cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Case for a FISA 'Special Advocate'

If one point of consensus has emerged in response to the disclosures of various U.S. foreign intelligence surveillance activities by former NSA contractor Edward Snowden, it is that Snowden’s disclosures have prompted a hitherto unimaginable public debate over the proper scope of the government’s surveillance authorities — and the efficacy of the largely secret oversight and accountability mechanisms Congress has designed and provided to oversee them. And although reasonable minds continue to differ as to the necessity for — and desirability of — specific reforms, one of the more common themes of these discussions has been the possibility of creating some kind of “special advocate,” a security-cleared lawyer or group of lawyers to argue against the government in adversarial proceedings before the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC) — the body charged with overseeing government surveillance undertaken pursuant to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (FISA).In the symposium article that follows, I aim to situate these proposals against their historical and constitutional backdrop. As this article explains, when the evolution of FISA and the FISC are properly understood, the importance of meaningful adversarial participation in at least some cases becomes manifest — not just in the abstract, but in a specific and carefully circumscribed form not currently reflected in any one reform proposal. Borrowing themes from several of the competing approaches, this article explains why the constitutional and prudential objections to such legislation that have been raised elsewhere can largely — if not entirely — be ameliorated through careful legislative drafting. And although the creation of a special advocate may not be a sufficient congressional response to the Snowden disclosures, we should at least have common cause that it is a necessary step, regardless of what other reforms, if any, Congress ultimately embraces.
Stable, low polarization resistance solid oxide fuel cell anodes: La 1-xSrxCr1-xFexO3-δ (x = 0.2-0.67)

The perovskite series, La1–xSrxCr1–xFexO3-δ (x = 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.67, LSCrFe), was synthesized and examined as both single phase and LSCrFe–Gd0.1Ce0.9O2-β (GDC) composite solid oxide fuel cell anodes in full cells with La0.9Sr0.1Ga0.8Mg0.2O3-e/La0.4Ce0.6O2 bilayer electrolytes. Each anode demonstrated marked improvement in polarization resistance compared to prior studies on Fe-free La1–xSrxCrO3-δ-based anodes and in stability compared to studies on more Fe-rich compositions. Higher Fe content anodes yielded lower polarization resistances, with the x = 0.67 anodes obtaining resistances of 0.275 Ω·cm2 for LSCrFe and 0.333 Ω·cm2 for LSCrFe-GDC in humidified H2 at 800 °C. The lower polarization resistance with increasing Fe content can be attributed to oxygen loss, which introduces significant ionic conductivity into these perovskites. Substitution of an intermediate amount of Fe and Sr into the perovskites can thus optimize anode performance.
Statistical hypothesis testing in biology: a contradiction in terms.

We respond to the preceding article by Perry (J. Econ. Entomol. 79: 1149–1155) concerning the subject of hypothesis testing and meaningful presentation of statistical analyses. We agree with Perry that indiscriminate use of statistical hypothesis testing should be discouraged. We also address and refute reasons often given to support continued emphasis on hypothesis testing. We conclude that biologists should take the responsibility for evaluating whether or not the magnitude of the difference between population parameters or treatment effects is biologically important, instead of merely testing for whether such a difference exists. We recommend that authors display the estimate of the difference and the confidence limit for this difference. These statistics, along with the standard error, contain the most information: their presentation provides the clearest and most meaningful format of the statistical analyses.
Effects of glucosamine, dibutyryl cyclic AMP and lymphocytes on retrobulbar fibroblast synthesis of hyaluronic acid.

SummaryWhen added to the media of cultures of retrobulbar fibroblasts, GlcN, a precursor of HA, increased the synthesis of, and was readily incorporated into, HA. The formation of GlcN by the fibroblasts appears to be rate limiting in the biosynthetic pathway of HA.Media enriched with GlcN potentiated the stimulations of HA production induced by lymphocytes and DbcAMP. The poten-tiation related to an expanded intracellular quantity of GlcN. Increasing the GlcN available to the fibroblasts resulted in a maximum HA synthesis which could be exceeded by the simultaneous presence of DbcAMP. There may be a cAMP-dependent step in HA synthesis subsequent to the formation of glucosamine.Dr. C. W. Castor provided valuable advice in the preparation of this manuscript. Expert technical assistance provided by Piyush Kothary, Deborah Weiker, and Howard Kirchick was greatly appreciated. The author is also pleased to acknowledge the expert editorial assistance of Cornelia Osborn.
Blocking of the virus-enhancing activity of 5-methyl-2-D-ribobenzimidazole (MRB).

SummaryDibutyryl-cyclic AMP (db-cAMP, 1 mM) limits the yield of influenza B (Lee) virus in the chorioallantoic membrane from 13-day-old embryonated chicken eggs. In membranes treated with 5-methyl-2-D-ribobenzimidazole (MRB, 3.5 mM), db-cAMP partially or completely blocks enhancement of virus yield by MRB. Eagle's spinner medium does not by itself affect virus yield compared to the yield in a simpler control medium, but it reduces the enhancing effect of MRB by more than 75%.The author thanks Miss Huguette Viguet for excellent technical assistance.
Forecasting the Subway Passenger Flow Under Event Occurrences With Social Media

Subway passenger flow prediction is strategically important in metro transit system management. The prediction under event occurrences turns into a very challenging task. In this paper, we adopt a new kind of data source—social media—to tackle this challenge. We develop a systematic approach to examine social media activities and sense event occurrences. Our initial analysis demonstrates that there exists a moderate positive correlation between passenger flow and the rates of social media posts. This finding motivates us to develop a novel approach for improved flow forecast. We first develop a hashtag-based event detection algorithm. Furthermore, we propose a parametric and convex optimization-based approach, called optimization and prediction with hybrid loss function (OPL), to fuse the linear regression and the results of seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) model jointly. The OPL hybrid model takes advantage of the unique strengths of linear correlation in social media features and SARIMA model in time series prediction. Experiments on events nearby a subway station show that OPL reports the best forecasting performance compared with other state-of-the-art techniques. In addition, an ensemble model is developed to leverage the weighted results from OPL and support vector machine regression together. As a result, the prediction accuracy and the robustness further increase.
DC induced streamers in n-hexane

The use of high speed photography has facilitated the capture of events that immediately precede electrical breakdown in insulating liquids. The events have been rendered visible by schlieren, shadowgraph, and scattered light systems [1–3]. In these studies, an impulse voltage was first applied, and then the camera or light source was triggered: thus enabling the event to be temporally located between voltage onset and the possible ensuing breakdown. For a continuously stressed dielectric it is difficult to predict when the breakdown process will begin. For such cases, prebreakdown studies are normally limited to the measurement of conduction current, light, and acoustic emissions [4–6]. If needle electrodes are used, a spraying process can sometimes be observed in the high field region. The spray has been identified as a field of bubbles streaming away from the electrode tip [4]. It has been postulated that the bubbles originate in a plasma, which acts as an extension of the needle tip, and that an instability can occur on its surface resulting in the development of a breakdown channel [7]. A recent study in this laboratory has revealed the dynamic nature of this process [8]: for a negative point polarity, the region has been identified as the formation and decay of discrete prebreakdown streamers. The work described here presents results for the positive point case, with additional negative point data to enable polarity effects to be delineated.
Detection and Characterization of OH Vibrational Modes using High Energy Resolution EELS

The recent detection of vibrational excitations in monochromated electron energy-loss spectroscopy recorded from scanning transmission electron microscopes has opened up new opportunities for nanoscale materials characterization [1]. The enhanced energy resolution has the greatest impact on the low-loss EELS and it is now possible to probe vibrational and electronic excitations at the nanometer level. For example, localized bandgap mapping and detection of interband states is now possible providing a new tool to correlate optical properties with atomic structure [2,3]. Vibrational spectroscopy allows hydrogen containing species to be identified and correlated with materials structure. Detection of water and OH species on nanoparticle surfaces is important for developing a fundamental understanding of solar water splitting catalysts. The delocalized nature of the low-loss spectrum also makes it possible to use the aloof beam spectral acquisition mode (i.e. with the electron probe positioned outside the sample) dramatically reducing electron beam damage. To investigate the feasibility of OH detection, a series of hydroxide and hydrates have been investigated.
Array invariant-based source localization in shallow water using a sparse vertical array

The array invariant proposed for robust source localization in shallow water exploits the beam-time migration of broadband signals. The approach requires minimal knowledge of the environment, but involves plane wave beamforming using a short-aperture vertical array in stratified acoustic waveguides. In this paper, the array invariant approach is extended to a large-aperture vertical array that is sparse with significant variation of the sound speed across the aperture for conventional beamforming. The extension is feasible because the array invariant in shallow water utilizes surface/bottom-reflected arrivals that behave like those in ideal waveguides. Robust source-range estimation is demonstrated using data from a 16-element, 56-m long vertical array at various ranges (1.5–3.5 km) from a broadband source (0.5–2 kHz) in approximately 100-m deep shallow water.
A New Technique to Estimate Sensible Heat Fluxes around Micrometeorological Towers Using Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems

AbstractUpscaling point measurements from micrometeorological towers is a challenging task that is important for a variety of applications, for example, in process studies of convection initiation, carbon and energy budget studies, and the improvement of model parameterizations. In the present study, a technique was developed to determine the horizontal variability in sensible heat flux H surrounding micrometeorological towers. The technique was evaluated using 15-min flux observations, as well as measurements of land surface temperature and air temperature obtained from small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS) conducted during a one-day measurement campaign. The computed H was found to be comparable to the micrometeorological measurements to within 5–10 W m−2. Furthermore, when comparing H computed using this technique with H determined using large-eddy simulations (LES), differences of <10 W m−2 were typically found. Thus, implementing this technique using observations from sUAS will help determine sensib...
Analysis of the propylene epoxidation mechanism on supported gold nanoparticles

Abstract The direct propylene epoxidation reaction has been investigated experimentally in the past by several different groups, and gold-based catalysts tend to provide high selectivity for propylene oxide, but the conversion is relatively low. Models that can connect the atomistic catalytic details to the observed experimental data are desired, in order to identify new catalyst structures and formulations. While electronic structure calculations have been used to quantify some of the key reaction steps in the direct propylene epoxidation reaction, atomistic models for translating this information into more experimentally-relevant data are needed. Here, kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations are used to bridge this gap in the modeling hierarchy. Relevant data from previous experiments and electronic structure calculations are used to parameterize a KMC model for predicting propylene oxide production from an Au/TiO2/SiO2 catalyst. The model connects the H2/O2-related reactions occurring on the Au sites with the epoxidation step on the isolated Ti surface sites. In addition, the composition in the bulk gas phase is synchronized with the dynamic reaction events occurring on the surface. The KMC model is able to adequately reproduce the experimental trends with respect to temperature and different reactant partial pressures. However, this is only achieved by considering the re-adsorption of trace amounts of the oxidant (H2O2) from the gas phase, versus merely assuming that desorbed species are immediately swept away in the gas stream.
The Middle and Late Neolithic Periods of China: Major Themes, Unresolved Issues, and Suggestions for Future Research

This chapter discusses interpretations of evidence about settlement patterns, development of urbanism, ritual activities, and craft goods from the Middle and Late Neolithic Periods of China. The focus is on sites from the central Yellow River Valley, lower Yellow River Valley, central Yangzi River Valley, and lower Yangzi River Valley. It makes suggestions for future research and argues for intensive studies of individual regions in order to highlight variation in political, economic, and social organization.
Contagion Effect on Traditional Versus Innovative Products: Role of Consistency in “Essence” Transfer Process: An Abstract

This paper examines the contagion effect – perceived transfer of essence from the original manufacturing location – on traditional versus innovative products. Based on the concept of contagion and consistency, I introduce interference theory which states that consumers develop a sense of product essence by evaluating consistent product features over time. Accordingly, new products in product categories without much change are prone to a contagion effect in which consumers expect the essence to be retained. In contrast, product categories with great variability in product features over time are less likely to develop this essence. In these categories, the contagion effect is null, and consumers are receptive to radical and disruptive new product features. Thus the reception to totally radical innovation in a product category is explained by the contagion phenomenon.
Rapid, direct activity assays for Smoothened reveal Hedgehog pathway regulation by membrane cholesterol and extracellular sodium.

Hedgehog signaling specifies tissue patterning and renewal, and pathway components are commonly mutated in certain malignancies. Although central to ensuring appropriate pathway activity in all Hedgehog-responsive cells, how the transporter-like receptor Patched1 regulates the seven-transmembrane protein Smoothened remains mysterious, partially due to limitations in existing tools and experimental systems. Here we employ direct, real-time, biochemical and physiology-based approaches to monitor Smoothened activity in cellular and in vitro contexts. Patched1–Smoothened coupling is rapid, dynamic, and can be recapitulated without cilium-specific proteins or lipids. By reconstituting purified Smoothened in vitro, we show that cholesterol within the bilayer is sufficient for constitutive Smoothened activation. Cholesterol effects occur independently of the lipid-binding Smoothened extracellular domain, a region that is dispensable for Patched1–Smoothened coupling. Finally, we show that Patched1 specifically requires extracellular Na+ to regulate Smoothened in our assays, raising the possibility that a Na+ gradient provides the energy source for Patched1 catalytic activity. Our work suggests a hypothesis wherein Patched1, chemiosmotically driven by the transmembrane Na+ gradient common to metazoans, regulates Smoothened by shielding its heptahelical domain from cholesterol, or by providing an inhibitor that overrides this cholesterol activation.
Modifying Hernia Mesh Design to Improve Device Mechanical Performance and Promote Tension-Free Repair

Abstract Purpose Approximately 348,000 ventral hernia repairs are performed annually in the United States and the incisional hernia recurrence rate is approximately 20% as a result of suture and mesh device failure. Device failure is related to changes at the suture/tissue interface that leads to acute or chronic suture pull-through and surgical failure. To better manage mechanical tension, we propose a modified mesh design with extensions and demonstrate its mechanical superiority. Methods Comparative uniaxial static tensile testing was conducted on polypropylene suture and a modified mesh. Subsequently, a standard of care (SOC) mesh and modified mesh were evaluated using a tensometer in an acute hernia bench-top model. Results Modified mesh breaking strength, extension knot breaking strength, extension disruption, and extension anchoring were superior to suture (p Conclusions Testing demonstrates that the modified mesh outperforms SOC mesh and suture in all tested failure modes. SOC hernia mesh tears through tissue at stress levels below maximum physiologic stress, whereas, the modified hernia mesh is up to 200% stronger than SOC mesh at resisting suture tearing through tissue and maintains anchoring at stresses far beyond clinically relevant benchmarks. Modifying hernia mesh design significantly improves device mechanical performance and enhances tension-free repair.
Design and Cold Tests of Asymmetric Quasioptical Resonators

This paper presents the design and test of asymmetric quasioptical resonators for gyrotron applications, where most of the diffraction output coupling comes from the smaller of two mirrors. A computer code based on scalar diffraction theory is used to calculate the resonator losses and the electric field near the mirrors. Resonators with mirror separations approaching confocal have reduced side lobes in the diffraction patterns, which should allow for better power transmission and focusing. Cold tests have been performed at 94 and 141 GHz to measure the quality factor of the asymmetric resonators as a function of mirror separation and mirror misalignment. Typical resonator parameters include 65 cm mirror separation, 1-3% output coupling and 85% of the losses from the small mirror. A half-symmetric resonator with one flat and one curved mirror has also been investigated. The calculated values of Q are in reasonably good agreement with the cold test measurements.
Development and Depression

Clinicians and researchers now generally agree that children can become depressed (Kovacs, 1989). Several important developmental questions remain, however, including whether and in what ways childhood and adult depression differ, and what accounts for these differences; that is, are there developmental differences in depression and if so, with respect to what aspects of the phenomenon?
Derivatives and Integrals: First Pass

1. Develop a definition for the derivative. 2. Analyze the behavior of the derivative. Find its domain. Represent it by a graph and an expression. 3. 3.Examine the relationship between a function and its derivative. 4. Develop a definition for the definite integral. 5. Examine the relationship between a function and its associated accumulation. 6. Consider the connection between the derivative and definite integral.
Market Action and Regulatory Change in the Taxicab Markets of NYC, Chicago, and SF

For nearly 80 years, there has been a government-granted monopoly on taxicab service in the cities like New York, Chicago, and San Francisco. With the emergence of Transportation Network Companies,...
Isolation and Enrichment of Secreted Proteins from Filamentous Fungi

Filamentous fungi have been recognized as extraordinary producers of secreted proteins and are known to produce novel proteins and enzymes through dispensable metabolic pathways. Here, methods are described for the isolation and enrichment of samples of secreted proteins from cultures of filamentous fungi for analysis by gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry techniques. These methods can be readily applied to the study of differential protein expression and secretion and metabolic pathways in filamentous fungi by proteomic approaches.
Severe bleeding with subclinical oculocutaneous albinism in a patient with a novel HPS6 missense variant.

Heřmanský-Pudlak syndrome (HPS), a rare autosomal recessive disorder, manifests with oculocutaneous albinism and a bleeding diathesis. However, severity of disease can be variable and is typically related to the genetic subtype of HPS; HPS type 6 (HPS-6) is an uncommon subtype generally associated with mild disease. A Caucasian adult female presented with a history of severe bleeding; ophthalmologic examination indicated occult oculocutaneous albinism. The patient was diagnosed with a platelet storage pool disorder, and platelet whole mount electron microscopy demonstrated absent delta granules. Genome-wide SNP analysis showed regions of homozygosity that included the HPS1 and HPS6 genes. Full length HPS1 transcript was amplified by PCR of genomic DNA. Targeted next-generation sequencing identified a novel homozygous missense variant in HPS6 (c.383 T > C; p.V128A); this was associated with significantly reduced HPS6 mRNA and protein expression in the patient's fibroblasts compared to control cells. These findings highlight the variable severity of disease manifestations in patients with HPS, and illustrate that HPS can be diagnosed in patients with excessive bleeding and occult oculocutaneous albinism. Genetic analysis and platelet electron microscopy are useful diagnostic tests in evaluating patients with suspected HPS. Clinical Trial registration: Registrar: ClinicalTrials.gov Website: www.clinicaltrials.gov Registration Numbers: NCT00001456 and NCT00084305.
Pharmacoepigenetics of Novel Nucleoside DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitors

Abstract The most effective DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitors remain those nucleosides having a 5-azacytosine base, and include the two approved DNMT inhibitors, decitabine and 5-azacytadine, as well as a recently developed nucleoside, 5-aza-2′,2′-difluorodeoxycytidine. In an attempt to overcome some of the pharmacologic shortcomings of such nucleosides, other approaches to base or sugar modification have been attempted, but these suffer from comparatively weak DNMT inhibition (e.g., 5-fluoro-2′-deoxycytidine is an example of the former, while 4′-thio-2′-deoxycytidine is an example of the latter). All these DNMT inhibitors have relatively short half-lives, usually as a result of deamination. This typically results in prolonged infusion times and patient inconvenience, but also affects efficacy. In the setting of cancer, as nucleoside DNMT inhibitors are predominantly S phase-specific agents, cancerous cells in G1 and G2 may escape treatment with drugs with such short half-lives. Thus another approach has been to develop prodrugs such as guadecitabine, a prodrug of decitabine. A more recent example is 3′,5′-di-trimethylsilyl-2′,2′-difluoro-5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine, which has the potential in the right formulation to stay in circulation for days. DNMT inhibitors or their prodrugs, which are more effective than approved DNMT inhibitors, are needed for the treatment of cancer and, in particular, solid tumors, while greater safety and improved pharmacology may allow treatment of other diseases where epigenetics play a role.
Repurposing Standardized Testing for Educational Equity:: Can Geographical Bias and Adversity Scores Expand True College Access?:

Recent Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) criminal charges involving standardized testing have renewed public scrutiny over the tests’ role in reproducing inequities and wealth-based privileges....
Depictions of Tobacco and Alcohol Use in Contemporary Japanese Shōnen Manga: A Content Analysis.

Japanese manga, which present dramatic and imaginative stories in comic book form, have a growing readership in Asia, Europe, and North America. We investigated depictions of tobacco and alcohol us...
Third sound and the decay of persistent currents in unsaturated /sup 3/He-/sup 4/He-mixture films

We report the observation of metastable currents in unsaturated /sup 3/He-/sup 4/He-mixture films. The decay rate of these currents is found to be an increasing function of /sup 3/He concentration in the film. A simple model for the role of the /sup 3/He, adequate to explain our observations of the concentration dependence of the third-sound velocity, does not agree with the measured decay rates.
Clinical Scenarios for Which Spinal Mobilization and Manipulation Are Considered by an Expert Panel to be Inappropriate (and Appropriate) for Patients With Chronic Low Back Pain.

BACKGROUND Spinal mobilization and manipulation are 2 therapies found to be generally safe and effective for chronic low back pain (CLBP). However, the question remains whether they are appropriate for all CLBP patients. RESEARCH DESIGN An expert panel used a well-validated approach, including an evidence synthesis and clinical acumen, to develop and then rate the appropriateness of the use of spinal mobilization and manipulation across an exhaustive list of clinical scenarios which could present for CLBP. Decision tree analysis (DTA) was used to identify the key patient characteristics that affected the ratings. RESULTS Nine hundred clinical scenarios were defined and then rated by a 9-member expert panel as to the appropriateness of spinal mobilization and manipulation. Across clinical scenarios more were rated appropriate than inappropriate. However, the number patients presenting with each scenario is not yet known. Nevertheless, DTA indicates that all clinical scenarios that included major neurological findings, and some others involving imaging findings of central herniated nucleus pulposus, spinal stenosis, or free fragments, were rated as inappropriate for both spinal mobilization and manipulation. DTA also identified the absence of these imaging findings and no previous laminectomy as the most important patient characteristics in predicting ratings of appropriate. CONCLUSIONS A well-validated expert panel-based approach was used to develop and then rate the appropriateness of the use of spinal mobilization and manipulation across the clinical scenarios which could present for CLBP. Information on the clinical scenarios for which these therapies are inappropriate should be added to clinical guidelines for CLBP.
Bone (Orthopedic Pathology)

The integration of clinical, radiographic and pathology-based information has long been intrinsic to practice of Orthopaedic Oncology, making it paradigm of multidisciplinary medicine. Extension of this multifactorial approach can lead to better understanding of heterogeneous group of entities. Historically, pathologists have approached the study of bone tumors from imaging to gross to histological findings. However, a reversal of this norm emphasizing a detailed understanding of the histopathology and growth parameters of each entity can allow a better understanding of the macroscopic / gross appearance of the orthopaedic tumors which in turn leads to a better appreciation of the imaging features. The chapter emphasizes those tumors most unique to bone: cartilage, osseous, small cell, fibrous, vascular, notochord, adamantinoma and giant cell lesions.
Supply Chain Resilience on Business Continuity Programs: The Role of Anticipated, Inherent, and Adaptive Resilience: An Abstract

Globalization has resulted in globally dispersed suppliers (Blackhurst et al. 2005). These disperse suppliers are exposed to multiple unforeseen natural and manmade risks and vulnerabilities (Simchi-Levi et al. 2014; Zsidisin et al. 2004). One of the consequences of exposure to manmade and natural risks is supply chain disruption (Schmidt and Raman 2012; Zsidisin et al. 2004). Therefore, the risks and vulnerabilities faced by the supply chain of large enterprises have made them to focus on monitoring supply chain risks and preparing their organizations to be resilient enough to come back after a significant disruption.
Abstract IA16: ER stress responses shape the ovarian cancer immune-microenvironment

Harnessing the intrinsic ability of our immune system to eliminate malignant cells represents the most promising new anticancer strategy since the development of chemotherapy. While cancer immunotherapy has been designated a scientific breakthrough, tumor-induced immunosuppression represents a major impediment to the success of this new approach in ovarian cancer. We uncovered that ovarian cancer inhibits the development of protective antitumor immunity by inducing a state of persistent “endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress” in intratumoral dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells. First, we identified that sustained activation of the IRE1-XBP1 arm of the ER stress response in DCs was necessary for the aggressive and accelerated progression of primary and metastatic ovarian cancers in various preclinical models of disease. Mechanistically, intratumoral DCs exhibited constitutive IRE1-XBP1 activation, which was fueled by lipid peroxidation byproducts that caused ER stress by modifying ER-resident chaperones. Persistent XBP1 activation induced a comprehensive triglyceride biosynthetic program promoting accumulation of lipid droplets that subsequently impaired DC antigen presentation to T cells. Conditional deletion or therapeutic silencing of IRE1 or XBP1 in DCs restored their immunogenic function in the tumor and delayed ovarian cancer progression by eliciting protective antitumor T-cell responses. In addition, we recently demonstrated that ovarian cancer also triggers abnormal IRE1-XBP1 activation in T cells to control their mitochondrial function and antitumor activity. XBP1 upregulation in T cells isolated from human ovarian cancer specimens was associated with decreased intratumoral T-cell infiltration and reduced IFNG expression. Ascites fluid from ovarian cancer patients inhibited glucose uptake and caused N-linked protein glycosylation defects in T cells, leading to XBP1-driven mitochondrial dysfunction. Mechanistically, maladaptive XBP1 signaling limited the influx of glutamine necessary to sustain mitochondrial respiration under glucose-deprived conditions. Hence, ovarian cancer hosts lacking XBP1 selectively in T cells demonstrated superior antitumor immunity, delayed malignant progression, and increased overall survival. Taken together, our studies revealed that ovarian cancer provokes persistent IRE1-XBP1 signaling in immune cells to shape the tumor microenvironment and evade immune control. These findings provide a new mechanistic understanding of immunosuppression in ovarian cancer and offer novel avenues for immunotherapeutic intervention. Citation Format: Juan R. Cubillos-Ruiz. ER stress responses shape the ovarian cancer immune-microenvironment [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Ovarian Cancer Research; 2019 Sep 13-16, 2019; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2020;26(13_Suppl):Abstract nr IA16.
Association Between Caregiver Burden and Patient Recovery After Left Ventricular Assist Device: Insights from Sustain-it

Introduction: While health-related quality of life (HRQOL) for patients with advanced heart failure is improved after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation, caregivers (CGs) may experience worse quality of life due to new roles and responsibilities. CG burden is associated with worse outcomes in patients with other chronic illnesses, but the association between caregiver burden and patient recovery following LVAD implant for destination therapy (DT) has not been described. Methods: Between 10/1/15 and 12/31/18, 154 DT LVAD patients (age=60-80 years) and 108 DT CGs from 13 U.S. sites were enrolled. Of these, data through 1 post-operative year from 64 patients and CGs were analyzed. CG burden was measured using the Oberst Caregiver Burden Scale (OCBS): 15 items (range=1-5), measuring perceived amount of time spent and difficulty of tasks (higher score=more time on task and more difficulty of task), respectively. High CG burden=scoring greater than the cohort median. Patient recovery post-LVAD implant was defined by change in Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire-12 (KCCQ-12), change in 6-minute walk distance (6MWD), and re-hospitalizations over 1 year. Proportional odds models for change in KCCQ-12 and 6MWD and linear regression for re-hospitalizations were used to assess for an association with CG burden. Results: Patients were 69.4±5.4 years, 86% male, and 91% White. Over the first year post-LVAD implant, 30% were hospitalized, 73% (47/64) had an improvement of at least 5 points on KCCQ-12 scores and 16% (10/64) a deterioration of at least 5 points. Mean 6MWD was 206.7 (SD, 133.9) meters at baseline and improved to 280.5 (SD, 102.5) meters at 1 year. CGs were 61.7±11.3 years, 94% female, 82% White, and 86% married. Median OCBS-difficulty score at baseline was 1.20 and median for time was 2.27. Higher CG burden was not associated with hospitalizations or changes in patient HRQOL or 6MWD over the first year following LVAD implant (table). Discussion: Higher CG burden at baseline was not associated with patient recovery in the first year post-LVAD implant. Understanding how CG burden is associated with patient outcomes following LVAD implant is important as lack of CG support is typically a contraindication for LVAD implantation.
Carnap’s Second Aufbau and David Lewis’s Aufbau

I argue that there is a deep continuity between central projects of Rudolf Carnap and David Lewis: Carnap’s logical construction of the world in Der logische Aufbau der Welt and Lewis’s program of vindicating Humean supervenience through conceptual analysis. Carnap promised but never wrote a second volume of his Aufbau using a physical basis in place of a phenomenal basis. I argue that even using tools available to him at the time, Carnap’s physicalist construction would have been a viable philosophical project and that Lewis’s program delivers a more sophisticated construction in the same spirit.
Subaxial Cervical Pedicle Screw Placement With Direct Visualization of Pedicle Borders: 2-Dimensional Operative Video.

Pedicle screws provide superior fixation of the subaxial cervical spine to other techniques. However, a high degree of accuracy is required for safe placement given the proximity of pedicles to critical neurovascular structures. A variety of techniques are described to maximize accuracy, including freehand, fluoroscopy-guided, and neuronavigation-based methods. We present a technique for the placement of pedicle screws in the subaxial cervical spine using direct visualization of the pedicle in a patient who required an occipito-cervical fusion construct in the setting of a C2 chordoma. A laminotomy or laminectomy is performed laterally to allow for visualization of the medial, superior, and inferior walls of the pedicle. The entry point for screw placement is determined based on pedicle anatomy and is typically 1 to 2 mm lateral to the midpoint of the lateral mass, just below the base of the superior articulating process. Screw trajectory is determined by visualizing the pedicle borders and is aimed at the junction of the medial pedicle wall, with the posterior vertebral body down the pedicle axis. Tactile feedback (loss of resistance) is used to assess for a breach while drilling. The cannulation is then tapped, and the screw is placed in a standard fashion. Direct visualization of pedicle anatomy can be a useful adjunct to guide the safe placement of subaxial pedicle screws when superior fixation is required or when normal anatomy is distorted. The technique may be combined with fluoroscopic or navigation-based techniques to provide real-time anatomic guidance during screw placement. The patient provided informed, written consent for this procedure before surgery. Used with permission from Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona.
Reducing the Disconnect: Medical Students’ Role in Aligning Health Care with 21st Century Values

Patient-centered care has been a focus of health care for decades but physicians’ consideration of patient perspective through trauma informed care started recently. Trauma is not just limited to physical and mental spheres but also social, cultural, racial, and economic realms of a patient’s life. Despite understanding the multifaceted aspect of trauma, physicians, when stressed, continue to prioritize their expertise and patient compliance over understanding the individual circumstance that led to a difference in patient values and priorities, focusing on the science over the art of medicine. This model leads to a lack of trust between the physician and patients and worse outcomes due to an incomplete understanding of the patients’ prior experiences. Medical students are now trained in their consideration of community and social and structural determinants of health, educated to recognize that the hospital care is only a small factor in a patient’s overall health. Medicine is on the brink of change, attempting to use feminist and narrative ethics rather than principlism to justify deviance from precedence. However, the speed of this transition depends on a conservative field’s ability to adjust, a somewhat paradoxical predicament. Medical students can play a major part in this transition, utilizing their novelty to the field to prevent experience’s penchant for uninhibited traditionalism. Promoting medical students to lead the charge in this transition upends the hierarchy of education, which may bruise egos of Attending Physicians who view their methods as the only way to achieve the best results given the reality of limited time for individual patient interactions. While daunting due to existing medical hierarchy, medical students need to push the profession to a new modus operandi, founded on the significant contribution of the entire patient’s experience to the issues at hand and the understanding of the patient’s journey within the health care system.
Intracellular pH Regulation

Intracellular pH is an important aspect of the intracellular environment. Changes in intracellular pH can potentially affect virtually all cellular processes, including metabolism, membrane potential, cell growth, movement of substances across the surface membrane, state of polymerization of the cytoskeleton and ability to contract in muscle cells. Changes of intracellular pH are also often one of the responses of cells to externally applied agents, including growth factors, hormones and neurotransmitters. Further, many organelles, such as lysosomes, mitochondria and endosomal vesicles, maintain an organellar pH that is different from the cytoplasmic pH (pH i ) and these pH differences have important functional consequences for those organelles. It is thus not surprising to find that cells have elaborated a variety of mechanisms that enable them to regulate their intracellular pH. In this chapter, we will discuss the pH level in the cytoplasm and various compartments of a cell, the variety of mechanisms available to a cell to regulate its pH i and the functional consequences of changes in pH i .
Adolescents’ Relationships with Siblings

Theories Pertaining to Sibling Relationships The Developmental Course of Sibling Relationships Influences on the Sibling Relationship Sibling Influences on Adolescent Development and Adjustment Why Siblings Within the Same Family are so Different Siblings From Diverse Family, Cultural, and Socioeconomic Backgrounds Conclusions Keywords: siblings ; sibling relationships; temperament; parenting; sibling conflict; social support; delinquency; antisocial behavior; drug use during adolescence; alcohol use during adolescence; adolescent sexual behavior; teenage pregnancy; parents' differential treatment; sibling de-identification
TERRANES OF THE KLAMATH MOUNTAINS, CALIFORNIA AND OREGON

The Klamath Mountains province is an accumulation of tectonic fragments (terranes) of oceanic crust, volcanic arcs, and melange that amalgamated during Jurassic time prior to accretion to North America. The nucleus of the province is the Eastern Klamath terrane, which consists of oceanic volcanic and sedimentary rocks ranging from early Paleozoic to Middle Jurassic in age and includes the Trinity ophiolite of Ordovician age. The volcanic arc and melange terranes lying west of the nucleus contain three additional dismembered ophiolites that range in age from late Paleozoic to Late Jurassic and that are sequentially younger oceanward (westward). The volcanic arc terranes also contain preamalgamation plutons that are of Devonian, Permian, and Jurassic age and that are cogenetic with the volcanic rocks they intrude. Following amalgamation, the terranes were stitched together by postamalgamation plutons during Middle Jurassic to earliest Cretaceous time. Accretion of the amalgamated Klamath terranes to North America seems to have occurred during intrusion by plutons of the Shasta Bally belt in earliest Cretaceous time, following large-angle clockwise rotation of the terranes during Triassic and Jurassic time. The accreted terranes are unconformably overlapped along much of the southeastern and eastern perimeter of the province by relatively weakly deformed Cretaceous and Tertiary strata. Along the arcuate western boundary, the rocks of the province are in fault contact with accreted Jurassic and Cretaceous rocks of the Franciscan Complex and related formations of the Coast Ranges province.
Ethnicity, Household Food Security, and Nutrition and Activity Patterns in Families With Preschool Children.

Abstract Objective This study evaluated the relationship between food security and child nutritional intake, sedentary behavior, and body mass index (BMI) and potential moderation by ethnic subgroup membership. Design Cross-sectional data analysis from baseline data of a preschool intervention trial. Setting Twenty-eight subsidized childcare centers in Miami-Dade County, FL. Participants Children ages 2 to 5 (n = 1,211) and their caregivers. Main Outcome Measure The BMI percentile and the following 4 factors (via confirmatory factor analysis): food security, consumption of fruits/vegetables, consumption of unhealthy foods, and sedentary behaviors. Analysis Separate linear mixed models tested relationships between food security and main outcome measures with an interaction term to test for possible moderation by ethnicity. Results Results indicated a significant relationship ( P Conclusions and Implications Results showed higher food security was associated with higher consumption of fruit/vegetables, consumption of unhealthy foods, and sedentary behavior, but this was moderated by ethnicity. Implications for healthy weight interventions among low-income preschoolers should focus on the importance of food security and tailor intervention strategies for diverse ethnic groups accordingly.
Progress on MBE grown type-II superlattice photodiodes

The paper reports on the status of type-II superlattice diodes grown and fabricated for infrared absorption in the mid- and long wavelength infrared ranges. Recent progress in epitaxial regrowth as a passivation method and progress on long-wavelength imaging array fabrication are also presented.
Effects of high-/spl kappa/ dielectrics on the workfunctions of metal and silicon gates

We explore the dependence of metal and polysilicon gate work functions on the underlying gate dielectric in advanced MOS transistors. The interface dipole theory is employed to explain our experimental observation that metal work functions on high-/spl kappa/ dielectrics differ appreciably from their values on SiO/sub 2/ or in vacuum. This model shows excellent agreement with original data and reported results in the literature. In addition, we also explain the weaker dependence of n/sup +/ and p/sup +/ polysilicon gate work functions on the gate dielectric. Challenges for gate work function engineering are highlighted. This work provides additional guidelines on the choice of gate materials for future CMOS technology incorporating high-/spl kappa/ gate dielectrics.
Kinetic analysis of mitotic spindle elongation in vitro.

Studies of mitotic spindle elongation in vitro using populations of diatom spindles visualized with immunofluorescence microscopy have shown that the two interdigitating half-spindles are driven apart by an ATP-dependent process that generates force in the zone of overlap between half-spindles. To characterize further the system responsible for spindle elongation, we observed spindle elongation directly with polarized light or phase-contrast video-microscopy. We report that the kinetics of spindle elongation versus time are linear. A constant rate of spindle elongation occurs despite the continuous decrease in length of the zone of overlap between half-spindles. The average rate of spindle elongation varies as a function of treatment, and rates measured match spindle elongation rates measured in vivo. When spindles elongated in the presence of polymerizing tubulin (from bovine brain), the extent of elongation was greater than the original zone of half-spindle overlap, but the rate of elongation was constant. No component of force due to tubulin polymerization was found. The total elongation observed in the presence of added tubulin could exceed a doubling of original spindle length, matching the elongation in the intact diatom. The linear rate of spindle elongation in vitro suggests that the force transducer for anaphase B is a mechanochemical ATPase, analogous to dynein or myosin, and that the force for spindle elongation does not arise from stored energy, e.g. in an elastic matrix in the midzone. Additionally, on the basis of observations described here, we conclude that the force-transduction system for spindle elongation must be able to remain in the zone of microtubule overlap during the sliding apart of half-spindles, and that the transducer can generate force between microtubules that are not strictly antiparallel.
Computing oriented texture fields

A novel algorithm for computing the orientation field for a flowlike texture is presented. The basic idea behind the algorithm is to use an oriented filter, namely the gradient of the Gaussian, and perform manipulations on the resulting gradient vector field. The most important aspect of the algorithm is that it is provably optimal in estimating the local orientations of an oriented texture. An added strength of the algorithm is that it is simpler and has a better signal-to-noise ratio than previous approaches, because it utilizes fewer derivative operations. Also proposed is a measure of coherence which is based on the use of the angle and coherence images as intrinsic images. An analysis of oriented textures requires the computation of these intrinsic images as a first step. In this sense, the computation of the orientation field, resulting in the intrinsic images, is indispensable in the analysis of oriented textures. Results from a number of experiments indicate the usefulness of the angle and coherence intrinsic images. >