cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Communication Diversity and Information Acquisition among Korean Immigrants in Hawaii

The general purpose of the study was to construct a precise explanation of the communication patterns of Korean immigrants in Hawaii and the subsequent impact of these communication patterns on their level of information. A general pattern of communication diversity was conceptualized on two levels: (1) whether an immigrant uses diverse channels of communication rather than depending upon one dominant channel, and (2) whether his communication behavior cuts across ethnic boundaries rather than remaining restricted to just one ethnic group. It was hypothesized that for immigrants to be engaged in diverse communication patterns requires both a greater social capacity and a greater cognitive capacity. The cognitive structure with which immigrants process information from their new environment, and their perceived locus of control over the environment, were used as measures of cognitive capacity. Education, occupational status, length of residence in the United States, and English fluency were used as measures of social capacity. All of the hypothesized relationships were tested and supported by face-to-face interviews in a sample survey of 401 randomly selected Korean immigrants in Hawaii.
An immunomodulatory role for CD4+CD25+ regulatory T lymphocytes in hepatitis C virus infection

The CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T lymphocytes have been implicated in suppressing T cell immune responses. Our aim was to characterize the frequency, phenotype, function, and specificity of CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Peripheral CD4(+)CD25(+) cells from recovered (n = 15), chronic infected (n = 30), and normal control (n = 15) subjects were analyzed ex vivo for quantitation, phenotype, and effect on HCV-specific interferon gamma production and proliferation. CD4(+)CD25(+) specificity was determined by intracellular cytokine staining for interleukin 10 (IL-10). A higher proportion of CD4(+)CD25(+) were found in chronic infection (mean, 3.02%) when compared with recovered (1.64%, P = .001) and normal controls (2.27%, P = .02). CD4(+)CD25(+) cells display CD45RO(high), CD45RA(low), CD28(high), CD62L(high), and CD95(high) phenotype. HCV-specific interferon gamma activity was enhanced in peripheral blood mononuclear cells depleted of CD4(+)CD25(+) and suppressed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells enriched with CD4(+)CD25(+). Depletion of CD4(+)CD25(+) cells also enhanced HCV-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell proliferation. Cytokine analysis suggested CD4(+)CD25(+) cells secrete transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta(1)) and IL-10. The inhibitory role for TGF-beta(1) was confirmed by anti-TGF-beta(1). Transwell studies showed CD4(+)CD25(+) mediated suppression to be dose dependent and requiring cell contact. CD4(+)CD25(+) cells showed HCV-specificity through IL-10 production, with a frequency ranging from 1.9% to 5.3%. A positive correlation was detected between CD4(+)CD25(+) T cell frequency and HCV RNA titer, whereas an inverse relation was found with liver inflammatory activity. In conclusion, CD4(+)CD25(+) T lymphocytes constitute a highly differentiated population and appear to play a role in viral persistence by suppressing HCV-specific T cell responses in a cell-cell contact manner.
835 CYSTIC FIBROSIS (CF): KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDES TOWARD PRENATAL DX (PND) AMONG PARENTS (PAR); AUNTS & UNCLES (AUHEALTH PROFESSIONALS; AND CLERGY (CL)

We have examined knowledge of CF and its genetics, perceptions of burden, and attitudes toward family planning and the use of CF-PND and carrier screening (HD) in 27 CF Center physicians (CF-MD); 55 ancillary Center staff (ST); 362 ehiIdbearing-age parents (PAR) of 214 children with CF; 245 aunts and uncles of these children (AU 80 family MD's (LMD); and 58 clergymen (CL) serving these families. Health professionals (CF-MD, LMD, ST) highly favor PND for CF (100%, 95%, and 96% respectively). PAR and A&U also favor this option (S2%, 81%) while CL are less favorable (55%). HD also is highly desireable to all groups. Significant associations (p<0.02) were found between PAR attitudes toward PND of CF and: religion, religiosity, abortion attitudes, and number of children. PAR PND attitude was not influenced by: age, sex, prior death of a child with CF, education, family history, or CF burden. A&U perceived CF as more serious, burdensome, and emotionally stressful than PAR (p<0.0001). Increased knowledge of CF and its genetics, and acknowledged interaction with CF families (among non-Catholic CL) correlate highly (r=0.85) with more favorable attitudes toward PND. Wide utilization of such technologies is anticipated.
Symmetric lac operator derivatives: effects of half-operator sequence and spacing on repressor affinity

Abstract We have analyzed lac repressor binding in vivo and in vitro to several symmetric lac operator sequences. Two features of the operator appear to be important for repressor binding: sequence, both of the operator and of its extended regions, and the spacing of the operator halves. Host mutations that alter DNA superhelical density ( topA, gyrB ) did not change the relative affinity of cloned symmetric operator sequences for repressor. Analysis by dimethylsulfate methylation and DNasel digestion of repressor-operator complexes indicated that repressor makes symmetric contacts with the symmetric operator, in contrast to its contacts with the two halves of the natural operator.
Hubs, authorities, and communities

This has been a computer scientist's revolution; but we all share in its results. Only a few years ago, the World Wide Web was known just to a small research community; it is hard to remember that the voluminous content we see on the WWW, expanding by an estimated million pages each day, has grown up around us in so short a time. Researchers now release their results to the Web before they appear in print; corporations list their URLs alongside their toll-free numbers; news media and entertainment companies vie for the attention of a browsing audience. The Web has become the most visible manifestation of a new medium: a global, populist hypertext.
A finite element pre-processor for induction motors including motion and circuit constraints

A preprocessor specifically designed for induction motors has been developed. The preprocessor requires very little input yet produces all the data necessary for a finite-element analysis, including the effects of external circuits and motion. Extensive validity checks have been made. The preprocessor has been used in a dynamic analysis of a squirrel cage induction motor. >
A possible mechanism contributing to the synergistic action of vasotocin (VT) and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) receptors on corticosterone release in birds.

Abstract Arginine vasotocin (AVT) and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) are two neuronal regulators in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis that modulate biological responses to stress in avian species. When AVT and CRH are administered together in vitro or in vivo , levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) or plasma corticosterone (CORT) are released, respectively, in a synergistic manner. The underlying mechanism of this greater than additive stress response was investigated by expressing the vasotocin receptor type 2 (VT2R) and CRH receptor type 1 (CRH-R1), both G-protein coupled receptors, in HeLa cells. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) analysis provided the evidence for heterodimerization of the VT2R/CRH-R1 in the presence of their respective ligands, AVT and CRH. The VT2R and CRH-R1 were tagged at the C-terminal ends with either cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) or yellow fluorescent protein (YFP), and a VT2R chimera was constructed by replacing the fourth transmembrane region (TM4) of the VT2R with TM-IV of the β 2 -adrenergic receptor (β 2 AR). When VT2R/β 2 AR chimera and CRH-R1 were expressed in HeLa cells, heterodimerization was partly disrupted. Taken together, these data indicate that TM-IV of the VT2R may provide an important interface for effective receptor dimerization, suggesting that direct molecular interaction between VT2R and CRH-R1 receptors plays a role in mediating an enhanced interaction between these two receptors. Their interaction at the anterior pituitary level may potentiate the endocrine output of the avian HPA system.
Antidepressant-associated chronic irritable dysphoria (acid) in bipolar disorder: a case series.

Abstract Background Antidepressants administered to bipolar subjects may induce manias, mixed states, or rapid cycling. More recently, we have noted that long-term use of antidepressants may induce a chronic dysphoric, irritable state. Method A case series is presented in which six type I bipolar subjects receiving antidepressants continuously for several years developed chronic irritable dysphoria. Results A triad of dysphoric mood, irritability, and middle insomnia that is frequently associated with occupational and social dysfunction can occur in some bipolar patients receiving antidepressants for at least 3 years. Typically, initial treatments with antidepressants for the index episode were effective. Over time, depressive symptoms returned and would transiently improve with dose increase or change of agents. Ultimately, the dysphoria and associated symptoms became chronic and resulted in dysfunction. Concomitant mood stabilizer did not appear to alter this pattern. Discontinuation of antidepressants was associated with a slow and gradual improvement in these symptoms over the ensuing year. Conclusion Additional studies are required to investigate safety of long-term use of antidepressants in bipolar illness.
Interaction of H-2 genotype and basal serum immunoglobulin A level influences longevity.

Abstract The congenic pair of mice, C57BL/10 (B10) and C57BL/10.F (B10.F), differ at the H -2 locus and have mean ages at death of 706 and 456 days, respectively. B10.F also has reduced basal serum IgA levels compared with B10, 63 and 256 mg/dl, respectively. Controlled matings between the two strains of mice were used to identify genetic factors that govern longevity. F 2 and backcross progeny from reciprocal F 1 hybrids were classified for H -2 genotype and serum IgA levels and allowed to live out their lifespan. F 2 and backcross progeny homozygous for the H -2 allele of B10.F had a mean age at death (602 days) significantly reduced from that of progeny homozygous for the H -2 allele of B10 (689 days). However, the greatest reduction of lifespan occurred among progeny of the (B10.F × B10)F 1 mothers. Survival curves demonstrated a relationship between low serum IgA levels and shortened lifespan and no maternal effect was observed. The basis of the shortened lifespan among progeny of F 1 hybrids in which the maternal parent was B10.F was the increased incidence of offspring with low IgA phenotypes. The apparent association of H -2 and shortened lifespan also was because the low IgA phenotype was more frequent among progeny that carried the H -2 allele of the B10.F strain. The B10.F mice spontaneously shed an endogenous ecotropic retrovirus which may be responsible for the maternal effect on immunoglobulin levels and lifespan.
Accurate prediction of proton chemical shifts. I. Substituted aromatic hydrocarbons

Forty-five proton chemical shifts in 14 aromatic molecules have been calculated at several levels of theory: Hartree–Fock and density functional theory with several different basis sets, and also second-order Moller–Plesset (MP2) theory. To obtain consistent experimental data, the NMR spectra were remeasured on a 500 MHz spectrometer in CDCl3 solution. A set of 10 molecules without strong electron correlation effects was selected as the parametrization set. The calculated chemical shifts (relative to benzene) of 29 different protons in this set correlate very well with the experiment, and even better after linear regression. For this set, all methods perform roughly equally. The best agreement without linear regression is given by the B3LYP/TZVP method (rms deviation 0.060 ppm), although the best linear fit of the calculated shifts to experimental values is obtained for B3LYP/6-311++G**, with an rms deviation of only 0.037 ppm. Somewhat larger deviations were obtained for the second test set of 4 more difficult molecules: nitrobenzene, azulene, salicylaldehyde, and o-nitroaniline, characterized by strong electron correlation or resonance-assisted intramolecular hydrogen bonding. The results show that it is possible, at a reasonable cost, to calculate relative proton shieldings in a similar chemical environment to high accuracy. Our ultimate goal is to use calculated proton shifts to obtain constraints for local conformations in proteins; this requires a predictive accuracy of 0.1–0.2 ppm. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 22: 1887–1895, 2001
Sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations on superoxide reductase: Role of the axial thiolate in reactivity

Superoxide reductase (SOR) is a non-heme iron enzyme that reduces superoxide to peroxide at a diffusion-controlled rate. Sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is used to investigate the ground-state electronic structure of the resting high-spin and CN- bound low-spin FeIII forms of the 1Fe SOR from Pyrococcus furiosus. A computational model with constrained imidazole rings (necessary for reproducing spin states), H-bonding interaction to the thiolate (necessary for reproducing Fe-S bond covalency of the high-spin and low-spin forms), and H-bonding to the exchangeable axial ligand (necessary to reproduce the ground state of the low-spin form) was developed and then used to investigate the enzymatic reaction mechanism. Reaction of the resting ferrous site with superoxide and protonation leading to a high-spin FeIII-OOH species and its subsequent protonation resulting in H2O2 release is calculated to be the most energetically favorable reaction pathway. Our results suggest that the thiolate acts as a covalent anionic ligand. Replacing the thiolate with a neutral noncovalent ligand makes protonation very endothermic and greatly raises the reduction potential. The covalent nature of the thiolate weakens the FeIII bond to the proximal oxygen of this hydroperoxo species, which raises its pKa by an additional 5 log units relative to the pKa of a primarily anionic ligand, facilitating its protonation. A comparison with cytochrome P450 indicates that the stronger equatorial ligand field from the porphyrin results in a low-spin FeIII-OOH species that would not be capable of efficient H2O2 release due to a spin-crossing barrier associated with formation of a high-spin 5C FeIII product. Additionally, the presence of the dianionic porphyrin pi ring in cytochrome P450 allows O-O heterolysis, forming an FeIV-oxo porphyrin radical species, which is calculated to be extremely unfavorable for the non-heme SOR ligand environment. Finally, the 5C FeIII site that results from the product release at the end of the O2- reduction cycle is calculated to be capable of reacting with a second O2-, resulting in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. However, in contrast to FeSOD, the 5C FeIII site of SOR, which is more positively charged, is calculated to have a high affinity for binding a sixth anionic ligand, which would inhibit its SOD activity.
SPECIFIC INHIBITORY FACTORS OF CELLULAR IMMUNITY IN PATIENTS WITH SUBACUTE SCLEROSING PANENCEPHALITIS (SSPE)

Employing a 5lCr release cytotoxicity microassay, (J.Immunol. 110:1502, 1973) four patients.with documented SSPE were evaluated for cellular and humoral immunity to both measles and SSPE viruses. Labeled target cells were derived from a WI-38 line persistently infected with Edmonston B measles virus, a MA-160 line persistently infected with SSPE virus and uninfected control cells. Washed peripheral lymphocytes from SSPE patients and control donors exhibited comparable cytotoxicity to both infected cell lines. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid from SSPE patients inhibited the lymphocyte response to SSPE infected cells but did not significantly alter the response to measles infected cells for either SSPE or control lymphocytes. Moreover, fresh whole serum alone from control donors produced significant 51Cr release from both cell lines while SSPE whole sera was effective only against measles infected target cells. Preliminary characterization of the serum inhibitory factor suggested that it is associated with a high molecular weight IgM or antigen-antibody complex. These data also suggest antigenic differences between the SSPE and measles viruses.
Complex homogeneous linear forms

Let Z, Q, C denote respectively the ring of rational integers, the field of rational numbers and the field of complex numbers. Minkowski (4) solved the problem of minimizing for x, y ∈ Z(i) or Z(ρ) , where a, b, c, d ∈ C have fixed determinant Δ ≠ 0. Here ρ = exp 2/3 πi , and Z(i) and Z(p) are the rings of integers in Q(i) and Q(ρ) respectively. In fact he found the best possible results for Z(i) , and for Z(ρ) , where while Buchner (1) used Minkowski's method to show that for Z(i √2). Hlawka(3) has also proved (1·2), and Cassels, Ledermann and Mahler (2) have proved both (1·2) and (1·3). In a paper being prepared jointly by H. P. F. Swinnerton-Dyer and the author, general problems of the geometry of numbers in complex space are discussed and a systematic method given for solving the above problem for all complex quadratic fields Q(ϑ). Here, ϑ is a non-real number satisfying. an irreduc7ible quadratic equation with rational coefficients. The above problem is solved in detail for Q(i √5), for which and the ‘critical forms’ can be reduced to
Reversal of Fortune: Rad5 to the Rescue

In a recent issue of Molecular Cell, Blastyak et al. (2007) show that the yeast Rad5 protein can promote error-free template switching and replication past a DNA lesion via a novel DNA unwinding reaction that also pairs nascent and parental strands.
A Semantic Priming Test of Bilingual Language Storage and the Compound vs Coordinate Bilingual Distinction with Latvian-English Bilinguals

The unified and separate storage models of bilingual language storage and the compound vs coordinate bilingual distinction were tested with a semantic priming test using 47 Latvian-English bilingua...
Seasonal concentrations of reproductive steroids in the gonads of the Atlantic hagfish, Myxine glutinosa.

Changes in gonadal morphology, gonadal estradiol, and progesterone were examined in Atlantic hagfish, Myxine glutinosa, during a period of 17 months, beginning in April, 2001. Atlantic hagfish were captured from the ocean on a monthly basis. A total of 60 hagfish were divided into three different size classes of twenty hagfish each (small 20–35 cm, medium 35–45 cm, large 45–55+cm) and transported to the University of New Hampshire for sampling. Overall, in the medium and large size hagfish, estradiol and progesterone had significantly elevated peaks in January, 2001. There were significant increases in estradiol concentrations in January, with relatively low fluctuations in levels for the rest of the sampling period. Progesterone concentrations increased significantly in January, 2002, in medium and large hagfish, and remained elevated until June and April, 2002, for the two size classes respectively. The majority of hagfish sampled were females or hermaphrodites; few true males were identified in any of the samples. The number of females with large eggs increased following the estradiol peak in January and hermaphrodites with mature sperm were identified in the July, 2002, sample. These data represent the first evidence for a seasonal reproductive cycle in M. glutinosa and only the second seasonal reproductive cycle identified in any hagfish species. J. Exp. Zool. 301A: 352-360, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Advancing NASA's on-board processing capabilities with reconfigurable FPGA technologies: Opportunities & implications

Future NASA missions will require measurements from high data rate instruments. Recent internal studies at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) estimate approximately 1–5 Terabytes per day of raw data (uncompressed) are expected. Implementations of on-board processing algorithms to perform lossless data reduction are required to drastically reduce data volumes to within the downlink capabilities of the spacecraft and existing ground stations. Reconfigurable Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) can include embedded processors thereby providing a flexible hardware and software co-design architecture to meet the on-board processing challenges of these missions while reducing the critical spacecraft resources of mass and volume of earlier generation flight-qualified single board computers such as the Rad750. Reconfigurable FPGAs offer unique advantages over one-time programmable (OTP) FPGAs with the flexibility to update processing algorithms as needed during the development cycle and even post-launch. So what's the downside? The space radiation environment poses challenges to these devices and in general, new technology introduces risk, either real or perceived, to one-of-a-kind space missions that cost hundreds of millions up to $1 billion. This talk will highlight both the opportunities and implications of advancing NASA's future on-board processing capabilities with reconfigurable FPGA technologies.
An Emprical Evaluation of Memory Management Alternatives for Real-Time Java

Memory management is a critical issue for correctness and performance of hard-real time systems. Java environments usually incorporate high-throughput garbage collection algorithms, but these algorithms can induce pause times in excess of 100 milliseconds. This is not acceptable for a real-time system. Two approaches for remedying this problem are being investigated. The pause times can be bounded with a real-time garbage collector; or a means to program around the collector entirely can be provided, as is done in the Real-time Specification for Java with its Scoped Memory interface. This paper presents the first side-by-side empirical evaluation of the impact of memory management regimes on realistic realtime applications. We present usability arguments as well as a detailed performance comparison of scoped memory and real-time garbage collection. Experience with medium sized systems suggests that while programming with Scoped Memory is error prone, it provides substantially better throughput. We have observed a throughput reduction of up to 37% and, in the worst-case, an 80% latency penalty for real-time garbage collection.
Blood vessels of median palatal fissural cysts

I t is believed that fissural cysts may arise from enclaved cpithelial remnants in areas where the maxillary processes of the embryonic face fuse. It is convenient to divide nonodontogenic epidermal fissural cysts in the nasopalatine area into five classes according to their anatomic location and distribution along points of fusion of the embryonic face: 1. Median paZatine fissural cysts. Enclaved epithelium at the midline of the palate at point,s of junction between the palatine processes of the maxillary bones. 2. Median aZveoZar cysts. Enclaved epithelium in the anterior palate posterior to the central incisor at points of junction between the palatine and alveolar processes. 3. GZo~uZomaxiZZary cysts. Enclaved epithelium at the base of the nostril at points of junction between the globulas and the maxillary processes. 4. Nasoalveolar cysts. Enclaved epithelium at the base of the nostril at points of junction of the globular, lateral nasal, and maxillary processes. 5. Pmterola-temZ palatine cysts. Enclaved epithelium at points of junction between the horizontal process of the palatine bone and the palatine process of the maxillary bone. Scott1 precisely demonstrated the location and distribution of epithelial inclusion cysts along points of fusion of the embryonic face of fetal man. Cohen2 made histologic examinations of median palatine cysts enucleated from adult man and described the membranous connective tissue capsule which, he stated, often varies in thickness. He also demonstrated that the avascular cavity of the cyst contains cellular debris and that it is lined sometimes with stratified squa-
Is Eocarcinus Withers, 1932, a Basal Brachyuran?

Abstract Eocarcinus praecursor, the putative earliest member of Infraorder Brachyura of Early Jurassic age in Great Britain, cannot be accommodated within that infraorder. Numerous characters are inconsistent with placement within Brachyura, including: a lack of fusion of the epistome with the dorsal carapace; chelipeds on the first and putatively second pereiopods; lack of true orbits; development of large, strong antennae; notches in the carapace to accommodate the antennae; articulating rings on the pleomeres; development of prominent epimeres; and orientation of the chelipeds. Rather, E. praecursor must be referred to its own superfamily and family within Infraorder Anomura.
Patterns of cancer mortality among Native Americans

BACKGROUND Native Americans have been reported to have lower cancer incidence and mortality than other racial groups in the U.S., although some have questioned whether this was due to racial misclassification. This study provides improved estimates of cancer mortality, determined from a sampling of people who live on Indian reservations. METHODS The authors reviewed death certificates from U.S. counties that contain Indian lands, excluding certain areas with known problems of racial misclassification. Age-adjusted mortality rates for specific types of cancer were calculated using U.S. Census population figures, and these rates were compared with rates for all races in the U.S. RESULTS This sample included 38% of the American Indian and Alaska Native populations. The age-adjusted annual mortality rate for all cancers combined was 148.2 per 100,000 for both genders, 133.1 for females, and 167.2 for males. The rates for males and for both genders combined, but not for females, were significantly lower than the U.S. rates for all races (P < 0.05). Females had significantly lower rates of death from carcinoma of the lung and breast and significantly higher rates of death from carcinoma of the cervix and gallbladder (P < 0.05). Males had significantly lower rates of death from carcinoma of the lung, colon, and prostate, and significantly higher rates of liver carcinoma. Both genders combined had significantly lower rates of death from lung and colon carcinoma and significantly higher rates of death from stomach, liver, kidney, and gallbladder carcinoma. Geographic differences were substantial, with the Northern and Plains regions experiencing much higher mortality from lung, colon, and breast carcinoma than the Southwest region. CONCLUSIONS Compared with the general U.S. population, Native Americans experience quite different patterns of cancer mortality. Cancer prevention and control programs should be designed specifically for this minority population. [See editorial on pages 2247-50, this issue.] Cancer 1998;83:2377-2383. © 1998 American Cancer Society.
Halogen Precursor Route to Poly[(2,3-diphenyl-p-phenylene)vinylene] (DP-PPV): Synthesis, Photoluminescence, Electroluminescence, and Photoconductivity

Thin films of poly[(2,3-diphenyl-p-phenylene)vinylene] (DP-PPV) have been prepared via a chlorine precursor route (CPR). This involves the polymerization of 1,4-bis(chloromethyl)-2,3-diphenylbenzen...
Neuroendocrine correlates of chronic fatigue syndrome: A brief review

Chronic fatigue syndrome remains one of the more perplexing syndromes in contemporary clinical medicine. One approach to understanding this condition has been to acknowledge its similarities to other disorders of clearer pathophysiology. In this review, a rationale for the study of neurodocrine correlates of chronic fatigue syndrome is presented, based in part on the clinical observation that asthenic or fatigue states share many of the somatic symptom characteristics seen in recognized endocrine disorders. Of additional interest is the observation that psychological symptoms, particularly disturbances in mood and anxiety, are equally prominent in this condition. At this time, several reports have provided replicated evidence of disruptions in the integrity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. It is notable that the pattern of the alteration in the stress response apparatus is not reminiscent of the well-understood hypercortisolism of melancholic depression but, rather, suggests a sustained inactivation od central nervous system components of this system. Recent work also implicates alterations in central serotonergic tone in the overall pathophysiology of this finding. The implications of these observations are far from clear, but they highlight the fact that, though chronic fatigue syndrome overlaps with the well-described illness category of major depression, these are not identical clinical conditions.
Algorithms for ray class groups and Hilbert class fields

This paper analyzes the complexity of problems from class field theory. Class field theory can be used to show the existence of infinite families of number fields with constant root discriminant. Such families have been proposed for use in lattice-based cryptography and for constructing error-correcting codes. Little is known about the complexity of computing them. We show that computing the ray class group and computing certain subfields of Hilbert class fields efficiently reduce to known computationally difficult problems. These include computing the unit group and class group, the principal ideal problem, factoring, and discrete log. As a consequence, efficient quantum algorithms for these problems exist in constant degree number fields.
Using Virtual Reality with and without Gaming Attributes for Academic Achievement.

AbstractA subcategory of computer-assisted instruction (CAI), games have additional attributes such as motivation, reward, interactivity, score, and challenge. This study used a quasi-experimental design to determine if previous findings generalize to non simulation-based game designs. Researchers observed significant improvement in the overall population for math skills in the non-game CAI control condition, but not in the game-based experimental condition. The study found no meaningful, significant differences in language arts skills in any of the conditions. This finding has implications for the design of future learning games, suggesting that a simulation-based approach should be integrated into the gaming technology.
Opinion research in Indian country

Abstract This ethnographic study of Dakota (Sioux) reservation residents describes the principal features of traditional Dakota culture, and, within limits, the features of other American Indian cultures; shows how those features can impede the collection and meaningful interpretation of opinion data; and suggests how researchers, reporters, marketers, and commentators might more effectively access American Indian communities to collect reliable, valid opinion data. Drawing on psychology, psychoanalysis, and cultural anthropology, the paper blends practical suggestions for survey research and interpretation with a theoretical delineation of the principal differences, and underlying connections, between Native and White world views.
Measuring quality of life in low-income, Spanish-speaking Puerto Ricans with type 2 diabetes residing in the mainland U.S

Purpose This study assessed the psychometric properties of the Audit of Diabetes-Dependent Quality of Life (ADDQoL) modified for low-income, low-education, Spanish-speaking Puerto Ricans with type 2 diabetes residing in the northeastern United States.
Variance and lower partial moment betas as bases for costing equity capital among regulated utilities

An important question in the setting of public utility rates is, ‘What constitutes a fair rate of return or cost of equity capital for a regulated utility?’ Recent debates over this issue have centred on the CAPM's ability to produce realistic equity cost figures for use in the rate-setting process. Several researchers recommend modified or expanded versions of the market model as a means of improving its predictive capabilities. One such approach is the lower partial moment model. The purpose of the present paper is to assess the robustness of the lower partial moment model relative to the conventional CAPM as a basis for estimating the cost of a utility company's equity capital. The hypothesis that empirical estimates of the LPM beta tend to overestimate the true systematic risk of utility companies was corroborated by our test results.
Thermally driven tall cavity flows in porous media

Thermally driven flows in a two-dimensional rectangular cavity filled with a fluid-saturated porous medium are considered when the applied temperature difference is perpendicular to the gravity vector. The flow depends on two non-dimensional parameters, the Darcy-Rayleigh number A and the cavity aspect ratio h (height/length). Steady motion is generated by maintaining the vertical sidewalls at different constant temperatures and the present study is concerned with the limit of large aspect ratio, h $\rightarrow \infty $, where nonlinear convective flow occurs near each end of the cavity. This flow is analysed by asymptotic methods for small and large values of A and is computed numerically for other values of A. Predictions of the heat transfer across the cavity are obtained and are compared with the results of full numerical simulations.
Predicting visual comfort in side-lit open-plan core zones: Results of a field study pairing high dynamic range images with subjective responses

Abstract Transmitting sufficient daylight to core zones while maintaining a visually comfortable work environment is critical for the effective use of daylight to reduce lighting energy and enhance indoor environmental quality. Although a range of indicators exists to predict visual comfort from windows, data comparing indicators with occupant subjective data collected from the core zones of daylit buildings are limited. This paper presents results from a study conducted in the core zones of a side-lit office building located in San Francisco, California. Subjective measurements of visual comfort were collected using a repeated-measures study design involving (N = 14) participants over 2 weeks under clear sky conditions. Desktop polling devices were used to pair subjective data with concurrent luminance measurements acquired from high dynamic range (HDR) imaging cameras, resulting in a total of 523 observations. Single-variable logistic regression models generated from paired physical and subjective data were used to examine and rank 15 indicators of visual discomfort. Discomfort indicators based on luminance contrast ratios and absolute measures were found to be more effective than glare metrics or the more basic measures of vertical or horizontal illuminance. Results are compared and discussed in context with existing guidance for measuring and assessing discomfort glare.
The Trend in SLD Enrollments and the Role of RTI

Based on the latest U.S. Department of Education data, this article presents the enrollment figures for students identified with specific learning disabilities (SLD) under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) for the school years from 1995-1996 to 2011-2012. The figures for each year are (a) the number of students with SLD ages 6 to 21, (b) the percentage in relation to students classified under all of the IDEA classifications, and (c) the percentage in relation to total K-12 school enrollments. The discussion examines these trends and explores the possible reasons for them.
A two-path bandpass /spl Sigma//spl Delta/ modulator for digital IF extraction at 20 MHz

Oversampled bandpass A/D converters based on sigma-delta (/spl Sigma//spl Delta/) modulation can be used to robustly digitize the types of narrowband intermediate frequency (IF) signals that arise in radios and cellular systems. This paper proposes a two-path architecture for a fourth-order, bandpass modulator that is more tolerant of analog circuit limitations at high sampling speeds than conventional implementations based on the use of switched-capacitor biquadratic filters. An experimental prototype employing the two-path topology has been integrated in a 0.6-/spl mu/m, single-poly, triple-metal CMOS technology with capacitors synthesized from a stacked metal structure. Two interleaved paths clocked at 40 MHz digitize a 200-kHz bandwidth signal centered at 20 MHz with 75 dB of dynamic range while suppressing the undesired mirror image signal by 42 dB. At low input signal levels, the mixing of spurious tones at DC and f/sub s//2 with the input appears to degrade the performance of the modulator; out-of-band sinusoidal dither is shown to be an effective means of avoiding this degradation. The experimental modulator dissipates 72 mW from a 3.3 V supply.
A crossed-flow pulsed corona reactor

Summary form only given. The chemical radicals created during an atmospheric-pressure partial discharge have been shown to be beneficial in the abatement of a variety of gaseous pollutants. These pollutants range from the nitrides of oxygen present in diesel engine exhaust to fluorinated and chlorinated compounds entrained in semiconductor process tool effluent. Despite promising technical advances in the electrical and chemical efficiencies available from this nonthermal technique, achieving the treatment volumes and rates required in practical applications will require large, parallel combinations of existing reactor designs. The Pulsed Corona Reactor (PCR) is one device that is routinely used to create the requisite nonthermal plasma environment. In this device, a series of short-duration, fast-risetime high voltage pulses is applied between a central wire and a grounded outer tube to create a multitude of simultaneous streamer discharges that radially emanate from the central wire. Although simple, this geometry is problematic in accommodating higher treatment rates since the pollutant flow is introduced axially and complex manifolds will be required to direct the flow through numerous parallel reaction chambers. Furthermore, difficulty is anticipated in maintaining the axial alignment of the high voltage inner conductor in the long tubes over time. To solve this problem, the current work describes an alternative reactor geometry, referred to as the Crossed-Flow PCR, where the pollutant stream is introduced perpendicular to the wire-cylinder reaction chamber through the use of a perforated outer cylinder. The Crossed-Flow PCR has been implemented as part of a plasma-assisted catalysis investigation underway at the Institute for heavy-duty diesel exhaust aftertreatment. The performance of the reactor in a raw diesel exhaust environment will be discussed along with the NO/sub X/ removal efficiencies obtained when used in conjunction with a unique lean-NO/sub X/ catalyst.
A new algorithm for CMOS gate matrix layout

Efficient algorithms for CMOS gate matrix layouts which have fully utilized the duality between NMOS and PMOS are presented. Improper assumptions made by previous authors are pointed out. Problems which have prevented previous algorithms from reaching a real optimal result are discussed and solved. Significant improvements are achieved over previous algorithms. >
A rationale for large inertial fusion plants producing hydrogen for powering low emission vehicles

Summary form only given. The rationale for hydrogen production for IFE, (inertial fusion energy) stems from IFE's particularly strong economy-of-scale, and from an opportunity to exploit direct conversion of high-temperature plasma and vapor naturally produced in inertial fusion microexplosions. The strong economy-of-scale expected for IFE is a result of the fusion gain (fusion yield/driver energy) having a threshold with driver energy, leading to a minimum driver cost, so cost per unit power decreases with pulse repetition rate and with the number of reactors sharing on driver. Above average power outputs large enough that a steam cycle balance-of-plant (BoP) cost would dominate over the driver cost, further reductions in the cost of electricity and associated $/GJ of hydrogen produced by electrolysis can be realized if plasma direct conversion could be used which has lower BoP cost per thermal watt and at least comparable efficiency, compared to conventional steam cycles.
Project-based introductory electromagnetics course

A novel approach to teaching introductory EM is being developed at Miami University. Real-world projects are at the core of the course and the primary goal of it is to heighten students' interest to EM and awareness of its applicability in the modern engineering practice. Based on the initial student responses, these goals are being met successfully.
Country tobacco laws and article 11 of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: a review of tobacco packaging and labeling regulations of 25 countries

Urgent, evidence-based tobacco control efforts have been advocated by the WHO through the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) articles and guidelines. The level of implementation of these guidelines varies by country and region. This paper identifies areas of alignment and non-alignment of country tobacco laws with respect to the FCTC’s article 11 requirements, which lists guidelines for regulating tobacco packaging and labeling. Countries from each of the six WHO regions were ranked by number of smokers and 25 countries were selected, representing countries from all WHO regions with the highest number of smokers. A scoring guide based on the FCTC article 11 requirements was created and used to rank country tobacco laws and assess levels of alignment as well as identify common areas of weakness and strength. Across the countries examined, laws were generally strong in mandating the display of health warning messages on the front and back of cigarette packs and cartons. However, they were deficient in prohibiting the display of emission yields, and placing warnings at the top of the principal display area, as well as requiring health messages on tobacco’s negative social and economic outcomes. Country tobacco packaging and labeling laws can be strengthened by greater compliance with the FCTC article 11 guidelines.
Strange bedfellows: issues in object naming under Unix

Naming plays a key role in the design of any system that exports services or resources. Object systems may export many different categories of names: instances, components of records, types, etc. Operating systems export the names of files, devices, and services. Integrating an object base with existing operating system facilities can improve accessibility of the object base resources. We consider the benefits and pitfalls of integrating an object base namespace with the Unix namespace. >
Active base isolation of buildings subjected to seismic excitations

Structural control technology has been widely accepted as an effective means for the protection of structures against seismic hazards. Passive base isolation is one of the structural control techniques to enhance the performance of structures subjected to severe earthquake excitations. Isolation bearings employed at the base of a structure naturally increases its flexibility, but concurrently results in large base displacements. The combination of base isolation with active control, i.e. active base isolation, creates the possibility of achieving a balanced level of control performance in reductions of either floor accelerations or base displacements. Many theoretical papers have been written by researchers regarding active base isolation. A few experiments have been performed to verify these theories; however, challenges in appropriately scaling the structural system and modeling the complex nature of control-structure interaction (CSI) have limited the applicability of these results. This paper presents the development and experimental verification of an active base isolation system for a seismically excited building. First, the general problem formulation and control design procedure are provided. Subsequently, the experimental setup is described; unique features include low-friction pendular bearings and custom-manufactured low-force hydraulic actuators. A new system identification procedure that can effectively capture the phenomena of CSI is then presented and used to realize control-oriented models of the system. H 2 /LQG control strategies employing different performance objectives are developed and experimentally evaluated on a six degree-of-freedom shake table in the Smart Structures Technology Laboratory at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The proposed control strategies are shown to perform effectively for a wide range of seismic excitations.
Recognition of inversions of melodies and melodie contours

Inversions of brief melodies are more difficult to recognize than are transposed repetitions of those melodies. Distinguishing between transposed repetitions and repetitions in which only the melodie contour (the pattern of ups and downs) is repeated is very difficult, as is distinguishing between exact inversions and inversions of the melodie contour.
The road not taken: Women's life paths and gender-linked personality traits.

Abstract Key studies have established an association between women’s social roles and their midlife personalities. The current research expands our understanding by examining personality traits in midlife women who followed normative or non-normative life paths. The normative/non-normative distinction was based on two kinds of social roles that college-educated women undertook until midlife: work and family. Gender-linked personality traits were compared between (1) women in high status professions and women in moderate status professions; (2) women without children and women with children; and (3) single mothers and married mothers. Composite measures of gender linked traits, based on expert-identified Q-sort items, were used. Each non-normative social role group exhibited a different pattern of gender-linked personality traits inconsistent with conventional female gender roles.
Murine bone marrow stromal progenitor cells elicit an in vivo cellular and humoral alloimmune response.

Abstract Stromal progenitor cells (SPC) exhibit immunosuppressive effects in vitro that have led to speculation regarding their capacity to evade host immune recognition and to treat autoimmune diseases and gravt-versus-host disease. However, there is little in vivo experimental data to support these immunologic claims. To assess immune recognition of SPC in vivo, we evaluated the immune response of animals transplanted with SPC. C57BL/6 (B6) or Balb/c adult, murine, bone marrow-derived SPC (AmSPC) were administered by intraperitoneal injection into B6 recipients. T cell proliferation and alloantibody response was assessed from spleens and peripheral blood harvested from transplanted animals and analyzed by cell proliferation assay and flow cytometry. To assess tolerance induction, transplanted animals also received allogeneic skin grafts. Animals injected with allogeneic AmSPC mounted an accelerated CD4 response to alloantigen compared to syngeneic AmSPC injected and uninjected controls. Allogeneic AmSPC-injected animals also demonstrated high titers (≥1:1000) of antibody directed against allogeneic AmSPC targets. Animals primed with donor or host-matched AmSPC also failed to induce tolerance, and all animals exhibited rejection of allogeneic skin grafts (n = 7, P
Joint Learning Using Multiple Types of Data and Knowledge

This chapter discusses joint learning research in biomedical domains. A brief review of the field of joint learning research is given, with emphases on the large-scale data and knowledge resources used for learning and the central biological questions involved. Two representative joint learning case studies are presented with algorithmic details. The two case studies involved two representative joint learning tasks, protein function classification and regulatory network learning, and two important algorithmic frameworks for joint learning, the kernel-based framework and probabilistic graphical models. A wide range of biological data and existing knowledge was also involved in these two studies.