cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recommendations for the Clinical Evaluation of Agents for Treatment of Osteoporosis: Consensus of an Expert Panel Representing the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR), the International Society for Clinical Densitometry (ISCD), and the National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF)†

A panel of experts representing ASBMR, NOF, and ISCD reviewed evidence and reached consensus that regulatory approval of treatments for osteoporosis should be based on trials with fracture endpoints, lasting 18-24 mo, and extending treatment to 5 yr; other indications could be approved based on BMD and turnover markers. Introduction: In response to an FDA request for clinical trial guidance in osteoporosis, an expert panel was convened with representatives from the American Society of Bone and Mineral Research, the International Society of Clinical Densitometry, and the National Osteoporosis Foundation. Materials and Methods: The panel used a validated evidence-based expert panel process (the Rand Appropriateness Method) to address issues of trial duration, trial design, use of intermediate endpoints as outcomes, and use of placebo-controlled trials in high-risk patients. Results and Conclusions: The panel concluded that placebo-controlled trials with fracture endpoints are appropriate and, with informed consent, are ethical for registration of new compounds. Trials may be 18-24 mo in duration for efficacy, assuming longer duration to 5 yr for safety and demonstration of sustained fracture reduction. Once fracture efficacy has been established for a particular agent, intermediate endpoints (e.g., BMD and bone turnover markers) may be used as outcomes for new indications other than corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis.
Reviewing event studies in MIS: an application of the firm value

Our objective in this paper is to show how the firm value framework can be used to examine IT investments and research on IT investment decisions. The firm value approach adds to the process-oriented approach through simultaneous evaluation of all of the factors that affect firm value. We demonstrate how to use the firm value framework in evaluating two streams of research in MIS, event studies of IT investment announcements and e-commerce initiatives.
The Shift in Outpatient Advanced Imaging From Private Offices to Hospital Facilities

Abstract Purpose To study recent outpatient imaging trends in private offices and hospital outpatient departments (HOPDs), to determine if shifting between the two has occurred. Concern is currently focused on whether reduced reimbursements and other factors might lead to a shift to higher-cost HOPDs. Methods The nationwide Medicare Physician/Supplier Procedure Summary Master Files for 2001 to 2013 were studied. All Current Procedural Terminology codes for MRI, echocardiography, nuclear medicine, ultrasound, and CT were selected, and procedure utilization rates per 1,000 Medicare beneficiaries were determined for each year. Medicare location codes identified the settings where the scans were performed. Results Total utilization rates, per 1,000 beneficiaries, of all these examination types in private offices, grew from 478 in 2001, to 874 in 2008 (+83%), and then declined to 503 in 2011 (–42%), primarily as a result of code bundling. No further bundling occurred in 2012 or 2013, but the decline continued in those years, to 462. In HOPDs, the total rate rose from 416 in 2001, to 523 in 2008 (+26%), followed by similar bundling-related declines, to 418 (–20%) in 2011. But in 2012 and 2013, in contrast to private office trends, the HOPD rate increased to 447. The ratio of private office to HOPD advanced imaging was 1.67 in 2008, declining to 1.03 in 2013. In addition, individual modality shifts away from offices and into HOPDs were quite apparent. Conclusions In recent years, a shift has occurred in utilization of all advanced imaging modalities, from private offices to HOPDs. This change could portend a loss of access for patients and an increase in costs.
Recurrence of Occupational Low Back Disorders: The Influence of the Definition of Recurrence

Recurrent low back disorder rates vary from as low as 1% to as high as 82%. The sample population as well as definition of recurrence influence the rate of recurrence found in the literature. The o...
Aggregation bounds in stochastic linear programming

Stochastic linear programs become extremely large and complex as additional uncertainties and possible future outcomes are included in their formulation. Row and column aggregation can significantly reduce this complexity, but the solutions of the aggregated problem only provide an approximation of the true solution. In this paper, error bounds on the value of the optimal solution of the original problem are obtained from the solution of the aggregated problem. These bounds apply for aggregation of both random variables and time periods.
BICARBONATE AND CHLORIDE TRANSPORT IN RELATION TO THE ACIDIFICATION OR ALKALINIZATION OF THE URINE

Although the electrogenicity of the active reabsorption of sodium and bicarbonate (or secretion of protons) has been well-established in the short-circuited turtle bladder preparation, the nature of the active reabsorption of chloride and secretion of bicarbonate has been controversial. These processes have been ascribed to the separate actions of two discrete electrogenic pumps or to the single action of a metabolically driven electroneutral anion exchange mechanism. The present report deals with these transport processes per se; with the relations among serosal bicarbonate,glucose, and the reabsorption of Na and Cl; and finally with the application of the Heinz model for inversion of an active transport as a tentative single mechanism for the alkalinization and acidification of the urine.
Linear systems analysis in a karst aquifer

Abstract A linear systems analysis applied to groundwater flow is presented as an alternative modeling technique to traditional discretized groundwater models (i.e. finite-difference and finite-element), which require elaborate parameters and boundary conditions. Linear systems analysis has been used extensively for surface-water modeling and to a lesser extent for groundwater applications. We present a method for the analysis of an aquifer's response in hydraulic head to recharge that comprises two major components. The first component is to predict the drop in hydraulic head over time if recharge is eliminated. By fitting logarithmic curves to selected short-term hydraulic head recession periods, a long-term recession or “base head” can be established. The estimation of base head is necessary for the second component of the method, which is the derivation of an impulse response function or transfer function. The transfer function was derived by deconvolution of two time series data sets—estimated recharge and the measured response in hydraulic head. An aquifer's response to recharge can be characterized and modeled by using the transfer function, which also establishes the time to peak response, the response time distribution, and the total memory length of the system. The method requires fitting smooth curves to the oscillatory transfer function derived by deconvolution in the Fourier transform domain. The smooth curve is considered to be the physically valid transfer function. In this analysis, curve fitting was more effective than other smoothing techniques commonly used. We applied the method to the karstic Madison aquifer and found that the time to peak response is less than one month, the system's total memory is about six years, and a logarithmic curve best fits the system response. This method has potential to be useful as a predictive tool in aquifer management.
First-principles-derived rate constants for H adatom surface diffusion on Si(100)-2 x 1.

We present the results of first-principles-derived Monte Carlo simulations of H adatom diffusion on the Si(100)-2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 surface. We developed an analytical Si/H potential which was fit to the results of first-principles electronic-structure calculations of H adatom adsorption and diffusion on embedded silicon clusters designed to model Si(100)-2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1. With this interaction potential, we calculated the rate constants for a H adatom hopping from one site to another, both parallel and perpendicular to the silicon dimer rows, using Monte Carlo simulations to extract exact classical transition-state-theory rate constants. The diffusion constants for H adatoms moving parallel and perpendicular to the surface dimer rows both were found to obey an Arrhenius temperature dependence (over the temperature range T=700--900 K) with preexponential factors and activation energies of ${\mathit{D}}_{0}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\parallel}}}$=4.0\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ ${\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$, ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{a}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\parallel}}}$=38.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.7 kcal/mol, and ${\mathit{D}}_{0}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$=4.8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.8}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ ${\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$, ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{a}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$=62.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}6.4 kcal/mol, respectively. These results confirm our previous suggestion that anisotropic diffusion of H adatoms on the Si(100)-2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 surface will occur preferentially along the edges of silicon dimer rows. However, these predicted H adatom diffusion rates are orders of magnitude faster (along the dimer rows) or slower (across the dimer rows) than measured values for the rates of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ desorption from Si(100)-2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1-H. Thus these results suggest that diffusion of hydrogen atoms may not be involved in the rate-limiting step for hydrogen desorption from Si(100).
Surgical management of congenital heart disease in the 1990s.

• Objective. —To provide a broad overview of recent trends in surgical management of congenital heart disease. Design. —Review of recent literature. Setting. —Major centers for surgical management of congenital heart disease. Selection Procedures. —Analysis of important recent clinical publications. Interventions. —None. Results and Conclusions. —Definitive, corrective surgery was previously reserved for children beyond infancy. Recognition of the complications associated with palliative operations as well as the realization that neonates and infants did not fare worse than older children during open heart surgery provided the impetus for primary corrective surgery at an earlier age. Advances in our understanding of perioperative care, improved diagnostic capability, and increasing experience with corrective surgery in association with several different congenital heart lesions has resulted in an established therapeutic approach to surgical management of congenital heart disease in neonates and infants. ( AJDC . 1992;146:1447-1452)
Projections from the cochlear nucleus to the inferior colliculus in normal and neonatally cochlea-ablated gerbils

The distribution of the projection from one cochlear nucleus (CN) within each inferior colliculus (IC) was studied in adult, normal gerbils and adult gerbils subjected to unilateral ablation of the contralateral cochlea at 2 days of age. The projection was studied by using the Fink-Heimer technique for impregnating degenerating axons and their terminal processes with silver. Following an extensive, unilateral lesion of the CN, degeneration was seen in both ICs of all animals. In normal animals, degeneration was both more widespread and heavier in the contralateral than in the ipsilateral central nucleus of IC (ICC). Degeneration was most widespread in the rostral and lateral parts of both ICCs and in the ventral part of the contralateral ICC. Degeneration was observed in 26% of the area examined in ipsilateral ICC and in 73% of the area examined in contralateral ICC. In cochlea-ablated animals there was a much greater similarity in the area of degeneration in the ICC ipsilateral (57%) and contralateral (67%) to the CN lesion. The same regional distributions of degeneration were observed as in the normal animals except that the distribution of degeneration in the ipsilateral ICC more closely resembled the normal contralateral than the normal ipsilateral profile. We conclude that the normal distribution of projections from the CN within the ipsilateral ICC is substantially modified by neonatal ablation of the contralateral cochlea.
Bioengineered tissues in wound healing: a progress report

An extensive number of bioengineered tissues have been studied and published in the medical literature. Due to the number of released data for these biologics, the purpose and utility often becomes ambiguous. Despite this difficulty, the therapeutic options continue to be advantageous for the practicing clinicians and can regularly provide manageable outcomes for acute, chronic and difficult-to-heal wounds. The purpose of this article is to review the many biologics that have been studied or released over the past decade and comment on data supporting or refuting their use.
Performance of Bi-Unit Impact Vibration Absorbers With Staggered and Identical Clearances

Impact vibration absorbers have been used extensively to control vibrations of mechanical systems. This paper deals with an experimental study on the performance of bi-unit impact vibration absorbers. The objective of this research was to study the performance of staggered versus identical clearances for two impact balls. This means that in the staggered clearance, the two impact balls had different distances to travel before impacting the limit walls whereas the clearances were identical for the other case. An experimental setup was designed and constructed. A novel digital image system, consisting of high speed camera and image acquisition software, was designed. The primary system was tuned to have a natural frequency of 5 Hz. A time series data of the location of the impact wall and both balls was acquired through constant frequency and constant amplitude excitation. This data was used to obtain motion plots and frequency responses. It was demonstrated that the vibration absorber with staggered clearances was more effective than the vibration absorber with identical clearances.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Diminished Plant Richness and Abundance Below Lonicera maackii, an Invasive Shrub

Abstract The Asian shrub Lonicera maackii (Amur honeysuckle) is now common in many secondary forests in southwestern Ohio and adjacent states. We found lower species richness and abundance in plots (0.5 m2) placed below crowns of L. maackii than in plots placed away: all species (53% lower richness and 63% lower cover), tree seedlings with canopy potential (−41% richness and −68% density) and seed + bud bank (−34% richness and −33% density). Moreover, most individual taxa had lower abundance below L. maackii: 86% of herbs, 100% of trees and 56% of seed + bud bank taxa. In addition, richness of all species and richness and density of tree seedlings decreased in forests with longer residence time of L. maackii.
Different Definitions of Prevalent Hypertension Impact The Clinical Epidemiology of Hypertension and Attainment of Healthy People Goals

Prevalent hypertension in National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) is traditionally defined as blood pressure (BP) ≥140 mm Hg systolic and/or ≥90 diastolic and/or currently taking antihypertensive medications. When estimating prevalent hypertension, American Heart Association (AHA) statistical updates include the traditional definition of hypertension (tHTN) and untreated individuals with nonhypertensive BP told twice that they were hypertensive (nontraditional [ntHTN]). The characteristics of ntHTN and their impact on the clinical epidemiology of hypertension and Healthy People prevention and control goals are undefined. NHANES 1999-2002, 2003-2006, and 2007-2010 were analyzed. The ntHTN group was younger and had less diabetes and lower BP than the tHTN group but higher BP than the normotensive group. When classifying ntHTN as hypertensive, prevalent hypertension increased approximately 3% and control 5% to 6% across NHANES periods. In 2007-2010, the Healthy People 2010 goal of controlling BP in 50% of all hypertensive patientss was attained when ntHTN was classified as hypertension (56.5% [95% confidence interval (CI), 54.2-58.7]) and nonhypertension (51.8% [95% CI, 49.6-53.9]). When including ntHTN in prevalent hypertension estimates, the Healthy People 2020 goal of controlling BP in 60% of hypertensive patients becomes more attainable, whereas reducing prevalent hypertension to 26.9% (31.8% [95% CI, 30.5-33.1]) vs 28.7% [95% CI, 27.5-30.0]) becomes more challenging.
Stereochemistry modulates the stability of reduced interstrand cross-links arising from R- and S-alpha-CH3-gamma-OH-1,N2-propano-2'-deoxyguanosine in the 5'-CpG-3' DNA sequence.

The solution structures of 5‘-Cp-N2-dG-3‘-R-(α)-CH3-propyl-5‘-Cp-N2-dG-3‘ and 5‘-Cp-N2-dG-3‘-S-(α)-CH3-propyl-5‘-Cp-N2-dG-3‘ interstrand DNA cross-links in the 5‘-CpG-3‘ sequence were determined by...
Estrogen therapy: Does it help or hurt the adult and aging brain? Insights derived from animal models

Abstract Hormone therapy and estrogen therapy in postmenopausal women have been thought to ameliorate cognitive dysfunction and decrease the risk and/or progress of neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease and stroke. Furthermore, estrogens have been shown to exert neuroprotective actions in a variety of in vitro and in vivo models of brain injury. However, the findings of the Women’s Health Initiative have made us re-evaluate these assumptions. Our laboratory has shown that physiological levels of estradiol attenuate ischemic brain injury in young and middle-aged female rats. We have begun to probe the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie these novel non-reproductive actions of this steroid. Our findings demonstrate that in both young and aging rats, treatment with physiological concentrations of estradiol decreases ischemic injury by almost 50%, compared with oil-treated controls. Additionally, our data suggest that estradiol acts by altering the expression of genes that suppress apoptosis and enhance survival in the penumbral region of the infarct. These observations demonstrate that estrogen therapy protects against stroke-related injury in young and aging female rats and strongly suggest that middle-aged animals remain responsive to the protective actions of estradiol. Furthermore, they suggest that estrogen therapy protects against cell death by influencing the expression of genes that suppress apoptotic cell death pathways.
Skin welding using pulsed laser radiation and a dye

Previous skin welding studies have used continuous wave (CW) delivery of radiation. However, heat diffusion during irradiation prevents strong welds from being achieved without creating large zones of thermal damage to surrounding tissue. This damage may prevent normal wound healing. Strong welds and minimal thermal damage can be achieved by introducing a dye and delivering the radiation in a pulsed mode. Two-cm-long, full-thickness incisions were made in guinea pig skin. India ink was used as an absorber, and egg white albumin was used as an adhesive. A 5-mm-diameter spot of CW, 1.06-micrometer Nd:YAG laser radiation was scanned over the weld site, producing 100 millisecond pulses. The cooling time between scans and number of scans was varied. Thermal damage zones were measured using a transmission polarizing microscope to identify birefringence changes in tissue. Tensile strengths were measured using a tensiometer. For pulsed welding and long cooling times, weld strengths of 2.4 kg/cm2 were measured, and thermal damage to the epidermis was limited to approximately 500 micrometers. With CW welding, comparable weld strengths resulted in approximately 2700 micrometer of thermal damage. CW laser radiation weld strengths were only 0.6 kg/cm2 when thermal damage in the epidermis was limited to approximately 500 micrometers.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Nuclear spectroscopic studies of 252Es

Abstract The decay scheme of 252Es has been investigated with high-resolution semiconductor detectors in conjunction with coincidence techniques. The half-life of 252Es was measured by following the decay of the α-count rate associated with 252Es decay and was found to be 350±50 d. The electron capture and α-decay branchings were measured to be (22±2)% and (78±6)%, respectively. The EC decay almost entirely populates a level at 969.8 keV in 252Cf with a logft value of 8.9. This state has been identified as the two-neutron state n [613] 7 2 + ; n [620] 1 2 + 3 + . A Kπ = 2− band has been identified at 830.8 keV. A rotational band built on an 804.8 keV level has been interpreted as the γ-vibrational band (Kπ = 2+). On the basis of the observed log ft value, the ground state of 252Es has been given an assignment of {n[613] 7 2 + ; p [521] 3 2 − 5 − . The favored α-transition of 252Es has been found to populate a level at 590 keV in 248Bk. The ground state of 248Bk has been given a spin-parity assignment of 6+ with the twoquasiparticle configuration n [734] 9 2 − ; p [521] 3 2 − .
Stereoselective Ring-Opening Polymerization of rac-Lactides Catalyzed by Chiral and Achiral Aluminum Half-Salen Complexes†

A new series of aluminum half-salen complexes have been synthesized from either chiral or achiral tridentate Schiff base ligands derived from amino alcohols or amino acids. All aluminum complexes have been shown to be active catalysts for the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of rac-lactide in toluene at 70 °C, producing polylactides with controlled molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distributions. Both chiral and achiral aluminum complexes showed moderate selectivity to the ROP of rac-lactide to produce isotactic polylactide with a Pm value up to 0.76. In addition, epimerization of rac-lactide to meso-lactide was observed during the polymerization process for some of the complexes studied.
The effect of low concentrations of CO on H2 adsorption and activation on Pt/C: Part 2—In the presence of H2O vapor

Abstract CO affects H 2 activation on supported Pt in the catalyst layers of a PEMFC and significantly degrades overall fuel cell performance. This paper establishes a more fundamental understanding of the effect of humidity on CO poisoning of Pt/C at typical fuel cell conditions (80 °C, 2 atm). In this work, direct measurements of hydrogen surface concentration on Pt/C were performed utilizing an H 2 –D 2 switch with Ar purge (HDSAP). The presence of water vapor decreased the rate of CO adsorption on Pt, but had very little effect on the resulting CO surface coverage on Pt S ( θ CO ) at steady-state. The steady-state θ CO s at 80 °C for Pt exposed to H 2 ( P H 2 = 1 atm ) and a mixture of H 2 /H 2 O (1 atm H 2 , 10%RH) were 0.70 and 0.66 ML, respectively. Furthermore, total strongly bound surface hydrogen measured after exposure to H 2 /H 2 O was, surprisingly, the sum of the exchangeable surface hydrogen contributed by each component, even in the presence of CO. In the absence of any evidence for strong chemisorption of H 2 O on the carbon support with/without Pt, this additive nature and seemingly lack of interaction from the co-adsorption of H 2 and H 2 O on Pt may be explained by the repulsion of strongly adsorbed H 2 O to the stepped-terrace interface at high coverages of surface hydrogen.
A study of collection development personnel training and evaluation in academic libraries

Abstract This study describes methods by which librarians who participate in academic library collection development are evaluated and trained. Questionnaires were sent to 246 libraries in four-year academic institutions. The librarians responsible for collection development were asked to provide data on their staff size, budget, and collection development policies, and to describe their programs for training and evaluating collection development personnel. The data from 201 respondents were categorized and cross-tabulated. Typologies of training and evaluation programs, and descriptions of sites with these programs were developed.
Organization of Flash-Flood-Producing Precipitation in the Northeast United States

AbstractHeavy precipitation and flash flooding have been extensively studied in the central United States, but less so in the Northeast. This study examines 187 warm-season flash flood events identified in Storm Data to better understand the structure of the precipitation systems that cause flash flooding in the Northeast. Based on the organization and movement of these systems on radar, the events are classified into one of four categories—back-building, linear, multiple, and other/size—and then further classified into subtypes for each category. Eight of these subtypes were not previously recognized in the literature. The back-building events were the most common, followed by the multiple, other/size, and linear types. The linear event types appear to produce flash flooding less commonly in the Northeast than in other regions. In general, the subtypes producing the highest precipitation estimates are those whose structures are most conducive to a long duration of sustained moderate to heavy rainfall. Th...
Cauda equina syndrome (CES) from lumbar disc herniations.

Study DesignA retrospective review was performed to determine the outcomes of patients with cauda equina syndrome (CES) from a herniated lumbar disc at our institutions.ObjectiveCES from lumbar herniated discs is considered the only absolute indication for surgery. It is considered a neurosurgical e
EXTRACT RELEASE VOLUME (ERV) RESPONSES WITH ASEPTIC AND INOCULATED PORK

SUMMARY– The extract-release volume (ERV) phenomenon, previously reported as a reliable rapid indicator of bacterial spoilage in meat, was observed for pork muscle obtained aseptically and for that inoculated with pure and mixed cultures of bacteria over a 20-day storage period at 2° and 10°C. ERV values obtained using pork longissimus dorsi muscle were found to be inversely related to bacterial numbers regardless of population type (homogeneous or heterogeneous) of the microorganisms. The correlations between ERV and bacterial numbers did not denote reliable prediction of the bacteriological quality of pork by ERV. Under conditions of mixed culture sample contamination the correlation between ERV and bacterial numbers was much higher than for pure culture sample contamination with psychrophilic, anaerobic, or acid-producing bacteria. Minor initial differences in ERV between control (aseptic) and inoculated samples indicated that ERV responded to growth of the bacteria rather than to their presence per se. Differences in ERV that were attributable to sample source (animal differences) by analysis of variance test indicated there was a wide range of hydration capacities in pork longissimus dorsi muscle samples. This disparity minimized the significance of the influence of bacterial growth on the ERV response for practical applications. Contrary to the usual ERV response observed with meat spoiled under refrigerator conditions, ERV was found to increase with storage time and bacterial growth when pork was contaminated with a putrefactive anaerobe (Clostridium perfringens) and stored at 35°C. Though pH appeared to influence the magnitude of the changes observed in ERV, decreases in ERV with bacterial growth or storage time could not be explained solely as a pH effect.
Metabolism: Galactosemia (Transferase Deficiency)

Galactose, a hexose Sugar, is a Constituent of many foodstuffs. It is present in most animals milks and represents a major source of calories for infants. Galactose provides a sources of energy through its converstion to glucose-1-containing compounds in the body. Inherited deficiency states have been described for all steps in the major pathway of galactose metabolism. Galatose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (transferse) deficiency is the most commonly encontered. It has an incidence of approximately 1:60,000 and it is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. The clinical consequence of the biochemical defecst appears early in life and usually is severe. Vomiting, diarrhea, jundice, hepatomegaly, renal tublar abnormalities, cataracts and mental retardation are some of the majour clinical features. Untreated, mortality rate is high. Treatment is readily accomplished and consists of elimination of galactose(lactose) from the diet. The acute manifestation are reversed; cataracts do not grogress and severs mental retardation prvented. The outcom, however, is not wholly satisfactory, even when treatment is intiated early. Growth and development usually are normal, but intellectual devlopment variable. Many children have visual-perceptual problem and I.Q.'s below average. School performance generally has been unsatisfactory. Ovarian failure frequently has been found in female galactosemics. The casuse has not been determined.
A new mechanism for adaptation to changes in light intensity and quality in the red alga, Porphyra perforata. I. Relation to State 1—State 2 transitions

Abstract Time courses of chlorophyll fluorescence and fluorescence spectra at 77 K after various light treatments were measured in the red alga, Porphyra perforata . Photosystem (PS) I or II light (light 1 or 2) induced differences in the fluorescence spectra at 77 K. Light 2 decreased the two PS II fluorescence bands (F-685 and F-695) in parallel, while light 1 preferentially increased F-695. Light 1 and 2 also produced different effects on the activities of PS I and II. Preillumination with light 1 increased PS II activity and decreased PS I activity. However, preillumination with light 2 decreased PS II activity with no effect on PS I activity. These results show that there are at least two mechanisms that can alter the transfer of light energy in P. perforata . The dark state in this alga was found to be State 2 and light 1 induced a State 2-State 1 transition which retarded the transfer of light energy from PS II to PS I. Light 2 induced another change (which we have called a State 2-State 3 transition) that was accompanied by a change only in PS II activity.
Rapid prototyping for treatment of canine limb deformities

This report describes Rapid Prototyping (RP) ‐aided assessment and preoperative planning for treatment of bilateral multifocal pelvic limb deformities in a 1 year old German Shepherd dog. Computed tomography (CT) scans were acquired on a General Electric CT scanner and converted to solid models using Mimics software from Materialise. Stereolithography patterns were prototyped using QuickCast build style on a SLA ‐190. Room temperature vulcanized silicone molds were constructed and three sets of polyurethane patterns were cast for pre‐surgical planning and rehearsal. The paper compares traditional osteotomy planning procedures using only radiographs and 2D CT images to planning with full‐scale physical biomodels. The biomodels had a clearly beneficial impact on the accuracy of surgery and positively influenced the clinical outcome.
Stimulus information and primate discrimination learning: The influence of postresponse stimulus information

Abstract This paper describes an experiment concerned with the operation of discriminatory processes subsequent to an individual's overt choice response and how these may be affected by extrinsic stimulus information. The experiment used subhuman primates and was conducted within the simultaneous two-choice visual discrimination paradigm. The major results of the experiment indicated that: (1) learning performance may be significantly interfered with by irrelevant postresponse stimulus information, and (2) this interference is primarily associated with the presentation of irrelevant information subsequent to nonreinforced choice responses. The results are discussed in terms of the relation between the occurrence of reinforcement and the operation of memory storage processes.
Humic substances and crude oil induce cytochrome P450 1A expression in the amazonian fish species Colossoma macropomum (Tambaqui)

Cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) induction is used widely as a biomarker of exposure to pollutants, such as petroleum hydrocarbons, yet CYP1A inducibility has been characterized in few tropical fish. Using Western blot analysis, catalytic assay, and immunohistochemistry, we evaluated CYP1A induction in an Amazonian fish (tambaqui; Colossoma macropomum) acclimated to humic substances (HS) and acutely exposed to crude oil. HS are ubiquitous in Amazonian waters, and they are known to affect the bioavailability of pollutants. CYP1A activity was also measured in fish exposed for 10 days to a range of concentrations of HS from both natural and commercial sources. Crude oil induced CYP1A expression in tambaqui, as expected. Exposure to both HS and crude oil resulted in greater levels of CYP1A expression relative to that in fish exposed to petroleum alone. Interestingly, CYP1A induction was also observed in fish exposed to HS alone. Induction by HS was concentration-dependent, and activity was higher in fish exposed to HS from the commercial source than in fish exposed to the HS from the natural source. The use of CYP1A as a biomarker of exposure to pollutants such as petroleum hydrocarbons in fish living in environments rich in humic substances should be considered with caution given that HS themselves induce CYP1A expression. Our results suggest that there may be as yet unknown CYP1A inducing components (aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists) in humic substances.
Towards a true spherical camera

We present the design of a spherical imaging system with the following properties: (i) A 4π field of view that enables it to "see" in all directions; (ii) a single center of projection to avoid parallax within the field of view; and (iii) a uniform spatial and angular resolution in order to achieve a uniform sampling of the field of view. Our design consists of a spherical (ball) lens encased within a spherical detector shell. The detector shell has a uniform distribution of sensing elements, but with free space between neighboring elements, thereby making the detector partly transparent to light. We determine the optimal dimensions of the sensing elements and the diameter of the detector shell that produce the most compact point spread function. The image captured with such a camera has minimal blur and can be deblurred using spherical deconvolution. Current solid state technologies do not permit the fabrication of a high resolution spherical detector array. Therefore, in order to verify our design, we have built a prototype spherical camera with a single sensing element, which can scan a spherical image one pixel at a time.
Wood-surface feature classification using extended-color information

(Mirb.) Franco) veneer can be accurately classified via visible-region spectral-reflectance curves and quadratic discriminant analysis. This paper extends those results to an expanded set of features, a broader spectrum that includes near-infrared as well as visible wavelengths and a larger set of physical samples. It also tests two methods for eliminating the classification procedure's reliance on raw spectral-reflectance curves. Instead of working with the raw curves, which are difficult to obtain by traditional means at sufficient speeds in a production environment, the data required by these two methods is much reduced and can potentially be obtained from a video camera equipped with either custom or commercially available bandpass filters. The paper shows that classification accuracies achieved with either of the two reduced-data methods are comparable to the accuracies achieved when using raw spectral data.
TCP with Delayed Ack for Wireless Networks

This paper studies the TCP performance with delayed ack in wireless networks (including ad hoc and WLANs) which use IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol as the underlying medium access control. Our analysis and simulations show that TCP throughput does not always benefit from an unrestricted delay policy. In fact, for a given topology and flow pattern, there exists an optimal delay window size at the receiver that produces best TCP throughput. If the window is set too small, the receiver generates too many acks and causes channel contention; on the other hand, if set the window too high, the bursty transmission at the sender triggered by large cumulative acks will induce interference and packet losses, thus degrading the throughout. In wireless networks, packet losses are also related to the length of TCP path; when traveling through a longer path, a packet is more likely to suffer interference. Therefore, path length is an important factor to consider when choosing appropriate delay window sizes. In this paper, we first propose an adaptive delayed ack mechanism which is suitable for ad hoc networks, then we propose a more general adaptive delayed ack scheme for ad hoc and hybrid networks. The simulated results show that our schemes can effectively improve TCP throughput by up to 30% in static networks, and provide more significant gain in mobile networks. The proposed schemes are simple and easy to deploy.
SH2-B is a positive regulator of nerve growth factor-mediated activation of the Akt/Forkhead pathway in PC12 cells.

To gain insight into the mechanism by which the adapter protein SH2-B promotes nerve growth factor (NGF)-mediated neuronal differentiation and survival, the effect of SH2-B on the serine/threonine kinase Akt/protein kinase B and downstream effector proteins was examined. PC12 cells stably overexpressing SH2-Bβ, which exhibit enhanced NGF-induced neuronal differentiation compared with control cells, showed enhanced and prolonged NGF-induced phosphorylation of Akt on Ser473 and Akt enzymatic activity. Surprisingly, NGF-induced phosphorylation of Akt on Ser473 and Akt activity were not altered in cells overexpressing SH2-Bβ(R555E) with a defective SH2 domain, despite the ability of the overexpressed SH2-Bβ(R555E) to block NGF-induced differentiation. Consistent with SH2-Bβ enhancing the activity of Akt, cells overexpressing SH2-Bβ but not SH2-Bβ(R555E) exhibited increased and/or prolonged phosphorylation of the pro-apoptotic Akt effector proteins, glycogen synthase kinase-3, and forkhead transcription factors, FKHRL1/FOXO3 and FKHR/FOXO1. Immunolocalization studies indicated that, although ectopically expressed FKHR was primarily concentrated in the cytoplasm of control cells and cells transiently overexpressing SH2-Bβ, it was concentrated in the nucleus of cells transiently overexpressing SH2-Bβ(R555E). Similarly, SH2-Bβ stimulated the accumulation of FKHR in the cytoplasm of 293T and COS-7 cells, whereas SH2-Bβ(R555E) enhanced its accumulation in the nucleus. In PC12 cells stably expressing forms of SH2-Bβ, SH2-Bβ mimicked the ability of NGF to promote redistribution of FKHR to the cytoplasm whereas SH2-Bβ(R555E) blocked this effect of NGF. Taken together, these data indicate that SH2-B is a positive regulator of NGF-mediated activation of the Akt/Forkhead pathway.
Subpicosecond absorption spectroscopy of band-gap excitation and defect formation in alkali halide crystals

Abstract On the time scale of a few hundred femtoseconds to a few picoseconds after electron–hole pair creation in alkali halides, observations have revealed aspects of the growth and evolution of some familiar defect and self-trapped exciton (STE) absorption bands, as well as absorption features at the earliest time which may be related to vibrationally hot and relaxing two-center self-trapped holes (B band). We present the first observation of a B band in CsBr, and present observations of type II STE, type III STE, and F center absorption formed in NaCl after electron–hole pair generation.
Perisplenic pseudolesion: a case report and literature review

Distinguishing a normal variant from true pathology is a frequent task of the imager. In the assessment of the trauma patient, rapid determination of the presence or absence of intraabdominal injury is of paramount importance. We present the sonographic findings of an anatomic variant detected in a patient following blunt abdominal trauma. Trauma sonogram revealed an elongated left lobe of the liver mimicking a subcapsular splenic hematoma. This case illustrates the importance of recognizing this potential pitfall in the setting of abdominal trauma. An equivocal trauma sonogram can lead to critical delays in treatment of associated injuries and unnecessary additional imaging or even surgery.
Marxism and Communism in Twentieth‐Century Mexico

Marxism and Communism in Twentieth-Century Mexico. Barry Carr. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1992. 437 pp., tables, notes, bibliography, index. $52.00 (cloth). ISBN 0–8032–1458–8.
Screening for symptoms of depression and anxiety in adolescents and young adults with cystic fibrosis.

Background Although studies have assessed symptoms of depression and anxiety in individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF), few have been conducted since the advent of new medical treatments (e.g., nebulized antibiotics, ThAIRpy Vest). Study objectives were to: (1) document symptoms of depression and anxiety for adolescents and young adults with CF and compare with normative values, (2) examine the associations among depressive/anxiety symptoms and gender, age, lung function, and body mass index, and (3) determine the relations between adolescent and caregiver symptoms of depression and anxiety. Methods Patients and caregivers completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) anytime (e.g., beginning or end) during routine CF clinic appointments. Results Participants included 59 adolescents/young adults with CF (Mage = 15.8 years, 54% female, 98% Caucasian, MFEV1% predicted = 84.6) and caregivers of 40 adolescents. Although symptom scores were in the normative range for patients with CF (MDepression = 2.27 and MAnxiety = 5.59), 3% and 32% exhibited clinically elevated symptoms of depression and anxiety, respectively. Symptoms of depression and anxiety were significantly associated with age (r = 0.28, 0.36). Symptoms of depression and anxiety were also positively correlated (r = 0.48). Females endorsed higher anxiety symptoms than males. While adolescent and caregiver anxiety scores were not related, higher caregiver depressive symptoms were associated with older patient age and worse lung function. Conclusions Data from the current study suggest low levels of depressive symptoms and substantial levels of anxiety symptoms in adolescents and young adults with CF. Consistent with prior literature, depressive symptoms appear higher in older patients and are significantly associated with anxiety symptoms. Caregiver symptomology appears to be more affected by an adolescent's health status, suggesting a need to screen caregivers when health begins to decline. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2011; 46:153–159. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A SHARP BOUND FOR THE NUMBER OF SETS THAT PAIRWISE INTERSECT AT k POSITIVE VALUES

In this paper we prove that if % MathType!Translator!2!1!AMS LaTeX.tdl!TeX -- AMS-LaTeX! % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSn0BKvguHDwzZbqefeKCPfgBGuLBPn % 2BKvginnfarmqr1ngBPrgitLxBI9gBamXvP5wqSXMqHnxAJn0BKvgu % HDwzZbqegm0B1jxALjhiov2DaeHbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaebbnr % fifHhDYfgasaacH8qrps0lbbf9q8WrFfeuY-Hhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9 % pk0xbba9q8WqFfea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFv % e9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaqaafaaakeaacaqImbaa % aa!448A! $$ {\user1{L}} $$ is a set of k positive integers and {A 1, ..., A m } is a family of subsets of an n-element set satisfying % MathType!Translator!2!1!AMS LaTeX.tdl!TeX -- AMS-LaTeX! % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSn0BKvguHDwzZbqefeKCPfgBGuLBPn % 2BKvginnfarmqr1ngBPrgitLxBI9gBamXvP5wqSXMqHnxAJn0BKvgu % HDwzZbqegm0B1jxALjhiov2DaeHbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaebbnr % fifHhDYfgasaacH8qrps0lbbf9q8WrFfeuY-Hhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9 % pk0xbba9q8WqFfea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFv % e9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaqaafaaakeaadaabdaqa % aiaadgeadaWgaaWcbaGaamyAaaqabaGccqGHPiYXcaWGbbWaaSbaaS % qaaiaadQgaaeqaaaGccaGLhWUaayjcSdGaeyicI4SaaKitaaaa!4EA3! $$ {\left| {A_{i} \cap A_{j} } \right|} \in {\user1{L}} $$ , for all 1 ≤ i < j ≤ m, then % MathType!Translator!2!1!AMS LaTeX.tdl!TeX -- AMS-LaTeX! % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSn0BKvguHDwzZbqefeKCPfgBGuLBPn % 2BKvginnfarmqr1ngBPrgitLxBI9gBamXvP5wqSXMqHnxAJn0BKvgu % HDwzZbqegm0B1jxALjhiov2DaeHbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaebbnr % fifHhDYfgasaacH8qrps0lbbf9q8WrFfeuY-Hhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9 % pk0xbba9q8WqFfea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFv % e9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaqaafaaakeaacaWGTbGa % eyizIm6aaabmaeaadaqadaqaamaaDaaaleaacaWGPbaabaGaamOBai % abgkHiTiaaigdaaaaakiaawIcacaGLPaaaaSqaaiaadMgacqGH9aqp % caaIWaaabaGaam4AaaqdcqGHris5aaaa!5143! $$ m \leqslant {\sum\nolimits_{i = 0}^k {{\left( {^{{n - 1}}_{i} } \right)}} } $$ . The case k = 1 was proven 50 years ago by Majumdar.
Respiration & Internal Atmosphere of Avocado Fruit'

and the composition of the internal atmosphere has been studied in several fruits. In the case of the banana (Musa sapientum) and the papaya (Carica papaya), Wardlaw and Leonard (24, 25) observed the coincidence of the onset of the climacteric rise with the peak in oxygen concentration inside these fruits. With the respiratory rise the oxygen level dropped, reaching very low values of 1 % at late stages of senescence. Impressed with the marked changes in the gaseous composition, they suggested that the internal oxygen concentration is the controlling mechanism of the climacteric pattern. Trout et al. (22) reported that in mature apples oxygen deficiency depressed respiration and retarded ripening. Observations on the epidermal layers as the tissue that offers major resistance to gaseous diffusion were made by Trout et al. (22) for the apple and by Clendenning (7) for the tomato. Biale (4) included in his review a brief account of the studies dealing with the internal atmospheres of fruits. The avocado fruit is distinguished from other fruits by its low fermentative capacity, shown by depression of CO2 evolution and ripening under anaerobic conditions (3). This study was undertaken, therefore, with the purpose of finding an explanation for the physiological behavior of the avocado in terms of changes in the composition of the internal atmosphere.
Notes on the use of screen-to-plate transconductance in multigrid tube circuit design

THE conductance contour technique1 of circuit design provides a direct and rapid means of co-ordinated static and dynamic design of electronic circuits. It yields results in a form which enables the designer to tell by inspection whether the design will comply with design requirements or is marginal or unsuitable. Design rules based on the conductance technique enable the user to test alternate tubes for the tubes having unsatisfactory characteristics. However, the rules do not make it possible to reconsider the problem and directly select two or three tubes offering the best opportunity for achieving the desired design.
Pseudocrossed renal ectopia secondary to retroperitoneal liposarcoma

Abstract A case of pseudocrossed renal ectopia secondary to retroperitoneal liposarcoma is reported. Abdominal computerized tomography (CAT) scan established the diagnosis prior to surgery.