cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spawning of the tidewater silverside,Menidia peninsulae (goode and bean), in response to tidal and lighting schedules in the laboratory

Tidewater silversides,Menidia peninsulae (Goode and Bean) were maintained in 1.3 m diameter holding tanks in identical laboratory recirculating systems. During two weeks under constant conditions (a current velocity of 8 cm per s and continuous illumination, 24L:0D) there was a low relative frequency of arrhythmic spawning. In the subsequent two-week period, fish in one pair of tanks, were maintained under the singular influence of twice daily interruptions in current velocity (8 to 0 cm per s at 0600–0700 and 1800–1900) with continuous illumination. The relative frequency of spawning remained low and there was no evidence of a daily spawning rhythm. However, the mean number of eggs per spawn increased substantially. Fish in the second holding system were subjected to a diel light cycle of 13L:11D with a constant current velocity of 8 cm per s for two weeks. The relative frequency of spawning remained low, and there was no indication of spawning rhythmicity; moreover, there was only a slight increase in the mean number of eggs per spawn. During the third two-week period, fish in the first pair of tanks were provided a 13L:11D diel light cycle, in conjunction with preexisting twice daily interruptions in current velocity; those in the second pair of tanks were provided twice daily interruptions in current velocity in conjunction with the preexisting 13L:11D light cycle. Under the combined influence of interrupted current velocity and diel light cycle cues, there was a marked increase in the relative frequency of spawning in both pairs of tanks. Fish manifested a discernible spawning periodicity, spawns typically occurred between 1800 and 2400; the mean number of eggs per spawn also increased. When fish were returned to constant conditions, current velocity 8 cm per s and 24L:0D for two weeks, the frequency of spawning decreased and there was no indication of a spawning periodicity. Results of another experiment (interrupted current at 1200 to 1300 and 2400 to 0100 with a 13L:11D light cycle) indicated gradual expression of a tidal spawning rhythm during nighttime, 2400 to 0359. Our laboratory results indicate thatM. peninsulae is predominantly a nocturnal spawner and that spawning coincides with interruptions in current velocities.
Tensile Properties of Glassy Carbon to 2,900° C

GLASSY carbon is a turbostratic form of carbon which is produced by carbonizing a polymer under carefully controlled conditions of temperature and pressure. It has a density of 1.5 g/cm3 and is reported to have a very low gas permeability1. Tensile properties of two grades of glassy carbon, which the manufacturer (Tokai Electrode Manufacturing Co.) calls ‘GC 20’ and ‘GC 30’, have been measured from room temperature to 2,900° C. These grades are reported to have been heat-treated at 2,000° and 3,000° C, respectively.
Transport in C4 mesophyll chloroplasts. Characterization of the pyruvate carrier

Abstract 1. Evidence is presented for high rates of carrier-mediated uptake of pyruvate into the stroma of intact mesophyll chloroplasts of the C 4 plant Digitaria sanguinalis , but not the chloroplasts of the C 3 plant Spinacea oleracea . Uptake of pyruvate in the dark with the C 4 mesophyll chloroplasts was followed using two techniques: uptake of [ 14 C]pyruvate as determined by silicon oil centrifugal filtration and uptake as indicated by absorbance changes at 535 nm (shrinkage/swelling) after addition of 0.1 M pyruvate salts. 2. Uptake of the pyruvate anion by an electrogenic carrier is suggested to be the major mode of transport. Chloroplast swelling was observed in potassium pyruvate plus valinomycin and uptake of [ 14 C]pyruvate was inhibited by membrane-permeant anions. Valinomycin reduced uptake in the absence of external potassium and the inhibition could be reversed by addition of external potassium. 3. Uptake of pyruvic acid (or a pyruvate − /OH − antiport) is ruled unlikely since [ 14 C]pyruvate uptake was relatively independent of the pH gradient across the envelope and addition of pyruvate to chloroplasts did not result in an alkalization of the medium. The low rate of swelling observed in ammonium pyruvate may be due to non-mediated permeation of pyruvic acid, which is possible only at high pyruvate concentrations. 4. The concentration of pyruvate in the stroma increased with external concentration over the range tested (up to 40 mM) but the concentration ratio (internal/external) was always less than one. The steady-state concentration of [ 14 C]pyruvate in the stroma was dependent on the ionic strength of the medium, with saturation at roughly I = 0.04 M, while accumulation of the membrane-permeant cation tetraphenylmethylphosphonium decreased with increasing ionic strength. This suggests that ionic strength modifies a membrane potential (inside negative) across the envelope and that pyruvate uptake responds to the magnitude and direction of that potential (−80 mV at low ionic strength). 5. Chloride and inorganic phosphate were potent inhibitors of [ 14 C]pyruvate uptake. Of the sulfhydryl reagents tested, N -ethylmaleimide was not inhibitory while mersalyl completely blocked [ 14 C]pyruvate uptake and swelling in potassium pyruvate plus valinomycin. Pyruvate uptake, as measured by valinomycin induced swelling in potassium pyruvate, was highly temperature sensitive, with an energy of activation of 39 kcal/mol above 9 °C. 6. Phenylpyruvate, α-ketoisovalerate, α-ketoisocaproate, α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid and α-cyanocinnamic acid inhibited [ 14 C]pyruvate but not [ 14 C]-acetate uptake in the dark and also reduced pyruvate metabolism by the chloroplasts in the light.
Stress proteins are not induced in mammalian cells exposed to radiofrequency or microwave radiation

The induction of stress proteins in HeLa and CHO cells was investigated following a 2 h exposure to radiofrequency (RF) or microwave radiation. Cells were exposed or sham exposed in vitro under isothermal (37 ± 0.2 °C) conditions. HeLa cells were exposed to 27- or 2450 MHz continuous wave (CW) radiation at a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 25 W/kg. CHO cells were exposed to CW 27 MHz radiation at a SAR of 100 W/kg. Parallel positive control studies included 2 h exposure of HeLa or CHO cells to 40 °C or to 45 μM cadmium sulfate. Stress protein induction was assayed 24 h after treatment by electrophoresis of whole-cell extracted protein labeled with [35S]-methionine. Both cell types exhibited well-characterized responses to the positive control stresses. Under these exposure conditions, neither microwave nor RF radiation had a detectable effect on stress protein induction as determined by either comparison of RF-exposed cells with sham-exposed cells or comparison with heat-stressed or Cd++ positive control cells. Bioelectromagnetics 18:499–505, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Nurses and the dying: Symbolic interaction as a precipitator of dying “stages”

The impact of nurses' attitudes upon their communication with dying patients is examined from the symbolic interaction perspective. Data were obtained from participant observation in the intensive care and postintensive care units of a hospital and from in-depth interviewes with additional nurses. Characteristics of the situation, nurses, and patients were examined in terms of an Interpersonal Reactions Model. The strength of this model is its emphasis upon the effect unintended judgments may have on a patient's self-image. A “stage” in the dying process may simply be a response to the nonverbally communicated expectations of interactors with dying persons. This research focuses on the first stage of this model—the differential reaction of nurses to the varying characteristics of patients within the constraints of extra-care situations.
Biased predictors, rationality and the evaluation of forecasts☆

Abstract Optimal, rational forecasts are often biased and thus the empirical finding that actual forecasts are biased is not necessarily evidence of irrational behavior. Using an asymmetric loss function and a regression forecasting problem, these points are explicitly demonstrated.
Psychological problems associated with drug therapy in childhood asthma.

Ten studies designed to evaluate the psychological and behavioral effects of the antiasthma agent theophylline in children have been carried out to date. In this review, we evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of those investigations and discuss whether theophylline is responsible for learning disabilities or behavioral disorders such as hyperactivity. We also discuss the similarities between studies of theophylline and those of other xanthines, such as caffeine, to suggest that some persons appear to have a helghtened response to these substances and would benefit from closer monitoring, not only of serum drug levels but also of their consumption of food and beverages that contain caffeine. In addition, we describe strategies for examining whether a functional relationship exists between theophylline use and behavioral and psychological changes in children.
Calcite precipitation mechanisms and inhibition by orthophosphate: In situ observations by Scanning Force Microscopy

Abstract Scanning Force Microscopy (SFM) was used to observe near-equilibrium calcite growth processes in solutions of known composition and saturation state. Calcite seeds were reacted in solutions of known saturation state at 25°C and 0.96 atm PCO2 for 1–2 days before transferring to a SFM fluid cell for observations of continued growth in the same solutions. We observed that when solution saturations with respect to calcite were greater than 1–2, precipitation began with the formation of surface nuclei. These nuclei spread, coalesced, and continued growing. Only after nearly two hours was there a transition to a mechanism resembling spiral growth. At these long reaction times, migrating steps assumed individual heights of 1–2 monolayers. We also observed simultaneous growth and dissolution at undersaturated conditions very near equilibrium. The influence of phosphate was also examined and observations suggested two inhibition mechanisms, depending on surface history. Phosphate (6 and 10 μmol PO4) introduced during the nucleation stage results in the formation of nuclei with amorphous shapes. Phosphate introduced during layer growth disrupts the relatively straight steps produced during PO4-free growth to form jagged steps. Both of the phosphate-calcite surface interactions are consistent with mechanisms proposed in previous studies. Our findings suggest that when solution saturations with respect to calcite are greater than two, precipitation always begins with the formation of surface nuclei with a later transition to mononuclear growth mechanisms. These observations have implications for carbonate precipitation in natural systems and suggest that calcite growth in environments with frequent wetting and drying cycles begin each wetting event with precipitation by surface nucleation. Results of this study also suggest that experimental investigations of calcite precipitation kinetics and interpretations of growth mechanisms must account for this early stage contribution by nucleation. Otherwise, such rates of calcite growth may not reflect the overall slower rates that occur in continuously wet environments.
Cleavage of a specific bond in troponin C by thrombin

Limited proteolysis of rabbit skeletal troponin C with bovine thrombin yielded two fragments, TH1 (Mr = 11 000) containing Ca2+ binding regions I–III and TH2 (Mr = 6000) containing region IV. Determination of the partial sequences of the fragments established the site of cleavage at Arg120−Ala121. Secondary cleavage by thrombin at other arginyl or lysyl residues in troponin C was ruled out by the sequence data and by the amino acid compositions of the two fragments.
Relativistic theory of nuclear spin-rotation tensor with kinetically balanced rotational London orbitals

Both kinetically balanced (KB) and kinetically unbalanced (KU) rotational London orbitals (RLO) are proposed to resolve the slow basis set convergence in relativistic calculations of nuclear spin-rotation (NSR) coupling tensors of molecules containing heavy elements [Y. Xiao and W. Liu, J. Chem. Phys. 138, 134104 (2013)]. While they perform rather similarly, the KB-RLO Ansatz is clearly preferred as it ensures the correct nonrelativistic limit even with a finite basis. Moreover, it gives rise to the same “direct relativistic mapping” between nuclear magnetic resonance shielding and NSR coupling tensors as that without using the London orbitals [Y. Xiao, Y. Zhang, and W. Liu, J. Chem. Theory Comput. 10, 600 (2014)].
n-AlGaAs/p-GaAs/n-GaN HETEROJUNCTION BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR: THE FIRST TRANSISTOR FORMED VIA WAFER FUSION

We discuss the first reported device characteristics of a wafer-fused heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT), demonstrating the potential of wafer fusion for the production of electrically active heterostructures between lattice-mismatched materials. n-GaAs/n-GaN ("n-n") and p-GaAs/n-GaN ("p-n") heterojunctions were successfully fused and processed into current-voltage (I-V) test structures. The fusion and characterization of these simple structures provided insight for the fabrication of the more complicated HBT structures. Initial HBT devices performed with promising dc common-emitter I-V characteristics and Gummel plots. n-n, p-n, and HBT electrical performance was correlated with systematically varied fusion conditions, and with the quality of the fused interface, given both chemical information provided by secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) and structural information from high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis.
Mechanisms of action of 7-O-ethyl tetrandrine in isolated vascular smooth muscle of the rabbit aorta.

Tetrandrine is an alkaloid from a Chinese herb which has been used to treat hypertension in humans. The mechanism(s) of its antihypertensive action is not clear. The goal of this study was to examine the direct effects of a derivative of tetrandrine, 7-O-ethyl tetrandrine (TD), on vascular smooth muscle. In particular, the goals were to study (1) the involvement of the endothelium in the responses of isolated aortic rings to TD, and (2) the effects of TD at intracellular sites involved in muscle contraction in skinned aortic strips treated with saponin. TD (1–100 µmol/l) decreased noradrenaline (NA) and K+-evoked contraction of isolated aortic rings with or without endothelium in a concentration-dependent manner although to a lesser degree with the K+-evoked contraction. In NA-contracted rings, the IC50 for TD was approximately 28–30 µ mol/l, at which a 20% decrease in K+-force development of aortic rings was observed. The slope of the concentration-relaxation curve was steeper in aortic rings with endothelium than without endothelium (1.09 vs. 0.88) in NA-contracted rings. TD increased tone in acetylcholine (ACh)-relaxed rings but did not change the force in aortic rings relaxed by sodium nitroprusside (NaNP) or ATP. In TD pretreated rings, TD blocked ACh-induced relaxation, but not NaNP or ATP-induced relaxation. In skinned aortic strips, TD decreased Ca2+ uptake by the SR (IC50 ≈ 77.4 µmol/l slope = 0.88), did not affect Ca2+ release from the SR, and decreased Ca2+-activation of the contractile proteins at 300 µmol/l TD. The conclusions are that TD prevented endothelium-dependent ACh relaxation by blocking muscarinic receptors, and that the endothelium-independent relaxation is caused by blocking Ca2+ entry through the sarcolemma and by the decreased Ca2+ uptake by the SR.
Disconnection, Depression, and Spirituality: A Study of the Role of Spirituality and Meaning in the Lives of Individuals with Severe Depression

This qualitative study explores the role of spirituality and meaning among 15 participants suffering from severe depression. During the time of this study, all the participants were in treatment at Loma Linda University Behavioral Medicine Center. The emerging themes are: (1) depression creates a sense of spiritual disconnection. Participants indicated feeling disconnected from God, the community, and oneself; (2) spirituality plays an important role in coping with the pain of depression; (3) there exists a deep yearning for a sense of meaning and a struggle to make sense of one’s pain; and (4) coming to terms with one’s circumstances and one’s depression at some level assists in the healing process.
Peritonitis, Pancreatitis, and Infected Pseudocyst in a Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis Patient

Peritonitis, pancreatitis, and an infected pseudocyst or a lesser sac abscess occurred concurrently in a continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patient. Lack of localizing signs and laboratory abnormalities and technical difficulties with sonography delayed definitive therapy. This case illustrates the complicated course that peritonitis may sometimes run in a CAPD patient.
Doomed pioneers: Gravity-flow deposition and bioturbation in marine oxygen-deficient environments

Isolated horizons of Thalassinoides and Gyrolithes burrows appear in exclusive association with gravity-flow deposits within sequences of nonbioturbated hernipelagic sedimentary rocks of the Miocene Monterey Formation of California and the Oligocene-Miocene San Gregorio Formation of Baja California. These burrowed levels are not associated with other ichnogenera such as Zoophycos and Chondrites . We infer a causal relation between gravity flow deposition and the presence of Thalassinoides and Gyrolithes and suggest that these gravity flows entrained thalassinidean crustacea. Upon deposition in oxygen-deficient environments, the surviving borrowers reworked substantial quantities of aminated, commonly organic-rich sediments in an environment from which they were previously excluded. The persistence of or the ecologically rapid return to oxygen-depleted conditions limited the survival time and ecological complexity of the transported infaunal dwellers and rendered them doomed pioneers. Ecological and physiological data support this hypothesis: thalassinidean crustacea have the capability to endure turbulent transport and survive up to 5-7 days of anoxia without being severely limited in their biological activities. The accurate recognition of doomed pioneer trace-fossil assemblages as ephemeral ecological phenomena in otherwise laminated successions may contribute to a better understanding and interpretation of paleo-oxygen levels and basin history.
Irrigation linked to a greater incidence of human and veterinary West Nile virus cases in the United States from 2004 to 2006.

Abstract Identifying risk factors for West Nile virus transmission is vital for future public health control measures. This study investigated the effect of irrigation, expressed as percent irrigated land, and population density on the incidence of human and veterinary West Nile virus (WNV) cases using a sample of 2827 counties from the United States over a 3-year period. Zero-inflated Poisson regression models were selected because of the large number of counties reporting zero cases. The mean percentage of irrigated land for the entire sample was approximately 0.029, while counties reporting both human and veterinary cases had an average of 0.054. As the level of irrigation rose by 0.1% of the total county land area, the incidence rate of WNV cases increased by 50% in the human model (RR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.46–1.53) and 63% in the veterinary model (RR: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.57–1.68). Higher equine and human population densities were associated with a slightly decreased incidence of WNV cases. In the logistic portion of the Zero-inflated model, the presence of irrigation significantly decreased the odds of a county reporting zero cases. Future research is warranted to determine the exact nature of the relationship between irrigation and increased disease incidence in human and veterinary populations.
Reply to letter ‘An old debate, rekindled’

Keywords: acanthoma; actinic keratosis; Bowen disease; seborrheic keratosis; solar lentigo
LEED studies of UO2(∼111) vicinal surfaces☆

The ordering/disordering of terraces, ledges and kinks on three UO2(~ 111) vicinal surfaces were examined by LEED. Optical transforms were used as an indication of the types of diffraction displays expected. On surfaces with high kink and ledge densities and unheated above 600 °C, the ledges on the average are equally spaced and parallel, but the kink-site positions are random. At higher temperatures of 700 < T < 900 °C, the ledges rotate and decompose irreversibly into {553} and {311} microfacets. By transform simulations it was inferred that ledges on the UO2{553} surfaces are highly ordered and contain less than 7% kink-sites.
Super fast Fourier transform

In this paper, we have developed the recursive fast orthogonal mapping algorithms based fast Fourier transforms. Particularly, we introduced a new fast Fourier transform algorithm with linear multiplicative complexity. The proposed algorithms not only reduces the multiplicative complexity, but also is comparable to the existing methods such as Duhamel, Heideman, Burrus, Vetterli, Wang [11,15,16,19,21,27,28] in the total number of operations (arithmetic complexity, or the number of multiplications and additions).
Global structure of Jupiter's magnetospheric current sheet

[1] Jupiter's magnetosphere contains a gigantic sheet-like structure located near its dipole magnetic equator that contains most of the plasma and energetic particles swirling in Jupiter's magnetosphere. Called the “current sheet,” it behaves like a rigid structure inside a radial distance of ∼50 RJ where the periodic reversals of the Br component are highly predictable. Beyond a radial distance of ∼25 RJ, the tilted current sheet lags behind the dipole magnetic equator in proportion to the radial distance of the observer. On the nightside, at radial distances >50 RJ, the current sheet is seen to become parallel to the solar wind flow direction. In this work, we analyze magnetic field observations from all six spacecraft that have explored Jupiter's magnetosphere (Pioneers 10 and 11, Voyagers 1 and 2, Ulysses, and Galileo) to determine the global structure of Jupiter's current sheet. We have assembled a database of 6328 current sheet crossings by using an automated procedure which utilizes reversals in the radial component of the magnetic field to identify current sheet crossings. The assembled database of current sheet crossings spans all local times in Jupiter's magnetosphere under differing solar wind conditions. The new model is based on a further generalization of the hinged-magnetodisc models of Behannon et al. (1981) and Khurana (1992). Four new features of the improved model are that (1) close to Jupiter, the prime meridian of the current sheet (the azimuthal direction in which it attains its highest inclination) is found to be shifted by 2.2° from the VIP4 model current sheet (Connerney et al., 1998). (2) In addition to the delay caused by the wave travel time, the location of the current sheet is further delayed because of the sweep-back of the field lines. (3) The signal delay associated with wave propagation is seen to vary both with radial distance and local time, and (4) the current sheet is allowed to become parallel to the solar wind direction at large distances in the magnetotail in agreement with the observations. The new model is much superior at predicting current sheet crossing times than previously published models (especially in the midnight and dusk sectors). The RMS error of fit between the modeled and observed current sheet crossing longitudes is 19.3°. A comparison of the new model with previous models is presented.
Disproportionate Representation of African Americans in Emotionally Handicapped Classes.

A persistent and pervasive problem in the education of African American students is their disproportionate representation in special education classes (Heller, Holtzman, & Messick, 1982; Mercer, 1973; Serwatka, Deering, & Stoddard, 1989). This problem is most pronounced in the rate of underrepresentation of African American students in gifted programs. Conversely, there exists a disproportionately high representation of African American students in classes for educable mentally retarded (EMR) students. The problem of disproportionate representation also is manifested in patterns of staffinmg students into fullor part-time special education classes. African American students are more frequently placed in more restrictive, self-contained special education classes than in less restrictive, resource room settings. This occurs in disability categories such as EMR and specific learning disabilities (SLD). It also occurs in programs for physically impaired and visually impaired students (Serwatka, Dove, & Hodge, 1986). In programs such as these last two, the overall rate of placement of African American students is no higher than would be anticipated in any other segment of the population. Yet, the rate of self-contained, full-time placement for African American students with these disabilities is significantly higher than the rate of full-
The generation and characterization of a respirable aerosol of chrysotile asbestos for chronic inhalation studies.

A chrysotile asbestos aerosol generator capable of producing respirable aerosol concentrations of the order of 25 µg/liter over prolonged periods of time has been developed. The coefficient of variation of the aerosol concentrations from day to day is of the order of 20%. The aerosol is adequately dispersed for inhalation studies, but characterization of the fibers in terms of lengths and diameters is exceedingly difficult. The electron micrographs show that the fibers are so irregular, clumped, and curved that determination of a meaningful aspect ratio (diameter/length) is not possible. Aerodynamic particle size distributions were determined with the aid of the Andersen cascade impactor to have median values of 1 to 3 µm.
DECLINING DOWNWIND: AMPHIBIAN POPULATION DECLINES IN CALIFORNIA AND HISTORICAL PESTICIDE USE

Pesticides have long been proposed as a possible cause of amphibian pop- ulation declines, but due to a number of challenges there has been relatively little ecotox- icological research on pesticides and declines in natural populations. My study examines the association between the spatial patterns of declines for five California amphibian species and historical patterns of pesticide use in California from 1974 to 1991 based on Department of Pesticide Regulation records. Information on declines was derived from maps of historical sites and current population status for the Yosemite toad (Bufo canorus), California red- legged frog (Rana aurora draytonii), foothill yellow-legged frog (R. boylii), Cascades frog (R. cascadae), and the mountain yellow-legged frog (R. muscosa). Multiple logistic- regression and generalized additive models were used to analyze the relationship between site status (present or absent) and total upwind pesticide use, 64 pesticide classes and groups, and covariates including precipitation, elevation, surrounding urban and agricultural land use, and spatial location. Total pesticide use was a strong, significant variable in logistic-regression models for all species, except B. canorus. Total pesticide use was a significant variable even when spatial autocorrelation was accounted for by inclusion of a spatial location covariate. Cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides (most organophosphates and carbamates) stood out as more strongly associated with population declines than any other class of pesticides. This is the first study in which population declines of multiple declining
Herbert Hoover, Issues of Free Speech, and Radio Regulation in the 1920s

(1987). Herbert Hoover, Issues of Free Speech, and Radio Regulation in the 1920s. Free Speech Yearbook: Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 28-39.
The importance of rare DNA variation in neurologic disease Cautionary tale

Neurology has been one of the leaders in applying the developing tools of genetics to understand the etiology of disease. This extends as far back as the early 1980s, when the then-new methods of detecting DNA variation (restriction fragment length polymorphisms) were combined with relatively new analytical methods (linkage analysis) to identify the location of the Huntington disease gene,1 Alzheimer disease genes,2 and a Parkinson disease (PD) gene.3 Extremely rare highly penetrant mutations in these genes are causative for disease. These discoveries redirected entire fields of study and greatly improved our understanding of the underlying pathophysiology. However, they directly explain just a tiny portion of the genetic causes of their disease.
Setting the revisit interval in primary care.

OBJECTIVE: Although longitudinal care constitutes the bulk of primary care, physicians receive little guidance on the fundamental question of how to time follow-up visits. We sought to identify important predictors of the revisit interval and to describe the variability in how physicians set these intervals when caring for patients with common medical conditions. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey of physicians performed at the end of office visits for consecutive patients with hypertension, angina, diabetes, or musculoskeletal pain. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING: One hundred sixty-four patients under the care of 11 primary care physicians in the Dartmouth Primary Care Cooperative Research Network. MEASUREMENTS: The main outcome measures were the variability in mean revisit intervals across physicians and the proportion of explained variance by potential determinants of revisit intervals. We assessed the relation between the revisit interval (dependent variable) and three groups of independent variables, patient characteristics (e.g., age, physician perception of patient health), identification of individual physician, and physician characterization of the visit (e.g., routine visit, visit requiring a change in management, or visit occurring on a “hectic” day), using multiple regression that accounted for the natural grouping of patients within physician. MAIN RESULTS: Revisit intervals ranged from 1 week to over 1 year. The most common intervals were 12 and 16 weeks. Physicians’ perception of fair-poor health status and visits involving a change in management were most strongly related to shorter revisit intervals. In multivariate analyses, patient characteristics explained about 18% of the variance in revisit intervals, and adding identification of the individual provider doubled the explained variance to about 40%. Physician characterization of the visit increased explained variance to 57%. The average revisit interval adjusted for patient characteristics for each of the 11 physicians varied from 4 to 20 weeks. Although all physicians lengthened revisit intervals for routine visits and shortened them when changing management, the relative ranking of mean revisit intervals for each physician changed little for different visit characterizations—some physicians were consistently long and others were consistently short. CONCLUSION: Physicians vary widely in their recommendations for office revisits. Patient factors accounted for only a small part of this variation. Although physicians responded to visits in predictable ways, each physician appeared to have a unique set point for the length of the revisits interval.
Utility of saturation biopsy to predict insignificant cancer at radical prostatectomy.

Abstract Objectives To determine whether potential candidates for watchful waiting have undersampling of more substantial cancer. Methods A total of 103 men were studied, who were predicted to have insignificant cancer in their radical prostatectomy (RP) specimen. All had limited cancer on routine needle biopsy (no core with more than 50% involvement; Gleason score less than 7, and fewer than 3 cores involved) with a serum prostate-specific antigen density of 0.15 or less. Insignificant tumor at RP was considered organ-confined tumor, no Gleason pattern 4 or 5, and a tumor volume of less than 0.5 cm 3 . Saturation biopsy (average 44 cores) and an alternate biopsy saturation scheme with one half the number of cores using an 18-gauge Biopty gun was performed in the pathology laboratory on totally embedded and serially sectioned RP specimens. Results Of the tumors, 97% were organ confined. The RP Gleason score was less than 7 in 84% of the cases. The RP tumor volume was 0.01 to 2.39 cm 3 (median 0.14). Of the cancer specimens, 71% were insignificant and 29% had been incorrectly classified before surgery using standard biopsy schemes. Using the full saturation biopsy scheme, if we predicted significant cancer, the probability of having insignificant cancer was only 11.5% (false-positive rate). If the model predicted insignificant cancer, the probability of significant cancer was also only 11.5% (false-negative rate; sensitivity 71.9% and specificity 95.8%). Using the alternate biopsy sampling scheme, the false-positive rate was 8% and the false-negative rate was 11.4% (sensitivity 71.9% and specificity 97.1%). Conclusions Saturation biopsy provides accurate predictability of prostate tumor volume and grade to select suitable candidates for watchful waiting therapy.
Penetration fracture of sea ice plate

Abstract The penetration fracture of sea ice plate floating on sea water is a complex fracture phenomenon. The paper analyses the basic aspects of fracture mechanics of the penetration problem, reviews in detail several recent solutions and presents a new improved method of solution. The basic relation between the applied load and the length of radial cracks, the mechanism that determines the number of radial cracks, and the size effect of the penetration load are discussed. Finally, a new fracture mechanics model for the ice plate penetration problem that takes into account part-through radial cracks is proposed.
Factors affecting the activity of egg white lysozyme.

A turbidimetric assay for lysozyme which employs Sarcina lutea as substrate is described. The method is sensitive to 0.03 μM lysozyme solutions (0.5 μg./ml.). In 0.025 M citrate, lysozyme exhibits a broad pH optimum in the range pH 5.9 – 6.3. One-tenth molar citrate and 0.03 M trichloroacetate markedly inhibited lysozyme. The activity of lysozyme is affected by the ionic strength of the solution. An activation was observed up to an ionic strength of 0.2; above this value an inhibition of lysozyme occurred. Urea and glycerol reversibly inhibit lysozyme. A photoinactivation of lysozyme in the presence of riboflavin was observed.
Characterization of a digital micromirror device for use as an optical mask in imaging and spectroscopy

The digital micromirror device (DMD) is a micro-optical- electro-mechanical structure consisting of an array of 16 micrometers X 16 micrometers square mirrors positioned on a 17 micrometers pitch. Each individual mirror can be tilted +/- 10 degrees relative to the DMD substrate; the tilt is along the diagonal direction of the micromirror. The device was invented and manufactured by Texas Instruments (TI), Inc. TI packages the DMD as an OEM product for use in projection displays. We are investigating the use of the DMD as a spatial light modulator for precision imaging and spectroscopy applications. This includes optical characterization of the device, as well as systems engineering to operate the device. Some of the performance metrics to be considered are the diffraction efficiency, optical-switching contrast, background scattering properties, mirror crosstalk, and the modulation transfer function.
Causes of mortality in the Florida panther (Felis concolor coryi).

Panthers necropsied at the University of Florida ranged between 2 weeks and 14 years of age; there were 38 males and 17 females in the cohort. Main categories of causes of death included trauma inflicted from either vehicular collisions (43%) or territorial fights (16%). Specific endogenous diseases involved the respiratory system in 13%, the urinary system in 4%, and the central nervous system in 2%. Ostium secundum atrial septal defects (ASD) were diagnosed in 11% of the panthers necropsied. Seventeen (54%) of the 38 male panthers had either unilateral or bilateral cryptorchidism. Cause of death remained undetermined in 11% of the total cohort. Language: en
Multifrequency OFDM SAR in presence of deception jamming

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is considered in this paper from the perspective of usage in imaging radar scenarios with deception jamming. OFDM radar signals are inherently multifrequency waveforms, composed of a number of subbands which are orthogonal to each other. While being employed extensively in communications, OFDM has not found comparatively wide use in radar, and, particularly, in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) applications. In this paper, we aim to show the advantages of OFDM-coded radar signals with random subband composition when used in deception jamming scenarios. Two approaches to create a radar signal by the jammer are considered: instantaneous frequency (IF) estimator and digital-RF-memory- (DRFM-) based reproducer. In both cases, the jammer aims to create a copy of a valid target image via resending the radar signal at prescribed time intervals. Jammer signals are derived and used in SAR simulations with three types of signal models: OFDM, linear frequency modulated (LFM), and frequency-hopped (FH). Presented results include simulated peak side lobe (PSL) and peak cross-correlation values for random OFDM signals, as well as simulated SAR imagery with IF and DRFM jammers'-induced false targets.
Diabetes mellitus in children.

Diabetes mellitus is a complex disorder with profound consequences, both acute and long-term, for the health of the affected individual and for the cost of health care in society at large. The classical type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM)— also known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and formerly called juvenile diabetes mellitus—is an autoimmune disease that is increasing in frequency worldwide, most rapidly in children under 5 years of age. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), formerly considered a disease of those over the age of 40 years and a rarity in youth, now constitutes a sizable fraction of diabetes in older children and adolescents, with an incidence of 50% or more in some areas. The increase in T2DM clearly is related to the epidemic of obesity sweeping both the developed and developing world. The ability to predict T1DM is highly advanced, but preventing or delaying its clinical appearance is a problem that remains to be solved. By contrast, T2DM probably is preventable, though how and why obesity and lifestyle exert such a profound effect remains enigmatic. However, much light has been shed on our understanding of the entities that constitute clinical diabetes mellitus and their management via newer insulins, newer devices for insulin delivery, newer oral agents, newer means to identify and treat complications, and newer directions for research to prevent and cure this disease. The purpose of this issue of the Pediatric Clinics of North America is to bring these newer developments, so exciting to those of us working in the field, to the general reader working in the broad field of pediatrics. To do so, we have
The Measurement of Conflict Interaction Intensity: Observer and Participant Perceived Dimensions:

The development of the Conflict Interaction Intensity Instrument (CIII) is reported. The results of two-factor analyses indicate close-minded-control dimensions for both observer and participant perspectives. However, a twofactor solution was yielded for observer perception of interpersonal conflict while a single factor solution was yielded for participant perception of interpersonal conflict.
Polling: a new randomized sampling technique for computational geometry

We introduce a new randomized sampling technique, called Polling which has applications to deriving efficient parallel algorithms. As an example of its use in computational geometry, we present an optimal parallel randomized algorithm for intersection of half-spaces in three dimensions. Because of well-known reductions, our methods also yield equally efficient algorithms for fundamental problems like the convex hull in three dimensions, Voronoi diagram of point sites on a plane and Euclidean minimal spanning tree. Our algorithms run in time T = O(logn) for worst-case inputs and uses P = O(n) processors in a CREW PRAM model where n is the input size. They are randomized in the sense that they use a total of only O(log2n) random bits and terminate in the claimed time bound with probability 1 - n-a for any a > 0. They are also optimal in P . T product since the sequential time bound for all these problems is O(nlogn). The best known determistic parallel algorithms for 2-D Voronoi-diagram and 3-D Convex hull run in O(log2n) and O(log2nlog * n) time respectively while using O(n) processors.
Testing the Significance of a Correlation With Nonnormal Data: Comparison of Pearson, Spearman, Transformation, and Resampling Approaches

It is well known that when data are nonnormally distributed, a test of the significance of Pearson's r may inflate Type I error rates and reduce power. Statistics textbooks and the simulation literature provide several alternatives to Pearson's correlation. However, the relative performance of these alternatives has been unclear. Two simulation studies were conducted to compare 12 methods, including Pearson, Spearman's rank-order, transformation, and resampling approaches. With most sample sizes (n ≥ 20), Type I and Type II error rates were minimized by transforming the data to a normal shape prior to assessing the Pearson correlation. Among transformation approaches, a general purpose rank-based inverse normal transformation (i.e., transformation to rankit scores) was most beneficial. However, when samples were both small (n ≤ 10) and extremely nonnormal, the permutation test often outperformed other alternatives, including various bootstrap tests.
A Human-Centric Alternative to Diversity and Multicultural Education

(2002). A Human-Centric Alternative to Diversity and Multicultural Education. Journal of Social Work Education: Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 17-36.
Redox sensor SsrB Cys203 enhances Salmonella fitness against nitric oxide generated in the host immune response to oral infection

We show herein that the Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI2) response regulator SsrB undergoes S-nitrosylation upon exposure of Salmonella to acidified nitrite, a signal encountered by this enteropathogen in phagosomes of macrophages. Mutational analysis has identified Cys203 in the C-terminal dimerization domain of SsrB as the redox-active residue responding to nitric oxide (NO) congeners generated in the acidification of nitrite. Peroxynitrite and products of the autooxidation of NO in the presence of oxygen, but not hydrogen peroxide, inhibit the DNA-binding capacity of SsrB, demonstrating the selectivity of the reaction of Cys203 with reactive nitrogen species (RNS). These findings identify the two-component response regulator SsrB Cys203 as a thiol-based redox sensor. A C203S substitution protects SsrB against the attack of RNS while preserving its DNA-binding capacity. When exposed to SPI2-inducing conditions, Salmonella expressing the wild-type ssrB allele or the ssrB C203S variant sustain transcription of the sifA, sspH2, and srfJ effector genes. Nonetheless, compared with the strain expressing a redox-resistant SsrB C203S variant, wild-type Salmonella bearing the NO-responsive allele exhibit increased fitness when exposed to RNS in an NRAMPR, C3H/HeN murine model of acute oral infection. Given the widespread occurrence of the wild-type allele in Salmonella enterica, these findings indicate that SsrB Cys203 increases Salmonella virulence by serving as a redox sensor of NO resulting from the host immune response to oral infection.
A novel augmentation strategy for treating resistant major depression.

OBJECTIVE: Treatment-resistant depression is a significant public health concern; drug switching or augmentation often produce limited results. The authors hypothesized that fluoxetine could be augmented with olanzapine to successfully treat resistant depression. METHOD: An 8-week double-blind study was conducted with 28 patients who were diagnosed with recurrent, nonbipolar, treatment-resistant depression without psychotic features. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three groups: olanzapine plus placebo, fluoxetine plus placebo, or olanzapine plus fluoxetine. RESULTS: Fluoxetine monotherapy produced minimal improvement on various scales that rate severity of depression. The benefits of olanzapine monotherapy were modest. Olanzapine plus fluoxetine produced significantly greater improvement than either monotherapy on one measure and significantly greater improvement than olanzapine monotherapy on the other measures after 1 week. There were no significant differences between treatment groups on ext...
An investigation of necking instability in fiber reinforced polypropylene

Thermoplastic composite materials hold considerable promise for increased use in low cost high volume applications because of the potential for processing by solid phase forming. Unfortunately, because of the wide variety of such materials, inherent variability in properties, and complex temperature and strain rate dependence, large strain behavior of these materials has not been well characterized. Of particular importance is failure during processing due to localized necking instability, and it is this phenomenon that is the primary focus of this study. Large strain behavior under uniaxial tension is characterized over a range of temperatures and strain rates, and a simple linear viscoelastic model is fit to the observed data. The strain rate and temperature dependence is then used to predict limiting tensile strains, based on Marciniak imperfection theory. Excellent correlation was obtained between theory and experiment, and the results are summarized in maps of forming limit as a function of temperature and strain rate. These results suggest that excellent solid phase formability may be obtained for the materials tested under properly chosen conditions.
Frameless Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Arteriovenous Malformations

Objectives: Stereotactic radiosurgery is an effective alternative to microsurgical resection or embolization for arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Digital subtraction angiography (DSA), with its superior vascular resolution and dynamic demonstration of contrast flow, is the gold standard for diagnosis and anatomic characterization. In some cases, it is the only means available for making a distinction between the nidus and surrounding vasculatures. Other modalities, including CT angiography (CTA) and MR angiography (MRA), are used for radiosurgical targeting or supplying complementary information. Traditionally stereotactic radiosurgery implies the fixation of a frame as a Cartesian reference to the skull. During angiography a localizer box is attached to the frame, the 2D projected nidus in DSA is transferred to the frame’s 3D coordinate system. During CT a CT localization device is attached to the frame, so the CT image is correlated to the frame. The AVM can then be contoured in the CT and a treatment is planned. During treatment the frame is attached to a stand such that the center of the AVM is accurately placed in the isocenter. The technique allows for precise treatment. However, using a frame is uncomfortable for the patient and it somewhat limits radiosurgical options. A frameless targeting system is a major advancement in the field. The frame and other localizer boxes are no longer needed and multi-fraction treatment can be routinely performed. However, for AVM patients the standard method based on DSA is no longer possible. With CyberKnife, AVM patients can now be treated relying only on CTA, 3D rotational angiography (3DRA) or others but not DSA. This study is to develop a method with high precision that is integrated into the frameless intracranial treatment system and uses DSA as the primary imaging.