cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A retrograde labeling technique for the functional study of airway-specific visceral afferent neurons

Abstract The development of a method is described whereby primary afferent neurons that specifically innervate the airways in the guinea pig can be retrogradely labeled, acutely dissociated and studied functionally with electrophysiological techniques. Following administration of either dextran-tetramethylrhodamine, Fast Blue, or Fluorogold dye into the tracheal lumen, dye-labeled neurons can be visualized in 100-μm serial nodose ganglion sections. Control experiments show that labeling does not result from the undesirable spread of the dyes to target innervation fields in the gastrointestinal (GI) or cardiovascular (CV) systems. Neuronal somata retain dye label when acutely dissociated. Microelectrode studies provide evidence that the presence of the Rhodamine dye label and its fluorescent excitation neither alter basic electrophysiological membrane parameters nor the chemoreceptive properties of isolated neurons. Thus this new method will allow the isolation of individual airway-specific primary visceral afferent neurons for functional studies with multidisciplinary techniques.
Some problems and solutions in density estimation from bearing tree data: a review and synthesis

Aim I detail several problems and solutions related to estimating pre-settlement forest density from land surveyors’ bearing tree data. The data have a high value, so clarification of existing problems is needed in the development of a better theoretical framework in which to treat them. I focus on absolute density because it is the foundation for several other variables, e.g. basal area, timber volume and carbon content. Location The issues raised are relevant to the vast area encompassed by rectangular land surveys, including the General Land Office survey area of the United States (roughly, Ohio and Florida to the Pacific coast and Alaska), as well as significant areas in the eastern United States, and possibly elsewhere. Methods A literature review details the history and nature of density estimation from bearing tree data, and spatial simulations quantify the effects of certain identified problems on density estimates. The review focuses on methodological issues appearing in the ecological and biometrical literature. Results Problems encountered in the literature and addressed here include: (1) aggregated tree spatial patterns and their effect on density using traditional estimators; (2) the mis-designation of bearing tree labels in relation to definitions given in the estimators; (3) biases due to small sample size; and (4) surveyor-induced biases. Simulations of aggregated tree populations having a 44-fold density variation show that estimates ranging from 5 to 127 per cent of actual can result, depending on the estimator used, the scale at which it is calculated, and the error in tree distance rank assignments. The traditionally used estimator is accurate only when trees are spatially random throughout, and sample size is not small. More robust estimators exist that can accommodate a wider range of variation in spatial pattern, sampling design and sample size. One of these is discussed in detail. Main conclusions Data users should pay much closer attention to critical aspects of bearing tree data and analytical methods, provide basic but necessary descriptive data, and more accurately represent the inherent range of possible errors of estimate. They can narrow this range of uncertainty by using the methods and considerations discussed here and in other recent work.
Development of an analytical mirror model addressing the problem of thermoelastic deformation.

The computation of the thermoelastic deformation within convectively cooled high-power laser beam control components is typically done with large general purpose finite element or finite difference algorithms. These programs are not generally cost-effective or informative about the influence of the relevant physics. The classical analytical description of thermoelastic deformation illuminates the nature of the physical processes involved and leads to a boundary value problem that is very difficult to solve. It will be shown that use of specific information about the nonsimple connectedness of convectively cooled optics constrains the form of the governing partial differential equation to yield rather simple representations, expressible in terms of tractable analytic solutions or numerical schemes.
Improving students' delegation skills.

Delegation among healthcare providers is important to safe and effective care delivery. With team nursing, the ability of registered nurses (RNs) to delegate was critical. When the care delivery model changed to primary care and 1 nurse on each shift had total care responsibility for his/her patient
The 4-5S carcinogen binding protein binds 1-aminopyrene, 1-nitropyrene and ( + )-benzo[a]pyrenediolepoxide and is found in 12 tissues of the DBA/2J mouse

Abstract Twelve tissues from the BDA/2J mouse were examined in order to assess the tissue distribution of a soluble 4-5S carcinogen binding protein (CBP). The CBP binds numerous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, regulates the expression of cytochrome P-450c and is a carrier protein of carcinogen metabolites. The highest specific binding was found in hepatic tissue (600 fmol per mg protein). The amount of CBP in the kidney and testis was about 60% of the value observed for the liver. Lower levels of CBP were observed in the reproductive tract (uterus and vagina), spleen, stomach, heart, urinary bladder, skin, large and small intestine and lung. It was shown that the CBP bound the environmental carcinogen l-nitropyrene, its reduced metabolite l-aminopyrene and the ultimate carcinogenic metabolite of benzo[a]pyrene or ( + )-r-7,t-8-dihydroxy-t-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene but not the smaller coplanar PCB molecule, 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl. The results suggest that (a) the CBP is not a tissue-specific protein in the mouse, (b) the ligands for the CBP are not limited to the unmetabolized procarcinogens but include both positively and negatively charged ligands, and (c) in vitro the CBP covalently binds the ultimate carcinogenic metabolite of benzo[a]pyrene.
Clinical choices and the relational matrix

In this essay, I argue that it is in the very process of establishing a personal relationship to psychoanalytic theory and to the profession that one becomes a psychoanalyst. If our identities as psychoanalysts are established through our relationships to the psychoanalytic community, and to the values and ideals established by this society and embodied in its theories and practices, then psychoanalysis itself functions as the Third to analysts’ dyadic relationships with their patients. Although contemporary psychoanalysis emphasizes the subjective, the intersubjective, and the unique relational matrix, the view presented here of the psychoanalytic relationship as always existing within the context of the psychoanalytic community and its history provides a context that allows us to place some (relatively objective) constraints on what we mean by psychoanalysis, and these restrictions are imposed not only by the individuals directly involved (subjectively) but by a wider set of forces, including not only c...
Irish Nationalism and Irish Catholicism: A Study In Cultural Identity

Seven years ago the Irish people celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of the Easter Monday Rebellion: the “Blood Sacrifice” that inspired the Anglo-Irish War leading to the Treaty, the Free State and finally the Republic. During the festivities, politicians paid homage to the memory of Padraig Pearse, James Connolly and their colleagues in the Volunteer and Citizen Armies; towns and villages erected monuments to men who died for Irish freedom; professional and amateur historians produced volumes of description and analyses of the brave deeds of Easter Week; bands played and singers sang patriotic airs; and someone blew up Nelson's Pillar in O'Connell Street.A prominent politician, a hero of 1916, allegedly described the last event in newspaper headline style as ‘noted British admiral leaves Dublin by air.’ The 1916 commemoration was more than a hymn to the past; it was also a tribute to the values and successes of physical force nationalism. Ireland in 1966 seemed a model of productive revolution: a stable community with viable democratic institutions and an expanding economy; an example for other countries emancipated from the scourge of imperialism. This was the consensus of a confident nation.
The rate and pattern of bed incision and bank adjustment on the Colorado River in Glen Canyon downstream from Glen Canyon Dam, 1956–2000

Closure of Glen Canyon Dam in 1963 transformed the Colorado River by reducing the magnitude and duration of spring floods, increasing the magnitude of base flows, and trapping fine sediment delivered from the upper watershed. These changes caused the channel downstream in Glen Canyon to incise, armor, and narrow. This study synthesizes over 45 yr of channel-change measurements and demonstrates that the rate and style of channel adjustment are directly related to both natural processes associated with sediment deficit and human decisions about dam operations. Although bed lowering in lower Glen Canyon began when the first cofferdam was installed in 1959, most incision occurred in 1965 in conjunction with 14 pulsed high flows that scoured an average of 2.6 m of sediment from the center of the channel. The average grain size of bed material has increased from 0.25 mm in 1956 to over 20 mm in 1999. The magnitude of incision at riffles decreases with distance downstream from the dam, while the magnitude of sediment evacuation from pools is spatially variable and extends farther downstream. Analysis of bed-material mobility indicates that the increase in bed-material grain size and reduction in reach-average gradient are consistent with the transformation of an adjustable-bed alluvial river to a channel with a stable bed that is rarely mobilized. Decreased magnitude of peak discharges in the post-dam regime coupled with channel incision and the associated downward shifts of stage-discharge relations have caused sandbar and terrace erosion and the transformation of previously active sand-bars and gravel bars to abandoned deposits that are no longer inundated. Erosion has been concentrated in a few pre-dam terraces that eroded rapidly for brief periods and have since stabilized. The abundance of abandoned deposits decreases downstream in conjunction with decreasing magnitude of shift in the stage-discharge relations. In the downstream part of the study area where riffles controlling channel elevation have not incised, channel narrowing has resulted from decreased magnitude of peak discharges and minor post-dam deposition. These physical changes to the aquatic and riparian systems have supported the establishment and success of an artifact ecosystem dominated by non-native species. Models for the channel response downstream from large dams typically consider factors such as the degree of sediment deficit, the pre-dam surface and subsurface grain size, and the magnitude of post-dam average flows. These results suggest that it is also necessary to consider (1) the possibility of variable responses among different channel elements and (2) the potential importance of exceptional flows resulting from management decisions.
Enrichment and Functional Reconstitution of Glutathione Transport Activity from Rabbit Kidney Mitochondria: Further Evidence for the Role of the Dicarboxylate and 2-Oxoglutarate Carriers in Mitochondrial Glutathione Transport

In previous studies, we provided evidence for uptake of glutathione (GSH) by the dicarboxylate and the 2-oxoglutarate carriers in rat kidney mitochondria. To investigate further the role of these two carriers, GSH transport activity was enriched from rabbit kidney mitochondria and functionally reconstituted into phospholipid vesicles. Starting with 200 mg of mitoplast protein, 2 mg of partially enriched proteins were obtained after Triton X-114 solubilization and hydroxyapatite chromatography. The reconstituted proteoliposomes catalyzed butylmalonate-sensitive uptake of [(14)C]malonate, phenylsuccinate-sensitive uptake of [(14)C]2-oxoglutarate, and transport activity with [(3)H]GSH. The initial rate of uptake of 5 mM GSH was approximately 170 nmol/min per mg protein, with a first-order rate constant of 0.3 min(-1), which is very close to that previously determined in freshly isolated rat kidney mitochondria. The enrichment procedure resulted in an approximately 60-fold increase in the specific activity of GSH transport. Substrates and inhibitors for the dicarboxylate and the 2-oxoglutarate carriers (i.e., malate, malonate, 2-oxoglutarate, butylmalonate, phenylsuccinate) significantly inhibited the uptake of [(3)H]GSH, whereas most substrates for the tricarboxylate and monocarboxylate carriers had no effect. GSH uptake exhibited an apparent K(m) of 2.8 mM and a V(max) of 260 nmol/min per mg protein. Analysis of mutual inhibition between GSH and the dicarboxylates suggested that the dicarboxylate carrier contributes a somewhat higher proportion to overall GSH uptake and that both carriers account for 70 to 80% of total GSH uptake. These results provide further evidence for the function of the dicarboxylate and 2-oxoglutarate carriers in the mitochondrial transport of GSH.
Patterns of Vision Care Among Medicaid-Enrolled Children

Objective. To describe patterns of vision care among Medicaid-enrolled children. Methods. We evaluated claims data over a 1-year period among children who were 18 years and younger, living in Michigan, and continuously enrolled in Medicaid but did not have a complex medical condition or were disabled. For this study, vision care comprised eye care services provided by optometrists or ophthalmologists and lens services, including dispensing and fitting of corrective lenses. Results. Children in rural counties had increased odds of receiving eye care (odds ratio [OR]: 1.24) or lens services (OR: 1.22) compared with those in urban counties. In urban counties, non-Hispanic white children had greater odds than Hispanic or nonwhite children to have eye care (OR: 1.37) and lens services (OR: 1.37). An increasing supply of eye care professionals per population within a county was associated with decreased vision care in urban counties and slightly increased eye care and no changes in lens services in rural counties. Urban children who received mostly fee-for-service Medicaid had greater odds of receiving vision care than those with longer periods of managed care. Rural children who received mostly fee-for-service Medicaid had greater odds of eye care but similar odds of lens services. Regardless of urban/rural status, girls had increased odds of receiving eye care (OR: 1.24 for urban, 1.20 for rural) and lens services (OR: 1.36 for urban, 1.24 for rural). Conclusions. Patterns emerged that suggest underutilization or overutilization of vision care services. Such differences may have an impact on the development of children or waste limited health care resources.
Variation in Copper Isotope Ratios and Controls on Fractionation in Hypogene Skarn Mineralization at Coroccohuayco and Tintaya, Perú

Hypogene chalcopyrite and bornite in copper skarn and related porphyry ore from Coroccohuayco and Tintaya, Peru, have been analyzed for copper isotope ratios. Fifty-six samples have a range in δ 65 Cu values of −1.29 to 2.98 per mil (relative to NIST SRM 976), using the sample-standard bracketing technique to correct for machine drift and machine isotope fractionation effects. The range of δ 65 Cu values of vein-hosted mineralization at Coroccohuayco overlaps with disseminated mineralization in skarn ore but also extends to lower values. The overlap of these ranges indicates that different mineralizing events in these deposits cannot be identified solely by their copper isotope compositions. Geologic and isotopic considerations of the samples analyzed in this investigation indicate that copper mineralization proximal to fluid sources (including porphyries and principal fluid pathways) tends to be isotopically lighter than more distal samples. This suggests that important copper isotope fractionation occurred during mineralization and may have been the result of equilibrium fractionation and/or indirect fractionation mechanisms related to the chemical characteristics of the hydrothermal fluid. These fractionation mechanisms have produced copper isotope zonation over tens of meters in hypogene ore during the process of ore precipitation at Coroccohuayco.
Applications of systems thinking for resilience study in Maritime Transportation System of Systems

Maritime Transportation System (MTS) is a critical infrastructure system that enables economic activity through transferring goods between national and international destinations. This research is an effort to define and view MTS as a System of Systems (SoS) and apply Systems Thinking to understand, engineer, analyze, and govern it in a more effective and efficient way. We define Maritime Transportation System of Systems (MTSoS) as an integration of interdependent constituent systems and apply systemic tools such as Systemigrams to study critical properties of the system such as resilience and security through understanding its systemic interrelationships more effectively. A variety of systems engineering models have been applied to MTS. However, it is necessary to form a structured approach and develop new systemic toolsets that enables the stakeholders to view interdependencies and interconnections among the constituent systems of MTSoS.
The development of a small PEMFC combined heat and power system

A proton exchange membrane fuel cell combined heat and power system has been chosen as a platform on which key components and system integration technologies have been developed to advance the applications of fuel-cell technology. The prototype system consists mainly of a fuel-cell stack, a natural gas reformer to supply hydrogen-rich reformate gas to the stack, a power conditioner to convert and invert the electricity generated by the stack, and a water and heat management network to provide the oxidizer (air) to and necessary cooling and humidification for the stack. The design of the stack and its components, catalysts development, design and testing of the natural gas reformer, were studied. In addition, the durability of a CO tolerant membrane-electrode-assembly has been studied with the assistance of air bleeding. Preliminary testing of the prototype combined heat and power system was carried out. It was found that the maintenance of a uniform output voltage across all single cells was more difficult with reformatted gas rather than using pure hydrogen. It was also found that the design of water and heat management network played an important role in the overall efficiency of the system.
Antiamoebic properties of the actinomycete metabolites echinomycin A and tirandamycin A

Entamoeba histolytica infects 50 million people per year, causing 100,000 deaths worldwide. The primary treatment for amoebiasis is metronidazole. However, increased pathogen resistance combined with the drug's toxic side effects encourages a search for alternative therapeutic agents. Secondary metabolites from marine bacteria are a promising resource for antiprotozoan drug discovery. In this study, extracts from a collection of marine-derived actinomycetes were screened for antia- moebic properties, and the activities of antibiotics echi- nomycin A and tirandamycin A are shown. Both antibiotics inhibited the in vitro growth of a E. histo- lytica laboratory strain (HM-1:IMSS) and a clinical iso- late (Colombia, Col) at 30- to 60-μM concentrations. EIC50 (estimated inhibitory concentration) values were comparable for both antibiotics (44.3-46.3 μM) against the E. histolytica clinical isolate.
Combined posterior cruciate ligament-posterolateral reconstructions with Achilles tendon allograft and biceps femoris tendon tenodesis: 2- to 10-year follow-up

Abstract Purpose: This study presents the 2- to 10-year (24 to 120 month) results of 41 chronic arthroscopically assisted combined posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)-posterolateral reconstructions evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively using Lysholm, Tegner, and Hospital for Special Surgery knee ligament rating scales, KT-1000 arthrometer testing, stress radiography, and physical examination. Type of study: Case series. Methods: This study population included 31 men and 10 women with 24 left and 17 right chronic PCL-posterolateral knee injuries with functional instability. The knees were assessed before and after surgery with arthrometer testing, 3 different knee ligament rating scales, stress radiography, and physical examination. PCL reconstructions were performed using the arthroscopically assisted single femoral tunnel-single bundle transtibial tunnel PCL reconstruction technique using fresh-frozen Achilles tendon allografts in all 41 cases. In all 41 cases, posterolateral instability reconstruction was performed with combined biceps femoris tendon tenodesis, and posterolateral capsular shift procedures. Results: Postoperative physical examination revealed normal posterior drawer and tibial stepoff in 29 of 41 (70%) knees. Posterolateral stability was restored to normal in 11 of 41 (27%) knees, and tighter than normal knee was found in 29 of 41(71%) knees evaluated with the external rotation thigh foot angle test. A 30° varus stress testing was normal in 40 of 41 (97%) knees, and grade 1 laxity in 1 of 41 (3%) knees. Postoperative KT-1000 arthrometer testing mean side to side difference measurements were 1.80 mm (PCL screen) and 2.11 mm (corrected posterior; P = .001). The postoperative stress radiographic mean side-to-side difference measurement measured at 90° of knee flexion and 32 lb of posterior directed force applied to the proximal tibia using the Telos device was 2.26 mm ( P = .001). Postoperative Lysholm, Tegner, and Hospital for Special Surgery knee ligament rating scale mean values were 91.7, 4.92, and 88.7, respectively ( P = .001). All objective parameters showed a statistically significant improvement from preoperative status. Conclusions: Chronic combined PCL-posterolateral instabilities can be successfully treated with arthroscopic PCL reconstruction using fresh-frozen Achilles tendon allograft combined with posterolateral corner reconstruction using biceps tendon tenodesis combined with posterolateral capsular shift procedure. Statistically significant improvement is noted ( P = .001) from the preoperative condition at 2 to 10 years' follow-up evaluation using objective parameters of knee ligament rating scales, arthrometer testing, stress radiography, and physical examination. Level of Evidence: Level IV, case series (no historical or control group).
Nutrition and the Global Risk for Chronic Diseases: The INTERHEALTH Nutrition Initiative

As chronic, noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) have emerged as leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, the World Health Organization's INTERHEALTH Programme, an international collaboration currently involving 15 countries, has focused its attention on population-based NCD prevention. Participating nations include Australia, Chile, China, Cuba, Cyprus, Finland, Japan, Lithuania, Malta, Mauritius, Russia, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Thailand, and the United States. This paper will review and assess global trends in food and nutrient intake among INTERHEALTH countries between 1954 and 1986.
Acceleration Factors for Environmental Life Testing of Integrated Circuits

This paper discusses an experiment to determine acceleration factors for temperature and humidity life testing based on a single, primary mode of failure. The acceleration parameters to be evaluated are temperature, humidity, voltage and encapsulation. A model is presented that explains the observed results and this is related to defect statistics.
Prognostic variables in patients with primary soft tissue sarcoma of the extremity and trunk treated with neoadjuvant radiotherapy or neoadjuvant sequential chemoradiotherapy

Neoadjuvant radiotherapy (NRT) is an effective strategy to treat soft tissue sarcomas (STS). However, the role of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NCRT) remains to be determined. From May 1999 to July 2010, 112 patients with localized STS of the extremity and trunk who were treated with NRT or NCRT followed by surgery were retrospectively reviewed. Clinical outcomes including overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), and distant metastasis free survival (DMFS) were calculated using Kaplan-Meier survival analyses. Prognostic variables were determined by univariate (UVA) and multivariate analyses (MVA). Median follow-up was 37 months. Median RT dose was 50 Gy. Forty-nine patients received NCRT. Overall limb-preservation rate was 99% and local control was 97%. The estimated 3-year OS, DFS, and DMFS were 86%, 68%, and 72%, respectively. Age was the only variable to predict for OS, DFS and DMFS on UVA. Age ≥ 70 predicted for poor OS, stage III disease predicted for poor DFS and DMFS, and the addition of chemotherapy predicted for improved DMFS on MVA. Excellent rates of local control and limb-preservation were observed in patients with primary STS treated with neoadjuvant therapy followed by surgery. Neoadjuvant sequential chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy may be considered for young patients with stage III STS.
Second-Opinion Pathologic Review Is a Patient Safety Mechanism That Helps Reduce Error and Decrease Waste

We have a crisis in health care delivery, originating from increasing health care costs and inconsistent quality-of- care measures. During the past several years, value-based health care delivery has gained increasing attention as an ap- proach to control costs and improve quality. One proven way to control costs and improve the quality of health care is subspe- cialty pathologic review of patients with cancer before initiation of therapy. Our study examined the diagnostic error rate among patients with cancer treated at a tertiary care hospital and dem- onstrated the value of subspecialty pathologic review before ini- tiation of treatment. Methods: From September 1 to September 30, 2011, all pa- tients seeking a clinical consultation had pathology submitted to and reviewed by a pathologist with subspecialty expertise and correlated in our pathology database. Results: A total of 2,718 patient cases were reviewed during September 2011. There was agreement between the original pathologist and our departmental subspecialty pathologist in 75% of cases. In 25% of cases, there was a discrepancy be- tween the original pathology report and the subspecialty final pathology report; 509 changes in diagnosis were minor discrep- ancies (18.7%), and in 6.2% of patients (169 reports), the change in diagnosis represented a major discrepancy that potentially affected patient care. Conclusion: Second review of a patient's outside pathology by a subspecialist pathologist demonstrates the value of multi- disciplinary cancer care in a high-volume comprehensive cancer center. The second review improves clinical outcomes by pro- viding patients with evidence-based treatment plans for their precise pathologic diagnoses.
Pricing in Online Auction Procurement: A Review of Empirical Methods and Current Understandings

The online auction has become an important channel for procurement and sourcing management. As firms often expect lower procurement prices through online auctions, how the prices are determined in online auctions should be of major interest to procurement managers and supply chain researchers. Despite the abundant empirical studies on online auction prices, an aggregated view is still absent. This study fills this gap with a review of extant studies. More specifically, this study provides summaries of all major theories behind online auction pricing, defines and analyzes often encountered econometric issues, and discusses how the treatments of these issues have been operationalized. Towards the end, existing findings on determinants of online auction prices are integrated and examined. The purpose of this study is to provide a convenient and precise package of current studies for researchers and professionals.
On the Symmetric Feedback Capacity of the K-User Cyclic Z-Interference Channel

The K-user cyclic Z-interference channel models a situation in which the kth transmitter causes interference only to the (k-1)th receiver in a cyclic manner, e.g., the first transmitter causes interference only to the Kth receiver. The impact of noiseless feedback on the capacity of this channel is studied by focusing on the Gaussian cyclic Z-interference channel. To this end, the symmetric feedback capacity of the linear shift deterministic cyclic Z-interference channel is completely characterized for all interference regimes. Using insights from the linear deterministic channel model, the symmetric feedback capacity of the Gaussian cyclic Z-interference channel is characterized up to within a constant number of bits. As a byproduct of the constant gap result, the symmetric generalized degrees of freedom with feedback for the Gaussian cyclic Z-interference channel are also characterized. These results highlight that the symmetric feedback capacities for both linear and Gaussian channel models are in general functions of K, the number of users. Furthermore, the capacity gain obtained due to feedback decreases as K increases.
Determination of hurricane-induced barge impact loads on floodwalls using dynamic finite element analysis

Abstract During hurricane events, moored barges are at risk of being propelled by high winds and impacting flood protection walls in the vicinity. Cities like New Orleans, Louisiana are at particular risk for such hazards, due to the preponderance of canals and moored barges throughout the city combined with high hurricane risk. Unfortunately, limited information is available to estimate the magnitude of barge impact loads for the design of floodwalls. In this paper, forces associated with hurricane-wind-propelled barge impacts on floodwalls are quantified using high-resolution dynamic finite element simulations. Such simulations account for highly nonlinear material deformation in the impacting barge, nonlinear soil response, and dynamic interaction between the barge, wall, and soil. The paper presents force histories for a variety of representative impact scenarios which can be used directly in dynamic analysis of floodwalls. Additional guidance is provided for employing the force results in static design scenarios.
Analysis of Multilayer Plates on Elastic Pillars

A numerical step-by-step procedure is presented for the analysis of transversely loaded multilayer plates supported on regularly spaced elastic pillars. The layers are permitted to slide over each other at locations where the interface shear strength or friction is less than the horizontal shear stress, and individual layers are permitted to fracture at locations where the flexural stresses exceed flexural strength. The various strengths, as well as the other material properties, may be different for each layer and interface, and may also vary from point to point in each layer and interface. A detailed algorithm is given for the solution of the problem, and calculated strengths are compared with laboratory test results for three models.
Imaging of the Pulmonary Veins in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation

M. Poon, C. Learra prevalence of Afib in patients over the age of 80 is greater than 6% (Fuster 2001). As the population of developed countries ages in the next 50 years, it is expected that Afib will become a major healthrelated issue and a contributor to rising health-care costs (Wolf 1991, Flegel 1987). The increased rate of death due to Afib is mainly attributed to cardiacrelated rather than due to thromboembolism (Dries 1998). In patients examined by nuclear myocardial perfusion studies, the presence of Afib is a poor prognosticator. Furthermore, Abidov et al. recently reported that, in these patients, the finding of Afib independently increases the risk of adverse cardiac events to an extent greater than perfusion and function variables (Abidoy 2004). The treatment of Afib has evolved greatly in the last decade. Nonetheless, the pharmacological approach has not been optimal due to a myriad of drug-related side effects, and surgical treatment is effective but not practical. As catheter ablation of Afib continues to gain popularity and wider acceptance in the medical community, advanced tomographic imaging of the heart, particularly using multi-slice CT, begins to take on a more important role in the planning and follow-up of patients undergoing this procedure.
Functional adaptation of the intestinal mucosal enzymes after jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity

Functional adaptation of the villus brush border and crypt have been evaluated preceding and following jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity. Before surgery, 26 of 101 patients who were at least 100% above their ideal weight were randomly included into the study group, and control tissue specimens were collected from the jejunum and ileum. When five patients required revision of the bypass, jejunal and ileal specimens were collected from the functional (included) and nonfunctional (excluded) segments. At 19.2 +/- 5.0 (SD) months following the bypass procedure, there was an increase in alkaline phosphatase, sucrase and thymidine kinase specific activities within the functional remnants; the included ileum demonstrated a greater degree of adaptation than the included jejunum. In the nonfunctional jejunum there was a decrease in alkaline phosphatase and thymidine kinase specific activities, whereas no statistical alteration in mucosal enzyme activities occurred within the nonfunctional ileum. Serum total protein concentrations and serum magnesium levels were also evaluated before bypass and at revision. Mean serum magnesium levels became decreased, whereas serum total protein concentrations were not altered.
Propensity of Interstrain Mating in Cytoplasmically Incompatible Strains of the Almond Moth

Males of a strain (US) of Ephestia cautella (Walker) which is reproductively incompatible with strain (I) were caged with I males and virgin I females at various ratios (US♂:I♂:I♀) from 1:1:1 to 24:1:1. Egg hatch decreased from 43.4% at the 1:1 ratio to only 8.1% at the 24:1 ratio, and the total number of progeny per female decreased from 36.1 to 2.1. Calculated competitiveness values showed that I females did not prefer intrastrain mating over interstrain mating. Therefore, releases of large numbers of incompatible males could lead to suppression of E. cautella populations.
The Conception of a Calling in the German Literature of the Middle Ages

It is not a matter of mere chance that the conception of a “calling” or “profession” is meeting with special interest in Germany. Several books have been written on the subject, some with the intention of showing that a better understanding of the idea of a “calling” would contribute considerably toward the building up of a new and improved social order. While thus practical and political interests are debating the problem, an attempt to reach the root of the question has been made by the German sociologist, Max Weber, who in his work Protestant Ethics and the Spirit of Capitalism,1 undertook to answer the question, Why does Protestantism seem to be particularly congenial to the capitalistic type of civilization? According to him, it is the conception of a “calling” as a God-given task, developed by Luther and incorporated into Calvin's religious system, which is responsible for this fact. The word Beruf, English “calling,” itself in its present meaning, originated, he asserts, in Luther's translation of the Bible, and from that source it spread throughout the Germanic world.
Multibody Parafoil Model

The advantages of different approaches to multibody analysis of a parafoil system are discussed. The usual approach to this subject is to have two bodies, representing the canopy and the payload, connected at a common pivot. If the pivot is free to rotate in three axes, the resulting system has nine degrees of freedom. Some researchers model this as two separate bodies, each with six DOF, and then enforce the condition that the hinge point is the same on both bodies by modeling the interbody forces at the pivot point. This adds three extra states to the problem. In order to avoid this and to obtain the maximum numerical efficiency, a solution is pursued for a minimal set of nine equations. In order to highlight the effects of apparent mass, a derivation is first presented of a system in which only the real mass properties are included. The real mass solution closely follows a derivation presented in a textbook by P. Hughes [1]. Results are obtained that are equivalent his previous results, with certain simplifications that further improve the numerical efficiency. A symmetrical mass matrix is produced. This is followed by a derivation showing explicitly how the effects of apparent mass should be added. An apparent mass matrix that incorporates spanwise camber is used [2]. The overall mass matrix remains symmetrical when the apparent mass effects are included. Very little information has been presented in the literature describing the orientation of the principal axes of the apparent inertia matrix of a parafoil. It is shown that a good approximation of the Z axis of this matrix can be obtained by taking a line running from the confluence point to the center of pressure of the central airfoil section. This choice of orientation results in some simplification of the expressions in the system mass matrix.
Effects of Gamma Radiation on Crop Production

The increasing world population has raised concerns over food security. In order to feed the world, the projected target is to double food production by 2050. However, this objective has been interrupted by many global challenges, including climatic change and a reduced ozone layer. The Earth is protected by layers of atmosphere. The stratospheric ozone protects living organisms from harmful radiation. Plants use sunlight for photosynthesis and as a consequence face harmful radiation. Depletion of stratospheric ozone has increased radiation entering the surface of the Earth. Radiation is divided into two types: ionizing radiation, where gamma rays are most prominent; and nonionizing radiation, including UV rays. UV rays (high energetic radiation) cause heritable mutations in the genome of plants that exacerbate plant physiology, environmental factors, plant growth, and affect photosystem and soil properties which ultimately affect crop productivity, leading to the incidence and progress of crop diseases. However, plants have evolved methods to reverse the genetic changes by UV radiation by delaying growth and cell division that helps in DNA repair. There have been further studies on plant responses, including in DNA repair enzymes, endogenous photodamaging molecules, and repair machinery towards UV radiations in crop plants. Gamma radiation is high-frequency rays consisting of high-energy protons that penetrate the cell and cause ionization. Ionization of plant cells causes disruption of the normal processes of the cell ultimately affecting crop yield. Gamma rays are dose dependent, where a low dose has fewer side effects in contrast to a high dose that affects plant phenotype, including various cell organelles and biochemical components. However, there are several biochemical parameters to identify the damage caused by this radiation. Nevertheless, the plant defense mechanism is activated under a low dose of gamma rays to cope with the damage. Gamma rays also have various benefits in all applied fields and are used to create crop mutants. This chapter discusses the effects of radiation, predominantly UV and gamma rays in crops and their benefits.
The Study of Control and Prevention for Coal Belt Tearing

This article develops three kinds of belt tearing detection device suitable for frequent tearing causes of power plant coal conveyer belt(respectively SB-1-type rod slider belt torn edge detector,SLD-1-type arc displacement of coal conveyer belt tearing detection device and SLF-1-type rectangular displacement of return belt tearing detection device).The three kinds of detection device is simple in structure,low cost suitable for power plant application,and covering all possibilities for belt tearing formation mechanism for the coal transportation in the power plant;and could basically meet the technical requirements of detection and protection against belt tearing,also could reduce the occurrence of coal conveyer shut-down.
Parent Advocacy Group for Events of Resuscitation

BACKGROUND The presence of patients' families during resuscitation has been an important practice issue. An American Association of Critical-Care Nurses (AACN) practice alert "Family Presence During Resuscitation and Invasive Procedures" supports family members of patients undergoing resuscitation being given the option of bedside presence. Parent Advocacy Group for Events of Resuscitation (PAGER) is an interdisciplinary collaborative in the pediatric intensive care unit. OBJECTIVES To ensure that patients' families are provided the option of being with their child during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. METHODS Resuscitation data were collected for 12 months by using the AACN practice alert audit tool. The Family Nurse Caring Belief Scale was administered to 150 pediatric intensive care unit nurses. PAGER nurses received crisis education. RESULTS Pediatric intensive care unit nurses were supportive of providing the option of family presence during resuscitation. Family Nurse Caring Belief Scale data revealed areas for improvement in family caring practices. PAGER was implemented with positive outcomes for 2 families. CONCLUSIONS PAGER has improved the care of families whose children experience cardiopulmonary resuscitation and should be implemented in pediatric critical care units. PAGER nurses are prepared to serve as role models in providing family-sensitive care during crisis.
Consciousness, Quale, and Subjective Experience

From its origins in the philosophical structure of Chicago social behaviorism, symbolic interaction has retained a focus on consciousness and minded behavior. This is especially true when it focuses on lived experience. Concerted interest in the validity of studying the subjective aspects of life was given formal recognition in 1990 when Carolyn Ellis and Michael Flaherty organized a symbolic interaction symposium on the subject. This effort encouraged more scholars to be open to the study of consciousness and subjectivity. One participant in the 1990 symposium was William Wentworth (2002:15) who, like Mead, considers consciousness to be a result of the individual’s participation in social communication body, brain, and social interaction. For Mead, consciousness was an emergent from social behavior; it was not a precondition for such an act; the act was a precondition for it (Mead 1934:18).
The Role of Color Duplex Ultrasound in Patients with Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms and Peripheral Aneurysms

Ultrasound diagnosis has been used for abdominal aortic aneurysms and peripheral aneurysms for many years, yet the nuances required for proper interrogation and interpretation can be quite difficult. While CT and ultrasound have been used interchangeably, it is become clear that the measurements derived are not necessarily equivalent. Newer ultrasound technology allows CT and ultrasound images to be fused for correlation of differences between these modalities. This fusion technology may allow differences between the imaging techniques to be resolved during the real-time ultrasound evaluation.
Growing medium amendments effect on growth, secondary metabolites and anti-streptococcal activity of two species of Plectranthus

Abstract Plants belonging to the genus Plectranthus are versatile aromatic perennial shrubs that are commonly used in cuisine, medicine and landscaping. A study was carried out to determine the effects of different growing medium amendments on growth, secondary metabolites and anti-microbial properties of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng and Plectranthus ‘Nicoletta’. The greenhouse pot-experiment tested three different amendments to Promix-BX™ growing medium potting mix as follows: 120 g of K-humate; 120 g vermicasts; and 1.16 g N 20 P 20 K 20 . Rooted cuttings were grown in 670 g of Promix-BX™ potting mix with or without an amendment, and finally harvested after 100 days. Plants grown in the vermicasts had significantly (P 20 P 20 K 20 but there was no significant (P > 0.05) difference between the two species. Vermicasts application significantly (P 20 P 20 K 20 , K-humate or the Promix-BX™ alone treatment. Overall, cavacrol production was higher in P. amboinicus whereas total carotenoid and phenolic production were higher in P. ‘Nicoletta’. The N 20 P 20 K 20 treatment gave the most yield of secondary metabolites while the Promix-BX™ alone gave the least. Both species had the same Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of ca . 500 μg/mL and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of ca . 250 μg/mL, which were all higher than that of the pure carvacrol ( ca . 198 μg/mL). In conclusion, the different growing medium amendments had different degree of effect on the growth and phytochemistry of these two P. amboinicus and P. ‘Nicoletta’. Whereas vermicasts was most effective on plant growth and development, N 20 P 20 K 20 enhanced secondary metabolite content. Both species demonstrated similar effect on growth reduction in Streptococcus pyogenes . The results of this pot-experiment are only preliminary. Future research should focus on field plot experiments for general conclusion on cultivation practices.
Bandgap Extraction and Device Analysis of Ionic Liquid Gated WSe2 Schottky Barrier Transistors

Through the careful study of ionic liquid gated WSe2 Schottky barrier field-effect transistors as a function of flake thickness—referred to in the following as body thickness, tbody—critical insights into the electrical properties of WSe2 are gained. One finding is that the inverse subthreshold slope shows a clear dependence on body thickness, i.e., an approximate square root dependent increase with tbody, that provides evidence that injection into the WSe2 channel is mediated by thermally assisted tunneling through the gate-controlled Schottky barriers at the source and drain. By employing our Schottky barrier model, a detailed experimental plot of the WSe2 bandgap as a function of body thickness is obtained. We will discuss why the analysis employed here is critically dependent on the use of the above-mentioned ionic liquid gate and how device characteristics are analyzed in detail.
The Nature of Generalized Anxiety in Older Primary Care Patients: Preliminary Findings

Clinical features of older primary care patients with GAD (PC-GAD; n = 22) were examined relative to older patients with GAD recruited for two academic clinical trials (M. A. Stanley, J. G. Beck, et al., 2003; J. L. Wetherell, M. Gatz, & M. G, Craske, 2003) and to a sample of older primary care patients without psychiatric diagnoses (No Dx; n = 10). Comparisons revealed similar levels of worry, anxiety, depressive symptoms, quality of life, and functional status between the PC-GAD subsample and patients recruited for academic trials, although primary care patients were older, less well educated, and more ethnically diverse. The PC-GAD subgroup, however, reported greater symptom severity, reduced quality of life, and poorer perceived general health, mental health, and vitality than the No Dx subgroup (η2 = .23–.43). Service utilization was not different between PC-GAD and No Dx subgroups, with the exception of psychotropic medication use. The Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ) and an abbreviated version of this measure may be useful for identifying late-life GAD in primary care. Cutoff scores of 50 and 22 on the full and abbreviated versions of the PSWQ, respectively, demonstrated excellent specificity, sensitivity, and positive predictive value. Negative predictive value was less impressive, probably as a result of high base rates for GAD in this sample.