cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Geographies of Consumption: A Commodity-Chain Approach

Recent media and political events illustrate some links between consumption and production. The author explores these links through the concept of commodity chains. This concept has been partially developed in the literature, and an attempt is made to specify this further by means of the illustration of gold. The message is that the ‘geographies of consumption’ literature is insufficient by itself but becomes stronger when joined with a materialist commodity-chain analysis. The author moves from a deconstruction of the images of men and women in gold advertisements, at the consumption end, to the various places of production, beginning with Italian gold jewelry factories, then South African gold mines and apartheid, and third Lesotho, where Basotho men migrate to South African gold mines leaving behind ‘gold widows‘. The material reality of these gold widows stands in contrast to the ‘gold windows' of Tiffany's and the images of women and men in advertisements for gold. The author opines that this sort of...
Substance P, morphine and methionine-enkephalin: effects on spontaneous and evoked neuronal firing in the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis of the rat.

A nociceptive stimulus (e.g., foot pinch) produced a significant increase in firing in cells in the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis (NRGC) and surrounding areas of the rat brain. Substance P (SP), a putative nociceptive neurotransmitter, infrequently produced an increase in spontaneous neuronal firing when administered micro-iontophoretically to these areas. These data indicate that the NRGC is an area involved in nociception. However, SP does not appear to be the primary nociceptive neurotransmitter or neuromodulator in the NRGC because SP did not mimic or enhance the response to the nociceptive stimulus. Morphine (MS) and methionine-enkephalin (ENK), administered microiontophoretically, rarely had any effect on spontaneous neuronal firing or rarely modified the increase in neuronal firing evoked by the nociceptive stimulus. For this reason, the NRGC is apparently not an area where MS and ENK act directly to produce analgesia.
Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation to cure Acute Myeloid Leukemia in elderly patients

Outcomes for elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remain poor with standard therapies. Historically this age group has been excluded from treatment with allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) due to worries of excessive treatment related morbidity and mortality. However, transplantation outcomes have dramatically improved in the last decade due to the widespread use of less ablative conditioning regimens, improved supportive care, and improved patient selection based on prognostic tools such as the hematopoietic cell transplant specific comorbidity index. These have all led to an increasing acceptance of allo-SCT as a potential treatment modality in elderly patients with AML. This review addresses current strategies for patient selection and efficacy data for allo-SCT in elderly patients with AML. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jaim.v1i1.5840 Journal of Advances in Internal Medicine. 2012; 1(1): 43-49
Fungal infections and their treatment in the intensive care unit

Purpose of review To describe and bring together recent development in the diagnosis and treatment of both community-acquired and opportunistic fungal infections in the intensive care unit. Recent findings The past few years have brought major advances to both the diagnosis and treatment of fungal infections. The development of newer therapeutic modalities to supplement existing treatment options includes a new class of antifungal agents, the echinocandins. Newer and improved agents of the azole class have arrived as well as better delineation for the role of liposomal amphotericins. Newer, nonculture-based diagnostic tests have allowed earlier, more timely diagnosis of opportunistic fungal infections, allowing more rapid initiation of therapy. Summary Improved diagnostic tests and newer antifungal agents have been introduced, leading to earlier diagnosis and treatment.
Concurrent Validity of the Peabody Individual Achievement Test and the Wide Range Achievement Test for Middle-Class Elementary School Children:

The Peabody, Wide Range, and Stanford achievement tests were given to third grade (n = 21) and sixth grade (n = 22) students who were average achievers from nondisadvantaged homes. Rank-order correlations with the Stanford test were substantial for both the Peabody (.76 to .85) and the Wide Range (.67 to .88) at Grade 3 in reading and spelling, but not in mathematics for either the Peabody (.49 to .66) or the Wide Range (.45 to .64). At Grade 6 the correlations with the Stanford were only moderate both for the Peabody (.42 to .66) and for the Wide Range (.47 to .65) in all achievement areas. Examination of individually calculated discrepancy scores between the individual tests and the Stanford showed that, while they did not differ significantly in size of scores at Grade 3, the Wide Range discrepancies approached or exceeded one grade equivalent in most areas (except spelling and mathematical computation) while the Peabody discrepancies were all below one grade level (but in excess of two-thirds a grade ...
The Use of Finite Element Models to Assist Understanding and Treatment For Scoliosis: A Review Paper.

Abstract Introduction Scoliosis is a complex spinal deformity whose etiology is still unknown, and its treatment presents many challenges. Finite element modeling (FEM) is one of the analytical techniques that has been used to elucidate the mechanism of scoliosis and the effects of various treatments. Methods A literature review on the application of FEM in scoliosis evaluation and treatment has been undertaken. A literature search was performed in each of three major electronic databases (Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Ovid) using the key words “scoliosis” and “finite element methods/model”. Articles using FEM and having a potential impact on clinical practice were included. Results A total of 132 abstracts were retrieved. The query returned 105 articles in which the abstracts appeared to correspond to this review's focus, and 85 papers were retained. The current state of the art of FEM related to the biomechanical analysis of scoliosis is discussed in 4 sections: the etiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, brace treatment, instrumentation treatment, and sensitivity studies of FEM. The limitations of FEM and suggested future work are also discussed.
Mechanical and systems approach facilitating facial prosthesis production

A method of facilitating facial prosthesis production using specially designed equipment and a color notation record has been described. Application to facial and auricular prosthesis production has been discussed. Advantages in time saved and staff utilization have been realized through the use of this approach.
Gender, age and the marriage market: evidence on marriage in late adulthood in Russia.

In this paper I explore one specific type of informal support, marital unions, and the ways in which patterns suggest differential access to this support mechanism based on age and sex. Through an examination of marriage patterns in the Russian Federation I show that women may be disadvantaged by low levels of access to marital unions past the age of 50 due to high differential mortality and age differentials at marriage. For both sexes, the probability of marital entrance is negatively related to age, but the negative influence of age follows different paths for men and women. In spite of high sex differentials in mortality, findings indicate that men, over 50 and outside of marital unions, are far more likely to marry than their female counterparts regardless of residence or age.
Computing normal forms of nonseparable Hamiltonians by symbolic manipulation

Abstract Finding normal forms of nonintegrable Hamiltonians is a problem encountered in many branches of physics. In this article, a symbolic program is presented which uses a succession of canonical transformations to construct the Birkhoff- Gustavson normal form of a nonseparable Hamiltonian.
Alternative Measures of Locus of Control and the Prediction of Academic Performance.

Correlations between the Intellectual Achievement Responsibility Questionnaire and several measures of academic achievement did not support the hypothesis that this scale measures locus of control attitudes in intellectual-academic achievement situations. Support was obtained for the hypothesis that a measure of more generalized locus of control attitudes was related to academic achievement.
Remediation and self-reporting in optimal law enforcement

Abstract Many environmental laws encourage firms to self-report their violations to government regulators, rather than subject themselves to probabilistic enforcement. This paper studies self-reporting enforcement regimes when there are ex-post benefits of remediation or clean-up. Remediation benefits are shown to impart two advantages to the use of self-reporting beyond those identified elsewhere. Firstly, whereas non-reporting firms only engage in costly clean-up when they are caught by an enforcement authority, self-reporting firms always engage in efficient remediation. Secondly, with self-reporting, the government can costlessly impose stiffer non-reporter penalties that reduce the government enforcement effort required to achieve a given level of violation deterrence.
Microanalysis of alkali-activated fly ash–CH pastes

Abstract Samples of a Class F fly ash and calcium hydroxide (CH) hydrated in pH 13.2 sodium hydroxide solution were analyzed using backscattered electron, scanning Auger, and X-ray microanalysis. The Class F fly ash, composed mainly of aluminosilicate glass and silica, was reacted for 8, 14, and 78 days at various temperatures. These samples represent both long-term and early-age stages of hydration. Results show that a hydrate product with calcium to silica ratio near 1.4 and katoite are formed. X-ray and scanning Auger microanalysis show evidence of the formation of hydrate product on the surface of both fly ash and CH particles at early ages. This finding suggests a new mechanism to explain prior data that shows that the hydration rates increase with increasing CH–ash content in the starting mixture.
Criminal procedure in Uruguay, South America: A test of the universal applicability of Ingraham's six stages of criminal procedure

Abstract Ingraham's (1987) model for studying criminal procedure was applied in the context of Uruguay, South America. The research found that the model's six tasks or functions (intake, screening, charging the defendant and safeguarding his/her rights, adjudicating, sanctioning, and appeal) enhanced understanding of criminal procedure in Uruguay. Application of the model in a Latin American context is expected to help increase the attention given to Latin American criminal justice in comparative courses, in view of the minimal level of such attention that was discovered by Peak (1990).
American slavery, 1619-1877

Origins and consolidation the colonial era the American Revolution antebellum slavery - organization, control, paternalism antebellum slavery - slave life the white South - society, economy, ideology the end of slavery.
Alternate Pathways of Glycolate Synthesis in Tobacco and Maize Leaves in Relation to Rates of Photorespiration

After a preliminary period in light, leaf disks floated on 10 mm α-hydroxy-2-pyridinemethanesulfonic acid to inhibit glycolate oxidase accumulate glycolate at average initial rates of 67 micromoles in tobacco and 8 micromoles per gram fresh weight per hour in maize under optimal conditions in air. In the presence of 14 CO 2 , the glycolate synthesized has a high specific radioactivity in illuminated tobacco and a low one in maize. Isonicotinic acid hydrazide also inhibits glycolate oxidation and causes a slow accumulation of glycolate in maize but not in tobacco, while it inhibits glycolate synthesis in tobacco but not in maize. Radioactive carbon in acetate-2- 14 C and especially pyruvate-3- 14 C is incorporated predominantly into the C-2 of glycolate in both species, but the specific radioactivity is much greater in maize. Glyoxylate-2- 14 C is readily converted to glycolate-2- 14 C in both species. The addition of phosphoenolpyruvate stimulated glycolate formation in maize and inhibited its synthesis in tobacco, and in the presence of 14 CO 2 the specific radioactivity in glycolate- 14 C was decreased greatly by the added phosphoenolpyruvate only in maize. Thus, unsymmetrically labeled glycolate is mainly synthesized from pyruvate-3- 14 C by a slow pathway in maize. Tobacco possesses an additional rapid pathway that produces equally labeled glycolate more directly from fixed CO 2 during photosynthesis. Glycolate is believed to be the primary substrate of photorespiration, and sufficiently rapid rates of glycolate synthesis have been observed in tobacco to account for this function. Hence the high rates of photorespiration observed in tobacco leaves compared with maize result partly from differences between these species in the pathway of glycolate synthesis.
Estimations of charge transferred and energy released by lightning flashes

[1] Data from ground-based and balloon-borne electric field meters are used in conjunction with lightning mapping array data to estimate the amount of charge transferred and energy liberated by 40 lightning flashes in four New Mexico mountain thunderstorms. Two models are developed to estimate the lightning charge transfer: point charges at the geometric center of two or more lightning charge distributions, and uniform charge distributions placed along the lightning channels. Results indicate that flashes with substantial horizontal extent, primarily intracloud (IC) flashes during the storm's mature stage, are better modeled with uniform charge distributions. Less extensive flashes, both cloud-to-ground (CG) and early-stage IC flashes, are better modeled with point charges. The amount of charge transferred by 29 IC flashes ranged from ±3.9 to ±85.8 C, with an average of ±17.6 C. Mature-stage IC flashes transfer significantly more charge, on average, than early-stage IC flashes. The 11 CG flashes transferred negative charge to the ground; the average amount of charge lowered was −8.7 C. All but one CG flash also had substantial in-cloud charge transfers (average ±9.3 C, maximum ±44 C) in addition to the charge moved to the ground. Individual lightning charge transfers are combined with concurrent in-cloud potentials to estimate the electrical energy released by each flash. The IC flashes released an average of 1.6 GJ of energy per flash, while the average for CG flashes was about half as much energy per flash. Using average charge and potential values for the group of storms yields lightning energy estimates of 2 × 108 to 7 × 109 J, depending on flash type and storm stage.
The fine structure of the hepatopancreas of the woodlouse, Oniscus ascellus

The present ultrastructural study of the hepatopancreas of Oniscus ascellus would seem to indicate that the entire gland functions as a true midgut and is involved in absorption and secretion. Two differentiated cell types, the S and B, are present throughout the gland except for a small area of the posterior or regenerative zone. Ultrastructural features that have been associated with absorption include the presence of a surface enteric coat, regularity of microvillar core filaments, an organelle free region under the microvilli and the uniform distribution of mitochondria below this area. These features are present in both the S and B cell types. Features that are typical of secretory cells include the presence of extensive arrays of parallel rough endoplasmic reticulum, the very active dictyosomes with dilated cisternae and large secretory bodies. These features are present in the B cell. Although occasional arrays of parallel endoplasmic reticulum were noted in the S cell, active dictyosomes with dilated cisternae were not evident. From this ultrastructural study it would appear that the B cell functions in absorption and secretion, while the S cell functions primarily in absorption. A cytochemical study is now in progress.
Optical inspection of manufactured glass using adaptive Fourier filtering

Most of the defects present in manufactured glass are caused by rare explosions of hot jars and bottles on the assembly line. These explosions create particles of flying glass that may stick to the inside bottoms of other jars on the line. In this paper we present experimental results of a prototype optoelectronic inspection system that detects submillimeter stuck-glass defects. In the system described, we use a two-dimensional spatial light modulator to create in real time a unique mask for each glass jar inspected. This allows us to compensate for variations in acceptable features on the bottoms of the jars such as mold marks and lettering while detecting the presence of unacceptable features such as stuck-glass defects.
Diagnosis and management of amebiasis.

s of the annual meeting of the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 18-22 October1998. North- brook, IL: 1998. 56. Gilman R, Islam M, Paschi S, Goleburn J, Ahmad F Comparison of con- ventional and immunofluorescent techniques for the detection of Entamoeba histolytica in rectal biopsies. Gastroenterology 1980;78:435-9. 57. Rails PW. Focal inflammatory disease of the liver. Radiol Clin North Am 1998; 36:377-89. 58. Kimura K, Stoopen M, Reeder MM, Moncada R. Amebiasis: modern diagnostic imaging with pathological and clinical correlation. Semin Roent- genol 1997; 32:250-75. 59. Huston CD, Petri WA Jr. Amebiasis. In: Rakel RE, ed. Conn's current therapy. New York: W.B. Saunders (in press). 60. Rajak CL, Gupta S, Jain S, Chawla Y, Gulati M, Suri S. Percutaneous treatment of liver abscesses: needle aspiration versus catheter drainage. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1998; 170:1035-9. 61. Tandon A, Jain AK, Dixit VK, Agarwal AK, Gupta JP. Needle aspiration in large amoebic liver abscess. Trop Gastroenterol 1997; 18:19-21. 62. Petri WA Jr, Ravdin JI. Protection of gerbils from amebic liver abscess by immunization with the galactose-specific adherence lectin of Entamoeba histolytica. Infect Immun 1991;59:97-101. 63. Zhang T, Stanley SL Jr. Protection of gerbils from amebic liver abscess by This content downloaded from 157.55.39.23 on Sun, 26 Mar 2017 18:12:48 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms CID 1999;29 (November) Amebiasis1125 immunization with a recombinant protein derived from the 170-kilodalton surface adhesin of Entamoeba histolytica. Infect Immun 1994; 62:2605-8. 64. Zhang T, Cieslak PR, Foster L, Kuntz-Jenkins C, Stanley SL Jr. Antibodies to the serine rich Entamoeba histolytica protein (SREHP) prevent amoebic liver abscess in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. Parasite Immunol 1994; 16:225-30. 65. Soong CJG, Kain KC, Abd-Alla M, Jackson TFHG, Ravdin JI. A recombinant cysteine-rich section of the Entamoeba histolytica galactose inhib- itable lectin is efficacious as a subunit vaccine in the Gerbil model of amebic liver abscess. J Infect Dis 1995; 171:645-51. 66. Mann BJ, Burkholder BV, Lockhart LA. Protection in a gerbil model of amebiasis by oral immunization with Salmonella expressing the galactose N-acetyl D-galactosamine inhibitable lectin of Entamoeba histolytica. Vac- cine 1997; 15:659-63. 67. Huston CD, Petri WA Jr. The host-pathogen interaction in amebiasis: Is a vaccine feasible? Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1998; 17:601-14. 68. Salata RA, Pearson RP, Murphy CF, Ravdin JI. Interaction of human leu- kocytes with Entamoeba histolytica: killing of virulent amebae by the activated macrophage. J Clin Invest 1985; 76:491-9. 69. Denis M, Chadee K. Human neutrophils activated by interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha kill Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites in vitro. J Leukoc Biol 1989;46:270-4. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.23 on Sun, 26 Mar 2017 18:12:48 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Olfactory Receptor Related to Class A, Type 2 (V1r-Like Ora2) Genes Are Conserved between Distantly Related Rockfishes (Genus Sebastes)

V1r-like Ora genes express putative chemoreceptors that may function as pheromone receptors in fishes. We used a candidate gene approach to test whether V1r-like Ora2 genes show evidence of positive selection that could suggest a role in mate recognition and the avoidance of hybridization between closely related rockfishes. We amplified a 492-bp fragment of a single V1r-like Ora2 gene from each of 5 species of rockfish. Despite separation of up to 7.8 My, the sequence of V1r-like Ora2 is highly conserved. Genetic distances are small, and all our study species shared at least one sequence with another species. Sequence comparisons suggested that, although most amino acids were subject to purifying selection, 9 amino acids showed evidence of positive selection. Because many of these amino acids were not associated with the areas of the protein suggested to be involved in ligand binding based on structural similarity to other olfactory receptors, this signal may reflect an echo of the relaxation of selection associated with the speciation events that separate these species. Strong sequence conservation suggests that this gene is of functional significance. However, because of shared alleles among species, the V1r-like Ora2 gene, in isolation, would be unlikely to differentiate species during mating season.
The Effects of Multi-Layer Traffic on the Survivability of IP-Over-WDM Networks

The survivability of backbone networks to failures is an on-going concern. This paper investigates survivability strategies for IP-over-WDM networks in a multi-layer framework where traffic originates at each layer.We present an optimization-based formulation of performing recovery mechanisms at the bottom layer for both layers of traffic in two cases: With capacity sharing between backup paths of the traffic in two layers and without. We then study and compare spare capacity requirements under multi-layer traffic ratios and the impact of network connectivity. Numerical results indicate that, in such a wavelength-based optical network, implementing survivability of all traffic at the bottom layer can be a viable solution with significant advantages.
Perspectives in Primary Care: The Foundational Urgent Importance of a Shared Primary Care Data Model

The purpose of this commentary is to inspire a coordinated effort by primary care leaders, communities, and health information technology (IT) experts to establish a conceptual primary care data model. A shared data model is necessary to guide the development of health IT standards that will enable primary care clinicians to make essential, foundational contributions within redesigned systems of care, education, and research. This work requires that we understand the core functions of primary care in a transformed US health care system.
Effect of Eimeria Species on the Appearance of Radioactivity in the Blood of Chicks fed Radio-Labeled Glucose or 3-0-Methyl-D-Glucose

Abstract Results of five trials with four species of coccidia (Eimeria acervulina, E. necatrix, E. tenella, and E. brunetti) failed to demonstrate any interference with glucose absorption in the parasitized intestines of intact chick hosts. In addition, circulating blood radioactivity in severely parasitized chicks, as evidenced by weight gain data and intestinal lesion scores, was significantly higher than that in control chicks following oral administration of 14C-glucose or 3-0-methyl-D-14C-glucose at 6 days postinfection. During the recovery phase of the infection (14 to 21 days postinfection), severely infected chicks rapidly gained weight and the blood radioactivity of parasitized chicks was consistently higher than that of uninfected control chicks. No significant differences in weight or blood radioactivity were observed during the post-recovery period (28 to 35 days postinfection).
Food Insecurity and Food Access in U.S. Metropolitan Areas

Household food insecurity in the United States has reached its highest levels to date. As public and private initiatives have emerged to help improve diets by fostering access to food, the availability of more food stores may result in lower levels of food insecurity. In this article, we assess the relationship between adult food insecurity and food store density in metropolitan areas of the United States. We find that while small grocery/convenience stores show a mitigating effect on adult food insecurity across different samples of households, the effects of large supermarkets/grocery stores and supercenters vary. We also find that Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program participation and food access can have a simultaneously beneficial effect in reducing adult food insecurity. Implications for policies aiming to improve food security by fostering access to food stores are discussed.
Design and analysis of plaque and gingivitis clinical trials.

Abstract It is most important that the proper design of a clinical trial be developed prior to the start of the study. Such a design is one that will not tend to find a treatment to be effective when it really is ineffective, and will not tend to miss a good treatment when it really is effective. The questions to be answered by a clinical trial must be decided in advance and will help determine the design. Trials should take into consideration how the agent is to be used: carefully controlled, ordinary use, subject or professionally applied, etc. The double-blind parallel randomized trial is preferred to the double blind cross-over design, except possibly for a professionally applied treatment which does not leach into the saliva or affect the oral microflora. Blocking or stratification tends to increase the efficiency of a clinical trial, and also may produce more information on the agent's effectiveness. Stratification is preferred to blocking, particularly when subjects enter the trial serially over time. Subjects should be stratified by age, sex and baseline level of plaque or gingivitis. Stratification permits a check on whether the effect of treatment is atypically strong or weak for certain types of patients. Where possible, the same examiner should examine the same patients throughout the study. Examiners should be self-calibrated to reduce intra-examiner error. Plaque and gingivitis trials should be at least of 6 months duration and may be preventive or therapeutic in nature. The preferred statistical analysis when 2 treatments are being compared is a comparison of mean changes in plaque or gingivitis scores by the independent sample t-test. An analysis of covariance using the baseline scores as the covariate may improve power somewhat. When pairwise f-tests are performed in comparing several treatments, multiple comparison criteria are indicated. Parametric rather than nonparametric tests are preferred since they usually have more power. The square root of whole mouth means in gingivitis clinical trials is the preferred transformation to obtain greater power and to produce approximately normal distributions.
The Future of Educational Entrepreneurship: Possibilities for School Reform by Frederick Hess

Every now and then, a book comes along that expands your educational vision and serves as a “bolt of lightning,” and such a book is the one reviewed here. Those of us who have worked inside the edu...
Adaptive Drowsy Cache Control for Java Applications

Drowsy cache has been proved as an efficient technique to reduce cache leakage energy. However, current drowsy cache control policies generally suffer from performance loss and are not adaptive to different program behaviors. In this paper, we study adaptive drowsy cache control for Java applications, where just-in-time (JIT) compiler and runtime information can be used to make accurate decision on drowsy cache control. We first explore the impact of different phases of Java applications on the timing behavior of cache usage. Then we propose several techniques to adaptively control drowsy cache to reduce energy consumption with minimal impact on performance. Our experiments show that the adaptive drowsy control by exploiting the phase information can reduce the performance loss without impacting the energy saving, which is especially useful during the garbage collection.
Detection and diagnosis of oral cancer by light‐induced fluorescence

Background and Objective: New techniques for noninvasive early detection and diagnosis of oral dysplasia and carcinoma are required. Our objective was to determine in the hamster cheek pouch model whether differentiation between the healthy tissue and the different stages of oral premalignancy and malignancy is possible using laserinduced fluorescence after tissue exposure to 5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA). Study Design/Materials and Methods: DMBA carcinogenesis was applied to one cheek pouch in 18 hamsters for 0–20 weeks. Prior to sacrifice, 20% ALA was applied to the cheek tissues. Excised cheek tissues were cryosectioned and imaged using fluorescence microscopy with excitation at 405 nm, detection at 635 nm. After fluorescence measurement, H&E staining and histopathological evaluation were performed. Results: Fluorescence intensity was significantly lower in healthy tissue than in pathological tissues. Significantly higher intensities and more ‘‘fluorescence hot spots’’ occurred in severe dysplasia and carcinoma than in healthy tissue, hyperkeratosis, mild and moderate dysplasia. Conclusions: Light-induced fluorescence after ALA exposure can differentiate between the different stages of premalignancy and malignancy. Its ability to differentiate between healthy tissue and early pathology is particularly interesting Lasers Surg. Med. 32:17–24, 2003. 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
IL-1β-Mediated Proinflammatory Responses Are Inhibited by Estradiol via Down-Regulation of IL-1 Receptor Type I in Uterine Epithelial Cells

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of sex hormones on IL-1β-mediated responses by uterine epithelial cells. The mRNA expression and secretion of human β-defensin-2 and CXCL8 by uterine epithelial cells was examined following stimulation with IL-1β in the presence of estradiol or progesterone. Estradiol inhibited the IL-1β-mediated mRNA expression and secretion of human β-defensin-2 and CXCL8 by uterine epithelial cells while progesterone had no effect. Inhibition of the IL-1β-mediated response by estradiol was dose dependent, with maximal inhibition observed using 10 −7 to 10 −10 M, and was shown to be mediated through the estrogen receptor because addition of a pure estrogen receptor antagonist abrogated this effect. The mechanism by which estradiol inhibits IL-1β-mediated responses by uterine epithelial cells appears to be the down-modulation of the IL-1R type I, thereby reducing the uterine epithelial cell’s ability to respond to IL-1β. These results suggest that the inhibitory effect of estradiol on IL-1β-mediated inflammatory responses by uterine epithelial cells indicates a link between the endocrine and immune systems and may be crucial for dampening proinflammatory responses during the time of ovulation or pregnancy.
Effects of School Racial Composition on K–12 Mathematics Outcomes A Metaregression Analysis

Recently published social science research suggests that students attending schools with concentrations of disadvantaged racial minority populations achieve less academic progress than their otherwise comparable counterparts in more racially balanced or integrated schools, but to date no metaanalysis has estimated the effect size of school racial composition on mathematics outcomes. This metaregression analysis reviewed the social science literature published in the past 20 years on the relationship between mathematics outcomes and the racial composition of the K–12 schools students attend. The authors employed a two-level hierarchical linear model to analyze the 25 primary studies with 98 regression effects. Results indicate that school racial isolation has a small statistically significant negative effect on overall building-level mathematics outcomes. This relationship is moderated by the size of the sample in the study and by the way the independent variable was operationalized. Although it is small, the effect size is substantively meaningful. The effects are stronger in secondary compared to elementary grades, and racial gaps widen as students age. The emergence and widening of the race gaps as students move through the grades suggest that the association of racial segregation with mathematics performance compounds over time. Implications for educational policy and future research are discussed.
Massively parallel algorithms for computational nanoelectronics based on quantum molecular dynamics

A quantum molecular dynamics(QMD) simulationscheme has been developedwhich is suitable for the study of highly nonlinear electron dynamicsfar from equilibrium in semiconducting devices of nanometer size. The core components of the QMD algorithm are: (i) solution of the time-dependent Kohn—Sham or Schrodinger equations; and (ii) solution of the Poissonequation for the direct electron—electroninteraction. Efficient parallel algorithmsfor these components are the space-splittingSchrodinger solverand the dynamical-simulated-annealingPoisson solver. Both algorithmsare scalable and require only nearest-neighbor communications.These algorithmsare implemented on an 8,192-nodeMasPar computer. Timing tests are carried out to compare these algorithms with other parallel Schrodinger and Poissonsolvers. The timingresults on the MasPar are also compared with those on other parallel and vector architectures.
Synthesis of nanoscale carceplexes from deep-cavity cavitands

Deep-cavity cavitands were shown to undergo carceplex reactions in which two cavitand tetrols were covalently linked using bromochloromethane; the efficiency of the “dimerization” was closely tied to the templating guest molecule incarcerated within the host.
Do Profitable And Non-Profitable Firms Pay Executives Differently?

In the past decade, there has been a considerable increase in the use of stock options as a form of executive compensation. While agency theorists study the relationship between performance based pay and job productivity, they have not addressed whether executive compensation is impacted by a firm’s profitability. Profitable firms may pay executives more incentive-based pay, to reward their managers for a good job. In contrast, non-profitable firms may be willing to pay executives more in the way stock options to attract better managers. We find that a CEO’s probability of receiving stock options increases if he/she is employed by a profitable firm. However, the amount received by such a CEO is substantially less than the amount received by the average CEO at a non-profitable company.
72.5L: Late‐News Paper: Development of a Novel Wide‐ Gamut 8K 120Hz LCD Complying with ITU‐R BT.2020

We have successfully developed an 8K display with 120Hz frame rate, 12bit each RGB. The wide gamut has been expanded over 85% coverage ratio of ITU-R BT2020. Furthermore, the input interface has been upgraded to single optical fiber cable of 256Gbps which is capable to transmit 8K/120Hz video.
Sleep, sleep disorders and motor vehicle crashes

There is wide consensus that drowsiness and sleep during driving put the driver and others at high risk for motor vehicle crashes. A large percentage of both private automobile and commercial vehicle crashes and crash fatalities are associated with the sleepy driver each year. Sleepiness in persons without sleep disorders may occur from potentially preventable causes such as sleep deprivation, drinking alcohol or taking sedative medications. Sleepiness also occurs uncontrollably in persons with certain sleep disorders. It is important, therefore, for persons to have a diagnosis of a sleep disorder, objectively confirmed with an MSLT, to be considered for restriction of driving privileges. The MSLT serves as a marker for the sleep disorder and also as evidence of effective treatment. While sleepiness is widespread, this regulation addresses only the highest risk group for attention. Proposed guidelines for sleep related disorders and driving in Wisconsin are presented with this background in mind. Language: en
The chemistry of F4SO2 — Part II

Abstract The reaction of F4S CCF 2 OS O2 with ROH (R=CH3, CH(CH3)2, C(CH3)3), ClX (X = F, OCF3) and CsOCF3 was studied as a means for preparing novel sulfonyl fluorides or sultones. The new β-fluoro sultones CH3OSF4 CHCF 2 OS O2 and F5S C(Cl)CF 2 OS O2 were prepared and characterized.
Excavations on the north-central plateau : The Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age occupation at Çadir Höyük

The last decade of excavations at Cadir Hoyuk, in the north-central region of the Anatolian plateau, has revealed a well-established Late Chalcolithic community with continuous occupation into the Early Bronze I period (mid fourth to early third millennium BC). While the Late Chalcolithic town was prosperous, with well-made houses and objects, and even monumental construction, the stability of the settlement had slipped by the Early Bronze I phase. We summarise here the results from ten seasons of work at the site and profile how the findings contribute to our understanding of Cadir's role in a larger regional context. We also offer possible explanations for the changing nature of the Cadir occupation during the periods detailed here.
Strength-Weight Relationships in a Laboratory Population of Tenebrio molitor Adults

The literature on insect strength is not extensive, but there is a wide diversity of approaches to the problem and opinions expressed. Plateau (1865, 1866) demonstrated that smaller species have a relatively greater strength than heavier groups. Such insects are thus able to push, pull, lift, or fly with weights much heavier than their own body masses.
Advances in the surgical treatment of Parkinson disease and other movement disorders

Objective To present the latest advances in surgery for patients with Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders, emphasizing pallidotomy and deep cerebral stimulation (DCS), thalamic, pallidal and subthalamic, their indications and complications. Development Advances in neurophysiology and radiology have led to greater understanding of the physiology of the basal ganglia. This has led to the revival of old surgical techniques (pallidotomy) and the clinical application of new variants on these techniques. Pallidotomy is indicated in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease who are under the age of 65 years and have no psychiatric complications or drug-induced debilitating dyscinesias. In most of these patients the daily dose of levodopa is reduced by approximately 30%. Any complications which occur are transient. The versatility of adjustment of the parameters of deep cerebral stimulation allow them to be adjusted to the patient's needs. Complications include transitory paraesthesia of the side contralateral to the stimulation, transitory tonic contraction of the face and limbs and in some cases dyskinesias which are similar to those induced by drugs. In the United States of America, the Food and Drugs Administration has authorized the use of thalamic DCS for treatment of essential/familial or Parkinsonian tremor of the hands. It is expected that by the end of this year pallidal-DCS will have been approved for the treatment of rigidity, tremor and bradykinesia in Parkinson's disease. Conclusion Pallidotomy and DCS seem to be safe, useful techniques for the treatment of late complications of Parkinson's disease and possibly other movement disorders also.
The Larval Eclosion Hormone Neurones in Manduca Sexta: Identification of the Brain-Proctodeal Neurosecretory System

Larval and pupal ecdyses of the moth Manduca sexta are triggered by eclosion hormone (EH) released from the ventral nervous system. The major store of EH activity in the latter resides in the proctodeal nerves that extend along the larval hindgut. At pupal ecdysis, the proctodeal nerves show a 90% depletion of stored activity, suggesting that they are the major release site for the circulating EH that causes ecdysis. Surgical experiments involving the transection of the nerve cord or removal of parts of the brain showed that the proctodeal nerve activity originates from the brain. Retrograde and anterograde cobalt fills and immunocytochemistry using antibodies against EH revealed two pairs of neurons that reside in the ventromedial region of the brain and whose axons travel ipsilaterally along the length of the central nervous system (CNS) and project into the proctodeal nerve, where they show varicose release sites. These neurons constitute a novel neuroendocrine pathway in insects which appears to be dedicated solely to the release of EH.
The Cellular Metabolism of Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans

This chapter integrates the cell extract results with studies which have been carried out using cultured cells and isolated cellular organelles. It details the methodologies that are most commonly used in such studies, describing the metabolic flow of the heparinoids during their synthesis, secretion, further metabolism, and indentifies the areas for further studies. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are synthesized, secreted, endocytozed and rapidly catabolized. Heparinoids are basically concentrated in characteristic sites in the cell. Heparan sulfate usually occurs as a proteoglycan which is concentrated on the surface of most animal cells whereas heparin is found as free glycosaminoglycan chains in secretory granules of connective tissue mast cells and related hematopoietic cells. The cellular pathways leading to the disposition of these heparinoids involve the synthesis, in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, of the necessary core protein which serves as the heparinoid acceptor, entrance of the core protein into the secretory pathway, polymerization of GlcA and GIcNAc to form the initial polymeric form of the heparinoid, maturation of these initial polymers by the reactions that generate the final, highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan chains, and the trafficking of the products to their final destinations.
At the Limit of Sublimity: Transcendental Conversations in Bresson, Ozu, Godard, and Bergman

The Sublime: I reconsider the nature of the sublime and analyze it in relation to Bresson’s Diary of a Country Priest.
Genetic Determinants of Susceptibility to Cytarabine Arabinoside.

Cytarabine arabinoside (ara-C) is an essential component of treatment for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and resistance to this agent is a main reason for treatment failure. To identify genetic factors that are important in susceptibility to the cytotoxic effects of ara-C, we utilized an unbiased whole-genome approach using lymphoblastoid cell lines that are part of the International HapMap Project. We exposed 85 cell lines derived from Utah residents with ancestry from northern and western Europe (CEU) and 89 cell lines derived from individuals of Yoruba in Ibadan, Nigeria (YRI) to a range of concentrations of ara-C (1 – 80 μM) for 72 hours. We used a short-term proliferation assay, alamarBlue®, to measure cell growth inhibition at each concentration of ara-C. In addition, we used the Affymetrix Human Exon 1.0 ST array to determine gene expression of each cell line. We utilized publicly available HapMap (release #22) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to perform genome wide association after filtering to remove Mendelian errors and SNPs with mean allele frequencies trans to the associated gene. The expression of 23 of these genes significantly correlated with percent survival. Of the 11 SNPs that were associated with percent survival and gene expression, 4 SNPs explained 61.2% of the variation in susceptibility to ara-C cytotoxicity among the CEU cell lines. By using an cell-based model and a whole-genome approach that integrates genetic variation, expression variation and sensitivity to drug, we were able to identify a genetic signature for susceptibility to the cytotoxic effects of ara-C. We can now concentrate on the candidate genes identified from this analysis for further functional validation studies.
Neural network-based task scheduling with preemptive fan control

As cooling cost is a significant portion of the total operating cost of supercomputers, improving the efficiency of the cooling mechanisms can significantly reduce the cost. Two sources of cooling inefficiency in existing computing systems are discussed in this paper: temperature variations, and reactive fan speed control. To address these problems, we propose a learning-based approach using a neural network model to accurately predict core temperatures, a preemptive fan control mechanism, and a thermal-aware load balancing algorithm that uses the temperature prediction model. We demonstrate that temperature variations among cores can be reduced from 9°C to 2°C, and that peak fan power can be reduced by 61%. These savings are realized with minimal performance degradation.
Efficient Imbalanced Multimedia Concept Retrieval by Deep Learning on Spark Clusters

The classification of imbalanced datasets has recently attracted significant attention due to its implications in several real-world use cases. The classifiers developed on datasets with skewed distributions tend to favor the majority classes and are biased against the minority class. Despite extensive research interests, imbalanced data classification remains a challenge in data mining research, especially for multimedia data. Our attempt to overcome this hurdle is to develop a convolutional neural network CNN based deep learning solution integrated with a bootstrapping technique. Considering that convolutional neural networks are very computationally expensive coupled with big training datasets, we propose to extract features from pre-trained convolutional neural network models and feed those features to another full connected neutral network. Spark implementation shows promising performance of our model in handling big datasets with respect to feasibility and scalability.
Producer BARC open challenges and the baseline set up for FinFET

Multiple Vt tuning is necessary for SOC (system-on-a-chip) FinFET devices at 16nm technology node and beyond. To achieve this, BARC open, as a mask, for NMOS/PMOS implantation process is needed. Vertical profile with enough PR effective height is the key challenge of this process. Besides, WPH for run cost reduction is another major consideration from customer perspective. So gas N2/NH3 chemistry is adopted for its high etch rate, and thus high throughput. For this recipe to get a good etch uniformity on blanket wafer first to ensure good performance on the whole pattern wafer, each parameter was studied, that is, bias power, pressure, NH3 flow, N2 low, FRC, gap, and backside helium pressure. Finally, etch rate >1000A/min with good uniformity <4% on blanket BARC wafer was got using optimized bias power and gap. Results on pattern wafer show performance is almost acceptable, it is near to vertical and PR effective height is enough.