cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Invited A new traffic engineering manager for DiffServ/MPLS networks: design and implementation on an IP QoS Testbed

In a multi-service network, different applications have varying QoS requirements. The IETF has proposed the DiffServ architecture as a scalable solution to provide Quality of Service (QoS) in IP Networks. In order to provide quantitative guarantees and optimization of transmission resources, DiffServ mechanisms should be complemented with efficient traffic engineering (TE) mechanisms, which operate on an aggregate basis across all classes of service. The MultiProtocol Label Switching (MPLS) technology is a suitable method to provide TE, independent of the underlying layer2 technology. Currently, the combined use of Differentiated Services (DiffServ) and MPLS is a promising technique to provide Quality of Service (QoS), while efficiently exploiting network resources. In this paper, TEAM, an automated manager for DiffServ/MPLS networks is introduced and its design. The design and implementation details are discussed.
Lipopolysaccharide, tumor necrosis factor alpha, or interleukin-1β triggers reactivation of latent cytomegalovirus in immunocompetent mice

We have previously shown that cytomegalovirus (CMV) can reactivate in lungs of nonimmunosuppressed patients during critical illness. Our recent work has shown that polymicrobial bacterial sepsis can trigger reactivation of latent murine CMV (MCMV). We hypothesize that MCMV reactivation following bacterial sepsis may be caused by inflammatory mediators. To test this hypothesis, BALB/c mice latently infected with Smith strain MCMV received sublethal intraperitoneal doses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), or saline. Lung tissue homogenates were evaluated for viral reactivation 3 weeks after mediator injection. Because LPS is known to signal via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) in mice, further studies blocking this signaling mechanism were performed using monoclonal MTS510. Finally, mice were tested with intravenous TNF-α to determine whether this would cause reactivation. All mice receiving sublethal intraperitoneal doses of LPS, TNF-α, or IL-1β had pulmonary reactivation of latent MCMV 3 weeks following injection, and LPS caused MCMV reactivation with kinetics similar to those for sepsis. When TLR-4 signaling was blocked, exogenous LPS did not reactivate latent MCMV. Intravenous TNF-α administration at near-lethal doses did not reactivate MCMV. Exogenous intraperitoneal LPS, TNF-α, and IL-1β are all capable of reactivating CMV from latency in lungs of previously healthy mice. LPS reactivation of MCMV appears dependent on TLR-4 signaling. Interestingly, intravenous TNF-α did not trigger reactivation, suggesting possible mechanistic differences that are discussed. We conclude that inflammatory disease states besides sepsis may be capable of reactivating CMV from latency.
Developing long‐term single‐column model/cloud system–resolving model forcing data using numerical weather prediction products constrained by surface and top of the atmosphere observations

[1] This study proposes another approach to develop multiyear single-column model (SCM) and cloud system–resolving model (CSRM) forcing data from numerical weather prediction (NWP) model analyses constrained with the observed surface and top of the atmosphere measurements by using a variational analysis approach. In the approach the atmospheric state variables from NWP analyses are adjusted to balance the observed column budgets of mass, heat, moisture, and momentum rather than the NWP model-produced budgets. The derived constrained NWP forcing data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration rapid update cycle (RUC) analyses are evaluated by the “observed” forcing data derived from radiosonde and wind profiler data collected at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program Southern Great Plains site under three selected cases: A strong convective case in the ARM summer 1997 intensive operational period (IOP), a moderate synoptic-scale process-dominated precipitation period in the spring 2000 IOP, and a nonprecipitation period in the late fall 2000 IOP. We show that the forcing data derived from the RUC analyses using ARM column constraints agree with the observed forcing reasonably well. The largest improvements are seen during precipitation periods since precipitation is a strong constraint used in the proposed approach. During the nonprecipitation period the improvements are moderate because the constraints are weak in the absence of precipitation. The constrained NWP forcing and the observed forcing, however, show better agreement during the moderate precipitation period and the nonprecipitation period than during the strong convective period. In SCM tests we show that most model errors revealed by the SCM driven by the observed forcing can be seen in the SCM driven by the constrained NWP forcing. These results suggest the feasibility of using the derived constrained NWP forcing data from RUC analyses for statistical studies of SCM/CSRM results over long time periods.
Do Symptoms Predict COPD in Smokers

Background: The US Preventive Services Task Force recommends against spirometry in the absence of symptoms. However, as much as 50% of COPD cases in the United States remain undiagnosed. Methods: Report of symptoms, smoking history, and spirometric data were collected from subjects screened for a work-related medical evaluation (N 5 3,955). Prevalence of airfl ow obstruction and respiratory symptoms were assessed. Sensitivity, specifi city, positive and negative predictive values, and relative risks of predicting symptoms and smoking history for COPD were calculated. Results: Forty-four percent of smokers in our sample had airways obstruction (AO). Of these, 36% reported a diagnosis of or treatment for COPD. Odds ratio (95% CI) for AO with smoking ( 20 pack-years) was 3.73 (3.12- 4.45), 1.98 (1.73-2.27) for cough, 1.79 (1.55-2.08) for dyspnea, 1.95 (1.70-2.34) for sputum, and 2.59 (2.26-2.97) for wheeze. Respiratory symptoms were reported by 92% of smokers with AO, 86% smokers with restriction, 76% smokers with normal spirometry, and 73% of nonsmokers. Sensitivity (92% vs 90%), specifi city (19% vs 22%), positive (47% vs 40%) and negative (75% vs 80%) predictive values for the presence of one or more symptoms were similar between smokers and all subjects. Conclusions: COPD is underdiagnosed in the United States. Symptoms are frequent in subjects with AO and increase their risk for COPD, but add little beyond age and smoking history to the predictive value of spirometry. In view of the high prevalence of symptoms and their poor predictive value, a simpler and more effective approach would be to screen older smokers. CHEST 2010; 137(6):1345–1353
Electrostatic Interactions Drive Membrane Association of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gag MA Domain

The assembly of most retroviruses occurs at the plasma membrane. Membrane association is directed by MA, the N-terminal domain of the Gag structural protein. For human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), this association is mediated in part by a myristate fatty acid modification. Conflicting evidence has been presented on the relative importance of myristoylation, of ionic interactions between protein and membrane, and of Gag multimerization in membrane association in vivo. We addressed these questions biochemically by determining the affinity of purified myristoylated HIV-1 MA for liposomes of defined composition, both for monomeric and for dimeric forms of the protein. Myristoylation increases the barely detectable intrinsic affinity of the apo-protein for liposomes by only 10-fold, and the resulting affinity is still weak, similar to that of the naturally nonmyristoylated MA of Rous sarcoma virus. Membrane binding of HIV-1 MA is absolutely dependent on the presence of negatively charged lipid and is abrogated at high ionic strength. Forced dimerization of MA increases its membrane affinity by several orders of magnitude. When green fluorescent protein fusions of monomeric or dimeric MA are expressed in cells, the dimeric but not the monomeric protein becomes strongly membrane associated. Computational modeling supports these results and suggests a molecular mechanism for the modest effect of myristoylation on binding, wherein the membrane provides a hydrophobic environment for the myristate that is energetically similar to that provided by the protein. Overall, the results imply that the driving force for membrane association stems largely from ionic interactions between multimerized Gag and negatively charged phospholipids.
Committed to the honor code: an investment model analysis of academic integrity

Educators worldwide face challenges surrounding academic integrity. The development of honor codes can promote academic integrity, but understanding how and why honor codes affect behavior is critical to their successful implementation. To date, research has not examined how students’ relationship to an honor code predicts academic integrity. The present study examined a range of outcomes related to academic integrity and commitment to an honor code from the perspectives of Rusbult’s (J Exp Soc Psychol 16,172–186, 1980) investment model and social norms. Students at a liberal arts college completed a questionnaire assessing honor code commitment, satisfaction, alternatives, investments, injunctive norms, descriptive norms, and three outcome behaviors: upholding the honor code, willingness to sacrifice for the honor code, and honor code involvement. Investments, satisfaction, and injunctive norms predicted honor code commitment, and both investments and commitment predicted all three self-reported outcomes. Honor code commitment mediated most associations between its predictor variables and the outcomes of interest. This study identifies a theoretical framework for understanding academic integrity through the lens of honor code commitment, and implications of these results for academic settings are discussed. In particular, investments and injunctive norms have broad relevance for creating values-driven school cultures.
Linear signed rank tests for hultivariate location

Previously proposed linear signed rank tests for multivariate location are not invariant under linear transformations of the observations, The asymptotic relative efficiencies of the tests 2 with respect to Hotelling's T2test depend on the direction of shift and the covariance matrix of the alternative distributions. For distributions with highly correlated components, the efficiencies of some of these tests can be arbitrarily low; they approach zero for certain multivariate normal alternatives, This article proposes a transformation of the data to be performed prior to standard linear signed rank tests, The resulting procedures have attractive power and efficiency properties compared to the original tests, In particular, for elliptically symmetric contiguous alternafives, the efficiencies of the new tests equal those of corresponding univariate linear signed rank tests with respect to the t test.
Patch-clamp analysis of voltage-activated and chemically activated currents in the vomeronasal organ of Sternotherus odoratus (stinkpot/musk turtle).

The electrophysiological basis of chemical communication in the specialized olfactory division of the vomeronasal (VN) organ is poorly understood. In total, 198 patch-clamp recordings were made from 42 animals (Sternotherus odoratus, the stinkpot/musk turtle) to study the electrically and chemically activated properties of VN neurons. The introduction of tetramethylrhodamine-conjugated dextran into the VN orifice permitted good visualization of the vomeronasal neural epithelium prior to dissociating it into single neurons. Basic electrical properties of the neurons were measured (resting potential, -54.5 +/- 2.7 mV, N=11; input resistance, 6.7 +/- 1.4 G Omega, N=25; capacitance, 4.2 +/- 0.3 pF, N=22; means +/- S.E.M.). The voltage-gated K(+) current inactivation rate was significantly slower in VN neurons from males than in those from females, and K(+) currents in males were less sensitive (greater K(i)) to tetraethylammonium. Vomeronasal neurons were held at a holding potential of -60 mV and tested for their response to five natural chemicals, female urine, male urine, female musk, male musk and catfish extract. Of the 90 VN neurons tested, 33 (34 %) responded to at least one of the five compounds. The peak amplitude of chemically evoked currents ranged from 4 to 180 pA, with two-thirds of responses less than 25 pA. Urine-evoked currents were of either polarity, whereas musk and catfish extract always elicited only inward currents. Urine applied to neurons harvested from female animals evoked currents that were 2-3 times larger than those elicited from male neurons. Musk-evoked inward currents were three times the magnitude of urine- or catfish-extract-evoked inward currents. The calculated breadth of responsiveness for neurons presented with this array of five chemicals indicated that the mean response spectrum of the VN neurons is narrow (H metric 0.11). This patch-clamp study indicates that VN neurons exhibit sexual dimorphism in function and specificity in response to complex natural chemicals.iol
Expression of Interleukin-6 Is Greater in Preadipocytes than in Adipocytes of 3T3-L1 Cells and C57BL/6J and ob/ob Mice

Inflammation plays a major role in the development of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes. Further, it was demonstrated that obese animals and humans have significantly higher levels of circulating proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6). The aim of this study was to determine whether adipose tissue could be a major source of circulating IL-6 in leptin-deficient obese (ob/ob) mice by comparing the expression of IL-6 in different tissues of ob/ob mice. Our secondary goal was to determine whether preadipocytes are the source of adipose tissue IL-6. The ob/ob mice had higher levels of plasma IL-6 (P < 0.05) and adipose tissue IL-6 mRNA (P < 0.05) compared with lean mice. Interestingly, IL-6 mRNA levels of liver and spleen were not different between ob/ob and lean mice, whereas adipose tissue IL-6 mRNA levels were higher in the ob/ob mice compared with lean mice (P < 0.05). In addition, we showed that IL-6 secretion from the adipose tissue stromal vascular fraction cells was higher than that from fully differentiated adipocytes (P < 0.001). We further demonstrated that 3T3-L1 preadipocytes had significantly higher levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated IL-6 mRNA and IL-6 secretion than differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Taken together, these data suggest that adipose tissue and preadipocytes from the adipose tissue stromal vascular fraction may contribute significantly to the increased plasma IL-6 levels in ob/ob mice.
A multiple scale state-space model for characterizing subgrid scale variability of near-surface soil moisture

This paper addresses the problem of characterizing variability of soil moisture at various scales by combining information, such as measurements and soil hydrologic properties, available at different scales. This problem is motivated by the need to provide a way to predict subgrid/subpixel variability from measurements made at satellite footprint scale. A mean-differenced multiple scale fractal model is developed for soil moisture. The salient features of this model are as follows. 1) Differences in soil moisture in various hydrologic groups are modeled through a difference in mean, while the fluctuations are assumed independent of the mean. 2) Mean soil moisture is linearly related to available water capacity of the soil. 3) Fluctuations are modeled as fractional Gaussian noise. Estimation techniques based on multiresolution trees are implemented to obtain the values at multiple scales. Since estimation is a smoothing process that may not provide a good representation of the variability, particularly in regions where there are no observations, a complementary conditional simulation technique is developed. This allows the authors to construct synthetic fields that are representative of the intrinsic variability of the process. The technique is applied to problems of estimation and conditional simulation for the following scenarios: domain with missing values, sparsely sampled data, in domain outside of where measurements are available, and at scales smaller than at which measurements are available.
Fusion of intelligence information: a Bayesian approach.

The attack that occurred on September 11, 2001 was, in the end, the result of a failure to detect and prevent the terrorist operations that hit the United States. The U.S. government thus faces at this time the daunting tasks of first, drastically increasing its ability to obtain and interpret different types of signals of impending terrorist attacks with sufficient lead time and accuracy, and second, improving its ability to react effectively. One of the main challenges is the fusion of information, from different sources (U.S. or foreign), and of different types (electronic signals, human intelligence, etc.). Fusion thus involves two very distinct and separate issues: communications, i.e., ensuring that the different U.S. and foreign intelligence agencies communicate all relevant and accurate information in a timely fashion and, perhaps more difficult, merging the content of signals, some ``sharp'' and some ``fuzzy,'' some dependent and some independent into useful information. The focus of this article is on the latter issue, and on the use of the results. In this article, I present a classic probabilistic Bayesian model sometimes used in engineering risk analysis, which can be helpful in the fusion of information because it allows computation of the posterior probability of an event given its prior probability (before the signal is observed) and the quality of the signal characterized by the probabilities of false positive and false negative. Experience suggests that the nature of these errors has been sometimes misunderstood; therefore, I discuss the validity of several possible definitions.
Transport Acceleration Methods as Two-Level Multigrid Algorithms

In this paper, a unified framework is developed to describe acceleration methods for the iterative convergence of neutron transport problems. The framework is that of a two-level multigrid algorithm. All widely-known transport acceleration methods not based on direct matrix manipulations (i.e., SOR or Chebyschev acceleration) can be described within this framework. Our presentation provides a way of understanding older methods within a unified theory, and it easily allows for the development of new methods.
Variation of the cross-section for e+ e- ---> W+ H- in the minimal supersymmetric standard model

We study the loop-induced process ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{W}^{+}{H}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ in the minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM). This process allows the charged Higgs boson to be produced in ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ collisions when ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{H}^{+}{H}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ is kinematically forbidden due to a large charged Higgs boson mass. We scan over the MSSM parameters subject to experimental constraints to examine the range of values the cross section can take. We find that large enhancements of the cross section over that in a nonsupersymmetric two Higgs doublet model are possible, especially for large $\mathrm{tan}\ensuremath{\beta}$ and light top and bottom squarks. Choosing a few typical MSSM parameter sets, we show the regions in the ${m}_{{H}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}}--\mathrm{tan}\ensuremath{\beta}$ plane in which at least $10{W}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}{H}^{\ensuremath{\mp}}$ events would be produced at the ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ collider.
Community Psychology and Routes to Psychological Wellness

The main purpose of this chapter is to develop and illustrate the concept of “routes to psychological wellness,” which, I believe, has much orienting value in framing fruitful questions for psychologists and others to pose and fruitful activities for psychologists and others to undertake. I use the term to identify what Rappaport (1987) called the phenomena of interest, i.e., “the entire class of phenomena that we want our research to undertake, predict, explain or describe; that we want our applications and interventions to stimulate, facilitate or create; and our social policies to encourage” (p. 129)
Playbacks in Behavioral Experiments

Playback is a ubiquitous technique for the controlled manipulation and presentation of animal signals, and has become an invaluable tool in the study of animal communication. Playback stimuli can be manipulated or unmanipulated samples of natural signals, or they can be mathematically constructed de novo on the basis of models of signal structure or signal production. Acoustic playbacks have a lengthy history in both laboratory and field studies of diverse taxa, while vibrational and electrical playbacks have been conducted in the laboratory on a small number of species. The scope of video and multimodal playbacks continues to expand in concert with available technology. The external validity of playback studies depends on adequate sampling of signal space (avoiding pseudoreplication) as well as the faithful representation of the signal to a receiver.
Taxonomic Implications of Artemisia annua L.

Artemisia annua L. (sweet sagewort) belongs to genus Artemisia L. of family Asteraceae and tribe Anthemideae. Artemisia L. approximately comprises of about 500 taxa and considered as largest genus of Asteraceae. A. annua, which are now widely and naturally distributed in various regions of the world (temperate, subtropical zones, Asia), have originated from China and are introduced and naturalized in Canada and USA. later on. On the basis of fossil records and phytogeographic data, it has been discovered that the Quaternary was the main time period for the variegation and dispersal of the taxa worldwide. Globally, many countries are currently cultivating A. annua on a large industrial scale, as it is a key source of a potent antimalarial drug, artemisinin. In this chapter, we will set out its origin, geological distribution, and phytography emphasizing on important characters, for instance pollen as pollen morphology is considered as worthy systematic marker for genus Artemisia. Furthermore, special protuberant structures viz. glandular trichomes and their role in artemisinin and various other phytotoxic secondary metabolites will be addressed. The second part of the chapter will draw attention to the possibilities and methods used to solve mysteries of Artemisia systematics on subtribal, generic, and subgeneric level over time. To date, for systematic studies at all taxonomic levels, none of the techniques alone is considered sufficient. In conclusion, the perspectives and issues for the further study of the plant and genus will be raised.
The regional variation of suicide by different methods: a problem for Durkheim's theory of suicide.

The state variations in suicide by different methods were found to have different social correlates. Only suicide rates by firearms/explosives and by solids/liquids were found to correlate with indices of low social integration/regulation as Durkheim predicted. The results indicate the need for additional explanatory concepts to account for regional variations in suicide rates. Language: en
Characterizing the Ultrafast Charge Carrier Trapping Dynamics in Single ZnO Rods Using Two-Photon Emission Microscopy

Zinc oxide has emerged as an attractive candidate for a variety of optoelectronic and photonic applications, due in part to a large second-order nonlinear susceptibility, its wide band gap, and large exciton binding energy. We have used time-resolved nonlinear two-photon emission microscopy to characterize the excited-state dynamics of individual ZnO rods. Photoluminescence images reveal a rich structure in the spatial distribution of both the band-edge and trap emission, and spectra recorded following excitation at a specific point in the structure show the characteristic band-edge and defect emission. Time-resolved emission spectra reveal a dynamic red shift of the trap emission band in the as-grown structures. Our results suggest that the trap emission is composed of at least two overlapping emission bands. The higher-energy band is assigned to e–h recombination between a conduction band electron and photogenerated hole bound to an acceptor defect lying within the band gap. The lower-energy band is att...
Adolescents’ Character Role Models: Exploring Who Young People Look Up to as Examples of How to Be a Good Person

Research has explored young people’s role models in general, but little is known about role models whom youth look up to in relation to their character. The authors asked 220 adolescents (M age = 13.4, 45% White, 15% Hispanic, 11% Black) from Massachusetts and Connecticut to nominate a character role model, someone they knew personally and looked up to as an example of how to be a good person; 142 (64.5%) listed a character role model, with family members nominated most frequently, followed by friends and other adults (e.g., teachers). Youth cited how their character role model treated them as well as other people as reasons for selecting their character role models. Participants also rated the quality of the relationship, role-modeling behaviors, and socialization practices. There were similar positive characteristics associated with the three character role model types, but there were also differences (e.g., family character role models were rated most positively on relationship quality as well as role-...
Imaging 3D strain field monitoring during hydraulic fracturing processes

In this paper, we present a distributed fiber optic sensing scheme to study 3D strain fields inside concrete cubes during hydraulic fracturing process. Optical fibers embedded in concrete were used to monitor 3D strain field build-up with external hydraulic pressures. High spatial resolution strain fields were interrogated by the in-fiber Rayleigh backscattering with 1-cm spatial resolution using optical frequency domain reflectometry. The fiber optics sensor scheme presented in this paper provides scientists and engineers a unique laboratory tool to understand the hydraulic fracturing processes in various rock formations and its impacts to environments.
Listening Comprehension of Cerebral Palsied and Other Crippled Children as a Function of Two Speaking Rates

This study attempted to determine the amount of learning which would take place among cerebral palsied children and noncerebral palsied crippled children as compared under conditions of listening to a normal speaking rate (175 wpm) and a rapid rate (275 wpm). There were significant differences between the two samples on the comprehension test of the selection presented at 175 wpm but, contrary to expectation, the samples did not differ significantly on comprehension of the selection presented at 275 wpm.
Anionic and Cationic Silver Nanoparticle Binding Restructures Net-Anionic PC/PG Monolayers with Saturated or Unsaturated Lipids.

We have examined the interactions between polymer-coated anionic (Ag–COOH) and cationic (Ag–NH) silver nanoparticles, and net-anionic lipid monolayers using dynamic surface pressure measurements. Monolayers composed of saturated or monounsaturated mixtures of anionic phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and zwitterionic phosphatidylcholine (PC) lipids (3:1 molar ratio) were used to determine how lipid packing and monolayer phase state influence the extent of nanoparticle binding and the monolayer response. Anionic Ag–COOH inserted into saturated dipalmitoyl-PC/PG (DPPC/DPPG) and dioleoyl-PC/PG (DOPC/DOPG) monolayers at a low initial surface pressure (10 mN m–1) and caused lipid condensation at high initial surface pressures (20 and 30 mN m–1). Hydrophobic interactions were responsible for insertion, while electrostatic and charge-dipole interactions with PCs were responsible for condensation. In contrast, cationic Ag–NH inserted only into saturated DPPC/DPPG monolayers and otherwise led to lipid condensation. For Ag...
The Horse, Equus caballus, and the Donkey, Equus asinus

Much of the material on the genetics of the horse and donkey is either old or has been done in Europe and Asia. This is because horse breeding has become relatively unimportant in the United States since the replacement of horses by tractors, trucks, and automobiles. Recently, however, horse breeding has gained importance in the United States because of the pleasure horse assuming an important role in our leisure society.
A meta-analysis of quantitative trait loci for abiotic and biotic stress resistance in tetraploid cotton

The number and location of mapped quantitative trait loci (QTL) depend on genetic populations and testing environments. The identification of consistent QTL across genetic backgrounds and environments is a pre-requisite to marker-assisted selection. This study analyzed a total of 661 abiotic and biotic stress resistance QTL based on our previous work and other publications using the meta-analysis software Biomercator. It identified chromosomal regions containing QTL clusters for different resistance traits and hotspots for a particular resistance trait in cotton from 98 QTL for drought tolerance under greenhouse (DT) and 150 QTL in field conditions (FDT), 80 QTL for salt tolerance in the greenhouse conditions (ST), 201 QTL for resistance to Verticillium wilt (VW, Verticillium dahliae), 47 QTL for resistance to Fusarium wilt (FW, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum), and 85 QTL for resistance to root-knot nematodes (RKN, Meloiodogyne incognita) and reniform nematodes (RN, Rotylenchulus reniformis). The traits used in QTL mapping for abiotic stress tolerance included morphological traits—plant height and fresh and dry shoot and root weights, physiological traits—chlorophyll content, osmotic potential, carbon isotope ratio, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate, transpiration, canopy temperature, and leaf area index, agronomic traits—seedcotton yield, lint yield, boll weight, and lint percent, and fiber quality traits—fiber length, uniformity, strength, elongation, and micronaire. The results showed that resistance QTL are not uniformly distributed across the cotton genome; some chromosomes carried disproportionally more QTL, QTL clusters, or hotspots. Twenty-three QTL clusters were found on 15 chromosomes (c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c11, c14, c15, c16, c19, c20, c23, c24, c25, and c26). Moreover, 28 QTL hotshots were associated with different resistance traits including one hotspot on c4 for Verticillium wilt resistance, two QTL hotspots on c24 for chlorophyll content measured under both drought and salt stress conditions, and three other hotspots on c19 for the resistance to Verticillium wilt and Fusarium wilt, and micronaire under drought stress conditions. This meta-analysis of stress tolerance QTL provides an important foundation for cotton breeding and further studies on the genetic mechanisms of abiotic and biotic stress resistance in cotton.
Relationships in the Dewey Decimal Classification System

The Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) system is a general knowledge organization tool used worldwide. The system features well-defined categories, well-developed hierarchies, meaningful notation, and a rich network of relationships. The nature of relationships in the DDC is richer than is apparent from a linear view of the system. The DDC accommodates the three basic thesaural relationships in the notational and structural hierarchy; through notes in the schedules, tables, and Manual; and in entries in the Relative Index. Derived relationships are shown through the synthesized notation, or through abridgment leading to broader classification. Options and translations provide alternative relationships. Additional relationships may be displayed through mapping of other thesauri.
Family functioning as perceived by parents and young offspring at high and low risk for depression.

Abstract Background Family dysfunction has been proposed as one of the environmental mechanisms whereby risk of depression is transmitted from mothers to their children. Using our sample of offspring at high and low familial risk for depression, we hypothesized that: a) high-risk offspring (n = 79) and their mothers will report more extensive family dysfunction than low-risk offspring (n = 82) and their mothers, b) family dysfunction will predict the extent of offspring's depressive symptoms, and c) family dysfunction will mediate the impact of mother's depression on offspring's depressive symptoms. Methods The study enrolled 161 offspring of parents who, in a previous study, were ascertained to have either childhood onset mood disorder or no history of a major psychiatric disorder. Parents completed questionnaires and a clinical interview about themselves, their offspring, and the family, while offspring also completed questionnaires about themselves and the family. Results We found support for all three hypotheses. The significant indirect effect between maternal depression and offspring depressive symptoms was driven primarily by offspring's, but not mothers’, reports of family dysfunction. Limitations Although our assessment of mother's early history of depression was done in a previous study, it is important to note that our results do not inform about causality because of the present study's cross-sectional nature. Conclusions The results highlight the importance of detecting and treating family dysfunction, particularly via offspring report, as one way to lower the risk of depression transmission from mothers to their children.
An examination of dyadic changes in optimism and physical health over time.

Objective Having a partner high in optimism is associated with better health in older adults. However, partners, just like individuals, are not static entities and likely change considerably over time. The current study examined whether changes in one person's optimism was associated with corresponding changes in his or her partner's health over a 4-year period. Method We employed a sample of 2,758 heterosexual couples (5,516 individuals; Mage = 65.81, SD = 9.00), married an average of 36.06 years. Median level of education was at least a high school education (13.0% had less than a high school education; 56.1% had a high school education; 30.9% had at least some college education). Both couple members filled out measures of optimism and health twice over a 4-year period. Results Having a partner high in optimism at baseline was associated with increases in an actor's optimism 4 years later, r = .08, p .05) and partner (rs > .03) changes in optimism were associated with changes in self-rated health and chronic illnesses over time. There was also some evidence for an interaction effect (rs > .03), such that the worst outcomes were experienced among couples in which both members decreased in optimism. Conclusion This is the first study to examine how changes in psychological characteristics are associated with changes in health within and across romantic partners. Possible mechanisms are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record
Source within the seal—Distribution and implications of organic shale-bearing stringers within the Onion Creek Diapir, northern Paradox Basin, Utah

The Onion Creek diapir is one of the best exposures of a dissected salt diapir in the world, offering a unique opportunity to better understand the internal character of heterolithic diapirs that are common in sedimentary basins worldwide. Large amounts of interbedded shale, carbonate, and evaporites are incorporated into the diapir as stringers or boudins, and excellent three-dimensional exposure allows us to document the nature, size, deformation, and distribution of these stringers. Blocks range in size from single, disaggregated layers of dolomite to several meters of coherent stringers that contain multiple cycles of dolomite- shale-evaporite and are upwards of 20 m thick and more than 100 m in observed length. The largest blocks are most commonly located along the margins of the exposed diapir, though stringers are common throughout the exposed caprock. In areas devoid of large stringers, there is more extensive deformation of the gypsum caprock, suggesting that the presence of stringers leads to a more heterolithic distribution of stress within the salt as it diapirically rises. These observations can help to better characterize similar diapirs elsewhere that are not well exposed at the surface. Black shale is present in all observed large stringers of the Onion Creek diapir. These shale beds are interpreted to have been deposited in a shallow, restricted marginal marine environment along with the interbedded carbonate and evaporite strata. Pyrolysis analysis of 13 samples from within the stringers shows a range of 2.56 to 60.22% total organic carbon (TOC), with an average value of 16.93%. These strata contain Type I/Type II hydrocarbon source facies, consistent with a restricted shallow marine environment. Tmax data suggest that these source rock facies have been exposed to sufficient thermal energy to generate hydrocarbons (average = 437o C), as evidenced by common hydrocarbon staining of intra-stringer carbonate strata and evaporite beds surrounding the stringers. Twelve additional samples were collected from these stained strata and pyrolysis analysis shows that all are enriched in free oil, as shown by elevated S1 peaks, high production index ratios, and TOC values of 0.64 to 1.66%. This hydrocarbon staining is found around stringers near the center of the exposed caprock, as well as stringers along the margins. Near the margins in particular, extensive alteration can be seen across tens of meters of evaporitic strata, showing that hydrocarbons are effectively generating within and migrating away from stringers fully encased in the anhydrite caprock of the Onion Creek diapir. This has important implications for potential seal integrity of diapiric caprocks, as well as providing a potential mechanism for caprock carbonate formation suggested by other researchers.
Resolution of Tachyarrhythmia Following Posterior Fossa Decompression Surgery for Chiari Malformation Type I

Introduction Chiari malformation (CM) type I commonly presents with symptoms such as tussive headaches, paresthesias, and, in severe cases, corticobulbar dysfunction. However, patients may present with atypical symptoms lending to the complexity in this patient population. We present a case of a CM patient presenting with atypical cardiac symptoms and arrhythmias, all of which resolved after surgical decompression. Case Description A 31-year-old female presented with atypical chest pain, palpitations, tachycardia, headaches, and dizziness for 2 years. Multiple antiarrhythmics and ultimately cardiac ablation procedure proved to be ineffective. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed CM, and the patient ultimately underwent surgical decompression with subsequent resolution of her symptoms. Conclusion The surgical management of CM patients presenting with atypical symptoms can be challenging and often lead to delays in intervention. To our knowledge this is the only reported case of a patient presenting with tachyarrhythmia and atypical chest pain with resolution after Chiari decompression. We believe the dramatic improvement documented in the present case should serve to advance Chiari decompression in CM patients presenting with refractory tachyarrhythmia in whom no other discernable cause has been elucidated. Further studies are needed to better correlate the findings and to hopefully establish a criteria for patients that will likely benefit from surgical decompression.
Use of Adjuvant Chemotherapy among Stage II Colon Cancer Patients in 10 Population-Based National Program of Cancer Registries.

Background Some guidelines advise adjuvant chemotherapy be considered after surgical resection for high-risk stage II colon cancer patients; however, high-risk criteria are poorly defined and the long-term benefits are still debated. This study documents patterns of care by selected patient and tumor characteristics using a US population-based cohort of stage II colon cancer patients diagnosed in 2011. Methods Data were collected from 10 specialized cancer registries participating in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Program of Cancer Registries' Enhancing Cancer Registry Data for Comparative Effectiveness Research project. The data were used to describe characteristics of stage II colon cancer patients treated by surgery to evaluate factors associated with receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. Results Of the 3,891 stage II colon cancer patients, 14.3% were treated with surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy compared to 82.9% by surgery alone. The patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy were predominately non-Hispanic white (66.1%), of younger age, and had private insurance (39.9%). Compared to surgery alone, the 5 characteristics associated with adjuvant therapy were younger age (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] for 5-year decrease below 75 years, 1.25; P < .001); more advanced stage (IIB/IIC vs IIA) (AOR, 4.79; P < .001); lymphovascular invasion (AOR, 1.76, P < .001); higher grade (III/IV vs I/II) (AOR, 1.84; P < .001); and registry area. Conclusions In this population-based cohort, younger patients with more advanced stage II colon tumors, with lymphovascular invasion, and poor differentiation were more likely to receive adjuvant chemotherapy in addition to surgery. These characteristics align with high-risk profiles defined in guidelines. Ongoing data collection on outcomes, including recurrence and survival, will help clarify the benefits of adjuvant treatments for stage II colon patients.
Response to: ‘Postpartum breastfeeding status’ by Betzold

Thank you for your question1 regarding our article ‘Effect of pregnancy on disease flares in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus’.2 We did not have data available on lactation status for women during the postpartum period, and we were unable to account for this in …
Interim PET/CT Result Is Not Predictive of Survival in Patients With MYC-rearranged Non-Burkitt Aggressive B-cell Lymphoma.

Abstract Background Patients with a diagnosis of MYC-rearranged non–Burkitt aggressive B-cell lymphoma (MYC-R), including those with double hit lymphoma, are at high risk of developing relapsed/refractory disease, even if treated with intensive front-line immunochemotherapy. It is common in clinical practice and clinical trials to perform an interim positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) scan (iPET) during front-line therapy for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. However, the utility of the iPET result for MYC-R patients for predicting outcomes is unclear. Patients and Methods We performed a single-center retrospective study with centralized pathologic review and PET/CT image acquisition and interpretation for 28 MYC-R patients. The patients received front-line therapy with R-CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, hydroxydaunorubicin [doxorubicin], Oncovin [vincristine], prednisone) or intensive immunochemotherapy. Results Eight patients had iPET-positive (iPET+) and 20 patients had iPET-negative (iPET−) results using the Deauville visual assessment criteria. At a median follow-up length of 30.4 months, progression-free survival was 65% and overall survival was 76%, neither of which differed significantly between the iPET− and iPET+ patients. The positive predictive value of iPET for progression at 30 months was 25%, and the negative predictive value was 65%. Conclusion Although patients with MYC-R lymphoma have been reported to be at high risk of primary treatment failure, this was not predicted by iPET+ results. Thus, the iPET result should not be used to guide changes in front-line or consolidative therapy for these patients.
Predictive biomarkers for immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: we need to keep searching.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors are being increasingly used in the management of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Identifying patients most likely to respond to these agents has become an increasingly important area of investigation.
28 – Issues and Architectures in Large-Scale Data Visualization

This chapter takes a high-level, end-to-end, systems view of the large-scale data visualization problem in high-performance computing environments. The chapter introduces many of the issues associated with the problem as well as solution approaches and architectural features that are either proven or have promise. Successes in the advanced simulation and computing visual interactive environment for weapons simulation program are used to help provide credence to some of the architectural elements. The presents some of the simple statistics relating to the migration of visualization data. Statistics such as these are particularly relevant in the consideration of remote data analysis and visualization of large data, or visualization in high-performance computing environments that are distributed. The chapter also presents a functional system architecture for high-performance computing environments that can be used to provide the services and end-to-end system characteristics. The architecture links the key components of computational resources, data archival, large high-performance online storage, data service resources, visualization service resources, and the end user's display and/or workstation interface.
Microcirculation in Health and Disease

Although considerable information is available concerning the ultrastructure and histology of the terminal vascular bed for humans, our understanding of the dynamics of this system rests largely upon experimental studies in animals. In situ measurements of microvessel behavior in man have been made in superficial structures, such as the eye [1], the nailfold or the digits [2], or the skin in general and dealt in the main with structural alternations in particular vessels. The most meaningful measurements in patients that dealt with functional mechanisms were concerned with blood-tissue exchange [3].
Genetics. Developmental Biology

How different sets of genes are turned off and on in the differentiation of cells and the development of an organism is a central question of biology. Little is yet known; definitive answers are not likely until much more information becomes available regarding the organization of the genome. Parasites, with their highly specialized life cycles requiring sharp changes in both structure and function, might be expected to provide exceptional material for such studies. Yet until recently little had been done on either the genetics or the genome of parasitic animals. The rich rewards to be reaped in such work, and its bearing on both molecular biology and the biology of parasitism, have quickly become apparent in two fields now actively under investigation. Both deal with the African trypanosomes. One is concerned with the remarkable ability of these organisms, when infecting the vertebrate bloodstream, to avoid the immune responses of their host by successive and almost unlimited changes in the antigenic nature of their surface coat. The other is concerned with an equally remarkable specialized mitochondrial DNA present in trypanosomes and related flagellates. The genes and control mechanisms of the variable surface glycoproteins, and the kinetoplast DNA, each deserve a separate chapter (Chapters 18 and 11). Here I will consider sex and genetics among parasitic animals, what is known regarding their genomes, and the bearing of this on parasitism.