cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adult Consequences for Juvenile Behavior: Does Sentencing Policy Aimed at Serious Adult Behavior Cast Too Wide a Net?

Throughout history, society has struggled with defining “normal” juvenile behavior and answering the question of how to treat juveniles under the law. In this chapter, we discuss laws that were designed to address serious adult criminal behavior and have unintended consequences when applied to juveniles who engage in certain, sometimes typical and common, behaviors. Specifically, we address the application of life without parole and sex offender registration laws to juvenile offenders. We also address the fact that community support for harsh sentencing for juvenile offenders decreases when the community is provided with context and education regarding the laws and treatment for juvenile offenders; given context, the community tends to support rehabilitative interventions over punitive interventions. Finally, we conclude that American society should reconsider the application of adult sentences to juvenile behavior.
Hydrolases of the Simple Sphingolipids: Ceramide, Glucocerebroside, and Galactocerebroside

Publications covering the sphingolipids in some depth are beginning to appear. Burton and Guerra (1974) have just edited a book on lipid chemistry which contains a detailed chapter by Burton on sphingolipids. Proceedings of a 1971 symposium contain useful informal reviews (Volk and Aronson, 1972). Another recent symposium collection by Bernsohn and Grossman (1971) contains articles on the hydrolases. A detailed review of sphingolipid metabolism by Morell and Braun (1972) covers the lipids lacking sialic acid. Gatt (1973) has one chapter on sphingolipid enzymes in a Milan symposium and one with Barenholz (1973) on enzymes of complex lipid metabolism in Annual Reviews. Chapters by Radin and Rosenberg (1970) on cerebrosides and sphingomyelin appeared in Volume 3 of Handbook of Neurochemistry. A chapter on glycolipid metabolism by Dawson (1974) has recently appeared in an edited volume.
Spiral Scanning Imaging Techniques

The sections in this article are 1 Introduction 2 Interleaving 3 Spiral Gradient Generation 4 Flow Properties 5 Reconstruction Considerations 6 Off-Resonance Considerations 7 Spiral Scan Variations 8 Spiral Scan Applications 9 Biographical Sketches Related Articles
Inhibitor of Clostridium perfringens formed by heating sodium nitrite in a chemically defined medium.

An inhibitor of Clostridium perfringens formed when low levels of nitrite were autoclaved with a defined chemical medium. A systematic study of the medium revealed that only amino acids and mineral salts were involved in the production of this inhibitor, which was proven to be a toxic compound formed from cysteine, ferrous sulfate, and sodium nitrite. The inhibitor was compared to several known compounds. S-nitrosocysteine inhibited the test organism, but would not form in the test system in amounts large enough to explain the observed inhibition. Roussin red salt was unstable in the test system and therefore was not the inhibitor. Roussin black salt, which was also inhibitory, could form in sufficient amounts to explain the inhibition. A complex of cysteine, iron, and nitrie oxide was detected in the autoclaved solution of cysteine, ferrous sulfate, and sodium nitrite; this cysteine complex did not appear to be inhibitory, however, at levels which could form in the autoclaved medium. The observed inhibition may have been due to the combined effects of sublethal concentrations of each compound.
Return via location optimization to minimize mode conversion in differential via transitions

Differential wiring is prevalent in high-speed signaling, because it provides better immunity and reduced emissions over single-ended transmission structures. These advantages are diminished when the transmitter pollutes the signal with common mode signals and when discontinuities in the channel convert some fraction of the differential mode signal to common mode. This paper focuses on the channel discontinuities, specifically the arrangement of signal and return vias. Genetic algorithms and a fast via solver are used to optimize return positions to minimize the mode conversion. Case studies of open-area via transitions are presented, as well as a pin array conforming to a common high-speed connector footprint.
Piecing Together Numerical Language: Children's Use of Default Units in Early Counting and Quantification.

When asked to ‘find three forks’, adult speakers of English use the noun ‘fork’ to identify units for counting. However, when number words (e.g. three) and quantifiers (e.g. more, every) are used with unfamiliar words (‘Give me three blickets’) nounspecific conceptual criteria are unavailable for picking out units. This poses a problem for young children learning language, who begin to use quantifiers and number words by age 2, despite knowing a relatively small number of nouns. Without knowing how individual nouns pick out units of quantification – e.g. what counts as a blicket – how could children decide whether there are three blickets or four? Three experiments suggest that children might solve this problem by assigning ‘default units’ of quantification to number words, quantifiers, and number morphology. When shown objects that are broken into arbitrary pieces, 4-year-olds in Experiment 1 treated pieces as units when counting, interpreting quantifiers, and when using singular–plural morphology. Experiment 2 found that although children treat object-hood as sufficient for quantification, it is not necessary. Also sufficient for individuation are the criteria provided by known nouns. When two nameable things were glued together (e.g. two cups), children counted the glued things as two. However, when two arbitrary pieces of an object were put together (e.g. two parts of a ball), children counted them as one, even if they had previously counted the pieces as two. Experiment 3 found that when the pieces of broken things were nameable (e.g. wheels of a bicycle), 4-year-olds did not include them in counts of whole objects (e.g. bicycles). We discuss the role of default units in early language acquisition, their origin in acquisition, and how children eventually acquire an adult semantics identifying units of quantification.
Synthesis and structure of two octahedral molybdenum chloride sulfide clusters

A preparation for chloride sulfide Mo/sub 6/X/sub 8/ clusters has been devised which employs substitution by sulfide into the Mo/sub 6/Cl/sub 8//sup 4 +/ cluster. The Mo/sub 6/Cl/sub 7/S/sup 3 +/ cluster has been isolated in the two compounds (C/sub 5/H/sub 5/NH)/sub 3/((Mo/sub 6/Cl/sub 7/S)Cl/sub 6/) x 3(C/sub 5/H/sub 5/NH)Cl and (C/sub 5/H/sub 5/NH)/sub 3/((Mo/sub 6/Cl/sub 7/S)Cl/sub 6/). The structures of both compounds were determined by single crystal x-ray techniques. Despite the different site symmetries of the (Mo/sub 6/Cl/sub 7/S)Cl/sub 6//sup 3 -/ units in the two compounds (S/sub 6/ in the former, C/sub i/ in the latter), corresponding average bond distances and angles are equivalent. The infrared spectra (200 to 450 cm/sup -1/) of the two compounds are identical, and exhibit a band at 421 cm/sup -1/ assigned to a (Mo/sub 6/Cl/sub 7/S)Cl/sub 6//sup 3 -/ cluster vibration of predominant Mo-S character. Resolution of the chlorine 2p photoelectron spectra into components reveals not only that sulfide occupies a bridging ligand site of the (Mo/sub 6/Cl/sub 7/S)Cl/sub 6//sup 3 -/ cluster, but also that the difference between the chlorine 2p binding energies of the bridging and terminal chlorides is anomalously small. The Mo/sub 6/S/sub 6/Cl/sub 2/ cluster has been isolatedmore » in the novel compound (Mo/sub 6/S/sub 6/Cl/sub 2/)(NC/sub 5/H/sub 5/)/sub 6/. The structure, determined by single crystal x-ray techniques, consists of an approximately cubic Mo/sub 6/X/sub 8/ cluster with six terminal pyridine ligands. (Mo/sub 6/S/sub 6/Cl/sub 2/)(NC/sub 5/H/sub 5/)/sub 6/ is the first example of a Mo/sub 6/X/sub 8/ cluster with terminal ligands which has fewer that 24 electrons in its metal-metal bonding orbitals. X-ray powder data indicates this compound may be one composition in a molecular solid solution (Mo/sub 6/S/sub 7-x/Cl/sub 1+x/)(NC/sub 5/H/sub 5/)/sub 6/(0 less than or equal to x less than or equal to 2).« less
Sparsely Interconnected Artificial Neural Networks for Associative Memories

We develop in the present paper a design procedure for neural networks with sparse coefficient matrices. Our results guarantee that the synthesized neural networks have predetermined sparse interconnection structures and store any set of desired memory patterns as reachable memory vectors. We show that a sufficient condition for the existence of a sparse neural network design is self feedback for every neuron in the network. Our design procedure for neural networks with sparse interconnecting structure can take into account various problems encountered in VLSI realizations of such networks. For example, our procedure can be used to design neural networks with few or without any line-crossings resulting from the network interconnections. Several specific examples are included to demonstrate the applicability of the methodology advanced herein.
Focus on . . . Required Minimum Distributions

In January 2001, the IRS issued new proposed regulations on required minimum distributions from IRAs and retirement plans. These regulations simplify the rules considerably and will usually reduce the amounts that have to be distributed.
BISC - decision support system and information systems in enterprise: evolutionary computing-based optimization multi-aggregator fuzzy decision trees

Most of the existing search systems' 'software' are modeled using crisp logic and queries. We introduce fuzzy querying and ranking as a flexible tool allowing approximation where the selected objects do not need to match exactly the decision criteria resembling natural human behavior. The model consists of five major modules: the fuzzy search engine, the application templates, the user interface, the database and the evolutionary computing. The system is designed in a generic form to accommodate more diverse applications and to be delivered as stand-alone software to academia and businesses.
Adriamycin-enhanced Membrane Lipid Peroxidation in Isolated Rat Nuclei

Isolated rat liver nuclei enzymatically activated Adriamycin to the electron spin resonance-detectable semiquinone free radical in the presence of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). This process resulted in the enhancement of oxyradical-mediated peroxidation of the nuclear envelope membrane unsaturated phospholipids, measured as malonaldehyde equivalents by the thiobarbituric acid method. Peroxidation required the inclusion of NADPH and catalytically active protein, presumably NADPH:cytochrome P-450 reductase, and was enhanced more than 5-fold by Adriamycin. It was observed that Adriamycin-stimulated nuclear membrane peroxidation was diminished by superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione, the hydroxyl radical scavenger, 1,3-dimethylurea, and by the metal ion chelator, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, indicating that multiple species of reactive oxygen and trace amounts of metal ions (iron) were required in the peroxidation reaction. The generation of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals was confirmed by 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline- N -oxide spin trap electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Calf thymus DNA added to incubations containing nuclei and NADPH caused a pronounced concentration-dependent inhibition of Adriamycin-stimulated lipid peroxidation. It was found that nuclei incubated with Adriamycin (300 µm) accumulated 128 nmol of the drug per mg of nuclear protein within 1 h, apparently because the Adriamycin was internalized and bound to the DNA and nuclear protein. These results suggest that some of the toxic effects of Adriamycin observed in the nucleus could result, directly or indirectly, through the peroxidation of the unsaturated lipids of the nuclear membrane.
The subterranean child labour force: subcontracted home based manufacturing in Asia.

Child labour is widespread in home based manufacturing activities in the informal sector in most developing countries. This form of child labour will not attract the penal provisions of a countrys laws banning child labour. This paper draws on surveys carried out in five Asian countries - two low-income (India Pakistan) and three middle-income countries (Indonesia Philippines Thailand) - where production of manufactured goods is subcontracted to home based workers widely. It examines the incidence of child work in such households the childs schooling reasons why children are working their work conditions their health and gender issues. Based on focus group discussions with children it also attempts to articulate the voices of children working. A companion paper examines the social protection needs of the families engaged in such work. Multinomial logit analysis is used to understand the determinants of child work or study status and Heckmans selection model is used to explore the factors affecting hours of child work. Policy implications are drawn accordingly. (authors)
Duty-bearers for Positive Rights

Claims about social and economic rights (as a kind of human right) are often criticized because they fail to specify who are the bearers of the corresponding duties. We usually say that states are the duty-bearers, but it may not be possible for a poor state to bear the burden of these rights. And anyway it may be a mistake to focus exclusively on states in an age of globalization. This paper uses some analytic ideas from the 1970s and 1980s to address this problem. Drawing on the work of Neil MacCormick and Joseph Raz, it argues that it is possible to specify a right without specifying duty-bearers; that a right is a reason to look for duty-bearers in regard to a particular interest; that there may be many duty-bearers in regard to a given right; and that who bears the duty corresponding to a given right may vary by time and circumstance.
The Local and the Global

Kate Crehan The Fractured Community: Landscapes of Power and Gender in Rural Zambia. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997.258 pp.
An interactive model of attitude and risk/benefit formation regarding social issues

Decision analysis has become an increasingly useful tool for aiding decisionmakers in dealing with complex public and private sector decisions involving multiple objectives and uncertainty. An outgrowth of this discipline is “Risk Assessment,” which in part concerns how citizen attitudes, risks, and benefits regarding social issues evolve. It is hypothesized that such attitudes and beliefs are determined interactively. A general simultaneous equation model is developed consistent with this hypothesis. A hybrid estimation model and the technique of ridge regression combined with two stage least squares are developed to estimate the model's parameters and tested using data from a psychometric survey of citizen attitudes and beliefs regarding contemporary socially sensitive issues. The results verify the validity of the model and technique. The utility of this model for the policy making process as well as future theoretical and applied research are discussed.
Imagine There's No President: The Rhetorical Secret and the Exposure of Valerie Plame

Covering a wide range of public discourse from 2003 to 2010 about CIA agent Valerie Plame, this essay contributes a novel rhetorical theory of secrets. By contrast to other critiques of the Bush-era secrecy that focus on policies the administration kept concealed from the public, I suggest that rhetoric is the means by which subjects figure the secret, to be understood as knowledge in the fact that the subject cannot know. To make this argument, I draw on the theoretical tools of psychoanalysis and the rhetorical tropes of repetition, caesura, and synecdoche.
Sleep, dreams, and job satisfaction.

Intercorrelations between the KJP Dream Inventory, Stanford Sleepiness Scale, and the Brayfield-Rothe Job Satisfaction Questionnaire from a database of 56 graduate students gave small significant correlations between job satisfaction and age (.32), repetitive traumatic dreaming, (–.30), being chased in one's dreams (–.35), and sleepiness (–.30). Associations of employment status with sleepiness, dream discontent, and dreams of being famous were also evident. Results were discussed in terms of the hypothesized relationship between contentedness or discontentedness and their association with sleep, dreaming, and job satisfaction.
Simultaneous eigenvalue lower bounds for the Lyapunov matrix equation

Simultaneous eigenvalue lower bounds for the solution of the Lyapunov equation are presented. The n-summation and the n-product bounds generalize existing bounds such as those for the trace and the determinant. These bounds are stronger than the majority of the relevant bounds shown in the literature. >
A New Development in the Fixation of Nicotine

A new insoluble nicotine insecticide is prepared by heating an aqueous solution of nicotine, resorcinol and formaldehyde. A finely divided precipitate is obtained. The washed, air-dried product contains about 22% nicotine. The nicotine dissolves in water to the extent of 0.004 gm in 100 cc. It is about one-fifth as soluble as the nicotine in Nicotine Tannate. Prepared as a paste, the new material was mixed with oil and applied to apples by dipping. Its toxicity to codling moth ( C. pomonella L) was equal to that of Nicotine Tannate. The oil caused it to stick to the apple, so that the deposit was about twice as reistsant to washing with water as was a deposit of Nicotine Tannate. In a previous communication2 I have compared Nicotine Tannate and Arsenate of Lead as cover sprays for codling moth, to the advantage of the former. The efficiency of Nicotine Tannate is greatly reduced by the rapid disappearance of nicotine from fruit and foliage sprayed with it. When vessels are placed under trees, which have been sprayed with, Nicotine Tannate, considerable nicotine is recoverable from the water which accumulates after rains. From dry Nicotine Tannate 0.15 to 0.20 gm of nicotine will dissolve in 1000 cc. of water. When Nicotine Tannate is made in the spray tank, some 40% of the nicotine remains unprecipitated. Nicotine Tannate is, accordingly, much more soluble in water than the arsenicals and this is believed to account in large measure for its rapid loss from sprayed trees. Its effectiveness is due to its great toxicity. Attempts to prevent the dissolving away of Nicotine Tannate by the use of sticking and coating materials have resulted in failure. Only fish oil has given encouraging results. It was felt, therefore, that the discovery of a less soluble nicotine preparation was desirable. Such a substance was prepared, and will be described in this paper.
Rate Adaptation with Collision Differentiation for IEEE 802.11 wireless network

Though collisions in wireless networks can be caused either by known stations within the transmission range or by unknown hidden stations, rate adaptation algorithms that are designed to adapt to varying channel quality deal with both cases in the same manner so that they do not effectively respond to the different channel conditions. In this paper, after examining the core issues regarding rate adaptation, we propose a novel rate adaptation algorithm, called RACD (Rate Adaptation with Collision Differentiation), with the ability to differentiate the sources of collision by utilizing a new feature of IEEE 802.11, CTS-to-self frame, and adjusting the size of the contention window accordingly. Our simulation results show that RACD outperforms previous rate adaptation schemes, in terms of data throughput, by effectively distinguishing the cause for adverse channel conditions.
Structure activity relation for some 1,4‐benzodiazepinones: correlation between rate constants for reduction by sodium borohydride and antileptazol ED 50

Significant correlation in 11 different 1,4-benzodiazepinones has been established between log k2 (the second order rate constant for the reduction of the "azepinones" by sodium borohydride) and their ED50 against leptazol-induced seizures in mice. The results suggest a possible involvement of the carobnyl group at the receptor site.
Evaporation, Agglomeration, and explosive boiling characteristics of coal-water fuels under intense heating conditions

Unique capabilities have been developed to monitor the dynamics behavior of fuel droplets during rapid heating. These capabilities have been applied to study the evaporation, explosive boiling, and secondary atomization behavior of CWF droplets. The objective was to determine the energy flux (heating rate) requirements for explosive boiling and to evaluate the potential for secondary atomization in practical combustion systems. Single CWF droplets were suspended electrodynamically and irradiated from two sides with well-characterized heating pulses. The dynamic response of the droplets was recorded using high-speed cinematography. Explosive boiling thresholds were measured as a function of CWF droplet size and composition. Heat flux intensities were varied from 0.3 to 10 kW/cm2 (equivalent heating rates of 104 to 106 K/s), and heating times were varied from 0.2 to 8.0 ms. Results of this study suggest that fuel additives play a vital role in establishing conditions necessary for internal superheating and explosive boiling. A mechanism is proposed which involves elimination of the water-air interface, inhibition of surface evaporation, and the formation of a fused surface layer during the rapid heating process. In order to achieve fine atomization, droplets must be heated volumetrically. The energy requirements for explosive boiling were proportional to the mass for droplets with equivalent coal loadings and scaled with the weighted average heat capacity for droplets with differing composition. The time domain over which explosive boiling was observed spanned from about 2 to 8 ms. For longer times (lower heating intensities) heat losses due to droplet evaporation prevented the internal superheating required for explosive boiling. At shorter times, the required heat fluxes were well beyond practical technological limitations. The energy fluxes required to cause explosive boiling and secondary atomization are on the order of 1 kW/cm2 for droplets ranging from 75 to 160 μm in diameter (50 percent by mass coal). This may be considered as a target level for advanced combustor designs.
Strain effects on the spin-orbit-induced band structure splittings in monolayer MoS 2 and graphene

The strain effects on the spin-orbit-induced splitting of the valence-band maximum and conduction-band minimum in monolayer MoS${}_{2}$ and the gap in graphene are calculated using first-principles calculations. The dependence of these splittings on the various symmetry types of the strain is described by means of an effective Hamiltonian based on the method of invariants, and the parameters in the model are extracted by fitting to the theory. These splittings are related to acoustic-phonon deformation potentials or electron-phonon-coupling matrix elements which enter the spin-dependent scattering theory of conduction in these materials.
EFFECT OF PHENOTHIAZINES ON THE THINKING OF ACUTE SCHIZOPHRENICS.

Thirty-seven acute schizophrenic patients were given a test measuring the extent to which associatively linked distractors intruded themselves inappropriately into the generation of concepts. This test was given both upon admission to the hospital and after 6 wk. of treatment with Chlorpromazine, Fluphenazine, Thioridazine or placebo. Fluphenazine and Thioridazine produced a decrement in distractor-produced errors greater than that resulting from placebo. Changes produced by Chlorpromazine did not differ significantly from those of the placebo condition. There was a trend for Fluphenazine to be somewhat more effective than was Chlorpromazine. It was pointed out that, while both Fluphenazine and Thioridazine differ in chemical structure from Chlorpromazine, they differ markedly from each other. Some factors possibly accounting for the effectiveness of Fluphenazine were discussed, but such explanations could not be reconciled with the effectiveness of Thioridazine.
Effects of plasma exposure on cultured hepatocytes: Implications for bioartificial liver support

In order to examine their potential for use in a bioartificial liver, hepatocytes maintained in a collagen sandwich configuration were cultured for 9 days in heparinized rat plasma. The cells exhibited a progressive accumulation of cytoplasmic lipid droplets which proved to be mainly triglyceride (TG). The rate of TG accumulation correlated with the free fatty acid (FFA) content of the plasma. Removal of FFA and TG from plasma by ether extraction significantly reduced the rate and extent of TG accumulation. A smaller reduction in the rate and extent of TG accumulation was observed when cells were maintained in an oxygen enriched environment. The lipid accumulation suppressed urea synthesis, but clearance of the drug diazepam, although constitutively depressed in plasma, appeared unaffected by the accumulation. The functional and morphological effects of plasma exposure could be fully reversed after at least 6 days of plasma exposure by returning the cells to culture medium. The results indicate that elevated FFA in plasma induces lipid accumulation, which inhibits urea synthesis in cultured hepatocytes. This suggests that estimates of the cell number needed for effective liver support should not be based upon function measurements conducted in culture media. Furthermore, optimization of bioartificial liver support device use may have to be governed by the need to limit the plasma exposure of cultured hepatocytes. However, the highly responsive nature of these cultures and the reversibility of the plasma effects suggest that the collagen sandwich culture system is a promising foundation for the development of an effective bioartificial liver support system. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Pathways of inorganic carbon fixation in the endosymbiont‐bearing lucinid clam Lucinoma aequizonata. Part 2. Analysis of the individual contributions of host and symbiont cells to inorganic carbon assimilation

The incorporation of 14C from H14CO−3 into acid-soluble metabolites was examined in the endosymbiont-containing gills and purified symbionts of the lucinid clam Lucinoma aequizonata. HPLC, paper chromatography, and enzymatic techniques were used to identify and quantify compounds into which label was incorporated in continuous and pulse-labeling experiments. Both symbiont and host cells fix carbon in considerable quantities; however, each incorporates carbon into a distinctly different subset of compounds. In intact gills the initial carbon fixation product is malate. Label subsequently accumulates in succinate, glucose phosphate, glutamate, alanine, and glycogen. In the symbiont cells carbon is incorporated into aspartate, 3-phosphoglycerate, malate, and citrate. Purified symbionts incorporate carbon into the same compounds in the same proportions as do symbionts that are exposed to labeled H14CO−3 while still within the host tissues. Under the conditions tested, purified symbionts released no significant quantities of labeled compounds into the incubation medium.
Association of complement factor H and LOC387715 genotypes with response of exudative age-related macular degeneration to intravitreal bevacizumab.

Purpose To investigate whether there is an association between complement factor H (CFH) or LOC387715 genotypes with response to treatment with intravitreal bevacizumab for exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Design Retrospective cohort study. Participants The study cohort consisted of 86 patients being treated for neovascular AMD with bevacizumab alone. Methods Genotype determination for the CFH Y402H and LOC387715 A69S polymorphisms was performed by allele-specific digestion of polymerase chain reaction products. All patients were treated with 1.25 mg intravitreal bevacizumab at 6-week intervals until choroidal neovascularization was no longer active. Main Outcome Measures CFH Y402H and LOC387715 A69S polymorphisms. Choroidal neovascular lesion characteristics were ascertained by fluorescein angiography. Snellen visual acuity (VA) was measured before and after treatment. Results For the CFH Y402H polymorphism, patients with the CFH TT genotype had the largest choroidal neovascular lesions ( P = 0.02). With treatment, VA improved from 20/248 to 20/166 for the CFH TT genotype and from 20/206 to 20/170 for the TC genotype, but fell from 20/206 to 20/341 for the CFH CC genotype ( P = 0.016). Only 10.5% of patients with the CFH CC genotype demonstrated improved VA with treatment, compared with 53.7% of CFH TT and TC genotypes ( P = 0.004). For the LOC387715 A69S variant, patients with the TT genotype had the largest choroidal neovascular lesions ( P = 0.012). There was no significant difference in response to bevacizumab treatment according to LOC387715 genotype. Conclusions The AMD-associated CFH Y402H and LOC387715 A69S variants were associated with differences in choroidal neovascular lesion size in this study. Patients with the CFH CC genotype fared significantly worse with intravitreal bevacizumab than did those with the CFH TC and TT genotypes, suggesting a potential pharmacogenetic relationship. Prospective studies to confirm or refute this observation should be considered.
Structural and temporal patterns-based features

In this paper, we propose a data transformation pattern to transform sequential data into a set of binary/categorical features and numerical features to enable data analysis. These features capture both structural and temporal information inherent in sequential data.
Comparisons of In Situ Dry Matter Disappearance Kinetics of Wheat Forages Harvested by Various Techniques and Evaluated in Confined and Grazing Steers

Abstract Ruminal in situ disappearance kinetics of forages are commonly evaluated in confined animals, but there have been relatively few attempts to evaluate disappearance kinetics of forage dry matter (DM) in grazing animals. Our objectives were 1) to evaluate the effects of harvest technique and sampling date on the in situ DM disappearance kinetics and nutritive value of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) forage, and 2) to compare the in situ disappearance kinetics of DM for these forages when the experimental steers were housed in confinement with those obtained from steers grazing wheat pasture. Wheat forage was harvested on three dates (March 6, March 27, and April 11, 2000). Sampling techniques evaluated on each date included three clipping techniques (whole plant, random pluck, and top half) and two evaluations of masticates (oven dried at 50°C or lyophilized). There was an interaction of harvest technique and sampling date main effects for crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, and whole-plant ash. Disappearance kinetics of DM for these 15 forages were then evaluated by the in situ technique using five 393-±54-kg crossbred steers consuming an alfalfa-based ( Medicago sativa L.) diet in confinement, and subsequently, in five 448±49-kg crossbred steers grazing wheat pasture during March 2001. For fractions A, B, and C, potential extent, rate of disappearance (K d ), and effective ruminal degradability, linear regressions of values obtained for steers grazing wheat pasture on those obtained from confined cattle had significant slopes and exhibited high r 2 statistics (>0.821). For fractions A and B, and K d , the slope of these regression lines did not differ from unity, and the intercept did not differ from zero. For fraction C, potential extent of disappearance, and effective ruminal degradability, slopes were all equal to 1.19 and differed from unity. For effective degradability, deviation of the slope from unity can be explained, in part, on the basis of the passage rates used to calculate these values (0.035 and 0.062/h for confined and grazing steers, respectively). From a practical standpoint, the in situ disappearance kinetics of DM for these wheat forages did not appear to be altered substantially by evaluating them in grazing steers.
First Report of Fusarium commune Causing Damping-off, Seed Rot, and Seedling Root Rot on Soybean (Glycine max) in the United States

During 2007 to 2009, symptomatic and asymptomatic soybean plants were collected from fields in 18 Iowa counties. Fusarium isolates were recovered from surface-sterilized root tissue on peptone PCNB agar (2). Single-spore isolates were transferred to synthetic low nutrient agar (SNA) overlain with pieces (1 × 2 cm) of sterile filter paper, and to potato dextrose agar (PDA), and placed in the dark for 10 to 14 days for morphological identification (4). Twenty-three isolates were identified as Fusarium commune K. Skovg., O'Donnell & Nirenberg, previously in the F. oxysporum species complex (4). Colonies on PDA had white, fluffy, aerial mycelium with magenta to violet pigmentation in the medium. On SNA, macroconidia, chlamydospores, and microconidia on monophialides and polyphialides were consistent with the species description (4). Identification of all 23 isolates was confirmed by DNA sequencing of the translation elongation factor (EF1-α) gene, using ef1 and ef2 primers, and the mitochondrial small subunit...
Prefrontal cortical projections to the rat dorsal raphe nucleus: Ultrastructural features and associations with serotonin and γ‐aminobutyric acid neurons

Studies of human brain indicate that both the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) may be dysfunctional in major depressive illness, making it important to understand the functional interactions between these brain regions. Anatomical studies have shown that the PFC projects to the DRN, although the synaptic targets of this excitatory pathway have not yet been identified. Electrophysiological investigations in the rat DRN report that most serotonin neurons are inhibited by electrical stimulation of the PFC, suggesting that this pathway is more likely to synapse onto neighboring γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons than onto serotonin cells. We tested this hypothesis by electron microscopic examination of DRN sections dually labeled for biotin dextran amine anterogradely transported from the PFC and immunogold-silver labeling for tryptophan hydroxylase (TrH) or for GABA. In the DRN, the majority of PFC axons either synapsed onto unlabeled dendrites or failed to form detectable synapses in single sections. Other PFC axons synapsed onto either TrH- or GABA-immunolabeled processes. Considerably more tissue sampling was necessary to detect PFC synapses onto TrH- than onto GABA-labeled dendrites, suggesting that the latter connections are more common. In other cases, PFC terminals and TrH- or GABA-immunoreactive dendrites either were closely apposed, without forming detectable synapses, or were separated by glial processes. These results provide potential anatomical substrates whereby the PFC can both directly and indirectly regulate the activity of serotonin neurons in the DRN and possibly contribute to the pathophysiology of depression. J. Comp. Neurol. 468:518–529, 2004. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Inspection in Cluttered Space with a Continuum Manipulator

Access to components in nuclear power plants for inspection is often difficult due to cluttered environments. A continuum robotic manipulator is very flexible and can maneuver its way in narrow and winding space to reach a target spot. The video demonstrates how a continuum manipulator carrying an inspection device at its tip can be used for inspection of the entire surface of a pipe-like structure in a cluttered environment in raster scans. I. INTRODUCTION Nuclear power plants are required to perform periodic non- destructive examinations of critical primary pressure boundary components, such as pressure vessels, pumps, valves, piping and welds joining these components. These examinations are performed either manually or with automated, encoded scanning devices. By the nature of their operational and safety functions, many components requiring periodic exam- inations are located in cluttered environments, surrounded and obstructed by other related equipment (Fig. 1). These obstructions result in challenges in accessing or maneuver- ing in many examination areas; causing limited or restricted accessibility; resulting in examination limitations. The use of advanced robotic solutions offers the opportunity to address these accessibility limitations.
Staging the quincentenary: The middle east and the Americas

(1992). Staging the quincentenary: The middle east and the Americas. Third Text: Vol. 6, The Wake of Utopia, pp. 95-106.
Transjugular Approach in Valve-in-Valve Transcatheter Mitral Valve Replacement: Direct Route to the Valve

With the recent emergence of transcatheter valve replacement, high-risk cases of structural valve deterioration after mitral bioprosthesis can be treated with valve-in-valve transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR). The transapical approach has become the principal access for TMVR, but we report an alternative direct access for TMVR—transjugular transseptal route—in an 81-year-old woman with a degenerated mitral bioprosthesis.
Adjuvant principle of pertussis vaccine in the mouse.

IT is well known that the vaccines of many Gram-negative bacteria greatly enhance the antibody response to unrelated antigens administered to animals at about the same time, or as combined immunizing agents. The most familiar example is the increased potency of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids when combined with pertussis vaccine. Many investigators have attributed this heightened response to the heat-stable lipopolysaccharide endotoxins of this class of bacteria. Farthing1 tested the effect of heating pertussis vaccine for 1 h at 100° C on its ability to enhance antibody response to diphtheria toxoid in guinea-pigs. He found no effect which he could ascribe to heat, and went on to show that extracted endotoxin was responsible for the increase in antibody titre.
Responses of Albino Rats to Distress of Littermates and Nonfamiliar Agemates

It was hypothesized that the pain or distress of littermates would yield higher levels of stress-indicators (urinations and defecations) in rats than the pain or distress of nonfamiliar agemates. Albino rats were exposed to the shock of biological littermates, cross-fostered littermates, biological siblings reared in another litter, and unfamiliar agemates. Statistical analysis indicated that, when the subjects were exposed to the shock of biological littermates, urinations and defecations were more frequent than when the subjects were exposed to the shock of the other animals.
Genomics Really Gets Personal: How Exome and Whole Genome Sequencing Challenge the Ethical Framework of Human Genetics Research

Exome sequencing (ES) and whole genome sequencing (WGS) putatively identify all adverse functional alleles of protein-coding genes. Accordingly, while ES/WGS are transformative new tools for gene discovery in human and medical genetics research, they also generate new manifestations of ethical issues related to the consent process, data sharing, and return of results. These manifestations have yet to be comprehensively framed, due in part to the rapidity with which new technologies for ES/WGS are being applied and because of a lack of empirical data to provide guidance. Accordingly, researchers, funding agencies, and policy makers have largely dealt with these issues intuitively. We explain how use of ES/WGS challenges: (i) models under which informed consent is typically obtained; (ii) how harms associated with data sharing are considered; and (iii) the nature of obligations surrounding unanticipated findings. We provide broad guidance about interim ways to contend with these issues and make broad recommendations for areas for novel resource and policy development.
E. coli lactose operon ribosome binding site.

IN Escherichia coli, protein synthesis is initiated with for-mylmethionine, coded by the triplet AUG. As the first step in translation, ribosomes bind to the AUG initiator codon in the presence of initiation factors, charged fMet-tRNA and GTP. The sequence or structure of a messenger RNA molecule must signal that a particular AUG triplet is an initiation codon, and the cell's ribosomes must recognise this region as containing a signal for initiation of translation. In a reaction suitable for in vitro protein synthesis, except that it contains only one species of charged tRNA, fMet-tRNA, ribosomes bind to and protect initiation regions from nuclease digestion. The ribosomes bind at the AUG initiator codon and cannot proceed any further due to the lack of charged tRNA species other than fMet-tRNA. In the hope of determining the characteristics peculiar to an initiation region in a mRNA molecule, a number of ribosome binding sites have been sequenced1–8.
The 2003/2004 Libby, Montana PM2.5 Source Apportionment Research Study

Except for areas in California, Libby, Montana is the only designated EPA nonattainment area for fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) in the mid and western states. During the winter of 2003/2004, PM 2.5 speciated data (mass, elements, ions, organic/elemental carbon) were collected every six days from November 11, 2003 through February 27, 2004. Using a Chemical Mass Balance computer model (Version 8.0), these data were used to apportion the sources of PM 2.5 in the Libby valley. In support of the source apportionment program, a comprehensive evaluation of the particulate matter associated organic compounds (including polar organics, phenolics, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and 14 C) present in the airshed was also conducted. CMB modeling results revealed that emissions from residential wood combustion was the major source of PM 2.5 throughout the winter months in Libby, contributing an average of 82% of the measured PM 2.5 . Levoglucosan, a well-known chemical marker for wood smoke, had the highest meas...
El debate sobre el futuro de la especie humana: Habermas critica la eugenesia liberal

urgen Habermas’s recent book Die Zukunft der menschlichen Natur. Auf dem Weg zu einer liberalen Eugenik (Suhrkamp Verlag, 2001) is discussed. Particular attention is paid to the central argument concerning the adverse effects the general acceptance of cloning and pre-implantation genetic diagnostics (PGD) would have on the moral and political self-understanding of present and future generations. The argument turns to a critique of Habermas’s central arguments against PGD, and develops at least two arguments that are in harmony with his general defense of procedural democracy and deontological morality. Appeal is made to Peter Singer and John Rawls to develop arguments that do not reject either PGD or genetic engineering and that are nonetheless in full compliance with the spirit of political modernity, as is defended and defined by Habermas. The conclusion calls for less moralizing and more political-economic critique of the biotechnologies unleashed by the information revolution.
Effects of postnatal anti-nerve growth factor serum exposure on development of apical nerves of the rat molar

The present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that development of the pulpal innervation is dependent on nerve growth factor (NGF). Newborn rats were given subcutaneous injections of a rabbit anti-mouse NGF serum on alternate days for the first 24 days postnatally. Control animals were untreated and normal rabbit serum-treated litter mates. The animals were deeply anesthetized on postnatal day 26, perfused with fixative and the first mandibular molars were processed for transmission electron microscopy to obtain a complete census of axons entering the four roots. The composition of the mental nerve was also examined. Compared to control animals, the apical innervation of molars from anti-NGF-treated rats had only 62% as many myelinated fibers and 41% as many unmyelinated axons. Those myelinated fibers present in antiserum-treated animals were slightly, but significantly, smaller in average diameter than controls. In teeth of control animals, about 20% of all unmyelinated axons were located in fibers coursing outside of nerve fascicles; these isolated fibers were disproportionately rare after antiserum exposure. The average number of unmyelinated axons per Schwann cell unit was also significantly lower. Postnatal exposure to anti-NGF had milder effects on mental nerve composition compared to the tooth innervation. Numbers of myelinated fibers were 83% of controls, unmyelinated axons were 74% of controls and there was no change in the average number of unmyelinated axons per Schwann cell unit. We conclude that development of dental innervation is highly susceptible to postnatal NGF deprivation. This may be a consequence of the mostly nociceptive composition of dental nerves and their late development.
The invisible administrator

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to argue that intersubjective experiences, governed by various dimensions of space, and induced actions are invaluable to invisible public administrators. Knowledge of these experiences holds the keys to good public administration practice and theory building.Design/methodology/approach – This paper seeks to establish various dimensions for cultivating space in public organizations. These dimensions are related to intersubjective experiences.Findings – The development and refining of methods, including reflection, reflexivity, hermeneutics, and dialectics, to enrich intersubjective experiences, is found to be essential.Practical implications – As organizational realities change, the administrative understandings of intersubjective experiences will have to evolve.Originality/value – Knowledge of the invisible administrator and intersubjective experiences has not been accorded enough research importance.
Theory of the Critical Temperature of Superfluid Phase Transitions in Two Dimensions

An argument is given that a model field theory with an $n$-component order parameter has a nonzero critical temperature for large $n$ in two dimensions. A simple dependence of the depression of the $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ point below ${T}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}$ (bulk) on film thickness is found which correlates with properties of the heat capacity for multilayer He films on graphite observed by Bretz.
Electrophoretic Behaviour of Rat Serum Amylase

DETERMINATIONS of the electrophoretic behaviour of human serum amylase1 showed that the largest amount of amylase migrated with the albumin fraction and that a significant amount also migrated with the γ-globulins. Our preliminary observations2 indicated that this was not the case for rat serum. The Delcourts3 found that this was also not true for mouse serum, where about 75 per cent of the total serum amylase migrated with β1- and β2-globulins.
Molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations for protein-ligand binding and inhibitor design.

Background Non-nucleoside inhibitors of HIV reverse transcriptase are an important component of treatment against HIV infection. Novel inhibitors are sought that increase potency against variants that contain the Tyr181Cys mutation.