cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A dynamic role for the mushroom bodies in promoting sleep in Drosophila

The fruitfly Drosophila is well established as a genetic model for the study of sleep. The flies have a behavioural pattern resembling what we call sleep, but the signature EEG changes characteristic of sleep and its stages have not been identified, so it is not possible to say if sleep in flies is a neural process and, if so, what neural substrates are involved. Answering this question is an essential step towards interpreting the mechanisms by which genes influence sleep. Two groups have now tackled the problem, and both identify the structures known as the mushroom bodies as the part of the brain involved in sleep regulation. This discovery brings a neural dimension to sleep in Drosophila and also links sleep to the other known functions of the mushroom bodies — learning and memory. The fruitfly, Drosophila melanogaster, exhibits many of the cardinal features of sleep, yet little is known about the neural circuits governing its sleep1. Here we have performed a screen of GAL4 lines expressing a temperature-sensitive synaptic blocker shibirets1 (ref. 2) in a range of discrete neural circuits, and assayed the amount of sleep at different temperatures. We identified three short-sleep lines at the restrictive temperature with shared expression in the mushroom bodies, a neural locus central to learning and memory3. Chemical ablation of the mushroom bodies also resulted in reduced sleep. These studies highlight a central role for the mushroom bodies in sleep regulation.
Decomposition algorithms for the design of a nonsimultaneous capacitated evacuation tree network

In this article, we examine the design of an evacuation tree, in which evacuation is subject to capacity restrictions on arcs. The cost of evacuating people in the network is determined by the sum of penalties incurred on arcs on which they travel, where penalties are determined according to a nondecreasing function of time. Given a discrete set of disaster scenarios affecting network population, arc capacities, transit times, and penalty functions, we seek to establish an optimal a priori evacuation tree that minimizes the expected evacuation penalty. The solution strategy is based on Benders decomposition, in which the master problem is a mixed-integer program and each subproblem is a time-expanded network flow problem. We provide efficient methods for obtaining primal and dual subproblem solutions, and analyze techniques for improving the strength of the master problem formulation, thus reducing the number of master problem solutions required for the algorithm's convergence. We provide computational results to compare the efficiency of our methods on a set of randomly generated test instances. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2009
Elite Suppressor–Derived HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins Exhibit Reduced Entry Efficiency and Kinetics

Elite suppressors (ES) are a rare subset of HIV-1–infected individuals who are able to maintain HIV-1 viral loads below the limit of detection by ultra-sensitive clinical assays in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. Mechanism(s) responsible for this elite control are poorly understood but likely involve both host and viral factors. This study assesses ES plasma-derived envelope glycoprotein (env) fitness as a function of entry efficiency as a possible contributor to viral suppression. Fitness of virus entry was first evaluated using a novel inducible cell line with controlled surface expression levels of CD4 (receptor) and CCR5 (co-receptor). In the context of physiologic CCR5 and CD4 surface densities, ES envs exhibited significantly decreased entry efficiency relative to chronically infected viremic progressors. ES envs also demonstrated slow entry kinetics indicating the presence of virus with reduced entry fitness. Overall, ES env clones were less efficient at mediating entry than chronic progressor envs. Interestingly, acute infection envs exhibited an intermediate phenotypic pattern not distinctly different from ES or chronic progressor envs. These results imply that lower env fitness may be established early and may directly contribute to viral suppression in ES individuals.
Ultracompact HII regions: the impact of newly formed massive stars on their environment

Ultracompact (UC)HII regions are manifestations of newly formed massive stars that are still embedded in their natal molecular cloud. They are among the brightest and most luminous single objects in the Galaxy at far infrared and radio wavelengths. Recent high spatial resolution studies, particularly at radio wavelengths, have greatly contributed to our understanding of these dynamic objects and the impact they have on their environment. A summary is given of our current understanding of the physical properties, morphologies, dynamics, number and distribution in the Galaxy, and molecular environments of UCHII regions. Recent models of the circumnebular dust imply that the graphite/silicate abundance ratio is about half that of dust in the diffuse interstellar medium. The dust cocoons are large, cool, and optically thick shortward of a few microns. There are apparently between 1700 and 3000 UCHII regions in the Galaxy. This represents 10–20% of the total O star population. There are too many UCHII regions (just counting those studied with the VLA) to be consistent with the short dynamical lifetimes of this very compact stage of evolution. Both the morphologies and the large number can be understood if UC HII regions are bow shocks. Models of stellar wind supported bow shocks are discussed and consequences for the dynamics and morphologies of the ionized and molecular gas are explored.
Transcriptional regulation of the 5-HT2A receptor.

Abstract Complex transcriptional control mechanisms are responsible for the cell-type and antidepressant-induced regulation of the 5-HT 2 A receptor. Repressor domains in the 5′ flanking region of the 5-HT 2 A receptor gene are the primary determinants to generate neuronal cell-specific transcription. Glial cell expression of the 5-HT 2 A receptor is achieved through a cell-type specific promoter activation. The downregulation of the 5-HT 2 A receptor by the atypical antidepressant mianserin is mediated by a drug response sequence in the 5′ flanking region of the receptor gene.
A self-consistent boundary element, parametric dislocation dynamics formulation of plastic flow in finite volumes

Abstract We present a self-consistent formulation of 3-D parametric dislocation dynamics (PDD) with the boundary element method (BEM) to describe dislocation motion, and hence microscopic plastic flow in finite volumes. We develop quantitative measures of the accuracy and convergence of the method by considering a comparison with known analytical solutions. It is shown that the method displays absolute convergence with increasing the number of quadrature points on the dislocation loop and the surface mesh density. The error in the image force on a screw dislocation approaching a free surface is shown to increase as the dislocation approaches the surface, but is nevertheless controllable. For example, at a distance of one lattice parameter from the surface, the relative error is less than 5% for a surface mesh with an element size of 1000 × 2000 (in units of lattice parameter), and 64 quadrature points. The Eshelby twist angle in a finite-length cylinder containing a coaxial screw dislocation is also used to benchmark the method. Finally, large scale 3-D simulation results of single slip behavior in cylindrical microcrystals are presented. Plastic flow characteristics and the stress–strain behavior of cylindrical microcrystals under compression are shown to be in agreement with experimental observations. It is shown that the mean length of dislocations trapped at the surface is the dominant factor in determining the size effects on hardening of single crystals. The influence of surface image fields on the flow stress is finally explored. It is shown that the flow stress is reduced by as much as 20% for small single crystals of size less than 0.15 μ m .
Prohormone convertase-1 is essential for conversion of chromogranin A to pancreastatin

Abstract The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the endoprotease, prohormone convertase-1 (PC-1), is involved in the processing of the precursor protein chromogranin A (CGA) to a smaller peptide called pancreastatin (PST). A human pancreatic carcinoid cell line (BON) that expresses PC-1, CGA and PST was stably transfected with antisense PC-1 mRNA. BON cells expressing antisense PC-1 mRNA showed nearly complete abolishment of PC-1 protein (∼95% reduction) and an 80% reduction in cell content of PST immunoreactivity (PST-IR) as assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography in combination with measurement of PST-IR. These findings indicate that PC-1 is essential for processing CGA to PST.
Molecular mechanics calculations (MM3) on sulfones

The structures of several sulfones, including dimethyl sulfone, methyl ethyl sulfone, methyl vinyl sulfone, and diphenyl sulfone, have been fit with the MM3 force field to existing experimental data from electron diffraction and microwave spectroscopy. The vibrational spectra have also been fit for six of these compounds. The torsional parameters for the aliphatic sulfones were fit to ab initio 6-31G data. Heats of formation were also fit. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Bioassay-directed fractionation for discovery of bioactive neutral lipids guided by relative mass defect filtering and multiplexed collision-induced dissociation

We report a synergistic method using bioassay-directed liquid chromatography fractionation and time-of-flight mass spectrometry to guide and accelerate bioactive compound discovery. To steer purification and assays toward anticipated neutral lipid activators of a constitutive androstane receptor splice variant, a relative mass defect filter was calculated, based on the ratio of the mass defect to the measured ion mass, and used to reduce the number of candidate ion masses. Mass measurements often lack sufficient accuracy to provide unambiguous assignments of elemental compositions, and since the relative mass defect reflects fractional hydrogen content of ions, this value is largely determined by the hydrogen content of a compound's biosynthetic precursors. A relative mass defect window ranging from 600-1000 ppm, consistent with an assortment of lipids, was chosen to assess the number of candidate ions in fractions of fetal bovine serum. This filter reduced the number of candidate ion m/z values from 1345 to 892, which was further reduced to 21 by intensity and isotope filtering. Accurate mass measurements from time-of-flight mass spectrometry and fragment ion masses generated using nonselective collision-induced dissociation suggested dioctyl phthalate as one of few neutral lipid constituents in the active fraction. The identity of this compound was determined to be di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate using GC/MS, and it was ranked as a promising candidate for reporter assay screening.
Jewish Persecutions and Weather Shocks: 1100-1800

What factors caused the persecution of minorities in medieval and early modern Europe? We build a model that predicts that minority communities were more likely to be expropriated in the wake of negative income shocks. Using panel data consisting of 1,366 city-level persecutions of Jews from 936 European cities between 1100 and 1800, we test whether persecutions were more likely in colder growing seasons. A one standard deviation decrease in average growing season temperature increased the probability of a persecution between one-half and one percentage points (relative to a baseline probability of two percent). This effect was strongest in regions with poor soil quality or located within weak states. We argue that long-run decline in violence against Jews between 1500 and 1800 is partly attributable to increases in fiscal and legal capacity across many European states.
Multidisciplinary Rounds in Our ICU: Improved Collaboration and Patient Outcomes

“In Our Unit” highlights unique practices, innovations, research, or resourceful solutions to commonly encountered problems in critical care areas and settings where critically ill patients are cared for. If you have an idea for an upcoming “In Our Unit,” send it to Critical Care Nurse, 101 Columbia, Aliso Viejo, CA 92656; fax, (949) 362-2049; e-mail, ccn@aacn.org. Our new culture of transparency among all disciplines on our unit has led to many improvements in the quality of care we provide to our patients. In 2007, the intensive care unit (ICU) at Florida Hospital Celebration Health implemented critical care multidisciplinary rounds under the supervision of the ICU nursing director and the medical director. Their vision for patientcentered care required effective communication, teamwork, and a culture of safety among physicians, nurses, educators, clinical nurse specialists, chaplains, respiratory therapists, dietitians, and other allied health and administrative leaders. Multidisciplinary rounds allow for real-time and in-person exchanges of information, making the goals and plan of care for each patient clear to everyone. Rounds begin around 10:30 AM with a rounding chart and lap top computer, which allows us immediate access to pertinent information. After a patient’s case is presented and discussed in front of the patient’s room, we enter the room and continue the rounds at the bedside where team members can see the patient and engage him or her and the family in the plan of care. Visiting hours are limited during rounds to maintain confidentiality. The unit medical director and intensivists, who write the orders, ensure that all aspects of the patient’s whole person are addressed, with the assistance of our chaplain and social worker/case manager. The primary nurse plays a vital role in coordinating, planning, assessing, and presenting the patient’s case to the multidisciplinary team at rounds. Evidence-based practices and unit core measures are discussed as well as safety concerns such as fall risks and infection prevention. If needed, the intensivists provide clarity and depth of knowledge on the pathophysiology of the patient’s medical diagnosis. Education is an important component of the multidisciplinary rounds; every team member gets a chance to provide his or her expertise and to bring up any new research or evidence-based practice. A sign-in sheet is maintained to track the participation of all disciplines involved in the plan of care. At the end of rounds, the primary nurse documents the plan of care and any education that took place at the bedside. Since the implementation of multidisciplinary rounds, our ICU has reported 0% central line–associated blood stream infections and nurses have experienced increased teamwork, job enjoyment, positive nurse-physician interactions, autonomy, time spent with patients, quality of care, and collaboration with physicians. Our ICU has also reported decreased length of stay, mortality, fall rate, and 0% nurse separation. Our new culture of transparency among all In Our Unit
Where Does Hematology End and Oncology Begin? Questions of Professional Boundaries and Medical Authority

This article recounts the development of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and explores the role of its members in defining oncology's boundaries-boundaries dictated by scientific innovations, major changes in the structure of medical specialization, and the competing efforts of closely related professional groups. Oral histories, journal articles, and unpublished materials from the ASCO History of Oncology Archive were reviewed to analyze these events closely. In 1972, the American Board of Internal Medicine recognized medical oncology as a subspecialty, creating tensions between oncology and hematology as each discipline defended its identity. Drawing on sources produced by hematologists, historian Keith Wailoo (Wailoo, Drawing Blood, 1997) has shown that when medical oncologists claimed wide-ranging expertise over the treatment of all patients suffering from malignant disease in their pursuit of specialty status, the leukemias became contested ground. This article extends this thesis by reviewing the central role of ASCO in these events and recreating the dialogue between members of the two fields as they sought recognition at individual institutions and, more broadly, within American medicine. By acknowledging the contestation of its authority and the results of these prolonged negotiations, we can better understand the current status of oncology and its future outlook.
The sea spray contribution to sensible heat flux

Direct numerical simulations (DNS) of turbulent Couette flow are combined with Lagrangian point-particle tracking to investigate the effects of a dispersed phase on bulk passive heat transport when the two phases can exchangebothmomentumandsensibleheat. Theidealizedsetupallows afixednumberofparticles,withoutthe influence of gravity, to be transported by carrier-phase motions across the mean velocity and temperature gradients that exist between the solid boundaries of turbulent Couette flow. In this way, the setup serves as a model of spray in a shear-dominated layer in the immediate vicinity of the water surface and provides insight into the ability of spray to enhance sensible heat fluxes. The authors find that the dispersed phase contributes arelativelylargeamountofverticalheattransport andincreases thetotalheatfluxacross thedomainby25%or greater. Particles that accumulate in regions associated with wall-normal ejections efficiently carry heat across the channel. Furthermore, the authors find that the relative contribution of the dispersed-phase heat flux becomes larger with Reynolds number, suggesting an importance at atmospheric scales.
Pharmacogenomics in heart failure: individualizing therapy based on genotype.

Larisa H Cavallari University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood St, Room 164, Chicago, IL 60612-7230, USA Tel.: +1 312 996 0886; Fax: +1 312 996 0379; humma@uic.edu ‘Pharmacogenomics may allow clinicians to predict the likelihood of benefit or harm with a particular drug in a particular patient based on genotype, and tailor heart failure therapy accordingly.’
Response to Additional Benefits of Home Blood Pressure Monitors

The suggestion that the use of home blood pressure (BP) monitoring (HBPM) may be of particular value in patients who are indigent and therefore get less satisfactory medical care than those of us who are insured in the United States is of interest.1 A …
The Kinesin-13 Proteins Kif2a, Kif2b, and Kif2c/MCAK Have Distinct Roles during Mitosis in Human Cells

The human genome has three unique genes coding for kinesin-13 proteins called Kif2a, Kif2b, and MCAK (Kif2c). Kif2a and MCAK have documented roles in mitosis, but the function of Kif2b has not been defined. Here, we show that Kif2b is expressed at very low levels in cultured cells and that GFP-Kif2b localizes predominately to centrosomes and midbodies, but also to spindle microtubules and transiently to kinetochores. Kif2b-deficient cells assemble monopolar or disorganized spindles. Chromosomes in Kif2b-deficient cells show typical kinetochore-microtubule attachments, but the velocity of movement is reduced ∼80% compared with control cells. Some Kif2b-deficient cells attempt anaphase, but the cleavage furrow regresses and cytokinesis fails. Like Kif2a-deficient cells, bipolar spindle assembly can be restored to Kif2b-deficient cells by simultaneous deficiency of MCAK or Nuf2 or treatment with low doses of nocodazole. However, Kif2b-deficient cells are unique in that they assemble bipolar spindles when the pole focusing activities of NuMA and HSET are perturbed. These data demonstrate that Kif2b function is required for spindle assembly and chromosome movement and that the microtubule depolymerase activities of Kif2a, Kif2b, and MCAK fulfill distinct functions during mitosis in human cells.
Lift‐out procedures for atom probe tomography targeting nanoscale features in core‐shell nanowire heterostructures

Focused ion beam (FIB) milling and lift-out was used to prepare atom probe tomography (APT) specimens from GaN-InGaN multi-quantum well (MQW) nanowire arrays. Modifications to the conventional FIB lift-out technique enable the site-specific analysis of different regions of a single nanowire heterostructure. Three dimensional (3-D) reconstructions of quantum wells generated by analysis along different directions with respect to the heterointerface demonstrate both the capabilities and limitations of atom probe tomographic analysis. The methods described herein can be applied to the site-specific analysis of other complex 3-D heterostructures. (© 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
SELECTING THE BEST PERFORMING WEIBULL ESTIMATION METHOD FOR RANDOMLY RIGHT CENSORED DATA

A total of nine methods are compared and tables are presented for selecting the best performing estimator for a two-parameter Weibull distribution using randomly right censored data. The results indicate that a best performing method can be selected given a certain sample size, censoring level, and shape parameter range. Such a comparison of estimators is necessary as the best performing method is shown to vary across these values. The estimation methods tested include the Maximum Likelihood Estimator, Kaplan-Meier Estimator, Piecewise Exponential Estimator, Foldes, Rejt, and Winter Estimator, Klein, Lee, and Moeschberger Partially Parametric Estimator, Ross Estimator, White Estimator, Bain and Engelhardt Estimator, and the Modified Profile Maximum Likelihood Estimator. Recommendations are provided for applying the studied approach to other types of data and distributions.
Minocycline attenuates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation, sickness behavior, and anhedonia

Activation of the peripheral innate immune system stimulates the secretion of CNS cytokines that modulate the behavioral symptoms of sickness. Excessive production of cytokines by microglia, however, may cause long-lasting behavioral and cognitive complications. The purpose of this study was to determine if minocycline, an anti-inflammatory agent and purported microglial inhibitor, attenuates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation, sickness behavior, and anhedonia. In the first set of experiments the effect of minocycline pretreatment on LPS-induced microglia activation was assessed in BV-2 microglia cell cultures. In the second study, adult (3–6 m) BALB/c mice received an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of vehicle or minocycline (50 mg/kg) for three consecutive days. On the third day, mice were also injected (i.p.) with saline or Escherichia coli LPS (0.33 mg/kg) and behavior (i.e., sickness and anhedonia) and markers of neuroinflammation (i.e., microglia activation and inflammatory cytokines) were determined. In the final study, adult and aged BALB/c mice were treated with the same minocycline and LPS injection regimen and markers of neuroinflammation were determined. All data were analyzed using Statistical Analysis Systems General Linear Model procedures and were subjected to one-, two-, or three-way ANOVA to determine significant main effects and interactions. Minocycline blocked LPS-stimulated inflammatory cytokine secretion in the BV-2 microglia-derived cell line and reduced LPS-induced Toll-like-receptor-2 (TLR2) surface expression on brain microglia. Moreover, minocycline facilitated the recovery from sickness behavior (i.e., anorexia, weight loss, and social withdrawal) and prevented anhedonia in adult mice challenged with LPS. Furthermore, the minocycline associated recovery from LPS-induced sickness behavior was paralleled by reduced mRNA levels of Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and indoleamine 2, 3 dioxygenase (IDO) in the cortex and hippocampus. Finally, in aged mice, where exaggerated neuroinflammation was elicited by LPS, minocycline pretreatment was still effective in markedly reducing mRNA levels of IL-1β, TLR2 and IDO in the hippocampus. These data indicate that minocycline mitigates neuroinflammation in the adult and aged brain and modulates the cytokine-associated changes in motivation and behavior.
Microscopic optical potential analyses of carbon-carbon elastic scattering'

Utilizing eikonal phase shifts determined from a microscopic double-folding optical potential, marked improvement in the agreement between theory and experiment, for elastic carbon-carbon scattering between 200 and 300 MeV, is obtained when only those values for the nucleon-nucleon slope parameter, appropriate for diffractive scattering, are used. The appropriateness of the perturbative eikonal expansion is discussed by comparison with recent results, obtained for the same potentials, using a more exact complex Wentzell-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB) formalism.
Refined structure and properties of the layered mott insulator bacos2

Abstract BaCoS 2 is orthorhombic Cmma a = 6.4413(3) A, b = 6.4926(3) A, c = 8.9406(3) A, and is closely related to BaNiS 2 , which contains Ni-S layers separated by rock salt BaS sheets. Crystals were grown from the melt by slow cooling from 1050 to 950°C. The sulfur atoms in the Co-S layers have very anisotropic thermal displacement parameters, possibly indicating that these sulfurs are actually in a double well potential centered at a high symmetry position in the space group Cmma . BaCoS 2 is found to be a paramagnetic semiconductor (Mott insulator). The magnetic properties indicate that BaCoS 2 undergoes a transformation at 300 K, which is likely due to the onset of antiferromagnetic order.
Elasto-Plastic Finite Element Analysis of Repeated, Two-Dimensional Rolling-Sliding Contacts

The stresses, strains, and deformations produced by repeated, two-dimensional rolling-sliding contact are analyzed using a modified finite element model developed by Bhargava et al. [1]. Rolling and sliding are simulated by translating an appropriate set of normal and tangential surface tractions across an elastic-perfectly plastic half space. The study examines a peak-pressure-to-shear strength ratio of p o /k = 4.5 and normal to tangential force ratios of T /N = 0.20 and T /N = 0.17. The calculations describe the residual stresses, displacements and the continuing cyclic radial, shear and equivalent strains generated at various depths in the rim. The results are compared with previous calculations by Johnson and Jefferis [2] of rolling-sliding contact and with pure rolling. The present work predicts much higher deformations than previously calculated.
Letter to the Editor-On King's Note

Response to the note King, W. R. 1967. On the nature and form of operations research. Oper. Res.15 1177-1180.
Vibrio cholerae CsrA Regulates ToxR Levels in Response to Amino Acids and Is Essential for Virulence

ABSTRACT ToxR is a major virulence gene regulator in Vibrio cholerae. Although constitutively expressed under many laboratory conditions, our previous work demonstrated that the level of ToxR increases significantly when cells are grown in the presence of the 4 amino acids asparagine, arginine, glutamate, and serine (NRES). We show here that the increase in ToxR production in response to NRES requires the Var/Csr global regulatory circuit. The VarS/VarA two-component system controls the amount of active CsrA, a small RNA-binding protein involved in the regulation of a wide range of cellular processes. Our data show that a varA mutant, which is expected to overproduce active CsrA, had elevated levels of ToxR in the absence of the NRES stimulus. Conversely, specific amino acid substitutions in CsrA were associated with defects in ToxR production in response to NRES. These data indicate that CsrA is a positive regulator of ToxR levels. Unlike previously described effects of CsrA on virulence gene regulation, the effects of CsrA on ToxR were not mediated through quorum sensing and HapR. CsrA is likely essential in V. cholerae, since a complete deletion of csrA was not possible; however, point mutations in CsrA were tolerated well. The CsrA Arg6His mutant had wild-type growth in vitro but was severely attenuated in the infant mouse model of V. cholerae infection, showing that CsrA is critical for pathogenesis. This study has broad implications for our understanding of how V. cholerae integrates its response to environmental cues with the regulation of important virulence genes. IMPORTANCE In order to colonize the human host, Vibrio cholerae must sense and respond to environmental signals to ensure appropriate expression of genes required for pathogenesis. Uncovering how V. cholerae senses its environment and activates its virulence gene repertoire is critical for our understanding of how V. cholerae transitions from its natural aquatic habitat to the human host. Here we demonstrate a previously unknown link between the global regulator CsrA and the major V. cholerae virulence gene regulator ToxR. The role of CsrA in the cell is to receive input from the environment and coordinate an appropriate cellular response. By linking environmental sensing to the ToxR regulon, CsrA effectively acts as a switch that controls pathogenesis in response to specific signals. We demonstrate that CsrA is critical for virulence in the infant mouse model of V. cholerae infection, consistent with its role as an in vivo regulator of virulence gene expression.
Spring-Summer Diet of Lake Trout on Six Fathom Bank and Yankee Reef in Lake Huron

We examined the stomach contents of 1,045 lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) caught on Six Fathom Bank and Yankee Reef, two offshore reef complexes in Lake Huron, during late spring and early summer 1998–2003. Lake trout ranged in total length from 213 to 858 mm, and in age from 2 to 14 years. In total, 742 stomachs contained food. On a wet-weight basis, alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) dominated the spring-summer diet of lake trout on both of these offshore reef complexes. Alewives accounted for 75 to 90% of lake trout diet, depending on the lake trout size category. Size of alewives found in lake trout stomachs increased with increasing lake trout size. Faster growth of juvenile lake trout on Six Fathom Bank and Yankee Reef than on Sheboygan Reef in Lake Michigan was attributed to greater availability of small alewives on the offshore reefs in Lake Huron. Our findings indicated that alewives inhabited Six Fathom Bank and Yankee Reef during spring and summer months. Thus, our study provided support for the contention that alewives may have interfered with natural reproduction by lake trout on these offshore reef complexes in Lake Huron.
The Four Subfields: Anthropologists as Mythmakers

A survey of articles published in the American Anthropologist over a 100-year period indicates that substantive collaboration across anthropological subfields is largely a myth—amounting toonly 311 of 3,264 articles surveyed (or 9.5 percent of the total). Working with the anthropological insights of Bronislaw Malinowski, Edward Tylor, and Claude Levi-Strauss, this article considers why a myth of subf ield collaboration nonetheless exists within anthropology. This article concludes by calling for new forms of holism. [Keywords: American Anthropologist, subf ield collaboration, holism, public anthropology]
DSP-based solution for ambient noise reduction in mobile phones

Using a mobile handset in noisy environments makes the far-end speech difficult to be perceived from the near-end user perspective. As he is surrounded by a loud background noise, the handset user needs to concentrate hard to understand the far-end speaker conversation. Ambient noise reduction algorithms provide an efficient solution to build a silent zone between the handset loudspeaker and the user ear, thus improving the speech understanding for the near-end speaker. This paper presents a description of an innovative ambient noise reduction system developed on a TI TMS320C54x DSP. This combines both theoretical and experimental considerations, raising potential issues that may be encountered when implementing these applications on a real system. It is shown that the advanced architecture of the TI TMS320C54x DSP makes the ambient noise reduction application possible in the same CPU performing time wireless digital cellular baseband processing.
Ultrasonic evaluation of therapeutic response in tumors: Its value and implications

Not only may ultrasound demonstrate the presence of a tumor mass at various sites in the abdomen, but it may also be useful in measuring the size of the mass. The rate of tumor growth or regression was followed by ultrasound in 28 patients with ovarian carcinoma undergoing chemotherapy. The ability of ultrasound to make precise measurements of tumor size is discussed, and the value of these measurements is explored. This quantification may be valuable in the assessment of therapeutic response in pelvic cancer, and the technique may be applicable to other intra-abdominal mass lesions.
Interventional Radiology: A Half Century of Innovation

The evolution of modern interventional radiology began over half century ago with a simple question. Was it possible to use the same diagnostic imaging tools that had revolutionized the practice of medicine to guide the real-time treatment of disease? This disruptive concept led to rapid treatment advances in every organ system of the body. It became clear that by utilizing imaging some patients could undergo targeted procedures, eliminating the need for major surgery, while others could undergo procedures for previously unsolvable problems. The breadth of these changes now encompasses all of medicine and has forever changed the way we think about disease. In this brief review article, major advances in the field, as chronicled in the pages of Radiology, will be described. q RSNA, 2014
Targeting therapeutic liabilities engendered by PIK3R1 mutations for cancer treatment

The regulatory subunit of PI3K, p85α (encoded by PIK3R1), binds, stabilizes and inhibits the PI3K p110 catalytic subunit. Functional characterization of PIK3R1 mutations has identified not only hypomorphs with reduced inhibition of p110, but also hypomorphs and dominant negative mutants that disrupt a novel regulatory role of p85α on PTEN or neomorphs that activate unexpected signaling pathways. The diverse phenotypic spectrum of these PIK3R1 driver mutations underscores the need for different treatment strategies targeting tumors harboring these mutations. This article describes the functional consequences of the spectrum of PIK3R1 driver mutations and therapeutic liabilities they may engender.
Role of contralesional hemisphere in paretic arm reaching in patients with severe arm paresis due to stroke: A preliminary report

Stroke is highly prevalent and a leading cause of serious, long-term disability among American adults. Impaired movement (i.e. paresis) of the stroke-affected arm is a major contributor to post-stroke disability, yet the mechanisms of upper extremity motor recovery are poorly understood, particularly in severely impaired patients who lack hand function. To address this problem, we examined the functional relevance of the contralesional hemisphere in paretic arm motor performance in individuals with severe arm paresis. Twelve individuals with severe stroke-induced arm paresis (Upper Extremity Fugl-Meyer Assessment=17.1 ± 8.5; maximum score=66) participated in the study. Participants performed a reaching response time task with their paretic arm. At varying time intervals following a 'Go' cue, a pair of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) pulses were delivered to contralesional hemisphere primary motor (M1) or dorsal pre-motor cortex (PMd) to momentarily disrupt the pattern of neural firing. Response time components and hand-path characteristics were compared across the 2 sites for trials with and without TMS disruption. There was no significant effect of TMS disruption on overall Response time or Reaction time, but Movement time was significantly longer (i.e. slower) with disruption of the contralesional hemisphere (p=0.015), regardless of which area was stimulated. Peak hand-path velocity and hand-path smoothness were also significantly lower (p=0.005 and p<0.0001, respectively) with TMS disruption of the contralesional hemisphere. The data from this study provide evidence supporting a functionally relevant role of contralesional hemisphere motor areas in paretic arm reaching movements in individuals with severe post-stroke arm impairment.
Capitellocondylar total elbow replacement : a long-term follow-up study

Fifty-one capitellocondylar elbow replacements were inserted in forty-one patients between 1976 and 1986. Thirty-nine patients had rheumatoid arthritis and two had traumatic osteoarthrosis. The average age of the patients at the time of the operation was fifty-six years (range, twenty-one to seventy-seven years). Thirty-one patients who had thirty-nine retained elbow prostheses had an average length of follow-up of 6.5 years (range, two to thirteen years). Flexion improved an average of 20 degrees; extension, 4 degrees; pronation, 22 degrees; and supination, 36 degrees. Relief of pain was complete in 85 per cent of the thirty-nine elbows, and in 15 per cent there was only mild pain. Noteworthy postoperative complications in the original fifty-one elbows included infection in four elbows (8 per cent), dislocation in three (6 per cent), and ulnar neuropathy in sixteen (31 per cent). Three elbows were revised: one for a humeral fracture, one for recurrent dislocation, and one for aseptic loosening. Aseptic loosening was evident on radiographs of two elbows; one patient was completely asymptomatic, and one had mild pain with deformity. The Souter zonal radiographic assessment system for identification of radiolucencies at the bone-cement interface was utilized; there was no significant difference in radiolucencies between ulnar components backed with metal and those that were not backed with metal. Kaplan-Meier cumulative survivorship analysis demonstrated that a functional prosthesis was retained in 88 per cent of the elbows at 1.4 years postoperatively and in 83 per cent at 5.5 years.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Effects of Grinding on Dynamic Fatigue Behavior and Strength Degradation of Hot Pressed Silicon Nitride Ceramics at Room Temperature

Four-point bending dynamic fatigue tests were carried out at five different crosshead speeds from 5×10-4 to 5×100mm/min in air at room temperature. Hot pressed silicon nitride ceramics was used for the tests and ground with 600, 400 and 200 grit resin bonded diamond wheels perpendicular to the direction of bending stress. Both the specimens ground with the 400 and 200 grit wheels showed a decrease in the fatigue parameter and fracture strength, while no decrease was observed in the specimen ground with the 600 grit wheel. It is suggested that grinding induces surface flaws and that the mean fracture strength of specimens ground with the 400 and 200 grit wheels tested at low crosshead speeds is lowered by slow crack growth of the surface flaws which are easily affected by stress corrosion.
The Oregon Omnibus Wilderness Act of 1978 as a Component of the Endangered American Wilderness Act of 1978, Public Law 95-237

Introduction This paper explores the political process and motivations behind passage of the Oregon Omnibus Wilderness Act of 1978 (OOWA). Through an analysis of the parties involved, a perception of values as a policy determinant for wilderness emerges. The Oregon Omnibus Wilderness Act was a component of the larger national law, The Endangered American Wilderness Act of 1978 (EAWA). EAWA provided further definition to the original Wilderness Act of 1964, calling for significant expansion of the National Wilderness Preservation System in the western United States. Following the Eastern Wilderness Act of 1975, "The Endangered American Wilderness Act of 1978.. .extended.. .liberal policy on wilderness eligibility to the western national forests."' This question of wilderness eligibility was the focus of value conflict during the public hearings and congressional debates prior to passage of the EAWA, which included the lands in the Oregon Omnibus bill.
Site-Specific Thermodynamic Stability and Unfolding of a de Novo Designed Protein Structural Motif Mapped by 13C Isotopically Edited IR Spectroscopy

The mechanism of protein folding remains poorly understood, in part due to limited experimental information available about partially folded states. Isotopically edited infrared (IR) spectroscopy has emerged as a promising method for studying protein structural changes with site-specific resolution, but its full potential to systematically probe folding at multiple protein sites has not yet been realized. We have used 13C isotopically edited IR spectroscopy to investigate the site-specific thermal unfolding at seven different locations in the de novo designed helix-turn-helix protein αtα. As one of the few stable helix-turn-helix motifs, αtα is an excellent model for studying the roles of secondary and tertiary interactions in folding. Circular dichroism (CD) experiments on the full αtα motif and its two peptide fragments show that interhelical tertiary contacts are critical for stabilization of the secondary structure. The site-specific thermal unfolding probed by 13C isotopically edited IR is likewise c...
Section 3. Experimental Investigation of Transport Chemistry

The physical conditions accompanying ore deposition had already been roughly circumscribed by the 1960’s. Depositional temperatures came primarily from three methods, by using: (1) fluid inclusion filling temperatures, many measured by Edwin [Roedder (1967)][1] of the U.S. Geological Survey and
Some preventive aspects of abnormal intrauterine development.

Because problems of abnormal intrauterine development are important in infant mortality, they warrant special attention in the United States, where infant mortality is high in spite of the highest per capita expenditure for health in the world. Both medical and sociocultural factors are important in abnormal intrauterine development. Specific etiologic factors are largely unknown, but nongenetic determinants such as poverty, the mother's early environment, the urban setting, and out-of-wedlock pregnancies are potentially controllable and deserve more concern and study.
Utilization of CAN Fieldbus Technique in Electro-hydraulic Loading Trial for the Landing Gear

The utilization of CAN fieldbus was described in order to measure the Real-time parameters and to control the distributed system of the landing gear electro-hydraulic load trial.The design of CAN protocol and the software structure was presented in the paper and was applied in the actual trial system successfully.The application has met the system's demand of reliability and Real-time measurement.
Contemporary Challenges and Strategies for Improving Outcomes for Patients With Restless Legs Syndrome

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a common neurological disease that is diagnosed solely based on clinical symptoms and may be treated via both nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic means. Despite its somewhat trivial-sounding name, this disease has a very significant impact upon the lives of RLS patients and imposes a substantial burden, as evidenced by direct and indirect costs and loss of productivity. After the introduction of US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)- approved drugs for the management of RLS in 2005, there has been an increase in the awareness of the disease. Increased awareness of RLS has resulted in a greater number of patients receiving treatment for RLS, and in turn, more patients presenting with refractory RLS, in part due to drug-emergent issues such as augmentation. Furthermore, management of the disease is still not optimal. Barriers to obtaining adequate treatment include healthcare providers' lack of knowledge, limited availability of specialists who can provide care to patients presenting with refractory RLS, and access to and cost of medications. Opportunities for managed care to enhance the recognition and treatment of RLS are discussed, with suggestions for improving outcomes in patients with RLS.
Generation IV: USA

The Generation IV program history, evolution, and status in the United States are surveyed, focusing on reactor designs, power units, and related conceptual developments for nuclear power technologies. The broad range of system aspects of the Generation IV program specific to the US energy industry are discussed. The potential role for emerging Generation IV systems is evaluated accounting for their ability to provide electricity and process heat products as well as to serve as one of the potential waste management solutions. Electrical grid integration and options for the US market penetration are included.
The dynamic interplay between DNA topoisomerases and DNA topology

Topological properties of DNA influence its structure and biochemical interactions. Within the cell DNA topology is constantly in flux. Transcription and other essential processes including DNA replication and repair, alter the topology of the genome, while introducing additional complications associated with DNA knotting and catenation. These topological perturbations are counteracted by the action of topoisomerases, a specialized class of highly conserved and essential enzymes that actively regulate the topological state of the genome. This dynamic interplay among DNA topology, DNA processing enzymes, and DNA topoisomerases, is a pervasive factor that influences DNA metabolism in vivo. Building on the extensive structural and biochemical characterization over the past four decades that established the fundamental mechanistic basis of topoisomerase activity, the unique roles played by DNA topology in modulating and influencing the activity of topoisomerases have begun to be explored. In this review we survey established and emerging DNA topology dependent protein-DNA interactions with a focus on in vitro measurements of the dynamic interplay between DNA topology and topoisomerase activity.
Cyber Security: Assessing Our Vulnerabilities and Developing an Effective Defense

The number and sophistication of cyberattacks continues to increase, but no national policy is in place to confront them. Critical systems need to be built on secure foundations, rather than the cheapest general-purpose platform. A program that combines education in cyber security, increasing resources for law enforcement, development of reliable systems for critical applications, and expanding research support in multiple areas of security and reliability is essential to combat risks that are far beyond the nuisances of spam email and viruses, and involve widespread espionage, theft, and attacks on essential services.
Beneficial Influences of Lactobacillus plantarum on Human Health and Disease

Abstract Strains of Lactobacillus plantarum have been extensively employed in probiotic and synbiotic formulations in clinical settings. Here, we outline the reported efficacy of the use of L. plantarum in clinical trials that assess improvements in patient health. Specifically, trials have been undertaken to quantitate the amelioration of symptoms in acute and chronic infectious diseases, of idiopathic conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease, of patients recovering from major surgery, as well as in patients with metabolic or gynecological disease conditions. In order to address conflicting results from trials with similar approaches, we also highlight overarching metaanalysis assessments of the efficacy of formulations containing L. plantarum , and conclude with our evaluation for the use of this taxon of Lactobacillus as a supplement to improve patient prognosis.
Hydrogen functionalisation of transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers from first principles

Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) monolayers are of great importance due to their unique properties and potential applications in fields such as electrocatalysis and optoelectro...