cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing Relay Communications for Mars Sample Return Surface Mission Concepts

The Mars Sample Return (MSR) Campaign is a 3-mission campaign concept supported by NASA and ESA to return samples from the Mars surface. MSR will, for the first time ever, present a need to communicate with multiple surface assets that are co-located on Mars in a coordinated effort to accomplish the unified objective of fetching, transporting, and returning samples from Mars. Currently, Mars surface assets relay data to and from Earth using a number of orbiters in what's known as the Mars Relay Network (MRN). This network is characterized by a small number of surface assets distributed across the Martian globe and a larger number of orbiters to provide relay services. As of June 2020, there are two surface assets for which five orbiters are providing relay. During the MSR Campaign, there will be two rovers and a lander that all will require relay communication from a small number of Mars orbiters to meet the aggressive MSR timeline. The inversion of the current MRN paradigm, a system of many surface assets requiring relay and few orbiters to provide relay, necessitates the unique challenge of optimally allocating relay passes to maximize the operational capability of all assets. The allocation must consider a large number of trade variables including Mars asset operational requirements and Earth ground system constraints, including staffing schedules, operations planning across time zones, and more. To address these telecommunication challenges, the Mars Asset Relay Mission Link Allocation Design Environment (MARMLADE) tool was developed. It is a MATLAB-based tool to assign orbiter passes or Direct-From-Earth (DFE) links to each of the three surface assets and quantify the operational efficiency of each surface asset. MARMLADE uses a data set of simulated Mars relay orbiter geometry and telecommunication capabilities provided by JPL's Telecom Orbit Analysis and Simulation Tool (TOAST) software to compute which asset should get each pass based on a series of heuristics and predictions of all assets' states. Within MARMLADE, the user can provide inputs including the option for time-based pass splitting, fixed FWD data rate capabilities, DFE communication capabilities, and link parameters allowing for the assessment of complex operations and hardware trades using surface mission operational efficiency as a primary figure of merit. As the MSR mission concepts continue to mature, MARMLADE is being used to assess ability of all MSR elements to meet the surface mission timeline requirements and to provide relay link allocations to each of the MSR surface assets. This paper will describe the motivation and design of the MARMLADE tool and how it is being used to perform campaign and mission level trades, generate requirements, and support development of the MSR surface mission scenarios.
An all-Mach, low-dissipation strategy for simulating multiphase flows

Abstract Liquid-gas flows that involve compressibility effects occur in many engineering contexts, and high-fidelity simulations can unlock further insights and developments. Introducing several numerical innovations, this work details a collocated, volume-of-fluid, finite volume flow solver that is robust, conservative, and capable of simulating flows with shocks, liquid-gas interfaces, and turbulence. A novel hybrid advection scheme provides stability while minimizing dissipation. An unsplit semi-Lagrangian method provides the robustness and precision to handle discontinuities in the flow, and a centered scheme eliminates numerical kinetic energy dissipation elsewhere, allowing accurate simulation of turbulence. A pressure projection scheme makes multiphase compressible simulations much less costly, and formulating this projection as incremental reduces numerical dissipation further. Local relaxation to mechanical equilibrium is used to properly solve for the pressure and energy fields in multiphase contexts. Within this framework, a consistent methodology for implementing multiphase pressure projection is derived, including surface tension. The complete algorithm is validated with benchmark tests in one, two, and three dimensions that evaluate the accuracy and stability of the approach in predicting compressible effects, turbulent dissipation, interface dynamics, and more through comparisons with theory, experiments, and reference simulations. Finally, the utility of the numerical approach is demonstrated by simulating an atomizing liquid jet in a Mach 2 crossflow.
Communicating with citizens? Representations of public opinion in Polish public discourse

While political scientists and communication scholars have long been interested in the relationship between democracy, media and public opinion, still too little attention has been focused on how these concepts and institutions are perceived by diff erent actors functioning in the public sphere. Th is paper argues that the kind of idea of public opinion persists in society depends on the model of democracy adopted by various public actors, the historical context of the idea and the agen- das measuring public opinion. Based on in-depth (n = 32) and focused group (n = 36) interviews this study shows that the way people look at diff erent theoretical concepts depends not only on their dif- ferent representations but also on the roles they play in the public sphere. Representations of public opinion expressed by lay people, politicians and journalists seem to be mutually exclusive. Th e paper explores the way Polish democracy persists despite these controversies.
CO 2 Laser Absorption Coefficients for Determining Ambient Levels of O 3 , NH 3 , and C 2 H 4

A carbon dioxide laser source was used to determine absorption coefficients for dilute absorber–air mixtures at wavelengths corresponding to several vibration–rotation lines in each branch of the 00°1–02°0 band at 9.4 μm and the 00°1–10°0 band at 10.4 μm. For all samples the total pressure was 1 atm and the temperature was 300 K; the concentrations ranged from 10 ppm (parts per million by volume) to 357 ppm for NH3 and C2H4, and from 10 ppm to 80 ppm for O3. The absorption coefficients are tabulated, and the use of selected laser lines in monitoring ambient concentrations is discussed.
Systems Approach to targeted and long-acting HIV/AIDS therapy

Medication adherence and insufficient drug levels are central to HIV/AIDS disease progression. Recently, Fletcher et al. confirmed that HIV patients on oral antiretroviral therapy had lower intracellular drug concentrations in lymph nodes than in blood. For instance, in the same patient, multiple lymph node drug concentrations were as much as 99 % lower than in blood. This study built upon our previous finding that HIV patients taking oral indinavir had 3-fold lower mononuclear cell drug concentrations in lymph nodes than in blood. As a result, an association between insufficient lymph node drug concentrations in cells and persistent viral replication has now been validated. Lymph node cells, particularly CD4 T lymphocytes, host HIV infection and persistence; CD4 T cell depletion in blood correlates with AIDS progression. With established drug targets to overcome drug insufficiency in lymphoid cells and tissues, we have developed and employed a "Systems Approach" to engineer multi-drug-incorporated particles for HIV treatment. The goal is to improve lymphatic HIV drug exposure to eliminate HIV drug insufficiency and disease progression. We found that nano-particulate drugs that absorb, transit, and retain in the lymphatic system after subcutaneous dosing improve intracellular lymphatic drug exposure and overcome HIV lymphatic drug insufficiency. The composition, physical properties, and stability of the drug nanoparticles contribute to the prolonged and enhanced drug exposure in lymphoid cells and tissues. In addition to overcoming lymphatic drug insufficiency and potentially reversing HIV infection, targeted drug nanoparticle properties may extend drug concentrations and enable the development of long-acting HIV drug therapy for enhanced patient compliance.
Type II Supernovae Photospheres and Distances

The kinematical method of determining distances to supernovae is briefly reviewed. A program to compute the required continuum flux from model atmospheres of Type II supernovae is outlined. The results of a perturbed gray-body calculation are presented to indicate qualitatively some of the important features to be expected. It is found that if the contribution of scattering to the opacity is greater than that of true absorption (as seems likely), the flux is diluted, which tends to increase the derived value of the Hubble constant. Fortunately, it appears that the Balmer jump may be a sensitive indicator of this opacity ratio.
Evaluating the SiteStory Transactional Web Archive with the ApacheBench Tool

Conventional Web archives are created by periodically crawling a Web site and archiving the responses from the Web server. Although easy to implement and commonly deployed, this form of archiving typically misses updates and may not be suitable for all preservation scenarios, for example a site that is required (perhaps for records compliance) to keep a copy of all pages it has served. In contrast, transactional archives work in conjunction with a Web server to record all content that has been served. Los Alamos National Laboratory has developed SiteStory, an open-source transactional archive written in Java that runs on Apache Web servers, provides a Memento compatible access interface, and WARC file export features. We used Apache’s ApacheBench utility on a pre-release version of SiteStory to measure response time and content delivery time in different environments. The performance tests were designed to determine the feasibility of SiteStory as a production-level solution for high fidelity automatic Web archiving. We found that SiteStory does not significantly affect content server performance when it is performing transactional archiving. Content server performance slows from 0.076 seconds to 0.086 seconds per Web page access when the content server is under load, and from 0.15 seconds to 0.21 seconds when the resource has many embedded and changing resources.
Characterization and crystallization of core streptavidin

We have characterized a streptavidin product that had been reduced to a minimal size that still retained full biotin-binding activity. This core streptavidin is proteolyzed at both ends at points that correspond closely with the termini of hen egg white avidin. Core streptavidin is more soluble than is the parent molecule. We have grown three different types of crystals of core streptavidin. The symmetry properties of these crystals prove that the molecule is a tetramer organized in tetrahedral (D2) point symmetry. The crystallographic response to the interaction of biotin with core streptavidin indicates that some conformational change accompanies ligand binding. We are attempting to determine the three-dimensional structure of streptavidin and its complex with selenobiotin from these crystals of core streptavidin.
Effect of Microwave Fields on Rabbit Vagus Nerves and Superior Cervical Ganglia

Rabbit vagua nerves and superior cervical ganglia were exposed in vitro to CW and pulsed 2450 MHz fields in a waveguide circulated with temperature-controlled Ringer's solution. No significant change in characteristics was observed at absorbed power densities of 0.3-1500 W/kg for CW, and 0.3-220 kW/kg peak for pulsed fields as long as temperature was maintained at a constant non-noxious level.
Human and horse medicine among some Native American groups

Because Plains Indians, as well as some other groups of Native Americans, generally perceived people and animals as closely related, medical therapies and preventive regimes in human and veterinary medical practice often overlapped. The sense of partnership that mounted people shared with their horses dictated that it was appropriate for certain equine remedies to be similar to those used for themselves. Horses, as well as people, could possess useful knowledge in the realm of curing. Reciprocity between humankind and nature was expressed by the interactive healing powers of people and horses as well as by recorded examples of the connection that existed between human and equine health maintenance measures and medical procedures.
Can Hydrogen Emission Lines of PU Vul be Produced in the Outer Atmosphere of the Red Giant Component

We calculated atmospheric models for a cool giant star illuminated by a hotter companion. This situation occurs in some symbiotic novae - such as PU Vul -shortly after eruption. We used a modified version of the UMA code (Gustafsson et al. 1975, Nordlund & Vaz 1990 and references therein) to calculate radiative atmosphere models for the cool component of the system; one model without illumination and four with illumination by a black body plane-parallel beam for different incident angles. We adopted parameters of the companions from Kenyon (1986). We assumed the orbital separation to be 1AU and the atmosphere is classical plane-parallel, with solar abundance and LTE. We used the atmospheric structure of the illuminated models and the MULTI code (Carlsson 1986) to solve the radiative transfer problem for hydrogen. We have modified the MULTI code to include the illumination effect. In the non-LTE case only the Lyman lines are in emission; the rest are in absorption. For comparison we also calculated line profiles assuming LTE. All LTE hydrogen lines are in emission with exception for Paschen β which is in absorption with central emission.
The ITER activity-a progress report

A progress report on the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) project is presented. Particular attention is given to the ITER organization, the technical objectives, and the role of industry. >
Sugar Bingeing in Rats

Bingeing behavior is characteristic of many eating disorders. This unit describes an animal model of sugar bingeing. This model has been used successfully to elicit behavioral and neurochemical signs of sugar dependence in rats, e.g., indices of bingeing, withdrawal, increased intake after abstinence (deprivation effect), cross-sensitization with amphetamine, and increases in dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens due to repeated bingeing.
Sex differences and stress across the lifespan

Sex differences in stress responses can be found at all stages of life and are related to both the organizational and activational effects of gonadal hormones and to genes on the sex chromosomes. As stress dysregulation is the most common feature across neuropsychiatric diseases, sex differences in how these pathways develop and mature may predict sex-specific periods of vulnerability to disruption and increased disease risk or resilience across the lifespan. The aging brain is also at risk to the effects of stress, where the rapid decline of gonadal hormones in women combined with cellular aging processes promote sex biases in stress dysregulation. In this Review, we discuss potential underlying mechanisms driving sex differences in stress responses and their relevance to disease. Although stress is involved in a much broader range of diseases than neuropsychiatric ones, we highlight here this area and its examples across the lifespan.
Initial experience with implanted peripheral nerve stimulation for the treatment of refractory cephalgia.

Abstract Objective: To report 4 cases of improved pain control and function in patients with chronic cephalgia secondary to chronic headaches and/or trigeminal neuralgia. Methods: Four patients with refractory cephalgia came to our clinic for interventional therapy after medications failure. Each patient underwent a trial with a temporary array of peripheral nerve stimulation depending on the distribution of their pain. Trials varied in duration from 1 to 3 days. Patients who received greater than 50% pain relief during trials were candidates for full implantation. All 4 patients went to full implantation of a permanent peripheral nerve stimulator lead array and generator battery. Results: After implantation of the permanent lead array and generator, average pain relief among the 4 patients was 60%. Their function improved, and medication usage decreased along with side effects. Overall, all 4 patients reported that they would undergo implantation if given the choice again. Tolerance for medication decrea...
ABRUPTIO PLACENTAE IN THE BABOON (PAPIO SPP.)

Introduction Placental abruption is a serious condition that increases perinatal morbidity and mortality. Clinical prevention and treatment options are limited, especially in human preterm deliveries. Knowledge of the mechanisms that keep the placenta in place during pregnancy is critical for developing strategies for the prevention of abruption. Failure of physiological transformation of spiral arteries has been described as a major contributing factor of the placental abruption development. Baboons (Papio spp.) share striking similarities with humans in regard to placental structure, utero-placental blood flow, and fetal development; however, the mode of trophoblast invasion is shallow in baboons. This fact prompted the hypothesis that the incidence of placental abruption will be increased in baboons compared to humans.
Static/Dynamic Bifurcation and Chaotic Behavior of an Ethanol Fermentor

The problems associated with the efficient production of fuel ethanol from lignocellulosic waste/ materials necessitate a multidisciplinary integrated systems approach, combining various fields in an optimal fashion. These fields/disciplines are genetic engineering, membrane/polymer science, mathematical modeling and process control, and finally nonlinear dynamics and optimization. This paper explores the conditions for increasing the productivity and yield of ethanol by fermentation using mathematical modeling and nonlinear analysis. A possible increase of the sugar conversion and ethanol productivity using periodic and chaotic operation at high sugar concentrations is investigated for continuous stirred tank fermentors with and without ethanol-selective membranes. Continuous ethanol removal using membranes leads to increased productivity and tends to stabilize the system by eliminating the oscillations. Simulations show that, in some pathological cases, increasing the area of the ethanol-removal membranes can lead to a decreased yield and productivity in certain regions.
Adaptive force and position control of manipulators

Systematic methods for the design of adaptive force and position controllers for robot manipulators within the hybrid control architecture are presented. The force controller tracks the desired force setpoints while the position controller tracks the desired position trajectories. The present control schemes are computationally efficient and suitable for implementation in online control with high sampling rates.
Hydrodynamic description of granular convection.

We present a hydrodynamic model that captures the essence of granular dynamics in a vibrating bed. We carry out the linear stability analysis and uncover the instability mechanism that leads to the appearance of the convective rolls via a supercritical bifurcation of a bouncing solution. We also explicitly determine the onset of convection as a function of control parameters and confirm our picture by numerical simulations of the continuum equations.
Concentrations of seven biogenic amines in sauerkraut

Abstract Biogenic amines were determined in 121 sauerkraut samples as N -benzamides by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. The samples were divided into four groups: from Czech manufacturers, Austrian manufacturers, household-prepared and sterilized with brine in jars. Mean concentrations were 174, 146 and 50 mg kg −1 for tyramine, putrescine and cadaverine, respectively. However, very wide variations occurred. The lowest concentrations were found in household-prepared sauerkraut. Histamine levels were below 2 mg kg −1 in 44% of samples and above 10 mg kg −1 in only 19% of samples. The concentrations of tryptamine, spermidine and especially of spermine were low. No significant correlations were observed between sauerkraut quality parameters and amine concentrations. From the nutritional point of view, high tyramine levels should be taken under consideration.
An association between discrete aurora and energetic particle boundaries

Low-altitude observations of the energy flux carried by precipitating auroral electrons are compared with simultaneous measurements of the more energetic particle population to determine the spatial relationships between discrete auroras and those regions where the ion population exhibits a full loss cone. Discrete auroras are identified as instances where large, spatially structured energy fluxes (in excess of 10 erg per sq cm s) are carried almost exclusively by precipitating electrons. This comparison makes it possible to infer a relation between discrete auroras and earthward streaming ions observed in the tail. Since discrete auroras occur in association with field-aligned currents, an evaluation is made of the suggestion that auroral field-aligned currents map to the outer boundary of the plasma sheet.
Temperature dependence of the quality of silicon nanowires produced over a titania-supported gold catalyst

Silicon nanowires (SiNW) have been prepared at different temperatures by chemical vapor deposition of silane over a titania-supported Au catalyst. It was found that the SiNW produced at 500 °C have a well-crystallized silicon core with a very thin amorphous silicon dioxide outer layer. At temperatures lower or higher than 500 °C, both yield and quality greatly decrease. Different controlling rate-limiting steps are proposed to explain the difference in quantity and quality of the products obtained as a function of temperature.
An electrochemical characterization of pyrites from coal and ore sources

Abstract A preliminary investigation of the electrochemical behavior of pyrite samples from an ore and a coal source in alkaline borate solutions (pH 9.3) has been carried out by cyclic voltammetry, steady state polarization, and AC impedance measurements. Voltammetry and impedance results indicate that a product layer is initially formed on the ore pyrite during sample preparation. Such a layer is absent from the surface of the coal pyrite. Results of the steady state polarization and AC impedance techniques show that, under similar oxidizing conditions, coal pyrite begins to oxidize at potentials lower than the ore pyrite. The large difference in charge transfer resistance determined by the AC impedance measurements, shows that this technique is very sensitive for measuring reactivities of minerals.
Quantitative measurement of DNA adducts using neutral hydrolysis and LC-MS. Validation of genotoxicity sensors

Neutral hydrolysis and LC-MS/MS analysis of 6-nm-thick DNA-polyion films used in voltammetric genotoxicity screening sensors showed that concentrations of N7-guanine DNA adducts with methyl methanesulfonate and styrene oxide increased with incubation time with the same trends as found for sensor response. Results show that the genotoxicity sensors can be used to estimate relative DNA damage rates for chemical toxicity screening. Neutral thermal hydrolysis provided a relatively clean sample matrix allowing quantitative estimates of nucleobase adducts after several minutes of incubation with damage agents. In addition, an approximate standardization procedure for neutral thermal hydrolysis was developed and validated that avoids need for a pure standard and should be useful in cases where nucleobase adduct standards are unavailable or where their identities are unknown.
Analysis of Dipolar and Exchange Interactions between Manganese and Tyrosine Z in the S2YZ• State of Acetate-Inhibited Photosystem II via EPR Spectral Simulations at X- and Q-Bands

Upon room-temperature illumination, acetate-inhibited photosystem II membranes are known to exhibit a 240 G wide X-band (∼9.5 GHz) electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signal at 10 K. This EPR signal arises from an interaction between the S = 1/2 multiline S2 state of the tetranuclear manganese cluster and an oxidized tyrosine residue, YZ•. In the present study, the exchange and dipolar interactions between the two paramagnetic species are simulated at X- and Q-band (∼33 GHz) frequencies utilizing second-order perturbation theory. The positions and relative intensities of the hyperfine lines in the S = 1/2 S2 state multiline EPR signal of the noninteracting Mn4 cluster are accurately simulated by including g anisotropy and four sets of axially symmetric 55Mn hyperfine tensors. These parameters are then used to simulate the dipolar and exchange interactions giving rise to the interacting S2YZ• (formerly referred to as S3) EPR signal. Relative intensities of components of the S2YZ• EPR spectrum, at both X-...
Heterosis in Soybean and Its Prediction by Genetic Similarity Measures

Coefficient of parentage (CP) and restriction fragment length polymorphism-based genetic similarity estimates (RFLP-GS) have been proposed as measures of genetic distance in crop species. If these measures are to have application in practical breeding, it is important to validate their utility in predicting genetic traits of interest such as heterosis. The objectives of this paper were to (i) estimate heterosis for yield in soybean [Glycine max (L) Merr.] adapted to the southern USA, and (ii) predict heterosis by means of CP and RFLP-GS as genetic distance measures. Twenty-four F 2 populations were developed by crossing three testers ('Young', 'Centennial', and 'Tracy') to eight contrasting parents, representing a wide range of CP and RFLP-GS. The experimental material was divided into three sets representing the testers above, and was evaluated in eight replications at Clayton and Plymouth, NC, in 1994. Midparent heterosis for yield was 7.9, 4.5, and 7.9% for Sets 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Heterosis was 3.5, 1.6, and 3.0% for 100-seed weight, and 4.1, 5.4, and 13.2% for plant height. The CP and RFLP-GS were highly correlated (r = 0.80, 0.92 and 0.95 for Sets 1, 2, and 3, respectively, P = 0.01), but neither predicted heterosis well for yield averaged across locations because of a large genotype x environment (G x E) interaction. In contrast, CP and RFLP-GS predicted heterosis well for 100-seed weight and plant height in two of the three sets averaged over locations. Our estimates of high parent heterosis for yield (as high as 11% over locations), may justify soybean hybrids as a breeding objective. However, the limited predictive value of CP and RFLP-GS in our study indicates that the identification of favorable heterotic combinations may require extensive field testing.
An element-free Galerkin method for probabilistic mechanics and reliability

A stochastic element-free Galerkin method was developed for reliability analysis of linear-elastic structures with spatially varying random material properties. A random field representing material properties was discretized into a set of random variables with statistical properties obtained from the statistical properties of random field. In conjunction with meshless formulations, the first-order reliability method was employed to predict the full probabilistic characteristics of a structural response. Unlike the stochastic finite element method, the stochastic mesh-free method does not require a structured mesh, instead only a scattered set of nodal points is required in the domain of interest. As well, there is no need for fixed connectivities between nodes. Numerical examples show good agreement between the results of the developed method and Monte Carlo simulation. Furthermore, the stochastic meshless method provides convergent solutions of the probability of failure. Since mesh generation of complex structures can be far more time-consuming and costly effort than solution of a discrete set of equations, the developed meshless method provides an attractive alternative to finite element method for solving stochastic-mechanics problems.
Krex2 is not essential for either procyclic or bloodstream form trypanosoma brucei

Background Most mitochondrial mRNAs in Trypanosoma brucei require RNA editing for maturation and translation. The edited RNAs primarily encode proteins of the oxidative phosphorylation system. These parasites undergo extensive changes in energy metabolism between the insect and bloodstream stages which are mirrored by alterations in RNA editing. Two U-specific exonucleases, KREX1 and KREX2, are both present in protein complexes (editosomes) that catalyze RNA editing but the relative roles of each protein are not known.
Acute continuous vertigo.

Acute continuous vertigo presentations are among the most feared presentations in medicine. Although a self-limited disorder is the typical cause, a life-threatening stroke can also occur. Differentiating a self-limited disorder from a life-threatening stroke can be a challenge. Routinely collected information—such as stroke risk factors and findings on the general neurologic examination—is not likely to enable the clinician to discriminate between these causes. A focused oculomotor examination is a necessary component of the assessment, but is underused in routine care. The author describes the challenges to diagnosing stroke in cases of acute continuous vertigo and provides an approach to inform decision making at the bedside. Future research is necessary to validate clinical decision support, assess generalizability, and demonstrate its impact on meaningful outcomes.
Radiotherapy in the management of giant cell tumor of bone

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the outcomes of patients with giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) treated with radiotherapy (RT) with or without surgical resection. Methods and materials We performed a retrospective review of the records from 25 consecutive patients with pathologically confirmed GCTB who had undergone RT between 1956 and 2000. Results Patients ranged in age from 11 to 69 years (median 32); 16 were female and 9 were male. The anatomic distribution of lesions was as follows: cervical spine, 3; temporal bone, 1; thoracic or lumbar spine, 9; sacrum, 8; ilium, 1, and humerus, radius, and thumb metacarpal, 1 each. Tumors ranged in size from 2 to 20 cm (median 9.5) at their maximal dimension. Thirteen patients had been referred for RT for primary GCTB and 12 had been referred with locally recurrent disease after having undergone one or more other treatments. Fourteen patients had undergone RT for gross disease, and the remaining 11 had been treated with RT after gross total resection. In 10 of these 11 patients, the treatment margins were positive or uncertain. Radiation doses ranged from 25 to 65 Gy (median 46). At a median follow-up of 8.8 years (range 0.67–34), 7 patients had developed isolated local recurrence, 2 had developed isolated distant recurrence, and 3 had developed both. The actuarial 5-year overall and disease-free survival rate was 91% and 58%, respectively, and the actuarial 5-year local control and distant metastasis-free survival rate was 62% and 81%, respectively. Univariate analysis suggested that treatment for recurrent disease correlated with a lower disease-free survival rate (83% vs. 33%, p = 0.06), distant metastasis-free survival rate (100% vs. 64%, p = 0.08), and local control rate (83% vs. 42%, p = 0.08) at 5 years. Of the 12 cases of recurrence, 7 were ultimately successfully treated with additional salvage therapy. In 4 of these patients, salvage therapy included interferon-α2b. Conclusion RT should be considered an adjuvant to surgery or as alternative therapy in cases of GCTB that are unresectable or in which excision would result in substantial functional deficits. When RT is used as primary therapy, the rate of local control seems to be satisfactory. In heavily pretreated patients, however, RT delivered as it was in this series can result in poor local control, and alternative therapies should be considered.
Effects of Dielectric Deposition on the Electrical Characteristics of MIM Tunnel Junctions

Abstract In this research, the effects of varying the reactive gas ratio during insulator deposition of MIM junctions have been observed and studied. Junctions with 100×100 μm area have been realized using Ni-NiO-Cr electrodes for Rectenna application. The electrical properties of the tunnel junctions exhibited improved tunneling response with reduced O2 gas ratio. It is theorized that a surplus of O2 ions facilitates tunneling, as does a deficiency of O2 ions due to charge transport by ions or vacancies. The devices fabricated with 1:1 and 1:3 gas ratios both exhibited high electrical responses with the latter exhibiting higher, while 1:2 exhibited the lowest response, suggesting that an increased or decreased density of traps within the barrier results in changes in the tunneling current. The dependence of voltage linearity on trap-densities within a dielectric has been shown and is discussed in this article.
Strategies and Rubrics for Teaching Chaos and Complex Systems Theories as Elaborating, Self-Organizing, and Fractionating Evolutionary Systems

To say Earth systems are complex, is not the same as saying they are a complex system. A complex system, in the technical sense, is a group of “agents” (individual interacting units, like birds in ...
Superconducting phase coherence in the presence of a pseudogap: Relation to specific heat, tunneling, and vortex core spectroscopies

In this paper we demonstrate how, using a natural generalization of BCS theory, superconducting phase coherence manifests itself in phase-insensitive measurements---when there is a smooth evolution of the excitation gap $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ from above to below ${T}_{c}.$ In this context, we address the underdoped cuprates. Our premise is that just as Fermi-liquid theory fails above ${T}_{c},$ BCS theory fails below. The order parameter ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\mathrm{sc}}$ is different from the excitation gap $\ensuremath{\Delta}.$ Equivalently there is a (pseudo)gap in the excitation spectrum above ${T}_{c}$ which is also present in the underlying normal state of the superconducting phase. A central emphasis of our paper is that the latter gap is most directly inferred from specific heat and vortex core experiments. At the same time there are indications that fermionic quasiparticles exist below ${T}_{c}$ so that many features of BCS theory are clearly present. A natural reconciliation of these observations is to modify BCS theory slightly without abandoning it altogether. Here we review such a modification based on a BCS-like ground-state wave function. A central parameter of our extended BCS theory is ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\mathrm{sc}}^{2}$ which is a measure of the number of bosonic pair excitations which have a nonzero net momentum. These bosons are present in addition to the usual fermionic quasiparticles. Applying this theory we find that the Bose condensation of Cooper pairs, which is reflected in ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\mathrm{sc}},$ leads to sharp peaks in the spectral function once $Tl~{T}_{c}.$ These are manifested in angle-resolved photoemission spectra as well as in specific heat jumps, which become more like the behavior in a $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ transition as the pseudogap develops. We end with a discussion of tunneling experiments and condensation energy issues. The comparison between theoretical and experimental plots of ${C}_{v},$ tunneling, vortex core spectroscopy measurements is good.
Incorporating molecular tools into clinical trials and treatment for gliomas

Purpose of reviewKnowledge of the molecular biology of gliomas may improve therapy. This review highlights several recent studies on this topic.Recent findingsGliomas are the most common primary brain tumors in adults, and remain refractory to therapy despite decades of work. Discoveries in the last
Comparison of transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography in diagnosis of left atrial myxoma.

Abstract Since its introduction, M-mode echocardiography became quickly established as the method of choice in the diagnosis of left atrial (LA) myxoma. 1 Further definition of tumor size, mobility, site of attachment and other features became possible with the evolution of 2-dimensional echocardiography, henceforth referred to as transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). 2 The introduction of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) provided the echocardiographer with a new window through which an unimpeded view of both atria and atrial septum became possible with high degrees of resolution and accuracy. 3,4 The following is a report of 3 patients with surgically proven LA myxoma, who were investigated preoperatively with TTE and TEE.
A SMALL-SCALE ERUPTION LEADING TO A BLOWOUT MACROSPICULE JET IN AN ON-DISK CORONAL HOLE

We examine the three-dimensional magnetic structure and dynamics of a solar EUV-macrospicule jet that occurred on 2011 February 27 in an on-disk coronal hole. The observations are from the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) and the SDO Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI). The observations reveal that in this event, closed-field-carrying cool absorbing plasma, as in an erupting mini-filament, erupted and opened, forming a blowout jet. Contrary to some jet models, there was no substantial recently emerged, closed, bipolar-magnetic field in the base of the jet. Instead, over several hours, flux convergence and cancellation at the polarity inversion line inside an evolved arcade in the base apparently destabilized the entire arcade, including its cool-plasma-carrying core field, to undergo a blowout eruption in the manner of many standard-sized, arcade-blowout eruptions that produce a flare and coronal mass ejection. Internal reconnection made bright "flare" loops over the polarity inversion line inside the blowing-out arcade field, and external reconnection of the blowing-out arcade field with an ambient open field made longer and dimmer EUV loops on the outside of the blowing-out arcade. That the loops made by the external reconnection were much larger than the loops made by the internal reconnection makes this event a new variety of blowout jet, a variety not recognized in previous observations and models of blowout jets.
Intersection of a domains in the c-domain matrix driven by electric field in tetragonal ferroelectric crystal

Domain structures in a tetragonal ferroelectric crystal were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) before and after application of bipolar cyclic electric fields. Prior to the application of the bipolar field, the crystal was poled to an initial domain structure which consisted of a high volume fraction of c domains. Dispersed in the matrix of the c domains were two orthogonal sets of a-domain strips. These two sets of a-domain strips stayed apart to avoid direct contact. Upon application of bipolar cyclic electric fields, intersections of the a domains were observed in the ⟨001⟩-oriented tetragonal ferroelectric crystal. These intersections were formed as one set of the a domains grew under the influence of the in-plane electric field. As a result of the domain wall intersection, segments of the domain wall between two intersecting a domains carried excess electric charges. In the successive TEM examination, domain wall distortion and microcracks were found at these intersections.
Use of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to study biological rhythms.

Perturbation analysis has been crucial in the study of biological rhythms. Antisense technology provides investigators with new means to alter the internal milieu of the circadian clock itself. Practical aspects of the method and the theoretical background are presented in sufficient detail to enable others to design appropriate antisense oligodeoxynucleotides and use them for research purposes. This strategy will contribute substantially to the understanding of the influence of individual genes on rhythms in hormone secretion, metabolism, and behavior.
Signatures of polycomb repression and reduced H3K4 trimethylation are associated with p15INK4b DNA methylation in AML.

DNA hypermethylation of the p15INK4b tumor suppressor gene is commonly observed in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Repressive histone modifications and their associated binding proteins have been implicated in the regulation of DNA methylation and the transcriptional repression of genes with DNA methylation. We have used high-density chromatin immunoprecipitation-on-chip to determine the histone modifications that normally regulate p15INK4b expression in AML cells and how these marks are altered in cells that have p15INK4b DNA methylation. In AML patient blasts without p15INK4b DNA methylation, a bivalent pattern of active (H3K4me3) and repressive (H3K27me3) modifications exist at the p15INK4b promoter. AML patient blasts with p15INK4b DNA methylation lose H3K4me3 at p15INK4b and become exclusively marked by H3K27me3. H3K27me3, as well as EZH2, extends throughout p14ARF and p16INK4a, indicating that polycomb repression of p15INK4b is a common feature in all AML blasts irrespective of the DNA methylation status of the gene. Reactivation of p15INK4b expression in AML cell lines and patient blasts using 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (decitabine) and trichostatin A increased H3K4me3 and maintained H3K27me3 enrichment at p15INK4b. These data indicate that AML cells with p15INK4b DNA methylation have an altered histone methylation pattern compared with unmethylated samples and that these changes are reversible by epigenetic drugs.
Dual function inhibitors for methane hydrate

Abstract The performance of five imidazolium-based ionic liquids as a new class of gas hydrate inhibitors has been investigated. Their effects on the equilibrium hydrate dissociation curve in a pressure range of 30–110 bar and the induction time of hydrate formation at 114 bar and a high degree of supercooling, i.e., about 25 °C, are measured in a high-pressure micro differential scanning calorimeter. It is found that these ionic liquids, due to their strong electrostatic charges and hydrogen bond with water, could shift the equilibrium hydrate dissociation/stability curve to a lower temperature and, at the same time, retard the hydrate formation by slowing down the hydrate nucleation rate, thus are able to act as both thermodynamic and kinetic inhibitors. This dual function is expected to make this type of inhibitors perform more effectively than the existing inhibitors.
A three-dimensional simulation of barrier properties of nanocomposite films

Abstract Monte Carlo simulations are conducted in two and three dimensions to compute the diffusion coefficients of gas molecules permeating membranes containing oriented platelets. The effects of platelet aspect ratio, relative separation, loading and spatial dimension are examined. The model of Aris [R. Aris, On a problem in hindered diffusion, Arch. Ration. Mech Anal. 95 (2) (1986) 83–91] is shown to correlate well with a 2D Monte Carlo simulation. However, the Aris model, when compared to a 3D simulation, over-predicts the barrier-effect of filler, by 50% in some cases. Additionally, flaws in idealized geometries for 3D models are addressed and a new 3D geometry is presented. The results have particular value for nanocomposite films at low platelet loadings.
Initial-state invariant Binet-Cauchy kernels for the comparison of Linear Dynamical Systems

Linear Dynamical Systems (LDSs) have been extensively used for modeling and recognition of dynamic visual phenomena such as human activities, dynamic textures, facial deformations and lip articulations. In these applications, a huge number of LDSs identified from high-dimensional time-series need to be compared. Over the past decade, three computationally efficient distances have emerged: the Martin distance [1], distances obtained from the subspace angles between observability subspaces [2], and distances obtained from the family of Binet-Cauchy kernels [3]. The main contribution of this work is to show that the first two distances are particular cases of the latter family obtained by making the Binet-Cauchy kernels invariant to the initial states of the LDSs. We also extend Binet-Cauchy kernels to take into account the mean of the dynamical process. We evaluate the performance of our metrics on several datasets and show similar or better human activity recognition results.
Peroneal intraneural ganglion cysts at the fibular neck: the layered “U” surgical approach to the articular branch and superior tibiofibular joint

Intraneural ganglia most commonly occur within the peroneal nerve near the fibular neck. Disconnection of the articular branch is required in their treatment. Surgical intervention can be challenging because of unfamiliarity with the region or scarring from previous surgery. We present the layered “U” technique for peroneal intraneural ganglia with clinical examples. Dissection is carried down in parallel to the U-shaped course of the articular branch to provide optimal visualization and avoid injury to major branches of the nerve. This pathoanatomic approach provides direct and safe exposure of the articular branch of the common peroneal nerve. • The CPN is the most frequently affected site for IG. • PIG are becomingly increasingly recognized as causes of foot drop [9]. • PIG can represent an operative challenge, particularly in the setting of previous surgery. • Understanding the consistent U-shape of the AB and its cystic involvement in PIG allows a more efficient dissection. • A U-shaped layered approach exposes the AB. • Dissection superiorly and medially along the AB minimizes risk to the DPN and SPN. • Disconnection of the AB near the STFJ minimizes intraneural cyst recurrence and is the critical part of the procedure. • Cyst decompression may expedite symptom relief. • We have added STFJ resection (disarticulation) to our strategy to further decrease risks for intraneural and extraneural recurrence, as it removes the synovium, the source of STFJ-related ganglia. • This surgical strategy maximizes neurologic improvement and minimizes cyst recurrence.
Finite-temperature behavior of the Anderson lattice

At finite temperature the picture of renormalized-hybridization quasiparticle bands, obtained by various formalisms at T=0, is shown to be inadequate in several respects. The most significant refinement recognizes the existence of a new type of elementary excitation, which simply creates (i.e., unbinds or unscreens) a local moment at an arbitrary lattice site. These excitations explain the continuous crossover between the contrasting T\ensuremath{\ll}${T}_{K}$ and T\ensuremath{\gg}${T}_{K}$ behaviors. They also explain the surprisingly rapid weakening, with increasing T, of inelastic peaks in neutron scattering. The concept of ``coherence'' is clarified. Numerical results are presented for entropy, specific heat, average valence, magnetic susceptibility, and inelastic neutron scattering.
Engineering light absorption in semiconductor nanowire devices

Quantum confinement effects have an important role in photonic devices. However, rather than seeking perfect confinement of light, leaky-mode resonances are shown to be ideally suited for enhancing and spectrally engineering light absorption in nanoscale photonic structures. The use of quantum and photon confinement has enabled a true revolution in the development of high-performance semiconductor materials and devices1,2,3. Harnessing these powerful physical effects relies on an ability to design and fashion structures at length scales comparable to the wavelength of electrons (∼1 nm) or photons (∼1 μm). Unfortunately, many practical optoelectronic devices exhibit intermediate sizes4,5 where resonant enhancement effects seem to be insignificant. Here, we show that leaky-mode resonances, which can gently confine light within subwavelength, high-refractive-index semiconductor nanostructures, are ideally suited to enhance and spectrally engineer light absorption in this important size regime. This is illustrated with a series of individual germanium nanowire photodetectors. This notion, together with the ever-increasing control over nanostructure synthesis opens up tremendous opportunities for the realization of a wide range of high-performance, nanowire-based optoelectronic devices, including solar cells6,7,8, photodetectors9,10,11,12,13, optical modulators14 and light sources 14,15.