cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Geometric and material nonlinearity during the deformation of micron-scale thin-film bilayers subject to thermal loading

Abstract We study, by experiments and modeling, the linear and geometric nonlinear behavior of thin-film bilayer mechanical structures subjected to thermal loading due to combined creep and stress relaxation. On the experimental side, we designed and fabricated a series of micron-scale gold ( 0.5 μm thick)/polysilicon(1.5 and 3.5 μm thick) beams and plates and initially thermal cycled them between room temperature and 190°C to stabilize the gold microstructure over this temperature range. After the initial thermal cycle, they are heated to 190°C where they are relatively flat, and then cooled to 120°C. During this temperature drop the thin film structures undergo linear and possibly geometrically nonlinear deformation depending on their size. They are then held at 120°C for about four weeks. During the thermal loading history we measured, using interferometry, full-field deformed shapes of the structures, from which curvature was determined. During the isothermal hold, creep and stress relaxation are observed in all of the structures, as manifested in significant curvature changes. We observe that both material and structural phenomena contribute to the observed deformation response. The interplay between the two is apparent in the plates where the initial cooling caused them to buckle, but the creep and stress relaxation then caused them to substantially unbuckle. We attempted to model the inelastic deformation by assuming simple power-law creep in the gold e =Aσ n , and assuming that the polysilicon did not relax at the modest temperature of 120°C. In order to accurately account for the dependence of curvature and stress on position, we carried out the calculations using the finite element method. We find that with such a simple model we can qualitatively describe all of the observed phenomena, however, some quantitative discrepancies exist. Finally, we carried out a parametric study of the effects of the structure shape and the power-law creep constants on the deformation, and studied the evolution of the stress state in the films both through the thickness and in the plane of the beams and plates. Regarding the stress state, initially a significant stress gradient exists through the thickness of the films. Over time it becomes more uniform, and nearly constant in the creeping/relaxing metal film, but the gradient remains in the polysilicon film (that does not creep or relax).
Altered growth properties of normal human cells induced by phorbol 12,13-didecanoate

The tumor promoter phorbol 12,13-didecanoate (PDD) significantly altered the growth properties of early passage normal human skin cells in vitro in culture medium supplemented with elevated concentrations of selected amino acids. Continuous treatment of cell with 10−7 or 10−8 M PDD resulted in a 5 to 10-fold increase in saturation density at early passages followed by a long-term two- to fourfold increase. The PDD-treated cultures remained in exponential growth at cell densities greater than 10-fold higher than the control cultures. Removal of PDD from the culture medium while the cells were at a high cell density resulted in a return to near-normal saturation density by the subsequent passage. Anchorage independent growth of normal human cells in methylcellulose was also promoted by PDD in a dose dependent manner, with prior subculturing in the presence of PDD being required for maximal colony formation. The structural analog 4α-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate failed to elicit similar cellular responses.
The Goldilocks mastectomy.

Abstract Objective To reconstruct a breast mound from cutaneous mastectomy flap tissue alone, obviating the need for additional flap or implant techniques. Summary background data With growing numbers of obese and elderly women facing breast cancer, options outside of simple mastectomy without reconstruction and formal breast reconstruction using complex autologous flap harvesting techniques or artificial implants need to be explored. Methods Patients who declined traditional methods of breast reconstruction were offered standard skin sparing mastectomy with closure utilizing a standard Wise pattern. A completely autologous breast mound was created by preserving and de-epithelializing residual mastectomy flap tissue. Results Over 24 months, 32 women (50 breasts) underwent mastectomy and closure using this technique. Seromas occurred in 1of 50 operated breasts and cellulitis developed in 3 of 50 breasts. One of the two patients had active hidradenitis at the time of surgery which made expander placement a contraindication and post operative infection a high risk. There has been no incidence of locoregional breast cancer recurrence. Conclusions Some patients are poor candidates for traditional methods of breast reconstruction secondary to medical comorbidities, while others may decline for more personal reasons. For these patients, we describe an additional option. The procedure is performed in a single stage and does not necessitate closure by a reconstructive surgeon, although a team approach can improve aesthetic results. Disadvantages include limited applicability in patients with small, non-ptotic breasts. Deemed the "Goldilocks Mastectomy", it is neither amputation of the breast, nor is it full reconstruction. It is a third, middle option. This offers an aesthetic advantage for women over simple mastectomy without reconstruction and potentially decreases cost and number of procedures sometimes associated with formal reconstruction.
Nanoscale characterization of magnetic nanoparticles

A new technique for determining the magnetization direction of individual nanoparticles using the Foucault method of Lorentz microscopy is described. Experimental images for isolated SmCo5 nanoparticles as a function of the objective aperture shift direction are shown. In preparation for studies of interparticle coupling using this approach, preliminary results describing the preparation of ordered arrays of magnetic nanoparticles are presented. Here nonmagnetic nanorods of uniform size are shown to self-assemble into arrays, which can be fixed in a silica matrix and heated to transform the rods into a ferrimagnetic phase.
Process of Ni-P Electroless Deposition on SiCp/Al Composites from Acid Bath

The initial nickel deposition for the direct electroless nickel plating on active SiCp/Al composites is critical. So it is necessary to investigate the process of the electroless Ni-P plating deposition on SiCp/Al composites by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). In addition, the mass gain/loss in the initial nickel deposition process was measured by using the electro-balance. The results show that after being treated using phosphoric acid and hydrogen peroxide, the compositions of SiCp/Al composites substrate contains Al, SiC and Al2O3. The Al2O3 film was gradually corroded by the plating solution. And then Ni-P coating was deposited on the substrate without Al2O3 film during the initial electroless plating process, which was mostly growing on the boundary between the SiC particles and the Al crystal of the activation substrate, and then came to two sides. After that, the Ni-P coating growth rate to cover with the SiC particles and Al crystals was prior to the Al2O3 film. The electroless plating was in company with the substrate corrosion, but the electroless plating rate catalyzed by the exchanged nickel was more than the substrate corrosion rate.
Playing in the Sandbox: EAC-CPF Projects at Duke University

The Rubenstein Library at Duke University holds several large, complex collections. Describing these collections and making obvious the interconnectivity of each collection's various components has proven difficult within the framework of the archival collection guide, and as such can be perceived as daunting. Patrons can miss important connections or fail to understand the creator's role across collections. To address the particular needs of these collections, staff from Duke University has experimented with EAC-CPF during the past 2 years with the intent of supporting patrons in navigating the collections and therefore having greater success in finding all relevant and related materials.
Lymphomas of the breast: primary and secondary involvement.

BACKGROUND The involvement of the breast by lymphoma is a rare form of extralymph node lymphoma and represents either primary disease or systemic involvement. The authors hypothesized that screening mammography may influence the detection of lymphomatous involvement of the breast. METHODS All patients (n = 81 patients) who were diagnosed with lymphomatous involvement of the breast at the study institution between 1988 and 1999 were evaluated retrospectively. RESULTS Clinical information was available for 73 patients who could be classified into three major groups according to their diagnosis: primary breast lymphoma (PBL) (44%), breast involvement from disseminated disease at the time of initial diagnosis (29%), and recurrence of preexisting lymphoma to the breast (27%). The majority of PBL were of intermediate or high grade, and the majority of disseminated lymphomas involving the breast were of low grade. Lymphomatous recurrence to the breast was slightly more likely to be of intermediate grade rather than low grade. In 91% of patients, the diagnosis of lymphoma was made after the evaluation of a palpable mass. All patients who were identified after the evaluation of an abnormal screening mammogram (9%) had low-grade lymphomas. Of the 32 patients with PBL, screening mammography discovered only 1. Nineteen percent of patients with PBL also had a history of an autoimmune disorder. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that screening mammography has not altered substantially the detection of breast lymphoma. The clinical outcome of patients with breast lymphoma is dependent on histology and appears to parallel that of patients with lymphoma of similar histology involving other sites. Cancer 2002;94:6–13. © 2002 American Cancer Society.
Damage detection by piezoelectric patches in a free vibration method

An experimental program was undertaken to evaluate the feasibility of using piezoelectric patches for damage detection in composite materials. The fact that damage development can cause shifts in the natural frequencies of a structural component suggested an impulse-frequency response approach, in which free vibration was initiated by a single external mechanical pulse and was sensed by piezoelectric patches. Patches in both surface-bonded and embedded configurations were tried. The investigation was conducted on unidirectional glass fiber/epoxy laminated plates containing controlled levels of damage, present as interply delaminations. The data obtained from the piezoelectric patches showed the expected decrease in frequency of the natural vibrational modes with increase in damage. The attractiveness of this method lies in its convenience and its potential for use in the field.
A Comparison of Polyglycolic Acid Versus Type 1 Collagen Bioabsorbable Nerve Conduits in a Rat Model: An Alternative to Autografting

Purpose Severe nerve injury with segmental loss requires nerve graft or conduit repair. We compared 2 synthetic, bioabsorbable nerve conduits with the gold standard of autogenous nerve grafting using histopathologic and neurophysiologic analyses. Methods A 10-mm segment of the sciatic nerve of 45 Sprague-Dawley rats was resected, leaving a gap defect. Three experimental groups were used: 15 coaptations using type I collagen nerve conduits, 15 coaptations using polyglycolic acid (PGA) nerve conduits, and 15 coaptations using the excised segments as autogenous nerve grafts. The contralateral legs were used as unoperated controls. After 15 weeks, nerve regeneration was evaluated by measuring isometric muscle contraction force, axonal counting, wet muscle weights, and histology. Results Statistically significant differences in the isometric muscle contraction force, axonal counts, and wet muscle weights were found between type I collagen conduit and nerve graft compared to the PGA conduit. Axonal sprouting was less organized and less dense with the PGA conduits when compared to nerve reconstruction with the type I collagen conduits and nerve grafts. Conclusions Type I collagen conduits and autografts produced comparable results, which were significantly better than PGA conduits. The use of type I collagen conduit is a reliable alternative to nerve grafting for gaps up to 10 mm in length.
A methodology and an optimization tool to calibrate phenology of short-day species included in the APSIM PLANT model: Application to soybean

Abstract We developed a methodology and an optimization tool that simplifies calibration of the APSIM PLANT multi parameter input phenology module. The methodology and the tool were successfully applied to estimate phenological parameters for 40 soybean cultivars covering maturity groups from 00 to 6. Our approach utilized information on flowering, physiological maturity and soybean maturity group, and provided a complete set of phenological parameters for APSIM that accounted also for temperature × photoperiod interactions throughout the crop cycle. The model predicted flowering (root mean square error, RMSE = 3.1 d) and physiological maturity (RMSE = 5.5 d) very well in a range of environments across the USA (33–46°N latitude, n = 280). The relative absolute error was below 3% in all cases indicating the robustness of our approach. The APSIM PLANT phenology module is generic, thus our approach can be applied to all the short-day species included in the modelling platform.
Quantum dynamics of a hyper-Raman coupled model interacting with two quantized cavity fields

The quantum dynamics of a hyper-Raman coupled model interacting with two modes of the quantized cavity field is described. The model consists of a four-level atom in a v configuration where transitions between the ground and excited states occur through the absorption (emission) of two photons from one mode and the emission (absorption) of one photon from the other and where two intermediate states are taken to be far off-resonance and are adiabatically removed. This is a multiphoton extension of the Jaynes-Cummings model and is exactly solvable. We study the atomic inversion and investigate the production of non-classical light exhibiting antibunching, violations of the Cauchy-Schwartz inequality, and squeezing.
Contrast echocardiography in acute myocardial ischemia. II. The effect of site of injection of contrast agent on the estimation of area at risk for necrosis after coronary occlusion.

Myocardial contrast echocardiography has been shown to accurately assess the area at risk for necrosis after acute coronary occlusion in the experimental model. The area at risk as determined by this method, however, has been defined in different ways depending on the model used. Some investigators have injected the contrast agent proximal to the site of coronary occlusion (left main coronary artery or aorta) and defined the area at risk as the segment of myocardium not showing a contrast effect (negative risk area). Others have injected the contrast agent directly into the occluded vessel and have defined the area at risk as that showing contrast enhancement (positive risk area). To evaluate whether the areas at risk determined by these two techniques are identical, six open chest dogs were studied using both methods. The area at risk was slightly but significantly larger when the contrast agent was injected into the occluded vessel than when it was injected proximally into the left main coronary artery (4.98 ± 1.69 versus 3.97 ± 1.27 cm2, p
Hematopoietic differentiation activity of a recombinant human interleukin-6 (IL-6) isoform resulting from alternatively spliced deletion of the second exon.

We have previously identified and cloned an alternatively spliced form of human interleukin-6 mRNA lacking exon II, which encodes amino acid residues known to be important in gp130-mediated signal transduction pathways. We expressed and purified the recombinant protein (rIL6-alt) resulting from this alternatively spliced mRNA and now report the initial characterization of its biologic activities with comparison to full length IL6 (rIL6-full). rIL6-alt was found to have 10(4) to 10(5) fold less activity in proliferation assays with 7TD1 murine plasmacytoma cells and did not competitively inhibit the stimulatory activity of rIL6-full. In addition, like rIL6-full, rIL6-alt had antiproliferative activity toward M1 murine myeloblast cells and was 10-200-fold less active than rIL6-full. In contrast, in assays with human HL60 promyelocytic leukemia cells, rIL6-alt had greater antiproliferative activity than rIL6-full and more strongly upregulated phagocytosis as well as surface expression of the differentiation antigen CD11b. rIL6-full and rIL6-alt upregulated the level of lysozyme mRNA in HL60 cells approximately equally. These findings suggest that IL6-alt, which lacks amino acid residues encoded by the second exon of the gene, is not a natural inhibitor of IL6-full but may be relatively tissue specific and may play a role in modulation of hematopoietic cell growth and differentiation.
New Records of the Nine-Banded Armadillo, Dasypus novemcinctus, in Southeast Tennessee, and their Implications

For over 150 years the nine-banded armadillo, Dasypus novemcinctus, has been expanding its range into the southern United States. Previous studies have suggested an average expansion rate of 7.8 km/year, with the fastest expansion rates in the Gulf Coast of Florida at 17.2 km/year and the southern Great Plains at a rate of 11 km/year. Beginning in July 2007, we collected 11 road-killed specimens of D. novemcinctus from southeast Tennessee; one from Hamilton County, one from Rutherford County, three from Marion County, and six from Franklin County. These records represent an extension of approximately 325 km to the east and 375 km to the north of previously published range limits. The new records imply an expansion rate in far excess of previous maximum estimates. The six Franklin County specimens were collected atop the Cum- berland Plateau at elevations of 446, 462, 570, 583 (two specimens), and 606 m asl. These elevation records suggest further northward and eastward expansion of the species is likely. The ecological implications of this increased rate of geographic expansion are discussed.
Truncation error bounds for the composition of limit-periodic linear fractional transformations

Abstract Baltus, C., Truncation error bounds for the composition of limit-periodic linear fractional transformations, Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 46 (1993) 395–404. Suppose (i) {tn(w} is a sequence of linear fractional transformations, tn(w) → t(w) = (aw + b)/(w + d), ad ≠ b or a = b = 0 ≠ d, where fixed points un → u, vn → v, with |(d + v)/(d + u)|
CO2 from fossil fuel burning: global distribution of emissions

The atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide is increasing. An important source of this excess carbon dioxide is the burning of fossil fuels for energy uses. This paper describes an estimate of the areal distribution of CO 2 emissions from energy sources. CO 2 from fuel burned in international bunkers is not included nor is CO 2 from gas flaring or cement manufacture. Emissions are calculated on a 5° x 5° grid of latitude and longitude, based primarily on United Nations fuel use data. Fuel consumption data by country, by state within the US, and by province in Canada are used to calculate CO 2 emissions. Distribution of CO 2 emissions within these political entities is based on population distribution, using both discrete population data for subcountry units and population density maps. Aside from errors inherent in the UN fuel data and in our estimates for fuel composition and combustion efficiency, the major sources of error are (a) within-country regional variations in energy use per capita, (b) within-country regional variations in energy sources (e.g., hydroelectric versus coal electric), and (c) errors in our estimates of relative population density within political entities. While we believe regional patterns are accurately represented and that no CO 2 parcel is allocated very far from its correct source grid space, individual emission numbers by grid space are subject to large uncertainty. The final tabulation shows that 90% of total emissions are from the latitude band 20°-60° N, with the highest individual numbers from the grid spaces containing Frankfurt, London, and Tokyo. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.1985.tb00073.x
The association between discontinuing hormonal contraceptives and wives’ marital satisfaction depends on husbands’ facial attractiveness

How are hormonal contraceptives (HCs) related to marital well-being? Some work suggests HCs suppress biological processes associated with women’s preferences for partner qualities reflective of genetic fitness, qualities that may be summarized by facial attractiveness. Given that realizing such interpersonal preferences positively predicts relationship satisfaction, any changes in women’s preferences associated with changes in their HC use may interact with partner facial attractiveness to predict women’s relationship satisfaction. We tested this possibility using two longitudinal studies of 118 newlywed couples. Trained observers objectively rated husbands’ facial attractiveness in both studies. In study 1, wives reported their marital satisfaction every 6 mo for 4 y and then reported the history of their HC use for their relationship. In study 2, wives reported whether they were using HCs when they met their husbands and then their marital satisfaction and HC use every 4 mo for up to three waves. In both studies, and in an analysis that combined the data from both studies, wives who were using HCs when they formed their relationship with their husband were less satisfied with their marriage when they discontinued HCs if their husband had a relatively less attractive face, but more satisfied if their husband had a relatively more attractive face. Beginning HCs demonstrated no consistent associations with marital satisfaction. Incongruency between HC use at relationship formation and current HC use was negatively associated with sexual satisfaction, regardless of husbands’ facial attractiveness. These findings suggest that HC use may have unintended implications for women’s close relationships.
Preference for inconsistent information in impression formation.

S~inzmary.--An experiment was conducted to test a derivation from a model of impression formation that inconsistent trait information would be evaluated more favorably than consistent trait information. It was predicted that the derivation would hold only under conditions where Ss were forewarned about the inconsistency. Ss rated their liking for several persons, each described by either one trait or a pair of traits. For half the trait pairs the two traits positively implied each other. For the other half of the trait pairs the two traits in a pair were strongly inconsistent. The results of the study supported the model. I n consistent trait pairs were evaluated more favorably than consistent pairs. This result was obtained regardless of whether or not Ss were forewarned about the inconsistency.
“Everyone can do as he wants”: Economic liberalization and emergent forms of antipathy in southern Ethiopia

After the fall of Ethiopia's socialist government, people in Konso in the south appropriated idioms associated with neoliberal economic reforms to describe and to shape their reconfiguration of hereditary status groups, as some historically despised Xauta artisans and merchants became wealthy and some dominant Etenta cultivators adopted Xauta identity. Countering scholarship that assumes a recent break with previously separate and stable status groups, I argue that, throughout the 20th century, people in Konso reshaped inherited social categories through interactions with novel information and changing political–economic circumstances. Emergent relations today are shaped in an increasingly transnational postsocialist context, and they reconfigure, rather than eliminate, local hegemonies.
EFFECT OF A GLYCEROL-CONTAINING HYPOTONIC MEDIUM ON ERYTHROCYTE PHOSPHOLIPID ASYMMETRY AND AMINOPHOSPHOLIPID TRANSPORT DURING STORAGE

Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that under blood bank storage conditions red blood cell (RBC) ATP and lipid content were better maintained in a glycerol-containing hypotonic experimental additive solution (EAS 25) than in the conventional storage medium Adsol. The objective of this study was to determine the mechanism of the protective effect of EAS 25, by measuring transmembrane phospholipid asymmetry and the membrane integrity of stored RBCs. Split units of packed RBCs were stored in either EAS 25 or Adsol. RBCs were analyzed after 0, 42, and 84 days and vesicles shed from stored RBCs were analyzed after 84 days of storage. Phospholipid asymmetry was measured by phospholipase A2 digestion (RBCs) and activation of the prothrombinase complex (RBCs, vesicles). RBC membrane exhibited a significantly greater (P < 0.01) amount of phosphatidylethanolamine externalized after storage in Adsol than in EAS 25 (44.3% +/- 11.7 vs. 25.3% +/- 5.7, respectively). Prothrombin converting activities in RBCs were significantly lower than in shed vesicles (P < 0.001) suggesting the presence of phosphatidylserine in the outer monolayer of vesicle, but not in RBC membranes. The rates of inwardly-directed aminophospholipid transport in RBCs decreased by 50% and glutathione levels decreased by approximately 50% in both media. RBC cholesterol and phospholipid content of stored RBCs remained significantly greater (P < 0.01) in EAS 25 than in Adsol. The results indicate that despite comparable reduction in the rate of aminophospholipid transport and reduced GSH concentrations, RBC phospholipid asymmetry was better maintained during storage in EAS 25 than in Adsol. The data suggest that glycerol in the hypotonic EAS helps preserve RBC lipid organization and membrane integrity during storage.
Phylogenetic relationships of the spider family Tetragnathidae (Araneae, Araneoidea) based on morphological and DNA sequence data

The monophyly of Tetragnathidae including the species composition of the family (e.g., Are Nephila and their relatives part of this lineage?), the phylogenetic relationships of its various lineages, and the exact placement of Tetragnathidae within Araneoidea have been three recalcitrant problems in spider systematics. Most studies on tetragnathid phylogeny have focused on morphological and behavioral data, but little molecular work has been published to date. To address these issues we combine previous morphological and behavioral data with novel molecular data including nuclear ribosomal RNA genes 18S and 28S, mitochondrial ribosomal RNA genes 12S and 16S and protein-coding genes from the mitochondrion [cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI)] and from the nucleus (histone H3), totaling ca. 6.3 kb of sequence data per taxon. These data were analyzed using direct optimization and static homology using both parsimony and Bayesian methods. Our results indicate monophyly of Tetragnathidae, Tetragnathinae, Leucauginae, the "Nanometa clade" and the subfamily Metainae, which, with the exception of the later subfamily, received high nodal support. Morphological synapomorphies that support these clades are also discussed. The position of tetragnathids with respect to the rest of the araneoid spiders remains largely unresolved but tetragnathids and nephilids were never recovered as sister taxa. The combined dataset suggests that Nephilidae is sister to Araneidae; furthermore, the sister group of Nephila is the clade composed by Herennia plus Nephilengys and this pattern has clear implications for understanding the comparative biology of the group. Tetragnathidae is most likely sister to some members of the "reduced piriform clade" and nephilids constitute the most-basal lineage of araneids.
Polymer-templated organosilicas with hexagonally ordered mesopores: the effect of organosilane addition at different synthesis stages

Two series of ordered mesoporous organosilica (OMO) SBA-15 materials with surface and bridging groups were fabricated by varying the organic precursor addition at different synthesis stages. The consequence of the delayed introduction of organic precursor on the structural and adsorption properties of the resulting OMOs was investigated. The OMOs studied were synthesized via co-condensation of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and ureidopropyltrimethoxysilane (UPS) as well as TEOS and bis(triethoxysilylpropyl) disulfide (BTDS) in the presence of poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)- poly(ethylene oxide) triblock copolymer Pluronic P123 (EO20PO70EO20). The aforementioned OMOs were characterized by nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms at −196 °C and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). Nitrogen adsorption isotherms were used to estimate the pore volume, mesopore diameter and the BET specific surface area, whereas the XRD data provided information about structural ordering and unit cell of the samples studied.
Effects of pulsation and mass loss on stellar evolution

There is much evidence that many post-main sequence stars are losing mass, that the integrated mass loss is sufficient to affect their evolution and that epochs of substantial mass loss are normal for almost all stars. However, neither the precise timing, nor the mechanisms, nor the full consequences of this mass loss are yet well understood. Stellar pulsation may play a key role: it is closely associated with evolutionary phases where substantial mass loss occurs, and there are good physical reasons to expect pulsation to cause, or at least greatly to enhance, mass loss. Here we point out that there are many possible consequences, some not previously recognized, of pulsation-related mass loss for the evolutionary behaviour of post-main sequence stars. We advance the hypothesis that most mass loss of evolutionary significance is closely related to stellar pulsation.
Stripe correlations of spins and holes in cuprates and nickelates

Recent neutron diffraction studies of coupled spatial modulations of the spin and charge densities within the CuO2 planes of layered cuprates (and NiO2 planes of nickelate analogs) are reviewed. Analysis of superlattice peaks that appear at low temperatures (≤ 100 K) in hole-doped La2NiO4 indicates that the holes tend to localize in periodically-ordered antiphase domain walls separating antiferromagnetic stripes of Ni spins. Evidence for a similar ordering has now been found in a copper-oxide compound. La1.6-xNd0.4SrxCuO4 with ≈ 1/8, in which the superconductivity is anomalously suppressed. It is proposed that dynamical correlations of the same nature occur in superconducting cuprates. The relevance to the low-energy electrodynamics is discussed.
Retrieval of aerosol and cloud properties using multiwavelength elastic-Raman lidar

The aerosol-cloud interaction is a complex and critical process in assessing the climate radiative effects of aerosol and cloud. Lidar can simultaneously measure the range-resolved distribution of aerosol-cloud with the high spatial-temporal resolution, and hence provides the opportunity to explore the cloud-aerosol optical properties and their interaction. Their interactions have been indicated by the significant variation of optical properties and droplet size of aerosol and cloud at the cloud vicinity or edges. But due to dramatic non-linear or irregular variation of lidar returns by the cloud, the evaluation of lidar algorithm deriving cloud extinction coefficient becomes quite important especially at the edges because the common algorithms may result in the artificial influence on the retrievals of cloud extinction and extinctionto- backscatter ratio (e.g. lidar ratio or S-ratio). In particular, the relationships of water cloud optical properties with the droplet size are simulated which include lidar ratio, color ratio and extinction ratio are used and general trends with measurements are demonstrated. To obtain color ratios (355/1064), a good calibration procedure for the 1064nm channel is required and we show that calibration errors using low water drop clouds allow absolute calibration < 10%. Preliminary results seem to indicate that small pre-nucleated droplets form at the aerosol - cloud boundary which is consistent with aerosol uptake into clouds. In addition, we also explore the increase in aerosol lidar-ratio below cloud indicative of hygroscopic growth.
Sharing Our Teachers: The Required Graduate Class at the American Museum of Natural History for Lehman College (CUNY).

This reflective study explores the history and outcomes of a teacher education collaboration between the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) and Lehman College of The City University of New York (CUNY), in the Bronx, NY, USA. AMNH developed and teaches a Lehman course, Museum Resources for Teaching Science, for Master's degree candidates in science teaching in secondary schools. The course focuses on teaching and learning using a variety of informal science resources and contexts. In this study, the authors examined the observed practices of instructors, students' assignments and thesis work, and course evaluations. Qualitative and quantitative data collected over nine years highlight the kinds of experiences that teachers had and valued. The authors found evidence that the Museum was a powerful resource for inspiring students through hands-on and self-directed science learning; that through exposure to these practices while still in their teacher education program, teacher learners experienced and ...
Recruitment or Preparation? Investigating the Effects of Teacher Characteristics and Student Teaching:

Some believe the solution to improving instructional quality in K-12 schools lies in identifying and recruiting certain kinds of individuals to the profession (e.g., academically talented, stronger commitment). Others believe that talented or committed individuals cannot become effective or enduring teachers without adequate preparation. Most prior literature examines either recruitment or preparation, rather than weighing evidence for both simultaneously. In addition, most prior research investigates the effects of either approach on only a single outcome, rather than considering multiple outcomes at once. Drawing on pre- and poststudent teaching surveys of more than 1,000 prospective teachers in a large, urban district, this study uses a unique strategy to disentangle the effects of one dimension of preparation (student teaching) from the effects of teacher characteristics on a number of measures for teachers’ self-perceived instructional quality and career plans. The findings indicate that career plans...
Fluids in the lithosphere, 2. Experimental constraints on CO2 transport in dunite and quartzite at elevated P-T conditions with implications for mantle and crustal decarbonation processes

Abstract In a series of experiments at 0.5–1.3 GPa and 1050–1200°C we have monitored the transport, via crack propagation, of CO 2 into well-annealed olivine and quartz aggregates. The objectives were to determine (1) the extent and rate of fluid penetration; (2) the effect of varying both P-T conditions and microstructure; and (3) the fluid penetration pathways. Experiments on CO 2 penetration into dunite annealed in the absence of MgO indicate rapid and pervasive fluid transport on a grain-dimension scale, but a limited penetration distance (∼ 1 mm). Additional experiments on dunite annealed in the presence of MgO (either dispersed or present at both ends), however, resulted in CO 2 penetration that was both pervasive on the scale of individual grains and almost always completely through the 5 mm long samples. The abundance of fine (10 μm) grains in the MgO-free dunite, in contrast to the much larger grain sizes of the samples annealed with MgO present, suggests the difference in fluid penetration behavior may arise because the strength variation in dunite scales with the grain size. Effects arising from changes in olivine point defect chemistry, however, are an additional possibility. The response of synthetic quartzite to CO 2 overpressure is distinct from that of dunite: Quartzite experiences rapid and complete penetration of CO 2 , via a macroscopically visible system of transgranular fractures, over the range of P-T conditions investigated. The small amount of porosity (⩽ 2–3%) present in most rock samples fabricated for this study, lacks three-dimensional connectivity, thus precluding any enhanced fluid penetration via porous flow. Pores could possibly enhance fluid penetration as the result of a small reduction in resistance to fracture, but the probable abundance of strength-controlling flaws in natural rocks is likely to produce similar behavior. The results of our experiments on olivine and olivine + MgO suggest that the transport of pressurized CO 2 in very olivine-rich mantle environments will be pervasive on the scale of individual grains and its extent may be dependent on rock microstructure and/or crystal chemical effects. Such pervasive fluid transport, perhaps associated with magma decarbonation, may have interesting implications for both magma transport and local LREE enrichment of adjacent mantle wall-rock. The ease with which quartzite is penetrated by CO 2 at the conditions of our experiments underscores the possible role of decarbonation reactions in crustal permeability-enhancement processes.
High-Rate quantum key distribution with superconducting nanowire single photon detectors

We demonstrate the potential for 1.85 Mbit/s secure key rates over 101 km of fiber, >100 times faster than previously demonstrated, using the differential phase shift quantum key distribution protocol and superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors.
Visible light sensitized inactivation of MS-2 bacteriophage by a cationic amine-functionalized C60 derivative.

Recently, we reported the successful synthesis of various hexakis C60 derivatives (i.e., C60 with six functional groups containing NH3+-, CO2H-, or OH-terminals) with enhanced stability in water for aqueous phase application (Lee et al., Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43, pp 6604−6610). Among these newly synthesized C60 derivatives, the cationic hexakis C60 derivative with amine functionality, C60(CR2)6 (R = CO2(CH2)2NH3+CF3CO2−), was found to exhibit remarkable efficiency to inactivate Escherichia coli and MS-2 bacteriophage under UVA irradiation. Herein, we report that this amine-functionalized C60 derivative is also photoactive in response to visible light from both commercial fluorescence lamps and sunlight. Efficient production of 1O2, facile reaction of 1O2 with proteins in MS-2 phage capsid and electrostatic attraction between positively charged C60 derivative and negatively charged MS-2 phage collectively contributed to high efficiency of MS-2 phage inactivation in this photocatalytic disinfection s...
Planar terahertz waveguides based on periodically dimpled metal films

We demonstrate planar plasmonic THz waveguides based on dimpled metal films. The propagation properties of the guided modes depend upon the geometrical parameters of the dimples and can be broadly engineered.
African literature to-day

Being interested in African literature one seems to swim from the very beginning in a terminological maelstrom. What is African literature? Is it literature written by any African author in any language? That would mean approaching the question from a purely racial basis. It would imply the art of demonstrating that any piece of such literature could infallibly be recognised as African, a thing which, as far as I know has never been done. Or is African literature strictly bound to traditional African culture?
In Vivo Dissolution Rates: An Error Analysis

The uncertainty associated with the determination of in vivo dissolution rates was determined by Monte Carlo simulation. Error was imposed upon sets of artificially generated data that simulated plasma drug levels after tablet and solution dosage from ingestion. Deconvolutions were performed on the data sets to determine how error in the plasma levels propagated into the in vivo dissolution determinations. Two approaches were taken in the performance of the deconvolution step of the simulation. In the first, a model was explicitly assumed for dissolution. In the second, deconvolution was accomplished by a mass balance approach in which no explicit model for dissolution was assumed.
Retrieval Induces Forgetting, But Only When Nontested Items Compete for Retrieval: Implication for Interference, Inhibition, and Context Reinstatement

The mechanism responsible for retrieval-induced forgetting has been the subject of rigorous theoretical debate, with some researchers postulating that retrieval-induced forgetting can be explained by interference (J. G .W. Raaijmakers & E. Jakab, 2013) or context reinstatement (T. R. Jonker, P. Seli, & C. M. MacLeod, 2013), whereas others claim that retrieval-induced forgetting is better explained by inhibition (M. C. Anderson, 2003). A fundamental assumption of the inhibition account is that nonpracticed items are suppressed because they compete for retrieval during initial testing. In the current study, we manipulated competition in a novel interpolated testing paradigm by having subjects learn the nonpracticed items either before (high-competition condition) or after (low-competition condition) they practiced retrieval of the target items. We found retrieval-induced forgetting for the nonpracticed competitors only when they were studied before retrieval practice. This result provides support for a critical assumption of the inhibition account.
Balanitis Circumscripta Plasmacellularis

ABSTRACTBalanitis circumscripta plasmacellularis typically affects the glans penis and/or prepuce, and presents as chronic shiny smooth red-orange plaques. We report on an uncircumcised man with 2 moist red-orange lesions of balanitis circumscripta plasmacellularis on the glans and penile shaft, which were refractory to topical therapy and systemic antibiotics, and review the literature. Clinical morphology, microscopic features, differential diagnosis, postulated etiologies and treatments are discussed. When balanitis circumscripta plasmacellularis is suspected clinically, diagnosis can be readily confirmed by microscopic examination of the lesion. Differentiating this lesion from similar lesions is essential since it is benign and can be treated relatively easily by circumcision.
Formation of multiple quantum wires by strain-induced lateral-layer ordering process

Abstract Quantum wire heterostructures have been grown in situ using gas source molecular beam epitaxy. Lateral composition variation was achieved in the Ga x In 1- x P material system via a strain-induced lateral-layer ordering process occurring spontaneously when (GaP) n /(InP) n short-period superlattices are grown on (100)-oriented on-axis GaAs substrates. This results in a quasi-periodic modulation of the Ga x In 1- x P composition along the [110] direction with a periodicity of 95 °A. Thin (≈200°A) layers of these laterally ordered regions imbedded between bulk lattice-matched Ga 0.51 In 0.49 P epilayers in the longitudinal direction form quantum wire arrays. The formation of multiple quantum wires is confirmed by cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy. The Ga x In 1- x P multiple quantum wire heterostructure exhibits highly polarized photoluminescence spectra with peak intensity ratios of over 24 for the two orthogonal polarizations as a result of strain-induced lateral-layer ordering.
Sjögren’s Syndrome-Like Ocular Surface Disease in Thrombospondin-1 Deficient Mice

Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) is a major activator of latent transforming growth factor-β in vitro as well as in vivo. Mice deficient in TSP-1, despite appearing normal at birth, develop a chronic form of ocular surface disease that is marked by increased apoptosis and deterioration in the lacrimal gland, associated dysfunction, and development of inflammatory infiltrates that result in abnormal tears. The increase in CD4+ T cells in the inflammatory infiltrates of the lacrimal gland, and the presence of anti-Sjogren’s syndrome antigen A and anti-Sjogren’s syndrome antigen B antibodies in the serum resemble autoimmune Sjogren’s syndrome. These mice develop an ocular surface disorder dry eye that includes disruption of the corneal epithelial layer, corneal edema, and a significant decline in conjuctival goblet cells. Externally, several mice develop dry crusty eyes that eventually close. The inflammatory CD4+ T cells detected in the lacrimal gland, as well as those in the periphery of older TSP-1 null mice, secrete interleukin-17A, a cytokine associated with chronic inflammatory diseases. Antigen-presenting cells, derived from TSP-1 null, but not from wild-type mice, activate T cells to promote the Th17 response. Together, these results indicate that TSP-1 deficiency results in a spontaneous form of chronic dry eye and aberrant histopathology associated with Sjogren’s syndrome.
Ultraviolet irradiation of municipal wastewater: Evaluation of effects on organic constituents

Abstract A comparison of chromatograms derived from the UV-absorbing and oxidizable constituents present in primary and secondary municipal wastewater effluents indicates that exposure to UV irradiation at disinfection levels results in only slight chemical changes. The most pronounced chemical effects to nonvolatile organic constituents in wastewater effluents have been observed at irradiation levels in excess of those necessary for disinfection. Aliquots of effluents before and after exposure to varying levels of UV irradiation were concentrated by lyophilization prior to liquid chromatographic (LC) analysis. Anion-exchange chromatographic techniques utilizing a modified ultraviolet detector coupled in series with a cerate oxidative monitor provided excellent resolution and sensitivity in the determination of chemical changes occurring in the effluents as a result of exposure to different irradiation levels. The total coliform counts for each irradiated effluent were determined by the membrane-filter technique to evaluate the effectiveness of UV irradiation as a disinfection process for municipal wastewaters. Changes in biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) at different levels of exposure to UV irradiation are presented. The results of these determinations and the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry data characterizing the observed chemical changes are discussed.
A Note on Groomprice

With this issue, Discussion and Debate is replaced by Reports and Comments, reflecting the desire of the Editorial Board to encourage the prompt publication of short factual reports of the results of recent research (preferably, less than 1,500 words). There will be less emphasis on exchanges between authors and their critics, although manuscripts already accepted for Discussion and Debate will be published, some in this issue and some in later issues, and the Editors will still consider for publication brief comments concerning articles and reviews that we have published.