cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Lines Derived from Wild Emmer Chromosome Substitutions: I. Quality Traits

Grain protein quality (gluten strength) and quantity affect the quality of pasta extruded from durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) semolina. Previously, an accession of wild emmer (Triticum turgidum L. var. dicoccoides) with high protein concentration was used to develop a complete set of 'Langdon' (T. dicoccoides) [LDN(DIC)] substitution lines. This study was conducted to evaluate the potential of using these LDN(DIC) substitution lines as parents for deriving lines with increased grain protein concentration and acceptable gluten strength. Each of the 14 substitution lines and Langdon parent were crossed to a common male parent, 'Vic'. Parents and F 2 :4 and F 2 :5 lines were grown in replicated trials at two locations in North Dakota in 1989 and 1991. Grain protein concentration and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) sedimentation volume were measured. Population means and genetic variances were compared with those of the Langdon/Vic population to identify substitution lines that conferred improved quality characteristics, and to determine their potential use in a breeding program. Heritabilities were estimated from standard-unit parent-offspring regression and from variance components. LDN(DIC) chromosome substitution populations 1A, 6A, 5B, and 6B were significantly higher than the Longdon/Vic population in grain protein concentration. One population, LDN(DIC) 1B, was significantly higher in sedimentation volume than the Langdon/Vic population. The results indicated that selected LDN(DIC) substitution lines, especially LDN(DIC) 5B and 6B, when crossed to a strong gluten parent, may be useful in deriving lines with increased protein quantity and quality.
Instability Characteristics of a Gaseous-Oxygen/Methane Pentad Injector

This experimental research characterized the modes of combustion instability produced by an impinging-jet pentad injector burning in an open cylindrical chamber. The device is being explored as a laboratory analog for unsteady mixing processes in supercritical rocket injectors. The injector burned gaseous oxygen and gaseous methane at equivalence ratios from 0.5 to 2.0 and total mass flow rates from 0.33 to 4.9 grams per second. The radial position of the injector was also varied from 0 to 76% of the chamber radius. Six high-frequency pressure transducers located around the circumference and end of the chamber simultaneously recorded pressure fluctuations at each operating point. A detailed phase analysis among the transducers allowed determination of the modes of instability. Fast Fourier transforms determined the amplitude and frequency of the primary instability at each operating point. The results show that this single-element injector exhibits spontaneous first radial, first radial-first tangential, or second tangential modes at fluctuation amplitudes up to 17 % of chamber pressure. Changing the radial location of the injector changed the operating points at which maximum instability occurred. The tangential instability modes occurred with only one injector element operating under the conditions described and therefore were not driven by injector-to-injector interactions.
Existence of the critical point in φ4 field theory

We consider the φ4 quantum field theory in two and three spacetime dimensions. In the single phase region the physical mass (inverse correlation length)m(σ) decreases continuously to zero as the bare mass parameter σ approaches a critical value σc from above. In three dimensions the critical point σc is in the single phase region and the physical mass vanishes there,m(σc)=0.
What Executives Notice: Accurate Perceptions in Top Management Teams

This study investigated the influence of managerial and organizational factors on the extent to which top executives accurately perceive environmental instability and environmental munificence. Env...
The role of parents in college students’ financial behaviors and attitudes

Abstract This study examined how parents’ teaching and modeling of financial concepts affects college student credit card debt ( n = 173). Parental hands-on mentoring of financial skills was most strongly related to lower levels of credit card debt and this relationship was partially mediated by it leading to greater financial delay of gratification and less impulsive credit card purchasing which in turn were related to less problematic credit card use. Having parents who struggled with debt was not significantly related to debt although having parents who avoided talking about finances predicted problematic credit card use. Students’ beliefs that their parents would bail them out of debt were related to lower levels of debt. Financial knowledge and parental verbal instruction appear to have complex relationships to credit card debt.
The role of the conscious therapeutic alliance in Davanloo's intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy

The conscious therapeutic alliance is an often overlooked aspect of Davanloo's technique. In fact, it is an essential element. This article explores the theoretical and technical aspects of Davanloo's use of the conscious therapeutic alliance to rapidly form a strong therapeutic bond. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Disordering and phase decomposition of Ni2Al3 under low-temperature electron irradiation

Abstract In-situ electron irradiations at 200, 300, and 1000 keV have been performed on Ni 2 Al 3 at 100 and 300 K. At low doses, the Ni 2 Al 3 disorders to a B2 structure with a lattice parameter of 0.284 nm, close to that extrapolated for near equiatomic β-NiAl at the Ni 2 Al 3 composition. The electron dose required to disorder the Ni 2 Al 3 decreased with increasing accelerating voltage and possibly with decreasing temperature. At high doses, precipitation of aluminum from the B2 matrix occurs, along with radiation-induced sputtering and radiation-induced segregation. The B2 structure remains stable to doses of 6×10 28 electrons/m 2 , with no amorphization detected.
Repair of tryptophan radicals by antioxidants

Oxidizing free radicals with redox potential greater than 1 V generate indole radicals, R-Ind+. and R-Ind., as in tryptophan. These resonance-stabilized free radicals can be repaired efficiently with electron donors (k = 5 X 10(6) - 1.3 X 10(9) dm3 mol-1 s-1) such as ascorbate, N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride (TMPD), and phenolic antioxidants. Sulfhydryl compounds, which are good H-atom donors, were found to be relatively unreactive (k less than 10(6) dm3 mol-1 s-1). These indole radicals were also found to be unreactive with oxygen (k less than 10(6) dm3 mol-1 s-1).
How do they know it is a parallelogram? Analysing geometric discourse at van Hiele Level 3

In this article, we introduce Sfard's discursive framework and use it to investigate prospective teachers' geometric discourse in the context of quadrilaterals. In particular, we focus on describing and analysing two participants' use of mathematical words and substantiation routines related to parallelograms and their properties at van Hiele level 3 thinking. Our findings suggest that a single van Hiele level of thinking encompasses a range of complexity of reasoning and differences in discourse and thus a deeper investigation of students' mathematical thinking within assigned van Hiele levels is warranted.
Visual analytics for software requirements engineering

The research on visual analytics for requirements engineering has noticeably advanced in the past few years. For many software projects, requirements management needs an effective and efficient path from data to decision. Visual analytics (VA) creates such a path that enables the user to extract insights by interacting with the relevant information. While various requirements visualization techniques exist, only few have produced end-to-end values to practitioners. In this research proposal, we advance the literature on visual requirements analytics by characterizing its key components and relationships. Such a characterization allows us to not only assess existing approaches, but also develop tool enhancements in a principled manner. We describe our ongoing work on VA and outline future research plans.
The characteristics of a non-isothermal loop crystallizer

Abstract A model for a recirculating draft-tube crystallizer is presented which accounts for spatial variations in environment. The model consists of a well-stirred section to account for evaporative cooling and two plug flow portions in a recirculating mode. The calculations show that the average product crystal size for the recirculating crystallizer is significantly reduced compared to that of a well-stirred crystallizer if the circulation rate is not sufficiently high. The circulation time in most cases needs to be less than one-tenth the crystallizer residence time to ensure well-stirred behavior.
Comparison of mechanical debridement and radiofrequency energy for chondroplasty in an in vivo equine model of partial thickness cartilage injury.

Summary Objective The purpose of this study was to develop a long-term model of cartilage injury that could be used to compare the effects of radiofrequency energy (RFE) and mechanical debridement as a treatment. Methods Partial thickness fibrillation of patellar cartilage was created in 16 mature ponies. Three months after the initial surgery all injured patellae were randomly selected to receive one of the four treatments ( n =8/treatment): (1) control, (2) mechanical debridement with a motorized shaver, (3) TAC-CII RFE probe, and (4) CoVac 50 RFE probe. The ponies were euthanized 22 months after treatment. Macroscopic appearance of the cartilage surface was scored, vital cell staining was used to determine chondrocyte viability and light microscopy was used to grade the morphometric changes within the cartilage. Mechanical properties (aggregate modulus, Poisson's ratio and permeability) also were determined and compared to normal uninjured cartilage. Results There were no differences in the cartilage surface scores among the treatment groups and control samples ( P >0.05). The maximum depth of cell death and the percentage of dead area in control and mechanical debridement groups were significantly less than those in both RFE groups. There were no significant differences in maximum depth and the percentage of dead area between the two RFE treatment groups. Histologic scores demonstrated better cartilage morphology for the control and mechanical debridement groups than those of RFE groups. However, even with full thickness chondrocyte death, the matrix in the RFE treated sections was still retained and the mechanical properties of the treated cartilage did not differ from the mechanical debridement group. Conclusion RFE caused greater chondrocyte death and more severe morphological changes compared to untreated degenerative cartilage and mechanical debridement in this model.
The combined effect of grain size and strain rate on the dislocation substructures and mechanical properties in pure aluminum

The effect of grain size on the development of dislocation substructures has been studied as a function of strain rate. Pure aluminum rods with grain diameters of 70, 278, and 400 μm were deformed in tension at room temperature to various percent strains at strain rates of 0.01, 0.25, 2.5, and 5/min. It has been confirmed that the smaller grain size results in higher flow stress in this strain-rate range. The cell size strengthening described by the modified Hall-Petch (MHP) equation is applicable to samples with 70 and 278 μm grain sizes at all four strain rates used in this study, while 400 μm grain sizes show deviation from this because of inhomogeneities developed in the microstructure. The influence of strain rate on the slope of the MHP plots, for a grain size of 70 μm, is such that at lower strain rates, the slope does not change much, but at higher strain rates, there is an increase in the slope value. At all strain rates, the values of slopes from the MHP plots of the smaller grains are higher than for the larger grains.
Cerebrospinal fluid-disseminated meningioma.

BACKGROUND Intracranial meningiomas are common and comprise 20% of all primary brain tumors. Meningiomas infrequently metastasize; however, to the authors' knowledge there are limited data regarding the spread of disease through cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). METHODS Eight of 200 consecutive patients (4%) with meningiomas manifested CSF dissemination. CSF cytology was positive in all patients, and neuroradiographic studies were consistent with CSF dissemination in eight patients. The patients (6 women and 2 men) ranged in age from 24–87 years (mean age, 52 years). All patients had undergone prior surgery (range, one to five surgeries; median, two surgeries), radiotherapy (involved-field radiotherapy in seven patients and stereotactic radiotherapy in six patients), and chemotherapy (hydroxyurea in eight patients). Multiple sites of metastases were seen in all patients and were both within the nervous system (subarachnoid or ventricular tumor: intracranial in eight patients, spinal cord in four patients) and extraneural (subcutaneous, cervical lymph nodes, orbit, or pulmonary in five patients). Treatment utilized both systemic chemotherapy (temozolomide in four patients, irinotecan in three patients, hydroxyurea in three patients, interferon-α in two patients, and doxorubicin plus ifosfamide in one patient) and intraventricular chemotherapy (liposomal cytosine arabinoside in seven patients, thiotepa in one patient, and busulfan in one patient). RESULTS Treatment-related toxicity was seen in eight patients, including chemical meningitis in eight patients (Grade 2), neutropenia in five patients (Grade 2 in four patients and Grade 3 in one patient), fatigue in one patient (Grade 2), and gastrointestinal toxicity in one patient (Grade 2). The best response was stable disease in seven patients and progressive disease in one patient. The response duration ranged from 2–31 months (median, 3.5 months). The median survival was 5.5 months, and 3 patients were alive with disease at the time of last follow-up. CONCLUSIONS The treatment of CSF-disseminated meningioma, although feasible and comparatively nontoxic, was associated with modest outcomes despite combined systemic and intraventricular chemotherapy. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Correlation of an electronic reactivity index with carcinogenicity in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Abstract Recent experimental studies indicate that one step in the transformation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon precarcinogens to ultimate carcinogens involves oxidation of a dihydrodiol intermediate to a dihydrodiol epoxide. This step is examined for 25 compounds using a molecular orbital reactivity index, and a strong correlation with carcinogenic activity is found.
Belated entry: Gender differences and similarities in the pattern of nontraditional college enrollment

Abstract Building on research showing that the incidence of late or nontraditional entry into higher education is influenced by both individuals’ needs and resources, we examine possible gender differences in its pattern. Our event history analysis using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data shows the importance of employment- and family-related factors in illuminating gender differences and similarities in the correlates of nontraditional college enrollment. Specifically, work experience is significantly and negatively associated with men’s nontraditional college entry, while no comparable effect of experience exists for women. Divorce promotes only women’s nontraditional enrollment, and the gender difference in this effect is significant in case of entry into four-year institutions. The presence of preschoolers adversely affects women’s attendance at two- and four-year institutions and men’s attendance at four-year institutions. However, mothers of older children, unlike fathers, are more likely to experience nontraditional entry, while their educational destinations are limited to two-year institutions.
Left ventricular remodeling: clinical significance and therapy.

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in developed countries. However, significant advances have been made over the past 25 years decreasing its in-hospital and long term death rate and complications. The routine use of thrombolysis, aspirin, and beta blockers has led to significant improvement in the prognosis of patients with MI's. Most recently, attention has focused on interventions designed to attenuate or halt the progressive left ventricular (LV) enlargement which may frequently develop following infarction. This article examines the pathophysiology of ventricular remodeling and strategies thought to limit its morbid implications.
THE EFFECT OF ABORTION LEGALIZATION ON CHILDBEARING BY UNWED TEENAGERS IN FUTURE COHORTS

This article examines the long-term impact of legalized abortion on childbearing by unwed teenagers in the United States. I find that the 1970 legalization of abortion in the repeal states led to about a 6% reduction in unwed childbearing rates for white women aged 15–20 who were born in these states immediately after abortion became legal. I find a larger long-term impact for African-American women of the same ages: a 7.5%–13% reduction in unwed childbearing. My estimates are smaller and not as precise for the effect of Roe v. Wade. This outcome is not surprising given that I am able to estimate only a potential lower bound of the effect on unwed childbearing rates. On the other hand, when I estimated a Difference-in-Difference regression for the non-repeal states assuming that there was no national trend that affected the childbearing behavior of the treatment age groups and their respective control age groups separately, I found that the true effect of Roe v. Wade on childbearing by unwed teenagers was about an 11% and 3% reductions for white and African-American teenagers, respectively. (JEL J13, I18)
A logical analysis of the process of T cell activation: different consequences depending on the state of CD28 engagement

Abstract The adaptive immune system is a complex organized action of several immune cell types like, T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, mast cells, and their ability to recognize self and foreign molecular information. Based on logical analysis, a model has been developed that describes TCR-ligand association coupled to intracellular signaling events that result in a proliferation signal. The model demonstrates that after TCR-ligand binding, the activation of tyrosine kinases in one of the paths leads to oscillations between the subsequent states of activation and deactivation of Ca 2+ initiation. In our studies the effect of costimulation on the primary signal has also been explored. Analysis reveals that costimulation increases by more than 2.5 fold the number of paths rendering a cell proliferation signal compared to the outcome when costimulation is blocked. Traversal of 97% of these paths attains a costimulation threshold of activation. We also examined a hypothesis that couples the primary signal and costimulation by modeling costimulation to act as an inhibitor on the Inhibitor proteins. Using this hypothesis our analysis showed a 25% increase in the number of paths leading to cell proliferation in comparison to when costimulation is blocked. Our model also reveals that this hypothesis actually decrease by ≈50% the number of paths attaining cell proliferation compared to the number of available paths leading to cell proliferation when costimulation does not act as an inhibitor on Inhibitor proteins. This suggests that costimulation influences cell proliferation by providing a greater diversity of paths that converge to this state. However, costimulation should be thought independent of its regulatory interaction with the inhibitor proteins.
The relative contributions of yield components to lint yield of upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L.

Stepwise regression analyses provided an estimate of the net effect of yield components on lint yield of Upland cotton. Data from strain tests in the Pee Dee, South Carolina, cotton breeding program for crop years 1968 and 1969 were used in these analyses. Lint yield/m2 was the dependent variable. Independent variables were: bolls/m2, lint/seed, and seeds/boll.
A fuzzy-neural system for identification of species-specific alarm calls of Gunnison's prairie dogs

Abstract In this study we describe the design and application of an automated classification system that utilizes artificial intelligence to corroborate the finding that Gunnison's prairie dogs have different alarm calls for different species of predators. This corroboration is strong because it utilizes an entirely different analysis technique than that used in the original research by Slobodchikoff et al. [Slobodchikoff, C.N., Fischer, C., Shapiro, J., 1986. Predator-specific alarm calls of prairie dogs. Am. Zool. 26, 557] or in subsequent study done by Slobodchikoff et al. [Slobodchikoff, C.N., Kiriazis, J., Fischer, C., Creef, E., 1991. Semantic information distinguishing individual predators in the alarm calls of Gunnison's prairie dogs. Anim. Behav. 42, 713–719]. The study described here also is more completely automated than earlier study in this area. This automation allowed a large volume of field data to be processed where all measurements of relevant parameters were performed through software control. Previous study processed a smaller data set and utilized manual measurement techniques. The new classification system, which combines fuzzy logic and an artificial neural network, classified alarm calls correctly according to the eliciting predator species, achieving accuracy levels ranging from 78.6 to 96.3% on raw field data digitized with low quality audio equipment.
Analytical technologies for identification and characterization of the plant N-glycoproteome

N-glycosylation is one of the most common and complex post-translational modifications of eukaryotic proteins and one that has numerous roles, such as modulating protein stability, sorting, folding, enzyme activity and ligand interactions. In plants, the functional significance of N-glycosylation is typically obscure, although it is a feature of most secreted proteins and so is potentially of considerable interest to plant cell wall biologists. While analytical pipelines have been established to characterize yeast, mammalian and bacterial N-glycoproteomes, such large-scale approaches for the study of plant glycoproteins have yet to be reported. Indeed, the N-glycans that decorate plant and mammalian or yeast proteins are structurally distinct and so modification of existing analytical approaches are needed to tackle plant N-glycoproteomes. In this review, we summarize a range of existing technologies for large-scale N-glycoprotein analysis and highlight promising future approaches that may provide a better understanding of the plant N-glycoproteome, and therefore the cell wall proteome and other proteins associated with the secretory pathway.
The Essential GTPase YqeH Is Required for Proper Ribosome Assembly in Bacillus subtilis

Recent work with bacteria and eukaryotes has shown that GTPases play important roles in ribosome assembly. Here we show that the essential GTPase YqeH is required for proper 70S ribosome formation and 30S subunit assembly/stability in Bacillus subtilis.
Exchanges of Cost Information in the Airline Industry

We empirically analyze exchanges of cost information in a multimarket oligopoly model for the airline industry with entry and incomplete information on marginal costs. We develop an algorithm to solve the Nash equilibrium numerically. We estimate the structural model of supply decisions using data on the American Airlines and United Airlines duopoly at Chicago O'Hare airport. Our results provide probabilities of entry, expected quantities, prices, and profits in each market. Given the estimated parameters, we simulate competition under a hypothetical agreement to exchange cost information. We find that such exchanges would benefit airlines while only moderately costing consumers.
914. Recombinant AAV Gene Delivery of Follistatin for Muscle Enhancement in Models of Muscular Dystrophy

Top of pageAbstract Objective: To determine the efficacy of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) delivering follistatin (FS), a potent inhibitor of myostatin, to a mouse model for limb-girdle muscular dystrophy and wild-type animals. Background: LGMD2D is a debilitating muscle disease of children and young adults. There is no proven treatment to delay the disease progression. Inhibition of myostatin, a negative growth modulator for muscle, can functionally improve normal or dystrophic muscle. This has been observed across species lines, through genetic manipulation, naturally occurring mutations or protein-specific antibodies. We have employed a novel gene therapy approach using a rAAV vector carrying a FS transgene. Design/Methods: Four-week-old wild-type, mdx, or alpha-sarcoglycan deficinet mice were injected bilaterally into the quadriceps and tibialis anterior muscles with 1x10e10 viral genomes of rAAV1-FS and evaluated for muscle strength and endurance using hindlimb and forelimb grip strength as well as Rotarod. At age 120 days, gross muscle evaluation and analysis of muscle weight, fiber number, and cross-sectional area (CSA) on HandE sections was performed with the addition of a FS ELISA assay. Results: We found increased serum FS levels accompanied by a local and remote increase in muscle mass in treated animals (p<0.05). Muscle hypertrophy was observed in rAAV-FS mice versus controls. Motor function tests showed statistically significant improvements in muscle strength in FS-treated mice. Conclusions/Relevance: This data supports a therapeutic effect in muscular dystrophy by myostatin inhibition. This approach represents a clinically applicable gene therapy method to enhance muscle mass and function in muscular dystrophy with potential for treatment of other muscle diseases. No toxicity was encountered. The FS transgene could also be used to complement gene replacement therapy. For example, adding muscle mass in patients with more advanced dystrophies could improve their candidacy for gene replacement therapy.
Increased partial pressures of oxygen at normal barometric pressure on lipogenesis in rat tissues.

SummaryMale rats, fed ad libitum, were exposed to 30% and 47% oxygen environments (balance, N2) at 1 atm for periods of time varying from 1 to 4 days. The rats exposed to increased oxygen tensions for 3 or 4 days gained more weight than controls. Fatty acid contents of liver and adipose tissue of the experimental group at 4 days of exposure were higher than the fatty acid contents found in these tissues for the control group. Conversion of acetate to fatty acids was found to be significantly higher in liver and adipose tissue of oxygen enriched animals. The conclusion is drawn that these findings are the result solely of an increase in alveolar oxygen tension.
Anglicanism on the Eve of the Oxford Movement

1. The Erastian Bondage of the Church: The promise of Magna Charta “that the English Church shall be free and have her rights entire and her liberties inviolate,” went largely unfulfilled. The autonomy of the Church was dreamt of by men like Stephen Langton and Robert Grosseteste, but it was never realized. In the Middle Ages it was restricted by the assertion of the jurisdiction of the Pope on the one hand, and of the King on the other. Magna Charta marked the humiliation of the King and met with the prompt condemnation of the Pope. By a long series of events between ca. 1350 and ca. 1570, the Pope's cause in England was lost, and in the same course of events the royal power was greatly enhanced. So far as constitutional autonomy was concerned the Church was now in a weaker state than before. The gates of a prison-house of Erastianism closed about her. A blight fell upon her governing institutions. Her Convocations were not permitted to function, and after 1718 were discontinued, except for pro forma meetings held for the purpose, as Edmund Burke phrased it, “of making some polite ecclesiastical compliments to the King.” Burke spoke for the politicians of his century when he added: “It is wise to permit its legal existence only.” Because Convocation's last acts had been attended by strife, the fear that its revival would mean a renewal of unseemly contention was habitually invoked as an answer to the few who ventured to suggest that step.
Comment on “Purity Analysis of the Pharmaceuticals Naproxen and Propranolol: A Guided-Inquiry Laboratory Experiment in the Analytical Chemistry Laboratory”

This letter to the editor comments on the paper, “Purity Analysis of the Pharmaceuticals Naproxen and Propranolol: A Guided-Inquiry Laboratory Experiment in the Analytical Chemistry Laboratory”.
CHO cells selected for phytohemagglutinin and con A resistance are defective in both early and late stages of protein glycosylation.

Abstract The lipid-linked and asparagine-linked oligosaccharides of two lectin-resistant and one parental Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line have been compared by glycosidase digestion and gel filtration analysis of radiolabeled glycopeptides and oligosaccharides. The additional glycosylation defect in a double mutant cell line (CHO-Pha R ConA R ) selected from a phytohemagglutinin-resistant single mutant cell line (CHO-Pha R ) for resistance to concanavalin A has been identified as a block in the synthesis of the lipid-linked oligosaccharide precursor, resulting in a structure with seven instead of the normal nine mannose units. Both the CHO-Pha R ConA R and CHO-Pha R cells were completely blocked in the synthesis of complex, acidic type oligosaccharides because of a previously demonstrated deficiency in a particular N-acetylglucosamine transferase activity. In addition, an altered collection of neutral type oligosaccharides (Man 4–7 GIcNAc 2 ) accumulated in the glycoproteins of the double mutant.
Pendellösung fringes in elastically deformed silicon

The propagation of pairs of coherent X-ray wavefield beams in a crystal deformed elastically by a uniform temperature gradient, has been studied in the symmetric Laue case by observing interference between the beams when they are superimposed on the X-ray exit surface of the crystal. Information concerning the relative phases of the beams was obtained from the position of Pendellosung fringes in section patterns. The measured change of the relative phase between the two beams was in good agreement with predictions made by the theory ofPenning andPolder. Variations in the magnitude and sign of the deformation, in the X-ray wavelength and in the X-ray structure factor resulted in relative phase changes which were in agreement with the theory.
Equilibrium theory for complete adiabatic adsorption cycles

Complete adiabatic fixed-bed adsorption cycles with adsorption, heating, and cooling steps are analyzed using simple wave theory. Solutions consist of simple waves, shocks, combined waves, and wave interactions with patterns established by a mapping between hodograph and physical planes. The system considered is benzene adsorbed on activated carbon with nitrogen as the carrier gas.
The Tourniquet. Instrument or Weapon

Abstract 1. 1. Nothing but a pneumatic arterial tourniquet should be selected. 2. 2. It should be applied only to the well-padded proximal segment of the limb. 3. 3. It may be used in conjunction with a venous tourniquet above and below knee or elbow. 4. 4. Care should be taken with exsanguination in patients with decompensated cardiac function. 5. 5. It should be inflated to, and maintained at a pressure approximately 70 mm. Hg. above systolic pressure. 6. 6. It should be inflated for no more than one hour and then deflated for at least ten minutes before reinflation. 7. 7. At least ten minutes should be allowed for spontaneous haemostasis to occur. 8. 8. Careful preoperative planning and dextrous dissection will reduce tourniquet time and therefore reduce swelling and stiffness. 9. 9. All operations on the hand, especially under tourniquet, should be complemented with a firm well-padded dressing and high elevation for five days.
In Vivo Serial Imaging of Regenerating Corneal Nerves after Surgical Transection in Transgenic Thy1-YFP mice

Sensory innervation to the cornea from the trigeminal ganglion is important for perceiving stimuli, maintaining hydration, and avoiding injury. Corneal nerve dysfunction forms the pathophysiologic basis of ocular diseases, causing considerable morbidity such as neurotrophic keratitis and dry eye disease.1,2 Ophthalmic surgical procedures, including corneal transplant, radial keratotomy, photorefractive keratectomy, and laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), cause corneal nerve disruption and dysfunction.3 Corneal nerve imaging (e.g., optical coherence tomography and confocal laser scanning) has provided insight into the process of corneal reinnervation. Clinical studies have shown that corneal nerves regenerate over several years after surgical transection; however, the nerve density never returns to presurgery values. For example, subbasal nerve density decreased by 82% in 5 days after LASIK.4 A gradual increase in density was observed at 2 weeks after surgery; however, even 2 years after LASIK, nerve density was only 64% of preoperative values.4 Similarly, subbasal nerve density is not restored to normal even 40 years after penetrating keratoplasty.5 Median subbasal nerve density in clear grafts is also significantly lower than that in normal corneas.6 Although these studies have described the phenomenological process associated with corneal reinnervation, the associated molecular events remain largely unknown. As a result, despite the clinical need to promote corneal nerve regeneration in neurotrophic corneas, few specific therapeutic interventions are available.7 One reason for insufficient progress in this area is the limited availability of methodologies to investigate the effect of interventions on corneal nerve regeneration. Fortunately, the relatively recent introduction of neurofluorescent thy1-YFP mice has made sequential in vivo investigations of corneal nerves feasible.8 Here, we performed serial in vivo imaging in thy1-YFP mice to analyze changes in nerve fiber density (NFD) and the pattern of regenerated nerves after lamellar transection surgery. NFD was defined as the total length of fibers within the area of the contour in which nerves were traced.9 This study provides baseline data for future investigations of interventions to improve nerve regeneration.
Progesterone Directly and Rapidly Inhibits GnRH Neuronal Activity via Progesterone Receptor Membrane Component 1

GnRH neurons are essential for reproduction, being an integral component of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Progesterone (P4), a steroid hormone, modulates reproductive behavior and is associated with rapid changes in GnRH secretion. However, a direct action of P4 on GnRH neurons has not been previously described. Receptors in the progestin/adipoQ receptor family (PAQR), as well as progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PgRMC1) and its partner serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade E (nexin, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1) mRNA binding protein 1 (SERBP1), have been shown to mediate rapid progestin actions in various tissues, including the brain. This study shows that PgRMC1 and SERBP1, but not PAQR, are expressed in prenatal GnRH neurons. Expression of PgRMC1 and SERBP1 was verified in adult mouse GnRH neurons. To investigate the effect of P4 on GnRH neuronal activity, calcium imaging was used on primary GnRH neurons maintained in explants. Application of P4 significantly decreased the activity of GnRH neurons, independent of secretion of gamma-aminobutyric acidergic and glutamatergic input, suggesting a direct action of P4 on GnRH neurons. Inhibition was not blocked by RU486, an antagonist of the classic nuclear P4 receptor. Inhibition was also maintained after uncoupling of the inhibitory regulative G protein (Gi/o), the signal transduction pathway used by PAQR. However, AG-205, a PgRMC1 ligand and inhibitor, blocked the rapid P4-mediated inhibition, and inhibition of protein kinase G, thought to be activated downstream of PgRMC1, also blocked the inhibitory activity of P4. These data show for the first time that P4 can act directly on GnRH neurons through PgRMC1 to inhibit neuronal activity.
Evaluation of topotecan and etoposide for non-Hodgkin lymphoma: correlation of topoisomerase-DNA complex formation with clinical response.

BACKGROUND Topotecan, a topoisomerase I inhibitor, acts by stabilizing the topoisomerase DNA cleavage complex. Etoposide, a topoisomerase II inhibitor, mediates antitumor activity by stabilizing cleavage complex formed between topoisomerase II and DNA. These two agents have therapeutic activity in non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The authors report Phase I data of topotecan and etoposide combination for patients with recurrent or refractory non-Hodgkin lymphoma and correlation of topoisomerase–DNA complex formation to clinical response. METHODS Twenty-two patients with recurrent or refractory aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma were treated at four dose levels of topotecan (1 mg/m2/day to 2.5 mg/m2/day). Topotecan was given at a 30-minute infusion daily with etoposide 150 mg/m2/day, both for 5 days. Topoisomerase–DNA covalent complex formation was measured using in vivo link assay, whereas topoisomerase I, IIα, and IIβ in RNA expression levels were determined by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction in blood samples. The relation of these levels to clinical response was studied. RESULTS The maximum tolerated dose of topotecan was 2.0 mg/m2/day for 5 days. Oropharyngeal mucositis was dose-limiting. Of 21 examinable patients, 3 patients achieved complete remission, and 5 patients achieved partial remission. Of six untreated patients who experienced a recurrence, three had complete remission, and the other three had partial remission. Drug-induced topoisomerase–DNA complex formation was observed throughout the treatment in blood samples of all the patients who responded. However, only 4 of 13 patients, who did not respond, formed covalent complex at all time points. This was statistically significant (P = 0.024). In all patients, expression levels of topoisomerase I and IIβ mRNA remained similar to pretreatment levels, whereas topoisomerase IIα mRNA levels decreased dramatically by the third day. CONCLUSION The recommended Phase II dose of topotecan with etoposide of 150 mg/m2/day for 5 days was 2.0 mg/m2/day for 5 days. Topoisomerase–DNA complex formation correlated with response to treatment. Cancer 2001;91:463–71. © 2001 American Cancer Society.
Crystalline structures in vicia faba chloroplasts.

Chloroplast stroma crystals similar to those reported by Perner (1962, 1963) but different from those described by other workers were demonstrat ed in Vicia faba chloroplasts. They were absent in chloroplasts isolated in no sucrose, 0.3 M sucrose or in situ material either fixed in the absence of sucrose of fixed in the presence of 0.3 M sucrose. They were present in chloroplasts isolated in 0.5 M sucrose and in situ chloroplasts fixed in the presence of 0.7 M sucrose.
Bioabsorbable polymer scaffolds for tissue engineering capable of sustained growth factor delivery.

Engineering new tissues utilizing cell transplantation on biodegradable polymer matrices is an attractive approach to treat patients suffering from the loss or dysfunction of a number of tissues and organs. The matrices must maintain structural integrity during the process of tissue formation, and promote the vascularization of the developing tissue. A number of molecules (angiogenic factors) have been identified that promote the formation of new vascular beds from endothelial cells present within tissues, and the localized, controlled delivery of these factors from a matrix may allow an enhanced vascularization of engineered tissues. We have developed a gas foaming polymer processing approach that allows the fabrication of three-dimensional porous matrices from bioabsorbable materials (e.g., copolymers of lactide and glycolide [PLG]) without the use of organic solvents or high temperatures. The effects of several processing parameters (e.g., gas type, polymer composition and molecular weight) on the process were studied. Several gases (CO(2), N(2), He) were utilized in the fabrication process, but only CO(2) resulted in the formation of highly porous, structurally intact matrices. Crystalline polymers (polylactide and polyglycolide) did not form porous matrices, while amorphous copolymers (50:50, 75:25, and 85:15 ratio of lactide:glycolide) foamed to yield matrices with porosity up to 95%. The mechanical properties of matrices were also regulated by the choice of PLG composition and molecular weight. Angiogenic factors (e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor) were subsequently incorporated into matrices during the fabrication process, and released in a controlled manner. Importantly, the released growth factor retains over 90% of its bioactivity. In summary, a promising system for the incorporation and delivery of angiogenic factors from three-dimensional, biodegradable polymer matrices has been developed, and the fabrication process allows incorporation under mild conditions.
Stimulus Velocity, Duration and Uncertainty as Determiners of Response Structure and Timing Accuracy

Abstract The present experiments examined the effects of stimulus velocity, stimulus duration, and stimulus uncertainty on the spatial-temporal structure and timing accuracy of coincident timing responses. The results of Experiment 1 indicated that the response structure for aimed movements differed from that of ballistic movements but response accuracy was comparable for both movement conditions. However, when information concerning the stimulus velocity was provided, the responses to the faster stimuli (i.e., stimuli of shorter duration) appeared to be “speeded up” copies of those to slower stimuli and response accuracy increased as the stimulus velocity increased (i.e., stimulus duration decreased). When the stimulus velocity was not known, subjects initiated a common response for approximately 260 msec and response accuracy appeared to decrease as the stimulus velocity increased (i.e., stimulus duration decreased). Experiment 2 indicated that the stimulus duration rather than the stimulus velocity was...
Cake formation and growth in cake filtration

Abstract Equations describing the formation and growth of cakes in cake filtration taking into account of cake compression and the moving-boundary nature of the growth process are derived and methods for their solutions developed. The numerical solutions provide detailed information about cake growth including the cake thickness and its structure as functions of time. Comparisons between the present analysis and conventional cake filtration theories are presented.
Spatial irregularities in Jupiter's upper ionosphere observed by voyager radio occultations

Radio scintillations (at 3.6 and 13 cm) produced by scattering from ionospheric irregularities during the Voyager occultations are interpreted using a weak-scattering theory. Least squares solutions for ionospheric parameters derived from the observed fluctuation spectra yield estimates of (1) the axial ratio, (2) angular orientation of the anisotropic irregularities, (3) the power law exponent of the spatial spectrum of irregularities, and (4) the magnitude of the spatial variations in electron density. It is shown that the measured angular orientation of the anisotropic irregularities indicates magnetic field direction and may provide a basis for refining Jovian magnetic field models.
Telithromycin: A Ketolide Antibiotic for Treatment of Respiratory Tract Infections

Telithromycin, a recently approved ketolide antibiotic derived from 14-membered macrolides, is active against erythromycin-resistant pneumococci. Telithromycin has enhanced activity in vitro because it binds not only to domain V of ribosomal RNA (like macrolides do) but also to domain II. However, it is not active against streptococci and staphylococci with constitutive macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin B resistance. Telithromycin, available in an oral formulation, is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for use in adults for treatment of (1) community-acquired pneumonia due to Streptococcus pneumoniae (including multidrug-resistant isolates), Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Chlamydia pneumoniae, or Mycoplasma pneumoniae; (2) acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis due to S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, or M. catarrhalis; or (3) acute bacterial sinusitis due to S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, or methicillin- and erythromycin-susceptible Streptococcus aureus. It is not approved for treatment of tonsillitis, pharyngitis, or severe pneumococcal pneumonia. Unique visual adverse effects occurred in 0.27%-2.1% of patients receiving telithromycin therapy. Its enhanced activity against some common respiratory pathogens makes it a valuable addition to the available macrolides.
Robust design and control of piezoelectric laminate beams using a simultaneous optimization method

In this paper, robust control of piezoelectric laminate beams by simultaneously optimizing the smart material distribution and the closed-loop control system is implemented. Through topological optimization of smart material, using a homogenization approach and a linear quadratic regulator (LQR), a new type of sensor with the ability to increase the stability margin is obtained. The method is applied to a pinned-pinned beam where two cost functions are considered, both focus on increasing the stability margin of the closed-loop system. The first one is based on the observability gramian and the second one on the control weighting parameter of the LQR cost function. Both cost functions yield optimal sensor distributions that improve the closed-loop performance as compared to uniform density distributions. Although not explicitly considered in the cost function design, the sensor distribution based on the LQR control weighting parameter was consistently smoother than those based on the observability gramian. This is an important practical consideration for sensor fabrication.
Acidic pH- and metal ion (Zn++ or Mn++)-dependent proteolysis of 140 kDa atrial natriuretic factor receptor in bovine adrenal cortex plasma membranes: evidence for membrane-bound acidic metalloendopeptidase.

Incubation of the adrenal membranes at pH 3.5–5.6 resulted in apparent proteolysis of 140 kDa protein to yield a 70 kDa polypeptide containing an ANF-binding site, which could be photoaffinity labeled by [ 125 I]4-azidobenzoyl monoiodo ANF-(4–28). This 70 kDa fragment was found to be disulfide-linked to the remaining segment(s) of the molecule, giving a total apparent M r of 140,000 when not reduced. The acidic pH-dependent proteolysis was rapid even at 0°C, suggesting close association of an endopeptidase with ANF receptor. The proteolysis was inhibited by EDTA, but not by phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, N-ethylmaleiimide or pepstatin, indicating that the enzyme is a metalloendopeptidase. The inhibition was reversed by ZnCl 2 or MnCl 2 , but not CaCl 2 or MgCl 2 . The adrenal membranes contained guanylate cyclase activity of 1.1 nmol/min/mg protein using Mn-GTP as a substrate, which could be stimulated by 0.1 μM ANF to 2.7 nmol/min/mg. The membranes showed high affinity to ANF-(1–28) and ANF-(4–28), but little affinity to the truncated peptides ANF-(5–25) and ANF-(7–23). After treatment at pH 3.5 and 0°C for 15 min, the membranes retained ANF-binding activity but with broader specificity, exhibiting high affinity to all four peptides above. It was suggested that an acidic metalloendopeptidase in the adrenal membranes may be involved in ANF receptor cleavage.