cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mass transfer of an impinging jet confined between parallel plates

An understanding of the mass transfer behavior of an impinging jet can be usefully applied to wet chemical processes such as water rinsing, photoresist development, and metal etching or plating. Theoretical and experimental methods were used to study the mass transfer characteristics of an axisymmetric impinging jet confined between two parallel plates. Such a configuration was used because of its potential applicability to the fabrication of printed wiring boards. The CFD (computational fluid dynamics) method was used to model fluid flow and mass transfer. An electrochemical probe based on the ferro-ferricyanide system was used to experimentally determine the mass transfer coefficients and to evaluate the applicability of the theoretical methods used. An etching method was used to characterize the mass transfer rates in a typical cupric chloride etching solution. A new observation of the effect of jet instability on the etching rate in the central impingement zone is discussed.
Effect of prolonged fasting on the expired C14O2 from palmitate and glucose in obese subjects

Abstract Nine grossly obese patients were studied; first in the feeding state and then after a period of starvation. The appearance of C 14 O 2 in the expired air was determined by the use of the Cary Respiration Pattern Analyzer following the injection of carboxyl-labeled palmitate and C-1-labeled glucose. The decay curve for the specific activity of the C 14 O 2 is complex and shows several components in the feeding state. In starvation, however, the curve tends to approach a first order relationship. In the feeding state, the excretion of labeled material following palmitate falls off more rapidly in the respiration than it does in the starvation state. The total 24 hour excretion of C 14 is somewhat greater in the starvation than in the feeding state. Changes following injection of C 14 glucose are of a similar, although much less significant degree. The total 24 hour excretion of C 14 from glucose is somewhat decreased following the starvation state in contrast to palmitate. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that in the starvation state the metabolism of fat continues at a more rapid rate than during feeding and that the metabolism of glucose tends to decrease.
Distributed micromachined sensor networks

Researchers at the Honeywell Technology Center are currently developing a new type of high-performance optical sensor which is a `hybrid' micromachined silicon/fiber optic sensor that utilizes the best attributes of each technology. Fiber optics provides a nearly noise free method to read out the sensor without electrical power required at the measurement point. The micromachined silicon STORM (Sensor Transduction by Optically Resonant Microbeams) devices provide a method to design many different types of sensors such as temperature, pressure, acceleration, or magnetic field, and report the sensor data using FM encoding methods. Testing results have demonstrated relaxed alignment tolerance in packaging these devices with excellent SNR. Networks of 16 or more sensors are currently being developed.
Electrical Conductivity of Pure and Fe‐Doped Magnesium‐Aluminum Spinel

The electrical conductivity of nominally pure and Fe-doped MgAl2O4 spinel was measured at 700 to 2000 K. The results for pure stoichiometric spinel can be fitted by exponential expressions with different activation-energy parameters in three ranges of temperature. The conductivity of a sample containing 0.1% iron is the same as that of pure samples when the iron is in the Fe2+ form; it increases approximately a factor of two when the ion is in the Fe3+ form. The results are consistent with ionic conduction due to motion of cation vacancies.
A Contemporary Analysis of Outcomes of Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate With Seminal Vesicle Invasion (pT3b) After Radical Prostatectomy

Purpose: Despite earlier detection and stage migration, seminal vesicle invasion is still reported in the prostate specific antigen era and remains a poor prognostic indicator. We investigated outcomes in men with pT3b disease in the contemporary era.Materials and Methods: The institutional radical prostatectomy database (1982 to 2010) of 18,505 men was queried and 989 with pT3b tumors were identified. The cohort was split into pre-prostate specific antigen (1982 to 1992), and early (1993 to 2000) and contemporary (2001 to present) prostate specific antigen eras. Of the 732 men identified in the prostate specific antigen era 140 had lymph node involvement and were excluded from study. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to determine biochemical recurrence-free, metastasis-free and prostate cancer specific survival. Proportional hazard models were used to determine predictors of biochemical recurrence-free, metastasis-free and cancer specific survival.Results: In the pre-prostate specific antigen, and early a...
Changes in the Carpenter Modification of the Haldane Gas Analysis Apparatus

Abstract The construction of the Carpenter modification of the Haldane gas analysis apparatus for analyzing expired air has been changed to make it sturdier and simplify its operation. Also, a new solution is used as oxygen absorbent to speed the analysis of expired air. The apparatus, in its present form, is a useful and essential tool to analyze reference gases for mechanical gas analyzers.
Hardware-aware communication protocols in low energy wireless sensor networks

As the energy consumption in sensor nodes is dominated by the radio transmission/reception circuitry, communication protocols must be designed for economy in radio communications. Sensor nodes are generally equipped with short-range radios that have various characteristics including data rate, power consumption in transmit, receive, and sleep modes, and time to switch from one mode to another. These parameters can have significant effects on the performance of communication protocols in low energy sensor networks. In this paper, we consider a protocol called STEM that was proposed in [C. Schurgers et. al., January-March 2002] and optimize the protocol's parameters by considering the radio characteristics.
Effective poultry programming in the next century. Innovative applications of distance education: getting into the knowledge marketplace.

Abstract The number of internet-based resources for use in poultry science distance education is growing. These new resources present opportunities as well as challenges to land grant university programs and traditions. This article includes an explanation of the emerging field of distance education and offers a rich assortment of web-based resources for poultry scientists.
Orbital control of long‐term moisture in the southwestern USA

[1] Regional lake sediment records, including late Pleistocene Lake Estancia, New Mexico, show that the southwestern USA was wetter than present over the last glacial maximum and drier during the Holocene. Chronology of speleothems that mark groundwater levels in Cavenee Caverns near Lake Estancia, indicates water-level lowering through the cave during the early to middle Holocene (8500 yr BP) consistent with the timing of desiccation of Lake Estancia and deflation of the basin floor. The speleothem record also shows the same wetter to drier climatic shift during the penultimate glacial and interglacial transition at 134 kyr BP (subaqueous crusts formed when cave submerged) to 121 kyr BP (cave rafts formed during water table drop). Our data support wet glacials and dry interglacials as being a general feature of Pleistocene climate in the southwestern USA. The timing suggests that the process is orbitally controlled.
Responsiveness as an Obstacle for Psychotherapy Outcome Research: It's Worse Than You Think

Not only do treatment, therapist, client, and contextual variables depend partly on each other—confounding effects supposedly assessed in randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of psychotherapy, as Krause and Lutz (2009) explained—but the independent variables depend partly on the dependent variables. Therapists and clients can use emerging information about outcome to modify their activity in therapy and so optimize outcome, a phenomenon described as appropriate responsiveness. As a result of appropriate responsiveness, not only are RCTs uninterpretable in terms of experimental effects, but also the hypothesized effects (i.e., differential effectiveness of treatments) tend to be specifically defeated, yielding frequent findings of equivalent effectiveness for theoretically and technically diverse treatments.
Technical Note How to Submit Data to the ELPAT Program via Computer Modem

Abstract A new automated data entry system (ADES) has been developed and is now available for use with the Environmental Lead Proficiency Analytical Testing (ELPAT) Program. The ELPAT Program is a proficiency testing program that requires quarterly reporting of data from a series of paint chip, soil, and dust wipe analyses from participating laboratories throughout the United States and Canada. This system was developed to provide a faster, more accurate method to receive ELPAT data from several hundred participating laboratories. The ADES has advantages over faxing and mailing, including multiple phone lines for easier access and elimination of illegible ELPAT report forms. All that is required is a computer, modem, communications software, and a phone line. Laboratories receive a copy of the data entry program, detailed instructions on how to operate the program and upload the data, and a security password. Future enhancements to this system include the ability of laboratories to download their own prof...
Nontuberculous mycobacterium infection in a burn ICU patient

Abstract : Infection is a leading cause of mortality in burn patients, typically due to bacterial pathogens such as staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, less commonly fungi, and possibly viruses. In non burn patients with underlying pulmonary or cutaneous diseases, nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) have become an increasingly recognized cause of infection, especially in patients who are immunocompromised. Patients with severe burns might have higher rates of NTM infections due to inherent risks associated with the burn injury: compromised skin integrity, immunocompromised state, inhalation injury, and frequent use of indwelling vascular catheters.
Moving Forward The Effect of Spatiotemporal Metaphors on Perceptions About Grief

Two distinct spatial metaphors for the passage of time can produce disparate judgments about grieving. Under the object-mov- ing metaphor, time seems to move past stationary people, like objects floating past people along a riverbank. Under the people-moving metaphor, time is stationary; people move through time as though they journey on a one-way street, past stationary objects. The people- moving metaphor should encourage the forecast of shorter grieving periods relative to the object-moving metaphor. In the present study, participants either received an object-moving or people-moving prime, then read a brief vignette about a mother whose young son died. Participants made affective forecasts about the mother's grief intensity and duration, and provided open-ended inferences regarding a return to relative normalcy. Findings support predictions, and are discussed with respect to interpersonal communication and everyday life.
Building and using pluggable type-checkers

This paper describes practical experience building and using pluggable type-checkers. A pluggable type-checker refines (strengthens) the built-in type system of a programming language. This permits programmers to detect and prevent, at compile time, defects that would otherwise have been manifested as run-time errors. The prevented defects may be generally applicable to all programs, such as null pointer dereferences. Or, an application-specific pluggable type system may be designed for a single application. We built a series of pluggable type checkers using the Checker Framework, and evaluated them on 2 million lines of code, finding hundreds of bugs in the process. We also observed 28 first-year computer science students use a checker to eliminate null pointer errors in their course projects. Along with describing the checkers and characterizing the bugs we found, we report the insights we had throughout the process. Overall, we found that the type checkers were easy to write, easy for novices to productively use, and effective in finding real bugs and verifying program properties, even for widely tested and used open source projects.
The Use of Antiepileptic Drugs in Pediatric Brain Tumor Patients

Antiepileptic drugs are frequently used in children with brain tumors. This retrospective study reviewed chronic use of antiepileptic drugs in children with brain tumors at two children's hospitals between 2000 and 2007. Antiepileptic drugs were used in 32/334 pediatric brain tumor patients (10%). Almost all (94%) had supratentorial tumors, of which 78% were glial tumors. The most common localization was temporal (70%). The most frequently used initial antiepileptic drugs were phenytoin (n = 14) and oxcarbazepine (n = 7). Initial antiepileptic drugs were frequently changed, because of lack of efficacy and adverse effects, as well as concerns about possible drug interactions. At last follow-up, the most common antiepileptic drugs were oxcarbazepine (n = 11) and levetiracetam (n = 10). Levetiracetam was more likely to be used in children who received chemotherapy or radiation therapy (8/14, or 57%) than in those who did not receive adjuvant therapies (3/18, or 17%) (P = 0.03). The patients started on newer-generation antiepileptic drugs (levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, lamotrigine) tended to remain on the same antiepileptic drugs more than did patients on older-generation antiepileptic drugs (valproic acid, phenytoin, phenobarbital) (73% vs 28%) (P = 0.04). Newer antiepileptic drugs, especially those without significant drug-drug interactions, may be a more appropriate first choice in children with brain tumors and seizures.
Illness Attitudes Associated with Seasonal Depressive Symptoms: An Examination Using a Newly Developed Implicit Measure

The Dual Vulnerability Model of seasonal depression posits that seasonal vegetative symptoms are due to a physiological vulnerability, but cognitive and mood symptoms are the result of negative appraisal of vegetative changes. In addition, rumination may be associated with stronger negative attitudes toward vegetative symptoms. This is the first study to examine implicit attitudes toward vegetative symptoms. We hypothesized that illness attitudes about fatigue moderate the relationship between the severity of vegetative symptoms and the severity of cognitive symptoms and that the illness attitudes are associated with rumination. This study also developed an implicit method to assess the appraisal of fatigue as indicating illness. Results supported both hypotheses. Illness attitudes toward fatigue moderated the relationship between vegetative symptoms and cognitive symptoms. Ruminative response style was positively associated with implicit illness attitudes towards fatigue. The study provides support for the role of negative appraisals of vegetative symptoms in the development of cognitive and mood seasonal depressive symptoms.
Prevalence of cerebral palsy and intellectual disability among children identified in two U.S. National Surveys, 2011-2013.

Purpose Cerebral palsy (CP) and intellectual disability (ID) are developmental disabilities that result in considerable functional limitations. There are few recent and nationally representative prevalence estimates of CP and ID in the United States.
MEMS Pressure and Acceleration Sensors for Automotive Applications

This paper reviews MEMS product applications in a very demanding automotive environment. Our particular interest is in the MEMS inertial and pressure sensors. Specifics of transducer manufacturing technologies will be explained in details. Also advantages and disadvantages of piezoresistive versus capacitive sensing phenomena will be discussed. Finally, main aspects of the packaging effects on the final device parameters and performance are considered too.
Changing Preservice Science Teachers’ Views of Nature of Science: Why Some Conceptions May be More Easily Altered than Others

The purpose of this study was to assess preservice teachers’ views of Nature of Science (NOS), identify aspects that were challenging for conceptual change, and explore reasons why. This study particularly focused on why and how some concepts of NOS may be more easily altered than others. Fourteen preservice science teachers enrolled in a NOS and Science Inquiry course participated in this study. Data were collected by using a pre/post format with the Views of Nature of Science questionnaire (VNOS-270), the Views of Scientific Inquiry questionnaire (VOSI-270), follow-up interviews, and classroom artifacts. The results indicated that most students initially held naive views about certain aspects of NOS like tentativeness and subjectivity. By the end of the semester, almost all students dramatically improved their understanding about almost all aspects of NOS. However, several students still struggled with certain aspects like the differences between scientific theory and law, tentativeness, and socio-cultural embeddedness. Results suggested that instructional, motivational, and socio-cultural factors may influence if and how students changed their views about targeted NOS aspects. Students thought that classroom activities, discussions, and readings were most helpful to improve their views about NOS. The findings from the research have the potential to translate as practical advice for teachers, science educators, and future researchers.
Viscoelastic Materials: Applications and Case Studies

Introduction Viscoelasticity can enter in the application of materials in many ways. In some applications one must deal with natural materials, such as stone, earth, or wood in the case of building construction, or bone and soft tissue in the case of biomedical engineering. In these cases, the viscoelastic behavior of the natural materials should be known. Artificial materials used in engineering applications may exhibit viscoelastic behavior as an unintentional side effect. Finally, one may deliberately use the viscoelasticity of certain materials in the design process, to achieve a particular goal. A Viscoelastic Earplug: Use of Recovery A foam earplug [1, 2] was designed to be easily fitted into the ear by making use of the controlled viscoelastic behavior of the polymer from which it is made. The earplug serves to attenuate sound entering the ear to protect the ear from damage from excessive noise, and also to alleviate suffering and reduce human fatigue. To insert the earplug, the user rolls it into a narrow cylindrical shape, then inserts it into the ear canal. Insertion is easier if the outer ear is pulled outward and upward, since that straightens the ear canal. The earplug then gradually expands as a result of viscoelastic recovery to fill and contact the ear canal, and it then effectively blocks noise. The earplug is [2] cylindrical, somewhat larger than the ear canal, and made of a foamed polymeric material with a recovery from 60 percent compression to 40 percent compression occurring in 1 to 60 seconds and an equilibrium stiffness at 40 percent compression from 0.2 to 1.3 p.s.i. (1.4 kPa to 9 kPa).
Effects of Feeding Mature White Leghorn Hens Diets that Contain Deoxynivalenol (Vomitoxin)

Abstract Mature White Leghorn hens that had been fed a commercial laying diet were changed to a wheat-based diet over a period of 42 days. Two groups were formed based on equivalent egg production and body weights and randomly assigned to either a control (noncontaminated) wheat diet or a naturally contaminated deoxynivalenol (DON, vomitoxin) wheat diet (18 mg DON/kg). Hens were provided their respective diets and water ad libitum for 112 days along with 16 hr of light. The DON-contaminated diet did not significantly influence hen body weights, hen day egg production, egg weights, or efficiency of feed utilization. Internal egg quality, as measured by albumin height, was slightly, although significantly, improved by feeding the DON-contaminated wheat diet. Egg shell weight and percent egg shell were slightly, although significantly, decreased by feeding the DON-contaminated diet, whereas shell thickness was not altered. No deleterious effects were observed in fertility, hatchability, or chick weights at hatch. The results indicate that laying hens are affected only slightly when fed naturally contaminated wheat diets containing approximately 18 mg DON/kg for 112 days.
Oxygen dependence of contractions in esophageal and gastric pyloric and ileocecal muscle of opossums.

AbstractStrips of muscularis propria were so cut that contractions would represent actions of smooth muscle of longitudinal and circular layers of esophageal body and circular layer of esophagogastric sphincter, oblique layer of gastric fundus and circular layer of pylorus and ileocecal junction. Isometric tone, a force maintained in the absence of stimulation, was present only in fundus and sphincter strips. Strips from esophageal body contracted in response to electrical field stimulation of intramural nerves: in longitudinal muscle these responses were atropine sensitive; in circular muscle they were not. Oxygen dependence was tested by equilibrating bath solutions with gas mixtures in which nitrogen incrementally replaced oxygen, and by exposing strips to metabolic inhibitors. Isometric tone in all sphincter and fundus muscles declined as oxygen was replaced with nitrogen. It was abolished by metabolic inhibitors. Neurogenic contractions of both layers of esophageal body muscle and the contractions in...
Nutrient Regulation of Cancer Cells by O-GlcNAcylation

O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a ubiquitous and dynamic posttranslational modification that occurs on serine/threonine residues of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins. This modification is regulated by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), which attaches O-GlcNAc to proteins and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), which removes O-GlcNAc. O-GlcNAc serves as a nutrient sensor to regulate virtually all cellular processes, as well as playing roles in various diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes, and cancer. In this chapter, we present an overview of O-GlcNAcylation in different kinds of cancer.
Ex Vivo Testing of Patient-Derived Xenografts Mirrors the Clinical Outcome of Patients with Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma.

Purpose: Translation of the PDX model into a method for practical personalized cancer treatment is prevented by the intense resources and time necessary to generate and test each tumorgraft. We aimed to develop a high-throughput ex vivo drug testing approach that can be used for personalized cancer treatment design. Experimental Design: We developed a unique ex vivo live tissue sensitivity assay (LTSA), in which precision-cut and uniform small tissue slices derived from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma PDX tumors were arrayed in a 96-well plate and screened against clinically relevant regimens within 3-5 days. The correlation between the sensitivities of tissue slices to the regimens and patients9 clinical responses and outcome were statistically analyzed. The results of LTSA assay were further confirmed with biochemical methods in vitro and animal PDX model in vivo. Results: The ex vivo tissue slices remain viable for at least 5 days, and the tumor parenchyma, including stroma, vascular structures, and signaling pathways, are all retained. The sensitivities of the ex vivo tissue slices to gemcitabine and irinotecan was consistent with the clinical responses and outcomes of the patients from whom the tumorgrafts were derived (r=0.77; p=0.0002). Retrospective analysis showed that the patients who received LTSA sensitive regimens had remarkably longer progression free survival than patients who received LTSA resistant regimens (16.33 vs 3.8 months, n=18, p=0.011) Conclusions: The results from these PDX and LTSA methods reflect clinical patients9 responses and could be used as a personalized strategy for improving systemic therapy effectiveness in pancreatic cancer patients.
Principles of Bioreactor Design for Tissue Engineering

Tissue-engineering bioreactors apply engineering concepts to mimic native tissue environment and function, and study cellular responses under biologically sound conditions. A bioreactor must support 3D tissue development, maintain cell viability and function within a tissue, and provide appropriate molecular and physical cues. To date, the bioreactor designs have increasingly progressed to the point that allows us to generate fully viable and functional tissue grafts, study complex biological responses under normal and pathological conditions, improve tissue culture methods, and conduct drug screening under conditions predictable of human situation. Current advances in bioreactor designs and operation for tissue engineering largely focus on (i) generation of complex human tissue grafts for clinical application, (ii) studies of sophisticated biological responses that will open up novel directions for tissue regeneration, and (iii) optimization of high-throughput tissue culture techniques for fundamental research of stem cells and study of disease. We discuss here the principles of bioreactor design – in particular with respect to mass transport and physical signaling, and describe some examples of advanced bioreactor designs to illustrate how the biologically inspired bioreactor design is being implemented in tissue engineering, study of stem cells, and high-throughput screening.
The Brachistochrone Problem: The Path of Quickest Descent

In ski racing, the objective is to minimize the time of descent through a prescribed course delineated by poles, or gates, around which the skier must turn. Segments of the course consist of direct paths from one gate to the next, which are usually placed in a regular array at some distance down and across the slope from each other. Finding the path of quickest descent between such pairs of gates is not done simply by following a straight line between them. This problem, known as the brachistochrone problem, requires finding the stationary value of the integral of a function for different paths between two fixed points. It is treated by the calculus of variations and is discussed in any of a number of texts on mathematical physics or mechanics [1].
Should patients with stable ischemic heart disease undergo revascularization

The answer is less clear for these patients than for patients with acute coronary syndromes. In the latter group, per-cutaneous or surgical revascularization reduces the rates of morbidity and mortality, whereas in patients with stable ischemic heart disease, benefits may be limited to the
On the performance of a micro-scale Bach-type turbine as predicted by discrete-vortex simulations

Abstract The flow past a Bach-type vertical-axis wind or current turbine is simulated using a viscous Discrete-Vortex Method at a Reynolds number of 1500. The main purpose of the study is to evaluate the suitability of Bach-type turbines for use as micro-scale energy harvesters that can be applied to power, for example, sensor nodes of a wireless sensor network. The maximum power coefficient of the turbine operating at a prescribed constant tip-speed ratio is found to be 0.18, which is comparable to the performance of the same turbine at much higher Reynolds numbers, thus indicating only minimal performance penalty for miniaturization. The speed of the turbine has a strong influence on the evolution of vortical flow structures. A new wake-capturing mechanism that boosts the performance of the turbine is discovered from the simulations for a certain range of tip-speed ratios where the vortex shed by the advancing blade helps drive the returning blade. In addition to prescribed rotation, free rotation of a steel Bach-type turbine in water is also investigated. Significant fluctuation in angular velocity over one period of rotation is observed. This speed fluctuation is found to be detrimental to energy extraction, reducing the maximum power coefficient to approximately 0.16. The estimated power generating capacity of a micro-scale turbine indicates that it can significantly extend the life expectancy of a wireless sensor node or even maintain the node in a low-power state indefinitely.
A dipinti-intensive cave dwelling as evidence of a monastic presence in Byzantine Avdat

Abstract This paper documents the various dipinti in a cave dwelling on the southern slope of the Byzantine town of 'Avdat, located in the central Negev highlands of Israel. The dipinti are viewed in their architectural and spatial contexts and discussed in light of previous dipinti finds in another cave dwelling at the site. This helps to build an evidentiary base for associating the cave with monks present in the town. Thus, the paper expands our currently limited knowledge of Byzantine monastic communities and activities in the Negev Desert region.
α -Particle Model of O 16

Lifetimes of the four lowest excited states of ${\mathrm{O}}^{16}$ were calculated on the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle model and are here compared with experimentally observed values. In addition, the computation of energy levels on each of the two possible level identification schemes has been extended to include all predicted energy levels up to 16 Mev, and compared with the current experimental data. Lastly, the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle model was used to provide the core wave function of a partially-excited-core shell model of ${\mathrm{O}}^{17}$, and the lifetime of the ${\mathrm{\textonehalf{}}}^{+}$ 870-kev state of ${\mathrm{O}}^{17}$ and the electric quadrupole and magnetic moments of the ground state were computed and are compared with experimental values.The energy level predictions on one identification scheme are in excellent agreement with experimental values in the 0-12.95 Mev range, in that of nineteen observed excited levels, fifteen can be matched within 1.1 Mev and three others tentatively matched (depending upon experimental determination of spins and parities); while two levels are predicted but not observed. The lifetime calculations agree to within factors of 15 with experimental values, except for an electric dipole transition which is forbidden on the model. The ${\mathrm{O}}^{17}$ calculations are useful only in evaluating one of the lifetime calculations.
Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 genotype-dependent N-acetylation of isoniazid in cryopreserved human hepatocytes.

Cryopreserved human hepatocytes were used to investigate the role of arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2; EC 2.3.1.5) polymorphism on the N-acetylation of isoniazid (INH). NAT2 genotype was determined by Taqman allelic discrimination assay and INH N-acetylation was measured by high performance liquid chromatography. INH N-acetylation rates in vitro exhibited a robust and highly significant (P<0.005) NAT2 phenotype-dependent metabolism. N-acetylation rates in situ were INH concentration- and time-dependent. Following incubation for 24 h with 12.5 or 100 µmol/L INH, acetyl-INH concentrations varied significantly (P = 0.0023 and P = 0.0002) across cryopreserved human hepatocytes samples from rapid, intermediate, and slow acetylators, respectively. The clear association between NAT2 genotype and phenotype supports use of NAT2 genotype to guide INH dosing strategies in the treatment and prevention of tuberculosis.
A high throughput assay to identify substrate-selective inhibitors of the ERK protein kinases

Extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylate a variety of substrates important for survival and proliferation, and their activity is frequently deregulated in tumors. ERK pathway inhibitors have shown clinical efficacy as anti-cancer drugs, but most patients eventually relapse due to reactivation of the pathway. One factor limiting the efficacy of current therapeutics is the difficulty in reaching clinically effective inhibition of the ERK pathway in the absence of on-target toxicities. Here, we describe an assay suitable for high throughput screening to discover substrate selective ERK1/2 inhibitors, which may have a larger therapeutic window than conventional inhibitors. Specifically, we aim to target a substrate-binding pocket within the ERK1/2 catalytic domain outside of the catalytic cleft. The assay uses an AlphaScreen format to detect phosphorylation of a high-efficiency substrate harboring an essential docking site motif. Pilot screening established that the assay is suitably robust for high-throughput screening. Importantly, the assay can be conducted at high ATP concentrations, which we show reduces the discovery of conventional ATP-competitive inhibitors. These studies provide the basis for high-throughput screens to discover new classes of non-conventional ERK1/2 inhibitors.
Expanding the Notion of Agency: Introducing Grit as an Additional Facet of Agency

Scholars have presented much evidence that supports a crucial role of human agency in understanding human life. Yet agency is still one of the most “slippery” and elusive concepts that bring confusions to social science research. Building on recent attempts to build theoretical and empirical clarity of agency as a sociological concept, this chapter sheds light on additional facet of agency: a behavioural dimension of agency beyond subjective agentic beliefs and future-oriented expectations. This chapter introduces relevant concepts, such as grit, that tap into the behavioural facet of agency and shows why it is important to incorporate this additional component into our understanding of agency in an individual’s life course, particularly in the contexts of educational and occupational achievement.
Mechanisms of synaptic zinc plasticity at mouse dorsal cochlear nucleus glutamatergic synapses

In many excitatory synapses, synaptic zinc is co-released with glutamate to modulate neurotransmission. Synaptic zinc modulates the responsiveness of auditory cortex to sound, and synaptic zinc levels and signaling are modulated by sensory experience, termed zinc plasticity. The mechanisms underlying zinc plasticity remain unknown. We discovered that high- and low-frequency electrical stimulation of dorsal cochlear nucleus synapses reduces and increases synaptic zinc signaling, respectively. This bidirectional zinc plasticity is evidenced by changes in zinc inhibition of AMPA and NMDA receptor activity. Increases and decreases in zinc signaling require activation of Group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). Activation of Group 1 mGluRs with a higher agonist concentration increases presynaptic zinc levels and postsynaptic zinc signaling, whereas activation with a lower concentration reduces zinc levels and signaling. Sound-induced zinc plasticity also requires Group 1 mGluRs. Our results reveal the mechanisms underlying synaptic zinc plasticity, elicited by either synaptic activity or sound experience.
Gender, Race, and Crime: The Evolution of a Feminist Research Agenda

Over the last several decades, feminist scholars have advanced our understanding of the relationship between race, gender and crime. This body of work illustrates how gender inequality makes women more vulnerable to incarceration and punishment. Feminist criminologists who examine crime and victimization through the lens of intersectionality, especially women of color, have also worked to shift the scholarly focus from intersections of gender, race, and crime, which often focus on offending, to a consideration of the intersection of gender, race, and justice, which critically interrogates not only disparities in the distribution of justice, but also the ways that structural violence shapes the vulnerability of women of color to various forms of violence and punitive sanctions. New research and theorizations in this area, including Black feminist and intersectional research and writings, encourage us to move beyond gender binaries to examine the interrelationship between institutions (e.g., police, prisons, etc.) and gendered vulnerabilities to punishment and violence.
Real-Time Water Quality Monitoring at a Great Lakes National Park

Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used by the USEPA to establish new recreational water quality criteria in 2012 using the indicator bacteria enterococci. The application of this method has been limited, but resource managers are interested in more timely monitoring results. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of qPCR as a rapid, alternative method to the time-consuming membrane filtration (MF) method for monitoring water at select beaches and rivers of Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore in Empire, MI. Water samples were collected from four locations (Esch Road Beach, Otter Creek, Platte Point Bay, and Platte River outlet) in 2014 and analyzed for culture-based (MF) and non-culture-based (i.e., qPCR) endpoints using and enterococci bacteria. The MF and qPCR enterococci results were significantly, positively correlated overall ( = 0.686, < 0.0001, = 98) and at individual locations as well, except at the Platte River outlet location: Esch Road Beach ( = 0.441, = 0.031, = 24), Otter Creek ( = 0.592, = 0.002, = 24), and Platte Point Bay ( = 0.571, = 0.004, = 24). Similarly, MF and qPCR results were significantly, positively correlated ( = 0.469, < 0.0001, = 95), overall but not at individual locations. Water quality standard exceedances based on enterococci levels by qPCR were lower than by MF method: 3 and 16, respectively. Based on our findings, we conclude that qPCR may be a viable alternative to the culture-based method for monitoring water quality on public lands. Rapid, same-day results are achievable by the qPCR method, which greatly improves protection of the public from water-related illnesses.
Campus Climate for Diversity as Dialogue: Using an Equity Lens to Center Students

In this chapter, Newhart and Larkins highlight a study that explores a possible connection between elements of inclusivity and academic success. They outline several practices which were co-created with students in this initiative. Their chapter explores practices using an equity lens when engaging students in campus climate for diversity efforts which may go beyond a survey at a single point in time and turn into a productive, continual conversation between students and the institution.
The Primacy of Numbers in Financial and Accounting Disclosures: Implications for Textual Analysis Research

Numbers are central to financial and accounting disclosures, yet current textual analysis research generally ignores numbers within disclosures. We hypothesize and show that the prevalence of numbers within a corporate disclosure is highly correlated with the readability of the disclosure. More importantly, we show that prior findings on the links between disclosure readability and various economic outcomes are explained by the prevalence of numbers within the disclosures. We discuss implications for past and future research that attempts to analyze the determinants, attributes and outcomes of financial and accounting disclosures.
Tailored management of primary gastrointestinal stromal tumors

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common human sarcoma and can form along the entire gastrointestinal tract. Over the last 20 years, considerable advances have been made in our understanding of the biology of GISTs. The advent of tyrosine kinase inhibitors has provided effective medical therapy for the first time. In fact, given that GIST typically is driven by either a KIT or PDGFRA gene mutation, it has become a paradigm of targeted molecular therapy. In addition, diagnostic and surgical techniques have been refined. Here, the critical aspects of primary GISTs and how they are now managed with an integrated approach are summarized. Treatment plans are developed based on specific pathologic and molecular features of the tumor. The authors outline the general principles of therapy and highlight some of the nuances. Particular focus is given to diagnosis, surgical considerations, and the use of preoperative and postoperative tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
Coplanar Stripline Switch Based on Lattice Circuit with Even Mode Suppression

Coplanar Stripline (CPS) has some advantages in integrated circuit layout, but it is not commonly used because higher order modes are easily excited that degrade the circuit performance. CPS switches are required for tunable antennas and reconfigurable systems. This paper describes a CPS switch with a theoretical insertion loss of 0 dB, a return loss of infinite dB, and infinite isolation. The switch relies on a method to suppress the higher order, even mode that was recently published. Measured results demonstrate an insertion loss of 0.1 dB, a return loss of 40 dB, and an isolation of 25 dB.
Precision neuroradiology: mapping the nodes and networks that link genes to behaviour

What is the future of neuroradiology in the era of precision medicine? As with any big change, this transformation in medicine presents both challenges and opportunities, and to flourish in this ne...
Quantifying physical activity in early Parkinson disease using a commercial activity monitor.

Abstract Introduction Physical inactivity in Parkinson disease (PD) has an impact on motor and non-motor symptoms of the disease. It is unclear whether this decline in physical activity occurs early in the disease, in addition to any decline due to aging, and whether commercial activity monitors can be used to self-monitor physical activity levels in this population. Objective To compare the quantity and intensity of physical activity (PA), as measured by commercial activity monitors, in people with mild PD and healthy older adults (HOA). A secondary objective was to assess adherence and user experience with wearing the activity monitoring device. Methods An observational descriptive study design examined PA levels over a 14-day period using commercially-available activity monitors (Fitbit Charge HR). Results Individuals with PD (n = 30) and HOA (n = 30) both demonstrated high adherence with wear time (PD = 13.8 [0.5] days, HOA = 13.9 [0.4] days, p = 0.55). People with PD took fewer steps per day than HOA (PD = 6416.9 (2795.5), HOA = 11441.3 (3932.1), p Conclusions People with mild PD demonstrated reduced quantity and intensity of PA compared to HOA. Both the PD and the HOA groups had good adherence wearing a commercial activity monitor that provided feedback regarding activity levels.
Transformational Mentoring Practices: Students' Perspectives on Practitioner-Educators' Support during College.

This critical, multisite case study explored Students’ of Color in STEM disciplines perspectives on the positive mentoring practices of practitioner-educators. Grounded in a critical approach to Bo...
Early patient deaths after transfer to a regional burn center

Abstract Introduction Patients who sustain burn injuries are frequently transferred to regional burn centers. Severely injured patients, unlikely to survive, may be transported far from home and family to die shortly after arrival. An examination of early deaths, those that happen within a week of transfer, may offer an opportunity to revise the way we think about critical burns and consider the best way to provide regional care. Methods This is a focused review of burn patients who survived ≤1 week after transfer to a regional center from 2013–2017. Originating location data such as city, state, population at origin were obtained. Transfer data, including mode of transport and distance traveled, as well as patient characteristics, Total Body Surface Area (TBSA) burned, inhalation injury, medical history with calculation of revised-Baux (r-Baux) score were analyzed. Results 25 patients (1.2%) met inclusion criteria. Patients were transferred from a wide geographic area with population ranges of 1000 to 279,000. 21 patients met criteria for burn resuscitation by TBSA; 4 (19%) were placed on comfort care upon arrival, 7 (33%) were placed on comfort care after discussion with the patient's family, and 10 (48%) received full resuscitation efforts. Of these 10 patients, 2 died as “full code”, 8 were transitioned to comfort care after failed resuscitation or other events. Code status was not always addressed prior to the decision to transfer. Two patients were transferred after cardiac arrest in the field both of which had significant medical comorbidities in addition to their burn. Conclusions Regional burn centers support a variety of populations. Transferring patients for which care is futile may have a profound impact on resource utilization from a variety of perspectives including transferring centers, receiving centers, regional Emergency Medical Services and families. Referring providers need to be supported in identifying these severely injured, potentially expectant patients. Transfer of patients may negatively impact families as a loved one may die far from home, before family can arrive. With our increasing ability to utilize telemedicine, transfer may not always provide the best support we can offer for providers, patients, and families. Applicability of research to practice Early deaths after transfer to a regional burn center, especially those that do not undergo a full resuscitation, should be critically examined to determine the appropriateness of transfer in a palliative, patient and family centered approach.
Heterogeneous multiscale method for high energy-density matter: Connecting kinetic theory and molecular dynamics

Abstract We have developed a concurrent heterogeneous multiscale method (HMM) framework with a microscale molecular dynamics (MD) model and a macroscale kinetic Vlasov-BGK model. The kinetic model is formulated such that BGK collision times are the closure data obtained from MD. Using the H-theorem, we develop the mathematical link between the MD and the kinetic model. We examine three relaxation processes, energy, momentum, and bump-on-tail, using full microscale MD simulations as a reference solution. We find that solutions computed with the HMM framework offer a significant computational reduction ( 14 × − 100 × ) compared with computing a full MD solution, with significant improvements in accuracy compared with a kinetic model using analytical collision times.
Effects of temperature and body-mass on the standard metabolic rates of the round stingray, Urobatis halleri (Cooper, 1863)

Abstract Using an intermittent respirometer, we measured the thermal sensitivity (metabolic Q10) and scaling relationship (b) of the round stingray, Urobatis halleri, based on their standard metabolic rates (SMR). A total of 33 individuals (mass range = 0.03–0.86 kg) were acclimated for over 14 days at three temperature treatments (15°, 23°, 27 °C) spanning the seasonal water temperature variation in southern California. An average thermal sensitivity (Q10) of 3.1 was estimated for the round stingray across the range of experimental temperatures. Estimations of size dependent Q10 was 3.8 in juveniles while 2.6 in adults. Our model showed a negative relationship between this species mass-specific scaling exponent (b) and temperature (b = 0.99 at 15 °C, b = 0.86 at 23 °C, and b = 0.79 at 27 °C). Results indicate that the round stingray is relatively sensitive to the thermal fluctuations they experience in southern California. While adults with a relatively high metabolic Q10 may optimize their daily net energy gain by exploiting the local thermal heterogeneity, a higher thermal sensitivity in juveniles could have adverse effects on the population fitness under a pervasive increase of ocean's temperature. Given that the scaling exponent can be affected by temperature, modeling studies should consider correcting for this effect when using scaling relationships as an input for more precise bioenergetic models under various thermal scenarios.