cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oxygen atom concentrations and no production rates in a turbulent H2/N2 jet flame

An experimental procedure is demonstrated that allows determination of instantaneous oxygen-atom concentrations and thermal NO production rates in turbulent flames. This is accomplished without direct measurement of O atoms by laser-induced fluorescence, a technique that has been shown to be problematic. Simultaneous point measurements of temperature, the major species, OH, and NO are performed in a non-premixed turbulent jet flame of nitrogen-diluted hydrogen fuel. The O-atom concentration for each laser shot is derived from these data, based on the assumption of partial equilibrium of the reaction OH+OH=O+H2O. The derived O-atom concentration is then used with the measured N2 concentration and temperature to calculate the instantaneous thermal (zeldovich) NO production rate. The partial equilibrium assumption is shown to be appropriate in this flame for conditions relevant to thermal NO formation. The maximum conditionally averaged O-atom mole fraction is about 6.5 times the maximum value for full chemical equilibrium. The width in mixture fraction coordinates of the conditionally averaged NO production rate curve is roughly twice that calculated from adiabatic equilibrium values of temperature, [O], and N2. Experimental results are compared with predictions obtained using the Monte Carlo PDF model with detailed chemistry. With some exception, there is good agreement between experiment and prediction when results are plotted against mixture-fraction (scatter plots and conditional averages). Agreement is not as good when radial profiles of averaged scalar quantities are compared. This indicates that the present PDF model predicts the hydrogen and nitrogen chemistry with good accuracy but that improvements are needed in the modeling of the turbulent fluid dynamics and mixing. A comparison of experimental results with steady strained laminar flame calculations shows that the turbulent flame conditions cannot be represented by a combination of the laminar flames.
Shock deformation of sapphire single crystals

Abstract The substructures of sapphire single crystals explosively shocked at pressures of 5, 12 and 23 GPa with the (0001), ( 11 2 3 ) or ( 10 1 2 ) plane perpendicular to the shock wave direction have been studied with transmission electron microscopy. While there was little evidence of plastic deformation at 5 GPa, shock loading at 12 and 23 GPa introduced large numbers of uniformly distributed defects, primarily dislocations and twins. Most of the dislocations not associated with twin boundaries were basal dislocations with Burgers vectors of the types 〈10 1 0〉 and 1 3 〈11 2 0∼> lying along specific crystallographic directions such as 〈11 2 0〉 and 〈10 1 0〉 . A small number were non-basal dislocations. Dislocations associated with twin boundaries had 1 3 〈10 1 0〉 Burgers vectors and slipped on the basal twin planes. Changing crystallographic orientation had a significant influence on the shock-induced defect substructures, as expected from resolved shear stress considerations. Shock loading at 23 GPa with (10 1 2) perpendicular to the shock wave direction introduced the most intense defect substructures, e.g. a volume fraction of twins of 0.19 was observed, suggesting that the plastic strain arising from the twinning shear was as large as 9%.
Implicit Memory in Korsakoff’s Syndrome: A Review of Procedural Learning and Priming Studies

Korsakoff’s syndrome (KS) is characterized by dense anterograde amnesia resulting from damage to the diencephalon region, typically resulting from chronic alcohol abuse and thiamine deficiency. This review assesses the integrity of the implicit memory system in KS, focusing on studies of procedural learning and priming. KS patients are impaired on several measures of procedural memory, most likely due to impairment in cognitive functions associated with alcohol-related neural damage outside of the diencephalon. The pattern of performance on tasks of implicit priming suggests reliance on a residual, non-flexible memory operating more or less in an automatic fashion. Our review concludes that whether measures of implicit memory reveal intact or impaired performance in individuals with KS depends heavily on specific task parameters and demands, including timing between stimuli, the specific nature of the stimuli used in a task, and the integrity of supportive cognitive functions necessary for performance.
Comparison of Recycle Chromatography and Simulated Moving Bed for Pseudobinary Separations

The simulated moving bed (SMB) process has been extensively used in industrial separations for binary and pseudobinary separations. The SMB has been reported to have higher productivity and requires less desorbent than batch chromatography; however, in pseudobinary separations these advantages are dependent on the difference of adsorption behaviors of the nontarget components. In this research, the performance of batch chromatography with a single recycle stream was compared to SMB processes for pseudobinary separations of ternary nucleosides, a model system with competitive Langmuir isotherms. To compare the performances of SMB and recycle batch chromatography, detailed dynamic simulations of each process were performed with optimized operating conditions. The desorbent to feed ratio, D/F, of recycle chromatography was at least 2 times smaller than that of a four-column SMB process for most retained solute separations. For one case of least retained solute separation (2′-deoxycytidine/2′-deoxythymidine/2...
Occurrence of priority hazardous PAHs in water, suspended particulate matter, sediment and common eels (Anguilla anguilla) in the urban stretch of the River Tiber (Italy)

Abstract This study investigated the occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water, suspended particulate matter (SPM), bed sediment and common eels ( Anguilla anguilla ) in the urban stretch of the River Tiber (Italy). The selected PAHs, fluoranthene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, belong to the EC priority list of dangerous substances. SPM was found to be the most polluted compartment, with values ranging from 1663.1 to 15472.9 ng g −1 (Σ 6 PAHs), followed by sediment samples, from 157.8 to 271.6 ng g −1 and by aqueous samples, from 23.9 to 72.0 ng L −1 . The distribution coefficient ( K d ) showed a good correlation with particle organic carbon (OC) content, while K oc values experimentally measured for sediment/SPM deviated from those predicted by K ow , implying that for very hydrophobic compounds, K ow alone may not be an appropriate descriptor of all the thermodynamic forces involved in their sorption to aquatic particles. Some selected PAH ratios indicated that PAHs in the River Tiber come mainly from pyrolitic sources and vehicular traffic. Concentrations of individual PAHs in muscles of common eels varied from 0.8 to 7.0 ng g −1 wet wt. and the calculated toxicity equivalent concentration (TEQ, 1.8 ng g −1 wet wt.) of total PAHs fell below the recommended screening value (SV) in US EPA guidelines, suggesting no concern for human consumption.
Mass customized testing and manufacturing via the Internet

Abstract This paper sets forth a global scheme for creating Internet-accessible machines that perform a variety of digital-physical operations in a highly flexible manner. The scheme integrates existing capabilities and technologies from a number of areas – laboratory science, automation and robotics, interconnect standards, object-oriented languages, relational databases, shipping services, and Internet providers. For scientific and medical research applications, the batch science machines described herein would serve as programmable laboratory technicians, perform the work of hundreds of humans, and help investigators tackle “big” problems. For consumer- related applications, the batch manufacturing machines described herein would allow individuals to design, order, and purchase many types of customized product at the touch of a button.
Somatic sensations, anxiety, and control in panic disorder

This case study of a woman with panic disorder with agoraphobia illustrates the relationships among somatic sensations, anxiety, and the subjective sense of control, and of these three factors to panic disorder. Helping the client alter her caffeine intake and dietary habits led to a significant reduction in panic attacks, but had less impact on her anxiety levels and sense of control. In the second stage of treatment, enhancing the client's sense of control through problem-solving training led to lower levels of anxiety. Implications for treatment and the prevention of relapse in panic disorder are discussed.
Centralized infant formula preparation room in the neonatal intensive care unit reduces incidence of microbial contamination.

Abstract Increasing concern regarding potential pathogens in infant formulas led to this evaluation of the influence of procedural and environmental factors on infant formula contamination. In two phases of study, a total of 526 formula samples were analyzed for contamination. In Phase 1, conducted from October 2001 through May 2002, nursing staff prepared formulas in the neonatal intensive care unit at bedside; in Phase 2, conducted from February 2006 through June 2006, dietetic technicians prepared formulas in a centralized feeding preparation room. Two types of formula, ready-to-feed and powder, were sampled. Each sample was divided into two portions; the first was cultured immediately, and the second after 8 hours at room temperature. Multivariate binary logistic regression models were tested to identify the major factors contributing to contamination. Results showed formulas prepared at bedside were 24 times more likely to show contamination than those prepared in a central location ( P P P P
Ability of Pulse Power, Esophageal Doppler and Arterial Pulse Pressure to Estimate Rapid Changes in Stroke Volume in Humans

Introduction Measures of arterial pulse pressure (PP) variation and left ventricular (LV) stroke volume (SV) variation induced by positive-pressure breathing vary in proportion to preload responsiveness. However, the accuracy of commercially-available devices to report dynamic LV SV variation has never been validated.
Comparative studies in synaptosome formation: the preparation of synaptosomes from the head ganglion of the squid, Loligo pealii.

— Relatively high concentrations of ACh have been found in the head ganglion of the squid (Loligo pealii) and the identity of the ACh has been verified by ion-exchange chromatography. Following homogenization in media iso-osmotic with sea water about 40 per cent of the ACh survives in particle-bound form. Experiments using media of varying osmolarity suggest that this bound ACh is osmotically sensitive. A study has been made of the subcellular fractionation of squid head ganglion using sucrose homogenates. A rapid and novel method is described for the preparation of a synaptosome fraction freed from mitochondria. This preparation contains synaptosomes of well-preserved morphology with occluded cytoplasm and a high specific content of ACh. The synaptosomes are osmotically sensitive and when suspended in water they burst, releasing cytoplasmic constituents and ACh-containing synaptic vesicles. The synaptic vesicles can be separated from other sub-synaptic constituents by density gradient centrifugation.
Centrifugal distortions in molecules: An ab initio approach with application to phosphine

Abstract Our procedure for employing analytic gradients of ab initio potential energy hypersurfaces in the description of centrifugally distorted molecules is applied to a symmetric top, namely phosphine. Quartic centrifugal spectroscopic coefficients are obtained and are in excellent agreement with the coefficients from the Kivelson and Wilson method for J ‖ z . We proposed a Borel form that enables us to fit the stabilization energies up to J = 80 for the vibrational ground state of phosphine. The sextic spectroscopic constant for J ‖ z is obtained. Both single determinantal (HF/6-31G ∗∗ ) and multideterminantal Moller-Plesset (MP2/6-31G ∗ ) surfaces were utilized.
3,3a-Dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinazolin-2(1H)-ones are potent non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

Abstract A series of unique 3,3a-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinazolin-2(1H)-ones and a 2a,5-dihydro-2H-thieno[4,3,2-de]quinazoline-4(3H)-thione were found to be HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. One of these compounds, as the racemate, possessed an IC90=4.6 nM against wild-type virus in a whole cell antiviral assay and had an IC90=76 and 897 nM against the clinically significant K103N and K103N/L100I mutant viruses, respectively.
Wetting, filling and decorating carbon nanotubes

Abstract The issues of wetting and filling carbon nanotubes are reviewed together with the possibilities of chemical modification of the nanotube surface. It is shown that all wetting and filling results are consistent with the existence of a surface tension cut-off value at c. 100–200 mN/m above which a liquid will no longer wet nanotubes. This limit is sufficiently high to allow wetting by organic solvents and liquid acids which can be used as low surface tension solvent carriers to introduce other materials (solutes) inside the nanotubes. The nanotube can also be decorated by first generating functional oxide groups on the surface through oxidation to enhance the reactivity of the otherwise relatively inert surface.
The nucleotide sequence of the coding region of tobacco etch virus genomic RNA: Evidence for the synthesis of a single polyprotein☆

The complete nucleotide sequence of the tobacco etch virus (TEV) RNA genome has been determined excepting only the nucleotide(s) present at the extreme 5' terminus. The assembled TEV genomic sequence is 9496 nucleotides in length followed by a polyadenylated tract ranging from 20 to 140 residues. A computer search of the sequence reveals the following. A 5' untranslated region, rich in adenosine and uridine, is present between nucleotides 1 and 144. A putative initiation codon, at nucleotides 145-147, marks the beginning of a large open-reading frame (ORF) which ends with an opal (UGA) termination codon at positions 9307-9309. A 186-nucleotide untranslated region is present between the termination codon of the ORF and the beginning of the 3' polyadenylated region. The predicted translation product of this ORF is a 3054 amino acid polyprotein with a mol wt of 345,943. A function for the large (54,000 Mr) nuclear inclusion protein is suggested by a comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence with a protein data bank. This protein displays biochemical similarities to other viral RNA-dependent, RNA polymerases.
Mindreading and Manipulation in an Ecology of Prisoner’s Dilemma Games: Laboratory Experiments

Humans have a rational reason to seek out and selectively play Prisoner’s Dilemma games with others who (for whatever reason) will play cooperatively, while avoiding those who will defect. It follows that they also have reason to try and persuade others that they will personally cooperate if a game is joined (using the term from Evolutionary Psychology, to ‘manipulate’ others’ beliefs) and, thus, to penetrate to the truth underlying such efforts (to ‘mindread’ others intentions). We develop an economic model of mindreading and manipulation that can govern exchange relationships in natural circumstances, and report laboratory data showing that, absent constraining institutions that make play with cooperators likely, intending defectors are more likely to be chosen as partners than are intending cooperators. Intending defectors’ efforts at manipulation appear to be more successful than their potential victims’ efforts at mindreading. The findings suggest the nature of the problem that must be addressed for would-be traders in the absence of well-enforced rules governing contracts, and we discuss the patterns of behavior that are likely responses in such circumstances.
Rates of Vegetation Dynamics Along Elevation Gradients in a Backbarrier Salt Marsh of the Danish Wadden Sea

The literature often holds that, in salt marshes, surface elevation mediates the depth, duration, and frequency of submergence, thereby constituting the fundamental factor of plant species distribution and most other environmental variables. However, such an elevation-centered view has not been fully tested in a temporal sense; it is still unclear whether elevation is also a significant control on the rate of changes in species composition over time. In the Skallingen salt marsh of the Danish Wadden Sea, this question was evaluated along two elevation gradients where distinct physical and ecological processes operate: a gradient across a marsh platform and the other across creek bars. The rate of vegetation dynamics was measured as the Euclidean distance between two positions of the same plot, each representing two different points in time, in a two-dimensional diagram produced by nonmetric multidimensional scaling. Results showed that the rate of vegetation dynamics did not show any significant relationships with surface elevation across either marsh platform or tidal creeks (R 2 less than 0.04). This suggests that, other than elevation, some biological factors, such as the presence of keystone species and the initial species composition, control patterns of vegetation change in the marsh. This logic leads to a point that hydrological effects (e.g., inundation frequency and duration), often represented by surface elevation, are not necessarily overriding factors of rates of changes in species composition in backbarrier marshes like Skallingen. The conventional elevation-centered perspective may be an oversimplification of the biological and environmental variability of salt marshes.
Using pharmacokinetics to predict the effects of pregnancy and maternal–infant transfer of drugs during lactation

Knowledge of pharmacokinetics and the use of a mechanistic-based approach can improve our ability to predict the effects of pregnancy for medications when data are limited. Despite the many physiological changes that occur during pregnancy that could theoretically affect absorption, bioavailability does not appear to be altered. Decreased albumin and α1-acid glycoprotein concentrations during pregnancy will result in decreased protein binding for highly bound drugs. For drugs metabolised by the liver, this can result in misinterpretation of total plasma concentrations of low extraction ratio drugs and overdosing of high extraction ratio drugs administered by non-oral routes. Renal clearance and the activity of the CYP isozymes, CYP3A4, 2D6 and 2C9, and uridine 5′-diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase are increased during pregnancy. In contrast, CYP1A2 and 2C19 activity is decreased. The dose of a drug an infant receives during breastfeeding is dependent on the amount excreted into the breast milk, the daily...
Shear Viscosity of Strongly Coupled Yukawa Systems on Finite Length Scales

The Yukawa shear viscosity has been calculated using nonequilibrium molecular dynamics. Near the viscosity minimum, we find exponential decay consistent with the Navier-Stokes equation, with significant deviations on finite length scales for larger viscosity values. The viscosity is determined to be nonlocal on a scale length consistent with the correlation length, revealing the length scales necessary for obtaining transport coefficients in the hydrodynamic limit by nonequilibrium molecular dynamics methods. Our results are quasiuniversal with respect to excess entropy for excess entropies well below unity.
STEREOSELECTION AT THE STEADY STATE. GROUP SELECTIVE RADICAL CYCLIZATIONS OF SUBSTRATES CONTAINING TWO RADICAL PRECURSORS AND ONE RADICAL ACCEPTOR

The kinetic model for compound stereoselection presented in previous paper is verified experimentally by conducting a series of radical cyclizations of 1-(3-halo-2-(halomethyl)propyl)cycloalk-2-enecarboxylates with tributyltin hydride and measuring the ratios of products. Cyclization rate constants are abstracted from the data by an analysis that minimizes total error, and these rate constants compare favorably with rate constants that we measured directly on the corresponding monohalides. Transition state modeling was used to interpret the initial round of results and to design two new systems, one of which was predicted to cyclize with higher selectivity than the parent and the other of which was predicted to cyclize with reverse selectivity. These substrates bearing 4-tert-butyl groups were synthesized, and the experimental results verified the computational predictions.
Quantitative relationship of stress tc-99m sestamibi lung uptake with resting tl-201 lung uptake and with indices of left ventricular dysfunction and coronary artery disease

Background We investigated the relationship of stress technetium 99m sestamibi lung uptake with rest thallium 201 lung uptake and with indices of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients with known or suspected CAD undergoing stress testing and cardiac catheterization. Stress Tc-99m sestamibi lung uptake and both stress and rest Tl-201 lung uptake are associated with LV dysfunction and extent of CAD. Although the mechanism of lung uptake is thought to be similar for the two isotopes, their physiologic characteristics are different. No direct comparison of lung uptake for the two isotopes has been reported.
Brand Counterextensions: The Impact of Brand Extension Success versus Failure:

Abstract In this article, the author investigates the impact of a brand extension's success versus failure on customer evaluation of brand counterextensions. A counterextension is a brand extension that is launched into Category A by Brand 2 that belongs to Category B in a reciprocal direction to a launch of a previous extension into Category B by Brand 1 that belongs to Category A. The results from five studies show that customers evaluate a counterextension more favorably when the preceding extension is a success rather than a failure. Furthermore, the evaluation of the counterextension is superior if it is launched by a major brand, especially if the previous successful extension was also launched by a major brand. Finally, a successful extension indirectly dilutes a brand and results in a greater loss in choice share to a counterextension than does a failed extension. The key findings generalize to a sequence of extensions across more than one intercategory boundary.
Escape responses of cryptic frogs (Anura: Brachycephalidae: Craugastor ) to simulated terrestrial and aerial predators

[Cryptic prey may increase likelihood of being detected if they move. When approached by predators, they must assess probabilities of survival if they remain immobile or attempt escape. Probability of survival is the joint probability of being detected, attacked if detected, and captured if attacked. We studied escape responses of several species of cryptic Craugastor (= Eleutherodactylus ) frogs to simulated ground and aerial predators by varying elevation angle of attack. Frogs were predicted to escape more frequently when attacked from higher angles because a predator attacking from above on a trajectory leading directly to the prey is more likely to have detected and be attacking than a predator approaching directly, but horizontally. Frogs approached horizontally rarely jumped. The proportion of frogs that jumped increased as attack angle increased, and the proportion that turned or twitched was greatest for 45° approaches. Distance jumped did not vary among attack angles. Escape was directed away from the object approaching at 45°, but was random with respect to the frog's orientation during vertical approaches. Variation in escape tendency may occur because risk increases as attack angle increases, possibly because risk of being detected from above is greater and/or aerial predators are more efficient., Cryptic prey may increase likelihood of being detected if they move. When approached by predators, they must assess probabilities of survival if they remain immobile or attempt escape. Probability of survival is the joint probability of being detected, attacked if detected, and captured if attacked. We studied escape responses of several species of cryptic Craugastor (= Eleutherodactylus ) frogs to simulated ground and aerial predators by varying elevation angle of attack. Frogs were predicted to escape more frequently when attacked from higher angles because a predator attacking from above on a trajectory leading directly to the prey is more likely to have detected and be attacking than a predator approaching directly, but horizontally. Frogs approached horizontally rarely jumped. The proportion of frogs that jumped increased as attack angle increased, and the proportion that turned or twitched was greatest for 45° approaches. Distance jumped did not vary among attack angles. Escape was directed away from the object approaching at 45°, but was random with respect to the frog's orientation during vertical approaches. Variation in escape tendency may occur because risk increases as attack angle increases, possibly because risk of being detected from above is greater and/or aerial predators are more efficient.]
Pentaerythritol as the core of multivalent glycolipids: synthesis of a glycolipid with three SO3Lea ligands.

A glycolipid containing three SO3Lea ligands was synthesized with pentaerythritol as the core. The glycolipid was used to prepare glycoliposomes that showed stability similar to that of DSPC liposomes without glycolipid. The easily prepared derivatives of pentaerythritol proved to be useful scaffolds for multivalent displaying of carbohydrates in the form of glycolipids and clustered glycoliposomes.
Operation Of Harmonic Gyrotrons In The Submillimeter Region

High power, submillimeter, second harmonic emission has been achieved with a 10 A, 75 kV, 1μ, sec pulse electron gun. In an iris cavity configuration, using a motheye window, second harmonic modes were observed at 12 frequencies in the range 301-503 GHz, with 15 kW at 417 GHz and 4-7 kW at 9 of the other modes.
THE MARKET FOR CORPORATE SECURITIES A PROGRESS REPORT

AT THE END of 1945 the corporate universe was characterized by a low level of capital assets relative to sales and a high degree of liquidity. The decade ending in 1955 was noteworthy for the high absolute level of investment in plant, equipment, and inventory. Corporations experienced no great financing difficulties in carrying out their expansion program; interest rates did not rise sharply during the period. The bulk of corporate investment was financed from internal sources of funds-retained profits and depreciation allowanceswith internal sources more important in the first half of the ten-year period. The relationship between internal and external financing was primarily dependent on cyclical variations in business activity. In periods of rising business activity short-term borrowing and new security issues were utilized to supplement internal funds. In periods of declining economic activity long-term financing through security issues was continued on a reduced scale and short-term bank debt was reduced. Over the decade ending in 1955 there was an increasing trend toward long-term securities issued to finance investment in plant, equipment, and inventories. All bonds outstanding for nonfinancial corporations more than doubled from $23 billion at the end of 1945 to $54 billion at the end of 1955. There was some evidence to suggest that reduction in spreads between stock and bond yields encouraged stock financing in the latter years of the period. The most striking phenomenon in the long-term debt market was the precipitous decline in the importance of individuals as holders of corporate bonds. In less than twenty years individuals' holdings of outstanding corporate bonds fell from two-thirds to about one-
Ketamine Activates Breathing and Abolishes the Coupling between Loss of Consciousness and Upper Airway Dilator Muscle Dysfunction

Background—Procedural sedation is frequently performed in spontaneously breathing patients but hypnotics and opioids decrease respiratory drive and place the upper airway at risk for collapse. Methods—In a randomized, controlled, cross-over, pharmaco-physiological study in 12 rats, we conducted acute experiments to compare breathing, and genioglossus electromyogram activity at equianesthetic concentrations of ketamine, a non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist that combines potent analgesic with hypnotic action effects, versus propofol. In 10 chronically instrumented rats resting in a plethysmograph, we measured these variables as well as electroencephalography during 5 conditions: quiet wakefulness, non-rapid-eye-movement sleep, rapid eye movement sleep, low-dose (60mg/kg intraperitoneally) and high-dose ketamine anesthesia (125mg/kg intraperitoneally). Results—Ketamine anesthesia was associated with markedly increased genioglossus activity (1.5 to 5-fold higher values of genioglossus electromyogram) compared with sleep and propofol induced unconsciousness. Plethysmography revealed a respiratory stimulating effect: higher values of flow rate, respiratory rate, and duty-cycle (effective inspiratory time, 1.5-to-2-fold higher values). During wakefulness and normal sleep, the beta (f=6.51, p=0.04) electroencephalogram power spectrum was an independent predictor of genioglossus activity, indicating an association
Harnessing the antigenic fingerprint of each individual cancer for immunotherapy of human cancer: genomics shows a new way and its challenges

The idea that individual tumors are antigenically unique has been around since the very dawn of our recognition of adaptive immune response to tumors. That idea has inspired a small number of attempts at individualized immunotherapy of human cancers. Such previous attempts for solid tumors have been hobbled by an inability to define the individually unique antigenic repertoire of tumors because of technological difficulties. The new availability of rapid and cheap high throughput DNA sequencing promises to overcome that hurdle. Using this new ability, coupled with bio-informatic tools, it is now possible to define the immunogenic repertoire of any tumor to a high degree of granularity within a practical time frame and an acceptable cost. The development of these ideas, and a small number of such studies that underscore this promise, is discussed. This new way—of characterizing the tumor immunome through characterization of the tumor genome—has distinct challenges, including selection of the appropriate peptides, choosing methods of immunizations that can incorporate tens of epitopes, and addressing issues of antigenic heterogeneity of tumors. However, tools for meeting these challenges exist and are emergent.
Sports Concussions (TBI), Imbalance, and Dizziness

It has been widely accepted that the assessment of balance after concussion plays a large role in determining deficit. Qualitative balance assessments have been an established piece of the post-inj...
What, exactly, do we mean by “an event” in Judaism?

In his thoughtful defense of Abraham Schalit, Daniel R. Schwartz presents as the alternatives in the reading of the literary evidences of ancient Jews and Judaism the choice of event or non-event: it really happened or it did not really happen.1 He rightly distinguishes between authors who claim to tell us what really happened, represented by Josephus, and the talmudic and midrashic writings, in which the claim of what actually happened is simply not an issue. To explain why his correct judgment of the character of history and its principal component, event, validly distinguishes one kind of written evidence from another, let me spell out precisely what, in the context of the classical sources of Judaism, authors meant by "event."
Power and Relation in the World Polity: The INGO Network Country Score, 1978–1998

World polity theory is explicitly relational, implying a global network structure that exists outside of the nation-state. And world polity theory increasingly acknowledges power – that some states and regions are dominant in the international field. But current world polity measures of international nongovernmental organizations do not adequately incorporate either networks or power, leading to a mismatch between theory and measurement. In this article, we draw upon world polity, world system and social networks theories to inform the development of a new over-time measure of country-level connectedness to the world polity, which we label the “INGO Network Country Score.” This measure scores countries by their centrality in the world country-INGO network. We compare our newly-proposed INGO Network Country Score to the traditional measure (country-level raw counts of INGO memberships) and demonstrate striking differences. Our network-based measure shows less inequality among Western countries than the traditional measure, and greater inequality between the West and the rest of the world. Looking over time, we draw three further implications from our new measure. First, there is evidence of inequality in network centrality in the world polity at all time points. Second, regional inequalities persist. Third, connections in the world polity are not exponentially increasing, as previously hypothesized. An added benefit of the analysis is our presentation of the first visual representation of country connections through INGOs.
Design of a high-power rectifier locomotive

RECTIFIED SINGLE-PHASE POWER is not direct current in the usually accepted sense of the term. If the circuit has no inductances, a pulsating direct current is produced; each pulse being the upper half of a sine wave. Actually, the lower half of the sine wave has been inverted above the zero axis. If sufficient inductance can be added to the rectifier output circuit, the pulses can be smoothed out, but the amount required is so high as to be impractical. A reactor of reasonable size can be designed, however, if the ripple in the output current is held to approximately 20 per cent with maximum motor currents.
General Hermite and Laguerre two-dimensional polynomials

General Hermite and Laguerre two-dimensional (2D) polynomials which form a (complex) three-parameter unification of the special Hermite and Laguerre 2D polynomials are defined and investigated. The general Hermite 2D polynomials are related to the two-variable Hermite polynomials but are not the same. The advantage of the newly introduced Hermite and Laguerre 2D polynomials is that they satisfy orthogonality relations in a direct way, whereas for the purpose of orthonormalization of the two-variable Hermite polynomials two different sets of such polynomials are introduced which are biorthonormal to each other. The matrix which plays a role in the new definition of Hermite and Laguerre 2D polynomials is in a considered sense the square root of the matrix which plays a role in the definition of two-variable Hermite polynomials. Two essentially different explicit representations of the Hermite and Laguerre 2D polynomials are derived where the first involves Jacobi polynomials as coefficients in superpositions of special Hermite or Laguerre 2D polynomials and the second is a superposition of products of two Hermite polynomials with decreasing indices and with coefficients related to the special Laguerre 2D polynomials. Generating functions are derived for the Hermite and Laguerre 2D polynomials.
From reinforcement learning models to psychiatric and neurological disorders

Reinforcement learning models have provided insight into the functions of dopamine and cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical circuits. Here the authors review the literature suggesting that these models can also be applied to improving our understanding of dysfunction in this system, particularly in the context of disease. Over the last decade and a half, reinforcement learning models have fostered an increasingly sophisticated understanding of the functions of dopamine and cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical (CBGTC) circuits. More recently, these models, and the insights that they afford, have started to be used to understand important aspects of several psychiatric and neurological disorders that involve disturbances of the dopaminergic system and CBGTC circuits. We review this approach and its existing and potential applications to Parkinson's disease, Tourette's syndrome, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, addiction, schizophrenia and preclinical animal models used to screen new antipsychotic drugs. The approach's proven explanatory and predictive power bodes well for the continued growth of computational psychiatry and computational neurology.
Iron sequestration by polyphosphates

The equilibrium sequestration of ferric and ferrous iron by polyphosphates has been measured at room temperature in the pH range of 4–11. In general, sequestration decreases with increase in pH or increase in the chain length of the polyphosphate. The dissociation constants of ferric pyrophosphate and ferric tripolyphosphate have been estimated to be around 10−23. The polyphosphates form weaker ferrous complexes. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A03O2199 00003
Behavior of specific natural lecithins and cholesterol at the air water-interface.

Abstract Individual molecular species of lecithins were mixed with cholesterol and their pressure-area curves were measured at the air-water interface at 22±1°. The lecithins investigated were: L-16:0-16:0-, D-16:0-16:0-, L-16:0-18:3-, L-18:0-18:3-, L-16:0-20:4-, L-18:0-20:4- and L-18:0-18:0-lecithins. All of these except the D-16:0-16:0- and L-18:0-18:0-lecithins have been found in nature. Considerable condensation of monolayers with cholesterol was observed in all cases except that of 18:0-18:0-lecithin, in which there was little condensation. The naturally-occurring structure of lecithins, that is, 1-saturated-2-unsaturated, leads to large condensations in mixed monolayers. This geometrical fit between cholesterol and lecithins may be of importance in enzyme reactions involving cholesterol or lecithins.
Health aspects of wireless communication

Although our knowledge regarding the health effects of RF radiation has increased considerably, it has become a focus of attention because of the accelerated use of RF radiation for wireless communication over the past few years. This article gives a brief summary of the biological effects and health aspects of RF radiation from mobile and personal communication devices. In future articles we will deal with some of the issues raised here, such as DNA and gene expression, cancer induction and promotion, impact of modulation schemes, human studies, as well as new developments in guidelines for safety protection.
Trichomes on leaves of Lycopersicon hirsutum, L. esculentum and their hybrids

Density of certain types of trichomes were characterized on leaflets of Lycopersicon hirsutum, L. esculentum and their hybrids. Trichome density covaried with leaflet development, and depending on the species and type of trichome, density also covaried with leaflet surface. Type IV trichomes were not observed on leaflets of L. esculentum and Type V trichomes were not observed on leaflets of L. hirsutum. Type IV and V trichomes were present on F1 hybrids and densities of these two types of trichomes segregated in the F2 population. When corrected for differences of leaflet size between L. hirsutum and L. esculentum, densities of Type VI trichomes were more similar between species than uncorrected densities. There was little difference in Type VI density among F2 individuals. The appearance, lipid and phenol staining properties, and native fluorescence of the multicellular tip of the Type VI trichome differed between L. hirsutum and L. esculentum. F1 hybrids were intermediate for these characters and these characters segregated in the F2 generation.
Magnetic characteristics of laves phase compounds containing two lanthanides with aluminum

Abstract Magnetic properties are reported for twelve intermetallic systems designated by Ln x Ln' 1− x Al 2 where Ln and Ln' are two different lanthanide metals. All compounds have the MgCu 2 structure (cubic Laves phase). Emphasis has been placed on the coupling mode at low temperatures to elaborate upon the general nature of the magnetic interactions in these compounds. All the compounds exhibited Curie-Weiss behavior above the transition temperature and had effective moment in good agreement with the g √ J ( J + 1) values for the free ions. The paramagnetic moments indicate that the Ln ions are in the tripositive valence state for all systems except those containing Eu; Eu is dipositive. In the magnetically ordered state spins are observed to couple always ferromagnetically when Ln and Ln' are both tripositive. Saturation moments in many cases are less than expected from gJ , presumably due to carystal field quenching effects. CeAl 2 is antiferromagnetic below 4°K. Direct exchange is probably the dominant interaction in this compound. Ce 1− x Eu x Al 2 ternaries with x ⩾ 0.8 are antiferromagnetic at 4°K. For 0.2 ⩾ x ⩾ 0.6 these ternaries are paramagnetic at 4°K.
Your money or your health: time preferences and trading money for health.

Background. Time preferences reflect how future outcomes are valued relative to present ones. Previous research has found that time preferences for one domain (say, money) are inconsistent (uncorre...
Cell-specific actions of HIV-Tat and morphine on opioid receptor expression in glia

HIV-1 patients who abuse opiate-based drugs, including heroin and morphine, are at a higher risk of developing HIV dementia. The effects of opiates are mediated predominantly through opioid receptors, which are expressed on glial cells. As HIV-1 infection in the CNS is restricted to glial cells, experiments were designed to measure the cell-specific effects of HIV Tat and morphine exposure on opioid receptor expression in both astrocytes and microglia. Specifically, the cell-type-specific pattern of mu opioid receptor (MOR), delta opioid receptor (DOR), and kappa opioid receptor (KOR) localization (surface vs. intracellular) and expression of opioid receptor mRNA were determined after exposure to morphine in the presence and the absence of Tat in primary cultured microglia and astrocytes. Data show that morphine treatment caused significantly decreased cell surface expression of opioid receptors in microglia but not in astrocytes. However, morphine treatment in the presence of Tat significantly increased intracellular expression of opioid receptors and prevented morphine-induced cell surface opioid receptor down-regulation in microglia. These findings document that cell surface opioid receptor expression is divergently regulated by morphine in microglia compared with in astrocytes, and further suggest that HIV-Tat could exacerbate opioid receptor signaling in microglia by increasing receptor expression and/or altering ligand-induced trafficking of opioid receptors.
A Radiation-Hardened 16K-BIT MNOS EAROM

A radiation-hardened silicon-gate CMOS/NMNOS 16K-bit EAROM has been designed, fabricated, and evaluated. This memory has been designed to be used as a ROM replacement in radiation-hardened microprocessor-based systems.
Feasibility study and design of hybrid AC/DC high power transmission considering unbalanced line impedances

Considering stability, the loadability of long line ac transmission system is typically far below its thermal limitation. To partially address this problem, a hybrid ac/dc approach is investigated in this paper by superposing dc current on ac currents along existing ac lines, and no changes of insulators, towers and conductors are required. First, detailed performance comparison between line commutated converter (LCC) and voltage source converter (VSC) is carried out, which reveals that LCC based bipolar hybrid ac/dc is more suitable in this application due to the controllability of dc fault current on overhead lines. Based on the selected topology, the design methodology of zigzag transformer for dc power injection is proposed, mainly focusing on avoiding dc saturation of magnetic core when ac line impedances are unbalanced. A scaled down prototype is built to demonstrate this design approach and experimental results verify the feasibility of hybrid scheme. Finally, compared to the scheme of converting ac line to pure dc, LCC based hybrid ac/dc can be a much cheaper solution to upgrade HVAC power transfer capacity by 2 times around.
Islamic perspectives on leadership: a model

Purpose – The purpose of this research is to address the notion of leadership in Muslim countries. It seeks to develop a model for understanding leadership in Islamic culture and discusses the factors which give rise to two types of leadership: the prophetic and caliphate.Design/methodology/approach – The article briefly surveys the socio‐economic and political forces which facilitate the emergence of certain leadership styles. The paper, then, suggests a model of leadership relevant to Islamic culture.Findings – Two types of leadership were identified. Furthermore, the paper addresses the conflict between idealism and realism and the rise of authoritarian leaders.Practical implications – This paper offers policymakers and researchers various avenues on how to address the issue of leadership in an Islamic culture and presents a theoretical model for understanding issues pertaining to leaders and leadership in Muslim societies. Specific propositions pertaining to the effect of culture and society on leader...
A new description for dispersion

Chang and Slattery (1986) introduced a simplified model for dispersion that contains only two empirical parameters, both of which can be determined in one-dimensional experiments. The traditional model for dispersion (Nikolaevskii, 1959; Scheidegger, 1961; de Josselin de Jong and Bossen, 1961; Bear, 1961a; Peaceman, 1966; Bear, 1972) has three empirical parameters, two of which can be measured in one-dimensional experiments while the third, the transverse dispersivity, must be measured in experiments in which a two-dimensional concentration profile develops. For the common one-dimensional experiment in which the signs of the concentration gradient and of the velocity field are different, the simplified model and the traditional model give identical results. For a one-dimensional experiment in which the signs of the concentration gradient and of the velocity field are at least sometimes the same and for two- and three-dimensional flows, the simplified model of Chang and Slattery (1986) gives results that can differ from those predicted using the traditional model. Only the experimental data of Bear (1961b) and of Yule and Gardner (1978) are sufficiently complete to permit a comparison of the two models. Considering the quality of the experimental data, we can not distinguish between the predicted profiles based upon the simplified model and those based upon the traditional model.
Quantum Cramer-Rao bound and parity measurement

We show, by using parity detection, that the phase estimate obtained from the linear error propagation formula, indeed saturates the lower bound set by maximizing quantum Fisher information for several of the well-known states, proposed for the Heisenberg limited interferometry. Our results show that one can achieve the quantum Cram´er-Rao bound, by simply counting the number of photons which is not very far from actual realization.
Formation of a 1,2,4-dioxazolidine by electron-transfer photooxygenation of 1-butyl-2,3-diphenylaziridine

Abstract Electron-transfer photooxygenation of 1-butyl-1,2,3-diphenylaziridine with 9,10-dicyanoanthracene in oxygen-saturated acetonitrile yields 4-butyl-3,5-diphenyl-1,2,4-dioxazolidine. This peroxide is surprisingly stable in nonpolar solvents decomposing to benzaldehyde and N-butylbenzamide upon heating to 100°C in benzene. Treatment with triphenyl phosphine yields benzaldehyde and N-butyl-1-phenylmethanimine.