cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Parathyroid Hormone-Sensitive Adenylate Cyclase System in Plasma Membranes of Rat Liver research-article*

Purified plasma membranes were prepared from normal rat livers. These membranes were unable to degrade parathyroid hormone (PTH), bovine PTH-(1-84) [bPTH-(1-84)], or bPTH-(1-34). The entire molecule bPTH-(1-84) caused a marked activation of adenylate cyclase (cAMP production increased over 5-fold), with half-maximal stimulation at 6.9 X 10(-8) M. The amino-terminal fragment bPTH-(1-34) was equipotent but gave a smaller maximal cAMP production. The human (h) amino acid sequence, hPTH-(1-34) was only weakly effective at a concentration of 10(-5) M. A similar species specificity was shown with crude rat renal cortical membranes. Of a variety of ligands, only glucagon and 10(-3) M F- were cyclase activators in these liver plasma membranes. Binding of [125I]iodo-bPTH by these membranes was fairly extensive but showed a saturation of binding only at high hormone concentrations (> 10(-6) M). Clearly, cleavage of the intact molecule PTH-(1-84) is not required for activation of the adenylate cyclase system of liver membranes. It appears that two rat tissues, liver and kidney, exhibit some species specificity in cyclase activation, i.e. the hPTH-(1-34) (Niall sequence) is inactive.
Ribonucleic Acid Interference Knockdown of Interleukin 6 Attenuates Cold-Induced Hypertension

The purpose of this study was to determine the role of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL) 6 in cold-induced hypertension. Four groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats were used (6 rats per group). After blood pressure was stabilized, 3 groups received intravenous delivery of adenoassociated virus carrying IL-6 small hairpin RNA (shRNA), adenoassociated virus carrying scrambled shRNA, and PBS, respectively, before exposure to a cold environment (5 degrees C). The last group received PBS and was kept at room temperature (25 degrees C, warm) as a control. Adenoassociated virus delivery of IL-6 shRNA significantly attenuated cold-induced elevation of systolic blood pressure and kept it at the control level for < or =7 weeks (length of the study). Chronic exposure to cold upregulated IL-6 expression in aorta, heart, and kidneys and increased macrophage and T-cell infiltration in kidneys, suggesting that cold exposure increases inflammation. IL-6 shRNA delivery abolished the cold-induced upregulation of IL-6, indicating effective silence of IL-6. Interestingly, RNA interference knockdown of IL-6 prevented cold-induced inflammation, as evidenced by a complete inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression and leukocyte infiltration by IL-6 shRNA. RNA interference knockdown of IL-6 significantly decreased the cold-induced increase in vascular superoxide production. It is noted that IL-6 shRNA abolished the cold-induced increase in collagen deposition in the heart, suggesting that inflammation is involved in cold-induced cardiac remodeling. Cold exposure caused glomerular collapses, which could be prevented by knockdown of IL-6, suggesting an important role of inflammation in cold-induced renal damage. In conclusion, cold exposure increased IL-6 expression and inflammation, which play critical roles in the pathogenesis of cold-induced hypertension and cardiac and renal damage.
The digital adaptive control of a linear process modulated by random noise

A procedure for the design of a digital controller to compensate a certain class of linear time-varying processes is presented. The process time variation may be rapid compared to the input signals and is assumed to be caused by modulation of a plant with known parameters by a number of correlated random disturbances. Correlated additive noise may also be present. Plant identification is performed using state variable estimation techniques, while correlation of the random disturbances allows future plant behavior to be predicted. The adaptive controller is designed to optimize the predicted plant behavior over the near future, with controller redesign taking place as new information becomes available from the estimator. Test signals are not required if the plant statistics are known.
Influence of herbicides and felling, fertilization, and prescribed fire on longleaf pine growth and understory vegetation through ten growing seasons and the outcome of an ensuing wildfire

Restoring longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) over much of its original range requires artificial regeneration. In central Louisiana, USA, two fertilization levels—No (NF) or Yes (F-36 kg/ha N and 40 kg/ha P) in combination with three vegetation treatments—Check, four prescribed fires (PF), or multi-year vegetation control by herbicidal and mechanical means (IVM) were applied to container-grown longleaf pine plantings in a grass savanna. After 10 years, P concentration in longleaf pine foliage was less on NF plots than F plots, but fertilization did not significantly affect tree stature. Survival was greater on NF plots than F plots, and so, NF plots were more productive (NF—63 m3/ha and F—45 m3/ha). Pine trees on IVM plots (37 dm3/tree) were significantly larger than on Check and PF plots, which averaged 17 dm3/tree. Survival was better on IVM plots (88%) than PF plots (78%), which was better than Checks (58%). Consequently, IVM plots were most productive (99 m3/ha), followed by PF plots (44 m3/ha), and lastly Checks (28 m3/ha). PF plots had greater grass cover (38%) than Check and IVM plots, which averaged 5%, whereas PF and IVM plots had less understory arborescent cover (an average of 25%) than Checks (91%). A wildfire in March 2007 reduced pine survival by 22, 14, and 1 percentage points on IVM, Check, and PF plots, respectively. Seven months later, longleaf pine production had decreased to 92 m3/ha on IVM plots while increasing to 55 m3/ha on PF plots and 30 m3/ha on Checks. Overall, the wildfire rejuvenated the herbaceous plant community. Grass cover on Check and IVM plots averaged 20% while grass cover on PF plots was 36%. Forb cover increased on all treatments from 2% before the wildfire to 13% seven months after the wildfire. Understory arborescent cover decreased on Checks to 62% but increased slightly on PF and IVM plots and averaged 30%.
Personality profiles of physically impaired young adults

Investigated MMPI profile differences between two groups (N = 54) of young adults with dissimilar disabilities (cleft lip/palate, orthopedic) who displayed observable physical impairment. The results indicate that different forms of chronic observable disability may have differing impact on adult personality adjustment. The findings suggest that young adults with cleft lip/palate display fewer personality adjustment problems than those with orthopedic impairment. These results are discussed in relation to findings from a previous study of similar disability groups of adolescents.
Body composition and spontaneous growth hormone secretion in normal short stature children.

This study was designed to compare the relationship of measured and estimated indices of adiposity with the spontaneous GH secretion (SGHS) in 37 normal short stature children. Fifteen of the 37 patients (10 males and 5 females) were pubertal, and 22 (17 males and 5 females) were prepubertal. All patients underwent a review of their medical history, a physical exam, laboratory tests, and a nutritional assessment that included anthropometry and evaluation of body composition by bioelectric impedance. The percentage of body fat and body fat mass index were used as measured indices of adiposity. The weight for height ratio, body mass index, and body mass index z-scores were calculated and used as estimated indices of adiposity. Our results showed that SGHS is greatly influenced by variations in adiposity in normal short stature children, and measured indices of adiposity demonstrated the strongest negative correlation with SGHS. Gender differences were apparent in the degree of adiposity that modified SGHS, ...
Genetic Variability in Responses to Caloric Restriction in Animals and in Regulation of Metabolism and Obesity in Humans

Panel 5 focused on genetic factors that might mediate or moderate the effects of caloric restriction (CR) on longevity. Panel members stated that currently there is limited information directly addressing these issues. Therefore, they focused attention on what studies could be done. In addition, the panel believed that certain conceptual issues merited clarification and focused attention on this issue. Human studies and studies of nonhuman model organisms were discussed. The panel found at least three reasons why it would be valuable to find genes that influence the (putative) longevity-promoting effect of CR in humans. Such knowledge would offer: (a) the ability to predict individual responses to CR; (b) increased understanding of physiological mechanisms; and (c) the potential to develop mechanism-based interventions to promote longevity or healthy aging. In addition, the panel emphasized several macro-level recommendations regarding research strategies to avoid, research strategies to emphasize, and resources needing development.
Cryptolepiota, a new sequestrate genus in the Agaricaceae with evidence for adaptive radiation in western North America

Phylogenetic analyses based on nLSU and ITS sequence data indicate that the sequestrate genus Gigasperma is polyphyletic. Gigasperma cryptica, which is known only from New Zealand, has affinities with the Cortinariaceae whereas G. americanum and two additional undescribed taxa from western North America are derived from Lepiota within the Agarica- ceae. The three North American taxa appear to be recently evolved and are closely related. They occur in similar environments and form a well supported clade indicating that adaptive radiation has occurred within this group of fungi. An independent genus with sequestrate fructifications, Cryptolepiota is pro- posed to accommodate the three species in this clade. Cryptolepiota microspora and C. mengei are described as new, and G. americanum is transferred to Crypto- lepiota. Gigasperma cryptica is illustrated and compared with the species of Cryptolepiota.
Hybrid co-deposition of mixed-valent molybdenum–germanium oxides (MoxGeyOz): A route to tunable optical transmission

Abstract Mixed-valent oxides of molybdenum and germanium were deposited simultaneously using reactive magnetron co-deposition within an oxygen–argon environment. The films' stoichiometry, optical, and physical properties were varied through changes in oxygen partial pressure induced by systematic variation of the potential applied to the molybdenum cathode. The oxygen partial pressure was determined from the drop in pressure as measured by a capacitance manometer, assuming constant argon partial pressure. To facilitate deposition, a constant power of 100 W DC was applied to the germanium cathode, while power was applied to the molybdenum target using a modulated pulse power supply. Modulated pulse power magnetron sputtering was used due to its ability to generate high target power densities, allowing for rapid reduction of oxygen on the surface of the “oxygen poisoned” molybdenum cathode, as well as for its highly metallic plasma resulting in increased oxygen-gettering capability. Changes in the modulated pulse power supply's capacitor bank voltage load, stepped from settings of 300 to 380 V, resulted in films ranging from mixtures of transparent GeO2 (Ge4 +) and MoO3 (Mo6 +) to the introduction of various absorptive ionic species including Mo5 +, Mo4 +, Ge2 + and Ge0, as determined from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The presence of each of the aforementioned ions results in characteristic changes in the films' band energies and optical absorption. As deposited MoxGeyOz thin films grown using this method have been shown to have optical gap energies that are able to be tailored between 3.57 eV and 0.18 eV, spanning useful ranges for devices operating in the visible and near-infrared.
Trustworthy Web services based on testing

The Web services technology allows software components independently developed in disparate platforms to communicate in a seamless manner. They constitute a loosely coupled, distributed system that is highly scalable. But, they also inherit the vulnerabilities of such systems. As Web services increase in complexity and connectivity, the associated security risks also increase exponentially. Many of the security breaches can be traced back to poor testing. In this paper, research on security vulnerabilities in SOAP based Web services is presented. The security context of traditional Web applications is compared to that of Web services. An attempt is made to map common attack patterns to security testing requirements with regard to Web services.
Treatment planning comparison between high dose rate and intensity-modulated radiation therapy for prostate cancer as a means of boost dose

Purpose The main objective of this study was to compare dosimetric characterisation of high-dose-rate brachytherapy (HDR-BT) with external beam intensity-modulated radiation therapy (EX-IMRT) as a means of delivering boost dose. Materials and methods Five HDR patients were selected for IMRT planning. Patients underwent ultrasound-guided catheter placement for HDR. Computed tomography (CT) images were obtained and imported into the Nucletron PLATO Brachytherapy system. The prostate, urethra, bladder and rectum were contoured on axial slices. The dose was calculated and optimised by graphical optimisation. The CT images of these structures were exported from the PLATO to Eclipse workstation for IMRT planning. For each patient, the dose–volume histogram (DVH) of HDR and IMRT plans were generated, drawn on the same scale and compared. Results The dose distribution in HDR plans was non-uniform and conformed peripherally inside the planned target volume (PTV). A small volume of the prostate received a very high dose from HDR.In IMRT plans, a uniform dose distribution was observed. The DVH curves for PTV dropped sharply and reached to a zero volume of the prostate at about 6·4 Gy. In HDR plans, the DVH curves for PTV showed a long tail up to a very high dose. About 10% of the prostate received about 13·3 Gy, which is 222% of the prescribed dose (6 Gy) in HDR plans. In contrast, the same volume in IMRT plans received Conclusions HDR brachytherapy may reduce normal tissue toxicities in prostate boost treatments, even though the dose homogeneity inside the PTV is far worse than in IMRT treatments. Another advantage of HDR over IMRT is that the organ motion is not a significant concern as in IMRT.
Performance Analysis, Modeling and Prediction of a Parallel Multiblock Lattice Boltzmann Application Using Prophesy System

Recently, the Lattice Boltzmann method is widely used in simulating fluid flows. In this paper, we present the performance analysis, modeling and prediction of a parallel multiblock Lattice Boltzmann application on up to 512 processors on three SMP clusters: two IBM SP systems at San Diego Supercomputing Center (DataStar ? p655 and p690) and one IBM SP system at the DOE National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (Seaborg) using the Prophesy system. By characterizing the performance of the Lattice Boltzmann application as the problem size and the number of processors increase, we can identify and eliminate performance bottlenecks, and predict the application performance. The experimental results indicate that the application with large problem sizes scales well across these three clusters, and performance models using the coupling method are accurate with less than 4.8% average relative prediction error.
Radiographic assessment of ingrowth total shoulder arthroplasty

Sixty-two primary ingrowth total shoulder arthroplasties, performed between 1989 and 1992 and with a minimum radiographic and clinical follow-up of 2 years or until the time of revision surgery (mean, 4.6 years), were reviewed. To combine data on both the distribution and the thickness of periprosthetic lucency and change in component position, criteria were used to determine whether a component was radiographically "at risk" for clinical component loosening. A glenoid component was "at risk" when a complete lucent line was present, some part of it being 1.5 mm or greater in width, or when 2 of 3 or 3 of 3 independent observers identified migration or tilt of the component. A humeral component was "at risk" when a lucent line 2 mm or greater in width was present in 3 or more of 8 zones or when at least 2 of 3 independent observers identified tilt or subsidence of the component. Four (6.5%) of the 62 glenoid components and 6 (9.7%) of the 62 humeral components were judged to be "at risk." There were no identifiable patient, disease, or surgical characteristics associated with the development of an "at risk" glenoid or humeral component. Currently, despite this very favorable radiographic assessment, we reserve the use of a tissue ingrowth glenoid component for those patients with bone loss precluding bone cement fixation with a keel type of implant. Because advantages exist for use of a tissue ingrowth humeral component, a press-fitted component with ingrowth surfaces is currently used unless bone deficiencies prevent secure fixation without cement.
Nurturing Students’ Strengths The Impact of a School-Based Student Interpreter Program on Latino/a Students’ Reading Comprehension and English Language Development

Framed within the growing population of English language learners (ELLs) in urban schools, this study examined the learning experiences of bilingual Latino/a students who were taught to serve as on...
Admittance selection for force-guided assembly of polygonal parts despite friction

An important issue in the development of force guidance assembly strategies is the specification of an appropriate admittance control law. This paper identifies conditions to be satisfied when selecting the appropriate admittance to achieve force-guided assembly of polygonal parts for multipoint contact with friction. These conditions restrict the admittance behavior for each of the various one-point and two-point contact cases and ensure that the motion that results from contact reduces part misalignment for each case. We show that, for bounded friction and part misalignments, if the identified conditions are satisfied for a finite number of contact configurations and friction coefficients, the conditions ensure that force guidance is achieved for all configurations and values of friction within the specified bounds.
Performance analysis of a scheme for concurrency/synchronization using queueing network models

Queueing network models have been used extensively to analyze performance of computer systems. However, queueing network models with product form solutions are not directly applicable to systems that process programs with internal concurrency/synchronization. An exact solution of such systems is often not feasible because of its large state space.
Metabolism and disposition of bupropion in pregnant baboons (Papio cynocephalus).

Recent in vitro data obtained in our laboratory revealed similarities between baboons and humans in the biotransformation of bupropion (BUP) by both hepatic and placental microsomes. These data supported the use of baboons to study BUP biotransformation during pregnancy. The aim of this investigation was to determine the pharmacokinetics of BUP in baboons during pregnancy and postpartum, as well as fetal exposure to the drug after intravenous administration. Pregnant baboons (n = 5) received a single intravenous bolus dose of bupropion hydrochloride (1 mg/kg) at gestational ages 94–108 days (midpregnancy), 142–156 days (late pregnancy), and 6 weeks postpartum. Blood and urine samples were collected for 12 and 24 hours, respectively. The concentrations of BUP, hydroxybupropion (OH-BUP), threohydrobupropion, and erythrohydrobupropion in plasma were determined by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Relative to the postpartum period, the average midpregnancy clearance of BUP trended higher (3.6 ± 0.15 versus 2.7 ± 0.28 l/h per kg) and the average Cmax (294 ± 91 versus 361 ± 64 ng/ml) and the area under the curve (AUC) of BUP values (288 ± 22 versus 382 ± 42 h·ng/ml) trended lower. AUCOH-BUP also tended to be lower midpregnancy compared with postpartum (194 ± 76 versus 353 ± 165 h·ng/ml). Whereas the observed trend toward increased clearance of BUP during baboon pregnancy could be associated with a pregnancy-induced increase in its biotransformation, the trend toward increased renal elimination of OH-BUP may overshadow any corresponding change in the hydroxylation activity of CYP2B.
Isolation of a protein scaffold from mitotic HeLa cell chromosomes.

Abstract We have recently shown that, after the histones and most of the nonhistone proteins are gently removed from HeLa metaphase chromosomes, the chromosomal DNA is still highly organized and relatively compact. The structure of these histone-depleted chromosomes is due to the presence of a number of nonhistone proteins that form a central scaffold that retains the approximate size and shape of intact chromosomes and to which the DNA is attached, predominantly forming loops. We now demonstrate that the protein scaffold may be isolated independently of the DNA by treating HeLa chromosomes with micrococcal nuclease before removing the histones. The chromosomal scaffolds may be isolated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation as a well-defined peak that is stable in 2 M sodium chloride, but is dissociated by treatment with proteases, 4 M urea, or 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis reveals that the protein content of scaffold preparations is identical to that of histone-depleted chromosomes. Fluorescence microscopy of purified scaffolds in isolation buffer shows that the particles still possess the familiar chromosome morphology. When the scaffolds are examined in the electron microscope, a fibrous structure with the approximate size and shape of intact, paired chromatids is seen. Less than 0.1% of the chromosomal DNA and virtually no histones are associated with the purified scaffold structures.
An Agent-Based Computational Economics Approach To Technology Adoption Timing And The Emergence Of Dominant Designs

Dominant technology designs emerge as the sum of adoption decisions across many firms. We take the position that if certain factors drive adoption by an individual firm, then in the aggregate, they may also illuminate the conditions under which a particular dominant design might emerge. In order to show this, we develop an agent-based computational model to explore linkages between firm specific, industry, and environmental factors, such as knowledge overlap, firm size, environmental uncertainty, and the scope of returns to adoption. We show that the significance of these factors varies with the stage of the technology contest. Early in the process, firms that have a compelling reason to adopt (such as to avoid obsolescence of key resources) choose to enter to create momentum for a particular approach. Other firms, due to indifference, inability or uncertainty, may defer until outcomes are clearer or choose not to adopt at all. More importantly, what constitutes a compelling reason for adoption varies with the nature of the firms that lead as innovators and the external environmental factors. On a broad scale, strong regularities in adoption timing and characteristics of technology winners emerge from the analysis.
Reproductive Aspects of Spinal Cord Injury in Females

Although a great deal of attention has been paid to the effect of spinal cord injury (SCI) on sexuality and fertility in males, very little has been reported about the effect on females. This is partly because of the lower incidence of SCI in females (only 18% of all SCI patients) (29), and partly because the effects are subtler in women than in men. This chapter deals with the effect of SCI on reproduction, rather than on sexuality of psychosocial effects.
Interpreting the Diagnosis Through Self-Reflection: Findings from Self-Assessment Instruments

A growing strategy in the post-modern research era is the utilization of self-reported perceptions of oneself and capabilities in relation to other metrics to draw associativity to draw conclusions. The field of emotional intelligence has been assessed through countless research studies and has found to have positive effects and projections for ones anticipated success. In response to the literature, research was conducted across six different self-assessment measures and compared with previous and current behaviors through self-reflection. This findings fall in line with literature and through the self-reflection provided personal validation and support for self-change.
Rubroboletus le-galiae (Boletales, Basidiomycota), a species new for Poland

Rubroboletus le-galiae is reported for the first time from Poland. Macro- and micromorphological characters of the species are described and illustrated based on the study of material collected at three microlocalities in Łezczok reserve (SW Poland). The delimitation of R. le-galiae from related species of the genus Rubroboletus ( R. satans , R. rubrosanguineus , R. rhodoxanthus ) is shortly discussed and the knowledge of its ecology and distribution is briefly summarized.
Coring in CRM and Archaeology: A Reminder

Corers and augers have become increasingly useful in archaeological investigations, but more in cultural-resource management (CRM) than in research archaeology. Although this increase is evident, coring and augering were used in the earliest CRM projects in the 1970s and merely have gained in popularity in the last five years. Schuldenrein (1991) points out that of all the coring and augering equipment described, the manual bucket auger with a large-diameter barrel is of special value. However, one major disadvantage is that sediment is disturbed during extraction, making observations about soil structure and stratification difficult. The disadvantages have to be balanced against the fact that bucket augers are more versatile than corers and penetrate many more types of substrate. Because of these differences between augers and corers, the terms should not be used interchangeably.
Facile Synthesis of Flexible, Donor–Acceptor Side-Chain Functionalized Copolymers via Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization

A series of polymers has been synthesized via ring-opening metathesis polymerization of donor–acceptor side-chain functionalized monomers. The backbones of the polymers are based on poly(norbornene)s and/or poly(cyclooctene)s, while the side-chains consist of electron-rich 1,5-dialkoxynaphthalene and electron-deficient 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (pyromellitic dianhydride). The monomers were proven to be living which allowed for the generation of controlled homopolymers and block copolymers. Side-chain functionalized alternating poly(norbornene/cyclooctene)s were generated using a Grubbs-type initiator containing an unsymmetrical N-heterocyclic carbene ligand. Using UV–vis spectroscopy, a charge-transfer band was detected in random and alternating copolymer solutions due to intramolecular interactions.
Analysis on the death and risk factors among older HIV-positive adults in Zhangjiajie City,1995-2012

Objective To analyze the death and the determinants among older HIV-positive adults in Zhangjiajie City,1995-2012.Methods Older HIV-positive adults during 1995-2012 in Zhangjiajie,who held local residency and household registration in China Information System For Disease Control And Prevention,were included in the analysis.Based on the data from Zhangjiajie demographics,mortality rates were calculated.Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate the survival curves,and proportional hazards regression model was conducted to examine the risk factors for deaths.Results The average annual mortality rate of older HIV-positive adults in Zhangjiajie was 2.56 /100 000 and annual mortality rate showed increasing(2trend= 164.38,P 0.001).The median survival time was 25.00 months overall.Data from multiple regression analysis indicated that antiretroviral-treatment(ART)(RR = 0.141,95% CI:0.073-0.271),the baseline CD4+T cell count(RR = 0.271,95% CI:0.162-0.454) and the time length of diagnosis of AIDS(RR = 0.468,95%CI:0.297-0.738) were closely associated with death among older HIV-positive adults.Conclusions The mortality rate of older HIV-positive adults has a tendency to increase.The ART,the baseline CD4+T cell count and the time length of diagnosis of AIDS are main influencing factors for deaths.
Resistance of Anopheles to 5 kinds of common used insecticides in Dalian city

Objective To investigate the resistance of adult mosquito of Anopheles to DDT,deltamethrin,propoxur,beta cypermethrin and permethrin in Dalian and provide scientific evidence for its control.Methods Anopheles were captured with filter contact method recommended by WHO and the knockdown rate,the knockdown time and 24 h mortality were observed.Results The knockdown time of the first Anopheles to DDT,deltamethrin,propoxur,beta cypermethrin,permethrin in Dalian were 6,6,4,8,8 min.Death rate of discrimination dosages:deltamethrin 91.30%,propoxur 89.48%,permethrin 84.93%,beta cypermethrin 80.43%,they were initially resistant group(M);DDT 50.60%was a resistant group(R).Conclusion Resistance should be monitored regularly.Integrated use of insecticides and other methods for control of Anopheles should be carried out according to local conditions.The occurrence and development of resistance could be prevented and reduced by scientific and rational use of insecticides.
Assessment of Fetal Lung Maturity by Laboratory Methods

I have reviewed many of the methods available for the assessment of fetal lung maturity. The difficulty of using diagnostic tests for diseases of low prevalence has been discussed. By reviewing the nature of the amniotic fluid surfactant material, and some of the principles underlying analytical methods, the bases of some of the recurring methodologic problems have been pointed out. It is concluded that a number of reasonably straightforward tests will provide information of essentially the same utility as more costly, difficult, and time-consuming assays commonly employed.
Future Directions for Critical Literacy Practice

This chapter concludes this book on the application of critical theory across diverse educational (kindergarten through university) settings. It highlights the connections between critical theory and practice across these settings. It also discusses how more connections between critical theory and practice with data from classroom studies are needed to continue the advancement of the critical literacy field.
The Communications Satellite Act of 1962

Arthur C. Clarke’s October 1945 article, “Extraterrestrial Relays,” in Wireless World is generally considered to be the first description of geosynchronous communications satellites.1 His satellites orbited the Earth in 24 hours—the same rate as the Earth revolves—and would therefore appear stationary. Clarke hypothesized that three of these “geosynchronous” (synchronized with the Earth) satellites, each fixed over a specific longitude on the equator, would be sufficient to provide communications services for the entire globe except for the poles. The satellites would be used for broadcasting—especially television broadcasting. Many years later, Comsat’s President (1963–1983) Joseph Charyk asked Clarke when he had thought communications satellites would be launched. Clarke replied that he had not expected communications satellites to be introduced until after the year 2000. The main reason: it would be that long before manned missions to geosynchronous orbit would be commonplace.2
Nonlinear Interactions of Interface Structures of Differing Wavelength in Directional Solidification

The solution structure of the cellular patterns formed during the directional solidification of a material containing a dilute impurity is studied by numerical analysis of a simple model. Solution families corresponding to cells of different spatial wavelength arise as the growth velocity is increased above the value for the onset of the instability. The resonant interaction between these steady-state shapes leads to both stable and unstable time-periodic oscillations. Only some of the oscillatory interface structures computed here have been predicted by normal mode analyses of codimension-two bifurcations. The interactions between cells with different spatial structures limit the range of validity of asymptotic expansions to a velocity range too small to be reliably measured experimentally.
The intersectional gap: how bilingual students in the United States are excluded from inclusion

At the onset of nearly every American civil rights movement there are two pivotal messages: the first is the group’s claims of exclusion from the life that the privileged lead and the second is a d...
Treatment of vitiligo with the topical Janus kinase inhibitor ruxolitinib

Background Existing therapies for vitiligo are limited in efficacy and can be associated with undesirable side effects. Topical Janus kinase inhibitors may offer a new therapeutic option for vitiligo. Objective We sought to assess the role of topical ruxolitinib 1.5% cream, a Janus kinase inhibitor, in vitiligo treatment. Methods This 20-week, open-label, proof-of-concept trial of twice-daily topical ruxolitinib 1.5% cream was conducted in 12 patients with a minimum of 1% affected body surface area of vitiligo. The primary outcome was percent improvement in Vitiligo Area Scoring Index from baseline to week 20. Results Of 12 patients screened, 11 were enrolled and 9 completed the study (54.5% men; mean age, 52 years). Four patients with significant facial involvement at baseline had a 76% improvement in facial Vitiligo Area Scoring Index scores at week 20 (95% confidence interval, 53-99%; P = .001). A 23% improvement in overall Vitiligo Area Scoring Index scores was observed in all enrolled patients at week 20 (95% confidence interval, 4-43%; P = .02). Three of 8 patients responded on body surfaces and 1 of 8 patients responded on acral surfaces. Adverse events were minor, including erythema, hyperpigmentation, and transient acne. Limitations Limitations of the study include the small sample size and open-label study design. Conclusions Topical ruxolitinib 1.5% cream provided significant repigmentation in facial vitiligo and may offer a valuable new treatment for vitiligo.
Auditory Cortical Organization: Evidence for Functional Streams

Understanding auditory cortex functional organization lags far behind the current understanding of visual cortex. One reason may be that auditory research has traditionally taken a bottom-up approach dealing first with cochlear and brain stem mechanisms of auditory coding. However, to understand how complex sounds are processed, stored, and recognized, we must understand how auditory cortex functions. In the cortex, the primary auditory cortex (AI) has long received the most attention. Physiological and anatomical studies in cats and monkeys find that multiple auditory areas surround AI, just as multiple representations of the visual world surround primary visual cortex (VI). It is reasonable to propose that these multiple fields support unique specialized functions in the complex behavioral repertoire of higher mammals.
CRISPR/Cas9 targeting of GPRC6A suppresses prostate cancer tumorigenesis in a human xenograft model.

GPRC6A is implicated in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer, but its role remains uncertain because of a purported tolerant gene variant created by substitution of a K..Y polymorphism in the 3rd intracellular loop (IL) that evolved in the majority of humans and replaces the ancestral RKLP present in 40% of humans of African descent and all other species. We determined whether the K..Y polymorphism is present in human-derived prostate cancer cell lines by sequencing the region of the 3rd IL and assessed the cellular localization of a “humanized” mouse GPRC6A containing the K..Y sequence by immunofluorescence. We assessed functions of GPRC6A in PC-3 cells expressing endogenous GPRC6A and in GPRC6A-deficient PC-3 cells created using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. The effect of GPRC6A on basal and ligand stimulated cell proliferation and migration was evaluated in vitro in wild-type and PC-3-deficient cell lines. The effect of editing GPRC6A on prostate cancer growth and progression in vivo was assessed in a Xenograft mouse model implanted with wild-type and PC-3 deficient cells and treated with the GPRC6A ligand osteocalcin. We found that all of the human prostate cancer cell lines tested endogenously express the “K..Y” polymorphism in the 3rd IL. Comparison of mouse wild-type GPRC6A with a “humanized” mouse GPRC6A construct created by replacing the “RKLP” with the “K..Y” sequence, found that both receptors were predominantly expressed on the cell surface. The transfected “humanized” GPRC6A receptor, however, preferentially activated mTOR compared to ERK signaling in HEK-293 cells. In contrast, in PC-3 cells expressing the endogenous GPRC6A with the “K..Y” polymorphism, the ligand osteocalcin stimulated ERK, AKT and mTOR phosphorylation, promoted cell proliferation and migration, and upregulated genes regulating testosterone biosynthesis. Targeting GPRC6A in PC-3 cells by CRISPR/Cas9 significantly blocked these responses in vitro. In addition, GPRC6A deficient PC-3 xenografts exhibited significantly less growth and were resistant to osteocalcin-induced prostate cancer progression compared to control PC-3 cells expressing GPRC6A. Human GPRC6A is a functional osteocalcin and testosterone sensing receptor that promotes prostate cancer progression. GPRC6A may contribute to racial disparities in prostate cancer, and is a potential therapeutic target to develop antagonists to treat prostate cancer.
Observations and Simulations of Eddy Diffusion and Tidal Effects on the Semiannual Oscillation in the Ionosphere

We use the NCAR TIEGCM (Thermosphere Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model) model to investigate the eddy diffusion and tidal effects on the ionosphere SAO (semiannual oscillation). We also use the COSMIC (Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate) satellite GPS radio occultation (RO) observations to validate the simulation results. The TIEGCM is driven at the 97 km lower boundary by tidal and gravity wave (eddy diffusion coefficient) inputs. The eddy diffusion input can be constant or with a SAO modulation [Qian et al., 2009] and the tidal input has on and off options. The TIEGCM simulation with a SAO modulated eddy diffusion (with tidal input) agrees better with the COSMIC observation than that without the SAO. Turning off the tides at the lower boundary makes the TIEGCM simulated ionospheric density much higher than the COSMIC observation. The simulations showed two results: 1) the need to add the SAO modulation to the eddy diffusion, and 2) how tides reduce the ionospheric density and SAO. As to how much of the SAO should be added to the eddy diffusion is dependent on the amplitudes of the tides since both can have effects on the ionospheric density. The TIEGCM results also demonstrate that the ionospheric density diurnal signal is mostly in-situ excited, while the semidiurnal signal comes from lower atmosphere.
Wrist Motion Variation between Novices and Experienced Surgeons Performing Simulated Airway Surgery.

ObjectiveTo determine whether wrist motion measured by a smartphone application can be used as a performance metric for a simulated airway procedure requiring both wrist and finger dexterity. We hy...
Laws and their instances

I present an argument for the view that laws ground their instances. I then outline two important consequences that follow if we accept the conclusion of this argument. First, the claim that laws ground their instances threatens to undermine a prominent recent attempt to make sense of the explanatory power of Humean laws by distinguishing between metaphysical and scientific explanation. And second, the claim that laws ground their instances gives rise to a novel argument against the view that grounding relations are metaphysically necessary.
Heme oxygenase activity increases after exercise in healthy volunteers

AbstractHeme oxygenase (HO) is an essential, rate-limiting protein which catalyses the breakdown of heme to iron, carbon monoxide (CO), and biliverdin. The alpha methene bridge of the heme is eliminated as CO which can be measured as blood carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb). Using blood concentrations of COHb as a measure reflecting HO activity, we tested the postulate that the activity of HO changes with exercise. Ten healthy, nonsmoking volunteers (5 females and 5 males with a mean age ± standard deviation of 25.7 ± 3.2 years), lifetime nonsmokers with no history of respiratory diseases and not taking any medication, were included in the study. Subjects were exposed to filtered air for 2 hrs while alternating exercise for 15 minutes on a cycle ergometer with rest for 15 minutes. Workload was adjusted so that subjects breathed at a ventilatory rate, normalised for body surface area, of 25 L/m2/minute. Immediately before, immediately after, and the day following exercise, blood was drawn by standard venipuncture t...
Assessment of Workplace Writing and Incorporation into Curriculum.

Employers expect entry-level employees in technical fields to possess excellent communication skills. The authors reviewed relevant literature and conducted a survey of technical Bachelor of Science degree graduates who had taken technical writing, in order to determine the usefulness of various course topics to their employment and the types of writing skills needed in the workplace. Memos and business letters were written by 83.7% and 80.0% of the graduates respectively, proposals by 62.1%, progress reports by 57.3%, and procedural manuals by 48.9%. Executive summaries were written more often (35.1% of the time) than abstracts (21.9%). The course was rated as very useful to employment by 89.4%. The authors summarize topics that an English composition course may not include but which were desired to meet workplace needs. Recommendations are given for incorporating these topics into existing curriculum.
Tuning the Coupled-Domain Response for Efficient Ultrasonic Droplet Generation

Acoustic microfluidic devices encompass mechanical, fluidic, and electromechanical domains. Complicated multidomain interactions require the consideration of each individual material domain, as well as coupled behaviors to achieve optimal performance. Herein, we report the co-optimization of components comprising an ultrasonic droplet generator to achieve the high-efficiency liquid atomization for operation in the 0.5–2.5-MHz frequency range. Due to the complexity of the real system, simplified 2-D representations of the device are investigated using an experimentally validated finite element analysis model. Ejection modes (i.e., frequencies at which droplet generation is predicted) are distinguished by maxima in the local pressure at the tips of an array of triangular nozzles. Resonance behaviors of the transducer assembly and fluid-filled chamber are examined to establish optimal geometric combinations concerning the chamber pressure field. The analysis identifies how domain geometries affect pressure field uniformity, broadband operation, and tip pressure amplitude. Lower frequency modes are found to focus the acoustic energy at the expense of field uniformity within the nozzle array. Resonance matching yields a nearly threefold increase in maximum attainable tip pressure amplitude. Significantly, we establish a set of design principles for these complex devices, which resembles a classical half-wave transducer, quarter-wave matching layer, and half-wave chamber layered system.
TANGO1 and SEC12 are co-packaged with procollagen I to facilitate the generation of large COPII carriers

Large COPII-coated vesicles serve to convey the large cargo procollagen I (PC1) from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The link between large cargo in the lumen of the ER and modulation of the COPII machinery remains unresolved. TANGO1 is required for procollagen (PC) secretion and interacts with PC and COPII on opposite sides of the ER membrane, but evidence suggests that TANGO1 is retained in the ER, and not included in normal size (
TM3\'seq: a tagmentation-mediated 3\' sequencing approach for improving scalability of RNA-seq experiments

Abstract RNA-seq has become the standard tool for collecting genome-wide expression data in diverse fields, from quantitative genetics and medical genomics to ecology and developmental biology. However, RNA-seq library preparation is still prohibitive for many laboratories. Recently, the field of single-cell transcriptomics has reduced costs and increased throughput by adopting early barcoding and pooling of individual samples —producing a single final library containing all samples. In contrast, RNA-seq protocols where each sample is processed individually are significantly more expensive and lower throughput than single-cell approaches. Yet, many projects depend on individual library generation to preserve important samples or for follow-up re-sequencing experiments. Improving on currently available RNA-seq methods we have developed TM3’seq, a 3’-enriched library preparation protocol that uses Tn5 transposase and preserves sample identity at each step. TM3’seq is designed for high-throughput processing of individual samples (96 samples in 6h, with only 3h hands-on time) at a fraction of the cost of commercial kits ($1.5 per sample). The protocol was tested in a range of human and Drosophila melanogaster RNA samples, recovering transcriptomes of the same quality and reliability than the commercial NEBNext® kit. We expect that the cost-and time-efficient features of TM3’seq make large-scale RNA-seq experiments more permissive for the entire scientific community.
Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Neurocognitive Consequences

This review seeks to highlight the issue of when the best time to operate is given the neurocognitive consequences of pediatric OSA. Learning and memory deficits persist after adenotonsillectomy in school age children with the disease at 9-month follow-up, suggesting short-term damage to the hippocampus in young children with OSA. Larger trials with younger children with pediatric OSA are currently ongoing to evaluate the impact of adenotonsillectomy on learning and memory recovery.
A solution operator for $${\bar{\partial }}$$ on the Hartogs triangle and $$L^p$$Lp estimates

An integral solution operator for $${\bar{\partial }}$$ is constructed on product domains that include the punctured bidisc. This operator is shown to satisfy $$L^p$$ estimates for all $$1\le p <\infty $$, though with non-standard—relative to strongly pseudoconvex domains—bounding term. These estimates imply $$L^p$$ estimates for $${\bar{\partial }}$$ on the Hartogs triangle, with greater range of p than the canonical solution satisfies.
The decline of migrant transnationalism with time abroad

ABSTRACTIn this study, grounded in the literature on transnational migration, a theory of transnational social gravity is developed in which economic, social, and psychological dimensions of transn...