cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energy recovery from solutions with different salinities based on swelling and shrinking of hydrogels.

Several technologies, including pressure-retarded osmo- sis (PRO), reverse electrodialysis (RED), and capacitive mixing (CapMix), are being developed to recover energy from salinity gradients. Here, we present a new approach to capture salinity gradient energy based on the expansion and contraction properties of poly(acrylic acid) hydrogels. These materials swell in fresh water and shrink in salt water, and thus the expansion can be used to capture energy through mechanical processes. In tests with 0.36 g of hydrogel particles 300 to 600 μm in diameter, 124 mJ of energy was recovered in 1 h (salinity ratio of 100, external load of 210 g, water flow rate of 1 mL/min). Although these energy recovery rates were relatively lower than those typically obtained using PRO, RED, or CapMix, the costs of hydrogels are much lower than those of membranes used in PRO and RED. In addition, fouling might be more easily controlled as the particles can be easily removed from the reactor for cleaning. Further development of the technology and testing of a wider range of conditions should lead to improved energy recoveries and performance.
Sine dwell or broadband methods for modal testing

For large, complex spacecraft structural systems, the objectives of the modal test are outlined. Based on these objectives, the comparison criteria for the modal test methods, namely, the broadband excitation and the sine dwell methods are established. Using the Galileo spacecraft modal test and the Centaur G Prime upper stage vehicle modal test as examples, the relative advantages or disadvantages of each method are examined. The usefulness or shortcoming of the methods are given from a practicing engineer's view point.
Cryptanalysis of scalable multicast security protocol

We show that the scalable multicast security protocol based on RSA, proposed by R. Molva and A. Pannetrat (see ACM Trans. Inform. Syst. Security, vol.3, no.3, p.136-60, 2000), is insecure against collusion attacks.
Transverse instability of strongly coupled dark–bright Manakov vector solitons

We show, by performing linear stability analysis and direct numerical simulations, that dark-soliton transverse instability is significantly reduced in Kerr media by strong coupling to a bright soliton. High instability suppression can be achieved by use of large-amplitude bright solitons.
Risk of Predation and Weather Events Affect Nest Site Selection by Sympatric Pacific (Gavia pacifica) and Yellow-billed (Gavia adamsii) Loons in Arctic Habitats

Abstract. Pacific (Gavia pacifica) and Yellow-billed (G. adamsii) loons nest sympatrically in Arctic regions. These related species likely face similar constraints and requirements for nesting success; therefore, use of similar habitats and direct competition for nesting habitat is likely. Both of these loon species must select a breeding lake that provides suitable habitat for nesting and raising chicks; however, characteristics of nest site selection by either species on interior Arctic lakes remains poorly understood. Here, logistic regression was used to compare structural and habitat characteristics of all loon nest locations with random points from lakes on the interior Arctic Coastal Plain, Alaska. Results suggest that both loon species select nest sites to avoid predation and exposure to waves and shifting ice. Loon nest sites were more likely to be on islands and peninsulas (odds ratio = 16.13, 95% CI = 4.64–56.16) than mainland shoreline, which may help loons avoid terrestrial predators. Further...
Development of AlAsSb as a barrier material for ultra-thin-channel InGaAs nMOSFETs

We investigated AlAs0.56Sb0.44 epitaxial layers lattice-matched to InP grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Silicon (Si) and tellurium (Te) were studied as n-type dopants in AlAs0.56Sb0.44 material. Similar to most Sb-based materials, AlAs0.56Sb0.44 demonstrates a maximum active carrier concentration around low-1018 cm-3 when using Te as a dopant. We propose the use of a heavily Si-doped InAlAs layer embedded in the AlAsSb barrier as a modulation-doped layer. The In0.53Ga0.47As/AlAs0.56Sb0.44 double heterostructures with a 10 nm InGaAs well show an electron mobility of about 9400 cm2/V・s at 295 K and 32000 cm2/V・s at 46 K. A thinner 5 nm InGaAs well has an electron mobility of about 4300 cm2/V・s at 295 K. This study demonstrates that AlAs0.56Sb0.44 is a promising barrier material for highly scaled InGaAs MOSFETs and HEMTs.
Chocolate coated cats: TYRP1 mutations for brown color in domestic cats.

Brown coat color phenotypes caused by mutations in tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TYRP1) are recognized in many mammals. Brown variations are also recognized in the domestic cat, but the causative mutations are unknown. In cats, Brown, B, has a suggested allelic series, B > b > bl. The B allele is normal wild-type black coloration. Cats with the brown variation genotypes, bb or bbl, are supposedly phenotypically chocolate (aka chestnut) and the light brown genotype, blbl, are supposedly phenotypically cinnamon (aka red). The complete coding sequence of feline TYRP1 and a portion of the 5′ UTR was analyzed by direct sequencing of genomic DNA of wild-type and brown color variant cats. Sixteen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified. Eight SNPs were in the coding regions, six are silent mutations. Two exon 2 on mutations cause amino acid changes. The C to T nonsense mutation at position 298 causes an arginine at amino acid 100 to be replaced by the opal (UGA) stop codon. This mutation is consistent with the cinnamon phenotype and is the putative light brown, bl, mutation. An intron 6 mutation that potentially disrupts the exon 6 downstream splice-donor recognition site is associated with the chocolate phenotype and is the putative brown, b, mutation. The allelic series was confirmed by segregation and sequence analyses. Three microsatellite makers had significant linkage to the brown phenotype and two for the TYRP1 mutations in a 60-member pedigree. These mutations could be used to identify carriers of brown phenotypes in the domestic cat.
Upper Respiratory Tract Microbial Communities, Acute Otitis Media Pathogens, and Antibiotic Use in Healthy and Sick Children

The composition of the upper respiratory tract microbial community may influence the risk for colonization by the acute otitis media (AOM) pathogens Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. We used culture-independent methods to describe upper respiratory tract microbial communities in healthy children and children with upper respiratory tract infection with and without concurrent AOM. Nasal swabs and data were collected in a cross-sectional study of 240 children between 6 months and 3 years of age. Swabs were cultured for S. pneumoniae, and real-time PCR was used to identify S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and M. catarrhalis. The V1-V2 16S rRNA gene regions were sequenced using 454 pyrosequencing. Microbial communities were described using a taxon-based approach. Colonization by S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and M. catarrhalis was associated with lower levels of diversity in upper respiratory tract flora. We identified commensal taxa that were negatively associated with colonization by each AOM bacterial pathogen and with AOM. The balance of these relationships differed according to the colonizing AOM pathogen and history of antibiotic use. Children with antibiotic use in the past 6 months and a greater abundance of taxa, including Lactococcus and Propionibacterium, were less likely to have AOM than healthy children (odds ratio [OR], 0.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.25 to 0.85). Children with no antibiotic use in the past 6 months, a low abundance of Streptococcus and Haemophilus, and a high abundance of Corynebacterium and Dolosigranulum were less likely to have AOM (OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.31 to 0.83). An increased understanding of polymicrobial interactions will facilitate the development of effective AOM prevention strategies.
Suppression of Mammary Carcinogenesis Through Early Exposure to Dietary Lipotropes Occurs Primarily In Utero

The study determined whether feeding during lactation affects the suppressive effect of maternal dietary lipotropes (i.e., methionine, choline, folate, and vitamin B12) on mammary carcinogenesis. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated to the control diet during pregnancy and lactation (CC), lipotropes-fortified diet during pregnancy (LC), lipotropes-fortified diet during pregnancy plus lactation (LL), or lipotropes-fortified diet during lactation (CL). Randomly selected female offspring from each group were injected intraperitoneally with 50 mg/kg body weight of N-nitroso-N-methylurea at 50 days of age to induce mammary tumors. The LC and LL diets significantly increased tumor latency and survival (P < 0.05). Tumor volumes were significantly suppressed in LC and LL offspring as compared with the CC and CL pups (3759.1 ± 563.0 and 3603.7 ± 526.1 vs. 7465.0 ± 941.1 and 5219.3 ± 759.8 mm(3), respectively; P < 0.05). Both LC and LL lowered tumor multiplicity as compared with CC and CL (P < 0.05). The LC and LL diets repressed transcription of histone deacetylase (HDAC) 1 as well as total HDAC enzyme activity as compared with CC and CL diets (P < 0.05). Data suggest that the tumor suppressive effect of maternal dietary lipotropes is primarily in utero and may be linked to regulation of proteins involved in chromatin remodeling.
Should Municipalities Be Liable for Development-Related Flooding?

Municipalities contribute to flooding when they permit new construction without requiring drainage facilities adequate to accommodate increased surface water runoff. Poor municipal planning encourages urban sprawl and vacant center cities, while the flooding caused by poor planning deprives existing landowners of investment-backed expectations. Flood planning is even more important under conditions of global warming because cities may be subject to more severe storms and coastal areas may be more frequently inundated by seawater. Municipal liability for planning-related flood damage and immunity therefrom are largely matters of common law. States diverge as to municipal immunity and liability, supporting rationales, causes of actions, and standards of proof. Public policy argues for a uniform doctrine of prospective municipal liability that limits flood damage and urban sprawl and protects existing landowners but does not penalize cities for planning mistakes made under previous immunity doctrines.
Design concepts for diffusive holographic photopolymers

Diffusive photopolymers are an area of intense recent materials development, spurred by interest in holographic data storage, display holography, and custom diffractive optical elements, among other applications. This review examines a range of photopolymer formulations of academic and commercial interest, and places their design strategies in context via quantitative analysis of the recording fidelity, maximum refractive index change and the degree to which they achieve this limit. Finally, this analysis is extended to estimate the scope of achievable future performance improvements. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2016, 54, 1021–1035.
Cervical Stenosis in a Patient with Arthrogryposis: Case Report

Study Design Case report. Objective Amyoplasia-type arthrogryposis is a rare congenital disease that presents as multiple contractures involving various areas of the body. To the authors' knowledge, there have been no reports of adults with amyoplasia in the current literature. We report a case of an adult patient with cervical stenosis in the setting of amyoplasia. Patients and Methods A 48-year-old patient with amyoplasia and over 30 previous orthopedic reconstructive surgeries presented with neck pain radiating down his left shoulder and into the fingers, dysesthesia in his fingertips, and left-sided periauricular headache. A diagnosis of central spinal canal stenosis and bilateral foraminal stenosis at C3–C7 with radiculopathy was made based on computed tomography scans. Because of a prior right-side sternocleidomastoid muscle transfer, a left-side C3–C4, C5–C7 anterior cervical discectomy and fusion procedure was performed. Results The patient experienced significant improvement in symptoms that was transient. Symptoms returned to preoperative values after 1 year, despite significant and persistent improvement in stenosis. Conclusions Both amyoplasia and cervical stenosis can manifest in neurologic symptoms. Distinguishing the causing pathology can be challenging. The radiographic improvement of cervical stenosis in a patient with amyoplasia is not always associated with long-standing pain relief.
Accident Emergency Preplan and Decision-making Supported System for Long Distance Water Diversion Project

In order to solve the problem of accident early warning in long-distance water diversion and supply project,and realize the standardization and automation of rescue process of the accident,the types of emergency preplan and the processing flows for the accident are deeply discussed.The design ideas of the accident emergency preplan and decision-making support system are introduced.The static text preplan is then made electronic,standardization and automation through using workflow technology.The automatic interaction between the emergency preplan process and the rescue workers is accomplished by SMS,telephone speech and other communication interactive technology.
Application of food hand measuring health education in a balanced diet

Objective To evaluate the rationality of food hand measurement application in health education on balanced diet. Methods According to stratified interception,415 adults were enrolled for determination on their height,weight,fist,hand palm and thumb volume in Zhoushan City. A hand-measure based method for daily dietary food intake was building,and carried out among the population. The daily dietary calories were calculated and compared with that of guidelines recommend. Results Among the population with low height,fist volume were( 283. 79 ± 45. 58) m L,hand palm volume were( 77. 10 ± 12. 29) m L. Among the population with average height,the fist volume were( 340. 58 ±69. 36) m L,hand palm volume were( 92. 77 ± 15. 19) m L. The fist volume were( 401. 93 ± 51. 74) m L,hand palm volume were( 108. 73 ± 10. 96) m L in the tall people. Among the population with same height,the heavier the weight,the greater the fist and hand palm volume; the higher the height,the greater the fist and hand palm volume in the same weight group. According to the hand volume,a balanced diet formula was summarized and applied to the subject. It showed the daily dietary calories based on food hand measurement were mostly consistent with the calories of Chinese residents dietary guidelines recommend. Conclusion Balanced diet formulas"fist of fruit a day,two fists vegetables,3 spoons of vegetable oil,4 fist staple,5 forefoot protein. "could be applied among the majority of people with normal weight or slim persons for health education on balanced diet.
Stent for endopyelotomy.

SUMMARY There can be no single ideal stent, as each individual need requires a different type of stent. For endopyelotomy, at the present time, we think we have a stent that meets most of the criteria we set. From past experience, we are sure there will be further modifications and improvements in our quest for the ideal stent for this indication.
Activity Modeling in Email

We introduce a latent activity model for workplace emails, positing that communication at work is purposeful and organized by activities. We pose the problem as probabilistic inference in graphical models that jointly capture the interplay between latent activities and the email contexts they govern, such as the recipients, subject and body. The model parameters are learned using maximum likelihood estimation with an expectation maximization algorithm. We present three variants of the model that incorporate the recipients, co-occurrence of the recipients, and email body and subject. We demonstrate the model’s effectiveness in an email recipient recommendation task and show that it outperforms a state-of-the-art generative model. Additionally, we show that the activity model can be used to identify email senders who engage in similar activities, resulting in further improvements in recipient recommendation.
Enzyme-Based Reversible Logic Gates Operated in Flow Cells

Reversible logic gates, such as Feynman gate (Controlled NOT), Double Feynman gate, Toffoli gate and Peres gate, with 2-input/2-output and 3-input/3-output channels, were realized using reactions biocatalyzed by enzymes and performed in flow systems. The flow devices were constructed using a modular approach, where each flow cell was modified with one enzyme that biocatalyzed one chemical reaction. Assembling the biocatalytic flow cells in different networks, with different pathways for transporting the reacting species, allowed the multi-step processes mimicking various reversible logic gates. The chapter emphasizes “logic” reversibility but not the “physical” reversibility of the constructed systems. Their advantages and disadvantages are discussed and potential use in biosensing systems, rather than in computing devices, is suggested.
Cannabis and development of dual diagnoses: A literature review.

ABSTRACTBackground: The use of cannabis has garnered more attention recently with ongoing efforts at marijuana legalization. The consequences of cannabis use are not clearly understood and remain a concern. Objectives: To review the acute and persistent effects of cannabis use and associations with psychiatric disorders. Methods: Using Pubmed and PsychInfo, we conducted a narrative review of the literature on cannabis and psychiatric comorbidity using the keywords cannab*, marijuana, schizo*, psychosis, mood, depression, mania, bipolar, and anxiety. Results: There is substantial evidence of cannabis use leading to other illicit drug use and of an association between cannabis use and psychosis. A few reports suggest an association with bipolar disorder while the association with depression and anxiety disorders is mixed. Conclusions: Whenever an association is observed between cannabis use and psychiatric disorders, the relationship is generally an adverse one. Age at the time of cannabis use appears to be...
Promoting Residential Recycling: An Alternative Policy Based on a Recycling Reward System

This paper analyzes a reward system that uses a club good to promote recycling. In particular, we examine a context of incomplete information in which the administrator is unable to observe the resident’s attitude towards recycling. The results suggest that despite the lack of information, the administrator is able to induce all types of residents to recycle when the reward is sufficiently high. Furthermore, we show that education programs, technologies that help to reduce the residential recycling cost and penalties for garbage dumping are complementary tools that could also promote recycling.
Initial Development of an E-cigarette Purchase Task: A Mixed Methods Study.

Objectives Behavioral economic purchase tasks, which estimate demand for drugs, have been successfully developed for cigarettes and are widely used. However, a validated purchase task does not yet exist for e-cigarettes. The aim of this project was to identify the relevant units for an e-cigarette purchase task (E-CPT). Methods Focus groups (N=28 participants in 7 groups, 2-7 participants per group) consisting of current e-cigarette users were conducted. Participants discussed their daily use patterns, completed a preliminary E-CPT which asked how many puffs of their e-cigarette they would consume per day at escalating prices, and discussed the extent to which the task accurately reflected their real-world behavior. Groups were recorded and transcribed; analysis focused on statements related to daily consumption and the E-CPT. Results Participants were unlikely to quantify their daily use in terms of puffs, and perceptions about the appropriate unit for an E-CPT varied across device type. Users of first-generation devices (eg, cigalikes) reported that the relevant unit was the individual device/cartridge; however, participants who purchased nicotine liquid for their device emphasized that e-liquid volume in milliliters would better reflect their use. Conclusions Multiple versions of the E-CPT may be necessary to provide valid measures of e-cigarette demand.
Evaluating the Performance of PID-Type Feedback Control Loops using Normalized Settling Time

Abstract A new performance index, the normalized settling time, T, has been developed to characterize the performance of PID-type feedback control loops. The index is determined by normalizing the settling time of a setpoint response by the apparent time delay of the process. Optimal Ts values (i.e.the lowest achievable values of Ts) are determined, Ts values for controllers tuned using popular methods are calculated, and Ts upper limit values are established which indicate the transition point from satisfactory control to unsatisfactory control for various control objectives. All three sets of Ts values are shown to be insensitive to model order and model type for a wide range of transfer function models. The Ts upper limit, along with setpoint overshoot (OS), can be used on-line to detect poorly performing control loops. The evaluation technique is applied to an industrial distillation column.
Understanding extreme quasar optical variability with CRTS - I. Major AGN flares

NSF [AST-1413600, AST-1518308]; Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; National Science Foundation; U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science; NASA
The role of T-type calcium channels in the subiculum: to burst or not to burst?

Several studies suggest that voltage-gated calcium currents are involved in generating high frequency burst firing in the subiculum, but the exact nature of these currents remains unknown. Here, we used selective pharmacology, molecular and genetic approaches to implicate Cav3.1-containing T-channels in subicular burst firing, in contrast to several previous reports discounting T-channels as major contributors to subicular neuron physiology. Furthermore, pharmacological antagonism of T-channels completely suppressed development of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the CA1-subiculum, but not in the CA3-CA1 pathway. Our results indicate that excitability and synaptic plasticity of subicular neurons relies heavily on T-channels. Hence, T-channels may be a promising new drug target for cognitive deficits. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
An Analysis of Techno-Economic Requirements for MOSAIC CPV Systems to Achieve Cost Competitiveness

A comprehensive bottom-up cost model has been developed by NREL for ARPAE’s MOSAIC micro-concentrator PV program. It will calculate LCOE for MOSAIC technologies and assess their cost competitiveness compared to traditional flat-plate systems.
Capsaicin Cream for Treatment of Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome in Adolescents: A Case Series

Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) is an underrecognized diagnosis among adolescents. In the adult literature, it is characterized as nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain in patients with chronic marijuana use. CHS is often refractory to the standard treatment of nausea and vomiting. Unconventional antiemetics, such as haloperidol, have been successful in alleviating symptoms; however, even 1 dose of haloperidol can lead to grave adverse effects, such as dystonia, extrapyramidal reactions, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. The use of topical capsaicin cream to treat CHS has been well described in the adult literature. This treatment is cost-effective and is associated with few serious side effects. Here, we describe 2 adolescent patients with nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain in the setting of chronic cannabis use whose symptoms were not relieved by standard antiemetic therapies, but who responded well to topical capsaicin administration in our pediatric emergency department. We also discuss the pathophysiology behind capsaicin's efficacy. These are the first reported cases in which capsaicin was successfully used to treat CHS in pediatric patients.
Mechanisms Connecting the Conserved Protein Kinases Ssp1, Kin1, and Pom1 in Fission Yeast Cell Polarity and Division.

Summary Connections between the protein kinases that function within complex cell polarity networks are poorly understood. Rod-shaped fission yeast cells grow in a highly polarized manner, and genetic screens have identified many protein kinases, including the CaMKK-like Ssp1 and the MARK/PAR-1 family kinase Kin1, that are required for polarized growth and cell shape, but their functional mechanisms and connections have been unknown [1–5]. We found that Ssp1 promotes cell polarity by phosphorylating the activation loop of Kin1. Kin1 regulates cell polarity and cytokinesis through unknown mechanisms [4–7]. We performed a large-scale phosphoproteomic screen and found that Kin1 phosphorylates itself and Pal1 to promote growth at cell tips, and these proteins are interdependent for localization to growing cell tips. Additional Kin1 substrates for cell polarity and cytokinesis (Tea4, Mod5, Cdc15, and Cyk3) were also phosphorylated by a second kinase, the DYRK family member Pom1 [8]. Kin1 and Pom1 were enriched at opposite ends of growing cells, and they phosphorylated largely non-overlapping sites on shared substrates. Combined inhibition of both Kin1and Pom1 led to synthetic defects in their shared substrates Cdc15 and Cyk3, confirming a non-redundant functional connection through shared substrates. These findings uncover a new Ssp1-Kin1 signaling pathway, and define its functional and mechanistic connection with Pom1 signaling for cell polarity and cytokinesis. These kinases are conserved in many eukaryotes including humans, suggesting that similar connections and mechanisms might operate in a broad range of cells.
Pfaffian Differential Equations

This chapter discusses Pfaffian differential equations. Another name for a Pfaffian differential equation is a total differential equation. Pfaffian differential equations are partial differential equations of the form f ( x ) dx = ∑ Fi ( x 1 , x 2, …, x n ) dx i = 0. For equations of this type, if n = 3, then a necessary and sufficient condition that f ( x ) dx = ∑ Fi ( x 1 , x 2 ,., x n ) dx i = 0 be integrable is that f ( x ) − curl f ( x ) = 0. There exist a number of techniques for integrating Pfaffian equations. One way to solve Pfaffian differential equations in three dimensions is by the observation, if curl f ( x ) = 0, then f ( x ) must be the gradient of a scalar. Hence, the set of partial differential equations f i ( x ) = ∂ v ( x )/∂ x i , for i = 1, …., n . The solution to f ( x ). dx = ∑ Fi ( x 1 , x 2 ,…. x n ) dx i = 0, will then be given implicitly by v ( x ) = constant.
Services Networks Explosion

Network service is an age-old offering. Telephone service has been in vogue since the era of A.G. Bell and his early telephone starting in 1874. These earlier networks provided bidirectional telegraphic connectivity and rudimentary voice communication over metallic transmission lines. When the monopoly of the Bell System was finally broken by the consent decree imposed by Judge Greene (in the early 1980s) resulting in numerous independent Regional Bell Operating Companies (RBOCs), the expansion of network services became a common practice to make these RBOCs more profitable and competitive. Providing basic telephone services was rendered the obligation of a regulated entity.
Multipliers of de Branges-Rovnyak spaces II

Given a nonextreme point bof the unit ball of H ∞, the multipliers of the de Branges-Rovnyak space H(b) lie in an auxiliary space M (ā) ∩ H ∞, where a is a function in H ∞ that is associated with b and M (ā) is the range of the Toeplitz operator T ā on H 2. An example is constructed here to show that M (ā) ∩ H ∞ need not be an algebra. This contrasts with the case wherebis an extreme point, where the analogous auxiliary space is always an algebra.
Modal analysis of the full poloidal structure of the plasma response to n = 2 magnetic perturbations

Previous DIII-D research has identified the presence of a multimodal plasma response to perturbations with toroidal periodicity equal to 2, with kink-like phenomenology of the plasma response in the low field side mid-plane and a resonant-like behavior in the high field side midplane. In this paper, we extend that initial midplane observation with the first detailed analysis of the poloidal structure of the plasma response as a function of the poloidal spectrum of the applied n = 2 perturbation and compare it to predictions made with the linear magnetohydrodynamics code MARS-F, confirming an overall good agreement. Singular value decomposition analysis of both the experimental data and the modeling identifies two distinct poloidal mode structures, one peaking at the low field side midplane and one peaking at θ ± 50°, each with a well-defined dependence on the poloidal spectrum of the applied perturbation. A study of the effect that βN has on the two modes confirms the kink-like phenomenology of the plasma response that dominates the low field side mid-plane, shows that the behavior previously associated with the high field side is observable at all poloidal angles, and highlights that the mode dominant at low βN becomes the secondary one at high βN. Detailed analysis of the high field side response is presented as well, suggesting the presence of a third mode linked to the presence of non-linear effects corresponding to particular poloidal spectra of the applied perturbation.Previous DIII-D research has identified the presence of a multimodal plasma response to perturbations with toroidal periodicity equal to 2, with kink-like phenomenology of the plasma response in the low field side mid-plane and a resonant-like behavior in the high field side midplane. In this paper, we extend that initial midplane observation with the first detailed analysis of the poloidal structure of the plasma response as a function of the poloidal spectrum of the applied n = 2 perturbation and compare it to predictions made with the linear magnetohydrodynamics code MARS-F, confirming an overall good agreement. Singular value decomposition analysis of both the experimental data and the modeling identifies two distinct poloidal mode structures, one peaking at the low field side midplane and one peaking at θ ± 50°, each with a well-defined dependence on the poloidal spectrum of the applied perturbation. A study of the effect that βN has on the two modes confirms the kink-like phenomenology of the plasma...
Machine learning for environmental monitoring

Public agencies aiming to enforce environmental regulation have limited resources to achieve their objectives. We demonstrate how machine-learning methods can inform the efficient use of these limited resources while accounting for real-world concerns, such as gaming the system and institutional constraints. Here, we predict the likelihood of a facility failing a water-pollution inspection and propose alternative inspection allocations that would target high-risk facilities. Implementing such a data-driven inspection allocation could detect over seven times the expected number of violations than current practices. When we impose constraints, such as maintaining a minimum probability of inspection for all facilities and accounting for state-level differences in inspection budgets, our reallocation regimes double the number of violations detected through inspections. Leveraging increasing amounts of electronic data can help public agencies to enhance their regulatory effectiveness and remedy environmental harms. Although employing algorithm-based resource allocation rules requires care to avoid manipulation and unintentional error propagation, the principled use of predictive analytics can extend the beneficial reach of limited resources. Machine learning using big data can enhance environmental law monitoring. Applied to the US Clean Water Act, such methods can help public agencies to increase the likelihood of inspecting non-compliant facilities up to sevenfold.
Juvenile Delinquents’ Use of Consumption as Cultural Resistance: Implications for Juvenile Reform Programs and Public Policy:

Each year, the juvenile justice system spends billions of dollars to handle approximately 700,000 youths. Yet the rate of recidivism remains high and suggests that this problem and its solutions ar...
Prevalence and Risk Factors for Hypertrophic Scarring of Split Thickness Autograft Donor Sites in a Pediatric Burn Population.

Abstract Title Prevalence and Risk Factors for Hypertrophic Scarring of Split Thickness Autograft Donor Sites in a Pediatric Burn Population. Objective The split-thickness autograft remains a fundamental treatment for burn injuries; however, donor sites may remain hypersensitive, hyperemic, less pliable, and develop hypertrophic scarring. This study sought to assess the long-term scarring of donor sites after pediatric burns. Methods A retrospective review of pediatric burn patients treated at a single institution (2010–2016) was performed. Primary outcomes were prevalence of donor site hypertrophic scarring, scarring time course, and risk factor assessment. Results 237 pediatric burn patients were identified. Mean age at burn was 7 yrs., mean %TBSA was 26% with 17% being Full Thickness. Mean follow-up was 2.4 yrs. Hypertrophic scarring was observed in 152 (64%) patients with 81 (34%) patients having persistent hypertrophic scarring through long-term follow-up. Patient-specific risk factors for hypertrophic scarring were Hispanic ethnicity (P = 0.03), increased %TBSA (P = 0.03), %Full Thickness burn (P = 0.02) and total autograft amount (P = 0.03). Donor site factors for hypertrophic scarring were longer time to epithelialization (P Conclusions Hypertrophic scarring is a prominent burden in donor site wounds of pediatric burn patients. Knowledge of pertinent risk factors can assist with guiding management and expectations.
The Separation of the Home and the Workplace

Daniel Van Voorhis, a silversmith, and his wife, Catherine Richards, were married in New York just before the Revolution. Like many patriots, they left the city during its occupation by the British army. Van Voorhis fought at the Battle of Princeton, where he was promoted to the command of his company by General Washington. He later became silversmith to the Continental Congress. After the war, when the British army had left the city, the couple returned to New York. There, they opened a gold, silver, and jewelry shop on Hanover Square in the East Ward in lower Manhattan (see Plate 1), and they lived above the store with their children, journeymen, and apprentices.
How Does the Regulatory Genome Work

The regulatory genome controls genome activity throughout the life of an organism. This requires that complex information processing functions are encoded in, and operated by, the regulatory genome. Although much remains to be learned about how the regulatory genome works, we here discuss two cases where regulatory functions have been experimentally dissected in great detail and at the systems level, and formalized by computational logic models. Both examples derive from the sea urchin embryo, but assess two distinct organizational levels of genomic information processing. The first example shows how the regulatory system of a single gene, endo16, executes logic operations through individual transcription factor binding sites and cis-regulatory modules that control the expression of this gene. The second example shows information processing at the gene regulatory network (GRN) level. The GRN controlling development of the sea urchin endomesoderm has been experimentally explored at an almost complete level. A Boolean logic model of this GRN suggests that the modular logic functions encoded at the single-gene level show compositionality and suffice to account for integrated function at the network level. We discuss these examples both from a biological-experimental point of view and from a computer science-informational point of view, as both illuminate principles of how the regulatory genome works.
Structure of an engineered multidrug transporter MdfA reveals the molecular basis for substrate recognition

MdfA is a prototypical H+-coupled multidrug transporter that is characterized by extraordinarily broad substrate specificity. The involvement of specific H-bonds in MdfA-drug interactions and the simplicity of altering the substrate specificity of MdfA contradict the promiscuous nature of multidrug recognition, presenting a baffling conundrum. Here we show the X-ray structures of MdfA variant I239T/G354E in complexes with three electrically different ligands, determined at resolutions up to 2.2 A. Our structures reveal that I239T/G354E interacts with these compounds differently from MdfA and that I239T/G354E possesses two discrete, non-overlapping substrate-binding sites. Our results shed new light on the molecular design of multidrug-binding and protonation sites and highlight the importance of often-neglected, long-range charge-charge interactions in multidrug recognition. Beyond helping to solve the ostensible conundrum of multidrug recognition, our findings suggest the mechanistic difference between substrate and inhibitor for any H+-dependent multidrug transporter, which may open new vistas on curtailing efflux-mediated multidrug resistance. Hsin-Hui Wu et al. present the structure of the I239T/G354E variant of the MdfA multidrug transporter in complex with three different ligands. They find that this variant has two discrete, non-overlapping substrate binding sites, leading to differential interactions with ligands compared to wild-type MdfA.
Native habitat mitigates feast–famine conditions faced by honey bees in an agricultural landscape

Intensive agriculture can contribute to pollinator decline, exemplified by alarmingly high annual losses of honey bee colonies in regions dominated by annual crops (e.g., midwestern United States). As more natural or seminatural landscapes are transformed into monocultures, there is growing concern over current and future impacts on pollinators. To forecast how landscape simplification can affect bees, we conducted a replicated, longitudinal assessment of honey bee colony growth and nutritional health in an intensively farmed region where much of the landscape is devoted to production of corn and soybeans. Surprisingly, colonies adjacent to soybean fields surrounded by more cultivated land grew more during midseason than those in areas of lower cultivation. Regardless of the landscape surrounding the colonies, all experienced a precipitous decline in colony weight beginning in August and ended the season with reduced fat stores in individual bees, both predictors of colony overwintering failure. Patterns of forage availability and colony nutritional state suggest that late-season declines were caused by food scarcity during a period of extremely limited forage. To test if habitat enhancements could ameliorate this response, we performed a separate experiment in which colonies provided access to native perennials (i.e., prairie) were rescued from both weight loss and reduced fat stores, suggesting the rapid decline observed in these agricultural landscapes is not inevitable. Overall, these results show that intensively farmed areas can provide a short-term feast that cannot sustain the long-term nutritional health of colonies; reintegration of biodiversity into such landscapes may provide relief from nutritional stress.
Physical health composite and risk of cancer mortality in the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke Study.

Abstract It is unclear how resting myocardial workload, as indexed by baseline measures of rate-pressure product (RPP) and physical activity (PA), is associated with the overall risk of cancer mortality. We performed prospective analyses among 28,810 men and women from the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) cohort. We used a novel physical health (PH) composite index and categorized participants into one of four groups based on combinations from self-reported PA and RPP: 1) No PA and High RPP; 2) No PA and Low RPP; 3) Yes PA and High RPP; and 4) Yes PA and Low RPP. We examined the association between baseline PH composite and cancer mortality adjusted for potential confounders using Cox regression. A total of 1191 cancer deaths were observed over the 10-year observation period, with the majority being lung (26.87%) and gastrointestinal (21.49%) cancers. Even after controlling for sociodemographics, health behaviors, baseline comorbidity score, and medications, participants with No PA and High RPP had 71% greater risk of cancer mortality when compared to participants with PA and Low RPP (adjusted HR: 1.71, 95% CI: 1.42–2.06). These associations persisted after examining BMI, smoking, income, and gender as effect modifiers and all-cause mortality as a competing risk. Poorer physical health composite, including the novel RPP metric, was associated with a nearly 2-fold long-term risk of cancer mortality. The physical health composite has important public health implications as it provides a measure of risk beyond traditional measure of obesity and physical activity.
Making ends meet on disability benefits: How well do programs decommodify?

Abstract Decommodification, or the ability to maintain a reasonable standard of living when one is unable to participate in the labor market, is the principal objective of disability benefit programs. Prior research, however, has yet to fully investigate how well programs achieve this goal in the real world. This paper provides historical background on disability benefit programs and describes reforms made to these programs cross-nationally in the post-industrial era. The paper next evaluates how well disability benefit programs decommodify by drawing on data that encompasses nine countries and two disability policy regimes from the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe. It concludes by discussing policy mechanisms to improve the decommodification objective of disability benefit programs, while presenting an agenda for future research.
Selective Breeding of Honeybees for Alfalfa Pollen Collection: With Tests in High and Low Alfalfa Pollen Collection Regions

SummaryFour groups of honeybees were tested for their tendency to collect alfalfa pollen in south-western Idaho (where honeybees do not normally collect alfalfa pollen) and in northern Utah (where they do). In the seventh generation of the line with a strong tendency to collect alfalfa pollen (high line), the percentage of pollen collectors returning to the hive with alfalfa pollen was 35·6 % in Idaho and 87·4 % in Utah; the average percentage in the line with a low tendency to collect alfalfa pollen (low line) was 9·9% in Idaho and 36·4% in Utah. The percentages of alfalfa pollen collectors in the two mating groups of line B (an unrelated strain) occupied an intermediate position, at 15·7 and 17·7% respectively in Idaho and 77·0 and 64·1 % in Utah.In Idaho, the high line possessed the highest mean number of alfalfa pollen collectors per sample (15); line B (average for both groups) had an intermediate number (9); and the low line the lowest (4). In Utah, the three corresponding groups of colonies occupie...
Huygens triviality of the time-independent Schrödinger equation. Applications to atomic and high energy physics

Abstract Huygens triviality – a concept invented by Jacques Hadamard – describes an equivalence class connecting those 2nd order partial differential equations which are transformable into the wave equation. In this work it is demonstrated, that the Schrodinger equation with the time-independent Hamiltonian belongs to such an equivalence class. The wave equation is the equation for which Huygens’ principle (HP) holds. The HP was a subject of confusion in both physics and mathematics literature for a long time. Not surprisingly, the role of this principle was obscured from the beginnings of quantum mechanics causing some theoretical and experimental misunderstandings. The purpose of this work is to bring the full clarity into this topic. By doing so, we obtained a large amount of new results related to uses of Lie sphere geometry, of twistors, of Dupin cyclides, of null electromagnetic fields, of AdS-CFT correspondence, of Penrose limits, of geometric algebra, etc. in physical problems ranging from the atomic to high energy physics and cosmology.
Analytical sound pressure expression of vortices near a ground surface

In this work, an analytical expression is sought for the sound pressure of aircraft wake vortices near a ground surface. The analytical basis for the mechanisms of aircraft vortex sound generation follows the vortex dynamic models and vortex sound theory. The theory focuses on acoustic signatures of the vortex created from subsonic flow. Vortex acoustic signature from a ground can mainly be characterized based on the boundary condition and transition of the flow moving away from the ground. Of interest is acoustic characterization of wake vortices in ground effect. To this end, the method of images was used to simulate the presence of the ground. The method of images assures that the vorticity is mirrored about the ground plane that contributes to the modified amplitude above the ground. The extension of the presented approach to model the turbulent flow in the ground effect will also be highlighted.
An unusual case of epistaxis in a four month old

Abstract Epistaxis is a routine complaint in Emergency Medicine and presents most commonly in adults and children and its incidence increases with age. It is rare in infants and neonates. We discuss a case of epistaxis in a four-month-old male who presented to a critical access hospital. What initially appeared to be routine brisk epistaxis was later discovered to be a large, complex, epiglottic hemangioma. The patient was stabilized using topical tranexamic acid, nasal packing with ketamine sedation, and sent to a tertiary care center for definitive management. He required advanced airway management in the OR for definitive airway management for airway-obstructing hemangioma excision.
Flexible use of memory by food-caching birds in a laboratory behavioral paradigm

Summary Memory is used by animals to influence navigational decisions, and neural activity in memory-related brain regions correlates to spatial variables. However, navigation is a rich behavior that contains a mix of memory-guided and memory-independent strategies. Disentangling the contribution of these strategies to navigation is therefore critical for understanding how memory influences behavioral output. To address this issue, we studied the natural spatial behavior of the chickadee, a food-caching bird. These birds hide food items at concealed, scattered locations and retrieve their caches later in time. We designed an apparatus that allows chickadees to cache and retrieve food while navigating in a laboratory arena. This apparatus enabled detailed, automated, and high-throughput tracking of key behavioral variables – including caches, retrievals, and investigations of cache sites. We built probabilistic models to fit these behavioral data using a combination of various mnemonic and non-mnemonic factors. We find that chickadees use some navigational strategies that are independent of cache memories, including opportunistic foraging and spatial biases. They combine these strategies with spatially precise and long-lasting memories of which sites contain caches and which sites they have previously checked and found to be empty. These memories are used in a context-dependent manner. During caching, chickadees avoid sites that already contain food. During retrieval, they are instead attracted to such occupied sites. These results show that a single memory can be used flexibly by a chickadee to achieve at least two unrelated behavioral goals. Our apparatus enables studying this flexibility in a tractable spatial paradigm.