cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Punishment Jurist

This is an essay on the critical history of the thought of the Victorian-era judge, Sir James Fitzjames Stephen. It discusses some of the themes in his major work, "The History of the Criminal Law of England." And it reflects on a cluster of questions involving criminal punishment: whether Stephen had a "theory" of punishment; if not how best to characterize his thought; and whether his views and understanding of the aims and functions of punishment remain relevant. The essay explores Stephen's positive and critical contributions, and it concludes that Stephen's major insight was methodological. His view is that the reasons for punishment cannot be separated from the obligations and the nature of the judicial office. He was neither a punishment retributivist nor a punishment consequentialist, but a punishment jurist.
Reduction of Multi-pollutant Emissions from Industrial Sectors: The U.S. Cement Industry – A Case Study

Carbon dioxide (CO2) accounts for more than 90% of worldwide CO2-eq greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from industrial sectors other than power generation. Amongst these sectors, the cement industry is one of the larger industrial sources of CO2emissions. In 2005, this industry accounted for about 6% of the global anthropogenic CO2emissions. Further, global production of cement has been growing steadily, with the main growth being in Asia. Considering these trends, the worldwide cement industry is a key industrial sector relative to CO2emissions.
Automotive retrofits in historic city centres and their potential effects on their walkability: a comparison of San Luis Obispo, CA, USA and Bath, England, UK

Historic districts often contain retrofits to accommodate automotive infrastructure, primarily parking, that can negatively impact walkability. This research examines how various approaches to hist...
Further Experiments on the Comparative Potency of Tissue Extracts from Mice Infected with Scrapie

It has been shown by titration procedures that saline extracts of brain from mice affected with scrapie are more infective than corresponding extracts from spleens of the same animals. Similarly, it has been shown that the mouse scrapie agent is at least as stable in 2M-sucrose as in physiological saline. However, there is a considerable loss of activity when mouse-scrapie brain is successively extracted with acetone and ether.
Modifying a general social-emotional measure for early autism screening.

Objective: Broadband social-emotional screening tools are designed to evaluate a child’s social development and interactions. Such tools are expected to have reasonable sensitivity for identifying ...
A Genome Model Linking Birth Defects to Infections

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that infections are linked to chromosomal anomalies that cause neurodevelopmental disorders. In children with disorders in the development of their nervous systems, chromosome anomalies known to cause these disorders were compared to microbial DNA, including known teratogens. Genes essential for neurons, lymphatic drainage, immunity, circulation, angiogenesis, cell barriers, structure, epigenetic and chromatin modifications were all found close together in polyfunctional clusters that were deleted or rearranged in neurodevelopmental disorders. In some patients, epigenetic driver mutations also changed access to large chromosome segments. These changes account for immune, circulatory, and structural deficits that accompany neurologic deficits. Specific and repetitive human DNA encompassing large deletions matched infections and passed rigorous artifact tests. Deletions of up to millions of bases accompanied infection-matching sequences and caused massive changes in the homologies to foreign DNAs. In data from three independent studies of private, familial and recurrent chromosomal rearrangements, massive changes in homologous microbiomes were found and may drive rearrangements and encourage pathogens. At least one chromosomal anomaly was found to consist of human DNA fragments with a gap that corresponded to a piece of integrated foreign DNA. Microbial DNAs that match repetitive or specific human DNA segments are thus proposed to interfere with the epigenome and highly active recombination during meiosis, driven by massive changes in the homologous microbiome. Abnormal recombination in gametes produces zygotes containing rare chromosome anomalies which cause neurologic disorders and non-neurologic signs. Neurodevelopmental disorders may be examples of assault on the human genome by foreign DNA at a critical stage. Some infections may be more likely tolerated because they resemble human DNA segments. Further tests of this model await new technology.nnnnO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=139 SRC="FIGDIR/small/674093v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">nView larger version (47K):norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@a929b4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f10ba3org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@331a1aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@f6af6c_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG
Gay, Rural, and Coming Out

This case study details the events surrounding a gay student’s “coming out” in a small, rural high school. Through the eyes and experiences of the student, his teachers, classmates, and community, we hear the story of how the school and community dealt with an issue they had never before actively considered. Through qualitative interviews, the former high school principal describes reactions and lessons learned as the student made his sexual orientation known, attended prom, and was awarded one of three Matthew Shepard Scholarships given in the state. The unexpected way in which events unfolded in the school and community were nearly as surprising as the revelation of the student’s sexual orientation. The experiences reinforce the importance of school climate, meaningful relationships between students and staff, the sometimes hidden challenges of high school, and provide valuable considerations for all educators.
Three-Dimensional Printing in Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery

To summarize the recent advances in 3D printing technology as it relates to spine surgery and how it can be applied to minimally invasive spine surgery. Most early literature about 3D printing in spine surgery was focused on reconstructing biomodels based on patient imaging. These biomodels were used to simulate complex pathology preoperatively. The focus has shifted to guides, templates, and implants that can be used during surgery and are specific to patient anatomy. However, there continues to be a lack of long-term outcomes or cost-effectiveness analyses. 3D printing also has the potential to revolutionize tissue engineering applications in the search for the optimal scaffold material and structure to improve bone regeneration without the use of other grafting materials. 3D printing has many potential applications to minimally invasive spine surgery requiring more data for widespread adoption.
The labour market benefits of adult education from a global perspective

This article presents recent evidence of the labour market outcomes of adult education from a global perspective. There is evidence that adult education has positive impacts on a wide range of labour market outcomes, including enhancement of employment and career prospects, of performance and earnings, of job satisfaction and commitment to work, and of innovative capacities. While this evidence is widespread, it is also fragmented and incomplete, which thwarts sustained support for and investment in adult education. Moreover, some findings suggest that positive outcomes do not arise in all situations. After providing an overview of perceptions of labour market outcomes of adult education and a summary of the available evidence, the author discusses a number of key contextual and structural factors which are helpful in interpreting the evidence and for understanding the systemic underinvestment in adult education. The article concludes by presenting some implications of the findings for adult education research, policy and practice. These include a need to foster a balanced evidence base to inform policy and to institutionalise flexible and diversified adult education provision structures that recognise and value all kinds of adult learning and education.
Investigation of Embodied Language Processing on Command-Swallow Performance in Healthy Participants.

Purpose During videofluoroscopic examination of swallowing, patients commonly are instructed to hold a bolus in their mouth until they hear a verbal instruction to swallow, which usually consists of the word swallow and is commonly referred to as the command swallow condition. The language-induced motor facilitation theory suggests that linguistic processes associated with the verbal command to swallow should facilitate the voluntary component of swallowing. As such, the purpose of the study was to examine the linguistic influences of the verbal command on swallowing. Method Twenty healthy young adult participants held a 5-ml liquid bolus in their mouth and swallowed the bolus after hearing one of five acoustic stimuli presented randomly: congruent action word (swallow), incongruent action word (cough), congruent pseudoword (spallow), incongruent pseudoword (pough), and nonverbal stimulus (1000-Hz pure tone). Suprahyoid muscle activity during swallowing was measured via surface electromyography (sEMG). Results The onset and peak sEMG latencies following the congruent action word swallow were shorter than latencies following the pure tone and pseudowords but were not different from the incongruent action word. The lack of difference between swallow and cough did not negate the positive impact of real words on timing. In contrast to expectations, sEMG activity duration and rise time were longer following the word swallow than the pure tone and pseudowords but were not different from cough. No differences were observed for peak suprahyoid muscle activity amplitude and fall times. Conclusions Language facilitation was observed in swallowing. The clinical utility of the information obtained in the study may depend on the purposes for using the command swallow and the type of patient being assessed. However, linguistic processing under the command swallow condition may alter swallow behaviors and suggests that linguistic inducement could be useful as a compensatory technique for patients with difficulty initiating oropharyngeal swallows.
Organosulfates from Dark Aqueous Reactions of Isoprene-Derived Epoxydiols Under Cloud and Fog Conditions: Kinetics, Mechanism, and Effect of Reaction Environment on Regioselectivity of Sulfate Addition

Atmospheric oxidation of isoprene yields large quantities of highly water-soluble isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX) that partition into fogs, clouds, and wet aerosols. In aqueous aerosols, the acid-catal...
Improving Lifestyle Obesity Treatment During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond: New Challenges for Weight Management

Abstract Objective The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in significant changes to daily life and many health-related behaviors. The objective of this study was to examine the how stay-at-home/safer-at-home mandates issued in Colorado (March 2020 ? May 2020) impacted lifestyle behaviors and mental health among individuals with overweight or obesity participating in two separate behavioral weight loss trials (n = 82). Methods Questionnaires were used to collect qualitative and quantitative data on challenges to weight loss presented by the COVID-19 pandemic, including changes in dietary intake, physical activity, sedentary behavior, mental health during the stay-at-home/safer-at-home mandates. Results Using a convergent mixed method approach integrating qualitative and quantitative data, the greatest challenge experienced by participants was increased stress and anxiety, which led to more unhealthy behaviors. The majority perceived it to be harder to adhere to the prescribed diet (81%) and recommended physical activity (68%);however, self-reported exercise on weekdays increased significantly and 92% of participants lost weight or maintained weight within ±1% 5-6 weeks following the stay-at-home mandate. Conclusion Study results suggest that obesity treatment programs should consider and attempt to address the burden of stress and anxiety stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic and potential negative effects they may have on weight management behaviors. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
The synthesis and characterization of a new diphosphine-protected gold hydride nanocluster

Gold is the most inert metal and does not form a bulk hydride. However, gold becomes chemically active in the nanometer scale and gold nanoparticles have been found to exhibit important catalytic properties. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of a highly stable ligand-protected gold hydride nanocluster, [Au22H3(dppee)7]3+ [dppee = bis(2-diphenylphosphino) ethyl ether]. A synthetic method is developed to obtain high purity samples of the gold trihydride nanocluster with good yields. The properties of the new hydride cluster are characterized with different experimental techniques, as well as theoretical calculations. Solid samples of [Au22H3(dppee)7]3+ are found to be stable under ambient conditions. Both experimental evidence and theoretical evidence suggest that the Au22H3 core of the [Au22H3(dppee)7]3+ hydride nanocluster consists of two Au11 units bonded via two triangular faces, creating six uncoordinated Au sites at the interface. The three H atoms bridge the six uncoordinated Au atoms at the interface. The Au11 unit behaves as an eight-electron trivalent superatom, forming a superatom triple bond (Au11 ≡ Au11) in the [Au22H3(dppee)7]3+ trihydride nanocluster assisted by the three bridging H atoms.
Consistent immersed volumetric Nitsche methods for composite analysis

Abstract Generating quality body-fitting meshes for complex composite microstructures is a non-trivial task. In particular, micro-CT images of composites can contain numerous irregularly-shaped inclusions. Among the methods available, immersed boundary methods that discretize bodies independently provide potential for tackling these types of problems since a matching discretization is not needed. However, these techniques still entail the explicit parameterization of the interfaces, which may be considerable in number. In this work, immersed volumetric Nitsche methods are developed in order to avoid the difficulty of generating body fitting meshes for composite materials with complicated microstructures, and overcome the issues in the surface-type methods. These approaches are developed using Nitsche’s techniques to enforce volumetric continuity between the inclusion and background domains. It is shown that the proposed weak forms are fully consistent with the strong form of the composite problem. The present approach permits C 0 approximations for the foreground discretization, and C 1 approximations for the background. The effectiveness of these methods is demonstrated by solving homogeneous and inhomogeneous composite benchmark problems, where it is shown that the non-symmetric version of Nitsche’s approach is the most robust in all settings.
Optimized Bacterial Expression of Myocilin Proteins and Functional Comparison of Bacterial and Eukaryotic Myocilins

PURPOSE To maximize the expression level of myocilin and its truncated proteins in Escherichia coli (E. coli) and to examine the biological effects of bacterially expressed myocilin as compared to eukaryotic myocilin on cultured human trabecular meshwork (TM) cells. METHODS Myocilin full length (1-504 amino acids) and two truncated proteins, myocilin 1-270 and 271-504, were expressed and purified from an E. coli strain, Rosetta2(DE3)pLysS. The eukaryotic myocilin was purified from cultured medium of a transformed TM cell line (TM5) transduced with feline immunodeficiency virus that contains an internal cassette expressing full length myocilin. The morphology and adhesion of human TM cells plated either on fibronectin alone or on fibronectin/purified myocilin mixtures were assessed by phase contrast microscopy. Actin cytoskeleton was examined using Oregon Green phalloidin. Immunofluorescence staining for paxillin was also performed. RESULTS The expression of full length and truncated myocilin proteins in Rosetta2(DE3)pLysS was markedly increased especially when the bacteria were grown in media supplemented with 1.0% glucose. Cell adhesion was impaired and microspikes were formed when TM cells were plated onto fibronectin/bacterial full length myocilin mixtures. Loss of actin stress fibers and focal adhesions was also observed. This myocilin phenotype was also seen with myocilin 1-270, but not with myocilin 271-504. The eukaryotic full length myocilin produced nearly identical de-adhesive effects as those of the bacterially expressed myocilin. CONCLUSIONS The condition for a high level expression of full length and truncated myocilins in E. coli was optimized. The bacterial and eukaryotic recombinant full length myocilin produced similar biological consequence on TM cells. The myocilin phenotype appears to be largely due to the NH(2)-terminal half of the protein.
India and the Multilateral Trading System after Seattle : Toward a Proactive Role

The authors argue that India should engage more actively in the multilateral trading system for four reasons: First, such engagement could facilitate domestic reform, and improve access to export markets. If the government could show that domestic reform would pay off with increased access to markets abroad, those who gain from such access - whether they export textiles, software, professional services, or other products - could represent a countervailing voice to reform's opponents. In turn, the need for this external payoff to secure domestic reform makes India a credible bargainer, which could induce trading partners, to open their markets to India. Second, external commitments can foster good domestic policies, by providing guarantees against the reversal of current policies, or lending credibility to promises of future reform. Such pre-commitments could help strike a balance between the reluctance to unleash competition immediately, and the desire not to be held perpetual hostage to vested interests, or weak domestic industries. Third, engagement can help enforce India's market access rights. If other countries do not eliminate quotas on textiles, and clothing as scheduled, India can credibly threaten to withdraw its obligations under the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs). Fourth, multilateral tariff reduction could reduce the disadvantage (to India) of not being part of regional agreements. The value of multilateral engagement might be limited, if the prospects for securing increased market access are dim, as the failed Seattle negotiations might appear to suggest. India must credibly test negotiating pessimism by showing its willingness to open its markets in return for improved access to foreign markets. Success is not certain, but India's chances are improved if aligns itself with countries pressing for sound policies of open trade.
A hole in goal trees: some guidance from resolution theory

The representation power of goal-subgoal trees and the adequacy of this form of problem reduction is considered. A number of inadequacies in the classical form are illustrated, and two versions of a syntactic procedure incorporating extensions are given. Although the form of the corrections are suggested from resolution theory results, and the value of this connection emphasized,-the paper discusses the goal tree format and its extensions on an informal level.
Hepatic Arterial Embolization and Chemoembolization for the Treatment of Patients with Metastatic Neuroendocrine Tumors Variables Affecting Response Rates and Survival

BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to determine the prognostic variables that influence response and survival in patients with metastatic neuroendocrine tumors who are treated with hepatic arterial embolization (HAE) or chemoembolization (HACE). METHODS Patients with metastatic neuroendocrine tumors who underwent HAE or HACE were included in this retrospective study. Follow-up imaging studies were compared with baseline imaging to determine the radiologic response. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess the prognostic variables that affected response and survival. RESULTS The study included 69 patients with carcinoid tumors and 54 patients with pancreatic islet cell carcinomas. Patients who had carcinoid tumors had a higher response rate (66.7% vs. 35.2%; P = 0.0001) and had longer PFS (22.7 mos vs. 16.1 mos; P = 0.046) and OS (33.8 mos vs. 23.2 mos; P = 0.012) compared with patients who had islet cell carcinomas. For patients with carcinoid tumors, multivariate analysis identified male gender as the only independent risk factor for poor survival (P = 0.05). Octreotide was predictive marginally for PFS (P = 0.06). Patients who were treated with HAE had a higher response rate than patients who were treated with HACE (P = 0.004). For patients with islet cell carcinoma, an intact primary tumor, ≥ 75% liver involvement, and extrahepatic metastases were associated with reduced OS in the univariate analysis; the presence of bone metastases was the only risk factor (P = 0.031) in the multivariate analysis. Patients who were treated with HACE had a prolonged OS (31.5 mos vs. 18.2 mos) and improved response (50% vs. 25%) compared with patients who were treated with HAE, although the differences did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS Patients with carcinoid tumors had better outcomes than patients with islet cell carcinomas. The addition of intraarterial chemotherapy to HAE did not improve the outcome of patients with carcinoid tumors, but it seemed to benefit patients with islet cell carcinomas. In patients who had carcinoid tumors, male gender predicted a poor outcome, and a trend toward prolonged PFS was observed in patients who received concomitant octreotide. An intact primary tumor, extensive liver disease, and bone metastases were associated with reduced survival in patients with islet cell carcinomas. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Linkage analysis in familial Angelman syndrome.

Familial Angelman syndrome (AS) can result from mutations in chromosome 15q11q13 that, when transmitted from father to child, result in no phenotypic abnormality but, when transmitted from mother to child, cause AS. These mutations therefore behave neither as dominant nor as recessive mutations but, rather, show an imprinted mode of inheritance. We have analyzed two sibling pairs with AS and a larger family with four AS offspring of three sisters with several recently described microsatellite polymorphisms in the AS region. AS siblings inherited the same maternal alleles at the GABRB3 and GABRA5 loci, and the unaffected siblings of AS individuals inherited the other maternal alleles at these loci. In one of the AS sibling pairs, analysis of a recombination event indicates that the mutation responsible for AS is distal to locus D15S63. This result is consistent with a previously described imprinted submicroscopic deletion causing AS, a deletion that includes loci D15S10, D15S113, and GABRB3, all distal to D15S63. The analysis of the larger AS family provides the first clear demonstration of a new mutation in nondeletion AS. Analysis of linkage of AS to GABRB3 in these three families, on the assumption of imprinted inheritance (i.e., penetrance of an AS mutation is 1 if transmitted maternally and is 0 if transmitted paternally), indicates a maximum lod score of 3.52 at theta = 0.
Activity of cyanobacterial and algal odor compounds found in lake waters on green alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa growth

Volatile organic compounds produced by cyanobacteria and algae in freshwater lakes and contributing to the odour of lakes were tested for their ability to inhibit the growth of the green alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa by the paper disk-agar plate method. Geosmin, β-cyclocitral, α- and β-ionones, and geranylacetone exhibited inhibitory activity by diffusion in the 2-5 mg ml−1 range. α- and β-Ionones and geranylacetone showed inhibition through the vapor phase at 10 mg ml−1. Dimethyl disulfide showed no inhibition at 10 mg ml−1. The norcarotenoids, which are prominent contributors to the odour of lake waters, were not significantly active in inhibiting the growth of Chlorella, with activity in the same range as monoterpene alcohols in general.
Use of 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance To Assess Fossil Fuel Biodegradation: Fate of [1-13C]Acenaphthene in Creosote Polycyclic Aromatic Compound Mixtures Degraded by Bacteria

[1-13C]acenaphthene, a tracer compound with a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-active nucleus at the C-1 position, has been employed in conjunction with a standard broad-band-decoupled 13C-NMR spectroscopy technique to study the biodegradation of acenaphthene by various bacterial cultures degrading aromatic hydrocarbons of creosote. Site-specific labeling at the benzylic position of acenaphthene allows 13C-NMR detection of chemical changes due to initial oxidations catalyzed by bacterial enzymes of aromatic hydrocarbon catabolism. Biodegradation of [1-13C]acenaphthene in the presence of naphthalene or creosote polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) was examined with an undefined mixed bacterial culture (established by enrichment on creosote PACs) and with isolates of individual naphthalene- and phenanthrene-degrading strains from this culture. From 13C-NMR spectra of extractable materials obtained in time course biodegradation experiments under optimized conditions, a number of signals were assigned to accumulated products such as 1-acenaphthenol, 1-acenaphthenone, acenaphthene-1,2-diol and naphthalene 1,8-dicarboxylic acid, formed by benzylic oxidation of acenaphthene and subsequent reactions. Limited degradation of acenaphthene could be attributed to its oxidation by naphthalene 1,2-dioxygenase or related dioxygenases, indicative of certain limitations of the undefined mixed culture with respect to acenaphthene catabolism. Coinoculation of the mixed culture with cells of acenaphthene-grown strain Pseudomonas sp. strain A2279 mitigated the accumulation of partial transformation products and resulted in more complete degradation of acenaphthene. This study demonstrates the value of the stable isotope labeling approach and its ability to reveal incomplete mineralization even when as little as 2 to 3% of the substrate is incompletely oxidized, yielding products of partial transformation. The approach outlined may prove useful in assessing bioremediation performance.
Achieving Synergy from Synergogy

In face of growing public disaffection with American business and American business schools, business faculty need techniques to improve student learning and performance. Unfortunately, most of the new teaching techniques designed to improve student learning are detrimental to student-teacher relationships. This study applied two Synergogy teaching methodologies to an International Business course, and the results were improved student performance as well as improved student evaluations of teacher performance.
Sociological orbit aware location approximation and routing in MANET

In this paper, we introduce a novel concept of integrating ''macro-mobility" information obtained from the sociological movement pattern of mobile MANET users into routing. The extraction of this mobility information is based on our observation that the movement of a mobile user exhibits a partially repetitive "orbital" pattern involving a set of "hubs" in practice. This partially deterministic movement pattern is both practical and useful in locating nodes and routing packets to them without the need for constant tracking or flooding. Leveraging on this hub-based orbital pattern, we propose a sociological orbit aware location approximation and routing (SOLAR) protocol. Through extensive performance analysis we show that SOLAR significantly outperforms conventional routing protocols like dynamic source routing (DSR) and location aided routing (LAR) in terms of higher data throughput, lower control overhead, and lower end-to-end delay.
Agency in the alternatives: common-law perspectives on binding the firm

This chapter in a forthcoming book examines the external aspects of agency law in the context of unincorporated firms, that is, the capacity of actors associated a firm to bind it to the legal consequences of interactions with third parties. The chapter focuses in particular on the impact of acts done by a representative for which the representative lacked actual authority. The chapter differentiates the terminology and concepts associated with partnership law from the common law of agency, in particular, a partner's capacity to bind the firm albeit the partner lacks actual authority, which the chapter terms the partner's "positional power." Turning to LLCs, the chapter argues that basic agency issues are muddled, due in part to a historically explicable overhang of partnership concepts and terminology --- since obviated by changes in tax law --- and that the muddle most significantly (and surprisingly) affects LLCs organized under the Delaware LLC statute. The chapter demonstrates that such confusion is not inevitably and that, short of formal changes in statutory text, judicial decisions and an arguable consensus among expert lawyers may mitigate the confusion.
Individual Differences and Intra-Individual Variability in Motor Performance under Continuous-Practice Conditions

The effect of practice on individual differences, intra-individual variability, and remoteness was studied in performance during eight minutes of continuous practice on a large muscle motor task. Individual differences (true score variance) revealed a slight increase during the practice session, while the intra-individual variability remained relatively unaffected by massed practice. When the improvement in performance was removed by examining the relative variability, both sources of variance increased. The effects of an increasing number of interpolated trials on the inter-trial correlations revealed that with increasing amounts of remoteness, the inter-trial correlations decreased.
1 : 2-adducts from silylenes and 1,3-butadiene

Abstract Photochemical generation of dimethylsilylene, methyl(phenyl)silylene and diphenylsilylene in the presence of high concentrations of 1,3-butadiene leads to the formation of 1-sila-3,4-divinylcyclopentanes as major products in addition to the anticipated 1-silacyclopent-3-enes. Also obtained are the ene-reaction products from the silenes, formed by formal 1,3-silyl shifts in the bis(trimethylsilyl)arylsilanes that are employed as the photochemical precursors of MePhSi: and Ph 2 Si:. Evidence is presented that both the divinylsilacyclopentanes and the silacyclopent-3-enes arise from vinylsilirane intermediates that can be trapped by acetone, yielding stable 3,3-dimethyl-4-vinyl-1-sila-2-oxolanes.
Methodologies and application of machine learning algorithms to classify the performance of high performance cluster components

High Performance Computing Clusters are designed to host highly parallelized applications, often in excess of thousands of nodes allocated to a job. These jobs, especially those that require a high level of synchronous communication, can be greatly affected by a single poor, or even sub-standard performing component. These components, often referred to as a node, are typically comprised of CPUs, accelerator processors, memory, a communication bus, and so on. Consequently it is important to identify and eliminate these sub-standard performing nodes before a job is scheduled onto them. In this paper we will describe the process used to measure and the methodology used to quantify poor performing nodes or classify suspect performing nodes into groups, or clusters, that can be later used to identify future performance issues. This process is more involved than simply running a scientific calculation across all the nodes, finding one that was “slow”, and labeling it as a bad node. At Los Alamos, this methodology has been used successfully to find problem nodes and has helped characterize the components of other clusters to aid in the proactive elimination of potential problems.
Using regressions to explore deviations between corpus data and a standard/target: two suggestions

The main goal of this study is to develop more appropriate ways to study variation between corpus data that instantiate a linguistic standard or target on the one hand, and corpus data that are compared to that standard, or that represent speakers that may aspire to approximate the target (such as second- or foreign-language learners). Using the example of SLA/FLA research, we first, briefly, discuss a highly influential model, Granger's (1996) Contrastive Interlanguage Analysis (CIA), and the extent to which much current research fails to exploit this model to its full potential. Then, we outline a few methodological suggestions that, if followed, can elevate corpus-based analysis in SLA/FLA to a new level of precision and predictive accuracy. Specifically, we propose that, and exemplify how, the inclusion of statistical interactions in regressions on corpus data can highlight important differences between native speakers (NS) and learners/non-native speakers (NNS) with different native linguistic (L1) b...
PLACES OF WORSHIP AND NEIGHBORHOOD STABILITY

ABSTRACT: Despite ongoing interest in religious group involvement in community development, only limited research has considered whether the mere existence of a place of worship can be linked to neighborhood well-being. This exploratory study uses a cross-sectional design to examine the relationships between the presence of churches in high-poverty neighborhoods and specific measures of neighborhood stability. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and geographic information system (GIS) software were employed to compare measures of structural permanence, residential tenure, and property valuation from a sample of two types of church (freestanding and storefront) and non-church areas or “clusters.” The findings provide limited support for the conclusion that storefront churches, while modest and often regarded as less architecturally significant, may be overlooked contributors to the sort of stable urban space where residential population is preserved and investment maintained.
Impedance characterization of a piezoelectric immunosensor part II: Salmonella typhimurium detection using magnetic enhancement.

This study investigated the usefulness and characteristics of a 5-MHz quartz crystal resonator as a sensor of biological pathogens such as Salmonella typhimurium. An impedance analyzer measured the impedance behavior of the oscillating quartz crystal exposed to various concentrations of Salmonella (102–108 cells per ml). The Salmonella cells were captured by antibody-coated paramagnetic microspheres, and then these complexes were moved magnetically to the sensing quartz and were captured by antibodies immobilized on the crystal surface. The response of the crystal was expressed in terms of equivalent circuit parameters. The motional inductance and the motional resistance increased as a function of the concentration of Salmonella. The viscous damping was the main contributor to the resistance and the inductance in a liquid environment. The load resistance was the most effective and sensitive circuit parameter. A magnetic force was a useful method to collect the complexes of Salmonella-microspheres on the crystal surface and enhance the response of the sensor. In this system, the detection limit, based on resistance monitoring, was about 103 cells per ml.
Proline mutations induce negative‐dosage effects on uptake velocity of the dopamine transporter

Ala and Gly substitutions for Pro 101 (P101) located in transmembrane domain 2 of the dopamine transporter (DAT) abolished transport activity but did not disrupt plasma membrane expression. Due to the high conservation of P101 in all neurotransmitter transporters and the capability of Pro to add flexibility to helices, we hypothesized that P101 contributes to the dynamic feature of substrate translocation. To test this hypothesis, here we analysed transport activity for DAT mutants where this Pro was mutated into different amino acids, including Ser, Val, Leu and Phe. The transmembrane domain 2 helix of P101F, unlike the other mutants, was computationally predicted to have a Van der Waals energy threefold higher than the wild-type helix. P101F mutant expression was consistently disrupted in COS cells. Among all the other mutants that express normally, P101V, with a side-chain size close to that of Pro, restores the transport activity of P101A by sevenfold. Most importantly, P101V, P101L and P101S display negative-dosage effects on dopamine (DA) transport, i.e. the velocity-concentration curve for DA uptake does not show a plateau with increasing [DA] but rather peaks and then goes down. These data support the view that P101 of DAT plays an essential role in DA translocation.
Role of a solvent-exposed tryptophan in the recognition and binding of antibiotic substrates for a metallo-β-lactamase

Numerous X-ray crystal structures of the metallo-β-lactamase from Bacteroides fragilis and related organisms show a β-hairpin loop immediately adjacent to the active-site zinc atom(s). Both crystallographic and NMR information show that the end of this β-hairpin loop, which contains a solvent exposed tryptophan residue, Trp49, is highly flexible in the absence of substrates or other ligands, giving rise in some of the X-ray structures to a lack of observable electron density in this region. We report an investigation of the role of this mobile, solvent-exposed tryptophan using site-directed mutagenesis, steady state kinetics measurements and characterization by NMR. Trp49 appears to have a role both in substrate binding and in promotion of catalysis. Substitution of this residue with a number of different side chains indicates that the binding interaction depends on the bulky hydrophobic and aromatic nature of the indole ring, which can provide relatively non-specific interactions with a variety of antibiotic substrates. In this way, the tryptophan at this position provides a large degree of the breadth of substrate specificity for the metallo-β-lactamase. Previous studies established that the antibiotic binding site was sufficiently plastic that the derivatization of existing antibiotics is unlikely to result in the successful treatment of bacterial infections incorporating this resistance element. Rather, a more productive approach may be to design therapeutics directed towards this solvent-exposed tryptophan residue.
Perfluoroisobutylene and Hexafluoropropene Determination in Air

Abstract Both perfluoroisobutylene (PFIB) and hexafluoropropene (HFP) react in methanol with a mixture of pyridine and piperidine to produce a stable yellow color at 25° to 40°C which is measured spectrophotometrically at 412 mμ or visually compared with permanent secondary standards. In the presence of acetic acid only HFP undergoes the color-forming reaction with piperidine. The PFIB concentration can be determined by difference. The effect of various halogenated compounds with and without the R-C = CF2 (R = -F, -CF3) function is presented. With a 0.1-cubic-foot sample at 25°C, the method will detect 0.1 ppm of PFIB or 0.02 ppm of HFP. A lightweight easily portable field kit with a “Uni-Jet” aspirator has been developed for field surveys.
Flexible sheets falling in an inviscid fluid

We use inviscid simulations to study falling flexible sheets in the two-parameter space of sheet density and bending rigidity. The basic behavior is a repeated series of accelerations to a critical speed at which the sheet flexes and rapidly decelerates, shedding large vortices. The maximum and average speeds of the sheet are closely related to the critical flutter speed. The sheet trajectories also show persistent circling, quasiperiodic flapping, and more complex repeated patterns. For small bending rigidity, the motion becomes less regular. At intermediate bending rigidity, trajectories show a well-defined falling angle relative to the vertical. For larger sheet density and bending rigidity, the overall motion is more horizontal.
Three-dimensional geometry-based stochastic modeling and performance of 4×4 space-polarization mobile-to-mobile wideband MIMO channels

In this paper, we propose extending conventional co-polarized (CP) MIMO architectures for mobile-to-mobile communications to 4×4 space-polarized (SP) MIMO architectures. SP-MIMO systems employ spatially-separated dual-polarized antennas (where each dual-polarized antennas has two co-located orthogonally-polarized elements) in place of spatially separated CP antennas, effectively doubling the number of antenna ports without dramatically increasing the antenna system form factor. To analyze the potential gains that can be achieved with a SP-MIMO architecture, a mobile-to-mobile (M2M) wideband channel model is developed using a three-dimensional (3D) geometry-based stochastic channel model (GSCM). GSCM channel realizations are characterized by several parameters including the angular distributions of the scatterers, angles of arrival (AoA), angles of departure (AoD), antenna gain patterns, the Rician K-factor, the maximum Doppler frequency, the cross-polar discrimination (XPD), and the co-polar ratio (CPR). Using the SP-MIMO channel model, we study and quantify performance shifts that are possible when the CP antennas in a CP-MIMO systems are each replaced with a dual-polarized antenna, leading to a SP-MIMO system. Using simulation, we compare the performance of the resulting 4×4 SP-MIMO system relative to the conventional 2×2 CP-MIMO system in terms of capacity and diversity measures. Results show that, in the case of identical total transmit powers, 4×4 SP-MIMO systems dramatically outperform 2×2 CP counterparts in a variety of non-isotropic scattering and multipath fading propagation environments.
Cyclic aromatic oligoamides as highly selective receptors for the guanidinium ion

A class of six-residue, shape-persistent aromatic oligoamide macrocycles bind the guanidinium ion with very high selectivity.
Cationic Dednrimers as a New Group of Channel-Blocking Antitoxins

Binary pore-forming bacterial protein toxins, including anthrax, are among Nature's most potent biological weapons. Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, secretes three polypeptides: protective antigen (PA), lethal factor (LF), and edema factor (EF), which interact at the surface of mammalian cells to form toxic complexes. LF and EF are enzymes that target substrates within the cytosol; PA provides a heptameric pore to facilitate LF and EF transport into the cytosol. In the present study, we evaluate a series of positively charged poly(amido amine) (PAMAM) dendrimers with the goal of identifying potent inhibitors of anthrax toxin. We show that all tested cationic dendrimers block PA63 channels. However, size of the dendrimers increases with the generation number, which limits ability of the large multi-charged dendrimer to enter the channels. We identify optimal size and charge characteristics of the blockers testing the G0 - G8 generations of PAMAM dendrimers against the single PA63 using the high-resolution single-channel measurements in planar bilayer membranes. Besides, we investigate the kinetics of the PAMAM dendrimers - pore binding/dissociation reactions at different voltages and salt concentrations.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
Net costs from three perspectives of using low versus high osmolality contrast medium in diagnostic angiocardiography

Abstract Objectives . We conducted an economic analysis to assess the extent to which a reduction in adverse drug reactions induced by low osmolality compared with high osmolality contrast media during diagnostic angiocardiography would result in savings to hospitals, society and third-party payers that would offset the substantially higher price of low osmolality contrast medium. Background . Substitution of low osmolality for high osmolality contrast media in the approximately 1 million diagnostic angiocardiographic procedures performed each year in the United States could substantially increase health care costs. Costeffectiveness estimates should include savings that might occur through reduced costs of managing adverse drug reactions. Methods . In a randomized clinical trial of 505 persons undergoing diagnostic angiography with either high osmolality or low osmolality contrast medium, we measured and compared 1) material costs of contrast media, and 2) costs from three perspectives of incremental resources used to manage contrast-related adverse drug reactions. We also performed sensitivity analyses to examine the effect of different assumptions with regard to relative risk, absolute risk and costs of adverse drug reactions on estimates of net cost of use of high osmolality and low osmolality contrast media. Results . One-hundred thirty-seven (54.2%) of 253 patients receiving high osmolality contrast medium and 44 (17.5%) of 252 patients receiving low osmolality contrast medium experienced adverse drug reactions. The average cost (from society's perspective) of resources used to manage adverse drug reactions per patient undergoing angiography was significantly (p = 0.0001) greater for high osmolality (mean $249) verus low osmolality (mean $92) contrast medium. Differential costs (from the hospital's perspective) were $67 greater for high osmolality contrast medium. Charges and professional fees (from the payer's perspective) were $182 greater for high osmolality (mean $312) than for low osmolality (mean $130) contrast medium (p = 0.42, NS). The higher differential and average costs of managing adverse drug reactions with high osmolality contrast medium offset 33% and 75%, respectively, of the $207 difference in mean material costs, but these estimates are sensitive to infrequent high cost cases. Conclusions . Although low osmolality contrast medium is not cost-saving in diagnostic angiocardiography, its higher price is partially offset by lower management costs of adverse drug reactions. The cost offset for the hospital is lower than that for society and may not be realized by third-party payers. These methods and results may be useful in establishing clinical and payment guidelines for use of alternative contrast media in diagnostic angiocardiography.
Determination of urinary 2-ethoxyacetic acid as an indicator of occupational exposure to 2-ethoxyethanol

Abstract A biological monitoring method which can detect human exposure to glycol ethers is described. A procedure for measurement of 2-ethoxyacetic acid (EAA), a urinary metabolite of 2-ethoxyethanol (EE), has been validated. EAA is removed from the urine specimen by a methylene chloride extraction of an EAA-tetrabutyl ammonium hydrogen sulfate ion pair. The ion pair subsequently reacts with pentafluorobenzyl bromide to produce the pentafluorobenzyl derivative of EAA. The EAA derivative is separated from other co-extracted urinary constituents by packed column gas chromatography and quantitated with flame ionization detection. 2-Butoxyacetic acid and 2-methoxyacetic acid can also be separated by this procedure. The analytical range for EAA is 5 to 100 μg/ml of urine; the limit of detection is 4 μg/ml, while the limit of quantitation is 7 μg/ml. The day-to-day relative standard deviation (Sr) was better than 4.7 percent; the corresponding within-day Sr was less than 2.0 percent. The procedure has been app...