cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Web Analytics Reveal User Behavior: TTU Libraries’ Experience with Google Analytics

Proper planning and assessment surveys of projects for academic library Web sites will not always be predictive of real world use, no matter how many responses they might receive. In this case, multiple-phase development, librarian focus groups, and patron surveys performed before implementation of such a project inaccurately overrated utility and positive impact. The Web Site Support Team of Texas Tech University Libraries conducted post-assessment usage of a locally developed reference tool using Google Analytics, which revealed a significant disparity between expectations and results. Web analytics tools, while not able to predict users’ needs, are adept at describing users’ behavior. This user-provided evidence is invaluable for informing the decisions that academic libraries make about their Web sites. While the initial incarnation of the reference tool failed to provide the intended service, Web analytics allowed the team to refine, modify, and integrate elements of the tool into other areas of the ...
Stability of a Consensus Protocol for Second Order Agents With Multiple Time Delays

In this study we consider the consensus problem for a group of second order agents interacting under a fixed, undirected communication topology. Communication lines are affected by two rationally independent delays. The first delay is assumed to be in the position information channels whereas the second one is in the velocity information exchange. The delays are assumed to be uniform throughout the entire network. We first reduce the complexity of the problem, by performing a state transformation that allows the decomposition of the characteristic equation of the system into a set of second order factors. The stability of the resulting subsystems is analyzed exactly and exhaustively in the domain of the time delays using the Cluster Treatment of Characteristic Roots (CTCR) paradigm. CTCR is a recent method which declares the stability features of the system for any composition of the time delays. Example cases are provided to verify the analytical conclusions.© 2011 ASME
Jet Aeroacoustic Research at NASA (Keynote Paper)

An overview of NASA’s jet aeroacoustic research is provided here along with a description of NASA’s current and recent focused aircraft acoustic programs. These programs are designed to advance jet noise reduction technology through a balanced investigation of jet noise reduction concepts, understanding the fundamentals of jet flows and turbulence, and developing physics-based tools that predict jet flowfields and associated noise. Jet noise goals for these programs are highlighted with examples of key jet noise technologies.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
The crystal structure of NH4MnFeF6: Re-refinement in a higher symmetry space group

Abstract The crystal structure of NH 4 MnFeF 6 , which was originally described in space group Pb2n , can be better described in Pbcn . Refinement in Pbcn has led to an improved R of 0.018, smaller standard deviations, and a more regular structure. One of the two structurally independent ammonium groups appears to be ordered, the other disordered.
Cloning and Expression of Human Carboxypeptidase Z, a Novel Metallocarboxypeptidase *

A novel cDNA, designated carboxypeptidase Z (CPZ), was identified based on its homology to known metallocarboxypeptidases. Northern blot analysis shows bands of 2.1 and/or 2.6 kilobases in all tissues examined. The major form of CPZ mRNA in human salivary gland encodes a protein with an open reading frame of 641 amino acids. In addition, three variants were found that presumably arise due to alternative intron splicing. The 641-amino acid protein contains an 18-residue signal peptide-like sequence, a 120-residue region that shows 23–29% amino acid identity with a Cys-rich domain found in frizzled proteins and in type XVIII collagen, and then a 390-residue carboxypeptidase domain with 49% amino acid identity to carboxypeptidases E and N. The 641-amino acid form of CPZ expressed in the baculovirus system cleaves 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl (dansyl)-Phe-Ala-Arg, although the level of enzyme activity was approximately 10-fold lower than either carboxypeptidase E or D expressed using the same viral system. The CPZ activity is more active at neutral pH than at pH 5.5 and is inhibited by active site-directed inhibitors of metallocarboxypeptidases. In summary, CPZ is a novel metallocarboxypeptidase that is active toward substrates with C-terminal basic amino acids.
Adherence to Principles of Motivational Interviewing and Client Within-Session Behavior

The purpose of this study was to examine whether counselor adherence to Motivational Interviewing (MI) principles was associated with more productive within-session client behavior in a smoking cessation trial for African American smokers. For these analyses 89 baseline counseling sessions of the trial were audiotaped and coded using the Motivational Interviewing Skill Code (MISC). Counselor adherence indicators included a global subjective rating of MI adherence and the frequency of MI-consistent and MI-inconsistent counselor behaviors described in the MISC. Indicators of productive client behaviors included global subjective ratings of within-session client functioning and counselor-client interaction, as well as the frequency of statements by the client favorable toward changing behavior (“change talk”) and resistant regarding changing behavior (“resist-change talk”). Results provided support for the principles of MI. Counselor adherence indexed by both the global subjective rating and MI-consistent behavior frequency was significantly positively associated with global ratings of within-session client functioning and counselor-client interaction, as well as more change talk.
Mechanic Accents: Dime Novels and Working Class Culture in America

Mechanic Accents is a widely acclaimed study of American popular fiction and working-class culture. Combining Marxist literary theory with American labor history, Michael Denning explores what happened when, in the nineteenth century, working people began to read cheap novels and the ""fiction question"" became a class question. In a new afterword, Denning locates his study within the context of current debates on class and cultural studies.
Scaling effects and dynamic characteristics of miniature rotorcraft

The dynamic characteristics of miniature rotorcraft, starting from a parameterized linear model developed for the identification of a Yamaha R-50 helicopter (3.04-m rotor diameter), and later applied to a smaller, more agile X-Cell .60 helicopter (1.52-m rotor diameter), are described. From this model, key flying qualities metrics are extracted and related to physical parameters. Based on these metrics, the identified data, and fundamental Froude and Mach scaling hypotheses, the effects of rotorcraft size on flying qualities and performance characteristics are analyzed and scaling trends inferred. These results are used to highlight the mechanical features and flight characteristics that are typical of small-scale rotorcraft, as well as to provide basic design guidelines for this class of vehicles.
VAGINAL DELIVERY AND BREECH PRESENTATION, RATHER THAN LABOR, IMPLICATED IN INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGE (ICH) IN ⩽1500 NEONATES: A PRELIMINARY REPORT

Thirty-two1500g consecutive infants were studied with head ultrasonograms at 1 hr of age and every 8 hrs for 3 days. The results are as follows: vaginal vertex 7/16; (# of cases with ICH total # of cases); breech 4/5; C/S in labor vertex 0/3; breech or transverse lie 2/3; C/S not in labor vertex 0/4, breech 1/1 (90% abruptio); vaginal in labor<10 hrs 5/8; in labor10 hrs 6/13; C/S in labor <10 hrs 0/4; in labor 10 hrs 2/2. No significant difference was found between ICH and no ICH groups for Apgar <7 at 1 and 5 min., temperature 97°F, pH <7.2, respirator use prior to ICH, pneumothorax, high PCO2, exchange transfusion, bicarbonate, indomethacin, RBC/WBC # in CSF. Blood pressure changes rather than high or low values were associated with ICH. There was also no difference in the ICH grade distribution between modes of delivery. Seven of 14 ICH were diagnosed in the first hour of life and 13/14 within the first 24 hours. Thus prenatal rather than postnatal events seem to be implicated in the occurrence of ICH in 1500g neonates. Moreover the study suggests that vaginal and/or breech deliveries set the "to be born" at risk for ICH. All 3 patients born by C/S with ICH were breech. The other C/S cases in labor did not have ICH. Hence, breech rather than labor seems to be implicated. We speculate that ICH occurs during the head passage through the birth canal. We have no explanation for the breech born by C/S with ICH.
The stabilizing effects of hydrophobic cores on peptide folding of bovine‐pancreatic‐trypsin‐inhibitor folding‐intermediate model

A synthetic peptide model composed of α-helical and β-sheet portions (PαPβ) is a crucial folding intermediate in the folding of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI), which contains 30 amino acid residues, and provides a good model for studying the folding structure. Using this model the roles of hydrophobic cores, such as non-polar amino acids and a short β strand, in the folding structure stability were investigated by deleting the hydrophobic amino acids or substituting with Ala. As a first step, a mutant peptide, Pα6Pβ1, was made by removing the four residues (NNFK46) from the N-terminus of Pα which make a short β strand in native BPTI, and each of the hydrophobic cores, Phe45 of Pα and Tyr21 of Pβ, were substituted by Ala. Without the short β strand the peptide still folds in spite of its low solubility, suggesting that a simple α helix and central antiparallel β sheet contain sufficient information to direct the folding of this region of molecule. The peptide without Tyr21 was much more unstable than Pα6Pβ1, such that most of the folding structure collapsed even at 0°C, whereas without Phe45 the structure was more stable than Pα6Pβ1. This indicates that the hydrophobic interactions of Tyr21 in Pβ are more important in BPTI folding.
Practical Issues in Structural Modeling

Practical problems that are frequently encountered in applications of covariance structure analysis are discussed and solutions are suggested. Conceptual, statistical, and practical requirements fo...
Net community production and dark community respiration in a Karenia brevis (Davis) bloom in West Florida coastal waters, USA

Oxygen-based productivity and respiration rates were determined in West Florida coastal waters to evaluate the proportion of community respiration demands met by autotrophic production within a harmful algal bloom dominated by Karenia brevis. The field program was adaptive in that sampling during the 2006 bloom occurred where surveys by the Florida Wildlife Research Institute indicated locations with high cell abundances. Net community production (NCP) rates from light-dark bottle incubations during the bloom ranged from 10 to 42 µmole O2 L-1 day-1 with highest rates in bloom waters where abundances exceeded 105 cells L-1. Community dark respiration (R) rates in dark bottles ranged from R) over 24 h, although heterotrophy (NCP < R) characterized the densest sample where K. brevis cell densities exceed 106 cells L-1.
A cost oriented algorithm for data set allocation in storage hierarchies

Data set allocation in today's multilevel storage systems is usually based on qualitative, ad hoc decisions. While it would be desirable to obtain an optimal solution to this allocation problem, it is clear that the number of parameters involved makes it intractable to straight-forward solution. In such a situation, we must find a set of assumptions which simplify the problem greatly, but which still provide a basis for considering all significant cost elements. This paper presents such a first, quantitative allocation step. It considers many of the significant detailed costs of system utilization, data storage, data staging, and data migration. Although many avenues of further improvement are available, the present algorithm seems to be usefully accurate. As such, it can aid in quantifying the problems of data set allocation, storage system configuration, and new device designs.
Tribological experience with hard coats on soft metallic substrates

Abstract TiN films were deposited on an aluminum alloy substrate by magnetron reactive sputtering. Tribological evaluations conducted show the feasibility of wear control with the deposition of hard films on soft substrates.
Identification of 5-desmethylubiquinone-9 as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of ubiquinone-9 by rat liver mitochondria

Abstract Radioactive 5-desmethylubiquinone-9 has been isolated from mitochondria synthesizing ubiquinone-9- 14 C from p-hydroxybenzoate-U- 14 C. By mass spectrometry, the natural 5-desmethylubiquinone-9 has been shown to be identical with that chemically synthesized from fumigatol and solanesol. Synthetic 5-desmethylubiquinone-9- 3 H can be methylated to ubiquinone-9- 3 H by S-adenosyl-L-methionine in submitochondrial particles.
Evidence of a hidden-order pseudogap state in URu 2 Si 2 using ultrafast optical spectroscopy

Ultrafast optical spectroscopy was utilized to investigate carrier dynamics in the heavy-fermion compound URu${}_{2}$Si${}_{2}$ from 5 to 300 K. The amplitude and decay time of the photoinduced reflectivity increase in the vicinity of the coherence temperature ${T}^{*}\ensuremath{\sim}57$ K, consistent with the presence of a hybridization gap. At 25 K, a crossover regime manifests as a new feature in the carrier dynamics saturating below the hidden-order transition temperature of 17.5 K. This is indicative of a psuedogap region (17.5 K $l$ $T$ $l$ 25 K) separating the normal Kondo-lattice state from the hidden-order phase. Rothwarf-Taylor modeling of the data yields values of $\ensuremath{\sim}$10 meV (5 meV) for the hybridization gap (hidden-order gap).
Diazepam and methadone interactions in methadone maintenance

Survey study data and high rates of diazepam use/abuse in methadone maintenance suggest that acute administration of diazepam with daily methadone doses may enhance methadone effects. Acute subjective and physiologic effects of single oral doses of placebo, diazepam (20 and 40 mg), methadone (100%, 150%, and 200% of the maintenance dose), and four diazepam-methadone dose combinations (20 and 40 mg diazepam in combination with 100% and 150% of the maintenance dose) were assessed under double-blind conditions. The subjects were five adult male patients on methadone maintenance with histories of diazepam abuse who were receiving 50 to 60 mg methadone a day. Physiologic measures were continuously monitored for 30 min before and for 2 hr after dosing. Pupil diameter and subjective responses were measured 15 min before dosing and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min after dosing. Methadone induced dose-dependent increases in pupil constriction and scores on a subjective opioid effects rating scale, but diazepam had no significant effect on either. The combination of methadone at 150% of the maintenance dose with 40 mg diazepam induced increases in these measures greater than those induced by either drug dose alone. Drug combinations, however, were more frequently identified as being benzodiazepine/barbiturate-like than as methadone-like. Thus although the subjective effects of the drug combination are distinguishable from those of methadone alone, diazepam with methadone in methadone maintenance appears to increase some physiologic and subjective opioid effects that may be related to the relatively great use/abuse of diazepam in this population.
Factors Influencing Women's Participation in Consciousness‐Raising Groups

The results of a nationwide survey point out both commonality and diversity in the experiences of women in consciousness-raising (CR) groups. Women commonly joined CR groups through women's organizations, and their most important reason for entering CR was to examine women's roles and experiences. Most groups encouraged self-disclosure and openness and discouraged domineering and lack of commitment. The backgrounds and personal characteristics of CR participants were diverse. Housewives, women with children, and women with higher levels of symptoms more strongly valued psychological help as a reason for joining CR; in contrast, working women and students, women without children, and women with fewer symptoms more strongly endorsed strengthening their feminism. Women's reasons for joining in turn predicted which CR experiences they valued. Nearly all women were highly satisfied with CR. Satisfaction with CR was not related to members' personal characteristics, but rather to the processes occurring in their groups.
Group Work Can Be Gratifying: Understanding & Overcoming Resistance to Cooperative Learning

Despite decades of successful implementation at the K–12 level, cooperative learning (CL) has been slow to catch on at the college level. Resistance by instructors and students alike has slowed its diffusion. Some resistance stems from poor experiences with CL, but potential adopters often fail to realize that effective CL rests on a set of principles that are not intuitively obvious. Drawing on research on group processes and CL, we discuss what instructors need to do to implement CL successfully. We focus on a three-stage model of group formation and development, the components of successful group processes, how these components respond to typical students' complaints, instructors' roles in group operations and processes, and how these roles can best be carried out.
The peptidyl-prolyl isomerase Pin1 regulates the stability of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor mRNA in activated eosinophils

The peptidyl-prolyl isomerase Pin1 regulates the stability of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor mRNA in activated eosinophils
Detrending Time Series A Cautionary Note

Trends in time series may produce spurious covariation among variables. Although it is clearly necessary to model such sources of covariation, it is equally necessary to model those processes correctly. This article considers two types of processes that produce trends in time series. Trend stationary processes produce a constant rate of change in the level of a variable. Difference stationary processes produce a random rate of change in the level of a variable. Methods to detrend time series presuppose one or the other of these two basic processes. Tests to distinguish trend stationary from difference stationary processes are described and illustrated. It is shown that choice of method makes a difference and that the consequences of incorrectly detrending time series may be severe.
Being and Doing in the Concept of God

In this essay I use the notion of divine values, those values analytically assigned to the concept of God, as a means of understanding replies to criticisms of open theism. I begin by orienting open theism according to the divine values open theist’s embrace within the larger context of relational theology. I then present three criticisms, a theological criticism, a practical criticism and a philosophical criticism and an open theist reply to each. Finally, I attempt to show the underlying motivation which unifies the open theist’s responses and points out where progress can be made in such discussions. This paper was delivered during the APA Pacific 2007 Mini-Conference on Models of God.
Light-absorbing components in the Great Lakes

Abstract Features of light absorption are critical in regulating the optical signal available for remote sensing. The magnitudes, spectral characteristics, spatial patterns, and, to a lesser extent, dynamics of light-absorbing components are documented for the Laurentian Great Lakes. This includes the open waters of each of the five lakes, and selected rivers, embayments and near-shore areas. The absorption coefficient, a (m − 1 ), is partitioned according to the additive components ( a x ) of colored dissolved organic matter ( a CDOM ), non-algal particles ( a NAP ), phytoplankton ( a φ ), and water itself ( a w ; known). Dependencies of a x on various metrics of optically active constituents (OACs), cross-sections, are evaluated. A wide range of magnitudes of a x and a , and contributions of a x to a are documented. For example, the magnitude of a at a wavelength of 440 nm was nearly 10-fold greater in the western basin of Lake Erie than in the open waters of Lake Huron. Rivers, embayments, and near-shore areas generally had higher levels than the open waters. The largest a x throughout the system was a CDOM , originating mostly from terrestrial sources. Most of a NAP was associated with clay mineral particles. The distribution of a φ was highly correlated to chlorophyll concentration. The collected data set is appropriate to support initiatives to develop and preliminarily test mechanistic retrieval algorithms for OACs in the Great Lakes.
Serum metal levels after minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum.

Abstract Background Metal implants may wear and corrode, resulting in systemic dissemination of metallic debris that is measurable in serum. Concern exists regarding adverse health effects related to implant-derived debris. Minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum (MIRPE) is a popular technique in which a stainless steel substernal bar is implanted to achieve deformity correction. Serum metal levels have not previously been investigated after MIRPE. Methods Serum chromium, molybdenum, and nickel levels were measured in this cross-sectional study of 11 children implanted with pectus bars after MIRPE. Samples were analyzed using high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Results Median serum chromium and nickel values were elevated 3.3-fold (P = .0003) and 2.3-fold (P = .25), respectively, compared with age-matched controls. Serum chromium and nickel levels were abnormally elevated in 6 (55%) of 11 and 5 (45%) of 11, respectively. In patients whom postexplantation metal levels were measured, previously elevated levels were lowered. Serum chromium levels in children after MIRPE are comparable with adult cohorts with hip arthroplasty implants measured 1-year postoperatively. No acute metal toxicity was observed. Conclusions Abnormally elevated levels of serum metal levels are measurable in children implanted with pectus bars. These findings warrant further investigation to assess the biocompatibility of this surgical implant in children.
Acoustic Emission Characterization of Corrosion Reactions in Aluminum Alloys

Abstract A description of characteristic acoustic emission (AE) generated in aluminum alloys exposed to various corrosive environments is presented. Several different microacoustic corrosion processes are considered, including hydrogen bubble evolution, general corrosion, pitting, crevice corrosion, and stress corrosion cracking. Broadband detection and digital recording of AE are used to provide information on AE frequency and waveform characteristics, which are then related to active corrosion reactions to provide AE source mechanisms. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies performed on corroded specimens are used to further identify AE source mechanisms.
HYPERFEMININITY AND INFLUENCE

Murnen and Byrne (1991) have defined hyperfemininity as an exaggerated adherence to a feminine gender role as it relates to heterosexual relationships. Hyperfeminine women believe their success is ...
Accurate Interatomic Potentials for Ni, Al and Ni3Al

To obtain meaningful results from atomistic simulations of materials, the interatomic potentials must be capable of reproducing the thermodynamic properties of the system of interest. Pairwise potentials have known deficiencies that make them unsuitable for quantitative investigations of defective regions such as crack tips and free surfaces. Daw and Baskes [Phys. Rev. B 29, 6443 (1984)] have shown that including a local “volume” term for each atom gives the necessary many-body character without the severe computational dependence of explicit n-body potential terms. Using a similar approach, we have fit an interatomic potential to the Ni3Al alloy system. This potential can treat diatomic Ni2, diatomic Al2, fcc Ni, fcc Al and L12 Ni3Al on an equal footing. Details of the fitting procedure are presented, along with the calculation of some properties not included in the fit.
Effects of Sex, Breed, Dietary Energy Level, Energy Source, and Calorie:Protein Ratio on Performance and Energy Utilization by Broiler Chicks

Abstract Two experiments were conducted with a total of 900 1 to 3-week old chicks fed semi-purified, low-energy diets. Based on differences in rate of gain, body fat content, and energy retention observed in Experiment 1, chicks utilized energy from carbohydrate (dextrose) an average of 13% more efficiently than energy from fat (corn oil). Furthermore, the data suggested that males were more adversely affected than females by substituting fat for carbohydrate. Differences in body fat content were not correlated with total energy consumption adjusted for rate of gain but appeared to be a direct result of differences in efficiency of energy retention. In Experiment 2, it was found that the heavy-type broiler (Hubbard) was 15% more efficient at retaining ingested energy than the light-type broiler (New Hampshire). Also, body fat content of males increased as dietary energy level increased. This occurred when dietary crude protein increased in direct proportion with dietary energy (constant calorie:protein ratio) and when dietary energy level was increased in isonitrogenous diets (variable calorie:protein ratio). Body fat content of females, however, was unaffected when dietary energy concentration was varied in diets in which the calorie:protein ratio was maintained constant, but it did increase with increasing dietary energy levels in isonitrogenous diets. This sex difference was more pronounced in the heavy breed.
Interactive Distance Learning in Teacher Education

V a r i o u s d i s t ance l ea rn ing a p p r o a c h e s have been successful in meet ing the educat ional needs of teachers . Distance learning provides opportuni t ies for on-going professional growth for those teachers who would otherwise be unab le to a t tend classes because of travel and time const ra ints . Success of a dis tance learning course depends on providing meaningful and motivat ional learning experiences for teachers in the campus s tudio as well as for teachers at remote sites. This article focuses on dis tance learning courses I t each at the Universi ty of Sou th Florida, Lakeland Campus . Distance learning, as described in this article, is providing live t r ansmiss ion of ins t ruc t ion to teachers at geographically dispersed sites while s imul taneous ly conduct ing the course with teachers in a c a m p u s s tudio classroom. Ins t ruc t ion is t ransmit ted to each site via one-way video, so t ha t the teachers see the instructor, alt hough the ins t ruc tor is unable to view teachers at the sites. Telephones provide on-going two-way audio communica t ion between the instructor, t eachers in the s tudio, and teachers at the sites. Teachers meet for three hours one night a week at central ly located sites for a th ree -hour semes te r course. During the semester, procDr Wynn is assistant professor of education at the University of South Florida, Lakeland.
Relation of days after flowering to chemical composition and physiological maturity of sunflower seed

Hybrid sunflower seed (achene) were collected from plants at 7-day intervals after the initiation of flowering which occurred 58 days after planting. The seed were analyzed for moisture, total oil, free fatty acids, lipid classes, and fatty acid composition. Seed dry weight, oil and triglyceride contents were maximum 35 days after the initiation of flowering (DAF) when the seed moisture content was about 36%. This point was defined as “physiological maturity” for sunflowers. The fatty acid composition of the oil extracted from the seed was determined at each stage of maturity. Total saturated fatty acids were 27% at 7 DAF and then decreased to a constant 9% by 35 DAF. At 7 DAF, linolenic acid content was 10.7% then decreased to less than 0.1% by 28 DAF. Oleic acid was about 12% at 7 DAF, increased to 59.6% at 14 DAF, and then gradually decreased to 31.4% by 56 DAF. On the other hand, linoleic acid was about 48% at 7 DAF, decreased to 23% by 14 DAF, but then gradually increased to 59.2% by 56 DAF. An analysis of variance of linoleic and oleic acid contents from 21 DAF to 70 DAF showed a highly significant change in composition with maturation time. The changes in the composition of these fatty acids from 21 DAF to 70 DAF appeared to be related to the environmental temperature which gradually decreased until 56 DAF. Increase in free fatty acids after physiological maturity indicated that deterioration of seed oil was beginning to occur.
Health and Treatment Implications of Food Insufficiency among People Living with HIV/AIDS, Atlanta, Georgia

HIV/AIDS is concentrated among the inner-city poor and poverty may directly interfere with HIV treatment. This study examined food insufficiency in relation to HIV-related health and treatment. A sample of 344 men and women living with HIV/AIDS in Atlanta, Georgia completed measures of food security, health, and HIV disease progression and treatment. HIV treatment adherence was monitored using unannounced pill counts. Results showed that half of people living with HIV/AIDS in this study lacked sufficient food, and food insufficiency was associated with multiple indicators of poor health, including higher HIV viral loads, lower CD4 cell counts, and poorer treatment adherence. Adjusted analyses showed that food insufficiency predicted HIV treatment non-adherence over and above years of education, employment status, income, housing, depression, social support, and non-alcohol substance use. Hunger and food insecurity are prevalent among people living with HIV/AIDS, and food insufficiency is closely related to multiple HIV-related health indicators, particularly medication adherence. Interventions that provide consistent and sustained meals to people living with HIV/AIDS are urgently needed.
Baryosynthesis and the origin of galaxies

In the gravitational instability theory, the present structure in the Universe is envisaged to have evolved from small initial inhomogeneities which are of two generic types: isothermal and adiabatic. It has been shown that in the grand unified theory (GUT) for baryosynthesis primordial isothermal perturbations are incompatible with the standard Friedman–Robertson–Walker (FRW) universe. Here we discuss four non-standard models in which the two are compatible. Of these models two prove to be viable: (1) a universe which is initially dominated by large-scale inhomogeneous shear and (2) a universe which undergoes a de Sitter phase during the GUT phase transition. We also show how to deduce new constraints on chaotic behaviour near the cosmological singularity.
Social change in the polish national movement in Prussia before World War I

In the eighteenth century, prior to the partitioning of the Polish Commonwealth by its neighbors, the Polish szlachta or gentry constituted the Polish “nation.” Then, of course, the term did not have an ethnic connotation but rather a political one: the gentry alone had all the rights that came with full citizenship in the Polish state. The existence of such a privileged ruling class or estate was not uncommon in Europe. The szlachta, however, differed in two important respects from the gentry of most other European states. First of all, the Polish gentry included an unusually large portion of the total population: 9–10 per cent (25 per cent of the Polish-speaking population). Secondly, in theory all members of the szlachta had equal political rights whether they were magnates or completely landless. Consequently, when in the nineteenth century economic forces gradually transformed Polish society from a feudal social structure into a more modern one, individuals of gentry origin acted as a leaven bringing their consciousness of membership in the nation to the new classes of society that they joined. Some of the szlachta, influenced by the Enlightenment and the “Democratic Revolution” as well as by the obvious need for internal reform, sought to broaden the concept of the nation to include the other social classes even before Poland lost its independence. They, however, still conceived of the nation in terms of citizenship in the state. It is therefore ironic that this social broadening of the concept of the Polish nation actually occurred in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries when the Polish state did not exist.
Retro-[3 + 2]-cycloaddition reactions in the decomposition of five-membered nitrogen-containing heterocycles.

Nitrogen-containing heterocycles form the basis for a new generation of high-energy density materials, and they serve as model compounds for nitrogen-containing fuels, such as coal and biomass, and they form the backbone of ionic liquids. A novel retro-[3 + 2]-cycloaddition to a three-membered diene and a two-membered dienophile, analogous to a retro-Diels−Alder reaction, may constitute an important initial reaction step in the thermal decomposition of these heterocyclic compounds. We investigate the kinetics and thermodynamics of these reactions for the heterocycles pyrrole, pyrazole, imidazole, 1,2,3-triazole, 1,2,4-triazole, 1,2,5-triazole, 1,3,4,-triazole, 1H-tetrazole, and 2H-tetrazole, using theoretical computational chemistry. The retro-cycloadditions are shown to form one of the three-membered products: hydrazoic acid (NHNN), nitrilimine (NHNCH), carbodiimide (NHCNH), or ketenimine (NHCCH2) plus one of the two-membered products acetylene, hydrogen cyanide, or N2. Accurate enthalpies of formation ...
Prediction of potato yield using temperature and insolation data

A linear polynomial model is presented $$Y = \beta _0 + \beta _1 X_1 + \beta _2 X_2 + \beta _3 X_3 + \xi $$ where Y = plant yield of tubers > 1 cm diameter, X1 = revised growing degree days $$\begin{gathered} RGDD = \frac{{max temp \left( { \leqslant 30^ \circ C} \right) + \min temp \left( { \geqslant 4.4^ \circ C} \right)}}{2} - 4.4^ \circ C \hfill \\ - \frac{{min temp \left( { > 4.4^ \circ C} \right) - 4.4^ \circ C}}{2} \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ X2 = total insolation in cal cm-2 at 350 to 1150 nm and X3 = mean daily air temperature range in °C. The β0 and ξ, (Y intercept and error term) and β1, β2 and β3 coefficients are derived from fitting the experimental data. The model was developed by growing ‘Kennebec’ in large containers at sites ranging from 1533 m to 3198 m elevation under shaded (48% insolation reduction) and unshaded conditions at 39° to 41° N latitude. Mean maximum and minimum temperatures and insolation ranged from 29°C to 19°C, 14°C to 6°C, and 200 cal cm−2 day−1 to 530 cal cm2 day−1 respectively. Soil matric potential and soil fertility were not included as variables in the model since they were physically controlled. The model does not include the period from planting to emergence since environment was not permitted to vary differentially. A highly significant multiple linear model with a coefficient of determination of 0.93 was obtained. It is suggested that including the revision $$ - \frac{{min temp \left( { > 4.4^ \circ C} \right) - 4.4^ \circ C}}{2}$$ in the heat input estimation (GDD) as well as air temperature range, emphasizes the influence of respiration on productivity. The model should be tested further and adapted as a practical method for predicting potato yield under “grower” conditions.
A promoter whose utilization is temporally regulated during sporulation in Bacillus subtilis

Abstract The formation of endospores in the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis proceeds according to a temporally ordered program of gene activation. To investigate timing mechanisms in sporulation gene expression, we have isolated and sequenced the promoter region for a B. subtilis gene known as 0.3 kb whose transcription is switched on at about stage III of development. The 5′ terminus of the 0.3 kb mRNA was mapped by the S1 nuclease procedure to a position just upstream from its apparent ribosome binding site and initiation codon and just downstream from the transcription termination site for an adjacent gene. This information enabled us to construct a transcriptional fusion in which the 5′ region of the 0.3 kb gene was joined to the lacZ gene of Escherichia coli. When introduced into cells of B. subtilis, the 0.3 kb-lacZ fusion caused the synthesis of a fusion-specified RNA that originated from within the 0.3 kb promoter region and extended into the adjacent E. coli DNA, and the induction of β-galactosidase synthesis at the third to fourth hour of sporulation. Enzyme synthesis required the 0.3 kb promoter, since a deletion of the 5′ region of the 0.3 kb gene in the transcription fusion eliminated the production of β-galactosidase. Induction of the 0.3 kb-lacZ fusion was under developmental control, since the production of β-galactosidase was blocked or substantially impaired by chromosomal mutations in the sporulation genes spoOB, spoIIA, spoIIE and spoIIIE, but not by a spoIIC mutation. We conclude that the 0.3 kb gene promoter is subject to a developmental clock, which delays its utilization until an intermediate stage of sporulation, and discuss models for how the timing of gene expression is regulated.
Cannibalism in red king crab, Paralithodes camtschaticus (Tilesius, 1815): Effects of habitat type and predator density on predator functional response

Abstract Red king crab, Paralithodes camtschaticus, an important fishery species in Alaska, exhibits cannibalism both within and among age classes. Cannibalism in crab species can be an important determinant of recruitment success, and this might be especially important in king crab because year-0 and year-1 crab occupy the same habitat types in the wild. In this study we used laboratory experiments to determine the predator functional response, or the effect of prey density on predation rates of year-1 crab preying on year-0 crab in three different habitat types: Sand, which was unstructured soft sediment, Whole Shell, which was whole clam valves, and Shell Hash, which was smaller pieces of crushed shell. We also examined how predator density (one or two predators) affects the functional response. The data was fit to Type I, or density independent, Type II, or inversely density dependent, and Type III, or density dependent, functional response models and the best fit model was chosen using Akaike's information criterion. The functional response was a Type II in all habitat types; however, the predation rate was lower at all prey densities in the Whole Shell habitat than in Shell Hash and Sand. The functional response was a Type II at both predator densities as well. The presence of a second predator decreased both the attack rate and the handling time, resulting in slightly lower predation rates at low prey densities, and slightly higher predation rates at high prey densities when compared to the single predator treatment. This indicates a low level of predator interference. This work has implications for potential stock enhancement activities, as year-1 crab could inhibit enhancement success though cannibalism of introduced year-0 crab, especially given the destabilizing nature of the Type II functional response. A potential solution would be to enhance a given area only every other year to give previous cohorts a chance to start podding in less complex habitats. Future work should examine whether the presence of alternative prey changes the functional response to a Type III, as this would give year-0 crabs a low‐density refuge from predation.
Convolutional codes using finite-field wavelets: time-varying codes and more

This paper introduces a procedure for constructing convolutional codes using finite-field wavelets. This provides novel insight into the study of convolutional codes and permits the design of the new convolutional codes that is not possible by conventional methods. Exploiting algebraic properties of the wavelet codes, we show that a rate K/L wavelet convolutional encoder is a basic encoder that is noncatastrophic. In addition, we prove that any rate 1/L wavelet convolutional encoder is minimal-basic and that every L-band orthogonal wavelet system generates a rate 1/L self-orthogonal code. As an application of wavelet convolutional codes, we construct time-varying convolutional codes. These codes have unique trellis structures that result in fast and low computational complexity decoding algorithms. As examples, we present some time-varying wavelet convolutional codes that can be decoded faster than comparable time-invariant convolutional codes. We construct 16and 32-state time-varying wavelet convolutional codes with minimum-free distances of seven and eight, respectively. These codes have the same minimum-free distance as the best time-invariant codes of the same rate and state complexity, but they can be decoded almost twice as fast. We show that a 32-state time-varying wavelet convolutional code is superior to the Lauer code in performance while having almost the same decoding complexity. Although the 32-state wavelet code is inferior to the 16-state Golay convolutional code as far as computational complexity, it outperforms this code in the performance. We also prove that orthogonal filterbanks generate self-dual time-varying codes. We give a design for doubly even self-dual time-varying convolutional codes by imposing some constraints on the filters that define the L-band orthogonal wavelets. As another application of wavelet convolutional codes, we propose a new scheme for generating rate-adaptive codes. These codes have the property that multiple rates of the code can be decoded on one trellis and its subtrellises.
Privacy and Protection in Operating Systems

The IEEE Committee on Operating Systems sponsored a workshop on privacy and protection in operating systems in Princeton, New Jersey, from June 12-14, 1972. Thirty-two people interested in operating system protection met at the Nassau Inn to discuss various problems and their possible solutions. The workshop was organized by Dr. R. Stockton Gaines of the Institute for Defense Analysis, Princeton. He and Professor Peter Denning, Princeton University, acted as session chairmen.
Comparison of topical and intravenous administration of WIN 55-212-2 in normotensive rabbits.

Objective: This study compares the effect of topical versus intravenous (IV) administration of synthetic WIN 55-212–2 (WIN) or timolol on intraocular pressure (IOP). Methods: WIN or timolol were ad...
True and Useful: On the Structure of a Two-Level Normative Theory

Act-utilitarianism and other theories in normative ethics confront the implementability problem: normal human agents, with normal human epistemic abilities, lack the information needed to use those theories directly for the selection of actions. Two Level Theories have been offered in reply. The theoretical level component states alleged necessary and sufficient conditions for moral rightness. That component is supposed to be true, but is not intended for practical use. It gives an account of objective obligation. The practical level component is offered as an implementable system for the choice of actions by agents lacking some relevant information. It gives an account of subjective obligation. Several different ways of developing Two Levelism are explained and criticized. Five conditions that must be satisfied if the practical level principle is to be a good match for a given theoretical level principle are stated. A better form of Two Levelism is presented.
Bleomycin disposition in children with cancer

Bleomycin kinetics were determined in 14 children after intravenous bolus and prolonged infusion doses. Plasma and urine bleomycin concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay. After intravenous bolus, bleomycin concentrations were adequately described by a two-compartment open model with a mean t1/2 alpha and t1/2 beta of 0.3 +/- 0.1 and 3.2 +/- 0.7 hr (mean +/- SEM). Volume of the central compartment and volume of distribution at steady-state (Vss) were 4.3 +/- 0.5 and 9.9 +/- 1.1 l/m2. Total plasma (CLT) and renal (CLR) clearance were 51.8 +/- 6.1 and 33.5 +/- 2.4 ml/min/m2. Three intravenous bolus courses were given to two patients who received more than four courses of cisplatin (greater than 300 mg/m2); CLT and CLR for these courses were 18.0 +/- 3.3 and 8.2 ml/min/m2. Conversely, children under 3 yr old eliminated bleomycin more rapidly than older children. Decline in bleomycin concentrations after seven 24- or 48-hr intravenous infusions was described by a one-compartment model. Mean values for plasma t1/2, Vss, CLT, and CLR were 2.1 +/- 0.1 hr, 11.0 +/- 2.6 l/m2, 57.1 +/- 13.5 ml/min/m2, and 33.2 +/- 6.4 ml/min/m2. One patient received his bleomycin infusion when ureteral obstruction was present; CLT and CLR for this course were 4.8 and 4.1 ml/min/m2. These data indicate that young children eliminate bleomycin more rapidly than older children and that children with impaired renal function may have prolonged elevations in plasma concentration due to reduced bleomycin clearance. Bleomycin disposition in older children is as in adults.
Physiological responses of estuarine phytoplankton to ultraviolet light-induced fluoranthene toxicity

Abstract Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are common pollutants associated with urbanization and suburbanization in estuarine systems, but little is known about their effects on the physiological properties of microalgae. We examined the effects of ultraviolet (UV)-activated fluoranthene toxicity on (a) the growth, chlorophyll a content cell −1 , and pigment composition of axenic Ankistrodesmus sp. (an estuarine benthic green microalga) and (b) the phytoplankton population growth and pigment composition of natural communities from an urbanized (Murrells Inlet) vs. forested (North Inlet) salt marsh estuary. The zeaxanthin/violaxanthin ratio increased in Ankistrodesmus sp. cultures exposed to UV light in the presence of fluoranthene, supporting the hypothesis that xanthophyll cycling is an energy dissipative response to photoinduced PAH toxicity in this species. Exposure of natural communities to the combination of UV light and fluoranthene resulted in decreased chlorophyll production and increased zeaxanthin violaxanthin −1 in samples from the urbanized estuary (Murrells Inlet), but not North Inlet, suggesting that phytoplankton in the former “fluoranthene-impacted” estuary were more susceptible to fluoranthene toxicity. Consideration of xanthophyll cycling as a microalgal response to UV-activated PAH toxicity has implications to understanding the influence of these contaminants on microbial food web structure and ecosystem production.
Long Distance Wireless Networking for Site - Office Data Communications

Effective data communications between the project site and decision making office can be critical for the success of a construction project. It allows convenient access to centrally stored information and allows centrally located decision makers to remotely monitor the site and collect data in real-time. However, high bandwidth, flexible data communication networks, such as wired local area networks, can often be time-consuming and costly to deploy for such purposes especially when project sites (dams, highways, etc.) are located in rural, undeveloped areas where networking infrastructure is not available. In such construction sites, wireless networking could reliably link the construction site and the decision-making office. This paper presents a case study on long-distance, site – office wireless data communications. The purpose was to investigate the capability of wireless technology in exchanging construction data in a fast and efficient manner and in allowing site personnel to interact and share knowledge and data with the office staff. This study took place at the University of Michigan’s campus where performance, reliability, and cost/benefit tests were performed. The indoor and outdoor tests performed demonstrated the suitability of this technology for office-site data communications and exposed the need for more research to further improve the reliability and data handling of this technology.