsupervised topic clustering of switchboard speech messages

This paper presents a statistical technique which can be used to automatically group speech data records based on the similarity of their content. A tree-based clustering algorithm is used to generate a hierarchical structure for the corpus. This structure can then be used to guide the search for similar material in data from other corpora. The SWITCHBOARD Speech Corpus was used to demonstrate these techniques, since it provides sets of speech files which are nominally on the same topic. Excellent automatic clustering was achieved on the truth text transcripts provided with the SWITCHBOARD corpus, with an average cluster purity of 97.3%. Degraded clustering was achieved using the output transcriptions of a speech recognizer, with a clustering purity of 61.4%.
Induction of CD4 T Cell Changes in Murine AIDS Is Dependent on Costimulation and Involves a Dysregulation of Homeostasis

Strong CD4 T cell activation and proliferation are seen in susceptible mice infected with the murine retroviral inoculum, LP-BM5, which produces an immunodeficiency syndrome called murine AIDS (MAIDS). We developed a short term adoptive transfer model of MAIDS to examine the requirements for the CD4 T cell response. Naive CD4 T cells from uninfected donors responded quickly after adoptive transfer into MAIDS-infected hosts, becoming activated and proliferating within several days. Using blocking mAbs to costimulatory ligands and CD4 T cells deficient in expression of their receptors, we found that the CD4 T cell response requires CD28:B7.1/B7.2 interactions, but not CTLA4 or CD40-CD40 ligand interactions. Naive CD4 T cells did not respond in H-2M-deficient mice with MAIDS, suggesting that disease requires recognition of self peptide-MHC complexes. The self MHC-dependent division and accumulation of large numbers of CD4 T cells suggest that MAIDS involves a disruption of the balance of homeostatic signals. Supporting this hypothesis, CD4 T cells from mice with MAIDS failed to regulate the homeostatic division of naive CD4 T cells in a cotransfer model. Thus, a combination of up-regulation of costimulatory ligands and disruption of homeostatic control may be responsible for CD4 lymphoproliferation in MAIDS.
Isolation of a strain of Chlamydomonas reinhardi with altered control of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase.

SYNOPSIS. A strain of Chlamydomonas reinhardi is described in which the control of glyceraldehyde 3-P dehydrogenase is altered; the activity of the NADP-dependent enzyme is apparently independent of chlorophyll content.
Training support vector machines using Gilbert's algorithm

Support vector machines are classifiers designed around the computation of an optimal separating hyperplane. This hyperplane is typically obtained by solving a constrained quadratic programming problem, but may also be located by solving a nearest point problem. Gilbert's algorithm can be used to solve this nearest point problem but is unreasonably slow. In this paper we present a modified version of Gilbert's algorithm for the fast computation of the support vector machine hyperplane. We then compare our algorithm with the nearest point algorithm and with sequential minimal optimization.
Vitamin C and Vitamin E for Alzheimer's Disease

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the literature on supplemental vitamin C and vitamin E therapy in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD).DATA SOURCESLiterature retrieval was accessed through MEDLINE (1966–March 2005) using the key words antioxidants, vitamin C, vitamin E, Alzheimer's disease, and dementia. International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–March 2005), Current Contents (1996–March 2005), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (1994–March 2005), and Ebsco's Academic Search Elite (1975–March 2005) were searched with the same key words.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTIONArticles related to the objective that were identified through PubMed were included.DATA SYNTHESISOral supplementation of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and vitamin E (D-alfa-tocopherol acetate) alone and in combination have been shown to decrease oxidative DNA damage in animal studies in vivo, in vitro, and in situ. Recent results of a prospective observational study (n = 4740) suggest that the combined use of vitamin E 400 IU ...
An ecosystem-scale radiocarbon tracer to test use of litter carbon by ectomycorrhizal fungi

Abstract The degree to which ectomycorrhizal fungi rely on decomposing litter as a carbon source in natural ecosystems is unknown. We used a radiocarbon (14C) tracer to test for uptake of litter carbon by ectomycorrhizal fungi as part of the Enriched Background Isotope Study (EBIS) in Oak Ridge Reservation, Tennessee. In EBIS, leaf litter from a highly 14C-labeled Quercus alba (white oak) forest was reciprocally transplanted with litter from a nearby low-labeled forest that had not been as strongly exposed to 14C. These litter transplants were conducted yearly. We measured Δ14C signatures of ectomycorrhizal fungi collected from each forest four months and 2.25 years after the first litter transplant. The ectomycorrhizas were associated with white oak trees. We found no significant differences in 14C signatures of ectomycorrhizal fungi exposed to low-labeled versus high-labeled litter, indicating that less than 2% of the carbon in ectomycorrhizal biomass originated from transplanted litter. In contrast, ectomycorrhizal Δ14C signatures from the high-labeled forest were 117–140‰ higher than those from the low-labeled forest. This pattern suggests that ectomycorrhizal fungi acquired most (or all) of their carbon from their host plants, probably via direct transfer of photosynthate through the roots.
The Design and Analysis of an Efficient Local Algorithm for Coverage and Exploration Based on Sensor Network Deployment

We present the design and theoretical analysis of a novel algorithm termed least recently visited (LRV). LRV efficiently and simultaneously solves the problems of coverage, exploration, and sensor network deployment. The basic premise behind the algorithm is that a robot carries network nodes as a payload, and in the process of moving around, emplaces the nodes into the environment based on certain local criteria. In turn, the nodes emit navigation directions for the robot as it goes by. Nodes recommend directions least recently visited by the robot, hence, the name LRV. We formally establish the following two properties: 1) LRV is complete on graphs and 2) LRV is optimal on trees. We present experimental conjectures for LRV on regular square and cube lattice graphs and compare its performance empirically to other graph exploration algorithms. We study the effects of the order of the exploration and show on a square lattice that with an appropriately chosen order, LRV performs optimally. Finally, we discuss the implementation of LRV in simulation and in real hardware.
Balance of POQ triads in mental patients and normals.

(1969). Balance of POQ Triads in Mental Patients and Normals. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 78, No. 2, pp. 213-218.
Primary Drinking Water Source and Acute Gastrointestinal Illness: New Mexico, 2007

The objectives of this study are to characterize New Mexico residents’ primary drinking water sources, consumption, and filter use by demographic characteristics, and to compare the 30-day prevalence of self-reported acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI) by water sources. We analyzed data on 6,600 adults surveyed in the 2007 New Mexico Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. We estimated population frequencies and evaluated associations using chi-square tests and weighted multivariable logistic regression modeling. Over half (55 %) of individuals used public water as their primary drinking water source, 18 % used private wells, and 27 % used bottled water. Overall, 43 % of residents said they filtered their home tap water, which did not differ significantly by source. Compared to public water users, private well users had key demographic differences, including age, marital status, race, and education. The overall 30-day prevalence of AGI was 15 %. In models adjusted for demographic characteristics and health status indicators, individuals using well water had a non-significantly decreased odds of reporting AGI and seeking medical attention for AGI (odds ratio (OR) 0.83, 95 % CI 0.65–1.06 and OR 0.85, 95 % CI 0.41–1.80). This baseline measure suggests private well users are not uniformly distributed throughout the New Mexico population. This information is useful when planning educational outreach to targeted populations. Our cross-sectional analyses did not reveal significant associations between primary drinking water source and AGI. Future epidemiologic studies including children and measuring the duration of exposure and water quality are needed to fully understand the health impacts of drinking untreated or undertreated water.
The N400 and the P300 Are Not All That Independent

This study assessed whether two ERP components that are elicited by unexpected events interact. The conditions that are known to elicit the N400 and the P300 ERP components were applied separately and in combination to terminal-words in sentences. Each sentence ended with a terminal-word that was highly expected, semantically unexpected, physically deviant, or both semantically unexpected and physically deviant. In addition, we varied the level of semantic relatedness between the unexpected terminal-words and the expected exemplars. Physically deviant words elicited a P300, whereas semantically unexpected words elicited an N400, whose amplitude was sensitive to the level of semantic relatedness. Words that were both semantically unexpected and physically deviant elicited both an N400 with enhanced amplitude, and a P300 with reduced amplitude. These results suggest an interaction between the processes manifested by the two components.
Net inverse-bremsstrahlung (NIB) acceleration of a high-energy electron beam in an axial electrostatic wave

It is shown that stimulated emission is an intrinsically incoherent-phase phenomenon arising from the uncertainty principle, and that therefore the laser gain cannot be described by any classical model, which must be coherent in all aspects. The force due to the net inverse-bremsstrahlung (‘NIB force’) acting on a high-energy electron beam travelling in an undulating field whose wave vector is collinear with the electron beam (‘collinear wiggler’) is found by extending the quantum kinetic theory of the free-electron laser. In the case that an axial electrostatic wave is used as the catalysing field for the net multi- photon inverse bremsstrahlung, it is shown that NIB acceleration is practical only when the potential amplitude (in terms of the electron energy) of the laser wave, [eA0], is comparable to or larger than the electron rest energy mc2.
SpA: web-accessible spectratype analysis: data management, statistical analysis and visualization

Summary: SpA is a web-accessible system for the management, visualization and statistical analysis of T-cell receptor spectratype data. Users upload data from their spectratype analyzers to SpA, which saves the raw data and user-defined supplementary covariates to a secure database. The statistical engine performs several data analyses and statistical summaries. The visualization engine displays spectratype histograms in a Java applet and in an image file suitable for download. All of these results are also saved to the database and remain accessible to the user. Additional statistical tools specific to the analysis of multiple spectratypes are also available through the SpA interface. Availability: The service is freely accessible via the web at http://www.duke.edu/~kepler/spa.html. Additional technical support and specialized statistical analysis and consultation are available by arrangement with the authors and, depending on the service requested, may be subject to fee. Contact: kepler@duke.edu
Stimulation of left stellate ganglion prolongs Q-T interval in patients with palmar hyperhidrosis

With the advent of transthoracic video-assisted endoscopic electrocautery of the second and the third sympathetic ganglia for the treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis, it is possible to approach the stellate ganglia with ease. To see whether stimulation of stellate ganglia in humans is similar to the case in dogs, we stimulated the sympathetic ganglia in 18 palmar hyperhidrosis patients with a coagulation power of 5 W at a frequency of three times every 2 s. We found that left stellate stimulation prolongs the Q-T interval and increases the heart rate, whereas right stellate stimulation affects the Q-T interval and heart rate insignificantly, just like the case in dogs in which the left stellate ganglion predominates the right one in determining the Q-T interval. Left stellate stimulation after destruction of the left second and third ganglia also prolongs the Q-T interval, suggesting that the left stellate ganglion is more important in determining the Q-T interval.
Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphomas: Mycosis Fungoides and Sézary Syndrome

Although cutaneous lymphomas arising in skin are rare, they can be the cause of significant morbidity and mortality. The most common of the cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCLs) are mycosis fungoides (MF) and its leukemic variant, Sezary syndrome (SS), followed by the CD30+ lymphoproliferative disorders. CTCLs are separated by T-cell markers and by clinical presentations and response to therapy. Early MF is treated with skin-directed therapies whereas refractory lesions need combination of skin therapy and biological response modifiers. Advanced MF responds to monotherapy with targeted therapies or chemotherapies, whereas Sezary patients often do well on photopheresis with skin therapy and biological response modifiers. In spite of new approved therapies for T-cell lymphomas of the skin, they remain challenging and uncurable at the current time.
Freezing tolerance, protein composition, and abscisic acid localization and content of pea epicotyl, shoot, and root tissue in response to temperature and water stress

The freezing tolerance of many plants, such as pea (Pisum sativum), is increased by exposure to low temperature or abscisic acid treatment, although the physiological basis of this phenomenon is poorly understood. The freezing tolerance of pea shoot tips, root tips, and epicotyl tissue was tested after cold acclimation at 2°C, dehydration/rehydration, applications of 10 -4 M abscisic acid (ABA), and deacclimation at 25°C. Tests were conducted using the cultivar 'Alaska', an ABA-deficient mutant 'wil', and its 'wild-type'. Freezing injury was determined graphically as the temperature that caused 50% injury (T 50 ) from electrical conductivity. Endogenous ABA was measured using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay, and novel proteins were detected using 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The maximum decrease in T 50 for root tissue was 1°C for all genotypes, regardless of treatment. For 'Alaska' shoot tips and epicotyl tissue, exogenous ABA increased the freezing tolerance by -1.5 to -4.0°C, while cold treatment increased the freezing tolerance by -7.5 to -14.8°C. Cold treatment increased the freezing tolerance of shoot tips by -9 and -15°C for 'wil' and 'wild-type', respectively. Cold acclimation increased endogenous ABA concentrations in 'Alaska' shoot tips and epicotyls 3- to 4-fold. Immunogold labeling increased noticeably in the nucleus and cytoplasm of the epicotyl after 7 d at 2°C and was greatest after 30 d at the time of maximum freezing tolerance and soluble ABA concentration. Cold treatment induced the production of seven, three, and two proteins in shoot, epicotyl, and root tissue of 'Alaska', respectively. In 'Alaska' shoot tissue, five out of seven novel proteins accumulated in response to both ABA and cold treatment. However, only a 24 kDa protein was produced in 'wit' and 'wild-type' shoot and epicotyl tissues after cold treatment. Abscisic acid and cold treatment additively increased the freezing tolerance of pea epicotyl and shoot tissues through apparently independent mechanisms that both resulted in the production of a 24 kDa protein.
Gay/Straight: The Binary Ontology of the Gay Marriage Debate

The following is a chapter from my recently released book, The End of Straight Supremacy: Realizing Gay Liberation. This chapter challenges the straight supremacist assumptions at the root of the gay movement’s marriage obsession. Rooted in the politics and theories of early Gay liberation and Radical feminism, Shannon Gilreath’s The End of Straight Supremacy presents a cohesive theory of Gay life under straight domination. Beginning with a critique of formal equality law centered on the “like-straight” demands of liberal equality theory as highlighted in Lawrence v. Texas, Gilreath goes on to criticize the “gay rights” movement itself, challenging the assimilation politics behind the movement’s blithe acceptance of discrimination in the guise of free speech and pornography in the name of sexual liberation, as well as same-sex marriage and transsexuality as tools of straight hegemony. Ultimately, Gilreath rejects both the liberal demand for Gay erasure in exchange for meager legal progress and the gay establishment agenda. In so doing, he provides both the vocabulary and analysis necessary to understand and to resist straight supremacy in all its forms. In The End of Straight Supremacy, Gilreath calls Gays and their allies to the difficult task of rethinking what liberation and equality really mean. The reader will quickly notice my use of irregular capitalization. I used “Gay,” capitalized, to refer to that which is Gay-identified. I use “gay,” lower-case, as in “gay pornography” or “gay establishment,” to distinguish that which is essentially straight supremacist in origin and operation.
Adolescent Substance Abuse: Risk Factors and Protective Factors

The incidence of substance use and abuse by adolescents is influenced by multiple risk and protective factors, including genetic influences, predisposition, family and peer influences, individual personality traits, and societal influences. The potential opportunities for the pediatrician to alter evolving risk factors and to foster protective influences are discussed.
Inhibition by 5-fluorouracil of the early stages of chemical carcinogenesis in mouse skin.

Summary5-FU was found to inhibit the early stages of DMBA-induced epidermal carcinogenesis in the mouse. The dose which must be employed to obtain this effect is of the same order of magnitude as that required for bringing about regression of established tumors of the mouse skin.
Plasma Protein, Erythrocyte Sedimentation and Serum Lability in Tuberculous Individuals

Sedimentation of the corpuscles of heparinized blood was determined by noting the extent of fall in glass tubes with an inside diameter of 4 mm. and height of 100 mm. during an interval of 1 hour. The tubes were centrifuged to insure complete sedimentation and the sedimentation-index computed as the ratio between the sedimentation observed in 1 hour and the possible maximum extent of sedimentation.Precipitability of serum protein was determined by adding various amounts of aluminum sulphate, as contained in a unit volume of 1 cc. to 0.2 cc. of unheated blood serum in small tubes. Serum and reagent were mixed and set aside at room temperature for 1 1/2 hours. A heavy flocculent precipitate that settled out leaving a clear supernatant fluid was recorded as a positive reaction.Average values for these blood properties as observed in a group of 14 tuberculous and a group of 20 normal individuals are listed in the accompanying table with average values for total protein, fibrin, globulin and albumin as contain...
House Fly Sex Pheromone: Enhancement of Mating Strike Activity by Combination of ( Z )-9-tricosene with Branched Saturated Hydrocarbons

The pheromone of the female house fly, Musca dornestica L., that causes male flies to initiate copulation appears to be a mixture of unsaturated and saturated hydrocarbons. The most active unsaturated hydrocarbon among the ( Z )-9-alkenes present on the female was ( Z )-9-tricosene (muscalure). Methyl- and dimethyl-branched C27 and C29 alkanes were responsible for the activity in the saturated hydrocarbons. When synthetic branched alkanes were combined with ( Z )-9-tricosene, 13-methylnonacosane, and 4,8-dimethylheptacosane produced the greatest amount of mating strike response.
On the origin of the term 'electronics'

The beginnings and changing meanings of the term that has come to describe a branch of technology and an industry are traced and reviewed.