cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SCHOOLING AND OCCUPATIONAL EARNINGS

This paper investigates the relation between schooling and earnings across and within occupations. Across occupations earnings are positively related to mean education. Within occupations the variance in schooling levels is generally substantial, but within two thirds of the occupations no relation between schooling and earnings is observed, while in the remaining third the pattern of sensitivity varies considerably. The sensitivity of earnings to education is greater for white males than white females and substantially greater for whites than blacks. When the white sample is divided into age cohorts, the degree of sensitivity of earnings to schooling is found to be greater for younger cohorts than older ones, except for the youngest cohort in 1970. In the conclusion, a structural interpretation of the distribution of earnings is proposed to account for the findings.
A Study of Foreign Language Learning Outcomes Assessment in U.S. Undergraduate Education

: This article reports on findings obtained from an online survey answered by 97 foreign language department chairs. The Web survey was pilot tested for validity and reliability and obtained a Cronbach's reliability coefficient of .80. The results suggest that student learning outcomes assessment in American undergraduate foreign language education combines performance-based and traditional assessments. The use of translation as an assessment method supersedes the application of the ACTFL Oral Proficiency Interview (OPI) and exit exams to gauge language proficiency. The ACTFL Proficiency Guidelines and the National Standards are common in the assessment of oral proficiency, but infrequent in the development of assessment procedures of other skills. The article also reports on obstacles that institutions face in the implementation of standards-based assessments (e.g., OPI and portfolios).
Precise control of evanescent fields from a Gaussian beam for depth-resolved spectroscopy

We establish the optimal methodology for the extraction of depth-resolved vibrational information from a transparent, optically homogeneous sample by use of variable-angle internal-reflection Raman spectroscopy. Our apparatus and beam-handling methods eliminate the common systematic errors associated with control of evanescent fields, such as complications involving Gaussian beams and coherent backreflections within the internal-reflection element. We demonstrate the technique by experiments on a semi-infinite material. We can determine the uniform system optical parameters with a precision of five significant figures and an accuracy of ±0.05%.
A Companion to Psychological Anthropology

A Companion to Psychological Anthropology. Conerly Casey and Robert B. Edgerton, eds. Williston, VT: Blackwell Publishers, 2005. 523 pp.
Subgrid-scale models and large-eddy simulation of oxygen stream disintegration and mixing with a hydrogen or helium stream at supercritical pressure

For flows at supercritical pressure, p, the large-eddy simulation (LES) equations consist of the differential conservation equations coupled with a real-gas equation of state, and the equations utilize transport properties depending on the thermodynamic variables. Compared to previous LES models, the differential equations contain not only the subgrid-scale (SGS) fluxes but also new SGS terms, each denoted as a ‘correction’. These additional terms, typically assumed null for atmospheric pressure flows, stem from filtering the differential governing equations and represent differences, other than contributed by the convection terms, between a filtered term and the same term computed as a function of the filtered flow field. In particular, the energy equation contains a heat-flux correction (q-correction) which is the difference between the filtered divergence of the molecular heat flux and the divergence of the molecular heat flux computed as a function of the filtered flow field. We revisit here a previous a priori study where we only had partial success in modelling the q-correction term and show that success can be achieved using a different modelling approach. This a priori analysis, based on a temporal mixing-layer direct numerical simulation database, shows that the focus in modelling the q-correction should be on reconstructing the primitive variable gradients rather than their coefficients, and proposes the approximate deconvolution model (ADM) as an effective means of flow field reconstruction for LES molecular heat-flux calculation. Furthermore, an a posteriori study is conducted for temporal mixing layers initially containing oxygen (O) in the lower stream and hydrogen (H) or helium (He) in the upper stream to examine the benefit of the new model. Results show that for any LES including SGS-flux models (constant-coefficient gradient or scale-similarity models; dynamic-coefficient Smagorinsky/Yoshizawa or mixed Smagorinsky/Yoshizawa/gradient models), the inclusion of the q-correction in LES leads to the theoretical maximum reduction of the SGS molecular heat-flux difference; the remaining error in modelling this new subgrid term is thus irreducible. The impact of the q-correction model first on the molecular heat flux and then on the mean, fluctuations, second-order correlations and spatial distribution of dependent variables is also demonstrated. Discussions on the utilization of the models in general LES are presented.
OCCURRENCE OF 19S AND 7S ANTI-IGGS DURING HYPERIMMUNIZATION OF RABBITS WITH STREPTOCOCCI

All 110 rabbits immunized with Group A, A-variant, and C streptococcal vaccines produced 19S anti-IgG in addition to antibodies to the streptococcal carbohydrates. 19S anti-IgG was detected by hemagglutination of rabbit red blood cells coated with rabbit anti-blood group F antibody. Antisera of 88 of these animals were also tested for 7S anti-IgG with a coprecipitation assay. This assay is based on the coprecipitation of 7S anti-IgG with complexes of streptococcal carbohydrate and anti-carbohydrate antibody. 50 of the 88 anti-Group C streptococcal antisera contained 7S anti-IgGs. In eight antisera the concentration was greater than 5 mg/ml. The data suggest a genetic influence on the occurrence of 7S anti-IgG. The eight rabbits which produced more than 5 mg/ml of 7S anti-IgG belonged to three related families. Moreover, there were families in which almost every member produced 7S anti-IgG and other families in which only 30% of the members manufactured 7S anti-IgG. The streptococcal vaccine was an especially efficient stimulus for the production of 19S anti-IgG, whereas the pneumococcal vaccine was much less effective in this respect. Furthermore, 7S anti-IgGs were not detected in antipneumococcal antisera, although the concentration of anti-capsular antibodies was similar to that of anti-carbohydrate antibodies in antistreptococcal antisera.
Free amino acids in sera of the marine invertebrates, Cancer irroratus, Limulus polyphemus and Homarus americanus.

Abstract 1. 1. The free amino acids in serum of the marine arthropods Limulus polyphemus , Cancer irroratus , and Homarus americanus have been analyzed quantitatively by column chromatography. 2. 2. The amino acid compositions are not remarkably specific, but the Cancer irroratus serum contains a strikingly large amount of taurine (17 per cent of total free amino acids measured). 3. 3. The total free amino acid content of Limulus polyphemus serum is only about one-fifth that of the other two marine arthropods examined. 4. 4. Comparative values are presented for sixteen amino acids found in the serum of these three species, in hemolymph of three insect species, and in human serum. 5. 5. Homarus americanus and Cancer irroratus have total amino acid concentrations comparable to that of man, and less than 10 per cent of those found in insects.
Deconvolution of detector size effect for output factor measurement for narrow Gamma Knife radiosurgery beams

The difficulties associated with the dosimetry of narrow radiosurgical beams are well recognized. Measurements are complicated by the loss of lateral electronic equilibrium, volume averaging artifacts due to the finite size of the detector and also by the detector response in narrow beams. An example is a recent controversy regarding the output factor for 4 mm collimator of the Gamma Knife (4 mm is the diameter of the geometrical projection of the collimator aperture at the focal spot). The accurate measurement of this output factor has practical consequences for treatment planning and also for the comparison of radiation dosages between Gamma Knife and linac radiosurgery. In this study, the output factor for the 4 mm collimator was determined using a miniature ion chamber. This chamber was still too large to measure the output factor for the 4 mm collimator accurately. We corrected the measured output factor using the deconvolution method to unfold the chamber response from the measured data. The dose profile along one of the principal axes of the 4 mm collimator was measured with this ion chamber and also with radiochromic films. The corrected output factor was obtained by deconvolving the chamber size effect from the measured profile data, based on the dose profile data obtained using radiochromic films.
Measurement of Thin-Film Stress, Stiffness, and Strength Using an Enhanced Membrane Pressure-Bulge Technique

Accurate mechanical properties of thin films are essential for viable design and fabrication of semiconductor devices and microelectromechanical systems. Relevant properties of thin films such as intrinsic stress, biaxial modulus, and fracture strength can be significantly different than their corresponding bulk values, and much more difficult to measure. However, such data can be obtained from the pressure-deflection response of clamped freestanding membranes, i.e., the so-called pressure-bulge test. Experimental challenges include membrane leakage prevention, ensuring proper structural boundary conditions, and accurately measuring applied pressure and transverse displacements simultaneously. In addition to these issues, most previously-developed pressure-bulge instruments rely on vacuum pump loadings. Such tools are limited by the one-atmosphere differential pressure over the membrane, which is inadequate for burst testing of high-strength films. Consequently, an enhanced pressure-bulge tool has been developed and will be described in this paper. It incorporates positive pressure to overcome the one-atmosphere load limitation, improved edge constraints, and the ability to test an array of membrane windows across a single substrate.
Assessment of alternative draw solutions for optimized performance of a closed-loop osmotic heat engine

Abstract Osmotic power harnesses the energy of mixing between high and low salinity streams. The osmotic heat engine (OHE) is a closed-loop, membrane-based power generation cycle that couples pressure retarded osmosis (PRO), an osmotically driven membrane process, with a thermal separation process. In this investigation, membrane distillation (MD), a thermally driven membrane process, was used. High power density in PRO is essential to minimize equipment costs and parasitic pumping losses. Likewise, high water flux is needed in MD to efficiently reconcentrate the diluted draw solution from the PRO process and minimize equipment costs. In this study, several ionic organic and inorganic draw solutions were evaluated as working fluids in the OHE. Their performance was assessed in terms of PRO power density and reverse solute diffusion, and MD water flux and thermal efficiency. Potential pore wetting of the MD membrane was also evaluated. The working fluids were also assessed in terms of their potential for equipment corrosion. Results indicate that sodium formate and CaCl 2 outperform NaCl (commonly used PRO draw solution) in terms of PRO power density and reverse solute diffusion, and that LiCl and CaCl 2 outperform NaCl in terms of MD water flux. Furthermore, there were no signs of MD membrane wetting, even at high feed concentrations. Results were used to perform an economic analysis and make future recommendations on the most suitable working fluid for the OHE. Of the select salts, CaCl 2 , MgCl 2 , sodium propionate, and LiCl resulted in the lowest OHE electricity generation costs and had the lowest potential for corrosion.
Nkx3.1 controls the DNA repair response in the mouse prostate

BACKGROUND The human prostate tumor suppressor NKX3.1 mediates the DNA repair response and interacts with the androgen receptor to assure faithful completion of transcription thereby protecting against TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion. To determine directly the effect of Nkx3.1 in vivo we studied the DNA repair response in prostates of mice with targeted deletion of Nkx3.1. METHODS Using both drug-induced DNA damage and γ-irradiation, we assayed expression of γ-histone 2AX at time points up to 24 hr after induction of DNA damage. RESULTS We demonstrated that expression of Nkx3.1 influenced both the timing and magnitude of the DNA damage response in the prostate. CONCLUSIONS Nkx3.1 affects the DNA damage response in the murine prostate and is haploinsufficient for this phenotype. Prostate © 2015 The Authors. The Prostate published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Crushable Materials for Structural Blast Shields

An approximate analytical method is presented for evaluating the effects on structural response of blast shields composed of crushable materials. In the analysis it is assumed that the structure can be represented by a mass spring system with a constant restoring force and that the shield is composed of a rigid-locking material. The analysis gives the response of this idealized shield-structure model to initial peak triangular pulse loadings. The results show that shielding is ineffective unless the pulse duration is short with respect to a certain time characteristic of the shield. Shielding is most effective when the crushing strength is equal to the static strength of the protected structure and when the thickness is sufficiently great to preclude complete compaction of the shield.
088 Improving cryopreservation potential with antioxidant treatments

Most plants can now be cryopreserved using one of several protocols, providing a stable, long-term and low-cost backup for clonally propagated plants. However, some plants respond poorly to cryopreservation due to lack of tolerance to low temperatures or osmotic and chemical stress. Low temperatures cause chilling and freezing injury and these sub-lethal changes can lead to increased production of free radical species and cellular damage. Abiotic stresses resulting from low temperature, water deficit or nutrient deprivation can also increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation to toxic levels in cells and tissues. In addition, cryopreservation protocols increase oxidative stress through osmotic and chemical treatments that are required for the vitrification process. ROS include superoxide radicals, hydroxyl radicals, hydrogen peroxide and singlet oxygen. Natural antioxidant defense mechanisms evolved in plants to combat the effects of physiological stress. These ROS scavenging mechanisms include increased production of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, peroxidases, mono- and dehydroascorbate reductase, glutathione reductase and catalase. The addition of these types of antioxidants during the cryopreservation process reduces several types of cellular oxidation and results in improved regrowth of both control and cryopreserved plant tissues. Source of funding: US Department of Agriculture. Conflict of interest: None declared. Barbara.Reed@ars.usda.gov
Techniques for determining size and mass for debris size low earth satellites

The increased number of man-made debris producing events over the last several years have expanded the debris size low Earth satellite population enough to yield a finite probability of hypemelocity collisions over satellite lifetimes. Since the destructive capability of a hypemelocity collision is a strong function of the mass ratio between the two objects, the ability to withstand a collision of given mass becomes a good measure of survivability and shielding requirements for any space vehicle. Most of these particles, however, are at or below the threshold of detection and tracking with our current space tracking network. Several methods, both theoretical and empirical in nature, have been put forward in an effort to determine the size and mass of these debris particles. A technique which involves determining an accurate ballistic coefficient for near Earth satellites is developed and is used to estimate the remaining debris in orbit from one fragmentation event. The dependence of mass on radar cross sectional measurements and particle density estimates is also analyzed.
P.7.6 Needs of caregivers/families affected by Duchenne and Becker Muscular Dystrophy (DBMD): Data from the Muscular Dystrophy Surveillance, Tracking and Research Network (MD STARnet)

Systematically collected information regarding the needs of families of individuals with DBMD is not available. To develop a profile of needs of caregivers/families of individuals with DBMD. MD STARnet is a multistate collaboration that conducts population based surveillance for individuals with DBMD and interviews and surveys with their caregivers. A needs assessment survey of caregivers of individuals with DBMD was conducted between September 2008 and August 2012. The survey included questions about sociodemographic profile of respondents, clinical profile of the individual with DBMD, needs related to home and community, equipment, healthcare services, access to information, psychosocial needs of the individual with DBMD and psychosocial needs of caregiver/family.Two open ended questions asked about the 3 most important met and unmet needs. Response options were coded as needed/not needed and if needed, managed/not managed. Responses were received from 274 caregivers (70%) of those contacted.The majority of respondents were mothers, white, non-Hispanic, with at least some college education and annual income >$30,000 per year. The age of individuals with DBMD was 14.8 ± 6.9 years, 56% of them were non ambulatory and 29% required respiratory support. The majority of healthcare services and information related needs were reported as met. Conversely, psychosocial and financial needs were largely unmet, specifically, balancing work/family/caregiving, time and energy for relationships, funding for home and vehicle modifications. The survey results document a broad range of unmet needs in the areas of psychosocial support and financial resources These findings help identify gaps in care and services needed and will help guide development of interventions to facilitate optimal health outcomes and quality of life for individuals with DBMD and their families.
Blood flow and oxygen consumption of the brain in coarctation of the aorta.

Summary1. Measurements of cerebral blood flow, oxygen consumption and cerebral vascular resistance were made in two patients with coarctation of the aorta. The resistance to blood flow through the brain is found to be within the normal range.2. This is in contrast with the increased cerebral vascular resistance of essential hypertension.
Role of Operative or Interventional Radiology-Guided Cultures for Osteomyelitis

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis (AHO) is a severe infection in children. Drainage of purulent collections in bones provides specimens for culture as well as therapeutic benefit. Interventional radiology (IR)-guided procedures may serve as a less invasive means of culture in select patients. We examined the impact of IR and surgically obtained cultures in the diagnosis and management of AHO. METHODS: A retrospective review of cases of AHO was performed from 2011 to 2014. Patients with chronic disease, orthopedic hardware, puncture wounds, or an infected contiguous focus were excluded. RESULTS: A total of 250 cases met inclusion criteria. Blood cultures were positive in 107 of 231 cases (46.3%), and 123 of 150 patients had positive cultures (82%) obtained by orthopedic surgery. Of these 123 patients, 62 (50.4%) had organisms identified only through operating room (OR) cultures. Of the 66 patients who had cultures obtained by IR, 34 (51.5%) had positive IR cultures. For those with positive IR cultures, 18 (52.9%) had negative blood cultures. Among the 80 patients with negative blood culture and positive OR/IR culture, the results changed antibiotic therapy in 68 (85%) patients. CONCLUSIONS: IR or OR culture was the only means of identifying a pathogen in 80 of 216 cases (37%), and in >80% changed medical management. IR can be used effectively to obtain bone cultures in children with AHO not requiring open surgical drainage. Further research is needed to better understand the optimal utilization of IR and OR culture in pediatric AHO.
The Gender Gap in Pension Wealth: Is Women's Progress in the Labor Market Equalizing Benefits?

An important concern for pension policy is the unequal distribution of retirement benefits. Differences in employer-sponsored pension wealth are especially pronounced between men and women. This report examines gender differences in pension benefits among the elderly and differences in coverage rates and pension wealth among full-time workers. Although the proportion of elderly women receiving employer-sponsored pension income doubled from 1976 to 1996, elderly women were only about half as likely as elderly men to receive pension income in 1996, and median pension income among recipients was much higher for men than for women. The gender gap in pension wealth among those currently approaching retirement is also large. Based on data from the 1992 pension provider supplement to the Health and Retirement Study, the study found that median pension wealth was $120,000 for men and $68,000 for women, among full-time wage and salary workers between the ages of 51 and 61. However, most of the gender gap in pension wealth could be explained by differences in personal and job characteristics between men and women, especially by differences in wages and job tenure. Differential labor market returns to human capital and other variables accounted for only a small portion of the gender gap in pension wealth. These findings suggest that private pension income will improve substantially for women who begin to retire over the next few decades, reflecting increases over the past 25 years in women's labor force participation rates, years of work experience, and earnings. However, eliminating the gender gap in pension wealth is unlikely to reduce the high rates of poverty among elderly widows.
Rapid proteomic responses to a near-lethal heat stress in the salt marsh mussel Geukensia demissa.

ABSTRACT Acute heat stress perturbs cellular function on a variety of levels, leading to protein dysfunction and aggregation, oxidative stress and loss of metabolic homeostasis. If these challenges are not overcome quickly, the stressed organism can die. To better understand the earliest tissue-level responses to heat stress, we examined the proteomic response of gill from Geukensia demissa, an extremely eurythermal mussel from the temperate intertidal zone of eastern North America. We exposed 15°C-acclimated individuals to an acute near-lethal heat stress (45°C) for 1 h, and collected gill samples from 0 to 24 h of recovery. The changes in protein expression we found reveal a coordinated physiological response to acute heat stress: proteins associated with apoptotic processes were increased in abundance during the stress itself (i.e. at 0 h of recovery), while protein chaperones and foldases increased in abundance soon after (3 h). The greatest number of proteins changed abundance at 6 h; these included oxidative stress proteins and enzymes of energy metabolism. Proteins associated with the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix also changed in abundance starting at 6 h, providing evidence of cell proliferation, migration and tissue remodeling. By 12 h, the response to acute heat stress was diminishing, with fewer stress and structural proteins changing in abundance. Finally, the proteins with altered abundances identified at 24 h suggest a return to the pre-stress anabolic state.
Periprostatic Fat: A Risk Factor for Prostate Cancer?

Objective To evaluate whether periprostatic fat volume and periprostatic fat ratio as determined by multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) correlate with the presence of high-grade prostate cancer. Materials and Methods A total of 295 consecutive patients (median age: 64, range: 38-84) underwent mpMRI of the prostate gland between August 2013 and February 2015. All patients underwent a 3 Tesla mpMRI. Using DynaCAD (Invivo, Gainesville, FL), we calculated the prostate volume and volume of the periprostatic fat seen on mpMRI. The periprostatic fat ratio was calculated using the formula periprostatic fat volume/prostate volume. Results A higher periprostatic fat volume ( P .001) and a higher periprostatic fat ratio ( P .001) were significantly associated with a higher Gleason score. Periprostatic fat ratio is a better predictor of higher Gleason score compared with periprostatic fat volume ( P P = .274), age (median: 64, range: 38-84, P = .665), or body mass index (median: 28.33, range: 17.99-45.44, P = .310). Patients with a higher periprostatic fat ratio were more likely to undergo intervention for prostate cancer. Conclusion A higher periprostatic fat ratio is significantly associated with a higher Gleason score. Periprostatic fat ratio is a better predictor of higher Gleason score compared with periprostatic fat volume and may be an important risk factor in diagnosing patients with higher grade prostate cancer.
Compact and Hilbert–Schmidt Differences of Weighted Composition Operators

In this paper, we first obtain a characterization of compact difference of two weighted composition operators acting between the standard weighted Bergman spaces, under certain restrictions on the weights. We also calculate (upto equivalence) the Hilbert–Schmidt norm of a difference of two weighted composition operators acting from a Bergman space or Hardy space to an \(L^{2}(\mu )\) space. This result is followed by a few corollaries involving certain particular types of weights. We also investigate conditions for two weighted composition operators to lie on the same path component under the Hilbert–Schmidt norm topology.
Plenary lecture V: fundamental theory of controllability and observability of first-order matrix difference systems

The theory of difference equations is much wealthier than its counterpart in differential equations. With the emergence of digital signal processing technology, the theory of difference equations assumes great importance in areas such as digital control, image processing, and digital filter design. In this talk, a first-order matrix Sylvester difference system with a control structure is discussed in view of the existence and uniqueness of its general solution. Results are used in the study of controllability and observability of the matrix difference system coupled with an output structure. More general criteria, such as the one-sided controllability and observability matrices, are obtained for complete controllability and complete observability of time-invariant systems.
Enlarged vestibular aqueduct in pediatric sensorineural hearing loss

Objective Comparison of the Cincinnati criteria (midpoint >0.9 mm or operculum >1.9 mm) to the Valvassori criterion (midpoint ≥1.5 mm) for enlarged vestibular aqueduct (EVA) in pediatric cochlear implant patients. Study Design Cohort study. Subjects One hundred thirty pediatric cochlear implant recipients. Methods We reviewed temporal bone CT scans to measure the vestibular aqueduct midpoint and opercular width. Results The Cincinnati criteria identified 44 percent of patients with EVA versus 16 percent with the Valvassori criterion (P Conclusion The Cincinnati criteria identified a large percentage of pediatric cochlear implant patients with EVA who might otherwise have no known etiology for their deafness.
A 71–86 GHz bidirectional image selection transceiver architecture

A bidirectional image selection transceiver is presented that operates over 71–76 GHz and 81–86 GHz with only 3 GHz of LO tuning range. A sliding-IF architecture with bidirectional VGAs allows operation in transmit and receive modes. The sliding IF and narrow LO tuning range allow wideband image rejection using a single stage polyphase filter. The circuit is implemented in a 90-nm SiGe BiCMOS process. Measurements indicate conversion gain of −2.5 dB to 3 dB with less than ±0.75 dB variation over 10 GHz in TX mode and −4dB to 0 dB with less than ±1 dB variation over 10 GHz bandwidth in RX mode. With 16- and 64-QAM, the EVM is below 5% and 4% at data rates of 6 Gb/s and 9 Gb/s. The RF and LO circuitry consumes at most 150 mW and 250 mW.
Low-cost Volumetric Ultrasound by Augmentation of 2D Systems: Design and Prototype:

Conventional two-dimensional (2D) ultrasound imaging is a powerful diagnostic tool in the hands of an experienced user, yet 2D ultrasound remains clinically underutilized and inherently incomplete, with output being very operator dependent. Volumetric ultrasound systems can more fully capture a three-dimensional (3D) region of interest, but current 3D systems require specialized transducers, are prohibitively expensive for many clinical departments, and do not register image orientation with respect to the patient; these systems are designed to provide improved workflow rather than operator independence. This work investigates whether it is possible to add volumetric 3D imaging capability to existing 2D ultrasound systems at minimal cost, providing a practical means of reducing operator dependence in ultrasound. In this paper, we present a low-cost method to make 2D ultrasound systems capable of quality volumetric image acquisition: we present the general system design and image acquisition method, includ...
Aggression, Psychology of

Differentiating between the aggression that is cognitively controlled, results from a decision (whether conscious or unconscious) and is largely instrumental in purpose, and that which is much more of an automatic reaction to external and/or internal stimuli, the article focuses primarily on the latter. As examples, research is cited showing priming effect-produced aggression arising from exposure to weapons or violent TV programming or photos of African-Americans. Evidence is also summarized indicating that aversive conditions as well as objects associated with such conditions can also evoke automatic aggressive reactions. Aggressive personalities are also considered, and it is proposed that impulsive attacks often are due more to inadequate restraints rather than inadequate thinking and planning although both are usually involved.
Detection of Phishing Webpages Using Heterogeneous Transfer Learning

The detection of phishing websites using traditional machine learning methods has been demonstrated in previous studies. Traditional machine learning methods assume that the input feature space is the same between the training and testing data. There are scenarios in machine learning, where the available labeled training data has a different input feature space than the testing data. In cases where the input feature space between the testing and training data are different, traditional machine learning methods cannot be used. Heterogeneous transfer learning methods are used to transform the different input feature spaces between the testing and the training data into a unique and common set of input features. For our experiment, we construct numerous scenarios for the application of phishing website detection, where the features of the testing and training data are different. Our experiment starts with a baseline dataset for the detection of phishing websites. This baseline dataset is used to create separate training and testing datasets by splitting the features, such that the features in the training and testing data are mutually exclusive. Then, a heterogeneous transfer learning technique called Canonical Correlation Analysis is used to align the input feature space between the training and testing data. The feature aligned training and testing data is used with various traditional machine learning methods and homogeneous transfer learning methods to predict phishing websites. The performance results of the different scenarios and algorithms are reported and analyzed.
Interpretive Strategies in Newton’s Theologiae gentilis origines philosophiae

“What is it that Newton really thought he was doing? Is it all the usual stuff and nonsense?” The question posed by John Maynard Keynes in a letter to A.S. Yahuda in 1938 may still stand as an appropriate query regarding the puzzlement that accompanies an initial examination of Newton’s Theologiae gentilis origines philosophiae. 1 From the earliest descriptions in David Castillejo’s eccentric Cambridge dissertation, to Richard Westfall’s work that presented it to a wider group of scholars; from Frank Manuel’s early English transcriptions of related Yahuda manuscripts to Betty Jo Dobbs’ presentation of the manuscript in her own work on alchemy, Newton scholars have received orientation and a multitude of intriguing quotations of what surely seemed to be another side of Newton.2 Certainly anyone who has looked at the Origines appreciates even more the preliminary accounts which at times may strike us as probes to some other planet.3 The manuscript tests our Latin, paleographic skills, patience, and eyesight—all our seventeenth-century interpretive strategies. Through the oral and written matter that accompanies the manuscript, one learns that it carries other stories or myths as well, stories that touch twentieth-century science and religion (Einstein and Yahuda), the early orthodoxy of the history of science (George Sarton refused to consider the manuscript as part of the history of science), and even moments in the foundation of the State of Israel. Indeed, in the account of Castellejo’s unpacking and cataloging of the Yahuda manuscripts after the Six Day War, there is even a bit of Indiana Jones.4 My objective is not to consider such twentieth-century mythologies, but rather to ask how Newton deals with the voluminous narratives he gathers in his own work. After describing the manuscript, I will turn my attention to what I have referred to as Newton’s interpretive strategies. In particular, I will make several comments on Newton’s synchronisms and the changing status of allegory and hermeneutics registered in the Origines.
Burnout Among Iowa Hospice Workers: A Test of the Job Demands-Resources Model

Burnout is a critical problem for hospice care system, particularly given the potential increase in hospice utilization because of the increasing older adult population. Hospice care requires social workers and other professionals to work in interdisciplinary settings under conditions of prolonged stress. Guided by the Job Demands-Resources (JDR) model, this study sought to: (1) understand Iowa hospice workers' level of burnout, indicated by emotional exhaustion (EE); (2) identify organizational and personal determinants of EE. This web-based study used a cross-sectional survey administered to hospice staff across Iowa. Seventeen hospice organizations participated as study sites, and 244 out of 825 employees, consisting of interdisciplinary clinical workers and administrative personnel, completed the survey. Descriptive, correlational, and regression statistics were used to test study hypotheses. Regarding EE levels, 59% of participants were experiencing low EE, while the other 41% had moderate or high EE. Those lacking empathy, working full-time, and working for larger hospice organizations had greater EE. While findings largely support the JDR model, interactions between demands and resources offer only partial support. Results indicate the importance of hospices fostering supportive work environments and providing employee education about emotional benefits of respect, strategies for displaying workplace respect, and evaluation of respect-related initiatives.
Miscellaneous Drugs and Male Reproduction

In addition to main categories of medications believed to have negative impacts on male reproduction, there are a number of miscellaneous drugs with some evidence for such adverse reactions. Because of its widespread use and over-the-counter availability, the H2 receptor antagonist cimetidine is most concerning. As a competitive antagonist at androgen receptors, it can impact the HPG axis and semen quality. In this chapter, we review the studies of this drug and other histamine H2 receptor antagonists in men and experimental species. Several other medications are concerning and the evidence for negative effects on reproduction are covered: colchicine, domperidone, hydroxyurea, metformin, metoclopramide, mifepristone, retinoids, and statins.
Recurrent heart failure with preserved ejection fraction associated with carfilzomib administration for multiple myeloma

Carfilzomib, an epoxyketone proteasome inhibitor, has demonstrated improved progression-free survival in patients when used with standard treatment (lenalidomide and dexamethasone) in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma (MM). However, there are reports of adverse cardiac events with carfilzomib manifested by dyspnea and heart failure. A patient is presented who had recurrent, clinically mild cardiotoxicity, as manifested by recurrent heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, with ongoing maintenance carfilzomib in a patient with resistant MM is presented.
Integrated Forecasting and Inventory Control for Seasonal Demand

We present a data-driven forecasting technique with integrated inventory control for seasonal data, and compare it to the traditional Holt-Winters algorithm in the context of the newsvendor problem. The data-driven approach relies on (i) clustering data points reflecting a similar phase of the demand process, and (ii) computing the optimal order quantity using the critical quantile for the relevant data, i.e., data observed when the demand was in a similar phase to the one forecasted for the next time period. Results indicate that the data-driven approach achieves a 1-5% improvement in the average regret when holding and backorder costs are of the same order of magnitude. For particularly imbalanced cost structures, average regret can be improved by up to 90%. This is because traditional forecasting penalizes under- and over-shooting equally, but penalties at the inventory management level are much more severe in one case (typically, backorder) than the other (typically, holding). This suggests the data-driven approach holds much promise as a cost reduction technique.
Bulk Waves for the Nondestructive Inspection of Immersed Structures

Laser-generated ultrasonic guided and bulk waves are increasingly considered for the nondestructive testing (NDT) and structural health monitoring of engineering systems. Methods based on the use of pulsed laser or continuum laser are ideal when a non-contact approach for the generation and detection of stress waves is desired. This paper presents the initial progresses of an ongoing study where pulsed laser is used to generate stress waves in underwater structures. In particular, in this paper we show the results of few experiments where stress ultrasonic waves are generated in an aluminum block. Owing to the geometry of the specimen, ultrasonic bulk waves are generated and detected by means of either a dry or an immersion transducer. The study presented here aims at investigating the effect of certain water parameters on the ultrasonic energy propagating through the specimen. The results of three experiments are presented. In the first experiment the effect of water level on the signal-to-noise ratio of laser generated bulk waves was evaluated. Then, the effect of laser energy was studied. Finally, the effect of water temperature on the amplitude of the bulk waves was investigated. With the exception of the latter experiment, we used laser pulses at 1064 nm and 532 nm wavelengths.
The Seven Major Life Activity Areas

Think for a moment about a typical day in your life, and the activities you participate in during that day. Your day probably began with self-care activities involving hygiene, grooming, and eating (unless you are a typical college student and skipped breakfast). Then, you probably walked or drove to class or to your job where you exhibited language skills and either focused on learning or earning a living (which we will refer to henceforth as economic self-sufficiency). Throughout the day you were reflecting to people what you think about yourself, socializing with others, initiating activities, and responding to various characteristics and demands of your environment. After school or work, you probably shopped, visited with friends, cleaned your room, house, or apartment, took part in leisure activities, and went downtown. Thus, during any typical day, people use the skills comprising the seven life activity areas that are a part of our working definition of adults with disabilities. Our primary purpose in this chapter is to sensitize you to the significance of these seven life activity areas and their importance as a basis for your habilitation planning and service delivery efforts.
Development of a Semimechanistic Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Model Describing Dextroamphetamine Exposure and Striatal Dopamine Response in Rats and Nonhuman Primates following a Single Dose of Dextroamphetamine

Acute central nervous system exposure to dextroamphetamine (d-amphetamine) elicits a multitude of effects, including dual action on the dopamine transporter (DAT) to increase extracellular dopamine, and induction of a negative feedback response to limit the dopamine increase. A semimechanistic pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model with consideration of these multiple effects as a basis was developed. Integrated pharmacokinetics of d-amphetamine in plasma, brain extracellular fluid (ECF) via microdialysis, and cerebrospinal fluid were characterized using a population approach. This PK model was then linked to an indirect-response pharmacodynamic model using as a basis the measurement of extracellular striatal dopamine, also via microdialysis. In both rats and nonhuman primates (NHPs), d-amphetamine stimulation of dopamine outflow (reverse transport) through DAT was primarily responsible for the dose-linear increase in dopamine. As well, in both species a moderator function was needed to account for loss of the dopamine response in the presence of a relatively sustained d-amphetamine ECF exposure, presumptive of an acute tolerance response. PK/PD model structure was consistent between species; however, there was a 10-fold faster return to baseline dopamine in NHPs in response to an acute d-amphetamine challenge. These results suggest preservation from rodents to NHPs regarding the mechanism by which amphetamine increases extracellular dopamine, but a faster system response in NHPs to tolerate this increase. This microdialysis-based PK/PD model suggests greater value in directing preclinical discovery of novel approaches that modify reverse transport stimulation to treat amphetamine abuse. General value regarding insertion of an NHP model in paradigm rodent-to-human translational research is also suggested.
The Mirai Botnet and the Importance of IoT Device Security

In September of 2016, a new threat appeared on the internet that launched crippling Denial of Service Attacks against several high-profile targets. The Mirai Botnet, as it was called, took advantage of the weak security measures on Internet of Things (IoT) devices and used them to launch these DDoS attacks. The severity of these attacks awakened the technology industry to the lack of security for IoT devices. The use of IoT devices is expanding rapidly, creating an increasingly large attack surface for threats like Mirai. Multiple technology organizations have since been working to develop standards to push manufacturers to emphasize security on their devices and implement new technologies to improve security for consumers and enterprises. The renewed interest in security and the development of security standards may not be enough, as the market for IoT devices often incentivizes ease of use and practicality over security. The goal of this document is two-fold. First, I will explore the workings of one of the most disruptive pieces of malware in recent history, the Mirai Botnet. Second, I will explore methods to secure IoT devices from being compromised by malware such as the Mirai Botnet.
The Politics Insurgents Make: Reconstructive Reformers in American and British Postwar Party Development

As political parties and party systems across the democratic world are being roiled by insurgent challengers, political scientists need to think more systematically about insurgents and the politics they make. In this article I propose a new analytic framework for the study of electoral insurgents and their systemic impact on politics. Varying along dimensions of regime- and party-orientation, I argue that insurgencies unfold in four distinct patterns: reconstructive; co-optive; reorienting; and reactive. I make the case for one particular type by comparing two reconstructive insurgencies during the postwar period in which the structure, rules, and procedures of an existing major party were challenged and reformed: the New Politics movement inside the Democratic Party; and the New Left in the British Labour Party. In both cases, reconstructive insurgents had durable effects on party development by altering the rules of the game and shifting the organizational terrain on which subsequent political contests unfolded. These cumulative changes institutionalized a reformist dynamic in both parties that has routinely drawn organizational issues into intraparty contests, undermining the legitimacy of the parties over time. Thinking systematically about the politics insurgents make offers a new way of understanding the role of social movements and political entrepreneurs in party development.
Incidentally Detected Malignancies in Lung Transplant Explants.

Active malignancy diagnosed within 5 years is an absolute contraindication for lung transplantation. In this study, we evaluated the rate of incidental malignancies detected in explanted lungs at our institution and assessed the posttransplant survival in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods A retrospective chart review of lung transplant recipients at our institution from February 1999 to June 2017 was conducted. A literature review was performed to evaluate the prevalence and survival outcomes in patients with unexpected malignancies. Results From 407 patients who underwent lung transplantation, 9 (2.2%) were discovered to have malignant neoplasms. There were 3 cases of adenocarcinoma, 3 cases of adenocarcinoma in situ, 2 cases of squamous cell carcinoma, and 1 case of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. An extensive literature review found 12 case reports or case series reporting malignancy discovered at the time of lung transplantation. The overall prevalence of incidental neoplasms among 6746 recipients is around 1.5% (n = 103). The most common neoplasms discovered included adenocarcinoma (n = 56, 54%) and squamous cell carcinoma (n = 29, 28%). The overall 3-year survival was 54.4% for patients with localized NSCLC compared to 5.7% for those with nonlocalized disease. Conclusions Unidentified malignancies occur despite aggressive radiographic surveillance with poor posttransplant outcomes in patients with advanced malignancy. Malignancy-related radiographic findings may be missed pretransplant secondary to architectural distortion of lung parenchyma related to end-stage lung disease or because of the critical timing of surgery when donor lungs are available.