cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetically-enhanced radionuclide therapy (MERiT): In vitro evaluation

Purpose: Radionuclide therapy is a promising method for delivering radiation dose selectively to tumors. In situations where electron -emitters are used and the tumor is small relative to the maximum range of therapeutic electrons, these particles exit the tumor before delivering the maximum amounts of radiation dose. In this study, the method of magnetically constraining electrons to small tumors, known as magnetically -enhanced radionuclide therapy (MERiT), is explored using in vitro experiments. Methods and Materials: The potential utility of MERiT was investigated by first measuring the reduction of number of electrons exiting a small sphere containing 90 Y embedded in a block of plastic scintillator. Measurements of total energy deposited in the plastic scintillator made inside and outside a 7 Tesla magnetic field were compared. Furthermore, an experiment utilizing lymphoma cells of human origin was performed. Groups of cells were added to wells containing 90 Y-labeled bovine serum albumin (and control groups containing no radioactivity) were placed either inside a 7 Tesla magnet or at a position where the magnetic field was minimal (essentially zero) for 18 hr. Results: The presence of a 7 Tesla magnetic field reduced the amount of energy deposited in the scintillator by 16.63 ± 1.05 %. This demonstrates that the magnetic field constrains a large fraction of the emissions to the sphere and implies that normal tissues adjacent to radiotracer-avid tumors can be protected from radiation dose. Results from the cell culture experiment showed that the presence of a 7 Tesla magnetic field significantly (p < 0.005) reduced the number of viable cells remaining after treatment with non-specific 90 Y-labeled bovine serum albumin by 11.7% compared to the appropriate control group ( 90 Y treated, not exposed to magnetic field). Conclusions: These initial physical and biological studies indicate that magnetically-enhanced radionuclide therapy can be effective in increasing radiation absorbed dose to small tumors, consequently reducing radiation dose to surrounding normal structures.
Brain injury in the premature infant: Neuropathology, clinical aspects, and pathogenesis

Brain injury in the premature infant is an extremely important problem, in part because of the large absolute number of infants affected yearly. The two principal brain lesions that underlie the neurologic manifestations subsequently observed in premature infants are periventricular hemorrhagic infarction and periventricular leukomalacia. This article emphasizes the neurology, neuropathology, and pathogenesis of these two lesions. Recent work suggests that the ultimate goal, prevention of the lesions, is potentially achievable. Periventricular hemorrhagic infarction may be preventable by prevention of germinal matrix-intraventricular hemorrhage, and periventricular leukomalacia may be preventable by detection of impaired cerebrovascular autoregulation, prevention of impaired cerebral blood flow, and interruption of the cascade to oligodendroglial cell death by such agents as free radical scavengers. MRDD Research Reviews 3:3–12, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
PATHOGENESIS OF PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS, PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS, AND AUTOIMMUNE CHOLANGIOPATHY

The clinical and histological features of autoimmune diseases of the liver have been well described for many years. Despite, however, a large body of literature, the immunology and pathogenesis, as with other autoimmune diseases, have remained elusive. This article highlights the major advances in our understanding of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), and autoimmune cholangiopathy (AIC), including genetics, immunology, animal models, and infectious associations. What is the basis for designating autoimmune diseases? Initially described for their clinical and pathologic features, these liver diseases have many features common with each other and with other autoimmune abnormalities: hypergammaglobulinemia; autoantibodies; human leukocyte antigens (HLA) associations; evidence of molecular mimicry; and response to immunosuppressive agents. 8 There are many associated autoimmune disorders: thyroiditis, Sjogren's syndrome, ulcerative colitis, pernicious anemia, and Raynaud's syndrome. Familial occurrence of PBC and PSC occurs, as do clusters of autoimmune diseases within family members of patients with autoimmune liver disease. Family history may be the first clue of autoimmune liver disease in a patient with abnormal liver tests. Although some features are more frequent in a specific disease (e.g., AMA in PBC), there is much overlap between these various syndromes. Autoimmune cholangiopathy arose from one such overlap. Development of one of these syndromes may require a combination of various factors to produce the phenotype, for example, a genetically predisposed individual exposed to a certain virus or drug. Understanding the genetic and immunologic bases of these diseases will aid in uncovering their pathogenesis, and may alter our approaches to treatment.
Semi-insulating GaAs

In a short review on SI-GaAs it is not possible to exhaust all problems related to this important material. We have reviewed the present stage of knowledge about the main defects in SI-GaAs which are responsible for semi-insulating properties of this material and we pointed out some problems concerning the determination of carrier densities and mobilities in SI-GaAs in the dark and at low electric fields. Special problems arise when this material is investigated under illumination or at high electric fields due to the generation of nonequilibrium carriers and various trapping and recombination processes.
Robustness properties for a class of scale estimators

The influence Curve and breakdown are calculated for a class of estimators of dispersion, the mid-variance. The influence curve is needed to approximate the distribution of the sample mid-variance for purposes of developing tests of variability. In addition the least favorable distributions needed for determining breakdown of any measure of dispersion are developed. These distributions are found to be different from the least favorable distributions used to find breakdown of location functionals.
Inbreeding avoidance in the prairie vole, Microtus ochrogaster

The prairie vole, Microtus ochrogaster forms communal groups by retention of philopatric offspring and the addition of unrelated individuals at malefemale and single female breeding units. Populations undergo high amplitude fluctuations in density with frequent low density bottle necks of 10-15 generations. We review the mating system and social behavior of the prairie vole with respect to potential for formation of genetically unique trait groups within the population as predicted by group selection theory. Hormonal-behavioral interactions reduce the opportunity for inbreeding within communal groups. Demographic traits, combined with dispersal and settlement behavior of those offspring that do disperse from the natal nest are such that breeding units would rarely include related animals. We predict that genetically distinct trait groups do not form in prairie vole populations, including during periods of low density bottlenecks.
Fluid Shear Regulates the Kinetics and Receptor Specificity of Staphylococcus aureus Binding to Activated Platelets

The interaction between surface components on the invading pathogen and host cells such as platelets plays a key role in the regulation of endovascular infections. However, the mechanisms mediating Staphylococcus aureus binding to platelets under shear remain largely unknown. This study was designed to investigate the kinetics and molecular requirements of platelet- S. aureus interactions in bulk suspensions subjected to a uniform shear field. Hydrodynamic shear-induced collisions augment platelet- S. aureus binding, which is further potentiated by platelet activation with stromal derived factor-1β. Peak adhesion efficiency occurs at low shear (100 s −1 ) and decreases with increasing shear. The molecular interaction of platelet α IIb β 3 with bacterial clumping factor A through fibrinogen bridging is necessary for stable bacterial binding to activated platelets under shear. Although this pathway is sufficient at low shear (≤400 s −1 ), the involvement of platelet gpIb and staphylococcal protein A through von Willebrand factor bridging is essential for optimal recruitment of S. aureus cells by platelets in the high shear regime. IgG plays an inhibitory role in the adhesion process, presumably by interfering with the binding of von Willebrand factor to staphylococcal protein A. This study demonstrates that platelet activation and a fluid-mechanical environment representative of the vasculature affect platelet- S. aureus cell-adhesive interactions pertinent to the process of S. aureus -induced bloodstream infections.
Characterization of photosynthetic supramolecular assemblies using small angle neutron scattering

Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) offers opportunities for resolution of structure in molecular assemblies that can not be readily accessed by crystallography, such as inherently disordered assemblies, like micelles or vesicles, or multiple protein component complexes that can not be easily crystallized, like RC-cyt complexes or RC-antenna complexes. Scattering measurements on solution samples allow direct correlations to be made between structural features of Supramolecular assemblies and their spectroscopically determined function. Parameters which can be resolved by SANS include the size, shape, molecular weight, volume of macromolecules, internal packing for multiple component protein complexes. This information can be used to discriminate between possible molecular models for supramolecular structures.This chapter surveys possibilities for the application of this technique for the characterization of supramolecular assemblies in photosynthesis. SANS has been used to characterize the effect of ionic strength and detergents on reaction center aggregation. These measurements are being used to examine the pathways for reaction center crystallization. Applications are also presented for structural characterization of light-harvesting antenna complexes.
Mary LeCron Foster (1914–2001)

Mary LeCron Foster died peacefully in her home in Berkeley, California, on December 9, 2001. Her husband, George M. Foster, with whom she shared a lifetime of anthropological inquiry and exploration, was at her side. Born on February 1, 1914, in Des Moines, Iowa, Mickie-as everyone knew her-lived to be nearly 88 years old. Even as she struggled courageously against disease, she retained her mental vigor and insatiable curiosity and continued to enjoy the company of family and friends. Mickie spoke frequently of her childhood and the stimulat ng intellectual atmosphere that reigned in her home. Prior to attending college, she spent two years in Europe with her family, mainly in Grenoble, but also in Vienna. This experience gave her a lifelong appreciation of France, the French language, and French cuisine. (Among other avocations, she was a gourmet cook and relished any opportunity to savor exotic foods.) Early on, too, she acquired an interest in foreign travel and in the firsthand experience of cultures different from her own. She combined these pursuits through a half century's participation in the San Francisco chapter of the Society of Women Geographers, which she founded in 1956. In 1987, the Society honored Mickie with their Oustanding Achievement Award. Mickie's early passion for travel and interest in foreign peoples were part of what attracted her to anthropology. These characteristics also made it possible for her, at first, to share fully in her husband's anthropological career and then to forge a professional identity of her own. It was early in life, too, that Mickie acquired an interest in politics, which she never abandoned, and a strong social consciousness. Her first publication, which appeared in the Des Moines Sunday Register in April 1938, was an eyewitness account of the Anschluss, Hitler's march into Vienna, as described through letters to her Iowa family. Later, as an established scholar, Mickie channeled her political concerns into anthropological studies of peace and conflict. Her major publications in this field include two coedited volumes: Peace and War: Cross-Cultural Perspectives (Foster and Rubinstein 1986) and The Social Dynamics of Peace and Conflict: Culture in International Security (Foster and Rubinstein 1988). In "Is War Necessary?" (Foster and Rubinstein 1986: 71-78), Mickie encouraged anthropologists to engage in research that would challenge the widespread assumption that war is inherent to the human condition. She also
Sexual dimorphism in relative sacral breadth among catarrhine primates

As the sacrum contributes to the size and shape of the birth canal, the sexually dimorphic sacrum of humans is frequently interpreted within obstetric contexts. However, while the human sacrum has been extensively studied, comparatively little is known about sacral morphology in nonhuman primates. Thus, it remains unclear whether sacral sexual dimorphism exists in other primates, and whether potential dimorphism is primarily related to obstetrics or other factors such as body size dimorphism. In this study, sacra of Homo sapiens, Hylobates lar, Nasalis larvatus, Gorilla gorilla, Pongo pygmaeus, Pan troglodytes, and Pan paniscus were evaluated for sexual dimorphism in relative sacral breadth (i.e., the ratio of overall sacral breadth to first sacral vertebral body breadth). Homo sapiens, H. lar, N. larvatus, and G. gorilla exhibit dimorphism in this ratio. Of these, the first three species have large cephalopelvic proportions, whereas G. gorilla has small cephalopelvic proportions. P. pygmaeus, P. troglodytes, and P. paniscus, which all have small cephalopelvic proportions, were not dimorphic for relative sacral breadth. We argue that among species with large cephalopelvic proportions, wide sacral alae in females facilitate birth by increasing the pelvic inlet's transverse diameter. However, given the small cephalopelvic proportions among gorillas, an obstetric basis for dimorphism in relative sacral breadth appears unlikely. This raises the possibility that sacral dimorphism in gorillas is attributable to selection for relatively narrow sacra in males rather than relatively broad sacra in females. Accordingly, these results have implications for interpreting pelvic dimorphism among fossil primates, including hominins.
Practical lock/unlock pairing for concurrent programs

In the multicore era, developers face increasing pressure to parallelize their programs. However, building correct and efficient concurrent programs is substantially more difficult than building sequential ones. To address the multicore challenge, numerous tools have been developed to assist multithreaded programmers, including static and dynamic bug detectors, automated bug fixers, and optimization tools. Many of these tools rely on or benefit from the precise identification of critical sections, i.e., sections where the thread of execution holds at least one lock. For languages where critical sections are not lexically scoped, e.g., C/C++, static analysis often fails to pair up lock and unlock calls correctly. In this paper, we propose a practical lock/unlock pairing mechanism that combines static analysis with dynamic instrumentation to identify critical sections in POSIX multithreaded C/C++ programs. Our method first applies a con-servative inter-procedural path-sensitive dataflow analysis to pair up all lock and unlock calls. When the static analysis fails, our method makes assumptions about the pairing using common heuristics. These assumptions are checked at runtime using lightweight instrumentation. Our experiments show that only one out of 891 lock/unlock pairs violates our assumptions at runtime and the instrumentation imposes negligible overhead of 3.34% at most, for large open-source server programs. Overall, our mechanism can pair up 98.2% of all locks including 7.1 % of them paired speculatively.
Lowering GTP Level Increases Survival of Amino Acid Starvation but Slows Growth Rate for Bacillus subtilis Cells Lacking (p)ppGpp

Bacterial cells sense external nutrient availability to regulate macromolecular synthesis and consequently their growth. In the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis, the starvation-inducible nucleotide (p)ppGpp negatively regulates GTP levels, both to resist nutritional stress and to maintain GTP homeostasis during growth. Here, we quantitatively investigated the relationship between GTP level, survival of amino acid starvation, and growth rate when GTP synthesis is uncoupled from its major homeostatic regulator, (p)ppGpp. We analyzed growth and nucleotide levels in cells that lack (p)ppGpp and found that their survival of treatment with a nonfunctional amino acid analog negatively correlates with both growth rate and GTP level. Manipulation of GTP levels modulates the exponential growth rate of these cells in a positive dose-dependent manner, such that increasing the GTP level increases growth rate. However, accumulation of GTP levels above a threshold inhibits growth, suggesting a toxic effect. Strikingly, adenine counteracts GTP stress by preventing GTP accumulation in cells lacking (p)ppGpp. Our results emphasize the importance of maintaining appropriate levels of GTP to maximize growth: cells can survive amino acid starvation by decreasing GTP level, which comes at a cost to growth, while (p)ppGpp enables rapid adjustment to nutritional stress by adjusting GTP level, thus maximizing fitness.
Competing Knorr and Fischer–Fink pathways to pyrroles in neutral aqueous solution

Abstract A proposed chemical model for the prebiogenesis of tetrapyrrole macrocycles relies on the condensation of a 3-alkyl-substituted 2,4-diketone and an α-aminoketone to form a pyrrole equipped for subsequent self-condensation leading to porphyrinogens. The condensation of acyclic reactants can proceed via competing Knorr (desired) and Fischer–Fink (undesired) pathways. Here, the Knorr and Fischer–Fink pathways are quantitated using (1) analogues of those in the proposed prebiotic route wherein the resulting pyrroles are blocked from subsequent condensation, and (2) a set of internal standards for quantitation of crude reaction mixtures by 1H NMR spectroscopy following extraction into CS2. The reaction of 1-amino-2-butanone and 3-methyl-2,4-pentanedione at 60 °C in aqueous solution at pH 7 for 24 h afforded the Knorr pyrrole and Fischer–Fink pyrrole in yields of 48% and 7%, respectively. The reaction in hot aqueous acid (pH 4.6, reflux, 30 min) afforded the Knorr pyrrole in diminished yield (22%) relative to that of the Fischer–Fink pyrrole (11%). The Knorr pyrrole (4-ethyl-2,3-dimethylpyrrole) is evanescent whereas the Fischer–Fink pyrrole (2,3,4-trimethyl-5-propanoylpyrrole) is quite stable; hence, rapid analysis of the reaction mixture (vs workup and isolation) is essential for accurate analysis.
Globally optimal floorplanning for a layout problem

In this paper, the floorplanning problem for a layout problem is formulated as a global optimization problem. The area of each building block is assumed to be fixed. However, its width and height are allowed to vary subject to aspect ratio constraints. Also, a block may be arbitrarily oriented in parallel to the xy orthogonal axes, subject to partition constraints with associated adjacency relationships. The objective is to minimize the rectangular area of the entire layout. By formulating the problem appropriately, it becomes a geometric programming problem. Its global minimum can then be found by using standard convex optimization techniques. The problem formulation and its conversion to a convex optimization problem are first illustrated through a simple example. The general procedure is then described and the effectiveness of the approach demonstrated through numerical examples.
Novel ZnO nanowires/silicon hierarchical structures for superhydrophobic, low reflection, and high efficiency solar cells

For current solar cell technique, low conversion efficiency is the main limiting factor. A large portion of energy loss during solar cell operation could be attributed to optical loss, namely reflection loss of the incoming light. To reduce the reflection loss, surface texturing and antireflection coatings are most commonly used strategies. We report a novel hierarchical structure of integrating ZnO nanowire arrays on Si micropyramids as an effective anti-reflection layer for improving the energy conversion efficiency. This structure displays a broadband reflection suppression in the 300–1200 nm range, with an average weighted reflectance of 3.2%, much lower than the previously reported 6.6% reflectance of tapered ZnO nanostructures on planar surfaces. Sunrays 1.3 simulation was employed for optimizing and a better understanding of the effect of hierarchical structure in reflectance suppression. In addition, the surface modification enables a self cleaning property that will prevent the blocking of light by dust particles on solar panels.
Identification of correlated genetic variants jointly associated with rheumatoid arthritis using ridge regression

Using the North American Rheumatoid Arthritis Consortium genome-wide association dataset, we applied ridged, multiple least-squares regression to identify genetic variants with apparent unique contributions to variation of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP), a newly identified clinical risk factor for development of rheumatoid arthritis. Within a 2.7-Mbp region on chromosome 6 around the well studied HLA-DRB1 locus, ridge regression identified a single-nucleotide polymorphism that was associated with anti-CCP variation when including the additive effects of other single-nucleotide polymorphisms in a multivariable analysis, but that showed only a weak direct association with anti-CCP. This suggests that multivariable methods can be used to identify potentially relevant genetic variants in regions of interest that would be difficult to detect based on direct associations.
The Value of Diffusion-Weighted Imaging in Characterizing Focal Liver Masses

Rationale and Objectives To determine if focal liver masses could be differentiated as benign or malignant on the basis of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). Methods and Materials A total of 104 patients with focal liver masses were scanned using 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). DWI was performed with b values of 0, 50, and 400 s/mm 2 . Of these, 76 patients had lesions larger than 2 cm diameter, radiologic or pathologic characterization of the lesion, and diagnostic quality DWI. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of the largest liver lesion was measured. The liver masses were diagnosed on histology or had characteristic computed tomography/MRI findings and follow up of more than 6 months. The analyzed lesions were hemangioma ( n = 17), cysts ( n = 5), hepatocellular cancer (HCC) ( n = 41), adenoma ( n = 3), focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) ( n = 6), and metastases ( n = 4). Results The mean (standard deviation) ADC values (10 −5 mm 2 /second) of hemangiomas, cysts, FNH, and HCC were 156.8 (54.1), 190.2 (43.0), 130.1 (81.9), and 107.6 (32.7). The ADC of cysts and hemangiomas were significantly higher than that of other lesions ( P = .0003, t -test). There was no significant difference between ADC values of solid, benign liver lesions (FNH, adenoma) and malignant lesions (HCC, metastases) ( P = .62). Conclusion Solid liver lesions have a lower ADC than cysts and hemangiomas. However, there is no significant difference in ADC between solid benign and malignant lesions. DWI appears to have only minimal additional value over currently used MRI sequences in characterizing liver masses.
In practice: Harvard houses: The value of the tutorial system

Harvard University's residential colleges—living-learning communities where faculty, graduate students, and academic professionals live alongside undergraduates—provide unparalleled support by integrating the academic with the everyday.
Study of the influence of NH...S hydrogen bonds on the reduction potential in Clostridium pasteurianum 2(4Fe-4S) ferredoxin using deuterium exchange.

The effect of deuterium substitution of exchangeable hydrogen atoms on the reduction potential of Clostridium pasteurianum 2(4Fe-4S) ferredoxin has been studied. The studies were conducted to determine if NH S hydrogen bonds to the iron–sulfur cluster are dominant in the mechanism of influence of the protein on cluster reduction potential, as has been proposed [Carter, C. W. (1977) J. Biol. Chem.252, 7802–7811]. Deuteration of the slowly exchangeable hydrogen atoms, however, yields essentially no shift in the reduction potential (−0.2 ± 0.8 mV), suggesting that NH S bonds are not important modifiers of cluster reduction potential in this protein.
Classification of multiple cancer types by multicategory support vector machines using gene expression data.

Motivation: High-density DNA microarray measures the activities of several thousand genes simultaneously and the gene expression profiles have been used for the cancer classification recently. This new approach promises to give better therapeutic measurements to cancer patients by diagnosing cancer types with improved accuracy. The Support Vector Machine (SVM) is one of the classification methods successfully applied to the cancer diagnosis problems. However, its optimal extension to more than two classes was not obvious, which might impose limitations in its application to multiple tumor types. We briefly introduce the Multicategory SVM, which is a recently proposed extension of the binary SVM, and apply it to multiclass cancer diagnosis problems. Results: Its applicability is demonstrated on the leukemia data (Golub et al., 1999) and the small round blue cell tumors of childhood data (Khan et al. ,2 001). Comparable classification accuracy shown in the applications and its flexibility render the MSVM a viable alternative to other classification methods. Supplementary Information: http://www.stat.ohio-state. edu/∼yklee/msvm.html
Sustainable Practices of Aggregate Production in the U.S. Using a Life-Cycle Inventory Assessment Approach

Despite the fact that aggregates are used in all pavement applications and other branches of construction, only limited life-cycle inventory database compatible with ISO 14040:2006 guidelines exist for the aggregate industry. This paper introduces a life-cycle inventory assessment approach that can be used in the environmental assessment of mineral aggregates production processes. Such an approach requires building a more reliable and representative inventory database in the U.S. As a preliminary screening to assess the present status of the crushed aggregate production, a case study is presented to calculate energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions from aggregate production and compared to other sectors included in the mineral industry. An initial screening type case study was also conducted using a generic inventory database (energy and greenhouse gases) reported in the literature. According to the results obtained from the screening LCA, crushed aggregate production contributes approximately 2.3 million metric tons CO2equivalent, merely 2.15% of the mineral industry.
Preschool Nutrition Education and Influences On Food Neophobia

Food neophobia is a fear of new, unfamiliar foods that is inherent in young children, specifically of preschool age. Food neophobia has been studied in relation to its effects on dietary quality, dietary variety, food preferences, and to a smaller extent the prevention of childhood obesity. Certain factors such as personality traits, age, tactile sensitivity and feeding styles can contribute to the development of neophobia. Strategies such as multiple exposures to a wide variety of foods, social influences and behavior modeling may help to reduce the neophobic response in young children. Child care providers in particular have the opportunity to influence food acceptance, food preferences, and eating habits now more than ever due to the increasing percentage of children who attend full time child care. Some children consume a majority of their daily energy while in child care, emphasizing the responsibility that child care programs have to implement effective nutrition related interventions.
Notes toward an Interactionist-Motivational Theory of the Determinants and Development of (Pro)Social Behavior

The determinants of certain kinds of behavior, such as positive conduct, can be understood only in the framework of a more general theory of social behavior. We cannot simply ask whether people will or will not behave positively. We have to concern ourselves with conditions and influences that lead to positive, in contrast to other types of, behavior. When will people respond to others’ need, or take action to benefit others, in contrast to engaging in behavior for the sake of self-related outcomes?
Methodology in the Study of Aggression: Integrating Experimental and Nonexperimental Findings

Publisher Summary Buss defined aggression as a response that delivers noxious stimuli to another organism. Geen clarified this definition by adding two elements: the aggressor delivers the noxious stimuli with the intent to harm the victim, and the aggressor expects that the noxious stimuli will have their intended effect. This chapter focuses on the four active types of human aggression. In physical aggression, noxious stimuli delivered to the victim are pain and injury, whereas in verbal aggression, noxious stimuli delivered to the victim are rejection and threat. In direct aggression, the aggressor is easily identified by the victim, whereas in indirect aggression, the aggressor is not easily identified by the victim. The personality trait of aggression is referred to as trait aggressiveness, which can be defined operationally using self-report personality scales, aggression nominations by others (for example, peers, teachers, and counselors), or violent histories. This chapter assesses the correspondence between the findings from field studies and laboratory studies, focusing on situational variables. The effects of the situational variables examined on human aggression are provocation, alcohol, the presence of weapons, media violence, anonymity, and temperature.
Cerebral bioenergetics in hypovolemic shock: Mechanistic insights into the efficacy of EF24.

Since the primary determinant of mortality in hypovolemic shock is the host inflammatory response affecting multiple organs, addressing systemic inflammation is most vital in the critical first 60 ...
Canola Meal in Diets for Market Turkeys

Abstract Canola meal was fed at 0, 10, 20, and 26 to 10% dietary levels to Large White turkey males during 0 to 19 wk of age. Feed was in meal and pelleted forms. Body weights were reduced at higher canola meal levels in mash and pelleted diets. When isocaloricity was maintained by addition of fat, 19-wk body weight was significantly greater with 20% canola meal than with the corn-soybean meal control. Differences in breast and leg yield were not significant statistically. Taste panel findings showed no preference among breast meat samples, but thigh meat from birds fed 20% canola meal was preferred over that of the control. Canola meal was an acceptable protein source in turkey diets in the present study.
Systemic Oxygen Transport

Normal tissue metabolism is intimately dependent upon an adequate supply of oxygen and it is the primary function of the oxygen transport system to supply this oxygen to the tissues. In a simple single-cell organism such as the amoeba transport of oxygen is accomplished by simple diffusion into the cell from the surrounding aqueous medium. Even insects are sustained by simple diffusion of oxygen from the surrounding atmosphere with the aid of a system of air ducts penetrating the body. However, when organisms are larger and more complex simple diffusion is no longer adequate to maintain oxygenation and a specific system must be introduced to transport oxygen from the surrounding environment to the cells of the body. The basic requirement for this system is to bring adequate quantities of oxygen to the tissues at sufficient partial pressure to permit rapid diffusion of oxygen in sufficient quantity from the blood to the tissue. The intracellular oxygen tension must be adequate to maintain metabolic processes. As long as these basic requirements are met, the oxygen transport system is a success. We will discuss two topics relating to this oxygen transport system. The first is the relationship between oxygen transport and the regulation of red cell production and the second considers the comparative physiology of oxygen transport in several animal species.
Perioperative factors associated with Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems responses of total hip arthroplasty patients.

Abstract Objective To determine perioperative treatments and events associated with Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) responses among patients who undergo total hip arthroplasties (THAs) and total knee arthroplasties (TKAs). Design Retrospective analysis. Setting Single tertiary care, academic, urban, level 1 trauma center. Participants Final cohort represents 301 consecutive surgical inpatients meeting criteria for evaluation by HCAHPS survey. Exposures Responses to 4 HCAHPS questions were analyzed against perioperative treatments and events. Measures Positive and negative responses to HCAHPS questions. Results THA patients responding affirmatively to both pain specific and general satisfaction were associated with preoperative use of chronic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. In addition, THA patients responding affirmatively "how often was your pain well controlled" were also associated decreased postanesthesia care unit (PACU) opioid requirement. TKA patients responding affirmatively to "what number would you use to rate this hospital" were associated with shorter PACU stays and lower final pain scores. TKA patients responding affirmatively to "would you recommend this hospital to your family" were associated with shorter lengths of stay in the hospital and in the PACU. TKA patients responding affirmatively to "How often did the hospital staff do everything to help with your pain" were not associated with any measured perioperative event. TKA patients responding affirmatively to "how often was your pain well controlled" were associated with older age, decreased use of preoperative chronic benzodiazepines, and increased use of preoperative midazolam. Conclusions These data suggest that chronic use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is associated with improved overall satisfaction and satisfaction with pain in THA patients. Furthermore, increased PACU opioid use was negatively associated satisfaction with pain management. Age, lengths of stay preadmission medications, anxiolytic medications, and PACU pain scores are associated with patient satisfaction with regards to both pain management and overall satisfaction in TKA patients.
The Role of Lip-Motion Imitation in Hearing-impaired Children's Bilingual Lipreading Training

Lipreading plays a significant role in hearingimpaired children's language development.To do lipreading well,it is necessary to conduct lip-motion imitation training.In terms of language development,lipreading is not a simple perceptual process,but a complex psychological process.Therefore,when lip-motion imitation is taken as the first step to conduct lipreading training,it is necessary to analyze the role of lip-motion imitation to ensure its effectiveness.This study introduces the definition and process of lip-motion imitation,as well as the authors' experience in language training,and analyzes the role of lip-motion imitation in hearing-impaired children's learning of Chinese and English pronunciations.
Chronic GVHD Is Not Increased with the Use of PBSC Instead of Bone Marrow for T-Replete HLA-Haploidentical Transplanation Using Post-Transplant Cyclophosphamide : A Multivartiate Analysis of 116 Consecutive Transplants from a Single Center

HLA-haploidentical related donors (HID) are a potential option for patients who need an allogeneic haploidentical transplant but lack an optimally matched conventional donor (HLA-identical sibling or 8 of 8 HLA-A, B, C, DRB1 matched unrelated donor) (MRD and MUD respectively). The Baltimore approach to HID transplantation that uses T-replete grafts and post-transplant cyclophosphamide to control alloreactivity (HIDT-ptCy) has demonstrated promising outcomes and appears to be safe and effective. Bone marrow (BM) grafts have almost exclusively been used for HIDT-ptCy in Baltimore. Early studies from other centers have demonstrated that G-CSF mobilized PBSC may be safely used for HIDT-ptCy (Castagna et al BBMT 2014, Raj et al BBMT 2014). HIDT-ptCy using BM grafts has been associated with relatively low rates and severity of chronic GVHD. However, it is unclear whether the use of PBSC for HIDT-ptCy will be associated with higher rates of chronic GVHD than with BM grafts as has been demonstrated for MRD and MUD transplants. We analyzed 116 consecutive HIDT-ptCy first transplants (BM=64, PBSC=52) performed for hematologic malignancies at our center. Identical supportive care measures were utilized for BM and PBSC patients. GVHD was prospectively documented using established criteria by a single dedicated nurse. NIH consensus criteria were used for chronic GVHD. Gray9s test was used to compare the cumulative incidences of GVHD. A Cox model was used in multivariate analysis of GVHD outcomes. Characteristics of the patients are demonstrated in Table 1. Patients undergoing HIDT-ptCy using PBSC were significantly more likely to receive myeloablative conditioning, were younger, were less likely to have been transplanted prior to 2007. Although the frequency of diagnoses differed, the Dana-Farber/CIBMTR Disease Risk Index (DRI) was not significantly different between the two groups. Median follow-up for BM and PBSC patients was 44 m and 25 m. Six month cumulative incidences of acute GVHD grades 2-4 were 39% and 42% and grades 3-4 were 14% and 21% for BM and PBSC grafts respectively. The two year cumulative incidences of extensive chronic GVHD were 38% and 45% and for severe chronic GVHD were 8% and 6% respectively (p=NS for all BM vs PBSC comparisons). In a multivariate analysis assessing effects of patient, disease and transplant variables on GVHD outcomes, graft type i.e. PBSC vs BM was not a significant predictive factor for acute or chronic GVHD. These data demonstrate that unlike the case following MRDT and MUDT, G-CSF mobilized PBSC grafts are not associated with an increased risk of chronic GVHD than BM grafts following HIDT-ptCy. Severe chronic GVHD is very uncommon with both types of graft following HIDT-ptCy and is an indication of the effectiveness of ptCy in controlling alloreactivity in this setting. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Understanding the introduction and circulation of environmental methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a large academic medical center during a nonoutbreak, year-long period.

Background Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a leading cause of health care–associated infections, and the role that the hospital environment might play in the transmission cycle remains undefined. We determined the distribution of environmental MRSA isolates, studied contamination patterns of MRSA clones, and evaluated the association between MRSA patient load and environmental contamination. Methods High-contact surfaces were sampled for 12 consecutive months in 2 inpatient wards. Concurrently, aggregated data of MRSA patient infection burden were analyzed. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and molecular epidemiologic tools were used to characterize and analyze all isolates. Results Overall, 23.7% of the surfaces were MRSA positive. Handrails (58.3%), the medicine room (50.0%), chart holders (41.7%), and access doors (33.3%) were the most contaminated surfaces. Thirty-four different MRSA pulsotypes were identified. Forty-six percent of the isolates were SCC mec II/USA100. Recurrent introduction and reintroduction of clones and hot spot surfaces frequently contaminated with different MRSA strains were observed. However, long-term contamination (maintenance) was not observed. The burden of clinical MRSA cases was not an indicator of the level of environmental contamination. Conclusions MRSA frequently contaminates hospital surfaces during nonoutbreak periods and is not associated with the number of clinical MRSA cases. Monitoring and thorough cleaning and disinfection of hot spot surfaces are necessary to minimize the presence of MRSA in the hospital.
Our new view of Pluto

NASA's New Horizons mission has transformed our pixelated view of Pluto – the tiny object lying on the fringes of the solar system. As Cathy Olkin explains, we can now see ancient craters, young glacial plains and layers of haze stretching up to 200 km from the surface
Adaptive Immunotherapy with Autologous CD25-Depleted and CD3/CD28-Costimulated T-Cells Enhances Lymphocyte Recovery after Cyclophosphamide - Fludarabine Chemotherapy in Patients with Low-Grade Follicular Lymphoma.

BACKGROUND: Fludarabine-based chemotherapy combinations are highly effective in patients (pts) with low-grade follicular lymphoma (FL), but cause severe and long-lasting immunosuppression due to depletion of normal CD4+ T-cells. Aside from increasing the risk of serious infections, this toxicity may limit the ability of the immune system to eliminate minimal residual disease. Adoptive immunotherapy using autologous CD25-depleted, CD3/CD28-costimulated T-cells (ACTC) expanded ex vivo may enhance immune reconstitution and improve disease control. METHODS: We initiated a phase I study in pts with purine analog-naive relapsed/refractory FL (grades 1 and 2). After leukapheresis, pts receive 4 cycles of fludarabine (25 mg/m2) days 1–3 and cyclophosphamide (250 mg/m2) days 1–3. Four weeks after the last cycle, responding patients (CR/CRu, PR) receive escalating doses of ACTC prepared ex vivo from autologous T-cellss collected prior to chemotherapy and depleted of regulatory CD4+/CD25+ cells, then expanded and activated using anti-CD3 and anti-CD28. RESULTS: Eleven pts have been enrolled to date. Median age is 49 y (range: 33–64y). Median number of prior therapies is 2 (range: 1 – 3). Two pts were withdrawn from the study due to hematologic toxicity related to chemotherapy, one patient was withdrawn for progressive disease during chemotherapy, and one patient has not yet completed chemotherapy. Of the 7 pts completing chemotherapy and proceeding to T-cell infusion, 5 pts achieved a CR/CRu and 2 pts achieved a PR; 5 pts received 1 – 5 x 109 CD3+ cells and 2 patients received 5 – 10 x 109 CD3+ cells. There have been no adverse events related to T-cell infusions. Median follow-up after ACTC infusion is 19 mos (range: 3 – 26 mos). CD4+ counts increased in all patients by 1 month after T-cell infusion, with a median increase of 3.2 fold (range: 1.5 – 70, p= .028)(see figure). For patients at dose level 1, the median increase was 2.2 fold (n=4; range: 1.5 – 3.3); at dose level 2 it was 37 fold (n=2; range: 3.8 – 70). CD8+ counts also increased, with a median increase of 8.1 (range: 1.0 – 30, p= .046)(see figure). All 7 pts receiving ACTC were anergic to candida antigen by delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin testing before chemotherapy. Four pts developed a positive DTH response to candida antigen 60 days after ACTC infusion. For patients receiving ACTC, median follow-up is 24 mos (range: 7 – 31 mos) with a median progression-free survival of 18 months which is significantly longer than the time to progression from last therapy (p= .024). CONCLUSIONS: ACTC infusion results in significant CD4+ and CD8+ numerical and functional lymphocyte recovery after cyclophosphamide-fludarabine chemotherapy in pts with low-grade FL. This compares very favorably to historical controls treated with fludarabine-based regimens. T-cell dose escalation is ongoing. ![Figure][1] Figure [1]: pending:yes
Part III: The Cambridge Years

This is the third installment in Robert Berring's autobiography, The Education of a Twentieth Century Law Librarian. The first installment is at 32 Legal Reference Services Quarterly 1 (2013). The end of the traditional world of law libraries is chronicled through a study of the workings of the Harvard Law Library in the period 1978-1981. Computerized catalogs, changing styles of reference and difficult questions of management are explored. The painful transition that faced all libraries is discussed. This is the third installment of a five part series on the profound change in law libraries during this period.
Enhanced Al and Zn removal from coal-mine drainage during rapid oxidation and precipitation of Fe oxides at near-neutral pH

Abstract Net-alkaline, anoxic coal-mine drainage containing ∼20 mg/L FeII and ∼0.05 mg/L Al and Zn was subjected to parallel batch experiments: control, aeration (Aer 1 12.6 mL/s; Aer 2 16.8 mL/s; Aer 3 25.0 mL/s), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to test the hypothesis that aeration increases pH, FeII oxidation, hydrous FeIII oxide (HFO) formation, and trace-metal removal through adsorption and coprecipitation with HFO. During 5.5-hr field experiments, pH increased from 6.4 to 6.7, 7.1, 7.6, and 8.1 for the control, Aer 1, Aer 2, and Aer 3, respectively, but decreased to 6.3 for the H2O2 treatment. Aeration accelerated removal of dissolved CO2, Fe, Al, and Zn. In Aer 3, dissolved Al was completely removed within 1 h, but increased to ∼20% of the initial concentration after 2.5 h when pH exceeded 7.5. H2O2 promoted rapid removal of all dissolved Fe and Al, and 13% of dissolved Zn. Kinetic modeling with PHREEQC simulated effects of aeration on pH, CO2, Fe, Zn, and Al. Aeration enhanced Zn adsorption by increasing pH and HFO formation while decreasing aqueous CO2 available to form ZnCO30 and Zn(CO3)22− at high pH. Al concentrations were inconsistent with solubility control by Al minerals or Al-containing HFO, but could be simulated by adsorption on HFO at pH
Depletion of enteric bacteria diminishes leukocyte infiltration following doxorubicin-induced small intestinal damage in mice

Background & aims While enteric bacteria have been shown to play a critical role in other forms of intestinal damage, their role in mediating the response to the chemotherapeutic drug Doxorubicin (Doxo) is unclear. In this study, we used a mouse model of intestinal bacterial depletion to evaluate the role enteric bacteria play in mediating Doxo-induced small intestinal damage and, more specifically, in mediating chemokine expression and leukocyte infiltration following Doxo treatment. An understanding of this pathway may allow for development of intervention strategies to reduce chemotherapy-induced small intestinal damage. Methods Mice were treated with (Abx) or without (NoAbx) oral antibiotics in drinking water for four weeks and then with Doxo. Jejunal tissues were collected at various time points following Doxo treatment and stained and analyzed for apoptosis, crypt damage and restitution, and macrophage and neutrophil number. In addition, RNA expression of inflammatory markers (TNFα, IL1-β, IL-10) and cytokines (CCL2, CC7, KC) was assessed by qRT-PCR. Results In NoAbx mice Doxo-induced damage was associated with rapid induction of apoptosis in jejunal crypt epithelium and an increase weight loss and crypt loss. In addition, we observed an increase in immune-modulating chemokines CCL2, CCL7 and KC and infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils. In contrast, while still positive for induction of apoptosis following Doxo treatment, Abx mice showed neither the overall weight loss nor crypt loss seen in NoAbx mice nor the increased chemokine expression and leukocyte infiltration. Conclusion Enteric bacteria play a critical role in Doxo-induced small intestinal damage and are associated with an increase in immune-modulating chemokines and cells. Manipulation of enteric bacteria or the damage pathway may allow for prevention or treatment of chemotherapy-induced small intestinal damage.