cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quechua-Spanish bilingualism

This book addresses how cross-linguistic interference is represented in the bilingual mind. Examining novel oral production data from older bilingual children representing two Quechua varieties, this research concludes that interference in the feature specification of functional categories leads to language change in a language contact situation, and links convergence, a common set of feature values for the same functional category in both languages to the activation of features related to the informational structure of the sentence. These mechanisms are illustrated in detail by the presence of overt determiners, canonical SVO word order and the absence of accusative marking in bilingual Quechua and by neutralization of case and gender distinctions in direct object pronouns as well as in the emergence of null pronouns with definite antecedents in bilingual Spanish.
Fast two-dimensional super-resolution image reconstruction algorithm for ultra-high emitter density.

Single-molecule localization microscopy achieves sub-diffraction-limit resolution by localizing a sparse subset of stochastically activated emitters in each frame. Its temporal resolution is limited by the maximal emitter density that can be handled by the image reconstruction algorithms. Multiple algorithms have been developed to accurately locate the emitters even when they have significant overlaps. Currently, compressive-sensing-based algorithm (CSSTORM) achieves the highest emitter density. However, CSSTORM is extremely computationally expensive, which limits its practical application. Here, we develop a new algorithm (MempSTORM) based on two-dimensional spectrum analysis. With the same localization accuracy and recall rate, MempSTORM is 100 times faster than CSSTORM with l(1)-homotopy. In addition, MempSTORM can be implemented on a GPU for parallelism, which can further increase its computational speed and make it possible for online super-resolution reconstruction of high-density emitters.
Potential of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy for Radiotherapy Planning

MRSI has the potential to provide metabolic evidence of tumor activity that may be an important guide for therapeutic decisions. The treatment planning process and treatment planning systems should therefore have the ability to incorporate both metabolic and anatomic data in order to determine appropriate target volumes. Many problems need to be addressed and much work needs to be done in order to determine the optimal way to incorporate indices of metabolic activity, especially in light of newer treatment techniques such as IMRT; however, it is the present author’s belief that strong consideration should be given to the incorporation of functional imaging into the treatment process for focal or boost treatments for brain and prostate tumors. Given the discrepancies that have been found between MRI and MRSI determinants of target volumes, the results of controlled dose escalation studies for malignant tumors of the brain that have used MRI-derived target volumes should also be reevaluated given the possibility that these volumes may have been suboptimally defined.
Mood Disorders, Delirium, and Other Neurobehavioral Symptoms and Disorders in the HAART Era

This chapter reviews of the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of the major psychiatric aspects of HIV infection, in addition to somatic symptoms such as sleep disorder, fatigue, sexual dysfunction, and HIV-associated lipodystrophy, all of which have substantial quality of life impact. Benzodiazepines should be avoided in patients with cognitive impairment and delirium. Delirium is common among hospitalized HIV/AIDS patients. Most studies documenting rates of delirium were conducted in the pre-highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era and were restricted to subsets of patients seen in psychiatric consultation. Sleep disorders, primarily insomnia disorders, are prevalent in the HIV-infected population. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is increasingly recognized as a significant comorbid condition that affects the clinical outcome of patients with substance abuse disorders and HIV disease. Fatigue is common among patients with HIV/AIDS and may contribute to impairment in physical function and disability. With the advent of nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) (e.g., zidovudine), nonnucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) (e.g., efavirenz), and PIs (e.g., indinavir) as part of HAART, there has been heightened interest in the issue of drug interactions in the context of HIV psychopharmacology. HIV-associated lipodystrophy is an increasingly recognized complication of prolonged treatment with HAART that may have significant impact on the psychological well-being and quality of life of those affected.
Behind the Mexican Mountains: Recent Developments and New Directions in Research on Uto-Aztecan Languages

Featuring considerable diversity and one of the oldest and richest traditions of historical and descriptive research in the Americas, Uto-Aztecan languages have played an important role in the development of general methods in linguistic classification and reconstruction and the development of typological and theoretical research. However, despite being one of the best-studied language families in the Americas, there are still important gaps in our knowledge about these languages. The goal of this paper is twofold: (i) to survey some recent developments in the study of Uto-Aztecan languages, and (ii) to outline some of the gaps in our knowledge and where new research on these languages is headed. This paper focuses on the Uto-Aztecan languages of Northern Mexico: although these languages have received growing attention in recent years, they remain largely under-described. And while they are still spoken by large and vibrant speech communities, the languages of this area are increasingly vulnerable to the escalating pressures imposed by the Spanish speaking population, making the task of carrying out deep and comprehensive language documentation both still possible and urgent. This paper argues that deepening our understanding of Uto-Aztecan languages, especially those of Northern Mexico, will not only positively contribute to community-based efforts of language maintenance, it will also provide crucial keys to linguistic typology, developing linguistic theories, as well as the reconstruction of the linguistic and cultural past of the Americas.
Balancing Beneficence and Autonomy

The disagreement between the psychiatric consultant and orthopedic team arises from their conflicting interpretations of the ethical principles of patient autonomy and physician beneficence in trea...
Enhanced Web Service Matchmaking: A Quality of Service Approach

With the increasing number of Web services, the Semantic Web research community is moving toward enhancing procedures so that clients may effectively discover appropriate Web services that maximally satisfy not only functional but also non-functional requirements. Using purely syntactic approaches to discover Web services has limited efficiency. Therefore, semantic matchmaking registries can play an important role in providing better results. However, most of the semantic registries make decisions based on only functional requirements. Due to the proliferation of Web services that have similar functionality, there is a need to further filter Web services according to Quality of Service (QoS) specifications. This work introduces a rich QoS ontology inspired from the World Wide Web Consortium that defines relationships among QoS attributes. The QoS attributes defined here are mainly used to define network related characteristics. However, the work can be extended by defining QoS ontologies for other domains. Additionally, we extend the test collection OWLS-TC according to the QoS ontology. The extension is intended to integrate quantified values for QoS attributes into Web service descriptions. A matchmaking algorithm based on similarity measurements is presented. Moreover, deterministic and adaptive parameter control techniques are introduced to guide the requester, when needed, to adjust QoS specifications so better similarity can be achieved. Parameter control algorithms integrate Pellet, an OWL reasoner, to reason about dependencies among QoS concepts in the QoS ontology.
Stabilized liquid membrane device (SLMD) for the passive, integrative sampling of labile metals in water

A stabilized liquid membrane device (SLMD) is described forpotential use as an in situ, passive, integrative samplerfor cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead(Pb), and zinc (Zn) in natural waters. The SLMD (patent pending)consists of a 2.5-cm-wide by 15-cm-long strip of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) layflat tubing containing 1 mL of an equalmixture (v/v) of oleic acid (cis-9-octadecenoic acid) and EMO-8Q (7-[4-ethyl-1-methyloctyl]-8-quinolinol). The reagentmixture continuously diffuses to the exterior surface of the LDPE membrane, and provides for sequestration of several divalent metals for up to several weeks. Depending on samplerconfiguration, concentration factors of several thousand canbe realized for these metal ions after just a few days. In addition to in situ deployment, the SLMD may be useful for laboratory determination of labile metal species in grab samples. Methods for minimizing the effects of water flow onthe sampling rate are currently under investigation.
Can we create a stable international financial environment that ensures net resource transfers to developing countries

The response to increasingly frequent financial crises has concentrated on the governance of financial institutions and markets through the introduction of best practice norms to make them more robust. However, this approach may simply repeat the financial history of persistent crisis if Hyman Minsky's idea that financial crises are endemic and endogenous to the system is correct. This paper suggests an alternative balance sheet management approach to improve financial stability of developing countries recipient of large capital inflows.
Superconducting RF Cavity Frequency and Field Distribution Sensitivity Simulation

Frequency and electromagnetic field distribution sensitivity of a superconducting RF (SRF) cavity are the fundamental phyical paramethers in cavity and tuner design. At low temperature, the frequency sensitivity can be obtained by measuring prototype cavity, but it is not easy to test the filed distribution sensitivity. This paper presents and describes a simulation method combining ANSYS and SUPERFISH to calculate the cavity frequency and field distribution variation due to cavity’s small deformation caused by mechanical force, radiation force, thermal expansion etc.. As an example, the simulation results of the frequency and field flatness sensitivity on the SNS cavities were confirmed by their test results.
Voltage dependence of the surface-molecule line in the enhanced raman spectrum of several nitrogen containing compounds

Abstract The Raman Spectra of nitrogen-containing compounds adsorbed on a silver electrode show a band in the 240 cm −1 region which has been attributed to the AgN stretching vibration of the surface bond. We have found this band to be particularly intense for some biologically important molecules such as guanine, adenine, inosine, glutamine, glycine, and β-alanine in 0.2M KCl solutions. The 240 cm −1 band shifts to lower wave numbers as the electrode potential of the silver electrode vs. saturated calomel electrode is moved from about −0.1 to −0.7 V in a potentiostated system. The square of the frequency of the band is found to be directly proportional to the electrode potential. The intensity and linewidths are also a strong function of the potential. A theory to explain this effect has been derived based on the effect of electric field in the double layer on the dipole moment of the adsorbed molecule. The overall force constant of the Ag-N stretching vibration is shown to depend on three contributions: (a) the force constant in the absence of the field, (b) a term due to the imaging of the molecule in the electrode, and (c) a term which depends on discreteness of charge of the specifically adsorbed anions. The latter term is a function of the electrode potential and gives rise to the observed shift of the Raman band.
The Kinetics of Cooperative Cofilin Binding Reveals Two States of the Cofilin-Actin Filament

The interaction of cofilin with actin filaments displays positive cooperativity. The equilibrium binding and associated thermodynamic properties of this interaction are well described by a simple, one-dimensional Ising model with nearest neighbor interactions. Here we evaluate the kinetic contributions to cooperative binding and the ability of this model to account for binding across a wide range of cofilin concentrations. A Monte Carlo-based simulation protocol that allows for nearest-neighbor interactions between adjacent binding sites was used to globally fit time courses of human cofilin binding to human nonmuscle (β-, γ-) actin filaments. Several extensions of the one-dimensional Ising model were tested, and a mechanism that includes isomerization of the actin filament was found to best account for time courses of association as well as irreversible dissociation from a saturated filament. This model predicts two equilibrium states of the cofilin-actin, or cofilactin, filament, and the resulting set of binding parameters are in agreement with equilibrium thermodynamic parameters. We conclude that despite its simplicity, this one-dimensional Ising model is a reliable model for analyzing and interpreting the energetics and kinetics of cooperative cofilin-actin filament interactions. The model predicts that severing activity associated with boundaries between bare and decorated segments will not be linear, but display a transient burst at short times on cofilin activation then dissipate due to a kinetic competition between severing activity and cofilin binding. A second peak of severing activity is predicted to arise from irreversible cofilin dissociation on inactivation. These behaviors predict what we believe to be novel mechanisms of cofilin severing and spatial regulation of actin filament turnover in cells. The methods developed for this system are generally applicable to the kinetic analysis of cooperative ligand binding to linear polymers.
Atrial fibrillation in congestive cardiomyopathy: Echocardiographic and hemodynamic correlates

Previous studies have suggested an unexpectedly low incidence of atrial fibrillation in patients with congestive cardiomyopathy. To further investigate the incidence of chronic atrial fibrillation in these patients and its relationship to left atrial dimension and pressure, we retrospectively examined M-mode echocardiographic and cardiac catheterization data from 54 patients with idiopathic (n = 29) and ischemic (n = 25) congestive cardiomyopathy. The incidence of atrial fibrillation (17%) was surprisingly low given the degree of left atrial enlargement (51 ± 5 mm; mean ± SD) and left atrial hypertension (19 ± 8 mm Hg). In addition, there were no significant differences in left atrial pressure or left atrial dimension between those congestive cardiomyopathy patients in sinus rhythm and those in atrial fibrillation, nor was there a higher incidence of secondary mitral regurgitation in patients in atrial fibrillation. Comparisons were also made between congestive cardiomyopathy patients and 21 patients with primary mitral valve disease and atrial fibrillation. Left atrial pressure was not significantly different between these groups. However, the mean left atrial dimension of the patients with mitral valve disease (56 ± 8 mm) was greater (P < 0.01) than that of patients with idiopathic (51 ± 6 mm) or ischemic (50 ± 4 mm) cardiomyopathy in sinus rhythm and also greater (P = 0.07) than left atrial dimension (51 ± 6 mm) of congestive cardiomyopathy patients in atrial fibrillation. Furthermore, massive enlargement of the left atrium (greater than 60 mm) was a common feature of mitral valve disease (33% incidence) but occurred only rarely in congestive car-diomyopathy (5% incidence). We conclude that while left atrial volume and pressure loads may be important contributors to the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation, these factors are not sufficient to produce the arrhythmia in most patients with congestive cardiomyopathy. Other variables such as disease duration or the degree of atrial fibrosis or inflammation may also be important in determining which patients with left atrial enlargement will develop atrial fibrillation. Furthermore, massive left atrial enlargement (left atrial dimension > 60 mm) is rarely associated with ischemic or idiopathic congestive car-diomyopathy and suggests underlying primary mitral valve disease.
Interpersonal Relationships and Personal Space: Research Review and Theoretical Model'

This article reviews research concerning interpersonal distance as a function of interpersonal relationships, attraction, and reactions to spatial invasion. To integrate research findings, we propose a simple model, based on the idea that people seek an optimal distance from others that becomes smaller with friends and larger for individuals who do not expect to interact. The model describes comfort-discomfort as a function of interaction distance in three situations: interacting friends, interacting strangers, and strangers who do not expect interaction. These three personal space profiles are discussed in terms of qualifying variables, such as seated vs. standing interaction, sex composition of the dyad, intimacy of conversation topics, and situational variables.
The combining ratio of boric acid and alkali borate with mannitol

Abstract The composition of the complex formed by mannitol and borate was investigated by several methods. Linear relationships found between the H+ and mannitol concentrations (H3BO3 constant) and between pH and log [ H 3 BO 3 ] 1 2 [ mannitol ] for wide ranges of reactant concentrations indicate that H3BO3 and mannitol combine only in a 1:1 ratio and that H3BO3 is present in dilute solutions principally as a dimer. Titration data also suggest a complex having 1 mannitol/B. In aqueous sodium borate the quantities of mannitol required to maintain a prescribed pH as the solution volume is varied give the relationship expected for dimeric borate ion and a 1:1 combining ratio. The heat of complex formation also indicates a 1:1 ratio. The major complexing reaction thus appears to be the splitting of a borate dimer and the formation of 2 moles of a 1:1 complex. A complex with the widely accepted borospirane (di-diol) structure is not present in aqueous solutions.
Cervical disc disease in the athlete

The purpose of this article is to review the basic principles of cervical disc disease, and to outline strategies for the evaluation and treatment of this disorder. It is also intended to outline some guidelines regarding the difficult return-to-play decision for athletes with cervical disc disease.
Design and operation of a fully implantable SMA actuated implant for correcting short bowel syndrome

Short Bowel Syndrome (SBS) is medical condition characterized by insufficient small intestine length, leading to improper nutrient absorption and significant mortality rates. The complications of current treatment methods have encouraged the development of a novel treatment method based on mechanotransduction, the process through which mechanical tensile loading induces longitudinal growth of intestine. Animal based studies with simple extension devices have demonstrated the potential of the treatment to grow healthy bowel, but an implantable device suitable for clinical use remains undeveloped. This paper presents the development of an instrumented fully implantable bowel extender based upon a shape memory alloy driven linear ratchet that can be controlled and monitored remotely. The overall bowel extender system is described with respect to specifications for pig experimental tests. The functionality of the mechanical and electrical subsystems of the device are detailed and experimentally validated on the bench top, in segments of living bowel tissue removed from a pig, and in cadaveric pigs. Mechanical loading characteristics and safe load limits on bowel tissue are identified. Results from these experiments establish the readiness of the device to be tested in living pigs, enabling studies to move one step closer to clinical studies.
Dietary modernization in Finland: Case study of a national food system

(1992). Dietary modernization in Finland: Case study of a national food system. Ecology of Food and Nutrition: Vol. 27, No. 3-4, pp. 319-333.
A Content Analysis of the Prevalence and Portrayal of Sexual Activity in Adolescent Literature

Most research on sexual content in the media has focused on visual images such as those in TV, film, advertisements, and magazines. However, researchers have largely overlooked sexual content in novels. The popularity of novels and the potential for such literature to educate teens on sexual behaviors merits a closer examination into the sexual messages contained in popular adolescent literature. This study content analyzes the top 40 novels targeting adolescents. Results show that adolescent novels are replete with sex-related information, especially in novels targeted to girls. These sexual behaviors range from passionate kissing and romantic ideation to sexual intercourse. Over one third of the instances focus on references to sex, suggestive innuendos, or sexual descriptions; and an additional one third of sexual behavior involved sexual affection in the form of passionate kissing, intimate touching, and playful sexual behavior. Across the 40 books, there were 56 instances of sexual intercourse, most ...
Abstract A234: In vivo RNAi screening to identify major players in pancreatic tumor maintenance and growth.

Pancreatic cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death in the United States and no effective therapeutic options are currently available. The lethality of pancreatic cancer, due to the aggressiveness of the disease and the lack of effective treatment, underscores the urgency for a clinical solution. Nevertheless the multiple failures suffered in clinical trials involving diverse compounds and approaches point to the necessity of a better understanding of the disease, in particular of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying tumor development and progression. We aim to identify new therapeutic targets for pancreatic cancer treatment by performing in vivo RNAi screens, either in combination with Gemcitabine treatment to isolate modulators of drug response or without any treatment seeking for genes that play a fundamental role in tumor growth and maintenance. Our model system is a cancer cell line derived from a genetically engineered mouse model that develops spontaneous pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) after activation of a kras mutant (G12D) allele concomitantly with the deletion of the tumor suppressor p53 specifically in the pancreas. This cell line can be effectively transplanted orthotopically in syngeneic mice and preliminary data suggest that we can represent about 3.000 hairpins out of 10.000 per tumor when injecting 30.000 cells orthotopically in the pancreas in the absence of chemotherapy. Genes with established function in pancreatic cancer like Claudin4 and PDGFR scored as hits in the screening, and about 8 more were selected for further validation. In addition, our data show that the transplanted tumors are partially resistant to Gemcitabine treatment in vivo, despite the in vitro sensitivity, which indicate that the system is suitable for a synthetic lethal screen. We have established a model system suitable for in vivo screening in pancreatic cancer, either with or without chemotherapy. We challenged the complexity of pancreatic cancer by functional screening in order to focus our attention on potential key player of tumor progression with plausible clinical relevance. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):A234. Citation Format: Silvia Fenoglio, Yadira Soto-Feliciano, Gregory Hannon, Michael Hemann. In vivo RNAi screening to identify major players in pancreatic tumor maintenance and growth. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2013 Oct 19-23; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A234.
A New Generalized “Exposure-Based” Segregation Index Demonstration in Denver and Houston

Interest is growing in the neighborhood segregation of Hispanics as well as blacks in U.S urban areas. This article shows how “exposure-based” or p* indexes of segregation may be generalized for analyses of the segregation of three or more groups, and demonstrates the application of the “generalized segregation index” in the Denver and Houston regions. Exposure-based segregation indexes measure the degree to which a group is geographically exposed to (or isolated from) other groups in neighborhoods. Exposure-based indexes are believed by many to be of somewhat greater relevance for fair housing policy than is the index of dissimilarity.
Verification of time partitioning in the DEOS scheduler kernel

This paper describes an experiment to use the Spin model checking system to support automated verification of time partitioning in the Honeywell DEOS real-time scheduling kernel. The goal of the experiment was to investigate whether model checking could be used to find a subtle implementation error that was originally discovered and fixed during the standard formal review process. To conduct the experiment, a core slice of the DEOS scheduling kernel was first translated without abstraction from C++ into Promela (the input language for Spin). We constructed an abstract “test-driver” environment and carefully introduced several abstractions into the system to support verification. Several experiments were run to attempt to verify that the system implementation adhered to the critical time partitioning requirements. During these experiments, the known error was rediscovered in the time partitioning implementation. We believe this case study provides several insights into how to develop cost-effective methods and tools to support the software design and implementation review process.
Robust joint estimation of location and scale parameters in ranked set samples

A robust estimator is developed for the location and scale parameters of a location-scale family. The estimator is defined as the minimizer of a minimum distance function that measures the distance between the ranked set sample empirical cumulative distribution function and a possibly misspecified target model. We show that the estimator is asymptotically normal, robust, and has high efficiency with respect to its competitors in literature. It is also shown that the location estimator is consistent within the class of all symmetric distributions whereas the scale estimator is Fisher consistent at the true target model. The paper also considers an optimal allocation procedure that does not introduce any bias due to judgment error classification. It is shown that this allocation procedure is equivalent to Neyman allocation. A numerical efficiency comparison is provided.
Team Resource Foraging in Event-Driven Task Environments:

Although applied in a number of fields (including information science and human-computer interaction), foraging theory has not been used to study role differentiated team dynamics in an event driven environment. Many critical assumptions must be modified and the operational definitions must be enhanced for the theory to be applied in these more complex settings. This paper focuses on research developments leading to conceptual elaborations and expansions of the resource foraging framework, in order to address team-based resource acquisition and utilization strategies. The additional foraging concepts and definitions presented in this paper derive from the authors' research in spaceflight operations and healthcare delivery environments. In the authors' current healthcare research, appropriate resource foraging strategies vary dramatically based on specific healthcare setting, team structure, and other factors. These findings help to empirically validate the expanded construct of resource foraging by teams. Language: en
A role for the ovaries in maturational processes of hypothalamic neurons containing luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone.

The role of the ovaries in the maturation of the hypothalamic LHRH neuron has been investigated. Female rats were castrated at 4 weeks of age, and the subcellular distribution as weLl as the content of LHRH in the hypothalamic homogenates was analyzed 2.5, 12, and 20 weeks after ovariectomy. Hypothalami were homogenized in an isoosmotic sucrose solution, and a 900 X g supernatant fluid was prepared. Free granules and synaptosomes containing LHRH were separated by means of continuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation. In hypothalamic homogenates of intact immature female rats, 35% of the LHRH was associated with free granules and 65% was associated with synaptosomes; in homogenates of adult rats, 57% of the LHRH was associated with free granules and 43% was associated with synaptosomes. Ovariectomy did not alter the postnatal changes in the fractional distribution of LHRH between these two subcellular compartments The LHRH content of the hypothalamus as well as the amount of LHRH sequestered in free ...
Evaluating a Three-Dimensional Slot Design for the Combustor-Turbine Interface

As turbine inlet temperatures are pushed ever higher in an attempt to improve efficiency and power, it has become critical to cool component surfaces. One surface that is particularly difficult to treat because of the complex flow field that surrounds it is the nozzle guide vane endwall. Past studies have indicated that leakage bypass flow emerging from the combustor-turbine junction may be effectively harnessed for cooling purposes. When combined with endwall film-coolant injection, component service life may be significantly extended. This paper presents results from a computational study investigating a three-dimensional slot geometry at the combustor-turbine interface. The downstream edge of the slot was scalloped using a simple periodic function intended to enhance thermal benefit to the endwall by manipulating coolant distribution. Effects of varying the slot geometry amplitude and phase were investigated along with the slot nominal width and upstream distance from the vane. Initial results indicate dramatic effects can be realized depending upon the scalloping used.© 2009 ASME
Quantum Tunneling in the Midrange Vibrational Fundamentals of Tropolone

The Fourier transform infrared spectrum of tropolone(OH) vapor in the 1175-1700 cm-1 region is reported at 0.0025 and 0.10 cm-1 spectral resolutions. The 12 vibrational fundamentals in this region of rapidly rising vibrational state density are dominated by mixtures of the CC, CO, CCH, and COH internal coordinates. Estimates based on the measurement of sharp Q branch peaks are reported for 11 of the spectral doublet component separations DSv =|?v ? ?0|, ?0 = 0.974 cm-1 is the known zero-point splitting, and three a1 modes show tunneling splittings ?v ? ?0, four b2 modes show splittings ?v ? 0.90?0, and the remaining four modes show splittings ?v falling 5-14% from ?0. Significantly, the splitting for the nominal COH bending mode v8 (a1) is small, that is, 10% from ?0. Many of the vibrational excited states demonstrate strong anharmonic behavior, but there are only mild perturbations on the tautomerization mechanism driving ?0. The data suggests, especially for the higher frequency a1 fundamentals, the onset of selective intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution processes that are fast on the time scale of the tautomerization process. These appear to delocalize and smooth out the topographical modifications of the zero-point potential energy surface that are anticipatedmore » to follow absorption of the vv photon. Further, the spectra show the propensity for the ?v splittings of b2 and other complex vibrations to be damped relative to ?0.« less
Paclitaxel, Carboplatin, and trastuzumab.

COMMENTS The paclitaxel, carboplatin, and trastuzumab regimen was designed to couple the antitumor activity shown by the combination of paclitaxel and carboplatin1-3 with the synergistic activity seen between trastuzumab and other platinum agents.4 Both weekly3,5-9 and every 3 week3,7,10,11 administrations of the paclitaxel, carboplatin, and trastuzumab regimen have been studied. The weekly regimen is the focus of this review (Table 1).
Automatic quality assessment of JPEG and JPEG 2000 compressed images

A novel figure-of-merit (FOM) for automatically quantifying the types of artifacts that appear in compressed images was investigated. This FOM is based on task specific linear combinations of magnitude, frequency and 'localized' structure information derived from difference images. For each elemental diagnostic task (e.g., detection of microcalcifications) a value is calculated as the weighted linear combination of the output of an array of filters, and the FOM is defined to be the maximum of these values, taken over all relevant diagnostic tasks. This FOM was tested by applying it to a previously assembled set of 60 mammograms that had been digitized and compressed at five different compression levels using our version of the original JPEG algorithm. The FOM results were compared to subjective assessments of image quality provided by nine radiologists. A subset consisting of 25 images was also processed with the JPEG 2000 algorithm and evaluated by the FOM. A significant correlation existed between readers' subjective ratings and FOMs for JPEG compressed images. A comparison between the results of the two compression algorithms reveals that, to achieve a comparable FOM level, the JPEG 2000 images were compressed at a bitrate that was typically 15% lower than that of images compressed with the original JPEG algorithm.
Role of hepatocytes in the uptake of IgA and IgA-containing immune complexes in mice

The role of parenchymal and nonparenchymal mouse liver cells in the uptake of polymeric IgA (pIgA) and pIgA-containing immune complexes (IC) of low mol. wt (less than 1 x 10(6)) was studied. As detected by immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy, pIgA were bound on the surface of isolated hepatocytes. Following the injection of radiolabeled pIgA or pIgA-IC into mice, the total radioactivity recovered from isolated liver cells was preferentially associated with parenchymal cells. The ability to inhibit the transport of pIgA and pIgA-IC by pIgA of an irrelevant specificity suggests that pIgA-IC and pIgA are bound and transported by the same mechanism. These results indicate that mouse hepatocytes are involved in the uptake and hepatobiliary transport of pIgA and pIgA-IC of low mol. wt.
The REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS).

See related article, pages 1171–1178 Congratulations to the REGARDS investigators on this initial report of results from this large and growing population-based study of stroke in the United States.1–3 The findings are not novel, showing what has been demonstrated previously in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES): that control of high blood pressure is not as frequent in blacks as in whites despite more frequent recognition and treatment of hypertension. Agreement with this previous study serves to validate REGARDS and to make more credible future results about stroke in the United States, especially in the stroke buckle and belt, which remain unexplained by the current analyses. Congratulations also to NINDS. Usually such studies involving careful follow-up of large populations of people come …
Measurement of capillary hematocrit by photometric techniques.

Abstract The quantitation of capillary hematocrit was approached by two photometric techniques. The first involved measurement of the average red cell velocity while at the same time counting the number of red cells which pass per unit time (red cell flux). The red cell flux (cells/sec) divided by the red cell velocity (mm/sec) provided a reading termed hematocrit index (cells/mm). This index represents the average number of red cells per unit length of the flow column passing the photo sensors. This method provides a continuous read-out of hematocrit and is generally applicable to low hematocrit vessels. However it is not appropriate in situations where rouleaux might occur or where two or more red cells might pass the sensors simultaneously. The second method involves measurement of capillary opacity which is a measure of the average light absorption by the blood column in the capillary. This average value is compared with the change produced when a red cell passes the sensor and is expressed as a fraction of the RBC opacity. This method is an off-line technique involving manual analysis but can be used in situations where capillary hematocrit is high and where the hematocrit index technique cannot be employed.
Hemin induces an iron-dependent, oxidative injury to human neuron-like cells

Hemin is released from hemoglobin after CNS hemorrhage and is present at high micromolar concentrations in intracranial hematomas. This highly reactive compound is potentially cytotoxic via a variety of oxidative and nonoxidative mechanisms. However, despite its clinical relevance, little is known of its effect on neuronal cells. In this study, we tested the hypotheses that hemin is toxic to human neurons at physiologically relevant concentrations and that its toxicity is iron dependent and oxidative. A homogeneous population of neuron-like cells was produced by sequential treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with retinoic acid and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, using the protocol of Encinas et al. Hemin exposure for 24 hr resulted in cell death that progressively increased between 3 and 30 μM (EC50 approximately 10 μM); protoporphyrin IX, the iron-free congener of hemin, was not toxic. Cell death commenced at 14 hr and was preceded by a marked increase in cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Most injury and ROS production were prevented by concomitant treatment with an equimolar concentration of the lipid-soluble iron chelator phenanthroline; the water-soluble chelator deferoxamine was also effective at concentrations of 0.1 mM or higher. Heme oxygenase-2 was constitutively expressed by these cells, and heme oxygenase-1 was induced by hemin. Heme oxygenase inhibition attenuated ROS generation and reduced injury by about one-third. Cell death was also prevented with the sulfhydryl reducing agents glutathione and mercaptoethanol. Nuclear morphology in the hours prior to cell lysis revealed a predominantly homogenous staining pattern; the percentage of fragmented nuclei was increased only at 4 hr and then accounted for only 1.45% ± 0.25% of cells. The general caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk had no effect on cell viability. These results suggest that hemin is toxic to human neuron-like cells at concentrations that are less than 3% of those observed in intracranial hematomas. In this model, its toxicity is iron dependent, oxidative, and predominantly necrotic. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Home-School Communication in the Treatment of Childhood Behavior Problems

There is a shortage of intervention strategies for children with behavior disorders which incorporate both home and school influences. To address this need, a service delivery model was evaluated for public school children (Pre-K through G2) who were at risk for educational failure on account of behavior problems, family dysfunction, and poverty and social disadvantage. Interventions based on eco-behavioral principles were delivered by home-visitors in consultation with clinical child psychologists. A primary goal of all treatment plans was to enhance parent-teacher communication. Children in the experimental group (N = 34) showed overall improvement (as judged by parents) and decreases in targeted problems (as reported by teachers and parents), relative to control students (N = 15). The program decreased the number of children placed in special education. There was indication that better communication between home and school related to academic improvement. The protocol provides a possible behavioral con...
Stability of passively mode-locked pulses in the fast absorber limit

We have reexamined the stability criterion derived by Haus in the analysis of a laser system which is passively mode locked by a fast saturable absorber. In his stability analysis, Haus required perturbations \delta\upsilon(t) of the form \delta\upsilon(t) = (sech (t/\tau_{p}))^{\nu} where τ p is the steady-state pulsewidth and ν is a parameter which is varied, to be stable and arrived at an approximate stability criterion. Upon numerical evaluation, Haus observed that the result was very close to the locus of apices separating the two branches of solutions, and proposed it as a stability criterion. Here we test the stability of arbitrary small perturbations and show that the result proposed by Haus is exact.
The dynamic efficiency of the Ramsey model with endogenous labour participation rate

This paper incorporates the hypothesis of labour participation rate into the Ramsey model. It is shown that the economy can be dynamically inefficient if the average productivity of capital is greater than the sum of the rate of time preference, the population growth rate, the depreciation rate and the marginal rate of substitution between labour and consumption. The modified golden rule holds when the wage rate is equal to the marginal rate of substitution between labour and consumption. However, there is no guarantee that it will happen, since labour supply is driven by capital allocation decisions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Personal documentation on a social network site: Facebook, a collection of moments from your life?

Social networking on the Web has become very popular in recent years. Used by more than 950 million people worldwide, Facebook is one of the most popular of these services. One interesting aspect of Facebook is that users can converse through various formats, including wall posts, photographs, Web links, music, and video clips of stories and interests surrounding their daily lives. This phenomenon raises an important question for archivists in regard to personal history on the Web: What are the new ways that contemporary people document their life stories? This study looks at Facebook activities from the perspectives of personal documentation. Using an online survey, this study investigates how Facebook content presents users themselves and their everyday stories, whether they perceive their activities of using Facebook as personal documentation, and what factors influence such activities. The findings of this study show the current status of Facebook usage. Facebook content indeed indicates information of self-presentation and personal documentation of everyday lives of users. Attitudes about and activeness on Facebook are the major factors that influence self-presentation and personal documentation activities on Facebook. Generic external factors, such as personal archiving in general, do not show strong associations with personal documentation activities as factors. Based on this understanding, we discuss the roles of information professionals and cultural heritage institutions in dealing with a new type of personal record on the Web.
Front-End Data Reduction in Computer-Aided Diagnosis of Mammograms: A Pilot Study

This paper presents the results of a pilot study whose primary objective was to further substantiate the efficacy of front-end data reduction in computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) of mammograms. This concept is realized by a preprocessing module that can be utilized at the front-end of most mammographic CAD systems. Based on fractal encoding, this module takes a mammo-graphic image as its input and generates, as its output, a collection of subregions called focus-of-attention regions (FARs). These FARs contain all structures in the input image that appear to be different from the normal background tissue. Subsequently, the CAD systems need only to process the presented FARs, rather than the entire input image. This accomplishes two objectives simultaneously: (1) an increase in throughput via a reduction in the input data, and (2) a reduction in false detections by limiting the scope of the detection algorithms to FARs only. The pilot study consisted of using the preprocessing module to analyze 80 mammographic images. The results were an average data reduction of 83% over all 80 images and an average false detection reduction of 86%. Furthermore, out of a total of 507 marked microcalcifications, 467 fell within FW, representing a coverage rate of 92%.
The role of flexure and extension in the synthesis of controllers for a rotating flexible beam

In this paper we develop a model to study the effect of axial extension and flexure on the synthesis of controllers for large maneuvers with a rotating beam. The primary objective of the study is to understand the extent to which the coupled effect of flexure and extension may be ignored.
Measurement of normal and reportedly malformed palatal vaults

Comparisons of measurements of palatal forms of adults with Down's syndrome with those of normal adults suggest that “high arched” or narrow palate is not characteristic of the syndrome. In addition, the palates of affected adults appear to be appreciably smaller in all dimensions than those of normal adults.
Triangular strictly cyclic operators

The title refers to an empty class of operators. Moreover, if T is a triangular Banach space operator, then either T is algebraic and the double commutant has infinite strict multiplicity, or T is not algebraic and the commutant has infinite strict multiplicity. A rationally strictly cyclic, but not strictly cyclic, operator cannot have finite strict multiplicity.
Dynamic window daylighting systems: Electropolymeric technology for solar responsive building envelopes

Human health and energy problems associated with the lack of control of sunlight in contemporary buildings have necessitated research into dynamic windows for energy efficient buildings. Existing window technologies have made moderate progress towards greater energy performance for facades but remain limited in their response to dynamic solar conditions, building energy requirements, and variable user preferences for visual comfort. Recent developments in electropolymeric display technology provide opportunities to transfer electroactive polymers to windows that can achieve high levels of geometric and spectral selectivity through the building envelope in order to meet the lighting, thermal and user requirements of occupied spaces. Experimental simulations that investigate daylight quality, energy performance, and architectural effects of electropolymeric glazing technology are presented.