cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simple and choice reaction time in dementia: clinical implications.

Abstract The present study investigated differences between normal elderly subjects matched for age and education and patients with dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT) on two measures of reaction time (RT). Statistically significant group differences clearly demonstrate that normal elderly subjects have faster RT than subjects with senile dementia on all RT tasks. The DAT patients were most clearly differentiated in terms of overall group means and clinical classification from their age-matched counterparts on the choice RT task. Eleven of 12 (92%) DAT patients displayed choice RT's 2 or more standard deviations above those of age-matched normals. While both RT measures were discriminative between patients and normals, the overall results argue for increased sensitivity when choice is required in RT in accessing the cognitive deficits in DAT.
Modeling edge effects of tillage erosion

Abstract Tillage erosion has been recognized as an important factor in redistribution of soil over time and in the development of morphological changes within agricultural fields. Field borders, fences, and vegetated strips that interrupt soil fluxes lead to the creation of topographic discontinuities or lynchets. When tillage tools that preferentially throw soil to one side are used repeatedly to move soil in one direction, rather than alternating with each pass, they create berms at the receiving side of the tilled domain and a “dead furrow” or channel at the contributing side. However, even tillage implements that are symmetrical in throwing soil equally in both lateral directions on flat surfaces may throw some soil beyond the implement width and so contribute to soil berms formation just beyond the tilled zone that can affect water flow paths. We developed a two-dimensional Tillage Erosion and Landscape Evolution Model that allows complex internal boundaries to be defined within the simulation domain. In this paper we develop and demonstrate techniques and tools to allow prediction of the formation of edge-of-field berms by defining alternative boundary conditions. The derivation and assumptions of the model are presented and then it is applied and compared to survey results from two field studies: one an experimental field in Coffeeville, Mississippi, where grass hedges were planted close to field elevation contours to evaluate their effectiveness as an erosion control measure and were monitored over a 16-year period; and the other a set of 0.1 ha plots located near Holly Springs, MS where the effect of edge-of-field berm formation on runoff partitioning was evaluated during an 8-year study. Results demonstrate the ability of the model to correctly reproduce the location and magnitude of soil loss and accumulation. At Coffeeville, erosion averaging over 20 cm in the downslope side of each grass hedge and deposition taking place near the slope ends led to the formation of lynchets up to 0.8 m high, and the average slope steepness in the cropped areas between hedges decreased from an average of 7.2% in 1993 to about 3.7% in 2009. In Holly Springs, repeated tillage conducted next to grass hedges planted along the hillslope bottoms led to the formation of berms with average height of 13 cm, which may significantly alter field-scale hydrological, erosion, and sediment transport processes.
Power resource estimate of ocean surface waves

The distribution of wave energy and power as functions of longitude and latitude are presented for the Northern Hemisphere at 12Z, October 2, 1975. Both the large peak of the distribution in the Atlantic Ocean and the smaller peak in the Pacific Ocean are found to be at longitudes towards the eastern end of the ocean basins. This ‘eastern accumulation’ of wave energy and power offers interesting contrast to the western intensification of currents. Distribution of wave power with latitude shows peaks of wave power in the mid-latitudes. The total surface wave energy in the seas of thw world for the same time is estimated to be 1600 × 1015 J. The corresponding total wave power estimate is 90 × 1015 W. The rate of renewal of wave power is estimated to bs 1012–1013 W, about the present level of world power consumption.
Photoreaction of Platinum(II) β-Diketonate Complexes with Olefins†

Pt(hfac)2 [hfac = 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-2,4-pentanedionato] reacts with ethylene when irradiated at 350 nm to yield a single photoproduct which we have isolated for the first time. X-ray diffraction reveals this to be Pt(hfac)2(η2-C2H4), a five coordinated complex, with two bidentate hfac ligands remaining intact. When Pt(hfac)2 and ethylene were irradiated at 300 nm, a second product that could not be isolated was detected by 1H NMR and 19F NMR. Pt(hfac)2(η2-C2H4) was also shown not to be stable at shorter wavelengths. The corresponding photoproducts of Pt(hfac)2 with propene and of Pt(tfac)2 [tfac = 1,1,1-trifluoro-2,4-pentanedionato] with ethylene were detected by 1H NMR spectroscopy.
Behavioral Theory in the Context of Applied Cancer Screening Research

The U.S. health care system is indeed challenged to provide effective, equitable, and efficient care for its citizens (Aday, Begley, Lairson, & Balkrishnan, 2004). The past decades have witnessed profound concern about the quality of care Americans receive, the equality of care across racial ethnic communities, and the escalating costs of private and public coverage. These concerns apply to the cancer care continuum, including screening. This commentary reflects on the methods, findings, and implications of the articles from the Behavioral Constructs and Culture in Cancer Screening (3Cs) in this Health Education & Behavior supplement. This commentary considers several important themes for consideration in applied screening research, including the (a) focus on population diversity in a cultural context, (b) domains of social context and their importance, and (c) contributions of an interdisciplinary team and mixed methods to research productivity. Although the articles focus on breast cancer screening, the methods, observations, and recommendations are relevant to other screening tests.
Imaging of buried and foliage-obscured objects with an ultrawide-bandwidth polarimetric SAR

The Environmental Research Institute of Michigan (ERIM) has developed a unique ground- based, portable, synthetic aperture radar (SAR). This SAR images targets in their natural backgrounds without the expense of an airborne sensor and with higher performance (bandwidth, resolution) than existing airborne systems. A horizontal 36-foot long aluminum truss supports a rail and an antenna cartridge, which is moved along the rail to allow synthetic aperture focusing. The system is fully-polarimetric and has collected data over the frequency band of 400 - 1300 MHz resulting in a nominal resolution of 0.17 m in range and 0.5 m in cross-range. The low frequency range of the system allows for penetration of soil (to shallow depths) as well as foliage and the system has been used to collect images of buried and foliage- obscured targets. The ground imagery collected to date includes steel oil drums buried at depths of up to one-meter. Both the drums as well as the disturbances due to digging the holes are visible in the imagery. Foliage imagery includes portions of a Lear jet under a mature hardwood forest. Due to the low frequency and wide bandwidth of the sensor (400 - 1300 MHz), obscured objects are clearly visible in the SAR imagery. Other responses in the foliage imagery are due to the dihedral-like ground-trunk reflections.
A Hierarchical Network Approach for Modeling Rift Valley Fever Epidemics with Applications in North America

Rift Valley fever is a vector-borne zoonotic disease which causes high morbidity and mortality in livestock. In the event Rift Valley fever virus is introduced to the United States or other non-endemic areas, understanding the potential patterns of spread and the areas at risk based on disease vectors and hosts will be vital for developing mitigation strategies. Presented here is a general network-based mathematical model of Rift Valley fever. Given a lack of empirical data on disease vector species and their vector competence, this discrete time epidemic model uses stochastic parameters following several PERT distributions to model the dynamic interactions between hosts and likely North American mosquito vectors in dispersed geographic areas. Spatial effects and climate factors are also addressed in the model. The model is applied to a large directed asymmetric network of 3,621 nodes based on actual farms to examine a hypothetical introduction to some counties of Texas, an important ranching area in the United States of America. The nodes of the networks represent livestock farms, livestock markets, and feedlots, and the links represent cattle movements and mosquito diffusion between different nodes. Cattle and mosquito (Aedes and Culex) populations are treated with different contact networks to assess virus propagation. Rift Valley fever virus spread is assessed under various initial infection conditions (infected mosquito eggs, adults or cattle). A surprising trend is fewer initial infectious organisms result in a longer delay before a larger and more prolonged outbreak. The delay is likely caused by a lack of herd immunity while the infection expands geographically before becoming an epidemic involving many dispersed farms and animals almost simultaneously. Cattle movement between farms is a large driver of virus expansion, thus quarantines can be efficient mitigation strategy to prevent further geographic spread.
Intelligent vision systems

NASA’s pursuit of reducing the size, weight, and cost of satellite systems, for advanced space systems, is providing a vital thrust to the development of systems-on-a-chip. Novel smart vision systems that incorporate active pixel photo-detectors, MEMs tunable etalons, electro-optical information processors, and applications of the novel smart vision system, including remote sensing, hyperspectral imaging, biomedical imaging and adaptive optics are discussed.
The Concept of Race

I shall endeavor to show that all those who continue to use the term “race” with reference to man, whether they be laymen or scientists, are “for sacred rites unfit.’’ Once more, I shall, as irritatingly as the sound of a clanging door heard in the distance in a wind that will not be shut out, raise the question as to whether, with reference to man, it would not be better if the term “race” were altogether abandoned. At the outset it should, perhaps, be made clear that I believe, with most biologists, that evolutionary factors, similar to those that have been operative in producing raciation in other animal species, have also been operative in the human species-but with a significant added difference, namely, the consequences which have resulted from man’s entry into that unique zone of adaptation in which he excels beyond all other creatures, namely culture, that is to say, the man-made part of the environment. On the evidence it would seem clear that man’s cultural activities have introduced elements into the processes of human raciation which have so substantially modified the end-products that one can no longer equate the processes of raciation in lower animals with those which have occurred in the evolution of man. The factors of mutation, natural selection, drift, isolation, have all been operative in the evolution of man. But so have such factors as ever-increasing degrees of mobility, hybridization, and social selection, and it is the effects of these and similar factors which, a t least so it has always seemed to me, makes the employment of the term “race” inapplicable to most human populations as we find them today. Of course there exist differences, but we want a term by which to describe the existence of these differences. We do not want a prejudiced term which injects meanings which are not there into the differences. We want a term which as nearly mirrors the conditions as a term can, not one which falsifies and obfuscates the issue.
Cardiac Injuries Due to Nonpenetrating Thoracic Trauma

Abstract This paper reviews 25 consecutive patients treated for injuries involving the pericardium, myocardium, valves, or cardiac conduction mechanism. The severity of cardiac trauma varied from cardiac contusion without sequelae to cardiac rupture requiring urgent surgical intervention. A successful outcome depended upon prompt recognition, supportive measures, and definitive therapy. Definitive therapy ranged from pericardicentesis to open-heart operation. Examples of cardiac trauma treated successfully include: myocardial contusion, atrial fibrillation, ruptured myocardium, rupture of interventricular septum, and rupture of the tricuspid valve. Three deaths occurred in patients with ventricular herniation, ruptured aortic valve, and myocardial contusion; 2 were because of severe associated trauma and 1 because of delayed recognition.
Hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass for spinal cord protection: rationale and clinical results.

Abstract Background . Hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass with or without circulatory arrest has been used successfully for the treatment of complex aneurysms of the descending thoracic and thoracoabdominal aorta. Hypothermia has a protective effect on spinal cord function, and its use has been associated with a low incidence of paraplegia in traditionally high-risk patients. Experimentally, the protective effect of hypothermia has been related to amelioration of excitotoxic injury by reduction of neurotransmitter release and to inhibition of delayed apoptotic cell death. Methods . During a 12-year period, 114 patients with descending thoracic or thoracoabdominal aortic disease underwent replacement of the involved aortic segments using hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass and intervals of circulatory arrest. Results . The hospital mortality was 8% (9 patients). Paraplegia occurred in 2 and paraparesis in 1 of the 108 patients whose lower limb function was assessed postoperatively (2.8%). None of 40 patients with aortic dissection and none of the last 81 patients in the series developed paralysis. Conclusions . Our experience with hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass and circulatory arrest confirms that hypothermia provides substantial protection against paraplegia, and it allows complex operations on the descending thoracic and thoracoabdominal aorta to be performed with acceptable mortality.
Use of medications in infancy.

. Infants studied in their first three months were found to have medication commonly administered despite a low incidence of illness. Anti-colic medications were the most frequently given drugs, these were usually prescribed by a nonmedical person. Most of the medications were unnecessary and achieved little. Mothers felt they were managing their infants satisfactorily despite the common use of anti-colic medicines. There is a growing opinion which suggests that medication is probably not the best way of managing the “colicky infant”. We are concerned that we may be setting a pattern of drug taking for the future.
Machiavelli and modern management

Shows how Machiavelli influenced modern management in much more fundamental ways than simply his well‐known advice to be ruthless, upon which many management writers focused. First, it explains his reputation for advising ruthlessness by discussing his life and times and the subject‐matter on which he wrote. Second, it details his positive teaching with regard to the modern world, the division of that world into a public and a private sector, and his foundation for the modern executive. In that context, ruthlessness is a tool for his executive figure to maintain stability in the public sector, so that people can focus more of their attention on the private sector in a modern world devoted to people serving their own needs.
Lost without a compass: Nonmetric triangulation and landmark multidimensional scaling

Suppose that we wish to determine the location of a point x* ∈ ℝk by comparing the distance from x* to various points x1, x2, ..., xk ℝk with known position. In this paper we consider the scenario where we are only provided with (possibly noisy or contradictory) relations of the form ∥x* - xi∥2 <; ∥x* - xj∥2. We propose a simple algorithm that uses convex optimization techniques to estimate x* from such data and we provide simulations demonstrating its effectiveness in practice.
New Materials for Magneto Optic In-fiber and Waveguide Isolators

We report recent advances in new magneto optic materials including novel colorless magnetic ionic liquids and magnetic nanoparticle-core polymer-shell nanocomposites for non-reciprocal in-fiber and waveguide operation for isolation and circulation.
El Niño, volcanism, and global climate

The June 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in the Philippines produced one of the greatest volcanic aerosols in the last hundred years. The estimated net decrease of radiation may have peaked at 10% in the tropics. What was the impact of the Pinatubo aerosol on regional and global climate? Besides the expected net cooling of the average global surface temperature, correlation studies indicate that other types of climate anomalies may also be expected. These include the appearance of an El Nino event, decreased Indian monsoon rainfall, fewer tropical storms in the north Atlantic Ocean in 1991–1993, and normal to above normal winter rainfall in California in 1991/92, all of which were observed. A proposed physical mechanism for the almost-simultaneous occurrence of this constellation of climate anomalies is presented. The results of correlation studies between low-latitude volcanic aerosols and the El Nino/Southern Oscillation are presented in some detail as one example. The correlation between Indian monsoon rainfall and tropical storms in the north Atlantic Ocean is also shown and is updated for the most recent 5 years.
Evaluation of oral minoxidil in the treatment of alopecia areata.

• A dose-response effect has previously been demonstrated in topical minoxidil treatment of alopecia areata. Limitations in minoxidil solubility and percutaneous absorption have impaired the development of more effective topical therapy. Oral minoxidil (5 mg every 12 hours), a dose demonstrated to be relatively well tolerated if a 2-g sodium diet is strictly followed, was given to 65 patients with severe, treatment-resistant alopecia areata in an attempt to bypass the limitations of topical treatment and increase efficacy. Although hair regrowth progressed more rapidly and was more extensive with oral than topical 5% minoxidil, cosmetic response was seen only in 18% of the patients. Neither serum nor tissue levels of minoxidil correlated with response. These findings suggest that improved preparations of topical minoxidil, when used as a single therapeutic agent, are unlikely to be cosmetically effective in the majority of patients with severe alopecia areata. ( Arch Dermatol 1987;123:1488-1490)
Pyrimidine Derivatives VII: Some Condensed Derivatives of 2,4,5-Triamino-6-methylthiopyrimidine

Three methods have been developed for the preparation of 2,4,5-triamino-6-methylthiopyrimidine: ( a ) by reduction of 2,4-diamino-6-methylthio-5-phenylazopyrimidine, ( b ) by reduction of 2,4-diamino-6-methylthio-5-nitrosopyrimidine, and ( c ) by methylation of 2,4,5-triamino-6-mercaptopyrimidine. Various cyclized derivatives have been prepared from the title compound. Condensation of the triaminomethylthio compound with 2,4-pentanedione failed to yield the desired diazepine derivative, but gave instead a product resulting from Schiff base formation at the 5-amino group of the pyrimidine.
Rejecting the Evidence

Harris explores reasons why police and prosecutors disregard science and presents steps toward law enforcement that does not.
Planar Hexacoordinate Carbon: A Viable Possibility

The viability of molecules with planar hexacoordinate carbon atoms is demonstrated by density-functional theory (DFT) calculations for CB62–, a CB6H2 isomer, and three C3B4 minima. All of these species have six π electrons and are aromatic. Although other C3B4isomers are lower in energy, the activation barriers for the rearrangements of the three planar carbon C3B4minima into more stable isomers are appreciable, and experimental observation should be possible. High-level ab initio calculations confirm the DFT results. The planar hexacoordination in these species does not violate the octet rule because six partial bonds to the central carbons are involved.
The Electrodiagnostic Evaluation of Neck Pain

Radiculopathy is a functional diagnosis implying dysfunction of the spinal nerve root. Although commonly caused by structural lesions, such as degenerative spondylosis, it can also be caused by inflammatory, infectious, or malignant disorders. Structural causes of radiculopathy may be readily apparent through imaging modalities, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed axial tomography. However, MRI is known to be clinically nonspecific, and may not pinpoint the structural cause of radiculopathy. Additionally, infectious or malignant causes may not be readily apparent on standard imaging without contrast. In such equivocal cases, imaging may be complemented by electrodiagnostic testing. Electrodiagnostic testing is a functional evaluation of the nervous system, and allows objective documentation of the chronicity and severity of nervous system disease.
Optical surface edge Bloch modes: low-loss subwavelength-scale two-dimensional light localization.

An optical surface edge Bloch mode is an optical state evanescently bound at an edge on a finite-size three-dimensional photonic crystal; the edge is the intersection of two termination planes on the crystal. Low-loss subwavelength-scale edge modes can appear on an 〈010〉 edge of a dielectric woodpile within a complete photonic bandgap. The mode area is as small as 0.066 squared half-in-vacuum-wavelengths. The edge mode has field maxima in vacuum near the termination surface, like surface plasmon modes. This edge mode would provide new opportunities of low-loss light localization in a sub-diffraction-limit space without the use of metal.
Ab Initio and Dynamics Study of the O(3P) + NH3 and O(3P) + N2H4 Reactions at Hyperthermal Collision Energies

The reactions between ground-state oxygen atoms (O(3P)) and the ammonia (NH3) and hydrazine (N2H4) molecules have been studied using electronic-structure and dynamics calculations. Ab initio calcul...
Building 2-D stratigraphic and structure models from well log data and control horizons

An algorithm to build a gridded 2-D seismic velocity (or any other physical property) model from well log data and control horizons is developed. Interpolation of well log data onto a 2-D grid uses inverse distance weighting or linear interpolation, guided by the shape of the control horizons that are predefined from seismic or other 2-D constraints. A key feature of the models is that they may contain layers that are truncated by unconformities or at faults, or that lap out smoothly at their tops and bottoms. Abrupt or smooth terminations are controlled by user flags. Applications are illustrated using resistivity and acoustic impedance log data from the Blake Ridge (offshore Carolina) and using a complex structure produced by overthrust tectonics in western Canada. Geologically reasonable models can be produced only if there are sufficient wells to sample every salient element in the model and sufficient control horizons to define the lateral character of the structures at the required level of detail.
Cortical Surface Reconstruction via Unified Reeb Analysis of Geometric and Topological Outliers in Magnetic Resonance Images

In this paper we present a novel system for the automated reconstruction of cortical surfaces from T1-weighted magnetic resonance images. At the core of our system is a unified Reeb analysis framework for the detection and removal of geometric and topological outliers on tissue boundaries. Using intrinsic Reeb analysis, our system can pinpoint the location of spurious branches and topological outliers, and correct them with localized filtering using information from both image intensity distributions and geometric regularity. In this system, we have also developed enhanced tissue classification with Hessian features for improved robustness to image inhomogeneity, and adaptive interpolation to achieve sub-voxel accuracy in reconstructed surfaces. By integrating these novel developments, we have a system that can automatically reconstruct cortical surfaces with improved quality and dramatically reduced computational cost as compared with the popular FreeSurfer software. In our experiments, we demonstrate on 40 simulated MR images and the MR images of 200 subjects from two databases: the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) and International Consortium of Brain Mapping (ICBM), the robustness of our method in large scale studies. In comparisons with FreeSurfer, we show that our system is able to generate surfaces that better represent cortical anatomy and produce thickness features with higher statistical power in population studies.
Olfaction in Drosophila: from odor to behavior

Odors elicit a variety of behavioral responses from Drosophila via a relatively simple, but sensitive, olfactory system. An increasing number of mutants have been found to be defective in olfactory function. Genetic and molecular analyses of the Drosophila olfactory system have identified some of its molecular components, and have revealed some principles of its function and organization.
Gαq Directly Activates p63RhoGEF and Trio via a Conserved Extension of the Dbl Homology-associated Pleckstrin Homology Domain

The coordinated cross-talk from heterotrimeric G proteins to Rho GTPases is essential during a variety of physiological processes. Emerging data suggest that members of the Gα12/13 and Gαq/11 families of heterotrimeric G proteins signal downstream to RhoA via distinct pathways. Although studies have elucidated mechanisms governing Gα12/13-mediated RhoA activation, proteins that functionally couple Gαq/11 to RhoA activation have remained elusive. Recently, the Dbl-family guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) p63RhoGEF/GEFT has been described as a novel mediator of Gαq/11 signaling to RhoA based on its ability to synergize with Gαq/11 resulting in enhanced RhoA signaling in cells. We have used biochemical/biophysical approaches with purified protein components to better understand the mechanism by which activated Gαq directly engages and stimulates p63RhoGEF. Basally, p63RhoGEF is autoinhibited by the Dbl homology (DH)-associated pleckstrin homology (PH) domain; activated Gαq relieves this autoinhibition by interacting with a highly conserved C-terminal extension of the PH domain. This unique extension is conserved in the related Dbl-family members Trio and Kalirin and we show that the C-terminal Rho-specific DH-PH cassette of Trio is similarly activated by Gαq.
A service oriented livestock management system using occasionally connected mobile-cloud architecture

Animal identification and traceability have become increasingly important in the agriculture and food industry in recent decades mainly as a way to control quality and to manage animal health information and infectious diseases. Radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology has become the industry standard for managing livestock such as in dairy farms. Traditional herd management software has many deficiency and limitation. We propose a Web-based service oriented herd manage application by leveraging the emerging Web 2.0 technologies and an occasionally connected mobile database synchronization framework. This new architecture can provide improved accessibility, more up-to-date information and lower cost of ownership for the herd management software system. An initial prototype has been developed and tested on a three thousand cow dairy farm with encouraging result.
Regional anesthesia in a child with epidermolysis bullosa.

2 anesthesies par blocage du plexus brachial sont pratiquees chez un enfant de 4 ans, l'une a ete associee a un blocage du nerf femorocutane
Entropy of hydrophobic hydration: Extension to hydrophobic chains

A statistical mechanical formulation for the entropy in terms of multiparticle correlation functions, used previously to calculate entropies of the hydration of simple hydrophobic solutes, has been generalized to molecular solutes of arbitrary shape by recasting the correlation function expansion as a summation over sites that define the solute molecule. The new formulation for the entropy is applied to a Monte Carlo simulation study of normal alkanes at infinite dilution in water to calculate contributions to the entropy of hydration from water−solute site pair correlations and to examine the role these contributions play in stabilizing different solute conformations. In this implemention, the water−solute site pair correlations are determined only for individual water molecules with their nearest solute site and are defined by water orientational and water oxygen radial distributions around the site, independent of solute orientation relative to the water molecule. We show that these distribution functi...
Anti-DNA autoantibodies and systemic lupus erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease that affects most of the organs and tissues of the body, causing glomerulonephritis, arthritis, and cerebritis. SLE can be fatal with nephritis, in particular, predicting a poor outcome for patients. In this review, we highlight what has been learned about SLE from the study of mouse models, and pay particular attention to anti-DNA autoantibodies, both as pathological agents of lupus nephritis and as DNA-binding proteins. We summarize the current approaches used to treat SLE and discuss the targeting of anti-DNA autoantibodies as a new treatment for lupus nephritis.
Evaluation of a System for Independent Treatment Plan and Delivery Verification

The accuracy of the M3D calculations of planned and delivered dose was verified with TLD measurements in three RPC phantoms. The M3D planned and delivered dose distributions calculated for the RPC phantoms agreed with the TPS dose, with pass rates of 99.7% or greater for 3D gamma analysis. In addition, the M3D dose for 44 patient treatment plans were found to agree with the TPS dose, with an average 3D gamma passing rate of 99.2% ± 1.0% for M3D planned dose and 98.8% ± 1.6% for M3D delivered dose. The mean target and OAR doses agreed within ± 1.0% of the TPS dose for planned and delivered M3D dose.
Reactivity of Five-Coordinate Models for the Thiolate-Ligated Fe Site of Nitrile Hydratase

To examine inhibitor binding to an iron site resembling that of the metalloenzyme nitrile hydratase (NHase), a coordinatively unsaturated, five-coordinate FeIII thiolate complex was synthesized, and its reactivity examined. Ferricinium hexafluorophosphate induced oxidation of gem-dimethyl-protected [FeIIS2Me2N3(Pr,Pr)] affords the chiral, five-coordinate complex [FeIIIS2Me2N3(Pr,Pr)]+ (2) in reasonable yields. The magnetic properties and EPR of 2 are consistent with an S = 1/2 ground state. This unusual spin state, in conjunction with the low coordination number, of 2 result in unusually short Fe−S bonds (2.15(2) A). Ligand constraints distort the S−Fe−N angles in 2 and create an open (132.3(1)°) reactive site. Azide binds to this site to afford a model for the azide-inhibited form of NHase [FeIIIS2Me2N3(Pr,Pr)(N3)] (3). In MeOH azide binds reversibly, whereas in MeCN it binds irreversibly. This demonstrates that the secondary coordination sphere (i.e., the solvent, or possibly a protein binding pocket) c...
The corona mortis, a frequent vascular variant susceptible to blunt pelvic trauma: identification at routine multidetector CT.

Purpose To determine if contrast-enhanced multidetector computed tomography (CT) can demonstrate the "corona mortis" (translated as "crown of death"), a common variant obturator artery originating from the external iliac artery system that is susceptible to pelvic trauma. Methods and Materials A representative case study is described. The authors evaluated 50 consecutive patients undergoing routine clinically indicated, standard protocol, venous phase contrast-enhanced multidetector CT of the pelvis, 25 with a 16-slice scanner and 25 with a 64-slice scanner. Three data sets were created for each study, as follows: ( a ) 5 × 5-mm axial, ( b ) 1.25 × 1.0-mm axial, and ( c ) 1.25 × 1.0-mm coronal. Three radiologists independently reviewed the images for the presence or absence of corona morti. Results One hundred hemipelves in 50 patients were evaluated. In total, 29 corona morti were identified, including 10 on the 5-mm axial images, 25 on the 1.25-mm coronal images, and 29 on the 1.25-mm axial images. By consensus agreement, interpretation of challenging cases was easiest with the 64-slice images. Conclusions The corona mortis variant can be identified on routine contrast-enhanced multidetector CT scans in about one-third of patients. Thin (1.25-mm) CT reconstructions demonstrate this variation much more frequently than 5-mm-thick images. This suggests that the corona mortis may be prospectively identified at contrast-enhanced multidetector CT in pelvic trauma patients and help guide subsequent endovascular embolization. However, further study in the trauma population is necessary to confirm this.
The Drosophila deoxyhypusine hydroxylase homologue nero and its target eIF5A are required for cell growth and the regulation of autophagy

Hypusination is a unique posttranslational modification by which lysine is transformed into the atypical amino acid hypusine. eIF5A (eukaryotic initiation factor 5A) is the only known protein to contain hypusine. In this study, we describe the identification and characterization of nero, the Drosophila melanogaster deoxyhypusine hydroxylase (DOHH) homologue. nero mutations affect cell and organ size, bromodeoxyuridine incorporation, and autophagy. Knockdown of the hypusination target eIF5A via RNA interference causes phenotypes similar to nero mutations. However, loss of nero appears to cause milder phenotypes than loss of eIF5A. This is partially explained through a potential compensatory mechanism by which nero mutant cells up-regulate eIF5A levels. The failure of eIF5A up-regulation to rescue nero mutant phenotypes suggests that hypusination is required for eIF5A function. Furthermore, expression of enzymatically impaired forms of DOHH fails to rescue nero clones, indicating that hypusination activity is important for nero function. Our data also indicate that nero and eIF5A are required for cell growth and affect autophagy and protein synthesis.
A comparison of supination/flexion to hyperpronation in the reduction of radial head subluxations.

Objective . To compare supination at the wrist followed by flexion at the elbow (the traditional reduction technique) to hyperpronation at the wrist in the reduction of radial head subluxations (nursemaid9s elbow). Materials and Methods . This prospective, randomized study involved a consecutive sampling of children younger than 6 years of age who presented to one of two urban pediatric emergency departments and two suburban pediatric ambulatory care centers with a clinical diagnosis of radial head subluxation. Patients were randomized to undergo reduction by one of the two methods and were followed every 5 minutes for return of elbow function. The initial procedure was repeated if baseline functioning did not return 15 minutes after the initial reduction attempt. Failure of that technique 30 minutes after the initial reduction attempt resulted in a cross-over to the alternate method of reduction. The alternate procedure was repeated if baseline functioning did not return 15 minutes after the alternate procedure was attempted. If the patient failed both techniques, radio-graphy of the elbow was performed. Results . A total of 90 patients were enrolled in the study. Five patients were removed from further analysis secondary to a final diagnosis of fracture, 84 were reduced successfully, and 1 failed both techniques. Demographic characteristics of each group were similar. Thirty-nine of 41 patients (95%) randomized to hyper-pronation were reduced successfully on the first attempt versus 34 of 44 patients (77%) randomized to supination. Two patients in the hyperpronation group required two attempts versus 10 patients in the supination group. Hyperpronation was more successful; 40 of 41 patients (97.5%) in the hyperpronation group were reduced successfully versus 38 of 44 patients (86%) in the supination group. Of the 6 patients who crossed over from supination to hyperpronation, 5 were reduced on the first attempt and 1 was reduced on the second attempt. Conclusions . In the reduction of radial head subluxations, the hyperpronation technique required fewer attempts at reduction compared with supination, was successful more often than supination, and was often successful when supination failed.
Cystosine-rich strands of the insulin minisatellite adopt hairpins with intercalated cytosine+·cytosine pairs

Previously, we reported the high resolution NMR structure of the hairpin G-quartet structure formed by the G-rich strand of the insulin minisatellite of repeat sequence, (ACAG4TGTG4/TGTC4ACAC4) located upstream of the human insulin gene. Here, we report structural studies on the C-rich strand of this insulin minisatellite. First, we show by high resolution NMR that (C4TGTC4) forms a hairpin dimer with intercalated C+.C pairs (referred to as the hairpin i-motif); 340 NOE distance constraints uniquely define the nature of hairpin folding and the pattern of C+.C intercalation. Second, we show by one-dimensional NMR spectroscopy and molecular modeling studies that (C4TGTC4ACA4TGTC4) forms an intramolecularly folded hairpin with intercalated C+.C pairs. Third, we demonstrate by in vitro replication studies that several such hairpin i-motifs are present in long (C4TGTC4ACA)n (n>/=6) sequences, even in the presence of their complementary strands. Finally, we discuss structural and biological significance of the hairpin i-motifs formed by the C-rich strands of the insulin minisatellite.
Review of static seals for cryogenic systems

Although cryogenic techniques have advanced rapidly, little effort has been devoted to standardization of seals for cryogenic systems. This paper surveys and evaluates various demountable, low-temperature static seals. Rectangular-sectioned gaskets of Teflon or Kel-F, or of soft metal, or with plastic sealing surfaces can be used, but gaskets require heavy flanges. O-rings of rubber, Viton, andneoprene have been used successfully down to 20° K with highinitial-loading designs. Hollow, metallic O-rings can be used, but they are hard and require good surface finishes,> 16 rms. Solid O-rings of soft metals (e.g., indium, lead, copper, and aluminum) can seal to 10~ 5 atm-cc/sec/linear-in. Pressure-actuated seals of C, U, V, or W configuration are said to be superior to all others for cryogenic space systems (a table of available types is given); they use lightweight flanges and will follow flange deflections; they are expensive, and small leak paths can develop, but they have proved reliable in the field. Temperature-actuated seals (favorable thermal contraction relationships) also show promise but have not been used extensively.
Dynamics of infection by leukotoxic strains of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in juvenile periodontitis.

Abstract. Juvenile periodontitis is associated with a high incidence of infection by Actinobacillus aclinomycetemcomilans (Aa). The data presented indicate that the ability of Aa to destroy human PMNs is altered during the course of infection. Leukotoxic strains of Aa are characteristically found in isolates obtained from younger patients (6–12 years of age) but not in older subjects (13–25 years old). This suggests that the leukotoxin may be more important during early as opposed to more advanced phases of juvenile periodontitis.
Characteristics of women refusing follow-up for tests or symptoms suggestive of breast cancer.

Background: Delay in diagnosis of breast cancer can occur at several points on the diagnostic pathway. We examined characteristics of women with breast cancer who before diagnosis actively refused recommended follow-up of tests or symptoms suggestive of breast cancer. Methods: We identifi ed women aged 50 years or older diagnosed with latestage (metastatic disease or tumors ≥ 3cm at diagnosis) and a matched sample of women with early-stage (tumors < 3 cm) breast cancer from 1995 to 1999. Using medical records, we investigated clinical characteristics, use of health care, and documentation of care refusal during the 3 years before diagnosis. We used logistic regression models to compare refusers to nonrefusers. Results: Of the 2694 women studied, 7.2% refused provider follow-up advice during the 3 years. These women were more likely to have late-stage breast cancer at diagnosis than were nonrefusers (odds ratio [OR] = 1.9, 95% confi dence interval [CI] = 1.4 to 2.6). They were more likely to be aged 75 years or older (OR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.4 to 2.7 compared with age 50 – 64) or to have six or more children (OR = 2.3, 95% CI = 1.3 to 4.2 compared to women with one to two children). Clinical factors associated with refusal included low use of mammography, high use of clinical breast exam, and missed appointments. A minority of women who refused had a reason documented in the medical record; the most frequent reasons were avoidance – denial – fatalism, fear of diagnostic tests, and fear of surgery or disfi gurement. Conclusions: Our results suggest that certain demographic and clinical characteristics are associated with women’s refusal of diagnostic testing for breast cancer. Further study is needed on refusers’ characteristics and on how such refusals affect outcomes. Efforts aimed at identifying and counseling women with abnormal results who refuse follow-up are warranted. [J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2005;35:33 – 8]
Activity-based costing: a model for implementing change

This paper presents a framework suggested by Kurt Lewin (1951) for analyzing the change process in activity-based costing (ABC) context. Specifically, the factors for change and the resistance to change at individual and organizational levels are discussed. The paper also suggests ways to overcome the resistance to change, and a model for implementing ABC based on the action research model. Four main stages of the model (data gathering, information sharing, action planning and implementation, and feedback) are discussed with reference to ABC. >
The emerging process of Top Down mass spectrometry for protein analysis: biomarkers, protein-therapeutics, and achieving high throughput

Top Down mass spectrometry (MS) has emerged as an alternative to common Bottom Up strategies for protein analysis. In the Top Down approach, intact proteins are fragmented directly in the mass spectrometer to achieve both protein identification and characterization, even capturing information on combinatorial post-translational modifications. Just in the past two years, Top Down MS has seen incremental advances in instrumentation and dedicated software, and has also experienced a major boost from refined separations of whole proteins in complex mixtures that have both high recovery and reproducibility. Combined with steadily advancing commercial MS instrumentation and data processing, a high-throughput workflow covering intact proteins and polypeptides up to 70 kDa is directly visible in the near future.
Aspergillus Asexual Reproduction and Sexual Reproduction Are Differentially Affected by Transcriptional and Translational Mechanisms Regulating stunted Gene Expression

The Stunted protein (StuAp) is a member of a family of transcription factors that regulate fungal development and cell cycle progression. Regulated stuA gene expression is required for correct cell pattern formation during asexual reproduction (conidiation) and for initiation of the sexual reproductive cycle in Aspergillus nidulans. Transcriptional initiation from two different promoters yields overlapping mRNAs (stuA alpha and stuAbeta) that upon translation yield the same protein. Here we show that multiple regulatory mechanisms interact to control (i) developmental competence-dependent expression of both transcripts and (ii) induction-dependent expression of stuA alpha, but not stuAbeta, by the conidiation-specific Bristle (BrlAp) transcriptional activator. Quantitative levels of both mRNAs are further modulated by (i) an activator(s) located at a far-upstream upstream activation sequence, (ii) feedback regulation by StuAp, and (iii) positive translational regulation that requires the peptide product of a micro-open reading frame unique to the stuA alpha mRNA 5' untranslated region. Gradients in stuA alpha expression were most important for correct cell and tissue type development. Threshold requirements were as follows: metula-phialide differentiation < ascosporogenesis < cleistothecial shell-Hulle cell differentiation. Altered stuA expression affected conidiophore morphology and conidial yields quantitatively but did not alter the temporal development of cell types or conidiophore density. By contrast, the sexual cycle showed both temporal delay and quantitative reduction in the number of cleistothecial initials but normal morphogenesis of tissue types.
Geotectonic Evolution and Subsidence of Bahama Platform: Discussion

The model for formation of the Bahamas presented by Dietz and others (1970) calls for a history of discrete events. Continuous uplift at the mid-oceanic ridge, spreading, and sinking of the oceanic crust along the continents could produce the same features without necessarily requiring long interruptions in development.
Radiation protection and measurement issues related to cargo scanning with accelerator-produced high-energy X rays, NCRP Commentary No. 20

Having spent roughly the first third of his health physics career on the Norfolk, VA waterfront area, the reviewer was excited to see the NCRP Commentary 20, 'Radiation Protection and Measurements Issues Related to Cargo Scanning with Accelerator Technology'. It signals the advent of the Cargo Advanced Automated Radiography System (CAARS). The waterfront is a border that challenges physical security programs and technology. As Commentary 20 provides in the introduction, waterfront cargo terminals and land border crossings together represent over 300 ports of entry in the USA. Every year, the USA receives over 10 million cargo containers from commercial shipping and a roughly equal amount from land border crossings. While rapidly processing containerized cargo, CAARS will be able to detect small quantities of high atomic number radioactive materials and dense shielding materials used for radioactive gamma ray sources and even illicit human cargo - important concerns for homeland security. It will also be able to detect other contraband such as explosives, weapons and drugs. Section 1 of the Commentary presents an executive summary with NCRP's radiation dose management recommendations and related operational recommendations for effective implementation of CAARS technology in the current regulatory environment.
Oligopoly Bargaining: Effects of Agreement Pressure and Opponent Strategies

Previous research on oligopoly bargaining has shown soft strategies to be superior to tough strategies and has suggested that this effect may be moderated by agreement pressure. However, previous research is difficult to interpret because the effects of strategy changes and subsequent strategies have not been adequately tested. Female students from introductory psychology classes were assigned the role of buyers and bargained with initially soft or tough and subsequently soft or tough programmed (seller) strategies under low or high agreement pressure. Subjects had the opportunity to bargain with the strategy (seller) of their choice and to change sellers at any time. As hypothesized, soft seller strategies were found to be superior to tough strategies. In addition, the superiority of soft seller strategies was increased by low agreement pressure.
Compiler-directed management of leakage power in software-managed memories

Our goal in this paper is to demonstrate that an optimizing compiler can be very successful in reducing leakage energy consumption of on-chip SMMs for array-dominated embedded applications.