cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Internet and Agenda Setting in China: The Influence of Online Public Opinion on Media Coverage and Government Policy

Within the theoretical framework of agenda setting, this study examined whether and how online public opinion influences the issue agendas of the traditional media and the government at the national level in the Chinese context. The data showed that online public opinion did not have an agenda-setting effect on the government, whereas the government could set the online public agenda on some occasions. Bidirectional agenda-setting influences were found between the online public agenda and the traditional media agenda. Overall, the evidence in this study suggests that online public opinion has become a competing agenda-setting force in contemporary China. .
Generalized vector medians for correlated channels

Inspired by the maximum likelihood (ML) estimates of location in multivariate spaces, we introduce in this paper a new filtering structure capable of capturing and exploiting both spatial and cross-channel correlations embedded in the data. An adaptive optimization algorithm for a sub-optimal realization of the proposed generalized vector median (GVM) filter, namely the marginal GVM, is derived. The effectiveness of the algorithm is shown through a color image denoising experiment.
Looking for Query Terms on Search Engine Results Pages

Understanding the behaviors people employ when using a search system is important for developing systems that better serve users. More detailed knowledge of where searchers focus their visual attention is important to understanding how searchers use search results lists when reformulating queries. While observation of visual scanning has been used in the study of relevance judgments, to our knowledge the study reported here is the first to investigate visual attention to query terms. The study presented in this paper utilized eye-tracking to investigate the frequency with which people looked at (fixated on) their query terms when the terms appeared on search engine results pages. Results show that people fixated on some of the displayed query terms; however, they fixated on other words and parts of the page more frequently.
A Framework for Linguistic and Hierarchical Queries in Document Retrieval

We describe a document retrieval language which enables user’s to bet-ter represent their requirements with respect to the desired documents to be re-trieve. This language allows for a specification of the interrelationship between the desired attributes using linguistic quantifiers. This framework also supports a hier-archical formulation of queries. These features allow for an increased expressiveness in the queries that be handled by a retrieval system.
When Machines Do Mathematics, then What Do Mathematics Teachers Teach?

Education is now charged with preparing students for careers dominated by powerful information technology. Routine and repetitive tasks no longer require human efforts and many mathematical procedures are done routinely on computer workstations. Evidence that mathematics instructions must change is overwhelming, but many are still searching for the answers to the fundamental question of how to teach mathematics in an age where many sophisticated mathematical operations can be done on machines. Watershed decisions at this level are best addressed with a historical perspective and the authors first looks at the “jump discontinuities” in mathematical that resulted from the contributions of Euclid and Newton.
Mcm10 is required for oogenesis and early embryogenesis in Drosophila

Efficient replication of the genome and the establishment of endogenous chromatin states are processes that are essential to eukaryotic life. It is well documented that Mcm10 is intimately linked to both of these important biological processes; therefore, it is not surprising that Mcm10 is commonly misregulated in many human cancers. Most of the research regarding the biological roles of Mcm10 has been performed in single-cell or cell-free in-vitro systems. Though these systems are informative, they are unable to provide information on the cell-specific function of Mcm10 in the context of the tissue and organ systems that comprise multicellular eukaryotes. We therefore sought to identify the potential biological functions of Mcm10 in the context of a complex multicellular organism by continuing our analysis in Drosophila using three novel hypomorphic alleles. Observation of embryonic nuclear morphology and quantification of embryo hatch rates reveal that maternal loading of Mcm10 is required for embryonic nuclear stability, and suggest a role for Mcm10 post zygotic transition. Contrary to the essential nature of Mcm10 depicted in the literature, it does not appear to be required for adult viability in Drosophila if embryonic requirements are met. Although not required for adult somatic viability, analysis of fecundity and ovarian morphology in mutant females suggest that Mcm10 plays a role in maintenance of the female germline. Taken together, our results demonstrate critical roles for Mcm10 during early embryogenesis, and mark the first data linking Mcm10 to female specific reproduction in multicellular eukaryotes.
Use of a visually oriented software development tool for creating automated test programs

The creation of a test program using the VEE-Test software development tool is described. The test sequence is modeled with VEE-Test. The model is a series of visual objects of icons connected together to show the flow of the test. To make the model actually run the physical test, I/O drivers are added to the model. These instrument control drivers are included in the software. When the user runs the program, it is the flow chart picture that actually executes; there is no code generated in a traditional programming language. The VEE-Test employs a user-friendly interface which includes prompting for manual device-under-test (DUT) alignment. >
Beam simulation studies of ECR beam extraction and low energy beam transport for FRIB

To meet the beam power requirements of 400 kW at the fragmentation target for facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB), simultaneous acceleration of two-charge states should be used for heavier ions. These intense multi-charged ion beams will be produced by a 28 GHz electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source at a high voltage of 35 kV. After extraction, the ion beam will be pre-accelerated to 12 keV/u with a 50 kV platform, transported down to an achromatic charge state selection (CSS) system followed by a vertical transport line, and then injected into a radio frequency quadrupole accelerator. The TRACK code developed at ANL is used to perform the simulations of the ECR beam extraction and low energy beam transport for FRIB. In this study, we include the magnetic field of ECR ion source into simulations. Different initial beam conditions as well as different space charge neutralization levels are tested for the ECR beamline. The beam loss in CSS system and the corresponding protective measures are discussed. The detailed results about the beam dynamic simulation and beam loss in CSS system will be presented in this paper.
Effectiveness of a Spiral-Plate Heat Exchanger With Equal Capacitance Rates

A formula is derived for the dependence of heat exchanger effectiveness on the number of transfer units for a spiral-plate heat exchanger with equal capacitance rates. The difference-differential equations that describe the temperature distributions of the two counter-flowing fluids, neglecting the effects of thermal radiation, are solved symbolically to close approximation. Provision is made for the offset inlet and exit of the hot and cold fluids at the outer periphery and for large heat transfer coefficients in the entrance regions. The peak effectiveness and the number of transfer units at which it occurs are linear functions of the maximum angle of the Archimedean spiral that describes the ducts; entrance region effects reduce both.
Ab initio density functional theory: OEP-MBPT(2). A new orbital-dependent correlation functional

Using the optimized effective potential (OEP) method in conjunction with an orbital-dependent correlation functional developed on the basis of second-order many-body perturbation theory [MBPT(2)], we perform ab initio correlated density functional calculations. Unlike other density functional methods, this offers the first correlation approximation in a converging series of approximations analogous to that in wave function theory. The OEP-MBPT(2) correlation potentials of the helium isoelectronic series and the neon atom are in excellent agreement with prior quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) results, while the widely used conventional approximate density functional theory correlation potentials have qualitatively incorrect behavior. Furthermore, the correlation energies, total energies, and the highest occupied orbital energies calculated by the OEP-MBPT(2) method are also remarkably accurate. Unlike QMC, our procedure can be applied to general molecules.
DIMETHYLTHIOUREA, A HYDROXYL RADICAL SCAVENGER, IMPEDES THE INACTIVATION OF METHIONINE SYNTHASE BY NITROUS OXIDE IN MICE

Dimethylthiourea (DMTU), a potent scavenger of hydroxyl radicals, was studied to see if it attenuated the inactivation of methionine synthase produced by nitrous oxide in mice. Mice were given i.p. injections of DMTU 0.5–4.0 mg g−1 or saline and, 1 h after injection, were exposed to 66% nitrous oxide in oxygen for periods of 0.5–8 h. At given times after nitrous oxide exposure, higher methionine synthase activities were found in the livers, kidneys and brains of mice injected with DMTU than in the salineinjected animals. These higher methionine synthase activities in the DMTU-treated animals represented a delay in the enzyme inactivation produced by nitrous oxide, as the difference in activities between the DMTU-injected and saline-injected mice decreased with increasing duration of exposure to nitrous oxide. Greater differences in methionine synthase activities between the DMTU- and saline-injected animals were observed with increasing doses of DMTU. The rate of enzyme inactivation following exposure to nitrous oxide was greater in liver and least in brain, and the difference in activities between the two groups varied with the organ examined. DMTU exhibited its greatest effect in the kidney, where methionine synthase activities were nearly doubled in the DMTU 2.0 mg g−1 injected compared with the saline-injected mice after 1-h exposure to 66% nitrous oxide. Following a marked inactivation of methionine synthase by exposing mice to 66% nitrous oxide for 4 h, injection of DMTU 2.0 mg g−1 at the end of exposure to nitrous oxide did not enhance, but impaired, the recovery of enzyme activity. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that nitrous oxide combines with the vitamin B12 molecule of methionine synthase to form hydroxyl radical that reacts with and inactivates the enzyme, and that DMTU slows this inactivation by scavenging hydroxyl radicals
Behavioral and psychosocial profiles of alcohol-exposed children.

Background: It is widely known that prenatal alcohol exposure is related to cognitive and behavioral deficits throughout childhood and adolescence. Much research has focused on understanding and quantifying the cognitive profile of children with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) with relatively less empirical research on behavioral or psychosocial adjustment. The primary purpose of this study was to examine the behavioral and psychosocial profile of children exposed to heavy amounts of alcohol prenatally. Method: Two groups of subjects were evaluated: an alcohol-exposed group (ALC) and a nonexposed control group (NC) each made up of 32 subjects matched for age, gender, and ethnicity. The alcohol-exposed group consisted of children heavily exposed to alcohol in utero, including 19 children diagnosed with FAS. The Personality Inventory for Children (PIC) was completed by the caretaker of each child. Four validity/screening scales and 12 clinical scales were scored for all subjects. Result: Analyses revealed significant group differences on four validity/screening scales and 12 substantive scales. Within the ALC group, the profile of children without FAS was similar to that of children with FAS, with the exception that their profiles were consistent with less cognitive impairment. Conclusions: These findings indicate that in addition to previously reported cognitive impairments, heavy prenatal alcohol exposure is related to significant impairments in psychosocial functioning. Even children without alcohol-related physical anomalies suffer from impaired psychosocial functioning. Because impairments of this nature can interfere with functioning across multiple domains, effective early intervention programs should be considered for families of alcohol-exposed children. Furthermore, given the similarities of alcohol-exposed children with and without FAS, it is imperative to obtain prenatal alcohol exposure histories on all children experiencing cognitive or psychosocial deficits.
Experimental antiulcer drugs. 3. Some unusual transformations of the cyclopenta[c] pyrroles

The cyclopenta[c]pyrrole-4-carbonitrile (3) is transformed by hyrlroxylamine in hot alcohol to 4,5,6,6a-tetrahydro-l-imino-3,5,5,6a-tetramethyl-4-cyclopenta[c]pyrrole methyl ketone oxime (5) in contrast to the cyclopentapyrrole 10 which afforded 1,2-diacetyl-3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-cyclopentene dioxime (11). The cyclopenta[c]pyrrole-4-carboxamide 1 (R = C6H5) yielded the isomeric 2a,3,4,4a,5,6,6a,6b-octahydro-2a,4,4,6a-tetramethyl-5-(phenylimino)pentaleno[1,6-bc]-pyrrol-2-(1H)one (12) in hot dilute hydrochloric acid or hot 99% phosphoric acid. The amide 1 (R = C6H5) was transformed in the solid state by oxygen over a period of several months to a mixture of the isomeric anils, 13 and 14 of 1,7-diacetyl-7-hydroxy-4,6,6-trimethyl-2-azabicyclo-[2.2.l.]heptan-3-one(16).
Aerosolized antibiotics in critically ill ventilated patients.

Purpose of reviewThis review will summarize recent clinical data examining the efficacy of aerosolized antimicrobial therapy in treating respiratory tract infections in mechanically ventilated patients in the ICU.Recent findingsAerosolized antibiotics provide high levels of drug in the lung and redu
Impact of robotic operative efficiency on profitability

Objective We sought to determine the impact of robotic operative efficiency on profitability and assess the impact of secondary variables. Study Design Financial data were collected for all robotic cases performed for fiscal years 2010 (FY10) and 2011 (FY11) at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and included 9 surgical subspecialties. Profitability was defined as a positive operating income. Results From July 2009 through June 2011, 1295 robotic cases were performed. Robotic surgery was profitable in both fiscal years, with an operating income of $386,735 in FY10 and $822,996 in FY11. In FY10, urogynecology and pediatric surgery were the only nonprofitable subspecialties. In FY11, all subspecialties were profitable. Profitability was associated with case time, payor mix, and procedure type (all P P = .012) and pediatric surgery from 418-258 minutes ( P = .019). Conclusion Robotic operative efficiency has a large impact on overall profitability regardless of surgical specialty.
A Molecular Theory of Sweet Taste

A study of several stereoselectively sweet amino acid molecules has led to a prediction of the presence and approximate location of a third structural feature, relative to the currently postulated A—H/B features in the glucophore. An examination of several unrelated sweet molecules supports this glucophore hypothesis. A relationship between a polarizability parameter and sweetness level in a series of substituted nitroanilines leads to the hypothesis that this third binding site may be involved in dispersion bonding with an appropriate receptor feature.
Age-related development of human anti-pig xenoantibody

Human cytotoxic natural xenoantibodies are believed to be of the immunoglobulin M class in nature. However, a thorough understanding of the development of these natural antixenodonor xenoantibodies remains incomplete. In this study, serum samples were obtained from newborn, infant, and adult human beings. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the binding of human natural immunoglobulin M xenoantibodies to pig aortic endothelial cells and pig lymphocytes. A complement-mediated cytotoxicity assay was used to measure the cytotoxicity of newborn, infant, and adult serum to cultured pig aortic endothelial cells and pig lymphocytes. Adult human serum contained both natural immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G xenoantibodies to pig endothelial cells and lymphocytes, whereas newborn infant serum contained only immunoglobulin G xenoantibodies. Only adult human serum was cytotoxic to pig endothelial cells and lymphocytes. Human immunoglobulin M xenoantibodies became detectable by age 1 month. By age 2 months these natural anti-pig xenoantibodies reached serum levels equivalent to those in the human adult and resulted in similar cytotoxicity to that of adult human serum. These findings indicate that (1) natural anti-pig immunoglobulin M xenoantibodies are absent from newborn infant human serum, (2) newborn human serum is not cytotoxic to pig endothelial cells and lymphocytes despite the presence of immunoglobulin G xenoantibodies that bind to pig endothelial cells and lymphocytes, and (3) natural anti-pig immunoglobulin M xenoantibodies begin to develop as early as age 1 month and by age 2 months attain a circulating level comparable to that found in the adult.
In situ lorentz TEM magnetization study of a Ni-Mn-Ga ferromagnetic shape memory alloy

Abstract The magnetic domain structure of a Ni49.9Mn28.3Ga21.8 ferromagnetic shape memory alloy has been investigated by in situ Lorentz TEM. Field-induced changes in the magnetic domain wall structure were recorded over a field range of [−500, +300] Oe. Inside a martensite twin variant, the observed domain structure was either an alternating 180° wall pattern or a maze-like pattern, depending on the relative orientation of the magnetic easy axis and the in-plane applied field. In twin variants with an in-plane easy axis, significant domain wall movement was observed at moderate applied fields, in agreement with an existing magneto-mechanical model. 180° domain walls were found to be pinned by anti-phase boundaries (APBs). The maze-like domain structure was stable under applied fields below about ±100 Oe; at higher fields, the walls became aligned with the applied field. Domain walls also remained strongly pinned at twin boundaries up to applied fields of around 400 Oe. Interestingly, depinning of walls from twin boundaries occurs at field values that are significantly lower than those required to induce motion of the structural twins.
MK-801 blocks dynorphin A (1-13)-induced loss of the tail-flick reflex in the rat.

Dynorphin A (1–13) administered intrathecally to rats results in a dose-dependent loss of the tail-flick reflex. This effect is mediated, at least, in part, byN-methyl-d-aspartate receptors. We examined the influence of pretreatment of post-treatment with MK-801 on this behavioral response. MK-801 administered i.p. 30 min prior to dynorphin provided dose-dependent protection against loss of the tail-flick reflex with an ED50 of 0.06 mg/kg. MK-801 administered after dynorphin had a dose- and time-dependent protective action. The dose of 0.06 mg/kg protected 63% of the animals from loss of the tail-flick reflex when injected 15 min after dynorphin. In contrast, 3 mg/kg did not protect animals when injected 15 min after dynorphin, but did protect 50% of the animals when injected 30 min post-dynorphin. Although we cannot exclude other effects mediated by MK-801, these data support our previous findings that dynorphin-induced loss of the tail-flick reflex involves theN-methyl-d-aspartate-receptor complex and support the contention that the process(es) initiated by dynorphin injection proceed rapidly (minutes rather than hours).
How ‘exact’ are exact measures of welfare loss?

This paper examines the sensitivity of exact measures of welfare loss to changes in the assumed form of the underlying utility function.
Reflecting on the weaknesses of the international community during the IDNDR: some implications for research and its application

As the end of the United Nations International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction approaches it is necessary to review what is known about global responses to catastrophes. Discusses four major weaknesses of the relief and mitigation community that are frequently identified in the disaster studies literature: the violation of human rights, a low degree of relief co‐ordination, difficulties and drawbacks of providing aid, and dilemmas of development. Offers possible solutions for these challenges and also highlights the implications of the findings for research and application. Gives direction to both academics and practitioners who are interested in disaster relief and prevention around the world.
Terahertz Antenna Phase Shifters Using Integrally-Gated Graphene Transmission-Lines

We propose the concept and design of terahertz (THz) phase shifters for phased antenna arrays based on integrally-gated graphene parallel-plate waveguides (GPPWGs). We show that an active transmission-line may be realized by combining GPPWGs with double-gate electrodes, in which the applied gate voltage can control the guiding properties of the gated sections. This may enable the realization of THz electronic switches and tunable loaded-lines for sub mm-wave antenna systems. Based on these active components, we theoretically and numerically demonstrate several digital and analog phase shifter designs for THz frequencies, with a wide range of phase shifts and small return loss, insertion loss and phase error. The proposed graphene-based phase shifters show significant advantages over other available technology in this frequency range, as they combine the low-loss and compact-size features of GPPWGs with electrically-programmable phase tuning. We envision that these electronic phase shifters may pave the way to viable phased-arrays and beamforming networks for THz communications systems, as well as for high-speed, low-RC-delay, inter/intra-chip communications.
CPG EA : a grouping genetic algorithm for material cutting plan generation

Construction firms specializing in large commercial buildings often purchase large steel plates, cut them into pieces and then weld the pieces into H-beams and other construction components. We formalize the material ordering and cutting problem faced by this industry and propose a grouping genetic algorithm, called CPGEA, for efficiently controlling the relevant costs. We test the quality of CPGEA in various ways. Three sets of simulated problems with known optimal solutions are solved using CPGEA, and the gap between its solutions and optimal solutions is measured. The same problem sets are also solved with an expert system and a multi-start greedy heuristic. CPGEA solutions are found to be consistently lower cost than the competing methods. The difference in solution quality is most pronounced for difficult problems requiring multiple identical plates in the optimal solution. CPGEA is also tested using data from actual construction projects of a company faced with this problem. Since an optimal solution for the problems is not available, a lower bound is created. For the historical problems tested, the average percent difference between CPGEA solutions and the lower bound is 0.67%. To put this performance in context, the results of solving these problems with an expert system and using experienced engineers is also reported. Of these three methods, CPGEA achieves the best performance and the human experts the worst performance.
Breakdown of Flavor Conservation in a Monopole Background

We give a simple derivation of the catalysis of baryon decay and other flavor-changing processes by monopoles. The role of the axial anomaly is clarified. A general current-algebraic argument which clarifies the nature of flavor violation is also given.
The Importance of Fluid Management in Acute Lung Injury Secondary to Septic Shock

Background Recent studies have suggested that early goal-directed resuscitation of patients with septic shock and conservative fluid management of patients with acute lung injury (ALI) can improve outcomes. Because these may be seen as potentially conflicting practices, we set out to determine the influence of fluid management on the outcomes of patients with septic shock complicated by ALI. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed at Barnes-Jewish Hospital (St. Louis, MO) and in the medical ICU of Mayo Medical Center (Rochester, MN). Patients hospitalized with septic shock were enrolled into the study if they met the American-European Consensus definition of ALI within 72 h of septic shock onset. Adequate initial fluid resuscitation (AIFR) was defined as the administration of an initial fluid bolus of ≥ 20 mL/kg prior to and achievement of a central venous pressure of ≥ 8 mm Hg within 6 h after the onset of therapy with vasopressors. Conservative late fluid management (CLFM) was defined as even-to-negative fluid balance measured on at least 2 consecutive days during the first 7 days after septic shock onset. Results The study cohort was made up of 212 patients with ALI complicating septic shock. Hospital mortality was statistically lowest for those achieving both AIFR and CLFM and higher for those achieving only CLFM, those achieving only AIFR, and those achieving neither (17 of 93 patients [18.3%] vs 13 of 31 patients [41.9%] vs 30 of 53 patients [56.6%] vs 27 of 35 [77.1%], respectively; p Conclusions Both early and late fluid management of septic shock complicated by ALI can influence patient outcomes.
The influence of electron beam irradiation of antimicrobial-coated LDPE/polyamide films on antimicrobial activity and film properties

Abstract We evaluated the effects of ionizing radiation (1–3 kGy) and incorporation of antimicrobials on the functional properties of low-density polyethylene (LDPE)/polyamide films. We established the antimicrobial effectiveness of several coatings of FDA-approved antimicrobial compounds including sorbic acid, carvacrol, trans-cinnamaldehyde, thymol and rosemary oleoresin using selected food pathogen surrogates. The antimicrobial coatings were applied to one side of the LDPE films and dried. Films were irradiated using a 10 MeV linear electron beam accelerator at room temperature. All films showed inhibition zones in an agar diffusion test against Listeria innocua ATCC 33090 and Escherichia coli ATCC 884. In the liquid culture test, the antimicrobials significantly ( p ⩽ 0.05 ) reduced the specific growth rate of L. innocua by 3.8–8.5%, and decreased final cell concentration of both strains by 5.7–14.6% and 7.2–16.8%, respectively. All active compounds retained the antimicrobial activity when exposed to 1–3 kGy. Neither the presence of active compound nor dose affected the film's tensile strength and toughness. Additionally, films became more ductile and had improved moisture barrier functionality. Film's oxygen permeability was not affected by either treatment. Results are an initial step toward the development of self-sterile active packaging materials for use in combination with irradiation treatment of foods.
Vinylogous amide analogs of methylphenidate

In an effort to produce compounds with longer durations of action, we attempted to synthesize ketone analogs of methylphenidate which, however, appear to be highly unstable due to a highly acidic proton alpha to the ketone and phenyl groups. Nevertheless, vinylogous amide by products have been synthesized and tested for activity at dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin transporters. The compounds were found to be weak inhibitors of monoamine reuptake despite rigid three dimensional structures that are quite similar to the global minimum of threo-(R,R)-methylphenidate. The structures were confirmed by X-ray crystallography.
The eternal laws of form: Morphotypes and the conditions of existence in Goethe's biological thought

In 1802 Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus announced the birth of a new scientific discipline. He called it “biology,” the science whose aim was to determine the conditions and laws under which the different forms of life exist and their causes. Treviranus was not alone in forging the outlines of the new science of life. He was in fact consciously synthesizing discussions that had been going on for at least a decade in Germany involving such persons as Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, Karl Friedrich Kielmeyer, Heinrich Friedrich Link, and the von Humboldt brothers (Lenoir, 1981). But one of the most distinguished co-workers in this enterprise was the man whose scientific work we are celebrating in this volume; namely, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.
WHALE REACTIONS TO HUMAN ACTIVITIES IN CAPE COD WATERS

A review of our whale observations of more than 25 years indicated that each of the species commonly observed within 35 km of Cape Cod reacted differently to stimuli from human activities, and that these responses have gradually changed with time. Over the years of exposure to ships, for example, minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) have changed from frequent positive interest to generally uninterested reactions, finback whales (B. physalus) have changed from mostly negative to uninterested reactions, right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) have apparently continued the same variety of responses with little change, and humpbacks (Megaptera novaeangliae) have dramatically changed from mixed responses that were often negative to often strongly positive reactions. These reactions appeared to result mostly from three types of stimuli: primarily underwater sound, then light reflectivity, and tactile sensation. The whale reactions were related to their assessment of the stimuli as attractive, uninteresting or disturbing, their assessment of the movements of the sources of the stimuli relative to their own positions, and their assessment of the occurrence of stimuli as expected or unexpected. Whale reactions were modified by their previous experience and current activity: habituation often occurred rapidly, attention to other stimuli or preoccupation with other activities sometimes overcame their interest or wariness of stimuli, and inactivity seemed to allow whales to notice and react to stimuli that otherwise might have been ignored. The changes over time in the reactions of whales to stimuli from human activities were gradual and constantly varying with increased exposure to these activities.
Effect of Infused Streptomycin in the Mammary Gland.

Summary(1) Streptomycin infused into the normal bovine mammary gland in amounts ranging from 100,000 to 500,000 units per quarter could be detected in milk samples as long as 48 hours following infusion. As determined by the assay procedure used, the concentration did not fall below 20 units / ml in any of the samples after a 24-hour interval. (2) The concentration per ml in the sample was found to vary with (1) the size of the dose (2) time interval between infusion and sampling and (3) milk production of individual quarters. (3) At no time was there sufficient streptomycin present in the blood to be detected by the assay procedure used. However, in both the cow and goat significant amounts were found in urine samples as long as 27 hours following infusion. (4) Under the conditions of these experiments streptomycin was found to be relatively non-toxic when infused into the normal bovine mammary gland.
The circulation and water masses in the Gulf of the Farallones

Abstract Six ADCP and CTD ship surveys of the continental shelf and slope in the vicinity of the Gulf of the Farallones, CA, were conducted in 1990–1992. ADCP data provide much more detail on the structure of the currents over the slope and shelf in the Gulf and reveal a persistent, largely barotropic poleward flow with a complex mesoscale flow field superimposed. The directly measured currents are not well represented by the geostrophic velocity fields derived from hydrographic casts. Important upper-ocean circulation features include: a Slope Countercurrent (SCC), variable shelf circulation, and submesoscale eddy-like features. The SCC was present in all seasons and is believed due to a strong year-round positive wind-stress curl enhanced by Point Reyes. Its flow was poleward throughout the upper 300 m, and often surface intensified. Poleward transport in the upper 400 m was 1–3 Sv, much greater than previous geostrophic estimates for the California Current System constrained to a 500 dbar reference level. The shelf circulation was much more variable than the SCC and generally exhibited a pattern consistent with classic Ekman dynamics, responding to synoptic wind forcing. Submesoscale vortices, or eddies, often dominated the general flow field. These eddies are thought to be generated by the frictional torque associated with current–topography interactions. Their centers typically have a distinct water type associated with either the SCC or the southward-flowing California Current. Higher spiciness anomalies, representing a higher percentage of Pacific Equatorial Water (PEW), were typically found in the core of the SCC or within anticyclonic eddies. Lower (bland) spiciness anomalies, characteristic of a higher percentage of Pacific Subarctic Water (PSAW), were associated with cyclonic eddies. While these circulation features were largely barotropic, the flow also adjusted baroclinically to changes in the density field, as different water types were advected by the general flow field or by mesoscale instabilities in the large-scale boundary currents as they interacted with topography. Despite a seasonal cycle in regional wind and ocean temperature time series, there is no obvious seasonal pattern in the circulation. Most of the temporal variability in the current appears to be due to synoptic and interannual variations in atmospheric forcing. Because of the very dynamic three-dimensional nature of the regional circulation, the Gulf of the Farallones is likely to be a center for active mixing and exchange between the coastal and California Current waters, relative to most US west coast locales.
Electron scattering at interfaces: A tight-binding approach

We examine, within the tight-binding approximation, the transmission and reflection coefficients at a bimetallic interface as a function of the interface atomic structure. This is a crucial issue in the study of electronic transport in multilayered systems in general, and the so-called giant magnetoresistance in magnetic multilayers in particular. We have investigated the effect of an additional thin layer of a different material at the interface (analogous to delta doping in semiconductors). We find that, depending on the electronic structure of the materials, the reflection coefficient may be either enhanced or suppressed, and that the presence of interface electronic states causes dramatic increases in the reflection coefficient.
A methodology for measuring size-dependent chemical composition of ultrafine particles

Ultrafine particulate matter (PM) consists of particles mostly emitted by combustion sources but also formed during gas-to-particle formation processes in the atmosphere. Various studies have shown these particles to be toxic. The very small mass of these particles has posed a great challenge in determining their size-dependent chemical composition using conventional aerosol sampling technologies. Implementing 2 technologies in series has made it possible to overcome these 2 problems. The first technology is the USC Ultrafine Concentrator, which concentrates ultrafine particles (i.e., 10-180 nm) by a factor of 20-22. Ultrafine particles are subsequently size fractionated and collected on suitable substrates using the NanoMOUDI, a recently developed cascade impactor that classifies particles in 5 size ranges from 10 to 180 nm. The entire system (concentrator + NanoMOUDI) was employed in the field at 2 different locations in the Los Angeles Basin in order to collect ultrafine particles in 3 consecutive 3 h ...
Role of cysteine in the production of Fc and F'c sub-components of gamma-G myeloma globulins.

RECENTLY, Osserman and Takatsuki1 have described a group of γG myeloma proteins the Fc fragment of which was completely destroyed by the action of papain. A similar protein (myeloma N) was independently examined in this laboratory. This protein was found to be susceptible to papain and trypsin2.
MEMS arrayed scanning probes for soft nanolithography

In the past several years, much progresses have been made in the area of scanning probe based, parallel soft nano lithography for patterning biomolecule directly with nano-meter resolution and high degree of registration accuracy. We report the development and demonstration of arrayed soft nanolithography probes for dip pen nanolithography (DPN), scanning probe contact printing (SPCP), and multifunctional scanning probe nanolithography. The probes have been used for high throughput direct write of thiol molecules.
IA-2 and IA-2β are major autoantigens in IDDM and the precursors of the 40 kDa and 37 kDa tryptic fragments

By subtraction strategy and polymerase chain reaction amplification, two novel cDNAs, designated IA-2 and IA-2 beta, were cloned, sequenced and expressed. Both are transmembrane proteins belonging to the protein tyrosine phosphatase family and are expressed in pancreatic islets. Serological studies revealed that a high percentage of patients with IDDM have autoantibodies to IA-2/IA-2 beta and that the presence of these autoantibodies in otherwise normal individuals is highly predictive in identifying those at risk of ultimately developing clinical diabetes. Moreover, many patients who are ICA positive, but who do not have Abs to GAD65, have Abs to IA-2/IA-2 beta. Enzymatic cleavage of IA-2/IA-2 beta and serological analysis showed that IA-2 is the precursor of the 40 kDa tryptic fragment and IA-2 beta is the precursor of the 37 kDa tryptic fragment, both previously shown to be autoantigens. It is concluded that IA-2/IA-2 beta are major autoantigens in IDDM and together with GAD65 are responsible for much of the reactivity of ICA with pancreatic islets. Tests for the detection of autoantibodies to recombinant IA-2/IA-2 beta and recombinant GAD65 are likely to replace the ICA immunofluorescence test for population screening.
Pulmonary nodule characterization: a comparison of conventional with quantitative and visual semi-quantitative analyses using contrast enhancement maps.

Purpose To determine whether conventional nodule densitometry or analysis based on contrast enhancement maps of indeterminate lung nodules imaged with contrast-enhanced CT can distinguish benign from malignant lung nodules.
Microfluidic flow-encoded switching for parallel control of dynamic cellular microenvironments

The temporal pattern of a biological stimulus is an important determinant of the resulting cellular response. We present a microfluidic parallel perfusion culture system for controlling the dynamics of soluble cell microenvironments while simultaneously performing live-cell imaging of cellular responses. A “Flow-encoded Switching” (FES) design strategy is developed to simultaneously deliver many different temporal profiles of stimuli, including pulse train widths, lengths, and frequencies, to downstream adherent cells using a single input control. The design strategy uses principles of laminar flow and diffusion-limited mixing to encode the state of the network (the instantaneous stimulus concentrations in each channel) into the ratio of two flow rates, which is controlled by a single differential pressure. To demonstrate the utility of this experimental system, we investigated the effect of dynamic stimuli on NFκB transcriptional activation and cell fate determination. Our results illustrate that transcriptional responses and cell fate decisions depend both quantitatively and qualitatively on the timing of the stimulus. In summary, by encoding dynamic stimuli in a single input pressure, microfluidic flow-encoded switching offers a scalable experimental method for systematically probing the functional significance of temporally patterned cellular environments.
Complete denture prosthodontics—1998

lh ere is a great need for prosthodontic care in the United States at this time, and this need is expected to increase during the next 25 years. It was estimated that, in 1962, there were 111 million adults between the ages of 18 to 79 years. Of this group, 20 million (18 per cent) were completely edentulous. An additional 8.9 million (8 per cent) were edentulous in one jaw.l The general population continues to increase and so does the patient-dentist ratio. There were 150 million persons in the United States in 1953, increasing to 198 million in 1967 (an increase of 24.5 per cent). The dentist-patient ratio was 50:100,000 in 1950 and 46:100,000 in 1967.’ The need for dental care increases while the dentist-patient ratio decreases. Increasing dental school enrollment will make only minor impact on this need for care. Improvement of the quality of life for the American people has been a primary concern of national and local governments. Protecting and improving health standards by providing easy access to care are important to life quality.” The problem of how to train capable specialists to provide this care is the purpose of this conference. Other problems, such as how they can function most productively and where they are needed, must also be answered. In order to provide care for the great numbers of partially or completely edentulous patients, more effective and efficient methods must be developed. The delivery of treatment must be accomplished in a manner that is acceptable to the public and the dental profession. This cannot be done by ignoring the sensitivity to patient needs which is essential for successful denture service. Patients who have undergone the trauma of tooth loss cannot be treated with only technical procedures. In our quest for efficiency and minimal cost, the person being rehabilitated cannot be ignored. Each of these patients will bring with him a frame of reference based on previous experiences, as well as a physical makeup which is unique to him. The success of therapy will depend on the ability of the prosthodontist to provide technical excellence in this context of existing factors. Restorative treatment of these large groups of patients is the challenge of dentistry. ’ Because of the special problems and
Meander of a fin trailing vortex and the origin of its turbulence

The low-frequency meander of a trailing vortex shed from a tapered fin installed on a wind tunnel wall has been studied using stereoscopic particle image velocimetry in the near-wake at Mach 0.8. Distributions of the instantaneous vortex position reveal that the meander amplitude increases with downstream distance and decreases with vortex strength, indicating meander is induced external to the vortex. Trends with downstream distance suggest meander begins on the fin surface, prior to vortex shedding. Mean vortex properties are unaltered when considered in the meandering reference frame, apparently because turbulent fluctuations in the vortex shape and strength dominate positional variations. Conversely, a large peak of artificial turbulent kinetic energy is found centered in the vortex core, which almost entirely disappears when corrected for meander, though some turbulence remains near the core radius. Turbulence originating at the wind tunnel wall was shown to contribute to vortex meander by energizing the incoming boundary layer using low-profile vortex generators and observing a substantial increase in the meander amplitude, while greater turbulent kinetic energy penetrates the vortex core. An explanatory mechanism has been hypothesized, in which the vortex initially forms at the apex of the swept leading edge of the fin where it is exposed to turbulent fluctuations within the wind tunnel wall boundary layer, introducing an instability into the incipient vortex core.
A Mean Value Analysis Multiprocessor Model Incorporating Superscalar Processors and Latency Tolerating Techniques

Several approximate Mean Value Analysis (MVA) shared memory multiprocessor models have been developed and used to evaluate a number of system architectures. In recent years, the use of superscalar processors, multilevel cache hierarchies, and latency tolerating techniques has significantly increased the complexity of multiprocessor system modeling. We present an analytical performance model which extends previous multiprocessor MVA models by incorporating these new features and in addition, increases the level of modeling detail to improve flexibility and accuracy. The extensions required to analyze the impact of these new features are described in detail. We then use the model to demonstrate some of the tradeoffs involved in designing modern multiprocessors, including the impact of highly superscalar architectures on the scalability of multiprocessor systems.
Medium-term comparison of continence rates after rectus fascia or midurethral sling placement.

Objective The purpose of this study was to compare continence rates after placement of rectus fascia or midurethral slings. Study Design We performed a retrospective cohort study of 242 women who underwent rectus fascia (n = 79) or midurethral (n = 163) sling procedures to treat urinary incontinence. Outcome was based on responses to validated questionnaires and need for interim treatment for incontinence. Survival free of incontinence was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Associations between patient factors and survival free of incontinence were evaluated by fitting Cox proportional hazards models. Results Women with rectus fascia slings were more likely to report any leakage of urine ( P = .04) and were 13 times more likely to require urethrolysis ( P P = .01). Conclusion Midurethral slings appear to be more effective than rectus fascia slings and are less likely to cause postoperative voiding complications.
The prevention of extra cardiac conduit obstruction: An experimental study

Abstract Acquired right ventricular (RV) extracardiac conduit (ECC) obstruction was studied in an animal model. A 16 mm woven Dacron tube graft was inserted between the right ventricle (RV) and main pulmonary artery (PA) in 18 adult mongrel dogs followed by pulmonary artery occlusion with a Dacron tape. In 9 dogs, the RV anastomosis was maintained with a 16 mm Dacron covered polypropylene stent. The remaining 9 animals with direct suture attachment of the graft to the myocardium served as controls. Cardiac output and transconduit resistance were measured at operation, 6 months, and 1 year. The cardiac output remained the same in both groups. Animals with stented ECC showed little change in transconduit resistance and had a widely patent RV anastomosis at 1 year. Unstented conduits had increased transconduit resistance at 6 months and 1 year (P
Adsorption of chlorine on Si(100)

Abstract The adsorption of Cl2 on Si(100) has been examined by temperature-programmed desorption and low-energy electron diffraction. The results reconcile disagreement in the literature about whether SiCl2 or SiCl4 desorbs at 950 K from Si surfaces in response to Cl-containing gases. Either product can be obtained, depending on the history of the ultra-high vacuum chamber. SiCl4 desorption is a spurious effect that arises from the presence of gaseous FeCl3, which forms in the chamber after large Cl2 exposures. SiCl2 is the true product, desorbing by second-order kinetics with an activation energy of 73 ∓ 4 kcal/mol and a pre-exponential factor n0v0 = 4×1016∓1 s-1. For large Cl2 exposures, the surface is etched through SiCl4 desorption at 500 K, and at 115 and 150 K in the presence of Cl2 multilayers.