cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparing Robust Measures of Association Estimated Via a Smoother

A classic problem is comparing Pearson's correlation corresponding to two independent groups. The article examines a generalization where the goal is to compare the groups based on a robust variation of explanatory power used in conjunction with a particular nonparametric regression method that allows curvature. If the nonparametric regression estimator is replaced by the ordinary least squares estimator, and if explanatory power is measured with the usual variance, and if the regression line is straight, the approach used here reduces to comparing Pearson's correlation. For reasons summarized in the article, Cleveland's (1979) lowess estimator is used. It is found that a modified percentile bootstrap method controls Type I error probabilities reasonably well in simulations. Even when the regression line is straight, the power of the method compares well to a variation that fits a (straight) robust regression line to the data. And even under normality, using Pearson's correlation was found to provide litt...
Rapid Parameterization Schemes for Aircraft Shape Optimization

A rapid shape parameterization tool called PROTEUS is developed for aircraft shape optimization. This tool can be applied directly to any aircraft geometry that has been defined in PLOT3D format, with the restriction that each aircraft component must be defined by only one data block. PROTEUS has eight types of parameterization schemes: planform, wing surface, twist, body surface, body scaling, body camber line, shifting/scaling, and linear morphing. These parametric schemes can be applied to two types of components: wing-type surfaces (e.g., wing, canard, horizontal tail, vertical tail, and pylon) and body-type surfaces (e.g., fuselage, pod, and nacelle). These schemes permit the easy setup of commonly used shape modification methods, and each customized parametric scheme can be applied to the same type of component for any configuration. This paper explains the mathematics for these parametric schemes and uses two supersonic configurations to demonstrate the application of these schemes.
Pavlovian Extinction of the Discriminative Stimulus Effects of Nicotine and Ethanol in Rats Varies as a Function of Context.

Operant extinction contingencies can undermine the discriminative stimulus effects of drugs. Here, nicotine (0.4 mg/kg) and ethanol (0.8 g/kg) first functioned as either an SD or SD, in SΔ, in a counterbalanced one-lever go/no-go (across sessions) operant drug discrimination procedure. Pavlovian extinction in the training context (levers removed) grossly undermined the response rates and discriminative stimulus functions of nicotine, but not ethanol; presentation of the drugs in the home cage had no impact on stimulus control for either drug but lowered overall response rates. This result was replicated between, and within, groups of rats that differed in the order of extinction phases. These data suggest that stimulus reinforcer relationships play a role in the discriminative stimulus effects of drugs with regard to response rate, but vary pharmacologically and as a function of the context in which extinction occurs.
An Analysis of Group Versus Indivdual Child Health Supervlsion

This study compares the effectiveness of group health supervision (three or four families counseled simultaneously) with traditional visits in conveying knowledge of child health and development, increasing perceived maternal support, and mitigating maternal depression. Subjects were recruited from a predominantly white, middle-class, suburban/rural pediatric practice. Twenty-five families were allocated to group health supervision and 25 to individual visits. A questionnaire covering knowledge of child health and development (CHDQ), the Maternal Social Support Index (MSSI), and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD) were administered to both groups before their 2-month and after their 10-month visits. A subset of these charts was reviewed for problem visits between 2 and 6 months. As compared with families having traditional visits, families who received the group intervention did at least as well in acquiring knowledge of child care and development and, although not statistically s...
The evolution of a plane mixing layer with spanwise nonuniform forcing

The experimental studies of Nygaard and Glezer (AIAA Paper No. AIAA‐91‐0625, 1991) show that vortical structures shaped like a ‘‘chain‐link fence’’ form in a plane mixing layer subjected to spanwise nonuniform phase excitation. Using direct numerical simulation of temporally evolving mixing layers, initial conditions have been developed that result in flows with vortex structures similar to those observed in the experiments. The simplest initial condition that leads to the experimentally observed structures is composed of a pair of equal‐strength oblique disturbances and this initial condition is a low‐order Fourier approximation to the square‐wave excitation used in the experiments. This simple disturbance suggests an explanation for the short wavelength cutoff observed in the experiments and allows comparison with previous stability analyses. The simulated flow fields show that the chain‐link‐fence vortex structures are different from the usual rib/roller mixing layer structures. Furthermore, detailed examination of the overlap region between adjacent structures shows that ‘‘local pairing’’ does not occur in the chain‐link‐fence flow due to strong self‐induction effects. By increasing the spanwise wavelength, self‐induction effects can be delayed and regions of local pairing are observed. However, the local pairings do not lead to a single amalgamated vortex at late times as is observed in two‐dimensional pairings. Finally, it is shown that the chain‐link‐fence flow produces increased mixing compared to standard rib/roller flows.
Health outcomes methodology symposium: summary and recommendations.

BACKGROUND Interest in the philosophy and techniques of the assessment of health outcomes has burgeoned, prompting research funding agencies and others to examine traditional and emerging methods for outcome measurement. OBJECTIVES This report summarizes the presentations and discussions at and research recommendations stemming from an invitational symposium on health outcomes methodology convened in September 1999. RESEARCH DESIGN The summary is based on the preliminary drafts of all formal reports and discussions, transcripts of all presentations and plenary discussions, and notes from breakout groups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Existing health outcomes measures drawn from classic test theory and emerging approaches based on item response theory offer exciting opportunities for appreciably expanded applications in biomedical and health services research, clinical practice and decision making, and policy development. The major research agenda reflects the significance of this field of endeavor, its widening acceptance both at home and abroad, and its increasing applicability to many different patient and user communities. Of particular moment are the following: (1) refining and expanding of measurement techniques that rely on item response theory and making these approaches more understandable to potential users; (2) improving measurement tools to make them more culturally appropriate for diverse populations and more conceptually and psychometrically equivalent across such groups; (3) addressing longstanding issues in preference- and utility-based approaches, particularly in the elicitation of preference responses and scoring instruments; and (4) enhancing the ways in which data from outcomes measurement tools are calibrated against commonly understood clinical and lay metrics, are interpreted, and are made usable for different decision-makers.
Alcohol Abuse and Conduct Disorder Among African-American Male Adolescent COAs and NonCOAs

ABSTRACT This study sought to determine the proportion of adolescents who are children of alcoholics (COAs) in a sample of 595 African-American males aged 13 to 17 years, and to investigate the relationship between alcohol and conduct disorder among COAs and nonCOAs. The instruments used were the Children of Alcoholics Screening Test (CAST) and a condensed version of the Children's Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (C-SAGA). Results showed that 23% of the adolescents were COAs. Twenty-seven percent of the COAs were alcohol abusers as compared to 17% of nonCOAs, while 78% of COAs as opposed to 69% of nonCOAs were involved in conduct disorder. Chi-square analysis examined the difference between COAs and nonCOAs on the specific subtypes of conduct disorder and showed COAs to be at a greater chance of engaging in such activities on five of the 13, notably: stealing without confrontation/forgery, running away from home, lying, deliberately setting fire, and breaking into property. Those COAs...
Numerical simulation of wings in steady and unsteady ground effects

A numerical simulation of steady and unsteady ground effects is developed. The simulation is based on the general unsteady vortex-lattice method and is not restricted by planform, angle of attack, sink rate, dihedral angle, twist, cross wind, etc., as long as stall does not occur. The present computed results are generally in close agreement with limited exact solutions and experimental data. The present results show the influences of various parameters on the aerodynamic coefficients for both steady and unsteady flows. Generally, the aerodynamic coefficients increase with proximity to the ground, the greater the sink rates the greater the increases, increasing the aspect ratio increases both the steady and unsteady ground effects for both rectangular and delta planforms. The steady ground effect increases the rolling moment and the side force. The present results serve to demonstrate the potential of the present approach.
Bipolar diffusion charging characteristics of single-wall carbon nanotube aerosol particles

Abstract Bipolar diffusion charging characteristics of airborne single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) agglomerates were investigated in the mobility diameter range of 100–1000 nm. Neutral fractions of three types of SWCNT aerosols following bipolar charge equilibrium in a radioactive source were experimentally measured to infer their electrical charging characteristics. Significant deviation from Boltzmann and Fuchs stationary charge equilibrium was observed, with neutral fractions of SWCNT particles lower by 30–53% compared to that of spherical particles of the same mobility. Particles with mobility diameter larger than 400 nm showed high electrical charging efficiencies compared to that of mobility-equivalent spherical particles. Higher charging efficiencies of SWCNT particles were attributed to their higher electrical capacitance resulting from complex nonspherical morphologies. Numerical calculations using idealized fiber geometries confirmed the qualitative trend in the experimental data. The electrical capacitance of nanotubes particles deduced from experimentally measured neutral fractions were also found to be higher by a factor ranging from 1.6 to 4.6 compared to that of mobility-equivalent spherical particles, indicating high charge carrying capacity. The charging-equivalent diameters of nanotube particles were computed and were found to be higher than their mobility diameter by a factor of 2.85–4.34.
Calibration of an In Situ Membrane Inlet Mass Spectrometer for Measurements of Dissolved Gases and Volatile Organics in Seawater

Use of membrane inlet mass spectrometers (MIMS) for quantitative measurements of dissolved gases and volatile organics over a wide range of ocean depths requires characterization of the influence of hydrostatic pressure on the permeability of MIMS inlet systems. To simulate measurement conditions in the field, a laboratory apparatus was constructed for control of sample flow rate, temperature, pressure, and the concentrations of a variety of dissolved gases and volatile organic compounds. MIMS data generated with this apparatus demonstrated thatthe permeability of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membranes is strongly dependent on hydrostatic pressure. For the range of pressures encountered between the surface and 2000 m ocean depths, the pressure dependent behavior of PDMS membranes could not be satisfactorily described using previously published theoretical models of membrane behavior. The observed influence of hydrostatic pressure on signal intensity could, nonetheless, be quantitatively modeled using a relatively simple semiempirical relationship between permeability and hydrostatic pressure. The semiempirical MIMS calibration developed in this study was applied to in situ underwater mass spectrometer (UMS) data to generate high-resolution, vertical profiles of dissolved gases in the Gulf of Mexico. These measurements constitute the first quantitative observations of dissolved gas profiles in the oceans obtained by in situ membrane inlet mass spectrometry. Alternative techniques used to produce dissolved gas profiles were in good accord with UMS measurements.
The effects of transplantation and regeneration of sensory neurons on a somatotopic map in the cricket central nervous system

Abstract The restoration of the cercal afferent projection of crickets was examined after severing the cercal nerve or amputating the cercus and reimplanting it. After either maneuver the sensory neurons regenerated arborizations in the central nervous system (CNS) within about 1 month. In order to assess the role of the pathway taken to the CNS in controlling the growth of the terminal arborization, we transplantated left cerci to the right side of the host. The operation mismatched the mediolateral axes of host and graft tissues. In one-third of the neurons examined, the axon trajectories of the regenerated neurons were altered. The terminal arborizations in these cases were unusual; for example, one neuron arborized in an abnormal area as well as in its normal area. In rare instances this neuron arborized only in incorrect areas of the CNS. Thus, it appears that axon pathway can have an effect on the central structure of sensory neurons. However, in most cases after the surgery, the neurons were able to reach their proper target areas even by circuitous routes. The proximodistal coordinate of the map is isomorphic with sensory neuron age, because the most distal receptors are produced early in postembryonic development and new ones are added proximally at each molt. We tested the possibility that the order of differentiation was critical for generating the afferent projection with two experiments. First, the distal cercus including the distal members of the clavate array was amputated. The specimen regenerated an entire distal cercus including distal clavate receptors. When newly generated, distal neurons were stained, the terminal arbors were identical to the amputated neurons they replaced. In this case, both age and order of arrival were reversed from normal yet the topographic projection pattern was not altered. Second, we transplanted young cerci onto older specimens and then examined the regenerated arbors of the transplanted sensory neuron. The immature neuron arborized in the adult nervous system exactly as the mature homolog. Thus the age of a sensory neuron did not appear to be a controlling variable in the elaboration of a terminal arborization. The significance of these results is discussed in the context of two models for development of orderly neuronal connections.
FDL - A High Level Diagnostic Language for FASTBUS

FDL is a high level, interpretive programming language designed as a diagnostic tool for use with Fastbus systems. Language constructs which directly support Fastbus transaction types plus simple control and data structures make FDL a more appropriate diagnostic medium than languages traditionally used, such as Fortran, Basic, or Forth. It is also more accessible to engineers and physicists with limited programming capabilities.
THE HUMIDITY GRADIENT OVER THE SEA SURFACE

Abstract Observations of humidity and temperature at three levels above the sea surface are discussed, using new data obtained by Lt. F. L. Black, U.S.N., in 1937 at wind velocities up to 16.5 m sec−1. It is shown that these and earlier data indicate that the transfer of water vapor and momentum obey similar laws and that the sea surface at wind velocities below 5 m sec−1 behaves as a hydrodynamicalIy smooth surface and at velocities above 7 m sec−1 as a hydrodynamically rough surface with roughness length 0.6 cm. The observations indicate a great variability in the humidity gradient between heights of 6 m and 30 m and a relatively small variability in the difference between the vapor pressures at the sea surface and at 6 m.
Molecular cloning and single-channel properties of the cyclic nucleotide-gated channel from catfish olfactory neurons.

Abstract We have cloned a functional cDNA encoding the cyclic nucleotide-gated channel selectively expressed in cat-fish olfactory sensory neurons. The cyclic nucleotidegated channels share sequence and structural features with the family of voltage-gated ion channels. This homology is most evident in transmembrane region S4, the putative voltage sensor domain, and the H5 domain, thought to form the channel pore. We have characterized the single-channel properties of the cloned catfish channel and compared these properties with the channel in native catfish olfactory sensory neurons. The channel is activated equally well by cAMP and cGMP, shows only a slight voltage dependence of gating, and exhibits a pH-and voltage-dependent subconductance state similar to that observed for the voltage-gated L-type calcium channel.
Persistence of attentional bias toward alcohol-related stimuli in intoxicated social drinkers.

Abstract Background Although attentional bias to alcohol-related stimuli has been identified as a potentially important factor in initiating a drinking episode, little is known about whether it persists once drinking has begun. Chief among the measures of attentional bias is the visual probe task, which requires the ability to respond quickly and fixate on objects. Alcohol is well recognized for impairing both of these abilities, which could undermine the reliable detection of attentional bias in intoxicated individuals. The purpose of the present study was to determine if attentional bias toward alcohol-related images can still be observed under alcohol even at blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) sufficient to disrupt reaction time (RT) and basic ocular functions. Methods The present study employed a within-subject design to test the effects of three doses of alcohol (0.0 g/kg, 0.32 g/kg, and 0.64 g/kg) on attentional bias toward alcohol-related images in a group of 20 social drinkers using a visual probe task. Alcohol's effects on simple RT and ocular functions were also assessed. Results Attentional bias was observed by participants’ fixations toward alcohol-related stimuli following alcohol administration. Alcohol also impaired oculomotor functions as evident by decreased accuracy and speed of saccades. Discussion The findings indicate that attentional bias can be detected even at BACs above 80 mg/100 ml that disrupt oculomotor functions that are considered fundamental to visual search tasks.
Pharmacological expression in rat hepatocytes of a gene transferred by an adenovirus vector enabled by a chimeric promoter containing multiple cyclic adenosine monophosphate response elements

Using the adenovirus vector AdCF126(CRE8).Luc to deliver an expression cassette containing multiple cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response elements driving the luciferase reporter gene, this study is directed toward evaluating the possibility of controlling genes transferred to the liver using pharmacological agents that raise hepatocyte cAMP levels. Infection of primary rat hepatocytes with AdCF126(CRE8).Luc yielded a low level of luciferase activity that was enhanced 16-fold by the addition of forskolin. Direct intrahepatic administration of the Ad vector in C57Bl/6 mice resulted in low-level luciferase activity that was increased 76-fold by the administration of theophylline and 8-bromo-cAMP to increase cAMP levels. In contrast, animals receiving intrahepatic administration of a control vector containing a constitutively active Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) viral promoter driving the luciferase gene had no response to elevated cAMP. Strikingly, delivery of the vector to the liver by the intravenous route permitted a 258-fold enhancement of liver luciferase activity following administration of the same cAMP-elevating agents. In comparison, a control Ad vector with the RSV promoter was not activated by the elevation in cAMP. The maximum luciferase levels achieved by the combination of AdCF126(CRE8).Luc and pharmacological cAMP elevation was 45-fold greater than that with the RSV promoter. These results show the feasibility of using a chimeric promoter to permit pharmacological induction of high-level expression from an expression cassette transferred to the liver with an adenovirus vector, an approach that may be useful in a variety of liver-related gene-transfer strategies.
Scattering of excitons by excitons in semiconducting quantum well structures

Abstract We have theoretically investigated the scattering of excitons by excitons in a two-dimensional semiconducting quantum well system. The scattering cross sections have been calculated using the Born approximation for both the elastic and inelastic scattering of the excitons by excitons. The threshold for inelastic scattering is increased over the value in a bulk semiconductor because of the enhancement of the exciton binding energy by its confinement. The behavior of the scattering cross section as a function of the energy of relative motion of the excitons is different than in the bulk and the cross section is a more sensitive function of the ratio of the electron and hole masses than in the bulk.
A conformationally constrained nucleotide analogue controls the folding topology of a DNA g-quadruplex.

Guanine-rich DNA and RNA sequences can fold into unique structures known as G-quadruplexes. The structures of G-quadruplexes can be divided into several classes, depending on the parallel or antiparallel nature of the strands and the number of G-rich tracts present in an oligonucleotide. Oligonucleotides with single tracts of guanines form intermolecular parallel tetrameric G-quadruplexes. Oligonucleotides with two tracts of guanosines separated by two or more bases can form both intermolecular antiparallel fold-back dimeric and parallel tetrameric G-quadruplexes, and those with four tracts of guanosines can form both intramolecular parallel and antiparallel structures. Intramolecular G-qaudruplexes can fold into several folding topologies including antiparallel crossover basket, antiparallel chair, and parallel propeller. The ability to control the folding of G-quadruplexes would allow the physical, biochemical, and biological properties of these various folding topologies to be studied. Previously, the ...
Pollination by Lemurs and Marsupials: An Archaic Coevolutionary System

Existing geographical and ecological relationships between bats, non-flying mammals, and birds that visit flowers for food suggest novel interpretations of their evolutionary history.
Experimenting with engagement : commentary on: Taking our own medicine: on an experiment in science communication.

Social scientists can explore questions about what counts as knowledge and how researchers—including social science researchers—can produce that knowledge. An art/space installation examining issues of public participation in science demonstrates the process of co-creation of knowledge about public participation, not simply the co-creation of the meaning of the installation itself.
Eczema and cardiovascular risk factors in 2 US adult population studies

Background Eczema is associated with high rates of sleep disturbance and quality-of-life impairment. These factors might have a negative impact on psychosocial development and behavior and could increase cardiovascular risk. Objective We sought to determine whether adults with eczema have increased cardiovascular risk factors. Methods We analyzed data for 27,157 and 34,525 adults aged 18 to 85 years from the 2010 and 2012 National Health Interview Survey. Results Adults with eczema had higher odds of ever smoking 100 cigarettes in their lifetime (survey logistic regression; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.32; 95% CI, 1.18-1.47) and current smoking history (aOR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.12-1.45), with significantly younger age of onset (survey linear regression; adjusted β, −0.58; 95% CI, −0.95 to −0.21). Eczema was also associated with greater odds of ever drinking 12 or more alcoholic beverages annually (aOR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.03-1.31), including current intake of moderate (aOR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.09-1.62) and heavier (aOR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.23-2.03) amounts. Adults with a history of eczema had lower odds of daily vigorous activity (aOR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.63-0.99) and lower frequency of vigorous activity in the past week (adjusted β, −0.46; 95% CI, −0.72 to −0.21) than did adults without a history of eczema. Those with eczema had a higher body mass index than did those without eczema (adjusted β, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.37-1.36), particularly a body mass index of 35 or more (aOR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.16-2.05), and higher odds of hypertension (aOR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.18-1.85), hypertension on 2 visits (aOR, 1.56; 1.22-1.99), and lifetime prediabetes (aOR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.19-2.45). Finally, there were significant interactions between eczema and sleep disturbances such that eczema associated with fatigue, daytime sleepiness, or insomnia was associated with even higher odds of obesity, hypertension, hypertension on 2 visits, prediabetes, diabetes, and high cholesterol than eczema alone. Conclusions We found that eczema in adults is a marker for cardiovascular risk, emphasizing the importance of behavioral modification and perhaps more aggressive interventions to better manage eczema.
1491 VISUAL EVOKED POTENTIALS (VEP) IN PRETERM INFANTS WITH INTRAVENTRICULAR HEMORRHAGE (IVH)

The VEP as a measure of brain dysfunction was evaluated in 52 infants <35 weeks gestation. The test was done daily on day 1, 2, 3 and 4 and weekly until discharge using a CA1000 Nicolet machine with flash stimulus (Rate 1.3/sec, repetitions 50). The latency of the most prominent positive wave (P2) is reported. IVH was documented by daily cranial sonograms, intracranial pressure (ICP) and clinical evaluation. 21 of the 52 infants had IVH; 31 did not. IVH infants had significantly lower birthweight, gestation, neurological score and higher ICP. 6 infants had IVH on the day of birth, 13 within 4 days and 2 at 3 wks. In non-IVH infants the mean ± 2SD P2 latency decreases with increasing gestational age from 0.309±.04 msec at ≤30 wks to 0.298±.02 at ≥37 wks. Considering the maturational factor the P2 latency of IVH infants was within 2SD for the mean prior to the bleed. Following a grade III or IV bleed the VEP was absent bilateraly regardless of the site of bleed but was again elicitable by the second week. The P2 remained normal in grade I and II bleeds and was prolonged by 3-4 wks if ventriculomegaly occurred. 4 infants with apnea in the non-IVH group had VEP loss. It appears that VEP is affected by multiple factors that probably interfere with cerebral circulation and oxygenation. Along with sonograms that document anatomical disruption, the evoked responses that indicate functional disruption provide some insight into brain injury in its acute phase.
Ascending and transverse aortic arch repair: the impact of glomerular filtration rate on mortality.

Background: Recent studies have described the importance of renal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) as a determinant of perioperative mortality in patients with aneurysms that involve the thoracoab-dominal and abdominal aorta. We studied the impact of GFR on mortality following repair of ascending and arch aneurysms. Methods: Between February 1991 and August 2006, we performed 994 repairs of the ascending and transverse aortic arch. Nine hundred twenty patients had evaluable data for this study. Sixty-two percent were men (566/920); mean age was 65 years (range 17-89). We estimated the GFR using the Cockcroft-Gault equation. Mean preoperative serum creatinine was 1.2 ± 0.9 mg/dl, mean GFR was 77 ± 37 mL/min. Renal function data were arrayed in quartiles for univariate analysis and kept continuous for multivariable analyses. Multivariable analyses assessed demographics, extent of disease, acuity of presentation, and renal function measured by both creatinine and GFR. Results: Overall 30-day mortality was 10.8% (99/920). In univariate analyses, GFR (P 0.03), acute dissection (P < 0.03), emergency presentation (P < 0.002), age (P < 0.009), pump time (P < 0.0001), cross-clamp time, (P < 0.03) and circulatory arrest time (P < 0.003) were associated with increased mortality. By multivariable analyses, only GFR (P < 0.0001), pump time (P < 0.0001), emergency status (P < 0.002) were significant independent risk factors for mortality. Conclusions: Preoperative renal function as defined by GFR was the most significant predictor of mortality during repairs of the ascending and transverse aortic arch. The use of GFR provides better preoperative risk stratification during these repairs than creatinine alone.
Cancer and lipid depletion.

Hyperlipemia developing in tumor-bearing animals concomitant with depletion of carcass lipid prompted study of human cancers. Gross lipemia when liver function is normal is infrequent in human cancer. Mean serum triglycerides and unesterified fatty acids (UFA) are higher than in normal individuals, but no greater than in patients undergoing severe fat depletion from causes other than cancer. Total plasma fatty acids and cholesterol concentrations in human cancer are normal. An in vivo rat assay for fat-mobilizing substances in the urine and plasma of cancer patients was negative. The mobilization of carcass lipid in human cancer appears to be in response to an energy deficit created by actively synthesizing tumor tissue. There is no significant difference between nonneoplastic surgery and resective surgery for cancer in regard to mobilization of fat for energy substrates. Even though humans with malignancies deplete their fat stores, they are still able to respond to surgical stress by mobilizing fat from storage depots and transiently elevating plasma UFA.
Rarámuri Souls: Knowledge and Social Process in Northern Mexico

Raramuri Souls: Knowledge and Social Process in Northern Mexico. William L. Merrill. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. 1988. xi+237 pp., illustrations, notes, references, index. $24.95 (cloth). ISBN 0-8747-684-1.
Matrix alters the proliferative response of enterocytes to growth factors

Background Enterocyte growth and differentiation along the crypt-villus axis is a highly controlled process. Crypt cells divide to produce enterocytes that migrate along the villus axis prior to terminal differentiation. Growth factors and basement membrane may be involved in the regulation of this process. Methods IEC-6 proliferation was measured in cells grown on laminin or collagen I by measuring the conversion of Owen's reagent to formazan. Cells were grown with no growth factor, one growth factor (ie, epidermal growth factor, insulin-like growth factor-I, or transforming growth factor-α), or a combination of factors. Results Enterocyte proliferation was increased in all groups given mitogenic growth factors with additive increases in those given combinations. Enterocytes grown on laminin showed a significantly decreased proliferative response to mitogenic growth factors in all experimental groups. Matrix did not alter seeding efficiency or cell viability. Conclusion Basement membrane may play a role in the regulation of cell proliferation along the crypt-villus axis.
Bayesian population estimation for small sample capture-recapture data using noninformative priors

Abstract One critical issue in the Bayesian approach is choosing the priors when there is not enough prior information to specify hyperparameters. Several improper noninformative priors for capture-recapture models were proposed in the literature. It is known that the Bayesian estimate can be sensitive to the choice of priors, especially when sample size is small to moderate. Yet, how to choose a noninformative prior for a given model remains a question. In this paper, as the first step, we consider the problem of estimating the population size for M t model using noninformative priors. The M t model has prodigious application in wildlife management, ecology, software liability, epidemiological study, census under-count, and other research areas. Four commonly used noninformative priors are considered. We find that the choice of noninformative priors depends on the number of sampling occasions only. The guidelines on the choice of noninformative priors are provided based on the simulation results. Propriety of applying improper noninformative prior is discussed. Simulation studies are developed to inspect the frequentist performance of Bayesian point and interval estimates with different noninformative priors under various population sizes, capture probabilities, and the number of sampling occasions. The simulation results show that the Bayesian approach can provide more accurate estimates of the population size than the MLE for small samples. Two real-data examples are given to illustrate the method.
Molecular cloning of mouse epidermal cystatin A and detection of regulated expression in differentiation and tumorigenesis.

A Xgt 11 cDNA expression library representing mouse epidermis mRNA was screened with polyclonal rabbit antiserum directed against 10–13 kDa epidermal antigens that had previously been shown to be regulated during epidermal differentiation. A cDNA clone was detected and isolated and its identity as the coding sequence for one of the antigens was confirmed by translation of hybrid-selected mRNA from mouse epidermis. The cDNA sequence predicted a peptide homologous to the reported sequence of rat epidermis cystatin A, a thiol proteinase inhibitor. This identification was confirmed by cross-reactivity of the μgm clone fusion protein with authentic antiserum to rat epidermis cystatin A. Southern gel analysis showed that mouse DNA may contain several closely related genes homologous to the cystatin probe. An mRNA of about 0.6 kb from epidermis and cultured mouse epidermal cells hybridized with the cystatin probe on northern analysis. The abundance of the message was high in cultured basal cells and was selectively diminished by inducing terminal differentiation in culture with an elevated Ca2+ concentration in the medium. Cystatin message was abundant in chemically induced mouse skin papillomas but reduced in carcinomas. In epidermis, mRNA was localized to the less differentiated basal and lower spinous layers by in situ hybridization. Regulation of expression of cystatin A in epidermis and tumors suggests that it may be important in the control of normal keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation and in malignant conversion.
A data streaming algorithm for estimating subpopulation flow size distribution

Statistical information about the flow sizes in the traffic passing through a network link helps a network operator to characterize network resource usage, infer traffic demands, detect traffic anomalies, and improve network performance through traffic engineering. Previous work on estimating the flow size distribution for the complete population of flows has produced techniques that either make inferences from sampled network traffic, or use data streaming approaches. In this work, we identify and solve a more challenging problem of estimating the size distribution and other statistical information about arbitrary subpopulations of flows. Inferring subpopulation flow statistics is more challenging than the complete population counterpart, since subpopulations of interest are often specified a posteriori (i.e., after the data collection is done), making it impossible for the data collection module to "plan in advance".Our solution consists of a novel mechanism that combines data streaming with traditional packet sampling to provide highly accurate estimates of subpopulation flow statistics. The algorithm employs two data collection modules operating in parallel --- a NetFlow-like packet sampler and a streaming data structure made up of an array of counters. Combining the data collected by these two modules, our estimation algorithm uses a statistical estimation procedure that correlates and decodes the outputs (observations) from both data collection modules to obtain flow statistics for any arbitrary subpopulation. Evaluations of this algorithm on real-world Internet traffic traces demonstrate its high measurement accuracy.
Exploring an Ozone Spatial Time Series in the Frequency Domain

Abstract In 1974, atmospheric scientists (Molina and Rowland; Cicerone et al.) first postulated that man-made chemicals known as CFC's (e.g., freon) deplete the earth's ozone when released into the atmosphere. This article presents an exploratory data analysis (EDA) of a spatial time series of ozone measurements. Frequency domain techniques for the EDA are introduced and used to graphically display global, long-term trends relevant to the CFC issue. My intention is to illustrate the effectiveness of a frequency domain approach to exploring a spatial time series.
Self‐monitoring and its relationship with educational level and task importance

To investigate students' self‐monitoring practice and effects of educational level and task importance on self‐monitoring, 510 students, varying in educational level from elementary through graduate school, reported the self‐monitoring strategies they employed in three learning situations with different levels of task importance. The study identified six self‐monitoring strategies used by students but found a low involvement in self‐monitoring at all educational levels. It was found that older students used more complex self‐monitoring strategies more frequently than younger students. The study also showed that students' self‐monitoring increased with task importance. The self‐monitoring deficiencies that students experienced in difficult learning tasks were attributed to the lack of a system of self‐monitoring. Educational applications of teaching self‐monitoring strategies and developing self‐monitoring systems for difficult learning tasks were discussed.
Intermediate and fine structure studies in the system 16O+12C

New high resolution elastic and inelastic scattering data near the Ecm=19.7 MeV structure in the 16O+12C system are discussed. Attention is devoted to the isolation of ‘nonstatistical’ effects and to the extraction of (nearly) model independent S-matrix elements.
Cosmological signature of new parity violating interactions

Are there any manifestations of parity violation other than those observed in weak interactions? A map of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature and polarization will provide a new signature of P violation. We examine two classes of P-violating interactions that would give rise to such a signature. The first interaction leads to a cosmological birefringence, possibly driven by quintessence. The other interaction leads to an asymmetry in the amplitude of right- versus left-handed gravitational waves produced during inflation. The Planck Surveyor should improve upon the current sensitivity to birefringence. While the primordial effect would most likely elude detection by MAP and Planck, it may be detectable with a future dedicated CMB polarization experiment.
Motivated Scientific Reasoning Biases, Epistemological Beliefs, and Theory Polarization: A Two-Process Approach to Adolescent Cognition

Theory-motivated reasoning biases arise when different reasoning skills are invoked to evaluate evidence that is congruent or incongruent with individuals' belief systems. To explore this phenomenon, 66 early and 73 middle adolescents evaluated evidence relevant to their theories of social class or religion. In both conditions, reasoning biases were found, but in-group biases were evident only in the religion condition. In both conditions, higher order scientific reasoning was used to reject theory-incongruent evidence and judgmental heuristics (i.e., cognitive rules of thumb) were used to evaluate theory-congruent evidence. In both conditions, subsequent to the evidence presentation, adolescents' theories became more extreme (i.e., polarized) than at the outset of the experiment. Beliefs regarding the origin, acquisition, and certainty of knowledge, however, appeared to moderate reasoning biases and theory polarization. Age differences emerged on only one index of bias: In the religion condition, middle adolescents were more likely to treat theory-incongruent evidence as implausible. These findings are pertinent to theories of cognitive development, decision making, rationality, and in-group favoritism.
“Those Loud Black Girls”: (Black) Women, Silence, and Gender “Passing” in the Academy

This article explores the impact of gender diversity on school achievement. Using data obtained from an ethnographic study of academic success in an urban high school, this analysis examines how the normalized definition of femaleness-white middle-class womanhood-juxtaposed with a two-tiered dominating patriarchy, propels African-American females to resist consuming images that assert their "nothingness." "Loudness,"' thus becomes a metaphor for African-American women's contrariness, embodying their resistance to this proclaimed "nothingness." How "loudness" reflects their efforts to subvert the repercussions of these prevailing images is examined along with an assessment of its impact on academic achievement. GENDER DIVERSITY, BLACK FEMALES, RESISTANCE, ACADEMIC SUCCESS, GENDER "PASSING"
TNP-470/minocycline/cytotoxic therapy: A systems approach to cancer therapy

INTRODUCTION AMONG THE various analogies that have been used to characterise the growth and invasiveness of solid malignant tumours, that of Dr Stephen Paget, known as the seed-andsoil hypothesis, has continued to provoke thought for over a 100 years [ 1, 21. Paget, mainly through observations made by the study of autopsy data, realised that there existed predictable patterns of metastasis from specific tumours. Paget concluded that the soil of certain tissues must be more favourable to the growth of metastasis than that of other tissues [ 1, 21, and that the “remote organs cannot be altogether passive or indifferent” to the process of tumour growth. In other words, Paget recognised that the tissue in which malignant cells have implanted must be pro-actively involved in order for a tumour to grow. Although Paget’s report applied specifically to metastatic disease, these same concepts apply to primary malignant disease-without the active involvement of normal cells in the vicinity of a malignant cell colony, a tumour will not grow. These normal cells are a major component of malignancy [3-lo]. They are proliferating and they are invading. The corollary is that both the normal cells and the malignant cells involved in tumour growth as well as the chemical and mechanical signalling pathways that interconnect them are valid targets for therapeutic intervention. The recognised normal tissue compartment targets for therapeutic intervention are vascular components, extracellular matrix components, stromal and infiltrating cells. The ratio of these components can vary greatly so that some tumours appear to be masses of malignant cells, while in others, such as Hodgkin’s disease, it is difficult to find the malignant cell. The integration of these concepts with classical cytotoxic anticancer therapies may be regarded as a systems approach to cancer treatment. Tumours are dynamic, complex, living tissues undergoing the varied processes of tissue growth under the guidance of aberrant malignant cells. Cytotoxic anticancer therapies have focused solely on eradication of the malignant cell which is an absolute necessity in cancer therapy; however, even the most heroic therapeutic strategies rarely achieve cure of many tumour types. A broader look at the tumour reminds us that the growth processes of the tumour are nor-
Trypanosoma gambiense and T. lewisi: Increased vascular permeability and skin lesions in rabbits

Abstract A vascular permeability-increasing factor, which has the characteristics of a protein, was demonstrated in extracts of Trypanosoma gambiense. The concentration of this factor required to produce a strong skin reaction experimentally appeared compatible with the numbers of trypanosomes (protein concentration) observed in the skin lesions. Trypanosoma lewisi was also shown to contain a vascular permeabilityincreasing factor, and produced a definite inflammatory reaction after the injection of living blood trypanosomes into the skin of rabbits. Early skin lesions (2 days) in rabbits produced by the intradermal injection of live T. gambiense were shown to contain greatly increased water content. It is suggested that a trypanosome toxin (a vascular permeability-increasing factor) causes edema of the skin, and at least partially accounts for the early pathologic changes in the skin.
Equilibrium with agglomeration economies

Abstract We represent the desires of agents to be close to one another, and to such features as harbors or museums, by disutility of distance functions. Each individual (or firm) adds disutilities, then selects the location that minimizes the sum. We find the spatial (Nash) equilibrium, first on a line, and then for higher dimensional spaces. Under reasonable conditions on disutility functions, individuals will have a unique optimal choice in reaction to the choices of others. Moreover, the equilibrium will be unique, though not Pareto optimal. Surprisingly, some Pareto-superior outcomes are actually less dense than the equilibrium.
Quantitative calculation of the effect of two-magnon scattering on parallel-pump instability thresholds

Abstract A theory is presented which permits easy quantitative calculation of the effect of two-magnon interactions on the threshold field for the parallel-pump instability. The theory, which is mathematically simple, is based on considerations of energy flow among the spin-wave modes and reduces to the problem of finding the lowest eigenvalue of a small matrix, a problem very amenable to rapid machine calculation. The results of a sample calculation of the k-dependence of ΔHk in ferromagnetic CdCr2Se4 are compared with experimental values.
Optically Pumped Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna Design

This letter presents a novel frequency reconfigurable antenna design using photoconductive silicon elements as optical switches. By illuminating these silicon elements with light of suitable wavelength, their physical properties can be altered from that of a semiconductor to almost metal-like, which in turn alters the radiation properties of the antenna structure. Our work builds on similar work conducted in the past, but goes further by demonstrating a new geometry for coupling the light energy onto the silicon switches, thereby facilitating conformal integration of such reconfigurable antennas into next-generation wireless devices. In this letter, we first present a theoretical model characterizing the behavior of silicon substrate under light illumination. We then present experimental results on a stripline circuit employing a single silicon switch under light illumination and compare the theoretical model to experimental measurements. Finally, a novel frequency reconfigurable antenna design utilizing our new coupling geometry is designed, and its experimentally measured RF performance is compared to numerical simulations.