cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Online Tutorial Vs. Pre-Recorded Lecture For Reducing Incidents Of Plagiarism

The current study compared an online academic integrity tutorial modified from Belter & du Pre (2009) to a pre-recorded online academic integrity lecture in reducing incidents of plagiarism among undergraduate students at a science and technology university. Participants were randomized to complete either the tutorial or the pre-recorded lecture and then completed an academic integrity quiz. We hypothesized that students who completed the tutorial would exhibit fewer incidents of plagiarism and complete the quiz with fewer attempts. Results revealed no statistically significant difference in incidents of plagiarism between the groups. There was a significant positive relation between the number of quiz attempts and the incidents of plagiarism (r (31) = .388, p = .03). Results suggest that an online tutorial is equally effective as a pre-recorded online lecture in addressing issues of plagiarism in the classroom. These results are discussed in the context of education strategies, intrinsic motivation, and time-saving methods.
A Hydrophobic Patch in Ecotropic Murine Leukemia Virus Envelope Protein Is the Putative Binding Site for a Critical Tyrosine Residue on the Cellular Receptor

In the receptor for ecotropic murine leukemia viruses, tyrosine 235 contributes a critical hydrophobic side chain to the virus-receptor interaction (14). Here we report that tryptophan 142 in ecotropic Moloney murine leukemia virus envelope protein is essential to virus binding and infection. Replacement of tryptophan 142 by alanine or serine resulted in misfolding. However, replacement by methionine (W142M) allowed correct folding of the majority of glycoprotein molecules. W142M virus showed a marked reduction in virus binding and was almost noninfectious, suggesting that tryptophan 142 is involved in receptor binding. In contrast, W142Y virus containing a replacement of tryptophan 142 with an aromatic residue (tyrosine) was as efficient as wild-type virus in infection and binding of cells expressing the wild-type receptor. However, W142Y virus was 100-fold less efficient than wild-type virus in infection of cells expressing a mutant receptor containing tryptophan instead of the critical tyrosine. These results strongly support tryptophan 142 being an essential residue on the virus envelope protein that interacts directly with the critical hydrophobic residue at position 235 of the ecotropic receptor. Tryptophan 142 forms one side of a shallow hydrophobic pocket on the surface of the envelope protein, suggesting that it might comprise the complete putative binding site for tyrosine 235. We discuss the implications of our findings with respect to two models of the envelope protein trimer. Interestingly, both models place tryptophan 142 at the interface between adjacent subunits of the trimer.
A rat osteogenic cell line (UMR 106-01) synthesizes a highly sulfated form of bone sialoprotein.

The rat osteosarcoma cell line (UMR 106-01) synthesizes and secretes relatively large amounts of a sulfated glycoprotein into its culture medium (approximately 240 ng/10(6) cells/day). This glycoprotein was purified, and amino-terminal sequence analysis identified it as bone sialoprotein (BSP). [35S]Sulfate, [3H]glucosamine, and [3H]tyrosine were used as metabolic precursors to label the BSP. Sulfate esters were found on N- and O-linked oligosaccharides and on tyrosine residues, with about half of the total tyrosines in the BSP being sulfated. The proportion of 35S activity in tyrosine-O-sulfate (approximately 70%) was greater than that in N-linked (approximately 20%) and O-linked (approximately 10%) oligosaccharides. From the deduced amino acid sequence for rat BSP (Oldberg, A., Franzen, A., and Heinegard, D. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 19430-19432), the results indicate that on average approximately 12 tyrosine residues, approximately 3 N-linked, and approximately 2 O-linked oligosaccharides are sulfated/molecule. The carboxyl-terminal quarter of the BSP probably contains most, if not all, of the sulfated tyrosine residues because this region of the polypeptide contains the necessary requirements for tyrosine sulfation. Oligosaccharide analyses indicated that for every N-linked oligosaccharide on the BSP, there are also approximately 2 hexa-, approximately 5 tetra-, and approximately 2 trisaccharides O-linked to serine and threonine residues. On average, the BSP synthesized by UMR 106-01 cells would contain a total of approximately 3 N-linked and approximately 25 of the above O-linked oligosaccharides. This large number of oligosaccharides is in agreement with the known carbohydrate content (approximately 50%) of the BSP.
Uridine Diphosphate Glucose Pyrophosphorylase II. POLYMERIC AND SUBUNIT STRUCTURE

Abstract The crystalline enzyme uridine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase from calf liver has been shown to be polydisperse. The more rapidly sedimenting components that are present have been shown to be multimers of the basic pyrophosphorylase molecule. Evidence for multimers has come from (a) ultracentrifugal analysis, (b) protein and activity patterns by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugal analysis, and (c) redistribution of the sucrose-separable material. Hydrodynamic studies of the principal component in the ultracentrifuge have yielded extrapolated values of 14.10 to 14.45 S for the sedimentation coefficient and 2.72 to 2.87 x 10-7 cm2 per sec for the diffusion coefficient. Combination of these values yielded a molecular weight of about 480,000. Dissociation in 6 m guanidine hydrochloride and 0.1 m mercaptoethanol has yielded subunits with a sedimentation coefficient of 2.14 S and a diffusion coefficient of 2.90 x 10-7 cm2 per sec. A combination of these values produced a molecular weight of 69,100. Estimates obtained by low speed sedimentation equilibrium were 67,500 for both the weight and z-average molecular weights. Electron micrographs have indicated the presence of tetramers. The results are discussed in relationship to an octomer model.
Meconium aspiration syndrome: Neonatal and follow-up study

Abstract One year's experience with MAS in a neonatal intensive-care unit is analyzed with follow-up information. Seventeen pationts or 3.7 per cent of all admissions had MAS. Four patients (23.5 per cent) died of acute respiratory failure. Two patients with MAS and persistence of the fetal circulation required cardiac catheterization to exclude cyanotic congenital heart disease. No survivors had persistent chronic lung disease. However, two of three patients with MAS and seizures had significant psychomotor retardation at follow-up examination.
The Internet and beyond: how to position ourselves to face the future challenges

The foundation for this exciting revolutionary international highway is here, at least in part. Connecting thousands of information-stuffed computers around the world has created an exciting universe of information and opportunities. Challenges for the information highway, or the Internet, include a limiting bandwidth of current networks and the lack of understanding of the new medium. One can expect that in the not too far future, new interface paradigms will replace the current limited interface devices and methods. A better understanding of how humans interact with information and taking into account the human limited capacity to get and process information will improve the way information is presented. The Internet will continue to evolve, developing new capabilities and better quality of distributing and accessing information. It is already serving society in ways that were hard to predict a few years ago. It will serve mankind in ways one can barely imagine today.
Design For Environment: Methodologies, Tools, And Implementation

Design for Environment (DfE) optimizes the relationship and interaction of the economic system and the environmental system, and strives to produce a sustainable development and enterprise integration. The driving force behind DfE includes customers, international agencies, and governmental agencies, who are all stake holders in the environmental well being. The methodologies and tools of DfE generally fall under three loose categories, namely, decision making, design support, and material flow. In DfE, there are a number of enablers for decision making, examples of which include end-of-life strategies and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). With the development of DfE, sophisticated design support methodologies and tools are necessary for the early stage of design regarding the environmental impact, working as guidance to the design engineers. The three main design support constituents, discussed in this paper, include LCA, Design for Disassembly, and Expert Systems. Environmental impact resulting from modern industry has spurred interest in the material and energy flows of industry systems. These flows are viewed not only to be fundamental to environmental problems, but also as agents of financial success. The scope of DfE has three elements, namely, strategy, guidelines and procedures, and application. It is noted that the next frontier of DfE is the incorporation of society models that include technology, government, customers, recyclers, and their respective interaction. This paper presents recent developments and current activities of DfE, specifically, the areas of decision-making, design support, material flow analysis and application. Additionally, a brief discussion of future trends is presented and observations are made on how to further realize DfE in industry and in the entire society while protecting the environment.
Isocitrate dehydrogenase from Rhodopseudomonas spheroides: kinetic mechanism and further characterization.

Abstract Product inhibition studies with Rhodopseudomonas spheriodes NADP + specific isocitrate dehydrogenase indicate that the enzyme mechanism involves the ordered addition of the substrates NADP + and threo- d s -isocitrate and the ordered release of products CO 2 (HCO s − ), 2-ketoglutarate, and NADPH. In addition, the presence of a ternary complex consisting of enzyme, NADP + , and 2-ketoglutarate is indicated. Binding studies with radioactive substrates support the kinetically derived mechanism. The Rhodopseudomonas enzyme is dimeric and contains but a single active site. Different combinations of substrate were ineffective in causing gross changes in molecular structure as monitored by gel filtration techniques. A comparison of the amino acid composition of this enzyme with the bacterial enzyme from Azotobacter vinelandii indicate very significant differences in the amino acid compositions.
Wavelet-based decompositions for nonlinear signal processing

Nonlinearities are often encountered in the analysis and processing of real-world signals. This paper develops new signal decompositions for nonlinear analysis and processing. The theory of tensor norms is employed to show that wavelets provide an optimal basis for the nonlinear signal decompositions. The nonlinear signal decompositions are also applied to signal processing problems.
On Hypothesis in the Cratylus as an Indication of the place of the Dialogue in the Sequence of Dialogues

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Abnormal brain response to cholinergic challenge in chronic encephalopathy from the 1991 Gulf War

Several case definitions of chronic illness in veterans of the 1991 Persian Gulf War have been linked epidemiologically with environmental exposure to cholinesterase-inhibiting chemicals, which cause chronic changes in cholinergic receptors in animal models. Twenty-one chronically ill Gulf War veterans (5 with symptom complex 1, 11 with complex 2, and 5 with complex 3) and 17 age-, sex- and education-matched controls, underwent an 99mTc-HMPAO-SPECT brain scan following infusion of saline and >48 h later a second scan following infusion of physostigmine in saline. From each SPECT image mean normalized regional cerebral blood flow (nrCBF) from 39 small blocks of correlated voxels were extracted with geostatistical spatial modeling from eight deep gray matter structures in each hemisphere. Baseline nrCBF in symptom complex 2 was lower than controls throughout deep structures. The change in nrCBF after physostigmine (challenge minus baseline) was negative in complexes 1 and 3 and controls but positive in complex 2 in some structures. Since effects were opposite in different groups, no finding typified the entire patient sample. A hold-out discriminant model of nrCBF from 17 deep brain blocks predicted membership in the clinical groups with sensitivity of 0.95 and specificity of 0.82. Gulf War-associated chronic encephalopathy in a subset of veterans may be due to neuronal dysfunction, including abnormal cholinergic response, in deep brain structures.
Ambivalence and indifference in generalizations of structural balance

Despite the demonstrated usefulness of signed digraphs in treating the structural properties of configurations of evaluative relationships, they possess certain inherent limitations. Since each relationship is classified merely as positive or negative, gradations in strength must be ignored, and no means is provided for representing evaluations of ambivalence or indifference. It is proposed that the theory of networks constitutes a more suitable conceptualization since it places no restriction on the values assigned to lines. The use of networks for this purpose, however, requires that an appropriate system of values be formulated. The properties of several possible value systems are examined critically, and two, which we call the diamond model and the triangle model, are judged most promising. Both are based on the assumption that in order to state the value of a relationship it is necessary to specify two components: a positive and a negative one. It is then shown that these two systems are generalizations of the symbolic psycho-logic proposed by Abelson and Rosenberg and of conceptualizations of structural balance stated in terms of signed digraphs. It is found, however, that the cycle, path, and partition criteria for balance, which are equivalent in the absence of ambivalence, are no longer equivalent for these generalized systems of values. In view of this result, three types of balance—cycle balance, path balance, and partition balance—are defined, and the empirical implications of each are examined. Finally, several suggestions are made concerning the construction of quantitative indexes for balanced and unbalanced structures.
An Introduction to Strategic Communication

The article of record as published may be located at http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2329488414560469
Trypsin induced destabilization of liposomes composed of dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine and glycophorin

Destabilization of liposomes composed of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and purified glycophorin of human erythrocytes was studied with the release of an entrapped fluorescent dye, calcein. Proteolytic cleavage of liposomes by trypsin induced a rapid increase of turbidity and the leakage of calcein from the liposomes. Kinetic experiments indicated that the destabilization was a second order reaction, i.e. it required liposome collision. Using N-(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl) PE as a fluorescent probe for the formation of hexagonal phase of PE, tryptic digestion of the liposomes resulted in a higher tendency of the PE bilayer to transform into the hexagonal phase. We propose that hexagonal (or inverted micellar) structures are involved in the trypsin induced liposome destabilization.
Clinical summary of initial intravenous administration of ioversol.

Data from 23 double blind, controlled, parallel-group comparative studies evaluating the intravenous safety, efficacy, and patient tolerance of ioversol were collected. Nine open-label studies were evaluated, as well. A small number of side effects that would be considered serious were reported, but resulted in no clinically significant sequelae, (e.g., angina, bradycardia, vasovagal response, and hypoxia). There were no significant changes in vital signs related to the use of the drug. These studies indicate that ioversol 320 and 240 provide high diagnostic quality and are well tolerated by patients. The author concludes that ioversol is suitable for head and body computed tomography, intravenous urography, and venography.
Factors predictive of concomitant injuries among children and adolescents undergoing anterior cruciate ligament surgery.

Background:The timing of treatment for pediatric anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries remains controversial. The risks of delaying reconstruction and the differences between age groups are poorly defined.Purpose:To investigate factors that contribute to the prevalence and severity of concomitant chondral and meniscal injuries among patients aged 14 to 19 years versus those aged ≤14 years at the time of ACL reconstruction. The hypothesis was that concomitant injuries would be more prevalent in older versus younger subjects. Also, a delay in surgery would be predictive of the presence and severity of concomitant knee injuries requiring additional operative procedures.Study Methods:Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:All subjects who underwent primary ACL reconstruction at a single tertiary pediatric hospital between 2005 and 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. The location, severity, and treatment of all concomitant knee injuries were recorded. Chi-square tests were used to compare the prevalenc...
Effect of differentiation of self on adolescent risk behavior: test of the theoretical model.

BACKGROUND Innovative theoretical models are needed to explain the occurrence of high-risk sexual behaviors, alcohol and other-drug (AOD) use, and academic engagement among ethnically diverse, inner-city adolescents. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to test the credibility of a theoretical model based on the Bowen family systems theory to explain adolescent risk behavior. Specifically tested was the relationship between the predictor variables of differentiation of self, chronic anxiety, and social problem solving and the dependent variables of high-risk sexual behaviors, AOD use, and academic engagement. METHODS An ex post facto cross-sectional design was used to test the usefulness of the theoretical model. Data were collected from 161 racially/ethnically diverse, inner-city high school students, 14 to 19 years of age. Participants completed self-report written questionnaires, including the Differentiation of Self Inventory, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Social Problem Solving for Adolescents, Drug Involvement Scale for Adolescents, and the Sexual Behavior Questionnaire. RESULTS Consistent with the model, higher levels of differentiation of self related to lower levels of chronic anxiety (p < .001) and higher levels of social problem solving (p < .01). Higher chronic anxiety was related to lower social problem solving (p < .001). A test of mediation showed that chronic anxiety mediates the relationship between differentiation of self and social problem solving (p < .001), indicating that differentiation influences social problem solving through chronic anxiety. Higher levels of social problem solving were related to less drug use (p < .05), less high-risk sexual behaviors (p < .01), and an increase in academic engagement (p < .01). CONCLUSIONS Findings support the theoretical model's credibility and provide evidence that differentiation of self is an important cognitive factor that enables adolescents to manage chronic anxiety and motivates them to use effective problem solving, resulting in less involvement in health-comprising behaviors and increased academic engagement.
Identification of a Novel Tumor Necrosis Factor αCachectin From the Livers of Burned and Infected Rats

• Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)/cachectin is a monocyte/macrophage-derived cytokine implicated as a proximal mediator of many of the catastrophic host responses to infection or endotoxin. However, circulating levels of TNF-α/cachectin have only been episodically detected in hospitalized patients with life-threatening bacterial infections. In the present report, increased quantities of immune-reactive TNF-α/cachectin were recovered from the livers of rats 3 days following a lethal burn and infection. Two species of TNF-α/cachectin were detected, one of approximately 29 kd and the other 17 kd, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In murine peritoneal macrophages and rat Kupffer cells stimulated in vitro with endotoxin, a 29-kd cell-associated and 17-kd secreted form were also detected. We conclude that the increased appearance in vivo of a 29-kd form of TNF-α/cachectin from the livers of lethally burned and infected rats represents a novel cell-associated form of the protein. ( Arch Surg. 1990;125:79-85)
What is the risk of developing pigmentary glaucoma from pigment dispersion syndrome

Abstract Purpose To determine the probability of converting from pigment dispersion syndrome to pigmentary glaucoma. Design Retrospective community-based study of all newly diagnosed cases of pigment dispersion syndrome or pigmentary glaucoma. Methods Subjects were patients newly diagnosed with pigment dispersion syndrome or pigmentary glaucoma from 1976 to 1999 in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Criteria for pigment dispersion syndrome were two of three signs: midperipheral, radial iris transillumination defects; Krukenberg spindle; heavy trabecular meshwork pigmentation. Criteria for pigmentary glaucoma were pigment dispersion syndrome and two of three findings: intraocular pressure (IOP) greater than 21 mm, optic nerve damage, or visual field loss. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to determine the probability of conversion to pigmentary glaucoma. Results A total of 113 patients were newly diagnosed with pigment dispersion syndrome over the 24-year period. Of these, 9 persons developed pigmentary glaucoma or elevated IOP requiring therapy. The probability of converting to pigmentary glaucoma was 10% at 5 years and 15% at 15 years. An additional 23 patients were found to have pigmentary glaucoma at their initial examination. The mean age at diagnosis of pigmentary glaucoma was 42 ± 12 years; 78% of patients were male, whereas 58% of patients with pigmentary dispersion syndrome glaucoma were male. The most significant risk factor for conversion to pigmentary glaucoma was an IOP greater than 21 mm Hg at initial examination, whereas age, refractive error, and family history of glaucoma were not correlated with conversion. Conclusion The risk of developing pigmentary glaucoma from pigment dispersion syndrome was 10% at 5 years and 15% at 15 years. Young, myopic men were most likely to have pigmentary glaucoma. An IOP greater than 21 mm Hg at initial examination was associated with an increased risk of conversion.
Land Disposal of Hazardous Wastes: An Example from Hopewell, Virginiaa

In early September 1975 a Technical Committee was established by the Virginia State Department of Health to clean up and dispose of a manufacturing plant which had produced the pesticide Kepone, in Hopewell, Virginia. The Committee recommended that the hazardous wastes be buried in a virgin section of the new City of Hopewell landfill. The disposal pit was designed to encapsulate the wastes in clay and plastic. The project was completed in early March 1976. The disposal site is monitored by the Virginia State Water Control Board via an observation well and an underdrain system.
Hamiltonian reduction, the Einstein flow, and collapse of 3-manifolds

Abstract We consider the problem of the Hamiltonian reduction of Einstein's equations on a (3 + 1)-vacuum spacetime that admits a foliation by constant mean curvature (CMC) compact spacelike hypersurfaces M that satisfy certain topological restrictions. After a conformal reduction process, we find that the Einstein flow is described by a dimensionless non-local time-dependent Hamiltonian system where R− = (−∞, 0) and Preduced = is the reduced phase space. For compact orientable 3-manifolds of Yamabe type −1, we establish the following properties of Hreduced: 1. For a hyperbolic manifold M and τ ϵ R− fixed, Hreduced has a unique (up to isometry) critical point at the hyperbolic point ( γ , 0) which is a strict local minimum in the non-isometric directions; 2. Hreduced is a monotonically decreasing function of t unless γ is hyperbolic and pTT = 0, in which case Hreduced is constant in time; 3. for τ ϵ R− fixed, the infimum of Hreduced is given by where σ(M) denotes the σ-constant of M, an important topological invariant of compact manifolds. We conjecture that the local minimum of Hreduced is a global minimum, which is equivalent to the conjecture that a hyperbolic metric realizes the σ-constant of a Yamabe type −1 manifold, thereby linking a conjecture of conformal geometry to one of general relativity. We consider applications of these results to the five Bianchi models that compactify to manifolds of Yamabe type −1. For these models, the resulting 3-manifolds are either Seifert fibered spaces, graph manifolds, or hyperbolic manifolds. We show that the reduced Hamiltonian for these models under the Einstein flow asymptotically approaches either the σ-constant or, in the hyperbolic case, what is conjectured to be the σ-constant. In the hyperbolic case, the Einstein flow converges to a hyperbolic metric, whereas in the four non-hyperbolic cases, the Einstein flow collapses the 3-manifold along either circular fibers or embedded tori. Remarkably, in each of these cases of collapse, the collapse occurs with bounded curvature!
The role of partial grain boundary dislocations in grain boundary sliding and coupled grain boundary motion

We study the process of grain boundary sliding through the motion of grain boundary dislocations, utilizing molecular dynamics and embedded atom method (EAM) interatomic potentials. For a Σ = 5 [001]{310} symmetrical tilt boundary in bcc Fe, the sliding process was found to occur through the nucleation and glide of partial grain boundary dislocations, with a secondary grain boundary structure playing an important role in the sliding process. While the homogeneous nucleation of these grain boundary dislocations requires shear strain levels higher than 7%, preexisting grain boundary dislocations are shown to glide at applied shear levels of 1.5%. The glide of the dislocations results in coupled motion of the boundary in the directions parallel and perpendicular to itself. Finally, interstitial impurities and vacancies were introduced in the grain boundary to study the effects on the sliding resistance of the boundary. While vacancies and H interstitials act as preferred nucleation sites, C interstitials do not. Both hydrogen and C interstitials stop dislocation glide whereas vacancies do not. A detailed study of the dynamic properties of these dislocations is also presented.
Characterization of Red Radish Anthocyanins

Red radish (Raphanus sativus L.) anthocyanins were extracted from liquid nitrogen powdered epidermal tissue using acetone, partitioned with chloroform and isolated using C-18 resin. The monomeric anthocyanin content, determined by pH-differential, was 154 ± 13 mg/100g epidermal tissue (pelargonidin-glucoside basis). Thermal processing of radishes showed that the pigments were stable to heat. Four major pigments were identified by Mass Spectroscopy, HPLC, and spectral analyses as pelargonidin-3-sophoroside-5-glucoside derivatives. The two major pigments were acylated with malonic acid and either ferulic or p-coumaric acid. The two other pigments were acylated with only ferulic or p-coumaric acid. Acylation increased pigment resistance to acid hydrolysis.
Effects of fluoropolymer addition to an epoxy on scratch depth and recovery

Samples were prepared by addition of a fluorinated poly(aryl ether ketone) (12F-PEK) to a commercial epoxy resin and curing at either 24 °C or 70 °C. The concentrations of fluoropolymer in the samples were 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50%. Phase inversion facilitates the formation of more and more smooth surfaces for scratch testing with increasing fluoropolymer concentration. A progressively increasing load from 0.03 N to 12 N was administered with a diamond tip to the surfaces of the samples; depths were determined within ±7.5 nm. The original scratch depth is a function of the fluoropolymer concentration. Scratch recovery (healing) reaches values up to 95%. Plots of the residual depth versus concentration of the fluoropolymer at 4, 6, 8, and 10 N reveal minima for all forces and both temperatures. Addition of only 5% or 10% 12F-PEK improves the scratch recovery significantly. The results are explained by changes of material morphology with the fluoropolymer concentration.
Acrophobic and photophobic responses associated with the albino locus in mice.

Albino and pigmented male and femaleF2 mice obtained from anAKR/J xDBA/2J cross were tested for acrophobic and photophobic behavior from platforms either 1 or 2.6 in. high and under red or white illumination. Latency to descend was greater for both genotypes from the high platform and also under red light. Albinos were especially hesitant, even when platform height was at a minimum and when testing was under red light. It was argued that albinism is not only associated with photophobia but with acrophobia as well.
Resolution of Benzophenone Delayed Fluorescence and Phosphorescence with Compensation for Thermal Broadening

Principal component analysis with self-modeling based on the van't Hoff equation constraint was applied to a set of benzophenone luminescence spectra from degassed carbon tetrachloride solutions in the 14.7−88.5 °C range. This analysis differs from an earlier treatment in that it was preceded by compensation of the spectra for differential broadening with increasing T. A set of Gaussians was derived as previously described [Saltiel, J.; Sears, D. F., Jr.; Turek, A. M. J. Phys. Chem. A 2001, 105, 7569−7578] that, on convolution with the spectrum for each corresponding T, creates a uniformly broadened spectral set. Significant improvements in the accuracy of the resolved delayed fluorescence and phosphorescence spectra lead to a reliable comparison between prompt and delayed fluorescence spectra that confirms the conclusion that the short S1 lifetime prevents full relaxation of emitting benzophenone singlets. The enthalpy difference for the T1/S1 equilibrium, 5.50 ± 0.06 kcal/mol, agrees with the energy dif...
Performance analysis of doubly optimal CDMA spreading codes with odd length

A doubly optimal binary signature set is a set of binary spreading sequences that can be used for code division multiplexing purposes and exhibits minimum total-squared-correlation (TSC)and minimum maximum-squared-correlation (MSC) at the same time. In this article, we focus on such sets with signatures of odd length and we derive closed-form expressions for the signature cross-correlation matrix, its eigenvalues, and its inverse. Then, we derive analytic expressions for (i) the bit-error-rate (BER) upon decorrelating processing,(ii) the maximum achievable signal-to-interference-plus-noise (SINR) ratio upon minimum-mean-square-error (MMSE) filtering, and (iii) the total asymptotic efficiency of the system. We find that doubly optimal sets with signature length of the form 4m+1, m=1, 2,..., are in all respects superior to doubly optimal sets with signature length of the form 4m-1 (the latter class includes the familiar Gold sets as a small proper subset). "4m+1" sets perform practically at the single-user-bound (SUB) after decorrelating or MMSE processing (not true for "4m-1" sets). The total asymptotic efficiency of "4m+1" sets is lower bounded by 2/e for any system user load. The corresponding lower bound for "4m-1" sets is zero.
Neural responses to visual scenes reveals inconsistencies between fMRI adaptation and multivoxel pattern analysis

Human observers can recognize real-world visual scenes with great efficiency. Cortical regions such as the parahippocampal place area (PPA) and retrosplenial complex (RSC) have been implicated in scene recognition, but the specific representations supported by these regions are largely unknown. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging adaptation (fMRIa) and multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA) to explore this issue, focusing on whether the PPA and RSC represent scenes in terms of general categories, or as specific scenic exemplars. Subjects were scanned while viewing images drawn from 10 outdoor scene categories in two scan runs and images of 10 familiar landmarks from their home college campus in two scan runs. Analyses of multi-voxel patterns revealed that the PPA and RSC encoded both category and landmark information, with a slight advantage for landmark coding in RSC. fMRIa, on the other hand, revealed a very different picture: both PPA and RSC adapted when landmark information was repeated, but category adaptation was only observed in a small subregion of the left PPA. These inconsistencies between the MVPA and fMRIa data suggests that these two techniques interrogate different aspects of the neuronal code. We propose three hypotheses about the mechanisms that might underlie adaptation and multi-voxel signals.
Metabolomic approach to human brain spectroscopy identifies associations between clinical features and the frontal lobe metabolome in multiple sclerosis

Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) is capable of noninvasively detecting metabolic changes that occur in the brain tissue in vivo. Its clinical utility has been limited so far, however, by analytic methods that focus on independently evaluated metabolites and require prior knowledge about which metabolites to examine. Here, we applied advanced computational methodologies from the field of metabolomics, specifically partial least squares discriminant analysis and orthogonal partial least squares, to in vivo 1H-MRS from frontal lobe white matter of 27 patients with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) and 14 healthy controls. We chose RRMS, a chronic demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system, because its complex pathology and variable disease course make the need for reliable biomarkers of disease progression more pressing. We show that in vivo MRS data, when analyzed by multivariate statistical methods, can provide reliable, distinct profiles of MRS-detectable metabolites in different patient populations. Specifically, we find that brain tissue in RRMS patients deviates significantly in its metabolic profile from that of healthy controls, even though it appears normal by standard MRI techniques. We also identify, using statistical means, the metabolic signatures of certain clinical features common in RRMS, such as disability score, cognitive impairments, and response to stress. This approach to human in vivo MRS data should promote understanding of the specific metabolic changes accompanying disease pathogenesis, and could provide biomarkers of disease progression that would be useful in clinical trials.
ON THE AESTHETIC FUNCTION OF ART

The Aesthetic Function of Art is a work of consummate craftsmanship. Gary Iseminger is an analytic philosopher's philosopher. He proceeds with clarity and precision at every turn. He defines concepts and distinctions with the sharpness that typically dispels ambiguity. His overall argumentative strategy is ingenious, and his arguments, step by step, are transparent and deductively impeccable. The book is like a finely wrought cabinet. Even if one does not concur with Iseminger's ultimate conclusion, an updated version of the aesthetic definition of art which he calls 'the new aestheticism', the book will be instructive, since many of the innovative moves, distinctions and clarifications that Iseminger constructs along the way will be useful to philosophers of different and even opposed camps. The easiest way to situate this book is to classify it, as I have, as an example of the aesthetic theory of art. Indeed, it is probably the most sophisticated and best defended version of the aesthetic theory of art to date. But Iseminger's book is more than merely a simple variation on the aesthetic theory of art, since he not only follows in the spirit of traditional aesthetic theories of art, but also exploits the insights of certain institutional theories of art and historical approaches to it. Iseminger labels his view 'the new aestheticism', and contrasts it with traditional aestheticism, represented by Monroe Beardsley's statement of the aesthetic theory of art. One way in which the new aestheticism departs from traditional aestheticism is immediately apparent in how these views characterize art. For traditional aestheticism, 'Something is a work of art if and only if its function is to afford aesthetic experience' (p. 8). In contrast, according to new aestheticism, 'The function of the artworld is to promote aesthetic communication'. Perhaps the most striking divergence between these two formulations is the difference between their respective objects of enquiry. Traditional aestheticism is concerned with defining the work of art, whereas the new aestheticism is describing the persisting function of the artworld and the practice of art. That is, the object of the definition of traditional aestheticism is the single artwork this painting and that concerto; in contrast, what the new aestheticism aspires to capture is the function of all (or most?) of the activities and practices that go into producing the inventory of the artworld, namely, the bulk of
Edge sensitive mechanisms in humans with abnormal visual experience

Detection of broadband, aperiodic stimuli (edges) was investigated in normal observers, and in observers with abnormal visual experience which resulted in amblyopia. The spatial properties of the mechanisms used to detect an edge were investigated by a method of subthreshold addition. The method involved the determination of the threshold contrast for detecting an edge in the presence of a subthreshold line at various distances from the edge. In normal eyes, the one dimensional sensitivity profile of the edge detecting mechanism was: (1) approximately antisymmetric, (2) very localized, with sensitivity changes restricted to ±6'–8' on either side of the edge, and (3) phase dependent, showing an abrupt change in sign between ±1.5'. The sensitivity profiles of the amblyopic eyes were also approximately antisymmetric and showed the same steep rate of change from plus to minus as the fellow (nonamblyopic) eyes. However, in every case, the spatial extent of the profile was much broader than that of the nonamblyopic eyes. In normal eyes, the narrowest edge sensitivity profile was associated with the fovea; however, in two amblyopes with eccentric fixation, the narrowest edge sensitivity profile coincided with the locus of eccentric fixation. Moreover, the grating sensitivity function of the edge detecting mechanism of the amblyopic eye was similar to that of the non-amblyopic eye, but was shifted toward lower spatial frequencies. Control experiments show that these results are not accounted for on the basis of optics, eccentric fixation, or abnormal eye movements. The findings are discussed in terms of current models for the detection of aperiodic stimuli, and in the context of animal models of amblyopia.
A novel colorectal and cervical cancer education program: findings from the community network for cancer prevention Forum Theater program.

Medically underserved populations continue to be disproportionately burdened by cancer. The exact reason for this disparity has not been fully elucidated, but likely involves multiple factors. We explored the potential utility of a novel community-based cancer education program called Forum Theater (FT), aimed at raising awareness about colorectal (CRC) and cervical cancer (CxC) screening among African–American, Hispanic, and Vietnamese populations. We also determined audience likelihood of obtaining CRC and CxC screening in the 6 months following performances. Thirty FT performances were held between September 2011 and July 2012. A brief survey was administered at each performance, eliciting responses on key CRC and CxC screening questions. A total of 662 community residents (316 Hispanic, 165 African–American, and 181 Vietnamese; overall mean age 50.3 ± 16.4) participated in performances. The survey response rate was 71.1 %. After seeing FT performances, the majority responded correctly (>70 %) on CRC and CxC screening questions. In comparison to Hispanic and Vietnamese participants, African–Americans were less likely to report that CRC and CxC are preventable (p < 0.05), that timely and regular screening saves lives (p = 0.05), and that CxC screening should begin at age 21 for most women (p < 0.05). Our findings suggest that FT may be an effective strategy to disseminate cancer screening information. Lack of awareness that CRC/CxC screening saves lives and that CRC/CxC is preventable, as reported by African–Americans, may not stem from lack of knowledge or misconceptions alone, but may be influenced by a sense of fatalism regarding cancer outcomes in this population.
Approximation and limiting behavior of random models

In this paper, we investigate limiting behavior of linear dynamic systems driven by random stochastic matrices. We introduce and study the new concepts of partial ergodicity and l 1 -approximation of a given chain of stochastic matrices. We show that partial ergodicity of a chain is invariant under l 1 -approximations. We also introduce an infinite flow graph of a random chain and use the connectivity components of this graph to characterize the ergodicity classes of a chain. Finally, we provide a result showing that, under certain conditions, the ergodicity classes of an independent random chain and its expected counterpart are the same.
Seismic Activity and Faulting Associated with a Large Underground Nuclear Explosion

The 1.1-megaton nuclear test Benham caused movement on previously mapped faults and was followed by a sequence of small earthquakes. These effects were confined to a zone extending not more than 13 kilometers from ground zero; they are apparently related to the release of natural tectonic strain.
Activation and stretch-induced passive force enhancement--are you pulling my chain? Focus on "Regulation of muscle force in the absence of actin-myosin-based cross-bridge interaction".

in novel experiments on single myofibrils prepared from rabbit psoas muscle, Dr. Walter Herzog and his graduate student Tim Leonard report an intriguing set of findings ([16][1]). Myofibrils were held at short sarcomere length, activated with a maximal level of calcium, and then stretched along the
Intraventricular hemorrhage and long-term outcome in the premature infant

Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a common, serious problem among premature infants. With advances in neonatal care, improved survival rates of small premature infants and improved diagnostic capabilities, IVH is seen with increased frequency in the high-risk nursery. Studies indicate 15-20% of premature infants (birth weight less than 1,500 gms), have been noted to have IVH Many of these neonates survive beyond infancy and may subsequently be seen in pediatric neurosurgery and neurology clinics with long-term problems such as hydrocephalus, cerebral palsy, mental retardation and seizures. Although long-term sequelae are not always present, it is beneficial for the neuroscience nurse to be able to understand the mechanisms of brain injury with IVH in order to anticipate long-term problems and provide comprehensive follow-up care for infants and children with this diagnosis.
The static response of a bowed inclined hot wire

The directional sensitivity of a bowed, inclined hot wire is investigated using a simple model for the convective heat transfer. The static response is analyzed for subsonic and supersonic flows. It is shown that the effects of both end conduction and wire bowing are greater in supersonic flow. Regardless of the Mach number, however, these two phenomena have distinctly different effects; end conduction appears to be responsible for reducing the nonlinearity of the response, whereas bowing increases the directional sensitivity. Comparison with the available data suggests that the analysis is useful for interpreting the experimental results.
Magnetic reconnection at the edge of Uranus's magnetic field

A new modeling study sheds light on how the magnetosphere of Uranus compares to those of other planets. Magnetospheres around the inner planets Mercury and Earth are primarily driven by the solar wind—the charged particles spewed out from the Sun—through magnetic reconnection, in which the planet's magnetic field lines break and reconnect, releasing energy in the process.
Alterations in the neuroendocrine control of growth hormone secretion in the uremic rat

Alterations in neuroendocrine control of growth hormone secretion in the uremic rat. Chronic renal insufficiency (CRI) is associated with growth failure in children and laboratory rats and is considered to be due, in part, to co-existent malnutrition. Alterations in hypothalamic control of growth hormone (GH) secretion have been suggested in uremic patients. We sought to determine whether factors unique to CRI play a role in this disturbance of GH regulation. Using in situ hybridization histochemistry, we compared messenger RNA (mRNA) levels for the hypothalamic neurohormones GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) and somatostatin (SRIH) in three groups: rats with CRI induced by 5/6 nephrectomy (NPX, N=4); sham-operated, ad libitum fed rats (SAL, N=5); and sham-operated, pair-fed rats (SPF, N=5). We also measured plasma GH at 10 minute intervals for a six hour period via intra-atrial cannulae. The NPX group had significantly lower hypothalamic GHRH mRN A concentrations than both other groups; in addition, these levels were significantly lower in the SPF than in the SAL group. Concentrations of hypothalamic SRIH mRNA did not differ significantly among the three experimental groups. Six-hour mean plasma GH concentrations were significantly lower in the SPF (18.3 ± 1.8 µg/liter) than in either the SAL (27.0 ± 3.3 µg/liter) or the NPX groups (36.8 ± 7.2 µg/liter); the difference in the mean plasma GH levels in the NPX vs. the SAL group did not attain statistical significance. This study provides evidence for an effect of CRI on the neuroendocrine control of GH secretion not related to caloric intake. We hypothesize that a complex interplay of multiple factors leads to altered plasma GH levels in CRI and ultimately to growth failure. These factors include decreased hypothalamic GHRH gene transcription and decreased metabolic clearance of GH. We speculate that increased circulating SRIH levels of non-hypothalamic origin and altered negative feedback on GH secretion of both GH and insulin-like growth factor I may also play a role in this dysregulation of plasma GH levels in uremia.
An isospin analysis of the reaction pN→NNπ from threshold to 2.90 GeV/c☆

Abstract We have performed an isospin analysis of single-pion production processes in antiproton-nucleon scattering from threshold to 2.90 GeV/c. Reactions used are p p → p p π 0 , n p π − and p p → p p π − . Results show that σ1, the total I=1 cross section, rises rapidly from threshold to reach a broad maximum around 2.5 GeV/c and σ0, the I=0 cross section, rises from threshold and continues on a linearly rising trend at least up to 2.90 GeV/c. In the region of 2.9 GeV/c, σ1 and σ0 have comparable values, thus suggesting that considerable amount of I= 1 2 N π and N π states is produced even in this low momentum region. We further determine that single pion production processes are not the source of the π0 (2375,190) enhancement observed in the p p and p d total cross sections and may account for as much as 25±8% of the π1 (2350,140) enhancement.