cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Change in the Conception of Sin among Catholics in the United States, 1955-1975

The conception of sin changed among Catholics in the United States from 1955 to 1975. Sin had previously been regarded as concrete and addressed in a particular location, i.e. the confessional, but by the end of this time period, sin was a more abstract and elusive concept, and practices of penance, including the sacrament, Friday abstinence, and fasting during Lent, had suffered a great decline. Four contributing factors to this change were the dissolution of the Catholic subculture, the rise of counseling, alterations in regard to sexual values, and official changes made by the United States bishops in regard to penitential practices of American Catholics.
Implicit options in life insurance contracts

Options in life insurance contracts are being offered more and more frequently. This is for reasons of competitiveness as well as (in particular under German legislation) for tax reasons. Up to now, such options were usually not taken into account when the policy was priced. Two very common options in German life insurance contracts are the lump sum option in deffered annuity coantracts and the flexible expiration option in endowment contracts. In Part 1, we quantify the value of the lump sum option within a Hull-White model framework and perform extensive sensitivity analysis with respect to parameters of the insurance contract, as well as capital market parameters. The underlying of this option is a portfolio of bonds. In Part 2, we will analyze the flexible expiration option.
Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

Most common noncutaneous cancer in the world. Second most common cancer in the US, behind prostate in men and breast in women. No. 1 cause of cancer death in the US and worldwide. >90% of cases are associated with smoking or involuntary smoking. Second most common cause in the US is radon. Asbestos exposure is associated with 3–4% of cases. Risk of tobacco-induced second primary is ∼2–3% per year. The surgical lymph node levels 1–9 correspond to N2 nodes, and levels 10–14 correspond to N1 nodes. 1 = high mediastinal, 2 = upper paratracheal, 3 = pre and retrotracheal, 4 = lower paratracheal, 5 = AP window, 6 = paraaortic, 7 = subcarinal, 8 = paraesophageal below carina, 9 = pulmonary ligament, 10 = hilar, 11 = interlobar, 12 = lobar, 13 = segmental, and 14 = subsegmental. Adenocarcinoma comprises 40–50% of cases. It tends to be peripherally located; it has a high propensity to metastasize (frequently to the brain).
Nitrogenase. VI. Acetylene reduction assay: Dependence of nitrogen fixation estimates on component ratio and acetylene concentration.

Acetylene reduction, an assay for nitrogenase activity (nitrogen:(acceptor) oxidoreductase, EC 1.7.99.2), Is dependent on the ratio of the two protein components of nitrogenase as well as on C2H2 concentration. As the component I : component II ratio (based on activity) is increased, the C2H2 reduction : N2 fixation ratio decreases to a minimum of 3.4 and then increases. The minimum is found at a ratio near 1 : 1. At a component I : component II ratio of 20 : 1, the C2H2 reduction : N2 fixation ratio is 5.3. Acetylene exhibits substrate inhibition in assays for nitrogenase activity. Both the apparent Km and Ki for acetylene vary as a function of the relative concentrations of components I and II present in the assay. When the more labile component II is limiting in the assay and "saturating" levels of C2H2 (above 0.1 atm) are used, N2-fixation capacity may be greatly under-estimated.
Protecting Folklore Under Modern Intellectual Property Regimes: A Reappraisal of the Tensions Between Individual and Communal Rights in Africa and the United States

Introduction I. Folklore Under Traditional Systems 776 A. Nature of Folklore 776 B. Protection Under Customary Law 780 1. Social groups and rights in folklore 781 2. Effectiveness of customary law protection II. Protection Under National Intellectual Property Laws A. Provisions That Do Not Reference Folklore 1. Scope of protection 2. Problems with protecting folklore under general intellectual property laws B. Laws Referring to Folklore 1. Scope of protection 2. Problems with references to folklore in copyright laws III. Protection under Regional Arrangements A. ESARIPO B. OAPI
Economic development and road traffic fatalities in Russia: analysis of federal regions 2004–2011

The relationship between economic development and road safety at sub-national level has not been well established. This study aims to assess the relationships between economic growth (measured by gross regional product (GRP)) and road traffic fatalities (RTFs) and crash fatality ratio (CFR) at sub-national level in Russia. We used published secondary data on annual RTFs and CFR obtained from the traffic police and socioeconomic development indicators from the statistics department for each Russian federal region (referred to in Russia as “subject”) for 2004–2011. We used multivariate fixed effects models for longitudinal data to examine the GRP-RTF and the GRP-CFR relationships excluding regions with extreme values. Time (in years) and a set of relevant socioeconomic variables (territory, population, number of privately owned cars, number of public buses, length of public motor roads, number of physicians, and budget expenditure on health care and physical wellness) were also included as covariates in the models. The RTF rates decreased monotonically over time as GRP per capita increased in 66 studied regions during 2004–2011. This relationship was mainly explained by the number of privately owned cars and partially explained by year dummy variables, number of buses, and number of physicians. CFR also decreased monotonically as GRP per capita increased in 67 studied regions. This relationship between economic growth and CFR was fully explained by secular time trends. The year dummy effects on CFR were not mediated by other socioeconomic variables included in the study. For the period of 2004–2011 in Russia, the reduction in RTFs is mostly explained by increasing the number of private cars, while the reduction of CFR is mostly associated with year-effects suggesting a process of diffusion of knowledge, which is not solely dominated by economic growth.
Red vs. Blue States: Cases of Employment Discrimination Influenced by Geography?

Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE The seemingly increasing political divide in the United States between Democrats and Republicans has often resulted in both parties working to advance their ideology rather than forge a consensus with the other side. This polarization can often be seen in the geography of the nation which can characterize most of the states as either solidly “red” (Republican/conservative) or “blue” (Democratic/liberal). With federal judges appointed by the President and confirmed by members of Congress, one wonders if these politically appointed judges reflect in their rulings the ideology of those who appointed/confirmed them and/or if the “color” of the state in which they preside has any bearing on the number of cases brought before them. In a random sample of federal employment discrimination cases (n=657), this study sought to examine the influence of geographic location and the political ideology/leanings of states may have on both the frequency and outcomes of employment discrimination claims. The results revealed noteworthy and significant differences between states in both the frequency (more or less cases than would be expected to be filed based on relative population size) and degree of plaintiff success/failure in such cases. As a result of these findings, implications are advanced for employees and employers as a consequence of these geographic and political differences. /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
Structural asymmetry induced size quantized nonmonotonous electron mobility in GaAs/AlxGa1−xAs double quantum well structure

Abstract We show that nonmonotonic enhancement of low temperature electron mobility μ can be achieved in GaAs/Al x Ga 1−x As barrier delta doped double quantum well structure under double subband occupancy. We vary the well widths asymmetrically by shifting the position of the central barrier and analyze its effect on the multisubband electron mobility taking different doping profiles. It is gratifying to show that when there is delta doping in one of the side barriers, a hump in μ is achieved as a function of the well width which enhances with increase in the width of the central barrier. On the other hand, when both the side barriers are symmetrically doped, a dip in μ is exhibitted which increases with increase in the doping concentration. In the former case, the mobility is mostly contributed from the higher subband limited by the ionized impurity scattering. Whereas, in the later case, the wavy nature of mobility is due to the drastic variation of subband mobilities through the interface roughness scattering.
Efficient distributed medium access algorithm

Allocation or scheduling of resources among various entities contending for their access is one of the fundamental problem in engineering and operations research. To design a large, scalable networked systems, scheduling algorithms are required to be computationally very simple and distributed (or message passing). In this thesis, we present a novel method to design performance optimal, simple and distributed algorithms for a variety of scheduling problems. The algorithmic method is explained in detail in the context of wireless medium access. However, it naturally extends to essentially any instance of stochastic processing network (cf. [23]). In a wireless network, multiple transmitters are attempting to utilize common wireless medium for the purpose of communication. Due to nature of wireless communication, two simultaneous transmissions may interfere with each other. To avoid such destructive interference, a scheduling algorithm, known as medium access control (MAC), is required. The question of design efficient MAC has been extensively studied starting with the ALOHA network [1]. Although certain types of MAC algorithms are used in practice (e.g. those confirming to IEEE 802.11), a provably performance efficient algorithm has remained mystery for more than four decades. As an important contribution of this thesis, we resolve this challenge by presenting a novel, randomized medium access control (MAC) that is provably performance optimal. Like the solutions utilized in practice, it is a "randomized" or "back-off-like" algorithm and uses "carrier sense" information. This is the first instance of MAC that is proven to be performance optimal for general interference topology. Our solution blends the classical Metropolis-Hastings sampling mechanism with insights obtained from analysis of time-varying queueing dynamics. Methodically, our theoretical framework is applicable to design of efficient distributed scheduling algorithms for a wide class of combinatorial resource allocation problem in stochastic processing networks, including scheduling in input-queued switches and optical core network. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Avoiding the Pitfalls of Overconfidence while Benefiting from the Advantages of Confidence

Successful leadership depends on the confidence to rally support, win allies, and deter competitors. However, overconfident leaders have led their companies into disaster. This article identifies the circumstances in which leaders are most prone to overconfidence and its concomitant risks. On the flip side, it explores those circumstances under which confidence is most conducive to success. Using insights from recent research, the article provides recommendations on how managers can avoid the pitfalls of overconfidence while benefiting from the advantages of confidence.
The effect of increased metabolic rate and denervation on CO2 storage in muscle

The full capacity of muscle to store CO2 is reached only gradually in the face of disturbances to CO2 balance. To determine whether this behaviour of muscle CO2 storage capacity is in part caused by the uneven distribution of perfusion within muscle, CO2 storage was determined before and after an increase in muscle metabolic rate and in innervated and denervated muscle. CO2 storage was serially measured during disturbed CO2 balance caused by apneic oxygenation or by artificially ventilating paralyzed dogs with gas mixtures enriched with CO2. Intravenous dinitrophenol doubled muscle metabolic rate and increased its CO2 dissociation slope from 1.06 to 1.8 ml/kg/mm Hg PCO2; while muscle denervation increased the slope from 0.92 to 1.30. Because both types of experiments could have increased CO2 storage capacity by improving CO2 diffusion across muscle cell membranes as well as by evening perfusion in muscle, a mathematical model was used to distinguish the relative importance of the two possible effects. The changes in muscle CO2 storage capacity observed experimentally were best explained by changes in the distribution of the blood flow within muscle tissue. Assumed alterations in the ability of CO2 to diffuse between extra and intracellular fluid had a relatively small effect on CO2 storage capacity. The improvement in immediate CO2 storage capacity observed with vasodilation and increase metabolic rate would tend to stabilize extracellular pH when muscle activity is increased during exercise.
On Forgiveness and the Deliberate Refusal to Punish: Reiterating the Differences

In a recent article in this journal Brandon Warmke argues against my account of forgiveness. I here offer answers to his objections, and suggest ways in which I think he has misinterpreted my views. This exchange with Warmke also gives me the opportunity to insist on my general thesis that it is advisable to study punishment and forgiveness together. It is precisely the conceptual proximity of these two phenomena which make my account of forgiveness uncommon, and which make it more promising than other accounts.
Psychological closure as a memory phenomenon

A theory is proposed that life events are remembered with a satisfying sense of closure when there is decreased emotional detail in the constructed autobiographical memory representation. The first three studies show that, although properties of the experienced event (such as valence and recency) accounted for some variance in participants' sense of closure, the amount of emotional detail in the memory was also a significant predictor. The third study shows that emotion-focused biased retelling of the experience increased emotional detail and decreased the sense of closure participants reported. Related approaches and implications for psychological adjustment are discussed.
Encouragement of technical training for young people

As presently estimated, current needs for engineers are more than twice the maximum long-term trends. As a remedial measure, Dean Eshbach points out the need for training on an intermediary technical level to conserve engineering talent for strictly engineering jobs. To interest qualified young people in engineering as a career, he emphasizes the desirability of providing an elementary foundation in mathematics and science in the high schools.
Determination of convective heat flux on steady-state heat transfer surfaces with arbitrarily specified boundaries

The present study focuses on the high-resolution determination of local heat flux distributions encountered in forced convection heat transfer studies. The specific method results in an uncertainty level less than 4 percent of the heat transfer coefficient on surfaces with arbitrarily defined geometric boundaries. Heat transfer surfaces constructed for use in steady-state techniques typically use rectangular thin foil electric heaters to generate a constant heat flux boundary condition. There are also past studies dealing with geometrically complex heating elements. Past studies have either omitted the nonuniform heat flux regions or applied correctional techniques that are approximate. The current study combines electric field theory and a finite element method to solve directly for a nonuniform surface heat flux distribution due to the specific shape of the heater boundary. Heat generation per unit volume of the surface heater element in the form of local Joule heating is accurately calculated using a finite element technique. The technique is shown to be applicable to many complex convective heat transfer configurations. These configurations often have complex geometric boundaries such as turbine endwall platforms, surfaces disturbed by film cooling holes, blade tip sections, etc. A complete high-resolution steady-state heat transfer technique using liquid crystal thermography is presented for the endwall surface of a 90 deg turning duct. The inlet flow is fully turbulent with an inlet Re number of 360,000. The solution of the surface heat flux distribution is also demonstrated for a heat transfer surface that contains an array of discrete film cooling holes. The current method can easily be extended to any heat transfer surface that has arbitrarily prescribed boundaries.
A curved detection slit to improve ERD energy and depth resolution

Abstract Recoil atoms detected in elastic recoil detection (ERD) experiments emerge from an initial collision area along the surface of cones of constant energy as a result of cylindrical symmetry of the elastic scattering event with respect to the incident beam. The constant energy cones therefore intercept planar slit plates placed before the detectors in conic sections. For ease of fabrication slits are typically configured as long narrow rectangles, and as a result energy resolution is adversely affected. It has been shown that the kinematic broadening caused by using rectangular slits in minimized when L ≅ 2(Wz 0 tan θ 0 ) 1 2 , where W is the slit width, L is the slit length, z0 is the slit-target distance and θo is the lab-frame recoil angle. The improved energy resolution which results when rectangular slits are replaced by appropriate curved slits is examined here. Formulas are given for the conic sections associated with the curved slits as a function of experimental geometry. When slit dimensions are small compared with the full extent of the conic section, slit geometry can be accurately approximated as the arc of a circle with radius Rc = z0 tan θ0. Geometry-dependent energy loss effects on the resolution are also accounted for in our treatment. The use of curved slits with L ≅ 4(Wz 0 tan θ 0 ) 1 2 is shown to improve kinematic broadening by ∼ 50% as compared to optimized rectangular slits of the same area.
Endoscopic approach to early-stage endobronchial neoplasia

Roentgenographically occult lung cancers can rarely be detected in high-risk patients with either sputum cytology or bronchoscopic inspection. Photodynamic therapy is the most extensively studied endobronchial treatment for early lung cancer in inoperable patients.
Diabetes: The search for mechanisms underlying bariatric surgery

Bariatric surgery is an effective weight-loss strategy and often results in remission of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); still, how this surgery affects T2DM is unknown. A new study suggests that fibroblast growth factor 19 and bile acids are involved in remission of T2DM after bariatric surgery.
Stückelberg fields on the effective p-brane

We demonstrate a bijection between reparametrization invariant effective actions for relativistic $p$-branes in flat target space and effective actions for transverse brane perturbations with nonlinearly realized Poincar\'e symmetry. Starting with an action with nonlinearly realized symmetry, we construct the corresponding reparametrization invariant action by introducing St\"uckelberg fields. They combine with the transverse modes to form a Lorentz vector. The manifest Lorentz symmetry of the reparametrization invariant action follows directly from the nonlinearly realized Lorentz symmetry of the initial action in terms of the physical modes.
Fishes of the Salonga National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo: survey and conservation issues

Data were collected on the species richness and abundance of fishes at two sites in the Salonga National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo. Thirty species were identified out of a total of 1,180 fish caught. Claria buthupogon and Synodontis nigriventris (respectively 4.7 and 3.5 catches per net-night) were the most abundant species. Twenty-six other fish species were reported from interviews with local people. Conservation concerns are the burning of breeding sites, use of chemicals for fishing, and the newly introduced practice of dynamite fishing. The effects of these practices in the Park have yet to be documented, but it is likely that these fishing techniques are having negative effects on the fish fauna and urgent action is required to curb such activities, at least within the Park.
Correlation of solar neutrino modulation with solar cycle variation in p-mode acoustic spectra

A tantalizing correlation (at the 0.97-0.999 level) between reported variations in low-order acoustic solar oscillations over the solar cycle from 1977 to 1988 and the event rate in the 37CI solar-neutrino detector over the same period is demonstrated. Such a correlation could provide more detailed evidence on how modulations of the solar neutrino flux might result from variations in the Sun.
RADIATION THERAPY DURING PREGNANCY

Malignant disease requiring radiation therapy during pregnancy presents an enormous challenge for the clinician. The optimal radiotherapeutic management of the patient and the optimal management of the pregnancy involve directly opposing demands. Ionizing radiation should be avoided during pregnancy whenever possible. Doses in excess of 0.1 Gy (10 rad) delivered during gestation have been associated with various detrimental effects, and therapeutic abortion has been recommended. If radiation is unavoidable, such as in the treatment of some gynecologic tumors, lymphomatous diseases, or other advanced solid tumors, it must be performed with extreme caution and maximal effort to reduce the dose to the fetus by special shielding techniques. Decisions regarding the use of radiation therapy during pregnancy, the delay of therapy, or pregnancy termination should be made by a multidisciplinary team and be guided by the prognosis of the disease, the stage of gestation, the risk to the fetus from the expected fetal radiation dose, and the patient's ethical and religious beliefs.
Three-dimensional reconstruction of human carotid arteries from images obtained during noninvasive B-mode ultrasound examination

Abstract Previous investigators have demonstrated that B-mode ultrasonography can provide high resolution images of the carotid arteries. When combined with Doppler flow measurements, quantitative estimates of luminal narrowing may also be obtained. B-mode imaging is limited, however, in its ability to provide a composite view of the vessel wall, lumen and plaque. Spatial relations between structures visualized in individual frames must be inferred from repeated transducer passes over the designated site, or repeated review of recorded images, followed by a “mind's eye” reconstruction. Three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction of serially recorded cross-sectional images from current B-mode systems represents a possible solution to this limited spatial display that preserves detail regarding vessel wall pathology. Accordingly, computer-based automated 3-D reconstruction was used to generate a tangible format with which to assess and compare serially and transcutaneously recorded 2-dimensional (2-D) B-mode images of the carotid arteries. One or more timed sweep recordings of the 2-D B-mode examination were obtained from 5 patients for 3-D reconstruction. In all cases, satisfactory 3-D reconstruction was accomplished in three 3-D formats: cylindrical, sagittal and lumen cast. Sagittal 3-D reconstruction provided information regarding pathologic alterations within the arterial wall. Experience with the cylindrical mode suggests that this 3-D format, particularly when the reconstructed vascular segment is hemisected, is optimally suited for those cases in which direct inspection of luminal topography is of special interest. The lumen cast display, used with a recently validated edgedetection algorithm, may enhance the use of B-mode ultrasound for assessment of luminal crosssectional area. This preliminary experience suggests that 3-D reconstruction may supplement in a meaningful way noninvasively recorded conventional B-mode images of the extracranial vasculature.
Pleading guilty in juvenile court: Minimal ado about something very important to young defendants

This study was designed to examine the guilty plea process in juvenile court. In the first phase of the research, I analyzed statutes, court rules, and case law from all 50 states to see what the country had decided about pleading guilty in juvenile court. In the second phase I observed three juvenile courts to ascertain their responses to juveniles' guilty pleas. In the third and final phase, I interviewed 100 court workers to disclose problems that these individuals have discovered and solutions that they have offered surrounding the guilty plea process in juvenile court. The data reveal considerable diversity both nationally and among local juvenile courts with respect to this process.
Diethyl pyrocarbonate inactivates swine pepsinogen by reaction at amino groups

Abstract One of the histidine residues in swine pepsinogen can be modified in a rapid reaction with diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEP). At the same time, the potential proteolytic activity of the zymogen is reduced to 40% of its initial value. Reaction at the histine residue is reversed by neutral hydroxylamine, but the loss in activity is not. Fractionation of DEP-pepsinogen activation mixtures gave fully active pepsin in reduced yield, not modified enzyme with reduced specific activity. This was taken to indicate that the reaction had produced a mixture of products. Irreversible incorporation of [ 14 C]DEP indicates that carbethoxy groups are incorporated into the molecule at amino acids other than histidine. The positions of these carbethoxy groups were determined by tryptic digestion and hplc. Modification was found to have occurred, in nonstoichiometric amounts, at lysine residues 3 and 9 and at leucine 1. Control experiments showed that activation was not affected by reaction at leucine 1, indicating that inactivation is caused by reaction at one or more of the lysine residues.
A real-time combined polymerase chain reaction assay for the rapid detection and differentiation of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, and Ehrlichia ewingii.

Abstract A rapid real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay capable of the simultaneous detection and differentiation of Anaplasma phagocytophilum , Ehrlichia chaffeensis , and Ehrlichia ewingii was developed using the LightCycler™ instrument (Roche Applied Sciences, Indianapolis, IN). The assay targets the operon groEL of the heat shock protein. Base pair mismatches in amplified DNA in regions of detection probe hybridization allowed organism differentiation by melting curve analysis. The analytical sensitivity was at least 10 copies per reaction. DNA extracts from 59 specimens previously confirmed positive for A. phagocytophilum ( n = 37), E. chaffeensis ( n = 19), or E. ewingii ( n = 3) were used to evaluate the assay. All of the specimens positive for 1 of the 3 organisms by conventional PCR were likewise positive by the LightCycler™ method. Sensitivity and specificity were at least 100% compared with conventional PCR. This assay provides a rapid method for the detection and differentiation of the causative agents of human ehrlichiosis in the United States.
The Shahnama: Between the Samanids and the Ghaznavids

The paper reconsiders the apocryphal stories regarding the Shahnama's initial reception to propose that it was only after long narrative poems gained currency that the Shahnama was recognized as a masterpiece. The paper analyzes the structure and themes of several histories written before and during the Samanid period and compares them with the Shahnama and the content of histories and epics produced immediately afterwards, to argue that the initial reception of the Shahnama did not depend on Sultan Mahmud Ghazni alone. It further argues that the Shahnama's aim, content, and execution differed from the histories and poetry produced in the decades immediately preceding and succeeding it, which would account for the lag in its acceptance and popularity. This led later biographers to superimpose their regret over Firdausi's treatment onto Sultan Mahmud Ghazni, who by their accounts denied him the fame and glory he deserved in his lifetime.
Binding of actin to chromaffin granules and mitochondrial fractions of adrenal medulla

Binding of actin to chromaffin granules was confirmed and shown to be salt dependent and eliminated by prior trypsin treatment of the granules. However, purified granules bind less actin than do crude granules. A mitochondria-enriched fraction was found to bind substantially more actin per mg protein than did the secretory vesicle fraction. Binding of actin by the secretory vesicles therefore is not a good indication that actin plays an active role in exocytosis.
Self-plagiarism and dual and redundant publications: what is the problem? Commentary on 'Seven ways to plagiarize: handling real allegations of research misconduct'.

As indicated in his paper “Seven Ways to Plagiarize: Handling Real Allegations of Research Misconduct,” former Research Integrity Officer Michael Loui has encountered cases of self-plagiarism. This charge arises periodically and creates controversy within the scientific community. The term “self-plagiarism” is a murky one and merits some in-depth examination both because it is highly charged and because it covers a variety of distinct but related practices/issues. Self-plagiarism is not possible since “plagiarism” refers to claiming the words or ideas of another as one’s own. However, violation of copyright is both possible and problematic since it is a legal concept. Although copyright automatically goes to an author at creation, authors frequently assign their copyright to publishers. The argument in favor of this practice is that it serves the interests of highly mobile academic and research communities to have copyrights assigned to publishers in order to facilitate dissemination of research through the reprinting of a manuscript in an online format or as part of a collection of related articles. Publishers often grant authors the right to use, free of charge, all or part of their articles in other publications with proper attribution. The approbation associated with the charge of self-plagiarism is actually associated with dual or redundant publication. Dual publication is the publication of the same article in more than one journal . Except in translation or as part of a collection (and in either case only with proper attribution) this practice is unacceptable not simply because it is likely to be a copyright violation, but also because it burdens reviewers Self-plagiarism and Dual and Redundant Publications: What Is the Problem? Commentary on ‘Seven Ways to Plagiarize: Handling Real Allegations of Research Misconduct’ (M. C. Loui)
Beta-amyloid accumulation in APP mutant neurons reduces PSD-95 and GluR1 in synapses.

Synaptic dysfunction is increasingly viewed as an early manifestation of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the cellular mechanism by which β-amyloid (Aβ) may affect synapses remains unclear. Since cultured neurons derived from APP mutant transgenic mice secrete elevated levels of Aβ and parallel the subcellular Aβ accumulation seen in vivo, we asked whether alterations in synapses occur in this setting. We report that cultured Tg2576 APP mutant neurons have selective alterations in pre- and post-synaptic compartments compared to wild-type neurons. Post-synaptic compartments appear fewer in number and smaller, while active pre-synaptic compartments appear fewer in number and enlarged. Among the earliest changes in synaptic composition in APP mutant neurons were reductions in PSD-95, a protein involved in recruiting and anchoring glutamate receptor subunits to the post-synaptic density. In agreement, we observed early reductions in surface expression of glutamate receptor subunit GluR1 in APP mutant neurons. We provide evidence that Aβ is specifically involved in these alterations in synaptic biology, since alterations in PSD-95 and GluR1 are blocked by γ-secretase inhibition, and since exogenous addition of synthetic Aβ to wild-type neurons parallels changes in synaptic PSD-95 and GluR1 observed in APP mutant neurons.
Glycine loading test in acute intermittent porphyria patients and their relatives

Abstract The effect of glycine ingestion on the urinary excretion of delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and porphobilinogen (PBG) was measured in 15 normal subjects (a group of patients with acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) in remission and their close relatives). In the patients with AIP and in one relative with latent porphyria, glycine loading evoked a significant increase in the urinary excretion of ALA and PBG. This response was not observed in any of the normal volunteers, relatives of the patients with AIP with normal basal values, or in four subjects with chronic liver disease. In one family with asymptomatic AIP, one member with normal baseline values responded to glycine, and four members with elevated basal levels of either ALA or PBG showed positive tests which reverted to normal in one on serial studies. The glycine loading test is useful in the diagnosis of AIP in remission but not for the detection of genetic carriers of the AIP trait.
Accounting Treatment of Inherent versus Incentive Uncertainties and the Capital Structure of the Firm

This paper studies the accounting treatment of uncertainty and how it affects a firm's capital structure. We distinguish two sources of uncertainty that raise reliability concerns: inherent uncertainty and incentive uncertainty. By inherent uncertainty, we refer to uncertainty about the quality of raw information regarding future cash flows. By incentive uncertainty, we refer to uncertainty about the quality of accounting numbers conveying the raw information. We explore features of accounting that can effectively deal with these two types of uncertainties in order to aid in the debt-equity decision of the firm. To handle inherent uncertainty, preferable accounting involves flexible revenue/expense recognition rules that recognize more profit when the uncertainty level is low. To deal with incentive uncertainty, a stringent revenue/expense recognition rule may be desirable to fend off management's opportunistic reporting behavior. Inflexible accounting rules cause a firm's financing choices to deviate from what would hold with complete information. Given any accounting rule, an information environment with a lower (higher) uncertainty regarding future cash inflows leads to higher (lower) expected debt financing. This is because assessed default risk is increasing in the uncertainty of future cash inflows, holding the uncertainty of the outflows constant.
Dynamic network yield management

The general dynamic network yield management problem is studied in the context of airline operations. We assume that booking requests on the itineraries follow independent inhomogeneous Poisson processes along the time prior to departure. The yield management policy dynamically determines acceptance or rejection of the booking requests from each itinerary on the network in order to maximize the total expected revenue. The necessity and sufficiency conditions of the optimal policy are examined. These conditions determine the pivotal points when policy changes take place. An optimal solution is proposed. We show that the threshold policy in which open and closed statuses of a fare class alternate is a solution structure general to the dynamic network yield management problem. Particularly, this study shows that the single leg case, which has been successfully solved, is a special case of the general network problem. In addition, enabled by the optimal solution, we gain many insights through example for the first time.
Effect of phlorizin on galactose influx in rabbit intestine

Abstract Direct measurements of the effects of phlorizin and phloretin on the influx of d -galactose across the mucosal brush border of the rabbit jejunum indicates that phlorizin is the competitive inhibitor of the sugar entry process.
Conceptual Clustering in Knowledge Organization

Knowledge organization is a very important step in building an expert system. The problem is how to organize knowledge into a conceptual structure and thus make it complete, concise, and consistent. In this paper, concepts used in knowledge description are divided into tangible ones and intermediate ones depending on whether or not they appear in the input or the output of the system. Intermediate concepts and their relationships with tangible concepts are subjected to changes. A distance measure for rules and an algorithm for conceptual clustering are described. New intermediate concepts are generated using this algorithm. A few new concepts may replace a large number of old relationships and also generate new rules for the system. An experiment on traditional Chinese medicine shows that the proposed method produces results similar to those generated by experts.
The opportunity for progress

Without question, we know a good deal about treating cancer pain. Our major failure has not been in generating the information needed to treat cancer pain, but rather, in implementing, on a wide scale, what we already know. This is not to say, however, that there is not much we don’t know about treating cancer pain. In an effort to make the research community aware of areas that have been overlooked or not sufficiently emphasized, the Interagency Committee on Pain and Analgesia of the United States Public Health Service has prepared a program announcement calling for new research on pain and analgesia. For example, it may surprise you to hear that there is still a lot to learn about the pharmacology of opiate drugs, especially when they are used for prolonged periods of time. There is also a great deal to learn about certain kinds of cancer pain. Our understanding of the pain that occurs when cancer invades deep structures, like bone or viscera, or when it encroaches upon the nervous system is especially poor. When we ablate portions of the nervous system to help relieve pain, it is very common, after a period of analgesia, for the pain to return, indicating that some neural reorganization is taking place. We know nothing about these processes which severely limit our ability to use neuroablative procedures.
Scalability characteristics of magnetic circuit model for fractional-slot concentrated winding IPM machines

Prior work has shown that it is possible to develop a magnetic circuit model (MCM) for fractional-slot concentrated winding (FSCW) interior permanent magnet (IPM) machines that captures the major sources of electromagnetic nonlinearity that are important in this type of machine. This MCM has been defined to incorporate several modularity principles in order to maximize its flexibility for different machine designs. An investigation has been carried out to evaluate the scalability characteristics of this MCM in several key dimensions including power rating, pole/slot number combinations, diameter/length aspect ratio, stator winding configuration, stator phase number, and external/internal rotor configurations. Several FSCW-IPM machine designs that have been evaluated for this scalability investigation, but one example, consisting of a direct-drive 500 kW FSCW-IPM wind turbine generator, is highlighted in this paper. Model delivers promising results as reflected in close matches between predicted flux densities, flux linkages, voltages and torque delivered by the MCM and finite element analyses.
Inhibition of AcpA Phosphatase Activity with Ascorbate Attenuates Francisella tularensis Intramacrophage Survival

Acid phosphatase activity in the highly infectious intracellular pathogen Francisella tularensis is directly related with the ability of these bacteria to survive inside host cells. Pharmacological inactivation of acid phosphatases could potentially help in the treatment of tularemia or even be utilized to neutralize the infection. In the present work, we report inhibitory compounds for three of the four major acid phosphatases produced by F. tularensis SCHU4: AcpA, AcpB, and AcpC. The inhibitors were identified using a catalytic screen from a library of chemicals approved for use in humans. The best results were obtained against AcpA. The two compounds identified, ascorbate (Ki = 380 ± 160 μm) and 2-phosphoascorbate (Ki = 3.2 ± 0.85 μm) inhibit AcpA in a noncompetitive, nonreversible fashion. A potential ascorbylation site in the proximity of the catalytic pocket of AcpA was identified using site-directed mutagenesis. The effects of the inhibitors identified in vitro were evaluated using bioassays determining the ability of F. tularensis to survive inside infected cells. The presence of ascorbate or 2-phosphoascorbate impaired the intramacrophage survival of F. tularensis in an AcpA-dependent manner as it was probed using knockout strains. The evidence presented herein indicated that ascorbate could be a good alternative to be used clinically to improve treatments against tularemia.
An ideal observer approach to mechanical limits in b-mode ultrasound imaging

In medical applications, the amplitude of ultrasonic pulses is often constrained by mechanical considerations summarized by a mechanical index. We apply the ideal observer approach in a simulation environment to evaluating the role of mechanical index limits on task performance in b-mode ultrasonic imaging. We simulate a linear array operating at 15MHz and 60% fractional bandwidth, and consider three tasks related to breast sonography at a depth of 4cm. The ideal observer suggests that there are gains in performance — and hence the quantity of diagnostic information — as the limit on mechanical index is raised. However these gains are almost completely erased after computation of a standard b-mode envelope.
What the Survey of American College Freshmen Tells Us about Their Interest in Politics and Political Science

Since 1966, the annual Freshmen Survey has recorded the attributes, activities, expected educational outcomes, and life objectives of the students entering some 1600 institutions. Since 1973, the survey has been coordinated and analyzed by scholars at UCLA's Higher Education Research Institute.1 Selected findings from each annual survey report are featured regularly in The Chronicle of Higher Education and highlights from the report's introductory essay are summarized in newspapers. The most recent report, The American Freshman: National
Inhibition of DNA Supercoiling-dependent Transcriptional Activation by a Distant B-DNA to Z-DNA Transition

Negative DNA superhelicity can destabilize the local B-form DNA structure and can drive transitions to other conformations at susceptible sites. In a molecule containing multiple susceptible sites, superhelicity can couple these alternatives together, causing them to compete. In principle, these superhelically driven local structural transitions can be either facilitated or inhibited by proteins that bind at or near potential transition sites. If a DNA region that is susceptible to forming a superhelically induced alternate structure is stabilized in the B-form by a DNA-binding protein, its propensity for transition will be transferred to other sites within the same domain. If one of these secondary sites is in a promoter region, this transfer could facilitate open complex formation and thereby activate gene expression. We previously proposed that a supercoiling-dependent, DNA structural transmission mechanism of this type is responsible for the integration host factor-mediated activation of transcription from theilvPG promoter of Escherichia coli(Sheridan, S. D., Benham, C. J. & Hatfield, G. W. (1998)J. Biol. Chem. 273, 21298–21308). In this report we confirm the validity of this mechanism by demonstrating the ability of a distant Z-DNA-forming site to compete with the superhelical destabilization that is required for integration host factor-mediated transcriptional activation, and thereby delay its occurrence.
Mg2+ modulates integrin–extracellular matrix interaction in vascular smooth muscle cells studied by atomic force microscopy

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to investigate the interaction between alpha5beta1 integrin and fibronectin (FN) in the presence of divalent cations. AFM probes were labeled with FN and used to measure binding strength between alpha5beta1 integrin and FN by quantifying the force required to break single FN-integrin bonds on a physiological range of loading rates (100-10,000 pN/s). The force necessary to rupture single alpha5beta1-FN bond increased twofold over the regime of loading rates investigated. Changes in Mg(2+) and Ca(2+) concentration affected the thermodynamical parameters of the interaction and modulated the binding energy. These data indicate that the external ionic environment in which vascular smooth muscle cells reside, influences the mechanical parameters that define the interaction between the extracellular matrix and integrins. Thus, in a dynamic mechanical environment such as the vascular wall, thermodynamic binding properties between FN and alpha5beta1 integrin vary in relation to locally applied loads and divalent cations concentrations. These changes can be recorded as direct measurements on live smooth muscle cells by using AFM.
Isolation and characterization of coaggregation-defective mutants of Veillonella atypica

Spontaneously occurring coaggregation-defective mutants of Veillonella atypica PK1910 were isolated and used to study the interactions of veillonella with Streptococcus sanguis, Strep. gordonii and Strep. SM. Three classes of mutants were isolated. The first class failed to participate in lactose-inhibitable coaggregations with streptococcal cells. The second class of mutants failed to coaggregate by the lactose-non-inhibitable interactions. The third group, isolated from the first group, failed to coaggregate with any of the oral streptococci. Based on the coaggregation phenotypes of these mutants, a model for veillonella-streptococcal coaggregations is proposed, in which two distinct surface molecules mediate three types of interactions with the oral streptococci.