cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Task-Essential Training on L2 Processing Strategies and the Development of Spanish Verbal Morphology.

The acquisition of verbal morphology presents challenges for many second language (L2) learners, in part because they do not readily process those forms during sentence comprehension. Instead, L2 learners rely on lexical‐semantic cues (e.g., temporal adverbs and explicit subjects). This study investigated the role of task‐essential training in changing learners’ processing tendencies and tested whether such changes were related to increased performance with the L2 Spanish present, preterite, and future tenses and first‐ and third‐person morphology. The experiment compared a no‐training control group to three groups of learners who completed a multisession task‐essential training following the principles of structured input (SI). Groups varied in the type of feedback they received. Results of a cue‐reliance assessment indicated that each SI group relied significantly more on verbal inflections after training while the control group did not. Furthermore, the extent to which groups relied on verbal inflections on posttest measures correlated moderately to strongly with performance on interpretation and written production measures. Implications are discussed for input processing, learned attention, and pedagogy, in particular the impact of feedback on cue reliance and learning outcomes.
An Experimental and Analytical Evaluation of the Thermal Behavior of Liquid Hydrogen in a Tank Designed and Insulated for Use in a Hypersonic Vehicle

Attention has been focused in recent years on hypersonic flight. Numerous synthesis and systems studies have been conducted to define and optimize various airframe and propulsion concepts. Liquid hydrogen almost always evolves as the most desirable fuel because of its two inherent advantages, i.e., high heat capacity which provides needed coolant and high energy content per unit mass.
Dryout heat fluxes in debris beds cooled at the bottom and having subcooled liquid at the top

Data for the dryout heat fluxes in deep beds of volumetrically heated particles are obtained when the overlying liquid is subcooled or a certain prescribed cooling condition is applied at the bottom of the particulate bed. Semitheoretical correlations proposed earlier for saturated boiling in the particulate beds with insulated bottom have been extended to correlate the data with cooling at the bottom. Visual observation of the particulate bed after dryout indicates that initial size and growth of the dryout patch significantly depends on the magnitude of the heat generation rate at the time of dryout.
Improved parameterization of fertilizer particle size distribution

Particle size distribution is an important physical property of granular fertilizers that influences their bulk behavior (e.g., packing and segregation). Several parameter systems for fertilizer particle size distributions are analyzed in this paper. The most common system used by the fertilizer industry is the SGN-UI system, where SGN is the size guide number (the median particle size) and UI is the uniformity index (the 10th percentile particle size expressed as a percentage of the 95th percentile particle size). This 2-parameter system, however, has many limitations. For example, it does not give a distribution function. Furthermore, the UI parameter does not accurately reflect the spread of particle sizes. It is therefore necessary to find a better parameterization system. Three size distribution functions (the log-normal, the Rosin-Rammler and the Gaudin-Schuhmann equations) were tested on a size distribution database composed of 377 samples from 7 fertilizer materials. Each function was fitted to the data by nonlinear regression. The Rosin-Rammler function is the best parameter system on the basis of an analysis of variance of the sum of squares of error from the nonlinear fits. Comparisons between the Rosin-Rammler and the SGN-UI parameters were also made. The Rosin-Rammler system is more accurate than the SGN-UI system, possesses the ability of prediction, and provides a measure of the goodness of fit. Therefore, the Rosin-Rammler system should be used to characterize size distribution of granular fertilizer materials instead of the SGN-UI system.
Cost-benefit analysis of 3D conformal radiation therapy

Background The potential of 3D conformal radiation therapy to improve the efficacy of radiotherapy is one of the most important technical advances in recent years. The potential benefit of improved local control from dose escalation must be weighed, against the potential cost of increased complications to normal tissue.
Come See This! Augmented Reality to Enable Human-Robot Cooperative Search

Ahstract-Robots operating alongside humans in field environments have the potential to greatly increase the situational awareness of their human teammates. A significant challenge, however, is the efficient conveyance of what the robot perceives to the human in order to achieve improved situational awareness. We believe augmented reality (AR), which allows a human to simultaneously perceive the real world and digital information situated virtually in the real world, has the potential to address this issue. Motivated by the emerging prevalence of practical human-wearable AR devices, we present a system that enables a robot to perform cooperative search with a human teammate, where the robot can both share search results and assist the human teammate in navigation to the search target. We demonstrate this ability in a search task in an uninstrumented environment where the robot identifies and localizes targets and provides navigation direction via AR to bring the human to the correct target.
Contemporary approaches for identifying individual risk for periodontitis

Key breakthroughs in our understanding of the etiology and principles of predictable treatment of patients with chronic periodontitis first emerged in the late 1960s and carried on into the mid-1980s. Unfortunately, some generalizations of the evidence led many to believe that periodontitis was a predictable result of exposure to bacterial plaque accumulations over time. For a brief period, the initial plaque concept was translated by some to implicate specific bacterial infections, with both concepts (plaque exposure and specific infection) being false assumptions that led to clinical outcomes which were frustrating to both the clinician and the patient. The primary misconceptions were that every individual was equally susceptible to periodontitis, that disease severity was a simple function of magnitude of bacterial exposure over time, and that all patients would respond predictably if treated based on the key principles of bacterial reduction and regular maintenance care. We now know that although bacteria are an essential initiating factor, the clinical severity of periodontitis is a complex multifactorial host response to the microbial challenge. The complexity comes from the permutations of different factors that may interact to alter a single individual's host response to challenge, inflammation resolution and repair, and overall outcome to therapy. Fortunately, although there are many permutations that may influence host response and repair, the pathophysiology of chronic periodontitis is generally limited to mild periodontitis with isolated moderate disease in most individuals. However, approximately 20%-25% of individuals will develop generalized severe periodontitis and probably require more intensive bacterial reduction and different approaches to host modulation of the inflammatory outcomes. This latter group may also have serious systemic implications of their periodontitis. The time appears to be appropriate to use what we know and currently understand to change our approach to clinical care. Our goal would be to increase our likelihood of identifying those patients who have a more biologically disruptive response combined with a more impactful microbial dysbiosis. Current evidence, albeit limited, indicates that for those individuals we should prevent and treat more intensively. This paper discusses what we know and how we might use that information to start individualizing risk and treat some of our patients in a more targeted manner. In my opinion, we are further along than many realize, but we have a great lack of prospective clinical evidence that must be accumulated while we continue to unravel the contributions of specific mechanisms.
From Food Crisis to Agrarian Crisis? Food Security Strategy and Rural Livelihoods in Vietnam

The global food crisis of 2007–2008 caused rice prices to skyrocket, raising fears among Vietnamese consumers and policymakers over long-term supplies of this key staple. In response, the Vietnamese government promulgated a new food security policy which promoted intensive rice agriculture and limited the cultivation of alternative crops. In this chapter, Gorman first explores how “food security” came to be defined by the Vietnamese state as the maximization of rice production, and then uses survey data to trace the impact of this output-oriented policy on rural communities. Drawing on critical theories of agrarian change, Gorman argues that this emphasis on rice monoculture has eroded the livelihoods of small farmers, driving many out of agriculture altogether and contributed to the concentration of land among large producers.
Structure of the dihydrolipoamide succinyltransferase catalytic domain from Escherichia coli in a novel crystal form: a tale of a common protein crystallization contaminant

The crystallization of amidase, the ultimate enzyme in the Trp-dependent auxin-biosynthesis pathway, from Arabidopsis thaliana was attempted using protein samples with at least 95% purity. Cube-shaped crystals that were assumed to be amidase crystals that belonged to space group I4 (unit-cell parameters a = b = 128.6, c = 249.7 A) were obtained and diffracted to 3.0 A resolution. Molecular replacement using structures from the PDB containing the amidase signature fold as search models was unsuccessful in yielding a convincing solution. Using the Sequence-Independent Molecular replacement Based on Available Databases (SIMBAD) program, it was discovered that the structure corresponded to dihydrolipoamide succinyltransferase from Escherichia coli (PDB entry 1c4t), which is considered to be a common crystallization contaminant protein. The structure was refined to an Rwork of 23.0% and an Rfree of 27.2% at 3.0 A resolution. The structure was compared with others of the same protein deposited in the PDB. This is the first report of the structure of dihydrolipo­amide succinyltransferase isolated without an expression tag and in this novel crystal form.
2272 Overdiagnosis of Uterine Arteriovenous Malformation in Radiology Reports on Pelvic Ultrasound in an Inner-City Teaching Hospital

Study Objective Uterine arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are rare occurrences, diagnosed radiologically, and often associated with bleeding and a history of uterine instrumentation. The objective of our study was to assess our health system's rate of overdiagnosis of uterine AVM on pelvic ultrasound. Design A retrospective chart review was performed from 2008 to present including patients who had the word “AVM” mentioned in their pelvic ultrasound reports. These reports were reviewed, and patients were included in the study if the ultrasound report had language that either stated that uterine AVM could not be excluded from the differential diagnosis for bleeding or that AVM was likely. Patients were excluded if the report stated that based on the US findings AVM was unlikely or virtually ruled out. Patients were deemed to have a true AVM if confirmed by subsequent MRI or angiography. Setting Data was extracted from Henry Ford Health System's electronic medical record extending from 2008 to present. The patient population sampled was from Southeast Michigan. Patients or Participants Women who presented with vaginal bleeding and underwent pelvic ultrasound. Interventions None. Measurements and Main Results 120 charts were reviewed that met our inclusion criteria. Of these, 19 (16%) were confirmed uterine AVM by either angiogram or MRI. An additional 21 (17%) had suspected AVMs but did not undergo confirmatory diagnosis. 80 (66%) had uterine AVM suggested as a diagnosis on their ultrasound report but were ultimately diagnosed with an alternative pathology, either clinically or with imaging. Our data show that 60% of AVM diagnoses on ultrasound reports were likely an overdiagnosis. 43 (35%) of these patients were treated for retained products of conception either surgically or medically. Conclusion Overdiagnosis is clinically important not only due to cost implications, but because in the setting of true uterine AVM, surgical treatment for retained products via D&C is contraindicated.
Paraspinous Muscle Flaps for the Treatment of Complex Spinal Wounds.

MINI: This retrospective case series investigated paraspinous flaps for coverage of complex spinal wounds. 6.90% of patients developed postoperative wound infections and 0.00% of patients required instrumentation removal for infection. This suggests that these flaps may offer a long-term solution in wound management for patients with repeated spinal operations. Study design Retrospective case series. Objective To investigate the efficacy and complication profile of the use of paraspinous muscle flaps for closure of complex spinal wounds. Summary of background data Paraspinous muscle flap closure offers an innovative option in difficult-to-manage post-spinal surgery wounds. Current literature reports are mixed in terms of success and complication rates of these flap procedures, with most sources citing a wound complication rate of 20%. Methods This case series investigated the hospital course of 58 patients undergoing paraspinous flap closure after spinal surgery between the years 2014 and 2018. Information gathered includes: demographics, surgery indication, location, and length of incision on the spine, nutrition labs, previous spinal surgeries, preoperative wound class, operative times, length of hospital stay, and complication rates including reoperation, wound infection, and other postoperative complications. Results Of the 58 patients undergoing spinal muscle flap closure, 51 (87.93%) had undergone previous spinal surgery with an average of 2.12 previous surgeries in these patients. Mean albumin and prealbumin were 2.62 and 13.75, respectively. 4/58 (6.90%) developed a wound infection or experienced a continuation of their chronic osteomyelitis. Of the 57 patients that had spinal instrumentation, three (5.26%) had spinal implants removed at the time of surgery and two (3.51%) had it removed or replaced later for mechanical complications. No patients had instrumentation removed for chronic infections. One (1.72%) experienced reoperation for wound-related complications. These rates are lower than most complication rates in the current literature. Conclusion The plastic and reconstructive paraspinous muscle flap has promising results as a closure option for complex spinal wounds following neurosurgical cases. Further investigation is called for to determine the applicability of these results to the general population. Level of evidence 4.
Employee Choice and the Demand for Health Insurance Coverage: Evidence from Random Coefficients Models

This study examines the effects of deductibles, employee premium contributions, and the availability of tax-sheltered health savings accounts on employee selection into health insurance plans after passage of the Affordable Care Act, and particularly after implementation of the individual mandate. In doing so, a utility-based structural demand model is applied to market-level macro data from the Kaiser Family Foundation and the Health Research Educational Trust. Results from random coefficients models indicate that for an average consumer, price sensitivity for employer-sponsored health insurance plans varies by age, wage, health condition and gender. Employees who are older, obese, or female are less sensitive to deductibles and premiums than younger and healthier employees, or male employees. These findings suggest that high deductible health plans that combine a tax-sheltered account with higher deductibles will negatively impact the utility of older employees and females as compared to younger employees and males.
Gene expression has more power for predicting in vitro cancer cell vulnerabilities than genomics

Abstract Achieving precision oncology requires accurate identification of targetable cancer vulnerabilities in patients. Generally, genomic features are regarded as the state-of-the-art method for stratifying patients for targeted therapies. In this work, we conduct the first rigorous comparison of DNA- and expression-based predictive models for viability across five datasets encompassing chemical and genetic perturbations. We find that expression consistently outperforms DNA for predicting vulnerabilities, including many currently stratified by canonical DNA markers. Contrary to their perception in the literature, the most accurate expression-based models depend on few features and are amenable to biological interpretation. This work points to the importance of exploring more comprehensive expression profiling in clinical settings.
Exploring the Connection between Immigration and Violent Crime Rates in U.S. Cities, 1980–2000

A popular perception is that immigration causes higher crime rates. Yet, historical and contemporary research finds that at the individual level, immigrants are not more inclined to commit crime than the native born. Knowledge of the macro-level relationship between immigration and crime, however, is characterized by important gaps. Most notably, despite the fact that immigration is a macro-level social process that unfolds over time, longitudinal macro-level research on the immigration-crime nexus is virtually nonexistent. Moreover, while several theoretical perspectives posit sound reasons why over-time changes in immigration could result in higher or lower crime rates, we currently know little about the veracity of these arguments. To address these issues, this study investigates the longitudinal relationship between immigration and violent crime across U.S. cities and provides the first empirical assessment of theoretical perspectives that offer explanations of that relationship. Findings support the argument that immigration lowers violent crime rates by bolstering intact (two-parent) family structures.
An Information-Based Model From the Producer Theory of Value for Equilibrium Stock Returns

Financing expenses for producers are necessary costs of business but for suppliers of financial capital these same cash flows represent a return on investment. The producer theory of value paradigm enables a specification for the cost of financial capital that satisfies a dynamic no-arbitrage condition on discounted financing expenses. This specification depicts a return generating process for equilibrium stock returns that complements asset pricing models from the consumer theory of value paradigm. Whereas asset pricing models explain how returns relate to risk factors facing consumer/investors, however, the model herein explains how returns relate to information that drives producer/manager investment behavior.
Multiple paternity in two populations of finetooth sharks (Carcharhinus isodon) with varying reproductive periodicity.

The mechanisms underlying polyandry and female mate choice in certain taxonomic groups remain widely debated. In elasmobranchs, several species have shown varying rates of polyandry based on genetic studies of multiple paternity (MP). We investigated MP in the finetooth shark, Carcharhinus isodon, in order to directly test the encounter rate hypothesis (ERH), which predicts that MP is a result of the frequency of encounters between mature conspecifics during the breeding season, and should therefore increase when more time is available for copulation and sperm storage. Female finetooth sharks in the northern Gulf of Mexico (GoM) have been found to reproduce with both annual periodicity and biennial periodicity, while finetooth sharks from the northwestern Atlantic Ocean have only been found to reproduce biennially, allowing us to compare mating opportunity to frequency of MP. Our results show high rates of MP with no significant difference in frequency between females in the GoM (83.0%) and Atlantic (88.2%, p = .8718) and varying but nonsignificant rates of MP between females in the GoM reproducing annually (93.0%) and biennially (76.6%, p = .2760). While the ERH is not supported by this study, it remains possible that reproductive periodicity and other physiological factors play a role in determining rates of MP in elasmobranchs, with potential benefits to individuals and populations.
Pediatric Penile Non-Involuting Congenital Hemangioma With an Associated Pyogenic Granuloma: Surgical Management of a Rare Vascular Anomaly.

Abstract Vascular anomalies include both tumors and malformations. Infantile hemangiomas are the most common benign vascular tumor of infancy that proliferate after birth and eventually involute. By contrast, congenital hemangiomas are formed at birth and are categorized into three groups: rapidly involuting, partially-involuting, and non-involuting congenital hemangiomas (NICH). NICH do not regress and grow with age. Pyogenic granulomas, another acquired vascular tumor, develop over vascular lesions and cause bleeding. Primary treatment options for NICH and pyogenic granulomas are surgical resection. Here, we report a case of a NICH with a co-existing pyogenic granuloma involving the penile shaft and scrotum treated surgically.
A Numerical Technique For Elastica Problems

A numerical procedure is described for analyzing struts with large displacements by writing three simultaneous, first-order, nonlinear differential equations and using a shooting method to solve these equations. The algorithm developed can accommodate restraining springs on the strut, several imperfections occurring simultaneously, and variation in the cross section. Results obtained on a digital computer for selected combinations of effects and for the special case of a prismatic column are plotted.
Parental Love and Human Development: Implications of Parental Acceptance rejection Theory

This article presents an overview of Parental Acceptance Rejection (PAR) Theory, its consequences for life-span human development, and implications for research and clinical practice. Compelling empirical evidence across an array of measurement modalities supports PAR Theory's prediction that perceived parental rejection in childhood has consistent negative effects on psychological adjustment and behavioral functioning of children and adults worldwide. Overall, parental acceptance-rejection seems to be heavily implicated in offsprings' health, well-being, and in a number of psychological and behavioral problems including substance abuse, depression, conduct disorder, and delinquency.
Ultrastructural Observations of Spermatogenesis Following Transplantation of Rat Testis Cells Into Mouse Seminiferous Tubules

The testes of busulfan-treated immunodeficient mice receiving seminiferous tubule injections of testis cells from rats were examined by light and electron microscopy. The presence of active rat spermatogenesis was verified by criteria that are known to characterize spermatogenic cells of this species. In addition, spermatogenesis from the mouse was identified as taking place in some seminiferous tubules as the result of reinitiation of spermatogenesis after busulfan treatment. Rat spermatogenesis in mouse seminiferous tubules showed the generally recognized associations of cells known to characterize stages of spermatogenesis of the rat. The Sertoli cells associated with rat spermatogenesis were identified ultrastructurally as being of mouse origin. Thus, rat spermatogenesis, which has a cycle length that is 50% longer than mouse spermatogenesis, can proceed among mouse Sertoli cells, which supposedly exert much shorter cyclic influences in concert with mouse germ cell development. Studies are needed to determine if the timing of rat spermatogenesis is controlled by the germ cells or the Sertoli cells. These observations are considered preliminary since a thorough study of somatic-germ cell relationships was not undertaken. It is concluded that a mouse Sertoli cell in the environment provided by the mouse testis can produce both mouse and rat gametes.
Estimation of linkage disequilibrium from conditional haplotype data: Application to β‐globin gene cluster in American blacks

Simple estimators of gene frequencies and linkage disequilibria are proposed when haplotype data are available from four parental chromosomes of a child (or fetus) for whom genetic counseling is sought for a disease condition. The method is illustrated with restriction site polymorphisms associated with sickle-cell anemia (Hb-beta S) gene as surveyed in genetic counseling data from American blacks. The method suggested here is shown to be useful in testing for the significance of interactions of site-specific variations of any order in the chromosomal region assayed.
A framework for safe composition of heterogeneous soa services in a pervasive computing environment with resource constraints

The Service Oriented Computing (SOC) paradigm, defines services as software artifacts whose implementations are separated from their specifications. Application developers rely on services to simplify the design, reduce the development time and cost. Within the SOC paradigm, different Service Oriented Architectures (SOAs) have been developed. These different SOAs provide platform independence, programming-language independence, defined standards, and network support. Even when different SOAs follow the same SOC principles, in practice it is difficult to compose services from heterogeneous architectures. Automatic the process of composition of services from heterogeneous SOAs is not a trivial task. Current composition tools usually focus on a single SOA, while others do not provide mechanisms for ensuring safety of composite services and their interactions. Given that some services might perform critical operations or manage sensitive data, defining safety for services and checking for compliance is crucial. This work proposes and workflow specification language for composite services that is SOA-independent. It also presents a framework for automatic composition of services of heterogeneous SOAs, supporting web services (WS) and OSGi services as an example. It integrates formal software analysis methods to ensure the safety of composite services and their interactions. Experiments are conducted to study the performance of the composite service generated automatically by the framework with composite services using current composition methods. We use as an example a smart home composite service for the management of medicines, deployed in a regular and in a resource-constrained network environment.
Erving Goffman: The Reluctant Apprentice

The intellectual relationship between Erving Goffman and Everett C. Hughes is explored in the context of an apprenticeship model derived from correspondence between the two sociologists. Goffman is identified as a “reluctant apprentice” because his work and his letters to Hughes display a tension between a striking originality and a fidelity to his “master.” Three phases of their ambivalent relationship are described and an explanation for Goff-man's reluctant acknowledgment of Hughes's influence is briefly explored.
She Sang Beyond the Genius of the Sea

Invoking Wallace Stevens in remembrance of Betsy Clark initially seems incongruous. Stevens was notoriously detached and dispassionate; Betsy seemed to be fully involved in everything. She also had an amazing ability to detect pomposity and wrongdoing, and she followed wherever her cat-in-the-dark keen perception might lead her. Betsy and I never discussed Stevens. I suspect that she found him too intellectual, too lacking in the juices of everyday life in which she reveled. If Stevens delighted to use the incongruous metaphor, Betsy lived an exuberantly incongruous life.
Two-Step, Oxygen-Free Route to Higher Hydrocarbons from Methane Over Ruthenium Catalysts

The direct conversion of methane to higher hydrocarbons over a Ru/SiO2 catalyst as well as Cu-Ru/SiO2 catalysts has been investigated via a two-step, oxygen-free route. The reaction consists of decomposition of methane over supported Ru catalysts at temperatures (TCH4) between 400 to 800K to produce surface carbonaceous species followed by rehydrogenation of these species to higher hydrocarbons at TH2 of 368K. A 3% Ru/SiO2 catalyst exhibited high initial ethane yields, but accumulation of “inactive” carbon led to a complete deactivation of this catalyst in few reaction cycles. For a Cu-Ru/SiO2 catalyst (Cu/Ru=0.1), about 95% carbon deposited could be hydrogenated at 368K thus improving the net ethane yield. However, when tested for multiple reaction cycles, the Cu-Ru/SiO2 catalyst (Cu/Ru=0.1) exhibited a rather slow deactivation, which was mainly attributed to gradual accumulation of inactive carbon on the surface of the catalyst. These results are consistent with the known tendency for Cu to deposit on low coordination Ru sites and with previous suggestions that carbon is predominantly formed on such sites.
The Transition From Conjugal Development to the First Vegetative Cell Division Is Dependent on RAD51 Expression in the Ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila

Rad51p, the eukaryotic homolog of the prokaryotic recA protein, catalyzes strand exchange between single- and double-stranded DNA and is involved in both genetic recombination and double-strand break repair in the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila. We have previously shown that disruption of the Tetrahymena RAD51 somatic macronuclear locus leads to defective germline micronuclear division and that conjugation of two somatic rad51 null strains results in an early meiotic arrest. We have constructed Tetrahymena strains that are capable of RAD51 expression from their parental macronuclei and are homozygous, rad51 nulls in their germline micronuclei. These rad51 null heterokaryons complete all of the early and middle stages of conjugation, including meiosis, haploid nuclear exchange, zygotic fusion, and the programmed chromosome fragmentations, sequence eliminations, and rDNA amplification that occur during macronuclear development. However, the rad51 null progeny fail to initiate the first vegetative cell division following conjugal development. Coincident with the developmental arrest is a disproportionate amplification of rDNA, despite the maintenance of normal total DNA content in the developing macronuclei. Fusion of arrested rad51 null exconjugants to wild-type cells is sufficient to overcome the arrest. Cells rescued by cytoplasmic fusion continue to divide, eventually recapitulating the micronuclear mitotic defects described previously for rad51 somatic nulls.
Integration of Absorption Bands

DIFFERENTIATION of absorption bands has been dealt with fairly completely in recent years1 and it is the purpose of this communication to consider some novel aspects of integration.
Analogy and the dual-route model of morphology

Abstract Prasada and Pinker's (1993) subjects provided past tense forms of nonce verbs. The subject's willingness to provide irregular past tense forms correlated with the verb's phonological similarity to existing irregular English verbs. However, there was no correlation between the number of nonce verbs assigned regular inflection, and the verb's similarity to existing regular verbs. According to the dual-route model, this is expected since irregular items are stored in associative memory, while regular items take an allomorph of -ed by rule. A singleroute connectionist simulation failed to duplicate the subject's behavior on regular verbs. Two instance-based models were applied to the data: Analogical Modeling of Language and the Tilburg Memory Based Learner. Each model employed a similarity algorithm to determine the behavior of all regular and irregular items. Both models successfully mirrored the subject's responses. Therefore, the data are consistent with an instance-based single-route model of morphology.
The Basic Domain/Leucine Zipper Protein hXBP-1 Preferentially Binds to and Transactivates CRE-Like Sequences Containing an ACGT Core

The transcription factor hXBP-1 belongs to the family of basic region/leucine zipper (bZIP) proteins and interacts with the cAMP responsive element (CRE) of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II A alpha, DR alpha and DP beta genes. However, the developmental expression of hXBP-1 as revealed by in situ hybridization in mouse embryos, has suggested that it interacts with the promoter of additional genes. To identify other potential target genes of this factor, we performed binding site selection experiments with recombinant hXBP-1 protein. The results indicated that hXBP-1 binds preferably to the CRE-like element GAT-GACGTG(T/G)NNN(A/T)T, wherein the core sequence ACGT is highly conserved, and that it also binds to some TPA response elements (TRE). hXBP-1 can transactivate multimers of the target sequences to which it binds in COS cells, and the level of transactivation directly correlates with the extent of binding as observed in gel retardation experiments. One target sequence that is strongly bound by hXBP-1 is the 21 bp repeat in the HTLV-1 LTR, and we demonstrate here that hXBP-1 can transactivate the HTLV-1 LTR. Further, the transactivation domain of hXBP-1 encompasses a large C-terminal region of the protein, containing domains rich in glutamine, serine and threonine, and proline and glutamine residues, as shown in transient transfection experiments using hXBP-1-GAL4 fusion proteins and a reporter gene under the control of GAL4-binding sites.
Partial Agonism Elicits an Enduring Phase of T-Cell-Mediated Antigen Presentation☆

Abstract Previous studies have shown that the anti-CD4 mAbW3/25 strongly enhances T cell APC (T-APC) activity.In this study, single positive CD4+and double negative(DN) (CD4−CD8−) T-helper cells specific for the 55–69 or 72–86 sequence of guinea pig (GP) myelin basic protein (GPMBP) were used to study CD4 regulation ofT-APC activity. Clones were cultured with irradiatedSPL and GPMBP or rat (R) MBP for 2–3 days, were propagated in IL-2 for another 1-3 days, were irradiated, andwere used as T-APC. DN T cells specific for GP55-69 effectively presented GPMBP and were superior APC compared to other CD4+T cells for presentation of this antigen. In contrast, DN T cells specific for the dominantencephalitogenic 72–86 determinant did not effectively present the agonist GPMBP but potently presented thepartial agonist RMBP. The heightened APC activity ofDN T cells reflected the lack of CD4 because the anti-CD4 mAb W3/25 promoted T-APC activity of CD4+T cells to those levels expressed by DN T cells. Overall, T cells with potent reactivity to GPMBP or RMBP were subsequently unable to present that antigen, whereas T cells exhibiting partial or low antigen reactivities were highly effective APC for presentation of that antigen. The unrelated antigen conalbumin was presented by MBP-specific clones only when added to culture with a specific partial agonist. Together, these data indicate that partially agonistic MHC ligands promote prolonged expression of T-APC activity and that DN T cells may be specialized to mediate postactivational antigen presentation.
The Influence of Convectively Generated Thermal Forcing on the Mesoscale Circulation around Squall Lines

Abstract The dynamical processes that determine the kinematic and thermodynamic structure of the mesoscale region around 2D squall lines are examined using a series of numerical simulations. The features that develop in a realistic reference simulation of a squall line with trailing stratiform precipitation are compared to the features generated by a steady thermal forcing in a “dry” simulation with no microphysical parameterization. The thermal forcing in the dry simulation is a scaled and smoothed time average of the latent heat released and absorbed in and near the leading convective line in the reference simulation. The mesoscale circulation in the dry simulation resembles the mesoscale circulation in the reference simulation and around real squall lines; it includes an ascending front-to-rear flow, a midlevel rear inflow, a mesoscale up- and downdraft, an upper-level rear-to-front flow ahead of the thermal forcing, and an upper-level cold anomaly to the rear of the thermal forcing. It is also shown t...
The expression of regenerative growth factors in chronic liver injury and repair

Abstract Acute hepatic injury initiates known cellular and molecular events for regeneration. In contrast, the molecular mechanisms of repair following chronic liver injuries have not been defined. Transforming growth factor α (TGFα) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) are hepatocyte mitogens whose in vivo expression in liver is central to the regulation of regeneration. To study the role of TGFα and HGF in liver injury and repair, we used a model of reversible biliary obstruction without a bilioenteric anastomosis. In rats, the common bile duct was obstructed either by a vessel loop suspended from the abdominal wall (LOOP) or by ligation and division (DLD). After 7 days of obstruction, animals were autopsied or were decompressed by subcutaneous release of the loop and then autopsied at 1, 2, 4, 7, or 10 days of postdecompression. Serum bilirubin (mg/dl) increased to 14.8 ± 2.9 (DLD) and 10.3 ± 3.0 (LOOP) (±SEM, NS, ANOVA) at 7 days of obstruction. Liver sections demonstrated equal ductal hyperplasia and collagen deposition after LOOP and DLD. Biliary decompression reversed bile duct proliferation and normalized bilirubin. Analysis of injured and repairing liver mRNA by ribonuclease protection assay showed that TGFα mRNA levels were not significantly altered by injury or during repair. HGF mRNA was elevated following obstruction and showed increased expression 1 day after decompression, peaking at 2 days of repair. This evidence of modulation of HGF during liver repair following chronic cholestatic injury suggests that HGF may have a role in cellular proliferation during repair or act as a compensatory growth factor during injury.
CHARACTERIZATION OF OPERATORS ON A KONDRATIEV SPACE IN THE NON-GAUSSIAN SETTING: BIORTHOGONAL APPROACH

A linear bounded operator on a test space of white noise functionals can be characterized in terms of growth conditions imposed on the operator's symbol. This paper extends such characterization to operators on the Kondratiev's test space of random variables over a general non-Gaussian probability space. We follow the biorthogonal approach of Yu. Daletsky and his colleagues. In particular, the test space under consideration is generated by the system of multivariate Appell polynomials defined on the underlying infinite dimensional co-nuclear probability space. We further extend this biorthogonal approach to operators by providing a biorthogonal chaos decomposition for operators and by giving a biorthogonal construction for an operator's symbol.
Intra-Audience Effects: Observable Audience Response

Feedback has usually been viewed as a receiver-source loop or interaction. A process view of communication implies consideration of intra-audience interaction. Such consideration resulted in the conceptualization of a receiver-receiver loop that was designated observable audience response. A three treatment experiment was designed to test hypotheses that observable audience response would change attitudes toward a message topic and a speaker. Two treatments consisted of conditions in which coached confederates supplied either positive or negative feedback during the presentation of a message; in the third no effort was made to manipulate response. Although some individual hypotheses were not supported at the .05 criterion set, the overall results supplied evidence supporting the major predictions of the study.
The effect of polyunsaturated fats on bile acid metabolism and cholelithiasis in squirrel monkeys

Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) were fed diets containing safflower oil, butter, or coconut oil and 1 mg cholesterol/cal for 15--17 mo to examine the effect of type of fat on cholelithiasis and bile acid metabolism. Controls were fed low cholesterol diets containing an isocaloric mixture of the three fats. Cholic acid fractional catabolic rate, pool size, chenodeoxycholic acid pool size, and total bile acid pool size and excretion rate were estimated using a modification of Lindstedt's isotopic turnover procedure. The animals fed the safflower oil diet had the highest incidence of cholelithiasis (9/10) when compared to those fed butter (3/7) and coconut oil (1/7). Animals consuming the low cholesterol control diet did not develop gallstones. The butter- and coconut oil-fed groups had significantly (p less than 0.05) expanded bile acid pools when compared to controls, and the butter-fed group had a significantly increased (p less than 0.05) cholic acid fractional catabolic rate. The safflower oil group had the smallest mean bile acid pool and the highest mean lithogenic index of the cholesterol-fed groups. It was concluded that the safflower oil-fed animals had a higher incidence of cholelithiasis than the butter group because, unlike the latter group, they did not compensate for a high cholesterol intake by stimulating bile acid synthesis. The animals consuming coconut oil apparently did not absorb cholesterol to the extent of the other groups and as a result their bile did not become saturated with cholesterol.
What does the left atrial v wave signify during balloon commissurotomy of mitral stenosis

Left atrial v-wave amplitude has been associated with the presence and severity of chronic mitral regurgitation (MR) but it has not been evaluated for the detection of acute MR. We evaluated the left atrial v-wave amplitude of 205 consecutive patients with mitral stenosis immediately before and after stepwise, incremental balloon mitral commissurotomy to determine predictors of large v waves at baseline and an increase in v-wave amplitude after balloon commissurotomy. The sensitivity and specificity of an increase in v-wave amplitude for detecting worsening and severe MR were determined. A large v wave was present in 44% of patients before balloon commissurotomy and was predicted by age, mean left atrial pressure, mean transmitral gradient, mean pulmonary artery pressure, and angiographic severity of MR. There was a strong inverse correlation between v-wave amplitude and calculated left atrial compliance (r = −0.92). An increase in v-wave amplitude after balloon commissurotomy was associated with an increasing probability of worsening or severe MR. This indicator had a sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of 35%, 91%, 64%, 75%, respectively, for detecting any increase in MR. For the detection of severe MR, the sensitivity was 79%, specificity 89%, positive predictive value 42%, and negative predictive value 98%. Thus, left atrial v-wave amplitude reflects left atrial compliance and severity of mitral stenosis before balloon commissurotomy. An increase in v-wave amplitude is an insensitive but very specific indicator of worsening or severe MR during stepwise, incremental balloon mitral commissurotomy.
Schistosomiasis research funding: the TDR contribution

In spite of the recent decline in financial support on the part of some major donors, the overall international support for schistosomiasis research in current US dollars has been holding steady. However, when adjusted for inflation, a clear decline during the last decade appears and only in a few countries has this decline been balanced by increased national or bilateral funding. The prevailing level of support for schistosomiasis research is barely sufficient to maintain estabilished laboratories and researchers, and highlights the need to attract young investigators. The important goal of brunging a new generation of scientists into the field of schistosomiaisis can only be achieved by a considerable long-term increase in funding, both at the national and the international levels. A break-through in current research emphasizing improved techniques for control is needed to encourage donors and governments to improve the situation.
Effect of constitutive models on steady state axisymmetric deformations of thermoelastic-viscoplastic targets

Summary We study the steady state axisymmetric deformations of a thick target being penetrated by a rigid cylindrical penetrator with a hemispherical nose and use three different constitutive relations, namely, the Litonski-Batra flow rule, the Bodner-Partom flow rule, and the Brown-Kim-Anand flow rule, to model the thermoelastic-viscoplastic response of the target. Each of these constitutive relations uses an internal variable to account for the microstructural changes in the body. The three flow rules are calibrated to give virtually identical effective stress-logarithmic strain curves during the overall adiabatic plane strain compression of a block of the target material deformed at an average strain rate of 3300s−1. It is found that the three constitutive relations give nearly the same value of the resisting force acting on the penetrator, temperature rise of material particles in the vicinity of the target-penetrator interface, and other macroscopic measures of deformation, such as the effective stress and logarithmic strain rate.
Catholics, anglicans and puritans. Seventeenth century essays

(1989). Catholics, anglicans and puritans. Seventeenth century essays. History of European Ideas: Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 375-376.
Biophysical analysis of HTLV-1 particles reveals novel insights into particle morphology and Gag stoichiometry

Background Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is an important human retrovirus that is a cause of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. While an important human pathogen, the details regarding virus replication cycle, including the nature of HTLV-1 particles, remain largely unknown due to the difficulties in propagating the virus in tissue culture. In this study, we created a codon-optimized HTLV-1 Gag fused to an EYFP reporter as a model system to quantitatively analyze HTLV-1 particles released from producer cells.
Template-directed dye-terminator incorporation with fluorescence polarization detection for analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with cardiovascular and thromboembolic disease

Diseases attributable to acute thrombosis contribute to the morbidity and mortality of critically ill patients [1]. While common variants present in genes encoding mediators of the coagulation pathway have been implicated in conditions such as myocardial infarction and deep venous thrombosis in population-based studies, their clinical significance has not been thoroughly analyzed in patients hospitalized for acute illness [2–8]. More precise characterization of the role of genetic variation in predisposition to cardiovascular and thromboembolic events in the critical care setting may be useful in aiding diagnostic evaluation and guiding therapy. High throughput genotyping, i.e., the ability to accurately and economically analyze a large number of patient samples at numerous genetic loci, is essential to this task. Current approaches to high throughput genotyping are based on the principles of either allele-specific hybridization (e.g., microarrays, molecular beacon), primer extension (pyrosequencing), flap probe cleavage (InvaderR assay), or oligonucleotide ligation [9]. To date, no single technique has been extensively field-tested [9]. Thus, the adaptability of any given approach to a specific situation is relatively unstudied. Template-directed dye-terminator incorporation with fluorescence polarization detection (TDI-FP) is a single base extension technique in which an oligonucleotide probe anneals to