cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Approach to Use of Color on the Rorschach through Individual Color Preferences

Abstract More must be learned of color and its possible relationships with the Rorschach before its interpretation may be taken with assurance. Twenty Ss were administered the Rorschach and a Color Battery of four tasks chosen to tap color preference. Preferences were analyzed for use of the color on the Rorschach plates; color response scores and form-level scores; relationship with color meaning for the subject. Significances were found between: (1) preference and use of color; (2) preference and CF and C scores; (3) plus form-level and preferences. Color meanings varied with each subject. Color preference may influence the subject's use of color on the Rorschach, as well as scores, regardless of what the preferred color may be or the amount available. Generalizations are not warranted on the basis of color or color use, especially as regards differential diagnosis.
In vitro lymphocyte transformation in ataxia telangiectasia

Summary Decreased blast cell transformation wasseen in the lymphocytes from 5 patients with ataxia telangiectasia when they were cultured in vitro with phytohemagglutinin. This seems to be due to a property of the cells and not to a suppressive effect of the serum. It would appear that this is related to other aspects of their deficient immunity.
Laparoscopic three-port distal pancreatectomy

Aims Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy is becoming a more commonly used procedure, which may involve the use of four to seven ports, depending on the technique. Initial data on feasibility, safety and outcome with the three-port laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy are presented.
Spectrofluorometric study of (8-quinolinolato)-aluminium (III) complexes in absolute ethanol

Abstract Several forms of lower chelates of aluminium ion and 8-quinolinol in absolute ethanol have been identified. The 2:1 and 1:1 species are shown to exist in two forms which differ in the composition of the solvation shell. Moreover, the acid forms of these lower chelates exist as mono- and polynuclear species which show markedly different reactivity and fluorescence properties.
Enhanced Electro-Optic Phase Modulation in InGaAs Quantum Posts at 1500 nm

Electro-optic properties of self assembled InGaAs quantum posts have been studied experimentally. For TE polarization phase modulation enhancement up to 27% over devices containing InGaAs quantum well of the same average composition and thickness was observed indicating significant electro-optic coefficient increase in quantum posts. The measured linear and quadratic electro-optic coefficients of the quantum posts were as high as 17.8 × 10-12 m/V and 49.4 × 10-21 m2/V2 at 1500 nm which are more than an order of magnitude larger than those of GaAs.
Anomalous diffusion at liquid surfaces.

We study the role of bulk-surface exchange in the diffusion of adsorbed molecules at liquid-solid and liquid-fluid interfaces. For ``strong adsorbers'' (readsorption time much less than desorption time) we find anomalous surface diffusion on time scales less than the surface retention time: Displacement moments grow as $〈{r}^{q}〉\ensuremath{\sim}{t}^{\ensuremath{\zeta}(q)}$, where $\ensuremath{\zeta}(q)\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}q$ for $ql1$, $\ensuremath{\zeta}(q)\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}(q+1)/2$ for $qg1$, and $〈r〉\ensuremath{\sim}t\mathrm{ln}t$. This superdiffusive behavior arises because molecules execute L\'evy walks on the surface, mediated by the liquid bulk.
O+HCl Chemistry Models for Hypervelocity Collisions in DSMC

Abstract : In earlier work, atmospheric-jet interaction flows were simulated using direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) calculations for altitudes of 80, 120 and 160 km. At high altitudes, the O(3P)+HCl(1sum+)-->OH(2II)+Cl(2P) reaction was found to contribute the most to OH production. However, the total collision energy (TCE) reaction probability was often found to be unphysically greater than unity. In this work, we examine in detail different reaction models such as the TCE model using the rate constants of Mahmud et al. and Xie et al. In addition to the TCE model, quasi-classical trajectory (QCT) calculations were performed to obtain the reaction probability for the O+HCl reaction with the new benchmark triplet A" and A' surfaces. Both reaction and total collision cross sections were calculated by the QCT method. The dynamic molecule collision model was used to calculate the viscosity cross section from which the VHS-equivalent collision cross sections were derived. The tabulated QCT reaction probabilities were then used in the DSMC calculations to model OH production at 120 km. It is found that the QCT-based collision cross sections are greater than the Bird VHS cross sections, and the QCT reaction probabilities for O+HCl are lower than the TCE probabilities using the rate of Mahmud et al. Using the QCT reaction probability, the maximum reaction probability for the O+HCl reaction was found to be lower than 0.4 in the atmospheric-jet interaction flows for an altitude of 120 km and a freestream velocity of 5 km/s.
Vitronectin effects on recombinant plasminogen activator inhibitor-1: structural and functional analysis

Functionally active recombinant plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (rPAI-1) has been purified from bacterial cells in the absence of any discrete binding protein. In the present study, vitronectin, which is known to stabilise the natural form of PAI-1, was evaluated for its effects on the activity and structure of rPAI-1. As assessed by PAI-1 activity assays, purified human vitronectin was shown to stabilise rPAI-1, by doubling its half-life at 25° and 37°C, and to enhance the activity of rPAI-1 in concentration-dependent fashion. Vitronectin also restored partial activity to a latent form of rPAI-1 prepared by a 72h incubation at 37°C. Fluorescence spectroscopy studies revealed that rPAI-1 in association with vitronectin displayed a higher tryptophan emission signal than the sum of the emissions of the individual components. These results suggest that vitronectin effects on rPAI-1 activity may result from specific conformational effects induced upon binding of the two proteins.
“It's here, it's that time:” Race, queer futurity, and the temporality of violence in Born in Flames

This paper uses the film Born in Flames to engage questions around hope and the future that have been central to queer studies in the last decade. As the author understands it, the film's critique of the time of reform and progress holds profound implications for how we think about the future. By demonstrating the repetitions of racialized and gendered violence over time, the film produces a theory of the future where the continuation of the present as it is means the future will not come. If the state organizes populations, institutions, and forms of knowledge through a regulatory imagination and disciplined vision, it also determines the future in the same manner. The state ensures that the future can be extrapolated from the present by managing, contorting, and eradicating the future before it arrives. It uses preemptive action (war, assassination, incarceration, policing, administrative violence, and surveillance) to make its “imagined future come to pass.” The author argues that by showing the contin...
Reduced thrombosis in Klkb1-/- mice is mediated by increased Mas receptor, prostacyclin, Sirt1, and KLF4 and decreased tissue factor

The precise mechanism for reduced thrombosis in prekallikrein null mice (Klkb1−/−) is unknown. Klkb1−/− mice have delayed carotid artery occlusion times on the rose bengal and ferric chloride thrombosis models. Klkb1−/− plasmas have long-activated partial thromboplastin times and defective contact activation–induced thrombin generation that partially corrects upon prolonged incubation. However, in contact activation–induced pulmonary thromboembolism by collagen/epinephrine or long-chain polyphosphate, Klkb1−/− mice, unlike F12−/− mice, do not have survival advantage. Klkb1−/− mice have reduced plasma BK levels and renal B2R mRNA. They also have increased expression of the renal receptor Mas and plasma prostacyclin. Increased prostacyclin is associated with elevated aortic vasculoprotective transcription factors Sirt1 and KLF4. Treatment of Klkb1−/− mice with the Mas antagonist A-779, COX-2 inhibitor nimesulide, or Sirt1 inhibitor splitomicin lowers plasma prostacyclin and normalizes arterial thrombosis times. Treatment of normal mice with the Mas agonist AVE0991 reduces thrombosis. Klkb1−/− mice have reduced aortic tissue factor (TF) mRNA, antigen, and activity. In sum, Klkb1−/− mice have a novel mechanism for thrombosis protection in addition to reduced contact activation. This pathway arises when bradykinin delivery to vasculature is compromised and mediated by increased receptor Mas, prostacyclin, Sirt1, and KLF4, leading to reduced vascular TF.
GIS-BASED ESTIMATES OF FORMER AND CURRENT DEPRESSIONAL WETLANDS IN AN AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE

Before European settlement, 23% of Illinois (3.2 million of 14 million ha) was covered by wetlands. It is estimated that 90% of those wetlands were lost during conversion of the landscape to agriculture and urban use. Champaign County was one of the most extensively drained counties in Illinois, with 39-60% of original county area estimated to have been drained. Current and future efforts to conserve and restore wetlands would benefit from information on the number and distribution of former wetlands. We used GIS to estimate the spatial extent, density, pattern, and sizes of former and extant depressional wetlands in Champaign County. We derived several models of former wetlands; all models used hydric soils but varied by using Digital Raster Graphics (DRG), 30-m Digital Elevation Models (DEM), or Digital Orthophotography Quarter Quadrangles (DOQ). We also combined the DRG and DEM models, and we conducted visual field surveys for saturated or ponded conditions to test the models. The DRG model was conservative: it identified fewer and larger wetlands than the DEM model (the DOQ model was judged inadequate). Depending on the model selected, we estimated that 1077-4090 depressional wetlands formerly existed in the county, and that 78.6-91.6% were drained, accounting for 1108-2777 ha of lost wetland habitat in Champaign County alone. Thus, depressional wetlands accounted for the vast majority of historical wetland loss and should be a priority for wetland restoration efforts. Spatial pattern among wetlands also changed: an organism adapted to the former landscape had .50% probability of reaching another wetland within 260 m: today that same species faces a 7.8% probability at that distance. The modern landscape of Champaign County (and others like it) poses potential risk for remaining wetland metapopulations, and GIS models of precise former wetlands locations can be a valuable initial tool for wetland conservation and restoration efforts.
A simple crack-extension criterion for time-dependent spallation☆

Abstract A simple mechanistic model for time-dependent spallation is developed and correlated with experimental data. Included in the model are effects of plastic flow and strain-rate sensitivity. Experimental data for two aluminum alloys are consistent to within about 30 per cent of the critical stress predictions for the model.
The Academic Hiring Process: A Survey of Department Chairs

Doctoral students in political science are understandably concerned with job placement. Most students enter graduate school with an eye to academia and want to know what they must do to secure their ideal academic position. Faculty members readily offer guidance on how to increase students' likelihood of obtaining an academic job. And PS has published many articles that focus on this topic, ranging from empirical descriptions of the job market to personal accounts of job-hunting experiences. Unfortunately, graduate students often receive anecdotal or contradictory advice. To help rectify this, we undertook a more systematic examination of the qualities department hiring committees seek when granting interviews to job applicants.The authors would like to thank John Coleman, Katherine Cramer Walsh, Charles Franklin, the anonymous reviewers at PS, and the survey respondents.
Use of the Carbon Dioxide Laser for Acoustic Tumor Surgery

The carbon dioxide laser has been used clinically in both otorhinolaryngology and neurological surgery for approximately 10 years. Only recently, however, have technical modifications allowed its use with the operating microscope, providing the increased precision and control necessary for intracranial surgery. This paper reports the authors' experience with the carbon dioxide laser in the removal of acoustic tumors, details the surgical technique involved, and describes the advantages that may accompany the use of the laser in the removal of these difficult lesions.
The Life Cycle of Stratospheric Aerosol Particles

This paper describes the life cycle of the background (nonvolcanic) stratospheric sulfate aerosol. The authors assume the particles are formed by homogeneous nucleation near the tropical tropopause and are carried aloft into the stratosphere. The particles remain in the Tropics for most of their life, and during this period of time a size distribution is developed by a combination of coagulation, growth by heteromolecular condensation, and mixing with air parcels containing preexisting sulfate particles. The aerosol eventually migrates to higher latitudes and descends across isentropic surfaces to the lower stratosphere. The aerosol is removed from the stratosphere primarily at mid- and high latitudes through various processes, mainly by isentropic transport across the tropopause from the stratosphere into the troposphere.
Large Mesoscale Convection and Sea Breeze Circulation. Part II: Nonlinear Numerical Model

Abstract The nonlinear equations are applied to study the interactions between the sea breeze circulation and trapeze instability in low latitudes. The well-developed sea breeze circulation produced by the nonlinear model at coast is not so affected by the trapeze instability as shown in Part I of this study. However, the waves over the land are quite similar to those of Part I, but with a smaller growth rate. This study suggests that a strong diurnal temperature variation over the land and/or the latent heat may be required to produce the observed cloud bands in the tropical continental region.
Universal band structures for group-V elements and IV-VI compound semiconductors

The tight-binding band structures of the group-V elements As, Sb, and Bi and the IV-VI compound semiconductors have been found by the fitting of previous calculations and photoemission data. The two-center interactions are found to scale with bond length $d$. The $\mathrm{pp}\ensuremath{\sigma}$ interaction scales as ${d}^{\ensuremath{-}2.6}$ and the $\mathrm{ss}\ensuremath{\sigma}$ interaction as ${d}^{\ensuremath{-}4.6}$. In the tetravalent diamond semiconductors both $s$ and $p$ interactions scale as ${d}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$. The different scaling law reflects bonding differences; both $s$ and $p$ electrons are involved in bonding in diamond while only $p$ electrons are used in the group-V and IV-VI compound solids. The states of the group-V elements are reasonably well reproduced with only first-neighbor interactions. Second-neighbor interactions or excited ${s}^{*}$ and ${d}^{*}$ states are needed to fit the narrow gaps of the IV-VI compound semiconductors. The electronic structure of the rocksalt phase of InSb is also calculated and used to illustrate the differences in bonding between III-V and IV-VI compounds.
Production of 52Fe for use in a radionuclide generator system

Abstract 52 Fe is the parent for a radionuclide generator system which separates the daughter activity, 52 m Mn, half-life 21.1 min. A variety of production schemes is available for 52 Fe, half-life 8.3 h. The ease with which the parent can be made greatly enhances the potential of the generator system. Production by ( 3 He, 3 n ), ( 4 He, 2 n ), ( p , 4 n ) and ( p , spallation) reactions is discussed.
Genome-wide association reveals genetic effects on human Aβ42 and τ protein levels in cerebrospinal fluids: a case control study

Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is common and highly heritable with many genes and gene variants associated with AD in one or more studies, including APOE e2/e3/e4. However, the genetic backgrounds for normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD in terms of changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of Aβ1-42, T-tau, and P-tau181P, have not been clearly delineated. We carried out a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in order to better define the genetic backgrounds to these three states in relation to CSF levels.
Screening Autobiography Cyril Collard’s Nuits fauves

This essay investigates the rarely theorised genre of autobiographical film via a comparative analysis of the written and filmed versions of Cyril Collard’s Les Nuits fauves. Collard’s autobiographies are centred around three categories of relationships: his love affair with a woman, his love affairs with men, and his ‘savage nights’ - anonymous sado-masochistic encounters with men under a Paris bridge. In his written autobiography, Collard described himself as fragmented by these sexual relationships and invaded by the HIV virus. In the film version, made as he was dying, he incorporated these kaleidoscopic stories of otherness into a unifying and unified story of himself, consciously renegotiating an image that he knew would outlast him. As filmmaker and star, Collard stitched together his formerly fragmented self, adapting a text of dispersed identity into a film that would monumentalise him for posterity.
Pulmonary chondromatous hamartomas. Report of seventeen cases and review of the literature.

Pulmonary chondromatous hamartomas constitute the most common benign lung tumor. They are reported to account for 8 percent of all coin lesions. They usually present as an asymptomatic solitary circumscribed coin lesion from 1 to 4 cm in diameter, but they may occur as a large mass within the pulmonary parenchyma or within the pleural cavity. Approximately 8 percent are endobronchial in origin. Between 1954 and 1969, 17 chondromatous hamartomas were discovered and treated at the Cleveland Clinic, two of which had Rigler's umbilication sign on laminagrams. A review of the literature is presented.
Locating learning in teachers’ communities of practice: opening up problems of analysis in records of everyday work

Abstract Research spanning more than two decades points to the benefits of vigorous collegial communities, yet relatively little research examines specifically how professional communities supply intellectual, social and material resources for teacher learning and innovations in practice. This paper examines the theory-building potential of audio- and videotaped records of situated interaction among teachers in the course of everyday work. The paper employs a small segment of a larger data set to chronicle analytic dilemmas and opportunities and to introduce a scheme for theorizing about the nature and significance of professional community for teacher development and school reform.
Assessment of Student Self‐Evaluation Skills

Students in the University of Pittsburgh's Individually Prescribed Instruction program are taught to self‐score their own math performance as a means of encouraging the development of the ability to be a self‐managed and self‐evaluative learner. This study describes the development and initial use of a technique to evaluate the degree and form of student misuse of self‐scoring opportunities provided by the program. The results demonstrated that the technique was highly effective and that the majority of the third through fifth grade students were not using the self‐scoring process the way the program developers intended. Developers of new educational programs that encourage student self‐evaluation should consider building in structured procedures to detect and evaluate various forms of student misuse of the self‐evaluative opportunities provided. *This paper was presented at the 1972 meeting of the American Educational Research Association. The research reported here was completed while the author was at ...
Impact of CT in elderly patients presenting to the emergency department with acute abdominal pain.

Purpose The purpose of the study was to document the clinical impact of CT in elderly patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with abdominal pain.
Paraquat and the exacerbation of oxygen toxicity

Abstract Paraquat subverts electron flow from the normal cytochrome pathway and increases intracellular production of superoxide radical. This radical, which is the cause of paraquat toxicity, elicits increased synthesis of the defensive enzyme, superoxide dismutase.
The elastic moduli of clays with dispersed oversized particles

Abstract To calculate the elastic deformations experienced by soils subjected to static or dynamic loads, knowledge of their elastic moduli is required. The elastic moduli are normally evaluated in the laboratory using conventional triaxial compressive tests on cylindrical samples. For meaningful test results, it is necessary to maintain a ratio of sample diameter to maximum particle size of approximately 6 to 1 or greater. However some soils have dispersed oversized particles that make it impossible to test them in the conventional triaxial apparatus. This study presents the application of a theoretical method developed by Hashin that calculates the elastic moduli of a composite made of an elastic matrix containing large dispersed particles. The Hashin method requires only knowledge of the elastic moduli of the matrix (which can be obtained from conventional triaxial compression tests) coupled with the concentration by volume of the large particles in order to calculate the elastic moduli of the mixture. The Hashin method was applied to dry and unsatutrated clay–sand mixtures, and it was found to predict well their measured elastic moduli. The accuracy of the prediction of the elastic moduli by the Hashin method was determined from a statistical analysis of the laboratory and the theoretical results. The measurement of the elastic moduli of the soil mixtures was carried out using an ultrasonic velocity apparatus.
Controlling dynamic objects in large Ada systems

This paper describes a generalized technique for controlling the growth of dynamically allocated objects within an Ada system due to the careless, yet innocent misuse of access types, allocators and instantiations of the generic procedure UNCHECKED_DEALLOCATION. The technique outlined here involves reliance on Ada's strong typing model and in particular, the judicious use of limited private data types in conjunction with generic packages and data abstraction facilities.
Passive immune hemolysis: titration of hemolytic anti-protein antibody using bis-diazotized-benzidine to couple antigen to erythrocytes.

SummaryBy modification of reagents and conduct of reaction, the well-known technique for coupling protein antigens to erythrocytes with bis-diazotized-benzidine, already useful in detecting specific antibody by hemagglutination, can be adapted to quantitative titration of hemolytic antibody by passive immune hemolysis. This paper describes the details of preparation of the indicator cells and shows the specificity of their reaction. When antisera against a protein antigen are prepared in guinea pigs, hemolysis in this system will occur only in the presence of the complement-fixing, cytotoxic, hemolytic 7Sγ2 antibody. The reproducibility of the method described was determined by 23 consecutive titrations of a standard hemolytic antiserum: the mean value was 1124 50% hemolysin units with a standard deviation of ± 166 (= 14.8%). The sensitivity of the present technique was found to be 1/10th to l/20th as sensitive as hemagglutination upon comparative analysis of isolated γ2 antibody. This is an improvement o...
Isotope Displacement and Hyperfine Structure in the Arc Spectra of Chromium, Molybdenum and Tungsten

Several of the stronger lines of Mo I and W I in the region 4000 to 6100A are found to possess Structure. The W I lines are separated into three components which are roughly equally spaced with an overall separation of 0.1 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. This structure is attributed to an isotope displacement of the even isotopes. Some of the Mo I lines are resolved into two components, while others, though not resolved, are broad and nonsymmetrical. The two component lines, with separation of 0.05 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, are interpreted as being due to spin splitting of the odd isotopes. The broad lines with a width of about 0.06 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ are interpreted as being due to a small isotope displacement. There is some evidence that $I=\frac{1}{2}$ for the odd isotopes of both Mo and W. There is also evidence that the magnetic moments of these odd isotopes are not large. The isotope displacements in the spectra of several elements are compared and the direction of displacement is discussed.
Testing for Hereditary Breast Cancer: Panel or Targeted Testing? Experience from a Clinical Cancer Genetics Practice

Approaches to hereditary breast cancer testing are shifting as multi-gene panels become more widely available. This paper describes our center’s experience and outcomes of a 6-gene panel test as a first-tier approach in patients who were candidates for BRCA testing. Between July and December 2013, a 6-gene panel test was ordered for patients meeting criteria for BRCA testing. A retrospective review detailed the mutation and variant of uncertain significance (VUS) rates for the genes analyzed. The mutation rate was 5.2 % (n = 7) and the VUS rate was 6.7 % (n = 9). A subsequent review determined the number of BRCA-negative patients who would have been offered additional single gene testing had BRCA, only, been their first-tier test. Applying consensus criteria revealed 7.1 % (n = 9) cases that met criteria for additional testing. Pedigree analysis by a certified genetic counselor revealed 26.8 % (n = 34) cases that would have been offered additional testing based on personal and/or family history. Our results suggest that this panel may be warranted as a first-tier test for a small subset of patients, but likely represents over testing for the majority of patients who are candidates for BRCA testing. The genes selected for panels, the extra costs per patient and the chance of VUS must be considered before we uniformly switch from BRCA to full panel testing on all patients.
RNABC: forward kinematics to reduce all-atom steric clashes in RNA backbone

Although accurate details in RNA structure are of great importance for understanding RNA function, the backbone conformation is difficult to determine, and most existing RNA structures show serious steric clashes (≥ 0.4 A overlap) when hydrogen atoms are taken into account. We have developed a program called RNABC (RNA Backbone Correction) that performs local perturbations to search for alternative conformations that avoid those steric clashes or other local geometry problems. Its input is an all-atom coordinate file for an RNA crystal structure (usually from the MolProbity web service), with problem areas specified. RNABC rebuilds a suite (the unit from sugar to sugar) by anchoring the phosphorus and base positions, which are clearest in crystallographic electron density, and reconstructing the other atoms using forward kinematics. Geometric parameters are constrained within user-specified tolerance of canonical or original values, and torsion angles are constrained to ranges defined through empirical database analyses. Several optimizations reduce the time required to search the many possible conformations. The output results are clustered and presented to the user, who can choose whether to accept one of the alternative conformations.
Influence of farming exposure on the development of asthma and asthma-like symptoms

Based upon age and type of farming exposures, a wide range of studies demonstrate either protective or deleterious effects of the farming environment on asthma. In this review, we highlight key studies supporting the concept that farming exposure protects children from asthma and atopy based on studies performed largely in European pediatric cohorts. Various types of farming in certain regions appear to have a greater effect on asthma protection, as does the consumption of unpasteurized milk. In the United State, where concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) are more common, asthma is increased in children exposed especially to swine CAFOs; whereas, rates of atopy and allergy are lower in these children. We also review studies evaluating the role of farming exposures both as a child and/or as an adult on asthma seen in adults. The importance of microbes in farming environments and the contribution of various components of the innate immune system including toll-like receptors to the underlying mechanisms of asthma related to farming exposures are also reviewed.
Tenth revision mortality rates and NIOSH Life Table Analysis

Purpose The NIOSH Life Table Analysis System for Personal Computers (PC LTAS) was recently updated to reflect changes in the newly adopted Tenth Revision of the International Classification of Disease (ICD-10). Methods Previously available only through 1998, we recently updated all reference death rate files for the United States, states and counties. These can be utilized as internal or external reference populations. Tenth revision causes of death were added after review for compatibility with PC LTAS death categories for prior ICD revisions 5 through 9. Results Several categories were revised to accommodate changes in medical nomenclature including mesothelioma, cancer of the pleura and liver, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma, leukemia, unintentional injuries and others. U.S. mesothelioma deaths for 1998–1999 are compared to prior years. Testing of algorithms and limitations of the conversion process are discussed. Conclusion The complex conversion process and resulting algorithms for ICD codes, categories, and ICD revisions are described for two new U.S. rate files: 1960 through 2002 and 1940 through 2002. The PC LTAS may be used by researchers to conduct comparative mortality and morbidity analyses using person-time-at-risk for corresponding age, race, sex, and calendar time-specific reference mortality rates during the period 1940 through 2002.
The reproductive potential of Heterakis gallinarum in various species of galliform birds: implications for survival of H. gallinarum and Histomonas meleagridis to recent times.

Abstract The reproductive potential of Heterakis gallinarum was substantially higher in the ring-necked pheasant than in any of the eight other species of galliform birds used on the 67 tests here reported. Pheasants on four tests yielded an average 19·4 times as many eggs that embryonated as were used to infect the birds, while for those on tests with a highly virulent strain of Histomonas meleagridis present the return was 21·1 eggs per egg used. Corresponding returns for chickens were 5·2 and 2·4; for guinea fowl, 9·7 and 1·3; and for turkeys, 1·9 and 0·17. Birds of the other five species gave even poorer returns. Previous studies had indicated that 10–30 times as many heterakid eggs must embryonate as survive to be ingested, under natural conditions. Inasmuch as the traditional host of Heterakis gallinarum must also have been that of the virulent strains of Histomonas meleagridis that have become man's contemporaries, we regard the ring-necked pheasant, or some very close relative, as being the most likely host of these parasites in the late Cenozoic and Recent Eras.
Simplified Way to Cultivate Chick Kidney Cells and Maintain the Culture without Serum

Chick kidney fragments were easily dispersed after incubation in trypsin solution for 1 hour at room temperature. The centrifuged cells were resuspended in Melnick9s growth medium, diluted to 100 ml for each pair of kidneys, and seeded at 1 ml per tube. The cultures were maintained for 7 days or longer in the medium modified by replacing the serum with tryptose.
Evaluation of the U.S. cucumber germplasm collection for root size using a subjective rating technique

Root size in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) has received little research attention until recently. However, a large root system could improve nutrient and water uptake, and ultimately yield. Knowledge of root size could help cucumber breeders develop cultivars with improved performance. A study was conducted in the greenhouse to evaluate 857 cultigens (827 plant introduction accessions, 22 breeding lines, and 8 cultivars) of cucumber for root length. Complete data were obtained for 794 cultigens. Plants were grown from seeds in 2 replications in the greenhouse. Plants were rated for root length using a 1 to 9 scale (1–3 = small, 4–6 = medium 7–9 = large). Also, root length was measured from soil surface to the tip of the longest main root. In addition, all cultigens were evaluated for root length and dry weight to provide meaning to the subjective rating. Root rating was highly correlated with both root length (r=0.92) and dry weight (r=0.64) of roots. Root length averaged 74 mm and most cultigens (579, or 68%) had roots 40 to 110 mm long. The cultigen with the longest roots was PI 183056 (193 mm), and the shortest was PI 176954 (2 mm). The subjective rating technique provided a simple, accurate and rapid method to estimate root growth in the greenhouse.
Pathogenic light chains and the B-cell repertoire

Dysfunctional immunoglobulins (Igs) that are prone to aggregation are unavoidably generated by the diverse repertoire of B cells. Here, Fred Stevens and Yair Argon analyse the patterns of mutations that lead to pathological Igs, account for non-random mutations in human Ig sequences and suggest the exertion of selective forces, which contribute to determining and limiting the Ig repertoire.
Loss of the inactive myotubularin-related phosphatase Mtmr13 leads to a Charcot-Marie-Tooth 4B2-like peripheral neuropathy in mice.

Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 4B (CMT4B) is a severe, demyelinating peripheral neuropathy characterized by slowed nerve conduction velocity, axon loss, and distinctive myelin outfolding and infolding. CMT4B is caused by recessive mutations in either myotubularin-related protein 2 (MTMR2; CMT4B1) or MTMR13 (CMT4B2). Myotubularins are phosphoinositide (PI) 3-phosphatases that dephosphorylate phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns3P) and PtdIns(3,5)P2, two phosphoinositides that regulate endosomal–lysosomal membrane traffic. Interestingly, nearly half of the metazoan myotubularins are predicted to be catalytically inactive. Both active and inactive myotubularins have essential functions in mammals and in Caenorhabditis elegans. MTMR2 and MTMR13 are active and inactive PI 3-phosphatases, respectively, and the two proteins have been shown to directly associate, although the functional significance of this association is not well understood. To establish a mouse model of CMT4B2, we disrupted the Mtmr13 gene. Mtmr13-deficient mice develop a peripheral neuropathy characterized by reduced nerve conduction velocity and myelin outfoldings and infoldings. Dysmyelination is evident in Mtmr13-deficient nerves at 14 days and worsens throughout life. Thus, loss of Mtmr13 in mice leads to a peripheral neuropathy with many of the key features of CMT4B2. Although myelin outfoldings and infoldings occur most frequently at the paranode, our morphological analyses indicate that the ultrastructure of the node of Ranvier and paranode is intact in Mtmr13-deficient nerve fibers. We also found that Mtmr2 levels are decreased by ≈50% in Mtmr13-deficient sciatic nerves, suggesting a mode of Mtmr2 regulation. Mtmr13-deficient mice will be an essential tool for studying how the loss of MTMR13 leads to CMT4B2.
Technical Note: Dental Microwear Textures of ''Phase I'' and ''Phase II'' Facets

The power stroke of mastication has been traditionally divided into two parts, one which pre- cedes centric occlusion, and the other which follows it— ''Phase I'' and ''Phase II,'' respectively. Recent studies of primate mastication have called into question the role of Phase II in food processing, as they have found little muscle activity or accompanying bone strain following centric occlusion. That said, many researchers today look to Phase II facets to relate diet to patterns of dental microwear. This suggests the need to reevaluate micro- wear patterns on Phase I facets. Here we use texture analysis to compare and contrast microwear on facets representing both phases in three primate species with differing diets (Alouatta palliata, Cebus apella, and Lophocebus albigena). Results reaffirm that microwear patterns on Phase II facets better distinguish taxa with differing diets than do those on Phase I facets. Further, differences in microwear textures between facet types for a given taxon may themselves reflect diet. Some possible explanations for differences in microwear textures between facet types are proposed. Am J Phys Anthropol 137:485-490, 2008. V C
Melt‐spun Pr2(Fe1−xCox)14B permanent magnet materials

The substitution of cobalt for iron is known to increase the Curie temperature and stabilize the magnetic properties of melt‐spun Nd2(Fe1−xCox)14B ribbons. The preparation of optimum permanent magnets from cobalt‐substituted materials is, however, complicated by the need for nonstoichiometric starting materials which vary with the level of cobalt concentration. This paper contains the results of selecting compositions which optimize the room‐temperature properties of melt‐spun ribbons containing Pr2(Fe1−xCox)14B as the principal constituent. The hard magnetic properties of 11 cobalt concentrations were examined spanning the range x=0 to 1, inclusive. For cobalt concentrations up to x=0.5, the remanence and energy product did not change substantially from the x=0 values of 8 kG and 12 MGOe, respectively. Remanence and energy product decreased monotonically to their endpoint values of ∼5 kG and ∼5 MGOe for cobalt‐rich alloys (x>0.5). The coercivity increased smoothly from 13 kOe for x=0 to 25 kOe for x=1. T...
Cryopreservation of pluripotent stem cell aggregates in defined protein‐free formulation

Cultivation of undifferentiated pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) as aggregates has emerged as an efficient culture configuration, enabling rapid and controlled large scale expansion. Aggregate-based PSC cryopreservation facilitates the integrated process of cell expansion and cryopreservation, but its feasibility has not been demonstrated. The goals of current study are to assess the suitability of cryopreserving intact mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) aggregates and investigate the effects of aggregate size and the formulation of cryopreservation solution on mESC survival and recovery. The results demonstrated the size-dependent cell survival and recovery of intact aggregates. In particular, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and caspase activation were reduced for small aggregates (109 ± 55 μm) compared to medium (245 ± 77 μm) and large (365 ± 141 μm) ones, leading to the improved cell recovery. In addition, a defined protein-free formulation was tested and found to promote the aggregate survival, eliminating the cell exposure to animal serum. The cryopreserved aggregates also maintained the pluripotent markers and the differentiation capacity into three-germ layers after thawing. In summary, the cryopreservation of small PSC aggregates in a defined protein-free formulation was shown to be a suitable approach toward a fully integrated expansion and cryopreservation process at large scale.
Social psychology of blood donors.

In this study responses of first-time donors were compared to those of repeating donors. Veteran donors were much less reluctant toward giving blood and anticipated much less difficulty. Veteran donors are much more susceptible to blood bank solicitations. Neophyte donors were influenced by friends to give blood to a greater degree. It would appear from the data that to recruit a donor the first time the most effective means would be a personal request or urging by friends. After he has given once, however, the donor is induced effectively to continue giving by less personal appeals. Veteran donors possess more accurate knowledge about blood banking and the transfusion process. Neophyte donors are bothered more significantly by the pain involved in giving blood. The veteran group contained a significantly larger proportion of men. The neophytes were more likely to be younger, unmarried, part-time or not employed, and engaged in blue-collar occupations.
An Automated Design Technique for Nonlinear Structures and Controllers

A design technique to simultaneously optimize the structure and controller to suppress vibration of nonlinear structures is presented. Newmark-beta explicit time integration is used to solve the nonlinear ordinary differential equations describing the closed-loop system. Computations in the integration only in volve addition and multiplication of sparse matrices, and thus it is feasible to carry out the solution for a large number of time steps. The structure and controller parameters are optimized to drive the forced nonlinear system to its zero equilibrium solution using the minimum control force. Computations in the optimization are streamlined by computing the gradients of the design variables in closed form, or semianalytically, de pending on the type of finite elements used in the model. No additional function evaluations or recursion are required to compute the gradient. A nonlinear truss is modeled using a geometrically exact structural the ory to test the nonlinear design technique. The nonlinear...
Non-radiographic analysis of the pediatric spine in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Radiation exposure in girls with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis has been reported to increase their risk of reproductive pathology. A novel non-radiographic technique to quantify scoliosis, statically and dynamically, has been developed for use in conjunction with radiographic methods. Using a three-dimensional motion analysis system, a spine and rib cage model is used to quantify clinical measurements such as Cobb angle, lateral deviation of the spine, kyphosis and lordosis, pelvic tilt and trunk rotation.
A general model for the intrusion and evolution of 'mantle' garnet peridotites in high-pressure and ultra-high-pressure metamorphic terranes

Garnet-bearing peridotite lenses are minor but significant components of most metamorphic terranes characterized by high-temperature eclogite facies assemblages. Most peridotite intrudes when slabs of continental crust are subducted deeply (60–120 km) into the mantle, usually by following oceanic lithosphere down an established subduction zone. Peridotite is transferred from the resulting mantle wedge into the crustal footwall through brittle and/or ductile mechanisms. These ‘mantle’ peridotites vary petrographically, chemically, isotopically, chronologically and thermobarometrically from orogen to orogen, within orogens and even within individual terranes. The variations reflect: (1) derivation from different mantle sources (oceanic or continental lithosphere, asthenosphere); (2) perturbations while the mantle wedges were above subducting oceanic lithosphere; and (3) changes within the host crustal slabs during intrusion, subduction and exhumation. Peridotite caught within mantle wedges above oceanic subduction zones will tend to recrystallize and be contaminated by fluids derived from the subducting oceanic crust. These ‘subduction zone peridotites’ intrude during the subsequent subduction of continental crust. Low-pressure protoliths introduced at shallow (serpentinite, plagioclase peridotite) and intermediate (spinel peridotite) mantle depths (20–50 km) may be carried to deeper levels within the host slab and undergo high-pressure metamorphism along with the enclosing rocks. If subducted deeply enough, the peridotites will develop garnet-bearing assemblages that are isofacial with, and give the same recrystallization ages as, the eclogite facies country rocks. Peridotites introduced at deeper levels (50–120 km) may already contain garnet when they intrude and will not necessarily be isofacial or isochronous with the enclosing crustal rocks. Some garnet peridotites recrystallize from spinel peridotite precursors at very high temperatures (c. 1200 °C) and may derive ultimately from the asthenosphere. Other peridotites are from old (>1 Ga), cold (c. 850 °C), subcontinental mantle (‘relict peridotites’) and seem to require the development of major intra-cratonic faults to effect their intrusion.
Assessing the rate and timing of leaf wax regeneration in Fraxinus americana using stable hydrogen isotope labeling

RATIONALE Understanding leaf wax regeneration and recycling is crucial for plant physiology and paleoclimate studies. However, our recent isotope labeling experiments on a grass species (Phleum pratense) yielded different conclusions from published data on a tree species (Populus trichocarpa), with the former showing rapid regeneration and the latter little regeneration in mature leaves. It is therefore important to determine if the discrepancies in published results were due to differing dynamics of leaf wax regeneration and/or caveats in experimental methods. METHODS Leaves from a native New England tree species (Fraxinus americana) were collected at 1 to 3 h intervals over a 2-day experimental period, and, subsequently, the leaf wax δ2H isotopic ratios were measured using gas chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry. RESULTS It was necessary to irrigate the tree using water with significantly higher δ2H values than that used for the grass in order to obtain readily measurable isotopic responses over diurnal cycles. In addition, diurnal leaf wax regeneration in Fraxinus americana was delayed by 1–4 h relative to Phleum pratense, suggesting that the latter produced leaf waxes from more recently photosynthesized substrates. CONCLUSIONS The isotopic inertia in Fraxinus americana was due to lower leaf wax regeneration rates than in Phleum pratense by one to two orders of magnitude. The difference in the timing of leaf wax biosynthesis might partially account for the observed leaf wax hydrogen isotopic difference between trees and grasses. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Which aural skills are necessary for composing, performing and understanding electroacoustic music, and to what extent are they teachable by traditional aural training?

This paper reports a study that sought to discover the necessary aural skills for composing, performing, and understanding electroacoustic (EA) music and the extent of their teachability by traditional aural training according to an analysis of a mixed-method (qualitative/quantitative) questionnaire completed by a purposive sample of 15 experts in the field of electroacoustics. The participants evaluated a list of 50 potentially necessary aural skills, which were gathered from skills described in existing, but insufficiently applied, aural training systems and theoretical methods related to aural perception in EA, and provided additional skills they found necessary for EA. The survey revealed that the aural skills deemed the most necessary for EA by the participants were not regarded as sufficiently teachable by traditional aural training and the majority of the skills considered teachable by traditional aural training were not thought of as significantly necessary for the EA musician. Moreover, among the 50 skills listed in the questionnaire 56 per cent were deemed at least very necessary by the participants, with only 18 per cent of them viewed as sufficiently teachable by traditional aural training. The main implication of this study is a pressing need for further development, research, and experimental testing of aural training methods for EA.