cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Operant control of turning in circles: a new model of dopaminergic drug action.

Abstract Rats were trained, using water reinforcement, to exhibit high rates of rotation (circling) during one-hour daily test sessions. Preferred directions of learned rotation were the same as those determined previously in response to d -amphetamine. Changes in reinforcement parameters elicited predictable changes in rates of learned rotation. The effects of d -amphetamine, apomorphine, haloperidol and methohexital could be readily dissociated indicating that the operant rotation paradigm could likely become a useful behavioral assay of dopaminergic drug action.
Development of a percutaneous optical imaging system for tracking vascular gene expression: a feasibility study using human tissuelike phantoms

Noninvasive tracking of vascular gene delivery and expression forms an important part of successfully implementing vascular gene therapy methods for the treatment of atherosclerosis and various cardiovascular disorders. While ultrasound and MR imaging have shown promise in the monitoring of gene delivery to the vasculatures, optical imaging has shown promise for tracking gene expression. Optical imaging using bioreporter genes like Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), Red Fluorescent Protein (RFP) and Luciferase to track and localize the therapeutic gene have helped provide an in vivo detection method of the process. The usage of GFP and RFP entails the detection of the fluorescent signal emitted by them on excitation with light of appropriate wavelength. We have developed a novel percutaneous optical imaging system that may be used for in vivo tracking vascular fluorescent gene expression in deep-seated vessels. It is based on the detection of the fluorescent signal emitted from GFP tagged cells. This phantom study was carried out to investigate the performance of the optical imaging system and gain insights into its performance record and study improvisation possibilities.
Aortic Dissection in Turner Syndrome

Purpose of reviewTurner syndrome is a relatively common disorder of female development with cardinal features of short stature and congenital cardiovascular defects (CHD). Turner syndrome is the most common established cause of aortic dissection in young women, but has received little attention outs
The Dean-Evans Relation in 31P NMR Spectroscopy and Its Application to the Chemistry of Octahedral Tungsten Sulfide Clusters

One of the challenges in studying the chemistry of hexanuclear octahedral metal clusters is analyzing the many possible complexes, including stereoisomers, when these complexes consist of mixed axial ligands (two or more). In the case of W6S8L6-n(PR3)n (n = 0−6; L = nonphosphine Lewis base ligands, PR3 = phosphines) clusters, in situ identification of the 10 possible complexes is possible by 31P NMR due to P−W−W−P coupling. A linear relation for 31P NMR shifts (δ(31P)) of these W6S8L6-n(PR3)n complexes, analogous to the Dean−Evans relation for 19F NMR shifts of octahedral tin complexes, is found and expressed as δ(31P) = δref + pC + qT with two variables (p and q, the number of ligands L in the cis or trans position to PR3, respectively) with two constants (C and T, characteristic of a given ligand L). 31P NMR investigation of over 200 complexes in 26 W6S8L6-n(PR3)n systems show that this relation is generally valid for W6S8 clusters. Such a relation helps spectroscopic assignments and demonstrates the tr...
Revision of failed acetabular components with use of so-called jumbo noncemented components. A concise follow-up of a previous report.

Acetabular revision in the presence of major bone-stock deficiency is a difficult clinical and surgical problem. Of an original pool of twenty-four consecutive patients treated with an acetabular revision with a so-called jumbo (>65-mm) cementless hemispherical acetabular component, fifteen were followed for an average of seven years in our previous study. The current report presents the results for the twelve patients in this group who were alive at a minimum of twelve years (mean, 13.9 years) postoperatively and agreed to return for follow-up. The average final Harris hip score was 79 points. No acetabular shell had been revised because of aseptic loosening, and none was loose as seen radiographically. The complication rate was high but was largely related to infection. In the patients without infection, the fixation of these large sockets remained excellent at the time of long-term follow-up. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Voriconazole: A Novel Antifungal

Objective: To review the published in vitro, in vivo, and clinical data and FDA background documents that led to the approval of voriconazole. Data Sources: Articles were identified by the referenced package insert and bya MEDLINE search (1966-October 2002) using the terms voriconazole, azole antifungal, aspergillosis, and UK-109,496. Additionally, journal Web sites and abstracts from major infectious disease meetings were researched to obtain newly published data. Study Selection: All animal and human data published in journals, abstracts, and FDA background documentation were used. The only in vitro susceptibility testing studies used were those that incorporated a large number of fungal isolates. Data Synthesis: Voriconazole is a novel monotriazole antifungal agent that inhibits the fungal cytochrome P450-mediated 14 α-lanosterol demethylation. In vitro susceptibility studies, in vivo clinical trials, and case reports have shown potent activity against various Aspergillus spp., Scedosporium, and Fusarium. Additionally, voriconazole has shown in vitro activity against dimorphic fungi and yeast, including Candida spp. and Cryptococcus neoformans. The efficacy of voriconazole has been evaluated in 4 clinical trials. The clinical studies indicate that it is at least as effective as amphotericin B for the treatment of acute invasive aspergillus infection. The most common adverse effects in clinical trials included visual disturbances, rash, and elevated liver function tests. Voriconazole is metabolized by CYP2C19, CYP2C9, and CYP3A4 and thus causes multiple serious drug-drug interactions. Conclusions: Voriconazole provides an advance in therapy for the treatment of acute invasive aspergillus infection.
Connecting emotions and words: the referential process

This paper outlines the process of verbal communication of emotion as this occurs through the phases of the referential process, including arousal of an emotion schema; detailed and specific descriptions of images and episodes that are exemplars of emotion schemas; and reflection and reorganization, which may include emotion labels and other types of categorical terms. The concepts of emotion schemas and the referential process are defined in the theoretical framework of multiple code theory which includes subsymbolic sensory, visceral and motoric processes, symbolic images and words. Emotion schemas are defined as clusters of representations of events incorporating similar bodily, sensory and motoric processes activated in relation to different people in different contexts. Through the referential process subsymbolic components of a schema that have been activated in a speaker or writer and that may be connected only partially to words may be evoked in a listener or reader. The concept of the emotion schemas is examined in relation to current work in emotion theory and neuroscience. The unique effects of detailed descriptions of episodes in conveying complex aspects of emotional experience are discussed, as recognized by writers, and as demonstrated in empirical research. Computerized measures of the phases of the referential process are presented, focusing particularly on the central measure, the Weighted Referential Activity Dictionary (WRAD) which identifies points of narrative and imagery. The operation of the function words that dominate the WRAD are examined in relation to the structure of narrative expression underlying the verbal representation of emotion schemas.
Review and appraisal of subliminal perception within the context of signal detection theory

There are many claims that stimuli too weak to be detected can affect behavior in powerful ways. There are also many counterclaims that such phenomena are artifacts. The origins of the subliminal perception controversy are traced and some of the problems with the concepts of threshold and awareness are noted. It is suggested that any treatment of the phenomenon must consider the implications of Signal Detection Theory. The basic concepts of the theory are reviewed and the controversy is translated into its terminology. Some studies on masked-primes are summarized and evaluated within that context. While It is possible to obtain an effect for primes that are below a level of claimed awareness, such a subjective definition of the threshold is often problematic, because it confounds stimulus detectability with response bias. When an objective definition is adopted (i.e., d' = O), and proper psychophysical methods are followed, there is no support for the effectiveness of undetectable stimuli. Lastly, a recent approach is briefly described which uses phenomenal awareness as a basis for distinguishing between conscious and unconscious perceptual processes.
Fear extinction learning can be impaired or enhanced by modulation of the CRF system in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala

The neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is released during periods of anxiety and modulates learning and memory formation. One region with particularly dense concentrations of CRF receptors is the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA), a critical structure for both Pavlovian fear conditioning and fear extinction. While CRF has the potential to modify amygdala-dependent learning, its effect on fear extinction has not yet been assessed. In the present study, we examined the modulatory role of CRF on within-session extinction and fear extinction consolidation. Intra-BLA infusions of the CRF binding protein ligand inhibitor CRF(6-33) which increases endogenous levels of free CRF, or intra-BLA infusions of exogenous CRF made prior to fear extinction learning did not affect either fear expression or within-session extinction learning. However, when these animals were tested twenty-four hours later, drug free, they showed impairments in extinction memory. Conversely, intra-BLA infusions of the CRF receptor antagonist α-helical CRF(9-41) enhanced memory of fear extinction. These results suggest that increased CRF levels within the BLA at the time of fear extinction learning actively impair the consolidation of long-term fear extinction.
Evidence for an extragalactic component of the far-ultraviolet background and constraints on galaxy evolution for z between 0. 1 and 0. 6

A sounding rocket experiment that measured the power spectrum of small-scale fluctuations in the far-UV background is described. Evidence is presented that these fluctuations are the integrated light from distant galaxies. If this result is used as an upper limit to the integrated light from galaxies, it provides a constraint on the mean UV luminosity density in the redshift range between 0.1 and 0.6 of L(gal) less than 7 x 10 to the 7th solar luminosities/Mpc. When compared to estimates of the present UV luminosity density, this places a strong constraint on the far-UV evolution of galaxies in the last one-third of a Hubble time. This constraint can be interpreted as a limit on the average past star formation rate relative to the present if dust obscuration was not significantly greater in the past. An upper limit to the average star formation rate is derived.
The Best of Times is Now: A study of the gay subculture's attitudes toward time

Although researchers have found that cognitive temporal structures differ across cultures, few have studied the cognitive temporal structures of subcultures within them — and in a consumer behavior context. Integrating the literature on time, culture and consumer behavior, this study empirically tests for variations in time perceptions between the dominant heterosexual culture and the gay subculture. Results indicate that there may be socio-cultural elements of a subculture that produce variation in a subculture's temporal cognitive structure. Compared to heterosexuals, gays are more present-oriented. This finding is then applied to predict differences in consumer behavior.
Inference Attacks on Property-Preserving Encrypted Databases

Many encrypted database (EDB) systems have been proposed in the last few years as cloud computing has grown in popularity and data breaches have increased. The state-of-the-art EDB systems for relational databases can handle SQL queries over encrypted data and are competitive with commercial database systems. These systems, most of which are based on the design of CryptDB (SOSP 2011), achieve these properties by making use of property-preserving encryption schemes such as deterministic (DTE) and order- preserving encryption (OPE). In this paper, we study the concrete security provided by such systems. We present a series of attacks that recover the plaintext from DTE- and OPE-encrypted database columns using only the encrypted column and publicly-available auxiliary information. We consider well-known attacks, including frequency analysis and sorting, as well as new attacks based on combinatorial optimization. We evaluate these attacks empirically in an electronic medical records (EMR) scenario using real patient data from 200 U.S. hospitals. When the encrypted database is operating in a steady-state where enough encryption layers have been peeled to permit the application to run its queries, our experimental results show that an alarming amount of sensitive information can be recovered. In particular, our attacks correctly recovered certain OPE-encrypted attributes (e.g., age and disease severity) for more than 80% of the patient records from 95% of the hospitals; and certain DTE- encrypted attributes (e.g., sex, race, and mortality risk) for more than 60% of the patient records from more than 60% of the hospitals.
The path of axons in Drosophila wings in relation to compartment boundaries

We have tested the hypothesis that the paths taken by sensory axons in the peripheral nervous system of Drosophila are influenced by the boundaries between developmental compartments1. It has been proposed that differences in cell affinity keep the epidermal cells of adjacent compartments from intermingling2. Such differences in cell affinity might well also prevent the axons of sensory neurones, which are derived from the same populations as epidermal cells and which use them as growth substrates, from crossing compartment boundaries. However, as we report here, we have found that sensory axons in the wing of Drosophila do cross the boundary between the anterior and posterior compartments of the wing.
INPUT-OUTPUT STRUCTURAL DECOMPOSITION ANALYSIS: A CRITICAL APPRAISAL

Over the past decade, input–output structural decomposition analysis (SDA) has developed into a major analytical tool. We review the development of SDA and its relationship to other methodologies. We present the fundamental principles of alternative approaches to deriving SDA estimating equations and explore the various decompositions of changes in IO tables. We also identify several complications and unresolved issues. Most importantly, we find that a rigorous grounding in economic theory is lacking for SDA, but we are able to offer some suggestions as to how it might be established.
Capillary loss precedes the cognitive impairment induced by fractionated whole-brain irradiation: A potential rat model of vascular dementia

Brain tumor patients who are long-term survivors after whole-brain irradiation (WBI) often suffer cognitive impairment, including dementia. Although the pathogenic mechanisms remain poorly understood, our studies suggest that radiation-induced cognitive impairment may be a form of vascular dementia. We used a fractionated dose of gamma-rays that is biologically similar to that given to brain tumor patients. The brains of adult rats were irradiated with 40 Gy, in eight 5 Gy fractions over 4 weeks. Cognitive function was assessed prior to WBI and up to 9 months post-irradiation using a partially-baited radial arm maze. A significant increase in working memory errors was found in the irradiated rats by two-way ANOVA (p=0.0042). The increased errors occurred primarily at 6 and 9 months (p < 0.05, student's t-test). Vessel density was quantified using a stereology method with computerized image processing and analysis. Vessel density was unchanged 24 h after the last dose, but significantly decreased (p=0.002), by approximately 30%, from 10 weeks to 52 weeks. Thus, cognitive impairment arose after brain capillary loss in irradiated rats that show no other gross brain pathology. Capillary loss may play an important role in radiation-induced dementia and this may be a model of vascular dementia.
Phase-field approach to martensitic phase transformations: Effect of martensite–martensite interface energy

Abstract A generalization of the phase-field theory for multivariant martensitic phase transformations is suggested that allows one to vary martensite–martensite interface energy independent of energy for austenite–martensite interfaces. The finite element method is utilized to solve the coupled phase-field and elasticity equations. Width and energy of the austenite–martensite interfaces are determined. Splitting of the martensite–martensite interface into two austenite–martensite interfaces, leading to barrierless austenite nucleation, is obtained. The effect of the martensite–martensite interface energy and grain size on the stationary and non-stationary nanostructure inside the transforming grain embedded in the austenitic matrix is determined. Some nano-structures differ essentially from the prediction of crystallographic theory. Relationships between the number of twins in grain vs. grain size, and width of twin vs. its length are found. Two unexpected stress-relaxation mechanisms at the boundary of ...
NASA micro-aero-adaptive control

A summary of current research topics in active flow control at NASA Langley Research Center is presented. These topics are predominantly part of the Morphing Project, but closely related research topics form other projects are also included. A multi-disciplinary approach to technology development is being attempted that includes researchers from the more historical disciplines of fluid mechanics, acoustics, material science, structural mechanics, and control theory. The overall goals of the topics presented are focused on advancing the state of knowledge and understanding of controllable fundamental mechanisms in fluids rather than on specific engineering problems. The term micro used in the title indicates that the topics discussed are problems where a small, low-cost fluidic or shape-change input can create a large controllable output though the use of unsteady and nonlinear aerodynamics at receptive sties. Accompanying these fluid mechanics problems is the associated research in innovative actuators, sensors and control strategies including the development of design tools and system integration aids. The products of this research are to be demonstrated either in bench-top experiments, wind-tunnel tests, or in flight as part of the fundamental NASA R&D program and then transferred to more applied research programs within NASA, DOD< and U.S. industry.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Shattuckite and plancheite: a crystal chemical study.

The orthorhombic crystal structures of shattuckite, Cu 5 ( SiO 3 ) 4 (OH) 2 and planchetite, Cu 8 (Si 4 0 11 ) 2 (OH) 4 H 2 O, have been solved. Shattuckite contains silicate chains similar to pyroxene in a complex association with copper atoms, while the closely related plancheite contains silicate chains similar to amphibole.
Dysfunction of Intraflagellar Transport Proteins beyond the Primary Cilium

Intraflagellar transport (IFT) proteins are essential for bidirectional movement of structural proteins along the microtubular core of primary cilia, which are small, antenna-like sensory organelles that mediate signaling pathways. Disruption of IFT or of cilia perturbs ciliary-mediated signaling
Energy feedback system for the SSRL injector linac

A linac beam energy feedback system was found to be necessary for injection into the SSRL booster during periods of line voltage fluctuations. The system was implemented by writing a computer program for the control system. The feedback performance for a 40 minute period is described. >
Update on the Management of Pediatric Chronic Hepatitis B

A primary challenge in the management of pediatric chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is the lack of established child-specific guidelines. Treatment decisions for children with CHB are extrapolated from the robust adult-focused treatment and management guidelines. However, the rationale for treating children differs from adults, and appropriate patient selection for treatment is imperative to avoid mutant virus development and an indefinite treatment course. Few approved therapies exist for children less than 10 years of age, a group who may benefit greatly from novel and effective therapeutics. It is hoped this gap will be met in the near future, as the field of CHB is rapidly evolving and new therapeutics come to market. This review focuses on the currently available pediatric data regarding treatment for CHB, and draws comparisons with adult-focused data where applicable.
Kinetic Model for Aluminum Dissolution in Corrosion Pits

The kinetics of aluminum dissolution in etch pits and tunnels, in a I M HCI-3 M H 5 SO 4 solution at 70°C, were investigated. Dissolution current densities during growth of tunnels and pits, at potentials of roughly -0.8 and I V vs. Ag/AgCl respectively, were found to be approximately 6 A/cm 2 . Transient experiments using current step reductions during pitting, or anodic current pulses during tunnel growth, revealed strongly potential-dependent current densities up to 300 A/cm 2 . The results suggested that the dissolution rate is potential-dependent when measured on times scales of ∼1 ms after potential disturbances, but insensitive to potential in quasi-stationary experiments. A kinetic model was presented assuming a monolayer or multilayer chloride layer on the aluminum surface, including kinetic expressions for transfer of AI +3 and Cl - ions at the film/solution interface, and ionic conduction in the film. In agreement with experiments, the model yields constant or potential-dependent dissolution rates following a Butler-Volmer relation, depending on the time scale of experimental measurements. The large current densities in anodic transient experiments derived from high rates of Cl - incorporation during film growth.
Cricopharyngeal obstruction in inflammatory myopathy (polymyositis/dermatomyositis). Report of three cases and review of the literature

Three adults, 2 of whom had polymyositis and 1 with dermatomyositis, developed dysphagia during the course of their illness. Results of esophageal manometry supplemented with esophageal radiography indicated the presence of cricopharyngeal achalasia. Because of the severity of this disorder, which is associated with aspiration of esophageal contents into the airways, surgery to divide the cricopharyngeal musculature was performed in 2 patients, giving complete relief of their symptoms. Prednisone dosage was not increased to treat this condition since it arose not from weakness but from obstruction. A biopsy specimen taken from 1 patient demonstrated inflammatory changes in the obstructing muscle. A review of these 3 patients and 3 previously reported cases indicates that cricopharyngeal obstruction can be a dominant cause of dysphagia in patients with myositis. The recognition of this entity is important in the management of patients with myositis because: it has serious and potentially life-threatening implications; and in certain cases, it can be effectively treated with surgery.
Modeling of gas-driven magmatic overturn: Tracking of phenocryst dispersal and gathering during magma mixing

[1] We present a combined multiphase numerical and crystal-tracking approach that provides a framework to investigate the transport and zoning of crystals associated with a gas-driven mixing event. Mixing in compositionally intermediate to silicic magmatic systems is often initiated by gas exsolution in the recharging magma, causing a density inversion and subsequent overturn. The overturn is simulated for a range of bubble volume fractions ɛbubbles and therefore indirectly for a range of Reynolds numbers Re. All simulations show chaotic flow dynamics with fast overturn timescales of minutes to hours. The large-scale mixing is inefficient during a single overturn, resulting in a continuously stratified system with respect to bubble volume fraction. The crystal-tracking algorithm provides us with information on the small scales, i.e., 10 cm. On this length scale we observe gathering of different crystals during the overturn that typically ranges on the order of tens of meters. Thus, a complex crystal population may arise within a single overturn. This gathering and dispersal of crystals is strongest and most uniform for high Re. For low Re, crystal populations are characterized by less gathering of crystals that originated from distal portions of the magma body. During the overturn the crystals pass through environments of changing chemical potential. We apply the Damkohler number Da, which compares the crystallization or dissolution to the advection timescale. Results show an asymmetry between crystallization and dissolution. Crystallization times are too slow during gas-driven overturn to record transient changes in chemical potential. Crystals most likely only record their initial as well as their final chemical environment. In contrast, dissolution and advection rates are of similar order, suggesting potential dissolution during the overturn. On the basis of the results for gas-driven overturn we expect that slower physical mixing processes may be continuously recorded in the zonation pattern of the crystal phases as long as the changes in chemical potential produce crystal growth.
STUDIES ON FOWL PARALYSIS (NEUROLYMPHOMATOSIS GALLINARUM) : II. TRANSMISSION EXPERIMENTS.

1. Inoculation of suspensions of brain, cord, ganglia or nerves of chickens with neurolymphomatous lesions, into newly hatched chicks, is followed by the development of typical lesions in approximately 25 per cent of cases. 2. In control chickens kept under laboratory conditions the incidence of the disease is about 7 per cent. 3. The disease does not become manifest until at least 2 months after inoculation; symptoms may not appear until after 4 months. 4. The active agent is not destroyed by 50 per cent glycerol in 9 days at ice box temperature.
Characterization of a calcium/calmodulin-regulated SR/CAMTA gene family during tomato fruit development and ripening

Fruit ripening is a complicated development process affected by a variety of external and internal cues. It is well established that calcium treatment delays fruit ripening and senescence. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Previous studies have shown that calcium/calmodulin-regulated SR/CAMTAs are important for modulation of disease resistance, cold sensitivity and wounding response in vegetative tissues. To study the possible roles of this gene family in fruit development and ripening, we cloned seven SR/CAMTAs, designated as SlSRs, from tomato, a model fruit-bearing crop. All seven genes encode polypeptides with a conserved DNA-binding domain and a calmodulin-binding site. Calmodulin specifically binds to the putative targeting site in a calcium-dependent manner. All SlSRs were highly yet differentially expressed during fruit development and ripening. Most notably, the expression of SlSR2 was scarcely detected at the mature green and breaker stages, two critical stages of fruit development and ripening; and SlSR3L and SlSR4 were expressed exclusively in fruit tissues. During the developmental span from 10 to 50 days post anthesis, the expression profiles of all seven SlSRs were dramatically altered in ripening mutant rin compared with wildtype fruit. By contrast, only minor alterations were noted for ripening mutant nor and Nr fruit. In addition, ethylene treatment of mature green wildtype fruit transiently stimulated expression of all SlSRs within one to two hours. This study indicates that SlSR expression is influenced by both the Rin-mediated developmental network and ethylene signaling. The results suggest that calcium signaling is involved in the regulation of fruit development and ripening through calcium/calmodulin/SlSR interactions.
Parent-adolescent relationship quality as a moderator for the influences of parents' religiousness on adolescents' religiousness and adjustment.

Prior investigations have demonstrated that parents’ religiousness is related inversely to adolescent maladjustment. However, research remains unclear about whether the link between parents’ religiousness and adolescent adjustment outcomes—either directly or indirectly via adolescents’ own religiousness—varies depending on relationship context (e.g., parent-adolescent attachment). This study examined the moderating roles of parent-adolescent attachment on the apparent effects of the intergenerational transmission of religiousness on adolescent internalizing and externalizing symptoms using data from 322 adolescents (mean age = 12.63 years, 45 % girls, and 84 % White) and their parents. Structural equation models indicated significant indirect effects suggesting that parents’ organizational religiousness was positively to boys’ organizational religiousness—the latter of which appeared to mediate the negative association of parents’ organizational religiousness with boys’ internalizing symptoms. Significant interaction effects suggested also that, for both boys and girls, parents’ personal religiousness was associated positively with adolescent internalizing symptoms for parent-adolescent dyads with low attachment, whereas parents’ personal religiousness was not associated with adolescent internalizing symptoms for parent-adolescent dyads with high attachment. The findings help to identify the family dynamics by which the interaction of parents’ religiousness and adolescents’ religiousness might differentially influence adolescent adjustment.
An efficient, incremental, automatic garbage collector

This paper describes a new way of solving the storage reclamation problem for a system such as Lisp that allocates storage automatically from a heap, and does not require the programmer to give any indication that particular items are no longer useful or accessible. A reference count scheme for reclaiming non-self-referential structures, and a linearizing, compacting, copying scheme to reorganize all storage at the users discretion are proposed. The algorithms are designed to work well in systems which use multiple levels of storage, and large virtual address space. They depend on the fact that most cells are referenced exactly once, and that reference counts need only be accurate when storage is about to be reclaimed. A transaction file stores changes to reference counts, and a multiple reference table stores the count for items which are referenced more than once.
Reliability of the shuffle-exchange network and its variants

The reliability of the shuffle-exchange multistage interconnection network (SEN) and two variations of this network aimed at improving reliability through fault tolerance is considered. The two variations are the SEN with an extra stage and the redundant SEN. Exact closed-form expressions are derived for the time-dependent reliability of the 8*8 and 16*16 SEN and SEN with an extra stage (SEN+). A tight-reliability lower bound that is useful for the analysis of larger networks is derived. Numerical results are provided for networks as large as 1024*1024. A comparison of these networks shows that on the basis of reliability, the SEN+ is superior to the SEN and the redundant SEN. >
Temperature-limited microprocessors: Measurements and design implications

The details of the power distribution of state of the art CMOS chips (e.g., local regions of high power (or hotspots), which disproportionally drive up junction temperatures) can have a severe impact on reliability, manufacturing yield and chip performances. In this paper we discuss the results of a recently developed technique (spatially-resolved imaging of microprocessor power (SIMP)), which can measure power and temperature distributions of high power chips (e.g., microprocessors) under full operating conditions. Specifically, we present detailed microprocessor power distributions for different workloads with and without power/thermal management. The data yields a more comprehensive understanding of the relationships between hotspots and the respective designs, layouts, floorplans, micro-architectures and thermal/power management schemes, which is discussed in detail
Parametric decay of Langmuir waves in an electron beam-plasma system

Theorie cinetique de la decomposition parametrique d'une onde pompe de Langmuir en une onde de Langmuir retrodiffusee et une onde de diffusion electrostatique basse frequence dans un systeme faisceau electronique-plasma
Trichodiene synthase: Mechanism-based inhibition of a sesquiterpene cyclase

Abstract The 10-cyclopropylidene analog of farnesyl diphosphate was shown to be a mechanism-based inhibitor of trichodiene synthase with an inactivation rate ( k inact ) of 0.010±0.0003 min −1 and an apparent K I of 663±75 nM. The presence of three anomalous sesquiterpene products detected in incubation mixtures indicate that the compound also serves as a substrate of the enzyme.
Image-Quality Focusing of Rotating SAR Targets

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is a popular tool for long-range imaging of stationary ground objects. Moving targets in the imaged scene will have a mismatch to the matched filter in the image formation process, thus degrading target image quality. In this letter, the impact of uncompensated target rotation in SAR imagery is studied. An efficient algorithm for image-quality-based target rotation correction is proposed.
Spatiotemporal helixes for modeling environmental data

Spatiotemporal helixes are a new method for modeling the changes an object experiences over time. They have the potential to be used as a predictive tool for geographical and biological applications. We present the formal foundations of these helixes and include experiments to demonstrate their usefulness when data collection is not optimal, such as when noise is present or when there is more than one object of interest present in a single video stream.
Hyperbolic Heat Conduction in Composite Materials

A hyperbolic heat conduction (HHC) equation has been proposed to replace Fourier heat conduction equation in cases heat transfer takes place in a very short period of time or at extremely low temperature. There is a growing interest in the investigation of HHC problem in recent years, but to the author’s knowledge, HHC in composite media in multidimension has not been studied up to date. This paper presents a numerical method to solve two-dimensional HHC in composite materials. The numerical method used in the paper is free of oscillation in predicting the solution of hyperbolic systems encountering discontinuities. The key to solve HHC in composite media is to keep both temperature and heat flux continuous at the interfaces. The HHC equation is non-dimensionalized in a way, so that the HHC problem in composite media can be solved in nondimensional form. Nomenclature
Lateral decubitus positioning for cervical nerve root block using CT image guidance minimizes effective radiation dose and procedural time

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cervical steroid injections are a minimally invasive means of providing pain relief to patients with cervical radiculopathy. CT guidance offers many potential advantages. We developed a technique with the patient in the lateral position with a lateral needle trajectory to minimize the required needle depth from skin to target and a near-vertical needle trajectory. The aim of this study was to analyze the cohort for complications, procedural time, and effective radiation dose. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective evaluation of a single-center patient cohort. PACS images from the procedures were reviewed for needle depth, procedural time, and CTDIvol. An anatomically relevant conversion factor was used to calculate the effective dose. RESULTS: One hundred sixteen cases from 110 patients were identified. The average patient age was 55 years. There were no complications. In 50% of cases, C5–6 was targeted. The average time was 6 minutes, and the average effective radiation dose, 0.51 mSv (0.21–2.56 mSv). Needle-insertion length from the skin to the target was highly correlated with a need for >3 needle repositioning adjustments and scan series (ρ = 0.52, P 25 mm and a longer procedural time (ρ = 0.29, P = .01) but not for depths CONCLUSIONS: The lateral patient position with CT guidance is safe and allows use of a short needle in a vertical trajectory. This reduces the number of needle adjustments and imaging series to provide a short procedural time with a low effective radiation dose from the procedure.
Analysis of enhanced hot-carrier effects in scaled flash memory devices

In this paper, we analyze the impact of both junction scaling and channel length scaling on hot-carrier reliability of Flash memory devices with the help of a newly developed charge pumping technique. Lateral profiles of dopant concentration and erase-induced damage near both graded and abrupt junctions were obtained from charge pumping measurements. We found that more erase-induced damage is spread into the channel if the junction Is more abrupt. Further current-voltage (I-V) measurements and write/erase cycling experiments demonstrate that the effect of erase-induced damage on V/sub t/ becomes more severe when channel length is scaled down. To scale down Flash memory devices without sacrificing reliability, we suggest to either keep the source junction sufficiently graded or reduce the erase source bias.
Effect of progestins on immunity: medroxyprogesterone but not norethisterone or levonorgestrel suppresses the function of T cells and pDCs.

Objectives The potential effect of hormonal contraception on HIV-1 acquisition and transmission represents an important public health issue. Several observational studies have suggested an association between the use of hormonal contraception, in particular injectable depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), and an increased risk of HIV-1 acquisition and transmission. We and others have previously demonstrated that DMPA acts as a potent inhibitor of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms. The study presented here addresses the immunomodulatory properties of several common progestins with a potential to replace DMPA.
The "Israel Lobby" and American Politics

In their recent book, The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy, John Mearsheimer and Stephen Walt argue that American support for Israel does not serve American interests. Nevertheless, they observe that American foreign policy regarding the Middle East, especially in recent years, has tilted strongly toward support for Israel, and they attribute this support to the influence of the “Israel lobby” in American domestic politics. Their book is principally an attempt to make a causal argument about American politics and policymaking. I examine three aspects of this argument—its causal logic, the use of evidence to support hypotheses, and the argument's connection with the state of knowledge about American politics—and conclude that the case for the Israel lobby as the primary cause of American support for Israel is at best a weak one, although it points to a number of interesting questions about the mechanisms of power in American politics. Mearsheimer and Walt's propositions about the direct influence of the Israel lobby on Congress and the executive branch are generally not supported by theory or evidence. Less conclusive and more suggestive, however, are their arguments about the lobby's apparent influence on the terms and boundaries of legitimate debate and discussion of Israel and the Middle East in American policymaking. These directions point to an alternative approach to investigating the apparent influence of the Israel lobby in American politics, focusing less on direct, overt power over policy outcomes and more on more subtle pathways of influence over policy agendas and the terms of policy discourse.
Access to Restricted Collections: The Responsibility of Professional Historical Organizations

The author raises seven questions being considered by the Organization of American Historians in order to determine whether or not it should reconsider its position on codes of ethics, especially with respect to access to and use of confidential materials. She then mentions pitfalls to avoid in adopting codes of ethics and discusses recent trends in historical research methodology and materials.
Vascular nursing experience, practice knowledge, and beliefs: Results from the Michigan PICC1 survey.

BACKGROUND Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) are increasingly used in hospitalized patients. Yet, little is known about the vascular access nurses who often place them. METHODS We conducted a Web-based survey to assess vascular access nursing experience, practice, knowledge, and beliefs related to PICC insertion and care in 47 Michigan hospitals. RESULTS The response rate was 81% (172 received invitations, 140 completed the survey). More than half of all respondents (58%) reported placing PICCs for ≥5 years, and 23% had obtained dedicated vascular access certification. The most common reported indications for PICC insertion included intravenous antibiotics, difficult venous access, and chemotherapy. Many respondents (46%) reported placing a PICC in a patient receiving dialysis; however, 91% of these respondents reported receiving approval from nephrology prior to insertion. Almost all respondents (91%) used ultrasound to find a suitable vein for PICC insertion, and 76% used electrocardiography guidance to place PICCs. PICC occlusion was reported as the most frequently encountered complication, followed by device migration and deep vein thrombosis. Although 94% of respondents noted that their hospitals tracked the number of PICCs placed, only 40% reported tracking duration of PICC use. Relatedly, 30% of nurses reported that their hospitals had a written policy to evaluate PICC necessity or appropriateness. CONCLUSION This survey of vascular nursing experiences highlights opportunities to improve practices such as avoiding PICC use in dialysis, better tracking of PICC dwell times, and necessity. Hospitalists may use these data to inform clinical practice, appropriateness, and safety of PICCs in hospitalized patients. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2016;11:269–275. 2015 Society of Hospital Medicine
Early Years on Mount Desert Island: The First Generation

The new island home of the Harpswell Laboratory had been named by Samuel de Champlain in 1604. It had been the site of French and English settlements and small farms and fishing villages for the next 300 years, followed by a substantial summer tourist industry in the latter half of the nineteenth century. As part of their efforts to establish what became Acadia National Park, George Dorr and other wealthy summer homeowners deeded to the Harpswell Laboratory a 14-acre tract in Salisbury Cove that was named for a leading summer resident of nearby Bar Harbor, the famed physician, founder of the American Physiological Society, and author S. Weir Mitchell. The Mitchell Station of the Harpswell Laboratory became the Mt. Desert Island Biological Laboratory in 1923, with an open-ended lease from Dorr’s philanthropic group. By 1925, four research structures had been built on the site, with a ramp and dock into what is still called Laboratory Cove (just to the west of Salisbury Cove), and another 85 acres (called the McCagg Tract) had been purchased to the east of the original Mitchell Tract. Research at the MDIBL during the first half of this decade was largely associated with a Biological Survey of the Eastern and Frenchman Bays on the north and east of Mt. Desert Island, but research by Margaret and Warren Lewis (who had been at Harpswell a decade before) on tissue culture and cell videomicroscopy was also prominent during this period.
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Although the majority of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis do not require more than observation, some may indeed need brace therapy or surgery. How do you identify those in whom further investigation or referral is warranted? Dr. Haasbeek reviews methods of clinical detection, available treatment options, and appropriate use of each treatment based on the natural history of the disorder.
In Situ SEM Observations and Electrical Measurements During the Annealing of Si/Ni Contacts to SiC

Nickel (Ni) contacts to n-type silicon carbide (n-SiC) are annealed to ∼950°C in order to achieve their good ohmic properties through the reaction of the Ni with Si from the SiC to form nickel silicides. Unfortunately, the physical contact, and therefore the reliability, is poor. A possible cause is that the silicidation reaction liberates C from the SiC, which then diffuses throughout the contact. The reaction also produces a poor morphology and voids form at the metal-SiC interface. To try to understand the processes that produce the good electrical properties and at the same time improve the physical properties, we studied the reactions of Si/Ni contacts with 1:1 and 1:2 stoichiometric ratios as well as Ni-only contacts on n- and p-type SiC, both visually and electrically in situ using a hot stage and microprobe-equipped scanning electron microscope (SEM). The visual observations of the Ni-only film show that it does not react with the SiC until the temperature reaches 500–550°C. For the n-type SiC, the electrical measurements show a decrease in contact resistivity as the anneal temperature is increased from 500°C to 650°C. Increasing the anneal temperature further increases the resistivity until it begins to drop precipitously as the temperature approaches 950°C and higher. The visual observations of the Si/Ni contacts show that the Si and Ni are reacting at ∼600°C, with phases nucleating and then growing laterally. The electrical measurements for the n-type samples show that the contact resistance initially drops at 100–300°C indicating that there may be reactions, unseen by the SEM, at lower temperatures. The resistance continues to rise and fall over the intervening temperatures but begins to consistently and significantly fall at temperatures above 850°C, and then reaches ohmic values at 900–950°C. Because the silicidation reactions are seen to occur at temperatures far below those required to achieve ohmic properties, it is clear that silicide formation, while it may be necessary, is not sufficient for the formation of Ni-ohmic contacts to n-SiC. In this work, it has been observed that reaction of the Ni with the SiC appears to be necessary for achieving ohmic properties. While this may form a more intimate contact, it is proposed that damaging the SiC surface with this reaction is an important part of ohmic contact formation, possibly through increased current tunneling through interface defect states.