cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lenses generated by intermittent currents

Abstract A nonlinear mechanism for the generation of anticyclonic lens-like eddies from boundary currents is proposed. In contrast to the familiar generation processes that rely on unstable long waves that grow and close upon themselves or vortex shedding due to the geometry of the boundary, the present mechanism is related to intermittency in the current's mass transport. The essence of the new mechanism is that intermittencies in the transport (such as those in the Denmark Strait or the Mediterranean outflow) lead to unbalanced patches of fluid which break up into a discrete sets of eddies that interact with the boundary. The process is highly nonlinear because both the amplitude and the Rossby number are of order unity. It is modeled as follows: we begin with a rectangular box containing the motionless (light) fluid near the boundary. At, say, t = 0, the conceptual box is removed the unbalanced fluid undergoes two main processes. The first involves the establishment of a set of eddies via breakup and geostrophic adjustment, whereas the second is associated with the interaction of the set with the wall. These two processes are examined independently even though in reality the processes are, obviously, taking place at the same time. To examine the first processes we consider the nonlinear collapse of a (light) rectangular box in the open ocean away from the boundary. The breakup processes involves, of course, some sort of instability (because the patch does not remain intact) but this is not necessarily related to the long wave instability that is usually associated with long gravity currents. The general structures of the resulting final chain of eddies can be computed analytically by using the usual connecting principles, the conservation of potential vorticity and mass. It turns out, however, that the number of eddies and their detailed structure cannot be computed unless one invokes an additional constraint. To resolve this closure difficulty, the integrated angular momentum constraint, which is rarely used in oceanographic modelling, has been applied. The details of the second process (i.e. chain-wall interaction) are examined with the aid of the (above) results for the chained offshore eddies and the single eddy-wall interaction analysis of Nof (1988, Journal of Marine Research, 46, 527dash555). A combination of these two studies shows that a chain of lens-like eddies forced against a wall would leak fluid until all the eddies in the chain are merely ‘kissing’ the wall. Simple qualitative laboratory experiments on a rotating table support the conclusion that intermittencies in the current's transport lead to a group of eddies that leak along the wall. Such a group is formed even if the equivalent steady current is stable to long wave perturbation, i.e. the laboratory current would not have broken up had it not been terminating shoprlty after its formation. It is suggested that the observed mid-Atlantic eddies resulting fromt he Mediterranean outflow (Meddies) might be formed by a mechanism similar to our newly suggested process.
Legal and extralegal offender traits and decision making in the criminal justice system

On the basis of multiple regression analysis, a number of legal and extralegal adult offender traits were examined as determinants of the severity of probation officers’ presentence recommendations and judicial dispositions and success on probation. Data were collected on a total of 399 cases on which presentence recommendations were requested by the criminal court of a large southern city. Analysis revealed that some legal statuses have a moderate degree of influence with respect to determining presentence recommendation and disposition. It was also found that judges follow very closely the recommendations in their decisions; the implications of this association are discussed. Very little influence of offender traits on probability of probation success could be detected, however. Theoretical implications are presented, and it is argued that the inconsistency between offender trait influences on decisions and the prediction of probation success suggests organizational dynamics as the important elements in...
Social Class and Mother-Child Interaction

Summary.-This study examined social class as a variable in interaction between mothers and their preschool children. Studies on this subject during the last 15 yr. were reviewed and critiqued. The present study distinguished between racial-ethnic background and educational-occupational achievement as sampling criteria. It also questioned whether social class differences demonstrated in earlier studies would be stable during the extensive social changes of the last two decades. This study used videotaped play sessions and some new methodological techniques to analyze mother-child interaction microscopically. The findings indicated chat social class was not a variable which could be used to predict differences in interaction. During the 1960s and 1970s focus on the problems of American education made pemistence of poverty in an affluent society, how to help poor children succeed in the educational system, and the relationship between social class and parenting effectiveness much researched and debated areas. This article reports a research study conducted at the University of Washington's Parenting Clinic over the past two years to investigate the relationship of social class to mother-child interaction. This study was based on a detailed analysis of videotaped play sessions of mothers and their preschool children. The analysis was carried out by graduate students and staff at the Parenting Clinic, using the observation scheme "Interpersonal Behavior Constructs" developed by Kogan and her associates at the Universiry of Washington (Kogan & Gordon, 1975). The methodology, results, and interpretations represent some new elements in the body of research studies done on parenting and social class. As a review of the research and the reactions to it shows, the implications and applications of earlier findings have been controversial, and have taken on at least as much political and social meaning as scientific. Theory and Research on Parel;-Child 17tteraction and Social Clan Since the early 1960s, when large amounts of public money began to be spent on early childhood education projects and research, there has been an ongoing debate on how to best meet the needs of young children from low socioeconomic status homes. One of the principal focuses has been on the detrimental effect of early experiences in the home on these children. William Kessen (1976) notes an "ideological premise, which is not always made explicit, [which] is the goal of catching up with middle-class groups--catching
Renewable Energy-Aware Manycast Overlays

Manycasting allows a single source to reach multiple destinations while providing flexibility in destination selection. Our goal in this work is to improve the cost of the Manycast Drop at Member Node (MA-DMN) overlay algorithm in terms of energy consumption and associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. To reduce the environmental impact, ideally a large percentage of the network nodes along the transmission and the chosen destinations need to be green. We present a novel energyconservative emission-aware variant of the MA-DMN algorithm. We then propose further modifications to increase the utilization of those destinations that are powered by renewable energy sources: Manycast Drop at Greenest Nodes (MA-DGN). The potential for emission reduction by those algorithms is two-fold: the data is transported in the most efficient way, and processed at the greenest available data centers. We compare the approaches by simulating realistic quantities of dynamic traffic. We assume heterogeneously distributed and time-dependent availability of renewable energy sources to power nodes throughout the network. We find that the energy source-aware algorithms lower both energy-consumption and GHG emissions at stable network performance levels, in some cases even lowers blocking rate.
3- to 14-μm Spectroscopy of Comet C/1999 T1 (McNaught–Hartley)

We report spectroscopy of Comet C/1991 T1 (McNaught‐ Hartley) at 3‐13 µm on January 31.62 and February 1.7 2001 UT (delta = 1.29 AU, r = 1.40 AU) using the broadband array spectrograph system on the IRTF. The spectrum showed a silicate emission feature extending about 20% above the continuum. Two emission features at 10.3 and 11.2 µm appeared above the silicate band, the latter seemingly indicative of crystalline olivine. The 10.3-µm feature is only a 1‐2 sigma detection but if real could indicate the presence of hydrated silicates. The color temperature at 8‐13 µm was 260 ± 10 K, approximately 6% above the blackbody radiative equilibrium temperature of 235 K. The magnitude at [N] was 3.13 ± 0.02. On the second night, the comet had brightened slightly ([N] = 2.98 ± 0.02) and the two prominent emission features were absent, although the silicate emission feature maintained its trapezoidal shape with shoulders at 9.5 and 11.2 µm. c � 2002 Elsevier Science (USA)
Dynamics of dislocation mediated melting of a two-dimensional electron lattice

Abstract The power absorbed by a two-dimensional sheet of electrons when driven in a low frequency compressional mode exhibits a sharp maximum versus temperature just above the melting point. The dependence of this excess power absorption on frequency is explained by the theory of dislocation mediated melting.
The WAIS-R profile: A diagnostic tool for Alzheimer's disease?

A diagnostic index, based on WAIS-R subtests, to identify patients with Dementia of the Alzheimer Type (DAT) and differentiate them from normal or depressed elderly was investigated. In a sample of 82 geriatric outpatient clinic patients who complained of memory loss, 22% of patients with probable DAT and 13% of nondemented patients obtained a positive profile. The occurrence of the profile in the two groups was not significantly different, nor were differences in education or severity of dementia found between subjects who did or did not obtain the profile. In a second sample of 173 elderly research volunteers, the profile occurred in 7% of DAT subjects, 10% of subjects complaining of memory loss who did not meet diagnostic criteria for DAT, 7% of nondemented major depressed subjects, and 7% of normal control subjects. Thus, the current investigation did not find the profile useful in differentiating DAT from other common disorders among elderly subjects. The authors conclude that a more comprehensive test battery remains the diagnostic tool of choice for differentiating DAT from other disorders.
Beryllium-7 and fission products in the Geosecs II water column and applications of their oceanic distributions

Abstract Vertical concentration gradients of 7 Be and 95 ZrNb in the Atlantic Geosecs II water column provided values for the vertical eddy diffusion coefficient of 1.2–1.3 cm 2 /sec through the top sixty meters of the thermocline. Lower values of the diffusion coefficient calculated from the longer-lived nuclides 106 Ru and 144 Ce suggest horizontal transport of the deeper water from areas of lower fallout levels. Temporal and spatial oceanic distributions of 7 Be are analyzed with respect to their application for use in predicting deposition of other radionuclides which are present in the atmosphere. Finally, an approach is suggested by which the ratios of air concentrations of radioactive tracers, together with known variations of 7 Be in the ocean could be applied in the development and proof of a dynamic model of oceanic circulation and transport.
Study on the post-mortem identification of pollutants in the fish killed by water pollution: Detection of arsenic

Careless Herbicidal aerial spray of a field for weed control and defoliation of cotton before machine picking, resulted in the contamination of an adjoining reservoir, killing large volume of fish. The dead catfish, along with water and Amarantha weed leaves analyzed contained relatively high levels of arsenic concentrations, indicative of arsenic being the probable cause of fish killing. The arsenic absorbed by fish was irreversable and its bioaccumulation continued in the surviving fish though the water arsenic level fell during the following weeks.
The clinical identification of peripheral neuropathy among older persons

Abstract Richardson JK. The clinical identification of peripheral neuropathy among older persons. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2002;83:1553-8. Objective: To identify simple clinical rules for the detection of a diffuse peripheral neuropathy among older outpatients. Design: Observational, blinded, controlled study. Setting: A tertiary-care electrodiagnostic laboratory and biomechanics laboratory. Participants: One hundred research subjects, 68 with electrodiagnostic evidence of peripheral neuropathy, between the ages of 50 and 80 years. Interventions: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measurements: One examiner, unaware of the results of electrodiagnostic testing, evaluated Achilles' and patellar reflexes, Romberg testing, semiquantified vibration, and position sense at the toe and ankle in all subjects, and unipedal stance time and the Michigan Diabetes Neuropathy Score in a subset of subjects. Results: Significant group differences were present in all clinical measures tested. Three signs, Achilles' reflex (absent despite facilitation), vibration (128Hz tuning fork perceived for R 2 =.744) analyses. The presence of 2 or 3 signs versus 0 or 1 sign identified peripheral neuropathy with sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of 94.1%, 84.4%, 92.8%, and 87.1%, respectively. Values were similar among subgroups of subjects with and without diabetes mellitus. When other clinicians applied the technique to 12 more subjects, excellent interrater reliability regarding the presence of peripheral neuropathy (κ=.833) and good to excellent interrater reliability for each sign (κ range,.667–1.00) were shown. Conclusion: Among older persons, the presence of 2 or 3 of the 3 clinical signs strongly suggested electrodiagnostic evidence of a peripheral neuropathy, regardless of etiology. Age-related decline in peripheral nerve function need not be a barrier to the clinical recognition of a diffuse peripheral neuropathy among older persons. © 2002 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Storm response of the karstic carbonate aquifer of southcentral Kentucky

Abstract Temperature and specific conductance were continuously measured in the downstream drainage of the Turnhole Spring subbasin in the southcentral Kentucky karst. Precipitation was monitored with a rain gage network in the catchment area so that the storm response of specific conductance and temperature could be examined. The aquifer feeding the Turnhole Spring is highly karstic with much of the discharge through integrated open conduits some of which carry water from surface sinking stream catchments. Both temperature and specific conductance fluctuate rapidly in response to storm events. The conductivity curves and to a lesser extent the temperature curves show a sharp dip that lags some hours behind the storm pulse. At the onset of the dip is a complicated sequence of fine structures that is interpreted to be the inputs from conduit tributaries to the master trunk drainage system. The recovery curves have an exponential form that can be fitted to produce a characteristic response time for the conduit system.
The effect of background noise on phase ranging measurements in urban vehicle monitoring systems

The effect of background noise on the performance of phase-trilateration urban vehicle-monitoring systems is discussed. An expression for the density function of the error as a function of such system parameters as carrier-to-noise ratio, frequency deviation, observation time, and bandwidth is derived.
A simple approach to balancing government budgets over the business cycle

Despite the renewed interest in fiscal rules to constrain government deficits and debt, most rules provide no guidelines for reaching fiscal objectives in practice. This note demonstrates how to construct simple and transparent savings-rate rules that could aid policymakers if balancing the budget over the business cycle is a goal.
Phonons in large-band-gap materials

Abstract The outstanding thermal and chemical stability of large-band-gap materials like silicon carbide and III–V nitride semiconductors make them promising candidates for high-temperature electronics and short-wavelength optical applications. We present first studies of the phonon dispersion in hexagonal silicon carbide along the Γ – K – M direction and in hexagonal aluminum nitride along all three high-symmetry directions. Investigating the lattice dynamics of small single crystals (volume ≤1 mm 3 ) has become feasible with the advent of high-resolution inelastic X-ray scattering.
Spin currents, relativistic effects and the Darwin interaction in the theory of hole superconductivity

The existence of macroscopic spin currents in the ground state of superconductors is predicted within the theory of hole superconductivity. Here it is shown that the electromagnetic Darwin interaction is attractive for spin currents and repulsive for charge currents. It is also shown that the mere existence of spin currents implies that some electrons are moving at relativistic speeds in macroscopic superconductors, which in turn implies that the Darwin interaction plays a fundamental role in stabilizing the superconducting state.
A Critical Review of Content-Analytic Papers in ACA- and APA-Sponsored Journals from 1980–2011

This paper presents a critical analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of content-analytic papers of journal content published in U.S. counseling and psychology journals between 1980 and 2011, including a brief look at trends in the use of this methodology. In the articles (N = 53) examined, content analysis was used nearly equally by each discipline and for various purposes, suggesting that the method has become a viable way to conduct research within these fields. Strengths of the articles examined include clear descriptions of procedures and approaches used to increase trustworthiness of results, as well as a demonstration of innovative uses of the content analysis method.
The infrastructure planning support system: Analyzing the impact of climate change on road infrastructure and development

Abstract This paper details the Infrastructure Planning Support System (IPSS), a software tool that incorporates five areas of analysis, including climate change, environment, and social impact, to provide a holistic, longer-term approach to the management and planning of road infrastructure. The system combines quantitative and qualitative analysis methods to develop an estimated fiscal cost, in addition to estimates of GHG emissions, transportation time and cost savings, and a prioritization metric focusing on social impact of road construction. The IPSS system has been applied in several case studies, including South Africa, Mozambique, Vietnam, a pan-African analysis, and several Asian countries including China, South Korea, Mongolia, and Japan. This paper serves as the first comprehensive explanation of the IPSS system, including the literature review, background, and methodology. The results section focuses on the costs of climate change in an illustrative case study of the State of Colorado in the United States, due to specific data and outputs required for the other analysis components. This paper focuses on the need for a holistic systems approach, its relevance to transportation planning and investment, and one example of how climate change considerations can be quantified and applied at the policy level.
Withdrawal symptoms : Individual differences and similarities across addictive behaviors

Abstract The present study examined withdrawal symptoms and their intensities across a range of traditional and non-traditional addictive substances/losses (i.e., alcohol, nicotine, caffeine, food, and social/love relationship). Study one administered the Withdrawal Symptom Survey to Alcoholics Anonymous members and college students. Seven symptoms (irritability, restlessness, impatience, anxiousness, trouble concentrating, depression, and anger) were rated in the top 10 of symptom intensity by all experimental groups and six addictive substance/loss categories. Irritability had the highest rank orders and means across the addictions. Similarity of withdrawal response patterns across substances/losses was further demonstrated by high correlations between mean symptom pattern profiles across the addictive substances/losses. In addition, an individual's response to withdrawal from one substance was moderately predictive of the individual's withdrawal responses to other substances/losses. Study two compared responses/symptoms associated with feelings during an enjoyable evening with those associated with a broken relationship or food deprivation. The symptom patterns for relationship breakup and food deprivation replicated those of Study one and were independent of those associated with a positive situation. Findings support the conclusion that a high degree of similarity in withdrawal symptom patterns exists across addictive categories and relationship loss and that individual differences in symptom intensity operate across addiction/loss categories.
Induced fit activation mechanism of the exceptionally specific serine protease, complement factor D.

We have investigated the mechanism by which the complement protease, Factor D, achieves its high specificity for the cleavage of Factor B in complex with C3(H2O). Kinetic experiments showed that Fa...
Space-time analyses for forecasting future incident occurrence: a case study from Yosemite National Park using the presence and background learning algorithm

To address a spatiotemporal challenge such as incident prevention, we need information about the time and place where incidents have occurred in the past. Using geographic coordinates of previous incidents in coincidence with spatial layers corresponding to environmental variables, we can produce probability maps in geographic and temporal space. Here, we evaluate spatial statistic and machine learning approaches to answer an important space-time question: where and when are wildland search and rescue (WiSAR) incidents most likely to occur within Yosemite National Park (YNP)? We produced a monthly probability map for the year 2011 based on the presence and background learning (PBL) algorithm that successfully forecasts the most likely areas of WiSAR incident occurrence based on environmental variables (distance to anthropogenic and natural features, vegetation, elevation, and slope) and the overlap with historic incidents from 2001 to 2010. This will allow decision-makers to spatially allocate resources w...
MOVEMENT OF THE EPIGLOTTIS IN MAMMALS

In contrast to adult humans, the epiglottis of other mammals and infant humans is situated close to the soft palate. It has been argued that this posture is maintained during swallowing, with food passing laterally around an intact airway. To test this supposition, the movement of the epiglottis in two contrasting mammalian species, pigs and ferrets, was studied by placing radiopaque markers on the epiglottis and soft palate. Swallowing was observed with videofluoroscopy while the animals were feeding on hard and soft foods, liquids, and food mixed with barium sulfate. Analysis of the images showed that bolus formation and downward movement of the epiglottis away from the soft palate were unvarying phenomena in both animals for all tested foods. The duration of the epiglottic movement was approximately 0.3 S for liquids and slightly longer for solids. Because swallowing never occurred past an upright epiglottis, the results of this study do not support the hypothesis that adult animals maintain a patent airway during swallowing. Instead, the epiglottis in nonhuman mammals downfolds similarly to that of adult humans during swallowing.
Teaching graduate health policy via technology: A pilot study of engaged learning, social presence, and blended learning

Purpose: This pilot study examined the relationship between engaged learning, social presence, and blended learning in a graduate nursing health policy course. The aims of the study were to: 1) determine the relationship between engaged learning, social presence and student satisfaction, and 2) investigate students’ perceived learning with online discussions and seminar blogs. Results: Twenty-one participants completed adapted versions of the Social Presence and Satisfaction Scales. Overall there was a strong relationship between engaged learning, social presence, and student satisfaction. Conclusions: Combining face-to-face classroom discussion with academically relevant assignments that engaged students in the health policy course was associated with an overall sense of satisfaction. The majority of participants reported that online discussions/blogs provided an opportunity to learn the “value of other points of view.” Respondents also reported “greater collaboration working with colleagues with-in the blended model.” Seventy-one percent of respondents reported they were “stimulated to do additional reading or research on topics discussed in the online portion of the class.” The majority of respondents stated they “felt actively engaged with the course content working with-in the blended model.” Instructor presence in the online component of the course was important for creating a sense of online community and student engagement.
Competing females and caring males. Sex steroids in African black coucals, Centropus grillii

The black coucal is the only known altricial bird species in which females mate with and lay eggs for more than one male and males are responsible for all parental care (classical polyandry). In this species, the left testis is atrophied and it has been speculated that this may result in a reduction of circulating androgens, providing a unique mechanism for reversals in sex roles. We therefore investigated whether there is a reversal in circulating androgens and oestrogens in black coucals. Despite the reversals in sex roles, males had significantly higher levels of plasma testosterone than females, in a pattern typical of that of monogamous male passerines. Testosterone levels of both sexes were higher during the mating than during the premating stage and were low in males during the nestling stage. The concentrations of androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone and oestradiol did not differ between the sexes and were generally low. A physiological challenge with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) resulted in a significant increase in testosterone in males but not in females, suggesting either that females are not responsive to GnRH or that they express patterns of testosterone that are similar to those of males of species with a polygynous mating system without paternal care, in which testosterone is expressed at maximum levels throughout the breeding season. We conclude that the absence of one testis does not provide a mechanism for sex role reversal in black coucals. Either androgens are not involved in the regulation of male-like traits in females or females are sensitive to relatively low levels of these steroids.
Reproductive Biology of Selaginella: I. Determination of Megasporangia by 2-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid, an Ethylene-releasing Compound

Control clumps of Selaginella wallacei Heiron., sprayed with distilled water with Tween 20, produced a high proportion of microsporangia. Similar clumps sprayed with 2-chlorethyl-phosphonic acid, and ethylene-releasing compound (Ethephon), at 7.65 and 76.5 mg/liter produced almost exclusively megasporangia. Treatment of Selaginella pallescens (Presl) Spring with Ethephon at 34 mg/liter caused the production of megasporangia in the microsporangiate files of the strobili. The possibility that ethylene may be involved in the regulation of heterospory in Selaginella is discussed.
Fractionalization in an easy-axis Kagome antiferromagnet

We study an antiferromagnetic spin-$1/2$ model with up to third nearest-neighbor couplings on the Kagome lattice in the easy-axis limit, and show that its low-energy dynamics are governed by a four-site $\mathrm{XY}$ ring exchange Hamiltonian. Simple ``vortex pairing'' arguments suggest that the model sustains a novel fractionalized phase, which we confirm by exactly solving a modification of the Hamiltonian including a further four-site interaction.In this limit, the system is a featureless ``spin liquid,'' with gaps to all excitations, in particular: deconfined ${S}^{z}=1/2$ bosonic ``spinons'' and Ising vortices or ``visons.'' We use an Ising duality transformation to express vison correlators as nonlocal strings in terms of the spin operators, and calculate the string correlators using the ground state wave function of the modified Hamiltonian. Remarkably, this wave function is exactly given by a kind of Gutzwiller projection of an $\mathrm{XY}$ ferromagnet.Finally, we show that the deconfined spin-liquid state persists over a finite range as the additional four-spin interaction is reduced, and study the effect of this reduction on the dynamics of spinons and visons.
Migraine and photic stimulation: report on a survey of migraineurs using flickering light therapy

Users of a commercial light therapy device who were using it to treat migraine were surveyed prospectively to determine what results they obtained after 30 days of daily use. Out of a total of 55 migraineurs, 44% reported that the frequency of their migraine attacks after the treatment was 'Somewhat Less' or 'Much Less' (under a conservative interpretation of these categories). Considering only the 28 migraineurs who stated that their migraine attacks were normally preceded by warning signs, 53% reported that the frequency of their migraine attacks was 'Somewhat Less' or 'Much Less'. In view of the limited efficacy and undesirable side-effects of the available migraine preventive drugs, photic stimulation (flickering light therapy) must be considered a possible preventive treatment for migraine.
Improvement of MS (multiple sclerosis) CAD (computer aided diagnosis) performance using C/C++ and computing engine in the graphical processing unit (GPU)

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a disease which is caused by damaged myelin around axons of the brain and spinal cord. Currently, MR Imaging is used for diagnosis, but it is very highly variable and time-consuming since the lesion detection and estimation of lesion volume are performed manually. For this reason, we developed a CAD (Computer Aided Diagnosis) system which would assist segmentation of MS to facilitate physician's diagnosis. The MS CAD system utilizes K-NN (k-nearest neighbor) algorithm to detect and segment the lesion volume in an area based on the voxel. The prototype MS CAD system was developed under the MATLAB environment. Currently, the MS CAD system consumes a huge amount of time to process data. In this paper we will present the development of a second version of MS CAD system which has been converted into C/C++ in order to take advantage of the GPU (Graphical Processing Unit) which will provide parallel computation. With the realization of C/C++ and utilizing the GPU, we expect to cut running time drastically. The paper investigates the conversion from MATLAB to C/C++ and the utilization of a high-end GPU for parallel computing of data to improve algorithm performance of MS CAD.
Pancreatitis in children and adolescents

Several clinical and methodologic difficulties occur when diagnosing acute pancreatitis in the pediatric age group. Due to its uncommonness and heterogeneous symptoms, acute pancreatitis in children is often misdiagnosed, and prospective studies are lacking. Guidelines for classifying, diagnosing, and managing acute pancreatitis are frequently based on standards that are developed and validated in adult patients. Among the broad range of etiologies of pediatric acute pancreatitis in children, gallstones and biliary disease may play a greater role than previously believed. Although it is typically a benign disease in the pediatric population, complications such as pseudocysts may occur. When there are fatalities, they are usually attributed to systemic illness rather than the pancreatitis itself. Improvements in diagnostic and imaging methods and growing awareness cannot account for the recent increases in the observed incidence of pediatric acute pancreatitis.
The relationship of oxalic acid to the translocation and utilization of calcium inNicotiana tabacum

Burley tobacco varieties (Nicotiana tabacum L.) which differed in degrees of susceptibility to calcium deficiency were analyzed for calcium and oxalic acid content. Calcium accumulated by the total plant top was not related to susceptibility to calcium deficiency. Upper leaves and buds of plants of susceptible varieties contained less calcium per unit weight than did upper leaves and buds of non-susceptible varieties.
A Holistic Treatment Approach to Male Erectile Disorder

Male erectile disorder (ED), the inability to reach or sustain an erection, is a prevalent condition affecting the psychological well-being of millions of U.S. males, their families, and their prospective partners. It can be caused by an aberration of a body’s physiology, psychological factors, or a rather complicated interplay of both. Whereas current treatment options for ED are primarily focused on medical choices, a biopsychosocial approach is a more logical option for this often multifactorial condition. In this article, we offer information about erectile functioning, provide a DSM-IV-TR interpretation of ED, and discuss a biopsychosocial approach to ED treatment.
The structure of acetate species on copper (100)

Abstract High resolution electron energy loss measurements of acetic acid chemisorption on copper (100) have been made. We detect the formation of acetate species, bound to the copper surface via the oxygen atoms. The asymmetric stretching mode (ν a (COO)) of the acetate group is very weak due to screening by the image dipole in the metal.
1989 Horton Award to William Yeh

The Robert E. Horton Award of the American Geophysical Union's Hydrology Section is presented to the individual who displays “a single outstanding contribution to the science of hydrology made during the preceding five years.” Those who are involved in the education, research, and practice of hydrology and water resources and follow the literature would agree that Professor William Yeh is most deserving of this award as the 1989 recipient. It is with great pleasure that I present the following citation and highlight some of Bill's accomplishments from the start of his career to the present time.
Inactivation of lignin peroxidase by phenylhydrazine and sodium azide.

Abstract Lignin peroxidase (LiP) is rapidly inactivated in a concentration-dependent manner by H 2 O 2 and either phenylhydrazine or sodium azide. Full inactivation of isozyme 2b (H8) requires approximately 50 eq of phenylhydrazine or 80 eq of sodium azide. Anaerobic incubation of isozyme 2b with [ 14 C]phenylhydrazine and H 2 O 2 results in 77% loss of catalytic activity and covalent binding of 0.45 mol radiolabel/mol of enzyme. Comparable but not identical results are obtained with an isozyme mixture. A lag period is observed before the peroxidative activity can be measured when an aliquot of an incubation with sodium azide is diluted into the mixture used to assay residual catalytic activity. This lag is associated with reversible accumulation of a catalytically inert species with a Compound III-like spectrum. No meso -phenyl, iron-phenyl, or N -phenyl adducts are formed with phenylhydrazine but a low yield of what appears to be δ- meso -azidoheme is obtained with sodium azide. LiP is thus less susceptible to meso heme additions and more susceptible to oxidative heme degradation than horseradish peroxidase. The data suggest that the active site of LiP resembles the closed structure of horseradish peroxidase more than it does the open structure of the globins, catalase, chloroperoxidase, or cytochrome P450.
Data Engineering education with real-world projects

This paper presents an experience report on teaching Data Engineering using a real-world project domain. Our course introduces databases within the context of Systems and Information Engineering, supplementing relational database theory with requirements engineering, design, and analysis. The primary deliverable of the course was a semester-long project to implement an information system in a real-world application domain, interacting with an external customer with uncertain requirements. We believe that real-world projects motivate students to apply good Software Engineering principles in the classroom and encourage those principles to be adopted into industrial practice.
Mechanisms of He escape during implantation in CuNb multilayer composites

Abstract CuNb multilayer composites with layer thicknesses as small as 4 nm have shown remarkable resistance to radiation damage at room temperature. The technological importance of these materials, however, depends on their radiation damage resistance properties at elevated temperatures. We investigated the degree of retention of 33 keV 4 He + implanted at temperatures ranging from 490 °C to 660 °C in CuNb multilayer composites with layer thicknesses from 4 nm to 100 nm. Analysis by elastic recoil detection (ERD) with 12 MeV 12 C 3+ beam demonstrates that the fraction of retained He decreases with increasing temperature and decreasing layer thickness, suggesting that interfaces between neighboring Cu and Nb layers serve as pathways for fast diffusion of implanted He out of the CuNb multilayer composites. Atomic-scale simulations of radiation damage cascades indicate that this property stems from the ability of CuNb interfaces to quickly absorb defects created during these cascades.
Ecological host-range of Lilioceris cheni (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a biological control agent of Dioscorea bulbifera

Abstract Open-field host-specificity testing assesses the host-range of a biological control agent in a setting that permits the agent to use its full complement of host-seeking behaviors. This form of testing, particularly when it includes a no-choice phase in which the target weed is killed, may provide the most accurate assessment of the ecological host-range of an agent. We conducted a two-phase field host-specificity test with experienced and naive adults of Lilioceris cheni Gressitt and Kimoto (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a biological control agent of Dioscorea bulbifera L. (Dioscoreales: Dioscoreaceae). We followed field tests with a no-choice laboratory consumption study with the congeneric plant species that received test feeding in the field, and an additional field evaluation of spillover risk. Both experienced and naive adults strongly preferred D. bulbifera to non-targets in the field. Within 47 h post-release, 90% of the released beetles that remained in the plots were found on D. bulbifera. In the laboratory no-choice test, the beetles consumed significantly more D. bulbifera and survived longer on this plant than the non-targets. All naive beetles in the Dioscorea sansibarensis and Dioscorea villosa treatments and 75% of naive beetles on Dioscorea floridana died within 7 d. Potted plants of the native D. floridana experienced minor test feeding in the spillover experiment when surrounded by large populations of L. cheni in the field. At the end of this experiment, L. cheni eggs and/or larvae were present on 83% of D. bulbifera plants but none of the D. floridana plants. We conclude that L. cheni is host-specific to D. bulbifera and does not pose a spillover risk to the native D. floridana.
Bread and roses: Justice and the distribution of financial and socioemotional rewards in organizations

Two studies tested the hypothesis that organizational decision makers attempt to counterbalance contribution-based distributions of financial/material rewards (a “merit” system that creates monetary inequality) with need- and equality-based allocations of socioemotional rewards, in effect allocating “roses” in lieu of more “bread”. Experiment 1 had a two-factor design (Reward Type × Magnitude of Income Inequality); 67 subjects were given a managerial in-basket exercise in which they expressed their preferences for a variety of distributive justice rules for seven different types of rewards. Experiment 2 (N=39) had the same design, with a stronger manipulation of magnitude of inequality. Results of the two experiments were consistent with the counterbalancing hypothesis, irrespective of magnitude of income inequality; financially related rewards (e.g., profit sharing, office space, company cars) were distributed with more emphasis on contribution rules (i.e., performance, status), while more socioemotional rewards (e.g., help for an employee's spouse, friendliness) were allocated with more emphasis on equality among individuals, equality across groups, and personal need.
Parallel plate model for noncatalytic gas—solid reactions

Abstract A parallel plate model is suggested for describing noncatalytic gas—solid reactions. Based on this model, expressions are developed which relate explicity the progress of the reaction to porosity of the solid matrix, diffusivities in the pore and in the ash, reactant concentrations in the gas phase and in the solid, as well as the reaction rate constant.
Adomia avicenniae: A new ascomycetous genus from Red Sea and Australian mangroves

Adomia avicenniae gen.et sp.nov. is proposed for a new ascomycetous species found on the mangroves Avicennia marina and A. marina var. resinifera . It appears best assigned to the Phyllachorales, however, owing to the presence of both basal and apical paraphyses the present familial status is uncertain.
Interactionless calendar-based training for 802.11 localization

This paper presents our work in solving one of the weakest links in 802.11-based indoor-localization: the training of ground-truth received signal strength data. While crowdsourcing this information has been demonstrated to be a viable alternative to the time consuming and accuracy-limited process of manual training [2], one of the chief drawbacks is the rate at which a system can be trained. We demonstrate an approach that utilizes users' calendar and appointment information to perform interactionless training of an 802.11-based indoor localization system. Our system automatically determines if a user attended a calendar event, resulting in accuracy comparable to our previously published large-scale crowdsourced deployment. We find that no other user interaction is necessary to train the system to that level of accuracy when calendar data are available. In ideal conditions, this technique can reduce training time by over a factor of six.
Online Interpretation of Scalar Quantifiers: Insight into the Semantics-Pragmatics Interface

Scalar implicature has served as a test case for exploring the relations between semantic and pragmatic processes during language comprehension. Most studies have used reaction time methods and the results have been variable. In these studies, we use the visual-world paradigm to investigate implicature. We recorded participants' eye movements during commands like "Point to the girl that has some of the socks" in the presence of a display in which one girl had two of four socks and another had three of three soccer balls. These utterances contained an initial period of ambiguity in which the semantics of some was compatible with both characters. This ambiguity could be immediately resolved by a pragmatic implicature which would restrict some to a proper subset. Instead in Experiments 1 and 2, we found that participants were substantially delayed, suggesting a lag between semantic and pragmatic processing. In Experiment 3, we examined interpretations of some when competitors were inconsistent with the semantics (girl with socks vs. girl with no socks). We found quick resolution of the target, suggesting that previous delays were specifically linked to pragmatic analysis.
Hypoxanthine transport and metabolism in the central nervous system.

The mechanisms by which hypoxanthine, the principal purine in plasma and CSF, enters and leaves rabbit brain, choroid plexus, and CSF were investigated in the isolated choroid plexus in vitro and by injecting [14C]hypo-xanthine intraventricularly and [3H]hypoxanthine intravenously. The isolated choroid plexus accumulated and extensively metabolized [I4C]hypoxanthine; however, l4C was readily released from choroid plexus principally as [I4C]-hypoxanthine. After infusion of [3H]hypoxanthine intravenously, [3H]hypoxanthine entered CSF and brain slowly and was converted in brain to nucleotides. Fewer than 5% of the acid-soluble purine nucleotides in brain entered rabbit brain from plasma hypoxanthine (and inosine) per 24 h. After intraventricular injection of [l4C]hypoxanthine, the [14C]hypoxanthine was cleared from the CSF into the blood or accumulated by brain and largely converted into 14C-nucleotides. Little [14C]xanthine and no [14C]uric acid or allantoin were formed. These studies show that brain, unlike most other tissues, rapidly recycles hypoxanthine and converts it into purine nucleotides, and not unsalvageable purines.Key Words: Blood-brain barrier—Cerebrospinal fluid—Choroid plexus. Spector R. Hypoxanthine transport and metabolism in the central nervous system.
Chronic allograft rejection in Lumbricus terrestris.

To determine the capacity of earthworms to reject tissue transplants, first-set orthotopic allografts of body wall were exchanged between 280 adult Lumbricus terrestris. In addition, 30 worms were autografted as controls. Both auto- and allogeneic tissue transplants healed in promptly; autografts survived permanently while allografts showed varying degrees of incompatibility. Intrapopulation allografts in worms from Canada showed 22% permanently surviving transplants while 95% were not destroyed in the Oregon group; the remaining allografts in both groups were completely destroyed after prolonged chronic periods or showed incomplete rejection after observations during eight and one-half months. No intrapopulation Oregon transplants were rejected completely while only 1% were in the Canadian group. About 5.5% of interpopulation allografts were destroyed on Oregon hosts and 15.3% on Canadian recipients between 38 and 153 days after grafting. Therefore, recognition and rejection of tissue allo-antigens are characteristic of the primitive immune response of annelid worms.
Relative contribution of inotropic and vasodilator effects to amrinone-induced hemodynamic improvement in congestive heart failure

The relative contribution of inotropic and vasodilator effect to amrinone-induced hemodynamic improvement in congestive heart failure (CHF) is unknown. In 9 patients with CHF, the effects of amrinone and nitroprusside on hemodynamic and radionuclide measurements were compared to determine whether reduced afterload accounts for the amrinone-induced decrease in left ventricular end-systolic volume. In each patient, the end-systolic pressure-volume relation was derived using nitroprusside. After terminating nitroprusside treatment, intravenous amrinone (3 mg/kg) caused end-systolic volume to decrease from 148 +/- 32 ml/m2 (mean +/- standard deviation) to 133 +/- 32 ml/m2 (p less than 0.05), causing an increase in cardiac index from 1.9 +/- 0.8 to 2.7 +/- 0.8 liters/min/m2 (p less than 0.001). Arterial end-systolic pressure decreased in all patients during amrinone administration, from 96 +/- 22 to 84 +/- 19 mm Hg (p less than 0.005), as did systemic vascular resistance. Nitroprusside doses needed to match the decrease in LV end-systolic volume induced by amrinone caused significantly greater decreases in arterial end-systolic pressure than did amrinone (p less than 0.01). The amrinone-induced decrease in end-systolic volume exceeded that predicted for a pure vasodilator based on arterial end-systolic pressure and the nitroprusside-derived pressure-volume relation in 6 patients. In 3 patients, the decrease in end-systolic volume did not exceed that expected for a pure vasodilator. In conclusion, after amrinone treatment, afterload reduction occurs in all patients with severe CHF and is the sole effect in some.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)