cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microstructural selection in conventionally and rapidly solidified Sm–Co–T alloys

Abstract Microstructural selection maps under conventional solidification conditions have been determined in the vicinity of the binary eutectic point for Sm–Co–T alloys, with T = Nb, Mo, Ag, Zr, Ti, Hf and V up to 3 at.%. All additions except V were observed to disrupt the eutectic solidification front and lead to primary Co or Sm 2 Co 17 formation from the melt. An alloy with a composition of (Sm 0.09 Co 0.91 ) 97 V 3 was observed to have a eutectic structure. The alloying additions of Nb, Mo, Ag and Zr resulted in an expansion of primary Co formation, ultimately leading to deleterious effects on the magnetic properties. The addition of Ti and Hf extended the region over which primary Sm 2 Co 17 formed, potentially allowing the production of permanent magnet materials with higher Co content. Subsequent analysis of rapidly solidified Sm–Co–V alloys resulted in composition-magnetic property maps. Excellent magnetic properties were observed in the as-solidified state for (Sm 0.09 Co 0.91 ) 97 V 3 . The coercivity was determined to be 5 kOe and the energy product was 4.3 MGOe, which decreased as both the Sm/Co ratio and V content were changed. The melt-spun microstructure consisted of primary Sm 2 Co 17 and interdendritic Co more indicative of peritectic solidification, and the morphology of the phases changed as the Sm/Co ratio changed. The different conventionally and rapidly solidified microstructures suggest alteration of the equilibrium phase relationships due to high undercoolings.
A study of X-ray damage effects on the short channel behavior of IGFET's

Ionizing particles and radiation may play an important, albeit undesirable role in the processing of VLSI and ULSI circuits in that they can generate bulk charge in the gate insulator of IGFETs. In this regard, there is conflicting information in the literature on the effects of ionizing radiation on short channel phenomena in IGFETs. For example, Peckeraret al. in 1983 claimed that the effective channel length increases when positive coulombic charge is introduced during irradiation, resulting in a decrease in the short channel effect. Schrankleret al. in 1985 claimed in an experimental study, on the other hand, using 28.0 nm thick gate oxides and 0.9–10 μm channel lengths, that the effect is increased,i.e., the short channel effect begins at longer channel lengths. Wilson and Blue in 1982, in a theoretical study concluded that other than a uniform downward shift in theV T -channel length curve due to the presence of insulator net fixed positive charge, no effect should be observed. Because of these conflicting reports, it was decided to evaluate this behavior using two different background doping levels inn-channel structures, with physical channel lengths ranging between 1.5 and 10 μm, in 0.1 and 0.5 gWcm (100) Si. To further explore the situation, gate oxide (grown at 1000° C in O2 containing 4.5% HC1) thicknesses were varied from 17.0–35.0 nm, and the absorbed radiation dose using Al-Kα (1.5 keV) x-rays was varied between 2.4 × 106 rad (SiO2) and 2.4 × 107 rad (SiO2). For all conditions studied above, a uniform downward shift in the VT-Channel length curve was observed, essentially corroborating the theoretical conclusions of Wilson and Blue. In addition to the above, the effects of intentionally doping the gate insulator with boron (1.2 × 1012 B+ cm−2) implanted at 8 and 10 keV into 25.0 nm and 31.4 nm oxides, respectively, on short channel effects were evaluated for devices grown onp-type 0.5 Ω.cm substrates. Unlike the devices which did not have excess boron intentionally implanted into the gate insulator, it was found that higher concentrations of boron (2.0 × 1017 cm−3 in the insulator via implantation as compared to 4.2 × 1016 cm−3 incorporated in oxides during the oxide growth on 0.5 Ω.cm type (100) Silicon) leads to smaller short channel effects in unirradiated devices. On the other hand, these heavily doped oxides show a distinct worsening of the short channel effect after exposure to 2.4 × 107 rad (SiO2) using Al-Kα radiation. Thus, while normal devices exhibit little if any short channel improvement, or degradation following irradiation, intentionally doped insulators show an improvement in short channel characteristics prior to irradiation, and a worsening of the short channel effect following irradiation.
Immunoregulation in pancreatic cancer patients.

Metastatic pancreatic cancer is one of the most aggressive cancer known in man yet specific anti-tumor immunity has been demonstrated in lymph nodes draining the sites of pancreatic tumors. Despite this immunity, pancreatic cancer patients suffer a quick demise. To further define tumor immunity in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer, we sought to characterize helper T cell subsets, serum cytokines, cellular cytotoxicity that is both T-cell and non-T cell mediated, as well as known tumor-derived immunosuppressive products that may be present in their peripheral blood. Significantly heightened levels of interleukin 2 (IL-2), a Th1 cytokine, were found in patients before treatment with chemotherapy while serum IL-10, a Th2 cytokine, were at significantly lower levels than observed in normal donors tested between their fifth and seventh decades of life. IL-10 levels increased progressively with age as a serum-bound protein in normal, healthy donors tested between the ages of 24 through 61. An age associated progression of increased IL-10 levels was not observed in pancreatic cancer patients. Few patients had detectable serum levels of soluble fas ligand but approximately half had elevated levels of a tumor marker, detected with the CA-15.3 assay, known as soluble MUCIN 1 (MUC1). Cell mediated cytotoxicity including T-cell mediated killing of pancreatic tumor cell lines was detected in many patients. These data suggest that pancreatic cancer patients have activated type 1 helper T cells that can support development of cell-mediated immunity, and that their sera contain lowered levels of the “anti- inflammatory” type 2 cytokine, IL-10.
The cell proliferative activity of parodontal tissues in aging mice.

Abstract One hundred and thirty-eight short-lived mice of the Brookhaven National Laboratory inbred strain of Swiss albino 5, 26, 52, 78 weeks of age were used to determine the normal proliferative activity of the parodontal tissues comprising the mesial aspects of the maxillary 1st molars and the associated changes concomitant with aging. Labelling indices were obtained following grain-counting of autoradiographs. Each animal received 1 μCi of tritiated thymidine per gram body weight 1 hr prior to death. Five micron sections were cut from paraffin blocks prepared routinely following EDTA decalcification. Results showed that the order of proliferative activity was similar at all ages. The proliferative activity was highest in gingival epithelium while all other tissue compartments were significantly lower. In lessening order, these were 4 connective tissue compartments, 2 osteogenic layers and lastly the cementoblastic layer. A progressive decrease in labelling indices to 52 weeks of age was generally observed with increasing age. This was subsequently followed by a rise in the number of labelled cells, especially in the gingival epithelium and connective tissue below the crevicular region. A survey of the tissues for inflammatory reactions revealed increased incidence with advancing age, especially at 78 weeks of age. The crevicular region of the epithelium, the connective tissue below and the periapical periodontium were the usual inflammatory sites. It was concluded that increased labelling observed in animals older than 52 weeks of age was associated with increased incidence of inflammation at susceptible sites coincidental with histological age changes in parodontal tissues.
Seeking the comparative advantage: The dynamics of individual cooperation in single vs. multiple-team environments☆

Social dilemma studies predict that people will withhold cooperation from their teammates. Small group studies show that competition between teams increases cooperation among teammates. In this study, the two theories are integrated to show how performance comparisons with members of another team increase or decrease cooperation in an intra-team social dilemma. 111 MBA and undergraduate students participated in a laboratory experiment that finds that comparison of performance across competitive teams generates cooperation when the comparison is favorable. A computer simulation identifies decisions processes, finding partial support for comparative information across teams acting to reinforce cooperation. It also indicates that personal consistency accounts for parts of the decision process. These processes operate in the form of a rule called Win-Stay/Lose-Revert.
Interpolation of finite rotations in flexible multi-body dynamics simulations:

The representation and manipulation of finite rotations and the modelling of flexible bodies are at the heart of flexible multi-body systems dynamics simulations. When dealing with finite element f...
Don't Wait!: How Timing Affects Coordination of Crowdfunding Donations

Crowdfunding sites often impose deadlines for projects to receive their requested funds. This deadline structure creates a difficult decision for potential donors. Donors can donate early to a project to help it reach its goal and to signal to other donors that the project is worthwhile. But donors may also want to wait for a similar signal from others. We conduct an experimental simulation of a crowdfunding website to explore how potential donors to projects make this decision. We find evidence for both strategies in our experiment; some donate early while others wait till the last second. However, we also find that making an early donation is usually a better strategy for donors because the amount of donations made early in a project's campaign is often the only difference between that project being funded or not. This finding suggests that crowdfunding sites need to develop designs, policies and incentives that encourage people to make immediate donations so that the site can most efficiently fund projects.
Synthesis Of N,N′-Diaralkyl 2H-1,2,6-Tetrahydrothiadiazines

Abstract Several derivatives of the 2H-1,2,6-Lctrahydrothiadiazine ring system have been synthesized by the interaction of the sulfur transfer reagent N,N-thiobisphthalimide (TBP) with appropriately substituted N,N′-bis-(benzyl)-1,3-diaminopropanes.
Transfer of optical momentum: reconciliations of the Abraham and Minowski formulations

The correct form of electromagnetic wave momentum in matter has been debated in the literature for over a century, with the main candidates being the Minkowski and the Abraham formulations. Recently, a third momentum expression has been proposed, averaging the previous two, and has been argued to be the resolution of the debate. In this paper, we revisit the various formulations and show that the debate has been carried out on a wrong platform: the question is not which momentum expression is right and which is wrong, but which is measurable and which is not. In that regard, experiments have been overwhelmingly in favor of the Minkowski form, which, however, does not discredit the Abraham form as a theoretical concept. The third form of momentum, averaging the previous two, is here argued to be merely the result of a mathematical exercise, which physical assumptions need to be revisited.
Transient Analyses for Great Falls Hydro Plant

Transient analyses provide estimates of maximum pressure in the Great Falls Unit 1 penstock following load rejection. Additional transient analyses, along with hydrodynamic force and moment coefficients, provide estimates of unsteady loads on the Unit 1 emergency butterfly valve during closure. Position varying force and moment coefficients for a butterfly valve were determined by CFD modeling. A new method for representing turbine and pump-turbine characteristics that involves a slight modification to the standard Suter representation permits linear interpolation between the discrete curves representing data at different wicket gate openings.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
The highly efficacious actions of N-desmethylclozapine at muscarinic receptors are unique and not a common property of either typical or atypical antipsychotic drugs: is M1 agonism a pre-requisite for mimicking clozapine’s actions?

Recent studies have suggested that the salutary actions of clozapine in schizophrenia may be due to selective activation of M1 muscarinic receptors by clozapine and/or its major active metabolite N-desmethylclozapine. We systematically tested this hypothesis by screening a large number of psychoactive compounds, including many atypical antipsychotic drugs, for agonist activity at cloned, human M1, M3 and M5 muscarinic receptors. Only three of the 14 atypical antipsychotic drugs we tested were found to possess partial agonist actions at M1 muscarinic receptors (fluperlapine, JL13, clozapine). A few additional miscellaneous compounds had a modest degree of M1 agonist actions. Only carbachol and N-desmethylclozapine had appreciable M3 muscarinic agonism at M3 muscarinic receptors, although several were M5 partial agonists including MK-212, N-desmethylclozapine and xanomeline. Although M1 muscarinic receptor-selective partial agonists have shown promise in some preclinical antipsychotic drug models, these studies indicate that it is unlikely that the salutary actions of clozapine and similar atypical antipsychotic drugs are mediated solely by M1 muscarinic receptor activation. It is possible, however, that the M1 agonism of N-desmethylclozapine contributes to the uniquely beneficial actions of clozapine. Thus, these results are consistent with the notion that a balanced degree of activity at multiple biogenic amine receptors, including M1 muscarinic agonism, is responsible for the uniquely beneficial actions of clozapine.
A single amino acid change in the para sodium channel protein is associated with knockdown-resistance (kdr) to pyrethroid insecticides in German cockroach

Previous genetic and pharmacological studies suggest that knockdown-resistance (kdr) to pyrethroid insecticides likely results from a mutation(s) in the para sodium channel gene. In this study, para sodium channel genes from an insecticide-susceptible German cockroach strain, CSMA, and a kdr-type German cockroach strain, Ectiban-R, were cloned and sequenced. Comparison of the nucleotide sequences of paraCSMA and paraEctiban-R revealed two nucleotide differences at nt 1491 and nt 2979, respectively. Only the difference at nt 2979 (G in paraCSMA and C in paraEctiban-R) resulted in an amino acid change (Leu993 in CSMA and Phe993 in Ectiban-R). Leu993/Phe993 is located in the highly conserved membrane-spanning segment 6 of domain II (IIS6). Furthermore, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) sequence analysis using another two insecticide-susceptible and one kdr German cockroach strain, revealed that C2979 was specifically associated with kdr resistant strains, whereas only G2979 was present in all susceptible strains. These results suggest that a single amino acid change from Leu993 to Phe993 is responsible for the kdr-type resistance in German cockroach.
Finding curves on general spaces through quantitative topology, with applications to Sobolev and Poincaré inequalities

In many metric spaces one can connect an arbitrary pair of points with a curve of finite length, but in Euclidean spaces one can connect a pair of points with a lot of rectifiable curves, curves that are well distributed across a region. In the present paper we give geometric criteria on a metric space under which we can find similar families of curves. We shall find these curves by first solving a “dual” problem of building Lipschitz maps from our metric space into a sphere with good topological properties. These families of curves can be used to control the values of a function in terms of its gradient (suitably interpreted on a general metric space), and to derive Sobolev and Poincare inequalities.
Self-regulation Theory and the Multigenerational Legacy of Diabetes

The purpose of this study was to lend further support to the practice-based theory multigenerational legacies of diabetes (MGLDM). The hypothesis that perceptions of diabetes differ depending upon self-reported family history of diabetes was tested. Surveys assessing illness representation were administered by mail to adults with type 2 diabetes who attended diabetes education programs in a Northern Metropolitan East Coast location. Perceptions of diabetes were significantly different between those who remember a family member having diabetes and those who do not. Components of the commonsense model that differ in this sample were personal control, treatment control, emotional representations, and illness coherence (understanding), which were associated with dietary and monitoring adherence. Exploring commonsense models of diabetes during education sessions may help identify perceptions that may be shaped by the experiences of family members.
Pyramidal Arborizations and Activity Spread in Neocortex

Abstract A model of a patch of neocortex was constructed by reference to the details of pyramidal and inhibitory arbors in rat somatosensory cortex, and its behavior was compared to slice experiments measuring activity spread following point-stimulation. Two features of pyramidal arbors played a prominent role in the results and may affect cortical information transmission: (1) dual horizontal structure, in which connections are made densely within 0.5 mm and sparsely over 2– 3 mm – affected characteristic length and rate of propagation; and, (2) significant restriction of projections to the vertical compartment (superficial, middle, deep) of origin – resulted in laminar differences in activity levels.
Finite sample tail behavior of the multivariate trimmed mean based on Tukey-Donoho halfspace depth

Finite sample tail behavior of the Tukey-Donoho halfspace depth based multivariate trimmed mean is investigated with respect to a tail performance measure. It turns out that the tails of the sampling distribution of the α-depth-trimmed mean approach zero at least ⌊αn⌋ times as fast as the tails of the underlying population distribution and could be n−⌊αn⌋+ 1 times as fast. In addition, there is an intimate relationship among the tail behavior, the halfspace depth, and the finite sample breakdown point of the estimator. It is shown that the lower tail performance bound of the depth based trimmed mean is essentially the same as its halfspace depth and the breakdown point. This finding offers a new insight into the notion of the halfspace depth and extends the important role of the tail behavior as a quantitative assessment of robustness in the regression (He, Jureckova, Koenker and Portnoy (1990)) and the univariate location settings (Jureckova (1981)) to the multivariate location setting.
A cost-effectiveness analysis of cognitive behavior therapy and fluoxetine (prozac) in the treatment of depression *

Depression affects at least 11 million Americans per year and costs the U.S. economy an estimated 44 billion dollars annually. Comprehensive review of the existing scientific evidence suggests that psychotherapy, particularly cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), is at least as effective as medication in the treatment of depression, even if severe (Antonuccio, Danton, & DeNelsky, 1995). These conclusions hold for both vegetative and social adjustment symptoms, especially when patient-rated measures are used and long-term follow-up is considered. In addition, several well-controlled studies with long-term follow-up (Evans et al., 1992; Shea et al., 1992; Simons, Murphy, Levine, & Wetzel, 1986) suggest that CBT may be more effective than drug treatment at preventing relapse. The relative effectiveness of psychotherapy for depression, particularly CBT, has been reinforced by meta-analyses reported in both psychiatry (Hollon, Shelton, & Loosen, 1991; Wexler & Cicchetti, 1992) and psychology journals (Dobson, 1989; Robinson, Berman, & Neimeyer, 1990; Steinbrueck, Maxwell, & Howard, 1983). In the era of managed care, it is not enough to be effective; treatments must be cost-effective. This paper considers the outcome studies as the basis for a cost-effectiveness comparison of drugs and psychotherapy in the treatment of unipolar depression. The analysis shows that over a 2-year period, fluoxetine alone may result in 33% higher expected costs than individual CBT treatment and the combination treatment may result in 23% higher costs than CBT alone. Supplemental analysis shows that group CBT may only result in a 2% ($596) cost savings as compared to individual treatment.
English Language Learning Materials: A Critical Review edited by TOMLINSON, BRIAN

The article reviews the book "English Language Learning Materials: A Critical Review" edited by Brian Tomlinson.
Demineralized bone matrix and spinal arthrodesis

Spinal fusion is a gold-standard treatment for many disorders of the spine with autogenous bone graft as the gold-standard source for augmenting fusion. However, the morbidity and limitations of autogenous bone grafting has motivated the search for bone graft alternatives. One such alternative is demineralized bone matrix (DBM). The purpose of this paper is to describe and characterize the properties of DBM in addition to reviewing the results of its use in animal and human studies of spinal fusion. A thorough and critical review of the English-language literature was conducted. DBM is both osteoconductive and osteoinductive. Studies have produced variable results with respect to spinal fusion rates. Various studies have demonstrated inferior, equal, or enhanced fusion rates. Some of the differences in these studies include the animal models used, the manner in which DBM was prepared, and the carrier with which DBM was combined. These differences may account for the dissimilar results. DBM is able to function as a graft extender in the human species.
The structure and conformation of 4-hydroxyphenyl terephthalate : a model compound for a liquid crystalline polyester

Abstract A theoretical analysis using ab initio calculations of the possible conformations of 4-hydroxyphenyl terephthalate which represents the repeat unit for poly( p -phenylene terephthalate) is reported. The study includes complete geometry optimizations and calculation of vibrational frequencies at the SCF/STO-3G level of ten distinct stationary points on the molecular potential surface. The calculations show that both the terephthalic and the hydroquinone fragments of the system prefer planar conformations. For the entire molecule, the low energy form is a twisted conformation where the hydroquinone portion is twisted by about 65° relative to the terephthalic portion of the molecule. The barrier to internal rotation around the ester bond is about 2 kcal mol -1 .
Energy Balance and Regional Changes in Body Composition During an Expedition to Mt. Everest

Abstract A 9-week nutrition research expedition to Mt Everest was designed to determine actual energy intakes and expenditures during exposure to extreme altitudes. Subjects in the study included 3 women who remained at or near Base Camp (17,500 ft) and 1 woman and 6 men who climbed above Base Camp up to 29,028 ft. Reported dietary intakes were determined by daily food records. Energy expenditures were measured by doubly labeled water excretion. Regional body compositions were determined by measuring skin-fold thicknesses and circumferences at 10 different body sites. Self-reported energy intakes were 1,881 ±713 kcal/d for Base Camp personnel and 2,841 ±1,167 kcal/d for climbers. Measured energy expenditures were 3,274±540 kcal/d for Base Camp personnel and 5,394±1,565 kcal/d for climbers, which averaged 2.5 to 3.0 times the sea-level resting energy expenditure for both groups. Periodic measurements of body weights were compared to reported energy intakes and measured energy expenditures. Discrepancies between these measures suggested a significant under reporting of dietary intakes. Adjusting for changes in regional and whole body fat mass and muscle mass and the energy reserves lost from each, the "mean adjusted dietary intakes" were calculated, which for Base Camp personnel were 2.510±155 kcal/d, and 4,931±1,568 kcal/d for the climbers. The differences between mean adjusted dietary intakes and measured energy expenditures resulted in a net dietary energy deficit. Differential changes in regional body composition suggest that there was a preferential loss of fat mass and a relative sparing of muscle mass even though there was insufficient energy intakes to balance expenditures. Data derived from this study provide guidelines for supplying adequate dietary energy intakes in order to minimize adverse losses of body mass and muscle mass during exposure to high and extreme altitudes.
Adding parity to the Linux ext3 file system

Modern disks no longer operate in a simple "fail-stop" manner, yet commodity operating systems assume they do. We design and implement a parity based approach to improve the robustness of journaling file systems. We modify the existing ext3 file system for data and ordered journaling modes to incorporate parity and call it the "Parity File System". Using PFS, we are able to recover from a single latent sector error or silent block corruption within a given file. We show that the performance overhead for PFS compared to ext3 is minimal while the robustness is significantly improved.
Creating an artistic self : Amateur quilters and subjective careers

Abstract As some contemporary U.S. women reach middle age, they develop interests in personal activities, filling time and space once occupied by family carework. As this occurs, women often also develop subjective careers in these new spaces—where they construct both the goals and measures of success, independent of mainstream definitions. In this interview study with 70 U.S. midlife women, I examine the process of developing a subjective career around amateur quilting practices. As women begin to self-identify as amateur quitters, they also begin to define success as it is important to them—learning to quilt, making connections with others who quilt, and maintaining kin ties through giving quilts to others. Consequently, women redefine the role of quilting from a leisure activity to a subjective career—for although quilting adheres to the prescriptions of traditional femininity, quilting also allows women to carve out time and space just for themselves and their chosen leisure pursuits.
Non-monotonic probability theory for n-state quantum systems

Abstract In previous work, a non-standard theory of probability was formulated and used to systematize interference effects involving the simplest type of quantum systems. The main result here is a self-contained, non-trivial generalization of that theory to capture interference effects involving a much broader range of quantum systems. The discussion also focuses on interpretive matters having to do with the actual/virtual distinction, non-locality, and conditional probabilities.
Developing standard concentrations in the neonatal intensive care unit

The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) has mandated the elimination of the rule-of-six method and the use of standardized drug concentrations for pediatric patients.[1][1] As a result, many pediatric hospitals have had the task of developing standardized
Pediatric dermatology inpatient consultations: a retrospective study of 427 cases.

Background Limited reviews of inpatient pediatric dermatology (PD) exist in the current medical literature. Objective We sought to profile the inpatient PD consultations at a large tertiary care children's hospital. Methods We reviewed the electronic medical records of 427 consecutive PD consultations over a 52-month period from January 2006 to April 2010. The age, gender, diagnosis, requesting service, number of skin biopsies performed, and reason for admission to the hospital were recorded. Results Patients ranged in age from newborn to 17 years old: 18% were 6 weeks to 11 months of age. General pediatrics was the service that most frequently consulted PD (44% of consultations). The most common diagnostic categories included infectious diseases, graft-versus-host disease, dermatitis, vascular anomalies, and drug eruptions. The most common diagnoses when hospitalization was primarily for skin-related disease were infections and vascular anomalies. Admission for skin disease associated with a systemic illness was most frequently for infections and drug eruptions. Limitations The retrospective nature of the study, its reliance on electronic medical records, and occurrence at a tertiary care children's hospital are potential limitations. Conclusions Information obtained from this study may be used to: (1) tailor teaching to relevant diagnoses for health care providers and trainees who care for children in a hospital setting, (2) inform clinicians about the array of conditions on which PD consultants provide input, and (3) understand the impact PD consultations have in a pediatric tertiary care center.
Nitrogen budget of a subarctic stream altered by beaver (Castor canadensis).

Beaver (Castor canadensis) influence stream ecosystems through their wood cutting and dam building activities. To quantify this influence we have used measured rates of nitrogen dynamics to construct a nitrogen budget for a section of a second order stream in eastern Quebec and a beaver dam in that stream. The budget demonstrates the importance of sediment accumulations and an expanded wetted area to the annual nitrogen economy and to pathways of nitrogen cycling. Major changes after impoundment (per unit area) include a reduction in allochthonous nitrogen and an increase in nitrogen fixation by sediment microbes. Overall, the beaver-modified section accumulated ∼103 times more nitrogen than before alteration. The ecosystem implications of beaver activity suggest that current concepts of patterns and processes in running waters require modification.
Sol gel synthesis and spark plasma sintering of lanthana-doped alumina glass

Abstract Amorphous materials of eutectic composition in the La2O3–Al2O3 system were prepared from powders synthesized by the sol–gel method and then flame sprayed to form amorphous transparent beads ~ 10–150 μm in diameter. These were subsequently consolidated by the spark plasma sintering (SPS) method. The final density of sintered samples showed a dependence on temperature and the applied pressure. The transmittance increased with temperature up to 860 °C, then decreased with further increase in temperature, as a consequence of crystallization. The measured glass transition and crystallization temperatures, Tg and Tx, are 845 and 905 °C, respectively. Crystallization below Tx is likely the consequence of the applied electric field during sintering. The highest observed transmittance in the red-end of the visible region (650 nm) was determined to be about 40%. The transmittance of sintered amorphous samples in the IR region was between about 50% and 60% with a significant broad absorption band at about 2.9 μm. The occurrence of this band is attributed to the stretching of the O―H bond of residual OH species in the samples.
PROPAGATION OF ENCEPHALOMYOCARDITIS VIRUS IN SWINE EMBRYO KIDNEY CELLS.

Summary and conclusionsL-cell grown EMC virus produced CPE on SEK cells through 8 serial passages tested. A comparison of infectivity of SEK-passaged EMC in SEK tissue cultures and in suckling mice showed both tube titration and plaque method more sensitive than mouse assays. Modification of EMC virus following passage in SEK cells was manifested in lower titer and smaller plaques on L-cells and in its pathogenicity for mice. SEK-passaged (8 passages) EMC virus agglutinated sheep erythrocytes. SEK provides an easily obtainable primary cell system in which biological properties of EMC virus may be studied.The authors wish to thank Dr. George R. Dubes for criticism of the manuscript and Dr. Albert C. Saeger for acridinc orange staining.
Lack of evidence of Epstein-Barr virus in hairy cell leukemia and monocytoid B-cell lymphoma

An association between the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and hairy cell leukemia (HCL) has been reported. Due to the similarities between HCL and monocytoid B-cell lymphoma (MBCL), an association between EBV and MBCL has been postulated. To address these issues we studied 27 spleens from cases with HCL and 13 tissue specimens from cases with MBCL from various sites for evidence of EBV DNA and RNA by in situ hybridization. Using a genomic EBV internal repeat probe and an oligonucleotide probe directed against the EBER1 gene, we were unable to identify EBV DNA or RNA, respectively, in the tumor cells of any of the cases. The results of our study suggest that EBV may not be strongly linked with either HCL or MBCL.
Remarks on the supergroup-manifold approach to supersymmetric Yang-Mills theories and the explicit construction of the N = 2 case

Abstract This paper deals with the explicit construction of the group-manifold action of supersymmetric N = 2 Yang-Mills theory in four space-time dimensions. The auxilliary fields of this model are derived from the second-order constraints in much the same way as they were obtained for the N = 1 theory in a previous paper. The rheonomic conditions for N = 4 super Yang-Mills theory and for its parent, the N = 1 supersymmetric gauge theory in ten space-time dimensions, are also discussed and it is shown that the difficulty met in establishing a set of auxiliary fields for these models is due to an algebraic dependence of what in the N = 1 and N = 2 cases were independent constraints.
How to Be an Outstanding Reviewer for the Journal of General Internal Medicine … and Other Journals

Like all peer-reviewed journals, JGIM depends on your participation. If you have not volunteered already, register online at the Journal website to be considered for the JGIM reviewer database. Although the literature on this subject is limited, peer review is the best system we have currently for improving manuscript and journal quality. Peer review needs everyone’s participation to be valuable and viable. A well-done review is beneficial to the reviewer, Editor, and author. When preparing your review, we encourage you to keep the concepts outlined above in mind, as well as reviewing the annotated samples of good reviews available in the online version of this Editorial.
Prefrontal cortex glucose metabolism and startle eyeblink modification abnormalities in unmedicated schizophrenia patients

Attentional modulation of the startle reflex was studied in 16 unmedicated schizophrenia patients and 15 control individuals during the 18F-2-deoxyglucose uptake period for positron emission tomography. In a task involving attended, ignored, and novel tones that served as prepulses, control individuals showed greater prepulse inhibition (PPI) at 120 ms and greater prepulse facilitation at 4,500 ms during attended than during ignored prepulses; the amount of PPI and facilitation during novel prepulses was intermediate. In contrast, patients failed to show differential PPI at 120 ms and tended to show greater facilitation at 4,500 ms during novel prepulses. For control individuals, greater PPI was associated with higher relative metabolic activity rates in prefrontal (Brodmann Areas 8, 9, and 10 bilaterally) and lower in visual cortex. Patients showed this relationship only for Area 10 on the left. Patients also had low metabolism in superior, middle, and inferior prefrontal cortex. Consistent with animal models, our results demonstrate the importance of the functional integrity of prefrontal cortex to PPI modulation.
Tensile Deformation and Fatigue Crack Growth in Bulk Nanocrystalline Al-7.5Mg

The fatigue crack growth kinetics and tensile deformation of bulk nanocrystalline Al-7.5Mg were investigated. Nanocrystalline particulates were first prepared by mechanically ball milling spray atomized Al-7.5Mg powders in liquid nitrogen. These particulates were then degassed, consolidated by hot isostatic pressing, and extruded into rods. Bulk nanocrystalline Al-7.5Mg has significantly higher fatigue crack growth rates and lower fatigue crack growth thresholds than those of ingot-processed 7050-T7451. The fatigue crack growth thresholds exhibit only a weak stress ratio dependency and can be identified as having a Class I behavior when using the fatigue classification proposed by Vasudevan and Sadananda. In 3.5% NaCl solution, fatigue crack growth rates of bulk nanocrystalline Al-7.5Mg are as much as three times higher than those obtained in air. Tensile fracture of bulk nanocrystalline Al-7.5Mg is preceded by the formation of a localized shear band. In contrast to the low dislocation density in the as-extruded material, the gage section and the shear band region both exhibited a high dislocation density and dislocation cell structure.
Dynamic programming for parsing and estimation of stochastic unification-based grammars

Stochastic unification-based grammars (SUBGs) define exponential distributions over the parses generated by a unification-based grammar (UBG). Existing algorithms for parsing and estimation require the enumeration of all of the parses of a string in order to determine the most likely one, or in order to calculate the statistics needed to estimate a grammar from a training corpus. This paper describes a graph-based dynamic programming algorithm for calculating these statistics from the packed UBG parse representations of Maxwell and Kaplan (1995) which does not require enumerating all parses. Like many graphical algorithms, the dynamic programming algorithm's complexity is worst-case exponential, but is often polynomial. The key observation is that by using Maxwell and Kaplan packed representations, the required statistics can be rewritten as either the max or the sum of a product of functions. This is exactly the kind of problem which can be solved by dynamic programming over graphical models.
Anaerobic biodegradation of alicyclic constituents of gasoline and natural gas condensate by bacteria from an anoxic aquifer.

The biodegradation of alicyclic compounds was studied under methanogenic and sulfate-reducing conditions in samples from a gas condensate-contaminated aquifer amended with whole gasoline. Aquifer microorganisms exhibited previously unrecognized anaerobic alicyclic hydrocarbon metabolism of a broad range of substrates at relatively rapid rates. Simple unsubstituted, methyl-substituted, and ethyl-substituted cyclopentenes, cyclopentanes and cyclohexanes were consumed without a substantial lag in the presence of sulfate, but rather less effectively under methanogenic conditions. Dimethyl-substituted cyclopentanes and cyclohexanes were biodegraded only in the presence of sulfate and a limited isomer-specific biodegradative pattern was seen. These results extend the range of hydrocarbons known to be susceptible to anaerobic decay and help indicate the patterns of alicyclic hydrocarbon biodegradation that can be expected
Fabrication of Stimulus-Responsive Polymeric Nanostructures by Proximal Probes

The triggered control of interfacial properties on the nanometer scale holds significant promise for actuation in bio-nanotechnology applications where polymeric actuators may manipulate the transport, separation, and detection of biomolecules. To fabricate patterned, stimulus-responsive polymer brushes we have developed several methods that combine surface initiated polymerization (SIP) with dip-pen nanolithography (DPN). Surface-confined, stimulus-responsive polymer brush nanopatterns were fabricated by amplification of DPN patterned, self-assembled monolayers of 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid on gold surfaces by SIP of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm). While free radical polymerization yielded only short polymer brushes (DP<50), atom transfer free radical polymerization (ATRP) produced thick, uniform polymer brushes. For free radical polymerization the thickness of the polymer brush layer is a function of the lateral feature size and the initiator density and is maximal at pattern boundaries.
Relationship between insulin resistance and amino acids in women and men

Insulin resistance has been associated with higher plasma amino acid (AA) concentrations, but majority of studies have used indirect measures of insulin resistance. Our main objective was to define the relationship between plasma AA concentrations and a direct measure of insulin resistance in women and men. This was a cross-sectional study of 182 nondiabetic individuals (118 women and 64 men) who had measurement of 24 AAs and steady-state plasma glucose (SSPG) concentration (insulin resistance) using the insulin suppression test. Fourteen out of 24 AA concentrations were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in men than women; only glycine was lower in men. Majority of these AAs were positively associated with SSPG; only glycine concentration was negatively associated. Glutamic acid, isoleucine, leucine, and tyrosine concentrations had the strongest correlation with SSPG (r ≥ 0.4, P < 0.001). The degree of association was similar in women and men, independent of obesity, and similar to traditional markers of insulin resistance (e.g., glucose, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol). Compared with women, men tended to have a more unfavorable AA profile with higher concentration of AAs associated with insulin resistance and less glycine. However, the strength of association between a direct measurement of insulin resistance and AA concentrations were similar between sexes and equivalent to several traditional markers of insulin resistance.
The generalisation of the Wigner-Racah angular momentum calculus☆

It is shown that for unitary unimodular groups there exists a canonical labeling scheme that is not arbitrarily but uniquely chosen by the group itself.
Understanding Controls on Historical River Discharge in the World’s Largest Drainage Basins

Abstract Long-term (20 yr) river discharge records from 30 of the world’s largest river basins have been used to characterize surface hydrologic flows in relation to net precipitation inputs, ocean climate teleconnections, and human land/water use patterns. This groundwork study is presented as a precedent to distributed simulation modeling of surface hydrologic flows in large river basins. Correlation analysis is used as a screening method to classify river basins into categories based on major controls on discharge, for example, climate, land use, and dams. Comparisons of paired station records at upstream and downstream discharge locations within each major river basin suggest that the discharge signals represented in upstream discharge records are sustained in the downstream station records for nearly two-thirds of the drainage basins selected. River basins that showed the strongest localized climate control over historical discharge records, in terms of correlations with net basinwide precipitation r...
Hypertriglyceridemia in hemodialysis patients during oral dromostanolone therapy for anemia

In a controlled double-blind clinical trial, dromostanolone, an anabolic steroid, was administered orally in a dosage of 200 to 400 mg/day to nine patients on hemodialysis. After I to 3 months, six patients developed marked but reversible hypertriglyceridemia. This did not occur in any of the patients who were randomized to the group and who were given a placebo. Hepatotoxicity was not noted. Dromostanolone was given for too short a time for its effect on anemia to be evaluated. Azotemic patients are known to develop hypertriglyceride- mia, the mechanism of which is undefined. Dromostanolone has an additive or synergistic effect in inducing this metabolic abnormality. Atn. J. ('lipi. Nut,'. 27: 901 -904, 1974. Testosterone and its anabolic analogs have been used with varying degrees of success to stimulate erythropoiesis in chronic renal failure. The long-term metabolic effects of these com- pounds require increasing scrutiny as the survival of azotemic patients improves with advances in the techniques of hemodialysis and renal transplantation. This report describes the development of severe hypertriglyceridemia in a group of hemodialysis patients receiving oral dromostanolone (2a-methyl- I 7j3-hydroxy-5a- androstan-3 -one), an anabolic steroid.
A non-human primate’s understanding of solidity: dissociations between seeing and acting

Studies often reveal a dissociation between what infants know as revealed by action and what they know as revealed by perception. We explored whether non-human primates exhibit a similar dissociation, focusing on what rhesus macaques know about solidity. In a series of search experiments, Hauser (2001) found that rhesus do not possess a complete understanding of solidity, searching below a solid shelf for an invisibly displaced object. In the present experiments, we explored how rhesus would perform in expectancy violation versions of the same tasks. Subjects looked longer when an apple appeared to fall through a solid shelf and when it appeared to roll through a solid barrier. These results suggest that macaques have some understanding of solidity when tested using looking paradigms even though they do not appear to use this knowledge when searching for food. We speculate that this dissociation is similar to that demonstrated in human development.
Proof-of-Concept Evaluation of a Low-Cost and Low-Weight Tractor for Small-Scale Farms

About 80% of farms in India are less than five acres in size and are cultivated by farmers who use bullocks for farming operations. Even the smallest tractors available in the Indian market are too expensive and large, and not designed to meet the unique requirements of these farmers. To address these needs, we have developed a proof-of-concept lightweight (350 kg) tractor in collaboration with Mahindra and Mahindra Limited, an Indian tractor manufacturer. Given the challenges of accurately predicting traction in Indian soils by applying existing terramechanics models, an alternative design approach based on Mohr-Coulomb soil-failure criterion is presented. Analysis of weight, power and drawbar of existing tractors on the market, a single wheel traction test, and a drawbar test of a proof-of-concept small tractor prototype suggest that ∼200kg is the maximum drawbar force that could be achieved by a 350kg tractor of conventional design. In order to attain higher drawbar performance of 70% of the tractor weight needed for specific agricultural operations, additional design changes are required. An approach for increasing traction by adding tires is investigated and discussed. Additional research on weight distribution, dynamic drawbar testing and tread design is suggested as future work.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
GLOBAL AURORAL IMAGING AS A REMOTE DIAGNOSTIC OF GEOSPACE

Images of the Earth's aurora, taken from space, can be used to examine plasma behavior throughout the magnetospheric regions surrounding the earth. The coupling of the magnetospheric plasmas through the ionosphere are discussed. A summary of past and current imaging technology is given and then specific examples of remote sensing are given using images from the Ultraviolet Imager aboard the POLAR satellite.
An expert system for process monitoring, diagnostics and control (VLSI and ULSI circuits)

An expert system for monitoring VLSI and ULSI integrated circuit process parameters which is based on the concepts of the charge-capacitance method is described. The process parameters determined are oxide leakage current, impedance to establish electric contact quality, oxide layer thickness, semiconductor doping profile, oxide fixed charge density, interface trap density, semiconductor band bending, and threshold voltage of a MOSFET. Instrumentation and measurement are discussed. >