cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A course in computer structures

In this subject, we treat computer structure as an element of a group of interacting structures including the technology, algorithm, data, and programming language. In the belief that the best designs result when these structural factors “match” in a complementary manner, the influence of each of these domains is carefully studied at both the conceptual and descriptive levels. Thus a modular treatment of current technology is provided, as well as a thorough analysis of algorithmic structure as reflected in computational schemata. Single-sequence machine design is discussed, including advanced topics such as multiple functional unit conflict resolution. Following a presentation of microprogramming and input/output, virtual ideas centered around the notion of process are introduced, leading to the design of multiprocessing and multiprocessor systems. These ideas are applied and extended in the presentation of the Burroughs B6700 as a higher-level language machine designed to execute ALGOL efficiently. Finally, the subject concludes with an introduction to general interpretive structures for high-level languages.
Phased cell division in natural populations of the marine diatom Ditylum brightwelli and the potential significance of diel phytoplankton behavior in the sea

Abstract Diel phased cell division characterized natural populations of Ditylum brightwelli, and possibly Biddulphia mobiliensis, during early upwelling off the coast of Baja California. The general occurrence and types of diel phenomena characterizing in situ phytoplankton populations and their environment are sketched, and the potential significance of this commonplace response the ‘plankton paradox’, to the sampling of and experimentation with natural populations, and to modeling efforts, are briefly considered.
Ecosystems: climate change must not blow conservation off course.

Reconfiguring protection priorities around global warming could be of limited use or even harmful, say Morgan W. Tingley, Lyndon D. Estes and David S. Wilcove.
Caching behaviour by eastern woodrats, Neotoma floridana, in relation to food perishability

Abstract Two experiments were conducted on eastern woodrats to determine whether the preference for food items gathered for their caches and the sequence of use of items in the cache varied with perishability. In the first experiment, woodrats were given either 2 kg each of two non-perishable items, laboratory chow and bur oak acorns (which they used more than chow), or 2 kg each of preferred, but perishable, grapes and the non-perishable chow. As hypothesized, the woodrats both ate and stored acorns when they were paired with chow (there would be no advantage to either eating or storing the less-used chow). In contrast, when given grapes and chow, the woodrats continued to eat grapes but stored primarily chow. That is, the utility of the items appeared to change depending on whether they were to be eaten or stored. In the second experiment, woodrats were given excess amounts of chow or grapes that were 2, 4, 6 and 8 days old. They ingested chow in the proportions available, as the chow did not spoil with age. However, the consumed grapes in proportions significantly different from those available. It was anticipated that they would eat the oldes grapes first and store the freshest grapes, but neither this pattern nor any other was obvious in ralation to the age of the grapes. The results suggest that woodrats discriminate between food items based on their perishability, and vary their decisions about what to ingest and store accordingly.
Direct linkage of EGF to its receptor: characterization and biological relevance.

A small portion of the 125I-EGF that binds specifically to intact cells or isolated membranes from a variety of sources becomes directly and irreversibly linked to EGF receptors. This provides a simple technique for affinity labeling the EGF receptor. Membranes isolated from the human epidermoid carcinoma cell line A431, which posesses extraordinarily high numbers of EGF receptors, gave rise to three major direct linkage complexes of MW = 160,000, 145,000, and 115,000. The time course for formation of each is similar, showing that 125I-EGF can form direct linkage complexes with several preexisting forms of the EGF receptor. The direct linkage of EGF to receptor is slow in comparison to 125I-EGF binding, but both processes have similar susceptibilities to competition by unlabeled EGF. EGF was modified chemically with the amino site-specific reagent, N-hydroxysuccinimidyl biotin. The biotinyl-EGF had a reduced capacity to engage in direct linkage complex formation with no concomitant reduction in its ability to bind to EGF receptors. Since native and biotinyl EGF have identical abilities to stimulate the uptake of 3H-thymidine into DNA when incubated with cultured murine 3T3 cells, the direct linkage of EGF to its receptor does not appear to play an important role in EGF-stimulated mitogenesis.
Interface wear reactions between ordered and disordered nickel-20 at. % molybdenum alloys in a simulated face seal

Abstract Nickel-20 at. % molybdenum alloy specimens have been mated in a simulated face seal apparatus against each other in combinations of the disordered condition (hardness about 170 DPH) and the ordered condition (DPH 317 to 413). In general, the surface topography is similar to that seen in similar unlubricated wear tests. The surface of the disordered alloy mated against the disordered alloy showed smearing, abrasion and particle formation. The surface of the disordered alloy mated against the harder alloy showed rather uniform smearing. The mated ordered alloy counterface showed abrasion and particles which supported the counterface. The ordered alloy mated against the ordered alloy showed similar features. In all tests, surface interaction was extensive.
Exploring the construction of a domain-aware toolchain for high-performance computing

The push towards exascale computing has sparked a new set of explorations for providing new productive programming environments. While many efforts are focusing on the design and development of domain-specific languages (DSLs), few have addressed the need for providing a fully domain-aware toolchain. Without such domain awareness critical features for achieving acceptance and adoption, such as debugger support, pose a long-term risk to the overall success of the DSL approach. In this paper we explore the use of language extensions to design and implement the Scout DSL and a supporting toolchain infrastructure. We highlight how language features and the software design methodologies used within the toolchain play a significant role in providing a suitable environment for DSL development.
Pregnancy and Multiple Sclerosis

Pregnancy is a major concern in multiple sclerosis (MS), because the typical patient is a young woman of childbearing age. This article reviews the impact of pregnancy on MS. Disease activity decreases, particularly during the last trimester. There is a temporary rebound of disease activity in the 3 months postpartum. Pregnancy and the postpartum period have many implications for counseling and for therapeutic decision making in MS.
Effect of ribonuclease on the physico-chemical properties of estrogen receptor.

Abstract Estrogen receptors (ER) from rat and rabbit uterine cytosol were examined for their sensitivity to ribonuclease (RNase). After RNase treatment, a major part of rabbit uterine ER was converted from the 7S to 3–4S form, and its binding to DNA-cellulose was increased by 40%. Similar treatment on rat uterine ER showed a shift from 7S to 4.5S, and the DNA-cellulose binding was stimulated by 20%. Measurement of endogenous RNase levels showed that lower RNase concentration in rabbit uterine cytosol coincided with larger stimulation of DNA-cellulose binding by exogenous RNase. These results indicate that a major part of 7S ER is susceptible to RNase, and cleavage of bound RNA seems to uncover additional binding sites for DNA. In contrast to the general thinking that 4S to 5S transformation is essential for nuclear binding, we have observed that RNase-treated rat uterine ER did not undergo such a transformation by warming at 25°C, while DNA-cellulose binding of the receptors increased. Thus, temperature activation could occur independent of 4S to 5S transformation.
Attitudes about Violence and Dating Among Latino/a Boys and Girls

ABSTRACT This study examined the relationship between acculturation, gender stereotypes, and recent aversive and fearful dating experiences, and attitudes about dating violence in dating, urban Latina/o youth (N = 442). All participants completed self-administered surveys at school. Relative to girls, boys held more attitudes accepting of dating violence. Females reported less belief in stereotyped gender roles (i.e., more belief in gender role egalitarianism) than males. Adolescents with higher levels of Spanish language media use were more likely to endorse traditional rather than egalitarian gender roles. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that gender was an important predictor of dating violence attitudes even after other variables were controlled. Implications for dating violence interventions and future directions for research are explored.
An evaluation of the graphical literacy of Annals of Emergency Medicine

Abstract Study Objective: To describe the type, quantity, and quality of graphics used to present original research in Annals of Emergency Medicine. Methods: We performed a blinded, retrospective review of all graphics published in Annals of Emergency Medicine's original research articles from January 1998 through June 1999. We assessed the types of graphics, the use of special features to display detail, the clarity of each graphic, discrepancies within the graphic or between the graphic and text, and the efficiency of data presentation. Results: Forty-six percent (68/147) of original research communications contained at least 1 graphic. Of the 128 graphics in these 68 articles, simple univariate displays predominated (53%). Only one third of graphics displayed by-subject data through the use of one-way plots, scatter plots, or other formats. Graphics generally defined all symbols and abbreviations (99%) and were self-explanatory (88%). Techniques for conveying the richness of a data set were seldom used (11% of all graphics). Forty percent (51/128) of the graphics contained internal contradictions (15%), muddled displays (19%), numeric distortion (5%), nonstandard graphing conventions (7%), and other lapses in design or execution. Inefficiencies of data presentation included internal redundancy (16%), extraneous decoration (10%), and redundancy of graphic data with other text/tables (15%). Conclusion: The majority of graphics in Annals of Emergency Medicine, although internally valid, failed to take full advantage of the graphic's potential and often depicted summary data when portrayal of subject-specific data was possible. To help readers fully understand research findings, authors and editors should take care to ensure that graphics efficiently and effectively portray the optimal amount of information. [Cooper RJ, Schriger DL, Tashman DA. An evaluation of the graphical literacy of Annals of Emergency Medicine. Ann Emerg Med. January 2001;37:13-19.]
Marmoset liver organ culture infected with herpes virus.

Summary Fragments of adult marmoset liver were taken for organ culture by both open incisional biopsy and closed-needle biopsy. These fragments were placed on a matrix of human fibrin foam and maintained in nutrient medium. By light microscopy, liver cells stained with H and E showed beginning degeneration in the central portion of the fragment and cytoplasmic basophilia in the peripheral portion of the fragment after 12 hours in culture. By 3 days, the central portion of the fragment was necrotic, whereas the liver cells in the peripheral portion appeared intact but slightly enlarged and vacuolated. Electron microscopic examination of liver fragments through day 8 revealed that the ultrastructure of hepatocytes in vitro was very similar, if not identical, with hepatocytes in vivo . Marmoset liver organ cultures, after 6 days of incubation, were inoculated with herpes simplex virus. Specimens taken for electron microscopy at 48 hours after inoculation revealed that many hepatic parenchymal cells were infected. These cells contained intranuclear herpes virus particles in various stages of assembly. Thus, differentiated liver parenchymal cells maintained in culture are capable of supporting virus replication.
Do polymorphisms in chemosensory genes matter for human ingestive behavior

In the last decade, basic research in chemoreceptor genetics and neurobiology has revolutionized our understanding of individual differences in chemosensation. From an evolutionary perspective, chemosensory variations appear to have arisen in response to different living environments, generally in the avoidance of toxins and to better detect vital food sources. Today, it is often assumed that these differences may drive variable food preferences and choices, with downstream effects on health and wellness. A growing body of evidence indicates chemosensory variation is far more complex than previously believed. However, just because a genetic polymorphism results in altered receptor function in cultured cells or even behavioral phenotypes in the laboratory, this variation may not be sufficient to influence food choice in free living humans. Still, there is ample evidence to indicate allelic variation in TAS2R38 predicts variation in bitterness of synthetic pharmaceuticals (e.g., propylthiouracil) and natural plant compounds (e.g., goitrin), and this variation associates with differential intake of alcohol and vegetables. Further, this is only one of 25 unique bitter taste genes (TAS2Rs) in humans, and emerging evidence suggests other TAS2Rs may also contain polymorphisms that are functional with respect to ingestive behavior. For example, TAS2R16 polymorphisms are linked to the bitterness of naturally occurring plant compounds and alcoholic beverage intake, a TAS2R19 polymorphism associates with differences in quinine bitterness and grapefruit bitterness and liking, and TAS2R31 polymorphisms associate with differential bitterness of plant compounds like aristolochic acid and the sulfonyl amide sweeteners saccharin and acesulfame-K. More critically with respect to food choices, these polymorphisms may vary independently from each other within and across individuals, meaning a monolithic one-size-fits-all approach to bitterness needs to be abandoned. Nor are genetic differences restricted to bitterness. Perceptual variation has also been associated with polymorphisms in genes involved in odors associated with meat defects (boar taint), green/grassy notes, and cilantro, as well as umami and sweet tastes (TAS1R1/2/3). Here, a short primer on receptor genetics is provided, followed by a summary of current knowledge, and implications for human ingestive behavior are discussed.
BDNF-expressing marrow stromal cells support extensive axonal growth at sites of spinal cord injury

Abstract Bone marrow stromal cells (MSCs) constitute a heterogeneous cell layer in the bone marrow, supporting the growth and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells. Recently, it has been reported that MSCs harbor pluripotent stem cells capable of neural differentiation and that simple treatment of MSCs with chemical inducing agents leads to their rapid transdifferentiation into neural cells. We examined whether native or neurally induced MSCs would reconstitute an axonal growth-promoting milieu after cervical spinal cord injury (SCI), and whether such cells could act as vehicles of growth factor gene delivery to further augment axonal growth. One month after grafting to cystic sites of SCI, native MSCs supported modest growth of host sensory and motor axons. Cells “neurally” induced in vitro did not sustain a neural phenotype in vivo and supported host axonal growth to a degree equal to native MSCs. Transduction of MSCs to overexpress brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) resulted in a significant increase in the extent and diversity of host axonal growth, enhancing the growth of host serotonergic, coerulospinal, and dorsal column sensory axons. Measurement of neurotrophin production from implanted cells in the lesion site revealed that the grafts naturally contain nerve growth factor (NGF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), and that transduction with BDNF markedly raises levels of BDNF production. Despite the extensive nature of host axonal penetration into the lesion site, functional recovery was not observed on a tape removal or rope-walking task. Thus, MSCs can support host axonal growth after spinal cord injury and are suitable cell types for ex vivo gene delivery. Combination therapy with other experimental approaches will likely be required to achieve axonal growth beyond the lesion site and functional recovery.
Adrenal hemorrhage in abused children: Imaging and postmortem findings

Adrenal hemorrhage associated with child abuse has received little attention in published reports. We review imaging studies or pathologic findings of adrenal hemorrhage in five cases of proved child abuse.The imaging findings in three children with adrenal hemorrhage were analyzed retrospectively. All three had abdominal CT scans and skeletal radiographs. One also had abdominal sonograms and MR images. The pathologic findings in two other abused children with adrenal hemorrhage who died of head injuries were also studied. In all five cases, a history of trauma was not initially known; child abuse was later confirmed.Unilateral hemorrhage in the right adrenal gland was found in all patients. Enhanced CT scans of the abdomen showed a low-attenuation, oval mass separating the limbs of the adrenal gland. Sonograms in one case showed a small, heterogeneous mass in the right adrenal gland. MR images obtained 3 weeks later showed an area of high signal intensity within the right adrenal gland on both T1- and T2...
Rapid Analysis of Volatile Release from Powders using Dynamic Vapor Sorption Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry

: It is hypothesized that a dynamic vapor sorption instrument coupled with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometer (APCI-MS) may be useful for rapid analysis of volatile release from dry food materials. Preliminary data from a related system (Vapor Generator Instrument-APCI-MS) was used to monitor release of volatiles from spray-dried food polymers as a function of relative humidity at 40 °C. The system demonstrated differences in volatile release as a function of volatile compound, relative humidity, and food polymer. Comparison of these data with data collected using traditional shelf life study methodologies, and concerns for the ability of the method to accurately reflect time-dependent changes are discussed.
The Venus ionosphere as an obstacle to the solar wind

Pioneer Venus Orbiter Electron Temperature Probe measurements of hundreds of bow shock and ionopause crossings are employed in describing the configuration of these two boundaries and their variations in response to changes in solar wind pressure. The average bow shock configuration is found to be well represented by an Archimedian hyperboloid whose altitude at the subsolar point is 0.46 Venus radii, a value slightly greater than that derived from Pioneer Venus magnetometer data using a fit to a general conic section. It is noted that the average bow shock configuration exhibits a high degree of azimuthal symmetry near the terminator. The orbit to orbit variability of the shock location is unexpectedly large, the standard deviation being about 10%. A tendency is noted for the bow shock and the ionopause to expand and contract simultaneously, but the weakness of their orbit by orbit correlation suggests that the ionopause of Venus is not the only obstacle to the solar wind. It is thought that such processes as photoion pickup and charge exchange with neutrals may be important in diverting the solar wind plasma around the planet.
The Effects of Cardiac Denervation on Renal Function

SummaryAssessment of certain parameters of renal function were carried out before and 1 wk after total denervation of the heart by a method which leaves nerves to other organs intact. No changes in mean blood pressure, central venous pressure, cardiac output, GFR, or RPF were noted after cardiac denervation. UNaV after a low sodium diet was similar during a control period before and after denervation, but in response to expansion of the plasma volume a 3-fold greater natriuresis was seen in the denervated group. Alterations in the filtered load of sodium, the secretion of aldosterone, or most of the recently described physical and compositional factors known to influence sodium excretion cannot adequately explain this natriuresis. Expansion of an already augmented plasma volume after denervation or the possibility of a natriuretic or antinatriuretic factor with afferents interrupted in the process of cardiac denervation must be considered as etiologic factors.
Spectral analysis approach to the dynamics of air pollutants

Abstract This paper reports a comparison between the spectral characteristics of sulfur dioxide concentration and the wind speed in the frequency domain on Long Island, New York. The primary results show that, during winter, both spectra have a dominant peak corresponding to the synoptic time scale indicating that the synoptic weather variations are responsible for the long period oscillations of the pollutant. However, during summer, the spectra of the pollutant and the wind speed have significant diurnal and semi-diurnal peaks in addition to the synoptic peak. Directional linear regression indicates an eastward flux of the pollutant from the New York-New Jersey metropolitan area. These results, having a one to one correspondence between the wind velocity and the pollutant concentration, indicate that this type of analysis is a powerful tool to recognize the interrelationships between the pollutants and the weather patterns.
Setting and location: Case-marked adverbials in Korean

This article provides an analysis of Korean adverbial case constructions from a Cognitive Grammar viewpoint. I argue that nominative-marked adverbials are the result of the setting-subject construal of the adverbial. Accusative-marked adverbials, then, are construed as a location, which is part of the setting. I also argue that the notion of setting-subject is associated with the imperfective construal of a given situation in conjunction with the subject’s lower degree of topicality. Conversely, the locational interpretation of an adverbial is tied to the perfective construal of a situation and a higher degree of topicality of the subject.
Nodes, paranodes, and incisures: from form to function.

The exquisite molecular architecture of myelinated fibers is the basis for saltatory conduction. The nodal axolemma contains high concentrations of voltage-dependent sodium channels as well as the cell adhesion molecules neurofascin and Nr-CAM, all of which are probably linked to the axonal cytoskeleton by ankyrin. At paranodes, the axonal membrane contains paranodin/Caspr, which may be a Ca2+-dependent cell adhesion molecule with a heterophilic partner on the apposed glial cell membrane. The juxtaparanodal axonal membrane contains the potassium channels Kv1.1 and Kv1.2, as well as the associated β2 subunit, which together may function to dampen re-entrant excitation. The paranodes and incisures of the Schwann cell myelin sheath contain "reflexive" adherens junctions and gap junctions. The adherens junctions are composed of E-cadherin as well as α- and β-catenin, which together probably join the adjacent layers of noncompact myelin together. Reflexive gap junctions, comprising connexin32 and at least one other connexin protein, form a radial pathway for the diffusion of ions and small molecules directly across the myelin sheath.
HIV antibody testing of gay men in smaller US cities.

The incidence of new AIDS diagnoses among gay males indicates that risk reduction is smaller communities may be lagging behind that reported in larger cities. Contradictory evidence exists, largely from urban areas, concerning the utility of HIV testing as a means of promoting behavioural change. This study examined the relationship between HIV antibody testing and subsequent high-risk sexual behaviours among gay men in cities of 180,000 or fewer inhabitants. In February and March of 1992, male gay bar patrons in sixteen small US cities were administered an anonymous questionnaire concerning recent sexual behaviour and HIV testing history. Of the 1820 respondents, 28.1% had recently engaged in unprotected anal intercourse and 60.7% had been tested for HIV antibodies. Those who had been tested were more sexually active and reported more protected and safer sexual activities. Analyses at the individual and city levels converged to demonstrate that communities as well as individuals evidence increased self-p...
Assessing the Representativeness of the Oldest Permanent Inventory Plots in Northern Arizona Ponderosa Pine Forests

A network of permanent plots established between 1909 and 1913 (the Woolsey plots) contains the oldest measured data in northern Arizona ponderosa pine forests. These forest inventory data offer a unique opportunity to reconstruct pre-settlement reference conditions, as well as detect and quantify changes in southwestern forest structure and composition. However, the selection of plot locations in the early 1900s followed a subjective nonrandom approach. To assess the applicability, or inference space, of results obtained from these historical plots, we compared their environmental characteristics (terrestrial ecosystem unit [TEU, based on a U.S. Forest Service (USFS) ecological classification system], site index, elevation, insolation index, and soil parent material) as well as contemporary forest structure (trees per hectare, basal area, and quadratic mean diameter) with two large inventory samples: USFS Forest Inventory and Analysis (FSFIA) and Arizona State Land Department Continuous Forest Inventory (AZCFI). Analytical methods included multivariate permutation tests, ratios of variance, and Kolmogorov‐Smirnov two-sample tests. Results indicated that the Woolsey plots (1) were neither historically nor contemporarily representative of the entire study area because of environmental and current forest structural differences with respect to the FSFIA and AZCFI and (2) may be considered historically representative of their corresponding TEUs. Our study supports the use of TEUs for defining the applicability of information obtained from the Woolsey plots.
Measuring Vulnerability to Poverty

Many argue that poverty is intimately linked with ‘vulnerability’. Still, there is no consensus about how to define and measure ‘vulnerability’. We review theory and describe strengths and limits of recently proposed measures. We then propose a definition of vulnerability and develop a general empirical framework that combines Monte Carlo and bootstrap statistical techniques. The approach estimates the expected distribution of future expenditures for each household and then calculates vulnerability measures as a function of those distributions. The approach addresses weaknesses in existing methods, and can be implemented with panel data. An application to Cote d’Ivoire in 1985–86 shows that by our definition there was considerable vulnerability in the cities outside of Abidjan, a finding obscured by existing methods.
Comparison of global gridded precipitation products over a mountainous region of Africa

Five gridded monthly precipitation products are evaluated using a gauge network over complex topography in Africa. The global gridded products considered are produced by the Global Precipitation Climatology Center (GPCC), NOAA Climate Prediction Center (NOAA–CPC), and the Climate Research Unit at the University of East Anglia (UEA–CRU). Three different products from GPCC are available at multiple spatial resolutions: 0.5, 1 and 2.5° ; the NOAA–CPC product has a spatial resolution of 2.5° while that of UEA–CRU is 0.5° . Comparisons of the GPCC and UEA–CRU products are carried out at spatial resolutions of 0.5, 1 and 2.5° , while NOAA–CPC is compared with the other products only at 2.5° resolution. There is very strong agreement between the gridded global products and the reference raingauge data. Average correlation coefficients are about 0.95, 0.92, and 0.90 at 2.5, 1.0 and 0.5° spatial resolutions, respectively. Both systematic and random errors are reasonably low. The performance of these products is highest during the wettest season (Jun–Aug), and relatively poor during the dry season (Dec–Feb). The seasonal differences are more prominent at high resolution. These results are very encouraging, particularly, when considering the complex terrain of the validation site. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Glutaric aciduria type 1 presenting as bilateral subdural hematomas mimicking nonaccidental trauma: Case report and review of the literature

Glutaric aciduria type 1 (GA1) is a rare neurometabolic disorder with characteristic neuroimaging and clinicopathological features. The authors describe a case of GA1 in a 7-month-old girl presenting with macrocephaly and bilateral subdural hematomas (SDHs) who was initially evaluated for nonaccidental trauma (NAT). Bilateral subdural drains were placed because of significant mass effect from the chronic SDHs, with subsequent neurological and neuroimaging-documented improvement. Clinical and neuroimaging findings led to further laboratory investigation to confirm the diagnosis of GA1, after which a specialized low-protein diet was initiated. After a thorough investigation, NAT was ruled out. At the follow-up examination, the patient experienced improvement in her symptoms and resolution of the bilateral subdural collections. The presence of bilateral SDHs in an infant raises the suspicion of NAT and presents a difficult diagnostic challenge because of the legal and social implications. Glutaric aciduria type 1 should be considered in the differential diagnosis of bilateral SDHs, and an evaluation should be performed. The authors review the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, medical and surgical management, and specific considerations regarding GA1, including misdiagnosis of NAT.
Serum autoantibody profiles of IgA, IgE and IgM in canine pemphigus foliaceus.

Background Pemphigus foliaceus (PF) is the most common IgG-mediated autoimmune skin disease in dogs. Studies of human PF have revealed the presence of other antigen-specific autoantibody isotypes, thereby uncovering new avenues of investigation of the disease pathomechanism. Hypothesis/objectives The aim was to obtain information about the autoantibody isotype response in canine PF. Methods Sera from 34 dogs with PF were tested for the presence of antikeratinocyte, anti-desmocollin-1 and anti-desmoglein-1 IgA, IgE and IgM using indirect immunofluorescence. Results Using our indirect immunofluorescence technique, IgA, IgE and IgM autoreactivities were detected in six, one and zero of 34 sera from PF-affected dogs, respectively. Two of the six IgA-positive sera contained antikeratinocyte and anti-desmocollin-1 IgA, while the four remaining sera tested positive either for antikeratinocyte IgA (two of six) or for anti-desmocollin-1 IgA (two of six). A single serum contained anti-desmocollin-1 IgE. None of the six sera from healthy dogs contained detectable IgA, IgE or IgM autoantibodies. Conclusions and clinical importance Our findings suggest that sera from dogs with PF rarely contain IgA or IgE autoantibodies at levels detectable by indirect immunofluorescence, while IgM autoreactivity appears not to be a feature of this disease. Considering these findings, it appears that canine PF is aetiologically and immunologically similar to that of the classic human PF, in which the IgG autoantibody response is also the predominant type.
WHAT ARE THE ANTI-PARTICLES OF KL,S?

We study the consequences of an anti-unitary symmetry such as CPT for an unstable quantum system described by a non-self-adjoint Hamiltonian. It is shown that CPT invariance by itself does not imply that every particle has an anti-particle of equal mass and life-time. In particular, the neutral kaons KL and KS do not have anti-particles even when CPT is conserved.
Surgical management of obstructive sleep apnea in infants and young toddlers.

Abstract Objective Review surgical management of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in infants and young toddlers compared with a medically treated group. Study Design Case series with chart review of children younger than 24 months treated at a tertiary pediatric hospital between 2000 and 2005. Subjects and Methods Surgical treatment included adenotonsillectomy, adenoidectomy, and tonsillectomy. Polysomnography results, comorbidities, and major complications were recorded. The change in apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) before and after treatment was analyzed. Logistic regression analysis reviewed effects of comorbidities and OSA severity on complications. Results A total of 73 children met inclusion criteria. The surgical treatment group (AHI) improved posttreatment: mean AHI change was 9.6 (95% CI, 5.8-13.4). The medical treatment group did not improve posttreatment: mean AHI change was –3.0 (95% CI, –15.1 to 9.1). The difference in AHI change between surgical and medical groups was 12.56 (95% CI, 2.7-22.4). An independent t test found this difference to be statistically significant (P = 0.01). Eleven (18%) patients suffered significant postoperative surgical complications; 55 surgical patients and 8 medical patients had comorbidities. There were no long-term morbidities or mortalities. Conclusions AHI in the surgically treated group significantly improved. The complication rate for a tertiary pediatric hospital population that included patients with multiple comorbidities was acceptable.
One-Trial In Vitro Conditioning Regulates a Cytoskeletal-Related Protein (CSP24) in the Conditioned Stimulus Pathway of Hermissenda

Hermissenda CSP24 (cytoskeletal-related protein 24) is a 24 kDa β-thymosin-like protein that is associated with intermediate memory. We showed previously that one-trial conditioning resulted in a significant increase in the phosphorylation of CSP24 detected in lysates of the pathway supporting the conditioned stimulus (CS). Here we report the association of the protein with the actin cytoskeleton and the distribution of CSP24-immunoreactive neurons in two sensory structures and the circumesophageal nervous system. Identified photoreceptors, hair cells, and neurons in the cerebropleural and pedal ganglia were immunoreactive for CSP24. Immunoprecipitation experiments with32PO4-labeled lysates of the circumesophageal nervous system identified a 44 kDa protein band (consistent with actin) that coprecipitates with CSP24. An analysis of immunoprecipitates on Western blots probed with anti-actin antibody also showed that actin coprecipitates with CSP24. Laser confocal microscopy of photoreceptors costained with fluorescently labeled anti-actin antibody and anti-CSP24 antibody, or fluorescent phalloidin and anti-CSP24 antibody showed that CSP24 is localized with actin in the cytosol of photoreceptor cell bodies and colocalized with presumed G-actin, but not F-actin, in regions adjacent to the plasma membrane. Although CSP24 is widely distributed in the Hermissenda nervous system, its regulation by one-trial conditioning was observed only in the CS pathway. Our findings suggest that CSP24 may interact with components of the actin cytoskeleton that contribute to structural changes underlying the formation and maintenance of enduring forms of memory.
Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus K8β Is Derived from a Spliced Intermediate of K8 Pre-mRNA and Antagonizes K8α (K-bZIP) To Induce p21 and p53 and Blocks K8α-CDK2 Interaction

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a lymphotropic DNA tumor virus that induces Kaposi's sarcoma and AIDS-related primary effusion lymphoma. KSHV open reading frame 50 and K8 genes in early viral lytic infection express, respectively, a tricistronic and a bicistronic pre-mRNA, which undergo alternative splicing to create two major spliced mRNA isoforms, alpha and beta, by inclusion (beta) or exclusion (alpha) of an intron at nucleotides 75563 to 75645. This intron contains some suboptimal features, which cause the intron 5' splice site (ss) to interact weakly with U1 snRNA and the 3' ss to bind a U2 auxiliary factor, U2AF, with low affinity. Optimization of this intron in K8 (K8 intron 2) promoted the interaction of the 5' ss with U1 and the 3' ss with U2AF, resulting in a substantial increase in intron splicing. Splicing of K8 intron 2 has also been shown to be stimulated by the splicing of a downstream intron. This was confirmed by the insertion of a human beta-globin intron into the K8beta exon 3-exon 4 splice junction, which promoted splicing of K8beta intron 2 and conversion of the K8beta mRNA to the K8alpha mRNA that encodes a K-bZIP protein. Intron 2 contains a premature termination codon, yet the K8beta mRNA is insensitive to nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, suggesting that the truncated K8beta protein may have a biological function. Indeed, although the truncated K8beta protein is missing only a C-terminal leucine zipper domain from the K-bZIP, its expression antagonizes the ability of the K-bZIP to induce p53 and p21 and blocks K-bZIP-CDK2 interaction through interfering K8alpha mRNA production.
Glutathione restores collagen degradation in TGF-β-treated fibroblasts by blocking plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression and activating plasminogen

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta plays an important role in tissue fibrogenesis. We previously demonstrated that reduced glutathione (GSH) supplementation blocked collagen accumulation induced by TGF-beta in NIH-3T3 cells. In the present study, we show that supplementation of GSH restores the collagen degradation rate in TGF-beta-treated NIH-3T3 cells. Restoration of collagen degradation by GSH is associated with a reduction of type I plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 expression/activity as well as recovery of the activities of cell/extracellular matrix-associated tissue-type plasminogen activator and plasmin. Furthermore, we find that NIH-3T3 cells constitutively express plasminogen mRNA and possess plasmin activity. Blockade of cell surface binding of plasminogen/plasminogen activation with tranexamic acid (TXA) or inhibition of plasmin activity with aprotinin significantly reduces the basal level of collagen degradation both in the presence or absence of exogenous plasminogen. Most importantly, addition of TXA or active PAI-1 almost completely eliminates the restorative effects of GSH on collagen degradation in TGF-beta treated cells. Together, our results suggest that the major mechanism by which GSH restores collagen degradation in TGF-beta-treated cells is through blocking PAI-1 expression, leading to increased PA/plasmin activity and consequent proteolytic degradation of collagens. This study provides mechanistic evidence for GSH's putative therapeutic effect in the treatment of fibrotic disorders.
Effects of Coastal Lighting on Foraging Behaviorof Beach Mice

Introduction of artificial light into wildlife habitat represents a rapidly expanding form of human encroachment, particularly in coastal systems. Light pollution alters the behavior of sea turtles during nesting; therefore, long-wavelength lights—low-pressure sodium vapor and bug lights—that minimize impacts on turtles are required for beach lighting in Florida (U.S.A.). We investigated the effects of these two kinds of lights on the foraging behavior of Santa Rosa beach mice ( Peromyscus polionotus leucocephalus). We compared patch use and giving-up densities of mice for experimental food patches established along a gradient of artificial light in the field. Mice exploited fewer food patches near both types of artificial light than in areas with little light and harvested fewer seeds within patches near bug lights. Our results show that artificial light affects the behavior of terrestrial species in coastal areas and that light pollution deserves greater consideration in conservation planning.
Schopenhauer, Kant and Compassion

Schopenhauer presents his moral philosophy as diametrically opposed to that of Kant: for him, pure practical reason is an illusion and morality can arise only from the feeling of compassion, while for Kant it cannot be based on such a feeling and can be based only on pure practical reason. But the difference is not as great as Schopenhauer makes it seem, because for him compassion is supposed to arise from metaphysical insight into the unity of all being, thus from pure if theoretical reason, while for Kant pure practical reason works only by effecting a feeling of respect (in the ‘Critical’ works) or by cultivating, i.e. affecting, natural dispositions to moral feeling (in the ‘post-Critical’ works). I argue that Kant's is the more realistic theory on this point.
More Thoughts on HPS: Another 20 Years Later

This essay deals with the recent history of the disputes about the relation between history and philosophy of science and the merits and prospects of HPS as an intellectual endeavor. I begin with a brief outline of the debates in the late 1960s and 1970s. At that time, several philosophers of science argued that philosophical analysis was interpretive and that understanding a concept or practice involved understanding how it came about. More recently, however, philosophical studies of science have been likened to scientific theory construction. One basic idea permeates recent debates, namely, that pursuing HPS means confronting general philosophical frameworks with historical data. I argue that this “confrontation model” of HPS is highly problematic and should be abandoned. Instead, we should appreciate (again) that philosophical reflection on science is interpretive, and that historicist analyses of scientific, methodological, and epistemological concepts augment our understanding of science.
Psychometric evaluation of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale 3 months after acute lung injury

Purpose To conduct a psychometric evaluation of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and to evaluate associations of 2 measures of psychological distress with the HADS Anxiety (HADS-A) and HADS Depression (HADS-D) subscales in acute lung injury (ALI) survivors.
Bacterial Cell Division Regulation: Physiological Effects of Crystal Violet on Escherichia coli lon+ and lon− Strains

The Escherichia coli lon− mutants apparently are defective in the ability to recommence cell division after temporary periods of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis inhibition. They are also more susceptible to cell division inhibition by the basic dye, crystal violet (CV), than are lon+ strains. In enriched broth, the lon+ strain continued to grow and divide in the presence of CV, but lon− cell division was inhibited and filamentous growth resulted. In a supplemented minimal medium containing CV, lon− cell division was only temporarily inhibited. There was no detectable specific effect on DNA synthesis, although CV slowed the rate of mass increase in both media. Trichloroacetic acid-insoluble lipid synthesis was preferentially inhibited in both lon+ and lon− strains. In CV-containing enriched broth, diaminopimelic acid incorporation into trichloroacetic acid-insoluble compounds occurred at a rate greater than the rate of mass increase in both lon+ and lon− strains. In a CV-containing supplemented minimal medium, diaminopimelic acid was incorporated to a greater extent by lon− cells than by lon+ cells.
Establishing the feasibility of measuring performance in use of addiction pharmacotherapy

This paper presents the rationale and feasibility of standardized performance measures for use of pharmacotherapy in the treatment of substance use disorders (SUD), an evidence-based practice and critical component of treatment that is often underused. These measures have been developed and specified by the Washington Circle, to measure treatment of alcohol and opioid dependence with FDA-approved prescription medications for use in office-based general health and addiction specialty care. Measures were pilot tested in private health plans, the Veterans Health Administration (VHA), and Medicaid. Testing revealed that use of standardized measures using administrative data for overall use and initiation of SUD pharmacotherapy is feasible and practical. Prevalence of diagnoses and use of pharmacotherapy vary widely across health systems. Pharmacotherapy is generally used in a limited portion of those for whom it might be indicated. An important methodological point is that results are sensitive to specifications, so that standardization is critical to measuring performance across systems.
In‐line optical monitoring of polymer injection molding

An optical sensor, consisting of optical fibers to transmit light to and from the mold cavity, was constructed for the purpose of measuring the onset of polymer solidification during injection molding. The sensor was used to detect characteristic fluorescence radiation from a dye which had been doped into the resin at very low concentration. By measuring changes in fluorescence intensity it was possible to detect whether the state of the resin was liquid or solid. We observed that, as the resin cooled in the mold, the onset of solidification was indicated by highly characteristic and distinct changes in the fluorescence intensity/time profile. Application of the method involved the use of a calibration relationship between the fluorescence intensity and temperature of the doped polymer in order to determine the distict features which characterize the onset of solidification. Injection molding of a glass forming polymer (polystyrene) and a crystallizable polymer (polyethylene) was monitored by this technique.
Effect of Ceramide on KCa Channel Activity and Vascular Tone in Coronary Arteries

A sphingomyelin metabolite, ceramide, serves as a second messenger in a variety of mammalian cells. Little is known regarding the production and actions of this novel intracellular signaling lipid molecule in the vasculature. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that a ceramide-mediated signaling pathway is present in coronary arterial smooth muscle and that ceramide serves as an inhibitor of the large-conductance Ca2+-activated potassium (KCa) channels and mediates vasoconstriction in coronary circulation. We found that C2-ceramide produced a concentration-dependent decrease in KCa channel activity in vascular smooth muscle cells from small bovine coronary arteries. The average channel activity of the KCa channels in cell-attached patches decreased from 0.046+/-0.01 to 0. 008+/-0.001 at a C2-ceramide concentration of 10 micromol/L. In inside-out patches, C2-ceramide (1 micromol/L) reduced the average channel activity of the KCa channels from 0.06+/-0.007 to 0.016+/-0. 004. Dithiothreitol, an inhibitor of acidic sphingomyelinase (1 mmol/L), increased the average channel activity of the KCa channels in cell-attached patches from 0.05+/-0.02 of control to 0.26+/-0.04, a 5-fold increase that was reversed by addition of 1 micromol/L ceramide. Glutathione, an inhibitor of neutral sphingomyelinase, was without effect. C2-ceramide significantly reduced the diameter of isolated perfused small coronary arteries in a concentration-dependent manner. Addition of 1 micromol/L C2-ceramide decreased average arterial diameter by 28%. When 14C-sphingomyelin was incubated with coronary arterial homogenates at pH 7.4 and pH 5. 0, 14C-choline phosphate and ceramide were produced. The conversion rates of 14C-sphingomyelin into 14C-choline phosphate and ceramide were 65.1+/-1.0 fmol/min per milligram protein at pH 7.4 and 114. 6+/-8.3 fmol/min per milligram protein at pH 5.0. We conclude that both acidic and neutral sphingomyelinases are present in the bovine coronary arteries and that ceramide inactivates the KCa channel in arterial smooth muscle cells and hence exerts a tonic vasoconstrictor action in coronary microcirculation.