cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In-vivo studies of tagged MR based PET motion correction in simultaneous PET-MR

261 Objectives Respiratory motion substantially deteriorates PET image quality. We performed two in-vivo rabbit studies with radioactive beads implanted to demonstrate the feasibility and quantify the improvement in image quality achieved with tagged MR-based PET motion correction in simultaneous PET-MR. Methods Six FDG beads were implanted in the liver and the diaphragm of two rabbits. Low and high FDG activities were injected into each rabbit after surgery. Scans were performed in our dedicated simultaneous PET-MR using tagged MR and listmode PET. We estimated motion between 6 phases using B-spline image registration with a sum of squared difference and mutual information criteria. The motion estimates were incorporated in the system matrix within a listmode OSEM algorithm (4 subsets, 10 iterations) to compensate for motion the emission data as well as the attenuation maps. Results MR motion corrected images yielded greater contrast and lower noise than both the respiratory gated and the uncorrected studies. Lesion-to-Background-Ratio (LBR) was significantly improved up to 29% for the rabbit with ~3mm diaphragmatic motion and up to 53% for the rabbit with ~6mm diaphragmatic motion as compared to uncorrected method. Lesion contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) was also improved by 8-42% for smaller motion and by 45-151% over respiratory gating or no motion correction. The greatest improvements were observed for the lesion with the greatest respiratory motion amplitude (~6mm, 53% for LBR; 151% for CNR). Conclusions MR-based motion correction in simultaneous PET-MR yields significant improvement in PET image quality in in vivo studies. Research Support R56-HL9507
The Political Influence of Churches: Introduction: A Theory of Religious Influence on Political Behavior

americans have always formed and joined associations devoted to every imaginable purpose, whether social, cultural, recreational, religious, or political. These tangible expressions of Americans' seemingly endless capacity for associational life have motivated scholarly inquiries since the early days of the republic. Thoughtful observers of American politics have contributed immensely to this literature, understanding that group activism models the conditions in which democratic forms of government may flourish. After observing the myriad forms of associational life throughout his travels in the early nineteenth-century United States, Tocqueville vested associations with the capacity to protect freedom from encroachment: “If each citizen did not learn … to combine with his fellow citizens for the purpose of defending [his freedom], it is clear that tyranny would unavoidably increase together with its equality” (1994: 106). More than a century later, David Truman asserted that associations are essential to ensure the freedom to act, linking the modern American forms of group life to the classical ideals of Aristotle: people “must exist in society in order to manifest those capacities and accomplishments that distinguish them from the other animals” (1951: 14). From the insights of Tocqueville, to the findings of the early behavioralist literature in the mid-twentieth century (Berelson, Lazarsfeld, and McPhee 1954; Dewey 1927; Lenski 1961; Truman 1951), through the sophisticated empirical analyses of leading contemporary social scientists (Huckfeldt and Sprague 1995; Putnam 2000; Zuckerman 2005), one central insight recurs: group membership has political consequences .
Priority Effects Among Young-of-the-Year Fish: Reduced Growth of Bluegill Sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) Caused by Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens)?

Summary 1. When available, Daphnia spp. are often preferred by age-0 yellow perch and bluegill sunfish because of energetic profitability. We hypothesised that predation by age-0 yellow perch could lead to a midsummer decline (MSD) of Daphnia spp. and that priority effects may favour yellow perch because they hatch before bluegill, allowing them to capitalise on Daphnia spp. prior to bluegill emergence. 2. Data were collected from 2004 to 2010 in Pelican Lake, Nebraska, U.S.A. The lake experienced a prolonged MSD in all but 1 year (2005), generally occurring within the first 2 weeks of June except in 2008 and 2010 when it occurred at the end of June. MSD timing is not solely related to seasonal patterns of age-0 yellow perch consumption. Nevertheless, when Daphnia spp. biomass was low during 2004 and 2006–2010 (<4 mg wet weight L−1), predation by age-0 yellow perch seems to have suppressed Daphnia spp. biomass (i.e. <1.0 mg wet weight L−1). The exception was 2005 when age-0 yellow perch were absent. 3. Growth of age-0 bluegill was significantly faster in 2005, when Daphnia spp. were available in greater densities (>4 mg wet weight L−1) compared with the other years (<0.2 mg wet weight L−1). 4. We conclude that age-0 yellow perch are capable of reducing Daphnia biomass prior to the arrival of age-0 bluegill, ultimately slowing bluegill growth. Thus, priority effects favour age-0 yellow perch when competing with age-0 bluegill for Daphnia. However, these effects may be minimised if there is a shorter time between hatching of the two species, higher Daphnia spp. densities or lower age-0 yellow perch densities.
Thermodynamic Properties of the System CH4‐CF4 in the Neighborhood of the Upper Critical Solution Temperature

Measurements are reported of the coexistence curve and total pressure-composition isotherms for the liquid system CH4-CF4 in the neighborhood of the upper critical solution temperature. Values of the difference in chemical potential between the two components, μ1 - μ2, have been calculated from the vapor pressure data and it is shown that the requirements for scaling are fulfilled over a large range of composition if volume fraction is chosen as the other variable. The results are compared with analogous data for one-component systems and values of critical exponents are reported. Der vorliegende Beitrag berichtet uber Messungen der Koexistenzkurve und der Gesamtdruck-Zusammensetzung-Isotherme des Flussikeitsystems CH4 - CF4 in der Nahe der oberen kritischen Losungstemperatur. Der Unterschied des chemischen Potentials zwischen den beiden Komponenten, μ1 - μ2, wurde aus den Dampfdruckdaten berechnet, und es wird gezeigt, daβ die Bedingungen fur “scaling” in einem ausgedehnten Gebiet der Zusammensetzung erfullt werden, vorausgesetzt, daβ der Volumenanteil als die zweite Variable gewahlt wird. Die Ergebnisse werden mit analogen Daten betr. Einkomponentensysteme verglichen und Werte von kritischen Exponenten werden angegeben.
The incidence of a soda tax, in pennies and pounds

Controversy over public health policies targeting carbonated soft drinks has catalyzed cross-disciplinary debate. Though beverage demand is characterized by purchases from multiple categories per trip, existing research using soda data predominantly employs discrete choice models, which restrict consumers to single unit choices. This paper instead combines a multiple-choice utility function with a hierarchical Bayesian model to estimate household-level preferences across beverages. I find that households in less healthy counties (as measured by mean body mass index) consume more regular soda per capita, have stronger preferences, and are less price sensitive than households in more healthy counties, suggesting that soda tax proposals should be county-specific. Because market players possess varying degrees of market power, I also study soda tax incidence. Simulations of equilibrium prices in various tax scenarios demonstrate that the assumption of 100% pass-through to prices, ubiquitous in soda tax research, underestimates the true change in prices, further underscoring the need for a county-level approach. Calculations then reveal that most of a counterfactual tax-induced shift in consumption is due to an income effect and low cross-price elasticities, so that while city governments are unlikely to raise enough revenue to cover the healthcare costs related to soda consumption, the downstream health benefits induced by a soda tax compensate most households for the reduction in utility.
On a Generalization of Property B

AbstractA set-theoretic property called Property S is introduced as a generalization of thewell-known Property B . Property S is named for Schrijver who ﬁrst used it in apaper [11] in connection with the Boolean prime ideal theorem. It was independentlyintroduced by Kolany [9] to give a uniform treatment for a variety of satisﬁabilityproblems who then used a generalized resolution method to determine satisﬁability.Here we further investigate Property S and the resolution method. 1 Introduction A collection E of subsets of a set V is said to have Property B if there exits a partition,{X,V − X}, of V, such that both X, V − X intersect every E in E. A set which intersectsevery set in a family of sets is often called a transversal for that family; thus we can simplysay: E has Property B if there exists a subset X such that both X, V − X are transversalsfor E. Clearly V − X is a transversal for E if and only if X does not contain any E in E.Hence, E has Property B if and only if there is a transversal, X, for E which does not containany E in E. We shall also say that the hypergraph has Property B if E has theproperty.The property is named for Felix Bernstein who proved, in 1908, that a countable systemof inﬁnite sets has Property B. Since then it has been studied extensively (see, for example,[4],[5], [6], [7], [10]). In graph theory Property B has been linked by Woodall [15] and Stein[13] with the 4-color problem. For example Woodall[15] showed that the 4-color conjecturewas equivalent to the odd circuits of a planar graph, when regarded as sets of edges, hasPropery B.Property B is an NP-Complete property when restricted to ﬁnite families of ﬁnite sets; infact, it remains NP-Complete even when all sets in the family have at most three elements(see [2]). In the next section we condsider a generalization to two families of subsets and wename the generalization “Property S” for reasons explained below. Property B is then thespecial case when both families are the same.1
Estimating carbon sequestration potential on U.S. agricultural topsoils

Abstract A better understanding of the potential for increasing soil carbon sequestration is necessary to estimate the greenhouse gas emission offset potential from agricultural soils. The objective of this research is to use the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) factors to estimate potential soil organic carbon (SOC) storage on U.S. agricultural land from widespread adoption of activities that are expected to increase SOC (e.g., remove highly erodible cropland from crop production, eliminate summer fallow, include winter cover crops in crop rotations, and widespread use of no-tillage). Previous land-use and management and the transitions between activities over three inventories are critical to the SOC estimates. The effects of these transitions between inventories are captured by using the ending SOC stock from the previous inventory for the SOC stock at the beginning of the next inventory. This approach increases the precision of SOC sequestration estimates based on the initial SOC stock, land-use and change in land-use, climate, soil characteristics, residue input, and soil disturbance. Total SOC storage during the final inventory is estimated to be 63.7 Tg C yr −1 , with over half (35 Tg C yr −1 ) from new no-till management. The potential annual SOC accumulation could offset over half of the annual carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions from U.S. agriculture in 2010 and all of the 1990–2010 average annual increase in U.S. CO 2 emissions. The approach provides more information than previous studies about the effect of land-use and tillage on SOC sequestration. No-till in the final inventory is estimated to accumulate 0.39 Mg C ha −1 yr −1 on cropland that was under reduced tillage the first inventory and conventional tillage the second inventory but 0.21 Mg C ha −1 yr −1 if the cropland was under reduced tillage the previous two inventories. This approach also captures the influence of soil characteristics on SOC sequestration. For example, land that was under continuous row crops prior to enrollment in the Conservation Reserve Program accumulated 0.39 Mg C ha −1 yr −1 on high activity mineral soils, but only 0.19 Mg C ha −1 yr −1 on sandy soils.
Measuring patient experiences on hospitalist and teaching services: Patient responses to a 30-day postdischarge questionnaire

BACKGROUND Data comparing patient experiences between general medicine teaching and nonteaching hospitalist services are lacking. OBJECTIVE Evaluate hospitalized patients' experience on general medicine teaching and nonteaching hospitalist services by assessing patients' confidence in their ability to identify their physician(s), understand their roles, and their rating of the coordination and overall care. METHODS Retrospective cohort analysis of general medicine teaching and nonteaching hospitalist services from 2007 to 2013 at an academic medical center. Patients were surveyed 30-days after hospital discharge regarding their confidence in their ability to identify their physician(s), understand the role of their physician(s), and their perceptions of coordination and overall care. A 3-level, mixed effects logistic regression was performed to ascertain the association between service type and patient-reported outcomes. RESULTS Data from 4591 general medicine teaching and 1811 nonteaching hospitalist service patients demonstrated that those cared for by the hospitalist service were more likely to report being able to identify their physician (50% vs 45%, P < 0.001), understand their role (54% vs 50%, P < 0.001), and rate greater satisfaction with coordination (68 vs 64%, P = 0.006) and overall care (73% vs 67%, P < 0.001). In regression models, the hospitalist service was associated with higher ratings in overall care (odds ratio [OR]: 1.33; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.15-1.47), even when hospitalists were the attendings on general medicine teaching services (OR: 1.17; 95% CI: 1.01-1.31). CONCLUSION Patients on a nonteaching hospitalist service rated their overall care slightly better than patients on a general medicine teaching service. Team structure and complexity may play a role in this difference. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2015. © 2015 Society of Hospital Medicine
880 AUTOOXIDATION AND DECREASED VIABILITY OF NEUTROPHILS OBTAINED FROM HUMAN INFANTS

Infant neutrophils (N) exhibit decreased viability in vitro. We investigated autooxidation as a cause since increased oxidative metabolism and decreased oxidant protective enzymes (glutathione peroxidase and catalase) coexist in infant N. N were isolated from blood of newborns, their mothers and controls and were stored in buffer at 37°C as either resting (nonphagocytic) or phagocytic N. Viability was determined by cell count and dye exclusion after 0, 20, 42 and 66 hours. Viability of both resting and phagocytic infant N was less (p < .01) than was viability of maternal or control N at all times (e.g., mean % ± SEM of resting N viable after 20 hours in 19 studies = 49 ± 3, 75 ± 3 and 78 ± 2, respectively). Viability of maternal and control N was decreased by phagocytosis to that of resting infant N; possibly an oxidant effect as it was prevented when phagocytic N were exposed to superoxide dismutase and catalase. Resting infant N released more (p < .02) H2O2 than did resting maternal or control N (0.25, 0.16 and 0.14 nM/2.5 × 106/minute, respectively) to suggest oxidant damage even in resting infant N. Further, resting infant N lost viability more rapidly than did control N when exposed to the H2O2 generator, glucose-glucose oxidase, indicating increased susceptibility to oxidation. Thus, the decreased viability of infant N in vitro seems related to autooxidation. If this occurs in vivo, it is one mechanism for the dysfunctions of infant N that might be approached pharmacologically.
Predictive capability of chlorination disinfection byproducts models

There are over 100 models that have been developed for predicting trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), bromate, and unregulated disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Until now no publication has evaluated the variability of previous THM and HAA models using a common data set. In this article, the standard error (SE), Marquardt's percent standard deviation (MPSD), and linear coefficient of determination (R(2)) were used to analyze the variability of 87 models from 23 different publications. The most robust models were capable of predicting THM4 with an SE of 48 μg L(-1) and HAA6 with an SE of 15 μg L(-1), both achieving R(2) > 0.90. The majority of models were formulated for THM4. There is a lack of published models evaluating total HAAs, individual THM and HAA species, bromate, and unregulated DBPs.
Normal pregnancy is associated with peripheral leukocyte activation.

PROBLEM: Normal pregnancy has been described as both a pro-inflammatory condition and a T helper (Th)2-dominated state. Deviations in the percentage of different subpopulations of circulating leukocytes have been detected, although with conflicting results. This study was designed to analyse further the phenotype of subpopulations of peripheral blood leukocytes in normal pregnant women. METHOD OF STUDY: Whole-blood flow cytometry was used to differentiate subsets of leukocytes using directly labeled monoclonal antibodies to specific cell surface antigens and to a panel of activation-associated markers in 33 normal pregnant women in their third trimester and in 26 non-pregnant controls. RESULTS: We found a significant increase in the proportion of granulocytes and of CD8+ T lymphocytes during pregnancy. Up-regulation of the expression of adhesion molecules was observed on granulocytes, monocytes and T lymphocytes. CONCLUSIONS: Pregnancy alters the representation of leukocyte subpopulations in the maternal circulation and is associated with systemic activation of leukocytes.
Incorporating emotional intelligence competency building into the preparation and delivery of international travel courses

As increasing numbers of students participate in international travel courses as part of their collegiate business curriculum, there has been a corresponding rise in academic discussion about how institutions and trip leaders can best prepare for, and manage, the travel experience. While the study of history, politics, and economics of the region to be visited commonly provides valuable content for the travel course, such preparation does not address the psychological processes that accompany student group travel under conditions that are necessarily uncertain and stressful. To fill this course management gap, we recommend teaching and training in emotional intelligence competencies. As a curriculum component of international travel courses, knowledge of and practice in emotional intelligence competencies serve the students, trip leader(s), course, and institution by improving the learning process and increasing group effectiveness.
Making Technology Work: Applications in Energy and the Environment

1. Introduction 2. Gasohol 3. Solar thermal, windpower and photovoltaic technologies 4. Electricity from coal 5. Controlling acid rain from coal-fired power plants 6. Greenhouse gases and global warming 7. Nuclear power and its fuel cycle 8. Managing nuclear waste 9. Nuclear power and weapons proliferation 10. Natural gas 11. Safety and risk: examples from the liquefied natural gas and nuclear industries 12. Synthetic fuels 13. Fuel cells for automobiles 14. Energy models and statistics 15. The government's role in innovation 16. Conclusions.
AMLCD cockpit: promise and payoffs

The active matrix liquid crystal display (AMLCD) has become the preferred flight instrument technology in avionics multifunction display applications. Current bubble canopy fighter cockpit applications involve sizes up to 7.8 X 7.8 in. active display. Dual use avionics versions of AMLCD technology are now as large as 6.7 X 6.7 in. active display area in the ARINC D sized color multifunction display (MFD). This is the standard instrument in all new Boeing transport aircraft and is being retrofitted into the C-17A. A special design of the ARINC D instrument is used in the Space Shuttle cockpit upgrade. Larger sizes of AMLCD were desired when decisions were made in the early 1990s for the F-22. Commercial AMLCD technology has now produced monitors at 1280 X 1024 resolution (1.3 megapixels) in sizes of 16 to 21 in. diagonal. Each of these larger AMLCDs has more information carrying capacity than the entire F-22A cockpit instrument panel shipset, comprising six separate smaller AMLCDs (1.2 megapixels total). The larger AMLCDs are being integrated into airborne mission crewstations for use in dim ambient lighting conditions. It is now time to identify and address the technology challenges of upgrading these larger AMLCDs for sunlight readable application and of developing concepts for their integration into advanced bubble canopy fighter cockpits. The overall goals are to significantly increase the informational carrying capacity to bring both sensor and information fusion into the cockpit and, thereby, to enable a significant increase in warfighter situational awareness and effectiveness. A research cockpit was built using specialized versions of the IBM 16.1 in and two smaller 10 in. AMLCDs to examine human factors and display design issues associated with these next-generation AMLCD cockpit displays. This cockpit was later upgraded to allow greater reconfigurability and flexibility in the display hardware used to conduct part- task mission simulations. The objective optical characterization of the AMLCDs used in this simulator and the cockpit design are described. Display formats under consideration for test in this cockpit are described together with some of the basic human factors engineering issues involved. Studies conducted in this cockpit will be part of an ongoing joint effort of the hardware-focused aerospace displays team and the pilot-focused human factors team in the Air Force Research Laboratory's Crew System Interface Division. The objective of these studies is to ascertain the payoffs of the large AMLCD promise in combat cockpits.
Living With an Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator: A Review of the Current Literature Related to Psychosocial Factors

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is responsible for 300,000 deaths annually. Lethal ventricular dysrhythmias account for the majority of SCDs. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) are the emerging treatment for lethal dysrhythmias. Although reductions in SCD mortality with ICDs are clear, the psychologic and social consequences of these devices reveal a mixed success. Patients with ICDs have high levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms. Conversely, most studies of quality of life in patients with ICDs report that the device is well accepted despite fears of being shocked. The ICD shocks are a unique aspect of treatment and have the potential to cause psychologic distress. Nursing needs to provide care from a holistic perspective. Support groups provide reassurance and allow patients to discuss expectations and fears related to the ICD. Research needs to be conducted to explore the impact of these devices on the lives of patients and their families.
Personality structure, instructional outcomes, and instructional preferences

Four instructional treatments differing in structure and student responsibility were used with 60 abstractthinking and 60 concrete-thinking students. As predicted, abstract students preferred those treatments with less structure and more responsibility; however, abstract and concrete students showed similar achievement levels as a result, of each treatment. The differentiated outcomes hypothesis is offered to account for the findings.
Gold’s Theorem and Cognitive Science*

A variety of inaccurate claims about Gold’s Theorem have appeared in the cognitive science literature. I begin by characterizing the logic of this theorem and its proof. I then examine several claims about Gold’s Theorem, and I show why they are false. Finally, I assess the significance of Gold’s Theorem for cognitive science.
Therapeutic Strategies to Enhance the Anticancer Efficacy of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors

Histone acetylation is a posttranslational modification that plays a role in regulating gene expression. More recently, other nonhistone proteins have been identified to be acetylated which can regulate their function, stability, localization, or interaction with other molecules. Modulating acetylation with histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) has been validated to have anticancer effects in preclinical and clinical cancer models. This has led to development and approval of the first HDACi, vorinostat, for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma. However, to date, targeting acetylation with HDACi as a monotherapy has shown modest activity against other cancers. To improve their efficacy, HDACi have been paired with other antitumor agents. Here, we discuss several combination therapies, highlighting various epigenetic drugs, ROS-generating agents, proteasome inhibitors, and DNA-damaging compounds that together may provide a therapeutic advantage over single-agent strategies.
Packing Three Copies of a Tree into a Complete Bipartite Graph

For any tree T of order n, there is a packing of three copies of T into a complete bipartite graph of order at most n + 2. This result is sharp in the sense that n + 2 can not be reduced to n + 1 in general.
Developmental regulation of highly active alternatively spliced forms of agrin

Agrin is an extracellular matrix protein involved in clustering acetylcholine receptors during development of the neuromuscular junction. We have previously shown that alternative splicing at three sites generates multiple forms of rat agrin and that a novel 8 amino acid insert is the most important in determining biological activity. In the present study we have examined the expression of agrin during development with particular emphasis on determining the tissue distribution of the splicing variants at each site. Our principal observation is that the variants containing the sequence most responsible for biological activity are expressed exclusively in neural tissue and that their expression is highly regulated during development. We also show that muscle expresses less active forms and that agrin immunoreactivity during synaptogenesis is initially not limited to synaptic sites, but becomes progressively restricted to the synapse as development proceeds.
The influence of exposure to house dust mite, cat, pollen and fungal allergens in the home on primary sensitisation in asthma

The homes of 68 atopic asthmatic children were studied to estimate the concentrations of perennial and seasonal aeroallergens (Der pl, Fel d1, grass pollen, tree pollen, Cladosporium, Aspergillaceae and Alternaria) to which children were likely to have been exposed during their first few months of life, by sampling in the child's month of birth. There was a strong association between the presence or absence of the house dust mite allergen Der p1 in the air with the skin test and IgE antibody test results (p < 0.001), with a similar association for cat allergen Pel d 1 (p < 0.01), when using a low volume sampler (equivalent to the minute tidal volume of a small baby). No significant correlation was found between levels of allergen in carpet dust and air in the same room. There was a strong indication that the presence of a cat at birth was linked with a higher risk of development of allergy to cat, but high levels of Fel d 1 were sometimes found in homes even when there was no cat present, indicating that allergen may be introduced from other sources. The levels of tree pollen were significantly higher in the homes of tree pollen-allergic children than in the homes of patients without this sensitivity (p < 0.01); and the degree of sensitivity, determined by RAST, correlated significantly to the level of tree pollen in the home (p < 0.001). However, no relationship was found between specific sensitivity and the levels of Cladosporium, Aspergillaceae, Alternaria or grass pollen measured in the homes. The effect of high allergen exposure was most prominent in children under 7 yr and not beyond that age.
Delayed Neurotoxicity in Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma

Background Treatment for primary central nervous lymphoma (PCNSL) with chemotherapy and radiotherapy has resulted in improved survival, but some patients develop neurologic deterioration that represents a treatment-related toxic effect. This delayed neurotoxicity has been poorly defined in the literature, and the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Objective To describe the clinical findings, time course, and pathophysiologic mechanisms associated with neurotoxicity in an attempt to generate hypotheses for future studies that address prevention and treatment of this complication of successful PCNSL therapy. Design Retrospective review. Setting Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Patients One hundred eighty-five patients treated for PCNSL, including 43 who developed neurotoxicity. Main Outcome Measures Potential risk factors, clinical course, and neuropsychological, neuroimaging, and histologic findings. Results The 5-year cumulative incidence of neurotoxicity was 24%; this incidence increases over time. Neurotoxicity presented as a rapidly progressive subcortical dementia characterized by psychomotor slowing, executive and memory dysfunction, behavioral changes, gait ataxia, and incontinence. Imaging findings revealed diffuse white matter disease and cortical-subcortical atrophy. Available autopsy data showed white matter damage with gliosis, thickening of small vessels, and demyelination. Statistical analyses were performed, accounting for death as a competing risk. Older age ( P = .01), mental status changes at diagnosis ( P = .04), female sex ( P = .05), and radiotherapy ( P Conclusion These findings suggest that the core pathophysiologic mechanism is the interruption of frontal-subcortical circuits mediated by radiation damage, possibly caused by progressive microvascular alterations, loss of oligodendrocyte progenitors, or oxidative stress.
The Print of the Hand

Women have found that computer technology offers new opportunities, new positions and new roles. At the same time, computer technology has shown how firmly our ideas about women are carved into the foundations of our society. The industry has always needed more technical workers than it could find among the available group of men. In turning to women, it has had to make adjustments, though it has usually ceded to these adjustments on technical grounds
Protein kinase Cε-dependent activation of proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes

Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (PYK2) is a nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinase that links G-protein-coupled receptors to activation of MAPK cascades and cellular growth. In smooth muscle and other cell types, PYK2 activation is dependent on either Ca(2+) or protein kinase C (PKC), and we have previously shown that endothelin-1 (ET) activates PYK2 in adult and neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVM). However, ET both alters intracellular Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](i)), and activates the novel, Ca(2+)-independent PKCs. Therefore, immunoprecipitation and western blotting experiments were used to examine the PKC and Ca(2+) dependence of PYK2 activation in NRVM. PYK2 was activated by ET (100 nM; 2-30 min) and phenylephrine (50 microM; 2-30 min), which are both hypertrophic agonists that activate Gq-coupled receptors. Moreover, adenoviral (Adv)-mediated overexpression of constitutively active (ca) Galphaq increased PYK2-Y(402) phosphorylation as early as 8 h post-infection, as compared to NRVM infected with a control Adv encoding beta-galactosidase. caGalphaq overexpression also induced PKC epsilon and PKCdelta (but not PKCalpha) translocation, followed by downregulation of both novel PKC isoenzymes. Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA; 200 nM), a direct activator of Ca(2+)-dependent and Ca(2+)-independent PKCs, activated PYK2 within 10 min, and PYK2 phosphorylation remained elevated after 30 min of stimulation. Adv-mediated overexpression of caPKC epsilon increased PYK2 phosphorylation, whereas Adv-mediated overexpression of a kinase-inactive mutant of PKC epsilon markedly inhibited ET-induced, but not basal PYK2 phosphorylation. In contrast, both basal and ET-induced PYK2 phosphorylation were blocked by treatment with the Src-family protein kinase inhibitor PP2. Although reducing [Ca(2+)](i) with either nifedipine (10 microM) or BAPTA-AM (50 microM) decreased basal PYK2 phosphorylation, it did not prevent ET-induced PYK2 activation. Furthermore, increasing [Ca(2+)](i) with ionomycin (10 microM), K(+) depolarization, or BayK8644 (1 microM) was not sufficient to further activate PYK2. These data demonstrate that ET-induced PYK2 activation is Gq, PKC epsilon, and Src dependent, describing a distinct signaling pathway leading to agonist-induced PYK2 activation in cardiomyocytes.
Filament eruption without coronal mass ejection

We report characteristics of quiescent filament eruptions that did not produce coronal mass ejections (CMEs). We examined 12 quiescent filament eruptions, each of which was located far from disk center (greater than or equal to 0.7 R (sub sun)) in diffuse remnant magnetic fields of decayed active regions, was well observed in full-disk movies in H alpha and Fe XII, and had good coronagraph coverage. Of the 12 eruptions, 7 produced CMEs and 5 did not. Even though the two kinds of eruption were indistinguishable in their magnetic setting and in the eruptive motion of the filament in the H alpha movies, each of the CME-producing eruptions produced a two-ribbon flare in H alpha and a flare arcade in Fe XII, and each of the non-CME-producing eruptions did not. From this result, and the appearance of the eruptive motion in the Fe XII movies, we conclude that the non-CME-producing filament eruptions are confined eruptions like the confined filament eruptions in active regions. We take the similarity of the confined and eruptive quiescent filament eruptions with their active-region counterparts to favor runaway tether-cutting reconnection for unleashing the magnetic explosion in all these eruptions.
International evidence on the stock market and aggregate economic activity

Abstract Using the Johansen cointegration technique, we find empirical evidence of long run comovements between five national stock market indexes and measures of aggregate real activity including the real oil price, real consumption, real money, and real output. Real returns on these indexes are typically related to transitory deviations from the long run relationship and to changes in the macroeconomic variables. Further, the constraints implied by the cointegration results yield some incremental information on stock return variation that is not already contained in dividend yields, interest rate spreads, and future GNP growth rates.
Hybrid fs/ps Rotational CARS Temperature/Species Detection in Flames at kHz Rate

A hybrid rotational CARS scheme with femtosecond pump/Stokes preparation and a high-energy probe, generated by second-harmonic bandwidth compression (SHBC), is described. The instrument is demonstrated for collision- and background-free, kHz-rate temperature/oxygen probing in the product gases of C2H4/air flat flames for both lean and rich conditions.
Micromaser with injected atomic phase

Both approximate and exact methods exist to determine the density matrix of the field inside an incoherently driven micromaser, but as of yet only a steady-state Fokker-Planck solution has been found for the micromaser with injected atomic phase [Phys. Rev. A 34, 2032 (1986)]. Since Fokker-Planck solutions have been shown not to represent the effect of trapping states on the cavity field adequately, other solutions must be sought. In this paper, we present both a highly accurate approximate analytical solution and a more computationally complex numerical solution based on the exact methods of Lu [Phys. Rev. A 47, 1347 (1993)], both of which demonstrate symmetry breaking in the phase. Since the spectra of the injected phase micromaser will be the same as that of the incoherently pumped case, we present numerical comparisons of our two solutions via the phase variance.
Convents as Litigants: Dowry and Inheritance Disputes in Early-Modern Spain

This article examines the contentious and frequently litigious relationship between convents and the families of professed nuns in early-modern Spain. From the mid-sixteenth century forward Spanish convents entered into oftentimes protracted lawsuits over disputes involving these nuns' dowry payments, yearly maintenance allowances, and inheritance rights subsequent to their profession. Because the parties to these disputes were willing to risk long-standing and mutually beneficial relationships to defend their social and financial interests in court, these clashes are significant for what they reveal about the complex social matrix involving nuns, their families, and convents. Nuns demonstrated a profound sense of connection to family property. Despite the physical and spiritual barriers of the cloister, nuns used their dowries and other property interests to exercise fiscal influence and autonomy. Convents, on behalf of these nuns, asserted a temporal identity by filing lawsuits in the secular courts of the day. Finally, families worked vigorously to protect the integrity of their patrimonies even though this protection frequently conflicted with their support for female monasticism. As such these disputes illuminate a complicated social world in which the lives and interests of professed religious women continued to intersect with the calculations and preoccupations of their families.
Separation of alkyl and trimethylsilyl derivatives of dicamba 3,6-dichloro-5-hydroxy-o-anisic acid, and 3,6-dichlorogentisic acid by thin-layer and gas—liquid chromatography☆

Abstract Procedures for the simultaneous assay of dicamba and three suspected phenolic acid metabolites are described. The four compounds are separated from most plant products by means of thin-layer chromatography. They are then converted quantitatively in 30 or 60 min to alkyl ether alkyl esters by means of n -diazoalkanes catalyzed by boron trifluoride. This treatment yields discrete derivatives which are easily sepated on the gas chomatograph. Trimethylsilyl derivatives were also easily separated, but forty times as much material was required for equivalent response by the flame ionization detector of the gas chromatograph.
Corticotropin Releasing Factor (CRF): Origin and Course of Afferent Pathways to the Median Eminence (ME) of the Rat Hypothalamus

8–10 days after making various lesions in the rat hypothalamus, the presence of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) immunoreactive neural structures was studied in paraffin and vibratome sections wit
Perpendicular giant magnetoresistance of Co91Fe9/Cu exchange-biased spin-valves: further evidence for a unified picture

Abstract Measurements are reported of the increase in specific resistance, AΔR, with increasing Co91Fe9 layer thickness in current-perpendicular to the plane (CPP) exchange-biased spin-valves (EBSVs) of Co91Fe9 and Cu. Analysis of these measurements yields a spin anisotropy parameter for Co91Fe9 of β=0.65±0.05, and a spin diffusion length of lCoFesf=12±1 nm. The value of β agrees reasonably well with those obtained experimentally and theoretically for dilute CoFe alloys, thus providing additional support for a unified picture of spin-polarized transport in CPP-MR and bulk alloys. This value of lCoFesf, and the previously determined lPysf for Permalloy, scale approximately inversely with the residual resistivities of the two alloys.
Alpha lipoic acid: a novel treatment for depression.

Insulin resistance has been associated with people diagnosed with depression. Conversely, it has also been documented that diabetics have an increased risk of depression. Evidence suggests that insulin activity plays a role in serotonergic activity by increasing the influx of tryptophan into the brain. This increased influx of tryptophan has been shown to result in an increase in serotonin synthesis. In accordance with the serotonin theory of depression, it may be possible to treat depression by increasing insulin activity. The antioxidant alpha lipoic acid has been shown to increase insulin sensitivity and is used to treat people with diabetes. Therefore, the nutrient alpha lipoic acid should be clinically tested as an adjunct treatment for depression.
Expression and Function of β1 and αvβ3 Integrins in Ovarian Cancer

Ovarian cancer cells disseminate by implanting onto the peritoneal mesothelial cell surface of the abdominal cavity. A common feature of these peritoneal implants is the presence of tumor cell invasion into the submesothelial extracellular matrix (ECM). In view of the important role of integrins in ECM recognition and cell migration, we were interested in defining the pattern of integrin expression and function in ovarian cancer cell lines and primary tissue samples. The beta 1 integrin chain was expressed by CAOV-3, SKOV-3, OVCAR-3, and SW626 ovarian cancer cell lines, associated with expression of alpha 1, -2, -3, -5, and -6 chains. The alpha 4 chain was also expressed by two of the four lines. In addition to beta 1 integrins, the alpha v beta 3 integrin was also expressed, although there was no expression of beta 2, -4, and -7 chains. Immunoprecipitation of surface-labeled CAOV-3 cells with an anti-beta 1 antibody revealed a band at approximately 110-130 kDa consistent with the known molecular mass of the beta 1 chain, as well as several associated bands consistent with noncovalently linked integrin alpha chains. A similar pattern of beta 1 and alpha v beta 3 integrin expression was observed for primary ovarian cancer tissue samples. Ovarian cancer cell lines exhibited significant binding to collagen type I and laminin which was primarily mediated by beta 1 integrins. In contrast, ovarian cancer cell binding to fibronectin was mediated by both alpha 5 beta 1 and alpha v beta 3 integrins. Even though mesothelial cells were observed to express fibronectin mRNA and protein, binding of ovarian cancer cells to peritoneal mesothelium was not blocked by neutralizing antibodies to beta 1 or alpha v beta 3 integrins. These data suggest that functional integrins are commonly expressed by ovarian cancer cells, although they do not appear to mediate ovarian cancer cell implantation onto peritoneal mesothelium. The role that integrins play in the invasion of ovarian cancer cells into the submesothelial ECM deserves further investigation.
A new approach to finding magic numbers for heavy and superheavy elements

Abstract For at least 60 years, scientists have known that certain numbers of protons or neutrons in nuclei formed closed shells of some kind, producing additional stability to nuclei that possess these properties. The most stable nuclei, or nuclei exhibiting enhanced stability, are called doubly magic. Only recently, Lucas has explained that the magic numbers are really composites of several sub shells filling, rather than being single shells. In addition, his theory leads to a conclusion that protons and neutrons fill sub shells in a different way. This is because the protons are charged particles, and by Coulomb repulsion they try to get as far away from each other as possible, hence tending to occupy the outer regions of nuclei. Neutrons, being uncharged but possibly polarizable, tend to occupy both outer and inner shells and to possibly increase the number in an outer shell when the nuclei are heavy in a similar way to electrons filling in inner shells in the Lanthanide and Actinide series. Using these ideas, and following a simple modification of Lucas’ geometrical packing scheme, individual candidates for new magic proton numbers and new magic neutron numbers have been identified. Amazingly, these new magic numbers correspond to the experimentally identified superheavy element distribution to a very large extent, and even correspond to magic numbers suggested using very sophisticated theoretical physics methods and computations. As an added bonus, the newly suggested magic numbers correspond to the long lived Thorium and Uranium isotopes, and to the Fermium isotopes, which may help explain the shape of the Peninsula of Heavy isotopes. They also suggest going back to reassess somewhat lighter isotopes to see if some magic effects have been missed.
Acoustic phonon scattering by electron-hole droplets in Ge. II. Total scattering rate and anisotropy of scattering, as reflected in the shape of a droplet cloud

The pair-phonon scattering rate is calculated for carriers inside an electron–hole drop in Ge. The calculation includes effects due to screening, electron mass anisotropy, and sound velocity anisotropy. The net scattering time is shorter by about a factor of two than found in previous calculations. A very similar integral occurs in calculating the force of the ‘phonon wind’ on the cloud of droplets. Using a simple model, this integral can explain the anisotropic shape of the cloud observed experimentally by Greenstein and Wolfe. The calculation accounts for both the broad lobes observed along 〈111〉 axes and the sharp flares along 〈100〉 axes (the latter due to a focusing of the phonons in Ge). Die Phononenpaar-Streurate wird fur Ladungstrager innerhalb eines Elektron–Loch-Tropfens in Ge berechnet. Die Berechnung schliest Einflusse der Abschirmung, der Anisotropie der Elektronenmasse und der Anisotropie der Schallgeschwindigkeit ein. Die mittlere Streuzeit ist um einen Faktor zwei kurzer als in vorausgehenden Berechnungen gefunden. Ein sehr ahnliches Integral tritt bei Berechnung der Kraft des „Phononenwindes” auf die Wolke der Tropfen auf. Unter Benutzung eines einfachen Modells kann dieses Integral die anisotrope Form der Wolke erklaren, die experimentell von Greenstein und Wolfe beobachtet wurde. Die Berechnung erklart die breiten Lappen, die entlang der 〈111〉 Achsen beobachtet werden, und die scharfen Ausweitungen entlang der 〈100〉 Achsen (der letzte Effekt stammt von der Fokussierung des Phonons in Ge).
How does population growth contribute to rising energy consumption in America

The contribution of American population growth to rising energy consumption is analyzed for the period 1947–91. Energy consumption is disaggregated into electricity and nonelectricity consumption, and by end-use sectors: residential and commercial, industrial, and transportation. Population growth has been relatively unimportant as a contributor to yearly fluctuations in energy consumption. However, whereas energy changes induced by nonpopulation factors are erratic, sometimes adding consumption and sometimes subtracting, population growth consistently adds to consumption. As a result, depending upon which energy sector is considered, population growth may have a dominant role in the longterm growth of consumption.
Body weight, plasma insulin, and coronary events with gemfibrozil in the Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Intervention Trial (VA-HIT)

Abstract Background The Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Intervention Trial (VA-HIT) showed that gemfibrozil significantly reduced major coronary events in men with known coronary heart disease (CHD). To better understand why therapy was especially effective with obesity, diabetes, and hyperinsulinemia, changes in body weight and plasma insulin were determined after 1 year of gemfibrozil or placebo therapy and related to changes in lipids and CHD events. Results With gemfibrozil significantly more subjects lost weight (51.7% versus 38.6%, P P P =0.002) and, particularly, with diabetes or hyperinsulinemia (HR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.34–0.83; P =0.006). In contrast, CHD events were not significantly reduced without weight loss (HR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.62–1.12; P =0.22). Conclusions In VA-HIT, gemfibrozil resulted in weight loss associated with reductions in insulin. With weight loss gemfibrozil produced a significant reduction in CHD events that did not occur in the absence of weight loss.