cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Water-Cooled Beam Line Components at LAMPF

The beam line components that comprise the main experimental line at the Clinton P. Anderson Meson Physics Facility (LAMPF) have been operating since February 1976. This paper will define the functions of the primary water-cooled elements, their design evolution, and our operating experience to the present time.
A new Green's function Monte Carlo algorithm for the solution of the two-dimensional nonlinear Poisson–Boltzmann equation: Application to the modeling of the communication breakdown problem in space vehicles during re-entry

Abstract The objective of this paper is the exposition of a recently-developed, novel Green's function Monte Carlo (GFMC) algorithm for the solution of nonlinear partial differential equations and its application to the modeling of the plasma sheath region around a cylindrical conducting object, carrying a potential and moving at low speeds through an otherwise neutral medium. The plasma sheath is modeled in equilibrium through the GFMC solution of the nonlinear Poisson–Boltzmann (NPB) equation. The traditional Monte Carlo based approaches for the solution of nonlinear equations are iterative in nature, involving branching stochastic processes which are used to calculate linear functionals of the solution of nonlinear integral equations. Over the last several years, one of the authors of this paper, K. Chatterjee has been developing a philosophically-different approach, where the linearization of the equation of interest is not required and hence there is no need for iteration and the simulation of branching processes. Instead, an approximate expression for the Green's function is obtained using perturbation theory, which is used to formulate the random walk equations within the problem sub-domains where the random walker makes its walks. However, as a trade-off, the dimensions of these sub-domains have to be restricted by the limitations imposed by perturbation theory. The greatest advantage of this approach is the ease and simplicity of parallelization stemming from the lack of the need for iteration, as a result of which the parallelization procedure is identical to the parallelization procedure for the GFMC solution of a linear problem. The application area of interest is in the modeling of the communication breakdown problem during a space vehicle's re-entry into the atmosphere. However, additional application areas are being explored in the modeling of electromagnetic propagation through the atmosphere/ionosphere in UHF/GPS applications.
Processing and structural evolution of nanocrystalline CuCeO2−x catalysts

Abstract Inert gas condensation synthesis and post-treatment of nanocrystalline Cu-CeO 2− x were found to provide unique control of the structural evolution of this system. X-ray diffraction and scanning transmission electron microscopy were employed to follow the phase transformation, morphological changes, and chemical dispersion in this material. A strong interaction existed between the components to provide a high dispersion of Cu on CeO 2− x that was stable through high temperature treatments. The interstitial and surface dispersion of Cu were related to the system's excellent catalytic performance in CO oxidation.
Patients with borderline elevated blood pressure have enhanced left ventricular contractility

Recent analyses of midwall left ventricular mechanics have demonstrated that patients with established hypertension and ventricular hypertrophy have depressed myocardial contractility. In this study, myocardial performance was assessed in subjects with borderline blood pressure elevations by relating the velocity of circumferential midwall fiber shortening to end-systolic stress in young men and women who were classified as normotensive (n = 92) or as having marginally elevated blood pressure (n = 43) based on daytime ambulatory systolic blood pressure. On average, velocity of midwall fiber shortening in those with higher blood pressure was 8% greater than predicted from results of normotensive controls. These results suggest that young patients with borderline blood pressure elevations have enhanced left ventricular contractility.
Regulation of chromosome replication in Escherichia coli: a comparison of the effects of phenethyl alcohol treatment with those of amino acid starvation.

Escherichia coli 15T− was treated with phenethyl alcohol at a concentration sufficient eventually to stop DNA synthesis, but not RNA or protein synthesis. DNA synthesis was found to cease at that same region of the chromosome at which it ceases in the absence of required amino acids. It was concluded that phenethyl alcohol allows the completion of a chromosome replication cycle, but prevents the initiation of a new replication cycle. In the presence of phenethyl alcohol, an excess of protein is synthesized which participates in initiating new cycles of DNA replication. Synthesis of this protein is inhibited by chloramphenicol. Although this protein may be necessary for initiating a cycle of DNA replication, it is not sufficient.
Health-related Quality of Life in Gulf War Era Military Personnel

The Gulf War's impact on veterans' health-related quality of life (HRQL) remains unclear. The authors examined the HRQL of military personnel deployed to the Gulf War Theater compared with those not deployed. In 1995-1996, a structured, population-based telephone survey was conducted 5 years postconflict among a cohort originally from Iowa on active duty during the conflict. The sample included 4,886 eligible subjects stratified by deployment and military status and proportionately distributed within five substrata. The Medical Outcome Study Short Form-36 (SF-36) assessed HRQL, and multivariable linear regression identified pre- and perideployment risk factors. A total of 3,695 respondents (76%) participated. Nondeployed participants reported excellent health more often than deployed participants (31% vs. 21%, p < 0.01). SF-36 scores for deployed participants were poorer than those for nondeployed controls across all health domains. Modifiable factors such as smoking and military preparedness, and other factors such as predeployment physical and mental health morbidity, were independent risk factors for poorer HRQL after deployment. Deployed veterans reported slightly poorer HRQL even after the authors adjusted for other risk factors. Further investigation of factors influencing postdeployment HRQL is needed. Routine collection of health information by using standardized instruments pre- and perideployment should be implemented.
Integrin VLA-5 and FAK are Good Targets to Improve Treatment Response in the Philadelphia Chromosome Positive Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia bearing the Philadelphia chromosome is amongst the most difficult types of ALL to cure. However, the advent of targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) imatinib has ushered in a new era of treatments that have the potential to be less toxic to patients. Integrins and tyrosine kinases play important roles in mediating and transducing signals for cell survival and suppressing apoptosis. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor type tyrosine kinase that is constitutively activated in Ph+ ALL. We sought to investigate the specificity of integrin α5β1 (VLA-5) on Ph+ leukemia by its expression and function. We found VLA-5 expression increases after serum starvation. Integrin α5 inhibitory antibody inhibited adhesion of Ph+ leukemia to human fibronectin and acted synergistically with imatinib to induce Ph+ leukemia cell apoptosis. We used different strategies to block integrin signaling and knocked down the expression of integrin VLA-5 to observe the effect on proliferation and engraftment of Ph+ leukemia cells in immunodeficient mice. We found that blocking integrin activity by incubating Ph+ leukemia cells with disintegrin, a peptide inhibitor of integrins, or α5 inhibitory antibody, or knocking down the α5 integrin subunit impaired and delayed the engraftment of Ph+ leukemia in immunodeficient mice. We then treated mice xenografted with Ph+ leukemia cells with the FAK inhibitor TAE226 in combination with a BCR-ABL TKI nilotinib. While two weeks of treatment with TAE226 alone did not significantly inhibit leukemia growth in mice, TAE226 in combination with nilotinib provided the most optimum growth inhibition at 4-6 weeks. We conclude that blocking VLA-5 signaling or combining FAK inhibitors with TKI targeting BCL/ABL might be good strategies to improve treatments in patients with Ph+ ALL. By altering Ph+ leukemia cell interactions with the microenvironment we may increase their susceptibility to therapy targeting BCR/ABL.
Variational Tamm-Dancoff treatment of quantum chromodynamics. II. A semianalytic treatment of the hadrons in the valence quark approximation

Approximate two-fermion interactions and Bethe-Salpeter equations for hadron spectra are obtained by making a Fock space expansion of the quantum chromodynamics (QCD) mass eigenstate. Following a partial wave decomposition, we perform an average over quartic gluon vertices and a root mean square (rms) average over cubic vertices. The expansions in terms of quark and gluon configurations are truncated. Equations for the gluon eigenvalues and eigenvectors are derived and approximate solutions are obtained analytically. Using values for the QCD coupling constant and the quark rest masses obtained from a relativistic two- and three-constituent quark model as starting values, the resulting algebraic eigenvalue equations for the mesons and the light baryons are then solved using a multiscale expansion in harmonic oscillator eigenfunctions. Through an approximate but analytic treatment we demonstrate that, at large distances our formalism gives rise to an effective two fermion potential exhibiting linear confinement. That is, we do not introduce any phenomenological confinement interaction. With minor adjustments of the quark rest masses, our results compare favorably with the results of the phenomenological two- and three-constituent quark models and with experiment.
Effect of perfluorosulfonic acid membrane equivalent weight on degradation under accelerated stress conditions

Abstract The equivalent weight of proton exchange membranes has a large effect on their properties and can impact performance and durability in hydrogen fuel cells. For example, increasing the EW increases the crystallinity of perfluorosulfonic acid membranes, while water content and glass transition temperature decrease. The length of the sulfonic acid side chain also impacts membrane properties. Perfluorosulfonic acid membranes with shorter sulfonic acid side chains, though they exhibit similar gas permeability, have been shown to have higher crystallinity, higher glass transition temperature, slightly lower water content, and lower proton conductivity than membranes with longer sulfonic acid side chains for a given EW. Although many reports have investigated cell performance for membranes as a function of low EW and side chains length, their impact on cell durability is not well understood. Because side chain attack by radicals formed during fuel cell operation is a major source of membrane degradation, it is reasonable to hypothesize that membranes with lower EW and, therefore, more sulfonic acid side chains, would have lower durability. This study evaluates membrane degradation for cells containing PFSA membranes with 750 EW, 950 EW, and 1100 EW. The 750 EW membrane contained short sulfonic acid side-chains while the 950 EW and 1100 EW membranes were Nafion ® -based with long sulfonic acid side-chains. Membranes were tested in fuel cells for 100 h under open circuit voltage, at 90 °C and 30% relative humidity. Diagnostic tests conducted on the cells included hydrogen crossover, fluoride emission, catalyst electrochemical surface area, posttest membrane scanning electron microscopy/transmission electron microscopy evaluation, and defect identification in membranes. The 950 EW cell had the highest decay metrics including fluoride emission, voltage decay, loss in ECA, and loss in cell performance. In all cases, the 1100 EW cell showed the lowest degradation. This has been explained in terms of the lower water content and number of side-chains in the 1100 EW polymer and the absence of a tertiary carbon and lower concentration of ether linkages in the side-chains of the 750 EW polymer. To reach optimal levels of durability and performance, it is necessary to use the appropriate EW and side-chain length combination.
Mechanistic study of the gas-phase decomposition of methyl formate.

The major products of the thermal decomposition of methyl formate in the gas phase are CH3OH, CH2O, and CO. Experimental studies have proposed that the mechanism to describe these observations involves two key steps: (1) unimolecular decomposition of methyl formate to yield CH3OH + CO, followed by (2) thermal decomposition of methanol to yield CH2O + H2. The present study shows that there exists an alternative mechanism that is energetically more favorable. The new mechanism involves two competing parallel unimolecular decomposition pathways to yield the observed major products.
Behavioral Pragmatism: President Obama’s Approach to Unemployment

However wide the ideological distance between positive and negative prognosticators of employment growth, the pragmatic center is where the White House preferences are likely to fall. Obama’s pragmatic center may be far from the ideological center between public-private program alternatives. Instead, it is closer to the pressure center of partisan and interest-group forces that normally participate in fiscal policy-making. As a behavioral pragmatist the moderate position for Obama is found at the center of ideologically separated political competitors whatever the content of their beliefs, since content is relatively uncritical in this perspective. Pressure groups’ numbers and organizational strength define the value of their diversity more than the substance of their beliefs. For the strong believers on both political left and right the outcomes will rarely look pragmatic because they will rarely fit the traditional standards for moderation
The impact of ‘social determinants of health’ on epilepsy prevalence and reported medication use

There is a limited understanding of the complex relationship between poverty and epilepsy. To address the complex interaction of environmental and psychosocial factors in epilepsy a 'social determinants of health' model is presented where individual factors are influenced through three pathways (social environment, work and material factors). In the 2005 California Health Interview Survey, 246 of 604 (41%) persons with a history of epilepsy were in poverty, defined as <200% Federal Poverty Level (FPL). Multivariable logistic regression analyses revealed persons in poverty are not more likely to report a history of epilepsy compared to those not in poverty. However, persons with a history of epilepsy in poverty were significantly less likely than those not in poverty to report taking medication for epilepsy (OR 0.5) once material factors (annual income and living situation) and healthcare access were controlled for in the final sequential model. Healthcare practitioners must continue to recognize that connection to social services and the cost of medications are significant barriers to optimal care in persons with epilepsy. Improved connection to patient advocacy organizations and medication assistance programs may help close these gaps.
Coulomb Displacement Energies of Ca-Sc Isobaric Pairs

A new experimental technique was used to measure Coulomb displacement energies $\ensuremath{\Delta}{E}_{c}$ in the Ca-Sc isobaric pairs with $A=44, 46, 48, \mathrm{and} 50$. The reaction ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{46}({\mathrm{He}}^{3}, d){\mathrm{Sc}}^{47}$ was used to measure this quantity for $A=47$. This permits analysis of $\ensuremath{\Delta}{E}_{c}$ for all the isobaric pairs from $A=41 \mathrm{to} 50$, for the ground states and for several excited states, which yields a consistent picture.
Computer Simulation of Plasmas

During the last few years computer simulation of plasma has developed quite extensively, with many groups springing up in various places. Numerous approaches are reported in ‘Methods of Computational Physics’ (Vol. 9, Plasma Physics, 1970). I shall not attempt to summarize all this work, but shall concentrate on the work that has been carried out at Princeton and at the Naval Research Laboratory, and work with which I have been associated. To a large extent this work has been devoted to electrostatic particle models. I believe that this has been the most successful model to date, and certainly most of the work has been devoted to it. There is also some work on the Fourier-Fourier transform method for solving the Vlasov equation which I should like to mention, and particularly I should like to show some comparison of the results with those from the particle method.
Paper Roughness and the Color Gamut of Color Laser Images

Common experience indicates the quality of a printed image depends on the choice of the paper used in the printing process. In the current report, we have used a recently developed device called a micro-goniophotometer to examine toner on a variety of substrates fused to varying degrees. The results indicate that the relationship between the printed color gamut and the topography of the substrate paper is a simple one for a color electrophotographic process. If the toner is fused completely to an equilibrium state with the substrate paper, then the toner conforms to the overall topographic features of the substrate. For rougher papers, the steeper topographic features are smoothed out by the toner. The maximum achievable color gamut is limited by the topographic smoothness of the resulting fused surface. Of course, achieving a fully fused surface at a competitive printing rate with a minimum of power consumption is not always feasible. However, the only significant factor found to limit the maximum state of fusing and the ultimate achievable color gamut is the smoothness of the paper.
Designing and implementing asynchronous collaborative applications with Bayou

Asynchronous collaboration is characterized by the degree of independence collaborators have from one another. In particular, collaborators working asynchronously typically have little need for frequent and fine-grained coordination with one another, and typically do not need to be notified immediately of changes made by others to any shared artifacts they are working with. We present an infrastructure, called Bayou, designed to support the construction of asynchronous collaborative applications. Bayou provides a replicated, weakly-consistent, data storage engine to application writers. The system supports a number of mechanisms for leveraging application semantics; using these mechanisms, applications can implement complex conflict detection and resolution policies, and choose the level of consistency and stability they will see in their databases. We present a number of applications we have built or are building using the Bayou system, and examine how these take advantage of the Bayou architecture.
Spring and summer confinement of dark-eyed juncos at autumn migratory destination suppresses normal autumn behaviour

A group of dark-eyed juncos, Junco hyemalis, caged during spring and summer on their wintering site of previous years, showed normal spring hyperphagia and fattening, migratory restlessness and post-nuptial moult, but the birds failed to fatten and become normally restless during the ensuing autumn migration season. A second group, treated similarly but not on their individual wintering sites, behaved as the first group except that they did become fat and restless at the appropriate time in autumn. It is probable that perception of the migratory destination suppressed normal autumn behaviour of the birds held at that destination. Experience may therefore play an important role in the regulation of the avian migratory state. Study of the timing of bird migration has revealed the existence of two types of regulatory mechanism. In some species, seasonal information from the external environment drives the annual cycle. A period of short days prepares the bird for the start of a new year's cycle. The lengthening days of spring then trigger the cycle, which proceeds through moult (in many species), migratory readi- ness and gonadal growth; late summer and autumn events (gonadal regression, post-nuptial moult and autumnal migratory readiness) follow, completing the cycle without additional triggering, so far as is known. When held under constant photoperiodic conditions, such 'externally driven' species fail to
What do science teachers consider when selecting formative assessment tasks

The purpose of this qualitative exploratory study was to identify factors that influenced prospective and experienced secondary level science teachers' reasoning as they evaluated or selected tasks to formatively assess their students' understanding of scientific concepts. The analysis of the coded written responses revealed two categories of factors that influenced the teachers' reasoning: (1) characteristics of the task and (2) characteristics of students or the curriculum. Characteristics of the task related to qualities of the task regardless of the learning environment in which it would be used, such as the level of student thinking demanded by a task. Characteristics of the students and the curriculum related to the learning environment in which an assessment task would be implemented, such as students' abilities to complete the task. Both prospective and experienced teachers' task evaluations were influenced by the same factors related to the characteristics of the task, although their interpretations of the meaning of each factor varied. In addition, experienced teachers' task evaluations were more likely than prospective teachers to be influenced by factors related to characteristics of students and the curriculum. The findings are discussed as a conceptual framework that presents the identified factors along three different dimensions: (1) the influence of task, student, and curriculum characteristics, (2) the influence of expectations for success, and (3) the influence of teaching experience. 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 45: 1113-1130, 2008
Nurturing institutional cultures of caring

Like individuals, colleges and universities can cultivate characteristics that guard against inhumane behavior. A director of counseling outlines what campuses can do to create and strengthen the campus features that protect against violence.
Role of traps in photocoloration of Mn:YAlO 3

We have studied the processes of photocoloration and discoloration in Mn:YAlO3 and relevant crystals. We show the following: (1) The coloration rate in Mn:YAlO3 does not depend on Mn concentration. (2) The effective recombination time of free electrons with Mn5+ ions and deep traps is of the order of ≈0.5 ms. (3) The rate of photocoloration increases with an increase in temperature. (4) The discoloration kinetics in Mn:YAlO3 are strongly nonexponential. At room temperature the effective discoloration time approximates 120 years. (5) At increased temperatures the discoloration kinetics accelerate dramatically. (6) We have grown and characterized Mn:GdAlO3 and Mn:YbAlO3 crystals. The activation energy in these crystals is much larger than that in Mn:YAlO3. This suggests the great potential of MnYbAlO3 and Mn:GdAlO3 in terms of permanent data storage.
Intrinsic tendon fibroplasia: Documentation by In vitro studies

There has been considerable controversy concerning the capacity of tendons to heal intrinsically without adhesion formation. To help clarify this issue, a tissue culture model was developed to study the potential of tendon fibroblasts to proliferate and migrate. Avian flexor tendons, isolated free of sheath and all synovial components, were maintained in sterile culture plates with Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium. After 5 days in culture, the 2 mm tendon biopsies were analyzed for DNA synthesis [( 125I])iododeoxyuridine incorporation) and migration of fibroblasts out of the explant (planimeter analysis). DNA synthesis was maximal on day 5 in culture, and tendon fibroblasts were observed migrating from the biopsy within 48 h. Addition of cells from plasma resulted in a significant increase in fibroblast migration, and the presence of fibrin in the plasma clot was an absolute requirement for the migratory process. These findings further support the hypothesis that injured tendons can heal by an intrinsic healing process in addition to healing by adhesion formation.
Practice and Transfer of Learning in the Teaching of Software Testing

Many university classes and commercial training courses rely on classroom lecture and practice exercises to help students learn new skills. The thesis work described in this paper sought to create an optimal set of lecture notes and practice exercises to teach a software testing technique, domain testing. The new materials were successful at teaching students to consistently and meticulously execute the procedures they learned. To the surprise of the authors, the students were unable to apply their new skills to a more applied task that was similar to those practiced. The results of this study provide a striking example of the limitations inherent in traditional instruction. They motivated Kaner to reconceptualize his instructional practices toward helping students deepen their appreciation of the complex cognitive tasks of the craft rather than procedurally-focused practice of new skills.
The Conditional Entropy of a Canonical Constraint

The conditional entropy of a family of canonical constraints, $$ S(x,y, \ldots ) = \sup H(\rho ): = x, = y, \ldots $$ enjoys concavity properties analogous to those of the phenomenological entropy in equilibrium thermodynamics. These concavity properties are established by a simple argument not involving the usual machinery of partition functions. A variational principle based on S itself yields interval-type estimates for statistical quantities in cases where the constraints, although consistent, may not determine a representative distribution ρ* of maximum entropy. Mathematical examples exhibiting such behavior are easy to construct; typically, it happens beyond a “barrier” where the associated partition function becomes singular. The physical interpretation remains uncertain, but the author’s speculations favor disordered systems like amorphous materials, turbulent flows, etc.
The TMS320C40: a DSP for parallel processing

The TMS320C40 is the first parallel-processing general-purpose DSP. The TMS320C40 architecture combines six communication ports for direct processor-to-processor communication, a six-channel DMA coprocessor for concurrent I/O, a high-performance DSP CPU, memory, program cache, 32-bit global and local memory buses, two timers and an analysis module. This level of monolithic integration allows the TMS320C40 to achieve 275 MOPS (million operations per second) and 320 Mbytes per second of I/O. >
Network Management in Emergency Response: Articulation Practices of State-Level Managers—Interweaving Up, Down, and Sideways

Large-scale emergency response requires management of collaborative networks that stretch across government agencies and levels, and that include nonprofit and private organizations. Management of such collaborative networks has been recognized as a research area in need of further study. Inter-organizational complexities associated with these collaborative networks give rise to unanticipated contingencies that compound issues directly associated with an emergency itself. Planning for such response is therefore intrinsically limited, and emergency managers must bridge the gaps via articulation practices in real-time. In this paper, the authors draw on empirical data to develop a conceptual framework characterizing dimensions of inter-organizational complexity and domains of response coordination through which emergency managers articulate large-scale response efforts. The framework is illustrated with examples of state-level emergency managers articulating threads of networked response efforts concurrentl...
Analysis of reconfigurable tap changing transformer model through analog emulation

Emulation of power systems is a viable alternative to traditional digital methods as it provides certain advantages such as physically realizable solutions and faster computation times. Accurate analog models of power systems components are required in order to realize an analog computation engine for power systems. Prior research in this field has modeled generators, transmission lines and loads. Other components have significant influence on the power systems, such as tap changing transformers. Effects of tap changing transformers on voltage stability have been a continuing area of research. In this paper, a circuit model design to emulate the behavior of a tap changing transformer is validated. It is important to demonstrate how this reconfigurable analog model may be utilized in load flow studies. Such demonstration is presented by comparing steady-state emulation and simulation results for a test case in which a power system experiences slow gradual changes in load.
Robust nonlinear control of uncertain systems with state and control constraints

Uncertain plants constitute an important class of dynamical systems that have a wide domain of applicability. The research studied in this paper treats an innovative robust design procedure for achieving the desired performance and robustness of linear continuous-time systems in the presence of constraints and uncertainties. This paper describes a new robust control methodology and presents manageable results obtained using the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman theory. A new performance index is used and the nonquadratic integrand functions are applied. An advantage of this performance measure is that the constraints are introduced in the design process. The robust bounded controller accomplishes asymptotic stability and provides good dynamic performance even when the parameters of the system are variable. The nonlinear control strategy accommodates the available control efforts. The Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman theory plays a central role throughout. The purpose of this paper is to continue the development of the dynamic programming method for a class of uncertain systems with constraints. The robust control algorithm is implemented and verified for an uncertain model of the aircraft with bounded controls and the constrained state. The longitudinal flight dynamics of the F-18 fighter is considered. Analytical and modeling results demonstrate that the resulting closed-loop system is robustly stable and the fighter achieves the desired performance despite the constraints and uncertainties.
Refereed paper: Cooperating security managers: Distributed intrusion detection systems

Intrusion detection systems have been developed to address the break-in threat posed by ''hackers'' and the misuse threat posed by authorized users. Originally designed to address these threats as they apply to an individual host, the concept was eventually extended to a networked environment. Unfortunately the systems which have been implemented rely heavily on a centralized director or controller which coordinates the intrusion detection functions for the network. As the size of the network grows, the message-passing overhead associated with this approach can quickly saturate the centralized director resulting in performance degradation. This paper describes an approach to intrusion detection which places the intrusion detection responsibility for users on the host which the user first accesses. This approach results in a load leveling for messages across the network and avoids the chokepoint which exists with centralized controllers. The approach described is part of on-going computer security research being conducted at Texas A&M University.
A study of crane operator performance comparing PD-control and input shaping

Cranes are the primary heavy lifters for a wide variety of industries. However, all cranes suffer from payload oscillation. Numerous feedback-based control methods have been proposed to reduce oscillation. Command-shaping is another method that has received significant attention. This paper compares the two methods for crane control. It also presents a study of twelve novice crane operators using representative input-shaping and feedback control methods. Both feedback control and input shaping reduced average task completion time from the manually controlled case, with input shaping providing the lowest average completion time. Input shaping also allowed the operators to move the trolley through a shorter total path length toward the target, suggesting that input shaping may save energy compared to the feedback and manual control methods.
Is a modern, robust Windows XP lab environment better than an older, simpler Windows NT4 environment?

As in many academic computer labs and classrooms, we face the issues of furnishing a solid MS Windows environment that provides a variety of features and services. Currently, ASU East Information Technology's (ASUE IT) Academic Computing Team is in the process of migrating from generic Windows 2000 user accounts to individual Kerberos based user accounts that work with Windows 2000 and XP. The University centrally maintains these user accounts, so this further integrates ASU East's computer labs with the other two ASU Campuses. Even though ASU East's enrollment is 2520, we have a potential of 50,000 possible users because of the other campuses. This prompted the creation of a robust XP/2000 environment.This document describes how this XP/2000 environment works. It explains the technical process from start to finish, the issues that were overcome when developing it, the experiences of the customers, and the pluses and deltas of this environment. Also, it compares the current robust environment to the older, leaner environment under Windows NT 4.The dynamics of East's Windows XP/2000 Academic Computing Site Build consists of Kerberos Authentication for individual user accounts, a Dynamic Profile, Windows 2000 Active Directory with Group Policies, VB Logon and Logoff Scripts, AFS File Space, KeyServer, and PC-Rdist. On older computers, it takes the customer about five minutes from cold boot to up and running. Under NT4, ASU East used generic accounts, but with a user specific AFS user drive mounted. Also, we used a login script, a mandatory profile, a system policy from the server, KeyServer, and PC-Rdist. It took customers up to three minutes from cold boot to up and running. Are the benefits gained by the robust nature of the XP/2000 configuration worth the increased boot and login times? Can going back and using older methods improve it.
Treating in the Dark: Unanswered Questions on Costs and Benefits of Late Line Therapy for Metastatic Breast Cancer

Breast cancer remains the most common malignancy diagnosed among women with 182,460 cases estimated in the United States during the year 2008. Although the incidence of breast cancer appears to be ...
Dual-Ballot Elections and Political Parties The French Presidential Election of 1995

Although the effect of electoral rules on the number of parties in democracies has been well explored, little attention had been paid to their effect on the parties themselves. The authors examine ...
Hydrocephalus: A Previously Unrecognized Predictor of Poor Outcome From Supratentorial Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Background and Purpose—Although several factors have been identified that predict outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), no previous study has investigated the impact of hydrocephalus. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the presence of hydrocephalus after ICH would predict mortality and functional outcome. Methods—Patients with spontaneous supratentorial ICH were identified in our prospectively collected database to determine the following: age, sex, race, past medical history; Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score and blood pressure on admission; use of mechanical ventilation, mannitol, and ventriculostomy; and medical complications. CT scans performed within 24 hours of hemorrhage were retrospectively analyzed to determine lesion size and location, pineal shift, cisternal effacement, intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), and hydrocephalus. Outcome was determined with use of hospital disposition (dead, nursing home, rehabilitation, home) and functional outcome (Functional Independence Measur...
Life and death decisions: regulation of apoptosis by proteolysis of signaling molecules

Caspases are the major executioners of cell death, serving as molecular guillotines to behead many proteins required for maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Identification of caspase substrates has taken on increasing importance as we attempt to better understand the molecular mechanisms involved in regulating the struggle between life and death. Many caspase substrates have been described and include RNA binding proteins such as La and U1-70 kD, structural proteins such as keratin and nuclear lamins, and transcription factors or their regulatory proteins that include IkB, SP1, and SREBP. Kinases and other signaling proteins are perfectly suited to regulate life and death decisions in response to cellular stressors and have only recently been identified as important caspase substrates. Here we review the current status of signaling pathways that are activated, inactivated or dysregulated by proteases such as caspases and calpain to control entry into apoptosis. The emerging concept that some caspase pathways may be inhibited by cellular and viral apoptosis inhibitory proteins while other caspase pathways are preserved suggests that a subset of these kinases may exist as cleaved ‘isoforms’ in cells that are not destined to perish. By acting as executioners and as important ‘molecular sensors’ of the degree of cellular injury, the signaling proteins described in this review are strong candidates to mediate downstream events, both in condemned and in viable cells. Cell Death and Differentiation (2000) 7, 589 ‐6 02.
Prospective Teachers' Perspectives on Mathematics Teaching and Learning: Lens for Interpreting Experiences in a Standards-Based Mathematics Course.

In a mathematics course for prospective elementary teachers, we strove to model standards-based pedagogy. However, an end-of-class reflection revealed the prospective teachers were considering incorporating standards-based strategies in their future classrooms in ways different from our intent. Thus, we drew upon the framework presented by Simon, Tzur, Heinz, Kinzel, and Smith to examine the prospective teachers' perspectives on mathematics teaching and learning and to address two research questions. What perspectives on the learning and teaching of mathematics do prospective elementary teachers hold? How do their perspectives impact their perception of standards-based instruction in a mathematics course and their future teaching plans? Qualitative analyses of reflections from 106 prospective teachers revealed that they viewed mathematics as a logical domain representative of an objective reality. Their instructional preferences included providing firsthand opportunities for elementary students to perceive mathematics. They did not take into account the impact of a student's conceptions upon what is learned. Thus, the prospective teachers plan to incorporate standards-based strategies to provide active experiences for their future elementary students, but they fail to base such strategies upon students' current mathematical conceptions. Throughout, the need to address prospective teachers' underlying perspectives of mathematics teaching and learning is stressed.
Douglassciurus, new name for Douglassia Emry and Korth, 1996, not Douglassia Bartsch, 1934

We recently proposed the generic name Douglassia for a species of fossil squirrel (Sciuridae, Rodentia) from the latest Eocene of western North America (Emry and Korth, 1996). The species was originally Sciurus jeffersoni Douglass, 1901, but had subsequently been included by Black (1963) in his genus Protosciurus. The name Douglassia is preoccupied by, and a junior homonym of, the turritid mollusk genus Douglassia Bartsch, 1934. The name Douglassciurus is here proposed as a replacement name for Douglassia Emry and Korth, 1996. Like Sciurus, the gender is masculine. The name of the species therefore becomes the combination Douglassciurus jeffersoni (Douglass, 1901). Acknowledgments We thank Christian F. Kammerer for bringing this nomenclatural error to our attention. LITERATURE CITED
Abstract 242: Functional Characterization of a Cis-eQTL Locus for Plasma Cholesterol Using CRISPR/Cas Genome Editing in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have discovered many novel genetic loci linked to serum lipid levels, yet pinpointing the causal variants remains a major challenge. Expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analysis of liver and adipose indicates that many lipid-associated variants influence gene expression in a cis-regulatory manner. To identify causal variants at 57 lipid-associated eQTL loci, we performed a massively parallel reporter assay (MPRA) in which the genomic region surrounding each candidate SNP was coupled to a reporter gene with a unique barcode identifier. This construct pool was transfected into 3T3-L1 adipocytes, and the copy number of each expressed barcode determined by RNAseq. Variants were prioritized according to allele-specific regulatory activity. The top-ranked variant, rs2277862, is associated with total cholesterol and is flanked by the ERGIC3, CPNE1, and CEP250 genes, none of which have previous connections to lipid metabolism. We hypothesized that rs2277862 is causal for the eQTL at the 20q11 locus, and that it lies within a transcriptional regulatory site to influence local gene expression. We identified human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) lines with different genotypes at rs2277862 and, using CRISPR/Cas genome-editing technology, either deleted the putative regulatory site encompassing rs2277862 or knocked in the alternate SNP allele. Analysis of undifferentiated rs2277862 homozygous major deletion mutants revealed diminished expression of ERGIC3, CPNE1, and CEP250; conversely, heterozygous deletion mutants had increased expression of the same three genes. Our results suggest that in hPSCs the major and minor alleles of rs2277862 have opposing effects on gene expression. In ongoing work, we are validating these findings in differentiated adipocytes and seek to identify the factor(s) that binds the putative regulatory site to mediate allele-specific gene expression. We anticipate that this work will offer fresh insight into the mechanisms by which GWAS-implicated SNPs influence expression of causal genes for lipid metabolism and, more broadly, establish a novel methodology for finding causal variants for any phenotype of interest.
Teaching evidence-based medicine at complementary and alternative medicine institutions: strategies, competencies, and evaluation

Background: As evidence-based medicine (EBM) becomes a standard in health care, it is essential that practitioners of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) become experts in searching and evaluating the research literature. In support of this goal, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) provided R25 funding to nine CAM colleges to develop individual programs focused on teaching EBM. An overarching goal of these research education grants has been to provide CAM faculty and students with the skills they need to apply a rigorous evidence-based perspective to their training and practice. Methods/Results: This paper reviews the competencies and teaching strategies developed and implemented to enhance research literacy at all nine R25-funded institutions. While each institution designed approaches suitable for its research culture, the guiding principles were similar: to develop evidence-informed skills and knowledge, thereby helping students and faculty to critically appraise evidence and then use that evidence to guide their clinical practice. Curriculum development and assessment included faculty-driven learning activities and longitudinal curricular initiatives to encourage skill reinforcement and evaluate progress. Conclusion: As the field of integrative medicine matures, the NIH-NCCAM research education grants provide essential training for future clinicians and clinician-researchers. Building this workforce will facilitate multidisciplinary collaborations that address the unique needs for research that informs integrative clinical practice.
Effect of Salt and Substrate Concentration upon Activity of Adenosinetriphosphatase.

SummaryMeasurement of the activity of ATP-ase in salt concentrations from 0.15 to 0.55 M show that the activity is decreased as the KC1 concentration increases. The magnitude of the effect depends upon pH and the presence or absence of glycine. The rate of formation of inoranic phosphote is also found to be independent of the substrate concentration when the ATP concentration is 0.23 mM per liter or greater. Observed deviations from a linear rate of formation of phosphate at the higher ATP concentration must be attributed to inactivation of the enzyme during the course of the experiment.
Effects of hemorrhage on intestinal absorption and secretion.

SummaryHemorrhage causes reduction in the final concentration of salt in the intestinal lumen when the initial solutions are salt-free distilled water or isotonic MgSO4. The final concentrations increased toward control levels upon reinfusion of the withdrawn blood. The response indicates a functional conservation of salt in the the body under conditions of blood volume reduction.
A Vector Interpretation of the Derivative Circle

Let w'=w(x, -y) represent a second real function related to w, which is also continuous and whose partial derivatives are continuous in the region under consideration. Then w'= c' is a contour line for w' which we shall call the curve C'. Let R', whose coordinates are x and -y, be the point on C' corresponding to R on C. Then z = x -iy is the position vector of R'. C' is symmetric to C with respect to the x-axis. If C is symmetric with respect to the x-axis, C' coincides with C. The derivative circle for dw/dz may be found by the well-known process worked out by Kasner [1]. As noted by Hedrick [4],
Entomological Contributions to Human Welfare: Through Plant Quarantine

I shall speak on the subject of plant quarantine contributions to human welfare since a typical plant quarantine inspector works in the fields of applied phytopathology and nematology as well as in the field of applied entomology. He must know something of mites and snails as well.
Research Progress of Genetic Studies of Rice Fragrance Gene and Its Application in Breeding

Fragrance is one of the most important qualities in aromatic rice,and it has become a hot issue in scientific research on rice.Aromatic rice is widely accepted by the broad masses of the customers for the advantage of high eating quality and high economic value.The fragrance chemical composition,inheritance of aroma,mapping and cloning of fragrance gene were reviewed.And the application and breeding research of aromatic rice were prospected.
Relationship between job stress and turnover intention of nurses in 3A-level hospitals in Wuhan

Objective To explore the relationship between job stress and turnover intention of nurses from 3A-level hospitals in Wuhan.Methods A total of 384 nurses in 3 3A-level hospitals were enrolled by randomly sampling,and Job Content Questionnaire,nurse turnover intention influencing factors and turnover intention measurement item were investigated.Results The detection rate of turnover intention was 29.17%.The influential factors for turnover intention were employment types,working shift types,work demand,work autonomy,social support,job motivation and achievement,and hospital benefit and prospects.Conclusion Nurses from general hospitals have a high rate of turnover intention,which is correlated with high demand-low control working model and other occupational risk factors.So it is necessary to reduce occupational risk factors,so as to reduce the occurrence of nurse turnover.