cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Paternal Environmental Toxicant Exposure and Risk of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes.

Current clinical efforts to predict and prevent preterm birth are primarily focused on the mother and have made minimal progress in improving outcomes. However, recent data indicate that paternal factors can also influence timing of birth. Herein, we will review recent human and murine data examining the contribution of the father to pregnancy outcomes with an emphasis on environmental exposures that can negatively impact fertility and the timing of birth. Human epidemiology studies now clearly indicate that a variety of paternal factors (age, race, weight, smoking status) can influence sperm quality, birth timing and, in some studies, offspring health. Utilizing a mouse model, our data have demonstrated that developmental exposure of the male to the environmental toxicant TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) is associated with a transgenerational reduction in sperm number and quality and an increased risk of preterm birth in an unexposed partner. Toxicant exposure history can clearly influence sperm quality in men and mice. Murine data further indicate that exposures which negatively affect sperm quality also impair placental function, potentially leading to preterm birth and other adverse outcomes. Of particular concern, these changes have been linked to epigenetic alterations within the male germ cell which can then be transmitted across multiple generations. Since it is not possible to prevent an ancestral toxicant exposure in a human population, identifying lifestyle modifications that can be implemented during the preconception period to improve sperm quality should be explored for the therapeutic potential to reduce the incidence of PTB and its sequelae.
Perceptions of Legal Legitimacy among University Students with and without Military Service

We know that individuals who have and have not served in the military often hold different assessments of social institutions. We also know from a separate body of research that perceptions of the legitimacy of a society’s legal system is an important social indicator that varies on a number of demographic, experiential and identity factors. Yet, research has not explored if and how veteran status is associated with perceptions of legitimacy. We began addressing this gap in the literature by surveying veteran and nonveteran students. The results of this exploratory study showed that veterans did not differ from nonveterans in their perceptions of legitimacy, but a different set of factors shaped the assessments of veteran students. Further, our examination of veteran-specific factors showed that exposure to combat was negatively associated with legitimacy and that veteran identity contributed to increased trust in the legitimacy of legal institutions.
Mengzi’s Maxim for Righteousness in Mengzi 2A2

In this essay, I argue that in Mengzi 2A2 Mengzi 孟子 proposes his method for cultivating righteousness (yi 義) by showing that on the way of achieving yi, such topics as the unperturbed hearts, cultivating courage, Gaozi’s 告子 maxim, and the flood-like qi 氣 ultimately converge. Toward this aim, first, I argue that Mengzi’s short remark “bi you shi yan er wu zheng, xin wu wang, wu zhu zhang 必有事焉而勿正, 心勿忘, 勿助長” can be read as his maxim for achieving yi that structurally parallels with the preceding maxim of Gaozi that Mengzi quoted. It tells us that neither our blind obedience to the words nor our impetuous boost of qi is helpful for achieving yi; instead we should concentrate on the heart’s moral sentiments and perform righteous actions. Second, I argue that Mengzi believes that qi is crucial in one’s proper self-cultivation. The centrality of moral sentiment in his teaching redirects our attention to qi’s positive aspects—exemplified by the flood-like qi—though qi’s impulsivity often makes it appear negative. If the four sprouts are to accompany the spontaneous movement of qi, it can be said that properly expressed qi signals the moral health of one’s heart. Moreover, I show that strong positive qi not only constitutes moral sentiment that serves as a fair standard for self-examination but also leads the will to perform moral actions without delay.
X-ray induced photodynamic therapy with copper-cysteamine nanoparticles in mice tumors

Photodynamic therapy (PDT), a treatment that uses a photosensitizer, molecular oxygen, and light to kill target cells, is a promising cancer treatment method. However, a limitation of PDT is its dependence on light that is not highly penetrating, precluding the treatment of tumors located deep in the body. Copper-cysteamine nanoparticles are a new type of photosensitizer that can generate cytotoxic singlet oxygen molecules upon activation by X-rays. In this paper, we report on the use of copper-cysteamine nanoparticles, designed to be targeted to tumors, for X-ray-induced PDT. In an in vivo study, results show a statistically significant reduction in tumor size under X-ray activation of pH-low insertion peptide-conjugated, copper-cysteamine nanoparticles in mouse tumors. This work confirms the effectiveness of copper-cysteamine nanoparticles as a photosensitizer when activated by radiation and suggests that these Cu-Cy nanoparticles may be good candidates for PDT in deeply seated tumors when combined with X-rays and conjugated to a tumor-targeting molecule.
Perinatal Bereavement Care

For most people, following the death of a loved one, meaning is made in the context of a long, fulfilled life. One exception to this is the instance of perinatal loss, which can be an inconceivable experience, where loved ones and professionals alike may have trouble making sense of “why this happened.” In this unthinkably painful and complex experience, many parents grieve deeply throughout their lifetime. The shockwaves from this death can impact the mourning process and worldview of multiple generations within a family. Social supports often incorrectly assume that the grief will be proportional to the length of their time with the fetus or baby. However, through quality bereavement care, a parent’s sense of self can be restructured with a potential for positive growth after the loss. Care providers have an opportunity to provide education and support to families in need. This chapter aims to address the multifaceted nature of the grieving process, common grief theories, how they apply to the perinatal population, and a suggested approach to working with families. It will explore the resilient capabilities of three bereaved families to provide insights on how clinicians can care for those who have experienced a perinatal loss.
SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF RIVAROXABAN COMPARED WITH WARFARIN IN END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE WITH ATRIAL FIBRILLATION: A META-ANALYSIS

Warfarin is widely used in atrial fibrillation (AF) with concomitant end-stage renal disease (ESRD) for stroke prophylaxis but has been associated with a ten-fold higher bleeding risk due to labile INR levels. Rivaroxaban emerged as a potential alternative in these patients but its safety and
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is upregulated in Alzheimer's disease brain.

Abstract Alzheimer’s disease is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder and represents the main cause of dementia. Currently, the world is suffering from the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that uses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a receptor to enter the host cells. In COVID-19, neurological manifestations have been reported to occur. The present study demonstrates that the protein expression level of ACE2 is upregulated in the brain of Alzheimer’s disease patients. The increased ACE2 expression is not age-dependent, suggesting the direct relationship between Alzheimer’s disease and the ACE2 expression. Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease brains examined in this study also exhibited higher carbonylated proteins as well as increased thiol oxidation state of peroxiredoxin 6 (Prx6). The positive correlation was found between the increased ACE2 protein expression and oxidative stress in Alzheimer’s disease brain. Thus, the present study reveals the relationships between Alzheimer’s disease and ACE2, the receptor for SARS-CoV-2. These results warrant monitoring Alzheimer’s disease patients with COVID-19 carefully for the possible higher viral load in the brain and long-term adverse neurological consequences.
In vitro generation of self-renewing human intestinal epithelia over planar and shaped collagen hydrogels.

The large intestine, with its array of crypts lining the epithelium and diverse luminal contents, regulates homeostasis throughout the body. In vitro crypts formed from primary human intestinal epithelial stem cells on a 3D shaped hydrogel scaffold replicate the functional and architectural features of in vivo crypts. Collagen scaffolding assembly methods are provided, along with the microfabrication and soft lithography protocols necessary to shape these hydrogels to match the dimensions and density of in vivo crypts. In addition, stem-cell scale-up protocols are provided so that even ultrasmall primary samples can be used as starting material. Initially, these cells are seeded as a proliferative monolayer over the shaped scaffold and cultured as stem/proliferative cells to expand them and cover the scaffold surface with the crypt-shaped structures. To convert these immature crypts into fully polarized, functional units with a basal stem cell niche and luminal differentiated cell zone, stable, linear gradients of growth factors are formed across the crypts. This platform supports the formation of chemical gradients across the crypts, including those of growth and differentiation factors, inflammatory compounds, bile and food metabolites and bacterial products. All microfabrication and device assembly steps are expected to take 8 d, with the primary cells cultured for 12 d to form mature in vitro crypts. This protocol describes the fabrication of 3D collagen scaffolds used to culture human colonic crypts derived from primary intestinal epithelial cells.
log-Coulomb Gas with Norm-Density in $$p$$ -Fields

The main result of this paper is a formula for the integral $$\int_{K^N}\rho(x)\big(\max_{i<j}|x_i-x_j|\big)^a\big(\min_{i<j}|x_i-x_j|\big)^b\prod_{i<j}|x_i-x_j|^{s_{ij}}\,|dx| ,$$ where $$K$$ is a $$p$$ -field (i.e., a nonarchimedean local field) with canonical absolute value $$|\cdot|$$ , $$N\geq 2$$ , $$a,b\in \mathbb{C} $$ , the function $$\rho:K^N\to \mathbb{C}$$ has mild growth and decay conditions and factors through the norm $$\|x\|=\max_i|x_i|$$ , and $$|dx|$$ is the usual Haar measure on $$K^N$$ . The formula is a finite sum of functions described explicitly by combinatorial data, and the largest open domain of values $$(s_{ij})_{i<j}\in\mathbb{C}^{\binom{N}{2}}$$ on which the integral converges absolutely is given explicitly in terms of these data and the parameters $$a$$ , $$b$$ , $$N$$ , and $$K$$ . We then specialize the formula to $$s_{ij}=\mathfrak{q}_i\mathfrak{q}_j\beta$$ , where $$\mathfrak{q}_1,\mathfrak{q}_2,\dots,\mathfrak{q}_N>0$$ represent the charges of an $$N$$ -particle log-Coulomb gas in $$K$$ with background density $$\rho$$ and inverse temperature $$\beta$$ . From this specialization we obtain a mixed-charge $$p$$ -field analogue of Mehta’s integral formula, as well as formulas and low-temperature limits for the joint moments of $$\max_{i<j}|x_i-x_j|$$ (the diameter of the gas) and $$\min_{i<j}|x_i-x_j|$$ (the minimum distance between its particles).
Please remind me: A history of the Japanese particle of recollection kke

The Japanese sentence-final particle kke is a marker of epistemic modality with evidential and mirative overtones. Its most common application is indexing the uncertainty of one’s recollection in interrogative sentences, but in declarative sentences it indexes a reaffirmation of the certainty of the utterance. This study traces the grammatical development of kke from the older Japanese perfect auxiliary - kyeri , citing examples from 8th-century Japanese through today. Through examining kke ’s diachrony, it provides evidence that modal sentence-final particles can develop from auxiliaries when the contexts in which they are used become restricted over time.
Can Infinitists Handle the Finite Mind Objection and the Distinction Objection

This paper examines two objections to the infinitist theory of epistemic justification, namely “the finite mind objection” and “the distinction objection.” It criticizes Peter Klein’s response to the distinction objection and offers a more plausible response. It is then argued that this response is incompatible with Klein’s response to the finite mind objection. Infinitists, it would seem, cannot handle both objections when taken together.
Test scores’ robustness to scaling: The scale_transformation command:

Social scientists frequently rely on the cardinal comparability of test scores to assess achievement gaps between population subgroups and their evolution over time. This approach has been criticiz...
Modeling and Suppression of SiO 2 Guided Mode on TC-SAW with a Cancelling Circuit

A TC-SAW (Temperature Compensated Surface Acoustic Wave) by LiNbO 3 covered with a SiO 2 film structure is proposed as a temperature compensation method. The TC-SAW with SiO 2 /LiNbO 3 structure has satisfactory Q and TCF and moderate k2 eff . However, this structure contains various spurious responses in and out of the passband. Management of these spurious responses is necessary for TC-SAW filter design. One of the spurious responses observed well above the passband is the SiO 2 guided mode. Suppression of this spurious mode is critical to achieving the attenuation required by Carrier Aggregation. This study discusses the SiO 2 guided mode analysis and modeling method. Additionally, a design technique for suppression of the SiO 2 guided mode by means of a cancelling circuit is discussed and applied to a ladder-type filter design.
From Bench to Bedside: How the Tumor Microenvironment Is Impacting the Future of Immunotherapy for Renal Cell Carcinoma

Immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment landscape for many cancer types. The treatment for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has especially evolved in recent years, from cytokine-based immunotherapies to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Although clinical benefit from immunotherapy is limited to a subset of patients, many combination-based approaches have led to improved outcomes. The success of such approaches is a direct result of the tumor immunology knowledge accrued regarding the RCC microenvironment, which, while highly immunogenic, demonstrates many unique characteristics. Ongoing translational work has elucidated some of the mechanisms of response, as well as primary and secondary resistance, to immunotherapy. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the RCC immunophenotype with a specific focus on how preclinical and clinical data are shaping the future of immunotherapy.
Measuring and testing general fundamental attribution error in entrepreneurship effecting public policy

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to empirically test for fundamental attribution error (FAE) – the naturally occurring bias of humans to over-attribute business success to celebrity-entrepreneur disposition. Design/methodology/approach – Employing a five-step process, this paper measures and tests for FAE bias in entrepreneurial situations. The methodology includes anecdotal historical evidence; developing a FAE survey instrument; having 101 respondents classify variables; statistically testing and validating the instrument; and then statistically identifying the importance of each factor with a sample 105. Findings – Significant statistical evidence for an active FAE bias was found. People do tend to attribute business success to entrepreneurial dispositions, rather than team behavior and circumstantial outcome factors which can reduce the effectiveness of public policy. Research limitations/implications – There is minimal research on FAE in entrepreneurship effecting public policy, thus there is a...
The Lion of Judah in the New World: Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia and the Shaping of Americans' Attitude toward Africa (review)

BIOGRAPHY Theodore M. Vestal. The Lion of Judah in the New World: Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia and the Shaping of Americans' Attitude toward Africa. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Praeger, 201 1 . xv + 231 pp. Photo Essay. Notes. Selected Bibliography. Index. $44.95. Cloth. "In present-day Ethiopia," begins this fascinating book, "few know just how popular their monarch was in the New World" (xi). This is a valid observation, but we could also say the same about the younger generation in present-day America. Compared to the situation in the past, the image of Ethiopia in the minds of most Americans is much less positive today, and far fewer Americans have memories of the Haile Selassie. Vestal claims that "the images of Africa and of Africans that the American people developed during Haile Selassie's prominence will no doubt be referred to by historians, psychologists, and sociologist - as well as the media - as having played a part in the election of Barack Obama as president in 2008" (xiii). This claim cannot be determined empirically, but this book is nevertheless invaluable for at least three groups of scholars: experts and students of Africa, comparative historians, and political scientists. For Africanists, it contains rich data about a long-reigning monarch in northeast Africa which have either been unknown before or not systematically organized. There is much in the book about the personality and political instincts of Haile Selassie, especially as they pertain to his foreign policies. Comparative historians will benefit from its accounts of the monarch's perspectives on pan-Africanism and collective security. And political scientists will have much to learn here about the nuances of the relationship between a weak state in the periphery and a rising global power. Clearly many Americans were fascinated by Emperor Haile Selassie. In 1954 the New York Times wrote that he was "a man of courage, intelligence and great humanity" (89), and it printed the full text of his speech to a joint session of the U.S. Congress. In a period of less than ten years, Haile Selassie was twice named Time magazine's man of the year. American presidents who knew Haile Selassie, too, were unreserved in their praise for the African monarch. During his first state visit to the U.S. in 1954 Dwight Eisenhower described the him as "a defender of freedom and a supporter of progress" (53), and he was appreciative of the emperor's decision to send Ethiopian troops to fight alongside Americans in Korea. Harry Truman by and large ignored him, perhaps because the relationship between the two countries was stable and Truman was preoccupied with the emerging challenge from the Soviet Union. …
Maize to Milk: An Analysis of the Traceability Systems of Bulk Commodities

Traceability is the ability to track any food, feed, food-producing animal or substance that will be used for consumption, through all the stages of production, processing, and distribution (European Union, 2002). In this study, an analysis of the traceability systems of three bulk commodities, corn, feed, and milk, was conducted to analyze the internal traceability system of each respective entity, the external traceability system among all entities, and the information exchange and communication between each entity. The objectives of this study were to create a model/map for tracing these commodities, to identify gaps in the internal and external traceability systems, and to provide quality control/quality management strategies to improve the external traceability system. The first step of analysis involved comparing the ISO 22005 traceability standard to the current tracing and tracking system used by the dairy processor. Only 2 of the 9 design components of the Standard were met by the processor due to lack of specified objectives. A concept map was created using supplier/recipient records from the dairy processor and dairy farm. Using records from the processor, information gaps were identified in the traceability system. After identifying gaps, quality control and quality management strategies were developed to help close the gaps and strengthen the external traceability system. A product flow model was also created to determine the location of products from corn to processed milk and to determine what records are kept at each point in the chain.
Bullets and Books by Legislative Fiat: Why Academic Freedom and Public Policy Permit Higher Education Institutions to Say No to Guns

After the horrific 2007 Virginia-Tech shooting massacre when thirty-two students were killed, a highly contentious battle ensued over whether students with concealed handgun licenses (“CHLs”) should be able to carry firearms for protection on public higher education campuses. The January 8, 2011, Tucson, Arizona shooting rampage propelled this issue back into the limelight, prompting a litany of states to reconsider whether CHL holders at colleges should be able to secretly arm themselves. One state, Utah, has had legislation forcing post-secondary institutions to permit CHL holders to carry firearms on campus since 2001. This article makes the case for why legislation like Utah’s violates the academic freedom of those institutions that want to remain gun-free. The Supreme Court has recognized that academic freedom gives universities the liberty to decide how its students should be taught, and implicit in this right is the right to decide how to best ensure student safety. Thus, institutions should be able to decide their own firearm policies. This article contends academic freedom is a constitutionally protected right, and any law threatening it should be strictly scrutinized. As explained in detail in the article, the legislation cannot survive strict scrutiny. For the many policy reasons outlined in the article, I conclude that firearms should be banned, or at the very least, higher education institutions should be able to determine their own weapons policies. Whether legislators should be setting colleges’ firearm policies should be of particular concern to law students and faculty who, because of the uniquely highly competitive and pressurized nature of law school, are at a greater risk than their undergraduate counterparts of becoming the victim of a violent crime if firearms become prevalent on campus.
A biomechanical analysis of the karate chop.

Abstract Cinematography, accelerometry, and electromyography were used to study the preimpact movements of the arm and trunk during karate chops intended to break two or three 3/4-in. pine boards. Six experienced subjects were used to provide initial descriptive information from which three broad classifications of movement patterns were made. Subsequent analysis was limited to the subjects whose movements were confined principally to the sagittal plane. A kinematic analysis showed a sequential pattern of action at the shoulder and elbow joints, with shoulder extension normally 70% complete before elbow extension began. Angular velocities at the elbow joint reached 24.5 and 29.5 radians/sec for two and three boards, respectively. The component of linear acceleration, perpendicular to the forearm at the wrist, was a maximum of 7 g in both cases, as recorded by direct measurement. A second estimate of acceleration was obtained from numerical double differentiation and this showed considerable variation from...
The autonomy of knowledge and the decline of the subject: Postmodernism and the reformulation of the university

The article pertains to how one might employ postmodern assumptions in the study and analysis of comparative higher education. The text first critiques the idea of modernism by way of a discussion about postmodernism. The author then analyzes the implications of postmodernism for comparative higher education research. In doing so, the author outlines five tenets of postmodernism that revolve around alternative ways of thinking about knowledge production and identity construction. The premise of the text is that postmodernism offers a different interpretation from modernism about the twin ideas of knowledge and identity. The author concludes by offering suggestions about how postmodernism might reorient the work of comparative higher education research. Accordingly, the goal of the text is to delineate competing conceptions of reality with regard to knowledge production, identity, and the role of the university.
Taking Earth's Temperature

Seismic data and improved analysis techniques allow researchers to measure the temperature at the boundary between Earth's core and the outer mantle.
The Ups and Downs of Aging in the Male Genitourinary Tract

Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), are a collection of filling, storage, voiding and postmicturition symptoms highly prevalent and negatively impacting the quality of life of aging men. These sym...
Equivalent Viscous Damping Model for Short-Period Reinforced Concrete Bridges

Abstract This paper investigates the effect of spectral shape (intensity and width of the constant acceleration region) and postyield stiffness ratio on equivalent viscous damping for short-period RC bridge columns ( effective period<1s). The modified Takeda degrading stiffness hysteretic model, with parameters appropriate to bridge columns (often termed thin Takeda in the literature), is used for analysis. Insight regarding the importance of these parameters is provided, and a new equivalent viscous damping model is proposed that includes the effect of spectral shape and postyield stiffness ratio, as well as effective period and ductility. The proposed damping model is compared with two existing models. The results indicate that significant improvement is achieved in predicting the peak displacement using the proposed damping model when compared with existing models.
Southwest Atlantic water mass evolution during the last deglaciation

The rise in atmospheric CO2 during Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1; 14.5–17.5 kyr B.P.) may have been driven by the release of carbon from the abyssal ocean. Model simulations suggest that wind-driven upwelling in the Southern Ocean can liberate 13C-depleted carbon from the abyss, causing atmospheric CO2 to increase and the δ13C of CO2 to decrease. One prediction of the Southern Ocean hypothesis is that water mass tracers in the deep South Atlantic should register a circulation response early in the deglaciation. Here we test this idea using a depth transect of 12 cores from the Brazil Margin. We show that records below 2300 m remained 13C-depleted until 15 kyr B.P. or later, indicating that the abyssal South Atlantic was an unlikely source of light carbon to the atmosphere during HS1. Benthic δ18O results are consistent with abyssal South Atlantic isolation until 15 kyr B.P., in contrast to shallower sites. The depth dependent timing of the δ18O signal suggests that correcting δ18O for ice volume is problematic on glacial terminations. New data from 2700 to 3000 m show that the deep SW Atlantic was isotopically distinct from the abyss during HS1. As a result, we find that mid-depth δ13C minima were most likely driven by an abrupt drop in δ13C of northern component water. Low δ13C at the Brazil Margin also coincided with an ~80‰ decrease in Δ14C. Our results are consistent with a weakening of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and point toward a northern hemisphere trigger for the initial rise in atmospheric CO2 during HS1.
A modular verifiable exception handling mechanism

This paper presents a new model for exception handling, called the replacement model. The replacement model, in contrast to other exception-handling proposals, supports all the handler responses of resumption, termination, retry, and exception propagation, within both statements and expressions, in a modular, simple, and uniform fashion. The model can be embedded in any expression-oriented language and can also be adapted to languages which are not expression oriented with almost all the above advantages. This paper presents the syntactic extensions for embedding the replacement model into Algol 68 and its operational semantics. An axiomatic semantic definition for the model can be found in [27].
Disgusted or Happy, It is not so Bad: Emotional Mini-Max in Unethical Judgments

Although prior work on ethical decision-making has examined the direct impact of magnitude of consequences as well as the direct impact of emotions on ethical judgments, the current research examines the interaction of these two constructs. Building on previous research finding disgust to have a varying impact on ethical judgments depending on the specific behavior being evaluated, we investigate how disgust, as well as happiness and sadness, moderates the effect of magnitude of consequences on an individual’s judgments of another person’s unethical behavior. Specifically, we propose and find that because disgust and happiness are both associated with more heuristic-based processing, they both lead to a stronger reliance on the magnitude of consequences when forming ethical judgments. In contrast, because sad and neutral emotional states are associated with more systematic processing, they both result in a weaker reliance on the magnitude of consequences. As such, the effect of magnitude of consequences on judgments of unethical behaviors is stronger when individuals making the judgments are experiencing disgust or happiness versus sadness or a neutral state. This research shows that ethical judgment severity is contingent on individual-level factors, particularly the current emotional state being experienced by the individual, interacting with magnitude of consequences to impact the ethical decision-making process.
Barriers to the implementation of a program for inner-city, homeless substance abusers on general assistance: Newark

The article describes the implementation of a comprehensive rehabililation program for homeless subslance abusers within an inner-city setting. The program was a joint effort between a university research team and the general welfare deparlment of Ihe City of Newark, NJ. A description of the program is followed by a discussion of the political, economic, philosophical and bureaucratic barriers towards implementation of the project. Strengths and weaknesses of multiple agency efforts to rehabilitate homeless substance abusers are discussed. Complex systems issues that may be generalizable to other similar settings are highlighted. Conclusions and recommendations for implementation of future projccts are presented.
Pilot study of the efficacy of a thrombin inhibitor for use during cardiopulmonary bypass

Heparin is normally used for anticoagulation during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), but its use is contraindicated in patients with a history of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, heparin-provoked thrombosis, or both. Heparin therapy can also be ineffective due to heparin resistance. A short-acting, oligonucleotide-based thrombin inhibitor (thrombin aptamer) may potentially serve as a substitute for heparin in these and other clinical situations. We tested a novel thrombin aptamer in a canine CPB pilot study to determine its anticoagulant efficacy, the resultant changes in coagulation variables, and the aptamer's clearance mechanisms and pharmacokinetics. Seven dogs were studied initially: Four received varied doses of the aptamer (to establish the pharmacokinetic profile) and 3 received heparin. Subsequently, 4 other dogs underwent CPB, receiving a constant infusion of the aptamer before CPB (to characterize the baseline coagulation status), with partial CPB and hemodilution, during 60 minutes of total CPB, and, finally, after a 2-hour recovery period. At a 0.5 mg.kg-1.min-1 dose, the activated clotting time rose with aptamer infusion from 106 +/- 12 seconds to 187 +/- 8 seconds (+/- 1 standard deviation) (p = 0.014), increased further with hemodilution (to 259 +/- 41 seconds; p = 0.017), and was even more prolonged during total CPB (> 1,500 seconds; p < 0.001). This later increase in the activated clotting time paralleled a rise in the plasma concentration of the thrombin aptamer during total CPB, as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Structural constraints and object similarity in analogical mapping and inference

Theories of analogical reasoning have viewed relational structure as the dominant determinant of analogical mapping and inference, while assigning lesser importance to similarity between individual objects. An experiment is reported in which these two sources of constraints on analogy are placed in competition under conditions of high relational complexity. Results demonstrate equal importance for relational structure and object similarity, both in analogical mapping and in inference generation. The human data were successfully simulated using a computational analogy model (LISA) that treats both relational correspondences and object similarity as soft constraints that operate within a limited-capacity working memory; but not with a model (SME) that treats relational structure as pre-eminent.
Heteroatom directed β-lithiation of a vinyl ether

Abstract Oxygen directed β-deprotonation of a vinyl ether leads to Z substituted enol ethers. The stereoselective elaboration to a naturally occuring threo 1,3-diol is described.
Fundamentals and Problems of Fiber Current Sensors

This paper briefly reviews the history and present commercial status of optical fiber sensors, and then summarizes recent research aimed at improved performance, lower cost, and wider areas of application.
Hazards presented by mycotoxins and toxigenic-mold spores in feeds

Abstract The prevalence of cytotoxic CHCl 3 -soluble mycotoxins and toxigenic-mold spores was evaluated in 997 feeds entering or prepared in a large feed mill during one calendar year. Mycotoxins were obtained as either a feed lipid fraction by CHCl 3 extraction of the feed, or a mold lipid fraction by CHCl 3 extraction of Czapek-Dox broth after a 7-day culture of mold spores present in the feed. Mycotoxins were detected by a bioassay which determined cytotoxicity of the sample to chick tracheal ring organ cultures. Aflatoxins were determined by thin-layer chromatography. Feed lipids comprised 1.1–3.0% of the wet weight of the samples and were assayed by suspending the lipid from 0.10 g of feed in 1.0 ml of culture medium, producing a mean lipid concentration of 1917 μg/ml. A 100% cytotoxic response was given in 16% of the lipid samples from nine basic feed types. Based on results from calculated dose-response curves, cytotoxic mold lipids which did not contain aflatoxin were more than 30 times as toxic as feed lipids, and mold lipids which contained aflatoxin were more than 300 times as toxic as feed lipids. Feed samples were suspected of contamination with mycotoxins when both feed and mold lipids were cytotoxic. Mycotoxin contamination was suspected in 5.7% of 749 sample with over half of the suspect samples containing aflatoxin. All samples contaminated with aflatoxin contained less than 200 parts per billion.
Trichilemmal horn: Case presentation and literature review

Abstract A trichilemmal horn is a histologically unique, uncommonly reported lesion, characterized by a plate-like nodule that extends from the epithelium into the dermis and has a prominent basement membrane. At the periphery of the nodule, there is palisading of basal cells. Trichilemmal keratinization is present in the overlying horn and is composed of orthokeratosis with focal parakeratosis. We describe a 22-year-old white women with a trichilemmal horn on her left elbow and review the literature. With the addition of our patient, trichilemmal horns have been described in 28 patients. They have been observed more often in women (15) than in men (11). The patients ranged in age from 16 to 78 years; more than 60% were 50 years of age or older. Trichilemmal horns were most common on the extremities (12 cases) and the head (11 cases). The diagnosis of a trichilemmal horn should be considered when a cutaneous horn shows trichilemmal keratinization in the absence of dermal inflammation. (J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;39:368-71.)
Portfolio Assessment in an Elementary School: A Model to Facilitate Preparation

ABSTRACT It is necessary for teachers to consider alternative means of evaluating their students. One method proving to be effective for gathering and organizing student productivity, growth, and development is the portfolio approach. This article describes the Portfolio Assessment Preparation (PAP) Model that was used to facilitate the use of student portfolios in an elementary school. The goals of the model, the six steps followed, and the participants' responses to this project are discussed. This article may serve teacher educators who are preparing teachers to implement student portfolios in the elementary school as a supplement or an alternative to the existing assessment and evaluation programs.
A proposed experiment to measure the parity-violating energy difference between enantiomers from the optical rotation of chiral ammonia-like “cat” molecules

Abstract We propose a novel method to measure the parity-violating energy difference (PVED) between enantiomers using chiral ammonia-like molecules with tunnelling between L and D. The eigenstates of such molecules are Schrodinger's cat-type coherent superpositions of the L and D forms, but due to the PVED these “cat” states are slightly unequal superpositions of L and D, and therefore show a small electroweak optical rotation that is a direct measure of the PVED. We show that the rotational states of these “cat” molecules can be separated by applying an inhomogeneous electric field to a molecular beam. We calculate the optical rotations of the separated states, and show that they are measurable by state-of-the-art polarimeters for molecules with tunnelling times between 10 −7 and 10 −2 s.
Chemical Modification and Patterning of Iodine-Terminated Silicon Surfaces Using Visible Light

The use of iodine as a photolabile passivating agent for photochemical modification of silicon surfaces is demonstrated. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements show that iodine termination using iodine dissolved in benzene leads to Si surfaces exhibiting higher iodine surface coverages and lower levels of carbon contamination than previous methods. When exposed to 514 nm light in the presence of a suitable reactive molecule, such as an organic alkene, the surface iodine is removed and the reactive molecule links to the silicon surface. The results of experiments in which the polarization and angle of the incident light were varied show that the reaction mechanism is mediated by absorption of light in the bulk Si. A much greater photoattachment efficiency is obtained on heavily doped n-type silicon than on p-type silicon. It is proposed that on n-type silicon samples the photogenerated minority carriers (holes) accumulate near the surface, making the surface more susceptible to nucleophilic attack by the alkene molecules. The use of this method for photopatterning a Si surface with specific reactive groups is demonstrated.
Immigration and Changing Definitions of National Citizenship in France, Germany, and Britain

This article looks at how immigration has recently contributed to changing definitions of national citizenship in France, Germany, and Britain. On the basis of comparative case study analysis, two widely held perspectives on current developments in national citizenship — the post-nationalist view and the national traditions perspective — are critically re-evaluated. Consistent with post-nationalists’ expectations, nationality laws have to some extent been converging. However, there has not been a simple linear progression from national to post-national citizenship models. Meanwhile, although the national traditions perspective is in accord with some continued differences among cases, a more flexible version of that perspective than has hitherto been used in this area is needed. Explaining the nature of the actual partial recent convergence in policies that has taken place requires a more synthetic approach supplementing existing accounts with greater attention to the shared objectives and causal beliefs that increasingly influence citizenship policies.
Tribological properties of alumina-boria-silicate fabric from 25 C to 850 C

Demanding tribological properties are required of the materials used for the sliding seal between the sidewalls and the lower wall of the variable area hypersonic engine. Temperatures range from room temperature and below to operating temperatures of 1000 C in an environment of air, hydrogen, and water vapor. Candidate sealing materials for this application are an alumina-boria-silicate, ceramic, fabric rope sliding against the engine walls which may be made from copper- or nickel-based alloys. Using a pin-on-disk tribometer, the friction and wear properties of some of these potential materials and possible lubrication methods are evaluated. The ceramic fabric rope displayed unacceptably high friction coefficients (0.6 to 1.3) and, thus, requires lubrication. Sputtered thin films of gold, silver, and CaF2 reduced the friction by a factor of two. Sprayed coatings of boride nitride did not effectively lubricate the fabric. Static heat treatment tests at 950 C indicate that the fabric is chemically attacked by large quantities of silver, CaF2, and boron nitride. Sputtered films or powder impregnation of the fabric with gold may provide adequate lubrication up to 1000 C without showing any chemical attack.
Incorporating recycling into post-disaster debris disposal

Abstract Although large amounts of disaster-generated debris significantly strain landfill capacities, until recently existing policy provided no financial incentive to consider other disposal alternatives such as recycling. In 2007, the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) released a new pilot program that provides incentives for communities to recycle by allowing them to retain revenue from the sale of disaster debris. This first-ever policy offers significant financial benefits for communities seeking to cleanup in an environmentally responsible way but requires reexamining existing assumptions and decision processes that are based on prior reimbursement programs. This paper presents a decision model with recycling incentives for locating temporary disposal and storage reduction (TDSR) facilities in support of disaster debris cleanup operations. A facility location model is proposed to incorporate the unique assumptions, objectives, and constraints of disaster recovery in light of FEMA’s new policy.
Thermoelastic analysis of layered structures with imperfect layer contact

Abstract The behavior of orthotropic layered slabs and cylinders in which the temperature and stress distributions vary in the thickness direction is investigated. A finite element formulation utilizing quadratic layer elements and linear interface elements are used to perform the analyses. The transient heat conduction response is obtained using implicit linear time interpolation including the Crank-Nicolson, Galerkin and Euler backward schemes. It is shown that the modified Crank-Nicolson and modified Galerkin schemes provide computationally economical solutions which are both accurate and free of temporal oscillations. The effects of heat-transfer resistance at layer contact surfaces are illustrated through numerical examples.
Comparison of Food Intake Among Infants and Toddlers Participating in a South Central Texas WIC Program Reveals Some Improvements After WIC Package Changes

In 2009, WIC began issuing revised food packages with the intent of improving dietary practices such as breastfeeding, delaying the introduction of complementary foods until about 6 months, limiting juice intake, and increasing intake of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and baby food meats as appropriate for age. This observational study investigated whether dietary intake and feeding practices of a sample of majority-Hispanic infants and toddlers participating in a WIC clinic in south central Texas improved after the package changes. Feeding practices data and 24-h recalls were collected during telephone interviews with 84 caregivers of infants (4–12 months) and toddlers (1–2 years) in 2009 before the package change and with 112 caregivers in 2011 after the package change. The Nutrition Data System for Research was used to collect 24-h recalls. Outcomes for the two study years were compared using Chi square analysis for categorical and Mann–Whitney U analysis for continuous variables. Breastfeeding initiation, breastfeeding duration, age of introduction of complementary foods, and exposures to baby food fruits, vegetables, and meats among infants did not improve after the package changes. Significantly fewer infants received cereal in their bottles and fewer toddlers consumed vegetables and eggs after the package changes. The observed feeding practices of infants and toddlers among this sample did not reflect the WIC package changes. Strategic and comprehensive breastfeeding and nutrition education are recommended. Package modifications such as adding eggs back to the toddler package and allowing more flexibility for purchasing fresh produce and baby foods may be warranted.
Trajectories of Cigarette Smoking in Adulthood Predict Insomnia Among Women in Late Mid-life

Abstract Objective: To examine the relationship between trajectories of cigarette smoking among a community sample of women ( N =498) with insomnia in late mid-life. Methods: Participants were administered structured interviews at four time waves in adulthood, spanning approximately 25years (mean ages=40, 43, 48, and 65years). At each wave, data were collected on participants' cigarette smoking. At the most recent time wave, in late mid-life, participants reported on their insomnia (difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, early morning wakening, and daytime consequences of these sleep problems). Results: Growth mixture modeling extracted four trajectory groups of cigarette smoking (from mean ages 40–65years): chronic heavy smokers, moderate smokers, late quitters, and non-smokers. Multivariate logistic regression analysis then examined the relationship between participants' probabilities of trajectory group membership and insomnia in late mid-life, with controls for age, educational level, marital status, depressive symptoms, body mass index, and the number of health conditions. Compared with the non-smokers group, members of the chronic heavy smoking trajectory group were more likely to report insomnia at mean age 65 (Adjusted Odds Ratio=2.76; 95% confidence interval=1.10–6.92; p Conclusions: Smoking cessation programs and clinicians treating female patients in mid-life should be aware that chronic heavy smoking in adulthood is a significant risk factor for insomnia.
The substitution of nickel for cobalt in hot isostatically pressed powder metallurgy UDIMET 700 alloys

Nickel was substituted in various proportions for cobalt in a series of five hot-isostatically-pressed powder metallurgy alloys based on the UDIMET 700 composition. These alloys were given 5-step heat treatments appropriate for use in turbine engine disks. The resultant microstructures displayed three distinct sizes of gamma-prime particles in a gamma matrix. The higher cobalt-content alloys contained larger amounts of the finest gamma-prime particles, and had the lowest gamma-gamma-prime lattice mismatch. While all alloys had approximately the same tensile properties at 25 and 650 gamma C, the rupture lives at 650 and 760 C peaked in the alloys with cobalt contents between 12.7 and 4.3 pct. Minimum creep rates increased as cobalt contents were lowered, suggesting their correlation with the gamma-prime particle size distribution and the gamma-gamma-prime mismatch. It was also found that, on overaging at temperatures higher than suitable for turbine disk use, the high cobalt-content alloys were prone to sigma phase formation.