cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of a TL−variant of a homozygous TL+ mouse lymphoma

A homozygous antigen-loss variant for the TL antigen was isolated by immunoselectionin vitro. The variant expressed <0.01 the parental amount of TL antigen on its surface as measured by quantitative absorption. Neither theK nor theD end H-2k antigens were detectable on the surface of the variant, although parental amounts of Thy 1.2 and GCSA were expressed. Karyotypic analysis showed that the variant had one less chromosome than the parental line.
Measures of betweenness in non-symmetric networks

Abstract Betweenness has commonly been regarded as a centrality measure that can only be employed with symmetric networks. This paper shows that computation of absolute partial betweenness scores is unproblematic for non-symmetric networks as well, as long as ordered pairs of points are considered. The maximum absolute score is also derived, making it possible to compute “relative” betweenness scores which can be compared across non-symmetric networks.
Ability of magnetic resonance elastography to assess taut bands

Background Myofascial taut bands are central to diagnosis of myofascial pain. Despite their importance, we still lack either a laboratory test or imaging technique capable of objectively confirming either their nature or location. This study explores the ability of magnetic resonance elastography to localize and investigate the mechanical properties of myofascial taut bands on the basis of their effects on shear wave propagation.
Response function analysis of time-dependent diffusional defect processes

Abstract The loss rate of defects to cavities in a material subject to spatially uniform but arbitrarily time-dependent irradiation is re-derived by means of Response Function theory. The result coincides with that of our earlier derivation.
Using system-level models to evaluate I/O subsystem designs

We describe a system-level simulation model and show that it enables accurate predictions of both I/O subsystem and overall system performance. In contrast, the conventional approach for evaluating the performance of an I/O subsystem design, which is based on standalone subsystem models, is often unable to accurately predict performance changes because it is too narrow in scope. In particular, conventional methodology treats all I/O requests equally, ignoring differences in how individual requests' response times affect system behavior (including both system performance and the subsequent I/O workload). We introduce the concept of request criticality to describe these feedback effects and show that real I/O workloads are not approximated well by either open or closed input models. Because conventional methodology ignores this fact, it often leads to inaccurate performance predictions and can thereby lead to incorrect conclusions and poor design choices. We illustrate these problems with real examples and show that a system-level model, which includes both the I/O subsystem and other important system components (e.g., CPUs and system software), properly captures the feedback and subsequent performance effects.
AN ALGORITHM FOR VP ELLIPSIS

An algorithm is proposed to determine antecedents for VP ellipsis. The algorithm eliminates impossible antecedents, and then imposes a preference ordering on possible antecedents. The algorithm performs with 94% accuracy on a set of 304 examples of VP ellipsis collected from the Brown Corpus. The problem of determining antecedents for VP ellipsis has received little attention in the literature, and it is shown that the current proposal is a significant improvement over alternative approaches.
Construct Validity of the WISC-III for White and Black Students from the WISC-III Standardization Sample and for Black Students Referred for Psychological Evaluation.

This study used both exploratory (EFA) and confiiatory factor analy- ses (CFA) to examine the factor structure of the WISC-III among White and Black students from the WISC-III standardization sample and a sample of 348 Black students referred for psychological evaluation. Results of the EFA provided evi- dence of a large first principal factor as well as the expected Verbal and Perfor- mance components across all three groups. Empirical support for the Freedom from Distractibility dimension was provided only from the confirmatory factor analyses. Although the four factor confirmatory model exhibited the best overall statistical fit, inspection of specific factor loadings revealed anomalies with the third and fourth factors, especially for the Referred Black sample. Implications for school psychologists are presented and recommendations for future research are provided.
Performance characteristics of beef cows program fed by-products from corn ethanol production1

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the efficacy of programfed, corn-silage-based diets containing reduced-fat, modified wet corn distillers grains (RFDGS); high-fat, modified wet corn distillers grains (HFDGS); or highfat, condensed corn distillers solubles (HFCDS) containing 8.01, 10.53, and 10.99% ether extract (crude fat), respectively, on beef cow and calf performance. Angus × Simmental crossbred cows (n = 128) were program fed 1 of 4 dietary treatments for 206 d beginning in the third trimester through calf weaning. Cows were blocked by parity (first parity and 2 or more parities) and stratified within parity by BW subject to variation in BCS to 16 pens. Each block was equally represented within treatment. Control cows were fed diets based on corn silage, shelled corn, and soybean meal to provide 12.0% CP (T1). In treatment diets, corn silage and either RFDGS (T2) or HFDGS (T3) replaced shelled corn and soybean meal to provide 12.0% CP. High-fat, condensed distillers solubles (T4) replaced shelled corn and a portion of soybean meal to provide 12.0% CP. Cow DMI per day was lower (P = 0.01) for T3 comparing 10.13 ± 1.12, 9.88 ± 1.02, 8.07 ± 0.88, and 10.08 ± 1.20 kg for T1, T2, T3, and T4, respectively. Crude fat composition of the diets was different (P = 0.001), where T1 T2 and T3, T1 = T4, and T1 = T2 = T3. Milk urea nitrogen differed between treatments (P = 0.02), where T1 > T2 and T3, T4 = T1, and T4 = T2 = T3. No differences (P > 0.05) between treatments were observed for calf BW and cow BW and BCS at the end of the feeding period. Calf birth weight tended (P = 0.10) to be lower for T3 compared with T1, T2, and T4. In corn silage– based diets when beef cows are program fed to maintain similar BCS, HFDGS, RFDGS, and HFCDS can replace shelled corn and soybean meal, with similar performance.
THE VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION OF PICKUP He+ MEASURED AT 0.3 AU BY MESSENGER

During its interplanetary trajectory in 2007-2009, the MErcury Surface, Space ENvrionment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft passed through the gravitational focusing cone for interstellar helium multiple times at a heliocentric distance R ≈ 0.3 AU. Observations of He{sup +} interstellar pickup ions made by the Fast Imaging Plasma Spectrometer sensor on MESSENGER during these transits provide a glimpse into the structure of newly formed inner heliospheric pickup-ion distributions. This close to the Sun, these ions are picked up in a nearly radial interplanetary magnetic field. Compared with the near-Earth environment, pickup ions observed near 0.3 AU will not have had sufficient time to be energized substantially. Such an environment results in a nearly pristine velocity distribution function that should depend only on pickup-ion injection velocities (related to the interstellar gas), pitch-angle scattering, and cooling processes. From measured energy-per-charge spectra obtained during multiple spacecraft observational geometries, we have deduced the phase-space density of He{sup +} as a function of magnetic pitch angle. Our measurements are most consistent with a distribution that decreases nearly monotonically with increasing pitch angle, rather than the more commonly modeled isotropic or hemispherically symmetric forms. These results imply that pitch-angle scattering of He{sup +} may not bemore » instantaneous, as is often assumed, and instead may reflect the velocity distribution of initially injected particles. In a slow solar wind stream, we find a parallel-scattering mean free path of λ {sub ||} ∼ 0.1 AU and a He{sup +} production rate of ∼0.05 m{sup –3} s{sup –1} within 0.3 AU.« less
A new pharmacology--drugging stressed folding pathways.

Folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) must couple protein-synthesis pathways operating outside of the compartment with ER-assisted folding (ERAF) pathways in the lumen. Chaperone-mediated folding imbalances that are associated with numerous misfolding diseases, including diabetes, trigger the unfolded-protein response (UPR), using both transcriptional and translational pathways to correct the problem. Recent work suggests that small-molecule inhibitors could be useful to help rebalance protein synthesis with ERAF pathways through the ribosomal initiating factor eIF2α. Reprogramming stress pathways with drugs provides a potential new approach for balancing ER-protein load with cellular-folding capacity, thus correcting disease.
Malaria sporozoite proteome leaves a trail

The malaria parasite sporozoite proteome changes during maturation, revealing proteins specifically expressed in the stage that infects the human host.
Incorporation of soybean products in summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus) feeds: Effects on growth and survival to bacterial challenge

Abstract As demand for fish meal as a primary protein source in aquaculture feeds has continued to increase, aquaculturists have sought a replacement with similar nutritional profile and more consistent economic value. Two feeding trials were designed to evaluate the effect of replacing fish meal with soybean meal and soy protein concentrate in summer flounder ( Paralychthis dentatus ) diets on fish growth and survival to challenge with the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio harveyi . Fish fed for 12 weeks with a diet in which 60% of the fish meal was replaced with a 1:1 ratio ( w / w ) of soybean meal and soy protein concentrate (SBM/SPC) increased to a significantly greater mass than fish fed either a fish meal (FM) diet or a 60% replacement diet with soybean meal (SBM; p Statement of relevance Sustainable plant-based diets promoting disease resistance.
The Rental Price of Housing in New York City, 1830–1860

Advertisements from antebellum New York City newspapers are used to estimate hedonic indices of the rental price of housing. Rents varied with the quality of housing and its location, suggesting a well-defined market for rental housing. Controlling for housing characteristics and location, the relative price of housing rose between 1830 and 1860.
Kant on lies, candour and reticence

Like several prominent moral philosophers before him, such as St Augustine and St Thomas Aquinas, Kant held that it is never morally permissible to tell a lie. Although a great deal has been written on why and how he argued for this conclusion, comparatively little has been written on what, precisely, Kant considered a lie to be, and on how he differentiated between being truthful and being candid, between telling a lie and being reticent, and between telling a lie and other forms of linguistic deception. That is to say, very little has been written on the scope of Kant's prohibition against lying. In this article I will argue that the scope of the prohibition against lying is narrower than it is commonly supposed to be.
Enhanced root exudation induces microbial feedbacks to N cycling in a pine forest under long-term CO2 fumigation

The degree to which rising atmospheric CO(2) will be offset by carbon (C) sequestration in forests depends in part on the capacity of trees and soil microbes to make physiological adjustments that can alleviate resource limitation. Here, we show for the first time that mature trees exposed to CO(2) enrichment increase the release of soluble C from roots to soil, and that such increases are coupled to the accelerated turnover of nitrogen (N) pools in the rhizosphere. Over the course of 3 years, we measured in situ rates of root exudation from 420 intact loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) roots. Trees fumigated with elevated CO(2) (200 p.p.m.v. over background) increased exudation rates (μg C cm(-1) root h(-1) ) by 55% during the primary growing season, leading to a 50% annual increase in dissolved organic inputs to fumigated forest soils. These increases in root-derived C were positively correlated with microbial release of extracellular enzymes involved in breakdown of organic N (R(2) = 0.66; P = 0.006) in the rhizosphere, indicating that exudation stimulated microbial activity and accelerated the rate of soil organic matter (SOM) turnover. In support of this conclusion, trees exposed to both elevated CO(2) and N fertilization did not increase exudation rates and had reduced enzyme activities in the rhizosphere. Collectively, our results provide field-based empirical support suggesting that sustained growth responses of forests to elevated CO(2) in low fertility soils are maintained by enhanced rates of microbial activity and N cycling fuelled by inputs of root-derived C. To the extent that increases in exudation also stimulate SOM decomposition, such changes may prevent soil C accumulation in forest ecosystems.
Models for simulation of acid precipitation effects on lakes and soils

Several empirical models have been developed for forecasting the effects of acid precipitation on lakes and soils. Lake acidification process can be forecasted by the application of these models. Monte Carlo simulation can forecast the acid precipitation effects on lakes under normal and under extreme values of the driving variables of acid precipitation. Several multiple regression models have been developed for forecasting the effects of acid precipitation on soils.
Cardiac tamponade mimicking tuberculous pericarditis as the initial presentation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia in a 58-year-old woman: a case report

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is an indolent disease that often presents with complaints of lymphadenopathy or is detected as an incidental laboratory finding. It is rarely considered in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with tamponade or a large, bloody pericardial effusion. In patients without known cancer, a large, bloody pericardial effusion raises the possibility of tuberculosis, particularly in patients from endemic areas. However, the signs, symptoms and laboratory findings of pericarditis related to chronic lymphocytic leukemia can mimic tuberculosis. We report the case of a 58-year-old African American-Nigerian woman with a history of travel to Nigeria and a positive tuberculin skin test who presented with cardiac tamponade. She had a mild fever, lymphocytosis and a bloody pericardial effusion, but cultures and stains were negative for acid-fast bacteria. Assessment of blood by flow cytometry and pericardial biopsy by immunohistochemistry revealed CD5 (+) and CD20 (+) lymphocytes in both tissues, demonstrating this to be an unusual manifestation of early stage chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Although most malignancies that involve the pericardium clinically manifest elsewhere before presenting with tamponade, this case illustrates the potential for early stage chronic lymphocytic leukemia to present as a large pericardial effusion with tamponade. Moreover, the presentation mimicked tuberculosis. This case also demonstrates that it is possible to treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia-related pericardial tamponade by removal of the fluid without chemotherapy.
Theoretical Studies of the Structures of the Liquid-Vapor Interfaces of Metals and Binary Alloys

We report the results of self-consistent quantum Monte Carlo simulations of the structure of the liquid-vapor interfaces of Ga and of alloys of Bi in Ga and In in Ga. The single particle density distribution along the normal to the interface is predicted to display stratification, with a spacing of about an atomic diameter, and the pair structure function in the plane of the liquid-vapor interface is predicted to be essentially the same as that in the bulk liquid. In all of the cases considered the qualitative and quantitative character of these predictions are in good agreement with the results of experimental studies.
Lability of C in temperate forest soils: Assessing the role of nitrogen addition and tree species composition

Understanding how atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition affects carbon (C) stabilization in forest soils has become an important focus as humans continue to alter global C and N cycles. Recent reviews have found a positive effect of increased N inputs on C stabilization in soils of temperate forest ecosystems. However, there is still uncertainty about the role and magnitude of the effect of chronic N inputs on forest soil C sequestration and how different tree species can modulate this effect. We evaluated the response of soil C lability to experimental N additions across plots with different dominant tree species (Acer saccharum, Fagus grandifolia, Betula alleghaniensis, Tsuga canadensis and Quercus rubra). We used a 14-year N addition experiment with a single-species, paired-plot design, and several measurements to estimate C lability, including soil laboratory incubations and density fractionation. Our two principal measures of C lability showed statistically significant interactive effects of N treatment and tree species composition: soils from maple (Acer) stands showed the greatest effect of added N on the light fraction mass in the mineral horizon (a 69% increase), and soils from beech (Fagus) stands showed the greatest N effect on potentially mineralizable C (a 23% decrease). Decreases in soil decomposition and respiration rates in organic and mineral horizons in response to N addition across all five species suggest a significant suppression of C mineralization, particularly in the first few weeks of the incubation, with the strongest responses in beech and oak (Quercus) stands. Our results confirm that increased N additions significantly reduce soil organic matter decomposition rates and the lability of soil C for some tree species, and indicate that mechanisms other than organo-mineral associations could play an important role in the stabilization of C in these soils. Further, our research illustrates the need to consider varying responses among different tree species when predicting future consequences of N inputs on soil C storage.
Macroeconomic Evaluation of Computerized Tomographic Scanning

The major reason for conducting an economic evaluation of a medical technology is to support an economic decision. An economic decision is defined here as one involving the allocation of productive and, hence, valuable resources to a particular end. A physician’s decision to order (or not to order) a procedure or drug is an economic decision, as is a hospital’s decision to invest (or not to invest) in the capital equipment required for a procedure, a government’s decision to approve (or disapprove) the marketing of a drug or procedure, or a third-party payer’s to pay (or not to pay) for a drug or procedure. Economic evaluation provides evidence on the relative costs and benefits of alternative courses of action open to decision-makers. Though decisions involving the allocation of resources can be and often are made ignoring economic considerations, they remain economic decisions nonetheless.
Paternal conributions to embryogenesis

The ejaculate is analyzed in the clinic primarily to obtain an estimation of sperm number, motion characteristics and cell morphology. Based on these data, conclusions are formulated as to the overall ‘fertility’ of the male. A major problem has been that the conclusions derived are often not (well) correlated with expected outcome, i.e., fertility. As a consequence, adjunct tests, e.g., sperm function tests, have been developed in an effort to uncover those defects/assets not revealed when measuring standard semen parameters. While some of these tests, e.g., hemizona assay, have helped to shed light on dysfunctional processes associated with fertilization, e.g., zona binding and penetration, individually they do not totally suffice for identifying fertile (defined as being capable of producing offspring) males.
Combined endoscopic and laparoscopic surgery (CELS)

Colonoscopic polypectomy is the treatment of choice for diagnosing and removing most colon polyps. Large polyps or those in an anatomically difficult location can be very challenging to remove by endoscopic techniques alone. Traditionally, the most common recommendation for these patients has been to undergo a subsequent colon resection. Although the laparoscopic approach has reduced the morbidity of an abdominal operation, potential morbidities related to bowel resection still need to be considered. A combined approach using both laparoscopy and colonoscopy (combined endoscopic and laparoscopic surgery, CELS) has been described as an alternative to bowel resection in select patients with polyps that cannot be removed endoscopically. This procedure utilizes laparoscopic manipulation of the colon wall adjacent to the polyp to facilitate polypectomy. Furthermore, it enables prompt diagnosis and treatment of full-thickness defects of the colon and provides an opportunity to proceed with a standard oncological resection for lesions that are not amenable or suitable for CELS.
Behavioral Effects of Genetic Mental Retardation Disorders

In the humanities and in the social sciences, it is almost a truism to say that one cannot escape the influence of one’s own historical time. Certain novelists of the past, for example, are highly valued during one historical period, “lost’’ to another, only to be reembraced at a later time. Similarly in a field like history, we see changes over the decades in how society views the accomplishments of certain individuals. Are Jefferson, Adams, Franklin, and other of America’s “Founding Fathers’’ omniscient visionaries, as portrayed in many recent books, or instead should they be criticized for leaving unresolved such basic national issues as slavery (Brands, 2003)? Fields, like people, reflect the times in which they exist. So too with the field of intellectual disabilities and its relation to genetics and other biomedical sciences. Consider Norman Ellis’ (1969) statement that “Rarely have behavioral differences characterized different etiological groups’’ (p. 561). Such a statement may have been an accurate description of intellectual disability (ID) research 35 years ago, when few genetic disorders were identified and few etiology-based studies existed outside of Down syndrome. In contrast, such a statement seems dated today. At last count, geneticists have identified over 1000 genetic disorders associated with ID, and the field of “behavioral phenotypes’’ has taught us that behavioral differences do indeed characterize many of these disorders (see Barnard, Pearson, Rippon, & O’Brien, 2002 for brief reviews). Each day brings us closer to understanding how genes, brain, and behavior go together, and
Endometrial carcinoma : influence of prognostic factors on radiation management

The earliest intracavitary radium treatment for uterine cancer was reported in 1908. Refinements reported during the next 20 years, using an intrauterine tube and colpostats or radium capsules, established a treatment philosophy of preoperatively irradiating uterine and parauterine tissues. Thus, preoperative intracavitary irradiation became entrenched as therapy for all endometrial cancers for the better part of four decades. In the 1950s and 1960s, the ability of external irradiation to eradicate cancer in regional lymphatic vessels prompted the use of pelvic field irradiation in Stage II and III and recurrent disease
A case for bridging the gap : the significance of the Vatican archives project for international archival information exchange

The author is director of the University of Michigan Vatican Archives Project. This project, which created a computer-based access system for the Vatican Archives, represents the first attempt to apply the USMARC AMC format to a major European archive. User accessibility was the ultimate goal of the project. The database, which was built upon fundamental archival principles, includes two elements: a complete listing of all Vatican agencies over time with a historical description of the agency emphasizing its functions; and a complete set of record series descriptions. The project raised several larger issues regarding the application of new technology and the possibilities of scholarly collaboration in the design of archival access systems.
Percolative Metal Nanoshells for Metallodielectric Photonic Crystals

We present fabrication of percolative silver nanoshells on dielectric silica sphere cores, and their subsequent self-assembly into three dimensional metallodielectric photonic crystals. Results of light scattering experiments and modeling of the optical response are discussed.
Extraction of Manufacturing Rules From Unstructured Text Using a Semantic Framework

Formal ontology and rule-based approaches founded on semantic technologies have been proposed as powerful mechanisms to enable early manufacturability feedback. A fundamental unresolved problem in this context is that all manufacturing knowledge is encoded in unstructured text and there are no reliable methods to automatically convert it to formal ontologies and rules. It is impractical for engineers to write accurate domain rules in a structured semantic languages such as Web Ontology Language (OWL) or Semantic Application Design Language (SADL). Previous efforts in manufacturing research that have targeted extraction of OWL ontologies from text have focused on basic concept names and hierarchies. This paper presents a semantics-based framework for acquiring more complex manufacturing knowledge, primarily rules, in a semantically-usable form from unstructured English text such as those written in manufacturing handbooks. The approach starts with existing domain knowledge in the form of OWL ontologies and applies natural language processing techniques to extract dependencies between different words in the text that contains the rule. Domain-specific triples capturing each rule are then extracted from each dependency graph. Finally, new computer-interpretable rules are composed from the triples. The feasibility of the framework has been evaluated by automatically and accurately generating rules for manufacturability from a manufacturing handbook. The paper also documents the cases that result in ambiguous results. Analysis of the results shows that the proposed framework can be extended to extract domain ontologies which forms part of the ongoing work that also focuses on addressing challenges to automate different steps and improve the reliability of the system.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
YI-2 Somatic growth patterns in hypoplastic left heart syndrome after initial palliation with the hybrid procedure

Introduction The hybrid procedure (HP) is an alternative first step palliation in children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS). Following the HP, patients undergo one of two pathways: ‘three-stage’ - the comprehensive stage II operation (CSII) followed by the total cavopulmonary connexion (TCPC); or ‘four-stage’: the Norwood procedure, the hemi-Fontan operation (HF), and finally TCPC. Decision to proceed depends on physiological and imaging determinants. This study describes changes in somatic growth observed in patients in both operative pathways. Methods 55 patients with HLHS who underwent HP as first stage palliation were included. Weight-for-age z-score (WFAZ) and height-for-age z-score (HFAZ) were measured at each operative stage. Results Weight (Figure 1): Three-stage : Patients were of low-normal weight at time of HP (WFAZ -0.3 ± 1.0). Weight decreased to time of CSII (WFAZ -0.8 ± 1.2), then increased significantly to TCPC (WFAZ -0.6 ± 1.4, p = 0 .014). Weight: Four-stage: Patients were also of low-normal weight at HP (WFAZ -0.8 ± 1.2). Weight decreased significantly from HP to Norwood procedure (WFAZ-2.8 ± 1.7. p = 0 .03). Weight stabilised between Norwood and HF, and then increased significantly to TCPC (WFAZ -1.1 ± 0.8, p = 0 .036). Height (Figure 2): Three-stage: Height declined steadily from HP to TCPC. Significant decrease in height was observed between CSII and TCPC ( p .01). Height: Four-stage : Height decreased from HP to Norwood, then to HF. Height increased from HF to TCPC. The changes were non-significant. Conclusions Patients who undergo HP have poor weight gain prior to their superior cavopulmonary connexion (SCPC), as evidenced by decline in WFAZ scores. This was more prominent in the 4-stage group. Weight returned to baseline levels by time of TCPC. The early decline in weight may result from the volume overloading, cyanosis, increased myocardial work of the single ventricle and additional energy expenditure, factors which are corrected at SCPC. The changes in weight are similar to the somatic growth pattern observed in patients undergoing Norwood procedure as first stage palliation. Study of growth data identifies key time points for optimising interventions to address poor growth, a known risk factor for morbidity, prolonged hospitalisation and worse neurodevelopmental outcomes.
Epistemology and The Psychology of Belief

Epistemology has always been concerned with mental states, especially doxastic states such as belief, suspension of judgment, and the like. A signifi cant part of epistemology is the attempt to evaluate, appraise, or criticize alternative procedures for the formation of belief and other doxastic at titudes. In addressing itself to doxastic states, epistemology has usually employed our everyday mental concepts and language. Occasionally it has tried to systematize or precise these mental categories, e.g., by introducing the notion of subjective probabilities. But this is a minor refinement in our in tuitive notion of degrees of confidence. What epistemology has not done?at least 20th century analytic epistemology hasn't done it?is to seek help from experimental psychology in choosing its doxastic categories. Analytic epistemology has generally assumed that doxastic descriptions generated by casual and introspective thought are adequate for its purposes. Now to the extent that epistemology simply tries to "analyze" everyday terms or concepts, refinement of our doxastic classifications may be irrele vant. If our only aim is to understand the ordinary use of the term 'know', for example, we need only be concerned with our ordinary mentalistic scheme. But if epistemology is to be a normative enterprise as well, it may have an ap propriate concern with cognitive categories and models that are not a stan dard part of everyday language. If epistemology is in the business of saying what psychological states a cognizer should be in in various circumstances, or what states it would be rational or intelligent for him to be in, we need as good a specification as possible of the range of psychological states open to him. It is questionable whether such a specification can be guaranteed by the conceptual apparatus and methods of ordinary thought about the mental. One might well suspect that systematic pursuit of cognitive psychology might yield a richer and more accurate set of doxastic descriptions than intuitive thought alone can do. At a minimum, it is worth asking what light can be shed on doxastic states by psychological perspectives on cognition, and what bearing this may have on normative or regulative epistemology. That is the aim of the present paper.1 A radical attack on doxastic-attitude concepts has been launched by Quine, who challenges the legitimacy of any propositional-content notions in science. This is a challenge I shall not take up here. Nor do I plan to consider other radical proposals, e.g., those of behaviorists, for dispensing entirely with doxastic-attitude concepts. Rather, I shall try to see how cognitive psy chology might help enrich, refine, or supplement doxastic classifications, and
Radiation therapy outcomes in muscle invasive urinary bladder cancer: A single institution experience.

Introduction: To audit the survival outcomes and loco-regional control in muscle invasive urinary bladder cancer patients treated with external beam radiation therapy (RT). Materials and Methods: From November 2008 through December 2011, 50 consecutively diagnosed muscle invasive urinary bladder carcinoma (T2-4a N0-2, M0) patients were included in this retrospective study. All these patients received external beam RT to a median dose of 60 Gy (range 30-66 Gy), and were not suitable for radical surgery due to patients' preference or medical comorbidities. A stepwise procedure using proportional hazard regression was used to identify prognostic factors with respect to survival. Results: Completion trans-urethral resection of bladder tumor was done in 38 (76%) patients of the cohort and 47 (94%) had transitional cell carcinoma on histopathology. Clinical stage T2 was diagnosed in 40 (80%) patients. The median follow-up for the entire cohort was 14 ± 8.9 months (range 1-36 months). In conclusion, 24 patients (48%) were free of disease, 5 patients (10%) had residual disease, and 13 patients (26%) had died of disease. Two-year and 3 year overall survival of intact bladder for the entire cohort was 58% and 43.6%, respectively. Cox regression modeling strongly suggested clinical stage (P = 0.01) and RT dose (P = 0.001) as being predictors for overall survival. Conclusion: RT shows reliable outcomes and excellent compliance in this advanced disease. Prescribing a higher RT dose could potentially correlate to better intact bladder control rates while maintaining good quality of life in selected patients.
Measurements of pulmonary ventilation in normal newborn thoroughbred foals during the first three days of life.

SUMMARY A simple method of measuring tidal and minute volumes in newborn thoroughbred foals is described. Respiratory rates, tidal and minute volumes of ninety-five normal newborn foals were measured between I minute and 48 hours after birth. The maximum tidal volumes attained by seven foals after stimulation were also recorded. A significant fall in respiratory rates and minute volumes occurred over the period of observation. The tidal volume did not vary significantly. The weight of the foal and respiratory rate were negatively correlated and the tidal volume positively correlated.
Identifying the depressed patient.

The symptoms of depression can be part of a psychiatric disorder or can be manifestations associated with a medical illness. Correctly diagnosing either a psychiatric or a medical disorder can prevent inappropriate therapy and more effectively promote patient well being. The signs in a patient that should alert a physician to the presence of depression are discussed, and various management modalities are suggested.
Quantifying Agulhas Leakage in a High-Resolution Climate Model

AbstractThe leakage of warm and salty water from the Indian Ocean via the Agulhas system into the South Atlantic may play a critical role in climate variability by modulating the buoyancy fluxes associated with the meridional overturning circulation (MOC). New climate models, such as the Community Climate System Model, version 3.5 (CCSM3.5), are now able to resolve the Agulhas retroflection and constrain the inertially choked Agulhas leakage to more realistic values. These ocean-eddy-resolving climate models are poised to bolster understanding of the sensitivity and influence of Agulhas leakage in the coupled climate system. Here, a strategy is devised to quantify Agulhas leakage in CCSM3.5 by applying an offline Lagrangian particle-tracking approach, finding a mean interbasin transport of 11.2 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1). It is shown that monthly mean outputs can be used to produce a reliable time series of Agulhas leakage variability on longer-than-seasonal time scales (correlation coefficient r = 0.88; p < ...
HexPADS: A Platform to Detect Stealth Attacks

Current systems are under constant attack from many different sources. Both local and remote attackers try to escalate their privileges to exfiltrate data or to gain arbitrary code execution. While inline defense mechanisms like DEP, ASLR, or stack canaries are important, they have a local, program centric view and miss some attacks. Intrusion Detection Systems IDS use runtime monitors to measure current state and behavior of the system to detect an attack orthogonal to active defenses. Attacks change the execution behavior of a system. Our attack detection system HexPADS detects attacks through divergences from normal behavior using attack signatures. HexPADS collects information from the operating system on runtime performance metrics with measurements from hardware performance counters for individual processes. Cache behavior is a strong indicator of ongoing attacks like rowhammer, side channels, covert channels, or CAIN attacks. Collecting performance metrics across all running processes allows the correlation and detection of these attacks. In addition, HexPADS can mitigate the attacks or significantly reduce their effectiveness with negligible overhead to benign processes.
Proteome Dynamics Reveals Pro-Inflammatory Remodeling of Plasma Proteome in a Mouse Model of NAFLD.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Because the liver is the major source of circulatory proteins, it is not surprising that hepatic disease could lead to alterations in the plasma proteome, which are therein implicated in atherosclerosis. The current study used low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (LDLR–/–) mice to examine the impact of Western diet (WD)-induced NAFLD on plasma proteome homeostasis. Using a 2H2O-metabolic labeling method, we found that a WD led to a proinflammatory distribution of circulatory proteins analyzed in apoB-depleted plasma, which was attributed to an increased production. The fractional turnover rates of short-lived proteins that are implicated in stress-response, lipid metabolism, and transport functions were significantly increased with WD (P < 0.05). Pathway analyses revealed that alterations in plasma proteome dynamics were related to the suppression of hepatic PPARα, which was confirmed based on re...
Clinically Informed Telemental Health in Post-Disaster Areas

Disasters cause significant loss of life, injuries and sufferings, destruction of properties, and displacement of people. The mental health needs of survivors impact recovery and vary during the phase of the disaster and its recovery. Yet, mental health specialists are often not available or are not available in sufficient numbers to meet the identified mental health needs. During the acute phase of a disaster, physical needs are emphasized, but physical needs may be greatly affected by a survivor’s mental state. During recovery as relief workers leave the disaster area, survivors valiantly try to put their lives back together, but new mental health symptoms may then emerge. Specialty mental health care is needed to aid survival and recovery at every stage of disaster response; telemental health is an efficient means of bringing sustained mental health best practices to communities following a disaster. Telemental health can also have a core role in providing supervision, mentoring, and case consultation to first responders and others providing care in the field. This chapter will provide a perspective on the role of telemental health in disaster response using three examples of recent disasters.
Creating a Novel Cardiac Limited Ultrasound Exam Curriculum for Internal Medical Residency: Four Unanticipated Tasks:

Over the past two decades, our internal medicine residency has created a unique postgraduate education in internal medicine by incorporating a formal curriculum in point-of-care cardiac ultrasound as a mandatory component. The details regarding content and implementation were critical to the initial and subsequent success of this novel program. In this paper, we discuss the evidence-based advances, considerations, and pitfalls that we have encountered in the program's development through the discussion of four unanticipated tasks unique to a point-of-care ultrasound curriculum. The formatted discussion of these tasks will hopefully assist development of ultrasound programs at other institutions.
Stochastic parallel model adaptation: theory and applications to active noise cancelling, feedforward control, IIR filtering and identification

The authors consider general stochastic parallel model adaptation problems which consist of an unknown linear time invariant system and a partially or wholly tunable system connected in parallel, with a common input. The goal of adaptation is to tune the partially tunable system so that its output matches that of the unknown system despite the presence of any disturbance which is stochastically uncorrelated with the input. This general formulation of stochastic parallel adaptation schemes allow applications to adaptive feedforward control and adaptive active noise canceling with input contamination, in addition to output error identification and adaptive IIR (infinite impulse response) filtering. It is shown that in all the applications, the goal of adaptation is met whenever a matching conditions and a positive real condition are satisfied. A special case of the results resolves the long-standing problem of the convergence and the unbiasedness of the output error identification scheme in the presence of colored noise. >
Paralog-specific functions of RPL7A and RPL7B mediated by ribosomal protein or snoRNA dosage in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Most ribosomal proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae are encoded by two paralogs that additively produce the optimal protein level for cell growth. Nonetheless, deleting one paralog of most ribosomal protein gene pairs results in a variety of phenotypes not observed when the other paralog is deleted. To determine whether paralog-specific phenotypes associated with deleting RPL7A or RPL7B stem from distinct functions or different levels of the encoded isoforms, the coding region and introns of one paralog, including an intron-embedded snoRNA (small nucleolar RNA) gene, were exchanged with that of the other paralog. Among mutants harboring a single native or chimeric RPL7 allele, expression from the RPL7A locus exceeded that from the RPL7B locus, and more Rpl7a was expressed from either locus than Rpl7b Phenotypic differences in tunicamycin sensitivity, ASH1 mRNA localization, and mobility of the Ty1 retrotransposon were strongly correlated with Rpl7 and ribosome levels, but not with the Rpl7 or snoRNA isoform expressed. Although Ty1 RNA is cotranslationally localized, depletion of Rpl7 minimally affected synthesis of Ty1 Gag protein, but strongly influenced Ty1 RNA localization. Unlike the other processes studied, Ty1 cDNA accumulation was influenced by both the level and isoform of Rpl7 or snoRNA expressed. These cellular processes had different minimal threshold values for Rpl7 and ribosome levels, but all were functional when isoforms of either paralog were expressed from the RPL7A locus or both RPL7 loci. This study illustrates the broad range of phenotypes that can result from depleting ribosomes to different levels.
Uncorking the neoliberal bottle: neoliberal critique and urban change in China

AbstractNeoliberalism’s theoretical ascendancy within urban geography coincided with the rapid growth of scholarly attention to Chinese cities. Therefore, it is unsurprising that neoliberal causality has been a widely used tool for interpreting China’s spatial transformation. This paper critically reviews some of the most prominent debates on neoliberalism in the Chinese context. China’s Leninist political hierarchy and Dual Structure, crucial institutions for the management and regulation of society and economy under Mao, are now reduced to the quirks of “actually existing neoliberalism.” Neoliberal critique applied to China, however, fails to adequately explain China’s spatial development because it assigns causality for social and economic inequality to globalized processes of capital accumulation while ignoring the continued importance of Maoist institutions in China’s present-day political economy. Uncritical acceptance of neoliberalism’s explanatory power for spatial change has led to flawed and ina...
Quantifier-free axioms for constructive affine plane geometry

l'A. definit un ensemble d'axiomes pour la geometrie plane qui n'utilise pas de quantificateurs mais seulement des operations constructives. S'inspirant des espaces vectoriels de la geometrie pythagoricienne, l'A. s'interesse aux configurations finies et deduit le theoreme de la linearite a partir de concepts primitifs.
Species-Specific Involvement of Aldehyde Oxidase and Xanthine Oxidase in the Metabolism of the Pyrimidine-Containing mGlu5-Negative Allosteric Modulator VU0424238 (Auglurant)

Aldehyde oxidase (AO) and xanthine oxidase (XO) are molybdo-flavoenzymes that catalyze oxidation of aromatic azaheterocycles. Differences in AO activity have been reported among various species, including rats, humans, and monkeys. Herein we report a species difference in the enzymes responsible for the metabolism of the negative allosteric modulator of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGlu5 NAM) VU0424238 (VU238, auglurant). Hepatic S9 incubations with AO and XO specific inhibitors hydralazine and allopurinol indicated that rats and cynomolgus monkeys both oxidized VU238 to the 6-oxopyrimidine metabolite M1 via an AO-mediated pathway, whereas secondary oxidation to the 2,6-dioxopyrimidine metabolite M2 was mediated predominantly by AO in monkeys and XO in rats. Despite differences in enzymatic pathways, intrinsic clearance (CLint) of M1 was similar between species (cynomolgus and rat CLint = 2.00 ± 0.040 and 2.19 ± 0.201 μl/min per milligram of protein, respectively). Inhibitor studies in the S9 of multiple species indicated that oxidation of VU238 to M1 was mediated predominantly by AO in humans, cynomolgus and rhesus monkeys, rats, mice, guinea pigs, and minipigs. Oxidation of M1 to M2 was mediated predominantly by XO in rats and mice and by AO in monkeys and guinea pigs, whereas low turnover prevented enzyme phenotyping in humans and minipigs. Additionally, inhibitor experiments indicated that oxidation at the 2-position of the pyrimidine ring of the known AO substrate, BIBX1382, was mediated by AO in all species, although production of this metabolite was comparatively low in rats and mice. These data may suggest low reactivity of rat AO toward 2-oxidation of pyrimidine-containing compounds and highlight the importance of thoroughly characterizing AO-metabolized drug candidates in multiple preclinical species.
Development of the Pre-Placodal Ectoderm and Cranial Sensory Placodes

Abstract Cranial sensory placodes arise from a common precursor field, the pre-placodal ectoderm (PPE), which surrounds the anterior neural plate just lateral to the neural crest. They give rise to secretory cells and numerous sensory structures in the vertebrate head. The PPE forms in response to interactions between the neural and non-neural ectoderm and to signaling factors (FGF, BMP, Wnt and retinoic acid) from adjacent tissues (underlying mesoderm, endoderm, anterior neural ridge). Members of the Six family of transcription factors, particularly Six1 and Six4, are major regulators of PPE fate specification. Six1 upregulates other placode genes and downregulates epidermal and neural crest genes, thus maintaining PPE/placodal fate. Several co-factor proteins, including members of the Eya, Groucho and Dachund families, modify Six protein activity. The PPE is initially competent to form all of the different placodes. Signaling from adjacent tissues along its anterior-posterior extent activates different sets of transcription factors that cause the PPE to separate into individual placodes with different developmental fates. Six1 and Eya1 maintain placode cells in an undifferentiated, proliferative state. They are downregulated when differentiation is initiated. For placode-derived neurons, this involves a dose-dependent regulation of SoxB1 transcription factors. Mutations in SIX and EYA genes underlie several human syndromes whose phenotypes often include hearing loss.