cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
246 : TSLP-mediated extramedullary hematopoiesis promotes allergic inflammation

Extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) refers to the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) into effector cells that occurs in compartments outside of the bone marrow. Previous studies established a link between pattern recognition receptor-expressing HSCs, EMH and innate immune responses to bacterial or viral pathogens. However, the factors that regulate EMH and whether EMH is a conserved mechanism of innate immunity to diverse stimuli remain poorly defined. Here, we demonstrate a previously unrecognized role for thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) in promoting the population expansion of Lineage − , CD34 + , c-Kit + granulocyte-monocyte progenitor (GMP)-like cells in the periphery. TSLP-elicited progenitors possess the capacity to differentiate into macrophages, mast cells and basophils. Critically, adoptive transfer of TSLP-elicited GMP-like cells was sufficient to promote Th2 cytokine-dependent immunity to an intestinal helminth parasite, demonstrating a role for TSLP-elicited GMP-like cells in promoting inflammation. Further, circulating progenitor cells were also increased in allergic patients with a gain-of-function polymorphism in TSLP , suggesting that the TSLP-EMH pathway may be operational in human disease. These data demonstrate a previously unrecognized role for TSLP in promoting EMH that contributes to the development of Th2-cytokine-mediated inflammation and identify the TSLP-EMH pathway as a possible therapeutic target to treat allergic inflammation.
Sex Differences in an Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis: Are Restricted Repetitive Behaviors and Interests the Key?

Restricted and repetitive behaviors and interests (RRBI) have garnered attention for their presenting sex differences in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Specifically, previous works have claimed that RRBI are less predictive of an ASD diagnosis for females relative to males. Previous reports have demonstrated mixed findings: females present with greater RRBI (e.g., compulsive behaviors), females present with fewer RRBI (e.g., restricted interests), and females are not distinguishable from males based on overall RRBI profiles. The following review details behavioral and neurophysiological RRBI findings to argue that female presentations are qualitatively and quantitatively unique and should be taken into consideration for diagnostic measures. Future directions will be suggested in under-explored areas including functional imaging, sensory profiles, and typically developing control groups.
Contributions of childhood trauma and atypical development to increased clinical symptoms and poor functioning in recent onset psychosis.

Aim The trauma-psychosis cycle proposes an interactive relationship between impaired developmental and cognitive trajectory, childhood trauma exposure, and increased risk for psychosis. This study explored how childhood trauma (CT) and atypical development (AD) impact clinical course in an early psychosis cohort. Methods A retrospective chart review of behavioural and clinical research data was conducted with individuals ages 12 to 40 (N = 508; 72.4% males) evaluated by an early psychosis program. Results CT exposure was associated with earlier onset of full threshold psychosis, more hospitalizations, higher ratings of negative symptoms, and increased likelihood of engaging in suicidal behaviour. AD alone was associated with earlier onset of psychosis symptoms, higher ratings of negative symptoms and greater likelihood of engaging in non-suicidal self-injury. The combination of CT and AD was associated with the earliest symptom onset and poorest psychosocial functioning. Conclusions The findings contribute to our understanding of heterogeneity in the early psychosis population and highlight the specific risk factors that could be targets in treatment.
Cerebral Bypass Surgery

Cerebral bypass is an important option for the management of a variety of conditions. These include flow augmentation for cerebrovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis or moyamoya and flow replacement for proximal stenosis or aneurysms. Since the integration of fluorescent technology with microscopes, fluorescent videoangiography (VA) enables real-time intraoperative monitoring of graft patency. Furthermore, fluorescent VA is a safe, fast, cost-effective, and less invasive alternative to other intraoperative imaging methods including intraoperative digital subtraction angiography, doppler ultrasound, and intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging. Indocyanine green (ICG) and sodium fluorescein (FL) each offer their relative advantages and disadvantages, with ICG allowing for semi-quantification of flow using the FLOW 800 module, more frequent reinjections, and better visualization of large arteries; FL has been shown to be superior in visualizing deep structures and perforators and at higher magnifications. Pitfalls of VA pertain to those of optically based methods of imaging in general with areas visualized limited to those that can be seen through the microscope. Nevertheless, fluorescent VA is a key tool for routine intraoperative evaluation of cerebral blood flow in bypass surgery.
Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Inhibition Improves Multiple Dimensions of NASH Pathogenesis in Model Systems.

Background & Aims Disordered metabolism, steatosis, hepatic inflammation, and fibrosis contribute to the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) catalyzes the first committed step in de novo lipogenesis (DNL) and modulates mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. Increased hepatic DNL flux and reduced fatty acid oxidation are hypothesized to contribute to steatosis. Some proinflammatory cells also show increased dependency on DNL, suggesting that ACC may regulate aspects of the inflammatory response in NASH. PF-05221304 is an orally bioavailable, liver-directed ACC1/2 inhibitor. The present studies sought to evaluate the effects of PF-05221304 on NASH pathogenic factors in experimental model systems. Methods The effects of PF-05221304 on lipid metabolism, steatosis, inflammation, and fibrogenesis were investigated in both primary human-derived in vitro systems and in vivo rodent models. Results PF-05221304 inhibited DNL, stimulated fatty acid oxidation, and reduced triglyceride accumulation in primary human hepatocytes, and reduced DNL and steatosis in Western diet–fed rats in vivo, showing the potential to reduce hepatic lipid accumulation and potentially lipotoxicity. PF-05221304 blocked polarization of human T cells to proinflammatory but not anti-inflammatory T cells, and suppressed activation of primary human stellate cells to myofibroblasts in vitro, showing direct effects on inflammation and fibrogenesis. Consistent with these observations, PF-05221304 also reduced markers of inflammation and fibrosis in the diethylnitrosamine chemical–induced liver injury model and the choline-deficient, high-fat–fed rat model. Conclusions The liver-directed dual ACC1/ACC2 inhibitor directly improved multiple nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/NASH pathogenic factors including steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in both human-derived in vitro systems and rat models.
Vegetative phase change in Populus tremula x alba

O_LIPlants transition through juvenile and adult phases of vegetative development in a process known as vegetative phase change (VPC). In poplars (genus Populus) the differences between these stages are subtle, making it difficult to determine when this transition occurs. Previous studies of VPC in poplars have relied on plants propagated in vitro, so the normal nature of this process is still unknown. C_LIO_LIWe examined developmental morphology of seed-grown and in vitro derived Populus tremula x alba (clone 717-1B4), and compared the phenotype of these, to plants over- and under-expressing miR156, the master regulator of VPC. C_LIO_LIIn seed-grown plants, most traits changed from node-to-node during the first 3 months of development but remained relatively constant starting around node 25. Most of these traits remained unchanged in clones over-expressing miR156, demonstrating they are regulated by the miR156/SPL pathway. Leaf fluttering--a characteristic of Populus tremula ("quaking aspen")--is one of these miR156-regulated traits. C_LIO_LIVegetative development in plants grown from culture mirrored that of seed-grown plants, allowing direct comparison between plants often used in research and those found in nature. These results provide a foundation for further research on the role of VPC in the ecology and evolution of this economically important genus. C_LI
Optimal CRC Design and Serial List Viterbi Decoding for Multi-Input Convolutional Codes

We introduce a process for designing the optimal cyclic redundancy check (CRC) code for each input of a given $\kappa$ input convolutional code $(\kappa \ge 1)$. Using the free distance on each input and considering that each input sequence can correspond to multiple error events in a $\kappa -$ input CC, the process efficiently narrows down from the set of polynomials with the same degree the best CRC that provides the minimum frame error rate (FER) for each input. We also extend the efficient and low complexity serial list Viterbi algorithm (SLVA) for single-input CCs in [1] to the $\kappa -$ input case. We discuss different ways of integrating CRCs in a $\kappa -$ input CC and derive the truncated union bound on the FER for each input. Numerical examples on a two-input CC illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed CRC design and SLVA decoder for $\kappa -$ input CCs.
Effective Mass Studies of Intercalated Graphite

The effective masses for graphite intercalation compounds are discussed in terms of measurement techniques and the relations between masses and the electronic structure. Typical results obtained by the Shubnikov-de Haas and magnetoreflection techniques are presented. The small masses that are observed can be explained on the basis of dispersion relations derived from the graphite π-bands.
Relationship between enteric neurons and interstitial cells in the primate gastrointestinal tract

Background Morphological studies have revealed a close anatomical relationship between enteric nerve terminals and intramuscular ICC (ICC-IM) which supports a role for ICC-IM as intermediaries in enteric motor neurotransmission. Recently, a second type of interstitial cell previously described as ‘fibroblast-like’ but can now be identified by platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α expression, has also been implicated in enteric neurotransmission in rodents. The present study was performed to determine if enteric nerve fibers form close anatomical relationships with ICC and PDGFRα+ cells throughout the primate GI tract. Methods Immunohistochemical experiments and confocal microscopy were performed to examine the relationship between excitatory and inhibitory motor neurons, ICC and PDGFRα+ cells throughout the monkey GI tract. Key Results The pan neuronal marker. Protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5) was used to label all enteric neurons and substance-P (sub-P) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) to label excitatory and inhibitory neurons, respectively. Double labeling with Kit revealed that both classes of nerve fibers were closely apposed with ICC-IM in the stomach, small intestine and colon (taenia and inter-taenia regions), but not with ICC at the level of the myenteric plexus (ICC-MY). Varicose enteric nerve fibers were closely associated with ICC-IM for distances up to 250 μm. Both excitatory and inhibitory nerve fibers were also closely apposed to PDGFRα+ cells throughout the primate GI tract. Conclusions & Inferences The close anatomical relationship between enteric nerve fibers and ICC-IM and PDGFRα+ cells throughout the GI tract of the Cynomolgus monkey provides morphological evidence that these two classes of interstitial cells may provide a similar physiological function in primates as has been attributed in rodent animal models.
Investigation of the loss of bone mineral in patients with spinal cord injury.

The urological management in non-traumatic paraplegia differs little from the management of the traumatic case; a policy of conservative optimism is adopted, particularly in dealing with multiple sclerosis and certain malignancies.
A parallel implementation of the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm for global gapped pair-wise alignment

Many problems in bioinformatics relate to the comparison of two DNA or protein sequences. Given two sequences, we often wish to find the best way to align them together; this gives us insight on what role these sequences play in the viability of an organism and what mutations may have led to the formation of these particular strands. A few algorithms have approached the problem of pair-wise sequence alignment, and the implementation of these algorithms is fairly standard. This project examines Gotoh's version of the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm [1].
The phenomenology of sharing: social media networking, asserting, and telling

This article takes up the current promise of computer-aided social networks as mechanisms for sharing in experiences. The author examines social networks phenomenologically, not merely as a tool for providing information and shaping what we think but as a social construct for what can be shared, how we think, and what can be known. The analysis identifies a connection between social networks and artificial intelligence systems, while also suggesting that significant experiential gaps built into the systems can lead to distortions in the ontology of shared experiences. The author argues, by applying concepts from Kant, Arendt, Schutz, and Heidegger, that computerized social networks offer an unparalleled opportunity for public administrators to discover and learn about social conditions, but these networks are not without significant limitations. An appreciation for the limits to sharing implicit in computerized social networks and artificial intelligence systems can be made explicit by applying concepts from phenomenology. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A direct radioimmunoassay for estriol-16-glucuronide in urine for monitoring pregnancy and induction of ovulation

Antibodies to estriol-16alpha-[beta-D-glucuronide] were raised in sheep with the use of keyhold limpet hemocyanin and bovine serum albumin conjugates of estriol-16alpha-[beta-D-glucuronide]. A simple, rapid method is presented for direct radioimmunoassay of estriol-16alpha-[beta-D-glucuronide] in urine with dextran-coated charcoal used for separation of free from bound and deionized water used for dilutions. The method is thrifty in its use of reagents. The assay has been evaluated in the pregnancy range, and the sensitivity has been extended into the range necessary for monitoring induction of ovulation with Pergonal.
The effects of information, behavioral rehearsal, and prompting on breast self-exams.

This study evaluated the efficacy of three approaches to increasing breast self-exam frequency in college-aged women. Program components included (1) an educational format which provided informationon breast cancer and breast self-examinations, (2) a demonstrationformat where examinations were demonstrated and practiced, and (3) a promptformat where subjects received monthly reminders to self-examine. Components were completely crossed in a factorial design with four assessment periods (pretreatment and 1, 3, and 6 months posttreatment). The results showed that the examination frequency increased over time and was significantly higher in the prompt conditions. Information and demonstration programs did not increase the exam frequency. The frequency also increased in the control group, suggesting that assessments may have also prompted the behavior. Implications of the results are discussed.
Robot behavior toolkit: generating effective social behaviors for robots

Social interaction involves a large number of patterned behaviors that people employ to achieve particular communicative goals. To achieve fluent and effective humanlike communication, robots must seamlessly integrate the necessary social behaviors for a given interaction context. However, very little is known about how robots might be equipped with a collection of such behaviors and how they might employ these behaviors in social interaction. In this paper, we propose a framework that guides the generation of social behavior for humanlike robots by systematically using specifications of social behavior from the social sciences and contextualizing these specifications in an Activity-Theory-based interaction model. We present the Robot Behavior Toolkit, an open-source implementation of this framework as a Robot Operating System (ROS) module and a community-based repository for behavioral specifications, and an evaluation of the effectiveness of the Toolkit in using these specifications to generate social behavior in a human-robot interaction study, focusing particularly on gaze behavior. The results show that specifications from this knowledge base enabled the Toolkit to achieve positive social, cognitive, and task outcomes, such as improved information recall, collaborative work, and perceptions of the robot.
Ultrastructural immunocytochemical localization of fibronectin in the developing rat lung.

In a previous study changes in the macrodistribution of fibronectin during rat-lung development were examined. Using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemical technique, we have demonstrated the presence of fibronectin in embryonic, neonatal, and adult rat lung at the ultrastructural level. In the embryo, fibronectin is found both in an intra-and extracellular association with isolated pneumoblasts, and in a periodic distribution along the basal lamina. The neonate displays fibronectin in an intracellular association with early type-I cells and on their basal and luminal surfaces, but not in association with type-II cells. Neonatal basal lamina is diffusely labeled by anti-fibronectin antiserum. Fibronectin in adult tissue is found both intracellularly and on the basal and luminal surfaces of type-I cells but not in type-II cells. The basal lamina and interstitial connective tissue are slightly or non-reactive. These observations confirm and extend our initial suggestion that fibronectin is involved in rat-lung development.
A Tale of Two Receptors: Insulin and Insulin-Like Growth Factor Signaling in Cancer

Inhibition of the type I IGF receptor (IGF1R) has been the focus of numerous clinical trials. Two reports in this issue describe the results of phase I trials of an IGF1R tyrosine kinase inhibitor OSI-906. This commentary will describe the complex endocrine changes induced by these types of agents.
Vascular progenitor cells: origin and mechanisms of mobilization, differentiation, integration, and vasculogenesis.

The recent discovery of progenitor cells in peripheral blood that can differentiate into endothelial or vascular smooth muscle cells has led to the re-evaluation of many traditionally held beliefs about vascular biology. Most notably, concepts of vascular regeneration and repair, previously considered limited to the proliferation of existing differentiated cells within vascular tissue, have been expanded to include the potential for postnatal vasculogenesis. These cells have since been identified in the bone marrow, heart, skeletal muscle, and other peripheral tissues, including the vasculature itself. The significance of these cells lies not only in developing our understanding of normal vascular biology, but also in the insights they may provide into vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. In addition, a potential role in therapeutics has already been explored in early clinical trials in humans. The mechanisms underlying the mobilization, target tissue integration, differentiation, and the observed t...
Chelating Behavior between Metal Ions and EDTA in Sol−Gel Matrix

Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) was encapsulated in a sol−gel-derived optically transparent glass. The complexation of metal cations, Cu(II), Ni(II), Fe(III), Cr(III), Co(II), Mn(II), Pd(II), and Ir(IV), with EDTA in solutions and in gels was evidenced by the formation of individual colors. A comparison of the absorption spectra of Mn+/EDTA in solution, Mn+/EDTA in gel, and Mn+/EDTA complex in gel was performed. The results show that (i) all six chelating sites in EDTA remain active in a sol−gel matrix as they bind readily with Cu2+, Ni2+, Fe3+, Pd2+, and Ir4+, (ii) EDTA is rigidly oriented in a sol−gel matrix that inhibits its heat- or catalyst-assisted complexation with Cr3+, Co2+, and Mn2+, (iii) no absorption spectral shift for the d−d metal transitions was observed compared to those in solution, yet a 10−30 nm shift for the MLCT transitions of Cu2+, Ni2+, Fe3+, Pd2+, Ir4+ was detected, and (iv) the level of sensitivity in detecting metal cations using EDTA in gel is at least an order of magni...
Structure, function, and evolution of bacterial reverse transcriptase

The discovery of retroelements in the prokaryotes raises intriguing questions concerning their roles in bacteria and the origin and evolution of reverse transcriptases. We first discuss a possible structure of bacterial reverse transcriptases on the basis of the known three-dimensional structure of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, and how such a putative three-dimensional structure is able to recognize a single primer-template RNA molecule to initiate DNA chain elongation from the 2′-OH group of an internal G residue. This reaction leads to the production of a unique RNA-DNA complex called msDNA (multicopy single-stranded DNA) in which a single-stranded DNA branches out from an RNA molecule via a 2′,5′-phosphodiester linkage. Second, the mobility of the bacterial retroelements called retrons, responsible for the production of msDNA, are discussed and compared with the mobility of group I and group II introns. Third, the original and evolution of bacterial reverse transcriptases are discussed in light of the question of whether the bacterial reverse transcriptases are older than eukaryotic reverse transcriptases.
The effect of anisotropy on the integral representation of a cylindrical pulse

The infinite medium Green's function for a two dimensional anisotropic scalar wave equation is obtained in closed form using a technique developed by De Hoop1). The effect of anisotropy on the complex contour integral representation of this Green's function is explicitly exhibited.
Histologic changes in incipient carcinoma of the breast

The histopathologic grades, degrees of nuclear differentiation and lympho-cytic infiltrates in 38 intraductal mammary carcinomas are compared with these features of 254 ordinary invasive carcinomas and 35 cases with special types of carcinoma, all clinically localized, Stage A. Significantly, more well-differentiated carcinomas with differentiated nuclei occurred in the intraductal group, and more undifferentiated carcinomas with poorly differentiated nuclei were found among the invasive tumors. These discrepancies are believed to reflect enhanced invasion by less differentiated mammary carcinoma cells.
Acid deposition and critical load analysis in Agra, India.

Abstract The deposition of sulphur (161.1 eq. ha −1 per year), nitrogen(49.9 eq. ha −1 per year), and ammonium (176.8 eq. ha −1 per year) from the atmosphere were calculated for both wet and dry deposition in Agra region of India. Seven sampling sites located at Bichpuri, Bah, Fatehabad, Shamsabad, Nunhai, Dayalbagh, and St. John’s College were used. The values for critical load of sulphur and nitrogen for soil with respect to Hibiscus ( Hibiscus rosa-sinensis ) and Black siris ( Albizzia odoratissima ) were calculated. The methodology employed involved the steady state mass balance (SSMB) method. The values of actual acidity were compared with the RAINS-Asia model. On comparing the acidity, it was found that the values computed by RAINS-Asia model are higher for this area.
Myopathic arthrogryposis with seizures and abnormal electroencephalogram.

1. Weiss RR, Scho'eneman MF, Primack W, Rozycki D, Bennett B, and Greifer I: Maxillary brown tumor of secondary hyperparathyroidism in a hemodialysis patient, JAMA 243:1929, 1980. 2. Friedman WH, Pervez N, and Schwartz AE: Brown tumor of the maxilla in secondary hyperparathyroidism, Arch Otolaryngol 100:157, 1974. 3. Fletcher PD, Scoop 1W~ and Hersh RA: Oral manifestation of secondary hyperparathyroidism related to long term hemodialysis therapy, Oral Surg 43: 218, 1977. 4. Rao P, Solomon M, Avramides A, Saxena A, Delano B, Gold B, and Berger J: Brown tumor associated with secondary hyperparathyroidism of chronic renal failure, J Oral Surg 36:154, 1978. 5. Dehner LP: Head and neck in pediatric surgical pathology, St. Louis, 1975, The CV Mosby Company, pp 106 and 113. 6. Dehner LP, Sibley RK, Sauk Jr JJ, Vickers RA, Nesbit ME, Lenard AS, Waite DE, Neeley JE, and Ophoven J: Malignant melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy, Cancer 43:1389, 1979. 7. Coburn JW, Cohen JJ, Hampton JT, and Kassier J: Renal osteodystrophy, nephrology forum, Kidney Int 17:677, 1980.
Teaching and Evaluating Critical Thinking in an Environmental Context

As environmental education strives to create an informed citizenry capable of addressing complex problems, critical thinking is an integral part of this effort. This research guides environmental educators in defining, teaching, and evaluating critical thinking by summarizing a pilot study with an undergraduate forest issues course designed to increase critical thinking skills in students and move them toward responsible environmental citizenship. The course taught critical thinking skills explicitly, correlating each discussion and assignment to the specific critical thinking skills addressed. An essay-based assessment of critical thinking skill, a Likert-scale assessment of critical thinking disposition and qualitative interviews measured critical thinking in students. After the 15-week course, students significantly improved in critical thinking skills (n = 16, p < .05) and skills were correlated with critical thinking dispositions (n = 13, p < .05). Phenomenological analysis of interviews revealed tha...
Electrooptic characterization and Czochralski growth technique of pure and doped lithium niobate crystals

Ferroelectric Lithium Niobate (LN) possesses a combination of unique electrooptic, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, and photorefractive properties. These features make it suitable for applications in optical devices-as modulators, switches, and filters in communication systems and holographic recording medium, etc. Here, the growth of lithium Niobate doped with iron and doubly doped with iron and manganese ions will be described. The growth technique will be through Automatic Diameter Control Czochralski Design. From these grown crystals, critical electrooptical coefficients using null detection polarimetry are provided. The results of growth, electrooptic measurements, and some physical properties are compared and presented. Also, the use of doped LN crystals in devices is discussed.
Functions of Bifans in Context of Multiple Regulatory Motifs in Signaling Networks

Representation of intracellular signaling networks as directed graphs allows for the identification of regulatory motifs. Regulatory motifs are groups of nodes with the same connectivity structure, capable of processing information. The bifan motif, made of two source nodes directly crossregulating two target nodes, is an overrepresented motif in a mammalian cell signaling network and in transcriptional networks. One example of a bifan is the two MAP-kinases, p38, and JNK that phosphorylate and activate the two transcription factors ATF2 and Elk-1. We have used a system of coupled ordinary differential equations to analyze the regulatory capability of this bifan motif by itself, and when it interacts with other motifs such as positive and negative feedback loops. Our results indicate that bifans provide temporal regulation of signal propagation and act as signal sorters, filters, and synchronizers. Bifans that have OR gate configurations show rapid responses whereas AND gate bifans can introduce delays and allow prolongation of signal outputs. Bifans that have AND gates can filter noisy signal inputs. The p38/JNK-ATF2/Elk-1bifan synchronizes the output of activated transcription factors. Synchronization is a robust property of bifans and is exhibited even when the bifan is adjacent to a positive feedback loop. The presence of the bifan promotes the transcription and translation of the dual specificity protein phosphatase MKP-1 that inhibits p38 and JNK thus enabling a negative feedback loop. These results indicate that bifan motifs in cell signaling networks can contribute to signal processing capability both intrinsically and by enabling the functions of other regulatory motifs.
Refractive indices of ir materials: 10.6-μm ellipsometer measurements

10.6-μm ellipsometric measurements, using a modulated light ellipsometer, are reported for the refractive indices of KCl, CdTe, and ZnSe crystals and for ZnSe and ThF4 films.
Mass Flow and Thrust Performance of Nozzles With Mixed and Unmixed Nonuniform Flow

The calculated thrust and mass flow rate of a nozzle depend on the uniformity of the entering flow. The one-dimensional flow equations are extended to arrive at analytic expressions for the predicted performance of a nozzle processing two streams whose properties are determined ahead of the throat. The analysis approach forms the basis for the understanding of flows which have more complex distributions of total pressure and temperature. The uncertainty associated with mixing is examined by the consideration of the two limiting cases: compound flow with no mixing and completely mixed flow. Nozzle discharge and velocity coefficients accounting for non-uniformity are derived. The methodology can be extended to experimentally measured variations of flow properties so that proper geometric design variables may be obtained.
Hurricane Katrina: Who Stayed and Why?

This paper contributes to the growing body of social science research on population displacement from disasters by examining the social determinants of evacuation behavior. It seeks to clarify the effects of race and socioeconomic status on evacuation outcomes vis-a-vis previous research on Hurricane Katrina, and it expands upon prior research on evacuation behavior more generally by differentiating non-evacuees according to their reasons for staying. This research draws upon the Harvard Medical School Hurricane Katrina Community Advisory Group’s 2006 survey of individuals affected by Hurricane Katrina. Using these data, we develop two series of logistic regression models. The first set of models predicts the odds that respondents evacuated prior to the storm, relative to delayed- or non-evacuation; the second group of models predicts the odds that non-evacuees were unable to evacuate relative to having chosen to stay. We find that black and low-education respondents were least likely to evacuate prior to the storm and among non-evacuees, most likely to have been unable to evacuate. Respondents’ social networks, information attainment, and geographic location also affected evacuation behavior. We discuss these findings and outline directions for future research.
Increased PGE2 from human monocytes isolated in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Implications for immunity

The reproductive hormones are implicated in the well documented sexual dimorphism in cellular and immune responses. Prostaglandins (PGs) are mediators of the immune response with their concentration and relative amounts being pivotal to their impact. In resident peritoneal macrophages isolated from mice we had previously noted that the cells from females synthesized significantly more PG than males. In these experiments we investigated whether PG metabolism in the human monocyte was influenced by gender and by stage of the menstrual cycle. Monocytes isolated from the female and activated in vitro with LPS produced on average significantly more PG into the medium than the males. Among females, significantly more PG was found in the medium from cells isolated during the luteal phase of the cycle than during the early follicular phase. It was also in this luteal phase in which the female differed substantially from males. We suggest that the in vivo hormonal changes associated with the menstrual cycle modulate monocyte synthesis of PG and other immune modulators such as IL-1. This could be a key to understanding differences in vulnerability between males and females as well as within phases of the cycle, to immune and inflammatory insult.
Probabilistic document model for automated document composition

We present a new paradigm for automated document composition based on a generative, unified probabilistic document model (PDM) that models document composition. The model formally incorporates key design variables such as content pagination, relative arrangement possibilities for page elements and possible page edits. These design choices are modeled jointly as coupled random variables (a Bayesian Network) with uncertainty modeled by their probability distributions. The overall joint probability distribution for the network assigns higher probability to good design choices. Given this model, we show that the general document layout problem can be reduced to probabilistic inference over the Bayesian network. We show that the inference task may be accomplished efficiently, scaling linearly with the content in the best case. We provide a useful specialization of the general model and use it to illustrate the advantages of soft probabilistic encodings over hard one-way constraints in specifying design aesthetics.
Political-Cultural Analysis of Organizations

The political conception of organizations that emerged in the i970s revised conventional understanding of organization structure and process. Scholars using the cultural approach in the 1980s are attempting a similar type of reconceptualization. By incorporating the subgroup unit of analysis which is characteristic of political approaches, a more intelligible account of the structure and process which produce the outcomes of organizational behavior may be constructed. The conceptual basis of a political-cultural analysis and a methodology for implementing such an analysis based on the structural anthropology of Levi-Strauss are described.
On the Outside Looking In? The Experience of Being a Straight, Cisgender Qualitative Researcher

Research with disenfranchised and marginalized populations is often completed by those traditionally considered outsiders who are not part of the studied population. The history of outsider research has been somewhat tumultuous, and some outsider researchers have manipulated participants or carried out unethical studies. However, the insider/outsider dichotomy is overly simplistic and does not always accurately reflect the researcher position. Using lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer individuals as an example, this article will review the literature on insider/outsider researchers, suggest a more fluid concept of researcher positionality, and identify several recommendations for qualitative researchers.
A detailed elastic analysis of the flat punch (tack) test for pressure‐sensitive adhesives

Detailed finite element calculations are carried out in order to study the mechanical response of a compliant layer sandwiched between a rigid cylindrical flat punch and a rigid substrate. Two cases of practical interest are considered: one in which the layer is perfectly bonded to the punch and the substrate and one in which the interface between the punch and the layer is frictionless. The substrate is assumed to be perfectly bonded to the adhesive layer in both cases. Analytic expressions are obtained for the stresses away from the edges, and the effect of lateral constraint is examined. The compliances of the loading systems for both cases are obtained numerically, and accurate analytic expressions are determined based on these numeric results. The nature of the stress fields near the contact edge are explored, and their connections with the energy release rate are determined. The relevance of these calculations to two recent adhesion tests is discussed. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 38: 2769–2784, 2000
The alignment and phasing system for the Thirty Meter Telescope

The Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) is a collaborative project between the California Institute of Technology (CIT), the University of California (UC), the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA), and the Association of Canadian Universities for Research in Astronomy (ACURA). The Alignment and Phasing System (APS) for the Thirty Meter Telescope will be a Shack-Hartmann type camera that will provide a variety of measurements for telescope alignment, including segment tip/tilt and piston, segment figure, secondary and tertiary figure, and overall primary/secondary/tertiary alignment. The APS will be modeled after the Phasing Camera System (PCS), which performed most, but not all, of these tasks for the Keck Telescopes. We describe the functions of the APS, including a novel supplemental approach to measuring and adjusting the segment figures, which treats the segment aberrations as global variables.
Qualitative behavior of non-Abelian Toda-like flows

In this paper we analyze and compare the long term behavior of certain non-Abelian generalizations of the integrable Toda lattice flow. In particular, we show that these flows exhibit generalized sorting behavior analogous to the sorting behavior of the original tridiagonal Toda lattice. We show that one of these generalizations, the block double bracket equation, is gradient with respect to a normal metric, and exactly solvable. This provides a new solvable case of the double bracket system.
Computer-assisted modeling of subtilisin enantioselectivity in organic solvents.

In order to rationalize our discovery of a marked dependence of subtilisin's enantioselectivity on the organic solvent used as the reaction medium, we employed the X-ray crystal structure of the enzyme and the means of interactive computer modeling to construct the structures of the reactive enzyme-substrate complexes. For subtilisin-catalyzed trans-esterifications between vinyl butyrate and S and R enantiomers of chiral secondary alcohols XCH(OH)Y, the computer simulation data clearly explain a higher reactivity of the former enantiomer on the basis of severe steric hindrances experienced by the latter enantiomer in the active site of subtilisin. The models of binding derived by computer modeling also successfully predicted changes in subtilisin enantioselectivity as a function of the sizes of the X and Y substituents in the nucleophile and upon addition of certain inhibitors.
Bulk diamond for IR/rf windows and domes

Microwave plasma deposition techniques for preparing optical quality, uniformly thick diamond plates and domes continue to be actively developed. Thicknesses greater than two millimeters have been demonstrated for optical quality dome blanks, and excellent optical quality has been obtained for five inch diameter plates. Presently achievable CVD diamond is the strongest LWIR-transparent material and is impervious to thermal shock. It can be used in its present form for prototype window preparation. Nevertheless, further strength improvement is required for CVD diamond for applications requiring resistance to particle (e.g. raindrop) impacts. Fracture strength improvement is a primary objective of diamond technology development. Continued development of optical diamond technology must also emphasize increased deposition rates for the highest quality material and optimized polishing processes to assure its place as a cost effective optical material for high performance applications.
Infrageneric classification and species composition of the anole genera, Anolis, Ctenonotus, Dactyloa, Norops and Semiurus (Sauria: Iguanidae)

All valid species of Anolis, Ctenonotus, Dactyloa, Norops and Semiurus are listed by genus and where possible by the infrageneric categories (from most to least inclusive): series, subseries and species groups. An alphabetical index cross-referencing the species names to genus and series is also included.
Training to recognize individual differences in collectivism and individualism within culture

Abstract This article describes a self-administered questionnaire that allows individuals to determine their own tendencies toward individualism and collectivism. This approach enables trainers to (a) introduce novices to the constructs, (b) clarify that demographic factors and individual experiences, over and above cultural background, shift a person's position on these cultural syndromes, (c) provide training on how to place individuals more accurately in the context of the individualism and collectivism constructs. We also report the convergent validity of the new measures, and indicate which of the constituent elements of each measure are most central to the convergence with other measures of individualism and collectivism.
Development and operation of the SHOALS airborne lidar hydrographic survey system

This paper presents the history of development, testing, and two years operation of the Scanning Hydrographic Operational Airborne Lidar Survey (SHOALS) system. The SHOALS system was developed for the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) as part of an objective to facilitate private sector investment in lidar bathymetry by demonstrating the technology and commercial applications. The system services the USACE by providing hydrographic surveys of many of its projects, as well as providing services to other US government agencies including the National Ocean Service and Navy. Laboratory development was completed in November 1993 and field tests were conducted January through February 1994 to determine performance and compliance with contract specifications. Since acceptance in March 1994, and as of April 1996, SHOALS has surveyed over 50 projects covering more than 1,500 km2 and faced many technical and operational challenges.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Introductory Essay: Beyond Civics 101: Rethinking What We Mean by Civic Education

The past two decades have witnessed a growing debate about the civic mission of higher education. Consensus about the importance of educating young people to be effective and responsible citizens h...
Finite-Size Effects in O and CO Adsorption for the Late Transition Metals

Gold is known to become significantly more catalytically active as its particle size is reduced, and other catalysts are also known to exhibit finite-size effects. To understand the trends related to finite-size effects, we have used density functional theory to study adsorption of representative adsorbates, CO and O, on the late transition metals Co, Ni, Cu, Ir, Pd, Ag, Rh, Pt and Au. We studied adsorption energies and geometries on 13-atom clusters and compared them to the fcc(111) and fcc(211) crystal facets. In all cases, adsorbates were found to bind significantly more strongly to the 13-atom clusters than to the extended surfaces. The binding strength of both adsorbates were found to correlate very strongly with the average coordination number of the metal atoms to which the adsorbate binds, indicating that the finite-size effects in bonding are not specific to gold.
Two-point rayleigh scattering measurements in a V-shaped turbulent flame

A Rayleigh scattering technique for simultaneous measurement of density at two pointsin a flame was developed. This technique was used to deduce the spatial and time-space correlation and the two-point joint probability density function of the density in a premixed turbulent flame in three orthogonal directions. A grid generated turbulent V-shaped flame at a flow velocity of 7.0 m/s and a half angle of 12° was used. The analysis shows that this flame consists of structures of equal length scale in all three directions which decay as they are convected downstream by the flow. It is also shown that this flame does not consist of flamelets.
Issues in the Energetics of Metastable Oxides and Oxyhydroxides

In both low temperature materials synthesis (sol gel processing, chimie douce) and low temperature geochemistry (weathering, geothermal and hydrothermal reactions, diagenesis) metastable and/or poorly crystalline materials are encountered. Despite the lack of equilibrium, energetic considerations play a major role in the formation and transformation of such phases. Recent calorimetric studies on heats of formation of zeolites and related metastable frameworks, on nanophase alpha and gamma alumina, and on manganese oxides and hydroxides are summarized. These studies illustrate the effects of framework topology, cation content, hydration and surface energy on the formation, persistence, and eventual transformation to more stable phase assemblages of these environmentally important materials.
Neural network approach for high-resolution target classification

We proposed an improved version of the SOFM/LVQ classifier currently used in an ATR system for SAR imagery. This classifier was originally designed to construct a few number of templates to represent a set of targets with different orientations. The classifier accepts an input of a target, computes distances of this data with those representative templates, and then classifies this data to the target class with the shortest distance. In this paper, we focus on the issue of how to identify and reject data from targets outside the given data set, such as man- made clutters. To reject clutters, we propose two discrimination functions, distance and entropy measures. With the distance discriminator, we have obtained a very good classification performance when all data are from the given target sets. However, the simple distance measure produces poor classification results when unknown targets such as natural or manmade clutters are present and when each target is represented by a small number of templates. We correct this deficiency by incorporating an entropy measure into the original classifier. With this entropy discriminator, our system rejects a majority of the false alarms while maintaining a high correct classification rate with a relatively few templates for each target. Although, this system was tested on real ISAR data and showed a very good performance, the data was obtained from `turntable' experiment with a fixed depression angle and known target location. One of the future research directions is to test this algorithm with real `field' SAR data and study the robustness of the system.
IMPROVED SURVIVAL IN BETA THALASSEMIA MAJOR

The natural history of transfusion (tx) dependent Beta thalassemia (thai) is changing owing to recent advances and progress in its clinical management. Historically, thal pts developed hemochromatosis and succumbed in the second decade of life with myocardial disease. Refinements in tx regimens including 1) maintaining pre-tx hemoglobin (Hg) levels greater than 11 gm/dl; 2) increased frequency of txs; 3) splenectomy for hyper-splenism and 4) the regular use of iron chelation by prolonged subcutaneous infusions of desferrioxamine (s.c. DFO) have led to prolonged survival in the past decade. We reviewed thal survival using the product limit method and log rank test. Pts. were analyzed in two groups, those who since 1960 were maintained at pre-tx Hb levels of 8 gm and not chelated (51 deaths of 70 pts) and those since 1977 who were maintained at pre tx Hb levels of 11 gm and received 20 to 60 mg/kg s.c. DFO over 8 hr infusions more than 3 days per week (27 deaths of 89 pts). The undertransfused, nonchelated group had a median survival of 17.1 yrs in comparison to a 30 yr median survival in the hypertransfused chelated group. We demonstrate a significant (p <.0001) increased survival in tx dependent thals who are on a program to minimize iron loading and maximize iron excretion.