cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Renal ectopia and fusion. Embryologic Basis.

Abstract To determine when horseshoe kidneys and crossed fusdd ectopic kidneys might develop, the authors studied the Carnegie collection of human embryos. They found that renal fusion must occur before the kidneys ascend between the umbilical arteries.
Application of immunohistochemistry to the genitourinary system (prostate, urinary bladder, testis, and kidney)

Abstract Context.—The variety of morphologic patterns of different entities of the genitourinary tract can present a diagnostic dilemma for the pathologist. This is especially true in cases of mimics of cancer, a cancer of unknown primary, or poorly differentiated tumors, in which it is hard to assign histogenesis needed to plan the correct therapy for the patient. Immunohistochemistry offers a better capacity than hematoxylin-eosin staining alone to differentiate human tissue types. Also, in the past decades, several techniques had been developed to differentiate between benign and malignant processes with morphologic overlap. By using immunohistochemistry in selected cases, the rate of false-negative and false-positive diagnoses can be reduced, and some patients are afforded the opportunity to get more specific or effective therapy as a result. Objective.—For each subgroup of genitourinary system tumors, common diagnostic problems are reviewed, and immunohistochemical markers useful in addressing these ...
Digestion and Absorption of Dietary Triglycerides

The mechanisms for digestion and absorption of dietary triglycerides have been extensively studied, reflecting the importance of triglycerides in normal human nutrition and in disease states. The Western diet contains a large amount of triglycerides, typically 60–120 g/day. Normally, 95 % or more of consumed triglycerides is digested and absorbed, providing 30–40 % of the total energy requirement. In addition, essential polyunsaturated fatty acids contained in dietary triglycerides are the precursors for important lipid-derived mediators such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes involved in regulation of diverse cellular functions. The processes for triglyceride digestion and absorption also significantly influence the efficiency of absorption of other important dietary lipids such as cholesterol and the fat-soluble vitamins.
Indomethacin and glucocorticoid metabolism in rat liver cytosol.

3 alpha-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.50) of rat liver cytosol catalyzes the second step in glucocorticoid metabolism, namely the NADPH-dependent reduction of 5 beta-dihydrocortisol to tetrahydrocortisol. The purified enzyme is potently inhibited by the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [Penning and Talalay, Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80, 4504 (1983)], and the consequences of this inhibition on hepatic glucocorticoid metabolism are now examined. Analyses of the specific activities for the reduction of 5 beta-dihydro-cortisone catalyzed by homogeneous preparations of 3 alpha- and 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases of rat liver cytosol indicated that this steroid was predominantly reduced to the 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid (tetrahydrocortisone). Whether this reaction was catalyzed by the purified 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase or unprocessed cytosol, it was potently inhibited by indomethacin (IC50 = 0.6 microM). In the presence of 30 microM indomethacin, the rate of reduction of 5 beta-dihydro-glucocorticoids was 16 times smaller than in the absence of drug. Measurement of 5 beta-reductase activity in rat liver cytosol indicated that it was 25-30 times less active than the 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. In the presence of 30 microM indomethacin, enough residual dehydrogenase may exist to reduce 5 beta-dihydro-glucocorticoids as they are formed. This was confirmed by incubating the supernatant fraction obtained from the 10,000 g centrifugation of a rat liver homogenate, with [1,2-3H]cortisol plus NADPH in the presence and absence of drug. At the end of the incubation, cortisol metabolites were analyzed by TLC and the results expressed as CL:CM ratio (cortisol left:cortisol metabolized). It was found that no change in this ratio occurred in the presence of the drug. Moreover, the addition of trapping quantities of 5 beta-dihydrocortisol to incubations containing 30 microM indomethacin were insufficient to promote an increase in cortisol levels as reflected by a rather small increase in the CL:CM ratio. Thus, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs cannot effect a rise in hepatic glucocorticoid levels in vitro, and do not promote a "glucocorticoid saving effect" in this organ.
Bioresorbable scaffolds for percutaneous coronary interventions

Innovations in drug-eluting stents (DES) have substantially reduced rates of in-segment restenosis and early stent thrombosis, improving clinical outcomes following percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). However a fixed metallic implant in a vessel wall with restored patency and residual disease remains a precipitating factor for sustained local inflammation, in-stent neo-atherosclerosis and impaired vasomotor function increasing the risk for late complications attributed to late or very late stent thrombosis and late target lesion revascularization (TLR) (late catch-up). The quest for optimal coronary stenting continues by further innovations in stent design and by using biocompatible materials other than cobalt chromium, platinum chromium or stainless steel for engineering coronary implants. Bioresorbable scaffolds made of biodegradable polymers or biocorrodible metals with properties of transient vessel scaffolding, local drug-elution and future restoration of vessel anatomy, physiology and local hemodynamics have been recently developed. These devices have been utilized in selected clinical applications so far providing preliminary evidence of safety showing comparable performance with current generation drug-eluting stents (DES). Herein we provide a comprehensive overview of the current status of these technologies, we elaborate on the potential benefits of transient coronary scaffolds over permanent stents in the context of vascular reparation therapy, and we further focus on the evolving challenges these devices have to overcome to compete with current generation DES. Condensed Abstract:: The quest for optimizing percutaneous coronary interventions continues by iterative innovations in device materials beyond cobalt chromium, platinum chromium or stainless steel for engineering coronary implants. Bioresorbable scaffolds made of biodegradable polymers or biocorrodible metals with properties of transient vessel scaffolding; local drug-elution and future restoration of vessel anatomy, physiology and local hemodynamics were recently developed. These devices have been utilized in selected clinical applications providing preliminary evidence of safety showing comparable intermediate term clinical outcomes with current generation drug-eluting stents.
Polish Bank Consolidation and Foreign Competition: Creating a Market-Oriented Banking Sector

Abstract The characteristics of the 19 largest Polish banks are presented and the current structure of the banking sectors in Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic are compared as background for analyzing Polish banking consolidation. After the political arguments are considered, an economic case is made for creating larger domestic banking groups. The government's consolidation proposal is analyzed and found to be insufficient to meet these political and economic objectives. A more comprehensive consolidation plan is suggested. It is argued that, by combining consolidation with foreign competition, a market-oriented banking sector can be created in Poland.
Presidential Persuasive Advantage: Strategy, Compliance Gaining, and Sequencing

This paper evaluates three general approaches to understanding presidential persuasion: strategic advantages, compliance gaining, and sequencing. It generates empirical expectations from these three approaches and then tests those against a database of recorded presidential persuasive encounters. The empirical results support the general strategic approach derived from political science suggesting that presidential leadership and persuasion differ substantially from other forms of persuasion and leadership. The empirical results do not support the other approaches.
General conservation equations for multi-phase systems: 1. Averaging procedure

Abstract A systematic procedure for averaging continuum equations over representative regions of multiphase systems is developed. Mass and areal averages as well as volume averages are defined to ensure that the averaged quantities are physically meaningful. The averaging procedure is then applied to a general balance equation, and the averaged general equation along with the appropriate macroscopic jump condition useful for the description of multiphase systems are derived.
The effects of epidural analgesia on labor, maternal, and neonatal outcomes: A systematic review

Mothers given an epidural rather than parenteral opioid labor analgesia report less pain and are more satisfied with their pain relief. Analgesic method does not affect fetal oxygenation, neonatal pH, or 5-minute Apgar scores; however, neonates whose mothers received parenteral opioids require naloxone and have low 1-minute Apgar scores more frequently than do neonates whose mothers received epidural analgesia. Epidural labor analgesia does not affect the incidence of cesarean delivery, instrumented vaginal delivery for dystocia, or new-onset long-term back pain. Epidural analgesia is associated with longer second-stage labor, more frequent oxytocin augmentation, hypotension, and maternal fever (particularly among women who shiver) but not with longer first-stage labor. Analgesic method does not affect lactation success. Epidural use and urinary incontinence are associated immediately postpartum but not at 3 or 12 months. The mechanisms of these unintended effects need to be determined to improve epidural labor analgesia.
Cassaine: mechanism of inhibition of Na+ +K+ -ATPase and relationship of this inhibition to cardiotonic actions.

Abstract The erythrophleum alkaloid cassaine shares many of the pharmacological actions of the cardiac glycosides but lacks the structural characteristics typical of cardiac glycosides. To further investigate the relationship between Na + +K + -ATPase inhibition and the cardiotonic actions of these drugs we investigated the interaction of cassaine with the Na + +K + -ATPase. Cassaine inhibited rat brain Na + +K + -ATPase with about one quarter of the apparent affinity of ouabain for this enzyme. This inhibition was non-competitive with respect to K + . Cassaine also inhibited this enzyme in the presence of Mg 2+ and this inhibition was enhanced by Pi and antagonized by Na + . In the presence of Na + , Mg 2+ and (γ- 32 P)-ATP cassaine acted to stabilize the phosphorylated intermediate of Na + +K + -ATPase. Cassaine also acted to displace specifically bound ( 3 H)-ouabain from this enzyme. These observations suggested that cassaine inhibited the Na + +K + -ATPase by interacting at the cardiotonic steroid binding sites of Na + +K + -ATPase. Consistent with this hypothesis, dog, guinea pig and rat heart Na + +K + -ATPase showed differing sensitivities to cassaine paralleling their differing sensitivities to ouabain. The principal difference between the interaction of cassaine and ouabain with Na + +K + -ATPase appeared to be the more rapid dissociation of cassaine from the cardiotonic steroid binding site(s) of Na + +K + -ATPase. In keeping with this the rates of offset of cassaine-induced inotropy in Langendorff perfused dog and guinea pig hearts were several times faster than those of ouabain-induced inotropy.
Proper vertex in studies of dynamical chiral symmetry breaking

Abstract We examine the importance of the choice of the proper vertex in studies of dynamical symmetry breaking. In particular we compare the effects of including a bare vertex (i.e., rainbow approximation) with those obtained when using the more appropriate Ball-Chiu vertex. In order to quantitatively address this question we have made a detailed numerical comparison in the context of QCD using a variety of assumed nonperturbative behaviors for the effective gluon propagator. From calculations of some relevant physical quantitiess we conclude that approximations to the Ball-Chiu vertex, and especially the bare vertex, tend to underestimate the degree of dynamical chiral symmetry breaking.
Late Devonian carbon isotope stratigraphy and sea level fluctuations, Canning Basin, Western Australia

The Upper Devonian reef complexes of the Canning Basin contain some of the world's best exposed, continuous stratigraphic sections through the Frasnian-Famennian boundary. The facies distribution and composition of these reef complexes record interactions among sea level changes, sediment supply, ocean chemistry, and paleoecology. Changes in relative sea level produced spatial shifts in reef platform development and regional changes in sediment supply that can be correlated across facies boundaries using a combination of sequence stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and carbon isotope stratigraphy. During the lowstand interval below the Frasnian-Famennian boundary, the reef margin advanced down the reef slope in shallow-water environments, and siliciclastics locally dominated in the marginal slope environment. Compilation of a broad late Frasnian to early Famennian sequence stratigraphic framework for the Canning Basin demonstrates that transgressive intervals correlate to positive carbon isotopic excursions within the basin. These isotopic shifts also can be correlated to time-equivalent positive carbon isotopic excursions reported from transgressive intervals in Europe. Thus, the late Frasnian transgressions in the Canning Basin were primarily eustatic rather than tectonic in origin, and positive carbon isotopic signatures of the Kellwasser horizons are globally correlative. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Grand challenges for cheminformatics.

Welcome to the Journal of Cheminformatics. We are proud to be associated with a field that has a history longer than most applied computational disciplines; that has elegantly solved so many basic (and not so basic) problems; that has a reputation for intellectual rigor and good-naturedness; that has hundreds of scholarly articles published; and that has impacted fields as diverse as drug discovery, library science and database searching.
Nonperturbative method for energy levels, scatterings, etc.

A particular type of integral which very often appears in physics is studied. A new mathematical method is developed for evaluating such integrals. The method gives rather rapidly convergent series solutions and provides a simple way for obtaining useful physical results. It is applied to evaluate classical periods and WKB energy levels for nonlinear and anharmonic oscillators. The classical scattering angles due to inverse power potentials are also calculated.
Superconductors: Heavy electron seeks same

Heavy electrons, formed through the quantum mixture of localized and itinerant electrons, can pair to create unconventional superconductivity in a two-dimensional lattice that is just one-unit-cell thick.
Life-Cycle Costs of Commercial Roof Systems

The roofing industry in the United States generates annual revenues in excess of $23 billion. This represents a significant annual investment in infrastructure maintenance cost and the opportunity cost of these resources can significantly detract from an owner's ability to invest in other areas. In addition, a failed or failing roof system represents a heightened opportunity for failure in the building envelope and inherently increases the risk of additional costs. Present roof asset management practice typically bases replacement decisions on fixed intervals, inspection results, maintenance issues, and, occasionally, failure risk. This paper develops a model for evaluating occupant costs and considering their impact in the roof management decision process through a total life-cycle cost (LCC) model that includes user/occupant cost model and correlates minimum total cost with improved intervention points in the asset deterioration cycle. The model is estimated from and applied to the extensive roof systems at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pa. For these roofs, we find that the least cost roof service lives are roughly 30 years, but there can be considerable variation around this average for individual roofs.
Role of the Hippocampus in Memory Formation : Restorative Encoding Memory Integration Neural Device As a Cognitive Neural Prosthesis

Remind, which stands for “restorative encoding memory integration neural device,” is a Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)-sponsored program to construct the first-ever cognitive prosthesis to replace lost memory function and enhance the existing memory capacity in animals and, ultimately, in humans. Reaching this goal involves understanding something fundamental about the brain that has not been understood previously: how the brain internally codes memories. In developing a hippocampal prosthesis for the rat, we have been able to demonstrate a multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) nonlinear model that predicts in real time the spatiotemporal codes for specific memories required for correct performance on a standard learning/memory task, i.e., delayed-nonmatch-to-sample (DNMS) memory. The MIMO model has been tested successfully in a number of contexts; most notably, in animals with a pharmacologically disabled hippocampus, we were able to reinstate long-term memories necessary for correct DNMS behavior by substituting a MIMO model-predicted code, delivered by electrical stimulation to the hippocampus through an array of electrodes, resulting in spatiotemporal hippocampal activity that is normally generated endogenously. We also have shown that delivering the same model-predicted code to electrode-implanted control animals with a normally functioning hippocampus substantially enhances animals memory capacity above control levels. These results in rodents have formed the basis for extending the MIMO model to nonhuman primates; this is now underway as the last step of the REMIND program before developing a MIMO-based cognitive prosthesis for humans.
Results of edap lithotriptor treatment ofkidney stones in our first fifty patients

Abstract We report the results of the treatment of the first 50 patients with the EDAP lithotriptorat our center. The EDAP is a second generation lithotriptor that employs ultrasound imaging and piezo-electric energy stone fragmentation. Seventy-six percent of patients had kidney stones completely eliminated or residual no greater than 3 mL, Fourteen percent of patients had residual fragments which may require second treatment. Five stones showed no improvement, and 2 stones could not be imaged. Only 2 patients required anesthesia. One patient required hospitalization prior to treatment. The rest were treated as outpatients. This preliminary FDA-investigative study limited our protocol to stones of 0.5 cm to 2.5 cm within the kidney or proximal ureter. Since particles passed were so small, “steinstrasse phenomenon” (distal ureteral obstruction by stone fragments was not encountered and routine scent placement was obviated. There were no major complications.
Importance of Second-Order Difference-Frequency Wave-Diffraction Forces in the Validation of a FAST Semi-Submersible Floating Wind Turbine Model

To better access the abundant offshore wind resource, efforts are being made across the world to develop and improve floating offshore wind turbine technologies. A critical aspect of creating reliable, mature floating wind turbine technology is the development, verification, and validation of efficient computer-aided-engineering (CAE) tools. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) has created FAST, a comprehensive, coupled analysis CAE tool for floating wind turbines, which has been verified and utilized in numerous floating wind turbine studies. Several efforts are underway to validate the floating platform functionality of FAST to complement its already validated aerodynamic and structural simulation capabilities. The research employs the 1/50th-scale DeepCwind wind/wave basin model test dataset, which was obtained at the Maritime Research Institute Netherlands (MARIN) in 2011. This paper describes further work being undertaken to continue this validation. These efforts focus on FAST’s ability to replicate global response behaviors associated with dynamic wind forces and second-order difference-frequency wave-diffraction forces separately and simultaneously.The first step is the construction of a FAST numerical model of the DeepCwind semi-submersible floating wind turbine that includes alterations for the addition of second-order difference-frequency wave-diffraction forces. The implementation of these second-order wave forces, which are not currently standard in FAST, are outlined and discussed. After construction of the FAST model, the calibration of the FAST model’s wind turbine aerodynamics, tower-bending dynamics, and platform hydrodynamic damping using select test data is discussed. Subsequently, select cases with coupled dynamic wind and irregular wave loading are simulated in FAST, and these results are compared to test data. Particular attention is paid to global motion and load responses associated with the interaction of the wind and wave environmental loads. These loads are most prevalent in the vicinity of the rigid-body motion natural frequencies for the DeepCwind semi-submersible, with dynamic wind forces and the second-order difference-frequency wave-diffraction forces driving the global system response at these low frequencies. Studies are also performed to investigate the impact of neglecting the second-order wave forces on the predictive capabilities of the FAST model. The comparisons of the simulation and test results highlight the ability of FAST to accurately capture many of the important coupled global response behaviors of the DeepCwind semi-submersible floating wind turbine.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Surface Reactions and Defect Formation in Irradiated Graphene Devices

Quantum mechanical-based kinetic Monte-Carlo calculations (KMC) are used to investigate mechanisms of degradation of graphene devices subjected to 10-keV x-ray irradiation, ozone exposure, and subsequent high-temperature annealing. Using KMC, we monitor the time evolution of defect concentrations on a graphene surface. The degradation mechanism for oxygen exposure and subsequent anneal of graphene surface greatly depends on the temperature and initial concentrations of H and O atoms on the graphene surface. At oxygen surface coverage of ~0.05 and higher, the damage is caused by formation of vacancies due to desorption of CO and CO2. Hydrogen facilitates the removal of O without introducing vacancies.
Visualizing and Quantifying Fusarium oxysporum in the Plant Host

Host-specific forms of Fusarium oxysporum infect the roots of numerous plant species. I present a novel application of familiar methodology to visualize and quantify F. oxysporum in roots. Infection in the roots of Arabidopsis thaliana, tomato, and cotton was detected with colorimetric reagents that are substrates for Fusarium spp.-derived arabinofuranosidase and N-acetyl-glucosaminidase activities and without the need for genetic modification of either plant host or fungal pathogen. Similar patterns of blue precipitation were produced by treatment with 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl-α-l-arabinofuranoside and 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranoside, and these patterns were consistent with prior histological descriptions of F. oxysporum in roots. Infection was quantified in roots of wild-type and mutant Arabidopsis using 4-nitrophenyl-α-l-arabinofuranoside. In keeping with an expectation that disease severity above ground is correlated with F. oxysporum infection below ground, elevat...
Electron microscopy in diagnosis of adult paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma

Abstract The use of electron microscopy to identify cytoplasmic myofilaments and Z bands in a paratesticular sarcoma allowed this rhabdomyosarcoma in a young adult to be identified and treated properly.
Disseminate sporotrichosis of skin and bone cured with 5-fluorocytosine: Photosensitivity as a complication

Disseminate cutaneous and osseous sporotrichosis is reported in a patient who failed to respond to 6 months of iodide therapy. Although the patient showed improvement on a 2-month course of amphotericin B, he experienced a fulminant relapse 12 days after the amphotericin B was stopped. Cure was achieved after 6 months of 5-fluorocytosine (8 gm/day) in conjunction with amphotericin B (total, 4.8 gm). The fluorocytosine was continued for an entire year. Two years after all treatment was discontinued the patient remained in good health. The only complication was a marked photosensitivity associated with the 5-fluorocytosine therapy. This is the second case of such photosensitivity in the literature.
Correlation of experimental and ab initio 13C-NMR chemical shifts for monomeric lignin model compounds

The 13C-NMR chemical shifts of monomeric model compounds representing the guaicyl, syringyl and p-hydroxyphenyl forms of lignin were calculated using ab initio GIAO methods and compared to experimental data from the literature. The least squares regression analyses of the results indicate R-square values in excess of 0.96 for the total dataset and upon sorting by compound. Sorting by carbon position gave less accurate results with the chemical shifts for a given location dependent on the parent compound and environment of the carbon atom in question. The ability of a substituent group to rotate, and therefore to alter the geometry of the system, was particularly marked.
Hereditary semisimple classes

It is well-known (see e.g. [1, p. 5]) that a class ℳ of (not necessarily associative) rings is the semisimple class for some radical class, relative to some universal class if and only if it has the following properties: (a)if ℳ, then every non-zero ideal I of R has a non-zero homomorphic image I/J ∈ℳ. (b) If R ∈ but R ∉ℳ, then R has a non-zero ideal I ∈ , where ℳ = { K ∈ | every non-zero K / H ∉ℳ}. In fact ℳ is the radical class whose semisimple class is ℳ. On the other hand, if ℘ is a radical class, then ℐ℘ = { K ∈ / if I is a non-zero ideal of K , then I ∉℘} is its semisimple class. If a class ℳ is hereditary (that is, when R ∈ℳ, then all its ideals are in ℳ), it clearly satisfies ( a ), but there do exist non-hereditary semisimple classes (see [2]). The condition (satisfied in all associative or alternative classes) is that ℘ is hereditary for a radical class ℘ if and only if ℘( I ) ⊆ ℘( R ) for all ideals I of all rings R ∈ [3, Lemma 2, p. 595].
A formal total synthesis of (±)-aphidicolin

Abstract A concise formal total synthesis of (±)-1 via the furan-terminated, epoxide-initiated cationic cyclization of 4 is described.
Excimer Laser Guide Star Techniques For Adaptive Imaging In Astronomy

Laser guide stars can be produced by Rayleigh scattering of light emitted by a pulsed excimer laser. The necessary laser output power is calculated to be 78 watts for an adaptively corrected 2 meter telescope working in conditions where ro ≈18.5 cm. Because an array of laser guide stars must be used in the system, the required power increases as the square of the telescope aperture.© (1989) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A graphical judgmental aid which summarizes obtained and chance reliability data and helps assess the believability of experimental effects.

Interval by interval reliability has been criticized for “inflating” observer agreement when target behavior rates are very low or very high. Scored interval reliability and its converse, unscored interval reliability, however, vary as target behavior rates vary when observer disagreement rates are constant. These problems, along with the existence of “chance” values of each reliability which also vary as a function of response rate, may cause researchers and consumers difficulty in interpreting observer agreement measures. Because each of these reliabilities essentially compares observer disagreements to a different base, it is suggested that the disagreement rate itself be the first measure of agreement examined, and its magnitude relative to occurrence and to nonoccurrence agreements then be considered. This is easily done via a graphic presentation of the disagreement range as a bandwidth around reported rates of target behavior. Such a graphic presentation summarizes all the information collected during reliability assessments and permits visual determination of each of the three reliabilities. In addition, graphing the “chance” disagreement range around the bandwidth permits easy determination of whether or not true observer agreement has likely been demonstrated. Finally, the limits of the disagreement bandwidth help assess the believability of claimed experimental effects: those leaving no overlap between disagreement ranges are probably believable, others are not.
On the oxidation of yttrium

Abstract The air oxidation of yttrium was studied at 900 and 1400°C. Yttrium was found to have oxygen solubilities corresponding to 5.1 and 28 per cent internal oxidation of the metal at 900 and 1400°C, respectively. The rate of solution is very rapid and is the dominating process during initial stages of oxidation. Oxygen diffusion coefficients in yttrium metal have the following approximate values: 1.3 × 10−6 (900°C), 2 × 10−5 (1400°C) cm2 sec.−1. As saturation is approached, oxidation continues via the formation of surface oxide, the diffusion of oxygen through Y2O3 being rate limiting. Parabolic rate law constants yield an activation energy and pre-exponential terms as follows: k = 1.43 × 10−3 exp (−44,500/RT)g2 cm−4 sec−1. Yttrium is unique in being able to maintain a stable resistance unparalleled by any other elemental base metal.
Homocysteine, Vitamins, and Cardiovascular Disease

The significance of any association between cardiovascular disease and circulating homocysteine concentrations is attracting considerable attention. The normal activities of the transsulfuration and remethylation pathways maintain intracellular homocysteine levels within a narrow range, and the controlled release of homocysteine into blood results in blood measurements that provide an accurate index of homocysteine status. In the circulation, homocysteine is rapidly oxidized, and very little homocysteine remains in the reduced form. The majority of homocysteine forms a disulfide bridge with protein, and some reacts either with itself to produce homocystine or with cysteine to form the mixed disulfide cysteine-homocysteine.1 Most analytical procedures include a reduction step and do not distinguish between the reduced and various oxidized forms of homocysteine; thus, the analyte measured is referred to as homocyst(e)ine. The normal range is unclear but may fall between 5 and 15 μmol/L. Analyses of homocysteine usually involve fasting samples of either serum or plasma. The concentrations are higher in serum, and increases of ≈10% have been reported in the postprandial stage.2 Homocysteine levels also increase with age and are higher in men than in women. A variety of disease states and medications modify homocysteine concentrations, and notably, impaired renal function may greatly increase homocysteine levels.3 Measurement of homocysteine should avoid blood samples that have been stored at room temperature, because red blood cells may release homocysteine, causing an artifactual increase in extracellular homocysteine concentrations. A complicating aspect of homocysteine metabolism for cardiovascular studies is that homocysteine concentrations may increase after a myocardial infarction or a stroke. Critically, data are not available for samples obtained before and after an event. However, analysis of samples obtained at the time of a myocardial infarction and up to 180 days later indicated an increase in homocysteine concentration from 12.9±0.9 to 15.3±1.1 μmol/L.4 Similarly, …
New Datasets on Political Institutions and Elections, 1972—2005:

This article introduces two new datasets produced by the Institutions and Elections Project.Those datasets contain nuanced information describing the political institutions, the constitutional and practical arrangements in governments, and every national election for every country in the international system between 1972 and 2005.We believe the 127 variables in these data represent a significant contribution to research programs in comparative and world politics interested in the nuances of domestic politics.
Subungual epidermoid carcinoma and keratoacanthoma.

Seven subungual epidermoid carcinomas (CA) and 4 subungual keratoacanthomas (KA) of the hand are reported, and the literature is reviewed. Subungual CA is a very slow-growing tumor that masquerades for years as a chronic infection, whereas subungual KA grows rapidly, is more destructive locally, and clinically appears to be a tumor of some type. The average age of patients with CA was 64, but only 49 for patients with KA. About two thirds of the CA demonstrated roentgenographic evidence of osseous involvement, whereas all cases of KA produced pressure erosion of the distal phalanges. Neither tumor metastasizes. KA might spontaneously resolve if permitted to run its natural course. The treatment of choice for CA is probably a conservative amputation and for KA, curettage.
Caring Behavior in Children of Clinically Depressed and Well Mothers

Young children's sensitivity and responsiveness to mothers' needs were investigated under conditions of high and low parenting risk (depressed and nondepressed mothers, SADS-L). Child characteristics of gender, affect, and impulse control problems and the mother-child attachment relationship were examined as they related to children's caring actions. Children's caring behavior was observed in an experimental situation in which their mothers simulated sadness and in a naturalistic setting. Attachment alone and child's problems alone were not predictors, and maternal diagnosis alone was not a strong predictor. Girls were significantly more caring than boys. Severe maternal depression was necessary to bring out high levels of responding in boys. Highest frequencies of caring were from children with severely depressed mothers, problems of affect regulation, and secure attachment. The importance of recognizing interacting influences and diverse underlying processes in the development of children's caring behavior is discussed.
Early Quakerism and Uncanonical Lore

THE attitude of the Society of Friends to the Bible is a chapter of Quaker history that has yet to be written. Among biographical features it would include the names of several Quaker scholars including Robert Barclay (1648-i690), the apologist, Anthony Purver (1702-1777), who singlehanded made a complete translation of the Bible, S. P. Tregelles (i813-1875), the textual critic, though he joined later other denominations, Thomas Chase (1827-1892), President of Haverford College and a member of the American Bible Revision Committee, and, not the least, the versatile and venerable Rendel Harris (1852-194i). The present essay is animated by no ambition to fill the lacuna mentioned above. Its more modest intention is to call attention
Limitations on the Use of Ion Implantation for the Study of the Reactive Element Effect in β ‐ NiAl

Numerous investigations have used the ion implantation of reactive elements (RE) such as Y or Ce, to study their effect on the growth of external oxide scales on alloys. Ion implantation has, nevertheless, some specific limitations, especially in Al[sub 2]O[sub 3]-forming alloys. The most notable limitation occurs at temperatures > 1,000 C where, owing to the shallowness of implantation, any effects of the ion-implanted RE are short-lived and differ significantly from those observed for an RE alloy addition or an RE oxide dispersion. Additionally, in alumina-forming alloy systems, particularly [beta]-NiAl, implanted Y stabilizes the first-forming, metastable [theta]-Al[sub 2]O[sub 3]. The retention of the [theta]-Al[sub 2]O[sub 3] scale on Y-implanted substrates is a chemical effect of the high concentration of Y near the substrate surface and is not a result of the implantation process itself. The loss of the RE effect at high temperatures and long times for implanted alloys is related to the outward diffusion of the RE and the information of RE-rich oxides near the gas interface of the scale.
Oscillator strengths of Cr I lines lying between 200 and 541 nm from hook-method and absorption measurements in a furnace

Measurements of 148 oscillator strengths of neutral chromium transitions were made on Cr vapor in a high-temperature furnace by the hook and absorption methods for strong and weak lines, respectively. With the aid of a 5D-z 5F0 multiplet, the product of the oscillator strengths of the lines of this multiplet with the column densities of their respective lower levels could be determined, and by using estimated oscillator strengths for these lines, all data could be put on a common relative scale. This scale was altered so that the results were matched with relative emission intensities. Results are compared with other authors' results. A correction to the hook method constant was also determined.
A Public–Private Partnership: The New York University–Health and Hospitals Corporation Clinical and Translational Science Institute

The NYU-HHC Clinical and Translational Science Institute (CTSI), directed by Drs. Judith Hochman and Bruce Cronstein, represents a strategic public-private alliance between two of New York's leading institutions in the service of the people of the city. New York University (“NYU”), founded in 1831, is the country's largest private university with 14 schools and over 40,000 students in New York City. The New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation (“HHC”) is the largest public health care delivery system in the United States, overseeing eleven acute-care hospitals, six diagnostic and treatment centers, four long term care centers, one hundred community health centers, a certified home health agency, and a managed care plan for 450,000 enrollees. In 2011, the HHC Emergency Departments alone provided care to more than one million patients. Of the eleven acute care hospitals, eight are included in the NYU-HHC CTSI: Bellevue Hospital Center, Coler-Goldwater Specialty Hospital and Nursing Facility, Coney Island Hospital, Gouverneur Diagnostic and Treatment Center, Kings County Hospital Center, Lincoln Medical and Mental Health Center, Metropolitan Hospital Center and Woodhull Medical and Mental Health Center. The CTSI offers multi-faceted support for clinical and translational research. Our Clinical Research Center is currently housed in a 3,200sf space within Bellevue Hospital but will soon move to a 9,000sf space that was newly renovated to better support the types of research carried out on our unit. The NYU-HHC CTSI has a strong educational component, supporting both degree-granting and certificate programs in Clinical Investigation, Comparative Effectiveness Research and Population Health. In addition, strong and successful programs designed to develop investigative careers by residents, fellows and junior faculty are in place. The Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics (CHIBI) offers state of the art informatics support for analysis of large datasets, examining best practices in informatics and examination of the success of analytic software. NYU School of Medicine has been in the forefront of efforts to forge academic-industry alliances with ongoing programs in collaboration with Pfizer and a strong history of developing technologies which have been licensed to Pharma where they were developed into therapies to benefit patients. One of the unique strengths of the NYU-HHC CTSI is our Community Engagement and Population Health Research Core which, in combination with the partnership with NYC Health and Hospitals Corporation, has the ability to promote community-based research in our diverse communities, determine the most pressing areas of research for each of our communities, and promote the well-being of the citizens of our great city.
Mode of Genetic Inheritance Modifies the Association of Head Circumference and Autism-Related Symptoms: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background Frequently individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have been noted with a larger head circumference (HC) than their typical developing peers. Biologic hypotheses suggest that an overly rapid brain growth leads to the core symptoms of ASD by impairing connectivity. Literature is divided however where deleterious, protective and null associations of HC with ASD symptoms in individuals with ASD have been found.
Emergency Department Use Among the Homeless and Marginally Housed: Results From a Community-Based Study

Objectives. This study examined factors associated with emergency department use among homeless and marginally housed persons.Methods. Interviews were conducted with 2578 homeless and marginally housed persons, and factors associated with different patterns of emergency department use were assessed in multivariate models.Results. Findings showed that 40.4% of respondents had 1 or more emergency department encounters in the previous year; 7.9% exhibited high rates of use (more than 3 visits) and accounted for 54.5% of all visits. Factors associated with high use rates included less stable housing, victimization, arrests, physical and mental illness, and substance abuse. Predisposing and need factors appeared to drive emergency department use.Conclusions. Efforts to reduce emergency department use among the homeless should be targeted toward addressing underlying risk factors among those exhibiting high rates of use.
A framework for analyzing the interplay among food, fuels, and biofuels $

This paper provides a framework for analyzing the complex relationship among food, fuels, and biofuels. It first notes that high energy prices increase the costs of producing food and can induce policies that divert food crops to the production of biofuels. Then, it argues that sustained high crude oil prices, in addition to rendering biofuels profitable, could also induce innovations by increasing the energy content of (existing or new) crops grown on arable land, in turn causing further food price increases. Hence, as we move forward, crude oil prices are likely to play an even more important role in shaping food price trends.
Effect of discrimination on mental health service utilization among Chinese Americans.

Objectives. We examined the association between discrimination and mental health service use among a representative sample of Chinese Americans. Methods. Our data were derived from the 2-wave Chinese American Psychiatric Epidemiological Survey, a strata-cluster survey conducted in 1993 and 1994 in a western American city. Results. Language-based discrimination was associated with higher levels of use of informal services and seeking help from friends and relatives for emotional problems. Negative attitudes toward professional mental health services were associated with greater use of informal services. Conclusions. The findings suggest that language-based discrimination influences patterns of mental health service use among Chinese Americans, implications for service providers and policymakers are discussed.
Lowering the Limit of Detection in High Spatial Resolution Electron Beam Microanalysis With the Microcalorimeter Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometer

Abstract Low-beam-energy X-ray microanalysis with the field-emission-gun scanning electron microscope suffers limitations due to physical factors of X-ray generation. Instrumental limitations are imposed by the poor resolution of the conventional semiconductor energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry. Wavelength dispersive X-ray spectrometry provides sufficient resolution to solve spectroscopic problems, but the poor geometric efficiency and the single channel nature of spectrum measurement restrict its practical use for low-beam-energy microanalysis. The microcalorimeter energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer combines high resolution (
Detection of hybrid formation between peptide nucleic acids and DNA by fluorescence polarization in the presence of polylysine.

A new method for the detection of PNA/DNA hybrids is presented. In this method, short PNA probes (9-13 mer) are labeled with a fluorescent dye and allowed to hybridize to target DNA molecules. A cationic polyamino acid, such as polylysine, is then added to the reaction mixture, whereupon the DNA molecules bind electrostatically to this polycation. The PNA probes, which are uncharged or may carry only a small charge due to the fluorescent dye, do not bind to polylysine unless hybridized to the negatively charged DNA target. The binding of the labeled PNA/DNA hybrid to the high-molecular-weight polymer leads to a significant change in the rotational correlation time of the fluorophore attached to the PNA. This can be conveniently detected by measuring the fluorescence polarization of the latter. The method is completely homogeneous because no separation of free from bound PNA probe is required. The hybridization and dehybridization reactions can be followed in real time. The method has been applied to the typing of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in PCR products.
Strategies of female mate choice: A theoretical analysis

Females of many species face a difficult sampling problem while searching for a mate. How do they find the best male possible when the constraints of time, memory, and mobility prevent them from visiting all the males in the population? Five possible solutions are examined: random mating a fixed-threshold criterion, a fixed-threshold with last-chance option, an optimal one-step decision strategy, and the best-of-n-males strategy. Random mating is the worst strategy whenever the female gets more than one chance to mate. The two fixed-threshold strategies approach equal effectiveness as n increases but are always below the optimal one-step decision strategy. However, the best-of-n-males strategy always yields the highest expectation of fitness in a mate. The difference is especially great when n≳5. Plotting the average fitness of males chosen vs n, the number of males examined, yields a negatively accelerating curve. Since the cost of searching will be an increasing function of n, the two curves can be combined to yield an optimum n: the point where the difference between the curves is greatest. The one field study (Brown 1978) that addresses these problems in detail reveals that female mottled sculpins choose males on a relative, rather than absolute, basis, as theory suggests they should.
Limits on the emission of neutrons, γ-rays, electrons and protons from Pons/Fleischmann electrolytic cells

Emissions of γ-rays from the cold-fusion cells used by Pons and Fleischmann were monitored in Pons' laboratory at the University of Utah by Nal detectors nearly continuously over a five-week period. No evidence of fusion activity was observed above power limits varying between 10−12 and 10−6 W for the known fusion reactions. In addition, neutron-track detectors indicated an integrated upper limit of approximately 1 emitted neutron per second from any of the cold-fusion cells over a period of 67 hours.
The role of inherent ductility in rubber toughening of brittle polymers

Abstract The plane strain fracture toughness, K IC , of a series of styrene copolymers with acrylonitrile (SAN), maleic anhydride (SMA) and acrylic acid (SAA) plus blends (50:50) of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with various SAN copolymers are reported. Relative to polystyrene, the values of K IC for the copolymers increase with acrylonitrile content but decrease with maleic anhydride or acrylic acid content. The K IC values for SAN copolymers are lowered by addition of PMMA but are maximum in the AN range where SAN is miscible with PMMA. The toughness of rubber modified blends of these materials correlate with the K IC of the matrix.