cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Geochemical diversity of the large lava field on the flank of the East Pacific Rise at 8°17′S

Abstract We recovered samples by dredge and glass corer from ten sites on the large lava flow field near 8°17′S on the East Pacific Rise and the nearby ridge crest. The lava field comprises at least four distinct normal MORB compositions, different from the lavas collected from the ridge axis. All of the samples appear relatively young, and are indistinguishable in apparent age from the axis samples. Incompatible element variations suggest that the flow field had at least two distinct parental magmas, one of which had greater and one smaller trace element concentrations at the same MgO than the parent of the axis samples. The three parental magmas can be related by a magma mixing model. Major and trace element modeling shows that the three parental magmas could not have been produced by different degrees of melting of a homogeneous mantle source, but that they are consistent with melting of a generally depleted mantle containing variable volumes of embedded enriched heterogeneities. The presence of seamounts on the flanks of the axis in this area and the fact that the samples from one dredge appear to have come from an off-axis vent, along with the compositional bracketing of the axis parental magma by the lava field parents, suggests that this lava field may be an off-axis flow field similar to seamount fields and other smaller lava fields common along the East Pacific Rise.
Combinatorial Green's function of a graph and applications to networks

Given a finite weighted graph G and its Laplacian matrix L, the combinatorial Green?s function G of G is defined to be the inverse of L+J, where J is the matrix each of whose entries is 1. We prove the following intriguing identities involving the entries in G=(gij) whose rows and columns are indexed by the vertices of G: gaa+gbb-gab-gba=?(Ga*b)/?(G), where ?(G) is the complexity or tree-number of G, and Ga*b is obtained from G by identifying two vertices a and b. As an application, we derive a simple combinatorial formula for the resistance between two arbitrary nodes in a finite resistor network. Applications to other similar networks are also discussed.
Folate deficiency and acute ethanol treatment on pregnancy outcome in the rat

Abstract The interaction of folate deficiency and acute ethanol (EtOH) treatment on tissue folate level and fetal outcome was investigated. Sprague-Dawley rats (50-d-old) were fed folate deficient (no folic acid added) or folate sufficient (2 mg folic acid/kg) diet containing 1% succinylsulfathiazole for 7 weeks prior to and during gestation. On day 11 EtOH was administered intragastrically to half of the deficient and sufficient rats (5g/kg in 2 divided doses 4 hrs apart). Other halves served as controls were given isocaloric sucrose in the same manner. Rats were killed on day 21; pregnancy outcome and tissue folate levels were examined. Total folate values in maternal plasma and liver and placenta as well as in fetal liver and brain were all reduced in deficient groups. EtOH treatment had no effect on tissue folate level. Although food intakes were not different among groups throughout the experiment, maternal weight gains during gestation differed. Deficient groups gained much less, had more dead and resorbed fetuses and smaller live fetuses. Between the two deficient groups, EtOH treated rats produced three times more dead and resorbed fetuses than folate deficient alone. On the contrary, in folate sufficient groups EtOH had no effect on pregnancy outcome. It is concluded that under poor folate nutrition even a moderate EtOH given at a critical period of fetal development can severely impair fetal development.
G-Dimension, Complete Intersection Dimension, Complexity, and Relative Homological Algebra

Abstract It is shown that the G-dimension and the complete intersection dimension are relative projective dimensions. Relative Auslander–Buchsbaum formulas are discussed. New cohomology theories, called complexity cohomology, are constructed. The new theories play the same role in identifying rings (and modules) with prescribed complexity as Tate–Vogel cohomology does in identifying modules of finite projective dimension.
A cartilage growth mixture model for infinitesimal strains: solutions of boundary-value problems related to in vitro growth experiments

A cartilage growth mixture (CGM) model is linearized for infinitesimal elastic and growth strains. Parametric studies for equilibrium and nonequilibrium boundary-value problems representing the in vitro growth of cylindrical cartilage constructs are solved. The results show that the CGM model is capable of describing the main biomechanical features of cartilage growth. The solutions to the equilibrium problems reveal that tissue composition, constituent pre-stresses, and geometry depend on collagen remodeling activity, growth symmetry, and differential growth. Also, nonhomogeneous growth leads to nonhomogeneous tissue composition and constituent pre-stresses. The solution to the nonequilibrium problem reveals that the tissue is nearly in equilibrium at all time points. The results suggest that the CGM model may be used in the design of tissue engineered cartilage constructs for the repair of cartilage defects; for example, to predict how dynamic mechanical loading affects the development of nonuniform properties during in vitro growth. Furthermore, the results lay the foundation for future analyses with nonlinear models that are needed to develop realistic models of cartilage growth.
Capillary electrophoresis of DNA fragments in entangled polymer solutions: A study of separation variables

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) in entangled polymer solutions was studied using pBR322 DNA Hae III digest as a model sample. The influences of polymer nature, monomer chain length, and polymer concentration were investigated. The use of a novel polymer, galactomannan, as the entangled matrix for the separation of DNA fragments has been demonstrated.
Semiclassical-Coulomb-approximation calculation of multiple-ionization cross sections in closed form at low energies

Closed-form expressions for multiple-ionization cross sections are developed in the semiclassical Coulomb approximation at low velocities. The approximate expression for the Coulomb ionization probability, given by Brandt, Jones, and Kraner, is used to compute multiple-ionization cross sections. These approximate cross sections are evaluated in closed form. Results for multiple-$K$-, multiple-$L$ -shell-ionization cross sections are given explicitly and compared to the full semiclassical-approximation theory and to experiment.
Hypothermic Response following Administration of 2-Amino-4-pentenoic Acid (Allylglycine)

Abstract Intraperitoneal administration of allylglycine resulted in a hypothermic response in rats. At a dosage of 90 mg/kg, a significant decrease in temperature was noted at 4 and 8 hr after administration, but no significant difference was noted at 12 hr. The same dose administered intraperitoneally to decapitated rats did not result in a hypothermic response, and intraventricular administration resulted in a rapid onset of hypothermia after 1 hr. These findings are indicative of a central site of action for the allylgly‐cine‐induced hypothermia. Quantitative assay of hypothalamic monoamines (norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine) did not show any significant changes at 4, 8, and 12 hr postadministration when compared to controls. A significant decrease in hypothalamic γ‐aminobutyric acid was noted at each of these time points when compared to controls. These data suggest an important role for γ‐aminobutyric acid in mammalian thermoregulatory control.
RELATIONSHIP OF SERUM INHIBIN LEVELS TO SERUM FSH, LH AND TESTOSTERONE LEVELS IN ADOLESCENTS WITH VARICOCELE. 378

Varicocele is considered the most identifiable cause of infertility in men and may be present in 15% of boys by the age of 15. An exaggerated response to gonadotropin to GnRH stimulation may be an early indicator of gonadal damage. In addition, studies have identified serum inhibin B as a physiological marker of testicular function in adult men and as a suppressant of FSH production. However, the role of inhibin B as regulator of FSH as well as a marker of early testicular damage has not been elucidated in adolescents with varicocele.
Morphology and ultrastructure of the venom glands of the northern pacific rattlesnake Crotalus viridis oreganus.

The venom gland of Crotalus viridis oreganus is composed of two discrete secretory regions: a small anterior portion, the accessory gland, and a much larger main gland. These two glands are joined by a short primary duct consisting of simple columnar secretory cells and basal horizontal cells. The main gland has at least four morphologically distinct cell types: secretory cells, the dominant cell of the gland, mitochondria-rich cells, horizontal cells, and "dark" cells. Scanning electron microscopy shows that the mitochondria-rich cells are recessed into pits of varying depth; these cells do not secrete. Horizontal cells may serve as secretory stem cells, and "dark" cells may be myoepithelial cells. The accessory gland contains at least six distinct cell types: mucosecretory cells with large mucous granules, mitochondria-rich cells with apical vesicles, mitochondria-rich cells with electron-dense secretory granules, mitochondria-rich cells with numerous cilia, horizontal cells, and "dark" cells. Mitochondria-rich cells with apical vesicles or cilia cover much of the apical surface of mucosecretory cells and these three cell types are found in the anterior distal tubules of the accessory gland. The posterior regions of the accessory gland lack mucosecretory cells and do not appear to secrete. Ciliated cells have not been noted previously in snake venom glands. Release of secretory products (venom) into the lumen of the main gland is by exocytosis of granules and by release of intact membrane-bound vesicles. Following venom extraction, main gland secretory and mitochondria-rich cells increase in height, and protein synthesis (as suggested by rough endoplasmic reticulum proliferation) increases dramatically. No new cell types or alterations in morphology were noted among glands taken from either adult or juvenile snakes, even though the venom of each is quite distinct. In general, the glands of C. v. oreganus share structural similarities with those of crotalids and viperids previously described.
An equilibrium theory for multiperson decision making with multiple probabilistic models

This paper develops an equilibrium theory for two-person two-criteria stochastic decision problems with static information patterns, wherein the decision makers (DM's) have different probabilistic models of the underlying process, the objective functionals are quadratic, and the decision spaces are general inner-product spaces. Under two different modes of decision making (viz. symmetric and asymmetric), sufficient conditions are obtained for the existence and uniqueness of equilibrium solutions (stable in the former case), and in each case a uniformly convergent iterative scheme is developed whereby the equilibrium policies of the DM's can be obtained by evaluating a number of conditional expectations. When the probability measures are Gaussian, the equilibrium solution is linear under the symmetric mode of decision making, whereas it is generically nonlinear in the asymmetric case, with the linear structure prevailing only in some special cases which are delineated in the paper.
On the transient solutions of three acoustic wave equations: van Wijngaarden’s equation, Stokes’ equation and the time-dependent diffusion equation

Acoustic wave propagation in a dispersive medium may be described by a wave equation containing one or more dissipation terms. Three such equations are examined in this article: van Wijngaarden’s equation (VWE) for sound propagating through a bubbly liquid; Stokes’ equation for acoustic waves in a viscous fluid; and the time-dependent diffusion equation (TDDE) for waves in the interstitial gas in a porous solid. The impulse-response solution for each of the three equations is developed and all are shown to be strictly causal, with no arrivals prior to the activation of the source. However, the VWE is nonphysical in that it predicts instantaneous arrivals, which are associated with infinitely fast, propagating Fourier components in the Green’s function. Stokes’ equation and the TDDE are well behaved in that they do not predict instantaneous arrivals. Two of the equations, the VWE and Stokes’ equation, satisfy the Kramers-Kronig dispersion relations, while the third, the TDDE, does not satisfy Kramers-Kronig, even though its impulse-response solution is causal and physically realizable. The Kramers-Kronig relations are predicated upon the (mathematical) existence of the complex compressibility, a condition which is not satisfied by the TDDE because the Fourier transform of the complex compressibility is not square-integrable.
Interaction between parallel polymer fibers insonificated by ultrasound of low/mild intensity: An analytical theory and experiments

The purpose of this article is to develop a simple mathematical model to address some bioeffects which may be caused by a static attractive force between two long neighboring parallel thin fibers (for example, a pair of collagen bundles of connective tissue) when they are insonificated by a continuous (CW) traveling plane ultrasound (US) under the condition that the fiber length (L) ≫ the distance between them (h) and h ≪ the wavelength of US (λ). The theory predicts that there is an attractive force between these fibers when they are exposed to the CW US with an intensity of a magnitude of 100 mW/cm2. The relationship between the relative approaching velocity of the fibers and the acoustic pressure amplitude can be calculated using the theory. An experiment was performed to verify the theoretical predictions. A plastic test chamber (diameter × height = 6 mm × 3.5 mm) with a cap made of a sound-absorbing material and filled full with distilled water was placed on a microscope stage. A polymer fiber pair of 100 μm diameter (d) and 4 mm length (L) were immersed in water and aligned parallel in a plane which is normal to the US propagation direction. They floated at the central area of the chamber and h ⩽ 10d. A 25 mm diameter, 1 MHz quartz crystal was used as an ultrasound source as well as the bottom of the test chamber. The quartz crystal was gold-coated on both sides, but a 5 mm diameter center was left transparent (electrode free) to enable optical observation via a microscope. The maximum acoustic intensity, Imax, of the CW wave generated by the source was set at 300 mW/cm2; the corresponding acoustic pressure amplitude was 100 kPa. The magnitude of the average approaching velocity of the fiber pair due to the attractive force was found in agreement with that predicted by the theory.
Structure and Energetics of Vinoxide and the X(2A‘ ‘) and A(2A‘) Vinoxy Radicals

Enolate anions are intermediates in many organic reactions that involve carbon-carbon or carbon-oxygen food formation. They also play a key role in the development of stereoselective and stereocontrolled syntheses of complex compounds. Enolate radicals are important intermediates in combustion and photochemical smog cycles. In particular, the vinoxy radical, C{sub 2}H{sub 3}O{sup {sm{underscore}bullet}} is a major product of the reaction of odd oxygen and ethylene. The photoelectron spectrum of binoxide, C{sub 2}H{sub 3}O{sup {minus}}, at 355 nm is reported, showing photodetachment to both the X({sup 2}A{double{underscore}prime}) ground and first excited A({sup 2}A{prime}) states of the vinoxy radical. Both direct interpretations and Franck-Condon simulations of the photoelectron spectrum of this simple enolate anion have been used to obtain insights into the energetics and structures of the anion and the ground and first excited state of the neutral radical. Franck-Condon simulations were generated from ab initio geometry and frequency calculations using the CASSCF method and showed good agreement with the vibrational structure visible in the experimental spectrum. The electron affinity (E.A.{sub exp} = 1.795 {+-} 0.015 eV; E.A.{sub calc} = 1.82 eV) and separation energy of the ground and first excited states (T{sub 0,exp} = 1.015 {+-} 0.015 eV; T{sub 0,calc} = 0.92more » eV) obtained from the ab initio calculations are in good accord with the experimental values.« less
Gastric Emptying of Solids and Liquids for Evaluation for Gastroparesis

Background Gastric emptying scintigraphy (GES) of solids is typically used to evaluate for gastroparesis.
Oligonucleotides as Probes for Studying Polymerization Reactions in Dilute Aqueous Solution: II. Polycondensations

We have prepared a [32P]-labeled oligonucleotide probe carrying a ureido (-NH-CO-NH2) function at its 3'-terminus. This labeled oligomer was used to study polycondensations of urea and formaldehyde and of various phenols and formaldehyde in aqueous solution. The formation of formaldehyde copolymers attached to the amido-function of the probe was monitored by gel electrophoresis. Our results are generally in agreement with those obtained using conventional techniques. Our method is suitable for monitoring potentially prebiotic polycondensation reactions involving formaldehyde.
Spatial multibody modeling and vehicle dynamics analysis of advanced vehicle technologies

The US Army vision, announced in October of 1999, encompasses people, readiness, and transformation. The goal of the Army vision is to transition the entire Army into a force that is strategically responsive and dominant at every point of the spectrum of operations. The transformation component will be accomplished in three ways: the Objective Force, the Legacy (current) Force, and the Interim Force. The objective force is not platform driven, but rather the focus is on achieving capabilities that will operate as a “system of systems.” As part of the Objective Force, the US Army plans to begin production of the Future Combat System (FCS) in FY08 and field the first unit by FY10 as currently defined in the FCS solicitation(1). As part of the FCS program, the Future Tactical Truck System (FTTS) encompasses all US Army tactical wheeled vehicles and its initial efforts will focus only on the heavy class. The National Automotive Center (NAC) is using modeling and simulation to demonstrate the feasibility and operational potential of advanced commercial and military technologies with application to new and existing tactical vehicles and to describe potential future vehicle capabilities. This document will present the results of computer-based, vehicle dynamics performance assessments of FTTS concepts with such features as hybrid power sources, active suspensions, skid steering, and in-hub electric drive motors. Fully three-dimensional FTTS models are being created using commercially available modeling and simulation methodologies such as ADAMS and DADS and limited vehicle dynamics validation studies are will be performed.
Differential fractionation of oxygen isotopes by cyanide-resistant and cyanide-sensitive respiration in plants.

Stable-isotope discrimination factors (D) for the uptake of oxygen during respiration by a variety of plant materials were determined by measuring 18O enrichment in a closed system. Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae Meyer) and mitochondrial preparations from baker's yeast and from castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) endosperm, all of which are fully sensitive to cyanide, discriminated againt 18O by about 16–18‰. Whole Medicago sativa L. seedlings, isolated intact Asparagus sprengeri Regel mesophyll cells, and spadix mitochondria of Eastern skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus L.) had higher Ds of about 20–22‰. These materials all had some capacity for the cyanide-resistant alternative respiration pathway and in the presence of cyanide discriminated by about 24–26‰. When treated with salicylhydroxamic acid or tetraethylthiuram disulfide, which inhibit the alternative pathway, discrimination was about 17–19‰. Where respiration was limited by oxygen diffusion (slices of thermogenic tissues from S. foetidus and Sauromatum gutfatum Schott), fractionation was much reduced and the difference between the two respiratory pathways was masked. Isotope discrimination by soybean lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.12) supplied with linoleic acid was much lower than by respiration. Where diffusion is not a problem, the D value obtained in the absence of inhibitor can be used to estimate the partitioning of electron transport between the two pathways at steady-state by linear interpolation between the Ds characteristic of cyanide-resistant and cyanide-sensitive respiration.
Triggered aseismic fault slip from nearby earthquakes, static or dynamic effect?

[1] Observations show that an earthquake can affect aseismic slip behavior of nearby faults and produce ‘‘triggered aseismic fault slip.’’ Two types of stress changes are often examined by researchers as possible triggering sources. One is the static stress change associated with the faulting process and the other is the dynamic stress change or transient deformation generated by the passage of seismic waves. No consensus has been reached, however, regarding the mechanism(s) of triggered aseismic fault slip. We evaluate the possible triggering role of static stress changes by examining observations made after 10 large earthquakes in California. Most of the nearby fault segments that slipped aseismically were encouraged to move by the imposed positive changes in static Coulomb Failure Stress (CFS). Nonetheless, three discrepancies or failures with this model exist, which implies that static stress triggering either is or is not the sole mechanism causing the observed triggered slip. We then use a spring-slider system as a simplified fault model to study its slip behavior and the impact of transient (dynamic) loading on it. We show that a two-state-variable rate-dependent and state-dependent frictional law can generate creep events. Transient loads are then put into the system. Certain types of them can cause a large time advance of (or trigger) the next creep event. While our work examines triggered creep events near the surface, it may well have implications for the occurrence of similar events near the bottom of the seismogenic zone where a transition in frictional stability occurs. INDEX TERMS: 7209 Seismology: Earthquake dynamics and mechanics; 7260 Seismology: Theory and modeling; 8168 Tectonophysics: Evolution of the Earth: Stresses—general
Application of the Sine-Transform Method in Time-of-Flight Positron-Emission Image Reconstruction Algorithms

The image reconstruction algorithms for time-of-flight positron-emission tomography systems are formulated as linear systems described by nonseparable, block-banded Toeplitz matrices, and sinetransform techniques are used to implement the algorithm efficiently.
A Method of Preparing Adrenal Cell Suspensions and Its Applicability to the in Vitro Study of Adrenal Metabolism

A method of preparation of a rat adrenal cell suspension is described. The adrenal cell suspension is much more sensitive to the steroidogenic action of ACTH than are adrenal slices or homogenates. The adrenal cell suspension is also efficient in converting exogenous precursors into corticosterone. It is suggested that the adrenal cell suspension might prove to be a versatile tool in adrenal physiology. (Endocrinology 82: 1053, 1968)
Is the most frequent allele the oldest

Exact and approximate expressions are obtained for the probability that the most frequent allele is oldest, in neutral allele models in which all mutations produce new alleles. The higher the mutation rate, the less likely is it that the most frequent allele would be oldest. The results are in agreement with simulation studies by Ewens and Gillespie (1974) (Theor. Popul. Biol.6, 35–57), and limit the range of validity of a suggestion made by Crow (1972) (J. Hered.63, 306–316) with respect to the statistical testing of the neutral allele hypothesis.
THE LOST ATLANTIS OF OBJECTIVITY: THE REVISIONIST STRUGGLES BETWEEN THE ACADEMIC AND PUBLIC SPHERES1

This article examines the theoretical and methodological implications of the revisionist debates. It focuses on the political, academic, and moral dimensions of the process of rewriting history and its interrelation with the public sphere. The article examines the recent debate in Greece and compares it with case studies of Germany, Spain, Israel, the Soviet Union, and Ireland. It comments on the common elements of these cases and proposes a basic typology of the revisionist debates in terms of similarities and differences. It categorizes the revisionist endeavors into three types: the successful, the failed, and the bewildered.
Prescreening versus empirical immunization for hepatitis A in patients with chronic liver disease: a prospective cost analysis.

Prescreening versus empirical immunization for hepatitis A in patients with chronic liver disease: a prospective cost analysis
Credo and Reflections

This paper offers a series of reflections on 50 years of experience as a psychotherapist. The topics covered include recollections of working with the most severe psychological disturbances, the risks and rewards of clinical practice, the indispensable importance to the clinician of self knowledge, and the ways that psychotherapy transforms not only the patient but also the therapist. The most significant future directions of work in the field of psychoanalytic psychotherapy are also discussed.
An Audio-Visual Test for Evaluating the Ability to Recognize Phonetic Errors

An audio-visual test was developed for ascertaining ability inrecognizing misarticulations. Two films, each with a different set of 23 words representing 23 initial and 20 final sounds, were produc...
Interfacial Shear Stress Calculation of Prestressed CFRP Sheet Reinforcing Steel Beam

The steel beam is strengthened by prestressed CFRP sheets, which can increase capacity, reduce distortion and improve the utilization of CFRP cloth. Through the adhesive layer, the CFRP sheets and steel beam work together. Therefore, the interface is the weak link components, the adhesive layer and the physical and mechanical properties of CFRP fabric is an important factor for interfacial shear stress. Based on the elastic theory, a prestressed CFRP cloth and steel interface shear stress differential equation is established, and a calculation formula for interface shear stress is given. The calculation results show that, along the steel beam, interfacial shear stress distribution of CFRP is found with non-uniform, which increases the fastest growing at the end, and grows with increase of initial prestress.
Practice Methods for Working with Children who Have Biologically Based Mental Disorders: A Bioecological Model:

Social workers have always provided services for children or youth with serious mental illness and their families. We have not, however, always included neuroscience findings as part of our treatment frameworks. Nor have we maximized the incorporation of biological theories into our daily practice. The social work role is often unclear when mental illness is framed as a brain disease rather than solely as a social-environmental problem. This article offers a treatment model and suggestions for working with children and youths who have neuropsychiatric disorders. Specific suggestions are offered for working with these children and their families, supporting biological and medication interventions, and functioning as a professional member of a multidisciplinary team. Social workers need accessible, easily applicable information that translates research into practice guidelines. These guidelines must form a coherent, flexible treatment model that meets the needs of children and their families. This article b...
Needed Investigations of the Factors Affecting Egg Quality

Abstract Efforts to standardize egg grades necessarily have led to a careful study of the different factors which affect egg quality in order to make possible an adequate and satisfactory classification of eggs on the basis of quality. This study has shown that the principal factors observed in commercial egg candling and grading as a means of forming judgment of the quality of individual eggs are the condition of the shell, the size and condition of the air cell, the condition of the white, the condition of the yolk and the condition of the germ. In addition, the size and weight of the egg and its color, factors not closely associated with interior quality, also receive consideration. The condition of the shell is noted with particular reference to its cleanliness, soundness and certain pecularities or abnormalities of structure; the condition of the air cell for its size, its regularity and its . . .
GUARDS and PROTECT: next generation applications of security games

We provide an overview of two recent applications of security games. We describe new features and challenges introduced in the new applications.
Simulation optimization based on Taylor Kriging and evolutionary algorithm

This paper develops a simulation optimization algorithm based on Taylor Kriging and evolutionary algorithm (SOAKEA) for simulation models with high computational expenses. In SOAKEA, an evolutionary algorithm is used to search for optimal solutions of a simulation model, and Taylor Kriging temporarily serves as a surrogate fitness function of this evolutionary algorithm to evaluate solutions. Taylor Kriging is an enhanced version of Kriging where Taylor expansion is used to approximate the drift function of Kriging, and it improves the interpolation accuracy of Kriging. The structures and properties of SOAKEA are analyzed. A combination correction strategy is created, and it effectively reduces the computational expense of SOAKEA. The empirical comparison of SOAKEA with some other well-known metaheuristics is conducted, and the proposed SOAKEA uses particle swam optimization, a population-based evolutionary algorithm, to solve four simulation problems based on multimodal benchmark functions. The results indicate that SOAKEA has significant advantages in optimizing simulation models with high computational expenses.
Comparison of Low Alkaloid Tall Fescues and Orchardgrass for Lactating Jersey Cows

Abstract Johnstone (prevarietal release) and Kenhy, new varieties of tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea Schreb ), were compared with Boone orchardgrass ( Dactylis glomerata ) in 2 yr. Cultivars were maintained in a vegetative stage by removal of excess growth. Johnstone seed and the resulting cultivar were 6.7% infected with endophyte fungus ( Acremonium coenophialum ). Forage from each cultivar was chopped daily and fed individually to five lactating Jersey cows for 12 wk in 1983 and to eight cows for 9 wk in 1984. Cows were fed 6.8 and 4.5kg daily of a 16% crude protein concentrate in 1983 and in 1984, respectively. No evidence of fescue toxicosis was observed in 1983, but a trend toward depressed prolactin occurred in 1984 for Johnstone tall fescue. Daily dry matter intake, intake as percent body weight, and daily milk production were significantly higher on orchardgrass than on tall fescues. Intake as percent body weight, daily milk, milk protein, and fat-corrected milk were significantly higher on Johnstone than on Kenhy tall fescue. Although the experimental design did not allow direct comparison, performance appeared to be as good on Johnstone fescue as on orchardgrass. The inferior animal performance on fescue compared with orchardgrass seems to be due entirely to Kenhy.
Methanol content of grappa made from New York grape pomace.

Abstract This research was undertaken to determine the methanol content of grappa made from the sweet pomace of five grape varieties grown in the Finger Lakes wine region of New York state. The mean concentrations of methanol ( N = 3) in the distilled spirits made from the pomace samples of Niagara, Cayuga White, Gewurztraminer, Chardonnay, and Riesling grapes were estimated to be 44, 38, 138, 55, and 112 mg/100 mL of 40% alcohol, respectively. The results of this work indicate that the sweet pomace of five New York grape varieties could be used in the production of grappa with a methanol level within the United States legal limit of 280 mg/100 mL of 40% alcohol.
Applicability of planktonic biomanipulation for managing eutrophication in the subtropics

Although large-bodied cladocerans such asDaphnia can reduce algal biomass significantly in temperate lakes if freed from fish predation, the applicability of such biomanipulation techniques for eutrophication management in the subtropics and tropics has been examined only recently. Subtropical cladoceran assemblages differ from those of temperate lakes by their low species richness, early summer gameogenesis, and greatly reduced body size. Eutrophic Florida lakes are dominated by pump-filter feeding fish rather than by size selective planktivores as a temperate lakes. Cladocerans in Florida lakes can increase in abundance significantly if freed from fish but fail to have an impact on algal biomass or composition. The greatest potential for using biomanipulation to manage phytoplankton-dominated lakes in the subtropics and tropics lies with phytophagous fish. Future research should concentrate on defining the role of individual fish taxa on phytoplankton composition and community structure, nutrient cycling, and planktonic productivity before embarking on whole lake manipulation projects.
Alcohol consumption and mortality in Alameda County.

Abstract The association between level of alcohol consumption and 15-year mortality, focusing particularly on the possible protective effect of light drinking compared to abstention, was studied in a representative population sample of 6928 residents of Alameda County, California. Because abstainers differ from light, moderate and heavy drinkers on a number of demographic, physical, and psychosocial characteristics, the role of these as confounders of the alcohol/mortality association was examined. Using multiple logistic models, the mortality experience of abstainers, moderate drinkers, heavy drinkers and very heavy drinkers was compared with that of light drinkers. Among men only, very heavy drinkers were at significantly greater risk of death from all causes than were light drinkers (OR = 2.5, p
Foreword: Special issue on numerical software verification

Numerical abstractions are key to software verification. The verification community has actively pursued technologies such as Presburger arithmetic, convex polyhedra (linear arithmetic), bit vectors, SAT solvers and quantifier elimination to handle numerical abstractions. However, the application of this technology to verification is spread across many communities including verification, programming languages, embedded systems and software engineering. This special issue on numerical software verification contains a variety of papers centered around applications to the theory and practice of numerical abstractions for software verification. The papers that appear in this issue are based on work presented by the authors at the first workshop on Numerical Software Verification, held jointly with CAV 2008 at Princeton, NJ. The paper titled “Why does Astree scale up?” by Cousot et al. presents many valuable details on some of the implementation details behind the static analysis tool Astree that have not appeared elsewhere. The Astree tool has been successfully applied inside Airbus to verify command and control software running on Airbus 380. The paper by Martel titled “Enhancing the implementation of mathematical formulas for fixed-point and floating-point arithmetics” discusses techniques for finding an ideal evaluation order for complex arithmetic formulas that yields the best numerical quality. Such techniques can be useful in embedded control software, wherein evaluation of such formulas under error prone fixed and floating-point arithmetics is key. The paper by Bagnara, Ricci and Zaffanella titled “Weakly relational shapes for numeric abstractions: improved algorithms and proofs of correctness” provides techniques for managing the gap between syntactic representations of arithmetic formulae in so-called weakly relational domains and the geometric objects that they represent. They provide algorithms so
Effects of early neonatal thyroxine treatment on development of the thyroid and adrenal axes in rats

Abstract Neonatal male rats were treated with intraperitoneal (IP) injections of thyroxine on postnatal days 1 to 4. Plasma triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and corticosteroids were determined on days 5, 10, 13, 16, 20, 30, and 60 of age, and all animals were weighed weekly. Neonatal thyroxine treatment resulted in reduced body weight throughout the entire test period, decreased T3 and T4 until day 60 of age, and elevated corticosteroids on days 5 to 13 of age. These results demonstrate that early neonatal T4 treatment affects the ontogeny of both thyroid and adrenocortical hormones, and suggest that these developmental changes should be considered when evaluating the consequences of T4 treatment during the early neonatal period.
On the formation and nature of quasi-cleavage fracture surfaces in hydrogen embrittled steels

Abstract Quasi-cleavage, a common feature of hydrogen-induced fracture surfaces, is generally taken as being cleavage-like but not along a known cleavage plane. Despite the frequency with which this surface is observed, the relationship to the underlying microstructure remains unknown. Through a combination of topographical reconstruction of secondary electron microscope fractographs and a transmission electron microscopy study of the microstructure from site-specific locations, it will be shown that the features on quasi-cleavage surfaces are ridges that can be correlated with sub-surface intense and highly localized deformation bands. It will be demonstrated that the fracture surface arises from the growth and coalescence of voids that initiate at and extend along slip band intersections. This mechanism and process is fully consistent with hydrogen enhancing and localizing plastic processes.
Modified dye dilution technique for cardiac output studies in tiny subjects.

Abstract A modified dye dilution technique for cardiac output estimation in very small subjects is presented. Instead of the conventional constant blood withdrawal technique followed by reinfusion after the inscription of the dye curve, a Holter pump withdraws arterial blood into the cuvette and simultaneously reinfuses it back into the subject's circulation. The results are highly reproducible and compare well with those obtained by the conventional method or by an electromagnetic flowmeter in bigger puppies.
Doping dependence of the barrier height of palladium-silicide Schottky-diodes

Abstract Capacitance-voltage and current-voltage measurements have been used to determine the barrier height of palladium-silicon Schottky diodes. All diodes were heat-treated to form palladium silicide and the doping range of the silicon was varied in the range 5 × 1015 cm−3 to 2 × 1018 cm−3. The zero-electric-field (flat-band) barrier height was found to be independent of doping concentration in the above range, having a value 0·75 ± 0·01 eV. On the other hand the zero-bias barrier height is more electric-field dependent than the predictions of the usual image-force theory. However, the results are well described by an additional barrier lowering term of the approximate form Δφ = −χmϵm where ϵm is the maximum junction electric-field and χm a characteristic length in the region of 20–40 A.
Strings from five-branes.

A heterotic string emerges as a soliton of the heterotic five-brane. We compare its properties with the fundamental heterotic string and suggest that the two might be identified. The solution relies on the observation that the classical five-brane Lagrangian incorporates string one-loop effects.
Expression of oncogenic K-ras and loss of Smad4 cooperate to induce the expression of EGFR and to promote invasion of immortalized human pancreas ductal cells

Activating mutation of K-ras and inactivation of DPC4 are two common genetic alterations that occur in the development and progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC). A separate common event in PDAC progression is increased expression of phosphotyrosine kinase receptors (PTKRs). In our study, we examined whether activating mutations of K-ras and loss of Smad4 play a role in causing the aberrant expression of PTKRs. Immortalized human pancreas ductal cells (HPNE) were genetically modified by expressing oncogenic K-ras and/or by shRNA knockdown of Smad4. EGFR and erbB2 protein levels but not Ron or IGF-1R were substantially upregulated in HPNE cells that express K-ras((GD12)). The increased expression of EGFR in HPNE cells that expressed K-ras((GD12)) was mediated by both stabilizing EGFR protein and by increasing EGFR transcription. TGF-beta signaling partially suppressed K-ras((GD12)) induced EGFR transcription in Smad4 intact HPNE cells; whereas knockdown of Smad4 in cells expressing K-ras((GD12)) further enhanced expression of EGFR and erbB2. The upregulation of EGFR and erbB2 was associated with an increase of invasion, which was blocked by a kinase inhibitor of EGFR. Our study indicates for the first time, that oncogenic ras and loss of Smad signaling cooperate to upregulate EGFR and erbB2, which plays a role in promoting invasion.
Ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation detection by a sequential hypothesis testing algorithm

An algorithm for detecting ventricular fibrillation (VF) and ventricular tachycardia (VT) by the method of sequential hypothesis testing is presented. The algorithm first generates a binary sequence by comparing the signal to a threshold. The probability distribution of the time intervals of the binary sequence is obtained, and the sequential hypothesis testing procedure of A.J. Wald and J. Wolfowitz (1948) is employed to discriminate the arrhythmias. Sequential hypothesis testing of 85 cases resulted in identification of (1) 97.64% VF and 97.65% VT episodes after 5 s and (2) 100% identification of both VF and VT after 7 s. The desired false positive and false negative error probabilities can be programmed into the algorithm. An important feature of the sequential method is that extra time for detection can be traded off for improved accuracy, and vice versa. >
Is Silence More Golden for Women than Men? Observers Derogate Effusive Women and their Quiet Partners

Couples in which the woman is more verbally disinhibited than the man (man-more-inhibited couples) report lower satisfaction than couples in which the man is more verbally disinhibited (woman-more-inhibited couples). A violation of traditional gender roles is hypothesized to underlie this phenomenon. It was predicted that members of man-more-inhibited couples would be rated less likeable than woman-more-inhibited couples, and disinhibited men would be rated more competent than other males and females. To test these hypotheses, 95 undergraduate participants from a southwestern US university viewed a videotaped conflict between a man-more-inhibited or woman-more-inhibited couple. As predicted, members of man-more-inhibited couples were rated less likeable than members of woman-more-inhibited couples and disinhibited husbands were rated more competent than all other targets.
Incorporating Fishermen' s Local Knowledge and Behavior into geographical information Systems (giS) for Designing marine Protected areas in Oceania

Drawing on our experience in establishing marine protected areas (MPAs) in the Roviana and Vonavona Lagoons, New Georgia, Solomon Islands, this paper shows how a geographical information system (GIS) database can be used to incorporate sociospatial information, such as indigenous knowledge and artisanal fishing data, along with biophysical and other information to assist in MPA design. We argue that converting peoples’ knowledge and socioecological behavior into geo-spatial data allows researchers to formulate hypotheses regarding human responses to inter- and intra-habitat variability, along with other marine ecological processes, and help in the designing and implementation of resource management strategies in a cost-effective and participatory way, bridging the gap between indigenous and Western cognitions of seascapes. More generally, we show the significance of combining spatial tools, anthropological fieldwork, and social and natural science methods for studying artisanal fisheries with the goal of aiding the design of marine protected areas.
Structural and moral commitment among same-sex couples: relationship duration, religiosity, and parental status.

This study examined ecological predictors of structural and moral commitment among cohabiting same-sex couples. Structural commitment was operationalized as the execution of legal documents, and moral commitment was operationalized as having a commitment ceremony. The authors tested 2 logistic regression models using a subsample of Rainbow Illinois survey respondents. First, the execution of legal documents was examined using the entire subsample (n 190). Because antigay victimization may sensitize individuals to the importance of legal protection, actual and feared victimization were hypothesized to predict legalization. These hypotheses were not supported. However, relationship duration, a control variable, did predict legalization. The authors then used data only from those individuals who had executed a legal document (n 150) to determine those who also reported a commitment ceremony (Model 2). Parental status, religiosity, involvement with a supportive congregation, and an interaction between gender and parental status were hypothesized to predict ritualization. Only religiosity and parental status emerged as significant. Results from this study demonstrate the importance of distinguishing between legalization and ritualization. Further, they extend knowledge about how same-sex couple commitment is shaped by noncouple factors, such as time, individual religiosity, and parental status.
Relation between number of component views and accuracy of left ventricular mass determined by three-dimensional echocardiography.

Three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) allows the accurate determination of left ventricular (LV) mass, but the optimal number of component or extracted 2-dimensional (2D) image planes that should be used to calculate LV mass is not known. This study was performed to determine the relation between the number of 2D image planes used for 3DE and the accuracy of LV mass, using cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging as the reference standard. Three-dimensional echocardiography data sets were analyzed using 4, 6, 8, 10 and 20 component 2D planes as well as biplane 2D echocardiography and CMR in 25 subjects with a variety of LV pathologies. Repeated-measures analysis of variance and the Bland-Altman method were used to compare measures of LV mass. To further assess the potential clinical impact of reducing the number of component image planes used for 3DE, the number of discrepancies between CMR and each of the 3DE estimates of LV mass at prespecified levels (i.e., ≥5%, ≥10%, and ≥20% difference from CMR LV mass) was tabulated. The mean LV mass by magnetic resonance imaging was 177 ± 56 g (range 91 to 316). Biplane 2-dimensional echocardiography significantly underestimated CMR LV mass (p 6 planes further increases the accuracy of 3DE, but at the cost of greater analysis time and potentially increased scanning times.
A comparison of phase retrieval algorithms with a remote sensing scenario

Three iterative algorithms for phase retrieval from intensity data are compared. Computer simulation provides the basis for comparing each algorithm's performance for object recovery from noisy autocorrelations corrupted with exponential statistics. This paper justifies the use of exponential statistics with a simplified model of a remote sensing application.