cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Case Reports: A Thigh Mass Resulting from Polyethylene Wear of a Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty

The case of a 60-year-old man who had an enlarging thigh mass seen during a routine 12-year examination of a cementless revision total hip arthroplasty is presented. Aspiration of the mass yielded more than 200 cc of thick yellow fluid. Cytopathologic examination disclosed material consistent with polyethylene wear debris. The porous titanium acetabular and femoral components were not loose. Reoperation was recommended despite minimal symptoms, because the fluid-filled mass recurred after aspiration. At the time of reoperation, the components appeared well fixed and a linerhead exchange was performed. One year after surgery, the mass had not recurred and the patient had minimal symptoms.
Synthesis and Structures of Zirconium and Hafnium Alkyl Complexes That Contain [H3CC(2-C5H4N)(CH2NAr)2]2- ([ArNpy]2-; Ar = Mesityl, Triisopropylphenyl) Ligands

We report the synthesis of the arylated diamidopyridine ligands [H3CC(2-C5H4N)(CH2NAr)2]2- ([ArNpy]2-; Ar = 2,4,6-Me3C6H2 (Mes), 2,4,6-(i-Pr)3C6H2 (Trip)). [ArNpy]M(NMe2)2 (M = Zr, Hf) complexes were prepared by treating M(NMe2)4 with H2[ArNpy], while [ArNpy]MCl2 was prepared in a reaction between [ArNpy]M(NMe2)2 and Me3SiCl. Zirconium dialkyl complexes that were prepared include [MesNpy]ZrR2 (R = methyl, benzyl, neopentyl, isobutyl), [MesNpy]Zr(THF)Me2, [Li(Et2O)]{[MesNpy]ZrMe3}, and [TripNpy]Zr(i-Bu)2. Hafnium [MesNpy]HfR2 complexes are relatively stable, even when β-protons are present in R (R = Me, Et, n-Pr, n-Bu, i-Bu, i-Pr). Monoalkyl monochloro hafnium complexes that were prepared include [MesNpy]Hf(i-Pr)Cl and [MesNpy]Hf(t-Bu)Cl. X-ray studies were carried out for [MesNpy]ZrMe2, [MesNpy]Zr(THF)Me2, [Li(Et2O)]{[MesNpy]ZrMe3}, [TripNpy]Zr(i-Bu)2, [MesNpy]Hf(i-Pr)Cl, and [MesNpy]Hf(i-Pr)2.
A Photovoice Participatory Evaluation of a School Gardening Program through the Eyes of Fifth Graders

The garden brings people together because you're all working together to plant all these things.
From natural function to indeterminate content

In his recent bookExplaining Behavior, Fred Dretske has outlined a naturalized theory of intentionality. Several philosophers, including Dretske himself, view his theory as lending credence to the claim that mental state content should be construed widely. In this paper I argue that careful analysis of his theory reveals that this view is mistaken. In Dretske's theory, the notion of the function of a state plays a central role in the determination of content. It will be my contention that this notion of function cannot be used in Dretske's theory to distinguish between the wide construal of the content of an intentional state and the narrow or individualistic construal. This inability of his notion of function to discriminate between wide content and individualistic content undermines any claim that Dretske's theory endorses wide content. Instead, we are lead to the conclusion that Dretske's theory entails pervasive content indeterminacy.
INTRASEASONAL VARIATION IN SEED PRODUCTION AMONG FLOWERS AND PLANTS OF THALICTRUM THALICTROIDES (RANUNCULACEAE)

Intraseasonal variation in ovule and seed production per flower and per plant of the perennial herb Thalictrum thalictroides (L.) Eames and Boivin was documented at three sites during three spring flowering seasons. Shading and pollen-addition experiments were used to assess the impact of variation in pollination and light availability on seed production. Mean seed number and percent seed set were lower in flowers open late in the season than in those open earlier. The lower percent seed set occurs primarily in flowers that are positioned laterally on the inflorescence and which open later than center flowers. Plants flowering early in the season produce more flowers, ovules and seeds than those flowering later. Mean percent seed set per plant did not change, however, indicating that temporal differences in total seed output can be traced largely to variation in total ovule number. Seed production may be limited by lack of pollination during periods of inclement weather. At least late in the season, seed output may also be resource-limited: the decline in percent seed set among flowers coincided with the decline in light availability, and hand-pollination of late-opening flowers did not increase percent seed set to earlier levels. Artificial shading led to a significant reduction in percent seed set of lateral flowers, and decreased the probability of flowering again the following year. Thus, the relative selective roles of resource and pollination limitations may vary during the flowering season. THE SPRING EPHEMERAL growth form is a common one in winter-deciduous forests. Flowering and growth of these species is largely restricted to the short time between the first warm spring days and leaf expansion of the forest canopy. During this period, water and nutrients are relatively abundant (Likens et al.,
The Science of Chocolate: Interactive Activities on Phase Transitions, Emulsification, and Nucleation

Nearly everyone loves chocolate, which makes this an excellent topic for communicating scientific concepts to the general public and to students in the classroom. Here we present the outline and activities for an interactive presentation on the science of chocolate for nonspecialists and their children ages 6 and up. We design the presentation around three major questions related to observable properties of chocolate: Why does chocolate melt in your mouth, not in your hand? Why does chocolate feel smooth in your mouth? Why does chocolate look glossy and snap when you break it? To address these questions, we lead the audience through a series of taste experiments, and use a combination of live demonstrations and interactive activities with children. The general approach can be adapted to a variety of informal and classroom settings focused on sharing the excitement of scientific understanding with students and the public.
Magnetic resonance image findings of primary intradural Ewing sarcoma of the cauda equina: case report and review of the literature

Abstract Background context Involvement of the cauda equina in Ewing sarcoma (ES) is extremely rare, and only few cases are reported in literature. However, ES of cauda equina shares some neuroradiological features with other neoplasms that can involve the intradural space. Therefore, differential diagnosis with other tumors of cauda equina should be considered by neuroradiologists and neurosurgeons to provide appropriate treatment. Purpose To present a rare case of intradural extramedullary primary ES. Study design Case report. Methods We report a case of a 44-year-old woman presenting with the rapid onset of cauda equina syndrome. Radiological analysis showed multiple intradural masses, extending from L1 to S3 level. After radical surgery, lesions were histologically defined as ES. We present a literature review, analyzing magnetic resonance image (MRI) features of primary intradural ES of the cauda equina. Results Four cases of primitive ES arising from the cauda equina have been reported in the literature. Conclusions Because of the low number of reported cases, it is not possible to describe pathognomonic MRI findings for intradural ES of the cauda equina. However, few tumors show similar MRI features. Therefore, despite its rarity, intradural ES should be taken into account in the differential diagnosis of spinal tumors involving cauda equina.
Efficacy and tolerance of tocainide during long-term treatment of malignant ventricular arrhythmias

A group of 51 patients with malignant ventricular arrhythmias refractory to standard oral antiarrhythmic agents were treated with oral tocainide. Antiarrhythmic efficacy was defined as total abolition of occurrences of ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF) as assessed by hospital admissions for arrhythmias and the occurrence of sudden cardiac death (SCD). Of the 51 patients, 32 (63%) initially tolerated tocainide and were discharged from the hospital. Of the 19 patients not initially responding to tocainide, 6 (12%) had arrhythmia recurrence and 13 (25%) developed intolerable central nervous system or gastrointestinal side effects. Of these 19 short-term nonresponders, 8 (42%) patients suffered SCD over an average follow-up of 24 months (annual SCD rate of 21%). Two patients suffered SCD during the first week of tocainide therapy. Discounting the 2 patients with SCD on tocainide therapy, 6 of 17 (35%) patients initially withdrawn from tocainide suffered SCD (annual SCD rate of 18%). Twenty-four of the 32 short-term responders did not have arrhythmia recurrence over a mean follow-up of 38 months resulting in an overall long-term efficacy of 47% (24/51). Over an average follow-up of 38 months for these 24 short-term responders, 12 patients expired from nonarrhythmic causes, 3 patients were withdrawn for non-drug-related causes, and 9 patients remain on tocainide therapy. Of the 8 long-term nonresponders, 3 patients had arrhythmia recurrence and died suddenly while 5 patients developed intolerable side effects. The annual SCD rate in short-term responders was 3%. Eighteen of the 51 patients (35%) were withdrawn from the study because of adverse effects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
TRAINING COUNSELING SKILLS: AN EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS AND SOCIAL VALIDATION

A community development perspective suggests the value of using local resources to solve local problems. Two low-income staff of a community service center served as nonprofessional counselors after receiving a training program consisting of written instructions, practice, and performance feedback. The effects of the 40-hour training program were positive for both counseling and problem-solving skills. There was also evidence of generalization of counseling performance across clients, problems, and time. In addition, expert judges' ratings of performance were obtained as a measure of social validity. These findings suggest that the training procedures are effective in enhancing the counseling and problem-solving skills of low-income nonprofessionals.
Rhombencephalitis / Brainstem Encephalitis

Rhombencephalitis (RE) is a syndrome of multiple causes and multiple outcomes. Most authors now use the terms “rhombencephalitis” and “brainstem encephalitis” interchangeably even though anatomically they are slightly different. The etiologic categories of RE include infections, autoimmune diseases, and paraneoplastic syndromes (PNS). Listeria is the most common cause of infectious RE. Listeria RE primary occurs in healthy young adults. It usually occurs as a biphasic time course with a flu-like syndrome followed by brainstem dysfunction; 75% of patients have a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis, and almost 100% have an abnormal brain MRI scan. Positive CSF and blood cultures are the most specific for diagnosis. Treatment primarily is with ampicillin. Enterovirus 71 is probably the second most common infectious cause of RE; however, 95% of cases have occurred in the Asian-Pacific region and there is no specific treatment. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is the third most common infectious cause of RE, and about 80% of cases are caused by HSV1 and 20% by HSV2. About 50% only had involvement of the brainstem whereas the other 50% also had supratentorial involvement of the temporal and frontal lobes. Mortality with acyclovir treatment was 22% versus those not on acyclovir 75%. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpesvirus 6 (HHV6) have caused a few cases. The most common autoimmune etiology is Behcet disease. Over 90% of those with Behcet RE had abnormal MRI scans and 94% had a CSF pleocytosis. Treatment is with corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents, but only 25% have complete recovery. Paraneoplastic causes are the third category of RE. Brain MRIs are usually normal; there is usually a CSF pleocytosis but the protein is usually normal. Often anti-neuronal antibodies can be found. Prognosis is poor and treatment is only partially beneficial. Because Listeria and HSV are the most common treatable acute causes of RE, we recommend empiric therapy with ampicillin and acyclovir for all cases after samples have been obtained from CSF and blood for cultures and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antibiotics can be changed based upon MRI, culture results, PCR results, and antibody studies.
Vapor-liquid and solid-fluid equilibrium calculations using a Lennard-Jones equation of state

A modified Lennard-Jones (LJ) equation of state is extended to the calculation of vapor−liquid equilibria and solid−fluid equilibria in systems containing n-alkanes, carbon dioxide, water, and alcohols. The predictive capabilities of the equation were examined by extrapolating data at ambient conditions to high temperatures and pressures, where the extrapolations were compared with experimental data. Excellent agreement was obtained between extrapolations and actual data in all cases. Comparisons between the predictive capabilities of the LJ equation and several cubic equations with a variety of mixing rules are shown.
A language for boolean function representation and manipulation

Boolean algebra is used extensively in the analysis and design of digital logic circuits, in the generation of test patterns for logic circuits, and in numerous other practical applications. Hand calculations involving Boolean equations become impractical when the equations involve a large number of variables or when the number of equations is large. Computerized processing of Boolean equations can significantly extend the range of problems that can be solved using Boolean algebra.A language ABAL (Auburn Boolean Algebra Language) is described in this paper that permits machine representation and manipulation of Boolean functions. Functions may be specified in algebraic form or as lists of minterms or maxterms. Types of operations available in the language include functional form changes, simplification rules, prime implicant or prime implicate generation, functional minimization, functional combinations using Boolean operators, and truth table generation. ABAL is written in BASIC-PLUS for execution on a DEC PDP 11/40 RSTS/E System.
Biostatistical analysis of pseudophakic and aphakic retinal detachments

Removal of the crystalline lens increases the risk of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RD) by creating changes in the ocular environment that predispose to development of retinal breaks. The evolution of cataract surgery from intracapsular cataract extraction (ICCE) to extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) and phacoemulsification has reduced the incidence of RD, while advances in vitreoretinal surgery have resulted in improved outcomes when retinal detachment does occur. The incidence of RD varies between 0.4–3.6% for ICCE and between 0.55–1.65% for ECCE. In eyes having undergone phacoemulsification the incidence is similar to those of ECCE and ranges between 0.75–1.65%. In this article the authors review the incidence and risk factors associated with pseudophakic and aphakic RD. The risk factors discussed include pre-operative risk factors such as age, status of the fellow eye and myopia, and surgical risk factors such as vitreous loss, posterior capsular integrity and Nd : YAG capsulotomy.
Tropical biomass burning smoke plume size, shape, reflectance, and age based on 2001–2009 MISR imagery of Borneo

Abstract. Land clearing for crops, plantations and grazing results in anthropogenic burning of tropical forests and peatlands in Indonesia, where images of fire-generated aerosol plumes have been captured by the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) since 2001. Here we analyze the size, shape, optical properties, and age of distinct fire-generated plumes in Borneo from 2001–2009. The local MISR overpass at 10:30 a.m. misses the afternoon peak of Borneo fire emissions, and may preferentially sample longer plumes from persistent fires burning overnight. Typically the smoke flows with the prevailing southeasterly surface winds at 3–4 m s−1, and forms ovoid plumes whose mean length, height, and cross-plume width are 41 km, 708 m, and 27% of the plume length, respectively. 50% of these plumes have length between 24 and 50 km, height between 523 and 993 m and width between 18% and 30% of plume length. Length and cross-plume width are lognormally distributed, while height follows a normal distribution. Borneo smoke plume heights are similar to previously reported plume heights, yet Borneo plumes are on average nearly three times longer than previously studied plumes. This could be due to sampling or to more persistent fires and greater fuel loads in peatlands than in other tropical forests. Plume area (median 169 km2, with 25th and 75th percentiles at 99 km2 and 304 km2, respectively) varies exponentially with length, though for most plumes a linear relation provides a good approximation. The MISR-estimated plume optical properties involve greater uncertainties than the geometric properties, and show patterns consistent with smoke aging. Optical depth increases by 15–25% in the down-plume direction, consistent with hygroscopic growth and nucleation overwhelming the effects of particle dispersion. Both particle single-scattering albedo and top-of-atmosphere reflectance peak about halfway down-plume, at values about 3% and 10% greater than at the origin, respectively. The initially oblong plumes become brighter and more circular with time, increasingly resembling smoke clouds. Wind speed does not explain a significant fraction of the variation in plume geometry. We provide a parameterization of plume shape that can help atmospheric models estimate the effects of plumes on weather, climate, and air quality. Plume age, the age of smoke furthest down-plume, is lognormally distributed with a median of 2.8 h (25th and 75th percentiles at 1.3 h and 4.0 h), different from the median ages reported in other studies. Intercomparison of our results with previous studies shows that the shape, height, optical depth, and lifetime characteristics reported for tropical biomass burning plumes on three continents are dissimilar and distinct from the same characteristics of non-tropical wildfire plumes.
Double-stranded RNA causes synthesis of 2',5'-oligo(A) and degradation of messenger RNA in interferon-treated cells.

Interferon-treated HeLa cells were incubated with [3H]uridine to label mRNA and were then exposed to the double-stranded RNA poly(inosinic acid).poly(cytidylic acid) (In.Cn). The incubation with In.Cn greatly enhanced the decay of mRNA. When the cells were incubated in this way in the presence of cycloheximide, which blocks ribosome movement along mRNA, extensive polysome degradation was detected in interferon-treated cells. Products of degradation of mRNA were recovered from monosomes which were presumably formed as a result of endonucleolytic breaks of mRNA. This endonucleolytic activity was correlated with the formation of 2',5'-oligo(A) by an enzyme induced by interferon and activated by double-stranded RNA; the 2',5'-oligo(A) was previously shown to activate an endonuclease in cell extracts. The 2',5'-oligo(A) levels in cells were measured by a competition-binding assay. Details of the procedure used are described, including synthesis of highly radioactive (2'-5')pppA3[32P]cytidine 3',5'-diphosphate, separation of 2',5'-oligo(A) binding from degrading activities, and specificity of the assay.
Court Trial Based Detection of Forwarding Misbehaviors in Wireless Networks

This paper considers the problem of identifying the source of forwarding misbehavior in ad hoc networks. Unlike existing proposals, an approach is consider that works locally, within k-hops of the node under investigation, and requires neither end-end ACKs nor observer nodes to hear transmissions into, and out of, the node under investigation. The approach relies on nodes that observe a certain node's forwarding behavior (by virtue of being a next-hop neighbor on a path or an overhearing node in the vicinity of the forwarding node) and report the observed behavior to the node upstream from the node under investigation.
Predicting the risk of mild cognitive impairment in the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging

Objective: We sought to develop risk scores for the progression from cognitively normal (CN) to mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods: We recruited into a longitudinal cohort study a randomly selected, population-based sample of Olmsted County, MN, residents, aged 70 to 89 years on October 1, 2004. At baseline and subsequent visits, participants were evaluated for demographic, clinical, and neuropsychological measures, and were classified as CN, MCI, or dementia. Using baseline demographic and clinical variables in proportional hazards models, we derived scores that predicted the risk of progressing from CN to MCI. We evaluated the ability of these risk scores to classify participants for MCI risk. Results: Of 1,449 CN participants, 401 (27.7%) developed MCI. A basic model had a C statistic of 0.60 (0.58 for women, 0.62 for men); an augmented model resulted in a C statistic of 0.70 (0.69 for women, 0.71 for men). Both men and women in the highest vs lowest sex-specific quartiles of the augmented model9s risk scores had an approximately 7-fold higher risk of developing MCI. Adding APOE e4 carrier status improved the model ( p = 0.002). Conclusions: We have developed MCI risk scores using variables easily assessable in the clinical setting and that may be useful in routine patient care. Because of variability among populations, validation in independent samples is required. These models may be useful in identifying patients who might benefit from more expensive or invasive diagnostic testing, and can inform clinical trial design. Inclusion of biomarkers or other risk factors may further enhance the models.
Bridging gaps in handoffs: A continuity of care based approach

Handoff among healthcare providers has been recognized as a major source of medical errors. Most prior research has often focused on the communication aspects of handoff, with limited emphasis on the overall handoff process, especially from a clinician workflow perspective. Such a workflow perspective that is based on the continuity of care model provides a framework required to identify and support an interconnected trajectory of care events affecting handoff communication. To this end, we propose a new methodology, referred to as the clinician-centered approach that allows us to investigate and represent the entire clinician workflow prior to, during and, after handoff communication. This representation of clinician activities supports a comprehensive analysis of the interdependencies in the handoff process across the care continuum, as opposed to a single discrete, information sharing activity. The clinician-centered approach is supported by multifaceted methods for data collection such as observations, shadowing of clinicians, audio recording of handoff communication, semi-structured interviews and artifact identification and collection. The analysis followed a two-stage mixed inductive-deductive method. The iterative development of clinician-centered approach was realized using a multi-faceted study conducted in the Medical Intensive Care Unit (MICU) of an academic hospital. Using the clinician-centered approach, we (a) identify the nature, inherent characteristics and the interdependencies between three phases of the handoff process and (b) develop a descriptive framework of handoff communication in critical care that captures the non-linear, recursive and interactive nature of collaboration and decision-making. The results reported in this paper serve as a ''proof of concept'' of our approach, emphasizing the importance of capturing a coordinated and uninterrupted succession of clinician information management and transfer activities in relation to patient care events.
Applications of First Principles Theory to Inorganic Radiation Detection Materials

Applications of first principles methods to understand properties of several known and potential scintillators for radiation detection are described. These include results for rare earth and Pb-based phosphates, rare-earth trihalides, ZnO, perovskites and tungstates.
The multifaceted nature of unsupervised category learning

A substantial portion of category-learning research has focused on one learning mode—namely, classification learning (a supervised learning mode). Subsequently, theories of category learning have focused on how the abstract structure of categories (i.e., the co-occurrence patterns of feature values) affects acquisition. Recent work in supervised learning has shown that a learner’s interactions with the stimulus set also plays an important role in acquisition. The present study extends this work to unsupervised learning situations involving simple one-dimensional stimuli. The results suggest that categorization performance is a function of both learning mode (i.e., study conditions) and learning problem (i.e., category structure). Unsupervised learning, like supervised learning, appears to be multifaceted, with different learning modes best paired with certain learning problems.
Ganglioside Structure Dictates Signal Transduction by Cholera Toxin and Association with Caveolae-like Membrane Domains in Polarized Epithelia

In polarized cells, signal transduction by cholera toxin (CT) requires apical endocytosis and retrograde transport into Golgi cisternae and perhaps ER (Lencer, W.I., C. Constable, S. Moe, M. Jobling, H.M. Webb, S. Ruston, J.L. Madara, T. Hirst, and R. Holmes. 1995. J. Cell Biol. 131:951–962). In this study, we tested whether CT9s apical membrane receptor ganglioside GM1 acts specifically in toxin action. To do so, we used CT and the related Escherichia coli heat-labile type II enterotoxin LTIIb. CT and LTIIb distinguish between gangliosides GM1 and GD1a at the cell surface by virtue of their dissimilar receptor-binding B subunits. The enzymatically active A subunits, however, are homologous. While both toxins bound specifically to human intestinal T84 cells ( K d ≈ 5 nM), only CT elicited a cAMP-dependent Cl − secretory response. LTIIb, however, was more potent than CT in eliciting a cAMP-dependent response from mouse Y1 adrenal cells (toxic dose 10 vs. 300 pg/well). In T84 cells, CT fractionated with caveolae-like detergent-insoluble membranes, but LTIIb did not. To investigate further the relationship between the specificity of ganglioside binding and partitioning into detergent-insoluble membranes and signal transduction, CT and LTIIb chimeric toxins were prepared. Analysis of these chimeric toxins confirmed that toxin-induced signal transduction depended critically on the specificity of ganglioside structure. The mechanism(s) by which ganglioside GM1 functions in signal transduction likely depends on coupling CT with caveolae or caveolae-related membrane domains.
Characterization of Surface and Aloft Winds for Advanced Parallel Runway Operations

The increase in demand for air travel throughput has resulted in an effort to identify novel techniques for improving efficiency. One such effort targets the barrier imposed by wake turbulence separation standards—reducing interaircraft spacing during radar operations. Recently, concepts have focused on exploiting the effects of wake transport under wind fields by developing wind-dependent procedures that mitigate wake hazards during favorable wind conditions. However, the challenge with regard to computing benefits during conditional time epochs requires methodology designed for a niche modeling area that even sophisticated airport capacity simulation models lack. This work attempts to augment the capacity computation by presenting a characterization of the favorable crosswind availability across a range of thresholds and aloft monitoring heights based on Rapid Update Cycle and aviation system performance measure weather data. The focus is on presenting a generalization of wind behavior and on providing ...
Field evaluation of a phototoxic dye, phloxine B, against three species of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae).

The xanthene dye phloxine B (D&C Red #28) bait was sprayed against fruit flies in mango orchards in 1996 and 1997. The flies used for testing were Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew), West Indian fruit fly, Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart), and Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). Results of the experiments indicate that the toxic efficacy of phloxine B against these fruit flies is as good as that of malathion-bait sprays. Results also indicate that type of protein used with phloxine B can dramatically influence its efficacy. Hydrolyzed proteins of corn origin, Mazoferm 802 and Nutriplus, and one from microbial origin, Coltec yeast broth, were best. Phloxine B-bait applications as complete coverage or alternate swaths reduced fly populations as well as 19.5 or 9.8% (AI) malathion-Captor 300. Applications of phloxine B bait at concentrations of 0.12% phloxine B reduced populations as well as those applied at 0.48% (AI). The fruit fly parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata was adversely affected when exposed to phloxine B-Nutriplus bait but not when exposed to the other proteins.
Left ventricular size, mass, and shape: is the sum greater than the parts?

Alterations in cardiac structure and function have long been recognized as markers of heightened risk for cardiovascular events. Indeed, even before the advent of noninvasive imaging, electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) was identified as one of the earliest “factors of risk”
Choice Under the Shadow of Conflict: An Experimental Investigation

This study uses a controlled laboratory experiment to analyze the effects of conflict on economic growth and development. Participants were given control of a small, virtual civilization and provided incentives to develop their civilization under various conflict scenarios. The findings suggest that conflict has a negative effect on economic growth (30.40 percent less wealth creation in treatment group). The shadow of conflict is enough to strongly distort resource allocation (36.6 percent less economic investment by participants under the shadow of conflict), causing less economic growth under the shadow of conflict (30.51 percent less wealth accumulation by participants under the shadow of conflict).
Novel Approach to High-Altitude Long-Endurance Stationkeeping

A new concept for achieving high-altitude, long-endurance (HALE) flight is proposed and evaluated, which features two unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) connected via a long tether which effectively sail backand-forth using stratospheric wind velocity gradients. The potential of a baseline configuration to stationkeep (i.e., stay within a prescribed radius above a specific ground site) based on measured steady wind profiles is predicted analytically based on yearly sets of bi-daily wind profiles, and using a constrained optimization technique. The sensitivity of system operability to key configuration parameters (i.e., tether diameter, geometric scale, and wing loading) is evaluated.
Near-surface Borehole Geophysical Imaging In a Highly Structured Area, Beartooth Mountains, Montana

Southern Montana contains the highly structured region of the Beartooth Mountains. The University of Houston conducted a geophysical field school during August 2009 at the Yellowstone Bighorn Research Association (YBRA) camp near Red Lodge, Montana. Part of the activity was to undertake a detailed geophysical study of the dipping strata near the YBRA camp. Surface geologic mapping near YBRA indicated possibly overturned beds and a tear fault involving the Mississippian Madison limestone and younger strata. Borehole seismic and well logs, from two specially drilled shallow wells, plus a crossing seismic line were acquired. We interpret the well logs to indicate a shallow layer (5m) of alluvium, a thicker carbonate layer, then a “redbed” or shaley sandstone. The VSP results indicate a P-wave velocity (Vp) for the carbonate of about 2600 m/s and an underlying (but younger) redbed with a Vp of about 2800 m/s. From S-wave traveltimes in the VSP, we estimate a Vp/Vs value of 2.2 for the limestone and 1.7 for the shaley unit. The S-wave velocities are similar in both the VSP data from the two wells and a surface-wave inversion. The limestone shows an anomalously high gamma value, which may be due to uranium deposition. Initial interpretation suggests that the limestone-shale (redbed) interface is at 40 m and, from the borehole televiewer, the probable dip of the bed appears to be 45° towards the south.
Mosquito species density investigation of the naval garrison in Xisha

Objective To know the species composition of mosquito and their density in a battalion of the naval military base in Xisha for mosquito control effectively. Methods CO2 trapping lamp method and mosquito net trapping method were used. Results Catch 992 mosquitoes in total,divided into 3 species of 3 genera including culex fatigans( 98. 29%),aedes albopictus( 0. 50%) and armigeres subalbatus( 1. 21%). Culex fatigans is the main species in a battalion of the naval military base in Xisha. 18: 00-20: 00 and 05: 00 to 07:00 are 2 peaks for mosquito activity. Armigeres subalbatus was newly discovered known species on Yongxing island. Conclusions The species composition of mosquito and their density in a battalion of the naval military base in Xisha were attained,provided scientific evidence for mosquito control in the future.
Child Labor in Pennsylvania's Silk Mills: Protest and Change, 1900-1910

Between 1900 and 1910, laboring families in northeastern Pennsylvania began to change their strategy for economic survival. Even though many of them depended on the wages of their children for subsistence, or at least for comfort, many families started keeping their younger children out of the wage labor force. Careful study of workers in Carbondale's silk factories, which employed large num bers of adolescents, reveals that the average age of workers increased dramatically during the first decade of the twentieth century.1 Additional evidence clearly indi cates that this change happened not only in Carbondale but in other silk-produc ing towns and cities.2 (See map.) Progressive reformers fought long and bitterly to keep children and adoles cents in school and out of the factories. Historian Walter I. Trattner chronicled their
The Propagation of Noise Fields in a Dispersive Medium

Our aim is to show how a noise field propagates in a medium that has dispersion and attenuation. For example, suppose noise with known statistical properties is generated at a particular spatial point and we ask for its statistical properties at other spatial points at a later time. We show that phase space methods are particularly effective and intuitive to study such problems. We deal with fields and stochastic processes that are not necessarily stationary either locally or globally. In the next section, we review deterministic wave propagation and we also introduce a new method for studying propagation by way of the Wigner distribution. Subsequently, we discuss the issue as to how to handle nonstationary stochastic processes using the Wigner spectrum. After these issues we address the propagation of noise fields in a dispersive deterministic medium. By a deterministic medium we mean that the medium has no random aspects and that the random aspects come in only in the initial generation of the noise field.
Lymph node density predicts recurrence and death after inguinal lymph node dissection for penile cancer

PURPOSE To determine the impact of lymph node density (LND) on survival after inguinal lymph node dissection (ILND) for penile cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Our institutional penile cancer database was queried for patients who underwent ILND. Clinicopathologic characteristics including LND and total number of positive lymph nodes (LNs) were analyzed to determine impact on recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS). LND, or the percent of positive LN out of total LN, was calculated as a categorical variable at varying thresholds. RESULTS Twenty-eight patients with complete follow-up were identified. Indications for ILND were stage >T2 in 20 patients (71.4%), palpable adenopathy in 7 (25%), high grade T1 in 1 (3.6%). Median node yield was 17.5 (interquartile range, 12-22), and positive LNs were found in 14 patients (50%). RFS and OS were significantly lower for patients with >15% LN density (median RFS: 62 months vs. 6.3 months, p=0.0120; median OS: 73.6 months vs. 6.3 months, p 15% was independently associated with worse RFS (hazard ratio [HR], 3.6; p=0.04) and OS (HR, 73.6; p=0.002). The c-index for LND was higher than total positive LNs for RFS (0.64 vs. 0.54) and OS (0.79 vs. 0.61). CONCLUSIONS In this small, retrospective penile cancer cohort, the presence of nodal involvement >15% was associated with decreased RFS and OS, and outperformed total number of positive LN as a prognostic indicator.
A Natural Experiment to Measure the Consequences of a Binding Interest Rate Cap

In the U.S., Arkansas has the lowest interest rate cap on small-dollar installment loans, 17 percent. No small-dollar installment lenders operate within Arkansas, while they do in all six states bordering Arkansas. These facts provide a natural experiment to examine the effects of a binding interest rate cap because Arkansas residents actually obtain installment loans from out-state lenders. Arkansas residents in the perimeter counties hold 96.8 percent of these loans. Overall, Arkansas residents borrow $1,051, on average, and pay an average annual percentage rate (APR) of 80 percent. Incorporating estimated travel costs, the average APR is 93 percent.
Desvenlafaxine Versus Placebo in the Treatment of Children and Adolescents with Major Depressive Disorder.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the short-term efficacy and safety of desvenlafaxine versus placebo in the treatment of children and adolescents with major depressive disorder (MDD). Methods: Outpa...
Cover Crops Suppression of Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) in Cotton

With the recent confirmation of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO)-resistant Palmer amaranth in the US South, concern is increasing about the sustainability of weed management in cotton production systems. Cover crops can help to alleviate this problem, as they can suppress weed emergence via allelochemicals and/or a physical residue barrier. Field experiments were conducted in 2014 and 2015 at the Arkansas Agricultural Research and Extension Center to evaluate various cover crops for suppressing weed emergence and protecting cotton yield. In both years, cereal rye and wheat had the highest biomass production, whereas the amount of biomass present in spring did not differ among the remaining cover crops. All cover crops initially diminished Palmer amaranth emergence. However, cereal rye provided the greatest suppression, with 83% less emergence than in no cover crop plots. Physical suppression of Palmer amaranth and other weeds with cereal residues is probably the greatest contributor to reducing weed emergence. Seed cotton yield in the legume and rapeseed cover crop plots were similar when compared with the no cover crop treatment. The seed cotton yield collected from cereal cover crop plots was lower than from other treatments due to decreased cotton stand.Nomenclature: Palmer amaranth, Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.; Austrian winterpea, Lathyrus hirsutus L.; cereal rye, Secale cereale L.; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L.; crimson clover, Trifolium incarnatum L., hairy vetch, Vicia villosa Roth; oats, Avena sativa L.; rapeseed, Brassica napus L.; wheat, Triticum aestivum L.
Academic service learning in undergraduate and graduate computer science courses to foster engagement and real world experience

Academic service learning (AS-L) has been incorporated in higher education as a teaching pedagogy. AS-L provides a bridge between students, faculty, business, or other outside organizations to combine classroom theory with real-world solutions. AS-L is closely tied to the St. John's University mission statement. In this paper, we discuss that, by working with the Office of Academic Service-Learning at St. John's University, students in both undergraduate and graduate computer science courses work on real-world projects, which benefit the common (public) good and use the AS-L projects as a means of understanding and putting into practice course concepts.
Speaker and Observer Perceptions of Physical Tension during Stuttering.

Purpose Speech-language pathologists routinely assess physical tension during evaluation of those who stutter. If speakers experience tension that is not visible to clinicians, then judgments of severity may be inaccurate. This study addressed this potential discrepancy by comparing judgments of tension by people who stutter and expert clinicians to determine if clinicians could accurately identify the speakers' experience of physical tension. Method Ten adults who stutter were audio-video recorded in two speaking samples. Two board-certified specialists in fluency evaluated the samples using the Stuttering Severity Instrument-4 and a checklist adapted for this study. Speakers rated their tension using the same forms, and then discussed their experiences in a qualitative interview so that themes related to physical tension could be identified. Results The degree of tension reported by speakers was higher than that observed by specialists. Tension in parts of the body that were less visible to the observer (chest, abdomen, throat) was reported more by speakers than by specialists. The thematic analysis revealed that speakers' experience of tension changes over time and that these changes may be related to speakers' acceptance of stuttering. Conclusion The lack of agreement between speaker and specialist perceptions of tension suggests that using self-reports is a necessary component for supporting the accurate diagnosis of tension in stuttering.
Preventing HIV transmission. Strategies to protect clinicians and patients.

PreviewConcern about transmission of HIV among healthcare workers and patients grows as more is known about AIDS. Recent recommendations from the CDC and OSHA affect the protocols hospitals and clinics can set up to prevent transmission and manage cases that arise. In this timely article, Dr Rhame discusses the new recommendations, the medical community's challenges and responsibilities, and the likely outcome of the current situation.
Whom (or What) Does the Organization's Lawyer Represent?

Professional responsibility issues involving organizational clients are distinctively difficult because organizations consist of constituents with conflicting interests. Doctrine has only recently begun to address the effect of internal conflict on a lawyer's responsibilities to an organizational client. The results have been inconsistent and often implausible. This article surveys current approaches and offers recommendations for improvement. It analyzes the distinction between "joint" representation and "entity" representation and argues that the differences between them should not be as great as conventional discussion assumes. With respect to the notion of "entity" representation, it criticizes a prominent tendency in the cases to conflate the interests of the organization as an "entity" with the goals of its incumbent management. It also criticizes the approach of the Model Rules of Professional Conduct and the Restatement of the Law Governing Lawyers, which identifies the "entity" with its authority structure. These approaches suffer from the influence of anachronistic corporate law doctrine that implies that the interests that constitute a corporation's identity do not include norms of fair distribution among its constituents. An adequate understanding of organizational representation requires a view of the corporation as a Framework of Dealing that includes both procedural and distributive norms. The analysis focuses primarily on corporations, but a concluding section suggests that it also applies to other organizational forms.
The Other Roles of the Inventor in Mit’s Technology Transfer Process

This paper focuses specifically on the role of the inventor in MIT’s tech transfer process. MIT’s office philosophy follows the mandate of Congress as expressed in the Technology Transfer Act; we seek to develop, for the public good, the inventions which arose from the use of federal funds. To do this, the office proactively seeks companies to develop as many MIT inventions as possible. Only by getting them out into the commercial sector can the inventions be tried and tested, and developed into commercial products to benefit our economy and the public.
Synchronization Issues on Software MPEG Playback Systems

Software based MPEG1,2 playback systems on today’s personal computers suffer from insufficient CPU capabilities. On top of these limitations are further impediments caused by the system memory hierarchy.
Ambitious Pedagogy by Novice Teachers: Who Benefits from Tool-Supported Collaborative Inquiry into Practice and Why?.

Background/ContextThe collegial analysis of student work artifacts has been effective in advancing the practice of experienced teachers; however, the use of such strategies as a centerpiece for ind...
Quantization of fields by averaging classical evolution equations

This paper extends the formalism for quantizing field theories via a microcanonical quantum field theory and Hamilton's principle to classical evolution equations. These are based on the well-known correspondence under a Wick rotation between quantum field theories and 4D statistical mechanical theories. By Wick rotating quantum field theories in $4+1\mathrm{D}$ to 5D, the expectation values of observables are calculated for a microcanonical field theory averaging Hamiltonian flow over a fifth spacelike dimension, a technique common in lattice gauge simulations but not in perturbation theory. In a novel demonstration, averaging pairs of external lines in the classical Feynman diagrams over the fifth dimension generates diagrams with loops and vacuum fluctuations identical to Standard Model diagrams. Because it is microcanonical, this approach, while equivalent for standard quantum fields theories in the Standard Model, is able to quantize theories that have no canonical quantization. It is also unique in representing expectation values as averages over solutions to an ordinary, classical partial differential equation rather than a path integral or operator-based approaches. Hence, this approach draws a clear connection between quantum field theory and classical field theory in higher dimensions which has implications towards how quantum effects are interpreted. In particular, it raises questions about how violations of the ergodic hypothesis could influence quantum measurements even in standard, nonstatistical quantum field theory.