cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence for NADH- and NADPH-specific Isozymes of Glutamate Dehydrogenase and the Continuous Inducibility of the NADPH-specific Isozyme throughout the Cell Cycle of the Eucaryote Chlorella

Two isozymes of glutamate dehydrogenase were shown to exist in a thermophilic strain of Chlorella pyrenoidosa. The NADPH:NADH activity ratios of the NADH- and NADPH-specific isozymes were 1:5 and 33:1, and the molecular weights were estimated to be 179,000 and 269,000, respectively. Only the NADH-specific isozyme was detectable in nitrate-cultured cells; the synthesis of the NADPH-specific isozyme was inducible by ammonium. In light-dark-synchronized cells in nitrate medium, the activity of the NADH-specific isozyme remained constant for 4 hours and then increased continuously for the remainder of the first and into the second synchronous cell cycle. The induction of the NADPH-specific isozyme was dependent on both RNA and protein synthesis and this isozyme was inducible at all times during the cell cycle. The potential, i.e. maximum rate of induction, increased in a single step during the period of DNA replication and the fold increases in potential and in DNA were essentially equal. These data indicate that the structural gene for this isozyme is continuously available for transcription during the cell cycle of this eucaryotic microorganism, and are consistent with the hypothesis that, under fully induced conditions, the gene dosage of the cell governs the potential.
The effect of early-life education on later-life mortality

Many studies link cross-state variation in compulsory schooling laws to early-life educational attainment, thereby providing a plausible way to investigate the causal impact of education on various lifetime outcomes. We use this strategy to estimate the effect of education on older-age mortality of individuals born in the early twentieth century U.S. Our key innovation is to combine U.S. Census data and the complete Vital Statistics records to form precise mortality estimates by sex, birth cohort, and birth state. In turn we find that virtually all of the variation in these mortality rates is captured by cohort effects and state effects alone, making it impossible to reliably tease out any additional impact due to changing educational attainment induced by state-level changes in compulsory schooling.
Frozen section examination of liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

Abstract Context.—Frozen section of the liver is a comparatively frequent request that most often applies to a relatively limited number of situations. The only indication for frozen tissue examination of a gallbladder with any frequency is the presence of a polypoid mucosal lesion or a suspicious thickening of the gallbladder wall. A variety of intraoperative consultations may be applicable during surgery of the pancreas. Objective.—To examine the indications and pitfalls regarding the gross examination and frozen section performance for liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Data Sources.—Author experience and review of the pertinent literature. Conclusions.—Although indications are relatively straightforward for frozen section of liver and gallbladder, handling of the pancreas specimens for frozen tissue examination is often a cause for a certain degree of anxiety. This situation is the result of a relative rarity of such specimens outside large tertiary referral medical centers coupled with a variety of co...
A miniature gradient elution system for liquid chromatography with packed capillary columns

A miniaturized continuous gradient elution system was designed for work with packed capillary columns. The retention reproducibility achieved is adequate for many practical applications.
Evolutionary significance of introgressive hybridization in cyprinid fishes

BOTANISTS have long recognized introgressive hybridization as important in the evolution of plants1, 2. Hybridization among animals is also common3, yet few zoologists have considered it evolutionarily important4–6. We report here that in the genus Gila, a morphologically diverse group of minnows from western North America7, we have discovered a pervasive influence of hybridization throughout their evolutionary histories. Gene exchange among distinctive forms has contributed to existing diversity, supporting the hypothesis that introgressive hybridization can play a significant role in evolution of vertebrates.
Mathematical models of threshold phenomena in the nerve membrane

The types of mathematical model which have been used to represent all-or-none behavior in the nerve membrane may be classified as follows: (1) thediscontinuous threshold phenomenon, in which differential equations with discontinuous functions provide both a discontinuity of response as a function of stimulus intensity at threshold and a finite maximum latency, (2) thesingular-point threshold phenomenon which exists in a phase space having analytic functions in its differential equations and having a singular point with one characteristic root positive and the rest with negative real parts, the latency being unbounded, and (3) thequasi threshold phenomenon, which has a finite maximum latency and continuous functions, but neither a true discontinuity in response nor an exact threshold. Several models of the nerve membrane in the literature are classified accordingly, and the applicability of the different types of threshold phenomena to the membrane is discussed, including an extension to a stochastic model.
Text Segmentation of Consumer Magazines in PDF Format

Text segmentation is usually the first step taken towards the reuse and repurposing of PDF documents. Through experimental evaluation, we found that the leading text segmentation algorithms have limitations for contemporary consumer magazines. We propose a new local homogeneity measure based on line space, and incorporate this new feature into a region growing algorithm. Using a fixed set of parameters, our algorithm achieved robust performance on PDF magazines with wide-ranging layouts and styles.
Breakdown of the dipole approximation in soft-X-ray photoemission

Abstract Although breakdowns in the dipole approximation in the soft-X-ray photon-energy range ( h ν≤5 keV) were first observed 30 years ago and have been studied theoretically for many years, their significance at low energies has remained generally unappreciated within the broader photoemission community. Advances in gas-phase photoemission experiments using synchrotron radiation have recently highlighted nondipole effects at relatively low energies while probing the limits of the dipole approximation. Breakdowns in this approximation are manifested primarily as deviations from dipolar angular distributions of photoelectrons. Detailed new results demonstrate nondipolar angular-distribution effects are easily observable in atomic gases at energies well below 1 keV, and, in molecules, a previously unexpected phenomenon greatly enhances the breakdown of the dipole approximation just above core-level ionization thresholds. A progress report on this newly burgeoning area from an experimental perspective is presented here, including a brief history, a description of recent advances, graphical representations of nondipolar angular distributions, a re-evaluation of the classic first experiment in the soft-X-ray range and a look to the future.
Formation of stainless steel–carbon nanotube composites using a scalable chemical vapor infiltration process

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are among the strongest materials known, making their use in composites, a field with very high commercial potential for structural applications. Many of the methods reported to date to form metal composites have an excessive number of steps. Here, a facile chemical vapor deposition method to infiltrate multiwalled carbon nanotubes directly into pure stainless steel pellets and pellets from stainless steel mixed with iron particles is reported. The iron powder was dry-coated before vapor filtration with nanosized iron oxide catalyst precursor, a critical step to increase catalytic activity. This CVD method results in a substantial increase in the elastic modulus, yield strength, and hardness by 47, 104, and over 93 %, respectively, for composites made from mixed, dry-coated particles compared with corresponding control samples without nanotubes. This is the highest enhancement reported, to the best of our knowledge, of the mechanical properties for a metal–nanotube composite prepared using a metal other than copper. The addition of CNTs results in a relatively small increase in corrosion rate which can be mitigated to negligible levels by coating with a thin epoxy–carbon nanotube composite.
Systems Approach To The Design Of A Precision Infrared Imaging Tracking System

Previous design approaches for precision tracking systems concentrated on the sensor and the signal processor as independent subsystems at the expense of the overall system design. This previous approach resulted in excellent sensors and processors, but quite often the combination was not optimum. Under Air Force contract, the Aeronutronics Division of Ford Aerospace and Communications Corperation developed a precision tracking system consisting of a high resolution FLIR and a computer based signal processor. While each component was an advance in itself, the biggest advance resulted from the successful integrated design of the system. For example, the tracking algorithm compensates in real-time for scanning inaccuracies in the sensor. This algorithm overcame previous tracking accuracy limitations and also relaxed tolerances on the scanner. This paper discusses the design of the tracking system and presents test results demonstrating the improved performance. It also describes a procedure by which the sensor of a tracking system can be optimized for a given processing algorithm. This procedure allows system designers to specify performance of components based on an analysis of the total system's desired performance.
Elastic electron-deuteron scattering at high energy

Relativistic formulas for the deuteron electromagnetic form factors are calculated in the impulse approximation retaining terms to all orders in Q/sup 2//M/sup 2/ approx. = (v/c)/sup 2/. The formulas are given as double integrals over the deuteron wave functions in momentum space, and hence can be evaluated for any deuteron model. We evaluate these formulas numerically for 9 different deuteron models: Reid soft core, two Lomon-Feshbach models, three Holinde-Machleidt models, and three four-component relativistic models. All of the models give results for the A structure function considerably below the experimental results; the effect of the relativistic treatment is to reduce the size of A by a factor of 2 to 5 at Q/sup 2/ of 100 fm/sup -2/ over what it would be in the nonrelativistic approximation. We discuss briefly the role of exchange currents; the pair terms are included in our calculation in a completely consistent manner, but the explicit rho..pi gamma.. contributions need to be calculated relativistically. We discuss in some detail the sensitivity of our calculation to the almost unknown neutron electric form factor, observing that a G/sub E/n roughly twice G/sub E/p in the region of Q/sup 2/=100 fm/sup -2/ would enable us to fit themore » data even without any rho..pi gamma.. contributions. We discuss the high Q/sup 2/ limits of our formulas, obtaining the result that the form factor falls one power of Q/sup 2/ faster than that predicted by the dimensional-scaling-quark model. We also study the low Q/sup 2/ limits and give explicit formulas for the corrections to the deuteron magnetic and quadrupole moments.« less
Comparison of collision operators for drift and magnetohydrodynamic‐interchange modes in unsheared slab geometry

The general procedure for the kinetic analysis of low‐frequency electrostatic and electromagnetic modes in toroidal geometry is now well known. In the collisionless limit the relevant dynamics (e.g., trapped particles, resonances, etc.) can be treated appropriately. However, with the introduction of collisional effects, it is customary for tractability to employ model collision operators that do not rigorously satisfy all conservation properties of more exact collision operators. Insight into the essential required features of such operators can be gained by studying models with increasing levels of completeness for a simpler, unsheared slab geometry. The results presented here for this simpler geometry can provide guidance in choosing model collision operators for toroidal‐geometry kinetic calculations.
Neurofollicular hamartoma: a light microscopic and immunohistochemical study

Neurofollicular hamartoma is an unusual, previously undescribed neoplasm characterized by a proliferation of spindle cells and hyperplastic pilosebaceous units. Five cases were reviewed. The lesions presented as single, asymptomatic, smooth, flesh-colored papules. Four were on the nose, and one on the adjacent nasolabial fold. Immunoperoxidase studies performed on two cases utilizing antibodies to S-100 antigen were positive in both. These lesions share some histological and clinical features with angiofibroma and neurofibroma.
ATP synthase complex of Plasmodium falciparum: dimeric assembly in mitochondrial membranes and resistance to genetic disruption

The rotary nanomotor ATP synthase is a central player in the bioenergetics of most organisms. Yet the role of ATP synthase in malaria parasites has remained unclear, as blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum appear to derive ATP largely through glycolysis. Also, genes for essential subunits of the FO sector of the complex could not be detected in the parasite genomes. Here, we have used molecular genetic and immunological tools to investigate the localization, complex formation, and functional significance of predicted ATP synthase subunits in P. falciparum. We generated transgenic P. falciparum lines expressing seven epitope-tagged canonical ATP synthase subunits, revealing localization of all but one of the subunits to the mitochondrion. Blue native gel electrophoresis of P. falciparum mitochondrial membranes suggested the molecular mass of the ATP synthase complex to be greater than 1 million daltons. This size is consistent with the complex being assembled as a dimer in a manner similar to the complexes observed in other eukaryotic organisms. This observation also suggests the presence of previously unknown subunits in addition to the canonical subunits in P. falciparum ATP synthase complex. Our attempts to disrupt genes encoding β and γ subunits were unsuccessful, suggesting an essential role played by the ATP synthase complex in blood stages of P. falciparum. These studies suggest that, despite some unconventional features and its minimal contribution to ATP synthesis, P. falciparum ATP synthase is localized to the parasite mitochondrion, assembled as a large dimeric complex, and is likely essential for parasite survival.
Spectrin tetramer–dimer equilibrium and the stability of erythrocyte membrane skeletons

The inner side of the red-cell membrane is laminated by a two-dimensional network of membrane proteins which include spectrin, actin and some other components1–4. After extraction of lipids and integral proteins from the membrane, this membrane skeleton can be visualized as a ball-shaped network consisting of twisted fibres1–4 and globular protrusions4; however, the assembly of the individual proteins in the membrane skeleton is not well understood. Spectrin can be eluted from the membrane in the form of dimers and tetramers5–8. Electron microscopic study with low-angle shadowing technique shows that spectrin dimers are two parallel strands of twisted fibres presumably representing bands 1 and 2 of spectrin9. Spectrin tetramers presumably formed by head-to-head associations of two dimers are twice as long9. In solution, the spectrin dimer–tetramer equilibrium depends on temperature and salt concentration7,8; however, it is not known whether the same equilibrium exists in the membrane and whether it affects the physical properties of the membrane, such as its structural stability and deformability. We now demonstrate that spectrin dimers and tetramers are in a reversible equilibrium in the membrane and that in physiological conditions this equilibrium favours spectrin tetramers. Furthermore, we show that transformation of spectrin tetramers to dimers, as induced by ghost incubation in hypotonic conditions, diminishes the structural stability of the Triton-insoluble membrane skeletons.
Selective Growth of Pure and Long ZnO Nanowires by Controlled Vapor Concentration Gradients

ZnO can appear as nanowires, nanobelts, and nanocombs, which are attractive for various applications. However, this has prevented the growth of desired nanostructures without other trace morphologies. Here we demonstrated a mechanism for selective growth of pure and long ZnO nanowires. This was obtained by placing a gold film at a high-temperature zone so that ZnO nanowires with controllable densities can be grown on adjacent bare substrates at lower temperature zones. The concentration gradients of gold and ZnO vapors are responsible for this selective growth, which could be applicable for selective growth of ZnO nanobelts and nanocombs in the future.
Fire ant thermal preferences: behavioral control of growth and metabolism

Thermal preferences of well-fed and food-limited fire ant colonies (Solenopsis invicta) were studied in relation to colony growth and metabolic costs. The growth curve for well-fed colonies was strongly skewed toward warmer temperatures with maximal growth occurring near 32° C (Fig. 2A). The growth curve for food-limited colonies was skewed toward cooler temperatures with maximal colony size occurring around 25° C (Fig. 2B). Food-limited colonies apparently grew larger at cooler temperatures because metabolic costs of workers were reduced. A series of binary choice tests confirmed three predictions concerning fire ant thermal preferences (Figs. 3–4). First, well-fed colonies preferred brood temperatures very near the optimum for colony growth (31° C versus 32° C). Colonies were also able to select appropriate suboptimal growth temperatures when the optimal range was unavailable. Secondly, as predicted, a large percentage of colony workers (∼ 30% in well-fed colonies) consistently chose cooler temperatures than those selected for the brood. This strategy probably increases longevity of workers not directly associated with brood care. Thirdly, food-limited colonies preferred cooler temperatures than well-fed colonies. Metabolic costs of food-limited colonies were reduced by approximately 7% because of (1) slightly cooler brood temperatures (30° C versus 31° C) and because (2) an additional 20–30% of the workers selected cooler temperatures. The addition of excess food reversed food-limited thermal preferences within 12 h for the brood (Fig. 5) and several days for the workers. Contrary to expectations, thermal preferences for brood in food-limited colonies did not match the food-limited growth curve, perhaps because fire ant colonies can choose to rear brood at warm temperatures while maintaining accumulated colony biomass at cooler temperatures.
Alternative splicing generates functionally distinct N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors.

Abstract We have used expression cloning in Xenopus oocytes to isolate two different cDNAs encoding functional N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunits. The two receptors (NMDA-R1A and -R1B) display different pharmacologic properties as a consequence of alternative exon addition within the putative ligand-binding domain. The splicing choice is regulated such that R1B is the predominant form of receptor in the cerebellum, whereas R1A predominates in other brain regions. Expression of either of the subunits alone in oocytes results in an NMDA-evoked inward current with electrophysiologic properties closely resembling those of the NMDA receptors observed in neurons. Thus, the complex properties exhibited by the NMDA receptor in neurons can be generated by the expression of a single receptor subunit.
Satellite structure in the 2pσ molecular orbital transitions in slow heavy ion collisions

The binding energy of the 2pσ molecular orbital formed transiently in a slow heavy ion collision shows a flat minimum at a large internuclear distance. Electronic transitions in this minimum provide a satellite structure in the 2pσ X-ray continuum, which was not found in the original search. New measurements show that the satellite is only evident at very small collision velocities, since the collision broadening is much larger for asymmetric collision systems than the theory predicts. The present theory of collision broadening takes into account only the linear term of the change in transition energy dE/dR which may not be appropriate in cases where the second term d2E/dR2 is likely to be dominant.
Characterization of two gangliosides of the paragloboside series from chicken skeletal muscle

Abstract Two glucosamine-containing gangliosides, a ceramide pentasaccharide and a ceramide heptasaccharide, have been purified from the gangliosides of chicken skeletal muscle. The lipids were extracted with a mixture of tetrahydrofuran and aqueous KCl and purified by anion-exchange and silicic acid column chromatography. Their structures were determined by specific enzymatic hydrolysis and methylation analysis. The proposed structures are sialosyl derivates of: (a) paragloboside, and (b) paragloboside with an additional lactosamine disaccharide: (a) NeuAcα2 → 3Galβ1 → 4GlcNAcβ1 → 3Galβ1 → 4GlcCer, (b) NeuAcα2 → 3Galβ1 → 4GlcNAβ31 → 3Galβ1 → 4GlcNAcβ1 β 3Galβ1 → 4GlcCer. The long base was predominantly sphingosine and the acyl groups were mainly palmitate, stearate and oleate.
G-protein γ7 subunit is selectively expressed in medium-sized neurons and dendrites of the rat neostriatum

We used subtractive hybridization to isolate clones of gamma 7, a 68 residue G-protein gamma subunit. Northern blotting and in situ hybridization reveal that the gamma 7 subunit mRNA is expressed primarily in medium-sized neurons of the neostriatum and nucleus accumbens and neurons of the olfactory tubercle, and at low levels in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation and laminae II-III, and V of the neocortex. The gamma 7 mRNA is translocated into dendrites of neurons in the neostriatum and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. gamma 7 is expressed at relatively very low concentrations in peripheral tissues. The selective pattern of gamma 7 expression within the brain is highly reminiscent of those of the striatum-enriched adenylyl cyclase ACST, dopamine receptors, and the alpha subunit of G(olf), suggesting that, in striatum, gamma 7 may be a subunit of a G(olf) alpha-containing G protein that couples dopamine receptors selectively to ACST.
Entorhinal lesions result in increased nerved growth factor-like growth-promoting activity in medium conditioned by hippocampal slices

Nerve growth factor (NGF) is present in high concentrations in the rat hippocampal formation where it may be involved in sympathetic sprouting following septohippocampal denervation. In addition, recent evidence suggests that some forebrain cholinergic neurons, including septohippocampal neurons, are responsive to exogenous NGF. Since septohippocampal neurons have been shown to sprout in response to entorhinal lesions both in rats and, recently, in humans, we sought to determine whether endogenous NGF-like activity increases in the rat hippocampal formation following injury to the entorhinal cortex. We found that entorhinal lesions which result in extensive denervation of the dentate granule cells, and subsequent sprouting of septohippocampal axons, do result in greater NGF-like growth-promoting activity in medium conditioned by slices of the denervated tissue when compared to medium conditioned by control tissue. These results suggest that brain NGF may be involved in injury-induced sprouting of forebrain cholinergic neurons.
ICRPG liquid propellant thrust chamber performance evaluation methodology

ICRPG liquid propellant thrust chamber performance evaluation methodology, reviewing imperfections and limitations
Integrating radiotherapy with epidermal growth factor receptor antagonists and other molecular therapeutics for the treatment of head and neck cancer.

Cancer accounts for 23% of all deaths and is the leading cause of death for people less than age 85 years. About 1.4 million individuals in the United States were diagnosed with cancer in 2006 and 560,000 died of the disease. The corresponding numbers for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are 11,200 and 40,000, respectively (1). Radiotherapy plays a crucial role in the treatment for HNSCC. However, the 5-year relapse-free survival rate for patients with locally advanced HNSCC is 30% to 40%, and most patients die from locoregional disease progression. Tumor repopulation, hypoxia, intrinsic radioresistance, and dose-limiting toxicities are among the chief causes of poor outcome. The efficacy of altered fractionation (AF) regimens and combinations of radiotherapy with chemotherapy has been intensively investigated. Recent meta-analyses showed that collectively AF and radiotherapyplusconcurrent chemotherapy increase the 5-year survival rate by 3.4% and 8%, respectively (2, 3). Consequently, most centers have adopted AF and concurrent radiochemotherapy (mostly cisplatin) for the nonsurgical treatment of intermediate stage and locally advanced HNSCC, respectively. Unfortunately, the systemic toxicities of chemotherapy and other side effects, particularly mucositis, of the combined therapy can be severe. Increasing knowledge of molecular radiation biology spurred the development of rational strategies for combining radiotherapy with molecular therapeutics. Laboratory and clinical investigations on epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) revealed its role in carcinogenesis, tumor progression, and response to therapy. Collectively, this line of research validated the concept of selective modulation of tumor response to radiotherapy by targeting a specific growth factor signaling pathway and established a new treatment option for locally advanced HNSCC. This article summarizes relevant findings of laboratory and clinical investigations on EGFR put into historical perspective to assess the direction of future investigations in radiation oncology. The number of references is capped in compliance with the journal policy. A recent review byNyatiet al.(4)is a complementary reference.
The pediatric end‐stage liver disease (PELD) model as a predictor of survival benefit and posttransplant survival in pediatric liver transplant recipients

The pediatric end-stage liver disease (PELD) model accurately estimates 90-day waitlist mortality for pediatric liver transplant candidates, but it has been unclear if PELD can identify patients who will derive survival benefit from undergoing liver transplantation (LT), if it correlates with posttransplant survival, or if it can identify patients for whom LT would be futile. Pediatric patients who underwent LT between 2001 and 2004 were enrolled through the United Network for Organ Sharing Organ Procurement and Transplant Network database. Survival benefit was measured in terms of life-years gained during the first year after LT. Complete data were available for 1,247 patients: 53% were listed as Status 1 at the time of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), while the remaining 47% had PELD scores. Only in patients with a PELD of 17+ or those designated as United Network for Organ Sharing Status 1 derived a survival benefit within 1 year of LT; patients with a PELD score of < or = 16 did not. In addition, a statistically significant association was seen between 1-year post-OLT survival and PELD at LT (P = 0.03). No "threshold" PELD score, beyond which risk of post-LT mortality increased dramatically, was apparent. In conclusion, pediatric patients with a PELD score of 17+ derive survival benefit early after LT, and increasing PELD scores are associated with increasing transplant benefit after liver transplantation. PELD does correlate with posttransplant survival but should not be used as a marker for futility.
Collaborative Essay Testing: Group Work That Counts

Because much of a nurse's work is accomplished through working in groups, nursing students need an understanding of group process as well as opportunities to problem-solve in groups. Despite an emphasis on group activities as critical for classroom learning, there is a lack of evidence in the nursing literature that describes collaborative essay testing as a teaching strategy. In this class, nursing students worked together in small groups to answer examination questions before submitting a common set of answers. In a follow-up survey, students reported that collaborative testing was a positive experience (e.g., promoting critical thinking, confidence in knowledge, and teamwork). Faculty were excited by the lively dialog heard during the testing in what appeared to be an atmosphere of teamwork. Future efforts could include providing nursing students with direct instruction on group process and more opportunities to work and test collaboratively.
The infrared spectra of the moOCl, moO2Cl2, WOCl, WO2Cl2, MoO2, MoO3 and Mo3O9 gaseous molecules

Abstract The IR spectra of several gaseous molybdenum and tungsten oxides and oxychlorides which are thought to be transporting agents for these metals in halogen lamps have been obtained. MoO 2 Cl 2 and WO 2 Cl 2 were observed in absorption and emission by heating the solid compound; Mo 3 O 9 was observed in absorption by heating the solid and by observing the products of the reaction between Mo and N 2 O; MoO 2 and MoO 3 were observed as products from the reaction between Mo and N 2 O; and MoOCl and WOCl were formed from the reaction between the metal and POCl 3 . All spectra were obtained at a resolution of 0.5 cm −1 which permits the band shapes to be resolved and definite spectral assignments to be made.
Space charge induced surface stresses: implications in ceria and other ionic solids.

Volume changes associated with point defects in space charge layers can produce strains that substantially alter thermodynamic equilibrium near surfaces in ionic solids. For example, near-surface compressive stresses exceeding $\ensuremath{-}10\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GPa}$ are predicted for ceria. The magnitude of this effect is consistent with anomalous lattice parameter increases that occur in ceria nanoparticles. These stresses should significantly alter defect concentrations and key transport properties in a wide range of materials (e.g., ceria electrolytes in fuel cells).
SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENTS AND ENERGY DEVELOPMENTS

Social Impact Assessments (SIAs), prompted by the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and by complementary legislation in certain states, are prepared, ostensibly, to provide expert scientific analyses of human societies; to project the probable consequences to those societies from largescale projects planned for their environments; to suggest ways to mitigate deleterious consequences; and to aid decision makers. The majority of SlAs prepared in relation to proposed energy developments have not been based on expert scientific analysis; omit crucial topics; are seldom based on primary analyses of the communities that will be affected; and often suggest ways to mitigate infrastructural problems (roads, houses and utilities) but l i t t l e else. Interests of the corporations that seek development permits are served by research houses commissioned to prepare SIAs, and by the agencies that approve the SlAs and subsequently grant permits to the corporations to commence with their energy-related projects-the interests of the community residents are not served. The responsibility of social scientists in preparing SlAs for communities that are scheduled for energy-related projects and state-of-the-art analyses of those communities are discussed.
Repetitive axonal stimulation of the same single motor unit: A longitudinal tracking study

We elicited three single motor unit action potentials (S-MUAPs) via multiple point stimulation and subjected them to repetitive stimulation (RS) in 3 healthy subjects. We tracked each S-MUAP and its RS trains over two separate sessions as well as the compound motor action potential (CMAP) RS trains obtained from the same muscle following whole nerve stimulation. Repetitive axonal stimulation yields consistent results when carefully performed with minimal variation in each S-MUAP RS train from session to session, providing previously unobtainable data regarding neuromuscular junction function in the same single motor unit over time. In this small, normative sample, no significant correlation between S-MUAP and CMAP RS responses was observed.
Compositional Study of the Lone Tree, Iowa, Chondrite

A meteorite, named for the location of its discovery near Lone Tree, Iowa, was found by Loren Westfall in May 1971. Electron microprobe and petrographic studies reveal its mineral composition to be olivine, low-calcium clinopyroxene, high-calcium clinopyroxene, troilite, kamacite, taenite and iron oxides. On the basis of texture, olivine composition (19% Fa), low-calcium clinopyroxene composition (17% Fs, 2% Wo) and metal (determined by modal analysis), this meteorite is classified as an H group bronzite chondrite. While it has characteristics of classes 3 and 4 (Van Schmus and Wood, 1967, Table 2) it fits class 4 better since low-calcium pyroxene has a MD of 5.6%, olivine has a MD of 3.2%, turbid glass is present in chondrules, feldspar is absent, and the matrix is opaque. The opacity of the matrix may be due to iron oxides in microfractures in a microcrystalline matrix.
A minimal permanent-like function

Abstract This paper contains a study of the smallest n -homogeneous, superadditive function from the n th order, nonnegative real matrices into the nonnegative reals which agrees with the permanent function on each permutation matrix. Several results for this function analogous to those for the permanent function are derived, and a particular effort is made to determine when it is convex.
Low-power signaling in asymmetric noisy channels via spectral shaping

Portable and mobile applications require low power consumption in addition to high throughput to prolong battery life in a VLSI implementation. The authors propose a novel configuration of a low-power portable communications (PCS) device that promises improved performance over very noisy band-limited channels through the use of a feedback channel and digital signal processing techniques that have their origins in sigma-delta modulation. Comparisons with PCM using raised-cosine pulses illustrate the design tradeoffs. >
CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY OF URANYL MOLYBDATES. III. NEW STRUCTURAL THEMES IN Na6[(UO2)2O(MoO4)4], Na6[(UO2)(MoO4)4] AND K6[(UO2)2O(MoO4)4]

Two Na uranyl molybdates, Na 6 [(UO 2 ) 2 O(MoO 4 ) 4 ] and Na 6 [(UO 2 )(MoO 4 ) 4 ], and one K uranyl molybdate, K 6 [(UO 2 ) 2 O(MoO 4 ) 4 ], have been synthesized by high-temperature solid-state reactions of mixtures of Na 2 CO 3 , K 2 CO 3 , UO 3 and MoO 3 . All three structures were solved by direct methods and refined on the basis of F 2 for all unique data collected with monochromatic Mo K α X-radiation and a CCD (charge-coupled device) detector. The structure of Na 6 [(UO 2 ) 2 O(MoO 4 ) 4 ] was efined to an agreement factor ( R 1) of 4.1%, calculated using the 1969 unique observed reflections ( F o ≥ 4σ F ), and a goodness-of-fit ( S ) of 1.06. It is triclinic, space group P 1, a 7.637(2), b 8.164(2), c 8.746(2) A, α 72.329(5), β 79.364(5), γ 65.795(4)°, V 472.7(2) A 3 , Z = 1. The structure of Na 6 [(UO 2 )(MoO 4 ) 4 ] was refined to an R 1 of 3.3%, calculated using the 3268 unique observed reflections ( F o ≥ 4σ F ), and a S of 0.97. It is triclinic, space group P 1, a 7.0958(8), b 9.566(1), c 13.415(2) A, α 73.692(2), β 86.621(2), γ 82.940(2)°, V 867.0(2) A 3 , Z = 2. The structure of K 6 [(UO 2 ) 2 O(MoO 4 ) 4 ] was refined to an R 1 index of 4.9%, calculated using the 1833 unique observed reflections ( F o ≥ 4σ F ), and a S of 0.90. It is triclinic, space group P 1, a 7.8282(8), b 7.8298(8), c 10.302(1) A, α 83.893(2), β 73.131(2), γ 80.338(2)°, V 594.6(1) A 3 , Z = 1. The structural connectivity of these three compounds is notable in that each exhibits themes not previously observed in uranyl compounds. The structures of both Na 6 [(UO 2 ) 2 O(MoO 4 ) 4 ] and K 6 [(UO 2 ) 2 O(MoO 4 ) 4 ] contain chains of polyhedra of composition [(UO 2 ) 2 O(MoO 4 ) 4 ] 6− . These chains have not been previously observed and are composed of [ Ur O 4 O Ur O 4 ] dimers consisting of two Ur O 5 ( Ur : uranyl ion) pentagonal bipyramids sharing a common O atom. The dimers are connected into a chain by sharing vertices with MoO 4 tetrahedra, with the chains linked by Na + or K + cations. The structure of Na 6 [(UO 2 )(MoO 4 ) 4 ] consists of finite clusters of composition [(UO 2 ) 2 (MoO 4 ) 8 ] 12− composed of two Ur O 5 pentagonal bipyramids connected by sharing vertices with MoO 4 tetrahedra. The clusters in Na 6 [(UO 2 )(MoO 4 ) 4 ] are oriented parallel to the (001) plane and are linked through Na + cations.
Difficulties associated with removal of mesh eroding into vagina following abdominal sacrocolpopexy: a case report

This case report describes the clinical case of a patient presenting complications during removal of mesh eroding through the lower one third of the posterior vaginal wall following abdominal sacrocolpopexy. Although excellent results have been reported with abdominal sacrocolpopexy for treatment of vaginal vault prolapse, minimizing complications and their correction remains a challenge. In this case, only 3/4 of the mesh was removed vaginally and was complicated by small bowel perforation due to adhesions. The remaining mesh was removed by careful dissection from the sacral base as the risk of infection in the mesh left behind is increased. Successful management eventually requires complete removal of the mesh at laparotomy. The surgery should be performed by experienced pelvic surgeons able to resolve intraoperative complications. Although serious complications are rare, patients should nonetheless be counselled about the risk of massive bleeding, bowel perforation, infection and rectovaginal fistula formation.
Design of Variable-Length Piezocomposite Transducer for Structural Health Monitoring

A modally-selective, variable-length anisotropic piezocomposite transducer is designed for guided wave (GW) structural health monitoring applications. The transducer dimensions needed to maximize individual modes are selected based on 3-D elasticity models for GW excitation by finite dimensional transducers. This theory is used to determine these transducer dimensions as a function of the wave phase velocity, and normalized by the substrate thickness. The design and fabrication of the transducer are subsequently described, and a set of experimental tests is conducted in pristine isotropic structures to characterize the actuation and sensing performance of the device. It is shown that the transducer dimensions can be tailored to obtain specific symmetric to antisymmetric mode transmission ratios.© 2008 ASME
Storage space allocation at marine container terminals using ant-based control

Highlights? We developed an ant-based model for the storage space allocation problem (SSAP). ? Our decentralized model is the first of its kind developed to address the SSAP. ? Our model provides a scalable, real-time, adaptive and efficient approach. This paper presents a novel approach for allocating containers to storage blocks in a marine container terminal. We model the container terminal as a network of gates, yard blocks and berths on which export and import containers are considered as bi-directional traffic. For both export and import containers, the yard blocks are the intermediate storage points between gates (landside) and berths (waterside). Our model determines the route for each individual container (i.e. assign the container to a block to be stored) based on two competing objectives: (1) balance the workload among yard blocks, and (2) minimize the distance traveled by internal trucks between yard blocks and berths. The model utilizes an ant-based control method. It exploits the trail laying behavior of ant colonies where ants deposit pheromones as a function of traveled distance and congestion at the blocks. The route of a container (i.e. selection of a yard block) is based on the pheromone distribution on the network. The results from experiments show that the proposed approach is effective in balancing the workload among yard blocks and reducing the distance traveled by internal transport vehicles during vessel loading and unloading operations.
Gramsci and the History of Dialectical Thought

This is an interpretative and evaluative study of the thought of Antonio Gramsci, the founding father of the Italian Communist Party who died in 1937 after ten years of imprisonment in Fascist jails. It proceeds by a rigorous textual analysis of his Prison Notebooks, the scattered notes he wrote during his incarceration. Professor Finocchiaro explores the nature of Gramsci's dialectical thinking, in order to show in what ways Gramsci was and was not a Marxist, as well as to illustrate correspondences with the work of Hegel, Croce, and Bukharin. The book provides a critical reappraisal of Gramsci as a thinker and of the dialectical approach as a mode of inquiry.
Participation of Calpain in Protein-Tyrosine Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation in Human Blood Platelets

Abstract The possible role of calpains in protein-tyrosine phosphorylation in platelets was examined by the use of the cell-permeant calpain inhibitor calpeptin. In platelets stimulated by 1 U/mL thrombin, protein-tyrosine phosphorylation was maximal after 2 minutes and was followed by protein-tyrosine dephosphorylation. Calpeptin (30 μmol/L) or vanadate (2 mmol/L) enhanced protein-tyrosine phosphorylation and delayed protein-tyrosine dephosphorylation. The effects of these two compounds were not additive. We also observed proteolysis of pp60src and autoproteolysis of μ-calpain. Cleavage of the former was significantly slower than that of the latter and slower than protein-tyrosine dephosphorylation. The activity of protein-tyrosine phosphatase in the platelet lysate was transiently increased to 190% by addition of Ca2+. Ca2+-dependent activation of protein-tyrosine phosphatase was not observed in the presence of leupeptin. Those observations suggest that platelet calpains may be involved in modulation of protein-tyrosine phosphorylation through activation of protein-tyrosine phosphatase rather than through the inactivation of pp60src, a mechanism that was previously suggested.
Performance Of Layered Synthetic Microstructures In Monochromator Applications In The Soft X-Ray Region

Wide bandwidth, high throughput monochromators for synchrotron radiation applications have been developed using Layered Synthetic Microstructures (LSM's). A double crystal LSM monochromator has been demonstrated with an energy resolution of 3% at 1.5 keV and a tuning range of 0.8 to 3.5 keV. In addition, techniques for extending the tuning range to lower energies as well as studies of substrate perfection using soft X-ray topography will be described.
The Struggle for Australian History

Dixson, Miriam The Real Matilda: Women and Identity in Australia 1788 to the Present Ferres, Kay (ed.) The Time to Write: Australian Women Writers 1890–1930 Grimshaw, Patricia, Lake, Marilyn, McGrath, Ann and Quartly, Marian Creating a Nation 1788–1990 Summers, Anne Damned Whores and God’s Police Robinson, Portia The Women of Botany Bay
Decade bandwidth bidirectional planar log-periodic antennas and their performance under low and high continuous-wave (CW) input power

The bi-directional radiation characteristics and corresponding performance under high CW power of a planar log-periodic (LP) antenna is investigated experimentally and demonstrated within a wide bandwidth. Two LP configurations are designed and built on 20 mil and 60 mil substrates with tapered and multi-section microstrip feeds, respectively. Results show that the developed LP antennas are able to handle at least 50 W and 200 W of CW power at 5 GHz.
Microsatellite instability in human hepatocellular carcinoma: relationship to p53 abnormalities

—Aims/Background: Microsatellite instability was sought in 10 human hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) to determine whether defective DNA mismatch repair might be implicated in the multiple genetic alterations observed in the p53 tumor suppressor gene in some of these patients' tumors. Methods: Genomic DNA from HCCs and adjacent non-tumorous livers was subjected to PCR with primers for nine microsatellites, and PCR products were resolved in a denaturing gel. Microsatellite instability was defined as the presence of band shifts or additional bands for at least two microsatellite sequences in an HCC compared to the nontumorous liver tissue from the same patient. Results: Microsatellite instability was detected in four of ten HCCs. Three of these four HCCs did not have p53 exon mutations. However, one HCC had microsatellite instability as well as multiple p53 exon mutations and multiple intron alterations. Four other patients with multiple p53 intron alterations in HCC (compared to their own nontumorous liver), three of whom also had a mutation in the exons, had no microsatellite instability. Conclusions: Defective DNA mismatch repair, as indicated by microsatellite instability, might have played a role in hepatocarcinogenesis in four of the ten patients, but in general it was not associated with p53 alterations. In one of the ten patients, defective DNA mismatch repair might have been the cause of multiple mutations in both the coding and intron sequences of the p53 gene.
Preferences for riparian buffers.

Abstract Intensive management of riparian zones in the Mid-western United States has long involved clearing vegetation, straightening meandering streams, and lining earthen banks with stone or concrete. Recently, however, scholars have begun to document the ecological costs of such practices. Replacing barren stream edges with more natural alternatives such as vegetated buffers can improve the visual appeal, environmental services, and ecological health of these ecosystems. Despite their potential benefits, these alternatives are rarely employed. Is it because individual landowners dislike these management strategies or is it that professional planners disapprove of such options? This paper examines the approval of various riparian buffer types by landowners and planners in Illinois using a photo-questionnaire. Participants rated their preferences for tree buffers, grass buffers, and a ‘no buffer’ condition along waterways in rural and suburban landscapes. They also rated their preferences for meandering streams in rural areas and earthen banks in the suburbs. The results show substantial support for tree buffers by both residents and planners. Participants also demonstrated considerable approval for meandering streams in rural areas. These findings add to the growing body of literature on preferences for buffers in different landscape settings and provide ample evidence for planners and policy-makers to take necessary steps to preserve or restore vegetated riparian buffers and meandering channels along Mid-western waterways. These natural alternatives to existing strategies are not only visually attractive and ecologically beneficial, they are also positive steps towards more sustainable riparian management practices.
Morphology and interpretation of the great Polar Cap Absorption events of May and July, 1959

Abstract The Alaskan riometer chain is briefly described. An account is given of the type of information which may be obtained from high latitude riometer measurements of Polar Cap Absorption. This type of absorption is attributed to the ionization produced in the lower ionosphere by low energy, solar produced, cosmic rays. The two great events which began on May 10 and July 10, 1959 are described in detail, with special emphasis given to the absorption variations in time and in latitude. The extent to which these variations represent variations of particle flux is discussed in the light of present knowledge on electron loss processes in the lower ionosphere. The possible bearing of these variations on the knowledge of the propagational mechanism of solar particles is discussed.