cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Real-time automated computerized detection of venous air emboli in dogs.

Objective. My objective was to develop a real-time pattern recognition system to monitor the precordial Doppler and end-tidal CO2 for characteristic changes of venous air emboli. The system also must check the adequacy of the input signals, to allow for unattended operation. The sensitivity of the precordial Doppler monitoring of the resulting system was the focus of this study.Methods. The computerized system electronically sampled systolic sounds, the amplitude envelope of Doppler pulsations, and, optionally, end-tidal CO2. Features were defined and calculated from the samples, the means and standard deviations of which were also calculated. During real-time test administrations of intravenous air in anesthetized dogs, each new sample was compared with previous statistics and, when parameters changed beyond calculated limits, an alarm was activated.Results. The sensitivity of the on-line system to an intravenous air injection of 0.025 ml/kg was 33%; to 0.05 ml/kg, 73%; to 0.1 ml/kg, 90%; and to 0.2 ml/kg, 100%. A confounding factor, air lodging in the veins, was detected in the smaller injections; when this was corrected, the sensitivity of the system improved beyond these results.Conclusion. An on-line, real-time system, developed for continuous observation of precordial Doppler, has a sensitivity comparable to human observers. This system may improve clinical monitoring particularly in situations where the occurrence of a venous air embolism is not a high probability and, therefore, monitoring is not currently used because of its requirement for human observation. Systems such as the one described may allow many more patients to be monitored for the complication.
The relationship between graft tensioning and the anterior-posterior laxity in the anterior cruciate ligament reconstructed goat knee.

Abstract The tension applied to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) graft at time of fixation is thought to influence graft healing, knee kinematics, and joint contact forces; however, the optimal tensioning procedure remains unclear. An animal model provides a means by which the effect of graft tensioning on healing can be studied. Prior to using the model, the relationship between graft tensioning and knee kinematics at time of surgery should be established. Our objective was to explore the relationship between graft tensioning and anterior–posterior (A–P) laxity of the reconstructed goat knee. Eight cadaver knees were tested. The A–P laxity values of the intact knee were measured with the knee at 30°, 60°, and 90° flexion. The ACL was then severed and the laxity measurements were repeated. The ACL was reconstructed using a bone-patellar tendon–bone autograft. The laxity measurements were repeated for nine different tensioning conditions; three tension magnitudes (30, 60, and 90 N), each applied with the knee at three angles (30°, 60° and 90°). Both graft tension and the knee angle at which it was applied produced significant changes on A–P laxity values. An increase in tension reduced laxity values. A tension level of 60 N applied with the knee flexed to 30° was the best combination for restoring normal A–P laxity values at all knee angles tested.
Collateral Consequences of Juvenile Sex Offender Registration and Notification: Results From a Survey of Treatment Providers

Among many in the research, policy, and practice communities, the application of sex offender registration and notification (SORN) to juveniles who sexually offend (JSO) has raised ongoing concerns regarding the potential collateral impacts on youths' social, mental health, and academic adjustment. To date, however, no published research has systematically examined these types of collateral consequences of juvenile SORN. Based on a survey of a national sample of treatment providers in the United States, this study investigates the perceived impact of registration and notification on JSO across five key domains: mental health, harassment and unfair treatment, school problems, living instability, and risk of reoffending. Results indicate that treatment providers overwhelmingly perceive negative consequences associated with registration with an incremental effect of notification indicating even greater concern across all five domains. Providers' demographics, treatment modalities, and client profile did not influence their perceptions of the collateral consequences suggesting that provider concern about the potential harm of SORN applied to juveniles is robust. Policy implications are discussed.
Comparison of Models for Correlation of Total Band Absorption

Use of the Goody model for spectral absorptivity is made to construct band models by assignment of intensity-to-line-spacing and line-width-to-spacing ratios vs wavenumber. The vibrating rigid rotator and the vibrating nonrigid rotator are employed to obtain spectral variations of the Goody parameters. An arbitrary assignment of spectral variation of the parameters is also made. The course of total band absorption vs mass path length and pressure is then obtained for each so-constructed model by integration over wavenumber. Asymptotic relations for the total band absorption vs mass path length and pressure obtained from each model are compared. Linear, square root, square root logarithmic, and logarithmic relations are found. Results of numerical calculations are also presented for comparison.
In Vitro Synthesis of Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) Storage Proteins

Free and membrane-associated polysomes were isolated in approximately equal amounts from endosperm of wheat kernels harvested 20 days after anthesis. The presence of heparin in the homogenizing buffer minimized polysome degradation. Ribonucleic acid from the isolated polysomes, when translated in vitro in a wheat germ system, yielded products ranging in size from about 12,000 to about 80,000 daltons, including at least two polypeptides that co-migrated with seed extract proteins in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The nature of the translation products of free and membrane-associated RNA are distinctly different, with membrane-associated RNA yielding a higher proportion of polypeptides in the size range of 30,000 to 37,000 daltons. Analysis of membrane-associated 3′-terminal polyadenylyl-containing RNA in vitro translation products, by solubility in 70% ethanol and by immunoprecipitation, indicates that the 33,000- to 37,000-dalton polypeptides contain gliadins, and the analysis provides evidence that these proteins are synthesized in association with membranous cell organelles. Gliadin polypeptides synthesized in vitro are larger than authentic gliadins and probably are precursors which, in vivo, undergo modification to yield the smaller final products.
Three-dimensional tertiary structure of yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA.

Results of an analysis and interpretation of a 3-A electron density map of yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA. Some earlier detailed assignments of nucleotide residues to electron density peaks are found to be in error, even though the overall tracing of the backbone conformation of yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA was generally correct. A new, more comprehensive interpretation is made which makes it possible to define the tertiary interactions in the molecule. The new interpretation makes it possible to visualize a number of tertiary interactions which not only explain the structural role of most of the bases which are constant in transfer RNAs, but also makes it possible to understand in a direct and simple fashion the chemical modification data on transfer RNA. In addition, this pattern of tertiary interactions provides a basis for understanding the general three-dimensional folding of all transfer RNA molecules.
Transposition of the great arteries in a neonate with Klinefelter syndrome-an incidental finding or a true association.

We read with great interest the article by Osoegawa et al. [2014]whichshowedincreasedriskofsexchromosomeaneuploidyamongmales with congenital conotruncal defects. A boy born with trans-position of the great arteries (TGA) was found to have a 47,XXYchromosomecomplement which isconsistentwithaclinical diag-nosisofKlinefeltersyndrome(KS)[Osoegawa etal.,2014].Adatiaetal.[1987]documentedTGAinaneonatewith47,XXYKSin1987forthe ﬁrst time. Here we report, to the best of our knowledge, onthe third such case.Klinefelter syndrome is the most common sex-chromosome dis-orderaffectingapproximately1in660men.KSischaracterizedbythepresence of one or more extra X chromosomes, with X disomy (47,XXY)beingthemostprevalentvariant[BojesenandGravholt,2007].KSwith47,XXYisseriouslyunderdiagnosed.Speciﬁcfeaturessuchastallstature,infertility,andsmalltestesoftenpresentafterthepuberty.Adiagnosisatbirthseemsimpossible,only25%ofexpectedcasesarediagnosedinlifetime,andlessthan5%ofdiagnosisaremadepriortoage 10 [Abramsky and Chapple, 1997; Bojesen and Gravholt, 2007].Despitebeinghistoricallyassociatedwithincreasedmortality,limitedstudyhasbeenconductedoncardiaclesionsinKS[Adatiaetal.,1987;Paduchetal.,2008].Onlyuntilrecently,cardiovascularabnormalitieshave been proposed to contribute to the reduced life span in KS[Pasquali et al., 2013].Transposition of the great arteries occurs when the pulmonaryarteryandtheaortaareswitchedinposition,andisoneofthemostseverecongenitalheartdiseases(CHD).TGAisseenin2–3/10,000livebirths,representingabout20–30%ofconotruncaldefectswithsitussolitus,andismorecommonamongmales[Relleretal.,2008;Unolt et al., 2013]. TGA is not associated with genetic syndromesexceptheterotaxy[Unoltetal.,2013].Ofnote,KSwasnotsuspectedinitiallyforanyofthethreecaseswithTGAdiscussedinthisletter.Theproband,aCaucasianmale,referredfromanoutsidehospitaldue to a prenatal diagnosis of TGA by fetal echocardiography in theﬁrsttrimester.Hewasborntoa43-year-old,G1P0motherat315/7weeks gestation with a healthy twin sister via cesarean. His APGARscoreswere4at1minand8at5min,w ithaweight(1.40kg),alength(41cm) and a head circumference (27.5cm) all around 10th–50thcentile.Hewasintubatedandplacedonventilatoratthedelivery,andtransportedtoourhospitalwherehestayedinNICUfor3months.Hehad mild nuchal fold thickening, posteriorly rotated ears, bilateralimmature vascularization in eyes, long ﬁngers, sandal toe gaps, andmild jaundice. He had normal male external genitalia. Physicalexamination was otherwise unremarkable. The pregnancy wasachievedthroughinvitrofertilization(IVF)withanunknownspermdonor. Prenatal genetic counseling was received but prenatal genetictesting was declined. The mother had no major medical conditions,and denied any history of tobacco, alcohol, or illicit drug use duringthe pregnancy. Maternal family history was not signiﬁcant for con-genital heart diseases, genetic disorders, birth defects, intellectual
Elite executives in issues management: The role of ethical paradigms in decision making

The perspectives of elite (or top-level) issues managers on ethics are explored in this paper. From these elites we can learn how issues were managed at their global organisations and how questions of ethics were addressed in issues management. The organisations in this study were chosen because of their superlative rankings in measures of ethics and reputation. Research questions explored ethical decision making and the predominant paradigm of ethics in each organisation through six elite interviews and observation. Although both organisations attempted to address ethics, the elite issues managers at one organisation did so more thoroughly and effectively than did the managers at the other organisation. This efficacy was due to the depth of ethical study and training engaged in by the elites, the intense ethical analysis of issues, and the choice of a deontological approach to ethics. This paper argues that ethics should be concerted, codified, consistent, trained and rigorously analysed. A deontological paradigm of ethical decision making fits all of these criteria, and this research shows that a deontological ethical paradigm can contribute to effective issues management. Copyright © 2002 Henry Stewart Publications.
Stimulated Anoxic Biodegradation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons Using Fe(III) Ligands

Contamination of ground waters with water-soluble aromatic hydrocarbons, common components of petroleum pollution, often produces anoxic conditions under which microbial degradation of the aromatics is slow. Oxygen is often added to contaminated ground water to stimulate biodegradation, but this can be technically difficult and expensive. Insoluble Fe(III) oxides, which are generally abundant in shallow aquifers, are alternative potential oxidants, but are difficult for microorganisms to access. Here we report that adding organic ligands that bind to Fe(III) dramatically increases its bioavailability, and that in the presence of these ligands, rates of degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons in anoxic aquifer sediments are comparable to those in oxic sediments. We find that even benzene, which is notoriously refractory in the absence of oxygen, can be rapidly degraded. Our results suggest that increasing the bioavailability of Fe(III) by adding suitable ligands provides a potential alternative to oxygen addition for the bioremediation of petroleum-contaminated aquifers.
Who's Gotta have it?: The ownership of meaning and mass media texts

Some media scholars insist that the meaning of media texts cannot be found in the texts themselves but in audience interpretations of them. This article argues that the contention that texts have no meaning is problematic. Current proponents of certain literary‐critical, film theoretical, and communication perspectives maintain that while all meaning does not inhere in texts, much culturally significant meaning does. This article repositions the concept of “text” within the context of general semiotic theory and, using an approach culled from literary, film, and communication perspectives, reanalyzes canonical research on television texts. A new research agenda is proposed.
Increase in PNa and PK of Cultured Heart Cells Produced by Veratridine

Noninnervated cultured chick embryonic heart cells are depolarized by veratridine (10-5 10-6 g/ml) within a few minutes to membrane potentials of -12 ± 2 mv. Action potentials and beating cease. Before depolarization begins, the repolarizing phase of the action potential is prolonged and leads to a long-lasting depolarizing afterpotential, probably due to a holding open of Na+ channels. There is no direct effect on automaticity. Maximum rate of rise of the action potential decreases as a function of the depolarization. The inexcitability is transiently reversed by repolarizing current pulses and by 5 mM Ba++ (but not Sr++) which increases membrane resistance (Rm) and produces a small transient repolarization. Cocaine does not reverse the depolarization. The depolarization also occurs in Cl--free Ringer and in Na+-free Li+-Ringer, but not in Na+-free sucrose-Ringer. In most cases, Rm, measured in the presence and absence of Cl-, initially decreases but sometimes increases. Some of the decrease or increase in gK may be indirectly produced by anomalous or delayed rectification, respectively. Tetrodotoxin, although having no effect on the action potential magnitude or rate of rise, prevents the depolarizing action of veratridine but not its effect on decreasing Rm. It is concluded that veratridine depolarizes by increasing the resting Na+ permeability (PNa); it also tends to increase PK, but this action may be obscured by anomalous rectification when Em is allowed to change. The equilibrium potential for veratridine action is about halfway between ENa and EK, similar to that of acetylcholine at the vertebrate neuromuscular junction.
Memory improvement following induced hyperinsulinemia in alzheimer's disease

Dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) is accompanied by disruption in glucose regulation and utilization that may contribute to its characteristic memory impairment. Increasing glucose availability by raising plasma glucose improves memory in patients with DAT. Such memory improvement is associated with a secondary elevation in plasma insulin levels, raising the question of whether improvement is due to changes in insulin levels, independent of hyperglycemia. Distributions of insulin receptors in the hippocampus and insulin-mediated increases in glucose utilization in entorhinal cortex provide potential mechanisms for such improvement. We show that raising plasma insulin through intravenous infusion while keeping plasma glucose at a fasting baseline level produces striking memory enhancement for patients with DAT. Previous findings of hyperglycemic memory enhancement were also replicated. Patients with DAT also showed abnormal plasma levels of glucoregulatory hormones and metabolites at baseline and during metabolic manipulations. Our findings suggest that neuroendocrine factors play an important role in the pathophysiology of DAT.
A meta-analysis of consumer willingness to pay for farm animal welfare

Farm animal welfare (FAW) concerns have prompted scientific research, development and standard setting (especially in the EU and USA) having ethical, production, economic, social, cultural and trade implications. We meta-analyse the literature on consumer willingness to pay (WTP) for FAW, examining 24 studies reporting 106 estimates of consumer FAW values. Meta-regressions indicate that respondent income and age significantly affect WTP, substantial geographical disparities are unsupported, information provision about farm animal living conditions significantly alters WTP estimates and suggestions that FAW be legislatively required significantly reduce WTP. We conclude that the public good aspect of FAW merits further investigation.
Perchlorate in Drinking Water During Pregnancy and Neonatal Thyroid Hormone Levels in California

Objective: To evaluate associations between maternal drinking water perchlorate exposure during pregnancy and newborn thyroid hormone levels. Methods: Elevation in thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), which may reflect reduced thyroxin concentration, was assessed in 497,458 newborns in California in 1998. A total of 800 perchlorate water measurements were used to classify California communities as exposed (>5 μg/L) or unexposed. Results were stratified by age at TSH collection because of the normal postbirth TSH surge, and because water sources and perchlorate exposure can change soon after birth. Results: In TSH samples collected within 24 hours of birth, the odds ratio for a TSH greater than 25 μU/mL in exposed communities was 1.53 (P < 0.0001). After 24 hours, the odds ratio for a TSH more than the 95th percentile was 1.27 (P < 0.0001). Conclusion: These findings suggest that perchlorate is associated with increased neonatal TSH levels.
Clinical Meaningfulness of the Changes in Muscle Performance and Physical Function Associated With Testosterone Administration in Older Men With Mobility Limitation

MOBILITY limitation, a common geriatric condition, affects an individual’s quality of life, health care costs, and resource utilization while being predictive of disability, risk of hospitalization, and mortality (1–5). Among the function promoting therapies that are being developed for the treatment of functional limitations, androgens are the farthest in development. Testosterone levels are associated with skeletal muscle mass, lower extremity strength, and physical function (6–12). Men with low free testosterone are at increased risk of mobility limitation and its progression (8). Testosterone supplementation increases skeletal muscle mass (13–21), but its effects on muscle strength and physical function have been inconsistent across trials (13–21). Most testosterone trials have been conducted in healthy older men without functional limitations; the safety and efficacy of testosterone in improving muscle performance and physical function have not been demonstrated in older individuals with mobility limitation. The Testosterone in Older Men with Mobility Limitations (TOM) Trial was a placebo-controlled randomized trial (22,23), whose aim was to determine whether testosterone therapy in older men with mobility limitation and low total or free testosterone levels improves lower extremity muscle strength and physical function (22). As reported recently (23), because of a significantly higher incidence of adverse cardiovascular events in men assigned to the testosterone arm, the trial’s Data and Safety Monitoring Board recommended that further enrollment and administration of study medications to participants be discontinued. Here, we evaluated the clinical meaningfulness of the effects of intervention on performance-based as well as self-reported measures of muscle performance and physical function in relation to participant’s perception of change. To determine whether changes in the measures of muscle performance, skeletal muscle mass, and physical function were patient important and thus clinically meaningful, we categorized the participants as “improved” or “not improved” based on whether the change in outcome exceeded the minimally important difference (MID), determined using an anchor-based method within this trial. We analyzed the factors associated with improvements in outcomes and explored the relation between change in efficacy outcomes and adverse events.
Determining the threshold for asymmetry detection in facial expressions

Objectives/Hypothesis To quantify the threshold for human perception of asymmetry for eyebrow elevation, eye closure, and smile, and to ascertain whether asymmetry detection thresholds and perceived severity of asymmetry differ in distinct facial zones. Study Design Online survey. Methods Photographs of a female volunteer performing eyebrow elevation, eye closure, and smile were digitally manipulated to introduce left-to-right asymmetry in 1-mm increments from 0 mm to 6 mm. One hundred and forty-five participants viewed these photographs using an online survey, measuring accuracy of asymmetry detection and perceived expression unnaturalness (on a scale of 1–5). Results Photographs of facial asymmetries were correctly judged as asymmetrical over 90% of the time for 2 mm or more of asymmetry in eyelid closure, and 3 mm or more of asymmetry during smiling. Identification of eyebrow elevation asymmetry gradually rose from 23% correct to 97% correct across the range of 1 mm to 6 mm of asymmetry. Greater degrees of asymmetry were ranked as significantly more unnatural across all expressions (3 tests; X2 (6, N = 145) = 405.52 to 656.27, all P <0.001). Conclusion Thresholds for asymmetry detection vary across different zones of the face; once detected, asymmetry in eyelid position is perceived as more unnatural than asymmetries in either brow elevation or smile. These data will inform counseling of patients with segmental facial weakness and may provide more objective goals for facial reanimation procedures. Level of Evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 124:860–865, 2014
Does VATS provide optimal treatment of empyema in children? A systematic review.

Abstract Purpose The surgical literature is replete with studies describing methods of treatment for pediatric empyema. The purpose of this report was to perform an evidence-based review of the literature to determine the most effective and appropriate treatment for empyema in infants and children. Methods The MEDLINE database was searched for English- and Spanish-language articles published from 1987 through 2002 on the treatment of thoracic empyema in children. Additional unpublished data were obtained by contacting individual study authors. There were no multiinstitutional prospective studies; all were retrospective, institutional series. A true meta-analysis could not be performed because of inherent institutional bias and variability in outcome measures among studies. A Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test was used to compare methods detailed in the individual studies. Results Forty-four retrospective studies with a total of 1,369 patients were available for analysis. Four treatment strategies were compared: chest tube drainage alone (16 studies, 611 patients), chest tube drainage with fibrinolytic instillation (10 studies, 83 patients), thoracotomy (13 studies, 226 patients), and video-assisted thoracoscopic decortication (VATS; 22 studies, 449 patients). Outcome measures common to the majority of studies included length of stay, fever duration, l of antibiotic therapy duration, and duration of chest tube drainage. Patients undergoing early VATS or thoracotomy had shorter length of stay ( P = .003). There was a trend for shorter duration of postoperative fever compared with chest tube alone or with fibrinolytic therapy, but this did not reach statistical significance ( P = .055). There was no statistical difference in chest tube duration between methods. There was no trend correlating antibiotic use with treatment methods, length of hospital stay, duration of fever, or length of chest tube requirement. Conclusions Early VATS or thoracotomy leads to shorter hospitalization. The duration of chest tube placement and antibiotic use is variable and does not correlate with treatment method. A carefully designed, multiinstitutional, randomized study would lead to the development of evidence-based standards that may optimize the treatment of thoracic empyema in children.
In praise of beauty

One of the misfortunes of aging is the way in which the polite willingness of others to tolerate superannuated homilies reinforces a proclivity to pontificate. As one ages, one moves from writing papers that have something to say to writing papers that have nothing to say but say it with great seriousness. Unfortunately, awareness of the self-indulgence of age does not ordinarily inhibit it, as this essay, for which Olivier Germain (and possibly Milan Kundera) must take some responsibility, clearly demonstrates. I have read the contributions of my friends and colleagues to the M@n@gement discourse with great interest but with an overpowering awareness of my own irrelevance to many of them. The issues they explore are grand and important: How does management theory contribute to the well-being of business, society, the poor, peace, and justice? What are the fundamental epistemological, ethical, and moral premises of management research? What is and should be the relationship between management theory and the prejudices of the intellectual, business, political, and social
Technology Transfer and the Federal Laboratories

Cooperative Research and Development Agreements (CRADAs) are at the heart of recent federal efforts to increase United States technological competitiveness through the commercialization of public technologies. CRADAs are comprehensive legal agreements for the sharing of research personnel, equipment, and intellectual property rights in joint government-industry research. Since 1986, over 2200 CRADAs have been entered into. This study provides a midterm evaluation of the CRADA process. It finds that important legal obstacles remain in the use of CRADAs. Progress is also impeded by a lack of industry familiarity with research in the federal laboratories, as well as inadequate federal funding for research collaboration.
The morbidity and mortality conference as an adverse event surveillance tool in a paediatric intensive care unit

Objective To determine if standardised chart review applied to records of patients discussed at a paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) morbidity and mortality conference (MMC) yields additional or different information regarding safety event occurrence and characteristics. Design Retrospective record review. Setting Single tertiary referral PICU in Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Participants 96 patients discussed at the PICU MMC over 14 months (November 2011–December 2012). Main outcome measures Safety events and their characteristics (medical error category, severity and preventability). Results A total of 275 safety events were identified through the MMC and/or chart review. The MMC identified 131 (48%) events, 53 (19%) of which were identified through the MMC alone. After chart review was performed, an additional 144 (52%) events were identified. 78 (28%) events were identified through both. High severity adverse events potentially contributing to permanent harm or death were more likely to be identified through both the MMC and chart review (47%) compared with either alone. The MMC alone identified more near-misses (21%) and preventable events (96%) compared with chart review alone or both MMC and chart review. Although chart review alone helped to identify many healthcare-associated infections, medication errors and sedation/pain control issues not elicited through the MMC, the MMC alone identified more communication errors and workflow problems. The MMC alone also identified 40% of all diagnostic errors, which would not have been discovered otherwise despite chart review by itself identifying 50% of such misdiagnoses. Conclusions Standardised chart review applied to records of patients discussed at a PICU MMC identified significantly more safety events not initially discovered through the MMC. However, the MMC was superior to chart review in identifying broader problems such as communication errors, workflow issues and certain diagnostic errors not captured by chart review, which can potentially affect many aspects of care.
Not a slippery slope or sudden subversion: German medicine and National Socialism in 1933

The history of medicine this century is darkened by the downfall of the German medical profession, exposed during the doctors' trial at Nuremberg in 1946. Relying largely on documents published during 1933 in German medical journals, this paper examines two widely accepted notions of those events, metaphorically termed "slippery slope" and "sudden subversion." The first connotes a gradual slide over infinitesimal steps until, suddenly, all footing is lost; the second conveys forced take over of the profession's leadership and values. Both concepts imply that the medical profession itself became the victim of circumstances. The slippery slope concept is a prominent figure of argument in the current debate on bioethics. The evidence presented here, however, strongly suggests that the German medical community set its own course in 1933. In some respects this course even outpaced the new government, which had to rein in the profession's eager pursuit of enforced eugenic sterilizations. In 1933 the convergence of political, scientific, and economic forces dramatically changed the relationship between the medical community and the government. That same convergence is occurring again and must be approached with great caution if medicine is to remain focused on the preservation of physical and medical integrity.
System design considerations for high data rate communications over multi-wire overhead powerlines

Broadband powerline communications over multi-wire overheard lines using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is considered in this paper. From earlier investigations, it is known that this channel suffers with multipath fading and frequency selectivity. Nevertheless, the calculated channel capacity limit promises very high data rates over this channel, subject to simple fixes. Enhancement techniques, such as coding can help an OFDM system to achieve this limit as close as possible. The smart use of coding and power allocation in OFDM will be useful to get the desired performance at higher data rates. These theoretic facts are confirmed by means of computer simulations.
Women versus Academe: Who's Winning?

A review of more than 250 grievances brought by academic women against their employers suggests that, although few suits have been won in the courts, the efforts have not been in vain. Grievances are traced through internal reviews, state and federal agency investigations, and the courts. Obstacles women encounter at each step are described and the outcomes, for individual plaintiffs and for their institutions, are summarized.
The Borah Peak, Idaho Earthquake of October 28, 1983—Societal Response

Abstract This paper summarizes the societal impact of the October 28, 1983 earthquake on south‐central Idaho. While local resources were sufficient to respond to immediate post‐impact needs, the community of Mackay required substantial amounts of state and federal recovery funds for damage to residences, public buildings, roads, and life lines. Three types of post‐impact problems were identified‐‐interagency communication; media convergence; and public rumoring concerning dam collapse.
Faith has Nothing to do with Rationality

The problem of rationality is traditionally viewed as the most fundamental problem of both abstract philosophy and the philosophy of life. Abstractly, what is the foundation of my intellectual system? and concretely, on what should I base my way of life?
Nonoliguric Acute Renal Failure

Oliguria has been considered a cardinal feature of acute renal failure. However, many recent reports indicate that acute renal failure usually occurs in the setting of well-maintained urine output. Moreover, the nonoliguric state may accompany acute renal failure due to pre- and post-renal azotemia and a variety of renal parenchymal disorders, as well as acute tubular necrosis. Most studies indicate that nonoliguric forms of acute renal failure are associated with less morbidity and mortality than oliguric acute renal failure. Uncontrolled studies also suggest that volume expansion, potent diuretic agents, and renal vasodilators can convert oliguric to nonoliguric acute tubular necrosis if administered early in the course of acute renal failure. However, prospective studies of early intervention in oliguric patients are needed.
Progressive changes in the leukemogenic signaling in BCR/ABL-transformed cells

Our previous study indicated that BCR/ABL SH2 domain and BCR/ABL SH3 domain+SH2 domain complex are required for immediate activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase PI-3k)→ Akt serine/threonine kinase pathway and of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5), respectively, in hematopoietic cells. We show here that the defect in activation of PI-3k/Akt by BCR/ABL ΔSH2 mutant (SH2 domain deleted) and of STAT5 by BCR/ABL ΔSH3+ΔSH2 mutant (SH3 and SH2 domains deleted) is not permanent and both Akt and STAT5 could be ‘re-activated’ by in vitro culture. This phenomenon was responsible for increased resistance to apoptosis, growth factor-independent proliferation and leukemogenesis in SCID mice. Incubation of cells with BCR/ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor STI571 abrogated the ‘re-activation’ of Akt or STAT5 by BCR/ABL SH3+SH2 mutants in some clones, in the others Akt and STAT5 activation became independent on BCR/ABL kinase activity. The immediate upstream activators of Akt and STAT5 such as PI-3k and Jak-2 were also activated. In addition, the common β subunit of IL-3/IL-5/GM-CSF receptor was tyrosine phosphorylated in the clones in which ‘re-activation’ was dependent on the BCR/ABL kinase activity. These results suggested that ‘re-activation’ of Akt and STAT5, in the absence of functional BCR/ABL SH3+SH2 domains, may be achieved by two different mechanisms: (i) BCR/ABL kinase-dependent activation of alternative pathway(s) and (ii) additional genetic changes stimulating Akt and STAT5 independently of BCR/ABL.
Changing the structure of planning participation by moving across scales

This paper discusses how urban planners seek out and borrow innovative ways of coordinating scales from other planning departments across the nation to more successfully induct public participants into the planning process. Planners routinely imagine possible changes for communities and urban areas, but in an age of participatory planning, need public backing to leverage support from other governmental agencies involved in implementing change. Incorporating local residents and business owners into the planning process necessitates a new kind of scale coordination so that participants can eventually "see" their community as a planner. While maps at the planimetric scale are commonly used in public meetings and provide a visual of a large area that is not within reach of the body, some planners promote "charettes," or workshops, where residents and other stakeholders experience their community at a walking-scale, accompanied by a planner. Becoming intrinsic to the space under consideration is talked about by planners as having considerable advantages over extrinsically dominating the area as one does when viewing a map. This innovative technique of regaining the body at a walking-scale, and coordinating it with a representational scale in community workshops, is an effort to simultaneously instruct and construct a participating public in the "professional vision" (Goodwin, 1994) of urban planners.
Some Results on the Curse of Dimensionality and Sample Size Recommendations

Multivariate density estimation is well known to be a tremendously difficult problem due to the occurrence of phenomena commonly known as the corner effect and the curse of dimensionality. Specifically, histogram density estimation in high dimensions is plagued by the consequence that sampled observations tend to reside with high probability in low density regions of the sample space. In this article we attempt to quantify two central things: in how many dimensions, one starts to really feel the curse of dimensionality, and what sort of sample sizes are needed to do any kind of a reasonable inference in various dimensions. These questions cannot be formulated in a unique way. So the attempt is to derive a broad spectrum of results, which are then illustrated by extensive computation. A number of results may be of independent interest in combinatorics and applied probability. Our subjective conclusion after these extensive computations is that in 3 dimensions one often sees the most drastic effect relative...
Incorporating a FLT3 inhibitor into AML therapy

7060 Background: Activating mutations of FLT3 occur in 30% of adults with AML and are associated with worse survival. Lestaurtinib (CEP-701), an oral FLT3 kinase inhibitor, has activity as monother...
The Energetics of Encephalization in Early Hominids

Bioenergetics, the study of the use and transfer of energy, can provide important insights into the ecology and evolution of early hominids. Despite a relatively large brain with high metabolic demands, contemporary humans and other primates have resting metabolic rates (RMRs) that are similar to those of other mammals. As a result, a comparatively large proportion of their resting energy budget is spent on brain metabolism among humans (∼20–25%) and other primates (∼8–10%) compared to other mammals (∼3–5%). To understand this shift in energy budget, Aiello and Wheeler’s Expensive Tissue Hypothesis (ETH) posits a metabolic trade-off – a reduction in gut size with brain size increase – to explain this phenomenon. Here, we explore the interrelationships between brain size, body size, diet, and body composition using comparative data for humans, non-human primates, and other mammals. Among living primates, the relative proportion of energy allocated to brain metabolism is positively correlated with dietary quality. Contemporary humans fall at the positive end of this relationship, having both a high quality diet and a large brain. Thus, high costs associated with the large human brain are supported, in part, by energy-rich diets. Although contemporary humans display relatively small guts, primates as a group have gut sizes that are similar to non-primate mammals. In contrast, humans and other primates have significantly less skeletal muscle for their size compared to other mammals. These comparative analyses suggest that alterations in diet quality and body composition were necessary conditions for overcoming the constraints on encephalization. Fossil evidence indicates that brain expansion with the emergence of Homo erectus at about 1.8 million years ago was likely associated with important changes in diet, body composition, and body size.
Adapting a computer-delivered brief alcohol intervention for veterans with Hepatitis C

OBJECTIVE This study adapted an existing computer-delivered brief alcohol intervention (cBAI) for use in Veterans with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) and examined its acceptability and feasibility in this patient population. METHODS A four-stage model consisting of initial pilot testing, qualitative interviews with key stakeholders, development of a beta version of the cBAI, and usability testing was used to achieve the study objectives. RESULTS In-depth interviews gathered feedback for modifying the cBAI, including adding HCV-related content such as the health effects of alcohol on liver functioning, immune system functioning, and management of HCV, a preference for concepts to be displayed through "newer looking" graphics, and limiting the use of text to convey key concepts. Results from usability testing indicated that the modified cBAI was acceptable and feasible for use in this patient population. CONCLUSIONS The development model used in this study is effective for gathering actionable feedback that can inform the development of a cBAI and can result in the development of an acceptable and feasible intervention for use in this population. Findings also have implications for developing computer-delivered interventions targeting behavior change more broadly.
Risk of Acute Stroke After Hospitalization for Sepsis: A Case-Crossover Study.

Background and Purpose— Infections have been found to increase the risk of stroke over the short term. We hypothesized that stroke risk would be highest shortly after a sepsis hospitalization, but that the risk would decrease, yet remain up to 1 year after sepsis. Methods— This case-crossover analysis utilized data obtained from the California State Inpatient Database of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. All stroke admissions were included. Exposure was defined as hospitalization for sepsis or septicemia 180, 90, 30, or 15 days before stroke (risk period) or similar time intervals exactly 1 or 2 years before stroke (control period). Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for the association between sepsis/septicemia and ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke. Results— Ischemic (n=37 377) and hemorrhagic (n=12 817) strokes that occurred in 2009 were extracted where 3188 (8.5%) ischemic and 1101 (8.6%) hemorrhagic stroke patients had sepsis. Sepsis within 15 days before the stroke placed patients at the highest risk of ischemic (OR, 28.36; 95% CI, 20.02–40.10) and hemorrhagic stroke (OR, 12.10; 95% CI, 7.54–19.42); however, although the risk decreased, it remained elevated 181 to 365 days after sepsis for ischemic (OR, 2.59; 95% CI, 2.20–3.06) and hemorrhagic (OR, 3.92; 95% CI 3.29–4.69) strokes. There was an interaction with age ( P =0.0006); risk of developing an ischemic stroke within 180 days of hospitalization for sepsis increased 18% with each 10-year decrease in age. Conclusions— Risk of stroke is high after sepsis, and this risk persists for up to a year. Younger sepsis patients have a particularly increased risk of stroke after sepsis.
USE OF DABIGATRAN ETEXILATE TO PREVENT STROKE AND THROMBOEMBOLISM IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING LEFT ATRIAL CATHETER ABLATION PROCEDURES FOR PAROXYSMAL OR PERSISTENT (NON-PERMANENT) ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AND LEFT ATRIAL FLUTTER

Background: Optimal dosing of dabigatran in patients undergoing left atrial (LA) ablation procedures for atrial fibrillation (AF) or LA flutter is unknown. Retrospective data suggest increased bleeding risk with continuous dabigatran, and increased embolic risk when interrupted. We sought to confirm
Costs and Financial Burden of Initial Hospitalizations for Firearm Injuries in the United States, 2006–2014

Objectives. To quantify the inflation-adjusted costs associated with initial hospitalizations for firearm-related injuries in the United States.Methods. We used the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide Inpatient Sample to identify patients admitted for firearm-related injuries from 2006 to 2014. We converted charges from hospitalization to costs, which we inflation-adjusted to 2014 dollars. We used survey weights to create national estimates.Results. Costs for the initial inpatient hospitalization totaled $6.61 billion. The largest proportion was for patients with governmental insurance coverage, totaling $2.70 billion (40.8%) and was divided between Medicaid ($2.30 billion) and Medicare ($0.40 billion). Self-pay individuals accounted for $1.56 billion (23.6%) in costs.Conclusions. From 2006 to 2014, the cost of initial hospitalizations for firearm-related injuries averaged $734.6 million per year. Medicaid paid one third and self-pay patients one quarter of the financial burden. These figur...
GROUP HUNTING: RELIGION, POLITICS, AND IDEOLOGY IN LATER STUART BRITAIN*

Early modern groups did not necessarily proclaim themselves. When they did, they were not necessarily groups. The historian must decide when to analyse people as separate individuals and when their commonalities were great enough that they should be considered together. These judgements have been the source of frequent debate. At times, the disagreement has been over the proper label for a group – whether, for instance, ‘puritans’ should instead be called ‘the godly’. In other cases, the very existence of a group has been called into question, with some doubting whether there was a ‘Ranter’ movement in the 1650s. Often, historians debate the coherence of a group, with one prominent scholar questioning whether the first whigs in the late 1670s were organized enough to deserve the appellation of a ‘party’. The vigour of these debates suggests that some of our most important intellectual labours are done when we assign people to groups.
Pretargeting immunotherapy: a novel treatment approach for systemic amyloidosis

The amyloidoses are a complex group of disorders characterized by the deposition of proteinaceous amyloid fibrils in vital organs. The deposits are nonimmunogenic and may be composed of one of more than 35 proteins. We have developed a two-stage immunotherapeutic approach using peptides that recognize most, if not all, amyloid deposits to facilitate amyloid clearance. In the first embodiment, we have developed a bifunctional peptope to enhance and expand the utility of currently available antibodies. In the second, we have generated peptide-reactive antibodies that can be targeted to the amyloid deposits by peptides thereby providing alternative reagents for immunotherapy of amyloidosis. These technologies provide tools for treating the many forms of amyloid disease, restoring organ function and enhancing patient survival.
Reading in a Second Language: Vocabulary and reading comprehension

It is difficult to see how even a conservative estimate of English vocabulary could go much below a million lexemes. More radical accounts, allowing in all of science nomenclature, could easily double that figure. Only a small fraction of these totals, of course, are learned by any one of us. (Crystal, 1995: 119) Over the past 15 years, there has been an increasing number of important research studies, review chapters, and books on the learning and teaching of vocabulary. A review of many current surveys of L1 and L2 vocabulary reveals a fairly standard set of questions that are posed and then answered. For example, what does it mean to know a word? How many words are there in English? How many words can be learned from the reading context? Should vocabulary be taught directly? How many words can be taught? (Baumann & Kame'enui, 2004; Bogaards & Laufer, 2004; Folse, 2004; Hiebert & Kamil, 2005; Nation, 2001; Schmitt, 2000; Stahl & Nagy, 2006; Wagner, Muse, & Tannenbaum, 2007b). Furthermore, most publications addressing vocabulary learning make strong connections between reading and the learning of written forms of words. There are, of course, good reasons for this connection between vocabulary and reading. This chapter departs somewhat from the format of other chapters in this book – it addresses the questions listed above (and others) in the process highlighting the promising relationship between reading and vocabulary. The reading–vocabulary relationship In L1 reading research, many studies demonstrate the strong relationship between vocabulary and reading.