cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural relationships among the multiple forms of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II from cultured parsley cells.

DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II (or B) was purified from cultured parsley cells, and its molecular structure was examined in detail. Upon centrifugation through glycerol gradients, RNA polymerase II sediments as a single band with an apparent sedimentation constant of 15 S. No contamination with RNA polymerases I or III could be detected when the activity of purified RNA polymerase II was assayed in the presence of high concentrations of α-amanitin. Analysis of purified RNA polymerase II by nondenaturing and denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that this enzyme exists in multiple forms. They were designated IIo, IIA, and IIB. It is suggested that each form has a subunit of Mr= 140 000 as well as smaller polypeptides in common. They differ, however, in the molecular weights of their largest subunits which is 220 000 in form IIo, 200 000 in form IIA, and 180 000 in form IIB. These large subunits were labelled with 125I, digested with trypsin, and tryptic digests were compared by two-dimensional analysis on thin-layer plates [Elder et al. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 6510–6515]. Fingerprints of tryptic digests from the polypeptides with Mr= 220 000, Mr= 200 000, and Mr= 180 000 were similar. It is, therefore, suggested that these subunits are structurally related. A tryptic digest was also produced from the subunit with Mr= 140 000. Its fingerprint was found to yield a considerably different distribution of peptides as compared to those from the three large subunits.
Nonvisual Access to an Interactive Electric Field Simulation: Work in Progress

We describe progress in creating an inclusive version of an interactive simulation that presents the dynamic electric field produced by a moving charge, using an audio presentation. The results illustrate opportunities and challenges in making this simulation usable for blind users.
Stability measurements of silicon MEMS resonant thermometers

The stability of single-anchored Double-Ended Tuning Fork (DETF) resonators fabricated in single-crystal silicon with an epi-seal process was investigated. Using two devices side-by-side, the common-mode noise from ambient temperature fluctuations was eliminated to distinguish the inherent noise of the resonator. With 1 s integration time, the two silicon resonators demonstrate a relative frequency stability of 4.8 ppb (standard deviation) over three weeks, corresponding to a temperature resolution of 0.16 mK.
Crew Performance in Spacelab

This paper discusses two studies utilizing videotaped footage of crew members working in the micro-g environments aboard two flights of Spacelab. Various aspects of crew restraint, stabilization, manipulation of controls, and moving about were observed, operationally defined, and quantified by observing videotaped scenes of spacelab crew members. In the first study four performance behaviors were quantified in order to provide estimates of their frequency of occurrence and variation over the course of each of the flights: (1) movement between work stations (translation), (2) holding on with one hand to stabilize while working (Hand Hold), (3) use of provided foot restraints while working (Foot Restraint), (4) out-of-control body movements (Struggle). Eighty one-minute segments were randomly chosen of which 59 met the restrictive definitions for coding. Four raters timed all behaviors using stopwatches. Inter-rater reliabilities (Chronbach's ALPHA) varied between .87 and .96 for the four behaviors. The ave...
Development of a Reduced Set of Composite Equations for Three Predictors

Summary.-5 primary and 3 reserve equations were developed to span the quadrant containing all possible equations for 3 predictors, with the restriction that no weights be negat~ve. Any empirical equation ever likely to be encountered operationally should be represented adequately by at least one of the primary theoretical composite equations with no more than .O1 loss in predictive validity. The theoretical equations were positioned to achieve this result. It is not likely that additional equations will be needed; if so, the equations should be selected from the set of reserve equations to provide the most efficient coverage. The theoretical system was applied to 47 prediction equations for different colleges using SAT-V, SAT-M, and H~gh School Rank-in-dass as predictors and college performance as a criterion. The primary composite equations were selected as the appropriate composite eqdarlons for all of the original prediction equations except one. For that prediction equation, the appropriate composite equation is one of the reserve theoretical composite equations. Multiple regression equations have been used extensively for educational and psychological purposes. Whenever a set of predictor variables is used to estimate criterion measures of examinees for a number of separate criteria, a system of multiple regression equations may be established, usually a separate equation for each situation. Some work has been done on the problem of the multiple-regression equation. Cureton ( 1951) asserted that the regression coefficients obtained from multiple-regression equations are not usually the best predictor weights that can be determined from the sample data especially if the predictors are highly correlaced because of linear restraints. He reported that Harold T. Davis devised a procediue for handling some of the machemacics of the problem of approximate linear restraints. But Harold T. Davis was aware of the limitations of his procedure because the situation is considerably more complex when there are more than two predictors and it does not result in the elimination of predictors which do not add significantly to the predictive power of the rest of the predictors. There have been many attempts to reduce the number of predictors in a multiple-regression equation. Tucker ( 1957 ) attempted to simplify the regression structure of the equation. He subjected the predictors to linear uansformation to establish orthogonal reference predictor composites, obtained the reduced space containing the significant principal predictor composites, and rotated the predictor composites in the reduced space. Also, Burket ( 1964) investigated the 'This is a part of a study conducted by the author and Dr. Lorne Kendell when both were in Educational Testing Service, Princeton, New Jersey. "The Theoretical Development of the Vector Space for Three Predictors," was developed by the author in the joint smdy. The author wishes to acknowledge the suggestions ind criticism of Dr. end ell.
The FAST technique: a simplified Agrobacterium -based transformation method for transient gene expression analysis in seedlings of Arabidopsis and other plant species

Background Plant genome sequencing has resulted in the identification of a large number of uncharacterized genes. To investigate these unknown gene functions, several transient transformation systems have been developed as quick and convenient alternatives to the lengthy transgenic assay. These transient assays include biolistic bombardment, protoplast transfection and Agrobacterium-mediated transient transformation, each having advantages and disadvantages depending on the research purposes.
The size‐Ramsey number of trees

Given a graph G, the size-Ramsey number is the minimum number m for which there exists a graph F on m edges such that any two-coloring of the edges of F admits a monochromatic copy of G. In 1983, J. Beck introduced an invariant β(·) for trees and showed that . Moreover he conjectured that . We settle this conjecture by providing a family of graphs and an embedding scheme for trees. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2011
X-Ray Lithography: Can It Be Justified

X-Ray lithography: Can it be justified? This is a question which is being asked in many circles today. The answer is, unfortunately, not black or white nor is it easy to determine. However, there are today more serious players in the x-ray field than there were a few years ago and maybe this is an important indicator. In this paper we will try to establish if x-ray lithography can or can not be soundly justified.
A deficit survival analysis to assess the natural history of uveal melanoma.

Abstract A deficit survival analysis was conducted using a retrospective series of 230 patients with uveal melanoma. All underwent enucleation as primary treatment for their disease. Considering the three leading prognostic factors (epithelioid cells per high power field, tumor size, and tumor location), median age was plotted against median survival to determine pathways of disease spread, local and metastatic disease phases, consequences of delayed diagnosis, and the timing of enucleation. The subgroup with all three factors favorable could be subdivided into younger and older subsets on the basis of a bimodal age distribution. Only the older subset could be identified as a local disease state where survival following enucleation corresponded to normal population survival. All remaining subgroups were metastatic because of survival deficits compared to the normal population. Disease tended to progress according to three well defined pathways with 6–8 years required to progress from one subgroup to the next along these paths. These pathways were characterized by constant deficit survivals, suggesting that delays in diagnosis did not translate into loss in survival. Moreover, the value of enucleation as primary therapy can be questioned in the context that it does not appear to alter the natural history of the disease, except for tumors greater than 10 mm in largest dimension which are located anterior to the equator with fewer than 2 epithelioid cells per high power field. Findings suggest that uveal melanoma can be treated by means other than enucleation to allow a chance for prolonged survival with vision preservation.
The GABRG2 Nonsense Mutation, Q40X, Associated with Dravet Syndrome Activated NMD and Generated a Truncated Subunit That was Partially Rescued by aminoglycoside-Induced Stop Codon Read-through

The GABRG2 nonsense mutation, Q40X, is associated with the severe epilepsy syndrome, Dravet syndrome, and is predicted to generate a premature translation-termination codon (PTC) in the GABA(A) receptor γ2 subunit mRNA in a position that codes for the first amino acid of the mutant subunit. We determined the effects of the mutation on γ2 subunit mRNA and protein synthesis and degradation, as well as on α1β2γ2 GABA(A) receptor assembly, trafficking and surface expression in HEK cells. Using bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) constructs, we found that γ2(Q40X) subunit mRNA was degraded by nonsense mediated mRNA decay (NMD). Undegraded mutant mRNA was translated to a truncated peptide, likely the signal peptide, which was cleaved further. We also found that mutant γ2(Q40X) subunits did not assemble into functional receptors, thus decreasing GABA-evoked current amplitudes. The GABRG2(Q40X) mutation is one of several epilepsy-associated nonsense mutations that have the potential to be rescued by reading through the PTC, thus restoring full-length protein translation. As a first approach, we investigated the use of the aminoglycoside, gentamicin, to rescue translation of intact mutant subunits by inducing mRNA read-through. In the presence of gentamicin, synthesis of full length γ2 subunits was partially restored, and surface biotinylation and whole cell recording experiments suggested that rescued γ2 subunits could corporate into functional, surface GABA(A) receptors, indicating a possible direction for future therapy.
Experimental determination of dissociation pressures for hydrates of the cis- and trans-isomers of 2-butene below the ice temperature

Abstract The three-phase (vapor + ice + hydrate) (VIH) hydrate equilibrium was determined for cis- and trans -2-butene using a new and a simple experimental technique. The equilibrium measurements were done at temperatures between 248 to 272 K and pressures between 16.7 to 67.6 kPa for cis -2-butene, and for trans -2-butene between 245 to 272 K and 15.4 to 70.4 kPa. The accuracy of the experimental technique was verified by measuring hydrate dissociation pressures for pure propane below the ice temperature; the results obtained were in good agreement with those in the literature for pure propane.
Time-dependent radiation transport in a one-dimensional medium

An analytic solution of the time-dependent radiation transport problem in a one-dimensional, stationary and homogeneous medium of finite thickness is presented. The solution is found by the method of images, and is compared with an eigenfunction expansion. Previous conjectures about the structure of such an expansion are clarified. The Green's function of this problem is also expanded in scattering orders.
Governing Catastrophes: Security, Health and Humanitarian Assistance

Recent catastrophes, and predictions of an increasing potential for more, have stimulated thinking about the best policy responses to these threats. This article explores how security concepts influence catastrophe governance. The article considers how globalization affects thinking about catastrophes and describes ways in which catastrophes have been conceptualized as governance challenges, such as the human rights approach to the provision of health and humanitarian assistance. The article explains how health and humanitarian assistance experienced “securitization” in the post-cold war period, a development that challenges rights-based strategies and creates complex and controversial implications for the prevention, protection and response functions of catastrophe governance.
Word Association and Formal Training of the Written Language: Consolidation of the Response Base

Commonalities of adult word associations with 659 stimulus words were examined as a function of the elementary school grade level at which the words are formally introduced in their written form. There was a systematic decrease in the commonality of associates as a function of the grade level at which a stimulus word is introduced. A random sample of 20 words from each grade level showed that 64% of the primary responses to these words had been introduced in written form before the second grade. This suggests that early experiential associates of the spoken language become consolidated into more succinct networks. To investigate a possible paired-associate type of learning as an explanation for the high commonality of words learned early, associations of children in kindergarten through the fifth grade were obtained with 70 of the 659 words (10 from each grade level from kindergarten through sixth grade). Three significant effects of commonality were noted: (1) words introduced in the second grade had the...
Physical, chemical, and ultraviolet radiative characteristics of aerosol in central Alaska

[1] A new long-term monitoring site for providing multiwavelength (ultraviolet through near-infrared) and broadband irradiances has been established at the Poker Flat Research Range, Alaska, in order to assess the impacts of ozone, cloud cover, surface albedo, and aerosol conditions on trends in ultraviolet (UV) radiation reaching the surface. Targeted field measurements were conducted in the first year of site operation to characterize the properties of aerosols commonly found in the study region. Chemical analysis was used to match aerosol composition to aerosol size distributions and spectral aerosol optical depth (AOD). Results are reported on four air mass types: three springtime examples, including an Asian air mass with Gobi Desert dust, aged industrial pollution from the Arctic, and humid marine air, and a comparative case in late summer. Aerosol imported to central Alaska from extraregional sources produced small to moderate increases in UV optical depth calculated from direct-beam spectral extinction and a limited reduction in transmittance at UV wavelengths. Marine aerosol in a high-humidity environment produced the largest impact on UV extinction. The Angstrom coefficients and single scattering albedos calculated from the spectral AOD and irradiances and the spectral characteristics of size-specific aerosol absorption measurements showed distinct differences between the aerosol source types, suggesting that even in cases of low aerosol concentration, air mass characteristics influence the spectral and angular distributions of UV radiation that are important for modeling photochemical processes and biological exposure.
Correlated Soft X-Ray Tomography and Cryogenic Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

Soft x-ray tomography (SXT) gives the spatial distribution of organic matter in intact, fully hydrated, unstained eukaryotic cells with ∼50 nm resolution. In SXT cells are imaged using soft x-ray photons in the “water window,” where organic material absorbs ten times more strongly than water. Correlative fluorescence and soft x-ray tomography allows specific fluorescent molecules to be localized in the context of the entire cell's total organic material. Genetically-encoded fluorescent protein (FP) fusions are routinely used to label specific proteins of interest within cells. We have characterized the fluorescence spectra of several FP variants in eukaryotic cells at cryogenic temperatures. We report recent developments in instruments for carrying out high numerical aperture spinning disk confocal fluorescence microscopy on cryogenic specimens, including eukaryotic cells expressing FP fusions. We report the performance of this instrument under cryogenic operating conditions. Lastly, we report progress towards correlating the three-dimensional structures obtained with SXT with structural information obtained using the new cryogenic spinning disk confocal fluorescence microscope.
A Classical Conditioning Laboratory for the Psychology of Learning Course

Laboratory exercises in the psychology of learning course can help students understand the principles of conditioning, learning, and memory. This article describes a classical conditioning lab project that inuolues rats and operant conditioning equipment. The conditioned stimulus (CS) is a light, the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is food, and the conditioned responses (CRs) are rearing (standing on the hind legs) and magazine (standingmotionless in front of the food magazine with nose or head in the magazine). Stdents observe the rats and record these behaviors. The lab exercises described in this article can be accomplished in 4 to 5 weeks. Additional exercises could expand the lab to a full semester
Organic Syntheses by Means of Metal Complexes. ix. 1) Addition Reactions op Organic Polyhalides to Acrylic Monomers Catalyzed by Copper Complexes

Abstract The addition reaction of organic polyhalides such as CCL4, trichloroacetate to acrylica monomers catalyzed by various catalysts proceeds in two ways. The first one is selective formation of 1:1 adduct and this reaction is catalyzed by copper or iron salts.2,3) when free radical generators such as benzoyl peroxide and metal carbonyls 4) are use as the catalyst, polymerization takes place. Termination step is predominant with the former catalysts and propagation step is predominant with the former catalysts and propagation step predominates over termination step with the latter catalysts.
Nanocrystalline Manganese Oxides for Electrochemical Capacitors with Neutral Electrolytes

With an objective to develop inexpensive electrode materials for electrochemical redox capacitors, nanocrystalline manganese oxides have been synthesized by reducing aqueous KMnO 4 solution with various reducing agents such as potassium borohydride, sodium dithionite, sodium hypophosphite, and hydrochloric acid under various controlled pH conditions. The products have been characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, surface area measurements, and cyclic voltametry in various neutral electrolytes such as aqueous NaCI, KCl, LiCI, and Na 2 SO 4 . Optimized samples exhibit specific capacitance values of around 250 F/g in the range of 0-1 V vs. SCE with excellent cyclability in 2 M NaCI electrolyte.
Radiology for PET/CT Reporting

C. Nanni, S. Fanti, and L. Zanoni, Eds. New York, NY: Springer, 2014, 149 pages, $59.99 PET/CT scans are of great value to oncologists, surgeons, and other medical specialists when the metabolic and anatomic information is properly integrated and the imaging findings are put into the context of
Testability of one dimensional ILAs under multiple faults

Testing of one dimensional unilateral iterative logic arrays (ILAs) of combinational cells under multiple faults is discussed. It has been shown that it is possible to generate a test set for ILAs with primary outputs under multiple faults. Some ILAs have a constant number of test vectors independent of the size of the array. These types of arrays are called C-testable arrays. Present work proves that all useful one dimensional unilateral ILAs with only boundary outputs are not C-testable under multiple faults. >
Investigating Children's Language: A Comparison of Conversational Sampling and Elicited Production

This report compared production of infinitival object complements during conversational language sampling to production on an elicitation task. Subjects included 25 children between the ages of 3;7 and 5;4. The children produced more two-noun infinitives and produced infinitives with more main verbs on the elicitation task. In the conversational samples, the children produced infinitives almost exclusively with early-appearing main verbs. These findings suggest that conversational language sampling may underestimate children's grammatical knowledge.
Stochastic Control Under Finite-Fuel Constraints

The aim of this lecture is to present an overview of some recent results on control problems of the finite fuel type for Brownian motion, in which there is a constraint on the total amount of controlling effort that can be expended.
Early Congestive Heart Failure due to Origin of the Right Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery

We describe a two-month-old infant with early congestive heart failure due to anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. The diagnosis was made by two-dimensional and color flow Doppler echocardiography, confirmed by angiocardiography, and the case was successfully corrected at surgery. As opposed to the more frequent anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary trunk, this anomaly generally does not cause any typical clinical finding, often becoming an autoptic or surgical surprise after infancy or in adult age.
Implementation of short-scan reconstruction with compensation for geometric alignment for a microCT system

Typical microCT systems for in vivo small animal imaging have a total acquisition time on the order of 10 minutes for a single scan, with the detector read-out time often a major contributor to acquisition length. Reduction of the portion of the scan time spent in read-out can be achieved through short-scan acquisition. Knowledge of and correction for geometric misalignments is another crucial factor in obtaining high quality microCT images. In this work, we have implemented a short-scan Feldkamp algorithm with correction geometric misalignment. Due to our system misalignments, severe ghosting artifacts are present in the reconstruction. We have implemented a reconstruction algorithm with correction for the misalignments which eliminates the ghosting artifacts. Comparisons of full-scan and short-scan reconstructions of both phantom and mouse data show similar image quality. We have also compared short-scan reconstructions to full-scan reconstructions from projection data with roughly the same total acquisition time. In this case, blurring is visible in sagittal slices of the full-scan reconstructions that is not present in the short-scan reconstructions. Short-scan acquisition provides reduction of the total acquisition time resulting in microCT images without the loss in image quality obtained by simply reducing the number of projections for a full-scan acquisition. Axis of rotation horizontal transversal off-center shift and the X-ray source horizontal transversal shift are the most sensitive parameters.
Insulin Resistance and Obesity in a Mouse Model of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Accumulating data indicate that metabolic syndrome is an inflammatory condition. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder associated with nephritis and cardiovascular disease. Evidence suggests that individuals with SLE are at risk for developing insulin resistance; however, this has not been directly examined. Using an established mouse strain with SLE (NZBWF1), we examined whether SLE is associated with increased body weight and fat deposition. Mean arterial pressure was significantly increased (140±4 versus 114±2 mm Hg; n≥5) in SLE mice by 36 weeks of age compared with control mice (NZW/LacJ). Body weight in SLE mice was higher at each age compared with controls by 12%, 22%, and 34% (n>30). Visceral adipose tissue weight was increased in SLE by 44%, 74%, and 117% at 8, 20, and 36 weeks, respectively (n≥12). Plasma leptin was increased in SLE mice (8.6±1.0 versus 24.7±2.2 ng/mL; n=5), and renal and adipose tissue exhibited macrophage infiltration. Fasted insulin was higher in SLE mice (0.6±0.1 versus 1.4±0.3 ng/mL; n≥10), but fasted glucose was not different (94±5 versus 80±9; n≥9). A glucose tolerance test caused a significantly greater and longer increase in blood glucose from mice with SLE compared with control mice. Food intake was not different between control and SLE mice. However, mice with SLE demonstrated lower levels of nighttime activity than controls. These data show that the NZBWF1 strain may be an important model to study the effects of obesity and insulin resistance on SLE-associated hypertension.
The rate-diversity trade-off for linear space-time codes

We study the relative impact of rate and raw diversity order on the capacity and performance of linear space-time codes. Outage capacity is not directly affected by raw diversity order, but it is strongly impacted by the rate of a space-time code. Specifically, if a linear space-time code operating over a t-input, r-output Rayleigh-fading channel has rate R<min(t, r), we show that it achieves at most a fraction R/min(t, r) of the channel's outage capacity at high SNR. In the absence of outer codes, the performance of the space-time code depends strongly on both the rate and the raw diversity order. Since low complexity space-time codes with both high rate and high raw diversity order are hard to find, there is a trade-off between rate and raw diversity order. We propose a heuristic rule of thumb: start with a rate equal to min(t, r) and lower it until a space-time code with raw diversity order of min(tr, 4) can be found. In particular, when there are 4 or more receive antennas, the rate should be min(t, r). Simulation results for an 8/spl times/8 Rayleigh channel show that the rate-8, diversity-8 V-BLAST encoder outperforms a rate-4, diversity-16 Alamouti-based GLST encoder by 7 dB with ML decoding.
Synchronization of emergence of follicular waves in cattle

In Experiment 1, heifers were randomly allocated to a control group (saline, im; n = 6) or a GnRH group (100 μg, im; n = 6). Treatment was given approximately 32 h before ovulation. The GnRH treatment shortened (P 5 mm per wave was higher (P < 0.01) in the GnRH group (10.7 ± 1.3) than in the control group (5.7 ± 0.8). In Experiment 2, either Folltropin (a porcine pituitary extract) was given or the dominant follicle of Wave 1 was aspirated 5 d after ovulation and the following wave (Wave 2) studied. Folltropin and/or aspiration shortened (<0.05) the time from treatment to emergence of Wave 2 and to the peak concentration of FSH associated with wave emergence, and all treatments synchronized (P < 0.01) wave emergence. Retrospective study indicated that the future dominant follicle could have been collected for experimental purposes with a 100% success rate if the following criteria had been used: 1) diameter of largest follicle 10 mm (largest follicle taken), 8 mm (2 largest follicles taken), or 7 mm (3 largest follicles taken); 2) diameter difference between the 2 largest follicles of 4 mm (largest follicle taken), 3 mm (2 largest follicles taken), or 2 mm (3 largest follicles taken); 3) 2 days after wave emergence (2 or 3 largest follicles taken); or 4) 5 days (largest follicle taken), 4 days (2 largest follicles taken), or 3 days (3 largest follicles taken) after treatment (Folltropin or dominant-follicle aspiration).
Research Conditions That Qualify for Emergency Exception from Informed Consent

Medical research involving critically ill and injured subjects unable to provide informed consent can only be conducted under federal regulations that attempt to balance the need to develop lifesaving treatments with protection of research subjects' rights. Regulators, researchers, and medical ethicists have all struggled to define the conditions under which an emergency exception from informed consent is appropriate. Although research has been successfully conducted under the current regulations, confusion remains regarding the meaning of the regulations, the applicable conditions, and the best ways to balance the needs of future patients and the rights of research subjects. In May 2005, at the Academic Emergency Medicine Consensus Conference "Ethical Conduct of Resuscitation Research," a breakout session was held on the research conditions that qualify for the emergency exception from informed consent process. Several recommendations emerged: 1) The definition of "life-threatening condition" should be broadly interpreted to include serious disability as well as death. 2) Existing therapies should be considered "unsatisfactory," even if partially effective, when serious risk of morbidity or mortality remains even with the best available treatment or when the adverse effects of the best available treatment are serious. 3) Research with the emergency exception should be performed only if sufficient evidence exists that the proposed intervention has a reasonable chance of benefit. 4) More evaluation is needed to determine the degree to which the current rules impede research. 5) Application of the current regulatory framework for abbreviated or waived consent in emergency research should be encouraged. 6) Further study should also address variability among institutional review boards, the goals of community involvement, and how best to engage and educate the public in research efforts using emergency exception from informed consent.
EFFICIENCY-BASED FUNDING FOR PUBLIC FOUR-YEAR COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES

Abstract We propose an efficiency-based mechanism for state funding of public colleges and universities using data envelopment analysis. We describe the philosophy and the mathematics that underlie the approach and apply\break the proposed model to data from 362 U.S. public four-year colleges and universities. The model provides incentives to institution administrators to eliminate wasteful spending and increase positive outcomes while maintaining educational quality and research productivity. The institutions in our study spent $96.74 billion, and states would reimburse $88.02 billion. Thus efficiency-based funding would reduce state government expenditures on these institutions by $8.72 billion, or approximately 9.0 percent. Efficiency-based funding is politically viable, as demonstrated by North Carolina’s successful use of this approach in pupil transportation operations since 1994. The model will be of interest to state legislators, state education officials, and others who are concerned with funding...
Averaged Properties of Articular Cartilage from Multidisciplinary Microscopic Imaging Study

Most microscopic imaging techniques do not have the resolution to visualize individual collagen fibrils in articular cartilage, which possesses unique depth-dependent anisotropy and noticeable topographical heterogeneity. These imaging studies therefore deal with the averaged properties of the tissue. In this report, an ellipse model is introduced to explore the common connections between the anisotropic features of the tissue and the measurable quantities in several imaging techniques, including microscopic magnetic resonance imaging (muMRI), polarized light microscopy (PLM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This model uses three quantities to represent the averaged properties of the tissue: the concentration rho that describes the density of the measurable property, the overall orientation thetas that describes the angular dependent features in the tissue, and the anisotropy epsiv that describes the coherence of the measurable objects. We conclude that this ellipse model may serve as a useful platform to explore the common connections among different imaging results
Geochemistry and origin of the Bald Knob manganese deposit, North Carolina

Geochemical and textural evidence for the submarine hydrothermal origin of the Bald Knob Mn deposit, North Carolina, is preserved in a mineralogically diverse suite of rocks that have experienced amphibolite facies metamorphism. Manganese- and Mn-Fe-rich lithologies have high Mn/Fe ratios and low concentrations of Ni, Cu, Zn, U, Th, and rare earth elements that are similar to concentrations reported from other ancient manganiferous deposits and from crusts and sediments which are forming in hydrothermally active regions of the present sea floor. Manganese- and Ca-rich carbonate minerals, a variety of Mn-rich silicates (including tephroite, the Mn humite-group minerals, spessartine, rhodonite, and pyroxmangite), and the oxides galaxite and jacobsite form fine laminations that represent different bulk compositions. No chemical or textural evidence for replacement of Mn-poor by Mn-rich minerals was found and, in some samples, the same lithologic units are repeated on the scale of a thin section, consistent with a primary sedimentary origin for the layering. Chert, which is one of the country rocks at Bald Knob, and Mn- and Ca-rich carbonate rocks represent original sedimentary protoliths. More than one detrital component may be present in the Mn-rich layers. Biogenic detritus was the probable source of at least some of the siliceous material that allowed for the formation of the Mn-rich silicates. An aluminous detrital component, which probably was derived from a continental or andesitic source, is reflected in spessartine-rich layers. Minor Mn and Co sulfide mineralization (alabandite, cattierite, cobaltite) was contemporaneous with deposition of the Mn-rich sediments. The association of the manganiferous lithologies with chert and meta-igneous rocks (amphibolite) is consistent with deposition of the sediments in a rifting environment, such as a back-arc basin, or possibly, a midocean ridge.
Optical Measurement of Oil Film Thickness Between Rollers

Previous research has established that the laser beam diffraction method can be used for measurement of film thicknesses between two adjacent flat surfaces. This paper describes further experimentation on this method, where oil film thicknesses between rollers is measured. Calibration curves are obtained between the experimental (set) gap and the gap dimensions which are deduced from the diffraction patterns when the laser beam is passed through the film. These set versus calculated film thickness curves are extremely linear for films which are less than 1 mm depth, the coefficients of correlation with straight lines being close to unity. Data based upon several oils used with 76.2 mm dia rollers are presented and empirical equations established. These equations allow the researcher to obtain the film thickness between the rollers in terms of oil properties (density, viscosity and refractive index) and the geometry of the light beam (wavelength, distance from oil film to diffraction screen, and diffraction pattern bandwidth). The empirical constants in the equations for film thickness appear to apply to specific oil types, and remain the same for each family or group of oil used. The groups used here were SAE 10 through 40, low viscosity index and high viscosity index groups. Oil films from 7.62 × 10−3 mm up to 76.2 × 10−3 mm thickness were measured using this method.
A culture of technical knowledge: Professionalizing science and engineering education in late- nineteenth century America

This manuscript examines the intellectual, cultural, and practical approaches to science and engineering education as a part of the land-grant college movement in the Midwest between the 1850s and early 1900s. These land-grant institutions began and grew within unique frontier societies that simultaneously cherished self-reliance and diligently worked to make themselves part of the larger national experience. College administrators and professors encountered rapidly changing public expectations, regional needs, and employment requirements. They recognized a dire need for technically skilled men and women who could quickly adapt to changes in equipment and processes, and implement advances in scientific knowledge in American homes, fields, and factories. Charged with educating the “industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions in life,” land-grant college supporters and professors sought out the most modern and innovative instructional methods. Combining the humanities, mathematics and sciences, and applied or practical skills that they believed uniquely suited student needs, these pioneering educators formulated new curricula and training programs that advanced both the knowledge and the social standing of America’s agricultural and mechanical working classes.
Design of optimal controllers for spatially invariant systems with finite communication speed

We consider the problem of designing optimal distributed controllers whose impulse response has limited propagation speed. We introduce a state-space framework in which all spatially invariant systems with this property can be characterized. After establishing the closure of such systems under linear fractional transformations, we formulate the H"2 optimal control problem using the model-matching framework. We demonstrate that, even though the optimal control problem is non-convex with respect to some state-space design parameters, a variety of numerical optimization algorithms can be employed to relax the original problem, thereby rendering suboptimal controllers. In particular, for the case in which every subsystem has scalar input disturbance, scalar measurement, and scalar actuation signal, we investigate the application of the Steiglitz-McBride, Gauss-Newton, and Newton iterative schemes to the optimal distributed controller design problem. We apply this framework to examples previously considered in the literature to demonstrate that, by designing structured controllers with infinite impulse response, superior performance can be achieved compared to finite impulse response structured controllers of the same temporal degree.
Traumatic Combat Injuries

At present, the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq have produced approximately 50,000 wounded American personnel with the majority of casualties having one or more injuries to the musculoskeletal system. It is important to understand the combat-related context in which modern war wounds occur, as well as the types of injuries and wounding patterns that have been encountered. In contrast to previous wars, there is a large amount of published data on Iraq and Afghanistan combat casualties that engenders an epidemiological appreciation for the extent of combat musculoskeletal trauma. Estimates of the incidence of battle-related musculoskeletal wounds for the armed forces as a whole are in the range of 3 per 1000 deployed personnel per year, with this figure about 10 times higher for those with extensive combat exposure. Nearly 75–80 % of all musculoskeletal casualties occur as a result of explosive blast, resulting in elevations in the rate of major traumatic amputations, pelvic injuries, and spinal wounds. Fractures represent 40 % of all injuries, with those involving the tibia/fibula and foot found to be most frequent. Although the case fatality rate for the present conflicts is the lowest in military medical history, approximately 35 % of personnel with war wounds will be unable to remain on active duty. Many of these individuals are of young age and have associated mental health conditions and/or musculoskeletal combat wounds that necessitate ongoing treatment in the veterans affairs system or the civilian sector.
A Single Orbital Revolution Planner for NASA's EO-1 Spacecraft

1 A Single Orbital Revolution Planner for NASA’s EO-1 Spacecraft Mark Abramson , David Carter, Alex Kahn, Stephan Kolitz, Jason Riek, and Peter Scheidler Draper Laboratory, 555 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, 02139 A new operational concept is being developed for NASA’s EO-1 spacecraft that will allow the public to request scenes to be imaged. When public imaging requests are accepted, the number of scene requests per revolution is expected to grow significantly. This paper describes a planner developed at Draper Laboratory that can be used by EO-1 operations staff to determine which image requests to accept on any given orbital revolution. Nomenclature € x = spacecraft state € t(x) = spacecraft state, associated UTC time Δt(x) = spacecraft state, imaging time remaining € φ (x) = spacecraft state, roll angle € φ = spacecraft roll rate € ts = settling time after a roll maneuver
History of the Juvenile Justice System

For several centuries, youth offenders were treated in a highly punitive manner, as they were managed concurrently with adult offenders, with little consideration given to their cognitive, emotional, or developmental immaturity. The first juvenile justice system was created in 1899, and it was a very separate entity from the adult system. The initial juvenile justice system ultimately led to a more rehabilitative approach to dealing with youth offenders as this system took into consideration a youth’s moral, intellectual, social, and emotional development and worked to treat and rehabilitate more than punish young offenders. More recently, the juvenile justice system has begun to mirror the adult system, both in terms of court processes, rights provided, and consequences subsumed. While this has been beneficial in that it provides more legal rights to juveniles, it has also resulted in a more punitive approach to dealing with juvenile offenders, with more youth being detained and more juveniles being transferred to adult courts. This chapter addresses the history of the juvenile justice system and how it has developed across the last two centuries and most notably the past few decades. A general overview of the processing of a juvenile through the juvenile justice system is provided in this chapter, as well as how the juvenile justice system compares to the adult criminal justice system. Concepts and definitions important in understanding juvenile delinquency are also provided, as well as relevant statutes and case law that have helped protect the rights of juvenile delinquents. In addition, considerations that may need to be taken into account when processing a youth with a disability in the juvenile justice system are provided, as well as an introduction to issues related to the implications that the symptoms and presentation of a disability may have on a youth offender’s level of risk for reoffending and related to a youth’s competency to stand trial.
The Evolving and Future Role of Taxanes in Squamous Cell Carcinomas of the Head and Neck: A Review.

Importance Since their discovery in the 1970s, taxanes have maintained widespread clinical use in solid tumors, including squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN), but SCCHN remains a difficult malignancy to treat, often requiring a multidisciplinary approach involving surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Taxanes have been heavily studied in the treatment of SCCHN, and their use is currently in the setting of induction chemotherapy with the TPF (docetaxel, FU, cisplatin) regimen for locally advanced SCCHN, as well as in the concurrent therapy setting. However, there is still no clear guideline or indication for the use of taxanes in SCCHN. Observations A literature search was completed in PubMed using the search terms “taxane,” “head and neck cancer,” “docetaxel,” “paclitaxel,” and “chemotherapy,” for articles published between 1990 to 2015. In this review, we provide an overview of the evidence thus far supporting the use of taxanes in the concurrent, induction, and adjuvant settings, as well as their use in the treatment of recurrent or metastatic SCCHN. For locally advanced disease, docetaxel is part of the first line regimen for induction therapy, although the superiority of sequential therapy compared with concurrent therapy is still in question. In addition, several studies have shown at least equivalent outcomes for regimens including taxanes compared with standard platinum-based regimens. In the adjuvant setting, RTOG (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group) 1216 is looking into the prospect of docetaxel as a first-line agent for systemic therapy following surgery. In metastatic disease, various second-line regimens include taxanes, and their use is being considered in first-line therapies as well. Several phase 3 trials involving taxanes are underway, with the possibility that they will provide results that increase taxane use in SCCHN. In addition to reviewing their current use, we also provide an analytical discussion of the projected future role of taxanes in the management of SCCHN. Ongoing and future studies involving taxanes are also discussed. Conclusions and Relevance While the current role of taxane use in SCCHN remains to be established, ongoing and future studies involving taxanes will hopefully solidify their role in the treatment of SCCHN. The future role of taxanes will also be influenced by the introduction of novel taxanes, as well as immunotherapy in the treatment of SCCHN.
Prediction of Coastal Ocean Thermal Variability

The thermal variability in coastal oceans is mainly induced by the upper-ocean frontal motion and the internal tidal motion. A time-dependent three-dimensional limited-area primitive-equation model was developed for prediction of the coastal thermal structures. The general circulation model includes an embedded one-dimensional turbulence closure submodel for simulation of the mixed layers. The model has been used to simulate the data from the Coastal Ocean Dynamics Experiment and the Gibraltar Strait Experiment. Excellent agreement between the predicted and the observed density fields was obtained in both studies. This suggests that the coastal thermal variability can be predicted for interface with range-dependent acoustic model and that the remotely sensed acoustic data may be used for validation of coastal circulation model.
Recent Rainfall Fluctuations in Africa — Interhemispheric Teleconnections

This paper deals with the spatial and temporal characteristics of rainfall fluctuations, particularly droughts, in the sub-Saharan region and in the semi-arid zones of southern Africa. The investigation, based on records from 1100 stations, commenced with 84 regionally-averaged rainfall series from which anomalous years were selected for studying both the changes of rainfall seasonality and the spatial patterns associated with major drought episodes and wetter years. The most important results are: (a) the markedly synchronous occurrence of droughts in the sub-tropics of both hemispheres; (b) the extreme spatial coherence of rainfall anomalies; (c) synchronous fluctuations along both tropical and temperate margins of the semi-arid/arid zones; (d) persistence of anomalies in the sub-Saharan zones; (e) the apparently ‘normal’ location of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) during most drought years. These results suggest that major rainfall fluctuations in Africa are associated primarily with factors modifying the intensity or frequency of disturbances, e.g., changes in the intensity of the Hadley circulation or factors modifying energetics and stability.