cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Increased fatty acid uptake and altered fatty acid metabolism in insulin-resistant muscle of obese Zucker rats.

Altered muscle fatty acid (FA) metabolism may contribute to the presence of muscle insulin resistance in the genetically obese Zucker rat. To determine whether FA uptake and disposal are altered in insulin-resistant muscle, we measured palmitate uptake, oxidation, and incorporation into di- and triglycerides in isolated rat hindquarters, as well as muscle plasma membrane fatty acid–binding protein (FABPPM) content of lean ( n = 16, fa /+) and obese ( n = 15, fa / fa ) Zucker rats (12 weeks of age). Hindquarters were perfused with 7 mmol/l glucose, 1,000 μmol/l albumin-bound palmitate, and albumin-bound [1-14C]palmitate at rest (no insulin). Glucose uptake was 42% lower in the obese than in the lean rats and indicated the presence of muscle insulin resistance. Fractional and total rates of palmitate uptake were 42 and 74% higher in the obese than in the lean rats and were associated with higher muscle FABPPM content ( r 2 = 0.69, P < 0.05). The percentage of palmitate oxidized was not significantly different between groups. FA disposal to storage was altered according to fiber type. When compared with lean rats, the rate of triglyceride synthesis in red muscle was 158% higher in obese rats, and the rate of palmitate incorporation into diglycerides in white muscle was 93% higher in obese rats. Pre- and postperfusion muscle triglyceride levels were higher in both red and white muscles of the obese rats. These results show that increased FA uptake and altered FA disposal to storage may contribute to the development of muscle insulin resistance in obese Zucker rats.
Breaking the mold : women, men, and time in the new corporate world

Most businesses' efforts to coordinate work and private life have been unsuccessful. Now an MIT professor and noted consultant to Xerox, Exxon, Honeywell, and others shows how businesses can rethink career paths, management strategies, and the time clock to reap greater benefits for themselves and their employees.
Large scale circuit applications of SOI

Summary form only given, as follows. Silicon-on insulator (SOI) has been advertised as the next-generation technology for both radiation hardened and commercial large-scale ICs several years. Realization of the promises of this technology, particularly for large-scale circuits, has made slower progress than was at one time envisioned. Recent advances, however, in both the processing and materials aspects of the technology has significantly increased the chances of volume manufacturing of SOI devices. The recent advances which have been made in SOI materials and process technology, that have a direct impact on large-scale circuit application are discussed. The disadvantages and remaining hurdles which must be overcome to allow volume applications of SOI are also considered. >
13. The “Question” Question

This paper takes issue with the widely prevailing assumption that the “charge” (ming ci) in a Shang oracle inscription must always be understood as a question. I hold that we must distinguish between what the diviner is saying in the charge, and what he is doing in the whole divination rite. What he is doing is not always seeking information; and even when he is doing this, what he says is usually not a question. I present various arguments and examples to show this, e.g.:(1) Li Hsueh-ch'in's research proves that the oracle language possessed grammatical forms, such as final particles and final negatives, for marking a sentence as a question. Therefore, I hold, our first assumption should be that when a diviner does not use these forms, he does not intend his sentence to be understood as a question.(2) When two sentences in the same inscription -- e.g., charge and prognostication -- are alike in form (both of them being without final negatives or particles), it is a mistake to construe one of them as a question and the other as a statement. But a prognostication must be a statement.
THE COGNITIVE PLAY BEHAVIOR AFFORDANCES OF NATURAL AND MANUFACTURED ELEMENTS WITHIN OUTDOOR PRESCHOOL SETTINGS

1 ABSTRACT Considering the significance of natural environments for children’s mental and physical development, outdoor preschool settings can be critical resources in providing chances for daily contact with nature. Based on Gibson, affordances are functional properties of the environment that suggest specific behavioral options to individuals. Through the application of affordance theory, this study aimed to explore how the physical environment features of two outdoor learning environments composed of a variety of manufactured and natural settings, can afford cognitive play behavior of children. Additionally, the research intended to extend knowledge relating to the association of naturally designed outdoor preschool settings and children’s cognitive play behavior. Through behavior mapping of 62, four-to-five year old children, 471 data points were collected. The results revealed the significance of natural elements in affording all five types of cognitive play behaviors. Natural loose elements had considerable potentiality in affording constructive, dramatic and exploratory play behaviors. In contrast, manufactured fixed elements mostly afforded one type of cognitive play behavior: functional. Exploratory play was the least afforded type of behavior within both outdoor preschool setting which suggests the increase of implementing natural features affording discovery and engaging play opportunities. The results of this study points out the reconsideration of implementing manufactured fixed elements that mostly afford a one-dimensional cognitive function for children. The findings also accentuate the importance of integrating natural elements that can be shaped, explored, and experimented by children in outdoor preschool settings, while providing them daily opportunities to acknowledge nature and develop a sense of stewardship.
Oviposition-deterring pheromone ofRhagoletis pomonella: A kairomone for its parasitoidOpius lectus

We found that after the parasitoidOpius lectus has arrived on a fruit infested by eggs or early-instar larvae of its tephritid hostRhagoletis pomonella, the following stimuli act to retain it and elicit antennal tapping and oviposition probes: unidentified fruit chemical components; characteristic fruit shape, size and color; andR. pomonella oviposition-deterring pheromone. This is the first demonstration of an oviposition-deterring pheromone in a phytophagous insect serving as a kairomone to one of its parasitoids.O. alloeus, a parasitoid of lateinstar larvae ofR. pomonella, was not influenced by the pheromone. Possible use of the pheromone for management ofO. lectus in a multifacetedR. pomonella suppression program is discussed.
Chlorine Inactivation of Nonresistant and Antibiotic-Resistant Strains of Salmonella Typhimurium Isolated from Chicken Carcasses†

A study was conducted to test the hypothesis that strains of Salmonella Typhimurium that are resistant to antibiotics are more resistant to chlorine in chilled water than strains of Salmonella Typhimurium that are not resistant to antibiotics. To test this hypothesis, strains (n = 16) of Salmonella Typhimurium with four antibiotic resistance profiles were tested for their inactivation kinetics in chlorinated (30 ppm, pH 6) water at 4°C. The four antibiotic resistance profiles were (i) none; (ii) tetracycline-sulfisoxazole (T-Su); (iii) tetracycline-ampicillin-amoxicillin-cefoxitin-ceftiofur-sulfisoxazole (T-A-Am-C-Ce-Su); and (iv) tetracycline-ampicillin-amoxicillin-cefoxitin-ceftiofur-sulfisoxazole-kanamycin (T-A-Am-C-Ce-Su-K). Inactivation of Salmonella Typhimurium in chlorinated water displayed nonlinear kinetics with a concave downward curve that fit well (R(2) = 0.964) to the power law model, with a shape parameter of 1.37. The time for a single log reduction (D-value) of Salmonella Typhimurium from an initial concentration of 5.36 log/ml did not differ (P > 0.05) among the four antibiotic resistance groups and ranged from 3.8 to 4.3 min for n = 4 strains per group. Thus, the hypothesis was rejected, and it was concluded that expression of an antibiotic resistance phenotype does not confer cross-protection in Salmonella Typhimurium to chlorine inactivation in chilled water.
An Energy of Fluid (EOF) Approach to Modeling Self Pressurization in Propellant Tanks

Cryogenic propellant tanks in space are exposed to incident solar radiation which heats the liquid in tank over time. The increase in temperature results in an increase in pressure as the liquid vaporizes, i.e. self pressurization. Recent studies focused on predicting the pressurization process in cryogenic propellant tanks have produced analytic, experimental, and numerical results. These studies play a critical role in the design of cryogenic storage systems since tank pressure must be controlled for long duration space missions. The objective of current research is to develop a complete finite volume based CFD model of tank pressurization in reduced gravity using an Energy of Fluid (EOF) approach and to use the simulation to aid in the design and prediction of propellant management technologies aimed at controlling tank pressurization. The mass and momentum equations in FLUENT, a commercial CFD code are utilized. The FLUENT model is enhanced by adding a userdefined function to compute the internal energy required to implement the EOF method in order to solve the energy equation in terms of internal energy and not enthalpy.
A Rational Model for Individual Differences in Preference Choice.

Human preference choice suffers curious contextual effects: the relative preference between two multi-attribute options (e.g. cars with differing safety and economy ratings) can dramatically shift, depending on the presence/absence of additional options. This phenomenon defies any simple utilitybased account of choice, and has been taken to imply irrationalities/sub-optimalities in human decision-making, or reflect idiosyncrasies in neural processing. Recently, we used a Bayesian model to show that these contextual effects are normative consequences of observers using options to learn about the “market”. However, it had an unsavory implication that all decision-makers asymptotically converge to the same beliefs/behavior. Here, we propose a new model that uses both market and personal utilities to make choices. This model still captures the contextual effects, while also allowing asymptotic differences in individual preferences and providing a general framework for explaining how consumption informs one’s beliefs and preferences.
Bubble-Regulated Silicon Nanowire Synthesis on Micro-Structured Surfaces by Metal-Assisted Chemical Etching

In this work, we study silicon nanowire synthesis via one-step metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE) on microstructured silicon surfaces with periodic pillar/cavity array. It is found that hydrogen gas produced from the initial anodic reaction can be trapped inside cavities and between pillars, which serves as a mask to prevent local etching, and leads to the formation of patterned vertically aligned nanowire array. A simple model is presented to demonstrate that such bubble entrapment is due to the significant adhesion energy barrier, which is a function of pillar/cavity geometry, contact angle, and nanowire length to be etched. The bubble entrapment can be efficiently removed when extra energy is introduced by sonication to overcome this energy barrier, resulting in nanowire growth in all exposed surfaces. This bubble-regulated MACE process on microstructured surfaces can be used to fabricate nanowire arrays with desired morphologies.
How Does an Individual's Innate Preferences Impact Innovation and Creativity?

Organizational leaders commonly reward innovation and creativity and many times it is the individual with the “brilliant idea” who is recognized. The current article examines the four types of innovative ideas that lead to organizational change and effectiveness and how every person on a team plays a role in achieving the idea. As a manager or leader of people being aware of individual styles and preferences will lead to increased recognition of all innovative and creative contributions that can have a positive impact on organizational culture.
Energy efficiency estimation of a steam powered LNG tanker using normal operating data

A ship’s energy efficiency performance is generally estimated by conducting special sea trials of few hours under very controlled environmental conditions of calm sea, standard draft and optimum trim. This indicator is then used as the benchmark for future reference of the ship’s Energy Efficiency Performance (EEP). In practice, however, for greater part of operating life the ship operates in conditions which are far removed from original sea trial conditions and therefore comparing energy performance with benchmark performance indicator is not truly valid. In such situations a higher fuel consumption reading from the ship fuel meter may not be a true indicator of poor machinery performance or dirty underwater hull. Most likely, the reasons for higher fuel consumption may lie in factors other than the condition of hull and machinery, such as head wind, current, low load operations or incorrect trim [1]. Thus a better and more accurate approach to determine energy efficiency of the ship attributable only to main machinery and underwater hull condition will be to filter out the influence of all spurious and non-standard operating conditions from the ship’s fuel consumption [2]. The author in this paper identifies parameters of a suitable filter to be used on the daily report data of a typical LNG tanker of 33000 kW shaft power to remove effects of spurious and non-standard ship operations on its fuel consumption. The filtered daily report data has been then used to estimate actual fuel efficiency of the ship and compared with the sea trials benchmark performance. Results obtained using data filter show closer agreement with the benchmark EEP than obtained from the monthly mini trials . The data filtering method proposed in this paper has the advantage of using the actual operational data of the ship and thus saving cost of conducting special sea trials to estimate ship EEP. The agreement between estimated results and special sea trials EEP is expected to improve further with use of better and more accurate filtering techniques.
Better Privacy for Trusted Computing Platforms

The trusted computing group (TCG) specified two protocols that allow a trusted hardware device to remotely convince a communication partner that it is indeed a trusted hardware device. In turn, This enables two communication partners to establish that the other end is a secure computing platform and hence it is safe exchange data. Both these remote identification protocols provide some degree of privacy to users of the platforms. That is, the communication partners can only establish that the other end uses some trusted hardware device but not which particular one. The first protocol achieves this property by involving trusted third party called Privacy CA in each transaction. This party must be fully trusted by all other parties. In practice, however, this is a strong requirement that is hard to fulfill. Therefore, TCG proposed a second protocol called direct anonymous attestation that overcomes this drawback using techniques known from group signature schemes. However, it offers less privacy than the one involving the Privacy CA. The reason for this is that the protocol needs to allow the verifier to detect rogue hardware devices while before this detection was done by the Privacy CA. In this paper we show how to extend the direct anonymous attestation protocols such that if offers the same degree of privacy as the first solution but still allows the verifier to rogue devices.
176 Substrate on Apple Fruit Increased Sooty Blotch Incidence

176 Substrate on Apple Fruit Increased Sooty Blotch Incidence Robert D. Belding*; Rutgers Cooperative Extension, Dept. of Plant Science Rutgers Agricultural Research and Extension Center, 121 Northville Road, Bridgeton, NJ 08302 The potential mechanism of susceptibility of apple (Malus xdomestica Borkh.) fruit to sooty blotch due to carbohydrate leachates was examined. Fruit received applications of 0.5% apple juice to the fruit cuticle in order to mimic leachates. Nine cultivars of apple were selected from a variety block of potentially disease resistant breeding stock. Intact fruit on selected limbs received 0.5% apple juice applications on eight evenly spaced occasions during development. Trees received a minimal fungicide program only. Leachate samples from the fruit cuticles were collected monthly by immersion of whole, detached fruit in dH2O for 60 min. At harvest, fruit were evaluated for skin roughness, fruit rots, sooty blotch, sooty mold, flyspeck, and insect injury. Despite drought conditions, sooty blotch and sooty mold showed strong increases in disease intensity ratings, while flyspeck and skin texture damage showed moderate increases in intensity due to the dilute juice applications. Fruit rots and insect damage were unaffected by the juice applications.
When large lakes respond fast: A parsimonious model for phosphorus dynamics

This article illustrates how the time scale of lake responses to external inputs of limiting nutrients, such as phosphorus, can be evaluated with minimum calculation from a simple mass balance model that takes into account nutrient recycling in sediments. The characteristic transient time can be estimated from τtrans≡[τ−1+η(1−k)]−1τtrans≡τ−1+η1−k−1 where τ (yr) is the hydrological residence time, η (yr− 1) characterizes the rate of nutrient removal by settling from the water column, and k (between 0 and 1) is the efficiency of nutrient recycling in sediment. At steady state, τtrans is equivalent to the nutrient residence time with respect to inputs Ist, so that, for given inputs, the steady state nutrient level (Wst) can be calculated as Wst=τtransIstWst=τtransIst Application of the model to the Laurentian Great Lakes reproduces the historical data for total phosphorus levels and suggests changes in recent decades in the rate of P sequestration from the water column into sediments. The model demonstrates that lakes with sediment phosphorus recycling efficiencies of < 50%, such as many oligotrophic and well-oxygenated large lakes of the world, can respond to external P inputs quickly even when the hydrological residence time of water is long. Higher recycling efficiencies lead to a dominance by internal loading and increased response times. When net sedimentation is positive (k< 1), however, lakes should respond to changes in external P inputs faster than their hydrological residence time even when their P budgets are dominated by internal loading.
Radical Visionaries – Feminist Psychotherapists: 1970–1975

ABSTRACTThe work of feminist scholars, activists, therapists, and theorists has continuously impacted the United States and international cultural narrative since the radical days of the 1960s and 1970s. This special issue was created to highlight contributors to this remarkable transformation by documenting the narratives of their lives and careers. These profiles, nearly all written by or with the pioneers themselves, highlight their contributions to feminism, feminist psychology, and the vast societal change that followed their work.
The Early Patton Studies

Earlier in the book we discussed the gradual emergence and acceptance over recent years of scientific investigations of alcohol problems. The behavioral alcohol research studies conducted at Patton State Hospital in California from July, 1969, through June, 1971, constituted part of the increasing attention given to the behavioral study of alcohol problems. The next several chapters describe that entire two-year research venture in some detail. In this chapter, we endeavor to illustrate how a series of seemingly diverse basic research studies influenced the course of future research, eventuating in a large-scale, broad-spectrum behavioral treatment approach—Individualized Behavior Therapy for alcoholics.
Analyzing land-use change scenarios for trade-offs among cultural ecosystem services in the Southern Rocky Mountains

Abstract Significant increases in outdoor recreation participants are projected over the next 50 years for national forests across the United States, with even larger increases possible for forests located in the Southern Rocky Mountains. Forest managers will be challenged to balance increasing demand for outdoor recreation with other ecosystem services. Future management needs could be better anticipated with information describing how and where stakeholders value these forests’ cultural ecosystem services, as well as how management might impact these values. We analyzed land-use change scenarios to quantify changes in aesthetic and recreational ecosystem service values and assessed trade-offs between these values relative to forest stakeholder groups defined by their attitudes regarding motorized recreation. We adapted the GIS tool, Social Values for Ecosystem Services (SolVES), for scenario analysis and applied it to two national forests in the Southern Rocky Mountains to examine impacts of road-network expansion on stakeholder values. Our approach allowed us to quantify changes in the spatial distribution and intensity of aesthetic and recreation values. Trade-off assessments between the two values indicated that areas of conflicting value changes were limited, even when accounting for different user groups. However, this approach could be an important means of conflict resolution for multi-use management.
Thoughts on Online Teaching with a Focus on Management

This article gives the author's evaluation of the relative structural advantages and disadvantages of classroom and online education. He believes that online education is more effective in teaching...
Visual tracking with L1-Grassmann manifold modeling

We present a novel method for robust tracking in video frame sequences via L1-Grassmann manifolds. The proposed method represents adaptively the target as a point on the Grassmann manifold, calculated by means of L1-norm Principal-Component Analysis (L1-PCA). For this purpose, an efficient algorithm for adaptive L1-PCA is presented. Our experimental studies illustrate that the presented tracking method, leveraging the outlier resistance of L1-PCA, demonstrates robustness against target occlusions and illumination variations.
Civic Virtue and Cybersecurity

Cyberspace is emerging as one of the most important conflict arenas in the twenty-first century, all the more so as the line between cyberconflict and conventional kinetic conflict is gradually erased. This chapter argues that the traditional “rights” framework is not adequate to the task of both theorizing cybersecurity and cyberpeace and constructing effective institutional systems for their maintenance. What is recommended, instead, are theoretical and institution-building approaches based upon the “civic virtues” framework. Foremost among the arguments for employing the “civic virtues” framework is that it is far better adapted to the complex and constantly changing community structure within cyberspace, wherein the practices conducive to the achievement of community-specific goods cannot be adequately facilitated and protected by means of a general and static specification of rights. The chapter concludes with consideration of specific civic virtues pertinent to life in the cyberworld, prominent among them being comity and peaceableness.
Gay men at the movies: Cinema, memory, and the history of gay male community: by Scott McKinnon.Chicago: Intellect, 2016. 272 pp., ISBN 978-1-783-20596-7.

Scott McKinnon has created a tour de force through the desires, struggles, and celebrations of gay men from the 1950s to the present in his text Gay Men at the Movies: Cinema, Memory, and the Histo...
Growth and Characterization of Si-Ge Multilayer Structures on Si(100)

Heteroepitaxy of Si1-xGex on Si by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) has been a subject of increasing interest in recent years (1). In spite of the large lattice mismatch between Si and Ge, high quality films of Si1-xGex covering the entire range of alloy compositions have been grown utilizing strained-layer epitaxy methods. In this heteroepitaxial system, the misfit strain has dramatic effects on the band structure of the materials and can be used for tailoring their optoelectronic properties. This has been exploited for production of novel Si-based devices such as infrared photodetectors (2) and modulation-doped field-effect transistors (3). For these applications alternating layers of Si and Si1-xGex were grown to form a superlattice structure. This has the advantage of increasing the total thickness of strained material attainable before plastic relaxation occurs. As the Si-Ge MBE technology matures, more complex heterostructures are being synthesized. For example, growth of Si1-xGex/Si Fibonacci superlattices has been reported (4). Such a superlattice, built according to the Fibonacci sequence is quasi-periodic and exhibits unusual structural properties (5). Resonant tunneling of holes across a double-barrier of Si buried in a Si1-xGex layer has also been reported (6). Recently, growth of artificial crystals of Si m Ge n made of alternating layers of pure Si and Ge has been demonstrated (7). The study of such materials is of much interest both from a basic physics point of view and for designing devices with unusual optical properties (8). In this paper, we report the growth of various Si/Sil-xGex heterostructures including thick (~0.5 μm) periodic and Fibonacci strained-layer superlattices and ultra-thin (~10 nm) multilayers of Si m Ge n (m, n < 6). The structural properties of these films are investigated by X-ray diffraction and Raman scattering spectroscopy.
Surveillance Radioiodine Whole Body Scans

Surveillance radioiodine whole body scans have been used for many years in the follow-up of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. However, the term “surveillance whole body scan” has been used in different ways. This chapter (1) differentiates surveillance scans from baseline scans and pre-therapy scans, (2) presents the objectives of surveillance scans, (3) presents an overview of the guidelines of various organizations for the utility of surveillance scans, and (4) presents a proposed guideline for the use of surveillance scans.
Triazolines—II : Solvent effects on the 1,3-cycloaddition of diazomethane to schiff bases and the synthesis of 1,5-diaryl-1,2,3-triazolines

Abstract Second order rate constants for the 1,3-cycloaddition of diazomethane to benzalanilines (Schiff bases) have been determined. The results do not reveal any general dependence of rate on the dielectric constant of the solvents; there is, however, a definite acceleration in the presence of associated solvents such as water. The kinetic data are discussed and a concerted mechanism postulated for the addition reaction. The significant effect of water on the reaction rate has led to a versatile method for the synthesis of 1,5-diaryl-1,2,3-triazolines in good yields, by the cycloaddition of diazomethane to Schiff bases in aqueous dioxane solutions. Earlier attempts by other workers to react diazomethane with Schiff bases in dry ethereal solutions or in the presence of methanol as catalyst has been largely unsuccessful or has yielded only insignificant amounts of the adduct. At the present time, the cyclo-addition in aqueous dioxane solutions appears to be the only general method of synthesis for the 1,5-diaryl-1,2,3-triazolines.
Implementing a Price Level Regime for Diversified Public Utilities

The decisional elements and processes in determining prices under profit and price level regulation differ significantly. Under profit level regulation the (indirect) price decision is largely a product of regulatory discretion in reducing a welter of competing variables and interests into a politically acceptable decision that projects a sufficient aura of rationality. To these ends the opportunities for obscured tradeoffs are legion. If the desired result requires a rate of return that seems too high or too low, then the same result can be reached by use of a different rate of return with compensating adjustments in operating costs or the rate base. If the rate base is the sensitive issue, then a more satisfying or less vulnerable result can be achieved through adjustments in the rate of return. Similarly, the impact of economically improvident decisions on the allowance or disallowance of controversial operating costs can be eased through adjustments in the rate base or rate of return. Where the result proves unpalatable the parties can return to the regulatory drawing board.
Thermal Comfort in the Home

The aim of this chapter is to investigate ways in which the comfort levels in traditional Humli housing might be improved using simple, low cost strategies. As building homes is an integral part of people’s lives and culture, they inherently are part of a HCD program. Also, it recognises that the locally available renewable energy resources can be utilised in wise and appropriate ways to improve their housing conditions, while contributing to the effort for more sustainable energy use. This makes thermal comfort an intrinsic part of the key issues for environmental and social sustainability. The research project took place in the remote and harsh, high-altitude climate of Humla ( Sect. 1.1.8).
Gas Embolization in a Rodent Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Using Acoustic Droplet Vaporization

Trans-arterial embolization is a commonly used therapy in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Current methods involve the careful placement of an intraarterial catheter and the deposition of embolizing particles. Gas embolotherapy has been proposed as an embolization method with the potential for high spatial resolution without the need for a catheter. This method involves vaporizing intravenouslyadministered droplets into gas bubbles using focused ultrasound – a process termed acoustic droplet vaporization. The bubbles can become lodged in the vasculature, thereby creating an embolus. Here, we initially demonstrate the feasibility of achieving significant targeted embolization with this method in the rat cremaster using intravital microscopy. The therapy was then tested in an ectopic xenograft mouse model of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gas embolotherapy was shown to maintain the tumor volume at baseline over a twoweek treatment course while control groups showed significant tumor growth. These preliminary results demonstrate thatgas embolotherapy could serve as an effective noninvasive method for the management of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma.
The Role of Scientific Communities in Creating Reusable Software: Lessons From Geophysics

The domain of geophysics has historically been a driver of scientific software development due to the size, complexity, and societal importance of the research questions. Geophysical computation complements field observation, laboratory analysis, experiment, and theory. Specialized scientific software is regularly developed by geophysicists in collaboration with computational scientists and applied mathematicians; in this cross-disciplinary environment, reusability is critically important both to preserve the intellectual investment and to ensure the quality of the research and its replicability. The Computational Infrastructure for Geodynamics (CIG) is a “community of practice” that advances Earth science by developing and disseminating software for geophysics and related fields. We discuss CIG's best practices, lessons learned, and community practices, and highlight how development of high-quality, reusable scientific software has accelerated scientific discovery by enabling simulations of the dynamics of Earth's surface and interior across a wide spectrum of problems using resources from laptops to leadership-class supercomputers.
An effective multi-modality model for single-session cricothyroidotomy training for trainees.

Abstract Background We piloted a curriculum combining a flipped classroom with two-stage narration, role-play, and partial task trainer simulation to teach this critical skill to trainees. Methods This “flipped classroom” module (2012–2018) for open and percutaneous cricothyroidotomy (OC and PC) required participants to watch two 4 min training videos for OC and PC. The simulation session consisted of a 45-min hands-on simulation of OC and PC in which participants rotated between the roles of operator, narrator, and critiquer. Median performance scores were calculated. Results 103 trainees were evaluated. The median performance score was 14 out of maximum 14 (range: 9–14) across all trainees for OC. The median performance score was 13 out of maximum 13 (range: 3–13) across all trainees for PC. Conclusion A multi-modality approach including the flipped classroom, role-play, and partial task trainer simulation is an efficient and effective method for teaching trainees proficiency in short, single operator procedures.
Increased hospitalization rates following heart failure diagnosis in rheumatoid arthritis as compared to the general population.

Abstract Objective To compare the frequency of and trends in hospitalizations after heart failure (HF) diagnosis in patients with and without rheumatoid arthritis (RA) during 1987–2015. Methods The study included a retrospectively identified population-based cohort of patients with incident HF and prior RA (age≥18 years, 1987 ACR criteria) and a cohort of incident HF patients without RA matched 3:1 on age, sex, and year of HF diagnosis. Hospitalizations at the time of HF diagnosis were excluded. All subjects were followed until death, migration, or 12/31/2015. Results The study included 212 patients with RA (mean age at HF diagnosis 78.3 years; 68% female) and 636 non-RA patients (mean age at HF diagnosis 78.6 years; 68% female). The hospitalization rate after HF diagnosis was higher in RA vs non-RA (rate ratio [RR] 1.17; 95%CI 1.08-1.26). Hospitalization rates in both groups have been declining since 2005 and the difference between patients with and without RA may be decreasing after 2010. The magnitude of the increase was similar in both sexes and across all ages. Patients with RA were more likely to be hospitalized for non-cardiovascular causes (RR 1.26; 95%CI 1.14-1.39), but not for HF or other cardiovascular causes compared to non-RA patients. Conclusions The hospitalization rate following HF diagnosis was higher in RA versus non-RA patients regardless of sex and age. Increased hospitalization risk in patients with RA was driven by increased rates of non-cardiovascular hospitalization.
Paraesophageal hernia repair: a curative consideration for chronic anemia?

Chronic anemia is a common, coinciding or presenting diagnosis in patients with paraesophageal hernia (PEH). Presence of endoscopically identified ulcerations frequently prompts surgical consultation in the otherwise asymptomatic patient with anemia. Rates of anemia resolution following paraesophageal hernia repair (PEHR) often exceed the prevalence of such lesions in the study population. A defined algorithm remains elusive. This study aims to characterize resolution of anemia after PEHR with respect to endoscopic diagnosis. Retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database of patients with PEH and anemia undergoing PEHR from 2007 to 2018 was performed. Anemia was determined by preoperative labs: Hgb < 12 mg/dl in females, Hgb < 13 mg/dl in males, or patients with ongoing iron supplementation. Improvement of post-operative anemia was assessed by post-operative hemoglobin values and continued necessity of iron supplementation. Among 56 identified patients, 45 were female (80.4%). Forty patients (71.4%) were anemic by hemoglobin value, 16 patients (28.6%) required iron supplementation. Mean age was 65.1 years, with mean BMI of 27.7 kg/m2. One case was a Type IV PEH and the rest Type III. 32 (64.0%) had potential source of anemia: 16 (32.0%) Cameron lesions, 6 (12.0%) gastric ulcers, 12 (24.0%) gastritis. 10 (20.0%) had esophagitis and 4 (8%) Barrett’s esophagus. 18 (36%) PEH patients had normal preoperative EGD. Median follow-up was 160 days. Anemia resolution occurred in 46.4% of patients. Of the 16 patients with pre-procedure Cameron lesions, 10 (63%) had resolution of anemia. Patients with esophagitis did not achieve resolution. 72.2% (13/18) of patients with no lesions on EGD had anemia resolution (p = 0.03). Patients with PEH and identifiable ulcerations showed 50% resolution of anemia after hernia repair. Patients without identifiable lesions on endoscopy demonstrated statistically significant resolution of anemia in 72.2% of cases. Anemia associated with PEH adds an indication for surgical repair with curative intent.
Using wearable sensors to assess how a heatwave affects individual heat exposure, perceptions, and adaption methods

Urban areas are typically warmer than nearby rural areas, especially during hot weather. This increases heat exposure, morbidity, and mortality rates of urban residents. Heat adaption methods can improve public safety during heat events, but the availability and usage of these resources vary based on socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, as well as personal perception of warmth. Heat events are often studied using city- and neighborhood-level meteorological and socioeconomic data, which do not reflect individual exposure or access to and use of heat adaption resources. We collected lifestyle surveys and individually experienced temperature and humidity data for 38 Knoxville, Tennessee, residents during a heatwave and a period of climatically normal summer conditions. Participants were less exposed to heat during the daytime than airport conditions suggest, indicating successful use of heat adaption methods, such as staying indoors. Some participants were warmer at night and during the non-heatwave period. Heat inequality is especially problematic at night, with older, less educated, and lower-income individuals being more exposed to heat. Even when exposed to dangerous heat levels, participants were less likely to take adaption actions to protect themselves from heat-health effects during the non-heatwave period and at night because they do not perceive themselves as being at risk or have the resources to do so. These findings signal the need for improved heat education, as future climate projections indicate an increase not only in heatwaves but also mean temperature and humidity during the warm season, and especially warmer temperatures at night.
Molecular lubricants for silicon‐based microelectromechanical systems (MEMS): a novel assembly strategy

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) are poised to bring the next technology revolution. At present, many of these are fabricated from silicon using lithographic techniques developed in the microelectronics industry. Due to the large surface area to volume ratio on the micrometer scale, surface forces, such as adhesion and friction, are often detrimental to the fabrication and operation of MEMS devices. Thus, one of the key issues in MEMS is surface engineering to reduce adhesion and friction. Here, we present a general strategy for the efficient assembly of organic layers directly onto the silicon surface in both vacuum environment and solution phases via the robust Si–N or Si–O linkage. This is achieved by the reaction between an amine or alcohol functional group and a chlorinated Si surface. The resulting surface assemblies are thermally stable. Characterization by interfacial force microscope (IFM) reveals that these assemblies have very low surface energy and are mechanically stable.
The National Association of School Psychologists and the Division of School Psychology—APA: Now and Beyond

Since 1969, the National Association of School Psychologists (NASP) and the Division of School Psychology within the American Psychological Association have dually influenced many psychological and...
Eating Competence in First-Generation Students at a Northeastern, Public University

Objectives To assess differences in eating competence (EC) between first-generation students (FG) and students with 1 + parents who graduated from college (non-FG), in students 18–24 years old, at a large, northeastern, public university.
Enhancing integration of Indigenous agricultural knowledge into USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service cost-share initiatives

Agricultural management practices drawn from Indigenous agricultural knowledge (IAK) have supported people in the North American desert Southwest for thousands of years. Techniques developed and refined from generation to generation through careful observation and innovation have enhanced the sustainability and resilience of these delicate agroecosystems over millennia. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) recognized the contributions of IAK practices to Environmental Quality Incentives (EQIP) and the Conservation Stewardship Programs (CSP) in the 2010 Indigenous Stewardship Methods and NRCS Conservation Practices (ISM) handbook. However, during fiscal year 2017 2% of EQIP and CSP contracts went to American Indian farms, which make up 2.9% of the total farms in the United States. NRCS would need to award nearly 400 more contracts to Indigenous farms to achieve proportional representation. This suggests significant potential exists for expanding American Indian participation in these conservation programs but barriers to their participation remain. For example, agriculturalists who wish to employ IAK management practices must go through an ad hoc process defined in the 2010 ISM handbook. This adds further complexity to the application process, in which applicants must navigate unique land tenure/ownership issues and tribal/federal interactions. Here we present examples of Indigenous conservation practices embedded in agricultural systems of Hopi dryland farmers, the La Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa wild rice (Zizania palustris) harvesters, and Menominee tribal foresters to demonstrate the compatibility of IAK practices with NRCS conservation outcomes and to argue for full inclusion of Indigenous agricultural practices into something equivalent to the NRCS Field Office Technical Guides. Expansion of Indigenous agriculturalists and producers in NRCS programs can help preserve important ecosystems and help support Indigenous cultures and time-tested concepts of stewardship. Incorporation and support of IAK practices is beneficial to all stakeholders because expansion of partnerships between the NRCS and Indigenous agriculturalists and producers will help expand Indigenous conservation and agriculture practices and further the NRCS mission of “Helping People Help the Land.”
Chapter 14 Computational Models for Electrified Interfaces

Publisher Summary The membrane bilayer and its surface interactions have been pictured as an electrical equivalent circuit with varying properties such as channel type, Nernst potentials describing reversal potentials, and the membrane capacitance. This chapter presents the computational models to study electrified potential of a bilayer. The membrane is viewed to have dielectric heterogeneity and to be a fluid mosaic adorned with various proteins, carbohydrates, and ion associations. There are two approaches to handling this heterogeneous type of environment: continuum and molecular theories. The continuum model assumes that the bulk properties of the system such as dielectric constant and density of solvent hold true on the molecular level. The simplest continuum model is the implicit dielectric sandwich model. The simple continuum model has some advantages such as reduced computational time. However, it has obvious limitations in terms of understanding membrane surface properties. In order to incorporate these properties and thus enhance the success of the model, one needs to review the following notion. When there is a charged surface, such as the headgroup region of a lipid bilayer, solvent molecules, especially ions, will segregate and perform one of two functions. The counterions will associate with the headgroup region to equally balance the surface or the counterions will build up in between the two surfaces and mix with the rest of the solvent molecules. This segregation of ions leads to what is commonly referred to as the electrical double bilayer. The chapter also examines how this electrical double layer is incorporated into biological systems through various methods and bridges the gap between the simple dielectric sandwich model and molecular calculations.
Simulatable VRFs with applications to multi-theorem NIZK

This paper introduces simulatable verifiable random functions (sVRF). VRFs are similar to pseudorandom functions, except that they are also verifiable: corresponding to each seed SK, there is a public key PK, and for y = FPK(x), it is possible to prove that y is indeed the value of the function seeded by SK. A simulatable VRF is a VRF for which this proof can be simulated, so a simulator can pretend that the value of FPK(x) is any y. Our contributions are as follows. We introduce the notion of sVRF. We give two constructions: one from general assumptions (based on NIZK), but inefficient, just as a proof of concept; the other construction is practical and based on a special assumption about composite-order groups with bilinear maps. We then use an sVRF to get a direct transformation from a single-theorem non-interactive zero-knowledge proof system for a language L to a multi-theorem non-interactive proof system for the same language L.
Cerebral Tissue Pulmonary Embolization Due to Head Trauma: A Case Report with Immunohistochemical Confirmation

Pulmonary embolization of cerebral tissue as the result of severe head trauma is an uncommon, if not rare, phenomenon, and few cases have been reported in the literature. The authors discuss the case of a 51-year-old male who died six days after suffering extensive head trauma in a motor vehicle collision. At autopsy, white-gray emboli were found in several subsegmental pulmonary arteries. The results of histologic examination with the hematoxylineosin stain gave the impression that the emboli were necrotic cerebral tissue; however, routine special stains for neural tissue produced inconclusive results. Immunohistochemical staining of the emboli with monoclonal mouse anti-human neurofilament protein (Dako Corp., Carpinteria, California) confirmed the cerebral nature of the emboli. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported case of pulmonary embolization of cerebral tissue confirmed by immunohistochemistry.
Part-of-speech tagging from 97% to 100%: is it time for some linguistics?

I examine what would be necessary to move part-of-speech tagging performance from its current level of about 97.3% token accuracy (56% sentence accuracy) to close to 100% accuracy. I suggest that it must still be possible to greatly increase tagging performance and examine some useful improvements that have recently been made to the Stanford Part-of-Speech Tagger. However, an error analysis of some of the remaining errors suggests that there is limited further mileage to be had either from better machine learning or better features in a discriminative sequence classifier. The prospects for further gains from semisupervised learning also seem quite limited. Rather, I suggest and begin to demonstrate that the largest opportunity for further progress comes from improving the taxonomic basis of the linguistic resources from which taggers are trained. That is, from improved descriptive linguistics. However, I conclude by suggesting that there are also limits to this process. The status of some words may not be able to be adequately captured by assigning them to one of a small number of categories. While conventions can be used in such cases to improve tagging consistency, they lack a strong linguistic basis.