cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Age Dating Oil and Gas Wastewater Spills Using Radium Isotopes and Their Decay Products in Impacted Soil and Sediment

Spills from oil and gas operations can contaminate water resources, sediment, and soil, but in many cases, information about spill sources and environmental impacts is not available. Here we present age dating methods to estimate the time since the accumulation of radium in impacted soils and sediments from oil and gas wastewater spills. The retention of unsupported 226Ra and 228Ra from spill water to soil and sediment and the ingrowth of Ra progeny result in three independent age dating methods using the 228Th/228Ra, 210Pb/226Ra, and 228Ra/226Ra activity ratios. We tested the 228Th/228Ra method on spill sites in North Dakota and West Virginia, where the dates of the spills are known. The 228Th/228Ra method yields ages similar to the documented spill ages and can reveal the initial 228Ra/226Ra ratios of the spill waters, validating the notion that Ra isotopes and their decay products in contaminated soils and sediments can reveal the ages and origins of spills.
Analysis on China Urban Community Resident Exercise Behavior in the Perspective of Social Stratification: Based on CGSS Data

In the perspective of social stratification,this paper used the CGSS 2008 data to analyze the rate of urban community resident's exercise behavior by the methods of literature review and mathematic statistics. The analysis focused on two questions. The first question is whether social stratification will influence urban community residents' exercise behavior. The second question is what factors are influencing urban community residents' exercise behavior. Multilevel model and binary logic regression model were used to analyze the data. The result showed that variables at both individual and group levels affect urban community residents' exercise jointly. The variables at individual level include weekly working hours,education,income,socioeconomic status,and generation. Community type of the group variable affects the occurrence of individual's exercise behavior. Overall,the higher social class,family monthly expenditure,education,income,and shorter weekly working hours,the exercise rate is higher. In terms of generational differences,the traditional generation,the lost generation,and the one child generation have higher sport participation rate than the lucky generation's and higher than the transformation generation's,which formed a U curve whereby the old and the young generations having higher sport participation than the middle age generation. It will be useful to cognize the influence mechanism of social stratification in China urban community residents' exercise in sociology perspective and to build research foundation.
Congenital malformations among offspring exposed in utero to progestins, Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1936–1974 *

Comparison of a cohort of 988 offspring exposed in utero to exogenous progestins with a matched cohort of unexposed offspring did not result in detection of an association of congenital anomalies with exposure. The conclusions are based primarily on outcomes of pregnancy with exposure to progesterone and 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate, and may not apply to androgenic progestins. Offspring exposed to combinations of progestins and estrogens were excluded from this study and may have a different distribution of anomalies.
Development of a Knowledge Test in the Science of Prevention of Lung Diseases

We developed a 50-item multiple choice test to assess knowledge of preventive pulmonary medicine. We derived the content of test items from a comprehensive preventive pulmonary curriculum, which we developed. The test was administered to 167 medical students, residents, and practicing physicians to establish its psychometric properties and to determine if the test scores discriminated between different levels of training. Using this sample, the reliability of the test was 0.86, and the test significantly differentiated between levels of training in pulmonary medicine. We are using this multiple choice test to assess changes in knowledge of second-year medical students and of fourth-year medical students completing a pulmonary medicine elective rotation.
Taking Centrioles to the Elimination Round

Two recent papers published in The Journal of Cell Biology (Borrego-Pinto et al., 2016) and Science (Pimenta-Marques et al., 2016) have begun to shed light on the mechanism of centriole elimination during female oogenesis, highlighting a protective role for Polo kinase and the pericentriolar material.
Impact of Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents on Behavioral Measures in Children Born Preterm.

Objective To evaluate the impact of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) administered during initial hospitalization and family demographic factors on behavior at 3.5-4 years of age. Study design Children were enrolled who had previously participated in a randomized study of ESAs (n = 35) or placebo (n = 14) in infants born preterm with birth weights of 500-1250 g. A term healthy control group (n = 22) also was recruited. Behavior was evaluated by parent report with the Behavioral Assessment System of Children-2. Principal component analyses identified 2 demographic factors, a Socioeconomic Composite (SEC) and a Family Stress Composite. A multivariate general linear model evaluated the impact of study group and sex on the 4 composite scales of the Behavioral Assessment System of Children-2. Demographic factors were treated as covariates and interactions with study group (ESA, placebo, and term) were examined. Results The ESA group had significantly better scores than the placebo group on behavioral symptoms ( P = .04) and externalizing scales ( P = .04). An interaction was observed between study group and SEC ( P = .001). A beneficial effect of ESAs was maximal in the children with lower SEC scores. Conclusions The beneficial effects of ESAs on childhood behavior were maximal in children with lower SEC scores. ESAs seemed to ameliorate the adverse impact of lower SEC on behavioral domains seen in the placebo group. This effect was independent of the beneficial effect of ESAs on global cognition we reported previously. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov : NCT01207778 and NCT00334737 .
Tumor Antigens and Immune Regulation in Cancer Immunotherapy

The importance of T-cell-mediated antitumor immunity has been demonstrated in both animal models and human cancer immunotherapy. The identification of tumor antigens from various types of cancer has generated a resurgence of interest in immunotherapy for cancer and provides the stage to develop therapeutic cancer vaccines. However, recent clinical studies indicate that immunity generated by peptide or DC/peptide vaccines is not sufficient to eradicate cancer. One of the major factors for the weak and transient immune response is the presence of immune suppression in tumor microenvironment. Regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells are major cell types that are responsible for immune suppression. Novel strategies have been developed for enhancing T-cell responses against cancer by overcoming immune suppression. Combination of antigen-specific vaccines to stimulate effector T cells with anti-immune suppression provides opportunities for developing effective cancer vaccines.
N2O emissions from grain cropping systems: a meta-analysis of the impacts of fertilizer-based and ecologically-based nutrient management strategies

Understanding how agricultural management practices impact nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions is prerequisite for developing mitigation protocols. We conducted a meta-analysis on 597 pairwise comparisons (129 papers) to assess how management affects N2O emissions. Pairwise comparisons of practices aimed at improving fertilizer use efficiency (39%) and tillage (30%) dominated the dataset, while ecologically-based nutrient management (ENM) practices constituted 15% of the pairs. In general, across management practices, the quantity of N added was a more significant driver of N2O fluxes than was the form of N (fertilizer, legume biomass or animal manures). Manure interacted with soil texture so that in coarse soils, N2O emissions from manures tended to be higher compared to inorganic N fertilizers. The studies of ENM strategies frequently involved over-application of N inputs in the ENM treatments. Cover crops reduced N2O emissions compared to bare fallows. However, during the cash crop growing season, when differences in N added and N source were confounded, the extra N inputs from cover crops were significantly correlated with the differences in N2O emissions between treatments with and without cover crops. Overall, in 38% of the data pairs, N2O emissions were reduced with limited impacts on yields; in half of these pairs, yields were maintained or increased while in the other half they were reduced by only ≤10%. Knowledge gaps on mitigation of agricultural N2O emissions could be addressed by applying an ecosystem-based, cross-scale perspective in conjunction with the N saturation conceptual framework to guide research priorities and experimental designs.
Promoting Responsible Electronic Documentation: Validity Evidence for a Checklist to Assess Progress Notes in the Electronic Health Record.

ABSTRACTConstruct: We aimed to develop an instrument to measure the quality of inpatient electronic health record– (EHR–) generated progress notes without requiring raters to review the detailed chart or know the patient. Background: Notes written in EHRs have generated criticism for being unnecessarily long and redundant, perpetuating inaccuracy and obscuring providers' clinical reasoning. Available assessment tools either focus on outpatient progress notes or require chart review by raters to develop familiarity with the patient. Approach: We used medical literature, local expert review, and attending focus groups to develop and refine an instrument to evaluate inpatient progress notes. We measured interrater reliability and scored the selected-response elements of the checklist for a sample of 100 progress notes written by PGY-1 trainees on the general medicine service. Results: We developed an instrument with 18 selected-response items and four open-ended items to measure the quality of inpatient prog...
Arsenic(V) Removal from Drinking Water by Polyaluminum Chloride in a Sand Filter Medium

AbstractArsenic-containing groundwater is used normally as drinking water after treatment in rural areas of some developing countries. This study describes removing arsenate [As(V)] by contact filt...
Corporation and Hospital Structures

This chapter will discuss corporation and hospital business structures. There are many different types of business or corporation structures that can be formed, and each type of structure has a different purpose and ramifications related to ownership, taxes, and liabilities for the owners of the corporation. General business structures can be personally owned, a legal corporation, or a partnership. Hospitals are business corporations and can be structured differently depending on the type of business and structure of their ownership. Hospitals also differ as to whether they are a for-profit status or a not-for-profit status. Each type of business or corporation structure will be reviewed in this chapter, as well as all forms of hospitals that are established at the time of this publication. Some of the advantages and disadvantages will be given of each possible structure. Healthcare administrators should have a general understanding of these different businesses and hospital structures as they can affect every decision made in business in regard to the operations, regulations, income, and expenses of the business.
Population Health as a Network of Services: Integration of Health, Education, and Social Services

This chapter focuses on how population health can be conceptualized and managed as a large multi-level network of services. Specifically, how can we deliver the health, education, and social services to keep a representative population healthy within the highly fragmented US delivery system? A central consideration is the coordination of care, ranging from prevention and wellness, to chronic disease management, to acute care and managing the transition of patients from hospital to home, as well as from home to follow up visits and social services. This chapter addresses the issues and possible model-based solutions to successfully managing this whole process. A case study of substance abuse is discussed.
Metastatic melanoma of the uterine cervix diagnosed on cervical Pap smear: Case report and literature review.

Metastatic cancer involving the uterine cervix is exceedingly rare, and accounts for less than 1% of cancer deaths. The cervix is an uncommon location for metastatic lesions due to its limited blood supply and fibrous stroma and metastatic melanoma of the cervix is particularly infrequent. To the best of our knowledge and literature review, there have only been nine reported cases in the literature of metastatic melanoma involving the uterine cervix that were diagnosed via cervicovaginal Pap smears, including the case being reported in this paper. Diagnosing metastatic melanoma on cervicovaginal cytology specimens is challenging, not only because of its rarity, but also because of the inherent ability of melanoma to take on many different cytomorphologic appearances. In such cases, the differential diagnosis may include a high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, atypical glandular cells, adenocarcinoma and other poorly differentiated malignancies. We report a case of malignant melanoma to the cervix diagnosed by a routine cervical Pap smear in a young woman who was diagnosed with cutaneous melanoma 3 years prior. Because of the diagnosis rendered on her cervical Pap smear, she was subsequently found to have widespread metastatic disease. Although the cervical Pap smear is primarily intended to screen for squamous intraepithelial lesions, a high index of suspicion must be maintained for other less common entities, particularly when there is no evidence of a squamous intraepithelial lesion.
Parenting and Youth Onset of Depression Across Three Years: Examining the Influence of Observed Parenting on Child and Adolescent Depressive Outcomes.

Concurrent associations between parenting behaviors and youth depression are well established. A smaller body of work has demonstrated longitudinal associations between aspects of parenting and youth risk for depression; however, this limited longitudinal work has predominantly relied upon self- and parent-report questionnaire measures and is thus affected by biases related to retrospective recall and common method variance. The present study used behavioral observation measures of parenting and clinical interview measures of youth depression to examine prospective relationships between observed parental support, responsiveness, criticism, and conflict and youths’ onset of a depressive episode in a 3-year longitudinal design. Participants included 585 community youth age 8–16 (M = 11.92, SD = 2.39, 56.6% female) and a participating caregiver. Parental behavior was coded by trained observers in the context of a 5-min conflict resolution discussion at the baseline assessment. Youth onset of depression was subsequently assessed every 6 months for a period of 3 years using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Aged Children (KSADS) to ascertain whether youth experienced onset of depressive episode over the follow-up. Logistic regression analyses indicated that greater parental conflict at baseline predicted higher odds of youth experiencing a depressive onset across the 3-year follow up period, even after controlling for youth and caregiver history of depression at baseline. Findings suggest that parental conflict is particularly influential in youth vulnerability to depression.
Cumulative gadodiamide administration leads to brain gadolinium deposition in early MS

Objective Frequent administration of gadolinium-based contrast agents in multiple sclerosis (MS) may increase signal intensity (SI) unenhanced T1-weighted imaging MRI throughout the brain. We evaluated the association between lifetime cumulative doses of gadodiamide administration and increased SI within the dentate nucleus (DN), globus pallidus (GP), and thalamus in patients with early MS. Methods A total of 203 patients with MS (107 with baseline and follow-up MRI assessments) and 262 age- and sex-matched controls were included in this retrospective, longitudinal, 3T MRI-reader-blinded study. Patients with MS had disease duration Results The mean follow-up time was 55.4 months, and the mean number of gadolinium-based contrast agents administrations was 9.2. At follow-up, 49.3% of patients with MS and no controls showed DN T1 hyperintensity (p Conclusions DN, GP, and thalamus gadolinium deposition in early MS is associated with lifetime cumulative gadodiamide administration without clinical or radiologic correlates of more aggressive disease.
Reaction pathways and kinetics of tryptophan in hot, compressed water

Abstract The reaction pathways and chemical kinetics of tryptophan and its products were elucidated under hydrothermal conditions from experiments at 265, 280, 295, and 310 °C. Tryptophan participates in several primary reactions leading to the formation of six identified primary products. The primary reactions include decarboxylation, deamination, and cleavage of C–C bonds. Several of the primary products are also formed via secondary reactions. A chemical kinetics model based on the reaction pathways provides excellent correlation of the experimentally observed trends. The model indicates that both the reaction temperature and the initial concentration of tryptophan are influential on the selectivity of the parallel primary reaction pathways, as formation of higher molecular weight products directly from tryptophan is a second order reaction and has the highest activation energy. These new results and the reaction model provide insights into the chemistry that occurs during hydrothermal valorization of proteinaceous biomass.
Dynamic Behavior of Domain Walls in Barium Titanate

The nucleation and growth of 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} domains in barium titanate single crystals have been measured with optical techniques. Both types of domains nucleate as long thin wedges with an initial velocity of the order of ${10}^{4}$ cm/sec for a driving field of 5 kv/cm. For 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} domains, detailed measurements of the nucleation rate as a function of time and field strength are given. After domains have been introduced into a crystal, their growth may be described in terms of wall motion. The 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} wall displacement depends strongly on strains and clamping of the crystal; wall motion appears to cease for frequencies in the megacycle range, where the piezoelectric resonances of the crystal set in. The sideways growth of 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} wedges is affected by the availability of neutralizing electric charges. Interaction of 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} domains may lead to 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} wall configurations with head-to-head or tail-to-tail orientation of the polar axes.
FimH as a scaffold for regulated molecular recognition.

Recognition proteins are critical in many biotechnology applications and would be even more useful if their binding could be regulated. The current gold standard for recognition molecules, antibodies, lacks convenient regulation. Alternative scaffolds can be used to build recognition proteins with new functionalities, including regulated recognition molecules. Here we test the use of the bacterial adhesin FimH as a scaffold for regulated molecular recognition. FimH binds to its native small molecule target mannose in a conformation-dependent manner that can be regulated by two types of noncompetitive regulation: allosteric and parasteric. We demonstrate that conformational regulation of FimH can be maintained even after reengineering the binding site to recognize the non-mannosylated targets nickel or Penta-His antibody, resulting in an up to 7-fold difference in KD between the two conformations. Moreover, both the allosteric and parasteric regulatory mechanisms native to FimH can be used to regulate binding to its new target. In one mutant, addition of the native ligand mannose parasterically improves the mutant’s affinity for Penta-His 4-fold, even as their epitopes overlap. In another mutant, the allosteric antibody mab21 reduces the mutant’s affinity for Penta-His 7-fold. The advantage of noncompetitive regulation is further illustrated by the ability of this allosteric regulator to induce 98% detachment of Penta-His, even with modest differences in affinity. This illustrates the potential of FimH, with its deeply studied conformation-dependent binding, as a scaffold for conformationally regulated binding via multiple mechanisms.
University Strategic Plans: What they Say about Innovation

We analyze innovation in university strategic plans to assess whether innovation is a stated priority, to what end innovation is sought, and whether innovation is a comprehensive strategy or more carefully bounded, excluding innovation opportunities. Our analysis utilized Atlas.ti software to quantify word usage and to extract and classify sentences that state innovation intentions. Innovation, entrepreneurship and transformation are mentioned often in university strategic plans, conveying aspirations to change, both inside the university (to improve the institution) and outside (for the benefit of society at large). In recent years (especially since 2015), these terms have become unifying themes of many plans aiming to modernize, improve and become more responsive to societal needs, spanning multiple mission areas. Moreover, the terminology has been adopted by a broad range of American universities, though less often by those that have the highest rankings for their undergraduate education and research programs. Though innovation strategies nudge universities toward change by promoting adoption of technology, service to diverse students, and creation of buildings and spaces for collaboration, strategic plans do not express aspirations for disruptive forms of innovation that alter the direction of higher education.
Multifinality, equifinality, and fanning: Developmental concepts and statistical implications

Multifinality, equifinality, and fanning are important developmental concepts that emphasize understanding interindividual variability in trajectories over time. However, each concept implies that ...
Albuterol: Often Used and Heavily Abused

Background: Albuterol (ALB) is the most commonly prescribed aerosolized medication worldwide. Although a relatively safe medication, its use without a clear indication could be associated with unwanted side effects, addition of unnecessary time to therapy and overall cost to the respiratory care department. The aim of this study was to evaluate if ALB utilization was associated with documented indications including diagnosis and physical exam. Methods: This was a retrospective review of electronic medical records (EMR) of subjects ≥18 y admitted to an adult floor unit who received at least one dose of ALB at a Level-1 Trauma Center in San Antonio, Texas. Demographic information, history of COPD and asthma, admission diagnosis, use of bronchodilators, frequency of administration, and bilateral breath sounds (BBS) via auscultation were recorded for analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to report data. IRB approval was obtained. Results: A total of 50 EMR from subjects with a mean age of 60 y (± 18; range: 18–88) were reviewed for the study. A small percent of subjects who received ALB had a diagnosis or history of asthma (16%) or COPD (22%) while 46% reported history of allergies. Shortness of breath was the most common diagnosis for subjects receiving ALB (26%), followed by hypoxemia (14%), COVID-19 (12%), stroke (12%). Only 2% of subjects had a diagnosis of asthma and 4% of COPD exacerbation. The most commonly documented BBS prior to ALB were clear (60%) or diminished (42%). Only 4 subjects (17%) while 20% reported coarse breath sounds. ALB plus ipratropium was ordered for 26 patients (51%). Some other subjects received Symbicort (8%), Pulmicort (6%), and Mucomyst (2%). ALB 2.5 mg was administered Q6H in most subjects (98%). Conclusions: According to the results of this study, the great majority of patients admitted to this hospital area received frequent doses of albuterol despite not having a history of obstructive airway disease or auscultation to support its use. A stricter protocol for ALB administration may dramatically decrease the misuse of this important medication.
The Effects of Connectivity on Intersection Operations with “White Phase”

This paper analyzes the impact of infrastructure to vehicle communication on mobility and safety performance measures at isolated signalized intersections with white phase. During white phases, the intersection controller optimizes the trajectory of connected automated vehicles (CAV) to lead a group of connected human-driven vehicles (CHV) and navigate them through the intersection. White phase can be assigned to conflicting movements simultaneously to mimic the signal-free intersection logic within a mixed autonomy environment where the safety of the shared fleet is ensured by optimally controlling the movements of CAVs. Red and green signal indications can be used to ensure safety when there are not enough CAVs in the vicinity of the intersection. The problem is formulated as an optimization model and solved using a receding horizon framework. One demand level and five CAV market shares are used to assess the effects of connectivity on traffic operations and safety. Case studies are tested with three connectivity levels: 1) no-connectivity, 2) connected without white phase (no-white-phase), and 3) connected with white phase (optimized-white-phase). The results indicate that average delay decreases as the CAV market share and level of connectivity increase.
The Effects of Smartphone Addiction Drivers on Work Performance

Smartphone addiction is a new phenomenon when a smartphone becomes a necessity in our daily life. This study explores smartphone usage patterns associated with its addiction drivers and results. Four factors such as ease of use, emotional lift, preference of social interaction, and flow, are used for drivers and neglect of work is used as a proxy of addiction result. In the output of path analysis, preference of social interaction is not related with usage behaviors like usage frequency and usage hours. In the analysis of U.S. users, emotional lift and flow are two drivers and in the analysis of Korean users, ease of use and flow are drivers. Even if there is a trend of converging user behavior because of globalization, drivers for smartphone addiction are different in the U.S. and Korea.
The Discourse on Thomas v. Hill

The analyses of the Thomas v. Hill hearing is used to provide perspectives on the inclusion and exclusion of the black woman in the discourse on sexual trauma and women. The paper examines: the history of sexual trauma of the black woman by white and black men; the conflict in the black community about the hierarchy/ status of race vs. gender; and the social constructions (old and new) of the black woman.
Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers.

Transfusable fluids that may be used as alternatives to red blood cell transfusion offer the promise of preserving tissue perfusion and minimizing hypoxic cellular damage, and this promise may soon be fulfilled. Clinical testing of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers has faced and met challenges involving molecular design, safety, efficacy, and regulatory requirements. Three leading candidates have emerged: two human (PolyHeme® and HemoLink™) and one bovine-based hemoglobin solution (Hemopure®). Because a survival benefit has been difficult to demonstrate, avoidance of allogeneic transfusion has been adopted as the standard efficacy end-point for these agents. An update on clinical trial status is provided, and the potential utility of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers in surgery combined with intraoperative autologous donation is discussed.
A New Approach toward Understanding Damage Mechanisms and Mechanics of Laminated Composites Due to Low-Velocity Impact: Part II—Analysis:

An investigation comprised of experiments and analysis was performed to study impact damage in laminated composites caused by low-velocity impact. The major objective of the study was to fundamentally understand the failure mechanisms and mechanics of fiber-reinforced composites resulting from impact and to identify the essential parameters governing the impact damage. Matrix cracks and delaminations were the primary concern of the study.This paper emphasizes the experimental work of the study. A unique and special air-pressed impact tester was designed and built for the investigation. The major characteristics of the tester was the design of a rectangular barrel and a rectangular based impactor rather than a small circular barrel and a spherical ball, which are commonly adopted for impact study. This new design allows the user to control the impact damage patterns by appropriately selecting different shapes and sizes of the noses which are mounted to the base of the impactor.In this study, a line-nosed i...
Application of a vector-meson dominance model to K3π and η3α decaysdecays

p-wave contributions to K→3π and η→3π decays are studied by means of a vector-meson dominance model. Thep-wave decay rate for Ks→3π is estimated. Dalitz-plot fits using the energy dependence of matrix elements from the above model, andp-wave decay rate estimates using a generalized spurion concept yield reasonably consistent results for thep-wave contribution to these decays.
Imaging Applied to the Geologic Sciences

Geology can be defined as the study of the nature and dynamics of planetary surfaces and interiors. This field of endeavor has expanded greatly over the past few decades to include study not only of the Earth, but also of other objects in the solar system, focusing heavily on Earth's Moon, Venus, and Mars. Acquisition and analysis of imaging data have been central to increased understanding of planetary surfaces. In the case of the planets and satellites, imaging data have been of fundamental importance because of the very limited opportunities for human exploration, return of samples, or even detailed in-situ analyses. For Earth, analyses of image data have been central to several emerging fields of interest. In this article, the focus is on key scientific objectives associated with the geology of the Earth and how appropriate imaging data sets will help meet those objectives. This focus is not meant to downgrade the importance of imaging in robotic or human exploration of the solar system. Rather it is meant to provide a coherent theme for the article and to delineate how imaging will help address a suite of fundamentally important objectives and challenges that face us over the next few decades. The article begins with an overview of remote sensing as applied to geology, focusing on imaging applications. Summaries of objectives and tasks based in part on plans put together by the United States Geological Survey for the next decade follow. These plans both focus the key scientific areas of research within geology that have significant societal benefits and provide a coherent pathway for discussing uses of imaging in geology. Specific examples are given for the major objectives to illustrate the use of imaging techniques to address particular applications. Keywords: remote sensing; geology; mineral resource; energy; hazard; disaster assessment; floods; global change; desertification; waste; pathogen; dispersal
A small social history of software architecture

This paper presents an analysis of software architecture as social artifact, that is, something that software developers talk about and use in their work. This analysis is historical in nature, relying on interviews with software developers with experience spanning four decades and the software engineering literature. We found that 1) only large teams have architecture; 2) architecture is more easily found in discourse than in source; and 3) architecture does not happen at a fixed time in the software lifecycle. These observations taken together suggest that software is a boundary object that developers use to explain the system to each other, thereby making it possible to work together.
Evidence for Pseudomonas antigen in immune complexes in Pseudomonas osteomyelitis.

In infections associated with immune complex disease, microbial antigens have rarely been found in the complexes. Using an enzyme-linked immunoassay, we studied the immune complexes of a patient who had hematogenous Pseudomonas aeruginosa osteomyelitis associated with palpable purpura, arthritis, and microscopic hematuria. After separation of the complexes into high and low molecular weight fractions, a 6hyphen;fold selective concentration of P aeruginosa antibody was found in the low molecular weight fraction compared with the concentration in the serum. Following disruption of immunoglobulin, the high molecular weight fraction competed with solid-phase P aeruginosa antigen for P aeruginosa antibody from another source. After successful treatment of the infection, the patient's symptoms resolved, and the complexes disappeared. These findings strongly suggest that immune complexes in this patient contained P aeruginosa antigen and antibody that may have been pathogenetic in his disease.
Association of myosin with the connecting cilium of rod photoreceptors

The cilium of a vertebrate photoreceptor cell connects the phototransductive outer segment of the cell to the inner segment. Previous studies have shown that, within the connecting cilium, there is a small cluster of actin filaments, which play a critical role in the formation of new disk membranes. Here, we have detected a polypeptide in rat rod outer segments that is recognized by myosin heavy chain antibodies and was found to possess other characteristics of conventional non-muscle myosin heavy chain: it comigrates in SDS-PAGE with non-muscle myosin heavy chain; it associates with the cytoskeleton of rod outer segments in an ATP-sensitive manner; and it binds to purified actin filaments in the absence of ATP. Myosin ATPase activity was also detected in isolated rod outer segments. Electron immunomicroscopy revealed that myosin is present in the small actin-containing domain within the connecting cilium at the site of disk membrane morphogenesis. These results pose the possibility that an actin-myosin contractile mechanism functions in the formation of new photoreceptor disk membranes.
The Supreme Court's Definition of a Seizure: What is a 'Seizure' of a Person within the Meaning of the Fourth Amendment

The Supreme Court has struggled with the definition of "seizure" of a person for purposes of the fourth amendment. The Court has recently returned to the issue, and indications are that a new, restrictive definition has gained a majority of adherents on the Court. This Article details the Court's efforts to determine when a seizure occurs, focusing on the various tests the Court has utilized and discussing the relative merits of each test. It proposes some modifications to the Court's current test and discusses the impact that test will have on the actions of suspects and law enforcement officials.
A system for generating and injecting indistinguishable network decoys

We propose a novel trap-based architecture for detecting passive, “silent”, attackers who are eavesdropping on enterprise networks. Motivated by the increasing number of incidents where attackers sniff the local network for interesting information, such as credit card numbers, account credentials, and passwords, we introduce a methodology for building a trap-based network that is designed to maximize the realism of bait-laced traffic. Our proposal relies on a “record, modify, replay” paradigm that can be easily adapted to different networked environments. The primary contributions of our architecture are the ease of automatically injecting large amounts of believable bait, and the integration of different detection mechanisms in the back-end. We demonstrate our methodology in a prototype platform that uses our decoy injection API to dynamically create and dispense network traps on a subset of our campus wireless network. Our network traps consist of several types of monitored passwords, authentication cookies, credit cards and documents containing beacons to alarm when opened. The efficacy of our decoys against a model attack program is also discussed, along with results obtained from experiments in the field. In addition, we present a user study that demonstrates the believability of our decoy traffic, and finally, we provide experimental results to show that our solution causes only negligible interference to ordinary users.
Publication Rates in U.S. Schools and Colleges of Pharmacy, 1976–1992

To establish publication rates of U.S. schools and colleges of pharmacy (SCOP) for 1976-1992, we obtained data from the Science Citation Index (SCI) Corporate Index. The SCI data base covers the top 4500 journals in the technical and scientific fields. Citations were counted without regard to publication type (letter, abstract, review, etc.). Duplicative publications were eliminated. Faculty counts were obtained from the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy Roster of Faculty and Staff for the inclusive years. Total publications for all schools increased over 100% from 1976 to 1992, and the number of faculty members increased by 40% during that time. However, only 12 (16%) of the SCOP averaged 50 or more publications/year, whereas 43 (59%) averaged fewer than 20. Data were also normalized by full-time faculty members. Only 13 (18%) SCOP averaged 1.0 or more publication/faculty/year, and 38 (52%) averaged fewer than 0.5. Publication rates were greater for medical center-based than for nonmedical center-based SCOP (p < 0.05), and for public than for private SCOP (p < 0.05). These data suggest that over half of the existing SCOP are minimally productive, generating less than 20 publications/year or 0.5 publication/faculty/year.
A Preliminary Multifactorial Approach Describing the Relationships Among Lower Extremity Alignment, Hip Muscle Activation, and Lower Extremity Joint Excursion

Context: Multiple factors have been suggested to increase the risk of faulty dynamic alignments that predict noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury. Few researchers have examined this relationship using an integrated, multifactorial approach. Objective: To describe the relationship among static lower extremity alignment (LEA), hip muscle activation, and hip and knee motion during a single-leg squat. Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Setting: Research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Thirty men (age = 23.9 ± 3.6 years, height = 178.5 ± 9.9 cm, mass = 82.0 ± 14.1 kg) and 30 women (age = 22.2 ± 2.6 years, height = 162.4 ± 6.3 cm, mass = 60.3 ± 8.1 kg). Main Outcome Measure(s): Pelvic angle, femoral anteversion, quadriceps angle, tibiofemoral angle, and genu recurvatum were measured to the nearest degree; navicular drop was measured to the nearest millimeter. The average root mean square amplitude of the gluteus medius and maximus muscles was assessed during the single-leg squat and norma...
An automated radon-thoron monitor for earthquake prediction research

Abstract We describe an automated instrument for earthquake prediction research which monitors the emission of radon and thoron from rock. The instrument employs (1) aerosol filtration techniques and β counting to determine radon and thoron levels; (2) a programmable microcomputer which controls mechanical operations, collects data, and monitors the condition of key components; and (3) a call-up telemetry system for the transmission of data to a central location over standard telephone lines. Data from the field operation of the instrument is presented.
Tools of Survival: Sovereign Wealth Funds in Singapore and China

The rise of sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) as major investors in the global economy has raised worries that they serve the geopolitical ends of owner countries. However, given the paramount importance of surviving domestic political competitions, SWFs are likely also tools of domestic political survival. In examining the corporate governance and underlying political environment in which SWFs in Singapore and in China operate, this paper further examines the role of political unity in directing SWF behaviour in authoritarian regimes. The main finding is that a highly unified autocracy is more likely to direct SWFs to maximise long-term profit, while a fragmented one like China is more likely to treat its SWF as an arena for domestic political and bureaucratic infighting. SWFs operating in a fragmented regime are unlikely to make long-term profit and foreign policy objectives top priorities, and their behaviour can be highly unpredictable.
Alimentary Azotemia Due to Whole Blood Absorption from the Gastrointestinal Tract

Conclusions(1) Intragastric administration of whole blood in 12 experiments on 6 dogs caused a uniform and considerable rise in the blood urea nitrogen. (2) The increase seemed due primarily to absorption of digested blood. No evidences of starvation, dehydration, anemia, hypochloremia or shock were present in these dogs to explain the phenomenon. (3) It seems logical to assume that much of the rise in blood urea nitrogen observed in clinical cases of bleeding peptic ulcer is due to the same phenomenon, the resultant azotemia being of the alimentary type.
How reform curricula in the USA and Korea present multiplication and division of fractions

In order to give insights into cross-national differences in schooling, this study analyzed the development of multiplication and division of fractions in two curricula: Everyday Mathematics (EM) from the USA and the 7th Korean mathematics curriculum (KM). Analyses of both the content and problems in the textbooks indicate that multiplication of fractions is developed in KM one semester earlier than in EM. However, the number of lessons devoted to the topic is similar in the two curricula. In contrast, division of fractions is developed at about the same time in both curricula, but due to different beliefs about the importance of the topic, KM contains five times as many lessons and about eight times as many problems about division of fractions as EM. Both curricula provide opportunities to develop conceptual understanding and procedural fluency. However, in EM, conceptual understanding is developed first followed by procedural fluency, whereas in KM, they are developed simultaneously. The majority of fraction multiplication and division problems in both curricula requires only procedural knowledge. However, multistep computational problems are more common in KM than in EM, and the response types are also more varied in KM.
An interactive poetic garden

The garden is the symbol of man’s control over nature. This project attempts to bring the computer into the garden in harmony with stone, water, and plant materials. The computer is used to drive a video projector, creating the illusion of text floating on the surface of the water as it flows through the garden. This relaxing computational environment lends itself well to several open ended active and passive modes of interaction. Figure 1: The garden with rocks, vegetation, flowing water carrying words, and an interface mapped onto the large pool.
Evolutionary and geologic consequences of organic carbon fixing in the primitive anoxic ocean

Steps leading to development of the modern photic-based marine food web are postulated as the result of modifications of the environment, enhanced by the activity of Archean sulfur chemoautotrophs. Such organisms (Anoxium) evolved in an anoxic ocean prior to 3.9 × 10 9 yr ago at Archean analogs of modern oceanic hydrothermal vents. At this time geothermal energy was more readily available to organisms than photic energy, given atmospheric conditions at the surface similar to Venus, where intensity is low and only middle and red visible wavelengths penetrate the cloudy CO 2 -rich atmosphere. Competition for the reduced sulfur developed due to oxidation and loss of sulfur to sediments. Consequently, evolutionary advantage shifted to Anoxium isolates that could use alternate energy sources such as light to supplement the diminished supplies of reduced sulfur. Initially, photo-sulfur organisms evolved similar to modern purple bacteria that absorb in the red visible spectra. Subsequent carbon fixing and oxidation improved both the quantity and range of light reaching the ocean surface. This permitted absorption in the blue visible range so that water splitting was now feasible, releasing free oxygen and accelerating oxidation. Eventually, reducing environments became restricted, completing the shift in the principal marine carbon-fixing activity from anoxic chemoautotrophic to aerobic photosynthetic organisms.
Validating stage of change measures for physical activity and dietary behaviors for overweight women

Validating stage of change measures for physical activity and dietary behaviors for overweight women
Antibody to a soluble protein purified from brain selectively labels layer V corticofugal projection neurons in rat neocortex.

Abstract An antibody to a soluble (protein 36) isolated and purified from rat brain labels the cell bodies and processes of pyramidal cells within layer V of the rat neocortex. We have used the fluorescent retrograde axonal tracer, Fast blue, in combination with FITC immunocytochemistry to determine the projection sites of the cortical neurons detected by this antibody. Retrogradely labeled pyramidal tract neurons and corticotectal neurons are labeled with the protein 36 antibody, but the callosally projecting neurons within layer V are not. Thus within the neocortex the antibody to protein 36 may selectively detect a particular class of neuron, the corticofugal projection neurons of layer V.
Towards an optimum model for the response of reinforced concrete beams to cyclic loads

The paper describes the development of a mathematical model to predict the flexural response of reinforced concrete beams to severe cyclic loading. The model is constructed with the aid of System Identification, which permits the coefficients in it to be so tuned as to replicate with the maximum possible accuracy the results of physical experiments. The uniaxial constitutive behaviour of the concrete and steel are considered separately, and they are then combined through a bond-slip relationship to form a global model for the composite material. The cyclic stress-strain law for the steel proves to be critical to the overall accuracy, and a suitable formulation is developed for it. Comparisons between observed and predicted behaviour are presented, both for the steel alone and for the composite material.
A computerized planning system for bureau inspectors

A computerized system has been devised to plan the frequency and scheduling of routine fire inspections under given sets of conditions.
Changes in sensitivity to operant effects of dopaminergic and cholinergic agents following morphine withdrawal in rats

Abstract Rats trained to bar-press on either a FI 15 sec or FR 30 schedule for water reinforcement were administered various doses of apomorphine, haloperidol, pilocarpine and scopolamine both before and 1–4 months after a 3-day period of continuous morphine administration. All drugs monotonically depressed response rates on both schedules with increasing dose. Chronic morphine administration produced a persistent increase in sensitivity to apomorphine and pilocarpine and a persistent decrease in sensitivity to haloperidol and scopolamine. The results suggest that both dopaminergic and cholinergic supersensitivity are likely to be involved in protracted abstinence phenomena.