cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Program‐Length Commercials and Host Selling by the WWF

Whether for automobiles, universities, golf courses, or ski slopes, the basic raison d’etre for ratings systems is identical: to enable consumers to make more informed choices by attaching meaningful labels to competing offerings. For example, to help potential viewers make more informed decisions about which movies to watch, the Motion Picture Association of America adopted a voluntary ratings system that signals violent, sexual, or adult-oriented content. To help voters make informed decisions on election-day, a political action group may rate candidates based on their stated positions and voting records. Unfortunately, negative and unintended consequences may attend the use of any ratings system, such as the one now used in the United States to rate television programs. This age-based ratings system creates a forbidden fruit effect, which according to the theory of psychological reactance occurs when freedoms are restricted (i.e., people are motivated to assert their independence by performing forbidden acts). For example, violent television programming becomes more attractive to children when viewership is restricted, by advisories or ratings. Such behavior did not go unnoticed by the entertainment industry. The recent U.S. Federal Trade Commission report on violence in the media confirmed that Hollywood has targeted underaged youths for violent movies, music, and video games, even when such materials are labeled as adult-only fare.
Aromatase is required for female abdominal aortic aneurysm protection

Objective The protective effects of female gender on the development of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) have been attributed to anti-inflammatory effects of estrogen. Estrogen synthesis is dependent on the enzyme aromatase, which is located both centrally in the ovaries and peripherally in adipose tissue, bone, and vascular smooth muscle cells. It is hypothesized that deletion of aromatase in both ovarian and peripheral tissues would diminish the protective effect of female gender and would be associated with increased aortic diameter in female mice. Methods Male and female 8- to 10-week-old mice with aromatase (wild type: WT) and without aromatase (ArKO) underwent elastase aortic perfusion with aortic harvest 14 days following. For the contribution of central and peripheral estrogen conversion to be evaluated, female WT mice were compared with female WT and ArKO mice that had undergone ovariectomy (ovx) at 6 weeks followed by elastase perfusion at 8 to 10 weeks. At aortic harvest, maximal aortic dilation was measured and samples were collected for immunohistochemistry and protein analysis. Serum was collected for serum estradiol concentrations. Groups were compared with analysis of variance. Human and mouse AAA cross sections were analyzed with confocal immunohistochemistry for aromatase, smooth muscle markers, and macrophage markers. Results Female WT mice had significant reduction in aortic dilation compared with male WT mice (F WT, 51.5% ± 15.1% vs M WT, 78.7% ± 14.9%; P P P P P R = −0.565; P Conclusions The protective effect of female gender on AAAs is due to estrogen synthesis and requires the presence of both ovarian and extragonadal/peripheral aromatase. Peripheral estrogen synthesis accounts for roughly half of the protective effect of female gender. If peripheral aromatase could be targeted, high levels of local estrogen could be produced and may avoid the side effects of systemic estrogen.
A Fast Rational Model Approach to Parametric Spectral Estimation—Part I: The Algorithm

A novel, fast rational model (ARMA) approach to parametric spectral estimation, based on correlation-type and guaranteed-stability versions of the Suboptimum Maximum Likelihood scheme that utilizes a quadratic approximation of the negative log-likelihood about an initial estimate in the MA parameter subspace, inverse function estimates, and fundamental ARMA process properties, is introduced
Environmental Barriers Experienced by Amputees: The Craig Hospital Inventory of Environmental Factors–Short Form

Abstract Ephraim PL, MacKenzie EJ, Wegener ST, Dillingham TR, Pezzin LE. Environmental barriers experienced by amputees: the Craig Hospital Inventory of Environmental Factors–Short Form. Objectives To describe the prevalence of perceived environmental barriers in a population of amputees; to compare and contrast those barriers reported by amputees with reported barriers of a sample of disabled and nondisabled persons; and to identify the correlates of barriers among amputees. Design Cross-sectional survey. Setting A community sample who were interviewed by telephone. Participants A stratified sample by etiology of 914 community-dwelling persons with limb loss. Intervention Telephone interview. Main Outcome Measures Frequency (never, less than monthly, monthly, weekly, daily) and magnitude (little problem, big problem) of perceived environmental barriers in 5 domains as measured by the Craig Hospital Inventory of Environmental Factors–Short Form (CHIEF-SF), characteristics of the amputation, prosthetic use, and sociodemographic characteristics of the amputee. Results The majority (87%) of persons surveyed reported barriers in 1 or more areas with 57% reporting barriers in 4 or more of the 5 domains (policies, physical/structural, work/school, attitudes/support, and services/assistance subscales). Mean frequency-magnitude scores were lower for amputees with cancer-related amputation across all subscales, while traumatic amputees reported the greatest perceived barriers, except in the area of services/assistance. Across all domains, poverty level and comorbidity were significant predictors of significant barriers (CHIEF-SF score ≥3; range, 0–8). When compared with a general population sample of disabled and nondisabled Americans, amputees were more likely to perceive barrier in all areas except work/school. Conclusions Perceived environmental barriers among persons with limb loss are highly prevalent. Reduction of environmental barriers may lead to reduction of disability and improvement of overall quality of life for amputees.
The impact of signal-to-noise ratio on contextual cueing in children and adults

Contextual cueing refers to a form of implicit spatial learning where participants incidentally learn to associate a target location with its repeated spatial context. Successful contextual learning produces an efficient visual search through familiar environments. Despite the fact that children exhibit the basic ability of implicit spatial learning, their general effectiveness in this form of learning can be compromised by other development-dependent factors. Learning to extract useful information (signal) in the presence of various amounts of irrelevant or distracting information (noise) characterizes one of the most important changes that occur with cognitive development. This research investigated whether signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) affects contextual cueing differently in children and adults. S/N was operationally defined as the ratio of repeated versus new displays encountered over time. Three ratio conditions were created: high (100%), medium (67%), and low (33%) conditions. Results suggested no difference in the acquisition of contextual learning effects in the high and medium conditions across three age groups (6- to 8-year-olds, 10- to 12-year-olds, and young adults). However, a significant developmental difference emerged in the low S/N condition. As predicted, adults exhibited significant contextual cueing effects, whereas older children showed marginally significant contextual cueing and younger children did not show cueing effects. Group differences in the ability to exhibit implicit contextual learning under low S/N conditions and the implications of this difference are discussed.
SELF-PRESENTATIONS OF ATTITUDES FOLLOWING COMMITMENT TO PROATTITUDINAL BEHAVIOR

Attitude statements present a particular image of the respondent to onlookers and can be tactically used for self-presentational purposes. The present study investigated the relationship between variables relevant to self-presentation and attitude statements following proattitudinal actions. Under conditions of high or low decision freedom, female subjects committed themselves to argue for a proattitudinal issue. The experimenter described the issue as either low or high in importance, and subsequent attitudes toward the issue were measured in a way which allowed low (subjects did not sign their questionnaires and placed them in a collection box) or high (subjects signed their questionnaires and handed them to the experimenter) personal association with attitude statements. A triple interaction of the variables was found on subjects'statements of personal involvement with the issue. As suggested by a self-presentation approach, subjects expressed more involvement under no-choice/low-association/high-importance conditions than under choice/low-association/high-importance conditions. Subjects who were denied personal responsibility and close association with an important action apparently increased their involvement to gain responsibility. The findings failed to support self-perception predictions of more favorable attitudes under choice rather than no-choice conditions.
Risk arbitrage opportunities in petroleum futures spreads

This article investigates the long-term pricing relationship among crude oil, unleaded gasoline, and heating oil futures prices, and finds that these commodities futures prices are cointegrated. The study finds that the spreads between crude oil and its end products are stationary. Furthermore, this article investigates the risk arbitrage opportunities in three types of popularly traded petroleum futures spreads and finds that historically profitable risk arbitrage opportunities existed and were statistically significant. However, one cannot be certain that these opportunities still exist. The research also finds that moving averages are valid test variables for measuring spreads. Statistical and tabular constructions are used to illustrate findings. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Jrl Fut Mark 19: 931–955, 1999
Kernel density estimators for random fields satisfying an interlaced mixing condition

Abstract For a sequence of strictly stationary random fields that are uniformly ρ ′ - mixing and satisfy a Lindeberg condition, a central limit theorem is obtained for sequences of “rectangular” sums from the given random fields. The “Lindeberg CLT” is then used to prove a CLT for some kernel estimators of probability density for some strictly stationary random fields satisfying ρ ′ - mixing , and whose probability density and joint densities are absolutely continuous.
Temperature Feedback and Collagen Cross-Linking in Argon Laser Vascular Welding

A preliminary single-animal study of in vivo argon laser vascular welding was conducted using a canine model. The effects of temperature feedback control and saline drip cooling on patency and collagen cross-linking were investigated. The surface temperature at the centre of the laser spot was monitored using a two-colour infrared thermometer. The surface temperature was limited by either a saline drip or feedback control of the laser. Acute patency was evaluated and collagen cross-link assays were performed. Though both protocols yielded successful tissue fusion, welds maintained at a surface temperature of 50°C using feedback control had an elevated cross-link count compared to controls, whereas tissues irradiated without feedback control experienced a cross-link decrease. Simulations using the LATIS (LAser-TISsue) computer code suggest that drip-cooled procedures achieve significantly higher temperatures beneath the tissue surface than temperature feedback-controlled procedures. Differences between the volumetric heating associated with drip-cooled and feedback-controlled protocols may account for the different effects on collagen cross-links. Covalent mechanisms may play a role in argon laser vascular fusion.
Layer-By-Layer Assembly of Cellular Structures

Reconstituted systems have played an integral part in understanding biological structure and function in, for example, complex biosynthetic and signal transduction pathways. The road to similar model systems that recapitulate complex membrane-based functions, such as division or endocytosis, has been much more difficult due to the lack of synthetic routes to well-defined membrane bilayers. We have developed layer-by-layer membrane assembly, which enables the construction of arbitrarily complex - and thus far synthetically inaccessible - membranous structures, from asymmetric phospholipid bilayers to the double bilayers of mitochondria and the nuclear envelope. Starting with trapped lipid-stabilized water-in-oil droplets, a new lipid monolayer is deposited on the droplet, completing a bilayer templated on the starting droplet when a water/oil interface is driven over the droplet. Individual phospholipid monolayers are sequentially deposited each time a phase boundary passes over a trapped droplet, enabling the controlled construction of multi-lamellar membranes. Membrane compositional asymmetry was demonstrated by selectively depositing dye-labeled dioleoylphosphoethanolamine in either the inner or the outer leaflet of the bilayer followed by probing with a reductive quencher. Double bilayer membranes were also assembled to demonstrate control over membrane lamellarity. Dye-labeled phospholipids were selectively deposited in a single monolayer or simultaneously in multiple of the four constitutent monolayers and again probed with reductive quencher to confirm their location within the multi-lamellar membranes. The product vesicles can serve as both compartments and scaffolds for sophisticated cell-like metabolic activity (e.g. RNA transcription, protein expression, integral membrane protein insertion and membrane protein-mediated transport). These biomimetic vesicles of defined size form the core of an extensible and systematic platform for probing interactions between membrane proteins, lipid bilayers and chemical control of bilayer structure and remodeling events.
Radiographic Outcomes of Volar Locked Plating for Distal Radius Fractures

Purpose To assess the ability of volar locked plating to achieve and maintain normal radiographic parameters for articular stepoff, volar tilt, radial inclination, ulnar variance, and radial height in distal radius fractures. Methods We performed a retrospective review of 185 distal radius fractures that underwent volar locked plating with a single plate design over a 5-year period. We reviewed radiographs and recorded measurements for volar tilt, radial inclination, ulnar variance, radial height, and articular stepoff. We used logistic regression to determine the association between return to radiographic standard norms and fracture type. Results At the first and final postoperative follow-up visits, we observed articular congruence less than 2 mm in 92% of fractures at both times. Normal volar tilt (11°) was restored in 46% at the first follow-up and 48% at the final one. Radial inclination (22°) was achieved in 44% at the first follow-up and 43% at the final one, and ulnar variance (01 ± 2 mm) was achieved in 53% at the first follow-up and 53% at the final one. In addition, radial height (14 ± 1mm) was restored in 14% at the first follow-up and 12% at the final one. More complex, intra-articular fractures (AO class B and C and Frykman types 3, 4, 7, and 8) were less likely to be restored to normal radiographic parameters. However, because of the small sample size for some fracture types, it was difficult to discover significant associations between fracture type and radiographic outcome. Conclusions Volar locked plating for distal radius fractures achieved articular stepoff less than 2 mm in most fractures but only restored and maintained normal radiographic measurements for volar tilt, radial inclination, and ulnar variance in 50% of fractures. The ability of volar locked plating to restore and maintain ulnar variance and volar tilt decreased with more complex intra-articular fracture types. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.
Instrumental Milk Fat Determination. I. Effects of Potassium Dichromate Concentration and Sample Storage Time on Milko-Tester Results

Abstract At 0.08 to 0.80% levels of K 2 Cr 2 O 7 the milk fat content determined with a Milko-Tester Automatic was not measurably affected up to 3 days storage at 21 to 27C. Official methods recommend 0.21%. A depression of less than 0.05% in the fat percentage is detectable by the Milko-Tester Automatic after three days of sample storage. Deviations of more than 0.05% between duplicates and fat percentage depressions of more than 0.1% occurred with and after the fifth day. Storage results at Days 7 and 12 were still more unsatisfactory. A reinvestigation of milk sample preservatives is recommended to establish criteria of use and quality for users and manufacturers.
Hydrology and chemistry of thermal waters near Wells, Nevada

Anomalously warm water in shallow wells and surface springs is found in and around the town of Wells, Nevada. The geology of the Wells area is dominated by Paleozoic and Miocene sedimentary rocks which are cut by high angle normal faults. Thermal springs are associated with the normal faults, whereas thermal water from wells is the result of upward vertical fluid infiltration through the porous, Miocene lacustrine sedimentary rocks and Quaternary alluvium. Temperature logs from a nearby oil exploration well show locally high geothermal gradients (> 50° C/km). Analysis of static water heads indicates that vertical flow is greater than or equal to horizontal flow in low-lying areas near the town of Wells. Solution of the advection-diffusion equation using temperature data from the upper portion of the oil well suggests upward flow velocities of approximately 2–10 m/yr. Cold waters have a mixed cation-bicarbonate chemistry whereas thermal waters are dominantly (Na + K)-bicarbonate. Chemical geothermometers indicate fluid circulation to depths between 1–2 km. Deuterium and oxygen-18 analyses have considerable variability, with modest deviations from the global meteoric water line. The occurrence of deuterium as light as – 145% suggests significant recharge to the hydrothermal system from very high elevations or water which has had a long subsurface residence time and is recording the signal of a cooler climate.
Inter-chromophore interactions in pigment-modified and dimer-less bacterial photosynthetic reaction centers

The magnitudes of inter-chromophore interactions in bacterial photosynthetic reaction centers are investigated by measuring absorption and Stark spectra of reaction centers in which monomeric chromophores are modified and in a novel triplet mutant which lacks the special pair. The circular dichroism spectrum of the triple mutant reaction center was also measured. Only small changes in the spectroscopic properties are observed, as has also been found for several types of reaction centers in which the absorption or chemical properties of a chromophore are altered by site-specific mutations. We conclude that the electronic absorption, circular dichroism and Stark features of the special pair and the monomeric chromophores in the reaction center are relatively insensitive to inter-chromophore interactions.
Myoblast Cell Transplantation: Preclinical Studies

Skeletal myoblast transplantation opened the field of cellular cardiomyoplasty and remains its best studied procedure. Preclinical studies have moved to randomized clinical trials; lessons have been learned and questions remain. Cell transplantation offers the promise of a new era in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, but only if this new modality is carefully evaluated. Combining genomics, tissue engineering and advanced imaging methods to understand the mechanisms by which cell engraftment improves function, to promote graft longevity, and to improve electromechanical graft integration are the next preclinical frontiers. Basing clinical trials on good pre-clinical data, carefully defining the best cell type for a given clinical situation and performing randomized controlled trials that can be compared world-wide are the tasks before us as a field. Accepting the challenge, and pushing back this frontier is our opportunity. Changing patient outcomes will be our prize. Yet, doing it improperly could relegate this promising field to failure before its potential is realized.
Rapid accumulation of a vertically transmitted parasite triggered by relaxation of natural selection among hosts

The fate of a parasite with exclusively vertical transmission depends critically on its virulence, the magnitude of its negative impact on Wtness of the infected host. Relaxation of natural selection within the host population should favour the parasite by reducing this impact. We studied the dynamics of the sigma virus, a vertically transmitted parasite of Drosophila melanogaster, within a captive host population kept under relaxed natural selection. The frequency of infected Xies in the population grew from 5% to 70% in just 15 generations. In contrast, strong natural selection among the host curbed the propagation of the virus. Two of 15 populations originating from a pair of infected parents and kept under intense competition for 10 generations have lost the virus completely. The implications of these Wndings for host‐ parasite co-evolution are discussed.
Electromagnetic scattering from a doubly-periodic grating corrugated by cubical cavities

The author presents a rigorous theoretical formalism describing the diffraction of a plane wave by a bigrating of cubical cavities hollowed in a planar surface of perfectly conducting material. This problem is treated analytically as a coupling result of the conventional TE and TM polarization case. Based on Floquet's theorem, the mode-matching method is used to solve the system of linear equations that have been derived by enforcing the electromagnetic boundary conditions for different sets of the scattering parameters. Diffraction efficiency curves are generated as a function of the cavity's dimension with good numerical stability. The results not only demonstrate the dispersion characteristics, but also provide a method of computing the diffraction efficiencies for the bigrating structures. >
Observation of Plasmon Propagation, Redirection, and Fan-Out in Silver Nanowires

We report the coupling of free-space photons (vacuum wavelength of 830 nm) to surface plasmon modes of a silver nanowire. The launch of propagating plasmons, and the subsequent emission of photons, is selective and occurs only at ends and other discontinuities of the nanowire. In addition, we observe that the nanowires redirect the plasmons through turns of radii as small as 4 μm. We exploit the radiating nature of discontinuities to find a plasmon propagation length >3 ± 1 μm. Finally, we observe that interwire plasmon coupling occurs for overlapping wires, demonstrating plasmon fan-out at subwavelength scales.
Scheduling for multi-channel wireless networks: Small delay with polynomial complexity

Scheduling for multi-channel (e.g., OFDM-based) wireless downlink systems is considered with the objective of providing low delay performance to users with real-time and stochastic traffic. The main contribution is the design of a low-complexity scheduling algorithm for the system with desired performance (in a large deviations sense). In particular, as the number of users and channels grows, the algorithm ensures an exponential decay of the probability of encountering significant delay at a near optimal decay rate when the arrivals are symmetric and the channel follows an ON-OFF model with multi-packet reception. The algorithm also provides consistently good performance in the larger set up by guaranteeing throughput optimality, and a non-zero decay rate if it is possible under any other algorithm.
A Highly Efficient Ultralow Photovoltaic Power Harvesting System With MPPT for Internet of Things Smart Nodes

Implementing a monolithic highly efficient ultralow photovoltaic (PV) power harvesting system is pivotal for smart nodes of Internet of things (IOT) networks. This paper proposes a fully integrated harvesting system in 0.18- $\mu $ m CMOS technology. Utilizing a small commercial solar cell of 2.5 $\mathrm{cm}^{2}$ , the proposed system can provide 0–29 $\mu $ W of power, which is much higher than the commonly used passive radio-frequency identification devices in IOT application. The hill-climbing maximum power point tracking algorithm is developed in an energy-efficient manner to tune the input impedance of the system and guarantee adaptive maximum power transfer under wide illumination conditions. The detailed impedance tuning approach is implemented with a capacitor value modulation to eliminate the quiescent power consumption as well as to achieve a higher efficiency than the traditional pulse-frequency modulation scheme. A supercapacitor is utilized for buffering, energy storing, and filtering purposes, which enables more functions of the IOT smart nodes such as active sensing and system-on-chip (SOC) signal processing. The output voltage ranges between 3.0 and 3.5 V for different device loads, such as sensors, SOC, or wireless transceivers. The measured results confirm that this PV harvesting system achieves both ultralow operation capability under $20~\mu $ W and a self-sustaining efficiency of 89%.
EFFECT OF aw OF MEAT PRODUCTS ON GROWTH OF RADIATION RESISTANT Moraxella‐Acinetobacter

The growth response of radiation resistant Moraxella-Acinetobacter (M-A) was monitored relative to the a, of meat and various experimental media. Representative isolates, although obtained from beef, did not grow in ground beef, ground chicken meat, OR fresh beef exudate unless the aw was raised through water addition. Data from a psychrometric thermocouple of the Spanner-Peltier design showed that aw levels approaching and lower than 0.99 were inhibitory to the growth of M-A. No growth occurred in standard laboratory media when the aw was lowered to that approximating meat. Comparable lowering of aw in experimental media systems by additions of sodium hexametaphosphate, sodium chloride, yeast extract, or dehydrated m-Plate Count Broth (PCB) gave similar results. Growth of M-A occurred without added water in chicken exudate, on the surface of chicken wings, and on exudate saturated paper removed from commercially packaged chicken trays. M-A growth in PCB with added ground beef was further indication that the M-A's inability to grow was not due to an inhibitor in the meat.
Practice patterns of recent female dental graduates.

Now that women have successfully entered the dental profession, they are developing a workable balance in their new lifestyles.
Computing linear approximations to nonlinear neuronal response

We present an approach to obtain nonlinear information about neuronal response by computing multiple linear approximations. By calculating local linear approximations centered around particular stimuli, one can obtain insight into stimulus features that drive the response of highly nonlinear neurons, such as neurons highly selective to a small set of stimuli. We implement this approach based on stimulus-spike correlation (i.e., reverse correlation or spike-triggered average) methods. We illustrate the benefits of these linear approximations with a simplified two-dimensional model and a model of an auditory neuron that is highly selective to particular features of a song.
Direct Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanopowders by the Combustion Approach: Reaction Mechanism and Properties

Solution combustion synthesis of different oxides involves a self-sustained reaction between an oxidizer (e.g., metal nitrate) and a fuel (e.g., glycine, hydrazine). The mechanism of synthesis for three major iron oxide phases, i.e., α- and γ-Fe2O3 and Fe3O4, using the combustion approach and a combination of simple precursors such as iron nitrate and oxalate, as well as different fuels, is investigated. Based on the obtained fundamental knowledge, for the first time in the literature, the above powders with well-crystalline structures and surface areas in the range 50−175 m2/g are produced using a single approach while simultaneously avoiding additional calcination procedures. It is also shown that utilizing complex fuels and complex oxidizers is an attractive methodology to control the product composition and properties.
The Conceivability of God

In the continuing dialogue between Western philosophy and the Christian religion, the central issue has generally been the existence of God. There has however been a discernible shift in the focus of the discussion in recent years. Rather than the existence of God, the issue now seems to be the concept of God. It is increasingly argued by philosophers critical of religion that the concept of God is basically incoherent, and that therefore the question of God's existence or non-existence does not even arise. What cannot be conceived is not even a possible object of faith. An immediate response to this challenge would be to ask, 'Which concept of God?' for there are obviously many. Even within the Biblical tradition, there are different ways of speaking about God-and not simply different terms for God, but different ways of conceptualising transcendent reality. Another way of putting the point would be to say that there are different models for God. A model is similar to a metaphor in that it involves trans ference of meaning from one context to another. It differs in that it is more general and can serve as the organising principle for a whole system of thought. Thus, to speak of God as Father, Shepherd or King is to speak metaphorically, whereas to speak of God in terms of selfhood, causality or personal agency is to invoke a model-the model of God as self or as cause or as personal agent. Since there is no literal way of speaking of God, all language about God involves the application of some model or other. The question is whether the model can apply to God without equivocation, whether God can be spoken of intelligibly or not. Within the Christian tradition there are a number of different models which could lay claim to being the dominant model for God, but the one that I should like to examine is the model of personal agency: the view of God as agent. In the hey-day of Biblical theology, it was frequently asserted that the Biblical God is a 'God who acts'.' That expression carried with it connotations which have come in for a good deal of criticism, for instance, the circumscription of the Biblical message to a few seminal events of history and the implication that God only acts in history. Yet one may accept these criticisms and still maintain that in the Biblical tradition God is primarily thought of as agent. For, whether in the role of creator or redeemer, whether in the great events of history or the ordinary occurrences of nature,
Three Models of Ethnographic Research: Wacquant as Risk-Taker

Three versions of ethnographic research are presented. I call the first of these the “consensus model,” a widely accepted and standardized approach that combines the theoretical assumptions of Blumer’s formulation of symbolic interactionism and a set of data-gathering procedures. Mitchell Duneier’s work is an example of this model. The second approach, the “comparative model,” uses the consensus model while simultaneously developing an abstract, theoretical, conceptually innovative, comparative schema. Erving Goffman serves as an example. I call the third approach the “transferential model.” This approach also uses the consensus model but in addition requires ethnographers to examine the habitus of group members. To do this, ethnographers immerse themselves in the everyday world of their research participants to grasp the visceral, emotional, and unconscious aspects of group life and/or to discover discrediting aspects of the group. Here the ethnographer becomes loosely comparable to the psychoanalyst: bo...
Targeted deletion of the neutral endopeptidase gene alters ventilatory responses to acute hypoxia in mice.

Neutral endopeptidase (NEP) is one of the major endopeptidases responsible for the inactivation of substance P in the carotid body, a neurotransmitter shown to be important in the transduction of h...
Opportunistic Spectrum Access in Heterogeneous User Environments

Cognitive Radio (CR) is an attractive technology to alleviate spectrum scarcity in wireless communications. It allows secondary users (SUs) to opportunistically access the licensed spectrum of primary users (PUs) so long as these users' communications are protected. Therefore, protection of the PUs is central to the adoption of this technology. In this paper, we consider an SU that must protect multiple non-interfering PUs simultaneously. These PUs may be heterogeneous in terms of their activity statistics and protection requirements. Assuming exponentially distributed idle times, we determine the limits on successful SU transmission time in such cases, and demonstrate the impact of these results on the channel selection problem. We also derive a time-threshold optimal policy for PUs with general idle time distributions and determine the conditions necessary for this policy to hold. We then discuss the implications of our results on related issues, in particular the information that the SU needs to determine transmission policies satisfy PU constraints.
A solid-shell corotational element based on ANDES, ANS and EAS for geometrically nonlinear structural analysis

This paper describes an eight-node, assumed strain, solid-shell, corotational element for geometrically nonlinear structural analysis. The locally linear kinematics of the element is separated into in-plane (which is further decoupled into membrane and bending), thickness and transverse shear components. This separation allows using any type of membrane quadrilateral formulation for the in-plane response. Assumed strain fields for the three components are constructed using different approaches. The Assumed Natural Deviatoric Strain approach is used for the in-plane response, whereas the Assumed Natural Strain approach is used for the thickness and transverse shear components. A strain enhancement based on Enhanced Assumed Strain concepts is also used for the thickness component. The resulting element passes well-known shell element patch tests and exhibits good performance in a number of challenging benchmark tests. The formulation is extended to the geometric nonlinear regime using an element-independent corotational approach. Some key properties of the corotational kinematic description are discussed. The element is tested in several well-known shell benchmarks and compared with other thin-shell and solid-shell elements available in the literature, as well as with commercial nonlinear FEM codes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Continuous-wave operation of 1.55-μm vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser with digital-alloy active region using submonolayer superlattices

For the first time, a digital-alloy active region (DAAR) consisting of submonolayer superlattices was used in a 1.55-/spl mu/m vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser. The device showed continuous-wave operation with a room-temperature threshold current (I/sub th/) of 1.2 mA, maximum output power (P/sub max/) of 0.26 mW, and a differential quantum efficiency (/spl eta//sub d/) of 21%. These results indicate that the DAAR is at least as efficient as the analog-alloy active region and provides much better control of alloy composition and strain.
MILITANTS, MOTHERS, AND THE NATIONAL FAMILY: UJAMAA , GENDER, AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN POSTCOLONIAL TANZANIA

Between 1964 and 1975, development politics in Tanzania came to be organized around a version of ujamaa that normalized distinct gender roles and celebrated a generic ideal of the nuclear family. Yet as ujamaa villagization unfolded on the ground in the south-eastern region of Mtwara, rural people's practices rarely conformed to the ideas about gender and family implicit in official discourse and policy. Just as the institution of the family on the ground proved to be a complicated and fractured one, the Tanzanian state's understanding of familyhood and the larger project of ujamaa were deeply riddled with internal tensions.
Modeling and efficient simulation of the deposition of particulate flows onto compliant substrates

There are many emerging manufacturing processes whereby structures are formed by depositing materials onto substrates in order to build up layers or coatings. The processes are often referred to as “additive manufacturing”. Particle-based additive manufacturing processes utilize deposition of streams of particles to build layers upon substrate surfaces. Oftentimes, the substrates are fragile/sensitive, and could become damaged if the induced stresses due to deposition are too high. In these cases, knowledge of the substrate stresses is important. This paper develops a computational-mechanics framework to rapidly evaluate the induced substrate stresses due to multiple, simultaneous, surface particle contact events. The aggregate substrate stresses are efficiently computed by superposing individual particle contact solutions, based on classical Boussinesq solutions, coupled to a multibody dynamics formulation for the interacting particles. The utility of the approach is that process designers can efficiently compute the results of selecting various system parameters, such as deposition speed, particle-stream configuration, etc. This allows one to rapidly compute system parameter studies needed in new product development. Three-dimensional examples are provided to illustrate the technique.
Symptomatic Triple-Region Spinal Stenosis Treated with Simultaneous Surgery: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Study Design Case report. Objectives Symptomatic triple-region spinal stenosis (TRSS), defined as spinal stenosis in three different regions of the spine, is extremely rare. To our knowledge, treatment with simultaneous decompressive surgery is not described in the literature. We report a case of a patient with TRSS who was treated successfully with simultaneous decompressive surgery in three separate regions of the spine. Methods A 50-year-old man presented with combined progressive cervical and thoracic myelopathy along with severe lumbar spinal claudication and radiculopathy. He underwent simultaneous decompressive surgery in all three regions of his spine and concomitant instrumented fusion in the cervical and thoracic regions. Results Estimated blood loss for the procedure was 600 mL total (250 mL cervical, 250 mL thoracic, 100 mL lumbar) and operative time was ∼3.5 hours. No changes were noted on intraoperative monitoring. The postoperative course was uncomplicated. The patient was discharged to inpatient rehabilitation on postoperative day (POD) 7 and discharged home on POD 11. At 6-month follow-up, his gait and motor function was improved and returned to normal in all extremities. He remains partially disabled due to chronic back pain. Conclusions This report is the first of symptomatic TRSS treated with simultaneous surgery in three different regions of the spine. Simultaneous triple region stenosis surgery appears to be an effective treatment option for this rare condition, but may be associated with prolonged hospital stay after surgery.
Motivating Out-of-Pocket Treatment Costs with Cheap Talk

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of a split-sample, cheap-talk experiment on patients' preferences for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatments. BACKGROUND: Obtaining valid WTP estimates for health care interventions requires that subjects accept offered prices as actual out-of-pocket costs. This requirement may be rejected or not taken seriously by subjects covered by health insurance. As a result of hypothetical bias, nonsalient prices may cause overstatement and imprecision of WTP estimates. So-called cheap-talk strategies are designed to alert subjects to the problem of hypothetical bias and exhort them to pay close attention to opportunity costs of the hypothetical treatments. METHODS: The analysis was conducted using stated choice (SC) or discrete-choice experiment methods. An on-line panel of subjects with RA were asked to evaluate pairs of treatment alternatives with different attributes. Half of the sample saw a cheap-talk text, which was also read to them using a sound clip. Preference parameters were estimated using random-parameters logit models to account for unobserved taste heterogeneity. The models also were estimated in willingness-to-pay space instead of conventional utility space. RESULTS: 233 respondents completed the survey with cheap-talk text and 230 respondents completed the survey without cheap talk. Preferences of respondents who were presented with the cheap-talk text were consistent with the natural ordering of the treatments attributes, whereas preferences of patients who were not presented with a cheap-talk text were not. Cheap talk not only affected the price coefficient but also preferences for other attributes and taste-heterogenity measures. Random-parameters estimates of taste dispersion were larger for the cheap-talk sample, suggesting that cheap talk encouraged more attentive evaluation of treatment features. Patients who were not presented with the cheap-talk text had significantly lower WTP for large treatment benefits and higher WTP for smaller treatment benefits relative to the cheap-talk sample. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that cheap talk encourages respondents to be more attentive to both the price and treatment attributes. The increase in cognitive effort appears to lead to improved theoretical validity and better taste discrimination among subjects in stated-choice parameter estimates. The WTP-space model offers benefits in eliminating the well-known scale problem in comparing different models.
Cytosolic calcium transients are a determinant of contraction-induced HSP72 transcription in single skeletal muscle fibers

The activating factors for contraction-induced HSP72 transcription in skeletal muscle remain unclear. The present study utilizes single skeletal muscle fibers to demonstrate that the intermittent c...
Reliability-Oriented Single-Path Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) bring significant advantages over traditional communications in today's applications, such as environmental monitoring, homeland security, and health care. However, harsh and complex environments pose great challenges in the reliability of WSN communications. To achieve reliable wireless communications within WSNs, it is essential to have a reliable routing protocol and to have a means to evaluate the reliability performance of different routing protocols. In this paper, we first model the reliability of two different types of sensor nodes: 1) energy harvesting sensor nodes and 2) battery-powered sensor nodes. We then present wireless link reliability models for each type of sensor nodes, where effects of different parameters, such as battery life-time, shadowing, noise, and location uncertainty, are considered for analyzing the wireless link reliability. Based on the sensor node and wireless link reliability models, we compare the performance of different routing algorithms in terms of end-to-end path reliability and number of hops. A dynamic routing approach is then proposed to achieve the most reliable end-to-end path in WSNs. Furthermore, to facilitate a fair and comprehensive comparison among different routing algorithms, a cost function approach that integrates the end-to-end path reliability and number of hops is proposed, providing an indicator of quality of service of applications running on WSNs.
Comparative Effectiveness of 39- and 2450-MHz Electric Fields for Control of Rice Weevils in Wheat

A comparison of 39-MHz and 2450-MHz radiofrequency (RF) electrical treatments to control adult Sitophilus oryzae (L.) in hard red winter wheat revealed that the 39-MHz treatment was much more effective than treatment at 2450 MHz. Complete insect mortality was achieved by 39-MHz treatments that raised grain temperatures to 40°C; whereas, grain temperatures of ca. 80°C were required for complete mortality in 2450-MHz treatments. Insect mortalities from 39-MHz exposures were much greater 1 day after treatment than were those from 2450-MHz exposures producing comparable grain temperatures. The degree of injury and delayed mortality resulting from 39-MHz exposures also was much more severe than that resulting from 2450-MHz exposures. The results confirmed predictions, based on measurements of dielectric properties of adult rice weevils and wheat, that 39-MHz treatments should provide a much better opportunity for selectively heating the insects than would treatments at 2450 MHz.
The Influence of Asymmetric Creative Thinking on the Negotiation Process and Outcomes

Negotiators rely on idea generation in integrative negotiations. Although research suggests negotiators’ individual creativity is positively related to joint gains, little is known about how a dyad...
Predicting Brand Purchase Behavior: Marketing Application of the Schönemann and Wang Unfolding Model:

The predictive power of the Schonemann-Wang joint space model is examined across three product classes. These results are compared with unfolding analyses performed by the KYST algorithm. The Schon...
Quantifying Remediation Effectiveness under Variable External Forcing Using Contaminant Rating Curves

Remediation efforts are typically assessed through before-and-after comparisons of contaminant concentrations or loads. These comparisons can be misleading when external drivers, such as weather conditions, differ between the pre- and postremediation monitoring periods. Here, we show that remediation effectiveness may be better assessed by comparing pre- and postremediation contaminant rating curves, which permit "all else equal" comparisons of pre- and postremediation contaminant concentrations and loads under at any specified external forcing. We illustrate this approach with a remediation case study at an abandoned mercury mine in Northern California. Measured mercury loads in the stream draining the mine site were a factor of 1000 smaller after the remediation than before, superficially suggesting that the cleanup was 99.9% effective, but rainstorms were weaker and less frequent during the postremediation monitoring period. Our analysis shows that this difference in weather conditions alone reduced mercury loads at our site by a factor of 73-85, with a further factor of 12.6-14.5 being attributable to the remediation itself, implying that the cleanup was 92-93% (rather than 99.9%) effective. Our results illustrate the need to account for external confounding drivers when assessing remediation efforts, particularly in systems with highly episodic forcing.