cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SANDS: A service-oriented architecture for clinical decision support in a National Health Information Network

In this paper, we describe and evaluate a new distributed architecture for clinical decision support called SANDS (Service-oriented Architecture for NHIN Decision Support), which leverages current health information exchange efforts and is based on the principles of a service-oriented architecture. The architecture allows disparate clinical information systems and clinical decision support systems to be seamlessly integrated over a network according to a set of interfaces and protocols described in this paper. The architecture described is fully defined and developed, and six use cases have been developed and tested using a prototype electronic health record which links to one of the existing prototype National Health Information Networks (NHIN): drug interaction checking, syndromic surveillance, diagnostic decision support, inappropriate prescribing in older adults, information at the point of care and a simple personal health record. Some of these use cases utilize existing decision support systems, which are either commercially or freely available at present, and developed outside of the SANDS project, while other use cases are based on decision support systems developed specifically for the project. Open source code for many of these components is available, and an open source reference parser is also available for comparison and testing of other clinical information systems and clinical decision support systems that wish to implement the SANDS architecture. The SANDS architecture for decision support has several significant advantages over other architectures for clinical decision support. The most salient of these are: 1.Greater modularity than other architectures, allowing for work to be distributed. 2.The potential for creating and sustaining a commercial market for clinical decision support. 3.Reduced cost and risk of trying new decision support systems because of its ability to easily integrate a variety of decision support services, and to easily remove them, if desired, as well. 4.Significant freedom for developers of clinical decision support systems to choose the way they represent knowledge and internally implement their system, in comparison to other approaches which constrain such developers to a particular knowledge representation formalism. 5.Unification of the direction and agenda of decision support research and development with promising near-term efforts to improve interoperability of clinical systems.
Mercury and the estuarine marsh clam, Rangia cuneata Gray. I. Toxicity.

Mercury is relatively toxic toRangia when exposed to initial high concentrations (1 to 6 ppm) followed by low sustained levels (0.013 to 0.432 ppm). Acclimation to low salinity (2 o/ooS) lessens the toxic effect of mercury. Actual concentrations of mercury causing 50% mortality (LC50) in 96 hr are 122 ppb in 2 o/ooS and 58 ppb in 15 o/ooS.Rangia's ability to survive acute mercury exposure (0.87±0.15 ppm) is enhanced by low level (8.56±2.54 ppb) contamination followed by a brief period (9 days) in clean sea water.
Seed enhancement studies with Chardonnay wines

Reports regarding the positive health effects associated with the moderate consumption of red wine continue to be reinforced in the current scientific literature. These observations have prompted our laboratory to investigate the development of a white wine which would be enriched with the antioxidant, polyphenolks, associated with the protective influence of red wines. We report here the production of a seed‐enhanced Chardonnay wine which is relatively high in polyphenolks. The analysis of the seed‐enhanced wines for the levels of six important polyphenolks was carried out by high‐pressure liquid chromatography.
Evaluating the Post-Delivery Fault Reporting and Correction Process in Closed-Source and Open-Source Software

Post-delivery fault reporting and correction are important activities in the software maintenance process. It is worthwhile to study these activities in order to understand the difference between open-source and closed-source software products from the maintenance perspective. This paper proposes three metrics to evaluate the post-delivery fault reporting and correction process, the average fault hidden time, the average fault pending time, and the average fault correction time. An empirical study is further performed to compare the fault correction processes of NASA Ames (closed-source) projects and three open-source projects: Apache Tomcat, Apache Ant, and Gnome Panel.
The isotone shift in muonic X-rays in the tin region

Abstract The energies of the K and L muonic X-rays of six isotones in the region of tin ( Z = 50) have been measured, and the change in nuclear size on adding protons has been calculated. The effect of nuclear shell closing at Z = 50 is substantial.
A Non-Diazo Strategy to Cyclopropanation via Oxidatively Generated Gold Carbene: the Benefit of A Conformationally Rigid P,N-Bidentate Ligand.

What a trade: diazo ketones for alkynes? By utilizing a conformationally rigid P,N-bidentate ligand, highly efficient intramolecular cyclopropanation reactions using flexible and electronically neutral terminal alkyne substrates are realized via a sterically shielded tri-coordinated gold carbene intermediate. Bicyclic/tricyclic functionalized cyclopropyl ketones are formed in mostly good yields in three steps from readily available enones/enals, which compares favorably with related strategies based on the diazo approach in terms of step economy and operational safety. With this chemistry, we have expanded alkynes as surrogates of α-diazo ketones to cyclopropanation reactions.
Effects of changing solution chemistry on Fe3+/Fe2+ isotope fractionation in aqueous Fe–Cl solutions

Abstract The range in 56Fe/54Fe isotopic compositions measured in naturally occurring iron-bearing species is greater than 5‰. Both theoretical modeling and experimental studies of equilibrium isotopic fractionation among iron-bearing species have shown that significant fractionations can be caused by differences in oxidation state (i.e., redox effects in the environment) as well as by bond partner and coordination number (i.e., nonredox effects due to speciation). To test the relative effects of redox vs. nonredox attributes on total Fe equilibrium isotopic fractionation, we measured changes, both experimentally and theoretically, in the isotopic composition of an Fe2+–Fe3+–Cl–H2O solution as the chlorinity was varied. We made use of the unique solubility of FeCl4− in immiscible diethyl ether to create a separate spectator phase against which changes in the aqueous phase could be quantified. Our experiments showed a reduction in the redox isotopic fractionation between Fe2+- and Fe3+-bearing species from 3.4‰ at [Cl−] = 1.5 M to 2.4‰ at [Cl−] = 5.0 M, due to changes in speciation in the Fe–Cl solution. This experimental design was also used to demonstrate the attainment of isotopic equilibrium between the two phases, using a 54Fe spike. To better understand speciation effects on redox fractionation, we created four new sets of ab initio models of the ferrous chloride complexes used in the experiments. These were combined with corresponding ab initio models for the ferric chloride complexes from previous work. At 20 °C, 1000 ln β (β = 56Fe/54Fe reduced partition function ratio relative to a dissociated Fe atom) values range from 6.39‰ to 5.42‰ for Fe(H2O)62+, 5.98‰ to 5.34‰ for FeCl(H2O)5+, and 5.91‰ to 4.86‰ for FeCl2(H2O)4, depending on the model. The theoretical models predict ferric–ferrous fractionation about half as large (depending on model) as the experimental results. Our results show (1) oxidation state is likely to be the dominant factor controlling equilibrium Fe isotope fractionation in solution and (2) nonredox attributes (such as ligands present in the aqueous solution, speciation and relative abundances, and ionic strength of the solution) can also have significant effects. Changes in the isotopic composition of an Fe-bearing solution will influence the resultant Fe isotopic signature of any precipitates.
High-throughput cellular RNA device engineering

Methods for rapidly assessing sequence-structure-function landscapes and developing conditional gene-regulatory devices are critical to our ability to manipulate and interface with biology. We describe a framework for engineering RNA devices from preexisting aptamers that exhibit ligand-responsive ribozyme tertiary interactions. Our methodology utilizes cell sorting, high-throughput sequencing and statistical data analyses to enable parallel measurements of the activities of hundreds of thousands of sequences from RNA device libraries in the absence and presence of ligands. Our tertiary-interaction RNA devices performed better in terms of gene silencing, activation ratio and ligand sensitivity than optimized RNA devices that rely on secondary-structure changes. We applied our method to build biosensors for diverse ligands and determine consensus sequences that enable ligand-responsive tertiary interactions. These methods advance our ability to develop broadly applicable genetic tools and to elucidate the underlying sequence-structure-function relationships that empower rational design of complex biomolecules.
The histological spectrum of pulmonary graft-versus-host disease in bone marrow transplant recipients

The histological changes in 17 biopsy specimens of the lung showing graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in bone marrow transplant (BMT) recipients were reviewed and correlated with the patients' clinical courses. These morphological changes fell into four transplant-related categories: diffuse alveolar damage, lymphocytic bronchitis/bronchiolitis with interstitial pneumonitis, bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia, and cicatricial bronchiolitis obliterans. Pulmonary disease correlated with the presence of GVHD at extrathoracic sites. Patients with active lymphocytic bronchitis/bronchiolitis, cicatricial bronchiolitis obliterans, and diffuse alveolar damage had particularly poor outcomes. A proposal is offered for the categorization of the pulmonary damage caused by GVHD in BMT recipients.
Complete Ligation of Extrahepatic Congenital Portosystemi Shunts in Nonencephalopathic Dogs

Objective—To evaluate lack of encephalopathy as a positive prognostic factor for complete ligation of extrahepatic congenital portosystemic shunts in dogs. Study Design—Retrospective analysis of case records. Animals—Dogs with extrahepatic congenital portosystemic shunts treated at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, from 1985 to 1996. Methods—The ability to completely ligate the shunting vessel in 12 nonencephalopathic dogs was compared with that in 44 encephalopathic dogs with similar shunts. Results—Clinical signs in the 12 nonencephalopathic dogs were related to ammonium biurate urolithiasis. All 12 dogs had single extrahepatic shunting vessels. The rate of complete ligation in the nonencephalopathic dogs was 92%, whereas the rate of complete ligation in the 44 encephalopathic dogs with single extrahepatic shunts was 59%. The ability to completely ligate the shunt in nonencephalopathic dogs was significantly better (P= .04) than in the encephalopathic dogs. Conclusion—Lack of encephalopathy is a positive prognostic factor for complete ligation of single extrahepatic congenital portosystemic shunts. Clinical Relevance—In most affected dogs, extrahepatic congenital portosystemic shunts in nonencephalopathic dogs can be completely ligated.
Thermally stimulated luminescence of irradiated caffeine

Abstract We report the first thermally stimulated luminescence measurements in UV-and x-irradiated caffeine. An analysis of the glow peaks resulted in determination of trapping parameters which, in conjunction with attendant emission spectra data, allowed us to use an energy-level model to explain the observations. The data and model both tend to support previous results obtained from biological systems.
Intermixing refresh and direct view storage graphics

This paper describes an advanced technique in hardware and software for the intermixed display of refresh and storage graphics. Traditional storage tube terminals have the advantage of low cost coupled with the ability to display large amounts of high resolution graphic information, but do not provide for dynamic motion and transformation of a displayed image. High resolution, high density refreshed displays tend to be expensive. Combining both refresh and storage graphics on the same display allows pictures to be segregated into static and dynamic areas to achieve the desired results at reduced cost. The hardware and system software to make this marriage of refresh and storage graphics work effectively for interactive computer graphics is described.
The tortoise or the hare? Impacts of within-host dynamics on transmission success of arthropod-borne viruses

Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are maintained in a cycle of alternating transmission between vertebrate hosts and arthropod vectors. Arboviruses possess RNA genomes capable of rapid diversification and adaptation, and the between-host trade-offs inherent to host alternation impose well-documented constraints on arbovirus evolution. Here, we investigate the less well-studied within-host trade-offs that shape arbovirus replication dynamics and transmission. Arboviruses generally establish lifelong infection in vectors but transient infection of variable magnitude (i.e. peak virus concentration) and duration in vertebrate hosts. In the majority of experimental infections of vertebrate hosts, both the magnitude and duration of arbovirus replication depended upon the dose of virus administered, with increasing dose resulting in greater magnitude but shorter duration of viraemia. This pattern suggests that the vertebrate immune response imposes a trade-off between the height and breadth of the virus replication curve. To investigate the impact of this trade-off on transmission, we used a simple modelling approach to contrast the effect of 'tortoise' (low magnitude, long duration viraemia) and 'hare' (high magnitude, short duration viraemia) arbovirus replication strategies on transmission. This model revealed that, counter to previous theory, arboviruses that adopt a tortoise strategy have higher rates of persistence in both host and vector populations.
Capillary Electrophoresis Reveals Changes in Individual Mitochondrial Particles Associated With Skeletal Muscle Fiber Type and Age

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) with postcolumn laser-induced fluorescence detection (LIF) was used to analyze single skeletal muscle fibers from young and old rats. Due to selective labeling of mitochondria with 10-N-nonyl acridine orange, the zeptomole (10 -21 mole) sensitivity, and the high separation power, three properties of individual mitochondrial particles were revealed: the number, the distributions of cardiolipin, and their electrophoretic mobilities. Type I fibers had more mitochondrial particles and cardiolipin per particle than did type IIb fibers from rats of similar age. Individual fibers of the same fiber type from young rats contained more mitochondrial particles and cardiolipin per particle than did fibers from old rats. There were fiber type-specific and age-specific differences in the electrophoretic mobility of individual mitochondrial particles. The CE-LIF results of individual mitochondrial particles are the first of their kind in that they reveal fiber type-specific and age-specific differences that are not obviously noticed in bulk measurements of heterogeneous tissues.
Recurrent Parotitis during Childhood

A case report of a child suffering from recurrent parotitis secondary to in advertant chewing on Stensen's duct orifice suggests that this cause may be common to other children plagued by this puzzling disorder.
TOWARDS A PHENOMENOLOGY OF MYSTICAL BEING

Most of the focus in the recent philosophy of mysticism has been connected with the analysis of various mystical states of consciousness. Both visionary and unitive states have received much attention. By “visionary state,” I include both visions and locutions (i.e., experiences of hearing voices). In contrast, unitive mystical states are altered states of consciousness usually induced by meditation and characterized by a sense of closeness with the divine’, the pinnacle of these states, under many traditions, has been referred to as a state of undifferentiated unity or pure consciousness.3 I do not wish to contend that there is no valuable work left to be done in this area.4 However, I do believe that this research focus has left a valuable aspect of mysticism, which I shall refer to as mystical ways of being, inadequately addressed.5
First Report of Purple Coneflower Phyllody Associated with a 16SrI-B Phytoplasma in Maryland.

Purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench) is a flowering perennial plant native to North America and is widely grown as an ornamental flower. It is also grown commercially to make herbal teas and extracts purported to help strengthen the immune system. Propagation is by seed or root cuttings. Aster yellows phytoplasmas (strains belonging to group 16SrI) have been reported to be associated with purple coneflower exhibiting virescence and phyllody symptoms in the northern United States and Canada. A subgroup 16SrI-A phytoplasma was identified to be associated with symptomatic purple coneflower in Wisconsin (2). During the summers of 1994 and 2007, purple coneflower plants in Maryland sporadically exhibited symptoms resembling those caused by phytoplasma infection. Symptoms included stunting, virescence, phyllody, and abnormal flower bud proliferation from the cone. Samples from four symptomatic and two asymptomatic purple coneflower plants were collected. Total nucleic acid was extracted from leaf ...
Barking and mobbing.

Barking is most often associated with the domestic dog Canis familiaris, but it is a common mammalian and avian vocalization. Like any vocalization, the acoustic character of the bark is likely to be a product of adaptation as well as an expression of the signaler's internal motivational state. While most authors recognize that the bark is a distinct signal type, no consistent description of its acoustic definition or function is apparent. The bark exhibits considerable variability in its acoustic form and occurs in a wide range of behavioral contexts, particularly in dogs. This has led some authors to suggest that dog barking might be a form of referential signaling, or an adaptation for heightened capability to communicate with humans. In this paper we propose a general 'canonical' acoustic description of the bark. Surveying relevant literature on dogs, wild canids, other mammals and birds, we explore an alternative functional hypothesis, first suggested by (Morton, E.S., 1977. On the occurrence and significance of motivation-structural rules in some bird and mammal sounds. Am. Nat. 111, 855-869) and consistent with his motivational-structural rules theory: that barking in many animals, including the domestic dog, is associated with mobbing behavior and the motivational states that accompany mobbing.
Microstructure of Gas Diffusion Layers for PEM Fuel Cells

The gas diffusion layer (GDL) is a critical component of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell, and can play a key role in fuel cell performance. In order to design reliable and durable fuel cells, knowledge of the GDL microstructure is necessary. Currently, characterization of GDLs is generally based on porosity measurements to obtain a pore size distribution. However, the pore size distribution in GDLs may not be the only factor that affects the fuel cell performance. Additional microstructural characterization of GDLs manufactured by three different vendors (Toray, SGL, and Freudenberg) has been investigated. In addition to the pore size distribution, other statistical information of GDL microstructure including size, shape, orientation, and distribution of pores have been characterized and compared. Among these GDLs, the Freudenberg sample was found to have the smallest pore size and orientation analysis indicated that the pores were randomly distributed. Pore roundness was the lowest and pore clustering was highest in Toray sample. The effect of threshold setting on pore size data was also studied and found to have negligible influence on the calculated distributions. The microstructures of the GDLs were reconstructed in three-dimension using computer simulations and good agreement with the two-dimensional image analysis data was observed. The present work opens new opportunities for experimentalists and modelers in the area of fuel cell research to take into account the statistical characteristics of GDL microstructure.
Design, synthesis and activity of a potent, selective series of N-aryl pyridinone inhibitors of p38 kinase

A series of N-aryl pyridinone inhibitors of p38 mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase were designed and prepared based on the screening hit SC-25028 (1) and structural comparisons to VX-745 (5). The focus of the investigation targeted the dependence of potency and metabolic stability on the benzyloxy connectivity, the role of the C-6 position and the substitution pattern on the N-phenyl ring. Further optimization produced the highly selective and potent pyridinones 2 and 3. These inhibitors exhibited activity in both acute and chronic models of inflammation.
Unto Others: The Evolution and Psychology of Unselfish Behavior

Unto Others: The Evolution and Psychology of Unselfish Behavior. Elliott Sober and David Sloan Wilson. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998. 394 pp.
A high throughput CABAC algorithm using syntax element partitioning

Enabling parallel processing is becoming increasingly necessary for video decoding as performance requirements continue to rise due to growing resolution and frame rate demands. It is important to address known bottlenecks in the video decoder such as entropy decoding, specifically the highly serial Context-based Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding (CABAC) algorithm. Concurrency must be enabled with minimal cost to coding efficiency, power, area and delay. This work proposes a new CABAC algorithm for the next generation standard in which binary symbols are grouped by syntax elements and assigned to different partitions which can be decoded in parallel. Furthermore, since the distribution of binary symbols changes with quantization, an adaptive binary symbol allocation scheme is proposed to maximize throughput. Application of this next generation CABAC algorithm on five 720p sequences shows a throughput increase of up to 3x can be achieved with negligible impact on coding efficiency (0.06% to 0.37%), which is a 2 to 4x reduction in coding penalty compared with H.264/AVC and entropy slices. Area cost is also reduced by 2x. This increased throughput can be traded-off for low power consumption in mobile applications.
UV-B light contributes directly to the synthesis of chiloglottone floral volatiles

� Background and Aims Australian sexually deceptive Chiloglottis orchids attract their specific male wasp pollinators by means of 2,5-dialkylcyclohexane-1,3-diones or ‘chiloglottones’, representing a newly discovered class of volatiles with unique structures. This study investigated the hypothesis that UV-B light at low intensities is directly required for chiloglottone biosynthesis in Chiloglottis trapeziformis. � Methods Chiloglottone production occurs only in specific tissue (the callus) of the labellum. Cut buds and flowers, and whole plants with buds and flowers, sourced from the field, were kept in a growth chamber and interactions between growth stage of the flowers and duration and intensity of UV-B exposure on chiloglottone production were studied. The effects of the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide were also examined. � Key Results Chiloglottone was not present in buds, but was detected in buds that were manually opened and then exposed to sunlight, or artificial UV-B light for � 5 min. Spectrophotometry revealed that the sepals and petals blocked UV-B light from reaching the labellum inside the bud. Rates of chiloglottone production increased with developmental stage, increasing exposure time and increasing UV-B irradiance intensity. Cycloheximide did not inhibit the initial production of chiloglottone within 5 min of UV-B exposure. However, inhibition of chiloglottone production by cycloheximide occurred over 2 h of UV-B exposure, indicating a requirement for de novo protein synthesis to sustain chiloglottone production under UV-B. � Conclusions The sepals and petals of Chiloglottis orchids strongly block UV-B wavelengths of light, preventing chiloglottone production inside the bud. While initiation of chiloglottone biosynthesis requires only UV-B light, sustained chiloglottone biosynthesis requires both UV-B and de novo protein biosynthesis. The internal amounts of chiloglottone in a flower reflect the interplay between developmental stage, duration and intensity of UV-B exposure, de novo protein synthesis, and feedback loops linked to the starting amount of chiloglottone. It is concluded that UV-B light contributes directly to chiloglottone biosynthesis. These findings suggest an entirely new and unexpected biochemical reaction that might also occur in taxa other than these orchids.
Architecture and techniques for diagnosing faults in IEEE 802.11 infrastructure networks

The wide-scale deployment of IEEE 802.11 wireless networks has generated significant challenges for Information Technology (IT) departments in corporations. Users frequently complain about connectivity and performance problems, and network administrators are expected to diagnose these problems while managing corporate security and coverage. Their task is particularly difficult due to the unreliable nature of the wireless medium and a lack of intelligent diagnostic tools for determining the cause of these problems.This paper presents an architecture for detecting and diagnosing faults in IEEE 802.11 infrastructure wireless networks. To the best of our knowledge, ours is the first paper to address fault diagnostic issues for these networks. As part of our architecture, we propose and evaluate a novel technique called Client Conduit, which enables boot-strapping and fault diagnosis of disconnected clients. We describe techniques for analyzing performance problems faced in a wireless LAN deployment. We also present an approach for detecting unauthorized access points. We have built a prototype of our fault diagnostic architecture on the Windows operating system using off-the-shelf IEEE 802.11 cards. The initial results show that our mechanisms are effective; furthermore, they impose low overheads when clients are not experiencing problems.
Acceleration sensitivity reduction in SAW and BAW resonators by electronic means

Experiments have confirmed the ability to reduce the acceleration sensitivity electronically for both BAW (bulk acoustic wave) and SAW (surface acoustic wave) resonators. The authors describe the compensation technique, and give experimental results for resonator units. Several types of SAW and BAW resonator based oscillators have been tested, all of which show large variations in the sensitivity coefficient over their tuning ranges. Data obtained for an L-band SAW-resonator-based oscillator, which shows a 20-fold improvement in the sensitivity coefficient with electronic tuning are presented. Even greater effects have been seen in BAW-resonator-based oscillators. >
Progressive lung calcification after orthotopic heart transplant

Focal, asymmetrical pulmonary airspace opacities in post-transplant setting are commonly from infection, hemorrhage, edema or infarction. Rarely, stable or mildly progressive dense pulmonary opacities are due to pulmonary calcifications. In the majority of cases, these are asymptomatic and warrant no further intervention.
TOPEX ionospheric height correction precision estimated from prelaunch test results

Free electrons in the ionosphere will lengthen the electromagnetic path between the TOPEX/Poseidon altimeters and the ocean surface. The path delay is proportional to the total electron content of the ionosphere along the line of sight between the altimeter and the surface. Since these ionosphere delays are also inversely proportional to frequency squared, the nearly simultaneous use of both Ku-band (13.6-GHz) and C-band (5.3-GHz) TOPEX altimeters permits a first-order correction for ionospheric delays. Using results from prelaunch ground testing of the TOPEX satellite altimeters, the authors present the residual height tracking noise after application of the ionosphere correction algorithm. Results are presented as function of ocean significant wave height and for both the 320-MHz and 100-MHz bandwidth of the C-band altimeter. >
Quasi-wavelet formulations of turbulence and wave scattering

Quasi-wavelets (QWs) are particle-like entities similar to customary wavelets in that they are based on translations and dilations of a spatially localized parent function. The positions and orientations are, however, normally taken to be random. Random fields such as turbulence may be usefully represented as ensembles of QWs with appropriately selected size distributions, number densities, and amplitudes. This paper provides an overview of previous results concerning QWs. The points of emphasis are the following. (1) Self-similar ensembles of QWs with rotation rates scaling according to Kolmogorov's hypotheses naturally produce classical inertial-subrange and von Karman-like spectra. (2) The spatially localized nature of QWs can be advantageous in wave-scattering calculations and other applications. The scattered wavefield from a single QW can be readily derived and then integrated over scale and volume to obtain expressions for the total scattering cross section. (3) Anistropy, and momentum and heat transfer, in surface-layer turbulence can be described by introducing preferred orientations and correlations among QWs representing temperature and velocity perturbations. (4) Unlike Fourier modes, QWs can be naturally arranged in a spatially intermittent manner. Models for both local (intrinsic) and global intermittency are described.
Capital Market Crises: Liberalization, Fixed Exchange Rates and Market-Driven Destabilization

Everyone knows the epigraph to Anna Karenina, ‘Happy families are all alike; every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way’. Tolstoy may well have been right about families, but the extension of his judgement to economies hit by capital market crises distinctly fails. Their causes and unhappy consequences in Latin America and Asia over the past 20 years have many elements in common.
Oromo Religion and Ecology

The paper is inspired by the call from the Forum on Religion and Ecology at Yale to participate in developing a new field of study that elevates indigenous religions to a place among the world’s great religions. From there they will be positioned to contribute a fair share to a comprehensive world view and set of ethics to ground worldwide efforts toward sustainability. The Oromo religious beliefs support an elaborate environmental code of behavior which is upheld by law as well as expressed through ritual and forms the foundation of oral narratives. This paper identifies specific key tenets characteristic of Oromo religion which determine Oromo practice in relation to nature. Drawing on the author’s 35 years of study of the Oromo, the paper sets the stage for the other panel presenters by giving attention to the Oromo principles which regard nature and culture as an integrated whole in specific bioregions. It introduces the nature of the tragedy created when those who have served as active guardians of lands they consider sacred – together with all its natural resources – for centuries are forcibly removed. Proven practitioners of sustainability are being displaced from the very bioregions where their intimate knowledge achieves sustainability.
Blackbox Kriging: Spatial Prediction Without Specifying Variogram Models

This article proposes a new approach to kriging, where a flexible family of variograms is used in lieu of one of the traditionally used parametric models. This nonparametric approach minimizes the problems of misspecifying the variogram model. The flexible variogram family is developed using the idea of a moving average function composed of many small rectangles for the one-dimensional case and many small boxes for the twodimensional case. Through simulation, we show that the use of flexible piecewise-linear models can result in lower mean squared prediction errors than the use of traditional models. We then use a flexible piecewise-planar variogram model as a step in kriging the two-dimensional Wolfcamp Aquifer data, without the need to assume that the underlying process is isotropic. We prove that, in one dimension, any continuous variogram with a sill can be approximated arbitrarily close by piecewise-linear variograms. We discuss ways in which the piecewise-linear variogram models can be modified to improve the fit of the variogram estimate near the origin.
Potassium Accumulation and Transportation Characteristics and Rational Application of Potato

This paper discusses potassium fertilizer test using the winter potatoes in year 2009～2010 at longhai.The results show that potassium absorbability increases with the increasing of potassium rate; potato has the greatest K up-take rate at prometaphase,after anthesis K uptake rate from soil decreases gradually,most of K that potato tuber needed from the existing K output of stem and leaf,the economic K application is determined to be 14kg with an expected fresh root yield of 2500～2700kg per 667m2,seed tuber virus-free or not has obviously different resistances to chloride stress,in production,according to the seed tuber virus-free or not to determine the application of chlorine-containing chemical fertilizers.
Polymorphic KIR-HLA System Regulates Natural Killer Cell Response

Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that are crucial for the early control of infections and malignancies. NK cells discriminate target cells from healthy cells by measuring the net input of activating and inhibitory signals perceived from target cells through a variety of germ line–encoded NK cell receptors. Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) are the key receptors for human NK cells that bind certain variants of polymorphic class I human leukocyte antigens (HLA). KIR-mediated NK cell interactions with self-HLA class I molecules beget NK cell maturation (termed licensing or education) and the subsequent ability to survey, recognize, and kill stressed target cells that have lost HLA class I molecules as a consequence of viral infection and tumor transformation. The KIR gene family displays a high degree of diversity determined not only by the variability in KIR gene content between haplotypes, but also by allelic polymorphism. Given that KIR genes at chromosome 19 and HLA genes at chromosome 6 are polymorphic and display significant variations, the independent segregation of these unlinked gene families produces extraordinary diversity in the number and type of KIR-HLA pairs inherited in individuals. KIR-HLA variation affects KIR repertoire of NK cell clones, NK cell maturation and thus influences the capability to deliver signals, which may impact NK cell response on infection, tumor transformation, autoimmune disease, pregnancy success, and allogeneic transplantation. This article reviews the current knowledge of the polymorphism and diversity of KIR receptors and HLA class I ligands and gives an overview of their potential relevance in clinic.
A METHOD FOR COMPUTER CHARACTERIZATION OF "GESTURE" IN MUSICAL IMPROVISATION

Author(s): Dobrian, Christopher | Abstract: In the design of interactive computer music systems and the composition of interactive computer music, the tracking and analysis of musical "gestures" — characteristic motions discerned within musical attributes — provides a promising challenge. There are in fact ways that one can clearly and empirically define and identify "gesture" in musical content, often with conceptual models and tools similar to those used fortracking and identifying physical gestures. The analysis of musical gesture as "significant motion" can be applied to many aspects of music: melodic contour, notespeed and density, loudness, level of dissonance, etc. Gestures can be characterized by the shapes producedby measuring changes in these aspects, and the derivation of data about change, rate of change, etc. within a particular feature or set of features.Computer evaluation of gesture may be divided into the tasks of measurement, segmentation, identification, andtaxonomy. What are the elements of musical gesture and how can a computer best discern them? How can a computer know when a gesture begins and ends? Howcan different, unforeseen gestures be compared and classified? Perhaps most significantly, how can a computer, once it has identified and characterized a gesture, attribute musical meaning to it? This research proposes criteria and groundwork for the tracking, measurement, and analysis of "gesture" in the musical content of sound structure, and the use of that analysisin interactive computer music.
Evelyn Waugh (1903–1966)

Just before the end of Decline and Fall (1928) Evelyn Waugh makes Paul Pennyfeather attend a lecture on church history, at which he learns about: … the heresies of the second century. There was a bishop of Bithynia, Paul learned, who had denied the Divinity of Christ, the immortality of the soul, the existence of good, the legality of marriage, and validity of the sacrament of Extreme Unction. How right they had been to condemn him! (288) But should one take this passage, and Pennyfeather’s concluding comment in particular, at face value, as a Kiplingesque plea for what Alvin Kernan calls the need for ‘ceaselessly manned walls protecting sense, order, and meaningful life from riot and savagery’ ?1 For Pennyfeather’s sentiments seem out of place in a novel written with the brio of Decline and Fall. They seem, in fact, to belong to the older Waugh, who in Brideshead Revisited replaced the anarchic comedy of his early work with an assertive Catholicism, a vision of the Roman Church as civilization’s only defence against the terrors of the modern world. This passage does provide a foreshadowing of Waugh’s later beliefs, but one need not in reading Decline and Fall take its implications seriously, need not view it as a condemnation of the world in which the novel is set.
A Hermeneutics of the Body and Place in Health and Illness

This essay explores the ways in which hermeneutic philosophy has shaped current research on the body. Using the experience of health and illness to frame the discussion and drawing on major figures such as Wilhelm Dilthey, Hans Georg-Gadamer, and Martin Heidegger as well as a number of contemporary theorists, the aim of the essay is to show how hermeneutics challenges core naturalistic assumptions we have about the body by bringing our attention to the situated place of the body as it is lived. By focusing on the ‘lived-body’ (Leib) rather than the ‘corporeal body’ (Korper), hermeneutics illuminates the tacit, situated understanding we have of the world, how the experience of illness can shatter this understanding and transform our self-interpretations, and the extent to which our bodies and their various ailments make sense to us only through the public meanings we give to them.
Superfluidlike Mass Flow Through 8 μ m Thick Solid He 4 Samples

We report the observation of superfluidlike mass flow through coin-shaped $8\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ thick solid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ samples sandwiched between superfluid leads. Mass flow is found from the melting pressure to at least 30 bar with a concomitant decrease in the onset temperature from 1 to 0.25 K. The mass-flow rate is found to be sample dependent and can be enhanced by thermal annealing. The flow rate decreases with temperature and decays nearly exponentially with the pressure of the samples. The dissipation associated with the mass flow decreases with temperature and becomes superfluidlike near 0.1 K. In contrast to earlier studies on centimeter-thick samples, we do not see a sharp cutoff in the mass-flow rate at low temperature.
Neutrino-Mass Limits from K + → π + ν ν ― Decay

The present limit on the mass of the tau neutrino (${m}_{{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}}l143$ MeV), obtained from tau decay, may be lowered significantly from a study of the pion spectrum in ${K}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}\ensuremath{\nu}\stackrel{-}{\ensuremath{\nu}}$. We show that if ${m}_{{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}50$ MeV then the pion spectrum differs significantly from its value when all neutrinos are massless. Our results are also applicable to any new massive neutrino with $50\ensuremath{\lesssim}{m}_{{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{h}}\ensuremath{\lesssim}150$ MeV.
Platform-independent gene expression signature differentiates sessile serrated adenomas/polyps and hyperplastic polyps of the colon.

Sessile serrated adenomas/polyps are distinguished from hyperplastic colonic polyps subjectively by their endoscopic appearance and histological morphology. However, hyperplastic and sessile serrated polyps can have overlapping morphological features resulting in sessile serrated polyps diagnosed as hyperplastic. While sessile serrated polyps can progress into colon cancer, hyperplastic polyps have virtually no risk for colon cancer. Objective measures, differentiating these types of polyps would improve cancer prevention and treatment outcome. RNA-seq training data set and Affimetrix, Illumina testing data sets were obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). RNA-seq single-end reads were filtered with FastX toolkit. Read mapping to the human genome, gene abundance estimation, and differential expression analysis were performed with Tophat-Cufflinks pipeline. Background correction, normalization, and probe summarization steps for Affimetrix arrays were performed using the robust multi-array method (RMA). For Illumina arrays, log2-scale expression data was obtained from GEO. Pathway analysis was implemented using Bioconductor package GSAR. To build a platform-independent molecular classifier that accurately differentiates sessile serrated and hyperplastic polyps we developed a new feature selection step. We also developed a simple procedure to classify new samples as either sessile serrated or hyperplastic with a class probability assigned to the decision, estimated using Cantelli’s inequality. The classifier trained on RNA-seq data and tested on two independent microarray data sets resulted in zero and three errors. The classifier was further tested using quantitative real-time PCR expression levels of 45 blinded independent formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens and was highly accurate. Pathway analyses have shown that sessile serrated polyps are distinguished from hyperplastic polyps and normal controls by: up-regulation of pathways implicated in proliferation, inflammation, cell-cell adhesion and down-regulation of serine threonine kinase signaling pathway; differential co-expression of pathways regulating cell division, protein trafficking and kinase activities. Most of the differentially expressed pathways are known as hallmarks of cancer and likely to explain why sessile serrated polyps are more prone to neoplastic transformation than hyperplastic. The new molecular classifier includes 13 genes and may facilitate objective differentiation between two polyps.
A Philosophical Hermeneutic Study of the Interview between Minister Louis Farrakhan and Imam W. Deen Mohammed: Toward a Fusion of Horizons

The philosophical hermeneutics of Hans-Georg Gadamer has broadened the scope and manner of hermeneutic inquiry. By focusing on aspects of Gadamer’s hermeneutics such as dialogue, the hermeneutic circle, play, openness, and the fusion of horizons, this study sought to apply Gadamer’s ideas to an historic interview that took place between two notable Islamic leaders, Minister Louis Farrakhan and Imam Warith Deen Mohammed. By analyzing the dialogue of the interview and identifying the relevant Gadamerian concepts at play within the exchanges, it was determined that a fusion of horizons did in fact occur. By applying philosophical hermeneutics to a real world dialogic encounter with participants who harbored deep-seated, divergent views, the current study accentuates the use of philosophical hermeneutics as an analytic framework. This study also highlights the utility of using philosophical hermeneutics in inter and intra-faith dialogue specifically, and in the quest for understanding in general.
Propeller-Induced Velocity Field Due to Thickness and Loading Effects

The effect of thickness on the vibratory velocity field around the propeller is studied by means of the "thin body" approach, where the blade section is represented by a source-sind distribution of strength proportional to the slope of the blade thickness distribution. A numerical procedure is devised and adapted to the CDC-6600 high-speed digital computer for the evaluation of the thickness effect on the velocity field. The total propeller-induced velocity field is then obtained by adding the computed velocity computed velocity components due to thickness, with proper phase, to the results due to propeller loading calculated by means of the lifting surface theory. Set of calculations performed a 3-blade propeller operating in a 3-cycle screen-generated wake and for a 5-blade propeller operating in a realistic hull wake reveal that the effect of thickness in forming the components of the resultant velocity varies from moderate to large depending on the magnitude of the thickness distribution, on the location of the field point and on the intensity of the nonuniformity of the inflow field.
Experimental Investigations of the Stability of Candidate Materials for High-K Gate Dielectrics in Silicon-Based MOSFETs

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses that due to the continuous decrease in feature size, silicon devices are approaching a number of fundamental limits. The gate oxide in modern integrated circuits has reached atomic dimensions. When the thickness of the traditionally used gate dielectric material, SiO2, falls below ∼ 1 nm, it has excessive leakage currents due to direct tunneling. Use of alternative gate oxides with higher dielectric constant (K) could permit similar transistor performance with drastically reduced leakage currents, due to the greater physical thickness of the gate dielectric. Although, they have been predicted to be thermodynamically stable in contact with silicon, these alternative oxides show a number of stability problems, in particular when exposed to high temperature anneals, which are typically around 1000°C. This chapter provides a description of the thermodynamic basics of high-K/silicon interface stability and of phase separation in silicate alloys. In addition, analytical experimental methods with high-spatial resolution are essential in understanding the physical mechanisms of interfacial reactions and stability in these ultra-thin layers. Such methods are discussed and experimental investigations of the stability of high-K/silicon interfaces are presented.
Sum, Product and Ratio for the Student’s t Random Variables

This chapter presents the distributions of the sum \(X + Y\), product XY, and ratio X/Y when X and Y are independent random variables and have the Student’s t distributions with appropriate degrees of freedoms.
The Influence of Blood pH on Peripheral Vascular Tone: Possible Role of Proteases and Vaso-Active Polypeptides

The ability of the microvasculature to respond to the ever changing metabolic needs of the various tissues is a fundamental requirement for maintaining homeostasis. The underlying mechanism is probably a complex one, involving a multiplicity of mediators, the release of which may be initiated by a primary metabolic stimulus.