cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crystal structure of dichlorobis(pyridine-1-oxide)copper(II)

The crystal and molecular structure of dichlorobis(pyridine-1-oxide) copper(II), C10H10N2O2Cl2Cu, has been determined from 3931 reflections measured on a Picker four-circle diffractometer, using the θ/2θ scan technique and MoKα radiation. The crystals are monoclinic, space groupP21/c,a = 6.900(4),b = 15.065(7),c = 12.065(5) A, β = 97.00(4) ° andZ = 4. The structure was solved by Fourier methods and refined by full-matrix least-squares. The final conventionalR-factor was 0.033. The compound is dimeric, and the units of the dimer are held together by oxygen bridges. The coordination polyhedron for Cu is a tetragonal pyramid, with two bridging oxygens and two chlorines in the basal plane. The apical position is occupied by oxygen in the non-bridging ligand. The Cu−Cu distance in the dimer is 3.306(1) A.
Structures of dynamically unstable shear flows and their implications for shallow internal gravity waves part II: Nonlinear response

The nonlinear response of a dynamically unstable shear flow with critical level to an initial temperature anomaly is investigated using a nonlinear numerical model. Both nonconstant and constant shear profiles of the basic flow are considered. Effects of the solid lower boundary on the dynamically unstable, nonlinear flow are also studied. It is found that in a dynamically unstable, linear flow with a hyperbolic tangent wind profile, the updraft is tilted upshear. The result in consistent with that of a linear stability model (LC). The upshear tilt can be explained by the Orr mechanism (1907) and the energy argument proposed by LC. In a dynamically unstable, nonlinear flow, the updrafts produced by a sinusoidal initial temperature perturbation are stronger in the lower layer and are more compact and located further apart compared to the corresponding linear flow. In addition, the perturbed wave energy is slightly smaller than the linear case. It is found that the growth rate is smaller during the early stage and much larger during the later stage. For a localized initial temperature perturbation in a dynamically unstable flow, a stronger updraft with two compensated downdrafts are produced. Gravity waves are produced in a dynamically stable flow with both a hyperbolic tangent wind profile and a linear wind profile. For a linear shear flow with Richardson number less than 1/4, the disturbance grows in the early stage and then decays algebraically at later times, similar to that found in other linear theoretical studies. The influence of the solid lower boundary is to suppress the shear instability in a nonlinear flow with a hyperbolic tangent wind profile ofRi<1/4.
Function-mixing hypothesis and quantum chaos

Abstract Billiards are studied whose boundaries comprise two or more segments which allow local (but not global) separation of the Helmholtz equation. Related local solutions are labeled “sep” functions. Such billiards comprise the Σ and Σ sets. A definition of quantum chaos for these sets of billiards is presented based on the ratio of the “fluctuation length” of the wave function nodal pattern to the “c-diameter” of the billiard. The “function-mixing hypothesis” states that a sufficient condition for a billiard to be chaotic is that the billiard be an element of one of these sets. It further ascribes such chaotic behavior to be due to mixing of dissimilar sep functions. Examples of the application of this hypothesis are described. A set-theoretic formalism is introduced to describe perturbation theory for infinite potentials and applied to the concave-sided square billiard of sufficiently small concavity. It is concluded that the adiabatic theorem of quantum mechanics does not apply to this configuration in the limit of large quantum numbers.
Analytical forms of higher-order asymptotic elastic-plastic crack-tip fields in a linear hardening material under antiplane shear

An analytical study of the higher-order asymptotic solutions of the stress and strain fields near the traction-free crack tip under antiplane shear in a linear hardening material is investigated. The results show that every term of the asymptotic fields is controlled by both elasticity and plasticity and all the higher-order asymptotic fields are governed by linear nonhomogeneous equations. The first four term solutions are presented analytically and the first four terms are described by two independent parameters J and K2. The amplitude of the second order term solution is only dependent on the material properties, but independent of loading and geometry. This paper focuses on the case with traction-free crack surface boundary conditions. The effects of different crack surface boundary conditions, such as clamped and mixed surfaces, on the crack-tip fields are also presented. Comparison of multi-term solution with leading term solution, and finite element solution in an infinite strip with semi-infinite crack under constant displacements along the edges is provided.
Finite element modeling of acousto-optic effect and optimization of the figure of merit

A study of the acousto-optic (AO) effect in a family of oxide crystals (including e.g., TiO2, ZnO, LiNbO3, and ferroelectric perovskites) as well as semiconductors has been conducted by finite element analysis method. In addition, the acousto-optic figure of merit (FOM) as a function of material's refractive index, density, effective AO coefficient and the velocity of the acoustic wave in the material, is also investigated. By examining the directional dependent velocity, acousto-optic coefficients, and refractive index, the acousto-optic FOM can be calculated and plotted in all directions revealing the optimal crystal orientation to maximize coupling between the optical and acoustic waves. A finite element model was developed to corroborate the predicted interaction. The model examines the diffraction that occurs by the optical wave as it travels through an acousto-optic medium. The combined information gained from Mathematica and COMSOL Multiphysics-based modeling is shown to be an effective means of predicating acousto-optic device functionality.
Raman scattering at the (111) and ( 1 ¯ 1 ¯ 1 ¯ ) surfaces of n - and p − InAs

Resonance-enhanced Raman scattering by LO phonons has been used to obtain information on the nature of the $A(111)$ and $B(\overline{1}\overline{1}\overline{1})$ surfaces of $n$- and $p\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{InAs}$ in air. The marked differences in the behavior of the forbidden LO-phonon scattering at the (111) and ($\overline{1}\overline{1}\overline{1}$) surfaces of $n$- and $p\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{InAs}$ reflect the differences in location of the Fermi level at the two surfaces. Both (111) and ($\overline{1}\overline{1}\overline{1}$) surfaces of $n\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{InAs}$ are depleted of free carriers in contrast to (100) surfaces which are accumulated.
Potential benefit of resection for stage IV gastric cancer: a national survey.

Controversy exists as to whether patients with stage IV gastric cancer should undergo surgical resection. We examined the association of gastrectomy with survival in this population. Stage IV gastric cancer diagnoses were identified using the SEER database (1988–2005). Analyses examined three subgroups divided on the basis of whether cancer-directed surgery was recommended and performed. Univariate analyses included chi-square and Kaplan–Meier survival analyses. Cox proportional hazards modeling was performed to assess independent determinants of survival. Of 66,751 identified gastric cancer patients, 23,830 had stage IV disease. Resected patients had a significant survival advantage; survival outcomes of patients who had been recommended for, but had not undergone, surgery were identical to that of patients who had not been recommended (3 months vs. 9 months for resected, p < 0.0001). Furthermore, resection status was the most significant independent predictor of increased risk of death (hazard ratios 2.0 for non-cancer-directed surgery groups). Patients with stage IV gastric cancer who undergo resection, a highly selected population, have significantly greater survival than unresected patients, including those who were recommended for, but did not receive, resection. Stage IV gastric cancer patients who are reasonable operative candidates should be offered resection.
Attitudes towards Limited Entry among Finfishermen in Northern New England

Abstract Management of marine fisheries by “limited entry legislation” promises not only to protect the breeding stock and increase catches, but also to improve economic efficiency and increase returns to fishermen. It will also undoubtedly disrupt existing social and economic relationships. While no limited entry legislation is in effect in New England, fishermen know about the limited entry management option and have strong opinions that are certain to influence politicial support. Some of the 190 Maine and New Hampshire fishermen interviewed favor or oppose such legislation because their own “economic self-interest” would be positively or negatively affected. Most, however, oppose or favor such legislation on “ideational grounds”—e.g., they favor “free enterprise.” Quantitative data on attitudes towards limited entry and such factors as age of fisherman, primary species exploited, and versatility of fishing operation suggest that attitudes were more influenced by “self-interest” than many admitted overtly.
A method of conjugate subgradients for minimizing nondifferentiable functions

An algorithm is described for finding the minimum of any convex, not necessarily differentiable, function f of several variables. The algorithm yields a sequence of points tending to the solution of the problem, if any, requiring only the calculation of f and one subgradient of f at designated points. Its rate of convergence is estimated for convex and for differentiable convex functions. For the latter, it is an extension of the method of conjugate gradients and terminates for quadratic functions.
Chemistry of C-Trimethylsilyl-Substituted Heterocarboranes. 26. Further Investigation of Oxidative Cage Closure, Cage Fusion, and Cage Isomerizations: Synthetic, Structural, and Bonding Studies on “Carbons Adjacent” and “Carbons Apart” Tetracarba-nido-dodecaborane(12) Derivatives†

A number of tetracarbon carboranes of the general form (SiMe3)2(R)2C4B8H8 (R = SiMe3 (III and IV) Me (XIII and XIV), n-Bu (VII, XI, and XII), t-Bu (VIII)) were synthesized by the reactions of the corresponding mono- or dianions of nido-2-(SiMe3)-3-(R)-2,3-C2B4H6 with NiCl2 in n-hexane. The nido-carboranes where R = n-Bu (I), t-Bu (II) are newly reported and were obtained from the reaction of Me3SiC⋮CR with B5H9. The tetracarbon compounds were minor products of the reactions, with yields ranging from 13% for VIII to 37% for XI; the major products were the corresponding closo-1-(SiMe3)-2-(R)-1,2-C2B4H4 compounds, which were obtained in yields from 69% (R = t-Bu (VI)) to 32% (R = SiMe3). The closo-carboranes where R = n-Bu (V), t-Bu (VI) could be converted to the more stable closo-1-(SiMe3)-6-(R)-1,6-C2B4H4 (R = n-Bu (IX), t-Bu(X)) by heating to 250−255 °C for 4−5 h; this agrees with previous studies on the compounds where R = SiMe3, Me. To aid in cage structure determination, a monobrominated, tetracarbon c...
Neuroticism and momentary differentiation of positive and negative affect

Abstract Affective differentiation is the degree to which positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) are uncorrelated. The dynamic model of affect (Zautra, Potter, & Reich, 1997) posits that the link between PA and NA should be stronger when stress is high. Because neuroticism relates to more negative everyday stress perceptions and therefore higher daily stress, we hypothesized that neuroticism should be associated with lower affective differentiation on a daily basis. We examined how neuroticism impacts momentary affective differentiation in undergraduate students ( n = 126) using an experience sampling design with mood monitored four times daily for one week. We found that neuroticism moderates the within-person relationship between PA and NA: those who are higher in neuroticism experience less affective differentiation. This effect was not mediated or moderated by recent major life stress. We replicated the main finding in two subsequent samples ( n = 102 and n = 120, respectively), and thus present the first large set of studies to demonstrate consistently that neuroticism moderates the within-person link between PA and NA.
Wittgenstein’s Philosophical Conversations with Rush Rhees (1939–50): From the Notes of Rush Rhees

Between 1937 and 1951 Wittgenstein had numerous philosophical conversations with his student and close friend, Rush Rhees. This article is composed of Rhees’s notes of twenty such conversations — namely, all those which have not yet been published — as well as some supplements from Rhees’s correspondence and miscellaneous notes. The principal value of the notes collected here is that they fill some interesting and important gaps in Wittgenstein’s corpus. Thus, firstly, the notes touch on a wide range of subjects, a number of which are only briefly addressed by Wittgenstein elsewhere, if at all. The subjects discussed include: explanation, ethics, anarchism, contradiction, psychoanalysis, colour, religion, concepts, classification, seeing-as, evolution, the relation between science and philosophy, and free will, amongst others. Secondly, the notes contain references to, and brief remarks about, philosophers of whom Wittgenstein otherwise says very little, if anything — such as Brentano, Heidegger, Aquinas, and Marx, amongst others. And thirdly, the notes provide us with valuable examples of Wittgenstein’s use of some key ‘Wittgensteinian’ terms of art which are surprisingly rare in his written works, such as ‘surface-’ and ‘depth-grammar’, and ‘centres of variation’.
Ticket splitting as electoral insurance: The Mexico 2000 elections

Abstract This article provides a novel explanation for ticket splitting rooted in the literature on voter uncertainty. The argument is that in contexts marked by asymmetrical competition, such as single party autocracies, ticket splitting can provide voters with a kind of electoral insurance policy. By simultaneously voting for challengers in one race and incumbents in another, voters act to minimize the risks associated with electing a relatively unknown opposition party. Drawing on survey data for one of Latin America's most important elections, the 2000 Mexican presidential race, I evaluate empirically whether voters behave in ways consistent with the logic of ticket splitting as electoral insurance.
Theories of Markets and Theories of Society

Starting from the objectively dominant position of the sociology of markets in economic sociology, this article suggests that markets have served as a privileged terrain for the development and application of general theoretical arguments about the shape of the social order. I offer a critical overview of the sociology of markets as it relates to our concepts of society, focusing on four main representations of what is sociologically important about markets: the social networks that sustain them, the systems of social positions that organize them, the institutionalization processes that stabilize them, and the performative techniques that bring them into existence. I then speculate about the possible future directions that such theorizing might take, calling in particular for a stronger contribution of the sociology of markets to the analysis of societies as moral orders.
Satellite systems: How to distribute data, computing, consulting, and responsibility

Mainframe application systems are typically monolithic masterpieces of programming which respond slowly (if at all) to the needs of small clusters of users who need additional, unduplicated data tied into the primary system. Fully distributed computing and data base software is currently being developed, but it is far from being ready to apply in immediate situations. Until this software is ready (and affordable), processes and consulting will be required to link “satellite” applications to the repositories of information that every organization maintains.This paper will discuss the steps toward and actual implementation of the satellite system that now services the UAB Graduate School. It was developed as a joint effort between the Graduate School and the User Services section of the primary administrative computing center, and it is currently being used as a model for other possible satellite systems throughout UAB and other universities.
3 GROWTH, SKELETAL NATURATION AND PUBERTY IN SICKLE CELL DISEASE

We have previously shown that severe growth retardation in sickle cell disease is frequently associated with primary gonadal hypofunction and/or hGH deficiency. The present study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of growth retardation, retarded skeletal maturation and delayed puberty in an ambulatory clinic population: single determinations of weight age, height age, skeletal age and pubertal development (when appropriate) were made in 105 boys and girls with homozygous sickle cell disease (age range 5-17 yr). Weight age was retarded >2 SD in 10% and height age was retarded >2 SD in 20% (compared to standards for North American Negro children of similar socioeconomic groups); skeletal age was retarded >2 SD in 30% (compared to standards of Gruelich and Pyle). Skeletal maturation was retarded in 72% of the girls (p<0.005) and 50% of the boys (p<0.01) with retarded height age; 56% (9/16) of the adolescents had delayed puberty which was associated with retarded bone age in 9/9,retarded height age in 7/9 and retarded weight age in 7/9. Of the 7/16 adolescents with normal pubertal development, 5/7 had normal height age and 6/7 had normal weight age and skeletal maturation.
Lipolysis in African-American children: is it a metabolic risk factor predisposing to obesity?

Rates of obesity and type 2 diabetes are higher in African-American (AA), compared with American white (AW), adults and children. It is not known whether biologic and/or environmental differences are responsible for this racial disparity. We and others have demonstrated that AA children are hyperinsulinemic, compared with their AW peers. This investigation tested the hypothesis that hyperinsulinemia in AA children is associated with lower rates of lipolysis, which could be a risk factor for future obesity. Forty prepubertal children (20 AA and 20 AW) with comparable body composition (assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry) and visceral adiposity (evaluated with computed tomography scan) were studied. Total body lipolysis was measured with[ 2H5]glycerol after overnight fasting. Basal lipolysis was approximately 40% lower in AA vs. AW children, whether the data were expressed for total body (85.7± 8.9 vs. 130.3 ± 14.1 μmol/min, P = 0.011) or per-kilogram BW (2.4 ± 0.2 vs. 3.8 ± 0.4 μmol/min·kg, P = 0....
Partial trisomy 5 with a carrier parent t(5p-;9p+).

The significance of partial trisomies of the B group is as yet unknown. An infant with multiple congenital anomalies was found to have a partial trisomy 5pf syndrome. The father of this patient demonstrated a 5/9 translocation carrier state. A discussion of the relationship of the partial 5p+ syndrome to the Cri du chat syndrome is noted. Partial trisomy 5 would not appear, as yet, to represent a clearly definable syndrome.
Polarization spectroscopy with ultrashort light pulses

We have demonstrated the feasibility of Doppler-free polarization spectroscopy with a train of ultrashort pulses from a synchronously pumped mode-locked dye laser. The sensitivity of the method is compared with saturation spectroscopy with a single-mode laser.
Leucine 332 influences the CO2/O2 specificity factor of ribulose‐1, 5‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase from Anacystis nidulans

The role of Leu 332 in ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase from the cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans was investigated by site-directed mutagenesis. Substitutions of this residue with Met, Ile, Val, Thr, or Ala decreased the CO2/O2 specificity factor by as much as 67% and 96% for the Ile mutant in the presence of Mg2+ and Mn2+, respectively. For the Met, Ile, and Ala mutants in the presence of Mg2+, no loss of oxygenase activity was observed despite the loss of greater than 65% of the carboxylase activity relative to the wild-type enzyme. In the presence of Mn2+, carboxylase activities for mutant enzymes were reduced to approximately the same degree as was observed in the presence of Mg2+, although oxygenase activities were also reduced to similar extents as carboxylase activities. Only minor changes in Km(RuBP) were observed for all mutants in the presence of Mg2+ relative to the wild-type enzyme, indicating that Leu 332 does not function in RuBP binding. These results suggest that in the presence of Mg2+, Leu 332 contributes to the stabilization of the transition state for the carboxylase reaction, and demonstrate that it is possible to affect only one of the activities of this bifunctional enzyme.
Transverse Tubular System in Glycerol-Treated Skeletal Muscle

Horseradish peroxidase used as an extracellular marker fills 98.5 percent of the central triadic elements (tubules) in normal muscle and 97.2 percent in muscle soaked in Ringer solution to which 400-millimolar glycerol is added. A glycerol-soaked muscle rapidly returned to normal Ringer solution has a disrupted transverse tubular system and has only 3.2 percent of triads filled with peroxidase.
A remark on the integral cohomology of BΓq

In this paper we provide a negative answer to the question raised in [l] as to whether these results hold over the integers. We do this by constructing enough examples of foliations whose integral pontrjagin rings are non-zero mod p in high dimensions for all odd primes p. These foliations are the “ horizontal ” foliations of bundles with discrete structural groups, Translating this result to a statement about the map v we show that any infinite cyclic subgroup G c Hk(BO,; 2) injects under v *, But if k > 2q Theorem 1 implies that the natural map p: Hk(BTq; 2) + Hk(BIYq; Q) sends v*(G) to zero. Finally we show that whenever the above situation holds the homology of the second space must be infinitely generated in dimension k - 1. This gives our main theorem.
Bond strength and mechanical properties of dental porcelain enamels

E nameled gold-alloy restorations potentially have the desirable and necessary properties of both metal and porcelain. In order to obtain the full benefit of both materials, and thus insure a successful restoration, the dentist must possess thorough knowledge of their properties. The purpose of this investigation was to gain some additional understanding of the mechanical properties of the metal-porcelain composite. Previous investigations by Shell and Nielsen,l and Custer, Asgar, and Peytor? reveal the effects of certain variables on the bond strength of porcelain fused to gold. The effects of such variables as bonding agents? and the atmosphere in which the porcelain is fused to the metal have not been studied. Specifically, this investigation was designed to study the effect of bonding agents and firing atmospheres on bond strength, to determine the tensile and compressive properties of the porcelains, and to study tensile properties of the metal after certain heat treatments.
Radioimmunoassay of 3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one in rat and human plasma

Abstract A radioimmunoassay for measuring 3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one in plasma has been developed. Polyclonal antibodies were raised in rabbits against 3α-hydroxy-20-oxo-5α-pregnan-11α-yl carboxymethyl ether coupled to bovine serum albumin. 3α-Hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one was purified from ether extracts of plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. These antibodies were then used for the radioimmunoassay of this centrally active progesterone metabolite in rat and human plasma. 3α-Hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one was detected in plasma from female rats on the day ofestrus (2.0 to 9.3 ng/ml) and in the plasma of women during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle at levels ranging from 0.25 to 2.5 ng/ml. The latter was highly correlated with plasma progesterone levels.
Comparison of the chicken and zebra finch Z chromosomes shows evolutionary rearrangements

Using fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) of zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones, we determined the chromosomal localizations of 14 zebra finch genes that are Z-linked in chickens: ATP5A1, CHD1, NR2F1, DMRT1, PAM, GHR, HSD17B4, NIPBL, ACO1, HINT1, SMAD2, SPIN, NTRK2 and UBE2R2. All 14 genes also map to the zebra finch Z chromosome, indicating substantial conservation of gene content on the Z chromosome in the two avian lineages. However, the physical order of these genes on the zebra finch Z chromosome differed from that of the chicken, in a pattern that would have required several inversions since the two lineages diverged. Eight of 14 zebra finch BAC DNA showed cross-hybridization to the W chromosome, usually to the entire W chromosome, suggesting that repetitive sequences are shared by the W and Z chromosomes. These repetitive sequences likely evolved in the finch lineage after it diverged from the Galliform lineage.
Examining the measurement and structural invariance of LibQUAL+® across user groups

Abstract The LibQUAL+® instrument measures users' perceptions of library service quality; three factors are evaluated: Affect of Service, Information Control, and Library as Place. Although previous studies have assessed the factorial invariance of LibQUAL+®, factorial invariance by itself is insufficient for score comparability across groups. Stronger levels of measurement invariance need to be established. This study systematically tested the measurement and structural invariance of LibQUAL+® scores in a sample of 1551 undergraduate students, 707 graduate students, and 134 faculty members. Multi-group confirmatory factor analyses showed that full measurement invariance did hold between students and faculty for the complete instrument. Building on the measurement invariance, structural invariance models showed that factor variances were equivalent across user groups, but factor covariances and means differed. Faculty had higher perceptions of Affect of Service and undergraduate students had higher perceptions of Library as Place compared to the other groups.
Gaps in the range of nearly increasing processes with stationary independent increments

For a class of stationary independent increments processes we find a necessary and sufficient integral test on a function 0 0, where R= range of X, Rt = range of X up to epoch t.
Sexually Transmitted Infections: Screening, Syndromes, and Symptoms

STI are among the most common pathological conditions affecting sexually active adolescents. Both screening of asymptomatic adolescents and a thoughtful, thorough approach to the evaluation of symptoms are critical measures in STI identification and control.
Crystal structure of the actin-binding domain of alpha-actinin 1: evaluating two competing actin-binding models.

Abstract α-Actinin belongs to the spectrin family of actin crosslinking and bundling proteins that function as key regulators of cell motility, morphology and adhesion. The actin-binding domain (ABD) of these proteins consists of two consecutive calponin homology (CH) domains. Electron microscopy studies on ABDs appear to support two competing actin-binding models, extended and compact, whereas the crystal structures typically display a compact conformation. We have determined the 1.7 A resolution structure of the ABD of α-actinin 1, a ubiquitously expressed isoform. The structure displays the classical compact conformation. We evaluated the two binding models by surface conservation analysis. The results show a conserved surface that spans both domains and corresponds to two previously identified actin-binding sites (ABS2 and ABS3). A third, and probably less important site, ABS1, is mostly buried in the compact conformation. However, a thorough examination of existing structures suggests a weak and semi-polar binding interface between the two CHs, leaving open the possibility of domain reorientation or opening. Our results are consistent with a two-step binding mechanism in which the ABD interacts first in the compact form observed in the structures, and then transitions toward a higher affinity state, possibly through minor rearrangement of the domains.
Synthesis and Thermal Decomposition Studies of New Nitroso- and Nitrodicyanomethanide Salts

The lithium, barium, ammonium, and guanidinium salts of nitrosodicyanomethanide ([ONC(CN)2]-), and the lithium, sodium, barium, ammonium, guanidinium, and hydrazinium salts of nitrodicyanomethanide ([O2NC(CN)2]-) are synthesized and characterized by infrared, UV−vis and 13C NMR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. Four of them, namely, [NH4][ONC(CN)2], Ba[ONC(CN)2]2(H2O), [NH4][O2NC(CN)2], and Ba[O2NC(CN)2](Cl)(H2O)2, have also been characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. The structural data reveal that the two anions possess comparable structural features irrespective of the nature of the cation. The N−O bond distances in [NH4][ONC(CN)2] and Ba[ONC(CN)2]2(H2O) are similar at 1.286(2) and 1.292(4) A, respectively, and the anion possesses a nearly planar geometry. Nitrodicyanomethanide anions in the crystals of [NH4][O2NC(CN)2] and Ba[O2NC(CN)2](Cl)(H2O)2 are also nearly planar with average N−O bond distances of 1.258(2) and 1.252(5) A, respectively. In Ba[ONC(CN)2]2(H2O), the nitrosodicya...
Mechanisms of fast fracture and arrest in steels

Studies of the unstable propagation and arrest of brittle fractures were conducted on four steels: plain carbon steel, 3 pct Si steel, A-517, and 4340. Unstable fractures were initiated in double-cantilever-beam test specimens by forcing a wedge between the two beams under compression. These fractures propagate at essentially constant wedge opening displacement and can be made to arrest within the confines of the specimen. The strain energy stored in the specimen at the onset of propagation was varied systematically by changing the root radius of the starting slot. The experiments show that Ka, the stress intensity at arrest, is not a materials constant but depends on the strain energy stored in the specimen. Values of άrcR, the average energy dissipation rate during propagation, calculated for the four steels, are in the range23- GIc ≲ άcrR ≲ G{Ic}. Detailed metallographic examinations show that brittle fractures appear highly segmented on interior sections, but that the individual segments are interconnected. This morphology is attributed to isolated, difficult-to-cleave regions, comparable in size to the grains, which are bypassed and remain unbroken at relatively large distances behind the crack front. Etching studies conducted on a silicon steel reveal that the plastic deformation attending crack propagation is largely confined to the plastic stretching of the ligaments behind the crack front. Increases in the size, number, and toughness of the ligaments with temperature coincide with the brittle-to-ductile transition. An analytical model consisting of an elastic crack with a regular array of tractions representing the ligaments supports the view that the ligaments are the principal source of brittle crack propagation resistance in the steels.
Salmeterol and fluticasone propionate combined in a new powder inhalation device for the treatment of asthma: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Abstract Background: Many patients with persistent asthma need both long-acting bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids for optimal asthma control. Objective: Our purpose was to compare the efficacy and safety of salmeterol 50 μg combined with fluticasone 100 μg (in a combination dry powder product) with that of placebo, fluticasone, or salmeterol alone. Methods: A 12-week randomized, double-blind, multicenter study was conducted in 356 patients aged 12 years or older with asthma. After a 14-day screening period, patients were randomized to treatment with salmeterol 50 μg combined with fluticasone 100 μg (combination product), salmeterol 50 μg, fluticasone 100 μg, or placebo administered in the Diskus dry powder inhaler (GlaxoWellcome, UK) twice daily. Results: Mean change in FEV 1 at end point was significantly ( P ≤ .003) greater with the combination product (0.51 L) compared with placebo (0.01 L), salmeterol (0.11 L), and flutica-sone (0.28 L). The combination product significantly increased ( P ≤ .013) area under the curve compared with placebo and fluticasone on day 1 and compared with placebo, salmeterol, and fluticasone at week 1 and week 12. Patients in the combination product group were less likely to withdraw from the study because of worsening asthma compared with those in the other groups ( P ≤ .020). The combination product significantly increased ( P ≤ .012) morning PEF (combination, 52.5 L/min; placebo, –23.7 L/min; salmeterol, –1.7 L/min; fluticasone, 17.3 L/min) and evening PEF at end point compared with the other groups. The combination product significantly ( P ≤ .025) reduced symptom scores and albuterol use compared with the other treatments and increased the percentage of nights with no awakenings and the percentage of days with no symptoms compared with placebo and salmeterol. All treatments were equally well tolerated. Conclusion: Salmeterol 50 μg and fluticasone 100 μg combined in the Diskus powder delivery device offers significant clinical advantages over salmeterol or fluticasone alone at the same doses. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;105:1108-16.)
Influence of Bulk Fluid Velocity on the Efficiency of Electrohydrodynamic Pumping

The efficiency of conversion of electrical power into fluidic power in an electrohydrodynamic (EHD) pump depends on the bulk fluid velocity. An analytical formulation is developed for calculation of the efficiency of an EHD pump, with and without the presence of a superimposed flow due to an externally imposed pressure gradient. This formulation is implemented into a numerical model, which is used to investigate the effect of bulk fluid velocity on the efficiency of the EHD action. In particular, the net flow due to the combined action of EHD and a positive or negative external pressure gradient is computed. Both ion-drag pumps and induction EHD pumps are considered. Pumps based on the ion-drag principle that are studied include a one-dimensional pump, a two-dimensional pump driven by a stationary potential gradient, and another driven by a traveling potential wave. Two-dimensional repulsion-type and attraction-type induction pumping caused by a gradual variation in the electrical conductivity of the fluid is also investigated.
Perception of passage through openings depends on the size of the body in motion.

Walkers need to modify their ongoing actions to meet the demands of everyday environments. Navigating through openings requires gait modifications if the size of the opening is too small relative to the body. Here we ask whether the spatial requirements for navigating horizontal and vertical openings differ, and, if so, whether walkers are sensitive to those requirements. To test walkers’ sensitivity to demands for gait modification, we asked participants to judge whether they could walk through horizontal openings without shoulder rotation and through vertical openings without ducking. Afterward, participants walked through the openings, so that we could determine which opening sizes elicited gait modifications. Participants turned their shoulders with more space available than the space they left themselves for ducking. Larger buffers for horizontal openings may reflect different spatial requirements created by lateral sway of the body during walking compared to vertical bounce. In addition, greater variability of turning from trial to trial compared with ducking may lead walkers to adopt a more conservative buffer to avoid errors. Verbal judgments accurately predicted whether openings required gait modifications. For horizontal openings, participants’ judgments were best predicted by the body’s dynamic abilities, not static shoulder width. The differences between horizontal and vertical openings illustrate that walkers account for the dynamic properties of walking in addition to scaling decisions to body dimensions.
Noradrenergic Modulation of Activity in a Vocal Control Nucleus In Vitro

Norepinephrine (NE) can profoundly modulate sensory processing, but its effect on motor function is less well understood. Birdsong is a learned behavior involving sensory and motor processes that a...
DNA melting investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and Raman spectroscopy.

Thermal denaturation of the B form of double-stranded DNA has been probed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Raman spectroscopy of 160 base pair (bp) fragments of calf thymus DNA. The DSC results indicate a median melting temperature Tm = 75.5 degrees C with calorimetric enthalpy change delta Hcal = 6.7 kcal/mol (bp), van't Hoff enthalpy change delta HVH = 50.4 kcal/mol (cooperative unit), and calorimetric entropy change delta Scal = 19.3 cal/deg.mol (bp), at the experimental conditions of 55 mg DNA/ml in 5 mM sodium cacodylate at pH 6.4. The average cooperative melting unit (nmelt) comprises 7.5 bp. The Raman signature of 160 bp DNA is highly sensitive to temperature. Analyses of several conformation-sensitive Raman bands indicate the following ranges for thermodynamic parameters of melting: 43 < delta HVH < 61 kcal/mol (cooperative unit), 75 < Tm < 80 degrees C and 6 < (nmelt) < 9 bp, consistent with the DSC results. The changes observed in specific Raman band frequencies and intensities as a function of temperature reveal that thermal denaturation is accompanied by disruption of Watson-Crick base pairs, unstacking of the bases and disordering of the B form backbone. These three types of structural change are highly correlated throughout the investigated temperature range of 20 to 93 degrees C. Raman bands diagnostic of purine and pyrimidine unstacking, conformational rearrangements in the deoxyribose-phosphate moieties, and changes in environment of phosphate groups have been identified. Among these, bands at 834 cm-1 (due to a localized vibration of the phosphodiester group), 1240 cm-1 (thymine ring) and 1668 cm-1 (carbonyl groups of dT, dG and dC), are shown by comparison with DSC results to be the most reliable quantitative indicators of DNA melting. Conversely, the intensities of Raman marker bands at 786 cm-1 (cytosine ring), 1014 cm-1 (deoxyribose ring) and 1092 cm-1 (phosphate group) are largely invariant to melting and are proposed as appropriate standards for intensity normalizations.
IEEE 802.11 anomaly-based behavior analysis

Fast, easy and inexpensive deployment of wireless networks has made them one of the most popular communication environments. Wireless networks are becoming ubiquitous and widely used to transfer critical information such as banking accounts, credit cards, e-mails and social network credentials. The more pervasive the wireless technology is going to be, the more important its security issue will be. The current security protocols for wireless networks have addressed the privacy and confidentiality issues, but failed to address other important security attributes such as availability and integrity (e.g. denial of service, session hijacking and MAC address spoofing attacks). In this paper we describe an anomaly-based intrusion detection system for the IEEE 802.11 wireless networks, based on tempo-spatial data analysis technique to detect deviations from normal behaviors that are triggered by wireless network attacks. Our anomaly behavior analysis of the 802.11 protocol is based on n-gram pattern analysis. We apply statistical techniques to quantify the n-transition patterns in the protocol and determine the probabilities of these transitions being normal.
Molecular cloning, tissue expression of human xanthine dehydrogenase.

Xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH, EC 1.1.1.204) is a molybdenum iron-sulphur flavin hydroxylase which oxidizes a variety of purines, pterins and other heterogenic nitrogen compounds, serving as a rate-limiting enzyme in nucleic acid degradation. In this work, we have isolated and sequenced cDNA clones of human liver XDH. The obtained cDNA covers 4577 bases of human liver XDH mRNA with a 63 bp 5′-end untranslated region and a 515 bp 3′-end untranslated region. A termination codon TGA and a polyadenylation signal AATAAA were identified. An open reading frame encodes 1333 amino acid residues. The assignment of the N-terminal was confirmed by directly sequencing that region of purified human milk XDH. Northern blot analysis shows that the human XDH gene is widely expressed in human tissues.
Comparing PAH availability from manufactured gas plant soils and sediments with chemical and biological tests. 1. PAH release during water desorption and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction.

Soil and sediment samples from oil gas (OG) and coal gas (CG) manufactured gas plant (MGP) sites were selected to represent a range of PAH concentrations (150−40 000 mg/kg) and sample matrix compositions. Samples varied from vegetated soils to lampblack soot and had carbon contents from 3 to 87 wt %. SFE desorption (120 min) and water/XAD2 desorption (120 days) curves were determined and fit with a simple two-site model to determine the rapid-released fraction (F) for PAHs ranging from naphthalene to benzo[ghi]perylene. F values varied greatly among the samples, from ca. 10% to >90% for the two- and three-ring PAHs and from <1% to ca. 50% for the five- and six-ring PAHs. Release rates did not correlate with sample matrix characteristics including PAH concentrations, elemental composition (C, H, N, S), or “hard” and “soft” organic carbon, indicating that PAH release cannot easily be estimated on the basis of sample matrix composition. F values for CG site samples obtained with SFE and water desorption agre...
Exploiting the Unique Biophysical Properties of Bacteriocins to Purify Bac1829 fromStaphylococcus aureusKSI1829

Abstract Bac1829 from Staphylococcus aureus KSI1829 is a newly identified peptide bacteriocin that inhibits a broad spectrum of bacteria. By taking advantage of its cationic and hydrophobic nature, a purification scheme was developed utilizing preparative isoelectric focusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. Due to a high p I value of approximately 9–10, 71% of the total Bac1829 activity was concentrated in two fractions by preparative isoelectric focusing. Final purification by high performance liquid chromatography on a propyl hydrophobic interaction column resulted in a 136-fold purification with an increase in specific activity from 181 to 24,623 antimicrobial units (AU)/mg protein. A total of 14,848 AU of Bac1829 were purified using this revised procedure, compared to 8702 AU as described previously. Mass spectrographic analysis of the purified sample yielded a single peak of 6418 ± 2 daltons. Since many bacteriocins possess similar biophysical attributes, the purification scheme presented in this communication may be applicable to those which have proven difficult to purify or have not been purified.
Elucidation of the structure and conformation of red radish (Raphanus sativus) anthocyanins using one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance techniques

Different one- and two-dimensional NMR techniques were used to elucidate the structural conformation of purified anthocyanins obtained from red radish (Raphanus sativus). Two novel diacylated anthocyanins, pelargonidin 3-O-[2-O-(β-glucopyranosyl)-6-O-(trans-p-coumaroyl)-β-glucopyranoside] 5-O-(6-O-malonyl-β-glucopyranoside) and pelargonidin 3-O-[2-O-(β-glucopyranosyl)-6-O-(trans-feruloyl)-β-glucopyranoside] 5-O-(6-O-malonyl-β-glucopyranoside), were characterized. Two other monoacylated anthocyanins were determined to be pelargonidin 3-O-[2-O-(β-glucopyranosyl)-6-O-(trans-p-coumaroyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside] 5-O-(β-glucopyranoside) and pelargonidin 3-O-[2-O-(β-glucopyranosyl)-6-O-(trans-feruloyl)-β-glucopyranoside] 5-O-(β-glucopyranoside). Three-dimensional conformation of the molecule was investigated using NOESY techniques, which showed proximity between hydrogens from the cinnamic acid acylating group and the C-4 of the pelargonidin. Keywords: Anthocyanins; red radish (Raphanus sativus L.); 1D and 2D NMR; ...
Olfaction in Rallidae (Gruiformes), a morphological study of thirteen species

Olfaction has been largely overlooked as a factor in avian ethology. Olfactory structure in 13 species of Rallidae (Gruiformes) and in a distant terrestrial ordinal relative, the button-quail, Turnix, is described. The design of the nasal fossa for the efficient function of the olfactory membrane is reviewed. Rallidae have an average olfactory bulb-to-hemisphere ratio of 23%, about the middle of the scale of relative olfactory ratios in birds. The ratio in Turnix is 12·5%. While there is no significant difference in the amount of olfactory equipment in either dispersed or overlapping species of Rallidae, evidence is presented that there are qualitative differences in secretory cells in the olfactory and lateral nasal gland systems. It is suggested that these may influence the reception or inhibition of particular odorants.
Biochemical and microbiological aspects of conservation tillage: Important considerations for Appalachian agriculture a review

Abstract The role of microorganisms in legume performance in conservation tillage systems for hill land agriculture is reviewed. Discussion focuses on the significance of plant‐microbe symbioses in improving legume nutrient status and on the biochemical regulation of species interactions. Research imperatives are addressed.
Hand-assisted laparoscopic nephroureterectomy: analysis of distal ureterectomy technique, margin status, and surgical outcomes.

Abstract Objectives To review our experience with various techniques used to manage the distal ureter during hand-assisted laparoscopic nephroureterectomy and to evaluate the surgical outcomes, including pathologic margin status and the incidence of disease recurrence. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 55 hand-assisted laparoscopic nephroureterectomies performed to treat transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), with the distal ureter managed as follows: cystoscopic disarticulation in 16 patients, stapled division in 7, open distal ureterectomy in 3, and hand-assisted laparoscopic extravesical en bloc distal ureterectomy with bladder cuff in 29. The cystotomy was not closed in 7 patients. Results The coexistence of renal pelvic and ureteral tumors was common but in 27% of cases was not recognized preoperatively. One outer and four distal ureteral margins were positive for tumor (n = 2) or carcinoma in situ (n = 3). Two (29%) of the seven cystotomies that were not closed and only 1 (2%) of the 42 that were closed demonstrated extravasation. The operative time was 60 to 90 minutes longer and the estimated blood loss, open conversion rate, and indwelling catheterization time were two to three times greater for the cystoscopic ureteral disarticulation cohort. The stapled division cohort had a greater positive margin rate (29%) than the other cohorts (10% or less). With a mean follow-up of 24 months, 19 patients had developed bladder cancer, 1 prostate cancer, 1 an extravesical malignancy with synchronous liver metastasis, and 4 distant recurrence (lung in 2 and the retroperitoneum and spine in 1 each). Conclusions The results of our study have shown that distal ureteral tumors have the greatest likelihood for a positive margin. Cystoscopic ureteral disarticulation increased the operative time and estimated blood loss. Cystotomy closure reduced the extravasation rate. We favor hand-assisted laparoscopic en bloc distal ureterectomy followed by cystotomy closure to minimize the risk of distal ureteral or extravesical recurrence.