cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contesting the Zenana: the Mission to make "Lady Doctors for India," 1874-1885

Recent work in British studies suggests that the project of historicizing the institutions and cultural practices of British imperialism is crucial to understanding metropolitan society in the nineteenth century. Monographs by Catherine Hall, Thomas C. Holt, and Jenny Sharpe, together with the impressive nineteen-volume series on Studies in Imperial Culture, edited by John Mackenzie—to name just a few examples of scholarly production in this field—have effectively relocated the operations of imperial culture at the heart of the empire itself. By scrutinizing arenas as diverse as the English novel, governmental policy making at the highest levels, and the ephemera of consumer culture, scholars of the Victorian period are in the process of giving historical weight and evidentiary depth to Edward Said's claim that “we are at a point in our work when we can no longer ignore empires and the imperial context in our studies.”The origins of the London School of Medicine for Women (LSMW), its concern for Indian women in the zenana (sex-segregated spaces), and the embeddedness of its institutional development in Victorian imperial mentalities is one discrete example of how ostensibly “domestic” institutions were bound up with the empire and its projects in nineteenth-century Britain. As this essay will demonstrate, the conviction that Indian women were trapped in the “sunless, airless,” and allegedly unhygienic Oriental zenana motivated the institutionalization of women's medicine and was crucial to the professionalization of women doctors in Victorian Britain. One need only scratch the surface of the archive of British women's entry into the medical profession to find traces of the colonial concerns that motivated some of its leading lights.
Cognitive radios for dynamic spectrum access: from concept to reality

This article provides a comprehensive survey of cognitive radio technology, focusing on its application to dynamic spectrum access, especially from the perspective of realizing consumer- oriented CR networks. We first overview the state of the art in CR technology and identify its key functions across the protocol stack, such as spectrum sensing, resource allocation, CR MAC protocol, spectrum-aware opportunistic routing, CR transport protocol, QoS awareness, spectrum trading, and security. We also review the various schemes proposed for each of these functions and discuss the suitability, advantages, and limitations of their usage in the future CR market. Finally, we introduce the activities in CR research communities and industry in terms of development of real-life applications, such as IEEE 802.22, Ecma 392, and IEEE 802.11af (also known as Wi-Fi 2.0 or White-Fi), and then identify necessary steps for future CR applications.
BROADCAST NEWS AND ELDERLY PEOPLE: ATTITUDES OF LOCAL TELEVISION MANAGERS

The Kogan Attitudes Toward Old People Scale was used to measure local television manager attitudes toward elderly people. Census projections have shown that the elderly population will increase dramatically in the next century. The importance of local television news in the Hues of the elderly makes the study of the attitudes of broadcasters about older people relevant. A national survey of two groups of television managers—general managers and news directors—found that younger news directors had a more positive attitude toward older people, while the older general managers had a less positive attitude.
Activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase contributes to insulin-like growth factor I-mediated inhibition of pancreatic β-cell death

To begin to determine whether IGF-I treatment represents a potential means of enhancing the survival of islet cell grafts after transplantation, the present studies established a model of β-cell death secondary to loss of trophic support and examined the ability of IGF-I to prevent cell death. The studies were performed using the rat pancreatic β-cell line, INS-1. Incubating INS-1 cells in RPMI 1640 and 0.25% BSA for 48 h increased cell death, as determined by lactate dehydrogenase release, compared with that of cells maintained in RPMI and 10% fetal calf serum. Addition of 100 ng/ml IGF-I to the serum-free medium decreased lactate dehydrogenase release to a level comparable to that found in cells maintained in fetal calf serum. Similar results were seen using a mouse β-cell line, MIN6, infected with an adenovirus expressing IGF-I. Examination of IGF-I-stimulated signaling demonstrated that IGF-I increased the phosphorylation of protein kinase B in both cell lines, whereas IGF-I-induced phosphorylation of...
Endogenous angiogenesis inhibitors

When the FDA commissioner announced in February 2004 the approval of Avastin for the treatment of patients with colon cancer, he called angiogenesis inhibitors a fourth modality of anti-cancer therapy. Because angiogenesis inhibitors are relatively less toxic than conventional chemotherapy and have a lower risk of drug resistance, they may also represent a new class of anti-cancer agents, some of which have sufficiently reduced toxicity that they may be safely used long term. These include immunotherapy, vaccines, telomerase inhibitors, apoptosis inducers, low dose metronomic chemotherapy, novel hormonal therapies, gene therapy and others. However, at least 16 endogenous angiogenesis inhibitors have been discovered in the circulation, and/or in the extracellular matrix. These may become the safest and least toxic of anti-cancer therapies. Four are already being administered by injection in clinical trials for cancer. Recently, it has been reported that at least two endogenous angiogenesis inhibitors can be significantly increased in humans (endostatin), and in mice (thrombospondin), by oral administration of small molecules which themselves are already FDA approved for other uses. This finding suggests several new clinical applications for the future, including the possibility of guiding the use of angiogenesis inhibitors by blood or urinary biomarkers, currently being developed, that may detect the presence of cancer before it is symptomatic, or before it can be located by conventional methods.
Intermittent thinning of Jakobshavn Isbræ, West Greenland, since the Little Ice Age

Rapid thinning and velocity increase on major Greenland outlet glaciers during the last two decades may indicate that these glaciers became unstable as a consequence of the Jakobshavn effect (Hughes, 1986), with terminus retreat leading to increased discharge from the interior and consequent further thinning and retreat. To assess whether recent trends deviate from longer-term behavior, we measured glacier surface elevations and terminus positions for Jakobshavn Isbrae, West Greenland, using historical photographs acquired in 1944, 1953, 1959, 1964 and 1985. These results were combined with data from historical records, aerial photographs, ground surveys, airborne laser altimetry and field mapping of lateral moraines and trimlines, to reconstruct the history of changes since the Little Ice Age (LIA). We identified three periods of rapid thinning since the LIA: 1902-13, 1930-59 and 1999-present. During the first half of the 20th century, the calving front appears to have been grounded and it started to float during the late 1940s. The south and north tributaries exhibit different behavior. For example, the north tributary was thinning between 1959 and 1985 during a period when the calving front was stationary and the south tributary was in balance. The record of intermittent thinning, combined with changes in ice-marginal extent and position of the calving front, together with changes in velocity, imply that the behavior of the lower parts of this glacier represents a complex ice-dynamical response to local climate forcings and interactions with drainage from the interior.
Calciphylaxis with evidence of hypercoagulability successfully treated with unfractionated heparin: a multidisciplinary approach

Calciphylaxis is characterized by abnormal calcification of vessels and skin; however, its aetiology and pathogenesis remain unclear. Entities frequently associated with calciphylaxis are end-stage renal disease, diabetes mellitus, hypercalcaemia, hyperphosphataemia, elevated calcium-phosphate product, hyperparathyroidism and possible hypercoagulable states. Skin lesions may remain quiescent or may develop suddenly and progress rapidly. They are more common on the legs. Treatment of calciphylaxis is very challenging and requires interdisciplinary management. We present a case that highlights the difficulty of treating calciphylaxis. A multidisciplinary approach was vital for the proper treatment of our patient. This case also demonstrates the importance of searching for underlying hypercoagulable states, especially in recalcitrant cases. In cases of calciphylaxis with vessel occlusion from microthrombi, heparin therapy would be a logical next step. The effect of anticoagulation may be rapid and impressive.
Optimal Obfuscation: Democracy and Trade Policy Transparency

A growing body of research shows that democracies have more liberal trade policies than do autocracies. I argue, in contrast, that democracy has contradictory effects on different types of trade policies because electoral competition generates more information about some than about others. It generates considerable information about policies whose effects on consumer welfare are easy to explain to voters, but less information about policies whose effects are more complex. By increasing the transparency of some policies relative to others, democracy induces politicians to reduce transparent trade barriers but also to replace them with less transparent ones. I test this hypothesis by examining the impact of democracy on tariffs, “core” nontariff barriers (NTBs) such as quotas, and “quality” NTBs such as product standards in 75 countries in the 1990s. I find that democracy leads to lower tariffs, higher core NTBs, and even higher quality NTBs. I conclude that democracy promotes “optimal obfuscation” that allows politicians to protect their markets while maintaining a veneer of liberalization.
Stress-Strain Curve Analysis of Cheddar Cheese under Uniaxial Compression

Samples were subjected to uniaxial compression at six deformation rates until fracture occurred. Fracture strain, stress and work, deformability modulus, and biaxial extensional viscosity were determined. No significant effect of surface lubrication was observed on magnitudes of the selected mechanical properties. Irrespective of deformation rate Cheddar cheese fractured at a strain of 55.5% when aspect ratio was 0.65, and at a strain of 59.7% when aspect ratio was 1.0. The fracture stress ranged from 34 to 107 kPa and fracture work from 22 to 63 k.J/m3. Mean deformability modulus of Cheddar cheese was 240 kPa. Biaxial extensional viscosity was a decreasing function of strain rate.
How Education Should Respond to Students with Traumatic Brain Injury

This article focuses on the educational implications of traumatic brain injury (TBI). It details the conceptual issues surrounding TBI and discusses how assessment of this group differs from that of other groups with disabilities. Finally, the article offers suggestions for an integrated intervention approach based on the idea of bringing order to the life experiences of these students. The S. O. S. (Structure, Organization, and Strategy) Approach offers a framework from which to consider the variable needs of these learners.
Imaging in five dimensions: time-dependent membrane potentials in individual mitochondria

Because of its importance in the chemiosmotic theory, mitochondrial membrane potential has been the object of many investigations. Significantly, however, quantitative data on how energy transduction might be regulated or perturbed by the physiological state of the cell has only been gathered via indirect studies on isolated mitochondrial suspensions; quantitative studies on individual mitochondria in situ have not been possible because of their small size, their intrinsic motility, and the absence of appropriate analytical reagents. In this article, we combine techniques for rapid, high resolution, quantitative three-dimensional imaging microscopy and mathematical modeling to determine accurate distributions of a potentiometric fluorescent probe between the cytosol and individual mitochondria inside a living cell. Analysis of this distribution via the Nernst equation permits assignment of potentials to each of the imaged mitochondrial membranes. The mitochondrial membrane potentials are distributed over a narrow range centered at -150 mV within the neurites of differentiated neuroblastoma cells. We find that the membrane potential of a single mitochondrion is generally remarkably stable over times of 40–80 s, but significant fluctuations can occasionally be seen. The motility of individual mitochondria is not directly correlated to membrane potential, but mitochondria do become immobile after prolonged treatment with respiratory inhibitors or uncouplers. Thus, three spatial dimensions, a key physiological parameter, and their changes over time are all quantitated for objects at the resolution limit of light microscopy. The methods described may be readily extended to permit investigations of how mitochondrial function is integrated with other processes in the intact cell.
The Tenet architecture for tiered sensor networks

Most sensor network research and software design has been guided by an architectural principle that permits multi-node data fusion on small-form-factor, resource-poor nodes, or motes. We argue that this principle leads to fragile and unmanageable systems and explore an alternative. The Tenet architecture is motivated by the observation that future large-scale sensor network deployments will be tiered, consisting of motes in the lower tier and masters, relatively unconstrained 32-bit platform nodes, in the upper tier. Masters provide increased network capacity. Tenet constrains multi-node fusion to the master tier while allowing motes to process locally-generated sensor data. This simplifies application development and allows mote-tier software to be reused. Applications running on masters task motes by composing task descriptions from a novel tasklet library. Our Tenet implementation also contains a robust and scalable networking subsystem for disseminating tasks and reliably delivering responses. We show that a Tenet pursuit-evasion application exhibits performance comparable to a mote-native implementation while being considerably more compact.
Phosphoaspirin (MDC-43), a novel benzyl ester of aspirin, inhibits the growth of human cancer cell lines more potently than aspirin: a redox-dependent effect

Aspirin is chemopreventive against colon and probably other cancers, but this effect is relatively weak and its chronic administration to humans is associated with significant side effects. Because of these limitations, extensive effort has been exerted to improve the pharmacological properties of aspirin. We have determined the anticancer activity and mechanisms of action of the novel para positional isomer of phosphoaspirin [P-ASA; MDC-43; 4-((diethoxyphosphoryloxy)methyl)phenyl 2-acetoxybenzoate]. P-ASA inhibited the growth of 10 human cancer cell lines originating from colon, lung, liver, pancreas and breast, at least 18- to 144-fold more potently than conventional aspirin. P-ASA achieved this effect by modulating cell kinetics; compared with controls, P-ASA reduced cell proliferation by up to 68%, increased apoptosis 5.5-fold and blocked cell cycle progression in the G2/M phase. P-ASA increased intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), depleted glutathione levels and modulated cell signaling predominantly through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 and c-jun N-terminal kinase), cyclooxygenase (COX) and nuclear factor-kappa B pathways. P-ASA targeted the mitochondria, increasing mitochondrial superoxide anion levels; this effect on ROS led to collapsed mitochondrial membrane potential and triggered the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. The antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine abrogated the cell growth inhibitory and signaling effects of P-ASA, underscoring the centrality of ROS in its mechanism of action. Our results, establishing P-ASA as a potent inhibitor of the growth of several human cancer cell lines, suggest that it may possess broad anticancer properties. We conclude that the novel P-ASA is a promising anticancer agent, which merits further evaluation.
Safety and feasibility of dobutamine stress echocardiography in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators

Abstract Coronary artery disease is the underlying etiology of left ventricular dysfunction and arrhythmias in most patients who receive implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs). The aim of this study was to assess the safety and feasibility of dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) in patients with an ICD. DSE (dobutamine up to 50 μg/kg/min, atropine up to 2 mg) was performed in 87 patients with an ICD and known or suspected coronary artery disease. The ICD was inactivated before the stress test and reactivated after the study; no serious complications occured. DSE is a safe and feasible method for evaluating myocardial ischemia in patients with an ICD.
Analysis of Kinetics and Reaction Pathways in the Aqueous-Phase Hydrogenation of Levulinic Acid To Form γ-Valerolactone over Ru/C

Reaction pathways and kinetics governing the Ru-catalyzed hydrogenation of levulinic acid (LA) in the aqueous phase to form γ-valerolactone (GVL) were considered in a packed bed reactor. GVL can be produced by two distinct hydrogenation pathways; however, over Ru/C at temperatures below 423 K, it forms exclusively via intramolecular esterification of 4-hydroxypentanoic acid (HPA). Over Ru/C, reasonable hydrogenation rates of LA to HPA were observed at near-ambient temperatures (e.g., 0.08 s–1 at 323 K), but GVL selectivities are poor (<5%) under these conditions. Apparent barriers for LA hydrogenation and HPA esterification are 48 and 70 kJ mol–1, respectively, and GVL selectivity improves at higher temperatures alongside increasing mass transfer limitations in 45–90 μm catalyst particles. Reactivity and selectivity trends in LA hydrogenation below 343 K are well-described by an empirical kinetic model capturing sequential hydrogenation and esterification. Coupling stacked beds of Ru/C and Amberlyst-15 de...
Analysis on factors of impacts on effect of pipe,cooling for mass concrete construction of lock floor

On the basis of the ANSYS based analysis and study made on the construction process and the change of the temperature field during the pipe-cooling for the concrete construction of lock floor,the factors of the impacts on the cooling effect and the law of temperature change are studied herein,and then an effective temperature control scheme for the construction of lock floor is put forward. The study results can provide some references for the construction concerned.
Charter School and the Future of American Education

This essay makes a brief introduction of charter school in America and the background of its origination,and deeply analyzes the current situation of its development,and advantages and disadvantages as well.
Immunologic demonstration of a deficiency of Hageman factor-like material in Hageman trait

Abstract Hageman trait is a hereditary disorder in which plasma is deficient in detectable Hageman factor, as measured by assays for its procoagulant and inflammatory properties. The experiments described suggest that the plasma of patients with Hageman factor is deficient in antigens having identity with Hageman factor as measured by passive hemagglutination inhibition, inhibition of the procoagulant property of Hageman factor, and double diffusion in agar gel. These studies support but do not prove the hypothesis that in individuals with Hageman trait the synthesis of Hageman factor is depressed.
American Muslim Women and Domestic Violence Service Seeking A Literature Review

This article reports findings from a literature review of facilitators and barriers to domestic violence service seeking among American Muslim women. Racial, cultural, and ethnic differences were also examined. Facilitators and barriers to domestic violence service seeking were (1) cultural perceptions of abuse; (2) religious perceptions of abuse; (3) children; (4) feelings of embarrassment, fear, and shame; (5) immigration status and language barriers; (6) education level; (7) knowledge and perception of services; and (8) informal supports and support systems. However, the extant literature does not fully capture the diversity of American Muslims. Implications for future research are discussed. Language: en
The MIT Inspired Powered Prosthesis Leading to the Commercialized BiOM Powered Prosthesis, a Precedence in Transtibial Prosthetic Technology

From the research laboratories of MIT a powered prosthesis has been progressively evolved. These endeavors have led to the commercialized BiOM powered prosthesis, which constitutes a paradigm shift in available powered prostheses. The powered prosthesis satisfies a multitude of design objectives for providing a considerably biomimetic device that emulates the features of the ankle-foot complex. The key aspect of the powered prosthesis from a mechanical perspective is the series elastic actuator. The series elastic actuator regulates prosthetic ankle stiffness during preliminary stance and generates powered plantar flexion at the terminal aspect of stance. A unidirectional parallel spring facilitates actuator properties. The elastic features of the prosthetic foot aspect augment energy storage and return characteristics. A control architecture represented by a finite state controller regulates the status of the powered prosthesis. The architecture is comprised of stance and swing phase, which are further subdivided into respective subphases. A considerable amount of testing and evaluation has been applied to this format of powered prosthesis. Gait analysis experimentation contrasted to conventional passive prostheses reveals improvements in metabolic economy, increased preferred walking velocity, gait biomechanics, and adaptive capability for real-life terrain scenarios. The MIT inspired powered prosthesis leading to the BiOM powered prosthesis is envisioned to provide considerable advancement regarding quality of life opportunities for people with transtibial amputation.
Phytophthora Species in Rivers and Streams of the Southwestern United States

ABSTRACT Phytophthora species were isolated from rivers and streams in the southwestern United States by leaf baiting and identified by sequence analysis of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ribosomal DNA (rDNA). The major waterways examined included the Rio Grande River, Gila River, Colorado River, and San Juan River. The most prevalent species identified in rivers and streams were Phytophthora lacustris and P. riparia, both members of Phytophthora ITS clade 6. P. gonapodyides, P. cinnamomi, and an uncharacterized Phytophthora species in clade 9 were also recovered. In addition, six isolates recovered from the Rio Grande River were shown to be hybrids of P. lacustris × P. riparia. Pathogenicity assays using P. riparia and P. lacustris failed to produce any disease symptoms on commonly grown crops in the southwestern United States. Inoculation of Capsicum annuum with P. riparia was shown to inhibit disease symptom development when subsequently challenged with P. capsici, a pathogenic Phytophthora species. IMPORTANCE Many Phytophthora species are significant plant pathogens causing disease on a large variety of crops worldwide. Closer examinations of streams, rivers, and forest soils have also identified numerous Phytophthora species that do not appear to be phytopathogens and likely act as early saprophytes in aquatic and saturated environments. To date, the Phytophthora species composition in rivers and streams of the southwestern United States has not been evaluated. This article details a study to determine the identity and prevalence of Phytophthora species in rivers and streams located in New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, Utah, and Texas. Isolated species were evaluated for pathogenicity on crop plants and for their potential to act as biological control agents.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF THE THICKNESS OF BIREFRINGENT COATINGS

Summary Results are presented of an experimental study of the ability of birefringent coatings to provide an accurate measure of surface strains in the presence both of sharp gradients and of changes in the curvature of the metal surface under load. These tests follow a theoretical analysis, already presented, which provides a means of predicting fringe order for any thickness of coating if the variations in surface strain are one-dimensional. The experimental results indicate that the birefringent coating can be used to measure surface strains accurately when proper corrections are made for its thickness or when the coating is sufficiently thin. However, what constitutes “sufficiently thin” for a given problem can be established only by a study of the specific conditions involved, i.e. the steepness of the strain gradients, the changes in surface curvature, and the desired degree of accuracy.
Presynaptic Plasticity Found in Translation

In this issue of Neuron, Younts et al. (2016) demonstrate that activation of presynaptic CB1 receptors by retrograde endocannabinoid signaling stimulates protein synthesis in axon terminals to induce long-term depression of hippocampal inhibitory transmission.
Improved Scaling of Molecular Network Calculations: The Emergence of Molecular Domains.

The design of materials needed for the storage, delivery, and conversion of (re)useable energy is still hindered by the lack of new, hierarchical molecular screening methodologies that encode information on more than one length scale. Using a molecular network theory as a foundation, we show that to describe charge transport in disordered materials the network methodology must be scaled-up. We detail the scale-up through the use of adjacency lists and depth first search algorithms for during operations on the adjacency matrix. We consider two types of electronic acceptors, perylenediimide (PDI) and the fullerene derivative phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), and we demonstrate that the method is scalable to length scales relevant to grain boundary and trap formations. Such boundaries lead to a decrease in the percolation ratio of PDI with system size, while the ratio for PCBM remains constant, further quantifying the stable, diverse transport pathways of PCBM and its success as a charge-accepting...
Time for a Policy Change for Coronary Artery Calcium Testing in Asymptomatic People

Recent clinical practice guidelines for coronary artery calcium (CAC) testing in asymptomatic people vary in their advice about routine testing from moderately enthusiastic support to frank opposition. The 2010 Clinical Practice Guideline Panel of the American College of Cardiology and the American
Distributed sequence prediction: A consensus+innovations approach

This paper focuses on the problem of distributed sequence prediction in a network of sparsely interconnected agents, where agents collaborate to achieve provably reasonable predictive performance. An expert assisted online learning algorithm in a distributed setup of the consensus+innovations form is proposed, in which the agents update their weights for the experts' predictions by simultaneously processing the latest network losses (innovations) and the cumulative losses obtained from neighboring agents (consensus). This paper characterizes the regret of the agents' prediction in lieu of the proposed distributed online learning algorithm and establishes the sub-linear regret of the agents' predictions with respect to the best forecasting expert.
Companion-Animal Caregiver Knowledge, Attitudes, and Beliefs Regarding End-of-Life Care

Although awareness of end-of-life care is growing within the veterinary field and there appears to be consumer demand for these services, it is unclear exactly what caregivers know about end-of-life options for their companion animals. Are companion-animal caregivers aware of the range of options for their nonhuman animals? What do they value most highly for their nonhuman animals at the end of life? Answers to these and other related questions about caregiver perceptions are important because what they know about end-of-life care and how they approach decision-making for their companion animals will shape the kind of care an animal receives. This article presents the results of a large survey exploring companion-animal caregivers' knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about end-of-life care, including in-home euthanasia, hospice and palliative care, financial commitment to end-of-life care, insurance usage, and level of comfort in providing care (e.g., subcutaneous fluids) in the home.
Sliding mode-based fault tolerant control designs for quadrotor UAVs-A comparative study

This paper provides a comparative study of three Sliding Mode Control (SMC)-based fault tolerant controllers for trajectory tracking of a quadrotor UAV subject to actuator faults. Conventional SMC, Integral (ISMC) and Integral Terminal SMC (ITSMC) designs are designed and implemented to a quadrator UAV. The controllers' performance along with their respective robustness was assessed using various faulty conditions. Stability analysis was carried over using the Lyapunov approach. A thorough discussion of the controllers' respective performance in light of the obtained results was also performed and presented in the paper.
Delayed Diagnosis and Treatment Among Children with Autism Who Experience Adversity

The effects of family adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on timing of ASD diagnoses and receipt of therapies were measured using data from the 2011–2012 National Survey of Children’s Health. Parametric accelerated failure time models estimated the relationship between family ACEs and both timing of ASD diagnosis and receipt of therapies among US children (age 2–17 years; N = 1624). Compared to children without family ACEs, the adjusted effects of 1–2 and ≥ 3 ACEs resulted in prolonged time of diagnoses with time ratios of 1.17 and 1.23. Report of 1–2 and ≥ 3 ACEs were associated with a 22 and 27% increase in the median age of entry into services. ACEs may pose significant barriers to diagnoses and treatment of children with ASD.
The meaning of falling water: Celilo Falls and the Dalles in historical literature

NO PLACE STANDS STILL IN MEANING. Human experiences, per ceptions, and purposes attached to geographical locations change over time and alter the ways places relate to the lives of individuals and communities. Our connection to place is constantly changing as its physical composition changes, its cultural references alter, and individual connections revise. Understanding place, as one prominent historical geographer has argued, is not a problem but a riddle. Place is a riddle because it accommodates human experience and expression, while it exists as a physical location. We can best wrestle with the riddle by paying attention to our conversation about place, especially why we identify it as we do and how we have thought about it over time. Physical structure and location dominate our references ? a mountain locale, desert expanse, or specific urban district ? and so it is with Celilo Falls and The Dalles on the Columbia River. Much of the
Studies of wave activity in the thermosphere-ionosphere system using Dynasonde techniques

Dynasonde approach to ionospheric radio sounding capitalizes on high precision of physical parameters and rich statistics of recognized echoes phase-based methods can provide. As has been recently demonstrated, the Dynasonde profiles of the electron density and of the horizontal gradients, complemented with profiles of the Doppler speed, carry comprehensive quantitative information about Atmospheric Gravity Waves, a ubiquitous feature of the space weather that has become an important objective of atmospheric modeling. Being combined into a time series, and without additional processing, the profiles allow visualization of the time fronts of the Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances (TIDs). They also provide high-resolution input data for calculating the complete set of parameters (both vertical and horizontal) of TID activity in the upper atmosphere between the base of the E layer and the maximum of the F layer. Application of the Lomb-Scargle periodogram technique to the tilt data provides unique insight into the dynamics of spectral composition of the TIDs. A similar technique applied to longer time series allows determining characteristics of thermospheric tides. Single sounding sessions allow observations of ionospheric manifestations of acoustic waves produced by ground-based sources. All the mentioned products of the Dynasonde data analysis require a common, standard ionogram mode of radar operation. Therefore, information about standard parameters of the ionospheric E, F regions, possibility to obtain vector velocities characterizing movement of plasma contours, and quantitative parameters of the km-scale irregularity spectrum are not lost and contribute into comprehensive description of wave activity in the thermosphere-ionosphere system.
Re-creation of Horsepox Virus

Today, mSphere is publishing two commentaries on a controversial topic: should the horsepox virus have been reconstructed? A group led by David Evans at University of Alberta was funded by the company Tonix Pharmaceuticals, Inc., in New York to build this virus as a potential step toward a new
Applicability of current NCCN Guidelines for pancreatic adenocarcinoma resectability: analysis and pitfalls

To test the applicability of National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN v 3.2017) resectability criteria for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in clinical practice, at a high-volume tertiary referral center. 102 consecutive patients (53 female; mean age 66.2 years, range 34–90 years) with biopsy proven, non-metastatic PDAC were evaluated by our multidisciplinary pancreatic cancer program between July 2013 and February 2016. Retrospective review of staging pancreatic CT angiography was performed, and radiographic features were categorized as conforming to or non-conforming to existing v 3.2017 definitions. Among 102 patients, 10 (10%) had CTA evidence of vascular involvement that did not conform to existing NCCN Guidelines. Six new scenarios of vascular involvement were identified. The remaining 92 patients presented with resectable (n = 20 [22%]), borderline resectable (n = 42 [45.6%]), or unresectable (n = 30 [33%]) PDAC. Approximately half (n = 21 [51%]) of borderline resectable patients’ tumors demonstrated isolated venous involvement, whereas 39% had both arterial and venous involvement. A minority (11%) demonstrated only major arterial involvement. Assignment to unresectable status reflected both arterial and venous involvement (11, 37%), arterial involvement only (10, 33%) patients, and unreconstructible venous involvement in 9 (30%). In our experience, current NCCN resectability guidelines for PDAC do not accurately classify vascular involvement identified in approximately 10% of patients. Revision of the current guidelines could be helpful to clinical practice.
Optical defects in milky type IaB diamonds

Abstract The optical features of milky type IaB diamonds were studied systematically by non-destructive approaches including FTIR, photoluminescence (PL), and cathodoluminescence (CL) spectroscopy. From 97 type IaB diamonds ranging from 0.2 ct to ~100 ct submitted to GIA's New York laboratory for screening, we found that all the milky type IaB diamonds consistently displayed the hydrogen-related defect with an absorption line at 3107 cm−1, and ~96% of them were accompanied by a weaker line at 3085.4 cm−1, which is undetectable in most non-milky diamonds. Most of the diamond samples display no platelet defect or a very tiny residual platelet peak with a position at larger wavenumber in milky diamonds than in non-milky counterparts. “Amber center” with a weak but sharp absorption line at 4168.8 cm−1 has been observed in ~73% of the milky diamonds and ~24% of the non-milky ones. Photoluminescence (PL) results reveal that several defects with ZPLs at 490.7, 536, 575.9 and 612.4 nm are more common in milky type IaB diamonds than non-milky ones. A zero-phonon line (ZPL) at 536 nm has been confirmed by PL mapping and CL spectra as a product of plastic deformation, and it might be linked with the H4 center (N4V2 defect). A ZPL at 490.7 nm could be related to a nitrogen-vacancy complex. The defects present more often in milky IaB diamonds are generally associated with plastic deformation. The presence of a hydrogen-related peak at 3085.4 cm−1 and a 536 nm center would help effectively distinguish IaB diamonds with subtle milky areas from their non-milky counterparts.
Resource selection and space use of Myotis evotis in a western juniper woodland in oregon

Resource selection models and estimates of home range provide land managers with information that is required to make informed decisions regarding wildlife conservation and management across multiple spatial scales. We used radiotelemetry to examine resource selection and space use of Myotis evotis (western long-eared myotis) in a western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) woodland in eastern Oregon, United States. Small sample sizes likely constrained our ability to detect differences between estimates of home range size for males (x = 424.2 ha, SE = 187.2) and lactating females (x = 205.85 ha, SE = 47.94). Our estimates are among the largest reported for Myotis species, but likely are biased low due to low ambient temperatures and the methods we used to estimate home range. Best resource selection models for males and lactating females differed across spatial scales, based on Akaike's information criteria with a bias correction term for small sample size (AICc). At the home range scale, resource use by lactating females was negatively related with distance from water, whereas males selected areas with > 0–10% canopy cover over areas with no canopy cover. At the landscape scale, resource use by males and lactating females decreased with increasing distance from roosts and water sources. Additionally, lactating females avoided areas with > 20% canopy cover more than areas with no canopy cover. These results emphasize the importance of managing pre-settlement woodlands located near roost sites and water sources for variable tree densities to maintain foraging areas for bats.
Bath Gas Mixture Effects on Multichannel Reactions: Insights and Representations for Systems beyond Single-Channel Reactions

Nearly all studies of and available data for pressure-dependent reactions focus on pure bath gases. Of the comparatively fewer studies on bath gas mixtures, important to combustion and planetary atmospheres, nearly all focus on single-channel reactions. The present study explores, and seeks reliable representations of, bath gas mixture effects on multichannel reactions. Analytical and numerical solutions of the master equation here reveal several unique manifestations of mixture effects for multichannel reactions, including behavior completely opposite to trends observed for single-channel reactions. The most common way of evaluating mixture rate constants from data for pure components, the classic linear mixture rule, is found to yield errors exceeding a factor of ∼10. A new linear mixture rule based on the reduced pressure, instead of the absolute pressure, is found to be accurate within ∼30% for rate constants (and ∼50% for the branching ratio). A new nonlinear mixture rule that additionally incorporat...
Autism and the “I-Who-Feels”:

Sela-Smith referred to the phenomenological experience of the individual as the “I-who-feels.” This article discusses the implications for mental health practitioners of using the approach that J. ...
Agricultural carbon footprint is farm specific: Case study of two organic farms

Abstract Making reliable inferences from agricultural carbon footprint (aCF) estimates require increased understanding of factors behind differences in carbon footprint (CF) of different farms and systems. Establishing sources and drivers of differences in aCF accounting can improve the level of accuracy of aCF modeling and help identify meaningful areas for decision-making for greenhouse gas mitigation efforts. Currently, a lack of consideration for different styles, sizes and location of organic farms in many studies comparing CF for agricultural products from organic and conventional farming systems limit our understanding of the factors behind the observed inconsistencies in their results. This study used OFoot tool, a Life Cycle Assessment and CropSyst based carbon footprint calculator for organic farms, to estimate the aCF of two certified organic farms growing several crops in common; one is a small-scale farm located in a maritime climate and the other is a large-scale farm located in a semi-arid climate. The study identified the hotspots of each farm's CF and the underlying reasons for differences in hotspots of the two farms and those of two mutual crops, onion and winter squash, grown by the farms. The CF of the small scale and the large scale farms were 7144 and 3410 kg CO2e ha-1 yr-1 respectively. Identified hotspots differ between the two farms as well. Critical CF hotspots in the small scale farm were fuel use (47.6%), greenhouse facilities (11.3%), and net soil emissions (10.3%), whereas those in the large scale farm were electricity used for irrigation (47.5%), fuel use (26.1%), and soil amendments (20.1%). The estimated CFs of onion and winter squash produced in the small scale farm were 0.188 and 0.276 kg CO2e per kg of crops, respectively, whereas the CFs of the same crops produced in the large-scale farm were 0.05 and 0.07 kg CO2e per kg of crops, respectively. This study identified farm size and site-specific soil and climatic conditions as factors influencing decision-making that have great impact on agricultural CF of the whole farms and individual crops of onion and squash. This study reiterates the importance of using site-specific emission factors in developing models and tools for aCF estimation and echoes the need for whole-farm CF analysis in understanding the context behind major hotspots in the CF of farms and farms products.
Inclusive Regional Trade: Promoting the Economic Empowerment of Women in the BBIN Region:

In recent years, regional integration has gained considerable importance among policymakers in Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal (often referred to as the BBIN region). There is an understanding ...
Treatment trends in head and neck cancer: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Patterns of Care analysis.

Recent advances in head and neck cancer (HNC) treatment, such as increased use of organ-preserving advanced radiation treatments, the approval of cetuximab for HNC treatment, and the increase in human papillomavirus (HPV)-related HNC, have changed clinical approaches to HNC management. We sought to identify treatment trends in a population-based cohort of HNC patients. The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Patterns of Care program collected additional treatment and HPV testing information on stratified random samples of HNC patients diagnosed in 1997 (n = 473), 2004 (n = 1,317), and 2009 (n = 1,128). Rao–Scott Chi-square tests were used to examine unadjusted associations between year of diagnosis and patient sociodemographic, tumor, and treatment characteristics. Cochran–Armitage tests for trend were used to examine the hypothesis that certain treatments were used increasingly (or decreasingly) over the time period, while logistic regression was used to examine factors associated with particular treatments. Use of radiation and chemotherapy without surgery significantly increased for all HNC sites between 1997 and 2009. Cetuximab and taxane use also showed a significantly increasing trend. Lack of insurance was associated with not receiving treatment in multivariate models. The majority (64%) of cases undergoing radiation in 2009 received an advanced treatment, with 55% receiving intensity modulated. The majority of oropharyngeal cases with known HPV status received chemotherapy and radiation only (62%) and nearly all were insured and had one or fewer comorbidities. Treatment patterns have changed for HNC, leading to increased incorporation of systemic therapy and newer radiation techniques. HPV testing should be targeted for more widespread use, especially in traditionally underserved groups.
Multitasking: Dual Leucine Zipper-Bearing Kinases in Neuronal Development and Stress Management

The dual leucine zipper-bearing kinase (DLK) and leucine zipper-bearing kinase (LZK) are evolutionarily conserved MAPKKKs of the mixed-lineage kinase family. Acting upstream of stress-responsive JNK and p38 MAP kinases, DLK and LZK have emerged as central players in neuronal responses to a variety of acute and traumatic injuries. Recent studies also implicate their function in astrocytes, microglia, and other nonneuronal cells, reflecting their expanding roles in the multicellular response to injury and in disease. Of particular note is the potential link of these kinases to neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. It is thus critical to understand the physiological contexts under which these kinases are activated, as well as the signal transduction mechanisms that mediate specific functional outcomes. In this review we first provide a historical overview of the biochemical and functional dissection of these kinases. We then discuss recent findings on regulating their activity to enhance cellular protection following injury and in disease, focusing on but not limited to the nervous system.
SimVecs: Similarity-Based Vectors for Utterance Representation in Conversational AI Systems

Conversational AI systems are gaining a lot of attention recently in both industrial and scientific domains, providing a natural way of interaction between customers and adaptive intelligent systems. A key requirement in these systems is the ability to understand the user’s intent and provide adequate responses to them. One of the greatest challenges of language understanding (LU) services is efficient utterance (sentence) representation in vector space, which is an essential step for most ML tasks. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for generating vector space representations of utterances using pair-wise similarity metrics. The proposed approach uses only a few corpora to tune the weights of the similarity metric without relying on external general purpose ontologies. Our experiments confirm that the generated vectors can improve the performance of LU services in unsupervised, semi-supervised and supervised learning tasks.
A Novel Learning Classification Scheme for Brain EEG Patterns

EEG has been extensively used to aid the diagnosis of various brain disorders and also, for the identification of brain activities during cognitive tasks. However, the visual evaluation of EEG recordings is a demanding process, susceptible to error and bias due to the human factor involved. The development of EEG analysis methods coupled with data processing and mining techniques have assisted the feature extraction process from EEG recordings. In this paper, a novel method for classification of EEG signals based on features derived from the EEG morphology is proposed. The classification accuracy, as illustrated through experiment evaluation, shows that the proposed method can achieve adequate results and moreover the extracted features can be used collaboratively with commonly used features from time and time-frequency domain to increase the EEG signal's classification performance.