cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Study of the Usefulness and Limitations of Electrical Countershock, Cardiac Massage, Epinephrine and Procaine in Cardiac Resuscitation from Ventricular Fibrillation

The efficacy of electrical countershock, cardiac massage, epinephrine and procaine in stopping ventricular fibrillation and restoring a competent ventricular contraction was studied in anesthetized dogs. It was found that countershock is a reliable means of stopping fibrillation. However, it must be preceded by cardiac massage if not applied promptly after the initiation of fibrillation. Epinephrine helps restore a competent ventricular contraction once fibrillation has been stopped by countershock but it increases the incidence of recurrence of fibrillation. The doses of procaine which constitute a reliable means of stopping fibrillation depress the rhythmicity of the heart to such an extent that the cessation of fibrillation is followed by prolonged periods of cardiac standstill.
Stress-based topology optimization

Previous research on topology optimization focussed primarily on global structural behaviour such as stiffness and frequencies. However, to obtain a true optimum design of a vehicle structure, stresses must be considered. The major difficulties in stress based topology optimization problems are two-fold. First, a large number of constraints must be considered, since unlike stiffness, stress is a local quantity. This problem increases the computational complexity of both the optimization and sensitivity analysis associated with the conventional topology optimization problem. The other difficulty is that since stress is highly nonlinear with respect to design variables, the move limit is essential for convergence in the optimization process. In this research, global stress functions are used to approximate local stresses. The density method is employed for solving the topology optimization problems. Three numerical examples are used for this investigation. The results show that a minimum stress design can be achieved and that a maximum stiffness design is not necessarily equivalent to a minimum stress design.
Recruitment of adults 65 years and older as participants in the cardiovascular health study

Few large-scale epidemiologic studies have enrolled older adults; hence, little is known about the feasibility of recruiting this group for long-term population-based studies. In this article we present the recruitment experience of the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS), a population-based, longitudinal study of cardiovascular diseases in adults 65 years and older. Participants were sampled from the Health Care Financing Administration's (HCFA) Medicare eligibility lists in four US communities. Letters were mailed to 11,955 sampled individuals. Persons recruited were required to complete an extensive home interview and then a 4-hour in-clinic examination. Excluded were persons who were expected to be able to complete the baseline examination and who were not expected to return for the 3-year follow-up. Some 3654 participants were recruited from those randomly selected from the Medicare sampling frame. In addition, 1547 other age-eligible persons living in the household with the sampled individuals also participated, yielding a total of 5201 participants. Of those who were contacted, 9.6% were ineligible and 34.9% refused participation. Among those eligible, 38.6% refused and 57.3% were enrolled (the remaining did not refuse but were not enrolled before the recruitment ended). Data from a subsample indicate that compared to those who were ineligible or who refused, enrolled participants were younger, more highly educated, more likely to be married, and less likely to report limitations in activity. Compared to those who were eligible but refused, enrolled participants were less likely to have high blood pressure and stroke and more likely to have quit smoking and to perceive their health status as very good or excellent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Comparative Properties of the Single Chain Antibody and Fv Derivatives of mAb 4-4-20 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTERDOMAIN INTERACTIONS AND THE HIGH AFFINITY FOR FLUORESCEIN LIGAND

Recombinant Fv derivative of the high affinity murine anti-fluorescein monoclonal antibody 4-4-20 was constructed and expressed in high yields, relative to the single chain antibody (SCA) derivative (2-3-fold), in Escherichia coli. Both variable heavy (VH) and variable light (VL) domains, that accumulated as insoluble inclusion bodies, were isolated, denatured, mixed, refolded, and affinity-purified to yield active Fv 4-4-20. Affinity-purified Fv 4-4-20 showed identical ligand binding properties compared with the SCA construct, both were slightly lower than the affinities expressed by Fab or IgG 4-4-20. Proper protein folding was shown to be domain-independent by in vitro mixing of individually refolded variable domains to yield functional Fv protein. In solid phase and solution phase assays, Fv 4-4-20 closely approximated the SCA derivative in terms of both idiotype and metatype, confirming identical active site structures and conformations. The equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) for the VL/VH association (1.43 × 10-7M), which was determined using the change in fluorescein spectral properties upon ligand binding, was relatively low considering the high affinity displayed by the Fv protein for fluorescein (Kd, 2.9 × 10-10M). Thus, domain-domain stability in the Fv and SCA 4-4-20 proteins cannot be the sole cause of reduced affinity (2-3-fold) for fluorescein as compared with the Fab or IgG form of 4-4-20. With their identical ligand binding and structural properties, the decreased SCA or Fv affinity for fluorescein must be an ultimate consequence of deletion of the CH1 and CL constant domains. Collectively, these results verify the importance of constant domain interactions in antibody variable domain structure-function analyses and future antibody engineering endeavors.
Phenotypically Directed Multimodal Therapy for Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome: A Prospective Study Using UPOINT

Objectives Large, controlled trials in chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) have failed due to patient heterogeneity. To phenotype CPPS patients, we developed the UPOINT system with 6 domains (Urinary, Psychosocial, Organ-Specific, Infection, Neurologic/Systemic and Tenderness). In this study, we treated patients with multimodal therapy based on the UPOINT phenotype and measured response after at least 6 months. Methods Patients with CPPS were offered multimodal therapy based on the UPOINT phenotype (eg, Urinary: alpha blocker or antimuscarinic; Organ-specific: quercetin; Tenderness: physical therapy). One hundred patients agreed to therapy and were reexamined after 26 weeks. Primary endpoint was a minimum 6-point drop in NIH-Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (CPSI). Results Mean age was 46 years, and median symptom duration was 24 months. A median of 3 UPOINT domains were positive, the most common being Organ-specific (70%), Tenderness (64%), and Urinary (59%). With a median 50-week follow-up, 84% had at least a 6-point fall in CPSI. Number of domains and initial CPSI did not predict response. Mean changes (± SD) for CPSI subscores were pain 11.5 ± 3.2 to 6.1 ± 3.9, urine 4.7 ± 3.1 to 2.6 ± 2.0, QOL 9.1 ± 2.3 to 4.5 ± 2.8, and total 25.2 ± 6.1 to 13.2 ± 7.2 (all P Conclusions Multimodal therapy using UPOINT leads to significant improvement in symptoms and quality of life. Moreover, a placebo-controlled trial for every therapy combination is not feasible, and results using UPOINT compare favorably with all large trials of monotherapy.
Long term seasonal dynamics of synechococcus population structure in the gulf of aqaba, northern red sea.

Spatial patterns of marine Synechococcus diversity across ocean domains have been reported on extensively. However, much less is known of seasonal and multiannual patterns of change in Synechococcus community composition. Here we report on the genotypic diversity of Synechococcus populations in the Gulf of Aqaba, Northern Red Sea, over seven annual cycles of deep mixing and stabile stratification, using ntcA as a phylogenetic marker. Synechococcus clone libraries were dominated by clade II and XII genotypes and a total of 8 different clades were identified. Inclusion of ntcA sequences from the GOS database in our analyses identified members of clade XII from beyond the Gulf of Aqaba, extending its known distribution. Most of the Synechococcus diversity was attributed to members of clade II during the spring bloom, while clade III contributed significantly to diversity during summer stratification. Clade XII diversity was most prevalent in fall and winter. Clade abundances were estimated from pyrosequencing of the V6 hypervariable region of 16S rRNA. Members of clade II dominated Synechococcus communities throughout the year, whereas the less frequent genotypes showed a pattern of seasonal succession. Based on the prevailing nutritional conditions we observed that clade I members thrive at higher nutrient concentrations during winter mixing. Clades V, VI and X became apparent during the transition periods between mixing and stratification. Clade III became prominent during sumeer stratification. We propose that members of clades V, VI and X, and clade III are Synechococcus ecotypes that are adapted to intermediate and low nutrient levels respectively. This is the first time that molecular analyses have correlated population dynamics of Synechococcus genotypes with temporal fluctuations in nutrient regimes. Since these Synechococcus genotypes are routinely observed in the Gulf of Aqaba we suggest that seasonal fluctuations in nutrient levels create temporal niches...
Low-velocity impact craters in ice and ice-saturated sand with implications for Martian crater count ages.

We produced a series of decimeter-sized impact craters in blocks of ice near 0oC and -70oC and in ice-saturated sand near -70oC as a preliminary investigation of cratering in materials analogous to those found on Mars and the outer solar system satellites. The projectiles used were standard 0.22 and 0.30 caliber bullets fired at velocities between 0.3 and 1.5 km/s, with kinetic energies at impact between 109 and 4 x 10 o ergs. Crater diameters in the ice-saturated sand were -2 times larger than craters in the same energy and velocity range in competent blocks of granite, basalt and cement. Craters in ice were -3 times larger. If this dependence of crater size on strength persists to large hypervelocity impact craters, then surfaces of geologic units composed of ice or ice-saturated soil would have greater crater count ages than rocky surfaces with identical influx histories. The magnitude of the correction to crater counts required by this strength effect is comparable to the magnitudes of corrections required by variations in impact velocity and surface gravity used in determining relative interplanetary chronologies. The relative sizes of craters in ice and ice-saturated sand imply that the tensile strength of ice-saturated sand is a strong inverse function of temperature. If this is true, then Martian impact crater energy versus diameter scaling may also be a function of latitude.
Laser Forward Transfer: Direct-writing arrays of single microbeads

Microbead-based biosensors, lab-on-a-chip devices, optoelectronics, and engineered tissue constructs pose a difficult challenge for direct-write technologies. The fabrication of microbead arrays with single-elements requires a highly-integrated technique. We demonstrate Laser Forward Transfer (LFT) as an ideal technique to target single microbeads with widely disparate properties, for real-time transfer into user-directed array positions. LFT enables us to generate MxM and MxN polystyrene and alginate microbead arrays. Soft transfer of microbeads were achieved with little to no thermal or UV damage to the structural and functional surfaces as a result of nanosecond-pulsed excimer laser exposure, as assessed by FTIR spectra and SEM characterization. Long-term array integrity was preserved, even under intense ultrasonication. The unique features of LFT introduce a new avenue for the fabrication of specific-microbead arrays, with customizable patterns and potential for long-term studies.
Resolution of high order WENO schemes for complicated flow structures

In this short note we address the issue of numerical resolution and efficiency of high order weighted essentially nonoscillatory (WENO) schemes for computing solutions containing both discontinuities and complex solution features, through two representative numerical examples: the double Mach reflection problem and the Rayleigh-Taylor instability problem. We conclude that for such solutions with both discontinuities and complex solution features, it is more economical in CPU time to use higher order WENO schemes to obtain comparable numerical resolution.
Mandated Safety Recalls in the U.S. Automobile Industry – 20 Years Experience

In an earlier study, an attempt was made to assess the macro effect of mandated auto recall on the U.S. auto industry. With the amount of information available at that time, recalls were numerically significant and increasing, the industry appeared to be relatively unaffected by their mandated imposition. Out of 248 campaigns, only 15 were 100 percent successful, and overall, less that two-thirds of all cars recalled were actually returned for inspection. Newer automobiles tended to have greater sm:cess rates as did vehicles from larger market share manufacturers. Further, there appeared to be no impact on sales in subsequent years nor did there appear to be any company particularly adversely impacted by recall practice (Page and Wilson 1976, 1979).
Immunological consequences of thalidomide treatment in Sjögren’s syndrome

Objective: To study the immunological consequences of systemic thalidomide treatment in patients with Sjogren’s syndrome. Methods: Cytokine (tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin (IL) 6) and soluble receptor (sIL2R) levels were measured in patient and control plasma (n = 7), before and after thalidomide treatment. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were examined by FACS analysis for potential changes in specific cell populations (T cells, B cells, monocytes), and for the expression of activation markers (CD25, HLA-DR), costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD40L), TNF receptors, chemokine receptors, and adhesion molecules (l-selectin (l-sel)). Results: Owing to adverse effects of thalidomide, the treatment interval was limited. None the less, statistically significant changes in markers of cell activation were recorded in the four treated patients. Before treatment, HLA-DR, TNFRI, CXCRI, and CXCRII were raised in the patients compared with healthy controls (p<0.05) and their expression was down regulated after treatment. B cell numbers and expression of the adhesion molecule l-sel also declined with thalidomide. Conclusion: Significant changes in measures of cell activation were detected during thalidomide treatment within this limited study, which upon further investigation may offer insight into the underlying immunoregulatory pathways of thalidomide.
Potentiation of chemotherapy by low-level ultrasound

We have performed in vitro and in vivo tests to determine whether ultrasound (US) at levels lower than previously investigated by others could still potentiate chemotherapeutic cell killing. Positive results were obtained with adriamycin and diaziquone. Two types of low-level US were effective: tone-burst US (10% duty cycle, 1.765 MHz, ISATA = 0.25 W/cm2), and pulsed US (2.5 MHz centre frequency, 1 kHz repetition frequency, MPa-level pressure amplitudes), distributed uniformly over the biological target. These US beams were non-cytotoxic and produced negligible temperature elevation. Statistically significant US-induced increases in drug cytotoxicity were observed in CHO and MCF-7 WT but not V79 cells for 1-h drug exposures at several drug concentrations. The effects of combined drug and US treatments in vivo were studied by measuring post-treatment volume changes in uterine cervical squamous cell carcinoma implanted in the cheek pouch of the Syrian hamster. A statistically significant US-drug synergy in tumour volume reduction was observed with adriamycin and diaziquone.
Dignity, Honour, and Human Rights: Kant's Perspective

Kant is often considered a key figure in a modern transition from social and political systems based on honour to those based on dignity, where “honour” is understood as a hierarchical measure of social value, and “dignity” is understood as the inherent and equal worth of every individual. The essay provides a richer account of Kant’s contribution to the “politics of equal dignity” by examining his understanding of dignity and honour, and the interaction between these concepts. The essay argues that Kant appeals to multiple varieties of dignity and honour, that he does not reject honour in favour of dignity, and that he sees some versions of honour as conducive to respect for dignity. Furthermore, the complexity of Kant’s views on dignity and honour has implications for the theory and practice of human rights in the current day.
Amphotericin B Lipid Complex for Hansenula Anomala Pneumonia

OBJECTIVE:To document the first successful treatment of a patient with Hansenula anomala pneumonia.CASE SUMMARY:A healthy 32-year-old white man who underwent splenectomy and aortic repair following a motor vehicle accident developed a life-threatening infection 2 days after admission into the intensive care unit (ICU). A rare fungus, H. anomala, was isolated from his lungs, blood, and urine. Lipid complex amphotericin B (ABLC) was initiated following worsening signs of infection complicated by renal failure. The patient received ABLC for 17 days, eventually making a full recovery, allowing ICU discharge 1 month after admission.DISCUSSION:This case represents the first successful treatment of H. anomala pneumonia reported in the literature. H. anomala infections typically occur in immunocompromised, neonatal, or pediatric populations in extrapulmonary sites. All 6 cases of H. anomala pneumonia reported in the literature were fatal, and all preceded the availability of ABLC. This case of H. anomala pneumoni...
Trauma and the Geriatric Patient

Traumatic injuries to patients over the age of 65 are a major public health concern. In 2007, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention found that accidental injuries are the fifth overall cause of death in all age groups and the ninth leading cause of death in older adults. For geriatric patients there are important issues to be considered that may not apply to younger victims of traumatic injury.
Human CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes are both cytotoxic to Toxoplasma gondii-infected cells

Studies to determine if Toxoplasma gondii-specific human T cells lyse parasite-infected cells have yielded conflicting results. Furthermore, attempts to obtain human cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes have been difficult because of the lack of a reproducible system for their generation. By using paraformaldehyde-fixed, T. gondii-infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells as antigen-presenting cells, we developed a method whereby T. gondii-specific T-cell lines can be reproducibly generated. Six T. gondii-specific T-cell lines were generated from an individual chronically infected with T. gondii. Cytofluorometric analysis of these lines revealed > 99% CD3+, 85 to 95% CD3+ alpha beta T-cell-receptor-positive (TCR+), 5 to 9% CD3+ gamma delta TCR+, 50 to 70% CD4+, and 20 to 40% CD8+ cells when cells were examined during the first 3 weeks of stimulation and >99% CD3+, >99% CD3+ alpha beta TCR+, < 1% CD3+ gamma delta TCR+, 20 to 40% CD4+, and 60 to 80% CD8+ cells when cells were examined between 5 and 11 weeks. Both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells had remarkable cytotoxic activity against T. gondii-infected target cells (30 to 50% specific Cr release at an effector-to-target ratio of 30:1) but not against uninfected target cells ( < 10% at an effector-to-target ratio of 30:1). Cytotoxic activity by the whole T-cell lines was not T. gondii strain specific. Whole T-cell lines were cytotoxic for target cells infected with the C56 and ME49 strains and the RH strain (which was used to infect peripheral blood mononuclear cells). T. gondii-specific T-cell lines displayed the predominant expression of V beta 7 TCR. The CDR3 regions of the V beta 7 TCRs of these T-cell lines showed a striking degree of sequence identity (oligoclonality). T-cell lines obtained by the method reporter here can be used to characterize functional activity of T-lymphocyte subsets in humans infected with T. gondii.
Material synthesis routes for thin film bonding interfaces in reworkable and bumpless nano-interconnects

This work explores novel material synthesis routes towards reworkable nano-dimensional interfaces for IC-package assembly, leading to bumpless and nano interconnections. Reworkability is addressed by a thin interface of lead-free high-strength solders. Two approaches, sol-gel process and electroless plating, were used to achieve these nano-dimensional bonding interfaces. In the sol-gel process, metal-organic polymer solutions were heat-treated in a reducing atmosphere at 400/spl deg/C to form lead-free solders (Sn-Ag-Cu). In the electroless plating approach, lead-free alloy films were deposited from aqueous plating solutions consisting of suitable metal salts and reducing agents. This process was done at a temperature of 45/spl deg/C. The lead-free solder composition was controlled by altering the plating bath formulation. Solder films formed from both the above approaches were demonstrated to bond copper pads. Solution-derived nano-solder technology is an attractive low-cost method for bumpless nano-interconnects and other applications such as MEMS hermetic packaging and compliant interconnect bonding.
Common lead, Sm-Nd, and U-Pb constraints on petrogenesis, crustal architecture, and tectonic setting of the Penokean orogeny (Paleoproterozoic) in Wisconsin

Nd and Pb isotopes indicate significant direct involvement of older continental crust during the generation of the Penokean synorogenic intrusive suite in Wisconsin. Initial values for plutons show a clear trend of increasing ϵ Nd , from −6 to +4 southward from the Superior Province to the suture between the Pembine-Wausau and Marshfield terranes, indicating decreasing amounts of contamination by older crust. Crossing into the Archean Marshfield terrane, there is a rapid shift back down to lower ϵ Nd values (−1 to −7). Feldspar common Pb from synorogenic plutons generally defines a mixing array between Archean crust and primitive arc crust, which has Pb isotope compositions that are similar to those of the Proterozoic mantle. A mixing model based on Nd and Pb concentrations and isotopic ratios indicates that synorogenic intrusive rocks acquired their isotopic ratios through interaction with Archean crust, rather than through contamination of a mantle source region by sediment subduction. In addition, direct dating of exposed basement in the Pembine-Wausau terrane indicates, for the first time, that Archean crust is present here (U/Pb zircon age of 2607 ± 22 Ma). The combined Nd and Pb isotope data demonstrate the importance of distinguishing between contamination of the mantle and remelting crust basement for the origin of old Nd model ages in Precambrian orogens. Such distinctions are critical for evaluating crustal growth estimates in Precambrian orogenic terranes. The preferred tectonic model for the Penokean orogeny involves back-arc rifting of the southern Superior Province during a major period of Penokean orogenesis, followed by collision of the Marshfield terrane to the south, which was also intruded by Penokean-age magmas. In addition to the isotopic and geochronology data presented here, this model is supported by gravity data which indicate the presence of low-density material (probably Archean crust) south of the Niagara fault; this feature is interpreted to be a buried extension of the southern margin of the Superior Province beneath the Pembine-Wausau terrane. During the Penokean orogeny, synorogenic intrusive rocks acquired their isotope compositions through direct interaction with Archean crust.
Intra- and inter-band four-wave mixing in silicon coupled resonator optical waveguides

We demonstrate intra- and inter-band wavelength conversion enhancement for continuous wave sources in wide-passband coupled resonator optical waveguides (CROWs), compared with their constituent silicon waveguides.
Antipsychotic drug use and risk of first-time idiopathic venous thromboembolism: a case-control study

Summary Background Antipsychotic drugs have been associated with an increased risk of adverse events such as venous thromboembolism. Our aim was to assess this risk in users of conventional antipsychotic drugs who had been diagnosed with first-time, idiopathic venous thromboembolism. Methods From a baseline population of 29 952 recipients of conventional and atypical antipsychotic drugs aged younger than 60 years, we identified 42 individuals with idiopathic venous thromboembolism and 172 matched controls. We compared risk of current and recent use of antipsychotic drugs with non-use before the index date in cases and controls. Findings Current exposure to conventional antipsychotic drugs was associated with a significantly increased risk of idiopathic venous thromboembolism compared with non-use (adjusted odds ratio 7·1 [95% CI 2·3–21·97]). Although we found no difference between phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, or other conventional antipsychotic drugs, low potency antipsychotic drugs drugs such as chlorpromazine and thioridazine were more strongly associated with venous thromboembolism (odds ratio 24·1 [3·3–172·7]) than were high potency antipsychotic drugs such as haloperidol (3·3 [0·8–13·2]). The risk for venous thrombosis was highest during the first few months of conventional antipsychotic drug use. Interpretation Current exposure to conventional antipsychotic drugs significantly increases the risk of idiopathic venous thromboembolism in men and women younger than 60 years of age.
Effects of Physically Adsorbed Films on Conductivity of Two-Dimensional Metal Surfaces and Graphene

The electronic properties of two-dimensional (2D) materials, like graphene, are of considerable fundamental interest. This paper describes how physically adsorbed films probe these properties. The cases of an ideal 2D free electron gas and graphene are examined, with explicit results found for an adsorbed He film. In the free electron case, the scattering is proportional to the 2D structure factor of the film. Results are presented for He on graphene and the free electron gas in both the low coverage and fully commensurate limits.
Scaling the mobile millennium system in the cloud

We report on our experience scaling up the Mobile Millennium traffic information system using cloud computing and the Spark cluster computing framework. Mobile Millennium uses machine learning to infer traffic conditions for large metropolitan areas from crowdsourced data, and Spark was specifically designed to support such applications. Many studies of cloud computing frameworks have demonstrated scalability and performance improvements for simple machine learning algorithms. Our experience implementing a real-world machine learning-based application corroborates such benefits, but we also encountered several challenges that have not been widely reported. These include: managing large parameter vectors, using memory efficiently, and integrating with the application's existing storage infrastructure. This paper describes these challenges and the changes they required in both the Spark framework and the Mobile Millennium software. While we focus on a system for traffic estimation, we believe that the lessons learned are applicable to other machine learning-based applications.
Active photometric stereo

An active vision technique for determining the absolute depth of surfaces is described. The algorithm assumes a very general model for the reflectance properties of the surface, and is valid for most of the shading models commonly used in computer vision work. The algorithm relies on the controlled motion of a point light source, which is not at infinity but relatively close to the surface and to the camera. The sensitivity of the computed depth values to errors in the measured quantities is derived, allowing a confidence measure for the depth to be determined. The confidence measure can aid in the estimation of accurate depth values from multiple image measurements taken over time. A method based on robust estimation that permits an unbiased estimate of the depth values to be obtained is presented. The results of experiments on synthetic and real-world imagery are reported, illustrating the efficacy of the active photometric stereo algorithm. >
Re-quantization Based Semi-Fragile Authentication for General Uniform Quantizer

Semi-fragile authentication schemes are found to be useful to maintain authentication in the event of certain allowed manipulation of source content. This paper focuses on a quantization based algorithm, and extends it to more general uniform quantizers. Earlier work is found to be a special case of our generalized solution which provides more useful guideline when selecting quantizer for this type of authentication. Experimental results verified our analytical conclusion.
Banquet and Invited Speech Why Peta-Scale is Different: An Ecosystem Approach to Predictive Scientific and Engineering Simulation

With the recent advent of 100s of teraFLOP/s-scale simulations capability at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and other sites, it has become clear that the scientific method has changed. This transition has taken us from theory and experiment to theory and experiment being tightly integrated by simulation. With the advent of peta-scale simulations on the horizon it is appropriate to take stock of the recent advances and to look forward to the coming wave of future systems. In this talk we focus on some areas of science that open up with peta-scale systems and how this is VERY different from the science one can accomplish with a single workstation (giga-scale simulation). In actual fact, the science enabled by tera-scale and peta-scale systems require a whole new approach to the scientific method. One of the things we are starting to realize being at the leading edge of applying this new technology, is that with the coming onset of peta-scale simulations (systems, visualization, and applications) is that we may be headed for huge scientific breakthroughs enabled
The intramembranous particle profile of the paramylon membrane during paramylon synthesis in Euglena (Euglenophyceae)

Paramylon is the β-1, 3-glucan storage product in euglenoid algae. It is a fibrous crystal that occurs as membrane-bound granules in the cytosol. The role of the surrounding membrane in paramylon synthesis was investigated by the use of freeze-etch electron microscopy. When Euglena gracilis Klebs strain Z (Pringsheim) cells were frozen in supercooled liquid nitrogen, the fracture plane primarily was throuh the paramylon membrane. A large intramembranous particle (IMP, mean diam range 5.6-6.5 nm) and a small IMP (mean diam range 9.6-10.3 nm) were predominant in both PF (protoplasmic fracture) and EF (exoplasmic fracture) faces of the paramylon membrane. During paramylon synthesis induction, the ratio of small to large IMPs increased in both fracture faces. The IMP density decreased in both fracture faces concomitant to paramylon synthesis increase. These changes in IMP profile and density suggest that the paramylon membrane is involved in the synthesis of paramylon.
Learning Outcomes for an Introductory Database Project

As rapid advances in database technology compel the database community to expand the breadth of introductory topics, a new generation of database education may emerge. However, the introductory database project must continue to reinforce the fundamental concepts and principles of database systems. This paper defines a set of learning outcomes for an introductory database project, identifies five key project elements, describes a set of assignments that illustrate how the key elements achieve the learning outcomes, and presents results from a project used extensively at Radford University.
Identifying Conflicting Signal in a Multigene Analysis Reveals a Highly Resolved Tree: The Phylogeny of Rodentia (Mammalia)

Homoplasy among morphological characters has hindered inference of higher level rodent phylogeny for over 100 years. Initial molecular studies, based primarily on single genes, likewise produced little resolution of the deep relationships among rodent families. Two recent molecular studies (Huchon et al., 2002, Mol. Biol. Evol. 19:1053-1065; Adkins et al., 2003, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 26:409-420), using larger samples from the nuclear genome, have produced phylogenies that are generally concordant with each other, but many of the deep superfamilial nodes were still lacking substantial statistical support. Data are presented here for a total of approximately 3,600 base pairs from portions of three different nuclear protein-coding genes, CB1, IRBP, and RAG2, from 19 rodents and three outgroups. Separate analyses, with data partitioned according to both genes and codon position, produced conflicting results. Trees obtained from all partitions of CB1 and RAG2 and those obtained from the first- plus second-position sites of IRBP were generally concordant with each other and the trees from the two recent studies, whereas trees obtained from the third-position sites of IRBP were not. Although the IRBP third-position sites represent only 1/9 of the total data set, combined analyses using either parsimony or likelihood resulted in trees in agreement with the IRBP third-position sites and in disagreement with the remaining 8/9 of the sites from this data set and the two recent multigene studies. In contrast, maximum-likelihood analysis using a site-specific rates model did recover a tree that is highly congruent with the trees in the two recent studies. If the IRBP third-position sites are removed from the current data set, then combined likelihood analyses obtain a tree that is highly congruent with those of the two recent studies. This analysis also provides, for the first time in a study of rodent phylogeny, robust statistical support for every bipartition, with just one exception. This tree divides rodents into two major clades. The first contains Myodonta (Muroidea plus Dipodidae) and the only unresolved trichotomy, from which descend Geomyoidea, Pedetidae, and Castoridae. On the other side of the root is a clade containing Sciuroidea plus Gliridae, and Hystricognathi. Some uncertainty remains on the placement of the root. Trees on which the Hystricognathi are the basal sister group to Myodonta, Geomyoidea, Pedetidae, and Castoridae are also found within a Bayesian 95% credible set, as estimated by Metropolis-coupled Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling.
Measurement of the Hall dynamo effect during magnetic reconnection in a high-temperature plasma.

J � � ~ Bi=nee, is experimentally measured in the high-temperature interior of a reversed-field pinch plasma by a fast Faraday rotation diagnostic. It is found that the Hall dynamo effect is significant, redistributing (flattening) the equilibrium core current near the resonant surface during a reconnection event. These results imply that effects beyond singlefluid MHD are important for the dynamo and magnetic reconnection.
l-Arginine and antioxidant vitamins E and C improve the cardiovascular performance of broiler chickens grown under chronic hypobaric hypoxia

ABSTRACT Two hundred broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 3 dietary treatments: control [CTL; 3,200 kcal of ME/kg, 23% CP, 1.55% Arg, and 40 IU of vitamin E (VE)/kg of feed], high-Arg (HA; CTL + 0.8% Arg), or high-Arg and high antioxidant-vitamin diet (AEC; HA + 200 IU of VE/kg of feed and 500 mg of vitamin C/L of water). The chicks were housed in wire cages in hypobaric chambers simulating 3,000 m above sea level. From d 28 to 42, clinically healthy birds were selected for cardiovascular performance (n = 7 to 12/treatment). After surgery, pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) readings were taken at 180, 120, and 60 s (basal values) before an epinephrine (EPI) challenge and then at 30, 60, 120, 180, 300, 600, and 1,200 s after the challenge, followed by a second EPI challenge with similar sample readings. There were no differences in the basal PAP values among chicken groups. The PAP increased within 30 s after both EPI challenges in all groups. It took 180 s after the first EPI challenge for the CTL chickens to return to the basal PAP values, whereas HA and AEC chickens returned to basal PAP values in 120 s. After the second EPI challenge, it took 60, 180, and 300 s for the AEC, HA, and CTL groups, respectively, to return to basal PAP values. The MAP response pattern to the EPI challenges mimicked that of PAP, but there were no differences among treatments in MAP at any sampling point. Supplemental Arg, VE, and vitamin C did not reduce ascites incidence in hypoxic broilers. In conclusion, supplemental Arg improved the pulmonary vascular performance of hypoxic broiler chickens and its effects were further improved by the addition of the antioxidant VE and vitamin C. Arginine and antioxidant vitamins may have played synergistic roles to increase NO bioavailability and reduce oxidative stress damage, thus improving cardiopulmonary performance.
Four considerations for supporting visual analysis in display ecologies

The current proliferation of large displays and mobile devices presents a number of exciting opportunities for visual analytics and information visualization. The display ecology enables multiple displays to function in concert within a broader technological environment to accomplish visual analysis tasks. Based on a comprehensive survey of multi-display systems from a variety of fields, we propose four key considerations for visual analysis in display ecologies: 1) Display Composition, 2) Information Coordination/Transfer, 3) Information Connection, and 4) Display Membership. Different aspects of display ecologies stemming from these design considerations will enable users to transform and empower multiple displays as a display ecology for visual analysis.
Pharmacology of GABAA Receptors of Retinal Dopaminergic Neurons

When the vertebrate retina is stimulated by light, a class of amacrine or interplexiform cells release dopamine, a modulator responsible for neural adaptation to light. In the intact retina, dopami...
miniAudicle for iPad: Touchscreen-based Music Software Programming

We present a new software application for ChucK programming and performance on mobile touchscreen devices, miniAudicle for iPad. This application seeks to accommodate keyboard-based music software development as well as explore new music programming possibilities enabled by touch interfaces. To this end, it provides a textual code Editor mode optimized for touchscreen typing, a live-codingoriented Player mode, and collaborative network performance via a Connect mode. The combination of these features provides a foundation for the exploration of musical programming on mobile touchscreen devices.
The hip in cerebral palsy

Orthopedic surgery can alleviate the hip flexion, adduction, and medial rotation deformities of the hip and improve the function and appearance of gait. To accomplish this, however, careful examination and prudence in the operative procedure to avoid overdoing and overcorrecting are important. Orthopedic surgery can prevent subluxation and dislocation of the hip before the age of seven years, and consequently repetitive radiographic examinations of the hip in children who have spastic paralysis of the hip musculature should be a routine procedure. Subluxation and dislocation of the hip, when established, can be successfully treated with orthopedic surgical procedures. Physicians must keep in mind that the spastic paralysis of cerebral palsy originates in the brain, and therefore the spasticity cannot be eliminated. The best that can be done is to weaken or remove some muscles as deforming forces and to achieve compromises for continued function. The goal should be optimal independence for the child and adolescent during development, and freedom from pain with deteriorating function due to degenerative arthritis in the adult.
Radio Transmitter Implantation and Movement in the Wild Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus)

Abstract Radiotelemetry transmitters have become critical to studies of wildlife ecology. However, little is known about how transmitter implantation surgery affects the mobility of some species, including the timber rattlesnake, Crotalus horridus. Tracking snake movement can provide insights into the effects of transmitter implantation. During 2007–11, 71 radio transmitters were surgically implanted intracoelomically in 47 timber rattlesnakes. Over 20 of these snakes underwent surgery at least twice in 5 yr to replace old transmitters. Surgeries were performed under general anesthesia with a local nerve block at the site of implantation, 20 cm cranial to the cloaca. Snakes were also administered postsurgical meloxicam and enrofloxacin every 24 h for three doses. Two to five days after surgery, snakes were released at their original locations and radiotracked regularly during the active seasons (April–October 2007–11). Average daily movement data (distance traveled) were compiled for each snake. Snakes un...
The Epistemic Culture of Homebrewers and Microbrewers

ABSTRACTHomebrewing and microbrewing have been growing in popularity during the last few decades. One way this phenomenon can be analyzed is through the culture of knowledge production. We use the subfield of science and technology studies (STS) to examine homebrewing and microbrewing in this light. Early STS was interested in the social construction of scientific facts within daily practices of scientists. Through these early studies, STS revealed not only the process of scientific fact creation but also existence of “epistemic cultures.” Our study investigates the epistemic culture of homebrewers and microbrewers. Analysis of this epistemic culture was accomplished through use of in-depth interviews with homebrewers and microbrewers at several regional sites. Three major themes emerged from the data: home space as lab; the art and science of beer brewing; and brewing as “friendship”. These themes establish a foundation for understanding the shared epistemic culture existing between homebrewers and micro...
Comparison of RNAi Sequences in Insect-Resistant Plants to Expressed Sequences of a Beneficial Lady Beetle: A Closer Look at Off-Target Considerations

Sequences obtained from transcriptomes of the lady beetle Coleomegilla maculata were compared to those designed for incorporation into crops. Searches of the transcriptomes identified sequences as the most likely to be closely similar to the sequences described in RNAi plant incorporated products. Some proposed prime RNAi pest management targets were also used to identify predicted orthologs from C. maculata. The lady beetle sequences were aligned with sequences from corn rootworms and Colorado potato beetles and, as appropriate in the case of targets, regions of similarity were compared with the genetic model organism for beetles, Tribolium castaneum. Some high levels of nucleotide identity were identified, particularly with an actin-derived sequence from Colorado potato beetle. This actin-derived sequence shared identical sequences with the lady beetle and a parasitic wasp.
Examining privacy settings on online social networks: a protection motivation perspective

The easy accessibility of information on online social networks (OSN) such as Facebook, has boosted the significance of 'privacy settings' as a frontline of defence against information misuse. In this study a model is built based on the intersection of protection motivation theory (PMT), social exchange theory (SET), and privacy risk research to examine behaviour through both the use of privacy settings (adaptive/desirable behaviour) and the non-use of privacy settings (measuring maladaptive coping response). To validate the model a survey is conducted. Strong support was found for the mediating role played by PMT variables-cost, benefits, risk, and efficacy - on both maladaptive coping and adaptive behaviour. This research successfully applies PMT in the information privacy context and operationalises adaptive behaviour in a unique, but thus far unexplored, manner. It also identifies important risk antecedents to the PMT model which help further explain privacy on OSN.
Bacterial Autophagy: Offense and Defense at the Host–Pathogen Interface

Autophagy is a fundamental cellular process used for the turnover and recycling of cytosolic components and damaged organelles. Originally characterized as a response to cellular stress, it now is well established that autophagy also is used as a defensive mechanism to combat the infection of host cells by intracellular pathogens. However, although this defensive strategy does limit the proliferation of most pathogens within their host cells, successful pathogens have evolved countermeasures that subvert or circumvent the autophagic response. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms used by a number of these pathogens to escape autophagy, with a particular focus on Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, which has been the most extensively studied example. We also discuss the consequences of bacterial autophagy for the broader innate immune response.
Social Integration and Reduced Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women: The Role of Lifestyle Behaviors

Rationale: Higher social integration is associated with lower cardiovascular mortality; however, whether it is associated with incident coronary heart disease (CHD), especially in women, and whether associations differ by case fatality are unclear. Objectives: This study sought to examine the associations between social integration and risk of incident CHD in a large female prospective cohort. Methods and Results: Seventy-six thousand three hundred and sixty-two women in the Nurses’ Health Study, free of CHD and stroke at baseline (1992), were followed until 2014. Social integration was assessed by a simplified Berkman–Syme Social Network Index every 4 years. End points included nonfatal myocardial infarction and fatal CHD. Two thousand three hundred and seventy-two incident CHD events occurred throughout follow-up. Adjusting for demographic, health/medical risk factors, and depressive symptoms, being socially integrated was significantly associated with lower CHD risk, particularly fatal CHD. The most socially integrated women had a hazard ratio of 0.55 (95% confidence interval, 0.41–0.73) of developing fatal CHD compared with those least socially integrated ( P for trend P for trend =0.02), whereas the significant associations no longer remained for nonfatal myocardial infarction. The inverse associations between social integration and nonfatal myocardial infarction risk were largely explained by health-promoting behaviors, particularly through differences in cigarette smoking; however, the association with fatal CHD risk remained after accounting for these behaviors and, thus, may involve more direct biological mechanisms. Conclusions: Social integration is inversely associated with CHD incidence in women, but is largely explained by lifestyle/behavioral pathways.