cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sunitinib and Axitinib in Renal Cell Carcinoma

Sunitinib and axitinib are two oral, small-molecule agents that emerged from the same drug discovery program. They were rationally designed for selective inhibition of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK), critically involved in human tumor malignancies. Sunitinib, the more extensively studied of the two, has demonstrated unprecedented antitumor activity in two phase II studies of cytokine-refractory metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) and statistically significant superiority over interferon-alfa as first-line therapy in patients with mRCC. These data have established sunitinib as a new reference standard of care in the first-line mRCC setting. Axitinib has also demonstrated significant antitumor activity in the cytokine-refractory mRCC setting, as well as shown encouraging results as second-line therapy in mRCC patients, refractory to prior RTK inhibition. In this chapter, we will discuss each compound in turn, briefly reviewing the preclinical and phase I development of each, before summarizing the clinical data available to date for the use of each in mRCC, including biomarker data for both drugs and discussion of data for sunitinib in different patient populations, in combination with other targeted agents, and at different dosing schedules.
Microphase Separation in Mixtures of Block Copolymers with the Corresponding Homopolymers: Zeroth Approximation

The conditions necessary for microphase separation in mixtures of block copolymers with one of the corresponding homopolymers are developed as a function of block copolymer composition, molecular weight, number of blocks per molecule, interaction parameter between the corresponding homopolymers, and molecular weight of the added homopolymer. These conditions for microphase separation are compared with the conditions necessary for ordinary phase separation in mixtures of random copolymers with one of the corresponding homopolymers. Both the amount and the molecular weight of added homopolymer have a larger effect on the conditions for phase separation in random-copolymer-homopolymer mixtures than they have on the conditions for microphase separation in block copolymer-homopolymer mixtures.
Time and Its Relationship to Development in the Life Course: Some Reflections from a Study of HIV-Positive Adults

Although adult development is commonly understood as change over time, the relationship between time and development is rarely highlighted in research in the field. This paper first reviews 3 dimensions of time that interact in the study of developmental processes in the life course. The 3 dimensions are historical time; chronological age or life time; and social time, the culturally-specific, systematic ordering of life events. Second, the paper utilizes data from a follow-up study of HIV-positive men and women to illustrate the importance of time in development. In the original study, an HIV-positive diagnosis was viewed as a death sentence and had the effect of suspending the normal developmental patterns of adult life. Two years later, with the advent of protease inhibitors—an event in historical time—participants had reengaged with life time, once again making social time a relevant factor in their development. These data demonstrate how a better understanding of adult development can be achieved when historical time, life time, and social time are moved center stage in the study of developmental processes.
Towards deep convolutional neural network-based transfer learning for structural health monitoring with partial wavefield scans (Conference Presentation)

Traditional physical model-based nondestructive evaluation (NDE) and damage detection methods are often unreliable due to the complex dependence of model parameters on minor differences in material properties (e.g., thickness, temperature, or loading effects). While classic data-driven approaches appear to eliminate model complexity, their performance highly depends on feature extraction, for which domain-expertise-based data preprocessing is required. Wavefield analysis is a promising alternative for non-contact NDE but suffers from the problem of slow data acquisition. As a result, effective structural health monitoring (SHM) based on wavefield analysis of guided waves in large-scale systems, such as mechanical, civil, or aerospace structures, has remained challenging. To address these challenges, we present a deep convolutional neural network (DCNN)-based transfer learning approach to interpret ultrasonic guided waves with small training data sets, thereby achieving rapid, effective, and automated SHM. Specifically, the proposed learning framework includes a pre-trained DCNN for automated feature extraction from the raw inputs (i.e., wavelet-transformed time-frequency images) and a fully connected classification stage that is trained with partial wavefield scans. Experiments on full wavefield scans of various thin metal plates demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed approach: >95% classification accuracy is obtained with only 5% training data, thus enabling fast scanning and fully automated damage detection of large-scale structures.
The calculation of sound propagation in nonuniform flows: Suppression of instability waves

Acoustic waves propagating through nonuniform flows are subject to convection and refraction. Most noise prediction schemes use a linear wave operator to capture these effects. However, the wave operator can also support instability waves that, for a jet, are the well-known Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities. These are convective instabilities that can completely overwhelm the acoustic solution downstream of the source location. A general technique to filter out the instability waves is presented. A mathematical analysis is presented that demonstrates that the instabilities are suppressed if a time-harmonic response is assumed, and the governing equations are solved by a direct solver in the frequency domain. Also, a buffer-zone treatment for a nonreflecting boundary condition implementation in the frequency domain is developed. The outgoing waves are damped in the buffer zone simply by adding imaginary values of appropriate sign to the required real frequency of the response. An analytical solution to a one-dimensional model problem, as well as numerical and analytical solutions to a two-dimensional jet instability problem, are provided. They demonstrate the effectiveness, robustness, and simplicity of the present technique.
Progress in product sound quality

R.H. Lyon was a pioneer in several areas of acoustics, vibrations and noise control. His development of sound quality as an integral part of noise control engineering and product sound design is just one of many examples of his significant contributions to areas of importance in noise control engineering. In this presentation an overview of the Product Sound Quality workshops he organized in 1997 and 2002 will be given together with a summary of how the field has developed over the last 20 years, due, in no small part, to his leadership. The presentation will conclude with some personal memories of working with him.
Our Proper Business Now Is Revolution: John Cage and the Beatles

Though the Beatles drew inspiration from avant-garde composer John Cage in songs like “A Day in the Life,” Cage himself had little interest in popular music. In one isolated statement, though, Cage...
Tests de la forma funcional, el efecto sustitución y el efecto riqueza en la función de demanda de dinero de México.

Las demandas M1, M2 y M3 en Mexico estan negativamente influidas por el producto y el precio de las acciones, y estan asociadas negativamente con la tasa de ahorro, la tasa de interes estadounidense y la tasa de inflacion esperada. Por su parte, la depreciacion del peso afecta negativamente la demanda M1 y positivamente a las demandas M2 y M3. La forma log-lineal no puede ser rechazada para la demanda M1 y puede ser rechazada para las demandas M2 y M3, mientras que la forma lineal puede ser rechazada para las demandas M1, M2, y M3. La prueba CUSUMSQ muestra que las demandas M1, M2 y M3 son estables, mientras que la prueba CUSUM indica estabilidad en las demandas M1 y M3 e inestabilidad en la demanda M2.
Dietary Habits and Medications to Control Hypertension among Women of Child-bearing Age in the United States from 2001-2016.

BACKGROUND Hypertension (HTN) in pregnancy is a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality in the United States. Although the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet is recommended for all adults with HTN, rates of DASH adherence and antihypertensive medication use in women of child-bearing age are unknown. Our objectives were to determine DASH adherence and antihypertensive medication use in women of child-bearing age. METHODS In the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys from 2001 to 2016, we estimated DASH adherence among women of child-bearing age (20-50 years). We derived a DASH score (0-9) based on 9 nutrients, with DASH adherence defined as DASH score ≥4.5. HTN was defined by blood pressure (BP) ≥130/80 mm Hg or antihypertensive medication use. DASH scores were compared across BP categories and antihypertensive medication use was categorized. RESULTS Of the 7,782 women, the mean age (SE) was 32.8 (0.2) years, 21.4% were non-Hispanic Black, and 20.3% had HTN. The mean DASH score was 2.11 (0.06) for women with self-reported HTN and 2.40 (0.03) for women with normal BP (P < 0.001). DASH adherence was prevalent in 6.5% of women with self-reported HTN compared with 10.1% of women with normal BP (P < 0.05). Self-reported HTN is predominantly managed with medications (84.8%), while DASH adherence has not improved in these women from 2001 to 2016. Moreover, 39.5% of US women of child-bearing age are taking medications contraindicated in pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS Given the benefits of optimized BP during pregnancy, this study highlights the critical need to improve DASH adherence and guide prescribing among women of child-bearing age.
Does Coordination among Assessing Units Generate Returns to Scale? Evidence from New York State

This paper explores (dis-)economies of scale in property value assessment via cooperative agreements among small tax assessing jurisdictions without consolidation. New York State incentivizes small neighboring towns to unify their assessment function while maintaining respective tax authority; we test whether such coordination reduces assessment expenditure. We apply the cost function approach, include instruments (border intersection and prior cooperation in service provision) to address potential bias in selecting coordination partners, and use 2003-2014 administrative data for analyses. Results show that coordination increases adjustment costs for small jurisdictions but reduces unit costs among relatively large ones. This study contributes to the returns-to-scale literature in service provision, especially to property tax administration.
Probing Across Time: What Does RoBERTa Know and When?

Models of language trained on very large corpora have been demonstrated useful for NLP. As fixed artifacts, they have become the object of intense study, with many researchers "probing" the extent to which linguistic abstractions, factual and commonsense knowledge, and reasoning abilities they acquire and readily demonstrate. Building on this line of work, we consider a new question: for types of knowledge a language model learns, when during (pre)training are they acquired? We plot probing performance across iterations, using RoBERTa as a case study. Among our findings: linguistic knowledge is acquired fast, stably, and robustly across domains. Facts and commonsense are slower and more domain-sensitive. Reasoning abilities are, in general, not stably acquired. As new datasets, pretraining protocols, and probes emerge, we believe that probing-across-time analyses can help researchers understand the complex, intermingled learning that these models undergo and guide us toward more efficient approaches that accomplish necessary learning faster.
Does temporal distance influence abstraction? A large pre-registered experiment

Author(s): Sanchez, AM; Coleman, CW; Ledgerwood, A | Abstract: Construal level theory has been extraordinarily generative both within and beyond social psychology, yet the individual effects that form the empirical foundation of the theory have yet to be carefully probed and precisely estimated using large samples and preregistered analysis plans. In a highly powered and preregistered study, we tested the effect of temporal distance on abstraction, using one of the most common operationalizations of temporal distance (thinking about a future point in time that is one day vs. one year from today) and one of the most common operationalizations of abstraction (preference for more abstract vs. concrete action representations, as assessed by the Behavioral Identification Form). Participants preferred significantly more abstract action representations in the distant (vs. near) future condition, with an effect size of d = .276, 95% CI [.097, .455]. We discuss implications, future directions, and constraints on the generality of these results.
The role of PET/CT in the evaluation of pleural diseases

1324 Learning Objectives 1. Discuss diseases of the pleura and pleural space 2. Illustrate how these conditions can appear on PET/CT 3. Demonstrate how to distinguish benign from malignant neoplasms and properly diagnose pleural diseases 4. Correlate disease findings on PET/CT with high resolution diagnostic chest CT The appearances of diseases involving the pleura and pleural space on chest x-ray and CT have been extensively reviewed in literature. However, the spectrum of FDG uptake in these diseases is not as well understood. Since pleural diseases typically include some extent of pleural thickening and/or pleural effusion, patients may be evaluated with FDG PET/CT to aid in the differentiation of malignant versus benign disease. Inflammatory FDG activity in the pleura and pleural space can create uncertainty, misdiagnosis and inaccurate staging of cancer. Therefore, careful correlation of FDG PET and high-resolution diagnostic CT imaging can help to alleviate this confusion.
White Backlash: Immigration, Race, and American Politics

Illustrations vii Tables ix Acknowledgments xi INTRODUCTION 1 PART I Theory 23 CHAPTER 1 A Theory of Immigration Backlash Politics 25 PART II Views on Immigration and Defection to the Republican Party 61 CHAPTER 2 Immigration, Latinos, and the Transformation of White Partisanship 63 CHAPTER 3 How Immigration Shapes the Vote 88 PART III Understanding the Roots of the Backlash 113 CHAPTER 4 The Geography of the Immigration Backlash 115 CHAPTER 5 Media Coverage of Immigration and White Macropartisanship 154 PART IV The Consequences 181 CHAPTER 6 The Policy Backlash 183 CONCLUSION Implications for A Deeply Divided United States 201 References 217 Index 233
TU-B-213-04: MBAs for Medical Physicists: DABR-MBA Alumni Panel

A panel of board-certified medical physicists with MBA degrees will share their insights about business schools and career paths in a moderated discussion format. The panelists bring a broad range of experience in terms of medical physics specialties, MBA program types, current organizational roles, and business school alma maters. The discussion will include: 1) the process of deciding if, where, when, why, and how to pursue the MBA; 2) the MBA student experience, including workload, networking, and school-life-work balance; 3) post-MBA career impact, and 4) advice to medical physicists considering an MBA. The conversation will also include questions from the audience. This session is the second of two consecutive sessions exploring the professional impact of supplementing medical physics credentials with formal business education, and is also part of a larger block of sessions concentrating on the Management, Business and Supervision aspects of Medical Physics. Learning Objectives: 1. To learn about the pre-, intra-, and post-MBA experiences of several medical physicists. 2. To gain a sense of possible career outcomes that business credentials could catalyze.
The Mountain Cliff Theorem

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the mountain cliff theorem. Many variational problems can be formulated in such a way that one is seeking solutions for a C' functional G defined on a real Hilbert space H. One successful method is the mountain pass lemma of Ambrosetti–Rabinowitz. The basic idea is to consider the set S of all continuous paths P connecting 0 and e hoping to find one on which the maximum of G is no greater than its maximum on any other path in S. If such a path exists, it is a true mountain pass over which a traveler can go without climbing higher than necessary. The basic idea is to consider the set S of all continuous paths P connecting 0 and e hoping to find one on which the maximum of G is no greater than its maximum on any other path in S.
Identification and Characterization of Modified Antisense Oligonucleotides Targeting DMPK in Mice and Nonhuman Primates for the Treatment of Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1

Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is the most common form of muscular dystrophy in adults. DM1 is caused by an expanded CTG repeat in the 3'-untranslated region of DMPK, the gene encoding dystrophia myotonica protein kinase (DMPK). Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) containing 2',4'-constrained ethyl-modified (cEt) residues exhibit a significantly increased RNA binding affinity and in vivo potency relative to those modified with other 2'-chemistries, which we speculated could translate to enhanced activity in extrahepatic tissues, such as muscle. Here, we describe the design and characterization of a cEt gapmer DMPK ASO (ISIS 486178), with potent activity in vitro and in vivo against mouse, monkey, and human DMPK. Systemic delivery of unformulated ISIS 486718 to wild-type mice decreased DMPK mRNA levels by up to 90% in liver and skeletal muscle. Similarly, treatment of either human DMPK transgenic mice or cynomolgus monkeys with ISIS 486178 led to up to 70% inhibition of DMPK in multiple skeletal muscles and ∼50% in cardiac muscle in both species. Importantly, inhibition of DMPK was well tolerated and was not associated with any skeletal muscle or cardiac toxicity. Also interesting was the demonstration that the inhibition of DMPK mRNA levels in muscle was maintained for up to 16 and 13 weeks post-treatment in mice and monkeys, respectively. These results demonstrate that cEt-modified ASOs show potent activity in skeletal muscle, and that this attractive therapeutic approach warrants further clinical investigation to inhibit the gain-of-function toxic RNA underlying the pathogenesis of DM1.
Meeting end-to-end QoS challenges for scalable flows in heterogeneous multimedia environments

Many distributed audio and video applications exhibit robustness in adapting to fluctuations in the delivered quality of service (QoS). By trading off temporal and spatial quality to available bandwidth, or manipulating the playout time of continuous media in response to variation in delay, audio and video flows can be kept meaningful at the playout device with minimal perceptual distortion. In this paper we introduce Dynamic QoS Management (DQM) for the control and management of multi-layer coded flows operating in heterogeneous multimedia networking environments. Two key techniques are proposed to meet the challenge of supporting scalable flows over multimedia networks: i) Dynamic Rate Shaping, which is a novel source-based QoS filter for manipulating the rate of MPEG-coded flows, matching it to the available network resources while minimising the distortion observed at the receiver; and ii) an Adaptive Network Service, which offers “hard” guarantees to the base layer of multi-layer coded flows, and “fairness” guarantees to the enhancement layers based on a new bandwidth allocation technique called Weighted Fair Sharing.
Predicting euarchontan body mass: A comparison of tarsal and dental variables

Objective: Multiple meaningful ecological characterizations of a species revolve around body mass. Because body mass cannot be directly measured in extinct taxa, reliable body mass predictors are needed. Many published body mass prediction equations rely on dental dimensions, but certain skeletal dimensions may have a more direct and consistent relationship with body mass. We seek to evaluate the reliability of prediction equations for inferring euarchontan body mass based on measurements of the articular facet areas of the astraga- lus and calcaneus. Methods: Surface areas of five astra- galar facets (n 5217 specimens) and two calcaneal facets (n 5163) were measured. Separate ordinary least squares and multiple regression equations are presented for different levels of taxonomic inclusivity, and the reli- ability of each equation is evaluated with the coefficient of determination, standard error of the estimate, mean prediction error, and the prediction sum of squares sta- tistic. We compare prediction errors to published predic- tion equations that utilize dental and/or tarsal measures. Finally, we examine the effects of taxonomically specific regressions and apply our equations to a diverse set of non-primates. Results: Our results reveal that predic- tions based on facet areas are more reliable than most linear dental or tarsal predictors. Multivariate approaches are often better than univariate methods, but require more information (making them less useful for fragmentary fossils). While some taxonomically specific regressions improve predictive ability, this is not true for all primate groups. Conclusions: Among individual fac- ets, the ectal and fibular facets of the astragalus and the calcaneal cuboid facet are the best body mass predictors. Since these facets have primarily concave curvature and scale with positive allometry relative to body mass, it appears that candidate skeletal proxies for body mass can be identified based on their curvature and scal- ing coefficients. Am J Phys Anthropol 000:000-000,
Chapter 3 Metaphor, meaning and relational frame theory

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses metaphor, meaning, and Relational Frame Theory (RFT). The chapter discusses some of the empirical findings in the area of derived stimulus relations and its link to human language. It then provides a framework with which to understand the empirical phenomena. The framework, called Relational Frame Theory (RFT), views these empirical findings as the result of a particular kind of learned behavior, and argues that language and cognitive phenomena have their basis in this kind of behavior. RFT provides a basis for a behavioral account of some content domains commonly considered to be the province of cognitive psychology. The chapter extends the analysis to deal with two such topics: metaphor and meaning. Relational Frame Theory attempts to explain how complex stimulus functions emerge in language, and walks a middle path between referential and meaning-is-use accounts of verbal events. RFT can support an account of complex cognitive and verbal phenomena without abandoning the core of a behavioral approach.
Multilayer neural network with back propagation: hardware solution to learning XOR

In this paper we present our current work on a hardware implementation of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). In specific, we are working to create a multilayer neural network with back propagation that can learn the XOR training input. The larger agenda of this project is to make progress in intelligent robot controllers. This is a difficult issue because microcontrollers used as onboard controllers for the robot must be capable of dealing with a changing environment. ANNs are particularly suitable candidates for a control system; they can deal effectively with the micro-structure of the robot's sensors and motors, they are robust in affecting behavior, can adjust to an environment, have tolerance to noise, and are well structured for producing the appropriate behavior [1]. To compute the best neural network, genetic algorithms (GAs) are often used. Since they can be computationally expensive, GAs are usually carried out in a simulation, where the best neural network control program is evolved. Parker and Lee (2002) used a genetic algorithm in a simulation to learn the best neural network for an individual leg controller on a hexapod robot [2]. Floreano and Mondada (1994) allowed a neural-network driven robot to completely evolve on its own by directing its genetic evolution to a workstation through a wire while the robot was moving [1]. Despite this autonomy, the robot was still not completely autonomous because it relied on the workstation to perform the genetic algorithm. In addition, the ANN on the microcontroller was executed through a sequence of serial instructions, unlike the parallel method of a biological neural network.
Survival of departments of obstetrics and gynecology: Ten points for Association of Professors of Gynecology and Obstetrics action in the 1980s

Abstract Major changes have occurred in medicine during the past few years: the number of medical students who graduate per year has recently doubled, the federal government pays a significant portion of health care costs, and the body of scientific information is expanding logarithmically. The changes which will occur during the next 10 to 15 years will be equally dramatic, and in order for our specialty to increase its presence and position in medicine, it needs to begin to consider these changes and take actions to capitalize on them. Four areas of change were singled out and discussed in terms of their significance and possible plans of action to address them. The four include the increased numbers of women in obstetrics and gynecology, the demand for departments to generate more practice income, the reduced support for research, and the large numbers of physicans being trained in obstetrics and gynecology. Ten places for action by academic departments of obstetrics and gynecology were outlined, and these are listed in Table III. Continued review of the past and the present will allow us to be prepared for the future.
The Effect of Instructional Format on Functional Testing Performance

The objective of the study was to investigate the impact on test technician performance of an action-sequenced, tabular test instruction manual format. Error and time scores on this tabular format were compared to those on traditional test instructions written in narrative prose. The study results showed an error rate ratio of three to one favoring tabular test instructions for the sample of technicians chosen. It is recommended that tabular test instructions be employed for manual or semiautomated test sets.
Dissecting neural circuits for multisensory integration and crossmodal processing

We rely on rich and complex sensory information to perceive and understand our environment. Our multisensory experience of the world depends on the brain's remarkable ability to combine signals across sensory systems. Behavioural, neurophysiological and neuroimaging experiments have established principles of multisensory integration and candidate neural mechanisms. Here we review how targeted manipulation of neural activity using invasive and non-invasive neuromodulation techniques have advanced our understanding of multisensory processing. Neuromodulation studies have provided detailed characterizations of brain networks causally involved in multisensory integration. Despite substantial progress, important questions regarding multisensory networks remain unanswered. Critically, experimental approaches will need to be combined with theory in order to understand how distributed activity across multisensory networks collectively supports perception.
Gender Versus Gender Role in Attributions of Blame for a Sexual Assault1

To examine whether gender differences in attributions of blame for a sexual assault are a result of gender differences in identification with members of their own gender or identification with gender roles (men identifying with the powerful assailant and women with the less powerful victim), women (n = 177) and men (n = 128) made attributions of blame for an assault in which the assailant's gender and the victim's gender were factorially manipulated. Regardless of the gender of the assailant and victim, women identified more with the victim, while men identified more with the assailant. Consistent with a modified defensive attribution hypothesis, women blamed the assailant more than did men; however, no significant effects were found for victim blame.
Polymer-supported N-benzyl- and N-benzhydryl-2-nitrobenzenesulfonamides as alternative to aldehyde linkers

Polymer-supported N-benzyl- and N-benzhydryl-2-nitrobenzenesulfonamides 1 were N-alkylated using three different routes: via Fukuyama reaction with alcohols, by N-alkylation with electrophiles, and by Michael addition reaction with α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds. The N-alkylated products were obtained in excellent purity and high yield. The 2-nitrobenzenesulfonyl (Nos) group was then cleaved to yield polymer-supported N-alkylated benzylamines and benzhydrylamines. N-alkylation of polymer-supported 2-nitrobenzenesulfonamide linkers 1 described herein represents an alternative route to reductive amination of aldehyde linkers.
Spin Exchange between Optically Oriented Metastable Helium Atoms and Thermal Electrons in a Flowing Afterglow

The effects of spin-exchange collisions between thermal electrons and optically oriented metastable helium (${2}^{3}{S}_{1}$) atoms have been observed in a flowing helium afterglow, and the exchange cross section has been measured. The source of electrons derives from Penning collisions between the 19.8-eV metastable atoms and impurity atoms which are titrated into the flow region. The presence of thermal electrons shortens the metastable-spin-state lifetime and reduces the magnitude of the optical-pumping resonance signal. The electron density is determined from the reduction of the metastable density. The exchange cross section is found to be 1.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$.
New York–Alabama lineament: A buried right-slip fault bordering the Appalachians and mid-continent North America

The New York–Alabama (NY-AL) lineament, recognized in 1978, is a magnetic anomaly that delineates a fundamental though historically enigmatic crustal boundary in eastern North America that is deeply buried beneath the Appalachian basin. Data not in the original aeromagnetic data set, particularly the lack of any information available at the time to constrain the southern continuation of the anomaly southwest of Tennessee, left the source of the lineament open to conjecture. We use modern digital aeromagnetic maps to fill in these data gaps and, for the first time, constrain the southern termination of the NY-AL lineament. Our analysis indicates that the lineament reflects a crustal-scale, right-lateral strike-slip fault that has displaced anomalies attributed to Grenville orogenesis by ∼220 km. Palinspastic restoration of this displacement rearranges the trace of the Grenville belt in southern Rodinia and implies only passive influence on later-formed Appalachian structures. The precise timing of dextral movement on the NY-AL structure is not resolvable from the existing data set, but it must have occurred during one of, or combinations of, the following events: (1) a late, postcontractional (post-Ottawan) stage of the Grenville orogeny; (2) late Neoproterozoic to Cambrian rifting of Laurentia; or (3) right-slip reactivation during the late Neoproterozoic–Cambrian rifting of Laurentia, or during Appalachian movements. Our palinspastic reconstruction also implies that the host rocks for modern earthquakes in the Eastern Tennessee Seismic Zone are metasedimentary gneisses, and it provides an explanation for the spatial location and size of the seismic zone.
Effects of antidepressants on uptake and receptor systems in the brain.

Abstract 1. Many antidepressant drugs inhibit the neuronal uptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, epinephrine and/or dopamine. Some newer antidepressant drugs are highly selective in their ability to inhibit the uptake of one or more of these monoamines. This uptake inhibition, which would be expected to increase the synaptic concentrations of the neurotransmitter initially, has traditionally been thought to be the mechanism of antidepressive action of these drugs. 2. Some drugs, which are not uptake inhibitors, may block presynaptic α2 receptors to enhance norepinephrine release, leading by a different mechanism to increased synaptic concentrations of norepinephrine. 3. Adaptive changes in neurotransmitter receptors occur after chronic treatment of laboratory animals with these drugs, and these changes may be important components of the overall mechanism of antidepressant efficacy. Presently, evidence that these adaptive changes occur in humans is limited, and the significance of the changes to the treatment of depression is unknown. 4. Some antidepressant drugs also have high affinity for neurotransmitter receptors, and direct antagonism of these receptors is the basis for some of their side effects e.g., anticholinergic side effects that are prevalent with the tricyclic drugs.
Making new connections

Abstract A Keystone symposium held in Taos, New Mexico, 21–26 March 2002 provided the setting for a pioneering gathering of cell biologists and neuroscientists. Under the guidance of organizers Tom Pollard, James Sabry and Carla Schatz, the meeting, entitled ‘Cellular Motility and Signaling in the Wiring and Plasticity of Nervous Systems', brought together two groups of researchers that ordinarily rarely connect at scientific conferences. The goal of this new collegial interchange was to fuse expertise on cytoskeletal dynamics with emerging ideas in neuronal development.
VLBA Observations of the Zeeman Effect in H2O Masers in OH 43.8-0.1

We present VLBA observations of the Zeeman effect in H2O masers in the high-mass star-forming region OH 43.8-0.1, where we observed 116 maser features. These masers may be arranged in several groups: the most prominent are an arc-shaped structure to the north, a central cluster, two groups located symmetrically around the central cluster to its northeast and southwest, and a group in the extreme south. The highest velocity (redshifted) masers are in the center of the northern arc. The observed morphology of masers in OH 43.8-0.1 suggests a stellar object (or objects) located within the central cluster of masers, driving outflows to the north and south; the redshifted and blueshifted group in the northern arc may represent the leading edge of two or more such outflows. The two groups located symmetrically around the central cluster may suggest a circumstellar disk of diameter 3000 AU. Seven masers in OH 43.8-0.1 are above our Zeeman detection limit. We detected magnetic fields in the range 10-20 mG in four of these masers and imposed sensitive upper limits on the other three. Three detections are for masers in the northern arc; the fourth is in the central cluster. We find no significant difference between the magnetic field strengths in these two groups. In the northern arc we detect a magnetic field reversal over a scale as small as 170 AU. We use our Zeeman-effect results to examine connections between the pre- and postshock magnetic fields and densities. The predicted preshock magnetic field strength and density are consistent with the fields and densities observed in typical preshock regions. The predicted postshock density also appears to be in the regime for optimal H2O maser pumping. Finally, we find that the magnetic and kinetic energy densities are likely in equilibrium in both pre- and postshock regions, meaning that the magnetic field must affect significantly the outflow dynamics.
Corporate characteristics and the corporate socialization of local (Mexican) managers of U.S. multinational corporations

Abstract This paper examines the proposition that local nationals employed as (local) managers by foreign subsidiaries of multinational corporations have managerial attitutes which are generally between those of indigenous managers employed by domestic firms in both the parent and host countries. The evidence strongly suggests that the concept has validity, and that the organization attributes of capital, R&D, and marketing intensity influence the managerial attitudes of the three groups of managers and the differences among these attitudes.
TH-D-203-01: Enhancing the Medical Physicist — Patient Relationship

Patients today are increasingly aware of the importance of medical physicists in the safe and effective use of radiation for diagnosis and treatment. As a Medical Specialist practicing in a clinical department the medical physicist's duties include direct interaction with patients and their families answering questions and providing assurance to the patient that the procedures they are about to undergo will be performed appropriately. However many currently practicing medical physicists lack the formal training from which their physician colleagues gain skills and confidence for interacting with patients. In radiationoncology simulation the physicist‐patient consult can occur for many different reasons but usually it involves helping the physician determine the best treatment options for a patient. At the time of simulation it is important for the physicist to be able to assist the therapist and dosimetrist in understanding and optimally implementing the treatment goals for a given patient for instance by participating in the design and fabrication of appropriate patient‐specific devices to meet these goals. In brachytherapy the medical physicist can be present in a number of roles; collaborating with physician colleagues during planning and delivery of the implant performing radiation surveys and instructing patients on safe practices for the duration of their irradiation. In diagnostic situations the medical physicist is often called upon to explain the radiation risks of a specific procedure. This has always involved sensitive issues such as pregnancy and concern for children and recent newspaper articles about radiation risk have raised more anxiety in the general population. Physicists also have to be able to educate and counsel individuals who have personal concerns about radiation radiation exposures and contamination. In this session speakers will discuss the importance of the medical physicist's direct patient interactions in the above situations and will offer some advice regarding how best to present such issues. They will illustrate effective methods for such interactions including the use of anecdotal cases. The goal of the session is to provide medical physicists with ideas for improving their patient interactions; helping the patient to understand the procedures they are undergoing and thus enhancing the stature of the medical physicist.
Erratum to: Inter- and intra-specific patterns of density dependence and population size variability in Salmoniformes

Population dynamics are typically affected by a combination of density-independent and density-dependent factors, the latter of which have been conceptually and theoretically linked with how variable population sizes are over time—which in turn has been tied to how prone populations are to extinction. To address evidence for the occurrence of density dependence and its relationship with population size variability (pv), we quantified each of these for 126 populations of 8 species of Salmoniformes. Using random-effects models, we partitioned variation in the strength of density dependence and the magnitude of pv between and within species and estimated the correlation of density dependence and population size variability at both the between- and within-species levels. We found that variation in the strength of density dependence was predominately within species (I 2 = 0.47). In contrast, variation in population size variability was distributed both between and within species (I 2 = 0.40). Contrary to theoretical and conceptual expectations, the strength of density dependence and the magnitude of population size variability were positively correlated at the between species level (r = 0.90), although this estimate had 95 % credibility intervals (Bayesian analogues to confidence intervals) that overlapped zero. The within-species correlation between density dependence and population size variability was not distinguishable from zero. Given that density dependence for Salmoniformes was highly variable within species, we next determined the joint effects of intrinsic (density-dependent) and extrinsic (density-independent) factors on the population dynamics of a threatened salmonid, the Lahontan cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii henshawi). We found that density-dependent and -independent factors additively contributed to population dynamics. This finding suggests that the observed within-species variability in density dependence might be attributable to local differences in the strength of density-independent factors.
A study of Cu(I)-ethylene complexation for olefin–paraffin separation

The current cryogenic distillation technology used for olefin–paraffin separation incurs extensive capital and operating costs. An alternative olefin–paraffin separation process, based on reactive absorption, could yield significant cost reductions. The research efforts described herein explored the structural characteristics of an NMP-CuCl-aniline absorption solution with ethylene to aid future development of olefin–paraffin separation systems. Solution IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy suggested weak and labile Cu(I)-ethylene and Cu(I)-aniline coordination, which point to the coexistence of multiple structures in solution. Experiments also revealed solvent-dependent and temperature-dependent coordination. The agreement of the collected spectral data with literature implied single ethylene coordination, whereas the Cl− ion likely remained coordinated with Cu(I). Solvent interference prohibited detailed investigation of IR spectra, but 1H NMR spectroscopy showed more promise as an analytical technique for the NMP-CuCl-aniline-ethylene system. Finally, a tradeoff appears to exist between ethylene capacity and complex stability, and thus, an optimal ligand must be found that balances these two competing needs. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Extensional and Flexural Waves in a Thin-Walled Graphite/Epoxy Tube *

Simulated acoustic emission signals were induced in a thin-walled graphite/epoxy tube by means of lead breaks (Hsu-Neilsen source). The tube is of similar material and layup to be used by NASA in fabricating the struts of Space Station Freedom. The resulting waveforms were detected by broad band ultrasonic transducers and digitized. Measurements of the velocities of the extensional and flexural modes were made for propagation directions along the tube axis (0 degrees), around the tube circumference (90 degrees) and at an angle of 45 degrees. These velocities were found to be in agreement with classical plate theory.
Room Service Improves Patient Food Intake and Satisfaction With Hospital Food

Cancer therapy causes side effects that interfere with oral intake. Frequently, patients undergoing such therapy suffer from anorexia, nausea, vomiting, food aversions, dysgeusia, and xerostomia, all which adversely affect oral intake. Adequate nutrition intake is an important part of therapy for the cancer patient, especially when that patient is a child. Children who are well nourished are better able to withstand infection and tolerate therapy. Parents and staff at our hospital have worked diligently to improve patient's oral intake with limited success. Hence, a multidisciplinary team was organized to develop a new approach to food services that would improve patients' oral intake. The team initiated patient "room service," and patients were allowed to call the kitchen when they were ready to eat. The system works much like room service in a hotel. After the introduction of room service, patients' caloric intake improved significantly (P = .008), and protein intake increased by 18%. Patient satisfaction with hospital food service also improved; excellent ratings increased by as much as 35%. We conclude that room service is a viable alternative to traditional food services in the pediatric oncology setting and may be useful in other patient populations, such as maternity and general pediatrics.
Melanogenesis in amphibians. I. A study of the fine structure of the normal and phenylthiourea-treated pigmented epithelium in Rana pipiens tadpole eyes.

The pigmented epithelium of Rana pipiens tadpole eyes normally develops at least two types of melanosomes: (1) an elongated melanin granule of relatively homogeneous electron density, and (2) a complex melanosome which has an outer electrondense area and one or more less dense cores. Evidence indicates that complex melanosomes are formed by new melanin enclosing preexisting melanosomes. An organized fibrillar premelanosome is demonstrated with the aid of the antimelanogenic compound phenylthiourea (PTU). These premelanosomes are the developing forms of the elongated melanosomes. There is evidence that the premelanosomes originate in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Phenylthiourea blocks melanin synthesis in the premelanosomes; however, removal of the PTU allows pigment deposition. This finding of an organized, fibrillar premelanosome in an amphibian marks the lowest phylogenetic group in which these organelles have been described.
Linear theory of nonuniformity correction in infrared staring sensors

Correction of photoresponse nonuniformity in IR staring sensors is investigated. Spatial noise expressions for uncorrected, one-point corrected, and two-point corrected imaging are developed. These theoretical results take into account the properties of the IR source, sensor constants, and spatial variations in the IR imaging device. To demonstrate the application of these results, both theoretical and actual spatial noise curves for a platinum silicide IR sensor are presented.
Political Television Hosts on Twitter: Examining Patterns of Interconnectivity and Self-Exposure in Twitter Political Talk Networks

This study takes a social networks approach to studying the Twitter talk evoked by politically oriented cable television hosts. Two aspects of user interactions are examined: the interconnectedness of users as an indication for users' networks of exchange of opinions and information, and exposure to a political diversity of information sources. Findings suggest that users prefer exposing themselves to politically like-minded information sources. Furthermore, television hosts failed to evoke an exchange of opinions and ideas among their followers. In contrast, other information sources that reported about these hosts evoked denser interaction among their followers.