cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cross-propagating beam-deflection measurements of third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility

We extend our recently developed Beam-Deflection (BD) method which we used to determine the sign, magnitude, and ultrafast dynamics of bound electronic and nuclear nonlinear optical responses, to measure elements of the third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility tensor with longitudinal field components. In these measurements, in contrast to the conventional BD technique where excitation and probe beams are nearly collinear, the interaction geometry involves orthogonal propagation of excitation and probe beams. This cross-propagating BD method enables probing with the electric field polarized parallel to the wavevector of the excitation beam as well as conventional parallel and perpendicular polarizations as in most other experimental methods. This technique may be of use in detecting possible magneto-electric contributions to the nonlinear susceptibility. The ratio between parallel and perpendicular bound-electronic responses in this method is shown to be larger than the factor of 3 predicted by theory and measured in the conventional configuration.
Design of redundant microvascular cooling networks for blockage tolerance

Abstract Microvascular networks can provide host materials with many functions including self-healing and active cooling. However, vascular networks are susceptible to blockage which can dramatically reduce their functional performance. A novel optimization scheme is presented to design networks that provide sufficient cooling capacity even when partially blocked. Microvascular polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) panels subject to a 2000 W m−2 applied heat flux and 28.2 mL min−1 coolant flow rate are simulated using dimensionally reduced thermal and hydraulic models and an interface-enriched generalized finite element method (IGFEM). Channel networks are optimized to minimize panel temperature while the channels are either clear (the O 0 scheme), subject to the single worst-case blockage ( O 1 ), or subject to two worst-case blockages ( O 2 ). Designs are optimized with nodal degree (a measure of redundancy) ranging from 2 to 6. The results show that blockage tolerance is greatly enhanced for panels optimized while considering blockages and for panels with higher nodal degree. For example, the 6-degree O 1 design only has a temperature rise of 7 °C when a single channel is blocked, compared to a 35 °C rise for the 2-degree O 0 design. Thermography experiments on PDMS panels validate the IGFEM solver and the blockage tolerance of optimized panels.
Design and implementation of a series resonant solid state transformer

The focus of this study is on the design of a full-bridge unidirectional resonant LLC Solid State Transformer. The proposed topology uses a high-frequency transformer to optimize the size and weight of the converter. This converter has the capability of operating at fluctuating load conditions while it keeps the voltage regulated in different operation point. The converter is designed to maintain soft switching by using a resonant circuit in this design to minimize the switching loss of the high frequency converter. ZVS in the leading leg for turn on mode and ZCS commutation in the lagging leg for all of the modes are achieved in the H-bridge through the suggested circuitry which is analyzed mathematically in detail in this study. A combination of Pulse frequency modulation (PFM) and Phase Shifting Modulation (PSM) are utilized to control this resonant converter. The experimental setup for the suggested configuration was implemented and the results of the simulation and calculations have been verified with test results. The hardware set up was tested with two different power levels and the output results confirm that the control method works properly to feed the load and keeps the converter working in the expected frequency range and maintaining the soft switching to decrease switching loss. The results shows conversion efficiency of 97.18% is achieved.
Confounding/Blocking in 2k Designs

The topic of this chapter is useful in its own right, and absolutely essential to understanding the subject of fractional-factorial designs discussed in Chap. 11. Imagine coming to a point in designing our experiment where we have settled on the factors and levels of each factor to be studied. Usually this will not be an exhaustive list of all the factors that might possibly influence the experimental response, but a bigger list would likely be prohibitive and, even then, not truly exhaustive. There are always factors that affect the response but that cannot be fully identified. Of course, if we are fortunate, these unidentified factors are not among the most influential (often the intuition of good process experts contributes to such “luck”). Ideally, we would like to have all of these other factors held constant during the performance of our experiment; unfortunately, this is not always possible. In this chapter, we discuss a potentially-powerful way to mitigate the consequences if we can’t. We focus on 2 k factorial designs; however, the concepts and reasoning involved apply to all experimental designs.
Pied-Billed Grebe Nesting Ecology on Squaw Creek National Wildlife Refuge,1996–2007

Pied-billed Grebes (Podilymbus podiceps) are secretive water-birds that build floating nests in smaller wetlands. Our study focused on the nesting ecology, including phenology, of Pied-billed Grebe...
Online adaptive teleoperation via motion primitives for mobile robots

Assistive teleoperation aims to help operators control robotic systems with ease. In this work, we present a novel adaptive teleoperation approach that is amenable to mobile systems using motion primitives for long-duration teleoperation, such as exploration using mobile vehicles or walking for humanoid systems. We first describe teleoperation using motion primitives, which are dynamically feasible and safe local trajectories based on a kinematic or dynamic model. We take a predict-and-adapt approach to assistive teleoperation, whereby adaptation is based on the predicted user intent. By representing the operator as an optimizing controller, a probabilistic distribution can be constructed for the available future actions based on some reward function. Adaptation is provided in the form of subsampling, which tailors the set of available actions based on the likelihood of action selection. We describe the framework for general systems and delineate the extrapolation to ground, air, and legged mobile robots, and demonstrate generalizability of this framework on two systems via simulation and experimentation; namely, a quadrotor micro air vehicle, and a simulated 3D humanoid system. Both systems show provably better performance in teleoperation by measures of behavioral entropy.
Optimal Salinity of Polymer Solution in Surfactant-Polymer Flooding Process

A systematic study of the effects of the salinity of connate water and polymer solution on oil-displacement by aqueous and oleic surfactant formulations was carried out. For both types of surfactant formulations, the maximum oil recovery was observed when the salinity of the polymer solution was at the optimal salinity of the preceding surfactant formulation. It is shown that the processes occurring at the surfactant slug-polymer solution mixing zone dominate the oil recovery efficiency. Polymer solution having the optimal salinity of the preceding surfactant formulation assures that the interfacial tension of oil ganglia or middle phase micro-emulsions with polymer solution will remain low. The low inter-facial tension together with adequate mobility control displaces the surfactant slug in a piston-like manner.
Hypochondriasis and Somatization Disorder: New Perspectives

The blurred boundaries between illnesses presenting with somatic symptoms confronts both psychiatrists and primary care physicians with one of the most challenging issues in patient care. On a typical day in a general physician’s office, perhaps 50 % or more of the patients with physical complaints will have no definitive explanation for their ailment (Simon et al. 1996; Kroenke and Mangelsdorff 1989; Kroenke 2003; Baumeister and Harter 2007; Smith and Dwamena 2007). The patients present with distress from fatigue, chest pain, cough, back pain, shortness of breath, and a host of other painful or worrisome bodily concerns. For most, the physician’s expression of interest, taking a thorough history, doing a physical examination, and offering reassurance, a modest intervention, or a pharmacologic prescription suffices to assuage the patient’s pain, anxiety, and physical distress. But for some, these simple measures fall short of their expected result, marking the beginning of what may become a chronic search for relief, including frequent anxiety-filled visits to more than one physician, and in extreme cases even multiple hospitalizations and possibly surgery.
Would it be better to not talk about climate change? The impact of climate change and air pollution frames on support for regulating power plant emissions

Abstract This study examined how utilizing different frames to contextualize negative impacts of power plant emissions influenced belief in those impacts and support for policies to regulate emissions. Using a U.S. national YouGov sample (n = 1000), we examined how discussing emissions in terms of climate change or air pollution, and in terms of health or environmental impacts, influenced individuals with different partisan affiliations. The analysis utilized a moderated-mediation model, with belief in negative impacts of power plant emissions as the mediator, support for government action as the dependent variable, and political party as a moderator of the link from the message frame to belief. This analysis revealed that using a climate change frame relative to an air pollution frame lowered policy support both directly and indirectly via belief in negative impacts, with the strongest indirect effect observed for Republicans. There were no effects of discussing environmental versus health impacts. The results suggest that communicators may be more successful in increasing support for mitigating carbon pollution from power plants by focusing on non-climate change oriented risks that the pollution poses, rather than linking the pollution to climate change.
The Academic Vocabulary List (AVL) coverage in the Brazilian academic written English corpus

This paper is divided in two parts, in the first one we address the different definitions of academic vocabulary, the role of academic vocabulary in English for Academic Purposes (EAP) teaching, and present some of the academic word lists compiled up to the present day. The second part of this paper is dedicated to one of the applications of these word lists: to determine the vocabulary profile of a corpus. Hence, the investigation conducted relies on the Academic Vocabulary List (AVL) to determine the use of academic vocabulary in a corpus of Brazilian students. It also addresses the issue of the different coverage provided by the AVL and the Academic Word List (AWL). The results indicate that the AVL is more representative of academic vocabulary in the corpus used as a reference.
Countering Persecution, Misconceptions, and Nationalism: Roma Identity and Contemporary Activist Art

The bodies of Roma are in danger, as are their manifold cultural legacies and futures, which have been violated and erased by political and social mechanisms of systematic oppression, murder, and discrimination. At the same time, these bodies have been and continue to be marginalized within the sphere of art. My contribution to this volume highlights the art and activist works of two artists of Romani descent who point to and inhabit those bodies in danger: Marika Schmiedt from Austria and Lidija Mirkovic, from Serbia and currently based in Germany. Situating the urgency of these artists’ practices within the contemporary context of the political, cultural, and social discriminatory systems mediated through visual discourses, this essay sketches the background upon which these artists’ interventions take place, presenting examples from popular culture of primitivizing and racist stereotypes of Roma constructed by non-Roma, including the perpetuation of such known derogatory epithets as “Gypsy Witches,” “Global Nomads,” “Bohemians,” “Fortune Tellers,” and “Parasites.”
The family of Japanese no-wa cleft construction: A register-based analysis

This paper presents a comparative study of the Japanese (pseudo-)cleft no-wa construction, schematized as: [clause] no-wa [NP/AdvP/clause] (da), in four spoken/written registers: informal conversations, academic presentations, news reports, and newspaper editorials. The study finds that the no-wa cleft appears more frequently in non-objective discourse that deals with a higher level of complexity. Close examination of instantiations of the no-wa cleft uncovers various register-oriented functions that show a varied degree of family resemblance with one another. These functions can be subsumed under two general functional properties of the no-wa construction: highlighting function at the local level and (retrospective) anticipatory function at the global level. This study shows that the family resemblance model provides a realistic and inclusive (albeit complex) account of the relationship between grammatical forms, their functions, and the contexts of use.
Accuracy and Fairness for Juvenile Justice Risk Assessments

Risk assessment algorithms used in criminal justice settings are often said to introduce “bias.” But such charges can conflate an algorithm's performance with bias in the data used to train the algorithm with bias in the actions undertaken with an algorithm's output. In this article, algorithms themselves are the focus. Tradeoffs between different kinds of fairness and between fairness and accuracy are illustrated using an algorithmic application to juvenile justice data. Given potential bias in training data, can risk assessment algorithms improve fairness and, if so, with what consequences for accuracy? Although statisticians and computer scientists can document the tradeoffs, they cannot provide technical solutions that satisfy all fairness and accuracy objectives. In the end, it falls to stakeholders to do the required balancing using legal and legislative procedures, just as it always has.
Computing the Economic Problem: Two Logical and Evolutionary Models of the Market Process

This is an essay about the evolution of wealth and the computations that economies, as complex adaptive systems, must execute if they are to successfully enable its evolution. Economies become wealthy when they accumulate multiplicities of knowledge and know how that are well adapted for solving consumers' most urgent problems of economic life. Although creative entrepreneurs consistently imagine novel bits of knowledge and know how, the factors of production that those bits can be encoded upon are scarce. All economies must therefore compute a peculiar decision problem, which economists have styled "the economic problem," of deciding which bits of knowledge and know how that are best adapted for solving the most urgent problems of economic life. I argue that the "market process" computes the economic problem by selecting the most valuable business-model designs within an ecosystem of competing business models. I offer a logical model that specifies the sequence of events by which an economy computes a given economic problem and selects the knowledge and know how well-adapted for solving it. I then model an economy's accumulation of well-adapted knowledge and know how, that is wealth, as the adaptive flow up a population of business models up a profitability landscape.
Surgical landmarks of the glossopharyngeal nerve

Damage to the glossopharyngeal nerve can occur as a result of various Head and Neck surgeries. Associated with this damage are assorted side effects, such as dysphagia, xerostomia, and loss of taste. This study serves to create probabilistic maps of the glossopharyngeal nerve using quantitative data, and to identify different landmarks in order to locate the nerve. Eleven cadaveric heads were bilaterally dissected to expose and measure the glossopharyngeal nerve. The mastoid process is a more reliable marker for the location of the glossopharyngeal nerve as it stretches through the lateral neck. Additionally, distance landmark measurements from the nerve leaving the jugular foramen to it entering the pharyngeal space are offered. Furthermore, statistical probability equations for nerve location have been created. Measurements and models created by this study will aid in pre-operative identification of glossopharyngeal nerve landmarks that will lead to an increase in quality of life in Head and Neck surgery patients.
Modulation of PKM Activity Controls Differentiation of Th17 Cells

T cells play crucial, and perhaps initiating roles in autoimmune diseases like Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Elucidating the mechanisms that regulate inflammatory T cell responses could reveal novel means of modulation of their pathological role. Small molecules that target specific functions of the pyruvate kinase isoform PKM2, TEPP-46 and DASA-58, have gained attention as potential inhibitors of inflammation. Here, we assessed the therapeutic potential of both molecules in a preclinical mouse model of MS. We found that both compounds suppress the development of IL-17 producing T cells (Th17). However, while TEPP-46 and DASA-58 potently inhibited Th17 cell production of IL-17A, they unexpectedly boosted their GM-CSF production. This surprising switch redirected the disease pathology from the spinal cord to the brain. On a mechanistic level, we found that modulation of PKM2 interferes with TGFβ1 signaling needed for the development of Th17 and regulatory T cells. Collectively, our study addresses a major outstanding question regarding the therapeutic potential of PKM2 modulation in MS and contributes new information to the mechanistic basis of such modulation on T cell functions.
Environmental Racism and the Contamination of Black Lives: A Literature Review

Exclusionary housing policies concentrate housing inequities, disproportionately exposing Black communities to environmental pollutants, and isolating them from essential health resources (Dimick et al. 2013). For this study, a literature review was conducted to explore how environmental racism has contaminated Black lives and to understand the policy failures that have perpetuated these inequities. Using case study methodology, this paper highlights three specific events to illustrate the contamination of Black lives: toxic wells in Dickinson County, Tennessee; coke plants in North Birmingham, Alabama; and the water crisis in Flint, Michigan. The central policy failures in these cases were delayed response, misinformation, weak enforcement of regulations, and inadequate solutions provided by environmental health officials. Future research should focus on the intersection of environmental hazards, community trust, and the effectiveness of prevention strategies in Black communities. Environmental health officials should focus on transparency, accountability, and equal protection for all lives.
Resonating Magnetic Manipulation for 3D Path-Following and Blood Clot Removal Using a Rotating Swimmer

There are many design trade-offs when building a magnetic manipulator to control millimeter-scale rotating magnetic swimmers for surgical applications.For example, increasing the magnitude of the flux density generated by the magnetic manipulator increases the torque applied to the swimmer, which could enable performing a wider variety of surgical tasks in the future. However, producing stronger magnetic fields has drawbacks, such as increased active power usage.To produce a quickly rotating field, EMs must be quickly charged and discharged. This results in a low power factor (high reactive power used in comparison with the active power). Adding capacitors in series with the electromagnets improves the power factor because the capacitors can provide reactive power. With this method, larger flux densities can be produced without necessitating an increase of the apparent power delivered by the power supplies.This paper highlights the benefits of using capacitors for the magnetic manipulation of rotating swimmers. Rotating swimmers can be used to remove blood clots. The clot removal rate of resonating magnetic manipulators is measured using a realistic blood clot model. This paper also presents a control method for the currents inside the electromagnets that enable 3D navigation without current sensing.
Gas-phase formation of 2D GaSe quantum dot ensembles in a nonequilibrium laser ablation process

Further geometrical confinement of the Two-dimensional (2D) materials in lateral dimensions toward zero-dimensional (0D) structures can form 2D nanoparticles and quantum dots with new properties. Here, we report the formation of quantum dots-like gallium selenide (GaSe) nanoparticles ensembles in a nonequilibrium gas-phase synthesis method. We show that by condensing the laser-generated plume in an argon background gas, metastable nanoparticles can form in the gas phase via the plume condensation process. The deposition of nanoparticles onto the substrates results in the formation of nanoparticle ensembles, which are then post-processed to crystallize or sinter the nanoparticles. The effects of background gas pressures and crystallization/sintering temperatures on the properties of the generated nanoparticles are systematically studied. This method offers a clean and fast route toward the formation of various 2D nanoparticles for potential optoelectronic and photonic applications.
The Source(s) of Corporate Harm

Are individual employees the only parts of corporations that harm us? Much of the law seems to think so. But what about things like corporate systems, groups of employees, and corporate algorithms? Overlooking these amounts to an expansive gift of corporate legal immunity. It's also a very outdated way of thinking about corporations.
SGK1 Signaling Promotes Glucose Metabolism and Survival in Extracellular Matrix Detached Cells

Loss of integrin-mediated attachment to extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins can trigger a variety of cellular changes that impact cell viability. Foremost among these is the activation of anoikis, caspase-mediated cell death induced by ECM-detachment. In addition to anoikis, loss of ECM-attachment causes profound alterations in cellular metabolism that can lead to anoikis-independent cell death. Here, we describe a surprising role for serum and glucocorticoid kinase-1 (SGK1) in the promotion of energy production when cells are detached. Our data demonstrate that SGK1 activation is necessary and sufficient for ATP generation during ECM-detachment and anchorage-independent growth. More specifically, SGK1 promotes a substantial elevation in glucose uptake due to elevated GLUT1 transcription. In addition, carbon flux into the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is necessary to accommodate elevated glucose uptake and PPP-mediated glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) is necessary for ATP production. Thus, our data unmask SGK1 as master regulator of glucose metabolism and cell survival during ECM-detached conditions.
Temperature and water depth effects on brGDGT distributions in sub-alpine lakes of mid-latitude North America

Abstract Branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (brGDGTs) in lake sediments are increasingly being used to reconstruct past temperatures. However, recent studies suggest that brGDGT distributions and concentrations vary with lake size and environmental conditions, such as seasonality and its effects on water column temperature and chemistry. To test their use as a paleothermometer in high-altitude environments of mid-latitude North America, we analyzed brGDGT distributions in lake surface sediments across a range of lake depths and elevations in the Rocky Mountains of Wyoming and Colorado. Our results suggest that brGDGT distributions and the MBT′5Me index correlate with water column temperatures, which are sensitive to both lake water depth and air temperatures. Based on these relationships, we developed a calibration to mean summer air temperatures using a Bayesian regression model that incorporates the MBT′5Me index and lake water depth. We applied our calibration to lake sediments from Lower Paintrock Lake in northern Wyoming to test its use as a paleothermometer. Reconstructed temperature trends are consistent with pollen-inferred temperatures at the same site and with known regional climate history, demonstrating that our calibration can be successfully applied to infer temperatures in high-altitude environments of mid-latitude North America.
Vaccinia virus D10 has broad decapping activity that is regulated by mRNA splicing

The mRNA 5’ cap structure serves both to protect transcripts from degradation and promote their translation. Cap removal is thus an integral component of mRNA turnover that is carried out by cellular decapping enzymes, whose activity is tightly regulated and coupled to other stages of the mRNA decay pathway. The poxvirus vaccinia virus (VACV) encodes its own decapping enzymes, D9 and D10, that act on cellular and viral mRNA, but may be regulated differently than their cellular counterparts. Here, we evaluated the targeting potential of these viral enzymes using RNA sequencing from cells infected with wild-type and decapping mutant versions of VACV as well as in uninfected cells expressing D10. We found that D9 and D10 target an overlapping subset of viral transcripts but that D10 plays a dominant role in depleting the vast majority of human transcripts, although not in an indiscriminate manner. Unexpectedly, the splicing architecture of a gene influences how robustly its corresponding transcript is targeted by D10, as transcripts derived from intronless genes are less susceptible to enzymatic decapping by D10. As all VACV genes are intronless, preferential decapping of transcripts from intron-encoding genes provides an unanticipated mechanism for the virus to disproportionately deplete host transcripts and remodel the infected cell transcriptome.
Health Services Research

The face of academic surgery is changing. While bench science and traditional translational research remain critical to advancing our field, the last decade has seen a movement toward a more intimate relationship between our scientific inquiry and the “how” of health care delivery. This is reflected not only in the diversification of academic career paths, but also more globally in changes in federal funding priorities and health care policy and reform. Health services research (HSR), defined by the Institute of Medicine as a multidisciplinary field of inquiry, both basic and applied, that examines the use, costs, quality, accessibility, delivery, organization, financing, and outcomes of health care services to increase knowledge and understanding of the structure, processes, and outcomes of health services for individuals and populations, represents a rapidly increasing proportion of surgical scientific inquiry.
Classification of steady state visual evoked potentials by Multi-Class T-Weight Method

In this paper, Multi-Class T-Weight Method (MCTW) is presented for classification in brain-computer interface (BCI) systems. Proposed method is an extension of the existing Improved T-Weight method for multi-class problems. The method was tested on the frequency and correlation based features obtained from electroencephalogram data of 20 Subjects in a steady state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) based offline BCI classification task. Obtained classification performances with different classifiers show that the MCTW method compete with the other well-known classifiers like linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and support vector machines (SVMs). Therefore, it can be used in classifying SSVEP based electroencephalogram data with proper features.
The Structures of the Blue Phases

The article contains sections titled: Introduction Fundamental Concepts Theory Bragg Scattering Crystal Morphology Optical Activity Phase Diagram Heat Capacity Electric Field Effects Wide Temperature Range Blue Phases Smectic Blue Phases Conclusion Keywords: blue phases; chiral nematic phase; Bragg scattering; Kossel diagrams; electrostriction; colloidal stabilization; double twist cylinder
Time-dependent dynamics applied to electron transfer

A time-dependent approach to molecular dynamics involving both nuclei and electrons is presented. Some of our findings from an application of the theory to a two-level model, with the nuclei treated classically, are discussed in some detail as an illustration of the importance of choice of appropriate basis states and of how nuclear-electron coupling is accounted for. The need for an appropriate time-averaging scheme for the fast electron and nuclear modes is demonstrated and such a procedure is outlined.
Improving a Child's Writing Skills for Increased Attention to Academic Activities

Children who have difficulty attending to graphomotor tasks may subsequently need remediation of their low-level handwriting skills to help them increase the legibility and speed of their written academic output. This article discusses how to evaluate a child's handwriting skills, including orthographic coding abilities and the ability to keep a student's attention focused on learning legible letter formation, alignment, and spacing. We put forward guidelines for intervention for an occupational therapist and occupational therapy assistant to aid in the child's automatization of these low-level writing skills. Once a child masters basic graphomotor skills, higher-level writing skills may be targeted so that overall academic performance will increase.
Concept Mapping to Reveal Prior Knowledge and Conceptual Change in a Mock Summit Course on Global Climate Change

The complex nature of climate change science poses special challenges for educators. Learners come to the classroom with prior knowledge on the topic, which serves as a foundation for further knowl...
Psychology's Interpretive Turn: The Search for Truth and Agency in Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology

The author skillfully crafts the argument that any philosophy of psychology that in principle precludes the possibility of objective psychological knowledge and truth also undermines an agency founded on rational interpretive grounds. An especially timely critique, as concerns about psychology's fragmentation mount and attempts at unification proliferate.
Boosting Students' Attitudes & Knowledge about Evolution Sets Them Up for College Success

Students who enter college with a solid grounding in, and positive attitudes toward, evolutionary science are better prepared for and achieve at higher levels in university-level biology courses. We found highly significant, positive relationships between student knowledge of evolution and attitudes toward evolution, as well as between introductory biology course achievement and both precourse acceptance of evolution and precourse knowledge of evolution, among students at a medium-sized private northeastern university. Teachers who scant the teaching of evolution or who do not foster good attitudes toward evolution are compromising their students’ potential for success in science at the college level.
Evolutionary and structural diversification of the larval nervous system among marine bryozoans.

Regardless of the morphological divergence among larval forms of marine bryozoans, the larval nervous system and its major effector organs (musculature and cil- iary fields) are largely molded on the basis of functional demands of feeding, ciliary propulsion, phototactic behav- iors, and substrate exploration. Previously published ultra- structural information and immunohistochemical recon- structions presented here indicate that neuronal pathways are largely ipsilateral, with more complex synaptic connec- tions localized within the nerve nodule. Multiciliated sen- sory-motor neurons diversify structurally and functionally on the basis of their position along the axis of swimming largely due to the functional demands of photoklinotaxis and substrate exploration. Vesiculariform, buguliform, and ascophoran coronate larvae all have patches of sensory neurons bordering the pyriform organ's ciliated groove (juxtapapillary cells and border cells) that are active during substrate selection. Despite their simplified form, cyclo- stome larvae maintain swimming and probing behaviors with sensory-motor systems functionally similar to those of some parenchymella and planula larval types. Considering the evolutionary relationships among the morphological grades of marine bryozoans, particular lineages within the gymnolaemates have independently evolved larval traits that convey a greater range of sensory abilities and in- creased propulsive capacity. The larval nervous system of bryozoans may be evolutionarily derived from the pretro- chal region of a trochophore-like larval form.
Globally F-regular and log Fano varieties

Abstract We prove that every globally F-regular variety is log Fano. In other words, if a prime characteristic variety X is globally F-regular, then it admits an effective Q -divisor Δ such that − K X − Δ is ample and ( X , Δ ) has controlled (Kawamata log terminal, in fact globally F-regular) singularities. A weak form of this result can be viewed as a prime characteristic analog of de Fernex and Hacon's new point of view on Kawamata log terminal singularities in the non- Q -Gorenstein case. We also prove a converse statement in characteristic zero: every log Fano variety has globally F-regular type. Our techniques apply also to F-split varieties, which we show to satisfy a “log Calabi–Yau” condition. We also prove a Kawamata–Viehweg vanishing theorem for globally F-regular pairs.
Mechanisms of an Online Public Sphere: The Website Slashdot

Both the theory of the public sphere and the utopian rhetoric surrounding the Internet have been a focus of scholars for some time. Given the ability of people to connect with others around the globe through the Internet, could the Internet give rise to online public spheres? If so, how would such spaces work? This article proposes that public spheres do exist on the Internet, and details how one functions. The case under study is the website Slashdot (http://slashdot.org), an online community of computer enthusiasts. The article studies the mechanisms, both normative and in code, that are vital to Slashdot's functioning, and shows how they help Slashdot function as a public sphere.
Photooxidation of dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl disulfide. I: Mechanism development

Detailed theoretical (Part I, this article) and experimental (Part II) investigations are presented for the mechanism of the atmospheric photooxidation of dimethyl sulfide (CH3SCH3) and dimethyl disulfide (CH3SSCH3). In this paper, comprehensive mechanisms for the atmospheric chemistry of CH3SCH3 and CH3SSCH3 are developed based on fundamental considerations of all available kinetic and mechanistic information.
Poly(A) Tail-dependent Exonuclease AtRrp41p fromArabidopsis thaliana Rescues 5.8 S rRNA Processing and mRNA Decay Defects of the Yeast ski6 Mutant and Is Found in an Exosome-sized Complex in Plant and Yeast Cells

Eukaryotic 3'-->5' exonucleolytic activities are essential for a wide variety of reactions of RNA maturation and metabolism, including processing of rRNA, small nuclear RNA, and small nucleolar RNA, and mRNA decay. Two related but distinct forms of a complex containing 10 3'-->5' exonucleases, the exosome, are found in yeast nucleus and cytoplasm, respectively, and related complexes exist in human cells. Here we report on the characterization of the AtRrp41p, an Arabidopsis thaliana homolog of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae exosome subunit Rrp41p (Ski6p). Purified recombinant AtRrp41p displays a processive phosphorolytic exonuclease activity and requires a single-stranded poly(A) tail on a substrate RNA as a "loading pad." The expression of the Arabidopsis RRP41 cDNA in yeast rescues the 5.8 S rRNA processing and 3'-->5' mRNA degradation defects of the yeast ski6-100 mutant. However, neither of these defects can explain the conditional lethal phenotype of the ski6-100 strain. Importantly, AtRrp41p shares additional function(s) with the yeast Rrp41p which are essential for cell viability because it also rescues the rrp41 (ski6) null mutant. AtRrp41p is found predominantly in a high molecular mass complex in Arabidopsis and in yeast cells, and it interacts in vitro with the yeast Rrp44p and Rrp4p exosome subunits, suggesting that it can participate in evolutionarily conserved interactions that could be essential for the integrity of the exosome complex.
Explaining field differences in openness and sharing in scientific communities

This paper explores field differences in openness and sharing of scientific knowledge based on a comparative ethnographic field study of research groups in two research specialties. Tensions between cooperation and openness on the one hand and competition for priority and secrecy on the other hand are common in science. However, fields differ in how these tensions play out, influencing what information is exchanged when and how among research groups in a field. This paper develops an explanatory framework that identifies assumptions made in the generic model of the collective production process in the sciences and specifies epistemic and material field characteristics that affect to what extent those assumptions hold for a specific field, explaining field differences in openness and secrecy behaviors. I suggest that these field-inherent sources for differences in openness and sharing behaviors need to be accounted for in research policies and in the design of information and communication systems that aim to support and advance the collective production of knowledge in science.
The legacy of Derrick Bell and Latino/a education: a critical race testimonio

In this article, we trace Bell’s influence in our lives from graduate students to teacher educators and engaged scholars, and note how we have always read Bell alongside and inseparable from Latino/a Studies and Latina/Chicana feminist thought. We highlight the powerful and fruitful tensions of these interconnections in addressing our curricular struggles and innovations, professional identities and scholarly trajectories. We address Bell’s theory of interest convergence to discuss the tensions and possibilities of personal ‘success’ in the academy by interweaving our testimonios with Critical Race and Latino Critical Race (LatCrit) scholarship in Latino/a education. Latina feminist scholars have re-worked the Latin American tradition of testimonio as a way to link individual stories to a collective story of Latina/o racialization in the US, and to epistemological racism in the academy. Our collective story centers the intersections of race with indigeneity, class, citizenship, language, gender and sexual...
The contribution of a zinc finger motif to the function of yeast ribosomal protein YL37a.

Abstract Eukaryotic ribosomes have a large number of proteins but the exact nature of their contribution to the structure and to the function of the particle is not known. Of the 78 proteins in yeast ribosomes, six have zinc finger motifs of the C2-C2 variety. Both genes encoding the essential yeast ribosomal protein YL37a, which has such a zinc finger motif, were disrupted. The double deletion, which is lethal, can be rescued with a plasmid-encoded copy of a YL37a gene. Mutations were constructed in a plasmid-encoded copy of YL37a; the mutations caused the cysteine residues in the motif (at positions 39, 42, 57 and 60) to be replaced, one at a time, with serine. The cysteine residue at position 39, the first of the four in the motif, is essential for the function of YL37a, since a C39S mutation did not complement the null phenotype. However, plasmids encoding variants with C42S, C57S, or C60S mutations in the zinc finger motif were able to rescue the null mutant. YL37a binds zinc, but none of the mutant proteins, C39S, C42S, C57S, or C60S, was able to bind the metal. Thus, all four cysteine residues are essential for the binding of zinc; only one, C39, is essential for the function of the ribosomal protein.
High-Involvement Learning: The Student Insight Panel

This paper describes a new learning tool called the "Student Insight Panel," which was recently launched in undergraduate consumer behavior classes. By administering a series of online surveys of relevant consumer behavior topics to students, the primary goal of Student Insight is to increase their involvement and interest in the course topics. To do so, professors utilizing Student Insight analyze the survey data and present the findings to students in conjunction with more traditional teaching techniques, such as lectures and discussion. This is done in real time, and therefore topics can be covered that are so current they are not covered in textbooks. Initial assessment of the Student Insight Panel indicates that it enhances students' interest in consumer behavior topics as well as their ability to learn the material.
High Resolution Low Temperature Wire Spark Chambers

Abstract Narrow gap spark chambers operating at low temperatures have been developed. Results show that spatial resolutions of 65–75 μm can be obtained.
Separation of components of hippocampal field potentials by digital filtering on a PC-based microcomputer.

Abstract —A versatile digital filtering system is described which enables separation of wave components of evoked potentials based on their frequencies. The utility of this technique is exemplified by application of digital filtering to hippocampal field potentials. Separation of population spikes from lower frequency synaptic potentials provides less ambiguous interpretation of the compound slope of the field potential during the first 5 milliseconds of the response. The entire procedure of stimulation, data acquisition, and digital filtering was implemented on a PC-compatible computer.
Comparative studies of crustacean spectral sensitivity

Spectral sensitivity of the lateral eyes of the isopodPorcellio scaber (wood louse) and the decapodsCallinectes sapidus (blue crab),Palaemonetes paludosus (Everglades prawn),Orconectes virilis, andO. immunis (crayfish) have been measured between 300 and 660 nm by determining the reciprocal number of photons required to evoke a constant size retinal action potential.
Sex differences on the MMPI-2 substance abuse scales in psychiatric inpatients.

Summay.-Sex differences on the MMPI-2 addiction scales (MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale-Revised, Addiction Acknowledgement Scale, Addiction Potential Scale) and their ability to distinguish berween substance-abusing and nonabusing psychiatric inpatients were examined. Men obtained higher mean raw scores than women on the MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale-Revised and the Addiction Acknowledgement Scale, and substance abusers scored higher on all three scales. Even relatively low cutoff scores, however, on the MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale-Revised resulted in false negative rates of 37 to 39%. The results support the utility of the MMPI-2 substance abuse scales; however, lower cutoff scores should be used with women and within a psychiatric population.
A new set of wavelet- and fractals-based features for Gleason grading of prostate cancer histopathology images

Prostate cancer detection and staging is an important step towards patient treatment selection. Advancements in digital pathology allow the application of new quantitative image analysis algorithms for computer-assisted diagnosis (CAD) on digitized histopathology images. In this paper, we introduce a new set of features to automatically grade pathological images using the well-known Gleason grading system. The goal of this study is to classify biopsy images belonging to Gleason patterns 3, 4, and 5 by using a combination of wavelet and fractal features. For image classification we use pairwise coupling Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifiers. The accuracy of the system, which is close to 97%, is estimated through three different cross-validation schemes. The proposed system offers the potential for automating classification of histological images and supporting prostate cancer diagnosis.
Theoretical Studies of Inorganic and Organometallic Reaction Mechanisms. 19. Substitution Reaction in Cyclopentadienyl Metal Dicarbonyls

Density functional calculations (B3LYP) of the associative reaction of (η5-C5H4X)M(CO)2 with PR3 (X = H, Me, Cl; M = Co, Rh, Ir) show that transition-state (TS) effects dominate the reaction rate. ...
Isotopic pulse-length scaling of molecular dissociation in an intense laser field

Using a simple two-channel model, we show that the nuclear kinetic energy spectra for dissociation of $\mathrm{H}_{2}{}^{+}$ and $\mathrm{D}_{2}{}^{+}$ induced by an intense, femtosecond laser pulse can be made to match nearly quantitatively. This is accomplished with laser pulses of length $\ensuremath{\tau}$ for $\mathrm{H}_{2}{}^{+}$ and $\ensuremath{\tau}\sqrt{2}$ for $\mathrm{D}_{2}{}^{+}$ that are otherwise identical. The resemblance is best for short pulses and improves for long pulses when the averages necessary for comparison with experiment are included.
Epideictic And Deliberative Strategies In Opposition To War: The Paradox Of Honor And Expediency

This essay examines the dissent of two major congressional opponents of war in the modern age: Senators Robert F. Kennedy and Sam Nunn. It advances the argument that, like presidential discourse advocating military action, congressional dissent can be understood in terms of appeals to honor and expediency. Such a framework elucidates the rhetorical dynamics between presidents and Congress and facilitates an understanding of the continuing rhetorical failure of the congressional branch on issues of war and peace.
The past and future of Sociology in Nepal

DOI: 10.3126/opsa.v2i0.1065 Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology Vol.2 1990 p.13-23
Surface characterization of graphitized carbon fibers by attenuated total reflection fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

A rayon-based graphitized carbon fiber has been oxidized and its surface has been studied by Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflection spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR). The spectra of the samples oxidized for different times are compared and the bands at 1720 cm−1 and 1580 cm−1, arising from the oxidative treatment, followed as a function of oxidation time. A curve fitting program has been used to separate the contribution of different functional groups to the relatively broad, composite peaks arising from the oxidation treatment. Tentative assignments are presented here. After oxidation, we detect the presence of carboxylic acid (1705 cm−1), ester (1730 cm−1), lactone (1750 cm−1), enol (1640 cm−1), and quinone structure (1583-1570 cm−1) moieties as well as a product due to the nitration of the aromatic ring (1545 cm−1). Some of the assignments of the chemical functionalities present on the fibers have also been verified by designing and performing appropriate specific derivatization reactions on these functional groups. The results of such reactions with aniline, epichlorohydrin, lithium aluminium hydride, sodium hydroxide and epoxy resin coating are reported here.
Water Content in Convective Storm Clouds

The condensed water content of convective storms was measured by the use of a penetrating aircraft. Regions 1 to 2 kilometers in extent and having condensed water contents of about 20 grams per cubic meter were found to be definite features of the cloud interior.