cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Increased vascular endothelial cell production of interleukin-6 in severe preeclampsia.

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether plasma from women with severe preeclampsia stimulates the production of endothelial cell interleukin-6 production and whether vitamin E could inhibit this process. Study Design: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were cultured in the presence of 5% plasma from women with severe preeclampsia (n = 12) or healthy pregnant women at term (n = 12), with or without 50 μmol/L vitamin E. Levels of interleukin-6 in plasma and human umbilical vein endothelial cell-conditioned media were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Interleukin-6 levels were elevated 5-fold in preeclamptic plasma compared with normal pregnant plasma ( P P Conclusion: Endothelial cell activation by preeclamptic plasma stimulates interleukin-6 production, which is inhibited by vitamin E. These findings provide a potential cellular mechanism for the beneficial effects of antioxidant therapy in preeclampsia. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;188:740-4.)
A generalized approach for through-the-wall radar imaging with compressive sensing

In this paper, a generalized approach for the imaging of targets behind multilayered building walls with limited amount of measurement is cast within the framework of CS and solved with sparseness constrained optimization. The far field layered medium Green's function is incorporated in the imaging formula to take into account and compensate for the wall effects. By exploiting the sparsity of the target space, less cluttered and high resolution image can be achieved with far fewer measurement.
Relapsing membranous nephropathy. Response to therapy of relapses compared to that of the original disease.

Background: Although controversial, treatment of membranous nephropathy appears to yield a reduction in the degree of proteinuria and conservation of renal function. Method
On the second eigenvalue of the dirichlet laplacian

The multiplicity of the second eigenvalue of the Dirichlet Laplacian on smooth Riemannian surfaces with boundary that satisfy certain convexity condition is at most two. The proof is based on variational formulas for eigenvalues under the change of the domain.
XUV projection lithography: is optical surface contamination an important limitation?

We report results of an extensive set of oxide and carbon film contamination experiments with Al, Si, Rh, and Ag films and surfaces to quantify the film growth rates and parameter dependencies. These four materials were selected initially because they exhibit total external reflectance at moderate angles of incidence, e.g., > 45 degree(s), as needed for high- reflectance multifacet mirrors. In addition, these materials are candidate films for single- surface and multilayer mirrors at normal incidence as well as transmission filters in XUV projection lithography optical systems. (Abstract only)
Factors and outcomes associated with early and delayed aneurysm treatment in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients in the United States.

BACKGROUND Recent studies from selected centers have shown that early surgical treatment of aneurysms in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) patients can improve outcomes. These results have not been validated in clinical practice at large. OBJECTIVE To identify factors and outcomes associated with timing of ruptured intracranial aneurysm obliteration treatment in patients with SAH after hospitalization in the United States. METHODS We analyzed the data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (2005-2008) for all patients presenting with primary diagnosis of SAH, receiving aneurysm treatment (endovascular coil embolization or surgical clip placement). Early treatment was defined as aneurysm treatment performed within 48 hours and delayed treatment if treatment was performed after 48 hours of admission. RESULTS Of 32 048 patients with SAH who underwent aneurysm treatment, 24 085 (75.2%) underwent early treatment and 7963 (24.8%) underwent delayed treatment. Female sex (P = .002), endovascular embolization (P < .001), and weekday admission (P < .001) were independent predictors of early treatment. In the early treatment group, patients were more likely discharged with none to minimal disability (odds ratio [OR] 1.30, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.14-1.47) and less likely to be discharged with moderate to severe disability (OR 0.77, 95%CI 0.67-0.87) compared with those in the delayed treatment group. The in-hospital mortality was higher in the early treatment group compared with the delayed treatment group (OR 1.36 95%CI 1.12-1.66). CONCLUSION Patients with SAH who undergo aneurysm treatment within 48 hours of hospital admission are more likely to be discharged with none to minimal disability. Early treatment is more likely to occur in those undergoing endovascular treatment and in patients admitted on weekdays.
Revisting Tally's Corner: Mainstream Norms, Cognitive Dissonance, and Underclass Behavior

In this article, I develop a formal model of underclass behavior based explicitly on Tally's Corner, Elliot Liebow's classic ethnography of streetcorner men. In the model, a social norm requires husbands to provide a minimum level of family support. Disobedience to the norm generates cognitive dissonance, which induces a change in the husband's altruism toward his family. The analysis highlights the interdependence of “mainstream values” and underclass behavior: an increase in mainstream values may actually decrease the level of family support provided by low-income men.
Equilibrium profiles of atomic 7Be and 10Be in the atmosphere above 100 km

Theoretical profiles of cosmogenic 7Be in the atmosphere above 100 km were computed in an effort to explain unexpectedly high accumulations of this radionuclide found on the leading surfaces of the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) spacecraft. Our diffusion calculations suggest that gravitational fractionation is sufficient to explain most, and possibly all, of the observed 7Be enrichment at the recovery altitude of the spacecraft, provided only that the nuclide exists at and above the turbopause predominantly in the form of free atoms. Upward diffusion of 7Be atoms through the turbopause appears to occur rapidly enough to largely offset losses at higher altitudes due to radioactive decay. The same model is used to compute cosmogenic 10Be profiles in order to predict the probable outcome of planned measurements of 10Be accumulations on LDEF surfaces.
An architecture style for Android security analysis: poster

Modern frameworks are required to be extendable as well as secure. However, these two qualities are often at odds. In this poster we describe an approach that uses a combination of static analysis and run-time management, based on software architecture models, that can improve security while maintaining framework extendability.
Adding Environment to the Collective Action Problem: Individuals, Civil Society, and the Mangrove-Fishery Commons in Ecuador

Summary Research on the commons suggests a more robust understanding of human-resource interactions is needed to strengthen theories about collective action and sustainable governance. I combine ethnographic and fishery data to explore how resource characteristics and institutions influence people’s behavior toward common pool resources in coastal Ecuador. This comparative study of the commons at two levels (mangroves and the cockle fishery) highlights how trust, communication, and social obligation depend on social histories of resource systems and types of collective action problems, largely explaining why local institutions encourage individuals to uphold mangrove forest conservation but have little effect on cooperation in fisheries.
Routing in MPLS networks with probabilistic failures

We present a routing scheme for MPLS networks with probabilistic failures. Our routing scheme simultaneously maximizes the expected satisfied demand and minimizes the maximum link utilization of the network. Our approach is novel in that it is the first to jointly address the traffic engineering and the routing through reliable paths problems. In addition to the optimal routing algorithm, we present a lower complexity heuristic algorithm based on Linear Programming and Yen's algorithm. Finally, numerical results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of both our optimal and heuristic algorithms.
The membranous component of alveolar exudate.

Double fixation in glutaraldehyde followed by osmium reveals ultrastructural details in greater clarity than with osmium alone. By means of this method the lungs of control rats and rats exposed to 100% O 2 at 1 atmosphere for 1 and 2 weeks were studied. The membranous elements found in the alveolar exudate and occasionally in alveolar macrophages are described. They are composed of parallel unit membranes 85 A in width and separated by a 420 A space. Results of 90 degree sectioning, which gives a three-dimensional picture, are shown along with a model of three-dimensional structure. A possible origin of the membranes from the phospholipids released in cellular disintegration is suggested.
Introducing Students to the Competing Schools of Thought in Intermediate Macroeconomics

Consider the following question: "Why do output and employment fluctuate in the short run?" My purpose in this article is to show how the intermediate macroeconomics instructor can introduce students to the ways in which old Keynesians, new Keynesians, and new classical theorists of various stripes have addressed this question, without recourse to explicit macromodeling or to microeconomics beyond the principles level. By making use of an introductory-level microeconomic model of an economy's aggregate labor market, I show how the instructor can present-and directly compare and contrast-the insights of these schools of thought in a six-lecture classroom unit that can be embedded within several different types of one-semester intermediate macro courses. This approach can be used by (and is designed for) instructors whose students have only rudimentary mathematical tools and have not had intermediate microeconomics. The exclusive focus I place upon the aggregate supply side of the macroeconomy is a useful pedagogical technique that allows the instructor to introduce students to the principal competing schools of macro thought within six class periods.' To engage students in a comprehensive study of how these schools of
Redundancy Management for Autonomous Spacecraft Attitude Control Systems

An Aerospace Sponsored Research activity has been defined to determine the impact that an autonomous maintenance capability would have on a conceptual spacecraft attitude control system design. A Military Satellite Communications (MILSATCOM) three-axis control system was selected for study. It is also the intent to develop a technology data base for future autonomous spacecraft designs. Some of the concepts investigated included fault detection and isolation for attitude determination and control subsystems. Many of the concepts have been verified by simulation.
Possible Relation between Deoxyribonucleic Acid and Protein Structures

IN a communication in Nature of May 30, p. 964, J. D. Watson and F. H. C. Crick showed that the molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid, which can be considered as a chromosome fibre, consists of two parallel chains formed by only four different kinds of nucleotides. These are either (1) adenine, or (2) thymine, or (3) guanine, or (4) cytosine with sugar and phosphate molecules attached to them. Thus the hereditary properties of any given organism could be characterized by a long number written in a four-digital system. On the other hand, the enzymes (proteins), the composition of which must be completely determined by the deoxyribonucleic acid molecule, are long peptide chains formed by about twenty different kinds of amino-acids, and can be considered as long ‘words’ based on a 20-letter alphabet. Thus the question arises about the way in which four-digital numbers can be translated into such ‘words’.
Edge dislocation in a surface layer

Abstract The paper treats an edge dislocation in a layer that adheres to a substrate. The elastic fields are constructed using a Fourier exponential transform, and the behavior of the dislocation is discussed on basis of the Peach-Kochler force.
Ultrafast Laser Superheating of Metal Surfaces

Reflection high-energy electron diffraction with ∼200-ps temporal resolution is used to study the structural dynamics of the closed-packed surfaces of single crystals of lead and bismuth subjected to ultrafast laser heating. By monitoring the temporal evolution of the diffraction streak intensity, information is obtained on the mean-square vibrational amplitude of the surface atoms and the structural integrity of the surface. Pb(lll) is observed to superheat by ∼120 k above the bulk melting point. With increased heating laser intensity, melting is observed to occur subsequent to superheating. Superheating of Bi(0001) by ∼85 K was also observed.
Does the motor control system use multiple models and context switching to cope with a variable environment

Studies of arm movements have shown that subjects learn to compensate predictable mechanical perturbations by developing a representation of the relation between the state of motion of the arm and the perturbing forces. Here, we tested the hypothesis that subjects construct internal representations of two different force fields and switch between them when presented with an alternating sequence of these fields. Our results do not support this hypothesis. Subjects performed reaching movements in four sessions over 4 days. On the 1st day the robotic manipulandum perturbed the movement by perpendicular force that alternated its direction after each movement. Subjects were unable to construct the two underlying models and switch between them. On the 2nd day only one field was applied and well learned. On the 3rd day only the other field was applied and well learned. Then the experiment of the 1st day was repeated on the 4th day. Even after this extensive training subjects showed no signs of improved performance with alternating fields. This result combined with previous studies suggests that the central nervous system has a strong tendency to employ a single internal model when dealing with a sequence of perturbations.
Focal treatment or observation of prostate cancer: pretreatment accuracy of transrectal ultrasound biopsy and T2-weighted MRI.

Objectives To test the hypothesis that men with prostate cancer (PCA) and preoperative disease features considered favorable for focal treatment would be accurately characterized with transrectal biopsy and prostate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) by performing a retrospective analysis of a selected cohort of such patients treated with radical prostatectomy (RP). Methods A total of 202 patients with PCA who had preoperative MRI and low-risk biopsy criteria (no Gleason grade 4/5, 1 involved core, Results After RP, 101 men (50%) had nonindolent cancer. Multifocal and bilateral tumors were present in 81% and 68% of patients, respectively. MRI indicated extensive disease in 16 (8%). MRI sensitivity to locate PCA ranged from 2% to 20%, and specificity from 91% to 95%. On univariate analysis, MRI evidence of extracapsular extension (P = .027) and extensive disease (P = .001) were associated with nonindolent cancer. On multivariate analysis, only the latter remained as significant predictor (P = .0018). Conclusions Transrectal biopsy identified men with indolent tumors favorable for focal treatment in 50% of cases. MRI findings of extracapsular extension and extensive tumor involving more than half of the gland are associated with unfavorable features, and may be useful in excluding patients from focal treatment. According to these data, endorectal MRI is not sufficient to localize small tumors for focal treatment.
Slouching Toward the Ordinary: Current Trends in Computer-Mediated Communication

can be found at: New Media & Society Additional services and information for http://nms.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Email Alerts: http://nms.sagepub.com/subscriptions Subscriptions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Permissions: http://nms.sagepub.com/cgi/content/refs/6/1/26 SAGE Journals Online and HighWire Press platforms): (this article cites 5 articles hosted on the Citations
Noise plus interference power estimation in adaptive OFDM systems

Noise variance and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) are important parameters for adaptive orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems since they serve as a standard measure of signal quality. Conventional algorithms assume that the noise statistics remain constant over the OFDM frequency band, and thereby average the instantaneous noise samples to get a single estimate. In reality, noise is often made up of white Gaussian noise along with correlated colored noise that affects the OFDM spectrum unevenly. This paper proposes an adaptive windowing technique to estimate the noise power that takes into account the variation of the noise statistics across the OFDM sub-carrier index as well as across OFDM symbols. The proposed method provides many local estimates, allowing tracking of the variation of the noise statistics in frequency and time. A mean-squared-error (MSE) expression in order to choose the optimal window dimensions for averaging in time and frequency is derived. Evaluation of the performance with computer simulations show that the proposed method tracks the local statistics of the noise more efficiently than conventional methods.
Modeling the Effect of Line Profile Variation on Optical Critical Dimension Metrology

We investigate the effects that variations in profile have on specular and diffuse reflectance from a grating consisting of parallel lines. We investigate, as an example, a nominal grating consisting of photoresist or silicon lines on a silicon substrate, having a vertical sidewall angle, a width of 100 nm, a pitch of 200 nm, and a height of 200 nm. We model the effects of variations by calculating the reflectance of multiple 25-line superstructures, in which the positions of the line edges are randomly modulated about their nominal profile. We study line-edge variation, line-position variation, and random edge variation in order to test the hypothesis that the reflectance of a grating with variations in line profile can be approximated by the reflectance of a grating with uniform lines having the average line profile. We find that the reflected field can be approximated by the mean field reflected by a distribution of periodic gratings and that the field does not represent the field from the average profile. When fitting results to more than one modeled parameter, the changes that are observed can be enough to shift the deduced parameter in some cases by more than the rms variation of that parameter. We also investigate the diffuse scattering by the grating by considering the diffraction orders of the 25-line period. The intensity distribution and the polarization of the diffuse scattering are found to be different for line-width variation and line-position variation.
Differentiation‐associated surface antigen variation in the ancient eukaryote Giardia lamblia

Summary Encystation of Giardia lamblia is required for survival outside the host, whereas excystation initiates infection. The dormant cyst was considered an adaptation to external survival and passage through the stomach. However, we found previously that trophozoites which had recovered after completion of the life cycle had switched their major variant surface protein (VSP), called TSA 417, but neither the timing nor the molecular mechanism of switching had been elucidated. Here we demonstrate that TSA 417 predominates in cysts, but is downregulated during the stage of excystation that models cyst arrival in the small intestine. Transcripts of new VSPs appear late in encystation, and during and after excystation. Trophozoites appear to prepare for switching during encystation, when the major VSP on the cell surface diminishes and is internalized in lysosome-like vacuoles. As short-range DNA rearrangements were not detected, giardial VSP switching during differentiation appears to resemble the in situ switching of surface glycoproteins in African trypanosomes. We also report a unique extended 15 nucleotide polyadenylation signal in all VSP transcripts, but not in other known giardial genes. Antigenic variation during encystation‐excystation may be a novel form of immune evasion that could help explain the common occurrence of reinfection by Giardia and other parasites with similar life cycles.
Anthropology in the Cognitive Sciences: The Value of Diversity

Beller, Bender, and Medin (this issue) offer a provocative proposal outlining several reasons why anthropology and the rest of cognitive science might consider parting ways. Among those reasons, they suggest that separation might maintain the diversity needed to address larger problems facing humanity, and that the research strategies used across the disciplines are already so diverse as to be incommensurate. The present paper challenges the view that research strategies are incommensurate and offers a multimethod approach to cultural research that can help to establish common ground while maintaining diversity.
Formamidines as synergists of cypermethrin in susceptible and pyrethroid resistant house flies (Diptera: Muscidae).

Mechanisms of formamidine synergism of pyrethroid insecticides were investigated in the house fly, Musca domestica L. A bioassay method was developed to show formamidine synergism of cypermethrin in adult house flies. Flies were exposed to a residue of cypermethrin with and without formamidine for 30 min and then transferred to a clean container. Mortality was recorded 24 h later. Synergism of cypermethrin occurred in flies exposed simultaneously to cypermethrin plus formamidines and in flies exposed to cypermethrin either before or after exposure to a formamidine. Synergism ranged up to 11.8-fold and was greater in susceptible than in resistant house flies. A monomeric derivative of amitraz (BTS 2727.1) was the most active synergist, chlordimeform was intermediate, and amitraz was least active. Synergism of cypermethrin also occurred in flies injected with octopamine and then exposed to cypermethrin, suggesting that formamidines may be acting as octopamine agonists. Measurements of the effects of formamidines on uptake of cypermethrin showed that BTS 2727.1 increased uptake less than chlordimeform and that amitraz had almost no effect. Both target site and behavioral effects are discussedas possiblemechanisms of formamidine synergism of cypermethrin and other pyre thyroids.
What American surgeons read: a survey of a thousand Fellows of the American College of Surgeons

Abstract PURPOSE: The modern American surgeon is immersed in an ever-deepening sea of printed and electronic information. Although publishers know how many books and journals they sell, and journals can quote their calculated impact factor, no information exists whatsoever about what surgeons read. Which surgical journals are "popular," and how does it compare with their impact factor (IF)? Our objective was to assess the sources of information and reading habits of American surgeons and to compare the "popularity" of journals with their IFs. Methods A questionnaire was mailed to 1000 American surgeons, randomly selected from a list provided by the American College of Surgeons. Results A total of 418 surgeons responded, and 371 responses could be analyzed (37%). The leading sources of medical information were medical literature (93%), professional meetings (88%), and CME courses (69%). The average time per surgeon/month dedicated to medical literature was 14 hours (range, 1 to 120). Peer-reviewed journals were read by 95%, textbooks by 68%, and update series by 60% of the respondents. The three most popular surgical journals were Annals of Surgery (IF, 5.40), selected by 60%; Journal of the American College of Surgery (IF, 1.87), selected by 48%; and Archives of Surgery (IF, 2.53), selected by 36%. The most popular subspecialty journals were Cancer (IF, 3.66), selected by 31%; Critical Care Medicine (IF, 3.74), selected by 17%; and Gastroenterology (IF, 10.33), selected by 12%. The New England Journal of Medicine (IF, 28.66), selected by 67%, and the Journal of the American Medical Association (IF, 9.55), selected by 66%, were the most popular general medical journals, followed by Mayo Clinic Proceedings (IF, 1.98), selected by 16%. Among the "leaders" on the IF list for international, British medical and surgical journals were Lancet (IF, 11.79), selected by 5%, and British Journal of Surgery (IF, 2.38), selected by 0.5% of the respondents. Conclusions Those American surgeons responding consider published literature as their chief source of information, especially peer-reviewed journals. Overall, they ignore non–United States publications and select the journals they read without considering its IF.
Risk scores versus natriuretic peptides for identifying prevalent stage B heart failure

Background Identifying asymptomatic individuals with American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology stage B heart failure (HF) in the population is an important step to prevent the development of symptomatic HF. The comparative utility of 2 screening strategies (biomarkers vs risk scores) in identifying prevalent stage B HF is unknown. Methods Participants 30 to 65 years old without symptomatic HF in the Dallas Heart Study who had a cardiac magnetic resonance imaging were included (n = 2,277). Stage B HF (n = 284) was defined by left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, reduced LV ejection fraction, or prior myocardial infarction. We compared the utility of 2 risk scores (Health Aging and Body Composition HF risk score and the Framingham Heart Failure risk score) with B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal pro-BNP in identifying stage B HF using logistic regression. Results Depending upon the method of indexing LV mass (body surface area, fat-free mass, or height 2.7 ), the c-statistic for the Health Aging and Body Composition HF risk score (0.73, 0.75, and 0.64, respectively) was greater than that for BNP (0.62, 0.70, and 0.57, respectively) and N-terminal pro-BNP (0.62, 0.69, and 0.56, respectively) ( P P Conclusions Screening for stage B HF in the population is enhanced when natriuretic peptides are measured in addition to, rather than in place of, traditional risk scores.
Volume of prescription opioids used nonmedically in the United States.

To understand the magnitude of prescription opioid abuse in the United States, it is critical to determine how many dosage units of prescription opioids are ingested nonmedically per year. Using several public and private databases, the authors estimated that in 2002–2003, among the 10.89 million individuals projected to have used prescription opioids nonmedically, a minimum of 430.61 million doses were used nonmedically per year (assuming only one dose consumed per nonmedical use per day per individual). This represented about 1/25 of all prescription opioid doses dispensed. This estimate provides a perspective on the magnitude of prescription opioids abuse and should help policy makers enact policies that reduce prescription opioid abuse and diversion without preventing legitimate access to opioid therapy.
Expression and activity of the 5′-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase pathway in selected tissues during chicken embryonic development

The 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a highly conserved serine-threonine protein kinase and a key part of a kinase-signaling cascade that senses cellular energy status (adenosine monophosphate:adenosine triphosphate ratio) and acts to maintain energy homeostasis by coordinately regulating energy-consuming and energy-generating metabolic pathways. The objective of this study was to investigate aspects of the AMPK pathway in the liver, brain, breast muscle, and heart from d 12 of incubation through hatch in chickens. We first determined mRNA and protein expression profiles for a major upstream AMPK kinase, LKB1, which is known to activate (phosphorylate) AMPK in response to increases in the adenosine monophosphate:adenosine triphosphate ratio. Expression of LKB1 protein was greatest in the brain, which demonstrated tissue-specific patterns for phosphorylation. Next, AMPK subunit mRNA and protein expression profiles were determined. Significant changes in AMPK subunit mRNA expression occurred in all tissues from d 12 of incubation to hatch. Differences in the levels of active (phosphorylated) AMPK as well as alpha and beta subunit proteins were observed in all 4 tissues during embryonic development. Finally, we determined the protein level and phosphorylation status of an important downstream target for AMPK, acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase. The expression of acetyl-co-enzyme A carboxylase and phosphorylated acetyl-coenzyme A was greater in the brain than the liver, but was undetectable by Western blotting in the breast muscle and heart throughout the period of study. Together, our results are the first to demonstrate the expression and activity of the AMPK pathway in key tissues during the transition from embryonic to posthatch development in chickens.
Pathokinesiology--a name for our times?

In a Las Vegas room that could have fit easily into a Boeing 747, a remarkable number of physical therapists took time from other activities of the Sixtieth Annual Conference of the American Physical Therapy Association to listen to a symposium on pathokinesiology—its definition and whether the term could be used to describe the profession of physical therapy. I say a remarkable number because, despite the outstanding reputations of the speakers, there was little advanced publicity about the session and, in the midst of the research papers, clinical sessions, and inevitable socializing, it would have been easy to avoid going to what promised to be a philosophical session. As the session co-moderator along with Sandy Burkart, I looked at the cavernous meeting room and anticipated feeling quite lonely.…
Synthesis of the Potassium Channel Opener (3S,4R)‐3,4‐Dihydro‐4‐(2,3‐dihydro‐2‐methyl‐3‐oxo‐pyridazin‐6‐Yl)oxy‐3‐hydroxy‐6‐(3‐hydroxyphenyl)sulphonyl‐2,2,3‐trimethyl‐2H‐benzo[b]pyran

Abstract The preparation of the potassium channel opener (3S,4R)‐3,4‐dihydro‐4‐(2,3‐dihydro‐2‐methyl‐3‐oxo‐pyridazin‐6‐yl)oxy‐3‐hydroxy‐6‐(3‐hydroxyphenyl)sulphonyl‐2,2,3‐trimethyl‐2H‐benzo[b]pyran (1) as a single enantiomer is reported. Considerable improvements have been implemented with respect to the original synthesis that allow for the preparation of multigram quantities of the final target compound. The optimized synthesis consists of a six‐step linear sequence whose key step is an asymmetric epoxidation protocol through the use of Jacobsen's (S,S)‐(+)‐N,N′‐bis(3,5‐di‐tert‐butylsalicylidene)‐1,2‐cyclohexanediaminomanganese(III) chloride catalyst.
Automated Method for the Determination of Deuterium Oxide in Water and Biologic Fluids

An automated system has been assembled for determination of deuterium oxide in water and physiologic fluids. The system consists of an AutoAnalyzer sampler, proportioning pump, and dialyzer; a Perkin-Elmer infrared spectrophotometer; and a Sargent recorder. Reproducibility of peak heights showed a standard deviation of less than ± 1 mm. over a range of D2O concentrations from 0.125 to 1.000%.
Continuous Differentiation of Complex Systems Applied to a Hypersonic Vehicle

An implementation of a three-dimensional model for an air-breathing hypersonic vehicle using algorithmic differentiation is presented. Motivation for this work is given in terms of difficulties encountered while calculating the linearized flight dynamics of another hypersonic vehicle model. The new model automatically calculates derivatives with respect to flight condition variables, control variables, model parameters, and design variables. The differentiation approach used here is unique in that it calculates both left- and right-hand derivatives at first-order discontinuities. Other approaches including complex step and finite difference are compared with the present implementation. Difficulties encountered in the derivation include handling of if statements, iterative solution of systems, and sorting. Hypersonic flight for a simple climbing and accelerating trajectory is considered to demonstrate the use of the model, and the effect of ballast mass on the short-period and Dutch-roll modes is also shown.
Utility of CT surveillance for primary site recurrence of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck

Background The literature directly comparing the utility of clinical examination (CE) to that of CT in detecting recurrence of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) for primary site recurrences is lacking. Methods Patients who received both CT scans and CEs after primary treatment for SCC of the upper aerodigestive tract (oropharynx, hypopharynx, and larynx) were identified. Individual CT scans and CEs were evaluated for their ability to detect recurrence status. Results One hundred thirty-one patients underwent a total of 886 CEs and 346 CT scans during the follow-up period. The sensitivity for CE and CT was 84.0% and 66.7%, respectively; for specificity, 98.7% and 90.7%, respectively; for positive predictive value, 65.6% and 31.8%, respectively; and for negative predictive value the values were 99.5% and 97.7%, respectively. Conclusion Due to the low sensitivity and positive predictive value of CT scans compared to physical examination in evaluating primary site tumor recurrences, the utility of CT for surveillance may be limited. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
Cognitive-Affective Predictors of Women’s Readiness to End Domestic Violence Relationships

A model of women's readiness to terminate an abusive relationship was examined, using cognitive and emotional factors to predict readiness to change as conceptualized in the transtheoretical model. Factors previously identified in the domestic violence literature were selected to represent cognitive predictors (attribution and attachment style) and affective predictors (depression, hopelessness, anxiety, and anger) of readiness to end a domestic violence relationship. Responses by 85 female victims of intimate partner violence indicated that their overall readiness to terminate a relationship was predicted by a preoccupied attachment style and high emotional arousal. However, women's low level of anger predicted their precontemplation of change, the earliest stage of readiness, whereas internalizing emotional difficulties and preoccupation with their batterer predicted maintenance, the final stage of readiness to persist in their decision to leave their abuser. Implications of these findings for working with women considering leaving their partner are discussed.
Cognitive Computing for Electronic Medical Records

The explosive growth of data has led to a situation where the human brain is overloaded with more information than it can process. It is particularly dire in healthcare where critical information may be buried in the mountains of data in the Electronic Medical Record systems (EMR systems) and healthcare workers struggle to make sense of this information to provide the best care for their patients. Cognitive computing, exemplified by Watson, offers the promise of transforming EMR systems from mere data storage to intelligent systems that help physicians in providing improved patient care. When seeing a patient, a physician needs to quickly grasp the summary of the patient’s medical history from the EMR to prepare for the visit and to put the patient’s complaints in context. During the visit, there may be a need to supplement, confirm, and investigate the information that the patient provides with information from the EMR. These information needs can be fulfilled by a cognitive system using advanced analytics on the patient record data. Some of the ways this can happen are a problem-oriented summary of a patient record, precisely answering natural language questions about the patient record content, automatically identifying urgent abnormalities, and by providing precise causes for such abnormalities. In this cognitive computing view, an EMR is an active entity that leverages the vast knowledge of the medical sciences, drug information, and medical ontologies in the context of the patient medical records to meet the information needs of the healthcare provider.
The Disenchantment of Problems: Musings on a Cognitive Turn in Intellectual History

This article responds to Hans Kippenberg's, Willem Drees's, and Ann Taves's commentaries on my book, The Problem of Disenchantment . It presents an overview of the key arguments of the book, clarifies its use of Problemgeschichte to reconceptualize Weber's notion of disenchantment, and discusses issues in the history and philosophy of science and religion. Finally, it elaborates on the use of recent cognitive theory in intellectual history. In particular, it argues that work in event cognition can help us reframe Weber's interpretive sociology and deepen the principle of methodological individualism. This helps us get a better view of what the ‘problems’ of Problemgeschichte really are, how they emerge, and why some of them may reach broader significance.
Security Injections 2.0: Increasing Ability to Apply Secure Coding Knowledge using Segmented and Interactive Modules in CS0

Student skipping content is common in traditional learning modules that present a large amount of content in a linear format. This can lead to lower student engagement, and may yield poor learning. In this paper, we compare student learning between enhanced learning modules (2.0) and traditional modules (1.0) aimed at providing knowledge on secure coding to students in lower-level programming courses. We discuss the results of a quasi-experiment across two sections of CS0. The study compares students' secure coding awareness, general software security awareness and students' ability to identify security vulnerabilities (integer overflow, input validation and buffer overflow) in three separate code segments. A total of 53 students participated in the study. While results indicate significant improvement in secure coding and general software security awareness in both 1.0 and 2.0 modules, students using 2.0 modules performed significantly better than students using 1.0 modules in applying secure coding knowledge by identifying security vulnerabilities in code segments.
Promoting Mealtimes of Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorder Using Evidence-based Practices: An Investigation

Date Presented 4/17/2015 This study demonstrated the efficacy of a family-centered intervention package on improving the mealtime behaviors of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It provides evidence-based guidance for practitioners working in the ASD field and strengthens the presence of the occupational therapy field in the area of ASD research.
Imaging Dopamine Alterations in Cannabis Dependence

Cannabis is a commonly used substance, considered by many users as nonharmful. Cannabis interacts with the dopaminergic system at multiple sites in the brain and may lead to long-term effects that have been investigated in humans with positron emission tomography. In particular, since low striatal dopamine-2/3 receptor availability and low ventrostriatal dopamine release have been observed in alcohol, cocaine, and heroin dependence, multiple imaging studies have examined similar dopaminergic indices in cannabis dependence and have yielded various results. Initial studies suggested no abnormalities in the dopamine system in chronic cannabis users. More recently, evidence suggests that chronic, daily cannabis use is associated with alterations in the dopamine system; however, the regional topography of alterations differs from that of other addictions. We review these imaging studies here and discuss the factors that may have led to discrepant results, as well as the functional significance and public health relevance of a dopaminergic deficit in cannabis use disorders.
Computer technology for self-management: a scoping review.

Aims and objectives The purpose of this scoping review of literature is to explore the types of computer-based systems used for self-management of chronic disease, the goals and success of these systems, the value added by technology integration and the target audience for these systems. Background Technology is changing the way health care is provided and the way that individuals manage their health. Individuals with chronic diseases are now able to use computer-based systems to self-manage their health. These systems have the ability to remind users of daily activities, and to help them recognise when symptoms are worsening and intervention is indicated. However, there are many questions about the types of systems available, the goals of these systems and the success with which individuals with chronic illness are using them. Design This is a scoping review in which the Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PubMed and IEEE Xplore databases were searched. A total of 303 articles were reviewed, 89 articles were read in-depth and 30 were included in the scoping review. The Substitution, Augmentation, Modification, Redefinition model was used to evaluate the value added by the technology integration. Findings Research on technology for self-management was conducted in 13 countries. Data analysis identified five kinds of platforms on which the systems were based, some systems were focused on a specific disease management processes, others were not. Conclusions For individuals to effectively use systems to maintain maximum wellness, the systems must have a strong component of self-management and provide the user with meaningful information regarding their health states. Relevance to clinical practice Clinicians should choose systems for their clients based on the design, components and goals of the systems.
Reduction in Wear Rate of α-Alumina and Silicon Nitride by Diffusional Surface Modification

The surface regions of α-alumina and hot pressed silicon nitride were modified by suitable alloying in order to improve their wear resistance. The surface modification in polycrystalline α-alumina was done by diffusing chromia into the surface region which resulted in the formation of a thin layer of A12O3 - Cr9O3 solid solution which has a lower thermal expansion coefficient than pure α-alumina. Also Cr2O3 has a larger lattice parameter than α-alumina thus during cooling the surface was put into compression. The surface region of hot pressed silicon nitride was modified by diffusing α-alumina into the surface which resulted in the formation of a thin sialon layer. A surface compressive stress was again introduced due to the lower thermal expansion coefficient and larger latticeparameter of sialon compared to silicon nitride. Wear tests were conducted against 52100 steel under both lubricated and unlubricated sliding contact using a block on ring apparatus. The wear resistance of chromia surface alloyed α-alumina was improved considerably over unalloyed α-alumina under both lubricated and unlubricated conditions. The wear resistance of alumina surface alloyed silicon nitride was also improved over unalloyed silicon nitride under both lubricated and unlubricated conditions. Different wear modes were identified by examining the worn surfaces under the scanning electron microscope.
The Intercultural Psychiatric Program at Oregon Health and Science University

The Intercultural Psychiatric Program at Oregon Health and Science University, founded in 1978, is a community-based clinic that serves refugees and immigrants from around the world. Besides its clinical mission, the program also trains medical and mental health professionals in numerous aspects of cross-cultural mental health care and has made substantial contributions to the refugee and immigrant mental health literature. This narrative reviews the history of the program, discusses its clinical model and its education mission, and highlights its most significant research contributions. In addition, financial and management challenges are discussed in the context of almost four decades of successful operation.
Cytogenetics in the diagnosis of hematologic malignancies.

Chromosome analysis has become a critical aspect in the workup of hematopoietic neoplasms. Information obtained from cytogenetic studies is used on a clinical basis for diagnosis and prognosis as well as a research basis for gene identification and potential treatment advances. This article begins with practical issues of cytogenetic analysis including specimens and processing, and then discusses the clinical and research significance of chromosome aberrations in each major category of hematopoietic neoplasm.
Government and the Market

The views of the role of government in the economy are nearly as legion as the number of commentators on this role, and the debate over this role within economics is as old as economics itself.1 Most economists would probably slot Coase on the anti-government end of the spectrum, which is not surprising, given that the Coase theorem, so closely identified with Coase himself, is so widely viewed as implying a highly restricted role for government in the economy.
Women’s sports coverage remains largely marginalized

This analysis of 30 years of sports reporting in The New York Times finds 86.7 percent of all articles focus on men’s sports and male athletes, while just 5.2 percent focus on women’s sports and female athletes. Additionally, the articles about women are more likely to be shorter and have a smaller word count than articles about men.
Moving Up the Food Chain: Motivation and Emotion in Behavior-Based Robots

This article investigates the commonalities between motivations and emotions as evidenced in a broad range of animal models, including humans. In particular, a focus is placed on how these models can have utility within the context of working robotic systems. Behavior-based control serves as the primary vehicle through which emotions and motivations are integrated into robots ranging from hexapods to wheeled robots to humanoids. Starting from relatively low-level organisms, such as the sowbug and praying mantis, and then moving upward to human interactions, a progression of motivational/emotional models and robotic experiments is reported. These capture a wide set of affective phenomena including social attachment, emotional behavior in support of interspecies interaction, multiscale temporal affect, and various motivational drives such as hunger and fear.
Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Heart Failure

Heart failure pharmacotherapy including beta-blockers (BB), angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors/Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ACEi/ARB), and aldosterone antagonists have resulted in dramatic improvements in the morbidity and mortality of patients with heart failure (HF) with a reduced ejection fraction. However, in many patients, medical management alone is insufficient to achieve adequate symptom control and HF associated morbidity and mortality remains high. In a subgroup of these patients with prolonged QRS duration, particularly with left bundle branch block (LBBB) morphology, cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) has demonstrated additional benefit. Currently CRT is indicated for patients with NYHA functional class II-IV heart failure, severe systolic dysfunction (left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤35 %) and interventricular conduction delay. Over the last two decades it has become a key component of the staged treatment of HF (Jessup and Brozena N Engl J Med 348(20):2007–18, 2003).