cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Goodness of fit tests using regression

A method for developing distribution-free goodness-of-fit tests for a completely specified continuous distribution is pre- sented. A transformation of the n order statistics of a random sample into a set of n statistics is given. Under the null hypothesis these statistics are identically and independently distributed as standard normal random variables. If an alter- native distribution is true, the transformed values tend to exhi- bit systematic behavior. The absence of such behavior may be tested by a regression of the transformed values on their orders. Several representative test procedures are presented and each is shown to have either a chi-squared or variance ratio distribu- tion when the null hypothesis is true thereby obviating the need for special tables. The simple null distributions of the pro- posed test statistics set these procedures apart from competing tests. Exact, weak Bahadur efficiences for some of the tests are developed. Monte Carlo results are given which compare the power of the pr...
Individual variation in winter foraging of black-capped chickadees

Wintering black-capped chickadees (Paridae: Parus atricapillus) in northwestern Massachusetts showed a high degree of individual variation in foraging behavior. After accounting for the effects of different habitats and weather conditions, individual differences comprised 6–17% of the total observed variation in four measures of foraging location and rate of feeding. Differences between age and sex groups were not significant and explained comparatively little variation (0.0–1.4%). The chickadees did not fall into a few distinct behavioral categories but instead showed continuous variation on all measures of foraging behavior. It appeared that some variation among individuals was a consequence of behavioral convergence within social groups, since birds that were observed together were more similar in their foraging than expected by chance, after taking habitat differences into account. Our results therefore do not support the interpretation that individual variation in feeding behavior serves to reduce exploitation competition within social groups.
The effects of social resources on recovery and perceived sense of control among the disahled

This study examines the effects of social resources on recovery and perceived sense of control among the physically disabled. Data were obtained from personal interviews with 770 non-institutionalized dis- abled adults. Two types of social resources are distinguished: those derived from primary group affiliations and those derived from second- ary (formal) group relationships. Secondary group sources of supportive services for the disabled may be necessary but not sufficient elements in the recovery process and in determining the disabled's perceived control over the situation. It is hypothesized that recovery and sense of control will be enhanced for those disabled who tend to utilize their social resources. The results are equivocal. An absence of any marked effect of primary group resources and an observed negative effect of secondary group resources appears to enhance recovery. Use of these social resources has little effect on one's perceived sense of control at the time of recovery. The implications of these limited findings are discussed in terms of conceptual and methodological issues involved in delineating and measuring key factors in the process of rehabilitation and recovery. In the study of disability, the process of recovery and rehabilitation may be viewed as developmental stages from reaction to the crisis through to adaptation and normalization to disablement (1). As a social process, interpersonal relationships play an essential role in that they constitute vital sources of support. Each stage involves a transition in role behavior for the impaired individual, as well as changes in his primary group relationships;at designated stages, treatment and rehabili- tation services function as primary change agents (2-4). Analytically, two types of interpersonal social resources can be distinguished: those derived from primary group affiliations and those derived from secondary group relationships, i.e., formal agents and agencies. Secondary group sources of supportive services for the dis- abled may be necessary but not sufficient elements in the recovery process. Primary group relationships, as personal resources, may play an
Nanoparticles functionalized with ampicillin destroy multiple-antibiotic-resistant isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter aerogenes and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

ABSTRACT We show here that silver nanoparticles (AgNP) were intrinsically antibacterial, whereas gold nanoparticles (AuNP) were antimicrobial only when ampicillin was bound to their surfaces. Both AuNP and AgNP functionalized with ampicillin were effective broad-spectrum bactericides against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Most importantly, when AuNP and AgNP were functionalized with ampicillin they became potent bactericidal agents with unique properties that subverted antibiotic resistance mechanisms of multiple-drug-resistant bacteria.
Magnetic properties of TbPO4, a canted antiferromagnet

Abstract The magnetic properties of TbPO4 at low temperatures have been investigated by high resolution optical spectroscopy, magnetic susceptibility, magnetization, and heat capacity measurements. TbPO4 orders antiferromagnetically into a canted spin structure with zero net moment at 2.17K. Metamagnetic behavior is observed. A magnetically induced lattice distortion mechanism is probably responsible for the detailed behavior.
Analysis of human factors case studies of complex military systems: surely we can do better

People in nearly ever occupational setting can provide examples of poor system design. The focus for this paper is on an analysis of design problems found in complex military command and control systems and the ways in which these types of problems can be avoided in future system design. The source of data for this analysis was a group of case studies of sixteen U.S. military systems written by officer-students at the Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA. Systems analyzed span the four military services and include aircraft systems, communications systems, the M-16 rifle, a missile defense system, a message processing system, weapon systems, and decision support systems. Documented problems with system use were categorized according to the following measures of effectiveness: Performance, Safety, Usability, Reliability, Maintainability, Time and Cost to Train, and Workload. The number of problems encountered per system ranged from one to nine; the mean number of reported problems per system was 4.9 IEEE 1220-1998 includes a revised systems engineering approach with an increased emphasis on engineering the system for the human. Adhering to a user-centered design approach should have a positive impact on system design by significantly reducing the types of system problems described in this paper.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Improved wavelengths for prominent lines of Fe xx to Fe xxiii

New measurements of 26 spectral lines of highly ionized Fe in the range of 91–263 A have been carried out with a wavelength uncertainty of ±5 mA. The light source was the TEXT tokamak at the University of Texas in Austin. Lines of Be-like, B-like, C-like, and N-like Fe are included, with visually estimated intensities, the best previous measurements, and energy-level classifications. Level values are derived from these wavelengths and from known magnetic dipole (M1) lines.
Anodic oxide thickness on aluminum

Abstract A procedure for ellipsometric measurement of oxide film thickness on aluminum foil is reported. A method of cleaning the foil surface to give a reproducible natural film of thickness comparable with that on evaporated film and bulk aluminum is described. Using these techniques, an empirical relation between oxide film thickness and anodization voltage is derived.
Observation of bulk Landau levels in transverse magnetotunneling in AlxGa1-xAs capacitors

Abstract Two phenomena are observed for transverse magnetotunneling (B⊥J) from an accumulation layer in n − GaAs-undoped Al x Ga 1−x As− n + GaAs capacitors. One effect is a strong dependence of tunnel currents, J , at high applied voltage and high current densities, on the angle between J and the magnetic field, B . The second effect is the observation of structure in tunnel currents for applied voltages between 0.15 V and 0.6 V which is interpreted to result from tunneling into Landau levels formed in the n + GaAs electrode.
Numerical study of thermal convection in rotating channel flow

A numerical study is conducted on the effect of sidewall heating in the pressure-driven laminar flow of an incompressible viscous fluid through a rectangular channel that is subjected to a spanwise rotation. The time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations are solved along with the conservation equations for energy and mass by a finite-difference technique. The effect of weak to moderate sidewall heating on the overall flow structure at different rotation rates is studied. It is observed that for weak sidewall heating, the secondary flow structure is quite similar to the corresponding isothermal case. However, when the sidewall heating is moderate, various types of secondary flow fields are found to occur depending on the magnitude of the rotation. The influence of rotational speed on the net heat transport for different levels of sidewall heating is also studied. It is found that when the sidewall heating is weak, the basic secondary flow structure for the non-rotating case is of a unicellular form and an increase in the rotation speed leads to an increase in the net heat transfer due mainly to the rotationally driven transport of fluid from the high temperature to the low temperature region. On the other hand, when the sidewall heating is moderate so that the basic secondary flow structure for the non-rotating case has a multicellular configuration, an increase in the rotation speed leads to a decrease in the heat transport due to the weakening of the shear layer near the hot wall.
Language Attitudes of Teachers Scale (Lats)

This article examines the attitudes of 191 regular classroom teachers from three states toward children who are limited in their English proficiency (LEP). The 13-item Language Attitudes of Teacher...
Modulating the metastatic potential of murine RAW117 large-cell lymphoma cells by selection for resistance to interferon-gamma.

Highly metastatic, in vivo-selected cells of RAW117-H10 large-cell lymphoma have been shown to be more resistant than poorly metastatic parental RAW117-P cells to the cytolytic and cytostatic activities of activated macrophages in co-culture experiments. Activated macrophages are known to produce soluble, cytostatic respiration-inhibiting factors, and such activities can be duplicated by interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) or by combinations of IFN-gamma and Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Highly metastatic RAW117-H10 cells are more resistant to the cytostatic effects of IFN-gamma and LPS than poorly metastatic RAW117-P cells, and short-term (up to 72 hr) treatment with IFN-gamma and LPS does not change the metastatic potentials of RAW117 cells. We have studied the effects of sequential selection of RAW117-P cells for increased resistance to IFN-gamma and LPS. After 7 to 13 sequential selections, the resulting variant lines were completely refractory to the growth-inhibitory effects of IFN-gamma and LPS and cross-tolerant to macrophage-conditioned medium. The selected variants also completely lost their experimental metastatic potentials and their tumorigenicities after s.c. or i.m. injection. Cytofluorographic analysis indicated reduced cell-surface expression of H-2Kd antigen and fibronectin receptor on the variant cells but no change in surface mu heavy-chain immunoglobulin. The IFN-gamma-selected lines were less adhesive to liver microvascular endothelial cells than the unselected RAW117 cell lines, but were equally sensitive to NK cytolysis by spleen cells. Our results suggest that exposure to certain cytokines can affect the growth and metastatic potential of RAW117 cells and result in the selection of resistant variants with altered biologic properties.
Adjustment in the Peer System of Adolescents with Cancer: A Two-Year Study

Evaluated the psychosocial adaptations of adolescents with cancer who were primarily off treatment (n = 19, ages 11-18) as compared with matched classroom controls in a 2-year longitudinal study on indices of (a) teacher, peer, and self-perceptions of social reputation; (b) multiple measures of popularity and friendships; and (c) self-reported feelings of loneliness, depression, and self-concept. Adolescents with cancer continued to have a social reputation as being more socially isolated, but no significant differences were identified on multiple measures of social acceptance or the self-reported feelings. In general, adolescents with cancer were similar to peers on numerous dimensions of psychological functioning manifesting minimal discernable psychosocial late effects.
Applied physics and interfaces: Positively 'negative' friction.

Friction classically decreases with decreasing load. Nanoscale measurements on chemically modified graphite now show an opposite trend related to local deformation, which could serve as a probe for determining the exfoliation energy of layered materials.
An experimenter variable: the psychologist-clergyman.

20 male and 20 female Ss were tested individually and orally on the Taylor MAS, MMPI K scale, and MMPI L scale by a layman. The same layman dressed as a Roman Catholic priest tested 20 more males and 20 more females. A Roman Catholic priest dressed both as a priest and a layman, also tested 80 Ss. Analyses of the data indicated that E and the layman-priest variables were not relevant; however, “true-role” and “simulated-role” analyses resulted in some significant performance differences by the two sexes on the MAS and L scales.
Two distinct members of the ADP-ribosylation factor family of GTP-binding proteins regulate cell-free intra-golgi transport

Abstract We have used an intra-Golgi transport assay to identify GTP-binding proteins involved in regulation of protein traffic. Two soluble proteins of 20 kd were purified by their ability to mediate GTPγS-dependent inhibition of transport. These GTP-dependent Golgi binding factors, or GGBFs, exhibit a 3-fold difference in activity and are differentiated by their hydrophobicity, isoelectric points, and apparent size. Removal of 80% of GGBFs from cytosol abolishes GTPγS sensitivity but does not affect inhibition by aluminum fluoride. We demonstrate that GGBFs are members of the ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) family. Recombinant ARF1 exhibits GGBF activity and myristoylation is required. The distinct biochemical properties of GGBFs indicate that members of the ARF family may have related but distinct functions in intracellular transport.
Systolic Array Architecture For The Sequential Stack Decoding Algorithm

Systolic array architecture for the sequential stack decoding algorithmC. Y. Chang and K. YaoElectrical Engineering Department, University of CaliforniaLos Angeles, Ca 90024AbstractA very time consuming step in the existing sequential stack decoding algorithm, knownas the stack reordering, is shown to be not fully necessary. The algorithm is thenmodified and restated in a more concise version so that it can be efficiently implementedby a special type of systolic array called systolic priority queue. This scheme is shownto have simple and regular structure as well as high speed for decoding any convolutionalcodes, including long convolutional codes.Introduction and backgroundConvolutional code1-3 is a commonly used, effective technique for improving the systemerror performance of digital communication systems when the communication channel is
The vectorcardiographic derivation of scalar leads

Abstract 1. 1. Methods for the derivation of scalar leads from the two component leads of a planar vectorcardiogram and from the three component leads of a spatial vectorcardiogram are described. The derivation of the general equation upon which the methods are based is given in the appendix. 2. 2. Certain advantages of studying planar or spatial vectorcardiograms by means of multiple scalar lead derivations are pointed out. As a corollary it is shown that the conventionally recorded standard and unipolar extremity leads represent only six of the infinite number of lead axes which may be rapidly obtained from the Einthoven system of electrode placement. 3. 3. The application of the method of scalar lead derivation to the study of the relative validity of the theory of single instantaneous vectors versus the theory of localized potentials is described, illustrated, and discussed. It is concluded from the results of such studies that both concepts are essentially but not completely valid and that a system of electrocardiographic interpretation in which both concepts are applied in a complementary fashion must logically be superior to any system which completely excludes one or the other. 4. 4. A possible application of the algebraic addition of the scalar configurations of two adjacent precordial leads in the diagnosis of small focal myocardial lesions is suggested. The practical usefulness of this procedure requires further study.
An automated calorimeter for heat-capacity measurements from 5 to 300 K. The heat capacity of cadmium sulfide from 5.37 to 301.8 K and the relative enthalpy to 1103.4 K

Abstract An automated adiabatic calorimeter that operates over the range 5 to 300 K is described. The heat capacity of cadmium sulfide, CdS, has been measured from 5.37 to 301.8 K. A copper-block drop calorimeter was used to measure relative enthalpies to 1103.4 K. The values at 298.15 K for the molar quantities Cp,mo, {Smo(T)−Smo(0)}, −{G m o (T)−H m o (0)} T , and {Hmo(T)−Hmo(0)} were found to be (47.29±0.03), (72.18±0.26), (39.31±0.33) J·K−1·mol−1,and (9802±19) J·mol−1, respectively. These functions were calculated to 1100 K.
Creativity, perceptual stability, and self-perception

The hypothesis that self-perceived creativity is associated with relatively high perceptual instability was tested. Observed reversals of ambiguous two-dimensional figures were compared for 25 architecture and 25 business administration undergraduate majors, as were biographical and adjective checklist measures of self-perception. The results indicated a significant (p < .01) difference in the predicted direction for number of reversals, with the architecture students also perceiving themselves as more creative, original, and visually oriented than the business administration students. An electronic/neurological analogy was suggested in explanation of the results.
GENDER DIFFERENCES ON THE COGNITIVE-SOMATIC ANXIETY QUESTIONNAIRE

Recently the Cognitive-Somatic Anxiety Questionnaire has seen renewed use in the study of differential effectiveness of relaxation techniques in the amelioration of anxiety, yet few normative data exist. To explore several methodological limitations of a prior study in which the questionnaire was introduced, the present work assessed 123 college students. Gender differences appear on the subscales and the directions of the differences question work upon which the test was based. Further validation is required.
Effects of chronic exposure to ozone on photosynthesis and respiration of pines

Abstract Seedlings of four species of pine (slash (Pinus elliottii), pond (P. serotina), white (P. strobus), and loblolly (P. taeda)) were exposed to either 5 or 15 pphm ozone for periods from five to eighteen weeks. Photosynthesis was usually depressed by ozone, and respiration stimulated, with 15 pphm having the greater effects. Foliage of various ages responded differently to ozone exposures.
Same trials, different conclusions: sorting out discrepancies between reviews on interventional procedures of the spine.

COMMENTARY ON: Levin JH. Prospective, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trials in interventional spine: what the highest quality literature tells us. Spine J 2009;9:690–703 (in this issue) .
Superconformal fixed points with En global symmetry

Abstract We obtain the elliptic curve and the Seiberg-Witten differential for an N = 2 superconformal field theory which has an ES global symmetry at the strong coupling point π = e πi /3 . The differential has 120 poles corresponding to half the charged states in the fundamental representation of E 8 , with the other half living on the other sheet. Using this theory, we flow down to E 7 , E 6 and D 4 . A new feature is a λ SW for these theories based on their adjoint representations. We argue that these theories have different physics than those with λ SW built from the fundamental representations.
Predictive models for growth of Salmonella typhimurium DT104 from low and high initial density on ground chicken with a natural microflora

Abstract A single strain (ATCC 700408) of Salmonella typhimurium DT104 was used to investigate and model growth from a low (1.12 log10 mpn g−1) and high (3.7 log10 cfu g−1) initial density on ground chicken with a natural microflora. Kinetic data for growth of the pathogen on ground chicken were fit to a primary model to determine lag time (λ), maximum specific growth rate (μ) and maximum population density (Nmax). Secondary models for λ, μ and Nmax, as a function of temperature (10–40 °C), were developed and compared among initial densities. Variation of pathogen growth among replicates (n=4 or 5) was higher at 10–18 °C than at 22–40 °C and was higher for Nmax than λ and μ. Prediction problems were observed when secondary models developed with one initial density were used to predict λ, μ and Nmax from the other initial density, especially at 10–18 °C and for Nmax. These results indicated that variation of growth among replicate challenge studies and initial density are important factors to consider when developing predictive models for growth of S. typhimurium DT104 on ground chicken with a natural microflora.
Variation of the Point Spread Function in the Sargasso Sea

Measurements of the point spread function (PSF) were made in the Sargasso Sea in December, 1989. The water column during this period was extremely homogeneous therefore this data set became an obvious candidate to test the theories of Wells. This paper describes the results of this study. It's shown that the formalism (hence the implicit small angle approximation) works reasonably well for this case, with an average difference of 12% between the measured and predicted PSFs.
Incomplete star: an incrementally scalable network based on the star graph

Introduces a new interconnection network for massively parallel systems called the incomplete star graph. The authors describe unique ways of interconnecting and labeling the nodes and routing point-to-point communications within this network. In addition, they provide an analysis of a special class of incomplete star graph called C/sup n/spl minus/1/ graph and obtain the diameter and average distance for this network. For the C/sup n/spl minus/1/ graph, an efficient broadcasting scheme is presented. Furthermore, it is proven that a C/sup n/spl minus/1/ with N nodes (i.e. N=m(n/spl minus/1)!) is Hamiltonian if m=4 or m=3k, and k/spl ne/2. >
Pharmacokinetics of Antiretrovirals in Pregnant Women

Antiretroviral treatment of HIV-infected pregnant women is widely used to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission and as primary therapy of maternal HIV infection. The physiological changes associated with pregnancy have a large impact on drug disposition, and changes in antiretroviral pharmacokinetics during pregnancy must be understood for these drugs to be used safely and effectively in pregnant women. Zidovudine and didanosine, two of the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, demonstrate an increase in clearance and decrease in area under the concentration-time curve during pregnancy. The clinical significance of these changes is unknown due to the lack of a clear relationship between plasma concentrations of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and clinical effects. Pharmacokinetic parameters of lamivudine, stavudine and abacavir are not significantly changed during pregnancy. There are no data describing the effect of pregnancy on the pharmacokinetics of the other nucleoside/nucleotide analogues (zalcitabine, emtricitabine and tenofovir). Pregnancy does not appear to have a significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor nevirapine and there are no data describing the pharmacokinetics of the other non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (efavirenz and delavirdine) during pregnancy. Reduced plasma concentrations during pregnancy have been described for several of the protease inhibitors, including nelfinavir (with administration of 750mg three times daily), indinavir, saquinavir and Kaletra® (a co-formulation of lopinavir and ritonavir). Plasma concentrations equivalent to those in nonpregnant adults have been reported in pregnant women receiving nelfinavir at doses of 1250mg twice daily, and the addition of ritonavir to saquinavir greatly increases saquinavir exposure to therapeutic concentrations in pregnant women. No pregnancy pharmacokinetic data are available for the newer protease inhibitors atazanavir and fosamprenavir, or with other dual protease inhibitor combinations that include low dose ritonavir to boost concentrations of the coadministered protease inhibitor. Further investigations of antiretroviral pharmacology during pregnancy, including protein binding studies, are urgently needed.
Some Traffic Management Practices Are Unreasonable

As part of the wider debate over net neutrality, traffic management practices of Internet Service Providers have become an issue of public concern. The Federal Communications Commission has asked for public input on whether deep packet inspection and other traffic management practices are reasonable forms of network management. Little attention has been paid to this issue within the academic networking community, and most Internet policy researchers have recommended a case-by-case analysis. This paper proposes a framework for the classification of traffic management practices as reasonable or unreasonable. I suggest that whether a traffic management practice is reasonable largely rests on the answers to four questions regarding the techniques and practices used. Based on these questions, I propose a framework that classifies techniques as unreasonable if they are unreasonably anti-competitive, cause undue harm to consumers, or unreasonably impair free speech. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of how some unreasonable traffic management practices can be more directly and trans- parently accomplished through alternative practices that would be classified as reasonable.
Diet, Obesity and Hypertension: An Hypothesis Involving Insulin, the Sympathetic Nervous System, and Adaptive Thermogenesis

The association of obesity and hypertension is well recognized. Although the frequency of hypertension in obese subjects varies depending upon the age, race, and sex of the population studied, as well as the definitions employed for 'hypertension' and 'obesity", several reports suggest that as many as 50 to 60 percent of overweight people have high blood pressure [1, 2]. Hypertension, more importantly, is probably the major factor accounting for increased cardiovascular disease in the obese [3, 4]. Despite the importance of the clinical problem, the fundamental nature of the association between obesity and hypertension has been obscure. Recent epidemiological and physiological studies, however, suggest that insulin and the sympathetic nervous system may be involved, and that the hypertension of obesity may be the unfortunate by-product of mechanisms that establish energy balance and limit weight gain.
Applications of pharmacogenomics in general dental practice.

The human oral cavity represents a complex ecology of approximately 500 microbial species existing as commensals, and interacting with human/host factors. Perturbation of this ecosystem can lead to diseases of the oral cavity. The oral cavity also acts as a mirror of complex systemic diseases. Unique challenges and opportunities in oral healthcare exist in the diagnosis and treatment of primary disorders of the oral cavity or manifestations of systemic diseases. The completion of human and microbial genome projects has provided a wealth of information that will permit the application of pharmacogenomics – how genetic variations within the commensal and the host will impact the efficacy of drugs, and the diagnosis and treatment of oral disease. This review highlights opportunities focusing on oral health where pharmacogenomics can be applied.
Students’ Perspectives on LGBTQ-Inclusive Curriculum

Implementing curriculum that is inclusive of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and questioning (LGBTQ) people has the potential to create an equitable learning environment. In order to learn more about students’ experiences of LGBTQ-inclusive curriculum, 26 high school students with diverse racial/ethnic, sexual, and gender identities were recruited from the Gay Straight Alliance (GSA) Network in California. Students participated in focus groups conducted by telephone by GSA staff, sharing their experiences of LGBTQ-inclusive curriculum in school. Qualitative coding methods, including grounded theory, were used to identify themes and interpret students’ responses. Data revealed that LGBTQ-inclusive curriculum was most often taught in social sciences and humanities courses as stand-alone lessons. LGBTQ-inclusive curriculum rarely met standards of social justice education, though opportunities for critical conversations about systemic oppression regularly emerged. For instance, teachers often fail...
Examining the Role of Peer Influence and Self-Control on Downloading Behavior

The purpose of the present study is two-fold. First, the present study is designed to provide additional information about the link between off-line and virtual peers and music piracy. Second, the present study provides information about how off-line and virtual peers interact with self-control to understand music piracy. The results of this study show that low self-control has a link with digital piracy. This means that individuals who cannot resist temptation and do not see the consequences of their action have an increased likelihood to perform digital piracy, which is consistent with a growing literature in this area (Higgins et al. 2006; Higgins and Makin 2004a, 2004b; Higgins and Wilson 2006).
Hidden signals of climate change in intertidal ecosystems: What (not) to expect when you are expecting

article i nfo One of the most significant biological impacts of global climate change is through alterations of organismal body temperature, which ultimately drives almost all physiological processes. Using a simple heat budget model ground-truthed using ~5 years of in situ temperature data collected using biomimetic sensors, we explored the sensitivity of aerial (low tide) mussel body temperature at three tidal elevations to changes in air temperature, solar radiation, wind speed, wave height, and the timing of low tide at a site in central California, USA (Bodega Bay). Results suggest that while increases in air temperature and solar radiation can significantly alter the risk of exposure to stressful conditions, especially at upper intertidal elevations, patterns of risk can be substantially reduced by convective cooling such that even moderate increases in mean wind speed (~1 m s �1 ) can theoretically counteract the effects of substantial (2.5 °C) increases in air temperature. Simulations further suggest that shifts in the timing of low tide (+1 h), such as occur moving to different locations along the coast of California, can have very large impacts on sensitivity to increases in air temperature. Depending on the timing of low tide, at some sites increases in air temperature will primarily affect animals in the upper intertidal zone, while at other sites animals will be affected across all tidal elevations. Field measurements and model predictions show that animal temperatures are often high even when air temperatures are not, confirming the importance of solar radiation in the heat budgets of intertidal ectotherms. Conversely, body temperatures are not always elevated even when low tide air temperatures are extreme due to the combined effects of convective cooling and wave splash. The results of these simulations, coupled with ongoing field measurements, suggest that the timing and magnitude of warming will be highly variable at coastal sites, and can be driven to a large extent by local oceanographic and meteorological processes. Moreover, they strongly caution against the use of single environmental metrics such as air temperature as indicators of past, current and future physiological stress on the west coast of North America, and instead advocate for approaches that consider the interactive roles of multiple physical drivers.
Quick Recovery of Embedded Structures in Hypercube Computers

We investigate the design of fault-tolerant embedding functions of application graphs into hypercubes with the aim of minimizing the recovery cost and performance degradation due to faults. The recovery cost is measured by the number of node-state changes or recovery steps. Performance is measured by the dilation of the embedding, which is the maximum distance between the embedded images of two nodes that are adjacent in the application graph. The basic idea is to embed application graphs so that spare nodes are always close to failed nodes whenever reconfiguration occurs. We develop 1FT and 2-FT embeddings for paths, even-length loops, meshes, toruses and complete binary trees into hypercubes. Embeddings with higher fault tolerance are also obtained for meshes and toruses. The processor utilization of these embeddings is reasonably high and most of them take the minimum number of recovery steps.
Determination of diffusion properties of impervious layer of a double layered catayst pellet

It is shown that the single-pellet chromatography method of Smith et al. leads to direct determination of the diffusivity and porosity and thickness of the impervious layer formed by the deposition of contaminants on the outer surface of a catalyst pellet and that the diffusivity of the impervious layer can be determined even when the thickness and porosity of the impervious layer are unknown. The retention time for the impervious layer is assumed to be of the same order of magnitude as that for the unobstructed layer. This general case can be reduced to the case analyzed by Chou and Hegedus where the retention time for the impervious layer is much smaller than that for the unobstructed layer.
Odor preferences in neonatal and weanling rats.

In order to establish odors which can be used in appetitive and aversive conditioning paradigms, naive rat pups, postnatal day 7 (i.e., PND 7) and weanlings (PND 25), were placed in a rectangular open field with an odorant at one or both ends. Time spent over each odor was measured for 3 min. At both ages subjects avoided peppermint, orange, and lemon odors in favor of fresh home-cage bedding. Comparing any of these three odorants with each other resulted in no significant differences in preferences. In experiments using banana odorant, equal time was spent between banana and no odorant. However, in a two-odorant choice between banana and peppermint, weanlings preferred banana whereas pups showed no preference. The results of this study indicate that in an appetitive learning paradigm, peppermint, orange, or lemon odors may be used, while in aversive learning paradigms banana odor may be more appropriate for weanlings.
Damage pre-cursor based assessment of impact of high temperature storage on reliability of leadfree electronics

Electronic systems may be subjected to prolonged and intermittent periods of storage prior to deployment or usage. Prior studies have shown that leadfree solder interconnects show measurable degradation in the mechanical properties even after brief exposures to high temperature. In this paper, a method has been developed for the determining equivalent storage time to produce identical damage at a different temperature. Electronics subjected to accelerated tests often have a well-defined thermal profile for a specified period of time. Quantification of the thermal profile in field deployed electronics may be often difficult because of variance in the environment conditions and usage profile. There is need for tools and techniques to quantify damage in deployed systems in absence of macro-indicators of damage without knowledge of prior stress history. Approach for mapping damage in leadfree second-level interconnects under between thermal conditions is new. High reliability applications such as avionics and missile systems may be often exposed to long periods of storage prior to deployment. Effect of storage at different temperature conditions can be mapped using the presented approach. A framework has been developed to investigate the system state and estimate the remaining useful life of solder ball subjected to a variety of isothermal aging conditions including 60°C, 75°C and 125°C for periods of time between 1-week and 4-week. Data on damage precursors has been collected and analyzed to derive physics based damage mapping relationships for aging. Mathematical relationships have been derived for the damage mapping to various thermal storage environments to facilitate determining appropriate time-temperature combination to reach a particular level of damage state. Activation energy for the leading indicators of failure is also computed. Specific damage proxies examined include the phase-growth indicator and the intermetallic thickness. The viability of the approach has been demonstrated for leadfree test assemblies subjected to multiple thermal aging at 60° C, 75°C and 125°C. Damage mapping relationships are derived from data based on the two separate leading indicators.
Association Between Hospitalization With Community-Acquired Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza Pneumonia and Prior Receipt of Influenza Vaccination

Importance Few studies have evaluated the relationship between influenza vaccination and pneumonia, a serious complication of influenza infection. Objective To assess the association between influenza vaccination status and hospitalization for community-acquired laboratory-confirmed influenza pneumonia. Design, Setting, and Participants The Etiology of Pneumonia in the Community (EPIC) study was a prospective observational multicenter study of hospitalizations for community-acquired pneumonia conducted from January 2010 through June 2012 at 4 US sites. In this case-control study, we used EPIC data from patients 6 months or older with laboratory-confirmed influenza infection and verified vaccination status during the influenza seasons and excluded patients with recent hospitalization, from chronic care residential facilities, and with severe immunosuppression. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios, comparing the odds of vaccination between influenza-positive (case) and influenza-negative (control) patients with pneumonia, controlling for demographics, comorbidities, season, study site, and timing of disease onset. Vaccine effectiveness was estimated as (1 − adjusted odds ratio) × 100%. Exposure Influenza vaccination, verified through record review. Main Outcomes and Measures Influenza pneumonia, confirmed by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction performed on nasal/oropharyngeal swabs. Results Overall, 2767 patients hospitalized for pneumonia were eligible for the study; 162 (5.9%) had laboratory-confirmed influenza. Twenty-eight of 162 cases (17%) with influenza-associated pneumonia and 766 of 2605 controls (29%) with influenza-negative pneumonia had been vaccinated. The adjusted odds ratio of prior influenza vaccination between cases and controls was 0.43 (95% CI, 0.28-0.68; estimated vaccine effectiveness, 56.7%; 95% CI, 31.9%-72.5%). Conclusions and Relevance Among children and adults hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia, those with laboratory-confirmed influenza-associated pneumonia, compared with those with pneumonia not associated with influenza, had lower odds of having received influenza vaccination.
Cladding-Pumped Yb-Doped Solid Photonic Bandgap Fiber for ASE Suppression in Shorter Wavelength Region

We demonstrate suppression of amplified spontaneous emission at 1030 nm in a cladding-pumped ytterbium-doped solid photonic bandgap fiber. This fiber should play an important role for a high power fiber laser lasing around 1180 nm.
MOLECULAR GENETICS IN WILDLIFE SCIENCE, CONSERVATION, AND MANAGEMENT

this rapidly developing field. Many of the authors we selected had previously published in the Journal of Wildlife Management and were familiar with the interests and needs of the Journal’s audience. Unbeknownst to us, several of the individuals we contacted had independently recognized the need for a review paper in their respective topical areas and they provided valuable advice during the preparation of this section. Finally, we assembled a panel of experienced reviewers to provide a critical review of each paper to ensure a clear and thorough coverage of the topics. We begin this section with an overview paper by DeYoung and Honeycutt that uses a toolbox metaphor to illustrate the vast number of wildlife research topics that can be tackled using molecular techniques. The paper emphasizes how genetic methods can be added to the existing collection of “tools” (e.g., radiotelemetry, Geographic Information Systems [GIS], simulation modeling, etc.) that are applied to problems in wildlife ecology, conservation, and management. This paper sets the stage for the next 5 papers that address many of DeYoung and Honeycutt’s key
Design and Implementation of a Secure Healthcare Social Cloud System

Two cutting edge technologies are cloud computing and social media. Healthcare is a promising application of these technologies. In this paper, we describe our design and prototype implementation of a social healthcare network over the cloud. The system is secured with a trust-aware role-based access control. Our work addresses an unmet need in social healthcare networking -- emotional support, and demonstrates social healthcare network application in a real cloud computing environment.
M-estimation in regression models for censored data

In this paper, we study M-estimators of regression parameters in semiparametric linear models for censored data. A class of consistent and asymptotically normal M-estimators is constructed. A resampling method is developed for the estimation of the asymptotic covariance matrix of the estimators.
The Influence of Form and Rate on the Efficacy of Matrix-Based Fertilizers to Reduce Nutrient Leaching

We tested the efficacy of matrix-based fertilizers (MBFs) to reduce NO3, NH4, and total phosphorus (TP) leaching compared to Osmocote 14-14-14, a commercial slow release fertilizer (SRF) in greenhouse column studies. The MBFs covered a range of inorganic N and P in compounds that are relatively loosely bound (MBF4) and more tightly bound compounds (MBF5) with A12(SO4)3⋅18H2O and/or Fe2(SO4)3⋅3H2O and with high ionic exchange compounds starch, chitosan, and lignin. When N and P are released, the chemicals containing these nutrients in the MBF bind N and P to an Al2(SO4)3⋅18H2O and/or Fe2(SO4)3⋅3H2O starch- chitosan- lignin matrix. SRF leachate contained a greater amount of NO3, NH4, DRP, and TP than leachate from MBF4 and MBF5 regardless of whether fertilizers were pellets, banded or broadcast, or fertilizer rate. St Augustine grass growing in soils receiving MBF4 and MBF5 had decreased shoot biomass by 49% to 56% and decreased total biomass by 33% to 46% respectively as grass receiving SRF. Although further greenhouse and field testing are necessary, results of this initial investigation are promising and with further development, testing, and rate calibration should be competitive with commercial fertilizers in environmentally sensitive markets.
Increasing yeast secretion of heterologous proteins by regulating expression rates and post-secretory loss

Heterologous protein secretion involves the coupled processes of protein synthesis, protein folding, and secretory trafficking. A more complete understanding of how these processes interrelate could help direct optimization of secretion systems. Here we provide a detailed study regarding the dynamics of heterologous protein secretion from yeast in terms of intracellular protein levels, secreted protein levels, and unfolded protein response (UPR). Three different protein expression induction temperatures (20, 30, and 37 degrees C) were investigated as a means to modulate expression rates and thus cellular responses. Inducing at 20 degrees C yielded the slowest initial secretion rate, but the highest absolute level of product. Correspondingly, the level and the rate of both intracellular protein accumulation and unfolded protein response (UPR) activation were also the lowest at 20 degrees C. In addition, secretion ceased after approximately 22 h at 30 and 37 degrees C, respectively, while it was continuous until nutrient depletion at 20 degrees C. Maxima in secretion levels were observed that were a result of the additive effects of secretion cessation and post-secretory protein loss. The post-secretory loss of protein did not appear to result from solution phase proteolysis or aggregation, but required the presence of yeast cells. Refeeding of both yeast nitrogen base and casamino acids successfully prevented the post-secretory loss of protein at both high (37 degrees C) and low (20 degrees C) temperatures, and further increased secretion levels 1.5-fold at 20 degrees C where the secretory pathway was still functioning. Taken together, these findings suggest that there exists an appropriate balance between protein synthesis, processing and secretion rates required for secretion optimization.
Pharmacologic evaluation of ospemifene.

Importance of the field: Millions of women worldwide suffer from vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA) associated with menopause, and many women report that this adversely affects their quality of life. Ospemifene is a non-hormonal estrogen receptor agonist/antagonist effective in the treatment of VVA. Although similar in structure to other estrogen receptor agonists/antagonists that have antagonistic effects on the vagina, ospemifene has an estrogen-like effect on vaginal epithelium. This review focuses on ospemifene including its pharmacologic properties, clinical efficacy and safety.Areas covered in this review: The paper provides information on the phamacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of ospemifene. It also contains an overview of its preclinical and clinical efficacy as well as its clinical safety.What the reader will gain: From this paper, the reader will gain an appreciation for a new non-hormonal estrogen receptor agonist/antagonist, ospemifene.Take home message: The pharmacologic properties of ospe...
Supporting Positive Employment Outcomes for Individuals With Autism Who Use AAC

Abstract Employment is a valued transition outcome for many individuals with autism who use augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). As for anyone, a successful employment experience will ...