cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The radion in the Karch–Randall braneworld

Abstract In a braneworld context, the radion is a massless mode coupling to the trace of the matter stress tensor. Since the radion also governs the separation between branes, it is expected to decouple from the physical spectrum in single brane scenarios, such as the one-brane Randall–Sundrum model. However, contrary to expectations, we demonstrate that the Karch–Randall radion always remains as a physical excitation, even in the single brane case. Here, the radion measures the distance not between branes, but rather between the brane and the anti-de Sitter boundary on the other side of the bulk.
Prostate cancer aggressiveness locus on chromosome segment 19q12–q13.1 identified by linkage and allelic imbalance studies

Whole-genome scan studies recently identified a locus on chromosome segments 19q12–q13.11 linked to prostate tumor aggressiveness by use of the Gleason score as a quantitative trait. We have now completed finer-scale linkage mapping across this region that confirmed and narrowed the candidate region to 2 cM, with a peak between markers D19S875 and D19S433. We also performed allelic imbalance (AI) studies across this region in primary prostate tumors from 52 patients unselected for family history or disease status. A high level of AI was observed, with the highest rates at markers D19S875 (56%) and D19S433 (60%). Furthermore, these two markers defined a smallest common region of AI of 0.8 Mb, with 15 (29%) prostate tumors displaying interstitial AI involving one or both markers. In addition, we noted a positive association between AI at marker D19S875 and extension of tumor beyond the margin (P = 0.02) as well as a higher Gleason score (P = 0.06). These data provide strong evidence that we have mapped a prostate tumor aggressiveness locus to chromosome segments 19q12–q13.11 that may play a role in both familial and non-familial forms of prostate cancer. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A glass with high crack initiation load: Role of fictive temperature-independent mechanical properties

Abstract The crack initiation load of a series of calcium aluminosilicate glasses and selected commercial glasses were evaluated using Vickers indentation. The results showed that a calcium aluminosilicate glass containing 80 mol% SiO 2 , 10 mol% Al 2 O 3 and 10 mol% CaO exhibited a high crack initiation load comparable to that of the less-brittle glass (LB glass) developed by Asahi Glass Co., Ltd. It has previously been determined that glasses experience a fictive temperature increase by indentation. The indented region of a glass, therefore, acquires, in general, different mechanical properties, such as hardness and elastic moduli, from the original, unindented glass. The extent of these mechanical property changes depends upon the glass composition and a certain glass composition with fictive temperature-independent mechanical properties can have the deformed region with matching mechanical properties to those of the undeformed region of the glass. It was found that the calcium aluminosilicate glass having no fictive temperature dependence on elastic moduli gave the highest crack initiation load. However, this composition did not coincide with fictive temperature-independence of hardness or density.
Relationships between cyanobacterial production and the physical and chemical properties of a Midwestern Reservoir, USA

Drinking water reservoirs in agricultural dominated watersheds are particularly vulnerable to cyanobacterial blooms. A major byproduct of cyanobacteria is the production of objectionable taste and odor compounds such as geosmin. During May 1997 to September 1998, we studied spatial and temporal patterns of cyanobacterial abundance and composition with respect to a series of physical and chemical properties in Clinton Lake, located in east central Kansas, USA. Our results suggest that nutrients (in particular TN, NO3‘–N concentrations), turbidity, and hydrologic regime all played potentially important roles in regulating cyanobacterial production. Specifically, low levels of nitrogen coupled with the internal release of phosphorus from the lake sediment under brief periods of anoxia may have helped promote cyanobacterial blooms. There was also a strong association between cyanobacterial blooms, geosmin production, and most taste and odor events in Clinton Lake. Anabaena circinalis appeared to be the source for geosmin production as a result of senescing algal cells just after the primary die-off of cyanobacteria.
Compounds and microstructures of silicon-implanted nickel☆

During ion implantation the phase stability and implanted ion composition are strongly affected by the radiation damage inherent in the process. A study was made of the role of radiation damage processes in the implantation of silicon into nickel at temperatures from 25 to 650 °C. Radiation-induced segregation occurred, resulting in a greatly enriched silicon content on substrate surfaces. The crystalline nickel silicide phases, Ni5Si2, Ni2Si and NiSi2, were observed over a wide temperature range, including T 500 °C. At T > 250 °C and fluences near or exceeding 1 × 1018Si+cm−2, the implanted layer recrystallized. Penetration of implanted silicon several thousand angstroms beyond the ballistic range of the implanted ions was also observed at these fluences for T > 350 °C. A microcrystalline phase formed in this fluence range at T < 200 °C.
Cockroach-allergen study: Allergen patterns of three common cockroach species probed by allergic sera collected in two cities

Antigens/allergens of three common cockroach extracts, crude whole body extract of the American cockroach (CRa-A), crude whole body extract of the German cockroach (CRa-G), and crude whole body extract of the Oriental cockroach (CRa-O), were studied with crossed immunoelectrophoresis, crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis, and Western blot analysis. Sera of cockroach-allergic patients with asthma, 10 from Chicago, Ill. (C group) and six patients from Lexington, Ky. (L group), were used; results were then compared with sera of control subjects with asthma. Qualitative differences in protein bands were noted among CRa-A, CRa-G, and CRa-O by crossed immunoelectrophoresis and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Allergen bands on Western blot were analyzed for distribution by molecular weight (MW) with relative intensity scores. Results were compared by species and by geography. Two to 12 allergenic bands of variable MW (14 kd to greater than 116 kd) were identified by 13 of 16 individual sera from cockroach-allergic patients from all three extracts. CRa-A demonstrated 55 bands with an intensity score of 125; CRa-G, 58 bands with an intensity score of 100; and CRa-O, 51 bands with an intensity score of 108. Allergenic bands of CRa-A were identified by six sera of the C group and one sera of the L group, whereas bands of both CRa-G and CRa-O were noted by nine sera of the C group and four sera of the L group. All three species had an allergen band in MW range of 40 to 45 kd that reacted to most sera from cockroach-allergic patients with asthma.
Heating of the lower thermosphere by the dissipation of acoustic waves

Infrasound of 0.2 Hz known as microbaroms, generated by interfering ocean waves, propagates into the lower thermosphere where it is dissipated between 110 and 140 km. It is shown here that under average conditions in winter the energy input into this region is of the order of 0.33 W/kg, the same as that estimated for gravity wave dissipation, and capable of producing a heating of at least 30 K/day. To arrive at this result different dissipation mechanisms are discussed, with the calculated attenuation compared to previously published observations and observations of natural infrasound at Palisades, N.Y. Increased acoustic attenuation due to the presence of turbulence is not, in general, in evidence.
672 EFFECT OF HIGH MINERAL AND PROTEIN INTAKE ON MINERAL HOMEOSTASIS AND AMINOACIDURIA IN VERY LOW BIRTHWEIGHT INFANTS (VLBW)

To improve bone mineralization, VLBW infants(<1500g) have been fed a high-protein/high-mineral formula (E)(3.0g protein/100Kcal, 950mg/L Ca, 480mg/L P) rather than a standard formula (S)(2.2g protein/100Kcal, 510mg/L Ca, 390mg/L P). Higher urine Ca/urinary creatinine (UCa/UCr) and frequent generalized aminoaciduria (GAA) have been noted. To separate the effects of protein and mineral intake two identical high mineral formulae with lower protein levels (B=2.7g, C=2.2g/100Kcal) were studied. UCa/UCr and %, infants with GAA were greater on E, B, or C than S. On C UCa/UCr and UMg/UCr were increased and serum Ca (SCa) decreased compared to E. Serum albumin was lower on B and C than either E or S although protein content of B and C are ≥ S. PTH, BUN, HCO3 were normal and bone mineral content (BMC) and growth rates (GR) did not differ. A higher protein intake may minimize urinary calcium by increasing mineral accretion or by decreasing mineral absorption. Conversely, increased mineral content may increase protein utilization or decrease protein absorption.
Exposure to host or fungal PGE2 abrogates protection following immunization with Candida-pulsed dendritic cells

Candida albicans produces an immunomodulatory oxylipin from arachidonic acid that is structurally identical to host prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂). In terms of host immune responses, PGE₂ can promote Th2 responses, which are non-protective against fungal infections. We investigated the effect of host or fungal PGE₂ on murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cell (DC) cytokine production, and the ability to immunize mice against systemic infection with C. albicans. We used GM-CSF to produce myeloid DCs (GM-DCs) and FLT-3L to enrich for plasmacytoid DCs (FL-DCs). In the presence of hyphae, PGE₂ promoted Th2 cytokine production and suppressed Th1 cytokine production. Immunization with yeast-pulsed DCs but not hyphae-pulsed DCs lead to a reduction in kidney fungal burden during systemic infection, which was most dramatic with FL-DCs. However, exposure to either host or fungal PGE₂ during antigenic stimulation abrogated the ability of yeast-pulsed DCs to protect against infection. The lack of protection was associated with a trend towards reduced Th1 cytokines and increased Th2 cytokines in the spleen. However, the pattern of protection did not completely match cytokine expression. Locally, in FL-DC pulsed mice, reduced Th1 and exacerbated Th2 and Th17 cytokines were only detected in the kidneys of mice that did not show reductions in fungal burden after vaccination. This indicates that host or fungal PGE₂ can shift adaptive responses in favor of the pathogen and that uncontrolled Th17 responses are detrimental during systemic infection.
The impact of chronic disease

A large number of individuals with rheumatoid arthritis have been studied in order to better delineate the sociomedical problems experienced by patients with this chronic disease. Two hundred forty-five respondents were surveyed by use of a detailed questionnaire and interview, and the results indicate that major losses in the areas of work, finances, and family structure are extremely common. The majority of workers were totally disabled as a result of their disease. On the average, subjects in the group were earning only 50% of the income predicted for them had they not had arthritis. Sixty-three percent experienced a major change in their psychosocial status as a result of their disease. Work disability appears to be the most important sociomedical impact of rheumatoid arthritis since it is associated with significantly greater income and psychosocial losses. This evidence of numerous and serious sociomedical problems in persons with rheumatoid arthritis raises questions of emphasis and approach for physicians involved in the clinical care of chronic rheumatic disease patients.
Liquid bridge stabilization: theory guides a codimension-two experiment

Abstract Subject only to surface tension, a cylindrical liquid bridge is unstable at lengths longer than its circumference, the Plateau-Rayleigh limit. Perturbed by gravity and an axial flow, the liquid bridge becomes near-cylindrical with a modified stability. An unfolding captures the interactions between gravity and flow-induced pressure near the Plateau-Rayleigh limit. The stress balance of the free interface is solved using a lubrication-flow approximation and the Lyapunov-Schmidt method. Stabilization is predicted when the two perturbations counter-balance one another. Where accurate measurements are possible, experiment gives good comparison with predictions. The attempt to use theory to guide experiment to the most delicate predictions is only partially successful, however. ‘Why?’ is addressed.
Mixing it Up: Integrating Men and Women Living with HIV/AIDS in Prevention Groups.

The current study was conducted to examine the impact of mixing genders in intervention groups targeted toward HIV-positive men and women. The gender composition of groups in a randomized clinical control trial was examined in relation to participant group attendance and group satisfaction measures. The regression model for men in the risk reduction condition was significant; however, the model was not significant for women in the same condition. The findings indicate that mixing genders in this intervention had no negative impact on women's group satisfaction and may have positively impacted men's group satisfaction. In practice, mixed-gender intervention groups can be a helpful option for delivering programs to diverse populations, especially when resources are limited within community-based organizations. Although more thorough investigation is needed, this study supports the idea that mixing genders may be a viable option in practice.
Carbon Design Studies for Large Blades: Performance and Cost Tradeoffs for the Sandia 100-meter Wind Turbine Blade

Sandia National Laboratories’ (SNL) Wind & Water Power Technologies Department, as part of its ongoing R&D efforts, creates and evaluates innovative large blade concepts for horizontal axis wind turbines to promote designs that are more efficient aerodynamically, structurally, and economically. A 100-meter allglass blade, termed “SNL100-00”, for a 13.2 MW horizontal axis wind turbine was designed at Sandia with acceptance to loads and safety factors defined by international blade design standards. This blade is significantly longer than the largest commercial blades of today (approximately 75 meters long) and its design provided an opportunity to identify and document large blade technology trends and potential future large blade technology barriers. Key concerns for large blades include blade weight growth, increased gravitational fatigue loading, reduced buckling resistance, and increased susceptibility to flutter instability. Recent studies at Sandia have focused on improving performance and reducing the weight of the baseline SNL100-00 design. Our recent studies have focused on the effects of incorporation of carbon fiber into the 100-meter blade design. Quantifying the effects of carbon fiber usage on blade performance, blade weight, and cost when introduced and compared with the Sandia 100-meter all-glass blade is the focus of the paper. A blade cost model is developed to quantify total blade cost for design variants.
Sedimentation and Sediment-Mass Balance in Eastern Mediterranean Sea: ABSTRACT

Detailed studies of cores taken in the eastern Mediterranean Sea by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and other institutions have enabled lithologic and time-stratigraphic correlations to be made between these cores, thereby contributing to an understanding of the sedimentation history of this basin during the Quaternary. The deep-sea stratigraphic section is a complex sequence of sapropels, turbidites, oozes, volcanic ashes, detrital and biogenic sands, and detrital silt beds. Integrated sedimentation rates since the Pliocene have averaged 10-20 cm/103 years and ranged from less than 1 to more than 100 cm/103 years. Rates during the Quaternary are slightly less, although variations do occur, primarily as a result of glacial/nonglacial climati controls. Patterns of sedimentation also have been affected by these climatic changes, with only relatively minor variations reflecting tectonism and changes in provenance. Volumetrically, the Nile River system is and has been the largest contributor of detrital material. Additional detritus is derived from Anatolia and from the Aegean Sea, the latter contributing predominantly finer material. The other borderlands do not supply large amounts; eolian material from north Africa is noticeable, however. Variations of this detrital input and in carbonate deposition have occurred primarily in response to climatic changes during the Quaternary. End_of_Article - Last_Page 793------------
BETWEEN PHYSICALISM AND MENTALISM: PHILIP CLAYTON ON MIND AND EMERGENCE

. Philip Clayton's work on emergence is a valuable contribution to the fields of religion, science, and philosophy. I focus on three narrow but extremely important areas of Clayton's work. First, Clayton deems that Terrence Deacon's emergence theory is difficult to accept because it is constructed from thermodynamics, thereby rendering it unable to address phenomenological issues. I examine Deacon's theory and show that development from a physics base is warranted. Furthermore, Clayton does not convincingly demonstrate that such a constructive approach is necessarily incapable of attending to mental phenomena or offer an alternative that explains the causal power of a physically nonconstructible mental realm. Second, I argue that Clayton's notion of emergentist supervenience for comprehending the mental/physical relation is unnecessarily redundant and problematic in relation to causal power. Third, I explore Clayton's alternative use of agent causation to make sense of mental properties having causal power in the world. His effort to resolve emergence difficulties by appealing to phenomenology receives primary attention. Clayton's use of emergence theory is an important contribution to the religion-and-science community, and I encourage further dialogue on the exchange that Clayton commences.
Cationic Copolyelectrolytes: Online Monitoring of the Synthesis and Subsequent Copolymer Characterization

Kinetics of copolymerization reactions of diallyldimethylammonium chloride (DADMAC) and dimethyl acrylamide (DMA) in aqueous solvent is studied, with highlights on features that control many aspects of the polymeric materials behavior throughout and post-synthesis. The aim of this study is twofold; fi rst, to offer a method to study the impact of the incorporation of the cationic DADMAC on the composition drift, molecular mass of the copolyelectrolyte, and on the polyelectrolyte behavior by monitoring in real time the copolymerization reactions with a neutral monomer under different conditions. Additionally, it is meant to make the transition toward the next step, controlling the reaction kinetics during designed semi-batch experiments designed to achieve the average mass and composition distributions desired.
Zschokkella (Protozoa: Myxosporida) in macrourid fishes.

Abstract Six species of Zschokkella, three new, were recovered from eleven genera and forty-three species of macrourid fishes found in both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and many adjacent seas. The constancy in spore size and shape, over great distances and among many hosts, was remarkable.
Intraoperative stents to rehabilitate severely stenotic pulmonary vessels

Abstract Background . Patch enlargement of severe branch pulmonary artery stenosis (PAS) or pulmonary vein ostial stenosis (PVS) can be technically challenging. Recurrences are common and exposure may require long periods of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Methods . Since 1993, we performed 31 procedures on 27 patients with endovascular stents placed intraoperatively under direct surgical vision: 22 patients with tight PAS and 5 patients with PVS. Selection for intraoperative (vs catheterization laboratory) stent placement was prompted by: (1) the need for a concomitant cardiac surgical procedure (16 cases); (2) limited vascular access for catheterization laboratory stent placement (11 cases); or (3) "rescue" of patients with complications after attempted placement of stents (4 cases). Results . In this group of very complex and challenging patients there were 5 hospital deaths (hospital survival, 81%). Follow-up of survivors has ranged from 1 month to 7 years (mean 2.8 ± 1.7 years). There have been 3 late deaths (late "series" survival, 70%). No complication or death was related to stent placement. Surviving patients have had significant clinical improvement. Mean pulmonary gradient (postoperative vs preoperative echo) has fallen in all survivors and has decreased from a mean of 66 mm Hg preoperatively to 28 mm Hg postoperatively ( p = 0.01). All pulmonary arteries are appreciably enlarged and will be easier to deal with at a later date if necessary. One patient (DORV, HLHS ) with pulmonary vein stents has gone on to a successful Glenn procedure. The other two surviving patients with PV stents have occlusion of their proximal PVs on follow-up catheterization; thus only 1 of 5 patients with stents for PVS has had a successful outcome. Four patients have had repeat surgery. Stents have produced no impediment to subsequent surgical procedures, and the pulmonary arteries were easy to work with. Conclusions . Intraoperative stenting provides an attractive option for "rehabilitation" of pulmonary vessels. Direct vision insertion on CPB is extremely quick and immediately effective, limiting the CPB exposure required to treat this problem. Once stented, vessels remain open and are amenable to future surgical intervention as necessary. Outcome is better for patients with PAS versus those with PVS.
Effect of processing on the properties of tin oxide-based thick-film gas sensors

Semiconducting tin oxide-based powders were synthesized via three different chemical precipitation methods and also obtained from a commercial source. The precursor powders were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size and surface area measurement techniques. Sensor elements were produced from calcined powders using thick-film screen printing technology. The influence of various powder processing methods, sintering conditions, microstructure and moisture on the carbon monoxide gas detection capabilities, and the response and recovery times of the sensors produced from the above four powders are discussed.
The politics of child abuse and neglect; New governmental recognition for an old problem

Abstract In the 1870s child abuse and neglect was transformed from a “non-issue” to the responsibility of the civic-sector charity groups and, more recently, to a charge of the public sector. The objective of this article is to examine the cause of these shifts of responsibility by covering three topics: (1) a discussion of spheres of responsibility for social problems, (2) a definition and discussion of what constitutes a shift of risk from one sphere to another, and (3) an analysis of the shift of responsibility for child abuse and neglect from individuals to the civic sector and then to the public sector. In both instances the shift of risk was caused by slack resources, willing leadership, and the absence of any organized opposition to the changing locus of responsibility.
PDP-11 simulator for Apple Macintosh is designed for instructional use

We describe a interactive PDP-11 simulator that runs on the Apple Macintosh. The simulator has been extremely easy for students at the University of Arkansas to learn and operate after a fraction of one lecture period of explanation. It has been utilized for three years in two undergraduate courses: computer organization and assemblers, translators & compilers. Compared to using an actual PDP-11 or a simulator (not the author's) running on our University's mainframe, we have found that the students using the Macintosh simulator achieve higher productivity, measured not by the number of lines assembled or executed in a second but by the number of human hours spent writing and debugging a program. Students gain a clearer understanding of concepts that are intrinsically dynamic (such as the birth and death of activation records) due to the ease with which (simulated) memory and registers can be monitored during execution.
Evaluation of geothermal prospects and the objectives of geothermal exploration

Abstract Some of the basic considerations involved in the evaluation of geothermal prospects are reviewed. The elementary principles of the extraction of heat from geothermal reservoirs are discussed on the basis of an example. It is concluded that in order to sustain power generation in the 100 MW range geothermal reservoirs must have temperatures at or above 200° C and their volume must be of the order of several hundred cubic kilometers. Other important conditions are discussed. A brief review is given of the technique of geophysical exploration of geothermal prospects.
The significance of C-reactive protein levels in women with premature rupture of membranes

In a prospective study of 100 patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes, clinical chorioamnionitis was present in 18 and histologic chorioamnionitis was present in 63. Patients who were managed conservatively for premature rupture of membranes were monitored by C-reactive protein determination, white blood cell and differential counts, maternal temperature, and fetal heart tone. C-reactive protein was measured nephelometrically (Immuno-chemistry Analyzer II, Beckman). Elevated C-reactive protein levels correlated well with both the pathologic and the clinical diagnosis of chorioamnionitis. Elevated C-reactive protein levels (at least 12 to 24 hours before delivery) were more sensitive than other standard laboratory or clinical tests in predicting chorioamnionitis both by clinical and pathologic criteria. When C-reactive protein values were normal, clinical chorioamnionitis was rarely found, whereas pathologically diagnosed chorioamnionitis was found half of the time. We conclude that although the C-reactive protein level is a very sensitive predictor of infectious morbidity in premature rupture of membranes, its specificity is not high.
Mechanisms of stabilization and blowoff of a premixed flame downstream of a heat-conducting perforated plate

Abstract The objective of this work is to investigate the flame stabilization mechanism and the conditions leading to the blowoff of a laminar premixed flame anchored downstream of a heat-conducting perforated-plate/multi-hole burner, with overall nearly adiabatic conditions. We use unsteady, fully resolved, two-dimensional simulations with detailed chemical kinetics and species transport for methane-air combustion. Results show a bell-shaped flame stabilizing above the burner plate hole, with a U-shaped section anchored between neighboring holes. The base of the positively curved U-shaped section of the flame is positioned near the stagnation point, at a location where the flame displacement speed is equal to the flow speed. This location is determined by the combined effect of heat loss and flame stretch on the flame displacement speed. As the mass flow rate of the reactants is increased, the flame displacement speed at this location varies non-monotonically. As the inlet velocity is increased, the recirculation zone grows slowly, the flame moves downstream, and the heat loss to the burner decreases, strengthening the flame and increasing its displacement speed. As the inlet velocity is raised, the stagnation point moves downstream, and the flame length grows to accommodate the reactants mass flow. Concomitantly, the radius of curvature of the flame base decreases until it reaches an almost constant value, comparable to the flame thickness. While the heat loss decreases, the higher flame curvature dominates thereby reducing the displacement speed of the flame base. For a stable flame, the gradient of the flame base displacement speed normal to the flame is higher than the gradient of the flow speed along the same direction, leading to dynamic stability. As inlet velocity is raised further, the former decreases while the latter increases until the stability condition is violated, leading to blowoff. The flame speed during blow off is determined by the feedback between the growing recirculation zone and the cooling burner plate.
Immigrants and world cities: from the hyper-diverse to the bypassed

A relationship between globalization, cities and immigration is increasingly apparent. Whether one is trying to understand Dubai, Toronto, or London, immigrants are culturally, economically, and spatially changing cities in significant ways. This study compares the roster of world cities with that of major urban immigrant destinations. The number of major urban immigrant destinations is growing due to the acceleration of immigration driven by income differentials, social networks and various state and local policies to recruit skilled and unskilled labor and replenish population. This study will present urban-level data on the foreign-born for 145 metropolitan areas of over 1 million people. It will focus on the world’s 19 metropolitan areas with over 1 million foreign-born residents. Analysis of the data suggests that there is a range of destination types. Although not all world cities are immigrant gateways, many are.
Exports and economic growth in Latin America and Africa

This study has been motivated by the World Bank's Worm Development Report 1987. That report gave virtually unqualified support for outward orientation rather than inward orientation or import substitution, as if it could be recommended for all conditions and for all types of countries. The claim for the alleged superiority of exportpromoting development strategies as recommended by the World Bank and other export enthusiasts is based less on theoretical analysis than on empirical evidence from extensive crosscountry studies, especially those of Balassa [Journal of Development Economics, May/June 1985, pp. 23-35]. These studies all have indicated that less developed countries (LDCs) with higher export growth have tended to experience higher rates of economic growth, Support for export promotion policies is not universal, however. This study seeks to determine to what extent Latin American and African LDCs have benefitted from their exports during the period 1960-81. From the export-augmented aggregate production function for an open economy, Q = F [L, K, X] where Q is real output, L and K represent labor and capital inputs, and X stands for exports, the following sources of output growth can be derived:
Functional, physiological, and metabolic toolbox for clinical magnetic resonance imaging: Integration of acquisition and analysis strategies

Selected neuroimaging strategies have been integrated into a clinical brain imaging protocol to provide quantitative high-resolution functional, physiological, and metabolic maps to complement exquisitely detailed anatomic images without excessively prolonging the conventional clinical examination or analysis time. The physiological maps of blood pool parameters (relative cerebral blood volume, tissue transit time, and arrival time), apparent diffusion coefficient, tissue water content, and functional neuronal activation maps are derived from series of images acquired with echo-planar imaging. The metabolic map reflecting tissue sodium homeostasis (tissue sodium concentration) is acquired using twisted projection imaging and a customized dual-tuned, dual-quadrature 23Na/1H brain radiofrequency coil that ensures coregistration of data and avoids moving the patient. The different types of acquired images are transferred to a common file format with customized file management software and the corresponding maps are derived by applying appropriate fitting algorithms. Customized software allows rapid interrogation and manipulation of all resultant images and maps for detailed but rapid interpretation, printing, and archiving immediately following completion of acquisition. As all acquisitions and processing are performed by the magnetic resonance technologist, the neuroradiologist is able to focus on the interpretation of this immensely rich data set. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 8, 572–581, 1997
Marine mammals and Emperor penguins: a few applications of the Krogh principle

The diving physiology of aquatic animals at sea began 50 years ago with studies of the Weddell seal. Even today with the advancements in marine recording and tracking technology, only a few species...
Gene structure and expression of phospholemman in mouse

Phospholemman (PLM) is a small transmembrane cardiac protein that is the major sarcolemmal substrate for phosphorylation in response to adrenergic stimulation. PLM likely plays a role in muscle contractility and cell volume regulation through its function as a channel or a channel regulator. We are the first to describe the structure of the PLM gene and to demonstrate PLM cDNA splice variants. We cloned the murine PLM cDNA and used it as a probe to isolate the gene from a 129/SvJ genomic library. The gene contains seven introns and eight exons. The coding sequence is interrupted by five introns; the 5' untranslated region by two. Using rapid amplification of 5' cDNA ends we identified transcription start sites and four splice variants of the 5' untranslated domain. There was no TATA box or CAAT box in the putative promoter regions. The gene has several stretches of dinucleotide repeats. The 3' untranslated domains of mouse PLM cDNA clones show sequence differences not accounted for by alternative splicing. Mouse PLM shares 93, 83 and 80% amino acid identity with rat, dog, and human PLMs, respectively. Tissue expression of murine PLM parallels that in other species, being highest in heart, skeletal muscle, and liver.
Construct validity of the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory and the Vocational Interest Inventory among college counseling clients

Abstract The convergent and divergent construct validity of the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory and the Vocational Interest Inventory, based upon the interest models of Holland and Roe respectively, was examined separately in samples of male and female college counselees. The validity of the SCII General Themes was strongly supported while minor weaknesses in certain Basic Interest and Occupational scales were revealed.
A Longitudinal Study of the Prevalence, Development, and Persistence of HIV/STI Risk Behaviors in Delinquent Youth: Implications for Health Care in the Community

Our goal was to examine the prevalence, development, and persistence of drug and sex risk behaviors that place delinquent youth at risk for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. At the baseline interview, HIV/sexually transmitted infection drug and sex risk behaviors were assessed in a stratified random sample of 800 juvenile detainees aged 10–18 years. Participants were re-interviewed approximately 3 years later. The final sample in these analyses (n = 724) included 316 females and 408 males; there were 393 African American participants, 198 Hispanic participants, 131 non-Hispanic white participants, and two participants who self-identified their race as “other.” More than 60% of youth had engaged in ≥10 risk behaviors at their baseline interview, and nearly two thirds of them persisted in ≥10 risk behaviors at follow-up. Among youth living in the community, many behaviors were more prevalent at follow-up than at baseline. Among incarcerated youth, the opposite pattern prevailed. Compared with females, males had higher prevalence rates of many HIV/sexually transmitted infection risk behaviors and were more likely to persist in some behaviors and develop new ones. Yet, injection risk behaviors were more prevalent among females than males and were also more likely to develop and persist. Overall, there were few racial and ethnic differences in patterns of HIV/sexually transmitted infection risk behaviors; most involved the initiation and persistence of substance use among non-Hispanic whites and Hispanics. Because detained youth have a median stay of only 2 weeks, HIV/sexually transmitted infection risk behaviors in delinquent youth are a community public health problem, not just a problem for the juvenile justice system. Improving the coordination among systems that provide HIV/sexually transmitted infection interventions to youth – primary care, education, mental health, and juvenile justice – can reduce the prevalence of risk behaviors and substantially reduce the spread of HIV/sexually transmitted infection in young people.
Isolated abdominal wound recurrence of an endometrial adenocarcinoma confined to a polyp

An unusual case of Stage IB moderately well-differentiated endometrial adenocarcinoma that was confined to a polyp and recurred only in the abdominal wound is presented. Eighteen months following complete excision, local electron beam therapy, and the institution of hormonal therapy, the patient is alive and without other evidence of recurrence. The mechanisms of metastasis in this case are discussed.
Predicting chronic lethality of chemicals to fishes from acute toxicity test data: Multifactor probit analysis

New methods for predicting chronic toxicity (lethality) from acute lethality data with fishes was developed and assessed. Typically, acute toxicity tests with aquatic organisms provide lethality estimates for a series of toxicant concentrations at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h of exposure. Statistical models (multiple regression) were developed that utilize acute toxicity data to establish the relation of lethality to toxicant concentration and exposure time for predicting chronic lethality. The models provide estimates of toxicant concentrations that result in a low probability of death as a function of extended exposure times. Results from 28 data sets having lethality data for both acute and chronic exposures were used to evaluate the method. It is posited that the proposed methods are highly accurate when acute lethality data meeting stated quality requirements are available.
Linking HIV-seropositive youth with health care: evaluation of an intervention.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of a statewide human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) surveillance system to link infected adolescents with care. Eligible participants were HIV-seropositive youths who were reported to the Department of Health from 1985 to 1998 in a state with mandatory, name-linked reporting of HIV and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) cases. Standard public health disease surveillance and intervention strategies were used to link participants with HIV/AIDS case management services. Enrollment in case management services was assessed before and after the intervention was implemented in 1993. The proportion of participants receiving case management services increased from 33% to 51% (p = 0.058) after the intervention was implemented. Although enrollment in case management did not vary significantly with participants' demographic and transmission characteristics, people of color were less likely than Caucasians to be located and interviewed. In conclusion, the system o...
Comment on "Circular dichroism in the angle-resolved photoemission spectrum of the high-temperature Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ superconductor: can these measurements be interpreted as evidence for time-reversal symmetry breaking?".

We report first-principles computations of the angle-resolved photoemission response with circularly polarized light in ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{CaCu}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{8+\ensuremath{\delta}}$ for the purpose of delineating contributions to the circular dichroism resulting from distortions and modulations of the crystal lattice. Comparison with available experimental results shows that the measured circular dichroism from antinodal mirror planes is reproduced in quantitative detail in calculations employing the average orthorhombic crystal structure. We thus conclude that the existing angle-resolved photoemission measurements can be understood essentially within the framework of the conventional picture, without the need to invoke unconventional mechanisms.
Evaluation of travel demand strategies: a microscopic traffic simulation approach

This research investigates the design and impact of a new travel demand management approach, namely the Downtown Space Reservation System (DSRS), using a microscopic traffic simulation approach executed in VISSIM. The DSRS is part of a Travel Demand Management strategy that is designed to mitigate traffic congestion in a downtown urban setting. The simulation is conducted according to an experimental design procedure for a revised road network representing downtown Boise, Idaho. The issues that are tested in the simulation include: (1) whether the DSRS improves traffic performance when compared with the case without the DSRS; (2) how the DSRS performs compared with a reservation system that uses a First Come First Serve principle; and (3) how the specific DSRS parameters (such as, the relative importance of throughput versus revenue generation) influence network system performance. Conclusions and future research recommendations are provided based on the insights from the simulation modeling work.
Act1 modulates autoimmunity through its dual functions in CD40L/BAFF and IL-17 signaling

Coordinated regulation of T and B cell-mediated immune responses plays a critical role in the control and modulation of autoimmune diseases. This review is focused on the adapter molecule Act1 and its regulation of autoimmunity through its impact on both T and B cell-mediated immune responses. Whereas Act1 molecule is an important negative regulator for B cell-mediated humoral immune responses through its function in CD40L and BAFF signaling, recent studies have shown that Act1 is also a key positive signaling component for IL-17 signaling pathway, critical for T(H)17-mediated autoimmune and inflammatory responses. The dual functions of Act1 are evident in Act1-deficient mice that displayed B cell-mediated autoimmune phenotypes (including dramatic increase in peripheral B cells, lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly, hypergammaglobulinemia and Sjogren's disease in association with Lupus Nephritis), but showed resistance to T(H)17-dependent EAE and colitis. Such seemingly opposite functions of Act1 in CD40-BAFFR and IL-17R signaling are orchestrated by different domains in Act1. Whereas Act1 interacts with the IL-17R through the C-terminal SEFIR domain, Act1 is recruited to CD40 and BAFFR indirectly, which is mediated by TRAF3 through the TRAF binding site in Act1. Such delicate regulatory mechanisms may provide a common vehicle to promote balance between host defense to pathogens and tolerance to self.
Ab initio shell model calculations with three-body effective interactions for p-shell nuclei.

We present a qualitative improvement of the ab initio no-core shell model (NCSM) approach by implementing three-body interaction capability for $p$-shell nuclei. We report the first calculations using three-body effective interactions derived from realistic nucleon-nucleon potentials for ${}^{6}\mathrm{Li}$, ${}^{8}\mathrm{Be}$, and ${}^{10}\mathrm{B}$ and demonstrate that the use of three-body effective interactions speeds up the convergence of the NCSM approach. For ${}^{10}\mathrm{B}$, we predict ${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}{T\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}1}^{+}0$ ground state, contrary to the experimental observation of ${3}^{+}0$, when the $\mathrm{AV}{8}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ potential is used, indicating the need for true three-body forces.
G3139 antisense oligonucleotide directed against antiapoptotic Bcl‐2 enhances doxorubicin cytotoxicity in the FU‐SY‐1 synovial sarcoma cell line

Synovial sarcoma (SS) is a highly aggressive, periarticular soft tissue sarcoma that causes death in more than half of affected children, adolescents, and young adults. Five- and 10-year survival rates are as low as 36 and 20%, respectively. Bcl-2, a negative regulator of apoptosis, is overexpressed in up to 90% of SS. Increased Bcl-2 expression not only leads to the development of cancer, but also to resistance of many anticancer chemotherapeutic agents. We hypothesized reducing Bcl-2 expression in SS should enhance doxorubicin cytotoxicity. Cell cultures representing two human sarcomas (FU-SY-1 SS and the pleomorphic SW982) and a primary human dermal fibroblast comparator (NHDF) were exposed in vitro to doxorubicin, or to doxorubicin preceded by Bcl-2 (G3139) antisense oligonucleotides, and assayed for cell survival, apoptosis, and modulations in Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL mRNA and protein content. SW982 sarcoma cells proved most susceptible to doxorubicin, while NHDF mesenchymal cells were least sensitive to doxorubicin. Treatment of FU-SY-1 SS with G3139 reduced Bcl-2 mRNA and protein levels, which enhanced doxorubicin-induced cell killing. There was a concurrent reduction in Bcl-xL mRNA following G3139 application in FU-SY-1 and NHDF cultures, but not in SW982. G3139 anti-Bcl-2 intervention sensitized the FU-SY-1 SS to doxorubicin, due to increased apoptosis. G3139 intervention was ineffective in the two non-SS cell lines.
Survey of resident training in beating heart operations.

Abstract Background . "Off-pump" coronary artery operations are done with increasing frequency in the treatment of coronary artery disease. As a result, residents in thoracic surgery have been confronted with the necessity of gaining experience in this innovative approach to coronary surgery. The aim of this study was to assess the importance of training in minimally invasive coronary revascularization as it was perceived by thoracic surgery residents. Methods . A postal, multiple-choice survey questionnaire was sent to all cardiothoracic surgery residents (n = 327) of accredited training programs in the United States. Responses were tabulated and analyzed. Results . The overall response rate was 68% (222 of 327 residents). The attending staff was very interested (37%), or had some interest (63%), in beating heart coronary revascularization. Ninety-eight percent of the programs had at least one surgeon performing off-pump procedures. Although 88% of the responding residents showed some interest in off-pump coronary operations, only 22% of them had performed more than 20 off-pump cases, and even less (12%) had performed more than 20 cases of off-pump complete revascularization, or off-pump circumflex revascularization (4%). Sixteen percent of them had no clinical experience with these techniques. Regarding career intentions, 88% of the residents indicated that off-pump coronary operations were expected to be part of the practice, and 58% of them were interested in pursuing additional training in less invasive heart procedures. Conclusions . The results of this survey suggest that training in off-pump coronary revascularization is variable across training programs, and that the majority of residents may not reach proficiency in coronary procedures on the beating heart during their residency. This may adversely affect their future expectations, as 88% of them would like to practice off-pump coronary surgery once the training is completed.
Surgical innovation: From laparoscopy to natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery

The field of surgery has undergone a revolution in the past 25 years, progressing toward a less invasive approach to address surgical pathology. With the introduction of laparoscopy, operations classically associated with significant morbidities could now be accomplished on an almost outpatient basis. More recently, single-site laparoscopic surgery and natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) have been introduced for use in humans. These new techniques promise new approaches to minimize the potential morbidities and maximize the cosmetic outcome for patients. Herein is a discussion on surgical innovation detailing the progression from laparoscopic approaches to NOTES within the United States, including the limitations prohibiting the widespread adoption of these new techniques.