cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comparison of ALU structures for VLSI technology

Although many of the basic techniques of computer arithmetic have been known since the earliest days of electronic computing, there is a continuing need to re-evaluate them in the context of developments in VLSI circuit technology. Furthermore, recent work in complexity of algorithms, particularly the solution of recurrence relations, suggests new candidate structures for generating the carry vector and raises the questions as to their practicality in modern logic design practice.
FEMINIST CONTRIBUTIONS TO HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY

A brief review of health psychology shows that the early leadership began what has come to be a major alternative to traditional medical models of diagnosis and treatment. Numerous women were invol...
Differential reactivation of zinc-mediated metallothionein induction in ultraviolet-irradiated normal and repair-deficient human cells.

The ubiquitous, low-molecular-weight, thiol-rich, metal-binding protein, metallothionein (MT), can be induced in cultured normal human fibroblasts (NF) and xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) cells by exposure to ZnCl2. Both NF and XP cells tolerate up to 200 μM ZnCl2 in the growth medium. Upon addition of ZnCl2 (200 μM) to monolayer cultures, both NF and XP cells showed similar kinetics for the induction of MT synthesis: Within 7 hours the MT synthesis rate rose from a low, marginally detectable rate to a maximal rate at least 50-fold greater than the basal rate. The induction of MT synthesis in both cell types was inhibited by actinomycin D (5 μg/ml), indicating that the induction process is controlled at the level of transcription. Exposure of NF or XP cells to far ultraviolet light (UV) followed by induction with ZnCl2 resulted in a UV dose-dependent decrease in the maximal rate of MT synthesis measured 8.5 hours postirradiation. The UV sensitivity of the MT induction was greater in XP cells than in NF cells. However, considerations of the differential repair capacities of NF and XP cells superimposed upon the kinetics of MT induction were invoked to explain the apparent differential UV sensitivity of MT induction. Liquid holding recovery experiments showed that NF cells possess the capacity to reactivate this inducible gene function rapidly while XP cells arc deficient in the reactivation capacity. These results are discussed in the context of both UV transcriptional mapping of this inducible gene function and development of techniques for measuring repair of transcription-blocking lesions.
Immune Responses Elicited by Recombinant Vaccinia-Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Envelope and HIV Envelope Protein: Analysis of the Durability of Responses and Effect of Repeated Boosting

Previous studies indicate that immunization with recombinant (r) vaccinia-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp160 and boosting with baculovirus-derived HIV-1 rgp160 results in stronger cellular and antibody responses than those following either vaccine alone. The durability of immunity over 1 year was evaluated in 12 recipients. Both cellular and binding antibody responses remained detectable but diminished, and neutralizing antibodies were absent. To boost immunity, rgp160 was given again 1 year after the initial boost. Reboosting elicited strong HIV-specific lymphoproliferative responses. Binding antibody levels also rose dramatically, and the magnitude of the peak responses was significantly greater following the 2-year than following the 1-year boost. However, neutralizing antibody titers were low (1:10-1:20) and detected in only 4 of 12 persons. Moreover, persistent CD8+ cytolytic responses were not induced. Thus, although repeated rgp160 boosting after vaccinia-envelope priming can augment selected immune components, an altered regimen may be necessary to achieve protective long-term immunity to HIV-1.
Left ventricular function in chronic constrictive pericarditis

Abstract Left ventricular function in two cases of restrictive pericardial disease is described. In one, calcification of the pericardium was absent and the restrictive process, as judged by the response to atrial systole, was incomplete. In the other, calcification was extensive and the restrictive process was severe. Both patients had normal myocardial function in the presence of greatly depressed pump function. This apparent discrepancy may be explained on the basis of restriction of end-diastolic fiber stretch and reduction in the potential to augment stroke volume by way of the Frank-Starling mechanism.
Skeletal growth in school children: Maturation and bone mass

Skeletal growth and development was evaluated in 322 white children (age 6 to 14) using three different methods: (1) 125I photon absorptiometry, (2) compact bone measures on radiographs, and (3) Greulich-Pyle skeletal age from hand-wrist radiographs. Bone mineral content, measured by photon absorptiometry, increased at an incremental rate of about 8.5% each year. Skeletal age was a poor predictor of skeletal status, i.e., bone mineral content (14% error), and did not decrease the predictive error substantially more than did chronological age. Gross morphology (height and weight) was in fact a better predictor of bone mineral content than were skeletal age, chronological age, and radiographic morphometry. Skeletal age deviations were correlated with deviations in body size. A bone mineral index was devised which was independent of body size and this index was also independent of skeletal age. Skeletal age is imprecise (3 to 6 months error) and the range of variation in normal children (13 months) overlaps the maturational delay of the malnourished and diseased. The difficulties in using skeletal maturation are discussed and it is suggested that particular maturational indices be used which better indicate skeletal growth than does a composite skeletal age.
Growth rate of a vesicomyid clam from the 21° N East Pacific Rise hydrothermal area

Previously, we determined the growth rate of a vesicomyid clam from the Galapagos spreading centre by using natural radionuclide analyses of serially sampled shell layers1. The growth rate was ∼4 cm yr−1 measured along the 12 cm length of the axis of maximum growth, yielding an age for the clam of 3–4 yr, assuming this rapid rate for the entire age of the clam. We noted that the linear growth rate was actually highest in the last year of the life of the organism; this could indicate a change in food supply, which in turn, in this chemically driven ecosystem, would be an index of hydrothermal activity. We have now determined the growth history of a vesicomyid clam from the 21° N East Pacific Rise (EPR) site using 228Ra, 226Ra and 228Th measurements described earlier1. The 210Pb (half life 22.3 yr)–210Po (half life 138 days) couple is useful only for 2 yr, at which time secular equilibrium is attained, whereas 228Ra (half life 5.7 yr) and its progeny, 228Th (half life 1.9 yr), provide information on a longer time scale. The 228Th/228Ra activity ratio reaches the transient equilibrium value of 1.5 in ∼10yr and the 228Ra decay can be followed for ∼30 yr. We report that the average growth rate along the axis of maximum growth (10 cm) is 0.27 cm yr−1 resulting in an estimated age of 27 yr for the clam, about 10 times older than a clam of comparable size from the Galapagos spreading centre. There is evidence for changes in growth rate with time.
Isohaline Thermoclines in the Southeast Pacific Ocean

Abstract A 300 m thick, nearly isohaline (34.2%) layer, reaching depths of 500 m, is found in the Subantarctic Zone of the southeast Pacific, the Drake Passage and the Scotia Sea. Within the nearly isohaline layer there is a very slight decrease in salinity with depth, but a marked change in temperature (4.5–2.0°C). Sometimes a temperature minimum occurs at the base of the nearly isohaline layer. The density ranges from σ0 = 27.15 at the top to σ0 = 27.3 at the bottom of the layer. Its formation in the Pacific is believed confined to the southeast portion because hydrographic stations in the Subantarctic Zone at 90°W do not reveal a nearly isohaline layer. The water column. represented by the 90°W stations, requires the addition of colder and fresher potential temperature (θ) and salinity (S) characteristics at densities greater than 27.1 to account for formation of the nearly isohaline layer and underlying waters. Such characteristics are readily available in the uppermost few hundred meters of northern ...
4-Deoxy-4-fluoro-β-D-glucopyranose

4-Deoxy-4-fluoro-β-D-glucopyranose, C(6)H(11)FO(5), (I), crystallizes from water at room temperature in a slightly distorted (4)C(1) chair conformation. The observed chair distortion differs from that observed in β-D-glucopyranose [Kouwijzer, van Eijck, Kooijman & Kroon (1995). Acta Cryst. B51, 209-220], (II), with the former skewed toward a B(C3,O5) (boat) conformer and the latter toward an (O5)TB(C2) (twist-boat) conformer, based on Cremer-Pople analysis. The exocyclic hydroxymethyl group conformations in (I) and (II) are similar; in both cases, the O-C-C-O torsion angle is ∼-60° (gg conformer). Intermolecular hydrogen bonding in the crystal structures of (I) and (II) is conserved in that identical patterns of donors and acceptors are observed for the exocyclic substituents and the ring O atom of each monosaccharide. Inspection of the crystal packing structures of (I) and (II) reveals an essentially identical packing configuration.
Improving Health Information Literacy

Abstract Objectives: After this lesson, students should be able to (1) identify possible problems associated with online information; (2) define health information literacy; and (3) list at least three criteria to evaluate the quality of websites related to health information literacy. Target Audience: High school and lower-division college students.
Spitzer IRAC Observations of Star Formation in N159 in the Large Magellanic Cloud

We present observations of the giant H II region complex N159 in the LMC using IRAC on the Spitzer Space Telescope. One of the two objects previously identified as protostars in N159 has a spectral energy distribution (SED) consistent with classification as a Class I young stellar object (YSO), and the other is probably a Class I YSO as well, making these two stars the youngest stars known outside the Milky Way. We identify two other sources that may also be Class I YSOs. One component, N159AN, is completely hidden at optical wavelengths but is very prominent in the infrared. The integrated luminosity of the entire complex is L ≈ 9 × 106 L☉, consistent with the observed radio emission, assuming a normal Galactic initial mass function (IMF). There is no evidence for a red supergiant population indicative of an older burst of star formation. The N159 complex is 50 pc in diameter, larger in physical size than typical H II regions in the Milky Way with comparable luminosity. We argue that all of the individual components are related in their star formation history. The morphology of the region is consistent with a wind-blown bubble ≈1-2 Myr old that has initiated star formation now taking place at the rim. Other than its large physical size, star formation in N159 appears to be indistinguishable from star formation in the Milky Way.
The validity of pause as an index of units in language

Four experiments were carried out to assess the validity of pause in speech as an index of unit boundaries in language. The criterion for the existence of a unit was resistance to fracturing. Verbal stimulus material learned by the Ss was fractured into parts in two different ways: at points where the Ss paused, and at points where there was no pause. The parts thus obtained were placed in a random order forming two new sets of verbal material which the Ss were required to learn. It was more difficult to learn the material constructed from the nonpause fractures. The same result was found for both narrative and for non-narrative material which was minimally syntactically organized. The result persisted when the nonpause material for one S was another S's pause-fractured material. This latter result indicates that pause is sensitive to individual differences in how verbal material is organized.
Analysis of solids resulted from dilute-acid pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass

Lignocellulosic biomass materials were pretreated with dilute sulfuric acid, followed by analysis of partially and extensively washed pretreated solids. It is demonstrated that it is of crucial importance to perform extensive washing for accurate carbohydrate analyses to be obtained. Klason lignin, acid-soluble lignin, and ash analyses were not significantly affected by the extent of washing.
An improved LFS engine for physical layer security augmentation in cognitive networks

Security and privacy within existing wireless architectures remain a major concern and may be further compounded when considering multi-node wireless cognitive networks. However, the same computational capabilities that enable cognitive transceiver operation can also be used to enhance physical-layer security at each node. The approach here uses RF Distinct Native Attribute (RF-DNA) features that embody unique statistical properties of received RF emissions. The baseline system uses a Multiple Discriminant Analysis, Maximum Likelihood (MDA/ML) process to classify devices by exploiting RF-DNA uniqueness that enables serial number discrimination. MDA/ML limitations, to include a lack of feature relevance indication, are addressed using a previously investigated Learning From Signals (LFS) process. Of significance here is the expansion of LFS capability which will be readily implementable in envisioned cognitive network architectures. By coupling Kernel Regression (KR) with a Differential Evolution (DE) genetic algorithm, LFS is able to “learn” an improved model of the signal environment. Results here for experimentally collected 802.11a WiFi signals demonstrate recent improvements to the LFS engine that enable it to operate more effectively within a higher-dimensional RF-DNA feature space. The addition of a fractional Euclidean Distance (ED) similarity metric and vector class labeling provide improvement of 9 % to 23 % in average percent correct classification over the earlier LFS implementation.
Use of an Ultrasonic Nebulizer for the Application of Oropharyngeal, Laryngeal and Tracheobronchial Anesthesia

The application of adequate anesthesia in the respiratory tract is essential for many examinations of the tracheobronchial tree such as laryngoscopy, laryngography, bronchoscopy, and bronchography. This can be accomplished now more effectively by the use of an ultrasonic nebulizer. Significant features of this method are: (1) self-administration of the anesthetic agent, saving physicians' time, making instrumentation unnecessary, and eliminating apprehension for the patient; (2) the distribution of the aerosol results in a thorough and more even application of the anesthetic agent to the entire mucosa of the upper and lower respiratory tracts; (3) the particle size can be controlled so that effective deposition takes place based on the characteristics of the nebulizer. The particle size determination was made by the use of a cascade impactor at maximum attenuation, giving a mass mean of 6.3 microns with 80 percent of the particles being below 10 microns. Results on 273 cases have demonstrated that adequate anesthesia can be obtained by this technique within seven to ten minutes by using 4 to 7 ml of 4 percent lidocaine (Xylocaine). The quality of anesthesia was considered good or excellent in 94 percent of the patients examined.
Large‐scale short‐period sea ice atmosphere interaction

Changes in the microwave brightness temperature measured by the Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer (ESMR) flown on board the Nimbus V satellite reveal large-scale sea ice fluctuations in the Antarctic marginal ice zone. These ice margin fluctuations arre predominantly wave numbers 1-4, with phase speeds of about 3 m/s independent of wave number. The spatial pattern and eastward advection of the sea ice anomalies match those of the atmospheric sea level pressure, and are consistent with sea ice displacement due to surface wind stress. Examination of the outgoing longwave radiation indicates that suppression of high clouds in regions of increased sea ice inc reases the radiative cooling which contributes to maintaining the ice. Data from three winter seasons indicate about a one-third probability of occurence of this large scale high frequency sea ice atmosphere interaction during any given 2-week period in winter.
The Application of Ultrasonic Energy to the Extraction of Belladonna Leaf U. S. P.

The ammoniated ether-alcohol maceration mixture of the powdered belladonna leaf U. S. P. XV was first subjected to a twenty-minute treatment with ultrasonic energy, having a vibrational frequency of 500 kilocycles per second. This treatment made it possible to eliminate the overnight maceration period and to obtain complete maceration of the drug in three hours in a Soxhlet extractor. A more efficient utilization of these ultrasonic vibrations in a specially designed treatment vessel resulted in an additional saving of time. A chrormatographic analysis of the material extracted, with the aid of ultrasonic energy, failed to show any decomposition products of the alkaloids. The dried marc from the ultrasonic treated maceration samples showed some particle size increase, but the dried marc from the submerged ultrasonic extraction samples showed some particle size decrease. The results obtained indicate that some extraction of the alkaloids of belladonna leaf U. S. P. is facilitated by the application of ultrasonic energy.
X-ray crystal structures of reduced rubrerythrin and its azide adduct: a structure-based mechanism for a non-heme diiron peroxidase.

Rubrerythrin (Rbr) is a 44-kDa homodimeric protein, found in many air-sensitive bacteria and archaea, which contains a unique combination of a rubredoxin-like [Fe(SCys)4] site and a non-sulfur, oxo/dicarboxylato-bridged diiron site. The diiron site structure resembles those found in O2-activating diiron enzymes. However, Rbr instead appears to function as a hydrogen peroxide reductase (peroxidase). The diferrous site in all-ferrous Rbr (Rbrred) shows a much greater reactivity with H2O2 than does the diferric site in all-ferric Rbr (Rbrox), but only the latter structure has been reported. Here we report the X-ray crystal structures of the recombinant Rbrred from the sulfate reducing bacterium, Desulfovibrio vulgaris, as well as its azide adduct (RbrredN3). We have also redetermined the structure of Rbrox to a higher resolution than previously reported. The structural differences between Rbrox and Rbrred are localized entirely at the diiron site. The most striking structural change upon reduction of the dif...
Economic policies and the environment: the case of tree planting on low-income farms in the Philippines

This paper investigates the potential for economic policies to influence environmental outcomes in low-income agriculture. The analysis focuses on how changes in agricultural prices influence land-use decisions and environmental indicators. Tree-planting decisions of low-income farmers in the Philippines are examined using a stochastic dynamic household model. Empirical analysis and dynamic simulations demonstrate that changes in relative prices and relative price risks are important determinants of tree-planting decisions. Results show that small holders are sensitive to risks associated with tree crops, but that price risk is not an insurmountable barrier to tree crop adoption. The relationship between cropping patterns and two environmental indicators - erosion and species diversity - are discussed.
Hippocampal muscarinic supersensitivity after AF64A medial septal lesion excludes M1 receptors

Stereotaxic injection of AF64A, into the medial septum of the rat, resulted in significant loss of presynaptic cholinergic markers in this structure. No significant change was observed for the presynaptic neuronal markers for dopamine- and serotonin-containing neurons in either the medial septum or hippocampus. The AF64A lesion also resulted in a significant reduction of muscarinic receptors as demonstrated by a loss of [3H]QNB binding in the medial septum. Subtype analysis showed the decrease of receptor binding in the medial septum to be due to a loss of M1 receptors as well as other muscarinic receptor subtypes. In the hippocampal formation, [3H]hemicholinium-3 binding was significantly reduced in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus, and in the stratum oriens and stratum radiatum of the hippocampus. AF64A lesion resulted in a significant increase (Bmax) in non-M1 muscarinic receptors in hippocampal stratum oriens, in areas CA2, CA3, and CA4. AF64A lesion of the medial septum did not result in muscarinic receptor alterations in any other region of the hippocampal formation examined. These results indicate that postsynaptic muscarinic receptors in the stratum oriens of the CA2 to CA4 region of the hippocampus mediate primarily the function of the cholinergic cell bodies of the medial septum. These receptors are not of the M1 subtype.
Trade and Wages: Two Puzzles from Mexico

Mexico plays an important role in the developing-country trade-liberalisation literature because it liberalised early and extensively. Numerous papers analysed changes in Mexican wage levels and inequality after Mexico joined the GATT in 1986. This paper reviews recent papers that analyse changes in wage levels and inequality since the North American Free Trade Agreement in 1994. Two main puzzles emerge. First, wage growth rates are similar before and after NAFTA. Second, Mexican wage inequality, which received much attention after its post-GATT rise, falls steadily after NAFTA. This paper reviews several possible explanations for these two phenomena.
Damaged mosaic laminate model of woven fabric composites with transverse yarn cracking and interface debonding

Abstract A variational solution based on the principle of minimum complementary energy is presented for a damaged mosaic laminate model of woven fabric composites. Two damage modes, i.e. transverse yarn cracking and interface debonding, are considered. The stress components in the debonded segments of the laminate are obtained explicitly, while those in the perfectly bonded laminate segments are presented in terms of a perturbation function, which is governed by two fourth-order inhomogeneous ordinary differential equations. All possible expressions of this perturbation function are obtained in closed forms. The effective Young modulus and Poisson ratio of the damaged laminate are calculated using the determined stress field and the associated minimum complementary energy. Being applicable to the woven laminate in either the plane strain or the plane stress state, with the yarn materials either orthotropic or transversely isotropic, the current closed-form solution is very suitable for parametric studies. To demonstrate the application of the solution, a parametric study of some 176 sample cases is conducted using two different composite systems (i.e. glass fiber/epoxy and ceramic fiber/ceramic), four transverse yarn crack densities and eleven debonded lengths. The numerical results obtained here for the cases involving only the first damage mode (i.e. transverse yarn cracking) are identical with those reported in an earlier paper by Gao and Mall [Int J Solids Struct 38 (2001) 855]. When both the first and second damage modes are present, the sample calculations of this study quantitatively illustrate the effects of the two co-existing types of damage on the reduction in Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of the damaged woven laminate.
N-myc oncogene expression and amplification in metastatic lesions of stage IV-S neuroblastoma

The authors determined the levels of N-myc oncogene amplification and RNA expression in three infants with metastatic neuroblastoma. By clinical staging Patients 1 and 2 were Stage IV-S, a disease with limited metastatic potential and generally favorable outcome; Patient 3 was Stage IV. Southern blots of chromosomal DNA showed normal N-myc copy number in the primary tumor of Patient 1, extensive (200-fold) gene amplification in the primary tumor from Patient 2, and intermediate (100-fold) gene amplification in the primary tumor and metastatic lesions from Patient 3. N-myc RNA was expressed in all of the primary and metastatic tumor tissues tested. The level of N-myc RNA expression roughly corresponded to the extent of N-myc gene amplification in Patients 2 and 3 and was overexpressed from a single N-myc gene copy in Patient 1. N-myc gene amplification and RNA expression levels were approximately the same in the primary and metastatic lesions for each of the patients tested. The two patients with N-myc gene amplification had a poor outcome, but the patient with normal N-myc gene copy number had no evidence of disease. Despite the clinical picture in Patient 2 of Stage IV-S neuroblastoma, the pattern of N-myc amplification and expression more closely resembled that of Patient 3 (Stage IV neuroblastoma) than that of Patient 1 (bona fide Stage IV-S neuroblastoma).
Iterative synthesis of oligoynes capped by a Ru2(ap)4-terminus and their electrochemical and optoelectronic properties

Cross-coupling reactions between terminal ethynes (HC⋮CY) and Ru2(ap)4(C2(k-1)H) under Hay conditions, where ap is 2-anilinopyridinate and k = 2−5, resulted in compounds Ru2(ap)4(C2kY) (Y = SiiPr3 ...
Extended x-ray absorption fine-structure study of Kr-Grafoil submonolayers

Extended x-ray absorption fine-structure measurements were made at the Kr $K$ edge for 0.10, 0.20, and 0.35 monolayer coverages of krypton adsorbed on Grafoil, an exfoliated form of graphite. The Grafoil is measured to have 0.67\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05 of its surface area oriented with rms angular variation of 15\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. The adsorption site was explicitly determined to be the center of the carbon hexagons, and significant changes in this site were observed for the 0.10 monolayer coverage which were attributed to surface defects. The average Kr-C distance is determined to be 3.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 \AA{} (corresponding to a mean distance of 3.35\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 \AA{} between Kr and the graphite plane), and its mean-square deviation is found to increase by 0.051\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.009 ${\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{2}$ as the temperature changes from 10 to 100 K for the 0.35 monolayer. Krypton coordination is observed only for the 0.35 monolayer coverage; in this case the number of Kr nearest neighbors was found to be 1.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5 and the distance to have the ($\sqrt{3}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\sqrt{3}$) 30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} value of 4.26\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05 \AA{}. The Kr-Kr mean-square deviation and the third moment of the radial distribution of 10 K were determined to be 0.0166\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.004 ${\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{2}$ and 0.0010\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0003 ${\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{3}$, respectively. The small Kr-Kr coordination is inconsistent with the generally accepted phase diagram.
Angiogenesis for Treatment of Ischemic Heart Disease: Should We Worry About Progression of Atherosclerosis?

To the Editor: The data presented by Losordo and colleagues1 concerning direct myocardial gene transfer of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) have significant clinical implications and add further support to the concept of using growth factors to stimulate neovascularization in patients with ischemic heart disease. The question that emerges at this stage …
Who benefits from antireflux surgery

Prior to any rational therapy of gastro-esophageal reflux disease, an objective diagnosis of the presence and the cause of the disease are necessary. Gastro-esophageal reflux disease, i.e., increased esophageal exposure to gastric juice, can be due to a mechanically defective lower esophageal sphincter, inefficient esophageal clearance of refluxed gastric contents, and abnormalities of the gastric reservoir that augment physiologic reflux. Antireflux surgery is designed to correct a mechanically defective sphincter, i.e., a sphincter with a mean pressure below 6 mm Hg, a mean length exposed to the positive pressure environment of the abdomen of less than 1 cm, or a mean overall length of less than 2 cm. In our experience, this is found in approximately 50% to 60% of patients with gastro-esophageal reflux disease. Antireflux surgery is not indicated in patients with increased esophageal exposure to gastric juice secondary to ineffective clearance or gastric abnormalities. Consequently, the indications to proceed with an antireflux procedure are persistent or recurrent symptoms and/or complications of gastro-esophageal reflux disease after 8 to 12 weeks of intensive acid suppression therapy, the objective documentation of increased esophageal exposure to gastric juice with 24 hour esophageal pH monitoring, and the presence of a mechanically defective lower esophageal sphincter on manometry. In patients selected according to these criteria, Nissen fundoplication provides effective relief of reflux symptoms in 91% of patients with more than 10 year follow-up.
The multidimensional positive definite advection transport algorithm: nonoscillatory option

Abstract This paper presents a nonoscillatory option (i.e., free of dispersive ripples) of the advection algorithm described previously in J. Comput. Phys. ( 54 (1984), 325; 67 (1986), 396). The approach adopted merges the flux-corrected transport methodology with the iterative formalism of the algorithm. Further discussion of the algorithm's accuracy is included. Theoretical considerations are illustrated through numerical tests and examples of applications to atmospheric fluid dynamics problems.
Vitrectomy and Whipple's Disease

• We diagnosed Whipple's disease from the vitreous aspirate of two patients who underwent vitrectomies. In one case, the vitrectomy specimen would have indicated the diagnosis three years before the jejunal biopsy was performed had the appropriate PAS stain been used. In the second case, the PAS-positive macrophages were identified at the time of surgery.
Liver Toxicities Typically Induced by First-Generation Adenoviral Vectors Can Be Reduced by Use of E1, E2b-Deleted Adenoviral Vectors

Adenoviral vectors from which the E1 region has been deleted ([E1-] Ad) are known to induce strong immune responses after systemic delivery. In this study we have evaluated liver toxicities in mice after intravenous injection with high doses of [E1-] or modified [E1-, E2b-] Ad vectors (both expressing the bacterial β-galactosidase [lacZ] marker gene) in C57BL/6, BALB/c, and SCID mice. Our data demonstrate a marked reduction in maximal liver toxicities and pathologies (typically noted at 21 days postinjection) with the use of the [E1-, E2b-] modified vector in all strains of mice tested. Our data also demonstrated that despite the use of the [E1-, E2b-] Ad vector, significant liver toxicities were still observed. To address this issue and the fact that the lacZ gene was perceived as a foreign antigen in the immune-competent C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice, we similarly injected mice tolerant of LacZ (lacZ-TG). In contrast to our studies in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice, LacZ-TG mice exhibited virtually no evidence of he...
Remission of rat lymphocytic leukaemia 8 following intravenous administration of 4-(p-diethylaminostyryl)quinoline dihydrochloride.

EARLIER studies1 indicated that oral administration of certain styryl quinolines resulted in complete absorption of lymphoma 8 growing in inbred rats of the strain of its spontaneous origin. The neo-plastie cells of this lymphoma appear in the bloodstream of the host animal as early as 18 hr. after subcutaneous implantation2 and increase greatly, in some instances, to as many as 100,000 per c.mm. in the eighteen to twenty-one days before death of the rat. Intraperitoneal injection of 1 ml. of this lymphogenous blood into normal rats of the same strain produces a lymphocytic blood picture which bears a resemblance to certain types of clinical lymphocytic leukaemia. This lymphocytic leukaemia (rat lymphocytic leukaemia 8) is always fatal within twelve to twenty days. In view of their anti-lymphoma action, it seemed of interest to determine whether styryl quinolines, intravenously administered, would have any effect on this type of leukaemia in rats.
Factors affecting the likelihood of successful induction after intravaginal misoprostol application for cervical ripening and labor induction

Abstract Objective: Our purpose was to determine whether maternal age, height and weight, parity, duration of pregnancy, cervical dilatation or Bishop score, and birth weight could be used to predict the likelihood of successful induction in women given intravaginal misoprostol. Study Design: A computerized database was compiled of 1373 pregnancies in which intravaginal misoprostol was given for cervical ripening and labor induction. Most of these women were placed on investigational protocols in which the dose of misoprostol administered was 25 to 50 μg and the dosing intervals ranged from 3 to 6 hours. No more than 24 hours of administration was permitted. Induction was undertaken in women with unfavorable cervical examinations (Bishop scores of 4 or less) and without spontaneous labor or ruptured membranes. Univariate and stepwise multiple regression analyses were performed to identify those factors associated with successful induction, defined as vaginal delivery within 24 hours of induction. Results: Six hundred fifty-seven (48%) had successful induction. Parity (odds ratio [OR] 2.5, 95% CI 2.0-2.9, P P P P =.002) were significant at the.05 level for predicting successful induction. A multivariate stepwise logistic regression was then performed to evaluate each of these as independent predictors. Parity (OR 2.4, 95% CI 2.0-3.0, P P P =.003) are significant independent predictors for successful induction, but initial Bishop score is not significant ( P =.19) after adjustment for other significant predicting factors. Conclusions: The clinical characteristics of parity, initial cervical dilatation, and gestational age at entry are predictors of the likelihood of success of cervical ripening and labor induction with intravaginal misoprostol administration. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;186:1237-43.)
The prevalence of gender-atypical behavior in elementary school children.

Abstract Objective To supplement the few small-scale studies on convenience samples of boys with an epidemiological study on the prevalence of gender-atypical behaviors (GABs) in boys and girls and to assess the influence of variation of age, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. Method The present study, a postal questionnaire survey, used an existing pool of GAB items for boys, developed comparable GAB items for girls, and analyzed parent-reported frequencies of GABs in a demographically heterogeneous community sample of 687 boys and girls age 6 to 10 years. Results The majority of GABs were quite rare, but there was considerable variability in their prevalence. Nevertheless, many children show multiple GABs although each individual GAB at low frequency; for instance, 10 or more different GABs were exhibited by 22.8% of boys and 38.6% of girls. Only few GABs varied significantly with age, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status. Conclusions These data are of relevance to clinicians counseling parents who are worried about the occurrence of GABs in their children.
Protein Kinase C-ζ Mediates Angiotensin II Activation of ERK1/2 in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Activation of 44 and 42 kDa extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK)1/2 by angiotensin II (angII) plays an important role in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) function. The dual specificity mitogen-actived protein (MAP) kinase/ERK kinase (MEK) activates ERK1/2 in response to angII, but the MEK activating kinases remain undefined. Raf is a candidate MEK kinase. However, a kinase other than Raf appears responsible for angII-mediated signal transduction because we showed previously that treatment with 1 microM phorbol 12, 13-dibutyrate (PDBU) for 24 h completely blocked Raf-Ras association in VSMC but did not inhibit activation of MEK and ERK1/2 by angII. We hypothesized that an atypical protein kinase C (PKC) isoform, which lacks a phorbol ester binding domain, mediated ERK1/2 activation by angII. Western blot analysis of rat aortic VSMC with PKC isoform-specific antibodies showed PKC-alpha, -beta1, -delta, -epsilon, and -zeta in relative abundance. All isoforms except PKC-zeta were down-regulated by 1 microM PDBU for 24 h suggesting that PKC-zeta was responsible for angII-mediated ERK1/2 activation. In response to angII, PKC-zeta associated with Ras as shown by co-precipitation of PKC-zeta with anti-H-Ras antibody. To characterize further the role of PKC-zeta, PKC-zeta protein was depleted specifically by transfection with antisense PKC-zeta oligonucleotides. Antisense PKC-zeta oligonucleotide treatment significantly decreased PKC-zeta protein expression (without effect on other PKC isoforms) and angII-mediated ERK1/2 activation in a concentration-dependent manner. In contrast, ERK1/2 activation by platelet-derived growth factor and phorbol ester was not significantly inhibited. These results demonstrate an important difference in signal transduction by angII compared with PDGF and phorbol ester in VSMC, and suggest a critical role for PKC-zeta and Ras in angII stimulation of ERK1/2.
The Management of Recurrent Patellar Dislocation

Acute and chronic trauma, chronic abnormal joint loading conditions, and hemarthroses have been implicated in the development of degenerative joint disease. Patellar instability with acute and recurrent patellar dislocation provides all of these ingredients. This article describes an approach to the treatment of recurrent patellar instability that considers the unique features and expectations of the patient rather than using a generic algorithm.
064 Proliferation and Growth Factor Exression of Human Keratinocytes on Microcarrier Beads

Human keratinocytes have been extensively used for the treatment of large body surface area burn injuries. We have studied the potential for treating non-thermal, chronic wounds with keratinocytes grown on microcarrier beads placed into porous retrievable bags. The current studies were undertaken to examine the growth characteristics of these cells on Cytoline-1™ microcarrier beads, and how this growth correlated with the expression of growth factors. Human keratinocytes were expanded in Keratinocyte Basal Medium-2 with standard supplements (Clonetics, Inc.). The cells were trypsinized and added to Cytoline-1™(Pharmacia Biotech) beads at 13.3 × 106 cells per mL pre-equilibrated beads. The beads were seeded into roller bottles and cultured in a humidified 37° C incubator for up to two weeks. Cell numbers were monitored by direct cell counting on the beads following hematoxylin staining; and by protein and DNA content. Aliquots of media were also assayed for levels of PDGF and VEGF by immunoassay (QuantikineR, R&D Systems). Keratinocytes showed a lag in growth with a sustained decrement in cells per bead from 456 to 346 cells/bead by day 7. This was followed by a robust growth response to 551 cells/bead by day 11. These values correlated with total cellular protein (994, 738, and 1164 ug); and DNA content. The secretion of PDGF and VEGF by human keratinocyte under these conditions, did not directly correlate to the cell number but rather indirectly to the increase in cell number after the 7 days of stagnant growth. These results suggest that the vulnerary effect observed with human keratincytes on microcarrier beads is dependent on acculturation of the cells to the microbead environment, after which they begin to express elevated levels of growth factors important for healing.
Massive sulfide deposits at 21°N, East Pacific Rise: Chemical composition, stable isotopes, and phase equilibria

Study of massive sulfide deposits at 21°N, East Pacific Rise (EPR) indicates that coexisting sulfide minerals are not in isotopic equilibrium. Sulfur isotope values of sulfide mineral separates range from 1.5 to 4.5 per mil and indicate isotopic disequilibrium. Isotopic fractionation between coexisting minerals is small ( 2 S in the venting fluids. Sulfur isotope values of anhydrite and barite indicate disequilibrium with coexisting sulfides and show that ambient sea-water sulfate, not the hydrothermal fluid, is the sulfur source for anhydrite and barite. Oxygen isotope geothermometry applied to anhydrite sulfate provides temperatures of 194 and 222 °C. Detailed petrographic study of mineral paragenesis shows that the initial hydrothermal precipitates form from a fluid with Fo 2 -Fs 2 values that are below the pyrite-pyrrhotite boundary. High-iron wurtzite may initially precipitate within the pyrrhotite stability field, but most wurtzite co-precipitates with pyrite as the fluid evolves into the pyrite stability field by mixing with cold oxygenated sea water. Precious-metal values, with the exception of silver, are uniformly low, especially for the platinoid metals. Silver content ranges to 240 ppm. Silver is predominantly associated with zinc-sulfide phases and does not occur in significant amounts as a discrete silver-bearing mineral.
Shortening and tenderness of pre-rigor heated beef: Part 1 - Effect of heating rate on muscles of youthful and mature carcasses.

Pre-rigor cooked beef is tender if the cooking produces severe shortening. This study was conducted to compare the effects of different heating rates on shortening and tenderness. Myofibrillar and cooking shortening and related changes were measured with physiograph recordings on pre-rigor M. triceps brachii strips suspended in paraffin oil during heating. Warner-Bratzler shear values were determined on M. triceps brachii samples heated at approximately the same rates at which the muscle strips were heated. Rapid heating (2°C/2min) produced more (p < 0·01) severe myofibrillar shortening that was complete at higher (p < 0·01) muscle temperatures than slow heating (2°C/12 min). Regardless of animal age, rapid heating resulted in a cooked product that was more (p < 0·01) tender than that produced by slow heating in the pre-rigor state and slow heating resulted in a more (p < 0·01) tender product than that achieved by rapid heating in the post-rigor state. Data on muscle shortening and from differential scanning calorimetry suggest that the tenderness produced from pre-rigor rapid heating results from a heat-induced active contraction.
Influence of Greek on the Speech of a Greek Gypsy Community

AbstractThis paper deals with the influence exerted by a host language (Greek) upon a minority language in Greece (Romany). It is based on oral data which I collected in 1973–4 in the suburb of Agia Varvara a few miles north-west of Athens where several hundred Gypsies have long resided. After describing the pertinent sociological factors which regulate the interaction of Greeks and Gypsies in this community, I shall discuss the linguistic evidence which is mainly drawn from convergent vocabulary and idiom but not exclusively; there are at least strong hints that some influence may also have been exerted by Greek on the phonological and the morphological level.
Oxygen transfer characteristics of a centrifugal, packed-bed reactor during viscous xanthan fermentation

The oxygen transfer properties of a novel, centrifugal, packed-bed reactor (CPBR) during viscous xanthan fermentation were determined with respect to the effects of the arrangement of the centrifugal, packed bed (CPB) and the recirculation loop (RL). Characterized by the maximum volumetric transfer coefficient (k L a) in xanthan broth, the aeration efficiency of CPBR was compared to those in stirred-tank reactors (STR) equipped with disc turbines (DT) or marine propellers (MP), and to that in a water-in-oil emulsion (WIO). As expected, STR-WIO showed the highest k L a (0.038 s–1 at 2%) among all systems studied due to reduced broth viscosity; however, practical difficulties exist in product recovery. It was found that, at 3.5% xanthan the k L a in CPBR (0.018 s–1) was higher than that of STR (0.005 s–1) and close to that of STR-WIO (0.020 s–1), indicating improved oxygen transfer at such a xanthan concentration. The exterior baffles along the rotating fibrous matrix offer additional agitation in the viscous broth. A gas-continuous arrangement, in which the CPB was kept above the broth, was able to elevate k L a to 0.023 s–1, higher than that of STR-WIO. The external RL operated by a peristaltic pump was found to play an important role in CPBR aeration by providing better gas–liquid contact. With the improved oxygen transfer efficiency in CPBR at high xanthan concentrations, the CPBR system is practically the preferred system for xanthan fermentation. The characteristic roles of CPB arrangement and the RL should be considered primarily during scale-up operation.
“Charming as a Charming Story”: The Devolution of a Word in Henry James's The Turn of the Screw

Short as it is, Henry James's novella The Turn of the Screw uses the words charm or charming an extraordinary twenty-three times; the Preface to the 1908 New York edition repeats the words another ...
Patterns in food intake correlate with body mass index

Quantifying eating behavior may give clues to both the physiological and behavioral mechanisms behind weight regulation. We analyzed year-long dietary records of 29 stable-weight subjects. The reco...
Recurrent neutrophilic dermatosis of the face--a variant of Sweet's syndrome.

SUMMARY.— A syndrome which he named acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis was described by Sweet in 1964. Two cases are reported which seem to fall into the same category, but showed recurrent involvement of the face only. One of these patients and another similar case in the literature are the only males so far recorded.
Comprehensive analysis of APOE and selected proximate markers for late-onset Alzheimer's disease: Patterns of linkage disequilibrium and disease/marker association

Abstract The e 4 allele of APOE confers a two- to fourfold increased risk for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD), but LOAD pathology does not all fit neatly around APOE . It is conceivable that genetic variation proximate to APOE contributes to LOAD risk. Therefore, we investigated the degree of linkage disequilibrium (LD) for a comprehensive set of 50 SNPs in and surrounding APOE using a substantial Caucasian sample of 1100 chromosomes. SNPs in APOE were further molecularly haplotyped to determine their phases. One set of SNPs in TOMM40 , roughly 15 kb upstream of APOE , showed intriguing LD with the e 4 allele and was strongly associated with the risk for developing LOAD. However, when all the SNPs were entered into a logit model, only the effect of APOE e 4 remained significant. These observations diminish the possibility that loci in the TOMM40 gene may have a major effect on the risk for LOAD in Caucasians.
Fractionation of cigarette smoke condensate for chemical and biological testing

Abstract Large-scale fractionation of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) was carried out by gel filtration and silicic acid column chromatography, and selected fractions and their subfractions were tested for tumorigenicity by mouse-skin bioassay. The weak-acid fraction was separated into four subfractions, the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) fraction into two subfractions, and the polar neutral lipid fraction into three subfractions. Also, combinations of subfractions were examined for synergic effects and portions of all active material were subjected to chemical analyses by gel filtration, column, thinlayer and gas chromatography, and ultraviolet and mass spectrometry. A weak-acid subfraction (F-63) in which catechol was concentrated, and which comprized 3.27% CSC was shown to be tumorigenic, as were combinations of this sub fraction with the active PAH (F-67) sub fraction and a polar, neutral lipid (F-70) sub fraction, representing 0.01 and 0.05% CSC, respectively. The results indicated that catechol may be a potent cocarcinogen and that the PAH in CSC interact with other components to exert a tumorigenic effect.