cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetic reconnection in the magnetotail current sheet for varying cross‐tail magnetic field

Three-dimensional magnetic reconnection is investigated by means of resistive MHD simulations on the basis of magnetotail models with various magnitudes of the average net cross-tail magnetic field component. Typical quantities such as parallel electric fields, reconnected flux and flow velocities are studied to determine the influence of increasing B{sub y} values on the fast dynamical evolution of the magnetotail. The authors find that a cross-tail magnetic field of less than about 10% of the maximum lobe field strength, as typically observed, has little influence on the dynamic evolution. The dynamic growth becomes considerably suppressed for a cross-tail field of about 25% of the lobe field strength, which is in the maximum observed range.
Kinematic MRI study of upper-airway biomechanics using electrical muscle stimulation

We have developed a new and powerful method to study the movement and function of upper airway muscles. Our method is to use direct electrical stimulation of individual upper airway muscles, while performing state of the art high resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We have adapted a paralyzed isolated UA cat model so that positive or negative static pressure in the UA can be controlled at specific levels while electrical muscle stimulation is applied during MRI. With these techniques we can assess the effect of muscle stimulation on airway cross-sectional area compliance and soft tissue motion. We are reporting the preliminary results and MRI techniques which have enabled us to examine changes in airway dimensions which result form electrical stimulation of specific upper airway dilator muscles. The results of this study will be relevant to the development of new clinical treatments for obstructive sleep apnea by providing new information as to exactly how upper airway muscles function to dilate the upper airway and the strength of stimulation required to prevent the airway obstruction when overall muscle tone may not be sufficient to maintain regular breathing.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Complex partial seizures on closed‐circuit television and EEG: A study of 691 attacks in 79 patients

Automatisms of 691 complex partial seizures in 79 patients were studied on closed-circuit television (CCTV) and by electroencephalography. Simple stereotyped perseverative automatisms such as chewing, swallowing, and fumbling with clothes or sheets followed an initial motionless stare and lapse of consciousness in type I attacks. Ambulatory automatisms, bilateral arm and leg perseverative movements, and tonic adversive head or eye movements (or both) characterized type II attacks, in which a motionless stare was not observed. Type III started with a drop attack followed by confusion, amnesia, and gradual recomposure. Some type II and III attacks are suspected to begin in areas outside the temporal lobe, while type I attacks are thought to originate from the temporal lobe. Further studies using CCTV and depth electrode recordings are necessary to verify these suspicions.
Cerebrospinal fluid leaks following spinal or posterior fossa surgery: use of fat grafts for prevention and repair.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks are relatively common following spinal or posterior fossa surgery. A midline dural tear in the spine is readily repaired by direct application of a suture. However, far-lateral or ventral dural tears are problematic. Fat is an ideal sealant because it is impermeable to water. In this paper the author reports his experience with using fat grafts for the prevention or repair of CSF leaks and proposes a technique in which a large sheet of fat, harvested from the patient's subcutaneous layer, is used to cover not only the dural tear(s) but all of the exposed dura and is tucked into the lateral recess. This procedure prevents CSF from seeping around the fat, which may be tacked to the dura with a few sutures. Fibrin glue is spread on the surface of the fat and is further covered with Surgicel or Gelfoam. For ventral dural tears (associated with procedures in which disc material is excised), fat is packed into the disc space to seal off the ventra1 dural leak. Leaks in the poster...
Impact of a Web-based intervention on maternal caries transmission and prevention knowledge, and oral health attitudes.

Poor oral health knowledge is thought to significantly contribute to the incidence of early childhood caries, the most common childhood disease in the U.S. This study assessed the effectiveness of a web-based educational program in increasing oral health and caries transmission knowledge, attitudes and planned behavior among mothers and primary caregivers. Study participants were recruited from subscribers to an online health information newsletter distributed by a national dental insurance company and from visitors to a health information website sponsored by the same company. Participants completed pre- and post-intervention surveys and viewed a brief educational program. Results were analyzed for pre- to post-test changes in knowledge and attitudes. Planned behavior change was also assessed. 459 participants completed pre-and post-test surveys. The sample was typically more insured (91.3 %), and college educated (76.9 %), than the general population. At baseline, respondents were knowledgeable about caries and its prevention; however, their specific knowledge about caries transmission was limited. There was a significant increase in caries knowledge from baseline to follow-up, particularly regarding caries transmission. At baseline less than half of the participants (48.8 %) knew that mothers/primary caregivers play a large role in passing cavity causing germs to children and 43.1 % knew that there is a defined period of time when the risk of transmission of cariogenic bacteria is greatest; however in post-testing 99.6 % and 98.3 % answered these question correctly respectively (p < 0.001). Results indicate that a web-delivered oral health intervention can increase dental knowledge and increase participants’ plans to prevent maternal caries transmission. The provision of web-delivered education to primary caregivers can be an effective and low cost strategy for promoting maternal and infant oral health.
Mapping resistant QTLs for rice sheath blight disease with a doubled haploid population.

Abstract Sheath blight (SB) disease, caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn, is one of the most serious diseases causing rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield loss worldwide. A doubled haploid (DH) population was constructed from a cross between a japonica variety CJ06 and an indica variety TN1, and to analyze the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for SB resistance under three different environments (environments 1–3). Two traits were recorded to evaluate the SB resistance, namely lesion height (LH) and disease rating (DR). Based on field evaluation of SB resistance and a genetic map constructed with 214 markers, a total of eight QTLs were identified for LH and eight QTLs for DR under three environments, respectively. The QTLs for LH were anchored on chromosomes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8, and explained 4.35–17.53% of the phenotypic variation. The SB resistance allele of qHNLH4 from TN1 decreased LH by 3.08 cm, and contributed to 17.53% of the variation at environment 1. The QTL for LH (qHZaLH8) detected on chromosome 8 in environment 2 explained 16.71% of the variation, and the resistance allele from CJ06 reduced LH by 4.4 cm. Eight QTLs for DR were identified on chromosomes 1, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, and 12 under three conditions with the explained variation from 2.0 to 11.27%. The QTL for DR (qHZaDR8), which explained variation of 11.27%, was located in the same interval as that of qHZaLH8, both QTLs were detected in environment 2. A total of six pairs of digenic epistatic loci for DR were detected in three conditions, but no epistatic locus was observed for LH. In addition, we detected 12 QTLs for plant height (PH) in three environments. None of the PH-QTLs were co-located with the SB-QTLs. The results facilitate our understanding of the genetic basis for SB resistance in rice.
Phospholipase C β2 Association with Phospholipid Interfaces Assessed by Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer G PROTEIN βγ SUBUNIT-MEDIATED TRANSLOCATION IS NOT REQUIRED FOR ENZYME ACTIVATION

Phospholipase C beta2 (PLC beta2) is activated by G protein betagamma subunits and calcium. The enzyme is soluble and its substrate, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), is present in phospholipid membranes. A potential mechanism for regulation of this enzyme is through influencing the equilibrium association of the enzyme with membrane surfaces. In this paper we describe a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) method for measuring the association of PLC beta2 with phospholipid bilayers. The method allows equilibrium measurements to be made under a variety of conditions, including those that support enzymatic activity and ability to be regulated by G proteins. Using this method it was found that PLC beta2 bound to vesicles containing anionic lipids and demonstrated a selective and unique interaction with PIP2-containing vesicles. The FRET data were corroborated with a centrifugation based method for estimating the affinity of PLC beta2 for vesicles. Apparently different modes of association of PLC beta2 with vesicles of different composition can be distinguished based on alterations in resonance energy transfer efficiency. Association of PLC beta2 with PIP2 vesicles requires an intact lipid bilayer, is blocked by neomycin, and is not affected by D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (D-IP3). G protein betagamma subunits do not alter the affinity of PLC beta2 for lipid bilayers and at the PIP2 concentrations used to measure betagamma-dependent stimulation of PLC activity, the majority of the PLC beta2 is already associated with the vesicle surface. Furthermore, under conditions where betagamma subunits strongly activate PLC activity, the extent of association with vesicles is unaffected by betagamma subunits or calcium. These results indicate that activation of PLC beta2 by G protein betagamma subunits or Ca2+ in vitro does not involve translocation to the vesicle surface.
My Cocaine Museum

In this book, a make-believe cocaine museum becomes a disturbing vantage point from which to assess the lives of Afro-Colombian gold miners drawn into the dangerous world of cocaine production in the rain forest of Colombia's Pacific Coast. Although modeled on the famous Gold Museum in Colombia's central bank, the Banco de la Republica, Taussig's "museum" is also a parody aimed at the museum's lack of acknowledgment of the African slaves who mined the country's wealth for almost four hundred years. In a work combining natural history with political history, Taussig exploits the show-and-tell modality of a museum to engage with the inner life - both material and spiritual - of "artifacts" such as heat, rain, stone, and swamp. As much a contribution to literature as to the study of literature, My Cocaine Museum strives to combine a history of things with a history of people. This effort to find a poetry of words becoming things is brought to a head by the explosive qualities of those supreme fetishes of evil beauty: gold and cocaine. At its core, Taussig's "museum" is about the lure of forbidden things, matter out of place.
The Social Aims of an Independent School

This paper presents some preliminary and tentative observations selected from a more ambitious study of the social aims of an Australian independent (i.e. non‐govemment) school. While religion is claimed to underlie the whole structure of the school's aims, a survey of the attitudes of boys, parents, teachers, and old boys clearly demonstrated that learning about formal religion, at least, was regarded as one of the least important of the school's tasks. There was also some evidence that the school had not succeeded in fostering the Christian belief in charity by way of service rather than by way of money. Further, although it is often claimed that in the independent school teachers are parent surrogates and consequently responsible for boys' ethical problems, very few boys said that they would approach teachers with problems of a personal nature. Independent schools were established as a protest against the secularization of education. In such schools religion should become the workshop‐laboratory for reasoning about, and discussion of boys' problems, and should be the core of the individual's self‐realization.
Motivated behavioral outcomes affect ratings of attractiveness.

A relatively new theory of motivation posits that purposeful human behavior may be partly explained by multidimensional individual differences “traits of action” (motives). Its 15 motives can be characterized according to their purpose: individual integrity, competitiveness, and cooperativeness. Existing evidence supports the model on which the motives are based and the reliability and validity of strategies to assess them. This experiment tested whether the hypothetical results of consistent, motivated cooperative and competitive behavior could affect ratings of attractiveness. Male and female participants (N = 98; M age = 18.8, SD = 1.4) were shown 24 opposite-sex facial photos ranging in attractiveness. The photos were paired with one of three conditions representing theoretical outcomes that would result from low, control, and high levels of cooperative and competitive motives. As predicted, outcome descriptions representing high motive strength of six motives statistically significantly affected rati...
Selective expression of histone genes in mouse-human hybrid cells

Mouse-human hybrid cells preferentially segregating mouse chromosomes contain predominantly human histone mRNAs and synthesize human histone proteins. In contrast, hybrids segregating human chromosomes contain both human and murine histone mRNAs, yet synthesize only mouse histone proteins. These results suggest transcriptional control of histone gene expression in hybrids segregating mouse chromosomes and post-transcriptional regulation in hybrids segregating human chromosomes.
Binding Modes of Fluorinated Benzylphosphonic Acids on the Polar ZnO Surface and Impact on Work Function

The interfaces formed between a zinc-terminated polar zinc oxide (0002) surface and a series of chemisorbed fluorinated benzylphosphonic acids have been studied at the density functional theory level. The results indicate that there occur substantial changes in the adsorption energy and surface work function whether the binding mode is bidentate or tridentate. Also, the trends and magnitude of the various factors that determine the total modifications in work function markedly vary between the two binding modes. We have also calculated the oxygen core-level binding energy shifts of the PO3 moiety with respect to the oxygen atoms in bulk ZnO; good agreement is obtained between the calculated values of the core-level binding energy shifts for the tridentate binding mode and available X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data.
Salsola arbusculiformis, a C3–C4Intermediate in Salsoleae (Chenopodiaceae)

Salsola arbusculiformis is identified as a C 3 ‐C 4 intermediate species based on anatomical, biochemical and physiological characteristics. This is the first report of a naturally occurring intermediate species in the Chenopodiaceae, the family with the largest number of C4 species amongst the dicots. In the genus Salsola, most species have Salsoloid anatomy with Kranz type bundle sheath cells and C4 photosynthesis, while a few species have Sympegmoid anatomy and were found to have non-Kranz type bundle sheath cells and C3 photosynthesis. In the cylindrical leaves of C4 Salsola with Salsoloid type anatomy, there is a continuous layer of distinct, chlorenchymatous Kranz type bundle sheath cells surrounded by a single layer of mesophyll cells; whereas species with Sympegmoid type anatomy have an indistinct bundle sheath with few chloroplasts and multiple layers of chlorenchymatous mesophyll cells. However, S. arbusculiformis has intermediate anatomical features. While it has two-to-three layers of mesophyll cells, characteristic of Sympegmoid anatomy, it has distinctive, Kranz-like bundle sheath cells with numerous chloroplasts and mitochondria. Measurements of its CO2 compensation point and CO2 response of photosynthesis show S. arbusculiformis functions as an intermediate species with reduced levels of photorespiration. The primary means of reducing photorespiration is suggested to be by refixing photorespired CO2 in bundle sheath cells, since analysis of photosynthetic enzymes (activity and immunolocalization) and 14 CO2 labelling of initial fixation products suggests minimal operation of a C4 cycle. # 2001 Annals of Botany Company
ADRENOCHROME INHIBITION OF OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION BY RAT BRAIN MITOCHONDRIA.

Adrenochrome at 10−4 M causes a 50 per cent inhibition of pyruvate oxidation and its associated phosphorylation in brain mitochondria. About three times as much inhibitor is required for the same effect with succinate as the substrate. Preincubation is necessary for most effective inhibition. The compound probably inhibits by binding free-SH groups on the enzymes.
Mechanical Compression Versus Subcutaneous Heparin Therapy in Postoperative and Posttrauma Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background The risk of postoperative venous thromboembolic disease is as high as 30%, with an associated fatality risk of 1%. Therefore, prophylaxis is essential, but the optimal regimen remains controversial. This study was designed to systematically review and quantitatively summarize the impact of mechanical compression versus subcutaneous heparin on venous thromboembolic disease and posttreatment bleeding in postsurgical and posttrauma patients. Methods Computerized searches of the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases through November 2008 were performed and supplemented with manual searches. We included studies that had: (1) a patient population undergoing surgery or admitted immediately posttrauma, (2) a randomized comparison of prophylaxis with mechanical compression versus subcutaneous heparin, (3) outcome measured in terms of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), or bleeding. Results Two reviewers independently extracted data from the original articles, which represented 16 studies, including a total of 3,887 subjects. Meta-analysis was performed using a random effects model. The pooled relative risk for mechanical compression compared with subcutaneous heparin was 1.07 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.72, 1.61) for DVT and 1.03 (95% CI 0.48, 2.22) for PE. Mechanical compression was associated with a significantly reduced risk of postoperative bleeding compared with subcutaneous heparin (risk ratio 0.47; 95% CI 0.31, 0.70). Subgroup analyses by heparin type suggested that low molecular weight heparin may reduce risk of DVT compared with compression (relative risk 1.80; 95% CI 1.16, 2.79) but remains similarly associated with an increased risk of bleeding. Conclusions These results suggest that the overall bleeding risk profile favors the use of compression over heparin, with the benefits in term of venous thromboembolic disease prophylaxis being similar between groups. Subgroup analyses suggest that low molecular weight heparin may have a differential effect; this observation should be further evaluated in future studies.
Toxicity of ammonia to surf clam (Spisula solidissima) larvae in saltwater and sediment elutriates

Ammonia is a natural component of sediments and has been identified as a common contributor to toxicity in marine sediment, elutriate and porewater testing. In our study, the role of ammonia as a possible toxicant in sediment toxicity tests was evaluated using larvae of the surf clam, Spisula solidissima. Elutriates were prepared and tested using six baseline sediment samples. Ammonia was then purged from aliquots of the baseline sediment samples prior to elutriate preparation. Finally, ammonia was spiked into aliquots of the purged elutriates to mimic ammonia concentrations measured in the baseline elutriates. Toxicity was present in all of the baseline samples and was removed in the ammonia purged samples. In most cases, toxicity was comparable in the ammonia spiked samples to levels measured in the baseline samples. Water only toxicity tests revealed that larvae of the surf clam are one of the more ammonia sensitive marine species. The LC50 for survival was 10.6 mg/L total ammonia (.53 mg/L unionized ammonia) and the EC50 for shell development was 2.35 mg/L total ammonia (.12 mg/L unionized ammonia). Toxicity endpoints calculated from the water only ammonia toxicity test were good predictors of effects observed in the sediment elutriate tests.
Plasma Protein 3-Nitrotyrosine (PPNT) Levels in Infants with Severe Ventilator Dependent Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD) Treated with Inhaled Nitric Oxide (iNO)

Plasma Protein 3-Nitrotyrosine (PPNT) Levels in Infants with Severe Ventilator Dependent Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD) Treated with Inhaled Nitric Oxide (iNO)
Convective instability in a two-layer fluid heated uniformly from above

A fluid in which the dynamic and thermodynamic coefficients (μ, α, χ, c p etc.) vary vertically may become unstable when it is heated uniformly from above, assuming that the basic stratification is gravitationally stable and that the thermal expansion coefficient is positive. This “anti-convection” is studied in the special case of a fluid composed by two semi-infinite layers, each of which has constant coefficients. In the theory the Boussinesq approximation is used for each layer separately, and the interface is assumed to be plane. These assumptions seem justified in the present problem. Instability is favoured when the thermal expansion coefficient and the conductivity are large in one of the layers and small in the other layer. A necessary condition for instability is that the ratio μ 1 α 1 C p2 /μ 2 α 2 C p1 is larger than 9 (or smaller than 1/9), where μ is the dynamic viscosity, α the thermal expansion coefficient, and cp the specific heat per unit mass. When this condition is fulfilled instability will occur for sufficiently large values of the ratio ? 1 /? 2 (small values, respectively), where ? is the thermometric conductivity. The convection cells are confined to a region next to the interface. Small cells have comparable width and height, while larger cells are flattened in proportion to the 1/6 power of the Rayleigh number. Because of counteracting non-linear effects the convective motion cannot grow very large, the vertical velocities can at most be of order ?/ D , where D is the scale of the cell. It is suggested that cells with Rayleigh numbers of order unity dominate the picture in finite amplitude situations. The driving energy comes from a region next to the boundary in the fluid layer having the larger thermal expansion and conductivity. Any motion started in the other layer creates thermal perturbations that are conducted into this region inducing a reversed circulation. When the thermal expansion coefficient is large this reversed circulation becomes strong. Through the frictional coupling it can directly amplify the primary motion and an instability develops. It should be possible to observe the instability in a laboratory experiment. A mercurywater system seems suitable for this purpose. The theoretical analysis shows that instability occurs when heating is applied at temperatures below 18°C. Geophysical and astrophysical applications seem possible. As example, the instability may appear at the interface between the atmosphere and the sea. An air-water system is stable under laboratory conditions, but in nature the existing eddy friction and conduction change the conditions considerably, and such as to favour the occurrence of the instability. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1964.tb00171.x
A comparison of photosynthate allocation in lakes

Abstract We compared the relationships between photosynthate allocation to protein, carbohydrate, lipid and low molecular weight (LMW) fractions and the variables daylength and water temperature in Lakes Huron, Michigan, and Ontario as well as three smaller headwater lakes in the Lake Ontario drainage. In all lakes investigated the allocation of recently produced photosynthate to carbohydrate was strongly related to daylength (% carbohydrate = −3.5 * daylength (hr) + 72.8; n = 59, r 2 = 0.56). The percentage of photosynthate allocated to protein was a function of water temperature in all lakes although the y-intercept for the protein-temperature relationship was much lower in the three headwater lakes and Lake Ontario (% protein = 0.50 * temperature (°C) + 6.1; n = 37, r 2 = 0.52) than in Lake Huron and Lake Michigan (% protein = 0.68 * temperature (°C) + 24.2; n = 23, r 2 = 0.49). The increase in allocation to protein was related to a decrease in allocation to low molecular weight material (% LMW = −1.1 * % protein + 57.13; n = 60, r 2 = 0.72). The percentages of photosynthate in lipid and LMW material were not related to any of the environmental variables measured. Assuming that photosynthate allocation is related to biochemical composition, the phytoplankton in Lakes Huron and Michigan were more protein rich for a given temperature than those in Lake Ontario and in the smaller inland lakes. The protein deficit was due to an increase in allocation to LMW material.
Spironolactone-Induced Inhibition of Aldosterone Biosynthesis in Primary Aldosteronism : Morphological and Functional Studies

Abstract Twenty-five patients harboring aldosterone-producing adenomas were treated with spironolactone for 2–170 days immediately preoperatively. In the early period of administration of the drug (up to 27 days), plasma and urinary aldosterone decreased sharply while plasma renin activity (PRA) and serum potassium were rising. During this period of time, spironolactone bodies (SB), which form exclusively in cells actively producing aldosterone, were forming rapidly in the tumor cells but not in the inactive glomerulosa cells proper. The SB appear to be a morphological expression of a block in aldosterone biosynthesis. Since SB do not occur in normal fasciculata cells, which, like glomerulosa cells, also synthesize corticosterone, it is concluded that spironolactone inhibition of aldosterone biosynthesis occurs between corticosterone and aldosterone. Recent studies in vitro by others have suggested that the inhibition occurs at the corticosterone-methyl oxidase step, I (Ulick's nomenclature). The great diuresis of sodium and retention of potassium resulting from continued administration of the drug sharply activates aldosterone stimulatory factors. Aldosterone production may return to baseline levels in several weeks but it is inappropriately low in relation to the levels of PRA and serum potassium. With the further passage of time (average 4–6 wk), aldosterone production may increase 50%–100% above baseline levels, suggesting that the block has disappeared or is receding. At this time SB are diminishing in number and by 170 days of the drug they have virtually disappeared. We have hypothesized, among other possibilities, that recovery of the ability to convert corticosterone to aldosterone occurs by virtue of a mechanism activated by sodium deficiency, independent of angiotensin, which stimulates step 1 of the corticosterone-methyl oxidase system. As the block in the final step(s) of the biosynthetic pathway recedes, the existing elevated levels of angiotensin become much more effective in stimulating the production of aldosterone.
Including Women in Development: Guatemalan Refugees and Local NGOs

Recent years have witnessed an important shift in the administration of development aid away from large governmental programs to the smaller projects of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and widespread recognition of the general failure of governmental programs to include women in development. After a brief overview of this shift and the changes that made women's empowerment an accepted development goal, this article will describe the experiences of one Guatemalan women's organization in two very different locales. This contrast is used to illustrate the necessity of devising a structural, place-based strategy for development with the consultation and participation of the women themselves for the successful inclusion of women in development projects. Numerous studies have documented the failure of top-down, interventionist projects to bring sustainable and meaningful change to populations in developing nations. Since the 1980s, large international donors have relied increasingly on NGOs instead of government agencies to administer development aid. This shift arose out of a critique of large governmentadministered development projects that failed to take local realities into account. Often idealized as independent of the state, politics, and the market and therefore free to provide strictly humanitarian aid to those in need, NGOs have been almost universally embraced as a local, community-based solution to the ineffective top-down projects of the past. Few studies have investigated how the development goals of specific NGO organizations are mediated by the local political, economic, and geographic environment. This article investigates the impact of different sociopolitical environments and the
Ledges and dislocations in phase transformations

The coupling of dislocations and ledges in phase transformations is considered in terms of the symmetry of phases meeting at an interface. Growth and structural ledges and a variety of dislocation arrays are treated. Symmetry and the absence of long-range strain fields alone are shown to produce few restrictions on possible interface structures.
The Courtship of Musca Species Found in North America. 1. the House Fly, Musca domestica

Male house flies, Musca domestica L., perform a stereotyped courtship ritual which includes the following elements : orientation, landing, wing-out, leg-up, head lapping, head touching, boxing, backing, genital orientation, genital contact, and copulation. Although the female plays a minor role in the courtship, she does control its success by either extruding or failing to extrude her ovipositor. We propose that the primary function of house fly courtship is appeasement. The wing-out and leg-up elements prevent the escape of the female and her kicking in rejection of courtship. The remaining elements communicate the purpose of the male and stimulate both sexes to mate. Homosexual activities of the males, even in the presence of females, and males courting inanimate objects, indicate a low degree of epigamic recognition. The courtship of the house fly, initially, appears to be a fixed action pattern that is released by a dark-toned object of appropriate size. However, films of unsuccessful courtships indicate that a stimulus-response chain is involved.
Neutron reflectometry study on an interface of octane and D2O at low surfactant (C10E4) concentration

Abstract We study the surface and interface roughness of a two-liquid film system using neutron reflectometry. The middle phase and bottom phase are extracted from a three-phase microemulsion containing 2 wt% non-ionic surfactant C 10 E 4 , 81 wt% D 2 O and 17 wt% octane (C 8 H 18 ). The system is formed by spreading a few drops of the middle phase of the microemulsion on the bottom phase of the microemulsion. The middle phase does not wet the bottom phase, but demixes to form a top octane—water mixture layer with a thickness of ∼ 580 A. The mean surface roughness of the system is found to be 7 A but the data are insensitive to interface roughness. An extended capillary wave model for a two-liquid-film system is derived to account for the coupling between the surface and interface. The dispersion relation yields two fundamental modes. In a calculation of mean-square roughness (〈 ζ 2 〉 1/2 ) a high- k -cutoff is needed to account for non-linear terms in the Navier—Stokes equation. A low- k cutoff is also needed to avoid a “slip phenomenon” at the interface, which characterizes one of the modes. It turns out that for the parameters of our experiment the narrowing of k region is so significant that the mode causing the slip is strongly suppressed. As a consequence, the calculated interface roughness is much smaller than that derived from ordinary capillary wave theory.
Teaching medical professionals and trainees about adolescent suicide prevention: five key problems.

Predicting and preventing suicide represent very difficult challenges for clinicians. The awareness of adolescent suicide as a major social and medical problem has increased over the past years. However, many health care professionals who have frequent contact with adolescents are not sufficiently trained in suicide evaluation techniques and approaches to adolescents with suicidal behavior. Suicide prevention efforts among adolescents are restricted by the fact that there are five key problems related to the evaluation and management of suicidality in adolescents: 1. Many clinicians underestimate the importance of the problem of adolescent suicidal behavior and underestimate its prevalence. 2. There is a misconception that direct questioning of adolescents about suicidality is sufficient to evaluate suicide risk. 3. Another misconception is that adolescents with non-psychiatric illnesses do not need to be evaluated for suicidality. 4. Many clinicians do not know about or underestimate the role of contagion in adolescent suicidal behavior. 5. There is a mistaken belief that adolescent males are at lower suicide risk than adolescent females. Educating medical professionals and trainees about the warning signs and symptoms of adolescent suicide and providing them with tools to recognize, evaluate, and manage suicidal patients represent a promising approach to adolescent suicide prevention. Language: en
STUDIES IN EXPERIMENTAL SYPHILIS : VII. REINOCULATION OF TREATED AND UNTREATED SYPHILITIC RABBITS WITH HETEROLOGOUS STRAINS OF TREPONEMA PALLIDUM.

Syphilitic rabbits, whether untreated or treated after the 90th day of infection, were found to be more refractory to subsequent inoculation with the homologous strain of Treponema pallidum than to inoculation with heterologous strains of the same organism, when clinical criteria alone were employed in judging the outcome of reinoculation. The incidence of second infection with homologous strains was 5.4 per cent, as against 50 per cent with heterologous strains.(2) The resistance which develops in rabbits during the course of a syphilitic infection appears therefore to be strain-specific rather than species-specific. The protection afforded against homologous strains was found to persist for at least as long as 6 months after treatment was discontinued. A given strain may afford a higher degree of protection against some strains than against others, but whether this is to be explained upon the basis of biologic relationship or of differences in virulence, or possibly as the result of both of these factors was not disclosed by the experiments. Rabbits infected with a strain (Nichols) which had been adapted to this species for over a decade could be infected with strains which had been recovered recently from the human body. The previous existence of a syphilitic lesion in the testis which was used as the site for reinoculation did not seem to exert any influence upon the incidence of successful second infections obtained with heterologous strains of Treponema pallidum. Sometimes the course of the second infection produced by inoculation with heterologous strains was less pronounced than that observed in the controls, but in most instances no significant alteration was observed. In syphilitic rabbits treated late in the course of the disease and reinoculated with heterologous strains of Treponema pallidum no lesion may develop at the site of reinoculation but nevertheless the Wassermann reaction may become positive and remain so for weeks thereafter. It is suggested that such animals may be examples of asymptomatic reinfection.
Variation in Chiasma Frequencies in Secale, Vicia and Tradescantia

Chiasma frequencies obtained in Seeale cereale and Vicia faba grown in Japan, were higher than those obtained for the same species grown in a greenhouse at the Arnold Arboretum. There is some evidence that such differentes may be attributed to differentes in environmental conditions, although inherent varietal differentes within species doubtless occur. The variations found in Tradescantia show that both factors may be operative in a single species. The variations in environmental factors which influence chiasma formation may occur in nature.No interchromosomal correlation was found in comparing the chiasma frequency of the long “M” chromosome with the chiasma frequency of the five short chromosomes of Vicia faber.
3D Reconstruction of B-lymphocytes with Confocal Images and Parallel FDTD Simulations of Light Scattering

Mueller matrix elements of B-lymphocytes were obtained with reconstructed structures using a parallel FDTD code. By comparing with sphere models, we show that fine structure features of biological cells are important in modeling light scattering.
High capacity Na+/H+ exchange activity in mineralizing osteoblasts.

Osteoblasts synthesize bone in polarized groups of cells sealed by tight junctions. Large amounts of acid are produced as bone mineral is precipitated. We addressed the mechanism by which cells manage this acid load by measuring intracellular pH (pHi) in non-transformed osteoblasts in response to weak acid or bicarbonate loading. Basal pHi in mineralizing osteoblasts was ∼ 7.3 and decreased by ∼ 1.4 units upon replacing extracellular Na(+) with N-methyl-D-glucamine. Loading with 40 mM acetic or propionic acids, in normal extracellular Na(+), caused only mild cytosolic acidification. In contrast, in Na(+) -free solutions, weak acids reduced pHi dramatically. After Na(+) reintroduction, pHi recovered rapidly, in keeping with Na(+) /H(+) exchanger (NHE) activity. Sodium-dependent pHi recovery from weak acid loading was inhibited by amiloride with the Ki consistent with NHEs. NHE1 and NHE6 were expressed strongly, and expression was upregulated highly, by mineralization, in human osteoblasts. Antibody labeling of mouse bone showed NHE1 on basolateral surfaces of all osteoblasts. NHE6 occurred on basolateral surfaces of osteoblasts mainly in areas of mineralization. Conversely, elevated HCO 3- alkalinized osteoblasts, and pH recovered in medium containing Cl(-), with or without Na(+), in keeping with Na(+) -independent Cl(-) /HCO 3- exchange. The exchanger AE2 also occurred on the basolateral surface of osteoblasts, consistent with Cl(-) /HCO 3- exchange for elimination of metabolic carbonate. Overexpression of NHE6 or knockdown of NHE1 in MG63 human osteosarcoma cells confirmed roles of NHE1 and NHE6 in maintaining pHi. We conclude that in mineralizing osteoblasts, slightly basic basal pHi is maintained, and external acid load is dissipated, by high-capacity Na(+) /H(+) exchange via NHE1 and NHE6.
Transport and deposition of indoor radon decay products—I. Model development and validation

Abstract Commonly used mathematical models of indoor radon decay product behavior are based on macroscopic mass-balances, often referred to as ‘uniformly-mixed models’. The uniformly-mixed model's applicability is limited by its inability to track the movement of pollutants from their sources to other areas within the enclosure, to permit spatial- or time-dependent sources, or to take proper account of interactions with macroscopic surfaces. Although the uniformly-mixed model parameterizes the deposition process as a constant volumetric removal rate, in reality the deposition process is actually a surface phenomenon and is strongly affected by environmental conditions. This paper describes the development of RADTRAN, a two-dimensional radon progeny transport model that begins with the differential conservation equations describing the motion of air and the transport of reactive pollutants, introduces appropriate boundary conditions to represent surface deposition, and then calculates the concentration distribution of radon progeny throughout the entire region of interest. Knowing the concentration gradient near the surface, a local mass-transfer coefficient (the deposition velocity) can be determined as a function of environmental conditions. RADTRAN simulations have been based on several flow conditions: buoyancy-driven recirculating enclosure flows, free and forced-convection boundary layer flows, and one-dimensional diffusion. Free progeny diffusivity, D f , and attachment rate, X , were varied over representative ranges. For these conditions, RADTRAN calculated free deposition velocities of u f = 0.014–0.079 cm s −1 , for 218 Po. RADTRAN predictions are compared to a range of experimental measurements. It was found that the predicted range of deposition velocities is in rough agreement with findings from experiments conducted in flow conditions similar to the simplified flows used in RADTRAN.
Heat Loss from the Earth: New Estimate

The average heat loss from the Earth's interior is calculated from heat-flow values and tectonic models of sea-floor spreading. The value of 10.2 × 1012 cal/s (±1 5 percent) is about 32 percent larger than previous estimates, mainly due to the previously ignored contribution from the cooling lithosphere. The principal uncertainty derives from unknown parameters of the oceanic lithosphere.
Mortality and culture change in Nubia's Batn el Hajar

Throughout antiquity, Nubia has existed on the interface between history and prehistory. The first written record from Nubia may date from the fourth millennium B.C. while her last dark age lasted until 1813. Significantly, this last dark age was the time when Nubia made the final transition from Christianity to Islam. The present research represents an analysis of mortality among one of the last known Christian populations of Nubia—a population from a region previously uninvestigated by physical anthropology known as the Batn et Hajar (“belly of rock”). A comparison of earlier and later Christian populations from two cemeteries at the site of Kulubnarti in the Batn et Hajar suggests that the large Christians, isolated in one of the most hostile and forbidding regions of the Nile Valley, experienced lower rates of childhood mortality and morbidity than their ealier Christian forebears. Our data also suggest that population comparison based on cumulative survivorship may be seriously biased by initial differences in childhood mortality.
Myosin II transport, organization, and phosphorylation: evidence for cortical flow/solation-contraction coupling during cytokinesis and cell locomotion.

Abstract The mechanism of cytokinesis has been difficult to define because of the short duration and the temporal-spatial dynamics involved in the formation, activation, force production, and disappearance of the cleavage furrow. We have investigated the structural and chemical dynamics of myosin II in living Swiss 3T3 cells from prometaphase through the separation and migration of daughter cells. The structural and chemical dynamics of myosin II have been defined using the semiautomated, multimode light microscope, together with a fluorescent analogue of myosin II and a fluorescent biosensor of myosin II regulatory light chain (RLC) phosphorylation at serine 19. The correlation of image data from live cells using different modes of light microscopy allowed interpretations not possible from single-mode investigations. Myosin II transported toward the equatorial plane from adjacent regions, forming three-dimensional fibers that spanned the volume of the equator during anaphase and telophase. A global phosphorylation of myosin II at serine 19 of the RLC was initiated at anaphase when cortical myosin II transport started. The phosphorylation of myosin II remained high near the equatorial plane through telophase and into cytokinesis, whereas the phosphorylation of myosin II at serine 19 of the RLC decreased at the poles. The timing and pattern of phosphorylation was the same as the shortening of myosin II-based fibers in the cleavage furrow. Myosin II-based fibers shortened and transported out of the cleavage furrow into the tails of the two daughter cells late in cytokinesis. The patterns of myosin II transport, phosphorylation, and shortening of fibers in the migrating daughter cells were similar to that previously defined for cells migrating in a wound in vitro. The temporal-spatial patterns and dynamics of myosin II transport, phosphorylation at serine 19 of the RLC, and the shortening and disappearance of myosin II-based fibers support the proposal that a combination of the cortical flow hypothesis and the solation-contraction coupling hypothesis explain key aspects of cytokinesis and polarized cell locomotion.
WHEN GROUP DOESN'T WORK: AN EXAMINATION OF THE TYPES AND CAUSES OF INDIVIDUAL, GROUP, AND LEADER FAILURES

Learning to recognize the types and causes of failures in group psychotherapy leads to ways of preventing or minimizing failures. Three types of failures are discussed. Causes of failure of an individual member of a group include early dropout and conflict with intimacy. Failure of the leader includes internal issues, such as countertransference, incongruent goals or desire for unrealistic treatment results, boundary issues, and setting of group structure through group rules. The leader's external issues relate to training and knowledge, while the leader's situational issues consist of those areas over which the therapist has little or no control, such as agency assignments. Failure of the group-as-a-whole may be due to therapeutic impasse or lack of cohesion. Cognizance of these factors is seen as primary in minimizing or preventing failures.
Optical Effects of Wakefields in the PEP-II Stanford Linear Accelerator Center B Factory

Wakefields defining beam stability affect also the beam optics and beam properties in high current machines. In this paper we present observations and analysis of the optical effects in the PEP-II SLAC B-factory, which has the record in achievement of high electron and positron currents. We study the synchronous phase and the bunch length variation along the train of bunches, overall bunch lengthening and effects of the wakes on the tune and on the Twiss parameters. This analysis is being used in upgrades of PEP-II and may be applied to future B-factories and damping rings for Linear Colliders.
The Meaningful Activity Wants and Needs Assessment: A Perspective on Life Balance

The concept of life balance has received growing attention as a way to understand human well-being. Within this paper a novel subjective definition of life balance is proposed, such that persons should evaluate their ongoing occupations as meaningful while concurrently not perceiving a substantive need for more meaning in their occupations. The Meaningful Activity Wants and Needs Assessment (MAWNA) taps a need for meaningful occupation. It was introduced and tested in a sample of 250 university graduate and undergraduate students as a requisite assessment tool aimed at operationalizing this conceptual approach. The MAWNA demonstrated an anticipated three-factor structure composed of competence and goal achievement, pleasure and enjoyment, and social connectedness meanings associated with occupation. Further psychometric evidence in support of the MAWNA included very good internal consistency and test-retest reliabilities, in addition to discriminant and convergent validity identified through its correlati...
Relation of High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol to Mortality After Percutaneous Coronary Interventions in Patients With Low-Density Lipoprotein <70 mg/dl

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level is a strong predictor of morbidity and mortality in the general population. Conflicting data exist on the protective effects of high HDL cholesterol in patients with optimal low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. To determine the association of high HDL cholesterol with mortality in patients with LDL cholesterol levels