cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human chylomicron apolipoprotein metabolism.

Abstract Chylomicron apolipoprotein metabolism was studied utilizing chylomicrons isolated from the pleural fluid of a patient with a recurrent chylous pleural effusion. Chylomicrons contained apolipoproteins A-I, A-II, B, C-I, C-II, C-III, D, E, and albumin. Following intravenous injection of [125I] chylomicrons, almost all of the A apolipoprotein radioactivity was recovered in high density lipoproteins, while only a small amount of the B apolipoprotein radioactivity was recovered in low density lipoproteins. These observations indicate that intestinal chylomicron A apolipoproteins serve as precursors for plasma high density lipoprotein A apolipoproteins and only a small fraction of chylomicron apolipoprotein B is metabolized to form low density lipoprotein apolipoprotein B.
AUTONOMOUS NAVIGATION OF GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM SATELLITES USING CROSS-LINK MEASUREMENTS

The Global Positioning System (GPS) Block IIR satellites, which will replace the current Block II/IIA satellites, will have satellite-to-satellite communication capabilities that will allow intersatellite ranging between the Block IIR satellites. The cross-link pseudorange measurements will be used by onboard computers to update the stored navigation messages, which are based on trajectories predicted over an extended period of time, by ground-based processing of tracking data. During normal operations, the cross-link pseudorange measurements will provideimproved satellite states, which then can be broadcast to theusers. One oftheerrorsourcesin the updated navigation messages, which cannot be corrected by cross-link measurements, is found in the Earth orientation parameter (EOP) errors. As a consequence, as the age of the Earth rotation parameter increases, the performance of the autonomous navigation system will degrade. The effect of this error source on the Block II GPS autonomous navigation accuracy is described. This work is based on simulated cross-link pseudorange measurements. Realistic force, measurement, and reference frame models are used in the analysis to account for additional major error sources. Cross-link measurementsfora period of oneday, generated at the end ofeach of three different prediction intervals, are used to update the predicted trajectory. The estimated solutions then are compared to true solutions to evaluate the effect of prediction errors. With the current EOP prediction errors, the user range errors (URE), computed from improved trajectories and clock differences for a 90-day prediction, exceed 9 m, and for a 180-day prediction, they exceed 17 m. Finally, results of processing measurements from ground stations, instead of cross links, are discussed wherein the URE for the 180-day prediction case are shown to be about 3.1 m.
Conditional expression of 15-lipoxygenase-1 inhibits the selenoenzyme thioredoxin reductase: modulation of selenoproteins by lipoxygenase enzymes.

Abstract The selenoenzyme thioredoxin reductase regulates redox-sensitive proteins involved in inflammation and carcinogenesis, including ribonucleotide reductase, p53, NFκB, and others. Little is known about endogenous cellular factors that modulate thioredoxin reductase activity. Here we report that several metabolites of 15-lipoxygenase-1 inhibit purified thioredoxin reductase in vitro. 15(S)-Hydroperoxy-5,8,11-cis-13-trans-eicosatetraenoic acid, a metastable hydroperoxide generated by 15-lipoxygenase-1, and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, its non-enzymatic rearrangement product inhibit thioredoxin reductase with IC50 = 13 ± 1.5 μm and 1 ± 0.2 μm, respectively. Endogenously generated metabolites of 15-lipoxygenase-1 also inhibit thioredoxin reductase in HEK-293 cells that harbor a 15-LOX-1 gene under the control of an inducible promoter complex. Conditional, highly selective induction of 15-lipoxygenase-1 caused an inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase activity, cell cycle arrest in G1, impairment of anchorage-independent growth, and accumulation of the pro-apoptotic protein BAX. All of these responses are consistent with inhibition of thioredoxin reductase via 15-lipoxygenase-1 overexpression. In contrast, metabolites of 5-lipoxygenase were poor inhibitors of isolated thioredoxin reductase, and the overexpression of 5-lipoxygenase did not inhibit thioredoxin reductase or cause a G cell cycle arrest. The influences of 15-lipoxygenase-1 on 1inflammation, cell growth, and survival may be attributable, in part, to inhibition of thioredoxin reductase and several redox-sensitive processes subordinate to thioredoxin reductase.
Broadband pulse signals in an ocean waveguide as an inverse tool for the rapid extraction of some ocean properties

With the inception of a new and fast normal-mode model that accurately simulates signals propagating in an ocean waveguide, it is possible to reconstruct pulse signals in the ocean. By measuring the pulse signals at different depths, one can extract a variety of information about the waveguide, such as ducting properties associated with the velocity profile, and some bottom properties that relate to the pulse widths. We present examples of the extraction data from this methodology.
Automatic classification of e-mail messages by messages type

This article describes a system that automatically classifies E-mail messages in the HUMANIST electronic discussion group into one of four classes, Question, Response, Announcement, or Administrative. A total of 1,372 messages were analyzed. The automatic classification of a message was based on string matching between a message text and predefined string sets for each of the message types. The system's automated ability to accurately classify a message was compared against manually assigned codes. The Cohen's Kappa of .55 suggested that there was a statistical agreement between the automatic and manually assigned codes.
THE SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT OF URBAN ACTIVITIES: A SIMULTANEOUS LOCATION MODEL

The spatial patterns of urban activities are treated as the outcome of a balance between economic conditions that reward spatial concentration of employment activity on the one hand but favor spatial dispersion of residences on the other. The balance between these two sets of conditions is mediated by the cost of commuting. These three elements are formalized in terms of a mathematical-programming model that determines simultaneously the location patterns of employment, residential activity, and commuting. The solution conditions lead to a single-equation model which estimates the distances between zones in a city on the basis of their residential and employment densities. This version is fitted to data for four US cities. Estimates derived from the single-equation model can be resolved into two-dimensional maps of the zones by multidimensional scaling, and maps of the four cities, based on the estimated equations, are obtained and compared with the actual maps of the cities. The results indicate that the estimated parameters are congruent with the actual spatial arrangements of the cities.(a) /TRRL/
Computer for automatizing network analyzer operation

THE recent activity and interest in the development of computer methods for speeding up the solution time for power-system transient-stability problems has prompted the reporting of some work done on the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) network analyzer. The idea of coupling a computing device to a network analyzer for solving the electromechanical differential equations of the synchronous machine rotor positions following a fault or other large disturbances to the system is certainly not a new one. Many people have considered the idea and have concluded that the problem is not one of concept but of constructing and instrumenting a computing system which would fulfill all of the operational and economic requirements of the network analyzer service.
The image of behavior therapy: It is time to take a stand *

Behavior therapy has had an influence that is unprecedented since Freud's contribution in the early 1900s. News media do not regularly seek out information about the development of prevention and treatment programs, and it is time that we go to the media to develop the professional image of behavior therapy. With children, a behavioral orientation is a clearly dominant trend with approximately half of all child clinicians identifying with orientation. With adults, eclecticism is the most popular identification with a behavioral orientation emerging as one of the top three ranked orientations. The influence of behavior therapy in the professional treatment literature, especially in psychology, has been tremendous. Our image in the news has become positive, but we have a long history of negative press to combat. Our image in our clients' eyes is decidedly positive and examples of important treatment successes are given.
Can financiers learn from traders

Over the past three decades, the world trading system has functioned well, while the financial system has stumbled. While the trading system cannot provide a template for redesigning the financial system, it can provide useful lessons. The primary goal of the world trading system has been to liberalize commerce. By contrast, the primary goal of the world financial system has been to stabilize markets. The trading system has nonetheless devised useful means for anticipating and coping with shocks. In the pre-crisis period, the trading system has stressed the articulation of binding agreements as to predictable rules. In the mid-crisis period, the trading system's distinction between external and internal causes has political, but not economic, resonance in financial shocks. In the post-crisis period, effective investigation of business conditions abroad and meaningful adjustment to world markets are both useful lessons. Copyright 1999 by Oxford University Press.
Novel variants in the PRDX6 Gene and the risk of Acute Lung Injury following major trauma

Peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6) is involved in redox regulation of the cell and is thought to be protective against oxidant injury. Little is known about genetic variation within the PRDX6 gene and its association with acute lung injury (ALI). In this study we sequenced the PRDX6 gene to uncover common variants, and tested association with ALI following major trauma. To examine the extent of variation in the PRDX6 gene, we performed direct sequencing of the 5' UTR, exons, introns and the 3' UTR in 25 African American cases and controls and 23 European American cases and controls (selected from a cohort study of major trauma), which uncovered 80 SNPs. In silico modeling was performed using Patrocles and Transcriptional Element Search System (TESS). Thirty seven novel and tagging SNPs were tested for association with ALI compared with ICU at-risk controls who did not develop ALI in a cohort study of 259 African American and 254 European American subjects that had been admitted to the ICU with major trauma. Resequencing of critically ill subjects demonstrated 43 novel SNPs not previously reported. Coding regions demonstrated no detectable variation, indicating conservation of the protein. Block haplotype analyses reveal that recombination rates within the gene seem low in both Caucasians and African Americans. Several novel SNPs appeared to have the potential for functional consequence using in silico modeling. Chi2 analysis of ALI incidence and genotype showed no significant association between the SNPs in this study and ALI. Haplotype analysis did not reveal any association beyond single SNP analyses. This study revealed novel SNPs within the PRDX6 gene and its 5' and 3' flanking regions via direct sequencing. There was no association found between these SNPs and ALI, possibly due to a low sample size, which was limited to detection of relative risks of 1.93 and above. Future studies may focus on the role of PRDX6 genetic variation in other diseases, where oxidative stress is suspected.
Triangulation 2.0

A third way of conceptualizing mixed methods research is proposed, one based on critical interpretive methodologies.
Non-ideal Behavior During Complete Dissolution of Organic Immiscible Liquid: 2. Ideal Porous Media

Column experiments were conducted using ideal natural sands and stainless-steel beads to examine the complete dissolution behavior of an organic immiscible liquid. Trichloroethene was used as the representative organic liquid. The elution curves exhibited multi-step behavior, with multiple extended periods of relatively constant contaminant flux. These secondary steady-state stages occurred at concentrations several orders-of-magnitude below aqueous solubility for the well-sorted sands. In contrast, the secondary steady-state stages occurred within 1 log of aqueous solubility for the poorly sorted sand. The non-ideal behavior is hypothesized to result from constraints to hydraulic accessibility of the organic liquid to flowing water, which may be expected to be mediated by the pore-scale configuration of the flow field and the fluid phases.
Michael addition of β-dicarbonyls to α,β-unsaturated ketones catalyzed by mixed sphere β-carbonylenolate diphosphino metal complexes

Abstract The addition reaction of β-dicarbonyls [acetylacetone (Hacac) and ethyl acetoacetate (Heaa)] to Michael acceptors [methyl vinyl ketone (mvk), 3-penten-2-one (3p2one) and 2-cyclopentenone (2cpone)] is catalyzed by [M(acac)2] and [M(acac)(diphosphine)] + complexes (M = Ni, Cu, Pd) in the 60–120 °C temperature range. The catalysts exhibit yields and selectivities towards the relevant Michael adduct generally superior to those given by the usual basic catalysts. The catalytic activity depends on the nature of M, and decreases in the order Ni > Cu > Pd. Catalytic activity of [Ni(acac)-(dppe)] + is maintained when the catalyst is anchored to an insoluble polymeric matrix.
Latency to first naloxone-induced jump as a measure of precipitated abstinence intensity in morphine-dependent mice and the interaction of set on this test

A method developed in this laboratory uses latency to time of first jump after injection of naloxone rather than the number of jumps in a specified period or the number of animals jumping as a measure of the degree of morphine physical dependence. For the test, mice are placed in a glass cylinder used as a test chamber, after being injected with the antagonist. During the development of this method it was observed that repeated exposures of dependent mice to both naloxone and the chamber yielded shorter latencies to first jump than did repeated exposures to naloxone alone in animals with the same degree of physical dependence. It appears that learning develops when naloxone injections are given repeatedly and followed by exposure to the test chamber and that this learned behavior is manifested by a reduced latency to first jump which may be confused with increased intensity of the opiate-withdrawal syndrome.
Tumor Xenograft Response to Redox-Active Therapies Assessed by Magnetic Resonance Imaging Using a Thiol-Bearing DOTA Complex of Gadolinium.

Gd-LC6-SH is a thiol-bearing DOTA complex of gadolinium designed to bind plasma albumin at the conserved Cys34 site. The binding of Gd-LC6-SH shows sensitivity to the presence of competing thiols. We hypothesized that Gd-LC6-SH could provide magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) enhancement that is sensitive to tumor redox state and that the prolonged retention of albumin-bound Gd-LC6-SH in vivo can be exploited to identify a saturating dose above which the shortening of MRI longitudinal relaxation time (T1) of tissue is insensitive to the injected gadolinium dose. In the Mia-PaCa-2 pancreatic tumor xenograft model in SCID mice, both the small-molecule Gd-DTPA-BMA and the macromolecule Galbumin MRI contrast agents produced dose-dependent decreases in tumor T1. By contrast, the decreases in tumor T1 provided by Gd-LC6-SH at 0.05 and 0.1 mmol/kg were not significantly different at longer times after injection. SCID mice bearing Mia-PaCa-2 or NCI-N87 tumor xenografts were treated with either the glutathione synthesis inhibitor buthionine sulfoximine or the thiol-oxidizing anticancer drug Imexon, respectively. In both models, there was a significantly greater increase in tumor R1 (=1/T1) 60 minutes after injection of Gd-LC6-SH in drug-treated animals relative to saline-treated controls. In addition, Mercury Orange staining for nonprotein sulfhydryls was significantly decreased by drug treatment relative to controls in both tumor models. In summary, these studies show that thiol-bearing complexes of gadolinium such as Gd-LC6-SH can serve as redox-sensitive MRI contrast agents for detecting differences in tumor redox status and can be used to evaluate the effects of redox-active drugs.
Stimulated orientational and thermal scatterings and self-starting optical phase conjugation with nematic liquid crystals

A quantitative theory and experimental results on self-starting optical phase conjugation, using stimulated orientational and thermal scattering in nematic liquid crystal films, are presented. The coupled wave-material equations for the laser-induced refractive index changes, grating formation, and coherent wave mixing effects are developed. Analytical solutions are obtained for the case of negligible pump depletion, and numerical solutions for various input and generated signals, taking losses into account, are obtained. Experimentally, we demonstrate the feasibility of realizing these stimulated scattering and phase conjugation processes in thin (200 \ensuremath{\mu}m) nematic liquid crystal with a milliwatt-power cw laser. Theoretical estimates for various gain constants and threshold intensities, and their dependence on various physical parameters, are found to be in good agreement with experimental observations.
Toward an Understanding of Public School Politics

Mounting concern over the aims and achievements of American public schools emphasizes the need for continuing analysis of how the schools are run and who runs them. The general theory is simple enough: schools are objects of local control, the people of a local school district exercise that control through an elected school board, and the board appoints a superintendent to act as the chief executive of the district. There are variations from this pattern—in some places school boards are appointed rather than elected, in others the school system is formally a part of the city government, and in a few districts other officials, such as a business manager or building superintendent, share the top executive authority—but it is by far the most common arrangement among the nation's approximately 50,000 school districts.
Structural Aspects of the Association of FcεRI with Detergent-resistant Membranes *

We recently showed that aggregation of the high affinity IgE receptor on mast cells, FcepsilonRI, causes this immunoreceptor to associate rapidly with specialized regions of the plasma membrane, where it is phosphorylated by the tyrosine kinase Lyn. In this study, we further characterize the detergent sensitivity of this association on rat basophilic leukemia-2H3 mast cells, and we compare the capacity of structural variants of FcepsilonRI and other receptors to undergo this association. We show that this interaction is not mediated by the beta subunit of the receptor or the cytoplasmic tail of the gamma subunit, both of which are involved in signaling. Using chimeric receptor constructs, we found that the extracellular segment of the FcepsilonRI alpha subunit was not sufficient to mediate this association, implicating FcepsilonRI alpha and/or gamma transmembrane segments. To determine the specificity of this interaction, we compared the association of several other receptors. Interleukin-1 type I receptors on Chinese hamster ovary cells and alpha4 integrins on rat basophilic leukemia cells showed little or no association with isolated membrane domains, both before and after aggregation on the cells. In contrast, interleukin-2 receptor alpha (Tac) on Chinese hamster ovary cells exhibited aggregation-dependent membrane domain association similar to FcepsilonRI. These results provide insights into the structural basis and selectivity of lipid-mediated interactions between certain transmembrane receptors and detergent-resistant membranes.
Point spread functions of photons in time‐resolved transillumination experiments using simple scaling arguments

Simple scaling arguments are used to determine spatial resolution achievable in time‐resolved transillumination experiments involving highly diffuse media. These arguments allow us to obtain relationships linking target resolution at different planes inside an optically turbid slab to the gating times of the imaging system. We show that this approach yields the same results as those obtained previously from an approximate and rather complicated analytical derivation. In addition, we are now able to assess the effects of scatteringanisotropy on spatial resolution attainable when gating times are so short that a constant scaling of photon transport scattering length is not appropriate. These results should enable one to devise more accurate and simpler image reconstruction algorithms.
A Firm's Image Following Alleged Wrongdoing: Effects of the Firm's Prior Reputation and Response to the Allegation

The corporate reputation literature asserts that a firm possessing ‘reputational capital’ or a ‘reservoir of goodwill’ will suffer less harm to its image from negative publicity than a firm that does not have a good reputation. Results of the current study provided support for this idea with respect to both the firm's perceived trustworthiness and level of expertise. Admitting wrongdoing in response to allegations generally yielded a more positive image of the firm than did either denial or declining comment. In addition, partial support was found for the prediction that when the firm had a good reputation, denial would lead to a better outcome than declining comment. Apparently, deniers are frequently believed when they have good reputations, but silence is usually viewed as reflecting guilt. Reputations are valuable resources that firms should strive to nurture and protect by making investments in monitoring and managing the impressions that stakeholders have of them.
Bayard Rustin: Troubles I've Seen: A Biography

Bayard Rustin's influence on American culture is perhaps immeasurable. He played a key role in infusing the Civil Rights movement with the principles of nonviolence; one of the movement's ablest strategists, he was responsible for organizing two of its most momentous events. In this biography, Jervis Anderson, who once worked with Rustin, describes the life of this leading Black intellectual from his imprisonment as a conscientious observer during WWII to his relationships with Dr. King, A. Philip Randolph, Roy Wilkins and Dorothy Height and the controversy he caused in his later years when he took issue with certain aspects of the Black Power movement. Written with the cooperation of Rustin's friends and colleagues, and with complete access to his personal papers, this is the definitive biography of one of the most important heroes of the Civil Rights movement.
Malignant melanoma of the vulva and vagina in the United States: Patterns of incidence and population-based estimates of survival

Objectives: Our purpose was to describe the incidence of vulvar and vaginal melanoma and to evaluate risk factors. We also aimed to provide population-based estimates of survival and to evaluate prognostic factors. Study Design: We calculated incidence rates and survival curves based on 15 years' experience of population-based registries that together cover approximately 10% of the United States population. Results: The incidences of vulvar and vaginal melanoma were 0.108 and 0.026/10 5 per year. White women experienced an increased incidence of vulvar melanoma but not vaginal melanoma (relative risks 2.6 and 1.0 for white women, compared with black women). For vulvar melanoma the 5-year survival was 50%; regional or distant spread, older age, and black race were adverse prognostic factors. For vaginal melanoma the 5-year survival was 19%; black race was an adverse prognostic factor. Conclusions: Vulvar melanoma and vaginal melanoma differ from nongenital cutaneous melanoma in epidemiologic features, which is consistent with the hypothesized systemic sun-induced melanoma-inhibitory factor and with melanin interference with nonultraviolet carcionogenesis. These population-based data identified prognostic factors and confirmed the poor prognosis of these tumors.
Simple regioselective synthesis of trans-7a-methylhydrind-4-en-1-one, a key intermediate for steroid total synthesis

Abstract Intramolecular Diels-Alder cycloaddition and hydrolysis of the ketals 11 and 12 , derived from the trienone 6 , afforded mainly the trans-hydrindenone 8a .
Su1564 Proximal Sessile Serrated Adenomas Are Likely to be Flat, Larger, and Occur in Smokers

colonoscopy (n 3) or with a previous incomplete exploration (n 24) were included. Patients were randomized into 2 groups: Group 1 (one-day preparation): n 14, 7M/7F, mean age 54 14 years. On day 1, patients received a fiber-free diet and 15 mg bisacodyl at 19:00 h. On day 0, 3 liters of PEG were given from 6:00-7:30 h; Group 2 (two-days preparation): n 13, 1M/ 12F, mean age 68 11 years. On day 1, patients had a liquid diet and 3 liters of PEG from 18:00-21:00 h. On day 0, 1 liter of PEG was administered from 6:00-7: 00h. Patients ingested the CCE (PillCamTM, Given Imaging Ltd.) at 9:15 h. A first NaP booster (30 ml) plus 1 liter of water was given after verification (RealTime© device) the gastric departure of CCE. A second NaP booster (15 ml) with 500 ml of water was given 3 h later if the CCE had not been expelled. CCE reading was performed by two viewers who were unaware of the assigned group, reviewing both terminals independently. Each colon segment was assessed with a fourgrade quality cleansing scale: 1 excellent (no more than small bits of adherent feces), 2 good (small amount of feces or dark fluid), 3 fair (feces or dark fluid enough to preclude a reliable reading) and 4 poor (large amount of fecal residue). Three weeks after CCE, patients were interviewed to register adverse effects (nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain or thirst) related with the bowel preparation. Results: The average time for CCE recording was 298 147 minutes in group 1 and 381 139 minutes in group 2 (P 0,18). CCE reached the rectum in 78% and 77% of patients in group 1 and 2, respectively (P 0,12).In Group 1, 10 patients had polyps, 1 had diverticula and 2 had other lesions. In Group 2, polyps were found in 8 patients, 2 had diverticula, 2 had angiodysplasia and 1 a cecal cancer. Mild (did not prevent the completion of CCE in any patient) side effects were found in 7 (50%) cases in group 1 and in 8 (66%) in group 2 (P 0,031). Conclusion: The quality of colonic cleansing when intestinal preparation is given the same-day of CCE ingestion is similar to that found with the two-days schedule. The accuracy for detecting colonic lesions and mild adverse effects associated with one-day bowel preparation could contribute to improve CCE acceptance.
He and Ne isotopes in oceanic crust: implications for noble gas recycling in the mantle

Abstract In an attempt to determine the helium and neon isotopic composition of the lower oceanic crust, we report new noble gas measurements on 11 million year old gabbros from Ocean Drilling Program site 735B in the Indian Ocean. The nine whole rock samples analyzed came from 20 to 500 m depth below the seafloor. Helium contents vary from 3.3×10−10 to 2.5×10−7 ccSTP/g by crushing and from 5.4×10−8 to 2.4×10−7 ccSTP/g by melting. 3He/4He ratios vary between 2.2 and 8.6 Ra by crushing and between 2.9 and 8.2 by melting. The highest R/Ra ratios are similar to the mean mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) ratio of 8±1. The lower values are attributed to radiogenic helium from in situ α-particle production during uranium and thorium decay. Neon isotopic ratios are similar to atmospheric ratios, reflecting a significant seawater circulation in the upper 500 m of exposed crust at this site. MORB-like neon, with elevated 20Ne/22Ne and 21Ne/22Ne ratios, was found in some high temperature steps of heating experiments, but with very small anomalies compared to air. These first results from the lower oceanic crust indicate that subducted lower oceanic crust has an atmospheric 20Ne/22Ne ratio. Most of this neon must be removed during the subduction process, if the ocean crust is to be recirculated in the upper mantle, otherwise this atmospheric neon will overwhelm the upper mantle neon budget. Similarly, the high (U+Th)/3He ratio of these crustal gabbros will generate very radiogenic 4He/3He ratios on a 100 Ma time scale, so lower oceanic crust cannot be recycled into either MORB or oceanic island basalt without some form of processing.
PARENT-REFERRED PROBLEM THREE-YEAR-OLDS: FOLLOW-UP AT SCHOOL ENTRY

Parent-referred three-year-olds with early signs of hyperactivity and other externalizing problems were followed up at age six and compared with controls. Half the children in the problem group continued to have adjustment difficulties at home, at school, and with peers; one-third met DSM-III criteria for Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD). Maternal reports, teacher questionnaires, and observational measures discriminated between groups, but differences were accounted for only by youngsters showing persistent problems. Although laboratory measures obtained at age three did not differentiate improved children from those who continued to have problems, maternal ratings of initial symptom severity did.
The Origin of the Elements

There are about 35 nuclei found in nature, which are not susceptible to neutron capture and are explained by the p-process. The modeling for this process requires thousands of nuclear reactions involving both stable and unstable nuclei including (α,α), (α,p) and (α,γ) reactions. In a recent experiment, the cross section of the reaction 120Te(α,p)123I was measured in the energy range of astrophysical interest for the p-process. The α beam from the Notre Dame FN Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator bombarded highly enriched self-supporting 120Te targets and the γ-rays from the activated 123I was counted with a pair of Ge clover detectors in close geometry.
Detection and quantification of endolymphatic hydrops in the guinea pig cochlea by magnetic resonance microscopy

Abstract Three-dimensional magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM) was used to study normal and hydropic cochleae of the guinea pig. With this technique consecutive serial slices representing the entire volume of isolated, fixed cochleae were obtained. The voxels (volume elements) making up the contiguous slices were istotropic (25 μm3) and in each slice the boundaries of scala media, including the position of Reissner's membrane, were clearly delineated. Three-dimensional reconstructions of the endolymphatic and perilymphatic scalae were generated. Custom software was developed to quantify cross-sectional area (CSA) of all scalae. In the normal cochlea all 3 scalae, including scala media, showed a gradual decrease in CSA from base to apex. Marked differences existed between our findings and previously reported cochlear dimensions, especially for the perilymphatic scalae in the basal turn. In hydropic cochleae the scala media was enlarged to a varying extent in different turns and marked changes in the degree of distension of Reissner's membrane occurred along the cochlea. MRM and subsequent computer analysis of the isotropic data provide excellent methods for imaging and quantifying the fluid spaces of normal and hydropic cochleae.
The Role of Patent Ductus Arteriosus Ligation in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: Reexamining a Randomized Controlled Trial

Objective To reexamine data from a randomized controlled trial of prophylactic ductus ligation to determine whether ligation contributes directly to the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in extremely low birth weight infants. Study Design The control group underwent ligation only if they had development of a symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). The Prophylactic Ligation group underwent ligation within 24 hours of birth regardless of the presence or absence of symptoms of a PDA. We hypothesized that the incidence of BPD would be higher in the prophylactic ligation group because more ligations were performed than in the control group. Results Prophylactic ligation significantly increased the incidence of BPD (defined as a supplemental oxygen requirement at 36 weeks postmenstrual age) and the incidence of mechanical ventilation at 36 weeks. The groups were statistically similar in gestation, sex, race, fluid administration, intraventricular hemorrhage, pulmonary air leaks, and survival to 36 weeks. The lower incidence of BPD in the control group occurred despite the fact that the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (a known risk factor for BPD) was significantly elevated in the control group. Only infants who had previously undergone a PDA ligation had development of BPD in the control group. Conclusion Prophylactic ligation, while eliminating the PDA, increases the risk for BPD.
Towards plastid transformation in flowering plants

Abstract Bombardment of leaf disks with DNA-coated tungsten particles, followed by marker selection, yields tobacco plants that are uniformly transformed in each of the 500 to 10 000 copies of the plastid genome per cell. The ability to transform plastids will facilitate the study of plastid-gene regulation and the application of genetic engineering to crop improvement.
Effect of sulfhydryl compounds on ATP-stimulated H + transport and Cl − uptake in rabbit renal cortical endosomes

The vacuolar H+ ATPase is inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), a sulfhydryl compound, suggesting the involvement of a sulfhydryl group in this transport process. We have examined the effects of several sulfhydryl-containing compounds on the vacuolar H+ ATPase of rabbit renal cortical endosomes. A number of such compounds were effective inhibitors of endosomal H+ transport at 10−5–10−6 m, including NEM, mersalyl, aldrithiol, 5,5′ dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid),p-chloromercuribenzoic acid (PCMB) andp-chloromercuriphenyl sulfonic acid (PCMBS). NEM, mersalyl, aldrithiol and PCMBS had no effect on pH-gradient dissipation, whereas PCMB decreased the pH gradient faster than control. In the absence of ATP, PCMB (10−4 m) stimulated endosomal36Cl− uptake, particularly in the presence of an inside-alkaline pH gradient (pHin=7.6/pHout=5.5.). This result was not an effect of PCMB on the Cl−-conductive pathway. The less permeable PCMBS did not stimulate36Cl− uptake. The effects of PCMB were concentration dependent and were prevented by dithioerithritol,. ATP-dependent36Cl− uptake was decreased by addition of PCMB. Finally, PCMB had no effect on45Ca2+ uptake. These results support the presence of two functionally important sulfhydryl groups in this endosomal preparation. One such group is involved with ATP-driven H+ transport and must be located on the cytoplasmic surface of the endosomal membrane. The second sulfhydryl group must reside on the internal surface of the endosomal membrane and relates to a PCMB-activated Cl−/OH− exchanger that is functional both in the presence and absence of ATP. This endosomal transporter is similar to the PCMB-activated Cl−/OH− exchanger recently described in rabbit renal brush-border membranes.
Inorganic nitrogen immobilization in live and sterile soil of old-growth conifer and hardwood forests: implications for ecosystem nitrogen retention

Rapid immobilization of inorganic nitrogen (N) in soil contributes to ecosystem N accumulation, even in old-growth and chronically-fertilized forests once thought to have poor N retention capacity. In old-growth conifer and hardwood stands in Pennsylvania, we tested the hypotheses that biotic and abiotic N immobilization are regulated by N form and forest type. We added 15NH4 +, 15NO2 −, and 15NO3 − to sterile (γ-irradiated) and live organic-horizon soil and define N immobilization as the mass of added 15N remaining in soil following extractions conducted 15 min, 24 h, and 21 days later. Immobilization of NO2 − (19–25% of added N) occurred in sterile soils within 15 min and was little changed thereafter. Tracer NO3 − immobilization was not observed, although soils had been pretreated (refrigerated) so as to quantify the lower limit of immobilization potential. Immobilization of NH4 + (27%) occurred in live conifer soils by 21 days but not in other treatments. In 21-day incubations, tracer N immobilization was greater in NO3 −-poor and humic-rich soils. Immobilization was greater in sterile than in live soil, perhaps owing to artifacts of sterilization. Conifer stands exhibited more massive O-horizons, so NO2 − immobilization per unit area was greater in conifer (1.46 mg N m−2) than hardwood (0.43 mg N m−2) stands, possibly accounting for lower N leaching from conifer forests. Areal immobilization rates appear to be fast enough to retain all N transformed to NO2 −, so NO2 − production may be a limiting step in soil N retention in old-growth ecosystems.
Spin Exchange in Solutions of di‐Tertiary‐Butyl Nitroxide

The ESR linewidths of dilute solution of di‐tertiary‐butyl nitroxide (DTBN) in n‐pentane and propane have been studied. Corrections have been made for (1) spin‐rotational effects, (2) the variation of concentration with temperature, (3) the line‐shape distortion of overlapping “strongly exchanging” lines, (4) the exchange narrowing of inhomogeneous linewidth contributions arising from proton extra hyperfine splitting, and (5) the temperature dependence of the diffusional step length λ. Existing theories of spin exchange appear adequate to explain the low‐concentration data; at high concentration it is not possible to make all the corrections discussed above and the comparison of theory and experiment is not meaningful. In n‐pentane we found that (zT/z).Jλ02 = 5×1012 A2 sec−1 and JzT = 4.9×1011 sec−1, where J is minus two times the exchange integral, λ0 is the diffusional step length at the freezing point, zT is the mean total number of molecular nearest neighbors, and z is the number of new radical nearest neighbors encountered in each jump. The results for DTBN in propane are similar.
The Challenges of Conducting Interdisciplinary Research in Traditional Doctoral Programs

Key words: interdisciplinary research; doctoral programs; educational reform.Graduate education should prepare students foran increasingly interdisciplinary, collaborative,and global job market and should not be viewedonly as a byproduct of immersion in an intensiveresearch experience. ...What is needed is notadditional specialization. We need a graduatesystem that is well tuned to the central feature ofcontemporary life: continuous change. Our objec-tive, therefore, is a breadth of experience so thatgraduates can keep career options open and havethe capacity to switch career tracks both at thebeginning of and throughout their professionallives (Committee on Science Engineering andPublic Policy 1995, report brief p. 1, full report p.83, emphasis added).Consider the American system of doctoral educa-tion. By most measures, it is a resounding success;indeed, it is generally considered the world leader inPh.D. production. Annually over 40,000 Ph.D.s aregranted by over 350 universities in hundreds ofdisciplines to an ever more diverse group of students(National Research Council 1996). Despite its obvi-ous successes, American doctoral education hascome under criticism. One prominent and persistentcritique is that American doctoral education trainsstudents too narrowly in a subspecialty, leaving newdegree holders unprepared to conduct interdisciplin-ary work (e.g., Panel on Alternate Approaches toGraduate Education 1973; Boyer 1990; Committeeon Science Engineering and Public Policy 1995).Most prominently, the National Academy of Sci-ences' Committee on Science Engineering and Pub-
Using Data to Inform Decisions: Intrusive Faculty Advising at a Community College

The study describes an initiative to increase retention at a 2-year college in the Northeast United States. The process involved a collaborative, intrusive advising approach to intervene with students at-risk for academic failure or experiencing difficulty with the transition to the college. Components of the mixed-method design included collecting, analyzing, and discussing data from prematriculation surveys, focus group discussions, advisement logs, and attendance/tardy records. Formative data were available for faculty advisors so they could monitor and intervene with students who were experiencing academic difficulties early in their college experience. Results from the first-year implementation showed that collaborative, intrusive advising increases faculty advisor communication and has the potential to increase retention at the college level.
Tyrosine kinase-independent inhibition of cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase by genistein and tyrphostin 51.

The phosphodiesterase activity in the HT4.7 neural cell line was pharmacologically characterized, and phosphodiesterase isozyme 4 (PDE4) was found to be the predominant isozyme. The Km for cAMP was 1–2 μM, indicative of a “low Km” phosphodiesterase, and the activity was inhibited by PDE4-selective inhibitors rolipram and Ro20-1724, but not PDE3- or PDE2-selective inhibitors. Calcium, calmodulin, and cGMP, regulators of PDE1, PDE2, and PDE3, had no effect on cAMP hydrolysis. The protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor, genistein, inhibited HT4.7 cAMP phosphodiesterase activity by 85–95% with an IC50 of 4 μM; whereas daidzein, an inactive structural analog of genistein, had little effect on phosphodiesterase activity. This is a common pharmacological criterion used to implicate the regulation by a tyrosine kinase. However, genistein still inhibited phosphodiesterase activity with a mixed pattern of inhibition even when ion-exchange chromatography was used to partially purify phosphodiesterase away from the tyrosine kinase activity. Moreover, tyrphostin 51, another tyrosine kinase inhibitor, was found to also inhibit partially purified phosphodiesterase activity noncompetitively. These data suggest that HT4.7 phosphodiesterase activity is dominated by PDE4 and can be regulated by genistein and tyrphostin 51 by a tyrosine kinase-independent mechanism.
Calibration of nonspatially filtered data in optical interferometry

Several existing interferometers have taken large V2 data sets without the use of spatial filters. The calibration of this kind of data is always seeing and alignment-dependent, and can result in significant systematic errors if several ideal calibrators are not available. I will demonstrate how high-precision unbiased estimates of V2 can still be retrieved from this kind of data by using one of several simple seeing corrections. In particular, I will demonstrate the success of these techniques on data sets from the SUSI interferometer and non-redundant masking experiments, and also discuss their limitations. One of the techniques described can also aid in the calibration of low S/N spatially-filtered data.© (2006) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Kinetics of acetyl-CoA synthetase—I. Mode of addition of substrates

Abstract The initial velocity, product inhibition, and isotopic exchange data show that the substrates of bovine heart mitochondrial acetyl-CoA synthetase add to the enzyme in an ordered fashion, with MgATP adding first followed by the addition of acetate, then the release of MgPPi immediately before the addition of CoA.
MICROSTRUCTURAL DESIGN OF COMPOSITES USING THE HOMOGENIZATION METHOD AND DIGITAL IMAGES

A microstructural design method is developed by utilizing the homogenization method and digital image-based (DIB) geometric modeling technique. The localization capability of the asymptotic homogenization method enables the evaluation of the microscopic deformation in the microstructure, i.e., representative volume element (RVE). This distinctive feature allows us to use the microscopic variables in the functional forms of constraints and objective function. In estimating the micromechanical responses, the systematic modeling method in terms of the pixel information of images and their processing make the construction of unit cell geometry easy and the homogenization results accurate. Therefore, while the specific microstructural geometry is taken into account in evaluating the micro and macroscopic variables, the optimal microstructural configurations can be determined depending on our objectives
Acid-base Titrations and Equilibria of Weak Bases and Acids

IT has been supposed in the past that substances with feebly acidic or basic properties, say with Ka or Kb less than 2.5 × 10 in the case of N/20 dilution, are incapable1 of estimation by acid-base titrations. I have recently succeeded in elaborating a technique by which this object can be attained: the main principles involved are set out below.
PERFORMABILITY AND COST ANALYSIS OF DEGRADABLE SYSTEMS

Many models and methods have been proposed in the literature to evaluate the reliability of fault-tolerant systems. In this paper, we study systems with one degradation mode. We introduce a static model and present efficient algorithms for the evaluation of the system performance and cost. For the special case of a system consisting of identical units we derive an efficient procedure for the determination of an optimal system design with respect to a minimum system cost.
Advances in the use of therapeutic pheresis for the management of rheumatic diseases

Abstract Twenty-two patients with rheumatoid arthritis, 3 with seronegative juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, 4 with systemic lupus erythematosus, and 4 with psoriatic arthritis have undergone therapeutic pheresis at our institution over the last 3 yr. Lymphoplasmapheresis appears to be the most effective form of pheresis in treating rheumatoid arthritis. After achieving a remission with 20 treatments performed in 11 wk, a flare may be preventable by pheresing patients 3 times a week every 6 wk provided the patient is on a concomitant, long-acting agent. Therapeutic pheresis has been disappointing in seronegative juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Life-threatening complications of systemic lupus erythematosus may respond dramatically to pheresis. In treating less severe disease on a long-term basis, pheresis has demonstrated excellent steroid sparing properties. Nonspondylytic psoriatic arthritis responds slowly to pheresis, but arthritic remissions may be prolonged, even though skin response is variable. Experience in the use of pheresis for treating these diseases has allowed for the development of criteria for deciding whether to institute such therapy as an adjunct to more standard modes of treatment for individual patients. Also, a variety of “technical” factors can influence the outcome of therapy, and these must be managed appropriately. Therapeutic pheresis is a promising tool for investigating and treating rheumatic diseases.
INSIGNIFICANCE OF PROGNOSTIC INDICATORS AFTER 2-YEAR SURVIVAL IN ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA (ALL)

52% (11/21) of our children with ALL in marrow remission for >4 years had been classified as “high risk” because of WBC > 30,000/mm3 and/or age 7 years at diagnosis. Because of the surprisingly high percentage of “high risk” patients among our long-term survivors, we retrospectively studied 61 children with ALL followed for 2 - 12 years post-diagnosis, to determine whether there was a limited interval during which these unfavorable indicators were operative. 24 patients with WBC>30,000/mm3 had shorter first remissions, a shorter mean survival time and there were fewer survivors at 2 years (p .3). Survival in 14 patients with unfavorable age at diagnosis at no time differed significantly from those of favorable age. There was no correlation between WBC and frequency of CNS leukemia; but 64% (p<.1) of CNS relapses occurred in the “high risk” age group, 2/3 within 2 years of diagnosis. We conclude that: 1) the initial WBC is a valid predictor of survival for 2 years after diagnosis, but is invalid if survival exceeds 2 years; and 2) unfavorable age at diagnosis predisposes to CNS relapse in the first 2 years.