cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Techniques For Improving The Spectral Irradiance Of A Pulsed Xenon Lamp For Deep Ocean Photography

Two techniques for modifying the spectral irradiance from a pulsed long arc xenon lamp to make it more comparable with the attenuation minimum (460-495 nm bandwidth) of deep ocean water were successfully tested. One technique applied the concept of shaping the current pulse by limiting the maximum amplitude and pulse width and produced a 50% improvement in irradiance in the 460-495 nm bandwidth over the present output of the NRL LIBEC photographic strobe. The second technique resulted in an additional improvement over the pulse shaping technique. In this technique, a metal was added to the interior of the flash lamp envelope. The three metals investigated were selected based upon the physical properties of low melting temperature and their prominent spectral lines in the 460-495 nm bandwidth. The three were zinc, cadmium, and zinc-cadmium. Improvements in irradiance of 24%, 28%, and 29% for zinc, cadmium and zinc-cadmium respectively were observed.© (1975) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Dynamic Processes Shape Spatiotemporal Properties of Retinal Waves

In the developing mammalian retina, spontaneous waves of action potentials are present in the ganglion cell layer weeks before vision. These waves are known to be generated by a synaptically connected network of amacrine cells and retinal ganglion cells, and exhibit complex spatiotemporal patterns, characterized by shifting domains of coactivation. Here, we present a novel dynamical model consisting of two coupled populations of cells that quantitatively reproduces the experimentally observed domain sizes, interwave intervals, and wavefront velocity profiles. Model and experiment together show that the highly correlated activity generated by retinal waves can be explained by a combination of random spontaneous activation of cells and the past history of local retinal activity.
The Influence of Solid State Diffusion on Microstructural Development during Solidification

The primary factors that effect solid state diffusion during solidification are described and binary solute redistribution equations that permit estimation of the significance of solid state diffusion are discussed. Model calculations suggest that solid state diffusion of substitutional alloying elements in FCC alloys is insignificant under most processing conditions, while that of interstitial alloying elements is likely to be complete. Experimental data that supports these results are presented. Several cases that highlight the practical importance of microsegregation on performance of engineering alloys are described as well as methods for avoiding or minimizing microsegregation for improved properties. A solute redistribution model for handling the limiting cases of solute diffusion in ternary alloys is presented and model calculations are reviewed to reveal the strong influence diffusion can have on the solidification path and resultant microstructure.
LDL increases inactive tissue factor on vascular smooth muscle cell surfaces: hydrogen peroxide activates latent cell surface tissue factor.

Background−Tissue factor, which is required for the initiation of the extrinsic coagulation cascade, is known to be upregulated in cells within atherosclerotic lesions, including smooth muscle cells. Tissue factor expression on the smooth muscle cell surface could be of pathological significance as a contributor to plaque growth, thrombus formation, and the acute coronary syndrome after plaque rupture. Methods and Results−In this study, we show that LDL increased tissue factor mRNA and cell surface protein in smooth muscle cells without a marked increase in surface tissue factor activity. Hydrogen peroxide activated tissue factor on the cell surface but did not increase tissue factor mRNA or cell surface protein. Sequentially added LDL and hydrogen peroxide increased mRNA, cell surface protein, and activity; surface activity was greater than that observed with hydrogen peroxide alone. The action of hydrogen peroxide did not involve a regulatory mechanism associated with the cytoplasmic tail of tissue fact...
Mathematical models of the monolith catalytic converter: Part I. Development of model and application of orthogonal collocation

The orthogonal collocation method is applied to solve the mathematical model of a monolith catalytic converter, in which the reaction takes place in a porous catalytic layer deposited on the wall of a tube. A sequence of models is developed, with the most complicated one involving transient heat and mass transfer in three dimensions.
Nonresonant transfer and excitation in Ne6+-He collisions at intermediate energies

High-resolution 0{degree} Auger spectroscopy has been used to study the Ne {ital LMM} and {ital LMN} Auger emission. The doubly excited states in B-like Ne are produced via nonresonant transfer and excitation (NTE) in collisions of 15 to 60-keV/amu Ne{sup 6+} incident on He. Line assignments are given for Auger transitions observed in the energy range between 20 and 100 eV, and capture into a triplet state is observed. The relative cross sections for these rates show a broad ({gt}300 keV full width at half maximum) asymmetrical shape as a function of projectile energy, characteristic of the NTE process.
Cardiogenic Shock Masquerading as Septic Shock

Shock is an acute, dynamic process that occurs when there is inadequate delivery of oxygen to meet tissue metabolic demands. In children, shock is relatively uncommonly encountered in the emergency department and has a high mortality rate. Recognition and differentiation of shock can be challenging. Early recognition of the etiology of shock and aggressive, prompt treatment may be lifesaving. As cardiac disorders are responsible for only 5% of cases of pediatric shock, recognition of cardiogenic shock requires a high index of suspicion. In this article, we will review the presentation of the most common etiologies of cardiogenic shock in the pediatric population and discuss the early treatment and stabilization of these disease processes.
Tissue-specific positive feedback requirements for production of type I interferon following virus infection.

Type I interferon (IFN) is synthesized by most nucleated cells following viral infection. Robust IFN production in cell culture requires positive feedback expression of inducible signaling components, such as the transcription factor IRF7. However, the role of positive feedback and IRF7 in vivo may be more complex. We found that IFN produced locally in the respiratory tract of influenza virus-infected mice displayed characteristics of positive feedback, including Stat1-dependent induction of IRF7 and IFN gene expression. IRF7 expression was similarly stimulus-dependent in most tissues. However, lymphoid tissue constitutively expressed high levels of IRF7 in the absence of induction or positive feedback, and this expression was largely confined to plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DC). These cells rapidly produced large quantities of multiple IFNα species following viral infection without positive feedback, whereas other hematopoietic cells, including other DC subtypes, expressed little IRF7 and were poor IFN producers in the absence of positive feedback. These data reveal a dual mechanism for the regulation of IFN production by differential expression of IRF7, involving positive feedback at local sites of infection combined with robust systemic production by IRF7-expressing plasmacytoid DC.
Spinal locomotor inputs to individually identified reticulospinal neurons in the lamprey

Locomotor feedback signals from the spinal cord to descending brain stem neurons were examined in the lamprey using the uniquely identifiable reticulospinal neurons, the Muller and Mauthner cells. The same identified reticulospinal neurons were recorded in several preparations, under reduced conditions, to address whether an identified reticulospinal neuron shows similar locomotor-related oscillation timing from animal to animal and whether these timing signals can differ significantly from other identified reticulospinal neurons. Intracellular recordings of membrane potential in identified neurons were made in an isolated brain stem-spinal cord preparation with a high-divalent cation solution on the brain stem to suppress indirect neural pathways and with d-glutamate perfusion to the spinal cord to induce fictive swimming. Under these conditions, the identified reticulospinal neurons show significant clustering of the timings of the peaks and troughs of their locomotor-related oscillations. Whereas most identified neurons oscillated in phase with locomotor bursting in ipsilateral ventral roots of the rostral spinal cord, the B1 Muller cell, which has an ipsilateral descending axon, and the Mauthner cell, which has a contralateral descending axon, both had oscillation peaks that were out of phase with the ipsilateral ventral roots. The differences in oscillation timing appear to be due to differences in synaptic input sources as shown by cross-correlations of fast synaptic activity in pairs of Muller cells. Since the main source of the locomotor input under these experimental conditions is ascending neurons in the spinal cord, these experiments suggest that individual reticulospinal neurons can receive locomotor signals from different subsets of these ascending neurons. This result may indicate that the locomotor feedback signals from the spinal locomotor networks are matched in some way to the motor output functions of the individual reticulospinal neurons, which include command signals for turning and for compensatory movements.
Plasmapheresis in the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia-induced pancreatitis: A community hospital's experience.

Background: Hyperlipidemic pancreatitis is a potentially fatal complication of hypertriglyceridemia (HTG). The current mainstay of treatment for the hypertriglyceridemia associated with pancreatitis includes heparin, insulin and lipid lowering agents. Experiences with plasmapheresis are limited. Here, we report our experience using plasmapheresis in the treatment of four patients with acute severe HTG-induced pancreatitis. Methods: Four patients with acute severe HTG-induced pancreatitis due to severe primary hyperlipidemia exacerbated by secondary factors were studied. In addition to the standard treatment (insulin or heparin infusion), antibiotics and lipid lowering agents, two were treated within the first 48 hours, and two with early (<24 hours) plasmapheresis with 5% albumin. Results: All four patients had a significant improvement in their triglyceride levels using plasmapheresis with an average reduction in TG levels of 70.4% per treatment and 89.3% with the first treatment. However, there was no clear relation between the use of plasmapheresis and either improvement in APACHE II scores, length of stay in either the ICU or overall hospital length of stay or in the prevention of complications secondary to severe pancreatitis, including in the two patients who received plasmapheresis in the first 24 hours. Conclusion: Our report showed that plasmapheresis was successful in lowering TG levels. However, in the absence of a comparison with standard treatment (heparin or insulin infusion and lipid lowering agents) the effect of plasmapheresis on lowering the morbidity and length of stay of patients with HTG-induced acute severe pancreatitis is uncertain and warrants further investigation into its efficacy. J. Clin. Apheresis 25:229–234, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An assessment of verbal recall, recognition and fluency abilities in patients with Huntington's disease.

Two investigations concerned with the memory deficits of patients with Huntington's Disease (HD) were performed. In the first experiment, early and advanced HD patients showed superior recognition memory than did alcoholic Korsakoff patients on modified recall and recognition forms of the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test. In contrast, on a letter fluency test (FAS) requiring the patients to search their semantic memories, both HD groups produced fewer correct words and perseveration errors than did the alcoholic Korsakoff group. In the second experiment, HD patients and Korsakoff patients were compared in their and recognition of short passages. While the HD and Korsakoff patients were equally impaired on recall tests, the HD patients evidenced significantly better recognition memory than did the amnesic group. As on the fluency test, the prose of the Korsakoff patients was characterized by intrusion (i.e., perseverative) errors. The results of the two experiments indicate that HD and Korsakoff patients' memory deficits are related to deficiencies in retrieval and an increased sensitivity to proactive interference, respectively.
Evaluation of Sino-atrial Node Function in Man by Overdrive Suppression

Sino-atrial node (SAN) function was evaluated in 46 patients, three of whom had the sick sinus syndrome. Patients were paced from the right atrium for 15 to 180 sec at rates of 90, 110, 130, and 150 beats/min. The rapid cessation of pacing was associated with suppression of the SAN at all paced rates and at all durations of pacing. The observed pause was terminated by a sinus beat in all instances. The duration of pacing had little influence on the duration of the observed pause. The pause increased as the pacing rate was increased until, at a rate of 150 beats/min, a marked decrease in the pause was noted. Atropine (1.5-3.0 mg iv) diminished but did not eliminate the SAN suppression. Subthreshold pacing did not suppress SAN function. Three patients with sick sinus syndrome had a greater degree of SAN suppression than normal patients (4732 ± 415 msec [SSS] M ± sem; 1041 ± 56 msec for normal patients). The determination of the duration of the pause following cessation of atrial pacing provides a technique for recognition of abnormalities of SAN function.
BACTERIAL L‐FORMS FROM URINARY‐TRACT INFECTIONS IN A VETERANS HOSPITAL POPULATION*

In a study of 115 patients with chronic and acute urinary-tract infections, 26 (23 per cent) were found to have bacterial L-forms in the urine which could be cultured in a special hypertonic medium. The most common genera of bacteria producing these forms were Proteus, Pseudomonas and Escherichia-Aerobacter. Most of the patients had cystitis, pyelonephritis or a general diagnosis of “urinary-tract infection.” In a case of acute exacerbation of chronic pyelonephritis, the L-form of Proteus mirabilis appeared after eradication of the parent form with chloramphenicol. The L-form was sensitive to erythromycin even though the parent form was not, and after therapy with this antibiotic the L-form did not reappear for a ten-month period of study. L-forms occur frequently enough in the urine to warrant culturing for these forms specifically and considering the possible significance of L-forms in relation to the type of urinary-tract infection and the type of antibiotic therapy used.
On the solution of an ill‐posed design solidification problem using minimization techniques in finite‐ and infinite‐dimensional function spaces

This paper provides a comparative study of two alternative methodologies for the solution of an inverse design solidification problem. It is the one-dimensional solidification problem of calculating the boundary heat flux history that achieves a desired freezing front velocity and desired heat fluxes at the freezing front. The front velocity h(t) and flux history qmS(t) on the solid side of the front control the obtained cast structure. As such, the potential applications of the proposed methods to the control of casting processes are enormous. The first technique utilizes a finite-dimensional approximation of the unknown boundary heat flux function q0(t). The second technique uses the adjoint method to calculate in L2 the derivative of the cost functional, ‖Tm – T(h(t), t;q0)‖, that expresses the square error between the calculated T(h(t), t; q0) and the given freezing front temperature Tm. Both steepest descent (SDM) and conjugate gradient methods (CGM) are examined. A front tracking FEM technique is used for the discretization of the state space. A detailed numerical analysis of the space and time discretization of the ‘parameter’ and state spaces, of the effect of the end condition of the adjoint problem and of other parameters in the solution are examined.
Adsorption of Ar on a nonuniform MgO surface

Data are presented for the adsorption of Ar and N2 on a strongly heterogeneous MgO surface at 84 °K and for Ar at a range of temperatures between 130 and 250 °K. The high‐temperature data are analyzed according to a model which separates the contributions to the potential into bulk and surface terms, providing a method for the determination of the surface area from parameters characteristic of the bulk material. A solid–gas energy parameter and parameters indicating the strength of the impurity sites are also evaluated.
Crack Blunting of High‐Silica Glass

The mechanical strength of abraded high-silica glass was measured after immersion in water and silicic acid solution at room temperature and 88°C. The strength increase was observed at 88°C. This phenomenon is usually explained by crack blunting. From an observation of the dissolution rate of a porous glass with a similar composition and a comparison of the strength increase in water and silicic acid, it was concluded that the dissolution and subsequent precipitation of the high–silica glass is the mechanism of the crack blunting.
Strategies of Condescension: Latino Professors Identify Ethnic Habitual Dispositions in their Teaching Productions

Abstract This study focused on strategies of condescension used by white university professors to secure higher-level academic ranks for themselves and lower level academic ranks for Latino professors. Specifically, I extended Bourdieu's habitus, social, and cultural capital metaphors to explore the profit revenues accorded to the teaching productions reserved for Latino professors. I interviewed 23 Latino professors at 12 research universities throughout the Midwest. I imported audio conversations into Atlas/ti 4.2, a computer software program designed to analyze textual data. Latino professors identified academic advantages in the form of symbolic revenues that maintain status distinctions by academic rank in social science and humanities departments. Latino professors defined back-door policies as external funding used for the employment of minority professors. As a result, Latino professors identified themselves as ideal martyrs, who, ironically, reproduced professional benefits for their white academ...
Effect of oxide formation mechanisms on lead adsorption by biogenic manganese (hydr)oxides, iron (hydr)oxides, and their mixtures.

The effects of iron and manganese (hydr)oxide formation processes on the trace metal adsorption properties of these metal (hydr)oxides and their mixtures was investigated by measuring lead adsorption by iron and manganese (hydr)oxides prepared by a variety of methods. Amorphous iron (hydr)oxide formed by fast precipitation at pH 7.5 exhibited greater Pb adsorption (Γmax = 50 mmol of Pb/mol of Fe at pH 6.0) than iron (hydr)oxide formed by slow, diffusion-controlled oxidation of Fe(II) at pH 4.5−7.0 or goethite. Biogenic manganese(III/IV) (hydr)oxide prepared by enzymatic oxidation of Mn(II) by the bacterium Leptothrix discophora SS-1 adsorbed five times more Pb (per mole of Mn) than an abiotic manganese (hydr)oxide prepared by oxidation of Mn(II) with permanganate, and 500−5000 times more Pb than pyrolusite oxides (βMnO2). X-ray crystallography indicated that biogenic manganese (hydr)oxide and iron (hydr)oxide were predominantly amorphous or poorly crystalline and their X-ray diffraction patterns were not ...
Posttraumatic stress disorder in injured adults: etiology by path analysis.

Objective: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) impairs outcome from injury. We present a path analysis of factors related to the development of PTSD in injured adults. Methods: A prospective cohort of 250 patients without severe neurotrauma was evaluated by interview during admission and by mailed self-report 6 months later. Data were gathered from the trauma registry (age, injury mechanism, and Injury Severity Score), social history (gender, income, education, and social support), and survey instruments. Baseline assessment used the Michigan Critical Events Perception Scale (peritraumatic dissociation and subjective threat to life), the Life Experience Survey (stressful exposure history), and the SF36 (general and mental health). PTSD at 6 months was identified with the civilian Mississippi Scale for PTSD. Data are listed as mean ± SEM or percent (%). Path analysis was conducted by linear regression and significant (p < 0.05) variables are shown. Factors are listed with the standardized β. A negative β suggests a protective effect. Results: The 176 patients (72%) who completed the 6-month follow-up were 37.7 ± 0.88 years old; 75% were men; and blunt (70%), penetrating (13.5%), and burn (16.4%) mechanisms caused the injuries. Assault was involved in 14.5% of the cases. Average income was $44,300 ± 2,700/yr, education was 13.0 ± 0.15 years, and Injury Severity Score was 13.9 ± 0.50. A total of 42.3% of the patients developed PTSD. The 39.7% of the variance in PTSD explained by the model was due to intentional injury (β = 0.27), male gender (β = -0.21), age (β = -0.20), peritraumatic dissociation (β = 0.174), baseline mental health (β = -0.21), and prior life-threatening illness (β = -0.29). Peritraumatic dissociation was due to the patient's sense of threat to life (β = -0.47), and threat was related to Injury Severity Score (β = 0.2), assault(β = 0.14), education (β = -0.15), and age (β = -0.19). Baseline SF36 mental health was related to social support (β = 0.27) and income (β = 0.21). Income was contingent on education (β = 0.21). Conclusion: PTSD occurred in 42.3% of injured adults 6 months after trauma and was related to assault, dissociation, female gender, youth, poor mental health, and prior illness. By modeling PTSD, we may learn more of the etiology, risk stratification, and potentials for the treatment of this common and important morbidity of injury.
Critical Thinking: Schemata vs. Skills.

Abstract Critical thinking is analyzed from a phenomenological perspective. The thesis that critical thinking is not a skill is advanced. An alternative thesis, that critical thinking is a restructuring of schemata, is advanced. Implications of an information processing perspective on the teaching of critical thinking are discussed.
We infer light in space

In studies of lightness and color constancy, the terms lightness and brightness refer to the qualia corresponding to perceived surface reflectance and perceived luminance, respectively. However, what has rarely been considered is the fact that the volume of space containing surfaces appears neither empty, void, nor black, but filled with light. Helmholtz (1866/1962) came closest to describing this phenomenon when discussing inferred illumination, but previous theoretical treatments have fallen short by restricting their considerations to the surfaces of objects. The present work is among the first to explore how we infer the light present in empty space. It concludes with several research examples supporting the theory that humans can infer the differential levels and chromaticities of illumination in three-dimensional space.
Myocardial dysfunction and ultrastructural alterations mediated by oxygen metabolites.

Abstract The direct effect of oxygen metabolites was studied on isolated perfused rat hearts. Superoxide anion ( O 2 • ) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) were generated by adding purine (2.3 m m ) and purified xanthine oxidase (0.06 U/ml) to Krebs-Henseleit buffer (pH 7.4). Xanthine oxidase was added to the purine-containing perfusate either near the aorta (group A, which gave H 2 O 2 less than 10 μ m ) or at a distant point from the aorta (group B, which gave 250 to 300 μ m H 2 O 2 ). The generation rate of O 2 • was 31.7 ± 1.0 nmol/ml/min in the experimental conditions. Contractile function, tissue adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and ultrastructure were not affected in group A. In contrast, hearts in group B showed marked decrease in contractility ( + d P d t ) to 24.4 ± 4.3% of control values. ATP levels were also markedly reduced from control values of 23.4 ± 0.7 to 7.4 ± 0.7 μmol/g dry tissue. Ultrastructure in group B hearts revealed “wavy” and disintegrated sarcolemma, depletion of glycogen deposits, and swelling and disruption of mitochondria. Release of the thiobarbituric acid reactive products including malondialdehyde was significant in the effluent (1.68 ± 0.17 nmol/min/g wet tissue). These changes were almost completely prevented by catalase, but not by superoxide dismutase and deferoxamine. Moreover, exogenous H 2 O 2 perfusion (300 μ m ) showed results similar to group B hearts. These observations suggest that H 2 O 2 plays a major role in the injury. O 2 − does not appear to damage hearts directly, although it is important as a precursor of H 2 O 2 and other radical species including hydroxyl radical.
Methane first, OK?

Reducing carbon dioxide emissions will be vital in the long run, but we should start by tackling methane, says Kirk Smith
Dexmedetomidine in a Child with Methylphenidate Intoxication

Methylphenidate intoxication, due to accidental ingestion, is a common occurrence in pediatrics. Symptoms of extreme agitation are typically controlled with benzodiazepines or barbiturates. There is, however, a legitimate risk of mechanical ventilation due to respiratory depression with increasing doses of benzodiazepines. The authors describe a case of 7-y-old girl with methylphenidate toxicity where dexmedetomidine was successfully used to manage agitation and cardiovascular stimulation without respiratory compromise.
Studies on opioid peptides as endogenous anticonvulsants

Abstract In both normal and hypophysectomized rats, electroconvulsive shock (ECS) produced a significant postictal rise in seizure threshold (S.T.) to flurothyl, a volatile convulsant. This ECS-induced increase in S.T. was markedly attnuated by naloxone (10 mg/kg s.c.), which itself did not alter basal S.T. A dose of bicuculline (0.1 mg/kg i.p.) which was slightly proconvulsant in the flurothyl test did not significantly alter the postictal rise in S.T. produced by ECS. With hypophysectomized rats, there was a 24% increase in basal S.T. to flurothyl challenge. Hypophysectomy had no influence on the postictal rise in S.T. produced by ECS, nor on the attenuation that occurs with naloxone. We propose that the postictal rise in S.T. reflects a change occurring centrally which prevents a static convulsive state, possibly through brain opioid peptides acting as endogenous anticonvulsants.
Group Work with Aggressive Men: Group Within a Group Within a Group

Psychodynamic group therapy offers many opportunities for members to identify, understand, and change the underlying problems, which lead to their aggressive behavior. In addition, group therapy can help to improve the members’ interpersonal relationships. The “Coping with Aggression” is comprised of three groups. A psychodynamic group of assaultive men made up the first group. The second group consisted of two leaders and a consultant whom the group members knew about but never actually met. The observers who sat outside the group made up the third group. Therapy contracts, boundaries, and leadership, and group process are discussed.
Watergate village: A case study of a permit application for a marina submitted to the U.S. army corps of engineers

Abstract Abstract This case study, prepared by an interdisciplinary group of several scientists and planners and a lawyer, reviews the handling by the decision process of an application to the Baltimore District Corps of Engineers for permission to construct a marina. The study determines that while the project in question may not present a significant environmental threat, the project when considered in conjunction with other pending projects on the same subtributary would contribute to boat congestion and degradation of water quality. Changes in the decision process are suggested which would facilitate consideration of the cumulative impacts from a series of coastal alterations.
Antibiosis to Corn Earworm, Helicoverpa zea Boddie, by Cowpea Genotypes

ABSTRACT Corn earworm (Helicovrpa zea Boddie) is a pest of cow-pea in many regions of the United States. The larvae chew round holes in cowpea pods to feed on the developing grains, and thus, affect the yield and seed quality. Studies were conducted to identify antibiosis to corn earworm (CEW) in diverse cowpea genotypes which had been identified to provide better yields in the Delmarva (Delaware, Maryland and Virginia) peninsula region. A series of bioassays were performed to evaluate the newly formed terminal trifoliolates of field grown cowpea for antibiosis to CEW. Results showed significant differences in larval weights in all bioassays. The genotypes which gave the lowest larval weights were Mississippi Silver and Quick pick Pinkeye, while the genotype, Champion, provided the largest weights of larvae in virtually all tests. Therefore, this genotype could probably be used as a susceptible check for future cowpea antibiosis studies to CEW. Results also indicate that some genotypes of cowpea that prov...
PROPERTIES OF SOME VYCOR‐BRAND GLASSES

Abstract Physical and chemical properties are discussed for Vycor-brand 96% silica glasses prepared from glasses of lower silica content by a leaching process, and a brief resume of this process is given. The intermediate porous glass and a translucent or white opaque form of the final 96% silica glass made by the Multiform process are briefly described. Ultraviolet and infrared transmission characteristics of glasses No. 790 and No. 791 are given. Summary Vycor-brand glass No. 790 containing 96% silica is produced without the use of excessive melting temperatures by a process in which a relatively soft borosilicate glass is melted and shaped, the fluxes are removed by leaching, and the residual porous high-silica structure is consolidated by heating. The outstanding properties of this glass are its very low coefficient of expansion and correspondingly high resistance to heat shock, its high softening point, low power factor, and high chemical durability, which make it useful for varied applications in the industrial and electrical fields as well as in the laboratory. The glass can be used continuously at temperatures up to 900°C. or for limited service at much higher temperatures provided it is not in contact with materials which react with or cause devitrification of silica. It can be lamp worked by methods similar to those used for fused silica. Porous glass is formed as an intermediate product in the process. It is characterized by pores of very small and relatively uniform radius, the average of which is in the order of 20 a.u. A translucent or opaque white glass is made by the Multiform process, which enables the production of massive ware and a variety of shapes that cannot be made directly in the clear form. Aside from transparency, the properties in general are the same as those of the clear glass. Vycor-brand glass No. 791 is highly transparent to ultraviolet light at wave lengths down to 254 mμ or less, and glasses have been made with an appreciable transmission even at 185 mμ. Glasses No. 790 and No. 991 are highly transparent to the near infrared.
Placement of endosseous implants into tooth extraction sites

This study reports 4-year experiences with placement of hydroxylapatite-coated dental implants into extraction sites immediately after tooth extraction. Small defects present after implant placement were treated with dense, nonresorbable hydroxylapatite. Larger defects present after implant placement were treated with demineralized bone. Indications and contraindications for placement, as well as surgical techniques, are discussed.
Teaching Using Computer Games

Computer games have long been used for teaching. Current reviews lack categorization and analysis using learning models which would help instructors assess the usefulness of computer games. We divide the use of games into two classes: game playing and game development. We discuss the Input-Process-Outcome (IPO) model for the learning process when playing computer games. We also propose a new Input-Process-Outcome model for explaining the learning through game development (IPO-GD). Using both learning models, we review recent uses of computer games. Based on our review, we recommend: 1) using the IPO model when selecting games; 2) using the IPO-GD model for game development; and 3) creating support repositories for related curriculum material.
An alternative low resistance MOL technology with electroplated rhodium as contact plugs for 32nm CMOS and beyond

This paper addresses a critical CMOS challenge of increasing parasitic resistance by introducing electroplated rhodium (Rh) as an alternative middle-of-line (MOL) metallurgy to replace the conventional CVD tungsten (W) processes for lower contact resistance and better extendibility to 32 nm technology and beyond. Electroplating of Rh is shown to have similar to Cu superconformal filling capability, allowing us to successfully fill high aspect ratio vias (40 nm times 240 nm). Plating of 300 mm wafers with 60 nm times 290 nm vias was demonstrated using CVD or ALD ruthenium (Ru) as the seed layer. An annealing process was developed to obtain a thin Rh film resistivity of 6.5 muOmega-cm, which is 1.5 to 3X lower than the resistivity of CVD W films. Since Rh is stable in Si environment, when compared to a fast diffusing Cu, a very thin Ti/Ru layer can be implemented. Therefore we propose to use PVD Ti/ALD Ru/electroplated Rh as the alternative MOL metallurgy. With this simple liner/seed/fill stack, the overall MOL resistance is calculated to be 2x lower than the overall MOL resistance of the conventional W stacks, and slightly lower than Cu fill stacks. In addition, the ability to use a thinner liner layer than that used for Cu-base fill process, provides a greater potential for extendibility of Rh fill into future CMOS MOL generations.
Determination of absolute photoionization cross sections for isomers of C3H5: allyl and 2-propenyl radicals

Abstract The photoionization (PI) cross sections of allyl and 2-propenyl radicals to form C 3 H 5 + were measured using tunable vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) synchrotron radiation coupled with photofragment translational spectroscopy. At 10 eV, the cross sections were found to be 6.2 ± 1.2 and 5.1 ± 1.0 Mb, respectively. Using these values, the PI efficiency curves for each radical were placed on an absolute scale from 7.75 to 10.75 eV.
Anesthetic management of children with an anterior mediastinal mass

Study Objective: To review the anesthetic management and perioperative course of children with an anterior mediastinal mass. Design: Retrospective review. Setting: University-affiliated children's hospital. Measurements: The records of 46 children presenting with an anterior mediastinal mass between October 1, 1998 and Octobber 1, 2006 were studied. Preoperative symptoms, diagnostic imaging and physical examination findings, anesthetic techniques, and perioperative complications were recorded. Main Results: Spontaneous ventilation was maintained in 21 of 46 cases. Five patients had mild intraoperative complications, including upper airway obstruction, mild oxyhemoglobin desaturation, wheezing, partial airway obstruction, and a pneumothorax after mediastinal mass biopsy. There were no serious complications or perioperative deaths. Conclusions: Childrenwitha symptomatic anterior mediastinal massunderwent general anesthesiawithout seriouscomplications.Spontaneousventilationwaspreferredforallpatientswithsevereairwaycompression.
CERAD Behavior Rating Scale for Dementia

In the absence of a standardized technique for reliably and comprehensively describing changes in behavioral disturbances of dementia, the Behavioral Pathology Committee of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) sought to develop a scale that could be used to evaluate a wide range of psychopathologic signs and symptoms in patients with differing severity of dementia. The goal of the committee was to develop a scale composed of well-anchored, homogeneously scaled items that could be administered by interviewers without extensive psychiatric training.
Monophyly of nodA and nifH Genes across Texan and Costa Rican Populations of Cupriavidus Nodule Symbionts

nodA and nifH phylogenies for Cupriavidus nodule bacteria from native legumes in Texas and Costa Rica grouped all strains into a single clade nested among neotropical Burkholderia strains. Thus, Cupriavidus symbiotic genes were not acquired independently in different regions and are derived from other Betaproteobacteria rather than from α-rhizobial donors.
A comparison of the growth suppressive effect of cortisone, prednisone, and other adrenal cortical hormones.

Abstract Normal linear growth was noted in all of thirteen children given sufficient cortisone over a period of six months or longer to suppress asthma. Linear growth suppression was noted in twelve of thirteen children given prednisone, five of nine given methylprednisolone, the two given fluprednisolone, and in the one given triamcinolone, when sufficent corticosteroid was given for a similar period of time to produce the same degree of suppression of asthma. Evidence is presented indicating that cortisone is about one fifth as potent as prednisone and one sixth as potent as methylprednisolone as a therapeutic agent in asthma, but only one tenth as potent as each as a growth inhibiting agent.
Isolated Prolactin Deficiency Associated With Serum Autoantibodies Against Prolactin-Secreting Cells

Context: Isolated prolactin (PRL) deficiency is a rare entity of unknown etiology manifesting as failure of puerperal lactogenesis. Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the cause of isolated PRL deficiency in an affected woman. Design and Setting: We examined genetic and autoimmune causes of isolated PRL deficiency at academic medical centers. Patient: The patient was a 39-year-old woman with puerperal alactogenesis after two deliveries and undetectable PRL. The other pituitary axes, serum calcium levels, and cranial magnetic resonance imaging were normal. Intervention: Recombinant human PRL (r-hPRL) was administered to the patient. Main Outcome Measures: We measured the sequencing of candidate genes and immunofluorescence analysis of autoantibodies directed against pituitary endocrine cells. Results: There were no rare sequence variants in the genes encoding for PRL, putative PRL-releasing peptide, putative PRL-releasing peptide receptor, or in other genes important for lactotroph lineage dev...
A SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC ASSAY FOR RUBISCO ACTIVITY : APPLICATION TO THE KELP LAMINARIA SACCHARINA AND IMPLICATIONS FOR RADIOMETRIC ASSAYS

We optimized a spectrophotometric method for measuring ribulose-l,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (Rubisco) activity in crude extracts of the kelp Laminaria saccharina Lamour. Activity exhibited a decline during the assays, such that rates determined over a 10-min period were only 70% of activity during the first minute. Activity was significantly enhanced by addition of HCO3− to the extraction buffer and was stable for at least 4 h. Highest activities were determined using small extract loads (1–2.5 mg fresh weight·mL−1 of assay mixture); extract loads of 10 mg·mL−1caused a 25% decrease in activity. Rubisco activities determined for individual kelp plants using the spectrophotometric method were significantly correlated with total protein and gross photo synthetic capacity (Pmax) and were 1.5–2 times higher than Pmax. Low Rubisco activities relative to photosynthetic rates reported in many previous studies of macroalgae and microalgae may have resulted at least partly from underestimation of enzyme activity by radiometric assays using relatively large volumes of un-activated crude extract and assay periods longer than 1 min.
Multiply reflected standing Alfven waves in the IO torus: Pioneer 10 observations

Observations from the Voyager 1 pass by the Io flux tube strongly suggest that large amplitude standing Alfven waves are generated as Jovian plasma flows past Io. It has recently been proposed by Gurnett and Goertz (1981) that this Io generated standing Alfven wave system extends an appreciable way around the Io L-shell. Observations are presented here of magnetic perturbations found in the Pioneer 10 record as it crossed the Io L-shell. The field perturbations are found to be qualitatively consistent with the passage of the spacecraft through a standing Alfven wave pattern. The observations suggest an Alfven Mach number of 0.03, which is 1/5 the value inferred from Voyager 1 observations. This implies a lower plasma density at the time of the flyby of Pioneer 10.
Successful endovascular stroke therapy in a 103-year-old woman

People older than 80 years of age constitute the most rapidly growing age group in the world. Several trials confirming superior efficacy of endovascular therapy did not have an upper age limit and showed favorable treatment effects, regardless of age. Current American Heart Association/American Stroke Association guidelines do not restrict treatment based on age as long as other eligibility criteria are met. A 103-year-old woman presented 2 h after stroke onset secondary to a left internal carotid artery terminus (ICA-T) occlusion. Admission National Institutes of Health Stoke Scale (NIHSS) score was 38, with no early ischemic changes on imaging, pre-stroke modified Rankin Scale score was 0, and she lived independently with minimal help. After initiation of intravenous thrombolysis, the patient underwent successful mechanical thrombectomy with Thombosis in Cerebral Infaction-3 recanalization. She showed remarkable recovery (NIHSS score of 1 at 48 h). Stroke onset to recanalization was 3 h 40 min. Our objective in documenting the oldest patient to successfully undergo stroke intervention is to corroborate that with the current evidence, appropriate patients undergoing rapid treatment may allow us to advance the limits of endovascular therapy.
Design, synthesis, and antibacterial activity of a peptidomimetic library

Building blocks A, B, and C allowed us to create a large number of novel compounds in combinatorial libraries which were inspired by natural products such as microcin B17 and bleomycin. As a side benefit, the availability of these building blocks will facilitate the chemical synthesis of natural products which contain these motifs. Microcin B17 is the first known example of a peptide-based inhibitor of topoisomerase II [4] and library compound 39 is a fragment of microcin B17. A set of compounds prepared using combinations of these three building blocks and naturally-occurring amino acids contained peptidomimetics that inhibited the growth of Vibrio anguillarum, a fish pathogen, but they were less active than was a synthetic fragment of microcin B17 (Fig. 2 39). All of the active compounds had the oxazolylthiazole building block at their N-terminus. Of the peptidomimetics synthesized, only two compounds (Fig. 2., L2-6 and L2-9) showed substantial antibacterial activity against Vibrio anguillarum. The N-acetyl C-G-A-C-(3-aminopropamide) compound (L2-3 not shown) was inactive. Since L2-3 differs from L2-6 only by substitution of a thiazole for an oxazole ring near the C-terminus, the net antibacterial activity is apparently determined by more than one building block.
The changes of lumbar muscle flexion-relaxation phenomenon due to antero-posteriorly slanted ground surfaces

Uneven ground surface is a common occupational injury risk factor in industries such as agriculture, fishing, transportation and construction. Studies have shown that antero-posteriorly slanted ground surfaces could reduce spinal stability and increase the risk of falling. In this study, the influence of antero-posteriorly slanted ground surfaces on lumbar flexion-relaxation responses was investigated. Fourteen healthy participants performed sagittally symmetric and asymmetric trunk bending motions on one flat and two antero-posteriorly slanted surfaces (-15° (uphill facing) and 15° (downhill facing)), while lumbar muscle electromyography and trunk kinematics were recorded. Results showed that standing on a downhill facing slanted surface delays the onset of lumbar muscle flexion-relaxation phenomenon (FRP), while standing on an uphill facing ground causes lumbar muscle FRP to occur earlier. In addition, compared to symmetric bending, when performing asymmetric bending, FRP occurred earlier on the contralateral side of lumbar muscles and significantly smaller maximum lumbar flexion and trunk inclination angles were observed. Practitioner Summary: Uneven ground surface is a common risk factor among a number of industries. In this study, we investigated the influence of antero-posteriorly slanted ground surface on trunk biomechanics during trunk bending. Results showed the slanted surface alters the lumbar tissue load-sharing mechanism in both sagittally symmetric and asymmetric bending.
Harmonious integration: Tuning STEM education with generative justice

STEM educational practices not only have limited success in engaging students from underrepresented groups, but also often fail to prepare future scientists and engineers with an appreciation for the social and environmental concerns that underpin their work. Rather than approaching these challenges separately, they can both be addressed by “tuning” STEM education practices to be more socially conscious. We believe that one of the issues with STEM recruitment in unrepresented groups is the lack of societal context in which STEM problems are addressed. Rather than relying on an externally imposed moral framework, we utilize the concept of generative justice to serve as a framework to inform STEM practices. Generative justice refers to an understanding of how value is generated and then circulated within a system. A generative solution to a STEM problem allows the value generated to flow from its point of generation, become augmented with STEM practices, and back to its original source. This framework allows STEM practitioners to identify the value generated within a system and then tune their practices so that maximal value is returned to the community within which they operate. This paper provides a case study of this generative STEM approach in our work on sports science within an urban environment. By starting STEM from the authentic interests and values of the community of underrepresented students, we can create a harmonious tuning between the providers of STEM outreach and its recipients, and train a new generation of scientists and engineers who are not tone deaf to the needs for social justice.
Analysis for Federation of Officers and Scholars in Academic Research in Contemporary China

It has comparatively peculiar character in the research environment of science and technology development in Chinese contemporary context.The biggest problem is the federation of scholars and officers.The Chinese scholar's primitive accumulation on research is comparatively difficult since average resources of research are limited.Government-dominant research and increasingly tight science-politics union lead to appearance of federation of officers and scholars.The federation of officers and scholars has its inevitability and rationality under peculiar spatial-temporal context.We must dissolve the problem from the conceptual level,the methodology level and the operational level to seek for the countermeasures.
Early burn excision and grafting.

The past 10 years have brought the development of “safe” blood, better monitoring equipment, and, most importantly, an understanding of the physiology and increased metabolic demands of patients with major burns. The ability to stabilize the patient within a few days of the injury, has enabled the surgeon to remove deep burn wounds before they become invasively infected. Intensive monitoring in the operating room, experience gained from excision and grafting of small burns, and skilled intensive care in the perioperative period have changed traditional burn care dramatically.